cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of gravity wave breakdown into ripples associated with dynamical instabilities

[1] The breakdown of a high-frequency quasi-monochromatic gravity wave into small-scale ripples in OH airglow was observed on the night of 28 October 2003 at Maui, Hawaii (20.7°N, 156.3°W). The ripples lasted ∼20 min. The phase fronts of the ripples were parallel to the phase fronts of the breaking wave. The mechanism for the ripple generation is investigated using simultaneous wind and temperature measurements made by a sodium (Na) lidar. The observations suggest that the wave breaking and the subsequent appearance of ripples were related to dynamical (or Kelvin-Helmholtz) instabilities. The characteristics of the ripples, including the alignment of the phase fronts with respect to the wind shear, the motion of the ripples, and the horizontal separation of the ripple fronts were consistent with their attribution to Kelvin-Helmholtz billows. It is likely that the dynamical instability was initiated by the superposition of the background wind shear and the shear induced by the wave. The wind shear, the mean wind acceleration, and the propagation of the breaking wave were found to be in the same direction, suggesting that wave-mean flow interactions contributed significantly to the generation of the strong (>40 m/s/km) wind shear and instability.
Molecular profiling for stage II colon cancer

SUMMARY Although nearly 80% of patients with stage II colon cancer are cured by surgery alone, 20% will relapse. One major challenge is to identify individuals who will derive enough benefit from adjuvant therapy to balance the risks, costs and inconvenience. Existing markers, such as microsatellite instability, are predictive and prognostic, but only apply to a small number of patients. Novel technologies that include molecular profiling are emerging tools that may help to identify patients at high risk for recurrence or predict who will derive a greater benefit from adjuvant treatment. This article reviews molecular markers in stage II colon cancer and their potential role in identification of high-risk patients.
Uniform random parameter generation of stable minimum-phase real ARMA (p,q) processes

An algorithm to randomly generate the parameters of stable invertible autoregressive moving average processes of order (p,q)-ARMA(p,q)-is presented. The AR and MA portions are independent of each other, and their respective parameters have jointly uniform distributions with support defined by stability and invertibility considerations. The uniform density insures that each possible model is equally likely. The algorithm uses the Levinson-Durbin recursion to guarantee the poles and zeros are inside the unit circle, thus avoiding coefficient resampling typical of "generate and test" methods. To initialize the Levinson-Durbin recursion for each model order, the reflection coefficients are generated using a rejection sampling technique.
FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF BC3H1 MYOGENIC CELLS REVEALS LACK OF P53 ACTIVITY AND UNDEREXPRESSION OF SEVERAL P53 REGULATED AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX–ASSOCIATED GENE PRODUCTS

To catalog factors that may contribute to the completion of myogenesis, we have been looking for molecular differences between BC3H1 and C2C12 cells. Cells of the BC3H1 tumor line, though myogenic, are nonfusing, and withdraw from the cell cycle only reversibly, whereas cells of the C2C12 line fuse, differentiate terminally, and express several muscle-specific gene products that BC3H1 cells do not. Relative to C2C12 cells, BC3H1 cells underaccumulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and underaccumulated transcripts for p21, GADD45, CDO, decorin, osteopontin, H19, fibronectin, and thrombospondin-1 (tsp-1). Levels of accumulation of H19, tsp-1, and larger isoforms of fibronectin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) were found to increase in response to expression of myogenic regulatory factors as shown by their accumulation in differentiated myogenically converted 10T1/2 cells but not in 10T1/2 fibroblasts. BC3H1s accumulated a temperature-insensitive, geldanamycin-sensitive, misfolded form of p53 incapable of transactivating a p53 responsive reporter, consistent with underexpression of p21, GADD45, and tsp-1. BC3H1 and C2C12 cells were similar with respect to upregulation of p27 protein, downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) protein, upregulation of retinoblastoma (Rb) mRNA, and nuclear localization of hypophosphorylated Rb. Cells of both lines expressed the muscle-specific 1b isoform of MEF2D. Although nonfusing in the short term, after more than 18 d in differentiation medium, some cultures of BC3H1 cells formed viable multinucleated cells in which the nuclei did not reinitiate synthesis of DNA in response to serum. Our findings suggest participation of tsp-1 and specific isoforms of fibronectin in myogenesis and suggest additional avenues of research in myogenesis and oncogenesis.
Patient and surrogate disagreement in end-of-life decisions: can surrogates accurately predict patients' preferences?

