cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who cares about science gateways?: a large-scale survey of community use and needs

With the rise of science gateway use in recent years, we anticipate there are additional opportunities for growth, but the field is currently fragmented. We describe our efforts to measure the extent and characteristics of the gateway community through a large-scale survey. Our goal was to understand what type of support services might be provided to the gateway community.
Videoconferencing-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent, chronic and disabling anxiety disorder. Despite the efficacy and strength of pharmacologic interventions for OCD, medications are not always well accepted or effective, making an efficacious psychosocial alternative especially attractive. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been established as an effective treatment for adult OCD, yet access to such treatment is limited, especially in rural areas. Technological advances allow for therapy to be provided in a real-time format over a videoconferencing network. This method allows therapists to provide state-of-the-art treatment to patients who would not otherwise have access to it. This paper presents three cases of OCD successfully treated via videoconferencing CBT. The presence of OCD was established via structured clinical interview and clinician-rated outcome measures were completed by evaluators blinded to the method of treatment. A multiple baseline across individuals design was used to support the internal validity of the CBT outcome data. Patient ratings of therapeutic alliance were high across all three cases. Information gathered from qualitative interviews post-treatment confirmed quantitative measures finding high levels of patient satisfaction. This pilot study suggests that videoconferencing-based CBT is a promising method to bring appropriate treatment to thousands who live far distances from well-trained therapists.
Viscous flow induced by counter‐rotating vortices

The nature of the viscous boundary‐layer flow induced near a wall, caused by a pair of counter‐rotating vortices above the wall, is investigated. Solutions for the unsteady flow that develops near the wall are obtained numerically for a variety of cases. The vortices are taken to be of equal strength with cores located at equal distances from the wall; depending upon the assumed sense of rotation, the vortices either move toward the wall or recede from it, creating a region of either inflow or outflow near the wall, respectively. The calculated results show that the adverse pressure gradient near the wall induced by the vortex motion gives rise to explosively growing regions of recirculating flow near the wall. The possible relevance of these results to Gortler vortex instability and turbulent flow near walls is discussed.
Changes in the masseteric reflex during hypothalamic aphagia in cats

Abstract Experiments were conducted on 13 adult cats, each bearing a bipolar stimulating electrode in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, a bipolar recording electrode in the ipsilateral masseter muscle, bipolar cortical recording electrodes, and two monopolar electrodes implanted bilaterally in hypothalamic sites. In each animal, the masseteric reflex (MR), evoked by stimulation of the mesencephalic nucleus, was recorded during five daily sessions, which included periods of eating and sleeping. Subsequently, unilateral or bilateral electrolytic lesions were made in the hypothalamus through the implanted electrodes. Recording was continued for 24 h immediately after the lesions and then daily for 3 h. It was found that bilateral lesions in the lateral or far-lateral hypothalamus resulted both in aphagia and a decrease in the MR in nine of 13 cats. In two cats a strong aphagia was accompanied by a large decrease in the MR, and in three cats a mild aphagia or hypophagia was observed with a small decrease in the MR. The changes in feeding behavior in the remaining cats were not proportional to the changes in the MR. In three of these cats, the lesions resulted in a strong decrease in the MR but only in a mild decrease in feeding. In another animal a strong aphagia was accompanied only by a mild decrease in the MR. In two other cats an increase in the MR was observed while the animals were hypophagic. Unilateral lesions in the far-lateral hypothalamus in two cats resulted in hypophagia, but produced no change in the MR. From these data we conclude that alterations in the masseteric reflex, which is known to be directly related to food intake, may be dependent on brain mechanisms different from those responsible for the control of food intake, and that changes in oral motor activity related to mastication are not an indispensable component of hypothalamic aphagia.
Mathematical Models of Solid-Solid Phase Transitions in Steel

Analyse theorique de la transformation austenite-perlite dans un acier non allie dans un grand domaine de temperatures et de temps. Presentation d'une relation d'additivite caracterisant la fraction d'austenite transformee en fonction de la temperature et du temps
Labeling DNA for single-molecule experiments: methods of labeling internal specific sequences on double-stranded DNA

