cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biceps Suspension Procedure for Treatment of Painful Inferior Glenohumeral Subluxation in Hemiparetic Patients.

[Introduction][1] This article describes our biceps suspension procedure for painful inferior subluxation of the glenohumeral joint in hemiparetic patients. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 1: Position Patient and Expose the Biceps Tendon][3] Position the patient supine and expose the long head of the biceps tendon. ![Figure][2] [Step 2: Create Tunnel][4] Use a curet to connect holes drilled at the superior and inferior aspects of the lesser tuberosity. [Step 3: Prepare Biceps Tendon][5] Incise the tendon at the musculotendinous junction to preserve as much length of the biceps tendon as possible. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 4: Create Suspension][6] Create a loop with the tendon, and suture the distal end to the proximal end. [Step 5: Postoperative Protocol][7] Use a sling for three months, followed by active range-of-motion exercises. [Results][8] In summary, all patients noted pain relief after surgery, ten (of eleven) noted decreased deformity, and nine were “very satisfied” with the outcome. [What to Watch For][9] [Indications][10] [Contraindications][11] [Pitfalls & Challenges][12] [Introduction][1] This article describes our biceps suspension procedure for painful inferior subluxation of the glenohumeral joint in hemiparetic patients. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 1: Position Patient and Expose the Biceps Tendon][3] Position the patient supine and expose the long head of the biceps tendon. ![Figure][2] [Step 2: Create Tunnel][4] Use a curet to connect holes drilled at the superior and inferior aspects of the lesser tuberosity. [Step 3: Prepare Biceps Tendon][5] Incise the tendon at the musculotendinous junction to preserve as much length of the biceps tendon as possible. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 4: Create Suspension][6] Create a loop with the tendon, and suture the distal end to the proximal end. [Step 5: Postoperative Protocol][7] Use a sling for three months, followed by active range-of-motion exercises. [Results][8] In summary, all patients noted pain relief after surgery, ten (of eleven) noted decreased deformity, and nine were “very satisfied” with the outcome. [What to Watch For][9] [Indications][10] [Contraindications][11] [Pitfalls & Challenges][12] [1]: #sec-9 [2]: pending:yes [3]: #sec-10 [4]: #sec-11 [5]: #sec-12 [6]: #sec-13 [7]: #sec-14 [8]: #sec-15 [9]: #sec-16 [10]: #sec-17 [11]: #sec-18 [12]: #sec-19
A prospective study of the predictive value for in-hospital mortality of mandibulodiaphragmatic distance and mandibular dentition on portable anteroposterior chest radiographs

Mandibulodiaphragmatic distance, measured on the portable anteroposterior chest radiograph and applied to the predictive equation developed in this study, is a strong tool for the prediction of in-hospital mortality that could find wide application in clinical practice and provide vital information for risk stratification and resource allocation in a wide variety of acutely ill patients.
Neural strategies for selective attention distinguish fast-action video game players.

We investigated the psychophysical and neurophysiological differences between fast-action video game players (specifically first person shooter players, FPS) and non-action players (role-playing game players, RPG) in a visual search task. We measured both successful detections (hit rates) and steady-state visually evoked EEG potentials (SSVEPs). Search difficulty was varied along two dimensions: number of adjacent attended and ignored regions (1, 2 and 4), and presentation rate of novel search arrays (3, 8.6 and 20 Hz). Hit rates decreased with increasing presentation rates and number of regions, with the FPS players performing on average better than the RPG players. The largest differences in hit rate, between groups, occurred when four regions were simultaneously attended. We computed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of SSVEPs and used partial least squares regression to model hit rates, SNRs and their relationship at 3 Hz and 8.6 Hz. The following are the most significant results: RPG players’ parietal responses to the attended 8.6 Hz flicker were predictive of hit rate and were positively correlated with it, indicating attentional signal enhancement. FPS players’ parietal responses to the ignored 3 Hz flicker were predictive of hit rate and were positively correlated with it, indicating distractor suppression. Consistent with these parietal responses, RPG players’ frontal responses to the attended 8.6 Hz flicker, increased as task difficulty increased with number of regions; FPS players’ frontal responses to the ignored 3 Hz flicker increased with number of regions. Thus the FPS players appear to employ an active suppression mechanism to deploy selective attention simultaneously to multiple interleaved regions, while RPG primarily use signal enhancement. These results suggest that fast-action gaming can affect neural strategies and the corresponding networks underlying attention, presumably by training mechanisms of distractor suppression.
Distribution of glutamate receptor subtypes in the vertebrate retina