Background . When a patient is too incapacitated to make important end-of-life decisions, doctors may ask a preappointed surrogate to predict the patient's preferences and make decisions on the pat...
Web Services on Rails: Using Ruby and Rails for Web Services Development and Mashups

One of the interesting aspects of the Web 2.0 ?evolution? is the wide-availability of various Web applications as APIs or Web services. These APIs expose informational services on the Web and take many forms of remote invocation of functions using standard Web protocols and XML for data representations, e.g., REST, SOAP/WSDL, XML-RPC, and other approaches. The services (or APIs) are also usually accompanied by user facing Web applications for human-consumption. Canonical examples are Google Maps, Yahoo! Flykr and del.icio.us, EVDB?s Eventful?s application and API, Amazon.com?s S3, ECS, Alexa, and many others. The Ruby programming language and its Rails framework are ideal for programming Web applications and services in the Web 2.0. Ruby?s modern and dynamic features make it an excellent language for rapid prototyping and integration of various Web services. Rails? superb support for rapid Web application development, database access, and AJAX, make it well suited for creating front-ends and back-ends to the next generation of Web applications and services. In this tutorial we will take a hands-on deep-dive into the Ruby and Rails platform and learn how they can be used to: (1) create Web applications backed by a relational database, (2) consume Web services, (3) create and deploy APIs or Web services, and (4) mashup of existing Web services and applications. No a priori knowledge of Ruby or Rails is required - although some programming in a modern OO language and Web application development are definite plus.
Immunohistochemical studies on melanin associated antigen (MAA) induced experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU)

Experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU), a model of uveitis induced by sensitization to melanin associated antigen (MAA) derived from the iris and ciliary body, closely resembles human acute anterior uveitis. The immunopathogenesis of EAAU was studied by immunohistochemical detection of immune cells and the expression of Ia, ICAM-1 and LFA-1 antigens. Male Lewis rats were immunized with bovine MAA, mixed with CFA and pertussis toxin in the hind foot pad. Animals were examined daily by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and serially sacrificed up to 30 days. Immunohistology of the enucleated eyes was performed with monoclonal antibodies W3/25 (CD4), OX-8 (CD8), ED2 (macrophage), OX-33 (B cell), OX-6 (Ia), IA29 (ICAM-1) and WT.1 (LFA-1). During each stage of EAAU, CD4+ T cells predominated over both CD8+ T cells and macrophages in the uvea. Very few B cells were detected during each stage of EAAU. EAAU could not be induced by the adoptive transfer of sera obtained from immunized animals. Low levels of constitutive ICAM-1 and Ia were observed. An increase in ICAM-1 expression was first noted on the epithelial cells of the uveal tract and RPE on day 9 post immunization and preceded LFA-1 and Ia upregulation by approximately 2 days. The immunopathogenesis of EAAU appears to be linked to the presence of the CD4+ T cells.
Psychiatric symptom severity and length of stay on an intensive rehabilitation unit.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of psychiatric symptoms in the medical and surgical rehabilitation of patients on an intensive rehabilitation unit and to examine whether psychiatric symptom severity contributes to length of hospital stay (LOS). Forty-four patients (21 men and 23 women) were assessed at admission and before discharge with the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Subjects were evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D), Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, (PANSS), and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Thirty-six percent of subjects were cognitively impaired (MMSE 12), and 52% had significant negative symptomatology (PANSS-N>15). A regression analysis yielded a model of three predictive factors. Gender, the PANSS General subscale, and the SANS Attention subscale accounted for 42.4% of LOS variance. These results indicate that psychiatric symptoms are common in medical rehabilitation inpatients and, together with demographic factors, are associated with increased LOS.
Does Honey Bee Sting Alarm Pheromone Give Orientation Information to Defensive Bees

We tested compounds found in honey bee, Apis mellifera L., sting alarm pheromone for their roles in releasing behavioral responses, with a focus on the relative importance of chemotaxis and motion of the target in the localization response. Some compounds in the blend have specialized functions. Benzyl acetate released only flight behavior, whereas three compounds (1-butanol, 1-octanol, and hexyl acetate) caused only the recruitment response. Other compounds (1-hexanol, butyl acetate, iso-pentyl acetate, and 2-nonanol) acted in more than one behavioral context. Octyl acetate was the most effective compound in allowing bees to locate targets, but did not recruit or release flight behavior. Stationary octyl acetate sources were located by flying bees, indicating that this pheromone component elicits a chemotactic response. However, localization of a target is due primarily to the motion of the target; the alarm pheromone components release searching behavior for a moving object and are relatively unimportant in target localization.
Inexpensive Intelligence Using Procedural Propositional Logic

