cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of antibodies to two human seminal plasma-specific antigens on human sperm.

E-1 and E-2 antigens from purified human seminal plasma (HSP) were studied in rabbits by immunodiffusion immunoelectrophoresis sperm-immobilization tests sperm agglutination and seminal plasma-agglutination tests to investigate their possible use as antifertility compounds. Neither anti-E-1 plus E-2 nor anti-E-1 antisera was able to immobilize or agglutinate sperm. Seminal plasma agglutination tests were positive for both anti-E-1 plus E-2 and anti-E-1. It is concluded that E-1 and E2 antigens are not responsible for sperm-immobilization or sperm-agglutination reactions and that their use as antifertility compounds is useless in terms of immunizing the female.
A Tentative Weight-Prediction Formula

(1928). A Tentative Weight-Prediction Formula. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 33, No. 7, pp. 448-450.
The metabolism of (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate is regulated by the enhancer-binding protein PA2005 and the alternative sigma factor RpoN in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.

A variety of soil-dwelling bacteria produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which serves as a source of energy and carbon under nutrient deprivation. Bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas do not generally produce PHB but are capable of using the PHB degradation product (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate [(R)-3-HB] as a growth substrate. Essential to this utilization is the NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase BdhA that converts (R)-3-HB into acetoacetate, a molecule that readily enters central metabolism. Apart from the numerous studies that had focused on the biochemical characterization of BdhA, there was nothing known about the assimilation of (R)-3-HB in Pseudomonas, including the genetic regulation of bdhA expression. This study aimed to define the regulatory factors that govern or dictate the expression of the bdhA gene and (R)-3-HB assimilation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Importantly, expression of the bdhA gene was found to be specifically induced by (R)-3-HB in a manner dependent on the alternative sigma factor RpoN and the enhancer-binding protein PA2005.This mode of regulation was essential for the utilization of (R)-3-HB as a sole source of energy and carbon. However, non-induced levels of bdhA expression were sufficient for P. aeruginosa PAO1 to grow on ( ± )-1,3-butanediol, which is catabolized through an (R)-3-HB intermediate. Because this is, we believe, the first report of an enhancer-binding protein that responds to (R)-3-HB, PA2005 was named HbcR for (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate catabolism regulator.
Synthesis of heterocycles containing two cytosine or two guanine base-pairing sites. Novel tectons for self-assembly

The synthesis of 1 and 2 is described, as is the X-ray structure of 1. Tecton 1 contains two DAA hydrogen bonding sites (cytosine-like), while 2 contains two DDA sites (guanosine-like). Tectons 1 and 2 were designed to self-assemble into a helical superstructure. Self-recognition of 1 occurs in the solid state with a novel inclusion of dimethylacetamide solvent.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Suspension Flow With Deposition in Porous Media: Application to Sand Core Coating in Metalcasting Industry

A diffusion flux principle of mass conservation was used for mathematical modeling of sand core coating process. A Galerkin method with linear axisymmetric square finite elements was used to solve the problem. It is shown that the coating thickness and the penetration depth increase with sand grain size. With increasing the apparent viscosity of the refractory coating slurry the coating thickness increase, but the penetration depth decreases linearly. A good agreement is found between the experimental data and numerical predictions.© 2003 ASME
Timing and gender determine if acute pain impairs working memory performance.

Abstract The effects of pain on memory are complex, and little is known about the vulnerability of working memory (WM) performance when individuals complete a WM test while concurrently experiencing pain. Here, we subjected 78 healthy nonsmoking participants to either acute pain or a control condition while we administered a WM test. In this context, we also tested WM 20 minutes after pain in order to determine if timing of pain affected WM performance, and assessed objective and subjective measures of pain. We hypothesized that pain would impair WM performance during pain. Further, women's WM performance would be impaired more than men. Importantly, there was an interaction between gender and condition, with women exposed to pain experiencing impairments during but not after the cold pressor task. Our data imply that timing and gender are critically important in whether acute pain is costly to WM performance. Our findings have interesting clinical, professional, and educational implications, and understanding the influence of pain could help to improve the interpretation of WM tests in these diverse settings. Perspective Results of this study support the growing body of work that attests to the detrimental effect of pain on WM performance. Further, this study provides new evidence that concurrently experiencing cold pressor pain impairs WM in regularly menstruating women and women taking a contraceptive.
Neuroscience: Dopamine ramps up

We thought we had figured out dopamine, a neuromodulator involved in everything from learning to addiction. But the finding that dopamine levels ramp up as rats navigate to a reward may overthrow current theories. See Letter p.575 It has been suggested that when animals perform simple stimulus–response tasks, the phasic activity observed the in dopaminergic midbrain represents an expectation of immediately upcoming rewards. Ann Graybiel and colleagues now demonstrate a different form of reward-related dopamine signalling in the striatum. Using cyclic voltammetry, they observe prolonged dopamine signals in animals navigating mazes to obtain rewards. These responses steadily ramp up as animals approach their goals, and scale with both the distance and size of the rewards. These signals may represent motivational drive, and provide insight into the role of dopamine during extended goal-directed actions.
Free Volume, Cohesive Energy Density, and Internal Pressure as Predictors of Polymer Miscibility

