cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ monitoring techniques for concentration polarization and fouling phenomena in membrane filtration.

Abstract Membrane fouling and subsequent permeate flux decline are inevitably associated with pressure-driven membrane processes. Despite the myriad of studies on membrane fouling and related phenomena—concentration polarization, cake formation and pore plugging—the fundamental mechanisms and processes involved are still not fully understood. A key to breakthroughs in understanding of fouling phenomena is the development of novel, non-invasive, in situ quantification of physico-chemical processes occurring during membrane filtration. State-of-the-art in situ monitoring techniques for concentration polarization, cake formation and fouling phenomena in pressure-driven membrane filtration are critically reviewed in this paper. The review addresses the physical principles and applications of the techniques as well as their strengths and deficiencies. Emphasis is given to techniques relevant to fouling phenomena where particles and solutes accumulate on the membrane surface such that pore plugging is negligible. The relevance of the techniques to specific processes and mechanisms involved in membrane fouling is also elaborated and discussed.
Seeing and Saying: Towards an Ethics of Truth in José Saramago's Ensaio sobre a Lucidez

The 1967 film The Battle of Algiers, a path-breaking documentarystyle fictionalization of the Algerian struggle for independence from colonial domination, opens with the stark black-and-white images of an imprisoned National Liberation Front operative who has just been tortured. The man appears to reside on the border between life and death or, perhaps more precisely, between opposing states of consciousness or subjectivity. Once a prominent leader of the armed uprising against the French, the prisoner has been reduced to a degraded informant who, in the following scene, leads the French occupiers to the secret hiding place of FLN leader Ali la Pointe. Although the scene alludes to but does not show directly the acts of torture that have allowed his captors to extract this valuable information (the more brutal scenes come later in the film, after the story has been told from the beginning of the uprising), a crucial link is established from the outset between torture and truth. The (implied) infliction of pain in conjunction with careful interrogation yields the desired results: the acquisition of information (“the truth”) that will lead to the enemies’ defeat. In her 1991 study on torture in ancient Greek culture, Page duBois argues that some of the earliest instances of torture (basanos) in Western Civilization appear intrinsically linked to the formulation of the idea of truth (a-letheia). By tracing the etymology of basanos, which originally referred to a touchstone to test the purity of gold, and which evolved, in Athenian culture, to signify the extraction of truth from the body of the slave using force, duBois demonstrates that our very notion of truth is inseparable from the Western practice of torture: “the logic of our philosophical tradition, of some of our inherited beliefs about truth, leads almost inevitably to conceiving of the body of the other as the site from which truth can be produced, and to using violence if necessary to extract that truth” (6). The depiction of torture in The Battle of Algiers can be read as a political act insofar as it occupies an oppositional stance in relation to the
Gay men’s implicit attitudes towards sexual orientation: Disentangling the role of sociocultural influences and social identification

The present research sought to distinguish the role of sociocultural negativity and social identification underlying gay men’s implicit attitudes towards sexual orientation. Fifty gay men completed two Implicit Association Tests. In both cases, the task required categorising, as quickly as possible, pictures of gay vs. straight couples, but these stimuli were either classified using normative categorical labels (homosexual vs. heterosexual couples) or in terms of their self-relevance (similar vs. dissimilar to me). Participants also completed the Reactions to Homosexuality Scale and the Outness Inventory. As expected, the pro-gay attitude was more pronounced when implicit attitudes were assessed in terms of self-relevance than based on normative categorical labels. In addition, these two facets of implicit attitudes overlapped more strongly among gay men who were less inclined to publicly affirm their sexual identity than among individuals who strongly identified publicly with being gay. The present findi...
GIPC interacts with the β1-adrenergic receptor and regulates β1-adrenergic receptor-mediated ERK activation

β1-adrenergic receptors, expressed at high levels in the human heart, have a carboxyl-terminal ESKV motif that can directly interact with PDZ domain-containing proteins. Using the β1-adrenergic receptor carboxyl terminus as bait, we identified the novel β1-adrenergic receptor-binding partner GIPC in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human heart cDNA library. Here we demonstrate that the PDZ domain-containing protein, GIPC, co-immunoprecipitates with the β1-adrenergic receptor in COS-7 cells. Essential for this interaction is the Ser residue of the β1-adrenergic receptor carboxyl-terminal ESKV motif. Our data also demonstrate that β1-adrenergic receptor stimulation activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK1/2. β1-adrenergic receptor-mediated ERK1/2 activation was inhibited by pertussis toxin, implicating Gi, and was substantially decreased by the expression of GIPC. Expression of GIPC had no observable effect on β1-adrenergic receptor sequestration or receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation. This GIPC effect was specific for the β1-adrenergic receptor and was dependent on an intact PDZ binding motif. These data suggest that GIPC can regulate β1-adrenergic receptor-stimulated, Gi-mediated, ERK activation while having no effect on receptor internalization or Gs-mediated cAMP signaling.
State of the Heart: Building Science to Improve Women’s Cardiovascular Health

