cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The psychological aspects of cosmetic breast augmentation.

BACKGROUND: The psychological aspects of cosmetic breast augmentation have been the focus of a great deal of empiric study over the past 40 years. METHODS: Studies investigating the preoperative characteristics and psychosocial status of women interested in breast augmentation are reviewed. Investigations of postoperative satisfaction and psychosocial changes are discussed. The results of the seven epidemiologic studies that have identified a relationship between cosmetic breast augmentation and suicide are detailed. RESULTS: Methodologic limitations of the studies investigating the preoperative psychosocial status of breast augmentation candidates make it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the potential psychological differences between these women and those not interested in breast augmentation. Postoperative satisfaction rates are high, and several studies suggest that patients experience improvements in body image following surgery. The effects of breast augmentation on other areas of psychological functioning are less clear. Based on the seven epidemiologic studies published to date, the suicide rate among women with cosmetic breast implants is two to three times the expected rate. CONCLUSIONS: The literature in this area should be used to guide the psychosocial assessment and management of cosmetic breast augmentation patients. There currently is little evidence to support a recommendation that all women who present for cosmetic breast augmentation be required to undergo a psychiatric evaluation before surgery. Given the relationship between breast implants and suicide, however, it is recommended that women with a history of psychopathology who present for breast augmentation, or those who are suspected by the plastic surgeon of having some form of psychopathologic abnormality, should undergo a mental health consultation before surgery. Language: en
How GIS Can Put Urban Economic Analysis on the Map

Abstract Geographic information systems (GIS) provide powerful tools for storing and manipulating large amounts of information on spatial relationships. However, applications of GIS in urban economics and real estate are infrequent. As a symptom of this, there is often little relation between the extensive literature on residential mortgages and the housing markets literature. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the potential contributions GIS could make to urban economic and real estate economic research and open debate on GIS as applied to these fields. Beginning with theory, we determine how GIS can be useful to researchers and what is needed from future GIS. A GIS is a database management system with a spatial reference. It is capable of providing researchers with excellent control over spatial relationships. For example, one can “geocode” the housing transactions used for hedonic pricing studies. The process of geocoding assigns a latitude and longitude coordinate for each transaction. This enables much more elaborate spatial analysis than with traditional techniques such as using a ruler on a paper map. For instance, GIS allows the hedonic pricing literature to be reworked using spatial autoregressive analysis (SAR). SAR models need to repeatedly calculate large numbers of distances from each observation to every other observation within a given radius. In this context, GIS software is primarily useful for assigning a latitude and longitude location to each observation based on the best of street, ZIP, or ZIP+4. These geocoded observations may then be exported to other software for batch processing of SAR statistics. Future development of GIS software should eliminate the need for multiple software packages. Likewise, road distances with flexible weights (e.g., depending on type of road or on construction delays) awaits further software development.
Aggression and Diagnosis in Psychiatrically Referred children

We investigated correlations between measures of proactive and reactive aggression subtype, and the severity and frequency of overt aggression and psychiatric diagnosis in a clinically referred sample of children compared to a non-referred community comparison group free of psychiatric diagnosis. All measures of aggression were significantly correlated suggesting that there might be an underlying aggression construct that is manifested in distinct but correlated domains of aggression across diverse psychiatric diagnoses in referred children. Regression analysis revealed robust correlations between the number of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses adjusted for lifetime duration of illness and all measures of aggression. Our results support the need to consider the development of psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatment interventions specifically targeting excessive maladaptive aggression within and across multiple psychiatric diagnoses in children.
Malorientation of mitotic figures in the early lens rudiment of aphakia mouse embryos.

In early embryonic epithelia most cell divisions are oriented with their cleavage furrows perpendicular to the free surface of the tissue. This results in the generation of two daughter cells, which are equivalent with regard to their apical surface. Mitotic figures, in which the long axis through the centers of the chromosome plates (chromatin masses) is perpendicular to the surface, are seen only occasionally. The lens placode and early lens cup of mouse embryos homozygous for the gene aphakia show significantly greater numbers of maloriented mitoses than normal control lenses. The axis connecting the centers of the chromosomal plates is frequently perpendicular or oblique to the surface. This may result in the production of daughter cells, which are unequal as far as their position at the tissue surface is concerned. Later, the lumen of the mutant lens vesicle fills up with cells, which are apparently released from the lens epithelium. Further development of the lens and the eye is grossly disturbed. The release of these cells may be a consequence of the malorientation of their divisions, or both may be the result of a defect in the spatial orgnization of the lens tissue, possibly due to abnormal cellular adhesion.
Anomalous elastic properties of InBi at high pressure

