cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive canonicalization of natural language queries using semantic strata

Natural language search relies strongly on perceiving semantics in a query sentence. Semantics is captured by the relationship among the query words, represented as a network (graph). Such a network of words can be fed into larger ontologies, like DBpedia or Google Knowledge Graph, where they appear as subgraphs— fashioning the name subnetworks (subnets). Thus, subnet is a canonical form for interfacing a natural language query to a graph database and is an integral step for graph-based searching. In this article, we present a novel standalone NLP technique that leverages the cognitive psychology notion of semantic strata for semantic subnetwork extraction from natural language queries. The cognitive model describes some of the fundamental structures employed by the human cognition to construct semantic information in the brain, called semantic strata. We propose a computational model based on conditional random fields to capture the cognitive abstraction provided by semantic strata, facilitating cognitive canonicalization of the query. Our results, conducted on approximately 5000 queries, suggest that the cognitive canonicals based on semantic strata are capable of significantly improving parsing and role labeling performance beyond pure lexical approaches, such as parts-of-speech based techniques. We also find that cognitive canonicalized subnets are more semantically coherent compared to syntax trees when explored in graph ontologies like DBpedia and improve ranking of retrieved documents.
The role of ecomorphological studies in the comparative biology of fishes

The goal of an ecomorphological study is to understand the interactions between the morphology of organisms and their ecology. Both the morphology and the ecology presented by an organism are directly or indirectly under the influence of the environmental conditions that the organism experiences and its heritable composition. The development and interpretation of the central element of ecomorphological studies, the comparison between patterns of variation of morphological and ecological characters, depends heavily on the mechanistic framework provided by functional morphological and biomechanical studies. The cause-and-effect hypotheses derived from this comparison can be tested with performance trials. Ecomorphology forms an integral part of comparative biology, along with ecophysiology, behavioral ecology, and evolutionary ecology. Current issues in ecomorphological research that are addressed in this volume include application of a more functional approach to the choice of characters, integration of morphological, behavioral, and physiological information to address adaptation, and the expansion of spatial and temporal (ontogenetic and evolutionary) scales of ecomorphological questions. Future directions for Ecomorphology include broadening the knowledge base, further integration of information from other disciplines, examination of the role of environmental and genetic factors in producing and maintaining ecological and morphological diversity, and application of ecomorphological insights to questions of community structure.
Cloning and mapping of the SPO1 genome.

Abstract Many of the Xba I, Eco RI * , Kpn l, and Bgl II fragments of bacteriophage SPO1, accounting for about 65% of the genomic sequences, were cloned in Bacillus subtilis . Four of the Eco RI * fragments were specifically refractory to cloning in both Escherichia coli and B. subtilis , probably because of expression of deleterious genes carried on the SPO1 fragments. To permit complete identification of the regions cloned, the SPO1 restriction map has been extended to include the Xba l fragments and the previously unmapped Kpn I fragments. Markers for 26 of the 39 known genes have been located on specific cloned fragments, permitting more precise determination of the positions of most of the genes. One cloned SPO1 fragment was inhibitory to SPO1 development.
Bacterial fingerprinting by flow cytometry: Bacterial species discrimination

Background: A flow cytometric measurement (FCM) technique has been developed to size DNA fragments. Individual fragments of a restriction digest of genomic DNA, stained with an intercalating dye, are passed through an ultrasensitive cytometer. The measured fluorescence intensity from each fragment is proportional to the fragment length. Methods: The isolation of bacterial genomic DNA and digestion by restriction enzymes were performed inside an agarose plug. Rare cutting enzymes were employed to produce a manageable number of DNA fragments. Electroelution was used to move the DNA fragments from the agarose plug into a solution containing polyamines to protect the DNA from shear-induced breakage. The DNA was stained with the bisintercalating dye thiazole orange homodimer and introduced into our ultrasensitive flow cytometer. A histogram of the fluorescence intensities (fingerprint) was constructed. Results: Gram-positive Bacillus globigii and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Erwinia herbicola were distinguished by the fingerprint pattern of restriction fragments of their genomic DNA. DNA sizes determined by FCM are in good agreement with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Flow cytometry requires only picogram quantities of purified DNA and takes less than 10 min for data collection and analysis. When the total sample preparation time is included, the analysis times for PFGE and FCM are similar (≈3 days). Conclusions: FCM is an attractive technique for the identification of bacterial species. It is more sensitive and potentially much faster than PFGE. Cytometry 36:324–332, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phase transitions and confinement in the Abelian Higgs model

