cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystallization of polyethylene terephthalate

A method for following rapid crystallization in polymers using infrared absorption has been devised. The infrared absorption was correlated quantitatively with the density of polyethylene terephthalate for varying degrees of crystallinity and qualitatively with the change in x-ray diffraction pattern on crystallization of this polymer. This technique has been applied to measure the crystallization–time curves of thin films of polyethylene terephthalate at intervals of 10°C. for temperatures between 120 and 240°C. Half-times from these curves show a minimum near 190°C. The temperature dependence of the data is discussed in terms of the Volmer-Becker-Turnbull theory of nucleation in condensed systems. An activation energy of 20 kcal./mole for short-range diffusion of chain segments is obtained from the temperature coefficient of the observed induction time. The data on the kinetics of the crystallization are compared with the results of an analysis of Avrami. A constant, A, was introduced into Avrami's equation to give: A is the limiting volume fraction of crystalline material after a long time and was determined from density measurements. The crystallization was found to follow this equation from 2 through 90% transformation for temperatures from 120 to 180°C. Deviation appeared in the region below 10% transformation at higher temperatures. The value of k was interpreted as indicating plate-like growth at crystallites from 120 to 180°C.
Clinical and experimental aspects of myocardial stunning

Abstract Although the mechanisms involved in stunning remain incompletely defined, it appears that intracellular calcium overload, sarcoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, and the generation of OFR are important components of post-ischemic myocyte dysfunction. It is likely that a variety of mechanisms, some possibly remaining to be elucidated, are operative in the pathogenesis of stunning, and that the contribution of a particular process may be influenced by the model and the method of inducing ischemia. Myocardial stunning has been shown to be prevalent in patients with diverse cardiac diseases. Small clinical trials have suggested that electrocardiography, echocardiography, and radionuclide imaging techniques may be useful in identifying patients with stunned myocardium. In patients with depressed cardiac performance due to stunning, therapy with inotropic agents may recruit the viable but injured myocardium to contract and improve cardiac output in the short term. An important issue that will be addressed over the next decade is whether aggressive therapy aimed at reducing myocardial stunning in stable patients should be attempted. Some authorities have suggested that stunning may represent an adaptive response to limit reperfusion injury, and that interfering with this response may not be beneficial in the long term. Further investigation into the cellular and molecular basis of ischemic injury should provide insight into these and other important aspects of myocardial stunning. Methods of attenuating postischemic ventricular dysfunction that appear convincing in the research laboratory may not translate to clinical benefit when applied to humans.
Corniculate Cell surface protrusions in morphotype II of theBlastocaulis-Planctomyces group of budding and appendaged bacteria

Natural water samples and dilute-peptone enrichment cultures, containing budding and appendaged bacteria assigned to morphotype II of theBlastocaulis-Planctomyces group of nonprosthecately stalked prokaryotes, have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. When stained with 0.5% potassium phosphotungstate, the usual appendages of morphotype II (a flat, multifibrillar, ribbon-like stalk; peritrichous pili; and several cephalotrichous flagella) were observed, as were the crateriform structures found scattered over the surface of the cell. In 1.0% uranyl acetate stains, the crateriform structures were no longer visible; instead, unusual corniculate structures (“cornicula”) protruded at seemingly the same loci. These protrusions whowed a substructure, possibly in a helical arrangement. No definitive origin or function can yet be assigned to these cornicula.
Molecular interactions between fibronectin and integrins during mouse blastocyst outgrowth

To investigate the mechanism of trophoblast adhesion to fibronectin, we cultured blastocysts in serum-free medium on proteolytic fibronectin fragments containing its major functional domains, and localized fibronectin-binding integrins in outgrowing trophoblast cells by immunofluorescent staining. Outgrowth comparable to that obtained with intact fibronectin was observed using a 120 kD chymotryptic fragment containing the central cell-binding domain (FN-120) and the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) recognition sequence. A 40 kD COOH-terminal chymotryptic fragment of fibronectin containing both a heparin-binding region and an alternate (non-RGD) cell-binding site was inactive in supporting trophoblast adhesion. Three synthetic peptides derived from the heparin-binding domain, including the CS1 alternate cell-binding site, were also unable to promote trophoblast cell adhesion. A 75 kD recombinant protein, ProNectin F, containing 13 copies of the cell recognition epitope of fibronectin, Val-Thr-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro-Ala-Ser, vigorously supported blastocyst outgrowth. Blastocyst outgrowth was not significantly different when surfaces were precoated with cellular fibronectin, which contains an alternatively spliced type III repeat and is the form actually encountered in vivo. Several putative fibronectin receptors were localized in trophoblast outgrowths by immunofluorescent labeling. Antibodies reactive with integrin subunits alpha 3, alpha 5, alpha IIb, alpha v, beta 1 and beta 3, but not alpha 4, all bound to trophoblast cells. Antibodies raised against either the beta 1 or beta 3 integrin subunits significantly inhibited fibronectin-mediated outgrowth. These findings demonstrate the key role of the central cell-binding domain of fibronectin in trophoblast adhesion, and suggest four RGD-binding integrins, alpha 3 beta 1, alpha 5 beta 1, alpha IIb beta 3, and alpha v beta 3, that could mediate trophoblast adhesion in vitro and may play an important role during implantation.
Developmental expression of the proenkephalin and prosomatostatin genes in cultured cortical and cerebellar astrocytes.

