cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrasts between spawning times of Anguilla species estimated from larval sampling at sea and from otolith analysis of recruiting glass eels

This study reviewed literature on spawning times for three north temperate species of anguillid eels estimated by sampling for small leptocephali (larvae) at sea and for several temperate and tropical species by back-calculating from putative daily ages derived from otolith increment analysis of glass eels that recruited to coastal waters. Estimates from otoliths of European eels, Anguilla anguilla, American eels, Anguilla rostrata, and Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica, imply much more protracted spawning seasons than are indicated by sampling at sea during various times of year. European eels are inferred to spawn year-round from otolith analysis, but the smallest, recently hatched leptocephali are found only in late winter and spring. From otoliths, the spawning times of these three species are all estimated to occur much later in the year than when small leptocephali are found at sea, indicating that ages appear to be underestimated. For these and other temperate and tropical eels, there are inconsistencies in assigned ages among various studies, which are most extreme for the European eel. This species has the longest larval migration and often has an opaque zone in the glass eels’ otoliths where it is difficult to discern growth increments. These inconsistencies suggest that interpretation of otolith growth increments is incorrect at least in some studies, and the apparently consistent mismatch between otolith and sea-sampling studies suggests that increments may not always be formed at some period during the unusual early life history of anguillids. Because daily increments may be formed in eels during most of their early life history, future research is needed to determine the cause of the mismatch of glass eel aging studies and the apparent spawning times of eels offshore.
Photon scattering from 90Zr below neutron emission threshold.

Cross sections for elastic and inelastic scattering of monochromatic photons from /sup 90/Zr have been measured for excitations between 8.1 and 10.5 MeV. The observed inelastic cross sections sigma/sub el//sub el//sub i/ correspond to transitions to the 02 , 21 , 22 , and 23 states. A simple theoretical description using the Brink-Axel hypothesis and estimates of the level density and of the total photon interaction cross section sigma/sub el//sub T/ gives predictions for the individual cross sections that are in very good agreement with data. The E1 strength corresponding to the inferred sigma/sub el//sub T/ amounts to about B(E1up-arrow)--0.5 eS fmS for the energy range under consideration.
Fourier analysis determination of best focus in submicron lithography

In the development and manufacture of integrated circuits, as requirements push closer to the theoretical (Rayleigh) limit of performance, depth of focus decreases as resolution is increased. The advent of easily accessible tools for image processing suggest that a quantitative determination of best focus is possible. Workers in this laboratory have developed a technique for determining `best focus' using 2-D Fourier power spectra of SEM images of exposed patterns. From this a `figure of merit' is extracted by assuming that what is desired is to maximize orthogonal edges (from `as-drawn' features) and minimize intermediate features (edge rounding). This has been shown to provide a quantitative value that is consistent with an `expert' assessment of the same images. The system is consistent with automation of the process, eliminating the need to record hard-copy images for `expert' evaluation.
Electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen imaging of a rabbit tumor using localized spin probe delivery.

Purpose: Application ofin vivoelectron paramagnetic resonance(EPR) oxygen imaging (EPROI) to tumors larger than those of mice requires development of both instrumental and medical aspects of imaging. Methods: 250 MHz EPR oxygen imaging was performed using a loop-gap resonator with a volume exceeding 100 cm 3 . The paramagnetic spin probe was injected directly into the femoral artery feeding the rabbit leg/tumor. Results: The authors present continuous wave and electron spin echo EPR oxygen images of a large size (4 cm) VX-2 tumor located on the leg of a New Zealand white rabbit. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of continuous wave and electron spin echo oxygen imaging modalities for investigation of volumes of tumor and normal tissue relevant to large animals. The injection of the spin probe directly into the artery feeding a rabbit leg will allow one to reduce, by over one order of magnitude, the amount of spin probe used as compared to whole animal IV injection.
Economic Policy, Distribution and Poverty: The Nature of Disagreements

Abstract The last 20 years have seen growing areas of agreement on poverty reduction strategies, but disagreements on economic policy, distribution and poverty seem to have intensified. This paper tries to identify the underlying nature of these disagreements, related to differences in perspective and framework between “Finance Ministry” and “Civil Society” tendencies. It is argued that the deep divisions one sees can be located in differences in the level of aggregation adopted, the time horizon considered, and assumptions made on market structure and power. Mutual understanding could be advanced by further exploration of these differences, and the adoption by both sides of the approach of dialogue rather than negotiation.
Effect of prior oophorectomy on changes in bone mineral density and carotid artery intima-media thickness in postmenopausal women.

