cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piscicide impact extends beyond targets and toxicity

Restoration of fisheries often requires removal of invasive fishes. Although piscicides such as antimycin a and rotenone are reliable and cost‐effective tools for such removals, they may reduce the abundance of nontarget species directly via toxicity‐induced mortality (toxic effect) or indirectly via loss of prey (trophic effect). Toxic effects are well documented in some taxa, especially in benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs). Yet, the corresponding trophic effects on nonpiscine, aquatic, and riparian species remain unstudied. I tested for a trophic effect of piscicides using a population of American Dippers (Cinclus mexicanus), songbirds that feed extensively on BMIs. I caught breeding birds and estimated body condition before, during, and after treatment of the stream with antimycin a or rotenone. Birds exhibited poorer body condition (3.0–3.7% lower body mass) during treatment than before or after treatment. These differences suggested that treatment reduced prey availability enough to impact birds at least 9 months after application. Therefore, continued use of piscicides for fish restoration would benefit from (1) site‐specific comparison of benefits of invasive fish removal to costs of potential or documented toxic and trophic effects of piscicides on nontarget organisms; (2) continued adherence to best practices for recovery of the BMI community after piscicide treatment; and (3) experimental study of piscicide impacts.
Pincer Carbenoid Complexes With Late Transition Metals: Synthesis, Electronic Structure, and Reactivity

Abstract This chapter reviews recent developments in late transition metal (Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Ni, and Pd) pincer complexes featuring a carbenoid functionality in the backbone of the supporting ligand. This type of metal complexes is distinct from classical Fischer and Schrock carbenes and would likely lead to the discovery of new transformations in synthetic chemistry. A discussion of experimental results such as syntheses, spectroscopic features, and redox properties, as well as bonding considerations from theoretical calculations, is included. In particular, metal-ligand cooperation reactivity toward a wide range of small molecules and some preliminary catalytic applications are presented.
Improving Survival from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest with Bystander Chest Compression-Only CPR: The First Component of Cardiocerebral Resuscitation

Out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest remains a major public health problem throughout the world. Survival is most likely when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is begun within 1 or 2 min of collapse. Bystander willingness to provide immediate resuscitation efforts are the real key to surviving such an event. Chest compression-only CPR is a simplified, basic-life support alternative to standard CPR for lay rescuers. The elimination of mouth-to-mouth breathing makes this alternative easier to learn and more palatable to actually perform. Public education campaigns concentrating on chest compression-only CPR can produce significant increases in the local incidence of bystander CPR. Increased bystander resuscitation efforts result in increased community survival rates from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and, most importantly, increased preservation of central nervous system function among individual survivors.
Protective Function of Neutrophils During Experimental Endotoxic Shock

Dramatic hematologic and hemostatic alterations are common sequelae to generalized gram-negative infections (14). Two of the most consistent aberrations are a rapid decrease in circulating neutrophils (PMN) and consumptive coagulopathies. Purified bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) when given intravenously to experimental animals and human volunteers will induce similar pathophysiological changes (8). It now appears that much of the host response to endotoxin is initiated by damage at the microcirculatory level, and persistant inflammation at this level is associated with the lethal effects of endotoxin (6,14). This is due primarily to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and vascular collapse. Neutrophils as inflammatory cells have the potential of damaging host tissues and thus may contribute to the initiation of these events.
Imaging Approach to Musculoskeletal Infections

As with other organs in the body, the musculoskeletal system is subject to infection. Although the most common infection in the United States is pyogenic osteomyelitis, virtually all types of infectious agents infect the musculoskeletal system, including viruses, pyogenic bacteria, mycobacteria, spirochetes, and fungi. Infection can cause both acute and chronic forms of disease, each with their own imaging characteristics. This chapter reviews the major forms of infection encountered in both the bones and the muscles, presenting the salient clinical and imaging features. Various modalities used to identify and follow infections are described. In addition, although not proven, Paget disease will be discussed in this chapter because of the mounting evidence that this represents a chronic viral infection of bone.
3 – Understanding Communication Technologies

All of the communication technologies explored have a number of characteristics in common, including how their adoption spreads from a small group of highly interested users to the general public, what the effects of these technologies are upon the people who use them, and how these technologies affect each other. Theoretical approaches are useful in understanding the origins of the information-based economy in which we now live, why some technologies take off while others fail, the impacts and effects of technologies, and the economics of the communication technology marketplace. Information about an innovation is communicated through different channels. Mass media is good for awareness knowledge. Interpersonal channels are also an important means of communication about innovations. These interactions generally involve subjective evaluations of the innovation. For a technology’s adoption to move from innovators to the early adopters the technology must show a major new benefit.
The use of selegiline in Alzheimer's patients with behavior problems.

