cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response rates to a mailed survey of a representative sample of cancer patients randomly drawn from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry: a randomized trial of incentive and length effects

In recent years, response rates to telephone surveys have declined. Online surveys may miss many older and poorer adults. Mailed surveys may have promise in securing higher response rates. In a pilot study, 1200 breast, prostate and colon patients, randomly selected from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry, were sent surveys in the mail. Incentive amount ($3 vs. $5) and length of the survey (10 pages vs. 16 pages) were randomly assigned. Overall, there was a high response rate (AAPOR RR4 = 64%). Neither the amount of the incentive, nor the length of the survey affected the response rate significantly. Colon cancer surveys were returned at a significantly lower rate (RR4 = 54%), than breast or prostate surveys (RR4 = 71%, and RR4 = 67%, respectively; p < .001 for both comparisons). There were no significant interactions among cancer type, length of survey and incentive amount in their effects on response likelihood. Mailed surveys may provide a suitable alternative option for survey-based research with cancer patients.
Atlas-builder software and the eNeuro atlas: resources for developmental biology and neuroscience.

A major limitation in understanding embryonic development is the lack of cell type-specific markers. Existing gene expression and marker atlases provide valuable tools, but they typically have one or more limitations: a lack of single-cell resolution; an inability to register multiple expression patterns to determine their precise relationship; an inability to be upgraded by users; an inability to compare novel patterns with the database patterns; and a lack of three-dimensional images. Here, we develop new ‘atlas-builder’ software that overcomes each of these limitations. A newly generated atlas is three-dimensional, allows the precise registration of an infinite number of cell type-specific markers, is searchable and is open-ended. Our software can be used to create an atlas of any tissue in any organism that contains stereotyped cell positions. We used the software to generate an ‘eNeuro’ atlas of the Drosophila embryonic CNS containing eight transcription factors that mark the major CNS cell types (motor neurons, glia, neurosecretory cells and interneurons). We found neuronal, but not glial, nuclei occupied stereotyped locations. We added 75 new Gal4 markers to the atlas to identify over 50% of all interneurons in the ventral CNS, and these lines allowed functional access to those interneurons for the first time. We expect the atlas-builder software to benefit a large proportion of the developmental biology community, and the eNeuro atlas to serve as a publicly accessible hub for integrating neuronal attributes – cell lineage, gene expression patterns, axon/dendrite projections, neurotransmitters – and linking them to individual neurons.
Appropriate drug therapy for improving outcomes in diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in the United States. The majority of these cases are attributed to those with type 2 diabetes. Elevated blood pressure, proteinuria, and increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) play a major role in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease attributed to diabetes mellitus. Moreover, drugs that inhibit angiotensin II synthesis or block the angiotensin II type 1 receptor lower blood pressure, reduce proteinuria, and improve outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease caused by diabetes. This article highlights improvements in the current management of diabetic nephropathy afforded by agents that inhibit the RAAS, discusses their limitations, and considers novel strategies to prevent onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Current opinions concerning combination drug therapy with agents that block the RAAS at multiple sites, as well as combining calcium channel blockers with either angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists, are also discussed.
90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan radiotherapy as first-line therapy for early stage low-grade B-cell lymphomas, including bulky disease.

Summary 90Y-ibritumomab-tiuxetan (90YIT) was used as a first-line therapy for patients with early-stage follicular lymphoma (FL) or marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZL). Thirty-one patients were treated, with an overall 3-month response rate of 100% (68% complete response, 29% unconfirmed complete response and 3% partial response). At a median follow-up of 56 months, ten patients (32%) had disease relapse or progression. The progression-free rates at 3 and 5 years were lower in males, patients with FL, stage II diseaseand non-bulky disease, although they did not reach statistical significance. Grade 3–4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anaemia were 61%, 35%, and 3%, respectively. 90YIT was well tolerated, including in those patients over 60 years old, and achieved high response rates in patients with early-stage low-grade B-cell lymphomas. Bulky disease did not adversely affect tumour response.
Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Visible Light Sensor For The Teal Ruby Experiment

The Teal Ruby Experiment (TRE) , employing a space-shuttle-launched infrared telescope, will mark a major milestone in the application of mosaic infrared detectors in space. However, it is generally recognized that supplemental overview imagery acquired in the visible portion of the spectrum is necessary to assist in accurately interpreting the data generated by the infrared focal plane. For this purpose, the TRE will be equipped with a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) Visible Light Sensor (VLS) that will yield the cloud and ground truth data needed to assist in pointing and scene verification. The optical format of the VLS is designed to overlay the TRE footprint on the earth from a distance of 1000 nautical miles. The VLS is designed, built and will be qualified to meet the environmental and reliability requirements for an on-orbit mission in excess of one year. The TRE/VLS is tentatively scheduled for launch in mid 1983.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gibbs Construction in Steganography

