cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulating the relative effects of movement and sociality on the distribution of animal-transported subsidies

Animal sociality (i.e., conspecific attraction or avoidance) can influence how animals move (i.e., sinuous to straight) across landscapes. Active subsidies are animal-transported resources (e.g., nutrients, detritus, prey) or consumers (e.g., predators, parasites, pathogens) across ecosystem boundaries and can affect ecosystem function. Animal movement has been shown to affect the spatial distributions of active subsidies. However, there is limited research on how conspecific interaction affects active subsidy distributions through animal movement. Based on dispersal from a donor to recipient ecosystem, we constructed a spatially explicit individual-based model (IBM) to quantify the effect of variation in conspecific interaction in three scenarios (attraction, avoidance, no interaction) and movement behavior as a correlated random walk on living and dead subsidy displacement, density, and clustering. In each conspecific interaction scenario, we examined emergent subsidy distributions from varying the straightness of movement path and the settlement probability as a function of settled conspecifics within dispersers’ perceptual range. Movement behavior predicted subsidy displacement, and conspecific interaction determined subsidy density and clustering patterns. We found that avoidance spread subsidies farther and at lower densities in the recipient ecosystem, generating more spread-out dead subsidy clusters. Attraction resulted in fewer, smaller, and denser living subsidy clusters closer to the ecosystem boundary. Higher settlement probability constrained living subsidy displacement with increased subsidy density and clustering across conspecific interaction scenarios. Subsidy density and clustering increased with perceptual range in attraction scenarios, limiting subsidy displacement. Subsidy displacement increased with perceptual range in avoidance scenarios, reducing subsidy density and clustering. This work is the first systematic simulation study on the influence of animal movement interactions with sociality on spatial subsidies across a broad parameter space. Our work provides context for empirical studies of active subsidy distribution and impact for a variety of taxa and ecosystems.
Bidirectional Correlations Between Dopaminergic Function and Motivation in Parkinson's Disease.

Objective:To test the hypothesis that striatal dopamine function influences motivational alterations in Parkinson disease (PD), we compared vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and dopamine tr...
In-Situ Simulation in Interdisciplinary Family Practice Improves Response to In-Office Emergencies.

Background Medical emergencies can present to family medicine offices. For optimal patient outcomes, multiple team members must come together to provide emergency care and mobilize the appropriate resources. In-situ simulation has been used to improve provider knowledge, skills, and attitudes as well as identify latent safety threats. The aim of this training was to provide family medicine physicians, nurses, and office staff education about how to manage in-office emergencies. Specifically, we sought to clarify team members’ roles, improve communication, and identify latent safety threats. Methodology Two different in-situ simulations were performed with debriefing sessions. The first was a pediatric patient in respiratory distress. The second was a patient who presented for shortness of breath and became unresponsive in the lobby. Physicians, nurses, and office staff responded to the emergencies and used existing equipment and protocols to medically manage each patient. A standardized return on investment in learning survey evaluating the learners’ confidence in managing in-office emergencies was completed by all learners immediately prior to and after the training. Results The training improved the participants’ self-reported confidence in their ability to manage in-office emergencies. Additionally, participants believed they were better able to identify other team members’ roles when responding to an in-office emergency. Learners were able to identify where knowledge gaps existed in current protocols, as well as aspects of the protocols that required updating. Lastly, the teams identified latent safety threats that were able to be mitigated by the practice. Conclusions In-situ simulation for high-risk, low-frequency in-office emergencies is a valuable tool to improve team members’ confidence, identify knowledge gaps, and mitigate latent safety threats.
Transient heat transfer of superfluid 4 He in nonhomogeneous geometries: Second sound, rarefaction, and thermal layer

Transient heat transfer in superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ (He II) is a complex process that involves the interplay of the unique counterflow heat-transfer mode, the emission of second-sound waves, and the creation of quantized vortices. Many past researches focused on homogeneous heat transfer of He II in a uniform channel driven by a planar heater. In this paper, we report our systematic study of He II transient heat transfer in nonhomogeneous geometries that are pertinent to emergent applications. By solving the He II two-fluid equations of motion coupled with Vinen's equation for vortex-line density, we examine and compare the characteristics of transient heat transfer from planar, cylindrical, and spherical heaters in He II. Our results show that as the heater turns on, an outgoing second-sound pulse emerges, within which the vortex-line density grows rapidly. These vortices attenuate the second sound and result in a heated He II layer in front of the heater, i.e., the thermal layer. In the planar case where the vortices are created throughout the space, the second-sound pulse is continuously attenuated, leading to a thick thermal layer that diffusely spreads following the heat pulse. On the contrary, in the cylindrical and the spherical heater cases, vortices are created mainly in a thin thermal layer near the heater surface. As the heat pulse ends, a rarefaction tail develops following the second-sound pulse, in which the temperature drops. This rarefaction tail can promptly suppress the thermal layer and take away the deposited thermal energy. The effects of the heater size, heat flux, pulse duration, and temperature on the thermal-layer dynamics are discussed. We also show how the peak heat flux for the onset of boiling in He II can be studied in our model.
Virtual Dimensionality Analysis for Hyperspectral Imagery

