cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The thermoregulation system and how it works

Heat exchange processes between the body and the environment are introduced. The definition of the thermoneutral zone as the ambient temperature range within which body temperature (Tb) regulation is achieved only by nonevaporative processes is explained. Thermoreceptors, thermoregulatory effectors (both physiologic and behavioral), and neural pathways and Tb signals that connect receptors and effectors into a thermoregulation system are reviewed. A classification of thermoeffectors is proposed. A consensus concept is presented, according to which the thermoregulation system is organized as a dynamic federation of independent thermoeffector loops. While the activity of each effector is driven by a unique combination of deep (core) and superficial (shell) Tbs, the regulated variable of the system can be viewed as a spatially distributed Tb with a heavily represented core and a lightly represented shell. Core Tb is the main feedback; it is always negative. Shell Tbs (mostly of the hairy skin) represent the auxiliary feedback, which can be negative or positive, and which decreases the system's response time and load error. Signals from the glabrous (nonhairy) skin about the temperature of objects in the environment serve as feedforward signals for various behaviors. Physiologic effectors do not use feedforward signals. The system interacts with other homeostatic systems by "meshing" with their loops. Coordination between different thermoeffectors is achieved through the common controlled variable, Tb. The term balance point (not set point) is used for a regulated level of Tb. The term interthreshold zone is used for a Tb range in which no effectors are activated. Thermoregulatory states are classified, based on whether: Tb is increased (hyperthermia) or decreased (hypothermia); the interthreshold zone is narrow (homeothermic type of regulation) or wide (poikilothermic type); and the balance point is increased (fever) or decreased (anapyrexia). During fever, thermoregulation can be either homeothermic or poikilothermic; anapyrexia is always a poikilothermic state. The biologic significance of poikilothermic states is discussed. As an example of practical applications of the concept presented, thermopharmacology is reviewed. Thermopharmacology uses drugs to modulate specific temperature signals at the level of a thermoreceptor (transient receptor potential channel).
Radiative Transfer of Light in Strongly Scattering Media

Radiative transfer provides a complete description of absorption, scattering, and radiation of light in a multiple scattering medium (Chandrasekhar 1960; Ishimaru 1999; Van de Hulst 2012). Consequently, radiative transfer is important for several applications such as neutron transport (Bell and Glasstone 1970; Case and Zweifel 1967; Lewis and Miller 1984), astrophysics (Peraiah 2002; Sobolev 2017), geophysics (Tsang et al. 1985; Mobley 1994; Kirk 1994; Thomas and Stamnes 2002; Kokhanovsky 2006b; Marshak and Davis 2005; Mishchenko et al. 2006; Mishchenko 2014), heat transfer (Modest 2013), biomedical optics (Welch et al. 2011; Wang and Wu 2012), and computer graphics (Jensen 2001).
Di-μ-pivalato-κO,O':O';κO:O,O'-bis-[(methanol-κO)bis-(2,2,6,6-tetra-methylhepta-ne-3,5-dionato)praseo-dymium(III)].

In the centrosymmetric dimeric title compound, [Pr2(C5H9O2)2(C11H19O2)4(CH3OH)2], the two praseodymium(III) atoms are eight-coordinate and are bridged by O atoms from the two pivalate anions. Each PrIII ion is further coordinated by two chelating 2,2,6,6-tetra­methyl-3,5-hepta­nedionate (thd−) ligands and one methanol mol­ecule. The distance between the two PrIII ions is 4.273 (5) A. Intra­molecular hydrogen bonds exists between the methanol hy­droxy group on one PrIII atom and a chelating O atom of a thd− ligand coordinated to the symmetry-related PrIII atom.
Neuron-specific Kv1.1 deficiency is sufficient to cause epilepsy, premature death, and cardiorespiratory dysregulation.

Abstract Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of epilepsy-related mortality, but the precise cellular substrates involved remain elusive. Epilepsy-associated ion channel genes with co-expression in brain and heart have been proposed as SUDEP candidate genes since they provide a singular unifying link between seizures and lethal cardiac arrhythmias. Here, we generated a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse with neuron-specific deletion of Kcna1, a SUDEP-associated gene with brain-heart co-expression, to test whether seizure-evoked cardiac arrhythmias and SUDEP require the absence of Kv1.1 in both brain and heart or whether ablation in neurons is sufficient. To obtain cKO mice, we developed a floxed Kcna1 mouse which we crossed to mice with the Synapsin1-Cre transgene, which selectively deletes Kcna1 in most neurons. Molecular analyses confirmed neuron-specific Kcna1 deletion in cKO mice and corresponding loss of Kv1.1 except in cerebellum where Synapsin1-Cre is not highly expressed. Survival studies and electroencephalography, electrocardiography, and plethysmography recordings showed that cKO mice exhibit premature death, epilepsy, and cardiorespiratory dysregulation but to a lesser degree than global knockouts. Heart rate variability (HRV) was increased in cKO mice with peaks during daytime suggesting disturbed diurnal HRV patterns as a SUDEP biomarker. Residual Kv1.1 expression in cKO cerebellum suggests it may play an unexpected role in regulating ictal cardiorespiratory dysfunction and SUDEP risk. This work demonstrates the principle that channelopathies with brain-heart expression patterns can increase death risk by brain-driven mechanisms alone without a functionally compromised heart, reinforcing seizure control as a primary clinical strategy for SUDEP prevention.
A Social Exchange Perspective on Outside of Class Interactions between Underrepresented Students and Faculty

