cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zinc-mediated hatching of eggs of soybean cyst nematode,Heterodera glycines.

Egg hatching of the soybean cyst nematode,Heterodera glycines, was not affected by millimolar concentrations of calcium sulfate or calcium chloride. However, zinc chloride and zinc sulfate caused strong and moderate increases in hatching, respectively. The inhibitors of calcium transport, ruthenium red and lanthanum chloride, and calcium ionophore A23187 had no effect on hatching in the presence or absence of 3 mM zinc chloride. Selected chelators decreased the zinc-induced hatching ofH. glycines eggs. Eggs exhibited a formation constant with zinc between 5.5 and 11.2. The addition of zinc chloride after chelation with EDTA and rinsing caused expected hatching rates. Concentrations of calcium chloride, manganese chloride, and magnesium chloride had no effect on hatching of eggs in zinc chloride, but reduced hatching at higher concentrations, possibly by osmotic influences. Hatching of eggs was increased as the time of exposure to zinc chloride was increased and was maximal at 28 °C and a pH of 5.3. Picrolonic acid, a known hatching stimulant, increasedH. glycines hatching, while sodium metavanadate had no effect. Analysis of seasonal hatching during 1981–1982 in untreated control eggs indicated that hatching was most pronounced in May.
4. Are antioxidants a magic bullet for reducing oxidative stress during cryopreservation

The development of effective cryopreservation protocols for vegetatively propagated plants is highly important for the long-term conservation of important horticultural crops as well as endangered species. Cryopreservation protocols are already in place for many plant species, especially for temperate plants and provide a stable, long-term and low-cost backup that is shielded from diseases or environmental damage. However, many tropical plants are recalcitrant to cryopreservation due to lack of tolerance to low temperatures or osmotic stress. Storing plants at low temperatures has some well known deleterious effects. Chilling and freezing injury promote many sub-lethal changes that can lead to increased production of free radical species and cellular damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide radicals (O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and singlet oxygen (1O2). Abiotic stresses resulting from low temperature, water deficit or nutrient deprivation can increase ROS formation to toxic levels in cells and tissues. Plants have evolved natural antioxidant defense mechanisms to combat the effects of ROS that are produced during physiological stress. These ROS scavenging mechanisms include antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, mono- and dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase and catalase. The steps in cryopreservation protocols impose a series of stresses on plants. The osmotic and temperature stresses involved in cryopreservation increase oxidative stress and a number of recent studies show that the addition of antioxidants during the cryopreservation process reduces oxidation and results in improved regrowth of both control and cryopreserved plant tissues.
Designing For Specific Diffraction Criteria By Accounting For Non-Ideal Aspects In Holographic Recording Materials

Changes in the configuration of an holographic grating have to be anticipated in the fabrication of practical Holographic Diffractive Structures (HDSs) for solar illumination engineering. Because photographic material used in HDSs changes characteristics during processing, there is a change of slant angle (due to shrinkage or swelling, i.e. actual dimensional change of the emulsion) and a change of average refractive index (due to bleaching and fixing). Computer aided analyses of test data have been performed in a way that predicts, under a wide range of conditions and for any given holographic recording material, the exposures required to attain specific intended optimum illumination results. This model has been verified in experiments and has been used to design illumination geometries for HDSs that meet the intended and often site specific target conditions very accurately.
Fast-wavelength-hopped CDMA system for secure optical communications

In this paper, we describe a fast wavelength hoped optical code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme employing a balanced detector to enable bipolar signaling and achieve true orthogonality in non-coherent systems. The idea can be used to construct secure wavelength hopped CDMA systems. We give the interference analysis for randomly chosen codes.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
INVESTIGATING ASSUMPTIONS OF MEDIA DEPENDENCY RESEARCH

Several recent research efforts have focused on the notion that media dependencies act as causal mechanisms in affecting individuals' information needs and uses of the mass media. The present study examines two separate research positions; one of newspaper and television dependencies acting as latent variables in a causal manner, and the other of primary reliance upon a given medium acting as a contingent condition under which to examine media use. Maximum likelihood estimates of measurement models related to the two propositions are formulated and tested for adequate fit to media use behaviors. Results are interpreted as indicating greater support for analysis of media use behaviors contingent upon medium of primary reliance.
Diplomas for Learning, not Seat Time: The Impacts of New York Regents Examinations

Abstract Economic theory predicts that improvements in signaling of achievement generated by external exit examination systems will (1) result in students learning more and this in turn will (2) enable them to get better paying jobs. Since New York State had the only statewide curriculum-based external exit exam system in the nation in the early 1990s, hypothesis 1 predicts that New York students should out perform socio-economically comparable students from other states. Cross section analysis of mean 8th grade NAEP math scores and SAT-I scores found that New York students were indeed about one grade level equivalent ahead of where one would expect given their socio-economic background. A similar analysis of dropout rate data found no differences between New York and other states. Hypothesis 2 was tested in HSB and NLS-88 data. Female students who reported that their high school required they pass a minimum competency exam in order to graduate were paid significantly more after they graduated from high school. Men did not earn more but did get a higher hourly wage.
Nonlinear stored charge vs d.c. bias-current relationship under high-level injection in pin diodes

