cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work in progress — Interdisciplinary international preprofessional service within the first-year engineering curriculum

The first-year engineering curriculum of Ohio Northern University culminates in a capstone design experience where students design a device to help alleviate some effects of poverty. Student teams research an assigned population to find a suitable device that could improve the lives of those living in poverty, develop a proposal, work through a complete design process and build and demonstrate a prototype. While student groups have been very proud of their excellent designs and assessment results show the experience is valuable, the devices have yet to make it past the demonstration phase. At the same time, Ohio Northern University established a program involving pharmacy, nursing and preprofessional students who travel to the Dominican Republic on medical mission trips. One engineering faculty member attended an informational meeting of a newly established student organization called “Northern Without Borders” and then accompanied the group on a trip to investigate potential projects and opportunities to implement first-year capstone designs. An international program for first-year engineering students was born: “Freshmen Without Borders”. This paper describes the creation of an international engineering service opportunity specifically for first-year engineering students, tied to the first-year engineering curriculum. This paper will describe the first year capstone project and the changes made to integrate specific device(s) which will not only be prototyped, but implemented in an impoverished population. The integration of the mission trip into the first-year engineering curriculum, including students who did and did not participate in the group, especially in consideration of ABET engineering accreditation criteria, will be discussed. Important details of teaming with an existing international service program will be demonstrated, including integrating engineering projects and engineering student teams into existing programs. Building the program, promoting it within the engineering student body and faculty, and assessing student interest will be included. While many schools have existing “without borders” programs available for their engineering students, this paper will be of particular interest to faculty members who are ready to explore the implementation of an international, interdisciplinary service component into their curriculum.
The pepsin catalysed hydrolysis of bis-p-nitrophenyl sulfite

Abstract The reaction of pepsin with bis-p-nitrophenyl sulfite has been studied at pH 2.2 and 25°C by observing the production of p-nitrophenol spectrophotometrically. Under the condition where the pepsin concentration is much greater than the ester concentration the observations suggest that the p-nitrophenol is not liberated in a single kinetic process.
24-Hour infusion of cis-platinum in head and neck cancers

Eighteen patients with advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck were treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum in a 24-hour infusion. The most frequent dose used was 80 mg/m2 repeated every three weeks. Six were treated preoperatively for Stage III or IV disease, and twelve were treated for recurrent disease. The overall response rate was 72% with one complete remission, greater than 50% regression in six patients, and 25--50% regression in six patients. Toxicity was minimal: creatinine greater than 2 in 6% of courses, leukopenia in 9%, anemia in 29%, vomiting in 76%, and documented minimal hearing loss in one patient. Plasma and urine platinum levels during infusion are presented. The dosage of 80 mg/m2 administered over 24 hours gives a response rate in head and neck cancers equivalent to that reported with higher doses given by rapid infusion, and toxicity is minimal.
Benchtop chemistry for the rapid prototyping of label-free biosensors: Transmission localized surface plasmon resonance platforms.

Herein, a simple label-free biosensor fabrication method is demonstrated based on transmission localized surface plasmon resonance (T-LSPR). The platform, which consists of a silver nanoparticle array, can be prepared in just a few minutes using benchtop chemistry. The array was made by a templating technique in conjunction with the photoreduction of Ag ions from solution. This metal surface was functionalized with biotin-linked thiol ligands for binding streptavidin molecules from solution. For an array of 19 nm diameter silver nanoparticles, a redshift in the T-LSPR spectrum of 24 nm was observed upon protein-ligand binding at saturation. The binding constant was found to be 2 × 1012 M−1. Platforms were also fabricated with silver nanoparticles of 34, 55, and 72 nm diameters. The maximum LSPR wavelength shift was nanoparticle size dependent and the maximum sensitivity was obtained with the smaller nanoparticles.
Robust phase locked-loop algorithm for single-phase utility-interactive inverters

An accurate, robust and efficient transport-delay based phase-lock loop (TDPLL) algorithm is proposed for single phase utility interactive inverters. The traditional TDPLL has low complexity and its transient response is smooth, but its performance is significantly affected by the change in the grid frequency. The proposed TDPLL is designed to have robustness against grid frequency variations. The proposed method uses two delays instead of one to cancel the grid frequency variation effect. Since the grid voltage could be polluted by harmonics and may suffer from sag/swell anomalies, the proposed method is enhanced further to be robust against these sources of disturbances. Moreover, a method is proposed to tune the parameters of the system. The performance of the proposed PLL is validated through simulations and experimental results.
Engineering salt tolerance in plants