Abstract The elastic constants of InBi have been determined from ultrasonic measurements at pressures up to 24 kbar at 23°C. Several measured acoustic-mode velocities exhibit broad anomalies centred at ∼ 14 kbar. These anomalies may be due to pressure-induced changes in the electronic properties of the material. There is no evidence for the first-order transition at 19 kbar recently reported by Rapoport et al.
LDV study of a buoyant exchange flow through a vertical tube

The buoyant countercurrent exchange flow through a vertical tube in a horizontal partition of an enclosure was measured by densimetry and laser Doppler velocimetry. In this study, brine and water were used as the two fluids, and the length of diameter ratio of the vent tube was one. Unsteady mixing was observed inside the vent tube, and the less dense water rose in a plume from the vent into the brine in the upper compartment. An equation for exchange flow rate over time was developed based on densimetric measurements, and the flow coefficient was found to be a constant. A two-component forward-scatter laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system was configured to study the flow. A motorized X-Y positioning system was built to move the LDV measuring volume efficiently through a horizontal cross section of the water plume. Volumetric flow estimated from the integral of positive velocity measured throughout a plane cross section of the plume was about 1.77 times the exchange flow.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Physical activity and obesity

Obesity is a major public health problem. Secular increases in the prevalence of obesity appear to be paralleled by decreases in physical activity. Although physical activity and weight are associated, the exact nature of the relationship remains uncertain. Research strongly suggests that exercise is a critical component of any program for weight control and health improvement. Potential mechanisms linking exercise and weight are discussed. For some persons, the health improvement derived from increased activity may not depend on weight loss. Modest levels of activity may be sufficient to achieve both the weight and health benefits of exercise.
Rapid Genetic Deterioration of Environmental Tolerance and Reproductive Potential of an Entomopathogenic Nematode during Laboratory Maintenance

Abstract Inadvertent selection is an important genetic problem frequently inflicted during laboratory culture and maintenance of biological control agents. Entomopathogenic nematodes can be maintained in the laboratory in three ways: cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, storage at cold temperature with as few subcultures as possible, or storage at room temperature with frequent subcultures. We determined the influence of these laboratory maintenance regimes on the stress tolerance (UV, heat, and desiccation) and physiological fitness (storage stability, reproduction potential, and virulence) of a newly isolated strain GPS11 of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Except for desiccation tolerance, no detectable changes occurred with nematodes that were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for 1 year. Significant reduction in nematode heat, UV, and desiccation tolerance, storage stability, and reproductive potential occurred after only three passages in Galleria mellonella. The decline in nematode reproduction, storage stability, and stress tolerance was correlated with the increase in passage number. Increase in nematode virulence was observed when they were subcultured frequently in G. mellonella at room temperature. These results demonstrate that laboratory adaptation can produce dramatic changes in important biological attributes of entomopathogenic nematodes.
Conceptual framework for an event-based plant alarm system

An event-based plant alarm system is proposed as an alternative to the current variable-based alarm system used in the process industry. While a traditional variablebased process alarm indicates an unsafe deviation of a process variable, an event alarm will be a direct indicator of an undesired event. A conceptual framework for the design of such an alarm processor is outlined in this article. A methodology for allocation of alarms based on the information content of variables is highlighted. The annunciation philosophy for event alarms is detailed, and alarm prioritization method and operator guidance are discussed. The method uses Bayesian network and Bayesian inference to estimate probability of an event and to identify its root causes.
Device and circuit modeling of GaN/InGaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) for optimum current spreading

In this paper we use Aimspice device and circuit simulator to demonstrate that uniform current spreading does not only depend on p-transparent metal and n-GaN layers resistivities but is also a strong function of design. This is demonstrated by modeling two light emitting diode (LED) designs, A and B, which differ in the position and size of the p-contact pad. Design A exhibited better current uniformity than B because of the symmetry in the current spreading length. By keeping the resistivities of p-transparent metal and n-GaN layers fixed, the variation in current uniformity as bias current increases from 20 to 300 mA for design A is only 2% and � 9.5% for design B. The decrease in current spreading uniformity as the resistances of these layers increase is smaller in design A (2–3.5% as resistance increases from 3.8 to 6.7 X=) than design B (9.5–14.5%). A further analysis shows that the current uniformity increases as the p-transparent metal layer resistance decreases from 25 to 3.8 X=, even though, the n-GaN lateral resistance is fixed at 12 X=. This suggests better uniform current spreading in flipped chip LED design than top-emitting light emitting diodes, since LED flipped chip configuration uses thick reflective metal on top of p_GaN. Further more, current spreading uniformity increases as the thickness of p-transparent metal layer and in this model it peaked at 94.9% for a thickness of 15 nm. This is where the contact resistance, which dominates the vertical resistance of the network, had the highest value. It therefore means that the current uniformity is a function of contact resistance, which is based on the thickness of the transparent metal and ultimately affects light extraction. � 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Calcium Regulation of Tension Redevelopment Kinetics with 2-Deoxy-ATP or Low [ATP] in Rabbit Skeletal Muscle

