cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Platelet adhesion to collagen under flow causes dissociation of a phosphoprotein complex of heat-shock proteins and protein phosphatase 1.

Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events in human blood platelets were investigated during their adhesion to collagen under flow conditions. Using 32 P-labeled platelets and one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we found that adhesion to collagen mediated primarily by the α 2 β 1 integrin resulted in a strong dephosphorylation of several protein bands. Neither adhesion to polylysine nor thrombin-induced aggregation caused similar protein dephosphorylation. In addition, treatment with okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases type 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), caused significant inhibition of adhesion, suggesting that adhesion is regulated by OA-sensitive phosphatases. Recent studies indicate that phosphatases may be associated with the heat-shock proteins. Immunoprecipitations with antibodies against either the heat-shock cognate protein 70 (hsc70) or heat-shock protein 90 (hsp90) showed the presence of a phosphoprotein complex in 32 P-labeled, resting human platelets. Antibody probing of this complex detected hsc70, hsp90, two isoforms of the catalytic subunit of PP1, PP1Cα and PP1Cδ, as well as the M regulatory subunit of PP1 (PP1M). OA, at concentrations that markedly blocked platelet adhesion to collagen, caused hyperphosphorylation of the hsc70 complex. In platelets adhering to collagen, hsc70 was completely dephosphorylated and hsp90, PP1α, and PP1M were dissociated from the complex, suggesting involvement of heat-shock proteins and protein phosphatases in platelet adhesion.
The Effects of Dual-task Action Observation Physical Training on the Walking Ability and Activities of Daily Living in Chronic Stroke Patients

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of dual-task action observation training (AOT) and single-task AOT related with daily living task on walking ability and ADL performance in chronic stroke patients. METHODS: Twenty-seven chronic stroke subjects were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to three task categorieds as follows: whole dual-task AOT or partial dual-task AOT or single-task AOT rehabilitation. Whole dual-task AOT observed the movement at once and partial dual-task AOT observed the movement divided into 4 parts related functional gait and activities of daily living task for 2 minutes 30 seconds. Single-task AOT observed the movement related functional gait for 2 minutes 30 seconds. Both groups had physical training session for 12 minutes 30 seconds. The study was conducted for four weeks, with three training sessions a week, for twelve weeks. All subjects were evaluated for their walking ability and activities of daily living through devices, 10m walking test (10MWT), dynamic gait index (DGI), and Korea-Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI). RESULTS: A significant improvement of walking ability and ADL performance happened among dual-task AOT subjects, compared with a single-task AOT subjects, during the 4-weeks course treatment. The results of the study showed statistically significant differences in 10MWT (p
Optimal Combination of the Binocular Cues to 3D Motion

PURPOSE Perception necessarily entails combining separate sensory estimates into a single coherent whole. The perception of three-dimensional (3D) motion, for instance, can rely on two binocular cues: one related to the change in binocular disparity over time (CD) and the other related to interocular velocity differences (IOVD). Although previous work has shown that neither cue is strictly necessary for the perception of 3D motion, observers are able to judge 3D motion in displays in which one or the other cue has been eliminated, it is unclear whether or how the two cues are combined in situations in which both are present. METHODS We tested the visual performance of a sample of 81 individuals (Mage = 20.34, 49 females) in four main conditions that measured, respectively, static stereoacuity, CD, IOVD, and combined CD+IOVD sensitivity. RESULTS We show that the sensitivity to the two binocular cues to 3D motion varies substantially across observers (CD: Md' = 1.01, SDd' = 1.1; IOVD: Md' = 1.16, SDd' = 1.03). Furthermore, sensitivity to the two cues was independent across observers (r[48] = 0.12, P = 0.42). Importantly, however, observed CD+IOVD performance was well-predicted based on the assumption that each observer combines the two cues in a statistically optimal fashion (r[79] = 0.75, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide an explanation for the previously puzzling variability found in 3D perception across observers and laboratories, with some results suggesting that motion-in-depth percepts are largely determined by changes in binocular disparity, whereas others indicate that interocular velocity differences are key. Our results underline the existence of two complementary binocular mechanisms underlying 3D motion perception, with observers relying on these two mechanisms to different extents depending on their individual sensitivity.
Presentations and emergency department evaluation of HIV infection.

Summary Patients with HIV infection may present with a wide variety of symptomatology, both related and unrelated to HIV infection. Evaluation should be conducted in an orderly fashion and should focus on the involved system, with particular attention to ruling out treatable infection, malignancy, or other HIV-related disease process.
Prognostic factor analysis in acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood.