Abstract Astrocytes were prepared from rats of 4 ages, embryonic day 20, postnatal days 3 and 8, and adult, in order to study the developmental time course of expression on enkephalin and somatostatin (SS). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) content was constant in both cortical and cerebellar astrocytes prepared from all ages. SS mRNA and peptide decreased over this developmental time course in cerebellar astrocytes; the time course of changes in SS mRNA paralleled that for rat cerebellum. Proenkephalin (PE) mRNA increased about 3-fold in cerebellar astrocytes from embryonic day 20 to adult but remained constant in cortical astrocytes; in contrast, PE mRNA showed a 10- to 12-fold increase in rat cerebellum and cortex developmentally. For both cerebellar and cortical astrocytes, free met-enkephalin decreased from embryonic day 20 to adult, whereas total met-enkephalin (measured following trypsin-carboxypeptidase B digestion of the extracts) increased. These results suggest (1) that there is a developmental regulation of the expression of both enkephalin and SS peptides in astrocytes, and (2) that the regulation occurs at the level of transcription for SS but at the level of precursor for PE. Possible trophic functions for astrocyte-derived peptides early in CNS development are discussed.
Effects of chemoattractants on the motility of Escherichia coli.

QUANTITATIVE studies of the chemotactic movements of flagellated bacteria have been reported recently1–5 and various details of the tactic response elicited by spatial gradients of certain sugars and amino acids have been established1–3. It has been shown, for example, that, over small ranges of chemo-attractant concentration, the chemotactic velocity is approximately proportional to the ratio of the gradient divided by the concentration (that is, Fechner's law)1–3. It is also known that response velocity depends on the absolute value of the chemoattractant concentration, increasing with values of attractant concentration up to a certain point (between 10−4 and 10−2 M, depending on the identity of the attractant), but then decreasing markedly at higher concentrations1–3.
The Wings of Braconidae (Hymenoptera)

Various systems of naming have been used for the veins and cells of hymenopterous wings. These fall into two groups; those evolved for use in taxonomy as convenient descriptive terms, and those used to indicate structural homologies.
Differential reactions of men and women to realism, physical damage, and emotionality in violent films

Community college students rated brief segments of violence from films selected to represent a variety of approaches to the depiction of violence. Men and women differed substantially on these sequences, men seeing them as more enjoyable, amusing, realistic, and emotional. Men also showed less inclination to restrict showing of such sequences to children, on television, or by X-rating. While no sex differences appeared in ratings of suffering or overall appraisals of violence, women' enjoyment ratings declined precipitously for the films rated as depicting more suffering, while those of men did not. However, both men and women saw more violence in sequences emphasizing suffering of characters, even when this ran counter to actual physical damage depicted. For men, enjoyment of these violent media excerpts and self-reports of recent physical violence were essentially unrelated, while women showed highly significant positive relations for the two variables. These findings suggest that the dynamics of violence for men and women may be different enough to make differential analysis by sex an especially productive research tactic.
Neo-cortical tests and personal death: a reply to Robert Veatch.

Irreversible coma caused by the destruction of the whole brain has gained wide acceptance as an alternative to the traditional heart/lung approach to defining death. Robert Veatch has proposed an “updating” of the whole brain criteria to allow destruction of the neo-cortex alone to indicate the death of the person. This paper examines Veatch's definition of death, and its application to persons. Veatch's argument that a person is dead when he has irreversibly lost the capacities for conscious experience and social interaction confuses the criteria by which we determine that something is a person with the meaning of being a person. In so doing, it begs an important question: the relationship between the person and his body. Until that issue is resolved, the safer (and therefore morally preferable) course is to use the more stringent whole brain criteria for deciding when death has occurred.
On the Ehresmann–Vanbremeersch Theory and Mathematical Biology

Category theory has been proposed as the ultimate algebraic model for biology. We review the Ehresmann-Vanbremeersch theory in the context of other mathematical approaches.
Simulations between two reconfigurable mesh models

Many reconfigurable mesh-connected architectures have been proposed for high-performance computing. In this paper, we review the characteristics of two reconfigurable mesh-connected computer models RMESH and PARBS and demonstrate the equivalency of the RMESH with 8-connectivity and the PARBS by giving simulations between them.
A prospective study of bone density and pregnancy after an extended period of lactation with bone loss.

