cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Puberty and depression: the roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing.

Background. Previous work has indicated that the 2[ratio ]1 female[ratio ]male sex ratio in unipolar depressive disorders does not emerge until some time between ages 10 and 15.Methods. Data from four annual waves of data collection from the Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS) involving children aged nine to 16 were employed.Results. Pubertal status better predicted the emergence of the expected sex ratio than did age. Only after the transition to mid-puberty (Tanner Stage III and above) were girls more likely than boys to be depressed. The timing of this transition had no effect on depression rates. Before Tanner Stage III, boys had higher rates of depression than girls, and the prevalence of depression appeared to fall in boys at an earlier pubertal stage than that at which it began to rise in girls. In addition, recent transition to Tanner Stage III or higher had a transient effect in reducing the prevalence of depression in boys.Conclusions. The period of emergence of increased risk for depression in adolescent girls appears to be a relatively sharply demarcated developmental transition occurring in mid-puberty. Previously reported effects of the timing of puberty (which have tended to be transient) appeared less important in increase of risk for depression than pubertal status.
Update on HIV reservoirs.

The stable latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells is a major barrier to curing HIV-1/AIDS. Studies on HIV-1 latency focused on regulation and reactivation of viral gene expression in the cells in which viral latent infection is already established. However, it is not well understood how virus becomes latent. In this study, we found that in a subset of memory precursor CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 completes steps in the life cycle through integration but has limited gene transcriptional activity. HIV-1 preferentially establishes latent infection in this subset of CD4+ T cells. Other CD4+ T cells are not latency permissive because they either block viral entry/reverse transcription, or support high level viral gene transcription. We also investigated how CD8+ T cells could affect HIV-1 latent infection. We found that viral-specific CTLs could effectively block or clear HIV-1 latent infection. Since immunodominant CTL responses in acute infection have been identified as the major selection force driving the development of CTL escape mutations, we hypothesized that patient latent viruses should carry mutated epitopes which could not be recognized by immunodominant CTLs. In fact, we confirmed that the vast majority (>98%) of latent viruses carried CTL escape mutations that render the infected cells insensitive to immunodominant CTLs. To solve this critical problem, we identified CTLs that could recognize antigens from latent HIV-1 that were unmutated in chronically infected patient. We further demonstrated that these CTLs were able to eliminate target cells infected with autologous virus derived from the latent reservoir. The predominance of CTL-resistant viruses in the latent reservoir poses a major challenge to viral eradication. Our results demonstrate that HIV-1 establishes latent infection in memory precursor CD4+ T cells. Chronically infected patients retain a broad spectrum viral specific CTL response and that appropriate boosting of this response may be required for the elimination of the latent reservoir.
Case Study on the Impact of Horizontal Boundary Elements Design on Seismic Behavior of Steel Plate Shear Walls

Acasestudywasconductedtoinvestigatetheseismicbehaviorofsteelplateshearwallshavingboundaryelementsdesignedbytwo different philosophies. The first design approach does not guarantee that formation of in-span plastic hinges on horizontal boundary elements (HBEs) will be prevented, whereas the second approach guarantees that plastic hinges can only occur at the ends of HBEs. Pushover and nonlinear time-history analyses were conducted to investigate behavior. Results show that the development of in-span plastic hinges has sig- nificantconsequencesonthebehavior ofthestructurethroughinducing(1)significantaccumulationofplasticincrementaldeformationsonthe HBEs; (2) partial yielding of the infill plates; (3) lower global plastic strength compared with values predicted by code equations; and (4) total (elastic and plastic) HBE rotations greater than 0.03 radians after the structure was pushed cyclically up to a maximum lateral drift of 3%. Nonlinear time-history analyses also demonstrated that increasing the severity of the ground excitations (i.e., from design basis earthquake (DBE) to maximum considered earthquake (MCE)) acting on the structure with in-span plastic hinge accentuated the accumulation of plastic incremental deformations on the HBEs. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000490. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Plastic hinges; Seismic effects; Steel plates; Shear walls; Deformation; Case studies. Author keywords: In-span plastic hinge; Seismic behavior; Steel plate shear walls; Boundary elements design; Cumulative plastic incremental deformation.
Longitudinal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors

OBJECTIVES. A major assumption underlying youth health promotion has been that physiological risk factors track from childhood into adulthood. However, few studies have systematically examined how behaviors change during adolescence. This paper describes longitudinal tracking of adolescent health behaviors in two Minnesota Heart Health Program communities. METHODS. Beginning in sixth grade (1983), seven annual waves of behavioral measurements were taken from both communities (baseline n = 2376). Self-reported data included smoking behavior, physical activity, and food preferences. RESULTS. A progressive increase in the change to weekly smoking status was observed across the smoking status categories. As students began to experiment with smoking, they were more likely to either begin to be or remain regular smokers. Tracking of physical activity and food choice variables was also apparent. In nearly all the follow-up periods, the students identified at baseline as measuring high remained high, and those me...
Grain sorghum response to granular formulations of iron sources and hydrophilic polymers

Abstract Banded hydrogels containing FeSO4 have been shown to provide available Fe for plants on calcareous, Fe‐deficient soils. Because granular mixtures of gel‐forming polymers and Fe sources would be easier to apply to soil than hydrogels, several such granular products were compared with banded hydrogels in greenhouse pot experiments. Several FeSO4 + gel‐forming polymer (polyacryl‐amide) formulations were granulated in a rotary tableting press and band applied to an Fe‐deficient Epping silt loam soil (Ustic Torriorthent). None of the granular formulations of FeSO4 + polymers banded alone or with other additives (urea, ammominum sulfate, or bentonite clay) was effective in providing available Fe to grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). However, a granular formulation of FeEDTA + polymer increased sorghum dry matter yields and Fe uptake. Banded hydrated polymer formulations containing either FeEDTA or FeSO4 also were effective in providing available Fe to sorghum. Results of an associated laborator...
Microstructural properties of InAs/InAsxSb1-x superlattices and InASxSb1-x ordered alloys grown by modulated molecular beam epitaxy

Modulated molecular beam epitaxy (MMBE) has been demonstrated to be useful in controlling group-V alloys such as InAs x Sb 1-x and AlAs x Sb 1-x . Further studies of the MMBE grown InAs x Sb 1-x ordered alloys and InAs/InAs x Sb 1-x superlattices by using cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy show well defined interfaces between InAs x Sb 1-x ordered alloys and InAs. Clear composition modulation is observed in the InAs x Sb 1-x ordered alloy layers. Transmission electron diffraction and microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and low temperature photoluminescence experiments show no obvious sign of CuPt orderings. These results suggest that MMBE provides a possible means to bypass the ordering problem of InAs x Sb 1-x random alloys.
Functional imaging: A necessary prerequisite to neuropsychological assessment

After traumatic brain injury, neuropsychological testing may be insensitive in documenting functional brain injury. Imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scanning may identify brain injury that is missed on neuropsychological testing. A 27-year-old man had loss of consciousness after hydrogen sulfide exposure and a fall; he had markedly impaired function (short-term memory, sequential thinking, attention, and initiative), but neuropsychological testing showed only mild to moderate impairments. A 37-year-old woman had a whiplash injury and head trauma after an automobile accident; she had apprehension, dysphoria, word finding problems, impaired memory and concentration, and slowed thinking; neuropsy- chological testing was normal. In the man, SPECT scan showed decreased activity in the striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus bilaterally (decreased more in the right than left hemisphere); an FDG-PET scan showed markedly decreased metabolism in the left thalamus, heterogeneous abnormal uptake in the basal ganglia, and abnormally decreased metabolism in both temporal and inferior parietal lobes. In the woman, FDG-PET scan showed several regions of abnormal metabolic activity not restricted to single vascular territories and decreased activity in the left frontal lobe, left thalamus, and left caudate nucleus. Repeat neuropsychiatric testing in both patients showed cognitive and motor impairments that seriously limited routine activities of daily living. In summary, after traumatic brain injury associated with neuropsychological symptoms, SPECT and FDG-PET scanning may be more sensitive than neuropsychological testing in detecting objective signs of brain injury.
Introducing the binomial simulation method in the undergraduate algorithms course

We introduce a new algorithm called binomial simulation method in undergraduate computer science program. The binomial simulation method is a simple and effective method to model real-world phenomena that involve up and down movements, and has been successfully used in many financial calculations. Unfortunately it has not been introduced in any algorithms textbook or course for undergraduate computer science students. In this paper, we demonstrate how the binomial simulation method can be used to determine the price of options, analyze the techniques used in this method, and discuss the general binomial simulations. Then we summarize the benefits of introducing this method in the undergraduate algorithms course in terms of meeting the ACM/IEEE CS2008 Curriculum requirements.
Mutual Information for Stochastic Signals and Fractional Brownian Motion

