cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microfluidic Flow-Flash: Method for Investigating Protein Dynamics

We report a new method, microfluidic flow-flash, for measuring protein reaction kinetics. The method couples a microscope imaging detection system with a microfluidic flow cell to reduce data acquisition times and sample consumption. This combination allows for the simultaneous collection of spectral and temporal information. The microfluidic flow cell design utilizes three-dimensional sheath flow to reduce sample dispersion and minimize sample consumption. The ability to alter the flow rates in the microfluidic flow cells allows a variety of time scales to be studied with submillisecond time resolution. The imaging detection system can be coupled with several spectroscopic probes including fluorescence and UV/visible absorbance spectroscopy. Here, we utilize the microfluidic flow-flash method to probe the kinetics of CO recombination or O2 binding to myoglobin after the laser-induced photolysis of CO from myoglobin by UV/visible absorbance spectral imaging.
Extending robust parameter design to noise by noise interactions with an application to hyperspectral imagery

Anomaly detection algorithms for hyperspectral imagery (HSI) are an important first step in the analysis chain. Improvements to anomaly detection algorithm effectiveness directly reduce the amount of data that must go through time intensive processing before final analysis. The effectiveness of most anomaly detection algorithms is a function of user selected algorithm parameters, or controls, and uncontrollable noise factors which introduce additional variance into the detection process. In the case of HSI, these noise factors are embedded in the image under consideration. Robust parameter design (RPD) offers a method to reduce the impact of these noise variables on anomaly detection algorithms by identifying control settings robust to the noise factors found in HSI. This paper extends standard RPD modelling by removing the assumption that squared noise terms and noise by noise interactions are negligible. A mean squared error approach proposed by Lin and Tu is applied which employs expected value and var...
Effect of Millimeter Waves on Cyclophosphamide Induced NF-κB

Antiapoptotic activity of NF-Kappa B (NF-kappaB) in tumors contributes to acquisition of resistance to chemotherapy. The effect of millimeter waves (MMWs) on NF-kappaB activation induced by cyclophosphamide (CPA) was studied in the spleen of mice. CPA, an anticancer drug, caused a marked increase (58.9-fold) in NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity as compared to the control group. No significant enhancement in NF-kappaB activity (0.51-fold) was observed when the CPA group was also irradiated with MMWs. These results suggest that treatment with MMWs can inhibit activation of NF-kappaB induced by chemotherapeutic drugs.
Cocaine Administration Does Not Induce Acute Expression of Stress Protein Genes

Stress proteins coordinate cellular responses to potentially damaging environmental changes, and are expressed abnormally in various disease states including fever, tissue trauma, oxidant injury, experimental models for aging, heavy metals, and neuronal damage. To determine if cocaine induces stress protein gene expression, we administered cocaine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats per intraperitoneal injection. Animals were sacrificed 0, 2, 4 and 8 hours after injection, their brains removed and rapidly dissected, and total RNA isolated from frontal cortex, subcortical brain, and cerebellum. RNA was separated by denaturing gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and probed using (32-P)-labelled riboprobes for stress protein mRNAs. There was no change in Hsp60, Hsp70, or ubiquitin message after either dose of cocaine in any of the brain regions that we sampled. We conclude that either acute cocaine exposure does not induce a stress response, or such a response is confined to discrete brain regions too small to be detected in these experiments. Follow up studies of stress protein gene expression in ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and caudate nucleus are under way.
The role of social capital in cross-cultural M&As: a multinational corporation perspective

This paper advances a social capital perspective to the literature on Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As). A conceptualisation of social capital is used that encompasses internal and external social capital as the two sources of social capital available to Multinational Corporations (MNCs) that undertake M&As across cultures. A theoretical model is developed which suggests that internal and external social capital mitigate the negative effects of organisational and national cultural differences on sociocultural integration and so enable MNCs to exploit opportunities for cultural arbitrage which, in turn, contributes to the performance of M&As. This paper further forwards a dynamic perspective of M&As by considering these transactions as vehicles to both exploit existing and explore new social capital. This paper, therefore, sets out to contribute to a better understanding about M&A performance determinants over time. The implications for research and business practice are discussed.
The Multiplier Concept and Monetary Restraint

I. The problem. 330. — II. The rigid full employment constraint, 331. — III. A more flexible full employment constraint, 335. — IV. The positive sloping IS curve, 337. — V. Conclusions, 338.
Santocellus (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Leucochrysini): taxonomic changes, new description, and a key to the species

Santocellus is a small Neotropical genus of leucochrysine lacewings that only recently was separated from Leucochrysa. Here, the features of the Leucochrysa risi Esben-Petersen holotype (a female) are described and shown to support the species’ transfer to Santocellus and the continued retention of the genus Santocellus as separate from Leucochrysa. The valid name for the species becomes Santocellus risi (Esben-Petersen, 1933), comb. n., and Santocellus bullata (Tauber, 2007) is recognized as a syn. n. of Santocellus risi. Currently, this species is reported only from Peru. An illustrated key is provided for distinguishing the known species in the genus Santocellus.
INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS AND MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA IN DECENTRALIZATION

