cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Introduction of Solid Foods

In a recent issue of Pediatrics, Helen A. Guthrie suggested that the current practice of early introduction of solid foods to the infant9s diet might be undesirable. Some comments regarding the data and conclusions presented appear to be in order. The data presented in Table II imply that an infant9s iron requirement is 4 mg per day. Calculations based on iron stores at birth and iron requirement for normal hemoglobin concentration at 1 year of age suggest that the requirement is actually 8 mg per day.
Prevalence of Thyroid Disease in a Multiple Sclerosis Clinic Cohort (P6.170)

OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of thyroid disease in an American Multiple Sclerosis (MS) clinic cohort, most on approved MS therapies. BACKGROUND: MS has been associated with thyroid disease, but there are conflicting reports. Thyroid disease has been reported as a consequence of Interferon Beta and Alemtuzumab therapies during the treatment of MS. DESIGN/METHODS: A retrospective study of 382 patient charts from 2010-2011 identified the incidence and prevalence of auto-immune illnesses associated with MS. Patients had a confirmed MS diagnosis based on 2010 McDonald criteria. Findings regarding thyroid disease are reported. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients (12.3%) had thyroid disease. Forty-six had hypothyroidism and 4 of these patients also had thyroiditis; 2 had thyroid surgery; 1 had benign thyroid nodules. One patient had thyroiditis alone. Forty-two of these patients are female, 5 male. All 5 patients with thyroiditis are female. Eighteen patients were on Interferon Beta, 10 on Glatiramer Acetate, and 7 on Interferon Beta and Glatiramer Acetate at some time in their therapy. Eleven of the remaining patients had exposure to multiple medications including Beta Interferon (8), Glatiramer Acetate (7), Natalizumab (3), Fingolimod (2), monthly IV Methylprednisolone (2) and several other medications. One patient with Primary Progressive MS was on no therapy. Confounding factors include tongue cancer surgery, chemotherapy and radiation (1), Hodgkin’s lymphoma with radiation therapy and splenectomy (1), and radiation of thymus (1). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate thyroid disease is commonly observed in a MS Clinic Cohort. While Interferon Beta is the most commonly associated therapeutic exposure in these MS patients with thyroid disease, Glatiramer Acetate is also well represented suggesting that the underlying disease process itself is a major factor in the occurrence of thyroid disease for these patients. These data provide some further perspective regarding the occurrence of thyroid disease in the MS population, an important issue in the new era of MS therapeutics, as induction of autoimmune disease is a concern. Study Supported by: Self funded Disclosure: Dr. Barone has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Teva Neuroscience, Novartis, Genzyme Corporation, Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Acorda Therapeutics, and Serono Inc. Dr. Barone has received research support from Biogen Idec and Serono Inc. Dr. Khelemsky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hercules has nothing to disclose. Dr. Barone has nothing to disclose.
A comparative study of the adoption process of management accounting innovations by public and private manufacturing and service organizations in France

This study expands the scope of empirical research into the adoption of innovations, as a field of inquiry, in three ways. First, much of the recent empirical literature in this field focuses on the adoption of innovations either by governmental agencies only or by private organizations only. No real attempts were made to study differences in innovation processes between public and private organizations or manufacturing and service firms. This study examines such differences. Second, most empirical studies of innovation adoption focus on the origination of innovations or techniques or processes. This study is concerned with innovations that are "borrowed" from other organizations or locations. Third,, this study provides an opportunity to apply some of the research tactics proposed by other scholars of innovations. Data collected through a questionnaire mailed to a random sample of 200 French public and private manufacturing and service companies were analyzed using frequency distributions, cross tabulations, and the Mann-Whitney U test. Theory and practice are not far apart according to this survey. Conventional management accounting techniques have gained considerable acceptance and applications in the sampled firms. Chiefs-accountant officers of both public and private organizations, in both manufacturing and service sectors, hold similar views of the factors involved in the adoption process of management accounting innovations. The role of the change agent in the adoption of these innovations was mainly taken by top management.Outside consultants played a secondary role.Unlike type of ownership, educational level or age, length of job tenure of chief-accountant officers, size and type of business appear to affect the extent of application of management accounting innovations. The latter were measured by a three component index: innovation magnitude, scope, and duration.
A circularly polarized magneto-dielectric resonator antenna with wideband, multi-resonant response

A unique design employing layered magneto-dielectric materials exhibits simultaneous compact size, high bandwidth, moderate efficiency, and circular polarization operation at UHF. A prototype antenna operating over 240 MHz-420 MHz with a linear dimension smaller than 0.15lambda at the lowest frequency is fabricated and tested
Production and response to an autologous growth factor isolated from human leukemia cells