This review is a practical guide for experimentalists interested in specifically labeling internal sequences on double-stranded (ds) DNA molecules for single-molecule experiments. We describe six labeling approaches demonstrated in a single-molecule context and discuss the merits and drawbacks of each approach with particular attention to the amount of specialized training and reagents required. By evaluating each approach according to criteria relevant to single-molecule experiments, including labeling yield and compatibility with cofactors such as Mg2+, we provide a simple reference for selecting a labeling method for given experimental constraints. Intended for non-specialists seeking accessible solutions to DNA labeling challenges, the approaches outlined emphasize simplicity, robustness, suitability for use by non-biologists, and utility in diverse single-molecule experiments.
‘Reversed’ Illusion with Three-Dimensional Müller-Lyer Shapes:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Muller-Lyer illusion is produced by a mechanism which uses information defined in the retinal coordinates, or by a mechanism taking into account the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of the illusion figure. The classical Muller-Lyer figure could not be used to address this question since it is two-dimensional. Three-dimensional Muller-Lyer figures were created to see if the illusion they produce is correlated with the shape of the projected retinal image, or with the shape of these figures defined in a 3-D coordinate frame. In the experiments retinal image shape was juxtaposed against the 3-D shape of the illusion displays. For some displays the direction in which the fins pointed, relative to the shafts, in the 3-D frame was the "opposite" of the direction in which they pointed in the retinal images. For such displays, the illusion predicted on the basis of the 3-D structure was the opposite of that predicted on the basis of retinal image shapes. For another 3-D display the fins were oriented such that each projected a single straight line in the retinal image, thus the typical retinal image ( , > <) was replaced by straight lines (symbol: see text). For all the displays the observed illusion was consistent with how the fins were oriented relative to the shaft in the 3-D coordinate frame, ie with the 3-D shape of the illusion displays. The retinal image shape appeared to play little, if any, role. One conclusion that emerges is that the specific retinal image shape projected by the classical line-drawn pattern is neither necessary nor sufficient for producing the illusion. The present findings are inconsistent with two well known theories of the Muller-Lyer illusion: inappropriate constancy scaling and selective filtering.
A variation of a theorem of Sparre—Andersen

A probability law is proved for sums of exchangeable integer-valued random variables. Applications are given to queueing theory and combinatorial analysis.
A Universal glass support for oligonucleotide synthesis

Abstract A single type of controlled pore glass derivatized with 3-anisoyl-2′(3′)-O-benzoyluridine 5′-O-succinyl residues can be used as the support in solid phase syntheses of either oligoribo- or oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
Neuroscience: Gone with the wean.

Unlike in other mammals, neuron production in the subventricular region of the human brain becomes depleted in early infancy. This finding calls for a reassessment of the potential role of adult neurogenesis in health and disease. See Letter p.382 In adult mammals, the subventricular zone is known to be one of the few sources for new neurons in the brain, but the contributions of these progenitors to distinct regions of the postnatal human brain are poorly understood. A study of human brain specimens from neurosurgical resections and autopsies ranging in age from birth to 84 years reveals extensive migration and proliferation of neuronal precursors along the rostral stream in human infants. After about 18 months of age, this subsides and is almost extinct in adulthood. During this limited time of neurogenesis, a novel stream of cells destined for the prefrontal cortex was also observed. These findings reconcile some conflicting reports in the literature and reveal new trajectories for tangentially migrating immature neurons during human brain development.
The Effect of Language Learning Aptitude, Strategy Use and Learning Context on L2 Pronunciation Learning

This study examined whether learning context (ESL versus EFL) and language learning aptitude (high versus low) affected the use of second-language pronunciation strategies and pronunciation achievement. The top and lowest scorers (n = 60) on the Pimsleur Language Learning Aptitude Battery (PLAB) Test were asked to complete a pronunciation strategies inventory and participate in pronunciation proficiency tests at the beginning and end of a 10-week speaking class. Pronunciation scores in global foreign accent, fluency, comprehensibility, and accuracy were compared with both overall and individual section PLAB scores and pronunciation strategies use. Results indicated that neither types of learning strategies nor degree of language gains differed over EFL and ESL contexts. However, participants’ post-test pronunciation scores in global foreign accent, fluency, and accuracy were positively correlated with auditory aptitude and motivation, while comprehensibility post-test scores were correlated with pronunciation strategies use. The findings for this study suggest that learning context plays a limited role in strategy use and that aptitude affects pronunciation accuracy and pronunciation strategies affect comprehensibility. Thus, strategy and aptitude affect different aspects of pronunciation.
Gender comparisons in the relationship between parental and sibling violence and nonfamily violence

This paper addresses two neglected areas in the research on the relationship between family violence and violence outside the home: violence other than parent-child abuse and the effect of gender. Specifically, we consider both parental and sibling violence as independent variables, nonfamily violence as the dependent variable, and gender as the specification variable. The data were collected from a sample of 306 students in Introductory Sociology and Social Problems classes. The finding of particular importance is that the interaction between the gender of both the aggressor and the victim has a significant effect on the relationship between violence within the home and nonfamily violence.
Overview of Second-Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Patients With Imatinib-Resistant Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ) has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with marked improvement in survival in all three phases--chronic, accelerated, and blast. Most patients with CML now receive imatinib, which produces complete cytogenetic response in more than 80% of patients. About 10% of patients who initially respond to imatinib subsequently develop resistance. Mechanisms of imatinib resistance in CML include amplification, mutations, and additional chromosomal aberration. To date, more than 30 mutations have been identified in imatinib-resistant CML. Dasatinib and AMN107, second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are highly effective therapies for patients with CML experiencing imatinib resistance and mutation and offer new options for patients who do not achieve an optimal response to imatinib therapy. Studies found that dasatinib and AMN107 form tighter bonds, overcoming imatinib resistance and producing complete hematologic and cytogenetic remissions. Long-term observations are needed to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. Primary care providers need to follow patients receiving first- or second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors because unforeseen toxicity may surface, requiring accurate assessment, evaluation, and management. Oncology nurses will be actively involved in the symptom management of patients. Providing guidelines for symptom management and advanced knowledge of specific test results for monitoring CML may increase positive outcomes.
The cancellation of torsion abelian groups in direct sums