Implementations of inference engine systems invoke many costs, including the cost of the inference engine itself, the cost of integrating the inference engine, and the cost of specialized personnel needed to create and maintain the system. These costs make a very high return on investment a criterion for incorporating these systems into the corporate portfolio of applications and technologies. Recently, the No Inference Engine Theory (NIET) [8] has been developed for creating procedural propositional logic rule-based systems. The NIET systems are implemented in traditional procedural languages such as C++ and do not need an inference engine or proprietary languages, thus eliminating the cost of the inference engine, the cost of integrating the system, and the cost for knowledge of a proprietary language. In addition, these procedural systems are an order of magnitude faster [8] than inference systems and maintain linear performance. For problems using propositional logic, the procedural systems described in this paper offer dramatically lower costs, higher performance, and ease of integration. Lowering the external costs and eliminating the need for specialized skills should make NIET systems more profitable and lead to the wider use of propositional logic systems in business.
Implementing Multicultural Social Justice Strategies in Counselor Education Training Programs

This article is based on the presentation on implementing multicultural social justice leadership strategies in counselor education programs. The George Mason University’s Counseling and Development Program was used as an example to illustrate how to successfully infuse multicultural social justice values into an entire graduate counselor training program. The article is written from two perspectives: 1) faculty’s discussion on the development and establishment of a multicultural social justice counseling program, and 2) current and past students’ viewpoints of the impact of the multicultural social justice training program on their personal and professional lives. Recommendations are also suggested to assist counseling and psychology programs on the implementation of multicultural social justice leadership strategies.
Abstract #4410: Rescue of extracellular matrix detachment induced metabolic defects by ErbB2 and antioxidants

%9One hallmark of tumor cells is their ability to survive without attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous studies have shown that inhibition of apoptosis is not sufficient for survival when cells are detached from ECM. Our laboratory has recently found that matrix detachment of immortalized breast epithelial cells (MCF10A) causes a metabolic impairment independent of apoptosis. This impairment is characterized by decreased levels of glucose uptake, ATP and reduced glutathione, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overexpression of ErbB2 rescues the decrease in glucose uptake and leads to a decrease in ROS levels; this decrease is dependent on the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). %9Our lab has demonstrated that EGFR signaling is critical for ErbB2 rescue of ATP levels and that ErbB2 overexpression prevents the loss of EGFR in ECM-deprived cells. EGFR stimulation of PI3K activity is essential for ErbB2 rescue of glucose transport and ATP levels in suspended cells. Consistent with these findings, the defects due to loss of matrix attachment are rescued by ectopic expression of activated variants of PIK3CA and Akt. Inhibition of Erk signaling has little effect on ErbB2 rescue of ATP. We are now further investigating the mechanism by which ErbB2 rescues glucose uptake and EGFR levels. %9As stated above, the ErbB2 rescue of ATP production is dependent on PPP flux for reduction of ROS levels induced by matrix detachment. Interestingly, we have also found that reduction of ROS levels with antioxidant treatment rescues ATP independently of glucose uptake by relieving an ROS-mediated inhibition of ATP generation by fatty acid oxidation. Several enzymatic antioxidant enzymes are upregulated in breast cancer. This raises the question as to whether antioxidants can rescue metabolic defects that result from displacement or migration of tumors cells from their natural niches, particularly in cells with anti-apoptotic oncogenic insults. Therefore, we are examining how overexpression of the enzymatic antioxidants catalase and superoxide dismutase effects ATP levels. These studies will provide insights into potential mechanisms that could contribute to the previously reported activities of antioxidants as tumor promoters. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 4410.
Cartography and capitalism: George Clason and the mapping of western American development, 1903–1931

Abstract George Clason's self-help essays on achieving financial independence became accepted household wisdom to millions of Americans between 1925 and 1950. Less well known is Clason's legacy in building the largest commercial map company west of Chicago between 1903 and 1931. In his earlier life as a Denver-based map publisher and booster of western economic development, Clason produced millions of road maps, state maps, city maps, promotional circulars and maps for mining companies, land companies, and state and local governments. This paper explores how Clason's earlier career as a cartographer and map publisher reflected the same economic principles he made nationally famous in his later essays about saving money and building capital. I suggest that Clason's maps successfully blended multiple and distinctive genres of commercial mapping, forming a powerful cartographic narrative focused on promoting development in the West that reflected his own ideology oriented around a belief in progress, high modernism, and the merits of individual effort within a largely capitalistic economic system. I examine the strategic partnerships and business relationships Clason forged with private companies and state institutions and how textual and visual material within Clason's maps communicated enduring ideas about the West's economic potential and regional character.
Enhanced 3D Kinematic Modeling of Wheeled Mobile Robots

