cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of sexism and job–applicant match on leadership candidate evaluations

In the lack of fit model and role congruity theory it is suggested that mismatch between female candidates and agentic, male-typed jobs is responsible for discrimination when women apply for leadership positions. In 2 studies we examined the effects of job–applicant mismatch and evaluator sexism on candidate evaluations. In Study 1 (participant evaluators N = 306), mismatch between a female applicant and an agentic job was beneficial for hireability and competence when the evaluator was male and scored low in sexism. However, we were surprised by the result that female evaluators who scored high in sexism rated female applicants for communal jobs lower on competence, likeability, and hireability than did female evaluators who scored low in sexism. In Study 2 (participant evaluators N = 619), evaluator sexism was related to hireability through competence but not through likeability. Further research should be conducted to explore why sexist women devalue a female candidate who is applying for a communal position.
Alcohol Consumption in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Safety and Disease Overlap

As the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) epidemic continues to grow, more patients will be seeking advice on the safety of low to moderate alcohol use in the setting of underlying liver disease. Data suggests a beneficial effect in the general population, but whether this can be extended to the NAFLD population remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to summarize pertinent data in order to help guide medical decision-making and patient counseling. Newer data suggests light to moderate alcohol use in patients with NAFLD can improve all-cause mortality, as well as cardiovascular risk. However, dose-dependent detrimental liver-related effects have also been noted. The data is both limited and mixed in terms of the safety and potential benefit of low to moderate alcohol use in underlying NAFLD. More research is needed in specific NAFLD sub-groups in order to better counsel individual patients.
When States Align Social Welfare Programs: Considering the Child Support Income Exclusion for SNAP

Objective In the United States, state social services rarely coordinate across departments, a practice that could both increase receipt and reduce administrative burden. The purpose of this article is to investigate the state‐level conditions associated with the adoption of policies that benefit participants in multiple social welfare programs, focusing on the case of the child support income exclusion for SNAP benefit eligibility calculations. Methods Using annual data for each of the states (including the District of Columbia), we estimate multiple analyses to test three hypotheses regarding which factors are associated with policy adoption. Results We find that collaboration across social programs is more likely as state income tax revenues increase and when administrative costs are lower. Conclusions Our findings suggest that state revenue and administrative costs are associated with state interagency alignment but find only weak evidence that political ideology is a factor.
The Recipe for Communicating Change: Using "Kitchen Nightmares" to Craft an Internal Communication Change Plan.

Business Communication, Public Relations, Organizational Communication.This activity provides students with an accessible case study to craft an internal communication change plan focused on tactic...
Estrogen Promotes Resistance to Bevacizumab in Murine Models of NSCLC.

Abstract Introduction Subgroup analyses from clinical studies have suggested that among patients with metastatic NSCLC receiving chemotherapy, females may derive less benefit from the addition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody bevacizumab (BV) than males. This has raised the question of whether estrogen may affect the response to antiangiogenic therapy. Methods To address this, we investigated the effects of estrogen on tumor growth, angiogenesis, and the response to BV in human xenograft models of NSCLC. Results We observed that estrogen induced marked resistance to BV, which was accompanied by a 2.3-fold increase in tumor vascular pericyte coverage (p = 0.01) and an up-regulation of proangiogenic factors, VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor-BB. We also investigated the role of infiltrating myeloid cells, a population that has been associated with resistance to anti-VEGF therapies. We observed that estrogen induced a greater than twofold increase (p = 0.001) in the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and concomitant increases in the myeloid recruitment factors, G-CSF and CXCL1. Blockade of the estrogen receptor pathway using fulvestrant resensitized tumors to VEGF targeting as evidenced by reduced tumor vasculature and an increase in overall survival in our NSCLC xenograft models. Conclusions Collectively, these data provide evidence that estrogen may promote resistance to VEGF-targeted therapies, potentially by enhancing pericyte coverage and myeloid recruitment, and suggest that estrogen receptor blockade merits further investigation as an approach to enhance the effects of antiangiogenic therapy.
Farm Labor Productivity and the Effect of Mechanization

There is a chronic shortage of agricultural labor in the US. While growers are increasingly turning to guest-worker programs to meet their labor needs, few regard immigrant workers as a viable long-term solution. Further, many producers of labor-intensive agricultural commodities are considering mechanized solutions, the slow rate of adoption of mechanized harvesting equipment in the US remains an empirical puzzle. In this paper, we demonstrate that wage-setting farmers have an incentive to "over-mechanize," or employ more than the cost-minimizing level of capital when capital and labor are substitutes, but "under-mechanize" when labor and capital are technical complements. To test this theory, we estimate the marginal value of augmenting labor with non-autonomous harvesting aids on a large strawberry farm in Central California using an econometric model of peer-affected productivity that controls for the group performance of farm workers operating in crews. Our findings indicate that mechanical aids complement labor in strawberry production, an outcome that helps explain the persistent productivity gap between agricultural and non-agricultural industries, and why the adoption of mechanization has been relatively slow. We confirm the broader implications of our theory for the apparent slow adoption of mechanical harvesting technologies in US agriculture by comparing general wage trends across several labor-intensive and non-labor-intensive industries in California.
Wanted: A Legal Regime to Clean Up Orphaned/Abandoned Mines in Canada

