cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Religious Congregations’ Experiences with, Fears of, and Preparations for Crime: Results from a National Survey

Although anecdotal evidence suggests that crimes involving religious congregations are relatively common, data and research on congregations’ experiences with victimization, fears of victimization, and security preparations is sparse. This research note provides an overview of a new survey of over 1300 congregations that was focused on these issues. In addition to providing an introduction to the data, the note provides a descriptive overview of results with a particular focus on differences across religious traditions. Exterior vandalism is the most common crime experienced, with 19% of respondents reporting such an incident in the past year. Jewish and Muslim congregations report a higher rate of receiving threats and are more likely than respondents overall to report a perception that an experienced crime was hate-motivated. Jewish and Muslim congregations also report a higher level of fear of experiencing violent crimes and, overall, have adopted more security measures compared to respondents overall. The note concludes by outlining directions for future research expanding upon these initial patterns.
Carboxypeptidase B2 and N play different roles in regulation of activated complements C3a and C5a in mice.

Essentials Two basic carboxypeptidases are present in plasma, B2 (CPB2) and N (CPN). Cpb2-/- and Cpn-/- mice were challenged in a hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) model vs. wild type. Cpb2-/- exacerbates HUS while Cpn-/- exacerbates cobra venom factor challenge vs. wild type mice. CPB2 and CPN have overlapping but non-redundant roles. Summary Background There are two basic carboxypeptidases in plasma. Carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2) is activated from a circulating zymogen, proCPB2, and carboxypeptidase N (CPN) is constitutively active with both inactivating complement C3a and C5a. Aims To test the roles of CPB2 and CPN in complement-driven mouse models of cobra venom factor (CVF) challenge and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Methods Cpb2-/- , Cpn-/- and wild-type (WT) mice were compared in an HUS model induced by Shiga toxin and lipopolysaccharide administration and following CVF administration. Results HUS was exacerbated in Cpb2-/- mice more than in Cpn-/- mice, compared with WT mice. Cpb2-/- mice developed the HUS clinical triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, uremia and thrombocytopenia. Treatment with anti-C5 antibody improved survival of both Cpb2-/- and Cpn-/- mice. In contrast, when challenged acutely with CVF, the reverse phenotype was observed. Cpn-/- mice had markedly worse disease than Cpb2-/- mice, whereas the WT mice were resistant. Conclusions CPN and CPB2 play overlapping but non-redundant roles in regulating complement activation in vivo. The constitutively active CPN is key for inactivation of systemic C5a, whereas CPB2 functions as an on-demand supplementary anaphylatoxin inhibitor in inactivating excessive C5a formed locally.
Normal values for assessment of anal sphincter morphology, anorectal motion, and pelvic organ prolapse with MRI in healthy women.

Background Endoanal MRI and MR defecography are used to identify anal sphincter injury and disordered defecation. However, few studies have evaluated findings in asymptomatic healthy people. The effects of BMI and parity on rectoanal motion and evacuation are unknown.
Exploring Places of Street Drug Dealing in a Downtown Area in Brazil: An Analysis of the Reliability of Google Street View in International Criminological Research

This study assesses the reliability of Google Street View (GSV) in auditing environmental features that help create hotbeds of drug dealing in Belo Horizonte, one of Brazilâ€™s largest cities. Based on concepts of â€œcrime generatorsâ€ and â€œcrime enablers,â€ a set of 40 items were selected using arrest data related to drug activities for the period between 2007 and 2011. These items served to develop a GSV data collection instrument used to observe features of 135 street segments that were identified as drug dealing hot spots in downtown Belo Horizonte. The study employs an intra-class correlation (ICC) statistics as a measure of reliability. The study showed mixed findings regarding agreement on some features among raters. One on hand, the observerâ€™s lack of familiarity with the local culture and street dynamics may pose a challenge with regards to identifying environmental features. On the other hand, factors such as image quality, objects that obstruct the view, and the overlooking of addresses that are not officially registered also decrease the reliability of the instrument. We conclude that a combination of tools and strategies should be applied to make the use of GSV truly reliable in the field of international criminological research.
Ni(ii) complexes of the phosphine-oxime Ph2PC6H4-2-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH.