Objective To determine the effect of prior oophorectomy in healthy postmenopausal women on the rate of loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and rate of increase in carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). Design Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial. Setting University-based research clinic. Patient(s) Two hundred twenty-two healthy postmenopausal women in the Greater Los Angeles area. Intervention(s) Baseline and annual screening of BMD and assessment of CIMT every 6 months for a total of 3 years. Main Outcome Measure(s) Changes in BMD and CIMT during postmenopausal years. Result(s) Among women who were menopausal for more than 10 years, the rate of CIMT progression was statistically significantly less in women with intact ovaries compared with those in women with prior oophorectomy. In women 5–10 years postmenopause, there was a trend toward a slower loss of BMD in those who retained their ovaries, and in women more than 10 years postmenopause there was significantly less BMD loss in those who retained their ovaries. Conclusion(s) As time from menopausal transition increases, retained ovaries are associated with a slower rate of bone loss and a slower rate of thickening of the carotid artery wall compared with rates in menopausal women with oophorectomy.
Taxation of Housing, Capital Accumulation, and Welfare: a Study in Dynamic Tax Reform

The U. S. tax structure implicitly subsidizes housing in a number of ways. This Abstract article employs a dynamic general equilibrium model of housing, consumption and economic growth to examine the long-run effects of eliminating these implicit subsidies on capital accumulation and welfare. It also investigates the relationship between optimal tax rates on residential and nonresidential capital. It is shown that the elimination of housing subsidies in full may increase nonresidential capital by as much as 46%. while the stock of housing is reduced by over 15%. In the meantime, per capita consumption goes up by 7%. In welfare terms, these changes are equivalent to an increase of over 6% in a representative individual's lifetime income under the present tax rules. Second, it is found that optimality, from the standpoint of steady state welfare maximization, implies unequal tax treatment of residential and nonresidential capital. Far from subsidizing housing, taxation of housing is called for.
Contributing to Others, Contributing to Oneself: Perceptions of Generativity and Health in Later Life

Objectives. To examine whether perceptions of generativity predict the likelihood of increases in levels of impairment in activities of daily living (ADLs) or of dying over a 10-year period in older adults aged 60 – 75 from the Study of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS). Method. Perceptions of generativity and current generative contributions as well as select sociodemographic, health status, health behavior, and psychosocial factors, assessed at a baseline exam, were examined as predictors of change in ADL disability level or mortality over the 10-year period between the baseline and follow-up waves of the MIDUS Study. Results. Greater levels of generativity and generative contributions at baseline predicted lower odds of experiencing increases in ADL disability (2 or more new domains of impairment; generativity odds ratio [OR] = 0.93 and generative contributions OR = 0.87), or of dying (generativity OR = 0.94 and generative contributions OR = 0.88), over the 10-year follow-up in models adjusted for sociodemographics and baseline health and disability. Associations remained relatively unchanged with the inclusion of different sets of health behavior and psychosocial variables in analytic models. Discussion. Findings indicate that greater perceptions of generativity are associated with more favorable trajectories of physical functioning and longevity over time in older adults.
3′-AZIDO-3′-DEOXYTHYMIDINE (AZT) IS A COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR OF THYMIDINE PHOSPHORYLATION IN ISOLATED RAT HEART AND LIVER MITOCHONDRIA

Long-term use of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) is associated with various tissue toxicities, including hepatotoxicity and cardiomyopathy, and with mitochondrial DNA depletion. AZT-5'-triphosphate (AZTTP) is a known inhibitor of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma and has been targeted as the source of the mitochondrial DNA depletion. However, in previous work from this laboratory with isolated rat heart and liver mitochondria, AZT itself was shown to be a more potent inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylation (IC50 of 7.0+/-1.0 microM AZT in heart mitochondria and of 14.4+/-2.6 microM AZT in liver mitochondria) than AZTTP is of polymerase gamma (IC50 of >100 microM AZTTP), suggesting that depletion of mitochondrial stores of TTP may limit replication and could be the cause of the mitochondrial DNA depletion observed in tissues affected by AZT toxicity. The purpose of this work is to characterize the nature of AZT inhibition of thymidine phosphorylation in isolated rat heart and rat liver mitochondria. In both of these tissues, AZT was found to be a competitive inhibitor of the phosphorylation of thymidine to TMP, catalyzed by thymidine kinase 2. The inhibition constant (Ki) for heart mitochondria is 10.6+/-4.5 microM AZT, and for liver mitochondria Ki is 14.0+/-2.5 microM AZT. Since AZT is functioning as a competitive inhibitor, increasing thymidine concentrations may be one mechanism to overcome the inhibition and decrease AZT-related toxicity in these tissues.
Programmed learning in engineering education-a preliminary study

A recent study of programmed learning, including experimental use in an electrical engineering department, indicated that the most fruitful application of teaching machine methods is in the presently nonprogrammed or loosely programmed hours spent by students outside classroom or laboratory periods. Programs already developed for use in this study have been concerned with analytical skills; further programs under development are concerned with concepts. Larger scale experiments are planned in which additional questions can be answered, particularly as to whether exposure to programmed instruction adversely affects the capacity of the student to learn independently.
Gestalt Theory: A Foundation for Instructional Screen Design

The computer is used to present instruction more and more frequently. Computer-based instruction occurs via the stand-alone computer or workstation and via group presentations using LCD panels or d...
Sleep problems and their relation to cognitive factors, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents.

