cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protective and Damaging Effects of the Mediators of Stress and Adaptation: Allostasis and Allostatic Load

INTRODUCTION The discovery that there are gradients of health across the full range of income and education, known as socioeconomic status (SES; Adler et al., 1994, 1999; Brunner et al., 1997; Marmot et al., 1991), has emphasized the need to have a biological framework in which to conceptualize and measure the cumulative impact of social factors (i.e., social status, income, education, working and living environments, lifestyle, health-related behaviors, and stressful life experiences on physical and mental health). Biologists are very good at studying mechanisms and not so successful in providing concepts and methods that are usable by social scientists, including epidemiologists, economists, sociologists and health psychologists, for collecting data on groups of individuals in relation to psychosocial variables. In an attempt to make some progress in this direction within the framework of the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health, a number of us have developed a set of concepts and terminology that are intended to help organize the design and measurement of long-term effects of psychosocial factors on disease processes (McEwen, 1998, 2000; McEwen and Stellar, 1993; Schulkin et al., 1994; Seeman et al., 1997; McEwen and Seeman, 1999). One of the main challenges has been to expand beyond the limitations and ambiguities imposed by the terms “stress” and “homeostasis.” One purpose of this essay is to discuss the physiology of the response to “stress” in terms of a new formulation involving two concepts: “allostasis” and “allostatic load.” We believe that these two terms allow for a more restricted and precise definition of “stress” that refers to an event or series of events that evoke a set of behavioral and physiological responses. These terms also clarify inherent ambiguities in the concept of homeostasis, and we also note the ways in which they replace and clarify aspects of the “general adaptation syndrome” as formulated by the late Hans Selye.
The Diversity of Late Holocene Shellfish Exploitation in Velondriake, Southwest Madagascar

ABSTRACTShellfish represent an important component of human diet, especially for coastal communities, and shells are integral to a wide range of activities and social interactions. In addition to providing rich information on questions of subsistence, daily and ritual practices, and trade and exchange, shellfish remains serve as sensitive paleoecological indicators of changes in climate and environment. The exploitation of shellfish by ancient communities is a well-studied field in archaeology; however, little has been published to date with regard to shellfish exploitation—either in the past or present—in Madagascar, the fourth largest island in the world. This article presents the first detailed description of archaeological shellfish assemblages from Madagascar. These assemblages were recovered from the excavation of several archaeological sites located in the southwest's Velondriake Marine Protected Area. The archaeological record of Velondriake spans the period from ca. cal AD 600 to cal AD 1900, mak...
Ritalin and Adderal Comparison in ADHD

A double-blind, crossover, 6 week study at the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, compared the efficacy and time-course of Ritalin® (10 mg and 17.5 mg bid), Adderal® (7.5 mg and 12.5 mg), and placebo in 25 ADHD children, mean age 9.6 years.
The Role of p53 in C-myc Induced Lymphomagenesis Mediated by the IgH 3′ Enhancers.

Translocation of the c-myc oncogene to the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH) locus is the most common chromosomal abnormality in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Our mouse model (IgH-3′E-myc) with the IgH 3′ enhancers integrated 5′ of the c-myc gene demonstrated that the IgH 3′ enhancers play an important role in c-myc deregulation and B cell lymphomagenesis. In this study, we examined the role of the tumor suppressor p53 in c-myc-induced B cell lymphomagenesis by developing IgH-3′E-myc mice with only a single p53 allele (p53 +/− -myc E mice). We found that lymphoma development and death were significantly accelerated in these mice compared to the IgH-3′E-myc mice. p53 +/− -myc E mice developed Burkitt-like B cell lymphomas at about 5 months of age, and the lymphomas had a clonal origin. In premalignant B cells, p53 expression was comparable to that in wildtype B cells; however, significantly decreased p53 levels were observed in malignant lymphoma cells. In addition, p53 expression was not up-regulated in response to etoposide in lymphoma cells. The remaining p53 allele was present, and no mutations were detected in the coding region. Increased expression of Mdm2 was observed in half of the lymphomas. Premalignant B cells from p53 +/− -myc E mice showed higher induced and spontaneous apoptosis due to increased c-myc expression. However, malignant lymphoma cells had a greatly increased survival rate in culture and were more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. The majority of the lymphomas showed increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. We found that p53 could negatively regulate the bcl-xL promoter in lymphoma cells, and a region that was responsive to p53 in the bcl-xL promoter was identified. These data support the conclusion that decreased p53 levels and overexpression of Bcl-xL play an important role in c-myc-induced lymphomagenesis mediated by IgH 3′ enhancers.
Understanding the Practice Experience of the Military Mental Health Provider in a Deployed Setting: A Conceptual Model

