cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of temporal dimensional instability on the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF-I) high-resolution mirror assembly (HRMA)

The NASA Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility-Imaging (AXAF-I), one of NASA's Great Observatories, will be launched in 1998. The AXAF-I High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA) will provide sub-arc second imaging resolution over the expected mission life of five years. During assembly and operational life of the telescope, small dimensional changes of the structural support system can degrade the telescopes resolving power by introducing unwanted forces. The forces that are introduced depend, in part, on the long term temporal dimensional stability of the materials that are used in the telescope. A year-long stability study carried out at the university of Arizona Dimensional Stability Laboratory recently concluded. Cyanate ester-based composites, 7050-T7451 aluminum, LR-35 invar, 6Al-4V titanium, 6061-T6 aluminum and Zerodur were studied. The Zerodur material was found to be stable to better than 0.03 ppm/yr. The titanium was found to be stable to better than 0.5 ppm/yr. The 7050- T7451 aluminum and cyanate ester-based composites were found relatively unstable but their instability improved significantly with time. Monte-Carlo and deterministic techniques were used to predict the effects of the instability on the telescopes' performance. Temporal instability effects were within the systems top level requirements.
Electrophoretic variation of adductor muscle protein and tetrazolium oxidase in the smooth Washington clam, Saxidomus giganteus (Deshayes 1839)

Summary Two electrophoretic polymorphisms (muscle protein 2 alleles and tetrazolium oxidase 3 alleles) were found in Saxidomus giganteus. The muscle protein system showed significant differences between collections from different locations, while the tetrazolium oxidase system showed variation in allele frequency suggestive of a north-south cline.
Failure of ECS to produce retrograde amnesia following partial reinforcement training

Twenty-eight naive male albino rats were trained to lever press for sucrose. Half of the Ss were trained on a continuous-reinforcement schedule (CRF), and the other half of the Ss were trained on a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule. On treatment day, for half of the Ss in each group, a lever press produced foot shock followed by ECS. For the remaining Ss, a lever press produced foot shock only. Results showed that ECS produced amnesia for the foot shock only in CRF-trained Ss.
Interactions Between Mothers and Their Infants with Developmental Disabilities

This paper has two goals: to review the research related to interaction of mothers and their infants with developmental disabilities during play and to demonstrate the necessity of addressing this area in intervention programs. The scope of this review, therefore, is the analysis and integration of theoretical and empirical literature that relates to mother and their infants with developmental disabilities during play to provide new and more comprehensive avenues for programming and research in this area.
“Sticky” and “Promiscuous”—the Yin and Yang of Apolipoprotein A-I Termini in Discoidal High Density Lipoproteins: A Combined Computational-Experimental Approach

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I-containing lipoproteins in the form of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are inversely correlated with atherosclerosis. Because HDL is a soft form of condensed matter easily deformable by thermal fluctuations, the molecular mechanisms for HDL remodeling are not well understood. A promising approach to understanding HDL structure and dynamics is molecular dynamics (MD). In the present study, two computational strategies, MD simulated annealing (MDSA) and MD temperature jump, were combined with experimental particle reconstitution to explore molecular mechanisms for phospholipid- (PL-) rich HDL particle remodeling. The N-terminal domains of full-length apoA-I were shown to be "sticky", acting as a molecular latch largely driven by salt bridges, until, at a critical threshold of particle size, the associated domains released to expose extensive hydrocarbon regions of the PL to solvent. The "sticky" N-termini also associate with other apoA-I domains, perhaps being involved in N-terminal loops suggested by other laboratories. Alternatively, the overlapping helix 10 C-terminal domains of apoA-I were observed to be extremely mobile or "promiscuous", transiently exposing limited hydrocarbon regions of PL. Based upon these models and reconstitution studies, we propose that separation of the N-terminal domains, as particles exceed a critical size, triggers fusion between particles or between particles and membranes, while the C-terminal domains of apoA-I drive the exchange of polar lipids down concentration gradients between particles. This hypothesis has significant biological relevance since lipid exchange and particle remodeling are critically important processes during metabolism of HDL particles at every step in the antiatherogenic process of reverse cholesterol transport.
Adult Attachment Styles: Some Thoughts on Closeness-Distance Struggles†

Difficulty with distance regulation is a central source of controversy in couples' relationships. This article describes how attachment theory can contribute to the understanding and treatment of closeness-distance struggles. Discussion focuses on (a) closeness-seeking as a feature of the attachment system, (b) individual differences in adult attachment styles, and (c) the working model that governs how salient interpersonal information is processed and is responded to both emotionally and behaviorally. These elements of the attachment system not only contribute to understanding closeness-distance disturbance but also provide access points for therapeutic intervention.
Representation of a nonspherical ice particle by a collection of independent spheres for scattering and absorption of radiation: 2. Hexagonal columns and plates

