cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consequences of dropping out of school: Findings from high school and beyond.

Abstract The dropout problem has recently been the focus of considerable concern and the subject of much research. Nevertheless, the lack of a careful and systematic assessment of the consequences of dropping out still exists. The purpose of the present study was to examine the personal, social, and economic consequences of dropping out of school. The High School and Beyond (HS&B) data base was used to investigate the experiences of dropouts and high school graduates in 1986, 4 years after the projected date of graduation. Specifically, dropouts and graduates with no postsecondary education were compared on (a) self-esteem, (b) alcohol use, (c) political/social participation measures, (d) work satisfaction, (e) salary of current job, (f) periods of unemployment, and (g) number of jobs. Multiple-regression analyses were used to determine the degree to which dropping out explained variance in those measures when race, urbanicity, geographic region, socioeconomic status, and academic achievement were held co...
What determines IT spending priorities

IntroductionGlobal spending on Information Technology (IT) continues to grow and is expected to reach $1.66 trillion in 2009. In addition, IT represents a large (40--45%) and stable share (in nominal dollars) of firm spending on equipment and software. As CIOs and IT managers attempt to budget these large IT expenditures they must help the business align IT spending with business strategy and prioritize IT investments in conjunction with business goals. When prioritizing IT spending managers often compare their own IT spending priorities with those of other firms. That is,"Every year, CIOs and their finance people get prepared for the following question from their CEOs: "How does our IT spending compare with our competitors?"In an effort to help firms benchmark their IT spending priorities, we surveyed 1,495 business leaders in Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, and Texas during the 4th Quarter of 2005 to examine the firms' IT spending priorities across business functions (such as, administration; production and distribution; customer relationship management; research and design; managerial decision-making; and security) and the impact of firm and industry characteristics on these priorities. While previous studies examine IT spending from different perspectives, we are not aware of any work that examines the factors that determine how firms allocate IT expenditures across business functions.Empirical analysis of this survey data shows that the highest IT spending priorities of the respondents are in the areas of administration and production and distribution while the lowest priorities are in the areas of research and development (R&D) and security. In addition, the analysis shows that factors such as industry type, firm size, and perceptions of the impact of past IT investments on product quality and revenue may differentially affect the allocation of IT expenditures across business function categories. For example, the results show that:• Service firms are more likely to rank IT spending in support of R&D and security as their highest priority.• Small firms are more likely to rank IT spending in support of security as their lowest priority.• Firms that have leveraged past IT expenditures to increase product/service quality are more likely to rank customer relationship management (CRM) as their highest IT priority.• Firms that have leveraged past IT expenditures to increase revenues are more likely to rank managerial decision-making as their highest IT priority.
Cellular dynamics and modulation of WRN protein is DNA damage specific

The human premature aging protein Werner (WRN), deficient in Werner syndrome (WS), is localized mainly to the nucleolus in many cell types. DNA damage or replication arrest causes WRN to redistribute from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm into discrete foci. In this study, we have investigated DNA damage specific cellular redistribution of WRN. In response to agents causing DNA double strand breaks or DNA base damage, WRN is re-distributed from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm in a reversible manner. However, after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation such redistribution of WRN is largely absent. We also show that WRN is associated with the insoluble protein fraction of cells after exposure to various kinds of DNA damage but not after UV irradiation. Further, we have studied the DNA damage specific post-translational modulation of WRN. Our results show that WRN is acetylated after mytomycin C or methyl methane-sulfonate treatment, but not after UV irradiation. Also, DNA damage specific phosphorylation of WRN is absent in UV irradiated cells. Inhibition of phosphorylation fails to restore WRN localization. Thus, our results suggest that the dynamics of WRN protein trafficking is DNA damage specific and is related to its post-translational modulation. The results also indicate a preferred role of WRN in recombination and base excision repair rather than nucleotide excision repair.
The role of the maturation-promoting factor in controlling protein synthesis in Xenopus oocytes

Oocyte cytosol, containing maturation-promoting factor activity, induces a twofold increase in the rate of protein synthesis as well as inducing germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) when microinjected into Xenopus oocytes. In the current study, it is shown that the cytosol activity responsible for inducing the increase in protein synthesis can be separated from the activity that induces GVBD in recipient oocytes.
Multiple primary melanoma.

