cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making Existing Homes Greener

The environmental movement that has taken hold in the last half-century includes the objective of reducing the adverse impacts buildings have on the natural environment. In the United States, this has manifested itself in changes in the design and construction of buildings. Modern buildings-those built recently-perform better with respect to some, but not all, environmental criteria than older buildings. The most prominent characteristic is the efficiency of energy use for heating, cooling, and appliances. Even when the combination of building codes and voluntary standards work effectively to promote the construction of new green homes, they cannot provide a solution with respect to the overall performance of our housing stock. This article reviews different definitions, standards and options for making existing housing more green.
Electrical conductivity of high-purity germanium crystals at low temperature

The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of single-crystal and polycrystalline high-purity germanium (HPGe) samples has been investigated in the temperature range from 7 to 100 K. The conductivity versus inverse of temperature curves for three single-crystal samples consist of two distinct temperature ranges: a high-temperature range where the conductivity increases to a maximum with decreasing temperature, and a low-temperature range where the conductivity continues decreasing slowly with decreasing temperature. In contrast, the conductivity versus inverse of temperature curves for three polycrystalline samples, in addition to a high- and a low-temperature range where a similar conductive behavior is shown, have a medium-temperature range where the conductivity decreases dramatically with decreasing temperature. The turning point temperature ( $${T_{\text{m}}}$$ ) which corresponds to the maximum values of the conductivity on the conductivity versus inverse of temperature curves are higher for the polycrystalline samples than for the single-crystal samples. Additionally, the net carrier concentrations of all samples have been calculated based on measured conductivity in the whole measurement temperature range. The calculated results show that the ionized carrier concentration increases with increasing temperature due to thermal excitation, but it reaches saturation around 40 K for the single-crystal samples and 70 K for the polycrystalline samples. All these differences between the single-crystal samples and the polycrystalline samples could be attributed to trapping and scattering effects of the grain boundaries on the charge carriers. The relevant physical models have been proposed to explain these differences in the conductive behaviors between two kinds of samples.
Progress in the development of segmented thermoelectric unicouples at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

A new version of a segmented thermoelectric unicouple incorporating advanced thermoelectric materials with superior thermoelectric figures of merit has been recently proposed and is currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). This advanced segmented thermoelectric unicouple includes a combination of state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials based on Bi2Te3 and novel materials developed at JPL. The segmented unicouple currently being developed is expected to operate between 300 and about 975K with a projected thermal to electrical efficiency of up to 15%. The segmentation can be adjusted to accommodate various hot-side temperatures depending on the specific application envisioned. Techniques and materials have been developed to bond the different thermoelectric segments together for the nand p-legs and low contact resistance bonds have been achieved. In order to experimentally determine the thermal to electrical efficiency of the unicouple, metallic interconnects must be developed for the hot side of the thermocouple to connect the n- and p-legs electrically. The latest results in the development of these interconnects are described in this paper. Efforts are also focusing on the fabrication of a unicouple specifically designed for thermal and electrical testing.
Generating GraphQL-Wrappers for REST(-like) APIs.

GraphQL is a query language and thereupon-based paradigm for implementing web Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for client-server interactions. Using GraphQL, clients define precise, nested data-requirements in typed queries, which are resolved by servers against (possibly multiple) backend systems, like databases, object storages, or other APIs. Clients receive only the data they care about, in a single request. However, providers of existing REST(-like) APIs need to implement additional GraphQL interfaces to enable these advantages. We here assess the feasibility of automatically generating GraphQL wrappers for existing REST(-like) APIs. A wrapper, upon receiving GraphQL queries, translates them to requests against the target API. We discuss the challenges for creating such wrappers, including dealing with data sanitation, authentication, or handling nested queries. We furthermore present a prototypical implementation of OASGraph. OASGraph takes as input an OpenAPI Specification (OAS) describing an existing REST(-like) web API and generates a GraphQL wrapper for it. We evaluate OASGraph by running it, as well as an existing open source alternative, against 959 publicly available OAS. This experiment shows that OASGraph outperforms the existing alternative and is able to create a GraphQL wrapper for \(89.5\%\) of the APIs – however, with limitations in many cases. A subsequent analysis of errors and warnings produced by OASGraph shows that missing or ambiguous information in the assessed OAS hinders creating complete wrappers. Finally, we present a use case of the IBM Watson Language Translator API that shows that small changes to an OAS allow OASGraph to generate more idiomatic and more expressive GraphQL wrappers.
Genetic Endowments and Wealth Inequality

We show that genetic endowments linked to educational attainment strongly and robustly predict wealth at retirement. The estimated relationship is not fully explained by flexibly controlling for education and labor income. We therefore investigate a host of additional mechanisms that could account for the gene-wealth gradient, including inheritances, mortality, risk preferences, portfolio decisions, beliefs about the probabilities of macroeconomic events, and planning horizons. We provide evidence that genetic endowments related to human capital accumulation are associated with wealth not only through educational attainment and labor income, but also through a facility with complex financial decision-making.
A Two-Part Model for Mitigating Violations of Codes of Conduct: Analysis of a Case Study