Virtual dimensionality (VD) has been widely used to estimate number of endmembers in the past. Unfortunately, the original idea of VD was developed to specify the number of spectrally distinct signatures in hyperspectral data where there is no provided specific definition of what “spectrally distinct signatures” are. As a result, many techniques developed to estimate VD have produced various values for VD. This paper addresses this issue by develops a target specified VD (TSVD) theory where the value of VD is completely determined by targets of interest. In particular, the VD techniques can be categorized according to targets characterized by eigenvalues/eigenvectors and real target signal sources which are used for a binary composite hypothesis testing problem. For the latter case the Automatic Target Generation Process (ATGP) is particularly used to generate real target signal sources to replace eigenvalues/eigenvectors as signal sources to be used for the binary hypothesis testing problem. In order to find probability distributions under each hypothesis the extreme theory used by Maximum Orthogonal Complement Algorithm (MOCA) is used for their derivations. As a result, VD can be estimated by two types of signals sources, eigenvalues/eigenvectors along with two types of detectors, maximum likelihood detector and Neyman-Pearson detector.
Lovastatin attenuates nerve injury in an animal model of Guillain–Barré syndrome

Statins, widely used as clinically effective inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties that may be of therapeutic benefit for the management of some neurological disorders. In this study, a short-term course of lovastatin treatment is shown to markedly inhibit the development of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in the absence of hepatotoxic or myotoxic complications. Independent of cholesterol reduction, lovastatin treatment prevented EAN-induced peripheral nerve conduction deficits and morphologic nerve injury. Co-administration with mevalonate neutralized the prophylactic effects of lovastatin. When administered therapeutically, lovastatin significantly shortened the disease course. Autoreactive immunity, measured in vitro by myelin-stimulated proliferation of splenocytes, was significantly diminished by in vivo lovastatin treatment. Th1-dominant immune responses, measured by cytokine profiling, however, were not affected by lovastatin. Sciatic nerves of lovastatin-treated immunized rats showed markedly reduced levels of cellular infiltrates. Treating peripheral nerve endothelial monolayers with lovastatin significantly inhibited the in vitro migration of autoreactive splenocytes. Together, these data demonstrate that a short-term course of lovastatin attenuates the development and progression of EAN in Lewis rats by limiting the proliferation and migration of autoreactive leukocytes.
Effect of β-Adrenergic Catecholamines on Sodium Transport in Turkey Erythrocytes

Abstract Sodium fluxes across the plasma membrane of turkey erythrocytes are 2 to 3 times greater than corresponding fluxes in human erythrocytes. Extracellular potassium stimulates fractional sodium outflux and inhibits sodium influx in turkey erythrocytes. In contrast to human erythrocytes, turkey erythrocytes showed no evidence for sodium-sodium exchange, and at all sodium concentrations studied addition of extracellular potassium inhibited sodium influx. Isoproterenol stimulated accumulation of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic 3':5'-AMP) and produced a 2- to 4-fold increase in sodium fluxes in turkey erythrocytes. The potency of catecholamine analogs for stimulation of sodium transport correlated directly with their potency for activation of adenylate cyclase in the turkey erythrocyte membrane. Stimulation of sodium transport by isoproterenol is reproduced by adding cyclic 3':5'-AMP to the medium and is blocked by propranolol. The increase in cyclic 3':5'-AMP in response to isoproterenol progresses unimpaired for at least 2 hours. The increase in sodium transport, however, begins to diminish within 30 min after addition of isoproterenol, and after 3 hours of incubation sodium fluxes are only slightly greater than for the control. This phenomenon presumably reflects accumulation of an inhibitor or depletion of a necessary factor for the transport system activated by intracellular cyclic 3':5'-AMP. The rapid effect described here of catecholamines on sodium transport as well as certain results with other systems controlled by hormones through cyclic 3':5'-AMP suggest that endocrine regulation of sodium transport is of general biological significance.
RegColl: centralized registry framework for infrastructure system management

System administrators are faced with the challenge of managing and compiling information about deployed systems to ensure the maintenance, scalability, security, and overall availability of the infrastructure systems. Recently, securing and monitoring the deployed enterprise infrastructure systems has taken unprecedented importance due to the added accountability now being placed on managing corporate data and private information. Compliance with new regulation has never been stressed more than now - with SOX/Bill 198, GLB Act/PIPDEA, HIPPA to name a few regulations. Toward this, we present RegColl: A practical framework for registry and system configuration management for monitoring and maintaining the health of corporate infrastructure systems in Windows environment. In RegColl, registry and configuration information are collected at a centralized location so as to inspect and analyze the data for policy compliance, system configuration monitoring, and incident response services.
Study of the short circuit current contributed by a DC system with a three-phase fault on the AC side of an inverter

