cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WE-G-217BCD-09: Calibration of a DRR Algorithm.

Purpose: To calibrate an algorithm for digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRRs) such that synthetic projections cast through an object in a fan‐beam CT (FBCT) optimally match cone‐beam CT projections of the same object. Methods: Our DRR algorithm models the transmission of primary photons through an object with a ray‐tracing algorithm that samples the CT at small steps along each source‐detector pixel path. Sampled CT values are converted to linear attenuation coefficients (LACs), scaled by the step‐size, and added to a running sum for each detector pixel. We made attenuation measurements of materials of known CT number to calibrate a CT to LAC conversion function for our FBCT and CBCT systems. DRRs are post‐ processed to reproduce the tube output, source fluence distribution, and detector response of the CBCT system. In addition, they are modified to account for scatter, beam hardening, and detector veiling glare. Finally, we determined CBCT geometry parameters using a specially designed phantom. Results: We analyzed the quality of our DRR algorithm by directly comparing synthetic DRRs cast through the FBCT of a Catphan® phantom with actual CBCT projections of the phantom. Line plots comparing the intensity profiles of the DRRs and CBCT projections show that uncorrected DRRs do not align perfectly with the projections. However, when scatter, beam hardening, and veiling glare are modeled there is much closer agreement. Simulations with different geometry phantom shapes and sizes recommend a cylindrical phantom 150 mm in diameter. Computational times under one second per DRR are achieved using a GPU for a simulated 1024×768 pixel detector with a 512×512×281 mm CT volume and 0.5 mm ray step‐size. Conclusions: Our DRR algorithm is able to closely reproduce actual CBCT projections taken through a test object. It is optimized specifically for the FBCT and CBCT systems in our department. Funded in part by NCI grants R01CA123299 and P01CA116602. The authors report no conflicts of interest.
The effects of continuous ruminal dosing with dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate on ruminal and metabolic characteristics of lactating Holstein cows

Rumen-cannulated Holstein cows were used to study the effect of intraruminal dosing of dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate (DSS; 0.07 g/kg body weight per d) for 4 weeks. DSS was suspended in nylon bags to allow it to be released slowly into the rumen. Cows were offered a diet containing grass silage and concentrate (45:55, w/w). Intakes of control cows were regulated to those of DSS-dosed cows. Cows dosed with DSS had no rumen ciliate protozoa, lower rumen NH3-N concentrations and acetate and butyrate proportions, higher propionate, isovalerate, and valerate proportions. In vitro fibre digestion by non-ciliate rumen fluid from DSS-dosed cows was apparently impaired. When cows were dosed with DSS, levels of neutral- and acid-detergent fibre in whole rumen contents were increased, rumen solids turnover rate was slower, and whole tract apparent digestibility of cellulose and diethyl ether extract was decreased. Dosing of DSS led to reduced concentrations of blood acetoacetate but elevated plasma glucose levels. Milk protein content was higher, however, lactose content was lower for DSS-dosed than control cows. Milk fat of DSS-dosed cows had a smaller proportion of short-chain fatty acids but a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.
Conversion of steroids to trimethylsilyl derivatives for gas phase analytical studies: reactions of silylating reagents.

Abstract Methods for the conversion of human steroids to trimethylsilyl derivatives for gas-phase analytical studies have been investigated. Three useful conditions have been defined. These are (a) BSA at room temperature, (b) BSA:TMCS or BSTFA:TMCS at room temperature or at 60°C, and (c) TSIM:BSA:TMCS at 60–80°. Steroid hydroxyl groups may be classified as unhindered, moderately hindered, or highly hindered, on the basis of the conditions needed for derivative formation. Quantitative conversions to single products were observed in the instances that were studied. Ketone groups may yield enol TMSi ethers under catalyzed silylation conditions. This reaction may be avoided by using methoxime derivatives.
Fen—an axiomatic basis for program semantics

A formal system is presented which abstracts the notions of data item, function, and relation. It is argued that the system is more suitable than set theory (or its derivatives) for the concise and accurate description of program semantics. It is shown how the system can be used to build composite data types out of simpler ones with the operations of rowing, structuring, and uniting. It is also demonstrated that completely new primitive types can be introduced into languages through the mechanism of singleton data types.Both deterministic and nondeterministic functions are shown to be definable in the system. It is described how the local environment can be modeled as a data item and how imperative statements can be considered functions on the environment. The nature of recursive functions is briefly discussed, and a technique is presented by which they can be introduced into the system. The technique is contrasted with the use of the paradoxical combinator, Y. The questions of local and global environments and of various modes of function calling and parameter passing are touched upon.The theory is applied to the proof of several elementary theorems concerning the semantics of the assignment, conditional, and iterative statements.An appendix is included which presents in detail the formal system governing webs and fen, the abstractions used informally in the body of the paper.
Effect of Full-Span Gurney Flap Height on Wing Wake Vortex Alleviation

