cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Set-functions and factorization

haram problem ([1], [5], [6] and [15]) asks whether every exhaustive submeasure is equivalent to a measure. A submeasure 4) is called pathological if whenever 2 is a measure satisfying 0 0 there exists N ~ N such that whenever {A 1 . . . . . AN} are disjoint sets in ~ then
Deiodination of 5-iodopyrrole-2-carboxylates using sodium formate catalyzed by palladium complexes: preparation of 5-unsubstituted pyrrole-2-carboxylates

Abstract 5-Iodopyrrole-2-carboxylates are deiodinated with sodium formate in the presence of a catalytic amount of either PdCl 2 (Ph 3 P) 2 or Pd(Ph 3 P) 4 to give the corresponding 5-unsubstituted pyrrole-2-carboxylates in good yields.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of vortices in high temperature superconductors

The distinct distribution of local magnetic fields due to superconducting vortices can be detected with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and used to investigate vortices and related physical properties of extreme type II superconductivity. This review summarizes work on high temperature superconductors (HTS) including cuprates and pnictide materials. Recent experimental results are presented which reveal the nature of vortex matter and novel electronic states. For example, the NMR spectrum has been found to provide a sharp indication of the vortex melting transition. In the vortex solid a frequency dependent spin-lattice relaxation has been reported in cuprates, including YBa2Cu3O7−x, Bi2SrCa2Cu2O8+δ, and Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ. These results have initiated a new spectroscopy via Doppler shifted nodal quasiparticles for the investigation of vortices. At very high magnetic fields this approach is a promising method for the study of vortex core excitations. These measurements have been used to quantify an induced spin density wave near the vortex cores in Bi2SrCa2Cu2O8+δ. Although the cuprates have a different superconducting order parameter than the iron arsenide superconductors there are, nonetheless, some striking similarities between them regarding vortex dynamics and frequency dependent relaxation.
Crystalline Order on Catenoidal Capillary Bridges

We study the defect structure of crystalline particle arrays on negative Gaussian curvature capillary bridges with vanishing mean curvature (catenoids). The threshold aspect ratio for the appearance of isolated disclinations is found and the optimal positions for dislocations determined. We also discuss the transition from isolated disclinations to scars as particle number and aspect ratio are varied.
Effects of in-plane strain on orbital ordering and magnetism in LaMnO3 thin film

Abstract The effects of the in-plane strain on the orbital and magnetic properties of LaMnO3 thin films are calculated using an elastic energy expression and a tight-binding Hamiltonian with electron–lattice coupling. Tensile uniaxial strain of the order of 2%, which is the order of magnitude of those induced in thin films by lattice mismatch with substrates, is found to change the orbital state and magnetic ground state significantly.
The lattice Schwinger model as a discrete sum of filled Wilson loops

Abstract Using techniques from hopping expansion we identically map the lattice Schwinger model with Wilson fermions to a model of oriented loops on the lattice. This is done by first computing the explicit form of the fermion determinant in the external field. Subsequent integration of the gauge fields renders a sum over all loop configurations with simple Gaussian weights depending on the number of plaquettes enclosed by the loops. In our new representation vacuum expectation values of local fermionic operators (scalars, vectors) can be computed by simply counting the loop flow through the sites (links) supporting the scalars (vectors). The strong coupling limit, possible applications of our methods to 4-D models and the introduction of a chemical potential are discussed.
Analysis and Control of Pre-extinction Dynamics in Stochastic Populations

We consider a stochastic population model, where the intrinsic or demographic noise causes cycling between states before the population eventually goes extinct. A master equation approach coupled with a (Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin) WKB approximation is used to construct the optimal path to extinction. In addition, a probabilistic argument is used to understand the pre-extinction dynamics and approximate the mean time to extinction. Analytical results agree well with numerical Monte Carlo simulations. A control method is implemented to decrease the mean time to extinction. Analytical results quantify the effectiveness of the control and agree well with numerical simulations.
Exploratory study of the X-ray properties of quasars with intrinsic narrow absorption lines

We have used archival Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of quasars hosting intrinsic narrow UV absorption lines (intrinsic NALs) to carry out an exploratory survey of their X-ray properties. Our sample consists of three intrinsic NAL quasars and one mini-BAL quasar, plus four quasars without intrinsic absorption lines for comparison. These were drawn in a systematic manner from an optical/UV-selected sample. The X-ray properties of intrinsic NAL quasars are indistinguishable from those of normal quasars. We do not find any excess absorption in quasars with intrinsic NALs, with upper limits of -->NH few × 1022 cm −2. We compare the X-ray and UV properties of our sample quasars by plotting the equivalent width and blueshift velocity of the intrinsic NALs and the X-ray spectral index against the optical-to-X-ray slope, -->αox. When BAL quasars and other AGNs with intrinsic NALs are included, the plots suggest that intrinsic NAL quasars form an extension of the BAL sequences and tend to bridge the gap between BAL and normal quasars. Observations of larger samples of intrinsic NAL quasars are needed to verify these conclusions. We also test two competing scenarios for the location of the NAL gas in an accretion disk wind. Our results strongly support a location of the NAL gas at high latitudes above the disk, closer to the disk axis than the dense BAL wind. We detect excess X-ray absorption only in Q0014+8118, which does not host intrinsic NALs. The absorbing medium very likely corresponds to an intervening system at -->z = 1.1, which also produces strong absorption lines in the rest-frame UV spectrum of this quasar. In an appendix we discuss the connection between UV and X-ray attenuation and its effect on -->αox.
Inertial fusion in the nineties