Currently, the standards used to calculate the short circuit (SC) current ignore the contribution of DC systems to the SC current when short-circuit faults occur in an AC systems. With the rapid development of High Voltage Direct Current systems (HVDC), it has become important to determine whether the contribution of the HVDC system can be ignored when calculating the SC current. This study investigates the transient processes of a line-commutated converter HVDC (LCC-HVDC) system with a three-phase fault on the AC side of an inverter. The mechanism of the SC current contributed by LCC-HVDC is analyzed, and a practical method for calculating the SC current is proposed. Simulation results verify the proposed mechanism and the accuracy of the method.
Long-Term Association of N-(Phosphonacetyl)-l-aspartate with Bone

By means of enzymatic and autoradiographic techniques, it has been demonstrated that, 24 hr after a single dose of the antitumor amino acid N -phosphonacetyl-L-aspartic acid (PALA), (400 mg/kg i.p.; 1.15 mmol/kg) to C57BL × DBA/2 F1 mice, the agent accumulates in bone to a concentration of approximately 400 μM; this is 3000 times greater than the Ki of PALA for its target enzyme, aspartate carbamoyltransferase. However, disproportionately low inhibition of enzyme activity was demonstrated in homogenates of bone from these recipients, suggesting that the drug was sequestered from its target in this tissue. Autoradiography of sections of femoral shafts from mice treated with 14C-labeled drug demonstrated that autoradiogram density due to [14C]PALA equivalents was confined to the bony matrix, with no label above background resolvable in bone marrow. Following in vivo administration of PALA (400 mg/kg i.p.), the half-life of the drug in the bone was approximately 23 days. In vitro , with equilibrium dialysis at pH 7.4, it was demonstrated that: ( a ) normal pulverized and decalcified bone bound PALA with capacities of 3.5 nmol/mg and 0.1 nmol/mg bone, respectively, at a PALA concentration of 5 mM; ( b ) binding of PALA to normal bone reached saturation at a concentration of 200 mM; and ( c ) PALA functions as a solubilizer of bone at concentrations above this. Since administration of PALA was shown to produce long-lasting inhibition of aspartate carbamoyltransferase in liver and tumor and since its ultimate half-life in the plasma of mice, following a single 400-mg/kg administration of the drug, is 8 days, it is suggested that bone serves as a reservoir from which PALA is released at a slow rate into plasma and other tissues.
THE SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDES

Publisher Summary The usefulness of peptide synthesis to protein chemistry is abundant. Modern methods of peptide synthesis allows the preparation of special peptides of low molecular weight and known chemical structure for use as models in the examination of several physical and chemical properties of proteins. The usage of synthetic peptides also facilitates the interpretation of data on the acid-base relationships of proteins. They also provide simple models for the study of the enzymatic degradation, physical properties, or chemical reactions of proteins along with the final proof of the chemical structure of several physiologically important substances, such as glutathione and carnosine. This chapter focuses on the available methods for the synthesis of peptides. These methods are evaluated with regard to their relative difficulty, their adaptability to meet problems encountered in amino acid chemistry, and the yield and purity of the products of synthesis. The chapter emphasizes on the synthesis of peptides of amino essentially formed upon protein hydrolysis. Configurational relationships of peptides are also presented.
Waterborne Pageants and Festivities in the Renaissance: Essays in Honour of J.R. Mulryne

This review considers Waterborne Pageants and Festivities in the Renaissance edited by Margret Shewring.
SpeakerSense: energy efficient unobtrusive speaker identification on mobile phones

Automatically identifying the person you are talking with using continuous audio sensing has the potential to enable many pervasive computing applications from memory assistance to annotating life logging data. However, a number of challenges, including energy efficiency and training data acquisition, must be addressed before unobtrusive audio sensing is practical on mobile devices. We built SpeakerSense, a speaker identification prototype that uses a heterogeneous multi-processor hardware architecture that splits computation between a low power processor and the phone's application processor to enable continuous background sensing with minimal power requirements. Using SpeakerSense, we benchmarked several system parameters (sampling rate, GMM complexity, smoothing window size, and amount of training data needed) to identify thresholds that balance computation cost with performance. We also investigated channel compensation methods that make it feasible to acquire training data from phone calls and an automatic segmentation method for training speaker models based on one-to-one conversations.
Enantioseparations by electrochromatography with packed capillaries

Abstract ( S )-Naproxen-derived and (3 R ,4 S )-Whelk-O chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were immobilized on 3 μm silica supports and packed into 100 μm I.D. fused-silica capillaries. Enantiomers of some neutral analytes representing a variety of different classes of compounds were separated by electrochromatography using 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid modified with acetonitrile as the buffer system. High column efficiency (up to 200 000 plates per meter) and substantial levels of enantioselectivity were obtained in all cases with separations usually being performed in less than 10 min.
Expression of Human Placental Cell Surface Antigens on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

