cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation in fitness of the longhorned beetle, Dectes texanus, as a function of host plant

Dectes texanus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) has become a serious pest of two different crops in the American Midwest, sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. and soybean, Glycines max (L.). Laboratory and field studies were used to compare the effects of these two host plants on D. texanus life history and behavior. Insects from soybean were 40–60% smaller than those from sunflower and larval weight at collection was strongly correlated with survival to adulthood, whereas it was not in sunflower, suggesting that body size was more limiting to immature survival in soybean. Pupal weights increased more rapidly with increasing stem diameter in soybean than in sunflower and the correlation was stronger, indicating that body size was more limited by plant size in soybean. Adults collected as larvae from soybean had shorter longevities when starved, fed soybean, or fed an alternating diet of soybean and cultivated sunflower, than did those collected from sunflower, suggesting a negative larval legacy of soybean on adult fitness. Adult beetles that developed in soybean lived longer when fed soybean than when starved, but an adult diet of sunflower doubled longevity compared to soybean for beetles that developed in sunflower, and tripled it for those that developed in soybean. An adult diet of wild H. annuus yielded survivorship equivalent to cultivated H. annuus in one trial, and slightly lower in another. Larval host plant did not influence the numbers of ovipunctures or eggs laid by females in field trials, but adult diet did. Sunflower-fed females punctured more, and laid more eggs, on sunflowers than on soybeans in field cages and the reverse trend was evident, but not significant, in soybean-fed females. It can be concluded that H. annuus is a superior food source to G. max for both larval and adult D. texanus, and that wild sunflowers may represent a valuable food for adults during the pre-reproductive period, prior to invasion of soybean fields, even though they rarely host larvae. We also showed that stable isotope ratios of N can be used to distinguish the larval host plant of beetles regardless of their adult diet.
The production, testing, and utility of double congenic mouse strains - II. B10-H-2aH-7b/Wts and B10-H-2dH-7b/Wts

Two new double congenic strains, B10-H-2aH-7b/Wts and B10-H-2dH-7b/Wts, were selected to differ from B10.A and B10.D2/o, respectively, at theH-7 locus. The survival time ofH-7-incompatible skin grafts is dependent upon theH-2 haplotype of recipient and donor.
Emerging applications of porphyrins in photomedicine.

Biomedical applications of porphyrins and related molecules have been extensively pursued in the context of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Recent advances in nanoscale engineering have opened the door for new ways that porphyrins stand to potentially benefit human health. Metalloporphyrins are inherently suitable for many types of medical imaging and therapy. Traditional nanocarriers such as liposomes, dendrimers and silica nanoparticles have been explored for photosensitizer delivery. Concurrently, entirely new classes of porphyrin nanostructures are being developed, such as smart materials that are activated by specific biochemicals encountered at disease sites. Techniques have been developed that improve treatments by combining biomaterials with photosensitizers and functional moieties such as peptides, DNA and antibodies. Compared to simpler structures, these more complex and functional designs can potentially decrease side effects and lead to safer and more efficient phototherapies. This review examines recent research on porphyrin-derived materials in multimodal imaging, drug delivery, bio-sensing, phototherapy and probe design, demonstrating their bright future for biomedical applications.
Hippocampal lesions during rearing and transfer of perceptual learning in rats

Bilateral lesions of the hippocampus in humans result in severe deficits of recent memory which consist of an inability to recall events a few minutes after they have occurred. On the other hand, such patients demonstrate normal abilities to recall events that transpired before the operation. Studies employing animals as subjects have produced contrary evidence concerning a memory-consolidation view of hippocampal functioning because hippocampal animals are not deficient in learning a variety of tasks. In the present research, the recent memory hypothesis was reexamined employing the early experience paradigm of Gibson and Walk (1956). This methodological variation provided a testing situation more analogous to the human testing situation in that animals were required to utilize salient cues from their environment and to transfer this information to a subsequent discrimination task. It was found that animals receiving bilateral hippocampectomy before exposure to the to-be-discriminated stimuli fared no better in a subsequent discrimination test than animals not exposed to the stimuli. In addition, animals undergoing hippocampal ablation after exposure to the forms demonstrated significantly better performance in the test situation than nonexposed animals. The findings of the present research provide some support for the recent memory hypothesis of hippocampal functioning.
Observation of the light-triggered binding of pyrone to chymotrypsin by Laue x-ray crystallography.