The 1980s have proven to be an exciting time for the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) program. Major new laser and light-ion drivers have been constructed and have produced some encouraging results. The 1990s will be a crucial time for the ICF program. A decision for proceeding with the next facility is scheduled for the early 1990s. If the decision is positive, planning and construction of this facility will occur. Depending on the time required for design and construction, this next-generation facility could become operational near the turn of the century.
A model of diffuse radar scattering from Martian surface rocks

Two physically plausible surface rock-orientation models are presently used to characterize the depolarized component of diffuse radar energy scattering on Mars, and plots of scattering cross-section are derived as a function of Doppler shift. The spectral shapes thus modeled exhibit similarities to observed spectra; their magnitudes are generally within a factor of about 2 of measured values. While surface inhomogeneities could account for the degree of discrepancy, subsurface element scattering may also be implicated.
Globalization and the Role of Public Transfers in Redistributing Income in Latin America and the Caribbean

This paper focuses on measuring the extent to which publicly subsidized transfers in Latin America and the Caribbean redistribute income. The redistributive power of 56 transfers in eight countries is measured by their simulated impacts on poverty and inequality, and by their distributional characteristic. The findings suggest that public transfers can be effective instruments to redistribute income to the poor. Yet frequently they have not managed to do so. The redistributive impacts from social insurance are limited and even regressive in some countries. This is due to two design factors: a 'truncation' in coverage due to requirements of membership in formal labor markets which exclude the majority of the poor, and highly generous unit benefits for those in the upper quintiles. The more recent emergence of social assistance only partially offsets this historical truncation of public transfers in the region. Despite coverage and distributional patterns that favor the poor, small unit subsidies limit the redistributive, poverty, and inequality impacts of even the most targeted social assistance programs. The report also finds considerable variation among social assistance programs, with many food based programs and scholarships being regressive.
Instance Discovery and Schema Matching with Applications to Biological Deep Web Data Integration

We presents data mining-based techniques for enabling data integration across deep web data sources. We target query processing across inter-dependent data sources. Thus, besides input-input and output-output matching of attributes, we also need to consider input-output matching. We develop data mining techniques for discovering the instances for querying deep web data sources from the information provided by the query interfaces themselves, as well as from the obtained output pages of the related data sources, by query probing using dynamically identified input instances. Then, using a hierarchical representation of schemas and by applying clustering techniques, we are able to generate schema matches. We show the effectiveness of our technique while integrating 24 query interfaces.
Why Are Neutrinos Light? -- An Alternative

We review the recent proposal that neutrinos are light because their masses are proportional to a low scale, f, of lepton flavor symmetry breaking. This mechanism is testable because the resulting pseudo-Goldstone bosons, of mass m_G, couple strongly with the neutrinos, affecting the acoustic oscillations during the eV era of the early universe that generate the peaks in the CMB radiation. Characteristic signals result over a very wide range of (f, m_G) because of a change in the total relativistic energy density and because the neutrinos scatter rather than free-stream. Thermodynamics allows a precise calculation of the signal, so that observations would not only confirm the late-time neutrino mass mechanism, but could also determine whether the neutrino spectrum is degenerate, inverted or hierarchical and whether the neutrinos are Dirac or Majorana. The flavor symmetries could also give light sterile states. If the masses of the sterile neutrinos turn on after the MeV era, the LSND oscillations can be explained without upsetting big bang nucleosynthesis, and, since the sterile states decay to lighter neutrinos and pseudo-Goldstones, without giving too much hot dark matter.
Reduced-order modeling of time-dependent reflectance profiles from purely scattering media

Due to the widespread existence and importance of foam, inverse techniques for characterizing industrial foams are of interest. An essential element in an inverse method used to characterize a foam layer is a model of the time-dependent reflectance of a laser pulse. Monte Carlo methods may be used to accurately model reflectance, but these methods are computationally expensive. Computationally efficient methods based on the diffusion approximation have been developed, but this approach is not sufficiently accurate in many cases of interest. Therefore, a computationally efficient and robust method is desirable. This paper presents a computationally efficient method for modeling the time-dependent reflectance of a laser pulse from a non-absorbing, scattering plane layer that is based on reduced-order modeling techniques. The accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing reflectance profiles for randomly selected foam layer properties with corresponding profiles that were generated from Monte Carlo simulations.
Integrity and Continuity for Automated Surface Conflict-Detection Monitoring

