cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language-Mixing in French Print Advertising

This article examines the use of English in French magazine advertisements from a linguistic and legal perspective. Following an overview of language policy planning in France, French–English mixing in recent advertising copy is described in terms of both bilingual creativity and strategies used to circumvent the 1994 Toubon Law restricting the use of English in the media. This study provides evidence that, despite this legislation, the French advertising industry is continuing to exploit English as both a lingua franca in international campaigns and a pair-language for mixing that has been specifically tailored to French audiences. This ‘Frenglish’ mix involves various linguistic strategies, including bilingual hybridization, orthographic modifications, functional conversion and ‘visual glossing’, among others. The impact of globalization on French advertising discourse is also explored with specific reference to information technology and business terminology. The data presented suggests that Paris agen...
MCP1 Directs Trafficking of Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Derived Fibroblast Precursors in Solid Tumor

Our previous studies have demonstrated that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a novel source of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. However, the mechanisms regulating recruitment and homing of HSC-derived carcinoma-associated fibroblasts or their precursors to the tumor microenvironment are unknown. Herein, we demonstrate using a single cell transplantation model that circulating fibroblast precursors (CFPs) are of HSC origin. This population increased with tumor burden in vivo and functional in vitro studies showed that CFPs preferentially migrated and differentiated into fibroblasts in response to tumor, suggesting that HSC-derived CFPs serve as an intermediate between the bone marrow and tumor. Based on this chemotactic ability and our demonstration of a monocyte lineage origin for CFPs, we investigated the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP1) in mediating CFP recruitment/homing. Blocking tumor-produced MCP1 inhibited in vitro migration of CFPs in response to multiple tumor types, indicating broad biological significance for this CFP/chemokine interaction. In vivo, CCR2-expressing CFPs increased in circulation during the period of active tumor growth and stromal development. Inhibition of MCP1 during tumor development resulted in decreased tumor volume in tumor-bearing mice. Together these findings confirm an HSC origin for CFPs, demonstrate a role for MCP1 in regulating their contribution to the tumor microenvironment, and suggest a potential therapeutic target for limiting tumor growth.
Assessment and management of soil microbial community structure for disease suppression.

� Abstract Identification of the biological properties contributing to the function of suppressive soils is a necessary first step to the management of such systems for use in the control of soilborne diseases. The development and application of molecular methods for the characterization and monitoring of soil microbial properties will enable a more rapid and detailed assessment of the biological nature of soil suppressiveness. Although suppressive soils have provided a wealth of microbial resources that have subsequently been applied for the biological control of soilborne plant pathogens, the full functional capabilities of the phenomena have not been realized in production agricultural ecosystems. Cultural practices, such as the application of soil amendments, have the capacity to enhance disease suppression, though the biological modes of action may vary from that initially resident to the soil. Plants have a distinct impact on characteristics and activity of resident soil microbial communities, and therefore play an important role in determining the development of the disease-suppressive state. Likewise, plant genotype will modulate these same biological communities, and should be considered when developing strategies to exploit the potential of such a natural disease control system. Implementation of consistently effective practices to manage this resource in an economically and environmentally feasible manner will require more detailed investigation of these biologically complex systems and refinement of currently available methodologies.
Spur-reduced numerically-controlled oscillator for digital receivers

A technique involving phase dithering that reduces the complexity of numerically controlled oscillators (NCOs) is presented. Spurious magnitudes due to finite word-length effects in phase representation are accelerated from the usual -6 dBc per phase bit to -12 dBc per phase bit. This is at the expense of a small increase in system noise. This permits the use of a smaller number of phase bits and results in an exponential decrease in system complexity compared to nondithered NCOs. >
CRITICAL BIOGRAPHY WITHOUT SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS: An Encounter With Dr. Lillian Moller Gilbreth

Retracing my own research experience in creating a sociological narrative about a famous industrial engineer and mother, I describe how I began to question modernist images of self, interests, and ...
Comparative evaluation of image segmentation methods for volume quantitation in SPECT

A wide variety of image segmentation techniques have been proposed for the measurement of organ or lesion volumes in SPECT images. Evaluation of the relative performance of the various methods is difficult due to wide variations in system response characteristics, size, shape, and contrast of the imaged objects, and image acquisition and processing techniques. Selected image segmentation methods for volume quantitation in SPECT were applied to a set of simulated SPECT images containing objects ranging in volume from 1.8 to 113.1 cc. The specific segmentation methods included: (1) operator drawn regions of interest, (2) count-based methods, (3) three levels of fixed thresholds, (4) an adaptive threshold (GLH method), (5) a two-dimensional (2-D) edge detection method, and (6) a three-dimensional (3-D) edge detection method. In general, the 3-D edge detection method required minimal operator intervention while providing the most accurate and consistent estimates of object volume across changes in object contrast and size.
Prolonged impairment of coronary vasodilation after reversible ischemia. Evidence for microvascular "stunning".