The mutual information between a stochastic signal and this signal plus a fractional Brownian motion (described as an additive fractional Gaussian noise channel) is expressed as the error of an estimation problem that can be naturally associated with this model. If the stochastic signal with the additive fractional Brownian motion occurs multiplied by a scalar parameter, then the rate of change of the mutual information with respect to this parameter is described by the error of another related estimation problem. These results generalize some results for a model where the fractional Brownian motion is a Brownian motion to a model with an arbitrary fractional Brownian motion.
Spatial and temporal variation of roots, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and plant and soil nutrients in a mature Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard in Oregon, USA

The spatial and temporal development of grapevine roots and associated mycorrhizal fungi was studied in 1999 and 2000 in a 21-year-old, Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard located on a Jory soil (Palehumult, silty clay loam) in Oregon, USA. The density of woody roots and fine (primary) roots deemed to be physiologically active (based on color and cellular integrity) were determined at monthly intervals in the weed-free, vine row and in the alleyway between rows at two depths (0–50 and 50–100 cm). The majority of fine roots were growing in the vine row at 0–50 cm depth. Fine root density did not change dramatically over the 1999 or 2000 seasons until the time of fruit harvest in the fall. Apparently, new root growth kept pace with turnover (death) prior to harvest, but new root growth surpassed turnover in the fall after fruit harvest. Colonization of fine roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was consistently high in the vine row at 0–50 cm depth, but was lower in roots growing in the alleyway, and in roots below 50 cm. The proportion of fine roots containing arbuscules (the site of nutrient exchange in arbuscular mycorrhizas) was also greatest for roots growing in the vine row at 0–50 cm depth. Arbuscular colonization of these roots increased prior to budbreak in the spring, reached a high level (50–60% root length) by early summer, and remained high until after the time of leaf senescence in late fall. Arbuscular colonization decreased rapidly by December of 1999 when November rainfall exceeded 200 mm, but did not decline by December of 2000 when November rainfall was below 80 mm. The availability of important plant nutrients in the soil, with the exception of Mg and Zn, was higher in the upper 50 cm of the soil profile where the majority of roots were found. In addition, available nitrate and phosphate were higher in the vine row than in the alleyway soil. Seasonal changes in leaf nutrient concentrations of Pinot Noir confirmed findings in other cultivars, but fluctuations of N, P, and K concentrations in fine roots over the season suggested that fine roots may play a role in nutrient storage, as well as nutrient uptake, in grapevines. Grapevines grown in Oregon direct significant resources to roots and AMF after fruit harvest and substantial post-harvest nutrient uptake may extend into the early winter.
Altering the bed depth in the desolventizer/toaster (DT) used in soybean meal preparation affects protein quality and amino acid digestibility by cecectomized roosters

Abstract To determine optimal processing conditions for preparation of a SBM that will result in optimal amino acid digestibilities, six lots of high protein SBM were produced under different toasting conditions. Specifically, the bed depth in the desolventizer-toaster (DT) was varied (11.4, 12.7, 14.0, 15.2, 17.8, and 20.3 cm). All soybeans were acquired from the same producer, and the preparation and extraction conditions were held constant for all lots. Protein quality indices were measured for each of the resultant SBMs. While the protein dispersability index (PDI) values suggested that all SBMs were adequately processed, the protein solubility in potassium hydroxide (KOH) data suggested that the SBMs produced at bed depths less than or equal to 14.0 cm were adequately processed while those produced at bed depths greater than or equal to 15.2 cm may have been overprocessed. The urease activity results, however, suggest that the SBMs produced at bed depths between 11.4 and 15.2 cm were underprocessed, and those at 17.8 or 20.3 cm were properly cooked. The SBMs then were fed to cecectomized roosters in order to determine true amino acid digestibilities by poultry. True digestibilities of histidine, tryptophan, cysteine, and proline increased (P
The potential effect of exotic Pacific rats Rattus exulans on vectors of scrub typhus