The correlation of acto-myosin ATPase rate with tension redevelopment kinetics (k(tr)) was determined during Ca(+2)-activated contractions of demembranated rabbit psoas muscle fibers; the ATPase rate was either increased or decreased relative to control by substitution of ATP (5.0 mM) with 2-deoxy-ATP (dATP) (5.0 mM) or by lowering [ATP] to 0.5 mM, respectively. The activation dependence of k(tr) and unloaded shortening velocity (Vu) was measured with each substrate. With 5.0 mM ATP, Vu depended linearly on tension (P), whereas k(tr) exhibited a nonlinear dependence on P, being relatively independent of P at submaximum levels and rising steeply at P > 0.6-0.7 of maximum tension (Po). With dATP, Vu was 25% greater than control at Po and was elevated at all P > 0.15Po, whereas Po was unchanged. Furthermore, the Ca(+2) sensitivity of both k(tr) and P increased, such that the dependence of k(tr) on P was not significantly different from control, despite an elevation of Vu and maximal k(tr). In contrast, lowering [ATP] caused a slight (8%) elevation of Po, no change in the Ca(+2) sensitivity of P, and a decrease in Vu at all P. Moreover, k(tr) was decreased relative to control at P > 0.75Po, but was elevated at P < 0.75Po. These data demonstrate that the cross-bridge cycling rate dominates k(tr) at maximum but not submaximum levels of Ca(2+) activation.
Vinyl Acetate Synthesis over Model Pd−Sn Bimetallic Catalysts

Pd−Sn bimetallic model catalysts were prepared as alloy films on a Rh(100) substrate via physical vapor deposition. The surface composition, structure, and chemisorption properties were studied by low energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The ordered surface alloy of c(2 × 2) was formed after annealing the Pd−Sn mixtures to 700 K as evidenced by LEED and LEIS showing a 50% surface concentration of Pd. This ordered surface arrangement was further confirmed by IRAS, LEED, and TPD studies using CO as a probe molecule, in which the surface Pd atoms are completely isolated by Sn atoms. The surface Pd composition was determined to be 0.5 monolayers (ML). The catalytic properties of this Pd−Sn surface were tested with respect to vinyl acetate (VA) synthesis by ethylene acetoxylation that showed a maximum in the VA formation rate at a...
Race/Ethnicity, Educational Attainment, and Foregone Health Care in the United States in the 2007–2009 Recession

Objectives. This study assessed possible associations between recessions and changes in the magnitude of social disparities in foregone health care, building on previous studies that have linked recessions to lowered health care use.Methods. Data from the 2006 to 2010 waves of the National Health Interview Study were used to examine levels of foregone medical, dental and mental health care and prescribed medications. Differences by race/ethnicity and education were compared before the Great Recession of 2007 to 2009, during the early recession, and later in the recession and in its immediate wake.Results. Foregone care rose for working-aged adults overall in the 2 recessionary periods compared with the pre-recession. For multiple types of pre-recession care, foregoing care was more common for African Americans and Hispanics and less common for Asian Americans than for Whites. Less-educated individuals were more likely to forego all types of care pre-recession. Most disparities in foregone care were stable...
The Urban University Student: A Political Profile.

A survey of University of Pittsburgh student participation in the 1970 election suggests that college students may not exert the independent political influence that many predicted. Pittsburgh students tend to participate within the established party system, to accept traditional party labels (especially the party identity of their parents), and to participate in those (higher-order) political activities usually performed by college-educated adults. Although students may be concerned with effecting programmatic change, radical political activity common to the 1960s is on the want. Our data suggest, further, that the findings and conclusions of the voting studies of the 1950s still apply.
Improved System Integration for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Systems

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems are a promising technology for power generation. They include an air separation unit (ASU), a gasification system, and a gas turbine combined cycle power block, and feature competitive efficiency and lower emissions compared to conventional power generation technology. IGCC systems are not yet in widespread commercial use and opportunities remain to improve system feasibility via improved process integration. A process simulation model was developed for IGCC systems with alternative types of ASU and gas turbine integration. The model is applied to evaluate integration schemes involving nitrogen injection, air extraction, and combinations of both, as well as different ASU pressure levels. The optimal nitrogen injection only case in combination with an elevated pressure ASU had the highest efficiency and power output and approximately the lowest emissions per unit output of all cases considered, and thus is a recommended design option. The optimal combination of air extraction coupled with nitrogen injection had slightly worse efficiency, power output, and emissions than the optimal nitrogen injection only case. Air extraction alone typically produced lower efficiency, lower power output, and higher emissions than all other cases. The recommended nitrogen injection only case is estimated to provide annualized cost savings compared to a nonintegrated design. Process simulation modeling is shown to be a useful tool for evaluation and screening of technology options.
Ethanol-induced structural transitions of DNA on mica

