cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Un nuevo centro y una nueva periferia

A nosotros, viejos veteranos de estas lides, el 50' aniversario de la CEPAI, nos trae a la memoria a don Raul Prebisch, el hombre que elevo a la Comision a la categoria de organismo mundial, con una ideologia original. El mundo ha cambiado dramaticamente desde su desaparicion: se han producido los tigres del Asia oriental las flotaciones monetarias, las marejadas de capitales internacionales y los panicos y colapsos financieros, con lo que este mundo parece un lugar mucho mas peligroso donde vivir. No obstante, asi como don Raul respondio a las incertidumbres de los anos inmediatamente posteriores a la segunda guerra mundial con una estrategia para promover el desarrollo de los paises que se encontraban en la periferia de la economia mundial, creo que, si estuviera todavia con nosotros, otra vez discurriria ideas originales para enfrentar los desafios de hoy.
Wavelets and image compression

Abstract In this paper we present certain results about the compression of images using wavelets. We concentrate on the simplest case of the Haar decomposition and compression in L2. Further results about compression in Lp, p ≠ 2 are mentioned.
Orthogonal state space decompositions with application to parallel filtering

A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the state space to be decomposable into a direct sum of mutually orthogonal observability subspaces. Such a decomposition has important consequences for the numerical conditioning of the basis changes that are involved in the implementation of an observer or Kalman filter as a collection of parallel subsystems. >
Electronic security - risk mitigation in financial transactions : public policy issues

This paper builds on a previous series of papers (see Claessens, Glaessner, and Klingebiel, 2001, 2002) that identified electronic security as a key component to the delivery of electronic finance benefits. This paper and its technical annexes (available separately at http://www1.worldbank.org/finance/) identify and discuss seven key pillars necessary to fostering a secure electronic environment. Hence, it is intended for those formulating broad policies in the area of electronic security and those working with financial services providers (for example, executives and management). The detailed annexes of this paper are especially relevant for chief information and security officers responsible for establishing layered security. First, this paper provides definitions of electronic finance and electronic security and explains why these issues deserve attention. Next, it presents a picture of the burgeoning global electronic security industry. Then it develops a risk-management framework for understanding the risks and tradeoffs inherent in the electronic security infrastructure. It also provides examples of tradeoffs that may arise with respect to technological innovation, privacy, quality of service, and security in designing an electronic security policy framework. Finally, it outlines issues in seven interrelated areas that often need attention in building an adequate electronic security infrastructure. These are: 1) The legal framework and enforcement. 2) Electronic security of payment systems. 3) Supervision and prevention challenges. 4) The role of private insurance as an essential monitoring mechanism. 5) Certification, standards, and the role of the public and private sectors. 6) Improving the accuracy of information on electronic security incidents and creating better arrangements for sharing this information. 7) Improving overall education on these issues as a key to enhancing prevention.
Chloramines and Bromamines

N-Halamines are inorganic and organic compounds in which halogen is attached to nitrogen. They have both research and commercial importance. The N-halogen bond is formed by reaction of an amine, imine, amide, or imide with halogen, hypohalous acid, or hypochlorite. Only the chloro and bromo derivatives are of commercial importance. The physical and chemical properties, preparation, manufacture, uses, safety and handling, toxicity, and economic aspects of chloramines and bromamines are discussed. The chemistry of chloramines and bromamines is diversified not only because nitrogen and halogen act as reaction sites but because of the different modes by which these functionalities react. Research activity on synthetic applications of chloramines and bromamines continues to be high. In aqueous solution, these chloramines and bromamines undergo hydrolysis to varying degrees forming hypochlorous and hypobromous acids. Thus these N-halamines can be considered as halogen release agents and many, eg, chloroisocyanurates, find use in bleaching, disinfecting, and sanitizing applications. Others, such as halogen derivatives of ammonia, are important because they are industrial process intermediates (monochloramine) or of significance in water treatment (mono-, di-, and trichloramine). Keywords: Chloramines; Bromamines; Water treatment; Disinfection; Bleaching; Sulfamates; Imidosulfonates; Amino acids; Cyanamides; Carnbamates; Sulfonamides; Ureas; Heterocyclic compounds; Aromatic compounds
Supporting Scientific Analysis Within Collaborative Problem Solving Environments

This paper first lists some features of scientific analysis tools that are important for effective analysis in CPSEs (collaborative problem solving environments). Next, design criteria for achieving these features are presented. Then requirements for a CPSE architecture to support these design criteria are listed. Some proposed architectures for CPSEs are reviewed and their capabilities to support these design criteria are discussed. The most popular architecture for remote application sharing, the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) T.120 architecture, does not support highly interactive, dynamic, high resolution graphics. A popular scientific analysis tool that conforms to the design criteria has been integrated into a collaborative environment and tested for effectiveness. The tests showed that the tool was highly effective for both synchronous and asynchronous collaborative analyses.
Intestinal malabsorption in folate-deficient alcoholics.