Abstract Crystals of gamma-chymotrypsin inhibited with the photodissociable group trans-p-diethylamino-o-hydroxy-alpha-methylcinnamate were irradiated with a 1-msec flash from a high-energy xenon flashlamp in the presence of the mechanism-based inhibitor 3-benzyl-6-chloro-2-pyrone. The ensuing reaction was monitored by collection of sequential, single-exposure Laue x-ray diffraction patterns. The experiment was also performed in solution to verify the regeneration of catalytic activity and the subsequent inhibition of the enzyme by pyrone after photolysis. The resulting crystallographic structures show the presence of covalently bound cinnamate prior to photolysis, the generation of "free" enzyme after irradiation of the crystal, and the slow formation of a pyrone-inhibited complex several hours after photolysis. The structure of the free enzyme shows a significant proportion of the active sites in the crystal to contain a naturally occurring, noncovalently bound tetrapeptide inhibitor [Dixon, M.M. & Matthews, B.W. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 7033-7038], even after cinnamate acylation and photolysis. Data collected simultaneously with irradiation show the crystal to be slightly disordered during photolysis, leading to streaked x-ray photos. The resulting maps are suggestive of a bicyclic coumarin species produced by photolysis and deacylation; however, the electron density is difficult to model unambiguously by one unique chemical state. Nevertheless, Laue crystallography is shown to be capable of visualizing time-dependent chemical changes in the active site of an enzyme.
Soil moisture-vegetation-temperature relationships in central Alaska

Abstract Measurements of soil moisture and soil temperature were made during the summer of 1972 at four locations in the Goldstream valley near Fairbanks, Alaska. Two sites were under aspen-birch forest, one in stunted black spruce forest and one in cleared grassland. These field results and observations of conditions in central Alaska led to the development of a model showing the interrelationship among drainage, vegetative cover, and the thermal regime of the mineral soil. In addition the subsystems comprising the thermal regime system have been identified.
KEITH YANDELL AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL

Yandell then asserts the crucial thesis of his argument. He says that "it seems clear that any evil that has P is not an evil whose existence provides evidence against God's existence. An evil that has P is useless for the critic's purposes ... If (N) is true, then every evil, and all evil together, is critically cancelled"2 Now, it is true that if (N) is true then (P) is true of every actual evil (but it need not be true of every possible, or prospective, evil). This is so because, if God exists, then every actual evil is an evil which is allowed by God (whom Yandell assumes to be "omnicompetent"). But, according to (N), God allows no evil without a morally sufficient reason. Hence, if (N) is true then (P) is true of every actual evil. And no doubt Yandell intended (P) to be construed as applying to actual evils, and not to merely possible evils. So far, so good. But how does that show that if (N) is true then every actual evil is "critically cancelled"? Yandell provides no argument whatsoever for this claim. He says merely that "it seems clear." In fact, however, it is not at all clear. But we may hazard a conjecture about how it might come to "seem" clear. What is true is that an evil which
Ventricular septal defects in a family of Yucatan miniature pigs

We have studied the hearts from a colony of Yucatan miniature pigs with spontaneously occurring congenital defects. Ventricular septal defect was encountered in 57 of 81 neonates from 15 consecutive litters. Of 73 hearts preserved for morphological assessment, 52 were found to have defects within the ventricular septum remarkably similar to those observed in humans with deficient ventricular septum. The defects, including 3 which had closed spontaneously, were perimembranous in 34, muscular in 12 and doubly committed and juxtaarterial in 6 hearts. Atrial septal defects were found in 12 of the 52 hearts with deficient ventricular septation; only 1 atrial septal defect was seen among 21 hearts with an intact ventricular septum. Anomalies of the aortic arch were associated with ventricular septal defect in 2 cases; 1 with a solitary arterial trunk and one with hypoplasia of the aorta and patent arterial duct. All these findings are replicated in human hearts. This strain of pig provides an ideal large animal model for morphologic and genetic investigations concerning the details of ventricular septation, including potential mechanisms of late spontaneous closure.
Distribution of α2C‐adrenergic receptor‐like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system

The distribution of alpha 2C-adrenergic receptors (ARs) in rat brain and spinal cord was examined immunohistochemically by using an affinity purified polyclonal antibody. The antibody was directed against a recombinant fusion protein consisting of a 70-amino-acid polypeptide portion of the third intracellular loop of the alpha 2C-AR fused to glutathione-S-transferase. Selectivity and subtype specificity of the antibody were demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of [125I]-photoaffinity-labeled alpha 2-AR and by immunohistochemical labeling of COS cells expressing the individual rat alpha 2-AR subtypes. In both cases the antibody recognized only the alpha 2C-AR subtype, and immunoreactivity was eliminated by preadsorption of the antibody with excess antigen. In rat brain, alpha 2C-AR-like immunoreactivity (alpha 2C-AR-LI) was found primarily in neuronal perikarya, with some labeling of proximal dendrites; analysis by confocal microscopy revealed the intracellular localization of some of the immunoreactivity. Areas of dense immunoreactivity include anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, septum, diagonal band, pallidum, preoptic areas, supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, amygdala, hippocampus (CA1 and dentate gyrus), substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, raphe (pontine and medullary), motor trigeminal nucleus, facial nucleus, vestibular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and hypoglossal nucleus. Labeling was found in specific laminae throughout the cortex, and a sparse distribution of very darkly labeled cells was observed in the striatum. At all levels of the spinal cord there were small numbers of large, darkly labeled cells in layer IX and much smaller cells in layer X. In general, the pattern of alpha 2C-LI throughout the neuraxis is consistent with previously published reports of the distribution of receptor mRNA detected by hybridization histochemistry.
Regulation of Intercellular Tight Junctions by Zonula Occludens Toxin and Its Eukaryotic Analogue Zonulin

