cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Detection Methods of Foodborne Viruses

The identification of a viral pathogen as the cause of foodborne illness is epidemiologically linking a particular food item that ill patients have consumed to the detection of a virus in their stool specimens and the absence of the same virus in stool specimens of healthy consumers who did not consumed that particular food. Hepatitis A virus and norovirus are the most important viruses based on the number of foodborne virus outbreaks and people affected. The detection of viruses in foods poses a greater challenge as unlike most foodborne bacteria, viruses cannot be enriched. This chapter provides a review of molecular detection methods of foodborne viruses from different food matrices. Advances in molecular techniques e.g., RT-PCR, real-time PCR, microarray, biosensors, and next generation sequencing (NGS) have now made the detection of small amounts of HAV and norovirus more feasible. Real-time PCR detection of viral nucleic acid offers one of the best approaches for the sensitive detection of foodborne viruses in food matrices. NGS methods have opened new avenues for sensitive detection of viruses in food and clinical samples. Once the sensitivity of these novel methods is improved, they have the potential to become the gold standard laboratory method to investigate foodborne outbreaks.
Evaluation of Common Use Brominated Flame Retardant (BFR) Toxicity Using a Zebrafish Embryo Model.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used to reduce the flammability of plastics, textiles, and electronics. BFRs vary in their chemical properties and structures, and it is expected that these differences alter their biological interactions and toxicity. Zebrafish were used as the model organism for assessing the toxicity of nine structurally-diverse BFRs. In addition to monitoring for overt toxicity, the rate of spontaneous movement, and acetylcholinesterase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were assessed following exposure. The toxicities of BFRs tested can be ranked by LC50 as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) < 4,4′-isopropylidenebis[2-(2,6-dibromophenoxyl)ethanol] (TBBPA-OHEE) < Pentabromochlorocyclohexane (PBCH) < 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) < hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) < hexabromobenzene (HBB) < Tetrabromophthalic anhydride (PHT4). No adverse effect was observed in di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) or dibromoneopentyl glycol (DBNPG)-treated embryos. The rate of spontaneous movement was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner following exposure to four of the nine compounds. GST activity was elevated following treatment with PBCH, TBBPA, HBCD, and HBB. The results indicate that exposure to several BFRs may activate an antioxidant response and alter behavior during early development. Some of the BFRs, such as TBBPA and TBBPA-OHEE, induced adverse effects at concentrations lower than chemicals that are currently banned. These results suggest that zebrafish are sensitive to exposure to BFRs and can be used as a comparative screening model, as well as to determine alterations in behavior following exposure and probe mechanisms of action.
Historical and Practical Kairos in the Early Heidegger

Etude de la conception historique et pratique du kairos developpee par Heidegger dans ses cours de Freibourg et de Marbourg, a partir de son interpretation de la philosophie pratique d'Aristote. L'A. met en evidence le lien phenomenologique entre le kairos aristotelicien et le theme du christianisme primitif dans le traitement heideggerien de la temporalite.
Willingness to use mental health counseling and antidepressants in older Korean Americans: the role of beliefs and stigma about depression

ABSTRACTObjectives: Despite a high prevalence of mental health problems, racial/ethnic minorities are often reluctant to seek mental health services. Their reluctance may be shaped by cultural beliefs and stigma about mental health. The present study examined how beliefs and stigma about depression (e.g. disbelief in depression as a health-related condition, perception of depression as a normal part of aging, and/or depression as a sign of personal weakness/family shame) pose barriers to older Korean Americans’ willingness to use mental health counseling and antidepressants.Method: Data were drawn from surveys with 420 Korean American older adults (Mage= 71.6, SD = 7.6) living in the New York City metropolitan area in 2010. Using a separate logistic regression model, the role of beliefs and stigma about depression in predicting participants’ willingness to receive mental health counseling and to take antidepressants was tested. Based on Andersen’s behavioral health service use model, the analysis was cond...
INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN THE TREATMENT OF JUVENILE RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA-ASSOCIATED CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA AND UVEITIS.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of cystoid macular edema and uveitis caused by juvenile retinitis pigmentosa in a woman interested in planning a pregnancy. Methods Descriptive case report. A 25-year-old woman with retinitis pigmentosa presented with decreased visual acuity, interested in a second opinion. Results Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy was begun at 2-week intervals. Visual acuity improved from 20/100 to 20/70 by 6 weeks, where it stabilized for the remaining year. Serial optical coherence tomography imaging revealed marked improvement in cystoid macular edema after 2 treatments of intravenous immunoglobulin at 2 weeks of follow-up, with complete resolution noted at 4 months, a finding that persisted at 1 year of follow-up. Conclusion Our findings support the use of intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for the resolution of cystoid macular edema and management of uveitis secondary to juvenile retinitis pigmentosa.
Matters of life and death.

