cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring playa lake inundation in the western United States: Modern analogues to late-Holocene lake level change

Closed basin playas are among the most sensitive hydrologic systems globally and are excellent indicators of current and past climatic variability. This variability can significantly impact hydrologic regimes and biotic communities, and is often expressed in lake-bed deposits and shoreline features. We analyzed two playa basins in western North America that lie to either side of the current divide between monsoon and westerly precipitation regimes. Using a 23-year sequence of Landsat images at a 16-day time step, we determined the playa inundation response to varying precipitation inputs. Our results show that a strongly contrasting lake-inundation response occurs in lake basins separated by only 200 km. The Animas/Lordsburg Basin shows a marked lake-area increase in response to winter precipitation events, while the more southerly Palomas Basin shows a stronger response to monsoonal and El Nino-type events. This sensitivity to different input sources over short distances may explain some of the apparent asynchronous behavior of playa response found in lake records. Comprehensive regional-scale inundation records could be used to understand the dynamics of playa inundation events and how these events are linked to atmospheric circulation, and possibly to understand the observed asynchronous behavior of lake basins during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.
A numerical study on gravitational instabilities of dense aqueous phase plumes in three-dimensional porous media

Abstract Variations in the density of aqueous phase fluids flowing in a porous medium, resulting from spatial and temporal variations in the solute concentration, often gives rise to unstable flow and mixing. Numerical studies on unstable behavior of dense aqueous phase contaminant plumes in three-dimensional porous media are rare in the literature. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model was used to simulate gravitational instabilities in dense aqueous phase plumes. Our simulated results showed that physically realistic instabilities in dense plumes can be generated by small random perturbations, including truncation/round-off errors. Although the numerical simulations were able to qualitatively reproduce the experimental results, they quantitatively underestimated unstable behavior of dense plumes. For a given size of the contaminant source, the width of the porous medium had a significant effect on the occurrence and development of gravitational instabilities. Dense plumes are more unstable in the transverse than in the longitudinal direction of the flow domain.
Stream crossings and the conservation of diadromous invertebrates in South Pacific island streams

1. Most non-insect invertebrates that occur in streams on tropical Pacific islands are diadromous; they live as juveniles and adults in streams but have larvae that migrate to the ocean to complete their development before returning to fresh water. 2. The type of crossing used in the construction of roads to traverse small streams can impede upstream migration and, consequently, colonization of diadromous fauna above the stream crossing. 3. A stream in the Opunohu Valley, Moorea, French Polynesia, had the same diadromous fauna of atyid shrimps, palaemonid prawns, and neritid snails occurring above and below an 8 m wide, 10 m long, bottomless culvert (i.e. an open-bottom bridge) built to flow over natural substrates. However, no diadromous species were found upstream of two 1 m diameter, 8 m long concrete pipes used for a culverted stream crossing. The increased shear stress in the pipe and subsequent downstream erosion of the stream bed probably inhibited upstream migration. 4. Modifications to culverted stream crossings, which are widely used on tropical islands, can reduce migration barriers and prevent upstream loss of diadromous stream fauna. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extravascular fluid uptake during cardiopulmonary bypass in hypertensive dogs

Abstract We investigated the effects of increases in central venous pressure (CVP) and carotid baroreceptor-induced vasodilation on the rate of extravascular fluid uptake during cardiopulmonary bypass in normotensive and Goldblatt hypertensive dogs. Carotid sinus baroreceptors were selectively perfused to control the level of vasodilation. Central venous pressure was controlled by changing the height of the venous outflow cannula. Extravascular fluid uptake was determined from the rate of change in reservoir volume. After 3 hours of bypass, total fluid accumulation was 56.11 ± 14.16 mL/kg in normotensive dogs, significantly less than in hypertensive dogs (110.90 ± 23.20 mL/kg) ( p −1 · min −1 ; p −1 · min −1 ; p −1 · min −1 ) and in hypertensive dogs (from 0.84 ± .12 to 1.72 ± .32 mL · kg −1 · min −1 ; p
The great betrayal: Russian memories of the ‘great friendship’

Former Soviet diplomats Iu.M. Galenovich and V.P. Fedotov remain oblivious to the significant tensions in Sino-Soviet relations during the 1950s that contributed to the Sino-Soviet split. Further, they remain unapologetic for a host of issues that plagued the relationship and continue to bother contemporary Chinese historians and commentators. Their memory of Soviet history, diplomacy, and the Sino-Soviet relationship is shaped by Russia's contemporary geopolitical consciousness about America, Russia's role in the world, and Russia's relationship to the bordering states of former imperial and Soviet space.
Does the Segregation of Evolution in Biology Textbooks and Introductory Courses Reinforce Students’ Faulty Mental Models of Biology and Evolution?