The intestinal epithelium represents the largest interface between the external environment and the internal host milieu and constitutes the major barrier through which molecules can either be absorbed or secreted. There is now substantial evidence that tight junctions (tj) play a major role in regulating epithelial permeability by influencing paracellular flow of fluid and solutes. Tj are one of the hallmarks of absorptive and secretory epithelia. Evidence now exists that tj are dynamic rather than static structures and readily adapt to a variety of developmental, physiological, and pathological circumstances. These adaptive mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Activation of PKC either by Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) or by phorbol esters increases paracellular permeability. Alteration of epithelial tj is a recently described property for infectious agents. Clostridium difficile toxin A and B and influenza and vesicular stomatitis viruses have been shown to loosen tj in tissue culture monolayers. Unlike what occurs after the Zot stimulus, these changes appear to be irreversible and are associated with destruction of the tj complex. On the basis of this observation, we postulated that Zot may mimic the effect of a functionally and immunologically related endogenous modulator of epithelial tj. We were able to identify an intestinal Zot analogue, which we named zonulin. It is conceivable that the zonulins participate in the physiological regulation of intercellular tj not only in the small intestine, but also throughout a wide range of extraintestinal epithelia as well as the ubiquitous vascular endothelium, including the blood-brain barrier. Disregulation of this hypothetical zonulin model may contribute to disease states that involve disordered intercellular communication, including developmental and intestinal disorders, tissue inflammation, malignant transformation, and metastasis.
Long-term Results of Aortopulmonary Anastomosis for Tetralogy of Fallot Morbidity and Mortality, 1946-1969

A review of 340 patients with tetralogy of Fallot undergoing aortopulmonary anastomosis of the Potts-Smith type (descending aorta to pulmonary artery) has been made for assessment of the complications and long-term results (1946-1969) of this procedure. There were 30 operative deaths (9%) and 52 late medical deaths (20%) The symptomatic improvement has remained impressive in the survivors even up to 20 years after shunt surgery, with 85% of the patients having a functional classification of I or II. The major late complications have been related to anastomotic channels which were made or eventually became too large, resulting in congestive heart failure (20 late medical deaths) or in pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. These complications are not unique to the Potts operation, and may be anticipated in patients with excessively large ascending aorta to right pulmonary artery anastomoses. Careful patient follow-up is indicated and, in the event of congestive heart failure or...
Who is banked in low income families? The effects of gender and bargaining power

Abstract We use data from the U.S. Survey of Consumer Finances and a framework that accounts for intrahousehold dynamics to examine bank account ownership for low-income couples. We find that even among families who are banked, some family members are not. Those without accounts may lack access to financial services, be at a disadvantage within their families, or face financial risks if their partnerships end. Our results indicate that men and women are equally likely to be banked, but the factors predicting whether or not they have accounts differ. Women with more bargaining power are more likely to hold bank accounts and their families are more likely to be banked. Moreover, individual characteristics of male and the female partners have different effects on the chances that they, their partners, or their families are banked.
Performance and Commitment: Issues in Management of Volunteers in Human Service Organizations

ABSTRACT Volunteers are difficult to monitor because they are not liable to serious sanctions. We propose that we cannot learn about volunteer work from existing knowledge of paid employees. We then review the literature regarding volunteer commitment and performance. Based on a sample of 510 consistent volunteers in human service organizations, we assess three sets of variables (demographic, personality, and situational) to determine their significance in explaining variability in volunteer commitment and performance. The findings suggest that careful screening and use of symbolic rewards are significant in explaining variation in volunteer satisfaction, hours volunteered per month (commitment), and length of service (tenure).
‘history’ is now: feminist theory and the production of historical feminisms1

Abstract Over the last decade, feminist practitioners across a variety of disciplines have been invoking history as an important grounding for both feminist politics and feminist theory. At the same time, however, insufficient account is taken of the extent to which standardized versions of ‘the feminist past’ are being invoked to represent a wide variety of feminist experiences and an equally heterogeneous set of historical circumstances and cultural contexts. It is suggested that if feminist reconceptualizations of history are to be taken seriously – if, in other words, history is the production of knowledges about the past and is itself contingent on the conditions of the present – feminist theorists must begin to reference both the imperial legacies of Anglo-European feminism and the multiplicity of feminist movements around the world. Only when feminists of all disciplinary persuasions begin to acknowledge the complex historical legacies of modern feminisms and situate their own critiques within them...
[(11)C]MK-4232: The First Positron Emission Tomography Tracer for the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor.