Background: Existing research indicates sleep problems to be prevalent in youth with internalizing disorders. However, childhood sleep problems are common in the general population and few data are available examining unique relationships between sleep, specific types of anxiety and depressive symptoms among nonclinical samples of children and adolescents. Methods: The presence of sleep problems was examined among a community sample of children and adolescents (N=175) in association with anxiety and depressive symptoms, age, and gender. Based on emerging findings from the adult literature we also examined associations between cognitive biases and sleep problems. Results: Overall findings revealed significant associations between sleep problems and both anxiety and depressive symptoms, though results varied by age. Depressive symptoms showed a greater association with sleep problems among adolescents, while anxiety symptoms were generally associated with sleep problems in all youth. Cognitive factors (cognitive errors and control beliefs) linked with anxiety and depression also were associated with sleep problems among adolescents, though these correlations were no longer significant after controlling for internalizing symptoms. Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of their implications for research and treatment of sleep and internalizing disorders in youth. Depression and Anxiety 26:503–512, 2009. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. y
Effects of Damköhler number on flame extinction and reignition in turbulent non-premixed flames using DNS

Results from a parametric study of flame extinction and reignition with varying Damkohler number using direct numerical simulation are presented. Three planar, non-premixed ethylene jet flames were simulated at a constant Reynolds number of 5120. The fuel and oxidizer stream compositions were varied to adjust the steady laminar extinction scalar dissipation rate, while maintaining constant flow and geometric conditions. Peak flame extinction varies from approximately 40% to nearly global blowout as the Damkohler number decreases. The degree of extinction significantly affects the development of the jets and the degree of mixing of fuel, oxidizer, and combustion products prior to reignition. The global characteristics of the flames are presented along with an analysis of the modes of reignition. It is found that the initially non-premixed flame undergoing nearly global extinction reignites through premixed flame propagation in a highly stratified mixture. A progress variable is defined and a budget of key terms in its transport equation is presented.
Turtles all the way down: a clean-slate, ground-up, first-principles approach to secure systems

In this paper, we present a set of security requirements for critical systems, fundamental premises that those requirements would entail, and ideas for implementations that would instantiate those premises. We discuss the overriding requirement guiding our paradigm: that "first principles" reflects the only real security strategy, where first principles are ideally provable, often measurable; and at minimum, possible to order and bound. These principles allow us to take into account that many security policies may be even be in conflict, and as such, proofs, measures, and ordering gives an analyst (or even better, an automated system) the metrics that one needs in order to make informed decisions about how to resolve conflicts. We demonstrate several metrics that enable this, including state replication, data slicing, collusion, and information theory.
Modular artificial neural network models for simulation and optimization of VLSI circuits

A method is proposed which generates a modular neural network MANN for mapping process level parameters to circuit performance. The MANN-an adaptive mixture of local experts competing to learn different aspects of a problem-is employed in performing extremely efficient optimization of the circuit yield at minimal cost. The MANN calculates circuit performance and optimizes yield with 97% accuracy at 28% of the cost of a full SPICE simulation.
Seromucinous Hamartoma of the Nasal Cavity: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

The sinonasal tract is a complex anatomic site, home to a wide variety of reactive, inflammatory, benign, and malignant lesions. Inflammatory polyps and papillomas are usually easily recognized by pathologists. A poorly understood lesion that has been more clearly defined in recent years is the nasal hamartoma. The epithelial subtypes include seromucinous hamartoma, respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma, and hybrid lesions. Seromucinous hamartomas have only been recognized and substantially reported over the past few years. They are a diagnostic challenge, needing to be distinguished from low grade adenocarcinomas, and are of interest because most of the basic questions about their pathophysiology remain unanswered. Herein, we present two novel cases of seromucinous hamartoma with features that partly expand the morphologic spectrum of these lesions, discuss the differential diagnosis, and review the literature to compare our findings with previously reported cases with the aim of better understanding this interesting entity.
The Import of Knowledge Export: Connecting Findings and Theories of Transfer of Learning