This article suggests a two-part model for addressing violations of codes of conduct. The two parts are a professional framework and standards and rules for conduct that address complex ethical issues. The rules of professional conduct are applied to an offer made by an international bank to prospective investors through an announcement in local media. The announcement invites investors to subscribe to shares in an initial public offering (IPO). This article analyzes the violations of the offer through the lens of a professional code of conduct. The offer violated several code of conduct standards. Applying, understanding, and complying with regulatory requirements and ethical standards are not consistent across countries. Apparently, at this bank the compliance function is inadequate. In spite of the questionable conduct, it is doubtful that the bank was making a conscious effort to exploit its clients. In many parts of the world, the problem is not intent, but rather that a culture conducive for investor protection and furthering societal good is yet to evolve.
Reestablishing a host–affiliate relationship: migratory fish reintroduction increases native mussel recruitment

Co-extirpation among host-affiliate species is thought to be a leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. Freshwater mussels (Unionida) are at risk globally and face many threats to survival, including limited access to viable host fish required to complete their life history. We examine the relationship between the common eastern elliptio mussel (Elliptio complanata) and its migratory host fish the American eel (Anguilla rostrata), whose distribution in the Chesapeake Bay watershed is limited, in part, by dams. We examined population demographics of E. complanata across locations in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, primarily in the Susquehanna River in the absence of American eels, and conducted experimental restocking of eels to assess potential impacts on mussel recruitment. Compared to surveys completed ~20 yr prior, E. complanata could be experiencing declines at several historically abundant sites. These sites also had extremely limited evidence of recruitment. Restoration of host fish improved recruitment, but results were not equivalent between stocking sites, indicating that host reintroduction alone may not be fully effective in reestablishing mussel populations. One site where eels were introduced (Pine Creek, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, USA) experienced an increase from 0 juveniles found during quantitative surveys prior to eel stocking to 151 (21% of individuals collected during quantitative surveys) E. complanata juveniles found four years after stocking. A second site (Buffalo Creek, Union County, Pennsylvania) experienced a more moderate increase from 2 to 7 juveniles found during 2010 and 2014 quantitative surveys, respectively. Continued examination of other potential interacting factors affecting recruitment, including water quality or habitat conditions, is necessary to target favorable sites for successful restoration.
Thermolysis of 3‐methyl‐3‐(o‐aryl)‐1,2‐dioxetanes: Activation parameters and chemiexcitation yields

3-Methyl-3-(o-tolyl)-1,2-dioxetane 1 and 3-methyl-4-(o-bromophenyl)-1,2-dioxetane 2 were synthesized in low yield by the β-bromo hydroperoxide method. The activation parameters were determined by the chemilumin-escence method (for 1 ΔG‡ = 24.7 ± 0.3 kcal/mol, ΔH‡ = 25.4, ΔS‡ = + 1.9 e.u., k60 = 3.4 × 10−4s−1; for 2 ΔG‡ = 24.7 ± 0.4 kcal/mol, ΔH‡ = 24.7, ΔS‡ = 0.0 e.u., k60 = 4.1 × 10−4s−1). Thermolysis of 1–2 directly produced high yields of excited triplets as expected for this type of dioxetane [triplet chemiexcitation yields (ϕ7) for 1 0.03; for 2 0.02; the ϕT/ϕS ratios were estimated to be approximately 200 for both compounds]. The effect of ortho-aryl substituents was inconsistent with electronic effects. The ortho substitution in 1–2 resulted in a marked increase in stability of the dioxetanes. The results are discussed in relation to a diradical-like mechanism.
Learning Noise-Invariant Representations for Robust Speech Recognition

Despite rapid advances in speech recognition, current models remain brittle to superficial perturbations to their inputs. Small amounts of noise can destroy the performance of an otherwise state-of-the-art model. To harden models against background noise, practitioners often perform data augmentation, adding artificially-noised examples to the training set, carrying over the original label. In this paper, we hypothesize that a clean example and its superficially perturbed counterparts shouldn’t merely map to the same class — they should map to the same representation. We propose invariant-representation-learning (IRL): At each training iteration, for each training example, we sample a noisy counterpart. We then apply a penalty term to coerce matched representations at each layer (above some chosen layer). Our key results, demonstrated on the LibriSpeech dataset are the following: (i) IRL significantly reduces character error rates (CER) on both ‘clean’ (3.3% vs 6.5%) and ‘other’ (11.0% vs 18.1%) test sets; (ii) on several-of-domain noise settings (different from those seen during training) IRL’s benefits are even more pronounced. Careful ablations confirm that our results are not simply due to shrinking activations at the chosen layers.
Incremental Wrapper Based Random Forest Gene Subset Selection for Tumor Discernment