Rational modification of the potent calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist MK-3207 led to a series of analogues with enhanced CNS penetrance and a convenient chemical handle for introduction of a radiolabel. A number of 11C-tracers were synthesized and evaluated in vivo, leading to the identification of [11C]8 ([11C]MK-4232), the first positron emission tomography tracer for the CGRP receptor.
An explicit time integration scheme for the analysis of wave propagations

A new explicit time integration scheme is presented for the solution of wave propagation problems. The method is designed to have small solution errors in the frequency range that can spatially be represented and to cut out high spurious frequencies. The proposed explicit scheme is second-order accurate for systems with and without damping, even when used with a non-diagonal damping matrix. The stability, accuracy and numerical dispersion are analyzed, and solutions to problems are given that illustrate the performance of the scheme.
Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation on a tectonically active margin: Example from the Pliocene of Baja California Sur, Mexico

Bioclast-rich, coarse-grained deposits in the Pliocene Loreto basin provide a record of mixed carbonate and siliciclastic sedimentation at the steep hanging-wall margin of this small, fault-controlled basin. Sedimentary facies consist of sand- to gravel-sized carbonate debris mixed with volcaniclastic sand and gravel in a proximal to distal facies tract that includes matrix-rich and matrix-poor shelly conglomerate, impure calcirudite and calcarenite, mixed-composition turbidites, and bioturbated calcarenitic sandstone. Carbonate material was produced by mollusks and other benthic organisms on a narrow, high-energy shelf and mixed with volcaniclastic sand and gravel in cross-shelf channels. These mixtures were transported down a steep subaqueous slope by debris flows, grain flows, and turbidity currents, forming foresets and bottomsets of marine Gilbert-type deltas. This style of mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation has not been documented in detail elsewhere but should be locally abundant in the stratigraphic record of fault-bounded basins, particularly those with cool or nutrient-rich waters that support relatively few binding and framework-building faunas. Recognition of similar facies in other settings can provide useful insights into ancient conditions of carbonate production, oceanography, climate, and tectonics.
Secreted Trefoil Factor 2 Activates the CXCR4 Receptor in Epithelial and Lymphocytic Cancer Cell Lines

The secreted trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) protein contributes to the protection of the gastrointestinal mucosa from injury by strengthening and stabilizing mucin gels, stimulating epithelial restitution, and restraining the associated inflammation. Although trefoil factors have been shown to activate signaling pathways, no cell surface receptor has been directly linked to trefoil peptide signaling. Here we demonstrate the ability of TFF2 peptide to activate signaling via the CXCR4 chemokine receptor in cancer cell lines. We found that both mouse and human TFF2 proteins (at ∼0.5 μm) activate Ca2+ signaling in lymphoblastic Jurkat cells that could be abrogated by receptor desensitization (with SDF-1α) or pretreatment with the specific antagonist AMD3100 or an anti-CXCR4 antibody. TFF2 pretreatment of Jurkat cells decreased Ca2+ rise and chemotactic response to SDF-1α. In addition, the CXCR4-negative gastric epithelial cell line AGS became highly responsive to TFF2 treatment upon expression of the CXCR4 receptor. TFF2-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in gastric and pancreatic cancer cells, KATO III and AsPC-1, respectively, was also dependent on the presence of the CXCR4 receptor. Finally we demonstrate a distinct proliferative effect of TFF2 protein on an AGS gastric cancer cell line that expresses CXCR4. Overall these data identify CXCR4 as a bona fide signaling receptor for TFF2 and suggest a mechanism through which TFF2 may modulate immune and tumorigenic responses in vivo.
On the mechanism of acid secretory inhibition by acetazolamide

Abstract 1. 1. The relationship between electrical potential difference and acid secretion by the bullfrog gastric mucosa was measured in the presence and absence of acetazolamide. At every value of potential the acid secretory rate was less with the drug present. 2. 2. Intracellular pH changes were monitored in the intact tissue using bromcresol purple with a dual wavelength spectrophotometer. Addition of acetazolamide resulted in an alkaline shift in the intracellular pH. 3. 3. Measurement of respiratory chain components showed an increased level of reduction of cytochrome a3 in response to the addition of acetazolamide. 4. 4. The results are interpreted to support the hypothesis that acetazolamide acts primarily on intracellular acid-base regulation as opposed to a direct effect on the hydrogen secretory mechanism. This action is presumably due to the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase.
South Africa and the ‘New Scramble for Africa’: Imperialist, Sub-imperialist, or Victim?:

Is South Africa a ‘sub/imperialist’ state, a leader of the Global South, or a victim of imperial power from the North? This essay unpacks the debate surrounding South Africa’s role in the ‘new scramble for Africa’ by critically contrasting competing theoretical conceptions against historical and empirical evidence. The conclusion projects a radical—and unexpected—rupture in South Africa’s power and position in the world-economy as North–South networks are broken and East–South relations replace North–South relations.
On a sharpened form of the Leray-Lions' ellipticity criterion