A lattice version of the Abelian Higgs model is studied in arbitrary Euclidean dimension. Two different representations of the theory, one in terms of the Higgs and gauge fields and the other in terms of the topological excitations, are used to understand what phases exist for the system. In addition to limiting cases there is, in two dimensions, a plasma phase of vortex excitations. The vortices (instantons) in this phase cause confinement (in the sense of Wilson) of fractional, but not integer, charges. In three and more dimensions, there is a plasma phase similar to the one in two dimensions as well as another phase which does not confine any charge. We argue that the confinement due to topological excitations in the plasma phase has the same physical basis as the usual large-coupling-constant (high temperature) confinement of the lattice gauge theory. Effects of a background field in two dimensions are also described.
Insecticidal properties of monoterpenoid derivatives to the house fly (diptera: Muscidae) and red flour beetle (coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Monoterpenoid derivatives were synthesized and their insecticidal activities were evaluated against red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), in fumigant bioassays and against house flies Musca domestica (L.) in topical, fumigant, and ovicidal bioassays. Acetate derivatives and haloacetate derivatives were compared with each other, and with the parent monoterpenoid to determine structure-activity relationships. Acetate derivatives were more active than the propionate derivatives of cyclic monoterpenoids in the topical, fumigant, and ovicidal bioassays. Pivalates were topically more insecticidal than acetates to adult house flies, while the acetates had the greater ovicidal activity. Acetates and pivalates were more effective than haloacetates in the topical, red flour beetle fumigation and ovicidal bioassays. Fluoroacetates of cyclic monoterpenoids were the most effective house fly fumigants, followed by acetates, and trichloroacetates. Several derivatives were produced that displayed enhanced activity relative to the parent alcohols or phenols.
Effects of γ-hydroxybutyric acid and flunitrazepam on ethanol intake in male rats

Both gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and flunitrazepam are often used illicitly in combination with ethanol. Nevertheless, the effects that these and other drugs of abuse have on the reinforcing effects of ethanol remain inconclusive. To test the effects of GHB and flunitrazepam on contingent ethanol intake, twelve male Long-Evans rats were trained to orally consume ethanol using a saccharin-fading procedure. After training, all animals preferentially consumed ethanol instead of water at each of five ethanol concentrations (0-32%) when tested with a two-bottle preference test in the homecage. Animals then received a noncontingent dose of ethanol (0.32, 0.56, 1, and 1.33 g/kg), flunitrazepam (0.032, 0.1, and 0.32 mg/kg), or GHB (100, 180, 320, and 560 mg/kg) prior to each subject's daily access to ethanol (18% v/v). Noncontingent doses of ethanol decreased ethanol intake, however, the subjects consumed enough ethanol to maintain a consistent total ethanol dose in g/kg. Flunitrazepam did not affect ethanol intake at any dose tested, whereas GHB only affected intake at the highest dose (560 mg/kg), a dose that also produced sedation. These data suggest that there are perceptible or qualitative differences between GHB, flunitrazepam, and ethanol in terms of their capacity for modulating oral ethanol intake in outbred rats.
The fracture characteristics of a superplastic single phase copper alloy

A superplastic single phase copper alloy exhibits a sigmoidal relationship between strain rate and stress at 823 K, dividing the behaviour into three regions. Maximum elongation to fracture (∼380%) occurs at intermediate strain rates at the lower end of region II, and there is a decrease in total elongation at both low (region I) and high (region III) strain rates. No necking is observed in regions I and II, and there is only very slight necking in region III. Internal cavities are formed at all strain rates, but the appearance of the cavities depends critically on the imposed strain rate. At high strain rates, the cavities are small and lie in strings parallel to the tensile axis; but as the strain rate is reduced the cavities become larger, more rounded, and essentially randomly distributed. The mode of failure is ductile rupture in region III, but void growth and interlinkage become increasingly important with decreasing strain rate.
Energy's challenge to aerospace

NASA's substantive involvement in energy R and D suggests that the aerospace industry as a whole is equally well placed to enter the field. This industry has demonstrated its ability to tackle sophisticated, technological developments. Moreover, aerospace processes a large stock of well-equipped laboratories and plant facilities staffed by experienced personnel; it has long been at the cutting edge of technological development; it has demonstrated an extraordinary ability to gather, organize, and disseminate vast amounts of data; and it is accustomed to dealing with government procurement and associated complex regulations. There are, moreover, three strong economic incentives for the aerospace industry to direct its skills to the energy field. First, the industry's relatively poor return on investment over the last decade points to the need for diversification. Second, as already indicated, the potential size of the energy market is attractive. And third, the rising cost, coupled with the declining availability, of conventional energy resources provide a clear incentive for the vigorous pursuit of fuel efficiency.
Serotonergic projection from nucleus raphe pallidus to rostral ventrolateral medulla modulates cardiovascular reflex responses during acupuncture.