High-dimensional cancer related dataset permits the researchers to timely diagnose and facilitate in effective treatment of the cancer. Biomedicine application process on the thousands of features. It is challenging to extract the precise statistics from this high-dimensional dataset. This paper presents the Incremental Wrapper based Random Forest Gene Subset Selection of Tumor discernment that mechanisms on the principle of incremental wrapper based feature subset selection with random forest classification algorithm and this algorithm also works as performance validator. Incremental wrapper based feature subset selection is a technique to pick out a finest conceivable subset of genes from the high-dimensional data with low computational cost. Random Forest will increase the overall performance as it works better in cancer related high-dimensional dataset. The efficacy of the random forest classification algorithm as performance validator will significantly improve by working on a selective discriminative subset of prognostic genes as compare to the raw data. We evaluate the proposed methodology on the six publicly available cancer related high dimensional datasets and found that the proposed methodology outperform as compare to standard random forests.
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Alter the Microbiota and Exacerbate Clostridium difficile Colitis while Dysregulating the Inflammatory Response

ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major public health threat worldwide. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with enhanced susceptibility to and severity of CDI; however, the mechanisms driving this phenomenon have not been elucidated. NSAIDs alter prostaglandin (PG) metabolism by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Here, we found that treatment with the NSAID indomethacin prior to infection altered the microbiota and dramatically increased mortality and the intestinal pathology associated with CDI in mice. We demonstrated that in C. difficile-infected animals, indomethacin treatment led to PG deregulation, an altered proinflammatory transcriptional and protein profile, and perturbed epithelial cell junctions. These effects were paralleled by increased recruitment of intestinal neutrophils and CD4+ cells and also by a perturbation of the gut microbiota. Together, these data implicate NSAIDs in the disruption of protective COX-mediated PG production during CDI, resulting in altered epithelial integrity and associated immune responses. IMPORTANCEClostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a spore-forming anaerobic bacterium and leading cause of antibiotic-associated colitis. Epidemiological data suggest that use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) increases the risk for CDI in humans, a potentially important observation given the widespread use of NSAIDs. Prior studies in rodent models of CDI found that NSAID exposure following infection increases the severity of CDI, but mechanisms to explain this are lacking. Here we present new data from a mouse model of antibiotic-associated CDI suggesting that brief NSAID exposure prior to CDI increases the severity of the infectious colitis. These data shed new light on potential mechanisms linking NSAID use to worsened CDI, including drug-induced disturbances to the gut microbiome and colonic epithelial integrity. Studies were limited to a single NSAID (indomethacin), so future studies are needed to assess the generalizability of our findings and to establish a direct link to the human condition.
Explicit Hilbert spaces for certain unipotent representations III

Abstract In this paper we construct a family of small unitary representations for real semisimple Lie groups associated with Jordan algebras. These representations are realized on L2-spaces of certain orbits in the Jordan algebra. The representations are spherical and one of our key results is a precise L2-estimate for the Fourier transform of the spherical vector. We also consider the tensor products of these representations and describe their decomposition.
Probabilistic Sparse Subspace Clustering Using Delayed Association

Discovering and clustering subspaces in high-dimensional data is a fundamental problem of machine learning with a wide range of applications in data mining, computer vision, and pattern recognition. Earlier methods divided the problem into two separate stages of finding the similarity matrix and finding clusters. Similar to some recent works, we integrate these two steps using a joint optimization approach. We make the following contributions: (i) we estimate the reliability of the cluster assignment for each point before assigning a point to a subspace. We group the data points into two groups of “certain” and “uncertain”, with the assignment of latter group delayed until their subspace association certainty improves. (ii) We demonstrate that delayed association is better suited for clustering subspaces that have ambiguities, i.e. when subspaces intersect or data are contaminated with outliers/noise. (iii) We demonstrate experimentally that such delayed probabilistic association leads to a more accurate self-representation and final clusters. The proposed method has higher accuracy both for points that exclusively lie in one subspace, and those that are on the intersection of subspaces. (iv) We show that delayed association leads to huge reduction of computational cost, since it allows for incremental spectral clustering.
HOGWILD!-Gibbs can be PanAccurate

Asynchronous Gibbs sampling has been recently shown to be fast-mixing and an accurate method for estimating probabilities of events on a small number of variables of a graphical model satisfying Dobrushin's condition~\cite{DeSaOR16}. We investigate whether it can be used to accurately estimate expectations of functions of {\em all the variables} of the model. Under the same condition, we show that the synchronous (sequential) and asynchronous Gibbs samplers can be coupled so that the expected Hamming distance between their (multivariate) samples remains bounded by $O(\tau \log n),$ where $n$ is the number of variables in the graphical model, and $\tau$ is a measure of the asynchronicity. A similar bound holds for any constant power of the Hamming distance. Hence, the expectation of any function that is Lipschitz with respect to a power of the Hamming distance, can be estimated with a bias that grows logarithmically in $n$. Going beyond Lipschitz functions, we consider the bias arising from asynchronicity in estimating the expectation of polynomial functions of all variables in the model. Using recent concentration of measure results~\cite{DaskalakisDK17,GheissariLP17,GotzeSS18}, we show that the bias introduced by the asynchronicity is of smaller order than the standard deviation of the function value already present in the true model. We perform experiments on a multi-processor machine to empirically illustrate our theoretical findings.
Common correlated effects estimation of heterogeneous dynamic panel quantile regression models

