cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic properties of plasticized amylose films

The viscoelastic properties of amylose films plasticized with dimethyl sulfoxide were studied. The modulus–temperature curves of dimethyl sulfoxide-plasticized amylose are typical for semicrystalline polymers at the higher concentrations of amylose and pass to those of amorphous polymers with the decrease of amylose content. The glassy modulus is not affected by the incorporation of dimethyl sulfoxide, but the rubbery modulus and Tg are depressed with increased dimethyl sulfoxide. The change of Tg with plasticization can be represented by two approximately straight lines, one representing the lower concentration region of amylose and the other the higher one. The critical concentration is about 60% amylose. When the results of modulus–time measurements and x-ray diffraction are considered together, in a system of amylose–dimethyl sulfoxide, amylose exists as a semicrystalline polymer at high concentrations of amylose, and it acts intermediate between semicrystalline and amorphous polymers at lower concentrations below about 60%. From an extrapolation of the data of Tg of plasticized amylose, Tg of pure amylose appears to be approximately 330°C. The viscoelastic properties of amylose films plasticized with dimethyl sulfoxide–sorbitol mixtures were also studied.
The 1960s Black Riots Revisited: City Level Explanations of Their Severity

This paper involves a city-level investigation of the 1964–1971 black rioting. It attempts to explain inter-city variations in the severity of the rioting with inter-city variations in black population size, political structure, black-white income inequality, and regional location. The research charts two new areas of inquiry: (1) It is the first study to use data on the entire rioting period (1964–71). (2) Most previous investigators have concentrated on linear hypotheses, e.g., most have posited and tested for a linear relationship between riot activity and black-white economic inequality. However, a review of theoretic commentary on rebellion reveals that some potential relationships should be hypothesized as curvilinear; more specifically, plausible hypotheses can be developed that rebellious activity is highest where economic inequality and political responsiveness are moderate. Such hypotheses are developed and tested. The overall pattern of results supported the posited curvilinear relationships.
Tool path planning for NC milling of convex polygonal faces: Minimisation of non-cutting area

Face milling is one of the most important machining operations in industry for producing flat surfaces. Substantial research has been conducted in the field of optimisation of machining parameters for face milling, without considering the impact of tool path selection. Choosing an efficient tool path can reduce the tool travel time considerably.
Elevated Serum Bicarbonate Concentration in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Call to Find the Cause

In this issue, Dobre et al[1][1] reported an observational study looking at results of annually measured serum bicarbonate concentration in participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) using the marginal structural model, a validated
Duchon–Robert solutions for the Rayleigh–Taylor and Muskat problems

Abstract We construct analytic solutions to the Euler equations with an interface between two fluids, extending work of Duchon and Robert. We also show that the estimates of Duchon and Robert yield global analytic solutions to the Muskat problem with small initial data.
Electron orbits and stability in realizable and unrealizable wigglers of free-electron lasers

Magnetostatic wiggler fields $\stackrel{^}{x}coskz+\stackrel{^}{y}sin\mathrm{kz}$, commonly used to model the undulators of free-electron lasers, violate Maxwell's equations and are "unrealizable." Realizable wigglers that approximate the unrealizable ones near the axis have a radial variation and an axial field component, both of which affect electron motion. Exact helical equilibrium orbits are given for relativistic electrons in a combined uniform guide field and realizable wiggler, in cylindrical geometry. The parameter $\mathrm{ka}$ that measures the size of the helix also measures the imparted quiver motion, on which the gain of the laser depends. Hence, wigglers that impart substantial quiver motion necessarily have electrons far from the axis, for which the unrealizable wiggler model is not valid. A linearized stability analysis shows that the equilibrium helical orbits are either strongly unstable or else exhibit a secular growth, linear in time. The trajectory of an electron that starts from given position and velocity in combined guide field and wiggler is also found from the perturbation analysis, with corrections for realizability and for harmonics of practical wigglers, such as a bifilar winding. Although the helical orbits are either strongly or weakly unstable, a class of nonhelical bounded orbits is found when the secular behavior is suppressed.
Evidentiary Blood Alcohol Draws by Emergency Nurses