Recent progress has been made in the identification and characterization of the mechanisms that allow plants to tolerate high salt concentrations. The understanding of metabolic fluxes and the main constraints for the production of compatible solutes (i.e. feedback inhibition and the limitation of substrate supply) open up the possibility of genetically engineering entire pathways that could lead to the production of osmoprotectants. This, together with the identification of the different sodium transporters (in particular vacuolar and plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporters) that could provide the needed ion homeostasis during salt stress, opens the possibility of engineering crop plants with improved salt tolerance.
On the wave motion and stability of dynamic systems with imperfect boundaries

Abstract General normal-mode methods and variational expressions are developed which are useful for studying linear wave motion, diffusion and stability of a wide variety of dynamic systems having non-uniform internal energy dissipation and imperfect boundaries. The motion of these systems is here restricted to that representable by one-dimensional 2 N -th-order equations of motion and a set of boundary impedance equations. Orthogonality relations are developed among eigenmodes to facilitate eigenfunction solutions of transient motion, and of motion excited by either deterministic or random forces. Variational expressions are established which facilitate approximate solutions of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions when exact calculations are not feasible. The normal-mode solutions obtained are general in the sense that for the same system under different boundary conditions (including those perfect ones) one need only change values of boundary impedances in the general solutions. The variational expressions obtained are stationary with no restrictions on the boundary conditions of the trial fields. The methods are directly applicable to a wide variety of electromagnetic, acoustic, elastic, thermal and chemical systems. Three specific examples are considered, namely the influence of imperfect boundaries on a vibrating string, on plane magnetohydro-dynamic waves and on the ‘flute’ instability at a confined plasma boundary. General remarks are made about the significance of imperfect boundaries on plasma waves and instability, the range of validity of the developed methods and on the normal-mode solutions and variational principles for the vector wave motion and stability of general anisotropic media (with emphasis on magnetoplasmas) having tensor imperfect boundary conditions.
Visual training: current status in ophthalmology.

Purpose To inform ophthalmologists of the current status of visual training. Design Personal perspective. Method A perspective and analysis of current practices that include a review of the literature and personal experiences of the author. Results Visual training of some sort has been used for centuries. In the first half of the twentieth century, in cooperation with ophthalmologists, orthoptists introduced a wide variety of training techniques that were designed primarily to improve binocular function. In the second half of the twentieth century, visual training activities were taken up by optometrists and paramedical personnel to treat conditions that ranged from uncomfortable vision to poor reading or academic performance. Other visual training has been aimed at the elimination of a wide variety of systemic symptoms and for the specific improvement of sight and even for the improvement of athletic performance. At present, ophthalmologists and orthoptists use visual training to a very limited degree. Most visual training is now done by optometrists and others who say it works. Based on an assessment of claims and a study of published data, the consensus of ophthalmologists regarding visual training is that, except for near point of convergence exercises, visual training lacks documented evidence of effectiveness. Conclusion Although visual training has been used for several centuries, it plays a minor and actually decreasing role in eye therapy used by the ophthalmologist. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, most visual training is carried out by non-ophthalmologists and is neither practiced nor endorsed in its broadest sense by ophthalmology.
Longitudinal Study of Household Smoking Ban Adoption Among Korean Americans

Background Few longitudinal studies have examined the adoption of bans on smoking in private homes. Purpose This longitudinal study examined: (1) the prevalence of home smoking bans at baseline, (2) the incidence and predictors of new ban implementation by follow-up, and (3) the reasons for banning smoking and the difficulties with enforcement. Methods The sample consisted of 1360 adults of Korean descent residing in California who were interviewed by telephone (in English/Korean) at baseline during 2001–2002 and re-interviewed in 2006–2007. Data analyses were conducted in 2007–2008. Results The proportion of respondents with a complete household smoking ban grew from 59% at baseline to 91% by the follow-up interview. Among the 552 respondents who did not have a ban at baseline, 84% had adopted a ban by follow-up. Three baseline factors independently predicted ban adoption during the follow-up period: the presence of a nonsmoking respondent or spouse, the presence of nonsmoking family members, and respondent's belief that secondhand smoke caused lung cancer. The most highly rated reasons for banning smoking were as follows: because smoke annoys others, to protect family members, to avoid the odor, to discourage youth from smoking, and to encourage smokers to quit. Finally, respondents indicated that they would find it most difficult to ask their parent-in-law not to smoke. Conclusions The proportion of households with smoking bans increased substantially, but households with smokers or family members who smoke remained less likely to implement bans. The importance of culturally sensitive programs to promote household bans cannot be overstated.
High-Power Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate Laser Photoselective Vaporization Prostatectomy for Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Background and Purpose: Potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser photoselective vaporization prostatectomy (PVP) is a relatively new technology for the management of lower urinary-tract symptoms (LU...
Bone, inflammation, and inflammatory bowel disease