In this paper, we illuminate and predict trends in polymer miscibility using our model understanding of pure component properties. We introduce a new metric that maps a bulk property to a theoretical characteristic parameter, viz. the percent free volume of a polymer melt as a function of the strength of its segment–segment (nonbonded) interaction energy. To this end we apply our simple Locally Correlated Lattice (LCL) model, first to characterize several dozen polymers via pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) data, and then to calculate properties that cannot be directly determined via experiment, such as percent free volume and cohesive energy density, and we rank all of the polymers in terms of these properties. We reveal strong correlations between bulk behavior and theoretical pure component character, and use those correlations to motivate a discussion of what drives polymer miscibility.
Colonization of organoapatite-titanium mesh by preosteoblastic cells.

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys continue to serve as successful implant materials for skeletal repair because of their physical properties and biocompatibility. This study investigates the influence of organoapatite (OA), grown directly onto an L-shaped Ti mesh, on preosteoblastic cellular colonization. Unseeded mesh samples were placed on subconfluent layers of MC3T3-E1 murine calvaria cells and cultured for up to 2 weeks. Cells demonstrated accelerated colonization of the three-dimensional OA-Ti mesh substrates over bare Ti controls. Cells also showed significantly increased proliferation on the OA-Ti mesh over bare Ti controls. Cellular differentiation, measured by alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin expression, was observed at late stages of the experiment with no notable differences between OA-Ti mesh and bare Ti controls. These results suggest that OA grown onto porous Ti substrates is capable of inducing accelerated colonization of unseeded implant structures by osteogenic cells.
Missing value imputation: with application to handwriting data

Missing values make pattern analysis difficult, particularly with limited available data. In longitudinal research, missing values accumulate, thereby aggravating the problem. Here we consider how to deal with temporal data with missing values in handwriting analysis. In the task of studying development of individuality of handwriting, we encountered the fact that feature values are missing for several individuals at several time instances. Six algorithms, i.e., random imputation, mean imputation, most likely independent value imputation, and three methods based on Bayesian network (static Bayesian network, parameter EM, and structural EM), are compared with children's handwriting data. We evaluate the accuracy and robustness of the algorithms under different ratios of missing data and missing values, and useful conclusions are given. Specifically, static Bayesian network is used for our data which contain around 5% missing data to provide adequate accuracy and low computational cost.
Effect of epinephrine on cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate and hexose phosphates in intestinal smooth muscle.

Abstract Physiologically active concentrations of epinephrine produce an increase in the concentrations of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate in isolated intestinal smooth muscle preparations from the taenia coli of the guinea-pig. This effect is not associated with a change in the concentrations of hexose phosphate esters in this tissue.
Interaction of hydrophobically modified polymers and surfactant lamellar phase

We investigate the effect of polysoaps on the phase behavior and membrane elastic properties of the lyotropic lamellar (Lα) phase of the nonionic surfactant penta(ethylene glycol) dodecyl ether (C1...
Antecedents of Exploratory Competence at One Year

The start of the 2nd year is a period of transition and substantial variability among toddlers in play and attention abilities. This longitudinal study examined the antecedents of variation among 13-month-old toddlers in these exploratory competencies in the infants' own information-processing abilities at 5 months (indexed by visual fixation in the laboratory], the infants' vocal and exploratory activities at 5 months (measured during naturalistic observation in the home), mothers' stimulation of infants at 5 months, and mothers' IQ. Infant visual fixation and maternal IQ predicted toddler symbolic play; furthermore, infant visual fixation, infant activity, and maternal IQ predicted toddler attention span. In contrast, mothers' early stimulation did not predict play or attention in toddlers. Structural equation modeling was used to assess prediction of the three significant antecedents (infant visual fixation, infant activity, and maternal IQ) to toddlers' exploratory competence, a latent variable representing the shared variance between play and attention. Together, the three predictors accounted for 50% of the variance in toddler exploratory competence. These data broaden the scope of infant and mother prediction beyond toddler verbal-representational abilities to encompass domains of toddler exploration.
The Hydrogen-Cooled Turbine Generator