Emergency nurses often play a vital role in saving lives. From obtaining critical intravenous access to assisting with ventilation, our actions have a direct impact on the patients for whom we provide care. Our code of conduct as nurses directs us to act as our patients’ advocates and provide the best care regardless of the circumstances. In the dynamic setting of the emergency department, however, even experienced nurses may be unclear of their role when the patient for whom they are caring may be suspected of driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol and/or drugs. Alcohol-impaired drivers were responsible for 32% of total traffic fatalities in the United States in 2008 and continue to be the cause of many of the injuries treated in emergency departments across the country. As medical personnel, it is not the responsibility of nurses to determine the guilt or innocence of these patients, nor is it up to nurses to enforce drunk driving laws; nevertheless, health care providers can play an important role in decreasing drunk driving by cooperating with a legally conducted DUI investigation. When an impaired driver is brought to the emergency department for treatment after a collision, a law enforcement officer may legally request a blood alcohol sample be drawn for use as evidence in an investigation of a person suspected of a DUI. When this occurs, many emergency nurses are concerned that drawing evidentiary blood alcohol samples from their patients may make them liable and put their own safety at risk. In May 2009 a qualitative survey of emergency nurses was conducted statewide by the University of California, Davis Health System to determine the barriers that may prevent nurses from complying with a blood draw request from an investigating officer. The survey tool was pilot tested in the University of California, Davis Medical Center Emergency Department; validated by research personnel from the California Department of Motor Vehicles; and posted on the California ENA Web site. One hundred seventy-eight emergency nurses around California, from both trauma and non-trauma centers, cited the following concerns:
PMBC: Pattern mining from biological sequences with wildcard constraints

Patterns/subsequences frequently appearing in sequences provide essential knowledge for domain experts, such as molecular biologists, to discover rules or patterns hidden behind the data. Due to the inherent complex nature of the biological data, patterns rarely exactly reproduce and repeat themselves, but rather appear with a slightly different form in each of its appearances. A gap constraint (In this paper, a gap constraint (also referred to as a wildcard) is a character that can be substituted for any character predefined in an alphabet.) provides flexibility for users to capture useful patterns even if their appearances vary in the sequences. In order to find patterns, existing tools require users to explicitly specify gap constraints beforehand. In reality, it is often nontrivial or time-consuming for users to provide proper gap constraint values. In addition, a change made to the gap values may give completely different results, and require a separate time-consuming re-mining procedure. Therefore, it is desirable to automatically and efficiently find patterns without involving user-specified gap requirements. In this paper, we study the problem of frequent pattern mining without user-specified gap constraints and propose PMBC (namely [email protected][email protected]?ining from [email protected]?iological sequences with wildcard C onstraints) to solve the problem. Given a sequence and a support threshold value (i.e. pattern frequency threshold), PMBC intends to discover all subsequences with their support values equal to or greater than the given threshold value. The frequent subsequences then form patterns later on. Two heuristic methods (one-way vs. two-way scans) are proposed to discover frequent subsequences and estimate their frequency in the sequences. Experimental results on both synthetic and real-world DNA sequences demonstrate the performance of both methods for frequent pattern mining and pattern frequency estimation.
DNA repair in neurons: So if they don’t divide what's to repair?

Neuronal DNA repair remains one of the most exciting areas for investigation, particularly as a means to compare the DNA repair response in mitotic (cancer) vs. post-mitotic (neuronal) cells. In addition, the role of DNA repair in neuronal cell survival and response to aging and environmental insults is of particular interest. DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as generated by mitochondrial respiration includes altered bases, abasic sites, and single- and double-strand breaks which can be prevented by the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. Oxidative stress accumulates in the DNA of the human brain over time especially in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and is proposed to play a critical role in aging and in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, ALS, and Alzheimer's diseases. Because DNA damage accumulates in the mtDNA more than nuclear DNA, there is increased interest in DNA repair pathways and the consequence of DNA damage in the mitochondria of neurons. The type of damage that is most likely to occur in neuronal cells is oxidative DNA damage which is primarily removed by the BER pathway. Following the notion that the bulk of neuronal DNA damage is acquired by oxidative DNA damage and ROS, the BER pathway is a likely area of focus for neuronal studies of DNA repair. BER variations in brain aging and pathology in various brain regions and tissues are presented. Therefore, the BER pathway is discussed in greater detail in this review than other repair pathways. Other repair pathways including direct reversal, nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining are also discussed. Finally, there is a growing interest in the role that DNA repair pathways play in the clinical arena as they relate to the neurotoxicity and neuropathy associated with cancer treatments. Among the numerous side effects of cancer treatments, major clinical effects include neurocognitive dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy. These symptoms occur frequently and have not been effectively studied at the cellular or molecular level. Studies of DNA repair may help our understanding of how those cells that are not dividing could succumb to neurotoxicity with the clinical manifestations discussed in the following article.
Growth, markets, and competitive strategies: Successes and challenges in Latin America

M. Kotabe & R. Leal (Eds.). 2001. Market Revolution in Latin America: Beyond Mexico. New York: Pergamon. 379 pages. ISBN 0-08-043897-0. F. Robles, F. Simon, & J. Haar (Eds.). 2002. Winning Strategies for the New Latin Markets. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. 364 pages. ISBN 0-13-061716-4. J. Vial & P. K. Cornelius (Eds.). 2002. The Latin American Competitiveness Report 2001–2002. New York: Oxford University Press. 213 pages. ISBN 0-19-515256-5.
Further results on long-run purchasing power parity in the 1920s