Summary 1. The role and influence of exotic species in indigenous vector-borne diseases are important but remain understudied. Ascertaining whether disease vectors prefer exotic vs. native hosts has important implications for human health. Moreover, evaluating whether exotic hosts are intrinsically less susceptible to vectors, or whether vector loads can vary with environment, is instructive for possible disease dynamics in the face of range expansion of exotic species. Rattus exulans has recently been recorded for the first time in eastern Taiwan, where scrub typhus is prevalent. We assessed the role of R. exulans as a host for chiggers (larval trombiculid mites), and the degree to which vector loads of R. exulans exhibited spatial variation. 2. We deployed live traps in two villages in Taiwan that differed in human population density and in the incidence of scrub typhus. We recovered and tallied chiggers from small mammals, and identified over one-fifth of chiggers from each host to species. Chiggers were assayed for Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT) infection with nested-PCR. 3. R. exulans was the most common small mammal species captured (31AE4% total captures), and supported about one-fifth of total chiggers recovered. Leptotrombidium imphalum dominated the chigger assemblage of most native species (>90%), but Gahrliepia spp. was commonly found in R. exulans (39AE1%). We detected OT in the genus Leptotrombidium (39%) but not in the Gahrliepia. Prevalence and loads of chiggers in R. exulans were about 5· and 17· higher, respectively, in the less densely populated village; a similar trend also occurred with native R. losea. 4. Synthesis and applications .C urrently,R. exulans appears to play a relatively minor role in supporting chiggers. However, the fact that both prevalence and loads of chiggers in R. exulans vary greatly with environment, along with the abundance of most exotic species and the ecological flexibility of R. exulans, implies a potential health risk as this species expands to areas with more chiggers. Our study suggests that a clearer understanding of interactions among native and exotic hosts and native parasite species can facilitate prediction of the impact of exotic hosts on the dynamics of vector-borne diseases.
Evaluative Criteria for Qualitative Research in Health Care: Controversies and Recommendations

PURPOSE We wanted to review and synthesize published criteria for good qualitative research and develop a cogent set of evaluative criteria. METHODS We identified published journal articles discussing criteria for rigorous research using standard search strategies then examined reference sections of relevant journal articles to identify books and book chapters on this topic. A cross-publication content analysis allowed us to identify criteria and understand the beliefs that shape them. RESULTS Seven criteria for good qualitative research emerged: (1) carrying out ethical research; (2) importance of the research; (3) clarity and coherence of the research report; (4) use of appropriate and rigorous methods; (5) importance of reflexivity or attending to researcher bias; (6) importance of establishing validity or credibility; and (7) importance of verification or reliability. General agreement was observed across publications on the first 4 quality dimensions. On the last 3, important divergent perspectives were observed in how these criteria should be applied to qualitative research, with differences based on the paradigm embraced by the authors. CONCLUSION Qualitative research is not a unified field. Most manuscript and grant reviewers are not qualitative experts and are likely to embrace a generic set of criteria rather than those relevant to the particular qualitative approach proposed or reported. Reviewers and researchers need to be aware of this tendency and educate health care researchers about the criteria appropriate for evaluating qualitative research from within the theoretical and methodological framework from which it emerges.
Genomic analysis of acute myeloid leukemia: potential for new prognostic indicators.

Purpose of review Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of clonal myeloid malignancies. With a few exceptions, response to treatment is unsatisfactory and prognosis is poor. Studies indicate that specific cytogenetic abnormalities, identified by classical G-banding, correlate with prognosis. These findings advanced the ability to predict outcome and to tailor treatments in AML. These studies also suggested that a more detailed analysis of somatic genomic mutations might extend these advances. Recent findings New technologies, including DNA arrays and automated sequencing, have improved detection of subtle, acquired genomic alterations. DNA array based screening approaches permit detection of copy number alterations (CNAs) of less than 5 Mb in size. Subchromosomal copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity (CNN-LOH) can also be detected using approaches that take advantage of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. However, identification of single nucleotide variants in leukemic clones still requires targeted or massive sequencing approaches. Summary Recent studies suggest that CNAs and CNN-LOH occur frequently in AML. Recurring abnormalities have been identified which may be relevant to disease pathogenesis. However, larger studies will be required to determine the relevance of these alterations to prognostic prediction or therapeutic targeting.
Autoregulation of Single Nephron Filtration Rate in the Presence and the Absence of Flow to the Macula Densa

Flow of tubule fluid to the macula densa is part of a proposed feedback loop for autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate. In the present study, autoregulation of single nephron filtration rate was tested in the presence and the absence of flow to the macula densa in the rat. Filtration rates were measured at elevated arterial blood pressures caused by carotid occlusion and vagal section and at reduced renal perfusion pressures caused by partial aortic constriction. Measurements of single nephron filtration rate in the presence and the absence of flow to the macula densa were obtained by complete volume collections from the distal nephron beyond the macula densa and from the proximal tubule, respectively. Mean blood pressure was 130 ± 4 (SE) mm Hg for the initial collections, and renal perfusion pressure was 100 ± 1 mm Hg for the repeat collections (nine rats). Distal single nephron filtration rate was 42 ± 1 nliters/min at elevated perfusion pressure and 41 ± 1 nliters/min at reduced perfusion pressure; proximal single nephron filtration rate was 41 ± 1 nliters/min at elevated perfusion pressure and 41 ± 1 nliters/min at reduced perfusion pressure. Similarly, glomerular filtration rate was 4.6 ± 0.4 ml/min kg -1 body weight and 4.7 ± 0.3 ml/min kg -1 body weight at elevated and reduced perfusion pressures, respectively. Additional studies in seven dogs showed good correlation between autoregulation of single nephrons in the absence of flow to the macula densa and autoregulation of the micropunctured kidney. It is concluded that autoregulation of single nephron filtration rate is unaltered by interruption of tubule fluid flow to the macula densa.
MCP-1-dependent signaling in CCR2−/− aortic smooth muscle cells

