cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: effects of different sensitization regimens on in vitro reactivity of donor spleen cells to concanavalin A.

Abstract Splenocytes from Lewis rats sensitized to guinea pig spinal cord (GPSC) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or to myelin basic protein (MBP)-CFA plus pertussis vaccine were less effective than spleen cells from MBP-CFA sensitized donors in transferring EAE to syngeneic recipients following culture with concanavalin A (Con A). Moreover, splenocytes from rats sensitized to GPSC-CFA plus pertussis vaccine showed no EAE transfer activity following culture with Con A. Diminished EAE transfer activity occurred in parallel with decreased proliferative responses of primed splenocytes to Con A. These effects were due, at least in part, to the use of pertussis vaccine and to Con A activation of a suppressive adherent cell subpopulation in sensitized donor spleens. Proliferative responses and EAE transfer activity were restored upon removal of plastic-adherent cells from splenocytes of rats sensitized to MBP-CFA plus pertussis vaccine prior to Con A activation of the non adherent lymphoid cells. Deletion of plastic-adherent cells from splenocytes of donors sensitized to GPSC-CFA plus pertussis vaccine prior to activation with Con A, however, had no effect on proliferative responses or EAE transfer activity. Furthermore, EAE transfer activity of Con A-activated splenocytes from MBP-CFA-sensitized donors was lost when such cells were cultured with splenocytes from donors sensitized to GPSC-CFA plus pertussis vaccine.
Research on the Urban Influence Domains in China

Through research on the gravity model, the paper studies the geometric characteristics of urban influence domain and the principles for the change of urban influence domain along with the evolution of distance decay index, calculates the distribution of the gravitational field by using ARCGIS, establishes a spatial cluster system for the megalopolis in china, delineates urban influence domains by dissolving spatial features, and compartmentalizes China into 13 economic regions based on the megalopolis clusters and urban influence domains combining with the physical and economic locations. Major conclusions are: the distribution of urban gravitational field is the manifestation of regional unbalanced development; the spatial structure and characteristic of urban system can be studied through the distribution situation of urban gravitational field; the urban influence domains in China have not formed the mosaic structure of a standard regular hexagon; the economic region with weak urban gravitational field ...
Mind and Society: A Response to Derek Edwards’‘Emotion Discourse’

This paper extends Derek Edwards’ (1999) assertion that accounts of emotions are constructed using a repertoire of linguistic forms in specific contexts for specific goals and interests. The notion of situated meanings offers a fruitful way of conceptualizing linkages between mind and meaning construction, on the one hand, and social practices that organize them, on the other. Situated meanings are context-responsive assemblies constructed on-line from meanings based in prior experience. These mid-level constructions are linked with cultural models, which provide simplified narratives or theories of the world. Social practices provide apprenticeship in the ‘right’ sorts of experiences so that persons form the ‘right’ sorts of cultural models and make sense of experience in keeping with the ideologies embedded in these cultural models. Patterns of socioculturally specific and ideologically laden practices, activities and institutions reflect and are reflected by our mental representations.
Influence of radioactivity on surface interaction forces

Although some differences have been observed, the transport behavior of radioactive aerosol particles has often been assumed to be analogous to the behavior of nonradioactive aerosols in dispersion models. However, radioactive particles can become electrostatically charged as a result of the decay process. Theories have been proposed to describe this self-charging phenomenon, which may have a significant effect on how these particles interact with one another and with charged surfaces in the environment. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to quantify surface forces between a particle and a planar surface and to compare measurements with and without the involvement of radioactivity. The main objective of this work is to assess directly the effects of radioactivity on the surface interactions of radioactive aerosols via the measurement of the adhesion force. The adhesion force between a silicon nitride AFM tip and an activated gold substrate was measured so that any possible effects due to radioactivity could be observed. The adhesion force between the tip and the gold surface increased significantly when the gold substrate (25 mm{sup 2} surface area) was activated to a level of approximately 0.6 mCi. The results of this investigation will prompt further work into themore » effects of radioactivity in particle-surface interactions.« less
The Mixed Mode Fracture Analysis of Unidirectional Composites

The generalized Yeh-Stratton criterion is applied to an angled crack prob lem of unidirectional fibrous composites with a crack oriented in the fiber direction under uniaxial tensile load. The fracture stresses and the fracture angles are computed, and the predictions are compared with the available experimental data.
Multistage Directional Filter Based on Band-Reject Filter With Isolation Improvement Using Composite Right-/Left-Handed Transmission Lines