The well-established finding that substantial confusion and misconceptions about evolution and natural selection persist after college instruction suggests that these courses neither foster accurate mental models of evolution’s mechanisms nor instill an appreciation of evolution’s centrality to an understanding of the living world. Our essay explores the roles that introductory biology courses and textbooks may play in reinforcing undergraduates’ pre-existing, faulty mental models of the place of evolution in the biological sciences. Our content analyses of the three best-selling introductory biology textbooks for majors revealed the conceptual segregation of evolutionary information. The vast majority of the evolutionary terms and concepts in each book were isolated in sections about evolution and diversity, while remarkably few were employed in other sections of the books. Standardizing the data by number of pages per unit did not alter this pattern. Students may fail to grasp that evolution is the unifying theme of biology because introductory courses and textbooks reinforce such isolation. Two goals are central to resolving this problem: the desegregation of evolution as separate “units” or chapters and the active integration of evolutionary concepts at all levels and across all domains of introductory biology.
Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, and Manganese in Smoke from Burning Oil by Impaction Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Abstract Impaction‐graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (I‐GFAAS) has been used to directly and simultaneously determine cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese in the smoke or plume from burning crude oil in laboratory‐controlled conditions. Concentrations in the low ng/m3 can be determined for all four metals. Cadmium and lead appear in the smoke in the first 30 sec of the burn whereas up to 120 sec is required for all the chromium and manganese to be found in the smoke.
Steroid regulation of octopamine expression during metamorphic development of the moth Manduca sexta.

Octopamine (OA), a biogenic amine similar to norepinephrine, has profound and well-documented actions on the nervous systems of invertebrates. In the insect, Manduca sexta, we examined the developmental plasticity of OA synthesis, studied its endocrine regulation, and observed previously undescribed OA-immunoreactive (ir) neurons. We found that levels of tyramine beta-hydroxylase (TbetaH), an essential enzyme for the biosynthesis of OA, increase during metamorphosis. Based on the established and influential roles of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) during development, we tested the hypothesis that increases in TbetaH levels and OA immunoreactivity are regulated by the rise in 20-HE occurring during pupal-adult development. We determined that the levels of TbetaH in the terminal abdominal ganglion (neuromeres 6-9) remain at a constant level during pupal development and the early stages of adult development. Beginning at ca. pupal stage 8, however, the levels of TbetaH begin to rise, reaching a maximum level by pupal stage 12. By removing the source of ecdysteroid hormone through ligation, and by subsequent replacement of 20-HE via infusion, we found evidence indicating that the preadult rise of 20-HE is both necessary and sufficient for the increased levels of TbetaH. During the course of our study, we also identified previously unreported OA-ir neurons. In particular, adult-specific OA-ir lateral cells were found, as were relatively small OA-ir dorsal median pairs that doubled in size during adult development. Abdominal ganglia not exposed to the preadult rise in 20-HE possessed neither the OA-ir lateral neurons nor the somatic growth of the smaller OA-ir median neurons. These newly described OA-ir neurons probably contribute to the steroid-induced elevations of TbetaH observed at the end of metamorphosis.
A 2'-O-thiol tether in the ribose moiety of nucleic acids for conjugation chemistry.

Abstract A 2prime;-O-hexylthiotrityl adenosine phosphoramidite has been synthesized and incorporated into oligodeoxyribonucleotide (oligo) phosphodiesters and phosphorothioates. These oligos possess the lipophilic 2prime;-O-hexylthiotrityl group at pre-selected positions. Upon treatment with silver nitrate solution, a free thiol group was generated which was further functionalized. The new tether offers a convenient nucleophile for conjugation of various pendant moieties that would reside in the minor groove. Because of its versatility and location, the modification has a variety of potential applications, most notably as an enhancer of antisense activity.
A 1+1 ionization scheme for sensitive detection of the OH radical

We introduce a new laser detection scheme for the OH radical that employs 1+1 X 2 Π ⇄ D2Σ - resonance enhanced excitation to a high-lying Rydberg state followed by field ionization. We place an upper limit of 8 ns on the lifetime of the D 2 Σ - state. We also correct published values for To for the D 2 Σ - state, provide a new value for the energy of the 6s 1 1 1p 1 3 P 1 0 state of Hg (81 807.6 cm - 1 ), and measure the rotational temperature of OH radicals produced in the photolysis of formic acid at 212.6 nm to be 300 ′ 50 K. Our REMPI probe might be suited to studies that require both sensitive detection of the OH radical combined with accurate kinetic energy information.
Kaposi's sarcoma of scrotum

A rare case is presented of Kaposi's sarcoma localized to the scrotum with history, and physical and laboratory findings. Excision of the scrotum with bilateral orchiectomy was performed, with uneventful recovery. Literature is reviewed of Kaposi's sarcoma originating in the male external genitalia.
Cerebral cell population under hypoxia