The effect of ethanol on the structure of DNA confined to mica in the presence of Mg2+was examined by varying the ethanol concentration and imaging the DNA by atomic force microscopy. Contour length measurements of the DNA show a transition from all-B-form at 0% ethanol to all-A-form at >25% ethanol. At intermediate ethanol concentrations, contour lengths suggest that individual molecules of air-dried DNA are trapped with mixed compositions of A-form and B-form. The relative composition depends on the ethanol concentration. Fitting the length distributions at intermediate ethanol concentrations to a simple binomial model results in an upper bound estimate for the A-form and B-form domains of approximately 54 bp in the individual molecules. In addition to length changes, the apparent persistence length of DNA decreases with increasing ethanol concentration. At high concentrations of ethanol (>20%), DNA formed several higher order structures, including flower shaped condensates and toroids.
Life's 24-hour clock: molecular control of circadian rhythms in animal cells.

Abstract Our sleep–wake cycles and many other ∼24-hour rhythms of behavior and physiology persist in the absence of environmental cues. Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that such rhythms are controlled by internal molecular clocks. These are assembled from the cycling RNA and protein products of a small group of genes that are conserved throughout the animal kingdom.
Current-Dependent Exchange-Correlation Potential for Dynamical Linear Response Theory.

The frequency-dependent exchange-correlation potential, which appears in the usual Kohn-Sham formulation of a time-dependent linear response problem, is a strongly nonlocal functional of the density, so that a consistent local density approximation generally does not exist. This problem can be avoided by choosing the current density as the basic variable in a generalized Kohn-Sham theory. This theory admits a local approximation which, for fixed frequency, is exact in the limit of slowly varying densities and perturbing potentials.
Women And Clergywomen

Cet article explore l'importance methodologique du recit de vie pour mettre en evidence les questions de genre et d'identite dans les carrieres religieuses. Par dela les approches conventionnelles en termes de succes et de discriminations, les recits de carrieres religieuses feminines, et notamment les conditions d'abandon de carriere, mettent en lumiere une facon moins limitative et plus riche de conjuguer foi et identite, au travers d'engagements multiples
Optimal specialization of a maintenance workforce

This article develops an analytical method for determining an optimal specialization strategy for a maintenance workforce. The method assumes that maintenance tasks are generated by a system of statistically identical machines that experience random malfunctions and require periodic service. The impact of alternative workforce structures on system performance is evaluated with a queueing network model. Markov decision analysis is employed to determine an optimal assignment of maintenance personnel to pending tasks as the network status varies over time. A linear programming algorithm is derived to enable simultaneous optimization of specific assignment decisions and the overall workforce structure. A manufacturing example demonstrates the applicability of the method to many industrial contexts. The method is also applied to the problem of maximizing military aircraft sortie generation subject to a constraint on maintenance personnel expenditure.
Learners with Significant Disabilities Curricular Relevance in an Era of Standards-Based Reform

Standards-based reform is now having a direct impact on students with significant disabilities, as states meet the new requirements in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act for large-scale alternate assessment. This mandate for assessment and accountability of learners with significant disabilities will influence curriculum decision making for years to come. This article examines how states are responding to this requirement and stresses the need for a deliberate process that maintains the current emphasis on achieving meaningful outcomes within the context of inclusive classrooms.
Global and regional trends in COPD mortality, 1990–2010

Between 1990 and 2010, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) moved from the fourth to third most common cause of death worldwide. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease programme we quantified regional changes in the number of COPD deaths and COPD mortality rates between 1990 and 2010. We estimated the proportion of the change that was attributable to gross national income per capita and an index of cumulative smoking exposure, and quantified the difference in mortality rates attributable to demographic changes. Despite a substantial decrease in COPD mortality rates, COPD deaths fell only slightly, from three million in 1990 to 2.8 million in 2010, because the mean age of the population increased. The number of COPD deaths in 2010 would have risen to 5.2 million if the age- and sex-specific mortality rates had remained constant. Changes in smoking led to only a small increase in age- and sex-specific mortality rates, which were strongly associated with changes in gross national income. The increased burden of COPD mortality was mainly driven by changes in age distribution, but age- and sex-specific rates fell as incomes rose. The rapid response to increasing affluence suggests that changes in COPD mortality are not entirely explained by changes in early life.
Perceived validity of computer- versus clinician-generated MMPI reports