The λ/2 strip-resonator directional filter has good balance between compactness and robustness against manufacturing error. However, there have been difficulties in generalizing the strip-resonator directional filter to realize multipole filtering responses. This paper presents the theory, experiments, and improvement of a new structure of strip-resonator directional filter based on a band-reject filter. This new structure allows the realization of multipole responses and theoretically does not limit the types of filter responses. A three-pole elliptic directional filter prototype is studied thoroughly to show that its performance can be predicted accurately by a conventional filter structure. We also propose a modification of the delay-line part using composite right-/left-handed transmission line to improve the isolation. An isolation level of 30 dB is shown to be achieved consistently.
The beam dynamics study in compact synchrotrons

Abstract A new computer code has been developed for the design of compact synchrotrons. Based on a numerical integration of the exact equations of motion, the beam dynamics study was carried out for a four-cell ring of the Texas Accelerator Center (TAC) [1] and for a race-track ring of Brookhaven National Laboratory (SXLS) [2], with either computed or measured magnetic field. Significant discrepancies of machine parameters from those obtained with standard codes for synchrotrons reveal some unique features of the beam dynamics in small synchrotrons. Interactive procedures between the beam dynamics predictions on the one hand and the magnet design on the other are then explored so that cost-effective design can be achieved with the minimum effort.
Features of HTLV-1 transcriptional and chromatin remodeling dynamics emerge from ChIP-chip analysis

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T cell leukemia (ATL), a lymphoproliferative disease that primarily affects CD4+ T cells. Cellular transformation of infected cells is mediated through Tax, a multifaceted viral-encoded transactivator protein, which exerts regulatory effects in gene expression and cell cycle dysregulation. Vast differential cellular gene expression changes have been documented in the presence of Tax. We have performed ChIP-chip experiments and confirmation of gene expression dysregulation in uninfected and infected cell lines and performed analysis on selected microarray data from published literature (Tesi cells). We have characterized the resulting changes into seven categories according to the absence or presence of transcriptional machinery and core chromatin remodeling complex components RNA polymerase II (Pol II), CREB, BRG1, NFκB, and Tax, on the HTLV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Our data set suggests that gene expression regulation upon infection results in activation, de-repression, suppression (elongation block), suppression (block in factor occupancy), suppression (initiation block) and possible Pol II-independent gene expression in the presence of Tax. We have previously shown the essential Tax-BRG1 interaction for Tax transactivation and viral production, and that additional recruitment of transcriptional machinery and chromatin remodeling complexes to the viral LTR results in differential gene modulation.
A hammett correlation for the addition of organotin hydride to benzaldehydes

Abstract The relative rates for tri-n-butyltin hydride additions to substituted benzaldehydes under free radical and polar conditions have been determined from competitive reactions. The relative rates have been correlated by the Hammett σ or σ+ constants. The polar addition is correlated best by σ and the free radical addition by σ+. Interpretations of the results are presented.
Noninteracting Control System Design for a Coupled Core Nuclear Reactor

A procedure is presented here to design a noninteracting control system for a coupled core nuclear reactor. Simple methods are given to compute Q matrix and compensation. A computer program is developed to facilitate the design for large nuclear reactors.
Russia, before the coup and after

The following discussion of the situation in the Soviet Union as perceived by the author in two visits, in March‐April 1991 and September 1991, was not written in the vain hope of presenting an up‐to‐date account of the changing events there. Rather, it is an attempt to begin to identify elements of continuity as well as change in the transition to postcommunism, and to assess both what led to the attempted coup and its defeat and factors bearing on the postcommunist future.
Postfire debris flows occur quickly after rainfall starts

Areas damaged by forest fires can be vulnerable to debris flows because vegetation is no longer holding dirt and rocks in place, and debris flows in burned areas can be triggered by much less rainfall than would be needed to trigger a debris flow in an unburned area. Such debris flows are common in burned steep terrain in Southern California and sometimes cause significant damage to property and even loss of life—for instance, 16 people died in debris flows above San Bernardino on 25 December 2003. To better understand the conditions that lead to debris flows, Kean et al. measured properties including rainfall, channel bed pore fluid pressure, and hillslope soil water content for 24 debris flow events that occurred in five different watersheds that burned in the 2009 Station and Jesusita fires in the San Gabriel and Santa Ynez mountains. They looked at the timing of rainfall and debris flow events.
Size and Chemical Characterization of Individual Particles Resulting from Biomass Burning of Local Southern California Species

The chemical composition and size of individual particles derived from combustion products of several species found in Southern California were obtained using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The major inorganic species observed in >90% of all biomass burning particles is potassium, indicated by the atomic ion, as well as clusters containing chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions in the mass spectra. By obtaining positive and negative ion mass spectra it is possible to identify distinct chemical marker combinations in particles resulting from the burning of plant species, which in turn allows for differentiation from particles produced from other combustion sources such as vehicle emissions. Using these markers, particles derived from biomass burning were identified in ambient aerosol samples.
Models and Methods for Discovering Automatable Activity Segments in a Service--Oriented Environment