Cardiovascular disease is the No. 1 killer of women in the United States, and marked disparities in cardiovascular health exist between women and men and among groups of women. Coronary heart disease is underdiagnosed, undertreated, and under-researched in women. Women with suspected heart disease are less likely than men to receive indicated diagnostic tests and procedures; sex-based biases in treatment of myocardial infarction persist; and women continue to be underrepresented in cardiovascular research. An accumulating body of literature points to 3 major explanations: sex-based physiology, provider bias, and psychosocial influences. Women's acute and prodromal signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction have been described, yet women have difficulty recognizing and acting on these indications. Primary and secondary prevention of heart disease in women is imperative; although the science is lacking in several areas, existing evidence on diet, hormone therapy, aspirin, physical activity and obesity, and diabetes can serve as the basis for interventions. Potentially, large impacts could be made on women's morbidity and mortality if current scientific knowledge were implemented. The state of the science of women and heart disease is reviewed, with a focus on those areas with the greatest potential to address the needs of women's cardiovascular status. Key gaps in the science and remaining questions are presented as a research agenda for the coming decade.
The Surveillance Mechanism of the Spindle Position Checkpoint in Yeast

The spindle position checkpoint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae delays mitotic exit until the spindle has moved into the mother–bud neck, ensuring that each daughter cell inherits a nucleus. The small G protein Tem1p is critical in promoting mitotic exit and is concentrated at the spindle pole destined for the bud. The presumed nucleotide exchange factor for Tem1p, Lte1p, is concentrated in the bud. These findings suggested the hypothesis that movement of the spindle pole through the neck allows Tem1p to interact with Lte1p, promoting GTP loading of Tem1p and mitotic exit. However, we report that deletion of LTE1 had little effect on the timing of mitotic exit. We also examined several mutants in which some cells inappropriately exit mitosis even though the spindle is within the mother. In some of these cells, the spindle pole body did not interact with the bud or the neck before mitotic exit. Thus, some alternative mechanism must exist to coordinate mitotic exit with spindle position. In both wild-type and mutant cells, mitotic exit was preceded by loss of cytoplasmic microtubules from the neck. Thus, the spindle position checkpoint may monitor such interactions.
Lupus and T Cells

T-cell abnormalities and aberrant T helper cytokine profiles have been implicated in the loss of immune tolerance to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens and linked to a variety of clinical manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we review the role of T cells in promoting and maintaining SLE in relation to their cellular and molecular abnormalities and provide an update on recent T cell-targeted therapeutic approaches for the restoration of T cell homeostasis in the disease.
Binary signed digit adder design with error detection capability

Binary Signed Digit Number (BSDN) representation has been used to form constant time adders and high-speed multipliers due to the capability of carry-free addition and regular VLSI layout. In order to use that numbering system BSDN digit needs to be encoded into binary bits. One of the possible encoding schemes is the 1-out-of-3 encoding which is a subset of the m-out-of-n codes widely used for error detection and correction. In this work, the design of BSDN full adder cell using the 1-out-of-3 encoding with and without error detection capability is presented. Synthesis results showed that the constant delay feature of the BSDN adder is preserved in both cases. It also showed that the overall performance (delay, area and power) of BSDN adder depends on the effectiveness of the BSDN full adder used to construct it and the desired level of error detection capability.
Atmospheric change alters performance of an invasive forest insect

Atmospheric change and species invasions are arguably two of the most important factors affecting the long-term sustainability of natural ecosystems. We examined the independent and interactive effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3) on the foliar quality of two host species and performance of an invasive folivorous insect. Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) were grown at the Aspen FACE research site in northern Wisconsin, USA, under all combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and O3 .W e measured the effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on aspen and birch phytochemistry and on the survivorship, development time, growth, and fecundity of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). Elevated CO2 had little effect on, whereas elevated O3 altered, the composite phytochemical profiles of aspen and birch. Nutritional quality in aspen and birch leaves was marginally affected by elevated CO2 and reduced by elevated O3. Both gases increased concentrations of phenolic and structural compounds in aspen and birch. Elevated CO2 offset reduced foliar quality under elevated O3, but only in aspen, and to a greater extent later than earlier in spring. Elevated CO2 generally had beneficial effects on, while elevated O3 detrimentally affected, gypsy moth performance. Elevated CO2 ameliorated most of the reductions in gypsy moth performance under elevated O3. Our findings suggest that atmospheric change can alter foliar quality in gypsy moth hosts sufficiently to influence gypsy moth performance, but that these responses will depend on interactions among CO2 ,O 3, and tree species. Our findings also contrast with those of earlier studies at Aspen FACE, indicating that foliar quality responses to environmental change are likely influenced by tree stand age and longevity of exposure to pollutants to the extent that they affect plant-herbivore interactions differently over decadal time spans.
Thermal Stability of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Receptors, CD4 and CXCR4, Reconstituted in Proteoliposomes