Modern technology and modern medical practice have evolved over the past decades, enabling us to enhance and extend human life to an unprecedented degree. The two books under review examine this phenomenon from remarkably different perspectives. Mark O9Connell9s To Be a Machine is an examination of transhumanism, a movement characterized by technologies that seek to transform the human condition and extend life spans indefinitely. Haider Warraich9s Modern Death is a physician9s well-referenced account of modern medicine9s approach to death. Despite their differences, both books advocate for retaking personal control over death. Neither vision is trivial, and both encourage further introspection and deliberation.
Thought and Language: A Hermeneutical Investigations

This research paper examines the relationship between thought and language. It will focus on the hermeneutics inquiry, and expand to find out if hermeneutics can be used in the interpretation of other texts. It will also investigate logically, if instances of the ancient, medieval and modern thinkers having attempted this possibility. This paper will also investigate the ideas of Heidegger, in particular, and other modern thinkers on the subject. The finding and conclusion from this study will be recommended for further studies for future researchers who are interested in the subject. Keywords: thought, language, relationship, hermeneutics inquiry.
Towards Experimental Analysis of Challenge Scenarios in Robotics

We explore the idea of simulated experimental analysis for challenge scenarios in robotics using the search and secure problem from the Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge (MAGIC). The MAGIC problem requires a team of heterogeneous robots to locate, classify, and secure a number of targets in an urban environment with indoor and outdoor areas. We introduce a framework for solving the coordination aspects of the challenge by providing guaranteed clearing strategies (i.e., strategies that ensure coming into contact with any adversarial target). The proposed method allows for repair of the clearing schedule after robot failure, as well as a fall-back strategy if clearing is no longer possible. We analyze scenarios taken directly from the competition, and we utilize repeated simulated trials to validate the hypothesis that strategies designed for locating worst-case targets tend to be more robust to failure than strategies designed for locating average-case targets. Thus, more conservative worst-case methods would tend to perform better if the competition were run many times. However, riskier average-case strategies may win in a single competition. These results demonstrate how insight can be gained from repeated simulated analysis of challenge scenarios in robotics.
Abstract 4559: Novel T-cell targets for HPV16-associated oropharyngeal cancer immune therapy

Background: Human papillomavirus subtype 16 (HPV16) is the primary cause of an increasing number of oropharyngeal cancers (HPVOPC) worldwide. Despite effective prophylactic vaccines, low vaccine uptake and high incidence of HPV16 infections provides a strong rationale for the development of novel targeted immune therapies against HPVOPC. We sought to 1) Identify novel CD8+ T-cell (CTL) epitopes from HPV16 antigens; 2) Understand mechanisms of immune resistance in HPVOPC to enhance T-cell based immune therapies. Methods: We developed a comprehensive bioinformatic strategy to predict potential CTL epitopes for 10 HLA class I alleles representing common HLA-supertypes (with >90% global coverage) against HPV16 antigens E2, E6 and E7. T-cell reactivity against candidate epitopes was assessed by short term ex vivo T-cell cultures from healthy donors (n=15) and HPVOPC patients (n=18). We data mined publicly available OPC transcriptomes (University of Michigan (UM-OPC) cohort, n=36) for gene expression analysis. Results: IFN-gamma Elispot assays using 58 candidate epitopes from HPV16 E2, E6 and E7 revealed that >70% of HPVOPC patients had either E2 or E6-specific CTL reactivity. E2-CTL reactivity was >2-fold higher in HPVOPC patients than in healthy controls (mean = 68.75 vs. 24.6 SFUs/106 cells, P = 0.027), while no difference in E6- CTL responses were observed between patients and controls. In contrast, E7-specific CTL responses were low to undetectable. We have further identified 7 novel E2 and 3 novel E6 CTL-epitopes, and confirmed immunogenicity of previously described E2, E6 and E7 epitopes. RNAseq analysis of the UM-OPC dataset indicated that 78% of HPV16+ OPCs expressed E2 (P Conclusion: HPV16-E2 represents a novel antigen target for HPVOPC immune therapy, as demonstrated by T-cell reactivity and tumor antigen expression. Several novel and previously defined E2, E6 and E7 CTL have been confirmed for T-cell reactivity in HPVOPC patients. Transcriptomic analysis of OPCs indicate extensive immune dysfunction in HPVOPCs that are distinct from non-HPV OPCs. The T-cell epitopes identified in this study in combination with blockade of HPVOPC-specific checkpoints may be useful for targeted immunotherapy. Citation Format: Sri Krishna, Falguni Parikh, Peaches Ulrich, Shanshan Yang, Amelia Clark, Seunghee Kim-Schulze, Marshall Posner, Jin Park, Andrew Sikora, Karen S. Anderson. Novel T-cell targets for HPV16-associated oropharyngeal cancer immune therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4559. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4559
The Interaction Between Evolutionary and Historical Processes Produces the Gender Difference in Depressive Prevalence: Hypotheses, Evidence, and Need for Additional Research