Reperfusion after brief, reversible myocardial ischemia is associated with prolonged depression of contractile function (myocardial "stunning"); however, the effect on coronary vascular function has not been defined. Thus, open-chest dogs (n = 14) underwent a 15-minute left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion followed by reflow. Four hours after reperfusion, regional myocardial blood flow (microspheres) was significantly (p less than 0.01) lower and coronary vascular resistance significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in the postischemic as compared with the nonischemic endocardium. Furthermore, during maximal vasodilation elicited by intravenous adenosine (n = 6), myocardial blood flow was lower (p less than 0.05) and coronary vascular resistance higher (p less than 0.05) in the postischemic as compared with the nonischemic myocardium, both in the endocardial and in the epicardial layers. Similarly, during maximal dilation elicited by intravenous papaverine (n = 8), myocardial blood flow was lower (p less than 0.05) and vascular resistance higher (p less than 0.05) in the postischemic as compared with the nonischemic endocardium; a directionally similar trend was observed in the epicardium. Four hours after reperfusion, all indexes of reactive hyperemia after a 40-second coronary occlusion were significantly lower in the LAD than in the control circumflex coronary artery (n = 8). There was no appreciable correlation between systolic wall thickening in the stunned myocardium and 1) the resting myocardial perfusion, 2) the hyperemia attained during adenosine or papaverine, and 3) the hyperemic response to a 40-second coronary occlusion. In control dogs that did not undergo a 15-minute LAD occlusion (n = 15), there were no differences in myocardial blood flow or vascular resistance between the LAD-dependent and the circumflex-dependent bed, either before or during adenosine (n = 7) or papaverine (n = 8). Furthermore, reactive hyperemia after a 40-second occlusion did not differ between the LAD and the circumflex artery (n = 8). In conclusion, a brief (15 minute), reversible ischemic insult causes a prolonged increase in resting vascular resistance and a prolonged impairment in vasodilator responsiveness, both of which persist for at least 4 hours. The severity of these vascular derangements is not related to the severity of contractile depression, suggesting that they may represent a relatively independent phenomenon. It is proposed that, in addition to myocardial "stunning," reversible ischemia also causes a microvascular "stunning."
A study of the realizability and performance of focused-wave pulses

EM directed-energy pulse trains (11EDEPTs). Addresses the solutions described by Ziolkowski (1989). Ziolkowski's work was chosen because he has related EDEPTs to other directed-energy solutions, and because his work is recent and relatively complete. Furthermore, he has attempted an assessment of the realizability of EDEPT solutions, which is the primary focus of the paper. Following a very brief summary of the theory of EDEPT solutions, Ziolkowski's array realization is investigated. Results from Ziolkowski's simulation are evaluated in the context of diffraction limits and are compared with results obtained for a simple Gaussian pulse of similar frequency content. >
Intonational phrasing and constituency in language production and comprehension

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between intonational phrase boundaries and syntax in production and comprehension. Watson & Gibson (2004a) proposed that the likelihood of an intonational boundary at a word boundary is a function of 1) the size of the most recently completed constituent and 2) the size of the upcoming constituent if it is not an argument of the most recent head. We explore an alternate hypothesis to (I): the distance of integration between an upcoming word and its attachment site in the sentence influences the likelihood of an intonational boundary. In a production experiment (Experiment 1), we found that speakers' intonational phrasing patterns were consistent with Watson & Gibson's original hypothesis. We then present two studies of sentence comprehension using converging paradigms which test the hypothesis that listeners exploit the relationship between syntax and the production-based intonational boundaries by using a special parsing heuristic. In particular, we propose that listeners prefer not to attach incoming words to lexical heads that are followed by an intonational boundary. This hypothesis is validated in both Experiments 2 and 3.
An inversion effect modified by expertise in capuchin monkeys

The face inversion effect may be defined as the general impairment in recognition that occurs when faces are rotated 180°. This phenomenon seems particularly strong for faces as opposed to other objects and is often used as a marker of a specialized face-processing mechanism. Four brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were tested on their ability to discriminate several classes of facial and non-facial stimuli presented in both their upright and inverted orientations in an oddity task. Results revealed significantly better performance on upright than inverted presentations of capuchin and human face stimuli, but not on chimpanzee faces or automobiles. These data support previous studies in humans and other primates suggesting that the inversion effect occurs for stimuli for which subjects have developed an expertise.
A two-component description of spectral absorption by marine particles