J6nsson and Tarski [5] proved that any finite abelian group has the cancellation property,l and, in answer to a question of Kaplansky [6], Cohn [I] and Walker [8] extended this result to finitely generated abelian groups. More recently, Rotman and Yen [7] showed that a countably generated torsion module (over a complete discrete valuation ring) all of whose Ulm invariants are finite, can be cancelled from isomorphic direct sums provided that the complementary summands are countable generated modules of finite rank. Here a description is given of those countable torsion abelian groups having the cancellation property. Thus:
A Primary Retroperitoneal Mucinous Tumor

A twenty-five-year-old female presented with a large retroperitoneal mass. Workup included history and physical exam, imaging, biopsy, colonoscopy, and gynecologic exam. After surgical resection, the mass was determined to be a primary retroperitoneal mucinous tumor (PRMT). Clinically and histologically, these tumors are similar pancreatic and ovarian mucinous neoplasms. PRMTs are rare and few case reports have been published. PRMTs are divided into mucinous cystadenomas, mucinous borderline tumors of low malignant potential, and mucinous carcinoma. These tumors have malignant potential so resection is indicated and in some cases adjuvant chemotherapy and/or surveillance imaging.
Investigation of Heat Transfer and Cure During the Unsaturated Flow in Woven, Stitched and Unbraided Mats

This numerical study investigates heat generation and cure during the unsaturated flow of thermosetting resins in woven, stitched or braided fiber mats during mold filling in liquid composite molding (LCM), a popular technology to manufacture polymer-matrix composites. This study is relevant to those mats, which can be characterized as a dual-scale porous medium. An iterative, control-volume approach, based on energy and cure balances in a two-layer model representing fiber tows and gaps between tows, is used for developing discretized equations for average temperatures and cures in the tows and gaps respectively. A significant difference in the temperatures and cures of the gap and tow regions is observed. The proposed model deviates significantly from the conventional single-scale model used in most LCM simulations and highlights the need to adopt a different approach in modeling cure and temperature in dual-scale fiber mats.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The Evidence for Use of Human Milk in Very Low-birthweight Preterm Infants

Many small and recently larger studies demonstrate the protective effects of human milk feedings for very low-birthweight (VLBW) infants, resulting in decreased morbidities. These benefits are due to the many unique properties of human milk that function synergistically to protect the infant from infectious, inflammatory, and oxidant injury. However, few VLBW infants in the United States receive maternal milk due to significant economic and social barriers. Additionally, the current research has not identified accurately the amount and timing of human milk feedings that provide maximal protection, which would enable optimal use of this scarce resource. Although the benefits of human milk feedings in VLBW infants have been demonstrated clearly, issues that remain unclear include dosing considerations and the economic implications of providing human milk feedings.
Open Channel for News

The shift to consumption of news in digital form, as more users access information with mobile and portable devices, is driving a new premium for timeliness and immediacy of news reporting. Increasingly computer-based systems will be able to continuously monitor the pulse of the world through digital means, detecting topics of interest from open, multilingual, multimedia and social information and provide timely, relevant information.
Increased concentration of androgens in cryptorchid stallion testes

Abstract The concentrations of both 17β-hydroxyandrogens (total androgens) and testosterone (T) itself in the abdominal testes of five unilaterally cryptorchid stallions were compared with those of their contralateral scrotal testes. Total androgens were quantitated by a competitive protein-binding assay while testosterone was quantitated by a radio-immunoassay following Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Abdominally retained testes contained significantly increased concentrations of both total androgens and testosterone when compared to those in the descended testes.
Perturbation results for the linear complementarity problem

Abstract This paper presents several results concerning the perturbation of the solution vector to an linear complementarity LCP(q,M) as a function of changes in the input data (q,M).
Hydroarylation of 2-azabicyclohept-5-en-3-one

Abstract The hydroarylation of 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one with a range of aryl iodides is presented.
Raising high-density lipoprotein with cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) catalyzes the transfer of cholesteryl ester from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in exchange for triglyceride, and thereby plays a major role in lipoprotein metabolism. The reciprocal increase in HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) associated with CETP deficiency has led to the search for synthetic CETP inhibitors over the past 15 years. Several potent inhibitors have been identified, two of which--JTT-705 and torcetrapib--are undergoing clinical trials. Recent reports that torcetrapib is able to simultaneously raise HDL-C twofold and lower LDL-C by < or = 42% has heightened interest in this new class of agents. Upcoming results from Phase III trials of torcetrapib should provide anatomical measurements of atherosclerosis and thus the first assessment of therapeutic benefit.
Dislocation crack tip shielding and the Paris exponent

