cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Text Mining

Most data mining methods assume that the data to be mined is represented in a structured relational database. However, in many applications, available electronic information is in the form of unstructured natural-language documents rather than structured databases. This tutorial will review machine learning methods for text mining. First, we will review standard classification and clustering methods for text which assume a vector-space or "bag of words" representation of documents that ignores the order of words in text.We will discuss naive Bayes, Rocchio, nearest neighbor, and SVMs for classifying texts and hierarchical agglomerative, spherical k-means and Expectation Maximization (EM) methods for clustering texts. Next we will review information extraction (IE) methods that use sequence information to identify entities and relations in documents. We will discuss hidden Markov models (HMMs) and conditional random fields (CRFs) for sequence labeling and IE. We will motivate the methods discussed with applications in spam filtering, information retrieval, recommendation systems, and bioinformatics.
Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants and Angioedema: A Cohort and Case-Crossover Study

Patients taking non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban have reported experiencing angioedema in randomized trials and routine care. The aim of this study was to quantify the association between NOACs and angioedema relative to warfarin among routinely treated patients with atrial fibrillation in a cohort study. We also compared warfarin users with non-users in a case-crossover study. We utilized a cohort design that drew eligible patients from the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial database, the Optum© Clinformatics® Data Mart, and Medicare. Within each database, we compared the 6-month relative rate of angioedema among new users of NOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) and new users of warfarin. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for confounders using propensity score stratification, and meta-analyzed the database-specific HRs using a random-effects model. We also estimated an odds ratio (OR) for the association between warfarin and angioedema using a case-crossover design, a self-controlled design that controls for time-invariant confounders. In the cohort study, we observed 249 incident angioedema events among 267,681 NOAC initiators and 281,143 warfarin initiators across all databases. The meta-analyzed HR for angioedema comparing any NOAC versus warfarin was 0.98 (95% CI 0.76–1.27). In the case-crossover design, the OR for the association between warfarin and angioedema was 0.91 (95% CI 0.68–1.21) based on 431 cases. Our estimates were inconsistent with substantial short-term relative increases in the rate of angioedema associated with oral anticoagulant therapy.
Prospective Evaluation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performed in Dogs and Cats According to the RECOVER Guidelines. Part 1: Prognostic Factors According to Utstein-Style Reporting

Factors associated with positive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) outcomes defined according to the veterinary Utstein-style CPR reporting guidelines have not been described since implementation of the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) CPR clinical guidelines in 2012. The aims of this study were to assess factors associated with positive CPR outcomes at a U.S. veterinary teaching hospital, to re-evaluate these factors since implementation of the RECOVER guidelines compared to reported factors prior to their publication, and to identify potential additional factors since guideline publication. One-hundred and seventy-two dogs and 47 cats that experienced cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and had CPR performed were prospectively included in this observational study. Supervising clinicians were asked to complete a data form on CPR events immediately following completion of CPR efforts. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of twenty hospital, animal, and arrest variables on the three patient outcomes "any return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)," "sustained ROSC," and survival to hospital discharge. Cats had significantly higher odds to achieve any ROSC [OR (95%CI) 2.72 (1.12-6.61), p = 0.028] and survive to hospital discharge than dogs [OR (95%CI) 4.87 (1.52-15.58), p = 0.008]. Patients had significantly lower odds of achieving any ROSC if CPA occurred during nighttime hours [OR (95%CI) nighttime = 0.52 (0.27-0.98), p = 0.043], and higher odds if CPA was witnessed [OR (95%CI) 3.45 (1.57-7.55), p = 0.002], if less people were involved in CPR efforts [OR (95%CI) 0.8 (0.66-0.96), p = 0.016], if pulses were palpable during CPR [OR (95%CI) 9.27 (4.16-20.63), p < 0.0005], and if an IV catheter was already in place at the time of CPA [OR (95%CI) 5.07 (2.12-12.07), p = 0.0003]. Odds for survival to hospital discharge were significantly higher if less people were involved in CPR efforts [OR (95%CI) 0.65 (0.46-0.91), p = 0.013] and for patients of the anesthesia service [OR (95%CI) 14.82 (3.91-56.17), p = 0.00007]. Overall, factors associated with improved CPR outcomes have remained similar since incorporation of RECOVER guidelines into daily practice. Witnessed CPA events and high-quality CPR interventions were associated with positive patient outcomes, emphasizing the importance of timely recognition and initiation of CPR efforts. An optimal CPR team size has yet to be determined.
Insecticide treated packaging for the control of stored product insects

Improper or poor post-harvest handling and storage of stored grains contributes significantly to product loss, and bagged stored grain presents an option for safe storage and handling. Bagged grain is intended to maintain quality and safety, while protecting it from infestations. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of deltamethrin-treated packaging material on adults and larvae of common stored product pests. Adults or larvae of several species of stored product insects were exposed to deltamethrin-treated packaging for time intervals ranging from 1 h to 4 weeks. The percentage of affected Prostephanus truncatus, Callosobruchus maculatus and Rhyzopertha dominica adults was 96% larval death within 1-2 weeks.The major primary stored product insects were highly susceptible to the deltamethrin-treated storage bags, but there was variation in susceptibility between species and life stages tested. The deltamethrin-treated storage bags can offer protection of bagged grains and be used as a preventative measure to reduce infestations during storage.
Holocaust Lessons for the Criminal Justice Classroom.