The analysis of clinical and hematological data for prognostic relevance in 200 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), diagnosed between January 1964 and December 1980, showed that the importance of single risk factors has changed due to improvements in therapy. Morphology and cytochemistry lost their prognostic value they had in those patients treated before October 1971. In the children treated in the seventies, the WBC became the most important prognostic factor, followed by infiltrate size and age. (Age was less important than infiltrates for remission duration, but more for survival.) Immunological markers were evaluated in 56 children, since 1974. Because of the small number, no significance as risk factor was found. Those 25% with E+ blasts tended to have only a slightly worse course than "non-T-non-B"-ALL. Treatment became a highly significant risk factor, because of the improvement in results between those patients treated with CALGB protocol 6801 and those on protocol 7111. Two steps were responsible for this: better treatment strategies, and, most important, CNS-prophylaxis (or "sanctuary"-treatment) in all patients. Even in the sixties, where IT methotrexate alone was given sporadically, omitting the CNS-prophylaxis represented an important risk factor. Since 1971, most patients received cranial irradiation or intermediate dose methotrexate as second mode of CNS-prophylaxis. This resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of CNS relapse. CNS-prophylaxis mode therefore represented a significant prognostic factor, although age, WBC and infiltrates had become more important. Evaluation of the clinical and hematological data gave the following limits for an increased or lesser risk: WBC over 30.G/l: high risk, under 10.G/l: favourable. Age: below 1 year and over 10 years: high risk, 1-2 years: probably moderately increased risk. Infiltrates: no palpable hepatosplenomegaly and no lymph nodes: favourable, all palpable infiltrates: "standard" or increased risk. Platelets (under 30.G/l) represented a minor good risk factor. The common ALL antigen (CALLA) was not yet examined in this series, calling it a favourable factor is based on recent experience from other centers. T-markers are probably not a risk factor by themselves, but other poor prognostic signs are usually associated and of primary importance. If treatment will be based on risk classification, it is important to keep in mind that treatment improvements might change the significance of any prognostic factor completely.
Revise and Resubmit

Submitting your work to journals results in three possible outcomes: accept (sometimes with minor corrections needed), reject, or revise and resubmit. If your work receives a revise and resubmit (also called an R&R), celebrate. Do’t despair. This is (usually) a good thing. The journal is interested in your work, and the editor would like to publish it–after you work a bit more on the piece.
Diagnosis, DSM-IV, and Dimensional Approaches

Classification is at the heart of any science. Without some objective ordering and labeling of objects or experiences investigators would be unable to communicate with each other and our knowledge would not advance. Each individual would then have to develop his or her own personal science which could not be applicable beyond one’s own subjective experience. When dealing with rocks or insects, these ideas are fundamental. But when the subject matter is human behavior, particularly emotional disorders, controversy surrounds all aspects of the endeavor including the very basic issue of whether classification could even be attempted (Barlow, 1988). Within the realm of emotional disorders, for example, major controversies have arisen surrounding what is normal or abnormal in emotional expression; the boundaries among the various proposed categories, and/or which features of an emotional disorder should be dimensionalized or scaled to provide more information or a more complete picture.
A meeting of two materials

Objects made from polymeric materials, such as rubber and plastic, are incredibly useful. If we stop to consider what properties make these objects so vital for our everyday lives, the chances are that at least one involves the dynamics of interfaces. Take, for example, a computer mouse. It has a plastic case and contains a rubber coated ball, which rotates when the mouse is moved. The case is glued together such that the glue joints are sufficiently strong to withstand any rough treatment. The friction of the case on the desk must be small, but the friction of the ball on the desk must be high so that it rolls rather than slips when the mouse is moved.
Rediscovering “Rote”: Some Cognitive and Pedagogical Preliminaries

In the cognitive psychology of the 1960’s, researchers worked on formulating “models” of human memory by presenting subjects with long lists of nonsense syllables or nonsense words in certain randomized or semi-randomized orders. The subject was given a limited time to study each word in the list (which was shown one or more times) and then the subject, following some type of intervening time or activity, was required to remember as many of the items as possible. Parametric variations in the type of item, frequency of repetition, intervening material, and delay of recall were among the characteristics of human memory that filled experimental psychology journals. However, by the 1970’s a profound change in direction had taken place in the study of memory. The study of memory now became focused on the subject’s effort to add meaning to or to “code” (Melton & Martin, 1968) the information to-be-memorized. Added to the study of semantic memory were the subject’s attempts to manipulate, organize or otherwise manage the stimulus information. Using information processing as a theoretical framework, memory researchers studied the subject’s mnemonic strategies as they were invoked when remembering was required.
Some Economic Issues in the Exploration for Oil and Gas

In this chapter I present a simple economic model of exploration, and then discuss some predictions stemming from the model. I also describe some empirical phenomena relevant to exploration: trends in the probability of dry holes, the relation between oil prices and exploratory drilling, and developments in the deep water Gulf of Mexico.
Layer-by-layer, ultrasonic spray assembled 2D and 3D chemically crosslinked carbon nanotubes and graphene