Existing explanations of faculty-student interactions emphasize social-organizational characteristics of higher education to the exclusion of social-psychological dimensions of the interactions themselves. Yet, student perceptions are essential cognitive elements that influence frequency of, and growth from, informal interaction with faculty. Drawing on a survey of students at a large public university, this paper expands theoretical understanding of faculty-student interactions by considering how social exchange theory helps explain frequency of, and growth from, informal interactions—and how such patterns vary by social identity.
Synthesis and crystal structure of 1,1'-bis-{[4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]meth-yl}ferrocene, and its complexation with CuI.

The title compound, [Fe(C13H11N4)2], was synthesized starting from 1,1′-ferro­cene­di­carb­oxy­lic acid in a three-step reaction sequence. The di­carb­oxy­lic acid was reduced to 1,1′-ferrocenedi­methanol using LiAlH4 and subsequently converted to 1,1′-bis­(azido­meth­yl)ferrocene in the presence of NaN3. The diazide was treated with 2-ethynyl­pyridine under `click' conditions to give the title compound in 75% yield. The FeII center lies on an inversion center in the crystal. The two pyridyl­triazole wings are oriented in an anti conformation and positioned exo from the FeII center. In the solid state, the mol­ecules inter­act by C—H⋯N, C—H⋯π, and π–π inter­actions. The complexation of the ligand with [Cu(CH3CN)4](PF6) gives a tetra­nuclear dimeric complex.
ALOHA with Queue Sharing

ALOHA with Queue Sharing (ALOHA-QS) maintains most of the simplicity of ALOHA with priority acknowledgments (ACK) and attains the high throughput of transmission scheduling methods that require clock synchronization. Channel access with ALOHA-QS consists of a sequence of queue cycles, with each cycle having one or multiple collision-free transmissions by nodes that have joined the transmission queue and a single request turn to join the queue. The signaling of ALOHA-QS entails adding to packet headers the size of the shared queue, the position of the sending node in the queue, a bit indicating the end of transmissions by the transmitting node, and a bit stating whether or not a new node joined the queue successfully. The throughput of ALOHA-QS is compared with the throughput of TDMA with a fixed transmission schedule, ALOHA with priority ACK’s, and CSMA with priority ACK’s analytically and by simulation.
Developmental Differences in Child and Adolescent Reasoning About Anxiety Sensations

The development of reasoning as to the potential negative consequences of emotional sensations is a critical aspect of emotion knowledge and central to cognitive risk for anxiety disorders. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reasoning children and adolescents give for negative interpretations of anxiety sensations, testing a priori hypotheses quantitatively and exploring the content of the reasons qualitatively. This study used a cross sectional design with interviews as well as cognitive and emotional assessments in a sample of 227 youth aged 6–17 years. Coding schemes to assess the logical validity, affective valence, and qualitative reasons that youth give to evaluate anxiety sensations and anxiety situations were developed. Findings indicated diverse reasoning was used and responses could be reliably coded with developmental differences across age, cognitive, and verbal development. The logical sophistication of the reasoning used by youth increased across age in a non-linear manner and linearly with cognitive and verbal abilities. Child anxiety sensitivity and internalizing symptom levels moderated the main effect of age. The results add to the existing understanding of emotional development and are consistent with the idea that the process of cognitive-emotional understanding is not a simple linear one because various domains may show differential development.
Pedestrian safety at intersections near light rail transit stations

The focus of this paper is two-fold—(1) to research and identify critical predictor variables such as road network and land-use characteristics that influence pedestrian safety at intersections near light rail transit (LRT) stations, and, (2) to examine the change in pedestrian crash patterns at these intersections before and after the LRT is in operation to serve the users. Pedestrian crashes, road network, and land-use characteristics within a vicinity of 0.25 miles (402 m) at 70 selected intersections near fifteen LRT stations in Charlotte, North Carolina were considered in this research. The predictor variables were examined to minimize multicollinearity and develop four different non-linear regression models. The findings from the three best models indicate that the number of bus stops, mixed use area, office area, single-family residential area, industrial area, and the presence of a railroad flasher have a statistically significant influence on the number of pedestrian crashes at an intersection near an LRT station. An increase in the total number of pedestrian crashes at the selected intersections near LRT stations was observed during the after-period compared to the before-period. The increase in the number of pedestrian crashes varied with the pedestrian crash history of the intersection.
Appreciating how your bread is buttered: improving online order allocation for cross-channel retailers

Existing research has considered how pure online retailers can optimise the allocation of fulfilment responsibilities for online sales. However, the fulfilment policies used by pure online retailer...
Revelatory Events: Three Case Studies of the Emergence of New Spiritual Paths, by Ann Taves.