Abstract We reexamine long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) for the Dollar/Sterling exchange rate in the 1920s using a three-variable cointegration regression and the new statistics tabulated by Engle and Yoo (1987). Consistent with Taylor and McMahon's (1988) results, we reject cointegration for the Dollar/Sterling exchange rate, the U.K. and the U.S.A. price levels for the sample period February 1921 to May 1925. Contrary to Taylor and McMahon, however, we find only weak evidence of cointegration for the shorter sample period February 1921 to May 1924.
Humoral factors in regulation of compensatory renal hypertrophy

The growth of a transplanted kidney in an anephric human being, dog, or rat [1–5] proves that the principal stimulus (or stimuli) to compensatory renal hypertrophy is carried in the blood. The truth of this statement is based on the simplest assay of compensatory growth—a parallel increase in renal mass and protein content—and the fact that a heterotopic transplanted kidney is divorced from all influences except those carried in the blood. Although, to be sure, some parasympathetic nerve fibers survive in the donor renal artery and vein, sympathetic connections across the vascular anastomoses are not detectable until a month after transplantation in humans and about 3 months in dogs [6, 7].
Salting Effects as an Illustration of the Relative Strength of Intermolecular Forces.

This quick and inexpensive demonstration of the salting of an alcohol out of an aqueous solution illustrates the impact of intermolecular forces on solubility using materials familiar to many students. Ammonium sulfate (fertilizer) is added to an aqueous 35% solution of isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol and water) containing food coloring as a visualizing agent. A colored alcohol layer will form above the colorless aqueous layer in 10−20 s showing that the ion−dipole interactions between the ammonium sulfate and water are stronger than the hydrogen bonds between isopropyl alcohol and water. Adding water to this two-layer mixture will restore the solution to a single layer, as there is sufficient solvent to dissolve both the ammonium sulfate and isopropyl alcohol. This demonstration is an illustration of intermolecular forces and solubility appropriate for high school and general chemistry courses.
Limnological Studies of Western Lake Erie: II. Light Penetration and Its Relation to Turbidity

Changes in transparency of natural waters may be far more important in determining the quantity of light at a given depth than seasonal changes in the illumination reaching the surface of the water. Clarke ('38) has shown that in certain Atlantic coastal waters the seasonal variation in illumination at the surface resulted in a 2-fold difference in intensity of submarine light at 30 m., while a seasonal change in transparency caused a 1000-fold change at the same depth. If variations in transparency of water produce tremendous differences in the quantity of light reaching a given depth it is important that the causes and effects of these variations in transparency be investigated. This information is of particular value for bodies of water in which yearround ecological studies are being made, because a slight change in transparency may conceivably alter the depth of the "photic zone" and affect the activities of microcrustacea, fish and other aquatic organisms. The fact that the shallow water of western Lake Erie undergoes sudden and extreme changes in turbidity makes this particular study of considerable interest. The present report is concerned with variations in turbidity of the water of western Lake Erie and the effect of these variations on the depth to which one per cent of the surface light penetrates. In this investigation year-round observations were made of: (1) turbidity, (2) light penetration, (3) amount of organic and inorganic suspended matter, and (4) quantity of phytoplankton. The study extended from Sept., 1939, through Oct., 1940, during which time several observations were made each month. The writer is indebted to Leonard J. Bodenlos for field assistance and for the quantitative data pertaining to suspended materials, and to other associates who assisted from time to time.
Complex coping patterns and their role in adaptation and neuroimmunomodulation. Theory, methodology, and research.

: This paper describes the evolution of a model of adaptative coping, as well as an example of the converse, a maladaptive coping pattern, type C. It was hypothesized that the more closely a coping process resembles the inverted U-shaped function that characterizes homeostasis for most biological systems, the more likely it is to be adaptive, and to be associated with more positive health outcomes. Maladaptive learned coping patterns, such as type C coping, represent deviations from homeostasis in that they fail to recognize, respond appropriately to, and/or resolve stressors, thus keeping the physiological stress response chronically engaged, with subsequent long-term damage to implicated biological systems. This interpretation of how maladaptive coping patterns such as type C can influence health outcomes is consistent with findings from the author's 20-year program of research on the type C pattern, its assessment, and its association with poorer health indicators and outcomes in cancer (malignant melanoma) and HIV/AIDS.
Cutaneous melanoma and atypical spitz tumors in childhood