Three pregnant albino Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to simulated high altitudes of 18,000 feet (365 mm Hg) in low pressure chambers during their entire pregnancy. The brains of the newborn rats were removed immediately after birth and placed in 10% formalin. The brains were sectioned, stained, and analyzed for changes in the number of cells in the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobes. An equal volume of control material was similarly prepared and analyzed. A volume of tissue of about one-fourth cubic millimeter was used in the control and in the experimental tissue. The results indicated a 19.29% increase in the number of cells in the frontal cortex of newborn rats subjected to simulated high altitude anoxia. This increase is believed to be due to a proliferation of glial elements in the areas of the cortex which were studied. The cell hyperplasia seen here may be a response to physiological stresses placed upon the fetus by maternal anoxia.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF SUBARTICULAR BONE MARROW LESIONS IN DOGS WITH STIFLE LAMENESS

A bone bruise is a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sign thought to signify acute traumatic microfracture of trabecular bone with hemorrhage and edema in the marrow that may occur without grossly visible disruption of the adjacent cortices or overlying cartilage. In approximately 75% of people with acute anterior-cruciate ligament tears, bone bruises are detected in characteristic locations within the femur and tibia and are best seen as high-signal lesions using fat-suppression sequences. We questioned whether this is a component of naturally acquired stifle lameness in dogs and obtained short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) images of six dogs with stifle lameness. High-signal STIR lesions were detected in five of six (83%) dogs and eight of 12 (67%) limbs. We observed these lesions deep to the intercondylar fossa of the femur and intercondylar eminence of the tibia, which are atypical locations in people. High-signal STIR lesions were detected in dogs with only synovitis, partial tear of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) and complete tear of the CCL. One of these lesions was seen in the lateral tibial condyle, a typical location in humans with acute anterior cruciate ligament tear. As the MR imaging appearance of stress fractures and bone bruises are similar, and the high-signal STIR lesions are at attachment sites of the CCL, this finding may be due to stress disease or other unknown causes, rather than bone bruising. High-signal STIR lesions may be a common sign in naturally acquired canine stifle disease, but the pathogenesis, prognostic and diagnostic values need further investigation.
Early evaluation of potential environmental impacts of carbon nanotube synthesis by chemical vapor deposition.

The carbon nanotube (CNT) industry is expanding rapidly, yet little is known about the potential environmental impacts of CNT manufacture. Here, we evaluate the effluent composition of a representative multiwalled CNT synthesis by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in order to provide data needed to design strategies for mitigating any unacceptable emissions. During thermal pretreatment of the reactant gases (ethene and H2), we found over 45 side-products were formed, including methane, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This finding suggests several environmental concerns with the existing process, including potential discharges of the potent greenhouse gas, methane (up to 1.7%), and toxic compounds such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene (up to 36000 ppmv). Extrapolating these laboratory-scale data to future industrial CNT production, we estimate that (1) contributions of atmospheric methane will be negligible compared to other existing sources and (2) VOC a...
Involvement in Deviance: An Example and Some Theoretical Implications

Recent research on group sex or “swinging” has revealed that a significant number of married, middle-class, suburbanite conformists have become involved in this practice. The social characteristics of these participants raises a question concerning how it is possible for them to engage in this form of deviance. Examination of the processes of involvement suggests that external events that bring the practice into private consciousness and public discussion, ascribe credibility and feasibility to it, provide numerical inclusiveness and socal acceptablity of participants, and stipulate a rationale for the practice that is supported in its organization, create a structure in which persons who previously were ignorant of the practice and avowedly had given it little or no thought may become involved in it. This example of involvement in deviance is examined in the light of socialization, social control, and strain theory as they bear on deviance and conformity, and some critical considerations are posed.
Surgical aspects of peripheral vascular disease.

: This article reviews current surgical concepts regarding the management of elderly patients with peripheral vascular disease. The indications for surgical reconstruction may be either relative or absolute, but only absolute indications (e.g., incipient gangrene) apply in the elderly. A review of the natural history of the disease shows that although some cases remain stable for long periods, many progress to a state of serious deterioration with painful intermittent claudication, incipient gangrene and threatened loss of the limb. The mechanisms of deterioration include thrombosis, embolism and minor trauma. Peripheral vascular occlusive disease is only one manifestation of a generalized disease process, and vascular reconstruction is only a palliative measure. However, since high morbidity and mortality are associated with amputation, reconstruction should always be considered, even in the geriatric patient. The aorto-iliac reconstruction technique is associated with a fairly low mortality rate and a limb-salvage rate of 85 per cent; simpler alternatives are available in high-risk patients. For femoro-popliteal procedures the mortality rate is low and the limb-salvage rate is 75 per cent. Such results emphasize that vascular reconstruction usually is preferable to amputation. Measures for conservative management, particularly in aged patients, are discussed.
Laparoscopic splenectomy for lymphoproliferative disease