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) is a mediator of inflammation that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of human diseases. CCR2, a heterotrimeric G-coupled receptor, is the only known receptor that functions at physiologic concentrations of MCP-1. Despite the importance of CCR2 in mediating MCP-1 responses, several recent studies have suggested that there may be another functional MCP-1 receptor. Using arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) from CCR2(-/-) mice, we demonstrate that MCP-1 induces tissue-factor activity at physiologic concentrations. The induction of tissue factor by MCP-1 is blocked by pertussis toxin and 1,2-bis(O-aminophenyl-ethane-ethan)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester, suggesting that signal transduction through the alternative receptor is G(alphai)-coupled and dependent on mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+). MCP-1 induces a time- and concentration-dependent phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases p42/44. The induction of tissue factor activity by MCP-1 is blocked by PD98059, an inhibitor of p42/44 activation, but not by SB203580, a selective p38 inhibitor. These data establish that SMC possess an alternative MCP-1 receptor that signals at concentrations of MCP-1 that are similar to those that activate CCR2. This alternative receptor may be important in mediating some of the effects of MCP-1 in atherosclerotic arteries and in other inflammatory processes.
CAN STANDARD OPEN PEDIATRIC UROLOGICAL PROCEDURES BE PERFORMED ON AN OUTPATIENT BASIS

Purpose: We questioned whether it is feasible in the current era of cost consciousness to perform standard open pediatric urological procedures on an outpatient basis while maintaining patient safety and satisfaction.Materials and Methods: We report on 51 consecutive patients 2 months to 13 years old (mean age 4 years 3 months) who underwent a standard open pediatric urological procedure between August 1999 and June 2000. The procedures included ureteral reimplantation in 22 cases (tapered in 2), pyeloplasty in 20, partial nephrectomy in 2, nephrectomy in 2, complete ureterocele reconstruction in 1 and other in 4. The expectation that the procedure would be performed on an outpatient basis was discussed with parents preoperatively. We excluded only cases requiring bowel for reconstruction. A caudal block was administered at the start of the procedure using 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine at a dose of 1 cc/kg. The wound was infiltrated with 1 cc/kg. 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.5 mg./kg. ketorolac ...
Climatology and Interannual Variation of the East Asian Winter Monsoon: Results from the 1979-95 NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis

Abstract This paper presents the climatology and interannual variation of the East Asian winter monsoon based on the 1979–95 National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis. In addition to documenting the frequency, intensity, and preferred propagation tracks of cold surges and the evolution patterns of related fields, the authors discuss the temporal distribution of the Siberian high and cold surges. Further, the interannual variation of the cold surges and winter monsoon circulation and its relationship with ENSO were examined. There are on average 13 cold surges in each winter season (October–April), of which two are strong cases. The average intensity of cold surges, measured by maximum sea level pressure, is 1053 hPa. The cold surges originate from two source regions: 1) northwest of Lake Baikal, and 2) north of Lake Balkhash. The typical evolution of a cold surge occurs over a period of 5–14 days. Trajectory and correlation analyses indicate that, du...
Evaluating an Interactive Media Tutorial for Presentation Authoring

AbstractThis paper describes the design, development, and testing of an interactive media tutorial for presentation authoring. Several agencies are calling for university graduates to possess skills with information technologies including the ability to communicate visually in a variety of contexts. Unfortunately, many students do not receive explicit instruction in this area. This project was aimed at solving a context-specific problem while at the same time documenting the design and development process and subsequent testing to glean "lessons learned" for future projects.
Electronic health record-based triggers to detect adverse events after outpatient orthopaedic surgery

