cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial: Single- versus double-blind reviewing

This editorial analyzes from a variety of perspectives the controversial issue of single-blind versus double-blind reviewing. In single-blind reviewing, the reviewer is unknown to the author, but the identity of the author is known to the reviewer. Double-blind reviewing is more symmetric: The identity of the author and the reviewer are not revealed to each other. We first examine the significant scholarly literature regarding blind reviewing. We then list six benefits claimed for double-blind reviewing and 21 possible costs. To compare these benefits and costs, we propose a double-blind policy for TODS that attempts to minimize the costs while retaining the core benefit of fairness that double-blind reviewing provides, and evaluate that policy against each of the listed benefits and costs. Following that is a general discussion considering several questions: What does this have to do with TODS, does bias exist in computer science, and what is the appropriate decision procedureq We explore the “knobs” a policy design can manipulate to fine-tune a double-blind review policy. This editorial ends with a specific decision.
D-Amphetamine at low doses suppresses noradrenergic functions.

This study examined the effects of d-amphetamine on the firing rate of hippocampal cells which had been shown to have an inhibitory, noradrenergic input from the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). d-Amphetamine at low doses of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. or 0.5 mg/kg i.p. increased the firing rates of these cells. With higher doses of d-amphetamine, both increases and decreases in the firing rates of hippocampal cells were observed. These differential effects on the firing rate of hippocampal cells were statistically significant (χ2 = 13.32, d.f. = 3, P<0.01). The increased firing rate of hippocampal cells produced by the low doses of d-amphetamine was blocked by a prior destruction of the LC indicating that the drug effect was mediated by LC neurons. d-Amphetamine also significantly attenuated the decrement in the firing rates of hippocampal cells produced by LC stimulation (P<0.01). These results suggest that low doses of d-amphetamine suppress rather than enhance the actions of norepinephrine.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PRIMARY CNS NEOPLASMS

Heritable syndromes and ionizing radiation, the only two established causes of primary CNS tumors, each account for only a few percent of cases of this disease. Findings are inconclusive for other suggested risk factors, including head trauma, prior infections, and pesticides, among others. The apparent secular increase in brain tumor rates is most likely predominantly attributable to improvements in diagnosis. The differing patterns of occurrence of gliomas and meningiomas suggest the need for separate study. Future studies should aim for more precise assessment of environmental exposure and simultaneous consideration of individual susceptibility.
Evaluation of a Nomogram used to predict the pathologic stage of clinically localized prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND A Nomogram based on pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, tumor grade, and clinical stage has recently been developed and distributed to physicians. It was distributed to aid physicians in making treatment recommendations by predicting the probability of the final pathologic stage of clinically localized prostate carcinoma. The Nomogram was based on data for one patient population, and the validity of its application in general urologic practices had not yet been evaluated. METHODS In the current study, the authors tested the performance of the Nomogram against data from their series of 697 men who underwent radical prostatectomy during the PSA era. Predictions made with the Nomogram were applied to the authors' data set, and the predictions were compared with actual outcomes of the authors' patients. A localized least-squares regression smoothing technique was used to determine whether the Nomogram was calibrated accurately for the authors' data and whether it discriminated across a full spectrum of patient characteristics. RESULTS Many of the predicted probabilities of the Nomogram were accurate, but some were suboptimal when applied to the authors' data set. Although the Nomogram did discriminate quite well between organ-confined and nonconfined cancer, it had difficulty predicting high probabilities of seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastasis, which are the pathologic features with the most profound impact on prognosis. CONCLUSIONS The Nomogram predicted organ-confined disease accurately. However, because not all of its predictions were completely calibrated when applied to the authors' data set, the authors conclude that the Nomogram may not be totally applicable to general urologic practice until further validation and possible modifications are performed. Cancer 1997; 79:528-37. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Removal of Shelterin Reveals the Telomere End-Protection Problem

The telomere end-protection problem is defined by the aggregate of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways that require repression at telomeres. To define the end-protection problem, we removed the whole shelterin complex from mouse telomeres through conditional deletion of TRF1 and TRF2 in nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) deficient cells. The data reveal two DNA damage response pathways not previously observed upon deletion of individual shelterin proteins. The shelterin-free telomeres are processed by microhomology-mediated alternative-NHEJ when Ku70/80 is absent and are attacked by nucleolytic degradation in the absence of 53BP1. The data establish that the end-protection problem is specified by six pathways [ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related) signaling, classical-NHEJ, alt-NHEJ, homologous recombination, and resection] and show how shelterin acts with general DNA damage response factors to solve this problem.
Ontogeny of vascular growth factors in perinatal sheep myocardium.