[1] A cloud of nonspherical ice particles may be represented in radiation models by a collection of spheres, in which the model cloud contains the same total volume of ice and the same total surface area as the real cloud but not the same number of particles. The spheres then have the same volume-to-area (V/A) ratio as the nonspherical particle. In previous work this approach was shown to work well to represent randomly oriented infinitely long circular cylinders for computation of hemispherical reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance. In this paper the results have been extended to hexagonal columns and plates using a geometric optics technique for large particles and finite-difference-time-domain theory (FDTD) for small particles. The extinction efficiency and single-scattering coalbedo for these prisms are closely approximated by the values for equal-V/A spheres across the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared from 0.2 to 25 μm wavelength. Errors in the asymmetry factor can be significant where ice absorptance is weak, at visible wavelengths for example. These errors are greatest for prisms with aspect ratios close to 1. Errors in hemispheric reflectance, absorptance, and transmittance are calculated for horizontally homogeneous clouds with ice water paths from 0.4 to 200,000 g m−2 and crystal thicknesses of 1 to 400 μm, to cover the range of crystal sizes and optical depths from polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) through cirrus clouds to surface snow. The errors are less than 0.05 over most of these ranges at all wavelengths but can be larger at visible wavelengths because of the ideal shapes of the prisms. The method was not tested for, and is not expected to be accurate for, angle-dependent radiances.
Discussion of Immunization Practices Advisory Committee/american Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for universal infant hepatitis B vaccination

The Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the United States Public Health Service have revised the recommendations for hepatitis B control to include universal immunization of infants. Previous selective strategies targeting high risk groups for immunization have failed to prevent the significant morbidity and mortality associated with hepatitis B virus infection. The committees considered several alternative policy options before selecting universal immunization of infants as the most effective strategy for preventing the disease and its sequelae in the United States
Mechanistic Studies on Oxidative Addition of Aryl Halides and Triflates to Pd(BINAP)2 and Structural Characterization of the Product from Aryl Triflate Addition in the Presence of Amine

Kinetic studies of the oxidative addition of phenyl iodide and phenyl triflate to Pd(BINAP)2 (1) are reported. The products of the oxidative addition of phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to 1 in the presence of the primary amines n-octylamine and isoamylamine are the cationic aryl palladium(II) complexes [(BINAP)Pd(Ph)(H2NR)]OTf (2a,b), and the product of the oxidative addition of phenyl iodide to 1 is the phenylpalladium iodide {(BINAP)Pd(Ph)I} (3). Structural characterization of the rare, stable σ-aryl Pd(II) triflate complex (2b), in this case coordinated by isoamylamine, is reported. Initial mechanistic studies focused on measuring the rates of reactions containing concentrations of aryl electrophile ranging from 8.94 × 10-7 to 0.2 M. Under these conditions, the oxidative addition of PhOTf and PhI to 1 was inverse first-order in added BINAP ligand when the concentration of ArX was low. The oxidative addition reaction was first-order in ArX when the concentration of ArX was low and was zero order in ArX...
The double-DANTE sequence applied to NMR of complex carbohydrates

The double-DANTE sequence was implemented in 1D TOCSY and NOESY experiments to overcome some typical problems in the NMR of carbohydrates. In the 1D TOCSY experiment the double-DANTE sequence serves to invert simultaneously two resonances belonging to the same scalar-coupled spin system, thereby substantially increasing the sensitivity of the technique for subspectral editing and providing a valuable alternative to relayed TOCSY in overcoming small-J bottlenecks in monosaccharides such as galactose and sialic acid. Spin-diffusion artifacts in 1D NOESY experiments that are mediated by more than one spin can be effectively eliminated by applying a double-DANTE pulse train for saturation of the mediators during the mixing time. In certain cases, the double-DANTE sequence is also capable of eliminating the three-spin effect in 1D 13C{1H} NOE difference spectroscopy.
Evolution of eye size and shape in primates

Strepsirrhine and haplorhine primates exhibit highly derived features of the visual system that distinguish them from most other mammals. Comparative data link the evolution of these visual specializations to the sequential acquisition of nocturnal visual predation in the primate stem lineage and diurnal visual predation in the anthropoid stem lineage. However, it is unclear to what extent these shifts in primate visual ecology were accompanied by changes in eye size and shape. Here we investigate the evolution of primate eye morphology using a comparative study of a large sample of mammalian eyes. Our analysis shows that primates differ from other mammals in having large eyes relative to body size and that anthropoids exhibit unusually small corneas relative to eye size and body size. The large eyes of basal primates probably evolved to improve visual acuity while maintaining high sensitivity in a nocturnal context. The reduced corneal sizes of anthropoids reflect reductions in the size of the dioptric apparatus as a means of increasing posterior nodal distance to improve visual acuity. These data support the conclusion that the origin of anthropoids was associated with a change in eye shape to improve visual acuity in the context of a diurnal predatory habitus.
Cleavage of tRNA precursors by the RNA subunit of E. coli ribonuclease P (M1 RNA) is influenced by 3′-proximal CCA in the substrates