Human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells have been shown to release into culture medium an activity that promotes the proliferation of these same HL-60 cells. The presence of additional culture supernatant containing growth-promoter activity accelerates the HL-60 growth rate as determined by cell counts and [3H]thymidine uptake. Isolation of this growth promoter has been performed with the serum-free supernatant of HL-60 cells using salt precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography, and gel electrophoresis. The promoter activity was recovered from SDS-gel electrophoresis within the 60- to 85-kDa mol wt range where a single band of an apparent mol wt of 72,000 was demonstrated. The ability of HL-60 cells to respond to the growth promoter was significantly lost 4 h after exposure to differentiation-inducing activity, while production of the growth promoter was diminished only after 2–3 days following induction of differentiation. These results suggest that the growth-promoting mechanism is associated with the undifferentiated leukemic state. In addition, the role of an autocrine growth mechanism in maintaining the leukemic cells in an undifferentiated state is discussed.
Arnoldi-Tchebychev for large scale matrices and its vectorization

The initial results of the iterative Arnoldi-Tchebychev procedure for the eigensolutions of large scale nonsymmetric matrices are discussed. The procedure uses an accurate algorithm for the identification of the optimal Tchebychev ellipse relative to a complex reference eigenvalue in a complex eigenspectrum. The analysis of the procedure shows that the algorithm is vector intensive. Test run affirms that more than 80% of the sampling time involves matrix and vector operations. The procedure can be easily vectorized to take advantage of the storage hierarchy structure of the IBM 3090 System and its Vector Facility.
Nanoscale disorder and local electronic properties of CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 : An integrated study of electron, neutron, and x-ray diffraction, x-ray absorption fine structure, and first-principles calculations

We report a combined experimental and theoretical study of ${\text{CaCu}}_{3}{\text{Ti}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{12}$. Based on our experimental observations of nanoscale regions of Ca-Cu antisite defects in part of the structure, we carried out density-functional theory (DFT) calculations that suggest a possible electronic mechanism to explain the gigantic dielectric response in this material. The defects are evident in atomically resolved transmission electron microscopy measurements, with supporting evidence from a quantitative analysis of the electron diffraction and DFT which suggests that such defects are reasonable on energetic grounds. To establish the extent of the defects, bulk average measurements of the local structure were carried out: extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), atomic pair-distribution function analysis of neutron powder-diffraction data, and single-crystal x-ray crystallography. The EXAFS data are consistent with the presence of the nanoclustered defects with an estimate of less than 10% of the sample being disordered while the neutron powder-diffraction experiments place an upper of $\ensuremath{\sim}5\mathrm{%}$ on the proportion of the sample in the defective state. Because of the difficulty of quantifying nanoscale defects at such low levels, further work will be required to establish that this mechanism is operative in ${\text{CaCu}}_{3}{\text{Ti}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{12}$ but it presents a nontraditional plausible avenue for understanding colossal dielectric behavior.
An overview of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is considered to be the virulence factor responsible for causing the symptoms of C. perfringens type A food poisoning and may also be involved in other human and veterinary illnesses. CPE has a unique four-step membrane action that apparently involves: (1) CPE binding to a 50,000 mol. wt mammalian protein receptor, forming a small complex of 90,000 mol. wt; (2) the development of a post-binding physical change to this small complex; this physical change could represent either the insertion of CPE into the membrane or a conformational change to small complex; (3) an interaction between this physically changed small complex and a 70,000 mol. wt mammalian protein, forming a large, 160,000 mol. wt complex in membranes; and (4) a breakdown in normal plasma membrane permeability properties for small (< 200,000 mol. wt) molecules. Structure-function analyses have identified a receptor binding region at the C-terminus of CPE and indicate that residues in the N-terminal half of CPE are required for the second step in CPE action to occur. Finally, cpe genetic studies are in their infancy but already indicate that cpe can be either chromosomal or plasmid-borne and that only a tiny minority of the global C. perfringens population is cpe positive. CPE expression appears to be transcriptionally regulated during sporulation, at least in part, by regulatory factors that are common to all C. perfringens isolates.
A species-based approach to brain-body co-evolution of modular robots

Compared with fixed morphology robotic systems, self-reconfigurable modular (SRM) robots can reconfigure themselves to form a variety of morphologies, and carry on various types of motions. Recently, some co-evolutionary approaches have been proposed to co-evolve the robot morphology and associated controller simultaneously for locomotion tasks. However, these co-evolution approaches don't consider some physical limitations of SRM robots and usually request longer evolution process due to extensive searching space. To address these issues, we proposed a species-based co-evolution (S-CoE) algorithm. The S-CoE algorithm is applied on a simulated modular robot system and evaluated under two testing scenarios.
Control of the coordination mode of NO2 − by the nature of the amine ligand: the importance of H-bond. Crystal structures of the [mer-Ni(dpt)(NO2)2] (I) and [trans-Ni(333-tet)(NO2)2] (II)

Abstract Two new nickel(II) amine nitrite compounds were obtained and crystal structures were determined. The compound [mer-Ni(dpt)(NO2)2] (I), which crystallizes in the monoclinic system space group P21/a, is a polymer and there is only one nickel moiety within an asymmetric unit. Each nickel atom is in an octahedral coordination environment and coordinated by three nitrogens of the amine ligand, one nitrogen of nitro(N) group, one nitrogen of a μ-nitro(N,O), and one oxygen of a μ-nitro(N,O) group. The mononuclear compound [Ni(333-tet)NO2)2] (II) crystallizes in space group P 1 . Compound II is neutral, mononuclear, with two nitrite ligands bonded to the central nickel atom through their nitrogens, and located in positions trans to each other. The factors affecting the nitrite coordination mode are discussed. Intra- and/or inter-molecular hydrogen bonds are proposed to be one of the important factors in determining bonding modes and selection of crystallization pathways.
Pressure-induced shifts of the fluorescence spectrum of rhodamine 6G in solution.