Two- and three-dimensional assemblies of carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene are necessary to harness their remarkable physicochemical properties in many clean energy, electronics, and biomedical applications. Herein we report a facile, economical, and versatile method for layer-by-layer fabrication of chemically-crosslinked carbon nanomaterial assemblies by ultrasonic spray coating combined with radical-initiated crosslinking reaction. The chemical, surface, and mechanical properties of the carbon nanomaterial coatings were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning- and transmission-electron microscopy, and nano-dynamic mechanical analysis. Our results indicate that the macroscopic 2D assemblies of crosslinked carbon nanotubes or graphene nanoparticles have surface uniformity, are chemically-crosslinked, and are mechanically robust. We further provide proof-of-concept demonstration of fabricating free-standing, porous, 3D single-walled carbon nanotube structures. Taken together, the results opens avenues toward adapting our method to enable 3D printing or additive manufacturing of all-carbon nanomaterial structures.
Accumulation of NFkB1 (p105) and NFkB2 (p100) Is Essential for Apoptosis Induced by Proteasome Inhibition in a Lymphoma Model.

The proteasome is a novel target in the therapeutic approach against different subtypes of lymphomas due to its role in the degradation of many proteins involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis. This multi-enzyme complex controls gene expression by degrading transcription factors such as NF- k B, p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, HIFla, and MATa2. Among these, the best characterized is the NF k B family of transcription factors. Mammals express five NF k B proteins including REL-A (p65), c-REL, REL-B, p50 and p52. All NF k B proteins contain a highly conserved REL-homology domain (RHD), which is responsible for DNA binding, dimerization, nuclear translocation, and interaction with the I k B proteins. Active NF k B is present in the nucleus as heterodimers of p65 and p50 or p52 and REL-B subunits. In contrast, inactive NF k B dimers are sequestered in the cytoplasm due to their interaction with inhibitory proteins such as the I k B’s or the large NF k B subunits p105 and p100. Activation of the NF k B pathway is mediated by proteasome processing of p105 and p100 to produce p50 and p52, respectively, and proteasome degradation of the I k B proteins. Therefore, the proteasome plays a central role in the equilibrium between anti-apoptotic signals derived from p50 and p52, and the NF k B inhibitory signals of p105 and p100. However, it is still undetermined whether modulation of the inhibitory signals or the anti-apoptotic signals by proteasome inhibition is more important for the induction of apoptosis in lymphomas. To address this question we tested the apoptotic effect of the proteasome inhibitor PS341 in two lymphoma cell lines (Daudi and SC) after knocking down p105 and/or p100, using lentivirus expressing siRNA’s. After 24 hours of treatment with titration doses of PS341 (5, 10, 50, and 100nM), we measured apoptosis and NF k B inhibition by Annexin V-Alexa fluorescence and an NF k B luciferase reporter assay, respectively. Interestingly, co-expression of siRNA against both p100 and p105 rendered cells resistant to the induction of apoptosis at clinical doses of PS341 (5 and 10nM) compared to the controls (see table). Similar results were obtained after selective knock down of either p105 or p100. Western Blot analysis showed much lower accumulation of p105 and p100 in siRNA expressing cells than in control cells. However, I k B levels remain stable or increase during treatment in the p105 and/or p100 siRNA expressing cells, despite the observed reduction in apoptosis. These results suggest that the accumulation of p105 and p100, rather than I k B, contributes to the induction of apoptosis. In addition, the expression of NF k B anti-apoptotic signals, such as BCL-xL, increased in all cell lines, including controls. Therefore, the presence of anti-apoptotic signals has no impact on the apoptotic effect produced by PS341. In conclusion, the current study in our lymphoma model demonstrates that the accumulation of p105 and p100 is essential for the induction of apoptosis produced by proteasome inhibition.
SER scaling and trends in planar submicron technology nodes

It is important to analyze and understand the soft error rate (SER) scaling and trends when selecting a technology node and process for a product that needs to meet robust SER requirements. In this paper the SER scaling and trends normalized to FITs/Mb in planar sub-micron nodes from 90nm to 20nm are analyzed and discussed. This paper discusses and presents the SER scaling based on normalized FITs/Mb. This improves comparability versus published SER trends and scaling based on fail counts.
Interactive Score Reporting: An AutoTutor-Based System for Teachers

Teachers often have difficulties understanding many aspects of score reports for assessments, thus hindering their ability to help students. Computerized environments with natural language conversations may help teachers better understand these reports. Thus, we created a tutor on score reports for teachers based on the AutoTutor conversational framework, which conventionally teaches various topics to students rather than teachers. We conducted a pilot study where eight teachers completed interaction with the tutor, providing a total of 98 responses. Results revealed specific ways the framework may be altered for teachers as well as teachers’ overall favorable attitudes towards the tutor.
A numerical method for osmotic water flow and solute diffusion with deformable membrane boundaries in two spatial dimension

Abstract Osmotic forces and solute diffusion are increasingly seen as playing a fundamental role in cell movement. Here, we present a numerical method that allows for studying the interplay between diffusive, osmotic and mechanical effects. An osmotically active solute obeys a advection–diffusion equation in a region demarcated by a deformable membrane. The interfacial membrane allows transmembrane water flow which is determined by osmotic and mechanical pressure differences across the membrane. The numerical method is based on an immersed boundary method for fluid–structure interaction and a Cartesian grid embedded boundary method for the solute. We demonstrate our numerical algorithm with the test case of an osmotic engine, a recently proposed mechanism for cell propulsion.
Ectopic ureterocele in single nonduplicated collecting system: diagnosis by radiography.