This paper discusses how surface surveillance technologies impact the design of automated conflict-detection capability for a next-generation air transportation system dubbed NextGen. In NextGen, automated conflict detection and resolution (CDR integrity risk refers to the probability that the CD algorithm fails to provide an alert rapidly enough to resolve the conflict. The continuity and integrity of CD algorithms strongly depend on the quality of surface surveillance sensor measurements; as such, we propose mechanisms for modifying the CD&R algorithm design to rigorously account for the capabilities and limitations of surveillance sensors.
VARIATIONS ON DEBRIS DISKS. II. ICY PLANET FORMATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE BULK PROPERTIES AND INITIAL SIZES OF PLANETESIMALS

We describe comprehensive calculations of the formation of icy planets and debris disks at 30-150 AU around 1-3 M {sub sun} stars. Disks composed of large, strong planetesimals produce more massive planets than disks composed of small, weak planetesimals. The maximum radius of icy planets ranges from {approx}1500 km to 11,500 km. The formation rate of 1000 km objects-{sup P}lutos{sup -}is a useful proxy for the efficiency of icy planet formation. Plutos form more efficiently in massive disks, in disks with small planetesimals, and in disks with a range of planetesimal sizes. Although Plutos form throughout massive disks, Pluto production is usually concentrated in the inner disk. Despite the large number of Plutos produced in many calculations, icy planet formation is inefficient. At the end of the main sequence lifetime of the central star, Plutos contain less than 10% of the initial mass in solid material. This conclusion is independent of the initial mass in the disk or the properties of the planetesimals. Debris disk formation coincides with the formation of planetary systems containing Plutos. As Plutos form, they stir leftover planetesimals to large velocities. A cascade of collisions then grinds the leftovers to dust, forming an observable debris disk.more » In disks with small ({approx}<1-10 km) planetesimals, collisional cascades produce luminous debris disks with maximum luminosity {approx}10{sup -2} times the stellar luminosity. Disks with larger planetesimals produce debris disks with maximum luminosity {approx}5 x 10{sup -4} (10 km) to 5 x 10{sup -5} (100 km) times the stellar luminosity. Following peak luminosity, the evolution of the debris disk emission is roughly a power law, f {proportional_to} t {sup -n} with n{approx} 0.6-0.8. Observations of debris disks around A-type and G-type stars strongly favor models with small planetesimals. In these models, our predictions for the time evolution and detection frequency of debris disks agree with published observations. We suggest several critical observations that can test key features of our calculations.« less
Determination of Eigenstresses from Curvature Data

Curvature measurements are generally employed in conjunction with elementary structural analysis to estimate deposition stresses in miniaturized electro-mechanical systems. In this paper the validity of this procedure is discussed by presenting a closed form solution for a bilayer subject to nonuniform intrinsic straining, and comparing the exact stress-curvature relations with the oft-used formulae of Stoney and Brenner-Senderoff.
The Real Yen Exchange Rate and Japanese Productivity Growth

This study investigates the time-series properties of five real yen exchange rates by testing for stationarity in the context of a single structural shift. It finds that all but one of the series are stationary in conjunction with a trend- or mean-break in the late 1950s or early 1970s. By comparison, most real rates for five other industrialized countries are stationary around a constant mean. These findings suggest that the behavior of the real yen exchange rate is unique among the six currencies in the sample, a difference that may originate in the exceptional productivity performance of the Japanese traded-goods sector.
A versatile synthesis of substituted isoquinolines.

A new and versatile synthesis of substituted isoquinolines: lithiated o-tolualdehyde tert-butylimines are shown to condense with nitriles to form eneamido anion intermediates that can be trapped in situ with various electrophiles, affording a diverse array of highly substituted isoquinolines, many of which are difficult to access by known methods. Further substitutional diversification can be achieved by modification of the work-up conditions and by subsequent transformations. This method should be useful for the preparation of biological active isoquinolines, such as analogs of the isoquinoline-containing natural product cortistatin A.
Cloud Computing in India

Cloud computing is still in its infancy in India, but as economic and institutional factors improve, it could greatly accelerate India's digitization and transform how cell phones are used. If industry and the government can develop products that meet local needs and address issues such as low bandwidth and security concerns, the cloud might serve as an important catalyst in driving economic and social progress and development in India.
Remediation of possible leakage from geologic CO2 storage reservoirs into groundwater aquifers

