cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting relapse after alcohol use disorder treatment in a high-risk cohort: The roles of anhedonia and smoking.

Abstract On average, two-thirds of individuals treated for alcohol use disorder (AUD) relapse within six months. There is a critical need to identify modifiable risk factors associated with relapse that can be addressed during AUD treatment. Candidate factors include mood disorders and cigarette smoking, which frequently co-occur with AUD. We predicted that co-occurrence of mood disorders, cigarette smoking, and other modifiable conditions will predict relapse within six months of AUD treatment. Ninety-five Veterans, 23–91 years old, completed assessments of multiple characteristics including demographic information, co-occurring psychiatric disorders, and medical conditions during residential treatment for AUD. Participants’ alcohol consumption was monitored over six months after participation. Logistic regression was used to determine if, mood disorders, cigarette smoking status, alcohol consumption, educational level, and comorbid general medical conditions are associated with relapse after AUD treatment. Sixty-nine percent of Veterans (n = 66) relapsed within six months of study while 31% remained abstinent (n = 29). While education, comorbid general medical conditions, and mood disorder diagnoses were not predictors of relapse, Veterans with greater symptoms of anhedonia, active smokers, and fewer days of abstinence prior to treatment showed significantly greater odds for relapse within six months. Anhedonia and cigarette smoking are modifiable risk factors, and effective treatment of underlying anhedonic symptoms and implementation of smoking cessation concurrent with AUD-focused interventions may decrease risk of relapse.
Effect of Stretch Wrap Parameters on the Transmissibility of Unitized Loads Excited by Random Vibration

The vibratory response of two unit load systems stretch wrapped with a high-performance stretch film was investigated. The two unit loads selected contained two different product types, one containing chips packaged inside a flexible bag placed inside a paperboard carton, while the other was liquid flavoring packaged inside a rigid plastic container placed into a corrugated regular slotted container. The unit load systems were stretch wrapped using 12.7 micron high-performance stretch film. The application of the stretch film was altered to produce negative, neutral, and positive total stretch scenarios. Results from the study showed negative total stretch scenarios allowed the tertiary containers to have greater vertical displacement increasing potential for abrasion and dynamic compression failures. Neutral and positive total stretch scenario limited vertical motion as compared to negative total stretch scenarios. Results indicated the secondary packages for both product types were not affected by the different stretch wrap scenarios. Additionally, this project provided a methodology to evaluate different film grades and stretch wrap parameters and how they affect the unit loads response when excited using industry standard random vibration power spectral density (PSD) profiles.
Secure Networked Control for Decentralized Systems via Software Rejuvenation

Decentralized control systems exist in many scenarios where agents have the ability to fully communicate with one another but do not do so for multiple reasons, including cost and the possibility of an adversary infiltrating the system through the communication network. In this paper, we present a procedure that determines when agents should communicate with one another after having been disconnected from the network for a period of time. This procedure does not depend on the type of decentralized control system being used. When agents do communicate with one another, we guarantee the safety and resilience of the system against malicious adversaries by utilizing software rejuvenation, a prevention mechanism against unanticipated and undetectable attacks on cyber-physical systems. Without implementing any detection algorithm, the system is periodically refreshed with a secure and trusted copy of the control software to eliminate any malicious modifications to the run-time code and data that may have corrupted the controller. We present an algorithm that satisfies the conditions necessary to ensure safe recovery while agents communicate with one another. A procedure for calculating parameters that achieve these conditions is presented, and our approach is illustrated via simulation.
Convergent mutations in tissue-specific regulatory regions reveal novel cancer drivers

Abstract Although much effort has been devoted to identifying coding mutations across cancer types, regulatory mutations remain poorly characterized. Here, we describe a framework to identify non-coding drivers by aggregating mutations in cell-type specific regulatory regions for each gene. Application of this approach to 2,634 patients across 11 human cancer types identified 60 pan-cancer, 22 pan-breast and 192 cancer specific candidate driver genes that were enriched for expression changes. Analysis of high-throughput CRISPR knockout screens revealed large, cancer specific growth effects for these genes, on par with coding mutations and exceeding that for promoter mutations. Amongst the five candidate drivers selected for further analysis, four (IPO9, MED8, PLEKHA6, and OXNAD1) were associated with survival across multiple cancer types. These studies demonstrate the power of our cell-type aware, convergent regulatory framework to define novel tissue specific cancer driver genes, considerably expanding evidence of functional non-coding mutations in cancer.
Single Cell atlas of uterine myometrium and leiomyomas reveals diverse and novel cell types of non-monoclonal origin