This article describes the environmental, social, and economic problems posed by orphaned and abandoned mines and summarizes the state of Canadian law on the issue. Orphaned and abandoned mines are those for which the owner cannot be found, or for which the owner is financially unable to carry out cleanup. There are an estimated 10,000 such mines in Canada and more than 5,700 in Ontario alone, with cleanup costs expected to be in the billions, paid predominantly by taxpayers. Current laws operate on the assumption that a responsible person is available, upon whom regulators may impose obligations. Under these laws, an orphaned or abandoned mine, which by definition has no responsible person, is implicitly presumed not to occur. These laws largely do not apply to orphan/abandoned mines, and have not developed mechanisms for addressing them, other than through an emergency response by government using public monies to remedy the problem. Financial security requirements have also proven to be a weak link in existing legislation. Predictions of the quantum of financial security needed from applicants to ensure proper closure and rehabilitation been inaccurate. In these cases, when mining companies became insolvent or disappeared, funding necessary to avoid major shortfalls in cleanup costs had to be provided by the government, with little expectation of cost recovery. A solution to this situation will require legislative reform, including imposing fees on mining companies that will allow governments to establish dedicated orphaned and abandoned mine funds to finance cleanups.
Private Law and Public Regulation in U.S. Courts

The distinction between public law and private law does not carry the same significance in the U.S. legal system as is the case in other countries. This is in part a result of historical developments that provide a public law role for private litigation. Private litigation is used in the United States in ways not common or even possible in other countries. Paul Carrington has written that the private law/public law distinction "is in America seldom noticed," in part because "American judicial institutions ... were not designed merely to resolve civil disputes, but were fashioned for the additional purpose of facilitating private enforcement of what in other nations would generally be denoted as public law." This characteristic of the U.S. judicial system has particular importance for the development of specific aspects of U.S. law, and provides context for consideration of cooperation with other nations in the areas of private law, private international law, and judicial cooperation. In this paper I explore a bit of the history behind these aspects of U.S. law, as well as the resulting unique legal characteristics that history has produced.
The Impact of Vascular Surgery Wound Complications on Quality of Life

Abstract Objective In addition to traditional surgical outcomes, perioperative quality of life is being scrutinized as a patient-centric metric. As part of a prospective study in a contemporary surgical cohort, subjective health states were examined in context of postoperative wound complications (WCs). We hypothesized that WCs negatively affect quality of life. Methods The EuroQol (EQ)-5D subjective health state data, comprising five domains with 1 (good) to 3 (poor) ordinal scoring, plus visual analog score, were collected at the day of surgery and at 2 and 4 weeks of follow-up in a study evaluating silver-eluting dressings in 500 patients at three centers. A preference-weighted index was calculated. Groups were defined by no complication (NC) or presence of one or more postoperative WCs. Results Patients (72% male) were a mean age of 67.6 years. Primary indications included critical limb ischemia (41.4%), claudication (31.6%), and abdominal aortic aneurysm (11.2%; open groin access for endovascular aneurysm repair). At least one WC occurred in 148 patients (29.6%). Baseline demographics were similar except mean age (NC group, 67.9 years; WC group, 65.7 years; P = .042) and body mass index (NC group, 27.0 kg/m 2 ; WC group, 28.2 kg/m 2 ). WCs were associated with use of conduit for reconstruction ( P = .002), below-knee incisions ( P = .002), and incision length ( P P = .001) but not at 4 weeks (mean change, +0.044; P = .065) postoperatively. Subgroup analysis showed quality-of-life change after WC was most significant in the claudication group ( P = .008). The EQ-5D visual analog scale score was lowest in groups with rest pain (57.0) and tissue loss (55.1) and highest in the abdominal aortic aneurysm cohort (71.8). Conclusions EQ-5D identified a significantly decreased quality-of-life score 2 weeks after WCs in a cohort undergoing elective infrainguinal arterial surgery. This effect was not present 4 weeks postoperatively.
Designing ultra-thin printed dipole arrays based on EBG reflection phase profile

Summary form only given. A study on the effects of the reflection phase profiles of EBG structure on the driving-point impedance of dipole antermas is presented. It is demonstrated that a specific range of phase angles is required to achieve good antenna performance. An actual EBG structure and a printed dipole antenna (0.03λ height) are designed, fabricated and tested. The computed and measured results show that efficient printed dipoles on ultra-thin grounded dielectric substrates can be developed that will substantially reduce the sizes and weight of antenna arrays.
Persistence of Free Plasmid DNA in Soil Monitored by Various Methods, Including a Transformation Assay