The distribution of glutamate receptor subunit/subtypes in the vertebrate retina was investigated by immunocytochemistry using anti-peptide antibodies against AMPA (GluR1-4), kainate (GluR6/7) and metabotropic (mGluR1 alpha) receptors. All receptor subtypes examined are present in the mammalian retina, but they are distributed differentially. GluR1 is present in the inner plexiform layer as well as amacrine and ganglion cell bodies. GluR2 is present mainly in the outer plexiform layer and bipolar cells. An anti-GluR2/3 antibody labels both plexiform layers and various cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer. GluR4 is present on Muller glial cells. In the goldfish retina, GluR2 immunoreactivity is prominent in the Mb type of ON-bipolar cells, including the dendrites and the large synaptic terminal. The putative dendritic localization is surprising, because no depolarizing conductance increase induced by glutamate is thought to be present in these cells. An AMPA receptor at a presynaptic terminal is also unusual, and probably provides feedback control of glutamate release. GluR6/7 is most widespread in the retina, being present in horizontal, bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. Ion channels composed of GluR6 are now known to be phosphorylated by protein kinase A, resulting in current potentiation. This property and our present observation together suggest that the glutamate receptors previously studied electrophysiologically by others in horizontal cells may contain GluR6. mGluR1 alpha is found mostly in the inner plexiform layer; its localization partially overlaps with that of the inositol trisphosphate receptor in the retina. Our results suggest that, in the retina, glutamate receptor subtypes may be expressed in selective cell types according to their specific functions.
Diffusion - Reaction: The Oxidation of Silicides in Electronics and Elsewhere

The present article is a review of the up-to-date state of knowledge about the oxidation of silicide in film and bulk forms. The oxidation of silicides is analyzed with due respect to thermodynamics but the emphasis is placed on the kinetics of the process. A distinction is made between what occurs with silicide thin films used as conductors in the electronic industry, where the silicides are always in presence of excess silicon, and in the oxidation of bulk silicide structural parts where this condition is not encountered. Use is made of a graphical approach that was originally used to illustrate the oxidation of Si itself. The kinetic analysis provides at least a qualitative explanation of the conditions that must be met in the electronic industry to maintain the integrity of silicide layers in oxidizing atmospheres, and of the conditions that cause the occurrence of the pest phenomenon in structural parts.
Atrial natriuretic polypeptide in the fetal rat: ontogeny and characterization.

ABSTRACT. The presence of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) has been demonstrated in fetal atria early in gestation but further definition of fetal ANP has not been reported. To characterize the principal molecular forms of fetal ANP and to compare fetal ANP to that of the adult of the same species, we extracted the atria of pregnant adult and 20-day fetal rats, the hearts of 14-day fetuses, and intact 12-day fetuses in 1 M acetic acid. Tissue collected from littermates was pooled. We measured ANP by radioimmunoassay before and after gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 in each group. ANP concentrations (x ± 1 SD) in ng/mg protein and ng/animal were 1296 ± 505 and 7707 ± 1877 in adult atria (n =17), 174 ± 44 and 62 ± 13 in 20-day fetal atria (n =7), and 33 ± 5.3 and 3.7 ± 0.9 in 14-day fetal hearts (n =6), respectively. Acid extracts from intact 12-day fetuses did not dilute in parallel to the standard curve; therefore, concentrations of ANP for the 12-day fetuses are not reported. ANP concentration rose from the 20-day fetus to the adult (p < 0.0001). The major species of ANP eluting from the Sephadex column had an apparent molecular weight of 16 K in all groups. We conclude: 1) ANP is present in the fetus shortly after the completion of organogenesis; 2) 16 K ANP is the principal intracardiac species in the fetus and the adult; and 3) the existence of ANP soon after cardiac development suggests a possible role for ANP in fetal blood pressure and sodium and water homeostasis.
WHEN DOES A QUANTUM FIELD THEORY DESCRIBE PARTICLES

We give a criterion which has to be satisfied in a Quantum Field Theory in order to allow a complete particle interpretation of the theory. The notion of “essentially localized states” in Field Theory is re-examined.
The methodological challenges of creating a comprehensive energy security index

This short article defends the methods utilized in creating an energy security index. It explains why an energy security index is needed, and then justifies research interviews as a data collection tool. Next, it responds to the three strands of Professor Cherp’s critique before offering a few general conclusions for readers concerned about energy security.
Dopamine signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala is required for the acquisition of fructose-conditioned flavor preferences in rats

Systemic administration of dopamine (DA) D1 (SCH23390: SCH) and D2 (raclopride: RAC) antagonists blocked both acquisition and expression of fructose-conditioned flavor preferences (CFP). It is unclear what brain circuits are involved in mediating these effects. The present study investigated DA signaling within the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS), amygdala (AMY) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the acquisition and expression of fructose-CFP. In Experiment 1, separate groups of rats were injected daily in the NAcS or AMY with saline, SCH (24 nmol) or RAC (24 nmol) prior to training sessions with a flavor (CS+) mixed with 8% fructose and 0.2% saccharin (CS+/F) and a different flavor (CS−) mixed with only 0.2% saccharin. In the two-bottle choice tests with 0.2% saccharin, only rats injected with RAC in the AMY failed to acquire a CS+ preference (45–54%). In Experiment 2, new rats were identically trained, but saline, SCH and RAC were injected in the mPFC. In subsequent two-bottle choice tests, SCH- and RAC-treated rats failed to exhibit a CS+ preference (50–56%). In Experiment 3, new rats were trained with CS+/F and CS− without injections. Subsequent two-bottle choice tests were then conducted following bilateral injections of SCH or RAC in the mPFC at total doses of 0, 12, 24 and 48 nmol. Expression of the CS+ preference failed to be affected by either antagonist, indicating that the mPFC is not involved in the maintenance of this preference. These data indicate that the acquisition of fructose-CFP is dependent on DA signaling in the mPFC and AMY.
TU‐EE‐A4‐01: Bismuth Shields Vs. MAs Reduction for Decreased Radiation Dose to Breasts in CT Examinations

