cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Drive for Curriculum Change in the United States, 1890‐1958.1—The Ideological Roots of Curriculum as a Field of Specialization

(1979). The Drive for Curriculum Change in the United States, 1890‐1958.1—The Ideological Roots of Curriculum as a Field of Specialization. Journal of Curriculum Studies: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 191-202.
Pediatric‐onset mastocytosis: A long term clinical follow‐up and correlation with bone marrow histopathology

Background Pediatric onset mastocytosis usually presents as urticaria pigmentosa; and less often as diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis. While the literature indicates that disease often resolves, there has been a move to more aggressive therapy for mastocytosis early in life. We addressed the long term prognosis of pediatric-onset disease by examining 17 children with mastocytosis which we had reported on in 1989 [1]. Procedure We successfully contacted 15 of these patients and data was collected regarding their clinical status. Original bone marrow specimens were re-stained, re-examined, and correlated with disease outcome using consensus criteria. Three of five patients with persistent disease underwent repeat bone marrow biopsies. Results There was complete regression of disease as defined by cutaneous findings and symptoms (clinical disease severity) in 10 of 15 patients (67%). Three patients had major (20%) and two had partial regression of disease (13%). Repeat marrow examinations on three patients with persistent disease documented systemic mastocytosis based on marrow findings in one patient who had partial regression of disease and was the only patient with initial morphologic evidence of systemic disease. Of the remaining two patients, one demonstrated partial regression and the other major regression of disease; and neither had evidence of systemic mastocytosis. Conclusion This study demonstrates that initial bone marrow biopsies were prognostic in that those without evidence of systemic disease experienced disease regression; and that the long term prognosis for children managed symptomatically with mastocytosis is highly encouraging. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:629–634. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evidence for a susceptibility locus for panic disorder near the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene on chromosome 22.

Abstract Background: A well-characterized single nucleotide polymorphism (472G/A-Val/Met-SNP8) in the coding sequence of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene leads to a three- to fourfold difference in enzymatic activity and clinical and animal studies suggest a role in anxiety states like panic disorder. Methods: Subjects from 70 panic disorder pedigrees, and 83 "triads", were genotyped at seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), polymorphic microsatellites in the first intron of COMT and ∼339kb upstream of COMT (D22S944) and analyzed for genetic association and linkage. Results: Linkage analysis showed elevated LOD scores for 472G/A (SNP 8), silent exon 3 substitution (186C/T-SNP 5), and the marker D22S944 (2.88, 2.62, and 2.93, respectively), using a variety of diagnostic and genetic models. Association tests were not significant for the SNPs, but were highly significant for D22S944 ( p = .0001–.0003). One three-marker haplotype formed from the above three polymorphisms was significantly associated with panic disorder ( p = .0001), as was the "global" p value for this combination ( p = .005). In addition, numerous haplotypes with combinations of D22S944 and COMT SNPs were found to be significantly associated with panic disorder. Conclusions: Our findings provide strong evidence for a susceptibility locus for panic disorder either within the COMT gene or in a nearby region of chromosome 22.
Time-dependent Ising-model description of binary liquid mixtures.

Phase transitions are not only characterized by singularities in thermodynamic derivatives, but also by peculiarities in the time‐dependent behavior of the system. By employing a time‐dependent generalization of the Ising model and a master equation, the relaxation of a local deviation from equilibrium for a system near its critical temperature is described. Approximate solution of the equations yield results in agreement with recent optical experiments, in which the decay of concentration fluctuations in critical mixtures of liquids is measured; results are also consistent with NMR measurements in antiferromagnets. If the equations are solved more accurately, however, it is found that the decay of a local displacement from equilibrium concentration in the critical region is in general not describable by a single exponential.
A prospective psychological and cytogenetic study of three girls with mosaic mongolism.

. Three girls with mosaic mongolism (46, XX/47, XX, +21) were followed cytogenetically and psychologically from the time of diagnosis at 8, 17 and 32 months of age, respectively, to the age of 13–15.5 years. All showed muscular hypotonia and hyperflexible joints at the time of diagnosis, but otherwise the physical characteristics of Down's syndrome were weakly expressed. The percentage of trisomic cells in the peripheral blood decreased with time, but were still higher in lymphocytes than in skin fibroblasts at the last investigation. Developmental milestones were delayed in all cases, and the developmental and intelligence quotients were decreased. Mental retardation was only slight in one of the cases (I.Q. =65 at the age of 14 years 8 months). The intelligence quotients showed declining trends with time. Social ability and school results tended to be better than could be expected from the test results.
Late Archean evolution of the Nain Province, Nain, Labrador: imprint of a collision

