cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
John O'Hara as an Ethnographer of Complex Society: Social Class and Ethnic Tradition in Southeastern Pennsylvania

JOHN 0'HARA' S YOUTH as an outsider looking in on the lives of the local elite provided him with a view particularly suited to describing what he saw. The evaluation of O'Hara's literary skills is best left to others. This study focuses on O'Hara's skills at depicting cultural and social class differences and offers suggestions as to the social dynamics and tensions that honed those skills. The task of recognizing the often subtle variations that separate social classes is one that professional social scientists find increasingly in1portant in the understanding of contemporary American "society." Sociologists continue to wrestle with these matters, but O'Hara mastered them. His depictions of class differences in a complex society remain O'Hara's great contribution to American literature as well as to social science. John O'Hara was a good novelist, but his skills as an ethnographer were far better. O'Hara's ethnographic skill will be increasingly appreciated by scholars in the 21 st century as America becomes increasingly
Clinical Legal Education at a Generational Crossroads

Clinical legal education is at a crossroads. With studies like the Macrate Report, Carnegie Foundation Report “Educating Lawyers,” and Best Practices for Legal Education there is greater focus on experiential learning. Consequently, clinics are at an inflection point regarding their future. Three distinct generations will determine the path forward: Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials. Each generation brings a different set of preferences, biases, perspectives and strengths to the table. Given the changes in legal academia, what will the future hold for clinical legal education? The following are four essays by clinicians from the three generations. They each relay their paths to clinical teaching and explore how their paths inform their perspectives on the future of clinical legal education. In the introduction, Baby Boomer Clinicians, who were products of the social and political movements in the 1960s and 1970s, explore the era of turmoil that created modern clinical legal education and share their perspectives of later generations. Next, clinicians from Generation X muse about the consequences of Baby Boomers’ efforts and how being raised during the end of the Cold War and economic recessions and booms impacts their sense of giving back to the community in relation to the traditional clinical social mission. The last essay, by a Millennial professor, explores her motivations for entering clinical teaching, stereotypes about her generation and teaching a generation that is close in age. These three generations will chart the future path of clinical legal education. It is our hope that these essays begin a dialogue that will foster an integrated approach that reflects the different experiences and perspectives of all involved.
Description of sunspot cycles by orthogonal functions

Based on the principal component analysis technique and evidence for a 22-yr double-sunspot cycle periodicity. The time series of sunspot numbers is represented as a sum of mutually orthogonal eigenvectors in the time domain. It is shown that the first two eigenvectors account for about 90 percent of the cumulative 'signal power,' and that this is sufficient for reconstruction of the raw data curve. It is also noted that the second eigenvector behaves as the time derivative of the first, and that a phase-plane plot of these eigenvectors (i.e. a plot of a variable vs. its rate of change) suggests that the sun's sunspot cycle is driven by an oscillator; the implication is that, embedded within the sun, a chronometer is at work (e.g. Dicke, 1979).
Helping Children with Emotional Difficulties: A Response to Intervention Investigation

This article describes a Response to Intervention (RTI) model of service delivery implemented within a rural elementary school for students in kindergarten through fifth grade experiencing significant emotional and behavioral difficulties. A multi-tiered model is presented that includes school wide interventions in Tier 1, as well as a six separate interventions applied within Tier 2 and Tier 3. These included applied behavioral analysis, social skills training, counseling, differentiated instruction, cognitive behavioral interventions and parent involvement designed to assist identified students with improving prosocial skills. Nine children were treated within this program model over a two year period, resulting in two students being placed in special education under the category of emotional disturbance by the project’s termination. Positive and negative aspects of the project’s implementation are reviewed, along with directions for future research.
Differences Between T Cell Epitopes Recognized After Immunization and After Infection

Evidence suggests that cellular immune responses play a crucial role in the control of HIV and SIV replication in infected individuals. Several vaccine strategies have therefore targeted these CD8(+) and CD4(+) responses. Whether vaccination induces the same repertoire of responses seen after infection is, however, a key unanswered question in HIV vaccine development. We therefore compared the epitope specificity induced by vaccination to that present postchallenge in the peripheral blood. Intracellular cytokine staining of PBMC stimulated with overlapping 15/20-mer peptides spanning the proteins of SIV were measured after DNA/modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination of eight rhesus macaques. Lymphocytes from 8 animals recognized a total of 39 CD8 epitopes and 41 CD4 epitopes encoded by the vaccine. T cell responses were again monitored after challenge with SIVmac239 to investigate the evolution of these responses. Only 57% of all CD8(+) T cell responses and 19% of all CD4(+) T cell responses present after vaccination were recalled after infection as measured in the peripheral blood. Interestingly, 29 new CD8 epitopes and 5 new CD4 epitopes were recognized by PBMC in the acute phase. These new epitopes were not detected after vaccination, and only some of them were maintained in the chronic phase (33% of CD8 and no CD4 responses). Additionally, 24 new CD8 epitopes and 7 new CD4 epitopes were recognized by PBMC in the chronic phase of infection. The repertoire of the immune response detected in the peripheral blood after immunization substantially differed from the immune response detected in the peripheral blood after infection.
Engineering Service-Learning – Importance of Appropriate Collaboration with International Partners