Osteoporosis is a leading cause of morbidity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Bone loss is an early systemic process and occurs even before clinical disease manifests. Bone disease is attributed to vitamin D deficiency, steroid use, and/or systemic inflammation. In this review, we discuss the molecular pathways of bone loss mediated by inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Further research will hopefully clarify the mechanisms of inflammation-induced bone loss in IBD and guide effective treatment modalities.
Coupled Mobile Phone Platform With Peak Flow Meter Enables Real-Time Lung Function Assessment

Asthma is a disease that affects over 300 million people worldwide and is disproportionately observed in the developing world where air pollution is sometimes more prevalent. This disease can range in severity, causing the airways of the lungs to constrict and inflame, and no known therapies can completely and permanently ameliorate the disease's effects on the respiratory system. Doctors can, however, treat most chronic and acute asthma symptoms with medication regimens. It is therefore important to develop accurate devices to monitor the disease symptoms so doctors can take appropriate steps to treat the patient with proper medication. One effective way to track asthma symptoms is to monitor a patient's peak expiratory flow (PEF). There are presently many different handheld PEF monitors commercially available, and these suffer from a variety of different limitations. Many current PEF meters are inaccurate, inconvenient to use, bulky, expensive, and rarely include real-time data plotting capabilities. We have created a user-friendly, accurate, and moderately inexpensive external mobile device accessory that records and stores the user's PEF, and graphs this data over time. We also have created a custom software interface to forward this stored data electron- ically. E-mail forwarding and "telemedicine" capabilities will give physicians a better way to monitor the patient's PEF over time, leading to a more convenient method for physicians to make appropriate changes in patient medication regimens.
The elusive sizer

Size control has been a topic of interest to cell biologists for over a century, but insights into cell size control mechanisms have until recently been relatively sparse. Determining whether cells have a size measurement mechanism and how it might operate has proven difficult. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio is one of the few conserved features of size control but little is know about how it is measured. Models where growth and division can be uncoupled have been underexploited, but have considerable potential for gaining insights into the contribution of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio to cell size regulation.
Update of IEEE radio frequency exposure guidelines

This column discusses the new IEEE standard in radio frequency exposure. This column examines some of the more salient aspects applicable to mobile communication. The author plans to cover the other differences at a future date.
Synergistic Effect of Norepinephrine Transporter Blockade and α-2 Antagonism on Blood Pressure in Autonomic Failure

Patients with autonomic failure have disabling orthostatic hypotension because of impaired sympathetic activity. Norepinephrine transporter blockade with atomoxetine raises blood pressure in autonomic failure by increasing synaptic norepinephrine concentrations in postganglionic sympathetic neurons. This effect requires tonic release of norepinephrine, which is decreased in patients with low sympathetic tone. We hypothesized that increasing residual sympathetic outflow with the α-2 antagonist yohimbine would potentiate the pressor effect of norepinephrine transporter blockade with atomoxetine and improve orthostatic tolerance in peripheral autonomic failure. Seventeen patients received a single oral dose of either placebo, yohimbine 5.4 mg or atomoxetine 18.0 mg, and the combination yohimbine and atomoxetine in a single blind, crossover study. Blood pressure was assessed while patients were seated and standing for ≤10 minutes before and 1 hour postdrug. Neither yohimbine nor atomoxetine significantly increased seated systolic blood pressure or orthostatic tolerance compared with placebo. The combination, however, significantly increased seated systolic blood pressure and orthostatic tolerance (P<0.001 and P=0.016, respectively) in a synergistic manner. The maximal increase in seated systolic blood pressure seen with the combination was 31±33 mm Hg at 60 minutes postdrug. Only the combination showed a significant improvement in orthostatic symptoms. In conclusion, the combination of yohimbine and atomoxetine had a synergistic effect on blood pressure and orthostatic tolerance in peripheral autonomic failure, which may be explained by an increased release of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic neurons by α-2 antagonism combined with a reduced norepinephrine clearance by norepinephrine transporter blockade. Safety studies are required to address the clinical usefulness of this pharmacological approach.
A model study of the impact of source gas changes on the stratosphere for 1850–2100