Abstract Maintaining the long term storage of CO 2 is an important requirement for a large scale geologic CO 2 storage project. Nevertheless, the possibility remains that the CO 2 will leak out of the formation into overlying groundwater aquifers. A site specific remediation plan is also important during the site selection process and necessary before storage begins. Due to the importance of protecting drinking water resources, this study analyzes the optimal remediation scenario for various leakage conditions. The three objectives for remediation considered here are removing any mobile CO 2 , reducing the quantity of CO 2 in the reservoir, and reducing the aqueous phase concentration of CO 2 . The first part of our research was to determine the processes that control the size and shape of the leakage plume in the groundwater aquifer. We used the multiphase flow simulator TOUGH2 with CO 2 leakage from a point source to analyze the plume at various leakage rates. We next determined that during remediation the important physical processes include capillary trapping as a result of hysteresis in the relative permeability curves, dissolution, and buoyancy induced flow. We compared the effectiveness of using vertical and horizontal extraction wells to remove the CO 2 . We next examined injecting water to dissolve the gaseous CO 2 and reduce the overall concentration and increase capillary trapping. Finally, we analyzed the combination of water injection and extraction with multiple wells to determine the optimal spacing and flow rate. Based on the simulations analyzed for this study, multiple conclusions can be made on the effectiveness of various remediation scenarios. With one vertical extraction well the optimal scenario for the larger leakage cases is a multistep extraction process that removes mobile CO 2 from the areas with high gas saturation first. A horizontal extraction well in the middle of the aquifer is much more efficient than vertical wells at removing CO 2 . Water injection is effective at quickly reducing the mobile phase CO 2 with tradeoffs between injection rate and increases in pressure. The most effective scenario over a longer time period includes injection for a short time followed by extraction from four vertical wells. To reduce the CO 2 most rapidly, four injector wells with high flow rates and one extraction well is the most effective for the large leakage cases.
Synthesis, structure, and bonding of BaTl3: An unusual competition between cluster and classical bonding in the thallium layers

The new BaTl 3 compound has been synthesized and characterized by physical property measurements and electronic structure calculations. Its structure (Cmcm) is a new intermediate in the Ni 3 Sn family (P6 3 /mmc), and consists of thallium layers formed from two-center bond formation between the parallel chains of face-sharing octahedral clusters. The valence electron concentration (VEC) of the thallium layers is consistent with their two-dimensional nature, in comparison with those in other AX 3 -type compounds with one- or three-dimensional anionic networks with the same building blocks and different VECs. The unique geometric features of the anionic thallium layers bring on an unusual competition between inter- and intracluster bonds. Detailed studies of the energetics of BaTl 3 reveal for the first time the important role of cation-anion interactions in the bonding competition in such an anionic substructure.
Transfer Effect in National Price Levels

A model of national price levels is developed to lay bare implicit assumptions behind the conventional view on the effect of productivity differentials and net foreign assets. The effect of productivity on national price levels is determined by the interaction of several countervailing channels, implying that the net effect can go in either direction for reasonable parameter values. By comparison, net foreign assets have a more robust effect on national price levels than productivity differentials. Basic theoretical implications are confirmed by the price level data of OECD countries.
Determination of glycyrrhetinic acid in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for measuring 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) in human plasma in the range of 0.1-3 micrograms/ml. The acetate ester of GRA is added to the plasma as an internal standard, plasma proteins are denatured with urea to release GRA, and the GRA and the internal standard are extracted in an ion-pairing solid-phase extraction process. An isocratic, reversed-phase HPLC separation is used, followed by ultraviolet absorbance detection at 248 nm. The results from the analysis of five GRA-fortified plasma pools show a mean relative standard deviation of 7% and are accurate to within 10%. With evaporative concentration of the extract, the limit of detection for GRA in plasma is approximately 10 ng/ml.
Combining Micro and Macro Data in Microeconometric Models

or panel samples to improve accuracy of estimation. In this paper we show how to do this efficiently. We show that the gains from use of marginal information can be substantial. We also discuss how to test the compatibility of sample and marginal information.
Total Synthesis of (−)-Stemospironine

A stereocontrolled total synthesis of the polycyclic Stemona alkaloid, (−)-stemospironine (1) has been achieved. Key transformations include the use of a Staudinger reaction leading to the aza-Wittig ring closure of the perhydroazepine system. Formation of the vicinal pyrrolidine butyrolactone is described via the stereoselective intramolecular capture of an intermediate aziridinium salt.
Three-dimensional turbulent boundary-layer development on a fan rotor blade

This paper is concerned with an experimental study undertaken to measure the boundary-layer growth on a fan rotor blade. The measurements were carried out at various chordwise and radial locations on both surfaces of the blade using a miniature "X" configuration hot-wire probe. The streamwise and radial velocity profiles are interpreted and correlated. The validity of conventional velocity profiles, such as the "law of the wall" for the streamwise profile and the hodograph plot for the cross-flow profile are examined. The measured values of boundary-layer growth properties are compared with the predictions based on a momentum-integral technique. H i
Mouse and rat genotype choices

