cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Living snow fences show potential for large storage capacity and reduced drift length shortly after planting

Living snow fences are windbreaks designed to mitigate blowing snow problems by trapping snow in drifts before it reaches a road. Research studies on living snow fences are limited and extension publications consequently lack precise design protocols. This study investigated 18 sites in New York State planted with living snow fences of various vegetation types and ages ranging from 1 to 11 years after planting. Key plant growth variables of fence height and optical porosity were measured along with distance upwind and downwind. This data was combined with site specific snowfall estimates and established equations to calculate the snow storage capacity of each fence, average annual snow transport (blowing snow) at each site, and length of the downwind drift. Capacity/transport ratio of each fence/site was identified as a key variable. Height increased linearly over time and porosity decreased. Three years after planting, height and porosity was sufficient so that capacity/transport ratios were greater than 1:1, indicating substantial snow trapping potential much sooner than commonly reported. Four to eleven years after planting, capacity/transport ratios were between 3:1 and 110:1. Capacity/transport ratios of 15:1 or greater occurred as early as 5 years after planting and were correlated with estimated drift lengths <10 m. The influence of capacity/transport ratio on drift length is not accounted for in current publications and setback recommendations range from 30 to 180 m. The results of this study can improve the understanding, design and function of living snow fences.
Transfer of predictive models for classification of statutory texts in multi-jurisdictional settings

In this paper we use statistical machine learning to classify statutory texts in terms of highly specific functional categories. We focus on regulatory provisions from multiple US state jurisdictions, all dealing with the same general topic of public health system emergency preparedness and response. In prior work we have established that one can improve classification performance on one jurisdiction's statutory texts using texts from another jurisdiction. Here we describe a framework facilitating transfer of predictive models for classification of statutory texts among multiple state jurisdictions. Our results show that the classification performance improves as we employ an increasing number of models trained on data coming from different states.
Data gathering and transmission system for project EHV

The general electric company extra-high-voltage project (called ?Project EHV? for short) was announced in June 1958,1 after more than a year of preliminary planning. Project EHV involves the design, construction, and operation of a complete a-c transmission system, which will carry power first at 460?500 kv and then at 650?690 kv (750-kv maximum). This is more than twice the maximum voltage presently used by utilities in the United States and Canada and 50% higher than the highest transmission voltage in the world ? 500 kv in the Soviet Union. Detailed planning, cost estimating, and writing of the specifications for the line and apparatus were essentially completed on May 27, 1959, when construction was begun at the site and in various plants of the co-operating companies. Construction is proceeding and energization at 460?500 kv began in December 1960.
Phosphodiesterase-Iα/autotaxin controls cytoskeletal organization and FAK phosphorylation during myelination

Myelination within the central nervous system (CNS) involves substantial morphogenesis of oligodendrocytes requiring plastic changes in oligodendrocyte–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, that is, adhesion. Our previous studies indicated that a regulator of such adhesive plasticity is oligodendrocyte-released phosphodiesterase-Iα/autotaxin (PD-Iα/ATX). We report here, that PD-Iα/ATX's adhesion antagonism is mediated by a protein fragment different from the one that stimulates tumor cell motility. Furthermore, PD-Iα/ATX's adhesion-antagonizing fragment causes a reorganized distribution of the focal adhesion components vinculin and paxillin and an integrin-dependent reduction in focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation at tyrosine residue 925 (pFAK-925). In vivo, a similar reduction in pFAK-925 occurs at the onset of myelination when PD-Iα/ATX expression is significantly upregulated. Most importantly, it can also be induced by the application of exogenous PD-Iα/ATX. Our data, therefore, suggest that PD-Iα/ATX participates in the regulation of myelination via a novel signaling pathway leading to changes in integrin-dependent focal adhesion assembly and consequently oligodendrocyte–ECM interactions.
COMPUTER-AIDED DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN ACTIVE AND INACTIVE MUTANTS OF THE N-TERMINAL DOMAIN OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA REPRESSOR

Abstract Binding of the N-terminal domain of the λ repressor to DNA is coupled to dimerization. Hydrophobic interactions between helix-5 and helix-5′ drive the packing at the dimer interface. We have carried out computations of the conformational energy of packing of the fifth helices (and of the helix-4-loop-helix-5 portions) of variants of the λ repressor operator binding domain, using an ECEPP/3-based packing algorithm. Here, we report the results for 26 mutants chosen among those that have been characterized experimentally. We find that the relative orientation of the fifth helices for active mutants is very similar to the wild-type. The fifth helices of the inactive mutants have a significantly different relative orientation. This result illustrates that a unique specific orientation pattern of helix-5 relative to helix-5′ is required for dimerization-coupled DNA binding activity. This finding is further supported by computational studies of the whole N-terminal domain of ten variants that showed that the active mutants, including the wild-type protein, have similar values of the number of contacts between the two monomers in the dimer, involving two amino acid residues of the fifth helices (positions 84 and 87 in each monomer). A decrease in the number of such contacts abolishes DNA-binding activity. Furthermore, all active mutants have their "DNA-recognition helices", numbers 3 and 3′ positioned so that they can fit in the DNA operator like those of the wild-type protein, while some inactive mutants exhibit a substantial change in the relative orientation of their recognition helices.
ALIVE AND KICKING: A REVIEW OF HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORISM, EDITED BY WILLIAM O'DONOHUE AND RICHARD KITCHENER

