cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Average effective interdiffusion coefficients and the Matano plane composition

From an integration of the interdiffusion flux of a component over distance in the diffusion zone of an isothermal solid-solid diffusion couple, average effective interdiffusion coefficients can be evaluated over selected ranges of composition. An analysis is developed to inter-relate, in general, the average effective interdiffusion coefficients calculated for the composition ranges on either side of the Matano plane to the composition at the Matano plane. Characteristic depths for concentration profiles on either side of the Matano plane are employed to characterize the concentration profiles and their deviations from error function solutions. The analysis is applied to the concentration profiles of a binary Fe-C as well as a ternary Cu-Ni-Zn single-phase diffusion couple. From a knowledge of concentration profiles on one side of the Matano plane, profiles on the other side can be generated from an error function model based on the analysis.
A Developing Role for Social Psychology in Medicine and Medical Practice

Social psychology has the potential to make valuable contributions to significant medical issues including problems of etiology, prevention, management, and treatment of illness and the delivery of health care services. This paper summarizes some of these potential contributions and concludes that, though there are liabilities involved in social psychology -- medicine liaisons, they are far outweighed by the benefits.
The Effect of Trunk Stabilization Exercises with a Swiss Ball on Core Muscle Activation in the Elderly

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of trunk stabilization exercise on the muscle EMG activations related to core stability. [Subjects and Methods] Fifteen elderly people in a geriatric hospital performed trunk stabilization exercises with a Swiss ball for 20 minutes five times per week for 8 weeks. Trunk muscle activations were measured using electromyography before and after the intervention. [Results] After the intervention, the muscle activations of the rectus abdominis, erector spinae, lateral low-back (quadratus lumborum and external oblique), and gluteus medius muscles increased significantly. [Conclusion] The trunk stabilization exercise with a Swiss ball significantly increased the muscle activities of the elderly.
Influence of late Pleistocene glaciations on the hydrogeology of the continental shelf offshore Massachusetts, USA

Multiple late Pleistocene glaciations that extended onto the continental shelf offshore Massachusetts, USA, may have emplaced as much as 100 km3 of freshwater (salinity <5 ppt) in continental shelf sediments. To estimate the volume and extent of offshore freshwater, we developed a three-dimensional, variable-density model that couples fluid flow and heat and solute transport for the continental shelf offshore Massachusetts. The stratigraphy for our model is based on high-resolution, multichannel seismic data. The model incorporates the last 3 Ma of climate history by prescribing boundary conditions of sea level change and ice sheet extent and thickness. We incorporate new estimates of the maximum extent of a late Pleistocene ice sheet to near the shelf-slope break. Model results indicate that this late Pleistocene ice sheet was responsible for much of the emplaced freshwater. We predict that the current freshwater distribution may reach depths up to 500 meters below sea level and up to 30 km beyond Martha's Vineyard. The freshwater distribution is strongly dependent on the three-dimensional stratigraphy and ice sheet history. Our predictions improve our understanding of the distribution of offshore freshwater, a potential nonrenewable resource for coastal communities along recently glaciated margins.
Recent Advances in the Molecular Imaging of Programmed Cell Death: Part II—Non–Probe-Based MRI, Ultrasound, and Optical Clinical Imaging Techniques

There is much that can be done to detect apoptosis and other forms of cell death with existing clinical modalities including ultrasound, MRI, and optical imaging without the need for current or new intravenous contrast agents. We will discuss how these widely available imaging technologies can readily be applied to the imaging of apoptosis in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment. The limiting factor of course is the lack of knowledge of the optimal times after the start of treatment for the most accurate assessment of apoptosis and necrosis with each modality and specific technique. It is hoped that imaging studies that systematically look at treatment response can soon be performed to address these issues.
Midline sagittal sacral fractures in anterior-posterior compression pelvic ring injuries.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the outcome of an uncommon variant of the anterior–posterior compression pelvic injury, in which the posterior ring injury is a midline sagittal sacral fracture extending into the spinal canal.DesignProspective, consecutive series.SettingTwo regional trauma centers.PatientsA con
Notis acquisitions in operation

Abstract The acquisitions module of NOTIS (Northwestern Online Total Integrated System), implemented in 1971 at Northwestern University Library, is one part of a system which also includes cataloging, circulation, and patron access (LUIS: Library User Information Service). The module is comprehensive and provides for the full range of acquisitions activities including ordering, receiving, posting payments, claiming, and issue-by-issue check-in of serials. NOTIS is a sophisticated yet flexible system which has freed us from cumbersome manual operations.
Ti-concentration inhomogeneities in Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides

Distributed fluctuations in the effective index of a waveguide can explain all the nonideal optical characteristics (including optical cross talk) observed in Ti-diffused LiNbO3 directional-coupler switches. We find that these spatial-index fluctuations are not a result of the photolithographic processes used to define the channel waveguides. Measurements of undiffused Ti films have an envelope of concentration variations approximately seven times that of the diffused Ti channel waveguides. The magnitude of these inhomogeneities is consistent with that required to produce the optical cross talk in current devices.
Skeletal muscle protein turnover in young male pigs.