Purpose:Bismuth breast shields have been promoted as a means for selectively reducing the radiation dose to the breast by about 30% in CT studies, while maintaining image quality. A study was performed to compare imagenoise and CT number accuracy with the shields to an alternative dose reduction method of employing 30% less mAs. Method and Materials: A humanoid thorax phantom with simulated breasts was imaged on a GE VCT scanner using: 1) a standard lungcancer screening protocol, 2) the same protocol but with a commercial bismuth breast shield, and 3) 30% less mAs without the shield. Regions‐of‐interest (ROIs) were placed in the images and the mean CT numbers and standard deviations of the CT numbers were compared. Results: Relative to the mean CT numbers in images for the standard technique, use of the breast shield resulted in increases of about 9HU, 19HU, 6HU, and 57HU in ROIs in the heart, anterior left lung, posterior left lung, and right breast, respectively. Corresponding changes for 30% mAs reduction were 1HU, −3HU, −2HU, and 0HU. Ratios of the standard deviations of the CT numbers in the dose reduced images to those in the images using the standard technique for the above ROIs were 1.4, 1.2, 0.9, and 1.8 for the breast shield and 1.3, 1.0, 1.0, and 1.2 for 30% mAs reduction. Conclusion: mAs‐reduction is preferred over bismuth breast shields because: 1) mAs‐reduction has much less effect on mean CT numbers, which is important for quantitative studies such as lung density and coronary calcification assessment, 2) noise in the mA‐reduced images is less, and 3) the images do not suffer from streak artifacts arising from the shields. Additional comparisons in images of human subjects undergoing IRB‐approved coronary calcification studies with the breast shield vs. 30% reduced mAs will be presented.
Nickel Carbonyl: Decomposition in Air and Related Kinetic Studies

Nickel carbonyl [Ni(CO)(4)] is a toxic gas used in the manufacture of metallic nickel which has been shown to be carcinogenic and teratogenic in laboratory studies. Its decomposition in air proceeds at a rate that is strongly dependent on the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO). In the absence of CO, the lifetime in air at 296 degrees K and at atmospheric pressure is 60 +/- 5 seconds. A mechanism consisting of equilibrium unimolecular decomposition to Ni(CO)(3) and CO, followed by reaction of the Ni(CO)(3) with molecular oxygen, is consistent with the observations.
Tendon tissue engineering: adipose-derived stem cell and GDF-5 mediated regeneration using electrospun matrix systems

Tendon tissue engineering with a biomaterial scaffold that mimics the tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) and is biomechanically suitable, and when combined with readily available autologous cells, may provide successful regeneration of defects in tendon. Current repair strategies using suitable autografts and freeze-dried allografts lead to a slow repair process that is sub-optimal and fails to restore function, particularly in difficult clinical situations such as zone II flexor tendon injuries of the hand. We have investigated the effect of GDF-5 on cell proliferation and gene expression by primary rat adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) that were cultured on a poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) PLAGA fiber scaffold and compared to a PLAGA 2D film scaffold. The electrospun scaffold mimics the collagen fiber bundles present in native tendon tissue, and supports the adhesion and proliferation of multipotent ADSCs. Gene expression of scleraxis, the neotendon marker, was upregulated seven- to eightfold at 1 week with GDF-5 treatment when cultured on a 3D electrospun scaffold, and was significantly higher at 2 weeks compared to 2D films with or without GDF-5 treatment. Expression of the genes that encode the major tendon ECM protein, collagen type I, was increased by fourfold starting at 1 week on treatment with 100 ng mL(-1) GDF-5, and at all time points the expression was significantly higher compared to 2D films irrespective of GDF-5 treatment. Thus stimulation with GDF-5 can modulate primary ADSCs on a PLAGA fiber scaffold to produce a soft, collagenous musculoskeletal tissue that fulfills the need for tendon regeneration.
Marital Functioning in Early Versus Late-Onset Alcoholic Couples

