cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Searching for Reputation: Reconciling Free Speech and the 'Right to Be Forgotten'

This article offers a comprehensive assessment of the tension between First Amendment law and the European Court of Justice’s decision in 2014 granting individuals the right to have search engines “forget” certain personal information about them. While critical of the shortcomings of the ECJ decision, I argue that it correctly locates a problem of “too much speech” for speech’s own good as well as for the goods of privacy and reputation. Three developments combine to create the problem of too much speech. The first is the over-extension of commercial speech doctrine far beyond its modest beginnings. The Roberts Court has suggested that inherited distinctions between the importance of political and commercial speech are in jeopardy, as is the entire notion that the First Amendment distinguishes between the importance of speech on public and private matters. The second is the sweeping characterization of data as if it were already speech, no matter how raw and inarticulate the data. The third is the judicial treatment of search engine speech as if rankings are mere expressions of opinion entitled to heightened First Amendment protection against allegation of bias. I conclude by offering modest prescriptions for containing what counts as commercial speech and for setting expiration dates on how long personal information remains online as a way to introduce some amount of “forgetting” into the Internet while not going as far as the ECJ did.
Bone morphogenetic protein-9 effectively induces osteogenic differentiation of reversibly immortalized calvarial mesenchymal progenitor cells

Critical-sized craniofacial defect repair represents a significant challenge to reconstructive surgeons. Many strategies have been employed in an effort to achieve both a functionally and cosmetically acceptable outcome. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) provide a robust osteoinductive cue to stimulate bony growth and remodeling. Previous studies have suggested that the BMP-9 isoform is particularly effective in promoting osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. The aim of this study is to characterize the osteogenic capacity of BMP-9 on calvarial mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation. Reversibly immortalized murine calvarial progenitor cells (iCALs) were infected with adenoviral vectors encoding BMP-9 or GFP and assessed for early and late stages of osteogenic differentiation in vitro and for osteogenic differentiation via in vivo stem cell implantation studies. Significant elevations in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA transcription, osteopontin (OPN) protein expression, and matrix mineralization were detected in BMP-treated cells compared to control. Specifically, ALP activity was elevated on days 3, 7, 9, 11, and 13 post-infection and OCN mRNA expression was elevated on days 8, 10, and 14 in treated cells. Additionally, treatment groups demonstrated increased OPN protein expression on day 10 and matrix mineralization on day 14 post-infection relative to control groups. BMP-9 also facilitated the formation of new bone in vivo as detailed by gross, microcomputed tomography, and histological analyses. Therefore, we concluded that BMP-9 significantly stimulates osteogenic differentiation in iCALs, and should be considered an effective agent for calvarial tissue regeneration.
MEDUSA: A Predictable and High-Performance DRAM Controller for Multicore Based Embedded Systems

Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) DRAM controllers are optimized for high memory throughput, but they do not provide predictable timing among memory requests from different cores in multicore systems. Therefore, memory requests from a critical real-time task on one core can be substantially delayed by memory requests from on-real-time tasks on the other cores. In this work, we propose a DRAM controller design, called MEDUSA, to provide predictable memory performance in multicore based real-time systems. MEDUSA can provide high time predictability when needed for real-time tasks but also strive to provide high average performance for non-real-time tasks through a close collaboration between the OSand the DRAM controller. In our approach, the OS partially partitions DRAM banks into two groups: reserved banks and shared banks. The reserved banks are exclusive to each core to provide predictable timing while the shared banks are shared by all cores to efficiently utilize the resources. MEDUSA has two separate queues for read and write requests, and it prioritizes reads over writes. In processing read requests, MEDUSA employs a two-level scheduling algorithm that prioritizes the memory requests to the reserved banks in a Round Robin fashion to provide strong timing predictability. In processing write requests, MEDUSA largely relies on the FR-FCFS for high throughput but makes an immediate switch to read upon arrival of read requests to the reserved banks. We implemented MEDUSA in a Gem5 full-system simulator and a Linux kernel and performed experiments using a set of synthetic and SPEC2006 benchmarks to analyze the performance impact of MEDUSA on both real-time and non-real-time tasks. The results show that MEDUSA achieves up to 95% better worst-case performance for real-time tasks while achieving up to 31% throughput improvement for non-real-time tasks.
Verify properties of mobile code