Values for the spectral absorption coefficient of particles sampled in the Sargasso Sea (34”N, 7O”W) in 1987 were subjected to a multiple regression analysis to assess contributions to light absorption by phytoplankton and detritus. Specifically, values for the spectral absorption coefficient at a given wavelength were treated as a function of the values for absorption at 675 and 570 nm. The spectrum for slopes for the 675-nm component has a slope like that of phytoplankton, and the slopes for the 570-nm component resemble that of detritus. Individual spectra were then partitioned into phytoplankton and detrital spectral absorption coefficients with an algorithm that minimized the difference between the original spectrum and sum of the two components. The twocomponent model accounted for >90% of the observed spectral absorption coefficients for all samples collected within the upper 300 m of the water column. Profiles of the two components indicated that there was little variation in mean absorption coefficient for detritus with depth. In contrast, the greatest variability was accounted for by changes in the phytoplankton component, both with depth and seasonally during 1987. This seasonal variation is interpreted in terms of photoadaptation by cells to changes in the light and vertical mixing fields.
Early Steroid Withdrawal in Repeat Kidney Transplantation

Summary Background and objectives Kidney re-transplantation (KRT) candidates are considered at high risk for graft failure. Most of these patients are kept on a chronic steroid maintenance (CSM) regimen. The safety of early steroid withdrawal (ESW) remains unanswered in KRT. Design, setting, participants, & measurements This study was aimed at comparing the outcomes of ESW and CSM in KRT. Retrospective analysis of 113 KRT patients (ESW, n = 59; CSM, n = 54) was performed. All patients received rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin/steroid induction and were maintained on mycophenolate/tacrolimus (±steroids). Results One- and 5-year patient survival for the ESW and the CSM group were not significantly different (98 versus 96% and 91 versus 88%, respectively; P = 0.991). No significant difference was seen in the graft survival for both groups at 1 and 5 years (98 versus 93% and 80 versus 74%, respectively; P = 0.779). Mean 1- and 5-year estimated GFR was not statistically different between the groups (P = 0.773 and 0.790, respectively). The incidence of acute rejection at 1 year was 17 and 22% in ESW and CSM patients, respectively (P = 0.635). Compared with the ESW group, patients in the CSM group were more likely to be hyperlipidemic (P = 0.044), osteoporotic (P = 0.010), post-transplant diabetics (P = 0.051) and required more medications to control BP (P = 0.004). Conclusions ESW seems to be a reasonable approach in KRT recipients because the short and intermediate patient survival, graft survival, and graft function is comparable to CSM immunosuppression.
Spherically symmetric axial Gaussian lobe 3d and 4f orbitals

The axial Gaussian lobe orbital (AGLO) representations of 3d and 4f orbitals proposed by LeRouzo and Silvi have been angularly optimized to ensure spherical symmetry of filled 3d and 4f shells. The functions have been tested on the hydrogen atom in the presence of high quality s and p basis sets and found to provide excellent minimal Gaussian representations of polarization functions. Exact orbital degeneracy is not obtained within each shell, however. Tabulated values are given to allow arbitrary scaling of the 3d and 4f lobe mimic orbitals.
Unipolar depression: diagnostic inconsistency and its implications.

Abstract Major depressive disorder using Feighner et al. (Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 26, 57-63, 1972) and DSM-III or DSM-III-R criteria has proven to be a heterogeneous diagnosis. It apparently includes a wide variety of clinical conditions. This report, based upon the results of a multi-year blind follow-up of 500 randomly selected psychiatric outpatients focuses on certain problems associated with the diagnosis of primary unipolar affective disorders. At index, 141 patients received diagnoses of primary unipolar depression. At follow-up, only 62 (44%) of these received the same diagnosis, with an additional 14 (10%) receiving a diagnosis of undiagnosed: questionable primary unipolar depression, and 5 (4%) a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Thus, about 43% received other diagnoses at follow-up: 35 (25%) diagnoses of secondary depression and 25 (18%) other diagnoses without indication of an affective component. Bipolar patients' stability was significantly better for those who were manic at intake.
Use of Planning Support Software in Transit Services: A State-of-Practice Survey

Many U.S. transit agencies have been using planning support software to assist in daily planning, operation, and customer services. However, the literature is not clear about the extent to which transit agencies are using planning support software programs for daily activities. To determine the state of the practice in the use of planning support software in the U.S. transit agencies, a survey was conducted. The survey found that the use of planning support software confirms the general trend in the use of information technology: that is, its use is directly related to the size of the transit agencies. Larger transit agencies tend to use more planning support software, while small agencies do not use that much. Probably one of the most important findings is that many smaller transit agencies consider the purchase and use of planning support software in transit planning, operation, and marketing as unnecessary, especially given the difficulties in obtaining funding, training staff, and hiring and retaining...
Induction of Neurite Extension and Survival in Pheochromocytoma Cells by the Rit GTPase