HYDROGEN cooling for electrical machinery was first proposed to the industry through an AIEE paper presented in 1925.1 The first hydrogen-cooled machine to be placed in commercial service was a 12,500-kva synchronous condenser, installed in 1928.2 This was followed by other machines of this type, and later, the hydrogen-cooled frequency-converter was introduced. There are now in operation in the United States 20 of these two types of hydrogen-cooled machines, with a combined output of over one-half million kva, and their records of performance have been highly satisfactory. Prior to 1937, the application of hydrogen cooling to turbine generators had been confined to developmental machines in the manufacturers' plants, although several air-cooled generators had been built with provision for later adaptation to hydrogen cooling. In October 1937 the first hydrogen-cooled generator built for commercial service was placed in operation at Dayton, Ohio. This was a 3,600-rpm unit, of General Electric manufacture, rated at 31,250 kva at 0.8 power factor. Since then, a total of 10 hydrogen-cooled generators have been placed in service in various parts of the country, and 27 others are in the course of installation or construction. The total capacity of these 37 generators is over 2,000,000 kva, and their sizes range from 17,000 kva to 81,250 kva at 3,600 rpm, and from 75,000 kva to 176,470 kva at 1,800 rpm.
Particle size effects in particle-particle triboelectric charging studied with an integrated fluidized bed and electrostatic separator system

Fundamental studies of triboelectric charging of granular materials via particle-particle contact are challenging to control and interpret because of foreign material surfaces that are difficult to avoid during contacting and measurement. The measurement of particle charge itself can also induce charging, altering results. Here, we introduce a completely integrated fluidized bed and electrostatic separator system that charges particles solely by interparticle interactions and characterizes their charge on line. Particles are contacted in a free-surface fluidized bed (no reactor walls) with a well-controlled fountain-like flow to regulate particle-particle contact. The charged particles in the fountain are transferred by a pulsed jet of air to the top of a vertically-oriented electrostatic separator consisting of two electrodes at oppositely biased high voltage. The free-falling particles migrate towards the electrodes of opposite charge and are collected by an array of cups where their charge and size can be determined. We carried out experiments on a bidisperse size mixture of soda lime glass particles with systematically varying ratios of concentration. Results show that larger particles fall close to the negative electrode and smaller particles fall close to the positive electrode, consistent with theory and prior experiments that larger particles charge positively and smaller particles charge negatively. The segregation of particles by charge for one of the size components is strongest when its collisions are mostly with particles of the other size component; thus, small particles segregate most strongly to the negative sample when their concentration in the mixture is small (and analogous results occur for the large particles). Furthermore, we find additional size segregation due to granular flow, whereby the fountain becomes enriched in larger particles as the smaller particles are preferentially expelled from the fountain.
Coarse-scale movement patterns of a small-bodied fish inhabiting a desert stream

Located on the floor of Death Valley (CA, USA), Salt Creek harbors a single fish species, the Salt Creek pupfish, Cyprinodon salinus salinus, which has adapted to this extremely harsh environment. Salt Creek is fed by an underground spring and is comprised of numerous pools, runs, and marshes that exhibit substantial variability in temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. In addition, the wetted area of Salt Creek is reduced throughout the summer months due to high rates of evaporation, with some reaches drying completely. Therefore, it seems logical that short- and long-term movement patterns may play an important role in Salt Creek pupfish population dynamics. The objective of this study was to describe coarse-scale movements of Salt Creek pupfish in Salt Creek during their breeding season from March to May. Sex ratios and length–frequency distributions varied spatially within Salt Creek, suggesting population segregation during the breeding season. Long-distance movements were genera...
Complex Transcriptional Initiation Pattern of the Thymidylate Synthase Promoter in Mouse Tissues

Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an essential enzyme that must be expressed in all proliferating cells. The mouse TS promoter lacks a TATA box and an initiator element and initiates transcription over a broad region in cultured fibroblasts. The goal of this study was to determine if expression of the TS gene in a variety of cells and tissues involves the use of alternative promoters or different patterns of transcriptional initiation sites. The amount of TS mRNA and the pattern of initiation sites were determined using S1 nuclease protection assays. We found that even though the amount of TS mRNA varied over a wide range, reflecting differences in cell proliferation rates, the pattern of initiation sites was nearly identical in all of the cell lines and tissues that were examined. Therefore transcription of the TS gene is directed by a single promoter that is capable of being expressed in a wide variety of cellular environments.
Plasma steroid-binding globulin mediation of differences in stress reactivity in alternative male phenotypes in tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus.

Plasma steroid-binding globulins, for example, corticosteroid-binding globulin and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), have been identified in a number of vertebrates. One possible function of these proteins is to regulate the amount of steroid delivery to target tissues, as only free steroids are believed to diffuse from the circulation to target cells. Male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus, exhibit alternative male reproductive tactics correlated with dewlap (throat-fan) coloration. Males with orange-blue dewlaps are aggressive and territorial, whereas males with orange dewlaps are less aggressive and employ a satellite strategy. The two types of males have similar basal levels of total plasma corticosterone and testosterone. However, testosterone levels of nonterritorial males are more sensitive than those of territorial males to negative regulation by stress-induced increases in corticosterone. We tested the hypothesis that this difference in corticosterone feedback on testosterone could be mediated, in part, by differences in binding globulin levels between the two types of males. We have identified two steroid-binding globulins in male tree lizards. The first binds androgens and estradiol with high affinity (10−9 M) and is similar to previously described sex hormone-binding globulins. The second binds both androgens and C21 steroids, such as progesterone and corticosterone, with higher specificity than estradiol and is best described as an androgen-glucocorticoid-binding globulin (AGBG). In both types of males, the capacity of AGBG is much higher than SHBG. In addition, AGBG capacity is significantly greater in territorial than nonterritorial males, whereas the capacity of SHBG does not differ between the two types of males. Calculations of free steroid levels based on the affinity and capacity measures suggest that although most testosterone circulates bound to binding globulins, binding capacity is high enough that binding globulins are also able to bind to other steroids such as corticosterone. Thus, differences in binding capacity between the two types of males could result in higher levels of free corticosterone in nonterritorial males than in territorial males, especially during stress-induced increases in corticosterone, and may explain why testosterone levels of nonterritorial males are more sensitive to negative feedback by corticosterone.
Dispersed solid dynamics in a slurry bubble column