ABSTRACTMilitary mental health providers who are deployed to combat areas perform roles for which there is no analogous civilian job. Their clinical decision making is influenced by their emotional health, safety, training, support, and culture of the military. This article is based on original research that examined the experiences of 27 military mental health providers, proposes a model of decision making for the deployed military mental health providers, and provides case examples of its application.
Automated Vehicle Control for IVHS Systems

Abstract Research on Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) for highway automation in the California PATH (Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways) program is reviewed. The AVCS activities at PATH can be divided into two groups: longitudinal vehicle control and lateral vehicle control. The paper describes each of the activities with a concentration on control methodologies and experimental evaluation studies conducted to date.
Interference aware bandwidth estimation for load balancing in EMHR-energy based with mobility concerns hybrid routing protocol for VANET-WSN communication

Abstract The main goal of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is to improve driving safety. However, VANETs may not guarantee timely detection of dangerous road conditions or maintain communication connectivity when the network density is low, which may pose a risk to driving safety. Towards addressing this problem, the VANET is integrated with the inexpensive Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Sensor nodes are deployed along the roadside to sense road conditions, and to buffer and deliver information about dangerous conditions to vehicles regardless of the density or connectivity of the VANET. The most challenging features in VANETs are their dynamic topology and mobility, where vehicles are moving at variable and high speeds and in different trajectories. In contrast, the challenge in the WSN is in managing the limited energy resources of the nodes, since the performance of WSNs strongly depends on their lifetime. Thus, the fundamental design challenge in designing routing protocols for a hybrid network of VANET-WSN is to maximize network lifetime and connectivity, and to minimize delay and energy consumption. To overcome these challenges, this research investigates the effects of different Quality of Service (QoS) parameters on forwarding decisions in an efficient distributed position based routing protocol, and focuses on bandwidth estimation. Bandwidth estimation is of great importance to network Quality of Service assurance, network load balancing, and routing. In this research, a bandwidth estimation strategy based on normalized throughput of a link, taking into account the interference and packet loss ratio in discrete time for every successfully delivered packet is proposed for a hybrid network of VANET-WSN. The simulation results show that the strategy is effective, and can accurately estimate the bandwidth of VANET-WSN. A comprehensive performance analysis in representative urban scenarios is performed that takes into account realistic propagation models and real city scenario traffic.
Amicus Brief of Administrative Law, Civil Procedure, and Federal Courts Professors in Rosinski v. Shulkin

In April 2017, the Federal Circuit concluded for the first time that the Court of Appeals for Veteran's Claims (CAVC), the exclusive forum for challenging certain VA decisions, had the power to hear class actions. As a result, the CAVC issued an order inviting amici to answer twelve probing questions about how it should structure class actions for injunctive and declaratory relief. This amicus brief--the third of a series of amicus briefs written on behalf of leading scholars of administrative law, civil procedure and federal jurisprudence--answers four of the court's questions. First, the brief explains why the Court should draw on the framework for class certification set forth in Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Borrowing well-established rules that govern class actions in federal court will help guide parties’ motion practice and resolve pending claims, while offering the court insights that will aid in developing more formal rules in the future. Second, appellate level tribunals, like the CAVC, have broad discretion to aggregate cases. The CAVC can resolve evidentiary issues in class actions using tools commonly used by other appellate courts and three-judge panels.Third, courts often have discretion to provide notice to proposed class members in injunctive relief cases (which the CAVC will most likely hear), so long as notice will not unduly delay or otherwise jeopardize the action. Because the relief sought in injunctive and declaratory relief actions often will apply the same way for the whole class, however, courts and agencies only rarely permit parties to opt out from such actions. Finally, the brief explains why class actions are superior to precedential decisions in a number of settings, including when: (1) petitioners’ claims might otherwise be rendered moot; (2) a class facilitates the enforcement of judgments by class members; (3) there is no certainty the defendant would apply judgments uniformly to the class members; and (4) the class will effectively bring about institutional change. Class resolution of such claims ensures that relief is provided expeditiously, consistently, and fairly to all members of the class.
Proton irradiation effects on minority carrier diffusion length and defect introduction in homoepitaxial and heteroepitaxial n-GaN

Inherent advantages of wide bandgap materials make GaN-based devices attractive for power electronics and applications in radiation environments. Recent advances in the availability of wafer-scale, bulk GaN substrates have enabled the production of high quality, low defect density GaN devices, but fundamental studies of carrier transport and radiation hardness in such devices are lacking. Here, we report measurements of the hole diffusion length in low threading dislocation density (TDD), homoepitaxial n-GaN, and high TDD heteroepitaxial n-GaN Schottky diodes before and after irradiation with 2.5 MeV protons at fluences of 4–6 × 1013 protons/cm2. We also characterize the specimens before and after irradiation using electron beam-induced-current (EBIC) imaging, cathodoluminescence, deep level optical spectroscopy (DLOS), steady-state photocapacitance, and lighted capacitance-voltage (LCV) techniques. We observe a substantial reduction in the hole diffusion length following irradiation (50%–55%) and the int...
Negotiating Motherhood: Variations of Maternal Identities among Women in the Illegal Drug Economy