Abstract tRNA precursor molecules that contain the CCA sequence found at the 3′ termini of all mature tRNAs are cleaved in vitro more readily by M1 RNA, the catalytic subunit of E. coli RNAase P, than precursors that lack this sequence. The sensitivity to the CCA sequence is not apparent when precursors are cleaved by the reconstituted RNAase P holoenzyme that contains both M1 RNA and the protein subunit. These results have been obtained with monomeric precursor molecules encoded by the E. coli and human chromosomes and with three dimeric precursor molecules encoded by the bacteriophage T4 genome. The data are in agreement with previous results concerning T4 tRNA biosynthesis in vivo and show that the CCA sequence is important for the processing of precursors to tRNAs.
Structural neurobiological correlates of Mayer-Salovery-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test performance in early course schizophrenia.

Abstract Objective The Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) is a key measure of social cognition in schizophrenia that has good psychometric properties and is recommended by the MATRICS committee. As a way to further investigate the validity of the MSCEIT, this study sought to examine the neurobiological correlates of MSCEIT performance in patients with early course schizophrenia. Methods A total of 51 patients diagnosed with early course, stabilized schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder completed structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and the MSCEIT. Investigation of the associations between MSCEIT performance and gray matter morphology was examined by conducting voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses across hypothesized social–cognitive regions of interest using automated anatomical labeling in Statistical Parametric Mapping Software, version 5 (SPM5). All VBM analyses utilized general linear models examining gray matter density partitioned images, adjusting for demographic and illness-related confounds. VBM results were then followed up with confirmatory volumetric analyses. Results Patients with poorer overall and Facilitating, Understanding, and Managing Emotions subscale performances on the MSCEIT showed significantly reduced gray matter density in the left parahippocampal gyrus. Additionally, attenuated performance on the Facilitating and Managing Emotions subscales was significantly associated with reduced right posterior cingulate gray matter density. All associations observed between MSCEIT performance and gray matter density were supported with confirmatory gray matter volumetric analyses, with the exception of the association between the right posterior cingulate and the facilitation of emotions. Conclusion These findings provide additional evidence for the MSCEIT as a valid social–cognitive measure by elucidating its correlates with neurobiological structures commonly implicated in emotion processing. These findings provide additional biological evidence supporting the use of the MSCEIT in cognitive enhancing clinical trials in schizophrenia.
Parallelogram-faced isohedra with edges in mirror-planes

Regular (or Platonic) polyhedra have been studied since antiquity, and many other kinds of polyhedra with various symmetry properties have been investigated since then. These include the traditional Archimedean polyhedra (regular-faced with congruent vertex gures), isohedra (polyhedra with faces all equivalent under symmetries of the polyhedron), isogonal polyhedra (all vertices of which are equivalent), uniform polyhedra (regular-faced isogonal polyhedra), Kepler–Poinsot regular polyhedra, and others. The study of rhombohedra (isohedra with rhombic faces) started with Kepler, and continued in more recent times. However, there has been no complete enumeration, or classi cation, of such polyhedra. In the present paper we shall make a beginning of such a systematic investigation. For reasons of time and space we restrict the consideration to polyhedra with the octahedral symmetry group, but admit any parallelograms as faces; the analogous but much more numerous polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry will be discussed elsewhere. Another restriction imposed in the present investigation concerns the kinds of objects we shall accept as ‘polyhedra’. As is quite generally accepted, we treat polyhedra as collections of planar polygons (parallelograms in the present case), such that edges are shared by two faces, faces incident with any one vertex form a single circuit, and the set of faces is strongly connected. We do not insist that distinct faces determine distinct planes, and we do not object to overlaps among faces. We also admit the possibility of several vertices being represented by the same point, as long as the circuits of faces incident with each are disjoint. (We shall comment on this permissiveness in the concluding section.) It seems that this class of polyhedra is wide enough to encompass all the traditional families mentioned above, without leading to some of the ‘strange’ possibilities described in [7,11] for polyhedra of more general kinds. A nal restriction on the polyhedra considered here is that every edge of the polyhedron is to be contained in a mirror, that is, a plane of re ective symmetry of the
A load-instruction unit for pipelined processors

A special-purpose load unit is proposed as part of a processor design. The unit prefetches data from the cache by predicting the address of the data fetch in advance. This prefetch allows the cache access to take place early, in an otherwise unused cache cycle, eliminating one cycle from the load instruction. The prediction also allows the cache to prefetch data if they are not already in the cache. The cache-miss handling can be overlapped with other instruction execution. It is shown, using trace-driven simulations, that the proposed mechanism, when incorporated in a design, may contribute to a significant increase in processor performance. The paper also compares different prediction methods and describes a hardware implementation for the load unit.
Maltreatment in psychiatrically hospitalized dually diagnosed adolescent substance abusers.