BACKGROUND Currently there is no regimen for managing the inappropriate behavior seen in Alzheimer's disease that does not cause significant patient sedation. Preliminary evidence suggests selegiline may be effective in behavioral modification without the adverse effects observed with other regimens. The purpose of this study was to document the efficacy of selegiline in Alzheimer's patients with behavior problems. METHOD Eight Alzheimer's patients (6 women and 2 men) ranging in age from 50 to 82 years (mean +/- SD = 74.0 +/- 10.5) were enrolled in this single-blind study. Patients received selegiline 10 mg each day for 8 weeks. Prior to drug administration and at the end of Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8, patients were evaluated for behavior (BEHAVEAD), cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), and caregiver stress (Caregiver Burden Scale). RESULTS Of eight enrolled patients, five were available for analysis. No statistically significant differences were found between mean baseline and mean 8-week scores for any of the three tests. However, clinical significance was noted by improvement in cognition (orientation and recall), caregiver stress, and behavior. Behavior was noted to improve in the areas of paranoid and delusional ideation, hallucinations, activity disturbances, anxiety, and phobias. CONCLUSION These data suggest that some Alzheimer's patients with behavior problems may benefit from selegiline therapy.
Community Succession after Cranberry Bog Abandonment in the New Jersey Pinelands

Cranberry agriculture once represented over a third of wetlands in the New Jersey pinelands, but many bogs have been abandoned as the industry has declined. The purpose of this study was to examine succession dynamics of cranberry bogs post abandonment in the New Jersey pinelands and also provide data on the association of local species in various ages of abandoned cranberry bogs in order to inform management practices. We assessed bog succession after abandonment from an active cranberry bog to 60 years since abandonment. We hypothesized the fate of community succession would be influenced by the original agricultural practice and whether or not the bog was kept flooded. Community diversity and structure was determined from plant and invertebrate inventories and a chronosequence for bog succession was developed. In abandoned bogs that were left to dry, there was a significant difference in groundcover and functional diversity over time. The most abundant functional group transitioned from herbs and graminoids to shrubs and trees. The ecological role of invertebrates shifted from pollinators to predators as a canopy developed. This work suggests despite the history of agricultural practice, cranberry bogs could return to a community similar to what is already found in the pinelands and differing management practices would determine their successional climax community.
Tradeoffs between improved performance and increased cost of advanced materials in commercial power plants

Advanced structural materials for fusion in-vessel components offer the promise of improved safety and environmental features as well as improved engineering performance, as characterized by high thermal conversion efficiency and high power density limits. However, the cost of advanced materials is expected to be much higher than that of more conventional steel-based alloys. Therefore, the economic advantage is limited. In this study, we compare a high-performance vanadium-based power plant and a lower-performance ferritic steel plant. Self-consistency is maintained through the use of the ARIES systems code. The tradeoffs include the effect of coolant outlet temperature on thermal conversion efficiency, power density limitations, component lifetime and availability. Ideally, comparisons should be made between fully-detailed design concepts. However, a rough systems-level analysis allows identification of the relative magnitude of the economic advantages expected from `high performance` materials. 13 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.
Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana consumption is associated with increased odds of same-day substance co- and tri-use.

Abstract Background Little is known about event-level patterns of marijuana co- or tri-use with alcohol and tobacco. Thus, the study goal was to examine patterns of same-day alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana co- and tri-use at the individual level in non-treatment-seeking alcohol users. Methods Participants (N = 551) completed an in-person interview for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use over the previous 30 days, and the event-level substance use patterns of n = 179 participants who reported using each of these substances at least once per month were analyzed. Results The use of alcohol, marijuana, or cigarettes independently increased the probability of subsequent, simultaneous co-use of one of the two remaining substances. The co-use of alcohol with cigarettes and marijuana with cigarettes produced generally additive effects on the odds of same day tri-use of marijuana and alcohol, respectively. Conversely, the co-use of alcohol and marijuana produced sub-additive effects on likelihood of cigarette use. Sex moderated several of the observed patterns of co- and tri-use: the relationship between alcohol or cigarette use predicting marijuana co-use was stronger in men, whereas the observed additive relationships between drug co-use leading to tri-use was stronger in women. Conclusions The presented results may aid in the understanding of how simultaneous co-use of marijuana with alcohol and/or tobacco relates to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of comorbid and trimorbid substance use disorder. Replication and extension of the results in treatment seeking populations using more fine-grained analysis approaches, e.g. ecological momentary assessment, is needed.
Abel transformations into $lsp{1}$

Let t be a sequence in (0,1) that converges to 0, and define the Abel matrix At by a nk = t n(1-t n ) k . The matrix At determines a sequence-to-sequence variant of the classical Abel summability method. The purpose of this paper is to study these transformations as l-l summability methods: e.g., At maps l 1 into l 1 if and only if t is in l 1. The Abel matrices are shown to be stronger l-l methods than the Euler-Knopp means and the Nӧrlund means. Indeed, if t is in l1 and Σ x k has bounded partial sums, then A t x is in l1. Also, the Abel matrix is shown to be translative in an l-l sense, and an l-l Tauberian theorem is proved for At .
Phase II study of bevacizumab in combination with docetaxel and carboplatin in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