Although computers were invented barely fifty years ago, their enormous value and impact on society has already relegated much of computing discipline into a commodity status. While the pedagogical theories of computing have failed to keep pace with the rapid technological advances, of immense importance, a systematic approach to achieving reliable systems design despite complexity compounding on virtually daily basis, is sorely lacking. The immense array of sub-disciplines of computer science including digital hardware, computer architecture, programming languages, databases, networking, artificial intelligence, software engineering, etc. are rapidly coalescing into a new sub-discipline, labeled as the "service industry."
Refining the scale-up of chromatographic separations

The use of heavily loaded columns and complex processing conditions makes scale-up of chromatographic separations a non-trivial process. The wide ranges of process conditions that must be investigated demands that a large number of preliminary experiments must usually be made in small columns and laboratory-scale work stations. These preliminary data can be biased by improper column packing, poor distributors and dispersion in auxiliary apparatus, and it is important to understand these disturbing factors in detail. Moreover, it is precisely at this macroscopic level that our understanding of the chromatographic process is weakest, for large columns as well as small. This paper addresses three of these factors: Efficient elimination of peripheral effects and characterization of both header flow distribution and packing non-uniformity. This will be done using a variety of experimental and analytical approaches including nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, computational fluid dynamics and mass transfer, and careful experimentation.
Estimating efficacy in clinical trials with clustered binary responses.

When non-compliance occurs in a clinical trial, it may be of interest to supplement the intent-to-treat analysis with an analysis of the efficacy (or biological effect) of therapy. Sommer and Zeger (1991) developed a method for estimating efficacy applicable to the case of a binary response variable and all-or-none compliance that assumes independent subject responses. We extend this approach to accommodate within-cluster correlations as may be expected in a cluster-randomized design. The method is illustrated using data from a controlled village-randomized clinical trial conducted in Indonesia to investigate the effect of vitamin A supplementation on mortality in children. We find that within-cluster correlations for these data are very small and that taking into account the clustering does not substantially affect inferences in this case. Additional calculations show that small within-cluster correlations (though larger than those found in the vitamin A data) may have a large impact on efficacy inferences. We also present the results of a simulation study that demonstrates the validness of the proposed approach for finite sample sizes.
Clinical effectiveness of laparoscopic fundoplication in a U.S. community

Abstract Background The aim of our study was to determine the outcome of laparoscopic fundoplication for reflux disease in a cohort of patients who underwent this procedure in routine clinical practice. Methods We identified 151 patients who had undergone laparoscopic fundoplication in a managed care organization in Milwaukee. Symptoms were evaluated using a validated questionnaire. Postoperative medication use and endoscopic and surgical procedures were recorded. Results Eighty-seven patients agreed to participate, of whom 80 (41 [51%] men) were eligible. Their mean (± SD) age was 45 ± 12 years, and the mean duration after surgery was 20 ± 10 months. Thirty-six patients (45%) underwent the procedure because their physician recommended it, and 22 (27%) because they thought it would cure their disease. Forty-three patients (61%) were satisfied with the outcome of the procedure. Twenty-six patients (32%) were taking medications on a regular basis for treatment of heartburn, 9 (11%) required esophageal dilation for dysphagia, and 6 (7%) had repeat surgical procedures. Of the 54 patients (67%) who reported new symptoms after surgery, 38 reported excessive gas, 22 reported abdominal bloating, and 22 reported dysphagia. Health-related quality of life was significantly lower in patients with these symptoms. Conclusion Medical therapy is required for control of heartburn in approximately one third of patients after laparoscopic fundoplication. New symptoms are common after surgery. Patients need to be better informed about the indications and outcomes of surgery.
Distinct and collaborative roles of Drosophila EXT family proteins in morphogen signalling and gradient formation

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) have been implicated in regulating the signalling activities of secreted morphogen molecules including Wingless (Wg), Hedgehog (Hh) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp). HSPG consists of a protein core to which heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached. The formation of HS GAG chains is catalyzed by glycosyltransferases encoded by members of the EXT family of putative tumor suppressors linked to hereditary multiple exostoses. Previous studies in Drosophila demonstrated that tout-velu (ttv), the Drosophila EXT1, is required for Hh movement. However, the functions of other EXT family members are unknown. We have identified and isolated the other two members of the Drosophila EXT family genes, which are named sister of tout-velu (sotv) and brother of tout-velu (botv), and encode Drosophila homologues of vertebrate EXT2 and EXT-like 3 (EXTL3), respectively. We show that both Hh and Dpp signalling activities, as well as their morphogen distributions, are defective in cells mutant for ttv, sotv or botv in the wing disc. Surprisingly, although Wg morphogen distribution is abnormal in ttv, sotv and botv, Wg signalling is only defective in botv mutants or ttv-sotv double mutants, and not in ttv nor sotv alone, suggesting that Ttv and Sotv are redundant in Wg signalling. We demonstrate further that Ttv and Sotv form a complex and are co-localized in vivo. Our results, along with previous studies on Ttv, provide evidence that all three Drosophila EXT proteins are required for the biosynthesis of HSPGs, and for the gradient formation of the Wg, Hh and Dpp morphogens. Our results also suggest that HSPGs have two distinct roles in Wg morphogen distribution and signalling.
Larger Two-Dimensional Photonic Band Gaps.

