cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On aggregate control of clustered consensus networks

In this paper we address the problem of controlling the slow-time-scale dynamics of clustered consensus networks. Using time-scale separation arising from clustering, we first decompose the actual network model into an approximate model, and define the controller at every node as the sum of two independent state-feedback controls, one for the fast dynamics and another for the slow. We show that the slow controller is identical for every node belonging to the same cluster, indicating that only a single aggregate slow controller needs to be designed per area. This reduces the computational complexity of the design significantly. Applying results from singular perturbation theory, we show that when these individual controllers are implemented on the actual network, the closed-loop response is close to that obtained from the approximate models, provided that the clustering is strong. The design procedure is demonstrated by a simulation example.
CO in high redshift galaxies.

Study of molecular gas in distant galaxies during the last twenty years has followed the steady progress in mm wave receiver sensitivity. In 1975, CO was detected in M 82, NGC 253, and several other galaxies with redshifts of a few hundred kms−1 (Rickard et al. 1975; Solomon & de Zafra 1975). Over the next fifteen years, the CO detection horizon increased steadily, reaching z ≈ 0.22 by 1990 (Downes et al. 1991). The discovery that the large population of infrared luminous galaxies detected by IRAS are very gas rich (e.g., Sanders, Scoville, & Soifer 1991) was especially significant. In the last few years, CO has been detected in two high redshift objects, IRAS FSC 10214+4724 at z = 2.3 (Brown & Vanden Bout 1992b) and the Cloverleaf quasar (H1413+117) at z = 2.6 (Barvainis et al. 1994; Barvainis 1996). These objects offer glimpses of galaxies’ properties when the Universe was only about 15% of its present age. The presence and conditions of molecular gas in galaxies at such an early epoch are clues to understanding galaxy formation and evolution in the early Universe.
Persuasion and dynamic communication

A speaker attempts to persuade a listener to accept a request by presenting evidence. A persuasion rule specifies what evidence is persuasive. This paper compares static and dynamic rules. We present a single linear program (i) whose solution corresponds to the listener’s optimal dynamic rule and (ii) whose solution with additional integer constraints corresponds to the optimal static rule. We present a condition—foresight —under which the optimal persuasion problem reduces to the classical maximum flow problem. This has various qualitative consequences, including the coincidence of optimal dynamic and static persuasion rules, elimination of the need for randomization, and symmetry of optimal static rules.
Monitoring Laser Heating of Materials with photothermal Deflection Techniques

Numerical and experimental work is presented to show the effects on the shape, magnitude, and phase of a photothermal deflection (PTD) signal due to changes in the thermophysical properties of the target and deflecting medium, and the distance of the probe beam from the surface. The PTD signals show qualitative agreement with the temperature gradient normal to the surface, calculated with a numerical model. The results also show that a maximum in time-response profile of the PTD signal occurs in certain instances due to asymmetric changes in the temperature field over time. The effect of a changing temperature field on the PTD signal may be used to detect the onset of phase change in a target.
Potency and stability of frozen urokinase solutions in syringes

PURPOSE: The stability and potency of frozen urokinase solutions in syringes were studied. METHODS: To determine the stability and potency of compounded urokinase dilutions after multiple freeze-thaw cycles, a total of 160 syringes containing five urokinase concentrations (2,500, 5,000, 7,500, 12,500, and 25,000 IU/mL) were prepared. For each of the five concentrations tested, two syringes per concentration were reserved for baseline testing. The remaining 150 syringes were frozen at -30 degrees C. After 7 days, half of the syringes (group 1) were thawed at room temperature, tested, and left at room temperature for 12 hours before refreezing. The other half of the syringes (group 2) were kept frozen for 30 days. Thirty days after initial compounding, all syringes were thawed, and the samples' urokinase potency, pH, and physical appearance were evaluated. Syringes were visually inspected for color, clarity, and precipitation. Descriptive statistics were computed for each concentration group and testing day. RESULTS: The compounded dilutions were stable under each experimental condition, with no physical deterioration or loss of in vitro potency after two freeze-thaw cycles. The reduced waste associated with the ability to refreeze unused urokinase could substantially lower the cost of procedures such as thrombolysis after intraventricular hemorrhage and catheter clearance by as much as 95%. CONCLUSION: Dilutions of urokinase 2,500-25,000 IU/mL were stable in single-use syringes after being frozen for 7 days, thawed, and refrozen for another 23 days.
Complex conjugate poles and parton distributions