There are advantages and disadvantages to all animal models for aging research. Investigators need to understand these issues, as well as the nature of each relevant model, to choose the best model for their research. There is no, "best" or "worst" model for aging research. Five genetically defined rodent models of potential utility in aging research are: (1) inbred strains and F1 hybrid mice and rats, (2) single gene mutations and other single locus effects, (3) congenic lines, (4) recombinant Inbred (RI) strains, and (5) genetically selected strains and stocks. Animals of each of these types are available for research, but only inbred and F1 hybrid mice and rats are commercially available as aged animals. A genetic understanding of the need for careful genetic definition and for the best available barrier-breeding facilities has improved the quality of aging research significantly in the last one decades.
Giving up the ghost

The Pais?Uhlenbeck model is a quantum theory described by a higher-derivative field equation. It has been believed for many years that this model possesses ghost states (quantum states of negative norm) and therefore that this model is a physically unacceptable quantum theory. The existence of such ghost states was believed to be attributable to the field equation having more than two derivatives. This paper shows that the Pais?Uhlenbeck model does not possess any ghost states at all and that it is a perfectly acceptable quantum theory. The supposed ghost states in this model arise if the Hamiltonian of the model is (incorrectly) treated as being Dirac Hermitian (invariant under combined matrix transposition and complex conjugation). However, the Hamiltonian is not Dirac Hermitian, but rather it is symmetric. When it is quantized correctly according to the rules of quantum mechanics, the energy spectrum is real and bounded below and all of the quantum states have positive norm.
The Meaning of Recovery from Co-Occurring Disorder: Views from Consumers and Staff Members Living and Working in Housing First Programming.

The current study seeks to understand the concept of recovery from the perspectives of consumers and staff living and working in a supportive housing model designed to serve those with co-occurring disorder. Interview and focus group data were collected from consumers and staff from four housing programs. Data analyzed using an approach that combined case study and grounded theory methodologies demonstrate that: consumers’ and staff members’ views of recovery were highly compatible and resistant to abstinence-based definitions of recovery; recovery is personal; stability is a foundation for recovery; recovery is a process; and the recovery process is not linear. These themes are more consistent with mental health-focused conceptions of recovery than those traditionally used within the substance abuse field, and they help demonstrate how recovery can be influenced by the organization of services in which consumers are embedded.
Temporal sequence learning and data reduction for anomaly detection

The anomaly-detection problem can be formulated as one of learning to characterize the behaviors of an individual, system, or network in terms of temporal sequences of discrete data. We present an approach on the basis of instance-based learning (IBL) techniques. To cast the anomaly-detection task in an IBL framework, we employ an approach that transforms temporal sequences of discrete, unordered observations into a metric space via a similarity measure that encodes intra-attribute dependencies. Classification boundaries are selected from an a posteriori characterization of valid user behaviors, coupled with a domain heuristic. An empirical evaluation of the approach on user command data demonstrates that we can accurately differentiate the profiled user from alternative users when the available features encode sufficient information. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the system detects anomalous conditions quickly — an important quality for reducing potential damage by a malicious user. We present several techniques for reducing data storage requirements of the user profile, including instance-selection methods and clustering. As empirical evaluation shows that a new greedy clustering algorithm reduces the size of the user model by 70%, with only a small loss in accuracy.
Religion and Youth Support for the European Union

Religion is an important influence on adult attitudes toward European integration, as devout Catholics strongly support integration, while committed Protestants are less enthusiastic. Here we consider whether this relationship holds for reputedly secularized European youth. Using Eurobarometer 47.2OVR , we show that devout Catholic and Orthodox youth do in fact support the European Union, as do committed Protestants, and generically religious youths, but at lower levels. Atheists and agnostics are more critical of the EU. High levels of social capital and pro-immigration sentiments also predict euro-enthusiasm. We conclude by analysing the variation in youth attitudes across Member States.
Flow separation inside a supersonic nozzle exhausting into a subsonic compressible crossflow

Surface pressure data have been acquired along the nozzle wall and surrounding the exit plane for an axisymmetric supersonic jet exhausting transversely from a flat plate into a subsonic compressible crossflow. These measurements have shown that the backpressure is sufficient to instigate nozzle flow separation under flowfield conditions that may be found in flight. The separation line has been found to be axially asymmetric, which results from the angular variation in the backpressure on the nozzle generated by the jet's interaction with the freestream. As either the jet-to-freestream momentum ratio or the crossflow freestream Mach number is independently reduced, the size of the separated flow region becomes larger because the backpressure on the nozzle is increased relative to the jet stagnation pressure. Schlieren imaging is consistent with these observations and provides further elucidation of the resulting jet shock wave structure. Comparison of the data to correlations derived from freejet separation data is possible by employment of these predictions in a piecewise fashion around the perimeter of the nozzle.
Metabolic Complications of Urinary Diversions: An Overview