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the fluorescence spectrum of rhodamine 6G dye in two different solutions is studied. The peak shifts to longer wavelengths with increasing pressure with a pressure coefficient of −29 and −19 cm−1/kbar for ethanol and 4:1 methanol–ethanol solvents, respectively. Possible applications of increasing the tunability of dye lasers by pressure are discussed.
Ebola Virus-Like Particle-Based Vaccine Protects Nonhuman Primates against Lethal Ebola Virus Challenge

Background. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of infection by the highly lethal filoviruses, Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), in humans. We previously had demonstrated the protective efficacy of virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines against EBOV and MARV infection in rodents. Methods. To determine the efficacy of vaccination with Ebola VLPs (eVLPs) in nonhuman primates, we vaccinated cynomolgus macaques with eVLPs containing EBOV glycoprotein (GP), nucleoprotein (NP), and VP40 matrix protein and challenged the macaques with 1000 pfu of EBOV. Results. Serum samples from the eVLP-vaccinated nonhuman primates demonstrated EBOV-specific antibody titers, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, complement-mediated lysis assay, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. CD44 + T cells from eVLP-vaccinated macaques but not from a naive macaque responded with vigorous production of tumor necrosis factor-a after EBOV-peptide stimulation. All 5 eVLP-vaccinated monkeys survived challenge without clinical or laboratory signs of EBOV infection, whereas the control animal died of infection. Conclusion. On the basis of safety and efficacy, eVLPs represent a promising filovirus vaccine for use in humans.
Three-dimensional electron-positron momentum distribution of O3+-irradiated 6H SiC using two positron spectroscopy techniques simultaneously

A three-dimensional (3D) positron annihilation spectroscopy system (3DPASS) capable of determining 3D electron-positron (e−-e+) momentum densities from measurements of deviations from co-linearity and energies of photons from e−-e+ annihilation events was employed to examine the effects of O-atom defects in 6H SiC. Three-dimensional momentum datasets were determined for 6H SiC irradiated with 24 MeV O3+ ions. Angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) and coincidence Doppler-broadening of annihilation radiation (CDBAR) analyses are presented. In addition, a novel technique is illustrated for analyzing 3D momentum datasets in which the parallel momentum component, p|| (obtained from the CDBAR measurement) is selected for annihilation events that possess a particular perpendicular momentum component, p- observed in the 2D ACAR spectrum.
Boltzmann equation with fluctuations

From the Liouville equation, by the method of multiple-time-scales, a generalized Boltzmann-equation with fluctuations is obtained on the statistical considerations of the randomness of the many-particle correlations in the macroscopic picture. These fluctuations lead to anH theorem in which theH function decreases, with fluctuations with time toward equilibrium. These fluctuations furnish a source for a random force term introduced by Fox and Uhlenbeck in the Boltzmann equation.
Management of graft infections following abdominal aortic aneurysm replacement.

Graft infection following resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is a rare but highly lethal complication. It is most commonly associated with aortoenteric fistula or external contamination when graft limbs extend to the groin. Other sources are bowel or urinary tract entry, latent infection in the aneurysm wall, breaks in sterile technique, or bacteremia. Diagnosis should be suspected when a patient with an aortic graft develops unexplained fever, especially with back or abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding of any kind, or metastatic infection to the limbs. Diagnosis is difficult to establish. Endoscopy to demonstrate erosion into the distal duodenum or to rule out other sources of bleeding was useful in all 6 patients in which it was employed. Positive arterial cultures distal to the graft, the finding of bilateral hydronephrosis, and demonstration of periaortic inflammation on gallium scan are highly suggestive. Aortography was helpful in 2 of 6 patients but was useless when negative. Barium contrast x-ray studies were usually negative (90%) or confusing. Management requires excision of all infected graft material, usually the entire prosthesis. Restoration of limb circulation, usually with axillo femoral bypass, should be done in all patients except those with prior amputation or previous iliac artery or graft occlusion with adequate collaterals. A 35% patient survival rate was achieved in 20 patients with graft infection and aortoenteric fistula. However, when a correct diagnosis was made without delay and appropriate principles of management were instituted, 78% (7 of 9) patients survived and no amputations were required in the 5 patients with intact limbs. Prevention of postaneurysmectomy graft infection requires meticulous aseptic technique, effective graft coverage and separation from loops of bowel with viable tissue, and the use of prophylactic systemic and local antibiotics.
Controlled semantic encoding and the effect of repetition lag on free recall