We report the solution and structural chemistry of nickel(ii) complexes of the phosphine-oxime Ph2PC6H4-2-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH (PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH). PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH invariably binds in a bidentate manner as illustrated by cis-Ni(PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH)2Cl2 and cis-[Ni(PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH)2]2+ (as its BF4- salt). Treatment of PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH with Ni(OAc)2(H2O)4 gave charge-neutral trans-[Ni(PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NO)2]0. Treatment of trans-[Ni(PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NO)2]0 with BF3 gave [Ni(PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NO)2BF2]BF4. The cation features a planar NiP2N2 center wherein the pair of oximate groups are linked by the difluoroboryl center. The 1 : 1 complexes of the oxime and the oximate are illustrated by [Ni(PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH)Cl2]2 and [Ni(C6F5)(PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NO)]2, which feature five- and four-coordinate Ni(ii) centers, respectively. All complexes in this series hydrolyze to give the trinickel oxo-phosphine-oximate complex [Ni3(PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NO)3O]+. One feature of the PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH ligand is its wide bite angle combined with its protic OH center. These aspects are manifested in the structures of Ni(PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH)2Cl2 and [Ni(PCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NOH)Cl2]2, which show intramolecular hydrogen bonding to terminal chloride ligands.
New Business Models for Sustainable Antibiotics

Antibiotics are powerful drugs that prevent many deaths each year. Modern medicine relies on them as a safety net. Many invasive medical procedures would be much more dangerous without effective antibiotics. Global trade, travel and security would be threatened by a resurgence of untreatable infectious diseases. Antibiotics are a precious global resource that must be managed on a sustainable ecological basis, akin to fisheries.But today, antibiotics are either managed in a haphazard fashion or mismanaged. They are vulnerable to premature destruction through resistance. Physicians, hospitals, drug companies, payers, patients and food producers often face perverse financial incentives that encourage inappropriate use of these drugs and undercut incentives to create new ones. Many stakeholders believe that an antibiotic crisis is fast approaching or may already be upon us. Owing to the long lead times for antibiotic research and development (RD● Inadequate market incentives to protect these valuable resources from overuse and premature resistance; and● Inadequate market incentives to ensure global access to life-saving antibiotics.Creating new drugs will achieve no lasting success if the underlying incentives for inappropriate use are not addressed, or if the drugs do not reach patients in need. The solution must be sustainable over generations and across the planet.Antibiotic delinkage may offer the most promising avenue for a sustainable, global approach. Delinkage recognizes that rewarding producers and sellers on the basis of volume is fundamentally inappropriate. This paper explores all the antibiotic delinkage models in the existing literature, bringing some order to a variety of proposals. While resistance affects antibiotics, antivirals, antiretrovirals and antifungal agents, this paper focuses primarily on antibiotics.
Background and Scope of the Book

This chapter outlines the scope and structure of the book. It gives a brief overview of cancer initiation and development, describes general treatment approaches, and defines targeted therapy, the topic of this book. The structure of the book is explained. The book is divided into two parts covering two different types of treatments that specifically target cancer cells: the treatment with small molecule inhibitors and the use of oncolytic viruses.
War and the Making of Medieval Monastic Culture

The monastic life, traditionally considered as an area of withdrawal from the world, is here shown to be shaped by metaphors of war, and to be actively engaged with battle in the world outside. 'An extremely interesting and important book... makes an important contribution to the history of medieval monastic spirituality in a formative period, whilst also fitting into wider debates on the origins, development and impact of ideas on crusading and holy war.' Dr William Purkis, University of Birmingham. Monastic culture has generally been seen as set apart from the medieval battlefield, as 'those who prayed' were set apart from 'those who fought'. However, in this first study of the place of war within medieval monastic culture, the author shows the limitations of this division. Through a wide reading of Latin sermons, letters, and hagiography, she identifies a monastic language of war that presented the monk as the archetypal 'soldier of Christ' and his life of prayer as a continuous combat with the devil: indeed, monks' claims to supremacy on the spiritual battlefield grew even louder as Church leaders extended the title of 'soldier of Christ' to lay knights and crusaders. So, while medieval monasteries have traditionally been portrayed as peaceful sanctuaries in a violent world, here the author demonstrates that monastic identity was negotiated through real and imaginary encounters with war, and that the concept of spiritual warfare informed virtually every aspect of life in the cloister. It thus breaks new ground in the history of European attitudes toward warfare and warriors in the age of the papal reform movement and the early crusades. Katherine Allen Smith is Assistant Professor of History, University of Puget Sound.
Advances in Knowledge and Understanding of Extratropical Cyclones during the Past Quarter Century: An Overview

The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the progress that has been made in knowledge and understanding of the extratropical cyclone in the roughly quarter-century that has elapsed since Palmen worked actively on the subject. It is recognized that other contributors to this volume will describe more fully Palmen’s own contributions to the subject and will treat in greater detail various aspects of the subject that are only touched upon here.
Report from ACM MMSYS 2018: by Gwendal Simon

While I was attending the MMSys conference (last June in Amsterdam), I tweeted about my personal highlights of the conference, in the hope to share with those who did not have the opportunity to attend the conference. Fortunately, I have been chosen as "Best Social Media Reporter" of the conference, a new award given by ACM SIGMM chapter to promote the sharing among researchers on social networks. To celebrate this award, here is a more complete report on the conference!
Radiographic markers for merging virtual data sets.