Uterine leiomyomas are the most common tumors of the female reproductive tract with significant morbidity that includes excessive bleeding, infertility and pregnancy complications. The origin and cellular composition of leiomyomas is controversial, yet very important in better understanding the pathogenesis of these tumors. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to better understand cellular heterogeneity of uterine leiomyomas and normal myometrium at the molecular level. Our data reveal previously unknown heterogeneity in the smooth muscle cells, fibroblast cells, and endothelial cells of normal myometrium and leiomyomas. We discovered a novel lymphatic endothelial cell population in uterine leiomyomas and that the immune as well as transcriptional profile of leiomyomas is MED12 genotype-dependent. Moreover, we show that leiomyoma cell moiety is not monoclonal in nature. Our work describes unprecedented single cell resolution of normal uterine myometrium and leiomyoma tumors and provides insight into tumor specific hormone responsiveness and extracellular matrix accumulation.
The Value of Health and Its Determinants:A Review

This paper reviews economic and related studies of the value of health and its de- terminants.The value of health includes not only its intrinsic value of being one of the most im- portant aims of human development,but also its contributions to other dimensions of human devel- opment,especially economic development and income increases.On the other hand,determinants of health include,among other things,income,access to health care and public spending on health.A better understanding of both the value of health and its determinants could have an im- portant role in promoting human development.
Queuing Network Topology Inference Using Passive Measurements

In this work, we revisit a classic problem of inferring a tree topology from end-to-end measurements originated by a single source, with two critical differences: (i) instead of relying on measurements with specific correlation across paths that often require active probing, we do not rely on any correlation and can thus utilize passive measurements; (ii) instead of inferring a logical topology that ignores certain nodes, we want to recover the physical topology. Our key idea is to utilize the detailed queuing dynamics inside the network to estimate the number of queues and a certain parameter (residual capacity) of each queue on each measurement path, and then use the estimated parameters as fingerprints to detect shared queues and infer the topology. To this end, we develop a Laplace-transform-based estimator to extract the parameters of a tandem of queues from end-to-end delays, and efficient algorithms to identify the parameters associated with the same queue and infer the topology accordingly. The inferred topology is guaranteed to converge to the ground truth, up to a permutation of queues traversed by the same paths, as the number of measurements increases. Our evaluations validate the proposed solutions against benchmarks and identify potential directions for further improvements.
Increasing Employment for Older Workers with Effective Protections Against Employment Discrimination

Employment discrimination contributes significantly to depressing labor force participation and employment rates of older workers. Actual discrimination reduces employers’ demand for older workers’ labor, while older workers’ perception of workplace and labor market discrimination reduces their willingness to supply their labor, especially given the availability of alternative income sources. Actual and perceived discrimination combine to drive older workers out of employment and the labor market when they would be better off earning wages or salaries that would both support them as they grow older and allow them to improve the adequacy of their retirement savings. Age discrimination persists, in part, because weak antidiscrimination laws, lack of transparency in some mechanisms for enforcing those laws, and low union-density rates make it more difficult for older workers to remedy discrimination and to trust that discrimination will be remedied. This Article proposes four solutions: (1) increase the effectiveness of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) to protect older workers from employment discrimination; (2) prohibit employers from mandating their employees sign contracts with predispute arbitration provisions covering age and disability discrimination claims, effectively barring them from litigating their claims in state and federal courts; (3) require employers to disclose the number and results of their interactive processes with older workers with disabilities about workplace accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Rehabilitation Act § 503; and (4) enact comprehensive labor law reform so that more older workers will be protected against discrimination by collective bargaining agreements and union representation.
Optical Properties oF Polyaniline Synthesized by Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions in Organic Solvents

Prior studies demonstrated that the properties of chemically synthesized polyaniline could be modified by the type of synthesis - electrochemical, chemical, or potential cycling methods (1–5). In addition the optical properties of polyaniline could be controlled by the substituents on the nitrogen or aromatic ring (6,7). Enzyme-catalyzed polymer syntheses in organic solvents with different amounts of water were described in earlier publications (7–10), and nonlinear optical properties of some of these polymers were reported (11). This paper describes the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of polyaniline and the evaluation of its optical properties to determine differences, if any, between this polyaniline and those chemically synthesized.
Performance of Turbulence Models in the Prediction of Heat Transfer from a Hemispherical Surface Due to Turbulent Jet Impingement

Turbulent impinging jet configurations involving impingement on curved surfaces are encountered in numerous industrial and engineering applications. In the design and operation of these applications, the knowledge of the heat transfer coefficient distribution along the cooling or heating surfaces is very important, which can be obtained quickly and economically by numerical modeling. However, the choice of an appropriate turbulence model is very crucial in accurate prediction of such turbulent flows. In this study, the performance of several turbulence models in the prediction of convective heat transfer due to round jet impingement onto convex spherical surfaces are evaluated against available experimental data in order to identify the appropriate model(s) for such flows. The candidate turbulence models for evaluation include (i) the RNG e − k model, (ii) the realizable e − k model, (iii) the standard ω − k model, and (iv) the SST ω − k model. The jet exit Reynolds number, the jet diameter, and the jet exit to the spherical surface distance are varied according to the experimental configurations. Based on the calculated errors of the predicted results compared to the experimental data, it is noticed that all models excessively overpredict the Nusselt number, pressure coefficient, and turbulence intensity at the impingement region. In general, the performance of the standard ω − k model is unsatisfactory among the four models. The performance of the other 3 models is acceptable albeit the superiority of one over the others cannot be established conclusively.
Shaping of Metals with Magnetic Fields