The persistence and stability of free plasmid pUC8-ISP DNA introduced into 10-g samples of various soils and kept at 23°C were monitored over a period of 60 days. The soils were sampled at a plant science farm and included a loamy sand soil (no. 1), a clay soil (no. 2), and a silty clay soil (no. 3). Four different methods allowed monitoring of (i) the production of acid-soluble radioactive material from [3H]thymidine-labeled plasmid DNA, (ii) the decrease of hybridizing nucleotide sequences in slot blot analysis, (iii) the loss of plasmid integrity measured by Southern hybridization, and (iv) the decay of the biological activity as determined by transformation of Ca2+-treated Escherichia coli cells with the DNA extracted from soil. Acid-soluble material was not produced within the first 24 h but then increased to 45% (soil no. 1), 27% (soil no. 2), and 77% (soil no. 3) until the end of incubation. A quite parallel loss of material giving a slot blot hybridization signal was observed. Southern hybridization indicated that after 1 h in the soils, plasmid DNA was mostly in the form of circular and full-length linear molecules but that, depending on the soil type, after 2 to 5 days full-length plasmid molecules were hardly detectable. The transforming activity of plasmid DNA reextracted from the soils followed inactivation curves over 2 to 4 orders of magnitude and dropped below the detection limit after 10 days. The inactivation was slower in soil no. 2 (28.2-h half-life time of the transforming activity of a plasmid molecule) than in soils no. 3 (15.1 h) and no. 1 (9.1 h). The studies provide data on the persistence of free DNA molecules in natural bacterial soil habitats. The data suggest that plasmid DNA may persist long enough to be available for uptake by competent recipient cells in situ. Images
Assemblies composed of oligothiophene–ruthenium complexes bound to CdSe nanoparticles

Molecular conjugates are important to link light sensitized materials to electron acceptors. We have synthesized oligothiophenes and oligothiophene–ruthenium complexes and bound them to CdSe nanoparticles. The absorption and fluorescence properties of the oligothiophenes bound to CdSe were measured. Steady-state luminescence and time correlated single photon counting were used to observe the effects on fluorescence and fluorescence lifetimes before and after binding. It was found that fluorescence of CdSe nanoparticles was quenched when they were bound to the oligothiophenes, and that the fluorescence of the oligothiophenes was also quenched. The fluorescence lifetimes of the quenched species were shortened and suggest electron transfer from oligothiophene to nanoparticle is on the order of one nanosecond. Orbital energy calculations predict that the Ru bound oligothiophenes have HOMO–LUMO energies of correct energy to allow electron and hole transfer. These experiments show that the oligothiophenes efficiently transfer optical energy between CdSe nanoparticles and could potentially be used as charge transfer junctions.
Establishing native plants on newly‐constructed and older‐reclaimed sites along West Virginia highways

Many state highway departments in the USA must use native plants for revegetating roadsides. We conducted two field studies in West Virginia to assess native plant establishment under two different conditions. On newly-constructed sites, native species were seeded alone or combined with non-native species. On older roadsides, native species were seeded in disturbed existing vegetation. In the first study, we used four seed mixtures comprised of seeds of native and non-native species, and two N-P-K fertilizer treatments at three newly-constructed sites. Native, warm-season grasses were slow to establish and only contributed 25 per cent cover in some plots after three years. Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans [L.] Nash), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), Brown-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia triloba L.), and wild senna (Cassia hebecarpa Fernald) were the only seeded native species found. Fertilizer at 150 kg ha−1 of 10-20-10 showed little influence on increasing plant cover. In the second study, we disturbed three different-aged established stands of vegetation composed of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Screb.) and crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) by mowing, herbicide, or tillage, and native plants were seeded with and without fertilizer. Native cover was <10 per cent in all plots during the first year, but greatly increased by the second year to as much as 45 per cent in tilled plots, indicating that disturbance was necessary for natives to become important contributors within 2 years. Only switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius Vitman), partridge pea (Chamaecrista fasciculate Michx.), and Brown-Eyed Susan were observed in plots. Fertilizer at 300 kg ha−1 of 10-20-10 did not increase native plant cover on these sites. Based on our results, introducing or increasing the cover of native species along roadsides requires (1) reducing competition from non-native species, and (2) longer time periods for these slower-establishing species to be observed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting Corporate Acquisitions: An Application of Uncertain Reasoning Using Rule Induction

Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based rule induction techniques such as IXL and ID3 are powerful tools that can be used to classify firms as acquisition candidates or not, based on financial and other data. The purpose of this paper is to develop an expert system that employs uncertainty representation and predicts acquisition targets. We outline in this paper, the features of IXL, a machine learning technique that we use to induce rules. We also discuss how uncertainty is handled by IXL and describe the use of confidence factors. Rules generated by IXL are incorporated into a prototype expert system, ACQTARGET, which evaluates corporate acquisitions. The use of confidence factors in ACQTARGET allows investors to specifically incorporate uncertainties into the decision making process. A set of training examples comprising 65 acquired and 65 non-acquired real world firms is used to generate the rules and a separate holdout sample containing 32 acquired and 32 non-acquired real world firms is used to validate the expert system results. The performance of the expert system is also compared with a conventional discriminant analysis model and a logit model using the same data. The results show that the expert system, ACQTARGET, performs as well as the statistical models and is a useful evaluation tool to classify firms into acquisition and non-acquisition target categories. This rule induction technique can be a valuable decision aid to help financial analysts and investors in their buy/sell decisions.
Co-culture of epithelial cells and bacteria for investigating host-pathogen interactions

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a unique environment in which intestinal epithelial cells and non-pathogenic (commensal) bacteria co-exist. This equilibrium is perturbed by the entry of pathogens into the GI tract. A key step in the infection process is the navigation of the pathogen through the commensal bacterial layer to attach to epithelial cells. It has been proposed that the microenvironment that the pathogen encounters in the commensal layer plays a significant role in determining the extent of attachment and colonization. Current culture methods for investigating pathogen colonization are not well suited for investigating this hypothesis as they do not enable co-culture of bacteria and epithelial cells in a manner that mimics the GI tract microenvironment. Here we report the development of a microfluidic co-culture model that enables independent culture of eukaryotic cells and bacteria, and testing the effect of the commensal microenvironment on pathogen colonization. A pneumatically-actuated system was developed to form reversible islands that allow development of bacterial biofilm along with culture of an epithelial cell monolayer. The co-culture model used to develop a commensal Escherichia coli biofilm among HeLa cells, followed by introduction of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) into the commensal island, in a sequence that mimics the sequence of events in GI tract infection. Using wild-type E. coli and a tnaA mutant (lacks the signal indole) as the commensal bacteria, we demonstrate that the commensal biofilm microenvironment is a key determinant of EHEC infectivity and virulence. Our model has the potential to be used in fundamental studies investigating the effect of GI tract signals on EHEC virulence as well as for screening of different probiotic strains for modulating pathogen infectivity in the GI tract.
The stability and major element partitioning of ilmenite and armalcolite during lunar cumulate mantle overturn

Abstract Ilmenite has played an important role in the petrogenesis of lunar high-Ti picritic magmas, and armalcolite is another high-Ti oxide that was first discovered on the moon. In this study, we examined the thermodynamic stability of ilmenite and armalcolite in the context of lunar cumulate mantle overturn. Two starting compositions were explored, an ilmenite-bearing dunite (olivine + ilmenite) and an ilmenite-bearing harzburgite (olivine + orthopyroxene + ilmenite). Experiments were conducted using a 19.05 mm piston-cylinder apparatus at temperatures of 1235–1475 °C and pressures of 1–2 GPa. In runs with the ilmenite-bearing dunite mixture, ilmenite is stable in the subsolidus assemblage at least up to 1450 °C and 2 GPa. In runs with the ilmenite-bearing harzburgite starting mixture, ilmenite is stable at pressures greater than 1.4 GPa, and armalcolite is stable at lower pressures. Solidi for both starting compositions were determined, and the phase boundary between ilmenite- and armalcolite-bearing harzburgite was shown to have little dependence on temperature. During lunar cumulate overturn, sinking ilmenite formed near the end of lunar magma ocean solidification transforms into armalcolite when in contact with harzburgite cumulates at depths of less than 280 km in the lunar mantle. Inefficient overturn could leave isolated, inhomogeneously distributed pockets of armalcolite-bearing harzburgite in the upper lunar mantle, underlain by an ilmenite-bearing lower lunar mantle. These high-Ti oxide-bearing harzburgitic pockets can serve as potential sources for the generation of high-Ti magmas through partial melting or through assimilation of high-Ti minerals during transport of low-Ti picritic magmas in the lunar mantle. FeO–MgO exchange between olivine and either ilmenite or armalcolite was also examined in this study. We found the FeO–MgO distribution coefficient to be effectively independent of temperature for the pressures, temperatures, and compositions explored, with an average value of 0.179 ± 0.008 for olivine/ilmenite and 0.319 ± 0.021 for olivine/armalcolite. Given the bulk composition of an overturned lunar cumulate mantle, our measured FeO–MgO distribution coefficients can be used to estimate the Mg# of coexisting minerals in armalcolite- or ilmenite-bearing harzburgite and dunite in the overturned lunar mantle. Finally, the transformation from ilmenite-bearing harzburgite to armalcolite-bearing harzburgite results in a density increase of up to 2%. Large armalcolite-bearing cumulate bodies in the upper lunar mantle may be detectable in future lunar geophysical experiments.
Diphenamid removal from water and metabolism by aquatic plants