Background: The entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) into host cells involves the interaction of the viral exterior envelope glycoprotein, gp120, and receptors on the target cell. The HIV-1 receptors are CD4 and one of two chemokine receptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. Methodology/Principal Findings: We created proteoliposomes that contain CD4, the primary HIV-1 receptor, and one of the coreceptors, CXCR4. Antibodies against CD4 and CXCR4 specifically bound the proteoliposomes. CXCL12, the natural ligand for CXCR4, and the small-molecule CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, bound the proteoliposomes with affinities close to those associated with the binding of these molecules to cells expressing CXCR4 and CD4. The HIV-1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein bound tightly to proteoliposomes expressing only CD4 and, in the presence of soluble CD4, bound weakly to proteoliposomes expressing only CXCR4. The thermal stability of CD4 and CXCR4 inserted into liposomes was examined. Thermal denaturation of CXCR4 followed second-order kinetics, with an activation energy (Ea) of 269 kJ/mol (64.3 kcal/mol) and an inactivation temperature (Ti )o f 56uC. Thermal inactivation of CD4 exhibited a reaction order of 1.3, an Ea of 278 kJ/mol (66.5 kcal/mol), and a Ti of 52.2uC. The second-order denaturation kinetics of CXCR4 is unusual among G protein-coupled receptors, and may result from dimeric interactions between CXCR4 molecules. Conclusions/Significance: Our studies with proteoliposomes containing the native HIV-1 receptors allowed an examination of the binding of biologically important ligands and revealed the higher-order denaturation kinetics of these receptors. CD4/CXCR4-proteoliposomes may be useful for the study of virus-target cell interactions and for the identification of inhibitors.
The Problem With Prevention: The Case of Spina Bifida

In this paper, I present a viewpoint about prevention and spina bifida that is not usually expressed within the occupational therapy literature. Using an autoethnographic account, I convey my experiences as a person with impairments from spina bifida in order to problematize current preventive efforts undertaken to eradicate this birth defect. This self-reflexive account connects my personal experiences to historical and medical views about spina bifida. The messages inherent in preventive efforts are discussed from a disability rights perspective. Occupational therapists are challenged to examine their attitudes toward disability, act as advocates in their practice, and, in a more informed manner, support or contest policy initiatives.
The Effects of a Targeted Intervention to Reduce Problem Behaviors: Elementary School Implementation of Check In-Check Out.

Behavior support in schools is increasingly viewed as a three-tier prevention effort in which universal interventions are used for primary prevention, targeted interventions are used for secondary prevention, and intensive interventions are used for tertiary prevention. A growing body of research has demonstrated the effectiveness of targeted interventions in decreasing the frequency of problem behaviors. The Check In—Check Out Program (CICO) is becoming a recognized targeted intervention. The present study examines if there is a functional relation between the implementation of CICO and a reduction in problem behaviors. Results indicate that implementation of CICO with four elementary school—age boys was functionally related to a reduction in problem behavior. Clinical and conceptual implications of these results, methodological limitations, and future research directions are reviewed.
Personality Disorders of Affectively Ill Mothers: Links to Maternal Behavior

The objective of the present study was to assess relations between depression and personality disorders, and to examine how psychiatric problems are linked to maternal caretaking behavior. Subjects were affectively ill and well mothers and their children from 89 families participating in a longitudinal study of child development and childrearing. Psychiatric and behavioral measures were obtained at three time periods: when the child was a toddler, early school age, and preadolescent. A personality disorder assessment of the mother was made at the third time period. Affectively ill mothers reported more personality disorder symptoms than did well mothers. Severity of affective illness and recency of episodes were related to higher rates of personality disorder symptoms. The behavior of affectively ill mothers in interaction with their children was related to mothers' personality disorder symptoms. For example, unipolar mothers reporting higher rates of symptoms in the paranoid, schizoid, or schizotypal dis...
Femtosecond dynamics of dielectric films in the pre-ablation regime

The ultra-fast dynamics of dielectric oxide materials excited close to the laser-damage threshold is studied by performing transient reflection and transmission pump–probe measurements on TiO2, Ta2O5, and HfO2 films. The time-dependent dielectric constant is retrieved taking into account standing-wave effects of both pump and probe. A sub-100-fs transient is followed by a 1-ps transient, during which a sign reversal from negative to positive is observed in the real part of the induced change in the dielectric function, indicating the formation of deep defect states, possibly self-trapped excitons.
Bloodmeal Host Congregation and Landscape Structure Impact the Estimation of Female Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Abundance Using Dry Ice-Baited Traps