The rise of antisemitic acts across the United States and worldwide and the general lack of Holocaust knowledge highlights the need to better integrate Holocaust education across disciplines, especially criminal justice. An undergraduate criminology class at Queensborough Community College (QCC) at the City University of New York (CUNY) was aligned with the goals and objectives of an on-campus exhibit, Conspiracy of Goodness, at the Kupferberg Holocaust Center. The exhibit focused on the rescuing behaviors of the village of Le Chambon during the Holocaust. Survey information suggested that prior to the class, students only had a rudimentary understanding of the Holocaust. During the semester students engaged with the exhibit, attended associated events and completed a paper comparing and contrasting the behaviors of Le Chambon with those of Jedwabne, Poland. Students selected and critically applied a criminological theory to explain the differences in behavior. Upon completion of the course, the majority of students showed an increased mastery not only of the facts of the Holocaust, but of their ability to think critically and make connections between historical events, criminological theories, and current events evidenced by their final papers, suggesting the benefit of aligning the studies of the Holocaust and criminal justice.
Exploring Cultural Logic in Becoming Teacher: A Collaborative Autoethnography on Transnational Teaching and Learning.

Departing from the view that learning is a linear progression, we argue that through the lens of cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) and cultural logic, teacher learning research can be adva...
Train and treat me right to stay: examining the mediating role of interpersonal communication

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between organisational culture (OC), training and interpersonal communication (IC), and their impact on employee turnover in the hospitality industry in Iran using the social exchange theory (SET) and interpersonal theory of personality (ITP). Hence, a theoretical model is proposed and tested on a sample of 300 Iranian hotel employees working in the luxury segment in Isfahan, Iran. The results suggest that OC has a statistically significant effect on training and IC, however no statistically significant effect was found between OC and Iran's turnover intention. Analysing the data using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), this study's findings suggest that there is a link between SET and ITP theories. Also, there has been an improvement in the Iranian hospitality industry's luxury segment due to OC, IC and training development.
Outcomes of transulnar and transradial percutaneous coronary intervention using ultrasound guided access in patients selected based on an ultrasound algorithm.

Abstract We performed a prospective observational study of 215 patients (58 ± 11 years) and compared the outcomes of ultrasound guided ulnar (n = 98, 45.6%) vs. radial (n = 117, 54.4%) cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients selected by an ultrasound based algorithm. Primary endpoints included the number of access attempts and conversion to femoral access. Secondary endpoints included all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, repeat revascularization, stent thrombosis, in-stent restenosis, and access site complications. No significant difference was found in the primary endpoints between radial or ulnar. Ulnar access showed no significant hematomas. Therefore, ulnar PCI is a feasible alternative.
African Immigrants in New York City with Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Demonstrate High Morbidity and Mortality

Guidelines recommend hepatitis B (HBV) testing in individuals from endemic areas, and if positive, screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While screening programs are well established in the Asian immigrant population in New York City (NYC), less is known about the characteristics of HBV/HCC among the African immigrant community. A retrospective review was performed of HCC cases from 2005 to 2018 at our institution. Country of origin was not documented in the electronic medical record; therefore, African immigrant status was approximated using self-identified race/ethnicity, positive HBV status, and an online registry to determine country of origin based on last name. Surnames with the greatest prevalence or density in an African country were considered. Among 4400 patients with HCC, 472 identified as non-Hispanic Black; of these, 86 were HBV+. Based on surname, it was estimated that 33 individuals were likely immigrants from Africa. In this group, median age of HCC diagnosis was 48 years (IQR 43–55). In patients with an available date of HBV diagnosis (n = 24), 17 (71%) were unaware of their HBV status when they presented with HCC. Zero patients were diagnosed with HCC through routine screening, most patients (66%) were diagnosed upon imaging evaluation of symptoms. Twelve patients (36%) underwent resection or transplantation; the remaining 64% were ineligible for surgical treatment. Of the 26 patients with follow-up data, 18 (69%) died of disease or were critically ill at last encounter, and of these, 14 (77%) died within 1 year of HCC diagnosis. In conclusion, African immigrants in NYC with HBV/HCC are at high risk of HCC related mortality at a young age. Most were unaware of their hepatitis status at the time of HCC diagnosis. No patients were enrolled in routine HCC screening; the majority were diagnosed based on imaging obtained for symptoms. Most individuals presented with inoperable disease, and the majority died within months of diagnosis. Awareness of these findings may help healthcare providers improve patient outcomes.
Professional Learning Plan: A Tool to Facilitate Teacher Collaboration and Improve Instructional Practice:

