cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wind Turbine Lightning Protection Project: 1999-2001

A lightning protection research and support program was instituted by NREL to help minimize lightning damage to wind turbines in the United States. This paper provides the results of a field test program, an evaluation of protection on selected turbines, and a literature search as well as the dissemination of the accumulated information.
Life cycles of marine nematodes : Influence of temperature and salinity in the development of Monhystera denticulata Timm.

Monhystera denticulata Timm, a free-living nematode present in the aufwuchs assemblages of several marine macrophytes located in North Sea Harbor, Southampton, New York, was isolated from Zostera marina and established in laboratory culture in order to study the influences of temperature and salinity on its life history. Under experimental conditions, M. denticulata has a generation time (Measured as the time elapsing between the first egg depositions of consecutive generations) of 10-12 days at 25° C and 26‰ S, which represent optimal growth conditions in the laboratory. The organism has a generation time of 20 days at 25° C and 13‰, 17 days at 25° C and 39‰, 18 days at 15° C and 26‰, 36 days at 15° C and 13‰ and 34 days at 15° C and 39‰. As conditions vary from the optimum of 25° C and 26‰ S, a decrease in temperature of 10° C and an increase or decrease in salinity of 13‰ results in a doubling of the generation time. At 5° C the generation time is about 180-197 days.Assuming optimum conditions and average generation time, about 15 generations of M. denticulata could occur in North Sea Harbor during the year. The number of generations occurring in reality is probably less, however, due to the fact that the females deposit their eggs over a period of several days.
Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) retest rate in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) surgical excision specimens.

e18524Background: ER testing in breast DCIS identifies patients who benefit from endocrine manipulation. We hypothesized that ER and PR testing on both biopsy and surgical tumor specimen may increa...
Monks in glaze: patronage, kiln origin, and iconography of the Yixian Luohans

Monks in Glaze, by Eileen Hsiang-ling Hsu, is a thoroughgoing examination of the marvelous statues collectively known as the Yixian luohans . These large-scale ceramic statues were taken out of Chi...
Snapchat and child sexual abuse in sport: protecting child athletes in the social media age.

Abstract Child sexual abuse is a pervasive problem that sport organizations must confront to protect the integrity of sport. While previous researchers have examined this topic, few have explored the role that technology plays. The authors address this gap by examining how coach perpetrators utilize Snapchat to facilitate sexual abuse, using Cense and Brackenridge’s (2001) Temporal Model of Sexual Abuse with Children and Young Persons in Sport as a framework. Analysis of 99 media reports from 2013 to 2018 found that Snapchat provides motivation for coach perpetrators to sexually abuse that allowed them, in varied ways, to overcome internal inhibitions, external barriers, and break down victim resistance. The results indicate that youth sport organizations must develop clear policies that govern coach-athlete communication and relationships in the digital age. To further protect young athletes, youth sport organizations must develop programming to educate parents and athletes on these boundaries, to increase understanding about how sexual abuse and sexual maltreatment occur in virtual spaces.
Using Virtual Reality to Improve Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence in the Treatment of HIV: Open-Label Repeated Measure Study.

Background: Nonadherence to HIV medications is a serious unsolved problem and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the HIV-positive population. Although treatment efficacy is high if compliance is greater than 90%, about 40% of people with HIV do not meet this threshold. Objective: This study aimed to test a novel approach to improve medication adherence by using a low-cost virtual reality (VR) experience to educate people with HIV about their illness. We hypothesized that people with HIV would be more likely to be compliant with the treatment following the 7-minute experience and, therefore, should have decreasing viral load (VL), increasing cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) cell counts, and improved self-reported adherence. Methods: We showed the VR experience to 107 participants with HIV at a county hospital in Los Angeles, California. Participants were asked to self-report how often they take their medications on a Likert-scale. The self-reported question (SRQ) was given before and at least 2 weeks after the VR experience. We also compared VL and CD4+ cell counts before and on average 101 days after the experience. VL and CD4+ were obtained per the clinic’s standard care protocol. Two-tailed paired t tests were performed on the initial and follow-up SRQ scores, VL, and CD4+. We restricted the CD4+ analysis to participants who had a pre-CD4+ below normal (defined as 500 cells/mm3). To reduce the possibility that VL were trending down and CD4+ were trending up regardless of the VR experience, 2 serial VL and CD4+ obtained before the experience were also compared and analyzed. Immediately following the VR experience, participants were given a 4-question Likert-type postexperience questionnaire (PEQ) that assessed their opinions about the experience. Results: SRQ scores improved from pre to post experience with high significance (P<.001). VL decreased from pre to post experience by 0.38 log10 copies/mL (95% CI 0.06-0.70; P=.02). In contrast, the 2 serial VL obtained before the experience showed no statistically significant changes. There was also a statistically significant increase in CD4+ (95% CI –3.4 to –54.3 cells/mm3; P=.03). Analysis of the PEQ revealed that VR was comfortable for almost all of the participants and that most participants believed the experience to be educational and that it would improve their medication adherence. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the low-cost VR experience caused an increased rate of antiretroviral therapy adherence that resulted in a decrease of VL and an increase of CD4+. Further studies are required to explore the duration of this effect and whether these results are generalizable to other treatment settings and populations.
Improved methods for detecting Xylella fastidiosa in pecan and related Carya species