Vegetation patterns and the presence of large numbers of nesting herons and egrets significantly altered the number of host-seeking Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) collected at dry ice-baited traps. The numbers of females collected per trap night at traps along the ecotone of Eucalyptus stands with and without a heron colony were always greater or equal to numbers collected at traps within or under canopy. No Cx. tarsalis were collected within or under Eucaplytus canopy during the peak heron nesting season, even though these birds frequently were infected with West Nile virus and large number of engorged females could be collected at resting boxes. These data indicate a diversion of host-seeking females from traps to nesting birds reducing sampling efficiency.
The binarity effect in Kosraean reduplication

This paper offers a formal analysis of prefixing and suffixing reduplication in Kosraean. The prosodic shape of each affix is sensitive to the form of the stem, giving rise to multiple prosodic variants. In particular, its prefix illustrates the binarity effect, in which the reduplicant is binary if and only if the base is binary. Curiously, the suffix is not subject to the same generalisation, but still follows from the same formal analysis. Both affixes also show additional curious effects of vowel-initial stems. Using an optimality-theoretic approach, I will show that the prosody of both affixes is a function of the prosodic structure of the whole word rather than of a requirement that the affix fill a specified prosodic template. The analysis makes the binarity effect an example of a contextually weight-sensitive language, in which closed syllables are bimoraic only under certain morphological circumstances.
Altered serum immunoglobulin response to model intestinal antigens during dietary exposure to vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)

The effect of dietary vomitoxin on the serum IgA and IgG responses to two model intestinal antigens, casein and cholera toxin (CT), were assessed in 4 experimental groups: (1) mice fed casein-based diet, (2) mice fed casein-based diet containing 25 ppm vomitoxin, (3) mice fed casein-based diet and immunized with CT, and (4) mice fed casein-based diet containing 25 ppm vomitoxin and immunized with CT. Unimmunized and CT-immunized mice that were fed vomitoxin exhibited increased levels of total serum IgA relative to matched control animals fed the standard diet. Relative concentrations of casein-specific IgA were greater in both unimmunized mice and CT-immunized mice fed standard diet with vomitoxin than in matched controls fed standard diet only. CT-specific serum IgA in CT-immunized mice was not affected by vomitoxin feeding, but relative levels of CT-specific IgA were higher in unimmunized mice fed vomitoxin than in unimmunized mice fed standard diet. Both casein- and CT-specific serum IgG were depressed in mice fed vomitoxin. Significant differences in total, casein-specific and CT-specific IgA within the intestinal contents were not observed between CT-immunized mice fed vomitoxin and those fed the control diet. The results suggest that vomitoxin altered regulation of the normal immunoglobulin response to intestinal antigens and that this was manifested in the systemic compartment.
Integrating Resistivity Data with Production Data for Improved Reservoir Modelling

This work deals with the problem of estimating reservoir permeability and porosity distribution from multiple sources, including production data and well logging data. The work focuses on integrating long-term resistivity data into the parameter estimation problem, investigating its resolution power both in the depth direction and in area. The resistivity logging tool considered in this project is a new tool proposed for permanent installation. The tool is installed in the cement around the well when the well is completed, and is capable of recording the long-term resistivity variation around the wellbore. In this work, the Poisson equation with mixed boundary condition was used to model the infinite potential field around the resistivity logging tool. The behavior of the reservoir was modeled with a standard three-dimensional, two-phase, blackoil model. The resistivity response simulator was integrated into the flow simulator through Archie’s law. The Gauss-Newton algorithm was used to solve the inverse problem. This algorithm requires the calculation of the derivatives of the observation data with respect to the unknown parameters. These derivatives are called the sensitivity coefficients. By running several simple inverse problems, it was concluded that the resistivity data has high resolution power in the depth direction and is capable of sensing the areal heterogeneity.
Structural phase diagram and pyroelectric properties of free-standing ferroelectric/non-ferroelectric multilayer heterostructures

Ginzburg-Landau-Devonshire models are used to explore ferroelectric phases and pyroelectric coefficients of symmetric free-standing, thin-film trilayer heterostructures composed of a ferroelectric and two identical non-ferroelectric layers. Using BaTiO3 as a model ferroelectric, we explore the influence of temperature, in-plane misfit strain, and the non-ferroelectric layer (including effects of elastic compliance and volume fraction) on the phase evolution in the ferroelectric. The resulting phase diagram reveals six stable phases, two of which are not observed for thin films on semi-infinite cubic substrates. From there, we focus on heterostructures with non-ferroelectric layers of commonly available scandate materials which are widely used as substrates for epitaxial growth. Again, six phases with volatile phase boundaries are found in the phase diagram for the NdScO3/BaTiO3/NdScO3 trilayerheterostructures. The evolution of polarization and pyroelectric coefficients in the free-standing NdScO3 trilayer heterostructures is discussed with particular attention to the role that heterostructure design plays in influencing the phase evolution and temperature-dependence with a goal of creating enhanced pyroelectric response and advantages over traditional thin-film heterostructures.
Bioorthogonal Calcium Modulation by Direct Intracellular Access using Nanostraws