Background. Malignant melanoma in childhood is rare. As a result, the biology and natural history of melanoma in this age group is still poorly understood. Although the majority of Spitz nevi are benign regardless of atypical features, a particular problem is the continued confusion of Spitz nevi with atypical features with melanoma and the lack of specific criteria for their distinction. The latter discrimination is perhaps not so difficult when Spitz nevi are minimally atypical; however, the greater the atypia, the more challenging is this discrimination. Methods. All cases of malignant melanoma referred to Children's Hospital (Boston, MA) and to one of the authors were examined during the period of 1959–1995. Criteria for inclusion in the study included: (1) age up to 15 years; (2) availability of microscopic slides; and (3) availability of demographic data. Results. There were 11 males and 12 females, ranging in age from 2 to 15 years (mean age, 9.4 years). Histopathologically, the 23 tumors were categorized into four subgroups: (1) small cell melanoma (5); (2) adult-like melanoma (6); (3) Spitz-like melanoma (3), and (4) atypical Spitz tumors (9). The small cell melanomas were notable for localization to the scalp, significant thickness, and fatal outcome. The adult-like melanomas resembled typical tumors occurring in adults. The one fatal Spitz-like melanoma was located on the neck of a 14-year-old male. Two tumors in this group metastasized to regional lymph nodes, but were not associated with further aggressive disease on follow-up despite treatment with surgical excision only. The atypical Spitz tumors were characterized by significant thickness and abnormal features including prominent cellularity and mitotic activity. Conclusions. Anatomic site and cell type may be important prognostic factors in addition to tumor thickness for childhood melanoma, but these tumors require further study. In addition, the biologic potential of atypical Spitz tumors has not been characterized sufficiently. Cancer 1995; 76:1833–45.
The proliferation associated nuclear element (PANE1) is conserved between mammals and fish and preferentially expressed in activated lymphoid cells.

The proliferation associated nuclear element (PANE1) had been identified in a screen for genes activated in mouse mammary epithelium transformed by stabilized β-catenin. We have now cloned the human and zebrafish orthologs, analyzed their expression and expressed them ectopically in tissue culture cell lines. PANE1 consists of 180 amino acids and displays 38% conservation between man and zebrafish. Expression of the human PANE1 gene was detected preferentially in immune cells including leukemias and lymphomas, tumor tissues and tumor derived cell lines. In B- and T-cells PANE1 RNA was only detected after the respective cell types were activated either in vivo or in vitro.
Design of the naval research laboratory computer

THE NAVAL Research Laboratory Electronic Digital Computer (NAREC) is to be a general-purpose electronic digital computing machine capable of high-speed computations with binary numbers having a precision of 44 digits (about 13 decimal digits). The high-speed and precision characteristics of the computer will make it especially valuable not only for reduction of experimental data but also for the solution of systems of linear equations with a large number of unknowns, nonlinear differential equations, and other problems involving computations of similar magnitude. The design of the NAREC was begun in July 1949, and it is hoped that the computer will be placed in operation by January 1952 with an additional six months being required to place the computer on an efficient operating schedule.
State, peasant, mosquito: The biopolitics of public health education and malaria in early republican Turkey

Abstract State officials in early republican Turkey framed malaria as both a medical and a political issue. In doing so, they engaged in public health education campaigns not only to resolve medical concerns but also to better govern the country's population and promote a broader modernist agenda. This article employs primary sources from Turkish archives and other collections in order to examine the governmental and the biopolitical implications of this experience. We thus scrutinize the civilizational discourse employed by politicians and physicians as they dealt with this “village disease,” the peoples who they encountered—and taught, and the obstacles that they perceived to exist within the traditional curative beliefs and practices found throughout rural Anatolia. Emphasizing modernist ideals in their medicine as much as in their politics, we conclude that health officials' lessons for waging an effective “war” on malaria targeted not just the disease but also its perceived societal sources of origin and—hence—the very populace it presumably sought to protect.
Above and below ground measurements of greenhouse gases from swine effluent amended soil

Abstract As a means of economic disposal and to reduce need for chemical fertilizer, waste generated from swine production is often applied to agricultural land. However, there remain many environmental concerns about this practice. Two such concerns, contribution to the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion by gases emitted from waste‐amended soils, have not been thoroughly investigated. An intact core study at Auburn University (32 36′N, 85 36′W) was conducted to determine the source‐sink relationship of three greenhouse gases in three Alabama soils (Black Belt, Coastal Plain, and Appalachian Plateau regions) amended with swine waste effluent. Soil cores were arranged in a completely random design, and treatments used for each soil type consisted of a control, a swine effluent amendment (112 kg N ha−1), and an ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) fertilizer amendment (112 kg N ha−1). During a 2‐year period, a closed‐chamber technique was used to determine rates of emission of nitrous oxide (N2O)–nitr...
‘The Navy Principle is Now ‘Safety First’’: Naval Aspects of the Papuan Campaign in the Second World War