The economics of decentralization implies that it generates efficiency improvement (higher growth) due to local government's ability to respond to the needs of local communities. However, this is not always the case. While policies do matter, this paper argues that institutional factors hold the key to the problem. The interactions among these factors and the characteristics of leaders in the region determine the outcome of decentralization. By capturing these important properties, multiple equilibria can be generated, avowing the ambiguous effects of local capture. On this basis, a typology of local leaders is developed. To the extent that welfare-enhancing activities are often related to regional growth, the role of an incentive system in determining the local leaders' behavior is also analyzed. In essence, a lack of incentive mechanisms for local leaders to promote growth and the absence of a stick-and-carrot system explain why post-decentralization growth performance has been generally disappointing.
Angiotensin II receptor binding following myocardial infarction in the rat.

Objective: The aim was to determine angiotensin II receptor binding and its relationship to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) binding and fibrous tissue formation in the rat heart. Methods: A model of tissue repair (pericardiotomy and myocardial infarction with left coronary artery ligation) was used together with the following: quantitative in vitro autoradiography to determine angiotensin II receptor (125I[Sar1, Ile8]AngII) and ACE (l25I-351A) binding densities. Angiotensin II receptor subtype was determined using an AT1 receptor antagonist (DuP753, losartan) and an AT2 receptor antagonist (PD123177). Five groups were studied: age and sex matched controls receiving this operative procedure without subsequent myocardial infarction (sham operated); rats with coronary artery ligation and myocardial infarction; rats with coronary artery ligation and lisinopril (20 mg·kg−1·d−1 in drinking water); sham operated rats receiving lisinopril; and unoperated rats which served as controls to pericardiotomy. Hearts were collected from each group on postoperative day 3 and weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8. Results: There was (1) low angiotensin receptor binding in normal myocardium; (2) markedly increased angiotensin II receptor binding at the site of left ventricular myocardial infarction and endocardial fibrosis of the interventricular septum at day 3 and weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8; (3) high angiotensin II receptor binding in the pericardial fibrosis that followed pericardiotomy, and in the fibrosis that appeared in response to suture insertion around the left coronary artery, in both infarcted and sham operated rats; (4) total displacement of normal and connective tissue angiotensin II receptor binding by DuP753, but not by PD123177; (5) ACE inhibition by lisinopril, but no change in angiotensin II receptor binding, at all sites of fibrosis; and (6) significant attenuation by lisinopril of collagen formation in the visceral pericardium of sham operated controls. Conclusions: In this model of tissue repair, increased AT1 receptor binding density is associated with ACE binding and fibrillar collagen formation that appears within sites of fibrous tissue formation, including myocardial infarction, endocardial fibrosis, foreign body (silk suture), and pericardiotomy. AT1 receptors may play a role in mediating the fibrogenic response to tissue injury in the rat heart. Cardiovascular Research 1994; 28 :1623-1628
Kinetic studies of rat ovarian 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Abstract Rat ovarian 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was purified 230-fold with a 48% recovery through a 3-step process involving hydrophobic, gel filtration and gree dye affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme was demonstrated to be a single polypeptide chain of Mr 36 000. Initial velocity studies of all four substrates in the forward and reverse reactions indicated a sequential mechanism for the enzyme. Product inhibition and dead-end inhibition studies with substrate analogs were consistent with an ordered bi-bi mechanism in which NADP is the first substrate bound to the enzyme and NADPH, the second product released, Several NADP analogs were demonstrated to function as coenzymes in the reaction catalyzed. The purified enzyme was denatured at moderate temperatures and the binding of NADP protected the enzyme against thermal denaturation.
GI motility and subepithelial blood flow in mature and senescent rats

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of aging on gastrointestinal motility and subepithelial blood flow, two important determinants of the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. Polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) was administered by gastric intubation to senescent (age 31 months) and mature (age 16 months) female Fischer 344 rats. The rates of gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were determined from measurements of the distribution of PEG 4000 along the GI tract at various times after its administration. Gastric emptying rates were similar in both groups. However, in the senescent rats, the transit rates of the proximal and distal small intestine were considerably higher and significantly lower, respectively, than the corresponding rates in the mature animals. In another experiment, barbital was administered intraperitoneally to anesthetized animals. After 1 hr a 20 cm segment of jejunum was perfused with a pH 9.5 carbonate buffer, and the blood-to-lumen clearance of barbital was determined. The clearance, which was directly related to intestinal subepithelial blood flow, was 4.52 ± 0.58 and 3.92 ± 0.37 μl/min/cm in senescent and mature rats, respectively. No evidence for a senescence-related alteration in intestinal blood flow was observed.
SOME GENERAL PROPERTIES OF HELMETED CORONAL STRUCTURES.