Ionic calcium plays a ubiquitous role in cell signaling. Calcium signaling uses numerous mechanisms for regulation including coordinated transport across cell membranes, internal sequestration and storage, and various specific and nonspecific buffers. These mechanisms make the generation of ectopic calcium signals difficult, especially if minimal cell perturbation is required. Nevertheless, manipulating calcium effectively is necessary to study how the cell signals using calcium. Patch clamp pipettes can control intracellular ionic content in single cells for a limited time. To increase the number of cells studied, chemical methods for controlling intracellular calcium can be used such as phorbol ester stimulation or thapsigargin release of calcium storage. These indirect methods can conflate different signaling pathways with calcium signaling. To isolate intracellular calcium from other cell functions, techniques which do not rely on biological mechanisms of release are needed, such as calcium photouncaging, which uses external light. Here, we propose an alternate strategy to introduce calcium to cells in a bioorthogonal fashion to minimize the biological footprint. Based on a gap junction-like architecture, we fabricated a system of supported nanotubes, called nanostraws. Due to their high aspect ratio (10:1), the nanostraws penetrate into the cell to allow fluidic exchange between the cell and an external reservoir, which we use to deliver calcium. We focus on generating temporal signal patterns and controlling the quantity of calcium delivered to the cell. To demonstrate the bioorthogonality of nanostraw calcium modulation, we also show that calcium signals can be elicited through normal stimulation methods. This technique represents a microfluidic technique to manipulate intracellular calcium which requires no chemical modification of cells, and the fluidic nature of the delivery can be leveraged to expand the delivery cargo to other biological ions such as zinc or more complex biomolecules.
Platelets and Antiplatelet Therapy in Ischemic Heart Disease

Blood platelets have been shown to play an important role not only in thrombosis, but also in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and its complications. Drugs that affect platelets have been shown to reduce mortality in survivors of acute myocardial infarction, to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with unstable angina, and to preserve the potency of saphenous venous grafts used to bypass obstructed coronary arteries. The drugs may also play a role in the primary prevention of arteriosclerosis and in preventing thrombotic complications following coronary angioplasty.
An Evaluation of Three Serum Enzyme Determinations by Manual and Multi-channel Analyzer Methods

Evaluation of discretionary multichannel analyzer (the Hycel Mark X) and the comparable manual methods for three frequently performed serum enzyme estimations (lactate dehydrogenase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase) was undertaken and the results were compared with those of reference methods routinely used in the chemistry laboratory of a 450-bed hospital. The study shows that the overall precision of the test methods is superior to that of the reference methods. Correlation between the test methods and the reference methods is adequate for the usual ranges encountered in clinical practice. Minor changes in the limits of normal for the test methods are suggested.
PERSISTENCE OR DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY BY BOTH CORNELL PRODUCT AND SOKOLOW-LYON VOLTAGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH MARKEDLY INCREASED RISK DURING ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY

Hypertensive patients with ECG left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are at increased risk, but single ECG criteria may underestimate risk. Whether the continued presence or new development of ECG LVH by two criteria can further concentrate risk during blood pressure (BP) lowering is unclear. Incident
On the Atomic and Magnetic Structure of Er2Fe17

We present the results of Rietveld analysis on the neutron diffraction intensities of Er2Fe17, which crystallizes in the hexagonal Th2Ni17 phase. Of the reflection sets, h-k ≠ 3n, l = 2n+1 and l = 2n, the former fit better than the latter and are in general more intense. This suggests disordered transition-metal-substitution on the planes parallel to the c-axis resulting in stacking faults; ABABs... is the usual sequence of ordered transition-metalsubstitutions in the parent CaCu5 phase. Influence of such deformations on the interatomic distances inthe substitution zone and the consequent magnetic bonding and anisotropy is discussed.
Endourologic management of renal transplant complications.

Technical complications requiring reoperation following renal transplantation continue to be significant factors contributing to graft loss and subsequent death. Furthermore, repeated surgical procedures are poorly tolerated in these immunosuppressed and often azotemic patients. In the past few years, nonoperative endourologic procedures have been employed to temporize or even definitively manage many high-risk urologic patients with obstructive uropathy or urinary fistulas. While the exact indications and long-term results of such management are generally still unknown, these endourologic procedures are now being increasingly applied to selected renal-transplant recipients.
Government Intervention in International Business