The service learning engineering/humanitarian engineering, program at The Ohio State University has been in existence for seven years and has grown in both the number of participants and projects. On the international front, various partnerships have formed that create a framework for success for our participants as well as for targeted communities that are served. The program, although focused mostly on engineering-related projects, also emphasizes the need for cultural awareness and constant communication with the in-country partners. The goal of the program is to raise awareness of the needs of citizens in developing nations and to collectively work together on sustainable solutions. This paper will describe the development of humanitarian engineering at The Ohio State University and chronicle the partnership in two specific locations in Honduras.
Leadership Development and Clergy: Understanding the Events and Lessons that Shape Pastoral Leaders:

While much work has been done in understanding the developmental journey of leaders in secular organizations, there is limited empirical research investigating the key experiences in the pastoral l...
Recovery strategies for parsing extragrammatical language

Practical natural language interfaces must exhibit robust behaviour in the presence of extragrammatical user input. This paper classifies different types of grammatical deviations and related phenomena at the lexical, sentential and dialogue levels and presents recovery strategies tailored to specific phenomena in the classification. Such strategies constitute a tool chest of computationally tractable methods for coping with extragrammaticality in restricted domain natural language. Some of the strategies have been tested and proven viable in existing parsers.
First-principles investigation of the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect for octahedrally coordinated transition-metal ions

Fundamental aspects of the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect are investigated using density functional theory in the generalized gradient approximation. ${\mathrm{LiNiO}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{LiMnO}}_{2},$ and ${\mathrm{LiCuO}}_{2}$ are chosen as candidate materials as they possess small, intermediate, and large cooperative Jahn-Teller distortions, respectively. The cooperative distortion is decomposed into the symmetrized-strain modes and $k=0$ optical phonons, revealing that only the ${E}_{g}$ and ${A}_{1g}$ strain modes and ${E}_{g}$ and ${A}_{1g}$ $k=0$ optical-phonon modes participate in the cooperative distortion. The first-principles results are then used to find values for the cooperative Jahn-Teller stabilization energy and the electron-strain and electron-phonon coupling. It is found that the dominant source of anisotropy arises from the third-order elastic contributions, rather than second-order vibronic contributions. Additionally, the importance of higher-order elastic coupling between the ${E}_{g}$ and ${A}_{1g}$ modes is identified, which effectively causes expansion of ${A}_{1g}$-type modes and allows for a larger ${E}_{g}$ distortion. Finally, the strain anisotropy induced by the antiferromagnetically ordered states is shown to cause a significant difference in the cooperative Jahn-Teller stabilization energy for the different orientations of the cooperative distortion.
Proliferative synovitis in hemophilia. biochemical and morphologic observations

The synovium removed from the knee of a 10-year-old with hemophilia A was characterized morphologically and biochemically. The specimen showed villous hypertrophy with hyperplasia of synovial lining cells which contained abundant intracytoplasmic granules of hemosiderin. Monolayer cultures prepared from enzymatically dispersed tissue were characterized by pigment-laden fibroblast-like cells and round cells. Both explants of synovium and adherent cells secreted a large amount of latent collagenase and neutral proteinase into the culture medium. The secretion of these enzymes dropped sharply and intracellular pigment decreased with passage of these cultures. Lysozyme was secreted by the explants but was not detected in the monolayer culture medium. These data establish the degradative potential of the synovitis found in hemophilia and support the concept that recurrent hemarthrosis without inflammation is sufficient in and of itself to produce proliferative synovitis.
Correlations between WISC-R subtests and scales of the Personality Inventory for Children.

Data were collected from files of 129 children who had been administered the WISC—R and whose mothers had completed the Personality Inventory for Children. A prior high correlation between the Somatic Concern scale and WISC—R Third Factor was not replicated, but the cognitive triad of the Personality Inventory for Children correlated − 49 to − .27 with all the WISC—R IQs. Comparing a two-subtest (Arithmetic, Digit Span) Third Factor versus the traditional three-subtest triad produced comparable results, supporting the redefined Third Factor of the WISC-III.
Alzheimer disease pathology and longitudinal cognitive performance in the oldest-old with no dementia.