Summary form only given. Given a program and a specification, you may want to verify mechanically and efficiently that this program satisfies the specification. Software verification techniques typically involve theorem proving. If a formal specification is easily available, consumption of computational resources is a major issue. Meanwhile, we shall not overlook the psychological factors. Often, you need extra expertise to verify a program. Tools that can automatically verify programs are helpful. On the other hand, ubiquitous computing has made the correctness of a program both a security and a performance issue. If you run a piece of mobile code on your machine, you will expect that the code does not access storages unlawfully. To make sure bad things won't happen, performance is sacrificed. If programs are written in an intermediate language that is able to capture and verify properties mentioned above, your host machine will benefit from it. This paper focuses on providing a type-theoretic solution to the verification of mobile programs. One of our primary tools is index types. Index types are a form of non-traditional types. An index type system extends the type system of a language with indices and predicates on those indices. Index types can express properties of program. To type check a program annotated with index types, we often will call an external decision procedure. Another concept used is the proof-carrying code. One of the major advantages of proof-carrying code is that a lot of theorem proving is shifted offline. When we use proof-carrying code to verify a property, the time spent on verification is mainly on proof-checking, which is considerably cheaper than theorem proving.
Influence of exercise in pregnancy on fetal heart response during labor and delivery (886.5)

Current research supports the health benefits of exercise during pregnancy for mother and baby. However, scant research has focused on how maternal exercise during pregnancy influences fetal heart response during labor and delivery. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exercise throughout pregnancy on fetal heart response to the stress of labor and delivery. We hypothesized that during labor and delivery there would be lower baseline fetal heart rate (HR), increased fetal heart rate variability (HRV), and no differences in fetal accelerations and decelerations in fetuses exposed to maternal exercise relative to controls. The Modifiable Physical Activity questionnaire was used to classify controls and exercisers. Based on routine fetal HR recordings, we measured fetal baseline HR, HRV, accelerations, and decelerations and birth measures. Group differences were tested using t-tests. There were no differences found between the mother’s age, gestational age, gravida and parity. No statistic...
Model-Invariant Hybrid LES-RANS Computation of Separated Flow Past Periodic Hills

The requirement that physical quantities not vary with a hybrid LES-RANS model’s blending parameter imposes conditions on the computation that lead to better results across LES-RANS transitions. This promises to allow placement of those transitions so that LES is performed only where required by the physics, improving computational efficiency. The approach is applied to separated flow past periodic hills, where good predictions of separation-bubble size are seen due to the gradual, controlled, LES-RANS transition and the resulting enhanced near-wall eddy viscosity.
The interplay between Epstein-Barr virus and B lymphocytes: implications for infection, immunity, and disease

Human B cells are the primary targets of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. In most cases, EBV infection is asymptomatic because of a highly effective host immune response, but some individuals develop self-limiting infectious mononucleosis, while others develop EBV-associated lymphoid or epithelial malignancies. The viral and immune factors that determine the outcome of infection are not understood. The EBV life cycle includes a lytic phase, culminating in the production of new viral particles, and a latent phase, during which the virus remains largely silent for the lifetime of the host in memory B cells. Thus, in healthy individuals, there is a tightly orchestrated interplay between EBV and the host that allows the virus to persist. To promote viral persistence, EBV has evolved a variety of strategies to modulate the host immune response including inhibition of immune cell function, blunting of apoptotic pathways, and interfering with antigen processing and presentation pathways. In this article, we focus on mechanisms by which dysregulation of the host B cell and immune modulation by the virus can contribute to development of EBV+ B cell lymphomas.
The early Cenozoic tectonic history of the southeast Pacific

Abstract New marine geophysical data collected in the southeast Pacific enable us to define better the early Cenozoic tectonic history of the area and to interpret previously unexplained bathymetric features in terms of plate tectonic processes. We have identified a major re-organization in plate boundaries at anomaly 21 time when a large fragment was broken off the Pacific plate and joined to the Antarctic plate. This interpretation is based on three pieces of evidence: (1) a major ESE-trending feature, the Humboldt Fracture Zone, marks the southern boundary of the Farallon-Antarctic anomalies identified by Weissel et al. [1], (2) a north-south striking trough, the Hudson Trough, which represents the scar left by the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge when it rifted across old Pacific crust, (3) a sequence of north-south striking magnetic lineations south of the Humboldt Fracture Zone and east of the Hudson Trough is correlated to anomalies 27 to 22 and identified with Pacific-Aluk spreading.
Magneto-optical measurements of Co-Pt (1 1 1) multilayers

Abstract An automated magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) magnetometer was used to measure polar Kerr rotation ( θ K ) and ellipticity ( e K ) loops of (0.3 nm Co/ x Pt) 15 multilayers with x =0.3 to 1.2 nm. For most samples studied, the hysteresis loops exhibit typical perpendicular magnetization characteristics. The loops have unit squareness, and the normalized behavior of θ K and e K is identical. However, for two samples with composition near (0.3 nm Co/1.0 nm Pt) 15 , the θ K and e K loops are no longer identical, and exhibit bimodal features. Using MOKE major hysteresis loops and first-order reversal curves, a plausible explanation for this behavior is presented.
Ionization potentials and metabolic activations of carbazole and acridine derivatives.