Abstract In a previous paper we considered how the crack blunting dislocation emission mechanism likely leads to a Paris fatigue crack growth rate law exponent n = 2 if dislocation shielding is not important and showed how dislocation crack tip shielding can cause a reduction in the fatigue crack growth rate and showed qualitatively how it might lead to an increase in the Paris exponent n. In this paper semi-quantitative calculations are made to show how the Paris exponent can be increased by dislocation shielding.
Simultaneously measuring concentrations of a model drug and a model excipient in solution using ultrasonic spectrometry

A newly commercialized high-resolution ultrasonic spectrometer was evaluated for simultaneously measuring concentrations of a model excipient (hypromellose acetate succinate polymer, HPMCAS, CAS No. 71138-97-1) and a model drug (Fenofibrate, CAS No. 49562-28-9) in acetone solution. It was demonstrated that the measurements of both velocity and attenuation had sufficient accuracy and precision. The velocity was found to be directly proportional to concentrations of both HPMCAS polymer and Fenofibrate in solution. The attenuation was found to be directly proportional to concentration of HPMCAS polymer in solution. By establishing linear relationships of measured velocity and attenuation to the concentrations of HPMCAS polymer and the Fenofibrate in a series of standard solutions, it was feasible to simultaneously analyze concentrations of both HPMCAS polymer and Fenofibrate in a test solution. However, it was found that both temperature and moisture had significant influence on the measurement. While the change in velocity was inversely proportional to the change in temperature, the change in velocity was directly proportional to the change in moisture content in solutions.
Riboswitches in eubacteria sense the second messenger c-di-AMP

Cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a recently discovered bacterial second messenger implicated in the control of cell wall metabolism, osmotic stress responses and sporulation. However, the mechanisms by which c-di-AMP triggers these physiological responses have remained largely unknown. Notably, a candidate riboswitch class called ydaO associates with numerous genes involved in these same processes. Although a representative ydaO motif RNA recently was reported to weakly bind ATP, we report that numerous members of this noncoding RNA class selectively respond to c-di-AMP with subnanomolar affinity. Our findings resolve the mystery regarding the primary ligand for this extremely common riboswitch class and expose a major portion of the super-regulon of genes that are controlled by the widespread bacterial second messenger c-di-AMP.
Utilization of Quantitative In Vivo Pharmacology Approaches to Assess Combination Effects of Everolimus and Irinotecan in Mouse Xenograft Models of Colorectal Cancer

Purpose The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently dysregulated in cancers and inhibition of mTOR has demonstrated the ability to modulate pro-survival pathways. As such, we sought to determine the ability of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus to potentiate the antitumor effects of irinotecan in colorectal cancer (CRC). Experimental Design The combinatorial effects of everolimus and irinotecan were evaluated in vitro and in vivo in CRC cell lines harboring commonly found mutations in PIK3CA, KRAS and/or BRAF. Pharmacokinetically-directed dosing protocols of everolimus and irinotecan were established and used to assess the in vivo antitumor effects of the agents. At the end of treatment, 3–6 tumors per treatment arm were harvested for biomarker analysis by NMR metabolomics. Results Everolimus and irinotecan/SN38 demonstrated synergistic anti-proliferative effects in multiple CRC cell lines in vitro. Combination effects of everolimus and irinotecan were determined in CRC xenograft models using clinically-relevant dosing protocols. Everolimus demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition alone and when combined with irinotecan in HT29 and HCT116 tumor xenografts. Metabolomic analysis showed that HT29 tumors were more metabolically responsive than HCT116 tumors. Everolimus caused a decrease in glycolysis in both tumor types whilst irinotecan treatment resulted in a profound accumulation of lipids in HT29 tumors indicating a cytotoxic effect. Conclusions Quantitative analysis of tumor growth and metabolomic data showed that the combination of everolimus and irinotecan was more beneficial in the BRAF/PIK3CA mutant HT29 tumor xenografts, which had an additive effect, than the KRAS/PIK3CA mutant HCT116 tumor xenografts, which had a less than additive effect.
Algebras over infinite fields, revisited

We generalize an earlier result of the first author by showing that under “the usual cardinality-dimension hypothesis” an algebra in which nonzero divisors are invertible is algebraic. This result is then used to show that affine FBN rings over an uncountable algebraically closed field are PI.
A theoretical analysis of a hollow-fiber reactor with two substrates

Abstract A hollow-fiber reactor is a device within which enzymes or cells are confined by hollow-fiber membranes. An advantage of such a reactor is that it is p
Using the Nuthall lens on learning to sharpen perceptions of teacher education practice