The long term stratospheric impacts due to emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and ozone depleting substances (ODSs) are investigated using an updated version of the Goddard two-dimensional (2D) model. Perturbation simulations with the ODSs, CO2, CH4, and N2O varied individually are performed to isolate the relative roles of these gases in driving stratospheric changes over the 1850-2100 time period. We also show comparisons with observations and the God- 40 dard Earth Observing System chemistry-climate model simulations for the time period 1970-2100 to illustrate that the 2D model captures the basic processes responsible for longterm stratospheric change. The 2D simulations indicate that prior to 1940, the 45 ozone increases due to CO2 and CH4 loading outpace the ozone losses due to increasing N2O and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) emissions, so that ozone reaches a broad maximum during the 1920s-1930s. This preceeds the significant ozone depletion during approx. 1960-2050 driven by the ODS loading. During the latter half of the 21st century as ODS emissions diminish, CO2, N2O, and CH4 loading will all have significant impacts on global total ozone based on the IPCC AIB (medium) scenario, with CO2 having the largest individual effect. Sensitivity tests illustrate that due to the strong chemical interaction between methane and chlorine, the CH4 impact on total ozone becomes significantly more positive with larger ODS loading. The model simulations also show that changes in stratospheric temperature, Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC), and age of air during 1850-2100 are controlled mainly by the CO2 and ODS loading. The simulated acceleration of the BDC causes the age of air to decrease by approx. 1 year from 1860-2100. The corresponding photochemical lifetimes of N2O, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, and CCl4 decrease by 11-13% during 1960-2100 due to the acceleration of the BDC, with much smaller lifetime changes 4%) caused by changes in the photochemical loss rates.
Utilization of Different Bmy1 Intron III Alleles for Predicting β-Amylase Activity and Thermostability in Wild and Cultivated Barley

The third intron of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) β-amylase 1 (Bmy1) is extremely polymorphic. The use of specific insertion/deletions (indels) in the third intron as markers for cultivar development has been recommended based on associations with β-amylase activity and thermostability. The third intron of Bmy1 in 40 barley genotypes was sequenced and aligned with 15 Bmy1 intron III sequences from GenBank and four alleles (Bmy1.a, Bmy1.b, Bmy1.c, and Bmy1.d) were identified based on indels of 126, 38, 11, and 21 bp. β-Amylase activity and thermostability were assayed in 22 North American cultivars and 12 wild barley genotypes. Cultivars carrying the Bmy1.a and Bmy1.b alleles had β-amylase activity ranges calculated on a fresh weight (FW) basis of 1.8- and 1.5-fold, respectively, and thermostability ranges of 8.8- and 1.2-fold, respectively. β-Amylase activity calculated on a protein basis yielded a 2.4- and 1.4-fold range for Bmy1.a and Bmy1.b, respectively. Significantly different activities were observed in cultivars carrying either Bmy1.a or the Bmy1.b allele when calculated on a FW basis and the Bmy1.a allele when calculated on a protein basis. Significantly different thermostabilities were observed in cultivars carrying the Bmy1.a allele. Wild barleys were found to carry Bmy1.a, Bmy1.b, and Bmy1.c alleles with β-amylase activity ranges calculated on a FW basis of 1.7-, 1.7-, and 2.6-fold, respectively, and thermostability ranges of 1.3-, 1.4-, and 2.1-fold, respectively. β-Amylase activity measured on a protein basis identified a 1.3-, 1.4-, and 2.1-fold range for Bmy1.a, Bmy1.b, and Bmy1.c, respectively. Significantly different activities were found in genotypes with any of these three alleles when calculated on a FW basis yet only in those with the Bmy1.c allele when calculated on a protein basis. Significantly different thermostabilities in genotypes carrying either the Bmy1.b or Bmy1.c allele were observed. In the germplasm studied here, the Bmy1 intron III alleles are not reliable predictors of β-amylase activity and thermostability.
Description of a New Species of Meziomorphum Pic (Coleoptera: Ptinidae) from the Western Cape Region of South Africa

ABSTRACT Meziomorphum montagu Trimboli and Philips, new species, from Montagu Cave near the town of the same name in South Africa is described. This species, like all others within the genus, is characterized by an unusual pronotal setal structure composed of a thin inflated shell covering the surface to various degrees, as well as stout, erect leg and elytral spines. It is suspected to be a cave endemic, the only species in this genus with this characteristic currently known.
Future Directions in Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Newer Agents and the Role of Combination Approaches

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is not a single disease, but a collection of hematopoietic disorders that require newer strategies. Currently, azacitidine, decitabine, and lenalidomide are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of MDS. A recent study demonstrated an improved overall survival (24.4 months vs 15 months) in high-risk MDS patients receiving azacitidine plus best supportive care vs conventional care which has resulted in an updated label for this product. Conventional care consisted of supportive care alone or either low-dose ara-C or standard chemotherapy plus best supportive care. While these data are encouraging, newer agents such as vorinostat, MGCD0103, MS-275, and tipifarnib are currently being studied as monotherapy or in combinations with approved treatments for MDS. The goal of combining pharmacotherapy, such as the combination of DNA methylation inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors, in the management of MDS is to increase the response rates and decrease the toxicities associated with treatment. Clinical experience in the use of combination products has given practitioners the empirical knowledge necessary to better treat patients with MDS. Utilizing convergent or complementary molecular mechanisms with in vitro or in vivo evidence of synergy is a fresher and maybe a more efficacious approach to combination therapy.
Acyclic Identification of Aptamer from Over-Represented Libraries Using Hash Functions

