cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incomplete versus complete cerebral ischemia: Improved outcome with a minimal blood flow

It has been reported that incomplete cerebral ischemia with cerebral blood flow less than 10% of control may be more damaging than an equal period of complete ischemia. In this study, the effects of severe, incomplete cerebral ischemia on neurological outcome and cerebral metabolism were studied in dogs anesthetized with nitrous oxide. The results were compared with those of a previous study concerned with the effects of complete ischemia. Dogs could sustain only 8 to 9 minutes of complete ischemia with return of normal neurological function, whereas maintenance of a cerebral blood flow rate less than 10% of control extended this limit to 10 6o 12 minutes. Following a 10-minute exposure, only dogs undergoing incomplete ischemia regained a normal cerebral oxygen consumption within 90 minutes; similarly, animals subjected to incomplete ischemia enjoyed a faster return of EEG activity than dogs exposed to complete ischemia of the same duration. Cerebral metabolite levels did not prove to be a good index of return of neurological function. Within periods of cerebral ischemia in which meaningful neurological recovery might be expected, we conclude that some blood flow is better than no flow.
Encryption remains cryptic

This study challenges a recent proposal that disulfide bond isomerization switches cell-surface tissue factor between encrypted (non-coagulant) and decrypted (procoagulant) states.
Orientation in a vertical plane: The use of light cues by an orb-weaving spider, Araneus diadematus clerk

Abstract The use of non-vibrational cues for orientation on a vertical orb-web was examined in Araneus diadematus . By rotating webs during prey capture, it was shown that this orb-weaving spider uses cues that are independent of the web for finding its way back to the web's hub after capturing prey. Further, it was demonstrated that light is an important orientation cue. Light is used to discriminate between the sides of the web, and the significance of this is discussed in relation to compass orientation within the web's vertical plane.
The Effect of Age and Background of Religious Broadcasting Executives on Digital Television Implementation

This study follows previous research, which showed a significant difference between secular and religious television broadcasters in terms of the timetable for digital implementation. Using Rogers's (1962) diffusion of innovation theory, the study sought to investigate whether the personal backgrounds of religious broadcasting executives played a bigger role in this delay, compared to other variables such as economics. Results of the study show a significant difference between religious and secular broadcasters in terms of background and digital implementation, especially compared to other variables. The study also reveals a significant gulf between older and younger religious broadcasters in terms of background, attitude, and management style.
The clinical value of the jugular and hepatic pulses.

Abstract We have discussed the method of examination of jugular venous pulses and hepatic pulses and the pulse waves which are normally found. Various abnormalities of the venous pulses have been described and related to the pathophysiologic states. Abnormal prominence of A waves occurs when the right atrium ejects against a greater than normal pressure at end-diastole or when the tricuspid valve is stenotic or atretic. Expansion of the venous pulse wave occurs during ventricular contraction in states of ineffectual atrial activity (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, some instances of atrial tachycardia) and more emphatically whenever there is incompetence of the tricuspid valve, either due to right ventricular dilatation or to a lesion of the valve proper. In constrictive pericarditis and related states of cardiac constriction, as well as when the right ventricle is distended, the general level of venous pressure is high and there is a sharp, brief collapse at end of systole. Atrial septal defect may exaggerate all of the venous pulse waves, particularly the V wave. Abnormalities of venous pulses and hepatic pulses peculiar to cardiac rhythm and rate disturbance and conduction defects have been presented. We have discussed the value of recording venous pulses in improving the accuracy of the visual and tactile examination.
Gender differences in public attitudes toward the Gulf War: A test of competing hypotheses

Abstract A variety of theories have been offered to account for women's lower levels of support for military action. Drawing on survey data from a number of sources on attitudes toward the Gulf War, we find that before the commencement of hostilities, women were less supportive than men of military action; during the conflict they supported the war with less enthusiasm, and several months after the war their later support for the conflict had eroded more deeply than had the support of men. Women were more concerned with the possibility of American and Iraqi losses, and more pessimistic about the costs of the war. Women also responded to the war with greater displays of negative emotion. We find little support for explanations that center on social location or maternalism. Our data suggest that an explanation that would take into account the interaction of greater pessimism among women and greater concern over troop losses might help explain gender differences.
Approach to a superconductor-to-Bose-insulator transition in disordered films