Most fielded wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) today use basic 2D kinematic motion models in their planning, control, and estimation systems. On uneven or low traction terrain, or during aggressive maneuvers, higher fidelity models are required which account for suspension articulations, wheel slip, and liftoff. In this paper we present a simple, algorithmic method to construct 3D kinematic models for any WMR configuration. We also present a novel enhancement to predict the effects of slip on bodylevel motion. Extensive experimental results are presented to validate our model formulation. We show odometry improvement by calibrating to data logs and modeling 3D articulations. We also show comparable predictive accuracy of our enhanced kinematic model to a full dynamic model, at much lower computational cost.
The Dynamic Interplay between Cleavage Furrow Proteins in Cellular Mechanoresponsiveness

Cell shape changes associated with processes like cytokinesis and motility proceed on several second time-scales. However, they are derived from molecular events occurring much faster, including protein-protein interactions, filament assembly, and force generation. How these fast dynamics define cellular outcomes remain unknown. While accumulation of cytoskeletal elements is often portrayed as being driven by signaling pathways, mechanical stresses also direct proteins. A myosin II-based mechanosensory system controls cellular contractility and shape during cytokinesis and under applied stress. In Dictyostelium, this system tunes myosin II accumulation under mechanical stress by feedback through the actin network, particularly through the crosslinker cortexillin I. Cortexillin-binding IQGAP proteins are major regulators of this system. We examined the dynamic interplay between these key cytoskeletal proteins using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, defining the short time-scale dynamics of these players during cytokinesis and under mechanical stress. Actin and its polar cortex-enriched crosslinkers showed sub-second recovery, while equatorially enriched proteins including cortexillin I, IQGAP2, and myosin II recovered in 1-5 seconds. Mobility of these equatorial proteins was greatly reduced at the furrow, compared to their interphase dynamics. This mobility shift did not arise from a single biochemical event, but rather from global inhibition of protein dynamics by mechanical stress-associated changes in cytoskeletal structure. We further expanded our genetic and biochemical understanding of this mechanosensory system using a proteomics approach to identify relevant protein-protein interactions. We identified that, in addition to binding to each other, both cortexillin I and IQGAP2 also interact with myosin II under conditions that prevent myosin II-F-actin binding. This validates the high crosstalk occurring between various mechanosensitive elements. Mechanical tuning of contractile protein dynamics provides robustness to the cytoskeletal framework responsible for regulating cell shape and contributes to the fidelity of cytokinesis.
DIFFERENTIATION OF ADJACENT STREAM POPULATIONS OF THREESPINE STICKLEBACKS

Elucidation of the mechanisms by which adjacent populations of a species diverge genetically and subsequently maintain genetic divergence is an important problem in evolutionary biology. Such differentiated populations may be connected by clines, which in the past often were attributed to secondary contact following a period of isolation resulting from the imposition of a geographical barrier. Recently, mathematical models, simulations and laboratory population studies have indicated that natural selection can counteract the homogenizing effect of gene flow to produce and maintain clines between divergent populations (Endler, 1977). If selection is insufficient to entirely eliminate the homogenizing effects of gene flow between divergent populations, gene flow will contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation within them. Levene (1953) first suggested this mechanism for the maintenance of genetic variation, and it has continued to generate interest (e.g., Felsenstein, 1976; Hedrick et al., 1976; Mitter and Futuyma, 1979; Powell and Taylor, 1979). Thus, the interaction between gene flow among and natural selection within ecologically heterogeneous habitat patches may result in both differentiation of adjacent demes and maintenance of genetic variation within them. In this paper I consider differentiation among adjacent populations of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, within a small coastal drainage. Miller and Hubbs (1969) attributed extreme variability within this nominal species to gene flow among three subspecies as a consequence of range shifts during Pleistocene climatic change. Implicit in this explanation is the assumption that the geographically varying phenotypes are a selectively neutral indicator of phylogeny. Without denying a possible role for gene flow between divergent populations as a cause of variation, Hagen and McPhail (1970) argued that natural selection could account for much of the observed variation. The most obviously varying structures in threespine stickleback populations are the lateral plates, modified scales that occur as single bilateral rows. Lateral plate phenotypes may be ascribed to three distinctive lateral plate morphs (sensu Hagen and Gilbertson, 1972), within each of which the number of plates varies. During the past decade, research on lateral plate phenotypes and other variable phenotypic characters, such as body size (McPhail, 1977), gill raker number, nuptial coloration, body form and spine length (reviewed in Bell, 1976a), has yielded compelling evidence for the role of natural selection in geographical variation of G. aculeatus. Geographical variation of lateral plate morph frequency has proven most resistant to analysis and is the focus of this study. Lateral plate morph variation and variation of other phenotypic features considered in this study may be set in a broad theoretical framework because all have a demonstrated genetic basis and some are known to be subject to selection (Bell, 1976a).
Teaching Modern Southeast Asia