Current knowledge about alcohol and marital functioning is limited by restrictive sample selection, Inattention to the literature on individual-based alcoholic subtypes, and lack of research linking individual differences among alcoholics to marital functioning. The present study was designed to study marital functioning of alcoholics in light of current alcohol typologies. Subjects were part of a larger study on conjoint treatment of alcoholic males and their female partners. Four typologies-including Type 1/2, In-Home/Out-of-home, Steady/Episodic, and Early/Late Onset-were tested for replicability and discriminant validity before linking them to marital functioning. Discriminant validity was found only for the Early (59%)-versus Late (41 %)-Onset typology; thus, further analyses linked only this typology with marital functioning. At baseline, Early-Onset couples reported more marital instability, and the females in these couples were more distressed. During treatment, Early-Onset couples reported higher daily marital satisfaction than Late-Onset couples. Regardless of age of onset, males reported higher marital satisfaction than their spouses during treatment, but their satisfaction did not increase during treatment Female partners' marital satisfaction increased during treatment. Female partners of Late-Onset males reported particularly low marital satisfaction during treatment. Parsing the sample according to the early-/late-onset typology yielded different predictors of marital satisfaction for males and females within each subtype. For female partners of Early-Onset alcoholics, psychological distress unrelated to her partner's drinking severity was most associated with her own marital satisfaction, whereas marital adjustment of female partners of Late-Onset alcoholics was most associated with the male's level of perceptual accuracy regarding her needs. This pattern was reversed for the males; marital adjustment of Early-Onset alcoholics was most associated with his partner's perceptual accuracy of his needs, whereas marital functioning of Late-Onset alcoholics was best accounted for by his own psychological distress.
Optimal stratification and clustering on the line using the L 1 -norm

A random sample of continuous measurements can be partitioned into g groups or clusters by minimizing the within group dispersion as measured by the L1-norm. The central limit theory associated with such partitions which are universally optimal or locally optimal is derived. A procedure is presented for determining the number of groups represented by the data based on a plot of a sequence of asymptotic nonparametric confidence intervals for the fractional reduction of within group error due to (g + 1)-clustering over g-clustering for g = 1, 2,….
Toxoplasma pneumonia: Cytologic diagnosis by bronchoalveolar lavage

Two cases of toxoplasma pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts are reported. The diagnoses were made by the identification of trophozoites in bronchoaheolar lavage material. The organisms were more readily identified in the air-dried Diff-Quik-stained smears. Cytologic findings and correlation with postmortem examination material in one case are described. A high index of suspicion for this pathogen, as well as screening cytologic preparations at medium to high magnification may increase the diagnostic rate for this uncommon but treatable disease. Diagn Cytopathol 1994; 11:52–55. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Syncope in the Emergency Department

With a careful history, physical examination, and directed investigation, physicians can determine the likely cause of syncope in more than 50% and perhaps up to 80% of patients. Understanding the cause of syncope allows clinicians to determine the disposition of high- and low-risk patients. Patients with a potential malignant cause, such as a cardiac or neurologic condition, should be treated and admitted. Those with benign causes can be safely discharged. This article reviews the diagnosis and ED work-up of syncope, the different classifications of syncope, and prognosis. The use of specific decision rules in risk stratification and syncope in the pediatric population are discussed in another article.
Rethinking bicycle helmets as a preventive tool: a 4-year review of bicycle injuries

Introduction Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of disability in bicycle riders. Preventive measures including bicycle helmet laws have been highlighted; however, its protective role has always been debated. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of bicycle helmets in prevention of intra-cranial hemorrhage. We hypothesized that bicycle helmets are protective and prevent the development of intra-cranial hemorrhage.
Dietary zinc and manganese sources administered from the fetal stage onwards affect immune response of transit stressed and virus infected offspring steer calves

Abstract Nutritional stress encountered during the marketing and transportation of calves often results in excessive loss of micronutrients including zinc and manganese. The role of dietary zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) sources in enhancing the total body immune response of steer calves stressed by transportation and challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) was investigated in this study. Forty steer calves (average body weight (BW) = 232 kg) were used in an experiment to determine the effects of the type of Zn and Mn supplementation to dams (100 days pre-partum) and calves (pre- and post-transit), on calf performance, dry matter intake (DMI), rectal temperature (RT) and BW changes after transit and after IBRV challenge. Data were also analyzed for the period after transit and following IBRV challenge. From pregnancy to weaning, the dams and calves received the following mineral supplements: (1) zinc methionine+manganese methionine (ZnMnMet; Zn=50 mg/kg, Mn=40 mg/kg), or (2) ZnO+MnO (ZnMnO; Zn=50 mg/kg, Mn=40 mg/kg). Calves were weaned and shipped approximately 2500 km from Raleigh, NC, to Bushland, TX. At the feedlot, the calves received the same supplements in a complete diet for 28 days (stress phase), and subsequently were challenged with IBRV (IBRV phase). During the 28-day period after transit, steers fed the ZnMnMet had higher ( P P P P P
In-situ infrared spectroscopy of CO adsorbed at ordered Pt(110)-aqueous interfaces