A 6-h continuous infusion of L-(U-14C)tyrosinewas used to estimate fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR) in the longissimus dorsi (LD), semitendinosus (ST) and brachialis (BR) muscles of intact male pigs weighing 22 or 45 kg. The FSR was approximately 20 % lower for pigs at 45 kg (4.2 vs. 5.2 %Id, 5.2 vs. 6.4 %Id and 5.1 vs. 6.4 %/d for the LD, ST and BR muscles, respectively) compared with pigs at 22 kg. Fractional protein accretion or growth rates (FGR) were estimated over a 2-wk period. At 22 kg, FGR for the LD, ST and BR were 0.7, 2.4 and 1.7%Id, respectively; at 45 kg, FGR for these muscles were 1.7, 1.9 and 0.7 %Id. Fractional protein break down rates (FBR) derived by difference (FBR = FSR - FGR) were 44, 16 and 8% lower for the LD, ST and BR muscles, respectively, at 45 kg compared with those at 22 kg. Therefore, it is suggested that muscle growth rate is modulated by alterations in FBR. By using the fractional rates found in these muscles to determine total-muscle protein synthesized or degraded in pigs at 22 and 45 kg, the proportion of protein retained was approximately 28 % of that synthesized by the pigs at each weight. Since individual skeletal muscles of the pigs differed in protein turnover rates during post natal growth and development, selection of a muscle(s) for turnover rates in growth studies is critical. J. Nutr. 115: 1057-1064, 1985.
The extracellular metalloprotease of Vibrio tubiashii directly inhibits its extracellular haemolysin.

Vibrio tubiashii is a re-emerging pathogen of molluscs that secretes a variety of extracellular products (ECPs), including a metalloprotease and a cytolysin/haemolysin. Previously, we reported that the V. tubiashii haemolysin locus consists of two ORFs (vthB and vthA), similar to that of the homologous haemolysin genes (vvhB and vvhA) found in Vibrio vulnificus. Here, we demonstrate that the concomitant expression of both V. tubiashii genes resulted in significantly higher haemolytic activity than the vthA gene alone. In addition, we created a VthAB− mutant strain of V. tubiashii that was virtually devoid of haemolytic activity in liquid media. Interestingly, significant production of an additional haemolysin(s) was observed on blood plates. Moreover, we have previously reported that in V. tubiashii, proteolytic and haemolytic activities are inversely produced during bacterial growth. Here, we study this correlation in more detail and present evidence that the VtpA metalloprotease inhibits haemolytic activity in culture supernatants, based on the following evidence: (i) loss of metalloprotease activity by either mutation or EDTA inhibition resulted in increased haemolytic activity; (ii) overexpression of the vtpA gene resulted in decreased haemolytic activity; (iii) purified VtpA metalloprotease directly diminished haemolytic activity by purified VthA haemolysin. Importantly, we found not only that vthAB gene expression remained high throughout growth but also that there were no dramatic differences in vthAB gene expression between the parent and VtpA− mutant strains. Thus, our results strongly suggest that the V. tubiashii metalloprotease directly targets its haemolysin.
Assessing the Implementation Fidelity of Check-In Check-Out Behavioral Interventions in Elementary and Middle Schools

Implementation fidelity is crucial to the success of behavioral interventions. However, measuring and maintaining intervention implementation fidelity in schools’ natural settings can be challenging. This article reports findings from a study examining the implementation fidelity of check-in check-out interventions at an urban school district which had recently instituted this as their first-line targeted intervention within their tiered behavioral intervention process. Check-in check-out cards from 252 elementary and middle school students were analyzed to assess the presence of 5 implementation fidelity indicators: daily implementation, subject/area consistency, established point goal, behavioral goal consistency, and score completion. Although all schools struggled to maintain implementation fidelity in some aspects of the intervention, middle schools appeared to have greater difficulty adhering to these five components of the check-in check-out protocol.
Aesthetics and Economy in Pedestrian Bridge Design