A differential-encoding interpretation of the repetition-lag effect on free recall was tested by manipulating the semantic encodings of noun homographs repeated at lags 0, 1, 3, and 7. In four groups, the two presentations of a word were accompanied by the same or different, biased or neutral cues. Noncued repetitions defined one control group, and biased cues but no repetitions defined another. Controlled encoding did not attenuate the lag effect: The five repetition groups yielded comparable lag functions in terms of recall of repeated words. Recall of a repeated word at least once in repetition groups exceeded recall of at least one of two nonrepeated control words in the no-repetition control group. These findings suggest that the repetition-lag effect is not due to differential semantic encoding of repeated words.
Metabolism of leucine by bovine adipose tissue: Effects of media supplementation and insulin

Abstract Leucine metabolism in comparison to glucose, and with substrate and insulin supplementation, were studied in bovine adipose tissue slices obtained from the tailhead region. In addition, leucine metabolism by isolated adipocytes in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer was compared to metabolism in Medium-199. Slices oxidized leucine and incorporated the amino acid into cellular protein and lipid, though at much lower rates than for glucose. Glucose addition increased leucine oxidation and its incorporation into lipid but did not affect protein synthesis. Insulin, up to 100 ng/ml, had no effect. Isolated cells convened a higher proportion of the leucine utilized to lipid, and less to protein, than did slices. Absolute rates of oxidation and lipid synthesis were lower, and protein synthesis higher, for Medium-199 than for KRB. Of the total leucine utilized, conversion to lipid represented the largest percentage in both buffers. Insulin had no effect in either buffer system. Bovine adipose tissue, the major site of fatty acid synthesis in this species, was found to both oxidize leucine, and utilize the amino acid for synthesis of cellular components. The isolated adipocyte, free of connective tissue, directs this “ketogenic” amino acid primarily towards lipid synthesis, by mechanisms which appear to be insulin insensitive in the adult bovine, as studied under short-term, in-vitro conditions.
Biomass burning and anthropogenic sources of CO over New England in the summer 2004

[1] During the summer of 2004 large wildfires were burning in Alaska and Canada, and part of the emissions were transported toward the northeast United States, where they were measured during the NEAQS-ITCT 2k4 (New England Air Quality Study–Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation) study on board the NOAA WP-3 aircraft and the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown. Using acetonitrile and chloroform as tracers the biomass burning and the anthropogenic fraction of the carbon monoxide (CO) enhancement are determined. As much as 30% of the measured enhancement is attributed to the forest fires in Alaska and Canada transported into the region, and 70% is attributed to the urban emissions of mainly New York and Boston. On some days the forest fire emissions were mixed down to the surface and dominated the CO enhancement. The results compare well with the FLEXPART transport model, indicating that the total emissions during the measurement campaign for biomass burning might be about 22 Tg. The total U.S. anthropogenic CO sources used in FLEXPART are 25 Tg. FLEXPART model, using the U.S. EPA NEI-99 data, overpredicts the CO mixing ratio around Boston and New York in 2004 by about 50%.
Does p53 affect organismal aging

The p53 protein plays a critical role in the prevention of cancer. It responds to a variety of cellular stresses to induce either apoptosis, a transient cell cycle arrest, or a terminal cell cycle arrest called senescence. Senescence in cultured cells is associated with augmented p53 activity and abrogation of p53 activity may delay in vitro senescence. Increasing evidence suggests that p53 may also influence aspects of organismal aging. Several mutant mouse models that display alterations in longevity and aging-related phenotypes have defects in genes that alter p53 signaling. Recently, my laboratory has developed and characterized a p53 mutant mouse line that appears to have an enhanced p53 response. These p53 mutants exhibit increased cancer resistance, yet have a shortened longevity and display a number of early aging-associated phenotypes, suggesting a role for p53 in the aging process. The nature of the aging phenotypes observed in this p53 mutant line is consistent with a model in which aging is driven in part by a gradual depletion of stem cell functional capacity. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Isotopic composition of carbonates in the SNC meteorites Allan Hills 84001 and Nakhla

— We have measured the 13C/12C and 14C/12C ratios in CO2 released by acid etching of the carbonate-bearing SNC meteorites Allan Hills 84001 and Nakhla. Most of the C released is strongly enriched in 13C. In 10 out of 12 samples, 15‰ <δ13C < 55‰. Terrestrial values of carbonateδ13C from weathering products are generally between −10 and +10‰. Two leachate samples especially rich in 13C, ALH 84001,27 and Nakhla 25, have elemental Si/Mg ratios much lower than those of the bulk meteorites and 14C activities that are much lower than the values expected for terrestrial carbonates. The former observation indicates that these leachates consist primarily of carbonates and, less likely, phosphates. The latter observation implies that heavy C was introduced not by terrestrial weathering but by extraterrestrial processes. For ALH 84001,121 (sample 27) and Nakhla (BM 1913,26) δ13C = +41‰ and +35‰, respectively. The measured 18O/16O ratios in the leaches are similar: δ18O ∼ 15 ± 5‰, contrasting with 4.2‰ in the bulk silicates. We infer that the C in the carbonates retains an extraterrestrial isotopic signature, but probably not O, due to its ease of isotopic exchange (Cole and Ohmoto, 1986).
Lattice-dynamical study of the premartensitic state of the Cu-Al-Be alloys.