This paper proposes a quantile regression estimator for a heterogeneous panel model with lagged dependent variables and interactive effects. The paper adopts the Common Correlated Effects (CCE) approach proposed in the literature and demonstrates that the extension to the estimation of dynamic quantile regression models is feasible under similar conditions to the ones used in the literature. The new quantile regression estimator is shown to be consistent and its asymptotic distribution is derived. Monte Carlo studies are carried out to study the small sample behavior of the proposed approach. The evidence shows that the estimator can significantly improve on the performance of existing estimators as long as the time series dimension of the panel is large. We present an application to the evaluation of Time‐of‐Use pricing using a large randomized control trial.
Towards a Fatality-Aware Benchmark of Probabilistic Reaction Prediction in Highly Interactive Driving Scenarios

In order to achieve safe and high-quality decision-making and motion planning, autonomous vehicles should be able to generate accurate probabilistic predictions for uncertain behavior of other road users. Moreover, reactive predictions are necessary in highly interactive driving scenarios to answer “what if I take this action in the future” for autonomous vehicles. Many recently proposed methods based on probabilistic graphical models (PGM), neural networks (NN) and inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) have great potential to solve the problem. However, there is no existing unified framework to homogenize the problem formulation, representation simplification, and evaluation metric for those methods. In this paper, we formulate a probabilistic reaction prediction problem, and reveal the relationship between reaction and situation prediction problems. We employ prototype trajectories with designated motion patterns other than “intention” to homogenize the representation so that probabilities corresponding to each trajectory generated by different methods can be evaluated. We also discuss the reasons why “intention” is not suitable to serve as a motion indicator in highly interactive scenarios. We propose to use Brier score as the baseline metric for evaluation. In order to reveal the fatality of the consequences when the predictions are adopted by decision-making and planning, we propose a fatality-aware metric, which is a weighted Brier score based on the criticality of the trajectory pairs of the interacting entities. Conservatism and non-defensiveness are defined from the weighted Brier score to indicate the consequences caused by inaccurate predictions. Modified methods based on PGM, NN and IRL are provided to generate probabilistic reaction predictions in an exemplar scenario of nudging from a highway ramp. The results are evaluated by the baseline and proposed metrics to construct a mini benchmark. Analysis on the properties of each method is also provided by comparing the baseline and proposed metric scores.
Mapping Multi-Disease Risk during El Niño: An Ecosyndemic Approach

El Nino is a quasi-periodic pattern of climate variability and extremes often associated with hazards and disease. While El Nino links to individual diseases have been examined, less is known about the cluster of multi-disease risk referred to as an ecosyndemic, which emerges during extreme events. The objective of this study was to explore a mapping approach to represent the spatial distribution of ecosyndemics in Piura, Peru at the district-level during the first few months of 1998. Using geographic information systems and multivariate analysis, descriptive and analytical methodologies were employed to map disease overlap of 7 climate-sensitive diseases and construct an ecosyndemic index, which was then mapped and applied to another El Nino period as proof of concept. The main findings showed that many districts across Piura faced multi-disease risk over several weeks in the austral summer of 1998. The distribution of ecosyndemics were spatially clustered in western Piura among 11 districts. Furthermore, the ecosydemic index in 1998 when compared to 1983 showed a strong positive correlation, demonstrating the potential utility of the index. The study supports PAHO efforts to develop multi-disease based and interprogrammatic approaches to control and prevention, particularly for climate and poverty-related infections in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Mechanism of Permanganate-Promoted Dihydroxylation of Complex Diketopiperazines: Critical Roles of Counter-cation and Ion-Pairing

The mechanism of permanganate-mediated dual C–H oxidation of complex diketopiperazines has been examined with density functional theory computations. The products of these oxidations are enabling intermediates in the synthesis of structurally diverse ETP natural products. We evaluated, for the first time, the impact of ion-pairing and aggregation states of the permanganate ion and counter-cations, such as bis(pyridine)-silver(I) (Ag+) and tetra-n-butylammonium (TBA+), on the C–H oxidation mechanism. The C–H abstraction occurs through an open shell singlet species, as noted previously, followed by O-rebound and a competing OH-rebound pathway. The second C–H oxidation proceeds with a second equivalent of oxidant with lower free energy barriers than the first C–H oxidation due to directing effects and the generation of a more reactive oxidant species after the first C–H oxidation. The success and efficiency of the second C−H oxidation are found to be critically dependent on the presence of an ion-paired oxid...
Battery-Free Eye Tracker on Glasses