The Rit, Rin, and Ric proteins comprise a distinct and evolutionarily conserved subfamily of the Ras-like small G-proteins. Although these proteins share the majority of core effector domain residues with Ras, recent studies suggest that Rit uses novel effector pathways to regulate NIH3T3 cell proliferation and transformation, while the functions of Rin and Ric remain largely unknown. Since we demonstrate that Rit is expressed in neurons, we investigated the role of Rit signaling in promoting the differentiation and survival of pheochromocytoma cells. In this study, we show that expression of constitutively active Rit (RitL79) in PC6 cells results in neuronal differentiation, characterized by the elaboration of an extensive network of neurite-like processes that are morphologically distinct from those mediated by the expression of oncogenic Ras. Although activated Rit fails to stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathways in COS cells, RitL79 induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in PC6 cells. We also find that Rit-mediated effects on neurite outgrowth can be blocked by co-expression of dominant-negative mutants of C-Raf1 or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1). Moreover, expression of dominant-negative Rit is sufficient to inhibit NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. Expression of active Rit inhibits growth factor-withdrawal mediated apoptosis of PC6 cells, but does not induce phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B, suggesting that survival does not utilize the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Instead, pharmacological inhibitors of MEK block Rit-stimulated cell survival. Taken together, these studies suggest that Rit represents a distinct regulatory protein, capable of mediating differentiation and cell survival in PC6 cells using a MEK-dependent signaling pathway to achieve its effects.
Thermodynamical stability of odd-frequency superconducting state

Odd-frequency pairing mechanism has been investigated for several decades. Nevertheless the properties of such superconducting phase as well as its thermodynamic stability have remained unclear. In particular it has been argued by numerous authors that the odd-frequency state is thermodynamically unstable, has an unphysical Meissner effect (at least within the mean-field approximation), and therefore can not exist as a homogeneous phase in equilibrium physical systems. We argue that such a conclusion is incorrect because it relies on an inappropriate assumption that the odd-frequency superconductor can be described by an effective Hamiltonian that breaks the U(l) symmetry. We show that the odd-frequency state can be appropriately formulated within the functional integral representation by using the effective action to describe such a superconducting state within the mean field approximation. We find that the odd-frequency superconductor is thermodynamically stable and exhibits ordinary Meissner effect, and therefore, in principle, it can be realized in equilibrium solid state systems.
The Arizona State University electrical engineering undergraduate open laboratory

This paper describes the undergraduate electrical engineering laboratories at Arizona State University, For the past few years, the laboratory exercises associated with 11 electrical engineering courses have been conducted in a single large room and, mostly, on an unscheduled basis. This open laboratory is available 74 h each week and contains the equipment necessary for most of the undergraduate electrical engineering courses. The open laboratory constitutes a deviation from the conventional scheme where the experiments associated with specific courses are strictly scheduled and conducted in different rooms. This paper describes the operation of the open laboratory and some of its unique characteristics and advantages.
Relative Susceptibility and Transcriptional Response of Nitrogen Cycling Bacteria to Quantum Dots

Little is known about the potential impacts of accidental or incidental releases of manufactured nanomaterials to microbial ecosystem services (e.g., nutrient cycling). Here, quantum dots (QDs) coated with cationic polyethylenimine (PEI) were more toxic to pure cultures of nitrogen-cycling bacteria than QDs coated with anionic polymaleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene (PMAO). Nitrifying bacteria (i.e., Nitrosomonas europaea) were much more susceptible than nitrogen fixing (i.e., Azotobacter vinelandii, Rhizobium etli, and Azospirillum lipoferum) and denitrifying bacteria (i.e., Pseudomonas stutzeri). Antibacterial activity was mainly exerted by the QDs rather than by their organic coating or their released QD components (e.g., Cd and Zn), which under the near-neutral pH tested (to minimize QD weathering) were released into the bacterial growth media at lower levels than their minimum inhibitory concentrations. Sublethal exposure to QDs stimulated the expression of genes associated with nitrogen cycling. QD-PE...
X-ray powder diffraction analysis of Late Holocene reservoir sediments

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis of clays from anthropogenic Late Holocene reservoir sediments can provide a paleoclimatic proxy. Illite and smectite are climate sensitive clay minerals and their relative amounts correlate with climatic episodes. Relative percent composition of clays in Late Holocene reservoir sediment is diagnostic of different mineral source areas and their hydraulic transport processes, which are climate controlled. Climosequences of clay minerals from Late Holocene reservoir sediments are correlative with magnetic susceptibility records and provide a relatively simple and cost-effective tool for gaining insight into paleoclimate.
Defining cell culture conditions to improve human norovirus infectivity assays.