This case study is designed to support the preparation of school administrators and teacher leaders enrolled in courses pertaining to school improvement, instructional leadership, and educational c...
Functions of Glial Cells in the Cerebral Cortex

In the introductory chapter to the printed proceedings of a conference, Windle (1958) wrote that neuroglia is like the weather: everyone talks about it, but no one does anything about it. Today, little over a quarter century later, this can no longer be said. Instead of a scarcity, today’s reviewer is faced with an over-abundance of data. The great activity in research into the nature of neuroglia is attested in a number of reviews, monographies, and anthologies (Glees, 1955; Windle, 1958; De Robertis and Carrea, 1965; Kuffler and Nicholis, 1966; Kuffler, 1967; Lasansky, 1971; Watson, 1974; Somjen, 1975, 1981b; Orkand, 1977; Schoffeniels et al. 1978; Varon and Somjen, 1979; Hertz, 1979; Treherne, 1981; Roitbak, 1983; Walz and Hertz, 1983a).
Sample Collection and Preparation Methods Affecting Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity of Coal Fly Ash

Reports by several investigators describing the biological activity of coal fly ash have presented a variety of results which in some cases (Fisher et al., 1979; Clark and Hobbs, 1980; Kubitschek et al., 1980; Mumford and Lewtas, in press) are conflicting. The biological activity of coal fly ash may differ because of one or or more of the following factors: (1) the samples studied were from different sources; (2) the samples were prepared for bioassay differently; (3) the sampling method differed, and, therefore, collected samples were different in chemical or physical properties which affect the biological activity. Several variables involved in coal fly ash studies — source, sample collection and preparation methods, bioassay method — are undoubtedly responsible for the diversity of biological effects observed. The objectives of this study were to examine the sample preparation and collection factors which may affect the observed biological activity caused by coal fly ash and to evaluate the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) fly ash from experimental and commercial units. The bioassays used in this study were the Ames Salmonella plate incorporation test for mutagenicity and the rabbit alveolar macrophage (RAM) system for cytotoxicity.
Points-to Analysis by Type Inference of Programs with Structures and Unions

We present an interprocedural flow-insensitive points-to analysis algorithm based on monomorphic type inference. The source language model the important features of C including pointers, pointer arithmetic, pointers to functions, structured objects, and unions. The algorithm is based on a non-standard type system where types represent nodes and edges in a storage shape graph.
Glycosidases of Aspergillus niger IV. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF α-MANNOSIDASE

Abstract A 100-fold purified preparation of Aspergillus niger α-mannosidase free of α- and β-galactosidases, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and 1,2-α-mannosidase has been obtained. Unlike many other mannosidases it is quite stable and hydrolyzes specific intersugar linkages involving nonreducing terminal mannose residues in large as well as small molecules. The enzyme hydrolyzes specifically 1,4-α- and 1,6-αmannosidic bonds to the adjoining mannose or N-acetylglucosamine residues. Therefore, 4-O-α- and 6-O-α-mannobioses and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-α- and 6-O-α-glucoses are readily hydrolyzed. The β-galactosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase-treated desialyzed glycoproteins or glycopeptides of α1 acid glycoprotein, fetuin, and human chorionic gonadotropin liberate mannose when digested with the enzyme. The enzyme, unlike other mannosidases, hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl-α-d-mannopyranoside very slowly. It is inhibited strongly by d-mannono-(1→5)-lactone but does not appear to be Zn++-dependent or inactivated by various chelating agents. The pH optimum for the enzyme is 4.2. It has Km and Vmax values of 1.2 x 10-3 and 8.2 x 10-3 m, and 12.3 and 41.3 µmoles per mg per hour for p-nitrophenylα-d-mannopyranoside and methyl 4-O-α-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranoside as substrates, respectively.
The response of fertility to the expectation of death: implications for the demographic transition.

Abstract Demographic transitions are often characterized by a period of declining death rates and high or even rising birth rates. This note summarizes an economic explanation for the period which is based on (1) the response of fertility to the expectation of the death of children, and (2) the distinction between actual and desired family size.
Coastal Processes with Engineering Applications

Part I. Introduction to Coastal Processes: 1. Overview 2. Sediment characteristics 3. Long-term processes Part II. Hydrodynamics of the Coastal Zone: 4. Tides and storm surges 5. Waves and wave-induced hydrodynamics Part III. Coastal Response: 6. Field measurement techniques and analysis 7. Equilibrium beach profiles 8. Sediment transport 9. Miscellaneous coastal features 10. Modeling of beaches and shorelines Part IV. Shoreline Modification and Analysis: 11. Beach fill and soft engineering structures 12. Hard engineering structures 13. Tidal inlets 14. Shoreline management.
Long-Time Correlations in Stochastic Systems