Objective: It has been hypothesized that individuals without dementia with Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology may be in the preclinical stages of dementia and could be experiencing subtle cognitive decline. The purpose of this study was to compare longitudinal cognitive performance in oldest-old individuals without dementia with and without AD neuropathology. Methods: The study included 58 individuals without dementia from The 90+ Autopsy Study, a population-based study of aging and dementia in individuals aged 90 and older. Participants had neurologic and neuropsychological testing every 6 months with an average of 3 years of follow-up. We compared the trajectory of cognitive performance on the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) and the California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT) by level of AD neuropathology. Based on Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer9s Disease plaque staging, individuals were categorized as having low (none or sparse) or high (moderate or frequent) plaques. Based on Braak and Braak staging, participants were classified as having low (stages I–III) or high (IV–VI) tangles. Results: No significant differences were found in 3MS or CVLT cognitive performance over time based on plaque or tangle staging. Both high and low pathology groups showed modest improvements on the 3MS and CVLT consistent with learning effects. Conclusions: AD neuropathology at autopsy is not associated with the trajectory of cognitive performance in the 3 years before death in oldest-old without dementia. Despite the presence of AD neuropathology at death, oldest-old without dementia display learning effects on cognitive tests. Further research is necessary to understand factors other than AD neuropathology that may affect cognition in the oldest-old.
Acetate formation in neurospora studied with biochemical mutants

Summary Two Neurospora mutants requiring acetate for growth were studied. Evidence is presented for two pathways of acetate synthesis, the major one being blocked by the mutation and the other blocked by some normal product of glucose metabolism. One of the mutants also grows under certain conditions when supplemented with the four-carbon carboxylic acids. These acids are believed to be intermediates in the synthesis of acetate by this organism. The accumulation by one of these mutants of pyruvic acid and α-ketoisovaleric acid has also been demonstrated.
Lepton production in hadron collisions

The experimental status of the processes p + p $Yields$ l/sup +-/ + anything, l/sup +-/ - e/sup +-/ or $mu$/sup +-/, and p + p $Yields$ l$sup +$ + l$sup -$ + anything is reviewed. (JFP)
Food and Growth of the Freshwater Drum in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota

Abstract Age 0 freshwater drum in Lewis and Clark Lake, a main stem Missouri River reservoir, consumed mostly zooplankton and chironomids, and age I and older fish consumed mostly Hexagenia. Zooplankton were important during the entire summer for age 0 fish, but were important only during the spring and fall for older fish. Bottom organisms were important food for age 0 fish longer than 40 mm and for age I and adults. A study of diurnal food habits revealed most zooplankton were consumed during daylight and most Hexagenia during darkness. Freshwater drum growth was poor during the first 6 years after impoundment (1956–1961), then improved between 1962 and 1966. Improved growth was related to an increase in Hexagenia abundance and was accompanied by an increase in freshwater drum density.
TRACHEAL BAROTRAUMA IN VERY PRETERM NEONATES

Proximal airways of very preterm neonates (<32 weeks of gestation) are highly compliant structures and are susceptible to pressure-induced deformation. In previous studies we have documented tracheal barotrauma in the preterm animal model (rabbit pups and lambs). These studies have defined increases in tracheal dimensions and decreases in tracheal compliance consequent to positive pressure application. These changes are associated with a propensity towards collapsibility and are similar to those observed with tracheomalacia. Tracheal volume deformation was measured in 16 very preterm neonates 6-8 days after extubation. The mean ± SD values of birthweight and gestational age were 847±68 gms and 27±0.6 weeks, respectively. The study group was individually control-matched for weight and gestational age. The study group received ventilatory support for a mean of 25.4±4.9 SD Says with a BP200 pressure-limited, time-cycled ventilator®. The control group did not receive ventilatory support beyond the first hour of resuscitative efforts. By roentgenographic evaluation, the mean ± SD intrathoracic tracheal width was 2.74±0.31mm in the control group compared to 3.79±0.29mm in the study group (38%, p<0.001). A tracheal volume deformation of 91% (p<0.001) was calculated in the study group. These data are suggestive of underlying mechanical deformation of the immature tracheal wall. The resultant tracheomegaly and associated tracheomalacia would lead to increased dead space ventilation and increased work of breathing.
Chewing tobacco use by adolescents: Prevalence and relation to cigarette smoking

The prevalence of teenage smokeless tobacco use and its relation to cigarette smoking was studied. Nine percent of 7th grade boys and 20% of 9th and 10th grade boys reported daily use. There was very little regular chewing among girls although about 20% reported having tried it. There was a strong association between smoking and chewing among 7th graders but only a weak association among 9th and 10th graders. Boys who chew tended to have friends who chew and/or smoke. The data suggested that chewing is affected by peer social influence processes in a manner similar to smoking.
Quantitative measurements of charging in a gaseous environment

Charge accumulation in insulating or semiconducting samples due to electron beam irradiation is one of the key problems in electron microscopy. One of the most promising techniques for reducing the severity of such charging is to surround the sample with a low-pressure atmosphere of a gas. The charging behavior of a number of materials, surrounded by a variety of gases, has been determined to identify the important factors which control charging under these conditions. The magnitude of the surface potential was deduced from an analysis of x-ray spectra from the surface. The relationship between surface charge, gas pressure, and gas type are measured, and the charging reduction efficiency (CRE) is compared.
Improved Hoeffding-style performance guarantees for accurate classifiers