This study examines negotiations of motherhood among women in the illegal hard drug economy in Norway. Based on interviews with mothers who are users and dealers, this study analyzes four predominant maternal identities: grieving mothers, detached mothers, motherly dealers, and working mothers. Particularly relevant factors explaining variations in maternal identities include the timing of pregnancy, time spent with children, control over drug use, and place in the drug market hierarchy. By revealing patterns of intra-group variations by gender performances and work situation, the study expands upon previous work on how mothers who are structurally disadvantaged negotiate motherhood ideals.
Mode hybridization in lattice induced transparency for polarization-insensitive THz metasurfaces

We demonstrate multiple lattice-induced transparencies by decoupling the first-order lattice mode achieving a measured Q factor of 40 and support measurements with numerical calculations revealing bright dipole resonances.
Dependence of Scaling for a Convective Atmospheric Surface Layer on Size of Turbulent Disturbances

Most of the existing theoretical models for statistical characteristics of turbulence in a convective (i.e. unstably stratified) atmospheric surface layer (CASL) are based on the similarity theory by Monin and Obukhov (1954) and its further refinements. According to this theory, in particular, (1) where u, v, w, t are fluctuations of the longitudinal, lateral and vertical velocity components and temperature, the angular brackets symbolize averaging, f x ,α=u, v, w, t are universal functions,u * and T * =Q/u * are friction velocity and temperature,Q= is the vertical temperature flux and ζ=z/L (where L=u *3/Qβ, β is the buoyancy parameter) is the dimensionsless height. (Note that the used definition of the Obukhov length L differs from the original Obukhov‘s definition by a negative constant factor.). Similarly, (2) where E α (k)α=u,v,w,t are the longitudinal spectra of velocity components and temperature, k is the wave number, andφα ( kzζ ) are universal functions of two variables.
The invertebrate neurosecretory cell: state of the art

The study of neurosecretion in invertebrates is not only particularly stimulating and effective because neuropeptides are among the phylogenetically oldest messenger substances yielding results are of general validity. Moreover, the often rather large neurosecretory cells can be unequivocally tagged by modern techniques and their developmental fate observed during the animal’s life cycle. Genetic manipulation and single cell recording in invertebrate neurosecretory cells offer insights in interaction and regulation of these cells. The present review is focused on insect neurosecretory processes, particularly on their genetic regulation and hormonal influences of excitability.
Genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood: current treatment alternatives and controversies in management.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood and accounts for 4–8% of all malignant disease in children less than 15 years of age. It constitutes 5–15% of all malignant solid tumors. Among solid tumors, it is exceeded in frequency only by brain neoplasms, neuroblastoma, and Wilm’s tumor. Approximately 15–20% of RMS are genitourinary (GU) in origin and arise from the same embryonal mesenchyme that gives rise to striated skeletal muscle [1,2].
Healthy mitochondria for stroke cells

Stroke is a debilitating disease that remains as a significant unmet need. Although our understanding of the disease pathology has advanced over the years, treatment options for stroke are limited. Recent studies have implicated the important role of healthy mitochondria in neuroprotection against stroke. Under the stroke pathological condition, transfer of healthy mitochondria is observed from astrocytes to ischemic neurons. However, without additional therapeutic intervention, such astrocyte-to-neuron transfer of mitochondria may not sufficiently afford a robust and stable therapeutic effect against the devastating primary insult and progressive neurodegeneration associated with stroke. We now explore the concept that transplantation of exogenous stem cells may serve as efficacious sources of healthy mitochondria for ischemic cells, not only neurons but also endothelial cells. This review captures the recent advances on the therapeutic potential of mitochondrial transfer as a novel stroke treatment. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this article has been listed in the references section. The data sets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed.
Comparison of ASTM F2129 and ASTM F746 for Evaluating Crevice Corrosion