T HE hazard posed by wake vortices trailing behind heavy airplanes to following aircraft has beenwell known, and the area has been researched to considerable depth since the introduction of the first jumbo jets in the early 1970s. The reader is referred to [1] for an outstanding review of the subject area. The present author has been active in this area since the early 1990s. Gurney flap is an aerodynamic concept that dates back to the 1970s. It represents a long and narrow plate placed at a wing’s trailing edge on its pressure side and perpendicular to it. It was first proposed and utilized quite successfully byDanGurney as a means to increase the downforce on his racing cars. The concept has received some attention in the aerospace community; see, for example, [2–12], with rather limited implementation in actual airplanewing design. For a rather extensive review ofGurneyflap-related research the reader is referred to [13]. It will be stated here only that the flap regularly increases both the wing’s lift and drag and decreases its aerodynamic efficiency. The major effect of this modification is an increased circulation at the wing trailing edge. Since early 2004 the author has been studying the potential use of Gurney flaps for wake vortex alleviation. First, a Gurney flap having a height equal to 6% of the wing chord was studied. Several flow visualization techniqueswere used to qualitatively compare the nearfield wake flows behind a baseline wing vs a Gurney flap equipped wing [13]. A new quantitative description of the vortex strength, a roll-up tightness factor (RTF) was proposed and used. It was found that the flap indeed affected the near-field wing wake to a significant degree [14]. Next, an additional Gurney flap, one having a height equal to 1.5% of the wing chord, i.e., 0:015c, was investigated [15]. The results followed the trends presented in [13,14] quite well. To further expand the investigation matrix, an intermediate-height Gurney flap, one with a height equal to 0:04c, has been examined recently. Once again, both the effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of the configurations and their respective vortex strengths have been recorded and analyzed. A discussion of these results is presented in the next sections.
A role for neuropeptide Y in alcohol intake control: evidence from human and animal research

This article is based on proceedings of a symposium presented at the 2002 meeting of the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior and provides a brief overview of recent research suggesting a role for neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the modulation of ethanol drinking. The discussion focuses mainly on recent studies with genetic animal models including mutant mice lacking specific NPY receptor and selectively bred rodents, namely the Indiana alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats and the Indiana high alcohol drinking (HAD) and low alcohol drinking (LAD) rats. It is concluded that abnormal or low central NPY activity can promote high alcohol drinking and that NPY modulates alcohol consumption via the NPY Y1 and Y2 receptors.
40 GHz electro-optic modulator with 7.5 V drive voltage

A wideband, low drive voltage LiNbO/sub 3/ electro-optic modulator is demonstrated utilising electrodes patterned according to a 13-bit Barker sequence. It exhibits a 3.5 dB optical insertion loss and a 7.5 V switching voltage. The modulation frequency response remains >or=-5 dB (optical) to beyond 40 GHz. >
Prolonging dormancy in Vitis vinifera with gibberellin

AT Davis, California, grape buds developing on the basal portions of shoots normally enter a dormant stage about September. By the following April the buds usually begin rapid growth. Both a small amount of cold and a certain interval of time are required for dormancy to break. If the dormant buds could be made to grow in the autumn, the crop of the following year could be estimated. Since gibberellin has been reported to break the dormancy of buds in peach1 and potato2,3, and of epicotyls in the tree peony4, it was tested for this purpose on grapes.
A variable stiffness device selection and design tool for lightly damped structures

Due to the wide variety of types and capabilities of variable stiffness devices, selecting a variable stiffness device for vibration control of a structure can be difficult. A method for selecting and understanding the performance of variable stiffness devices was developed. First, a parameter for roughly comparing variable stiffness devices was identified using the literature. Next, variable stiffness devices in the literature were summarized and compared by their ability to change stiffness. A single-degree-of-freedom variable stiffness vibration suppression problem was solved in an exact implicit form using the variable stiffness comparison parameter. The exact solution was used to create an approximate solution directly linking past variable stiffness approximations to the exact solution in a systematic way. The result is an engineering design tool that can be used in the design of structures with variable stiffness devices.
A practical method to target individuals for outbreak detection and control.

Identification of individuals or subpopulations that contribute the most to disease transmission is key to target surveillance and control efforts. In a recent study in BMC Medicine, Smieszek and Salathe introduced a novel method based on readily available information about spatial proximity in high schools, to help identify individuals at higher risk of infection and those more likely to be infected early in the outbreak. By combining simulation models for influenza transmission with high-resolution data on school contact patterns, the authors showed that their proximity method compares favorably to more sophisticated methods using detailed contact tracing information. The proximity method is simple and promising, but further research is warranted to confront this method against real influenza outbreak data, and to assess the generalizability of the approach to other important transmission units, such as work, households, and transportation systems.
β-adrenegic receptor-adenylate cyclase alterations during the postnatal development of skeletal muscle