Behaviorists have struggled and continue to struggle with basic questions about behavior, such as how to define behavior, how to talk about behavior in relation to environment, and what constitutes an adequate explanation of behavior. Skinner made huge progress on these questions, because of his emphasis on the generic character of stimuli and responses, his advocacy of rate as a datum, his introduction of stimulus control, and his reliance on selection by consequences as a mode of explanation. By no means, however, did he provide final answers. In particular, Skinner fell short because he never escaped from the limitations imposed by thinking in terms of contiguity and discrete events and because he never specified a useful role for theory. The 14 chapters in this book offer varying degrees of clarity on the ways in which behaviorists and behaviorally oriented philosophers dealt with basic questions in the past and are dealing with them in the present, post-Skinner. They are reviewed individually, because they are uneven in quality. Overall, the book is a useful tool for gaining historical and philosophical background to behaviorism and for getting some idea of behaviorists' current directions.
Physical and chemical characterization of RNA incorporated by rabbit spleen cells

Abstract Rabbit spleen cells can incorporate a small but measurable amount of radioactively labeled rabbit lymph node RNA. At saturation, each cell can incorporate 4 × 10 10 D of RNA that are resistant to the action of added RNase. Part of the incorporated 3 H-RNA is protected from substantial degradation inside the cell for at least a few hours since high mol. wt ( S > 12) 3 H-RNA can be obtained from host cells upon re-extraction. Incorporated RNA was found in all three subcellular fractions analysed and had a nucleotide composition similar to that of input RNA. When bacterial RNA is used, the incorporation is significantly reduced and the incorporated RNA is rapidly degraded inside the cell. The presence of actinomycin D does not affect these results, indicating that the radioactivity inside the cells is not due to de novo synthesis utilizing degraded RNA.
The preparation and properties of perfluoro-N-heptylbromine(N) tetrafluoride

Abstract Reactions of n C7F15Br with elemental fluorine at 0°C have produced perfluoro- n -heptylbromine(V) tetrafluoride ( n -C7F15BrF4). This derivative of BrF5 was characterized by IR, 19FNMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The reactions of n C7F15BrF4 with 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclopentene-1 (C5F6Cl2) and 1,2-dichlorooctafluorocyclohexene-1 (C6F8Cl2) were used to demonstrate in the fluorinating ability of n C7F15BrF4.
Reevaluation of vest technique of vesicourethral reconstruction in radical retropubic prostatectomy

Abstract Vesicourethral reconstruction after radical retropubic prostatectomy was done by the Vest technique in 36 patients and by direct vesicourethral anastomosis in 100 patients. Complications resulting from the two methods of vesicourethral reconstruction were similar. Incontinence after radical retropubic prostatectomy appears not to be related to the method of vesicourethral reconstruction but occurs because of damage during surgery or postoperative scarring of the distal sphincteric mechanism.
FOCUS ON INCLUSION RECIPROCAL TEACHING AS A COMPREHENSION STRATEGY FOR UNDERSTANDING MATHEMATICAL WORD PROBLEMS

Ms. Johnson was concerned about the inconsistent performance of several of her students in solving mathematical word problems. A number of her students were one to two grade levels below their grade placement in reading, spoke English as a second language, and had identified reading disabilities. On mathematics assignments that required minimal reading, all the students in Ms Johnson's class performed adequately. The major state assessment in mathematics was in four months time but Ms Johnson was worried that these students might fail because the state assessment invariably contained a significant number of mathematical word problems. Ms. Johnson felt frustrated by her inability to help her students read and comprehend mathematical word problems.
Chinese Astronomy for the Early Modern European Reader

Around 1716, the French astronomer and academician Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (1688-1768) took up a new project: the twinned topics of Chinese chronology and astronomy. Unable to access Chinese sources and not knowing any fellow savants who shared this particular interest, Delisle methodically made extracts and compiled data from the existing European literature. Among Delisle's papers at the Observatoire de Paris still exist the results of this research, including a list of the books he found relevant. This paper develops a close reading of Delisle's notes from this period to stage his journey into a recondite arena of technical and textual analysis, and to examine the scholarly practices and generic conventions through which early modern European savants confronted the Chinese astronomical tradition.
Dynamic recrystallization and grain boundary migration in B2 FeAl

Transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy were used to examine polycrystalline specimens of the B2-structured alloy FeAl strained under tension to fracture at elevated temperature. Strain-induced grain boundary migration was observed above 900 K and dynamic recrystallization was found at 1000 K and 1100 K. Little evidence of dynamic recovery was evident but some networks were formed at 1100 K.
Gender-Roles and Role-Conflict in Feminist Lesbian and Heterosexual Women

Thirty-nine lesbian and 39 heterosexual feminist women were compared on (1) gender role orientation; (2) intra- and interrole conflict in daughter, intimate partner, and work roles; and (3) satisfaction with interpersonal relationships with parents, intimate partners, and co-workers/employers. The majority were Caucasian and either graduate students or professionals. Contrary to theoretical assumptions, lesbians and heterosexual women did not differ in gender role orientation. Heterosexual women reported more interrole conflict between daughter and work roles; whereas lesbians reported more interrole conflict between daughter and intimate partner roles, primarily as a result of perceived disapproval of their intimate relationships by others. Lesbians additionally reported less satisfaction with their relationships with co-workers and employers. Role conflict/satisfaction was not a function of disclosure vs. nondisclosure of sexual orientation for the lesbian women.
Evaluation Of Fiber Optics For In-Line Photometry In Hostile Environments

Commercial fiber optic cables, both bundled and single-fiber, were evaluated for application in an in-line photometer being developed for monitoring uranium and plutonium concentrations in high radiation environments in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. The attenuation of the optical signals due to both the radiation damage and to the couplings between lengths of optical cable was determined for specimen cables. An ultraviolet enhanced fiber bundle demonstrated good radiation resistance to a total dose of 108 rad, which is the dose estimated to be received during a 1-y lifetime of the in-cell portion of the photometer. The loss in signal transmission at cable junctions was greater in the fiber-bundle cable than in a 1-mm-diam, silica, single-fiber cable: a loss of 6 dB across each junction in the fiber-bundle cable vs 3 dB in the single-fiber cable. Attenuation in the single-fiber cable after a dose of 106 rad was 2.5 times greater at 500 nm than that of a fiber bundle of similar length. However, the single-fiber cable was still usable at a dose greater than 107 rad. The photometer was designed to use a single-fiber optical cable with adequate radiation shielding.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The deployment of temporary production workers in assembly operations: a case study of the hidden costs of learning and forgetting

Abstract The dynamics of workforce skill levels has a considerable impact on plant-level performance that is commonly overlooked by managers of manufacturing operations. In this study, we present a discrete event simulation model inspired by and validated in an actual manufacturing setting that includes short product life cycles, mid-volume production quantities, and a production environment consisting of assembly, inspection and testing. The effect of worker skill dynamics is analyzed using a factorial experimental design that contrasts the use of temporary versus permanent workers on manufacturing cost performance. The manufacturing costs assessed include labor, inspection and testing. The cost of reworking a defect is captured as an increase in the labor consumption. Materials costs are not assessed. At the core of the analysis, it is assumed that temporary workers have relatively less skill and therefore have higher average production times, higher average defect rates associated with their assembly activity, and lower rates of learning. In addition, the variance of the production time is higher for the temporary workers. Despite these indicators of performance problems, temporary workers may be used because of the considerably lower wage rate compared to permanent employees. Our in-depth case analyses shows that assigning skilled permanent workers to upstream build operations was superior to other policies deploying temporary workers, regardless of lot size or product complexity. Attesting to the importance of the labor mix component of manufacturing strategy, workforce deployment policies tended to dominate product switching frequency (a proxy variable for lot size and product mix) in impacting costs.
Diet-induced phenotypic plasticity in the skull morphology of hatchery-reared Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus

– Hatchery-reared Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus, feed on inert pellet food while their wild counterparts capture elusive prey. Differences in levels of prey elusivity often mandate the use of alternate methods of prey capture. This study examines whether elusivity-based variation in prey capture translates to a phenotypic change during skull development, and if this change results in a functional difference in the feeding mechanism. The developmental pattern of the skull was conserved between hatchery and wild bass until 80–99 mm TL. At this point, wild bass quickly developed morphological changes of the jaw apparatus including a more fusiform head and elongated jaw structures. Natural development in hatchery bass, however, was retarded at this size. Post-release, the skulls of hatchery fish converged towards those of wild bass by 135 mm TL. Despite variation in skull development, no theoretical advantage in food capture was found between these two groups. Resumen 1. Los individuos de Micropterus salmoides floridanus criados en cautividad se alimentan de capsulas inertes de comida mientras que sus congeneres salvajes capturan presas elusivas. A menudo diferencias en los niveles de elusividad de las presas permiten la utilizacion de metodos alternativos para capturar presas. Este estudio examina si la variacion basada en la elusividad de la captura de presas se traduce en un cambio fenotipico durante el desarrollo del craneo y si este cambio resulta en una diferencia funcional en el mecanismo de alimentacion. 2. El patron de desarrollo del craneo se mantuvo entre individuos criados en cautividad y en individuos salvajes hasta los 80–99 mm longitud total. En este punto, los individuos salvajes desarrollaron rapidamente cambios en el aparato mandibular incluyendo una cabeza mas fusiforme y estructuras mandibulares mas alargadas. Sin embargo, en individuos de cautiverio, el desarrollo natural se retraso en este tamano. 3. Tras una suelta, los craneos de individuos procedentes de cautiverio convergieron hacia los individuos salvajes en los 135 mm longitud total. A pesar de la variacion en el desarrollo del craneo, no encontramos ninguna ventaja teorica en la captura de alimento entre estos dos grupos.
Inducing traditions in captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