Abstract The well-known ellipticity criterion of Leray-Lions for solvability of a nonlinear equation in divergence form is sharpened, eliminating any coercivity hypothesis, by using a remark on the asymptotic strong monotonicity of strictly monotone mappings in finite dimensional spaces, and extending the result to non-local mappings.
AIDS data: Locating statistics, tables, graphs, and figures

Reference questions calling for accurate and current data on the HIV infection and AIDS are frequent in any library. Our ability as librarians to answer these and related questions raised by the general and professional public interested in the epidemic hinges on our knowledge of where and how to find AIDS data—statistics, tables, graphs, and figures.
Rapid simultaneous determination of organic acids, free amino acids, and lactose in cheese by capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the simultaneous separation of 11 metabolically important organic acids (oxalic, formic, citric, succinic, orotic, uric, acetic, pyruvic, propionic, lactic, and butyric), 10 amino acids (Asp, Glu, Tyr, Gly, Ala, Ser, Leu, Phe, Lys, and Trp), and lactose has been optimized, validated, and tested in dairy products. Repeatability and linearity were calculated for each compound, with detection limit values as low as 0.2·10 −2 m M for citric acid and Gly. The method was applied to analyze yogurt and different varieties of commercial cheeses. This method yielded specific CE patterns for different varieties of cheese. Also, it has been shown to be sensitive enough to measure small changes in composition of some of those compounds in fresh cheese stored under accelerated ripening conditions for 2 d at 32°C (e.g., from 1728.3±45.0 to 1166.7±4.5 mg/100g of DM in the case of lactose, or from 23.5±0.6 to 76.8±16.7 mg/100g of DM in the case of acetic acid).
Analysis of salivary fluid and chemosensory functions in patients treated for primary malignant brain tumors

Objectives The frequency and causes of chemosensory (taste and smell) disorders in cancer patients remain under-reported. This study examined the impact of cancer therapy on taste/smell functions and salivary constituents in brain tumor patients.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms in kidney fibrosis

Fibrosis is a characteristic feature of all forms of chronic kidney disease. Deposition of pathological matrix in the interstitial space and within the walls of glomerular capillaries as well as the cellular processes resulting in this deposition are increasingly recognized as important factors amplifying kidney injury and accelerating nephron demise. Recent insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis herald the promise of new therapies to slow kidney disease progression. This review focuses on new findings that enhance understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis, the characteristics of myofibroblasts, their progenitors, and molecular pathways regulating both fibrogenesis and its resolution.
Burden of proof in the postmortem diagnosis of mitochondrial disease: Leigh disease.

CASE HISTORY This male infant weighed 6 lb 12 oz after a fullterm pregnancy. At age 2 to 3 months, he had been diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, lactic acidosis, and poor control of oral feeds. He had gastroesophageal reflux and subsequently required nasogastric tube feeds. Gastrostomy button, fundoplication, and a left thigh muscle biopsy were performed. The biopsy showed features ‘‘suggestive of’’ a mitochondrial myopathy, and subsequent mitochondrial enzyme analyses showed decreased activities in complexes I through IV that approached statistical significance but were not quite at 2 standard deviations below the normal reference mean. Ophthalmologic examination was normal, and magnetic resonance imaging of the head was normal except for extra axial fluid collections. He was unable to sit alone and was not crawling. He spoke a few intelligible words. He had global hypotonia with absent deep tendon reflexes. Chest radiograph demonstrated marked cardiomegaly with normal pulmonary vascular markings. From the time of the initial echocardiogram, cardiac ejection fraction had declined from 67% to 39%. At age 15 months, he developed acute severe respiratory distress and, despite maximal efforts, developed irreversible cardiopulmonary arrest. A full autopsy was performed. The brain weighed 785.7 g. The gyral pattern was well developed. The cerebellum and brainstem were normal. There was a slight discoloration of the white matter of the temporal lobes; no lesions were seen in the basal ganglia or thalami. Serial sections of the brainstem perpendicular to its long axis showed a slightly dilated aqueduct and no grossly identifiable lesion or discoloration in the midbrain, pons, or medulla. Sections showed regions encephalomalacia in the ventral pons (Fig. 1). Higher power view demonstrates loss of myelin but characteristic preservation of neurons (Fig. 2). The diagnosis was multisystem mitochondriopathy with Leigh disease.
Treatment needs of overdenture patients in a longitudinal study: Five-year results

Abstract This study evaluated the treatment needs of 44 overdenture patients who had worn their dentures for at least 5 years. There were 135 abutment teeth involved, 35 in the maxillae and 100 in the mandible. Recall rates varied from a low of 27.6% to a high of 73.7%. The attrition rate was 20.5% after 5 years. The caries rate varied from a low of 2.7% to a high of 20.6%, and periodontal treatment was required by 94% of the subjects after 5 years. Only 39.4% of the subjects required adjustments, repairs, relines, or remakes of their overdentures during this time. The study showed that the success of overdentures depended on maintaining oral hygiene at an adequate level and at least yearly recalls to maintain gingival health.
Effects of coverage on the geometry and electronic structure of Al overlayers on Si(111).