Archean gneisses of the Nain Province in the Nain area, Labrador, comprise narrow septa between intrusions of the Mesoproterozoic Nain Plutonic Suite. This region occupies a critical position between the northern (Saglek) and southern (Hopedale) blocks of the Nain Province, which experienced distinct thermotectonic histories until the late Archean. Field and geochronological evidence are indicative of a strong late Archean thermotectonic overprint that is absent from most of the remainder of the Nain Province. Archean gneisses were intruded by granites and mafic dykes at 2578 ± 3 and , respectively, and subsequently subjected to amphibolite- to granulite-facies regional metamorphism and ductile shearing at ca. 2550 Ma; granite veins and dykes related to the Nain Plutonic Suite were emplaced at ca. 1310 Ma. The Archean events are interpreted to represent the juxtapositioning and final docking of Saglek and Hopedale blocks to form a single, stable cratonic mass during the late Archean. Corroborative evidenc...
Initiation and propagation of strain localization in circumferentially notched samples of two porous sandstones

[1] To investigate how strain localization develops from a structural and stress heterogeneity, we introduced a V-shaped circumferential notch in cylindrical samples of Bentheim and Berea sandstones and conducted triaxial compression tests at confining pressure optimum for compactive failure. The critical stresses for initial yield map out a cap with a negative slope in the stress space, and the presence of the notch enhanced the local stress which induced damage to occur at remote stresses significantly lower than in the unnotched sample. Our mechanical and microstructural data demonstrate the spectrum of failure modes and depict the initiation and propagation of a localized structure. In the Bentheim sandstone we observed discrete compaction bands that propagated through the sample cross section with episodic force drops, and in the Berea sandstone, we observed diffuse bands accompanied by strain hardening. Compactive yield was marked by an upsurge in acoustic emissions, corresponding to the formation of a process zone at the notch tip. To probe the initial yield behavior and geometry of the process zone, we developed a micromechanical model using linear elastic fracture mechanics, which predicts a process zone extending 0.3–0.5 of the notch depth, in accord with the microstructural observations. Analysis of the stress path reveals the potential activation of multiple localization modes around the notch tip. The energy required to develop a compactive deformation band was inferred to range from 6 to 43 kJ m−2. In the Bentheim sandstone the energy was observed to be inversely dependent on the confining pressure.
Electrical engineering in the postwar world: VII. Aircraft electricity

WAR is an unprofitable enterprise. However, one of the brighter sides of war is that problems and their solutions which develop from military necessity become commercial advantages. In other words, wars make better things for peace. It is quite likely that the advances in electrical-engineering art which have resulted from aviation electricity will fall into this category.
Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Loading in Hard Disk Drives

The dynamic loading process in hard disk drives is simulated numerically. The effects of the slider's loading velocity and initial pitch and roll on its dynamics during loading, as well as on slider-disk contacts, are studied by using the dynamic loading simulator. The air bearing forces due to the squeezing and shearing flows are calculated and their contributions to the dynamics of the slider during loading are investigated. Slider-disk contacts are considered in the numerical simulation through generalized impulse-momentum equations. Slider-disk contact criteria are obtained from the numerical simulation, and they are compared with those obtained from a previous experimental parameter study
The representation of shock-like solutions in an Eulerian mesh

Abstract Methods are presented for integrating differential equations in conservation form in an Eulerian mesh in the presence of discontinuities and shocks. We make use of the monotonicity property, namely, that a solution is assumed to be monotone between mesh points. Monotonicity is preserved by convective equations and can be rigorously implemented in a code. In more general systems of conservative equations, monotonicity is enforced when interpolating a curve, given on an integer mesh, onto a half-integer mesh. This can be interpreted as introducing a local diffusive term whenever a discontinuity or shock occurs. The integration of a Riemann problem shows that with this method shocks are represented within two zones and contact discontinuities exhibit little diffusion.
The management of hypertension with angiotensin receptor blockers in special populations.

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are the most recently approved major class of antihypertensive agents. The primary mechanism of action of ARBs is the selective blockade of the AT1 receptor. There are 7 ARBs presently approved for clinical use in the United States, several with other indications in addition to blood pressure reduction in patients with hypertension. While ARBs appear to be no more potent than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for lowering blood pressure when used as monotherapy, they are a beneficial alternative and even compelling in certain populations. This class of agents also has the added benefit of placebo-like side effects, potentially enhancing adherence. In this review, studies are presented as positive evidence supporting the use of ARBs in special populations (including persons with diabetic nephropathy), in patients with heart failure (especially with systolic dysfunction), for cardioprotection in high-risk cardiac patients (including postmyocardial infarction and stroke), and for delaying new-onset diabetes. Clinical information on the effects of ARBs related to race and ethnicity are also discussed, although the data in most large trials are not substantial. Despite the fact that African American patients have the highest prevalence of hypertension (with increased mortality and morbidity), studies have been less robust regarding ARBs and protection against cardiovascular disease in this population. Although at least 1 major study has confirmed the benefit of ARBs in Asian patients with diabetic nephropathy, overall, treating patients based on race and ethnicity remains fraught with difficulty.
MONOALLELIC DISRUPTION OF α INT1 REDUCES ANTIBODY BINDING, ADHESION, AND GERM TUBE FORMATION IN C. ALBICANS . • 1014

MONOALLELIC DISRUPTION OF α INT1 REDUCES ANTIBODY BINDING, ADHESION, AND GERM TUBE FORMATION IN C. ALBICANS . • 1014
The love-hate relationship between bacterial polysaccharides and the host immune system.