We calculate parton and generalized parton distributions in Minkowski space using a scalar propagator with a pair of complex conjugate poles. Correct spectral and support properties are obtained only after careful analytic continuation from Euclidean space. Alternately the quark distribution function can be calculated from modified cutting rules, which put the intermediate state on its complex mass shells. Distribution functions agree with those resulting from the model's Euclidean space double distribution which we calculate via non-diagonal matrix elements of twist-two operators. Thus one can use a wide class of analytic parameterizations of the quark propagator to connect Euclidean space Green functions to light-cone dominated amplitudes.
Islam, Charity, and Activism: Middle-Class Networks and Social Welfare in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen; Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World; and Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach

Islam, Charity, and Activism: Middle-Class Networks and Social Welfare in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen. By Janine A. Clark. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. 256p. 23.95 paper.Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World. By Mohammed M. Hafez. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. 240p. 25.00 paper.Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Edited by Quintan Wiktorowicz. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. 320p. 24.95 paper.It is a pleasure to read three well-researched books that use a social movement approach to explain contemporary Islamic activism. A combination of rigorous fieldwork and focused use of theory offers an alternative viewing lens for a host of issues involving social work, women's activism, use of violence, recruitment strategies, protest movements, political participation, and economic reforms.
Transport Properties of Ni and PbTe Under Pressure

The high-pressure transport properties have been determined for nickel and PbTe. Nickel shows a reduction in electrical resistivity, an increase in thermal conductivity, and a variable effect on the Seebeck coefficient with pressure. In PbTe, a dramatic decrease in resistivity and a slow increase in thermal conductivity have been observed with increasing pressure. The three transport properties in PbTe are affected by a pressure-induced structural phase transition. The measurements show that the high-pressure phase is likely a more effective thermoelectric material than the ambient-pressure phase.
Modulation of single slow (L-type) calcium channels by intracellular ATP in vascular smooth muscle cells

Involvement of ATP in the regulation of slow (L-type) Ca2+ channels of vascular smooth muscle cells was investigated by recording single Ca2+ channel currents (single-channel conductance of 18 pS) using a patch clamp technique. In the cell-attached configuration, intracellular composition was modified by permeabilizing the cell membrane with mechanical disruption at one end of the cell. Single cells were freshly isolated from guinea-pig portal vein by collagenase treatment. For the channel recordings, the pipette solution contained 100 mM Ba2+ and the bath contained K+-rich solution (with 5 mM EGTA) to depolarize the membrane to near 0 mV. The channel activity decreased usually within 3 min after permeabilizing the cell end and exposure to ATP-free bath solution. If ATP (1–5 mM) was applied to the bath (access to cell interior) before complete disappearance of channel activity, channel activity was partially recovered. ATP did not change the current amplitude (i) or the mean open time of the channels, whereas the number of channels available for opening and/or the probability of their being open (NP o) were increased by ATP. A non-hydrolyzable analogue of ATP, AMP-PNP, did not exert an ATP-like effect; ATP-γ-S had a weak effect. With 1 μM Bay-K-8644 (Ca2+ channel agonist) in the pipette, the activity of the Ca2+ channel was high; such activity persisted for more than 10 min after permeabilizing the cell and exposting to ATP-free solution containing KCN (1 mM) and 2-deoxy-d-glucose (10 mM). These results indicate that activation of slow Ca2+ channels requires ATP. The effect of ATP may be exerted by phosphorylation and/or an energy-requiring step. Bay-K-8644 may change the nature of the slow Ca2+ channel, making it resistant to rundown.
Stanley Keith Runcorn (1922–1995)

The life of Keith Runcorn came to an end when he was murdered by an unknown assailant on December 5, 1995, in his hotel room in San Diego. His many friends sorely missed his presence at the AGU Fall meeting, and his death is difficult to accept. Over the last 45 years Keith Runcorn was an important and influential member of the geophysical community who made important contributions to debates related to geomagnetism, paleomagnetism, continental drift, the evolution of planetary interiors, lunar magnetism, the changing length of the day, Earth currents, and the excitation of the Chandler wobble. Runcorn actively pursued research in all of these fields, and some of his ideas were often controversial. It would be fair to say that he never avoided controversy; in fact, he enjoyed it.
Computer science principles: necessary for ALL students' success (abstract only)

Computing pervades students' academic and personal lives. Increasingly the core concepts of computational thinking are required for success in other fields. Should CS Principles become a general education requirement for all freshmen? This BOF will provide a platform for the discussion of whether or not the various courses taught as CS-0, Introduction to CS, or CS Principles have clearly defined a set of core competencies that should be required of all undergraduates. Do the national initiatives around computational thinking and CS 10K herald consensus or controversy around those core competencies? Discussion will include a look at one course that has been adopted as a general education requirement; its core concepts, textbooks and documented learning outcomes; and the institutional rationale for its acceptance as a general education requirement-filling course.Related to this question is a proposed new CS Principles AP exam that is currently in development. The BoF will describe how the course above relates to the CS Principles AP Exam and the core competencies described through the CS Principles project. Discussion leaders will describe the value of the CS Principles AP initiative in gaining political and administrative support for introducing the course into high schools. They will share some initial data illustrating the wide variety of challenges encountered while introducing the same course as a pre-AP course into regional high schools.
Heat Flux Analysis of a Reacting Thermite Spray Impingent on a Substrate