After more than 100 years of interest and study, knowledge transfer remains among the most challenging, contentious, and important issues for both psychology and education. In this article, we review and discuss many of the more important ideas and findings from the existing research and attempt to bridge this body of work with the exciting new research directions suggested by the following articles.
Differential expression of mammalian Numb, Numblike and Notch1 suggests distinct roles during mouse cortical neurogenesis

During Drosophila neurogenesis, asymmetric cell divisions are achieved by differential segregation of Numb (d-Numb) into one of the daughter cells to cause a bias in the Notch mediated cell-cell interaction. We have isolated a second mammalian gene with significant sequence similarity to d-numb, mouse numblike. When expressed in dividing neural precursors in Drosophila, Numblike is symmetrically distributed in the cytoplasm, unlike endogenous d-Numb or expressed mouse Numb (m-Numb), both of which are asymmetrically localized to one half of the cell membrane. In d-numb loss-of-function mutant embryos, expression of Numblike allows both daughter cells of a neural precursor to adopt the fate of the cell that normally inherits d-Numb. In mice, numblike mRNA is preferentially expressed in adult and embryonic nervous system. In the developing neocortex, Numblike is expressed in postmitotic neurons in the cortical plate, but not in progenitors within the ventricular zone where m-Numb and Notch1 are expressed. We have also found that, in dividing cortical progenitors, Notch1 is distributed around the entire membrane, unlike m-Numb which is asymmetrically localized to the apical membrane. We propose that an interplay between cell-intrinsic mechanisms (executed by m-numb and numblike) and cell-extrinsic mechanisms (mediated by Notch1) may be involved in both progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation during mammalian cortical neurogenesis.
Effect of nonuniform activity on hydrodemetallation catalyst

A model is developed to qualitatively predict the effect of a nonuniform activity distribution on the total quantity of metal deposited in hydrodemetallation catalysts. A fixed catalyst support system is assumed and no restrictions are placed on local or overall catalytic activity in seeking an optimal solution that maximizes the amount of contaminant metal deposition over the useful catalyst life. Results indicate that deposition capacity could be substantially increased by a nonuniform activity profile in which the activity at the catalyst center is higher than that at the outer edge. The shape of the optimum activity profile is presented along with practical design improvements.
Cucumis zambianus (Cucurbitaceae), a New Species from Northwestern Zambia

During germplasm explorations within Zambia in 1984, seven Cucumis accessions were collected that could not be identified to species. Two of the accessions were studied in-depth. Based on phenotypic characters, they were closest to Cucumis pustulatus. In ITS analyses of all available Cucumis species and the accessions, the two accessions grouped with 100% bootstrap support in a clade comprising C. anguria, C. dipsaceus, C. insignis, and C. pustulatus. The accessions differed from these four Cucumis species by the following characters: plants pilose, male inflorescences paniculate with 6-30 flowers, staminate-flower calyx lobes linear, pistillate-flower pedicels long and cylindrical, and a genetic difference of 4 base pairs in their ITS sequences. Controlled crosses were made within and between the two accessions and between each of them and C. pustulatus. Fruits were produced from crosses made within and between the two accessions, but attempts involving C. pustulatus were unsuccessful. The two accessions are described as a new species, Cucumis zambianus. Six of the seven unidentified Cucumis collections from Zambia are identified as C. zambianus herein. They were all collected in the northwestern corner of Zambia, but the new species is also expected to occur in eastern Angola and southern Zaire.
Multimedia Transmission Over Cognitive Radio Channels Under Sensing Uncertainty

This paper studies the performance of hierarchical modulation-based multimedia transmission in cognitive radio (CR) systems with imperfect channel sensing results under constraints on both transmit and interference power levels. Unequal error protection (UEP) of data transmission using hierarchical quadrature amplitude modulation (HQAM) is considered in which high priority (HP) data is protected more than low priority (LP) data. In this setting, closed-form bit error rate (BER) expressions for HP data and LP data are derived in Nakagami- $m$ fading channels in the presence of sensing errors. Subsequently, the optimal power control that minimizes weighted sum of average BERs of HP bits and LP bits or its upper bound subject to peak/average transmit power and average interference power constraints is derived and a low-complexity power control algorithm is proposed. Power levels are determined in three different scenarios, depending on the availability of perfect channel side information (CSI) of the transmission and interference links, statistical CSI of both links, or perfect CSI of the transmission link and imperfect CSI of the interference link. The impact of imperfect channel sensing decisions on the error rate performance of cognitive transmissions is also evaluated. In addition, tradeoffs between the number of retransmissions, the severity of fading, and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) quality are analyzed numerically. Moreover, performance comparisons of multimedia transmission with conventional quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and HQAM, and the proposed power control strategies are carried out in terms of the received data quality and number of retransmissions.
Extreme channelization of fluid and the problem of element mobility during Barrovian metamorphism