Revelatory Events: Three Case Studies of the Emergence of New Spiritual Paths, by Ann Taves. 2017. Princeton University Press. Hb. £62.00/$ 75.00, ISBN 13: 9780691131016. Pb. £25.00/$29.95, ISBN-13: 9780691152899
PDGFR dimer-specific activation, trafficking and downstream signaling dynamics

Abstract Signaling through the platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) plays a critical role in multiple cellular processes during development. The two PDGFRs, PDGFRα and PDGFRβ, dimerize to form homodimers and/or heterodimers. Here, we overcome previous limitations in studying PDGFR dimer-specific dynamics by generating cell lines stably expressing C-terminal fusions of each PDGFR with bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) fragments corresponding to the N-terminal or C-terminal regions of the Venus fluorescent protein. We find that PDGFRβ receptors homodimerize more quickly than PDGFRα receptors in response to PDGF ligand, with increased levels of autophosphorylation. Further, we demonstrate that PDGFRα homodimers are trafficked and degraded more quickly, while PDGFRβ homodimers are more likely to be recycled back to the cell membrane. We show that PDGFRβ homodimer activation results in a greater amplitude of phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-AKT signaling, as well as increased proliferation and migration. Collectively, our findings provide significant insight into how biological specificity is introduced to generate unique responses downstream of PDGFR engagement. Summary The authors utilize a novel bimolecular fluorescence complementation approach to investigate PDGFR homodimer-specific dynamics. They uncover differences in the timing and extent of receptor dimerization, activation and trafficking, which lead to changes in downstream signaling and cellular activity.
An Externalist, Contextualist Epistemology of Disagreement about Religion

The essay uses developments in contextualism and the epistemology of disagreement to talk about the epistemic challenge of religious diversity. It first describes the central issues within the epis...
Delayed Feeding of Channel Catfish Fry Stocked in Ponds

We compared production variables between channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, nursery ponds fed according to industry standards, that is feeding immediately at stocking, to an alternative practice of delaying feeding for 6 wk after stocking in an effort to utilize natural pond productivity and reduce feed use. Twelve 0.04 ha ponds were fertilized and stocked with swim-up fry (4–5 d posthatch) at a rate of 10,000/pond (250,000/ha). Ponds were then randomly assigned to either the standard feeding protocol (feeding daily starting immediately at stocking) or an alternative feeding protocol (no feeding until 6 wk post-stocking). After 18 wk of production, there were no differences in water quality or zooplankton abundance between the two treatments. Fish length was not affected by treatment throughout the study, and survival and total weight harvested were similar. Total kg of feed fed was significantly reduced in the delayed feed treatment, averaging 26 kg/pond less feed fed. If proper fertilization practices are implemented, large numbers of desirable zooplankton for catfish fry culture are attained, and these zooplankton are able to sustain catfish fry stocked up to 250,000/ha. Therefore, no commercial diets are required during the first 6 wk of culture, saving over $95.55/ha in initial feed costs.
Cover Me: Managers' Response to Decreases in Analyst Coverage*

We show that managers increase the volume of public financial guidance in response to decreases in analyst coverage of their firms. This result is driven by the post-Regulation Fair Disclosure period, and is stronger for firms with higher sales growth and firms with lower resulting levels of coverage. On the other hand, managers' guidance response to increases in analyst coverage is generally smaller and less significant. Our results suggest that managers perceive analyst coverage to be valuable and that they expend resources to attract and maintain a certain level of analyst coverage.
Further analysis of SIR-C antenna patterns for radiometric corrections: use of new calibration areas

Radiometric applications of images from the SIR/X-SAR missions depended and depend on accurate removal of the effect of the antenna pattern. The authors determined the elevation patterns of the radars for several modes using backscatter from the Amazon rain forest as a standard, and found that many such areas can be used. This permitted use of areas in many parts of the world, where possible solar distortions of the antenna would be different. Moreover, use of other areas allowed much better calibration of the various beam-spoiling modes on SIR-C. Consequently, the authors have a far more complete catalog of SIR-C performance that can guide investigators attempting to use SIR-C radiometry for their analyses and interpretations of SIR-C images.
Future Time Perspective, Hope, and Ethnic Identity Among African American Adolescents

This study examines the relationship of academic achievement to future time perspective (FTP), hope, and ethnic identity among low-income, rural and urban African American adolescents ( N = 661). Findings indicate that adolescents who are oriented toward the future, determined to reach their goals (hope), and interested in and have a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic group tend to academically outperform adolescents reporting lower scores in the areas of FTP, hope, and ethnic identity. Regression analyses indicate that FTP, hope, and ethnic identity explain a significant, independent portion of the variability in academic achievement. However, ethnic identity is a stronger predictor of academic achievement for urban than rural African American adolescents.
Xanthine oxidase from bovine thyroid glands.