Two common pitfalls of pedestrian bridge design are explored: the idea that a structure that is efficient will automatically be elegant versus the notion that a lot of money must be spent to get a beautiful structure. The drive for landmark bridges has led some engineers to disregard the engineering ethic of economy with some recent footbridges. The Toss Footbridge by structural artist Robert Maillart is shown as a model structure, with Maillart's calculations and a description of the bridge's structural behavior presented. Then an extremity on the other side of the spectrum is analyzed: the Turtle Bay Sundial Bridge in Redding, California. The cost escalation and a scientific explanation of the irrationality of the bridge form are presented for this $23.5 million footbridge. In order to explore both pitfalls in the United States an informal national study of all 50 states was performed. Results from the national study (including costs) are described and interpreted. Three unique structures from this stud...
Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture

The polyoma virus middle-T and the T24 Harvey ras1 genes are individually unable to transform primary baby rat kidney cells. Adenovirus early region 1A provides functions required by these genes to transform primary cells following DNA-mediated gene transfer. These results suggest that separate establishment and transforming functions are required for oncogenic transformation of primary cells in culture.
Intraurethral alprostadil for treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury

Abstract Objectives. To assess the efficacy of intraurethral prostaglandin E 1 (alprostadil, MUSE) in treating erectile dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods. Intraurethral alprostadil was tested in 15 patients with SCI to evaluate its effectiveness in treating SCI-associated erectile dysfunction. All patients were at least 1 year after injury, and all had previously used intracavernosal injections successfully (Schramek's grade 5 erection). The intraurethral drug was administered in the office, in the presence of a physician, with monitoring of blood pressure. If effective, the patient was then able to use MUSE at home. The first 3 patients underwent gradual dose escalation starting with 125 μg, without the use of a constriction ring. Because of hypotension, the remaining 12 patients all used a penile constriction ring prior to intraurethral drug administration using 1000 μg. The quality of the erection was compared with that achieved with intracavernosal injections using Schramek's grading. Results. The dose escalation (titration) in the first 3 patients demonstrated that the 1000-μg dose was the most effective in creating an erectile response. Transient hypotension was noted in these first 3 patients in whom the constricting band was not used. The highest dose of MUSE (1000 μg) was, therefore, used in the remaining 12 patients, with the constriction band. The quality of the erection varied and appeared to be less rigid in all patients (12 patients with grade 1 to 3; 3 patients with grade 4) than that noted with intracavernosal injection therapy (15 patients with grade 5). There was no incidence of priapism. The 3 patients with grade 4 erections tried the MUSE at home. All 3 patients were dissatisfied with the quality of the erection and did not continue to use the MUSE at home and returned to intracavernosal injection therapy. Conclusions. MUSE appears to be somewhat effective in creating erections; however, these were less rigid erections than those obtained with intracavernosal therapy and provided less overall satisfaction. It should always be used in the patient with SCI after placement of a constriction ring to prevent hypotension. Its ultimate use depends on the patient's level of satisfaction with the quality of the erection compared with intracavernosal injections.
Ventilator self-cycling may falsely suggest patient effort during brain death determination

Brain death is suspected when a patient with a destructive neurologic brain injury on a ventilator fails to generate respirations and other brainstem reflexes are absent. An apnea test is mandated in brain-death evaluation. Apnea is concluded when no breathing effort is observed at PaCO2 of 60 mm Hg or with a 20 mm Hg increase from normal baseline.1 There are no reported cases of adult patients who were declared brain dead and later initiated respirations. Two cases from the U.K. (brain death and cardiac death) have been described where the ventilator readings were erroneous but remotely suggested patient effort.2,3 We have recently come across several instances during brain-death determination when it appeared that patients falsely triggered the ventilator. We would like to call attention to this phenomenon of ventilator self-cycling. From January 2002 to February 2005, we performed apnea tests in 83 patients in our neurologic-neurosurgical intensive care unit for brain-death determination. All patients fulfilled …
Effects of isolation on the water status of forest patches in the Brazilian Amazon

Patterns of edge-related environmental changes and plant water relations were investigated in the isolated forest reserves of the INPA-WWF Minimum Critical Size of Eco-systems project near Manaus, Brazil early in the wet season.
Adaptive data broadcasting in asymmetric communication environments

We present a new adaptive broadcast dissemination model to support flexible responses to client requests. Several features distinguish our model. First, client queries do not target individual documents, but specify the required information by attributes. Second, clients are satisfied by responses that are sufficiently close to the desired information. Finally, the server in our model solicits randomized feedback from clients to adapt its broadcast program to client needs. Our simulation results show that our model captures the interest patterns of clients more efficiently and more accurately and scales very well with the number of clients, while reducing overall client average waiting times.
Comments on "Channel identification for high speed digital communications"