From a series of 712 patients with melanoma, 38 patients (5.3%) had more than one primary melanoma. Twenty-four patients had two primaries, 11 patients had three, 2 patients had four, and 1 patient had eight. Twelve patients (32%) had one or more synchronous primaries. Forty-five percent of all multiple primaries were diagnosed within the first year. Microstaging by level and depth was determined prior to treatment and in patients with nonsynchronous primaries, 83% had a subsequent melanoma equal or less advanced than the original. Twenty-six patients with Stage I primaries were skin-tested with DNCB prior to therapy. No significant differences in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were found between multiple primary and matched controls with only a single melanoma. Four of 10 patients with multiple primaries treated with adjuvant BCG or BCG-tumor cell vaccine developed subsequent melanomas suggesting that immunotherapy with BCG will not prevent the development of a new primary melanoma. Survival in patients with Stage I and II multiple primary melanomas was improved compared to Stage I and II patients with a single primary. This study suggests that prognosis in multiple primary melanomas is better reflected by the most advanced primary based on microstaging and the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastases than by multiplicity. Cancer 43:939–944, 1979.
Letter to a Sister Underground: Extended Remix

For the National Women's Studies Association's 30th annual conference in 2009, “Difficult Dialogues,” I composed a letter/prose poem addressed to the author of the letter/prose poem “Letter to a Si...
Fiber optics transmission of LV signal

The first use of a long optical fiber for transmitting megahertz frequencies in a laser velocimeter (LV) receiver system is reported. The fiber comprises a 600-micron diameter fused silica core, a silicon polymer cladding and a plastic jacket. The fiber numerical aperture is 0.22, corresponding to a maximum entrance half-angle of 0.22 rad. The 10-m length used results in a 5.6% attenuation loss. The fiber is found to transmit an 80-MHz signal with excellent resolution. It is established that an LV receiver using fiber optics sends a clean signal in electronically noisy and high-pressure environments and allows velocity measurements in places too small for a photomultiplier tube.
Sea surface temperature and sea surface height variability in the North Pacific Ocean from 1993 to 1999

[1] Correlations between advanced very high resolution radiometer Pathfinder sea surface temperature (SST) and TOPEX sea surface height (SSH) anomalies are calculated for the 7 year period 1993–1999 in the equatorial and North Pacific. These correlations provide measures of SSH and SST covariability and are obtained using an empirical orthogonal function analysis separately on the two fields and a singular value decomposition (SVD) method on both fields simultaneously. These correlations reveal distinct SST-SSH states: a warm, elevated period from January 1993 to December 1994; a cooler, lower phase spanning January 1995 through December 1996; and the strongly variable El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) period spanning 1997–1999. The relationships between these SST-SSH states and the dominant interannual and interdecadal modes of Pacific variability are investigated through correlations with indices for the Southern Oscillation, Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). When including the tropics, significant correlations between the first SVD mode of the SST-SSH covariability and the interannual ENSO pattern and interdecadal PDO pattern are evident. Restricting the focus to the extratropical North Pacific reveals significant correlations with only the interdecadal PDO pattern. While the first mode reveals connections to the ENSO and PDO patterns, the second SVD mode indicates significant correlations to the PNA pattern for both the tropical and extratropical Pacific.
Estrogenic Effect of Tri-p-anisylchloroethylene (TAGE)∗ in the Human Postmenopausal Female

ConclusionsThe minimal effective dose of TACE after oral administration required for virtually complete cornification of the postmenopausal human female vagina is in the neighborhood of 24 to 48 mg administered as 4 daily doses of 6 to 12 mg each. Similar amounts of TACE administered on alternate days do not induce much cornification of the vaginal mucosa, but do lead to some growth of the intermediate cell layers. The duration of effect of these minimal effective doses of TACE was not remarkably different from that of other oral estrogens (ethinyl estradiol, dienestrol), but it is possible that its prolonged effect appears only with doses greater than the minimal ones.
Development of an integrated endoscopic device for multiplexed low coherence interferometry measurements of microbicide gel coating thickness

Microbicide gels are topical products that have recently been developed to combat sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. The extent of gel coverage, thickness, and structure are crucial factors in gel effectiveness. It is necessary to be able to monitor gel distribution and behavior under various circumstances, such as coatis, and over an extended time scale in vivo. We have developed a multiplexed, Fourier-domain low coherence interferometry (LCI) system as a practical method of measuring microbicide gel distribution, with precision and accuracy comparable to currently used fluorometric techniques techniques. The multiplexed system achieved a broad scanning area without the need for a mechanical scanning device, typical of OCT systems, by utilizing six parallel channels with simultaneous data collection. We now propose an imaging module which will allow the integration of the multiplexed LCI system into the current fluorescence system in conjunction with an endoscope. The LCI imaging module will meet several key criteria in order to be compatible with the current system. The fluorescent system features a 4-mm diameter rigid endsoscope enclosed in a 27-mm diameter polycarbonate tube, with a water immersion tip. Therefore, the LCI module must be low-profile as well as water-resistant to fit inside the current design. It also must fulfill its primary function of delivering light from each of the six channels to the gel and collecting backscattered light. The performance of the imaging module will be characterized by scanning a calibration socket which contains grooves of known depths, and comparing these measurements to the fluorometric results.
Differential opening of the brain endothelial barrier following neutralization of the endothelial luminal anionic charge in vitro.