18098 Background: The combination of bevacizumab, paclitaxel and carboplatin has been recently shown to increase response rates and survival in patients (pts) with untreated, metastatic, non-squamo...
The Use of Cementless Components Does Not Significantly Increase Procedural Costs in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Modern cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) designs have shown promising early clinical success; however, concerns exist regarding the higher cost of the cementless implants. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the total facility cost of cementless vs traditional cemented TKA along with the effect of cementless fixation on short-term outcomes. Methods We reviewed a consecutive series of patients between 2015 and 2017 who underwent either cementless or cemented primary TKA. Itemized facility costs were calculated for every procedure using a time-driven activity-based costing algorithm. Controlling for demographic variables and medical comorbidities, we performed a multivariate analysis to identify independent risk factors for facility costs following TKA. Short-term outcome metrics including complications, readmissions, and patient-reported outcomes were compared between groups. Results Among the 2426 primary TKA patients in this study, 119 (4.91%) were performed using cementless implants. When compared to cemented TKA, cementless TKA patients had higher implant costs ($3047.80 vs $2808.73, P Conclusion In conclusion, the use of cementless TKA implants did not significantly increase total procedural costs when compared to traditional cemented TKA components at our institution. Our data suggest that the increased cost of a cementless implant is recouped through savings in cost of cement and supplies, as well as shorter operative times. The authors encourage investigators at other institutions to use the authors' methodology to evaluate (preferably in a prospective manner) whether the findings from this study can be corroborated.
Do Students Discriminate? Exploring Differentials by Race and Sex in Class Enrollments and Student Ratings of Instructors

This paper explores differentials in student ratings of instructors (SRIs) by both race (white and nonwhite) and sex (male and female), taking into account not only the race and sex of class instructors but also the race-sex percentage composition of their enrolled students. Our dataset is by far the largest in the literature to date and includes all course evaluations over Academic Years 2006–2012 at Occidental College, a selective liberal arts institution with relatively high levels of diversity by race and sex of both students and faculty. We examine the data with multilevel mixed-effects linear and ordered probit regression specifications that include an extensive set of non-demographic control variables. Our findings include evidence that is consistent with the existence of bias on the part of white students.
OBSERVATIONAL SELECTION EFFECTS AND THE M-σ RELATION

We examine the possibility that the observed relation between black hole mass and host-galaxy stellar velocity dispersion (the M–σ relation) is biased by an observational selection effect, the difficulty of detecting a black hole whose sphere of influence is smaller than the telescope resolution. In particular, we critically investigate recent claims that the M–σ relation only represents the upper limit to a broad distribution of black hole masses in galaxies of a given velocity dispersion. We find that this hypothesis can be rejected at a high confidence level, at least for the early-type galaxies with relatively high velocity dispersions (median 268 km s −1 ) that comprise most of our sample. We also describe a general procedure for incorporating observational selection effects in estimates of the properties of the M–σ relation. Applying this procedure we find results that are consistent with earlier estimates that did not account for selection effects, although with larger error bars. In particular, (1) the width of the M–σ relation is not significantly increased, (2) the slope and normalization of the M–σ relation are not significantly changed, and (3) most or all luminous early-type galaxies contain central black holes at zero redshift. Our results may not apply to late-type or small galaxies, which are not well represented in our sample.
Revisiting the Link Between Electoral Competition and Policy Extremism in the U.S. Congress

Prominent theories of American political parties imply that higher levels of competition cause lawmakers to be more responsive to the center of public opinion, but there is little empirical evidence to support this assertion. Furthermore, many studies have found that competition causes lawmakers to be less responsive to public opinion as a whole and more responsive to their own partisans. Parties and candidates pursue a “mobilization” rather than “moderation” strategy supposedly because competitive constituencies are inherently heterogeneous, which then creates a context for more ideological campaigns and a more partisan policymaking environment. An analysis of U.S. Senate roll call votes between 1989 and 2000 reveals that legislators from more marginal states are less responsive to the ideological center than legislators from safe states. Furthermore, there is no evidence of a relationship between constituency diversity and electoral competition or that greater partisanship is the result of greater diver...
Intratumoral and Oncoviral Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a paradigm-shifting advance in cancer care, but despite their success, contemporary immunotherapy strategies are limited by several factors. The objective response rates to checkpoint inhibitor therapy remain below 50%, and the toxicities associated with systemically administered immunotherapies, particularly combination immunotherapy regimens, can be devastating. Intratumoral immunotherapies represent a burgeoning paradigm in immuno-oncology designed to address these limitations. The direct delivery of intratumoral immunotherapies can result in concentrations of the therapeutic agent at levels that would likely be far too toxic if administered systemically. In this review, I summarize the sound biological framework underlying intratumoral immunotherapies as well as provide an overview of the major categories of intratumoral agents currently under investigation. I also emphasize the components of this treatment strategy that are relevant for image-guided interventionalists based on existing clinical experience.
Chondrolaryngoplasty in transgender women: Prospective analysis of voice and aesthetic satisfaction