Through a detailed study of scaling near the magnetic field-tuned superconductor-to-insulator transition in strongly disordered films, we find that results for a variety of materials can be collapsed onto a single phase diagram. The data display two clear branches, one with weak disorder and an intervening metallic phase, the other with strong disorder. Along the strongly disordered branch, the resistance at the critical point approaches ${R}_{Q}=h/4{e}^{2}$ and the scaling of the resistance is consistent with quantum percolation and, therefore, with the predictions of the dirty boson model.
Future CO2 emissions from combustion of natural and synthetic gases

Abstract We assess the contribution of future gas combustion to the global emissions of carbon dioxide. Presently available natural gas resources are too small to make a significant contribution to the ultimate carbon emissions. However, if the production and combustion of synthetic gas becomes a major component of the global energy system, then carbon emissions from gas can become significant—in some cases, up to 50% of the total. Increased use of synthetic gas does not increase carbon emissions, unless the gas displaces electricity produced from nuclear power or solar energy.
Attribute Framing and Goal Framing Effects in Health Decisions

Abstract Levin, Schneider, and Gaeth (LSG, 1998) have distinguished among three types of framing—risky choice, attribute, and goal framing—to reconcile conflicting findings in the literature. In the research reported here, we focus on attribute and goal framing. LSG propose that positive frames should be more effective than negative frames in the context of attribute framing, and negative frames should be more effective than positive frames in the context of goal framing. We test this framework by manipulating frame valence (positive vs negative) and frame type (attribute vs goal) in a unified context with common procedures. We also argue that the nature of effects in a goal-framing context may depend on the extent to which the research topic has “intrinsic self-relevance” to the population. In the context of medical decision making, we operationalize low intrinsic self-relevance by using student subjects and high intrinsic self-relevance by using patients. As expected, we find complete support for the LSG framework under low intrinsic self-relevance and modified support for the LSG framework under high intrinsic self-relevance. Overall, our research appears to confirm and extend the LSG framework.
Creativity: an organizational schema.

ObjectiveTo describe an organizational schema of human creativity.BackgroundPrevious research has concluded that creativity involves something novel and useful, but whether creativity is common or rare, domain-specific or domain-general, quantitative or qualitative, or personal or social remains unr
Chaotic Dynamics of One-Dimensional Systems with Periodic Boundary Conditions

We provide appropriate tools for the analysis of dynamics and chaos for one-dimensional systems with periodic boundary conditions. Our approach allows for the investigation of the dependence of the largest Lyapunov exponent on various initial conditions of the system. The method employs an effective approach for defining the phase-space distance appropriate for systems with periodic boundaries and allows for an unambiguous test-orbit rescaling in the phase space required to calculate the Lyapunov exponents. We elucidate our technique by applying it to investigate the chaotic dynamics of a one-dimensional plasma with periodic boundaries. Exact analytic expressions are derived for the electric field and potential using Ewald sums, thereby making it possible to follow the time evolution of the plasma in simulations without any special treatment of the boundary. By employing a set of event-driven algorithms, we calculate the largest Lyapunov exponent, the radial distribution function, and the pressure by following the evolution of the system in phase space without resorting to numerical manipulation of the equations of motion. Simulation results are presented and analyzed for the one-dimensional plasma with a view to examining the dynamical and chaotic behavior exhibited by small and large versions of the system.
Mbiya Kuzwayo's Christianity : Revival, Reformation and the Surprising Viability of Mainline Churches in South Africa

Much of the credit for the vitality of Christianity in southern Africa has gone to the African Initiated Churches that date their birth to earlier 'Ethiopian' and 'Zionist' movements. Yet far from being compromised, as they are often portrayed, those African Christians remaining in the mission churches often played a critical role in the naturalization of the faith. In the churches of the American Zulu Mission, the largest mission body in colonial Natal, one of the most important moments in this process occurred at the end of the nineteenth century when participants in a revival, led in part by a young Zulu Christian named Mbiya Kuzwayo, employed the theology of Holiness to dramatically alter the nature of their lived Christianity and bring about an internal revolution that gave them effective control of their churches.
Computer-aided thermal analysis of power semiconductor devices

Thermal analysis of power semiconductor devices is often complicated by odd geometries and the nonlinear properties of materials. It is the type of problem that can best be handled by a computer. Fortunately, numerous general-purpose heat transfer programs have been written that can be applied to power semiconductor deyices. The majority of programs were written for other technologies (aircraft engines, nuclear energy, and space) but they are sufficiently general for electronic applications. These programs are most often based on the method of finite differences. While this method can yield results to any degree of accuracy required, it is not readily apparent just how accurate the results are. In general, a user desires results as accurate as necessary while minimizing the cost of the problem solution. This paper deals with methods of achieving that goal. Descriptions of truncation and convergence errors are given along with methods of estimating their magnitude. Various forms of the finite difference method are discussed. Methods for speeding convergence are shown, including acceleration algorithms and simple guidelines for ordering matrices and selecting node boundaries. Convenient methods of displaying and interpreting the results are also discussed.
Ultrasound Transducer Array Fabrication Based on Additive Manufacturing of Piezocomposites