Abstract Psychology graduate students and practicing psychologists were asked to rate the accuracy of interpretive reports for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory that were labeled as generated by either a computer or licensed clinician. There was not any difference between the accuracy ratings for computer-generated reports and the ratings for clinician-generated reports, although both groups tended to rate reports that contained a purposefully inaccurate statements as less valid than reports without the inaccurate statement. Also, experienced clinicians tended to perceive reports labeled as computer-generated as less useful and less comprehensive than the same reports labeled as clinician-generated. The results do not support the claim that computer reports may be seen as more credible than is warranted.
FRACTIONAL ORDER LQR FOR OPTIMAL ROBUST CONTROL OF A SIMPLE STRUCTURE

This study combines fractional order control with linear quadratic regulator (LQR) for optimal robust control of a simple civil structure. As a first attempt, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that, when fractional damping is introduced, additional benefits can be obtained over the best traditional control method. The control problem of this paper can be used as a simple benchmark example to test new control ideas before applying to more complicated models.
Diffuse X-Ray Scattering for the Study of Defects in Silicon

X-ray diffuse scattering can be used to study the size, concentration, and nature of lattice defects and defect clusters in crystalline materials. The availability of analytical models and detailed numerical calculations for the “Huang” diffuse scattering close to Bragg reflections and the “asymptotic” diffuse scattering at somewhat larger distances from Bragg reflections has made it possible to carry out detailed analyses of the intensity and angular distribution of the diffuse scattering in terms of specific defect parameters. Accordingly, diffuse scattering has been used to study point defects, dislocation loops, and precipitates in metals, semiconductors, and insulators and has provided information on defect geometries, size distributions, and concentrations. In this paper, the theoretical framework necessary for the interpretation of the “Huang” and “asymptotic” diffuse scattering from defect clusters is presented and examples of diffuse scattering calculations for defects in silicon are given. Diffuse scattering from clustered defects in silicon is discussed in terms of the type of information available from this scattering and the relative merits of diffuse scattering as an investigative tool for defect clusters. Diffuse scattering analysis techniques for the determination of separate size distributions for vacancy and interstitial dislocation loops in silicon are presented and applied to diffuse scattering measurements on neutron irradiated silicon. Dislocation loop densities and sizes determined in the as-irradiated state and after thermal anneals are compared with electron microscopy results.
Normative Assessments of Scholarly Productivity: Moving the Discussion Forward

We respond to the further commentaries on the Stewart, Roberts, and Roy (2007) report. Motivations and methodology of the study are clarified. The critiques are addressed as themes to help advance the scientific process of objectively measuring aspects of clinical psychology training programs, including scholarly productivity. Together, the set of articles magnifies the need for diverse measures of qualities of clinical training.
Adaptive Security and Trust

In this paper we discuss ongoing work in an ambitious DARPA funded effort to develop new ways of achieving cyber security. The broad approach taken by the project is for the network to be self-aware and to self-adapt in order to dodge attacks. After all attempts to avoid attack have been applied, some attacks will still get through. In critical systems, it is not always the best or practical thing to do to shut down the network under attack. In this paper we describe how trust in cyber assets can be modeled and used to support self-adaptive techniques in continuing to operate important computational functions in a network that is actively under attack. The paper, in particular describes the trust modeling system that attempts to maintain a model of trust for networked resources using a combination of two basic ideas: Conditional trust (based on conditional preference (CP-Nets) and the principle of maximum entropy (PME).
The effects of atrial natriuretic factor and angiotensin II on fetal-placental perfusion pressure in the ex vivo cotyledon model

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate pressure changes induced by angiotensin II on placental vasculature pretreated with atrial natriuretic factor. STUDY DESIGN: A dual-perfused cotyledon model was used. Two cytoledons from each placenta were perfused. One cotyledon was infused with atrial natriuretic factor for 30 minutes while the other received an equal volume of saline solution. Three atrial natriuretic factor concentrations were studied: 50 pg/ml, 150 pg/ml, and 15 ng/ml. Both cotyledons received injections of angiotensin II, at the following doses: 1 × 10 −11.5 , 1 × 10 −11 , 1 × 10 −10.5 , and 1 × 10 −10 mol. RESULTS: Cotyledons subjected to 50 pg/ml and 150 pg/ml concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor did not differ in pressure responses to angiotensin II, compared with the saline-infused cotyledons ( p > 0.05). The 15 ng/ml concentration of atrial natriuretic factor, however, decreased the pressor response of angiotensin II ( p CONCLUSIONS: Atrial natriuretic factor decreases vasoconstriction caused by angiotensin II. However, this was seen only at a supraphysiologic concentration. No effect was noted at normal fetal concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor.
MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND AGRIBUSINESS PROFITABILITY: AN ANALYSIS USING POOLED DATA