We have demonstrated that stimulation of somatic afferents during electroacupuncture (EA) inhibits sympathoexcitatory cardiovascular rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) neurons and reflex responses. Furthermore, EA at P5-P6 acupoints over the median nerve on the forelimb activate serotonin (5-HT)-containing neurons in the nucleus raphe pallidus (NRP). The present study, therefore, examined the role of the NRP and its synaptic input to neurons in the rVLM during the modulatory influence of EA. Since serotonergic neurons in the NRP project to the rVLM, we hypothesized that the NRP facilitates EA inhibition of the cardiovascular sympathoexcitatory reflex response through activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the rVLM. Animals were anesthetized and ventilated, and heart rate and blood pressure were monitored. We then inserted microinjection and recording electrodes in the rVLM and NRP. Application of bradykinin (10 μg/ml) on the gallbladder every 10 min induced consistent excitatory cardiovascular reflex responses. Stimulation with EA at P5-P6 acupoints reduced the increase in blood pressure from 41 ± 4 to 22 ± 4 mmHg for more than 70 min. Inactivation of NRP with 50 nl of kainic acid (1 mM) reversed the EA-related inhibition of the cardiovascular reflex response. Similarly, blockade of 5-HT1A receptors with the antagonist WAY-100635 (1 mM, 75 nl) microinjected into the rVLM reversed the EA-evoked inhibition. In the absence of EA, NRP microinjection of dl-homocysteic acid (4 nM, 50 nl), to mimic EA, reduced the cardiovascular and rVLM neuronal excitatory reflex response during stimulation of the gallbladder and splanchnic nerve, respectively. Blockade of 5-HT1A receptors in the rVLM reversed the NRP dl-homocysteic acid inhibition of the cardiovascular and neuronal reflex responses. Thus activation of the NRP, through a mechanism involving serotonergic neurons and 5-HT1A receptors in the rVLM during somatic stimulation with EA, attenuates sympathoexcitatory cardiovascular reflexes.
Deterministically isolated gratings through the directed self-assembly of block copolymers

Pattern customization is a necessary requirement to achieve circuit-relevant patterns using block copolymer directed self-assembly (DSA), but the edge-placement error associated with customization steps after DSA is anticipated to be at the scale of the pattern features, particularly as a result of overlay error. Here we present a new self-aligned approach to the customization of line-space patterns fabricated through chemical epitaxy. A partially inorganic chemical pattern contains a prepattern with pinning lines and non-guiding “blockout” features to which the block copolymer domains are aligned. Pattern transfer results in a line-space pattern with self-aligned customizations directly determined by the prepattern. In the transferred pattern, pinning lines determine the placement of single-line gaps while blockout features determine the placement and size of perpendicular trim across lines. By using designed two-dimensional chemical patterns, this self-aligned, bidirectional customization scheme enables the fabrication of high-resolution circuit-relevant patterns with fewer trim/exposure steps.
Urinary incontinence management with electronic stimulation of muscles of pelvic floor

The evolution of the management of incontinence with electronic techniques is reviewed. Seven patients with urinary incontinence due to various causes were treated with external stimulators connected to intra-anal plug electrodes. One cure, 2 controls, 3 improvements, and 1 failure were noted. There are encouraging signs in the management of incontinence following closure of bladder exstrophy.
Large Area Double Scattering Telescope for Balloon-Borne Studies of Neutrons and Gamma Rays

A large area (1 m × 1 m) double scattering telescope1 for balloon-borne research will be described here. It measures the flux, energy and direction of 2-100 MeV neutrons and 0.5-30 MeV gamma rays. These measurements are made using time-of-flight and pulse height analysis techniques with two large tanks of mineral oil liquid scintillator. Results from Monte Carlo calculations of the efficiency, energy resolution and angular resolution are presented and the electronics implementation for the processing of 80 photomultiplier tubes signals will be discussed. The detector weighs 800 kg with a large part of this weight being the liquid scintillator (320 kg). It will be flown at 3 mbars for flight durations up to 40 hours. The first flight is planned for Spring, 1975.
Metabolism of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and its relationship to toxicity☆

2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE), the toxic metabolite of the anesthetic agent fluoroxene, is further metabolized to trifluoroacetic acid, which accumulated to maximum serum concentrations 16 to 24 hr after TFE administration to rats. To determine how the metabolic pathways of TFE are related to its toxicity, male Wistar rats were pretreated with various metabolic inhibitors and inducers of cytochrome P-450 metabolism, and TFE toxicity and metabolism were assessed. Pyrazole, disulfiram, isoniazid, diethyldithiocarbamate, and 2-allyl-2-isopropyl-acetamide pretreatment significantly decreased the in vivo metabolism of TFE by 53-100% and decreased the toxicity (as assessed by mortality and leukocyte count alterations). Ethanol induction of rats increased metabolism of TFE by 65% 24 hr after TFE administration but not the toxicity. We conclude that hepatic ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 catalyzes the metabolism of most of the TFE but this metabolism is not associated with TFE toxicity, which probably arises by extrahepatic metabolism of TFE by another cytochrome P-450 form.
Nonangiographic assessment of coronary artery bypass graft patency