Abstract The postnatal development of mammalian skeletal muscle is associated with an increased capacity for glycogenolysis. In the present study rabbit skeletal muscle underwent a 7-fold increase in glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase activity over the postnatal period of 0–8 weeks. An enriched fraction of sarcolemma was prepared from neonatal and adult muscle to examine the development of the β-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system. Adult membranes possessed a 2-fold greater Na + K + (Mg 2+ )-ATPase activity and a 6–8-fold greater sodium fluoride- and epinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The activation ratio (effector activity/basal activity) increased 2–3-fold for epinephrine and sodium fluoride in adult sarcolemma. The activation by catecholamines conformed to the physiological β 2 type response with isoproterenol (1.8 · 10 −8 M) > epinephrine (1.1 · 10 −7 M) > norinephrine (3.2 · 10 −6 M). In contrast, binding studies employing (−)-[ 3 H] dihydroalprenolol showed little difference between neonatal and adult membranes with respect to (1) number of binding sites, (2) equilibrium dissociation constant and (3) displacement of (−)-[ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol by catecholamine agonists. Protein and lipid components of the sarcolemma were also modified during development. Neonatal membranes possessed two glycopeptides of M r 80 000 and 86 000, whereas in the adult only a single M r 133 000 species was evident. The total lipid phosphorus and phospholipid composition was unchanged during development. The content of linoleic acid increased approx. 3-fold during development in the phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine phospholipids. The cholesterol content of adult membranes was decreased by 29% compared to neonatal membranes.
Distinctions among GABAA and GABAB responses revealed by calcium channel antagonists, cannabinoids, opioids, and synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus.

Hippocampal interneurons release γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and produce fast GABAA- and slow GABAB-inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). The regulation of GABAB eIPSPs or the interneurons that produce them are not well understood. In addition, while both μ-opioid receptors (μORs) and cannabinoid CB1R receptors (CB1Rs) are present on hippocampal interneurons, it is not clear how these two systems interact. This study tests the hypotheses that: (1) all interneurons can initiate both GABAA and GABAB inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; (2) GABAB responses are insensitive to mGluR-triggered, endocannabinoid (eCB)-mediated inhibitory long-term depression (iLTD); (3) GABAB responses are produced by interneurons that express μOR; and (4) CB1R-dependent and μOR-dependent response interact. Pharmacological and electrophysiological approaches were used in acute rat hippocampal slices. High resistance microelectrode recordings were made from pyramidal cells, while interneurons were stimulated extracellularly. GABAB responses were found to be produced by interneurons that release GABA via either presynaptic N-type or P/Q-type calcium channels but that they are insensitive to suppression by eCBs or eCB-mediated iLTD. GABAB IPSPs were sensitive to suppression by a μOR agonist, suggesting a major source of GABAB responses is the μOR-expressing interneuron population. A small eCB-iLTD (10% eIPSP reduction) persisted in conotoxin. eCB-iLTD was blocked by a μOR agonist in 6/13 slices. GABAB responses cannot be produced by all interneurons. CB1R or μOR agonists will differentially alter the balance of activity in hippocampal circuits. CB1R- and μOR-mediated responses can interact.
The homoerotics of early modern drama

This book is the first comprehensive account of homoeroticism in Renaissance drama. Mario DiGangi analyses the relation between homoeroticism and social power in a wide range of literary and historical texts from the 1580s to the 1620s, drawing on the insights of materialist, feminist and queer theory. Each chapter focuses on the homoerotics of a major dramatic genre (Ovidian comedy, satiric comedy, tragedy and tragicomedy) and studies the ideologies and institutions it characteristically explores. DiGangi examines distinctions between orderly and disorderly forms of homoerotic practice in both canonical and unfamiliar texts. In these readings, the various proliferating forms of homoeroticism are indentified in relation to sodomy, against which there were cultural and legal prohibitions in the period. DiGangi's study illuminates, through a diverse range of plays, the centrality of homoerotic practices to household, court and city life in early modern England.
Measurement of end-capillary PO2 with positron emission tomography.

Summary: The analysis of positron emission tomography measurements of oxygen metabolism has been extended to provide a quantitative estimate of end-capillary Po2. The principle of this extension rests on the idea that the oxygen extraction fraction can be used to calculate the end-capillary oxygen saturation of the blood. The relation between oxygen saturation and Po2 is obtained through the oxygen dissociation curve. Our studies show that in addition to the local oxygen extraction fraction, arterial Po2 and pH values are needed in the calculation, whereas fairly large variations in factors such as Pco2, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and plasma protein levels have little or no effect. Rough estimates of end-capillary Po2 can be made using standard 02 dissociation nomograms. Blood gas and acid-base properties of blood have been known for decades, making it possible to account accurately for in-dividual differences that may be encountered when studying patients. Measurements in nine normal subjects yielded a mean end-capillary Po2 value of 31.2 mm Hg. The ability to make a quantitative visualization of altered patterns of end-capillary Po2 provides an additional di-mension to the investigation of stroke disease and tumor metabolism.
Marketing Margins and Price Uncertainty: The Case of the U.S. Wheat Market