Emploi de la microscopie tunnel a balayage pour etudier l'influence de la couverture sur la geometrie atomique et la structure electronique de couches ordonnees d'Al sur Si(111). La transition semiconducteur-metal est directement correlee a des variations de la geometrie des liaisons locales en fonction du degre de recouvrement
Women in Urology 2014

Abstract Introduction We reviewed the significance and achievements of female urologists and urological researchers who have impacted the field of urology. Methods We reviewed the past and current status of female urologists and researchers in urological investigation. Results Since 1962, the year that the first woman was board certified as a urologist, the number of women working in urological practice and urological research has steadily increased. As of January 2014 there are 350 female board certified urologists and in tandem a progressive increase in female researchers engaged in urological investigation. Indeed, slightly more than a quarter of urology residents today are women and the match rate is equivalent for men and women seeking a residency slot. Women are beginning to assume leadership positions in academic urology and research environments, working in all areas of the field. Conclusions As the number of women urologists and female scientists in urological investigation increased in the last 50 years, their contributions significantly advanced the practice of urology and our understanding of the previously unrecognized causes of urological disease.
Foraging and spatial dispersion in protein-scavenging workers of Vespula germanica and V. maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

A series of experiments on the discovery of meat bait by scavenging workers ofV. germanica andV. maculifrons showed that workers oriented to meats by visual cues and olfactory cues. Scavening workers ofV. germanica andV. maculifrons responded positively to the sight of conspecifics at meat baits; i.e., meat with (confined) wasps received more visits than meat without wasps. This attraction to conspecific workers on meat baits provides evidence of local enhancement, in that the presence of conspecifics at meat bait directs other wasps to a particular spatial locality. Local enhancement by yellowjackets foraging for meat may contribute to the clumped distribution of worker populations noted in studies of workers captured in meat-baited traps. We hypothesize that local enhancement of foraging is a ubiquitous behavior in species of theV. vulgaris species group and may be one attribute explaining their ecological success.
Submillimeter wave astronomy satellite science highlights

Since its launch on 5 December 1998, the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) has surveyed more than 5000 lines-of-sight toward more than 200 Galactic objects in transitions of five astrophysically important atomic and molecular species: H216O, H218O, O2, CI, and 13CO. SWAS sources include giant molecular clouds, dark molecular clouds and starless cores, diffuse and translucent interstellar clouds, planetary nebulae, supernova remnants, oxygen-rich evolved stars, extreme carbon stars, and solar system objects such as Jupiter, Saturn, Mars and comets. A review of SWAS results relating to each of these sources is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a sampling of discoveries is offered through a summary of three diverse areas of SWAS studies – new insights into interstellar chemistry, cometary studies, and extra-solar comets.
Factorizable dual model of pions based on a coupling of dual spin fields with J s = - {1}/{2}and J s = -1

As an example of the group theoretical approach to the construction of new dual resonance models, we examine a model in which the pion trajectory lies 12 units below the Pomeranchuk trajectory, and 12 unit below the ρ trajectory. The model is based on constructing the pion N point function out of the vertex Vπ(k, z) =: V0(k, z) ψ(z) H(z):, where V0(k, z) is the conventional Veneziano vertex, and ψ(z) and H(z) transform as Js = −12 and Js = −1, respectively, under SU(1, 1). An explicit expression is obtained for the four point function, and certain general properties of the model are discussed.
Hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin ointment in emergency department patients.

Background Nitroglycerin ointment is commonly used in the treatment of emergency department (ED) patients with suspected acute heart failure (AHF) or suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but its hemodynamic effects in this population are not well described.
Real-time tool wear monitoring in milling using a cutting condition independent method

Abstract This paper describes a new method to monitor end milling tool wear in real-time by tracking force model coefficients during the cutting process. The behavior of these coefficients are shown to be independent from the cutting conditions and correlated with the wear state of the cutting tool. The tangential and radial force model coefficients are normalized and combined into a single parameter for wear monitoring. A number of experiments with different workpiece materials are run to investigate the feasibility of tool wear monitoring using this method. We show that this method can be used in real-time to track tool wear and detect the transition point from the gradual wear region to the failure region in which the rate of wear accelerates.
Open source software licenses: Strong-copyleft, non-copyleft, or somewhere in between?