Abstract An organic inhibitor of peroxidative enzymes was isolated from the soluble fraction of bovine thyroid glands and identified as uric acid by spectroscopic and enzymatic methods and elemental analysis. The origin of uric acid within the thyroid gland was investigated. Xanthine oxidase which had been previously reported to be absent in the thyroid gland was detected and partially purified.
LIMITS ON I-BAND MICROVARIABILITY OF THE GALACTIC BULGE MIRA VARIABLES

We search for microvariability in a sample of 485 Mira variables with high-quality I-band light curves from the second-generation Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE-II). Rapid variations with amplitudes in the ~0.2-1.1 mag range lasting hours to days were discovered in Hipparcos data by de Laverny et al. Our search is primarily sensitive to events with timescales of ~1 day but retains a few percent efficiency (per object) for detecting unresolved microvariability events as short as 2 hr. We do not detect any candidate events. Assuming that the distribution of the event time profiles is identical to that from the Hipparcos light curves, we derive a 95% confidence level upper limit of 0.038 yr-1 star-1 for the rate of such events (1 per 26 yr per average object of the ensemble). The high event rates of the order of ~1 yr-1 star-1 implied by the Hipparcos study in the HP band are excluded with high confidence by the OGLE-II data in the I band. Our nondetection could still be explained by much redder spectral response of the I filter compared to the HP band or by population differences between the bulge and the solar neighborhood. In any case, the OGLE-II I-band data provide the first limit on the rate of the postulated microvariability events in Mira stars and offer new quantitative constraints on their properties. Similar limits are obtained for other pulse shapes and a range of the assumed timescales and size-frequency distributions.
ORNITHINE AND GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITIES IN THE DEVELOPING CHICK RETINA

— γ-Aminobutyric acid was found in 6-day-old chick embryo retina; approx 20% was formed from putrescine and the remainder from glutamic acid. However, at the 18th embryonic day only 1% of the γ-aminobutyric acid synthesized in retina was derived from putrescine. These results show that γ-aminobutyric acid is synthesized in chick embryo retina prior to synaptogenesis, and that γ-aminobutyric acid is synthesized via two pathways. The first pathway involves the conversion of putrescine to γ-aminobutyric acid; the second path is dependent upon the conversion of glutamic acid to γ-aminobutyric acid, catalyzed by glutamic acid decarboxylase.
203 - Possible Mechanisms of Weak Electromagnetic Field Coupling in Brain Tissue☆

Abstract The effects of weak electromagnetic fields have been tested on the efflux of calcium from cerebral tissue of chick and cat. The data strongly suggest that the binding and release of calcium occurs cooperatively as the result of long—range interactions between anionic charge sites on the binding substrate. Extremely low frequency (ELF) fields at frequencies of 6 and 12 Hz and gradients in air of 0.1 to 0.5 V/cm decreased calcium efflux by 12 to 15 per cent. Higher and lower frequencies were without significant effect. For chick tissue, the field threshold in air was 0.1 V/cm and for the cat around 0.6 V/cm. At intensities above and below these levels, effects became statistically insignificant. With 147 MHz amplitude modulated fields, calcium efflux from chick cerebral tissue increased for modulation frequencies from 6 to 20 Hz, with a maximum of more than 15 per cent. No significant changes occurred at higher or lower modulation frequencies, nor with an unmodulated carrier wave. With 450 MHz fields amplitude modulated at 16 Hz, increased calcium efflux from chick cerebral tissue occurred at field intensities between 0.1 and 1.0 mW/cm2. No increase was noted above or below these levels. This series of amplitude and frequency windows is discussed in relation to possible modes of cooperative organization of cell membrane surface glycoproteins in the binding and release of calcium.
Stationary depth-profiling reflectometer based on low-coherence interferometry

Abstract Described is a new optical reflectometer based on low-coherence interferometry that employs no moving parts. Depth profiling up to a maximum free-space distance of 300 μm (150 μm depth) was achieved with a spatial resolution of 23 μ. In a proof-of-principle application, the thickness of a thin plastic film was determined.
A sensitive and specific functional flow cytometric assay for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

A functional flow cytometric assay (FCA) for the immediate diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), with simultaneous compatibility testing for alternative anticoagulant therapies, has been developed to provide rapid and reliable results which effectively support patient management. The assay provides results within 1-2 h, uses readily available non-radioactive reagents, and employs standard equipment. Using the highly sensitive annexin V protein probe, the method detects activated platelets induced by heparin immune-complexes, with 300-fold increased binding to activated platelets. Twenty-five samples from patients clinically-suspected of having HIT (131 tests) and 10 normal control (NG) samples (36 tests) were simultaneously tested with unfractionated heparin (UH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and by the radioactive serotonin-release assay (SRA) (62 and 16 tests respectively). The FCA highly correlated with the SRA, showing 100% specificity and 95% sensitivity. Moreover, the FCA exhibited higher resolution between positive and negative samples (an average value of 8.6-fold the NC versus 4.0-fold the NC by SRA). The LMWH showed concordant results with UH (r = 0.95). We conclude that the functional FCA for HIT is practical, specific and sensitive, thereby permitting the rapid diagnosis of HIT and the suitability of alternative therapies.
Hemoglobin S; hereditary spherocytosis; two case reports.