Neutron-scattering techniques have been used to study the premartensitic state of a family of Cu-Al-Be alloys, which transform from the bcc phase to an 18R martensitic structure. We find that the phonon modes of the ${\mathrm{TA}}_{2}$[110] branch have very low energies with anomalous temperature dependence. A slight anomaly at q=2/3 was observed; this anomaly, however, does not change significantly with temperature. No elastic peaks, related to the martensite structure, were found in the premartensitic state of these alloys. The results are compared with measurements, performed under the same instrumental conditions, on two Cu-Al-Ni and a Cu-Zn-Al martensitic alloy.
Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: NIDDM occurs commonly among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The prevalence and natural history of its precursor, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), is less well known. The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence and incidence of glucose intolerance in a large cohort of women with well-characterized PCOS. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 122 women with clinical and hormonal evidence of PCOS were recruited from the Medicine, Endocrinology, Gynecology, and Pediatrics Clinics at the University of Chicago. All women had a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with measurement of glucose and insulin levels. A subset of 25 women were subsequently restudied with the aim of characterizing the natural history of glucose tolerance in PCOS. RESULTS: Glucose tolerance was abnormal in 55 (45%) of the 122 women: 43 (35%) had IGT and 12 (10%) had NIDDM at the time of initial study. The women with NIDDM differed from those with normal glucose tolerance in that they had a 2.6-fold higher prevalence of first-degree relatives with NIDDM (83 vs. 31%, P
Accelerated formation of α-synuclein oligomers by concerted action of the 20S proteasome and familial Parkinson mutations

A hallmark of Parkinson disease (PD) is the formation of intracellular protein inclusions called Lewy bodies that also contain mitochondria. α-Synuclein (αSyn) is a major protein component of Lewy bodies, where it is in an amyloid conformation and a significant fraction is truncated by poorly understood proteolytic events. Previously, we demonstrated that the 20S proteasome cleaves αSyn in vitro to produce fragments like those observed in Lewy bodies and that the fragments accelerate the formation of amyloid fibrils from full-length αSyn. Three point mutations in αSyn are associated with early-onset familial PD: A30P, E46K, and A53T. However, these mutations have very different effects on the amyloidogenicity and vesicle-binding activity of αSyn, suggesting neither of these processes directly correlate with neurodegeneration. Here, we evaluate the effect of the disease-associated mutations on the fragmentation, conformation, and association reactions of αSyn in the presence of the 20S proteasome and liposomes. The 20S proteasome produced the C-terminal fragments from both the mutant and wildtype αSyn. These truncations accelerated fibrillization of all α-synucleins, but again there was no clear correlation between the PD-associated mutations and amyloid formation in the presence of liposomes. Recent data suggests that cellular toxicity is caused by a soluble oligomeric species, which is a precursor to the amyloid form and is immunologically distinguishable from both soluble monomeric and amyloid forms of αSyn. Notably, the rate of formation of the soluble, presumptively cytotoxic oligomers correlated with the disease-associated mutations when both 20S proteasome and liposomes were present. Under these conditions, the wildtype protein was also cleaved and formed the oligomeric structures, albeit at a slower rate, suggesting that 20S-mediated truncation of αSyn may play a role in sporadic PD as well. Evaluation of the biochemical reactions of the PD-associated α-synuclein mutants in our in vitro system provides insight into the possible pathogenetic mechanism of both familial and sporadic PD.
Photonic near-field imaging in multiphoton photoemission electron microscopy

We report the observation of optical near fields in a photonic waveguide of conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) using multiphoton photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM). Nonlinear two-photon photoelectron emission is enhanced at field maxima created by interference between incident 410-nm and coherently excited guided photonic waves, providing strong phase contrast. Guided modes are observed under both transverse magnetic field (TM) and transverse electric field (TE) polarized illuminations and are consistent with classical electromagnetic theory. Implications on the role of multiphoton PEEM in optical near-field imaging are discussed.
Endonasal Repositioning of the Upper Lateral Cartilage and the Internal Nasal Valve

OBJECTIVES Collapse of the upper lateral cartilage (ULC) is associated with narrowing of the internal nasal valve (INV). The goal of this article is to describe a novel procedure that repositions the ULC, opening the INV, without implants, grafts, or permanent sutures. METHODS Before-and-after digital photographs of patients with ULC and INV collapse who underwent endonasal ULC repositioning were analyzed. The surgical procedure consists of an intercartilaginous incision and the creation of a surface that permits scarification upon cartilage reapproximation. Precise placement of a support apparatus permits the ULC to heal into a position in direct contact with the lower lateral cartilage,thus dilating the INV. The percentage of collapse of the ULC (PCULC), determined by ULC shape measurements made with computer-aided design software, was compared on before-and-after photographs by use of Student's t-test (paired). RESULTS The study included 52 patients (79 procedures) followed for 1 to 18 months after surgery in the period 2007 to 2009. There were no complications or revision surgeries. The preoperative mean PCULC was 58.6%. The postoperative mean PCULC was 5.7% (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Repair of the INV via ULC repositioning is a simple, relatively safe procedure that produces a statistically significant improvement in the PCULC. The functional change at the INV may be inferred from the ULC shape, but further prospective clinical studies are required.
Minimax State Estimation for Jump-Parameter Discrete-Time Systems with Multiplicative Noise of Uncertain Covariance