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in understanding the motion in Hamiltonian systems when phase space is divided into stochastic and integrable regions. This paper studies one aspect of this problem, namely, the motion of trajectories in the stochastic sea when there is a small island present. The results show that the particle can be stuck close to the island for very long times. For the standard mapping, where accelerator modes are possible, it appears that the mean squared displacement of particles in the stochastic sea may increase faster than linearly with time indicating non-diffusive behavior.
Context Interchange as a Scalable Solution to Interoperating Amongst Heterogeneous Dynamic Services

Many online services access a large number of autonomous data sources and at the same time need to meet different user requirements. It is essential for these services to achieve semantic interoperability among these information exchange entities. In the presence of an increasing number of proprietary business processes, heterogeneous data standards, and diverse user requirements, it is critical that the services are implemented using adaptable, extensible, and scalable technology. The Context Interchange (COIN) approach, inspired by similar goals of the Semantic Web, provides a robust solution. In this paper, we describe how COIN can be used to implement dynamic online services where semantic differences are reconciled on the fly. We show that COIN is flexible and scalable by comparing it with several conventional approaches. With a given ontology, the number of conversions in COIN is quadratic to the semantic aspect that has the largest number of distinctions. These semantic aspects are modeled as modifiers in a conceptual ontology; in most cases the number of conversions is linear with the number of modifiers, which is significantly smaller than traditional hard-wiring middleware approach where the number of conversion programs is quadratic to the number of sources and data receivers. In the example scenario in the paper, the COIN approach needs only 5 conversions to be defined while traditional approaches require 20,000 to 100 million. COIN achieves this scalability by automatically composing all the comprehensive conversions from a small number of declaratively defined sub-conversions.
Specimen-thickness effects on transmission Kikuchi patterns in the scanning electron microscope.

We report the effects of varying specimen thickness on the generation of transmission Kikuchi patterns in the scanning electron microscope. Diffraction patterns sufficient for automated indexing were observed from films spanning nearly three orders of magnitude in thickness in several materials, from 5 nm of hafnium dioxide to 3 μm of aluminum, corresponding to a mass-thickness range of ~5 to 810 μg cm(-2) . The scattering events that are most likely to be detected in transmission are shown to be very near the exit surface of the films. The energies, spatial distribution and trajectories of the electrons that are transmitted through the film and are collected by the detector are predicted using Monte Carlo simulations.
Crack tip fields in a viscoplastic solid: monotonic and cyclic loading

The asymptotic stress and strain field near the tip of a plane strain Mode I stationary crack in a viscoplastic material are investigated in this work, using a unified viscoplastic model based on Chaboche (Int J Plast 5(3):247–302, 1989). Asymptotic analysis shows that the near tip stress field is governed by the Hutchinson–Rice–Rosengren (HRR) field (Hutchinson in J Mech Phys Solids 16(1):13–31, 1968; Rice and Rosengren in J Mech Phys Solids 16(1):1–12, 1968) with a time dependent amplitude that depends on the loading history. Finite element analysis is carried out for a single edge crack specimen subjected to a constant applied load and a simple class of cyclic loading history. The focus is on small scale creep where the region of inelasticity is small in comparison with typical specimen dimensions. For the case of constant load, the amplitude of the HRR field is found to vanish at long times and the elastic K field dominates. For the case of cyclic loading, we study the effect of stress ratio on inelastic strain and find that the strain accumulated per cycle decreases with stress ratio.
Altered Atrial Function and Associated Changes in Proteins Responsible for Myocardial Contraction and Relaxation in Right Atria of Children With Tetralogy of Fallot • 84

Altered Atrial Function and Associated Changes in Proteins Responsible for Myocardial Contraction and Relaxation in Right Atria of Children With Tetralogy of Fallot • 84
Small subunit rDNA variation in a population of lichen fungi due to optional group-I introns.

Abstract A natural population of the lichen-forming ascomycetous fungus, Cladonia chlorophaea , contained individuals with small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) of at least four different size classes and nine restriction-site patterns. The source of these differences was the variable occurrence of 200–400-nucleotide insertions, previously identified as small group-I introns, at five different positions within the SSU coding region. By specific amplification of the sequences flanking these five intron positions with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a minimum of nine types of rDNA repeats were defined that differ in number, position, restriction pattern and size of introns. The positions of the introns were verified by sequence analysis. The variable distribution of these introns suggests that they are currently mobile — either by intron insertion, deletion or both — within this species complex.
Investigations into the World3 Model: Overall Model Behavior and Policy Conclusions