We make a connection between steganography design by minimizing embedding distortion and statistical physics. The unique aspect of this work and one that distinguishes it from prior art is that we allow the distortion function to be arbitrary, which permits us to consider spatially dependent embedding changes. We provide a complete theoretical framework and describe practical tools, such as the thermodynamic integration for computing the rate-distortion bound and the Gibbs sampler for simulating the impact of optimal embedding schemes and constructing practical algorithms. The proposed framework reduces the design of secure steganography in empirical covers to the problem of finding local potentials for the distortion function that correlate with statistical detectability in practice. By working out the proposed methodology in detail for a specific choice of the distortion function, we experimentally validate the approach and discuss various options available to the steganographer in practice.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and PSA velocity for prostate cancer detection in men aged < 50 years

Many of the papers in this section are specifically related to the complexities of PSA testing and prostatic biopsy. Increasingly PSA testing has become a constituent part of urological practice, and although most would maintain that its is the best urological marker for prostate cancer that we have, its failings have led us to examine its performance in microscopic detail, to help us to use it better for detecting prostatic cancer. In the same way, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia has become important in our understanding of the progression of the pathology of prostate cancer. Several papers in this section re-emphasise the importance of this finding, and suggest that it remains a highly significant indicator of the likely development of prostate cancer.
"So, Like, What Now?": Making Identity Visible for Preservice Teachers.

Drawing on Vygostky's zone of proximal development this study explores the ways preservice teachers engage with The Human Bean Activity that was designed to make visible the abstract idea of identity and community. This qualitative narrative analysis explores the talk produced by 47 predominantly White, straight, and female preservice teachers as they talked with each other about race, ethnicity,� sexual� identity,� and� their� own� identity� in� a� multicultural� literature� class.� Findings� show� students'� use of song lyrics, humor, and shared laughter to relieve tension, build solidarity, and avoid stress. In addition these students challenged themselves and each other to better understand their own identities and communities. Some students were able to connect the activity to their own reading and begin to enact a new awareness and appreciation of diversity.
Dose—Response Relationships

One of the most powerful tools in the analysis of toxicological events is the description of the intensity of the exposure in terms of dose, dose rate, or concentration for a specified duration of exposure in relation to the frequency or intensity of the observed responses. Dose-response relationships have received a generic treatment in all general textbooks of toxicology, such as those by Loomis (1974), Doull et al. (1980), and Hapke (1975). The statistical risk of experiencing an effect from an exposure to a chemical can be attributed to the interaction of several important factors. As noted in Chapter 1, this complex relationship of dose to response was already recognized as early as the 16th century by Paracelsus. To restate his observations as they apply in contemporary toxicology—a sufficiently high dose of any compound will produce severe adverse effects in all exposed organisms. Conversely, a sufficiently low dose of any compound will produce no significant effects that can be experimentally determined, no matter how sophisticated or extensive the experiment.
Compact Model for Spin–Orbit Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

Electrical control of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) through spin–orbit torques (SOTs) offers opportunities to introduce MTJs into high-performance, low energy applications. SOTs support a high-speed and energy-efficient three terminal MTJ with perpendicular-to-the-plane magnetization (PMTJ). The read path is separated from the write path, enhancing the reliability of the device. SOTs exhibit two coexisting contributions: 1) a damping-like torque and 2) a field-like torque. In this paper, a physics-based compact model for a three terminal PMTJ is presented, which accurately models the magnetic, electrical, and thermal behaviors of a PMTJ controlled through SOTs. The proposed compact model is validated with experimental data, exhibiting reasonable accuracy with an average error of <5.4%. The integration capability of the proposed compact model with CMOS technology is also demonstrated.
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of Suspensions in Spatially Varying Electric Fields

We have developed a numerical scheme to simulate the motion of dielectric particles in uniform and nonuniform electric fields. The particles are moved using a direct simulation scheme in which the fundamental equations of motion of fluid and solid particles are solved without the use of models. The motion of particles is tracked using a distributed Lagrange multiplier method (DLM) and the electric force acting on the particles is calculated by integrating the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) over the particle surfaces. One of the key features of the DLM method is that the fluid-particle system is treated implicitly by using a combined weak formulation where the forces and moments between the particles and fluid cancel, as they are internal to the combined system. The flow inside the particles is forced to be a rigid-body motion using the distributed Lagrange multiplier method. The MST is obtained from the electric potential, which, in turn, is obtained by solving the electrostatic problem. In our numerical scheme the Marchuk-Yanenko operator-splitting technique is used to decouple the difficulties associated with the incompressibility constraint, the nonlinear convection term, and the rigid-body motion constraint. A comparison of the DNS results with those from the point-dipole approximation shows that the accuracy of the latter diminishes when the distance between the particles becomes comparable to the particle diameter, the domain size is comparable to the diameter, and also when the dielectric mismatch between the fluid and particles is relatively large.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Sonik spring