Abstract Theoretical and empirical insights into the linkages between firm profitability and macroeconomic conditions are developed for nineteen agribusinesses. The hypothesis investigated in this analysis is that firm financial performance is a function of firm specific factors and macroeconomic conditions common to all firms. Seemingly unrelated regression with an unequal number of observations is used to estimate macroeconomic linkages. Empirical results indicate that macroeconomic conditions have differing affects on firm profitability dependent on a firm's financial structure and the market segment in which it operates. Capital intensive industries and highly leveraged firms have higher business risk and are more susceptible to macroeconomic conditions.
Explaining racial disparities in HIV/AIDS incidence among women in the U.S.: A systematic review

Surveillance data indicate that HIV incidence among Black women is more than 20 times that among White women and more than 4 times that among Hispanic women. Several studies have examined HIV risk factors by race/ethnicity including high-risk sex, drug use, inconsistent disclosure of same-sex behavior by male partners, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We formed these risk factors into four hypotheses that attempt to explain the higher incidence of HIV infection among Black women. We further conducted a literature review by searching three online databases for studies published between 1985 and 2006 addressing the four hypotheses. Literature suggests that Black women are no more likely to have unprotected sex, have multiple sexual partners, or use drugs than women of other racial/ethnic groups. However, some studies suggest that Black women are more likely to have risky sex partners and STDs. We also found that Black men are less likely to disclose their same-sex behavior to female partners. These four hypotheses are insufficient in explaining the greater burden of HIV among Black women. Future investigations should continue to explore these and other social and behavioral factors such as poverty, health-care access, and receptivity to prevention messages to explain racial/ethnic disparities in HIV incidence.
Flow in the Wake of a Cascade of Oscillating Airfoils

A study has been made of the amplitude and phase of the vertical osciUations in the wake behind 1) a cascade of airfoils oscillating in phase and 2) a cascade of airfoils at zero incidence with oscillating flaps. It was found that in both cases the amplitude of the flow oscillations in the wake remained approximately constant downstream for the values of frequency parameter and airfoil spacing considered. From the results of some preliminary experimental work it appears that sinusoidal gusts could be reproduced in an open jet wind tunnel fitted with either system, but the second type of airfoil-flap arrangement is preferable in practice. The difficulties resulting from flow separation and early stalling which arise with the first system do not appear until much higher angular amplitudes are used when only the flaps are oscillated.
Combinatorial Topology and Digital Topology

Topology is the study of the equivalence between two general spaces under continuous mappings. Two spaces are called homemorphic if there is an invertible continuous function between them. Triangles or simplexes are used in topological analysis of a space since we want to decompose a complex space into some simpler shapes to better understanding the whole structure of a space. This type of topology is called combinatorial topology. Combinatorial topology is the old name for algebraic topology before the theory of homology was developed.
The Utility of Probabilities in Models: A Reply to Walter's Critical Note

P ROBABILITIES AND MODELS are always tricky, and it is understandable that Professor Walter takes exception to my analysis of three role typologies, appearing in the August, 1965 issue of the Journal. In the first half of his essay he is attacking things I have neither written nor implied. In the second half of his essay he does take a legitimate position, in my view, but it is a position with which I will take issue. In the first half of his essay Walter has argued that two of the three probability parameters in my model do not withstand logical scrutiny.' His criticism is based upon the mistaken assumption that the probabilities were to apply to a series of events. In actuality, the probabilities were constructed to apply to a single event, or a single interaction. I shall try to restate the argument for the two parameters. On a given interaction, the individual with whom a legislator interacts must be either a pressure group leader or some other kind of leader, but not both. Thus if
RADIOLOGICAL EROSIONS IN FROZEN SHOULDER

Erosions of the humeral head can occur in the frozen shoulder, with or without other radiological features. True erosions need to be distinguished from radiographic projectional artefacts. The presence of an erosion does not affect the prognosis adversely.
Biophysical forcing of particle production and distribution during a spring bloom in the North Atlantic