Abstract A procedure for registering digital intraoral surface scans onto cone beam computed tomography in the presence of significant scatter artifact is described. The technique uses chairside-fabricated composite resin markers placed on well-distributed teeth to serve as common landmarks in each digital data set for accurate registration. This straightforward, noninvasive, and cost-effective technique facilitates registration without the need for a specialized armamentarium or radiographic templates.
Decreasing Influence of Retinal Inputs on the Developing Visual Cortex

Before vision matures, spontaneous retinal activity drives downstream visual targets. In this issue of Neuron, Gribizis et al. (2019) image activity simultaneously in connected mouse visual areas and demonstrate distinct developmental patterns of signal transformation in thalamocortical versus retinocollicular pathways.
Wireless multimedia sensor networks

In recent years, the growing interest in the wireless sensor network (WSN) has resulted in thousands of peer-reviewed publications. Most of this research is concerned with scalar sensor networks th...
AKI Treated with Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19

Background AKI is a common sequela of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, few studies have focused on AKI treated with RRT (AKI-RRT). Methods We conducted a multicenter cohort study of 3099 critically ill adults with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) at 67 hospitals across the United States. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify patient-and hospital-level risk factors for AKI-RRT and to examine risk factors for 28-day mortality among such patients. Results A total of 637 of 3099 patients (20.6%) developed AKI-RRT within 14 days of ICU admission, 350 of whom (54.9%) died within 28 days of ICU admission. Patient-level risk factors for AKI-RRT included CKD, men, non-White race, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, higher body mass index, higher d-dimer, and greater severity of hypoxemia on ICU admission. Predictors of 28-day mortality in patients with AKI-RRT were older age, severe oliguria, and admission to a hospital with fewer ICU beds or one with greater regional density of COVID-19. At the end of a median follow-up of 17 days (range, 1-123 days), 403 of the 637 patients (63.3%) with AKI-RRT had died, 216 (33.9%) were discharged, and 18 (2.8%) remained hospitalized. Of the 216 patients discharged, 73 (33.8%) remained RRT dependent at discharge, and 39 (18.1%) remained RRT dependent 60 days after ICU admission. Conclusions AKI-RRT is common among critically ill patients with COVID-19 and is associated with a hospital mortality rate of >60%. Among those who survive to discharge, one in three still depends on RRT at discharge, and one in six remains RRT dependent 60 days after ICU admission.
Back to Reality: Differences in Learning Strategy in a Simplified Virtual and a Real Throwing Task

This study compared human performance of the same throwing task in a real and a matched virtual environment. With 3 days’ practice, subjects improved significantly faster in the real task, even tho...
The Mid-Fusiform Sulcus in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Establishing a Novel Anatomical Landmark Related to Face Processing.

Despite decades of research, the brain basis of aberrant face processing in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains a topic of debate. The mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS), a minor feature of the ventral occipitotemporal cortex, provides new directions for studying face processing. The MFS closely aligns with face-selective cortical patches and other structural and functional divisions of the fusiform gyrus; however, it has received little attention in clinical populations. We collected structural MRI data from 54 individuals with ASD and 61 age-and-IQ-matched controls ages 8 to 40 years. The MFS was identified on cortical surface reconstructions via 4 trained raters and classified into known surface patterns. Mean MFS gray matter volume (GMV), cortical surface area (SA), cortical thickness (CT), and standard deviation of CT (CT SD) were extracted. Effects of diagnosis, age, and hemisphere on MFS surface presentation and morphometry were assessed via multinomial logistic regression and mixed effects general linear modeling, respectively. The MFS was reliably identified in 97% of hemispheres examined. Macroanatomical patterns and age-related decreases in MFS GMV and CT were similar between groups. CT SD was greater in the left hemisphere in ASD. Participants' ability to interpret emotions and mental states from facial features was significantly negatively correlated with MFS CT and CT SD. Overall, the MFS is a stable feature of the fusiform gyrus in ASD and CT related measures appear to be sensitive to diagnosis and behavior. These results can inform future investigations of face processing and structure-function relationships in populations with social deficits. LAY SUMMARY: A small structural feature of the brain related to seeing faces (the mid-fusiform sulcus; MFS) appears similar in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical development; however, the thickness of this structure on the left side of the brain is more variable in ASD. People who are better at judging mental states from another person's eyes tend to have thinner and less variable MFS. This feature may teach us more about face processing and how brain structure influences function in ASD.
A Systematic Review of Literature: Engineering Identity and Students with Financial Need in Community Colleges