It is shown that the accelerated equalizer convergence reported in the above paper, obtained by using a second-order adaptive algorithm, is misleading. The second-order algorithm presented is approximately equivalent to the usual first-order algorithm with a larger adaptation constant (step-size).
Event-based social networks: linking the online and offline social worlds

Newly emerged event-based online social services, such as Meetup and Plancast, have experienced increased popularity and rapid growth. From these services, we observed a new type of social network - event-based social network (EBSN). An EBSN does not only contain online social interactions as in other conventional online social networks, but also includes valuable offline social interactions captured in offline activities. By analyzing real data collected from Meetup, we investigated EBSN properties and discovered many unique and interesting characteristics, such as heavy-tailed degree distributions and strong locality of social interactions.We subsequently studied the heterogeneous nature (co-existence of both online and offline social interactions) of EBSNs on two challenging problems: community detection and information flow. We found that communities detected in EBSNs are more cohesive than those in other types of social networks (e.g. location-based social networks). In the context of information flow, we studied the event recommendation problem. By experimenting various information diffusion patterns, we found that a community-based diffusion model that takes into account of both online and offline interactions provides the best prediction power.This paper is the first research to study EBSNs at scale and paves the way for future studies on this new type of social network. A sample dataset of this study can be downloaded from http://www.largenetwork.org/ebsn.
Tunably decentralized algorithms for cooperative target observation

Multi-agent problem domains may require distributed algorithms for a variety of reasons: local sensors, limitations of communication, and availability of distributed computational resources. In the absence of these constraints, centralized algorithms are often more efficient, simply because they are able to take advantage of more information. We introduce a variant of the cooperative target observation domain which is free of such constraints. We propose two algorithms, inspired by K-means clustering and hill-climbing respectively, which are scalable in degree of decentralization. Neither algorithm consistently outperforms the other across over all problem domain settings. Surprisingly, we find that hill-climbing is sensitive to degree of decentralization, while K-means is not. We also experiment with a combination of the two algorithms which draws strength from each.
Interactions among stomata in response to perturbations in humidity

The existence of patchy stomatal closure suggests interactions among neighbouring stomata that synchronize stomatal movements in small areas of a leaf. To test for such interactions, water vapour partial pressure (e wv ) for a small group of stomata was controlled independently of that for the surrounding stomata using gas flow from a small needle. The e wv for the surrounding stomata was controlled with a larger gas flow, termed the primary flow. The spatial pattern of e wv isobars caused by the needle flow was assessed experimentally and theoretically. Stomatal apertures were monitored following perturbations in e wv of the primary flow and the needle flow. When e wv of the primary flow was perturbed and that of the needle flow held constant, stomata for which there was little or no perturbation in e wv responded similarly to stomata experiencing the perturbation. When the e wv of the needle flow was perturbed and that of the primary flow held constant, many stomata experiencing little or no perturbation responded similarly to those experiencing a large perturbation. The results are discussed in relation to a mechanism for stomatal interactions that has been proposed in a previous study [Haefner, Buckley & Mott (1997) Plant, Cell and Environment 20, 1087-1097, this issue].
Effect of Estrogen and Progesterone on Thyroid Function of Cattle

Summary A preliminary study is presented concerning the possible role of the ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone) upon the rate of secretion of thyroid hormone during estrus and pregnancy. For this purpose, a technique was developed consisting of the measurement of thyroidal-I 131 release when recycling of I 131 was prevented by a goitrogen (thiouracil) during a preliminary control period. During the subsequent period of ovarian hormone injection, the measurement of release rate is continued. If a change in release rate is noted, it is believed to indicate that a change in thyroxine secretion rate has been induced. The injection of 100mg. per day of progesterone alone or in combination with 100µg. of estradiol benzoate failed to alter the release rate of thyroidal I 131 in groups of dairy cattle. While 1.15mg. estradiol benzoate alone also failed, when 2.5 or 3.0mg. were injected daily, the release rate was increased to a statistically significant extent. These observations are interpreted as indicating that the level of estrogen secreted in late pregnancy stimulates increased secretion of thyrotropin and thyroxine during early lactation.
A system for the proactive, continuous, and efficient collection of digital forensic evidence