Absolute photonic band gaps in two-dimensional square and honeycomb lattices of circular cross-section rods can be increased by reducing the structure symmetry. The addition of a smaller diameter rod into the center of each lattice unit cell lifts band degeneracies to create significantly larger band gaps. Symmetry breaking is most effective at filling fractions near those which produce absolute band gaps for the original lattice. Rod diameter ratios in the range 0.1–0.2 yield the greatest improvement in absolute gap size. Crystal symmetry reduction opens up new ways for engineering photonic gaps.
Climatic controls on hurricane patterns: a 1200-y near-annual record from Lighthouse Reef, Belize.

Climatic controls on hurricane patterns: a 1200-y near-annual record from Lighthouse Reef, Belize
Dalteparin was at least as effective as UFH for VTE prevention in critically ill patients, with similar costs

Source Citation Fowler RA, Mittmann N, Geerts W, et al; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group; Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Cost-effectiveness of dalteparin...
Molecular dissociation of SF6 by ultra-short CO2 laser pulses

Abstract We have measured the absolute dissociation probability of SF6 gas irradiated by CO2 laser pulses varying in duration from 0.5 nsec to 100 nsec. We find a threshold for dissociation of ≃ 1.4 J/cm2, independent of pulse duration. For fixed energy density, the dissociation probability increases as the pulse duration decreases, but not nearly to the degree expected from theory. We have also determined the dissociation probability in the ν2 + ν6 combination band and find it to be 103 times less than in the ν3 band, in contradiction to some conclusions recently reported by Ambartzumian et al. The dissociation mechanism takes place without collisions, and if collisions occur, they tend to be detrimental to the dissociation rate.
No brain expansion in Australopithecus boisei

The endocranial volumes of robust australopithecine fossils appear to have increased in size over time. Most evidence with temporal resolution is concentrated in East African Australopithecus boisei. Including the KNM-WT 17000 cranium, this sample comprises 11 endocranial volume estimates ranging in date from 2.5 million to 1.4 million years ago. But the sample presents several difficulties to a test of trend, including substantial estimation error for some specimens and an unusually low variance. This study reevaluates the evidence, using randomization methods and a related test using an explicit model of variability. None of these tests applied to the A. boisei endocranial volume sample produces significant evidence for a trend in that species, whether or not the early KNM-WT 17000 specimen is included. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Crystallization of intramembrane particles in rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by vanadate.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle appear in freeze-fracture as 0.15–0.2 µm vesicles. The concave fracture surface (P-face) contains a dense population of 8.5 nm particles that were previously identified as the Ca2+-transport ATPase. The convex surface (E-face) is mostly smooth, displaying an occasional particle but no complementary arrays of pits. Incubation of the vesicles at 4°C in calcium-free solutions containing 5 mM Na3VO4 induces the formation of two-dimensional crystalline arrays of the Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase, accompanied by structural changes visible by freeze-etch electron microscopy. Most vesicles elongate into tubules 60–80 nm in diameter and the 8.5 nm intramembrane particles of the P-face become regularly organized into parallel ridges. The ridges are coiled around the tubules in right-handed helices, oriented at 50–60° angle to the long axis of the tubules. The particles repeat along the rows at about 5.5 nm and the rows repeat at 10.5–11.0. Occasionally the ridges seem to break up into 8.5 nm particles. Parallel furrows are visible on the (convex) E-face of the tubules. In high resolution replicas, the furrows are resolved into rows of pits that are complementary images of the ridges. Deep etching and rotary shadowing reveal oblique crests on the protoplasmic surface, consisting of dimeric particles close to 8.5 × 5.5 nm in size, in which each monomer can frequently be resolved into two structural domains. These data suggest that vanadate induces a conformational change in the Ca2+-transport ATPase, with crystallization of the intramembrane particles.
Solute and solvent diffusion for an alloy in dissociative equilibrium

Solute and solvent diffusion have been analyzed with the pair-association theory for a dilute fee alloy in which the solute is partitioned between the three states of unassociated substitutional solute atoms, interstitial-vacancy close pairs, and isolated interstitial solute atoms. Correlation factors are identified for solute and vacancy motion, and the relationship between the enhancement factor for solvent diffusion and the vacancy correlation factor attributable to solvent-vacancy exchanges in the presence of the interstitial-solute-vacancy defect has been derived.
Including patient-reported outcomes and patient-reported resource-use questionnaires in studies.