Coronary artery bypass graft patency can be assessed using the indirect techniques of evaluating patients' symptoms and exercise tolerance, changes in stress electrocardiogram, radioisotope regional perfusion, and myocardial wall contraction. The direct techniques assess graft patency directly by visualizing grafts using conventional computed tomography (CT), ultrafast CT, magnetic resonance imaging, digital subtraction angiography, and echocardiography. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these modalities are reviewed. At the present time, ultrafast CT and possibly magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler appear to be the only techniques besides angiography that can consistently evaluate bypass graft patency. Although they have the advantage of being minimally invasive, they cannot show graft stenosis or sequential graft patency. These techniques are best used in following patients after coronary bypass graft surgery and ruling out graft closure as the source of chest pain.
Reversible Interger 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform by Control Bits

This paper describes the 2-D reversible integer discrete Fourier transform (RiDFT), which is based on the concept of the paired representation of the 2-D image, which is referred to as the unique 2-D frequency and 1-D time representation. The 2-D DFT of the image is split into a minimum set of short transforms, and the image is represented as a set of 1-D signals. The paired 2-DDFT involves a few operations of multiplication that can be approximated by integer transforms, such as one-point transforms with one control bit. 24 control bits are required to perform the 8×8-point RiDFT, and 264 control bits for the 16×16-point 2-D RiDFT of real inputs. The fast paired method of calculating the 1-D DFT is used. The computational complexity of the proposed 2-D RiDFTs is comparative with the complexity of the fast 2-D DFT.
Learning Tolerance: The Impact of Comparative Politics Courses on Levels of Cultural Sensitivity.

ABSTRACT In addition to exposing students to basic concepts, theories, and ideas, teachers of comparative politics often claim to foster and promote values of tolerance and cultural sensitivity through exposure to the histories, cultures, and societies of cases from around the world. This claim, however, has been largely speculative and unsupported by any empirical research to date. In order to evaluate this claim, I employ a quasi-experimental design to test for the effects of two separate courses on levels of student intercultural sensitivity. Both courses focused on East-Central European politics, but one was taught in a regular classroom setting and the other in the Czech Republic. My findings support the following arguments: 1) in general, comparative politics courses appear to have a positive and significant impact on the levels of student intercultural sensitivity; 2) the differences in the impact of an on-campus and an off-campus course on levels of cultural sensitivity is negligible; and 3) stude...
Calcium saccharin acceptability: effects of concentration order and adaptation on consumption.

Abstract Calcium saccharin (CaS) like other forms of saccharin was most acceptable to rats in a broad range of hypotonic solutions (approximately 0.10–0.50 per cent). However, consumption was significantly affected by the order in which different concentrations were presented. Initiating a progressively decreasing series of concentrations with a high concentration led to much less drinking of that concentration than by ending a progressively increasing series with a similar concentration. The effect was both reliable and reversible when concentration order was reversed. Acceptability was also shown to change with repeated CaS experience. While initial consumption was inversely related to concentration, consumption increase over days was directly related to concentration.
Carcinogenicity and mechanistic insights on the behavior of epoxides and epoxide-forming chemicals

Many epoxides and their precursors are high production volume chemicals that have major uses in the polymer industry and as intermediates in the manufacture of other chemicals. Several of these chemicals were demonstrated to be carcinogenic in laboratory animal studies conducted by the Ramazzini Foundation (e.g., vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, styrene, styrene oxide, and benzene) and by the National Toxicology Program (e.g., ethylene oxide, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, acrylonitrile, glycidol, and benzene). The most common sites of tumor induction were lung, liver, harderian gland, and circulatory system in mice; Zymbal's gland and brain in rats; and mammary gland and forestomach in both species. Differences in cancer outcome among studies of epoxide chemicals may be related to differences in study design (e.g., dose, duration, and route of exposure; observation period; animal strains), as well as biological factors affecting target organ dosimetry of the DNA-reactive epoxide (toxicokinetics) and tissue response (toxicodynamics). N7-Alkylguanine, N1-alkyladenine, and cyclic etheno adducts, as well as K-ras and p53 mutations, have been detected in animals and/or workers exposed to several of these chemicals. The classifications of these chemical carcinogens by IARC and NTP are based on animal and human data and results of mechanistic studies. Reducing occupational and environmental exposures to these chemicals will certainly reduce human cancer risks.
Echocardiography in liver transplant candidates

Involvement of the cardiovascular system in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) is well recognized and may be seen in several scenarios in adult liver transplantation (LT) candidates. The hemodynamic effects of ESLD may result in apparent heart disease, or in some instances may mask cardiac disease. Alternatively, cardiac disease can occasionally be the underlying etiology of ESLD. LT imposes significant hemodynamic stresses, with cardiovascular complications accounting for considerable perioperative mortality and morbidity. Pre-operative assessment of the cardiac status of LT candidates is thus critically important for risk stratification and management. Cardiac imaging plays an integral role in the assessment of LT candidates. In this review, we discuss the role of cardiac imaging, including transthoracic echocardiography with Doppler and contrast enhancement, noninvasive functional assessment for routine pre-operative assessment of coronary artery disease, and transesophageal echocardiography in select cases to aid in intra-operative fluid management and monitoring in LT candidates.
Detection of messenger RNA transcribed from genes encoding enzymes of amino acid biosynthesis in Buchnera aphidicola (Endosymbiont of aphids)