Potential foraging and social traditions have been identified in groups of wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.). Verification of traditions requires documentation that socially mediated learning contributes to acquisition by new practitioners. We investigated the emergence and maintenance of a foraging tradition in two generations of infant tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) in captive social groups. In baseline, we provided the first cohort of infants with a foraging apparatus that dispensed juice via two methods inside a small enclosure away from adult interference (the creche). Later in phase 1, we provided a second apparatus to all group members with only one method of solution available (in the group setting); the creche apparatus, with both methods available, remained accessible to infants only. Two years later (phase 2), we replicated phase 1 with a new cohort of infants from the same social groups. As adult activity and expertise with the apparatus increased across baseline (no adult activity), phase 1 (initially unskilled) and phase 2 (initially skilled), the proportion of infants in each cohort that acquired the foraging skill increased and their latency to skill acquisition decreased. Despite ambiguous evidence that the infants conformed to the specific method of solution common in their group, the social context clearly contributed to the development and maintenance of a general foraging tradition. The results provide support for the existence of traditions in wild capuchin groups.
Amoxapine overdose: case report and pharmacokinetic profile.

AbstractAmoxapine (Ascendin®) is a new tricyclic antidepressant marketed by Lederle Laboratories. Chemically, amoxapine resembles the neuroleptic loxapine, while pharmacologically, amoxapine is similar to imipramine [1]. The following case report describes the clinical presentation and management of an acute amoxapine intoxication.
Partitioned Random Search to Optimization

This paper considers the global optimization (maximization) problem. It emphasizes that for a generic function, it is inherently difficult to find the global maximum within a finite number of function evaluations. Therefore, it is more realistic to talk about maximizing the expectation of the largest function value that can possibly be obtained for a given number of function evaluations. In this spirit, we propose that the search region of the objective function be partitioned into certain number of subregions. Based on the sampled function values from each subregion, estimators are derived to determine how "promising" each subregion is. The most promising subregion is to be sampled next. Unlike many heuristic algorithms, the partitioned random search is mathematically well defined and the optimal solution has been found requiring few assumptions on an objective function. Our numerical results are also rather encouraging.
Intermittent neomycin therapy in chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy.

In view of the inherent dangers and expense of neomycin, it is suggested that total dosage may be reduced considerably in some instances by the administration of short, intermittent courses rather than continuous use when necessary for the control of the neuropsychiatric symptoms of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy.
Opsonic Antibodies to Staphylococcus epidermidis: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Using Human Intravenous Immune Globulin

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a major cause of nosocomial infections, including sepsis in premature infants. Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) has been used to prevent neonatal sepsis, but efficacy has varied in different clinical trials. The role of IgG antibody in immunity to S. epidermidis was studied using an opsonophagocytic assay and a lipid-emulsion-induced lethal model of neonatal S. epidermidis sepsis. Opsonic antibody to S. epidermidis varied between IVIG preparations and between lots: Lots with > or = 90% opsonic activity promoted bacterial clearance from blood and significantly enhanced survival when compared with lots with < or = 50% opsonic activity. Absorption of IVIG with S. epidermidis removed in vitro opsonic and in vivo protective activity. These studies suggest that opsonic antibody may play an important role in S. epidermidis immunity in immunocompromised patients, such as premature infants. Standard IVIG, however, may not provide therapy effective in preventing S. epidermidis infections, as many IVIG lots contain insufficient levels of opsonic S. epidermidis antibody.
Chronic embryonic MK-801 exposure disrupts the somatotopic organization of cutaneous nerve projections in the chick spinal cord