Objective:To examine developmental changes in myocardial gene expression of previously identified regulators of vascular growth.Methods:Ovine left (LV) and right ventricle (RV) samples were obtained at four time points: 95 days' and 140 days' gestation (tgerm = 145 days) and 7 days and 8 weeks postnatally. mRNA and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), its respective receptors (Flk-1 and Flt-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were measured at therent time points.Results:RV but not LV VEGF mRNA levels decreased postnatally, although VEGF protein expression remained unchanged after birth. Flt-1 mRNA expression was divergent between ventricles, although the protein expression pattern was similar in RV and LV, decreasing with maturation. RV and LV Flk-1 mRNA decreased between 95 days and 140 days, remaining stable therefter, while protein levels only decreased after birth. bFGF protein levels we...
Safety of thrombolytic therapy in normally menstruating women with acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract We believe that the use of thrombolytic therapy need not be withheld in women having acute myocardial infarction simply because they are having their menstrual period. Primary angioplasty is the obvious alternative in such situations, but may not necessarily be a readily available option in all hospitals.
High-performance liquid chromatography versus solid-phase extraction for post-derivatization cleanup prior to gas chromatography-electron-capture negative-ion mass spectrometry of N1,N3-bis-(pentafluorobenzyl)-N7-(2-[pentafluorobenzyloxy]ethyl)xanthine, a product derived from an ethylene oxide DNA adduct

N7-(2-Hydroxyethyl)xanthine (N7-HEX), as a standard, has been measured at the low picomole level by the following sequence of steps: (1) derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide; (2) post-derivatization sample cleanup by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or silica solid-phase extraction; and (3) separation/detection by gas chromatography electron-capture negative-ion mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS). The average yield of product from the two sample cleanup procedures applied to 95 pg (0.48 pmol) of N7-HEX was comparable: 60% for HPLC; 56% for solid-phase extraction. The reaction blanks (0 pg N7-HEX) showed an interfering GC-ECNI-MS peak after HPLC cleanup. This problem was not encountered with solid-phase extraction, which, along with its greater convenience, made it the preferred technique for post-derivatization sample cleanup.
A Terahertz Photomixing Spectrometer: Application to SO2Self Broadening

Abstract A new tunable cw far-infrared difference-frequency spectrometer has been developed by mixing two single-mode visible dye lasers separated by terahertz frequencies in an ultrahigh-speed photoconductor. The photomixer device is fabricated with submicrometer interdigital electrodes driving a broadband self-complementary spiral antenna on epitaxial low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs material. The LTG-GaAs material has subpicosecond recombination lifetimes, facilitating the ultrafast response of the mixer. The coherent far-infrared radiation is coupled out of the rear surface of the GaAs substrate using an aplanatic Si lens and is detected by a conventional Si-composite bolometer atT= 4.2 K. We have obtained usable signal-to-noise ratios for radiation from 0.1 to 1.0 THz using 584-nm dye laser pumps with the prospect of reaching 2 or 3 THz with pump wavelengths closer to the GaAs bandgap. The instrumental linewidth is currently about 2 MHz, limited by the jitter of the dye lasers. Baseline normalization is necessary to compensate for amplitude fluctuations of the lasers and for the strong fringes arising from standing waves between the source and detector and within the detector dewar. The instrument has been used to obtain SO2self-broadening coefficients for pure rotational transitions in severalQbranches.
Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles: vilsmeier formylation of some 3-methylindol-2-yl ketones and 3(3-methylindol-2-yl)propenoic ester

Abstract 3-Methylindol-2-yl methyl ketone reacted with phosphoryl chloride in dimethylformamide to give 3-chloro-3(3-methylindol-2-yl), propenal ( 4 ). 2-Carbomethoxy- and 2-carbethoxy-1-chloro- 9H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-9-ylidene acetaldehyde ( 10a and b ) were formed by reaction with the same reagent of 3(3-methylindol-2-yl) propenoate ( 7 ) and 3(3-methylindol-2-yl)-3-oxopropanoate ( 2 ) respectively. In the latter case, 2-carbethoxy-1-chloro-3-dimethylamino-9-methyl-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole ( 9b ) was isolated as an intermediate. The structure of the pyrroloindolylidene acetaldehydes was proved by synthesis of the chromophore from 4-acetyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-pyrrole-2-carboxylate ( 26 ). The preparation and behaviour of 1-phenylpyrrole-2,4- and 3,4-dicarboxylates, monomethylated in the pyrrole ring, is described. These compounds were prepared during a search for a satisfactory route to a starting material for the synthesis of compounds related to 10a and b . The saponification of such diesters is remarkably selective, and in the case of the 2,4-dicarboxylates, contradicts accepted generalisations concerning the lability of pyrrole α,β-diesters to selective hydrolysis.
Error Detection and Correction in Spelling

Error detection and correction need to be examined separately and taught as independent skills.
The fine structure of lamprey epidermis. I. Introduction and mucous cells