We consider state estimation for jump Markov parameter discrete-time systems with additive and multiplicative independent noises. First, the covariances of additive and multiplicative noises are assumed to be known and the unbiased linear minimum variance filter is derived. Then, the case of unknown covariances is considered and a minimax optimal design is presented. In the steady state, this filter requires the mean square boundedness of system state, so necessary and sufficient conditions for this are derived. Both the existence of a saddle point and its characterization are considered.
Variable effects of large mammal herbivory on three non-native versus three native woody plants

Abstract (1) The enemy release hypothesis posits that introduced species leave behind co-evolved pathogens and predators, thereby gaining an advantage over native competitors. On the other hand, introduced plants may encounter biotic resistance from local generalist herbivores such as large mammals. (2) We conducted a replicated, manipulative field experiment to compare the effects of large-mammal herbivory on growth and survival of three native and three invasive woody species over 2 years. Non-native Acer platanoides , Frangula alnus P. Mill. (= Rhamnus frangula L.) and Elaeagnus umbellata were each paired with a likely native competitor of similar life form and shade tolerance. Seedlings were planted with and without large-mammal exclosures, in open and understory environments. (3) In the open, E. umbellata grew taller than its paired native only when exposed to herbivory, but F. alnus grew taller than its paired native only within exclosures. The effects of exclosure on growth rate did not differ between A. platanoides and its native congener. In the understory, exposure to browsing reduced height growth rate overall in native species, but not in invasive species. (4) Browsing increased understory mortality only in the native shrub Viburnum dentatum , and did not affect mortality in the open. Within exclosures, there was a general trade-off between open growth and understory survival, but outside of exclosures, E. umbellata exhibited both greater open growth and greater understory survival than its native competitor. (5) Although large-mammal herbivory did not consistently favor non-natives, lack of browsing impact played an important facilitating role for E. umbellata in particular.
Synergistic and additive effects of hydrostatic pressure and growth factor application on engineered articular cartilage constructs

It has previously been demonstrated that hydrostatic pressure (HP) enhances the biochemical properties of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs [1]. However, studies that systematically assess the effects of HP magnitude and frequency are lacking. Additionally, studies examining the combined effects of hydrostatic pressure and growth factors are limited. To this end, this study sought to test the hypotheses that static HP will have the greatest enhancement of construct biomechanical and biochemical properties, and that there will be additive or synergistic effects when combining growth factors and HP stimulation.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Morse inequalities, a function space integral approach

Abstract In this paper we prove the Morse inequalities in the non-degenerate and degenerate cases. Like the approach of J.-M. Bismut, ours is based on the idea suggested by Witten. In fact, if anything, our approach is closer to Witten's original idea than Bismut's.
RICARDO: Standard Commodity : : MARX: ?

Sraffa's construct, the standard commodity, responds to Ricardo's search for an ‘invariable’ measure of value, since it is a measurement unit invariant to changes in distribution. But Sraffa suggests that there is no ‘counterpart,’ no analogous search or needed construct, for the ‘problem’ of ‘difference’ as distinct from change (‘why two commodities produced by the same quantities of labour are not of the same exchangeable value’). Difference in this sense is crucial to Marx, who distinguishes value and surplus-value from capitalist price and profit in part in order to theorize differences as systematic value transfers. In that effort, Marx repeatedly poses commodities and capitals as ‘aliquot parts’ of the whole, so that profit is a redistributed share of aggregate surplus-value. This paper shows that, when Marx's aliquot part imagery is formalized, the resulting hypothetical system represents a meaningful ‘counterpart,’ a construct with a function in Marx's analysis of difference comparable to that of ...
Light scattering in planetary atmospheres