Objectives To determine if pregnancy after an extended period of lactation curtails the recovery of maternal bone mineral density. Methods Twenty-five women who fully breastfed their infants for at least 6 months and had a subsequent pregnancy within 18 months of initiating lactation were studied longitudinally. Twenty controls breastfed similarly, but had no subsequent pregnancy. The women were healthy, well-nourished, and between 20–40 years old. Bone mineral density was measured by dual x-ray energy absorptiometry at the spine and hip. Results Both cases and controls lost bone mineral density with extended lactation. The case group had a bone mineral density recovery comparable to the controls. Conclusion: Women with the dual calcium demands of extended lactation and a subsequent pregnancy are not at risk for failure of bone recovery to prelactation levels.
Contact of an Inflated Toroidal Membrane with a Flat Surface as an Approach to the Tire Deflection Problem

Abstract A finite element procedure has been developed for the displacement and stress analysis of a homogeneous and isotropic inner tube mounted on a rim and in contact with a flat surface. The geometric nonlinear effect is accounted for by including the quadratic terms in the strain‐displacement equations. The nonlinear load‐displacement path is predicted by a linear incremental procedure. The procedure is first demonstrated by a large deflection analysis of a strip of a tire (a cable). The results are in good agreement with a known alternative solution. A homogeneous and isotropic inner tube is then pressurized and the displacements and stresses are found. The displacements are also found experimentally. Both results are in good agreement. Finally, the inner tube is mounted on a rim and pressed against a rigid flat surface. The resulting displacements and footprints are also measured experimentally. The computer results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the experiment.
Thematic Mapper bandpass solar exoatmospheric irradiances

Based on solar irradiance data published by Neckel and Labs (1984) and Iqbal (1983), the solar exoatmospheric irradiances for Thematic Mapper (TM) bands 1, 2, 3, and 4 have been calculated. Results vary by up to 1 percent from previous published values, which were based on the earlier data of Neckel and Labs. For TM bands 5 and 7, integrated solar exoatmospheric irradiances have also been recalculated using solar irradiance data published by Labs and Neckel (1968), Arvesen et al. (1969), and Iqbal (1983). These irradiances vary by up to 6 percent from previously published results, which were based on data published by Thekaekara (1972).
A message from NASPE Sport Structures: Domain 5: Teaching and Communication National Standards for Sport Coaches

(2005). A message from NASPE Sport Structures: Domain 5: Teaching and Communication National Standards for Sport Coaches. Strategies: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 14-15.
Cation regulation by the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) during dehydration in air.

Abstract Many terrestrial arthropods display tight osmotic and ionic regulation of the hemolymph during dehydration. In this study, we sought to quantify the level of regulation of the major hemolymph cations in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare (Isopoda, Oniscidea). Inulin space measurements showed that the hemolymph comprises 52 ± 2.2% of the hydrated water content but contributes 71 ± 9.8% of water losses during desiccation. Hemolymph concentrations of Na + , K + and Ca 2+ were measured in variably dehydrated animals using ion-selective microelectrodes and compared with predicted concentrations assuming no regulation. Na + and Ca 2+ are quite tightly regulated, showing respective concentration increases of 20.8% and 7.1% following a 50% reduction in hemolymph volume, but K + showed no measurable regulation. The excreted cation fraction during desiccation is negligible. Sites of ion sequestration were examined by injecting 22 Na and 45 Ca into the hemolymph of hydrated animals and assaying tissue-specific activities following dehydration. Na + is apparently sequestered non-specifically by an unknown mechanism. Ca 2+ accumulates in the dorsal somatic tissues, possibly in the calcium pool of the cuticle. How A. vulgare avoids significant disruptions of E m and neuromuscular function in the absence of K + regulation, and how it sequesters Na + , both pose intriguing challenges for future work.
The effect of naloxone administration on pregnancy-associated seizures

Abstract Pregnant mice are more susceptible to flurothyl-induced seizures than are non-pregnant controls. The possibility that the well-known increase in β-endorphin concentration which accompanies pregnancy was involved in this effect was examined by testing whether naloxone administration could block the increased seizure susceptibility. Pregnant female, control female and male C3H mice were treated with 5–50 mg/kg naloxone 5 min before flurothyl seizure testing. Naloxone markedly increased clonic seizure susceptibility in all three groups at a dose of 50 mg/kg, but had little effect at lower doses. In contrast, naloxone had differential effects on myoclonic seizures in pregnant and control female mice, being anticonvulsant in the controls, but proconvulsant in the pregnant mice. A role for endogenous opiates is unlikely in mediating clonic seizures in pregnant mice, but may be involved in myoclonic seizures.
The Potential Impact of Pharmacogenetic Testing on Medication Adherence

Poor medication adherence is a well-known problem, particularly in patients with chronic conditions, and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality and health-care costs. Multi-faceted and personalized interventions have shown the greatest success. Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing may serve as another tool to boost patients' confidence in the safety and efficacy of prescribed medications. Here, we consider the potential impact (positively or negatively) of PGx testing on medication-taking behavior.
Acute correction of hyponatremia secondary to psychogenic polydipsia.