Electromagnetic fields offer significant potential in metals processing. The ability to shape using the Lorentz force that arises from the interaction between the magnetic field and the current can be controlled. Since this is a containerless technique, contamination in the processed part may be reduced especially when using reactive metals. The force has a rotational component which induces melt motion which may lead to a refined micro structure. However, free surface motion has been demonstrated to be unstable, leading to difficulty in permanent feature creation. Simulations were generated to predict the force and temperature gradient in the melt and the coil. These results can be linked to the surface stability and shaping ability. Parameters were varied to enable design of a system that optimizes the maximum force and minimum heat input. By decoupling the forcing from the heating of the system, the widest range of operating conditions may be determined.
Simultaneous Measurement of 19 Components in Serum-Containing Animal Cell Culture Media by Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Animal cell cultures generate maximal amounts of desired products when maintained in a controlled environment with low and constant concentrations of nutrients and wastes. Traditionally this has involved slow addition of glucose and glutamine; however, recent studies have indicated that a number of low concentration amino acids are required to prevent initiation of apoptosis. Therefore, optimal control of animal cell cultures will likely require measurement of a large number of chemical components. We present here the evaluation of a near-infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) monitoring scheme to quantify 19 cellular nutrients and wastes in culture medium with and without serum. The components include glucose, lactate, ammonia, pyruvate, glutamine, and 14 other amino acids. Spectroscopic calibrations were generated for a synthetic version of a standard culture medium (DMEM) in which the concentrations of 17 DMEM components and ammonia and lactate were varied in a random fashion. This randomization provides a stringent evaluation of the measurement scheme. Reasonably accurate measurements of these 19 components could be accomplished in the absence or presence of 10% horse serum by volume with percent errors ranging from 3% to 37%. Analytes with concentrations as low as 0.3 mM could be reliably quantified. The presence of serum, when properly included in the calibration, has little effect on measurement error. These results provide an important step toward application of NIRS for monitoring the large number of varying components of animal cell cultivations.
Head Injury in Man and Experimental Animals: Clinical Aspects

Clinical studies have demonstrated that, with regard to death, the two worst types of head injury are subdural haematoma (SDH) and diffuse axonal injury (DAI). These two have different mechanisms of causation; SDH occurs much more commonly in non-vehicular injuries, especially falls, while DAI is caused, almost exclusively by vehicular mechanisms. The production of these two types of injury in non-impact acceleration models helps to explain these causal differences, but also shows that both injuries share a common mechanical cause, differing only in degree. SDH is due to vascular injury that is caused by relatively short duration angular acceleration loading at high rates of acceleration. These are the circumstances that occur in falls where the head rapidly decelerates because of impact to firm, unyielding surfaces. DAI is also due to angular acceleration of the head, but occurs most readily when the head moves coronally and it only occurs when the acceleration duration is longer and the rate of acceleration lower than conditions that produce SDH. These conditions are met in vehicle occupants where impact to deformable or padded surfaces lengthens the deceleration and decreases its rate. In DAI the principal mechanical damage is to the brain itself (mainly to axons) while in SDH the primary damage occurs to surface blood vessels.
Working with Challenging Youth : Lessons Learned Along the Way

Preface. An Introduction. Lessons Learned: Promoting Self-Awareness to Enhance Therapeutic Relationships. Lessons Learned: Meeting Youth Where They Are - Individually, Developmentally, and Culturally. Lessons Learned: Finding a Healthy Balance Between Support and Challenge. Lessons Learned: Framing Problems and Solutions in More Creative, Constructive, and Caring. Revisiting the Principles. References.
Rethinking the Sales Tax Food Exclusion with SNAP Benefits

Most states either totally or partially exclude food at home from the general sales tax. This exclusion generates a debate between tax policy analysts with their emphasis on broad base, low-rate tax systems against the advocates for the poor who argue that the exemption for food is necessary on distributional grounds. States that do tax food at home are often singled out as having particularly regressive and punitive tax systems. What is missing from this debate is a serious discussion of the consequences of non-taxability of benefits under the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (food stamps). We present evidence that the SNAP program effectively reaches the vast majority of the poor thus making the taxability of food at home much less important for individuals in lower income tiers. Based on calculations using the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we show that the non-taxability of SNAP benefits reduces the regressivity of the sales tax in states that tax food. Overall, including food at home in the sales tax base with a correspondent adjustment of the overall tax rate would be a beneficial change. The paper concludes with a discussion of the political and economic dimensions which may lead food at home to be excluded from the tax base.
VII4. Exchange Reactions in Complex Ions by NMR