Teaching about Southeast Asia to undergraduates at an American liberal arts college presents several challenges. At my institution, it is the only course on the region in the curriculum; thus no preparation, and no follow-up. I have therefore struggled with the approach that I should take–pulled between a wish for students to gain an empirical understanding of Southeast Asian life, and a desire to have them learn the concepts and theories of critical inquiry. Obviously I am still learning how to successfully accomplish such an ambitious undertaking.
VACM-1, a cullin gene family member, regulates cellular signaling

Vasopressin-activated Ca2+-mobilizing (VACM-1) receptor binds arginine vasopressin (AVP) but does not have amino acid sequence homology with the traditional AVP receptors. VACM-1, however, is homol...
Teaching innovation and sustainability through international interactive workshops

Thousands of pounds of electronic waste (e-waste) is disposed of worldwide in a polluting, unsafe manner every day. Gradual progress is being made to prevent this issue from worsening throughout the world. However, the problem of electronic waste (e-waste). disposal still significantly impacts Kenya. Kenya also faces difficulties with income and employment. In response to the e-waste disposal and economic issues in Kenya, a team from Penn State Berks decided to develop a way for Kenyans to resolve these problems to an extent through jewelry and craft making. An interdisciplinary team composed of two professors and four students, called Creative Minds, travelled to Kenya to conduct interactive workshops on increasing the awareness of sustainability, how to properly manage the disposal of e-waste, and encourage creativity. The workshops included a number of activities based in engineering and other design disciplines. After this initial travel to Kenya, two Kenyan students visited Penn State Berks. In addition, Penn State Berks' Creative Minds team received an award for having the best innovative solution in a highly esteemed showcase. This paper presents the experiences in this social entrepreneurship project.
Clinical effect by fiber post and core crown in repairing severe teeth defects

Objective To analyze clinical effect by fiber post and core crown in repairing severe teeth defects. Methods A total of 66 patients(100 teeth) with severe teeth defects were randomly divided into control group and experimental group, and each group contained 33 cases(50 teeth). The control group received metal post and core crown for repair, and the experimental group received fiber post and core crown for repair. Success rate of repair and incidence of complications were observed in the two groups. Results The experimental group had much higher success rate of repair as 93.9% than 75.8% of the control group, and their difference had statistical significance(P0.05). The experimental group also had lower incidence of complications as 6.1% than 24.2% of the control group, and the difference had statistical significance(P0.05). Conclusion Implement of fiber post and core crown in repairing severe teeth defects provides precisely clinical effect, with few complications. This method is worth promoting.
Buying into the Regime: Grapes and Consumption in Cold War Chile and the United States by Heidi Tinsman.

Heidi Tinsman’s Buying into the Regime comes as a welcome and ambitious transnational sequel to her highly regarded Partners in Conflict offering readers a ground-level view of Chile’s transition f...
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective 1,2‐Additions to α‐Ketoesters with Diborylmethane and Substituted 1,1‐Diborylalkanes

The catalytic enantioselective synthesis of boronate-substituted tertiary alcohols through additions of diborylmethane and substituted 1,1-diborylalkanes to α-ketoesters is reported. The reactions are catalyzed by readily available chiral phosphine/copper(I) complexes and produce β-hydroxyboronates containing up to two contiguous stereogenic centers in up to 99:1 e.r. and greater than 20:1 d.r. The utility of the organoboron products is demonstrated through several chemoselective functionalizations. Evidence indicates the reactions occur via an enantioenriched α-boryl-copper-alkyl intermediate.
An effective approach to evaluate GCM simulated diurnal variation of clouds

Cloud radiative effects strongly depend on diurnal variations of insolation and cloud radiative properties. In general circulation models (GCMs), even when the daily-mean cloud properties agree with observations, errors in cloud diurnal cycle can still significantly impact the shortwave radiation and induce model biases. However, this aspect is overlooked in GCM evaluation and intercomparison programs (e.g., Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5)), which mainly consider the daily-mean cloud fraction. This study presents a simple approach of using a diagnostic parameter, the “effective-daytime cloud fraction” which accounts for the concurrent variation of clouds and insolation, to reveal GCM biases in cloud diurnal variations. The usefulness of the approach is illustrated by the significant biases of cloud diurnal cycle in the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis when compared with that in the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data. It is thus suggested that the parameter be included as one of the GCM diagnostics for evaluating cloud diurnal cycle in model intercomparisons.
An adaptive Wiener filter for PET based on a novel technique for spectral estimation