In recent years, with the advent of fast sequencing technology, the genomic database is growing rapidly. Researchers in bioinformatics field are expecting faster and more accurate tools to effectively analyze the gigantic data sets. In the context of aptamer search, the goal is to search for the over-represented DNA sequences compared with random background libraries on the same chip. Hash functions are widely used in substring comparison, sequence alignment and clustering tools. We have developed a light-weighted tool that takes advantage of the hash functions to reduce the size of genomic data and conducts k-neighbor searches on the centroid sequence. This greatly improves the efficiency of the search compared with the existing tool. Furthermore, the calculation of k-neighbor hash values decreases the mutant searching overhead. In a dataset of 1 million sequences, the program accurately counted the frequency of the Human alpha-Thrombin sequence and found the mutant versions of the target sequence in less than 40 seconds, whereas the existing method takes 8280 seconds (2 hours 13 minutes).
Entropic approach to E. Rio’s central limit theorem for W2 transport distance

Abstract The central limit theorem is considered with respect to the transport distance W 2 . We discuss an alternative approach to a result of E. Rio, based on a Berry–Esseen-type bound for the entropic distance to the normal distribution.
SRAM leakage in CMOS, FinFET and CNTFET technologies: leakage in 8t and 6t sram cells

An in-depth study of the static power consumption in 6T and 8T SRAM cell designs based on 32nm CMOS, FinFET and CNTFET technologies is presented. In addition to the inverter leakage currents, memory cells that are not active when write or read operations occur draw current from/to the bus drivers increasing the total standby power consumption. The FinFET schemes yield substantially lower write (1023.5 pA) and read (522.5 pA) leakage currents in 8T cells, which are 10.4% and 4.4% of the amount in CMOS 8T cells. A CNTFET 6T cell consumes 1.9% and 2.8% of the leakage current drawn by a CMOS 6T cell for write and read.
Branching and Circular Features in High Dimensional Data

Large observations and simulations in scientific research give rise to high-dimensional data sets that present many challenges and opportunities in data analysis and visualization. Researchers in application domains such as engineering, computational biology, climate study, imaging and motion capture are faced with the problem of how to discover compact representations of highdimensional data while preserving their intrinsic structure. In many applications, the original data is projected onto low-dimensional space via dimensionality reduction techniques prior to modeling. One problem with this approach is that the projection step in the process can fail to preserve structure in the data that is only apparent in high dimensions. Conversely, such techniques may create structural illusions in the projection, implying structure not present in the original high-dimensional data. Our solution is to utilize topological techniques to recover important structures in high-dimensional data that contains non-trivial topology. Specifically, we are interested in high-dimensional branching structures. We construct local circle-valued coordinate functions to represent such features. Subsequently, we perform dimensionality reduction on the data while ensuring such structures are visually preserved. Additionally, we study the effects of global circular structures on visualizations. Our results reveal never-before-seen structures on real-world data sets from a variety of applications.
EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS ON PROGES-TERONE-INDUCED OVULATION IN THE HEN

Previous work has implicated a ventro-median region in the preoptic hypo-thalamus of the chicken in the control of normal ovulation. To determine whether or not the hypothalamus is involved also in progesterone-induced ovu-lation, electrolytic lesions were placed by means of a stereotaxic instrument at various sites within the hypothalamus of birds previously injected with 1 rag, of progesterone. Only those lesions placed within a ventro-median portion of the preoptic hypothalamus (the same region involved in normal ovulation), or along fiber tracts passing caudad from this region regularly prevented ovula-tions that ordinarily would have been induced by progesterone. Furthermore, only lesions placed in the effective region within about 2 hours after injection of progesterone prevented ovulation. Lesions placed at later times had no influence on progesterone-induced ovulation (but either abolished or delayed subsequent ovulations.). The ventro-median hypothalamic region could be either the actual site of ...
Student motivations as predictors of high-level cognitions in project-based classrooms

It is well established that active learning helps students engage in high-level thinking strategies and develop improved cognitive skills. Motivation and self-regulated learning research, however, ...
Using Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Data for Emergency Medicine Research

: By Annals policy, all authors are required to disclose any and all commercial, financial, and other relationships in any way related to the subject of this article as per ICMJE conflict of interest guidelines (see www.icmje.org). RM is a former employee of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), which sponsors the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). CS is a current employee of AHRQ.
How much data should we collect in a randomized clinical trial