Background Adverse events (AEs) after outpatient orthopaedic surgery are common, but difficult to detect. Electronic health records facilitate abstraction of large quantities of data, and may allow automated identification of ‘triggers’ or clues indicating the possibility of an AE. We evaluated electronic health record-based triggers to detect AEs after outpatient orthopaedic surgery. Methods The medical records of 1464 patients undergoing outpatient surgical procedures in one of five orthopaedic services at our institution were manually reviewed for the occurrence of 90-day postoperative AEs. We used electronic health records to identify triggers suggestive of an AE. Each trigger was evaluated for positive predictive value (PPV). We constructed a logistic regression model to determine triggers associated with AEs and used the beta coefficients derived from the model to produce a formula for the likelihood of identifying an AE in the medical record. Results The overall rate of 90-day AEs was 10%, with surgical site infection being the most common (3.3%). Electronic triggers with the highest PPVs for the occurrence of 90-day AEs were antibiotic prescription (75%), emergency department visit (41%), bone/joint or blood culture (41%), repeat surgery (39%) and consult with infectious disease specialist (33%). Using our formula to predict the likelihood of identifying an AE in the medical record, a predicted probability of >0.10 had a specificity of 80% and sensitivity of 53% for actual AE. Conclusions Electronic health record-based triggers may facilitate quality-improvement efforts to monitor morbidity after outpatient orthopaedic surgery. Further research is needed to understand the optimal use of electronic triggers as surgical quality indicators and as screening tools to flag cases for manual review. Level of evidence Level III, prognostic study.
Non-Operative Management of Hip Osteoarthritis

This paper reviews several non-operative and non-pharmacologic management strategies advocated for alleviating the pain and disability experienced by people with hip osteoarthritis. It analyzes whether painful debilitating hip osteoarthritis, which has no effective cure and is often progressive, may be affected positively by non-operative interventions designed to control osteoarthritis pain. Finally, it provides an integrated plan of management for ameliorating hip osteoarthritis pain and disability in light of this knowledge.
Economic Framework for Watershed Development

The "within the firm" approach has been entirely inadequate for dealing with problems extending beyond the boundaries of the firm and beyond the planning horizons of individual entrepreneurs. The river basin approach concerned primarily with water use in a multiple purpose framework, has been equally inadequate for ameliorating land and water use problems on a unified basis within constituent watersheds of river basins. Thus, a serious gap has evolved between the individual farm and the river basin approaches to land and water use problems. There is a rapidly growing recognition by Congress, State legislatures, Federal and State natural resource agencies and interested citizens, of the necessity for developing further a third approach to land and water use problems, oriented between firms and within sub-areas of river basins.3 This third approach, known as "watershed development" rests
XFabric: a reconfigurable in-rack network for rack-scale computers

Rack-scale computers are dense clusters with hundreds of micro-servers per rack. Designed for data center workloads, they can have significant power, cost and performance benefits over current racks. The rack network can be distributed, with small packet switches embedded on each processor as part of a system-on-chip (SoC) design. Ingress/egress traffic is forwarded by SoCs that have direct uplinks to the data center. Such fabrics are not fully provisioned and the chosen topology and uplink placement impacts performance for different workloads. XFabric is a rack-scale network that reconfigures the topology and uplink placement using a circuit-switched physical layer over which SoCs perform packet switching. To satisfy tight power and space requirements in the rack, XFabric does not use a single large circuit switch, instead relying on a set of independent smaller circuit switches. This introduces partial reconfigurability, as some ports in the rack cannot be connected by a circuit. XFabric optimizes the physical topology and manages uplinks, efficiently coping with partial reconfigurability. It significantly outperforms static topologies and has a performance similar to fully reconfigurable fabrics. We demonstrate the benefits of XFabric using flow-based simulations and a prototype built with electrical crosspoint switch ASICs.
Studies on the electron transport system. II. On the "opening" phenomenon.

The preparation of two modified forms of the electron transport particle (ETP) has been described. One form (closed) can catalyze only to a slight degree the oxidation of DPNH by ferricytochrome c or the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c by oxygen except after exposure to desoxycholate. As these two activities emerge the capacity to catalyze the over-all DPNH-oxygen reaction is lost. This latter activity is restored by the addition of small amounts of cytochrome c. The second form approximates the behavior of the closed form which had been exposed to desoxycholate.
Markets Globalisation by Firms from Emerging Markets and Small Countries

This article focuses on the role of governments and companies from emerging markets and small countries in the process of market integration. The process of market integration has begun after World War II. At the beginning of the period market integration was the outcome of the way that large companies in the developed countries increase their value via international business activities. Not surprisingly most of the research was based on models of industrial organisation. The world has changed and market integration has become a two-way street where firms and governments from emerging markets and small countries are as active as the developed countries MNEs and their governments. In this article the basic international trade model is used to gain insights of the new world of international business and market integration. In particular, a dynamic model of changing factor intensity and of creating local specific competitive and comparative advantages for firms and governments from emerging markets is presented and discussed.
Comparative Biological Activity of Seven New Water-soluble Chaulmoogric Acid Derivatives.