Patients with urinary diversions present unique challenges to internists who have an important role in their long-term management. Advances in surgical techniques over the past 30 years have given rise to a number of urinary diversion procedures that use various intestinal segments. In its normal function, the intestine absorbs water and solutes. When placed in contact with the urinary stream, the intestine can create numerous metabolic abnormalities. These include bone disease, hepatobiliary disease, infection, malignancy, neurologic complications, nutritional deficiencies, and a number of electrolyte and acid-base disorders. An overview of these metabolic abnormalities and their causes is provided, as well as recommendations for screening and management of patients.
Comment: Microarrays, Empirical Bayes and the Two-Groups Model

Abstract. Brad Efron’s paper has inspired a return to the ideas be-hind Bayes, frequency and empirical Bayes. The latter preferably wouldnot be limited to exchangeable models for the data and hyperparam-eters. Parallels are revealed between microarray analyses and proﬁlingof hospitals, with advances suggesting more decision modeling for geneidentiﬁcation also. Then good multilevel and empirical Bayes modelsfor random eﬀects should be sought when regression toward the meanis anticipated. Key words and phrases: Bayes, frequency, interval estimation, ex-changeable, general model, random eﬀects.1. FREQUENCY, BAYES, EMPIRICAL BAYESAND A GENERAL MODELBrad Efron’s two-groups approach and the empir-ical null (“null” refers to a distribution, not to ahypothesis) extension of his local fdr addresses test-ing many hypotheses simultaneously, with model-ing enabled by the repeated presence of many simi-lar problems. He assumes two-level models for ran-dom eﬀects, developing theory by drawing on andcombining ideas from frequency, Bayesian and em-pirical Bayesian perspectives. The last half-centuryin statistics has seen exciting developments frommany perspectives for simultaneous estimation ofrandom eﬀects, but there has been little explicit par-allel work on the complementary problem of hypoth-esis testing. That changes in Brad’s paper,especiallyfor testing many hypotheses when exchangeabilityrestrictions are plausible.“Empirical Bayes” is in the paper’s title, said inSection 3 to be a “bipolar” methodology that draws
The Federal Computing Machine Program

In an article published in "Science" (Vol. 112, pp. 731-736, December 22, 1950), adapted from a talk given at a meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery in Washington on September 8, 1950, the author gives a brief account of some of the computing machines, both analog and digital, that were in operation on government problems or under construction for government agencies in 1950, and speculates on the direction of future developments.
Magnetization dynamics, throughput and energy dissipation in a universal multiferroic nanomagnetic logic gate with fan-in and fan-out.

The switching dynamics of a multiferroic nanomagnetic NAND gate with fan-in/fan-out is simulated by solving the Landau?Lifshitz?Gilbert (LLG) equation while neglecting thermal fluctuation effects. The gate and logic wires are implemented with dipole-coupled two-phase (magnetostrictive/piezoelectric) multiferroic elements that are clocked with electrostatic potentials of ?50?mV applied to the piezoelectric layer generating 10.1?MPa stress in the magnetostrictive layers for switching. We show that a pipeline bit throughput rate of ?0.5?GHz is achievable with proper magnet layout and sinusoidal four-phase clocking. The gate operation is completed in 2?ns with a latency of 4?ns. The total (internal?+?external) energy dissipated for a single gate operation at this throughput rate is found to be only ?500?kT in the gate and ?1250?kT in the 12-magnet array comprising two input and two output wires for fan-in and fan-out. This makes it respectively three and five orders of magnitude more energy-efficient than complementary-metal?oxide?semiconductor-transistor (CMOS)-based and spin-transfer-torque-driven nanomagnet-based NAND gates. Finally, we show that the dissipation in the external clocking circuit can always be reduced asymptotically to zero using increasingly slow adiabatic clocking, such as by designing the RC time constant to be three orders of magnitude smaller than the clocking period. However, the internal dissipation in the device must remain and cannot be eliminated if we want to perform fault-tolerant classical computing.
Design and evaluation of real-time communication for FieldBus-based manufacturing systems

It is well known that the ability to support predictable interprocess communication is of great significance to computer-integrated manufacturing and process control systems. In this paper, we propose a strategy for an industrial standard, the SP-50 FieldBus, to support both intracell and intercell real-time communications. We first describe our strategy in detail and show that it is compatible with the current FieldBus draft standard. Under our strategy, the capacity of each link is divided into two parts, The first part is managed by the local link active scheduler for intracell (intralink) communication. The second part is managed by a proposed global network manager for intercell (interlink) communication. By dividing the link capacity in this way, our strategy allows for fast local intracell connection establishment, while supporting global intercell connections. Using two examples, one for typical manufacturing systems and the other for multimedia networking, we also demonstrate the power and utility of the proposed strategy as compared to token-passing protocols.
Impact estimates for static spatial panel data models in R