Pecan bacterial leaf scorch (PBLS), caused by Xylella fastidiosa has been reported in Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Accurate methods are critical for the early detection of X. fastidiosa, but the validation of current diagnostic tools for pecan has yet to be investigated. Collected petioles, leaflets, and shoots from pecan and other Carya relatives in Texas, Indiana, and Georgia were used as tissue samples, and to isolate crude xylem sap and gDNA for side-by-side testing using immunological (ELISA) and molecular-based assays [traditional PCR and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)]. Isolated crude sap was found to be the most reliable template for ELISA diagnostics. X. fastidiosa-specific genes were amplified with previously published PCR primer sets; however, they revealed non-specific binding. New Xylella-specific primers were subsequently generated and validated using infected tissue from pecan and related Carya species. Two new primer sets (NMU3 and 5) produced expected amplicons specific to X. fastidiosa but did not amplify any non-specific bands of the pecan gDNA. When compared to that of total gDNA as the template in PCR reactions, diluted crude sap was found to be an efficient way to detect X. fastidiosa in pecan petioles. A novel TaqMan qPCR assay was also developed for the detection of X. fastidiosa. The results of the qPCR experiments were equivalent to the traditional PCR amplification when crude sap was used as the template. Comparative PCR analysis confirms that the PCR protocol outlined in this study can be replicated across different laboratories.
The Modern Explosive Threat: Improvised Explosive Devices

Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are not new to conflicts but are seeing expanded use against military targets and, now, increasingly, civilian targets. The expansion of the Internet has allowed for proliferation of IED technology, accelerated innovation, and rapid evolution of simple explosives designs to increasingly sophisticated devices. There are a plethora of devices that can be categorized as IEDs depending on the target, delivery method, nature of explosives, or triggering mechanism. This results in a wide range of potential injury patterns. Many injury patterns are similar to those from traditional explosions, with the caveats that they result in higher morbidity and mortality when used in confined spaces, result in higher rates of traumatic amputations, and are associated with clinically significant pathogenic contamination. As demonstrated by the rapid sophistication of IEDs over the past 20 years, the future will hold the same with readily available technology, such as drones being employed to increase the lethality of devices. Medical providers should constantly be alert to the changes in IED use and change in injury patterns in order to provide optimal care to victims of IEDs.
4CPS-323 Evaluation of the use, adherence and tolerance of 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops

Background and importance Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant with many potential uses in ophthalmic diseases. It is an inhibitor of calcineurin phosphatases, which suppress the first phase of T cell activation and leads to a decrease in inflammatory activity. There are no commercialised eye drops in Spain so its formulation as a pharmaceutical compound has to be done by the hospital pharmacy services. Aim and objectives To evaluate the use, tolerance and adherence of 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops as a pharmaceutical compound. Material and methods A retrospective observational study was conducted in patients treated with 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops from January 2017 to March 2020. The eye drops were prepared and dispensed by the hospital pharmacy service. For the preparation, 0.6 mL of intravenous Prograf 5 mg/mL were diluted with Liquifilm to a final volume of 10 mL. Demographic (sex and age) and clinical data (diagnosis, duration, adherence and tolerance) were recorded using electronic prescription and electronic medical records. Adherence was measured using registered dispensations as well as by follow-up controls by an ophthalmologist. We classified as the most compliant patients those with no delay in dispensation times in the pharmacist consultation. Results 54 patients (57% men) with a mean age of 32±21 years used tacrolimus eye drops during the study period. Tacrolimus eye drops were used for the treatment of immune mediated ophthalmic inflammatory diseases in 61.8% of patients, of whom 49.1% were for atopic or vernal keratoconjunctivitis. 20.0% of the total number of patients used the eye drops for hyperaemia of unknown cause,12.7% were used for dry eye and the remaining 5.4% for the treatment of graft rejections. Mean duration of treatment was 1.8±1.0 years. Tolerance was generally good. Only 24.07% of patients presented with itching, and 2 patients (3.70%) had palpebral dermatitis and miosis. 50% of patients were highly compliant (having no delay in dispensations), 38.89% had delayed dispensing at least once, 9.26% had delayed dispensing at least twice and 1.85% had irregular dispensations. Conclusion and relevance 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops were used primarily for the treatment of vernal or atopic keratoconjunctivitis but they have wide potential uses in ophthalmology diseases. The formulation was well tolerated by most of patients and adherence was generally correct, as measured by the pharmacist consultations. References and/or acknowledgements Conflict of interest No conflict of interest
Matching Commitments: A New Approach to Regulation of the Commons