Abstract The Hoeffding bounds on classifier accuracy depend on the accuracy itself as a parameter. Since the accuracy is unknown, we must use the parameter value that makes them weakest (50% accuracy) to be certain that the bounds are valid. For accurate classifiers, we show that the following process can give stronger bounds. First use the Hoeffding method to derive a loose bound. Then restrict the parameter value to the range of the loose bound to produce a stronger bound.
Interspecies dyadic attachment before and after group experience

Social behavior between representative members of different taxa has been observed in the field and studied in the laboratory. In the study described here, two female rhesus monkeys were paired with female baboons during infancy. Preference tests were conducted after interspecies pair-living, followed by one month of group experience and a subsequent preference test. The results indicated that each animal formed social attachments to the alien partner. Further studies of interspecies interactions should contribute to our understanding of behavioral isolation and the process of speciation.
Dissociation and reassociation of maize alcohol dehydrogenase: allelic differences in requirement for zinc

Maize alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) has been dissociated and reassociated in vitro. The results support previous genetic data on the dimeric structure of the enzyme. Our studies reveal interesting differences between the dissociation and reassociation properties of the two naturally occurring allelic isozymes.
Outbreak of acute hepatitis B virus infections associated with podiatric care at a psychiatric long-term care facility

Background Effective measures exist to prevent health care–associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission, yet outbreaks continue to occur. In 2008, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health identified an outbreak of HBV infections among psychiatric long-term care facility residents. Methods Residents underwent HBV serologic testing and were classified as acutely infected, chronically infected, susceptible, or immune. Persons residing in the facility during 2008 were enrolled in a retrospective cohort study to identify risk factors for acute HBV infection. We assessed infection control practices at the facility. Results Nine of 81 residents (11%) enrolled in the cohort study had acute HBV infection. Five of 15 residents (33%) undergoing podiatric care on a single day subsequently developed acute infection (rate ratio, 4.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-15.92). Infection control observations of the consulting podiatrist revealed opportunities for cross-contamination of instruments with blood. Other potential health care and behavioral modes of transmission were identified as well. Residents were offered HBV vaccination, and infection control recommendations were implemented by the podiatrist and facility. Conclusions Of the multiple potential transmission modes identified, exposure to HBV during podiatry was likely the dominant mode in this outbreak. Long-term care facilities should ensure compliance with infection control standards among staff and consulting health care providers.
ATP Potentiates Competitive Inhibition of Guanylyl Cyclase A and B by the Staurosporine Analog, Gö6976 RECIPROCAL REGULATION OF ATP AND GTP BINDING

Natriuretic peptides and ATP activate and Go6976 inhibits guanylyl cyclase (GC)-A and GC-B. Here, the mechanism of inhibition was determined. Go6976 progressively increased the Michaelis-Menten constant and decreased the Hill coefficient without reducing the maximal velocity of GC-A and GC-B. In the presence of 1 mm ATP, the Ki was 1 μm for both enzymes. Inhibition of GC-B was minimal in the absence of ATP, and 1 mm ATP increased the inhibition 4-fold. In a reciprocal manner, 10 μm Go6976 increased the potency of ATP for GC-B 4-fold. In contrast to a recent study (Duda, T., Yadav, P., and Sharma, R. K. (2010) FEBS J. 277, 2550–2553), neither staurosporine nor Go6976 activated GC-A or GC-B. This is the first study to show that Go6976 reduces GTP binding and the first demonstration of a competitive inhibitor of a receptor guanylyl cyclase. We conclude that Go6976 reduces GTP binding to the catalytic site of GC-A and GC-B and that ATP increases the magnitude of the inhibition.
Spjøtvoll-Stoline-Like Pairwise Comparisons among Independent Product-Moment Correlations

An Applesoft BASIC computer program is described which enables the researcher to conduct pair wise multiple comparisons on a set of independent correlation coefficients. The statistical technique used is attributable to Levy (1977), and is a modification of the Spjotvoll-Stoline method. Applications involving both equal and unequal sample sizes can be accommodated.
Iron intake and regulation: implications for iron deficiency and iron overload

Although iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide and in the United States, the health effects of iron overload merit increased attention. In the United States, public health interventions such as fortification and enrichment of foods with iron were undertaken to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and improve health. These measures, along with iron supplementation, remain controversial, because additional exposure to dietary iron places some segments of the population at increased risk of iron excess. The health consequences of unmistakable iron excess are exemplified by hemochromatosis, an iron storage disease associated with liver damage further exacerbated by alcohol consumption. Progressive liver damage associated with this condition is generally attributed to increased oxidative stress. In otherwise healthy individuals, more modest levels of iron storage may occur if iron is provided by supplements or otherwise added to the food supply. Increased iron intake and storage have been linked to a variety of chronic diseases. The associations are not firmly established but are of considerable public health importance.
Reduction of dimensionality in Bayesian nonlinear regression with a pharmacokinetic application