The larval and adult lamprey epidermis has been examined with the light and electron microscopes. The smallest and most numerous of the three epidermal cell types present (mucous cells, club cells, and granular cells) is the mucous cell. Outstanding cytological characteristics of the mucous cells include the presence of numerous desmosomal contacts with adjacent mucous cells, an outer, peripheral, fibrillar band which passes around the cell immediately adjacent to the plasma membrane, and a well-developed Golgi apparatus and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Mucous cells lining the epidermal surface have a striking apical border consisting of numerous tubules or vertical channels which pass through the outer fibrillar band, thus providing a pathway from the apical cytoplasm of the surface mucous cells to the epidermal surface. The extensive development of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus suggest that both organelles are involved in the formation of a final secretory product (mucus). A discussion of the role of the mucous cell in the lamprey epidermis is given, and an attempt to relate the cell to basic epidermal cell types in other vertebrates has been made.
Nuclear Structure Studies in Isotopes of Nickel and Iron

The levels of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{55}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{58}$, ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{62}$, ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{63}$, and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{65}$ are studied with ($d, p$) reactions; angular distributions and absolute cross sections are analyzed with the aid of distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations. Essentially all levels in the odd isotopes up to about 1-MeV binding energy are assigned to a shell-model state and their reduced widths are measured. From this, the "center of gravity" of each shell-model state is determined; the results for ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{55}$, which has one neutron above a closed shell, are ${p}_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.1$ MeV, ${f}_{\frac{5}{2}}\ensuremath{-}1.4$ MeV, ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\sim}3.2$ MeV, ${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}\ensuremath{-}3.8$ MeV, ${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}\ensuremath{\sim}6.7$ MeV, and ${s}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\sim}7.3$ MeV. The shell-model states in the Ni isotopes follow the same energy ordering except that the ${f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ state decreases in energy to become the ground state of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{65}$, but the energy range of the spectra is compressed for greater neutron excess. The ${p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$, ${f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$, and ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states increase in "fullness' with increasing neutron excess, while the other states remain completely empty. The widths of the energy distributions of levels belonging to single shell-model states agree well with the predictions of the giant resonance theory of Lane, Thomas, and Wigner.
Visions et/ou hallucinations chez les visionnaires-prophétesses catholiques

Resume Les syndromes lies a la culture constituent un domaine de choix pour les recherches interdisciplinaires mettant en jeu les sciences humaines et la medecine, notamment la psychiatrie. En prolongement de travaux sur la mystique affective feminine catholique, on examinera ici, dans le cadre francais, une problematique prenant pour theme le parallele entre discours ecclesiastique (vision, apparition, revelation, prophetisme) et discours medical (hallucination, delire) a propos des visionnaires qui se reclament de l'Eglise. Les faits pris en consideration trouvent institutionnellement leur sens dans le ≪ discernement ≫ religieux et dans l'objectivation psychiatrique. Mais cette socialisation part du discours et du comportement ou se manifeste le vecu de la personne; on formulera donc au passage certaines interpretations psychanalytiques, pour donner a entendre quelque chose des processus subjectifs qui conferent du sens sur ≪ l'autre scene ≫. L'article examine d'abord le point de vue theologique, puis celui des disciplines scientifiques que sont la medecine et l'anthropologie. Plusieurs cas seront evoques et la troisieme partie s'attachera a l'itineraire d'une prenommee Madeleine (1889–1981); celle-ci appartient a la derniere generation de visionnaires-prophetesses ayant trouve credit aupres de la hierarchie ecclesiastique. Comme elle a ete internee durant 20 ans au sein d'un etablissement psychiatrique, elle a egalement fait l'objet d'observations medicales circonstanciees.
Light scattering by structured spheres

Formulation of the scattering problem as an integral permits calculation of the scattered field without any restrictions upon particle shape or internal structure (distribution of dielectric constant). However, the internal field must be known. Here, we approximate the internal field for a structured sphere by that of a homogeneous sphere whose dielectric constant is obtained from the volume weighted average of the polarizability. This approximation should be accurate for sufficiently small variations of the dielectric constant. The resulting algorithm has been tested by comparison with the boundary value solution for concentric spheres. For dielectric constants corresponding to aqueous suspensions of biological particles, the results are quite accurate for dimensionless sizes (circumference over wavelength) no greater than 7. The backscatter is particularly sensitive to small changes in morphology, including less symmetrical dispositions of the internal structure than those modeled by concentric spheres. Although the algorithm is also accurate for more highly refractive particles (corresponding to atmospheric aerosols), in this case the scattering is much less sensitive to changes in internal structure, even in the backward directions.
Electroconvulsive seizure promotes spine maturation in newborn dentate granule cells in adult rat

Neurogenesis continues in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus throughout life in mammals. This process is influenced by daily activities such as exercise, learning, and stress and may contribute to certain forms of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is also subject to regulation by antidepressant treatment, including chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) therapy. Here we investigated how the connectivity of newborn and mature granule cells is influenced by ECS administration in rats. Specifically, we examined the dendritic spine morphology of newborn and mature granule cells in rats and found that ECS administration promoted the maturation of dendritic spines in newborn cells and increased spine density in mature cells. These changes could potentially lead to alteration in dentate circuitry and may partially contribute to the functional effects of ECS.
Periodic optimal control for parabolic Volterra-Lotka type equations