Abstract New data and theory are presented for describing dispersed solids in slurry bubble columns. Axial solids concentration distributions were measured in a 0.108 m.i.d. slurry bubble column apparatus operated at steady-state conditions. Slurry and gas superficial velocities ranged from 0.0 to 0.02 m/s and 0.03 to 0.20 m/s, respectively. The liquid-phase was either water or ethanol, and the solid-phase consisted of narrow-sized fractions of glass spheres. With a one-dimensional sedimentation-dispersion model, the data have been used to develop a method for predicting average solids loading and axial distribution of solids in a bubble column. Correlations are given for the hindred settling velocity, the solids dispersion coefficient, and the solids concentration at the top and bottom of the column. A solids distribution function is derived using one parameter that contains the hindred settling velocity and the solids dispersion coefficient. The new method is applied to data from the literature for three slurry bubble columns with diameters in the range of 0.066–0.286 m. The new method predicts axial distribution of solids with improved accuracy over existing methods, especially for non-aqueous systems and for those with low slurry feed concentration or high settling velocity.
Pension Reversions and Worker-Stockholder Wealth Transfers

This paper examines the relative importance of transfers from workers to shareholders in the firm's decision to terminate their overfunded defined benefit pension plans. In contrast to earlier studies, I find evidence that firms terminate their pension plans to relieve themselves of implicit promises to workers of future compensation. In addition, financing and tax considerations influence the reversion decision. The results suggest that the 1986 excise tax on asset reversions reduced termination for reversion by 36 percent in 1986.
Enforcing compliance with international environmental agreements using a deposit-refund system

Whether nations are able to cooperatively manage shared resources through international environmental agreements (IEAs) depends on whether compliance with voluntary commitments can be enforced. Given that nations are sovereign enforcing compliance with IEAs cannot rely on the presence of a strong sanctioning body. Nonetheless, enforcement provisions must be effective in the sense that they will deter non-compliance and credible in the sense that they will actually be imposed. In this paper, we address the problem of enforcing compliance with IEAs by examining one promising mechanism—a deposit-refund system—that exhibits the necessary features for effective enforcement. We analyze a simple model to demonstrate the desirable properties of the mechanism and then consider the effects of imperfect monitoring, uncertainty, partial participation and reputation on the effectiveness of a deposit-refund system.
Glycogen synthesis by a strain of ehrlich ascites tumor

Summary A strain of Ehrlich Ascites cells, H, contains glycogen and synthesizes glycogen in vitro from added glucose or fructose. Only a fraction of the cells contain glycogen, and it is distributed in cytoplasm and nucleus. The metabolism of glucose and activities of enzymes of glycogen metabolism in the H cells, was compared to a strain (HL) which does not contain or form glycogen. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase, phosphoglucomutase and UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase were of similar magnitude in both strains. Glucogon, epinephrine, and dibutyryl CAMP had no effect on the metabolism of glucose and its incorporation into glycogen in H cells, and were also without effect on its catabolism.
A multi-objective study for down selection of a micro-inverter topology for residential applications

Micro-inverter based photovoltaic (PV) systems now represent about 8% of the U.S. residential market, and offer many advantages including safety, performance, and simplified installation. This paper presents a detailed trade-off study of micro-inverter circuit topologies. In addition to standard criteria of efficiency, reliability and cost, this study takes into account grid Volt/VAR support functions of each topology. The trade-off study concludes in the identification of a new micro-inverter architecture with high efficiency and Volt/VAR support capability suitable for application over a wide range of PV module technologies.
Voltage Dependent Conformational Changes of the Na+/K+-ATPase Revealed by Site Directed Fluorometry