Conventional methods for fabricating ultrasound imaging transducer arrays, especially for high frequency range (>20 MHz), are expensive, time consuming and limited to relatively simple geometries. In this paper, the development of an additive manufacturing (AM) process based on digital micromirror devices (DMDs) is presented for the fabrication of piezoelectric devices such as ultrasound transducer arrays. Both green-part fabrication and the sintering of fabricated greenparts have been studied. A novel two-channel design in the bottom-up projection system is presented to address the piezocomposite fabrication challenges including a small curing depth and viscous ceramic slurry recoating. A prototype system has been developed for the fabrication of green-parts with complex shapes and small features. Based on the fabricated green-parts, the challenges in the sintering process for achieving desired functionality are discussed. Various approaches for increasing the density of sintered components are presented. Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the fabricated samples are measured and compared with those of bulk PZT samples. Based on the identified challenges in the DMD-based AM process, future work for achieving fully functional piezoelectric ceramic components is discussed.
Independent Audits of Conflict Minerals Reports

SUMMARY: There has been an increasing international focus on “conflict minerals,” which are sourced from mines in Central Africa and believed to benefit armed groups that engage in serious human rights abuses. In August 2012, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC 2012) issued a final rule (Release No. 34-67716) related to implementing new disclosures required by the Dodd-Frank Act that are aimed at dissuading publicly-traded companies from engaging in trade that supports conflict minerals. Beginning in 2014, many publicly traded companies will be required to issue Conflict Minerals Reports, and have the reports independently assured. For the first time, there is an SEC audit requirement for corporate social responsibility information. Significant uncertainty surrounds the nature of the requisite audit procedures and the form and content of the audit reports themselves. For example, issuers have the option of engaging auditors for either an attestation engagement or a performance audit. We summa...
PATHOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES: CONTAGION AND EMPIRE IN DOYLE'S SHERLOCK HOLMES STORIES

BY THE TIME “THE ADVENTURE OF THE DYING DETECTIVE” appeared in the Strand magazine in 1913, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's readers were already familiar with the dynamics of the relationship between Sherlock Holmes and his “friend and colleague” Dr. Watson. They would thus not have been surprised to see Holmes, lying apparently delirious and deathly ill, pointing out with his last breath the intellectual limitations of the friend who has come to cure him: “Shall I demonstrate to you your own ignorance? What do you know, pray, of Tapanuli fever? What do you know of the black Formosa corruption?”“I have never heard of either.”“There are many problems of disease, many strange pathological possibilities, in the East, Watson.” He paused after each sentence to collect his failing strength. “I have learned so much during some recent researches which have a medico-criminal aspect. It was in the course of them that I contracted this complaint. You can do nothing.” (DYIN 2: 388)I cite from the two-volume Bantam Classic edition, Sherlock Holmes: The Complete Novels and Stories. Like other Holmes scholars, I have also followed the convention of using the standard four-letter abbreviations set out by Jack Tracy's The Encyclopedia Sherlockiana. But this dissertation on the good doctor's “ignorance” is more than a commentary on Watson's personal shortcomings; it is the voice of the specialist declaring that the “general practitioner” is not competent to treat this kind of complaint. Disease has slipped out of the realm of medicine and into the province of the “medico-criminal” expert. Britain's expansion into “the East” has introduced it to “pathological possibilities” that cannot be shut down through the operations of ordinary medical science and which must instead be contained by Holmes's own special “powers” (388).
Classification of the Disorders of Hemoglobin

Over the years, study of the disorders of hemoglobin has served as a paradigm for gaining insights into the cellular and molecular biology, as well as the pathophysiology, of inherited genetic disorders. To date, more than 1000 disorders of hemoglobin synthesis and/or structure have been identified and characterized. Study of these disorders has established the principle of how a mutant genotype can alter the function of the encoded protein, which in turn can lead to a distinct clinical phenotype. Genotype/phenotype correlations have provided important understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of disease. Before presenting a brief overview of these disorders, we provide a summary of the structure and function of hemoglobin, along with the mechanism of assembly of its subunits, as background for the rationale and basis of the different categories of disorders in the classification.
A Meta-Analysis of the Timing of Chest Irradiation in the Combined Modality Treatment of Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer

The objective of this study was to determine whether initial combined chemoradiation results in superior 1-, 2-, and 3-year survivals in the treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer versus sequential or split-course therapy. Using a prospective meta-analysis protocol outlining study inclusion criteria, literature search strategy, and statistical procedures, data from all available randomized controlled trials addressing the above-noted objective were pooled using a fixed effects model (Peto). Results were expressed as summary odds ratios (ORp), and statistical tests for data heterogeneity were performed prior to calculation of ORps. Odds ratios greater than 1.0 favored the experimental arm versus control (i.e., early chest irradiation). If statistical heterogeneity was demonstrated, sensitivity analyses were performed by previously described methods to evaluate possible sources of heterogeneity across the included studies. Pooling data from eight randomized controlled trials enrolling over 1,500 patients showed that early integration of chest radiotherapy with systemic chemotherapy increases overall survival by 34%-216%, depending on the end point of interest. Etoposide (E) plus cisplatin (P) in conjunction with chest irradiation appears to offer the greatest increase in survival versus delayed or split-course radiation therapy and non-EP-containing drug schedules. The available randomized trial data support early concurrent chest radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy in the form of E and P in the management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer.
Significance of radiation exposure from work-related chest X-rays for epidemiological studies of radiation workers.

Background Previous epidemiologic studies of workers at nuclear weapons facilities have not included X-ray exposures as part of the occupational radiation exposure. The research objective was to determine the contribution of work-related chest X-ray (WRX) exposure relative to the cumulative occupational radiation exposure. Methods Cases and controls were identified from a cohort of workers whose employment began as early as 1943. Medical records for 297 subjects were used to determine the bone marrow dose from their X-ray examinations. Individual dose data, however, were only available for 45 workers. Bone marrow dose estimates were calculated by converting the entrance-skin-exposure (from X-ray procedures) and occupational exposure (from monitoring data) to dose. Results Stereoscopic photofluorography delivered a bone marrow dose nearly 100 times that delivered by today's chest X-ray technique. Photofluorography was the predominant radiation source during the 1940s and 1950s. The cumulative WRX dose was, on average, 50 times their occupational doses. No correlation between occupational and WRX dose was found, but may be due to the small study size and incomplete dose data. Conclusions These findings illustrate the importance of including WRX doses in retrospective epidemiological studies of radiation workers, especially if photofluorographic chest X-rays were performed and occupational exposure to ionizing radiation is low. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:490–501, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transmission success of the malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum into its vector: role of gametocyte density and sex ratio

The life-cycle of Plasmodium depends on transmission of the parasite from the vertebrate host into its vector when the insect takes a bloodmeal. Transmission success may depend in part on the parasite's gametocyte density and sex ratio in the blood. P. mexicanum, a parasite of fence lizards in California, USA, exploits the sandfly Lutzomyia vexator as its vector. In experimental transmissions using naturally infected lizards as donors of blood, transmission success (measured as percentage of vectors infected and number of parasite oocysts on the insect's midgut) was positively related to gametocyte density, although density above 20/1000 erythrocytes did not improve transmission. Sex ratio (proportion of microgametocytes in the infection) was positively correlated with gametocyte density. Transmission improved with higher proportion of microgametocytes, but partial correlations revealed that this was a result only of higher gametocyte densities. These results agree with the theory of virulence and sex ratios because single clone infections should produce a more female-biased sex ratio and grow to the minimum parasitaemia that would maximize clonal transmission, whereas multiple clone infections will be closer to a 1:1 sex ratio and yield a higher parasitaemia when each clone competes for transmission to the vector.
ZYGOMATICOMAXILLARY BUTTRESS RECONSTRUCTION OF MIDFACE DEFECTS WITH THE OSTEOCUTANEOUS RADIAL FOREARM FREE FLAP