No country can capture the full benefit of its efforts to provide global public goods such as protecting the climate or providing new medicines or technologies to a growing world. As a result, there is persistent under-investment in combating climate change and promoting innovation. This Article proposes a new solution to this well-studied social dilemma: matching commitments. It explains how matching commitments could be used in countries that adopt climate regulation to encourage action by other countries around the world. And it shows why this solution is better than other commonly-proposed solutions for encouraging action in recalcitrant countries.
Positive Sociology: Supporting Systemic Social Strengths and Solidarity

Sociology has historically focused on negative social interactions and social problems, leaving all but silent positive social interactions, until very recently. This paper discusses concepts about “positive sociology” originally introduced by Robert Stebbins. Positive sociology is a relatively new field within academia that is lending itself to a deeper understanding of positive social interaction while maintaining focus on social strengths. Positive sociology readjusts the focus of the discipline and integrates ideas about positive emotions, volunteerism, charity, altruism, humanitarian action, and positive psychology. Social interactions may be prioritized by sensations of positivity; motivations for positive social action are additionally reviewed. Sociology of emotion is considered for its involvement in the formation of well-being; Sociology of leisure is discussed for its influence in uncoerced volunteer activities. Qualitative and quantitative studies are considered for evidential reference and methodological suggestions. Because this academic field is still young, it was found that additional analysis is required to determine how we can study social strengths. The inspiration for social action in positive interpersonal relations is currently weighed by indistinct variables that demand further research in existing data; a multi-disciplinary method of research is proposed for this cause. If we were to understand how we positively interact with each other, especially when we work together for a greater good, and how these interactions encourage us to feel good in and about the world we live in, it could increase the desire to act selflessly, promote positive social change, as well as support and inform additional theories and research within sociology and other social science disciplines.
European migration and terrorism: humanitarian crisis, political rhetoric, or pragmatic policy?

The security debate concerning the recent wave of migrants into Europe has been contentious. This article examines the impact of recent migration flows into Europe and assesses the veracity of poli...
Unit 5: From Employee to Entrepreneur, Unit 5 (Open-Access Book Entrepreneurship Law: Company Creation)

This Unit will focus on our client who is transitioning or shifting from being an employee to becoming an entrepreneur. Each of the above-indicated topics will be discussed with that scope in mind. If you are fortunate enough to be meeting with the entrepreneur before they leave employment, you can be of more help than afterward. However, as lawyers, we do not have the luxury of choosing when a potential client comes to see us. If we do have the opportunity to advise the entrepreneur before they leave employment, we can be more proactive. We can advise as to what actions will constitute a breach of fiduciary duties, and we can review any employment agreement they may have had. We would want to look for a covenant not to compete, a confidentiality provision, or a non-solicitation provision. This Unit will discuss the aforementioned contractual provisions as they pertain to an entrepreneur and include a discussion on using 401(k) money for seed funding. This topic is included here because it directly pertains to the shift from employee to entrepreneur and whether the entrepreneur would like to use their retirement savings to start the business.
Invented Histories: Gossip as Archival Practice in Anna Burns' Milkman

In this article I will interrogate the role of gossip as archival practice as evidenced in Anna Burns’ 2018 novel Milkman. Set at the height of the Northern Irish Troubles, the novel depicts the complex power dynamics that are enacted within the Catholic community. The novel focuses intensely on gender, being a coming-of-age novel for the unnamed female narrator whose life is entirely structured by the power plays that enmesh her on a daily basis. I will argue that these complex power dynamics are maintained by the use of non-traditional forms of archiving – specifically gossip. Further, I will argue that the contemporaneous archival practices foregrounded in the novel delimit the potential for subjectivity to only two clear forms: what Michael Rothberg has termed the “implicated subject” and what Burns herself terms in the novel the “beyond-the-pales,” or those who have been effectively cast out of the Catholic community.
3-Dimensional Flaw Characterization Through 2-Dimensional Image Reconstructions

The 3-dimensional Born approximation is a powerful method for characterizing flaws because it can be applied to characterize flaws of any shape. Yet, the method has a number of difficulties, such as taking and processing a large amount of data, and the complications associated with 3-dimensional image reconstructions such as 3-dimensional interpolation, long computing time, etc. For these reasons the method is usually simplified and restricted to characterize symmetrically shaped flaws, which can be characterized by using only a small number of pulse echoes. Though this procedure is simple, it cannot be applied to characterize flaws of more general shape.
MO-F-CAMPUS-I-04: Characterization of Fan Beam Coded Aperture Coherent Scatter Spectral Imaging Methods for Differentiation of Normal and Neoplastic Breast Structures