The commensal gut bacteriumBacteroides fragilismight be the key to a healthy immune system. A zwitterionic polysaccharide that is produced by this bacterium has immunomodulatory properties, and the authors suggest that this supports the 'hygiene hypothesis' at a molecular level. This article explores the fascinating relationship between the mammalian immune system and the bacteria that are present in the mammalian gut. Every human is an ecosystem that hosts 1013–1014 bacteria. We review the evidence that immunomodulatory molecules produced by commensal bacteria in the gut have a beneficial influence on the development of certain immune responses, through eliciting the clonal expansion of CD4+ T-cell populations. This process seems to contribute to the overall health of the host by offering protection against various diseases and might provide supporting evidence at a molecular level for the 'hygiene hypothesis' of allergic immune disorders.
Correspondence between whistler mode ducts and chorus emissions observed on the Cluster spacecraft

Chorus emissions are intense naturally occurring plasma waves generated outside the plasmapause near the magnetic equatorial plane. Chorus often appears in two frequency bands, with an upper band above f ce /2 and a lower band below f ce /2, where f ce denotes equatorial gyrofrequency. Bell et al. [2009] proposed that the source region for this configuration, known as banded chorus, consists of whistler mode ducts of depleted electron density for upper band chorus and ducts of either enhanced or depleted density for lower band chorus. This paper provides support for this model by showing that the requisite ducts generally exist near the magnetic equatorial plane. We also present two examples of banded chorus and discuss how these cases may be related to the duct structure.
Oral Glyburide, But Not Glimepiride, Blocks the Infarct-Size Limiting Effects of Pioglitazone

Many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receive several oral hypoglycemic agents, including sulfonylurea drugs. Intravenous glyburide (Glyb), a sulfonylurea agent, blocks the protective effects of “ischemic” and pharmacologic preconditioning in various animal models without affecting myocardial infarct size when administered alone. However, there are conflicting results when other sulfonylurea drugs are used. Pioglitazone (PIO) reduces infarct size in the rat. We asked whether oral Glyb and glimepiride (Glim) affect the infarct size-limiting effects of PIO. Sprague–Dawley rats received 3-day oral treatment with: PIO (5 mg/kg/day); PIO + Glyb (10 mg/kg/day); PIO + Glim (4 mg/kg/day) or water alone (experiment 1) or PIO (5 mg/kg/day) with or without 5-hydroxydecanoate (5HD, 10 mg/kg), a specific mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels inhibitor, administered intravenously 30 min before coronary artery ligation. PIO, Glyb and Glim were administered by oral gavage. Sugar 5% was added to water to prevent hypoglycemia. Rats underwent 30 min coronary artery occlusion and 4 h reperfusion (n = 6 in each group). Ischemic area at risk was assessed by blue dye and infarct size by triphenyl-tetrazolium-chloride. Body weight and the size of the area at risk were comparable among groups. Infarct size (% of the area at risk) was significantly smaller in the PIO (14.3 ± 1.1%; p < 0.001) and PIO + Glim (13.2 ± 0.8%; p < 0.001) groups than in the control group (37.7 ± 1.2%). Glyb completely blocked the effect of PIO (43.0 ± 1.7%; p < 0.001). Glim did not affect the protective effect of PIO (p = 0.993). 5HD blocked the protective effect of PIO (infarct size 48.5 ± 0.8% versus 14.8 ± 0.6%, respectively; p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the infarct size limiting effects of PIO are dependent on activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Oral Glyb, but not Glim, blocks the infarct size limiting effects of PIO. It is plausible that Glyb affects other pleiotropic effects of PIO and thus may attenuate favorable effects on cardiovascular outcomes. In contrast, Glim does not attenuate the protective effect of PIO.
Premature Ovarian Failure in Women with Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: Women with epilepsy (WWE) have an increased risk for several reproductive endocrine disorders that may affect their fertility. The incidence of premature ovarian failure (POF) in women with epilepsy has not been systematically studied. This study examined the incidence of POF in women with epilepsy. Methods: Fifty consecutively evaluated cognitively normal women with epilepsy, aged 38–64 years, whose seizures began before age 41 years, were interviewed for symptoms of perimenopause and menopause. Endocrine studies, performed in women aged 45 years or younger at the time of evaluation, included serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; done on menstrual cycle day 3 in menstruating women), inhibin A levels when FSH was normal, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, and, in menstruating women, menstrual cycle day 20 serum progesterone level. Nonsurgical premature menopause was defined as secondary amenorrhea of >12 months' duration with FSH levels of >14 International Units (IU) in women younger than 42 years. Premature perimenopause was defined by the presence of one or more of the following: somatic perimenopausal symptoms; change in previously regular menstrual cycles without evidence of other reproductive endocrine disturbance; and FSH level of >14 IU or inhibin A level of <7 pg/ml. Similarly aged neurologically normal women seen in the menopause and sleep clinics served as control subjects. Statistical analysis included Fisher's exact test, Kruskal–Wallis test, t test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Seven (14%) of 50 women with epilepsy had nonsurgical premature perimenopause (six of seven) or menopause (one of seven), compared with three of 82 control (p = 0.042). Five of 41 women with localization-related epilepsy (LRE) had POF compared with two of nine women with primary generalized epilepsy (PGE; p = 0.595). Mean age of POF was 39.6 years (range, 37–42 years). Seizure duration, age at seizure onset, seizure severity and lateralization, smoking history, age of menarche, body mass index and incidence of depression was not statistically different between women with and without POF. There was no statistically significant association between POF and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Women with POF were more likely to have had catamenial exacerbation of their seizures than were women without POF (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Women with epilepsy have an increased risk for developing POF. This finding should be considered in counseling women with epilepsy on family planning.
The misinterpretation rates of radiology residents on emergent neuroradiology magnetic resonance (MR) angiogram studies: correlation with level of residency training