Background. The purpose of this study was to evaluate morbidity, functional, and aesthetic outcomes in mid- face zygomaticomaxillary buttress reconstruction using the osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap (OCRFFF). Methods. A retrospective review of 24 consecutive patients that underwent midface reconstruction using the OCRFFF was performed. All patients had variable extension of maxillectomy defects that requires restoration of the zygmatico-maxillary but- tress. After harvest, the OCRFFF was fixed transversely with miniplates connecting the remaining zygoma to the anterior maxilla. The orbital support was given by titanium mesh when needed that was fixed to the radial forearm bone anteriorly and placed on the remaining orbital floor posteriorly. The skin paddle was used for intraoral lining, external skin coverage, or both. The main outcome measures were flap success, donor-site morbid- ity, orbital, and oral complications. Facial contour, speech understandability, swallowing, oronasal separation, and social- ization were also analyzed. Results. There were 6 women and 18 men, with an average age of 66 years old (range, 34-87). The resulting defects after maxillectomy were (according to the Cordeiro classification; Disa et al, Ann Plast Surg 2001;47:612-619; Santamaria and Cordeiro, J Surg Oncol 2006;94:522-531): type I (8.3%), type II (33.3%), type III (45.8%), and type IV (12.5%). There were no flap losses. Donor-site complications included partial loss of the split thickness skin graft (25%) and 1 radial bone fracture. The most significant recipient-site complications were severe ectro- pion (24%), dystopia (8%), and oronasal fistula (12%). All the complications occurred in patients with defects that required or- bital floor reconstruction and/or cheek skin coverage. The aver- age follow-up was 11.5 months, and over 80% of the patients had adequate swallowing, speech, and reincorporation to normal daily activities. Conclusions. The OCRFFF is an excellent alternative for mid- face reconstruction of the zygomaticomaxillary buttress. Compli- cations were more common in patients who underwent resection of the orbital rim and floor (type III and IV defects) or external cheek skin. V C 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 30: 1295-1302, 2008
Maternally reported food allergies and other food-related health problems in infants: characteristics and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to identify the frequency, demographics, and diagnostic characteristics associated with maternally reported food allergies and other food-related health problems among infants aged ≤1 year. METHODS. We analyzed data from the 2005–2007 Infant Feeding Practices Study II, a longitudinal survey of 2441 US mothers of healthy singletons from pregnancy through their infant9s first year. Doctor diagnosis and symptoms-based criteria were used to identify a probable-food-allergic group from maternal reports of infant health problems with food. RESULTS. More than one fifth of the 2441 mothers reported that their infant had a food-related problem; 6% ( n = 143) had a probable food allergy, and 15% ( n = 359) had other food-related problems. Forty percent of the infants with a food-related health problem were evaluated by a doctor. Gastrointestinal symptoms were more commonly reported in early infancy compared with skin-related symptoms, which were reported in later infancy, and 27% received medical treatment for the symptoms. Characteristics associated with increased incidence of probable food allergy included family histories of food allergy and type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, living in rural or urban areas, being black, and being male. Among all infants with a food-related health problem, the majority experienced their first problem by 6 months of age. Foods recognized to be major allergens were most commonly reported as the source of an allergy. CONCLUSIONS. Food-related problems occurred at a high frequency in the first year of life. A better understanding of the demographics, family history, disease manifestations, and diagnoses may provide insight into public health efforts to minimize or prevent food allergies in infancy and to help differentiate food-allergic problems from nonallergic food problems in this age group.
Biochemistry of the Organic Matrix of the Eggshell

Abstract INTRODUCTION Although the organic material accounts for a very small portion of the eggshell, recent evidence suggests the perterbations in synthesis and secretion of this organic material can severely impair eggshell formation. The organic matter of the eggshell can be divided into at least four distinct fractions based upon chemical, histochemical, and morphological characteristics. These are shell membranes, mammillary cores, shell matrix, and cuticle. This discussion will emphasize the biochemistry of the first three organic constituents of the eggshell. SHELL MEMBRANES The shell membranes are characterized by having two layers, which have been designated as inner and outer membranes. Figure 1 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the eggshell membranes. This meshwork-like structure is characterized by having fibers arranged in a random fashion. On these fibers are small fiber protuberances, the function of which is unknown at the present time. When the fibers are viewed with the transmission electron microscope, . . .
Advances in Schoolwide Inclusive School Reform

This article highlights three significant advances in schoolwide inclusive school reform and suggests three next steps to improve educational outcomes for all students, particularly for students for whom typical instruction is not effective. Significant advances are as follows: (a) a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) with embedded response to intervention, which includes positive behavioral interventions and supports; (b) universal design for learning; and (c) collaborative instruction involving general and specialized educators. Next steps are as follows: (a) implementing flexible, braided funding across educational programs; (b) fully integrating behavior and academic interventions pedagogy within MTSS; and (c) scaling up and sustaining innovative and evidence-based practices through implementation science.
A logistic regression based extension of the TDT for continuous and categorical traits.