Abstract The medical charts of 150 consecutive admissions of dually diagnosed substance abusing adolescents admitted to a psychiatric hospital were examined to determine the extent and characteristics of maltreatment. Results indicated that 61% of the sample experienced or had a history that warranted suspicion of past and/or current maltreatment. Physical abuse was the most frequent form of maltreatment, followed by sexual abuse and neglect. Thirty-seven percent of patients experienced multiple forms of maltreatment. Maltreated patients had significantly more hospitalizations than their nonmaltreated counterparts on the same unit. Moreover, the age of maltreated patients was significantly lower than nonmaltreated patients, perhaps indicating an earlier age of onset of psychiatric illness and/or substance abuse. Analyses of parental substance abuse and psychiatric history among the maltreated and nonmaltreated groups revealed no significant findings. Results are discussed in terms of the following: (1) increased risk of subsequent substance abuse in maltreated children; (2) need for systematic assessment of child maltreatment in psychological or psychiatric evaluations; and (3) importance of treatment to deal with abuse or neglect as part of a comprehensive substance abuse intervention strategy.
From basis functions to basis fields: vector field approximation from sparse data

Recent investigations (Poggio and Girosi 1990b) have pointed out the equivalence between a wide class of learning problems and the reconstruction of a real-valued function from a sparse set of data. However, in order to process sensory information and to generate purposeful actions living organisms must deal not only with real-valued functions but also with vector-valued mappings. Examples of such vector-valued mappings range from the optical flow fields associated with visual motion to the fields of mechanical forces produced by neuromuscular activation. In this paper, I discuss the issue of vector-field processing from a broad computational perspective. A variety of vector patterns can be efficiently represented by a combination of linearly independent vector fields that I call "basis fields". Basis fields offer in some cases a better alternative to treating each component of a vector as an independent scalar entity. In spite of its apparent simplicity, such a component-based representation is bound to change with any change of coordinates. In contrast, vector-valued primitives such as basis fields generate vector field representations that are invariant under coordinate transformations.
Is there a shortage of psychiatrists? Another economist's view

It is too bad "shor tage" is such a simple word. If it consisted of four syllables and contained a few unfamiliar Greek stems, it would be clear to users of the word that it must have a precise technical meaning and that adherence to that meaning is important. As it is, most people think in terms of"deficiency in the amount required," but they don't all use the same basis for deciding how much is required. In the cases of the need for psychiatrists in the United States, how much has been determined conventionally by expert opinion. Anything less than the amount the experts have agreed upon as necessary is then taken to constitute a shortage. Dr. Frank presents the economist's alternative to an appeal to experts: for the economist how much is determined by the ultimate purchasers of psychiatric services, either individuals or health-care providers. By observing what happens in the market place where purchasers and psychiatrists meet, a judgment can be made about whether the supply of psychiatrists is appropriate to the demand. In the simplest case, if all purchasers are able to buy the services they would like at the going price, there is no shortage. That is not to say that all potential purchasers would get what they want because many might be squeezed out of the market by a price that is too high for them. But labeling the unfulfilled desires of these people as a shortage would be no more appropriate than using the same word to describe the difference between the number of Cadillacs produced and the number desired by everyone , including those who can't afford them. Or taxicab rides, or cartons of milk. In dynamic terms, Dr. Frank argues that a growing need relative to the available resources can be inferred from rising prices for psychiatrists' services. If prices, either in the form of professional fee charged or annual income, are rising, then either purchasers of psychiatrists' services must want more than the quanitity of services that have been available, or alternatively, available
Beam test of a C4F8O-MAPMT RICH prototype

Abstract We present results from the first beam test of the gaseous BTeV RICH. A new gas, C 4 F 8 O , is used as Cherenkov radiator for the first time. A new generation of the MAPMT tubes from Hamamatsu, R8900-M16, are used as the photon detector.
Some Comments on Methodological Developments in the Last Quarter-Century

(1962). Some Comments on Methodological Developments in the Last Quarter-Century. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 296-315.
Nitrogen Plasma Processing of SiO 2 /4H-SiC Interfaces