Much has been written about the possibility that multiple distinct phenotypes are currently classified as the single disorder major depression and about the gender difference in depressive prevalence. Here, research on the evolution of depression, on historical changes influencing women, and on the epidemiology of depression is reviewed. Much evidence suggests the existence of a phenotype of depression involving anxiety and somatic symptomatology that becomes prevalent among women at adolescence leading to a gender difference in overall depression as currently classified. The evolutionary pathway to “somatic” depression is based in animal dominance hierarchies that transformed into status/prestige hierarchies when humans developed a conceptual self. The reproductive fitness of tribes and cultures was increased when their members were highly motivated to achieve so humans evolved positive emotions of pride when they lived up to the standards of their parents and of their tribe and negative emotions of depression and anxiety associated with a sense of devaluation when they did not. After the Industrial Revolution, the change in women’s roles and aspirations was so rapid in evolutionary/historical perspective that many contemporary women face barriers that prevent them from living up to these altered standards of achievement/respect that lead to feelings of devaluation and thus to somatic depression. Additional research is suggested in order to further test these hypotheses.
A necessária clareza de Antonio Candido

To understand the role of literature in the face of the impasses of civilization. As well as blurring the clarity of literary criticism. I dwell on a text on Nietzsche that Antonio Candido published in 1946. And in his lifelong dialogue with Sergio Buarque de Holanda.
When Pedagogy Is Painful: Teaching in Tumultuous Times

What happens when the outside world begins to affect the classroom? Is the classroom supposed to be neutral, objective, and devoid of feelings? Or is it a space where students and teacher meet for healing, understanding, and critical thinking? From news reports of police brutality to highly publicized acts of racial aggression, students are inundated with examples of intolerance, hatred, and racial inequality. Those committed to critical pedagogy and social justice invite, embrace, and use these events to enhance classroom materials. What happens, however, when pedagogy is painful for both the student and the teacher? Several articles address the teacher’s experience and others the student experience. This article is dedicated to synthesizing and discussing both experiences from one course, Race and Ethnicity, at a height of racial tensions in the United States and on campus and providing the personal and pedagogical strategies that developed from the course.
Introduction to Neuroimaging

The development and growth of neuroimaging largely began in the twentieth century, with the rise of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) toward the end of the century made possible by discoveries in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This chapter provides a historical perspective regarding the development of various neuroimaging techniques, a discussion of basic MR physics, a detailed review of conventional MRI as well as more advanced MRI imaging, and functional neuroimaging techniques. Such fundamental knowledge is important for understanding the present and future clinical and investigational applications of neuroimaging.
Sterols and Membranes

Research described in this article was prompted by some speculations dealing with the ultimate origin and evolution of the sterol molecule and the corollary inquiry whether various structural features characteristic of cholesterol and its cyclic biosynthetic precursors can be rationalized in terms of function (Bloch, 1976). The riddle why certain organic molecules occur in cells and others do not has received surprisingly little attention. This Aristotelian question is perhaps unanswerable given the fact that knowledge of the chemical components comprising the primordial soup is beyond reach. Yet as I will attempt to show, in the instance of cholesterol the inquiry into the motives of nature has met with some success and the hypothesis verified experimentally to some extent. We can invoke evolutionary pressures as the driving force that shaped precursor molecules to the structure that ultimately came to reside and function competently in cell membranes.
Usman and Khadeeja

All my sisters go to the local public schools and I am the only one who has to travel two hours in a packed small van to another town to receive education. I have no idea why school officials in the local public schools denied me admission.
Social-Cognitive Models and Skills

Researchers studying social competence have been interested not only in specific social skills but also in the types of social-cognitive processes that might underlie individuals’ behavioral choices. A variety of theories propose that individual differences in social information processing skills may help explain why people confronted with the same social situation may choose to act in very different ways. For example, two children may be teased by a peer. One child may perceive this as harmless play and may laugh, whereas another child may interpret this as mean and threatening and may choose to act aggressively toward the peer. Many theorists (e.g., Crick & Dodge, 1994; Dodge, 1986; Ladd & Crick, 1989; Lemerise & Arsenio, 2000) suggest that distortions or deficiencies in social information processing may lead to maladaptive behavior. Thus, in addition to focusing on improving specific social behaviors in social skills intervention programs, it seems that social-cognitive variables can be an important target for treatment as well (e.g., Guerra & Slaby, 1990; Hudley & Graham, 1993).
Comparison of treatment outcome measures for irritable bowel syndrome

We have examined the relations among three common treatment outcome measures in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): end of treatment global ratings by a physician, end of treatment patient global ratings, and measures derived from a daily symptom diary completed by the patient. Eighty-four IBS patients (53 female, 31 male) participated in a randomized controlled evaluation of three psychological treatment conditions for IBS. Treatment outcome measures from this trial (Blanchard et al., 1992) were used in the present methodological study. Physician global ratings were significantly correlated with patient global ratings (r = .45, p < .01). Both of these global ratings also correlated significantly with a composite score from patient diary ratings. Multiple regression analyses revealed that reductions in bloating and constipation account for 18% of the variance in patient global ratings. Global ratings at end of treatment by either patient or physician were only partially related to symptom relief as measured by a daily diary.
A family of measures on symmetric groups and the field with one element