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC) and dibenz[a,j]acridine (DBA) representing environmental nitrogen-heterocyclic aromatic (NHA) genotoxicants undergo differing metabolism and exhibit differing DNA bin...
Life history trade-offs in cancer evolution

Somatic evolution during cancer progression and therapy results in tumour cells that show a wide range of phenotypes, which include rapid proliferation and quiescence. Evolutionary life history theory may help us to understand the diversity of these phenotypes. Fast life history organisms reproduce rapidly, whereas those with slow life histories show less fecundity and invest more resources in survival. Life history theory also provides an evolutionary framework for phenotypic plasticity, which has potential implications for understanding 'cancer stem cells'. Life history theory suggests that different therapy dosing schedules might select for fast or slow life history cell phenotypes, with important clinical consequences.
Long-term Follow-up of Surgically Treated Localized Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Knee

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review a single institution's large consecutive series of localized pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of the knee. Methods: Cases for review were identified by a search of our institution's pathology records for definitive diagnoses of monoarticular localized PVNS (LPVNS) of the knee between 1970 and 1996. Patients' presenting symptoms and examination were recorded, as were the preoperative diagnosis and documentation of the PVNS nodule's location in the knee at surgery. Eighty-four patients were diagnosed with localized PVNS of the knee during the study period. Twenty-nine of these cases were incidental findings associated with planned total knee replacement and were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 55 patients constituting the study subgroup, 26 have been reviewed in detail. Results: There were 15 males and 11 females, and the mean age at presentation was 36.7 years. Patients presented for evaluation at an average of 15 months after the onset of symptoms. Pain was the most common complaint, reported by 24 of the 26. Locking and giving way were reported by 10 and 5 patients, respectively. On examination, 13 patients had an effusion, 11 had joint line tenderness, and 10 had a palpable mass. The most common preoperative diagnosis was a meniscus tear (10 of the 26), followed by PVNS (4), "mass" (4), and anterior cruciate ligament injury (3). At surgery, the nodule of PVNS was found most frequently in the suprapatellar pouch (6 cases), followed by the femoral notch (4), lateral synovium/gutter (4), popliteal fossa (3), lateral compartment (3), and medial compartment (2). Fourteen of the procedures performed were open, and 12 were performed by arthroscopy. Ten of the 26 patients participated in a long-term follow-up via the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale questionnaire (average, 65.8 months postoperatively; average score, 95.4/100). Of these 10, 7 returned for follow-up clinical examinations (6 excellent results and 1 good). All 10 patients were operated on arthroscopically, and none required repeat surgery. Conclusions: This review represents the largest series of localized PVNS of the knee to date. Echoing the findings of other PVNS studies, patients presented, on average, in their fourth decade. The common preoperative diagnosis of a meniscal tear is not surprising given the frequent presentation of a painful and, typically, locking knee with joint line tenderness and effusion. Interestingly, what is perhaps the most diagnostic finding on examination, a palpable mass, was present in only 1 of the 6 patients who had PVNS in the most common location, the suprapatellar pouch. With the ease and utility of modern arthroscopy, however, PVNS is an easily treatable condition that can be diagnosed at the time of surgery. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Dynamic system models and the construction of complexity

Humans routinely fail to comprehend complexity and anticipate long-term consequences. Systems dynamicists try to overcome these weaknesses by developing computer-supported models that can account for multiple variables in non-linear relationships. Using programs such as STELLA and Vensim, systems dynamicists create stock-and-flow diagrams, equations, and, ultimately, interfaces that enable others to interact with the model. This paper describes how one such model was developed and speculates on roles that technical communicators might play in future projects.
Review of central nervous system pathology in human immunodeficiency virus infection

Aseptic meningitis, subacute encephalitis, and vacuolar myelopathy are the three diseases of the central nervous system that are specifically related to or associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV encephalitis initially is associated with myelin pallor and gliosis of the centrum semiovale, which is found in more than 90% of brains from patients dying with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. With increased severity of disease, multiple glial nodules with the multinucleated cells characteristic of HIV encephalitis are present throughout the cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex, and also may be found in cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. HIV has been demonstrated in monocytes and multinucleated cells by electron microscopy, immunohistochemical techniques, and in situ hybridization. Vacuolar myelopathy occurs in approximately 30% of patients and is characterized by vacuolation of the white matter of the spinal cord that is most prominent in the posterior and lateral columns at thoracic levels. The severity of the pathological lesions correlates not only with symptoms and signs of spinal cord disease but also with dementia. Although the incidence of vacuolar myelopathy is increased in patients with HIV encephalitis, its etiology is not yet established.
Increased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D after growth hormone administration is not parathyroid hormone-mediated.