Abstract The authors report 3 cases of ectopic ureterocele opening into the seminal vesicles or ejaculatory duct. Two of the three patients had posterior urethral valves. The authors demonstrated the anomalies on voiding cystourethrography instead of resorting to other techniques described.
Sequential induction of Fur-regulated genes in response to iron limitation in Bacillus subtilis

Bacterial cells modulate transcription in response to changes in iron availability. The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) senses intracellular iron availability and plays a central role in maintaining iron homeostasis in Bacillus subtilis. Here we utilized FrvA, a high-affinity Fe2+ efflux transporter from Listeria monocytogenes, as an inducible genetic tool to deplete intracellular iron. We then characterized the responses of the Fur, FsrA, and PerR regulons as cells transition from iron sufficiency to deficiency. Our results indicate that the Fur regulon is derepressed in three distinct waves. First, uptake systems for elemental iron (efeUOB), ferric citrate (fecCDEF), and petrobactin (fpbNOPQ) are induced to prevent iron deficiency. Second, B. subtilis synthesizes its own siderophore bacillibactin (dhbACEBF) and turns on bacillibactin (feuABC) and hydroxamate siderophore (fhuBCGD) uptake systems to scavenge iron from the environment and flavodoxins (ykuNOP) to replace ferredoxins. Third, as iron levels decline further, an “iron-sparing” response (fsrA, fbpAB, and fbpC) is induced to block the translation of abundant iron-utilizing proteins and thereby permit the most essential iron-dependent enzymes access to the limited iron pools. ChIP experiments demonstrate that in vivo occupancy of Fur correlates with derepression of each operon, and the graded response observed here results, at least in part, from higher-affinity binding of Fur to the “late”-induced genes.
Therapy with African American Men

African American males have a low participation rate in therapy. The author discusses how cultural, socialization, gender-related, and psychohistorical issues—specifically the “invisibility” of thi...
Snapshot Compressive Spectral+Depth Imaging with Color-Coded Apertures

We report on the development of an imaging device that employs a color-coded aperture and a time-of-flight sensor to measure spectral+depth information using a single compressive snapshot.
EXPLORATORY AND CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE SCHOOL LEVEL ENVIRONMENT QUESTIONNAIRE (SLEQ)

The purpose of the present study was to validate an existing school environment instrument, the School Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ). The SLEQ consists of 56 items, with seven items in each of eight scales. One thousand, one hundred and six (1106) teachers in 59 elementary schools in a southwestern USA public school district completed the instrument. An exploratory factor analysis was undertaken for a random sample of half of the completed surveys. Using principal axis factoring with oblique rotation, this analysis suggested that 13 items should be dropped and that the remaining 43 items could best be represented by seven rather than eight factors. A confirmatory factor analysis was run with the other half of the original sample using structural equation modeling. Examination of the fit indices indicated that the model came close to fitting the data, with goodness-of-fit (GOF) coefficients just below recommended levels. A second model was then run with two of the seven factors, with their associated items removed. That left five factors with 35 items. Model fit was improved. A third model was tried, using the same five factors with 35 items but with correlated residuals between some of the items within a factor. This model seemed to fit the data well, with GOF coefficients in recommended ranges. These results led to a refined, more parsimonious version of the SLEQ that was then used in a larger study. Future research is needed to see if this model would fit other samples in different elementary schools and in secondary schools both in the USA and in other countries.
Counseling in Developing Countries: Turkey and India as Examples

Turkey and India are developing countries with unique cultural characteristics. The current state of mental health counseling in Turkey and India necessitates new laws, indigenous approaches, adaptations of culture-sensitive approaches, and research projects to validate such approaches. It is the job of mental health counselors to accomplish such complicated and trying tasks in the absence of social and financial resources.
Neurologic manifestations associated with cryoglobulinemia: A single center experience.