An adaptive Wiener filter has been developed for the convolution backprojection (CBP) reconstruction of positron emission tomograph (PET) images. An approach is proposed for applying minimum mean square error (MMSE) producing filters in the image space by estimating the power spectra of the signal and noise in the reprojections of the reconstructed images. Backprojection-algorithm-dependent colorization of the white input noise process and angle-dependent signal are accounted for in the proposed algorithm to compute the Wiener filter. Reconstruction results using the proposed algorithm are compared with the manually selected Butterworth-type filters on data obtained with the Donner 600-crystal tomograph. Simulation results using the uniform circular disk phantom of estimating the noise and signal power spectra in the reconstructed images produced reasonable estimates of the Wiener filter. >
Optical-Based Interference Cancellation in Wireless Sensor Networks

One of the biggest challenges facing the widespread implementation of wireless sensor networks is wireless interference and radio-frequency (RF) spectrum crowding. Even today, wireless networks are already straining under society’s relentless demand for higher data rates and constant connectivity. For wireless sensor networks to become a reality, research on increasing network capacity and allocating spectral resources must necessarily involve new techniques for handling wireless interference scalably and efficiently. This chapter focuses on analog interference cancellation using optical signal processing as a path towards operating in the presence of wireless interference. Canceling interference before it enters a receiver allows wireless sensor networks to conserve scarce spectral resources and relax system requirements, resulting in robust operation, increased battery life, and reduced size and cost. Through its unique physics, optics enables new RF functionalities that are extremely valuable to canceling interference in the RF front-end, chief among them being wide processing bandwidth. The wideband nature of optics is key to anticipating the rise in data rates, bandwidths, and channel counts of future networks, and endows optics with the potential to realize true multiband radio transceivers. Our goal in this chapter is to present an overview of optical-based RF interference cancellation and discuss the key characteristics that make optics an outstanding technology platform for the job. We then show several system architectures and a sample of their experimental performance. We leave the readers with a discussion on the future prospects for this technology, focusing specifically on photonic integrated circuits.
Dual-pumped degenerate optical parametric oscillator in a silicon nitride microresonator

We demonstrate frequency-degenerate optical parametric oscillation via four-wave mixing using dual pumps in a silicon-nitride microresonator. The system offers potential for realization of coherent optical computing and all-optical quantum random number generation.
Substance Use Prevention for Urban American Indian Youth: A Efficacy Trial of the Culturally Adapted Living in 2 Worlds Program

This article describes a small efficacy trial of the Living in 2 Worlds (L2W) substance use prevention curriculum, a culturally adapted version of keepin’ it REAL (kiR) redesigned for urban American Indian (AI) middle school students. Focused on strengthening resiliency and AI cultural engagement, L2W teaches drug resistance skills, decision making, and culturally grounded prevention messages. Using cluster random assignment, the research team randomized three urban middle schools with enrichment classes for AI students. AI teachers of these classes delivered the L2W curriculum in two schools; the remaining school implemented kiR, unadapted, and became the comparison group. AI students (N = 107) completed a pretest questionnaire before they received the manualized curriculum lessons, and a posttest (85% completion) 1 month after the final lesson. We assessed the adapted L2W intervention, compared to kiR, with paired t tests, baseline adjusted general linear models, and effect size estimates (Cohen’s d). Differences between the L2W and kiR groups reached statistically significant thresholds for four outcomes. Youth receiving L2W, compared to kiR, reported less growth in cigarette use from pretest to posttest, less frequent use of the Leave drug resistance strategy, and less loss of connections to AI spirituality and cultural traditions. For other substance use behaviors and antecedents, the direction of the non-significant effects in small sample tests was toward more positive outcomes in L2W and small to medium effect sizes. Results suggest that evidence-based substance use prevention programs that are culturally adapted for urban AI adolescents, like L2W, can be a foundation for prevention approaches to help delay initiation and slow increases in substance use. In addition to study limitations, we discuss implementation challenges in delivering school-based interventions for urban AI populations.
Tropical Modernism in Joseph Conrad’s Sea Tales

Arnold Anthony Schmidt’s chapter situates three tales by Joseph Conrad in the context of Tropical Modernism, which constructs Western European social identities through contrasts with the peoples and cultures of the tropics. Conrad’s writings invoke and undercut Tropical Modernist tropes as his stories explore race and professionalism (The Nigger of the Narcissus), the nature of language and imagination (Typhoon) and the coming of age and masculinity (“Youth”). Interpreting Typhoon against the background of contemporary sailing manuals sheds new light on the captain’s decision to sail directly through a dangerous storm while analysing the trio of letters that bookend the novella’s beginning and end prompts discussion of the limits of linguistic communication.
Travelable Period-1 Motions to Chaos in a Periodically Excited Pendulum

In this chapter, the analytical bifurcation trees of travelable period-1 motions to chaos in a periodically excited pendulum will be presented with varying excitation amplitude. The analytical prediction is based on the implicit discrete maps obtained from the midpoint scheme of the corresponding differential equation. Using the discrete maps, mapping structures will be developed for various periodic motions, and analytical bifurcation trees of periodic motions to chaos can be obtained.
Global scanning assessment of calcium channel blockers in the environment: Review and analysis of occurrence, ecotoxicology and hazards in aquatic systems.