The Sonik Spring is an interface for real-time control of sound that directly links gestural motion and kinesthetic feedback to the resulting musical experience. The interface consists of a 15-inch spring with unique flexibility, which allows multiple degrees of variation in its shape and length. These are at the core of its expressive capabilities and wide range of functionality as a sound processor.
A New Integration Method for an Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging System Using LCC Compensation Topology: Analysis and Design

There is a need for charging electric vehicles (EVs) wirelessly since it provides a more convenient, reliable, and safer charging option for EV customers. A wireless charging system using a double-sided LCC compensation topology is proven to be highly efficient; however, the large volume induced by the compensation coils is a drawback. In order to make the system more compact, this paper proposes a new method to integrate the compensated coil into the main coil structure. With the proposed method, not only is the system more compact, but also the extra coupling effects resulting from the integration are either eliminated or minimized to a negligible level. Three-dimensional finite-element analysis tool ANSYS MAXWELL is employed to optimize the integrated coils, and detailed design procedures on improving system efficiency are also given in this paper. The wireless charging system with the proposed integration method is able to transfer 3.0 kW with 95.5% efficiency (overall dc to dc) at an air gap of 150 mm.
Alzheimer's Aβ10-40 peptide binds and penetrates DMPC bilayer: an isobaric-isothermal replica exchange molecular dynamics study.

Using all-atom explicit solvent model and isobaric–isothermal replica exchange molecular dynamics, we studied binding of Aβ10–40 monomers to zwitterionic DMPC bilayer. Our simulations suggest three main conclusions. First, binding of Aβ10–40 monomer to the DMPC bilayer causes dramatic structural transition in the peptide resulting in the formation of stable helical structure in the C-terminal. In addition, binding to the lipid bilayer induces the formation of intrapeptide Asp23-Lys28 salt bridge. We argue that the emergence of helix is the consequence of hidden helix propensity harbored in the Aβ10–40 C-terminal. This propensity is revealed by the lipids cross-bridging amino acids in helical conformations and by significant hydrophobic moment of the C-terminal. Second, the central hydrophobic cluster and, particularly, the C-terminal of Aβ10–40 not only govern binding to the bilayer but also penetrate into bilayer core. In contrast, the polar N-terminal and turn region form interactions mainly with the bi...
Molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary carcinosarcoma as determined by microdissection-based allelotyping

Pulmonary carcinosarcoma is a rare, biphasic tumor composed of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal elements. Its histogenesis is controversial in light of the presence of divergent cell lineages and the clonal nature of malignancy. To address these issues, we performed an extensive comparative genotypic analysis using microdissection to secure representative mesenchymal and epithelial components from each of six cases of pulmonary carcinosarcoma. Loss of heterozygosity was analyzed with a panel of 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers designed to indicate allelic loss and situated in proximity to known tumor suppressor genes located on 1p, 3p, 5q, 9p, 10q, and 17p. In accordance with the relatively greater biologic aggressiveness of this tumor type, both the epithelial and mesenchymal components showed extensive allelic loss, most notably for 3p, 5q, and 17p. More importantly, we found overall equivalent patterns of acquired allelic loss between the two components on an individual case basis, strongly supporting the monoclonal origin of these neoplasms. Minor differences in the allelic fingerprint between the two cell lineages could be explained by progressive accumulation of allelic loss alterations that appear to occur more frequently in the mesenchymal component of the tumor. The data support the efficacy of microdissection-based allelic fingerprinting to delineate the relationship between different morphologic components of a single neoplasm.
Leveraging Social Judgment Theory to Examine the Relationship between Social Cues and Signals in Human-Robot Interactions

Human-robot interaction (HRI) research requires new techniques for understanding the social dynamics that occur at the interface between humans and robots. Prior work has focused on incorporating the social cues and social signals distinction from the field of social signal processing and complementing this with recent advances in understanding human social cognition that specify two primary types of cognitive processes. A related account, stemming from Social Judgment Theory (SJT), specifies a Lens Model for which cues can be interpreted as well as the task conditions that would induce either of the types of cognitive processes. Surprisingly, SJT-based research has not yet examined the social cue and signal relationship. We argue it provides an ideal path forward for such research and we integrate these related disciplines of study to provide a theoretically derived account that can be useful for both the design of humanhuman and HRI experiments focused on social interaction dynamics.
Occupational performance goals of mothers of adolescents with disabilities and mothers of adolescents with typical development