Inter-service rivalry and personality friction characterized various stages of the US war effort in the Paciﬁc against the Japanese. The ﬁghting at Buna exempliﬁed these problems, in which inter-service friction (among other reasons) deprived Allied troops of needed naval support during the Papuan campaign of 1942–43.
Enthalpy recovery and physical aging of polymer-diluent binary systems: a network epoxy and water

Physical aging of a network epoxy resin in both the dry and water plasticized state has been investigated using calorimetric methods. Enthalpic retardation (recovery) towards equilibrium below the glass transition temperature (TK) has been qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated over a wide temperature range by following the enthalpy recovered (Er) on re-heating through to and beyond the glass transition. Results indicate that water, acting as a plasticizer, accelerates aging at any given temperature. However, by using the respective Tg as a point of reference, a simple comparison of the kinetics of aging in the dry and plasticized state suggests that in the temperature range studied there are no significant differences. These observations, together with observed dilational and relaxational effects of water which appears to erase all accumulated aging effects in dry aged material, are commented upon and their importance in the' context of transport-phenomena and moisture sorption-desorption cycles are discussed.
Chromosome rearrangements in the control of mosquitoes

Abstract Although considerable attention has centered on theoretical concepts of genetic mechanisms for insect control, the necessary genetic and ecological experimental evaluation of these theories in the laboratory and field has been delayed, insufficient, or lacking. Only a few mosquito species are under intenstive genetic and ecological investigation. These studies involve spontaneous and induced morphological mutations, enzyme polymorphisms, polytene and mitotic chromosomes, and the induction, isolation and cytogenetic characterization of chromosomal aberrations (chiefly translocations and inversions have been produced). Field trials utilizing chromosomal rearrangements to suppress mosquito populations have had mixed results. Failures with some species suggest that colonization, prolonged laboratory maintenance, or mass production may have selected an assortative mating behavior which reduce the field mating competitiveness of the released mosquitoes. The effects of colonization and rearing on competitiveness need to be more thoroughly investigated. Utilization of particular chromosomal aberrations and conditional lethals (temperature and insecticide sensitivity) has resulted in the development and successful field testing of genetic sexing techniques. Efficient balancer systems to detect concealed variability (i.e. lethals and mutations) in wild and laboratory mosquitoes are now available. These, along with desirable alleles (such as susceptibility to insecticides or pathogens and refractoriness to disease agents) coupled with chromosomal aberrations have been suggested for population replacement.
If it ain't broke, why fix it?: Disruptive and constructive computer-mediated response group practices

Abstract This article addresses the disruption that frequently follows the insertion of computers into non-computer-mediated practices. After arguing that peer response should be a central activity in writing classes, the essay describes several traditional and computer-mediated peer-response strategies. The disruption of moving from traditional to computer-mediated peer response is dramatized by the author's initial experiences. The article then analyzes what is gained and lost when students move from traditional to computer-mediated peer-response groups. The essay ends with an acknowledgment that computer-mediated peer-response groups are as inevitable as computer-mediated instruction, but they need to be used with caution and blended with traditional practices. Their use and the potential for disruption is a reminder that teachers need to ask careful questions about whether and how technology should merge with rather than supplant previously useful practices.
Trichogramma parasitoids alter the metabolic physiology of Manduca eggs

Egg parasitoids face unique developmental constraints. First, they have exceptionally limited resources to support themselves and their siblings through three life stages. Second, they develop within the physiological system of another species, which they modify to their own ends. We examined how these constraints affect the metabolic physiology of egg parasitism, and whether parasitoids retool their host eggshell to account for their different metabolic demands. Higher-conductance eggshells allow more oxygen to reach the developing parasitoids, but also allow more water to leave the egg. We used Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) eggs and Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitoids from southeastern AZ, USA. Compared with unparasitized Manduca eggs, eggs parasitized by Trichogramma had lower peak metabolic rates and approximately 50 per cent lower metabolic efficiency. However, developing Trichogramma were far more efficient than typical transfer efficiencies between tropic levels (approx. 10%). Even within a few hours of parasitization, eggs containing more Trichogramma had lower per-parasitoid metabolic rates, suggesting that parasitoid larvae have mechanisms for rapidly adjusting their metabolic rates based on number of siblings. Parasitoids also appear to control the conductance of their host eggshell: their different metabolic demands were mirrored by shifts in rates of water loss.
Differentiation of trophoblast of the baboon blastocyst.