A nitrogen plasma annealing process for gate dielectric applications in 4H-SiC metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) technology has been investigated. This process results in substantially greater interfacial N coverage at the SiO2/4H-SiC interface and lower interface trap densities than the state-of-the-art nitric oxide (NO) annealing process. Despite these exciting results, the field-effect mobility of MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) fabricated by use of this process is very similar to that of NO-annealed MOSFETs. These results emphasize the importance of understanding mobility-limiting mechanisms in addition to charge trapping in next-generation 4H-SiC MOSFETs.
Magnetic Fields in Cool Clouds within the Central 50 Parsecs of the Galaxy

We report the detection of polarized emission in the vicinity of the Galactic center for 158 positions within eight different pointings of the Hertz polarimeter operating on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. These pointings include locations 2' offset to the east, northeast, and northwest of M-0.02-0.07; locations to the southeast and northwest of the 20 km s-1 cloud (M-0.13-0.08); CO 0.02-0.02, M0.07-0.08; and M0.11-0.08. We use these data in conjunction with previous far-infrared and submillimeter polarization results to find that the direction of the inferred magnetic field is related to the density of the molecular material in the following way: in denser regions, the projected field is generally parallel to the Galactic plane, whereas in regions of lower density, the field is generally perpendicular to the plane. One possible explanation for this result is that an initially poloidal field has been sheared into a toroidal configuration in regions that are dense enough such that the gravitational energy density is greater than the energy density of the magnetic field. Another possibility is that winds due to supernovae in the central molecular zone are responsible for deviations from a toroidal field outside of the densest molecular regions.
Vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal black women.

Black women have lower levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) with higher serum PTH levels than white women. Correction of these alterations in the vitamin D-endocrine system could lead to less bone loss in postmenopausal women and, consequently, preservation of bone mass. Ten healthy postmenopausal black women were given 20 μg vitamin D3 daily for 3 months. At the end of the study, mean serum 25OHD levels had increased from 24 to 63 nmol/L. Serum intact PTH and nephrogenous cAMP declined significantly, and there was a 21% drop in the fasting urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen. Vitamin D3 supplementation raises serum 25OHD levels in postmenopausal black women, decreases secondary hyperparathyroidism, and reduces bone turnover. These findings should spur further investigation of the use of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of osteoporosis in this population.
Engineering Adipose Tissue for Regenerative and Reparative Therapies

The correction or augmentation of soft tissue defects caused by trauma, tumor resection, congenital abnormalities, and aging presents a multitude of challenges in reconstructive surgery. Soft tissue defects run the gamut in terms of volume, from restoring the fullness of the face by removing wrinkles to restoring the breast mound after mastectomy. The limitations of current restorative and reparative techniques have served as drivers for the development of adipose tissue as an application area for tissue engineering. Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary and maturing field that combines bioengineering, the clinical sciences, and the life sciences to repair or regrow tissues. This article discusses the inadequacies of current methods of correcting soft tissue defects and the innovative adipose tissue engineering strategies under pursuit to abrogate these limitations and improve patients’ outcomes and quality of life, and speculates rationally on the future. It does not discuss the applications and technologies involved with adipose-derived stem cells unless directly applied toward adipogenesis.
Effects of bile duct ligation on calcium excretion in the rat

In an earlier study we showed that bile duct–ligated rats were highly susceptible to gentamicin nephrotoxicity and that oral calcium administration had a pronounced protective effect. The mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Because cations compete with gentamicin for tubule binding sites, it has been suggested that the increased susceptibility of the kidney to gentamicin after bile duct ligation might result from decreased cation excretion. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bile duct ligation on calcium excretion in relation to overall renal function. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bile duct ligation and division. Pair-fed sham-operated rats served as controls. Metabolic and clearance studies were carried out at 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days after surgery. Urine output was higher in bile duct–ligated rats, and they excreted more calcium at 3, 5, 7 and 14 days, while excreting less sodium than controls. We conclude that after bile duct ligation, there is increased calcium excretion, which is independent of the abnormality in sodium excretion. Enhanced nephrotoxicity with aminoglycosides in the bile duct–ligated rat model cannot be explained by decreased calcium excretion. (Hepatology 1994;19:457–463).
Universality in oscillating flows.