The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), designed as a test of linkage in the presence of association (i.e. linkage disequilibrium), has received considerable attention in the recent statistical genetics literature due to its advantages over other within-family analytic methods. One limitation of the conventional TDT is its application solely to linkage disequilibrium between a genetic marker and a single categorical trait (e.g. presence or absence of a disease). In this paper, we present an extension of the TDT using logistic regression to examine the relation between a candidate gene or genetic marker and one or more continuous or categorical explanatory variables. This logistic regression extension of the TDT possesses all of the desirable features of the conventional TDT, as well as many advantages associated with traditional regression analysis. We describe the model and its properties, as well as a number of its possible applications, and apply it to examine linkage disequilibrium between the dopamine receptor D2 gene (DRD2) and symptoms of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We also briefly compare the logistic regression TDT to other quantitative TDTs that have been proposed in the literature, and highlight the advantages of a regression-based approach for examining the relation between a candidate gene and one or more continuous or categorical traits. Given its features, we regard the logistic regression extension of the TDT as a flexible new data analytic method with extensive potential applications to problems in medical, psychiatric, and behavioral genetics.
Afterloading Heyman applicators.

(1971). Afterloading Heyman Applicators. Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 231-238.
Preparation of Freeze-Dried Specimens for Electron Microscopy

The application of freeze-drying to electron microscopy (EM) involves rapid freezing of the specimen followed by the removal of the frozen water by controlled sublimation. In the simplest case, freeze-drying is followed directly by observation in a transmission electron microscope. The freeze-drying step can also be incorporated into a wide range of more complex processing protocols, which we will refer to briefly, directing the reader to recent reviews and some examples from the literature. Our emphasis will be on the methodology of freeze-drying itself and on the results that can be expected from this technique. Today there are many preparative techniques to choose from, including critical point-drying, freeze-substitution, freeze-etching, and standard fixation and embedding. All are capable of yielding excellent morphological preservation when appropriately applied. We will discuss freeze-drying in the context of these methods in order to identify its unique capabilities.
When disjunction looks like conjunction: pragmatic consequences in ASL

In American Sign Language (ASL), conjunction and disjunction are often conveyed by the same coordinators (transcribed as "COORD"). So the sequence of signs WANT TEA COORD COFFEE can be interpreted as "I want tea or coffee" or "I want tea and coffee" depending on contextual or world knowledge or other linguistic information such as prosodic marking and the addition of disambiguating lexical material. In this paper I show that these general use coordinators in ASL can be a test case for understanding the role of the lexicalization of scalar items in the semantic/pragmatic phenomenon known as scalar implicature by collecting quantitative data from 10 adult native signers of ASL and 12 adult speakers of English using a felicity judgment paradigm. Results show a significant difference in interpretation of the general use coordination scale from other lexically-based scales in ASL and the lexically-based coordination scale in English, suggesting that lexical contrast between scalemates increases scalar implicature calculation.
History slicing

To perform a number of tasks such as inferring design rationale from past code changes or assessing developer expertise for a software feature or bug, the evolution of a set of lines of code can be assessed by mining software histories. However, determining the evolution of a set of lines of code is a manual and time consuming process. This paper presents a model of this process and an approach for automating it. We call this process History Slicing. We describe the process and options for generating a graph that links every line of code with its corresponding previous revision through the history of the software project. We then explain the method and options for utilizing this graph to determine the exact revisions that contain changes for the lines of interest and their exact position in each revision. Finally, we present some preliminary results which show initial evidence that our automated technique can be several orders of magnitude faster than the manual approach and require that developers examine up to two orders of magnitude less code in extracting such histories.
Genetic diversity and structure in the Endangered Allen Cays Rock Iguana, Cyclura cychlura inornata

The Endangered Allen Cays Rock Iguana (Cyclura cychlura inornata) is endemic to the Allen Cays, a tiny cluster of islands in the Bahamas. Naturally occurring populations exist on only two cays (<4 ha each). However, populations of unknown origin were recently discovered on four additional cays. To investigate patterns of genetic variation among these populations, we analyzed nuclear and mitochondrial markers for 268 individuals. Analysis of three mitochondrial gene regions (2,328 bp) and data for eight nuclear microsatellite loci indicated low genetic diversity overall. Estimates of effective population sizes based on multilocus genotypes were also extremely low. Despite low diversity, significant population structuring and variation in genetic diversity measures were detected among cays. Genetic data confirm the source population for an experimentally translocated population while raising concerns regarding other, unauthorized, translocations. Reduced heterozygosity is consistent with a documented historical population decline due to overharvest. This study provides the first range-wide genetic analysis of this subspecies. We suggest strategies to maximize genetic diversity during ongoing recovery including additional translocations to establish assurance populations and additional protective measures for the two remaining natural populations.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of estrogen and progesterone receptor content in 183 patients with endometrial carcinoma. Part I: Clinical and histologic correlations.