Background: Elective laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) achieves excellent results for benign hematologic diseases. The role of LS for hematologic malignancies is harder to define owing to associated splenomegaly and patient disease that may alter outcome. Methods: Retrospective review of single institution experience 1996 through 2002. To limit variability of disease processes, only patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) were studied. Results: A total of 211 LS have been performed, including 73 for LPD and 86 for ITP. Patients with LPD were significantly older, 61 vs 46 years p<0.001; male, 45 (62%) vs 33 (38%), p<0.001; and larger splenic weight, 680 vs 162 g, p<0.001. Fifty-nine patients (81%) with LPD were operated with standard LS with a conversion rate of 15%. Hand-assisted LS was performed in 14 patients (19%), and three were converted to open. Compared to ITP, patients with LPD had longer operative time, 148 vs 126 min, p<0001, and higher blood loss, 200 vs 100 cc, p = 0.004. There was one mortality (0.6%), and morbidity occurred in six patients (8%) with LPD and seven (8%) with ITP. The median length of stay was 3 days for LPD and 2 days for ITP, p = 0.03. Forty-six patients were principally operated for a diagnosis, and 27 (60%) were found to have lymphoma. Conclusions: LS can be performed safely in patients with LPD, and when used judiciously with hand-assisted techniques can be performed with low conversion and morbidity rates. Splenectomy plays an important role in establishing the diagnosis of lymphoma in LPD.
An analysis of currency crisis in South Korea

Abstract This paper provides empirical evidence on the causes and timing of the 1997 currency crisis in South Korea. A persistent weakness in the economic fundamentals through out much of the pre-crisis period created necessary conditions for the crisis. However, the timing of the currency crisis was determined by a unique combination of an unprecedented increase in default risk faced by the banking system and a decrease in foreign exchange reserves (FXRES) that restricted the ability of the government to bail out. A VAR model identifies two important variables that were crucial in triggering the currency crisis. One is the ratio of dishonored bills (DS) that measures default risk and serves as a proxy for the market value of banks. The other is FXRES that measures the strength of the government's bailout policies. Estimates from a vector autoregressive (VAR) model confirm a strong impact of the lagged changes in the ratio of DS and FXRES on the current changes in the won's value. Immediately before the November crisis, the ratio of DS reached an all-time high while reserves dropped to 1-month imports. These developments significantly contributed to the negative expectations resulting in a massive capital outflow followed by a drastic devaluation of the currency.
Decentralized Control for Random Access Channels: Stability Analysis and Performance Evaluation

The joint decentralized estimation and control problem of a random access (RA) communication network is considered. It is shown that application of the certainty equivalence principle results in a nonlinear separation rule for the control. If the minimum-mean-squared-error (mmse) estimate of the channel backlog is used to control the retransmission probability, an unstable RA broadcast channel can be stabilized for input traffic rates not exceeding e-1. The performance of the mmse estimator-controller is also analyzed via simulation.
The preparation of 13C-15N-labeled nucleosides and methods for fractionating density-labeled RNA☆

Abstract Chlorella pyrenoidosa can be grown in 90.8 atom% 13 CO 2 and 99.1 atom% K 15 NO 3 to yield algae with substitution of 82 to 86% 13 C for 12 C and 92 to 96% 15 N for 14 N. Methods are described for extracting preparative amounts of ribonucleosides which can be used directly for density labeling RNA in eukaryotic cells. The separation of 13 C- 15 N-labeled from unlabeled RNA requires the high resolution of cesium formate equilibrium gradients. Banding of RNA in these gradients requires less than 48 hr of centrifugation and either formaldehyde or formamide will prevent RNA precipitation. The density increase of RNA isolated from 13 C- 15 N-labeled Chlorella was found to be 2.7% in cesium formate gradients.
Measurement of Torsional Vibration in Rotating Machinery

Five techniques for measurement of torsional vibration in a drive train are described, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each. Two laboratory test rigs, designed and constructed for experimental evaluation of various torsional vibration measurement techniques, are described. The measurement techniques investigated fall into three categories: a) those using signals from strain gages, b) those using signals from a magnetically transduced gear, and c) using signals optically transduced from a special tape applied to the shaft. One of the techniques described requires no specialized instrumentation other than a spectrum analyzer, which is now typically available in plants with rotating machinery. Another technique is capable of producing a detailed time history of torsional oscillations during acceleration of the drive train (i.e., startup), using a time interval measurement system. A comparison of results from the various techniques is given, and recommendations are made for several types of applications.
Sulfate influx across the rabbit ileal brush border membrane: sodium and proton dependence, and substrate specificities.