We read with interest the recent publication by Aires et al. (2020) in which the authors report a prospective interventional evaluation comparing the acoustic and perceptual voice outcomes along wi...
Do Varying State Tax Rates Affect Athletic Performance

Draft summary of a study conducted to measure whether NBA athletes perform better when in no-tax states compared to high-tax states due to a more positive attitude which has been shown to positively affect athletic performance.
Partial Clinical Remission Reduces Lipid-Based Cardiovascular Risk in Adult Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

Importance: Risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are well established in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but not in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The impact of partial clinical remission (PR) on short-term ASCVD risk in T1D is unclear. Aim: To investigate the impact of PR on the earliest ASCVD risk phenotype in adult T1D using factor analysis to compare the lipid phenotypes of T1D, T2D and controls after stratifying the T1D cohort into remitters and non-remitters. Subjects and Methods: A study of 203 adults subjects consisting of 86 T2D subjects, and 77 T1D subjects stratified into remitters (n=49), and non-remitters (n=28). PCR was defined as insulin-dose adjusted HbA1c of ≤9, and obesity as a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Factor analysis was used to stratify the groups by ASCVD risk by factorizing seven lipid parameters (TC, LDL, HDL, non-HDL, TC/HDL, TG, TG/HDL) into 2 orthogonal factors (factor 1: TC*LDL; factor 2: HDL*TG) that explained 90% of the variance in the original seven parameters. Results: The analysis of individual lipid parameters showed that TC/HDL was similar between the controls and remitters (p=NS) but was significantly higher in the non-remitters compared to the remitters (p=0.026). TG/HDL was equally similar between the controls and remitters (p=NS) but was lower in the remitters compared to the non-remitters (p=0.007). TG was significantly lower in the remitters compared to T2D subjects (p<0.0001) but was similar between T2D subjects and non-remitters (p=NS). Non-HDL was significantly lower in the controls versus non-remitters (p=0.0003) but was similar between the controls and remitters (p=NS). Factor analysis showed that the means of factor 1 and factor 2 composite scores for dyslipidemia increased linearly from the controls, remitters, non-remitters to T2D, p value 0.0042 for factor 1, and <0.0001 for factor 2, with remitters having similar lipid phenotype as controls, while non-remitters were similar to T2D. Conclusions: Partial clinical remission of T1D is associated with a favorable early lipid phenotype which could translate to reduced long-term CVD risk in adults.
Inflammation in the lung in cystic fibrosis. A vicious cycle that does more harm than good

Although the relationship between the basic cellular defect in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and the factors that predispose the CF patient to colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa remain undefined, it seems clear that infection with this organism provides the stimulus for the chronic inflammation and periodic exacerbations that characterize the progressive lung disease in almost all CF patients. Not only does the inflammatory response fail to eradicate the inciting organism, but a growing body of evidence suggests that this response actually contributes to a defect in local host defenses that perpetuates the infection. Thus, a vicious cycle of infection and inflammation is established. The body’s homeostatic regulatory mechanisms seem unable to bring this cycle under control, and products of the inflammatory response cause much of the pulmonary damage that characterizes this disease. Recognition that the inflammatory response is excessive and may cause more harm than good has already led to therapeutic trials of corticosteroids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. In the future, it is likely that protease inhibitors and other agents might be employed in an effort to lessen the damage caused by the poorly controlled inflammatory response and/or to reduce the overall level of inflammation. In this chapter, I will review the mechanisms that lead to the excessive inflammatory response in the chronically infected CF lung and provide a rationale for the use of antiinflammatory therapy.
Processes with Imbedded Point Process: General State Space

This chapter presents a unified sample-path approach for deriving distribution- free relations between performance measures for processes with imbedded point processes. We consider processes with a general state space, specializing in the next chapter to a discrete state space. A unique feature of this approach is that all results are shown to follow from the three fundamental relations proved in Chapter 2: Lemma 2.1, the sample-path version of the elementary renewal theorem, and Theorems 2.2 and 2.3, the two sample-path versions of the renewal-reward theorem (Y = λX).
SNAPSHOT Isolation: Why Do Some People Call it SERIALIZABLE?

SNAPSHOT isolation provides a protocol for dealing with concurrent transactions in transaction processing applications. Because applications using SNAPSHOT isolation can have very high throughput, many applications are designed using this protocol.
Autoradiographic localization of I-125 labeled albumin in the intestine of guinea pigs: a light and electron microscopic study.