The purpose of this study was to determine the discrepancy rates of radiology residents interpreting emergent neck and Circle of Willis magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) studies and to detect any adverse clinical outcomes. Three hundred seventeen MRA studies given preliminary reading by radiology residents were retrospectively reviewed over a 2-year period. Discrepancies were classified as either false negatives (failure to diagnose abnormalities) or false positives (misinterpreting normal scans as abnormal). The overall discrepancy rate was 12.1% for Circle of Willis MRA and 7.9% for neck MRA. Fourth-year residents had the lowest discrepancy rates (7.7%), but this was not statistically significant. The most common misses were stenosis greater than 70% (n = 9) and aneurysm (n = 12). No adverse clinical outcome was detected mainly due to rapid turnaround time for final reporting.
Characterization of Acute Brain Injuries and Neurobehavioral Profiles in a Rabbit Model of Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) is the most common neurological problem of premature infants and has enormous financial and social impact. Despite this, there is no standardized animal model of IVH depicting acute brain injuries. Methods— We delivered rabbit-pups prematurely at 29-day gestation by C-section, administered intraperitoneal glycerol to the pups at 3-hour postnatal age to induce IVH, and evaluated the brain for evidence of injuries. Results— About 80% of glycerol-treated pups developed gross IVH. We found greater neutrophil and microglia infiltration around the ventricles (periventricular zone) in pups with IVH than in controls. We noted more apoptosis and neuronal degeneration in the periventricular zone than in the neocortex in pups with IVH, but not in controls. There was evidence of axonal damage revealed by β-amyloid precursor protein and neurofilament immunolabeling. Neurobehavioral testing showed that pups with IVH were more wobbl...
Expanded CAG repeats in the crosshairs.

Antisense oligomers targeted to CAG repeats allow allele-specific knockdown of the gene that causes Huntington's disease.
How Biology Travels: A Humanitarian Trip:

This article explores how ‘biology’ — in the sense that bodies are increasingly understood in biological terms, from the molecular to the species level — is becoming more central in the recognition of political worth, and I argue that humanitarians are key players in producing this reality. I focus on the role biology plays in the politics of immigration. Combining ethnographic research with undocumented immigrants in Paris and asylum claimants in the US, I examine how biology has become a central tool in the ability to travel. How did pathology (i.e. illness) or violations of anatomy (i.e. torture, sexual violence) become the ‘best’ ways to get papers as an undocumented immigrant — better than selling one’s labor power? I suggest that biological evidence — of illness, of torture, of immunity levels — are used as key measurements of suffering, which justifies humanitarian exceptions, in this case, for papers. My argument is that there is a dual regime of truth at work, where the multiple ontologies of bio...
The International Orthopaedic Health Elective at the University of California at San Francisco: The Eight-Year Experience