Rationale More efficient and better informed healthcare systems are expected to have improved knowledge of the impact of interventions on patient outcomes and resources used by patients and providers in specific health conditions. Objectives To describe trends related to putting patients at the center of healthcare decision making, regulatory trends and best practice recommendations for developing high-quality patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and strategic issues related to including PROs in studies. Materials and Methods We summarize PRO concepts, definitions, and broadly-accepted scientific standards for developing, assessing, and interpreting PROs. Three conceptual models are presented as examples for assessing PROs in relation to other outcomes. We discuss different perspectives for stakeholders, including regulatory issues pertaining to formal guidance for PRO development and for use in trials. We provide examples of PROs used in studies for assessing health outcomes in oncology and resource-use outcomes in low back pain patients. Results Psychometric scientists working closely with multi-disciplinary teams and regulatory authorities have greatly improved the science of collecting, assessing, and understanding patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials. A simplified framework is presented for strategic considerations for including PROs in studies, such as the appropriate timing for PRO endpoints. Asking patients about their health status and/or use of resources improves our understanding of how interventions and care processes may impact their lives and their budgets. We provide examples from a back pain trial of patient-reported resource-use questionnaires for medicines taken and other services or products used by patients. Conclusions Healthcare stakeholders are placing increased emphasis on resource use and the impact of interventions on patients, including effects associated with diagnostic tests. Patient-reported outcomes are being used in clinical practice and in clinical research, supported by formal best-practice guidelines. Radiology has a role as an engaged stakeholder in the design, conduct, and interpretation of patient-based evidence, and in its relevance to health policy implementation.
Statistical Issues in the Estimation of Assigned Shares for Carcinogenesis Liability

Congress is currently considering adopting a mathematical formula to assign shares in cancer causation to specific doses of radiation, for use in establishing liability and compensation awards. The proposed formula, if it were sound, would allow difficult problems in tort law and public policy to be resolved by reference to tabulated “probabilities of causation.” This article examines the statistical and conceptual bases for the proposed methodology. We find that the proposed formula is incorrect as an expression for “probability and causation,” that it implies hidden, debatable policy judgments in its treatment of factor interactions and uncertainties, and that it can not in general be quantified with sufficient precision to be useful. Three generic sources of statistical uncertainty are identified—sampling variability, population heterogeneity, and error propagation—that prevent accurate quantification of “assigned shares.” These uncertainties arise whenever aggregate epidemiological or risk data are used to draw causal inferences about individual cases.
Open study of the safety and efficacy of a single oral dose of cefixime for the treatment of gonorrhea in pregnancy

Objective: The intent of this study was to determine the efficacy and tolerance of single dose oral cefixime use in the treatment of pregnant women with endocervical gonococcal carriage. Methods: A retrospective review of clinic records over a 3 year period identified patients treated with a single 400 mg dose of cefixime for gonorrhea during pregnancy. Side effects and subsequent gonococcal carriage were noted. Results: Pregnant women (n = 102) treated with cefixime were reviewed. A cure rate of 95.2% was found. Side effects were reported in three patients: two had nausea and vomiting and one had diarrhea. Conclusions: A single 400 mg oral dose of cefixime was effective for the treatment of gonorrhea and was well tolerated by the pregnant women.
Liposomal bupivacaine in forefoot surgery.

Background:Liposomal bupivacaine is increasingly being utilized in attempts to provide prolonged local analgesia in the immediate postoperative period. The purpose of this study was to quantify the...
Election Inversions under Proportional Representation

It has been shown by Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard, using several empirical examples under the Danish electoral system, that proportional representation (PR) can produce ‘election inversions’ such that a coalition of parties collectively supported by a majority of voters fails to win a majority of parliamentary seats. However, Kurrild-Klitgaard's examples result from imperfections in the Danish PR system introduced to serve goals other than proportionality. In this article, Kurrild-Klitgaard's analysis is carried a step further by showing that election inversions can occur even under the purest type of PR – namely, one with (i) a single national constituency, (ii) no explicit seat threshold, and (iii) a highly proportional electoral formula. Inversions result from the unavoidable ‘whole number problem’. Recent election data from Israel and the Netherlands is examined and examples of inversions under their relatively pure PR systems are found. Inversions are also found after recalculating seat allocations without a threshold, and on the basis of the most proportional electoral formulas and when the analysis is restricted to seat-winning parties. Kurrild-Klitgaard's Danish data is then re-examined in the same fashion, as is the most recent apportionment of seats in the United States House of Representatives, and more examples of inversions are found.
Focus on Economic Sociology A Principal‐Agent Analysis of the Family: Implications for the Welfare State