Abstract The effect of altering neural activity on the development of the central projections of cutaneous and muscle sensory neurons was studied in the embryonic chick spinal cord. Animals were treated chronically with MK-801, a non-competitive N- methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist, during the period when both cutaneous and muscle sensory afferents form connections in the spinal cord. Daily applications of MK-801 began on embryonic day 5, 1 day before sensory collaterals penetrate the spinal cord gray matter, and continued until the animals were analyzed (at embryonic day 14). The patterns of cutaneous and muscle sensory nerve projections were determined by applying fluorescent tracers to individual, identified peripheral nerves. MK-801 treatment did not overtly alter the pattern of muscle afferent projections. However, in the MK-801-treated embryos, the somatotopic organization of cutaneous afferent projections was dramatically altered. Normally, the projections formed by the lateral femoral cutaneous and the medial femoral cutaneous nerves are located immediately adjacent to one another in the lumbar dorsal horn, with little overlap. In the MK-801-treated embryos, the projections from these two cutaneous nerves both expanded significantly within dorsal horn laminae to become almost completely superimposed. These data suggest that MK-801 disrupts the development of the somatotopic organization of cutaneous afferent projections in the spinal cord.
INFANTS' PERCEPTION OF CONSONANCE AND DISSONANCE IN MUSIC

The origins of the perception of consonance and dissonance in music are a matter of debate. The present study examined the hypothesis of an innate preferential bias favoring consonance over dissonance by exposing 4 month old infants to consonant and dissonant versions of two melodies. Infants looked significantly longer at the source of sound and were less motorically active to consonant compared with dissonant versions of each melody. Further, fretting and turning away from the music source occurred more frequently during the dissonant than the consonant versions. The results suggest that infants are biologically prepared to treat consonance as perceptually more pleasing than dissonance.
Permeation of Selected Organic Compounds Through Untreated and Barrier-Treated High-Density Polyethylene

The permeation rates of alkanes, alcohols, and aromatic hydrocarbons through untreated, fluorinated, and sulfonated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were measured at a variety of temperatures and solvent compositions. The results were then analyzed to separate the individual contributions that solubility and diffusion make to the overall permeation rate. These results are discussed in terms of the chemical characteristics of the permeating constituents, and the barrier treatments on the HDPE surface.
Statistical correlation of spectroscopic analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar samples

Spectroscopic characterization of poplar wood samples with different crystallinity indices, lignin contents, and acetyl contents was performed to determine changes in the biomass spectra and the effects of these changes on the hydrolysis yield. The spectroscopic methods used were X-ray diffraction for determining cellulose crystallinity (CrI), diffuse reflectance infrared (DRIFT) for changes in C-C and C-O bonds, and fluorescence to determine lignin content. Raman spectroscopy was also used to determine its effectiveness in the determination of crystallinity and C-C and C-O bond changes in the biomass as a complement to better-known methods. Changes in spectral characteristics and crystallinity were statistically correlated with enzymatic hydrolysis results to identify and better understand the fundamental features of biomass that influence enzymatic conversion to monomeric sugars. In addition, the different spectroscopic methods were evaluated separately to determine the minimum amount of spectroscopic data needed to obtain accurate predictions. The principal component regression (PCR) model with only the DRIFT data gives the best correlation and prediction for both initial rate of hydrolysis and also the 72-h hydrolysis yield. The factor that most affects both the initial rate and the 72-h conversion is the O-H bond content of the sample, which directly relates to the breakage of structural carbohydrates into smaller molecules.
Audit Pricing in the Pension Plan Audit Market

Abstract The economic determinants of audit fees have been examined extensively among public companies, both in the US (e.g. Simunic, 1980; Gist, 1992) and internationally (e.g. Anderson and Zhegal, 1994). These studies have been based on audits of publicly-traded firms, which were surveyed to determine the audit fees. In the US pension plan audit market, audit fees are publicly disclosed, eliminating the potential for response bias present in most other audit fee studies. Additionally, unlike the public company audit market, the pension plan audit market is not dominated by the Big Six accounting firms, and audit fees in the pension plan audit market are smaller than in the public company audit market. This study examines the generalisability of the audit fee model by applying the model in the pension plan audit context. In accord with other audit fee studies, results indicate that client characteristics, including client size and risk, are associated with pension plan audit fees. In contrast with other ...
Real-time interactive coronary MRA.