Significant difficulties remain for determining whether human noroviruses (hNoV) recovered from water, food, and environmental samples are infectious. Three-dimensional (3-D) tissue culture of human intestinal cells has shown promise in developing an infectivity assay, but reproducibility, even within a single laboratory, remains problematic. From the literature and our observations, we hypothesized that the common factors that lead to more reproducible hNoV infectivity in vitro requires that the cell line be (1) of human gastrointestinal origin, (2) expresses apical microvilli, and (3) be a positive secretor cell line. The C2BBe1 cell line, which is a brush-border producing clone of Caco-2, meets these three criteria. When challenged with Genogroup II viruses, we observed a 2 Log10 increase in viral RNA titer. A passage experiment with GII viruses showed evidence of the ability to propagate hNoV by both quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and microscopy. In our hands, using 3-D C2BBe1 cells improves reproducibility of the infectivity assay for hNoV, but the assay can still be variable. Two sources of variability include the cells themselves (mixed phenotypes of small and large intestine) and initial titer measurements using qRT-PCR that measures all RNA vs. plaque assays that measure infectious virus.
Should the Government Provide Insurance for Catastrophes

This paper evaluates the need for a government role in insuring natural and man-made catastrophes in the United States. Although insurance markets have been stressed by major natural catastrophes, such as Hurricane Katrina, government involvement in the market for natural catastrophe insurance should be minimized to avoid crowding-out more efficient private market solutions, such as catastrophe bonds. Instead, government should facilitate the development of the private market by reducing regulatory barriers. The National Flood Insurance Program has failed to cover most property owners exposed to floods and is facing severe financial difficulties. The program needs to be drastically revised or replaced by private market alternatives, such as federal "make available" requirements with a federal reinsurance backstop. A federal role may be appropriate to insure against mega-terrorist events. However, any program should be minimally intrusive and carry a positive premium to avoid crowding-out private market alternatives.
An evolving understanding for predicting emergent properties

Emergence is a systems concept that refers to the properties that emerge as a result of the interactions between elements of a system. Emergent properties can be desirable or undesirable. Due to the potential for adverse consequences, it is beneficial to understand the undesirable emergent properties and be able to predict them prior to their occurrence. If the undesirable emergent properties are not predicted, it is important to detect them as soon as possible after their occurrence to minimize potential negative consequences. This paper discusses how the ability to predict and detect emergent properties evolves and improves over a system's lifecycle. Factors and system characteristics which may be useful to predict emergent properties are identified and associated to stages and processes in the system's lifecycle.
High resolution surface imaging arrays interrogated with microfluidically controlled metalized plates

Microfluidically controlled metalized plates are proposed for the first time as a low-cost interrogation mechanism for high resolution surface imaging arrays. The pixels of the envisioned imaging system are formed as a dense array of sub-wavelength size slot spiral resonators etched at the ground plane of a microwave substrate. The resonance frequencies of these resonators shift based on the dielectric properties of the material sample within their close proximity. Interrogation of the resonance frequency of each resonator is done by utilizing metalized plates as RF shorts between read-out microstrip lines and resonators. The metalized plates can be repositioned within the microfluidic channels by use of a single micropump unit to sequentially interrogate resonance frequencies of all pixels to extract an image. The concept is introduced through simulations and experiments carried over a 1D material sample. An example 2D imaging system is also presented (through computational simulations) for imaging of tumorous excised breast tissue. The proposed technique alleviates the needs for expensive/complex RF switch based interrogation circuitries or bulky/slow mechanical raster scans.
Utilization of bedside urogenital ultrasound in an austere combat setting: enterovesicular fistula case report.

ABSTRACTThe role of bedside ultrasound by physicians with advanced ultrasound training, such as emergency medicine providers, has been clearly established in the austere setting of combat medicine. This highly mobile, noninvasive, and versatile imaging modality has a role in evaluating battle- and nonbattle-related presentations. This case report describes a U.S. Marine reporting to an austere medical facility with the chief complaint of abdominal pain. An ultrasound of the patient's urinary tract revealed abnormalities that suggested right bladder wall thickening and an echo dense layer of sediment as the potential source of his discomfort. These findings supported patient transfer to a higher echelon of care. Further diagnostic testing revealed Crohn's disease with an associated enterovesicular fistula.
On the De Longchamps Circle of the Triangle

(1926). On the De Longchamps Circle of the Triangle. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 33, No. 7, pp. 368-375.
Mass diffusivity of pressure sensitive paints via system identification

An experimental technique to measure the mass diffusivity of molecular oxygen in Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) coatings has been developed. The technique is based on the response of a PSP coating to a step change in pressure. A convolution method is employed to account for arbitrary pressure rises, i.e. an instantaneous pressure rise is not required. The mass diffusivity of the silicon polymer binder material of a typical PSP coating was determined to be 1.52 x 10" cmVs at 25.3 °C. The temperature dependence of the mass diffusivity was also investigated and found to follow an Arrhenius expression with an activation energy of 2.48 kcal/mole and a preexponential constant of 100 cmVs. These results are useful in predicting the time response of PSP coatings to unsteady pressures and in investigating the temperature dependence of PSP systems. The technique provides an effective quantitative way to compare different PSP formulations.
Infectivity of Lagenidium giganteum to Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Rice Field Waters: Laboratory Evaluation