The i-region carrer lifetime in p-i-n diodes is frequently measured at a single bias current and the results extrapolated to higher or lower currents. This interpretation is erroneous, however, since high levels of d.c. bias injection can degrade the effective lifetime as seen at the device terminals. This paper shows the dependence of stored charge and carrier lifetime with d.c. bias current and device geometry. Experimental data are used to verify the analysis, which shows that this d.c. bias current dependence of the lifetime may be minimized by minimizing the low level injection carrier lifetime to i-region thickness ratio for a given device area.
High pressure synthesis of arsenopyrite-type ternary compounds

Abstract A series of ternary compounds analogous to FeAsS (arsenopyrite) have been prepared at atmospheric pressure by Hulliger (1, 2) and others (3, 4). They were able to synthesize only 20 of the possible 36 isoelectronic compounds with the general formula MXY, where M is Fe, Ru or Os; X is P, As, Sb or Bi; Y is S, Se or Te. Four of the missing compounds (OsSbSe, OsSbTe, OsBiSe and RuBiSe) have now been synthesized in a tetrahedral anvil high-pressure unit at 35–50 kbar. The role of high pressure is discussed in relation to vapor pressure of the elements, size ratio and compressibility of the atoms, and stability of the phases The X-ray powder patterns of OsSbSe, OsSbTe and OsBiSe have been indexed as monoclinic structures of the same type adopted by Hulliger (2) and the lattice parameters are also consistent. Resistivity measurements on OsSbSe and OsSbTe suggest that they are extrinsic semiconductors.
Influence of environment on growing period and yield, protein, oil and α-linolenic content of three chia (Salvia hispanica L.) selections

Abstract Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual summer herb, and a member of the Labiatae family. Three selections, named Tzotzol, Iztac 1, and Tliltic, were planted at different elevations in three Inter-Andean valleys of Ecuador (Patate—2042 m, Guayllabamba—2200 m and Salinas—1621 m) to assess performance and seed quality. Length of growing period was influenced by location, with Tzotzol and Iztac 1 increasing with elevation. Iztac 1 had the highest seed yield at all three locations, with the difference between Iztac1 and Tzotzol being significant (P
From Plato to Derrida and Theories of Play

In her paper, "From Plato to Derrida and Theories of Play," Simona Livescu proposes a reevaluation of the concept of play. By examining various critical interpretations of this term from Greek antiquity to modern structuralists and poststructuralist theories, Livescu analyzes the common denominator in philosophical, cultural, and religious facets of the play. In her discussion, Livescu emphasizes the ultimate importance of the ludic presence in every fundamental human action. Among the conclusions of the paper, Livescu suggests that play exists as an essence of consciousness and that it is, actually, a way of being, not only a way of knowing. Regardless of its multifarious uses along the centuries, the ludic retains a crucial position in the philosophy of culture, of an equal status to concepts consecrated to truth, meaning, value, and knowledge. Simona Livescu, "From Plato to Derrida and Theories of Play" page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 5.4 (2003):
Fin de siècle Austrian thought and the rise of scientific philosophy

I consider three conditions to explain the emergence of scientific philosophy in Austrian thought at the turn of the century, concentrating on Vienna and Graz as distinct centers of philosophical development: (1) An outlook that seeks philosophical truth in sound reasoning, combined with a commitment to developing and practicing a methodology that is not essentially dependent on any particular culture's literary–philosophical traditions; (2) The desire to transcend national boundaries in the pursuit of philosophical understanding, as manifested in international professional conferences, publications, and training of international students; and (3) Cultural infrastructure that sustains ambitious philosophical projects, including tangible assets like financial resources, established educational institutions and communication networks, but also less conspicuous elements, such as, among others, a political environment of open inquiry, a relatively free press, community support for the enhancement of learning,...
The PAKY, HERMES, AESOP, ZEUS, and da Vinci robotic systems

In 1965 Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel Corporation, made his famous observation now known as Moore's law. He predicted that computing capacity will double every 18 to 24 months. Since then, Moore's law has held true; the number of transistors per integrated computer circuit has doubled every couple of years. This relentless advance in computer technology ensures future advances in robotic technology. The ultimate goal of robotics is to allow surgeons to perform difficult procedures with a level of precision and improved clinical outcomes not possible by conventional methods. Robotics has the potential to enable surgeons with various levels of surgical skill to achieve a uniform outcome. As long as urologists continue to embrace technological advances and incorporate beneficial technology into their practice, the outlook for patients remains bright.
ToF‐SIMS depth profiling of trehalose: the effect of analysis beam dose on the quality of depth profiles