This paper considers the optimal harvesting control of a biological species, whose growth is governed by the parabolic diffusive Volterra-Lotka equation. We prove that such equation with L∞ periodic coefficients has an unique positive periodic solution. We show the existence and uniqueness of an optimal control, and under certain conditions, we characterize the optimal control in terms of a parabolic optimality system. A monotone sequence which converges to the optimal control is constructed.
A self-map of a tree-like continuum with no invariant indecomposable subcontinuum☆

Abstract The Bellamy's construction of a fixed-point-free map on a tree-like continuum is modified in such a way that no indecomposable subcontinuum is mapped into itself.
MR imaging characteristics and clinical symptoms related to displaced meniscal flap tears

The purpose of our study was (1) to analyze the flap tear location, direction of displacement and size on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, (2) to describe associated knee abnormalities including presence of effusion, synovitis, bone marrow edema pattern or ligamentous tear, and (3) to assess clinical findings found with flap tears, including the pain score, and determine differences between operative and nonoperative groups. A retrospective radiology database search over the last 3 years identified 238 patients with flap tears, of which ultimately 58 with isolated flap tears were included after exclusion of patients with other significant knee internal derangement, severe degenerative change or prior surgery. MR studies of the knee were analyzed by two radiologists. Imaging characteristics were correlated with associated knee abnormalities and clinical findings. Statistical analysis employed linear and logistic regression models. Inter- and intrareader reliability was calculated. The medial meniscus was the most common site of flap tears (52/60, 87 %), with inferior displacement (47/60, 78 %). The degree of tibial cartilage loss had a positive correlation with the visual analog pain scale (p = 0.03). Patients who underwent arthroscopy were younger than those who did not (p = 0.01) and more likely to have a positive clinical McMurray test (p = 0.01). Medially and inferiorly displaced flap tears are the most common tear pattern. Those undergoing arthroscopy are more likely to have positive meniscal signs on clinical examination. A greater degree of cartilage loss involving the tibia on MR imaging was associated with increasing visual analog pain scores.
Effect of a single dose of ponazuril on neural infection and clinical disease in Sarcocystis neurona-challenged interferon-gamma knockout mice

Abstract Interferon γ-knockout mice were challenged with 5000 Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts acquired from a naturally infected opossum. Ponazuril was administered once, by gavage, at day 1, 3, 7, 10, or 14 post-infection (pi). Ponazuril was given at either 20 or 200 mg/kg. Mice that survived to day 30 pi were euthanized. Severity of CNS infection was quantified as schizont density in the cerebellum. Unchallenged mice in treatment and non-treatment groups remained free of disease and gained weight throughout the experiment. All challenged mice, regardless of treatment, developed histologic evidence of CNS infection even though clinical signs were prevented in some groups. The greatest treatment benefits were seen in mice given 200 mg/kg ponazuril between days 4 and 14 pi. Weight gain over the course of the experiment occurred only in mice that were given 200 mg/kg ponazuril on day 7 or 10 pi. With the exception of groups given 200 mg/kg ponazuril on day 7 or 14 pi, mice in groups that got sporocysts developed abnormal neurologic signs. No deaths before day 30 pi occurred in mice given ponazuril at 20 mg/kg on day 7 pi or 200 mg/kg on day 1, 7, 10, or 14 pi. This effect was not significant. Mice given 200 mg/kg on day 7 pi had significantly fewer cerebellar schizonts than did those of the control group that was not given ponazuril. These results indicate that single-dose administration of ponazuril for prevention of CNS infection is partially protective when given between days 4 and 14 pi.
Quantum dots in photonic crystals: from single photon sources to single photon nonlinear optics

A quantum dot strongly coupled to a photonic crystal resonator is used to investigate cavity quantum electro- dynamics phenomena in solid state physics. Nonlinear optical phenomena such as photon blockade and photon induced tunneling are observed in this system. The nonlinearity of this system is sensitive to intra-cavity photon numbers close to unity, and it has been used to demonstrate conditional phase shifts of 28° at a single photon level and a second order auto-correlation of g^2(0) = 0.9 in the photon blockade regime.
Preparation and characterization of swelling porous carbon beads