The historical focus of forensics research and tools on digital systems that are seized from a suspect misses the fact that in centrally controlled networks it is possible to proactively and continuously collect evidence in advance of any known need. We present a proof-of-concept for PROOFS, the first proposed continuous forensic evidence collection system that applies information retrieval techniques to file system forensics. PROOFS creates and stores signatures for files that are deleted, edited, or copied within such a network. The heart of each signature is one or more fingerprints, generated based on statistical properties of file contents, maintaining semantics while requiring as little as 1.06% of the storage space of the original file. We focus on text documents and show that PROOFS has a high precision of 0.96 and recall of 0.85 with stored fingerprint sizes of less than 375 bytes. The two contributions of this work are that we show that common environments exist where proactive collection of forensic evidence is possible and that we demonstrate an efficient and accurate mechanism for collecting evidence in those environments.
Pin-ups, strippers and centerfolds: Gendered mediation and post-socialist political culture:

This article focuses on a ‘new generation’ of female politicians in Central and Eastern Europe who have emerged in the post-socialist context. These women are found in various countries and their political affiliations and agendas are diverse. However, they share a peculiar penchant for using the mass media to offer provocatively packaged public displays of their bodies in ways that relate to their political careers. These strategies of mediated self-exposure include posing for erotic magazines or using sexualized messages in various other video and print formats. In addition to drawing attention at home and abroad, these sensationalized and sexualized displays of female politicians’ bodies highlight the changing tastes and manners of post-socialist political culture. This article examines emblematic examples of female politicians’ mediated self-exposure and uses them to raise critical questions about the gendered nature of post-socialist political culture as it intersects with commercial media culture.
A physico-chemical survey of inland lakes and saline ponds: Christmas Island (Kiritimati) and Washington (Teraina) Islands, Republic of Kiribati

The equatorial Pacific Ocean atoll islands of Kiritimati and Teraina encompass great physical, chemical and biological variability within extreme lacustrine environments. Surveys of lake chemistry and sediments revealed both intra- and inter-island variability. A survey of more than 100 lakes on Kiritimati found salinities from nearly fresh to 150 ppt with the highest values occurring within the isolated, inland portions of the island away from the influence of groundwater or extreme tides. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH values also showed considerable variability with a less regular spatial pattern, but were both generally inversely related to salinity. Series of lakes, progressively more isolated from marine communication, present a modern analog to the chemical and morphologic evolution of presently isolated basins. Sediments on both islands consist of interbedded red and green silt, possibly degraded bacterial mat, overlying white, mineralogenic silt precipitate. Variability may be indicative of shifts in climatological parameters such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
Preparing Students for Success in Fieldwork

We designed an interviewing techniques course to facilitate students' acquisition of professional role attributes and skills we consider likely to contribute to success in fieldwork. Advanced undergraduates rated the value of various components of the course 1 to 2 years after taking it, when they were near completion of senior fieldwork placements. Faculty members who teach fieldwork seminars and fieldwork preparation courses also rated the value of course components. Overall ratings by both students and faculty were quite high. Students gave the highest ratings to learning experiences that took place in class, were active, related directly to interviewing skills, and included interactions with others.
Methods of Valuation: Myths vs. Reality

The author takes the position that too many entering the profession of finance are incorrectly trained in valuation methods. The price/earnings multiple dominates the investments material, while EV/EBITDA goes largely ignored. In this survey of 1, 209 financial analysts, 41.7% use the price-to-earnings ratio as their primary metric, while 36.2% prefer EV/EBITDA. More importantly, the survey participants predict the latter metric will be the primary measuring tool for the future. All of this is going on in spite of the fact that of the 10 leading investment texts, only one has EV/EBITDA in the index or glossary. The survey also shows a resounding negative attitude toward new measures of income proposed by the International Accounting Standards Board (which would be used in valuation models in the future).
IMMUNOGLOBULIN DIVERSITY IN THE PHYLOGENETICALLY PRIMITIVE SHARK, HETERODONTUS FRANCISCI: I. SUGGESTED LACK OF STRUCTURAL VARIATION BETWEEN LIGHT CHAINS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT ANIMALS

A two-step procedure employing gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography has been utilized to isolate LMW immunoglobulin from the horned shark, Heterodontus francisci. Light chains obtained by complete reduction and alkylation of the parent protein have been compared by several analytical techniques. Amino acid composition data implies a limited degree of variation in the light chains isolated from individual animals. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the CNBr digests of the light chains reveal indistinguishable banding profiles of the major peptides. Isoelectric focusing indicates limited heterogeneity in the light chain spectrotype and identity in the pI of the majority of bands detectable by staining. The suggested degree of structural similarity in the light chains of this phylogenetically primitive shark is discussed in terms of the evolutionary position of the species and current theories concerning the origins of structural diversity in immunoglobulins.
Effectiveness of using a video game to teach a course in mechanical engineering