The structure of trophoblast of the baboon blastocyst undergoes a number of maturational changes from the early blastocyst to the late blastocyst stage. The striking expansion of the blastocyst that occurs during the preimplan tation period is accompanied by the development of an extensive endocytic apparatus. Cationized ferritin labels coated depressions and vesicles near the apical cell surface, numerous uncoated tubules and larger apical vesicles, and multivesicular bodies within trophoblast cells. Basally and laterally the labeled components are primarily small uncoated vesicles and tubules. Small, discrete clusters of ferritin particles were seen within the basolateral compartment between trophoblast and its basal lamina and beneath trophoblast cells that do not have a basal lamina. The results indicate that ingested materials may be directed in two pathways, one involving breakdown within the lysosomal system and one involving transcytosis. The zona pellucida is a trilaminar structure consisting of a fibrillar outer layer that often contains spermatozoa, an intermediate zone, and an inner layer containing columns of dense zonal material. Loss of the zona occurs after expansion of the blastocyst and development of the endocytic organelles. During the late blastocyst stage, syncytial trophoblast differentiates at the margin of the polar trophoblast. Because blastocysts were flushed from the uterus, it could not be determined whether azonal blastocysts had been adherent to the uterine surface prior to collection.
Perceptions of organizational climate by intensive care unit (ICU) nurses: Preliminary results from the ICU Working Conditions Study

OBJECTIVES: Due to the complexity of patients' illnesses and reportedly difficult working conditions, ICUs are potentially dangerous places for both patients and nurses. Organizational climate (OC) is frequently identified as an important working condition factor related to nurse retention and safety outcomes. The specific aims of this study include examining the relationships between nurse working conditions and patient and employee safety outcomes and identifying predictors (i.e., staffing ratios, nurses' income, workload, and setting characteristics) that influence the OC perceived by nurses. METHODS: Because healthcare-associated infections are a major patient safety outcome, hospitals were invited to participate through the Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc., (APIC) electronic list and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS). Administrative data on nurse working conditions and employee safety were collected. In addition, patient-level data came from Medicare files and infection surveillance reports. ICU nurses were surveyed to understand their perceptions of OC. RESULTS: Infection control professionals from 68 hospitals in 26 states enrolled 110 ICUs. Surveys were obtained from 2323 ICU nurses (mean response rate = 41%/ICU). The average nurse respondent was 39.5 years old (SD = 9.4), had 15.6 years (SD = 9.2) experience in healthcare, and had worked in their current position for 8.0 years (SD = 7.5). Overall, 17% (n = 391) of the nurses indicated they intended to leave their positions in the coming year. Because not every hospital provided all requested data, this multivariable analysis of predictors that influenced OC perceived by ICU nurses consisted of data from 27 ICUs from 17 hospitals. After controlling for staffing ratios, nurses' income and workload had significant independent positive effects on OC, as did NNIS affiliation. Hospital teaching status had a significant negative effect on OC (all p values CONCLUSIONS: These findings may help hospitals to design and implement strategies aimed at improving the OC in their setting, which may ultimately result in improved patient and employee outcomes. While market solutions (e.g., wage increases) may help, they are not the only solutions. Ensuring appropriate nurse workloads may improve the OC. Multivariate analyses relating OC to safety outcomes are being conducted and should further inform these issues.
Heat transfer behavior of Reiner-Rivlin fluids in rectangular ducts

Numerical studies are reported for the fully developed heat transfer behavior of elastic non-Newtonian fluids in steady laminar flow through rectangular ducts. The Reiner-Rivlin formulation with finite values of the second normal stress coefficient is used to model the flow. The limiting case of zero secondary normal stress difference corresponds to a purely viscous power-law fluid. Finite difference methods are developed to obtain the heat transfer results for the H2 thermal boundary condition for different combinations of heated and adiabatic walls. The influence of the second normal stress coefficient, the Reynolds number, the Peclet Number and the aspect ratio on the heat transfer are considered. It is found that the secondary flow, which is associated with the presence of second normal stresses, results in a significant increase in the heat transfer, especially for aspect ratios of 0.5 and 1.0. The general behavior of the Nusselt number predicted for the Reiner-Rivlin fluid is found to be in good agreement with experimental results reported for viscoelastic fluids.
CLINICAL CHALLENGE: SYSTEMIC RHIZOPUS MICROSPORUS INFECTION WITH RENAL CAVITATION IN A GREY SEAL (HALICHOERUS GRYPUS)

A 22-yr-old, intact female grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) (wt: 155 kg) had limited prior medical history other than persistent perionychitis of the right pedal flipper. Four years before the current presentation, this problem had been resolved completely by skeletal amputation of the right pedal digit 3 distal phalanx. During that same year, and progressive over the following 3 yr, the seal developed cataracts and keratopathy including corneal vascularization, pigmentation, and edema. It was elected to perform cataract removal, corneal debridement, and placement of subconjunctival cyclosporine implants (Lux Biosciences Inc., Jersey City, New Jersey 07302, USA; lot# 47614, 0.75 inch). Postoperative treatment (Fig. 1) was initiated with systemic broadspectrum antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and antifungal medications, gastroprotectants, and topical ophthalmic care that included antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications. After 6 mo of treatment, no substantial improvement to the seal’s ophthalmic status was noted. The corneal hyperpigmentation OU had recurred and a stromal abscess OD had developed. Additionally, the seal presented with non-
Flat focusing lens designs based on transformation electromagnetics