A review of studies published between 2000 and 2017 was conducted to understand students’ engineering identity and their financial need within the community college setting. The review found that r...
Dual Class Shares and Firm Valuation: Evidence from SEC Rule 19c-4

In the 1980s, stock exchanges and eventually, the SEC took actions that affected the eligibility of listed firms to adopt dual classes of shares with differential voting rights. We find that risk-adjusted stock returns increase (decline) significantly on days surrounding such actions that increase the probability of banning (allowing) dual-class shares. The stock market reaction varies across firms systematically suggesting that there is a negative view of dual classes in firms with entrenched managers and is viewed somewhat positively when there is a benefit to protecting management. Dual-class structures do not harm shareholders in very young firms.
Producing Justice in Poor People's Courts: Four Models of State Legal Actors

This Article examines how judges and government attorneys produce justice in poor people’s courts, which are characterized by a substantial volume of cases, socioeconomically disadvantaged litigants, and an absence or asymmetry of representation. The Article’s findings are drawn from an extensive qualitative empirical study of one type of poor people’s court, specifically family court proceedings where the state is pursuing child support from low- and no-income noncustodial fathers. Focusing on the judges and government lawyers who handle these cases, and drawing from their own accounts as well as on ethnographic in-court observations, I identify four distinct models of state legal actors that emerge from the study’s empirical data: navigators, bureaucrats, zealots, and reformers. These models are distinguished by the legal actors’ perceptions of the cases they handle, their conception of their role in the cases, their approach to enforcement and decision making, and how they produce justice in legal disputes involving poor and disadvantaged people. Navigators are morally conflicted by the cases they see in poor people’s courts and, though they express sympathy for poor fathers who cannot pay support, they are also somewhat defensive about their own role and report feeling as if they themselves are in a bind. I refer to their enforcement and decision-making approach to the cases as a harm-reduction strategy because they attempt to keep the cases spinning in place to avoid the harshest outcome—civil incarceration— for poor fathers who fail to pay support. Bureaucrats view these cases as “open and shut” and, espousing a legal formalist approach, believe that they are simply doing their job without regard to questions of moral judgment. They deemphasize the discretion they enjoy and contend that they are evenhandedly administering justice. Zealots, by contrast, express hyper-moralistic views of the parents in child support cases and perceive the poor fathers uniformly as deadbeat dads. The judges and government attorneys who fall into this category view themselves as righteous child advocates and pursue an aggressive enforcement approach in order to make fathers into more responsible citizens. Finally, reformers have a nuanced and sophisticated understanding of the moral complexities raised in these cases. They report being troubled by what is happening to the families in their courts and, through their efforts at change, take on the role of internal reformers. This Article contributes theoretical insight into the scholarly debate about the meaning(s) of access to justice. Through an empirically rigorous and grounded exploration and analysis of how civil justice works in poor people’s courts, this Article finds that justice is not one story, but many.
Detection of subsurface bruising in fresh pickling cucumbers using structured-illumination reflectance imaging

Abstract Pickling cucumbers are susceptible to bruising during harvest and postharvest handling. It is thus desirable to segregate bruised fruit before they are marketed as fresh products or processed as pickles. Structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) is an emerging optical imaging modality for food quality inspection. This study reported the first demonstration of SIRI for detecting subsurface bruising in fresh pickling cucumbers. Two independent sets of images, i.e., direct component (DC) and amplitude component (AC), were demodulated from phase-shifted sinusoidal pattern images at 740 nm; AC was found more effective than DC for ascertaining bruises that exhibited no visual symptoms. Classification models based on support vector machine were built using extracted image features, to classify cucumbers into bruised and normal classes. The highest classification accuracy of 91 % was achieved by the ensemble of DC, AC and their ratio (AC/DC) images, which represented 7.6 percentage-point improvement over that obtained using the DC images alone. Using features selection for five sets of image features led to further improvements in the classification performance. Incremental evaluation of top 50 most informative features resulted in an averaged overall accuracy of 94 %, with the highest accuracy of 97 % attained by 31 features; and using a subset of only 5 features, 3 from AC and 2 from DC, also produced a high overall accuracy of 96 %. This study demonstrates that SIRI can provide a potentially effective means for visualizing subsurface bruising in pickling cucumbers, which otherwise could barely be achieved by imaging under uniform illumination, and thus for enhancing the differentiation of normal and bruised fruit. More research is, however, needed to optimize and implement SIRI for real-time inspection of cucumber defects.
Prison-based Entrepreneurial Education Programs & the Muslim World: A Review and Research Agenda

