cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signal processing strategies for passive FT-IR sensors

Computer-generated synthetic single-beam spectra and interferograms are used to study signal processing strategies for passive Fourier transform IR (FTIR) sensor. Synthetic data are generated for one-, two-, and four- component mixtures of organic vapors in two passive FTIR remote sensing scenarios. The single-beam spectra are processed using Savitsky-Golay smoothing, first derivative, and second derivative filters of various orders and widths. Interferogram data are processed by Fourier filtering using Gaussian-shaped bandpass digital filters. Pattern recognition of the target analyte spectral signature is performed using soft independent modeling of class analogy. Quantitative models for the target gas integrated concentration-path length product are built using partial least-squares regression and locally weighted regression. Pattern recognition and calibration models of the filtered spectra and interferograms produced similar results. Chemical detection is possible for complex mixtures if the temperature difference between the source and analyte cloud is sufficiently large. Quantitative analysis is possible if the temperature of the analyte cloud is stable or known and is sufficiently different from the background temperature.
Molecular Determinants of Proteolytic Disassembly of the Reovirus Outer Capsid

Following attachment and internalization, mammalian reoviruses undergo intracellular proteolytic disassembly followed by viral penetration into the cytoplasm. The initiating event in reovirus disassembly is the cathepsin-mediated proteolytic degradation of viral outer capsid protein σ3. A single tyrosine-to-histidine mutation at amino acid 354 (Y354H) of strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) σ3 enhances reovirus disassembly and confers resistance to protease inhibitors such as E64. The σ3 amino acid sequence of strain type 3 Abney (T3A) differs from that of T3D at eight positions including Y354H. However, T3A displays disassembly kinetics and protease sensitivity comparable with T3D. We hypothesize that one or more additional σ3 polymorphisms suppress the Y354H phenotype and restore T3D disassembly characteristics. To test this hypothesis, we engineered a panel of reovirus variants with T3A σ3 polymorphisms introduced individually into T3D-σ3Y354H. We evaluated E64 resistance and in vitro cathepsin L susceptibility of these viruses and found that one containing a glycine-to-glutamate substitution at position 198 (G198E) displayed disassembly kinetics and E64 sensitivity similar to those properties of T3A and T3D. Additionally, viruses containing changes at positions 233 and 347 (S233L and I347T) developed de novo compensatory mutations at position 198, strengthening the conclusion that residue 198 is a key determinant of σ3 proteolytic susceptibility. Variants with Y354H in σ3 lost infectivity more rapidly than T3A or T3D following heat treatment, an effect abrogated by G198E. These results identify a regulatory network of residues that control σ3 cleavage and capsid stability, thus providing insight into the regulation of nonenveloped virus disassembly.
Chemical Identification of a Low Abundance Lysozyme Peptide Family Bound to I-Ak Histocompatibility Molecules

The processing by antigen-presenting cells (APC) of the protein hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) results in the selection of a number of peptide families by the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, I-A(k). Some of these families are expressed in very small amounts, in the order of a few picomoles/10(9) APC. We detected these peptides from an extract of class II MHC molecules by using monoclonal anti-peptide antibodies to capture the MHC-bound peptides prior to their examination by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. Here, we have identified several members of a family of peptides encompassing residues 20-35, which represent less than 1% of the total HEL peptides. Binding analysis indicated that the core segment of the family was represented by residues 24-32 (SLGNWVCAA). Asn-27 (shown in boldface) is the main MHC-binding residue, mapped as interacting with the P4 pocket of the I-A(k) molecule. Analysis of several T cell hybridomas indicated that three residues contacted the T cell receptor: Tyr-23 (P-1), Leu-25 (P3), and Trp-28 (P5). The HEL peptides isolated from the APC extract were sulfated on Tyr-23, but further analysis showed that this modification did not occur physiologically but took place during the peptide isolation.
Familial risks of congenital heart defect assessed in a population-based epidemiologic study

Congenital heart defects (CHD) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by chromosome abnormalities, mendelian disorders, teratogenic exposures, and unknown etiologic mechanisms. A large group of various isolated defects is presumably multifactorial in origin. Previous studies of familial risks for specific anatomic defects obtained from clinical series may include significant biases and obscured pathogenic relationships. In this population-based study we analyzed all cases of CHD in infants and a control birth cohort in the Baltimore-Washington area. The rates of CHD were defined for first-degree relatives of cases with isolated defects, grouped by a pathogenic classification scheme. Precurrence risks were found to vary among the groups, and risks for flow lesions were higher than previously reported. The sibling precurrence risk for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (13.5%) was not significantly different from that expected for an autosomal recessive mechanism; the risks for different types of ventricular septal defects (VSD) varied among mechanistic groups. The results indicate that the additive multifactorial model does not adequately account for the risks in all forms of isolated CHD of unknown etiology.
Political Influence on Physical Education and Sport in the People's Republic of China:

sport has been intertwined with government in the People's Republic of China since the Communist Party took power in 1949. It serves best as a subculture, fitting into the scope of socialism. In this paper, the author investigates whether China can become a super sport power in the world. This is done by examining sport ideology, governmental structure, sport history, integrated education, mass sports, and competitive sports from the ascendancy of Mao's leadership to the post-Mao leadership under Den, and to analyze historically and sociologically the interdependence of sport, physical culture, Chinese culture, and politics. In addition, the author's experience in the system for twenty-five years highlights the investigation.
Synthesis and radical polymerization of 1,1,2,2-tetracyanocyclopropylstyrene