Spray combustion from a thermite reaction is a new area of research relevant to localized energy generation applications, such as welding or cutting. In this study, we characterized the heat flux of combustion spray impinging on a target from a nozzle for three thermite mixtures. The reactions studied include aluminum (Al) with iron oxide (Fe2O3), Al with copper oxide (CuO), and Al with molybdenum oxide (MoO3). Several standoff distances (i.e., distance from the nozzle exit to the target) were analyzed. A fast response heat flux sensor was engineered for this purpose and is discussed in detail. Results correlated substrate damage to a threshold heat flux of 4550 W/cm2 for a fixed-nozzle configuration. Also, higher gas-generating thermites were shown to produce a widely dispersed spray and be less effective at imparting kinetic energy damage to a target. These results provide an understanding of the role of thermal and physical properties (i.e., such as heat of combustion, gas generation, and particle size...
Assessing atrazine persistence in soil following a severe drought.

Much of the corn production region in the US, including Michigan, experienced a severe drought during the 1988 growing season. The very little rainfall coupled with temperatures above normal created extremely dry soil conditions during the period when soil moisture is usually adequate in Michigan raised concern about herbicide carryover. Atrazine (2-chloro-40(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine) is the most widely used herbicide with potential to persist in sufficient quantity to injure sensitive rotational crops. Atrazine is degraded in soil by both chemical hydrolysis and microbial breakdown with these processes occurring much more rapidly under conditions of adequate soil moisture and relatively warm temperature. It is generally accepted that the risk of atrazine carryover is greater following a year of low rainfall, since microbial activity is favored by adequate soil moisture. The 1988 drought created a critical need for an assessment of atrazine concentration in soil to advise producers on crop management options related to atrazine sensitive crops. The objectives of this study were to assess: (1) atrazine residue levels in Michigan soils following the 1988 drought, and (2) the suitability of the immunoassay technique over a wide variety of soils.
A Comparison of Artificial Viscosity, Limiters, and Filters, for High Order Discontinuous Galerkin Solutions in Nonlinear Settings

Nonlinear systems of equations demonstrate complicated regularity features that are often obfuscated by overly diffuse numerical methods. Using a discontinuous Galerkin finite element method, we study a nonlinear system of advection---diffusion---reaction equations and aspects of its regularity. For numerical regularization, we present a family of solutions consisting of: (1) a sharp, computationally efficient slope limiter, known as the BDS limiter, (2) a standard spectral filter, and (3) a novel artificial diffusion algorithm with a solution-dependent entropy sensor. We analyze these three numerical regularization methods on a classical test in order to test the strengths and weaknesses of each, and then benchmark the methods against a large application model.
Consumer Attitudes and Shopping Intentions toward Pop-up Fashion Stores

Abstract Pop-up retail refers to the practice of opening a transitory, short-term, and often unannounced retail sales space. Such a space may be set up in a movable container or in an existing structure to offer consumers experiential shopping and face-to-face interaction with brand representatives. The retail industry has rapidly embraced pop-up retail as a feasible distribution channel for reaching consumers, launching new products, and testing niche markets. Pop-up stores may also be operated as promotional events; the purpose of which is to increase brand awareness rather than to make sales. Researchers have compared consumer behavior in the context of such varied retail outlets as traditional brick-and-mortar stores and online stores. However, researchers have not heretofore investigated consumer behavior associated with pop-up fashion stores, even though a wide range of retailers utilize the pop-up format. Since pop-up retail is a distinct type of retail outlet, consumers’ attitudes and shopping int...
Psychopathy and violence: Arousal, temperament, birth complications, maternal rejection, and prefrontal dysfunction

The key questions arising from Mealey's analysis are: Do environmental factors such as early maternal rejection also contribute to the emotional deficits observed in psychopaths? Are there psychophysiological protective factors for antisocial behavior that have clinical implications? Does a disinhibited temperament and low arousal predispose to primary psychopathy? Would primary or secondary psychopaths be most characterized by prefrontal dysfunction?
Effect of specific M1, M2 muscarinic receptor agonists on REM sleep generation