Surface infrared spectra in the terminal CO stretching region are reported for CO adsorbed on ordered Pt(110) in 0.1 M HClO4 as a function of CO coverage, θ (0.05 ≲ θ ≲ 1.0) and electrode potential, E (−0.25 V ⩽ E < 0.2 V versus SCE), primarily to explor the effects of coverage-dependent surface reconstruction. Substantial differences in the coverage-dependent CO stretching frequency, νιCO, were observed for CO adlayers formed directly by dosing from suitably dilute solution concentrations (~ 2 × 10−5 M), and by partial electrooxidative removal (“stripping”) from saturated irreversibly adsorbed layers. The latter procedure typically yielded only small (≲ 5 cm−1) decreases in νιCO and essentially constant bandwidth (FWHM ≈ 11 cm−1) from θ = 1.0 to 0.1, the presence of coadsorbed hydrogen (at −0.25 V) and with coadsorbed water (at 0.05 V). This indicates that large domains (“islands”) of close-packed CO remain on patches of (1 × 1) substrate even down to low average coverages under these conditions. For CO adlayers formed by means of the former (“dosing”) procedure at 0.05 V, however, a separate lower-frequency νCO band (at 2030–2052 cm−1) appears for θ ≲ 0.6, supplementing the higher-frequency feature (at 2060–2072 cm−1) and supplanting it for θ ≲ 0.4. The lower-frequency νCO band is attributed tentatively to CO bound within (1 × 2) reconstructed Pt(110) domains, having smaller local coverages (i.e. packing densities). Voltammetric electrooxidation of this low-frequency νCO form, as deduced from simultaneous infrared and electrochemical measurements, occurs at significantly (0.1–0.15 V) lower overpotentials than for the high-frequency form. The corresponding νιCO−θ behavior in the presence of coadsorbed hydrogen (i.e. at −0.25 V) is substantially different, a single νCO band exhibiting a continuous frequency decrease from 2072 (θ = 1.0) to 2005 cm−1 (θ ≈ 0.1) being obtained. Qualitatively similar νιCO−θ behavior was also observed in the presence of adsorbed sulfate or chloride anions. This is attributed to co-adsorption yielding a wider and more θ-dependent distribution of CO island sizes. Significant differences are noted with the corresponding infrared spectra observed for the Pt(110)/CO in UHV at 300 K, with regard to the νCO frequency-, band intensity-, and bandwidth-θ dependencies. The absolute νιCO values for the electrochemical and UHV systems also differ when they are compared at the same surface potential. These differences are attributed both to the effects of the double-layer field and to co-adsorbing components on the structure of the electrochemical CO adlayer.
Column: Security professionals need to improve people (and business) management skills before IT skills

In today's business world, the highest levels of management accept and understand the potential impact of data breaches, including loss of business, damage to the corporate image, diminished shareholder value, and lawsuits. The long battle to push information security up the priority agenda has been won. Gone are the days when information security was considered a nuisance. However, many have yet to recognise that protecting information assets is more about people management than IT management. This is particularly true today in a world where it is becoming the exception rather than then norm that new systems, programs, even products are rolled out without due consideration for information security.
Restoration of elbow flexion by latissimus dorsi myocutaneous or muscle flap.

Six patients with flail elbow as a consequence of brachial plexus injury or traumatic loss of arm muscles underwent bipolar transposition of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous or muscle flaps to the biceps brachii to restore elbow flexion. The muscle strength achieved was 1.5–2.5 kg and the total range of active excursion is about 95°. The muscle strength is sufficient to carry out most of the activities of daily life but insufficient to achieve active supination or to perform heavy manual work. Elbow flexion of more than 120° is necessary for the affected hand to reach the mouth and should be one of the goals of the operation. Versatile use of the myocutaneous flap facilitates skin closure and improves the contour of the arm.
Gibberellin-induced ethylene production and its effect on cowpea epicotyl elongation

The effect of gibberellin A1 (GA1) on production of ethylene by cowpea (Vigna sinensis cv Blackeye pea no. 5) epicotyl explants and its relationship to epicotyl elongation was investigated. The explants were placed upright in water and incubated in sealed culture tubes or in large jars. GA, and IAA in ethanol solution were injected into the subapical tissues of the decapitated epicotyls. Cowpea epicotyl explants elongated after GA but not after IAA treatment, and they were very sensitive to exogenous ethylene. As little as 0.14 μ1/1 ethylene reduced significantly GA1-induced epicotyl elongation.
Melting and premelting phenomenon in DNA by laser Raman scattering.

Raman spectra of DNA from calf thymus DNA have been taken over a wide range of temperatures (25°–95°) in both D2O and H2O. A study of the temperature dependence of the Raman spectra shows that the temperature profiles of the intensities and frequencies of the various bands fall into four different categories: (1) base bands that show a reversible increase in intensity prior to the melting region, i.e., a definite premelting phenomenon; (2) base bands that show little or no temperature dependence; (3) deoxyribose-phosphate backbone vibrations that show no temperature dependence up to the melting region, at which point large decreases in intensity occur; and (4) slow frequency changes in certain in-plane vibrations of guanine and adenine due to deuteration of the C-8 hydrogen of these purines in D2O. Certain Raman bands arising from each of the four bases, adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine have been found to undergo a gradual increase in intensity prior to the melting region at which point large, abrupt increases in intensity occur. The carbonyl stretching band of thymine, involved in the interbase hydrogen bonding actually undergoes both a gradual shift to a lower frequency as well as an increase in intensity. These changes provide evidence that some change in the geometry of the bases relative to each other begins to occur around 50°C, well below the melting region of 70°–85°C. From the spectra taken at various temperatures, the DNA appears to remain in the B conformation until the melting point is reached, at which time the DNA progresses into a disordered random-coil form. No A-form conformation is found either in the premelting or the melting region.
Ionophorous properties of the 20,000-dalton fragment of (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase in phosphatidylcholine: Cholesterol membranes