A simplified analysis of helmeted coronal structures is carried out and some of the gross properties of such structures discussed. It is found that the magnetically closed region can have but a limited extension into the corona. For temperatures in excess of 1.5 × 106 °K, the maximum height above the limb is about 1.6 R ⊙. The maximum possible extension of the helmet from the solar center is exactly one-half the distance to the critical point (where the flow velocity passes through the speed of sound). For this reason, a helmet streamer, at least out to a few solar radii, is essentially a magnetostatic structure - the flow adjacent to the helmet having little effect upon its properties. For given base dimensions, there is a maximum temperature for which a helmet streamer can exist - giving an indication of why such streamers do not appear over young active regions. If the temperature in the helmet and in the streaming region are approximately the same, the helmet height, helmet shape, external flow velocity, and rate of outward decline in the magnetic field are shown to be much more dependent upon the photospheric field distribution than upon the field strength. The density enhancement, however, is a strong function of the field strength. This enhancement is preserved out to the top of the helmet with both the density inside and outside decreasing approximately as predicted by hydrostatic equilibrium. The possible existence of both domed helmets and cusped helmets is demonstrated with the former existing at lower temperatures and the latter at higher temperatures. Cusped helmets occur, however, over a relatively narrow temperature range and are, hence, expected to be less common. The expansion velocity outside the helmet is higher than that predicted by radial flow but increases outward much more slowly. The magnetic field decreases outward proportionally to the square root of the density and inversely proportionally to the velocity - bearing, in general, no relation to a potential field since the rate of decline in field strength is determined by the temperature.
Brief Robust output feedback control of nonlinear singularly perturbed systems

In this work, we consider nonlinear singularly perturbed systems with time-varying uncertain variables, for which the fast subsystem is asymptotically stable and the slow subsystem is input/output linearizable and possesses input-to-state stable (ISS) inverse dynamics. For these systems, we synthesize a robust output feedback controller that ensures boundedness of the state and enforces robust asymptotic output tracking with attenuation of the effect of the uncertain variables on the output of the closed-loop system. The controller is constructed through combination of a high-gain observer with a robust state feedback controller synthesized via Lyapunov's direct method. The proposed controller enforces the aforementioned properties in the closed-loop system, for initial conditions, uncertainty and rate of change of uncertainty in arbitrarily large compact sets, provided that the singular perturbation parameter is sufficiently small and the observer gain is sufficiently large.
Boys to Men: Age, Identity, and the Legitimation of Amateur Wireless in the United States, 1909–1927

Although amateur radio remained popular for 100 years, it faced a crisis of legitimacy during the 1910s. The damaging behaviors of some operators threatened amateurs with banishment from the airwaves. Through an analysis of archival material from various sources, this paper demonstrates that in order to distance themselves from the actions of malevolent pranksters, responsible wireless operators tapped into contemporary cultural debates about maturity and the emergence of adolescence. As a result, amateur operators legitimated themselves in the eyes of the public while carving out a distinct space for youth hobbyists.
Social Hierarchy and Burial Treatments: A Comparative Assessment

A study of the 55 cultures in the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) 60-culture probability sample for which adequate data on burials exists confirms the archaeologists' notion that variation in expenditures on burials can act as a rough indication of status hierarchies. The degree of variability in cost required to infer hierarchy is, however, much greater than that assumed by some archaeologists. Minor to moderate variability in expenditures may be due to a wide variety of causes including the symbolization of small achieved differences in status, age, gender, cause of death, religious affiliation, and numerous idiosyncratic circumstances and personal and social identities. Further investigation shows, moreover, that social competition, rather than hierarchy, is the variable that is most directly being measured, and that burial treatment is only one of many choices for possible competitive display. Thus, societies with considerable differences in the cost of burial treatments always allow or encourage co...
The effect of endograft relining on sac expansion after endovascular aneurysm repair with the original-permeability Gore Excluder abdominal aortic aneurysm endoprosthesis