Specific agonists for muscarinic receptor subtypes were infused by microinjection into the medial pontine reticular formation of freely moving cats. The M2 agonists Oxotremorine-M and Cisdioxolane significantly increased REM sleep percentage. The results obtained with microinfusions of carbachol, a mixed muscarinic agonist, were similar to that obtained by the M2 agonists. The M1 agonist McN-A-343 did not elicit any change in sleep or REM sleep percentage. The generation of REM sleep by cholinergic stimulation of the medial pontine reticular formation may be mediated by the M2 muscarinic receptor subtype.
Burke and India: The Failure of the Theory of Trusteeship

Edmund Burke's involvement in Indian politics forced him to reconsider one of the central concepts of his political thought: his theory of trusteeship. During the course of the debate over India, Burke came to realize that the theory could not work there because the Indians shared few political values with their English rulers and were unable to call those rulers to account. He, therefore, revised his approach to appeal to a natural law standard and to make the English Parliament and people surrogates for the Indians. However, these devices also failed, for the former proved unenforceable and the latter was undermined by the House of Lords' acquittal of Hastings. The theory of trusteeship thus proved to be critically defective, for, without greater popular accountability than Bruke was willing to permit, it failed to provide government which was both effective and responsible.
The influence of buffers on human platelet aggregation and energy metabolism.

SummaryWashed human platelets suspended in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate and Krebs-Ringer-phosphate buffers, respectively, showed significant differences in lactate production, in 14CO2 production from pyruvate-2-14C, and in degree of aggregation by ADP. Degree of aggregation of platelets by ADP or palmitate was greater in bicarbonate than in phosphate buffer, as was production of lactate by platelets from added glucose or pyruvate. The reverse was true of 14CO2 production.The effect of exogenous ATP previously reported (2) was shown to be in large part but not completely due to addition of phosphate moiety.The effect of added palmitate previously reported (3) was shown to require inorganic phosphate for significance and to be due chiefly to competition with pyruvate in furnishing acetyl CoA to the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Use of continuous infusion of pralidoxime for treatment of organophosphate poisoning in children.

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Ewald's Second Law Re-Evaluated

Patients and experimental animals (cats) with one functioning horizontal semicircular canal were tested with precise rotatory stimuli. Nystagmus responses were quantified with EOG and a laboratory digital computer. After large-magnitude stimuli there was a statistically significant difference between the maximum slow component velocity of nystagmus induced by ampullopetal endolymph flow and that induced by ampullofugal endolymph flow in all patients and cats.
Two realizations of Schrödinger operators on Riemannian manifolds

Abstract We consider a Schrodinger differential expression P = Δ M + V on a complete Riemannian manifold ( M , g ) with metric g, where Δ M is the scalar Laplacian on M and V is a real-valued locally integrable function on M. We study two self-adjoint realizations of P in L 2 ( M ) and show their equality. This is an extension of a result of S. Agmon.
The influence of four factors on the identification of vowels from minimal temporal cues

This study tested the effect of four principle variables on the ability of listeners to identify the vowel contained in voiceless plosive‐consonant syllables when the listener was presented only with the plosive burst plus aspiration or shortened versions of these stimuli. The four variables examined were consonant, duration, listener, and talker. These were found to contribute significantly to the total variance. In addition, the interactions between consonant and duration, talker and duration, listener and consonant, and talker and consonant and duration were found to be significant. Possible sources for these effects are discussed.
Genetics of Fat Storage in Flies and Worms: What Went Wrong?

Body weight and fat storage are strongly influenced by an individual’s genetic makeup. In humans, genetic polymorphisms have been identified that have effects on body mass index (BMI) and fat content (Meyre et al., 2009; Speliotes et al., 2010; Choquet and Meyre, 2011a), and studies of monogenic rodent models of obesity have defined a variety of genes and signaling pathways that control fat storage and metabolism (Barsh and Schwartz, 2002). However, many other genes that regulate these processes undoubtedly remain to be discovered. Although forward genetic screens in the mouse have the potential to identify new obesity genes, such screens are expensive and lengthy endeavors.
Bradykinin-induced plasma exudation in guinea-pig airways: involvement of platelet activating factor.