Starting from the results obtained by study of each of its subsystems, the behavior of the overall World3 model is studied for standard and nonstandard conditions. The capital and resource subsystem appears to play a leading part, impressing its behavior of growth followed by decline on all other subsystems. This conclusion is confirmed by the results of total linearization. Equilibrium analysis reveals that, primarily owing to the negative impact of pollution on food production, the maximum sustainable "limits" of population and food production in World3 are much lower than can be expected from Meadows's assumptions on the maxima of the individual model variables. Using the insights so acquired, it is shown that model behavior can significantly be stabilized by a policy which is much simpler and less far-reaching than the recommendations advocated by the Meadows team.
Working With Families Living With Autism: Potential Contributions of Marriage and Family Therapists

This article introduces marriage and family therapists (MFT) to some of the common issues faced by families that have a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). First, autism is defined and common myths surrounding it are discussed. Next, relational challenges are presented that families report experiencing during early childhood through the elementary school years, adolescence and the transition into adulthood, and the later years of the family life cycle. Real-life stories are included to illustrate the potential contributions that MFTs can make to families that have a child with ASD.
Tailored polarization of optical propagation in heterostructured nanowires

Nanowires comprising a metal (Au) segment and a semiconductor segment (CdSe) were grown through an electrochemical process that allows the shape of the interface between the materials to be abrupt (planar) or to be tailored to form off-axis conical profiles. Polarized light was used to excite plasmons in the exposed end of the Au segment, and emission was studied at the Au:CdSe interface and at the distal end of the nanowire. Both the relative intensities of the emissions and the polarizations of the light from the distal end were correlated with the shapes of the interfaces. It was shown that the emission intensity and the degree of polarization were controlled by the interface shape. Finite difference time-domain studies of different interface shapes support the experimental conclusions.
Low energy dependence of momentum transfer rate constants of rare gas atomic ions in their parent gases: Evidence for the importance of a polarization potential at near thermal energies

The total momentum transfer rate constants km for rare gas atomic ions in their parent gases have been measured versus ion energy from ∼0.3 eV to 1.1 eV(He+), 4.3 eV(Ne+), 1.5 eV(A+), 0.6 eV(Kr+) and 0.5 eV(Xe+). The measurements were made by an ion cyclotron resonance collisional line broadening method. For all the rare gases it was found that km initially decreases with increasing ion energy, passes through a minimum near 0.5 eV and then increases with ion energy. From a consideration of the relation of the interaction potentials of ion—atom systems with the energy dependence of the total momentum transfer rate constant, we conclude that the initial decrease in km with ion energy indicates the importance of a polarization potential coupled to a repulsive and/or a charge exchange potential.
Bringing prostate cancer education to deaf men.

Abstract Introduction : A review of the scientific literature yielded no examples of programs that were designed to give deaf men access to information about prostate cancer, early detection, and treatment. The community's diverse linguistic abilities, multiple preferences for receiving information, and the small size of the community, create additional challenges for health educators. Materials and methods : A prostate cancer education program was adapted for deaf men ( N =121), with the goal of creating a single program that could meet the educational needs of this diverse community. The program was evaluated using baseline, post-test, and two-month follow-up surveys, plus focus group discussions. Results : Overall, baseline knowledge about prostate cancer and awareness of the screening options for the early detection of prostate cancer increased significantly at post-test and this gain was maintained at the two-month follow-up. While prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening and digital rectal exams also increased among men 50 and older, the increase was not statistically significant, possibly a consequence of the small sample size. Participants' reported their preferred methods of communication. Greater knowledge gains were demonstrated among those who preferred communications via American Sign Language (ASL) versus English-based communications. Conclusion: Cancer education programs offered in ASL can help address health knowledge disparities and that in turn can contribute to alleviating these disparities. Clinicians and health educators can help raise the deaf community's health awareness through programs such as this one, which ultimately evolved into the Internet accessible ASL video: Prostate Cancer: Know Your Options.
Implantable Doppler flow system: experience with 24 microvascular free-flap operations.

Objectives Microvascular reconstruction requires postoperative monitoring to prevent vascular occlusion and flap failure. These methods require skilled personnel and can delay diagnosis and treatment of threatened flap failures. The Cook-Swartz implantable Doppler flow system provides continual feedback on vascular pedicle status, which in turn provides rapid assessment of minute-to-minute changes in flap vasculature that may allow intervention before total vascular occlusion and expeditious reexploration for threatened flap failure, possibly improving flap salvage. Study design and setting Charts of 24 patients with microvascular free-flap reconstruction and implantation of Doppler flow system at Mayo Clinic Rochester were retrospectively reviewed. Surgical technique and flap outcomes were evaluated. Results Microvascular reconstruction and implantation of Doppler flow system were successful in all patients. Complications were minimal, and postoperative monitoring system facilitated rapid reexploration when necessary. Flap viability was 96%. Conclusion Doppler flow system is reliable for monitoring minute-to-minute changes in microvascular flap vascular status postoperatively, and allows rapid recognition of complications and facilitating reexploration. This is a valuable, easily mastered tool for microvascular reconstructive surgery. Significance May alter postoperative monitoring techniques of microvascular surgeons.
Nanoporous ultrahigh specific surface polyacrylonitrile fibres