This paper seeks to determine the effect of changes in output price risk on marketing margins. A theoretical model of price determination in a marketing channel with risk-averse firms is developed. This model shows that if marketing firms are competitive and decreasingly absolute risk averse, then an increase in output price risk should result in higher expected marketing margins. Empirical evidence from the wheat marketing channel supports the theoretical model: increased price variability significantly increases wheat marketing margins for both the farm-mill margin and the mill-retail margin. These results suggest a potential benefit from price stabilization programs.
Trends in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone

Recent reanalyses of satellite, ground-based and balloon measurements allow updated estimates of trends in the vertical profile of ozone during 1980-96. The results show overall consistency between several independent measurement systems, particularly for northern hemisphere mid-latitudes where most ground-based measurements are made. Combined trend estimates over these latitudes show statistically significant negative trends at all altitudes between 10 and 45 km, with two local maxima: -7.4 +/- 2.0%/decade at 40 km and -7.6 +/- 4.6%/decade at 15 km altitude. There is a strong seasonal variation in trends over northern mid-latitudes in the altitude range of 10- 18 km. The profile trends are in quantitative agreement with independently measured trends in column ozone.
BISTABLE AND TRISTABLE SOLITON SWITCHING IN COLLINEAR ARRAYS OF LINEARLY COUPLED WAVEGUIDES

The soliton switching in an array of three, linearly coupled waveguides is investigated. Supported by a variational model, we show that a novel nonlinear switching among stable localized states is possible in long couplers. The numerical integrations of the governing equations confirm this interesting phenomenon. These results can be extended to asymmetrical nonlinear directional couplers, where the asymmetry is in the nonlinear coefficients. The tristable operational mode is investigated too and the model furnishes valuable indications in order to realize it. The model also allows a physical insight into the more general problem of steering in arrays with a large number of waveguides. Finally, an exact, antisymmetric solution of the governing equations of the three-waveguide array is also investigated, because it shows dynamical properties that might be useful in all-optical switching.
Changing Energy End-Use Patterns as a Means of Reducing Global-Warming Trends

Abstract A simulation game was designed and used as part of an experimental effort to change participants' behavior and attitudes toward energy conservation and renewable energy practices and devices and toward participating in supporting measures that encourage conservation at a local level. Social influence was found to be correlated significantly with the experimental treatment. Participants in the simulation game showed an increase in favorable attitudes toward home energy activism and exhibited a greater likelihood of action taking. Perceived political efficacy was seen to increase.
Combined "hybrid" open and minimally invasive surgical correction of adult thoracolumbar scoliosis: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND Surgery for scoliosis requires extensive exposure, resulting in significant tissue injury and longer recovery times. To minimize morbidity in scoliosis surgery, several studies have shown successful application of a combination of minimally invasive techniques; however, the extent of scoliosis treated has been modest. OBJECTIVE To achieve some of the benefits of minimally invasive surgery and yet treat curves of greater degree, we have used a combined approach, incorporating both open and minimally invasive techniques. METHODS We analyzed a prospectively acquired database in addition to reviewing electronic records of patients undergoing hybrid surgery for thoracolumbar scoliosis. Nine patients were identified. The minimally invasive portion involved the lumbar region in all cases. Pain was assessed by the visual analog scale and disability was measured by the Oswestry Disability Index. RESULTS Mean preoperative scoliosis was 47.8 degrees, which was corrected to a mean 15.2 degrees. An average of 7.8 spinal levels was treated. Estimated blood loss averaged 1094.4 mL, and length of hospital stay averaged 7.2 days. Acute complications occurred in 2 patients. Longer term complications occurred in 2 patients, consisting of adjacent segment disease. The mean improvement in the visual analog scale score was 3.7 and the mean improvement on the Oswestry Disability Index was 30.5. Average follow-up was 29.2 months. CONCLUSION The hybrid approach for the treatment of scoliosis results in acceptable radiographic and clinical outcomes. Complications did not appear increased compared with those expected with scoliosis surgery. Although decreased adjacent tissue injury was achieved with the minimally invasive component of the procedure, a larger comparative study is required to determine magnitude of this benefit.
On elastic response of disordered triangular lattice during dynamic loading

The present investigation focuses on an observation regarding the initial elastic response of a triangular geometrically and structurally disordered lattice during medium-to-high strain rate loading. Namely: a transition from the short-time modulus of elasticity to the long-time one, which is not accompanied by the corresponding change of the stifiness tensor. It is demonstrated that the difierence between the two moduli is, in the case of the homogeneous biaxial test simulations performed herein, a consequence of the geometrical and structural disorder \quenched" within the lattice. The investigation is performed on the triangular lattice with the flrst-neighbor central interactions under practically iden
Phosphate-Specific Fluorescence Labeling of Pepsin by BO-IMI