In static SIMS experiments, an analysis dose of 10 12 ions/cm 2 typically produces optimum results. However, the same dose used in dual beam depth profiling can significantly degrade the signal. This is because during each analysis cycle a high-energy beam is rastered across the same x-y location on the sample. If a sufficient amount of sample is not removed during each sputter cycle, the subsequent analysis cycle will sample a volume degraded by the previous analysis cycles. The dimensionless parameter, R', is used to relate the amount of damage accumulated in the sample to the amount of analysis beam dose used relative to the etching beam. Depth profiles from trehalose films spin-cast onto silicon wafers acquired using Bi 1 + and Bi 3 + analysis beams were compared. As R' increased, the depth profile and the depth resolution (interface width) both degraded. At R' values below 0.04 for both Bi 1 + and Bi 3 + , the shape of the profile as well as the depth resolution (9 nm) indicated that dual beam analysis can be superior to C 60 single beam depth profiling.
Reliability and Age-Related Effects on Trust and Reliance of a Decision Support Aid

Trust has been identified by previous research as a key determinant of automation reliance and usage (Lee & Moray, 1992). One factor that may affect trust and reliance on automation is the reliabil...
Consequences of wildfire on ecosystem CO2 and water vapour fluxes in the Great Basin

Increased fire frequency in the Great Basin of North America's intermountain West has led to large-scale conversion of native sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) communities to postfire successional communities dominated by native and non-native annual species during the last century. The consequences of this conversion for basic ecosystem functions, however, are poorly understood. We measured net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and evapotranspiration (ET) during the first two dry years after wildfire using a 4-m diameter (16.4 m3) translucent static chamber (dome), and found that both NEE and ET were higher in a postfire successional ecosystem (−0.9–2.6 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1 and 0.0–1.0 mmol H2O m−2 s−2, respectively) than in an adjacent intact sagebrush ecosystem (−1.2–2.3 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1 and −0.1–0.8 mmol H2O m−2 s−2, respectively) during relatively moist periods. Higher NEE in the postfire ecosystem appears to be due to lower rates of above-ground plant respiration while higher ET appears to be caused by higher surface soil temperatures and increased soil water recharge after rains. These patterns disappeared or were reversed, however, when the conditions were drier. Daily net ecosystem productivity (NEP; g C m−2 d−1), derived from multiple linear regressions of measured fluxes with continuously measured climate variables, was very small (close to zero) throughout most of the year. The wintertime was an exception in the intact sagebrush ecosystem with C losses exceeding C gains leading to negative NEP while C balance of the postfire ecosystem remained near zero. Taken together, our results indicate that wildfire-induced conversion of native sagebrush steppe to ecosystems dominated by herbaceous annual species may have little effect on C balance during relatively dry years (except in winter months) but may stimulate water loss immediately following fires.
Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate concentrations in blood and tissues of mice fed ethanol-containing liquid diets

Abstract The effects of chronic ethanol administration on vitamin B-6 metabolism were studied in female Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) mice. Animals were fed an ethanol containing liquid diet (AIN-76) for four weeks. Concentration of ethanol in the diet increased from 10 to 25% ethanol-derived calories (EDC) during weeks 1–3 and was maintained at 30% EDC for 1 additional week. We measured concentrations of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) in plasma, erythrocytes and whole blood, and liver and brain PLP and pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate (PMP) in ethanol-fed and pair-fed control mice. Chronic ethanol administration significantly increased PMP and total (PLP + PMP) levels in the liver of SS mice. In LS mice ethanol feeding significantly decreased PMP and total (PLP + PMP) levels in the brain, but these values were still within normal limits. These results suggest that both control and ethanol-containing liquid diets are nutritionally adequate with respect to vitamin B-6, and that chronic ethanol administration does not adversely affect vitamin B-6 metabolism in adult mice.
Theory of electrically controlled resonant tunneling spin devices

We report device concepts that exploit spin-orbit coupling for creating spin polarized current sources using nonmagnetic semiconductor resonant tunneling heterostructures, without external magnetic fields. The resonant interband tunneling psin filter exploits large valence band spin-orbit interaction to provide strong spin selectivity.
LINKING COOPERATIVE ARRANGEMENTS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: AN INSTITUTIONAL COLLECTION ACTION FRAMEWORK

The main purpose of this paper is to examine if cooperative arrangements among local governments explain the tendency for local governments to adopt certain types of economic development strategies...
Metal complexes for DNA-mediated charge transport