Paramagnetic ions in solution have an effect on the line shape of a nuclear magnetic resonance signal which depends either on the rate of transverse relaxation of magnetization of nuclei close to the ion, or on the rate of exchange of such nuclei with more distant nuclei. A general equation is developed for the line width and criteria are established for distinguishing between relaxation and exchange effects. Several examples are given where exchange of protons and exchange of solvent molecules are dominant and exchange rate constants are calculated. Les ions paramagnetiques en solution influencent la forme des lignes de resonance magnetique nucleaire. L'effet depend de la vitesse de la relaxation transversale de la magnetisation des noyaux en proximite de l'ion, ou de la vitesse de l'echange de tels noyaux avec d'autres noyaux plus distants. Une equation generale est developpee pour la largeur de bande et des criteres sont fixes qui permettent de distinguer entre les effets de la relaxation et de l'echange. Quelques exemples sont donnes ou l'echange des protons et des molecules du solvant sont predominants. Des constantes de vitesse pour la reaction d'echange sont calculees. Paramagnetische Ionen in Losung haben einen Einflus auf die Form eines kernmagnetischen Resonanzsignals, welches entweder von der Geschwindigkeit der transversalen Relaxation der Magnetisierung der nachst dem Ion befindlichen Kerne oder von der Austauschgeschwindigkeit solcher Kerne mit weiter entfernten abhangt. Eine allgemeine Gleichung fur die Linienbreite wird entwickelt und Kriterien zur Unterscheidung zwischen Relaxation und Austauscheffekten werden angegeben. Einige Beispiele werden mitgeteilt, bei denen Austausch von Protonen und Losungsmittelmolekulen vorherrschen. Die Austausch-geschwindigkeitskonstanten werden berechnet.
A secondary structure motif predictive of protein localization to the chlamydial inclusion membrane.

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens that spend their entire growth phase sequestered in a membrane-bound vacuole called an inclusion. A set of chlamydial proteins, labelled Inc proteins, has been identified in the inclusion membrane (IM). The predicted IncA, IncB and IncC amino acid sequences share very limited similarity, but a common hydrophobicity motif is present within each Inc protein. In an effort to identify a relatively complete catalogue of Chlamydia trachomatis proteins present in the IM of infected cells, we have screened the genome for open reading frames encoding this structural motif. Hydropathy plot analysis was used to screen each translated open reading frame in the C. trachomatis genome database. Forty-six candidate IM proteins (C-Incs) that satisfied the criteria of containing a bilobed hydrophobic domain of at least 50 amino acids were identified. The genome of Chlamydia pneumoniae encodes a larger collection of C-Inc proteins, and only approximately half of the C-Incs are encoded within both genomes. In order to confirm the hydropathy plot screening method as a valid predictor of C-Incs, antisera and/or monoclonal antibodies were prepared against six of the C. trachomatis C-Incs. Immunofluorescence microscopy of C. trachomatis-infected cells probed with these antibodies showed that five out of six C-Incs are present in the chlamydial IM. Antisera were also produced against C. pneumoniae p186, a protein sharing identity with Chlamydia psittaci IncA and carrying a similar bilobed hydrophobic domain. These antisera labelled the inclusion membrane in C. pneumoniae-infected cells, confirming that proteins sharing the unique secondary structural characteristic also localize to the inclusion membrane of C. pneumoniae. Sera from patients with high-titre antibodies to C. trachomatis were examined for reactivity with each tested C-Inc protein. Three out of six tested C-Incs were recognized by a majority of these patient sera. Collectively, these studies identify and characterize novel proteins localized to the chlamydial IM and demonstrate the existence of a potential secondary structural targeting motif for localization of chlamydial proteins to this unique intracellular environment.
Chemistry: The promise of emptiness

Zeolites are materials with widespread applications. A newly synthesized example has desirably large pores, as well as the virtue of thermal stability, and shows the value of structure-prediction programs.
The crystal structures of the ion conductors (NH+4)Zr2(PO4)3and (H3O+)Zr2(PO4)3

Abstract The crystal structures of (NH+4)Zr2(PO4)3 and (H3O+)Zr2(PO4)3 have been determined from neutron time-of-flight powder diffraction data obtained at 15 K. Both compounds are rhombohedral, R 3 c , with cell parameters a=8.7088(1) and c=24.2197(4) A for the ammonium compound and a=8.7528(2), c=23.6833(11) A for the hydronium compound. In both cases the ions are completely localized in the type I cavities and hydrogen bonded to lattice oxygens. The measured unit cell parameters are relatively large for this class of compounds but the entrance ways into the cavities are still too small to allow for unrestricted movement of the ions. Thus the low conductivity of the hydronium ion is related to this and other structural features.
Characterization of Xylamine Binding to Proteins of PC12 Pheochromocytoma Cells