Objective Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) with the original-permeability Excluder (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz) has been associated with postoperative sac expansion in the absence of endoleak. In these cases, we have performed an endovascular revision, relining the original endograft with another Excluder, in an effort to arrest sac expansion by reducing permeability. We have studied these cases to determine the effect of relining on aneurysm expansion. Methods Patients who demonstrated sac expansion (≥5 mm diameter, ≥5% three-dimensional volume) after EVAR with the original Excluder were evaluated. Between 1999 and 2004, the original-permeability endoprosthesis was used in 97 patients who underwent EVAR for asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Sac expansion occurred in 24 patients, of which multiple imaging modalities showed 12 had expansion without demonstrable endoleak. Nine of the 12 have had endovascular relining, and five of these nine have >6 months follow-up to form the primary basis for this report. Results AAA size was stable or smaller in the first 6 months after the original EVAR for all patients. Once expansion began (typically in the time frame of 6 to 12 months), multimodality imaging showed no aneurysm spontaneously decreased in size without intervention, despite the absence of endoleak (n = 12). Expansion exceeded clinically significant thresholds at 30 months (mean) by diameter criteria and 22 months (mean) by three-dimensional volume criteria for the five patients with >6 months follow-up after relining. Endovascular relining was performed at a mean of 36 months, with a mean hospital stay of 1 day, and no morbidity or mortality. Over the entire duration of expansion (mean, 26 months), aneurysms expanded by 6.0 ± 1 mm/year diameter and by 12% ± 2%/year by three-dimensional volume. At a mean of 16 months follow-up after relining with another Excluder, the mean diameter decrease was 2.0 mm/year ( P P 6 months follow-up after relining. There was no rupture, migration, endoleak, conversion to open repair, or aneurysm-related death in any patient. Conclusions It appears from the initial follow-up that AAA expansion owing to permeability issues after EVAR with the original Excluder can be arrested by endovascular relining with a low-permeability Excluder endoprosthesis.
Blue light controls solar tracking by flowers of an alpine plant

In at least 18 plant families, leaves or flowers can maintain a specific orientation with respect to diurnal movements of the sun. Previous work on heliotropic leaves has demonstrated that blue light (400–500nm) provides the cue for their tracking response. Floral heliotropism occurs in several families of arctic and alpine plants, but the spectral sensitivity of the response has not been studied previously. Moreover, no studies on the spectral sensitivity of any heliotropism have been conducted on wild plants growing in their natural habitat. Working under field conditions, we used coloured acrylic filters to determine whether heliotropism by flowers of the snow buttercup (Ranunculus adoneus) is responsive to broad-band blue or red light. Flowers were able to orient towards the sun under boxes made entirely of blue-transmitting filters and in red-transmitting boxes having a single blue side that faced the sun. In these treatments, solar tracking ability was not significantly different from that observed in adjacent control flowers. In contrast, the precision of solar orientation was significantly reduced in red-transmitting boxes and red boxes with a single blue side oriented away from the sun. In the early morning, flowers covered by red-transmitting boxes failed to orient in the direction of sunrise, suggesting that this floral response, unlike that seen in some heliotropic leaves, lacks a residual‘memory’ for previous solar movements.
Decoding algebraic-geometric codes up to the designed minimum distance

A simple decoding procedure for algebraic-geometric codes C/sub Omega /(D,G) is presented. This decoding procedure is a generalization of Peterson's decoding procedure for the BCH codes. It can be used to correct any ((d*-1)/2) or fewer errors with complexity O(n/sup 3/), where d* is the designed minimum distance of the algebraic-geometric code and n is the codelength. >
Lateral optical sensor with slip detection of natural objects on moving conveyor

This paper presents a method to determine the 2D profile and velocity of an object on a moving conveyor from a lateral optical sensor that consists of an orthogonal pair of line array (LA) scanners. Unlike most LA scanners which are designed to provide a 2D image of a static object, the lateral optical sensor presented here offers an additional and practical means to detect object slippage on the conveyor in real time. We illustrate numerically the effectiveness of this sensing method with two illustrative examples. The first simulates the 2D boundary of a geometrically well-defined object on an accelerating conveyor, which offers intuitive insights on the effects of conveyor dynamics and object slippage on the accuracy of the 2D boundary measurement. The second demonstrates the application of the lateral optical sensor as a real time feedback sensor for active singulation of natural objects.
Classical and quantal nonperturbative treatments of multiphoton and above-threshold ionization

L2 non-Hermitian Floquet studies of intensity- and frequency-dependent threshold shifts of atomic hydrogen in intense laser fields are presented. We also performed a Monte Carlo classical trajectory study of the motion of an electron under the influence of both the Coulomb and the laser fields. We found that classical results are consistent with quantum-mechanical predictions with regard to continuum threshold shift and above-threshold ionization (ATI). In addition, our classical treatment reveals detailed mechanisms responsible for ATI processes.
Liquid chromatographic studies on the aqueous solution conformation of substituted benzamide drug models.