In all organisms, oxidation threatens the integrity of the genome. DNA-mediated charge transport (CT) may play an important role in the generation and repair of this oxidative damage. In studies involving long-range CT from intercalating Ru and Rh complexes to 5′-GG-3′ sites, we have examined the efficiency of CT as a function of distance, temperature, and the electronic coupling of metal oxidants bound to the base stack. Most striking is the shallow distance dependence and the sensitivity of DNA CT to how the metal complexes are stacked in the helix. Experiments with cyclopropylamine-modified bases have revealed that charge occupation occurs at all sites along the bridge. Using Ir complexes, we have seen that the process of DNA-mediated reduction is very similar to that of DNA-mediated oxidation. Studies involving metalloproteins have, furthermore, shown that their redox activity is DNA-dependent and can be DNA-mediated. Long range DNA-mediated CT can facilitate the oxidation of DNA-bound base excision repair proteins to initiate a redox-active search for DNA lesions. DNA CT can also activate the transcription factor SoxR, triggering a cellular response to oxidative stress. Indeed, these studies show that within the cell, redox-active proteins may utilize the same chemistry as that of synthetic metal complexes in vitro, and these proteins may harness DNA-mediated CT to reduce damage to the genome and regulate cellular processes.
High frequency elastic moduli of colloidal dispersions

A perturbation theory for the high frequency elastic moduli of colloidal dispersions is developed using an inverse power potential reference fluid. When supplemented by a random phase approximation for the perturbation potential, the theory can be used to determine rheological properties of disordered colloidal dispersions from observed structure factors. The theory is applied to measurements of the structure factor for an aqueous dispersion of polystyrene latex spheres at the order-disorder transition. The calculated properties are found to be in good agreement with independent experimental measurements.
Optimistic recovery in distributed systems

Optimistic Recovery is a new technique supporting application-independent transparent recovery from processor failures in distributed systems. In optimistic recovery communication, computation and checkpointing proceed asynchronously. Synchronization is replaced by causal dependency tracking, which enables a posteriori reconstruction of a consistent distributed system state following a failure using process rollback and message replay.Because there is no synchronization among computation, communication, and checkpointing, optimistic recovery can tolerate the failure of an arbitrary number of processors and yields better throughput and response time than other general recovery techniques whenever failures are infrequent.
Prejudice as an Obstacle to Multiculturalism in the Teaching of Design History

The traditional approach to teaching interior design history is an examination of the dominant styles developed by and for politically dominant groups within western European societies. This approach emphasizes the unity of cultures and conflicts with the concepts of diversity and multiculturalism prevalent in American higher education. It also ignores contributions to design history by a variety of important ethnic groups. The goal of this discussion is to increase educators' awareness of subtle and overt preiudice contained in design history literature. This prejudice is against ethnic groups that made significant contributions and comprise a large portion of the American populace. By adopting standard texts and assigning readings from major works, teachers of interior design history may be perceived by students as champions of the status quo and opponents of multiculturalism, and they may be identified with the narrow Eurocentrism evident in the work of many significant historians. Interior design history texts currently used by American colleges and universities were reviewed to identify prejudice in the literature that creates obstacles to multiculturalism. The means by which design contributions of some ethnic groups are marginalized, devalued, or ignored are highlighted. Rather than avoiding texts that display prejudice yet provide important information and insight, teachers can broaden student understanding of the nature of historiography by discussing these subtle and overt prejudices. They can stress the vitality of historiography as a process that constantly reevaluates and reinterprets the past's impact on the present, stimulating student interest in and appreciation for nondominant groups.
Atomic layer epitaxy of device quality GaAs with a 0.6 μm/h growth rate

The two main problems, carbon contamination and a low growth rate, facing atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) of GaAs are addressed. A reactor was designed to process 2 in. wafers with a growth rate as high as 0.6 μm/h. Background carbon concentration less than 1015 cm−3 and a 77 K mobility of 30 000 cm2/V s were measured. The new reactor is based on the concept of rotating the substrate between streams of reactant gases with provisions to shear off and sweep away the thermal boundary layer. Self‐limited growth was observed for a growth temperature as high as 600 °C.
Do Nurses Need Mentors

This paper examines the influence of sex role socialization on the establishment and maintenance of mentoring relationships. Traditional conceptualizations of this process have evolved from male culture and experience; consequently, women have had less access than have men to this career advancement mechanism. Nurses, however, have developed a continuum of sponsorship activities that are more useful than traditional mentoring relationships in a practice-oriented profession as well as more compatible with female socialization.
Theory of the atomic and electronic structure of DX centers in GaAs and AlxGa1-xAs alloys.

We propose that $\mathrm{DX}$ is a negatively charged defect center resulting from the "reaction" $2{d}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{d}^{+}+D{X}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ where $d$ represents a substitutional donor. The results of our pseudopotential calculations for Si- and S-induced $\mathrm{DX}$ centers in GaAs indicate large dopant-dependent relaxations leading to threefold-coordinated interstitial sites for either the donor or one of its nearest neighbors. A simple expression for the alloy composition and pressure dependence of the $\mathrm{DX}$ binding energy is suggested and used in an analysis of experimental data.
Nuclear electroproduction of negative pions below threshold

Abstract We calculate the electroproduction of negative pions into bound atomic states. The effect of the strong π-nucleus interaction is included in the calculation.
The effects of an arginine-free enteral diet on wound healing and immune function in the postsurgical rat.