Abstract Several aquatic plants and algae were effective for removal of N, N -dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide ([ 14 C]diphenamid) from water and degradation to various metabolites. Parrotfeather ( Myriophyllum brasilience L.) and water hyacinth ( Eichornis crossiper L.) removed large quantities of diphenamid from water while algae ( Ulothrix sp., Oedogonium sp., Gloeocystis sp., and Scenedesmus sp. mixed culture) and waterthread pondweed ( Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.) were less effective in reducing diphenamid concentration in the water. A somewhat stable metabolite in algae, water hyacinth, and parrotfeather was N -methyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide. Algae and water hyacinth degraded diphenamid further to unknown products. One of these compounds moved more slowly than N -methyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide on thin-layer chromatography using benzene, n -heptane saturated with water and methanol solvent. While most solvents did not resolve 2,2-diphenylacetic acid from the base, petroleum ether, ethyl ether, and formic acid (50:50:2, v/v/v) was found to move 2,2-diphenylacetic acid further than diphenamid or N -methyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide on thin-layer chromatography.
Spacecraft Doppler Tracking as a Narrow-Band Detector of Gravitational Radiation

We discuss a filtering technique for reducing the frequency fluctuations due to the troposphere, ionosphere, and mechanical vibrations of the ground antenna in spacecraft Doppler tracking searches for gravitational radiation. This method takes advantage of the sinusoidal behavior of the transfer function to the Doppler observable of these noise sources, which displays sharp nulls at selected Fourier components.
Predicting the outcome of carpal tunnel release

Abstract Purpose: To test the hypothesis that the result of steroid injection in the carpal tunnel provides a better predictor of the outcome of later surgery. We also explored other possible factors that might predict the outcome directly or interact with the results of steroid injection to better predict the outcome. Method: We performed a historical cohort study on 57 patients who had carpal tunnel release. Care was taken to avoid problems of statistical nonindependence caused by both hands being studied and confounding from previous surgeries. Results: We found a large and significant difference in the success rate of surgery for patients who had obtained some relief from injection (87%) versus those who had not (54%). No other significant predictor was found. We discovered factors that may interact with the results of injection in predicting the outcome of surgery (eg, Katz and Stirrat hand diagram assessment of the probability of carpal tunnel syndrome) although not significant in our study. Conclusions: Some relief from steroid injection is the best predictor for success of surgery. Further study is warranted to identify factors that interact with this predictor. (J Hand Surg 2003;28A:255-261. Copyright © 2003 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
E2 = M × C2: Excellence in education = motivation times commitment times commitment

This paper applies the attributes identified in the stimulating book “In Search of Excellence, Lessons from America's Best-run Companies” to school systems. A theory is proposed suggesting that the same principles that are the foundation for successful companies are also the cornerstones for excellent schools. In addition, observations are included as to how this might be achieved, with special emphasis placed on National initiatives. Commitment to educational excellence by all parties (teachers, parents, administrator) is viewed as the key to success.
Soil bioaugmentation with amphibian cutaneous bacteria protects amphibian hosts from infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Abstract Amphibians worldwide are declining in part due to the disease chytridiomycosis caused by the cutaneous fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While several experimental disease mitigation strategies are currently being tested, no proven implementable strategy exists to combat chytridiomycosis in the field. A plausible conservation strategy is the use of probiotic anti-Bd bacteria to combat chytridiomycosis (bioaugmentation). In this study, we examined the use of soil bioaugmentation in mitigation of chytridiomycosis in a laboratory experiment. Specifically, we sought to determine if the anti-Bd bacterial species Janthinobacterium lividum could be successfully introduced into natural soil, if the introduced bacteria could then be transmitted to the skin of the amphibian species Plethodon cinereus, and if the environmental transmission of J. lividum could reduce Bd infection on P. cinereus. We demonstrated that J. lividum can be successfully introduced into soil and can be environmentally transmitted to P. cinereus skin. We found that the environmental transmission of J. lividum inhibited colonization by Bd on the skin of P. cinereus five days post-Bd exposure. Soil bioaugmentation may be a feasible conservation strategy that could protect amphibians susceptible to chytridiomycosis from declines driven by the disease.
Bulk and boundary operators in conformal field theory

Abstract In conformal field theory on a manifold with a boundary, there is a short-distance expansion expressing local bulk operators in terms of boundary operators at an adjacent boundary. We show how the coefficients of such an expansion are given solely by data appearing in the bulk theory on the sphere and torus. In particular, the coefficients of the identity operator, which fix the one-point functions, are determined by the elements of the matrix S which implements modular transformations on the torus. The other coefficients are related, in addition, to the elements of the matrices implementing duality transformations on the conformal blocks of the four-point functions on the sphere. Some examples are given.
Introduction to special section on “Results of the National Science Foundation Geospace Environment Modeling Inner Magnetosphere/Storms Assessment Challenge”