Internationally, free trade implies the unrestricted flow of products and services across national borders. Free trade offers nations numerous advantages. Governments erect trade barriers and intervene in other ways that restrict or alter free trade. Protectionism refers to trade and investment barriers applied with the aim of defending domestic markets and industries. Tariffs and nontariff trade barriers are the main instruments of protectionism. A tariff is a tax imposed by government on imported goods. Tariffs have fallen over time, but many high in many countries. Nontariff trade barriers are government policies or measures that restrict trade without imposing a direct tariff or duty. Subsidies are financial or other resources that a government provides to a firm or group of firms. Governments undertake intervention to achieve several goals, including: to generate revenue, to achieve policy objectives, and to protect or support the nation's citizens or private firms. Keywords: business and management; government; government, politics, and law; law; political economy
Conservative Management of Low Grade Neoplasms of The Male Urethra: A Preliminary Report

Between 1965 and 1977, 8 men with low grade urethral neoplasms were treated with local excision or a combination of local excision and local chemotherapeutic agents. The tumors were in the anterior urethra in 5 cases and the posterior urethra in 3. Histology included 2 transitional cell papillomas, 3 squamous cell carcinomas, 1 transitional cell carcinoma, 1 mesonephric carcinoma and 1 intraductal transitional cell carcinoma in situ. All neoplasms were controlled by local measures for 1 to 13 years. This experience suggests that local treatment may be an acceptable alternative to a radical operation in certain well localized low grade urethral neoplasms in men.
Learning search control knowledge for planning with conjunctive goals

Significant results of research are available in the area of learning search control knowledge for problem solving. However, previous systems that derive goal ordering rules exhibit some weaknesses. These systems fail to effectively reduce search because their rules are either over-specific or over-general. Moreover, they require a priori domain-specific knowledge to derive effective rules. This thesis presents a methodology which enables the derivation of goal ordering rules from the analysis of problem failures without relying on any a priori knowledge. We examine all the planning actions which unavoidably lead to failures. If there are restrictions imposed by a problem state on possible actions to be taken, the restrictions manifest themselves in the form of a restricted set of possible operator bindings. Our method makes use of this observation to derive general goal ordering rules which are guaranteed to be correct. We formally investigate the scope of applicability of our methodology for learning correct rules. The overhead involved in learning is very low because this methodology needs only a small amount of data to learn from, namely, the goal stacks from the leaf nodes of a failure search tree, rather than the whole search tree. Empirical tests show that the rules derived by our system PAL, after sufficient learning, performs as well as, and in some cases better than, those derived by other systems such as PRODIGY/EBL and STATIC.
Race and the ICU

In 2002, the Institute of Medicine noted that healthcare disparities exists and that these disparities hurt minority patients. The important question is how do we has healthcare providers decrease these disparities. How do we as critical care providers deliver the type of care that empowers are patients and truly reduce these disparities?
Chapter 1 Characteristics of Speech as a Motor Control System

The structural and functional organization of any biophysical system provides potentially important information on the underlying control structure. For speech, the anatomical and physiological structure of the vocal tract and the apparent functional nature of speech motor actions suggest a characteristic control structure in which the entire vocal tract is the smallest functional unit. Sounds are coded as different relative vocal tract configurations generated from neuromuscular specifications of characteristic articulatory actions. Sensorimotor processes are applied to the entire vocal tract to scale and sequence changes in vocal tract states. Sensorimotor mechanisms are viewed as a means to adjust speech motor output predictively in the face of continuously changing peripheral conditions. An underlying oscillatory process is hypothesized as the basis for sequential speech adjustments in which a centrally-generated rhythm is modulated according to internal (task) requirements and the constantly changing configurational state of the vocal tract.
Genome Sequence of a Novel Kunsagivirus (Picornaviridae: Kunsagivirus) from a Wild Baboon (Papio cynocephalus)

ABSTRACT The picornaviral genus Kunsagivirus has a single member, kunsagivirus A, which was discovered in migratory bird feces. We report here the discovery of a novel kunsagivirus in wild yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) blood. The genomic sequence of this virus indicates the probable need for the establishment of a second kunsagivirus species.
More Accurate Prediction of the Pretest Probability of Cardiovascular Disease with European Risk Score.

The European approach to determining the pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with chest pain is superior to that of the Diamond-Forrester approach recommended by U.S. guidelines, and will result in less need for immediate invasive treatment.
The Middle Years

Human beings are involved in many social roles in a lifetime, consecutively and within time-bound clusters. One can be a student, worker, wife, and mother either simultaneously or at different times. At any one stage of life, however, a person is involved in a cluster of roles, each with its own cycle of involvement. Each role consists of a set of mutually interdependent relations with members of a social circle for whom duties are performed and from whom rights are received (Lopata, 1971, 1973; Lopata, Barnewolt, and Norr, 1980; Znaniecki, 1940, 1965).
La Construction de la Masculinité dans la Tragédie du Sac de Cabrières : Le Cas d’Opède