Geochemical profiles across chemically altered zones (selvages) surrounding amphibolite facies quartz+kyanite veins were investigated to determine major, minor, and trace element mass transfer and volume strain due to channelized fluid flow. The three profiles are perpendicular to two veins cutting the Wepawaug Schist, Connecticut, U.S.A., which underwent Barrovian-style metamorphism during the Acadian orogeny. Selvages are highly aluminous with considerably more kyanite, staurolite, and garnet, and less quartz, plagioclase, and mica, than surrounding wallrocks. Kyanite crystals increase in size toward veins, and reach several centimeters in length within veins. Mass balance analysis indicates 50% silica loss and 34% volume loss from selvages, on average. Silica, transferred locally from selvages to veins, accounts for 40 to 80% of the vein silica; the remainder must have been precipitated from fluids that flowed through the veins during regional devolatilization. Fluid flow also transported elements into the rock mass, which were concentrated in the selvages. Gains of Fe, Mn, Y, and HREE were due to the growth of selvage garnet; Fe, Zn, and Li were sequestered into staurolite. Kyanite, staurolite, and garnet growth resulted in Al mass gains. Destruction of mica (particularly muscovite) and of plagioclase in the selvages resulted in losses of K, Na, Ba, Pb, Sn, and volatiles and losses of Na, Sr, and Eu, respectively. Thin Na and Sr enrichment zones associated with increased modal plagioclase are found along the margins between selvages and less altered wallrock and may represent either chemical self-organization produced during diffusive mass transfer and reaction, or are relics from a possible earlier period of Na enrichment in the selvages. Simple, two-dimensional numerical modeling of flow in a fractured porous medium indicates that fluxes vary significantly over short distances (<1 m) adjacent to veins. Fluids, channelized into the high-permeability fracture conduits, carry the bulk of the fluid flow; mass transfer to and from selvages adjacent to the conduits occurred by some combination of diffusion and flow. In contrast, areas distal to the conduits are impoverished in fluid and undergo much more limited infiltration. As a consequence, different workers can come to vastly different conclusions about the magnitude of fluid fluxes and element transfer depending on the part of a fractured outcrop studied. This extreme spatial variability due to channelization can largely explain contrasting views that have arisen in the literature regarding the nature and intensity of non-volatile element mass transfer during Barrovian metamorphism. Determining “average” time-integrated fluid fluxes and levels of element transport across outcrops remains as important research challenges due to the spatial variability of flow.
Long-term management of the ventilator-dependent patient. Preparation for home care.

The care of the ventilator-dependent patient should be classified as custodial or rehabilitative. The goals of custodial care range from patient comfort to emotional stabilization of patient and family domestic situations. The goals of rehabilitative care range from patient self-sufficiency to complete weaning from mechanical ventilation. Patient evaluation for home care should be done by a home care team consisting of the patients’ physicians, intensive care unit nurses, home respiratory therapists, social workers, physical and occupational therapists, and dietitians. Essential factors required for successful home care ventilation include motivated patients and families, suitable home facilities, and the absence of other medical conditions which will preclude long-term survival.
Egg Production of Chickens Raised and Kept in Darkness

Abstract REARING pullets in darkness does not prevent them from coming into production according to Rider (1938) and King (1961). Hens continued to lay some eggs when changed from light to continuous darkness as was shown by Wilson and Woodard (1958). Recent investigations of photo-stimulation of gonadal activity in birds have stressed the importance of the prior as well as the immediate light pattern on the nature of the response (Hutchinson and Taylor, 1957; Wolfson, 1958; and Abplanalp and Wilson, 1960). The purpose of the present tests was to determine the egg production of pullets raised in darkness and continued in darkness during the laying period. EXPERIMENTAL Single Comb White Leghorn chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery December 4, 1958, and December 10, 1959, were brooded and raised to 22 and 25 weeks of age, respectively, in a windowless, fan-ventilated concrete block house. The house contained rooms 6 feet by 8 …
Novel α2β1 Integrin-Targeted Peptide Probes for Prostate Cancer Imaging:

Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that overexpression of a2b1 integrin may correlate with progression in human prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to design a novel imaging probe based on the Asp-Gly-Glu-Ala (DGEA) peptide for near-infrared-fluorescent (NIRF) imaging of a2b1 integrin expression in prostate cancer. The peptides were conjugated with appropriate fluorescent dyes, and the binding affinity of these probes was evaluated by flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines (PC-3, CWR-22, and LNCaP). In vivo NIRF imaging of the a2b1-positive PC-3 xenograft model was performed to evaluate the a2b1 targeted probe. In vitro immunofluorescence staining was carried out to confirm the a2b1 integrin expression level. Flow cytometry analysis showed that PC-3 had the highest probe uptake, followed by CWR-22 and LNCaP tumor cells. In the subcutaneous PC-3 model, the tumor demonstrated prominent uptake with good tumor to background contrast. Immunohistochemistry staining also supported the in vivo optical imaging results. DGEA-based optical agents have been developed for specific imaging of a2b1 integrin expression. In vitro and in vivo localization demonstrated the potential of this agent to identify tumor subtypes amenable to anti–a2b1 integrin treatment and potentially provide prognostic information regarding tumor progression. P ROSTATE CANCER is the most common malignancy diagnosed in men and is the second most common cause of mortality for men in the United States and Europe. 1 Despite the fact that prostate-specific antigen screening has greatly increased the number of patients detected with early-stage prostate cancer, about 40% of prostate cancers are first detected at an advanced stage, and half of these are found to be extracapsular at pathologic staging. 2,3 Therefore, development of an accurate noninvasive imaging technique to detect primary, recurrent, and residual prostate cancer is critical for the effective management of this group of patients. The precise causes of prostate cancer remain poorly understood. Numerous growth factors and their receptors are overexpressed during the progression of this disease. Specific changes in protein expression in epithelial and stromal tumor cells during the different developmental stages of prostate cancer notably contribute to enhancing tumor cell growth, survival, migration, and invasiveness. From a clinical perspective, metastatic bone disease is the major cause of mortality in prostate cancer patients. 4
TheUbitron as a high-power millimeter wave amplifier

The Ubitron is a traveling-wave amplifier based on the interaction between a 1arge-diameter magnetically undulated electron beam and the TE01 mode in circular waveguide. The interaction, is of the periodic beam type, which is sometimes referred to as ‘fast wave’ because the coupling of the beam and r. f.-wave can be obtain ed without slowing the phase velocity of the wave to less than-the velocity of light. The simplicity and large physical size of the r.f.-circuit used in the Ubitron and the large diameter of the beam make the tube extremely attractive for high pulsed power at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths. The circuit diameter is an order of magnitude greater than that of the conventional traveling-wave tube (ka is about 4 compared with 0.4 for conventional tubes). With this size advantage one can expect to obtain the same order of magnitude of power at 100 Gc/s from a Ubitron as one would obtain at 10 Gc/s from a conventional TWT. Experimental results obtained at K -band lend credence to this comparison.
Self-Assembly of biomorphic carbon/sulfur microstructures in sulfidic environments

In natural and laboratory-based environments experiencing sustained counter fluxes of sulfide and oxidants, elemental sulfur (S(0))-a key intermediate in the sulfur cycle-can commonly accumulate. S(0) is frequently invoked as a biomineralization product generated by enzymatic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and polysulfides. Here we show the formation of S(0) encapsulated in nanometre to micrometre-scale tubular and spherical organic structures that self-assemble in sulfide gradient environments in the absence of any direct biological activity. The morphology and composition of these carbon/sulfur microstructures so closely resemble microbial cellular and extracellular structures that new caution must be applied to the interpretation of putative microbial biosignatures in the fossil record. These reactions between sulfide and organic matter have important implications for our understanding of S(0) mineralization processes and sulfur interactions with organic carbon in the environment. They furthermore provide a new pathway for the synthesis of carbon-sulfur nanocomposites for energy storage technologies.
Clustering: Algorithms and Applications

In this paper, we describe algorithms that perform fuzzy clustering and feature weighting simultaneously and in an unsupervised manner. These algorithms are conceptually and computationally simple, and learn a different set of feature weights for each identified cluster. The cluster dependent feature weights offer two advantages. First, they guide the clustering process to partition the data into more meaningful clusters. Second, they can be used in the subsequent steps of a learning system to improve its learning behavior. An extension of the algorithm to deal with an unknown number of clusters is also presented. The extension is based on competitive agglomeration, whereby the number of clusters is over-specified, and adjacent clusters are allowed to compete for data points in a manner that causes clusters which lose in the competition to gradually become depleted and vanish. We illustrate the performance of the proposed approach by using it to segment color images, categorize text document collections, and build a multi-modal thesaurus and use it to annotate image regions.
Reducing Deadline Misses and Power Consumption in Real-Time Databases

In data-intensive real-time embedded applications, it is desirable to process data service requests in a timely manner using fresh data, consuming less power. However, related work is relatively scarce. In this paper, we present an effective approach to decrease both the deadline miss ratio and power consumption by merging similar real-time transactions, while systematically adapting the data freshness. In a simulation study, our approach considerably reduces deadline misses and power consumptions compared to the state-of-the-art baselines, supporting the required data freshness.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and 20-Year Physical Activity Trends Among Women.

Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with physical inactivity, a modifiable lifestyle factor that contributes to risk of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases; however, no study has evaluated the association between PTSD onset and subsequent physical activity (PA) changes. Method Analyses were conducted between October 2014 and April 2016, using data from the ongoing Nurses' Health Study II (N=50,327). Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms were assessed using two previously validated measures, the Brief Trauma Questionnaire and Short Screening Scale for DSM-IV PTSD. Average PA (hours/week) was assessed using self-report measures at six time points across 20 years (1989–2009). Linear mixed models with time-updated PTSD assessed differences in PA trajectories by trauma/PTSD status. Among a subsample of women whose trauma/PTSD onset during follow-up, group differences in PA patterns before and after onset were assessed using linear spline models. Results PA decreased more steeply over time among trauma-exposed women reporting four or five (β= –2.5E –3 , SE=1.0E –3 , p =0.007) or six or seven PTSD symptoms (β= –6.7E –3 , SE=1.1E –3 , p –3 , SE=4.2E –3 , p Conclusions Decreases in PA associated with PTSD symptoms may be a pathway through which PTSD influences cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.
Purification procedure sensitizes Bacillus endospores to free radicals from UVA radiation and photocatalysis

Many researchers are investigating the extreme resilience of bacterial endospores against chemical and physical inactivating agents. The presence of vegetative cells in spore suspensions can result in overly optimistic assessment of inactivating agents; therefore, various spore purification methods have been applied to separate spores from vegetative cells prior to testing. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of two widely used spore purification methodologies on spore integrity and susceptibility to ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation and free radicals generated from photocatalysts. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus spores were purified by procedures that involved heat shock alone or chemical washes, lysozyme treatment and heat shock (CLH). The purified spores were exposed to UVA radiation or free radicals generated by photocatalyst and susceptibility were evaluated in terms of survival ratio. The effect of purification procedure on the spore morphology was investigated with electron microscopy. The CLH purification process significantly damages spore coats and increases the susceptibility of Bacillus spores to UVA radiation and photocatalytic inactivation. It is therefore likely that the survival of CLH treated spores in extra-terrestrial environments would be less than that of the same spores purified by a less aggressive procedure.
Neuroscience and Brain Death Controversies: The Elephant in the Room.

The conception and the determination of brain death continue to raise scientific, legal, philosophical, and religious controversies. While both the President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1981 and the President’s Council on Bioethics in 2008 committed to a biological definition of death as the basis for the whole-brain death criteria, contemporary neuroscientific findings augment the concerns about the validity of this biological definition. Neuroscientific evidentiary findings, however, have not yet permeated discussions about brain death. These findings have critical relevance (scientifically, medically, legally, morally, and religiously) because they indicate that some core assumptions about brain death are demonstrably incorrect, while others lack sufficient evidential support. If behavioral unresponsiveness does not equate to unconsciousness, then the philosophical underpinning of the definition based on loss of capacity for consciousness as well as the criteria, and tests in brain death determination are incongruent with empirical evidence. Thus, the primary claim that brain death equates to biological death has then been de facto falsified. This conclusion has profound philosophical, religious, and legal implications that should compel respective authorities to (1) reassess the philosophical rationale for the definition of death, (2) initiate a critical reappraisal of the presumed alignment of brain death with the theological definition of death in Abrahamic faith traditions, and (3) enact new legislation ratifying religious exemption to death determination by neurologic criteria.
Schemas in the Cognitive and Clinical Sciences: An Integrative Construct

ABSTRACT This paper is concerned in general with the intersection of cognitive and clinical science and in particular with schema theory. The use of schema theory in the various subdisciplines of cognitive science, as well as by cognitive-behavioral clinicians and psychoanalytically oriented clinicians is reviewed. It is argued that schema theory, in both cognitive and clinical sciences, allows a focus on mental structures their biological basis, their development and change, and on the way in which they direct psychological events. Schema theory not only enables important advances in different clinical schools, but it allows central clinical themes to be tackled in convergent ways. It is concluded that the schema construct allows integration within cognitive science, within the clinic, and between the two.
Enhancing Creativity Through Group Art Therapy

This chapter describes how embracing other creative modalities and incorporating coping skills and inherent strengths within group art therapy can not only provide expression and processing of emotions in an effort to enhance well-being , but also promote and enhance a more creative lifestyle. The use of creative thinking and actions can enhance a person’s life at any age, both in the workplace and in the home environment and can be infused into an everyday lifestyle. However, it can be particularly challenging to incorporate creative endeavors into everyday life after a significant life event such as a serious medical diagnosis. This chapter also provides synopses of several art therapy program sessions and half-day workshops in an oncology setting. Interventions were designed to assist patients or participants in thinking “outside the box” as a way to identify and express their emotions around treatment and diagnosis and also to assist participants in reframing their lives with the inclusion of a cancer diagnosis by using creative art therapy interventions. Participants were encouraged to use innovative, creative techniques to express themselves in hopes that they would continue to explore creative means of expression beyond the workshops. A description of the field of art therapy and group therapy and some basic principles of art therapy practice are also provided as background information to those unfamiliar with the field.
Sustaining and revitalizing traditional Indigenous ways of speaking: An ethnography-of-speaking approach