Multicentre randomized controlled clinical trials are usually designed to answer a specific question. In accomplishing this they often collect a large quantity of data during screening, baseline and follow-up visits. These data are not all necessarily related to the main study question. This collection impacts on the overall recruitment process and the participants' time. During the planning phase of the trial we need to consider the reasons for collecting data and the use of that data for the current study as well as its potential use in future investigations. We discuss briefly some of the possible reasons that data may be collected: screening or determining eligibility; conducting a run-in or dose titration phase; assessing group comparability; aiding patient management; evaluating the natural history of the disease; monitoring the study; testing the study hypotheses; evaluating adherence; estimating side effects and the use of other therapies; analysis of other study questions.
Host cell egress and invasion induce marked relocations of glycolytic enzymes in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites.

Apicomplexan parasites are dependent on an F-actin and myosin-based motility system for their invasion into and escape from animal host cells, as well as for their general motility. In Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium species, the actin filaments and myosin motor required for this process are located in a narrow space between the parasite plasma membrane and the underlying inner membrane complex, a set of flattened cisternae that covers most the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. Here we show that the energy required for Toxoplasma motility is derived mostly, if not entirely, from glycolysis and lactic acid production. We also demonstrate that the glycolytic enzymes of Toxoplasma tachyzoites undergo a striking relocation from the parasites' cytoplasm to their pellicles upon Toxoplasma egress from host cells. Specifically, it appears that the glycolytic enzymes are translocated to the cytoplasmic face of the inner membrane complex as well as to the space between the plasma membrane and inner membrane complex. The glycolytic enzymes remain pellicle-associated during extended incubations of parasites in the extracellular milieu and do not revert to a cytoplasmic location until well after parasites have completed invasion of new host cells. Translocation of glycolytic enzymes to and from the Toxoplasma pellicle appears to occur in response to changes in extracellular [K+] experienced during egress and invasion, a signal that requires changes of [Ca2+]c in the parasite during egress. Enzyme translocation is, however, not dependent on either F-actin or intact microtubules. Our observations indicate that Toxoplasma gondii is capable of relocating its main source of energy between its cytoplasm and pellicle in response to exit from or entry into host cells. We propose that this ability allows Toxoplasma to optimize ATP delivery to those cellular processes that are most critical for survival outside host cells and those required for growth and replication of intracellular parasites.
Nosedrops and S.I.D.S

In Reply.— The purpose of our paper was to examine the question of safety concerning over-the-counter (OTC) release of promethazine.1 Our stated opinion, that the drug is not appropriate for OTC release, was based on more than a suggested relationship with SIDS, but also on the drug9s common side effect of sedation, ability to act as a cerebral stimulant even in therapeutic doses inducing hallucinations, convulsions and encephalopathy in some children, case reports concerning promethazine use and apparent life-threatening events, the potential for families to misuse this drug due to its sedative and antiemetic properties, and most importantly, FDA standards of safety for OTC medications which require "a low potential for harm which may result from abuse under conditions of wide spread availability."2
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support in infants with systemic-pulmonary shunts.

Abstract Background Management of a patent systemic-pulmonary (SP) shunt and the resulting runoff during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) varies among institutions. We have used a strategy of increased flow without surgical reduction of the shunt diameter, and here report our results with this strategy. Methods In this database review of 169 successive veno-arterial ECMO runs performed between 2002 and 2013 in infants and neonates, ECMO flow, time to achieve lactate clearance, normal pH, and negative fluid balance were compared in patients with shunts and those without shunts. Results Fifty-one of 169 infants (30.2%) had a shunt in situ when ECMO was initiated. Significantly higher ECMO flows were maintained in the shunt group compared with the nonshunt group (161 ± 43 mL/kg/minute vs 134 ± 41 mL/kg/minute; P P P P P = .139) the presence of a shunt, neonatal age, peak lactate, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the use of hemofiltration on ECMO significantly predicted the rate of clearance. Survival to hospital discharge was similar in the shunt and nonshunt groups (49.0% vs 48.3%; P = .932). Conclusions A strategy of increased ECMO flow without surgically restricting shunt diameter appears to be successful in providing circulatory support in the majority of patients with an SP shunt. Equivalent survival suggests that routine surgical reduction of shunt diameter is not indicated.
A Methodology for Value-Driven Business Airplane Design