Abstract In this article I consider what teacher educators might learn about our own teaching practice from Nuthall's work on learning in elementary school classrooms. Using key ideas from Nuthall's theory of student learning applied to data from two prior studies of my own teacher education practice, I illustrate how his work might provide a productive way for teacher educators to analyze and critique the tasks they use to promote the learning of prospective teachers.
Influence of depression on cognitive functioning in Fragile X females

We sought to determine the frequency of a history of major depression in women with Fragile X syndrome. In addition, we attempted to disentangle the cognitive effects of major depression from those of Fragile X syndrome. Thirty-seven mothers of developmentally delayed children (Fragile X syndrome: n = 18; comparison group n = 19), matched for age, educational level, and socioeconomic status, were administered psychiatric and neuropsychological measures. Women with Fragile X syndrome had a higher frequency of lifetime diagnosis of major depressive disorder (78%) than the comparison group (37%). Mild impairment was seen on visuospatial construction and memory tasks in women with Fragile X syndrome, while women with depression showed subtle deficits in several aspects of visuospatial perception and learning. There was no interaction of Fragile X syndrome and depression in their influence on cognition. The results underscore the importance of considering the influence of depression on cognitive performance in studies of genetic disorders.
On existence and uniqueness for a coupled system modeling immiscible flow through a porous medium

We consider a system of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations that models immiscible two-phase flow through a porous medium. A primary difficulty with this problem is its degenerate nature. Under reasonable assumptions on the data, and for appropriate boundary and initial conditions, we prove the existence of a weak solution to the problem, in a certain sense, using a compactness argument. This is accomplished by regularizing the problem and proving that the regularized problem has a unique solution which is bounded independently of the regularization parameter. We also establish a priori estimates for uniqueness of a solution.
A photoemission study of BaO overlayers adsorbed on W(110) and their interaction with H2O, CO2, and O2

Abstract The electronic structure of barium oxide overlayers on W(110) and their interaction with H2O, CO2 and O2 has been examined using ultraviolet photo electron spectroscopy. At room temperature water vapor and carbon dioxide react with a c(5 × 1)-BaO monolayer adsorbed on W(110) to produce adsorbed OH and CO3 species. Heating the W(110)−c(5 × 1)-BaO surface following water or carbon dioxide exposure dissociates the adsorbed hydroxide or carbonate. On the lower coverage c(7 × 1)-BaO and c(2 × 4)-BaO adlayers complete dissociation of a fraction of the adsorbed species is evident at room temperature. The interaction of oxygen with W(110) is enhanced by the presence of barium oxide on the tungsten surface. These results are compared with the findings of a previous study of barium oxide films adsorbed on W(100).
Matched-cohort analysis of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation with radioimmunotherapy versus total body irradiation-based conditioning for poor-risk diffuse large cell lymphoma.

We conducted a matched-cohort analysis of autologous transplant conditioning regimens for diffuse large cell lymphoma in 92 patients treated with either radioimmunotherapy (RIT) or total body irradiation (TBI)–based conditioning regimens. The RIT regimen consisted of 0.4 mCi/kg of 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan plus BEAM (BCNU, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan). The TBI-based regimen combined fractionated TBI at 1200 cGy, with etoposide and cyclophosphamide. Five factors were matched between 46 patient pairs: age at transplant ±5 years, disease status at salvage, number of prior regimens, year of diagnosis ±5 years, and year of transplantation ±5 years. Patients in the TBI group had higher rates of cardiac toxicity and mucositis, whereas Z-BEAM patients had a higher incidence of pulmonary toxicity. Overall survival at 4 years was 81.0% for the Z-BEAM and 52.7% for the TBI group (P = .01). The 4-year cumulative incidence of relapse/progression was 40.4% and 42.1% for Z-BEAM and TBI, respectively (P = .63). Nonrelapse mortality was superior in the Z-BEAM group: 0% compared with 15.8% for TBI at 4 years (P
Similarities and Differences of Engineering Geological Factors in the Marine Coastal Areas of the Continental United States

The three major marine coastal zones of the continental United States (East, West, and Gulf) have many similar engineering geological characteristics, but there are critical differences. The western zone is topographically abrupt, often between young, tectonically active, rugged mountains and the ocean. The interfaces along the East and Gulf coasts generally are low, broad, coastal plains. Landward of these plains, the topographic barriers are geologically old, subdued mountain regions. Major coastal currents along the West Coast transport colder water from the north to the south. Along the East Coast, ocean circulation carries warm water from the south to the north. Major storms which influence the coastal topography generally arrive from the south along the East and Gulf coasts and from the northwest along the West Coast. Numerous submarine canyons along the West Coast are major sediment sinks for material in longshore transport. The East Coast has been developing industrially for approximately 350 years, the West Coast for about half that period. The population growth in much of the East has slowed compared to the West and Gulf coasts. Political units (states and counties) along the coasts differ in number, size, and attitudes about coastal problems. The search for and development of resources (petroleum, ocean floor minerals, power plant sites, etc.) is more intense along the Gulf and West coasts as is the associated potential for damage to the environment. A great concentration of engineering geologists exists along the coasts of the United States in particular along the West Coast. Many of the geologically related problems appear similar in these three coastal areas, but the causes and the required mitigating techniques often are unique because of their specific geographic and geologic setting.
Phylogenetic relationships among rodent Eimeria species determined by plastid ORF470 and nuclear 18S rDNA sequences