Abstract This article makes a case for greater attention to traditional ways of speaking in Indigenous language maintenance and revitalization initiatives. It contends that traditional Indigenous communicative practices are overshadowed in many language revitalization programs by Euro-Western language ideologies and communicative norms that pervade language instruction. Through examples of speech by Lakota people, this article shows how the ethnography of speaking can usefully illuminate traditional Indigenous ways of speaking. It is posited that this “ethnography-of-speaking turn” promises to stimulate approaches to language revitalization that are more consistent with sustaining and revitalizing Indigenous cultures.
Stock price impact of diversity in investor beliefs

I re-examine the association between diverse investor beliefs and stock prices within the context of an imperfect competition model. The relationship is ambiguous because of several different effec...
K3D — A Program for Determining Stress Intensity Factors of Surface and Corner Cracks from a Hole

K3D is a computer program for determining stress intensity factors of semi-elliptical surface cracks and quarter-elliptical corner cracks emanating from a hole in a wide plate. The loading conditions considered fall into two categories: (a) pre-defined loads, which include biaxial loading with arbitrary biaxial load ratio, remote tension, remote bending (corner cracks only), and wedge loading in the hole and (b) user-defined loads, which allow users to analyze any loading conditions of interest, provided that the pertinent uncracked stress distributions can be fitted to a given functional form. K3D uses an accurate and efficient PC-based weight function algorithm, which requires no pre- or post-processing. The efficiency of the algorithm makes it possible to get a solution in a few seconds on computers equipped with an 80486 microprocessor. The program is described in some detail, following a brief introduction of the theoretical background. An example is given to illustrate its use.
Book review of Levinas and the philosophy of education [EPAT-Jan-2019-0021]

Emmanuel Levinas belongs to a group of Jewish writers whose views were greatly influenced by the persecutions and traumas that they experienced during the Second World War. As a result of these exp...
Concurrent use of opioids with benzodiazepines or nonbenzodiazepine sedatives among patients with cancer referred to an outpatient palliative care clinic

Background The concurrent use of opioids with benzodiazepines (BZD) or nonbenzodiazepine sedatives (S) recently was found to be associated with an increased risk of overdose death compared with the use of opioids alone. In the current study, the authors examined the frequency and trend of concurrent opioid/BZD-S use and its associated risk factors among patients with cancer. Methods Data regarding the frequency and trend of concurrent opioid/BZD-S use were extracted for 1500 randomly selected patients referred to the outpatient palliative care clinic at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between the calendar years of 2011 and 2016. To explore associated risk factors, the authors compared the demographic and clinical predictors of 418 patients each in the concurrent opioid/BZD-S group and opioids-only group. Results In 2011, at the time of referral to the palliative care clinic, 96 of 221 patients with cancer (43%) were prescribed concurrent opioids/BZD-S. This rate progressively declined to 67 of 217 patients (31%) by 2016 (P = .0008). Patients in the concurrent opioid/BZD-S group had a higher percentage of females (233 individuals; 55% [P = .007]) and whites (323 individuals; 77% [P = .002]), and patients reported higher scores regarding depression (P = .0001), anxiety (P ≤ .0001), drowsiness (P = .048), and worst feeling of well-being (P = .001). The morphine equivalent daily dose was significantly higher in concurrent opioid/BZD-S group (median of 67.5 mg/day [interquartile range (IQR), 30-135 mg/day] vs 60 mg/day [IQR, 30-105 mg/day]; P = .034). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that anxiety (P ≤ .0001), white race (P = .0092), and poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (P = .0017) were significantly associated with concurrent use. Conclusions The concurrent use of opioids with BZD-S has declined but continues to be frequent among patients with cancer. Anxiety, white race, and poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status were associated with its use. More research is needed to explore which medications can replace these agents.
Universities with Autism Initiatives

An increasing number of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are expected to enroll in post-secondary education in the next decade. This chapter explores the diverse array of programs and initiatives that colleges and universities are providing to Generation A. Some universities have developed programs that focus on degree completion and providing students with successful college experiences. Other programs focus on integrating them into the workforce by preparing students for the job market upon graduation, providing them with internship opportunities, and placing them in on-campus jobs. A few universities have developed programs that focus on hiring individuals with ASD from the local community.