Rogers1 introduced the first water-soluble chaulmoogra derivative intended for intravenous injection in leprosy, which was recognized to be a systemic disease most rationally treated by administering drugs for systemic effect. Due to the hemolytic, local irritative, sclerosing and other undesirable properties of sodium gynocardate, its intravenous use in humans was generally abandoned even though promising results had been obtained in a considerable number of lepers. No other soluble chaulmoograte has been developed sufficiently free from the disadvantages of “Alepor (sodium hydno-carpate) or sodium gynocardate to warrant its continued intravenous use. This report deals with several compounds which appear from various theoretical considerations to be preferable to the chaulmoogra soaps.Seven new water-soluble derivatives of chaulmoogric acid† have been examined pharmacologically and 3 of these have been tested further by a standardized method for antileprotic efficacy as measured by their influence on the...
Broadband rotary joint for high speed ultrahigh resolution endoscopic OCT imaging (Conference Presentation)

Publisher’s Note: This conference presentation, originally published on 27 April 2016, was withdrawn per author request.
Dynamic Bargain Design of Virtual Enterprise on Technological Development

Multifield technological development item is very essential to group virtual enterprise, but the key to group virtual enterprise is the equitable and rational advantage distributive mechanism and concerted mechanism. Three twain phases dynamic bargain models under converse choice were put forward to settle the work endeavor and advantage distributive problem, which provided the determinate theory by exerting consign-agent theory foundation.
Trace to the source of the first family aggregation brucellosis and investigation in Wuhan city

Objective Trace to the source of the first family aggregation brucellosis in Wuhan city,so as to provide the basis for the development of control and prevention policies. Methods Analysis was based on field investigation, surveillance data and literature review. Results Two confirmed cases and one latent infection came from the same family,onset of the disease occurred after purchasing sheep in 2012. Conclusion The spread of the family aggregation brucellosis was due to the exposure to brucellosis-infected sheep. The source of infection may be related with the purchase of unknown quarantine sheep from Shandong Province.
Early English Reading and Spelling Teaching

Early studies have shown that children read in English,with English phonological awareness and mastery of English " spelling rules"(that is,the pronunciation of English words and their corresponding relationship) is the key to children's reading Eng-lish words,but also the basis for the development of English reading ability."Spelling approach" is to teach children English pho-netic rules and to develop their phonological awareness as a teaching method.Studies have shown that,in the English-speaking countries,teaching children to accept spelling than children not to accept this method to better read the English words.In China,the early field of teaching English reading,spelling teaching has not yet attracted sufficient attention.This approach needs to explore further promotion in China.
Water hardness and urinary stone disease.

AbstractOn the macrogeographic scale, a strong negative association exists in the United States between water hardness and urinary stone disease. This investigation studies the association on the microgeographical scale, where it is possible to control for confounding environmental factors. The study was conducted on 2,295 patients from 2 regions: the Carolinas which had soft water and high stone incidence, and the Rockies which had hard water and low stone incidence. Home tap water samples from urinary stone patient hospitalizations were compared with that of controls, concurrent inguinal hernia patient hospitalization. After adjusting for environmental factors, no significant difference (p = 0.59) between the 2 groups was obtained in tap water calcium, magnesium, and sodium concentrations. An incidental but potentially important finding was that those consuming water from a private well had an estimated relative risk of 1.5 (p < 0.01) compared to those using public water. While no cause-effect relations...
Pediatric Ocular Injuries

Although an ophthalmologist should be consulted for virtually all eye injuries, the first person to see the patient or talk to the parents can be of enormous value in preventing or limiting the sequelae of the injury and subsequent visual loss. This article provides a practical guide to the management of pediatric ocular injuries resulting from trauma and addresses the incidence of ocular trauma in children and the potential for preventing these injuries. Potential Injuries The eye is an anatomically and physiologically complex system that is easily disrupted by sharp or blunt trauma. For this reason, subtle signs of external trauma may indicate serious intraocular injury. The cornea and vitreous are avascular and can be the sites of fulminant infection by even the most indolent of organisms introduced by injury. The crystalline lens is readily dislocated or may opacify after blunt or penetrating trauma. The diaphanous retina is attached to the inner surface of the eye by hydrostatic and osmotic forces. The smallest perforation can lead to total retinal detachment. The highly vascular uvea, which lies beneath the retina, can undergo massive hemorrhage after sharp or blunt trauma. The retinal arteries may occlude after sudden increases in intraocular pressure, which sometimes accompany intraocular or intraorbital hemorrhage.
Minority stress, psychological distress, and alcohol misuse among sexual minority young adults: A resiliency-based conditional process analysis.