This paper presents a battery-free wearable eye tracker that tracks both the 2D position and diameter of a pupil based on its light absorption property. With a few near-infrared (NIR) lights and photodiodes around the eye, NIR lights sequentially illuminate the eye from various directions while photodiodes sense spatial patterns of reflected light, which are used to infer pupil's position and diameter on the fly via a lightweight inference algorithm. The system also exploits characteristics of different eye movement stages and adjusts its sensing and computation accordingly for further energy savings. A prototype is built with off-the-shelf hardware components and integrated into a regular pair of glasses. Experiments with 22 participants show that the system achieves 0.8-mm mean error in tracking pupil position (2.3 mm at the 95th percentile) and 0.3-mm mean error in tracking pupil diameter (0.9 mm at the 95th percentile) at 120-Hz output frame rate, consuming 395 µW mean power supplied by two small, thin solar cells on glasses side arms.
Ludometrics: luck, and how to measure it

Game theory is the study of tractable games which may be used to model more complex systems. Board games, video games and sports, however, are intractable by design, so “ludological” theories about these games as complex phenomena should be grounded in empiricism. A first “ludometric” concern is the empirical measurement of the amount of luck in various games. We argue against a narrow view of luck which includes only factors outside any player’s control, and advocate for a holistic definition of luck as complementary to the variation in effective skill within a population of players. We introduce two metrics for luck in a game for a given population – one information theoretical, and one Bayesian, and discuss the estimation of these metrics using sparse, high-dimensional regression techniques. Finally, we apply these techniques to compare the amount of luck between various professional sports, between Chess and Go, and between two hobby board games: Race for the Galaxy and Seasons.
Changing Bridge Aerodynamics under Nonstationary Winds

The nonstationary winds during tropical cyclones and non-synoptic events have been extensively observed and analysed; however, the significance of nonstationarity in the consideration of wind load ...
Android Malware Detection Using Complex-Flows

This paper proposes a new technique to detect mobile malware based on information flow analysis. Our approach examines the structure of information flows to identify patterns of behavior present in them and which flows are related, those that share partial computation paths. We call such flows Complex-Flows, as their structure, patterns, and relations accurately capture the complex behavior exhibited by both recent malware and benign applications. N-gram analysis is used to identify unique and common behavioral patterns present in Complex-Flows. The N-gram analysis is performed on sequences of API calls that occur along Complex-Flows’ control flow paths. We show the precision of our technique by applying it to four different data sets totaling 8,598 apps. These data sets consist of both recent and older generation benign and malicious apps to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach across different generations of apps.
Transmitters for FM Broadcasting

The purpose of the FM transmitter is to convert one or more audiofrequency (composite baseband) input signal into a frequency-modulated, radiofrequency (RF) signal at the desired power output level to feed into the radiating antenna system. In its simplest form, the FM broadcast transmitter can be considered an FM modulator and an RF power amplifier packaged in one unit. Keywords: transmitter; audiofrequency signal; radiofrequency signal; effective radiated power; modulation; amplifier
Comparing non-redundant masking and filled-aperture kernel phase for exoplanet detection and characterization

The limitations of adaptive optics and coronagraph performance make exoplanet detection close to λ/D extremely difficult with conventional imaging methods. The technique of non-redundant masking (NRM), which turns a filled aperture into an interferometric array, has pushed the planet detection parameter space to within λ/D. For high Strehl, the related filled-aperture kernel phase technique can achieve resolution comparable to NRM, without a dramatic decrease in throughput. We present non-redundant masking and kernel phase contrast curves generated for ground- and space-based instruments. We use both real and simulated observations to assess the performance of each technique, and discuss their capabilities for different exoplanet science goals such as broadband detection and spectral characterization.
Locating and Characterizing a Transgene Integration Site by Nanopore Sequencing.

The introduction of foreign DNA into cells and organisms has facilitated much of modern biological research, and it promises to become equally important in clinical practice. Locating sites of foreign DNA incorporation in mammalian genomes has proven burdensome, so the genomic location of most transgenes remains unknown. To address this challenge, we applied nanopore sequencing in search of the site of integration of Tg(Pou5f1-EGFP)2Mnn (also known as Oct4:EGFP), a widely used fluorescent reporter in mouse germ line research. Using this nanopore-based approach, we identified the site of Oct4:EGFP transgene integration near the telomere of Chromosome 9. This methodology simultaneously yielded an estimate of transgene copy number, provided direct evidence of transgene inversions, revealed contaminating E. coli genomic DNA within the transgene array, validated the integrity of neighboring genes, and enabled definitive genotyping. We suggest that such an approach provides a rapid, cost-effective method for identifying and analyzing transgene integration sites.
Absence of X-point Band Overlap in Divalent Hexaborides and Variability of the Surface Chemical Potential

Angle-resolved photoemission measurements of divalent hexaborides reveals a >1 eV X-point gap between the valence and conduction bands, in contradiction to the band overlap assumed in several models of their novel ferromagnetism. While the global ARPES band structure and gap size observed are consistent with the results of bulk-sensitive soft x-ray absorption and emission boron K-edge spectroscopy, the surface-sensitive photoemission measurements also show a variation with cation, surface and time of the position of the surface chemical potential in the band structure.
Institutional trading, investor sentiment, and lottery‐like stock preferences