Abstract As an urban water cycle is increasingly realized, aquatic systems are influenced by sewage and wastewater effluent discharges of variable quality. Such urbanization results in exposures of non-target aquatic organisms to medicines and other contaminants. In the present study, we performed a unique global hazard assessment of calcium channel blockers (CCB) in multiple environmental matrices. Effluent and freshwater observations were primarily from North America (62% and 76%, respectively) and Europe (21% and 10%, respectively) with limited-to-no information from rapidly urbanizing regions of developing countries in Asia-Pacific, South America, and Africa. Only 9% and 18% of occurrence data were from influent sewage and marine systems, though developing countries routinely discharge poorly treated wastewater to heavily populated coastal regions. Probabilistic environmental exposure distribution (EED) 5th and 95th percentiles for all CCBs were 1.5 and 309.1 ng/L in influent, 5.0 and 448.7 ng/L for effluent, 1.3 and 202.3 ng/L in freshwater, and 0.17 and 12.9 ng/L in saltwater, respectively. Unfortunately, global hazards and risks of CCBs to non-target organisms remain poorly understood, particularly for sublethal exposures. Thus, therapeutic hazard values (THV) were calculated and employed during probabilistic hazard assessments with EEDs when sufficient data was available. Amlodipine and verapamil in effluents and freshwater systems exceeded THVs 28% of the time, highlighting the need to understand ecological consequences of these CCBs. This global scanning approach demonstrated the utility of global assessments to identify specific CCBs, chemical mixtures with common mechanisms of action, and geographic locations for which environmental assessment efforts appear warranted.
Rationale and design of the Atrial Fibrillation health Literacy Information Technology Trial: (AF-LITT).

Abstract Background Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia that is challenging for patients and adversely impacts health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Long-term management of AF requires that patients adhere to complex therapies, understand difficult terminology, navigate subspecialty care, and have continued symptom monitoring with the goal of preventing adverse outcomes. Continued interventions to ameliorate the patient experience of AF are essential. Design The Atrial Fibrillation health Literacy Information Technology Trial (AF-LITT; NCT03093558 ) is an investigator-initiated, 2-arm randomized clinical trial (RCT). This RCT is a pilot in order to implement a novel, smartphone-based intervention to address the patient experience of AF. This pilot RCT will compare a combination of the Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) and the Alive Cor Kardia Mobile heart rhythm monitor to the current standard of care. The study will enroll 180 adults with non-valvular AF who are receiving anticoagulation for stroke prevention and randomize them to receive a 30-day intervention (smartphone-based ECA/Kardia) or standard of care, which will include a symptom and adherence journal. The primary end-points are improvement in HRQoL and self-reported adherence to anticoagulation. The secondary end-points are the acceptability of the intervention to participants, its use by participants, and acceptability to referring physicians. Conclusions The AF-LITT pilot aims to evaluate the efficacy of the ECA/Kardia to improve HRQoL and anticoagulant adherence, and to guide its implementation in a larger, multicenter clinical trial. The intervention has potential to improve HRQoL, adherence, and health care utilization in individuals with chronic AF.
Western Water Markets: Effectiveness and Efficiency

Most rivers throughout the western U.S. are fully appropriated. New municipal, industrial, recreational and environmental water demands will likely be met by reallocating water out of agriculture, the region’s largest user of water. The question is: how best to do so? Water markets have long been advocated by many as the answer to this question. This chapter begins with an overview of water allocation law and water markets in the West including a discussion of the various alternative market-based reallocation mechanisms being considered. A summary of recent literature on market activity in the West is followed by a detailed look at transactions in the Colorado River Basin.
Are Exotic Consequences of Incommensurability in Solids Experimentally Observable

The exotic transport properties expected for incommensurate crystals, due to the fragmented nature of their energy bands, are shown to be usually unobservable because of intrinsic defects in the crystal structure and the usually weak nature of the modulation potential. Two systems for which they might be observable, however, are some artificially grown superlattices and quasi-crystals.
Unintended consequences of Big 4 auditor office-level industry specialisation