Abstract A series of 183 cases of primary endometrial carcinomas were immunohistochemically stained for estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs) using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. All specimens were obtained from uterine curettages performed at the time of the initial diagnosis or initial therapy. The ER and PR content in the malignant and benign components (benign epithelium, stroma, and myometrium) was evaluated separately for positivity and divided into three groups according to the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of the nuclear stain. Endometrioid-type adenocarcinoma had the highest degree of positivity for both receptors, followed by adenosquamous carcinoma, serous carcinoma, and clear cell carcinoma. The positivity for ERs and PRs of the malignant component was statistically correlated with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage (P less than 0.01), FIGO grade (P less than 0.001), and nuclear grade (P less than 0.0001) of the tumors. The degrees of ER and PR positivity of the malignant component correlated with each other (P less than 0.0001). There was no association between the depth of myometrial tumor invasion and either receptor status of the malignant component. There was a significant association between the presence of lymph vessel invasion and the positivity for PR. Positivity for PR correlated negatively with the patients' ages (P less than 0.004). The results of this study indicate that immunohistochemical analysis of sex steroid receptor status on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue offers an excellent alternative to the standard biochemical procedure.
Relative Motion Estimator for the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission

This paper presents the design, implementation, and post-mission tuning of the Outboard Estimator for the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission attitude and orbit determination avionics ground data processing The Outboard Estimator estimates the interferometric baseline, relative position and orientation of the outboard antenna with respect to the inboard antenna, using measurements from the ASTROS Target Tracker and an Electronic Distance Meter. It is implemented as a Kalman filter in which the measurements get blended with a nonlinear model of the mast flexible dynamics excited by the Shuttle vernier jet attitude control firings.
Efficient Entry to the [2.2.2]-Diazabicyclic Ring System via Diastereoselective Domino Reaction Sequence

A domino reaction sequence involving aldol condensation, alkene isomerization, and intramolecular hetero-Diels–Alder cycloaddition for the synthesis of [2.2.2]-diazabicyclic structures is reported. Excellent diastereofacial control during the cycloaddition is enforced with a removable chiral phenyl aminal diketopiperazine substituent. The reaction sequence rapidly generates molecular complexity and is competent with both enolizable and nonenolizable aldehyde substrates (nine examples total). Progress toward the synthesis of malbrancheamide B, a protypical member of the [2.2.2]-diazabicyclic natural product family, is also disclosed.
Experiential Learning in a Training and Development Class

In an experiential learning project, students in a senior-level, undergraduate training and development course provided training assistance to staff groups at their own university. This article details project planning, design, and facilitation steps and describes specific implementation methods and outcomes. The benefits of positioning experiential learning components on campus are also discussed.
Current Status and Strategy of microRNA Research for Cartilage Development and Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are small (~21 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs, are important players in endochondral ossification, articular cartilage homeostasis, and arthritis pathogenesis. Comprehensive and genetic analyses of cartilage-specific or cartilage-related miRNAs have provided new information on cartilage development, homeostasis, and related diseases. State-of-the-art combinatorial approaches, including transcription-activator like effector nuclease (TALEN)/clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technique for targeting miRNAs and high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation for identifying target messenger RNAs, should be used to determine complex miRNA networks and miRNA-dependent cartilage regulation. Use of advanced drug delivery systems involving cartilage-specific miRNAs will accelerate the application of these new findings in arthritis therapy.
Marine spatial planning as a tool for regional ocean governance?: An analysis of the New England ocean planning network

Abstract Marine spatial planning (MSP) requires extensive integration and collaboration between and among government agencies and non-governmental individuals and organizations. Such collaboration has also been identified as critical to the broader goal of achieving regional ocean governance. Social network analysis (SNA) is a suite of methods for systematically analyzing relations between individuals and organizations and provides insight into the extent and nature of collaboration and into governance networks more broadly. A SNA was conducted of the governance network shaping a regional MSP initiative in the New England region of the U.S. from 2012 to 2014, focusing in particular on a subset of key collaborators comprising the core of this network. The SNA was designed to investigate whether this network demonstrates the level of inter-organizational collaboration and integration that MSP scholars assert is needed to meaningfully improve regional ocean governance. Results suggest that the broader New England regional ocean planning network is large, decentralized, and of low density, thus well-suited to solving complex boundary-spanning problems like the management of ocean space. The core collaboration network is similarly diverse; well-connected and influential members of the core collaboration network include representatives of intergovernmental regional ocean partnerships, state government affiliates, and, to a lesser extent, federal government affiliates. Influential members also include key representatives of non-governmental organizations and universities. Conversely, local government affiliates are absent from the network, and ocean users and industry representatives are also absent from the core collaboration network but are included in the broader network and involved in the MSP process through targeted outreach efforts. These results indicate that both horizontal and vertical collaboration are being facilitated through the core collaboration network, though collaboration could be improved through greater participation by local government, users, and industry. This study illustrates how MSP, applied regionally, may help facilitate collaboration, thereby helping to advance a regional ocean governance approach, but that further research is needed to compare this case to others and to observe how this network sustains over time.
The European Pillar of Social Rights: Critical Legal Analysis and Proposals