Purpose: This study intends to characterize the spectral and spatial resolution limits of various fan beam geometries for differentiation of normal and neoplastic breast structures via coded aperture coherent scatter spectral imaging techniques. In previous studies, pencil beam raster scanning methods using coherent scatter computed tomography and selected volume tomography have yielded excellent results for tumor discrimination. However, these methods don’t readily conform to clinical constraints; primarily prolonged scan times and excessive dose to the patient. Here, we refine a fan beam coded aperture coherent scatter imaging system to characterize the tradeoffs between dose, scan time and image quality for breast tumor discrimination. Methods: An X-ray tube (125kVp, 400mAs) illuminated the sample with collimated fan beams of varying widths (3mm to 25mm). Scatter data was collected via two linear-array energy-sensitive detectors oriented parallel and perpendicular to the beam plane. An iterative reconstruction algorithm yields images of the sample’s spatial distribution and respective spectral data for each location. To model in-vivo tumor analysis, surgically resected breast tumor samples were used in conjunction with lard, which has a form factor comparable to adipose (fat). Results: Quantitative analysis with current setup geometry indicated optimal performance for beams up to 10mm wide, with wider beams producing poorer spatial resolution. Scan time for a fixed volume was reduced by a factor of 6 when scanned with a 10mm fan beam compared to a 1.5mm pencil beam. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the utility of fan beam coherent scatter spectral imaging for differentiation of normal and neoplastic breast tissues has successfully reduced dose and scan times whilst sufficiently preserving spectral and spatial resolution. Future work to alter the coded aperture and detector geometries could potentially allow the use of even wider fans, thereby making coded aperture coherent scatter imaging a clinically viable method for breast cancer detection. United States Department of Homeland Security; Duke University Medical Center - Department of Radiology; Carl E Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories; Duke University Medical Physics Graduate Program
Review of Scott Peterson, 'Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda'

The review explains why this book, published by Routledge, no less, is one of the most misleading and racist accounts ever to have been written of the Somali and Rwandan civil wars of the early 1990s. Having belittled Africans, Peterson pours scorn on the French, accusing them of complicity in genocide.
Self-duality and a Hall-insulator phase near the superconductor-to-insulator transition in indium-oxide films.

We combine measurements of the longitudinal (ρxx) and Hall (ρxy) resistivities of disordered 2D amorphous indium-oxide films to study the magnetic-field tuned superconductor-to-insulator transition (H-SIT) in the T --> 0 limit. At the critical field, Hc, the full resistivity tensor is T independent with ρxx(Hc) = h/4e(2) and ρxy(Hc) = 0 within experimental uncertainty in all films (i.e., these appear to be "universal" values); this is strongly suggestive that there is a particle-vortex self-duality at H = Hc. The transition separates the (presumably) superconducting state at H ∞ as T --> 0 whereas ρxy approaches a nonzero value smaller than its "classical value" H/nec; i.e., 0 Hc, at which the Hall resistance is T independent and roughly equal to its classical value, ρxy ≈ H/nec, marks an additional crossover to a high-field regime (probably to a Fermi insulator) in which ρxy > H/nec and possibly diverges as T --> 0. We also highlight a profound analogy between the H-SIT and quantum-Hall liquid-to-insulator transitions (QHIT).
Inflammatory Properties of IgG Modified by Oxygen Radicals and Peroxynitrite

In inflammatory arthritis, there is evidence indicating that the affected tissues produce large amounts of oxygen-free radicals and NO. Herein, we examine the biologic effects of exposure of IgG to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and peroxynitrite (ONOO). The concentrations of IgG modified by chlorination and nitrosation were measured in synovial fluids from inflammatory and noninflammatory arthritis. Human IgG was exposed to increasing concentrations of HOCl and ONOO, and the resulting products were tested for complement component binding; binding to FcγRI; activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils; effect on the Ab-combining site of Abs; and in vivo inflammatory activity in a rabbit model of acute arthritis. Rheumatoid synovial fluids contained significantly greater concentrations of nitrosated and chlorinated IgG compared with ostearthritic specimens. In vitro exposure of human IgG to HOCl and ONOO resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in C3 and C1q fixation. The decrease in Fc domain-dependent biologic functions was confirmed by competitive binding studies to the FcγRI of U937 cells. HOCl-treated IgG monomer was 10 times less effective in competing for binding compared with native IgG, and ONOO-treated IgG was 2.5 times less effective. The modified IgGs were also ineffective in inducing synthesis of H2O2 by human PMN. The Ag-binding domains of IgG also showed a concentration-dependent decrease in binding to Ag. The ability of the modified IgGs to induce acute inflammation in rabbit knees decreased 20-fold as gauged by the intensity of the inflammatory cell exudates. These studies clarify the modulating role of biological oxidants in inflammatory processes in which Ag-autoantibody reactions and immune complex pathogenesis may play an important role.
Antidepressant treatment and suicide attempts and self-inflicted injury in children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: In the 2004, FDA placed a black box warning on antidepressants for risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents. The purpose of this paper is to examine the risk of suicide attempt and self-inflicted injury in depressed children ages 5-17 treated with antidepressants in two large observational datasets taking account time-varying confounding. METHODS: We analyzed two large US medical claims databases (MarketScan and LifeLink) containing 221,028 youth (ages 5-17) with new episodes of depression, with and without antidepressant treatment during the period of 2004-2009. Subjects were followed for up to 180 days. Marginal structural models were used to adjust for time-dependent confounding. RESULTS: For both datasets, significantly increased risk of suicide attempts and self-inflicted injury were seen during antidepressant treatment episodes in the unadjusted and simple covariate adjusted analyses. Marginal structural models revealed that the majority of the association is produced by dynamic confounding in the treatment selection process; estimated odds ratios were close to 1.0 consistent with the unadjusted and simple covariate adjusted association being a product of chance alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests antidepressant treatment selection is a product of both static and dynamic patient characteristics. Lack of adjustment for treatment selection based on dynamic patient characteristics can lead to the appearance of an association between antidepressant treatment and suicide attempts and self-inflicted injury among youths in unadjusted and simple covariate adjusted analyses. Marginal structural models can be used to adjust for static and dynamic treatment selection processes such as that likely encountered in observational studies of associations between antidepressant treatment selection, suicide and related behaviors in youth. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Automotive antennas: trends and future requirements