Most of the voltage dependence of the Na+/K+-ATPase cycle originates from steps associated with extracellular Na+ binding/release and occlusion/deocclusion transitions. In order to explore regions of the Na+/K+ pump that respond to voltage, we engineered single cysteine mutants facing the outside of the α and β subunits as targets of cysteine-reactive tetramethyl rhodamine (TMRM). These pumps were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and voltage-clamped to obtain simultaneous electrical and optical recordings. We have detected voltage dependent fluorescence changes when TMRM is conjugated at sites of the α and β subunits. Interestingly, positions within the β subunit produced robust voltage dependent fluorescence signals. These fluorescence changes follow the kinetics of Na+ translocation through the pump. Quenching of the fluorescence signal can be altered by tryptophan mutations at the external side of the α subunit, indicating movement of the external face of the α subunit. Surprisingly, in some positions fluorescence changes persist even in the presence of ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the pump, and these changes are modified by tyrosine mutations in the transmembrane segment of the β subunit. These results suggest that there are intrinsic voltage-dependent conformational changes in the Na+/K+ pump. Supported by U54GM087519 and GM030376.
Development Capital: USAID and the Rise of Development Contractors

Development assistance from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is conceptualized as flowing through an assemblage that includes heterogeneous subjects and objects and that has coevolved with USAID's contracting regime. Key assemblage elements are contractors (firms, nongovernmental organizations, individuals), contracts, and procurements, and key flows include capital, knowledge, and people. The focus of this article is the rise over the past forty years of a lucrative development contracting industry in the United States, through a relational examination of USAID contractors and other key elements in the assemblage. This article traces the contemporary U.S. development assistance contracting assemblage and its geographies. This entails identifying and mapping the assemblage's component elements, its networks and flows, with the overall aim being to take steps toward building a critical geographical understanding of development capital.
Generalized Effects of Conversation Skill Training

Three high school students with severe disabilities were taught to initiate and maintain a conversation independently through a 4-min session with a communication book adaptation. Instruction occur...
Economic Impact of Milk Production in the State of New Mexico

The goal of this study was to quantify the economic role of dairy farming in New Mexico and to identify its linkages with allied industries in terms of income, value added, and employment impacts. An input-output model was used to estimate the direct, indirect, and induced impacts of the dairy farm industry on the economy of New Mexico. The results showed that in 2005, New Mexico's dairy farm industry had a total economic impact of $1.98 billion and accounted for 14,313 jobs. Therefore, dairy farming in New Mexico had an output multiplier (income) of 1.92, a labor income multiplier of $248 thousand/$ million of gross sales, and an employment multiplier of 13.91 jobs/$ million of gross sales. Furthermore, the New Mexico dairy farms accounted for 13.1% of the total agricultural outputs, 20.5% of the agricultural jobs, 1.5% of total state economic activity, and $80 million in tax revenue. With the exception of Lea, Eddy, and Bernalillo counties, which are diversified, the dairy farms accounted for more than two-thirds of the agricultural outputs and for more than two-fifths of the agricultural employment in counties where dairy farms are concentrated.
Impact of river channelization on seismic risk: Shelby County, Tennessee

The lower 35.4 km of the Wolf River, in Shelby County, Tennessee, was channelized in 1964 to reduce flooding. Detailed channel surveys conducted in 1959 and 1990 document river and floodplain changes 26 years after channelization. Channelization resulted in a straighter, steeper, deeper, wider, and smoother channel, thus causing an increase in channel velocity, cross-sectional area, and discharge capacity. Subsequent to channelization, Wolf River became shallower near its mouth, entrenched 3 m in its upstream reach, and formed a nick point at the eastern end of the channelized reach that migrated 11.3 km upstream. Tributaries to the channelized segment of the Wolf River have also entrenched. In addition, the floodplain along the channelized reach underwent dissection and denudation and the banks of the Wolf River were an average of 1 m lower in elevation than they were in 1959. Channelization and subsequent river changes have reduced flooding in the channelized portion of the river as intended. However, negative consequences of these river changes include (1) costly bridge and pipeline repair, (2) river and wetlands habitat destruction, (3) probable increased susceptibility for earthquake liquefaction and associated lateral spreading of the Wolf River floodplain, and (4) increased earthquake risk due to building development on the Wolf River floodplain.
I think she doth protest too much: A reply to tiefer

In the November 1991 issue of The Journal of Sex Research, Tiefer (1991) provides a critique of a recent article of mine about sexual science (Abramson, 1990). The present paper is a brief reply to Tiefer. This paper notes the contribution that Tiefer makes about methodological diversity. Additionally, this paper suggests alternative viewpoints about the personal nature of Tiefer's critique, the necessity for polarizing sexual science and feminist perspectives, and the definition of rigorous. In the conclusion, sexual science is briefly restated.
In Defence of Earth's Insights

The foregoing criticisms of Earth's Insights notwithstanding: there is an environmental crisis; reconstructed postmodern science provides a privileged discourse, more particularly, an evolutionary-ecological master narrative; in which a globally credible environmental ethic may be grounded; and by comparison with which, in turn, the several local environmental ethics grounded in traditional and indigenous worldviews may be validated.
The Underground Economy in the United States: Reply to Acharya

* Director of the Fiscal Affairs Department. Shankar Acharya, "The Underground Economy in the United States: Comment on Tanzi," Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund (Washington), Vol. 31 (December 1984), pp. 742-46. 2Vito Tanzi, "The Underground Economy in the United States: Annual Estimates, 1930-80," Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund (Washington), Vol. 30 (June 1983), pp. 283-305. 3Ibid., p. 302. 4 See Vito Tanzi, "The Underground Economy in the United States: Estimates and Implications," Quarterly Review, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (Rome), No. 135 (December 1980), pp. 427-53 (reprinted in The Underground Economy in the United States and Abroad (Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1982), pp. 69-92), especially pp. 427-30; Vito Tanzi, "A Second (and More Skeptical) Look at the Underground Economy in the United States," in Tanzi, ed., The Underground Economy, pp. 103-18, especially pp. 104-14; and Vito
Complementation between HLA-DR4 (DRB1*0401) and specific H2-A molecule in transgenic mice leads to collagen-induced arthritis.