ABSTRACTThis mixed methods study describes the occupational performance goals of mothers of adolescents with disabilities and mothers of typically developing adolescents. A sample of 40 mothers was recruited, 20 mothers of typically developing adolescents and 20 mothers of adolescents with disabilities. Semi-structured interviews guided by the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure were used to gather descriptive data from the mothers. The data were then qualitatively analyzed, compared, and organized into six themes describing the mothers’ occupational performance goals. The six themes were Taking Care of Myself, Making Time for Own Occupations, Life Organization, Quality Time with Others, Sharing the Load, Supporting/Encouraging Adolescent Development. Five of the six themes were shared between both groups. The final theme was only evident in the group of mothers of adolescents with disabilities. The findings highlight the differences and similarities of occupational performance goals between mothers...
The biosynthesis of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol of rat brain in vitro

Triton X-100 extracts of rat brain microsomal fraction catalyse the formation of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol from galactosyldiacylglycerol and adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-sulphatophosphate. Of the various subcellular fractions of brain assayed, the microsomal fraction contained most (79%) of the adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-sulphatophosphate–galactosyldiacylglycerol sulphotransferase activity. The enzyme activity was stimulated by Triton X-100 and showed linearity with increasing time, concentrations of enzyme and added substrates. ATP and KF prolonged the linearity of the activity with time, but ATP had an overall inhibitory effect on the sulphotransferase. Both ATP and KF inhibit the degradation of adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-sulphatophosphate, which probably causes the increased linearity of the sulphotransferase reaction with time. The enzyme preparation did not catalyse the transfer of sulphate from adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-sulphatophosphate to either cholesterol or galabiosyldiacylglycerol (galactosylgalactosyldiacylglycerol). Significant differences between the formation of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol and cerebroside sulphate catalysed by the same enzyme preparation were noted. ATP and Mg 2+ strongly inhibit the formation of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol but equally strongly stimulate the synthesis of cerebroside sulphate. The apparent K m for galactosyldiacylglycerol is 200μm, and that for cerebroside is 45μm. Galactosyldiacylglycerol and cerebroside are mutually inhibitory toward the synthesis of sulphated derivatives of each. These data do not necessarily lead to the conclusion that two sulphotransferases are present, but they do indicate a possible means of controlling the synthesis of these two sulpholipids.
Will New Mobilities Beget New (Im)Mobilities? Prospects for Change Resulting from Mongolia’s Trans-State Highway

Geographers and political ecologists suggests that road/rail megaprojects are most commonly motivated by a desire for agricultural colonization, relief of urban or other population pressures, extraction of natural resources, integration with regional transportation networks and the world economy, as well as a compulsion to facilitate greater access to potentially vulnerable border regions. This list encompasses virtually all of the reasons for Mongolia’s proposal for its first trans-state highway. While still in the planning stages, the so called Millennium Highway offers an opportunity to hypothesize on the impact of a major transportation artery in a society traditionally associated with pastoral nomadism. In essence, the very future of the nomadic lifestyle in Mongolia will be affected by this mega-transportation project and how it will facilitate new patterns of mobility and immobility.
Pervaporation Separation of Organic Mixtures by MOF-5 Membranes

Metal organic framework (MOF) membranes have received much attention for gas separation applications, with however limited information about their liquid separation properties. This paper reports a study of permeation and separation of liquid organics by a MOF-5 membrane in pervaporation mode. Multiple high quality MOF-5 membranes were reproducibly prepared by the secondary growth method for various experimental runs. The pervaporation of pure toluene, o-xylene, and 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB) and the separation of their binary mixtures were studied. The permeation flux and separation factors decrease with pervaporation on-stream time and steady state permeation flux could not be reached even after 10 h of pervaporation. The fouling effects do not change the crystalline structure of the MOF-5 membrane. The pervaporation flux with the mixture feed is lower than the pure component flux, and the reduction in the flux decreases with decreasing affinity of the permeating species with MOF-5. The mixture ma...
Copy number variation contributes to cryptic genetic variation in outbreak lineages of Cryptococcus gattii from the North American Pacific Northwest

Copy number variants (CNVs) are a class of structural variants (SVs) and are defined as fragments of DNA that are present at variable copy number in comparison with a reference genome. Recent advances in bioinformatics methodologies and sequencing technologies have enabled the high-resolution quantification of genome-wide CNVs. In pathogenic fungi SVs have been shown to alter gene expression, influence host specificity, and drive fungicide resistance, but little attention has focused specifically on CNVs. Using publicly available sequencing data, we identified 90 isolates across 212 Cryptococcus gattii genomes that belong to the VGII subgroups responsible for the recent deadly outbreaks in the North American Pacific Northwest. We generated CNV profiles for each sample to investigate the prevalence and function of CNV in C. gattii. We identified eight genetic clusters among publicly available Illumina whole genome sequence data from 212 C. gattii isolates through population structure analysis. Three clusters represent the VGIIa, VGIIb, and VGIIc subgroups from the North American Pacific Northwest. CNV was bioinformatically predicted and affected ~300–400 Kilobases (Kb) of the C. gattii VGII subgroup genomes. Sixty-seven loci, encompassing 58 genes, showed highly divergent patterns of copy number variation between VGII subgroups. Analysis of PFam domains within divergent CN variable genes revealed enrichment of protein domains associated with transport, cell wall organization and external encapsulating structure. CNVs may contribute to pathological and phenotypic differences observed between the C. gattii VGIIa, VGIIb, and VGIIc subpopulations. Genes overlapping with population differentiated CNVs were enriched for several virulence related functional terms. These results uncover novel candidate genes to examine the genetic and functional underpinnings of C. gattii pathogenicity.
Gas-Tracer Experiment for Evaluating the Fate of Methane in a Coastal Plain Stream: Degassing versus in-Stream Oxidation