We show that oscillating flow of a simple fluid in both the Newtonian and the non-Newtonian regime can be described by a universal function of a single dimensionless scaling parameter $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}$, where $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the oscillation (angular) frequency and $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is the fluid relaxation time; geometry and linear dimension bear no effect on the flow. Energy dissipation of mechanical resonators in a rarefied gas follows this universality closely in a broad linear dimension (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}lLl{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}$) and frequency (${10}^{5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}l\ensuremath{\omega}/2\ensuremath{\pi}l{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}$) range. Our results suggest a deep connection between flows of simple and complex fluids.
Neurokinin 1 Receptor Mediates Membrane Blebbing and Sheer Stress-Induced Microparticle Formation in HEK293 Cells

Cell-derived microparticles participate in intercellular communication similar to the classical messenger systems of small and macro-molecules that bind to specialized membrane receptors. Microparticles have been implicated in the regulation of a variety of complex physiopathologic processes, such as thrombosis, the control of innate and adaptive immunity, and cancer. The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) is a Gq-coupled receptor present on the membrane of a variety of tissues, including neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system, immune cells, endocrine and exocrine glands, and smooth muscle. The endogenous agonist of NK1R is the undecapeptide substance P (SP). We have previously described intracellular signaling mechanisms that regulate NK1R-mediated rapid cell shape changes in HEK293 cells and U373MG cells. In the present study, we show that the activation of NK1R in HEK293 cells, but not in U373MG cells, leads to formation of sheer-stress induced microparticles that stain positive with the membrane-selective fluorescent dye FM 2–10. SP-induced microparticle formation is independent of elevated intracellular calcium concentrations and activation of NK1R present on HEK293-derived microparticles triggers detectable calcium increase in SP-induced microparticles. The ROCK inhibitor Y27632 and the dynamin inhibitor dynasore inhibited membrane blebbing and microparticle formation in HEK293 cells, strongly suggesting that microparticle formation in this cell type is dependent on membrane blebbing.
Hepatitis C in clinical practice

Hepatitis C virus infection is now one of the most important causes of chronic liver disease. Primary care physicians play an important role in the diagnosis and initial work-up of patients infected with this virus. Understanding which patients may be at risk is the first step. By understanding the correct use of hepatitis C virus diagnostic testing and the risk and benefits of antiviral therapy, providers will be better equipped to screen and counsel their patients.
192 PURULENT PERICARDITIS (PP)–CHANGING ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT

All cases of bacterial pericarditis admitted to Children's Hospital from 1961-1980 were reviewed. To exclude patients with sympathetic pericardial effusion, only cases with pericardial fluid that was culture or CIE positive were analyzed. The organisms that caused PP with median age for each were: The most common bacterial cause of PP may be shifting from SA to HIB. All children presented with fever and ST-T wave EKG abnormalities. Associated findings for children with SA and HIB were: All children received antimicrobials. Four children recovered without surgical drainage and 2 recovered after pericardiectomy. Eight children were treated with pericardiotomy with tube drainage. Two of these 8, both of whom had thick pericardial pus, developed constrictive pericarditis requiring total pericardiectomy. One of the two died. The other children have not had evidence of cardiac abnormalities on follow-up evaluations. Patients with thick pericardial pus should undergo pericardiectomy not pericardiotomy.
Ribonucleotide depletion in glucose-deprived tumor cells-the role of rna synthesis.

Abstract Ribonucleoside triphosphate pools decreased rapidly and profoundly in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells incubated in glucose-free medium. Ribonucleoside triphosphate pools decreased to a lesser degree and total ribonucleotide pools remained normal in cells that were incubated with actinomycin D or with cycloheximide for 30 min before deprivation of glucose. RNA synthesis rates in glucose-deprived cells were 53–70% of the rates in glucose-supplemented cells. These findings suggest that ribonucleoside triphosphate consumption in RNA synthesis is an important factor in the depletion of ribonucleotide pools in tumor cells subjected to glucose starvation. Restriction of ATP regeneration is the other major factor.
Corneal Copper Deposition Associated With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Purpose To report a case of corneal copper deposition associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Design Case report. Methods A 65-year-old woman with a history of CLL was diagnosed with bilateral corneal opacification. Slit-lamp examination revealed dense, central yellow-brown pigmentation of Descemet’s membrane in each cornea. The presence of a bilateral pigmented deposition at the level of Descemet’s membrane led to a presumptive clinical diagnosis of corneal copper deposition. Results Serologic investigations revealed a markedly elevated copper (hypercupremia) and IgG levels with a normal ceruloplasmin. Wilson’s disease was excluded as a possible cause based on liver function tests and a liver biopsy. Thus, the patient was diagnosed with corneal copper deposition secondary to hypercupremia associated with CLL. Conclusions Corneal copper deposition may be associated with systemic malignancy, most commonly myeloproliferative disorders, including CLL. Recognition of the characteristic clinical features associated with corneal copper deposition allows the clinician to confirm the diagnosis with appropriate serologic studies.
The Human Condition and the Gift: Towards a Theoretical Perspective on Close Relationships