This article examines how, in the Protestant play “La Tragedie du sac de Cabrieres” (16th century), the personality of the leader of the Catholic forces at the siege of Cabrieres, d’Opede, is constructed through a set of oppositions between his duties as a leader and his dilemmas as a man. With an analysis of the transformation of the character from a man full of doubts to a “monster” dedicated to the extermination of the Waldensians, the author examines how gender and emotions are intertwined in the (re)creation of a masculine personality that sets aside any non-useful ideas in order to become a man completely devoted to his cause.
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A shared parameter location scale mixed effect model for EMA data subject to informative missing

In this paper, we address the problem of accounting for informative missing in the context of ecological momentary assessment studies (sometimes referred to as intensive longitudinal studies), where each study unit gets measured intensively over time and intermittent missing is usually present. We present a shared parameter modeling approach that links the primary longitudinal outcome with potentially informative missingness by a common set of random effects that summarize a subjects’ specific traits in terms of their mean (location) and variability (scale). The primary outcome, conditional on the random effects, are allowed to exhibit heterogeneity in terms of both the mean and within subject variance. Unlike previous methods which largely rely on numerical integration or approximation, we estimate the model by a full Bayesian approach using Markov Chain Monte Carlo. An adolescent mood study example is illustrated together with a series of simulation studies. Results in comparison to more conventional approaches suggest that accounting for the common but unobserved random subject mean and variance effects, shared between the primary outcome and missingness models, can significantly improve the model fit, and also provide the benefit of understanding how missingness can affect the inference for the primary outcome.
Effects of Aspartame on Seizures in Children

This chapter describes the methods used in two double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies examining the effects of large-dose aspartame ingestion on children with seizures. In addition, some of the descriptive statistics on the demographic data are presented. Eight children with well-documented seizure disorders have been studied on a one-month protocol. Two children have completed a one-week in-hospital protocol designed for children who have allegedly experienced a seizure within 24 hours of ingesting a product containing aspartame. To date (6 April 1987), there have been no documented clinical seizures in either study. However, the studies are ongoing and the codes have not been broken; thus, it is not possible to fully evaluate the effects of aspartame until these studies are completed.
PERFORMANCE MODELING AND CONTROL OF STRUCTURALLY CONTROLLED RESOURCE ALLOCATION SYSTEMS

Abstract While the structural and performance-oriented control problems related to the real-time management of the resource allocation systems (RAS) underlying the operation of many contemporary technological applications have, both, been investigated extensively in the past, their integration in a seamless modeling and analysis framework, and the effects arising from their interaction, remain yet to be addressed. This paper undertakes these issues by investigating the class of Generalized Stochastic Petri nets(GSPN's) as a convenient and powerful analytical framework for the integrated modeling of the logical and the time-based RAS dynamics. More specifically, it is shown that GSPN's provide an exact formulation for the problem of performance control of structurally controlled RAS, in the case of systems with exponentially distributed event firing times, and effective approximations for the more general case of systems with non-exponential event timings. On the theoretical side, the aforementioned formulation can be utilized to (re-)establish various properties of the optimal scheduling policy in the considered operational context, including the existence of an optimal deterministic stationary scheduling policy. Finally, the proposed framework can support the thorough characterization of the structure of the optimal scheduling policy for small-sized RAS's, under various parameterizations, allowing, thus, for a more systematic study and a more profound understanding of the timed dynamics taking place in these environments.
The Conceptualization, Integration, and Support of Evidence-Based Interventions in the Schools.

The studies in this issue break the mold of the traditional stage model of the development and testing of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) within the confines of highly controlled studies (Onken...
Predictability of fish assemblages on artificial and natural reefs in Barbados

Fish assemblages on four large (100 m 2 ) artificial reefs were censused in May, June and July, 1986 and again in May 1988. The mean coefficient of variation of species' relative density decreased from 1986 to 1988, while the mean percent similarity of fish assemblages increased from 1986 to 1988. Fish assemblages on two of the large artificial reefs and on equal areas of the nearest natural coral reef were censused biweekly for 12 mo. Neither reef type (artificial or natural) nor reef location appeared to have an effect on assemblage structure. Fish assemblages on six small (1 m 2 ) concrete block reefs were censused biweekly for 12 mo; three of the six reefs were denuded at 3-mo intervals. Assemblages on these small reefs were less predictable than those on the large artificial and natural reefs. Predictability of fish assemblages on large and small reefs generally increased with number of species present, but was not consistently related to total number of individuals present. Values of assemblage similarity varied from agreement with Australian studies, which generally espouse recruitment-limited, non-equilibrial assemblage structure, to agreement with other Caribbean studies, which generally espouse stable, resource-limited assemblage structure. It is concluded that the dichotomy of results between Australian and Caribbean studies of reef fish assemblage structure is primarily a result of different sampling methodology and analysis coupled with different species pools, and requires no difference in biological mechanism.
Something Old, Something New: Plant Innate Immunity and Autophagy