Abstract For each n ≥ 1 this paper considers a one-parameter family of complex-valued measures on the symmetric group S n , depending on a complex parameter z. For parameter values z = q = p f this measure describes splitting probabilities of monic degree n polynomials over F q [ X ] , conditioned on being square-free. It studies these measures in the case z = 1 , and shows that they have an interesting internal structure having a representation theoretic interpretation. These measures may encode data relevant to the hypothetical “field with one element F 1 ”. It additionally studies the case z = − 1 , which also has a representation theoretic interpretation.
Mixed-Reality Teaching Experiences Improve Preservice Special Education Students’ Perceptions of their Ability to Manage a Classroom

Classroom management is an important skill for classroom teachers that they typically learn while completing their teacher preparation program. Traditional ways of teaching classroom management skills, such as practicum and internship experiences, may not provide the intensity of instruction needed for preservice teachers to develop the classroom management skills needed to be successful in the classroom. An alternative to these traditional methods of teacher preparation is Mursion. Mursion is a mixed-reality environment that allows preservice candidates to practice teaching specially designed scenarios (simulations) with student avatars. In this mixed methods study, we evaluated the effects of Mursion teaching experiences on undergraduate special education juniors’ perceptions of readiness to manage a classroom. Twenty-five undergraduate students aged 18-29 participated in the study during the first semester of their junior year. Results indicated that following the Mursion experiences, most participants perceived that: they were better prepared to teach, Mursion was an effective way to practice new skills, the avatars seemed like real students, they had more confidence to manage undesired behaviors, and they felt like they were in a real classroom. Implications for practice indicate that Mursion provides a safe environment for preservice teachers to learn complex skills such as classroom management. Additional research is needed to evaluate how much time is optimal for learning in mixed-reality environments and the efficacy of using Mursion with distance education learners.
A demonstration of unsupervised machine learning in species delimitation

Abstract One major challenge to delimiting species with genetic data is successfully differentiating population structure from species-level divergence, an issue exacerbated in taxa inhabiting naturally fragmented habitats. Many fields of science are now using machine learning, and in evolutionary biology supervised machine learning has recently been used to infer species boundaries. These supervised methods require training data with associated labels. Conversely, unsupervised machine learning (UML) uses inherent data structure and does not require user-specified training labels, potentially providing more objectivity in species delimitation. In the context of integrative taxonomy, we demonstrate the utility of three UML approaches (random forests, variational autoencoders, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding) for species delimitation in an arachnid taxon with high population genetic structure (Opiliones, Laniatores, Metanonychus). We find that UML approaches successfully cluster samples according to species-level divergences and not high levels of population structure, while model-based validation methods severely over-split putative species. UML offers intuitive data visualization in two-dimensional space, the ability to accommodate various data types, and has potential in many areas of systematic and evolutionary biology. We argue that machine learning methods are ideally suited for species delimitation and may perform well in many natural systems and across taxa with diverse biological characteristics.
Technology Without Wisdom

Despite impressive increases of crop yields during the second half of the 20th century, several environmental concerns such as water contamination by pesticides, accelerated soil erosion, biodiversity reduction, and emission of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) are attributed to agriculture intensification. The world population of 6.5 billion now and 10 billion by the end of the 21st century must be fed, degraded soils must be restored, quality and quantity of fresh water must be enhanced, biodiversity must be increased, the global warming must be brought under control, and human equity must be achieved. It is heartening to realize that the answers to these questions lie in judicious and sustainable management of world’s soils. However, success in this mission will depend on our ability to learn from the past mistakes. The problem is not with the technology, but with its abuse. It was over fertilization, overuse of pesticides, excessive application and use of poor quality of water and free electricity for pumping the irrigation water, excessive and unnecessary plowing of fragile soils on sloping terrains, landforming with bulldozers and construction equipment, extractive farming practices that create negative nutrient balance, and soil mining for brick making that have caused the problems. Soil scientists have the knowhow to make the desert bloom. Important technological innovations to achieve this include no-till farming with residue mulch and cover crops, judicious use of fertilizers and integrated nutrient managements, precision farming to meet soil specific needs, water harvesting and recycling along with drip irrigation, retiring marginal lands for nature conservancy and restoring wetlands, and using integrated watershed management approaches to improve water resources. Misusing any technology is a blunder that the world cannot afford, not anymore. Nine blunders of humanity are listed, including seven identified earlier by Mahatma Gandhi.
New Medical Device Acquisition During Pediatric Severe Sepsis Hospitalizations