[1] The National Science Foundation sponsors the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) program, devoted to understanding the scientific underpinnings for the creation of a Geospace General Circulation Model. The GEM program is organized into finite-length campaigns, one of which is the Inner Magnetosphere/Storms (IM/S) Campaign, which is ending in 2006. The final activity of the IM/S Campaign was the IM/S Assessment Challenge (IMSAC), in which several events were selected for intense, community-wide examination. The primary purposes of the IMSAC were (1) to quantify the ability of the current set of inner magnetospheric models to predict the fields and plasma of this region during storms and (2) to codify the consensus understanding of inner magnetospheric physics. This paper introduces the reader to the IMSAC and presents a general answer to each of the IMSAC goals. In addition, highlights of the scientific advancements during the IM/S Campaign are presented for the plasmasphere, ring current, and radiation belts, along with a synthesis view of the inner magnetosphere. The biggest need for inner magnetospheric research in the near future is the continued progression toward a coupled, interconnected understanding of this region, especially the nonlinear feedback mechanisms between the plasma populations, the electric and magnetic fields, and plasma waves.
Effects of intraoperative progress reports on anxiety levels of surgical patients' family members

A three-group quasi-experimental posttest-only design was used to examine the effectiveness of intraoperative progress reports by comparing family members' state-anxiety score, mean arterial pressure level (MAP), and heart rate during elective surgical procedures. Control-group family members ( n = 50) received usual care. Family members in the experimental group ( n = 50) received a 5- to 10-minute progress report protocol about halfway through a surgical procedure. An additional group of family members ( n = 50) received an attention protocol. Family members in the experimental group reported lower state-anxiety scores ( p p p
DIERS bubbly disengagement correlation extended to horizontal cylinders and spheres

Abstract Numeric solutions are given for the DIERS (Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems) bubbly disengagement model (i.e. the axial void fraction profile under volumetric heating model). Vertical cylinders, horizontal cylinders, and spheres with a non-unity distribution parameter (C0) were investigated. Disengagement in horizontal cylinders and spheres is predicted at the same or lower void fractions than for vertical cylinders (i.e. the solution for the vertical cylinder is conservative). These solutions do not agree well with the earlier vertical cylinder approximation of Fauske et al. Significantly lower void fractions at disengagement are predicted with this model than with the approximation. Since the approximation is a fit to experimental data, it should continue to be used. These results contrast with the early results for the churn-turbulent correlation where little dependence on vessel shape and good agreement with the DIERS approximation were found.
Fabrication of a stainless steel microchannel microcombustor using a lamination process

Microscale chemical devices have potential application as fuel processors to produce high purity hydrogen for PEM fuel cells from hydrocarbon fuels such as methane, methanol, ethanol, or gasoline. The fabrication of a novel stainless steel catalytic microcombustor/reactor suitable for use to high temperatures is described. The device consisted of three parts to accommodate catalyst loading: a laminated reactor body, a laminated combustor, and a solid cover plate. The laminated components were produced using stacks of photochemically machined stainless steel shims. When formed into solid leak-tight components using a diffusion bonding process, the laminated parts were designed to contain a complex series of internal gas-flow microchannels that could not be produced in a solid metal block by other fabrication methods. Included within the reactor body was an array of heat exchanger microchannels 250 microns wide and 5000 microns deep that were designed to extract heat from the catalytic reaction region and pre-heat the reactant gases. Catalytic combustion of hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel occurred in a separate laminated combustor plate. The laminated combustor/reactor design has potential for use in a variety of chemical processing and heat exchanger applications.
Prenatal Exposure to Cocaine Increases the Rewarding Potency of Cocaine and Selective Dopaminergic Agonists in Adult Mice

Background Substance abuse during pregnancy results in persistent affective and behavioral deficits in drug-exposed children, and increased rates of substance abuse have been observed in young adults prenatally exposed to drugs of abuse. Animal models of prenatal cocaine exposure have yielded differing results depending on the behavioral method used to assess drug potency. Methods The effects of cocaine, the dopamine D1 agonists SKF-81297 and SKF-82958, and the D2 agonist quinpirole on intracranial self-stimulation were measured in adult Swiss-Webster mice exposed to cocaine in utero (40 mg/kg/day) and vehicle controls with the curve-shift method of brain stimulation-reward (BSR) threshold determination. Results The reward-potentiating effects of cocaine (0.3–30 mg/kg IP) and SKF-82958 but not SKF-81297 on BSR were increased in adult male but not female mice after prenatal cocaine exposure. Quinpirole exerted biphasic effects on BSR, both elevating (0.1–0.3 mg/kg IP) and lowering (1.0–10 mg/kg IP) reward thresholds. Both effects of quinpirole were also enhanced in adult male mice after prenatal cocaine exposure. Conclusions Prenatal cocaine exposure results in increased reward-potentiating potency of cocaine on BSR in adult mice in a sexually-dimorphic manner. This augmented rewarding effect of cocaine is also associated with increased sensitivity to both D1- and D2-selective agonists.
Prolonged Reduction of High Blood Pressure With an In Vivo, Nonpathogenic, Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Delivery of AT1-R mRNA Antisense