Effects of rice field water quality and host age on the infectivity of Lagenidium giganteum Couch to Culex tarsalis Coquillett were investigated in the laboratory for 3 yr. Selected water chemistry parameters were quantified to determine their influence on the corresponding infection rates. Large variation in dose-response was obtained among different water samples. When individual instars were exposed to a concentration of 10 zoospores/ml in different water samples, infection for the first through fourth instars respectively averaged 49, 42, 56, and 47%, with 78% of the variation in larval mortality significantly correlating with changes in common water chemistry parameters. Singly, none of the water chemistry variables accounted for >35% of the variation in infection rates. The causal relationships between changes in water chemistry and infectivity were unclear. When all instars were bioassayed in the same container to remove variation caused by different water samples, the first three instars were equally susceptible to infection, and the fourth instar was less susceptible. With exposure to 100 zoospores per ml, the period of lethal infection increased from 18 to 48 h as host age increased from the first to the fourth stadium.
They're watching you! Performance measurement, staffing, and facilities requirements.

Abstract: The aim of this article is to convey the importance of attention to performance measures, staffing, and facilities requirements when planning a heart failure management program in a short-stay area. Written performance measures that reflect care excellence and act as standards of care will ensure consistency in care delivery and lead to improved patient outcomes. Staffing can be carried out in many ways (physician led-program, physician-advanced practice nurse-led program, nurse-mediated care program, or multidisciplinary providers of care); however, a clinical leader willing to champion the program should be sought to promote performance achievement, negotiate for facilities resources, and guide staff through education and example. Facilities requirements include tools (forms that embed evidence-based practice to augment standards of care such as care algorithms, admission and discharge forms, and patient education materials) and devices that aide in patient assessment, diagnosis, management, and education. Minimal device resources needed to meet performance measures are access to echocardiography and B-type natriuretic peptide serum testing.
Adaptive response to ocular muscle weakness in human pursuit and saccadic eye movements

Eye movement deficits caused by ocular muscle weakness vary according to the position of the eye in the orbit and the direction of eye movement. We studied the ability of both the saccadic and pursuit eye-movement systems to compensate for these anisotropic deficits in four patients with ocular muscle weakness. The eye-position dependence of each patient's motor deficit was characterized by plotting the position of the weak eye against that of the normal eye (in various orbital positions) when fusion was prevented, thus giving a static eye-position curve from which relative muscle strength could be inferred. Movements of the weak eye were smaller and slower than those made by the normal eye, so that the weak eye required more time to acquire a visual target. When patients were forced to view monocularly with their weak eye for several days, both the saccadic and pursuit systems showed changes in the movements of the normal eye consistent with an increased central innervation designed to decrease the time it takes to bring the target's image onto the fovea of the weak eye and to keep it there. These adaptive changes varied with eye position and movement direction and compensated for the weak muscle in both its agonistic and antagonistic actions. Saccadic adaptation consisted of a change in the relationship between saccadic amplitude and retinal error (distance between the target's image and the fovea) to compensate for hypometria (undershoot) and a readjustment of the ratio of the phasic (pulse) and tonic (step) components of the saccadic innervation to suppress postsaccadic ocular drift. Pursuit adaptation consisted of an increase in the relationship between eye acceleration and the rate of motion of the image of the target on the retina during the initial phase of tracking as well as an increase in the velocity during tracking of a target moving at a constant velocity. These changes reflect an increase in pursuit innervation that would cause the weak eye's velocity to approach target velocity sooner. The average acceleration of the normal eye during the initial period of tracking (130 ms) increased by as much as threefold. The corresponding maximum smooth eye velocity increased so that, for example, the pursuit response to a 15 degree/s target movement could be over 50 degree/s in the normal eye.
The Retrospective Roles of Black Women in the Coddling of Black Boys

This study reports the secondary analysis of a theme that emerged from a larger study on Black women's perceptions of Black men's depression. This emerging theme was concerning the role of Black women in rearing Black boys. Eight focus groups with Black women (N = 46) were used to further explore this theme. Our secondary analysis identified three subthemes, including the (a) presence (or absence) of fathers in parenting Black children, (b) Black women's role in coddling Black boys, and (c) Black women's role in "raising" Black girls. Study implications include the contextual lens that underscores parenting variations within Black families.
Heparin on plasma vascular endothelial growth factor,urine microalbumin and β_2-Microglobulin in children with early renal involvements of Henoch-schenlein purpura