Summary Two cases of sickle cell hereditaryspherocytosis have been presented. The repeated episodes of hemolysis were alleviated by splenectomy. Family studies are also described.
Supplemental Damping for Improved Seismic Performance

Abstract The results of several studies on the effects of supplemental viscous damping on the response of elastic and elasto‐plastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems are used to provide insight to ...
Rapid genetic analysis of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling during hair regeneration

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an attractive model system to study organ development and tissue-specific signaling. Although hair follicle development is genetically tractable, fast and reproducible analysis of factors essential for this process remains a challenge. Here we describe a procedure to generate targeted overexpression or shRNA-mediated knockdown of factors using lentivirus in a tissue-specific manner. Using a modified version of a hair regeneration model 5, 6, 11, we can achieve robust gain- or loss-of-function analysis in primary mouse keratinocytes or dermal cells to facilitate study of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling pathways that lead to hair follicle morphogenesis. We describe how to isolate fresh primary mouse keratinocytes and dermal cells, which contain dermal papilla cells and their precursors, deliver lentivirus containing either shRNA or cDNA to one of the cell populations, and combine the cells to generate fully formed hair follicles on the backs of nude mice. This approach allows analysis of tissue-specific factors required to generate hair follicles within three weeks and provides a fast and convenient companion to existing genetic models.
Risk assessment of an acetaminophen baiting program for chemical control of brown tree snakes on Guam: evaluation of baits, snake residues, and potential primary and secondary hazards.

The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) is a significant ecological, agricultural, and economic pest on Guam. Acetaminophen has recently been identified as a promising snake toxicant. Subsequent experimentation has shown that acetaminophen−mouse baits are readily consumed by and acutely toxic to brown tree snakes. Before implementing an island-wide acetaminophen−mouse baiting program for the reduction of brown tree snake populations, the potential risks to nontarget wildlife must be evaluated. Quantification of nontarget hazards by comparing potential exposure levels to toxicity values suggested a significant level of concern for rodents, cats, pigs, and birds. For these species, subsequent calculations and field and laboratory experi ments, which quantified acetaminophen consumption under field conditions, indicated that acetaminophen consumption was minimal. These results indicate that the advantages of using acetaminophen to reduce brown tree snake populations on Guam outweigh the minimal risks to non...
Complete Intersections as Branched Covers and the Kervaire Invariant

A complete intersection is the transversal intersection of hypersurfaces in complex projective space. I f X , C CP,, is the intersection of r = m n hypersurfaces we show in §2 that, up to diffeomorphism, X,, is a regular branched cyclic cover of an intersection of r 1 hypersurfaces. This extends the well-known and useful fact that a hypersurface is a regular branched cyclic cover of complex projective space. The remainder of the paper is concerned with when the Kervaire invariant of a complete intersection X, of odd complex dimension n is defined in a certain geometric way, with comput ing this invariant, and with a connected sum decomposit ion of X,. In §5 are some results on the question when the normal bundle of an embedding f depends only on the homotopy class o f f If the hypersurfaces whose intersection is X, have degrees d 1 . . . . . dr, we call d =(d 1 . . . . . d,) the multi-degree of X. The degree of X is d=lld~.
Genetic and functional analyses of the primary in vitro CTL: response of NZB lymphocytes to H-2-compatible cells.

Spleen cells from NZB mice make an unexpected primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to BALB/c cells in vitro. In this study, it is shown that this response is comprised of at least three independent components. These include a response to antigens recognized in association with H-2d products, a response to Qa-1b-associated antigens which is notH-2-restricted and a response directed toward antigens not associated with either H-2d- or Qa-1b-coded determinants. The last response appears to be the weakest of the three. In addition, cells from NZB F1 mice which were either homozygous (Qa-1a/Qa-1a) or heterozygous (Qa-1a/Qa-1b) forQa-1 alleles, all responded to BALB/c cells. These data suggest that the NZB CTL response to BALB/c cells is not solely dependent on antigens coded for by genes in theH-2D-Tla region for either the sensitization or effector phases of the response. The ontogeny of the NZB anti-BALB/c CTL response coincides with that of a number of B-cell abnormalities but is shown in experiments withμ-suppressed NZB mice to be independent of B-cell dysfunction. Studies with (NZB x B10.D2)F1 + B10.D2 mice demonstrated that the anti-BALB/cCTL response to antigens coded for outside ofQa-1 is governed by at least two genes. Finally, it is shown that another conventionallyH-2-restricted response, that to TNP-modified isologous cells, is neither significantly cross-reactive nor markedly elevated in NZB mice. — The foregoing observations suggest that some subsets of NZB T lymphocytes are intrinsically abnormal. The possibilities that the apparent hyperreactivity of NZB CTL precursors, evidenced in the response to BALB/c cells, is primary or results from the secondary effects of excess T-cell help are discussed.
Simian foamy virus type 1 (SFV-1) induces apoptosis