The purified 20,000-dalton fragment of sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca/sup 2 +/ + Mg/sup 2 +/)-ATPase has been shown to have Ca/sup 2 +/-selective ionophoric activity. The Ca/sup 2 +/-ionophoric fragment has been purified by either SDS-column chromatography or SDS-preparative gel electrophoresis. The Ca/sup 2 +/-ionophoric fragment has been subjected to prolonged dialysis to insure the removal of bound SDS from the fragment. The selectivity sequence of this fragment in black lipid membranes (BLM) formed from either oxidized cholesterol or phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol is the same, P/sub Ba/ > P/sub Ca/ > P/sub Sr/ > P/sub Mg/ > P/sub Mn/. This selectivity sequence is the same as that for the intact (Ca/sup 2 +/ + Mg/sup 2 +/)-ATPase. Treatment of the fragment with cholate to absolutely insure the removal of bound SDS resulted in the fragment having a selectivity sequence as above except that P/sub Mn/ > P/sub Mg/. This and other data indicate that the 20,000-dalton fragment is the site containing the Ca/sup 2 +/-ionophoric activity of the (Ca/sup 2 +/ + Mg/sup 2 +/)-ATPase.
Sequential low-voltage detecting method for multistring LED BLU circuit

A new low-voltage detecting method for a multichannel LED back lighting unit is proposed. The proposed method detects the lowest voltage drops among the multichannel LED strings with a reduced number of devices, and it provides feedback voltage to control the stages of the boost converter for minimising the power consumption in the LED driving circuit.
Psychoactive drug effects in a hyperactive child: A case study analysis of behavior change and teacher attention

Abstract The effects of methylphenidate on the behavior and teacher interactions of a 9-year-old hyperactive female were analyzed. Observations of the subject's task-related and disruptive behaviors and of interactions between the subject and her classroom teacher were made when the subject received the active drug and an inert placebo. Teacher's ratings of the subject's classroom behavior and measures of her academic performance were also obtained. Results showed that when the subject was receiving methylphenidate she engaged in task-related activities a greater percent of the time, had a higher percent of teacher interactions that were instructional in quality, and received lower behavior ratings by the teacher than when she was receiving a placebo. The results suggest that the use of medication may enable the hyperactive child to profit both behaviorally and academically.
47 SELF-IDENTIFICATION AND ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS OBSERVED IN LONGITUDINAL PSYCHOMOTOR STUDIES OF XIPHOPAGUS CONJOINED TWINS

The birth of xiphopagus conjoined twins presents a unique condition, only 11 sets having survived separation since 1689 free of anomalies. In none have psychologic and psychomotor development been recorded pre-and post-surgery. Therefore a 100-hour videotape analysis of a pair of xiphopagus twins was undertaken. A startling observation was the absence of en-face positioning between the twins (p<.001). Visual stimuli at the midline were only minimally attended to by the twins in the eye-to-eye direct frontal position, although they attended to the same stimuli from other positions (p<.001). Reciprocal hand-knee pre-surgery greeting behavior persisted post-surgery. Severe neck hyperextension and lumbar lordosis continued as the position of choice after surgery. A modified Bayley Motor Scale and Denver Developmental Screening Test administered prior to surgery at 6 months of age delineated a 4-month gross motor development lag; partial compensation occurred by 3 months after separation. These studies document that the development of mental and psychomotor functions can be altered by physical constraints and anomalous development may persist.
XENOGENEIC INFECTIONS AND PUBLIC HEALTH

1. The scarcity of available human donor organs for use in allotransplantation has fuelled interest in xenotransplantation, the therapeutic use of living animal tissue in humans. The use of living animal tissue for therapeutic purposes in humans has raised concerns that xenotransplantation clinical trials may pose a presently unquantifiable but undeniable risk to public health. 2. Xenotransplantation has the potential to introduce new infections to the human community by infecting human recipients with agents that were not previously endemic in human populations (xenogeneic infections). 3. Manipulations intended to prevent xenograft rejection may also facilitate the transmission of agents that rarely or never infect humans under natural circumstances. 4. The US Food and Drug Administration (the government agency responsible for monitoring drug safety) has chosen to allow limited numbers of xenotransplantation clinical trials to proceed under carefully monitored conditions outlined in the Public Health Service (PHS) Guideline on Infectious Disease Issues in Xenotransplantation. 5. This PHS guideline particularly emphasizes the importance of pretransplantation screening and post-transplantation surveillance for safety monitoring. 6. Laboratory based surveillance for endogenous retroviruses and other identifiable agents that cannot be removed from the xenograft can augment clinical surveillance. 7. Laboratory based studies of xenograft survivors increase our ability to quantify xenotransplant-associated risks and, thereby, expand our capacity to make science-based assessments of appropriate public policy.
Active Frame, Location, and Detector Selection for Automated and Manual Video Annotation

We describe an information-driven active selection approach to determine which detectors to deploy at which location in which frame of a video to minimize semantic class label uncertainty at every pixel, with the smallest computational cost that ensures a given uncertainty bound. We show minimal performance reduction compared to a "paragon" algorithm running all detectors at all locations in all frames, at a small fraction of the computational cost. Our method can handle uncertainty in the labeling mechanism, so it can handle both "oracles" (manual annotation) or noisy detectors (automated annotation).
MicroRNA-93 controls perfusion recovery after hindlimb ischemia by modulating expression of multiple genes in the cell cycle pathway.