Crevice corrosion is one of the major mechanisms that drives implant failure in orthopedic devices that have modular interfaces. Despite the prevalence of crevice corrosion in modular interfaces, very little is known with regards to the susceptibility of different material combinations to participate in crevice corrosion. In this study, we compare two electrochemical methods, ASTM F2129, Standard Test Method for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements to Determine the Corrosion Susceptibility of Small Implant Devices, and a modified version of ASTM F746, Standard Test Method for Pitting or Crevice Corrosion of Metallic Surgical Implant Materials, in their ability to induce crevice corrosion. Four commonly used metals, 316 stainless steel, commercially pure titanium (Ti grade 2), Ti-6Al-4V (Ti grade 5), and cobalt–chromium–molybdenum per ASTM F1537, Standard Specification for Wrought Cobalt-28Chromium-6Molybdenum Alloys for Surgical Implants (UNS R31537, UNS R31538, and UNS R31539), were used to form crevices with a rod and washer combination. As a control, the metal rod materials were tested alone in the absence of crevices using ASTM F2129 and the modified ASTM F746 method. As another control to determine if crevices formed with polymeric materials would influence crevice corrosion susceptibility, experiments were also conducted with metal rods and polytetrafluorethylene washers. Our results revealed more visible corrosion after ASTM F2129 than ASTM F746. Additionally, ASTM F746 was found to falsely identify crevice corrosion per the critical pitting potential when visual inspection found no evidence of crevice corrosion. Hence, ASTM F2129 was found to be more effective overall at evaluating crevice corrosion compared to ASTM F746.
The Price is Right: Analyzing Bidding Behavior on Contestants’ Row

AbstractThe TV game show “The Price is Right” features a bidding auction called Contestant’s Row that rewards the player (out of four) who bids closest to an item’s value without overbidding. By ex...
Instructional Strategies for Interactive Television

Delivering instruction at a distance over television presents many of the challenges one encounters in a traditional classroom, as well as some that may be unique to the medium. This article descri...
Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli Siphophage Schulenberg.

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli bacteria and their infecting bacteriophage exist within the gut. Here, we present the complete genome of Schulenberg, an E. coli siphophage similar to phages of the subfamily Guernseyvirinae. Schulenberg encodes 85 proteins, 33 of which have predicted functions.
Reactions of HDDA Benzynes with C,N-Diarylimines (ArCH=NAr')

o-Benzynes can be utilized to construct heterocyclic motifs using various nucleophilic and cycloaddition trapping reactions. Acridines have been synthesized by capture of C,N-diarylimines with benzynes generated by classical methods (i.e., from ortho-elimination of precursor arene compounds), although in poor yields. We report here that these imines can be trapped by benzynes generated by the hexadehydro-Diels-Alder (HDDA) reaction in an efficient manner to produce 1,4-dihydroacridine products. These dihydroacridines were subsequently aromatized using MnO2 to provide structurally complex acridines.
Detecting Residual Weakness: an Update on Quantitative Neuromuscular Monitoring

The purpose of this review is to summarize the newest generation of quantitative neuromuscular monitors and the different modalities that can be used to minimize the risk of postoperative residual weakness. New guidelines and consensus statements are emerging that emphasize the importance of using quantitative monitors whenever neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are administered. Additionally, there are new technologies emerging in this area. Residual neuromuscular blockade remains a common occurrence in the postoperative period. Even small degrees of residual muscle weakness can produce significant postoperative complications. Qualitative (subjective) assessment is an unacceptable technique to exclude residual neuromuscular blockade because fade is difficult to detect when train-of-four ratios are between 0.4 and 0.9. For that reason, using objective quantitative monitors is essential to confirm adequate recovery in all patients receiving NMBAs and ensure patient safety.
Leak Detection and Location Pinpointing in Water Pipeline Systems Using a Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of wireless devices that are installed above the ground, buried under the dense soil, or placed in any underground spaces. WSNs have an immensely promising future which could impact diverse applications including water, oil, and gas pipeline leak detection. Any leak in the pipeline can trigger major financial losses and possible environmental damages. Almost twenty percent of the US water supply is lost annually because of pipe leakage. WSNs can be extremely useful in providing a solution for this problem. This paper presents a sensor network design method that uses pressure sensors to measure water pressure inside a pipe in different locations. Arduino and XBee (Zigbee) collect the pressure data, and exponential curve fitting technique determines leak and its location by analyzing the data. It demonstrates acceptable accuracy in predicting a leak and leak location under real world conditions for a given network. Moreover, it advises the acceptable distance between pressure sensors in a pipeline.
July 4, 2020: How Will We Celebrate?