To produce a prolonged decrease in blood pressure, we have developed a nonpathogenic adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) with the antisense DNA for AT 1 -R. AAV has many advantages over other viral vectors. AAV does not stimulate inflammation or immune reaction. AAV enters nondividing cells and does not replicate. Therefore, it is an appropriate choice for gene therapy. Recombinant AAV was prepared with a cassette containing a cytomegalovirus promoter and the cDNA for the AT 1 receptor inserted in the antisense direction. The cassette was packaged in the virion. Stable transfection of NG108-15 cells with the pAAV-AS (plasmid AAV) antisense to AT 1 -R produced a significant reduction in AT 1 receptors. A single injection of the rAAV-AS (viral vector) was made in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats, either directly in the hypothalamus (1 μL) or in the lateral ventricles (5 μL). The result shows that there is a significant decrease of blood pressure (≈23±2 mm Hg) for up to 9 weeks after injection. Control injections of mock vector produced no change in blood pressure during the same time period in age-matched controls. In young spontaneously hypertensive rats (3 weeks), a single intracardiac injection of recombinant rAAV-AS reduced blood pressure and slowed the development of hypertension compared with controls ( P 1 receptors with a single administration.
Molecular biomarkers of aging: the red cell as a model.

Summary An animal is composed of many cells, tissues, organs, and systems all of which can, and do, age at different rates. The aging process is a summation of unidirectional physical, chemical and biological time-dependent changes, which are not necessarily colinear, hence the potential of asynchrony exists between biological-attributes and chronological age. We have developed two approaches to study the aging of an animal at the cellular and molecular leveis. These methods will lend themselves well to distinguish between the effects of this cellular aging on the aging animal, and vice versa; such an interplay is readily apparent. The problem is to demonstrate these correlations in objective terms—not merely to document these changes, but to develop a methodology that also will permit experimental intervention to determine if aging events can be slowed or reversed. These investigations were initiated with the enucleated mammalian RBC in order to study the simplest system (unedited response of a cell). Using flow cytometric procedures as a miniature biochemical laboratory, we thus are able to read the autobiography of the cell as it is debriefed by a series of questions posed. Flow cytometric procedures not only demonstrate the changes, but also monitor their dynamics and kinetics. Concurrently, with these flow cytometric procedures, we are developing 2D-PACE methods to document the changes at the molecular level.
Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of Jack and Red Pine Stands in Wisconsin * )

Relatively high populations of Xiphinema americanum and moderate numbers of Trichodorus californicus were found in both declining and healthy jack pine plantations. Natural stands of jack pines and red pine plantations, which usually are not affected by the decline, had few X. americanum. Maximum numbers of dagger nematodes occurred at soil depths of 6 to 13 cm where the maximum number of lateral roots of jack pine were also found. Other plant-parasitic nematodes occurred in low numbers. Populations of hand-picked X. americanum decreased on jack pine in greenhouse experiments during the first 6 months after inoculation, then increased slowly but induced little damage. The number of dagger nematodes added to red pines continued to decrease. Nematodes were not implicated as a major factor in decline of jack pine plantations.
Exploitation of inertial coupling in passive gravity-gradient-stabilized satellites

Parameters selected by analysis of passive damping techniques to facilitate optimum performance for an inertially coupled gravity gradient stabilized satellite
BUdR as an S-phase marker for quantitative studies of cytokinetic behaviour in the murine cerebral ventricular zone.

BUdR incorporation into replicating DNA, detected immunohistochemically, is used as an S-phase marker in the proliferative cell populations of the cerebral wall of the mouse embryo on the 14th gestational day (E14). The analysis initiates a series of studies concerned with the cytokinetic behaviour and cell output of proliferative populations involved in neocortical histogenesis. On E14 there are two periventricular proliferative zones in the cerebral wall. These are the ventricular and subventricular zones. The ventricular zone is a pseudostratified epithelium. DNA replication occurs with the cell nucleus in the outer zone of the epithelium and mitoses at the ventricular surface. Prior applications of BUdR for studies of cytogenesis in the CNS have been extended in two principal ways: (1) basic fuchsin was used as counterstain for BUdR-negative nuclei and (2) labelling indices were determined separately in strata or bins, 10 μm in height, through the full depth of the ventricular zone and overlying cerebral wall.
External Evaluation of Topic Models: A Graph Mining Approach