Background—MicroRNAs are key regulators of gene expression in response to injury, but there is limited knowledge of their role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis, such as in peripheral arterial disease. Here, we used an unbiased strategy and took advantage of different phenotypic outcomes that follow surgically induced hindlimb ischemia between inbred mouse strains to identify key microRNAs involved in perfusion recovery from hindlimb ischemia. Methods and Results—From comparative microRNA profiling between inbred mouse strains that display profound differences in their extent of perfusion recovery after hindlimb ischemia, we found that the mouse strain with higher levels of microRNA-93 (miR-93) in hindlimb muscle before ischemia and the greater ability to upregulate miR-93 in response to ischemia had better perfusion recovery. In vitro, overexpression of miR-93 attenuated hypoxia-induced apoptosis in both endothelial and skeletal muscle cells and enhanced proliferation in both cell types. In addition, miR-...
ASC: automatically scalable computation

We present an architecture designed to transparently and automatically scale the performance of sequential programs as a function of the hardware resources available. The architecture is predicated on a model of computation that views program execution as a walk through the enormous state space composed of the memory and registers of a single-threaded processor. Each instruction execution in this model moves the system from its current point in state space to a deterministic subsequent point. We can parallelize such execution by predictively partitioning the complete path and speculatively executing each partition in parallel. Accurately partitioning the path is a challenging prediction problem. We have implemented our system using a functional simulator that emulates the x86 instruction set, including a collection of state predictors and a mechanism for speculatively executing threads that explore potential states along the execution path. While the overhead of our simulation makes it impractical to measure speedup relative to native x86 execution, experiments on three benchmarks show scalability of up to a factor of 256 on a 1024 core machine when executing unmodified sequential programs.
Large time behaviour of solutions to the navier-stokes equations

(1986). Large time behaviour of solutions to the navier-stokes equations. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 733-763.
HER2: the neu prognostic marker for breast cancer.

Referee: Dr. Michael Levesque, Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada A fundamental mechanism of genetic alteration is amplification of entire gene sequences that results in overexpression of a gene product or protein. If the amplified gene is a member of the oncogene family and/or a regulator of DNA replication or cell cycle progression, overexpression of this oncoprotein may result in enhanced growth advantages for these cells. Amplification of one such oncogene, HER2 (neu, erbB-2), in up to 35% of human breast cancers is associated with a poor prognosis but may predict response to various therapeutic modalities. FDA-approved assays are available to detect the HER2 protein receptor or the HER2 gene sequence to determine eligibility for Herceptin treatment or adriamycin treatment in node positive patients, respectively. As testing for HER2 is becoming more common in the clinical laboratory, we provide an overview of the biology, diagnostic methods, and em...
Prediction of adverse outcomes of acute coronary syndrome using intelligent fusion of triage information with HUMINT

Faculty from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and the University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga Unit, have used data mining techniques and neural networks to examine a set of fourteen features, data items, and HUMINT assessments for 2,148 emergency room patients with symptoms possibly indicative of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Specifically, the authors have generated Bayesian networks describing linkages and causality in the data, and have compared them with neural networks. The data includes objective information routinely collected during triage and the physician's initial case assessment, a HUMINT appraisal. Both the neural network and the Bayesian network were used to fuse the disparate types of information with the goal of forecasting thirty-day adverse patient outcome. This paper presents details of the methods of data fusion including both the data mining techniques and the neural network. Results are compared using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves describing the outcomes of both methods, both using only objective features and including the subjective physician's assessment. While preliminary, the results of this continuing study are significant both from the perspective of potential use of the intelligent fusion of biomedical informatics to aid the physician in prescribing treatment necessary to prevent serious adverse outcome from ACS and as a model of fusion of objective data with subjective HUMINT assessment. Possible future work includes extension of successfully demonstrated intelligent fusion methods to other medical applications, and use of decision level fusion to combine results from data mining and neural net approaches for even more accurate outcome prediction.
Citrullinemic lymphocytes in long term culture.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a 33-year-old male with citrullinemia were established in long term, continuous culture. This lymphocyte line was designated UM-21 (University of Michigan, lymphoid line no. 21), and the behavior of the cells of this line was studied under selective conditions in vitro. When arginine was removed from the medium and replaced with citrulline, the UM-21 lymphocytes were unable to enter logarithmic growth phase. This contrasted with lymphocyte lines from normal donors which were able to utilize the citrulline readily and to grow logarithmically. We interpreted this as presumptive evidence that, unlike normal lymphocytes, the citrullinemic lymphocytes were deficient in argininosucci nic acid synthetase (AS). Despite the initial inability of the citrullinemic lymphocytes to grow logarithmically in a medium with 200 mg/liter citrulline substituted for the normally used arginine (Cit+, Arg~ medium), after 4 weeks of continuous incubation some cells did begin to divide and a variant of the UM-21 line was subsequently established. Cells from the parental UM-21 line, the variant line, and two normal lymphocyte lines were incubated with ureido-uC-citrulline to determine their relative uptake and incorporation of citrulline. On autoradiograp hy, the UM-21 cells showed no label. Cells from the variant line showed a diverse labeling pattern: 11.7% of cells were heavily labeled, 32.4% were lightly labeled, and 55.9% showed no label. The cells from the normal donors were uniformly heavily labeled. Further, the incorporation of label into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable cellular material was examined. UM-21 incorporated 360 cpm, the variant line 1,951 cpm, and the two normal lines 2,544 and 2,427 cpm, respectively. The counts per minute are here expressed per 105 cells, or 3.3-3.5 X 10~ 3 mg protein. Speculation Although a more sensitive assay for AS will have to be developed for lymphocyte lines, it is apparent from the data presented here that the citrullinemic defect is expressed in cultured lymphocytes under proper selective conditions. The basic defect in this disease is likely to be either a regulatory or structural gene mutation, and the variant line may represent a reverse mutation. It may prove possible to study each of the four known genetically determined disorders of urea metabolism by use of the cultured lymphocyte.
The major anthocyanin pigments of the wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca)