One of the core courses in the undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum has been completely redesigned. In the new numerical methods course, all assignments and learning experiences are built around a video/computer game. Students are given the task of writing computer programs to race a simulated car around a track. In doing so, students learn and implement numerical methods content. The design of the course, around a video game, is rooted in commonly accepted theories of how people learn. The article describes a study to assess the effectiveness of the video game-based course. Results show that students taking the game-based course, on average, spend roughly twice as much time, outside of class, on their course work. In a concept mapping exercise, students taking the game-based course demonstrate deeper learning compared to their counterparts taking traditional lecture/textbook-based numerical methods courses.
Early power exploration—a World Wide Web application

Exploration at the earliest stages of the design pro- cess is an integral component of effective low-power design. Nev- ertheless, superficial high-level analyses with insufficient accuracy are routinely performed. Critical drawbacks of current high-level design aids include a limited scope of application, inac- curacy of estimation, inaccessibility, and steep learning curves. This paper introduces an approach to alleviate these limitations, thus enabling more effective high-level design exploration. A World Wide Web (WWW) based prototype tool called PowerPlay, which encapsulates and enhances these techniques, is presented. Introductionearliest stages of the design process, power, area, and timing estimates are usually effected through first-order manual analyses performed on flow chart representations and/or simplified hardware sketches. These analyses involve the extraction of some critical information, which may include cursory estimates of operation and hardware counts, critical path length, and the manipulation of power, area, and timing models for each hardware module. For example, a high-level power analysis may be obtained by multiply- ing the number of hardware accesses with the estimated power dis- sipation per access. Unfortunately, the accuracy of these estimates is likely to be far lower than desired. Models may be nonexistent, difficult to access, or imprecise. Simulation is usually too time consuming to justify for any but the most critical components and is only feasible after the completion of a considerable portion of the design process. Fur- thermore, because this process is so tedious and time consuming, alternative implementations may often be dismissed without a scru- pulous examination of the potential performance enhancements they may provide. Effective power exploration at the early phases of the design process requires the following enablers to be present: 1. a well-documented and characterized library of modules, 2. a set of modeling techniques, which makes it easy to char-
An advanced teaching certificate program for postgraduate year 2 residents.

Purpose The rationale, structure, and elements of a teaching certificate program for second-year pharmacy residents are described. Summary Evidence suggests that postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) pharmacy residents generally have limited options for the continued development of their teaching skills after the completion of a postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) teaching certificate program. To expand those options, the University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy developed a program (implemented during the 2005–06 residency year and formalized during the 2010–11 residency year) of advanced teaching-skills development that allows PGY2 residents to build on the foundational skills acquired in its PGY1 teaching certificate program; the new program also has been adapted to meet the needs of incoming PGY2 residents who earned PGY1-level teaching certificates at other institutions. The teaching certificate program comprises eight modules of instruction in advanced topic areas (e.g., course coordination, grading, active learning, teaching with technology) designed to prepare PGY2 residents for future faculty and preceptor positions. Among other required and optional activities, residents in the PGY2 certificate program receive hands-on instruction in course-coordination duties through a shadowing experience, serve as preceptors to fourth-year pharmacy students under the guidance of the residency director, and redeliver refined versions of lectures originally presented as PGY1 residents. Conclusion A teaching certificate program specifically designed for PGY2 residents has allowed participants to continue to develop and refine their teaching skills through learning activities beyond those provided in the PGY1 program.
Magnetic field anisotropy of high critical current YBCO coated conductors

High critical current (>100 A) YBCO thick films, or coated conductors, are being developed for superconductor applications. The critical current I/sub c/ of these materials exhibits a magnetic field dependence that depends on the angle of the applied field. Measurement of this anisotropy is critical to the development of high temperature superconductor applications. We have developed the capability to characterize the magnetic field anisotropy of large, high critical current YBCO superconductors as a function of angle. We have measured the magnetic field anisotropy of the critical current in the H/spl perp/I orientation of three samples in fields from 0 to 7 T and at temperatures from 75 K to 64 K. The results of these measurements characterize the field dependence of these materials and reveal performance issues of importance to applications. In contrast to previous measurements on thin films, which show that I/sub c/ for the H/spl par/c orientation has the strongest field dependence, we demonstrate that the intermediate angle of /spl sim/45/spl deg/ to the normal to the tape plane shows the greatest field dependence for these coated conductors on technical substrates. The field performance, anisotropy, and temperature dependence are discussed in relation to sample quality.
Design aspects of a microprocessor data cache using 3D die interconnect technology