Prison-based educational reforms can play a critical role in successful inclusion of convicted persons back in societies. Prior work on this topic suggests that most government agencies predominantly focus on conventional skill-training programs and ignore the entrepreneurial learning and training programs. Consequently, many prisoners yet again opt for criminal-activities once free because of limited jobs available for conventional skills and potential employers’ discriminatory attitudes toward ex-prisoners. Entrepreneurship scholars suggest that offering entrepreneurship-based skills and training programs to the prisoners can restrain them from repeating criminal behavior because self- employment as an occupational career path can help overcome potential employers’ discriminatory attitudes, and these entrepreneurship programs can improve self-awareness, rational thinking and social skills. However, much work on entrepreneurial education for prison reforms and criminal rehabilitation is done across the western world and our understanding is limited on this topic from the perspective of the Islamic world. In the current study, we aim at reviewing the literature available on prison entrepreneurial programs among selected member states of the Organization of Islamic Corporation (OIC) to shed light on the trends and progress of incorporating entrepreneurship in jail reforms.
Statistical answer-type identification in open-domain question answering

One of the most critical components of a question-answering system is the identification of the type, or semantic class, of the answer sought. Systems today use widely-varying numbers of such classes, but all must map the question to one or more classes in their repertoire. In this paper, we present a statistical method of associating question terms with candidate semantic classes that has been shown to achieve a high degree of accuracy and to be applicable to different underlying semantic classifications.
DIET AND THE BLOOD LIPIDS

The lipids, cholesterol and its fatty acid esters, phospholipids and fat are always found in the blood of animals. In the corpuscles, the content of cholesterol and phospholipid is about the same for all animals, in the plasma the content of these substances is variable, being in general much higher in the plasma of carnivora than in that of herbivora. It was at first thought that the plasma content of lipids was fairly constant and characteristic for each species and that it was possible to speak of normal levels and normal variations from these levels. Evidence is, however, accumulating which goes to show that these conceptions will have to be modified since there are often wide variations in individuals of the same species under similar conditions and still greater variations when the conditions are different. The greatest single factor influencing the level of the blood lipids appears to be diet and in particular the amount of fat which the food contains. Attention was called to this factor by results...
The calibration and validation of a phase-modulated near-infrared cerebral oximeter.

Objective. This study was undertaken to compare the cerebral oxygenation measured by an experimental phase-modulated near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy system with capillary saturation estimated from jugular venous oxygen saturation. Methods. Jugular venous catheters were placed in 30 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy and 194 measurements of venous oxygen saturation were obtained intra operatively. Simultaneous measurement of optical path length at 754, 785, and 816 nm was performed using a phase-modulated near-infrared spectroscopy system. Optical calibration was performed using both an optical bench and a scattering mold. Hemoglobin saturation was calculated from NIR measurements using equations derived from diffusion theory. Capillary saturation was calculated from the arterial and venous saturations. Results. Jugular venous saturations ranged from 41 to 92%. When calibrated using the optical bench, the NIR estimates of hemoglobin saturation deviated from estimated capillary values by an average of 2.6% bias and 4.3% deviation. No systematic bias was noted. NIR values derived from mold calibration were less accurate and precise (4.6% bias and 6.9% deviation.) Use of the initial venous sample as an in vivocalibration improved the accuracy of the mold calibration but did not alter the performance of the bench calibration. Conclusions. Under the conditions tested, an experimental phase-modulated near-infrared spectroscopy system calibrated using an optical bench agreed with capillary saturation estimated from jugular venous samples. Further work is necessary to demonstrate valid performance of the system under other conditions.
A test of financial time-series data to discriminate among lognormal, Gaussian and square-root random walks

This paper aims to offer a testing framework for the structural properties of the Brownian motion of the underlying stochastic process of a time series. In particular, the test can be applied to financial time-series data and discriminate among the lognormal random walk used in the Black-Scholes-Merton model, the Gaussian random walk used in the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck stochastic process, and the square-root random walk used in the Cox, Ingersoll and Ross process. Alpha-level hypothesis testing is provided. This testing framework is helpful for selecting the best stochastic processes for pricing contingent claims and risk management.
THE BLOOD AND BONE MARROW IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER

The peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in patients with cirrhosis of the liver have been analyzed on the basis of a review of the literature and the authors’ study of 25 patients with diagnoses verified by biopsy of the liver. The principal blood findings are macrocytic or normocytic anemia with normal or elevated mean corpuscular hemoglobin values, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia in the majority of cases. Anemia may be independent of bleeding, and the severity of anemia or macrocytosis does not appear to be related to the severity of the liver lesion. The consistent change in the bone marrow is extension of the marrow organ so that active hematopoiesis is found in the shafts of the long bones. Regardless of the presence or absence of bleeding or anemia, the marrow of the sternum is of normal or increased cellularity, with normal or increased erythrocytogenesis and megakaryocytogenesis in most cases. Hypocellularity of the marrow is an unusual finding, even in patients with advanced liver lesions. Macronormoblastic erythropoiesis is seen in patients with macrocytic anemia, but megaloblastic erythropoiesis dces not result from cirrhosis of the liver. The presence of peripheral cytopenias (anemia and thrombocytopenia) in spite of normal or increased formation of erythroblasts and megakaryocytes in the marrow is suggestive of hypersplenism in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. In patients with chronic hemorrhage the blood and bone marrow pictures are those of iron deficiency anemia, although other changes such as lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia tend to persist. The combined peripheral blood and sternal marrow examination is often of value in establishing the diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver.
Top-quark initiated processes at high-energy hadron colliders