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the effect of neutralization of brain endothelial cell luminal membrane anionic charge on endothelial permeability properties. Mouse brain microvessel endothelial cells were grown to confluence on a nitrocellulose filter. The permeability of the endothelium to Evan's blue dye (EBD) (molecular weight 960) and fluoresceinated dextran (FITC-D) (molecular weight 20,000), both polar molecules, was assessed before and after the exposure of the endothelium to cationic ferritin (CF) or native ferritin (NF). The use of CF resulted in a significant increase in permeability of the endothelium to EBD compared to NF. This result indicates that ablation of endothelial surface anionic charge enhances endothelial transport of a small, polar-charged molecule. Cationic ferritin did not increase the permeability of FITC-D compared to NF. This negative result is not surprising because FITC-D differs from EBD in terms of charge and solubility as well as in size. The electrical resistance of the endothelial cell layer after the application of CF was unchanged from baseline values suggesting a transcellular rather than a paracellular route of the EBD leakage.
Swallowing and resting forces related to lingual flange thickness in removable partial dentures

Abstract A method of evaluating forces of the tongue in a lateral direction utilizing transducers placed in denture bases of removable partial dentures has been presented. Results suggest that on a daily basis the resting posture of the tongue contributes more lateral force to a lower dental prosthesis than has been recognized. In order to minimize lateral forces of the tongue directed toward dental prostheses, it would seem advisable to make the lingual flanges as thin as possible.
Non-traditional metabolic pathways of adrenal steroids

Metabolic pathways are reconstructed from biochemical evidence to conceptualize the predominant route to important biomolecules. Pathways have heuristic value in their capacity to explain the metabolic derangements in genetic diseases of enzyme deficiencies and during pharmacologic inhibition of these enzymes. Implicit in the description of these pathways is the potential existence of alternate routes, variable order of reactions, and the inevitable by-products generated by incomplete efficiencies and competing enzymes. This chapter will consider alternate fates encountered by steroid hormone precursors in the adrenal gland, the variables influencing flux through these secondary pathways, and the significance of these diversions in health and disease.
Psychological Consultation and Services in a General Medical Hospital

When psychologists need to see patients who have been admitted to a general medical hospital or are asked to see a patient in a general medical hospital, they must be aware of, and in compliance with, the rules governing consultation, privileging, and privacy. Psychological treatment for patients is an important part of the treatment of patients with medical conditions that may be exacerbated by psychosocial stressors, preexisting anxiety, or depressive symptoms. The role of the psychologist is to have an integrated role with the medical team and work with the patient in effectively managing these symptoms. Models for promoting psychological services to all patients, especially those who are medically ill, have emerged as one of the few growth areas in psychology.
Formation of conductive polyaniline fibers derived from highly concentrated emeraldine base solutions

Abstract The high molecular weight (M n > 30,000, M w >120,000) form of emeraldine base (EB) may be dissolved at concentrations exceeding 20% (w/w) in organic solvents for periods of time sufficient to dry-wet spin solid fibers. This result is due to the combination of a gel-inhibitor (GI) with the polymer/solvent solution. The GI/EB complex disrupts hydrogen bond formation between EB chains in the concentrated EB solutions and thereby lowers the solution viscosity and increases the gelation time. The as spun fiber exhibits good mechanical strength and high conductivities, and both physical properties are further improved by drawing the fiber to four times its initial length. Doping the fibers with inorganic mineral acids significantly reduces fiber strength, while doping with certain organic acids, such as benzene phosphinic acid, preserves mechanical properties and high conductivity values. All of the fully doped fibers show temperature activated conductivity. No detectable crystallinity was observed by measurements with a wide angle XRD technique.
Reovirus 3 and neonatal biliary disease: discussion of divergent results.

Infection with reovirus 3 (Reo-3) has been suggested as the cause of extrahepatic biliary atresia and idiopathic neonatal hepatitis but confirmation has been lacking. Therefore we have searched for a specific anti-Reo-3 antibody response in the sera of patients with biliary atresia or neonatal hepatitis and for Reo-3 antigens in their hepatobiliary tissues. Sera from 23 infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia, 12 with neonatal hepatitis, 30 age-matched control patients with other liver diseases, and 55 control patients without liver disease were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for total (IgA, IgG, and IgM) anti-Reo-antibodies; sera of infants younger than 6 months of age were tested also for IgM anti-Reo-3 antibodies alone. There was no difference between either total or IgM anti-Reo-3 antibody levels in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia or neonatal hepatitis and levels in control infants. Reo-3 antigens were not detected in the hepatobiliary tissues of 19 infants (18 with biliary atresia, one with neonatal hepatitis) by an immunoperoxidase method that readily demonstrated Reo-3 in control in fected HEp-G2 cells. Our data do not support a relationship between neonatal liver diseases and infection with Reo-3.
In Vivo Studies on Staphylococcal Penicillinase