It is estimated that half of the world's population lacks access to adequate primary health care and that two-thirds of the population lacks access to orthopaedic care1. While opportunities for orthopaedic surgeons to volunteer internationally have existed for many years, only a small percentage of practicing orthopaedic surgeons in the United States do so. One reason for this low rate of volunteerism is that physicians who have recently finished residency training face substantial loan burdens. In addition, recent graduates need to establish and build their practices2,3. Residents at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) may elect to participate in an overseas volunteerism program as early as their third postgraduate year. This program is rooted in the hope that early exposure will encourage future participation in similar activities throughout the residents' professional lives. While reports on the early experience of this elective have demonstrated a trend toward increased future participation in volunteerism, to date there have been no formal investigations of the long-term impact of this elective experience on orthopaedic surgery residents4,5. International health electives are believed to impact residents-in-training in three ways: providing professional development, affecting health-care resource use, and impacting outlooks and attitudes toward the delivery of health care6. A recent investigation conducted by the Department of Internal Medicine at Yale University examined the effects of its international elective on resident training. The study found that participants in an international elective were more likely than nonparticipants both to switch from subspecialty medicine to general medicine and to care for underserved populations7. While offering an international elective as a standard component of a residency training program may appear to benefit both residents and residency training programs, such electives require a substantial financial commitment from …
Effects of Nylidrin, Isoproterenol and Phenoxybenzamine on Dogs Subjected to Hemorrhagic Shock

The effects of beta-adrenergic receptor stimulants (nylidrin and isoproterenol) on the hemorrhagic shock state of anesthetized dogs were measured and compared to those of phenoxybenzamine to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of the combined cardiac stimulatory and peripheral vasodilatory actions of the former drugs. Anesthetized dogs were subjected to 3 hours of hypovolemia followed by the return of the shed blood. Nylidrin, isoproterenol (continuous infusion), and phenoxybenzamine were administered 1 hour after bleeding the animals and heart rate, arterial blood pressure, venous hematocrit, coronary blood flow, cardiac output, ventricular contractility, and survival rates were measured. Nylidrin and isoproterenol afforded significant protection against shock deaths, whereas phenoxybenzamine did not increase survival over control values. Mild to moderate intestinal hemorrhage and distention were noted in the isoproterenol- and phenoxybenzamine-treated animals, but not in the nylidrin-treated animals. Phenoxybenzamine gradually decreased the arterial blood pressure and additional quantities of blood had to be infused to maintain cardiac output and blood pressure. Ventricular contractile force progressively decreased in the phenoxybenzamine-treated animals, whereas isoproterenol and nylidrin enhanced the force of ventricular contractions. In the presence of existing hypotension, isoproterenol and nylidrin maintained cardiac output. These agents deserve further consideration as potentially useful therapeutic agents in the management of shock states.
Morphology and growth of lepidosirenid lungfish tooth plates (pisces: dipnoi)

The structure of the tooth plates of Protopterus and Lepidosiren was investigated to determine the causes and consequences of postlarval shape change. During growth, the basal area of the tooth plates increases, some cusps become more prominent, and shearing surfaces are sharpened. The jaw articulation restricts the range of movements of the lower jaw, and causes the tooth plates to occlude precisely; the resulting wear patterns are regular. The tooth plates are composed of enamel, trabecular dentine, and petrodentine. A petrodentine column forms the core of a tooth plate; it is flanked by trabecular dentine. Microhardness measurements show that trabecular dentine is comparable in hardness to mammalian dentine, whereas the petrodentine is comparable to enamel. The location and differential wear of these tissues produce the prominent cusps and self-sharpened blades of the adult tooth plates.
Ultrasound heating in previously irradiated sitest

Abstract Eighteen courses of ultrasound induced hyperthermia were administered to 16 patients who previously had received 4400–11000 tad X-irradiation to the same site. Skin was cooled by thermal diffusion. Minor burns at the site of thermocouple insertion were noted in three courses; no other local reactions were seen. Six courses of ultrasound hyperthermia with low dose radiation boost were given to five additional patients who had recurrence of tumor within irradiated fields. Again no unexpected local reactions were seen. Tumor responses were noted. We conclude that tumors recurrent in areas of previous irradiation can be heated safely in the manner described without additional damage to the irradiated skin.
Comparative DNA sequence features in two long Escherichia coli contigs

The recent sequencing of two relatively long (approximately 100 kb) contigs of E.coli presents unique opportunities for investigating heterogeneity and genomic organization of the E.coli chromosome. We have evaluated a number of common and contrasting sequence features in the two new contigs with comparisons to all available E.coli sequences (> 1.6 Mb). Our analyses include assessments of: (i) counts and distributions of restriction sites, special oligonucleotides (e.g., Chi sites, Dam and Dcm methylase targets), and other marker arrays; (ii) significant distant and close direct and inverted repeat sequences; (iii) sequence similarities between the long contigs and other E.coli sequences; (iv) characterization and identification of rare and frequent oligonucleotides; (v) compositional biases in short oligonucleotides; and (vi) position-dependent fluctuations in sequence composition. The two contigs reveal a number of distinctive features, including: a cluster of five repeat/dyad elements with very regular spacings resembling a transcription attenuator in one of the contigs; REP elements, ERICs, and other long repeats; distinction of the Chi sequence as the most frequent oligonucleotide; regions of clustering, overdispersion, and regularity of certain restriction sites and short palindromes; and comparative domains of inhomogeneities in the two long contigs. These and other features are discussed in relation to the organization of the E.coli chromosome.
Let's Be Honest: Evidence for Why Industrial–Organizational Psychology Research Is Trustworthy