Abstract Application of Bayes's theorem to the analysis of nonlinear regression models is limited by numerical problems associated with calculation of integrals of functions of several variables. For k-parameter models that are linear in l of the parameters, a dimension-reduction procedure is described for factoring the posterior distribution into the product of a multivariate normal density and a function of k-l nonlinear parameters. Integrals can then be calculated with (k-l)-dimensional numerical integration. A four-parameter, two-compartment pharmacokinetic model of lidocaine disposition is analyzed using a change of variables in order to obtain a model that is linear in two parameters. It is shown that a Bayesian analysis, with reduction of dimensionality, applied to this model produces appropriate results with reasonable CPU-time requirements.
Social Work and the HIV Care Continuum: Assisting HIV Patients Diagnosed in an Emergency Department

Social workers have played an integral role in society's response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic since the discovery of the disease. As the landscape of the epidemic has changed, so has the social work response to it. Social workers are, and have been, central to the success of TESTAZ (Test, Educate, Support, and Treat Arizona), which is a nontargeted, routine opt-out HIV screening program in the emergency department (ED) of Maricopa Medical Center. This article focuses on the crucial role social workers play in every stage of program development, implementation, and patient movement through the stages of the HIV care continuum. Social worker involvement with HIV-positive patients diagnosed in the ED is imperative to achieving patient viral suppression.
Design and optical characterization of high-Q guided-resonance modes in the slot-graphite photonic crystal lattice.

A new photonic crystal structure is generated by using a regular graphite lattice as the base and adding a slot in the center of each unit cell to enhance field confinement. The theoretical Q factor in an ideal structure is over 4 × 105. The structure was fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator wafer and optically characterized by transmission spectroscopy. The resonance wavelength and quality factor were measured as a function of slot height. The measured trends show good agreement with simulation.
Compaction Effects in Glass Fibers

Glass fibers as commercially produced have physical and mechanical properties which differ from those of the massive form of the same glass. When these fibers are subjected to subsequent heat-treatments, the values of the measured properties tend to return to those of the massive glass. This phenomenon is called compaction because in the process density increases. The effect of compaction on the physical properties of fibers is discussed and the mechanism of this phenomenon is described briefly.
SON Controls Cell-Cycle Progression by Coordinated Regulation of RNA Splicing

It has been suspected that cell-cycle progression might be functionally coupled with RNA processing. However, little is known about the role of the precise splicing control in cell-cycle progression. Here, we report that SON, a large Ser/Arg (SR)-related protein, is a splicing cofactor contributing to efficient splicing of cell-cycle regulators. Downregulation of SON leads to severe impairment of spindle pole separation, microtubule dynamics, and genome integrity. These molecular defects result from inadequate RNA splicing of a specific set of cell-cycle-related genes that possess weak splice sites. Furthermore, we show that SON facilitates the interaction of SR proteins with RNA polymerase II and other key spliceosome components, suggesting its function in efficient cotranscriptional RNA processing. These results reveal a mechanism for controlling cell-cycle progression through SON-dependent constitutive splicing at suboptimal splice sites, with strong implications for its role in cancer and other human diseases.
Reporting Norm-Referenced Program Evaluation Data: Some Considerations

Most early intervention program evaluation plans today include some type of pre/posttest design using one or more norm-referenced instruments. A common objective is to document the beneficial impac...
Maternal somatization disorder and Munchausen syndrome by proxy

Munchausen syndrome by proxy is the term most commonly used to describe the particular form of child abuse in which a parent feigns or creates illness in a child for the apparent purpose of getting the child hospitalized or treated. Since the original description by Meadow,’ 25 more cases have been reviewed by Palmer and Yoshimura,2 who noted several facts common to the reported cases: The perpetrators were the mothers; the manipulations included introducing drugs or foreign materials into the child’s body or urine; and this behavior was discovered after observation that the children’s conditions worsened when their mothers visited. Four of the children died. Psychiatric diagnoses were not reported for these mothers except for one with borderline personality disorder, two with hysterical personalities, and one who herself evidenced Munchausen syndrome . 2,3 This is a report of two cases in which the mothers were diagnosed as having somatization disorder. The diagnoses are based on semistructured interviews (totaling approximately three hours for each mother) and examination of all available medical records for both the children and mothers.
An in vivo method for adenovirus-mediated transduction of thick ascending limbs