Abstract Background Sexual minority young adults experience elevated rates of distal stress (discrimination, victimization), and related psychological distress and alcohol misuse. However, few studies have examined the degree to which personality trait differences confer risk/resilience among sexual minority young adults. We hypothesized that psychological distress would mediate the relationship between distal stress and alcohol misuse, but that these relationships would be moderated by personality trait differences. Method Sexual minority young adults (N = 412) were recruited nationally. Survey measures included demographic questions, minority stressors, Five Factor personality traits, and current psychological distress and alcohol misuse symptoms. We used a data-driven two-stage cluster analytic technique to empirically derive personality trait profiles, and conducted mediation and moderated mediation analyses using a regression-based approach. Results Our results supported a two-group personality profile solution. Relative to at-risk individuals, those classified as adaptive scored lower on neuroticism, and higher on agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. As predicted, psychological distress mediated the relationship between distal stress and alcohol misuse. However, personality moderated these relationships to the degree that they did not exist among individuals classified as adaptive. Discussion In the current study, we found that personality moderated the established relationships between distal stress, psychological distress, and alcohol misuse among sexual minority young adults. Future research is needed to further explicate these relationships, and in order to develop tailored interventions for sexual minority young adults at risk.
Developing a Culturally Appropriate Assessment Tool: Reflections on Process Considerations

ABSTRACTThis article describes the process of modifying an assessment tool in order to make it culturally appropriate for South Asian Tamil refugees and asylum seekers. This was envisioned as an important step in giving practitioners who work with Tamils a useful tool and advancing the knowledge base on cultural competence to make it more inclusive of instrument development. This article provides a detailed description of how the instrument was developed, thus addressing a significant deficiency in the literature.
Midlatitude atmospheric responses to Arctic sensible heat flux anomalies in Community Climate Model, Version 4

Possible linkages between Arctic sea ice loss and mid-latitude weather is strongly debated in the literature. We analyze a coupled model simulation to assess the possibility of Arctic ice variability forcing a mid-latitude response, ensuring consistency between atmosphere, ocean, and ice components. We work with weekly-running-mean daily sensible heat fluxes with the self-organizing map (SOM) technique to identify Arctic sensible heat flux anomaly patterns and the associated atmospheric response, without the need of metrics to define the Arctic forcing or measure the mid-latitude response. We find that low-level warm anomalies during autumn can build planetary wave patterns that propagate downstream into the mid-latitudes, creating robust surface cold anomalies in the eastern United States.
Simulations of N = 2 super Yang-Mills theory in two dimensions

We present results from lattice simulations of N = 2 super Yang-Mills theory in two dimensions. The lattice formulation we use was developed in (1) and retains both gauge invariance and an exact (twisted) supersymmetry for any lattice spacing. Results for both U(2) and SU(2) gauge groups are given. We focus on supersymmetric Ward identities, the phase of the Pfaffian resulting from integration over the Grassmann fields and the nature of the quantum moduli space.
Measuring the Impact of Scientific Research

The body of scientific knowledge grows with incremental additions. Assessing the scientific quality and the impact of these contributions is necessary because future scientific research is based on previous knowledge. As the key literature consulted and influenced their work should be cited when researchers publish findings, measures based on citations metrics became the most widely accepted impact assessment tools, and citation analysis is considered an objective means to evaluate scholarly publications . Historical developments, strengths, and limitations in citation-based assessment tools, use of impact factor in measuring the scientific quality of scholarly journals, and use, misuse, and manipulation of the journal impact factor are examined in this chapter. The discussion also includes citation indexes and related issues, and other journal ranking systems. Assessing the performance of individual scientists using citation metrics , the Hirsch index , and many variations proposed to correct its deficiencies are discussed. Although citation metrics can be considered the best tools yet implemented to assess the quality and influence of scientific research, the importance of understanding their strengths, limitations, and implications when using them is stressed.
It's Time for a New Old Language

The most popular programming language in computer science has no compiler or interpreter. Its definition is not written down in any one place. It has changed a lot over the decades, and those changes have introduced ambiguities and inconsistencies. Today, dozens of variations are in use, and its complexity has reached the point where it needs to be re-explained, at least in part, every time it is used. Much effort has been spent in hand-translating between this language and other languages that do have compilers. The language is quite amenable to parallel computation, but this fact has gone unexploited. In this talk we will summarize the history of the language, highlight the variations and some of the problems that have arisen, and propose specific solutions. We suggest that it is high time that this language be given a complete formal specification, and that compilers, IDEs, and proof-checkers be created to support it, so that all the best tools and techniques of our trade may be applied to it also.