Foamy virus infection causes cytopathology in several cell types from different species. The mechanism of cell killing by foamy viruses is not known. In this report, the mechanism of cell death induced by simian foamy virus type 1 (SFV-1) infection was investigated in fibroblast and lymphoid derived cells lines. Infected L-929 (fibroblast) and Raji (B cell) cells showed chromatin condensation, chromatin cleavage into nucleosome oligomers, and ultrastructural changes consistent with apoptosis. These data suggest that SFV-1 induced apoptotic cell death in different cell lines from different species. The degree of apoptotic cell death in both L-929 and Raji cell lines correlated with increased virus replication. Apoptosis, therefore, is one mechanism by which SFV-1 causes cell death.
The Relation of Hind Tibiae and Sensoria to Intermediacy in Parthenogenetic Aphids

Intergrades of various kinds as intersexes, intermediates and mosaics usually are considered abnormal individuals that occur sporadically as a result of an upset in the normal developmental pattern. To consider normal, regularly occurring animal forms intermediate or mosaic in the same sense as the abnormal forms are intermediate or mosaic may be incorrect, yet the winged and the wingless parthenogenetic female aphids may be so interpreted; and if this interpretation is the correct one it should result in a better understanding of the mechanism of aphid type production. It is the purpose of this paper to report the results of an investigation into the question of whether or not the normal parthenogenetic female aphids are in reality intermediate between males and gamic females.
Smoking and psychopathology increasingly associated in recent birth cohorts

Abstract Background In recent decades, smoking has become an increasingly non-normative behavior. Because deviant behaviors are associated with greater clinical and genetic risks, current-generation smokers may have greater concentrations of psychiatric comorbidity than previous generations. We examined this question empirically by testing whether associations between measures of smoking, psychiatric diagnoses, and risk-associated personality traits, increased across seven birth-cohorts of the 20th century. Method 4326 subjects from a cross-sectional NIMH control sample were categorized into one of seven groups based on birth (born before 1930, and 1930s–80s) and one of three smoking levels (lifetime dependent smoker, never dependent smoker, never smoker). Smoking and ND were assessed using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence; psychiatric diagnoses (drug and alcohol dependence, major depression, and generalized anxiety disorder) using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form, and personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion) with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Result Lifetime prevalence of smoking decreased across the seven cohorts. Associations between smoking and drug dependence, generalized anxiety, and neuroticism, as well as total psychiatric comorbidity, were greater in more recent cohorts [smoking-by-cohort interaction: p Conclusions More recent generations included fewer persons who smoked, but their smoking was associated with greater psychiatric morbidity. Failure to account for systematic variation in comorbidity across smoking cohorts may lead to unwanted heterogeneity in clinical, and possibly genetic, studies of nicotine dependence.
An Investigation of the Effectiveness of the Listen-Respond-Compare Mode of Oral/Aural Comprehension Training in a Language Laboratory Environment

This study investigates the educational consequences of utilizing listen-respond-compare mode in a college level language laboratory. Comparative studies were made between the listen-respond-compare mode and the listen-respond mode. It was found that oral/aural comprehension was greater in the listen-respond mode.
Polyamines and their role in protein synthesis

Abstract New insights into the physiological role of polyamines have been obtained from studies of polyamine-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. These studies led to the conclusion that these organic cations participate directly in protein synthesis. They are also involved in the biosynthesis and/or the correct assembly of the small ribosomal subunits.
DIRECT MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION OF MOLECULAR FLUID MIXTURES UNDER SHOCK CONDITIONS

A new Monte Carlo simulation method is implemented which holds the number and kind of atoms constant rather than the number and kind of molecules for a molecular fluid mixture. Chemical reactions are allowed as a correlated move of atoms such as an interchange of atoms between molecules. Equilibrium chemical composition is determined as an average over the simulation along with equation of state quantities. Results are presented for N2 + O2 → 2NO at 30GPa and 3000K. The equilibrium composition is shown to be sensitive to the potentials between unlike species.
Antimicrobial GL13K peptide coatings killed and ruptured the wall of streptococcus gordonii and prevented formation and growth of biofilms