The concept of phase separation was coupled with electrospinning to generate polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) bicomponent fibres that, upon removal of the phase-separated PEO domains, became nanoporous. Electrospinning of PAN (150 kDa) with 15–50% w/w PEO (10 kDa) at a 8% w/w total concentration in N,N-dimethylformamide produced fibres with decreasing averaged diameters from 390 to 130 nm. Evidence of phase separation between PAN and PEO in the bicomponent fibres was indicated by the characteristic PAN and PEO peaks by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, and confirmed by the co-existence of PAN cyclization and PEO melting by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the presence of PEO crystalline diffraction by wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS). Removal of PEO by dissolution in water was confirmed by the matched mass loss to PEO fraction and the absence of PEO by FTIR and DSC. The water-treated bicomponent fibres appeared slightly larger in diameter and contained internal pores of nanometre scale. The nanoporous fibres generated from 50/50 PAN/PEO bicomponent precursor contained internal pores of a few nanometres to tens of nanometres in size and had 50% higher pore volume and 2.5-fold higher specific surface.
Hyaluronan Fragments Induce Nitric-oxide Synthase in Murine Macrophages through a Nuclear Factor κB-dependent Mechanism *

Activated macrophages play a critical role in controlling chronic tissue inflammation through the release of a variety of mediators including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, active lipids, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species. The mechanisms that regulate macrophage activation in chronic inflammation are poorly understood. A hallmark of chronic inflammation is the turnover of extracellular matrix components, and recent work has suggested that interactions with the extracellular matrix can exert important influences on macrophage effector functions. We have examined the effect of low molecular weight fragments of the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) on the induction of nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages. We found that HA fragments induce iNOS mRNA, protein and activity alone, and markedly synergize with interferon-γ to induce iNOS gene expression in murine macrophages. In addition, we found that resident tissue alveolar macrophages respond minimally, but inflammatory alveolar macrophages exhibit a marked induction in iNOS expression in response to HA fragments. Finally, we demonstrate that the mechanism of HA fragment-induced expression of iNOS requires activation of the transcriptional regulator nuclear factor κB. These data support the hypothesis that HA may be an important regulator of macrophage activation at sites of chronic tissue inflammation.
Serotonergic mechanisms of cocaine effects in humans

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of serotonin (5-HT) in mediating the effects of cocaine in humans. To accomplish this, 12 subjects each participated in two randomized, double-blind test sessions separated by 1 week. In one session, subjects underwent acute depletion of the 5-HT amino acid precursor tryptophan (TRP), followed by a test dose of intranasal cocaine. In the other session, the cocaine test dose was preceded by sham depletion. Subject ratings of cocaine “high” were significantly lower following active TRP depletion than after the sham procedure. Subjects also showed an earlier but less sustained rise in self-rated nervousness during active TRP depletion. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that 5-HT may be involved in mediating the euphorigenic and modulating the anxiogenic effects of cocaine in humans, either directly or through actions on other (e.g., dopaminergic) systems.
Study of pressure distribution within the crushed zone in the contact area between rock and disc cutters

Abstract Estimation of the cutting forces acting on a disc cutter while cutting rock has been used for cutterhead design and performance prediction of tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and various other mechanical excavators. The cutting forces are the result of the pressure in the contact area between the disc cutter and rock surface. This paper presents the result of direct measurement of pressure in this contact area and observed pressure distribution patterns when cutting various rock types. The results show that the pressure within the contact zone is more concentrated, and the actual pressurized area is smaller, than the size of the contact zone that has been assumed by previous models. The measurements also show that there are areas of no pressure within the theoretical contact zone both in front of the highly concentrated pressure zone and behind it. This indicates that the peak stresses within the cutter ring are higher than normally expected, and explains the reason for some observed behavior of various disc cutters in the field.
THE POLARIZATION OF SOLAR RADIO EMISSION AT 74 MHz: MAY 18--26, 1967.

The passage of McMath plage region 8818 over the visible solar disk resulted in extensive meter-wavelength activity of spectral types I, II, III and IV. The activity at 74 MHz and its polarization have been observed with a narrow-band (10 kHz) timesharing radio polarimeter. Newly adopted data recording and processing techniques have enabled time-histories of the polarization characteristics of the solar emission to be obtained with a time resolution of 1/4 second. The polarization patterns for all the major activity in the May 18–26 period are described. They exhibit considerable variety in the degree and ellipticity of the polarization observed during both short-lived bursts and long-enduring periods of activity. Both simple and complex patterns were seen when changes in the sense of polarization of the solar emission occurred. Methods used to determine the polarization characteristics of the solar emission in the presence of galactic emission and to resolve the complexities of the solar emission itself are illustrated.
An Analog Circuit for Calculating Relative Humidity from Dew Point and Temperature