Critically ill patients have increased rates of sepsis partly due to a down-regulated immune system. Nutrients may modulate the immune system. The following studies were performed to determine whether arginine is one of these "essential" nutrients for the immune system. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 175 g) were divided into two groups that were pair-fed with either an elemental, arginine-supplemented enteral diet, or the same diet with arginine removed and replaced with glycine. Both diets were isocaloric, isoosmolar, and isonitrogenous. After 6 days on the diet, animals underwent testing. There were no significant differences between the arginine-supplemented and the arginine-free diet groups in blood glucose or hematocrit. The arginine-supplemented animals had higher serum albumin (4.1 +/- 0.1 mg/dL v 3.6 +/- 0.1 mg/dL; P = .035) and serum protein levels (5.2 +/- 0.1 mg/dL v 4.3 +/- 0.1 mg/dL; P = .041); and had higher thymus gland (0.53 +/- 0.03 g v 0.44 +/- 0.02 g; P less than .0001) and spleen weights (0.66 +/- 0.01 g v 0.57 +/- 0.01 g; P less than .01). Daily total urinary nitrogen excretion, nitrogen balance, and weight gain showed a tendency for the arginine-supplemented animals to retain more of their nitrogen calories. There was no difference in the amount of hydroxyproline (OHP) found in the wound cylinders of either group (both 25.6 micrograms OHP/cm polytetrafluoroethylene) but the arginine-supplemented group's wounds had greater wound bursting strengths (429 +/- 3 g/cm v 350 +/- 7 g/cm; P = .044).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Many-Faceted Rasch Calibration of a Gross Motor Instrument

Abstract The purpose of this study was to recalibrate a well-developed motor development instrument (Ulrich, 1985) using the many-faceted Rasch model and to examine its advantages and application potential. The instrument was administered to a total of 909 children from a national multistage sampling across 9 states. These children included 451 boys and 458 girls ranging in age from 3–10 years. The instrument was recalibrated using the many-faceted Rasch model with 8 defined facets. The primary advantages of the many-faceted Rasch calibration are (a) that estimations of parameters are independent of both the examinees and testing items employed, (b) that all facets involved in the calibration can be taken into account, (c) that the calibrated facets share the same metric, and (d) that the measurement scales are additive. These advantages, together with goodness-of-fit statistics generated from the calibration, provided a convenient way to examine the appropriateness of the testing items and related facets...
Defect study in fused silica using near field scanning optical microscopy

Surface defects in fused silica have been characterized using Near Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM). Using total internal reflection of a p- or s- polarized laser beam, optical scattering from defects located on the surface itself as well as in the subsurface layer of polished fused silica has been measured by NSOM. The local scattering intensity has been compared with simultaneously measured surface topography. In addition, surface defects intentionally created on a fused silica surface by nano-indentation have been used to establish a correlation between optical scattering of s- and p- polarized light, surface morphology and the well known subsurface stress-field associated with nano-indentation.
Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Containing Quaternary Ammonium Cation for Anion Exchange Membrane

Amphiphilic block copolymers are excellent materials for potential alkaline anion exchange membrane (AAEM) application. In this study, a new synthetic pathway was investigated for copolymerization of polybutadiene-b-poly(vinylbenzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) (PB-b-P[VBTMA][Cl]). This amphiphilic diblock copolymer synthesis first involved formation of benzyloxyamine functionalized polybutadiene by using 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(2-bromo-1-phenylethoxy) piperidine to terminate living anionic polymerization of butadiene in cyclohexane at room temperature, and then the nitroxide-functionalized polybutadiene acted as a macroinitiator to polymerize vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) by nitroxide mediate polymerization at 125°C in the bulk. Polybutadiene-b-pol(vinylbenzyl chloride) (PB-b-PVBC) was sequentially quaternized by trimethylamine gas in chloroform. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) clearly showed the increase in molecular weight of PB-b-PVBC diblock copolymer, and the PB-b-PVBC was also characterized by the 1H NMR spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the formation of quaternary ammonium cation. Finally, PB-b-P[VBTMA][Cl] was solvent cast in a chloroform/methanol co-solvent mixture, this solvent processability extend utility of PB-b-P[VBTMA][Cl] in AAEM application.
Ghost Fluid Based Immersed Boundary Treatment for Lattice Boltzmann Method