In the present note we demonstrate how to implement the Lee and Yu (J Econom 154:165–185, 2010) procedure for fixed effects spatial panel data models available from the R (R Development Core Team, http://www.R-project.org/, 2012) package splm (Millo and Piras, J Stat Soft 47(1):1–38, 2012). Additionally, we also show how to compute the impact estimates (Kelejian et al. Open Econ Rev 17(4–5):423–441, 2006; LeSage and Pace, Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2009). Unlike Matlab (MATLAB version 7.13, 2011), there was no R function specific to static panel data models for the calculation of the impact measures. After receiving numerous requests from the users of splm, we decided to extend the cross sectional functions available from spdep (Bivand, R package version 0.5-56, 2013) to spatial panel data models.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions on Partial Orders for Modeling Concurrent Computations

Partial orders are used extensively for modeling and analyzing concurrent computations. In this paper, we define two properties of partially ordered sets: width-extensibility and interleaving-consistency, and show that a partial order can be a valid state based model: (1) of some synchronous concurrent computation iff it is width-extensible, and (2) of some asynchronous concurrent computation iff it is width-extensible and interleaving-consistent. We also show a duality between the event based and state based models of concurrent computations, and give algorithms to convert models between the two domains. When applied to the problem of checkpointing, our theory leads to a better understanding of some existing results and algorithms in the field. It also leads to efficient detection algorithms for predicates whose evaluation requires knowledge of states from all the processes in the system.
Wyner-Ziv video compression using rateless LDPC codes

In this paper we consider Wyner-Ziv video compression using rateless LDPC codes. It is shown that the advantages of using rateless LDPC codes in Wyner-Ziv video compression, in comparison to using traditional fixed-rate LDPC codes, are at least threefold: 1) it significantly reduces the storage complexity; 2) it allows seamless integration with mode selection; and 3) it greatly improves the overall system's performance. Experimental results on the standard CIF-sized sequence mobile_and_calendar show that by combining rateless LDPC coding with simple skip mode selection, one can build a Wyner-Ziv video compression system that is, at rate 0.2 bits per pixel, about 2.25dB away from the standard JM software implementation of the H.264 main profile, more than 8.5dB better than H.264 Intra where all frames are H.264 coded intrapredicted frames, and about 2.3dB better than the same Wyner-Ziv system using fixed-rate LDPC coding. In terms of encoding complexity, the Wyner-Ziv video compression system is two orders of magnitude less complex than the JM implementation of the H.264 main profile.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Colloidal Metal Nanocatalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications

Metal nanoparticles are key materials in heterogeneous catalysis due to their high catalytic activity and selectivity to the desired product. Accordingly, they are playing a pivotal role in most heterogeneous catalytic reactions that are steeply growing with the development of a colloidal synthetic protocol that enables fine control of size, shape, morphology and composition of metal nanoparticles at an atomic level. These colloidal metal nanoparticles can be dispersed on a rigid support such as mesoporous silica, metal oxide and zeolite, which utilizes metal nanoparticles as model heterogeneous catalysts in industrially important processes involving hydrogenation/dehydrogenation, isomerization and cracking. In this review article, we highlight the recent progress on general colloidal synthetic routes with technological advances in characterization tools that enable the atomic-scale observation of metal nanoparticles. Structure-dependent contributions on the control of product selectivity and turnover rate are also discussed by combining advanced ex situ and in situ surface characterization tools that can monitor the structural change of metal nanocatalysts as well as the evolution of reaction intermediates under the reaction conditions.
STRONG COUPLING THEORY OF IMPURE SUPERCONDUCTORS: REAL SPACE FORMALISM

In the electron–phonon model, the influence of nonmagnetic impurities on the transition temperature of superconductors is revisited. Anderson’s pairing condition between time-reversed eigenstate pairs is derived from the physical constraint of the Anomalous Green’s function. After this pairing condition is incorporated into the self-consistency equation, one may find that the phonon-mediated interaction decreases exponentially by localization.
INFRARED PROPERTIES OF CLOSE PAIRS OF GALAXIES

We discuss spectroscopy and IR photometry for a complete sample of ~800 galaxies in close pairs objectively selected from the second Center for Astrophysics redshift survey. We use the Two Micron All Sky Survey to compare near-IR color-color diagrams for our sample with the Nearby Field Galaxy Sample and with a set of IRAS flux-limited pairs from Surace and coworkers. We construct a basic statistical model to explore the physical sources of the substantial differences among these samples. The model explains the spread of near-IR colors and is consistent with a picture in which central star formation is triggered by the galaxy-galaxy interaction before a merger occurs. For 160 galaxies we report new, deep JHK photometry within our spectroscopic aperture, and we use the combined spectroscopic and photometric data to explore the physical conditions in the central bursts. We find a set of objects with H - K ≥ 0.45 and with a large F_(FIR)/F_H. We interpret the very red H - K colors as evidence for 600-1000 K dust within compact star-forming regions, perhaps similar to super star clusters identified in individual well-studied interacting galaxies. The galaxies in our sample are candidate "hidden" bursts or, possibly, "hidden" active galactic nuclei. Over the entire pair sample, both spectroscopic and photometric data show that the specific star formation rate decreases with the projected separation of the pair. The data suggest that the near-IR color-color diagram is also a function of the projected separation; all of the objects with central near-IR colors indicative of bursts of star formation lie at small projected separation.
Strong/weak coupling duality relations for non-supersymmetric string theories