Abstract Pepsin (3.6 nmol) was detected by the following three-step procedure: (i) reaction with a 20-fold molar excess of BO-IMI (a fluorophore containing a reactive imidazole group) in the presence of a 150-fold molar excess of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate; (ii) gel filtration (spin column) to remove most of the residual BO-IMI; and (iii) capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. For the latter step, 8.5 × 10 −7 of the original sample was injected. BO-IMI/EDC targets phosphomonoesters and does not label albumin (prior knowledge). Progressive dephosphorylation of pepsin with acid phosphatase reduced its labeling with BO-IMI. Thus, the BO-IMI, as intended, labels the phosphate group on pepsin. Such BO-IMI labeling should be useful in general for studying phosphoproteins and phosphopeptides.
Testing for Asymmetric Information in Reinsurance Markets

Empirical studies on asymmetric information have mainly focused on primary insurance markets, but comparatively little attention has been given to reinsurance markets. This study investigates the existence of asymmetric information by testing for a positive correlation between coverage and ex post risk in three major reinsurance markets for the period 1995–2000 and finds that (1) asymmetric information problems are present in the private passenger auto liability and homeowners reinsurance markets, but not in the product liability reinsurance market; (2) retention limits are widely utilised to mitigate asymmetric information problems; (3) long-term contracting relationships are either rarely used or not effective in controlling asymmetric information problems.
Plastic Deformation of Metal/Ceramic Nanolayered Composites

Metal/ceramic multilayers combine high hardness of the ceramic layer and the high ductility of the metallic layer, enabling the design of novel composite coatings with high hardness and measurable ductility when the layer thickness reduces to a few nanometers. In this article, we review recent work with a focus on plastic deformation of metal/ceramic nanolayered composites from three aspects: experiment, theory, and atomistic modeling, and we propose several research directions in this topic.
The Preferential Oxidation of CO: Selective Combinatorial Activity and Infrared Studies

The activity and selectivity for the preferential oxidation of CO (PROX), on Pt- and Pd-supported catalysts, have been studied using a high-throughput method of screening and analysis of catalysts. Two families of catalysts were selected on the basis of existing literature results: one family consisted of platinum and palladium supported on alumina and titania promoted with ceria, and the other family of the same metals interdispersed in various oxides. The activity of these materials was first screened using in situ infrared thermography (IRT). The samples with the higher activity were selected for study in a parallel reactor with 10 microreactors and in a single recycle reactor. Platinum supported on titania promoted with ceria showed the highest activity and selectivity, in particular, the 1%Pt–15% CeO2/TiO2 catalyst appears to be a suitable candidate for the PROX reaction at temperatures below 90 °C.
The problem of defining nature first: A philosophical critique of environmental ethics

Abstract What is nature? Perhaps it is something of our own invention, perhaps not; but before we can begin researching the proper way to conserve it, we must come up with an accurate notion of what it is. Unless we examine the values we place on the environment and the resulting conflicts in which we trap ourselves, we will never be able to employ our definitions of nature, nor argue for our reactions toward it. Without a unified concept, perceptions of nature will create conflicting methodologies in terms of the environment—most of all, in terms of how we see it. Without a perception of the natural world, we aren't quite sure what it is we are trying to save. An accurate and focused perception of nature as a concept is the key. Until we understand the methodologies which influence our value placing systems, how we regard nature and how we develop ethics toward it will not be joined into a common consensus of practice.
Track and bias estimation without data association

Previous nonlinear filtering research has shown that by directly estimating the probability density of the target state, weak and closely spaced targets can be tracked without performing data association. Data association imposes a heavy burden, both in its design where complex data management structures are required and in its execution which often requires many computer cycles. Therefore, avoiding data association can have advantages. However, some have suggested that data association is required to estimate and correct sensor biases that are nearly always present so avoiding it is not a practical option. This paper demonstrates that target numbers, target tracks, and sensor biases can all be estimated simultaneously using association-free nonlinear methods, thereby extending the useful range of these methods while preserving their inherent advantages.
Naltrexone-Extended Release plus Bupropion-Extended Release for Treatment of Obesity

In September 2014, a proprietary formulation of naltrexone-extended release plus bupropion -extended release (NB) (brand name, Contrave) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA),1 becoming the fourth medication approved for long-term weight management in patients with obesity.2 Liraglutide (brand name, Saxenda), a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, was also approved for obesity treatment in December 2014. Both naltrexone and bupropion are FDA-approved for other indications as monotherapies: bupropion, a dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is approved to treat depression and to aid smoking cessation. Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, is approved to treat alcohol and opioid dependence. Bupropion was investigated, but never FDA-approved, as monotherapy for obesity; studies found ~2.8kg placebo-subtracted weight loss at 6–12 months.3 Among its effects, bupropion is thought to stimulate secretion of anorexigenic α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH) from pro-opiomelanocortin-producing hypothalamic cells, but may also simultaneously induce secretion of the endogenous opioid products of pro-opiomelanocortin that might inhibit αMSH secretion, limiting bupropion’s effectiveness. Naltrexone monotherapy has little efficacy for weight management. However, because naltrexone might specifically counteract the autoinhibitory actions of bupropion-stimulated endogenous opioids, NB combination therapy was investigated for obesity treatment. NB is FDA-approved for adults with BMI ≥30kg/m2 or with BMI ≥27kg/m2 plus obesity-related comorbidities. Treatment is initiated with one 8mg naltrexone/90mg bupropion tablet/day and increased over 3 weeks to the maintenance dose of two 8mg/90mg tablets twice daily, for a total daily dose of 32 mg/360mg (NB32). NB is not a Drug Enforcement Administration scheduled drug. According to the Drug ABC List Prices (Accessed by Richard Decederfelt, B.S.Pharm., M.S.I.S. on Dec 15 2014), the wholesale cost of NB is approximately $200/month.
Model Uncertainty in Fluid-Structure Impact Risk Analysis