An isomeric mixture (m-/p-: 70/30, mole/mole) of 1,1,2,2-tetracyanocyclopropylstyrene 2 was prepared by cyclopropane formation from bromomalononitrile and vinyl benzaldehyde. The substituted styrene compound 2 was polymerized with free radical initiator to obtain the polymers with multicyano functions in the pendant group. The resulting polymers were soluble in acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the inherent viscosities were in the range of 0.27–0.32 dL/g. Solution-cast films were clear and brittle, showing Tg value of 112°C.
Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on insulin-induced responses in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.

Abstract Insulin stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in serum-free medium, whereas 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) did not affect cell growth. In cells cotreated with insulin plus TCDD or TCDF, insulin-induced cell proliferation and [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation were inhibited. In contrast, α-naphthoflavone, a partial aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor antagonist, blocked the inhibitory effects of TCDD, suggesting that the Ah receptor was involved in TCDD-induced responses in MCF-7 cells. TCDD alone did not affect K d and B max values for binding of [ 125 I]insulin to the insulin receptor (IR); however, in MCF-7 cells cotreated with insulin plus TCDD, the insulin-induced K d value for IR–ligand binding was decreased and the B max value was increased. TCDD induced IR mRNA levels and inhibited several other insulin-induced responses including c-fos protooncogene expression, phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and a 185-kDa protein in MCF-7 cells.
The Influence of Litigation Costs on Deterrence under Strict Liability and under Negligence

This paper examines the influence of litigation costs on deterrence under strict liability and under negligence. By deterrence, I refer to the effect of the threat of liability on the care exercised by potential injurers.’ More precisely, this paper takes litigation costs as given and examines the social desirability of the levels of care exercised under negligence and under strict liability.2 The relationship of this paper to the existing literature examining the influence of litigation costs on incentives under a liability system can best be described by comparing its focus to two fairly recent papers.’ Shave11 (1982) examines whether plaintiffs bring suit when bringing suit is socially desirable in a regime in which litigation is costly. Polinsky and Rubinfeld (1988) examine whether the level of liability is socially optimal in a regime in which litigation is costly. This paper examines whether the level of care is socially optimal in a regime in which litigation is costly. The major result presented in this paper is that strict liability leads to underdeterrence when litigation costs are taken into account. The intuition behind this conclusion is straightforward. Optimal deterrence requires that all external costs resulting from the injurer’s failure to take care be “internalized” to the injurer. But if litigation is costly, two types of external cost will not be internalized under strict liability: the litigation cost “imposed” on victims who choose to sue; and the losses suffered by victims who choose not to sue because the cost of litigating exceeds the anticipated damage award. The negligence rule also leads to underdeterrence when litigation costs are taken into account. Specifically, if agents have rational expectations and the jury is perfectly informed, then in equilibrium a negligence regime must underdeter. The
“Living Memory”: Discussion of Avishai Margalit's “Nostalgia”

Avishai Margalit raises questions about how memory can be a moral and an ethical concern, and in this commentary on “Nostalgia,” Aron expands on these themes and examines the place of memory in psychoanalysis and in Judaism. The study of memory and of mind are inseparable. At its best, psychoanalysis does not contrast thoughts and actions, inner and outer, memory and motor action, intrapsychic mental life and interpersonal external behavior as simple dichotomous terms but rather views these as mutually defining transformations, different views of a single complex reality. Conceived in this way, memory is not a static internal picture, but rather is continually constructed, embedded in our interpersonal context. It is living memory.
Magnetic trapping and Zeeman relaxation of NH (X3Sigma

NH radicals are magnetically trapped and their Zeeman relaxation and energy transport collision cross sections with helium are measured. Continuous buffer-gas loading of the trap is direct from a room-temperature molecular beam. The Zeeman relaxation (inelastic) cross section of magnetically trapped electronic, vibrational, and rotational ground state NH molecules in collisions with 3He is measured to be 3.8+/-1.1 x 10(-19) cm(2) at 710 mK. The NH-He energy transport cross section is also measured, indicating a ratio of diffusive to inelastic cross sections of gamma=7 x 10(4), in agreement with recent theory [R. V. Krems, H. R. Sadeghpour, A. Dalgarno, D. Zgid, J. Klos, and G. Chalasinski, Phys. Rev. A 68, 051401 (2003)10.1103/PhysRevA.68.051401].
White matter structural connectivity is associated with sensorimotor function in stroke survivors