Eyckmans, Luc (Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Tex.), and Ralph Tompsett. In vivo studies on staphylococcal penicillinase. J. Bacteriol. 90:589–593. 1965.—The amounts of staphylococcal penicillinase present in tissue of mice with well-established infections due to penicillin-resistant staphylococci were determined. The data indicate that, in the presence of such infection, penicillinase can be found in amounts adequate to destroy large amounts of penicillin. These results are found in the absence of any conditions which are known to induce penicillinase. Although it has been generally assumed that penicillinase does account for the penicillin resistance of certain staphylococci in vivo, the data presented here document the quantitative aspects of this phenomenon, and indicate that the amounts of penicillinase produced are sufficient to account for the high degrees of resistance observed.
Intermittent Food Deprivation Improves Cardiovascular and Neuroendocrine Responses to Stress in Rats

Stressful events may trigger disease processes in many different organ systems, with the cardiovascular system being particularly vulnerable. Five-mo-old male rats had ad libitum (AL) access to food or were deprived of food every other day [intermittent food deprivation (IF)] for 6 mo, during which time their heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), physical activity and body temperature were measured by radiotelemetry under nonstress and stress (immobilization or cold-water swim) conditions. IF rats had significantly lower basal HR and BP, and significantly lower increases in HR and BP after exposures to the immobilization and swim stressors. Basal levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone were greater in the IF rats. However, in contrast to large stress-induced increases in ACTH, corticosterone and epinephrine levels in AL rats, increases in these hormones in response to repeated immobilization stress sessions were reduced or absent in IF rats. Nevertheless, the IF rats exhibited robust hypothalamic/pituitary and sympathetic neuroendocrine responses to a different stress (swim). The IF treatment improved glucose metabolism, as indicated by lower basal levels of circulating glucose and insulin, but with maintenance of glucose and insulin responses to stress. We concluded that improvements in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine stress adaptation occur in response to IF.
Automatic generation of Chu space model expressions for verification

We present an algorithm for automatic generation of behavioral models of non-iterated systems from a structural Verilog specification. The models are represented as Chu spaces over the set of system events, and are used for verifying system behavior. The correctness and time complexity of the presented algorithm are briefly discussed along with a small example.
Mapping child molester treatment progress with the FoSOD: denial and explanations of accountability.

A continuing challenge in the treatment of sexual offenders involves the identification of measurement instruments that can be used to monitor treatment progress. This paper provides evidence that the Facets of Sexual Offender Denial (FoSOD; pronounced "facade") Scale maps critical aspects of treatment progress, yet avoids problems typically associated with self-report measures. Fifty-three child molesters completed the FoSOD twice with an 18-month interval between administrations. The Time 1 and Time 2 FoSOD scores were analyzed as a function of advancement through a court-sanctioned sexual offender treatment program. Results demonstrated not only that advancement in treatment corresponded with predictable changes in FoSOD scores, but also that FoSOD component scores, representing denial associated with refutation, minimization and depersonalization of the offense, revealed critical patterns indicative of the issues with which offenders contend at various points within treatment. These results are discussed within a conceptual framework that recognizes the relationships between denial in its various forms and the explanations that offenders develop to limit their accountability for alleged offenses, associated thoughts or behaviors, and deviant predispositions.
Two propensity score-based strategies for a three-decade observational study: investigating psychotropic medications and suicide risk

The US Food and Drug Administration issued separate warnings for suicidality with antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs in the past 5 years. This study describes methods for examining the association of these agents with suicide attempts and suicide deaths in more broadly generalizable samples than examined by the US Food and Drug Administration. An observational study of mood disorders was examined that includes three decades of prospective assessments. Because of sample size differences, two distinct longitudinal implementations of the propensity adjustment are used in separate analyses of antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs. Propensity score quintile-stratified safety analyses were used with the large antidepressant data set; whereas, propensity score matched safety analyses were used with the smaller antiepileptic drug data because stratification was not feasible. In each case, mixed-effects survival models compared the safety of participants when receiving the respective class of medication to periods when they did not receive that medication. When participants were more severely ill, they were significantly more likely to receive either class of psychotropics. Propensity quintile-stratified safety analyses found that risk of suicide attempts or suicides was significantly reduced when participants received antidepressants. In contrast, propensity score matched safety analyses found neither significant risk nor protection from suicidality among participants receiving antiepileptics.
Chromosomal attachments set length and microtubule number in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitotic spindle