July 4 is here, and we have an opportunity to adopt a more truthful narrative about the celebration of our nation’s birth and the racism upon which it was formed. This year while we look back on the almost 250 years since Americans freed themselves from England’s oppression, we must acknowledge that our nation has maintained a fictional narrative of freedom for all by intentionally whitewashing its longstanding history of enslaving, repressing, and exploiting black Americans. Now is the time for our country to embrace a more truthful reframing of July 4th.July 4th should be celebrated as an annual aspiration of what we want our country to become in order to move closer to achieving racial justice, and an annual benchmark of what still needs to be done. As part of this more truthful celebration, what a fitting time for our nation to also annually acknowledge those advancements that have been made to achieve racial equality. Perhaps, this more truthful reframing of July 4th will inspire us to create new chapters in our country’s history that chronicle our affirmative advancements to confront racism.
Abusive copyright litigation, proposed solutions, and the implications for Creative Commons licenses

Abstract US Copyright Law empowers rights holders to enforce their rights and to defend the market value of their intellectual property through litigation. So-called copyright trolls are rights holders who exploit the law and the court system by pursuing allegations of infringement primarily to generate revenue through court-awarded statutory damages or settlements outside of court. Such abusive litigation undermines the intention of the US Constitution's Patent and Copyright Clause as well as the public's respect for copyright. Yet legislative reform intended to deter abuse may impact those offering their work under Creative Commons (CC) licenses when they seek to enforce their rights. This article presents the ways in which legal scholars define abusive copyright litigation and their recommendations for thwarting it. Then, using examples from actual court cases, the article suggests potential implications of these recommendations for the enforcement of CC licenses.
Pose sampling for efficient model-based recognition

In model-based object recognition and pose estimation, it is common for the set of extracted image features to be much larger than the set of object model features owing to clutter in the image. However, another class of recognition problems has a large model, but only a portion of the object is visible in the image, in which a small set of features can be extracted, most of which are salient. In this case, reducing the effective complexity of the object model is more important than the image clutter. We describe techniques to accomplish this by sampling the space of object positions. A subset of the object model is considered for each sampled pose. This reduces the complexity of the method from cubic to linear in the number of extracted features. We have integrated this technique into a system for recognizing craters on planetary bodies that operates in real-time.
Female Body Dissatisfaction and Perceptions of the Attractive Female Body in Ghana, the Ukraine, and the United States

In many non-Western societies, moderate to high levels of body fat in women have long been equated with health, physical attractiveness, social status, and fertility. In recent times, however, many Western cultures have emphasized the idea that slender women are most attractive. This emphasis on thinness has led to increased levels of body dissatisfaction and dieting in Western cultures and in cultures that have imported Western media and ideals. The current study examines the body ideals in two cultures that have recently undergone increased contact with Western nations: Ghana and the Ukraine. Body dissatisfaction and perceptions of the attractive female body were studied in U.S. and Ukrainian undergraduates and villagers in Ghana using the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson & Gray, 1995). Compared to the other cultures, in the U.S., slender bodies were more highly valued and women reported a larger discrepancy between their current and
The Preparation of Amines by Reductive Alkylation

Reductive alkylation is the term applied to the process of introducing alkyl groups into ammonia or primary or secondary amine by means of an aldehdye or ketone in the presence of a reducing agent. This chapter is limited to those reductive alkylations in which the reducing agent is hydrogen and a catalysts or nascent hydrogen, usually from a metal-acid combination; most of these reductive alkylations have been carried out with hydrogen and a catalyst. Keywords: amines; reductive alkylation; aldehdyes; ketones; ammonia; Schiff's base; primary amines; secondary amines; tertiary amines; experimental conditions
A study of the inguinal region of the abdominal wall in female mice

Bilateral inguinal sacs or outpouchings of the abdominal wall normally occur in Brown-belt stock female mice. The length of each sac was determined to be from the caudal border of the pubic symphysis or interpubic ligament to the caudalmost extension of the sac. Sacs of control animals usually exceeded 1.0 mm in length and were longer in intact and ovariectomized mice treated with implanted testosterone pellets. There were no viscera observed in any of the inguinal sacs of the mice in this study. The bilateral inguinal sacs appear to be homologues of the scrota of males. The alterations in sac length produced by testosterone treatment are believed to be the result of changes in the connective tissue components of the sac.
Pluripotency Versus Self-Renewal of ES Cells: Two Sides of the Same Coin or More?

Keywords: DNA damage; ES cells; Genome maintenance; Nucleostemin; Pluripotency; Self-renewal
Erasure of the Credible Subject: An Autoethnographic Account of Chronic Pain

In this autoethnography, I provide a firsthand account of living with severe chronic pain in an effort to begin to fill an absence in the scholarly literature. I intend to demonstrate how the perfo...
Factors affecting regeneration of the horseradish root