Abstract Introduction Limited information is available describing the spectrum of neurological complications of cryoglobulinemia. Methods Single center retrospective review of patients with neurologic symptoms and elevated serum cryoglobulins, with their potential association being classified as definite, possible, or unlikely using defined criteria. Results Among 492 patients, 131 (87 classified as definite and 44 as possible) had neurologic symptoms associated with cryoglobulinemia. Common comorbidities included hepatitis C (N = 43), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (N = 20), Sjogren's syndrome (N = 17), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (N = 17), and systemic lupus erythematosus (N = 10). Features supporting an association between cryoglobulinemia and neurological symptoms were the presence of purpura (p Conclusion This study describes a wide spectrum of patients with neurologic symptoms attributed to cryoglobulinemia and provides a framework to approach this challenging diagnosis.
IL23 induces IL23R recycling and amplifies innate receptor-induced signalling and cytokines in human macrophages, and the IBD-protective IL23R R381Q variant modulates these outcomes.

Objective The interleukin (IL)23 pathway contributes to IBD pathogenesis and is being actively studied as a therapeutic target in patients with IBD. Unexpected outcomes in these therapeutic trials have highlighted the importance of understanding the cell types and mechanisms through which IL23 regulates immune outcomes. How IL23 regulates macrophage outcomes and the consequences of the IL23R R381Q IBD-protective variant on macrophages are not well defined; macrophages are key players in IBD pathogenesis and inflammation. Design We analysed protein and RNA expression, signalling and localisation in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) through western blot, ELISA, real-time PCR, flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation and microscopy. Results IL23R was critical for optimal levels of pattern-recognition receptor (PRR)-induced signalling and cytokines in human MDMs. In contrast to the coreceptor IL12Rβ1, IL23 induced dynamic IL23R cell surface regulation and this required clathrin and dynamin-mediated endocytosis and endocytic recycling-dependent pathways; these pathways were essential for IL23R-mediated outcomes. The IBD-protective IL23R R381Q variant showed distinct outcomes. Relative to IL23R R381, HeLa cells expressing IL23R Q381 showed decreased IL23R recycling and reduced assembly of IL23R Q381 with Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway members. In MDMs from IL23R Q381 carriers, IL23R accumulated in late endosomes and lysosomes on IL23 treatment and cells demonstrated decreased IL23R- and PRR-induced signalling and cytokines relative to IL23R R381 MDMs. Conclusion Macrophage-mediated inflammatory pathways are key contributors to IBD pathogenesis, and we identify an autocrine/paracrine IL23 requirement in PRR-initiated human macrophage outcomes and in human intestinal myeloid cells, establish that IL23R undergoes ligand-induced recycling, define mechanisms regulating IL23R-induced signalling and determine how the IBD-protective IL23R R381Q variant modulates these processes.
Thermodynamics of Hierarchical Aggregation in Pigment Dispersions

Many commercially and industrially important materials aggregate to form nanoscale mass-fractal structures. Unlike hard aggregates such as fumed silica, aqueous pigment-based inks consist of weakly bound nanoparticles stabilized by a surfactant. These soft aggregates can easily break apart and re-form balancing mixing energy and the reduction in surface energy with clustering or aggregation. Rapid thermal motion of small elemental crystallites leads to dense clusters or primary particles. The larger primary particles have slower thermal motion and aggregate into ramified mass fractals to form a dual-level hierarchical structure. It is proposed that the hierarchical structure relies on subtle and competitive equilibria between the different hierarchical structural levels. A new hierarchical thermodynamics model by Vogtt is used. Pigment yellow 14 and pigment blue 15:3 as surfactant-stabilized aqueous dispersions were employed to explore the thermodynamics of nanoparticle hierarchical equilibria. It was demonstrated that reversible nanoparticle aggregation can be described solely by the change in free energy of dissociation and the change in free energy of mixing in the context of a subunit being removed from a cluster. The hierarchical thermodynamics is dominated by the solubility of the dispersing surfactant. At the cloud point for the surfactant, primary particles approach the size of an elemental particle and the degree of aggregation becomes very large. The results indicate that subtle and reproducible control over pigment hierarchical structure and size is possible through thermal equilibration, manipulation of the surfactant properties, and elemental crystallite size.
Efficient Range-Trapdoor Functions and Applications: Rate-1 OT and More

Substantial work on trapdoor functions (TDFs) has led to many powerful notions and applications. However, despite tremendous work and progress, all known constructions have prohibitively large public keys.
Effect of pH on Methane Oxidation and Community Composition in Landfill Cover Soil

AbstractMunicipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are regarded as one of the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the world. An innovative and sustainable biogeochemical cover system ...
Atrazine removal from water by activated charcoal cloths