OBJECTIVES Severe sepsis is a significant cause of healthcare utilization and morbidity among pediatric patients. However, little is known about how commonly survivors acquire new medical devices during pediatric severe sepsis hospitalization. We sought to determine the rate of new device acquisition (specifically, tracheostomy placement, gastrostomy tube placement, vascular access devices, ostomy procedures, and amputation) among children surviving hospitalizations with severe sepsis. For contextualization, we compare this to rates of new device acquisition among three comparison cohorts: 1) survivors of all-cause pediatric hospitalizations; 2) matched survivors of nonsepsis infection hospitalizations; and 3) matched survivors of all-cause nonsepsis hospitalization with similar organ dysfunction. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING Nationwide Readmission Database (2016), including all-payer hospitalizations from 27 states. PATIENTS Eighteen-thousand two-hundred ten pediatric severe sepsis hospitalizations; 532,738 all-cause pediatric hospitalizations; 16,173 age- and sex-matched nonsepsis infection hospitalizations; 15,025 organ dysfunction matched all-cause nonsepsis hospitalizations; and all with live discharge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Among 18,210 pediatric severe sepsis hospitalizations, 1,024 (5.6%) underwent device placement. Specifically, 3.5% had new gastrostomy, 3.1% new tracheostomy, 0.6% new vascular access devices, 0.4% new ostomy procedures, and 0.1% amputations. One-hundred forty hospitalizations (0.8%) included two or more new devices. After applying the Nationwide Readmissions Database sampling weights, there were 55,624 pediatric severe sepsis hospitalizations and 1,585,194 all-cause nonsepsis hospitalizations with live discharge in 2016. Compared to all-cause pediatric hospitalizations, severe sepsis hospitalizations were eight-fold more likely to involve new device acquisition (6.4% vs 0.8%; p < 0.001). New device acquisition was also higher in severe sepsis hospitalizations compared with matched nonsepsis infection hospitalizations (5.1% vs 1.2%; p < 0.01) and matched all-cause hospitalizations with similar organ dysfunction (4.7% vs 2.8%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this nationwide, all-payer cohort of U.S. pediatric severe sepsis hospitalizations, one in 20 children surviving severe sepsis experienced new device acquisition. The procedure rate was nearly eight-fold higher than all-cause, nonsepsis pediatric hospitalizations, and four-fold higher than matched nonsepsis infection hospitalizations.
A new path to tyrosine sulfation.

Tyrosine sulfation is a common post-translational modification known to play critical roles in multiple bioprocesses. A cleverly engineered mammalian expanded genetic code now enables the direct co-translational incorporation of tyrosine sulfates into proteins to study their function in cellular contexts.
RESEARCH AWARD SESSION: RESILIENCE AND LATE-LIFE DEPRESSION: CLINICAL FEATURES; BIOMARKERS; AND INTERVENTIONS

Abstract Psychological resilience has been broadly defined as “the capacity to maintain, or regain, psychological well-being in the face of challenge” Resilience is a complex construct that can be conceptualized as an attribute (a trait) that is possessed to varying degrees by different individuals, a dynamic process (a state) with bidirectional relations to developmental and environmental factors, and as an outcome in the face of stress and adversity. Few studies have investigated resilience in depression, and even fewer have examined resilience in depressed older adults and as a target for novel interventions to treat depression. In this presentation, clinical features of resilience relevant for depression outcomes will be discussed. The biomarkers of resilience will be presented. Approaches to using mind-body and antidepressant interventions boosting psychological and cognitive resilience will be highlighted.
1.28 – Cell Transfection

Transfection is a process of introducing nucleic acid into eukaryotic cells using various chemical or physical methods. As a nonviral delivery system, transfection has gained popularity. The cost-effective and rapid production of recombinant human therapeutic proteins in sufficient quantities has been one of the challenges faced in biopharmaceutical industries. Transient cell transfection met the challenge by achieving these results that avoids a lengthy and costly procedure of developing stable transfectants. To date, transfection technology has also been applied to produce r-proteins, antibodies, and viral vectors for therapeutic, gene therapy, and vaccine applications. This article outlines classical transfection methods and details two most popular methods: calcium phosphate precipitation method and polyethylenimine (PEI)–DNA condensation method. Both methods are applicable for the production of r-proteins by using anchorage-dependent as well as suspension-growing cell lines. However, the PEI-based method has been preferred among the researchers to further the advancement of the transfection technology and produce r-proteins in streamlined large-scale serum-free suspension cultures. Recent advances in large-scale transfection technology are reviewed and optimization techniques are mentioned that include selection of cell line, plasmid preparation, and choice of medium and transfection reagent.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Microbial Growth in Food Systems