We generated transgenic mice with DRB1*0401 gene with mutation in the beta2 domain (aa 110 and 139) for better interaction with mCD4. The DR4 transgene was introduced into H2-Aq (B10RQB3) and H2-Af (B10RFB3) to examine the role of DR4 in collagen arthritis. The HLA-DR molecules in these mice were found to be functional on the basis of their positive/negative selection of the Vbeta T cell repertoire. H2-Aq mice are resistant to porcine CII-induced arthritis. The RQB3/DR4 mice (H2Aq/DR4) developed severe collagen induced arthritis (CIA) when immunized with Porcine type II collagen while the negative littermates were resistant. RQB3.DR4 mice were also highly susceptible to CIA induced by Human CII while negative littermates got only mild disease. However, RFB3/DR4 mice (H2Af/ DR4) did not get CIA with any type II collagen. Therefore, the DR4 gene in the context of H2-Aq predisposes to severe arthritis but not in the context of H2-Af. Antibodies to renatured cyanogen bromide (CB) cleaved fragments of PII in RQB3/DR4 mice and negative littermates suggest that the presence of DR4 does not result in any differences in specificity of antibody response to CB fragments. These results indicate that a specific gene complementation occurring between DR4 and H2.Aq but not DR4 and H2Af promotes the induction of arthritis with PII and HII in these mice. A similar interaction may be involved between DR and DQ molecules in human RA.
Current trends in sonothrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke

Summary Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only approved, fastest and widely feasible treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Systemic tPA induces recanalization of an occluded vessel, the process thought to lead to neurological recovery. Augmentation of this fibrinolytic activity can be safely achieved with diagnostic ultrasound frequencies and intensities. Ultrasound delivers mechanical pressure waves to thrombi exposing more thrombus surface to circulating drug. International multi-center CLOTBUST trial showed that patients with acute stroke treated with sonothrombolysis (tPA+2 MHz TCD) had more dramatic clinical recovery coupled with arterial recanalization (25% vs 8%) at no increase in the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). Based on this trial and subsequent phase I–II studies of a novel operator-independent device for delivery of the CLOBUST levels of ultrasound energy, a phase III efficacy trial of sonothrombolysis (named CLOTBUSTER) is being launched in Europe and North America.
Scale effects of nanomechanical properties and deformation behavior of Au nanoparticle and thin film using depth sensing nanoindentation

Nanoscale research of bulk solid surfaces, thin films and micro- and nano-objects has shown that mechanical properties are enhanced at smaller scales. Experimental studies that directly compare local with global deformation are lacking. In this research, spherical Au nanoparticles, 500 nm in diameter and 100 nm thick Au films were selected. Nanoindentation (local deformation) and compression tests (global deformation) were performed with a nanoindenter using a sharp Berkovich tip and a flat punch, respectively. Data from nanoindentation studies were compared with bulk to study scale effects. Nanoscale hardness of the film was found to be higher than the nanoparticles with both being higher than bulk. Both nanoparticles and film showed increasing hardness for decreasing penetration depth. For the film, creep and strain rate effects were observed. In comparison of nanoindentation and compression tests, more pop-ins during loading were observed during the nanoindentation of nanoparticles. Repeated compression tests of nanoparticles were performed that showed a strain hardening effect and increased pop-ins during subsequent loads.
Peace education theory

During this past century there has been growth in social concern about horrific forms of violence, like ecocide, genocide, modern warfare, ethnic hatred, racism, sexual abuse and domestic violence, and a corresponding growth in the field of peace education where educators, from early child care to adult, use their professional skills to warn fellow citizens about imminent dangers and advise them about paths to peace. This paper traces the evolution of peace education theory from its roots in international concerns about the dangers of war to modern theories based on reducing the threats of interpersonal and environmental violence. This paper reviews ways that peace education has become diversified and examines theoretical assumptions behind five different ways in which it is being carried out at the beginning of the twenty-first century: international education, human rights education, development education, environmental education and conflict resolution education.
STRUCTURES IN K +/- NUCLEON TOTAL CROSS SECTIONS BETWEEN 0.9 AND 2.4 GEV/C