Phylogenetic analyses for 10 rodent Eimeria species from different host genera based on plastid ORF470 and nuclear 18S rDNA sequences were done to infer the evolutionary relationships of these rodent Eimeria species and their correlation to morphology and host specificity. The phylogenies based on both data sets clearly grouped the 10 rodent Eimeria species into two major lineages, which reflect more their morphological differences than host specificity. Species in lineage A have spheroidal to subspheroidal sporulated oocysts, are similar in size (18-29 x 17-23; xbar = 22 x 20 microm), have an oocyst residuum and one-two polar granules; these include Eimeria albigulae (Neotoma), Eimeria arizonensis (Peromyscus, Reithrodontomys), Eimeria onychomysis (Onychomys) and Eimeria reedi (Perognathus). Species in lineage B, including Eimeria falciformis (Mus), Eimeria langebarteli (Reithrodontomys), Eimeria nieschulzi (Rattus), Eimeria papillata (Mus), Eimeria separata (Rattus) and Eimeria sevilletensis (Onychomys) have different shapes (ovoid, ellipsoid, elongated ellipsoid, etc.), differ greatly in size (10-27 x 9-24; xbar = 19 x 16 microm) and all lack an oocyst residuum. Thus, The oocyst residuum was the most determinant feature that differentiated the two lineages. The accession numbers of ORF470 of E. albigulae, E. arizonensis, E. falciformis, E. nieschulzi, E. onychomysis, E. papillata, E. reedi, E. separata, E. sevilletensis, E. langebarteli are AF311630-AF311639 and 18S rDNA of E. langebarteli, E. papillata, E. reedi, E. separata, E. sevilletensis are AF311640-AF311644.
Exploration and Exploitation in a Foraging Resource Acquisition Task: Implications From Sleep Deprivation

Sleep deprivation effects in a fluid, real-time competitive environment are examined using a resource acquisition foraging task. The task is ideal for examining the exploration–exploitation tradeof...
German Identity and European Integration

Although the structural constraints facing Germany shifted dramatically with the end of the Cold War and reunification, the direction of its European policy did not. The more powerful Federal Republic continued to press for deeper economic and political integration, eschewing a more independent or assertive foreign policy course. Neorealism, neoliberalism and liberalism cannot adequately explain this continuity in the face of structural change. This article sets out a constructivist account centered around the effects of German state identity. It develops a two-step analytical framework designed to pinpoint the content of state identity and establish its effects on state action, and then applies it to the German case. In the wake of reunification, German leaders across the political spectrum identified the Federal Republic as part of an emergent supranational community. This European identity, with roots in the postwar decades, drove Germany's unflagging support for deeper integration across the 1989-90 d...
Thalidomide in chronic graft-versus-host disease after stem cell transplantation: effects on quality of life.

Thalidomide is being increasingly used after stem cell transplantation as immunosuppression for patients with chronic graftversus-host disease, as well as for antiangiogenesis effects in patients with multiple myeloma, brain tumors, leukemia, or other malignancies. The goal of this study was to determine if thalidomide improved the quality of life by virtue of its associated sleep-promoting, anxiety-reducing, antiwasting, and antidiarrheal effects. We therefore studied 28 patients with resistant chronic graft-versus-host disease who were treated with thalidomide (13 patients) or other immunosuppressive drugs (15) and compared them with healthy control subjects (16). All patients completed quality-of-life questionnaires prospectively before beginning regimens of thalidomide or other immunosuppressive drugs and completed similar questionnaires at 3- and 6-month intervals thereafter. The Transplant Symptom Frequency score was similar for healthy control subjects and both groups of patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease, regardless of whether they had received thalidomide or not. Quality of sleep was equally poor in patients who received or did not receive thalidomide.The most common complaint of patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease was fatigue, followed in frequency by overeating. The control group had similar concerns. This pilot study suggests that patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease have a quality of life similar to that of their health care workers, regardless of whether they are treated with thalidomide or other immunosuppressive drug, and that fatigue and overeating are the most common complaints. Int J Hematol. 2002;76:365-369.
Unanticipated favorable effects of correcting iron deficiency in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Background Correction of anemia in hemodialysis patients is seldom completely attained, and the response of parameters other than hemoglobin concentration to anemia correction has not been evaluated in detail. Methods Laboratory parameters that suggest iron deficiency occurred in 10-15% of 206 recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)-treated patients. Oral iron was given for 9 months and intravenous iron thereafter on a patient-specific basis when iron deficiency was evident. Eighty-seven hemodialysis patients with data for 12 months were followed for another 12 months. A computerized information system enabled data management and analysis. Results With oral iron, serum ferritin decreased (P Conclusions Macrocytosis occurred with intravenous iron replacement. The universal MCV increase suggests unrecognized, inadequately treated, folic acid deficiency unmasked by an adequate iron supply. There was also improved well being. Effects were most clearly evident in patients with deficient iron stores.
Zero-Index Terahertz Quantum-Cascade Metamaterial Lasers