1. We studied the effect of bradykinin on plasma exudation in the airways of the anaesthetized guinea-pig in vivo. Tissue content of extravasated Evans blue dye was used as an index of protein exudation in the larynx, trachea, main bronchi and intrapulmonary airways (i.p.a.). 2. Bradykinin increased the content of Evans blue in all tissues studied in a dose-related manner. The response was greatest in the main bronchi and i.p.a., less in the trachea and least in the larynx. A dose of 47 nmol kg-1 was the lowest tested which caused significant (P less than 0.001) plasma exudation with increases in leakage above control values of 256% in the larynx, 405% in the trachea, 394% in the main bronchi and 485% in intrapulmonary airways. 3. Leakage was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased above control values by 1 min after bradykinin (47 nmol kg-1) in the main bronchi and intrapulmonary airways and was maximal in all airways 5 min after bradykinin. Although reduced by 15 min, the tissue content of dye was still significantly (P less than 0.05) increased 2 h after bradykinin. 4. The prolonged tissue dye retention was due to a later phase of slow and maintained exudation preventing full clearance of dye after the initial response. 5. The initial phase of leakage was partially attenuated by the platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists WEB 2086 or BN 52021, by indomethacin or by inhibiting sensory nerve activation by opioid anaesthesia: it was not affected by mepyramine and cimetidine nor by the sulphidopeptide leukotriene receptor antagonists FPL 55712 or ICI 198,615. Adrenoceptor blockade of the anti-leakage effects of endogenously-released catecholamines significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced leakage. 6. The later phase of plasma leakage was completely inhibited by the PAF antagonists. 7. We conclude that, in guinea-pig airways in vivo, the initial phase of bradykinin-induced plasma exudation is mediated in part by PAF, sensory nerves and prostaglandins, whereas the later, prolonged phase of leakage is mediated exclusively by PAF. If bradykinin is generated in asthma, its potent and prolonged effects on plasma leakage may contribute significantly to airway oedema and may be involved in the development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
Practical Aspects and Considerations When Switching Between Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion and Multiple Daily Injections

Abstract Insulin pump therapy is considered the gold standard for insulin management in patients requiring full physiologic insulin replacement. Compared to traditional delivery of short- and long-acting insulin preparations by multiple daily insulin injections, delivery of insulin via continuous subcutaneous infusion brings with it several advantages, which in the past have translated into better glycemic control and treatment satisfaction. Delivery of insulin via pump reduces the number needle insertions (from four or five per day to once every 2–3 days), allows for greater flexibility of insulin delivery with regard to both the basal and prandial component, facilitates portability of the insulin preparation, and allows for more accurate dosing. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion does have some drawbacks, including a greater risk of inadvertent insulin non-delivery, greater costs of therapy, and the need to be “tethered” with some systems that might be considered “burdensome” or even undesirable t...
Microdomain size determination in Langmuir-Blodgett films of fatty acid binary mixtures

Quantitative determination of individual microdomain sizes in Langmuir-Blodgett films of fatty acid binary mixtures has been accomplished using IR spectroscopy. Calculations based on the magnitude of the CH2 and CD2 scissoring band splitting showed that the protiated fatty acid domains consists of 80 to 100 chains for a lignoceric acid and deuterated stearic acid binary mixture. The domain size decreases as the chain length difference of the components decreases. The largest domains occur when the protiated fatty acid is the major component and the chain length difference is the greatest.
Unifying features of systemic and cerebral amyloidosis

Amyloidosis is a generic term for a group of clinically and biochemically diverse diseases that are characterized by the deposition of an insoluble fibrillar protein in the extracellular space. Over 16 biochemically distinct amyloids are known. Despite this diversity, all amyloids have a particular ultrastructural and tinctorial appearance, a β-pleated sheet structure, and are codeposited with a group of amyloid-associated proteins. The most common amyloidosis is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where Aβ is the main component of the amyloid. Recently it has been found that Aβ exists as a normal soluble protein (sAβ) in biological fluids. This links AD more closely to some of the systemic amyloidoses, where the amyloid precursor is found in the circulation normally. Numerous mutations have been found in the Aβ precursor (βPP) gene, associated with familial AD. Many mutations are also found in some of the hereditary systemic amyloidoses. For example, over 40 mutations in the transthyretin (TTR) gene are associated with amyloid. However, both Aβ and TTR related amyloid deposition can occur with no mutation. The pathogenesis of amyloid is complex, and appears to be associated with genetic and environmental risk factors that can be similar in the systemic and cerebral amyloidoses.
INCIDENCE AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS IN THE COMMUNITY

We utilized physician-coded diagnoses and chart reviews to estimate the incidence of interstitial cystitis (IC) in women. A computer search of the Kaiser Permanente database was performed to identify newly coded diagnoses of IC (ICD-9 code 595.1) between May 2002 and May 2005. Chart reviews were performed and patient demographics, diagnosing physicians, and symptom characteristics were recorded. The IC incidence rate was 15 per 100,000 women per year. The mean age of the patients was 51 years (range 31–81 years). The most common presenting symptoms were frequency (70%), dysuria (52%), urgency (50%), suprapubic pain (50%), nocturia (35%), and dyspareunia (13%). Cases diagnosed by primary care physicians had a shorter median symptom duration (9 months) compared with those diagnosed by urologists (1 year) and gynecologists (3 years). IC is an uncommon diagnosis in the community setting, with an incidence rate of 15 per 100,000 women per year.
Temporal clustering of hemorrhages from untreated cavernous malformations of the central nervous system.