This paper explores an implementation of a new technology called 3D die stacking. 3D die stacking is the bonding of two die either face-to-face or face-to-back in order to construct a 3D structure. In this work a face-to-face bonding is utilized because it yields a higher density die-to-die interconnect than is possible with face-to-back. With sufficiently dense die-to-die interconnect, devices as complex as an iA32 microprocessor can be repartitioned or split between two die in order to simultaneously improve performance and power. The 3D structure of this emerging technology is examined and applied in this paper to a conventional 2D 32KB data cache. In this study, it is shown that a 3D implementation can potentially improve the silicon area, complexity, performance and power of a 2D circuit simultaneously.
Framing design: a social process view of information system development

This paper discusses a social process model for design activity in organizational IS development projects, based upon the findings of an interpretive, participant observation study of information system design processes in a mid-sized UK telecommunications equipment manufacturing company. The form of the proposed model is a dual-cycle dialectic between opening up the design problem and narrowing down design solutions; it is also a dialectic between individual and group design activity in the context of participation in a social community of design practice. A social cognition perspective was used to analyze the activities of design in context; implications of the findings of the study for a process model of design activity are contrasted with managerial assumptions and practices imposed by the use of the traditional, decompositional model of design. The paper has important implications for theory and practice. From a theoretical perspective, it is suggested that design team intersubjectivity regarding the goals and legitimacy of the process of design is a better measure of progress and design “completeness” than intersubjectivity regarding the form and requirements of the target information system. From a practical perspective, the adoption of a dual-cycle, convergence model of design might facilitate the management of detailed design activities between project milestones. The findings also have implications for the management of organizational “learning”: if organizational problemsolving processes are seen as involving distributed and emergent knowledge, then an explicit goal of intersubjective understanding is not only inappropriate, it is not attainable.
The Use of Small-Angle Light-Scattering (SALS) to Examine the Structure of Fibers 1:

The small-angle light-scattering (SALS) patterns of a wide range of polypropylene, nylon 6, and polyethylene ter ephthalate (PET) fibers have been examined so as to investigate the level of superstructural (>500 nm) ordering present within them. Many samples that were highly-disordered at a microstructural level, as evidenced by their wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) patterns, showed evidence of extensive superstructural ordering. For example, a rapidly- quenched polypropylene fiber, which exhibited a "smectic" WAXS pattern, had a SALS pattern characteristic of spheru lites about 6 μm in diameter. Brief annealing of this sample produced the conventional monoclinic polypropylene WAXS pattern but did not noticeably change the size or shape of the SALS pattern. The usefulness and limitations of SALS for examining sheath-core effects and for demonstrating the existence of distorted spherulites is also discussed.
Future changes of El Niño in two global coupled climate models

Idealized forcing experiments with 1% per year CO2 increase to stabilized doubled and quadrupled CO2, twenty-first century transient scenario experiments (SRES scenarios A1B and B1), and stabilized twenty-second century A1B and B1 experiments with two global coupled climate models (PCM and CCSM3) are analyzed for possible future changes of El Nino events. With increased CO2 in the models, there is a reduction of amplitude of El Nino events. This is particularly apparent with larger forcing in the stabilized 4×CO2 experiment in PCM and the stabilized greenhouse gas A1B experiment in CCSM3, where the reduction of amplitude is outside the range of the inherent multi-century variability of El Nino in the control runs of the models and is statistically significant. With moderately increased forcing (stabilized 2×CO2 in PCM and the stabilized B1 experiment in CCSM3), the reduction in amplitude is evident, but it is not significant. The change in El Nino behavior with larger forcing is attributed to the change in base state temperature in the equatorial Pacific, which is similar with increased greenhouse gases (GHGs) in both models. Positive temperature anomalies in and below the thermocline, associated with a reduction of the trade winds, and weakened Pacific Ocean subtropical cells, produce a less intense thermocline, and consequently lower amplitude El Nino events. The previously noted intensification of El Nino tropical precipitation anomalies in a warmer mean base state that applied when there was no appreciable change in El Nino amplitude does not hold in the present study where the El Nino events decrease in magnitude in a future warmer climate. North American surface temperature anomalies associated with El Nino are reduced and become less significant in the future events, with the anomalously deepened Aleutian low in the North Pacific weakened and moved eastward with greater radiative forcing. Part of this is attributed to the smaller amplitude events and thus lower amplitude teleconnections as indicated by contrasting composites of medium and high amplitude El Nino events from the control runs. The change in midlatitude base state circulation also contributes to the change in El Nino teleconnections. The effects of this change in base state on the weakened El Nino teleconnections over North America are confirmed in sensitivity experiments with a version of the atmospheric model in which heating anomalies are specified to mimic El Nino events in a base state changed due to increased GHGs.
Cloning of a cDNA encoding human centrin, an EF-hand protein of centrosomes and mitotic spindle poles