To assess the effects of growth hormone (GH) on serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], we performed the following prospective crossover study in six healthy, young, adult, white men. During each of two admissions for 2½ days to a general clinical research center, subjects were placed on a daily dietary calcium intake of 400 mg. Serum calcium, phosphorus, 1,25(OH)2D, immunoreactive intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP), and maximum tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TMP/GFR) were measured. Recombinant human GH (rhGH, Humatrope) (25 μg/kg/day subcutaneously for 1 week) was administered prior to and during one of the admissions. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Whereas serum 1,25(OH)2D (58.9 ± 7.7 versus 51.6 ± 7.4 pg/ml, P < 0.01), serum phosphorus (4.5 ± 0.1 versus 3.7 ± 0.1 mg/dl, P < 0.01), TRP (92.0 ± 0.5 versus 87.8 ± 0.7 mg/dl, P < 0.005), TMP/GFR (4.6 ± 0.1 versus 3.5 ± 0.2, P < 0.005), and urinary calcium (602 ± 49 versus 346 ± 25 mg/day, P < 0.001) increased significantly, serum PTH decreased significantly (19.9 ± 1.9 versus 26.8 ± 4.0 pg/ml, P < 0.05) and serum calcium did not change when subjects received rhGH. These findings indicate that in humans, GH affects serum 1,25(OH)2D independently of circulating PTH and that this effect is mediated by IGF-I. We propose, therefore, that one potential mechanism by which GH stimulates increases in bone mass is via modest increases in serum 1,25(OH)2D.
Nonlinear Strain Energy Formulation to Capture the Constraint Characteristics of a Spatial Symmetric Beam

In the past, a beam constraint model (BCM) that captures pertinent geometric nonlinearities associated with large displacements has been proposed for slender spatial beams with uniform and symmetric cross-sections. By providing closed-form parametric relations between the end-loads and end-displacements of the beam, the BCM quantifies the constraint characteristics of the beam in terms of stiffness variations, parasitic error motions, and the cross-axis coupling. This paper presents a nonlinear strain and strain energy formulation for the spatial symmetric beam, based on assumptions that are consistent with the BCM. This strain energy derivation, employing the Principle of Virtual Work, provides a simpler mathematical approach for the analysis of flexure mechanisms with multiple spatial beams. Using this formulation, we obtain the stiffness relations in the transverse bending directions, the constraint relations in the axial and torsional directions, and the overall strain energy expression in terms of the beam end-loads and end-displacements. These expressions, collectively the BCM, are in form that is suitable for the analysis of multi-beam flexure mechanisms.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Increased accuracy of binocular depth perception following REM sleep periods.

It has been proposed that REM sleep maintains facilitation of coordinated eye movements necessary for accurate binocular depth perception (Berger, 1969). This experiment confirmed the prediction that binocular depth perception would be more accurate at the ends of REM periods than at their onsets. Eight male subjects were studied during 4 non-consecutive nights of sleep. Accuracy of binocular and monocular depth perception were measured with different apparatus in the evening prior to sleep onset, after awakenings made alternately at the onsets or ends of REM periods, and 15 min after awakening in the morning. Accuracy of binocular depth perception was significantly better at the ends of REM periods than at their onsets (p < .001), whereas accuracy of monocular depth perception did not significantly differ. That the monocular task was sensitive to variables of sleep was indicated by impairment at the first REM onset with little variation throughout the night, so that it was significantly worse 15 min after morning awakening than the previous evening (p < .05). In contrast, accuracy of binocular depth perception was significantly better in the morning than the previous evening and at REM onsets (p < .05).
A discrete splitting finite element method for numerical simulations of incompressible Navier–Stokes flows

The presence of the pressure and the convection terms in incompressible Navier–Stokes equations makes their numerical simulation a challenging task. The indefinite system as a consequence of the absence of the pressure in continuity equation is ill-conditioned. This difficulty has been overcome by various splitting techniques, but these techniques incur the ambiguity of numerical boundary conditions for the pressure as well as for the intermediate velocity (whenever introduced). We present a new and straightforward discrete splitting technique which never resorts to numerical boundary conditions. The non-linear convection term can be treated by four different approaches, and here we present a new linear implicit time scheme. These two new techniques are implemented with a finite element method and numerical verifications are made. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hematologic Manifestations and Etiology of Atrial Myxoma

We have investigated the case of a woman, 44 years of age, who presented with erythrocytosis, thrombocytopenia and a right axial myxoma. Surgical removal of the tumor allowed correction of all hematologic abnormalities. A serum erythropoietin level obtained from the right atrium of the patient during pre-operative cardiac catheterization was twice those of 4 control patients (250 MIU vs. 131 MIU). Renal vein erythropoietin levels were normal. This implicates atrial myxomas as another tumor capable of erythropoietin production, and explains the heretofore mysterious polycythemia frequently reported to be associated with this tumor.
Equilibrium carbon isotope effect on a decarboxylation reaction

Abstract Carbon isotope exchange equilibrium between carbon dioxide and the β-carboxyl carbon of D-isocitric acid has been achieved by means of the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. Measurements of the isotopic compositions at these two sites reveal that the carboxyl carbon is enriched in 13C relative to carbon dioxide. The isotope exchange equilibrium constant is 1.0027 at 25°, pH 7.5.
Can socio-cultural information improve health planning? A case study of Nepal's assistant nurse-midwife.