The aphid Schizaphis graminum is dependent on Buchnera aphidicola, a prokaryotic endosymbiont. One of the functions of the endosymbiont is the synthesis of essential amino acids for the aphid host. Previously we have found that B. aphidicola has many of the genes that encode enzymes of amino acid biosynthesis. Using reverse transcriptase and the polymerase chain reaction, we have detected messenger RNA corresponding to genes involved in the synthesis of tryptophan, isoleucine, valine, leucine, and histidine.
Patients' efforts to justify wellness in a comprehensive cancer clinic.

Conversation analysis (CA) is employed to examine oncology interviews within a comprehensive cancer clinic. Data are drawn from a sampling of 75 video-recorded and transcribed encounters involving 30 oncologists. During history-taking, by expanding answers to doctor's questions designed to solicit “yes/no” responses, patients manage constraints on interaction by initiating and pursuing distinct courses of action. One prominent set of nonconforming actions involves how cancer patients “justify wellness” and contest doctors' orientations to sickness. In response, doctors treat patients' expansions as dispreferred (e.g., through lack of acknowledgment or topic shift) because they do not conform with questions designed to solicit minimal answers. Patients initiate “justifying wellness” by invoking epistemic knowledge, using extreme language to optimize medical histories, emphasizing and bolstering wellness claims, and reporting healthy lifestyles. As a resource for managing vulnerability in the face of cancer...
Cognitive Analysis of Intraoperative Critical Events: A Problem-Driven Approach to Aiding Clinicians’ Performance*

Human error is responsible for a large proportion of the anaesthesia mishaps that occur annually in the United States. Ventilation-related events (VRE) constitute a significant number of anaesthesia critical incidents. Monitoring equipment and their displays extend anaesthesiologists’ resources during VRE but at the expense of additional cognitive demands. This project is a cognitive analysis of intraoperative (inside the operating room) VRE. Goal–means networks were utilised to build a problem-solving model of clinicians’ management of patients’ ventilation during anaesthesia and to map the demands of VRE. The model was also used to identify challenging VRE that were then simulated using a comprehensive anaesthesia simulator. The response of eight experienced clinicians was captured on videotape and analysed to investigate the effectiveness of medical equipment in supporting clinical decision making during VRE.
Refinements with targetry to overcome accelerator energy constraints

Abstract Nuclear medicine is the specialty of medical imaging which utilizes a variety of radionuclides incorporated into specific compounds for diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications. During recent years research in this discipline has concentrated on the decay characteristics of particular radionuclides as well as upon the design of unique radiolabeled tracers necessary to achieve the time-dependent molecular image. Many of the radionuclides under consideration are accelerator produced. The cyclotron at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), one of the earliest accelerators dedicated to serve a medical research program, has undergone an extensive reconditioning effort to meet the challenges of enhanced operational performance and improved radiochemical production necessitated by the Center's clinical research effort. Special emphasis has been applied to the development of target systems in order to achieve pilot production of sufficient quantities of required radionuclides to undertake clinical evaluation of promising tracers.
Characterization of laser-induced air plasmas by third harmonic generation.

Third harmonic generation by a weak femtosecond probe pulse intersecting a pump laser-induced plasma in air is investigated and a general model is developed to describe such signal, applicable to a wide range of focusing and plasma conditions. The effect of the surrounding air on the generated signal is discussed. The third-order nonlinear susceptibility of an air plasma with electron density Ne is determined to be χp(3) = χa(3) + γpNe with γp = 2 ± 1 × 10−49 m5 V−2 and χa(3) being the third-order susceptibility in air. Lateral scans of the probe through the plasma are used to determine electron density profiles and the effect of focusing and phase mismatch is discussed.
Developing a weighted sum statistic of z-transformation correlation coefficients with a blocking variable.

This article suggests a weighted sum of z-transformation of the Fisher-Yates correlation coefficients for testing the association between two variables with a third blocking variable. In Monte Carlo simulation, the power of the weighted sum of z-transformation of the Fisher-Yates correlation coefficients was compared with the weighted sum of Kendall's taus and the weighted sum of Spearman's rhos, each with the optimal choice of weights, respectively. In the bivariate logistic distribution case, the weighted sum of Spearman's rhos is preferred; otherwise, the weighted sum of z-transformation of the Fisher-Yates or the van der Waerden coefficients is more powerful for bivariate normal distribution and bivariate exponential distribution.
Going Maverick: How Candidates Can Use Agenda-Setting to Influence Citizen Motivations and Offset Unpopular Issue Positions