The expression of human placental cell surface antigens was examined in cells of lymphoid origin, including peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured lymphoblastoid cells of bone marrow or thymus derivation. A select group of this defined set of surface antigens was detected on all three cell preparations. The most remarkable observation was the conspicuous absence of three subunits previously demonstrated to be present on all human cell surfaces examined to date. Antiserum directed against several placental components prevents adhesion and spreading of cells which grow attached to surfaces. These results suggest a role for these three glycoproteins in mediating cellular adhesion.
Complete genomic sequence of a Tobacco rattle virus isolate from Michigan-grown potatoes

Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) causes stem mottle on potato leaves and necrotic arcs and rings in potato tubers, known as corky ringspot disease. Recently, TRV was reported in Michigan potato tubers cv. FL1879 exhibiting corky ringspot disease. Sequence analysis of the RNA-1-encoded 16-kDa gene of the Michigan isolate, designated MI-1, revealed homology to TRV isolates from Florida and Washington. Here, we report the complete genomic sequence of RNA-1 (6,791 nt) and RNA-2 (3,685 nt) of TRV MI-1. RNA-1 is predicted to contain four open reading frames, and the genome structure and phylogenetic analyses of the RNA-1 nucleotide sequence revealed significant homologies to the known sequences of other TRV-1 isolates. The relationships based on the full-length nucleotide sequence were different from than those based on the 16-kDa gene encoded on genomic RNA-1 and reflect sequence variation within a 20-25-aa residue region of the 16-kDa protein. MI-1 RNA-2 is predicted to contain three ORFs, encoding the coat protein (CP), a 37.6-kDa protein (ORF 2b), and a 33.6-kDa protein (ORF 2c). In addition, it contains a region of similarity to the 3' terminus of RNA-1, including a truncated portion of the 16-kDa cistron. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-2, based on a comparison of nucleotide sequences with other members of the genus Tobravirus, indicates that TRV MI-1 and other North American isolates cluster as a distinct group. TRV M1-1 is only the second North American isolate for which there is a complete sequence of the genome, and it is distinct from the North American isolate TRV ORY. The relationship of the TRV MI-1 isolate to other tobravirus isolates is discussed.
Advantages of mesh tallying in MCNP5 for soil analysis calculations

The Monte Carlo code, MCNP5, includes a mesh and lattice tally option useful for large matrix calculations. Recently, a fast lattice tally (FLT) was developed for MCNPX. We used these two codes to model an in-situ soil analysis system based on inelastic neutron scattering. The tallies were utilized to calculate the reaction rates of fast neutrons with carbon via inelastic reactions. The results of these three tallies and their respective computational times are compared, and the advantages of these methodologies discussed.
Department of veterans affairs single-drug therapy of hypertension study Revised figures and new data

The antihypertensive efficacy of six drugs and placebo was compared in 1292 men with untreated diastolic blood pressure of 95 to 109 mm Hg. The primary end point "success" was defined as the patient having achieved a diastolic blood pressure of < 90 mm Hg at the end of the drug titration period and having maintained a diastolic blood pressure of < 95 mm Hg for 1 year without drug intolerance. The original published success rate data (N Engl J Med 1993;328:914-921) were discovered to be in error due to a computer programming code omission (N Engl J Med 1994;330:1689). This paper presents corrected graphic figures. The corrected success rates were generally higher than originally published. Overall, diltiazem (72%) was significantly higher than hydrochlorothiazide (55%), prazosin (54%), captopril (50%), and placebo (31%); clonidine (62%) and atenolol (60%) were intermediate. There were some changes in the hierarchy of drug response, but important differences in success rates according to age by race subgroups remained. Whites responded well to all drug classes, except for lower efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide in younger whites. Blacks responded better to diltiazem than other agents. In addition, we have analyzed the data using a definition of success based on < 90 mm Hg for 1 year. Use of the <90 mm Hg criterion reduced the rate of success, but had only a minor effect on the drug success rate hierarchy. We conclude that single-drug antihypertensive therapy is effective in a majority of stage 1 to 2 diastolic hypertensive patients, although there are important age-by-race differences in success rates among various drug classes.
Early Double Switch With Lecompte Maneuver for Life-Threatening Airway Obstruction

A 6-month-old boy with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and mild pulmonary valve stenosis presented with acute obstructive respiratory life-threatening events. Airways obstruction was caused by aneurysmal dilation of the branch pulmonary arteries compressing the carina and bronchi. The child was ventilator dependent. A double switch operation with Lecompte maneuver was performed, bringing the pulmonary arteries forward and relieving the airway compression. The child made a complete recovery and remains well 9 months later with no clinical or radiologic signs of airway compression.
Flux Measurements of Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A between 18.5 MC and 107 MC

Results of a series of measurements on the two most intense radio stars are given. Basic techniques for absolute and relative intensity measurements are described. Principal sources of error are discussed with special attention to the very controversial range below 30 mc. To minimize one common source of error, interferometer arrays using simple dipole antennas over reflecting screens were used for all absolute measurements of Cassiopeia A. For relative amplitude determinations, collinear arrays with higher resolution were employed. The absolute observations show flux densities which increase by a factor of two between 100 mc and 40-50 mc, and then continue a more gradual increase to 18.5 mc. The amplitude of Cygnus A relative to Cassiopeia A is between 0.5 and 0.6 over the entire range of frequencies.
In-depth determination and analysis of the human paired heavy- and light-chain antibody repertoire

The determination of immune receptor repertoires using high throughput (NextGen) DNA sequencing has rapidly become an indispensable tool for the understanding of adaptive immunity, antibody discovery and in clinical practice.
Effect of Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP) participation on psychiatric symptoms, sense of hope, and recovery.