Purpose Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides functionally relevant information about white matter structure. Local anatomical connectivity information combined with fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) may predict functional outcomes in stroke survivors. Imaging methods for predicting functional outcomes in stroke survivors are not well established. This work uses DTI to objectively assess the effects of a stroke lesion on white matter structure and sensorimotor function.
Stair phenomenon study in spectrum infrared transmission of water spray

The calculation and theoretical analysis of water spray infrared attenuation have been partially solved, where multi-scattering, distribution of droplet diameter, droplet density and water optical character in the infrared atmosphere window, etc. are considered. However, under the premise that droplet density does not change, is there a stair phenomenon in water spray monochromatic infrared transmission? If yes, what are the reasons? These questions are still to be answered. In the calculation, with the unchanged general droplet density, through changing the droplet size of water spray, the corresponding water spray spectrum 3~12μm infrared transmission is calculated with MIE scatter theory and Single Diameter Monte Carlo Method. The results show that there are two conditions for the occurrence of infrared transmission stair phenomenon of water spray: 1) with the increase of droplet diameter, the droplet extinction index decreasing speed is consistent with the square speed of droplet diameter increase; 2) the corresponding infrared albedo change small. Meanwhile, results also show that when the infrared wave length is less than 3.3μm or more than 5.7μm, there is no stair-like phenomenon in water spray transmission curve. While between 3.3 and 5.7μm, the spectrum infrared transmission stair phenomenon will occur in certain droplet diameter range.
Worst Case Bounds for Maximal Compatible Subsets

An exact upper bound is found for the number of maximal compatible subsets of an n-state incompletely specified sequential machine (ISSM). This bound, on the order of 3n/3, iS also a worst case computer storage and computation time limit for any algorithm to find maximal compatibles.
Redistribution of radiation in the absence of collisions

Redistribution and depolarization of near-resonant radiation is studied for the He 2(1P)-3(1D) line (668 nm) and some data for H-alpha (656 nm) are also presented. A Nd:YAG pumped dye laser, with a bandwidth of 0.1/cm and a power density of 100 kW/sq cm, is used in the experiment. The transitions have lower levels with natural line widths that are large compared with their upper-level natural widths, and, under experimental conditions, their collisional widths are also small. The ratio of fluorescence to Rayleigh intensity is measured and the results indicate that while the Rayleigh emission has the same temporal development as the laser pulse (5 ns FWHM), the fluorescent intensity has a decay time determined by the radiative decay lifetime and by collisional quenching. The prediction that redistribution of radiation occurs in the absence of collisions for transitions having significant lower-level radiative widths is confirmed. Depolarization rates by collisions with helium are also inferred from the measurements.
Experimental study on subsurface erosion of peats

Subsurface erosion threatens the stability of levees and earth dams. A less understood aspect of subsurface erosion is the erosion potential of peat. In the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California, some levees were built on peat deposits. This paper reports the preliminary laboratory study of subsurface erosion of peat. Two types of peats are tested. Hole erosion tests are conducted using a triaxial apparatus. The triaxial cell is modified to allow the eroded peat particles to exit the cell into a pressurized sedimentation tank. The peat specimens are saturated and consolidated under four different effective stresses. Then hydraulic gradient is incrementally applied to the specimen to find the critical hydraulic gradient. Based on the preliminary research, it is concluded that (1) when peat is consolidated under embankment load, even with small effective stress of 34 kN/m, internal erosion is less likely to occur, (2) due to the high compressibility of peat, consolidation under increased embankment loads tends to close (or heal) initially formed piping channels.
Physician accessibility: an urban case study of pediatric providers

Social disparity in the spatial distribution of healthcare providers in urban areas is a recognized problem. However, efforts to quantify the problem have been hampered by a lack of satisfactory measurements and methods. We revive and enhance a strategy based on provider density, proposed nearly three decades ago. The method avoids the border-crossing problem associated with provider-population ratios, yet reports spatial accessibility in intuitive units that are easily compared across diverse populations and geographies. We find racial and socioeconomic disparities in our case city, Washington, DC, despite a citywide overabundance of primary care providers for children.
The Role of SSRI Antidepressants for Treating Depressed Patients in the California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) Program