ALTHOUGH it has been definitely established that cultivated strawberries contain pelargonidin-3-monoglucoside as the major anthocyanin1,2 and cyanidin-3-monoglucoside as a minor component3, there is still some question about the identity of the pigments of Fragaria vesca. As a result of qualitative tests, Robinson4 suggested in 1934 that the anthocyanin of F. vesca is pelargonidin-3-monogalactoside. In a more recent paper, Robinson and Smith2 described a chromatographic procedure for distinguishing pelargonidin-3-monoglucoside and the galactoside, but left the identity of the anthocyanins of wild strawberries as an open question.
Prolonged Pain Research in Mice: Trends in Reference to the 3Rs

This literature review documents trends in the use of mice in prolonged pain research, defined herein as research that subjects mice to a source of pain for at least 14 days. The total amount of prolonged pain research on mice has increased dramatically in the past decade for the 3 pain categories examined: neuropathic, inflammatory, and chronic pain. There has also been a significant rise in the number of prolonged mouse pain studies as a proportion of all mouse studies and of all mouse pain studies. The use of transgenic mice has also risen significantly in prolonged pain research, though not as a proportion of all mice used in prolonged pain research. There has not been significant overall change in the number of mice being used per study for any of the 3 pain categories or for any of 3 common pain inducement models: chronic constriction injury, partial sciatic nerve ligation, and complete Freund's adjuvant. Finally, although most authors referred to approval of experiments by an institutional nonhuman...
Folinic acid administration after MTX GVHD prophylaxis in pediatric allo-SCT

Cyclosporine (CsA) and MTX are commonly used for GVHD prophylaxis in pediatric allo-SCT. Mucositis and hepatic toxicity frequently restrict the delivery of the fourth dose of MTX. Folinic acid (FA) may ameliorate MTX toxicity. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all pediatric patients who received CsA and MTX for GVHD prophylaxis from January 2000 to July 2010. Patients treated before July 2007 (N=29) did not receive FA and those treated from July 2007 onward did receive FA (N=18). Patients who received FA were significantly more likely to receive day +11 MTX (odds ratio (OR) 10.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21-262.27) but there was no significant difference in Grade III-IV GVHD between the two groups (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.08-18.14). FA did not impact relapse-free survival (RFS) (P=0.82). Increased likelihood of receiving day +11 MTX suggests that FA ameliorates MTX toxicity, such as severe mucositis. FA administration for MTX GVHD prophylaxis should be studied in a prospective, randomized fashion.
Theoretical study of relaxation oscillations in a free-running diode-pumped rubidium vapor laser

Diode-pumped alkali lasers (DPALs) have undergone rapid development to become one of the most promising candidates for use as high-power laser sources in recent years. Relaxation oscillation (RO) is a common phenomenon related to the dynamic process in the time domain. Sometimes, it is applied in parameter measurement, but sometimes it should be eliminated to ensure stable output. In this paper, we develop a kinetic model to study the RO features of a DPAL, which are different from those of a conventional solid-state laser. The results reveal that the cell temperature, buffer gas pressure, pumping power, cavity length, and reflectance of an output coupler affect the characteristics of ROs. Among these parameters, the cell temperature and the pumping power exert relatively strong influences on the waiting time of the first spike in the RO. Additionally, the cavity length cannot markedly affect the peak value of the laser intensity. These new analyses should prove useful for understanding the dynamic process of DPAL oscillation and for the future design of a steady high-powered DPAL.