Abstract Pollution control structures may be adapted to enhance the removal of nutrients and pesticides from water. Charcoal-like material is known to sorb organic compounds in solution, including atrazine, a herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds, which persists in soils and can migrate from soils to water bodies, ultimately affecting water quality. The primary goal of this study was to investigate if activated charcoal cloths (single-weave, SW; double-weave, DW; and knitted, KT) are more efficient to remove atrazine from aqueous solutions than a cloth without activated charcoal (control) currently used in pollution control structures. The approach consisted of sorption kinetics, flow-through, and desorption/degradation experiments using 50 and 1000 μg L-1 atrazine solutions. Results showed that within 30 min of contact time, the control sorbed from 22.6 to 36.1% of atrazine in solution; whereas the activated charcoal cloths sorbed from 76 to 99% of atrazine in solution (SW > KT > DW). The flow-through experiments showed that the SW sorbed 88.2, 76.1, and 52.2% of atrazine at the contact time of 0.75, 5, and 10 min, respectively. After 28 days of incubation, previously sorbed atrazine on the SW cloth did not degrade and
Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest In a Patient with Congenital Afibrinogenemia

Abstract Congenital afibrinogenemia is a rare autosomal recessive hematologic disorder that results in coagulopathy due to the complete lack of fibrinogen production. While the common manifestation of the disease entails a bleeding diathesis, these patients are also at high risk of thromboembolic event due to abnormal coagulation cascade. We present a case in which a patient with congenital afibrinogenemia complicated by chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension undergoes pulmonary thromboendarterectomy requiring cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. We discuss the clinical management technique with the use of human fibrinogen concentrate. We also discuss the potential safety implications and recent literature involving the use of human fibrinogen concentrate during cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
Connectionist Modeling and the Microstructure of Phonological Development: A Progress Report

Children learning to pronounce the sounds of their languages exhibit individual differences and a varying but often high degree of regularity in their rendering of adult words. The mappings from adult to child words show great phonetic context dependency and considerable stability over time, but often much lexical irregularity and other ‘unruly behavior’. Standard child phonology models, derived from adult-based phonological theory, ignore such unruly phenomena as non-rule-governed template matching, crosstalk between rules, and fuzzy boundaries of rule domains. Connectionist learning models are in principle well adapted to simulating these properties; a model in progress, GEYKO, is sketched. Children have access to several feedback loops in learning to pronounce, both internal (auditory, motor, proprioceptive) and external (parental social and material reinforcement). GEYKO’s speech gesture planning module is intended to learn production with the aid of such feedback, and its auditory planning module will learn perceptual categorization of spectral data by unsupervised learning methods.
Microgenetic Analyses of Learning

This chapter is based on three propositions: (1) learning is central to child development, (2) microgenetic analyses yield unique information about learning, and (3) the information yielded by microgenetic analysis is helping to create a vibrant new field of children's learning. In addition to providing arguments and evidence for these propositions, the chapter describes conclusions from microgenetic studies regarding the path, rate, breadth, variability, and sources of children's learning. Among the main conclusions are that: within-child variability is substantial at all ages from infancy to older adulthood, initial within-child variability tends to be positively related to subsequent learning, learning tends to progress through a regular sequence of knowledge states that parallel untutored development, the path of learning is usually similar for learners of different ages and different intellectual levels, new approaches are generated following success as well as failure of existing approaches, and requests to explain observations often promote learning above and beyond the effects of feedback and practice. Keywords: cognitive variability; developmental sequences; learning; learning and development; microgenetic; self-explanation; transfer
ADMET In Vitro Profiling: Utility and Applications in Lead Discovery

ADMET properties are a vital integral part of drug discovery because they determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of clinical development candidates. Diverse ADMET profiling assays have been developed and implemented to provide property data for drug discovery team decision making. Their utility and applications in lead discovery include the following: lead selection, diagnosis of poor PK, guidance for structure modification, solving specific project team property issues, providing accurate biological data for SAR, selecting compounds for in vivo PK and PD studies, and improving dosing for optimum exposure in vivo. ADMET properties are discussed along with case studies and assays. Keywords: absorption; ADMET; assays; blood–brain barrier; bioassay; Caco-2; cytochrome P450 (CYP); distribution; drug–drug interaction; drug-like properties; excretion; hERG blocking; in vitro assay; lipophilicity; metabolism; optimization; PAMPA; permeability; pharmacokinetics; physicochemical; pKa; protein binding; rule of five; stability; solubility; toxicity; transporters
Low-calcium diet prevents fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and ameliorates the response to glucose load in rats

Consuming a fructose-rich diet leads to hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance. In humans, the consumption of high levels of refined sugars often coincides with a diet containing suboptimal levels of calcium. Calcium and carbohydrate metabolism interact, so there is potential for fructose to have different health outcomes depending on whether the diet is calcium-rich or calcium-poor. We evaluated the metabolic effects of feeding fructose to rats that were maintained on either a calcium-replete diet or a low-calcium diet. Growing male Sprague Dawley rats were fed diets based on the AIN-93G formulation, with the main source of carbohydrate derived either from a mixture of cornstarch and sucrose or from fructose. Half the rats given each carbohydrate source were fed calcium at recommended levels (125 mmol/kg Ca2+); the others were fed a diet low in calcium (25 mmol/kg Ca2+). At various times, glucose and insulin tolerance tests were conducted to assess glucose metabolism. Rats fed low-calcium diet had lower fasting insulin levels irrespective of the carbohydrate source they ate. They had a normal glycemic response to a glucose load and did not develop hyperinsulinemia under conditions of fructose feeding. The drop in blood glucose levels in response to insulin injection was larger in rats fed low-calcium diet than in those fed calcium-replete diet. Low-calcium diet prevented fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and improved glucose handling under conditions of fructose feeding. Potential mechanisms underlying these effects of the low-calcium diet remain to be determined, but possibilities include impairment of insulin release from the pancreas and improved peripheral insulin sensitivity.
Segmentation and broad classification of continuous speech