As part of the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment (NABE), CTD/transmissometer profiles were made on two cruises at 47°N, in spring 1989 to quantify thee increase in particles during a phytoplankton bloom in relationship to biophysical forcing factors. Water samples were filtered to obtain particle mass concentrations for calibration of beam attenuation (beam c) from the transmissometer. Shipboard experiments demonstrated that beam c resulted primarily from the concentration of small particles (<20 μm), with little signal coming from the aggregates or dregs that settle to the bottom of water bottles. Profiles of beam attenuation showed a three-fold increase in the surface mixed layer over a 2-week period. Superimposed on this increase were daily variations with evening highs and morning lows. Increases in beam attenuation resulted primarily from increases in particle mass generated through primary production. Some portion of the diel variation may be a physiological response to light. Nighttime decreases could be caused by remineralization, biological consumption and vertical migration, dilution by diurnal increases in the mixed-layer thickness, and large-particle production with subsequent settling (fecal pellets, aggregates). Linear regression of beam attenuation values versus time at multiple depths over the first 2-week period suggested a three-layer system with particle production in the top 50 m, particle loss down to 400 m (most rapid loss between 50 and 200 m) and a slow increase in particles from 400 to 2000 m. Caution is urged, however, in blindly treating the data as time-series measurements of conditions in a homogenous parcel of water, since the ship had to relocate as it followed buoys drogued at different depths drifting in divergent directions in a mesoscle eddy field. Wind mixing, stratification and solar radiation were obvious influences on the rate of particle increase in surface waters. Depth-integration of beam attenuation over 20 and 50 m revealed that the increase in derived particle organic carbon (POC) can account for only about 18–28% of the drawdown of total CO2. Fluxes measured by drifting sediment traps at 150 m can be satisfied by the settling of only 2–4% day−1 of the standing crop in the upper 100 m, but the particles would have to be converted into larger, more rapidly settling particles to be collected effectively in sediment traps. Based on the drawdown of CO2 and the standing crop of particles, significant primary production must have occurred before we arrived on day 115. Our data demonstrate that the transmissometer is an effective optical tool in monitoring the dynamics of particles in surface waters and its signal can be quantitatively related to biological processes in the ocean.
Multiclass credit cardholders’ behaviors classification methods

In credit card portfolio management a major challenge is to classify and predict credit cardholders’ behaviors in a reliable precision because cardholders’ behaviors are rather dynamic in nature. Multiclass classification refers to classify data objects into more than two classes. Many real-life applications require multiclass classification. The purpose of this paper is to compare three multiclass classification approaches: decision tree, Multiple Criteria Mathematical Programming (MCMP), and Hierarchical Method for Support Vector Machines (SVM). While MCMP considers all classes at once, SVM was initially designed for binary classification. It is still an ongoing research issue to extend SVM from two-class classification to multiclass classification and many proposed approaches use hierarchical method. In this paper, we focus on one common hierarchical method – one-against-all classification. We compare the performance of See5, MCMP and SVM one-against-all approach using a real-life credit card dataset. Results show that MCMP achieves better overall accuracies than See5 and one-against-all SVM.
TPS: a time-based positioning scheme for outdoor wireless sensor networks

We present a novel time-based positioning scheme (TPS) for efficient location discovery in outdoor sensor networks. TPS relies on TDoA (time-difference-of-arrival) of RF signals measured locally at a sensor to detect range differences from the sensor to three base stations. These range differences are averaged over multiple beacon intervals before they are combined to estimate the sensor location through trilateration. A nice feature of this positioning scheme is that it is purely localized: sensors independently compute their positions. We present a statistical analysis of the performance of TPS in noisy environments. We also identify possible sources of position errors with suggested measures to mitigate them. Our scheme requires no time synchronization in the network and minimal extra hardware in sensor construction. TPS induces no communication overhead for sensors, as they listen to three beacon signals passively during each beacon interval. The computation overhead is low, as the location detection algorithm involves only simple algebraic operations over scalar values. TPS is not adversely affected by increasing network size or density and thus offers scalability. We conduct extensive simulations to test the performance of TPS when TDoA measurement errors are normally distributed or uniformly distributed. The obtained results show that TPS is an effective scheme for outdoor sensor self-positioning.
Barroom Aggression in Hoboken, New Jersey: Don't Blame the Bouncers!:

Relying on a structured observation guide listing a large number of variables shown to be good predictors of aggression in bars by past researchers, trained observers spent a total of 444 hours collecting data in 25 licensed drinking establishments in Hoboken, New Jersey. Observations took place at two separate time periods, 7:30pm-10:30pm and 11:00pm-2:00am, on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday nights. Logistic regression analyses revealed the absence of bouncers and doormen as the strongest predictor of aggression in Hoboken barrooms. This is a particularly important finding considering the frequency with which bouncers and doormen are vilified in the available research on barroom aggression. Several practical prevention strategies aimed at reducing aggression in bars are proposed. Language: en
The Role of Trust in Customer Relationships: Asking the Right Questions

Takes an in‐depth look at the meaning of trust in customer relationships by drawing from the economics and communications literatures, where researchers distinguish between concepts of trustworthiness and trusting behaviour. Develops a typology of trust based on whether a marketing entity is considered trustworthy and whether a behaviour can be considered trusting, and offers the managerial implications of ideas presented, along with six propositions for future research. The perspective presented here suggests that marketing researchers must first come to terms with the meaning of trust in customer relationships before they can begin to understand its role in more comprehensive, explanatory models of customer behaviour.
The Supreme Court, abortion, and the jurisprudence of class.