An in vivo method for adenovirus-mediated transduction of thick ascending limbs. Background The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (THAL) plays an important role in the maintenance of salt, water, and acid-base balance. While techniques for gene transfer of renal vascular cells and some tubular segments have been described, in vivo transduction of THALs has not been successful. We hypothesized that in vivo injection of adenoviral vectors into the renal medulla would result in efficient transduction of THALs. Methods We injected recombinant adenoviruses containing the reporter gene, green fluorescent protein (GFP), driven by either the cytomegalovirus promoter (Ad-CMVGFP) or the promoter for the Na/K/2 Cl cotransporter (Ad-NKCC2GFP), which is THAL-specific, into the outer medullary interstitium of Sprague-Dawley rat kidneys. Kidneys were removed at various times after viral injection and analyzed for GFP expression. Results Western blots revealed strong GFP expression in the outer medulla (which is composed primarily of THALs) 5 days after Ad-CMVGFP injection. We quantified THAL transduction efficiency by scoring the number of fluorescent tubules in THALs suspensions, which showed that at least 77 ± 3% of THAL expressed GFP. To specifically transduce THALs, we injected Ad-NKCC2GFP into the medullary interstitium. As determined by Western blot, GFP expression was only detected in the outer medulla. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy showed that GFP was localized to tubular cells positive for Tamm-Horsfall protein. Thus, GFP fluorescence was only detected in THALs, not in cortical, inner medulla or vascular cells. Time-course studies showed that GFP expression in THALs was measurable from 4 to 14 days, peaked at 7 days, and had returned to background levels by 21 days. Conclusion This method facilitates highly efficient, THAL-specific transduction. While application of this technique for gene therapy in humans is unlikely due to the transient gene expression observed and the impossibility for repeated injections of adenoviral vectors, this method provides a valuable tool for investigators studying regulation and mechanisms of THAL ion transport and its relationship to whole-kidney physiology and pathophysiology.
Exosomes Released from Infected Macrophages Contain Mycobacterium avium Glycopeptidolipids and Are Proinflammatory

Mycobacterium avium is a major opportunistic pathogen in HIV-positive individuals and is responsible for increased morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients. M. avium express glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) as a major cell wall constituent, and recent studies suggest that GPLs play an important role in M. avium pathogenesis. In the present study we show that M. avium-infected macrophages release GPLs, which are trafficked from the phagosome through the endocytic network to multivesicular bodies. Prior studies have shown that multivesicular bodies can fuse with the plasma membrane releasing small 50 to 100 nm vesicles known as exosomes. We found that M. avium-infected macrophages release exosomes containing GPLs leading to the transfer of GPLs from infected to uninfected macrophages. Interestingly, exosomes isolated from M. avium-infected but not from uninfected macrophages can stimulate a proinflammatory response in resting macrophages. This proinflammatory response is dependent on Toll like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, and MyD88 suggesting that released exosomes contain M. avium-expressed TLR ligands. Our studies are the first to demonstrate that exosomes isolated from mycobacteria-infected macrophages can induce a proinflammatory response, and we hypothesize that exosomes play an important role in immune surveillance during intracellular bacteria infections.
Wives' employment status and marital adjustment in military families.

Drawing upon a stratified random sample of 928 US Air Force couples (1,856 spouses) from 24 bases worldwide, the present study examined the relationship between wives' employment status and the marital adjustment of military member husbands and their civilian wives. The influence of wives' employment on the self-reported marital adjustment of sample husbands and wives varied by the combined influence of base location and the rank of the husband. Interpretations of the findings are offered for consideration, and recommendations are presented for further research.
Transcription of a cis-acting, Noncoding, Small RNA Is Required for Pilin Antigenic Variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The strict human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae can utilize homologous recombination to generate antigenic variability in targets of immune surveillance. To evade the host immune response, N. gonorrhoeae promotes high frequency gene conversion events between many silent pilin copies and the expressed pilin locus (pilE), resulting in the production of variant pilin proteins. Previously, we identified a guanine quartet (G4) structure localized near pilE that is required for the homologous recombination reactions leading to pilin antigenic variation (Av). In this work, we demonstrate that inactivating the promoter of a small non-coding RNA (sRNA) that initiates within the G4 forming sequence blocks pilin Av. The sRNA promoter is conserved in all sequenced gonococcal strains, and mutations in the predicted transcript downstream of the G4 forming sequence do not alter pilin Av. A mutation that produces a stronger promoter or substitution of the pilE G4-associated sRNA promoter with a phage promoter (when the phage polymerase was expressed) produced wild-type levels of pilin Av. Altering the direction and orientation of the pilE G4-associated sRNA disrupted pilin Av. In addition, expression of the sRNA at a distal site on the gonococcal chromosome in the context of a promoter mutant did not support pilin Av. We conclude that the DNA containing the G-rich sequence can only form the G4 structure during transcription of this sRNA, thus providing a unique molecular step for the initiation of programmed recombination events.
An automated thermoluminescence dosimeter reader.