This paper investigates the issue of model uncertainty in risk assessments of fluid-structure impact problems. Model-based risk assessments of complex phenomena such as the space shuttle solid rocket booster (SRB) splashdown event is affected by significant model uncertainty and approximations in finite element discretization, damage modeling, and the probabilistic analysis. Model verification and validation (V&V) helps in systematic assessment of modeling error, and suitable V&V techniques are explored in this paper. Since experimental testing of the SRB is infeasible, a simplified experimental framework is devised using an aluminum cylinder hinged at one end, with the objective of providing insights into the required model form (validation) as well as the required model resolution (verification). Preliminary results from error quantification as well as experimental validation are presented and discussed. Such information could be used to develop confidence and credibility in real-world reliability predictions of fluid-structure impact problems such as SRB splashdown.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Kinetic effects in the overgrowth of Gd on Si: A photoemission study

Abstract The growth of Gd on a Si(1 1 1) 2 × 1 substrate has been investigated with synchrotron radiation photoemission at two different temperatures: 80 K (LNT, liquid nitrogen temperature) and room temperature (RT). The growth of the first 2 atomic layers of Gd is relatively insensitive to the deposition temperature, at least in the temperature range covered by the present investigation. On the contrary, for a coverage higher than 2 ML, the strong intermixing between Si and Gd observed at RT is suppressed in the LNT growth. The intermixing cannot be recovered by simply warming up to RT the samples prepared at LNT. The role of kinetics in determining this behaviour is discussed.
A Comparison of Small and Medium-Size Enterprise Development in Central and Eastern Europe

Transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy has proved to be an enormous challenge. Differences exist between individual countries regarding the scale and efficiency of the reform process and the types and levels of socio-economic development for entrepreneurial ventures. The objective of this study is to examine differences and similarities in the environments of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises (SMEs) in two CEE transforming economies that have been in the fore-front of market reform implementation for many years. To evaluate and compare SME development relative to selected external environmental factors of entrepreneurial operations, on-site surveys and personal interviews were conducted in Hungary and Poland. The two countries selected exemplify similarities as well as differences in their approach to market reforms. Data were analyzed based on Gnyawali and Fogel's (1994) model consisting of five external environmental factors and four core values of new venture creation. Policy implications are made for assisting SME development in each country.
Treatment of the Sleep Disorders Associated with Parkinson’s Disease

Sleep disorders are common in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and preliminary work has suggested viable treatment options for many of these disorders. For rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, melatonin and clonazepam are most commonly used, while rivastigmine might be a useful option in patients whose behaviors are refractory to the former. Optimal treatments for insomnia in PD have yet to be determined, but preliminary evidence suggests that cognitive–behavioral therapy, light therapy, eszopiclone, donepezil, and melatonin might be beneficial. Use of the wake-promoting agent modafinil results in significant improvement in subjective measures of excessive daytime sleepiness, but not of fatigue. Optimal treatment of restless legs syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea in PD are not yet established, although a trial of continuous positive airway pressure for sleep apnea was recently completed in PD patients. In those patients with early morning motor dysfunction and disrupted sleep, the rotigotine patch provides significant benefit.
The Paradox of Male Volent/Benevolent Bureaucracy

Ralph Hummel claims that bureaucracy is malevolent; Charles Goodsell says that it is benevolent (in the United States). Some scholars write that bureaucratization is the wave of the future while others insist that it is not. Both Hummel and Goodsell may be correct if the U.S. public sector has been substantially debureaucratized. A review and categorization of the literature provides partial support for this position. Much of the confusion arises from differing conceptions of "bureaucracy. " The paradox of bureaucracy could be substantially resolved if academics would substitute the term "organizational rationalization" for the concept of societal bureaucratization.
High-dose busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide does not improve outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation compared to BuCy2 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia

To reduce relapse following allogeneic transplantation for AML, intensification of high-dose busulfan/cyclophosphamide using additional agents has been investigated but with few reported comparisons. We compared an intensified regimen of etoposide (60 mg/kg), busulphan (14 mg/kg), and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) (BuCyVP) with BuCy2 in 237 AML patients. No significant difference in overall outcome was observed following BuCyVP (n=127) or BuCy2 (n=110). The 5-year survival was 27.3 and 30.1% following BuCyVP and BuCy2, respectively (P=0.48). Similarly, the 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) was 28.3 and 34.8% with BuCyVP and BuCy2 (P=0.45), respectively. On multivariable analysis, patients transplanted in CR1 (P=0.002) and from related donors (P=0.013) had longer survival, while disease status at transplant was the only factor predicting CIR (P=0.002). In a separate analysis of CR1 patients (n=56), there was no significant difference in survival (P=0.37) or CIR (P=0.87) between the two regimens. However, for more advanced disease, there was a trend towards less relapse with BuCyVP (P=0.08), which was balanced by a higher cumulative incidence of transplant-related deaths (P=0.03) compared to BuCy2, resulting in similar survival. Overall, our results do not support the use of the more intensive BuCyVP regimen over BuCy2 in either early or more advanced disease AML patients.
Biosynthesis of the C15-acetogenin laurepoxide may involve bromine-induced skeletal rearrangement of a Δ4-oxocene precursor

An electrophilic bromine catalyzed skeletal rearrangement of an Δ4-oxocene to an epoxy furan has been described. This skeletal rearrangement suggests a plausible mechanism for the biosynthesis of the C15-acetogenin laurepoxide.
Alice’s adventures in um-derland: Psycholinguistic sources of variation in disfluency production

This study tests the hypothesis that three common types of disfluency (fillers, silent pauses, and repeated words) reflect variance in what strategies are available to the production system for responding to difficulty in language production. Participants' speech in a storytelling paradigm was coded for the three disfluency types. Repeats occurred most often when difficult material was already being produced and could be repeated, but fillers and silent pauses occurred most when difficult material was still being planned. Fillers were associated only with conceptual difficulties, consistent with the proposal that they reflect a communicative signal whereas silent pauses and repeats were also related to lexical and phonological difficulties. These differences are discussed in terms of different strategies available to the language production system.
Atmospherically-derived radionuclides as tracers of sediment mixing and accumulation in near-shore marine and lake sediments: Evidence from7Be,210Pb, and239,240Pu

Abstract Cosmogenic 7 Be(t 1/2 = 53.3days) has been used to estimate particle-mixing rates in the upper layers of lacustrine and near-shore marine sediments. Excess 210 Pb and/or 239,240 Pu have provided limits on rates of sediment accumulation in these environments and indices of the efficiency of the sediments as collectors of reactive nuclides over longer time scale. In sediment cores from Long Island Sound (marine) and Lake Whitney (fresh-water) 7 Be was measurable in the top 2–3 cm. Diffusion-analog particle-mixing coefficients calculated from these data are in the range of 10 −7 cm 2 /s. For Long Island Sound the coefficients are lower by factors of 3–6 than those estimated from the depth distributions of excess 234 Th at the same stations [14]. For Lake Whitney the calculated mixing coefficient is an upper limit because of the possibility of a sampling artifact. Measurements of total (wet + dry) atmospheric deposition of 7 Be in New Haven give an average flux of 0.07 dpm/cm 2 day during March-November, 1977; this is equivalent to a steady-state inventory of 5.4 dpm/cm 2 in a perfect collector. Sediment cores from Long Island Sound contain about half this 7 Be inventory, consistent with either a mean residence time for 7 Be in the water column of about one half-life or with post-depositional loss of 7 Be from Long Island Sound sediments. The Lake Whitney cores contain about 5 dpm/cm 2 , much nearer the atmospheric delivery. A higher inventory of 7 Be in fresh-water, as compared to marine, sediments could be due either to a shorter mean residence time for 7 Be in fresh water or to lateral transport processes in the lake or its catchment. High inventories of excess 210 Pb and 239,240 Pu in Lake Whitney sediments demonstrate the importance of lateral transport on longer time scales at least.
Oscillator-strength trends in the presence of level crossings

A configuration-interaction model is used to study line strengths and $\mathrm{gf}$ values for transitions in which level crossing occurs in either the initial or final state. It is shown that the line strength varies continuously for the lowest eigenstate, for example, but not for the eigenstate with a given dominant component. The latter exhibits marked irregularities in the vicinity of a crossover. Some plots for line strengths are presented showing the possible types of irregularities using a model interaction matrix. Computed $\mathrm{gf}$-value trends for $3p$ or $4p^{2}P\ensuremath{-}(3{s}^{2}4s,3s3{p}^{2})^{2}S$ transitions, as a function of $Z$, illustrate some of these irregularities.
Intonation, grammatical structure, and contextual association in immediate recall

Strings of 15 nonsense syllables were presented orally with oral or written tests of immediate recall. Structure (morphology and syntax) and prosody (monotone and intonation) were varied. Intonation facilitated recall, but the influence of structure was generally limited to intonated strings. Analyses at the phonemic level were not found relevant to these effects. The number of contextual associations, however, was correlated with correct recall of syllables.
Estimating the Abundance of ClO from Simultaneous Remote Sensing Measurements of HO2, OH, and HOCl.