Abstract Nepal's Assistant Nurse-Midwife program demonstrates some of the consequences of ignoring social and cultural information in health planning. Partly in response to national and international pressures to develop careers for women, the program was designed to train young women to provide maternal and child health care in rural areas. But traditional expectations about women, which are widely known, have impaired the program's effectiveness. Thus, even when cultural information is relevant and available—in fact, common knowledge—it still may not influence health planning. This case study pinpoints crucial planning issues in primary health care and recommends changes that could make the Assistant Nurse-Midwife's role more appropriate to its social and cultural setting.
Hypocapnic Bronchoconstriction and Inhalation Anesthetics

The effects of halothane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane on hypocapnic bronchoconstriction (increased airway resistance and decreased compliance of the lung) were studied in vivo in the isolated left lower lobe of the canine lung. Hypocapnic bronchoconstriction, induced by altering the concentration of CO2 in gas ventilating the lobe, was repeated in the presence and absence of various concentrations of anesthetic gases (halothane: 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 per cent; enflurane: 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 per cent; methoxyflurane: 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 per cent). In the higher concentrations, all three drugs blocked the bronchoconstrictor effect produced when the inspired CO2 was decreased from 5 to 0 per cent. In lower concentrations, halothane was the most effective blocking drug. Propranolol did not affect the ability of the three anesthetics to block hypocapnic bronchoconstriction, nor did the beta-receptor blocking drug sotalol affect the blocking effects of halothane. The ability of these anesthetics to block hypocapnic bronchoconstriction probably is mediated not through an adrenergic mechanism but by one that is nonspecific. (Key words: Lung, bronchoconstriction; Carbon dioxide, hypocarbia; Anesthetics, volatile, halothane; Anesthetics, volatile, enflurane; Anesthetics, volatile, methoxyflurane.)
Mycoplasma Infections in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The relationship of mycoplasma infection to acute and chronic respiratory illness was studied in 100 adults with various degrees of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) over a four-year period. Infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected serologically in six patients, and in three this was associated with serious illness of the lower respiratory tract. Antibody to M. pneumoniae was more prevalent in the sera of patients with severe COPD (28%) than in normal subjects or in those with mild COPD (5%). Mycoplasma salivarium was isolated from 46% and Mycoplasma orale 1 was isolated from 7% of 729 sputum cultures. No relation was seen between the isolation of M. salivarium or M. orale 1 and the occurrence of acute respiratory illness, nor could colonization with these mycoplasmas be related to severity of COPD. These studies suggest that patients with moderate to severe COPD may be more susceptible to infection with M. pneumoniae than normal adults or patients with mild COPD. In contrast, the other human mycoplasmas did not appear to be pathogenic for these patients.
Double Aortic Arch

54-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of a full sensation in the throat and an 8-month history of dysphagia with meat and large pills. She was treated for gastroesophageal reflux disease without relief. An esophagram revealed mild compression of the cervical esophagus. Chest MRI revealed a congenital double aortic arch with a larger and more cephalad right arch (Figures 1 and 2, R) than left arch (Figures 1 and 2, L). Separate subclavian and common carotid arteries arose from each arch. Within the vascular ring the trachea was normal; however, the esophagus was obstructed. The patient underwent a left posterolateral thoracotomy with division of the left aortic arch just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery and division of the ligamentum arteriosum, thus freeing the esophagus. She had marked improvement in her symptoms.
Emerging picture of the distinct traits and functions of microvesicles and exosomes

The ability of a cell to receive signals from other cells and then translate them into changes in cell behavior plays crucial roles in development and tissue homeostasis. However, the deregulation of these carefully orchestrated events underlie the onset or progression of several diseases in the adult organism (1, 2), highlighting the need to better understand the mechanisms through which cells communicate with each other. When considering various examples of cell–cell communication, the well-established growth factor receptor signaling paradigm comes to mind (2). In this case, one cell secretes a soluble growth factor into the extracellular environment. The growth factor then binds to its corresponding receptor expressed on the surface of a second cell, resulting in its activation and the initiation of intracellular signaling events that control a myriad of cellular processes ranging from promoting cell growth and differentiation to cell death and migration. In PNAS, Kanada et al. (3) investigate what is emerging as a new and exciting mechanism used by cancer cells to communicate with their environment. It entails the ability of cells to generate and release two types of cargo-containing vesicular structures, collectively referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are generally believed to differ in their biogenesis and certain physical properties (4⇓–6). One of these types of EVs is exosomes, which are generated as a result of trafficking multivesicular bodies containing endosomes from the cytosol to the cell surface. The multivesicular bodies then fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the endosomes (now widely referred to as exosomes) into the extracellular space. Most studies that have analyzed exosomes indicate that they range in size from 30 to 80 nm in diameter. Microvesicles (MVs), which represent the other major class of EVs, are considerably larger than exosomes (200–1,500 nm in size) and are generated …
Extrapolation of carcinogenicity between species: qualitative and quantitative factors.