Porous carbon beads have been prepared by two replica methods, Ester and CVD methods. The Ester method consists of esterification of silica gel beads with alcohol or phenol, pyrolysis of the esterified silica gel, and dissolution of the silica gel with HF solution, yielding porous carbon beads with specific surface area ranging 1100–2000 m2 g−1. On the other hand the CVD method consists of pyrolysis of benzene vapor on silica gel beads and dissolution of the silica gel with HF solution, yielding porous carbon whose specific surface area is 640 m2g−1. Porous carbon beads made from 4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene by the Ester method showed enormously large expansion on adsorbing benzene (their apparent volumes doubled) and contracted to the original size on desorption. These dimensional changes were reproducible, and expansion and contraction completed in a few tens of seconds. The extent of dimensional changes was influenced by the kinds of adsorbates and decreased in the following order: toluene > xylene, benzene > chloroform > carbon tetrachloride > 1-butanol > 1-propanol, octane > heptane > cyclohexane, ethanol, hexane > pentane > methanol > water. On the contrary the porous carbon made by the CVD method did not show any dimensional change. A mechanism for the dimensional change of the porous carbon beads was proposed based on strain energy of carbon films, capillary force at menisci in the pores, and interfacial energy of carbon films.
An isothermal etchback-regrowth method for high-efficiency Ga1−xAlxAsGaAs solar cells☆

Abstract High-efficiency pGa1−xAlxAs, nGaAs solar cells are made by isothermally soaking n-GaAs substrates in an undersaturated Zn-doped GaAlAs melt. This one-step growth procedure produces a graded band gap pGa1−xAlxAs layer 0.2–0.4 μm thick. Efficiencies of 18.5% AM0 and 21.9% AM1 have been measured.
Challenges for IC failure analysis-present and future

Failure analysis is a critical element in integrated circuit manufacturing. This paper explores the challenges for IC failure analysis in the environment of present and future silicon IC technology trends, using the 1994 National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors as a technology guide. Advanced techniques that meet the challenges of state-of-the-art IC technology are described and their applications are discussed. New approaches shall be required for failure analysis to keep pace with future advancements in IC technology.
Determination of the best post‐ovulatory stripping time for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758)

Summary To determine the best time interval between ovulation and controlled egg stripping in female common carp (Cyprinus carpio), ovulated eggs were retained at 20°C inside the fish body until 12–14 h post-ovulation (HPO). The eggs of four females were stripped with two-hour intervals after ovulation for 12–14 HPO and fertilized with mixed milt obtained from three males. Eyeing, hatching and eyed-egg mortality rates as well as the occurrence of larval malformations and ploidy anomalies were considered as indices to assess egg quality. The results indicated that throughout 4–6 HPO the eyeing and hatching rates remained approximately 90 and 80% of the initial rates, respectively. Although not significantly different (P > 0.05), the viability rates (eyeing and hatching percentages) increased to about 7.5% of the initial rates at 2–4 HPO compared with 0–2 HPO. Thereafter, the eyeing and hatching rates decreased over time linearly and finally dropped to 11 and 2.5% in eggs fertilized at 12–14 HPO, respectively. Eyed-egg mortality and larval malformation rates did not display any marked increase in eggs fertilized up to four hours after ovulation but thereafter increased significantly; more than 50% of eyed eggs died, and approx. 20% of hatched larvae were malformed at 8–10 HPO. Post-ovulatory oocyte ageing did not affect the ploidy level of the larvae. Based on the results obtained in this study, common carp egg quality is maintained inside the fish body for at least four HPO. The best post-ovulatory stripping time was estimated to be within 2–4 HPO and therefore we recommend that the eggs be retained inside the fish body for this period of time after ovulation. The complete loss of egg viability also occurs 12–14 h after ovulation.
Polymerization Rate Considerations for High Molecular Weight Polyisoprene‐b‐Polystyrene‐b‐Poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) Triblock Polymers Synthesized Via Sequential Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Reactions

The reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization mechanism is a powerful technique for synthesizing functional block polymers for myriad applications. Most kinetic studies regarding the RAFT mechanism have focused on low molecular weight homopolymer and block polymer syntheses using a dithiobenzoate chain transfer agent (CTA). Here, the polymerization kinetics are evaluated for a high molecular weight A-B-C triblock polymer system, polyisoprene-b-polystyrene-b-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PI-PS-PDMA), using a trithiocarbonate agent for application of these types of polymers. Importantly, it is demonstrated that the polymerization of polyisoprene is the step that generates the block with the largest dispersity for high molecular weight PI-PS-PDMA polymers. As such, the kinetics of isoprene polymerization must be altered systematically for desired nanostructures to be formed. In addition, it is established that the PS and PDMA block additions exhibit polymerization rate retardation, which is due to slow chain fragmentation of the CTA, as demonstrated by the magnitudes of the equilibrium constants for both the styrene and N,N-dimethylacrylamide reactions, and as calculated using ab initio modeling. This elucidation of the nature of the controlled RAFT mechanism provides a critical handle for the more precise design and control of other next-generation high molecular weight block polymer systems that are polymerized using the RAFT mechanism.
A Proposal for a High Current, High Duty Factor Electron Accelerator