The aqueous solution conformation of a series of model benzamides related to the orthopramide dopamine receptor antagonists is evaluated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC). The structure-retention relationship studies demonstrate the existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond formed in aqueous solution for these compounds. The six-membered pseudoring formed by the association of the amide N-H and the oxygen of the 2-methoxy group (N-H...O) produces enhanced reversed-phase retention (increased capacity factors, k') relative to the 3- and 4-isomers. Deletion of either the acceptor oxygen or the donor N-H results in decreased C18 retention of the 2-isomer relative to the 3- and 4-isomers. These structure-retention relationship studies reveal the value of reversed-phase LC methods for evaluation of the aqueous solution conformation of the orthopramide-type compounds. Further studies show that N-substituted 2-hydroxybenzamides are intramolecularly associated in aqueous solution through either N-H...O or O-H...O six-membered rings. The 6-methoxysalicylamides are believed to be stabilized through O-H to carbonyl oxygen bonding in addition to the N-H...O pseudoring. For the 2,6-dimethoxybenzamides, steric factors prevent methoxy-amide coplanarity, thus no intramolecular hydrogen bond is formed. The result is a dramatic decrease in retention for the 2,6-isomer relative to the other positional isomers. These studies suggest that remoxipride and related 2,6-dimethoxybenzamides cannot form the six-membered pseudoring believed to be topographically equivalent to the aromatic ring in dopamine.
Efficiency based optimal control of Kaplan hydrogenerators

This paper investigates an optimal strategy for controlling the speed response of Kaplan hydrogenerating systems to decreases in load. Typically, primary control gates restrict and redirect water through the turbine to stabilize and transfer the system to operating point demand. The adjustable turbine blade angle is used to return to maximum operating efficiency at the new load level. The over-speed reduction is limited by the conduit's ability to withstand the over-pressure caused by the flow restriction at the turbine. A control scheme using gates and blades simultaneously and independently is developed. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the traditional gate-dominant control in minimizing turbine over-speed and speed settling time under prescribed load change and conduit pressure limits. However, in its present form, the design is found to be more sensitive to system nonlinearities than its conventional counterpart. >
A Framework for dynamic service adaptation in the grid: next generation software program progress report

This project addresses the problem of dynamic service adaptation in the grid. The need for adaptation arises due to both resource and service demand uncertainty. With NGS support, we are tackling several key issues in this problem space: (1) a dynamic OGSA-based grid service architecture to support dynamic service hosting - where to host and re-host a service within the grid in response to service demand and resource fluctuation (2005), (2) resource management middleware that dynamically decides how many resources to allocate to a request and where a request should run [B. Lee et al., (2003)][J. B. Weissman et al., (2003)], (3) a dynamic leasing framework that decides how many resources to lease to a service to handle future requests [D. England et al., (2004)][D. England et al., (2005)], (4) and a new model of service robustness that can describe the sensitivity of a service to grid fluctuations[D. England et al., (2005)]. In this short report, we present material on (1) and (3) in the interest of brevity. Papers describing all aspects of the project are contained in the bibliography.
Self-Esteem in Pure Bullies and Bully/Victims: A Longitudinal Analysis

Past research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results. Recent studies have suggested that the inconsistent findings may be due, in part, to the failure to account for bully/victims: those children who both bully and are victims of bullying. In this longitudinal study, we examined the distinctions among pure bullies, pure victims, bully/victims, and noninvolved children in a sample of 307 middle school students. Analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal results supported the importance of distinguishing between pure bullies and bully/victims. In addition, results revealed some interesting sex differences: girls in the pure bully and bully/victim groups reported significant increases in self-esteem over time, with girls in the pure bully group reporting the greatest increase, whereas boys in these groups reported no significant changes in self-esteem over time.
The Advanced Injection Low Pilot Ignited Natural Gas Engine: A Combustion Analysis

The Advanced (injection) Low Pilot Ignited Natural Gas (ALPING) engine is proposed as an alternative to diesel and conventional dual fuel engines. Experimental results from full load operation at a constant speed of 1700 rev/min are presented in this paper. The potential of the ALPING engine is realized in reduced NO x emissions (to less than 0.2 g/kWh) accompanied by fuel conversion efficiencies comparable to straight diesel operation. Some problems at advanced injection timings are recognized in high unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions (25 g/kWh) and poor engine stability reflected by high COV IMEP (about 6%). This paper focuses on the combustion aspects of low pilot ignited natural gas engines with particular emphasis on advanced injection timings (45°-60° BTDC). Ignition phasing at advanced injection timings (∼60° BTDC), and combustion phasing at retarded injection timings (∼15° BTDC) are recognized as important combustion parameters that profoundly impact the combustion process, HC emissions, and the stability of engine operation.
Validation of QuikSCAT Radiometer rain rates using the TRMM microwave radiometer