An interactive real-time imaging system capable of rapid coronary artery imaging is described. High-resolution spiral and circular echo planar trajectories were used to achieve 0.8 × 1.6 mm2 resolution in 135 ms (CEPI) or 1.13 × 1.13 mm2 resolution in 189 ms (spirals), over a 20-cm FOV. Using a sliding window reconstruction, display rates of up to 37 images/sec were achieved. Initial results indicate this technique can perform as a high-quality 2D coronary localizer and with SNR improvement may enable rapid screening of the coronary tree. Magn Reson Med 46:430–435, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Theoretical Expansion and Meta-Analysis of the Women on Boards – Firm Performance Relationship

Despite a large literature examining the relationship between women on boards of directors and firm performance, the evidence is mixed. To reconcile the conflicting results, we developed and tested...
A hybrid energy-dissipation device for intelligent buildings

This paper describes the concept, design, development, and testing and evaluation of a hybrid energy-dissipation device, the active slip bracing device (ASBD). The device is a Coulomb-friction-based energy dissipater. It consists of multiple friction surfaces and an active clamping (normal) force mechanism. The ASBD is installed as part of the structural bracing in buildings. It will activate under low amplitude vibrations for assuring human comfort, and also under large amplitudes to avoid or reduce damage to the building, and to enhance the safety and comfort level of its occupants during high winds and earthquakes. The device was tested in a uniaxial testing frame. Experimental results reveal that the ASBD is a viable device with linear friction and energy-dissipation characteristics. The prototype device has proven to be reliable and durable.
Involving young people in neighborhood development

Abstract What are some ways to involve young people in the decisions that affect their lives at the neighborhood level? This paper distinguishes among five types of involvement—citizen action, youth action, youth development, neighborhood development, and neighborhood-based youth initiatives—and examines some of their promise and practice. It draws upon a national study of exemplary community youth programs and other studies of organizational resources that contribute to capacity building and raise questions about the future of the field.
The anion paradox in sodium taste reception: resolution by voltage-clamp studies

Sodium salts are potent taste stimuli, but their effectiveness is markedly dependent on the anion, with chloride yielding the greatest response. The cellular mechanisms that mediate this phenomenon are not known. This "anion paradox" has been resolved by considering the field potential that is generated by restricted electrodiffusion of the anion through paracellular shunts between taste-bud cells. Neural responses to sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and sodium gluconate were studied while the field potential was voltage-clamped. Clamping at electronegative values eliminated the anion effect, whereas clamping at electropositive potentials exaggerated it. Thus, field potentials across the lingual epithelium modulate taste reception, indicating that the functional unit of taste reception includes the taste cell and its paracellular microenvironment.
"Supersaturated" Self-Assembled Charge-Selective Interfacial Layers for Organic Solar Cells

To achieve densely packed charge-selective organosilane- based interfacial layers (IFLs) on the tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) anodes of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, a series of Ar2N-(CH2)n-SiCl3 precursors with Ar = 3,4-difluorophenyl, n = 3, 6, 10, and 18, was synthesized, characterized, and chemisorbed on OPV anodes to serve as IFLs. To minimize lateral nonbonded -NAr2···Ar2N- repulsions which likely limit IFL packing densities in the resulting self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), precursor mixtures having both small and large n values are simultaneously deposited. These "heterogeneous" SAMs are characterized by a battery of techniques: contact angle measurements, X-ray reflectivity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), cyclic voltammetry, and DFT computation. It is found that the headgroup densities of these "supersaturated" heterogeneous SAMs (SHSAMs) are enhanced by as much as 17% versus their homogeneous counterparts. Supersaturation significantly modifies the IFL properties including the work function (as much as 16%) and areal dipole moment (as much as 49%). Bulk-heterojunction OPV devices are fabricated with these SHSAMs: ITO/IFL/poly((4,8- bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)benzo(1,2-b:4,5-b')dithiophene-2,6-diyl)(2-(((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)carbonyl)-3-fluorothieno(3,4-b)thiophe- nediyl)):phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PTB7:PC71BM)/LiF/Al. OPVs having SHSAM IFLs exhibit significantly enhanced performance (PCE by 54%; Voc by 35%) due to enhanced charge selectivity and collection, with the PCE rivaling or exceeding that of PEDOT:PSS IFL devices −7.62%. The mechanism underlying the enhanced performance involves modified hole collection and selectivity efficiency inferred from the UPS data. The ITO/SAM/SHSAM surface potential imposed by the dipolar SAMs causes band bending and favorably alters the Schottky barrier height. Thus, interfacial charge selectivity and collection are enhanced as evident in the greater OPV Voc.
RECONSTRUCTION OF PACIFIC SALMON ABUNDANCE FROM RIPARIAN TREE-RING GROWTH

We use relationships between modern Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) escapement (migrating adults counted at weirs or dams) and riparian tree-ring growth to reconstruct the abundance of stream-spawning salmon over 150–350 years. After examining nine sites, we produced reconstructions for five mid-order rivers and four salmon species over a large geographic range in the Pacific Northwest: chinook (O. tschwatcha) in the Umpqua River, Oregon, USA; sockeye (O. nerka) in Drinkwater Creek, British Columbia, Canada; pink (O. gorbuscha) in Sashin Creek, southeastern Alaska, USA; chum (O. keta) in Disappearance Creek, southeastern Alaska, USA; and pink and chum in the Kadashan River, southeastern Alaska, USA. We first derived stand-level, non-climatic growth chronologies from riparian trees using standard dendroecology methods and differencing. When the chronologies were compared to 18–55 years of adult salmon escapement we detected positive, significant correlations at five of the nine sites. Regression models ...
Prime ideals in the product of commutative rings with identity