A linac-Pulse-Stretcher-Ring has been proposed for the generation of high duty factor, high current electron beams in a nominal energy range of 0.5 to 2.0 GeV. A low duty factor linac beam is injected into a storage ring from which it is slowly extracted to yield a high duty factor. The linac beam is composed of 1.2 ?s current pulses containing 240 nC/pulse with a repetition rate of 1 kHz. Each pulse is injected vertically during a single turn into the pulse stretcher ring, a 377.89 m oval with a magnetic radius of 29 m. Excitation of an n/3 betatron resonance in the horizontal plane is used in conjunction with electric and magnetic septa for extraction. Typical extracted beam parameters are: horizontal emittance ?0.37? mm-mrad, vertical emittance ?0.l? mm-mrad, and an energy spread ?0.1%. The extracted beam has a maximum average current of 240 ?A, a duty factor >90%, and may be polarized. Beam characteristics, design parameters, and facility layout are discussed.
The Casuistical Turn in Planning Ethics Lessons from Law and Medicine

Case studies have recently played a prominent role in the study of ethical issues in planning. To clarify the role that cases can play, this article investigates how two other professional fields (law and medical ethics) have used cases to analyze practical ethics. The author argues that law and medicine use studies to develop “moral taxonomies”—classifications of important cases that help clarify the meaning and limits of ambiguous values, principles, and maxims. Three features characterize case ethics in law and medicine: (1) a focus on hard cases, in which key values or principles are ambiguous or in conflict; (2) use of analogical reasoning to analyze those cases, to determine which previously resolved cases they resemble and which they do not; and (3) identification of low-level principles that underwrite these judgments of similarity and difference and can help inform judgments about future cases.
Generalization risk minimization in empirical game models

Experimental analysis of agent strategies in multiagent systems presents a tradeoff between granularity and statistical confidence. Collecting a large amount of data about each strategy profile improves confidence, but restricts the range of strategies and profiles that can be explored. We propose a flexible approach, where multiple game-theoretic formulations can be constructed to model the same underlying scenario (observation dataset). The prospect of incorrectly selecting an empirical model is termed generalization risk, and the generalization risk framework we describe provides a general criterion for empirical modeling choices, such as adoption of factored strategies or other structured representations of a game model. We propose a principled method of managing generalization risk to derive the optimal game-theoretic model for the observed data in a restricted class of models. Application to a large dataset generated from a trading agent scenario validates the method.
Developing Effective Visual Representations to Monitor Project Performance

During construction, project managers constantly review actual project performance and resolve any discrepancies between as-planned and as-built progress. However, it is not always easy to perform these activities since numerous individuals and parties are involved in a typical project. This is where visual representations may be helpful. Several charts and diagrams have been traditionally used in construction to visually track performance. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of traditional visual representations such as bar charts, network diagrams, line of balance charts, and S-curve graphs, and introduces a set of design principles for the development of non-traditional visual representations to effectively monitor project performance. The paper closes with examples of new visualization schemes built according to those principles.
Introduction: STKE Focus Issue on Genomics

This week's special issue of Science ( ) titled Unlocking the Genome takes a broad look at the genomics research and examines the state and promise of the field as it has evolved in the few short months since the much-heralded publication of the human genome sequences. This focus issue of the STKE highlights related material at STKE, some new and some already available on the site. The "business end" of any genome is really the proteins it encodes, and that is the focus of two new contributions to the STKE. A Protocol from Matter et al . ( ) gives detailed methods for expression cloning in mammalian cells. Expression cloning uses cultured cells to screen cDNAs to find sequences encoding proteins that produce a particular biological effect of interest. The author explains recent technical advances that allow improved construction of cDNA libraries, more efficient transfection of the cDNA into cells, and expression of large amounts of the encoded protein. In their Perspective, Ashman et al . ( ) assure us that "It is accepted wisdom that the deluge of genomic and proteomic data will somehow lead to insights into biological complexity." They go on to help justify that belief by explaining some of the most fruitful of the current approaches to turning sequence data into insight into protein and biological function. Their focus is on understanding protein interaction networks. In Science , Baker and Sali ( ) discuss protein modeling from sequence information and Stevens et al . ( ) summarize the global efforts to enable full understanding of the three dimensional structures of proteins on a genome-wide scale. We encourage you to take advantage of this coordinated focus on Genomics here at STKE, in Science , at the Science Functional Genomics Web site ( ), and at our new Knowledge Environment, the Science of Aging (SAGE) KE ([sageke.sciencemag.org][1]) Featured in this Focus Issue on Genomics Related Resources at STKE [1]: http://sageke.sciencemag.org
Technology and Teacher Education: Past Practice and Recommended Direction.