The primary mission of the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite is to infer surface wind vector from ocean backscatter measurements. Occasionally the backscatter measurements are contaminated by the presence of rain; therefore a reliable method of identifying rain is needed. Fortunately, the SeaWinds scatterometer simultaneously obtains active (scattering) and passive (emission) measurements of the ocean; thus, the QuikSCAT Radiometer (QRad) measured brightness temperatures can be used to infer rain rate within the scatterometer antenna field-of-view. This paper describes a new QuikSCAT Level-2B science product of rain rate over oceans. The principal use of this product for quality control purposes to provide a quantitative rain flag associated with QuikSCAT wind vector cells. The QRad rain rate algorithm is described and the characteristics of the rain rates product are presented. This product has been validated by near-simultaneous comparisons with rain rate measurements from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI). An example of QuikSCAT retrieved winds in the presence of rain is presented with collocated QRad rain measurements. Results demonstrate that the QRad rain rate product provides a reliable, quantitative wind vector quality flag.
Effect of Microcracking on the Thermal Diffusivity of Fe2TiO5

The effect of microcracking on the thermal diffusivity of polycrystalline Fe2TiO5 subjected to a range of annealing treatments was investigated. At fine grain size (∼1 μm), the thermal diffusivity exhibited the decrease with increasing temperature common for dielectrics. Extensive microcracking in the larger-grain-sized materials significantly decreased their thermal diffusivity. On heating, the microcracked materials exhibited increased thermal diffusivity at elevated temperatures which can be attributed primarily to microcrack closure and healing; on cooling, they exhibited a pronounced hysteresis, attributable to irreversible crack opening and closing. Thermal cycling closed the hysteresis curves, which suggests permanent changes in microcrack morphology. It appears that microcracking is a promising technique for tailoring ceramic materials to a combination of high thermal shock resistance and good insulating capability.
Reaction time as a measure of summation of warmth

Reaction time (RT) to radiant heat applied to the forehead and to the back was found to decrease monotonically as a function of two variables: intensity (flux density) and areal extent of stimulation. Intensity and area can thus be traded one for the other to preserve a constant RT. It has previously been shown that intensity and area can be traded to preserve a constant degree of apparent warmth, as determined by magnitude estimation. RT and magnitude estimation therefore agree in showing that the warmth sense displays spatial summation, and both show that summation is very great. They also agree in showing that the foreheades sensitivity greatly exceeds the backes, and the exact trading rules revealed by magnitude estimation and RT agree well at low and moderate intensities.
The effects of tree rhizodeposition on soil exoenzyme activity, dissolved organic carbon, and nutrient availability in a subalpine forest ecosystem

Previous studies have found that root carbon inputs to the soil can stimulate the mineralization of existing soil carbon (C) pools. It is still uncertain, however, whether this “primed” C is derived from elevated rates of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, greater C release from microbial pools, or both. The goal of this research was to determine how the activities of the microbial exoenzymes that control SOM decomposition are affected by root C inputs. This was done by manipulating rhizodeposition with tree girdling in a coniferous subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, USA, and following changes in the activities of nine exoenzymes involved in decomposition, as well as soil dissolved organic C, dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen (N), and microbial biomass C and N. We found that rhizodeposition is high in the spring, when the soils are still snow-covered, and that there are large ephemeral populations of microorganisms dependent upon this C. Microbial N acquisition from peptide degradation increased with increases in microbial biomass when rhizodeposition was highest. However, our data indicate that the breakdown of cellulose, lignin, chitin, and organic phosphorus are not affected by springtime increases in soil microbial biomass associated with increases in rhizodeposition. We conclude that the priming of soil C mineralization by rhizodeposition is due to growth of the microbial biomass and an increase in the breakdown of N-rich proteins, but not due to increases in the degradation of plant litter constituents such as cellulose and lignin.
Multiple Circumscribed Pulmonary Hematomas Masquerading as Metastatic Carcinoma

Abstract A 23-year-old patient presented with multiple circumscribed pulmonary densities two months following a motorcycle accident. A history of mediastinal irradiation as an infant and a thyroid lobectomy for adenoma when a teenager reinforced an initial diagnostic impression of metastatic carcinoma. The clinical picture was further clouded by the obvious nonunion of a clavicular fracture, giving the impression of a metastatic deposit. Ultimately, when all other diagnostic studies had failed, an exploratory thoracotomy revealed multiple pulmonary hematomas which have since regressed.
Non‐redundant function of the MEK5–ERK5 pathway in thymocyte apoptosis

The mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2, p38, and JNK are thought to determine survival‐versus‐death fate in developing thymocytes. However, this view was challenged by studies using ‘MEK1‐ERK1/2‐specific’ pharmacological inhibitors, which block both positive and negative selection. Recently, these inhibitors were also shown to affect MEK5, an upstream activator of ERK5, another class of MAPK with homology to ERK1/2. To define the contribution of the MEK5–ERK5 pathway in T‐cell development, we retrovirally expressed dominant‐negative or constitutively activated form of MEK5 to inhibit or activate the MEK5–ERK5 pathway. We demonstrate that MEK5 regulates apoptosis of developing thymocytes but has no function in positive selection. ERK5 activity correlates with the levels of Nur77 family members but not that of Bim, two effector pathways of thymocyte apoptosis. These results illustrate the critical involvement of the MEK5–ERK5 pathway in thymocyte development distinct from that of ERK1/2 and highlight the importance of the MAPK network in mediating differential effects pertaining to T‐cell differentiation and apoptosis.
Communication through stacked silicon circuitry using integrated thin film InP-based emitters and detectors