Summary Background: Psychogenic polydipsia is prevalent amongst psychiatric patients, but less common in the general population. Generally, hyponatremia ensues with complications of cerebral edema resulting in confusion, seizures, coma, and death. Rapid correction of serum sodium levels can lead to further complications of osmotic demyelination of neurons, e.g. central pontine myelinolysis. Case Report: We present a case of a 32-year-old male who presented with seizures while being treated at a drug rehabilitation facility. He was discovered to be hyponatremic secondary to suspected psychogenic polydipsia. The patient impressively responded to treatment of fluid restriction and desmopressin and symptoms improved. Conclusions: Among the causes of hyponatremia, psychogenic polydipsia may be more difficult to diagnose es pecially if an apparent psychiatric condition is not present. Current literature supports cautious correction of hyponatremia to prevent complications. However, rapid corrections may be driven by the physiology of the patient and may not be avoidable. Fortunately, our case illustrates rapid, positive outcomes for the patient.
Modulation of disease by superantigens

Increasing evidence suggests that bacterial and viral superantigens are involved in immune-mediated disease. Studies using an animal model for multiple sclerosis show that superantigens can induce relapses and bring into play autoreactive T cells with restricted usage of T cell receptor V beta families that may be indirectly involved in the initial episode of disease. This may also involve epitope spreading. Superantigens have also been implicated in other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Superantigens encoded by viruses such as mouse mammary tumor virus play an important role in disease progression.
Calculation of Daughter Trajectories

Explicit calculations show that daughter trajectories are very model dependent. It is therefore necessary to be cautious in applying Lorentz symmetry when the energy is not zero.
The Next Epidemic — Lessons from Ebola

As the Ebola epidemic fades from the world's attention, we risk missing the opportunity to learn from it. One key lesson is that the world needs a global warning and response system for outbreaks. Bill Gates sketches a vision for such a system.
Structures of glycophosphosphingolipids of Tritrichomonas foetus: A novel glycophosphosphingolipid

The glycophosphosphingolipids of Tritrichomonas foetus, an aerotolerant parasite of the urogenital tract of cattle, have been characterized by a combination of metabolic labeling, chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry. The acidic glycolipid fraction of T. foetus obtained by DEAE Sephadex A-25 column chromatography was subfractionated by high performance thin layer chromatography and the component lipids were purified by high performance liquid chromatography. Two nonsaponifiable lipid fractions, designated TF1 and TF2, could be metabolically labeled with [3H]myoinositol and [32P]orthophosphate. [3H]Fucose and [14C]ethanolamine were preferentially incorporated into the TF1 fraction. TF1 was partially hydrolyzed by α-fucosidase. Both TF1 and TF2 contain ceramides, the most abundant having either sphinganine or sphingosine and a 16:0 N-acyl group. TF2 contains inositolphosphoceramides. TF1, on the other hand, contains three closely related components, in each of which fucose is linked to inositol diphosphate with one of the phosphates linked to the ceramide moiety and the other phosphate either free or linked to ethanolamine or N-acetylethanolamine. TF1 appears to be a novel class of glycophosphosphingolipid which shows some structural similarities to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of eukaryotic membrane proteins.
Salzburg Under Siege: U.S. Occupation, 1945-1955

Preface Outlook for Austria Early Days in Salzburg City and Province Occupying Zell am See Americans in Fusch and Bruck Taking Over Other Towns Tamsweg and Lungau Restoring Order American Views on Salzburg Austrian Reactions to Americans Whitnah in Salzburg Our Neighbors Assessing the Occupation Bibliography Index
Universalism versus Regionalism in International Organization.