The term " regeneration ' ' is ordinarily used to indicate the formation anew of a part of an organism that has been lost. In this paper the term is applied to the initiation of buds and roots from isolated pieces of the horseradish root. The growth of any planet axis, whether it be root or stem, may be separated into at least two phases : (1) The actual initiation of a growing point from a mass of meristematic tissue, and (2) the maintenance and subsequent development of this growing point. In the work reported here, no attempt was made to analyze the factors involved in the subsequent development of buds and roots after they were initiated. Reviews of the older literature on regeneration may be found elsewhere (9, 12, 15, 16). The horseradish, Cochlearia armoracia, is a convenient plant for a study of this type, because small isolated pieces of the root regenerate both buds and roots quite readily when placed in the proper environment. Furthermore, these pieces are fairly resistant to invasion by microorganisms. Previous work (13) has shown that normally the initiation of buds and roots is confined to those regions of the root where a lateral root has been broken off. Both buds and roots apparently arise from identically the same region. It has also been shown that the application of relatively high concentrations of indoleacetic and naphthyleneacetic acids inhibits the development of buds and stimulates the development of roots. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate some of the factors involved in the initiation of buds and roots, with particular emphasis on bud initiation.
Effects of temperature acclimation on electrical properties of earthworm giant axons

1. The effects of temperature acclimation on electrical properties of earthworm axons (Lumbricus terrestris) were studied using intracellular stimulating and recording techniques. 2. Cold acclimation, compared to warm acclimation, was associated with decreased action potential duration and cable input resistance and increased maximum rate of rise and decline of the action potential and increased excitation threshold. In each case the direction of change occurring during acclimation to 5° C was opposite to that occurring immediately after cooling to 5° C, i.e., the acclimation changes were compensatory. 3. The significance of these changes is discussed with regard to their influence on over-all nerve function after thermal acclimation.
From Catholic Milieu to Lived Religion: The Social and Cultural History of Modern German Catholicism1

The ‘milieu’ concept, first introduced to German history during the 1960s, experienced a revival during the last twenty years. It became especially influential as a model for modern German Catholic social history. Scholarship based on this notion of an insular religious subculture deserves much praise for its analysis of how Catholics remained relevant as a minority in a modernizing country and for shedding new light on the relationship between Catholicism and National Socialism. However, future work on the Catholic community in Germany requires greater methodological flexibility. The purposes of this article are to review the recent historiography of the German Catholic milieu after World War I, discuss existing critiques of this literature, and suggest ways to better integrate cultural and gender history into narratives about twentieth-century German Catholicism.
Angle-resolved photoemission from Fe(110): Determination of E()

Abstract Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy utilizing polarized synchrotron radiation with a clean Fe(110) sample, we identified each of the Σ 1 -, Σ 3 - and Σ 4 -band peaks with certainty using symmetry selection rules. We also determined energy band dispersion along the γ-Σ-N direction in the bulk Brillouin zone assuming direct transitions. There are small discrepancies between the observed bands and recent ground-state band calculations possibly due to Coulomb correlation effects. A surface state with odd symmetry about the [001] crystal direction and a binding energy of 0.15 eV at γ in the surface Brillouin zone was observed. Our results show that the ground-state calculations of ferromagnetic iron based on the local exchange correlation potential are basically in agreement with experimental dispersion relationship measurements.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A− Variant in Febrile Patients in Haiti

Haiti is one of two remaining malaria-endemic countries in the Caribbean. To decrease malaria transmission in Haiti, primaquine was recently added to the malaria treatment public health policy. One limitation of primaquine is that, at certain doses, primaquine can cause hemolytic anemia in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (G6PDd). In this study, we genotyped two mutations (A376G and G202A), which confer the most common G6PDd variant in West African populations, G6PDd A-. We estimated the frequency of G6PDd A- in a sample of febrile patients enrolled in an on-going malaria study who represent a potential target population for a primaquine mass drug administration. We found that 33 of 168 individuals carried the G6PDd A- allele (includes A- hemizygous males, A- homozygous or heterozygous females) and could experience toxicity if treated with primaquine. These data inform discussions on safe and effective primaquine dosing and future malaria elimination strategies for Haiti.
Wilms' tumor in the adult patient: diagnosis, management, and review of the world medical literature.

Adult Wilms' tumor, unlike that of childhood, is a rare disease. A total of 167 cases have been reported in the world medical literature. However, there is controversy as to whether all of these are indeed truly nephroblastomas or in actuality represent sarcomatoid renal carcinomas. The pathologic hallmarks of this neoplasm are distinctive and it is histologically similar to the childhood tumor. The therapeutic guidelines and surgical principles that govern childhood Wilms' tumor should be applied to adult Wilms' tumor. Aggressive and multimodal therapy should be the hallmark of management of this rare neoplasm. Three well documented cases of Wilms' tumor in the adult patient are presented. Of these three patients, two who presented with Stage IV disease and were treated with multimodal therapy were rendered free of disease, one living at 24 months and the other dead at five months.
A novel ABCC8 (SUR1)-dependent mechanism of metabolism-excitation uncoupling.