In hadronic collisions at high energies, the top-quark may be treated as a parton inside a hadron. Top-quark initiated processes become increasingly important since the top-quark luminosity can reach a few percent of the bottom-quark luminosity. In the production of a heavy particle H with mass m H > m t , treating the top-quark as a parton allows us to resum large logarithms log(m 2 /m 2 ) arising from collinear splitting in the initial state. We quantify the effect of collinear resummation at the 14-TeV LHC and a future 100-TeV hadron collider, focusing on the top-quark open-flavor process $$ gg\to t\overline{t}H $$ in comparison with $$ t\overline{t}\to H $$ and tg → tH at the leading order (LO) in QCD. We employ top-quark parton distribution functions with appropriate collinear subtraction and power counting. We find that (1) collinear resummation enhances the inclusive production of a heavy particle with m H ≈ 5 TeV (0.5 TeV) by more than a factor of two compared to the open-flavor process at a 100-TeV (14-TeV) collider; (2) top-quark mass effects are important for scales m H near the top-quark threshold, where the cross section is largest. We advocate a modification of the ACOT factorization scheme, dubbed m-ACOT, that consistently treats heavy-quark masses in hadronic collisions with two initial heavy quarks; (3) the scale uncertainty of the total cross section in m-ACOT is of about 20% at the LO. While a higher-order calculation is indispensable for a precise prediction, the LO cross section is well described by the process $$ t\overline{t}\to H $$ using an effective factorization scale significantly lower than m H . We illustrate our results by the example of a heavy spin-0 particle. Our main results also apply to the production of particles with spin-1 and 2.
Adsorbate-catalyzed corrosion: Anodic dissolution of palladium catalyzed by chemisorbed iodine in halide-free acid solutions

In the course of our investigations, we have discovered that the anodic dissolution of Pd in 1Mh 2 SO 4 solution is actually catalyzed by the presence of a single layer of chemisorbed iodine atoms even if the sulfuric acid solution does not contain halide anions. The results which demonstrate the adsorbate-catalyzed corrosion in halide-free acid solutions are the subject of this communication
Deconstructing the Positive Behavioral Support Model and Replacing it With the Neo-Montessori Constructivist Intervention Model Or How Montessori Changed my Cold Data Driven Heart

Positive behavioral supports (PBS) and the development of behaviorally oriented planning has become a ubiquitous paradigm in American schools. It is the preferred model for addressing behavioral issues with children as a means of preventing special education identification and placement. The effectiveness of this model has been well documented in peer-reviewed journals and shows an ability to change behaviors and improve academic achievement as measured by empirically designed assessments. However, the measurement of intellectual, moral and behavioral autonomy is seldom measured. Also, researchers from one perspective (Applied Behavioral Analysis) preclude other theoretical perspectives, to create the bulk of the evidence proving the usefulness of PBS as a viable model. It is the purpose of this paper to describe and support the contention that it is the concept of autonomy that is essential in measuring the success of behaviorally related interventions. This goal will be attained by deconstructing the PBS model. Further, it is an additional contention addressed in this paper that various Montessori methods and the theory’s fundamental theoretical concepts do a better job of addressing authentic change and the development of autonomy. This will result in internalized behaviors that behaviorally oriented methods can never demonstrate. A new theoretical model will be presented to illustrate the incorporation of autonomy into the rubric of successful behaviorally related interventions. Deconstructing The Positive Behavioral Support Model Explanation of PBS and Methods Within this Model The history and conceptual foundations of the PBS model are rooted in behaviorism and more specifically in the applied version commonly known as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). ABA is the process of systematically applying interventions based upon the principles of learning theory to improve socially significant behaviors to a meaningful degree.1 More specifically, PBS refers to a process of assisting individuals to acquire adaptive, socially meaningful behaviors to overcome patterns of destructive, maladaptive and stigmatizing behaviors through collaboratively designed interventions.2 A stated primary goal of PBS is to also to teach replacement behaviors that are seen by the designers as more desirable and socially appropriate. Historically, these interventions are primarily designed and implemented by the school psychologist and implemented by those professionals having daily contact with the student. The interventions are based on models that have been well researched and have been shown to be effective in decreasing the targeted behaviors. The competing behaviors model is typically used as the basis of the formation of behavioral interventions that target and decrease undesirable behaviors but also increase identified replacement behaviors that are seen by the designers as socially beneficial.3 Response
Estimating Hispanic-White Wage Gaps Among Women: The Importance of Controlling for Cost of Living