Total cross sections of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ and ${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ on hydrogen and deuterium were measured in a standard transmission experiment in the momentum range 0.9-2.4 GeV/c at 50-MeV/c intervals with statistical precisions in the range of 0.2-1.0%. Cross sections for pure isotopic spin states were obtained using a procedure for the deuterium data which takes into account Fermi motion and the shadow effect. This procedure was tested on the pion data before applying it to kaons. Evidence for the following new structures was found: ${{Y}_{0}}^{*}(2107)$, ${{Y}_{0}}^{*}(2344)$, ${{Y}_{1}}^{*}(1912)$, ${{Y}_{1}}^{*}(2025)$, ${{Y}_{1}}^{*}(2255)$, ${{Z}_{0}}^{*}(1780)$, and ${{Z}_{1}}^{*}(1900)$.
Identification of vaccinia CD8+ T-cell epitopes conserved among vaccinia and variola viruses restricted by common MHC class I molecules, HLA-A2 or HLA-B7.

Abstract Immunization with vaccinia virus results in long-lasting protection against smallpox and is an approach that has been successfully used to eliminate natural smallpox infections worldwide. Today, vaccinia virus is very important not only as a vaccine virus to protect human against smallpox, but also as an expression vector for immunization against other infectious diseases, such as HIV and cancer. In this article, we identify three new vaccinia human CD8 + T-cell epitopes conserved among vaccinia and variola viruses restricted by HLA-A2, HLA-B7, or HLA-B*3502, which belongs to the HLA-B7 supertype. Identification of these CD8 + T-cell epitopes restricted by common HLA alleles will help to quantitate human CD8 + T-cell responses to licensed and experimental smallpox vaccines and to vaccinia virus vectors. CD8 + T-cell responses specific to these epitopes can also be used to quantitate cellular immune responses, especially with new smallpox vaccines that do not induce a “take,” such as the modified vaccinia virus Ankara strain. Combined with previous reports by us and others, these results show that there are some vaccinia viral proteins containing multiple epitopes restricted by different MHC molecules of humans and mice.
Evidence that bacterial cyanide oxygenase is a pterin-dependent hydroxylase.

The soluble cell-free fraction (150,000g high-speed supernatants [HSS]) of Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764 contains putative cyanide oxygenase (CNO) responsible for initiating cyanide oxidation and assimilation as a nitrogenous growth substrate. CNO activity, assayed either by cyanide-dependent O(2) or NADH uptake, or by conversion of radioactive K(14)CN to (14)CO(2), was detected at micromolar concentrations (apparent half-saturation constant, 4 microM). Results demonstrating that CNO requires a protein-enriched cell fraction and a low MW redox factor (<500 Da) for which reduced biopterin could substitute are presented. The properties of CNO are consistent with those of a pterin hydroxylase.
Investigation of poly-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ for dual-gate CMOS technology

Poly-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/-gated MOS capacitors were fabricated with x varying from 0 to 0.5. NMOS and PMOS C-V characteristics were measured. Reduced poly-gate depletion effect (PDE) was observed in PMOS devices with increasing Ge mole fraction; while for NMOS, devices with a Ge content /spl sim/20% exhibit the least PDE. Higher active dopant concentration and reduced gate-depletion width for devices featuring less PDE were confirmed. Work function difference (/spl Phi//sub MS/) was found to decrease slightly in N/sup +/ films and significantly in P/sup +/ films as Ge content increases. The shift in /spl Phi//sub MS/ for N/sup +/ poly-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ is negligible while it is -0.13 V for P/sup +/Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ and -0.32 V for P/sup +/Si/sub 0.5/Ge/sub 0.5/. The reduction in energy bandgap (/spl Delta/E/sub g/) was also determined to increase from 0 to 0.26 eV as Ge content increases from 0 to 50%. For deep submicron dual-gate CMOS application, the shift in /spl Phi//sub MS/ should be minimized for low and symmetrical V/sub th/ as well as improved short-channel effect (SCE). A Ge content of /spl sim/20% therefore seems to offer the best tradeoff between SCE and PDE.
Nanoparticle Assemblies in Supramolecular Nanocomposite Thin Films: Concentration Dependence

The phase behavior of supramolecular nanocomposite thin films was systematically investigated as a function of nanoparticle (NP) loading from 1 to >50 wt %. The coassembly of NP and supramolecule can be divided into five regimes, from a supramolecule-guided assembly to a NP governing assembly process, depending on the energetic contributions from the surface energy, NP-supramolecule interaction, and the kinetic pathway of the assembly process. A range of morphologies such as 1D NP chains, 2D sheets, 3D NP assemblies, and NP solids can be readily obtained, providing opportunities to meet structural control in nanocomposites for a wide range of applications.
Phosphodiester bond cleavage outside mitochondria is required for the completion of protein import into the mitochondrial matrix.