This study demonstrates the distribution of intravenously injected 1-125 labeled albumin in the intestine by combined light and electron microscopic autoradiography. After injection of labeled albumin, biopsies of guinea pig small bowel were obtained at intervals ranging from 1 min to 2 hr. Control studies demonstrated the physiologically pure nature of the labeled albumin and showed absence of specific localization when sodium iodide-125 was injected alone. At 1 min, peak localization of grains was within the vascular system. By 15 min, peaks of concentration were noted within central lacteals, in epithelial extracellular spaces adjacent to the vascular system, and in all other extracellular spaces. These areas retained a high concentration of grains for 2 hr, the duration of the experiments. Cellular components demonstrating significant localization of activity were the the vascular and lymphatic endothelia, primarily the vascular, which showed an almost constant concentration. Minimal localization of grains was shown over intestinal absorptive cells and cells of the lamina propria. As expected, albumin exhibited a noncellular distribution. The nearly uniform grain count over the vascular endothelium indicated constant passage of albumin across the endothelium. The presence of albumin in the extracellular spaces of the epithelium and in absorptive cells suggests that these compartments may represent the route of loss of albumin through the gastrointestinal tract in normal states.
Mixed Xenogeneic Chimerism Induces Donor-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Tolerance for Cardiac Xenografts

Xenotransplantation has been suggested as a potential solution to the critical shortage of donor organs. However, success has been limited by the vigorous rejection response elicited against solid organs transplanted across species barriers. Mixed xenogeneic bone marrow chimeras resulting from the transplantation of a mixture of host and donor marrow (B10 mouse + F344 rat --> B10 mouse) results in donor-specific cross-species transplantation tolerance for subsequent nonvascularized skin and islet grafts. Furthermore, compared with fully xenogeneic chimeras (rat --> mouse), mixed xenogeneic chimeras exhibit superior immunocompetence for infectious agents in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that the immune system is intact. The ability to establish long-term humoral and cellular tolerance for primarily vascularized xenografts in vivo, in the setting of both recipient and donor Ig and effector cell production, has not previously been characterized. Mixed xenogeneic chimeras exhibit donor-specific humoral tolerance as evident by the absence of anti-donor Ab and Ab-dependent donor-specific cytotoxicity in vitro and intravascular IgM deposition within donor-strain (F344) cardiac xenografts in vivo. F344 cardiac xenografts are accepted (median > or =180 days) without clinical or histologic evidence of rejection, suggesting cellular tolerance. In contrast, MHC-disparate third-party mouse (B10.BR) and rat (ACI or WF) grafts are rejected (median of 23 and 41 days, respectively) in association with extensive mononuclear cell infiltration and vascular deposits of mouse IgM. These results demonstrate that mixed xenogeneic chimerism establishes donor-specific humoral and cellular tolerance and permits the successful transplantation of even primarily vascularized xenografts in the setting of intact Ab production.
Impaired Global and Regional Cerebral Perfusion in Newborns with Complex Congenital Heart Disease

Objective To compare global and regional cerebral perfusion in newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD) and healthy controls using arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to open heart surgery. Study design We performed brain MRIs in 101 newborns (58 controls, 43 CHD) using 3-dimensional fast spin echo pseudo-continuous ASL. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) ASL images were linearly coregistered to T2-weighted images for anatomic delineation and selection of regions-of-interest. Anatomic regions included frontal white matter (FWM), occipital white matter (OWM), thalami, and basal ganglia (BG). Results Newborns with single ventricle CHD demonstrated significantly lower global ( P = .044) and regional BG ( P = .025) CBF compared with controls. Mean regional CBF in the thalami in cyanotic newborns with CHD was lower compared with controls ( P = .004). Mean regional CBF in thalami ( P = .02), BG ( P = .01), and OWM ( P = .03) among newborns with cyanotic CHD was lower than those with acyanotic CHD. Newborns with CHD ventilated prior to MRI had increased global ( P = .016) and OWM ( P = .013) CBF compared with those not ventilated. Conclusions Newborns with uncorrected cyanotic or single ventricle CHD show disturbances in cerebral perfusion compared to healthy controls using ASL. Cardiac physiology and preoperative hemodynamic compromise play an important role in preoperative alterations in global and regional cerebral perfusion. Our data suggest that ASL may be useful for studying cerebral perfusion in newborns at high risk for cerebral ischemia, such as those with complex CHD.
Low Frequency Fluctuations in the Cardiac Rate as a Source of Variance in the Resting-State fMRI BOLD Signal