Prediction of human cancer risk from the results of rodent bioassays requires two types of extrapolation: a qualitative extrapolation from short-lived rodent species to long-lived humans, and a quantitative extrapolation from near-toxic doses in the bioassay to low-level human exposures. Experimental evidence on the accuracy of prediction between closely related species tested under similar experimental conditions (rats, mice, and hamsters) indicates that: (1) if a chemical is positive in one species, it will be positive in the second species about 75% of the time; however, since about 50% of test chemicals are positive in each species, by chance alone one would expect a predictive value between species of about 50%. (2) If a chemical induces tumors in a particular target organ in one species, it will induce tumors in the same organ in the second species about 50% of the time. Similar predictive values are obtained in an analysis of prediction from humans to rats or from humans to mice for known human carcinogens. Limitations of bioassay data for use in quantitative extrapolation are discussed, including constraints on both estimates of carcinogenic potency and of the dose-response in experiments with only two doses and a control. Quantitative extrapolation should bemore » based on an understanding of mechanisms of carcinogenesis, particularly mitogenic effects that are present at high and not low doses.« less
A three-dimensional surface velocity field for the Mississippi Delta: Implications for coastal restoration and flood potential

Accurate estimates of the current rate of subsidence in the Mississippi Delta (southern United States) provide a context for planning of wetland restoration and predictions of storm surge flooding. We present a comprehensive three-dimensional surface velocity field for the Mississippi Delta based on a network of 36 high-precision continuous GPS stations. We show that while the majority of the delta is relatively stable, the southern portion continues to experience high rates of subsidence (5–6 mm yr –1 ). Our data are consistent with long-term tide gauge records at Grand Isle, Louisiana, and several stations in Florida. The current rate of relative sea-level rise (combined effect of land subsidence and sea-level rise) along parts of the coastal delta is ~8–9 mm yr –1 . Most tide gauge stations have recorded sea-level-rise acceleration after A.D. 1970. These data have implications for land reclamation and wetland restoration in the region; parts of the delta may not be viable in the long term.
A nonisomorphism theorem for cofree Lie coalgebras

In the first paragraph of this section we will give a brief overview of this work. The remainder of this section contains formal definitions and details omitted from the first paragraph. Throughout this work, all vector spaces, linear maps, tensor products, coalgebras and algebras, etc., will be taken over a base field k. Let V be a vector space. This paper is concerned with the relation between the “cofree Lie coalgebra on I” and the “cofree covered Lie coalgebra on V.” A “Lie coalgebra” will be defined as a coalgebra that satisfies the “co-anticommutativity” and “co-Jacobi” Lie coidentities. This is analogous to the definition of a Lie algebra as an algebra that satisfies the anticommutativity and Jacobi identities. It follows from the Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt Theorem that every Lie algebra arises as a subalgebra of an A -, where A ~ is the Lie algebra associated to an associative algebra A. A “covered Lie coalgebra” will be defined as the quotient of some C-, where Cis the Lie coalgebra associated to an associative ( = coassociative) coalgebra C. Every covered Lie coalgebra satisfies the Lie coidentities, but, as was shown by Michaelis [Mill, there exist Lie coalgebras that do not arise as the quotient of any C-. Thus, covered Lie coalgebras are a specific type of Lie coalgebra. This situation for Lie coalgebras and covered Lie coalgebras is somewhat parallel to the situation for Jordan algebras and special Jordan algebras. (We recall that a Jordan algebra is an algebra that satisfies the Jordan identities and a special Jordan algebra is an algebra which arises as a subalgebra of an A +, A an associative algebra. Every special Jordan algebra is a Jordan algebra, that is, satisfies the identities, but there exist Jordan algebras which are not special.) For every vector space V one can construct the “cofree Lie coalgebra” and the “cofree covered Lie coalgebra” on V. Our main result (Theorem 1) will show that the canonical injective map from the cofree 431 0021-8693/88 $3.00
Collaborative teaming and critical reflection: A model for practice in preservice programs and general education settings