Holding an unpopular position on an issue important to voters can endanger a candidate’s electoral success. What is the candidate’s best agenda-setting strategy? To focus on other issue positions congruent with the same ideological stereotype, shoring up support among like-minded voters? Or to “go maverick” by discussing some issues that signal liberal positions and some that signal conservative positions? Existing voting models suggest the answer depends on voter preferences, since going maverick should have symmetric effects—support among voters who agree with the candidate’s positions will decrease, proportionally, as support increases among voters who disagree. We argue, however, that stereotype incongruence prompts these voters to process information differently, yielding asymmetric effects. We test our expectations experimentally, using a fictional candidate webpage to show how the benefits of going maverick can outweigh the costs.
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase is inhibited by antibody to rat liver cytochrome P-450

Antibody to the major purified cytochrome P-450 induced by 3-methylcholanthrene in rat liver strongly inhibits aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of uninduced and benz[a]anthracene-induced human monocytes and lymphocytes. Antibody to the cytochrome P-450 induced by phenobarbital has relatively little or no effect on the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of the same human cells.
Using reinforcement and independent-grading to promote and maintain task accuracy in a mainstreamed class

Abstract This study examined the effectiveness with which a 6-year-old boy, who exhibited severe conduct disorders and learning delays, could be taught to grade his daily assignments and maintain a high level of task accuracy. Results indicate that a reinforcement contingency (access to recess), requiring 80% task accuracy, was sufficient to increase more substantially the child's task accuracy and on-task performance and to decrease his disruptions. Responsibility for grading the daily assignments and for determining eligibility for reinforcement was then shifted from a classroom tutor to the child. Initially, the child's grading was checked bythe tutor following each task; later, to promote more accurate grading, a mild response cost system was implemented for inaccurate grading and bonus points were provided for grading incorrect or incomplete responses as errors. Tutor checking was faded systematically until the child was grading all tasks independently. The child maintained high task accuracy throughout all fading phases.
Weak limit of the three-state quantum walk on the line

Analysis of a quantum walk on a line using a three-dimensional Grover coin yields nonclassical localization and an asymmetric stationary distribution.
Manipulating Water in High-Performance Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells through Asymmetric Humidification and Wetproofing

Hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs) are an emerging low-cost alternative to conventional proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In addition to producing water at the anode, HEMFCs consume water at the cathode, leading to distinctive water transport behavior. We report that gas diffusion layer (GDL) wetproofing strictly lowers cell performance, but that the penalty is much higher when the anode side is wetproofed compared to the cathode side. We attribute this penalty primarily to mass transport losses from anode flooding, suggesting that cathode humidification may be more beneficial than anode humidification for this device. GDLs with little or no wetproofing perform best, yielding a competitive peak power density of 737 mW cm(-2). (C) The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, hup://creativecommons.orgilicenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. All rights reserved.
Surface diffusion of hydrogen on Ru(001): transition state theory calculations

The surface diffusion coefficients for hydrogen on Ru(001) were calculated using transition state theory. The calculations were based on an empirical potential surface constructed using experimental values for the adsorption energy and vibrational frequencies of hydrogen on Ru(001). The calculated activation barrier was 3.84 kcalmole and the diffusion pre-exponential was D0 = 2.2 × 10−3cm2s. These calculated results are in excellent agreement with recent experimental results for hydrogen surface diffusion on Ru(001) obtained using laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) techniques.
Use of Energy Scenarios in Addressing the CO2 Question

A reference scenario for CO2 emissions was developed using a model of world energy supply and demand. In the reference scenario, world GNP and world energy demand increase at average rates of 2.1 percent per year and 1.5 percent per year, respectively during the period 1975-2100. The corresponding annual CO2 emissions rise to a maximum of 16 gigatons of carbon around 2050 and then decline as a result of a transition to nonfossil fuel energy systems. A modified scenario for high CO2 emissions was obtained by assuming an abundant supply of low cost coal, thus eliminating the transition. A low case was developed in which the low cost of alternative energy (i.e., solar, nuclear) induces an earlier shift away from fossil fuels. Annual emissions of the three scenarios were used as input to a global carbon cycle model and the CO2 buildup in the atmosphere during the period 1980-2100 was determined by the model. All three scenarios showed continuous rises in atmospheric CO2 concentration. The reference scenario r...
Flow-Cytometric Analyses of Viability Biomarkers in Pesticide-Exposed Sperm of Three Aquatic Invertebrates