This paper suggests that a principal-agent perspective may be one of several useful ways of analyzing the family. The principal-agent literature has so far ignored an important set of cases where the principal is incapable of defining and defending her own interests, and so is assigned an agent by law or custom. This paper applies principal-agent analysis to one such case, the family, where the child is taken as the principal and the parent is her agent. The principal-agent problem within families creates a prima facie case for certain state interventions to protect the interests of child-principals. The principal-agent perspective on the family sheds new light on two old debates: about provision of state welfare services in cash or in kind, and about user fees for social services.
The effect of orifice lead cutting edge distance and fluid viscosity on jet performance in high-velocity waterjet cutting systems

This paper uses numerical methods to discuss the influence of different designs of orifice geometries on the coherence of waterjets for cutting accurately in high velocity waterjet systems. Firstly, the numerical inner flow fields of standard waterjets, including orifice housings and cutting heads, are set up. Then, we infer the government equations for computational requirements. Finally, according to the specific conditions, the influences on velocity distributions of waterjets are simulated. In addition to water, fluids of different viscosities and densities (the SAE 10W engine oil and glycerin) are used to expand the relationships of the velocity field and coherence in high velocity waterjets . The above-mentioned results not only contribute to understanding the lead cutting distance of the orifice, which must be controlled under 3 μm, but also this study finds that the laminar flows of the waterjets are more coherent than the turbulent flows of the waterjets.
Oxidative stress, vascular damage and alterations in blood flow in the placenta and fetus

pre-eclampsia and IUGR. ELISA was used to measure circulating VEGF immunoreactivity in umbilical vein serum samples and immunohistochemistry was used to determine tissue expression of the protein. Since VEGF is known to be upregulated by hypoxia, the expression pattern of VEGF would provide further clues to the oxygen status in the placentae at the time of sampling, a subject under great debate at the present time. The geometric mean concentration of VEGF immunoreactivity in umbilical vein serum of normal pregnant women was 112.46 pg/ml, in women with preeclampsia was 50.23 pg/ml and in IUGR alone was 175.35 pg/ ml. These values were not statistically different from each other. Immunolocalization of VEGF in normal term villous placenta was observed in the syncytiotrophoblast with less intense staining in stromal cells. No qualitative differences in localization of staining between the groups (normal pregnancies, pre-eclampsia, pre-eclampsia plus IUGR and IUGR) were found. However, intensity of VEGF immunostaining in syncytiotrophoblast was significantly reduced in the three pathological groups (PzO.02) compared with the control group. These results suggest that reduced VEGF may, at least in part, be responsible for the impaired vascular development which occurs in these conditions. Our results are not therefore consistent with villous placental hypoxia at the time of sample collection. Placenta (1998), Vol. 19
MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR RETICULAR DYSGENESIS RESULTING IN IMMUNOLOGIC RECONSTITUTION WITHOUT MYELOID RECONSTITUTION

Reticular dysgenesis is a rare syndrome characterized by combined immunodeficiency and neutropenia. We have cared for a child, whose sister died of overwhelming sepsis at 2 months of age, who was referred for neutropenia. Further work-up revealed a severe combined immunodeficiency. The patient had evidence of excessive suppressor cell activity as detected in both mixed lymphocyte cultures and an assay designed to measure in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis. He had circulating T cells that bore the maternal HLA haplotype. He was treated without pre-transplant immunosuppression by allogenic marrow transplantation from his histocompatible 5 yr old nonaffected sister. Within one week the maternal T cell haplotype was no longer detectable. Excessive suppressor cell activity was not detectable by 3 weeks. There was significant improvement in his immune function as early as one month (PHA stimulation index 2.7 → 143; serum IgG 134 mg/dl → 512 mg/dl). However the patient has remained neutropenic with a maximum neutrophil count of 0.3 × 109/1. Cytogenetic analysis revealed an xx karotype in peripheral blood and an xy karotype in marrow chromosomes. Six months post transplant he is developing normally without infection. Marrow transplantation without preparation can restore immune function but additional immunosuppression may be necessary for complete myeloid reconstitution.
Mapping ischemic risk region and necrosis in the isolated heart using EPR imaging.