Objective Self-management of psychiatric illness is a central tenet of consumer-directed mental health treatment. While several manualized self-management programs have been developed in recent years, the most widely disseminated is the Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP). This study examined the effects of WRAP participation on psychiatric symptoms, hope, and recovery outcomes for people with severe and persistent mental illness. Methods A quasi-experimental study, with an experimental (n=58) and a comparison (n=56) group was conducted. WRAP sessions (8-12 week) were facilitated by one staff person and one peer worker at five community mental health centers in a Midwestern state. The Modified Colorado Symptom Index, the State Hope Scale, and the Recovery Markers Questionnaire (RMQ) were employed at the first and last WRAP sessions, as well as six months following the intervention. Repeated measures analysis of covariance and planned comparisons before and after the intervention were conducted. Results Findings revealed statistically significant group intervention effects for symptoms and hope, but not for RMQ. Planned comparisons showed statistically significant improvements for the experimental group in psychiatric symptoms and hope after the intervention, while non-significant changes occurred in the comparison group. Conclusions and implications for practice The study results offer promising evidence that WRAP participation has a positive effect on psychiatric symptoms and feelings of hopefulness. If recovery is the guiding vision for mental health system reform, the study results provide evidence that WRAP programming may warrant a place in the current array of services offered through the publicly funded mental health system.
Can the family still cope? Social support and health as determinants of nursing home use in the older Mexican-origin population.

Objectives: This article examines the impact of disability, cognitive status, and social support on nursing home use in a sample of older Mexican Americans. Method: We used four waves of the Hispan...
The timing of pretransplant transfusions and renal allograft survival.

Analysis of over 3000 cadaveric renal allograft recipients transplanted between June 1977 and June 1982 as part of the South-Eastern Organ Procurement Foundation Prospective Study was performed to determine the influence of timing of blood transfusions (BT) on patient and graft survival. Four mutually exclusive BT groups were identified for 2480 first-transplant and 655 regrafted patients studied: group 1 (n = 348, 29, respectively) received no BT; group 2 (n = 256, 29, respectively) received perioperative BT only (i.e., at the time of, or within 10 days of transplant); group 3 (n = 972, 287, respectively) received preoperative BT only (i.e., 10 or more days pretransplant); group 4 (n = 904, 310, respectively) received both preoperative and perioperative BT. For first graft recipients, actuarial graft survival for group 2 was significantly greater (P less than 0.035) than group 1 (49% vs. 41% at one year; 35% vs. 25% at 4 years), but to a lesser degree than groups 3 or 4, which were equivalent (58% at one year and 38% at 4 years). For regrafted patients, actuarial graft survival was again significantly greater (P less than 0.03) for group 2 patients, as compared with group 1 (59% vs. 29% at one year), and group 3 and 4 patients were not significantly different from each other (45% and 48% at one year, respectively) or from group 2. Interestingly, for regrafted patients who were presensitized at the time of transplant, those in group 4 (n = 94) had significantly better graft survival than group 3 (n = 111) at all time points examined (54% vs. 47% at one year, 46% vs. 22% at 3 years). In all comparisons, increases in graft survival were associated with decreased graft loss resulting from rejection, and no significant differences in patient survival were seen between any of these groups. These findings indicate that: (1) perioperative transfusions alone may have benefit in decreasing allograft rejection; (2) perioperative transfusions provide no apparent risk for patients who have already received pretransplant transfusions; and, (3) sensitized regrafted patients who receive pretransplant transfusions may gain an additional benefit from perioperative transfusions.
Techniques to detect and analyze photomask CD uniformity errors

With increasing mask error enhancement factors (MEEF), detecting and analyzing photomask critical dimension (CD) uniformity errors is critical for understanding how photomasks can be manufactured to afford high wafer yields. Using UV pattern inspection tools, recent improvements in automated inspection algorithms can now provide CD error detection below 50 nm. This level of sensitivity is necessary in order to provide a clear picture of the reticles' contribution to the final wafer image and possibly function. However, dispositioning CD errors less than 100 nm is very challenging at defect review which has previously resulted in misclassification of true CD errors. Classifying very small errors require the high precision and resolution of a metrology tool. A process has been developed for detecting very small CD errors with a UV inspection tool and the coordinates of areas of concern transferred to a CD SEM for sizing, review and disposition. In this study, we have characterized the sensitivity and false defect performance of a new algorithm with production masks and a new programmed defect test mask. The inspection results were transferred to a CD SEM for analysis. SEM measurements were taken to validate the sensitivity of the algorithm and to quantify the calibration accuracy of the review tools of the inspection system.
Formation of dTDP-Rhamnose Is Essential for Growth of Mycobacteria