An immersed boundary method has been developed for Lattice Boltzmann Equations via ghost fluid approach. Image points of the ghost points inside the fluid domain are obtained by extrapolation along the boundary normal. Velocity, density and non-equilibrium value of the distribution function at ghost points are extrapolated from image point values which are calculated by interpolation from the boundary and fluid domain. The distribution function at ghost points is computed from the extrapolated non-equilibrium part and the equilibrium part which is obtained from extrapolated values of the velocities. The method is found to be second order accurate. The method is applied to concentric 2D Couette flow and 3D Taylor–Couette flow.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Catalytic Emulsion Polymerization of Olefins: Surfactant Effects in the ab Initio Polymerization of Norbornene

The polymerization of olefins in aqueous media by late transition metal catalysts has created new opportunities to produce latex particles based on ethylene and its olefinic derivatives. In this work, we have concentrated on creating water-based latices from the strained cyclic olefin, norbornene. This has been done as ab initio batch emulsion vinyl polymerizations using allyl palladium catalysts and a lithium-based activator, supported by a variety of surfactants. The role of surfactants in traditional emulsion polymerization is to assist in particle nucleation and/or to stabilize latex particles. We studied the role of several classes of surfactants in the emulsion vinyl polymerization of norbornene with Pd catalysts, both with and without the activator LiFABA. In the catalytic emulsion polymerization of norbornene, some of these surfactant classes were found to act as weakly coordinating anions with the Pd-based catalysts to promote vinyl polymerization. When the base latex recipe already contains an a...
Transmission and detection of guided seismic waves in attenuating media

We can use guided seismic waves to map properties of reservoirs between wells, with the low-velocity layers acting as waveguides. When guided waves are detected, they are an indication of the continuity of the bed examined. Guided waveforms are characterized by time-frequency representations to study important physical properties of the beds acting as waveguides. We used full waveform seismic modeling in viscoelastic media to examine the required velocity contrasts and distances over which guided-wave signals can be used. In one set of models, sandstones are the central waveguide lithology; in another set, shales. We applied these models, referred to here collectively as shaly sandstone waveguides, to a range of geological circumstances where either the sands or the shales represent the low-velocity layers within a reservoir. To study the distances over which guided waves can be detected, we compared the amplitudes of the signals computed for the models, using a realistic source strength, to the signal levels determined from published borehole noise studies. In shaly sandstone waveguides, we find it is feasible to use particle velocity measurements to record guided waves above seismic noise levels in the frequency range of 60 to 800 Hz at well separations exceeding a distance of 800 m. However, pressure detectors such as hydrophones may only be useful up to distances of 400 m between wells. In addition to the issues of shaly sandstone waveguides and practical distances between wells, we present an application of guided waves using crosswell seismic data from the Gypsy test site in Oklahoma (a site originally established by British Petroleum). In this field example within a sandstone reservoir, we demonstrate the sensitivity of leaky mode amplitudes to source-receiver location. Another telltale characteristic of continuity in the type of reservoir studied at the Gypsy test site, where there is a low shear velocity contrast between the host medium and the waveguide, is the head wave followed by the leaky mode.
Looking for child psychiatric nursing--Vietnam 2005.

In Vietnam, child health services are primarily focused on nutritional and developmental concerns. Child mental health issues, including homelessness, adolescent suicide, and sex trafficking of children, are not currently governmental priorities. Language: en
Shifting GEARS to enable guest-context virtual services

We argue that the implementation of VMM-based virtual services for a guest should extend into the guest itself, even without its cooperation. Placing service components directly into the guest OS or application can reduce implementation complexity and increase performance. In this paper we show that the set of tools in a VMM required to enable a broad range of such guest-context services is fairly small. Further, we outline and evaluate these tools and describe their design and implementation in the context of Guest Examination and Revision Services (GEARS), a new framework within the Palacios VMM. We then describe two example GEARS-based services---an MPI communication accelerator and an overlay networking accelerator---that illustrate the benefits of allowing virtual service implementations to span across the VMM, guest, and application. Other VMMs could employ the ideas and tools in GEARS.
Meiosis: cell-cycle controls shuffle and deal

Meiosis is the type of cell division that gives rise to eggs and sperm. Errors in the execution of this process can result in the generation of aneuploid gametes, which are associated with birth defects and infertility in humans. Here, we review recent findings on how cell-cycle controls ensure the coordination of meiotic events, with a particular focus on the segregation of chromosomes.
Calorimetric analysis of the system Ag2S–Ag2Se between 25 and 250 °C

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrates that compounds in the pseudobinary system Ag2S–Ag2Se undergo rapid, reversible solid-state phase changes at temperatures between approximately 70 and 178 °C. These temperatures vary systematically with composition, with highs at the pure end members, Ag2S (178 °C) and Ag2Se (134 °C), and a low in the compositional range of approximately Ag2S0.4Se0.6 to Ag2S0.3Se0.7 (70 °C). These data are consistent with the presence of two solid solutions in this system at ambient conditions: the Ag2S–III-type, monoclinic, ranging to approximately Ag2S0.4Se0.6 and the Ag2Se-II-type, orthorhombic, extending from Ag2Se to Ag2S0.3Se0.7. Entropies of transition of 6 to 9 e.u. characterize compositions within the Ag2S-III-type solid solution, whereas values of 13 to 16 e.u. mark members of the Ag2Se-II-type solid solution. The high-temperature allotrope is presumably a continuous solid solution between Ag2S-II and Ag2Se-I, which have similar body-centered cubic structures.
A Bit-Rate Aware Scalable H.264/AVC Deblocking Filter Using Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration

In H.264/AVC, a deblocking filter improves visual quality by reducing the presence of blocking artifacts in decoded video frames. The deblocking filter accounts for one third of the computational complexity of the decoder. This paper exploits the scalability on the hardware and the algorithmic level to synergize the performance and to reduce the computational complexity. First, we propose a modular deblocking filter architecture which can be scaled to adapt to the required computing capability for various bit-rates, resolutions, and frame rate of video sequences. The scalable architecture is based on FPGA using dynamic partial reconfiguration. This desirable feature of FPGAs makes it possible for different hardware configurations to be implemented during run-time. The proposed design can be scaled to filter up to four different edges simultaneously, resulting in significant reduction of total processing time. Secondly, our experiments show that significant reduction in computational complexity can be achieved by the increased presence of skipped macroblocks at lower bit-rates, thus, avoiding redundant filtering operations. The implemented architecture is evaluated using the Xilinx Virtex-4 ML410 FPGA board. The design operates at a maximum frequency of 103 MHz. The reconfiguration is done through Internal Configuration Access Port (ICAP) to achieve maximum performance needed by real time applications.
Long hours of work in the U.S.: associations with demographic and organizational characteristics, psychosocial working conditions, and health.

Background There are relatively few studies of large national databases that contain information on working hours and health. The current study involved an analysis of data from a quality of work life (QWL) module developed for the 2002 General Social Survey. This module collected work and health data from a representative sample of the U.S. population (N = 1,744). Methods Descriptive analyses were conducted for five groups based on total hours worked per week: part-time (1–34 hr/week), full-time (35–40 hr/week), lower overtime (41–48 hr/week), medium overtime (49–69 hr/week), and higher overtime (70+ hr/week). Multiple logistic regression examined the association between these five categories and several measures of health and well-being. Results Compared to full-time workers, the three groups of overtime workers were more likely to be male, white, and middle-aged, with higher levels of education and income. They were also more likely to be self-employed, salaried, work as independent contractors, have more than one job, and work split/irregular/on-call shifts. Although overtime work was characterized by higher levels of job stress and perceptions of overwork, it was also associated with increased levels of participation in decision making and opportunities to develop special abilities. Several significant associations emerged between hours of work and measures of health and well-being, particularly for respondents in the higher overtime group (70+ hr/week). Conclusion Overtime workers differ from their part-time and full-time counterparts in several important areas. Some of these differences tended to increase with the number of overtime hours worked, suggesting a linear relationship. However, caution is warranted before generalizing the results of this study to specific occupations or workplaces. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:943–952, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Self-Deception Predicts Self-Report and Endurance of Pain

This study sought to test predictions made from disregulation and systems theories regarding self-deception and pain responsivity. Sixty-four subjects completed the L-scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory and, based on their scores, were categorized as either High, Medium, or Low Deceptors. Both sensory threshold and three levels of affective pain judgments were determined using electrocutaneous nociceptive stimulation applied to the forearm. Results indicated that there were no differences among groups in their sensation thresholds. However, large differences in affective pain judgments emerged between High and Low Deceptors. High Deceptors differed significantly from Low Deceptors at the Tolerance (9.4 vs. 5.2 mA, p less than 0.001), Pain threshold (7.9 vs. 3.8 mA, p less than 0.001), and Discomfort (4.4 vs. 2.2 mA, p less than 0.01) judgment levels. These findings are consistent with a systems model of pain perception and are discussed in terms of the role of pain in mediating the relationship between cognitive coping patterns and recovery from illness and surgery. A possible opiate-peptide hypothesis of repressive coping & disregulation of pain is proposed.
Effect of Alteration in Body Temperature on the Biliary Excretion of Copper

SummaryCopper is excreted into the bile of rats against a large bile/plasma concentration ratio. The biliary excretion of copper is very temperature dependent in that a fourteenfold decrease in excretion was observed when the temperature of the rats was decreased from 40 to 30°.The author acknowledges the very able technical assistance of Mr. W. R. Kerr and Mrs. Mary Reeves.
Is it Wrong to Criminalize and Punish Psychopaths

Increasing evidence from psychology and neuroscience suggests that emotion plays an important and sometimes critical role in moral judgment and moral behavior. At the same time, there is increasing psychological and neuroscientific evidence that brain regions critical in emotional and moral capacity are impaired in psychopaths. We ask how the criminal law should accommodate these two streams of research, in light of a new normative and legal account of the criminal responsibility of psychopaths.
Data Flow Analysis in Software Reliability