OBJECTIVE: Hemorrhages from cerebral cavernous malformations (CMs) sometimes seem to occur in closely spaced clusters interspersed with long hemorrhage-free intervals. Clustering of hemorrhages could affect retrospective assessments of radiosurgery efficacy in prevention of CM rehemorrhage. However, this empirical observation had not been tested quantitatively. To test whether CM hemorrhages tend to cluster, we reviewed pretreatment rebleeding rates after a first symptomatic hemorrhage in CM patients who later underwent surgery or radiosurgery. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 141 patients with CMs who presented with clinically overt hemorrhage, and who subsequently underwent surgery or proton beam radiosurgery during an 18-year period. Statistical models were used to analyze all events per person and identify potential variation in rebleeding risk with time after a previous hemorrhage. RESULTS: Sixty-three of 141 patients experienced a second hemorrhage before treatment; 16 had additional hemorrhages. Five hundred thirty-eight patient years elapsed between first hemorrhages and treatment. The cumulative incidence of a second hemorrhage after the first CM hemorrhage was 14% after 1 year and 56% after 5 years. During the first 2.5 years after a hemorrhage, the monthly rehemorrhage hazard was 2%. The risk then decreased spontaneously to less than 1 % per month, which represents a 2.4-fold decline (P < 0.001). Rehemorrhage rates were higher in younger patients (P < 0.01), but not in females or in patients with deep lesions. Shorter intervals between successive hemorrhages did not predict higher subsequent rehemorrhage risk. CONCLUSION: The rehemorrhage rate from untreated CMs is high initially, and it decreases 2 to 3 years after a previous hemorrhage. This hazard pattern generates the observed temporal clustering of hemorrhages from untreated CMs.
Acute bucket-handle tear of the medial meniscus in a golfer

Abstract This is the first case report of an acute bucket-handle tear in an amateur golfer. The injury occurred during the follow-through phase of the golf swing. The rate of incidence of knee injuries in golfers is only 10%. There is a difference in the injury pattern between amateur and professional golfers; amateurs are more likely to sustain injuries related to poor swing technique. Professional golfers, on the other hand, report more injuries related to overuse. Although forces in the knee are relatively minor in this sport, acute injuries can happen when poor technique is used. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 6 (July-August), 2001: E25
Visiting hospitalized patients

Visiting policies in acute care institutions affect patients and families. The study sought to answer these questions: What are current hospital visiting policies and accompanying provisions for families? How are nurses implementing these policies? A questionnaire was developed, and reliability and content validity were established. The questionnaire was mailed to a randomly selected, stratified sample of 125 approved hospitals in 10 US states, with a 40% return rate. Consent and anonymity were explained in an accompanying covering letter. Results indicated that there was a wide range of general hospital visiting hours. Limitations on general visiting hours were primarily due to hospital policy (age, children, number of visitors) and nursing judgement (visitor illness, length of visit). General visiting hours and intensive care area visiting hours for paediatric patients were more extensive than for adult patients. Factors which influenced exceptions to visitation policies in intensive care areas focused on patient acuity and patient needs. Recovery room visiting was limited. If the patient was in a private room, visiting hours and provisions for family members were extensive. Provisions for family members of intensive care patients were minimal. Nursing judgement significantly influenced implementation of. visitation policies.
Facilitate, don't forbid, trade between conservationists and resource harvesters.

University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Smith, M. D., et al. 2010. Sustainability and global seafood. Science 327:784–786. Squires, D., R. Allen, and V. Restreppo. In press. Rights-based management in international tuna fisheries. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper Number 571. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Stavins, R. N. 1998. What can we learn from the grand policy experiment? Lessons from SO2 allowance trading. Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(3):69–88. Stigler, G. J., and G. S. Becker. 1977. De gustibus non est disputandum. American Economic Review 67:76–90. Stringer, K. 2006. Pacific Island microstates: Pawns or players in Pacific Rim diplomacy? Diplomacy and Statecraft 17:547– 577. Sumaila, U. R., J. Alder, and H. Keith. 2006. Global scope and economics of illegal fishing. Marine Policy 30.6 696–703. Thaler, R. H., and C. R. Sunstein. 2008. Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Webster, D. G. 2010. The irony and the exclusivity of Atlantic bluefin tuna management. Marine Policy 35:249–251.
THERAPEUTICS: PERSONAL PRACTICE THE CLINICAL USE OF ALPHA HYDROXY ACIDS

Alpha Hydroxy Acids are a group of organic acids which have recently become popular in the treatment of several skin conditions. This article explores some of the clinical uses of these products in the treatment of ichthyosis, acne, hyperpigmentation and photo-damage. Specific recommendations are given for the treatment of each condition.
Crystal chemistry of AB2X4 (X = S, Se, Te) compounds☆