Abstract While reliable instruments exist for measuring the dew point of air or other gases, few devices give an electrical signal that is an accurate function of relative humility (RT). The solid-state circuit described herein calculates RT with an accuracy of about ±1% RT via an electronic analog of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
Enhancement of Algal Growth and Productivity by Grazing Zooplankton

Colonies of the common planktonic green alga, Sphaerocystis schroeteri, are only partially disrupted and assimilated by Daphnia magna, a natural predator. The Daphnia break up the outer protective gelatinous sheath that surrounds Sphaerocystis colonies, but most of the algal cells emerge from Daphnia guts intact and in viable condition. During gut passage, these viable cells take up nutrients, such as phosphorus, both from algal remains and from Daphnia metabolites. This nutrient supply stimulates algal carbon fixation and cell division. Enhanced algal growth, observed after gut passage, can compensate for the minor losses to the population caused by grazing. Nutrients regenerated by grazers may produce the summer bloom of gelatinous green algae during the seasonal succession of lake phytoplankton.
Public school expenditures in the plantation states, 1910

Abstract Although white children in the postbellum South benefited from the diversion of black school funds, both races had measures of schooling below the national norm. In particular, plantation states had the least commitment to public school systems. This paper theorizes that the tendency for education to create geographical and occupational mobility ran counter to the interests of southern landlords. It shows that agricultural production based on unskilled and highly supervised tenant farming was a major reason for the slow acceptance of universal free schooling in the plantation region of the United States.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Nuclear Protein Complex Involved in Nuclear Hormone Receptor-mediated Gene Regulation

NRC/NCoA6 plays an important role in mediating the effects of ligand-bound nuclear hormone receptors as well as other transcription factors. NRC interacting factor 1 (NIF-1) was cloned as a novel factor that interacts in vivo with NRC. Although NIF-1 does not directly interact with nuclear hormone receptors, it enhances activation by nuclear hormone receptors presumably through its interaction with NRC. To further understand the cellular and biological function of NIF-1, we identified NIF-1-associated proteins by in-solution proteolysis followed by mass spectrometry. The identified components revealed factors involved in histone methylation and cell cycle control and include Ash2L, RbBP5, WDR5, HCF-1, DBC-1, and EMSY. Although the NIF-1 complex contains Ash2L, RbBP5, and WDR5, suggesting that the complex might methylate histone H3-Lys-4, we found that the complex contains a H3 methyltransferase activity that modifies a residue other than H3-Lys-4. The identified components form at least two distinctly sized NIF-1 complexes. DBC-1 and EMSY were identified as integral components of an NIF-1 complex of ∼1.5 MDa and were found to play an important role in the regulation of nuclear receptor-mediated transcription. Stimulation of the Sox9 and HoxA1 genes by retinoic acid receptor-α was found to require both DBC-1 and EMSY in addition to NIF-1 for maximal transcriptional activation. Interestingly, NRC was not identified as a component of the NIF-1 complex, suggesting that NIF-1 and NRC do not exist as stable in vitro purified complexes, although the separate NIF-1 and NRC complexes appear to functionally interact in the cell.
Local and global efforts for human rights education: a case from the Osaka Human Rights Museum

Created by those involved in the liberation movement of Buraku people (members of a formerly outcaste group), the Osaka Human Rights Museum has been the most established human rights museum in Japan. I examine education at the museum as a product of the interaction between global and local efforts to promote human rights education, looking into how the curators have adopted and appropriated the universal concept of human rights according to changing strategies of human rights activism and education locally acted out in the context of Osaka, Japan. In doing so, I demonstrate how the concept of human rights is understood and implemented differently in different socio-cultural contexts.
Cold-worked state and annealing behaviour of austenitic stainless steel

An investigation was made into the structural changes accompanying cold working and annealing treatments in seven austenitic stainless steels. The materials studied included five laboratory alloys and two commercial grades of austenitic stainless steels (types 304 and 316). X-ray line profile analysis showed that the stacking-fault energies of the seven steels ranged from 8 MJ m−2 to 68 MJ m−2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used extensively to characterize the cold-worked and annealed states, Measurements of the resistivity change were performed to characterize the recovery and recrystallization behaviours. The cold-worked structure was found to be related to the stacking-fault energy. Dislocations tended to be arranged in planar arrays and to be confined in the original slip planes in alloys of low stacking-fault energy. Dislocation arrangement was less uniform and more random for steel of high stacking-fault energy. In none of the cases studied was the stacking-fault energy high enough to allow the cross-slip necessary to generate the dislocation cell structure often seen in other metals. Isochronal annealing of the steels reveals a distinguishable stage of resistivity recovery prior to recrystallization, which was attributed to the annihilation of vacancies and removal of carbon from the solid solution. A second stage of resistivity drop (above 500° C) resulted from recrystallization. The temperature for the start of recrystallization was found to be related to stacking-fault energy.
Structural and functional features of the Escherichia coli hydroperoxide resistance protein OsmC