The ways that the methods of data flow analysis can be applied to improve software reliability are described. There is also a review of the basic terminology from graph theory and from data flow analysis in global program optimization. The notation of regular expressions is used to describe actions on data for sets of paths. These expressions provide the basis of a classification scheme for data flow which represents patterns of data flow along paths within subprograms and along paths which cross subprogram boundaries. Fast algorithms, originally introduced for global optimization, are described and it is shown how they can be used to implement the classification scheme. It is then shown how these same algorithms can also be used to detect the presence of data flow anomalies which are symptomatic of programming errors. Finally, some characteristics of and experience with DAVE, a data flow analysis system embodying some of these ideas, are described.
Net Clustering Based Macrocell Placement

Given an RTL (Register-Transfer-Level) netlist, a net dependency graph with weighted edges is built. Each node in the graph represents a net and an edge exists between two nodes if the two nets represented by the nodes share one or more macrocells. Clusters of nets are then formed by clique partitioning. A net cluster level floorplan is derived by simulated annealing to define the regions where the nets in each cluster must be routed. The macrocell placement is formulated as a force-directed problem where the terminals of a net are free to move under the influence of forces in the quest for optimal length of the net. A new type of rejection force is introduced in order to obtain a feasible placement. In comparison with the placements generated by CADENCE Silicon Ensemble, we obtained an average total wire length reduction of 22.8% and an average longest wire length reduction of 33% with an average area penalty of only 1.1%.
Glutathione peroxidase system and microsomal lipoperoxidation in prenecrotic stages of dietary hepatic necrosis in rats.

Simultaneous dietary deficiency of vitamin E and Se in weanling rats results in fatal hepatic necrosis. To investigate the possible relation between the state of hepatic cytosol glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) system (including glutathione reducA­ase,GSH-Rd, and glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G-6-PD) and the hepatic microsomal lipo peroxidation (MLP), as well as the possible implications of these factors in the development of hepatic necrosis, weanling male rats were fed a basal diet low in Se and vitamin E, or were pair-fed with the same diet supplemented with either 3 mg/100 g diet of d/-a-tocopherol, with 0.36 mg/100 g diet of sodium selenite, or with both. Rats from the four groups were killed at 9, 20, and 26 days. At the late prenecrotic stage, GSH-Px activity in rats fed the basal diet alone was reduced by 97% and the in vitro MLP levels ( malonaldehyde ) were increased by seven-fold as com pared with rats fed the diet supplemented with Se and vitamin E. How ever, in vivo MLP (diene conjugation) was only detected in the liver of one rat that already had foci of necrosis at the time of killing. The decrease in GSH-Px was completely prevented by Se, but vitamin E had no effect. Dietary vitamin E and/or Se had little effect on the activity of GSH-Rd, but both agents, singly or in combination, prevented the reduction of G-6-PD that occurred in rats deficient in vitamin E and Se. The increased in vitro MLP was only partially reduced by either Se or vitamin E, since in both cases there still were three-fold increases. These results suggest that: a) no clear-cut relation exists between the massive decline of cytosol GSH-Px and the development of hepatic necrosis; b) the state of GSH-Px is probably unrelated to MLP; and c) microsomes may not be the initial site of damage. J. Nutr. 107: 1852-1858, 1977.
Progress Toward In Vivo Use of siRNAs-II

RNA interference (RNAi) has been extensively employed for in vivo research since its use was first demonstrated in mammalian cells 10 years ago. Design rules have improved, and it is now routinely possible to obtain reagents that suppress expression of any gene desired. At the same time, increased understanding of the molecular basis of unwanted side effects has led to the development of chemical modification strategies that mitigate these concerns. Delivery remains the single greatest hurdle to widespread adoption of in vivo RNAi methods. However, exciting advances have been made and new delivery systems under development may help to overcome these barriers. This review discusses advances in RNAi biochemistry and biology that impact in vivo use and provides an overview of select publications that demonstrate interesting applications of these principles. Emphasis is placed on work with synthetic, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) published since the first installment of this review which appeared in 2006.
Rate of nitration of benzene with mixed acid

The rates of nitration of benzene by nitric acid in mixed acid to produce mononitrobenzene have been measured in well-emulsified reaction mixtures in the temperature range from 34° to 54°C. The acid-phase compositions ranged from 1.6 mole % nitric acid and 27 mole % sulfuric acid to 35 mole % nitric acid and zero % sulfuric acid; the organicphase composition ranged from 4 to 95 mole % benzene, and the relative extent of the acid and organic phases was varied from 25 to 80 volume % acid phase. The reaction rate based on the total volume of the reacting mixture is shown to be a function of the phase compositions, temperature, and volume % of acid phase.