Abstract Teacher educators are facing increased pressures to integrate technology in their programs and to graduate new teachers who are knowledgeable about and skilled in the use of technology. Although progress is being made, and some exemplary lighthouse programs exist, most research indicates that teacher educators have a long way to go in fulfilling the expectations others have for us. This article reviews briefly our current status in the use of technology, identifies where we're headed, and offers some general guidelines for getting there.
Reasoning About Context-Awareness in the Presence of Mobility

Context-awareness is emerging as an important computing paradigm designed to address the special needs of applications that must accommodate or exploit the highly dynamic environments that occur in the presence of physical or logical mobility. A number of formal models are available for reasoning about concurrency. Models designed to capture the specifics of mobility are fewer but still well represented (e.g., Mobile Ambients, -Calculus, and Mobile UNITY). These models do not, however, provide constructs necessary for explicit modeling of context-aware interactions. This paper builds upon earlier eorts on state-based formal reasoning about mobility and explores the process by which a model such as Mobile UNITY can be transformed to explicitly capture context-awareness. Starting with an examination of the essential features of context-aware systems, this paper explores a range of constructs designed to facilitate a highly decoupled style of programming among context-aware components. The result of this exploration is a model called Context UNITY.
Rural Long-Term Care Integration Developing Service Capacity

This article uses a case study-based framework for analyzing acute and long-term care systems' integration efforts in rural areas and their impacts on service capacity. The article examines opportunities for enhancing service capacity, as illustrated by the experiences of rural programs in three states: Arizona, Illinois, and Vermont. Local control, local leadership, the medical/ social paradigm, and policy stimulation are the dimensions used to examine the unique characteristics of rural integration efforts and their influence on rural long-term care service capacity. The article discusses the importance of technical support, professional collaboration, financing flexibility, and attention to protection of rural safety-net services in developing rural long-term care infrastructures.
Subject searching for information: what does it mean in today's Internet environment?

The information available through the Internet continues to proliferate. As it does so, it gains increasing importance and legitimacy throughout the scientific community. Researchers can obtain information from the network just as easily as from a library. The network is thus growing into one of a multiplicity of sources of knowledge of use to the scientific community. Above all, it is about to become an invisible everyday desktop work tool (much in the same way as wordprocessing programs did before it). Hence the increasingly pressing need for systematic, standardised mechanisms to identify, locate and describe the network's information resources.
Lymphosonographic Sentinel node Biopsy of the Supraglottis in a Swine Model

Objective To test the feasibility of a novel contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) technique, or lymphosonography, for sentinel node biopsy (SNB) of the supraglottis in a porcine model. Study Design and Setting In this prospective, nonrandomized animal study, blue dye and ultrasound contrast agent were injected into the supraglottis in seven 50-kg Yorkshire swine. Transcutaneous CEUS was used to identify real-time lymphatic flow of contrast through lymph channels (LC) to the sentinel lymph node (SLN). SNB was carried out, visually identifying a blue node, with the assistance of intraoperative CEUS. Bilateral modified radical neck dissections were performed to search for any residual contrast-positive or blue SLNs. Results In each case, at least one SLN was identified by preoperative CEUS. A total of 12 nodes were identified on preoperative CEUS, and 11 of 12 nodes were stained with blue dye (91.7%). No residual blue or contrast-positive nodes were identified on neck dissection. Conclusions Lymphosonographic SNB of the supraglottis in a porcine model is technically feasible, and yields results comparable to traditional blue dye–guided techniques. No “shine-through” effect or nonsequential nodal enhancement occurred. This technique holds promise for sentinel node biopsy and allows a novel method for in vivo investigation of the lymphatic system.
Ghrelin accelerates gastric emptying via early manifestation of antro-pyloric coordination in conscious rats.

Abstract Ghrelin is known to enhance gastric motility and accelerate gastric emptying of liquid and solid food in rats. As solid gastric emptying is regulated by the coordinated motor pattern between the antrum and pylorus (antro-pyloric coordination), we studied the correlation between solid gastric emptying and antro-pyloric coordination in response to ghrelin. Rats were given 1.5 g of solid food after a 24-h fasting. Immediately after the ingestion, ghrelin (0.4–8.0 μg/kg) or saline was administered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Ninety minutes after the feeding, rats were euthanized and gastric content was removed to calculate gastric emptying. To evaluate the antro-pyloric coordination, strain gauge transducers were sutured on the antrum and pylorus. The incidence of postprandial antro-pyloric coordination was compared between ghrelin-and saline-injected rats. In saline-injected rats, gastric emptying was 58.3 ± 3.7% ( n = 6). Ghrelin (4.0–8.0 μg/kg), accelerated gastric emptying. Maximum effect was obtained by ghrelin (4.0 μg/kg), which significantly accelerated gastric emptying to 77.4 ± 3.7% ( n = 6, p n = 4, p
Abelian periods, partial words, and an extension of a theorem of Fine and Wilf

Recently, Constantinescu and Ilie proved a variant of the wellknown periodicity theorem of Fine and Wilf in the case of two relatively prime abelian periods and conjectured a result for the case of two nonrelatively prime abelian periods. In this paper, we answer some open problems they suggested. We show that their conjecture is false but we give bounds, that depend on the two abelian periods, such that the conjecture is true for all words having length at least those bounds and show that some of them are optimal. We also extend their study to the context of partial words, giving optimal lengths and describing an algorithm for constructing optimal words.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Larynx-Preservation Strategies in the Treatment of Laryngeal Cancer