This paper explores the time‐varying institutional investor preference for lottery‐like stocks. On average, institutional investor holdings reflect an aversion to lottery‐like stocks. However, I find that an institutions’ aversion to lottery‐like stocks is reduced when investor sentiment is low. Moreover, I find that during low sentiment periods, institutional investors have abnormally high trading profits in more positively skewed stocks. These results suggest that institutions reduce their aversion toward lottery‐like stocks during low sentiment periods to profitably trade in lottery‐like stocks.
Online Advance Scheduling with Overtime: A Primal-Dual Approach

Problem definition: We study a fundamental online resource allocation problem in service operations in which a heterogeneous stream of arrivals that varies in service times and rewards makes servic...
[Mo16O53F2]12-: a new polyoxofluoromolybdate anion.

Single crystals of a new β-octamolybdate salt containing protonated 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane cations were prepared under mild hydrothermal conditions. This compound, [C6H13N2]2[C6H14N2][Mo8O26], was then used as a starting material in the synthesis of [C6H13N2]6[Mo16O53F2]·4H2O, which contains previously unreported [Mo16O53F2]12- anions. The structure-directing properties of γ-[Mo8O26]4-, a likely intermediate in this pH-dependent transformation, are responsible for the site selection of the fluoride incorporation. [Mo16O53F2]12-, the largest reported polyoxofluoromolybdate cluster, expands upon the limited number of such anions in the literature. The structures of both compounds were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Theoretical Study of the Reaction Mechanism of BO, B2O2, and BS with H2

Potential energy surfaces of various reactions in the BO/H 2 , B 2 O 2 /H 2 , and BS/H 2 systems have been studied at the G2M(MP2)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. The BO + H 2 reaction is shown to proceed by ion of a hydrogen atom by B to produce OBH + H with the barrier and exothermicity of 8.3 and 6.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The reaction can also occur by 1,2-insertion of BO into the H-H bond or by H ion by the O atom; however, the barriers for these channels are much higher, 36.4 and 42.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Via a low ∼0.3 kcal/mol barrier, the OBH + H reaction produces the OBH 2 radical, which is the most stable compound in the BO/H 2 system and lies 15.9, 2.5, and 4.2 kcal/mol below BO + H 2 , trans-HBOH, and cis-HBOH, respectively. OBH 2 can isomerize to trans-HBOH overcoming a barrier of 27.7 kcal/ mol and the latter can rearrange to the cis conformer with a barrier of 10.8 kcal/mol. BOH and H can recombine and form cis- or trans-HBOH without barriers. In the B + H 2 O reaction, the reactants can first form a weakly bound B-H 2 O complex, which then can eliminate an H atom producing BOH + H or undergo insertion of B into an O-H bond giving trans-HBOH with barriers of 4.7 and 6.2 kcal/mol relative to the initial reactants, respectively, and trans-HBOH can eventually decompose to OBH + H and a minor amount of BO + H 2 . Singlet OBBO is shown to be much less reactive with respect to H 2 than the BO monomer. Alternatively, after two BO recombine to form a triplet OBBO molecule over a moderate 8.3 kcal/mol barrier, t-OBBO can easily react with H 2 producing either BO + OBH 2 (via a t-OBBH 2 O intermediate) or OBBOH + H with barriers of 4.4 and 7.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The reactions in the BS/H 2 system are shown to be similar to those for BO/H 2 , except that BS cannot insert into H 2 , SBH 2 resides in a much deeper potential well (37.3 kcal/mol below BS + H 2 ) and can rearrange both to trans- and cis-HBSH, the B-H 2 S complex is more strongly bound than B-H 2 O, and the B + H 2 S reaction is expected to be significantly faster than the reaction of B + H 2 O.
Sleep Spindle Refractoriness Segregates Periods of Memory Reactivation

Summary The stability of long-term memories is enhanced by reactivation during sleep. Correlative evidence has linked memory reactivation with thalamocortical sleep spindles, although their functional role is not fully understood. Our initial study replicated this correlation and also demonstrated a novel rhythmicity to spindles, such that a spindle is more likely to occur approximately 3–6 s following a prior spindle. We leveraged this rhythmicity to test the role of spindles in memory by using real-time spindle tracking to present cues within versus just after the presumptive refractory period; as predicted, cues presented just after the refractory period led to better memory. Our findings demonstrate a precise temporal link between sleep spindles and memory reactivation. Moreover, they reveal a previously undescribed neural mechanism whereby spindles may segment sleep into two distinct substates: prime opportunities for reactivation and gaps that segregate reactivation events.
A Concise Synthesis of Spirotryprostatin A

The preparation of two new synthons, 2,5- and 2,6-dibromotryptophan esters, and their use in diastereoselective intramolecular N-acyliminium ion spirocyclization methodology for the rapid construction of spirotryprostatin A and analogues are described.
Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis

A concise overview of the use of microwave heating in organic synthesis is presented. The role of solvents and representative examples from the relevant literature are discussed to illustrate the significant impact this non-conventional heating mode continues to have in this area of materials research.
Thermal Phase Evolution of Pt−Si Intermetallic Thin Films Prepared by the Activated Adsorption of SiH4 on Pt(100) and Comparison to Known Structural Models

The authors have investigated the growth, morphology, and phase evolution of Pt-Si intermetallic thin films using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). These materials were formed through an inverted CVD deposition process that involves the exposure of a Pt(100) crystal to silane (SiH{sup 4}) followed by flash annealing treatments. Structural studies performed as a function of the annealing temperature reveal a complicated phase behavior that involves the sequential formation of four atomically ordered phases with multilevel character. The nature of this process is analyzed to obtain information about the primary structure-determining interactions responsible for the phase transformations seen in this system. This report describes the structure-determining influences seen on the Pt(100) surface and provide a comparison with earlier results obtained on Pt(111) and Ni surfaces. The substrate effects are marked and the differences between the results obtained on Pt(100) and Pt(111) are discussed in detail. A model is presented that relates the structure of the phases obtained on the Pt(100) surface to known bulk Pt silicide phases. Of particular interest is the finding that inverted CVD via the thermolytic decomposition of SiH{sub 4} on the Pt(100) substrate yields, upon suitable thermal treatment, amore » ({radical} 17 x {radical} 17)R14.0{degree} overlayer structure exhibiting two chiral surface domains. This multilayer structure is well described by a termination of the bulk Pt-Si intermetallic phase that is isomorphic with the well-known Ni{sub 12}P{sub 5} structure.« less
Catalytic Epoxidation of Hindered Olefins with Dioxygen. Fast Oxygen Atom Transfer to Olefin Cation Radicals from Nitrogen Oxides

Hindered olefins are efficiently converted to epoxides by dioxygen at 25 °C in dichloromethane containing catalytic amounts of nitrogen oxides (NO2, NO+, NO, etc.). Nitrogen dioxide also effects th...
One-Step Conversion of Aldehydes to Oxazolines and 5,6-Dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazines Using 1,2- and 1,3-Azido Alcohols

The reactions of 1,2- and 1,3-hydroxy azides with aldehydes under acidic conditions were examined. A variety of Lewis acids were examined, of which BF3·OEt2 was found the most convenient. Trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the alcohols could also be reacted using trimethylsilyl triflate as the promoter. Twenty-five examples that proceed in moderate to quantitative yields are reported.
Deep generative models of genetic variation capture mutation effects

The functions of proteins and RNAs are determined by a myriad of interactions between their constituent residues, but most quantitative models of how molecular phenotype depends on genotype must approximate this by simple additive effects. While recent models have relaxed this constraint to also account for pairwise interactions, these approaches do not provide a tractable path towards modeling higher-order dependencies. Here, we show how latent variable models with nonlinear dependencies can be applied to capture beyond-pairwise constraints in biomolecules. We present a new probabilistic model for sequence families, DeepSequence, that can predict the effects of mutations across a variety of deep mutational scanning experiments significantly better than site independent or pairwise models that are based on the same evolutionary data. The model, learned in an unsupervised manner solely from sequence information, is grounded with biologically motivated priors, reveals latent organization of sequence families, and can be used to extrapolate to new parts of sequence space.
A CONVENIENT ENZYMATIC ROUTE TO OPTICALLY ACTIVE 1-AMINOINDAN-2-OL : VERSATILE LIGANDS FOR HIV-1 PROTEASE INHIBITORS AND ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESES

(1S,2R)- and (1R,2S)-l-aminoindan-2-ol were prepared in high enantiomeric excess (>96%) by an immobilized lipase-catalyzed selective acylation of racemic trans- l-azidoindan-2-ol.
Catalytic, asymmetric, "interrupted" Feist-Bénary reactions.

Pyrimidine derivatives of the cinchona alkaloids function as excellent asymmetric catalysts for the “Interrupted” Feist−Benary Reaction. This reaction produces highly substituted hydroxydihydrofurans from simple starting materials under mild conditions. The asymmetric reaction gives high enantioselectivities with unsubstituted bromoketones, and high enantio- and diastereoselectivities with substituted substrates. Mechanistic experiments suggest that the hydrobromide salt of the alkaloid derivative is the active catalyst for the reaction.
The α–β phase boundary of elemental boron

Abstract The phase boundary between α- and β-rhombohedral boron is theoretically determined based on first-principles Gibbs free energy calculations. For the free energy of β-boron, an adjustable scaling parameter was introduced to correct the underestimate of the phonon frequencies of β-boron due to omission of partial occupancy. We show that the adjusted α–β phase boundary agrees well with two recent experimental reports.
Aromatic P1 replacements for the highly potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor CRIXIVAN®