Methane emissions from streams and rivers have recently been recognized as an important component of global greenhouse budgets. Stream methane is lost as evasion to the atmosphere or in-stream methane oxidation. Previous studies have quantified evasion and oxidation with point-scale measurements. In this study, dissolved gases (methane, krypton) were injected into a coastal plain stream in North Carolina to quantify stream CH4 losses at the watershed scale. Stream-reach modeling yielded gas transfer and oxidation rate constants of 3.2 ± 0.5 and 0.5 ± 1.5 d–1, respectively, indicating a ratio of about 6:1. The resulting evasion and oxidation rates of 2.9 mmol m–2 d–1 and 1,140 nmol L–1 d–1, respectively, lie within ranges of published values. Similarly, the gas transfer velocity (K600) of 2.1 m d–1 is consistent with other gas tracer studies. This study illustrates the utility of dissolved-gas tracers for evaluating stream methane fluxes. In contrast to point measurements, this approach provides a larger w...
Absence of population structure across elevational gradients despite large phenotypic variation in mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli).

Montane habitats are characterized by predictably rapid heterogeneity along elevational gradients and are useful for investigating the consequences of environmental heterogeneity for local adaptati...
Tetralogy of Fallot: A Possible Etiology for Narrowing of the Right Pulmonary Artery

Rationale and Objectives Patients with tetralogy of Fallot have right ventricular outflow and pulmonary valve stenosis. They may also have more distal peripheral pulmonary artery stenoses. Peripheral stenosis is believed to be part of the spectrum of the genetic manifestation of tetralogy. Our hypothesis was that narrowing of the right pulmonary artery may be due to compression from the adjacent dilated ascending aorta. Materials and Methods We identified 27 patients with tetralogy of Fallot who underwent magnetic resonance imaging scanning postoperatively, most often for evaluation of pulmonary valve stenosis and regurgitation. On the axial image at the level of the right pulmonary artery, we measured the transverse diameters of the ascending and descending aorta, and the minimum and maximum right pulmonary artery diameters. Results There was a significant correlation between the ratios of the ascending:descending aorta diameters and the maximum:minimum right pulmonary artery diameters. Thus, increasing ascending aorta size is associated with decreasing size of the adjacent right pulmonary artery. Conclusions In our patient population with tetralogy of Fallot, right pulmonary artery narrowing is at least partly because of compression from the adjacent enlarged ascending aorta.
Innate immune responses to hepatitis C virus.

The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against invading viral pathogens. Incoming viruses are sensed by dedicated host factors that, when triggered, initiate multiple signal transduction pathways. Activation of these pathways leads to the induction of highly orchestrated transcriptional programs designed to limit virus replication and spread. In recent years, our understanding of innate immune responses targeting hepatitis C virus (HCV) has increased substantially, largely due to the development of new systems and methodologies to study HCV–host interactions in vitro and in vivo. However, significant gaps still remain. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive view of the innate immune response to HCV, focusing primarily on knowledge gained from cell culture models of HCV infection, as well as data from human patients infected with HCV. While some paradigms of the host response to HCV revealed in cell culture translate to human infection in vivo, others are less clear. Further insight into the similarities and differences in these systems will not only reveal directions for future studies on HCV immunity, but may also guide the development of novel strategies to control HCV and other viral infections.
Abstract 308: An in vitro Model of Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy to Study the Coupling of Primary and Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes

For cardiac cell therapy to be effective, newly formed immature cardiomyocytes need to structurally and functionally integrate with the existing myocardium. Unfortunately, testing the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling of mature and immature cardiomyocytes in vivo is difficult. Here we engineered two cell μtissues containing combinations of mouse neonate, ES-derived, and iPS-derived cardiac myocytes on flexible substrates and utilized ratiometric calcium detection and traction force microscopy to measure excitation-contraction coupling in individual cells and in the pairs. We found that SC-derived cardiac myocytes can structurally couple with neonate cardiomyocytes to functionally support synchronous contraction, yet diastolic calcium levels were reduced in SC-derived cardiomyocytes. Consistently, neonate cardiomyocytes exerted peak systolic forces that were ~1.5-fold higher than that generated by SC-derived myocytes, yielding an imbalance in tension within the pair that was dissipated by focal adhesion-like structures at the cell-cell boundary. Finally we developed a finite element model of two-cell tissue contraction to demonstrate that an imbalance in isometric tension is sufficient to limit force transmission across cell-cell boundaries. Taken together, these results suggest that reduced force transmission between poorly coupled immature and native cardiomyocytes may explain the incomplete repair of ejection fraction observed in several clinical studies of cardiac cell therapy.
Operant Conditioning in Marketing

Next we turn to operant conditioning. Experiments in this type of conditioning started within a year or two of Pavlov’s work, just at the turn of the century. The source in this case was an American, Edward Thorn-dike, who was studying the way animals solve problems. From watching a number of animals learn to solve mazes and to get out of puzzle boxes, he concluded that when an action is followed by a “satisfying state of affairs,” it tends to be repeated, and when it is followed by an “aversive state of affairs,” it tends not to be repeated. He called this principle the Law of Effect, because the factor which controls behavior is the effect it has on the environment. Later researchers, most notably B. F. Skinner, expanded the work of Thorndike, and worked out the conditions under which it takes place.
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtypes: Localization and Structure/Function

Publisher Summary Muscarinic receptors are purified to apparent homogeneity from the both porcine brain and heart. Sufficient peptide sequence is obtained from these preparations to allow the cloning of the ml and m2 muscarinic receptor subtypes from these tissues. Using homology cloning, the human and rat forms of these receptors as well as three additional subtypes (m3-m5) are identified. Based on the sequence of the five cloned muscarinic receptor subtypes (ml-m5), subtype selective antibody and cDNA probes have been prepared. Use of these probes has demonstrated that each of the five subtypes has a markedly distinct distribution within the brain and among peripheral tissues. The distributions of these subtypes and their potential physiological roles are discussed. By the use of molecular genetic manipulation of cloned muscarinic receptor cDNAs, the regions of muscarinic receptors that specify G-protein coupling and ligand binding have been defined in several recent studies. Overall, these studies have shown that amino acids within the third cytoplasmic loop of the receptors define their selectivities for different G-proteins and that multiple discontinuous epitopes contribute to their selectivity for different ligands. In this chapter, the residues that contribute to ligand binding and G-protein coupling are described, as well as the implied structures of these functional domains.
3‐Nitro‐1,2,4‐triazole

[24807-55-4] C2H2N4O2 (MW 114.06) InChI = 1S/C2H2N4O2/c7-6(8)2-3-1-4-5-2/h1H,(H,3,4,5) InChIKey = KUEFXPHXHHANKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (this reagent is used as a coupling agent, as nucleophilic agent to introduction of various types of protecting groups in amines, alcohols, and widely used in oligonucleotide synthesis) Alternate Names: 5-nitro-1H-[1,2,4]-triazole,(NT/3-NTR), 3-nitro-1H-[1,2,4]-triazole, 1H-1,2,4-triazole, 3-nitro-. Physical Data: λmax (H2O) = 452 nm, melting point 208–210 °C, at 215–216 °C (decomposes) (literature). Solubility: soluble in organic solvents like THF, CH3CN, DMF, pyridine, MeOH, and slightly soluble in water. Form Supplied in: white/pale yellow powder, widely available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 8.86 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 163.1, 146.3; IR (solid): 3162, 2861, 2776, 2730; crystallographic data are available as supplementary no. CCDC 807307. Preparative Methods: concentrated HNO3 (85 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 3 h to a mechanically stirred solution of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (25 g, 0.297 mol) at 0 to −5 °C (ice-salt bath) and NaNO2 (100 g, 1.45 mol) in water (150 mL). During this time, the reaction temperature was maintained between −2 and 10 °C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 25 °C and stirring was continued overnight. The crude product was filtered to obtain a colorless precipitate of 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole:6 crystallization from methanol gave 23.9 g (70% yield).Rf = 0.2 (CHCl3-EtOH, 9:1); mp 208–210 °C. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store in a tightly closed container. Store in a dry area and refrigerate (at 0–10 °C). Use with adequate ventilation. Minimize dust generation and accumulation. Avoid breathing dust, vapor, and mist. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Comprehensive Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier Therapeutics: All HBOCs Are Not Created Equally.