This paper reviews scattering theory required for analysis of light reflected by planetary atmospheres. Section 1 defines the radiative quantities which are observed. Section 2 demonstrates the dependence of single-scattered radiation on the physical properties of the scatterers. Section 3 describes several methods to compute the effects of multiple scattering on the reflected light.
Intravenous immune globulin in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Abstract Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus results in a progressive immune deficiency involving many components of the immune system. The major target cells for injection are CD4 antigen-bearing cells, which include predominantly, but not exclusively, the helper T cell subset and the monocyte-macrophage cell system. Hypergammaglobulinemia is a common and early-feature of human immunodeficiency viral infection but is often associated with an inability to mount specific antibody responses to neoantigens and decreased in vitro B cell differentiation responses. On the basis of our data and reports of others, a major component of B cell hyperactivity is related to the direct activity of the human immunodeficiency virus and its proteins. We and others have documented that B cells of these patients lose the capacity to respond to both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent stimuli in vitro. Thus the human immunodeficiency virus can profoundly influence B cells, causing both “stimulation” (vis-a-vis hypergammaglobulinemia) and “suppression” (poor specific antibody responses). However, the memory cells are probably not suppressed, and their dysfunction may be directly related to the extent of helper cell dysfunction. This explanation lends itself well to the clinical observation that children (who have not developed memory to recall antigens) with human immunodeficiency viral infection have more profound defects in specific antibody responses than do adults (who have an existing pool of memory cells). Thus the main rationale for intravenous immune globulin in acquired immune deficiency syndrome is to provide antibody replacement. We have used intravenous immune globulin in pediatric human immunodeficiency viral infection in the following situations: (1) children with recurrent bacterial infections: (2) children with cytomegaloviral diseases—here intravenous immune globulin is given along with a specific antiviral drug (e.g., ganciclovir): and (3) thrombocytopenia associated with human immunodeficiency virus in which intravenous immune globulin is given with azidothymidine. Currently, we are engaged in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial to test the efficacy of intravenous immune globulin in reducing infections and complications and to evaluate the long-term effects of intravenous immune globulin in children with human immunodeficiency viral infections.
The effects of attention on ear advantages in dichotic listening to words and affects

This study examined the effects of attention on ear advantages using dichotic listening to words and affects, a focused-attention paradigm. We compared the mixed condition, in which attention is switched between the ears in each trial, to the blocked condition, in which attention is directed to one ear for an entire block of trials. Results showed a decreased right ear advantage for word processing only in the mixed condition and an increased left ear advantage for emotion processing in both attention conditions for hits index. The mixed condition showed smaller laterality effects than the blocked condition for words with respect to hits index, while increasing right ear predominance for intrusions. The greater percentage of intrusions in the right ear for the word task and in the mixed condition suggests that the right ear (left hemisphere) is most vulnerable to attention switching. We posit that the attention manipulation has a greater effect on word processing than on emotion processing and propose tha...
A SIMPLE CORER FOR SAMPLING SAND AND FINER SEDIMENTS IN SHALLOW WATER

The main types of substrate found in aquatic environments can be divided into silts and finer sediments, sands, gravels, and coarser substrates. Each of these substrates presents its own difficulties for quantitative sampling, upon which are superimposed the variations in technique necessary with different depths of water. The sampler described is satisfactory for sands and finer sediments and for short-stalked macrophytes growing in such sediments. In practice, it is useful in depths less than 5 m.
AIDS Kaposi sarcoma-derived cells produce and respond to interleukin 6.

Abstract Cell lines derived from Kaposi sarcoma lesions of patients with AIDS (AIDS-KS cells) produce several cytokines, including an endothelial cell growth factor, interleukin 1 beta, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Since exposure to human immunodeficiency virus increases interleukin 6 (IL-6) production in monocytes and endothelial cells produce IL-6, we examined IL-6 expression and response in AIDS-KS cell lines and IL-6 expression in AIDS Kaposi sarcoma tissue. The AIDS-KS cell lines (N521J and EKS3) secreted large amounts of immunoreactive and biologically active IL-6. We found both IL-6 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6-R) RNA by slot blot hybridization analysis of AIDS-KS cells. The IL-6-R was functional, as [3H]thymidine incorporation by AIDS-KS cells increased significantly after exposure to human recombinant IL-6 (hrIL-6) at greater than 10 units/ml. When AIDS-KS cells (EKS3) were exposed to IL-6 antisense oligonucleotide, cellular proliferation decreased by nearly two-thirds, with a corresponding decrease in the production of IL-6. The decrease from IL-6 antisense in AIDS-KS cell proliferation was reversed by the addition of hrIL-6. We confirmed that AIDS-KS cells produced IL-6 in vivo by preparing RNA and tissue sections from involved and uninvolved skin from a patient with AIDS Kaposi sarcoma. We detected immunoreactive IL-6 in the involved tumor areas and to a lesser extent in the surrounding normal epidermis. Slot blot hybridization showed a great excess of IL-6 and IL-6-R RNA in involved skin compared to uninvolved skin. These results show that both IL-6 and IL-6-R are produced by AIDS-KS cells and that IL-6 is required for optimal AIDS-KS cell proliferation, and they suggest that IL-6 is an autocrine growth factor for AIDS-KS cells.
Therapeutic and metabolic effects of high (>1 g/m2) systemic cumulative doses of cis-platinum in patients with ovarian carcinoma

Adverse effects requiring discontinuation of cis-platinum therapy are usually noted after administration of 600 mg/m2 cis-platinum. Metabolic and therapeutic effects of high (greater than 1 g/m2) cumulative lifetime doses of cis-platinum were reviewed for 20 patients treated with multiple courses of chemotherapy for metastatic, recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Median survival in this selected group is 65 months. Common abnormalities included anemia, hypomagnesemia, and elevated renal functions. No patient required cessation of treatment because of metabolic changes and in no case did the abnormality compromise the patient's activities of daily living. We conclude that, in selected patients, repeated treatment, regardless of cumulative dose, with cis-platinum-based chemotherapy can be well tolerated and may be of therapeutic benefit.
Pattern Recognition Neuroradiology

N.M. Borden and S.E. Forseen New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 339 pages, $84 Despite advanced imaging techniques, a confident diagnosis also requires knowledge of the patient, the clinical data, and the lesion location. Authors of this user-friendly book are alumni of Barrow
Role of cell permeability in the metabolism of histidine and urocanic acid.