It was determined that the dTDP-rhamnose synthesis gene, rmlD, could be inactivated in Mycobacterium smegmatis only in the presence of a rescue plasmid carrying functional rmlD. Hence, dTDP-rhamnose biosynthesis is essential for the growth of mycobacteria and the targeting of dTDP-rhamnose synthesis for new tuberculosis drugs is supported.
Central processing of sensory information in electric fish

Comparative studies of neural mechanisms underlying the perception of natural stimulus patterns and the control of adaptive behavioral responses have revealed organizational principles that are shared by a wide spectrum of animals. Mechanisms of perception and motor control are commonly executed in a distributed network of neurons that lack 'pontifical' elements. Individual neurons even at an organizational level as high as the optic tectum may still have very general response characteristics, and the recruitment of individual neurons reveals little about the nature of the stimulus situation outside. Only the joint evaluation of messages from large populations of such neurons yields unambiguous pictures of the outside world. Stimulus variables are commonly mapped continuously within a stratum of neurons so that their variation over time can be monitored by mechanisms similar to motion detection in a retina. The ordered representation of a stimulus variable within an array of broadly tuned elements allows for a degree of stimulus resolution that by far exceeds that of individual elements in the array. Neural systems are burdened by their evolutionary history and suffer from imperfections that are overcome by a patchwork of compensations. The existence of multiple neuronal representations of sensory information and multiple circuits for the control of behavioral responses should provide the necessary freedom for evolutionary tinkering and the invention of new designs.
Impaired Wnt–β-catenin signaling disrupts adult renal homeostasis and leads to cystic kidney ciliopathy

Cystic kidney disease represents a major cause of end-stage renal disease, yet the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis remain largely unclear. Recent emphasis has been placed on a potential role for canonical Wnt signaling, but investigation of this pathway in adult renal homeostasis is lacking. Here we provide evidence of a previously unidentified canonical Wnt activity in adult mammalian kidney homeostasis, the loss of which leads to cystic kidney disease. Loss of the Jouberin (Jbn) protein in mouse leads to the cystic kidney disease nephronophthisis, owing to an unexpected decrease in endogenous Wnt activity. Jbn interacts with and facilitates β-catenin nuclear accumulation, resulting in positive modulation of downstream transcription. Finally, we show that Jbn is required in vivo for a Wnt response to injury and renal tubule repair, the absence of which triggers cystogenesis.
A study on Hc-enhancement in Co-modified γ-Fe2O3

Abstract We have investigated the effects of valence states and Co-distributions on the coercivity of particulate and thin film Co-treated γ-Fe2O3. A maximum Hc of 2 kOe has been obtained in thin films prepared by a new simple method. We found that Co-ions exist in the divalent states probably in the form of ferromagnetic CoFe2O4 and that simple CoO to γ-Fe2O3 interfaces do not appear to enhance Hc. On the other hand, we observed complex diffused interfaces in a thin film sample with enhanced Hc. The diffused interfaces may be responsible for the Hc-enhancement in Co-modified γ-Fe2O3 recording media.
Induction of a new species of phenylalanine transfer RNA during lens cell differentiation.

Abstract The two major species of phenylalanine transfer RNA (tRNA) of lens cortex have been isolated using BD cellulose and reversed-phase chromatography. Specific activities of 1200 and 1500 pmol of phenylalanine accepted per A260 of tRNA were obtained for phe-tRNA1 and phe-tRNA2 respectively. The fluorescence emission spectra of both phe-tRNAs were identical, with a fluorescence maximum around 420 nm. These measurements, along with chromatographic data, confirm the presence of the Y base in both tRNAs. Nucleotide analysis was carried out on the purified phe-tRNAs. The composition of phe-tRNA2 was almost identical to the phe-tRNA of rabbit liver. Phe-tRNA1, however, had a markedly different major base composition. Phe-tRNA1 therefore, represents a different gene product than phe-tRNA2. This was confirmed by the fact that phe-tRNA1, and phe-tRNA2 chromatograph as separate peaks on a reversed-phase column in the presence of 8·0 m -urea. Therefore the differentiation of a lens epithelial cell into a lens fiber cell is accompanied by a doubling of phe-tRNA as a result of the activation of a new phe-tRNA gene.
High rate of death caused by systemic lupus erythematosus among U. S. residents of asian descent

From 1968 through 1976, adjusted annual rates of death from systemic lupus erythematosus, based on National Center for Health Statistics data from the 12 states with most (88%) of the Asian population, were higher for Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos than for whites in the United States. These Asian subgroups had a combined average annual mortality rate significantly higher than that of whites whether Hawaii was included (6.8/million for Asians versus 2.8 for whites) or excluded (6.0 versus 2.8).
Nocturnal growth hormone secretion does not affect diurnal variations in arginine and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion

There is a diurnal variation in insulin secretion, with higher values in the morning (AM) than in the afternoon (PM). This study tested the hypothesis that nocturnal human growth hormone (hGH) secretion might be the mechanism producing this diurnal variation in insulin secretion. Six healthy normal-weight men were studied on four occasions: twice in the early morning (AM) and twice in the afternoon (PM). Oral methscopolamine (Pamine), an anticholinergic agent that blocks hGH release, was administered at bedtime prior to the AM study or before breakfast for the PM study. An index of insulin secretion in all four tests was obtained from measurement of the acute release of insulin in response to two intravenous (IV) boluses of arginine, one given basally and the other given after raising glucose levels to approximately 150 mg/dL above the baseline. Insulin secretion was significantly greater in the morning than in the afternoon in both control and methscopolamine-pretreated subjects. The mean peak hGH was reduced in subjects pretreated with oral methscopolamine. Drug treatment reduced insulin secretion proportionally in the morning and afternoon. These results suggest that the diurnal insulin response to stimulation with arginine during a hyperglycemic clamp persists despite complete suppression of hGH by anticholinergic blockade, and that the diurnal insulin secretion is not caused by sleep- or meal-induced GH secretion.
Electron microscope studies of the vesicle and spinal fluids from a case of herpes zoster.

Summary1. Electron microscope studies of vesicular and spinal fluids from a patient with herpes zoster have demonstrated in both particles of similar size averaging 227 mμ in diameter.2. These particles are compared to those in vesicular fluids from patients with herpes simplex and chicken pox. In herpes simplex particles averaging 213 mμ in diameter were found, and in chicken pox, particles of 245 mμ.
Biogeochemical Recovery of Oligohaline Wetland Soils Experiencing a Salinity Pulse

Oligohaline wetlands exist at a dynamic interface along a river-to-estuary gradient where salinity changes frequently due to fluctuating tidal cycles and weather events. Large storms can cause short-term saltwater intrusion into these low-lying coastal areas, exposing oligohaline wetland plants and soils to above-normal salinities and severe stress on wetland organisms. The objective of this study was to determine how oligohaline wetland soils respond to a single pulse saltwater intrusion, similar to what may occur during hurricane-associated storm surge. Soil response variables were measured in intrusion-Impacted and Reference soils before, during, and after a 6-wk saltwater intrusion event to determine potential impacts on microbial biomass and activity and associated nutrient dynamics. We observed no significant change in basal CO₂ or CH₄ production in oligohaline soils (interstitial salinity = 1.3 ± 0.1 practical salinity units [psu]; mean ± 1 SD) exposed to 20 psu saltwater, while substrate-induced methanogenesis was negatively correlated with salinity. Microbial biomass C (MBC) responded positively to saltwater intrusion by doubling in concentration at the 0- to 5-cm depth interval. Saltwater intrusion had no impact on porewater nutrient concentrations; however, extractable NH₄⁺ decreased as salinity increased. Although some significant changes in microbial activity, abundance, and nutrient availability occurred due to saltwater intrusion, these impacts were generally transient, with post-intrusion conditions resembling pre-intrusion conditions. These results suggest that short-term and transient saltwater intrusion may have little longer-term effect on wetland soil biogeochemistry. However, compounding effects of frequent saltwater intrusion pulses due to strong, regularly occurring storm events could cause longer-lasting shifts in biogeochemical functioning of these wetlands.
Microscopic analysis of interactions between HIV particles and living leukocytes.

Video-enhanced/-intensified optical microscopy has been used to study the interaction of non-infectious HIV8E5 particles with living cells. The purified particles retained gp120 antigenic sites. Fluorescent lipids were intercalated into the particles' envelopes. When incubated with CD4+ cell lines, roughly 90% of the cells bound HIV8E5 particles. The extent of fusion and endocytosis varied among the cell lines tested. CD4− control cells did not significantly bind, fuse, or internalize particles. To control for non-specific exchange of the fluorescent label, HIV8E5 were bound to CD4− murine WEHI cells using concanavalin A; no apparent fusion or internalization took place. We suggest that both fusion and internalization are important mechanisms of virion-cell interaction. Adherent human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were much less efficient in binding HIV8E5 than non-adherent mononuclear cells. Both endocytosis and apparent fusion were observed for lymphocytes. Our results indicate that cells interact with HIV8E5 by multiple pathways and that these pathways are strongly affected by cell type (lymphocyte or monocyte) and origin (normal or transformed). These methods may be useful in characterizing viral entry and in anti-viral drug screening. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fully developed laminar slip and no-slip flow in rough microtubes

The effect of surface roughness on developed laminar flow in microtubes is investigated. The tube boundary is defined by $${r=R\left[{1+\varepsilon\, {\rm sin}\left( {\lambda \theta }\right)}\right]}$$ , with R representing the reference radius and $${\varepsilon}$$ and λ the roughness parameters. The momentum equation is solved using Fourier–Galerkin–Tau method with slip at the boundary. A novel semi-analytical method is developed to predict friction factor and pressure drop in corrugated rough microtubes for continuum flow and slip flow that are not restricted to small values of $${\varepsilon \lambda }$$ . The analytical solution collapses onto the perturbation solution ofDuan and Muzychka (J. Fluids Eng., 130:031102, 2008) for small enough values of $${\varepsilon \lambda }$$ .
Induction of metalloproteinase activity in human T-lymphocytes.