PC12 pheochromocytoma cells take up 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) and norepinephrine by a Na+-dependent, cocaine-sensitive system. The kinetics suggest that the same transporter functions for both substrates. Xylamine, a nitrogen mustard that blocks catecholamine uptake into neurons, irreversibly inhibited norepinephrine uptake into PC12 (IC50 = 15 microM). Pretreatment with 10 microM xylamine did not inhibit norepinephrine transport if 10 microM cocaine or 100 microM norepinephrine was also present during the pretreatment period or if Na+ was absent. These results indicate that xylamine must interact with the norepinephrine transporter to inhibit norepinephrine uptake. PC12 accumulated [3H]xylamine; this uptake had Na+-dependent and Na+-independent components. The Na+-dependent uptake was saturable (Km = 13 microM), and it was inhibited by cocaine (IC50 = 0.6 microM), desipramine (IC50 less than 1 nM), and norepinephrine (IC50 = 1 microM). Several proteins became prominently labeled when intact PC12 cells were incubated with [3H]xylamine; these proteins were enriched in a plasma membrane fraction and have molecular weights of 17,000, 24,000, 31,000, 33,000, 41,000, 42,000, 52,000, and 80,000. Other proteins were labeled less prominently. The labeling of all proteins was markedly decreased when the incubation with [3H]xylamine occurred in the presence of cocaine, desipramine, gramicidin D, or in a Na+-free buffer. These results indicate that xylamine must be transported into the cells for covalent binding to proteins to occur. [3H]Xylamine labeled essentially the same proteins when incubated with cell homogenates, but competition experiments with bretylium, desipramine, and cocaine failed to reveal which of the [3H]xylamine-labeled proteins is associated with the norepinephrine transporter.
A branch-and-bound approach to the bicriterion scheduling problem invloving total flowtime and range of lateness

This paper considers a bicriterion scheduling problem where a linear combination of two objective functions is considered, with weighting factors used to represent relative importance of the two criteria, i.e., total flowtime and range of lateness. A branch-and-bound solution procedure is designed for the problem. Computational results are also reported.
Spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase-2 (SSAT2) acetylates thialysine and is not involved in polyamine metabolism

1 -acetylated polyamines can be excreted or oxidized by acetylpolyamine oxidase. We have purified a recombinant human acetyltransferase (SSAT2) that shares45%identityand61%homologywithhumanSSAT1,but is only distally related to other known members of the GNAT (GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase) family. Like SSAT1, SSAT2 is widely expressed, but did not turn over rapidly, and levels wereunaffectedbytreatmentswithpolyamineanalogues.Despite similarity in sequence to SSAT1, polyamines were found to be poor substrates of purified SSAT2, having Km values in the low millimolar range and kcat values of <0.01 s −1 .T hekcat/Km values for spermine and spermidine for SSAT2 were <0.0003% those of SSAT1. Expression of SSAT2 in NIH-3T3 cells was not detrimental to growth, and did not reduce polyamine content or increase acetylpolyamines. These results indicate that SSAT2 is not a polyamine catabolic enzyme, and that polyamines are unlikely to be its natural intracellular substrates. A promising candidate for the physiological substrate of SSAT2 is thialysine (S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine),whichisacetylatedpredominantly at the e-amino group with Km and kcat values of 290 µ Ma nd 5.2 s −1 . Thialysine is a naturally occurring modified amino acid that can undergo metabolism to form cyclic ketimine derivatives found in the brain and as urinary metabolites, which can undergo further reaction to form antioxidants. SSAT2 should be renamed 'thialysine N e -acetyltransferase', and may regulate this path- way.
Electrosensory pathways to the valvula cerebelli in mormyrid fish

The valvula cerebelli of mormyrid fish has been implicated in the electroreceptive capabilities of these animals. This study uses peroxidase and tritiated amino acid tracing techniques to examine the pathways by which electroreceptive information gains access to the valvula.
Cyclical implications of indexing the minimum wage

Abstract Macroeconomic implications of proposals to index the minimum wage are examined in a two-sector labor-market model with random aggregate demand disturbances. Traditional policy, which sets the nominal minimum wage for several periods before reestablishing its real value, increases both the amplitude and persistence of cyclical movements in employment. Full indexation, by reducing the amplitude of cyclical fluctuations in employment, will improve the allocative performance of low wage market empirical analysis indicates that modest but statistically significant fluctuations in employment result from the process of periodically setting the minimum wage. These effects are most pronounced for youths. Overall, the empirical results suggest that indexation can result in a small increase in efficiency.
In Human Dermis, Ultraviolet Radiation Induces Expansion of a CD36+ CD11b+ CD1- Macrophage Subset by Infiltration and Proliferation; CD1+ Langerhans-Like Dendritic Antigen-Presenting Cells are Concomitantly Depleted