The length of the mitotic spindle varies among different cell types. A simple model for spindle length regulation requires balancing two forces: pulling, due to micro­tubules that attach to the chromosomes at their kinetochores, and pushing, due to interactions between microtubules that emanate from opposite spindle poles. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we show that spindle length scales with kinetochore number, increasing when kinetochores are inactivated and shortening on addition of synthetic or natural kinetochores, showing that kinetochore–microtubule interactions generate an inward force to balance forces that elongate the spindle. Electron microscopy shows that manipulating kinetochore number alters the number of spindle microtubules: adding extra kinetochores increases the number of spindle microtubules, suggesting kinetochore-based regulation of microtubule number.
Ferroelectric Domain Structure of Lanthanum‐Modified Lead Titanate Ceramics

The ferroelectric domain configurations in lanthanum-modified lead titanate ceramics have been studied by transmission electron microscopy in conventional, analytical, and high-resolution modes. Results indicate a preponderance of {l brace}101{r brace}, twin-related 90{degrees} domains of equilibrium width 50 to 100 nm. These values are consistent with those derived from consideration of elastic strain energy. Below a critical grain size of approximately 0.3 {mu}m, single-domain grains are found. A domain wall energy of 1 mJ/m{sup 2} was calculated based on this observation. Within such twins are occasionally found ordered domains, displaying little or no misorientation with respect to one another. In addition, {l brace}001{r brace}, 180{degrees} domains were observed.
The mental and the neural: Psychological and neural studies of mental rotation and memory scanning

In this article we review studies pertaining to psychophysical measurements and neural correlates of tasks requiring the processing of directional information in spatial motor tasks. The results of psychological studies in human subjects indicate that time-consuming processes underlie mental rotation and memory scanning. Other studies have suggested that these processes may rely on different basic mechanisms. A direct insight into their neural mechanisms was obtained analyzing the activity of single cells and neuronal populations in the brain of behaving monkeys performing the same tasks. These studies revealed the nature of the neural processes underlying mental rotation and memory scanning and confirmed their different nature.
Ultraviolet- and X-Ray-Induced Responses of a Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase-Deficient Mutant of Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli K-12, polAl− is a mutant strain whose extracts are deficient in Kornberg deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity. We have compared the mutant and parental strains on the basis of a number of responses to ultraviolet (UV) and X-irradiation. For both types of radiation, the mutant is more sensitive by approximately the same factor as measured by reduction in colony formation, depression of DNA synthesis, and enhancement of DNA degradation. The rate of repair of X-ray-induced single-strand breaks in the mutant is also slower, as is the repair of breaks after excision repair of UV damage. On the other hand, the mutant has a significant capability to reactivate UV-irradiated λ phage, although it is almost totally deficient in the ability to carry out UV reactivation. The data indicate that the polAl mutation leaves the cells with some ability to perform excision and strand-rejoining repair but that an exonuclease, whose identity remains obscure, is the agent responsible for the extensive breakdown of the DNA in polAl− cells after irradiation.
Longitudinal Factor Structure of General Self-Concept and Locus of Control Among High School Students

This study examined the longitudinal factor structure of general self-concept and locus of control among high school students over a 4-year period, with data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988. Measurement invariance was tested over time and across gender and ethnic groups; second-order piecewise latent growth models were applied to study changes. In all analyses, Likert-type scale items were correctly treated as ordered-categorical variables and methodology was used accordingly. Results suggested that the measurement structure of general self-concept and locus of control was stable over time and across groups. In addition, both constructs decreased and then increased during the 4-year period. The female group and the White group followed the pattern of changes of the total sample. The male group and the three ethnic minority groups (Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and Black) differed from the total sample in their change patterns. Further, group differences were observed in the tw...
An investigation of freeway capacity before and during incidents

AbstractThis paper investigates freeway capacity before and during incidents. Data were obtained for approximately 1 year from five freeway facilities in North America. The data included flows, speeds, weather conditions, as well as incident information (location, duration, and lanes affected). Maximum throughput-related values were obtained to estimate capacity under non-incident conditions as well as under incident conditions. Under non-incident conditions, the data indicate that three-lane freeways are the most efficient in terms of per lane capacity. Measurements of capacity during incident conditions are provided by type of facility and number of lanes affected. These capacities are compared to values reported in previous research. Next, two sets of multiple linear regression models were developed to estimate the capacity under incident conditions and the capacity reduction (i.e. the difference between capacity under non-incident conditions and capacity under incident conditions) during incidents. Ea...
Materials Informatics: The Materials ``Gene'' and Big Data