Objective: To detect and explore the changes of Plasma Vascular Endothelial growth factor(VEGF),urine micro albumin(MA) and β2-microglobulin(β2-MG)in Children with early renal involvements of Henoch-Schenlein Purpura(HSP);To investigate heparin protect renal in childrenwith Henoch-Schonlein purpura.Methods: 35 heparin therapy group and 31 controls divided from children with early renal involvements of HSP randomly,VEGF was measured and analysized in urine by using ABC-ELISA respectively,MA and β2-MG using radioimmunoassay.Followed-up more than 3 months.Results: ①The level of VEGF,MA,β2-MG did not show significant difference between heparin therapy group and controls(P0.05),The serum concentrations VEGF,urine MA and β2-MG of heparin therapy group were obviously lower than controls after 10 days,its had significant deference(P0.05).②The comparison of effective power between two groups after therapy showed that there was statistical significance(P0.05),comprised persistence time show significance(P0.05).③Correlation analysis The correlation coefficient r is 0.418 between the levels of VEGF and MA in HSP patients,VEGF and β2-MG is 0.406,P0.05.Conclusion: ①The urine concentrations VEGF,MA,β2-MG in Children with early involvements of HSP were obviously lower after heparin therapy.②There is therapeutical effect to early renal involvements of HSP through heparin therapy,shorten the day of damaging kidney effectively.
Propagulum of Caragana spp. and Their Roles in Restoration of Deserticolo

The advances in studies of progagulum of Caragana spp.and their roles in restoreation of deserticolo,focused on the seed rain,seed bank,seed germination,vegetative growth and vegetative reproduction,were briefly reviewed.The aim of this study was to have a better understanding of the reproductive biology and the restoration ecology of deserticolo and provide the scientific basis for these study areas.
Encircling endocardial ventriculotomy for refractory ischemic ventricular tachycardia: IV. Clinical indications, surgical technique, mechanism of action, and results

The clinical indications and contraindications for the use of the encircling endocardial ventriculotomy (EEV) in the treatment of refractory ischemic ventricular tachycardia are discussed. Our rationale for employing a variety of approaches including the EEV, endocardial resection, and cryosurgery is presented. The surgical technique of the EEV and the surgical results of indirect and direct operations are discussed.
Gain-of-function reporters for analysis of mrna 3´-end formation: Design and optimization

The concept of mRNA 3'-end formation as a static, minimally regulated housekeeping process has undergone a paradigm shift. Many recent studies have shown that accurate and efficient 3'-end formation of mRNA is highly regulated and that dysregulation of this process is a hallmark of several diseases. While there are many global analysis methods for monitoring altered mRNA processing, methods for investigating specific RNA 3'-end processing events in cells have not significantly changed. Here we describe a facile gain-of-function cellular reporter for the analysis of mRNA 3'-end formation as an alternative to approaches that are technically challenging or use radioactivity. We also offer suggestions for optimization of our approach and enhancement of its reproducibility.
Endocrinology, Brain and Pituitary Gland

To understand the biology of reproduction, we must first meet the cast of characters involved in this fascinating process. In Chapters 2 and 4 Chapter 2 Chapter 4 , we will study the anatomical components of the female and male reproductive systems. However, you will discover that, to function properly, these systems require chemical instructions. In fact, nearly every aspect of reproductive biology is regulated by internal molecular messengers called hormones . Reproductive hormones signal the reproductive structures to grow and mature. For example, as a boy approaches puberty, circulating levels of hormones called androgens rise and cause his reproductive tract to mature. In addition, these hormones induce muscle growth, cause changes in the vocal cords that lower the young man's voice, and initiate adult patterns of body hair growth. Hormones also regulate the timing of reproductive events. In women, the coordinated release of several female hormones orchestrates ovulation , the release of an egg from the ovary, approximately every 28 days. This chapter will introduce you to the endocrine system, focusing on how the brain and pituitary gland regulate reproductive hormones. Your efforts in studying this material will be repaid as you read further in the text, as an understanding of this topic is essential for you to grasp the information in subsequent chapters.
Summary of Fe opacity measurement platform

This powerpoint presentation goes over the Fe opacity measurement platform, including how the experiment works, what can be gathered from the measurements, what can be gathered from the simulations, and the limitations of the experiment.
Getting Beyond Consumption Without Conscience and Production Without Prudence: The Governance of Globalizing Small-Scale Fisheries

Small-scale fisheries (SSF) employ 90 percent of the world's fishers, account for 50 percent of the world's catch, and are essential to the livelihoods, food security, and well-being of many in the...
First Record of the Hawkmoth Aellopos clavipes (Sphingidae) in Tobago, West Indies

On 17 February, 2009 at around 1730 h, I was at Englishman’s Bay, Tobago, in Trinidad and Tobago. I observed a very unusual moth feeding on duranta flowers. Duranta is a cultivated bush or shrub ( Duranta spp.), producing blue or white flowers and yellow/orange berries. The moth remained in the area for about five minutes and photographs were taken.
Fibrinogen, viscosity, and leukocyte count predicted ischemic heart disease in middle-aged men

Source Citation Yarnell JW, Baker IA, Sweetnam PM, et al. Fibrinogen, viscosity, and white blood cell count are major risk factors for ischemic heart disease. The Caerphilly and Speedwell Collabora...
A novel method for sampling the suspended sediment load in the tidal environment using bi-directional time-integrated mass-flux sediment (TIMS) samplers