In intact ileal mucosa, uptake of SO4 across the brush border membrane requires the presence of Na and is saturable, withK1/2=1.3mm at 140mm Na (P.L. Smith, S.A. Orellana & M. Field, 1981.J. Membrane Biol. 63:199–206). The present study examines the substrate specificities and transport stoichiometry of the Na-dependent SO4 uptake process. The effects of variations in medium anion and cation composition on lumen-to-epithelium influx of SO4 (J SO4 ) were determined under short-circuit conditions.J SO4 is inhibited by thiosulfate, but not by phosphate, methylsulfate, vanadate or taurocholate. Cl is weakly inhibitory. Uptake of SO4 is poorly supported by Li, and is unaffected by K, indicating a specific dependence on Na. At low SO4 concentration (0.22mm),J SO4 is a hyperbolic function of medium Na concentration; the corresponding Hill plot is linear with a slope of 1.0, suggesting a transport stoichiometry of 1 Na: 1 SO4. At high SO4 concentration (6.7mm), the Na-dependent SO4 velocity curve is sigmoidal and yields a Hill plot which is again linear but has a slope of 1.56, suggesting transport of more than 1 Na per SO4. SO4 uptake in presence of Na exhibits a dependence on medium pH. At 0.22mm SO4 and 140mm Na,J SO4 was doubled by lowering pH from 7.4 to 6.8. However, at 6.7mm SO4 and 140mm Na, changing pH had no effect onJ SO4 over the range 6.8 to 8.5. The pH dependence ofJ SO4 at 6.7mm SO4 was restored when medium Na was lowered to 3mm, suggesting that pH sensitivity is a function of the concentration of preformed NaSO 4 − ion pair. The results suggest that SO4 influx across the ileal brush border occurs by electroneutral Na+/NaSO 4 − or Na+/H+/SO 4 2− cotransport, the former being favored by high concentrations of Na and SO4.
Fast and Slow Vacancies in Silicon

Vacancies (and probably also self-interstitials) in silicon appear to exist in several forms (atomic configurations) some of them being fast diffusers and other slow diffusers. The data on enhanced self-diffusivity under proton irradiation, on vacancy and oxide precipitate profiles installed by Rapid Thermal Annealing, and on the self-diffusivity under equilibrium conditions suggest that there are at least two kinds of vacancy: 1) Vw - a fast-diffusing localized vacancy manifested in electron irradiated samples (Watkins vacancy), 2) Vs - a slow-diffusing extended vacancy manifested under hot proton irradiation. In RTA experiments, these two species behave as one equilibrated subsystem of a moderate effective diffusivity intermediate between those of Vw and Vs. There is also strong evidence in favor of a third kind of vacancy: Vf a fast extended species, which controls the grown-in voids in silicon crystals.
Connotations of Color Names in the United States, Europe and Asia.

(1970). Connotations of Color Names in the United States, Europe, and Asia. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 3-14.
Testis-specific expression of a metallothionein I-driven transgene correlates with undermethylation of the locus in testicular DNA.

Abstract Mice carrying a chimeric transgene of the human testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase cDNA driven by mouse metallothionein I promoter have been reported to express the transgene in a testis-specific manner in six founder lines. To study the mechanism by which this testis-specific expression is mediated, we have examined genomic placement, expression pattern, and methylation status of the transgene. Our results indicate that transgene expression is repressed in all somatic tissues examined even when heavy metals are administered. Nuclear run-on assays indicate that failure of expression in the liver (in which the metallothionein I promoter is highly active) occurs at the transcriptional level. In contrast, the transgene mRNA is transcribed in male germ cells and is developmentally regulated during spermatogenesis. Examination of the transgene methylation status reveals that expression is inversely correlated with hypermethylation of the locus; all CpG dinucleotides examined in the promoter region were found to be fully methylated in kidney and liver but were undermethylated in testis. Since methylation of the murine metallothionein I promoter is sufficient to inhibit its activity, it is likely that suppression of the transgene in somatic tissues is mediated by methylation.
Compliance with parking for handicapped: an informal look.

A survey by the Paralyzed Veterans of America (1982) shows most states have enacted some form of "blue c u r b laws which mandate the designation of parking spaces for the physically disabled in both publicly owned and privately financed facilities. Observance by other drivers of the intended restrictive use of these stalls, however, according to some: is generally accepted only when accompanied by active police enforcement. To gain some insight as to what might be indicative of present practice in a suburban setting, where conventional knowledge suggested passive civil implementation, a simple inquiry was made at a local neighborhood shopping center in a large north-eastern state. Of the 314 lined parking spaces, 11 were marked as reserved for handicapped persons. A total of 30 c ~ t ~ n g s of ccnvenience were taken, three under each of 10 differing settings, during the yeat 1983 Viewings were made to determine the average numker of vehicles improperly parked in the designated spaces as a function of lot occupancy and weather conditions. Being improperly parked was defined as an automobile without a suitable identifying license plate or windshield placard.
Throughfall deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in a Jeffrey pine forest in the San Gabriel Mountains, southern California