Reperfusion of ischemic tissue is a common event in the treatment of heart attack and stroke. To study disease pathogenesis, methods are required to measure tissue perfusion and area at risk, as well as localized regions of injury. While histology can provide this information, its destructive nature precludes assessment of time course. Thus, there is a critical need for a noninvasive technique to obtain this information. To map myocardial redox state as a possible index of cellular ischemia and viability, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging experiments were performed on isolated rat hearts before and after the onset of regional ischemia using nitroxide spin labels. With coronary artery occlusion, the EPR images clearly showed the risk region as a void of lower intensity that reversed upon reperfusion. The extent of risk region in the heart was similar in EPR imaging and histological measurements. The unique information obtained regarding the time course of changes in redox metabolism of the risk region and normal myocardium can provide important insights regarding the mechanisms of myocardial injury during and following ischemia.
Female patients with small cell lung cancer live longer than male patients

Purpose The incidence of lung cancer is rising in women in the United States, and recent reports have suggested that female patients treated for small cell lung cancer have an improved survival compared with their male counterparts. In view of these findings, we decided to determine if, in our patient population, women live longer than men and if a higher proportion of female patients are entering our trials. Patients and methods The survival of women entering therapeutic clinical trials for small cell lung cancer from 1973 through 1986 at the National Cancer Institute-Navy Medical Oncology Branch was evaluated and compared with the survival of similarly treated men during the same time period. Results The survival of female patients was longer than that of male patients (median of 13 months versus 10 months). Cox proportional hazards modeling incorporating multiple prognostic factors indicated that women survived significantly longer than men ( p = 0.002) when adjustment for other significant factors was made. This survival advantage for women was consistent in both early and late time periods analyzed. In addition, women constituted a larger proportion of patients entering clinical trials in the later time period, as is consistent with the rising incidence of lung cancer in women nationwide. Conclusion We believe it will be important that comparisons of current clinical trials with older trials that enrolled fewer women control for the favorable prognostic factor of the female sex.
Family reunification in a social structural context

Abstract Using a multi-level discrete time hazard model, this study examines whether county level social structural characteristics affect the rate of family reunification, after adjusting for child attributes. Children who were placed in foster care for the first time during 2004 from 945 counties in 17 states are included. The county level characteristic examined included urbanicity, racial composition, percentage of female-headed households, proportion of households in poverty and foster care placement rate. The results show that with the exception of poverty, the other contextual variables affect family reunification, although the effects are most pronounced within the first six months of foster care placement.
Generation of a Mammalian Cell Line Deficient in Glucose-regulated Protein Stress Induction through Targeted Ribozyme Driven by a Stress-inducible Promoter

GRP94 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized glycoprotein with Ca2+ binding and protein chaperoning properties. Using a ribozyme driven by a stress-inducible promoter and targeted against grp94 mRNA, we have generated a cell line deficient in its ability to induce GRP94. The effect of the ribozyme is mediated by the cleavage of the grp94 message just downstream of the initiation codon, and not by an antisense effect, as determined by the level of intact grp94 mRNA. Unexpectedly, this cell line's ability to induce GRP78 is also impaired. Transient overexpression of recombinant human lysosomal hydrolase alpha-L-iduronidase in the ribozyme expressing cells indicates that the secretion ratio of this enzyme is reduced by about 6-fold. Additionally, the ribozyme expressing cells showed increased sensitivity to Ca2+ depletion from ER caused by either A23187 or thapsigargin, an ER-Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor, but not to tunicamycin. These combined results show that the induction of GRP94 may play important roles in ER to nuclear signaling, protein sorting and secretion, and specific protection against Ca2+ depletion stress.
Single-dose oral temafloxacin versus parenteral ceftriaxone in the treatment of gonococcal urethritis/cervicitis.

Abstract Temafloxacin is an oral fluoroquinolone with potent in vitro activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae . The efficacy and safety of a single dose of temafloxacin were compared with ceftriaxone, the current treatment of choice for gonorrhea, in a randomized, multicenter study. A total of 421 patients with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis were randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of temafloxacin 200 mg (n = 63) or 400 mg (n = 175), or a single intramuscular injection of ceftriaxone 250 mg (n = 183). In evaluable patients, bacteriologic cure rates were >99% for both temafloxacin and ceftriaxone recipients. Corresponding clinical cure rates were 93.6% and 94.6%, respectively. Both regimens were well tolerated. A single oral dose of temafloxacin appears to be as safe and effective as injectable ceftriaxone in the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis.
Adaptive neural networks for control of movement trajectories invariant under speed and force rescaling