Using a simple photochemical model we derive the mixing ratio profile of ClO in the altitude range 20–38 km from simultaneous measurements of HO2, OH, HOCl, temperature, pressure, and ozone. The measurements were made with the FIRS-2 far-infrared spectrometer during a balloon flight on September 29, 1992. We compare the derived ClO with the ClO profile obtained by the SLS instrument while flying on the same gondola. The good agreement between the two profiles validates our simple model and confirms the relevant rate constants and photolysis cross sections.
A Positive Feedback Signal Transduction Loop Determines Timing of Cerebellar Long-Term Depression

Synaptic activity produces short-lived second messengers that ultimately yield a long-term depression (LTD) of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Here, we test the hypothesis that these brief second messenger signals are translated into long-lasting biochemical signals by a positive feedback loop that includes protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Histochemical "epistasis" experiments demonstrate the reciprocal activation of these kinases, and physiological experiments--including the use of a light-activated protein kinase--demonstrate that such reciprocal activation is required for LTD. Timed application of enzyme inhibitors reveals that this positive feedback loop causes PKC to be active for more than 20 min, allowing sufficient time for LTD expression. Such regenerative mechanisms may sustain other long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity and could be a general mechanism for prolonging signal transduction networks.
On the theory of political competition: Comparative statics from a general allocative perspective

It is a widely held belief that interest groups respond competitively to political challenges from other groups. This view is found not only in the traditional theory of interest groups, but also in the literature on policy typologies. Though it is not necessarily supposed that groups form in response to opposition, it is believed that when groups exist, they compete.
A Remarkable Ice-Storm

IN March 1884 I wrote to you in regard to a heavy ice-storm which we had experienced on the 7th and 8th days of that month, giving some statistics as to the thickness of the ice deposits on trees and as to the weight which the extremities of branches were carrying. I can now report to you a more remarkable storm of the same kind, the effects of which still continue more than sixty hours after the storm has ceased; and there seems to be little hope that the morrow will give us an unclouded sun to loosen the casing under which the trees are labouring.
The Strength and Weakness of Cotton Fibers Part II: Reversal Distribution and Breaking Properties

Previous work has shown that the structural reversals of cotton fibers are points of weakness at which the fibers prefer to break. The present paper is concerned with the distribution of these reversals in the individual fibers and with differences in reversal frequencies for various cotton varieties. It is shown that indivual fibers vary greatly in their tendency to break at reversals. Fiber reversals are much more frequent at the tip end of the fiber than at the base end. In general, cotton varieties which have high reversal frequencies are weaker cottons as determined by single-fiber and bundle strength tests. The implications of these findings to mechanical properties of the fibers and to their behavior in yarns are discussed.
Ordering and Interpreting DNA Tests

DNA testing has become relatively common during the past few years. All humans have an estimated five to eight mutated genes and are at risk for a genetic disorder. Recognition of these facts and development of DNA technology have created substantial interest in DNA testing as a diagnostic and management tool. As with any emerging technology, the applications and limitations must be understood in order to use the new tests wisely. In this review, the basic molecular diagnostic techniques are discussed. In addition, the emerging ethical debate surrounding the use of this new technology is summarized. Caution is necessary when DNA tests are being used, especially in presymp-tomatic situations.
Trophoblast-uterine interactions during equine chorionic girdle cell maturation, migration, and transformation

The structure of the equine chorionic girdle between days 28 and 42 of gestation was examined. Of particular interest were differentiation of trophoblastic cells within the girdle, adhesion between girdle and endometrium, invasion and displacement of the uterine epithelium, and the nature of the endometrium when girdle cells migrate into it to form endometrial cup cells. The chorionic girdle, identified initially as a band of tall columnar cells, becomes a stratified columnar epithelium indented by clefts and pits. Adhesion to and penetration through the endometrial luminal epithelium are rapid and occur initially in very limited areas. Stromal invasion occurs as strands of contiguous trophoblast cells invade through the basal lamina. Only girdle cells that are adjacent to the basal lamina or have entered the endometrial stroma undergo hypertrophy and differentiate into cup cells. At the initiation of trophoblastic invasion, the luminal epithelium contains numerous, large, intra-epithelial, granular lymphocytes; small lymphocytes then accumulate in the stroma, but by day 42 lymphocytes are largely confined to the periphery of the cup. Although adhesion of trophoblast to the endometrial surface is initiated by small groups of girdle cells on restricted areas of the endometrial folds, the area is then increased by new areas of adhesion and by expansion of the initial invasion. Areas of girdle cells that do not attach undergo necrosis, as do superficial portions of areas of invasion. Consequently the girdle cells that form cups may be a minority of the original population. It is suggested that the differentiation of girdle cells is closely programmed and that cells that do not reach the stroma become necrotic at the same time that endometrial cup cells are differentiating.