Toxicity studies on sperm often use fertilization success as the end point. This type of assay can be affected by sperm density, egg quality, and sperm-egg compatibility. Testing sperm viability biomarkers with flow cytometry is a fast, high-throughput technique for seminal analysis. In this study, we detected sperm viability biomarkers with several fluorescent reporter dyes using flow cytometry in three aquatic invertebrates (Crassostrea virginica, Dreissena polymorpha, and Lytechinus variegatus) after exposure to a pesticide and herbicide. The pesticide, Bayluscide, appeared to affect mitochondrial membrane potential in the sperm of all three species, as measured with MitoTracker Red CMXRos. A decrease in the percentage of sperm stained with SYBR-14 (indicating uncompromised plasma membrane) was observed in C. virginica and D. polymorpha sperm exposed to Bayluscide, but propidium iodide staining (indicating compromised plasma membranes) appeared to be inhibited by Bayluscide. Acrosome-reacted sperm, as measured by FITC-PNA, decreased after Bayluscide exposure in C. virginica and D. polymorpha sperm. The herbicide, Roundup Ready To-Use-Plus, did not affect the overall percentages of sperm stained with MitoTracker but did cause an increase in MitoTracker fluorescence intensity at 16 mg/L in D. polymorpha. Roundup also caused significant decreases in SYBR-14 staining, significant increases in propidium iodide staining, and significant increases in FITC-PNA staining in D. polymorpha sperm. By not having to rely on egg availability and optimal sperm density, sperm toxicity can be more accurately assessed with flow cytometry as being directly correlated to sperm viability rather than the possibility of altered toxicity results due to sperm-to-egg compatibility.
A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Functional Imaging Studies of Social Rejection

Early neuroimaging studies using Cyberball suggested that social rejection activated the pain matrix, as identified in studies of physical pain. However, these early studies were characterized by small sample sizes. Our statistical multi-level kernel density analysis (MKDA) of Cyberball neuroimaging studies with 244 participants fails to support the claim that social rejection operates on the same pain matrix as nociceptive stimuli, questioning whether social pain is more figurative or literal. We also performed an MKDA of the neuroimaging studies of reliving a romantic rejection to test whether the pain matrix was activated if the rejection were more meaningful. Results again failed to support the notion that rejection activates the neural matrix identified in studies of physical pain. Reliving an unwanted rejection by a romantic partner was significantly characterized by activation within and beyond the “Cyberball” brain network, suggesting that the neural correlates of social pain are more complex than previously thought.
Estimation of Shell Surface Area from Measurements of Length, Breadth, and Weight of Hen Eggs

Abstract An algorithm for estimating shell surface area from measurements of length (L), breadth (B), and fresh egg weight (W) was compared with four algorithms based only on fresh egg weight. Eggs were obtained from 17 laying strains at 34, 46, 50, 58, and 66 weeks of age. A total of 1346 eggs was used. Estimates of surface area derived from the following algorithms .9109L.289 B.3164 W.4882, 3.9782W.7056, and 4.67W.6667 were quite similar for a wide range of eggs from different strains of laying hens at various ages. The extra effort needed to measure length and breadth for estimation of surface area was considered not worthwhile.
Starch Graft Polymers. II. Preparation of Graft Polymers Containing Acrylamide and Acrylic Acid and Evaluation as Textile Print Paste Thickeners

Graft copolymers of starch and the vinyl monomers acrylamide (I) and acrylic acid (II) – prepared by γ-radiation induced grafting reactions – and a graft terpolymer of starch, I and II – prepared by base hydrolysis of a graft copolymer of starch and acrylonitrile (III) — have been evaluated as textile print paste thickeners. Preparation, characterization and evaluation procedures are presented together with results illustrating that starch poly (I) containing 39% poly (I) and starch poly (I, II) containing a mixture of 21% I and 37% II are effective thickeners in this application if used in combination with one another or with commercial thickeners such as algin (sodium alginate).
Counting cells with stereology: Random versus serial sectioning

Counts of cells and nuclei from sections provide information central to studying structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs. This study considers some of the practical problems associated with counting cells with the newer random and serial sectioning methods of stereology and tests the hypothesis that similar cell counts can be obtained with both random and serial sectioning methods. Using irregularly shaped nuclei from alveolar cells of the goat lung, we compared cell counts derived from random (electron microscopic) and serial sectioning (light microscopic) methods. The results showed that both sectioning methods gave similar cell counts (107/cm3 of parenchyma) for type 1 epithelial cells (5.0 vs. 5.0; P=1.0), type 2 epithelial cells (8.6 vs. 9.8; P=0.42) and interstitial cells (34.6 vs. 33.4; P=0.64), provided that corrections were introduced for sectionrelated biases and that the nuclei of the random sectioning method were corrected for shape. We found counting biases of 5%–7% for nuclear shape and 16% for section compression. These observations support the hypothesis that similar cell counts can be obtained with random and serial sectioning, even when nuclei have irregular shapes.
Progress toward ignition on the national ignition facility

NIF has achieved compressed fuel pressures within a factor of 2–3 of those required for ignition. This talk will summarize progress to date and the efforts under way to take us the rest of the way to ignition.
Pulmonary valve-moderator band distance and association with development of double-chambered right ventricle