Abstract Deposition of N and S in bulk precipitation and throughfall, and dry deposition to surrogate surfaces were determined in 1994 in a high-elevation mixed conifer forest dominated by Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) in the San Gabriel Mountains northeast of Los Angeles, California. Three sites 2 km apart, with a range of N deposition inputs, were chosen for study. N deposition in throughfall and dry deposition fluxes of N varied among the three sites, presumably because of differing pollutant transport with varying air flow patterns as a function of ridge and canyon orientation and the prevailing northeasterly winds. Net throughfall, an estimate of dry deposition, was the dominant input source of NH4+ and NO3−, except at Vista where wet deposition of NH4+ was greater than dry deposition of NH4+. Wet deposition of SO42− was much greater than dry deposition of SO42− at all three sites. Higher SO42− deposition in bulk precipitation and throughfall in this study compared to montane sites further from the coast was presumably because of marine aerosols transported inland during storm events and possibly by the prevailing winds. The location of the study sites in relation to the ocean (65 km inland) and to the urban smog source, resulted in throughfall inputs which were higher in S (7.8–12.5 kg ha−1 year−1), but lower in N (6.0–11.5 kg ha−1 year−1) compared to montane sites in the lower San Gabriel Mountains (23 kg N ha−1 year−1) or in the western end of the San Bernardino Mountains further inland (19 kg N ha−1 year−1; 3 kg S ha−1 year−1). S concentrations in pine foliage (0.69–0.83 g kg−1) were also greater in the San Gabriel Mountain sites than in four sites located further inland in the San Bernardino Mountains (0.48–0.56 g kg−1). Results of this and other studies suggest that the threshold for throughfall N deposition levels which lead to symptoms of N saturation in southern California montane ecosystems is ca. 16–19 kg ha−1 year−1.
Effect of Monovalent Ion Concentration in Molecular Simulation of Electroporation

Monovalent ion concentration gradients, regulated by ion pumps and leak channels, are critical components of many cellular functions. This dynamic balance is disturbed by the electroporative permeabilization of the cell membrane, which bypasses the normal membrane barriers to transmembrane ion flux. A better understanding of ion transport during and after electroporation will enable more efficient and more effective utilization of this method in biomedicine and biotechnology.Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide a view of the behavior of ions and biomolecular structures at the molecular level. Previous MD studies have demonstrated some of the effects of monovalent ions on phospholipid bilayers, including decreased area per lipid, higher ordering in head group vertical orientations, and decreased lateral lipid mobility [1-4]. MD simulations of porated membranes have also shown that the binding of monovalent cations to phospholipids can increase pore line tension, which leads to a decrease in pore lifetime [5]. In this work we employ MD simulations to systematically study the effects of varying the concentration of Na+, K+, and Cl− in POPC lipid bilayer systems during different stages of electropore formation.1.Gurtovenko, A.A. and I. Vattulainen, J Phys Chem B, 2008. 112(7): p. 1953-62.2.Vacha, R., et al., Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2009. 113(26): p. 7235-7243.3.Vacha, R., et al., J Phys Chem B, 2010. 114(29): p. 9504-9.4.Jurkiewicz, P., et al., Biochim Biophys Acta, 2012. 1818(3): p. 609-16.5.Leontiadou, H., A.E. Mark, and S.J. Marrink, Biophys J, 2007. 92(12): p. 4209-15.
A modification of the laparoscopic transcutaneous inguinal hernia repair to achieve transfixation ligature of the hernia sac.

Abstract Background/Purpose The proposed benefits of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in the pediatric population include less postoperative pain, smaller scars, and easier access to the contralateral groin. This is countered by slightly higher recurrence rates reported in some series. These differences are attributable to variation in the laparoscopic technique, surgeon experience, and certain anatomic features. We describe a modification of the laparoscopic-assisted transcutaneous hernia repair that achieves transfixation ligature of the hernia sac and that may further reduce recurrence. Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained, and a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing repair of symptomatic hernias using this new technique was carried out. Data collection included demographics, laterality of hernia, operative time, recurrence rate, and complications. Results Twenty-one patients (age 1-144 months) underwent hernia repair between October 2009 and October 2010 using a novel technique of transcutaneous transfixation ligature of the neck of the hernia sac. The mean operative time was 18 minutes (8-35 minutes). Follow-up was from 1 to 12 months. There was no intraoperative or postoperative complication and no recurrences to date. Conclusion The technique described is a modification of the existing laparoscopic-assisted transcutaneous inguinal hernia repair that more closely approximates the criterion standard open repair. The technique addresses some prevailing concerns with the initially described method of transcutaneous repair, and short-term outcomes are positive. Long-term outcomes remain to be defined.
Transient variations in phytoplankton productivity at the JGOFS Bermuda time series station