This paper presents current trends in automotive antenna technologies, organized by application, and forecasts the direction of automotive antenna developments as perceived by Ford Motor Company.
Existence of positive solutions to a higher order singular boundary value problem with fractional q-derivatives

The authors study the singular boundary value problem with fractional q-derivatives $$\begin{gathered} - (D_q^\nu u)(t) = f(t,u),t \in (0,1), \hfill \\ (D_q^i u)(0) = 0,i = 0,...,n - 2,(D_q u)(1) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^m {a_j (D_q u)(t_j ) + \lambda ,} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ , where q ∈ (0, 1), m ≥ 1 and n ≥ 2 are integers, n − 1 < ν ≤ n, λ ≥ 0 is a parameter, f: (0, 1] × (0,∞) → [0,∞) is continuous, ai ≥ 0 and ti ∈ (0, 1) for i = 1, …,m, and Dqν is the q-derivative of Riemann-Liouville type of order ν. Sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of positive solutions. Their analysis is mainly based on a nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder.
Assessment of bovine rod outer segment disk membrane heterogeneity utilizing flow cytometry.

Abstract The outer segment of rod photoreceptor cells is responsible for initiating visual signal transduction when light levels are low. It consists of stacked disk membranes surrounded by the plasma membrane and is under continuous renewal. Disk membranes are synthesized at the base of the outer segment and are progressively displaced toward the apical tip where they are phagocytosed by the pigment epithelium. This process takes approximately ten days during which time the lipid composition of the disk membrane is modified. Disk membranes become progressively lower in cholesterol and higher in unsaturated phospholipids during spatial displacement. The modification of disk composition is likely important for normal function of the rod cell. Flow cytometry is shown in this study to be a powerful tool to assess differences among rod outer segment disk membranes. First, the feasibility of flow cytometry to detect individual osmotically intact disks was established. Fluorescent beads of 1.0 μm, 0.5 μm, 0.2 μm, and 0.1 μm diameter were used to demonstrate that side-scatter intensity measured on a log scale corresponds to bead diameter. The intensity of disk side scatter predominantly corresponded to 0.1–0.2 μm diameter beads. We next applied this technique to detect caveolin-1, peripherin/rds, and GM 1 in disk membranes. Caveolin-1 was detected with FITC-labeled anti-caveolin-1, peripherin/rds with Cy3 labeled anti-peripherin/rds, and GM 1 with FITC-labeled cholera toxin subunit B. Fluorescence due to caveolin-1 and peripherin/rds binding was detected in 80% and 70% respectively of the events that corresponded to scattering attributed to disks. Fluorescence attributed to GM 1 was detected in 60% of the events that corresponded to disk scattering. The intensity of fluorescence due to caveolin-1 and peripherin/rds labeling was directly proportional to the intensity of side scatter, indicating that both caveolin-1 and peripherin/rds concentrations are uniform among all the disks. Fluorescence intensity of GM 1 labeled disks was independent of side-scatter intensity indicating GM 1 is heterogeneously distributed among the disks. These results are consistent with integral membrane proteins such as caveolin-1, and peripherin/rds remaining in the disk bilayer as the disks are apically displaced. The GM 1 distribution may be similar to the spatial distribution of cholesterol in the outer segment.
PURIFICATION, KINETICS AND INHIBITION BY ANTIMONIALS OF RECOMBINANT PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE FROM SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI

We reported before on the cloning of a cDNA encoding S. mansoni PFK. In the present investigation we established optimal conditions for expression of the enzyme in insect cells with high yield. The recombinant PFK was purified to homogeneity. Kinetic properties of the pure enzyme were studied with respect to its two substrates, Fru-6-P and ATP, and were compared with properties of mammalian PFK. ATP inhibited the parasite enzyme only at concentrations higher than those which inhibited mammalian muscle PFK. Saturation curves for Fru-6-P showed typical cooperative kinetics. AMP, cAMP and Fru-2,6-bisP activated the enzyme causing reduced apparent Km for Fru-6-P and an increase in maximal activity. Both ATP inhibition and cooperative kinetics for Fru-6-P occur at both pH 6.9 and 8.2. This is a distinct difference from the mammalian enzyme which shows these kinetic properties only at neutral or slightly acidic pH, but not at an alkaline pH. Recombinant PFK is more sensitive to inhibition by the trivalent antimonials, antimony potassium tartrate and Stibophen, than is the mammalian heart muscle enzyme. The inhibition is at least partially antagonized by the sulfhydryl protective reagent, dithiothreitol.
Decreasing Need for Artificial Urinary Sphincter Revision Surgery by Precise Cuff Sizing in Men with Spongiosal Atrophy

Purpose: Many patients with persistent incontinence after an artificial urinary sphincter procedure gain improved continence after cuff downsizing. In 2010 a new, smaller (3.5 cm) artificial urinary sphincter cuff was introduced. We hypothesized that men with spongiosal atrophy previously treated with a 4.0 cm cuff would now show a decreased rate of revision surgery due to more accurate cuff sizing.Materials and Methods: We evaluated the outcome in men who received identical 4.0 cm cuff sizes in 2 eras, before (2007 to 2009) and after (2010 to 2013) the introduction of the 3.5 cm artificial urinary sphincter cuff. Patients with a history of cuff erosion or those undergoing tandem, transcorporal, or 4.5 cm or greater cuff placement were excluded from analysis. We validated our institutional results using the nationwide AMS® PIF (Patient Information Form) database from identical time frames.Results: Of 236 men who underwent artificial urinary sphincter placement at our institution during the study period 17...
Characterization of the photoacid diffusion length

The photoacid diffusion length is a critical issue for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography because it governs the critical dimension (CD), line-edge-roughness (LER), and line-width-roughness (LWR) of photoresist materials. Laboratorybased experimental methods that complement full lithographic testing would enable a rapid screening of materials and process conditions. This paper provides an approach to characterize the photoacid diffusion length by applying a bilayer stack technique. The method involves quantitative measurements of the deprotection kinetics as well as film thickness at each process step: radiation exposure, post-exposure bake, and development. Analogous to a contrast curve, by comparing the film thickness of the bilayer before and after development, the photoacid diffusion length was deduced in a commercial EUV photoresist and compared to EUV lithography. Further, by combining the experiments with kinetics modeling, the measured photoacid diffusion length was predicted. Lastly, based upon the measured kinetics parameters, a criterion was developed that next-generation resists must meet to achieve a 16 nm photoacid diffusion length. These guidelines are discussed in terms of correlations and contributions from the photoacid and resist properties. In particular, the trapping kinetics of the photoacid provides a route to reduce LER and the CD at low dose.
Male Gender Role Conflict, Depression, and Anxiety: Clarification and Generalizability to Women.

The purpose of this study was (a) to determine whether the relationship between male gender role conflict variables and mental health generalizes to women and (b) to investigate other aspects of social gender roles and mental health. An adaptation of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (J. M. O'Neil, B. J. Helms, R. K. Gable, L. David, & L. S. Wrightsman, 1986) and measures of depression and anxiety were administered to male and female college students. Men showed more restricted emotionality, more restricted affection, greater appropriate and inappropriate success, and more restricted affection, particularly for other men; there were no gender differences related to the conflict between work and family. However, for the most part these variables were related to depression and anxiety in similar ways in men and women. The major predictor of depression and anxiety for men and women was conflict between work and family.
Abuse of the elderly-the hidden agenda. II. Future research and remediation.

: A schema for future research and efforts to remediate abuse of the elderly is presented. In the community at large, increased exposure of and education pertaining to the elderly are needed in order to intensify the public/community presence and reduce prejudices. In the medical community, improvements are needed in the extent of geriatric training, the ethics of pronouncement of death, the reliability of clinical documents, and the reporting of suspected cases of abuse. In the legal community, there is need for laws prohibiting abuse and neglect, and providing opportunity for recovery of minimum damages, with covering of attorney's fees and court costs. It is proposed that the administrative process be altered so as to provide either a financial penalty for abuse and neglect, or a reward for providing superior care.
ORGANIC MATTER PRESERVATION ON CONTINENTAL SLOPES: IMPORTANCE OF MINERALOGY AND SURFACE AREA