The food environment can support or reduce the ability of microorganisms to persist, establish and grow. Each one presents as a natural characteristic of a food ingredient or adjusted through manufactured processes. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors play very important roles to maintain a microbiologically safe food system. Intrinsic factors include those that are internal to the food product itself, such as nutrient content, pH levels, water activity, redox potential, and other antimicrobial components acting as defense mechanisms against microbes. Extrinsic factors are imposed from the environment in which the food product is present, such as temperature, relative humidity, gaseous environments, or presence of competitor microorganisms. Minor fluctuations in these factors, either individual or multiple, can alter the stability of a food product and make them susceptible to the growth of spoilage or pathogenic microorganisms. As not all microorganisms are equal, a combination of various factors are utilized to influence the separate behaviors of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. A thorough understanding of how the intrinsic and extrinsic factors are used in a multicomponent approach is essential for ensuring food safety and quality. The characteristics and effects of these factors on microbial survival and growth will be discussed within this chapter.
L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) fermentation by the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae

Abstract L-ascorbic acid, commonly known as vitamin C, is a ubiquitous 6-carbon carbohydrate characterized by its ability to scavenge free radicals. In enteric bacteria, L-ascorbate can be utilized as a nutrient using the UlaABCDEF and UlaG-UlaRpathway under anaerobic conditions. In this study, we identified homologs of the Ula system within Vibrio cholerae and showed that V. cholerae is able to utilize L-ascorbate as an energy source. Growth pattern assays of a ulaG in-frame deletion mutant demonstrated that ulaG is essential for L-ascorbate fermentation. Expression analysis showed that ula catabolism and transport genes were significantly induced in cells grown in the presence of L-ascorbate compared to glucose and these genes were also highly induced during growth on intestinal mucus. In in vitro growth competition assays, the ulaG mutant was outcompeted by wild type when grown in intestinal mucus suggesting the Ula system could be important for fitness. Within the ula operon in V. cholerae and all Vibrio species a homology of ORF VCA0243 is present that encodes a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) phosphatase. This enzyme in E. coli, converts the active form of vitamin B6 PLP to its inactive form pyridoxal (PL). In V. splendidus and related species, the aerobic and anaerobic L-ascorbate pathway genes cluster together and both systems contain a PLP phosphatase. An in-frame deletion mutant of vca0243 resulted in a growth defect in L-ascorbate fermentation as well as additional carbon and amino acid sources indicating a role in cellular metabolism. Phylogenetic analysis of UlaG and UlaD suggested the region was acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Importance L-ascorbate is a carbohydrate present in the human intestine, available for microbial consumption and several enteric species have been shown to utilize this compound as an energy source. We demonstrated that L-ascorbate fermentation genes are also present among marine bacteria from the family Vibrionaceae and that the human pathogen V. cholerae can ferment L-ascorbate as an energy source. Within the Ula operon in all Vibrionaceae, a putative pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase was present that was required for L-ascorbate fermentation and cellular metabolism in general. The Ula system was present among a limited number of genera within Vibrionaceae; Vibrio, Aliivibrio and Photobacterium and showed an evolutionary history consistent with horizontal transfer between genera and species.
A matched cohort study between cementless TKA and cemented TKA shows a reduction in tourniquet time and manipulation rate

Abstract Introduction Cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is now becoming more acceptable with the advent of newer ongrowth constructs and better initial fixation. It has been proposed that cementless TKA may save OR time and result in a lower incidence of manipulation. This study was designed to assess the difference between cemented and cementless TKA. Methods Our hospital statistician performed a matched cohort analysis between 127 cementless TKAs and 127 cemented TKRs performed by a single surgeon. Patients were matched on age and BMI. Mean tourniquet time between the cemented and cementless TKAs was assessed as well as the rate of manipulation between these groups. Of note, a tourniquet was routinely used in both the cementless and cemented cohorts to reduce confounding bias. Results A total of 127 cementless TKAs with a mean age of 60.8 years and mean BMI 32.2 were compared to 127 cemented TKAs with a mean age of 61.5 years and mean BMI of 32.2 at an average follow-up of 2.0 years. There was a statistically significant reduction in tourniquet time in the cementless TKA cohort at 45.7 min compared to the cemented TKA cohort at 54.8 min (p = 0.001). Estimated blood loss was similar in both the cementless (179.5 ml) and cemented (196 ml) cohorts (p = 0.3) and postoperative outcomes, including UCLA score.In addition, the cementless TKA cohort had a manipulation rate of 0% compared to 3.1% for the cemented TKA group (p = 0.044). Discussion and conclusion While cementless and cemented TKA have shown similar PROMs and survivorship, we demonstrated a significant reduction in tourniquet time with cementless TKRs, with similar estimated blood loss, and a lower incidence of manipulation with cementless TKRs in this matched cohort study. The increased cost of a cementless implant may be negated if one considers the cost savings of not using cement, the cost savings of not performing manipulations, and the shorter operative time.
Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement With Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