Studies on open source software (OSS) have shown that the license under which an OSS is released has an impact on the success or failure of the software. In this paper, we model the relationship between an OSS developer's utility, the effort that goes into developing an OSS, his attitude towards the freedom to choose an OSS license, and the choice of OSS license. We find that the larger the effort to develop OSS, the more is the likelihood that the OSS license would be free from restrictions. Interestingly, the result holds even when all OSS developers prefer restrictive licenses or less-restrictive license. The results suggest that least-restrictive or non-copyleft license will dominate other types of OSS license when a large effort is required to develop derivative software. On the other hand, most-restrictive or strong-copyleft licenses will be the dominant license when minimal effort is required to develop the original OSS and the derivative software.
Martingales on Random Sets and the Strong Martingale Property

Let $X$ be a process defined on an optional random set. The paper develops two different conditions on $X$ guaranteeing that it is the restriction of a uniformly integrable martingale. In each case, it is supposed that $X$ is the restriction of some special semimartingale $Z$ with canonical decomposition $Z=M+A$. The first condition, which is both necessary and sufficient, is an absolute continuity condition on $A$. Under additional hypotheses, the existence of a martingale extension can be characterized by a strong martingale property of $X$. Uniqueness of the extension is also considered.
ACP Journal Club. Review: glucosamine and chondroitin, alone or in combination, do not clinically improve knee or hip pain in osteoarthritis.

Source Citation Wandel S, Juni P, Tendal B, et al. Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c4675. 20847017
The enthalpy and specific heat of yttrium oxide at 1300–2100°K

The temperature dependence of the enthalpy and heat capacity of Y2O3 over the range 1300–2100°K was determined by a combination of experimental and analytical methods. The equation obtained can be interpolated in a first approximation for the temperature range 298–1300°K.
Introduction to the Monitoring, Control, and Protection Minitrack

This minitrack focuses on topics related to the monitoring, control, and protection of electric power systems for real-time operations and short-term operations planning. Innovations that focus on effective acquisition, management, and utilization of massive amounts of data, and the application of optimization techniques both for unit commitment and topology control are a particular focus this year. The minitrack hast two sessions.
Periodically developed flow and heat transfer in a ribbed duct

Periodic fully developed flow and heat transfer results for a ribbed duct were obtained experimentally and numerically, using the nonlinear and standard k-ɛ turbulence models. Predicted recirculation lengths and maximum Nusselt number locations agreed well with the measured values. Both models performed poorly in the separated region just behind the ribs, where the Reynolds stresses were grossly underpredicted, the flow temperatures were overpredicted, and the mean velocity magnitudes were generally underpredicted. The local Nusselt numbers were underpredicted by both models. The nonlinear model predicted more realistic Reynolds stresses in the core flow region immediately above the ribs than the standard k-ɛ model.
Inelastic neutron scattering studies of rotational excitations and the orientational potential in C60 and A3C60 compounds

Abstract We describe neutron scattering studies of rotational excitations of the C 60 molecule in pure C 60 and in A 3 C 60 (A = alkali metal) compounds. Well-defined peaks due to librations are observed below the orientational ordering transition temperature in C 60 , itself, and at all temperatures at which measurements were made (up to 675 K in K 3 C 60 ) in the compounds. The energies of these excitations have been used to extract information about orientational potentials and reorientation mechanisms. For the systems studied so far, we find that the size of the ion occupying the tetrahedral site correlates with the librational energy, demonstrating that the repulsive part of the A-C interaction makes a significant contribution to the interatomic potential.
Interactions between the amyloid precursor protein C‐terminal domain and G proteins mediate calcium dysregulation and amyloid β toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by neuropathological accumulations of amyloid β(1–42) [Aβ(1–42)], a cleavage product of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Recent studies have highlighted the role of APP in Aβ-mediated toxicity and have implicated the G-protein system; however, the exact mechanisms underlying this pathway are as yet undetermined. In this context, we sought to investigate the role of calcium upregulation following APP-dependent, Aβ-mediated G-protein activation. Initial studies on the interaction between APP, Aβ and Go proteins demonstrated that the interaction between APP, specifically its C-terminal -YENPTY- region, and Go was reduced in the presence of Aβ. Cell death and calcium influx in Aβ-treated cells were shown to be APP dependent and to involve G-protein activation because these effects were blocked by use of the G-protein inhibitor, pertussis toxin. Collectively, these results highlight a role for the G-protein system in APP-dependent, Aβ-induced toxicity and calcium dysregulation. Analysis of the APP:Go interaction in human brain samples from Alzheimer’s disease patients at different stages of the disease revealed a decrease in the interaction, correlating with disease progression. Moreover, the reduced interaction between APP and Go was shown to correlate with an increase in membrane Aβ levels and G-protein activity, showing for first time that the APP:Go interaction is present in humans and is responsive to Aβ load. The results presented support a role for APP in Aβ-induced G-protein activation and suggest a mechanism by which basal APP binding to Go is reduced under pathological loads of Aβ, liberating Go and activating the G-protein system, which may in turn result in downstream effects including calcium dysregulation. These results also suggest that specific antagonists of G-protein activity may have a therapeutic relevance in Alzheimer’s disease.
Comparative Study of Metabolic Effects of Estradiol Benzoate and Testosterone Propionate in Man