Despite concern regarding labor market discrimination against Hispanics, previously published estimates show that Hispanic women earn higher hourly wages than white women with similar observable characteristics. This estimated wage premium is likely biased upwards because of the omission of an important control variable: cost of living. We show that Hispanic women live in locations (e.g., cities) with higher costs of living than whites. After we account for cost of living, the estimated Hispanic-white wage differential for non-immigrant women falls by approximately two-thirds. As a result, we find no statistically significant difference in wages between Hispanic and white women in the NLSY97.
Advanced patterns and matches in link analysis

The Link Analysis Workbench (LAW) is a tool for detecting and monitoring situations of interest using inexact matching of graphical patterns. Here we describe some recent advances to LAW: incorporating hierarchy, cardinality, disjunction, and constraints in the pattern language and similarity metric, and a flexible, user-friendly interface for displaying matching data. These capabilities support analysts in rapidly exploring and understanding large, incomplete relational data sets.
An Economic Analysis of Takings

This article identifies economically efficient rules for governing compensation when the state takes private property. Despite a variety of informational and behavioral assumptions, a basic principle emerges: a fully efficient rule entails compensation based on the gains society enjoys from the taking (either its actual gains or its expected gains). Moreover, in many takings situations this principle can be implemented in more than one way, providing society some flexibility with which to achieve its other goals without sacrificing economic efficiency. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.
Enterobacillary septicemia and bacterial shock in septic abortion.

Abstract A series of 27 cases of enterobacillary septicemia in septic abortion seen at the Los Angeles County Hospital during a 6 months' period has been reviewed. In this group of patients the mortality rate was 22 per cent. Ten of the 27 patients suffered from the hypotension of bacterial or septicemic shock. All 6 deaths in the total series were in this group. The symptomatology and physical findings have been discussed as regards their possible significance in the treatment and prognosis of septic abortion. Antopsy and bacteriologic findings have also been correlated. Seven case reports illustrating the various problems that may occur are included. Therapy has been discussed, with emphasis on the early detection and management of hypotension and peripheral vascular collapse (septicemic shock). The role of early uterine evacuation is considered.
Age-Dependent Taxation and the Optimal Retirement Benefit Formula

. This paper presents a comprehensive view of lifetime taxation including both explicit taxation through the general tax system and implicit taxation via the retirement benefit formula. Differences in productivity between individuals are unobservable, which provides a rationale for the use of distortionary taxes. It is shown that the optimal structure of age-dependent taxation can be characterized by a generalized Ramsey formula. Furthermore, the paper derives the optimal retirement benefit formula in the presence of the general tax system and examines the compatibility with the financial stability of the pension system.
Land Retirement Program Design in the Presence of Crop Insurance Subsidies

The U.S. federal government implements environmental, biofuels and crop insurance programs that influence land use. They are not well integrated in that cost savings from crop insurance subsidies are not acknowledged when screening land for retirement or when calculating the cost of land retirement programs. We identify and evaluate an optimal benefit index for enrollment in a land retirement program that includes a sub-index to rank land according to insurance subsidy savings. All else equal, land ranked higher in the Lorenz stochastic order should be retired first.
Intolerable Situations and Counsel for Children: Following Switzerland's Example in Hague Abduction Cases

In the twilight days of 2007, Switzerland took decisive action to protect children who were being harmed by the application of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction ("Hague Abduction Convention" or "Convention"). 1 Its Parliament passed the Federal Act on International Child Abduction and the Hague Conventions on the Protection of Children and Adults ("Swiss Act"). 2 The Swiss Act, which should enter into force in mid-2009, 3 gives important and necessary guidance to Swiss courts about the phrase "intolerable situation" in Article 13(b) of the Hague Abduction Convention. 4 The Swiss Act also directs courts to appoint representatives for children in Hague child abduction proceedings. 5 The United States should follow Switzerland's example and adopt similar reforms. The United States need not pass legislation to do so, but rather U.S. courts should follow Switzerland's lead as the opportunities arise in individual cases. This Article describes the Swiss law and the context for its adoption and then examines the doctrinal and practical significance of its provisions. A few recent U.S. cases are used to illustrate the need for courts in the United States to follow Switzerland's example. For example, the Swiss interpretation of "intolerable situation" might have changed the 2007 decisions of the federal district court in Adan v. Avans. 6 The Swiss approach to appointing counsel for children in Hague child abduction proceedings might also have altered the outcome of a 2008 federal district court decision, Mendez-Lynch v. Pizzutello. After considering potential drawbacks to the Swiss reforms, the Article concludes that the U.S. courts have little to lose, and much to gain by incorporating these Swiss ideas into the adjudication of Hague cases.
Implicature: Intention, Convention, and Principle in the Failure of Gricean Theory