ATP/ADP-sensing (sulfonylurea receptor (SUR)/KIR6)4 KATP channels regulate the excitability of our insulin secreting and other vital cells via the differential MgATP/ADP-dependent stimulatory actions of their tissue-specific ATP-binding cassette regulatory subunits (sulfonylurea receptors), which counterbalance the nearly constant inhibitory action of ATP on the K+ inwardly rectifying pore. Mutations in SUR1 that abolish its stimulation have been found in infants persistently releasing insulin. Activating mutations in SUR1 have been shown to cause neonatal diabetes. Here, analyses of KIR6.2-based channels with diabetogenic receptors reveal that MgATP-dependent hyper-stimulation of mutant SUR can compromise the ability of KATP channels to function as metabolic sensors. I demonstrate that the channel hyperactivity rises exponentially with the number of hyperstimulating subunits, so small subpopulations of channels with more than two mutant SUR can dominate hyperpolarizing currents in heterozygous patients. I uncovered an attenuated tolbutamide inhibition of the hyperstimulated mutant, which is normally sensitive to the drug under non-stimulatory conditions. These findings show the key role of SUR in sensing the metabolic index in humans and urge others to (re)test mutant SUR/KIR6 channels from probands in physiologic MgATP.
Disintegration of Boron by Fast Neutrons

The cross section for the ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}(n,\ensuremath{\alpha})$ reaction was measured as a function of neutron energy from 0.35 to 2.6 Mev. The cross section was found to lie below the $\frac{1}{v}$ extrapolation of the thermal cross section except at a peak observed at 1.9 Mev. This peak has a width of about 400 kev and a maximum value of 0.53 barn. The total variation of the cross section at the peak is 0.35 barn. The ratio of the number of disintegrations leading to the ground state of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ to the number leading to the excited state increases smoothly from 0.2 at 0.35 Mev to a maximum of 2.3 at 1.9 Mev, and decreases again to 0.8 at 2.6 Mev.
EIGHT CRITICISMS NOT TO MAKE ABOUT GROUP SELECTION

Group selection, which was once widely rejected as a significant evolutionary force, is now accepted by all who seriously study the subject. There is still widespread confusion about group selection, however, not only among students and the general public, but among professional evolutionists who do not directly study the subject. We list eight criticisms that are frequently invoked against group selection, which can be permanently laid to rest based upon current knowledge. Experts will always find something to critique about group selection, as for any important subject, but these eight criticisms are not among them. Laying them to rest will enable authors to openly use the term group selection without being handicapped during the review process.
Teacher Education and the Integration of Technology: a reading and language arts perspective

ABSTRACT Teachers are increasingly expected to employ integrated technology practices in their classrooms to help students learn more, better, faster and cheaper. Unfortunately, teachers generally have not been provided education or training on how to employ these technology practices. Attempting to get integrated technology practices into pre‐service and in‐service teacher education, especially in reading and language arts, is at the core of this article. An overview of technology integration is provided along with discussions about: (a) goals and content for teacher education courses or training, (b) research on integrating technology into reading and language arts education, (c) integration without education and training, and finally (d) issues that affect integration.
HERMETICALLY COATED OPTICAL FIBERS

Recently, as fiber is being considered for use in harsh environments, users have recognized the need for hermetically coated optical fiber. These optical fibers must be resistant to one or more conditions - high stress levels, fatigue over long periods of time, optical degradation due to hydrogen diffusion, chemical attack, and often, high temperatures.
Electrical Activity and Dust Lifting on Earth, Mars, and Beyond

We review electrical activity in blowing sand and dusty phenomena on Earth, Mars, the Moon, and asteroids. On Earth and Mars, blowing sand and dusty phenomena such as dust devils and dust storms are important geological processes and the primary sources of atmospheric dust. Large electric fields have been measured in terrestrial dusty phenomena and are predicted to occur on Mars. We review the charging mechanisms that produce these electric fields and discuss the implications of electrical activity to dust lifting and atmospheric chemistry. In addition, we review theoretical ideas about electric discharges on Mars. Finally, we discuss the evidence that electrostatics is responsible for dust transport on the Moon and asteroids.
Market reaction to the formation of one-bank holding companies

Abstract This study examines the question of whether or not the formation of one-bank holding companies is of such importance as to materially affect the return generating process for the associated common stock issues. As such this study attempts to provide the security analyst with answers as to how best to define the parameters of the distribution of firm returns, that is, which past observations are relevant to the firm's present return generating mechanism. The results of the tests performed indicate that the formation of a one-bank holding company generally does not have a significant impact on the return generating mechanism for the underlying stock of the affected bank. Thus, the market does not appear to attach any real significance to this particular shift in organizational form by the commercial banks studies.
Increased pressor responsiveness to kidney extracts.