In extending the work of Thorn and Harrop (1) describing the sodium retaining influence of several steroids of the sex hormone series Thorn and Engel (2) noted that the urinary excretion of nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus was depressed by estradiol, estrone or pregnancy urine estrogens. Thus, 5 mg. of estradiol benzpate given in one injection to a normal male dog reduced urinary nitrogen from 10.4 to 8.2 gm. the second day after injection and reduced urinary inorganic phosphorus from 0.56 gm. per day to 0.43 and 0.39 gm. on the second and third days after injection. Urinary sodium and chloride also declined as in the earlier experiments while urinary potassium was unaltered. Evidence was further provided that these effects were not mediated by the adrenal cortex. In adrenalectomizied dogs pregnancy urine estrogens partially retarded the diuresis of sodium and chloride, consequent upon withdrawal of adrenal extract. Seventeen mg. of estradiol benzoate given in a single injection to a woman with Addison's...
Rebates, introductory sales and the Coase conjecture

Abstract A model of a durable goods monopoly is presented in which results can differ qualitatively from the Coase conjecture. When introductory sales are used, the second price can be higher than the opening price. When a rebate is given for the first unit purchased, the opening price is strictly greater than the minimum valuation.
Governmental accounting: Recent developments and current issues

The 1975 New York City fiscal crisis and recent advances in accounting concepts and practices have spurred developments of governmental accounting in all areas from accounting standards to research and publications, improved governmental accounting systems, and governmental accounting standard-setting structure. This study traces these developments and identifies current governmental accounting issues which governmental accounting authorities have to resolve.
Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: key tests for LMWH quality assurance

During the 2007-2008 heparin crisis it was found that the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) testing monograph for heparin sodium or low molecular weight heparins did not detect the presence of the contaminant, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS). In response to this concern, new tests and specifications were developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and USP and put in place to detect not only the contaminant OSCS, but also to improve assurance of quality and purity of these drug products. The USP monographs for the low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) approved for use in the United States (dalteparin, tinzaparin and enoxaparin) are also undergoing revision to include many of the same tests used for heparin sodium, including; one-dimensional (1D) 500 MHz (1)H NMR, SAX-HPLC, percent galactosamine in total hexosamine and anticoagulation time assays with purified Factor IIa or Factor Xa. These tests represent orthogonal approaches for heparin identification, measurement of bioactivity and for detection of process impurities or contaminants in these drug products. Here we describe results from a survey of multiple lots from three types of LMWHs in the US market which were collected after the 2009 heparin sodium monograph revision. In addition, innovator and generic versions of formulated enoxaparin products purchased in 2011 are compared using these tests and found to be highly similar within the discriminating power of the assays applied.
Clinical diversity of sickle cell anemia: Genetic and cellular modulation of disease severity

There is a great diversity in the clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia. Some patients have severe repetitive infarctive episodes culminating in organ failure. Others have minor and nonincapacitating problems. This review focuses on the cellular and genetic factors that may play a role in modulating the clinical effects of the sickle hemoglobin gene. Understanding the role of putative modulators of disease severity may in the future allow the introduction of novel methods of therapy.
Pre- and Postupgrade Distributions of NLDN Reported Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Characteristics in the Contiguous United States

Abstract The National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) underwent a major upgrade during 2002–03 that increased its sensitivity and improved its performance. It is important to examine cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning distributions before and after this upgrade because CG characteristics depend on both measurement capabilities and meteorological variability. This study compares preupgrade (1996–99, 2001) and postupgrade (2004–09) CG distributions over the contiguous United States to examine the influence of the recent upgrade and to provide baseline postupgrade averages. Increased sensitivity explains most of the differences in the pre- and postupgrade distributions, including a general increase in total CG and positive CG (+CG) flash densities. The increase in +CG occurs despite the use of a greater weak +CG threshold for removing ambiguous +CG reports (post 15 kA versus pre 10 kA). Conversely, the average +CG percentage decreased from 10.61% to 8.65% following the upgrade. The average +CG (−CG) multiplic...
Development of unified statistical potentials describing protein-protein interactions

A residue-based and a heavy atom-based statistical pair potential are developed for use in assessing the strength of protein-protein interactions. To ensure the quality of the potentials, a nonredundant, high-quality dimer database is constructed. The protein complexes in this dataset are checked by a literature search to confirm that they form multimers, and the pairwise amino acid preference to interact across a protein-protein interface is analyzed and pair potentials constructed. The performance of the residue-based potentials is evaluated by using four jackknife tests and by assessing the potentials' ability to select true protein-protein interfaces from false ones. Compared to potentials developed for monomeric protein structure prediction, the interdomain potential performs much better at distinguishing protein-protein interactions. The potential developed from homodimer interfaces is almost the same as that developed from heterodimer interfaces with a correlation coefficient of 0.92. The residue-based potential is well suited for genomic scale protein interaction prediction and analysis, such as in a recently developed threading-based algorithm, MULTIPROSPECTOR. However, the more time-consuming atom-based potential performs better in identifying near-native structures from docking generated decoys.