For the collection {Rα} of commutative rings with identity (α ∊ A), let . We define a map C from R to a certain cross product and use C to construct a lattice L. We show that C is a homeomorphism from Maxspec(R) to the Stone space (space of ultrafilters) on L and find necessary and sufficient conditions for C to be a homeomorphism from Minspec(R) to the space of minimal prime filters on L. Finitely generated prime ideals are characterized and it is shown that C is a homeomorphism from Spec(R) to the space of prime filters on L if and only if R has finite Krull dimension. A special class of primes is considered in the general case and two more classes of primes are considered when each Rα is a Dedekind domain.
Single Subject Designs A Perspective on the Controversy Over Employing Statistical Inference and Implications for Research and Training in Behavior Modification

Issues surrounding the application of inferential statistical tests to behavior modification research was presented. Four major behavior modification journals were surveyed from their inception through 1974 for their use of inferential statistical tests in empirical research studies. Results indicated that Behaviour Research and Therapy and Behavior Therapy contained the highest percentage of articles using inferential statistical procedures. Over all journals, nearly all studies employing group designs used inferential statistical tests. Parametric analysis-of-variance and various nonparametric tests were generally the most commonly employed statistics within the journals sampled. Implications of the review suggest that the methodological base of behavior modification research is becoming more diverse as reflected in increased use of group designs where inferential tests are commonly employed. While all journals contained some N=1 experiments which relied on some form of inferential statistics, both vali...
Television's Role in Family Interaction A Family Systems Perspective

The purpose of this article is to argue that exploring the role of television in family life is not solely a matter of studying its effects on family members; it also involves looking at TV as a phenomenon that serves a whole range of social purposes the study of which can shed light on general family functioning. In this review, existing theoretical models and research are discussed in order to show why a new model—family systems—is being proposed. The application of the family systems model to the arena of television use in the family is one that has not been previously explored. Emphasis will be placed on two family systems principles that are important in the study of the family's use of and interaction around television. Current measurement techniques will be examined to illustrate that a new approach, reflecting interaction and process, is needed. Components of a family systems model—structure, development, and adaptation—are adapted in order to discuss TV's function in the family. Suggestions for f...
Polynesians and the seductive power of common sense

Common sense and science alike are grounded in human experience. Yet these complementary perspectives on the world and our place in it are often in conflict. The contentious issue of global warming shows that when this happens, the seductive simplicity of most down-to-earth commonsense explanations can make it difficult for experts to win people over to the complexity and uncertainties of most scientific arguments. But sometimes scientists, too, succumb to the appeal of commonsense simplicity when they should not. As Fredrik Barth remarked, practically all social science reasoning rests on the premise that there are discrete groups of people that can be variously labeled ethnic groups, populations, societies, or cultures – a commonsense idea that begs more questions than it resolves. Consider the case of the so-called Polynesians of the South Seas. Scholars have been accepting for centuries the claim that these islanders collectively comprise a biological and cultural people, or race, apart from other isl...
A sensorimotor rhythm based goal selection brain-computer interface

Different control strategies exist for use in a brain-computer interface (BCI). Although process control is the prevailing control strategy for most sensorimotor rhythm based BCIs, the goal selection strategy more closely resembles normal motor control and may be more accurate, faster to use, and easier to learn. We describe here a sensorimotor rhythm based goal selection BCI and a pilot study to compare it with process control strategy in terms of accuracy and speed of use. In both trained and naive subjects studied, goal selection outperformed process control.
The carbon analogue of the claisen rearrangement of phenyl allyl ether : Equilibration of Butenylbenzenes and ortho-propenyltoluenes

Abstract The elusive carbon analogue of the Claise rearrangement of phenyl allyl ether has been realized. Under strongly basic conditions in t-butyl alcohol containing potassium t-butylate at 350° for 24 hr, the set of five isometric 1-phenylbutenes is put into thermodynamic equilibrium with the set of three isomeric 1-( o -tolyl)propenes.
Sampling Requirements for Circular Cone Beam Tomography

The sampling requirements of tomographic projection data are determined by the set of frequencies occupied by the Fourier transform of the projection data. This region of essential support has been analyzed for various 2-D geometries. The general case of 3-D cone beam projections, using a 2-D detector array, is mainly unexplored. In this paper, we consider the 3-D circular cone-beam (CCB) scan. An analysis of the essential support of CCB projection data provides the sampling requirements for detector spacing, row spacing, and projection count (views).
The N.A.S.A. Earth and Ocean Dynamics Programme