Describes an algorithm that performs speaker-independent segmentation and broad classification of continuous speech. The algorithm is implemented as a set of knowledge sources that apply rules to speech parameters to locate segment boundaries and assign broad category labels to the resulting segments. The output of the algorithm is a network of segments with broad category labels. The structure of the algorithm, the manner in which acoustic phonetic knowledge is applied, and the performance of the algorithm on 200 utterances produced by 50 speakers is described. >
Accelerating LP algorithms

It is shown how a novel method for computing (related) inner products can accelerate the pricing phase of LP algorithms. Other LP applications are indicated.
Toll-like receptor tolerance as a mechanism for neuroprotection.

It has been discovered recently that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key mediators of tissue injury in response to stroke. This revelation has identified a new target critical to understanding the underlying mechanisms of stroke injury and potential therapies. Much of the interest in TLRs centers around their ability to self-regulate—a process commonly referred to as “tolerance,” wherein prior exposure to low-level TLR activation induces protection against a subsequent challenge that would otherwise cause damage. This endogenous process has been exploited in the setting of stroke. Recent studies show that TLR pathways can be reprogrammed via prior exposure to TLR ligands, leading to decreased infarct size and improved neurological outcomes in response to ischemic injury. Efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms of TLR reprogramming have led to the identification of multiple routes of TLR regulation including inhibitors that target signaling mediators, microRNAs that suppress genes posttranscriptionally, and epigenetic changes in chromatin remodeling that affect global gene regulation. In this review, we discuss the role of TLRs in mediating injury due to stroke, evidence for TLR-preconditioning-induced TLR reprogramming in response to stroke, and possible mechanisms of TLR-induced neuroprotection.
A simulation study of the effect on simple ecological systems of making rate of increase of population density-dependent

A simulation study has been carried out of the effect on Lotka-Volterra type ecological systems of the presence of density-dependent terms (of the type population-square) in the corresponding differential equations. It is found, as previously believed, that such terms do stabilize such a system, but the extent of the stabilization depends on the characteristics of the species to which they are applied. The lower trophic levels of a system are more important than the upper ones, herbivores collectively usually being the most important level. The numerical properties of the several species compare in importance with the organiza tion of the system: the importance of any individual species increases with the flux of protoplasm through it; the im portance of a pair of species increases with the flux of protoplasm between them. A possible method of extending this study to approach the status of a proof is suggested.
Posterior Commissure of the Human Larynx Revisited

Summary The existence of the posterior commissure (PC) of the human larynx has been disputed (Hirano M, Sato K, et al. The posterior glottis. Trans Am Laryngol Assoc . 1986;107:70–75). "The term posterior commissure has no relevance to anatomical structure. The term commissure means a joining together. The bilateral vocal folds never join at their posterior ends. The posterior aspect of the glottis is a wall. The posterior lateral aspect of the posterior glottis is also the lateral wall of the posterior glottis" (Hirano M, Sato K, et al. The posterior glottis. Trans Am Laryngol Assoc . 1986;107:70–75). This study is intended to clarify the development of anatomical and morphological aspects of the PC in conjunction with a clinical classification of the larynx in sagittal view. This study uses human embryo and fetal laryngeal sections from the Carnegie Collection of Human Embryos (the world standard) and whole organ laryngeal sections from the Tucker Laryngeal Fetal Collection. Correlation of histologic and gross anatomical structure is made with the Hirano et al atlas, the Vidic Photographic Atlas of the Human Body, and the O'Rahilly Embryonic Atlas. Embryologic data clearly describe and illustrate the posterior union of the cricoid cartilage with formation of the PC. The anatomical functional aspects of the posterior lateral cricoid lamina as the supporting buttress of the articulating arytenoid cartilages are illustrated.
Body build and longevity. 1927.