We aimed to compare the outcomes of combined surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to concurrent transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a large U.S. population sample. The National Inpatient Sample was queried for all patients diagnosed with aortic valve stenosis who underwent SAVR with CABG or TAVR with PCI during the years 2016 to 2017. Study outcomes included all-cause in-hospital mortality, acute stroke, pacemaker insertion, vascular complications, major bleeding, acute kidney injury, sepsis, non-home discharge, length of stay and cost. Outcomes of hospitalization were modeled using logistic regression for binary outcomes and generalized linear models for continuous outcomes. Overall, 31,205 patients were included (TAVR + PCI = 2,185, SAVR + CABG = 29,020). In reference to SAVR + CABG, recipients of TAVR + PCI were older with mean age 82 versus 73 years, effect size (d) = 0.9, had higher proportions of females 47.6% versus 26.6%, d = 0.4 and higher prevalence of congestive heart failure and chronic renal failure. On multivariable analysis, TAVR + PCI was associated with lowers odds for mortality adjusted OR: 0.32 (95% CI: 0.17 to 0.62) p = 0.001, lower odds for acute kidney injury, sepsis, non-home discharge, shorter length of stay and higher odds for vascular complications, need for pacemaker insertion and higher cost. The occurrence of stroke was similar between both groups. In conclusion, results from real-world observational data shows less rates of mortality and periprocedural complications in TAVR + PCI compared to SAVR + CABG.
Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy in Liver Transplant Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatitis C.

Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) are highly effective for the treatment of hepatitis C (HCV), although there are limited data on the safety and efficacy of DAA therapy in hepatitis C-positive individuals awaiting liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of HCV-positive patients who underwent liver transplantation for HCC at 3 liver transplant centers across the United States from 2014 to 2017 with follow-up to July 2018. Transplant recipients who received DAA before transplant were compared with those who did not (DAA naive) for posttransplant HCC recurrence rate, sustained virological response (SVR), allograft failure, and death using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard models. Results A total of 171 HCV-HCC transplant recipients (99 pretransplant DAA; 72 DAA naive controls) were included, with a median follow-up of 24 months. The overall posttransplant HCC recurrence rate was 9% (15/171). Pretransplant DAA was not associated with HCC recurrence (5% versus 14%; P = 0.07), graft failure (7% versus 3%; P = 0.21), or death (12% versus 19%; P = 0.19) as compared with DAA naive patients. SVR rates were significantly lower (P < 0.01) with pretransplant DAA (75%, 39/52) than posttransplant DAA (97%, 59/61) therapies. Those who received pretransplant DAA and those who did not were not statistically different in age, gender, alpha fetal protein levels, model for end-stage liver disease scores, or transplant wait time. Conclusions Pretransplant DAA for HCV was not associated with an increased risk of posttransplant HCC recurrence, though pretransplant DAA had lower efficacy than posttransplant DAA in HCV-HCC transplant recipients.
Repräsentation von Migration in digitalen Öffentlichkeiten

Viele Studien belegen seit Jahrzehnten, dass Migration in traditionellen Medien vor allem problemfokussiert reprasentiert wird und eine binare Differenzierungslogik in „wir“ und „die Anderen“ vorherrscht. Im Zuge der Entstehung von digitalen Offentlichkeiten haben einige Wissenschaftler*innen ihre Hoffnung zum Ausdruck gebracht, dass uber Online-Plattformen neue und widerstandige Diskurse angeregt werden konnen, die postmigrantische Lebensrealitaten sowie antirassistische Positionen hor- und sichtbar machen. Der Beitrag diskutiert Studien, die die migrationsspezifischen Reprasentationen in digitalen Offentlichkeiten untersucht haben und versucht, diskursive Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten in digitalen Offentlichkeiten und in traditionellen Medien zu identifizieren. Am Beispiel eines rassistischen Facebook-Posts des Grunen-Politikers Boris Palmer und darauffolgender Reaktionen werden die theoretischen Uberlegungen empirisch erganzt.
Metastable Hydrated Carbonates from a Brine to Supply Carbon to Microalgae Harvested for Biofuel Production

In this paper, a study to develop a new process which combines mineral carbonation - or carbon dioxide (CO2) mineralization - with microalgae growth is presented. Carbon dioxide is used to precipitate nesquehonite (MgCO3-3H2O). The magnesium carbonate crystals are then dissolved in the presence of freshwater green microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus) providing them carbon dioxide for cell growth as an alternative to either enriched CO2-gas or commercial sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The biomass of S. obliquus is eventually used to produce biogas by anaerobic digestion or bio-oil through fatty acid extraction. Systematic experiments of MgCO3-3H2O crystallization were carried out using MgCl2-NaOH-CO2 aqueous system. The tests were run at 25 oC and 1 bar of CO2. Dissolution experiments of the produced MgCO3-3H2O crystals were performed by incubating S. obliquus, at 25oC and atmospheric conditions, and for a photoperiod consisting of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. Results show that the precipitation of MgCO3-3H2O reaches steady-state within a few minutes, producing needle-like crystals that can dissolve during algae growth. The values of the microalgae cell density after 7 days of growth in the test with MgCO3-3H2O and NaHCO3 are of the same order of magnitude (i.e., approximately 107 cells/mL). This suggests the use of MgCO3-3H2O is a promising alternative to commercial/captured gaseous CO2 and carbonates for microalgae growth.
Abstract 1375: Activity of pemetrexed in patients with driver oncogene positive non-small cell lung cancer and squamous histology