Abstract Theoretical considerations, calculations, and data reported by Keil et al. (1994a) were used to assess the recent hypotheses that mineral surface roughness controls the specific surface area of continental margin sediments and that the matrix-linked organic carbon content of continental margin sediments occurs as a monolayer or ‘monolayer-equivalent’ coating of organic compounds on the surfaces of detrital minerals and other detrital nonorganic grains (Mayer, 1994) . Results of our analysis indicate that it is not the surface roughness of the terrigenous detrital framework grains that controls the specific surface area of most continental margin sediments, even in the sand and silt fractions, but rather the presence of nonspherical, high surface area-to-volume particles, primarily clays but also oxy-hydroxides and ultra-structured nonorganic bioclasts such as diatom frustules. Analysis of the mineralogy, organic carbon content, surface area, and in situ microfabric of continental margin sediments off California in the Mendocino and San Luis Obispo areas and off the state of Washington indicate a strong correlation between the amount of matrix-linked organic matter present and the suite of clay minerals. Data indicate that organic carbon appears to be preferentially sequestered in smectite-rich sediments compared to those whose clay fractions are dominated by chlorite. We suggest that this association is a function of differences in the site density and chemistry of the clays and differences in their flocculation behavior. Our data also indicate that organic carbon preservation on the three California transects, all of which have a suboxic oxygen minimum zone that impinges on the sea floor, is not significantly influenced by differences in bottom water oxygen concentration; and carbon stable isotope data suggest no preferential preservation of continental organic matter over that of marine origin.
VHL and p53: Tumor Suppressors Team Up to Prevent Cancer

In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Roe et al. (2006) report that the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein is a positive regulator of p53, thus providing insight into the mechanisms by which VHL loss of function leads to cancer.
Reaction of zirconocene dichloride with alkyllithiums or alkyl grignard reagents as a convenient method for generating a “zirconocene” equivalant and its use in zirconium-promoted cyclization of alkenes, alkynes, dienes, enynes, and diynes☆

Abstract Treatment of Cl2ZrCp2 with 2 equiv of alkylmetals (RM) containing Li or Mg, e.g., n-BuLi, in THF produces organozirconium species that act as sources of “ZrCp2,” the latter product being a convenient reagent for preparing zirconacycles.
Preparing Teachers to Learn from Teaching

The authors propose a framework for teacher preparation programs that aims to help prospective teachers learn how to teach from studying teaching. The framework is motivated by their interest in defining a set of competencies that provide a deliberate, systematic path to becoming an effective teacher over time. The framework is composed of four skills, rooted in the daily activity of teaching, that when deployed deliberately and systematically, constitute a process of creating and testing hypotheses about cause-effect relationships between teaching and learning during classroom lessons. In spite of the challenges of acquiring these skills, the authors argue that the framework outlines a more realistic and more promising set of beginning teacher competencies than those of traditional programs designed to produce graduates with expert teaching strategies.
Postoperative outcomes after continent versus incontinent urinary diversion at the time of pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies

Objective To compare outcomes of patients undergoing continent or incontinent urinary diversion after pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies.
A framework for self-reconfigurable DCTs based on multiobjective optimization of the Power-Performance-Accuracy space

We present a framework for the implementation of self-reconfigurable 2D Discrete Cosine Transforms (DCTs). Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration (DPR) and Dynamic Frequency Control lead to a multi-objective optimization scheme that generates Pareto-optimal realizations from the Power-Performance-Accuracy (PPA) space. The PPA space is created by evaluating the 2D DCTs realizations in terms of their power consumption, performance, and accuracy. Dynamic PPA management can then carried out by selecting Pareto-optimal realizations that meet time-varying PPA constraints.
Impact of surfactants for aquifer remediation on physical properties of the aqueous phase

Abstract Surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) has shown great promise in laboratory studies as a technique for removing nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) from soils. Failures of SEAR in the field are often attributed to the reduction of conductivity of the soil. Conductivity may be altered due to changes in liquid properties, in porous medium properties or in both. This study focuses on the changes in liquid properties, specifically viscosity and density, in systems comprising aqueous solutions of surfactants selected for their solubilization potential of NAPLs that are denser than water, such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Measurements showed that the viscosity of the surfactant solutions increased with surfactant concentration, with the increase being considerably greater with the addition of ethanol as a co-surfactant. The impact of temperature was also substantial, with the viscosity increasing as the temperature decreased. The solubilization of PCE and the subsequent formation of a dilute emulsion also increased the viscosity, but only slightly. This increase could be predicted using equations developed for calculating the viscosity of emulsions, even at organic liquid concentrations below the point of emulsion formation. The density increased somewhat with the solubilization of PCE in the surfactant solution. This increase could be estimated from a weighted-volume average of the densities of PCE and the surfactant solution. The resultant reductions in conductivity calculated based on the measured changes in viscosity and density ranged from about 26% to 73% at a surfactant concentration of 4% and a PCE concentration of 40–50 g/l, depending on the temperature, the type of surfactant and the ethanol concentration. Since some laboratory studies, particularly those employing fine-grained soils, have reported reductions in conductivity greater than those determined here, changes in porous medium properties must contribute to conductivity reductions as well.
CLINICO-PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF 261 SURGICAL CASES OF SO-CALLED “THYROIDITIS”*