The aim of the present paper is to provide a basis for an in-depth discussion of the European Commission’s initiative for a ‘European Pillar of Social Rights’ by briefly examining its context. The content of the Commission’s Communication is reviewed and followed by a more detailed analysis of the rights listed in the Annex of the Communication.
Expression of carbonic anhydrase isozyme III in the ciliary processes and lens

Purpose. To determine whether carbonic anhydrase isozyme (CA) III is expressed in the ciliary processes and lens. Methods. Total RNA was isolated from rabbit ciliary epithelium and human ciliary processes and from the anterior lens of rabbit, cow, and human eyes. First-strand cDNA was synthesized, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using oligomer primers designed to amplify CA III sequences specifically. Selected PCR products were eluted from agarose gels, cloned, and sequenced. Northern blots were performed to confirm the presence of CA III in these tissues. Results. Polymerase chain reaction products of the predicted size were generated from rabbit ciliary epithelium and from rabbit, bovine, and human lens. The sequence of the PCR product from human lens was identical to the published sequence of the corresponding region of the human CA III gene. The sequence of the PCR products from rabbit ciliary epithelium and bovine lens showed 88% and 97% identity, respectively, with the corresponding sequences for human CA III, suggesting that the PCR products corresponded to the rabbit and bovine orthologs. Northern blots confirmed the presence of CA III mRNA in the rabbit ciliary epithelium and in rabbit and bovine lens. Conclusions. mRNA for CA III is present in the intraocular tissues of rabbits, cows, and humans. The previous detection of CA III protein in the bovine lens is confirmed, and it extended to the lenses of other species, including humans. The detection of mRNA for CA III in the ciliary epithelium is new and suggests that the ciliary epithelium contains not only isozymes II and IV but isoenzyme III as well. Although the function of CA III in the eye is unknown, it may play a role in fluid transport and homeostasis.
Guest Editors’ Introduction: Regime Switching and Threshold Models

This special issue of the Journal of Business & Economic Statistics on “Regime Switching and Threshold Models” is motivated by the mounting empirical evidence of important nonlinearities in regress...
Multi-scale locally low-rank noise reduction for high-resolution dynamic quantitative cardiac MRI

Evaluation of myocardial T 1 times is conventionally limited to a single temporal snapshot of the cardiac cycle, leaving the dependence between functional and tissue characterization unexplored. We recently proposed a technique that alleviates this limitation by acquiring dynamic quantitative myocardial T 1 maps. However, tradeoffs between temporal resolution, scan duration and SNR limit the spatial resolution. In this work, we propose a multi-scale locally low rank noise reduction approach without parameter-tuning to enable high acceleration rates in the acquisition, facilitating superior spatial and temporal resolutions in dynamic myocardial T 1 mapping.
Donald Trump supporters and the denial of racism: An analysis of online discourse in a pro-Trump community

Donald Trump’s campaign to become president of the United States was shocking for many people. His negative representations of racialized immigrant groups were one of the most controversial aspects of the campaign, leading to frequent accusations of racism. This study explores how his supporters responded to such accusations. Discussions of racism within a pro-Trump reddit community, called “The_Donald”, were analyzed. The_Donald users adamantly denied that Trump’s statements or proposed policies were racist. Their dismissal of these accusations drew on and extended the logic of color-blind racism. They argued that such accusations were merely cynical political tactics and advocated that Trump supporters respond to them as such. Their favored response strategies superficially resembled genuine debate but were apparently intended to incite emotional responses from accusers and to compel them to disengage from conversations. The article discusses these strategies in light of the ongoing polarization of political debate around immigration.
An analytical model for the response of carbon/epoxy-aluminum honeycomb core sandwich structures under quasi-static indentation loading:

An analytical model is developed to predict the loading and unloading response, as well as the residual dent diameter and dent depth, of carbon/epoxy-aluminum honeycomb core composite sandwich stru...