Abstract Identifying the source and abundance of sediment transported within tidal creeks is essential for studying the connectivity between coastal watersheds and estuaries. The fine-grained suspended sediment load (SSL) makes up a substantial portion of the total sediment load carried within an estuarine system and efficient sampling of the SSL is critical to our understanding of nutrient and contaminant transport, anthropogenic influence, and the effects of climate. Unfortunately, traditional methods of sampling the SSL, including instantaneous measurements and automatic samplers, can be labor intensive, expensive and often yield insufficient mass for comprehensive geochemical analysis. In estuaries this issue is even more pronounced due to bi-directional tidal flow. This study tests the efficacy of a time-integrated mass sediment sampler (TIMS) design, originally developed for uni-directional flow within the fluvial environment, modified in this work for implementation the tidal environment under bi-directional flow conditions. Our new TIMS design utilizes an ‘L’ shaped outflow tube to prevent backflow, and when deployed in mirrored pairs, each sampler collects sediment uniquely in one direction of tidal flow. Laboratory flume experiments using dye and particle image velocimetry (PIV) were used to characterize the flow within the sampler, specifically, to quantify the settling velocities and identify stagnation points. Further laboratory tests of sediment indicate that bidirectional TIMS capture up to 96% of incoming SSL across a range of flow velocities (0.3–0.6 m s −1 ). The modified TIMS design was tested in the field at two distinct sampling locations within the tidal zone. Single-time point suspended sediment samples were collected at high and low tide and compared to time-integrated suspended sediment samples collected by the bi-directional TIMS over the same four-day period. Particle-size composition from the bi-directional TIMS were representative of the array of single time point samples, but yielded greater mass, representative of flow and sediment-concentration conditions at the site throughout the deployment period. This work proves the efficacy of the modified bi-directional TIMS design, offering a novel tool for collection of suspended sediment in the tidally-dominated portion of the watershed.
Effects of tablet waviness on the mechanical response of architected multilayered materials: Modeling and experiment

Abstract The excellent mechanical properties that biological materials possess are greatly influenced by the geometrical properties of their small scale constituents. Nacre , also known as Mother of Pearl, is an organic-inorganic composite material that makes up the inner layer of seashells . Nacre is observed for its impressive combination of stiffness, strength, and toughness which can be attributed to its waviness and the layering pattern of the brick and mortar structure of ceramic and protein that allows nacre to exhibit great mechanical energy and dissipate it over a large volume. In this study, the effect of this waviness on a model architected multilayered material system is analyzed numerically and experimentally in order to understand its effects on the stiffness, strength, and toughness of nacre. 3-D printed composites with auxetic and nacreous structure were created and tested in tensile boundary conditions. Finite element analysis was used to study the stress distribution and mechanical response of these composites. Results from the finite element models and the mechanical tests results show that increasing the tablet’s waviness increases the stiffness, however, there is an optimum value of tablet waviness for the highest strength and tensile toughness. Increasing waviness level can improve the elastic modulus by about 23%, strength by about 65% and toughness by about 42%. Using the proposed modeling approach, more detailed studies can be done on the toughening mechanisms of composite multilayered materials. These results can be used as a guide to design super-tough composites with multilayered structures.
Oxidative enzymes possess catalytic activity in systems with ionic liquids

Oxidative enzymes, laccase C from Trametes sp. and horseradish and soybean peroxidases, catalyzed oxidation reactions in systems with ionic liquids whose content varied from several volume percent to almost total non-aqueous ionic liquids. Similar to the effects produced by standard organic solvents used in non-aqueous enzymology, catalytic activity of the enzymes was decreased by adding a water-miscible ionic liquid, 4-methyl-N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, or by suspending the enzyme in a water-immiscible ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimdizaolium hexafluorophosphate. For the oxidation of anthracene, catalyzed by laccase C and assisted by a number of mediators, addition of 4-methyl-N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, instead of tert-butanol, increased the yield of the oxidation product several-fold.
Stress, Coping, and the Treatment of Stress-Related Illness

Disease patterns in Western countries have shifted dramatically in the last century. In 1900, the leading causes of death tended to be infectious diseases; however, by mid-century they had become chronic diseases. For example, in 1968, the likelihood of dying from an infectious disease was one-sixth what it was in 1900, but the death rate from heart disease had increased by 268%. Current predictions indicate that over 80% of the male children born this year will eventually die of chronic diseases (Glazier, 1973). Moreover, chronic diseases are on the increase among the young as well as the old (Erhardt & Berlin, 1974; National Center for Health Statistics, 1977).
Medical ethics and retail clinics.

Winner of the 2010 Bander Essay Contest, this essay discusses how primary care physicians should manage the fact that their patients visit retail clinics for some medical needs.