The Big 4 audit firms currently dominate the US audit market. We investigate whether the extent of a Big 4 local office's dependence on industry specialist clients impacts audit effort/earnings quality for the office's specialist as well as non-specialist clients. Our findings suggest that greater dependence on specialist clients is associated with higher audit effort/earnings quality for specialist clients but also with lower audit effort/earnings quality for the office's non-specialist clients. Our results hold when we propensity-match specialist and non-specialist clients to control for client characteristics as a possible confounding explanation. Our study is important, because it: 1) contributes to prior research that is largely silent on whether cross-sectional variations in reputation for industry-expertise are associated with variations in audit quality (DeFond and Zhang, 2014); 2) suggests that, it would be appropriate for PCAOB inspectors to focus on non-specialist clients at audit offices with greater dependence on specialist clients as an area representing higher risk of lower audit effort/quality.
Developmental Antecedents of the Eating Disorders: A Reconsideration

Anorexia nervosa, pica, bulimia, and rumination are characterized by a conspicuous disturbance in eating behavior and must be distinguished from peculiar eating behavior in patients with somatization disorders, affective disorders, and schizophrenic disorders. This conceptualization of a variety of formerly disparate syndromes provides an opportunity to examine more systematically the role of alterations and distortions in the neurophysiology of eating, developmental factors, causes and effects in the psychosocial context, and the mediating significance of internalized conflict, disturbed attitudinal state, and body image distortion.
The Local Culture

In Wasambaa culture, people live collectively and support family members regardless of a disability. People in this culture believe that children with a disability are a gift from God, regardless of whether that is Muslim, Christian God. Nevertheless, negative beliefs existed in the past and still persist within the community. People’s belief systems about disabilities are influenced by Christian, Muslim, and indigenous beliefs. At the school, students learn from a curriculum based on the funds of knowledge important to this community. The key community funds of knowledge in Lushoto include self-care skills, greetings and other social skills, agriculture skills, household skills, and vocational skills such as sewing, cooking, and carpentry.
Pain in the neck, face, and head. Role of the consultation-liaison psychiatrist.

The head, face, and neck are imbued with high psychological valence in reference to one’s body image. Pain in those structures can be expected to have both general and specific characteristics. Nonetheless, the literature of consultation-liaison psychiatry is sparse in this area of pain management in the context of the patient-doctor relationship. Pain syndromes of the head, face, and neck seen in general medical settings are reviewed and the role of the consulting psychiatrist discussed.
Sleep in Children With Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases

Many children with cancer and other chronic medical problems have sleep disruptions with daytime sequelae. Disturbed sleep may be due to a direct effect of the medical condition, treatment side effects, and/or nighttime caretaking. Children with many forms of cancer, in particular, are at increased risk of daytime fatigue, while children with brain tumors are significantly more likely to experience excessive daytime sleepiness. Because of the impact of disrupted sleep on quality of life, interventions to improve the sleep and daytime function of children with cancer and other chronic illnesses are essential.
Molecular Orbital Calculations on Anti-Epileptic Compounds

Molecular orbital calculations for a series of anti-epileptic agents and selected metabolites have been performed to determine the preferred conformations. CNDO/2 calculations have revealed that the metabolite conformations for the barbiturates, hydantoins, succinimides and oxazolidine-diones appear to mimic the preferred conformation of the inhibitory transmitter gamma aminobutyric acid. The ability of these compounds to function as anticonvulsants may be attributable, in part, to the ability of this common metabolite to mimic GABA. The role of the bulky gem alkyl groups can be reinterpreted in terms of the degree of conformational rigidity that they confer upon the anti-epileptic metabolite. Limited ARCANA calculations have been performed to determine the ability of the method to predict conformation.
Basic Facts about Lyssaviruses

Rabies is caused by negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses in the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae. The bullet-shaped lyssavirus virion consists of two units. The external unit represents a lipid membrane with protruding spikes of glycoprotein. The internal nucleocapsid core consists of a ribonucleoprotein complex comprising the genomic RNA bound to the nucleoprotein, viral polymerase, and phosphoprotein. The matrix protein condenses the nucleocapsid and interacts with the external unit. The genome includes five major genes common to all rhabdoviruses. Lyssaviruses are distributed globally, except in Antarctica and several insular locations. Bats and carnivores are their major hosts. At present, the genus includes 14 viral species, with an additional putative member, Lleida bat lyssavirus. Phylogenetically, lyssaviruses are segregated into two phylogroups. Serologic cross-reactivity usually exists within, but not between, phylogroups. This raises concerns on the protective ability of rabies biologics against the variety of lyssaviruses, and on the capability of diagnostic tests.