*A multi-attribute, value-driven approach to business airplane conceptual design and program assessment is presented. Basic concepts of multi-attribute value assessment are reviewed with a focus on implementation of the Relative Value Index (RVI). Alternatives for formulating value metrics are assessed and a best practices recommendation is made based on Taguchi’s loss function and the RVI formulation. Value metric weighting factor optimization vis-a-vis historical market data is revisited with suggested modifications to previously recommended optimization methodologies. Future directions for the use of the RVI methodology in value-driven program screening and portfolio development are outlined. Nomenclature D = annual product demand (units) g = product attribute level g0 = baseline attribute level i = index for the number of products in the k th segment (i = 1…Nk) j = index for the number of attributes used in the RVI model (j = 1…n) k = index for the number of segments (k = 1…s) K = constant based on product segment price elasticity (units/dollar) LIB = larger-is-better type attribute n = number of attributes contributing to total product value in the RVI model Nk = number of products competing in segment k P = product price (dollars) PD = product development RVik = Revealed Value for the i th product in segment k
A 5-year review of ethics complaints to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

Background:The Code of Ethics of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) exists to encourage and enforce ethical behavior among its members. Complaints against individual members may be filed by patients or their representatives, members of the Society, or other members of the public.Methods
Design Parameter Sensitivity for a Mountain Bike Rear Shock

As the sport of mountain biking matures, equipment continually evolves to afford better biking performance, enjoyment, and safety. In the arena of suspension systems, mountain bikes have moved from rigid suspensions with large, knobby tires to front fork suspensions, and finally full suspensions. Suspensions have gone from elastomeric compliance to air and coil springs with adjustable travel. Damping has progressed from fixed to adjustable rebound, compression, and lockout. The current trend is to add force or frequency dependent damping to minimize response of a suspension from pedal input. A bond graph model of a mountain bike rear shock is developed incorporating adjustable rebound and low-speed compression, high-speed compression, and rider controlled, compression damping initiation. An air shock with a nitrogen charge is modeled with velocity across the shock as input. The dynamic equations that come from the bond graph are simulated to predict key forces, pressures, and flow-rates. Experimental response (forces, displacements, and velocities) of the modeled shock is acquired subject to periodic velocity inputs. The experimental response is used to tune the design parameters of the model and for validation. A sensitivity analysis is then undertaken to determine how significant key design parameters are to the performance of the shock. Once validated, the model is used to better understand the physics and performance of the mountain bike shock and to relate performance to the requirements of expert mountain bikers.© 2006 ASME
Design and Implementation of the Self-help Building Website for Elaborate Course Using the CodeIgniter

This paper mainly discusses the technical framework, main function block and database designing of the self-help building website for elaborate courses on the basis of the characters of the construction of elaborate course website. Meanwhile, it introduces in detail the principle of the system development by using the CodeIgniter framework, key technology and the realization methods.
A case-control study on relationship between dietary intake and relative factors and lung cancer

Aim:To investigate the relationship between dietary factors and lung cancer.Methods:The dietary intake and relative factors were investigated and compared between 130 cases(primary lung cancer patients)and 130 controls(matched for age and gender).The survey data were collected from well designed questionnaire.Statistical analysis of single factor and multivariate logistic regression were performed to screen the main risk factors of lung cancer.Results:During the single factor analysis,8 exposure factors were identified as relevant factors for lung cancer.The multivariate logistic regression result showed that irregular dietary behavior(OR=5.032,95%CI=1.516~16.640)was a high risk factor of lung cancer and family history of tumor(OR=8.569,95%CI=0.852~82.189)was a potential risk factor.Consumption of rice(OR=0.390,95%CI=0.156~0.977),body mass index(OR=0.323,95%CI=0.122~0.879)and average income per person in the family(OR=0.394,95%CI=0.164~0.945)were the protective factors against lung cancer.Conclusion:Some dietary factors and other relative elements are protective factors for lung cancer,but some are opposite.Healthy dietary behavior,ideal BMI value,and economic development might reduce the risk of primary lung cancer.
Alternatives: Silent compulsions: capitalist markets and race

AbstractThis essay argues that the reproduction of racial categories and racial inequalities are both, in part, driven by processes fundamental to capitalist markets. Drawing from the work of Howard Botwinick and Barbara J. Fields, it suggests that racial problems are not solely the product of racial prejudice or racist institutional practices. Instead, it argues that seemingly race-neutral processes in capitalist markets are deeply racial in their implications.
Family context variables and the development of self-regulation in college students