The US Supreme Court's decision in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey both protects a woman's liberty to choose to terminate her pregnancy and permits the state to make it more difficult for her to exercise her choice. In their opinion on the case, Justices O'Connor, Kennedy, and Souter eloquently defend constitutional protection of the right to make intimate decisions like continuing or ending a pregnancy. At the same time, they permit the state to try to persuade pregnant women not to have abortions and to make abortion harder to obtain and more costly, as long as the state's methods do not create an "undue burden" on the decision. Any restriction on abortion is a burden; whether it is "undue" (and therefore unconstitutional) depends on one's circumstances. The Court appears to view the difference between an undue burden and mere inconvenience from the perspective of privilege. The restrictions that were upheld may not significantly affect middle-class access to abortion, but they c...
Enacting Ethos, Enacting Health: Realizing Health in the Everyday Life of a California Family of Mexican Descent

Abstract Drawing on a study of dual-earner, middle-class families in Los Angeles, in this article I explore what it means to enact health as part of everyday life for a family of Mexican descent and how enacting health relates to parental talk about health. Based on a conjoint analysis of video recordings and parental interviews, I maintain that a recurring interactional dynamic toward maintaining an emotional atmosphere of individual contentment and harmonious relationships is central to how the family enacts health. Inspired by Bateson's discussion of ethos as part of his efforts to study the “feel” of culture, the analytic framework of enacting ethos is proposed as a way to approach the “feel” of everyday life—an interactive view of emotional atmosphere in situated contexts. For this family, studying health as ensconced in family life reveals the centrality of a socially embedded and relational view of health as “family well-being” that coexists, at times ambivalently, with health construed as an individual level concern. Examples from the video recordings illustrate some of the varied ways that the approach adopted allows for a more nuanced understanding of the microcultural realm of family life.
Integration of Compound Semiconductor Devices and CMOS (CoSMOS) with Die to Wafer Bonding

On the Compound Semiconductor Devices and CMOS (CoSMOS) program, HRL Laboratories, LLC is developing technology for intimate integration of silicon complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor (CMOS) devices with 400 GHz InP heterogeneous bipolar transistor (HBTs) to form complex integrated circuits. This research is investigating innovative microfabrication approaches, including adhesive bonding techniques, for transistor-scale integration of compound semiconductor and silicon-based transistors. We have successfully fabricated large area HBT's on thin (~1 µm) InP epitaxial layers transferred to silicon substrates with a die to wafer bonding process that preserves the growth orientation of the epitaxial layers bonded to the target substrate.
The Pennsylvanian gastropod genera Cyclozyga and Helminthozyga and the classification of the Pseudozygopleuridae

The known occurrences of species of Cyclozyga and Helminthozyga are relatively rare in the Pennsylvanian. Since Knight's (1930) description of Cyclozyga mirabilis, C. carinata and Hel- minthozyga vermicula from the Labette Shale of Missouri, only reports by Elias (1958) describing C. neotenica from the Mississippian of Oklahoma, a questionable form, and Licharew (1970) on Hel- minthozyga sp. and Cyclozyga sp. from the Middle Carboniferous of the Karabolka River region have been made. New species of Helminthozyga, H. undulata n. sp. and H. costellata n. sp. and of Cyclozyga, C. attenuata n. sp. plus an occurrence of C. mirabilis Knight are described from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, extending the known geographic and stratigraphic ranges of these genera. The family Pseudozygopleuridae Knight (1930) illustrates a remarkable consistency in the nature of the protoconch which readily differentiates it from the families Palaeozygopleuridae Horny, Lox- onematidae Koken and Zygopleuridae Wenz. Variation in the protoconchs of pseudozygopleurids is described. Distinction of the protoconch from the teleoconch is visible in most specimens. Licharew's (1970) inclusion of the Palaeozygopleuridae as a synonym of the Pseudozygopleuridae and the erection of the family Cyclozygidae do not appear warranted.
Stem Cells and Nanomaterials

Because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into many cell types, stem cells offer the potential to be used for tissue regeneration and engineering. Much progress has recently been made in our understanding of the biology of stem cells and our ability to manipulate their proliferation and differentiation to obtain functional tissues. Similarly, nanomaterials have been recently developed that will accelerate discovery of mechanisms driving stem cell fate and their utilization in medicine. Nanoparticles have been developed that allow the labeling and tracking of stem cells and their differentiated phenotype within an organism. Nanosurfaces are engineered that mimic the extracellular matrix to which stem cells adhere and migrate. Scaffolds made of functionalized nanofibers can now be used to grow stem cells and regenerate damaged tissues and organs. However, the small scale of nanomaterials induces changes in their chemical and physical properties that might modify their interactions with cells and tissues, and render them toxic to stem cells. Therefore a thorough understanding of stem cell-nanomaterial interactions is still necessary not only to accelerate the success of medical treatments but also to ensure the safety of the tools provided by these novel technologies.