Heart rate fluctuations occur in the low-frequency range (<0.1 Hz) probed in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of resting-state functional connectivity and most fMRI block paradigms and may be related to low-frequency blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations. To investigate this hypothesis, temporal correlations between cardiac rate and resting-state fMRI signal timecourses were assessed at 3 T. Resting-state BOLD fMRI and accompanying physiological data were acquired and analyzed using cross-correlation and regression. Time-shifted cardiac rate timecourses were included as regressors in addition to established physiological regressors (RETROICOR (Glover, G.H., Li, T.Q., Ress, D., 2000. Image-based method for retrospective correction of physiological motion effects in fMRI: RETROICOR. Magn Reson Med 44, 162-167) and respiration volume per unit time (Birn, R.M., Diamond, J.B., Smith, M.A., Bandettini, P.A., 2006b. Separating respiratory-variation-related fluctuations from neuronal-activity-related fluctuations in fMRI. NeuroImage 31, 1536-1548). Significant correlations between the cardiac rate and BOLD signal timecourses were revealed, particularly negative correlations in gray matter at time shifts of 6-12 s and positive correlations at time shifts of 30-42 s (TR=6 s). Regressors consisting of cardiac rate timecourses shifted by delays of between 0 and 24 s explained an additional 1% of the BOLD signal variance on average over the whole brain across 9 subjects, a similar additional variance to that explained by respiration volume per unit time and RETROICOR regressors, even when used in combination with these other physiological regressors. This suggests that including such time-shifted cardiac rate regressors will be beneficial for explaining physiological noise variance and will thereby improve the statistical power in future task-based and resting-state fMRI studies.
Ozone distribution over Mediterranean, central and southeast Europe during the International Quiet Sun Year (1964–1965)

Ozone observations made during 1964 and 1965 at nine Mediterranean, central and southeast European stations (latitudes 38–52°N, longitudes 9–23°E) reveal patterns of seasonal and shorter time-variations in total ozone as well as in vertical ozone distribution. During the winter-spring season, a significant increase (∼20%) of ozone occurs essentially simultaneously with the spring stratospheric warming, and is noticed at all stations.—Autocorrelation coefficients show that the total ozone on any day is strongly related to the total ozone of the preceding four days in summer or one or two days in winter-spring or autumn. Changes of total ozone in southeast Europe correlate closely with those in Mediterranean Europe, and less closely with those from north central Europe.—Power spectrum analysis detects the dependence of ozone changes on processes with periods longer than 6–8 days, and indicates a significant oscillation with a period of 14–15 days, perhaps a result of the direct influence of lower stratospheric circumhemispheric circulation. — Reliable vertical ozone soundings were not available from all stations. The mean vertical profiles at Arosa, Switzerland (47°N) and Belsk, Poland (51°) are very similar. More than 60% of the variability of the total ozone is contributed by changes in ozone concentration between 10 and 24 km; less than 10% is due to variations above 33 km. Changes in ozone partial pressure at different altitudes, and relationships of those changes to total ozone, indicates that a mean vertical ozone distribution may be described adequately by considering the ozone changes in four layers: a) the troposphere, b) the lower stratosphere up to ∼24 km, c) a transition layer from ∼24 km to a variable upper border at 33–37 km, and d) the layer above 33–37 km.
The double layer impedance at a rough surface: Theoretical results

Abstract The roughness of an electrode surface can dramatically influence the double layer impedance at that electrode. We review a Green's function approach to this problem. For nearly flat surfaces, this approach can be developed perturbatively. In the more general case, the impedance problem can be mapped onto a problem involving the behavior of random walks near the surface of the electrode. For self-similar surfaces, we develop a scaling theory for this random walk problem. We explore the consequences of this theory for the double layer impedance. We find a stretched-exponential impedance, with the amplitude and exponent of the stretched-exponential decay being related to the multifractal properties of the self-similar surface. At high frequencies, this behavior is similar to the experimentally observed “constant phase angle” (CPA) response. We discuss experimental consequences of these results.
Fish Oil for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease

Fish consumption and fish oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids were reported to be cardioprotective in both retrospective and prospective studies undertaken over the past two to three decades. In the past several years, there is mounting clinical trial data as well as basic science information supporting the use of fish oil supplements in both primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention. In addition, there appear to be additional benefits to the use of fish oil, including lowering significantly elevated triglyceride levels, preventing atrial fibrillation, reducing mortality rates in congestive heart failure patients, and perhaps stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. These data have led to specific recommendations for use of omega-3 fatty acids in several cardiovascular areas.
Boeing-Airbus Subsidy Dispute: A Sequel

After intensifying in the 1980s and 1990s, the longstanding dispute between Europe and the United States over government subsidies for the commercial jetliner industry again heated up in 2004. This...
Peptide nucleic acids: Deoxyribonucleic acid mimics with a peptide backbone

Abstract This tutorial briefly describes a new class of synthetic biopolymer, which is referred to as peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA, individual nucleobases are linked to an achiral neutral peptide backbone. PNA exhibits the hybridization characteristic (e.g., Watson—Crick duplex formation) of DNA. The achiral peptide backbone provides similar interbase distances as natural DNA, and adequate flexibility to permit base pair interactions with complementary RNA or DNA strands. Several potential applications of PNA oligomers in biotechnology are suggested. These include the use of PNAs as a probe for specific recognition of a DNA or RNA sequence selective, purification of nucleic acids via designed high affinity binding to PNA, screening for DNA mutations, and as possible therapeutic agents.
Mechanics of vomiting: a minireview.