Antigen-presenting (APC), suppressor T-cell-inducing macrophages infiltrate both human and murine epidermis after ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. To determine their derivation, we prepared epidermal cell and dermal cell suspensions from human keratome biopsy specimens obtained from nonexposed skin and from UVB-irradiated cites (3 d after four times the minimal erythema dose). Simultaneous triple-marker flow cytometric analysis established the extended phenotype of macrophages infiltrating trating sunburned human epidermis (CD1a - CD1c - CD11b + CD11c + CD36 + Fcγ RII + DR + ). This then enabled us to track dermal cells of this phenotype after UVR in relation to the heterogeneous DR + populations in normal dermis. By both in situ immunohistology and cell suspension flow cytometry, UVR induced an expansion of bone marrow-derived DR + cells in the perivasculature and sub-basement membrane zone of the papillary dermis. Despite an overall expansion of DR + cells, the CD1a + CD1c + CD36 - DR + Langerhans-cell-like dendritic APC subset of dermal DR + cells was depleted (p + epidermal cells) is not accounted for by Langerhans cell accumulation in the dermis, by contrast, UVR exposure induced a selective expansion of the dermal macrophage subset, which is phenotypically identical to the monocytic/macrophagic APCs that appear in the epidermis after UV injury (p + CD36 + subset continued its already substantial level of proliferation unabated. Therefore, epidermal macrophages derive not only from transcapillary migration, but also from in situ proliferation of a dermal precursor. Taken together, these findings show that UVR creates an eipdermal and dermal APC milieu which is dominated by monocytic/macrophagic cells, through depletion of cells of dendritic APC pehnotype, and concomitant selective dermal expansion of a CD1a - CD1c - CD11b + CD36 + Fcγ RII + DR + (monocyte/macrophage) population.
Structure sensitive bands in the vibrational spectra of metal complexes of tetraphenylporphine

Abstract The i.r. and RR spectra of twenty Fe(TPP)LL′ type complexes have been measured to locate structure-sensitive bands. In i.r. spectra, band I (1350-1330 cm −1 ) and band III (469-432 cm −1 ) are spin-state sensitive whereas band II (806-790 cm −1 ) is oxidation-state sensitive and slightly spin-state sensitive in the Fe(II) state. To examine the nature of these bands, the i.r. spectra of Co(TPP), (Fe(TPP)) 2 O and their d 8 and d 20 analogs have been measured, and empirical assignments proposed. In RR spectra, band C (1545-1498 cm −1 , ap) and band D (1565-1540 cm −1 , p) are spin-state sensitive whereas band E (391-376 cm −1 , p) is sensitive to both spin and oxidation states. These results on RR spectra are in good agreement with those of previous workers.
Evaluating cell lines as tumour models by comparison of genomic profiles

Cancer cell lines are frequently used as in vitro tumour models. Recent molecular profiles of hundreds of cell lines from The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and thousands of tumour samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas now allow a systematic genomic comparison of cell lines and tumours. Here we analyse a panel of 47 ovarian cancer cell lines and identify those that have the highest genetic similarity to ovarian tumours. Our comparison of copy-number changes, mutations and mRNA expression profiles reveals pronounced differences in molecular profiles between commonly used ovarian cancer cell lines and high-grade serous ovarian cancer tumour samples. We identify several rarely used cell lines that more closely resemble cognate tumour profiles than commonly used cell lines, and we propose these lines as the most suitable models of ovarian cancer. Our results indicate that the gap between cell lines and tumours can be bridged by genomically informed choices of cell line models for all tumour types.
Distribution of aluminum species in the hydrosphere—I Aluminum in the ocean

Abstract This paper attempts to solve the apparent controversy concerning the concentration of dissolved aluminum in ocean water and furthermore to present some information on the kinds and the distribution of various species in natural waters. The aluminum was determined fluorimetrically using Pontachrome Blue-Black R. Aluminum in sea water was subdivided into the following categories: Coarse, particulate Al; retained on a 0.45 μ pore-size Millipore filter. Dissolved Al; passing through a 0.45 μ Millipore filter and responding to the PBBR dye without further treatment. Total dissolved and fine disperse Al; passing through the 0.45-μ Millipore filter and responding to the PBBR dye after treatment with sulphuric acid. Dissolved aluminum of open ocean water was found generally to fall within the range of 1 ± 1μ g Al 1 . A limit of 10 μ g Al l . for total dissolved and fine disperse Al is indicated. High values of previous workers are believed due partly to contamination by Al dissolved from glassware subjected to severe pH conditions and partly to selection of samples from bay- and other nearshore waters. Values for particulate Al in open ocean water were found to range from 1 to 120 μg Al 1 . Continental run-off waters differ by several orders of magnitude from far offshore ocean water in their content of aluminum silicate sol. Particulate aluminum consequently appears to be a promising tracer for river water during the mixing process in the marginal parts of the ocean.
Release into culture medium of membrane-associated, tumor-specific antigen by B-16 melanoma cells.

SummarySerum-free supernatant fluids from monolayer cultures of B-16 mouse melanoma cells were found to contain a soluble membrane associated tumor-specific antigen. The 100,000 g supernatant of the culture fluid induced an antibody response to the B-16 cells both in rabbits and in the mouse strain of origin (C57B1/6J).Similar supernatant fluids derived from an unrelated cell line (L-929) or from normal C57B1/6 fibroblasts did not contain the B-16 specific material. Preliminary results indicate that the B-16 specific material is a protein of low molecular weight which is released into the culture fluid chiefly by living cells and, to a lesser extent, by autolysing cells.
Role of oxygen-derived free radicals on rat splanchnic eicosanoid production during acute hemorrhage.