Double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV), a form of right ventricular outflow obstruction that sometimes accompanies a ventricular septal defect (VSD), is associated with superior and rightward displacement of the septal insertion of the moderator band. It was hypothesized that this superior displacement is present and identifiable by echocardiography in patients with a VSD even before right ventricular outflow tract obstruction develops. Eight patients who had a previous echocardiographic study showing a VSD alone were echocardiographically diagnosed as having DCRV. Their initial echocardiographic studies were reviewed, and superior displacement of the moderator band was quantified by measuring the distance between the pulmonary valve and moderator band, normalized to tricuspid anulus diameter. These measurements were compared with those from the initial studies of the following 3 other groups: (1) an age-matched group of 10 patients with no structural heart disease; (2) an age-matched group of 10 patients with a VSD who did not develop DCRV; and (3) a group (not age-matched) of 10 patients with VSD and DCRV in whom subpulmonary obstruction was present on the initial study. The 8 patients who eventually developed subpulmonary obstruction had significant superior displacement of the moderator band at the time of their initial echocardiogram compared with that of the 2 age-matched control groups (p less than 0.01). In contrast, there was no significant difference in moderator band displacement between these patients and the 10 with DCRV who already had right ventricular outflow obstruction at their initial study (p = not significant).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adaptation at the output of the chemotaxis signalling pathway

In the bacterial chemotaxis network, receptor clusters process input, and flagellar motors generate output. Receptor and motor complexes are coupled by the diffusible protein CheY-P. Receptor output (the steady-state concentration of CheY-P) varies from cell to cell. However, the motor is ultrasensitive, with a narrow operating range of CheY-P concentrations. How the match between receptor output and motor input might be optimized is unclear. Here we show that the motor can shift its operating range by changing its composition. The number of FliM subunits in the C-ring increases in response to a decrement in the concentration of CheY-P, increasing motor sensitivity. This shift in sensitivity explains the slow partial adaptation observed in mutants that lack the receptor methyltransferase and methylesterase and why motors show signal-dependent FliM turnover. Adaptive remodelling is likely to be a common feature in the operation of many molecular machines.
H2O in basalt and basaltic andesite glass inclusions from four subduction-related volcanoes

Abstract Total dissolved H2O and major element abundances were measured in basalt and basaltic andesite glass inclusions in olivine phenocrysts from Quaternary eruptions of four subduction-related volcanoes to test the hypothesis that low-MgO high-alumina basalts contain high H2O at depth [1] and to reveal any petrogenetically significant correlations between arc basalt compositions and H2O contents. Total dissolved H2O (combined molecular H2O and OH groups) measured by ion microprobe in mafic glass inclusions from the 1974 eruption of Fuego, Guatemala, reaches 6.2 wt.%. Dissolved H2O contents decrease in more evolved Fuego glasses. Correlations of H2O with MgO, Na2O, K2O, S and Cl indicate that aqueous fluid exsolution during magma ascent forced crystallization and differentiation of residual liquids. Low-K2O magnesian high-alumina basalt glass inclusions from the 3 ka eruption of Black Crater (Medicine Lake volcano, California) have low H2O contents, near 0.2 wt.%, which are consistent with the MORB-like character of these and other primitive lavas of the Medicine Lake region. Basalt and basaltic andesite glass inclusions from Copco Cone and Goosenest volcano on the Cascade volcanic front north of Mt. Shasta have H2O contents of up to 3.3 wt.%. The range of H2O contents in Cascade mafic magmas is too large to have resulted solely from enrichment by crystallization and indicates the participation of an H2O-rich component in magma generation or crustal-level modification. Whereas fluid-absent melting of amphibole-bearing peridotite can account for the H2O in most mafic arc liquids, the very high H2O/alkali ratios of the 1974 Fuego eruptives suggest that an aqueous fluid was involved in the generation of Fuego basalts.
Assessment of Uncertainty in Long-Term Mass Balances for Acidification Assessments: A MAGIC Model Exercise

Long-term (1860–2010) catchment mass balance calculations rely on models and assumptions which are sources of uncertainty in acidification assessments. In this article, we report on an application of MAGIC to model acidification at the four Swedish IM forested catchments that have been subject to differing degrees of acidification stress. Uncertainties in the modeled mass balances were mainly associated with the deposition scenario and assumptions about sulfate adsorption and soil mass. Estimated base cation (BC) release rates (weathering) varied in a relatively narrow range of 47–62 or 42–47 meq m−2 year−1, depending on assumptions made about soil cation exchange capacity and base saturation. By varying aluminum solubility or introducing a dynamic weathering feedback that allowed BC release to increase at more acidic pHs, a systematic effect on predicted changes in acid neutralizing capacity (ΔANC ca. 10–41 μeq l−1) and pH (ca. ΔpH = 0.1–0.6) at all sites was observed. More robust projections of future changes in pH and ANC are dependent on reducing uncertainties in BC release rates, the timing, and extent of natural acidification through BC uptake by plants, temporal changes in soil element pools, and fluxes of Al between compartments.