Infection is one of the most prevalent causes for dental implant failure. We have developed a novel antimicrobial peptide coating on titanium by immobilizing the antimicrobial peptide GL13K. GL13K was developed from the human salivary protein BPIFA2. The peptide exhibited MIC of 8 µg/ml against planktonic Pseudonomas aeruginosa and their biofilms were reduced by three orders of magnitude with 100 µg/ml GL13K. This peptide concentration also killed 100% of Streptococcus gordonii. At 1 mg/ml, GL13K caused less than 10% lysis of human red blood cells, suggesting low toxicity to mammalian cells. Our GL13K coating has also previously showed bactericidal effect and inhibition of biofilm growth against peri-implantitis related pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. The GL13K coating was cytocompatible with human fibroblasts and osteoblasts. However, the bioactivity of antimicrobial coatings has been commonly tested under (quasi)static culture conditions that are far from simulating conditions for biofilm formation and growth in the oral cavity. Oral salivary flow over a coating is persistent, applies continuous shear forces, and supplies sustained nutrition to bacteria. This accelerates bacteria metabolism and biofilm growth. In this work, the antimicrobial effect of the coating was tested against Streptococcus gordonii, a primary colonizer that provides attachment for the biofilm accretion by P. gingivalis, using a drip-flow biofilm bioreactor with media flow rates simulating salivary flow. The GL13K peptide coatings killed bacteria and prevented formation and growth of S. gordonii biofilms in the drip-flow bioreactor and under regular mild-agitation conditions. Surprisingly the interaction of the bacteria with the GL13K peptide coatings ruptured the cell wall at their septum or polar areas leaving empty shell-like structures or exposed protoplasts. The cell wall rupture was not detected under regular culture conditions, suggesting that cell wall rupture induced by GL13K peptides also requires media flow and possible attendant biological sequelae of the conditions in the bioreactor.
Ametropic efficiency of visual pathway neurons

Bestimmung der Auswirkung von artefiziellen Refraktionsanomalien auf die Aktivitat von Neuren in primaren Sehzentren.
Cervical nerve root stimulation. Part I: technical aspects and normal data.

Abstract Objective Cervical nerve root stimulation (CRS) is a technique of assessing the proximal segments of motor axons destined to upper extremity muscles. Few studies report normal values. The objective was to determine CMAP onset-latencies and CMAP amplitude, area, and duration changes in healthy controls for the abductor pollicis brevis (APB), abductor digiti minimi (ADM), biceps, and riceps muscles. In addition, to determine the tolerability of CRS, as measured by the visual analog scale (VAS). Methods We studied 21 healthy volunteers prospectively with CRS using four target muscles (APB, ADM, biceps, and triceps) bilaterally. Collision studies were used in all APB recordings. VAS was obtained in all subjects. Results Mean CMAP onset-latencies were: APB 14±1.5 ms; ADM 14.2±1.5 ms; biceps 5.4±0.6 ms; triceps 5.4±1.0 ms. Onset-latency significantly correlated with height for all nerves. The mean change in CMAP amplitude and area (%) between most distal stimulation and CRS was: APB reduction of 15.1±11.6 and 4.9±3.6%; ADM reduction of 21.1±10.7 and 17.2±8.8; biceps reduction of 10±11.5 and reduction of 8.7±6.8; triceps increase of 3.3±5.2 and 11.0±9.9% respectively. Mean CMAP duration change between most distal stimulation and CRS was: APB, increase of 20.4±7.4%; ADM, increase of 14.4±8.5%; biceps, increase of 13.9±10.8%; triceps, increase of 7.7±6.7%. The mean VAS score was 3.8±1.2, and all subjects completed the study. Conclusions The present study establishes normative data and indicates that CRS is a well-tolerated technique. Significance The normal values may be used as reference data for the needle CRS technique in the assessment of proximal conduction abnormalities.
Feeling like a clerk in H. G. Wells

in three turn-of-the-century novels about clerks and scholarship boys, H. g. Wells illustrates the emotional impact of social hierarchies on individual lives. By portraying the conflicted, class-related emotions of lower-middle-class men, Wells departs from the common contemporary image of the clerk as a figure synonymous with his function. But Wells depicts other emotions—specifically, those associated with domesticity and recklessness—to push against what he sees as the classed nature of emotional lives. He rewrites Victorian domesticity as a zone of sexuality and desire for his lower-middle-class clerks, and he mobilizes an emergent cultural appreciation of recklessness to instill them with vitality. The "significant selves" that develop as a result help to offset their ultimate failure to escape their class.
Electron Mobility in Semiconducting Strontium Titanate

The electron Hall mobility has been measured in semiconducting SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ over the temperature range from 1.6 to 550\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Electron concentrations in the range from 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ to 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ were obtained by reduction or by doping with niobium. The niobium donor centers remain fully ionized down to the lowest temperatures investigated. The low-temperature mobility in niobium-doped SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is approximately 4 times larger than in reduced SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ over the concentration range investigated, and mobility values up to 2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec were measured in niobium-doped samples having electron concentrations of approximately 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The mobility results are compared with the behavior expected for scattering by ionized defects and polar optical lattice modes at low and high temperatures, respectively.
Management of mitral regurgitation in the elderly patient

Mitral regurgitation is a clinically significant and increasingly common problem in the elderly population. Traditionally, mitral valve surgery has been considered high risk in this population, with a relatively high reported mortality and disappointing long-term survival. Consequently, mitral valve surgery has been reserved for severely symptomatic patients or avoided altogether. However, recently reported improvements in operative outcomes in both younger and elderly patient populations suggest that such a restrictive approach to operative intervention is not necessary. In this current manuscript, we discuss the various etiologies of mitral regurgitation in the elderly population as well as a rational approach to risk stratification and the indications for surgical intervention. Furthermore, we discuss the results of several recent studies that deal with the question of operative outcomes in the elderly population, and conclude with our recommendations for managing this challenging clinical problem.
Studies of pH regulation by Btn1p, the yeast homolog of human Cln3p.