To demonstrate optical communication through stacked silicon circuitry, thin film InGaAsP-based emitters and photodetectors have been bonded directly onto silicon circuitry. These optoelectronic devices operate at a wavelength to which silicon is transparent. The thin film emitters and detectors were integrated onto a MOSIS foundry silicon CMOS integrated circuit which contained driver and amplifier circuits. Bidirectional vertical optical communication between two layers of circuitry was demonstrated by stacking the layers, exciting the emitter driver circuit on one layer with an electrical signal, and measuring the output electrical signal from the detector amplifier located on the other circuit in the vertical stack. >
Dispersion compensation with phase-sensitive optical amplifiers

Recently, we proposed a novel approach to combating the pulse-broadening effect of group-velocity dispersion (GVD) in a fiber-optic communication link (IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 5, pp. 669-672, 1993). In our scheme, linear loss in the fiber is balanced by a chain of periodically spaced, phase-sensitive optical amplifiers. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of pulse propagation in such a fiber line showing that, due to attenuation in the quadrature orthogonal to the amplified quadrature, it is possible for a pulse to propagate without significant broadening over lengths many times longer than the usual dispersion length of the fiber. An averaged equation for pulse evolution over distances longer than the amplifier spacing is derived. The effect of optical-phase fluctuations between the propagating pulse and the amplifiers is also considered. Since our proposed scheme does not rely on the formation of solitons in the fiber, it can be implemented in both the positive and negative GVD regions, and it does not require a minimum peak power for the pulses. >
Semantic Event Retrieval from Surveillance Video Databases

This paper proposes a framework for retrieving semantic video events from indoor surveillance video databases. The goal is to locate video sequences containing events of interest to the user. This framework starts by tracking objects and segmenting videos into Common Appearance Intervals (CAIs). The spatiotemporal trajectories are obtained, based on which features are extracted for the construction of semantic event models. In the retrieval, the database user interacts with the machine and provides "feedbacks" to the retrieval result. The learning component learns from the spatiotemporal data, the semantic event model as well as the "feedback" and returns the refined result to the user. Specifically, the learning algorithm is developed based on a Coupled Hidden Markov Model (CHMM), which models the interactions of objects in CAIs and recognizes hidden patterns among them. This iterative learning and retrieval process contributes to the bridging of the "semantic gap", and the experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Broadband Modeling and Tuning of Multi-layer RF Circuits using Physical Augmentation Methodology

In this paper, a circuit augmentation technique for broadband modeling of component libraries, and tuning of multilayer, embedded RF passive circuits has been presented. The circuit augmentation technique is based on a circuit partitioning technique, modified nodal analysis and a linear optimization framework. The "physical" circuit augmentation algorithm that has been implemented in this paper automatically ensures passivity and stability of the broadband models. The technique has been verified for broadband modeling of spiral inductors and planar embedded capacitors. The methodology has also been applied for the tuning of bandpass filters. The proposed methodology show good correlation with the measured/EM data.
Adaptive distributed orthogonalization processing for principal components analysis

Adaptive extraction of principal components of a vector stochastic process is a topic currently receiving much attention. The authors propose a learning algorithm implemented on a neural-like network. This algorithm is shown to be superior to previous ones. The convergence of this algorithm can be proved, but only an outline of the proof is presented. >
A Primer on UHMWPE

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a unique polymer with outstanding physical and mechanical properties such as chemical inertness, lubricity, impact resistance, and abrasion resistance. UHMWPE comes from a family of polymers with a deceptively simple chemical composition, consisting of only hydrogen and carbon. At a molecular level, the carbon backbone of polyethylene can twist, rotate, and fold into ordered crystalline regions. At a supermolecular level, the UHMWPE consists of powder (also known as resin or flake) that must be consolidated at elevated temperatures and pressures to form a bulk material. Further layers of complexity are introduced by chemical changes that arise in UHMWPE due to radiation sterilization and processing. The degree and orientation of crystalline regions within a polyethylene depend on a variety of factors including its molecular weight, processing conditions, and environmental conditions. UHMWPE is significantly more abrasion resistant and wear resistant than high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
The Illusory Faces of Implicit Intelligence Policy