The implicit assumption in the focal article by Kepes and McDaniel (2013) is that the research in industrial–organizational (I–O) psychology may not be trustworthy. Although we acknowledge that the issues brought up by the authors might affect the representativeness of published I–O research, we do not believe they have presented any real evidence for a lack of trustworthiness in the extant published work. In fact, the authors never actually define what they mean by ‘‘trustworthiness.’’ As a result, in the following commentary we will first provide a definition for ‘‘trustworthy’’ research, followed by presenting some evidence that I–O research is, in fact, trustworthy.
Granzyme B and Perforin Are Important for Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Suppression of Tumor Clearance

Granzyme B is important for the ability of NK cells and CD8(+) T cells to kill their targets. However, we showed here that granzyme B-deficient mice clear both allogeneic and syngeneic tumor cell lines more efficiently than do wild-type (WT) mice. To determine whether regulatory T (Treg) cells utilize granzyme B to suppress immune responses against these tumors, we examined the expression and function of granzyme B in Treg cells. Granzyme B was not expressed in naive Treg cells but was highly expressed in 5%-30% of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells in the tumor environment. Adoptive transfer of WT Treg cells, but not granzyme B- or perforin-deficient Treg cells, into granzyme B-deficient mice partially restored susceptibility to tumor growth; Treg cells derived from the tumor environment could induce NK and CD8(+) T cell death in a granzyme B- and perforin-dependent fashion. Granzyme B and perforin are therefore relevant for Treg cell-mediated suppression of tumor clearance in vivo.
Development and application of an injection-seeded, nano-second, pulsed, optical parametric oscillator (OPO) for high resolution spectroscopy

Development and characterization of a nanosecond pulse-length, injection-seeded, single-mode, optical parametric oscillator system is discussed. High resolution measurements of nitric oxide performed using single and two-photon laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy are presented.
VAST Challenge 2012: Visual analytics for big data

The 2012 Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST) Challenge posed two challenge problems for participants to solve using a combination of visual analytics software and their own analytic reasoning abilities. Challenge 1 (C1) involved visualizing the network health of the fictitious Bank of Money to provide situation awareness and identify emerging trends that could signify network issues. Challenge 2 (C2) involved identifying the issues of concern within a region of the Bank of Money network experiencing operational difficulties utilizing the provided network logs. Participants were asked to analyze the data and provide solutions and explanations for both challenges. The data sets were downloaded by nearly 1100 people by the close of submissions. The VAST Challenge received 40 submissions with participants from 12 different countries, and 14 awards were given.
Bifid mandibular canals in panoramic radiographs

The purpose of this study was to identify and classify specific anatomic variations of the mandibular canal for which we have suggested the term "bifid mandibular canals." A total of 6,000 panoramic radiographs were studied, and those that contained these canals were identified. A classification of bifid mandibular canals was developed from this material. In addition, as the different variations of these bifid mandibular canals may present a number of problems in clinical practice, some solutions to these problems are presented. In our sample, there were 57 bifid mandibular canals, an incidence of 0.95%. These results suggest that the presence of bifid mandibular canals is not a rare finding. If panoramic equipment is not available, the lateral jaw view may be taken to study the mandible for the anesthetic, surgical, and prosthetic problems.
The impact of expert testimony on trials of battered women who kill their husbands

Increased attention to family violence is reflected, in part, in the growing number of social scientists who have applied the results of their work in trials of battered women who have killed their husbands. Acting as expert witnesses, these individuals detail their knowledge and offer opinions in order to educate jurors about the social and psychological consequences of abuse within marital relationships. Little is known about the actual impact of expert testimony on jury deliberation in cases involving battered women. Those engaged in studying the interface of psychology and criminal justice have relied primarily on anecdotal evidence which suggests that expert testimony shapes jurors' attitudes and their ultimate decisions. (Ellison & Buckhout, 1981). This article summarizes psychological research on how individuals, including battered women, react to victimization and provides a preliminary theoretical formulation of this problem.
The role of visualization and 3-D printing in biological data mining

Biological data mining is a powerful tool that can provide a wealth of information about patterns of genetic and genomic biomarkers of health and disease. A potential disadvantage of data mining is volume and complexity of the results that can often be overwhelming. It is our working hypothesis that visualization methods can greatly enhance our ability to make sense of data mining results. More specifically, we propose that 3-D printing has an important role to play as a visualization technology in biological data mining. We provide here a brief review of 3-D printing along with a case study to illustrate how it might be used in a research setting. We present as a case study a genetic interaction network associated with grey matter density, an endophenotype for late onset Alzheimer’s disease, as a physical model constructed with a 3-D printer. The synergy or interaction effects of multiple genetic variants were represented through a color gradient of the physical connections between nodes. The digital gene-gene interaction network was then 3-D printed to generate a physical network model. The physical 3-D gene-gene interaction network provided an easily manipulated, intuitive and creative way to visualize the synergistic relationships between the genetic variants and grey matter density in patients with late onset Alzheimer’s disease. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this novel method of biological data mining visualization.
Emerging biomarkers of prostate cancer (Review)