The development of hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) has been hampered because of safety concerns in humans. Chemical and/or genetic modifications of the Hb introduce varied structural and conformational constraint on the molecule that resulted in proteins with diverse allosteric responses, nitrosative and oxidative side reactions. Here, we present for the first time a comprehensive biochemical and biophysical comparison of human, bovine, and genetically engineered HBOCs that have been tested in humans. We evaluate oxygen equilibrium and ligand binding kinetics under different experimental conditions as well as their autoxidation kinetics, redox reactions, and heme release. We determined the effects of HBOCs on cellular redox states and mitochondrial respiration. Taken together, these experiments provide a better understanding of the relationship between the structure–function and oxidative reactivity of these proteins. One can therefore select independently among these diverse properties to e...
Income as a moderator of psychological stress and nicotine dependence among adult smokers.

Abstract Background Perceived stress and psychological distress are associated with more cigarette craving and withdrawal, higher nicotine dependence, and less success during quit attempts. Low income smokers have disproportionately higher rates of smoking and may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of stress on smoking dependence. The aim of the current study was to assess if lower income smokers have a stronger association between stress and nicotine dependence than higher income smokers. Methods Data were obtained from the Pennsylvania Adult Smoking Study, which included 351 daily smokers. Subjects completed PhenX Toolkit and other self-report measures of socioeconomic factors, the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6), Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC). Moderation analyses using linear regression examined income-related differences in the association between stress and nicotine dependence. Results Income groups were categorized by an annual household income of $50,000 based on visual-inspection of scatter plots of income by nicotine dependence. Compared to higher income smokers, lower income smokers had significantly higher mean levels of nicotine dependence on the FTND [3.74 vs. 4.79, p Conclusions The results highlight that the relationship between increasing stress and FTND was found in lower but not higher income groups. Future research should examine socioeconomic, environmental and psychosocial factors that may facilitate increased smoking during stress-induced craving.
A comparison of hair bundle mechanoreceptors in sea anemones and vertebrate systems.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the hair bundle mechanoreceptors in vertebrate systems with those of sea anemones. Hair bundle mechanoreceptors of the acousticolateralis system of vertebrates are similar to hair bundles found on tentacles of sea anemones, primitive marine invertebrates. In each case, hair bundles consist of actin-based stereocilia, interconnected by extracellular linkages. Recently, considerable attention has been directed to one class of linkages called “tip links.” Tip links interconnect the tip of one stereocilium to the adjacent, taller stereocilium. According to the currently favored hypothesis for signal transduction, tip links may be “gating springs” that gate cation channels opened during deflection of the hair bundle. To depolarize the membrane, deflections must be directed to induce strain on the tip links. Hair cells adapt to prolonged deflection of hair bundles. Whereas in some vertebrates, adaptation is incomplete, adaptation in anemones appears to be complete. Hair cells of lower vertebrates can be replaced, by division and differentiation of supporting cells. In chickens, a repair system exists wherein tip links are replaced via a mechanism that does not involve protein synthesis. The repair mechanism of anemones involves the synthesis of new proteins that may constitute replacement linkages and accessory proteins that attach the linkages to the appropriate integral proteins.
We Need More than Another Keychain: An Analysis of Marketing Needs of CTRSs

Recent literature shows that RT has been misunderstood and sometimes perceived as inferior to other treatment services in the health care arena (e.g., Chen & Chippendale, 2018; Harkins, 2010; Harkins & Bedini, 2013; Hinton, 2000). Although the field of RT has made significant advances in demonstrating its value, there is a lot of work yet to be done. Over three decades ago, Thorn (1984) stated that marketing is more than just selling a product and encouraged the field of RT to survey its own “…reputation and image, quality and types of service, accreditation and certification, status, availability and accessibility of services, and service philosophy” (p. 44) to determine effective marketing strategies. To that point, Bedini’s (2017) national study on marketing among Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialists (CTRSs) found only moderate efforts and understanding regarding how to market their own programs. This current analysis delved deeper into these data, examining the narrative responses to the open-ended question on identified marketing needs in RT. Results present patterns and themes among the responses regarding CTRSs’ perceptions of their marketing needs. From these results, recommendations for practice and further research were identified. Subscribe to TRJ
Home-based pain and fatigue management in fibromyalgia: feasibility of a new intervention

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this research was to test the feasibility of a new pain and fatigue self-management technique, bilateral stimulation and desensitization (BSD), in fibromyalgia (FM)....
Coordination of Leaf Development Across Developmental Axes.