The central theme of N. A. S. A.’s applications programme in general is to provide a platform for a broad effort to develop practical tools, predictive models and observational spaceborne and ground systems to further social and economic benefits to society. This programme should serve as a tool for and as a positive impetus to ( a ) realizing the equitable and efficient use and conservation of natural resources, ( b ) expanding the educational opportunities and medical services for all people, ( c ) providing new opportunities for exchange of information and lessening of international tensions, and ( d ) providing increased business and social communications between nations. The Earth and ocean dynamics programme is part of N. A. S. A.’s overall applications programme and consists in essence of two major parts; one dealing with the solid Earth and the other with the world’s oceans. In this paper, the main emphasis will be placed upon the first, since this part fits best into the theme of this special session. Practical uses and applications of space systems, science and technology will be discussed. What are the phenomena to be observed, their state of the art and their possible future needs? For instance, the present state of tectonic motion determination is to estimate its average motion over millions of years. Our aim is to understand and determine these motions to say 0.5 cm/year over one or two years in order to help in the development of earthquake prediction models, to quote an example. Is there a correlation between the Earth’s gravity and magnetic fields and what is its implication for earth resources exploration? The Bangui anomaly in central Africa is a good example. Large mineral deposits are associated with this gravity and magnetic anomaly.
Metal ion recognition in aqueous solution by highly preorganized non-macrocyclic ligands☆

The metal ion complexing properties of highly preorganized non-macrocyclic ligands in aqueous solution are discussed and contrasted with those of less preorganized analogues that have simple ethylene bridges between the donor atoms. High levels of preorganization can be achieved using cyclohexenyl bridges between ligand donor atoms, use of reinforced bridges such us bispidines, or by use of extended aromatic systems as bridges, such as those found in 1,10-phenanthroline (1,10-phen). Cyclohexenyl groups increase thermodynamic stability of metal ion complexes, as indicated by log K1 values (formation constants), that increase by between 1 and 5 log units compared to less preorganized analogues. The way in which such bridges alter selectivity in the direction of smaller metal ions is discussed. Rigid bridges such as those provided by bispidine are discussed in terms of increased log K1 values, and sharply increased selectivity for smaller metal ions. Ligands derived from 1,10-phen by placing donor groups at the 2- and 9-positions are discussed, including examples with acetates (PDA), pyridyls (DPP) and phenolates (DPHP). The five-membered chelate rings of PDA lead to strong selectivity for larger metal ions, including Cd(II), La(III), and Gd(III). Possible uses of PDA type ligands for Gd(III)-based MRI agents are discussed. The remarkably high stability of complexes of PDA is discussed in terms of the role of H-bonding with the solvent in stabilizing complexes with metal ions, and the very high level of preorganization of the ligand.
Who Wins? Party Effects in Legislative Voting

Political scientists have long attempted to measure and describe the modest and contingent effects of party on the behavior of members of Congress. Recent efforts have extended the debate to the more specific question of whether or not party influences are sufficiently strong to move policy outcomes away from the median position. In this article, we specify four theories of legislative behavior. One is a preference-based, or partyless, theory of behavior. This theory posits that there are no party effects independent of preferences and that equilibrium outcomes are located at the chamber's median. The other theories rely on different conceptions of the foundations of party effects and yield distinctive predictions about the legislators who will support bills on final passage votes. After testing, our conclusion is that strong party influences can be found in final passage voting in the House: the partyless theory receives little support, but a model based on majority party agenda control works well. Legislative outcomes are routinely on the majority party's side of the chamber median.
Is immediate chest radiograph necessary after central venous catheter placement in a surgical intensive care unit

Abstract Background: Current standard of care dictates that central venous catheter (CVC) insertion should be followed by an immediate chest radiograph to confirm appropriate position and rule out complications. We hypothesized that a subset of monitored intensive care unit patients exists that is at low risk for complications and might safely have radiographic evaluation of line placement deferred until the next scheduled radiograph. Methods: Data regarding patient and procedural characteristics were obtained prospectively for 184 CVC placed between March 1, 1998, and June 30, 1999. Retrospective data regarding complications were obtained by chart review for an additional 174 CVC placed during the study period but for which data sheets were not completed. All procedures were followed by chest radiography. Results: We documented a complication rate of 9% with the vast majority (25 of 31, 81%) of complications consisting of incorrect positioning. The number of needle passes was greater in the group suffering pneumothorax and arterial puncture than the uncomplicated group (5.6 versus 1.9, P = 0.008). “Straightforward” operator gestalt ( P = 0.04) and number of needle passes P = 0.03) were factors correlating with the absence of complications. These factors had negative predictive values of 94% and 96%, respectively. Conclusions: Placement of CVC is safe in experienced hands. In monitored intensive care unit patients who undergo a “straightforward” procedure with