One of the issues likely to become more acute than many others as we move into the period of post-war international reorganization in the next few months is that of regionalism versus universalism. This is the conflict between the view that international organization should proceed upon a regional basis—leaving definition of the proper region or regions aside for the moment—and the view that it should proceed upon a world-wide basis. The partisans of these two views are vigorous in their support, and the problem in itself is extremely important from both a theoretical and a practical standpoint. It has so far not received anything like the attention it deserves. The problem is, of course, not unknown in the national and local spheres of government. Here it is formulated as the question of the proper area of government, or even the ideal size of the state, and this slightly different formulation carries its own implication concerning the treatment of the problem. The issue also arises on the border-line between national and international political problems when the formation of federal unions is under consideration, together with the question of the proper allocation of powers to the central government. We shall later draw upon experience in all of these matters for aid in solving our own problem.
Endothelial progenitor cell infusion induces hematopoietic stem cell reconstitution in vivo.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in association with bone marrow (BM) sinusoidal vessels in vivo, but the function of BM endothelial cells (ECs) in regulating hematopoiesis is unclear. We hypothesized that hematopoietic regeneration following injury is regulated by BM ECs. BALB/c mice were treated with total body irradiation (TBI) and then infused with C57Bl6-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to augment endogenous BM EC activity. TBI caused pronounced disruption of the BM vasculature, BM hypocellularity, ablation of HSCs, and pancytopenia in control mice, whereas irradiated, EPC-treated mice displayed accelerated recovery of BM sinusoidal vessels, BM cellularity, peripheral blood white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, and platelets, and a 4.4-fold increase in BM HSCs. Systemic administration of anti–VE-cadherin antibody significantly delayed hematologic recovery in both EPC-treated mice and irradiated, non–EPC-treated mice compared with irradiated controls. These data demonstrate that allogeneic EPC infusions can augment hematopoiesis and suggest a relationship between BM microvascular recovery and hematopoietic reconstitution in vivo.
Flavor and spin contents of the nucleon in the quark model with chiral symmetry.

A simple calculation in the framework of the chiral quark theory of Manohar and Georgi yields results that can account for many of the ``failures'' of the naive quark model: significant strange quark content in the nucleon as indicated by the value of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}N}$, the $\overline{u}\ensuremath{-}\overline{d}$ a symmetry in the nucleon as measured by the deviation from the Gottfried sum rule and by the Drell-Yan process, as well as the various quark contributions to the nucleon spin as measured by deep inelastic polarized lepton-nucleon scattering.
Theoretical model for annular flow condensation in rectangular micro-channels

Abstract This study examines the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of annular condensation in rectangular micro-channels with three-sided cooling walls. A theoretical control-volume-based model is proposed based on the assumptions of smooth interface between the annular liquid film and vapor core, and uniform film thickness around the channel’s circumference. Mass and momentum conservation are applied to control volumes encompassing the liquid film and the vapor core separately. The model accounts for interfacial suppression of turbulent eddies due to surface tension with the aid of a new eddy diffusivity model specifically tailored to shear-driven turbulent films. The model predictions are compared with experimental pressure drop and heat transfer data for annular condensation of FC-72 along 1 × 1 mm 2 parallel channels. The condensation is achieved by rejecting heat to a counterflow of water. The data span FC-72 mass velocities of 248–367 kg/m 2 s, saturation temperatures of 57.8–62.3 °C, qualities of 0.23–1.0, and water mass flow rates of 3–6 g/s. The data are also compared to predictions of previous separated flow mini/micro-channel and macro-channel correlations. While some of the previous correlations do provide good predictions of the average heat transfer coefficient, they fail to capture axial variation of the local heat transfer coefficient along the channel. The new model accurately captures the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient data in both magnitude and trend, evidenced by mean absolute error values of 3.6% and 9.3%, respectively.
Tremor source location using time reversal: Selecting the appropriate imaging field

[1] Studying triggered Non Volcanic Tremor (NVT) is important because it may help to map the depth of the locked zones of faults associated with high seismic risk. The success of this mapping depends on precisely locating the depth of tremor. Tremor, like other long-lived signals (e.g., Earth hum) lacks distinct sharp timing features making it impossible to locate with classical approaches. Time Reversal has the advantage of exploiting the full waveform with no a priori assumption regarding the source or the observed signal. We perform a synthetic study of time reversal location of a long-lasting source in the Los Angeles basin with a realistic 3D velocity model and sparse station set. We show that, the key to successfully locating NVT, is application of suitable imaging fields, such as the wave divergence, curl and energy current.
Snapping of a shallow sinusoidal arch under a step pressure load.

The snapping of a shallow, simply supported sinusoidal arch subject to a sinusoidally distributed step pressure load is studied over a range of arch geometries. Critical pressure loads are determined by numerical integration of the equations of motion and by an infinitesimal stability analysis. The results of the two methods are compared and the sources of disagreement discussed. The study reveals two distinct mechanisms of initiation of the snapping process. These mechanisms, which are referred to as "direct" snapping and "indirect" (or "parametrically induced") snapping, respectively, control the phenomenon for particular ranges of the arch geometry.
White star in the black sea: an unusual stone associated with ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

1Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA; and 2Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA Correspondence: K Kiryluk, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Division of Nephrology, 622 West 168th Street, PH4 Stem, Room 124, New York, New York 10032, USA. E-mail: kk473@columbia.edu
Analysis of the symmetric center-fed V-dipole antenna