An attempt is made to correlate the crystal structures of ternary chalcogenides of composition AB2X4 with the cationic radius ratio and a pseudo force-constant involving their electronegativities. The resultant diagram adequately resolves structures based on the types K2SO4, monoclinic, olivine, MnY2S4, Th3P4, and CaFe2O4 but structure types based on spinel, Cr3Se4, and Ag2HgI4 are not resolved. Crystal chemical arguments are used to explain these observations and to advance reasons for the successes and failures of this method for predicting structure types.
The role of the 3′ terminus of the Sindbis virus genome in minus-strand initiation site selection

Genome replication of plus-strand RNA viruses begins with the generation of a minus-strand copy of the genome. Minus-strand synthesis must initiate at or close to the 3' end of the genome and progress to processive elongation to yield the appropriate template for genomic RNA synthesis. The Sindbis virus genome possesses a 3' polyadenylate tail preceded by a 19 nucleotide conserved sequence element (3' CSE). Analyses of in vitro and in vivo synthesized minus-strand RNA presented in this manuscript identify the cytidylate residue immediately preceding the poly (A) tail as the predominant wild-type initiation site. Mutations in the poly (A) tail and the 3' CSE caused the initiation site to shift to the poly (A) tail. Analysis of the products of non-wild-type initiation events demonstrated that they are not productively elongated. This study indicates that full-length minus-strand RNA synthesis is dependent upon initiation occurring at the appropriate site and suggests a mechanism for selection and maintenance of the wt 3' CSE and poly (A) tail.
Chronic, but not acute, ethanol exposure impairs central hypercapnic ventilatory drive in bullfrog tadpoles

Abstract Chronic ethanol exposure early in development is deleterious to neural development and may impair responses to ventilatory stimuli (ventilatory drive) that maintain homeostasis. Central hypercapnic ventilatory drive (CHVD) increases ventilation to ensure pH homeostasis and accommodate the metabolic production of CO2. We tested the hypothesis that chronic ethanol exposure impairs CHVD in bullfrog tadpoles. Early and late metamorphic tadpoles were exposed in vivo to 0.12–0.06 g/dL ethanol for either 3- or 10-wk durations. Brainstems from these animals were isolated and the neural correlates of ventilation were recorded in vitro during superfusion with normocapnic (1.5% CO2:98.5% O2) and hypercapnic (5.0% CO2:95.0% O2) artificial cerebral spinal fluid. Normocapnic neuroventilation was unaffected by chronic ethanol exposure. The typical response to hypercapnia, an increase in lung burst frequency, was lost following 10 but not 3 wk of ethanol exposure in both early and late metamorphic tadpoles. The neuroventilatory effects of chronic ethanol exposure were distinguishable from those of acute central ethanol (0.08 g/dL) exposure, which attenuated early metamorphic tadpole normocapnic neuroventilation, but had no effect on tadpole CHVD. Thus, 10 wk of ethanol exposure both early and late in metamorphosis impairs CHVD in bullfrog tadpoles.
Characterization of the S = 9 excited state in Fe 8 Br 8 by electron paramagnetic resonance

High-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance has been used to observe the magnetic dipole, $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{M}_{s}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1,$ transitions in the $S=9$ excited state of the single-molecule magnet ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{8}{\mathrm{Br}}_{8}.$ A Boltzmann analysis of the measured intensities locates it at $24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\mathrm{K}$ above the $S=10$ ground state, while the line positions yield its magnetic parameters $D=\ensuremath{-}0.27\mathrm{K},$ $E=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\mathrm{K},$ and ${B}_{4}^{0}=\ensuremath{-}1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}\mathrm{K}.$ D is thus smaller by 8% and E larger by 7% than for $S=10.$ The anisotropy barrier for $S=9$ is estimated as 22 K, which is 25% smaller than that for $S=10$ (29 K). These data also help assign the spin exchange constants $(J\mathrm{'}\mathrm{s})$ and thus provide a basis for improved electronic structure calculations on ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{8}{\mathrm{Br}}_{8}.$
PROPERTIES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE NORTHWEST PHOTON DOMINATED REGION OF NGC 7023. I. PAH SIZE, CHARGE, COMPOSITION, AND STRUCTURE DISTRIBUTION