Abstract The present studies show that hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond, most likely ATP, is a distinct, second step required to complete import of the F 1 -ATPase β-subunit into the mitochondria. This step follows a membrane potential-dependent first step. We show, using an inhibitor of adenine nucleotide transport and the analogue β,γ-AMP-PCP, that the activity required for this phosphodiester hydrolysis-dependent completion of protein import resides outside the mitochondrial inner membrane. This activity is proposed to act on the precursor at the site of translocation either to render it competent or to catalyze its vectorial movement directly through the import apparatus. This activity shares properties ascribed to proteins of the heat-shock family, which are proposed to participate in the ATP-dependent refolding of partially denatured proteins and nascent peptides.
Modeling the oceanic general circulation

An area of intense recent interest in physical oceanography and geophysical fluid dynamics is the theoretical and numerical analysis of the circulation of the oceans at planetary scales. While this has always been a tantalizing area, it has been a particularly active area in the last few years. Many of the basic ideas behind the modern baroclinic circulation theories appeared in the early 1980s in a series of papers by Peter Rhines (Univer sity of Washington (UW), Seattle) and William Young (Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)) [Rhines and Young, 1982a,b; Young and Rhines, [1982] and Jim Luyten, Joe Pedlosky, and Henry Stommel (all of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, Mass.) [Luyten et al., 1983]. Several other investigators have considered a variety of problems since then, and a considerable number of important contributions have been made.
An adaptive technique for a redundant-sensor navigation system.

An on-line adaptive technique is developed to provide a self-contained redundant-sensor navigation system with a capability to utilize its full potentiality in reliability and performance. The gyro navigation system is modeled as a Gauss-Markov process, with degradation modes defined as changes in characteristics specified by parameters associated with the model. The adaptive system is formulated as a multistage stochastic process: (1) a detection system, (2) an identification system and (3) a compensation system. It is shown that the sufficient statistics for the partially observable process in the detection and identification system is the posterior measure of the state of degradation, conditioned on the measurement history.
[3H]Spiroperidol (Spiperone) Binding to a Putative Dopamine Receptor in Sheep and Steer Pituitary and Stalk Median Eminence*

The dopamine antagonist [3H]spiroperidol (spiperone) binds with high affinity to one class of sites in the sheep and steer anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, and stalk median eminence. The specific binding in the anterior pituitary of the sheep satisfies all criteria studied for a receptor, including high affinity binding (dissociation constant = 0.85 nM for sheep and 0.38 nM for steer), saturability (sites = 343 fmol/mg protein for sheep and 210 fmol/mg for steer), temperature dependence, and reversibility. The rank order of potency of various agonists to compete with [3H]spiroperidol for the sites in the sheep anterior pituitary is consistent with interactions at a dopamine receptor (i.e. bromergocryptine > apomorphine > dopamine > norepinephrine ≥ epinephrine). Furthermore, this potency series parallels that seen for the inhibition of PRL secretion from the anterior pituitary in vitro. Dopamine metabolites, β-endorphin, TRH, and the catecholestrogen methoxyestrone did not compete for [3H]spiroper...
Protecting Personhood and Achieving Quality of Life for Older Adults With Dementia in the U.S. Health Care System

Objective: As the numbers of persons diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias increase, many questions arise pertaining to the quality of life of those diagnosed and the health care system as it relates to the provision of quality care for this population. This article examines the health disparities among older adults with dementia, emphasizing the protection of personhood and quality of life, along with a review of the barriers to health care access and utilization of persons living with dementia. Method: This literature review utilized electronic databases and other documents. Results: The findings suggest that while progress has been realized toward protecting personhood and achieving an improved quality of life among older adults with dementia in the U.S. health care system challenges still exist. Discussion: The implications of current and future public policy, avenues for further research, and strategies by which the health care community may better serve persons with dementia are o...
The jaw musculature of the phytosaur, machaeroprosopus

The phytosaur of the Triassic exhibits many interesting adaptive modifications of the diapsid skull. The modifications of the muscle attachment areas for the jaw muscles have been examined in comparison with the musculature of the recent forms Sphenodon and Alligator. It has been determined that the development of the fleshy anterior pterygoid and of the intramandibular muscles is an adaptation concomitant with the elongation of the snout. The modification of the temporal region in the phytosaur with the posterior extension of the squamosal is also seen to be an adaptation to gain speed in closing the great mouth. The forward position of the head-neck joint would appear to gain advantage in the support of the heavy head. Such similarities as are seen between the phytosaur and the crocodilian may be accounted for as parallel adaptation.
Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Much progress has been made in understanding the biology of and therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This progress has translated into the recognition of several subgroups of ALL and the institution of risk-adapted therapies. New therapies are emerging based on the definition of specific cytogenetic-molecular abnormalities. Changes in the pathologic classification of ALL have led to therapeutic consequences. Adaptation of successful treatment strategies in children with ALL has resulted in similar complete remission rates in adults. Prognosis has improved especially in mature B-cell ALL and T-cell lineage ALL. However, regardless of ALL subgroup, long-term survival in adults is still inferior to that in children. Development of new drugs and agents tailored to subset-specific cytogenetic-molecular characteristics is vital to the therapeutic success in adult ALL.