Both the supersymmetric SO(32) and E8 × E8 heterotic strings in ten dimensions have known strong-coupling duals. However, it has not been known whether there also exist strong-coupling duals for the non-supersymmetric heterotic strings in ten dimensions. In this paper, we construct explicit open-string duals for the circle compactifications of several of these non-supersymmetric theories, among them the tachyon-free SO(16) × SO(16) string. Our method involves the construction of heterotic and open-string interpolating models that continuously connect non-supersymmetric strings to supersymmetric strings. We find that our non-supersymmetric dual theories have exactly the same massless spectra as their heterotic counterparts within a certain range of our interpolations. We also develop a novel method for analyzing the solitons of non-supersymmetric open-string theories, and find that the solitons of our dual theories also agree with their heterotic counterparts. These are therefore the first known examples of strong/weak coupling duality relations between non-supersymmetric, tachyon-free string theories. Finally, the existence of these strong-coupling duals allows us to examine the non-perturbative stability of these strings, and we propose a phase diagram for the behavior of these strings as a function of coupling and radius.
A higher-order genus invariant and knot Floer homology

It is known that knot Floer homology detects the genus and Alexander polynomial of a knot. We investigate whether knot Floer homology of $K$ detects more structure of minimal genus Seifert surfaces for $K$. We define an invariant of algebraically slice, genus one knots and provide examples to show that knot Floer homology does not detect this invariant. Finally, we remark that certain metabelian $L^2$-signatures bound this invariant from below.
The Domestication of Animals

AbstractOver the past 11,000 years humans have brought a wide variety of animals under domestication. Domestic animals belong to all Linnaean animal classes—mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, and even, arguably, bacteria. Raised for food, secondary products, labor, and companionship, domestic animals have become intricately woven into human economy, society, and religion. Animal domestication is an on-going process, as humans, with increasingly sophisticated technology for breeding and rearing animals in captivity, continue to bring more and more species under their control. Understanding the process of animal domestication and its reciprocal impacts on humans and animal domesticates requires a multidisciplinary approach. This paper brings together recent research in archaeology, genetics, and animal sciences in a discussion of the process of domestication, its impact on animal domesticates, and the various pathways humans and their animal partners have followed into domestication.
Mapping the Recent Star Formation History of the Disk of M51

Using data acquired as part of a unique Hubble Heritage imaging program of broadband colors of the interacting spiral system M51/NGC 5195, we have conducted a photometric study of the stellar associations across the entire disk of the galaxy in order to assess trends in size, luminosity, and local environment associated with the recent star formation (SF) activity in the system. Starting with a sample of over 900 potential associations, we have produced color-magnitude and color-color diagrams for the 120 associations that were deemed to be single-aged. It has been found that main-sequence (MS) turnoffs are not evident for the vast majority of the stellar associations in our set, potentially due to the overlap of isochronal tracks at the high mass end of the MS, and the limited depth of our images at the distance of M51. In order to obtain ages for more of our sample, we produced model spectral energy distributions (SEDs) to fit to the data from the GALEXEV simple stellar population models of Bruzual & Charlot. These SEDs can be used to determine age, size, mass, metallicity, and dust content of each association via a simple χ2 minimization to each association's B-, V-, and I-band fluxes. The derived association properties are mapped as a function of location, and recent trends in SF history of the galaxy are explored in light of these results. This work is the first phase in a program that will compare these stellar systems with their environments using ultraviolet data from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer and infrared data from Spitzer, and ultimately we plan to apply the same stellar population mapping methodology to other nearby face-on spiral galaxies.
Organocatalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Cyclic Enones

The first enantioselective organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation of cyclic enones has been accomplished. The use of iminium catalysis has provided a new organocatalytic strategy for the enantioselective reduction of β,β-substituted α,β-unsaturated cycloalkenones, to generate β-stereogenic cyclic ketones. The use of imidazolidinone 4 as the asymmetric catalyst has been found to mediate the hydrogenation of a large class of enone substrates with tert-butyl Hantzsch ester serving as an inexpensive source of hydrogen. The capacity of catalyst 4 to enable enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of cycloalkenones has been extended to five-, six-, and seven-membered ring systems. The sense of asymmetric induction is in complete accord with the stereochemical model first reported in conjunction with the use of catalyst 4 for enantioselective ketone Diels−Alder reactions.