This research used paid claims data to investigate the likelihood that patients achieved an adequate course of antidepressant drug therapy and the impact of completed therapy on health care costs. Completed therapy was defined as six or more months of uninterrupted therapy at an adequate dose as determined by AHCPR treatment guidelines. Apparent average daily dose for each prescription filled was calculated from data on the prescription paid claim and allowances were made for titration of dose to therapeutic levels and changes in antidepressant therapy. A total of 1648 new episodes of antidepressant therapy were identified for analysis. The likelihood of achieving an adequate course of antidepressant therapy was 22%. Completion rates varied significantly across antidepressants with fluoxetine achieving the highest completion rate at nearly 51%. Total health care costs were significantly lower for patients who completed therapy (−$1487; P = .0487) due primarily to lower ambulatory care costs (−$1296; P = .0110). Fluoxetine was the only antidepressant therapy which exhibited significantly lower total health care cost per patient relative to the older tricyclic antidepressants (−$3524; P = .0024). The total costs of treating depression in the ambulatory setting were found to vary widely across alternative antidepressants. Most of the cost-savings associated with fluoxetine use were associated with the increased likelihood of completed therapy. Further research is needed to verify if fluoxetine achieves better rates of completed therapy relative to other SSRI antidepressants using data from other settings.
Distribution models of invasive plants over-estimate potential impact

Habitat suitability models developed for non-native, invasive species often implicitly assume that projected invasion risk equates to risk of impact. I aim to test to what extent this assumption is true by comparing commonly-used invasive plant distribution datasets to abundance records. I compared herbarium occurrence records (downloaded from an online database) and regional occurrence records (compiled from individual states) to abundance estimates collected from over 300 invasive plant experts for 9 invasive species in the western U.S. I also created habitat suitability models (HSMs) using these datasets and compared the areas of predicted suitability. Sixty percent of the time, herbarium occurrences were located in regions where the species was rare enough to be undetected by experts, while only 26 % coincided with locations identified as having high abundance. Regional occurrences were located in areas where the species was not detected 32 % of the time, and on high abundance 42 % of the time. HSMs based on herbarium records encompassed 89 % of land area at risk of abundance, but overestimated the area of estimated risk (27–46 % false positive rate). HSMs based on regional occurrences had a smaller false positive rate (22–31 %), but encompassed only 67–68 % of area suitable for abundance. Herbarium records are strongly skewed towards locations with low invasive plant abundance, leading to invasion risk models that vastly overestimate abundance risk. Models based on occurrence points should be interpreted as risk of establishment only, not risk of abundance or impact. If HSMs aim to be more management relevant, invasion risk models should include abundance as well as occurrence.
Properties of substances in gelatin which stimulate the growth of chicks fed amino acid diets

Abstract Fractionations of an acid hydrolyzate of gelatin were carried out and the fractions assayed for growth-stimulating activity with chicks fed amino acid diets. The growth-stimulating activity was not extracted with n -butanol; was partly extracted with phenol; was not precipitated by basic lead acetate or phosphotungstic acid; was not taken up by Amberlite IR4B; but was taken up by Dowex 50 and eluted with acid. The properties of the active materials are discussed.
Simulation properties of a regional interindustry econometric model

Unfortunately, we do not know how closely WPSM simulates the regional impact process, since we cannot observe the economy's “true” multipliers. Nor are we on sound empirical grounds for concluding that WPSM's simulation properties are necessarily superior to those of other state models, such as the static input-output formulation.
Economic determinants of presidential elections: The fair model

Ray Fair has constructed a model explaining the incumbent share of the two-party presidential popular vote for the elections of 1916-1984. The economic measures of the growth rate of real per capita GNP and the absolute value of the rate of inflation are singled out as important. In addition, a time trend favoring Democrats and whether an incumbent is seeking reelection are included. I argue that the Fair model is misspecified. Including the rate of growth in the Dow Jones Industrial Averages significantly improves the fit of the model, eliminates the trend as significant, reduces the income parameter, and strengthens the inflation parameter. In addition, the model remains stable when including the 1908 and 1912 elections, and up-dating to include the 1988 election strengthens the results. The explanatory power of the model is impressive with only one missed election outcome (1976) between 1908 and 1988, and this miss is easily explained by the impact of Watergate on the Republican candidate, President Ford.
The identification of cholesterol and other steroids in Euphorbia pulcherimma

Abstract The 4-desmethyl tetracycles of the whole poinsettia plant ( Euphorbia pulcherimma ) less roots amounted to 0.07% of the wet wt and were shown by 1 H NMR spectroscopy to be steroids and not euphoids. The most abundant component was cholesterol, constituting half the mixture, followed in order of decreasing concentration by 24α-ethylcholesterol (sitosterol), 24α-methylcholesterol (campesterol) and 24β-methylcholesterol (22-dihydrobrassicasterol). The relative amount of cholesterol in this plant is the highest found so far in a tracheophyte. The 4,4-dimethyl compounds (0.1% of wet wt) included lanosterol (5%), 24-dihydrolansterol (5%), β-amyrin (25%), germanicol (50%), an unidentified pentacyclic triterpenoid (8%) and two or more (7%) unidentified components. Both the 4,4-dimethyl- and the 4-desmethylsterols were in the configurational series with a 20α-H-atom. Dihydrolanosterol and lanosterol are the probable intermediates from cycloartenol to cholesterol and 24-alkylcholesterol, respectively. Such a sequence would differ from that operating in most angiosperms, where the alkylation is thought to precede the opening of the 9,19-cyclopropane ring.
Phase-Amplitude Resetting of the Human Circadian Pacemaker via Bright Light: A Further Analysis:

We present here an analysis of strong, weak, and critical bright-light resetting trials in humans, and report not only phase but also amplitude data for the first time. For this analysis, an appropriate iterative smoothing procedure for phase transition curves is introduced, in which the data are sequenced so as to minimize the perpendicular distance from the data to the smoothed fit. From these smoothed data, we create polar phase-amplitude resetting maps (PARMs) in order to fully illustrate the effects of the resetting stimuli on both circadian amplitude and phase, and thereby to determine whether these resetting results can be decribed by a phase-only model or whether a phase-amplitude model is required. Our results indicate that a single 5-hr episode of bright light induces weak type 1 resetting of the human circadian pacemaker. Two cycles of exposure to the same stimulus on consecutive days induce critical resetting, in which significant amplitude reduction may be observed. A three-cycle stimulus ind...
Dynamics of a loop-free path-finding algorithm

The dynamics of a loop-free path-finding algorithm (LPA) based on predecessor information and a single-hop internodal synchronization mechanism is investigated. LPA is compared with a loopfree algorithm based on diffusing computations, DUAL, and an ideal link-state (ILS) algorithm based on topology broadcast. Comparisons include the dynamic response of the algorithms to a single and multiple link-cost changes as well as single link and router failures and recoveries. The results show that LPA requires a significantly smaller number of messages than ILS and DUAL to update routing tables when multiple changes in link costs occur. LPA's performance is always significantly better than DUALs and significantly better than ILSs after node failures and resource additions (in some instances, ILS requires almost four times as many messages). After a link failure, LPA requires approximately the same time to converge as ILS and at most twice as many messages.
Representing Culture: The Production of Discourse(s) for Aboriginal Acrylic Paintings

When I was returning to Central Australia in July of 1988, I noticed an unusual woman on the plane from Sydney to Alice Springs, the heart of Australia's "Outback" where the clothing tends to range from tourist sweat suits and reeboks, to country western style outfits with R. M. Williams stockman's boots, to hippie-traveler casual. Compared to most of the passengers, this woman was dramatically overdressed-wearing fine gold-colored Italian leather sandals, scarlet nailpolish, and a kaftan style designer jacket and trousers made of dark silk. She was accompanied by a man with long black hair drawn back in a ponytail, a black goatee and mustache, and a long black duster coat-the combined effect evoked a late 19th-century studio artist from the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. Leaving the plane, I wondered what these people, who seemed ready for a gallery party in Sydney, could be doing in the frontier town of Alice Springs, particularly since they seemed to know their way around. An hour later, dressed in my uniform of choice, a denim shirt and jeans, I stopped in to greet old friends at the shop of the Papunya Tula Artists company, where I was introduced to the mystery woman. She was Gabrielle Pizzi, the Mel bourne art dealer who is the principal distributor of the acrylic paintings produced by the Aboriginal people with whom I have been working since 1973. Our different ideas about attire for meeting Aboriginal artists in the Outback emphasized our differences. Ironically, my discomfort with their entry into a domain I had considered refreshingly remote from the pretensions of our own society's high culture lead me to examine the world from which they came. Back in New York, in May of 1989 the John Weber Gallery in Soho had a show of Papunya Tula Artists' work, and as I waited there one afternoon to interview the gallery owner, I was jarred by hearing a visitor to the gallery talk with familiarity of Simon Tjakamarra's "colorism" and the decline of Clifford Pos-
CWDM vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser array spanning 140 nm of the C, S, and L fiber transmission bands

We demonstrate record wavelength span from an eight-channel two-dimensional wavelength-division-multiplexed optically pumped vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser array. The array operates continuous wave above 65/spl deg/C and spans 140 nm of the S-, C-, and L-band from 1470 to 1610 nm with 20-nm channel spacing. The devices are fabricated using two separate active regions laterally integrated with fully oxidized distributed Bragg reflectors using nonplanar wafer bonding. We achieved single transverse-mode operation with greater than 36-dB sidemode suppression ratios and less than 2-dB output power variation across the array.
Structure-based identification of small molecule binding sites using a free energy model.