Abstract Time series of 13 days in August and 18 days in March–April reveal high variability in phytoplankton productivity on a time scale of days. Specific growth rates were also variable, ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 day −1 in August and from −1 in March–April. Picoplankton accounted for most productivity and biomass in the mean. Pigment markers suggest that Synechococcus and prochlorophytes dominated the picoplankton in the surface layer and the chlorophyll maximum, respectively. Phytoplankton respectively accounted for an average of 7% and 8% of particulate organic matter in the surface mixed layer and bottom layer of the euphotic zone in the August time series, compared to 11% and 21% in the March–April time series. Biomass peaks were associated with increases in prochlorophytes, prymnesiophytes and diatoms during both time series. Passage of Hurricane Dean at the beginning of the August time series had little impact on euphotic zone chlorophyll, but productivity declined by 70%. The subsequent increase in productivity was initiated by an increased growth rate in the mixed layer followed by a nitrate-dependent increase in growth rate in the bottom layer of the euphotic zone. Variations in productivity during the March time series were related to incident radiation and to changes in biomass as different water masses moved through the region. Nitrate flux and productivity were closely coupled during the August time series and uncoupled during the March time series.
Tangential Mass Addition for Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction Control in Scramjet Inlets

A series of tests are being performed to investigate and characterize shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions typical of hypersonic inlets and to develop methods of controlling, through the use of tangential mass addition, regions of shock-induced separation. The major objectives are being accomplished in a multiphase experimental test program with complementary application of computational techniques. Presented herein are results from the proof-of-concept phase of testing. The feasibility of using Mach 3 tangential air injection to eliminate separation associated with the cowl-shock/innerbody boundary-layer interaction in a scramjet inlet model has been demonstrated. The experimental test program was complemented by a computational investigation that demonstrated the importance of mass addition injector location relative to the shock/boundary-layer interaction region.
A Core Precautionary Principle

[T]he Precautionary Principle still has neither a commonly accepted definition nor a set of criteria to guide its implementation. ‘There is,’ Freestone ... cogently observes, ‘a certain paradox in the widespread and rapid adoption of the Precautionary Principle:’ While it is applauded as a ‘good thing,’ no one is quite sure about what it really means or how it might be implemented. Advocates foresee precaution developing into ‘the fundamental principle of environmental protection policy at [all] scales.’ ... Sceptics, however, claim its popularity derives from its vagueness; that it fails to bind anyone to anything or resolve any of the deep dilemmas that characterize modern environmental policy making. 1
Photoemission study of the electronic structure of wurtzite GaN(0001) surfaces

The surface electronic structure of wurtzite GaN (0001) (1 × 1) has been investigated using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Surfaces were cleaned by repeated cycles of N2 ion bombardment and annealing in ultra-high vacuum. A well-defined surface state below the top of the valence band is clearly observed. This state is sensitive to the adsorption of both activated H2 and O2, and exists in a projected bulk band gap, below the valence band maximum. The state shows no dispersion perpendicular or parallel to the surface. The symmetry of this surface state is even with respect to the mirror planes of the surface and polarization measurements indicate that it is of spz character, consistent with a dangling bond state.
Automatic recycling apparatus for elution chromatography: Isolation of cis-4-t-butylcyclohexanol

cis-4-t-Butylcyclohexanol can be separated from itstrans-isomer by elution chromatography in an automatic recycling apparatus. This technique, with its savings in solvents and the chemist's time and attention, should be useful in separating many biochemical and organic chemical mixtures.
Saving new brain cells.

The article discusses how new brain cells are created in adults and the ways that these cells can be strengthened and kept alive. The article explains that these cells are created every day in the hippocampus and without strengthening them, they will eventually die. The author suggests that through keeping the mind actively engaged, a person might be able to slow cognitive decline that occurs due to Alzheimer's or dementia. INSETS: WHERE NEW NEURONS FORM;WHAT RAT STUDIES REVEALED;HOW LEARNING HELPS TO SAVE NEW NEURONS;WHAT'S NEXT?
Development of double-cantilever infrared detectors: Fabrication, curvature control and demonstration of thermal detection☆

Abstract This paper reports the recent progress on the development of double-cantilever infrared (IR) detectors, including the fabrication, the post-process curvature control, and also the first-time demonstration of thermal detection using capacitive-based IR focal plane arrays (FPAs). In this work, simplified double-cantilever IR FPAs based on bimaterial SiNx/Al and Al/SiNx cantilevers are fabricated using a surface micromachining module with polyimide as the sacrificial material. Thermal-cycling experiments of both 200 nm-thick Ebeam Al and 200 nm-thick PECVD SiNx films reveal that the residual stresses in IR materials can be significantly modified by thermal annealing. Therefore, an engineering approach to flattening IR FPAs is developed by using rapid thermal annealing (RTA). This article also demonstrates the thermal detection of cantilever IR FPAs using commercialized weak capacitance readout IC.
On the design of autonomic, decentralized VPNs