Pemetrexed, a multi-targeted antifolate chemotherapy agent, has been used both as a single agent chemotherapy as well as in combination given its favorable side effect profile, and has been the only effective continuation maintenance chemotherapy regimen after initial doublet use associated with increased overall survival (OS) among non-squamous non-small cell lung cancers. The current labelled indications for pemetrexed in NSCLC are restricted to those with non-squamous histology due to previous studies that showed worse outcomes in patients with squamous histology when compared to non-squamous histology. More recently, however, in the era of increased molecular profiling of NSCLC, it has been observed that patients with ALK, ROS1, and RET gene fusions have demonstrated marked sensitivity to pemetrexed. This retrospective case series, therefore, evaluated the response to pemetrexed among a cohort of 9 oncogene-driven patients with squamous (or adenosquamous) histologies who did receive pemetrexed based chemotherapy. Response rates, progression free survival (PFS), and OS for these patients were compared to a historical group of patients published in previous studies that examined pemetrexed response. The results indicated a positive response to pemetrexed in patients with an actionable driver oncogene occurring in the context of squamous or adenosquamous histology. Patients in the oncogene-driven adenosquamous/squamous group had significantly higher response rates as compared to the historical squamous cell group and no significant difference in response rates as compared to the historical adenocarcinoma comparison group. In summary, contrary to prior studies, this case series does suggest that pemetrexed may be a viable treatment option in patients with squamous cell histology who also have a targetable mutation. Citation Format: Yunan Nie, Tejas Patil, David Ross Camidge. Activity of pemetrexed in patients with driver oncogene positive non-small cell lung cancer and squamous histology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1375.
The application of chitosan in food-grade coatings to control Tyrophagus putrescentiae on dry-cured hams and the effects on sensory properties

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate if chitosan-containing food-grade coatings can control Tyrophagus putrescentiae growth without affecting the sensory attributes of dry-cured hams. Food-grade coating treatments included (1) 0.3% chitosan (CH), (2) 0.6% CH, (3) 0.3% CH + 10% propylene glycol (PG), (4) 0.3% CH + 1% xanthan gum (XG), (5) 0.3% CH + 1% XG + 10% PG, (6) 0.3% CH + 1% carrageenan (CG) + 1% propylene glycol alginate (PGA), and (7) 0.3% CH + 1% CG + 1% PGA + 10% PG. Each coating solution was coated on ham cubes (2.54 × 2.54 × 2.54 cm3, n = 5/treatment) or infused in ham nets and dry-cured ham cubes were wrapped in the ham nets prior to inoculation with 20 adult mites. A randomized complete block design with three replications was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of treatments at controlling mite growth on dry-cured ham. When CH was mixed with XG (0.3% CH + 10% PG + 1% XG, and 0.3% CH + 1% XG) and infused into a net, fewer mites (15.7 and 21.0 mites) were on the ham cubes (P
Enthalpy of vaporization at boiling point—Organic compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results for the enthalpy of vaporization at the boiling point for organic compounds in tabular form. The tabulation is arranged by carbon number such as C, C2, and C3 to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and chemical abstracts registry number (CAS No) are also provided in columns. The next column provides the normal boiling point and the enthalpy of vaporization at the boiling point. The last column gives the code for the tabulation. In preparing the tabulation, a literature search is conducted to identify data source publications. Both experimental values for the property under consideration and parameter values for estimation of the property are included in the source publications. The publications are screened, and copies of appropriate data are made. These data are then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values for compounds for which experimental data are available. The database also serves as a basis to check the accuracy of the estimation methods. Upon completion of data collection, estimation of values for the remaining compounds is performed. The compilations of CRC, Daubert and Danner, TRC, and Yaws are used extensively. Estimates for the enthalpy of vaporization at the boiling point are primarily based on the Kistiakowsky rule and Riedel method.
Statistical analysis of the plasmaspheric plume at the magnetopause

[1] During times of enhanced magnetospheric convection, cold dense plasma from the plasmasphere can form a plume extending sunward toward the dayside magnetopause. A statistical study is presented of cold high-density plasmaspheric plasma at the magnetopause. Observations from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions (THEMIS) spacecraft show the plume to be present at the dayside magnetopause during 12.5% (148 of 1184) of the crossings. Its most common location in magnetic local time when contacting the magnetopause is at 13.6 h. The magnetopause crossings show evidence for reconnection in 68% of events with the plume while only 47% of events without plume. Although the plume is more likely to be observed at the magnetopause when reconnection is occurring, the typical reconnection jet velocity is lower for plume events than nonplume events, indicating the presence of the plume may be slowing the efficiency of the reconnection process.