We separately have shown that the maximal druglike affinity of a given binding site on a protein can be calculated on the basis of the binding-site structure alone by using a desolvation-based free energy model along with the notion that druglike ligands fall into certain physiochemical property ranges. Here, we present an approach where we reformulate the calculated druggability affinity as an additive free energy to facilitate the searching of whole protein surfaces for druglike binding sites. The highest-scoring patches in many cases represent known ligand-binding sites for druggable targets, but not for difficult targets. This approach differs from other approaches in that it does not simply identify pockets with the greatest volume but instead identifies pockets that are likely to be amenable to druglike small-molecule binding. Combining the method with a functional residue prediction method called SCA (statistical coupling analysis) results in the prediction of potentially druggable allosteric bindi...
Guard ring diodes for suppression of substrate noise and improved reliability in mixed-mode CMOS circuits

Forward biased n/sup +/ guard ring diodes are used to generate a relatively large on-chip capacitance. This variable capacitance is resonated with the normal substrate lead inductance to form a very low impedance path to ground. In this manner, substrate noise in mixed signal CMOS integrated circuits can be suppressed resulting in less noise and improved reliability in analog portions of the mixed mode circuits.
Cellular reprogramming and pluripotency induction

Introduction Cellular reprogramming is the process of directing mature cells to a primitive state of gene expression. Sources of data Medline searches using the keywords 'pluripotency', 'induce' (and derivatives), and/or 'stem' limited to the years 2006 to the present and other selected literature known to the author. Areas of agreement Since 2006, there has been a cavalcade of scientific works describing so-called 'direct reprogramming' wherein somatic cells are forced into a state of gene expression very similar to embryonic stem cells. These findings build upon prior research using nuclear transfer (cloning) and even older efforts to understand developmental processes. Areas of controversy While already of tremendous research value, it remains to be seen how (if) direct reprogramming methodologies will be refined for clinical use. Areas timely for developing research A greater understanding of epigenetics, the process by which different patterns of gene expression are established, maintained and redirected, will continue to be enlightened by advances in cellular reprogramming.
Loss of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) does not affect mammary development and propensity for tumor formation but leads to reduced fertility

The peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is expressed in many cell types including mammary epithelium, ovary, macrophages, and B- and T-cells. PPARγ has an anti-proliferative effect in pre-adipocytes and mammary epithelial cells, and treatment with its ligands reduced the progression of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors in mice. Because PPARγ-null mice die in utero it has not been possible to study its role in development and tumorigenesis in vivo. To investigate whether PPARγ is required for the establishment and physiology of different cell types, a cell-specific deletion of the gene was carried out in mice using the Cre-loxP recombination system. We deleted the PPARγ gene in mammary epithelium using WAP-Cre transgenic mice and in epithelial cells, B- and T-cells, and ovary cells using MMTV-Cre mice. The presence of PPARγ was not required for functional development of the mammary gland during pregnancy and for the establishment of B- and T-cells. In addition, no increase in mammary tumors was observed. However, loss of the PPARγ gene in oocytes and granulosa cells resulted in impaired fertility. These mice have normal populations of follicles, they ovulate and develop corpora lutea. Although progesterone levels are decreased and implantation rates are reduced, the exact cause of the impaired fertility remains to be determined.
Benchmarks for grid computing: a review of ongoing efforts and future directions

Grid architectures are collections of computational and data storage resources linked by communication channels for shared use. It is important to deploy measurement methods so that Grid applications and architectures can evolve guided by scientific principles. Engineering pursuits need agreed upon metrics---a common language for communicating results, so that alternative implementations can be compared quantitatively. Users of systems need performance parameters that describe system capabilities so that they can develop and tune their applications. Architects need examples of how users will exercise their system to improve the design. The Grid community is building systems such as the TeraGrid [1] and The Informational Power Grid [2] while applications that can fully benefit from such systems are also being developed. We conclude that the time to develop and deploy sets of Grid benchmarks is now. This article reviews fundamental principles, early efforts, and benefits of Grid benchmarks to the study and design of Grids.
Replication and Extension of Little et al.'s (2003) Forms and Functions of Aggression Measure.

The goal of the current study was to replicate the confirmatory factor analysis of Little et al.'s (2003) aggression measure in an American sample of 69 children (mean age = 12.93 years; SD = 1.27). Although an exact replication of the original model could not be estimated given the small sample, a modified model representing a conceptual replication provided a good fit to the data. Findings suggest that this child self-reported aggression measure can be used with American samples to distinguish four domains of aggressive behavior (relational, overt, instrumental, and reactive).
FOTG: fault-oriented stress testing of IP multicast

Network simulators provide a useful tool, for protocol evaluation. However, the results depend heavily on the simulated scenarios, especially for complex protocols such as multicast. There has been little work on scenario generation. In this work we present a fault-oriented test generation (FOTG) algorithm for automated stress testing of multicast protocols. FOTG processes an extended FSM model and uses a mix of forward and backward search techniques. Unlike traditional verification approaches, instead of starting from initial states, FOTG starts from a fault and uses cause-effect relations for automatic topology synthesis then uses backward implication to generate tests. Using FOTG we test various mechanisms commonly employed by multicast routing and validate our results through simulation.
Communicating Climate Science from a Data-Centered Perspective

Communicating climate science research is a process encumbered by disparate frames of reference and context between scientist and audience. Fostering mutual context between climate scientists and the public is explored by using scientific observations, rather than scientific results, as a framework for mutual understanding. Challenges facing scientific researchers and suggestions to improve communication between scientists and the public are explored.
Cellulose and Hemicellulose Hydrolysis Models for Application to Current and Novel Pretreatment Processes