Abstract Although the gene responsible for Batten disease, CLN3, was positionally cloned in 1995, the function of Cln3p and the molecular basis of the disease still remain elusive. We previously reported that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a homolog to Cln3p, designated Btn1p, and that the human Cln3p complemented the pH-dependent resistance to d -(−)- threo -2-amino-1-[ p -nitrophenyl]-1,3-propanediol in btn1 -Δ yeast mutants. We have determined that yeast lacking Btn1p have an elevated ability to acidify media during growth that correlates with an elevated plasma membrane ATPase activity. Btn1p may be involved in maintaining pH homeostasis of yeast cells.
Critical structural elements and multitarget protein interactions of the transcriptional activator AF-1 of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4.

The nuclear receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4) is an important regulator of several genes involved in diverse metabolic and developmental pathways. Mutations in the HNF-4A gene are responsible for the maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 1. Recently, we showed that the 24 N-terminal residues of HNF-4 function as an acidic transcriptional activator, termed AF-1 (Hadzopoulou-Cladaras, M., Kistanova, E., Evagelopoulou, C., Zeng, S. , Cladaras C., and Ladias, J. A. A. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 539-550). To identify the critical residues for this activator, we performed an extensive genetic analysis using site-directed mutagenesis. We showed that the aromatic and bulky hydrophobic residues Tyr6, Tyr14, Phe19, Lys10, and Lys17 are essential for AF-1 function. To a lesser degree, five acidic residues are also important for optimal activity. Positional changes of Tyr6 and Tyr14 reduced AF-1 activity, underscoring the importance of primary structure for this activator. Our analysis also indicated that AF-1 is bipartite, consisting of two modules that synergize to activate transcription. More important, AF-1 shares common structural motifs and molecular targets with the activators of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and NF-kappaB-p65, suggesting similar mechanisms of action. Remarkably, AF-1 interacted specifically with multiple transcriptional targets, including the TATA-binding protein; the TATA-binding protein-associated factors TAFII31 and TAFII80; transcription factor IIB; transcription factor IIH-p62; and the coactivators cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-binding protein, ADA2, and PC4. The interaction of AF-1 with proteins that regulate distinct steps of transcription may provide a mechanism for synergistic activation of gene expression by AF-1.
High temperature creep transitions in single crystalline Ni3Al(Ta, B)

The high temperature (T = 1083–1388 K, 0.65–0.84 Tm) creep behavior of single crystalline Ni3Al(Ta, B) was investigated. A change in the creep characteristics as a function of applied stress was observed at the uppermost testing temperatures of 1288 and 1388 K. At low applied stress levels the Norton law stress exponent is equal to 4.3; for higher stresses the stress exponent is equal to 3.2. Different creep curves were observed, depending on the value of the stress exponent. The change in stress exponent and nature of the creep curve correspond to a change in the controlling deformation mechanism from dislocation climb to viscous dislocation glide for Ni3Al(Ta, B). The experimentally observed transition stress values between climb and viscous glide are in good agreement with values predicted from theory, assuming that the major force retarding viscous dislocation glide in Ni3Al(Ta, B) is the antiphase boundary interaction.
The stress intensity factor Green's function for a crack interacting with a circular inclusion

The Green's function is constructed for the stress intensity factor due to the unit dipole force applied to the crack surface in the presence of a circular inclusion in front of the crack tip. An explicit functional form of the Green's function is proposed in terms of dipole force location, Young's modulus ratio and the inclusion size and position with respect to the crack tip. This is achieved through a combination of the dimensional analysis and parametric studies by means of the finite element method. The purpose of this paper is to provide the basis for further studies of a crack interaction with an array of microdefects and/or inclusions.
Effect of chronic cocaine administration on the hemodynamic response to acute hemorrhage in awake and anesthetized sheep.

Background: Although Cocaine use is common in trauma victims, little is known about how cocaine affects the cardiovascular response to trauma and associated blood loss. This study determined the effect of chronic cocaine use on the cardiovascular response to hemorrhage in awake and anesthetized sheep. Methods: The hemodynamic and acid-base responses to graded hemorrhage were determined in awake and anesthetized sheep at baseline and after 15 and 18 days of chronic cocaine exposure. Results: Chronic cocaine exposure resulted in a moderate paradoxical bradycardic response to hemorrhage in awake sheep, but did not otherwise alter the hemodynamic response to hemorrhage. In anesthetized animals, cocaine exposure impaired the ability to maintain mean arterial pressure and cardiac output during hemorrhage, and resulted in a marked paradoxical bradycardic response to hemorrhage. Conclusions: Chronic cocaine exposure did not have an important effect on the cardiovascular response to hemorrhage in awake sheep. However, in anesthetized sheep, chronic cocaine exposure diminished the compensatory cardiovascular response to graded hemorrhage.