Purpose To develop a clinical practice guideline for treatment of laryngeal cancer with the intent of preserving the larynx (either the organ itself or its function). This guideline is intended for use by oncologists in the care of patients outside of clinical trials. Methods A multidisciplinary Expert Panel determined the clinical management questions to be addressed and reviewed the literature available through November 2005, with emphasis given to randomized controlled trials of site-specific disease. Survival, rate of larynx preservation, and toxicities were the principal outcomes assessed. The guideline underwent internal review and approval by the Panel, as well as external review by additional experts, members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Health Services Committee, and the ASCO Board of Directors. Results Evidence supports the use of larynx-preservation approaches for appropriately selected patients without a compromise in survival; however, no larynx-preservation approach offers a survival advantage compared with total laryngectomy and adjuvant therapy with rehabilitation as indicated. Recommendations All patients with T1 or T2 laryngeal cancer, with rare exception, should be treated initially with intent to preserve the larynx. For most patients with T3 or T4 disease without tumor invasion through cartilage into soft tissues, a larynx-preservation approach is an appropriate, standard treatment option, and concurrent chemoradiotherapy therapy is the most widely applicable approach. To ensure an optimum outcome, special expertise and a multidisciplinary team are necessary, and the team should fully discuss with the patient the advantages and disadvantages of larynx-preservation options compared with treatments that include total laryngectomy.
Western lowland gorilla diet and resource availability: New evidence, cross-site comparisons, and reflections on indirect sampling methods

We describe the resource availability and diet of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from a new study site in the Central African Republic and Republic of Congo based on 3 years of study. The results, based on 715 fecal samples and 617 days of feeding trails, were similar to those reported from three other sites, in spite of differences in herb and fruit availability. Staple foods (consumed year-round) included high-quality herbs (Haumania), swamp herbs (when present), and a minimal diversity of fruit. A variety of fruits (average of 3.5 species per day and 10 per month) were selectively consumed; gorillas ignored some common fruits and incorporated rare fruits to a degree higher than predicted based on availability. During periods of fruit abundance, fruit constituted most of the diet. When succulent fruits were unavailable, gorillas used low-quality herbs (i.e., low-protein), bark, and more fibrous fruits as fallback foods. Fibrous fruit species, such as Duboscia macrocarpa and Klainedoxa gabonensis, were particularly important to gorillas at Mondika and other sites as fallbacks. The densities of these two species are similar across sites for which data are available, in spite of major differences in forest structure, suggesting they may be key species in determining gorilla density. No sex difference in diet was detected. Such little variation in western lowland gorilla diet across sites and between sexes was unexpected and may partly reflect limitations of indirect sampling.
Judgment and classification of emotion terms by older and younger adults.

ABSTRACTObjectives: Theoretical models of adult development suggest changes in emotion systems with age. This study determined how younger and older adults judged and classified 70 emotion terms that varied in valence and arousal, and that have been used in previous studies of adult aging and emotion. The terms were from the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule – Expanded (PANAS-X) and the (KS) affect scales. Method: Older (n = 32) and younger adults (n = 111) engaged in a card sort task which determined how the 70 emotion terms were classified (i.e. grouped) in relation to one another. Activation and valence ratings of emotion terms were collected. Results: There were 17 age group differences in item ratings for activation and 19 for valence. Older adults tended to rate emotion terms and scales as more positive and activating than younger persons. Card sort data indicated similarity in conceptualizations of emotion terms across groups with exceptions for serene, sad, and lonely. Conclusions: Research th...
Line-scanning, stage scanning confocal microscope

We created a line-scanning, stage scanning confocal microscope as part of a new procedure: video assisted micrographic surgery (VAMS). The need for rapid pathological assessment of the tissue on the surface of skin excisions very large since there are 3.5 million new skin cancers diagnosed annually in the United States. The new design presented here is a confocal microscope without any scanning optics. Instead, a line is focused in space and the sample, which is flattened, is physically translated such that the line scans across its face in a direction perpendicular to the line its self. The line is 6mm long and the stage is capable of scanning 50 mm, hence the field of view is quite large. The theoretical diffraction-limited resolution is 0.7um lateral and 3.7um axial. However, in this preliminary report, we present initial results that are a factor of 5-7 poorer in resolution. The results are encouraging because they demonstrate that the linear array detector measures sufficient signal from fluorescently labeled tissue and also demonstrate the large field of view achievable with VAMS.
Entomology and Human Welfare

The subject I have chosen to speak on this morning is one that has been much discussed. We who have made entomology our field of endeavor like to evaluate our past accomplishments, and speculate as to what we may be able to accomplish in the future. That is what, in a very general way, I propose to do this morning.