The very expression “well built” has become a part of our language. It implies that persons of a particular build or structure are better coordinated or somehow can function better than other people and may, therefore, be expected to have a greater life span. Variations in the structure of individuals are marked and serve to distinguish fairly definite types. Insurance experience has crystallized into a number of fairly definite conclusions with regard to the relative longevity of certain of these types. Extremes of stature, for example, are decided handicaps. Extreme overweight and underweight carry with them increased mortality and correspondingly shorter life. Very heavy people are more likely to succumb prematurely to such conditions as diabetes, organic heart disease, renal impairment, hardening of the arteries, and very light persons, particularly at the younger ages, are more likely to develop tuberculosis. Insurance experience has confirmed the popular judgment that the individuals who approach the mean of these body measures are better able to withstand the hazards of life and to round out a fairly full expectation.
Rat pancreatic serotonergic nerves: morphologic, pharmacologic and physiologic studies.

Abstract We have previously reported the presence of a specific uptake system for serotonin in the adult rat pancreas. In this report, we extended our findings to demonstrate that this uptake is uniform throughout the pancreas, does not differ between the sexes, and does not represent uptake into platelets. Incubation of tissue fragments in vitro with [ 3 H]serotonin (5-HT) in the presence of fluoxetine, an inhibitor of serotonin uptake, reduced the uptake to non-specific levels. Similarly, co-incubation of pancreatic fragments with parachloroamphetamine and/or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, both serotonergic neurotoxic drugs, completely obliterated the specific uptake of [ 3 H]5-HT. Veratridine significantly augmented the pancreatic release of [ 3 H]5-HT during perifusion of pancreatic fragments after uptake. It is concluded that the rat pancreas contains serotonergic nerves.
SU-GG-T-440: Dosimetric Delivery Verification of Whole Brain Radiotherapy with Hippocampal Avoidance (WBRT-HA) and Simultaneously Integrated Multiple Metastases Boost (SIB)

Purpose: To verify the delivery accuracy and precision of a whole brainradiotherapy hippocampal avoidance (WBRT‐HA) and simultaneously integrated multiple metastases boost treatment plan in a head phantom. Method and Materials: A helical tomotherapy treatment plan was created using the Rando anthropomorphic head phantom. The image set was transferred to Pinnacle3 TPS where structures were segmented. Contours from an actual patient segmentation were applied to retain an accurate representation of the human anatomy. The plan was generated using a field width of 1.0 cm, pitch of 0.215, and modulation factor of 4.0. Dose prescriptions to the various targets were as follows: Met1 & Met2 − 95% of volume to receive 70.8Gy, Met3 − 95% of volume to receive 63Gy, and WB‐CTV − 95% of volume to receive 32.25Gy delivered in 15 fractions. TLD‐100 chips were placed at the center of each metastasis, hippocampus lobe, and the brain. All fifteen fractions were delivered to the head phantom. After each fraction, the phantom was opened, and TLDs were replaced. The head phantom was then repositioned, and a MVCT was acquired for localization. Results: Agreement between calculated and measured doses for the metastases, hippocampus, and whole brain were shown to be within 15, 10, and 3%, respectively. Reasons for these discrepancies aren't exactly known; however, being that the whole braindose was within 3%, overdosing of the metastases and hippocampus may be due to their small volumes. Furthermore, the relatively small variance associated within each of the structures indicates that precise interfractional repositioning was possible with MVCT imaging.Conclusion: Our results indicate that for small volumes the calculated dose was underestimated by up to 15% using helical tomotherapy. It was noted that the MVCT of tomotherapy is vital for the precise delivery of WBRT‐HA with SIB of multiple metastases.
The Variation of Muscle Oxygen Consumption With Velocity of Shortening

Total oxygen consumption following contraction at controlled shortening velocities was determined for ten twitches of frog sartorius muscle. Under the conditions of this investigation maximum oxygen consumption occurred at approximately 30 mm/sec. shortening velocity and decreased for larger and smaller velocities. Mechanical efficiency was calculated and found to show a maximum at approximately 20 mm/sec. shortening velocity. The relationship between this study and a similar investigation in which heat changes are measured as a function of shortening velocity is discussed.
FOURIER TRANSFORM PROPERTIES OF POLAR FORMATTED DATA

One of the basic reasons for using optical processing is the sim-plicity of using a spherical lens to take a 2-dimensional Fourier transform (FT) of input data. Intrinsically, the 2-dimensional FT is best understood in rectangular coordinates (Ref. 1). Most FT techniques take advantage of rectangular formatted data. However, a polar format is often the most natural form for data obtained with a technique where rotation is inherent in the data taking process. Such cases exist in radio astronomy of rotating planets (Ref. 2) and other stellar objects where the earth's rotation is used to advantage (Ref. 3), and in processing image projections (Ref. 4). In addition, the concept of recording data on a rotating disk for near real time optical processing is also very attractive (Ref. 5). All these areas of interest might take advantage of optical data processing. However, a major stumbling block is that the FT of many of the simplest polar forms, e.g. a pie shaped wedge (Ref. 6) do not lend themselves to closed form expressions that can be easily under-stood. Hence, whatever advantages a polar formatted optical processing system might have are not readily evident.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.