Given a topic and its top-k most relevant words generated by a topic model, how can we tell whether it is a low-quality or a high-quality topic? Topic models provide a low-dimensional representation of large document corpora, and drive many important applications such as summarization, document segmentation, word-sense disambiguation, etc. Evaluation of topic models is an important issue, since low-quality topics potentially degrade the performance of these applications. In this paper, we develop a graph mining and machine learning approach for the external evaluation of topic models. Based on the graph-centric features we extract from the projection of topic words on the Wikipedia page-links graph, we learn models that can predict the human-perceived quality of topics (based on human judgments), and classify them as high or low quality. Experiments on four real-world corpora show that our approach boosts the prediction performance up to 30% over three baselines of various complexities, and demonstrate the generality of our method to diverse domains. In addition, we provide an interpretation of our models and outline the discriminating characteristics of topic quality.
Polarons Bound in a Coulomb Potential. I. Ground State

We introduce a trial function for the ground state of a polaron bound in a Coulomb field which yields, in the experimentally important ranges of Coulomb binding and polaron coupling constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ lower energies than have previously been reported. In distinction from earlier calculations, our ansatz gives, additionally, the correct polaron mass renormalization in the weak-binding-weak-coupling limit. For the very weakly bound polaron, our trial function is not continuous in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$; a discontinuity occurs at $6.25l\ensuremath{\alpha}l6.5$. We speculate that this discontinuity is associated with a long conjectured breakdown of perturbation theory for the free-polaron ground state near $\ensuremath{\alpha}=6$. Methods for evaluating the perturbed bound-polaron ground-state energy for weak coupling are discussed.
Biostratigraphy and History of Circulation of North Atlantic: ABSTRACT

Distinct latitudinal control of the distribution of marine microfaunas in the North Atlantic Ocean began in the early part of the Tertiary (Paleogene) and is related to the opening of the North Atlantic to the Arctic region about 60 m.y. ago when the present deep-water circulation pattern was probably initiated. At that time a boreal zoogeographic province was established in the Atlantic Ocean for the first time. Caribbean and Mediterranean benthonic foraminiferal faunas exhibit a marked degree of similarity during the early Tertiary. The gradual displacement of west-east current migration routes into higher latitudes and the compression of Spain against North Africa brought an end to this amphiatlantic distribution pattern about 15 m.y. ago. Initiation of glaciation abou 3 m.y. ago had a marked effect on circulation in the North Atlantic and temperature may have been the primary factor responsible for the many extinctions in planktonic Foraminifera. Sediment cores and bottom photographs provide evidence of measurable bottom circulation within the Western Boundary undercurrent in the western North Atlantic. This contour current has played a major role in controlling fine-grained sediment deposition since the early Tertiary. Data from recent deep drilling suggest that during middle Cretaceous to early to middle Tertiary times extensive unconformities occurred, and during the early Tertiary a sudden onslaught of deep circulation coupled with wholesale erosion and redeposition of deep-sea sediments may have occurred. Currents gradually diminished in strength during the late Tertiary and are now flowing at moderate velocities apparently sufficient to transport and deposit sediment with only local erosion. End_of_Article - Last_Page 331------------
The effect of subcooled liquid on laminar film boiling

Heat-transfer results for film boiling in the presence of a subcooled liquid were determined analytically for the case of the isothermal vertical plate. The two-phase flow and heat-transfer problem which arises was formulated exactly within the framework of boundary-layer theory, and free convection within the liquid was accounted for. At a fixed temperature difference between surface and saturation, the effect of subcooling is to increase the heat transfer from the plate surface, with the magnitude of the increase being controlled by five physical parameters. Graphical presentation of the heat-transfer resuits is made for parametric values which correspond to water, but this information may be applied to other fluids having similar parameter ranges. For large subcooling, the heat transfer is essentially equal to that for pure free convection (no boiling), and the limits for this condition are given. (auth)
Regulation of pigment cell colonization of PET mouse leg muscles

The results of autoplastic and homoplastic transplants of PET mouse tissues indicate that the state of differentiation of the developing muscles limits the extent of invasion by pigment cells of the muscles of the leg in PET mice. Additionally, intracoelomic grafts into host chick embryos of PET mouse leg tissues has given evidence which suggests that the pigment cell behavior is affected also by a restriction of pigment cell proliferation and concurrent migration by the initiation of pigment cell morphogenesis. Thus it appears that the colonization of the leg muscles by pigment cells in the PET mouse is governed both by the structural limitations and morphogenetic influence imposed upon the melanoblasts by the tissue substrate.
Log-linear analysis of censored survival data with partially observed covariates

Abstract Log-linear models provide a flexible means of extending life table techniques for the analysis of censored survival data with categorical covariates, as discussed by Holford (1980) and Laird and Olivier (1981). We extend this methodology to incorporate cases in which one or more of the categorical covariates are sometimes missing. Maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters are calculated using data from all cases. This can result in large gains in efficiency over standard methods that require the exclusion of cases with incomplete data. With this approach, we assume that the hazard function, conditional on the covariates, is a stepwise function over disjoint intervals of time. The model has two parts: a log-linear model describing the hazard parameters, and a multinomial model describing the probabilities in the contingency table defined by the covariates. The main interest is in the model for the hazard parameters. We show how to calculate maximum likelihood estimates of parameters of the mo...