Hannah Arendt’s exposition of the human condition provides the basic framework for a theoretical perspective on close relationships. According to Arendt, the human condition is comprised of three modes of activity: labor, work, and action. Labor is need-driven behavior, work concerns goal-directed activity and the fabrication of things, and action involves the mutual validation of unique individuals. Within this framework, the gift is the means by which relational ties are made concrete. I propose a model of gift-giving organized by two axes: whether or not the partner is singularized by the gift and whether or not the gift is given with an expectation of a return gift. I then apply this model to the three modes of the human condition.
Efficient closed-form estimators for multistatic sonar localization

This paper addresses the multistatic sonar localization problem using time measurements only or with bearings in the presence of Gaussian transmitter positions, receiver positions, and propagation speed variations. We develop efficient algebraic solutions to this nonlinear estimation problem through parameter transformation and multistage processing. Both situations of known and unknown statistical distribution of the propagation speed are considered. Analysis supports their performance in reaching the hybrid Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) over the small error region.
World-Systems Analysis after Thirty Years: Should it Rest in Peace?

World-systems analysis has had a major impact on the social sciences over the past three decades. Although originally developed within sociology, its influence has not only been extensive in that field, but has spread to such fields as anthropology and political science as well. This article attempts a new critical assessment of the world-systems paradigm. Its major accomplishments are seen as sixfold: its insistence on understanding the modern world historically, its employment of modes of historical analysis that encompass very long periods of time (la longue duree), its highly interdisciplinary nature, its rigorous materialism, a conception of capitalism that is broader and more useful than the traditional Marxian conception, and its situation of the current phase of globalization in its proper historical context. On the negative side, I identify five major problems: its tendency toward teleology and reification; its overemphasis on exogenous forces at the expense of endogenous ones; its misrepresentation, in its classical form, of the effect of foreign investment on the periphery; its underestimation of the developmental prospects of the periphery; and its relative helplessness in understanding the nature and collapse of state socialist societies and the future prospects of socialism. I conclude with some suggestions for rebuilding world-systems analysis.
MPPT of Two-Peak PV System Combined the Hysteresis Comparison Method with Incremental Conductance

Due to the different PV modules and external conditions, large-scale photovoltaic power plants often show a multi-peak PV characteristics. But the traditional MPPT methods is only for single-peak P-V curve to strike a maximum power point. So we need to improve the conventional MPPT methods. In the MATLAB/Simulink environment, we combined the Hysteresis Comparison Method with Incremental Conductance to build the S-function to create a simulation model obtaining the maximum power point power, voltage and current. In the same simulation system the traditional Incremental Conductance was used to obtain the maximum power, voltage and current which compare with the maximum power, voltage and current which obtained by the proposed method . The results of simulation illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed method .
Cost-effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

F OR SOME TIME, the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has been recognized as effective but expensive technology. The issue faced by health insurers (ie, Medicare) is how to make best use of scarce resources while making available the protection offered by the defibrillator to the largest group of appropriate patients. Since the majority of patients who receive the ICD have coronary artery disease, treatment is permanent and may not alter the costs that are associated with progression of coronary atherosclerosis, including myocardial infarction or heart failure. Indications for implantation of the ICD have evolved over the last 10 years. The increasing sophistication of both therapy and diagnostic techniques as well as nonthoracotomy approaches have significantly altered the patient population referred for devices. The original recipients of the ICD had survived at least one out-of-hospital episode of cardiac arrest. Presently, consideration is being given to implantation of a device in patients who have not had, but are deemed at high risk for, a first episode of cardiac arrest. From a medical economic viewpoint, the ICD represents an interesting and rapidly evolving technology: clearly effective in many circumstances but with a substantial “up-front” and continuing cost. Nonthoracotomy devices will alter the initial cost, but may further broaden indications, even to prophylactic use. This review will focus on the problems involved in the analysis of ICD costs and benefits, given changing indications and evolving technology.
A corneal lens/shield system to promote postoperative corneal epithelial healing

We used a disposable bandage soft contact lens piggybacked onto a medicated, 12-hour corneal collagen shield to promote postoperative corneal epithelial healing and to provide sustained delivery of high levels of medications after corneal surgery in patients known to have poor corneal epithelial wound healing characteristics. Our experience with three patients indicates that the collagen shield dissolves completely by the first postoperative day and that the bandage lens remains in place with good mobility until it is removed when epithelialization is complete. This system eliminates the need for painful manipulation and placement of a bandage soft contact lens in an edematous, inflamed eye during the immediate postoperative period.
A Manager's Perspective on Employee Involvement in Manufacturing