In this study, 261 cases in which the diagnosis of thyroiditis was made were reviewed with regard to their clinical and pathologic features. This represented an incidence of 3.5 per cent of all thyroid operations (7,448) at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York over a 34-year period. These cases were distributed as shown in Table 1. Acute infectious or suppurative thyroiditis is rare and results from bacterial invasion of the thyroid from another septic focus in the body, usually by way of the blood stream. Pneumococci were isolated directly from the thyroid in 1 of our 2 cases, and this is said to be the most common causative agent (1). The disease is frequently associated with pre-existing goiter. Chronic specific thyroiditis is even more rare. In this series there was 1 case of syphilitic gumma of the thyroid and this responded well to chemotherapy. All cases that had been diagnosed as tuberculosis of the thyroid were reclassified as granulomatous thyroiditis and there were no cases of fungus infection...
Secondary cluster ion distributions produced by MeV ion impacts on Group IIA oxides and nitrates

Abstract Cluster ion distributions from MeV atomic ion impacts (fission fragments from 252Cf on divalent Group IIA (GIIA) oxides and nitrates have been examined. The two predominant positive cluster species observed from both solids, (MO)nH+ and (MO)n M+ (M denotes metal atom) are evidence of a localized plasma state thought to be created by discrete MeV ion impacts. Cluster intensities and extent of clustering from nitrates were generally greater than those from oxides. The enhanced abundances at certain “magic numbers” of n observed in the mass spectra are believed to arise during the actual cluster production process. These periodic enhancements in cluster stabilities are attributed to the adoption by size-specific clusters of atomic arrangements analogous to segments of the rock salt lattice of the GIIA oxides. Cluster stabilities for the GIIA oxides and nitrates are influenced by the ionicity of M-O bonds, formal valence of metal and radius of cation.
A role for microglia in synaptic plasticity

Remodeling of brain circuits, including the formation, modification and elimination of synaptic structures, occurs throughout life as animals adapt to their environment. Until very recently, known mechanisms for experience-dependent synaptic plasticity had placed neurons and their structural interactions with astrocytes in the spotlight. However microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are very active even in the absence of pathological insults and their processes periodically contact dendritic spines and axon terminals in vivo.1-3 This intriguing behavior prompted us to explore, using electron microscopy and two-photon in vivo imaging in the primary visual cortex of juvenile mice, a possible role for quiescent microglia in the modification of synaptic structures.4 Our work uncovered subtle changes in the behavior of microglia during manipulations of visual experience including regulation of perisynaptic extracellular spaces, contact with subsets of structurally dynamic and transient dendritic spines, and phagocytic engulfment of intact synapses. Based on these results, here we further discuss three means of synapse modification or elimination that could be mediated by microglia in the context of normal experience-dependent plasticity.
Why do forecasters disagree? Lessons from the term structure of cross-sectional dispersion

Abstract Key sources of disagreement among economic forecasters are identified by using data on cross-sectional dispersion in forecasters’ long- and short-run predictions of macroeconomic variables. Dispersion among forecasters is highest at long horizons where private information is of limited value and lower at short forecast horizons. Moreover, differences in views persist through time. Such differences in opinion cannot be explained by differences in information sets; our results indicate they stem from heterogeneity in priors or models. Differences in opinion move countercyclically, with heterogeneity being strongest during recessions where forecasters appear to place greater weight on their prior beliefs.
Prevalence and Histological Features of the Gastric Cardia-type Mucosa in Children

Background It has been suggested that the presence of gastric cardia in adults (with or without inflammation or intestinal cells) is a metaplastic condition. The presence of gastric cardia in children would argue against this contention. We examined the presence and determinants of gastric cardia-type mucosa at a normally located z-line in children without underlying gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-predisposing disorders. Methods We conducted a prospective study of consecutive pediatric patients undergoing routine upper endoscopy. We excluded patients with coagulopathy or bleeding disorder, prior gastric or esophageal surgery, major congenital disorders, or neurodevelopmental disorders. Biopsies were obtained with the endoscope in the anterograde position within 5 mm below the endoscopic z-line, and were examined for the presence of gastric cardia-type mucosa, defined as both mucous and oxynto-mucous glands. Results Eighteen (47%) of 38 subjects has gastric cardia mucosa. There were no significant differences in age, gender, or race between patients with and without gastric cardia-type mucosa. There were no differences between the groups in weight and height either at birth or at the time of endoscopy, in the mother’s age at childbirth or history of peripartum problems. There were no differences in symptoms suggestive of reflux such as spitting up or difficulty of gaining weight. Neither history of gastroesophageal testing nor histological esophagitis (38% versus 40%) was different between the groups with and without gastric cardia-type mucosa. Conclusions Gastric cardia-type mucosa is unlikely to be a metaplastic condition since it is present in a large proportion of children undergoing endoscopy. Neither histological esophagitis nor GERD symptoms are significantly associated with the presence of gastric cardia-type mucosa.
Artificial Video for Video Analysis

This paper discusses the use of video analysis software and computer‐generated animations for student activities. The use of artificial video affords the opportunity for students to study phenomena for which a real video may not be easy or even possible to procure, using analysis software with which the students are already familiar. We will present three example activities: two lab activity “add ons” as well as a complete virtual laboratory exercise.