The preceding chapters have initiated a search for truth regarding the influence of assumptions about intelligence on social policy. As is common among quests in which a singular truth is the goal, the discovery is made that the truth being sought is, in reality, multifaceted, complex, mercurial, controversial, and, above all, highly elusive. In keeping with this truism, implicit intelligence policy has many faces, although they are usually well-masked.
Integrating undergraduate research into the electro-optics and laser engineering technology program at Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Bringing research into an undergraduate curriculum is a proven and powerful practice with many educational benefits to students and the professional rewards to faculty mentors. In recent years, undergraduate research has gained national prominence as an effective problem-based learning strategy. Developing and sustaining a vibrant undergraduate research program of high quality and productivity is an outstanding example of the problem-based learning. To foster student understanding of the content learned in the classroom and nurture enduring problem-solving and criticalthinking abilities, we have created a collaborative learning environment by building research into the Electro-Optics curriculum for the first- and second-year students. The teaching methodology is described and examples of the research projects are given. Such a research-integrated curriculum effectively enhances student learning and critical thinking skills, and strengthens the research culture for the first- and second-year students.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Plant Damage Caused by the Onion Maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

The spatial and temporal distribution of onion maggot (OM)-induced plant damage were studied both within and among onion fields. Distribution of damage within a field of onions was found to be random in untreated plots and aggregated in treated plots early in the season when damage was low. The distribution of plant damage departed significantly from random in all plots later in the season as damage increased. Aggregation or clumping was found to predominate in the regional analysis of plant damage among fields. There were primarily two periods of OM damage during the season, and the first generation of OM larvae caused 65% of the total damage. Possible reasons for the aggregated distribution of damage both within and among onion fields are discussed.
The National Association of Manufacturers and Public Relations during the New Deal

The National Association of Manufacturers was influential in establishing public relations as a permanent fixture in American corporate life. The Association took up the use of public relations in the depths of the depression, promoted its use strongly, and increased its stature.
The effect of urea on immunologic reactions

In a previous article 1 I reported that urea inhibited the action of rabbit complement. The present paper contains further results which show the effect of urea on human, guinea-pig, dog and hog complement, on normal dog antihuman hemolysins, and the effect of intravenous injections of urea and sodium chloride, respectively, on rabbit complement and the leukocyte count. These observations are paralleled with blood urea determinations.
Metabolism of Chloropropylate and Bromopropylate Acaricides by Twospotted Spider Mites and House Flies

Chloropropylate® (isopropyl 4,4'-dichlorobenzilate) and Acarol® (bromopropylate; isopropyl 4,4'dibromobenzilate) are chemically related specific acaricides. Toxicity of chloropropylate and bromopropylate to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, determined by the slide-dip technique was 3.3 and 2.9 ppm, respectively, whereas toxicity to the house fly, Musca domestica L., determined by topical application, was greater than 500 ppm. Spider mites and house flies absorbed and metabolized the 14C labeled benzilate acaricides; metabolites tentatively identified by cochromatography included the respective halogen-substituted benzilic acid, benzhydrol, benzophenone, and benzoic acid. Although differences in both penetration and metabolism of chloropropylate and bromopropylate were detected between spider miles and house flies, they were not substantial enough to account for the marked selective toxicity of the 2 acaroides.
What Have We Learned from Cross-National Research on the Causes of Income Inequality?

Reviews of research on the causes of income inequality often limit themselves to the United States or highly industrialized societies. The present review seeks greater generalizability across societies at all levels of development. It covers cross-national studies published since the 1960s, which draw upon a variety of theories and test them empirically, with the result that that we can now identify a broad range of important causal variables that explain variations in income inequality both across societies and over time. These variables include: economic dualism and the Kuznets inverted-U hypothesis, demographic variables, human capital theory and the influence of a population’s level of education, educational inequality, and the race between education (skill) and technology, democracy, communist rule, factors of production, labor institutions, neoliberal globalization, and the effect of the state on inequality. The review suggests which of these variables have more robust effects, and which causal effects are more contested.
Real-Time 3D Route Planning Based on Classifying Strategy

In order to improve the ground attacking efficiency of aircrafts,3D route planning technology must be studied. Firstly,based on analysis to the effect of aircraft attitude changing on the exposing range,the aircraft stealth model is built up. Then,considering that it is not true that the threat area can never be passed through,a discontinuously exposing model is established. Since the step-by-step plan( SSP)algorithm established based on the improved sparse A-star algorithm has the defect of local convergence,one3D route planning method based on classifying strategy is presented. At last,simulation is given in real terrain,which results show the effectiveness and practical applicability of the proposed model and algorithm.
White Women, Racial Identity, and Learning about Racism in Graduate Preparation Programs

This study explored how White women learned about racism and White privilege in higher education and student affairs (HESA) master’s degree programs. Drawn from a grounded theory, findings included 16 coursework and pre-professional experiences that generated racial dissonance, leading to “hunger” for more knowledge about racism and White privilege. White women’s experiences were uneven across programs and demonstrated resistance to White privilege. Findings offer implications for HESA programs and recommendations for future research.