Prostate cancer progression involves activation of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, apoptosis, anoikis, angiogenesis and metastasis. The current PSA-based test for the diagnosis of prostate cancer lacks sensitivity and specificity, resulting in missed diagnoses and unnecessary biopsies. Intense research efforts to identify serum and tissue biomarkers will expand the opportunities to understand the functional activation of cancer-related pathways and consequently lead to molecular therapeutic targeting towards inhibition of tumor growth. Current literature describes multiple biomarkers that indicate the properties of prostate cancer including its presence, stage, metastatic potential and prognosis. Used singly, assays detecting these biomarkers have their respective shortcomings. Several recent studies evaluating the clinical utilization of multiple markers show promising results in improving prostate cancer profiling. This review discusses the current understanding of biomarker signature cluster-based approaches for the diagnosis and therapeutic response of prostate cancer derived from panels of biomarker tests that provide a selective molecular signature characteristic of the tumor. As these signatures are robustly defined and their pathways are exhaustively dissected, prostate cancer can be more accurately diagnosed, characterized, staged and targeted with inhibitory antitumor agents. The growing promise surrounding the recent evidence in identifying and utilizing such biomarker panels, will lead to improvement in cancer prognosis and management of the therapeutic response of prostate cancer patients.
Activation of the Vibrio cholerae SOS Response Is Not Required for Intestinal Cholera Toxin Production or Colonization

Cholera toxin, one of the main virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae, is encoded in the genome of CTX ,a V. cholerae-specific lysogenic filamentous bacteriophage. Although the genes encoding cholera toxin, ctxAB, are known to have their own promoter, the toxin genes can also be transcribed from an upstream CTX promoter, PrstA. The V. cholerae SOS response to DNA damage induces the CTX prophage by stimulating gene expression initiating from PrstA. Here, we investigated whether ctxA mRNA levels increase along with the levels of the transcripts for the other CTX genes following stimulation of the V. cholerae SOS response. Treatment of V. cholerae with the SOS-inducing agent mitomycin C increased the level of ctxA mRNA approximately sevenfold, apparently by augmenting the activity of PrstA. However, using suckling mice as a model host, we found that intraintestinal ctxA transcription does not depend on PrstA. In fact, the suckling mouse intestine does not appear to be a potent inducer of the V. cholerae SOS response. Furthermore, alleviation of LexA-mediated repression of the V. cholerae SOS regulon was not required for V. cholerae growth in the suckling mouse intestine. Our observations suggest that pathogenicity of V. cholerae does not depend on its SOS response.
Speckle interferometric observations of Pluto and Charon

Abstract We report speckle interferometric observations of Pluto and its moon (1978 P1) Charon obtained on 5 June 1980 with a single 1.8-m mirror of the Multiple Mirror Telescope. Our observations yield a separation of 0″.31 (±0″.05) between Pluto and Charon at position angle 285° (±7°) for JD 2444395.75. This result and other direct observations indicate an adjustment of +4.0 hr to the orbital epoch of R. S. Harrington and J. W. Christy [ Astron.J. 86 , 442–443 (1981)]. Our observation, which represents the first resolution of the system near minimum separation, also suggests that the inclination of the orbit to the plane of the sky should be increased by 3°; this will delay the onset of the predicted eclipsee season by one apparition to 1984 or 1985. Our data are consistent with Pluto diameter 0″.14 (±0″.02) = 3000 (±400) km and Charon diameter 0″..05 (±0″.03) = 1100 (±600) km.
The spectrophotometric determination of the dissociation constants of theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine

The results of a study of the ultraviolet spectrophotometric absorption characteristics of aqueous solutions of theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine at different pH values are reported. From these data the acidic dissociation constants of theophylline and theobromine, expressed as pKa values, were found to be 8.6 and 10, respectively. The basic dissociation constants of each of the three substances correspond to pKb value of not less than 13 in any case.
Simulation of chemical reaction via particle tracking: Diffusion-limited versus thermodynamic rate-limited regimes

[1] Chemical reactions may be simulated without regard to local concentrations by applying simple probabilistic rules of particle interaction and combination. The forward reaction A + B→ C is coded by calculating the probability that any A and B particles will occupy the same volume over some time interval. This becomes a convolution of the location densities of the two particles. The backward reaction is a simple exponential decay of C particles into A and B particles. When the mixing of reactants is not a limiting process, the classical thermodynamic reaction rates are reproduced. When low mixing (as by diffusion) limits the reaction probabilities, the reaction rates drop significantly, including the rate of approach to global equilibrium. At long enough times, the law of mass action is reproduced exactly in the mean, with some irreducible deviation in the local equilibrium saturations (the equilibrium constant divided by the mass action expression) away from unity. The saturation variability is not sensitive to numerical parameters but depends strongly on how far from equilibrium the system is initiated. This is simply due to a relative paucity of particles of some species as the reaction moves far to one side or the other.
Electronic structure near the band gap of heavily nitrogen doped GaAs and GaP