Using the transformation electromagnetics technique, a 2D flat far-zone focusing lens design has been presented. The design was obtained by transforming a circular arc with the center located at the line source position into a planar interface. A near-zone focusing lens was obtained by concatenating two far-zone focusing lenses in a back-to-back configuration. Finally, a non-magnetic version of the lens design was also presented.
Information theoretic bounds for sensor network localization

We investigate the fundamental performance limits of target localization, where a network of sensors observe and cooperatively estimate the 2D location of a target. Taking a general view of a sensor as any device whose observations depend statistically on target position, we consider the binary hypothesis testing problem of choosing between the correct target location and an incorrect location at a distance r from it, given the outputs of all sensors in the network. By considering a random placement of sensors in an infinitely large sensing area, we obtain upper and lower bounds on the error probability of this hypothesis testing problem. The error bounds depend only on the type of sensor and are independent of the detailed geometry of the sensor network deployment. This provides a compact comparison of the localization performance of sensors whose characteristics might differ widely (e.g., received signal strength, proximity and time of arrival sensors). Also the bounds decrease exponentially with the density of sensors, and the rate of decrease is shown to have a simple geometric interpretation.
Employers' Benefits from Workers' Health Insurance

Even though many employers believe that health insurance and health affect employees' productivity and firms' performance, health economists typically overlook and rarely measure firms' returns on health-related investments. Some research, however, suggests that firms may benefit economically by providing health insurance coverage for workers and their families. For example, health coverage may help employers recruit and retain high-quality workers. Health may contribute to productivity by reducing the costs of absenteeism and turnover and by increasing workers' productivity. This article reviews the evidence and proposes an agenda for future research. A better understanding of the benefits to employers of offering health coverage to workers may help clarify employers' behavior and help private employers and public officials make appropriate investments in health.
Nucleophilic displacement of ammonia from ammonia borane for the preparation of alkylamine-, pyridine- and phosphine-boranes

A near quantitative and safe preparation of a series of aliphatic amine- and phosphine-boranes from ammonia borane (AB) in refluxing THF has been achieved by exploiting the volatility of ammonia. A one-pot preparation of lithium aminoborohydrides from AB has also been described.
Lung Sound Terminology in Case Reports

Terms used to describe lung sounds in published case reports were tabulated, including qualifying adjectives. Seven journals were reviewed, and a total of 663 case reports were included. From the frequency of usage and similarity of qualifying adjectives it appears that "rales" and "crepitations" are equivalent terms. Many authors feel the need to qualify "rales": sixteen descriptive adjectives were encountered. Some authors distinguish between "rhonchus" and "wheeze," but the terms, for most, appear to mean the same thing. It is evident that current usage varies widely, even in the terminology of the basic categories of sounds.
International Management in a Free-Standing Company: The Penang Sugar Estates, Ltd., and the Malayan Sugar Industry, 1851–1914

Although free-standing companies helped facilitate international capital flows in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, their ability to operate effectively over the long run in a global economy has been questioned. This essay looks at one free-standing company, the Penang Sugar Estates, Ltd., in British Malaya to assess its managerial performance and strategies for transferring information. Through diversification, subcontracting, reorganization, and increased tolerance for local knowledge, the firm surmounted the information asymmetries that gave trouble during its early decades and increased profits. The Malayan sugar industry benefited from its imperial location, which brought significant advantages.
Synthesis of Microscale Lead Sulfide Disks by Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayer

This work explores an approach to utilize nanosphere lithography (NSL) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) to fabricate an array of microscale disks of lead sulfide (PbS). In this approach, a mold to fabricate polymer stamps was produced by NSL. Using these stamps a patterned self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS) was deposited using microcontact printing. The ODTS SAM functioned as a resist to block the growth of ALD PbS. The resulting PbS disks were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to confirm the morphology and stoichiometry. Regular arrays of microscale PbS disks were successfully fabricated. This is a potentially attractive methodology for fabrication of multi-layer devices.
Adaptive Posttranslational Control in Cellular Stress Response Pathways and Its Relationship to Toxicity Testing and Safety Assessment