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission in the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph spectral map of the northwest photon dominated region (PDR) in NGC 7023 was analyzed exclusively using PAH spectra from the NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database (www.astrochem.org/pahdb). The 5-15 μm spectrum at each pixel is fitted using a non-negative-least-squares fitting approach. The fits are of good quality, allowing decomposition of the PAH emission into four subclasses: size, charge, composition, and hydrogen adjacency (structure). Maps tracing PAH subclass distributions across the region paint a coherent astrophysical picture. Once past some 20 seconds of arc from HD 200775, the emission is dominated by the more stable, large, symmetric, compact PAH cations with smaller, neutral PAHs taking over along the lines-of-sight toward the more distant molecular cloud. The boundary between the PDR and the denser cloud material shows up as a distinct discontinuity in the breakdown maps. Noteworthy is the requirement for PANH cations to fit the bulk of the 6.2 and 11.0 μm features and the indication of PAH photo-dehydrogenation and fragmentation close to HD 200775. Decomposition of the spectral maps into "principal" subclass template spectra provides additional insight into the behavior of each subclass. However, the general applicability of this computationally more efficient approach is presently undetermined. This is the first time the spectra of individual PAHs are exclusively used to fit the 5-15 μm region and analyze the spatial behavior of the aromatic infrared bands, providing fundamental, new information about astronomical PAH subpopulations including their dependence on, and response to, changes in local conditions.
Violent conflicts and natural disasters: the growing case for cross-disciplinary dialogue

Comparisons between disasters and violent conflicts are often noted by political figures and in the news media, and those responding to conflicts and disasters witness similarities on the ground. In contrast, the academic fields studying violent conflicts and so-called natural disasters have developed separately and practitioners usually separate the two phenomena as soon as the emergency response is over. This paper, based on interviews with practitioners and a review of scholarly literature, makes a case for increased cross-disciplinary dialogue. We identify common consequences, responses and even causes of conflicts and disasters. We argue that more and better partnerships between those who work on conflicts and those who work on disasters can lead to advances in understanding and responding to conflicts and disasters.
The role of the public sector in introducing operations research/management science within developing countries

This article examines the role the public sector has played in introducing operations research/ management science (OR/MS) in developing countries. To this end, some of the difficulties in applying OR/MS within the environment of a developing country in general, and within their public sector in particular, are briefly discussed, and the first applications of OR/MS in some such countries are reviewed. In spite of the fact that the application of OR/MS in the public sector is generally more difficult than that in the private sector, it is shown that OR/MS has, in most cases, entered countries through the public sector. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed and an assessment of the contribution of OR/MS to public sector decision-making is made.
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF THE GENES FOR RIBULOSE‐1,5‐BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE LARGE SUBUNIT AND RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S14 FROM A CHLORELLA‐LIKE GREEN ALGA1

Two chloroplast genes were sequenced from an exsymbiotic strain of a eukaryotic, Chlorella-like green alga. The genes for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) and the ribosomal protein S14 (rps14) were oriented in the same direction and were separated by 402 bp. The rbcLs of the exsymbiont and a free living Chlorella ellipsoidea were compared with other reported rbcL sequences. The rbcL gene of the exsymbiont is closely related to that of free-living Chlorella ellipsoidea. This is the first published report of an rps 14 gene sequence from an alga.
Volumetric feature recognition for machining components with freeform surfaces

Abstract This paper describes a procedure for the extraction of features of a part containing a combination of 2.5D features and freeform surfaces. This work invokes a previous algorithm that was designed to recognize machining features from 2.5D parts destined to be machined on a 3-axis milling machine. The essence of that algorithm was a volume decomposition based on a recursive descent into the part, yielding a feature graph that captured both the geometry and the spatial relationships of the features. This work augments the previous algorithm with the ability to handle a limited class of components having freeform surfaces. Freeform features are defined similar to the 2.5D features as comprising a planar contour, but substituting a bottom freeform surface for the depth. Covering faces, defined as projection of the freeform surface on the faces of the bounding box of the surface, are used as equivalent planar faces for performing the recursive descent. Inter-feature open edges are used to signal the relationship between the freeform feature and other neighboring features. Examples of molds and components that were machined using the proposed algorithms are also presented.
Synthesis and energetic content of red oil

Abstract ‘Red oil’ materials, resembling those produced during destructive incidents at Hanford and Savannah River, have been prepared following prolonged heating of uranyl nitrate, nitric acid, tributylphosphate (TBP) and a hydrocarbon diluent either under reflux conditions or within a high-pressure bomb reactor. Phase inversions, a characteristic feature of ‘red oil’ formation, were observed only when a cyclic hydrocarbon diluent was employed and were not observed when a straight chain hydrocarbon was used. The energetic content of the ‘red oil’ materials was found to be in the range from 30 to 444 J g −1 (7.2–106.1 cal g −1 ) as determined by DSC in open pans in the temperature range 20–350°C, with a typical value being 200 J g −1 (47.8 cal g −1 ). A ‘baseline’ Purex solution of UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 (TBP) 2 released 120 J g −1 (28.7 cal g −1 ) upon heating through the same temperature range.