Abstract Inclusion settings for young children with mild to moderate educational needs are becoming the norm. Development of collaborative intervention teams has become essential to effective inclusion. Models of collaborative team development have described multiple aspects of team developmental stages (Tuckman & Jensen, 1977; Lowe & Herranen, 1982). What may be missing in these professional models is the understanding of intrinsic personal qualities that may support or inhibit team development. The model proposed in this reflection advocates a combination of professional and personal commitment models of team development. The authors also explore the benefits of critical reflection about team processes and the value of developing collaborative preservice preparation programs and collaborative intervention models at the preschool and primary levels.
Low Methodological and Reporting Quality of Randomized, Controlled Trials of Devices to Treat Urolithiasis

Purpose: We assessed the methodological and reporting quality of randomized, controlled trials of stone disease management and determined whether the reporting quality of randomized, controlled trials improved with time.Materials and Methods: We systematically searched the literature for randomized, controlled trials of urolithiasis treatment. We developed and pilot tested a data extraction checklist based on CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) criteria as well as a clinical checklist relevant to urolithiasis, each scored as 0 to 25. Our primary outcome measures were the mean differences in CONSORT and clinical summary scores with time. We performed statistical hypothesis testing using the Student t-test with 2-sided α = 0.05 to compare scores between 2002 to 2006 and 2007 to 2011.Results: A total of 104 randomized, controlled trials met study inclusion criteria. The most common procedure types studied were percutaneous nephrolithotomy (41.3%), ureteral stenting (28.8%) and shock wave lit...
Investigating factors affecting the adoption of anti-spyware systems

Spyware is the latest epidemic security threat for Internet users. There are various types of spyware programs (see Table 1) creating serious problems such as copying and sending personal information, consuming CPU power, reducing available bandwidth, annoying users with endless pop-ups, and monitoring users' computer usage. As spyware makes the Internet a riskier place and undermines confidence in online activities, Internet users stop purchasing at online stores---a consequence that clearly disrupts e-business.
The politics of citizenship in Post‐War Britain

This article examines the flows of migration to and from the United Kingdom in the years immediately after the Second World War. It identifies the paradox that while UK population was in long‐term ...
Sonochemistry: A Powerful Way of Enhancing the Efficiency of Carbohydrate Synthesis

Using sonication as a means of facilitating organic reactions in carbohydrate chemistry was explored under the conditions used for traditional organic synthesis. An array of representative reactions, including hydroxy group manipulation (acylation, protection/deprotection, acyl group migration), thioglycoside synthesis, azidoglycoside synthesis, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and reductive cleavage of benzylidene, commonly used in the synthesis of carbohydrate derivatives was examined. A series of glycosylation reactions that employ thioglycosides, glycosyl trichloroacetimidate, glycosyl bromide and glycosyl acetate as the glycosyl donors was also examined. Our results demonstrate that sonication can significantly shorten the reaction time, enhance the reactivity of reactant and lead to superior yield and excellent stereoselectivity. More importantly, a general protocol of glycosylation may finally be developed. Sonication is compatible to the conditions used for traditional organic synthesis. We believe that sonication can also be applied to other areas of synthetic processes.
Glimpses of allostery in the control of eukaryotic gene expression.

Thirty years ago, Jacob and Monod described how genes are selectively switched on and off in bacterial cells 1. According to their paradigm for gene regulation, specialized DNA sequences, later termed c/s-regulatory sequences, are interpreted and mobilized by trans-acting regulatory proteins. For example, it was proposed that c/s-acting operators could influence gene expression when bound by cognate, trans-acting repressors. The molecular details of this paradigm were resolved by Gilbert and Ptashne ten years later z,3. Genes of eukaryotic organisms work the same way; the names and faces have been changed to protect those of us too proud to realize that we have been busily rediscovering the wheel, cis-regulatory DNA sequences are fashionably called enhancers and silencers; trans-acting regulatory proteins are collectively termed transcription factors. In the end, however, in eukaryotes as in bacteria, transcription factors interact with regulatory DNA sequences to activate or repress genes ~. Why, then, all the hoopla over eukaryotic transcription factors? Because modern biologists simply can't escape them. Molecular oncologists were insufficiently nimble to avoid transcription factors: they are encoded by many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes misregulated by various genetic aberrations. Developmental biologists, despite valiant efforts, couldn't flank the wave: transcription factors control even the most ephemeral aspects of ontogeny. Physiologists, immunologists, endocrinologists, neurobiologists, virologists, none have found refuge from the blight. Given no avenue of escape, this confrontation with transcription factors has if only by default generated interesting, useful and sometimes surprising information. Much of what we have learned about eukaryotic transcription factors has come from comparative inspection of their primary amino acid sequences. The realization that the products of insect homeotic genes are transcription factors came from observed similarities between their amino acid sequences and those of bacterial repressor proteins 5,6. Likewise, repeated motifs within a frog transcription factor7, 8 suggested the mechanism of action of nuclear hormone receptors9. Indeed, this intuitive approach provided a means of understanding how the products of different oncogenes coalesce to form a unified functional entity m, as well as how carefully balanced dosages of genes that control sex determination n and neurogenesis 12 in fruit flies act at the mechanistic level. Indeed, amino acid sequence similarity between the product of the fruit fly per locus and several bona fide transcription factors has raised the possibility that circadian rhythm is controlled by (please, not again!) a transcription factor 13. Here we comment on two recently published papers that, through insight gained from evaluation of primary amino acid sequence, propose novel mechanisms for the regulation of the activities of transcription factors by intramolecular protein-protein interactions.
Bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and branch retinal artery occlusion after radical prostatectomy.