H. P. Grice virtually discovered the phenomenon of implicature (to denote the implications of an utterance that are not strictly implied by its content). Gricean theory claims that conversational implicatures can be explained and predicted using general psycho-social principles. This theory has established itself as one of the orthodoxes in the philosophy of language. Wayne Davis argues controversially that Gricean theory does not work. He shows that any principle-based theory understates both the intentionality of what a speaker implicates and the conventionality of what a sentence implicates. In developing his argument the author explains that the psycho-social principles actually define the social function of implicature conventions, which contribute to the satisfaction of those principles. This challenging book will be of importance to philosophers of language and linguists, especially those working in pragmatics and sociolinguistics.
Are IFRS and U.S. GAAP converging?: Some evidence from People's Republic of China companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange

Abstract This research investigates the comparability and convergence of two sets of accounting standards from 1996 to 2002: United States’ Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The investigation involves a sample of companies from the People's Republic of China (PRC) that are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). PRC companies traded on the NYSE generally prepare IFRS financial statements and provide a limited reconciliation to U.S. GAAP, creating a unique quasi-experimental opportunity to examine differences between two sets of accounting numbers produced by two different sets of accounting standards while holding the company constant. Comparability is measured by using Gray's index of comparability, and a set of measures are introduced to capture several dimensions of convergence over time in reported net income, net assets, return on net assets, and earnings per share. The evidence shows lack of comparability, caused largely by the revaluations of property, plant and equipment permitted under IFRS, but not permitted under U.S. GAAP. There is, however, substantial evidence of convergence over time.
Debt maturity choice and risk-free assets: the \"clientele effect\" and the commercial paper market

This paper models a firm's issuance of commercial paper (CP) as a strategy to lower its borrowing costs by taking advantage of a "clientele effect" in the demand for safe assets. The firm is willing to expose itself to liquidity risk in order to enjoy the savings on borrowing costs. A primary feature of the model is that the CP market is driven by public information because of the need to make the securities attractive to a cash management clientele. We examine characteristics of both issuers and purchasers of CP that lend support to the clientele hypothesis.
Evaluation of isothiocyanates as potent inducers of carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes in the urinary bladder: critical nature of in vivo bioassay.

5590 Deficiency of carcinogen-detoxifying phase 2 enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), increases bladder cancer risk in humans. We report that several isothiocyanates (ITCs) that have not been previously examined, 1-methylbutyl ITC in particular, potently and preferentially induce both GST and NQO1 in the rat bladder. Comparison of 25 ITCs that are closely related in chemical structures showed that a 3–5-carbon aliphatic side chain with a methyl group attached to the alpha carbon was crucial for maximal inducer activity in the bladder. Surprisingly, cell-based bioassays failed to predict the phase 2 enzyme-inducing activity of the ITCs in the bladder. Furthermore, while ITCs are principally metabolized in vivo to dithiocarbamates (DTCs), which are believed to serve as the carriers of ITCs and are rapidly eliminated and concentrated in the urine, the total urinary levels of ITC plus DTC did not correlate with the degree of GST and NQO1 induction by the ITCs in the bladder of rats. Thus, several underappreciated ITCs are exceedingly potent inducers of GST and NQO1 in the rat bladder, but were predicted neither by in vitro bioassays of phase 2 enzyme induction, nor by their appearance or concentration in urine in vivo . Supported by Waikato Medical Research Foundation (New Zealand) and National Cancer Institute Grants CA80962 and CA100623 (USA).
The theoretical relation between unstable solutes and groundwater age

[1] Recent studies of groundwater age have begun integrating both tracer-based and explicit age modeling approaches. In particular, the measurement or simulations of multiple tracers each with distinct decay rates has shown promise in constraining the distribution of groundwater over age. Here we explore the mathematical relation between the simulated relative concentrations of ideal tracers (unstable isotopes that have no sources other than recharge water and that undergo no transformations with subsurface materials) and the distribution of groundwater over age. This relation is described for constant tracer concentration at influx boundaries as follows: the relative ideal tracer concentration is the Laplace transform of the distribution of groundwater over age evaluated at the Laplace variable value equal to the tracer decay rate. This result provides a theoretical foundation for understanding how ideal tracers give information on groundwater age distributions, and invites new methods for the interpretation of tracer data when multiple ideal (or corrected-to-ideal) tracer concentrations are availables to determine groundwater age distributions.