Abstract The use of all the commercially available thermoluminescent dosimetric readers is time consuming, because they are to be manually operated. Thus when thermoluminescence dosimeters are to be used on a larger scale, some form of automation is desirable. The two such designs proposed so far involve a significant amount of sophisticated electronic and machinery work, which makes the building of one very expensive. This report contains the description of a semi-automatic reader, developed to allow extensive use of thermoluminescence dosimeters in any physical form, for radiation dose measurements. The procedure outlined here is based primarily on a simple modification of one of the commercial readers. The modified version of this instrument has been in routine use for approximately 3 yr. During this time it has been proven to be very dependable and convenient for accurate dosimetric studies. The major advantage of this device is that it can be used in conjunction with any standard multichannel analyser. The analyser and the reader are readily coupled and decoupled, making it unnecessary to dedicate the analyser exclusively to this specific use. It can be employed with thermoluminescent phosphor in the powder and solid forms.
Reading embossed capital letters: an fMRI study in blind and sighted individuals.

Reading Braille activates visual cortex in blind people [Burton et al., J Neurophysiol 2002;87: 589-611; Sadato et al., Nature 1996;380:526-528; Sadato et al., Brain 1998;121:1213-1229]. Because learning Braille requires extensive training, we had sighted and blind people read raised block capital letters to determine whether all groups engage visual cortex similarly when reading by touch. Letters were passively rubbed across the right index finger at 30 mm/s using an MR-compatible drum stimulator. Age-matched sighted, early blind (lost sight 0–5 years), and late blind (lost sight >5.5 years) volunteers performed three tasks: stating an identified letter, stating a verb containing an identified letter, and feeling a moving smooth surface. Responses were voiced immediately after the drum stopped moving across the fingertip. All groups showed increased activity in visual areas V1 and V2 during both letter identification tasks. Blind compared to sighted participants showed greater activation increases predominantly in the parafoveal-peripheral portions of visuotopic areas and posterior parts of BA 20 and 37. Sighted participants showed suppressed activity in most of the same areas except for small positive responses bilaterally in V1, left V5/MT+, and bilaterally in BA 37/20. Blind individuals showed suppression of the language areas in the frontal cortex, while sighted individuals showed slight positive responses. Early blind showed a more extensive distribution of activity in superior temporal sulcal multisensory areas. These results show cross-modal reorganization of visual cortex and altered response dynamics in nonvisual areas that plausibly reflect mechanisms for adaptive plasticity in blindness.
DIFFERENCES AMONG TETRACYCLINES WITH RESPECT TO THE STAINING OF TEETH.

Reports are coming out regularly to warn the medical and dental professions about tooth discoloration, which may be caused by the tetracyclines in antibiotic doses administered to growing children. 1–3 Tetracycline enters the developing tooth substance roughly in proportion to crystal surface area, rather than to calcium content of the tissues. 4 In therapeutic dosages this does not necessarily lead to inferior calcification of the teeth, though concomitant disease may. 4 However, upon eruption into the mouth, the teeth first show yellow fluorescence, then become yellow in ordinary light and, later, with aging, may turn brown and unattractive to the naked eye. 5–6 It appears that these undesirable esthetic effects on tooth color differs among the several tetracycline derivatives, and an important task remains to measure it. This communication demonstrates the character and amount of discoloration in rabbit incisors after injection of the different tetracyclines.
Palaeomagnetism of Cretaceous Pacific Seamounts

Summary. The palaeomagnetism of Cretaceous Pacific seamounts, as deduced from their magnetic anomalies, is reviewed. Results from 35 seamounts are reported here for the first time. Of these 35 results, 15 are of high enough quality to be useful. This has resulted in a considerable increase in the available information concerning the palaeomagnetism of the Pacific plate. Using only the most reliable results, we calculate a palaeomagnetic pole for the upper Cretaceous at 58° North, 350° East, with a 95 per cent cone of confidence of only 5°. This pole is considerably more accurate than the one previously reported and is farther to the west. The previously reported difference between the mean pole position from seamounts close to Japan and the mean pole position from seamounts close to Hawaii is not real, although one group of seamounts close to Japan gives an anomalous pole position. Several mechanisms have been suggested whereby errors might be introduced in the determinations of pole positions from seamounts. No error is introduced in the pole position because of the restricted extent of surveys and the consequent inaccuracy in the determination of the regional field. The demagnetization effect, which can produce differences between the observed direction of magnetization and the direction of the magnetizing field in an elongated body, is unimportant for seamounts. The new pole position is sufficiently accurate for use in many types of calculations in which it is desired to locate the Pacific plate with respect to the Earth's spin axis.
Thermal chemical vapor deposition of copper from hexafluoroacetylacetonate Cu(I) vinyltrimethylsilane: kinetic studies