Leaves are initiated as lateral outgrowths from shoot apical meristems throughout the vegetative life of the plant. To achieve proper developmental patterning, cell-type specification and growth must occur in an organized fashion along the proximodistal (base-to-tip), mediolateral (central-to-edge), and adaxial–abaxial (top-bottom) axes of the developing leaf. Early studies of mutants with defects in patterning along multiple leaf axes suggested that patterning must be coordinated across developmental axes. Decades later, we now recognize that a highly complex and interconnected transcriptional network of patterning genes and hormones underlies leaf development. Here, we review the molecular genetic mechanisms by which leaf development is coordinated across leaf axes. Such coordination likely plays an important role in ensuring the reproducible phenotypic outcomes of leaf morphogenesis.
190. Clinical Presentation of Streptococcus gallolyticus Infections

Background There are multiple publications on the association of Streptococcus gallolyticus (SG) with malignancies of the colon. SG has been also found in association with hepatocellular carcinoma, biliary tract infections, meningitis, endocarditis, urinary and other infections. In a preliminary analysis of SG and other streptococcal infections, we find that any of the GI flora may gain access to the bloodstream when there is a breach of the mucosa due to inflammation or malignant invasion. In our study, the majority of SG infections were polymicrobial and lower urinary tract infections were the most common presentation. Only 2 out of 45 had gastrointestinal malignancies both with polymicrobial blood culture results.
An Ontology of Human Flourishing: Economic Development and Epistemologies of Faith, Hope, and Love

This chapter demonstrates that the presence of poverty, and its associated pathologies, is of concern to all humankind whose innate desire is to seek the flourishing of fellow humanity. The traditional, often unsuccessful, methods of poverty alleviation have been challenged in creative, bold, and refreshing ways that are superior in both identifying poverty and moving agencies and pathways toward greater success. This involves a technical application of quantitative microeconomics which is paired with expertise and insights on human behavior gleaned from the behavioral sciences. It turns out that human behavior is often better explained by behavioral categories such as hope than by traditional assumptions of rationality. Drawing from the western philosophical and Christian theistic traditions (between which there is considerable overlap), this innate desire to hope is explained as part of that triad of virtues—faith, hope, and love—that comprise the epicenter of the human condition. The Christian-theistic tradition postulates that this condition of hope for a physically and metaphysically-redeemed humanity requires certain lived behaviors in the present, even as we approach, ultimately, the very telos of our existence. Paramount among these behaviors is the pursuit of socio-economic justice. Much use is made of narratives to illustrate the lived reality of those living in desperation but buoyed by hope.
Crowded and popular: The two sides of the coin affecting theme-park experience, satisfaction, and loyalty

Abstract Crowding has become popular in academic research. Empirical studies have not, however, addressed the role of crowding on increasingly popular theme-park settings. This study explores the relative influences of perceived crowding and perceived popularity on theme-park product perceptions, which then influence satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Survey data (N=477) indicates that perceived crowding has a negative effect on internal access (or navigation) of the theme-park experience, while perceived popularity has positive effects on internal access, outdoor entertainment, and retail practices aspects of the theme-park overall experiences. These aspects of theme-park experiences have significant influences on visitors’ satisfaction, which then affect behavioral intentions of word-of-mouth, willingness to pay price premiums, and revisit. The external access aspect of theme-park experiences is not influenced by either crowding or popularity, and this aspect does not influence satisfaction either. The theoretical and managerial implications of the study are critical, especially for recovery efforts post COVID-19.
Mathematics, Statistics, and Representations for Cybernetic Systems

Although cybernetics is a science with mathematical-physical nature, with its physical structure cybernetics has been more developed with the abstracts of system structures with mathematics. This chapter will introduce some key mathematical and statistical concepts, assumptions, methods, and applications which are critical to cybernetic system development, assuming that readers have basic knowledge of linear algebra, calculus, and statistics.
Which teacher induction practices work? Linking forms of induction to teacher practices, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction

Abstract Teacher induction is regarded as an important facet of the teacher education system in many countries. However, important questions remain concerning which teacher induction practices are most associated with teacher quality and retention. This study (N = 736) therefore leverages data from the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) to examine relationships between various forms of teacher induction and teacher practices, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction, while controlling for an array of teacher socio-demographic and professional characteristics. Five specific teacher induction activities—including team teaching; online activities; and portfolios, diaries, or journals—were associated with one or more teacher-level outcome variables.
Aortic root dilatation and dilated cardiomyopathy in an adult with Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome

Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome is an autosomal dominant overgrowth syndrome caused by pathogenic DNMT3A variants in the germline. Clinical findings of tall stature due to postnatal overgrowth, intellectual disability, and characteristic facial features, are the most consistent findings observed in patients with Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome (TBRS). Since the syndrome was first described in 2014, an expanding spectrum of neuropsychiatric, musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular manifestations have been reported. However, most TBRS cases described in the literature are children with de novo DNMT3A variants, signaling a need to better characterize the phenotypes in adults. In this report, we describe a 34 year old referred to genetics for possible Marfan syndrome with aortic root dilatation, mitral valve prolapse, and dilated cardiomyopathy, who was diagnosed with TBRS due to a heterozygous de novo DNMT3A variant. This represents the third reported TBRS case with aortic root dilation and the second with cardiomyopathy. Collectively, these data provide evidence for an association with aortic disease and cardiomyopathy, highlight the clinical overlap with Marfan syndrome, and suggest that cardiovascular surveillance into adulthood is indicated.