Abstract Matrix metalloprotinases are thought to play major roles in a wide array of normal and pathological processes. These proteinases are involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and are believed to facilitate the movement of cells from one site to another. In the current study, we examined the expression of the 92 kDa gelatinase activity (MMP-9) by the human T-lymphoma cell line, HSB. Proteinase activity was greatly elevated when cells were treated with TPA. This induction was initially observed at 6 h post-TPA treatment and continued to increase up to 48 h. Proteinase induction was inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide, indicating that nascent RNA and protein synthesis were required. Staurosporin, an inhibitor of protein kinase C activity, suppressed the TPA-induction of gelatinase activity. Our results suggest that TPA induces the 92 kDa gelatinase activity by activating protein kinase C. TGF-γ also induced proteinase activity, although to a lesser extent than TPA. Several criteria indicate that this enzyme is a member of the family of matrix metalloproteinases: (1) this activity was inhibited by EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and TIMP; (2) this activity bound to a gelatin-agarose affinity resin; (3) it has a mass of approx. 92 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gels; (4) it cleaves gelatin and (5) the inducible proteinase cross reacts with antiserum to MMP-9.
Neuronal pentraxin 1 induction in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death is regulated via a glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β dependent mechanism.

Abstract Intracellular signaling pathways that regulate the production of lethal proteins in central neurons are not fully characterized. Previously, we reported induction of a novel neuronal protein neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1) in neonatal brain injury following hypoxia–ischemia (HI); however, how NP1 is induced in hypoxic–ischemic neuronal death remains elusive. Here, we have elucidated the intracellular signaling regulation of NP1 induction in neuronal death. Primary cortical neurons showed a hypoxic-ischemia time-dependent increase in cell death and that NP1 induction preceded the actual neuronal death. NP1 gene silencing by NP1-specific siRNA significantly reduced neuronal death. The specificity of NP1 induction in neuronal death was further confirmed by using NP1 (−/−) null primary cortical neurons. Declines in phospho-Akt (i.e. deactivation) were observed concurrent with decreased phosphorylation of its downstream substrate GSK-3α/β (at Ser21/Ser9) (i.e. activation) and increased GSK-3α and GSK-3β kinase activities, which occurred prior to NP1 induction. Expression of a dominant-negative inhibitor of Akt (Akt-kd) blocked phosphorylation of GSK-3α/β and subsequently enhanced NP1 induction. Whereas, overexpression of constitutively activated Akt (Akt-myr) or wild-type Akt (wtAkt) increased GSK-α/β phosphorylation and attenuated NP1 induction. Transfection of neurons with GSK-3α siRNA completely blocked NP1 induction and cell death. Similarly, overexpression of the GSK-3β inhibitor Frat1 or the kinase mutant GSK-3βKM, but not the wild-type GSK-3βWT, blocked NP1 induction and rescued neurons from death. Our findings clearly implicate both GSK-3α- and GSK-3β-dependent mechanism of NP1 induction and point to a novel mechanism in the regulation of hypoxic–ischemic neuronal death.
ASYMPTOTIC LARGE-Z ATOMIC WAVE FUNCTIONS

A new technique for calculating wave functions for atoms and ions is developed. Formal asymptotic expansions with largeness parameter $Z$ (nuclear charge) of the form $\ensuremath{\psi}={e}^{\ensuremath{-}Zh}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{a}_{n}{Z}^{\ensuremath{-}n}$, where $h$ and the set of ${a}_{n}'\mathrm{s}$ are functions of the electron coordinates, are determined through first order in $\frac{1}{Z}$. In so doing, the Schr\"odinger equation for a general atomic system with $N$ electrons is reduced to a set of first-order partial differential equations for successive ${a}_{n}$. These equations are then solved recursively. Screening and correlation are exhibited explicitly in the resulting asymptotic atomic wave functions. Applications made to the ground state of 2-electron systems show that the asymptotic wave function obeys the virial theorem through first order. Magnetic susceptibilities within 5% of the accepted values are obtained for helium and singly ionized lithium. Other expectation values, $\frac{1}{2}({s}_{1}+{s}_{2})$, ${{s}_{12}}^{2}$, and ${s}_{12}$, are found to be in excellent agreement with Pekeris's variational calculations utilizing many parameters. In the neighborhood of certain singular points the large-$Z$ asymptotic solutions obtained by a "matching technique" are shown to satisfy the correct cusp conditions. In certain of these regions, $\frac{(\mathrm{ln}Z)}{Z}$ terms enter. The omission of such terms in ordinary variational-perturbation wave functions may result in a loss of accuracy when computing expectation values other than the energy.