In a cineradiographic analysis of the vomiting reflex in response to i.v. administration of an emetic drug (lanatoside C, 12 mg/kg) in cats, it was shown that the vomiting act is preceded by cyclic periods of abnormal peristaltic activity of the small bowel and inhibition of gastric peristalsis. It was further observed that massive antiperistalsis of the upper small bowel with reflux into the stomach is a common occurrence in the period immediately preceding vomiting. The emetic act itself is composed of phases of esophageal dilation, gastric emptying, gastric reflux, and esophageal collapse in cyclic repetition. The response of the esophagus and the stomach during emesis is passive, with external pressures and forces apparently providing the expulsive forces, the gastric bolus being contained by contraction of the pylorus and probably an upper esophageal or pharyngeal barrier. Earlier studies were conducted in cats in which observations were made on changes in thoracic venous pressure, abdominal venous pressure, and arterial blood pressure associated with vomiting induced by Veratrum alkaloids. Retching was characterized by a growing series of brief negative intrathoracic pressure pulses mirrored by positive pressure pulses in the abdomen. Expulsion then occurred and was followed with a sudden reversal of intrathoracic pressure from negative to positive. Expulsion involved a more sustained abdominal contraction, but both retching and expulsion were brought about by the same set of muscles, according to their EMG profiles. From results observed following phrenicotomy and spinal cord section at T5, it was concluded that the diaphragm, acting together with the inspiratory muscles against a closed glotis is responsible for the negative intrathoracic pressure that occurs in retching.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Language of Letters A History of Persuasive and Psychological Strategies in American Business Letters from 1905 through 1920

This article analyzes the recognition, development, and use of the power of persuasion in American sales letter from 1905-1920, as well as two other business-writing traditions which developed during this period: the “you” viewpoint and the five C's. Examples will show how these two traditions changed the language used in business letters, allowing these letters to play a dual role by making these letters easier for the consumer to read and understand and by using these letters to pursue the growth in national character of American business. The article concludes with a call for further research, to help prepare writers to produce the letters of the future.
Stress intensities at notch singularities

In the context of linear elasticity, a stress singularity of the type Knrδ (δ < 0) may exist at re-entrant notch corners, with an intensity Kn. The magnitude of the intensity, referred to here as the notch stress intensity, characterizes the stress state in the region of the notch tip. We determined Kn for two mode I-type specimens that are proposed to characterize a critical value of Kn. Such a critical Kn may be appropriate as a failure criterion in situations where sharp re-entrant corners exist, and the region around the corner dominated by the singular field is large compared to intrinsic flaw sizes, inelastic zones and process zone sizes. For these specimens we show that the region dominated by the singularity increases as the notch angle increases and is smallest for the limiting case of a crack. At the same time though, the strength of the stress singularity decreases with increasing notch angle. Estimates of the plastic zone size also decrease with increasing notch angles. For notch angles less than about 60°, the stress singularity, stress intensity factor, region dominated by the singularity and the estimated plastic zone size do not differ substantially from those of a crack.
Optical studies of the high-frequency graphitic intralayer phonons in graphite-SbCl5

Abstract We report on the Raman and infrared spectra for well characterized samples of stages 2–5 SbCl 5 -graphite. The first order Raman and infrared spectra show stage dependent behavior similar to that observed in other graphite intercalation compounds. The first order spectral features in the Raman and infrared spectra are interpreted in terms of Γ-point bounding and interior layer vibrational modes of the carbon atoms. These Γ-point modes stiffen with increasing reciprocal stage number (1/ n ). We also report the first systematic study of the stage dependence of the second order Raman spectrum of a graphite intercalation compound. We find well defined second order spectral features closely related to those found in HOPG. We interpret the above findings in terms of an extended (graphitic) zone scheme.
Modeling of Thermal Lensing in Nonlinear Optical Crystals

An iterative approach to modeling thermal lensing in χ2frequency conversion processes is described. Careful consideration is given to ensuring consistency of approximations. We find piezo-optic effects can partially compensate the impact of thermal dispersion.
Transient kinetic studies of the catalytic reduction of NO by CO on platinum