Abstract : Isoelectronic impurity nitrogen atoms have been found to generate a series of localized states in GaP and GaAs. These states can be either bound (within the band gap) or resonant (above the band gap) when in the dilute doping limit (roughly < 10(exp 19)/cu cm for GaP and < 10(exp 18)/cu cm for GaAs). With increasing nitrogen doping level, a shift of the absorption edge from the binary band gap has been observed for the so-called GaPN or GaAsN alloy. We discuss the similarity and dissimilarity between the two systems in the following aspects: (1) How does the nitrogen doping perturb the host band structure? (2) How do the nitrogen bound states evolve with increasing nitrogen doping level? (3) What are the dominant contributors to the band edge absorption? And (4) does a universal model exist for GaPN and GaAsN? Other issues that will be discussed are: how does one define the band gap for these materials, and what is the relevance of various theoretical band structure calculations to the experimentally measured parameters.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Exposure Via the Intake of Oriental Medicines in Korea

Oriental medical herbs are mainly natural products that are generated by simple processes, and therefore there is the possibility of contamination with various pollutants, including heavy metals. Heavy metals produce adverse effects in humans, and the toxicities of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are well established. This study evaluated the effects of exposure to Pb and Cd via the intake of the frequent prescriptions of oriental medicines, and assessed the risk to the Korean population based on domestic data. The average daily exposures to Pb and Cd were estimated. This is the first study to evaluate exposure and risk of heavy metal intoxication through intake of oriental medicines in Korea. Despite the uncertainties and limits of the data, these results simulate realistic exposure levels.
Paracrine factors produced by bone marrow stromal cells induce apoptosis and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND. Preferential bony metastasis of human prostate cancer (PCa) cells contributes to disease mortality and morbidity. Local factors in bone stromal extracellular matrix microenvironment affect tumor growth through paracrine interactions between tumor and stromal cells. METHODS. Using co-culture and medium transfer, we used several methods to assess interactions between PCa and bone stromal cells using three PCa cell lines: PC3, LNCaP, and the LNCaP derivative, C4-2B. RESULTS. Co-culture of LNCaP and C4-2B cells with bone marrow stromal cell lines, HS27a and HS5, decreased cell number, as did culture with conditioned medium (CM) harvested from these two cell lines suggesting a soluble paracrine factor was responsible. PC3 cell growth was unaffected. CM harvested from bone stromal cell lines triggered apoptosis in LNCaP and C4-2B cell lines, but not in PC3 cells. Surviving C4-2B cells grown in bone stromal cell CM over several days were growth arrested, suggesting presence of a growth inhibitor. Apoptosis induced by CM was dose-dependent. Flow cytometry demonstrated that over a 5-day culture period in stromal cell CM, LNCaP, and C4-2B cell lines, but not PC3 cells, underwent greater apoptosis than parallel cultures in SF medium. The LNCaP and C4-2B cells showed morphology and biomarker expression consistent with transdifferentiation towards a neuroendocrine phenotype after exposure to stromal cell CM. CONCLUSIONS. The reactive bone stromal microenvironment initially is hostile to PCa cells producing widespread apoptosis. Activation of transdifferentiation in a subset of apoptotic resistant cells may support phenotypic adaptation during disease progression in bone, eventually favoring lethal disease. Prostate # 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive Measurement of Potassium Efflux as an Early Indicator of Cell Death in Mouse Embryos

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs in nearly all cell types examined, including mammalian oocytes and embryos, where it may underlie some forms of infertility in humans. Although the molecular machinery participating in apoptosis have been intensely investigated, the accompanying physiological changes have not received similar attention. In this study, a novel electrophysiology technique has been employed to monitor real-time perturbations in the physiology of mouse embryos undergoing apoptosis evoked by hydrogen peroxide, diamide, and staurosporine. Despite differences in their mode of action, these agents evoked a similar early change in cellular physiology; namely, a pronounced, transient, potassium efflux through tetraethylammonium-sensitive potassium channels accompanied by cell shrinkage. Mouse zygotes exposed to 200 microM H(2)O(2) exhibited potassium efflux that elevated the potassium concentration of the media surrounding embryos by 1.4 +/- 0.1 microM. Pretreatment with tetraethylammonium inhibited this increase (0.2 +/- 0.1 microM). Our results indicate that potassium efflux through potassium channels and concurrent cell shrinkage are early indicators of cell death in embryos and that noninvasive measurements of potassium pathophysiology may identify embryos undergoing cell death prior to the manifestation of other morphological or molecular hallmarks of cell death.