the head and carotid ultrasonography. Fluorescein angiography revealed bilateral optic disk swelling, profoundly delayed bilateral choroidal perfusion and branch retinal artery occlusion in the left eye. "he patient underwent blood transfusion with 2 units of packed red blood cells and hemoglobin increased to 11.7 gm./dl. Blood pressure at the time of discharge home was 126/79 mm. Hg. The patient was treated with 1,000 mg. methylprednisolone intravenously daily for 5 days with an oral prednisone taper for an additional 14 days. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 4 days after the initial visual loss was associated with improved vision to 10/160 in the right and 20/60 in the left eye.
Psychopathology among offspring of parents with schizophrenia: Relationship to premorbid impairments

Introduction A broad range of psychopathology, including externalizing disorders is seen in offspring at genetic risk for schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether such psychopathology may underlie a higher predisposition to the premorbid antecedents of schizophrenia. We examined the prevalence and correlates of psychopathology in an ongoing study of offspring genetically at risk for schizophrenia.
Anthrax Resources on the Web

SUMMARY The recent anthrax cases and anthrax scares in the United States have prompted understandable interest and concern on the part of health professionals, officials, and the public. This interest comprises virtually all aspects of the disease including its possible methods of transmission (both natural and intentional), varying disease forms, diagnosis, symptoms, therapy, and prevention. With the possibility of future criminal or terrorist anthrax attacks on a larger scale now a realistic threat, members of the public are also rightly interested in national and global measures to prevent and defend against such attacks and wish to keep abreast of these efforts as they unfold. This article describes the onset of the present crisis, a brief description of the disease, some of the current efforts to deal with it, and selected Web sites that the authors consider particularly comprehensive, accurate, authoritative, reliable, up-to-date, and user-friendly.
V&V in the next decade [software validation]

The author examines potential changes resulting from current research and evaluation studies of software verification and validation techniques and tools. She offers specific predictions with regard to: standards and guidelines; specification, modeling, and analysis; reviews, inspections, and walkthroughs; and tests. >
Fish Viral Diseases in North America, 1971-75, and Recent Research of the Eastern Fish Disease Laboratory, U.S.A.

This overview concerns fish virology in North America in 1971-75, with emphasis on the virulent viruses: infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, channel catfish virus, and a newly isolated herpesvirus that is lethal for young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Methods of detection and identification, new research findings, and specific problems that require research are reviewed briefly for the well-known viruses. Biophysical characteristics of a newly found herpesvirus and its known effects on young trout and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after experimental infection are described. Recent research of the Eastern Fish Disease Laboratory is described with particular reference to bacterial diseases and Myxosoma cerebralis (whirling disease of trout). The recently established section of Biological Standards of the Laboratory is an international center for the preparation, standardization, and distribution of biological reagents needed for identification and detection of infectious agents of fishes. Available reagents are listed. Similarly, the purpose, distribution, and plans for growth of Fish Health News, the quarterly bulletin, are described.
An evaluation of lot-sizing heuristics for deteriorating inventory in material requirements planning systems

In this paper, we consider the effects of deteriorating inventory on lot-sizing in material requirements planning systems. Five existing heuristics were extended to address the single-level lot-sizing problem with deteriorating inventory and evaluated via a large-scale simulation study. Three factors were taken into consideration for the simulation study, namely, rate of inventory deterioration, percentage of periods with zero demand, and setup cost. Our computational results, undertaken within a wide range of experimental conditions, indicate that one of the modified heuristics exhibits the best overall cost performance. We also provide insights in regard to the cost performance behavior of the five modified heuristics. Scope and Purpose Material requirements planning (MRP) is a computerized information system for managing dependent demand inventory and scheduling stock replenishment orders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of deteriorating inventory on the lot-sizing decision in a single-level MRP system. Deteriorating inventory is defined in terms of decay, shrinkage, damage, obsolescence, or pilferage of an item, resulting in a decrease in quantity or volume over time. The comparative performance of various lot-sizing heuristics, aimed at minimizing the sum of setup, holding, and deterioration costs, is reported.