Abstract A series of analogs of CRIXIVAN® containing various aromatic P1 ligands were prepared and evaluated for inhibition of the HIV-1 protease enzyme. These new compounds were found to be effective inhibitors at nanomolar concentrations in the in vitro enzyme inhibition assay as well as the whole cell assay.
Isomerism and Novel Magnetic Order in Mn13 Cluster

First principles calculations based on the generalized gradient approximation to the density functional theory reveal the existence of two nearly degenerate isomeric forms of Mn13 cluster. The lowest energy structure corresponds to icosahedric packing that lies 0.65 eV lower than a caged structure with a hexagonal close-packed motif. Magnetically, however, these two isomers are very different: while the icosahedric structure is ferrimagnetic with a total magnetic moment of 33 μB, the hexagonal close-packed structure is a de facto antiferromagnet with a magnetic moment of 17 μB. The two isomers also have different ionization potentials, 5.19 and 4.82 eV, in good agreement with experiment.
Protein Mimicry: A New Dimension for Peptides as Lead Compounds?

A short peptide as mimic for the hemopoietic growth factor erythropoietin (containing 165 amino acids) could be identified with the aid of peptide libraries on phage surfaces (phage display). The crystal structure of a peptide dimer complexed with two erythropoietin receptors (shown on the right) provides an insight into the molecular basis of this protein mimicry.
Aspects of collapsing cycles

Much has been learned about string theory over the last few years by studying properties of cycles and branes in a given background geometry. Here we discuss three situations (quantum volume, attractor flows/D-brane stability, and dynamical topology change) in which cycles in a Calabi-Yau background evolve and/or degenerate in some manner, yielding various insights into aspects of quantum geometry.
Diverse pathophysiological processes converge on network disruption in mania.

Abstract Background Neuroimaging of psychiatric disease is challenged by the difficulty of establishing the causal role of neuroimaging abnormalities. Lesions that cause mania present a unique opportunity to understand how brain network disruption may cause mania in both lesions and in bipolar disorder. Methods A literature search revealed 23 case reports with imaged lesions that caused mania in patients without history of bipolar disorder. We traced these lesions and examined resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rsfMRI) connectivity to these lesions and control lesions to find networks that would be disrupted specifically by mania-causing lesions. The results were then used as regions-of-interest to examine rsfMRI connectivity in patients with bipolar disorder (n = 16) who underwent imaging longitudinally across states of both mania and euthymia alongside a cohort of healthy participants scanned longitudinally. We then sought to replicate these results in independent cohorts of manic (n = 26) and euthymic (n = 21) participants with bipolar disorder. Results Mania-inducing lesions overlap significantly in network connectivity. Mania-causing lesions selectively disrupt networks that include orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and temporal lobes. In bipolar disorder, the manic state was reflected in strong, significant, and specific disruption in network communication between these regions and regions implicated in bipolar pathophysiology: the amygdala and ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex. Limitations There was heterogeneity in the clinical characterization of mania causing lesions. Conclusions Lesions causing mania demonstrate shared and specific network disruptions. These disruptions are also observed in bipolar mania and suggest a convergence of multiple disorders on shared circuit dysfunction to cause mania.
Total Synthesis of Cryptophycins-1, -3, -4, -24 (Arenastatin A), and -29, Cytotoxic Depsipeptides from Cyanobacteria of the Nostocaceae

A convergent synthesis of cryptophycins has been developed in which (5S,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-8-phenylocta-2(E),7(E)-dienoic acid (A) is coupled with an amino acid segment (B). Two stereoselective routes to A are described, the first employing allylation of an α-homochiral aldehyde and the second using asymmetric crotylation of an achiral aldehyde to establish the two stereogenic centers present in A. The styryl moiety of A was attached either via Stille coupling or through a Wadsworth−Emmons condensation with diethyl benzylphosphonate. The amino acid subunit B was prepared from benzyl (2S)-2-hydroxyisocaproate by connection first to N-Boc-β-alanine or its (2R)-methyl-substituted derivative and then to (2R)-N-Boc-O-methyltyrosine or its m-chloro derivative. Fusion of the A and B subunits was accomplished by initial esterification of the former with the latter, followed by macrocyclization using diphenyl phosphorazidate. In this way, cryptophycin-3, -4, and -29 were obtained along with the nonnatural cycl...
Synthesis of ring D modified morphinan systems via ring expansion of a key codeine intermediate

Ring expansion and ring fragmentation products were synthesized from pentacyclic ketones 3 and 4 via Baeyer−Villiger oxidation. Oxidation of 3 with m-chloroperbenzoic acid afforded δ-lactone 9 whic...
Extending Pummerer reaction chemistry. Synthesis of (+/-)-dibromophakellstatin by oxidative cyclization of an imidazole derivative.

The diastereoselective oxidative cyclization of a dihydrooroidin derivative is reported. The thioimidate product formed by application of a new variant of the Pummerer reaction serves as a precurso...