Materials informatics provides the foundations for a new paradigm of materials discovery. It shifts our emphasis from one of solely searching among large volumes of data that may be generated by experiment or computation to one of targeted materials discovery via high-throughput identification of the key factors (i.e., “genes”) and via showing how these factors can be quantitatively integrated by statistical learning methods into design rules (i.e., “gene sequencing”) governing targeted materials functionality. However, a critical challenge in discovering these materials genes is the difficulty in unraveling the complexity of the data associated with numerous factors including noise, uncertainty, and the complex diversity of data that one needs to consider (i.e., Big Data). In this article, we explore one aspect of materials informatics, namely how one can efficiently explore for new knowledge in regimes of structure-property space, especially when no reasonable selection pathways based on theory or clear...
The ecological validity of jury simulations: Is the jury still out?

Despite the need to assess the ecological validity of jury simulation research before generalizing from simulations to the behavior of real jurors, surprisingly little jury research has directly addressed issues of validity. The present paper reviews the extant research on two aspects of the validity question—specifically, research that has compared different samples of mock jurors, and research that has manipulated the medium of trial presentation. In addition, jury simulation research published in the first 20 years of Law and Human Behavior is analyzed with respect to these variables. The majority of simulations used student-jurors and presented the trial in written form. Additionally, the methodology of simulation research has actually become less realistic over time. However, this trend is not necessarily cause for concern, as a review of the literature reveals little research that has obtained differences between different mock juror samples or different trial media.
Dual Decomposition for Joint Discrete-Continuous Optimization

We analyse convex formulations for combined discrete-continuous MAP inference using the dual decomposition method. As a consquence we can provide a more intuitive derivation for the resulting convex relaxation than presented in the literature. Further, we show how to strengthen the relaxation by reparametrizing the potentials, hence convex relaxations for discrete-continuous inference does not share an important feature of LP relaxations for discrete labeling problems: incorporating unary potentials into higher order ones aects the quality of the relaxation. We argue that the convex model for discretecontinuous inference is very general and can be used as alternative for alternation-based methods often employed for such joint inference tasks.
Susceptibility of Epithelial Cells to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Invasion and Cytotoxicity Is Upregulated by Hepatocyte Growth Factor

Normal cell polarity protects epithelial cells against Pseudomonas aeruginosa invasion and cytotoxicity. Using epithelial cell clones with selective defects in sorting of membrane constituents, and using hepatocyte growth factor pretreatment, we found that polarized susceptibility to P. aeruginosa can be altered without disrupting tight junctions. The results also showed that cellular susceptibility factors for invasion and cytotoxicity are not the same, although both are localized to the basolateral cell surface in polarized epithelial cells.
Synergistic Interactions of Vancomycin with Different Antibiotics against Escherichia coli: Trimethoprim and Nitrofurantoin Display Strong Synergies with Vancomycin against Wild-Type E. coli

Gram-negative bacteria are normally resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin (VAN), which cannot significantly penetrate the outer membrane. We used Escherichia coli mutants that are partially sensitive to VAN to study synergies between VAN and 10 other antibiotics representing six different functional categories. We detected strong synergies with VAN and nitrofurantoin (NTR) and with VAN and trimethoprim (TMP) and moderate synergies with other drugs, such as aminoglycosides. These synergies are powerful enough to show the activity of VAN against wild-type E. coli at concentrations of VAN as low as 6.25 μg/ml. This suggests that a very small percentage of exogenous VAN does enter E. coli but normally has insignificant effects on growth inhibition or cell killing. We used the results of pairwise interactions with VAN and the other 10 antibiotics tested to place VAN into a functional category of its own, as previously defined by Yeh et al. (P. Yeh, A. I. Tschumi, and R. Kishony, Nat Genet 28:489-494, 2006, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1755).
Differentiation of PC12 Cells

This 3-week-long series of collaborative laboratory exercises explores how to use a cultured cell system (PC12 cells) to study signaling pathways involved in cellular differentiation. The laboratory would be useful in a neurobiology or cell biology course for advanced undergraduate students. The background and details for performing the lab are provided along with suggestions for assessing student performance and understanding.
A scalable location service for geographic ad hoc routing

GLS is a new distributed location service which tracks mobile node locations. GLS combined with geographic forwarding allows the construction of ad hoc mobile networks that scale to a larger number of nodes than possible with previous work. GLS is decentralized and runs on the mobile nodes themselves, requiring no fixed infrastructure. Each mobile node periodically updates a small set of other nodes (its location servers) with its current location. A node sends its position updates to its location servers without knowing their actual identities, assisted by a predefined ordering of node identifiers and a predefined geographic hierarchy. Queries for a mobile node's location also use the predefined identifier ordering and spatial hierarchy to find a location server for that node.Experiments using the ns simulator for up to 600 mobile nodes show that the storage and bandwidth requirements of GLS grow slowly with the size of the network. Furthermore, GLS tolerates node failures well: each failure has only a limited effect and query performance degrades gracefully as nodes fail and restart. The query performance of GLS is also relatively insensitive to node speeds. Simple geographic forwarding combined with GLS compares favorably with Dynamic Source Routing (DSR): in larger networks (over 200 nodes) our approach delivers more packets, but consumes fewer network resources.
tay's as good as cay