A wire antenna moment method using piecewise sinusoidal expansion and testing functions is used to obtain properties of a symmetric center-fed V -dipole antenna driven by a slice generator. The impedance, admittance, current distribution, radiation patterns in the dipole plane, and other properties are computed as functions of the parameters 0 , 100 \leq h/a \leq 20 000 , and 30\deg \leq \psi \leq 180\deg , where h = arm length, \lambda = free space wavelength, a = wire radius, and \psi = apex angle. The results are checked with experiment and compared with similar results previously reported for the linear dipole. It is shown that 1) omnidirectional patterns over a wide bandwidth are achieved for \psi \leq 90\deg , but at the expense of reduced resonant radiation resistance and reduced bandwidth, insofar as the impedance is concerned, 2) for \psi less than about 75\deg-80\deg , lowest resonant length \geq \lambda/4 and increases as h/a decreases, and 3) lowest antiresonant length for \psi > 30\deg is within 0.01\lambda of that for a linear dipole with the same h/a .
Socially mediated plasticity in call timing in the gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor

Call timing is an important component of the behavioral repertoire of many chorusing species that compete acoustically for mates. The costs and benefits of particular call-timing patterns may vary with factors in the social environment, yet few studies have examined the possibility of socially mediated plasticity in call timing. We studied the effects of competition on advertisement-call timing in the gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor, by manipulating intermale distances in staged interactions. We measured phase angles and the proportion of calls that overlapped as interacting pairs of males were moved closer to one another, simulating an increase in acoustic competition. We observed a shift in phase angle resulting in substantially higher levels of overlap as males were moved so that they were calling at extremely close range. At close range, males often engage in intense agonistic contests over the calling space and we found that call timing may play a role in these interactions. Although there were not major differences in the call-timing behavior of winners and losers of contests, we suggest that call overlap may be a general signal of aggressive motivation. Changes in call timing with changes in intermale distance may, therefore, be related to changes in the intended audience as competition escalates. Key wor ds: aggressive signal, anuran, call timing, competition, overlap. [Behav Ecol]
Antenna Design With a Mixed Integer Genetic Algorithm

Antenna design variables, such as size, have continuous values while others, such as permittivity, have a finite number of values. Having both variable types in one problem requires a mixed integer optimization algorithm. This paper describes a genetic algorithm (GA) that works with real and/or binary values in the same chromosome. The algorithm is demonstrated on designing low side-lobe phase tapers, circularly polarized patch antennas, and identically thinned subarrays
Intellectual Property, Architecture, and the Management of Technological Transitions: Evidence from Microsoft Corporation

Many studies highlight the challenges facing incumbent firms in responding effectively to major technological transitions. Though some authors argue that these challenges can be overcome by firms possessing what have been called dynamic capabilities, little work has described in detail the critical resources that these capabilities leverage or the processes through which these resources accumulate and evolve. This paper explores these issues through an in-depth exploratory case study of one firm that has demonstrated consistently strong performance in an industry that is highly dynamic and uncertain. The focus for the present study is Microsoft, the leading firm in the software industry. The focus on Microsoft is motivated by providing evidence that the firm's product performance has been consistently strong over a period of time in which there have been several major technological transitions—one indicator that a firm possesses dynamic capabilities. This argument is supported by showing that Microsoft's performance when developing new products in response to one of these transitions—the growth of the World Wide Web—was superior to a sample of both incumbents and new entrants. Qualitative data are presented on the roots of Microsoft's dynamic capabilities, focusing on the way that the firm develops, stores, and evolves its intellectual property. Specifically, Microsoft codifies knowledge in the form of software “components,” which can be leveraged across multiple product lines over time and accessed by firms developing complementary products. The present paper argues that the process of componentization, the component “libraries” that result, the architectural frameworks that define how these components interact, and the processes through which these components are evolved to address environmental changes represent critical resources that enable the firm to respond to major technological transitions. These arguments are illustrated by describing Microsoft's response to two major technological transitions.
An Early Maritime Biface Technology at Daisy Cave, San Miguel Island, California: Reflections on Sample Size, Site Function, and Other Issues:

In North American archaeology, the study of distinctive biface technologies has been critical to understanding early migrations, adaptations, and interactions—from Clovis and other fluted points, to stemmed or leaf-shaped points of the Far West, and the wide variety of point types that mark later time periods. In most terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene sites of coastal California, points and other bifaces are relatively uncommon and crude, a pattern sometimes attributed to a heavy economic focus on shellfish and plant food gathering. At Daisy Cave on San Miguel Island, stratigraphically-controlled excavations during the 1990s recovered a small assemblage of bifaces that seemed to fit this general pattern. Recent data suggest, however, that a sophisticated maritime hunting technology existed on the Northern Channel Islands during the terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene. In this article, we describe the bifaces recovered from Paleocoastal (~10,200 to 8500 cal BP) strata at Daisy Cave, then discuss site function, small sample size, and other issues that can limit the interpretation of ancient technologies and cultural-historical relationships. The result is a cautionary tale about interpreting small assemblages of projectile points and bifaces from early Pacific Coast sites, where sea level rise and coastal erosion already pose significant interpretive problems. 145
Mobility Within the Nucleus and Neighboring Cytosol Is a Key Feature of Prothymosin-α:

Prothymosin α is a small, unfolded, negatively charged, poorly antigenic mammalian protein with a potent nuclear localization signal. Although it is apparently essential for growth, its precise function is unknown. We examined the location and behavior of the protein bearing different epitope tags using in situ immunolocalization in COS-1 and NIH3T3 cells. Tagged prothymosin α appeared to be punctate and widely dispersed throughout the nucleus, with the exception of the nucleolus. A tiny cytoplasmic component, which persisted in the presence of cycloheximide and actinomycin D during interphase, became pronounced immediately before, during, and after mitosis. When nuclear uptake was abrogated, small tagged prothymosin α molecules, but not prothymosin α fused to β-galactosidase, accumulated significantly in the cytoplasm. Tagged prothymosin α shared domains with mobile proteins such as Ran, transportin, and karyopherin β, which also traverse the nuclear membrane, and co-localized with active RNA polymerase ...
Role of MGST1 in reactive intermediate-induced injury

Microsomal glutathione transferase (MGST1, EC 2.5.1.18) is a membrane bound glutathione transferase extensively studied for its ability to detoxify reactive intermediates, including metabolic electrophile intermediates and lipophilic hydroperoxides through its glutathione dependent transferase and peroxidase activities. It is expressed in high amounts in the liver, located both in the endoplasmic reticulum and the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. This enzyme is activated by oxidative stress. Binding of GSH and modification of cysteine 49 (the oxidative stress sensor) has been shown to increase activation and induce conformational changes in the enzyme. These changes have either been shown to enhance the protective effect ascribed to this enzyme or have been shown to contribute to cell death through mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation. The purpose of this review is to elucidate how one enzyme found in two places in the cell subjected to the same conditions of oxidative stress could both help protect against and contribute to reactive oxygen species-induced liver injury.
Population Trends of Breeding Birds on the Edwards Plateau, Texas: Local Versus Regional Patterns

Abstract I compared population trends of 32 species of shrubland and woodland birds generated from 10 years (1995–2004) of point counts on Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas, with trend data for the same species and time period generated by the Breeding Bird Survey for the entire Edwards Plateau region of Texas. Regardless of scale, most (>90%) species exhibited acceptable population trajectories (i.e., stable or increasing trends). Trend directions were the same at local and regional scales for the majority (62.5%) of species despite differences in land use and management at local and regional scales. Most trend differences were attributable to stable populations on Fort Hood while populations increased on the Edwards Plateau, or vice versa. Stable or increasing population trends for most of the species I examined likely are related to continued or increased availability of woody habitat. Only two species, ladder-backed woodpecker (Picoides scalaris) and field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), exhibited dec...
A Lagrangean relaxation algorithm for the constrained matrix problem

We present variants of a convergent Lagrangean relaxation algorithm for minimizing a strictly convex separable quadratic function over a transportation polytope. The algorithm alternately solves two “subproblems,” each of which has an objective function that is defined by using Lagrange multipliers derived from the other. Motivated by the natural separation of the subproblems into independent and very easily solved “subsubproblems,” the algorithm can be interpreted as the cyclic coordinate ascent method applied to the dual problem. We exhibit our computational results for different implementations of the algorithm applied to a set of large constrained matrix problems.
The privacy cost of the second-chance offer

This paper examines a generalization of a two-stage game common on eBay: an ascending-price auction followed by price discrimination (the second chance offer). High bids in the auction lead to high price offers during price discrimination, and a financial disadvantage in the second stage. The disadvantage depends on (a) the amount of information revealed to the seller in the first stage, and hence the extent of privacy protection provided and (b) whether the bidder is non-strategic (ignores the possibility of price discrimination) or rational. A privacy cost of one mechanism over another is defined and studied.For the non-strategic bidder, the second chance offer provides a zero payoff. Addition of privacy protection (anonymity and bid secrecy) decreases revenue and increases expected payoff, with higher bidders benefiting more. Privacy protection can, however, decrease an individual bidder's payoff by shielding potential buyers from the seller and thus causing an opportunity loss.If the bidder is rational, price discrimination results in a lower revenue than consecutive auctions, and is a bad strategy for the seller. Additionally, rational behavior provides more advantage to the bidder than does anonymity protection.
Proactive, reactive, and romantic relational aggression in adulthood: measurement, predictive validity, gender differences, and association with Intermittent Explosive Disorder.