Abstract This article describes two neural network modules that form part of an emerging theory of how adaptive control of goal-directed sensory-motor skills is achieved by humans and other animals. The Vector-Integration-To-Endpoint (VITE) model suggests how synchronous multi-joint trajectories are generated and performed at variable speeds. The Factorization-of-Length-and-TEnsion (FLETE) model suggest how outflow movement commands from a VITE model may be performed at variable force levels without a loss of positional accuracy. The invariance of positional control under speed and force rescaling sheds new light upon a familiar strategy of motor skill development: skill learning begins with performance at low speed and low limb compliance and proceeds to higher speeds and compliances. The VITE model helps to explain many neural and behavioral data about trajectory formation, including data about neural coding within the posterior parietal cortex, motor cortex, and globus pallidus, and behavioral properties such as Woodworth's Law, Fitts' Law, peak acceleration as a function of movement amplitude and duration, isotonic arm movement properties before and after arm-deafferentiation, central error correction properties of isometric contractions, motor priming without overt action, velocity amplification during target switching, velocity profile invariance across different movement distances, changes in velocity profile asymmetry across different movement durations, staggered onset times for controlling linear trajectories with synchronous offset times, changes in the ratio of maximum to average velocity during discrete versus serial movements, and shared properties of
Efficacy of iodine-treated biocidal filter media against bacterial spore aerosols

Aims: To assess the effectiveness of iodine-treated biocidal filter media against bacterial spore aerosols. Methods and Results: Bacillus subtilis spores were aerosolized and introduced into a filtration system. Both treated and untreated filters exhibited high viable removal efficiency (>99AE996%) with negligible variation in pressure drop during the entire experiment. The viability of collected spores on the filter was investigated by enumeration of spores extracted from the filter by vortexing. At room temperature and low relative humidity (RH), the survival fraction of the treated filter was significantly lower than that of the untreated filter (P-value < 0AE05). Meanwhile, at room temperature and high RH and at high temperature and high RH, the survival fractions on the treated medium were statistically the same as the untreated control at room temperature and low RH. Conclusions: Both treated and untreated filters achieved excellent viable removal efficiency for spores. The pressure drop of the treated filter was not affected by the iodine treatment. The viability of collected bacterial spores was decreased because of the exertion of iodine disinfectant. Significance and Impact of the Study: The evaluation demonstrates that the iodine-treated filter is a viable medium for respiratory protection against infectious spore aerosols. The results warrant further evaluation of smaller biological agents, which exhibit higher penetration.
Ion transport by the intestine of the goby, Gillichthys mirabilis

Abstract 1. 1. The posterior intestine of the seawater- and 5% seawater-adapted goby, Gillichthys mirabilis, in vitro generates a serosa-negative transepithelial potential. 2. 2. Net mucosal-to-serosal Cl flux exceeds net mucosal-to-serosal Na flux under short-circuit conditions. 3. 3. Short-circuit current is reduced after treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor; Cl secretion was not stimulated. 4. 4. Regional differences in intestinal function are suggested based on differences in electrophysiological characteristics of middle and posterior intestinal segments.
Stiff systems of kinetic equations—A practitioner's view☆

Abstract An ever increasing number of current problems in applied science are described by sets of kinetic equations which may suffer from the difficulty known as stiffness when numerical solution of the equations is attempted. In this article the common causes and effects of stiffness are examined from a general user's point of view. Generally available measures for alleviating this type of difficulty are indicated. A specialized routine designed specifically for stiff systems (in that it enacts the measures which are discussed herein) is applied to a kinetic model of photochemical smog. Performance of the specialized routine is compared to a standard Adams predictor-corrector method as well as to the results obtained by another standard kinetics code which was originally applied to this model problem. Finally, the admissibility of quasi-steady state assumptions on selected components in this system model is examined.
Application of the brief international classification of functioning, disability, and health core set as a conceptual model in distal radius fractures

Purpose In 2009, the World Health Organization published a conceptual outcome framework for evaluating upper extremity injury and disease, known as the Brief International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) Core Set for Hand Conditions. The purpose of this study was to apply the ICF conceptual model to outcomes for distal radius fractures (DRFs) and determine the contribution of each ICF domain to patient satisfaction. Methods Patient-rated and objective functional outcome data were collected at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. We measured satisfaction using a subsection of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ) satisfaction score. Measured study variables were linked to their corresponding ICF domain (personal factors, environmental factors, activity and participation, and body function). We then used hierarchical regression to assess the contribution of each ICF domain to variation in overall patient satisfaction at each time point. Results We enrolled 53 patients with unilateral DRFs treated with the volar locking plating system. Regression analysis indicated that measured study variables explain 93% (6 weeks), 98% (3 months), and 97% (6 months) of variation in patient satisfaction. For all 3 study assessment dates, activity and participation variables (MHQ–Activities of Daily Living, MHQ–Work, and Jebsen-Taylor Score) contributed the most to variation in patient satisfaction, whereas personal and environmental factors had a considerably smaller role in predicting changes in patient satisfaction. Conclusions The results demonstrated that it is possible to reliably model the relative contributions of each ICF domain to patient satisfaction over time, and the findings are consistent with previous research (ie, that most outcome variation is due to physical or functional factors). These results are strong enough to support continued use and further research using the ICF model for upper extremity outcomes.