Abstract The effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD), an oxygen-derived free radical scavenger, on rat splanchnic eicosanoid synthesis was examined following hemorrhagic shock. Anesthetized male rats were hemorrhaged to 30 mm Hg for 30 minutes (Shock), killed, or treated with the shed blood (Shock plus reperfusion). The Shock plus reperfusion group was treated with saline vehicle or SOD (2500, 5000, 7500, 10,000 or 15,000 U/Kg, i.v.) 15 minutes prior to the reperfusion of the shed blood. The superior mesenteric artery was removed in continuity with the end organ intestine (SV+SI) and perfused in vitro with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer (3 ml/min at 37°C). Venous effluent was measured for basal release of 6-keto-PGF1α, PGE2 and thromboxane B2 at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes of perfusion. The (SV+SI) compensated for acute shock by increased release of 6-keto-PGF1α (300%) (and not PGE2 or thromboxane B2) which was abolished by reperfusion of the shed blood following shock. Prior treatment of the Shock plus reperfusion group with 7500 U/Kg or more of SOD restored the increased release of SV+SI 6-keto-PGF1α found following shock alone (p
Passivity framework for modeling, mitigating, and composing attacks on networked systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) consist of a tight coupling between cyber (sensing and computation) and physical (actuation and control) components. As a result of this coupling, CPS are vulnerable to both known and emerging cyber attacks, which can degrade the safety, availability, and reliability of the system. A key step towards guaranteeing CPS operation in the presence of threats is developing quantitative models of attacks and their impact on the system and express them in the language of CPS. Traditionally, such models have been introduced within the framework of formal methods and verification. In this talk, we present a control-theoretic modeling framework. We demonstrate that the control-theoretic approach can capture the adaptive and time-varying strategic interaction between the adversary and the targeted system. Furthermore, control theory provides a common language in which to describe both the physical dynamics of the system, as well as the impact of the attack and defense. In particular, we provide a passivity-based approach for modeling and mitigating jamming and wormhole attacks. We demonstrate that passivity enables composition of multiple attack and defense mechanisms, allowing characterization of the overall performance of the system under attack. Our view is that the formal methods and the control-based approaches are complementary.
The School as a Holding Environment

This paper discusses practical ways that school psychologists can influence schools to be effective holding environments for students and faculty members. A holding environment is one that fosters the natural maturation and development of the full potential of each child. In such an environment security is bolstered and learning is optimized. The concept of a holding environment emerged from and has been expanded upon by psychodynamically oriented writers and clinicians. Donald Winnicott's work on holding and Peter Fonagy's writings on mentalization are central to the themes presented. An emphasis is placed on translating these concepts into mentalization-based classroom interventions that can foster children to be more aware of the emotions of others while they also develop greater self-awareness and self-regulation skills. Case material and examples of mentalization inspired interventions are given. When a holding mindset is introduced into the school community by the school psychologist, there is an op...
Clara cell proteins.

Clara cells are nonciliated, nonmucous, secretory cells of the pulmonary airways. These cells are known to secrete a variety of proteins, including Clara cell 10-kDa protein/uteroglobin. This protein consists of a homodimer of 70-77 amino acid polypeptides arranged in antiparallel fashion. In vitro testing suggests that the protein suppresses inflammation. The physiologic role of the protein remains to be determined.
Contaminant concentrations and toxicity of sea-surface microlayer near Los Angeles, California

Abstract Sea-surface microlayer samples were collected from six nearshore areas receiving different amounts of anthropogenic inputs. The samples were analyzed for selected trace metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The relative toxicities of the samples were determined with fish embryo bioassays. Contaminant concentrations generally increased from offshore to the inshore stations. Contaminant concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher in microlayer samples from the highly industrialized Los Angeles and Long Beach harbors compared to samples from a site 15km offshore. Microlayer samples from the inshore stations were significantly more toxic, and induced significantly more developmental abnormalities and chromosome aberrations, than samples from the offshore stations.
Factors Affecting Catalase Activity in Staphylococcus aureus MF-31

Selected conditions were examined for their possible roles in the regulation of catalase activity in Staphylococcus aureus MF-31. The addition of the heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid resulted in increased catalase activity whereas the addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide did not. Catalase activity decreased when S. aureus MF-31 cells were grown in media containing glucose. Cells grown in media with succinate or citrate substituted for glucose exhibited increased catalase activity. Cells grown in tryptic soy broth (0.5% NaCl) supplemented with NaCl showed increased catalase activity at salt concentrations up to 3%.
Increased stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), proteoglycan degradation (3B3- and 7D4) and collagen damage in cyclically load-injured articular cartilage