A human cDNA expression library was screened using anti-centrin antibodies to obtain a cDNA clone encoding human centrin. The cDNA clone contains an open reading frame of 516 base pairs and predicts a product of 172 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 19,528 and a pI of 4.61. Sequence analysis demonstrates that human centrin and centrins from higher plants, protozoa, algae, Xenopus and the yeast CDC31 gene product are closely related members of a subfamily of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. The human centrin sequence has four putative calcium-binding domains as defined by the EF-hand consensus. Immunoprecipitation and western blot studies from HeLa cells confirm that human centrin is a protein of approximately 20,000 M(r) as predicted from the cDNA clone. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis of HeLa cells demonstrates that centrin is localized at the centrosome of interphase cells and that it redistributes to the region of the spindle poles during mitosis. When taken together with earlier genetic studies, these results demonstrate that centrin is a ubiquitous component of centrosomes and mitotic spindle poles of diverse organisms and suggest that centrin plays a role in centrosome separation at the time of mitosis.
Stunted by Developing in Hypoxia: Linking Comparative and Model Organism Studies

Animals develop in atmospheric hypoxia in a wide range of habitats, and tissues may experience O2 limitation of ATP production during postembryonic development if O2 supply structures do not keep pace with growing O2 demand during ontogeny. Most animal species are stunted by postembryonic development in hypoxia, showing reduced growth rates and size in moderate hypoxia (5-15 kPa Po2). In mammals, the critical Po2 that limits resting metabolic rate also falls in this same moderate hypoxic range, so stunted growth may simply be due to hypoxic limits on ATP production. However, in most invertebrates and at least some lower vertebrates, hypoxic stunting occurs at Po2 values well above those that limit resting metabolism. Studies with diverse model organisms have identified multiple homologous O2-sensing signaling pathways that can inhibit feeding and growth during moderate hypoxia. Together, these comparative and model organism-based studies suggest that hypoxic stunting of growth and size can occur as programmed inhibition of growth, often by inhibition of insulin stimulation of growth processes. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that these same O2 signaling pathways can be utilized during normal animal development to ensure matching of O2 supply and demand structures and in mediation of variation in animal performance.
Geographic and life-history variation in ant queen colony founding correlates with brain amine levels

Although harvester ant queens only lay eggs for most of their lives, they interact socially when they start colonies, behaving aggressively or cooperatively depending on the population they come from. We investigated whether brain neurotransmitters known to control behaviors from insects to humans were linked to queen behaviors. We found that neurotransmitter levels changed and one, serotonin, was elevated specifically when queens became aggressive, even though this switch occurred at different times in different populations.
Hypnosis for Treatment of Functional Symptoms in Children

Hypnosis has been reported to be helpful in the management of many functional symptoms in children presenting to a medical practice including headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, and those arising as a result of anxiety. Therapy with hypnosis can be directed at the symptom, an underlying stressor, or both. Hypnosis can be taught to patients within several minutes and can empower them to deal effectively with the physical and psychological stressors that have contributed to their clinical presentation. Clinicians who learn to use hypnosis as part of their medical practice find that their ability to help patients has improved greatly. This chapter presents background, a brief review of the literature regarding hypnosis, and case studies. Also provided is a guide on how to use hypnosis clinically including links to video demonstrations.
Epitaxial relationships of clinopyroxene-hosted magnetite determined using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique

Crystallographic relationships between exsolved phases and their hosts are typically characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). In this investigation, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to determine the epitaxial relationships of exsolved laths of magnetite in clinopyroxenes from three sampling sites in the Cretaceous Messum Complex of Namibia. Two orientations of magnetite inclusions are found with their long axes subparallel to [100] and [001] of the host clinopyroxene. Inclusions subparallel to [100] c have [110] m // [010] c , (111) m // (101) c , and [112] m // [101] c . Inclusions subparallel to [001] c have [110] m // [010] c , (111) m // (100) c , and [112] m // [001] c . The EBSD-derived orientation relationships agree well with previous TEM and XRD studies on similar materials. The crystallographic relationships obtained with EBSD are used in conjunction with optimal phase boundary theory to determine the exsolution temperature of the magnetite inclusions, which is of importance to paleomagnetic studies. For one sample, this temperature (840 ′ 50 °C) can be compared with that (865 ′ 25 °C) derived from a more widely used cation exchange geothermometer. Thus it appears clear that exsolution occurred well above the Curie temperature of pure magnetite (580 °C).