Decentralized and P2P (peer-to-peer) VPNs (virtual private networks) have recently become quite popular for connecting users in small to medium collaborative environments, such as academia, businesses, and homes. In the realm of VPNs, there exist centralized, decentralized, and P2P solutions. Centralized systems require a single entity to provide and manage VPN server(s); decentralized approaches allow more than one entity to share the management responsibility for the VPN infrastructure, while existing P2P approaches rely on a centralized infrastructure but allow users to bypass it to form direct low-latency, high-throughput links between peers. In this paper, we describe a novel VPN architecture that can claim to be both decentralized and P2P, using methods that lower the entry barrier for VPN deployment compared to other VPN approaches. Our solution extends existing work on IP-over-P2P (IPOP) overlay networks to address challenges of configuration, management, bootstrapping, and security. We present the first implementation and analysis of a P2P system secured by DTLS (datagram transport layer security) along with decentralized techniques for revoking user access.
Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence on Substance Use and Depression for Women and Men

Using data from a nationally representative, longitudinal, and prospective sample of men and women, and controlling for prior involvement in the outcomes and demographic effects, the consequences of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) on substance use and depression were examined over a 3-year period. The results were unexpected. Men in the sample were more likely than women to report the prevalence of minor and violent IPV victimization, whereas women in the sample were more likely than men to report the prevalence of minor and violent IPV perpetration. Additionally, the consequences of IPV were more apparent for male respondents than for female respondents. Implications of these findings are discussed, as are the study’s limitations, and future research directions.
Focal left ventricular dyskinesis.

strated a large apical inferior wall dyskinetic area. This area was easily noted during the cinematic display of the images from the blood pool scan. The abnormal area of contraction was further accentuated on the phase images in which the apical inferior portion of the ventricle was contracting out of phase with the rest of the left ventricular myocardium. The findings were
Paleocene Caudata and Squamata from Gidley and Silberling Quarries, Montana

ABSTRACT Late-early Paleocene (Torrejonian) salamanders and lizards from the Gidley and Silberling quarries comprise a rather small but relatively diverse assemblage. Salamanders include the batrachosauroidids Opisthotriton kayi, O. gidleyi, sp. nov., the scapherpetontid Scapherpeton tectum, and the sirenid Habrosaurus dilatus. Lizards include the xantusiid Palaeoxantusia fera, the enigmatic anguids Machaerosaurus torrejonensis and Proxestops silberlingii, and an indeterminate varanid or necrosaurid. Machaerosaurus torrejonensis is better placed as Anguidae incertae sedis because it lacks any diagnostic (synapomorphic) characters that permit assignment to the “Anguinae.” Proxestops jepseni is a junior synonym of Proxestops silberlingii, comb. nov. This assemblage is similar to other Torrejonian assemblages of small amphibians and reptiles from the Western Interior of North America.
Graded response to thymectomy in children with myasthenia gravis.

Response to thymectomy in children with juvenile myasthenia gravis was evaluated using severity and response to therapy rating scales and objective measures of hospital, intensive care, and intubation days, prethymectomy and postthymectomy, as markers of morbidity. Records of 50 patients treated for myasthenia gravis at Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, were reviewed. Thymectomy was performed in 13 patients; average age was 10 years. Days of intubation, intensive care, and hospitalization were significantly less postthymectomy compared to prethymectomy (P < .0001). Osserman rankings postthymectomy were mild (IIa) in 1, moderate (IIb) in 4, and severe (III) in 1. On a response to therapy scale, 4 patients were grade A (complete remission, no medication); 3 were grade B (improvement, lower drug dosage); 3 were grade C (slight improvement and no change in medication); and 3 were grade D (unchanged). Thymectomy is an effective treatment in 62% of children with myasthenia gravis, and remission is complete...
Formulating a Practitioner Identity

This article will address issues related to self-identification and actualization as an M.A. applied anthropologist. It will attempt to correlate the liminal aspects of graduate school and fieldwork with the transition into the work force. It will make suggestions for how applied anthropology programs and local practitioner organizations (LPOs) can work together to prepare M.A. applied anthropologists for the work force and to increase the discipline's understanding of their relevance.
Self-repairing polymer optical fiber sensor

This article presents experimental demonstrations of a self-writing waveguide in a photopolymerizable resin system. The waveguide will be embedded in a structure and serve as a self-repairing strain sensor. The sensor would fabricate via lightwaves in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength range and operate as a sensor in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. Optimized self-written waveguides are obtained by varying the input UV laser power and testing the repeatability of the waveguide fabrication between two optical fibers. An IR laser output is then transmitted between two MM fibers during the fabrication process to quantify the response of the self-repaired optical sensor by measuring the transmitted IR power. The IR power is successfully transmitted through a self-written waveguide; however problems with optical fiber alignment and bending of the waveguide can induce loss of IR transmission.
Cuff Tear Arthropathy: The Great Escape

The diagnosis, natural history, and management of cuff tear arthropathy continues to be a surgical conundrum for all orthopaedic surgeons. This difficult pathology requires an understanding of the etiology and biomechanics of the shoulder as well as a significant amount of comfort with the surgical treatment options, specifically the hemiarthroplasty and reverse total shoulder replacement. This is a review of the shoulder arthroplasty options and the treatment algorithm that we follow. We discuss surgical decision-making and techniques that result in our patients’ optimum results.