Abstract Objective: To determine whether load-induced injury causes alterations in proteoglycan (PG), stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and collagen in articular cartilage. Methods: Mature bovine cartilage was cyclically loaded at 0.5Hz with 1 and 5MPa for 1, 6 and 24h. Immediately after loading explants were evaluated for cell viability. Alterations in matrix integrity were determined by measuring PG content, PG degradation using 7D4 and 3B3(-) antibodies, broken collagen using COL2-3/4m antibody, and stromelysin-1 content using a MMP-3 antibody. Results: Mechanical load caused cell death and PG loss starting from the articular surface and increasing in depth with loading time. There was a decrease in the 7D4 epitope (native chondroitin sulfate) in the superficial zone of cartilage loaded for longer than 1h, but an increase around chondrocytes in the deep zone. The 3B3(-) staining for degraded/abnormal chondroitin-4-sulfate neoepitope appeared only in cartilage loaded under the most severe condition (5MPa, 24h). The elevation of stromelysin-1 was co-localized with broken collagen (COL2-3/4m) at the articular surface in explants loaded with 1 and 5MPa for 24h. Conclusions: Cell death and PG loss occurred within 6h of cyclic loading. The elevation of MMP-3 following cell death was consistently found in the superficial zone of loaded cartilage. Since MMP-3 can degrade PG and super-activate procollagenase, the increase of MMP-3 can therefore induce matrix degradation and PG depletion in mechanically injured articular cartilage, both of which are important to the development of osteoarthritis.
Metabolic disorders of fetal life: glycogenoses and mitochondrial defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

Summary Two major groups of inborn errors of energy metabolism are reviewed –glycogenoses and defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain – to see how often these disorders present in fetal life or neonatally. After some general considerations on energy metabolism in the pre- and postnatal development of the human infant, different glycogen storage diseases and mitochondrial encephalomyopathies are surveyed. General conclusions are that: (i) disorders of glycogen metabolism are more likely to cause ‘fetal disease' than defects of the respiratory chain; (ii) mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, especially those due to defects of the nuclear genome, are frequent causes of neonatal or infantile diseases, typically Leigh syndrome, but usually do not cause fetal distress; (iii) notable exceptions include mutations in the complex III assembly gene BCS1L resulting in the GRACILE syndrome (growth retardation, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, lactic acidosis, and early death), and defects of mitochondrial protein synthesis, which are the ‘new frontier' in mitochondrial translational research.
The pitfall of the cystic duct biliary anastomosis in right lobe living donor liver transplantation.

Figure 1. (A) Intraoperative cholangiogram obtained by injection of dye through a catheter inserted directly into the incised common bile duct. The patent anastomosis between the recipient common hepatic duct and right lobe posterior segmental system is shown. The cystic duct anastomosis with the allograft anterior segmental biliary system is not visualized. The common bile duct just below the level of insertion of the cholangiogram catheter appears artificially narrowed due to the presence of a suture placed to prevent dye extravasation. (B) Dye through the PTCD showing the obstructed biliary anastomosis between the right anterior segmental ducts and the recipient cystic duct. This image is superimposed on the cholangiogram of the patent right posterior system anastomosis with the recipient common hepatic duct obtained by direct catheter insertion into the common bile duct (see A).
A gentleman's pursuit

In Most Secret War, R. V. Jones provided a gripping memoir of British scientific intelligence from 1939 to 1945, when he was the head of scientific intelligence on Britain's Air Staff and scientific advisor to the British Secret Intelligence Service, or M16.
Vaporization, fusion and sublimation enthalpies of the dicarboxylic acids from C4 to C14 and C16

Abstract The fusion enthalpies of the series butanedioic acid through to tetradecanedioic acid and hexadecanedioic acids have been measured by DSC. In addition to fusion, a number of solid–solid phase transitions have also been detected in these diacids. The vaporization enthalpies of these compounds have been measured by correlation gas chromatography using the vaporization enthalpies of butanedioic, hexanedioic and decanedioic acids as standards. The vaporization enthalpies of the diacids from C4 to C10 correlated linearly with the number of methylene groups present. Above C10, the vaporization enthalpies of C11–C14 and C16 begin to deviate from linearity. The vaporization enthalpies for these compounds are dependent on the temperature of the GC column used. Similar departure from linearity has also been observed previously in the sublimation enthalpies for these compounds. The results are discussed in terms of formation of a cyclic intramolecular hydrogen bonded network in the gas phase similar to the bimolecular association observed in smaller mono-carboxylic acids at ambient temperatures.
Dose-dependent effects of chemical immobilization on the heart rate of embryonic zebrafish.

The small size and optical transparence of zebrafish embryos and larvae greatly facilitate modern intravital microscopic phenotyping of these experimentally tractable laboratory animals. Neither the experimentally derived dose-response relationships for chemicals commonly used in the mounting of live fish larvae, nor their effect on the stress of the animal, are currently available in the research literature. This is particularly problematic for IACUCs attempting to maintain the highest ethical standards of animal care in the face of a recent spate in investigator-initiated requests to use embryonic zebrafish as experimental models. The authors address this issue by describing the dose-dependent efficacy of several commonly used chemical mounting treatments and their effect on one stress parameter, embryo heart rate. The results of this study empirically define, for the first time, effective, minimally stressful treatments for immobilization and in vivo visualization during early zebrafish development.