The psychometric properties of a recently introduced adult self-report of relational aggression are presented. Specifically, the predictive utility of proactive and reactive peer-directed relational aggression, as well as romantic relational aggression, are explored in a large (N = 1387) study of adults. The measure had adequate reliability and validity and the subscales demonstrated unique predictive abilities for a number of dependent variables. In particular, reactive but not proactive relational aggression was uniquely associated with history of abuse, hostile attribution biases, and feelings of distress regarding relational provocation situations. Reactive relational aggression was also more strongly related to anger and hostility than proactive aggression. In addition, relational aggression in the context of romantic relationships was uniquely related to anger, hostility, impulsivity, history of abuse, hostile attribution biases, and emotional sensitivity to relational provocations, even when controlling for peer-directed relational aggression. Gender differences in overall levels of relational aggression were not observed; however, males were most likely to engage in peer-directed proactive and reactive relational aggression whereas females were most likely to engage in romantic relational aggression. In a second study (N = 150), relational aggression was higher in a sample of adults with Intermittent Explosive Disorder than in a sample of healthy controls or psychiatric controls. The findings highlight the importance of assessing subtypes of relational aggression in adult samples. Ways in which this measure may extend research in psychology and psychiatry are discussed.
Immunogenic endotoxin associated protein from a rough strain of Salmonella.

A multimolecular complex of polypeptides found associated with the lipopolysaccharide endotoxin in Salmonella, reffered to as endotoxin-associated protein (EP), has been extracted from a rough strain of Salmonella typhimurium which does not synthesize 0 antigens. Since standard methods of extraction applicable to smooth strains of Salmonella were not successful for this rough strain, two modified procedures were developed. The resulting products were similar to smooth EP in terms of their biochemical, physical and mitogenic properties. When the immunogenicity of the rough EP was characterized by a protection assay in mice challenged with virulent Salmonella, it was found that the rough EP preparations were protective; however, they were not as active as the EP from a smooth strain of S. typhimurium.
Processing speed in children with clinical disorders

The Processing Speed Index (PSI) was first introduced on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale, Third Edition (WISC-III; D. Wechsler, 1991), and little is known about its clinical significance. In a referred sample (N = 980), children with neurological disorders (ADHD, autism, bipolar disorder, and LD) had mean PSI and Freedom from Distractibility Index (FDI) scores that were below the group mean IQ and lower than Verbal Comprehension (VCI) and Perceptual Organization (POI). For these groups, Coding was lower than Symbol Search. The majority of these children had learning, attention, writing, and processing speed weaknesses. This pattern was not found in the other clinical groups. For children with depression, only PSI was low. Children with anxiety disorders, oppositional-defiant disorder, and mental retardation had no PSI weakness. PSI and POI were both low in children with traumatic brain injury and spina bifida. Implications for a revision of the WISC-III (WISC-IV; D. Wechsler, 2003) are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 333–343, 2005.
Parameter variation and part-load efficiencies of wave energy conversion

There are growing provisions to include ocean wave energy as an alternate renewable energy source. There are also several challenges that need to be addressed before the technology gains full engineering and market confidence. One of the main technical hurdles is the need to address part-load problems of wave energy converters resulting from bathymetric conditions and variations in wave parameters such as wave frequency and height. As such, the wave phenomenon is inherently variable in time and space. This is compounded by the fact that wave energy conversion devices are less efficient at part load. This paper discusses sources of part loads in wave energy conversion including their impact on system efficiency for a California weather scenario, also relating wave energy conversion techniques to part-load efficiencies.
The design of multiplierless digital data transmission filters with powers-of-two coefficients

An efficient search technique is presented for the design of FIR (finite impulse response) digital transmit and receive matched filters whose coefficients are represented by sums and/or differences of powers-of-two. These filters are ideally suited for custom VLSI implementation since power-of-two multipliers are obtained for free in a dedicated hardware implementation. Thus only a few adders or subtracters are required for each tap of the filter, and therefore fairly high-order filters can be implemented on a single VLSI chip. Due to their very simple structure these multiplierless filters could potentially operate at very high sampling rates to accommodate baud rates in the microwave digital radio range. >
Environmental control of ovarian dormancy in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster from Australia, Europe and North America enter an adult ovarian dormancy in response to short days and low temperatures. The independent effects of temperature and day length in the determination of dormancy have been examined only in one long-established laboratory line (Canton-S). In all other studies of natural or laboratory populations, dormancy has been assessed at either a single short day or a single moderately low temperature. Herein, we determine the relative roles of temperature, photoperiod, and their interaction in the control of ovarian dormancy in D. melanogaster from two natural populations representing latitudinal extremes in eastern North America (Florida at 27°N and Maine at 44°N). In both natural populations, temperature is the main determinant of dormancy, alone explaining 67% of the total variation among replicate isofemale lines, whereas photoperiod has no significant effect. We conclude that ovarian dormancy in D. melanogaster is a temperature-initiated syndrome of winter-tolerant traits that represents an adaptive phenotypic plasticity in temperate seasonal environments.