Transient kinetic experiments were performed in order to study the catalytic reduction of NO by CO over a polycrystalline platinum surface. The experiments were performed by preadsorbing one reactant on the Pt surface at the reaction temperature and then rapidly introducing the second reactant in a pressure jump while monitoring the transient production of CO{sub 2}. The CO{sub 2} production rate, R{sub CO{sub 2}}, was modeled as a function of NO and CO coverages ({theta}{sub NO} and {theta}{sub CO}). When NO was preadsorbed, the reaction rate can be described by R{sub CO{sub 2}} = k{theta}{sub NO}{theta}{sub CO} (for the onset of the reaction) and R{sub CO}{sub 2} = k'{theta}{sub NO}{theta}{sub free sites} (for the final portion). The onset of CO{sub 2} production showed no detectable induction period in these experiments. When CO was preadsorbed, the reaction rate is described by R{sub CO{sub 2}} = k{double prime}{theta}{sub NO}{theta}{sub free sites} (for the onset of the reaction) and R{sub CO{sub 2}} = k{double prime}({theta}{sub CO}){sup 2} (for the final portion). For CO preadsorption, a time delay in the onset of CO{sub 2} production which varied with temperature and the initial amount of preadsorbed CO was observed. Our transient kinetic results indicate thatmore » the reaction proceeds over a wide range of reaction conditions via a dissociative mechanism in which NO{sub (a)} first dissociates into N{sub (a)} and O{sub (a)}, and then O{sub (a)} reacts with CO{sub (a)} to form CO{sub 2}.« less
The theory and measurement of a silhouette descriptor for image pre-processing and recognition

Abstract The slope density description of silhouettes is defined, and the mechanism of a simple, parallel machine for its automatic generation is given. A theoretical analysis of the properties of the slope density description is performed. In particular, the effect of a linear filter on the output of the slope density machine is studied, and it is shown that under certain specified conditions, a filtered version of the machine output is equal, with vanishing error, to the true slope density. Finally, an algorithm that simulates the mechanism of the machine is given, suitable for experimental studies on a computer.
On Latent Change Model Choice in Longitudinal Studies

An interval estimation procedure for proportion of explained observed variance in latent curve analysis is discussed, which can be used as an aid in the process of choosing between linear and nonli...
Electromechanical Energy Conversion in Double Cylindrical Structures

Terminal characteristics of machines without saliency on either member are derived from the solution of Maxwell's equations in the air gap, using conductor configurations which may be present in actual machines. First, the harmonic current sheets are generated. Then energy methods are employed to formulate the equations of motion for both the electric and mechanical terminals. The formulation is general, with respect to both the machine construction and the number of harmonics included.
Interaction of Cultured Rat Osteoblasts with 8-Methoxypsoralen during Irradiation with Long-Wave Ultraviolet Light

Abstract Rat osteoblasts in monolayer cell cultures have been irradiated with long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA) in the presence and without 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). In the absence of 8-MOP, the exposures to UVA (3×10 −3 W·cm −2 ) for up to 30 min have not affected cellular viability, the rate of 14 C-acetate incorporation, and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. However, it depressed 3 H-TdR incorporation rates by osteoblasts. In the presence of 15 to 100ng of 8-MOP/ml, even 5-min irradiation of osteoblasts was sufficient to reduce DNA synthesis. Much higher (0.5 to 1.0 μg/ml) 8-MOP concentrations were required to depress lipid synthesis, AP activity, and the viability of irradiated cells. These results suggest that in osteoblasts the machinery of DNA synthesis is especially labile to photosensitization with 8-MOP and UVA, whereas UVA light by itself exerts a less potent inhibitory effect.
Redesigning the Design Studio to Foster Critical Thinking

ISSUE: The design educator can respond to the significant need to enhance critical thinking by creating a studio environment that fosters self-discovery and synthesis of information and places the responsibility of learning upon the students. GOAL: A studio environment that promotes critical thinking encourages students to explore and analyzes various issues and theories, thereby enhancing of their ability to build a substantiated case for an interior design solution. APPLICATION: Distinctions between problem solving, decision making, concept development, and critical thinking clarify for the student the various roles of these thinking strategies. A comparison between a traditional interior design studio versus one that fosters critical thinking clarifies for the educator the type of environment necessary to promote this order of thinking. The importance of critical thinking is emphasized, and students are more confident and experiential in their approach to interior design. Students are also better able to articulate their rationale for an interior design solution. DESCRIPTION: The major component of critical thinking includes the thorough examination of a problem, resulting in a solution that is supported by education and theory. Differentiating between facts and values, relevant versus irrelevant information, determining the credibility of the source of information and identifying logical fallacies are a few measures one can take to analyze a design problem critically. This analysis evolves into a defense (the justification for an interior design solution). CONCLUSION: Providing a studio environment that enhances critical thinking results in an interactive learning environment. Students actively participate in the learning process, creating in a dynamic educational environment.