The empirical evidence that the consumption–wealth ratio, cay, has strong in-sample predictive power for future stock returns has been interpreted as evidence that consumers take account of future investment opportunities in planning their consumption expenditures. In this paper we show that the predictive power of cay arises mainly from a “look-ahead bias” introduced by estimating the parameters of the cointegrating regression between consumption, assets, and labor income in-sample .W hen a similar regression is run, replacing the log of consumption with an inanimate variable, calendar time, the resulting residual, which we label tay, is shown to be able to forecast stock returns as well as, or better than, cay. In addition, both cay and tay lose their out-of-sample forecasting power when they are re-estimated every period with only available data.
Nutrition in transition: The changing global nutrition challenge

The rapid shift in the stage of nutrition towards a pattern of degenerative disease is accelerating in the developing world. Data from China, as shown by the China Health and Nutrition Survey, between 1989 and 1993, are illustrative of these shifts. For example, an increase from 22.8 to 66.6% in the proportion of adults consuming a higher-fat diet, rapid shifts in the structure of diet as income changes, and important price relationships are examples that are presented. There appears to reflect a basic shift in eating preferences, induced mainly by shifts in income, prices and food availability, but also by the modern food industry and the mass media. Furthermore, the remarkable shift in the occupations structure in lower-income countries from agricultural labour towards employment in manufacturing and services implies a reduction in energy expenditure. One consequence of the nutrition transition has been a decline in undernutrition accompanied by a rapid increase in obesity. There are marked differences between urban and rural eating patterns, particularly regarding the consumption of food prepared away from home. Other issues considered are the fetal origins hypothesis, whereby the metabolic efficiencies that served well in conditions of fetal undernutrition become maladaptive with overnutrition, leading to the development of abnormal lipid profiles, altered glucose and insulin metabolism and obesity. Furthermore, obesity and activity are closely linked with adult-onset diabetes. The shift towards a diet higher in fat and meat and lower in carbohydrates and fibre, together with the shift towards less onerous physical activity, carries unwanted nutritional and health effects. It is also clear that the causes of obesity must be viewed as environmental rather than personal or genetic.
Expression of α2-Adrenergic Receptors in Normal and Atherosclerotic Rabbit Aorta

Abstract —α 2 -Adrenergic receptors (α 2 -ARs) in vascular smooth muscle cells are known to mediate vasoconstriction; however, it is unknown which of the 3 subtypes of α 2 -AR (α 2A , α 2B , or α 2C ) is expressed in vascular tissue. We have used subtype-specific probes in in situ hybridization and RNase protection assays to analyze the expression of α 2 -AR in the thoracic aorta of New Zealand White (NZW) and Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits, a model for atherosclerosis. We found that the α 2A -AR mRNA was in endothelial and smooth muscle cells in both NZW and WHHL aorta. In addition, the shoulders and subendothelial regions of the atherosclerotic lesions in WHHL aorta showed abundant expression of α 2A -AR mRNA. Antibodies to macrophage (RAM-11) and smooth muscle cell (HHF-35) antigens were used to localize macrophage and smooth muscle cells in aortic sections from WHHL rabbits. The expression of α 2A -AR mRNA within the lesions of WHHL rabbits correlated with the presence of infiltrating macrophages. We discuss the potential role of α 2A -ARs in macrophage function and in promoting atherosclerosis.
Reasoning with Justifications

This is an expository paper in which the basic ideas of a family of Justification Logics are presented. Justification Logics evolved from a logic called \(\mathsf{LP}\) , introduced by Sergei Artemov (Technical Report MSI 95-29, 1995; The Bulletin for Symbolic Logic 7(1): 1–36, 2001), which formed the central part of a project to provide an arithmetic semantics for propositional intuitionistic logic. The project was successful, but there was a considerable bonus: \(\mathsf{LP}\) came to be understood as a logic of knowledge with explicit justifications and, as such, was capable of addressing in a natural way long-standing problems of logical omniscience. Since then, \(\mathsf{LP}\) has become one member of a family of related logics, all logics of knowledge with explicit knowledge terms. In this paper the original problem of intuitionistic foundations is discussed only briefly. We concentrate entirely on issues of reasoning about knowledge.
RESTRICTED LIKELIHOOD RATIO TESTS IN NONPARAMETRIC LONGITUDINAL MODELS