While researchers have begun to specify how features of students' immediate learning environments affect the development and use of self-regulation skills, relatively little attention has been paid to the role of the family context in fostering or impeding the development of these skills. This paper proposes a conceptual framework based on attachment theory (Ainsworth et al., 1978; Bowlby, 1982) and Baumrind's parenting styles typology (Baumrind, 1967, 1991) for examining the relationship between family context variables and the development of self-regulation skills. It also presents initial findings from a study of the parental practices and values associated with academic self-regulation in college students. A sample of 465 students completed the 104-item Student Attitudes and Perceptions Survey, which consists of 4 personal profile scales, 7 family background scales, 2 course characteristics scales, and 2 study habits scales. Perceptions of parents as authoritative and of family as emotionally close were found to be predictive of (1) general confidence and positive sense of self, (2) positive goal-orientation at school, (3) general concern about preparation for the future, and (4) positive adjustment to college. These family profiles were also predictive of (1) students' rating their introductory psychology course as interesting and supportive, (2) favorable ratings of their time and effort management and note-taking skills, and (3) strong agreement with a series of items reflecting components of self-regulated learning. Perceptions of parents as authoritarian and of family as nagging or enmeshed were also predictive of concern about preparation for the future. These family profiles were generally predictive of students' rating their introductory psychology course as difficult, and of time and effort management difficulties. The patterns linking family background profiles with course perceptions, study habits, and individual indices of self-regulated learning persisted even when students' sense of confidence was factored out, and were strong for students living with their parents as well as for those living on their own.
RTRB-09SALVAGE STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY TO RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME FOLLOWING PRIOR RADIOTHERAPY

BACKGROUND: Due to the poor prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and high recurrence rates, salvage stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) may be an effective treatment option given its ability to deliver a high dose of radiation within a small volume. Here we investigate the efficacy of salvage SRS for recurrent GBM. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 34 patients (41 lesions) treated with salvage SRS for recurrent GBM between 2004-2012. Initial surgical treatments were as follows: gross total resection (58%), subtotal resection (24%), and biopsy (18%). All patients were treated with prior radiotherapy. Recurrent disease was treated with salvage SRS with a median dose of 23.4 Gy (range 12-30) and delivered in a median fraction number of 3 (range 1-3). Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted to establish prognostic factors (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Median follow-up from salvage SRS was 10.8 months (IQR 7.0-15.6). The median time from initial radiotherapy to salvage SRS was 13.7 months (IQR 2.9-25.0). The 6- and 12-month overall survival from salvage SRS were 84.9% and 42.5%, respectively. Upon univariate analysis, subtotal resection (HR = 2.8, p = 0.021) was associated with inferior survival from salvage SRS. The 6- and 12-month local control estimates were 63.1%, and 16.4%, respectively. Using univariate analysis, higher BED (HR = 0.99, p = 0.018) was associated with superior local control. Neither time to recurrence or recurrent tumor volume were associated with local failure. Concerning toxicity, there were 4 (12%) grade 2 and 1 (3%) grade 3 radiation-related toxicities. No grade 4 or 5 toxicities were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Salvage radiosurgery provides an intriguing treatment option for recurrent GBM with minimal toxicity. Our outcomes suggest this is a feasible treatment option with acceptable salvage survival rates given the poor prognosis this diagnosis carries.
From connectome to cognition: The search for mechanism in human functional brain networks

Recent developments in functional connectivity research have expanded the scope of human neuroimaging, from identifying changes in regional activation amplitudes to detailed mapping of large-scale brain networks. However, linking network processes to a clear role in cognition demands advances in the theoretical frameworks, algorithms, and experimental approaches applied. This would help evolve the field from a descriptive to an explanatory state, by targeting network interactions that can mechanistically account for cognitive effects. In the present review, we provide an explicit framework to aid this search for "network mechanisms", which anchors recent methodological advances in functional connectivity estimation to a renewed emphasis on careful experimental design. We emphasize how this framework can address specific questions in network neuroscience. These span ambiguity over the cognitive relevance of resting-state networks, how to characterize task-evoked and spontaneous network dynamics, how to identify directed or "effective" connections, and how to apply multivariate pattern analysis at the network level. In parallel, we apply the framework to highlight the mechanistic interaction of network components that remain "stable" across task domains and more "flexible" components associated with on-task reconfiguration. By emphasizing the need to structure the use of diverse analytic approaches with sound experimentation, our framework promotes an explanatory mapping between the workings of the cognitive mind and the large-scale network mechanisms of the human brain.
Inductive biomaterials for bone regeneration

Inductive biomaterials are sought as alternatives to traditional materials used to treat bone defects. Traditional materials include autologous bone grafts that must be obtained surgically, and allografts that carry the risk of disease transmission and infection. Whereas the use of growth factors to stimulate bone growth has seen considerable advances, their efficacy is usually limited to supra-physiological doses with considerable side effects. On the other hand, certain biomaterials have an intrinsic ability to stimulate bone regeneration in lieu of growth factor use, and their use in repairing bone defects as well as improving the osteointegration of implants has been promising. These materials known as osteoinductive biomaterials include ceramics, metals, polymers, and composites of these materials. In this review, we examine the relevant properties of these different materials in their ability to induce bone formation.