Autophagy performs a variety of established functions during plant growth and development. Recently, autophagy has been further implicated in the regulation of programmed cell death induced during the plant innate immune response. In this chapter we describe specific mechanisms through which autophagy may contribute to a successful defense against pathogen invasion. Accumulating evidence shows that the plant immune system utilizes the chloroplasts as primary sites for the regulation of cell death programs. Viruses also appear to utilize the chloroplast as a site of replication and accumulation, potentially inactivating chloroplast defense signaling in the process. Autophagy-like mechanisms have been observed to target the chloroplast, which we refer to as “chlorophagy,” potentially targeting invasive viruses for degradation or regulating chloroplast-based signaling during the immune response. We hypothesize that chlorophagy is significant for the execution of plant immune defenses, during both basal and effector-triggered immunity.
Pre-operative level of FGF23 predicts severe acute kidney injury after heart surgery in children

Early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery has improved recently with the discovery and validation of novel urinary biomarkers. However, objective tools to predict the risk of AKI before the insult are still missing. We tested the hypothesis that pre-operative serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) concentrations would be elevated in children who develop AKI after heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We also compared post-operative FGF23 concentrations to other biomarkers for early detection of AKI. Blood and urine samples were collected in a prospective observational study from 83 children with congenital heart disease. Severe AKI (sAKI) development (KDIGO stages II–III) in the first seven days after surgery was the primary outcome. Thirty of 76 (39.5%) and 11/76 (14.5%) of patients developed AKI and sAKI, respectively. Pre-operative serum creatinine, cystatin C, and urine biomarker concentrations did not differ between sAKI patients and controls. Pre-operative serum FGF23 levels were higher in patients who developed sAKI (median [IQR] value of 819 RU/ml [397.7, 1196.8] vs. 324.3 RU/ml [124.6, 679.8] (p = 0.02). FGF23 12–24 h after the termination of CPB was also associated with sAKI in the first week after surgery (498 RU/ml [226, 928] vs. 1435 RU/ml [831, 12,996]). Pre- and post-operative FGF23 levels are higher in children who develop sAKI after cardiac surgery. We suggest FGF23 may be able to detect sub-clinical kidney injury and can be used with demographic AKI risk factors to enhance post-operative sAKI risk prediction.
Quantification of Loading Environment and Flexural Demand of Prestressed Concrete Crossties under Shared Corridor Operating Conditions

Optimization of the design of railway infrastructure and its components requires a comprehensive understanding of the loading demands that are expected. Currently, many design guidelines for track ...
In Vivo analysis of spinopelvic kinematics and peak head-cup contact in total hip arthroplasty patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease.

Anterior instability after total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been described in patients with thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity. Although compensatory posterior pelvic tilt with subsequent increased functional anteversion has been described as the mechanism, there is a paucity of in vivo data. The purpose of our study was to compare pelvic tilt, anteversion, inclination, and position of head-cup contact points in patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease (DDD) and a matched patient cohort without DDD. A total of 50 THA, 18 hips with lumbar DDD and 32 hips without DDD, underwent CT imaging for 3D hip reconstruction. Component orientations and in vivo hip gait kinematics was quantified using a validated dual fluoroscopic imaging system. Hip kinematics and head-cup contact points were compared. Patients with lumbar DDD demonstrated decreased maximum (5.9° ± 4.2° vs. 9.3° ± 5.4°, p = 0.02) and minimum (2.4° ± 4.1° vs. 6.2° ± 5.6°, p = 0.01) anterior pelvic tilt, and increased maximum cup anteversion (29.3° ± 8.7° vs. 25.1° ± 8.1°, p = 0.05). The peak head-cup contact points were shifted closer to the anterior edge of the polyethylene (7.8 ± 1.7 mm vs. 9.6 ± 2.2 mm, p = 0.02). Patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease demonstrated increased posterior pelvic tilt, functional acetabular anteversion, inclination as well as shifting of the peak head-cup contact pattern significantly closer to an anterior edge, suggesting sagittal spinopelvic deformity may predispose to anterior instability in THA patients during upright activities. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
Proof that particle flow corresponds to Bayes’ rule: necessary and sufficient conditions

We prove a theorem that guarantees the existence of a particle flow corresponding to Bayes’ rule, assuming certain regularity conditions (smooth and nowhere vanishing probability densities). This theory applies to particle flows to compute Bayes’ rule for nonlinear filters, Bayesian decisions and learning as well as transport. The particle flow algorithms reduce computational complexity by orders of magnitude compared with standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms that achieve the same accuracy for high dimensional problems.
A Term Infant with Respiratory Distress at Birth.

A full-term infant with a prenatal diagnosis of heterotaxy presents with respiratory distress and hypoxia with a postnatal diagnostic radiograph revealing a significant differential in lung expansion. ### Progression (Day 1) ### Physical Examination (Day 1)