We assume that repeated measurements are taken on each of several subjects that are randomly sampled from some population. The observations on a particular subject are expressed as the sum of an average curve for the population and a deviation of the subject's curve from the average plus independent errors. Both curves are modeled nonparametrically as splines. We use roughness penalties on the splines, which is equivalent to assuming a linear mixed model. Within this linear mixed model, we consider likelihood ratio tests of several scientifically relevant hypotheses about the two curves, for example, that the subject deviations are all zero or that they are each constant. The large-sample null distributions of the test statistics are shown to be non-standard, but we develop bootstrap techniques that can compute the exact null distributions much more rapidly than a direct application of the bootstrap.
Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larval Growth and Survivorship on Susceptible and Resistant Corn at Different Vegetative Growth Stages

Two single-cross corn, Zea mays L., hybrids (Mp701 × Mp706 and Mp496 × Mp707) with leaf-feeding resistance at the midwhorl stage of growth to fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were evaluated for resistance from seedling (V3) to pretassel (V14) vegetative stages. Expression of resistance was determined by comparing the growth and survivorship of fall amlywonn larvae reared for 7 d on the resistant hybrids and on a susceptible hybrid (Ab24E × SC229). Larvae recovered from infested seedlings of the resistant hybrids weighed 43% less than those recovered from the susceptible hybrid. When plants were infested in the early-, mid-, and late-whorl stages (V6, V8, and V12, respectively) significantly fewer larvae or smaller larvae (or both) were obtained from the resistant hybrids than from the susceptible hybrid. However, when the plants were infested at pretassel stage of growth (V14), differences in larval growth and survivorship were smaller and more inconsistent. Differences in larval weight between resistant and susceptible hybrids were greater when plants were infested at earlier whorl stages. No consistent differences were found among plant growth stages within either resistant or susceptible hybrids for weight or survivorship.
Using flexible clinical processes in the Unified Protocol for the Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescence.

The purpose of this manuscript is to highlight the Unified Protocol for the Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents (UP-A) as an exemplar model of a principle-based, flexible treatment for adolescents with either depressive or anxiety disorders. The theoretical basis, mechanism of change, and research support for three of the UP-A’s guiding treatment principles are presented. Verbal exchanges between UP-A therapists and adolescent clients are shared to demonstrate clinical processes related to UP-A techniques that follow such guiding principles. The benefits of this approach to treatment are discussed, including reduction in the number of evidence-based treatment manuals to be learned, administered, and supervised. The UP-A has demonstrated positive outcomes, yet further examination of clinical process variables is warranted. These clinical process variables and additional future directions for the UP-A are addressed.
Polychytrium: A New Cladochytriaceous Genus

Polychytrium aggregatum is a new, polycentric, saprophytic species of the family Cladochytriaceae which occurs in the decaying vegetation of bogs in the ridges of Bearfort Mountain, Passaic County,...
The bihemispheric posterior interior cerebellar artery: anatomic variations and clinical relevance in 11 cases

Purpose Although the anatomic course of the posterior interior cerebellar artery (PICA) is variable, it is thought to be very rare for the artery to cross midline, with an estimated incidence of 0.1%. Bihemispheric PICA crosses midline and typically serves both PICA territories. Methods We present 11 cases of bihemispheric PICA discovered from retrospective angiogram review, the largest to date reported in the literature. Results Five cases were the typical bihemispheric PICA pattern, three were bihemispheric with distal vertebral hypoplasia, two cases were the vermian type, and one was atypical, with the PICA feeding a contralateral cerebellar arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The branching point to the contralateral hemisphere always occurred distal to the ascending tonsillar loop and all true bihemispheric variants had contralateral PICA aplasia. Conclusions The true incidence of this variant may be much higher than previously thought (3.6% in the current series), and has relevance for cerebrovascular disease, including aneurysm, AVM, and ischemic stroke. Neuroradiologists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons should be aware of this potential variant.
Probability characteristics of non-linear random seismic responses on continuous girder bridges

Based on Monte-Carlo simulation method,the probability characteristics of non-linear seismic response of continuous girder bridges,with structural randomicity and ground motions randomicity being considered,were studied.The elastic-plastic behavior of RC girder-column element was modeled by fiber elastic-plastic element.Results show that lognormal distribution can be used to model non-linear displacements at the top of piers and non-linear curvature at the bottom of piers,that lognormal or Gumbel distribution can be used to model non-linear axial forces of piers,and that normal distribution can be used to model non-linear shear forces and moments at the bottom of piers.It can also be seen from the results that variance of peak seismic acceleration does not affect the distribution types of non-linear responses,but does affect the variability of non-linear responses.