Acids catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars that organisms can ferment to ethanol and other products. However, advanced low- and no-acid technologies are critical if we are to reduce bioethanol costs to be competitive as a pure fuel. We believe carbohydrate oligomers play a key role in explaining the performance of such hydrolysis processes and that kinetic models would help us understand their role. Various investigations have developed reaction rate expressions based on an Arrhenius temperature dependence that is first order in substrate concentration and close to first order in acid concentration. In this article, we evaluate these existing hydrolysis models with the goal of providing a foundation for a unified model that can predict performance of both current and novel pretreatment process configurations.
Spectroscopy of private DNS update sources

We study attempts to dynamically update DNS records for private (RFC1918) addresses, by analyzing the frequency spectrum of updates observed at an authoritative nameserver for these addresses. We developed a binary autocorrelation algorithm and discovered that updates come in infinite series with periods of 60 or 75 minutes. We identify both periods as default settings of out-of-the-box Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP DNS software. Identifying this common property of end-user environments helps to understand users' behavior on the Internet. To our knowledge this is the first study of the global impact of dynamic DNS.
A Zeolite‐Supported Molecular Ruthenium Complex with η6‐C6H6 Ligands: Chemistry Elucidated by Using Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory

An essentially molecular ruthenium-benzene complex anchored at the aluminum sites of dealuminated zeolite Y was formed by treating a zeolite-supported mononuclear ruthenium complex, [Ru(acac)(eta(2)-C(2)H(4))(2)](+) (acac=acetylacetonate, C(5)H(7)O(2)(-)), with (13)C(6)H(6) at 413 K. IR, (13)C NMR, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of the sample reveal the replacement of two ethene ligands and one acac ligand in the original complex with one (13)C(6)H(6) ligand and the formation of adsorbed protonated acac (Hacac). The EXAFS results indicate that the supported [Ru(eta(6)-C(6)H(6))](2+) incorporates an oxygen atom of the support to balance the charge, being bonded to the zeolite through three Ru-O bonds. The supported ruthenium-benzene complex is analogous to complexes with polyoxometalate ligands, consistent with the high structural uniformity of the zeolite-supported species, which led to good agreement between the spectra and calculations at the density functional theory level. The calculations show that the interaction of the zeolite with the Hacac formed on treatment of the original complex with (13)C(6)H(6) drives the reaction to form the ruthenium-benzene complex.
A 6μw, 100kbps, 3-5ghz, UWB impulse radio transmitter

In this paper we present the design and the measured results for a FCC-compliant UWB impulse transmitter (Tx) designed to operate in the 3–5GHz range. The transmitter uses a fast start-up, duty-cycled, current-starved ring-oscillator topology. A triangular pulse-shaping technique is utilized for spectrum-shaping to facilitate FCC compliance. The designed transmitter can be controlled to operate in 3-different bands centered at 3.5GHz, 4.0GHz, and 4.5GHz, with good inter-band isolation. The chip was fabricated in a 90nm CMOS technology, and was measured to consume only 2.8µW of leakage power and 2.9 µW at 100Kbps of dynamic power. The data-rate can be scaled up to 5Mbps at 29pJ/pulse, while still staying compliant with FCC-mask even with non-random pulsing. The output voltage swing was measured to be ~450–500mV across a 50Q load. The total power consumption of ~6µW at 100Kbps is an order of magnitude better than that of state-of-the-art designs, i.e. ~100µW, operating at same pulse rate.
GLUCOSE FERMENTATION AND GROWTH OF SELENOMONAS SPUTIGENA ON A MINIMAL MEDIUM

Very little is known about the growth physiology and metabolic niche of the human oral isolate Selenomonas sputigena. The objective of this study was to devise a minimal medium for comparing growth rates and fermentation of rumen Selenomonas ruminantium strains with S. sputigena. When anaerobically grown on a minimal glucose medium containing yeast extract as the only chemically undefined component, S. sputigena produced acetate, propionate, and succinate while S. ruminantium strains produced primarily lactate. When strains were compared (P < 0.05) for each carbon source that yielded growth, rumen strain HD4 grew faster than all other strains on glucose, cellobiose and glycerol while strain GA192 grew faster on trehalose. Rumen strains GA192, PC18, and HD4 grew faster on mannitol than rumen strains D and GA31. S. sputigena grew faster on lactate (0.38 ± 0.04) than any of the S. ruminantium strains. The minimal medium developed in this study should be useful for jurmer physiological studies on fermentation and metabolism in S. sputigena.
Detection and Differentiation of Cryptosporidium Parasites That Are Pathogenic for Humans by Real-Time PCR

Cryptosporidiosis is a significant cause of food-borne and waterborne outbreaks of diarrheal diseases. To better understand the route of transmission of Cryptosporidium parasites, a number of genotyping techniques have been developed, based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequencing analysis of antigen, structural, and housekeeping genes. In this study, a real-time assay for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts is described. This technique had a detection limit of five oocysts. By melting curve analysis of PCR products with fluorescence-labeled hybridization probes, this technique was able to differentiate five common Cryptosporidium parasites that are pathogenic for humans in a single PCR. We evaluated and validated the test using samples from presently known Cryptosporidium parasites that are pathogenic for humans. This technique provides an alternative molecular tool in epidemiologic studies of human cryptosporidiosis.
Fluoride Varnish Application in the Primary Care Setting. A Clinical Study.