Abstract The role of hydrogen in the chemical vapor deposition of copper from hexafluoroacetylacetonate Cu(I) vinyltrimethylsilane was investigated by depositing copper using pure hydrogen, pure helium or mixtures of these gases at substrate temperatures between 130 and 180°C, precursor partial pressures between 1.0 and 6.0 mTorr at 250 mTorr total pressure in a vertical flow stagnation point cold-wall reactor. The activation energy for copper growth from (hfac)Cu(vtms) using either hydrogen or helium was comparable (4000–6000 cal/mol). The film composition was independent of the type of diluent or carrier gas and the film resistivity of the data used was routinely near 2.2 μΩ cm for thick films (>5000 A). Film growth rates between 60 and 360 A/min were obtained with no significant correlation with the type of carrier/diluent gas used. Approximate first-order dependence of copper growth rate on precursor concentration was observed. The observed zero-order dependence of growth rate on hydrogen concentration suggests a chemically inactive role for hydrogen in copper deposition. Fundamental surface reaction mechanisms consistent with our experimental observations are proposed.
Trauma Processing Reconsidered: Using Account-Making in Quantitative Research with Male Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse

Account-making is a sociopsychological model that describes the recovery process after a traumatic event. This study examined the theory's utility in quantitative research using data from a large sample of men with histories of child sexual abuse (N = 487). The three aims of the study were (a) to describe how account-making concepts can be operationalized, (b) to explore the relationship between account-making and mental health, and (c) to suggest revisions to the theoretical structure of the model. Results suggest that account-making is a useful framework for research with trauma survivors and may be related to mental health. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Abundance of estuarine crab larvae is associated with tidal hydrologic variables

Abundances of brachyuran megalopae and juveniles were measured throughout consecutive tidal cycles during six 2 to 3 d sampling periods in summer 1992, and associated with rates of change of tidal hydrologic variables in the Newport River Estuary. Current speeds and rates of pressure change fitted sinusoidal (tidal) models well; however, rates of salinity and temperature change did not. Analysis of plankton samples taken during spring and neap tides showed peak abundances during nighttime rising tides for all taxonomic groups: Callinectes sapidus, Uca spp., Xanthidae, and Pinnixa spp. megalopae, and Pinnotheres spp. juveniles. Megalopal and juvenile abundances from time-intensive sampling were related to rates of changes in the hydrologic variables using stepwise logistic regression. No hydrologic variable accounted well for the presence of Uca spp. megalopae. Megalopal presence was best predicted by current speed for Pinnixa spp. megalopae, and rates of changes in pressure for xanthid megalopae and Pinnotheres spp. juveniles, and salinity for C. sapidus megalopae. These variables might act as cues causing megalopae to ascend into the water column at a particular point in the flooding tide, and subsequently descend to or near the bottom prior to ebb flow. In this way, larvae which develop on the continental shelf or lower estuary undergo transport up the estuary by behaviorally altering their swimming activity and depth concurrent with tidal changes.
Effects of stimuli emanating from the nest on the reproductive cycle in the ring dove. III: Building in the post-laying period and effects on the success of the cycle

Nest-building as a functional activity is shown to continue well into the incubation period of the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria), its intensity depending on the state of the nest. The presence of a nest has profound consequences on breeding success: pairs with no nests did not incubate well and did not hatch their eggs. Pre-laying disruption of the nest or of the usual roles of the male and female had no effect on incubation as long as a nest was present when the eggs were laid. It is concluded that the presence of a nest is necessary for the proper establishment of incubation. The possible role of the nest in incubation is discussed.
STUDIES ON PENETRATION OF DYES WITH GLASS ELECTRODE : V. WHY DOES AZURE B PENETRATE MORE READILY THAN METHYLENE BLUE OR CRYSTAL VIOLET?

Glass electrode measurements of the pH value of the sap of cells of Nitella show that azure B in the form of free base penetrates the vacuoles and raises the pH value of the sap to about the same degree as the free base of the dye added to the sap in vitro , but the dye salt dissolved in the sap does not alter the pH value of the sap. It is concluded that the dye penetrates the vacuoles chiefly in the form of free base and not as salt. The dye from methylene blue solution containing azure B free base as impurity penetrates and accumulates in the vacuole. This dye must be azure B in the form of free base, since it raises the pH value of the sap to about the same extent as the free base of azure B dissolved in the sap in vitro . The dye absorbed by the chloroform from methylene blue solution behaves like the dye penetrating the vacuole. These results confirm those of spectrophotometric analysis previously published. Crystal violet exists only in one form between pH 5 and pH 9.2, and does not alter the pH value of the sap at the concentrations used. It does not penetrate readily unless cells are injured. A theory of "multiple partition coefficients" is described which explains the mechanism of the behavior of living cells to these dyes. When the protoplasm is squeezed into the sap, the pH value of the mixture is higher than that of the pure sap. The behavior of such a mixture to the dye is very much like that of the sap except that with azure B and methylene blue the rise in the pH value of such a mixture is not so pronounced as with sap when the dye penetrates into the vacuoles. Spectrophotometric measurements show that the dye which penetrates from methylene blue solution has a primary absorption maximum at 653 to 655 mµ (i.e., is a mixture of azure B and methylene blue, with preponderance of azure B) whether we take the sap alone or the sap plus protoplasm. These results confirm those previously obtained with spectrophotometric measurements.