We propose a new one-dimensional composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line active metamaterial based upon a sub-wavelength metal waveguide loaded with quantum-cascade material that provides terahertz gain via stimulated emission. Finite element simulations were performed to design and characterize a one-dimensional CRLH metamaterial supporting ?backward? waves in the range of 1-2 THz. The addition of capacitive gaps in the top metal and inductive virtual current paths from top contact to the ground plane of a metal-metal quantum-cascade waveguide introduces propagating negative index and zero-index modes. We evaluate the feasibility of a zero-index terahertz quantum-cascade laser, based on a CRLH resonator, which exhibits a uniform spatial mode that is immune to spatial hole burning. An alternate balanced design for traveling-wave applications is also discussed.
PORTFOLIO REGULATIONS OF SELECTED FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES: SOME PROPOSALS FOR CHANGE*

IN A SOCIETY IN which resources are placed in private hands for economic use and in which there are spending units that borrow and lend, financial claims are necessary to give particular economic units command over real resources. In our society, with its high degree of financial division of labor, intermediaries also have been interposed to heighten that division of effort. It is obvious that the bigger the relative size of these intermediaries, the more important is the question of what kind of assets they acquire-or, more accurately, to whom the intermediaries give command over resources. In the 1947-58 period, of the $400 billion of primary security issues-i.e., securities issued by the ultimate borrower-financial intermediaries purchased nearly half the total. In the period 1958-60, this proportion moved still higher, reaching two-thirds of net primary issues. In view of the magnitude of these operations, it is evident that regulations which substantially alter the degree of competition between intermediaries-through subsidy or subsidy-like actions, geographic limitation on asset choices, or categoric exclusion of securities by type of issuer-have potentially important consequences for resource allocation, growth, and stability. It is also apparent, from study of public policy in this area, that financial intermediaries have been subjected to more extensive regulation than any business sector other than public utilities. The portfolio regulations of each of the financial intermediaries in the American financial system grew up in a vacuum. That is to say,
Membrane protein biosynthesis in T5 bacteriophage-infected Escherichia coli.

Abstract After infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T5, a major new protein species, as indicated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, appears in the whole membrane fraction of the infected cells. Ultraviolet-irradiated phage do not induce the synthesis of this protein. The time course of synthesis of the protein as well as its appearance in cells infected in the presence of chloramphenicol and then blended and in infected cells containing the Col Ib factor are consistent with it being a pre-early protein; i.e., a protein induced by the spontaneously injected 8% piece of T5-DNA, the transcription and translation of which is necessary for the entry of the whole DNA molecule into the cell. The protein is found in both inner and outer membrane fractions of E. coli but appears as only one band in two gel systems. Some evidence indicates that the protein exists in a soluble form in the cytoplasm prior to incorporation into the cell membrane and that it can be incorporated into a membrane fraction in an in vitro system.
Influence of background noise and microphone on the performance of the IBM Tangora speech recognition system

With the intention of developing a robust speech recognizer largely immune to the vagaries of extrinsic changes, the authors investigated the effects of various background noises and microphones on the performance of the Tangora system. They identified several noisy locations such as the cafeteria and a secretary's office and included a relatively quiet office for comparison. They recorded isolated-word training and test data from one male and one female speaker at different locations employing several varieties of microphones. A typical experiment consisted of designing a speaker-independent HMM (hidden Markov model) system with one set of training data and decoding the test data collected at all locations. It was found that microphone characteristics had a significant impact on the robustness of the system. It was also observed that controlled contamination of the quiet training data with ambient noise improved the noise immunity of the recognizer, discounting the role of the Lombard effect in the studies. >
Urban Education: The New Challenge

Teachers College, Columbia University, fifteen papers were directed toward the major theoretical and empirical considerations of the broad topic: "Education in Depressed Areas." The papers formed a concerted attempt to analyze the unique characteristics and roles of the school in the urban setting; the nature of existing and required instructional procedures; the characteristics of personnel and material resources; and the scope and dimensions of the problems faced in urban schools. In opening the first part of the report of that work conference a book titled "Education in Depressed Areas"-I wrote:
Triple-phase abdominal computed tomography for detecting spontaneous portopulmonary shunts in cirrhotic patients