Objectives: The study objectives were twofold: 1. To examine how an intervention to apply fluoride varnish (FV) in a primary health setting to all young, low-income children was implemented and sustained and 2. To assess the feasibility of tracking medical care utilization in this population. Study Design: The study included children age 1–5, insured through a government program, seen (7/1/2010–4/30/2012). Data on age, race, sex, clinic encounter, eligibility for and receipt of FV was obtained. The level of data in primary care, specialty care, urgent care and hospitalizations to assess feasibility of future patient tracking was also acquired.. Results: Of 12,067 children, 85% received FV. Differences were found by age (youngest had highest rates). Small differences by race (81%–88%, highest in Blacks.) was found. No differences were found by sex. Ability to track over time was mixed. Approximately 50% had comprehensive data. However, primary care visit and hospitalization data was available on a larger p...
CFTR Modulator Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis

The cloning of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) set into motion a cascade of discoveries that have helped to reveal the underlying pathophysiologic basis of cystic fibrosis (CF). This discovery and the knowledge that followed have also provided the opportunity to target this basic defect, with the hope of reversing or preventing the serious clinical consequences that result from absent CFTR function. With the recent approval of 2 therapies that directly modulate CFTR function in more than half of the CF population, we are now at the beginning of a pathway to providing increasingly effective therapies that have the potential to provide a fundamental change in the outcome of most patients with CF.
Reversible Luminescence Quenching of Porous Si by Solvents

Interaction of the solvents tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, methylene chloride, toluene, o-xylene, benzene, and methanol with luminescent porous n- Si (PS) results in reversible quenching of the luminescence associated with this material. The degree of quenching ranges from 99% – 50%, and scales with solvent dipole moment. Reaction with gaseous Cl2, Br2, or I2 results in irreversible quenching, associated with a surface reaction that removes Si-H bonds. Total luminescence quenching is observed on treatment of a PS wafer with a solution of the electron donor ferrocene in toluene, suggesting that charge transfer quenching may also be operative in this material. Luminescence is partially recovered by rinsing the PS in pure toluene. The data show that photoluminescence of PS is highly sensitive to surface adsorbates, suggesting that carrier trapping is easily induced in this material.
Ancient Metallurgy and Nuclear Waste Containment

Archaeological artifacts of glass, ceramic, and metal provide examples of long term durability and as such have been surveyed by the nuclear agencies of several countries as a possible guide to choices of materials for the containment of nuclear waste. In the case of metals evaluation is difficult because of the loss of many artifacts to recycling and corrosion processes, as well as by uncertainty as to the environmental history under which the remainder survived. More recently the study of ancient metallurgy has expanded to included other materials associated with metals processing. It is suggested that an impermeable ceramic composite used in ancient metals processing installations should be reproduced and tested for its resistance to radiation damage. This material was synthesized more than two millennia ago and has a proven record of durability. These installations have had no maintenance but are intact, some still holding water.
Plasma concentrations of estradiol produced with two delivery systems in ovariectomized rats.

SummaryOvariectomized rats received a single sc injection of 0, 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 μg of estradiol-17β (E2) in 0.1 ml sesame oil or sc implants of osmotic minipumps delivering 1 or 2 μg E2/24 hr. Plasma levels of E2 were determined at 2, 4, 8 and 12 hr after injections or 3, 6, 12 and 24 hr after insertion of mini-pumps. Injections produced superphysiological levels of E2 in plasma by 2 hr, but E2 was depleted from plasma in less than 12 hr. Minipumps provided constant circulating concentrations of E2. Constant release methods provide a much more logical delivery system for estrogen suppression of gonadotropin than the use of an oil vehicle.
Estimation of Treatment Efficacy When Numbers of Test Subjects Are Unknown

Procedures are described for analysis of number of survivors from bioassays done to determine the efficacy of quarantine treatments of fruits artificially infested with insects. Analysis of the observed survivors with Poisson or Poisson-lognormal models is preferable to the use of probit analysis. Simulation studies demonstrated that estimates of treatment levels necessary for 99.9968% mortality from survival analysis are superior (i.e., have smaller mean square errors) to those obtained from probit regression. Furthermore, analysis of the observed number of survivors avoids the problem of negative mortality estimates encountered in probit mortality methods. Based on these results, we recommend the use of data on observed survival rather than estimated mortality for the study of quarantine treatment efficacy.