Abstract Both in vivo and in vitro tests with radioactively labeled histidine and urocanic acid showed that rat liver tissue is more readily permeable to histidine than to urocanic acid. Total urinary output of urocanic acid and its radioactivity were measured after the administration of l -histidine by stomach tube and of urocanic acid by subcutaneous injection (one labeled; the other unlabeled) in rats which had previously been fed normal diets or diets supplemented with 0.05% of dl -ethionine. Labeling only the histidine or only the urocanic acid made it possible to determine the contribution of each to the urocanic acid output. In the normal animal both preformed urocanic acid which enters the cell and urocanic acid produced in it can be further metabolized. In the ethionine-fed animal further metabolism is limited by the inhibition of urocanase, and urocanic acid accumulates within the cell. The accumulation resists the entrance of extracellular urocanic acid, which in turn checks the excretion of cellular urocanic acid and its further production from histidine. The data provide a rational basis for reconciling the limited glycogen production induced by urocanic acid with the concept that urocanic acid is nevertheless a significant intermediate in the histidine-glycogen pathway.
Role of the proteasome in the regulation of fetal fibronectin secretion in human placenta.

The goal of the current study was to examine the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a pathway of intracellular degradation, in the regulation of fetal fibronectin (FFN) expression in human placenta. Primary cultures of cytotrophoblasts (CTs) and placental mesenchymal cells (PMCs) were isolated from human term placentas and were maintained in serum-free medium (SFM) in the presence of inhibitors of proteasome-mediated degradation (e.g., MG132) as well as inhibitors of other proteases. Levels of secreted FFN and interleukin (IL)-8 in culture media were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Intracellular levels of FFN and ubiquinated proteins were measured by Western blotting, and levels of fibronectin mRNA were determined following Northern blotting. We found that proteasome inhibitors (MG132, MG262, and PSI) potently suppressed levels of secreted FFN in cultures of CTs, but they not did affect levels of IL-8. Lysosomal, calpain, and serine protease inhibitors as well as the anti-inflammatory compound sulfasalazine did not markedly affect levels of secreted FFN in CT cultures. Proteasome inhibitors did not compromise cell viability during the initial 16-18 hours of treatment and did not affect intracellular levels of FFN protein or fibronectin mRNA. The efficacy of suppression of FFN in CT culture media by proteasome inhibitors reflected their effects on intracellular accumulation of ubiquinated proteins. By contrast, the presence of proteasome inhibitors did not alter levels of secreted FFN in cultures of PMCs. We conclude that inhibitors of proteasome-mediated degradation potently and specifically suppressed extracellular expression of FFN in CTs through a cell type-specific pathway that did not involve alterations in FFN synthesis. This suggests that accumulation of ubiquinated proteins in the presence of proteasome inhibitors blocks FFN secretion or promotes the extracellular degradation of FFN. This experimental paradigm will be useful for dissecting the role of the UPS in regulating CT function.
Repair of single-strand breaks in normal and trisomic lymphocytes.

The increased incidence of acute leukemias associated with Down's syndrome has stimulated interest in the response of trisomic cells to clastogens. An increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations has been observed in peripheral blood lymphocytes from persons with Down's syndrome, trisomy 21, compared to lymphocytes from normal donors exposed in vitro to ionizing radiation (Chudina et al., 1966; Dekaban et al., 1966; Kucerova, 1967; Chudina, 1968; Sasaki and Tonumura, 1969; Sasaki et al., 1970; Lambert et al., 1976) and certain chemical clastogens (O'Brien et al., 1971), as well as after in vivo exposure to viruses (Higurashi et al., 1975, 1976). Recently, Athanasiou and colleagues (1981) reported a deficiency in the capacity of lymphocytes from persons with Down's syndrome to repair single-strand DNA breaks. They found that 1 h after exposure to 160 Gray, repair processes had restored the sedimentation profile of DNA from normal lymphocytes to control values, whereas the relative average molecular weight of DNA from irradiated lymphocytes from persons with Down's syndrome showed no increase during the repair interval. They have suggested that their data, in conjunction with the earlier data concerning the frequencies of induced chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes from persons with Down's syndrome, reflect a decreased efficiency in some aspect of DNA repair in trisomic cells. However, for further studies of this hypothesis, it is more appropriate to study the rejoining of DNA single-strand breaks after doses comparable to those used in tests for chromosomal aberrations.