Background and Aim: Data on prevalence of portopulmonary shunts (PPS) are quite limited. Most studies have used cineportography or echocardiography for diagnosis. Only few recent case reports have reported the use of computed tomography (CT) for identifi- cation of PPS. This study tried to determine the prevalence of PPS in patients with cirrhosis using contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen, and to determine their association with demographic and clinical characteristics. Methods: A total of 150 subjects with cirrhosis who had previously undergone triple- phase CT were analyzed. PPS was diagnosed when at least one esophageal varix met all of the following criteria: (i) it could be followed cephalad into the chest to the level of the inferior pulmonary vein or left atrium; (ii) it abutted the wall of either of these structures; (iii) it had luminal continuity with one of these structures; and (iv) it was no longer seen one slice above the level of contact. Results: Of 150 subjects, 18 were excluded for incomplete data. The prevalence of PPS was found to be 26/132 (19.7%). Of these, 14 (53.8%) patients had PPS draining into the left atrium and 12 (46.2%) had those draining into one of the pulmonary veins. Presence of PPS was associated with the presence of varices at endoscopy, ascites, thrombocytope- nia and splenomegaly. Conclusion: In our study, the largest study on PPS to date, the prevalence of PPS in cirrhotic patients using triple phase CT was found to be 19.7%. CT may be a useful technique to study PPS and their clinical implications.
A Revision of the New Zealand Genus Exeirarthra (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae: Faronitae)

A taxonomic review of the New Zealand genus Exeirarthra Broun is presented. Six species are documented, and three new species are described and illustrated: Exeirarthra maclennanensis Park & Carlton, sp. nov.; Exeirarthra mccollae Park & Carlton, sp. nov.; and Exeirarthra nunni Park & Carlton, sp. nov. Two species, Exeirarthra angustula Broun and Exeirarthra pallida Broun, are synonymized under Exeirarthra enigma Broun. A key, habitus illustrations, and photos and line drawings of diagnostic characters for all Exeirarthra species are provided.
Denitrification rates in organic and mineral soils from riparian sites: a comparison of N2 flux and acetylene inhibition methods

Abstract Denitrification rates were measured in relatively dry mineral soils and water-saturated organic soils by both direct N2 flux and acetylene inhibition methods to compare the relative sensitivity of the two methods and their applicability to different soil types and saturation conditions. The direct N2 flux method, previously used only in submerged sediments, was modified for use in terrestrial soils. Our experiments demonstrated that the N2 flux method is adaptable for both mineral and water-logged organic soils, and that denitrification rates based on direct N2 fluxes can be measured after only 2 days of incubation in most cases. We used a diffusive flux model to separate the portion of total N2 flux attributable to denitrification from that due to passive diffusion of atmospheric N2 from soil porespaces. Denitrification rate measurements were taken during spring, summer, and fall seasons using replicate cores from four different riparian sites (two with mineral soil, two with organic soil). Rates determined by N2 flux were 35–130 and 10–245 μmol N m−2 h−1 for mineral and organic soils, respectively. Those by acetylene inhibition, for the same sites were one, and sometimes two, orders of magnitude less with rates of 0.1–10 μmol N m−2 h−1 for mineral soil and 0.2–3 μmol N m−2 h−1 for organic soil. This study has demonstrated that denitrification measured by acetylene inhibition in riparian sites may be underestimated by at least an order of magnitude in both mineral and organic soils.
Chapter 27 Aerobiology of pollen and fungal allergens

Clinically important pollinosis is primarily due to flowering plants with wind-dispersed pollens. Although these anemophilous species form a minority of flowering plants, they produce prodigious amounts of pollen. Entemophilous (insect-pollinated) plants produce relatively few pollen grains. Plants having only a portion of their pollen grains airborne are termed amphiphilous. Their role in pollinosis is not clear. The pollen-producing organs, stamens, consist of an anther attached to a filament. Allergenic pollens develop in and are released from pollen sacs contained in the anthers. Pollen sacs are lined with a nutritive cell layer, the tapetum. During its formation, each immature pollen grain secretes about itself a clear layer, the intine. Around this the tapetum deposits a multilayer exine composed of a polymer, sporopollenin. Release of pollen from the anther is known as anthesis. Drying creates gaps in the anther wall through which pollen escapes. Airborne pollen levels tend to increase during warm, dry, clear conditions and fall during cool, moist periods. Although pollen grains can travel several hundred miles, concentrations of windbome pollens generally decrease sharply within a few hundred meters of their source. Intact pollen grains are presumed to be the primary carriers of allergen, but ragweed allergens have been associated with particles <5 km, and Amb a I (antigen E) activity has been found in submicronic particles. Pollen allergens can be extracted from the somatic portion of ragweed plants and may become airborne in vegetable debris. Furthermore, allergens might be eluted from pollen grains deposited on moist surfaces, with dispersion of the resultant extract in droplets. Air sampling relies on recovery of pollen grains for microscopic evaluation. The gravity (Durham) sampler uses greased microslides for pollen collection. This obsolete device is limited by uncertainty in the volume of air sampled and a tendency to