La reponse hypertensive a des injections s.c. d'extrait de rein n'ayant initialement que peu ou pas d'effet sur la tension arterielle s'accroit progressivement avec la duree du traitement.
Psychosocial risk factors associated with cocaine use during pregnancy: a case-control study.

Objective To investigate whether psychosocial risk factors predict cocaine use during pregnancy. Methods We sampled 229 pregnant women from an urban prenatal clinic. Drug use ascertainment was based on self-report and urine toxicology, with 102 subjects classified as drug users and 127 as nonusers. A questionnaire measuring seven psychosocial risk factors was administered. The predictive relation between these characteristics and drug use was ascertained through multivariate analyses, controlling for potential sociodemographic confounders. Results Six of the seven psychosocial risk factors were significant predictors for this sociodemographic group. Women who used cocaine during pregnancy were more likely to have a family history of alcohol or drug problems, to have been introduced to drugs by a male partner, to be depressed, to have less social support, to have current partners who were substance users, and to have less-stable living situations. Both groups of subjects had high rates of childhood sexual abuse, but this alone was not predictive of drug use. In addition, cigarette smoking was a strong predictor of illicit drug use. Conclusion Identification of multiple psychosocial risk factors has implications for the identification and treatment of substance-using pregnant women. Because cocaine users and nonusers did not differ in gestational age at entry into prenatal care, opportunities exist for intervention during pregnancy. Based on the study findings, evaluation of the following aspects of a patient's lifestyle can aid in the detection of cocaine use during pregnancy: smoking status, family history of alcohol or drug problems, and current drug use by a male partner.
Stimulation of Interleukin-8 Production in Human THP-1 Macrophages by Apolipoprotein(a) EVIDENCE FOR A CRITICAL INVOLVEMENT OF ELEMENTS IN ITS C-TERMINAL DOMAIN

In the vessel wall, macrophages are among the cells that upon activation contribute to the atherosclerotic process. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) can mediate this activation but only after enzymatic or oxidative modification. Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an LDL variant that has been shown to have an atherogenic potential by no clearly established mechanisms. In the present study we examined whether native Lp(a) can activate macrophages and, if so, identify the structural elements involved in this action. For this purpose, we utilized human THP-1 macrophages, prepared by treating THP-1 monocytes with phorbol ester, and we exposed them to Lp(a) and its two derivatives, apo(a)-free LDL (Lp(a−)) and free apo(a). We also studied apo(a) fragments, F1 (N terminus) and F2 (C terminus) and subfragments thereof, obtained by leukocyte elastase digestion. By Northern blot analyses, Lp(a), but not Lp(a−), caused up to a 12-fold increase in interleukin 8 (IL-8) mRNA as compared with untreated cells. Free apo(a) also induced the production of IL-8 mRNA; however, the effect was 3–4-fold higher than that of Lp(a). The increase in mRNA was associated with the accumulation of IL-8 protein in the culture medium. F1 had only a minimal effect, whereas F2 was 1.5–2-fold more potent than apo(a), an activity mostly contained in the Kringle V-protease region. A monoclonal antibody specific for Kringle V inhibited the apo(a)-mediated effect on IL-8. We conclude that Lp(a) via elements contained in the C-terminal domain of apo(a) causes in THP-1 macrophages an increased production of IL-8, a chemokine with pro-inflammatory properties, an event that may be relevant to the process of atherosclerosis.
Behavior of osteoclasts during a rapid change in their number induced by high doses of parathyroid hormone or calcitonin in intact rats

Abstract A comparison has been made in the behavior of the osteoclast population during a decrease in its size after caicitonin treatment and during an increase in its size after parathyroid hormone treatment in vivo . Using undecalciffed thin sections of rat alveolar bone, measurements of osteoclast number, their position on or off the bone surface, and the number of nuclei are reported. Parathyroid hormone first increases the number of osteoclasts and then the number of nuclei per osteoclasts. Calcitonin first decreases the number of nuclei and then the number of osteoclasts. These results suggest that an increase in the number and/or activity of osteoclasts is brought about by, 1) recruitment of new cells from a pool with a low number of nuclei (mononucleated), and 2) a fusion of these cells with preexisting osteoclasts and/or other mononucleated cells. This results in, a) an increase in the number of osteoclasts, b) an increase in the number of nuclei per osteoclast, and c) a closer contact between the osteoclasts and the bone surface. The decrease in the number and/or activity of osteoclasts observed after caicitonin treatment could result from, 1) a fission of preexisting osteoclasts, and 2) a decrease In the number of new cells entering the osteoclast pool. This results in, a) a decrease in the number of osteoclasts, b) a decrease in the number of nuclei per osteoclast, and c) a looser contact between the osteoclasts and the bone surface. In both circumstances and under these experimental conditions, the changes observed after treatment with either hormone preceded or were simultaneous with the observed changes in serum calcium.