Although transcriptional induction of stress genes constitutes a major cellular defense program against a variety of stressors, posttranslational control directly regulating the activities of preexisting stress proteins provides a faster-acting alternative response. We propose that posttranslational control is a general adaptive mechanism operating in many stress pathways. Here with the aid of computational models, we first show that posttranslational control fulfills two roles: (1) handling small, transient stresses quickly and (2) stabilizing the negative feedback transcriptional network. We then review the posttranslational control pathways for major stress responses-oxidative stress, metal stress, hyperosmotic stress, DNA damage, heat shock, and hypoxia. Posttranslational regulation of stress protein activities occurs by reversible covalent modifications, allosteric or non-allosteric enzymatic regulations, and physically induced protein structural changes. Acting in feedback or feedforward networks, posttranslational control may establish a threshold level of cellular stress. Sub-threshold stresses are handled adequately by posttranslational control without invoking gene transcription. With supra-threshold stress levels, cellular homeostasis cannot be maintained and transcriptional induction of stress genes and other gene programs, eg, those regulating cell metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis, takes place. The loss of homeostasis with consequent changes in cellular function may lead to adverse cellular outcomes. Overall, posttranslational and transcriptional control pathways constitute a stratified cellular defense system, handling stresses coherently across time and intensity. As cell-based assays become a focus for chemical testing anchored on toxicity pathways, examination of proteomic and metabolomic changes as a result of posttranslational control occurring in the absence of transcriptomic alterations deserves more attention.
Architecture and circuit techniques for low-throughput, energy-constrained systems across technology generations

Rising interest in the applications of wireless sensor networks has spurred research in the development of computing systems for low-throughput, energy-constrained applications. Unlike traditional performance oriented applications, sensor network nodes are primarily constrained by operation lifetime, which is limited by power consumption. Advanced CMOS process technologies provide ever increasing transistor density and improved performance characteristics. However, shrinking feature size and decreasing threshold voltages also lead to significant increases in leakage current, which is especially troublesome for applications with significant idle times. This work investigates tradeoffs between leakage and active power for low-throughput applications. We study these issues across a range of process technologies on a computing architecture that provides explicit support for fine-grain leakage-control techniques such as Vdd-gating and adaptive body bias. We present a methodology for selecting design parameters, including choice of process technology, that makes the optimal tradeoff between active power and leakage power for a given workload. Our results show that leakage power will dominate the selection of process technology, and architectures that support advanced leakage control techniques at the circuit level will be essential. We argue that without advanced low-power architectures future nano-scale process technologies will not be suited for sensor network applications.
The effect of posture upon axis deviation in human bundle branch block

Abstract 1. 1. A case of bundle branch block is described in which the block apparently alternated between the right and left branches. The changes in the electrocardiographic pattern were subsequently duplicated by alteration of the patient's posture. 2. 2. The effect upon the standard and augmented unipolar limb leads and upon the precordial leads of changing from the supine to either right or left lateral postures has been studied in forty cases of bundle branch block, twenty of the right and twenty of the left bundle branch. 3. 3. The position of the electrical axis has been measured in each case in the three postures and the electrical position of the heart determined from the augmented unipolar limb leads. 4. 4. In left bundle branch block the axis shifted more than 30° in eight of nineteen cases; in six instances the shift exceeded 60°. The greatest shift was 185°. The direction of shift was, with one exception, invariably to the right on assumption of a lateral posture. The electrical position of the heart became more vertical in all six patients in whom it was altered. 5. 5. In four patients with left bundle branch block, an upright QRS in Lead I became negative so that right axis deviation and apparent right bundle branch block appeared in the lateral posture. In three patients assumption of a lateral posture caused a negative QRS in Lead III to become upright so that the discordant pattern of left bundle branch block became concordant. In all of these patients the precordial leads showed delay in the intrinsic deflection over the left precordium in all postures. 6. 6. In right bundle branch block, assumption of one or the other lateral posture led to a shift of axis of more than 30° in seven of twenty patients; in six of these, the shift was to the right. In no case did the electrocardiographic pattern simulate left bundle branch block, and the electrical position of the heart was never grossly altered. 7. 7. It is concluded that the limb leads are unreliable as a guide to the side of bundle branch block in some cases, but that the precordial leads are little affected by changes of posture. The importance of taking electrocardiograms in a standard posture is re-emphasized.
An enhanced circuit-based model for single-cell battery

Battery performance prediction is crucial for battery-aware power management, battery maintenance, and multi-cell battery design. However, the existing battery models cannot capture the circuit characteristics and nonlinear battery effects, especially recovery effect. This paper aims to fill this gap by developing an enhanced circuit-based model for single-cell battery. The proposed model is validated by comparing simulation results with experimental data collected through battery testbed. The comparison shows that the proposed model can accurately characterize and predict the single-cell battery performance with considerations of various nonlinear battery effects under both constant and variable loads.