ABSTRACTThis paper describes employee involvement (EI) tactics used in several Memphis-based manufacturing firms and uses contemporary academic and business writings to develop a theory-based rationale for them. Generic economic forces creating a need for greater EI are discussed, along with the relationship between workers' contributions and those forces.Research is reviewed that links a firm's use of EI strategies with improved ROI. Lawler's method of classifying EI methods in terms of their movement of information, knowledge, power, and rewards to lower organization levels is discussed. It is shown that reported payoffs from EI increase in proportion to the transfer of Lawler's four key factors. EI programs requiring little transfer of the four factors seem to behave like short-term savings projects. More-complex programs have a potential to lower total manufacturing costs up to 35% or more over the long term.Implementation of EI programs requires resources, time, and patience. Most applications need e...
The effects of wetproofing on the capillary properties of proton exchange membrane fuel cell gas diffusion layers

Abstract In the analysis of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell components, the capillary pressure vs. saturation ( P C ( S L )) curve is an increasingly popular tool for understanding the interaction of liquid water with the porous gas diffusion layer (GDL) material. In this study, hysteretic water/air P C ( S L ) measurements were combined with mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging to quantify the effects of fluoropolymer loading on GDL samples. Commercially wetproofed carbon fiber papers with 0–40 wt.% Teflon loading were investigated. MIP showed a slight reduction in characteristic pore radii and a significant loss of pore volume at the highest Teflon loading. Water/air P C ( S L ) measurements showed a significant reduction in water wetting between samples with 0 and 5 wt.% Teflon loading, but negligible additional wetproofing at loadings from 10 to 40 wt.%. ToF-SIMS imaging, a technique that is sensitive to monolayer surfaces coverages, found that GDL materials with 5 wt.% Teflon loading displayed nearly complete fluoropolymer coverage on the carbon substrate, confirming P C ( S L ) measurements showing that all of the wetproofing occurs in a narrow range of Teflon loadings. Results for P C ( S L ) measurements were fitted using a bundle-of-capillaries model. The apparent water intrusion contact angles fell between 130° and 133° in the rough Teflonated pore space (regardless of loading), whereas the apparent gas intrusion contact angles fell between 66° and 70° for the same materials.
Vanishing color magnetization in lattice Landau and Coulomb gauges

Abstract It is shown that in consequences the proximity of the Gribov horizon in infrared directions, color magnetization vanishes in the lattice Landau or Coulomb gauges, or, equivalently, that all connected gluon correlation functions vanish at zero momentum. A simple mechanism for color confinement in the Landau gauge is hypothesized.
Spin‐polarized fully relativistic linear combinations of Gaussian‐type orbitals calculations for fcc plutonium

The magnetic ordering of plutonium (Pu) in its fcc structure δ-phase is investigated using the fully relativistic linear combinations of Gaussian-type orbitals—fitting function (LCGTO-FF) method, within the generalized-gradient approximation to density functional theory. Three types of collinear spin orderings were considered: ferromagnetic, with spins aligned in the (001) direction; and two antiferromagnetic (001)-layer structures, with spins aligned either perpendicular to each plane (001) or parallel to each plane (100). For each ordering, the total energy and spin moment were calculated with and without spin-orbit coupling included. In both cases, the ground state is predicted to be antiferromagnetic. Adding spin-orbit coupling acts to stabilize the (001) orientation relative to the (100) orientation. At zero pressure, the antiferromagnetic (001) state is bound relative to the nonmagnetic state by roughly 40 mRy per atom. The zero-pressure lattice constant obtained here for the antiferromagnetic (001) state (8.69 bohr) is in substantially better agreement with the measured lattice constant (8.80 bohr) than is the nonmagnetic lattice constant (8.12 bohr). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Cell transplantation: a tool to study adrenocortical cell biology, physiology, and senescence.

We have established a mouse model for the growth and function of bovine and human adrenocortical cells in immunodeficient animals. We used the technique of cell transplantation, in which dispersed cells are introduced into an appropriate host in vivo to form a functional tissue. The ability to regenerate vascularized tissue, of normal histology and ultrastructure, is an inherent property of transplanted adrenocortical cells. Steroids secreted by the transplants replace the essential functions of the animals' own adrenal glands. Successful methods of transplantation described here have in common that the adrenocortical cells are permitted to aggregate in a space or matrix that provides adequate extracellular fluid and appropriate nutrients and oxygen. The present experiments show the potential of cell transplantation as a tool for the investigation of adrenocortical cell biology, molecular biology and physiology. The complete potential of the system will become apparent as new uses of the technique are dev...
Semi-invariants of Finite Reflection Groups

Let G be a finite group of complex n × n unitary matrices generated by reflections acting on Cn. Let R be the ring of invariant polynomials, and let χ be a multiplicative character of G. Let Ωχ be the R-module of χ-invariant differential forms. We define a multiplication in Ωχ and show that under this multiplication Ωχ has an exterior algebra structure. We also show how to extend the results to vector fields, and exhibit a relationship between χ-invariant forms and logarithmic forms.