The osmotically inducible protein OsmC, like its better-characterized homolog, the organic hydroperoxide protein Ohr, is involved in defense against oxidative stress caused by exposure to organic hydroperoxides. The crystal structure of Escherichia coli OsmC reported here reveals that the protein is a tightly folded domain-swapped dimer with two active sites located at the monomer interface on opposite sides of the molecule. We demonstrate that OsmC preferentially metabolizes organic hydroperoxides over inorganic hydrogen peroxide. On the basis of structural and enzymatic similarities, we propose that the OsmC catalytic mechanism is analogous to that of the Ohr proteins and of the structurally unrelated peroxiredoxins, directly using highly reactive cysteine thiol groups to elicit hydroperoxide reduction.
Alternating current impedance imaging of membrane pores using scanning electrochemical microscopy.

Alternating current impedance imaging of a 6-μm thick membrane containing conical-shaped pores (60-nm and 2.5-μm diameter openings) using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is described. Impedance images of the pore openings were obtained by rastering a glass-sealed conically shaped Pt tip (∼1-μm radius) above the membrane surface, while measuring the total impedance between the tip and a large area Pt electrode located on the opposite side of the membrane. Individual pore openings in the high pore density membrane (∼8 × 104 pores/cm2) are observed in the SECM impedance image. The image contrast is due to the decrease in tip and membrane resistance, in the vicinity of the pore opening. An equivalent circuit for the SECM cell and membrane is proposed and evaluated against the measured SECM imaging impedance. Criteria for employing SECM in impedance mode to image membranes are discussed.
Combustion in meso-scale vortex chambers

Abstract Vortex flows were utilized as a means to stabilize gaseous flames in meso-/micro-scale non-premixed combustors for use in small-scale power and propulsion systems. Scaling studies were performed with a series of combustors ranging in size from ∼10.6 to 124 mm3 (i.e., combustor diameters of 2.4–6.4 mm). Three-dimensional modeling of reacting flows was also conducted to explore flame stabilization mechanism and flow evolution in the chamber. Combustor performance was evaluated by analyzing the stability limit and chemical efficiency. Both hydrogen and hydrocarbons (methane and propane) have been studied with the chemical energy varying from 25 to 174 W. For the largest combustion volume, hydrogen and hydrocarbons burned efficiently in air. However, for smaller volumes, oxygen enrichment in air was required to stabilize hydrocarbon flames. Flame stabilization was achieved by a large, relatively quiescent, hot core flow that was formed by the flow recirculation at the head- and tail-ends of the combustor. The stability limits for hydrogen/air mixtures, in terms of the overall equivalence ratio, were found to be ∼0.25 on the lean-side and in the range of 3–6 on the rich-side. The corresponding chemical efficiency exceeded 97%. For propane/air combustion, the stability limits ranged from ∼0.25 to 2 for the 124 mm3 combustor. Methane was the most difficult fuel to stabilize the flame and required oxygen-enriched air containing 40% O2 and 60% N2 by volume to operate in the 10.6 mm3 combustor with a chemical efficiency of more than 85%.
The development of social aggression and physical aggression: A narrative analysis of interpersonal conflicts

Using conflict narratives reported by children and adolescents, this study investigated the development and social functions of social aggression in comparison to physical aggression. A total of 510 participants in two cohorts of a longitudinal study were involved (116 girls and 104 boys from Grade 4 and155 girls and 135 boys from Grade 7). Patterns of social aggression and physical aggression were identified based on interview reports in the first year of the study. Results showed that a triadic structure of social relationship was often reported in conflicts where social aggression was employed, whereas a dyadic structure was reported in conflicts involving physical aggression. Girls tended to use social aggression against girls, whereas boys tended to use physical aggression against boys. Children and adolescents who were central in peer social networks were more likely to employ social aggression than those who were peripheral in the networks. Social aggression was not reliably linked to concurrent or future problematic adjustment. Physical aggression, however, was not related to network centrality but was linked to concurrent and future maladjustment (e.g., low academic competence and school dropout). Aggr. Behav. 28:341–355, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dissemination of COSTAR: promises and realities

COmputer-STored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR) is an automated medical record, fiscal management and reporting system, developed in the mid-1970s for use in ambulatory care settings. Its flexibility, full functionality, low cost, and transportability held great promise for wide system dissemination in the 1980s. Reportedly, over 150 health organizations have installed COSTAR worldwide. In reality, this number represents a small fraction of the potential market. Several factors are listed below as contributing to the slower than expected dissemination. Of major importance may be that COSTAR--written in the MUMPS language--could not be installed on IBM hardware. Recently, however, third-party software houses announced MUMPS operating systems that allow COSTAR to run in a multiuser environment on the IBM PC/AT. Developments in the microcomputer field that may impact on the dissemination of COSTAR are described in this paper in addition to early experiences at MITRE with COSTAR on the IBM PC/AT.