Malnutrition with folate deficiency is frequently found among alcoholics, and could be caused in part by decreased intestinal absorption. To evaluate the relationship of nutrition and absorption in alcoholics, intestinal absorption was studied in patient volunteers placed on a folate-deficient diet with ethanol. Intestinal absorption was measured by conventional means and by the technique of triple lumen perfusion of the jejunum. In 2 patients who ingested ethanol, 200 g per day with a low folate diet, the dietary induction of folate deficiency was followed by decreased absorption of d-xylose, labeled folic acid (3H-pteroylglutamic acid), glucose, fluid, and sodium. Mild net secretion of fluid and sodium into the intestinal lumen was observed in a patient who remained sober on the low folate diet and in a patient who ingested ethanol, 300 g per day, with a regular diet. The morphology of the jejunal mucosa was not affected. These preliminary data suggest that the combination of dietary folate deficiency and prolonged ethanol intake results in intestinal malabsorption of several water-soluble substances, which may account in part for the poor nutrition often found in binge drinkers.
ALDR: A New Metric for Measuring Effective Layering of Defenses

Attackers continually innovate and craft attacks that penetrate existing defenses. New security product purchasing decisions are key in order to keep organizations as secure as possible. Current information available to inform these decisions is often limited to individual security product detection/blocking rates for some test set of attacks. Actual security performance, however, depends on how a security product performs in the context of an organization’s existing security products. Even a security product that tests well on its own may be completely redundant when deployed into an existing environment. We propose a new metric that measures the total security granted by a combination of security products. Also, this metric makes the computation of the added benefit of an additional security product easy. We take the results of each individual security product parsing a certain data set and then, take the union of the results of all security products deployed at that organization. Our metric is the attacks in this union divided by the total attacks in the data set or, in other words, the total detection rate achieved by the whole system. This metric can be computed using existing evaluation techniques and provides a more accurate overall picture of the security posture of an organization as well as a way to measure the real contribution of a specific security product in the context of other security layers. ∗This material is based on research partially sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under CCF grant 0950373. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF
From Workers to Migrants, from Distributive Justice to Inclusion: exploring the Changing Social Democratic Imagination

There is little awareness that from the perspective of distributive justice, a transnational market society exercises a justice‐disabling effect. No longer is society perceived to be a system of co‐operation, the net product of which is to be distributed among all participants fairly, but rather viewed as a composite of uncoordinated templates for the individual pursuit of opportunities. A society of this type does no longer regard a centralised political effort at redistribution as its essential objective; rather, its most fundamental principle concerns equal access to opportunities without regard to nationality or local preference. Such a concern with inclusion appears to be at odds with the received vision of distributive justice whose realisation presupposes bounded solidarity and, hence, closure.
Relations Between Energy and Enstrophy on the Global Attractor of the 2-D Navier-Stokes Equations

We examine how the global attractor $$\mathcal {A}$$ of the 2-D periodic Navier–Stokes equations projects in the normalized, dimensionless energy–enstrophy plane (e, E). We treat time independent forces, with the view of understanding how the attractor depends on the nature of the force. First we show that for any force, $$\mathcal {A}$$ is bounded by the parabola E = e1/2 and the line E=e. We then show that for $$\mathcal {A}$$ to have points near enough to the parabola, the force must be close to an eigenvector of the Stokes operator A; it can intersect the parabola only when the force is precisely such an eigenvector, and does so at a steady state parallel to this force. We construct a thin region along the parabola, pinched at such steady states, that the attractor can never enter. We show that 0 cannot be on the attractor unless the force is in H m for all m. Different lower bound estimates on the energy and enstrophy on $$\mathcal {A}$$ are derived for both smooth and nonsmooth forces, as are bounds on invariant sets away from 0 and near the line E = e. Motivation for the particular attention to the regions near the parabola and near 0 comes from turbulence theory, as explained in the introduction.
Three-center Gaussian-type-orbital integral evaluation using solid spherical harmonics.

An analysis of various approaches to evaluating overlap and Coulomb matrix elements involving Gaussian-type-orbital primitive functions whose angular parts are solid spherical harmonics is given. Direct (angular momentum) coupled, direct uncoupled, and recursive evaluations are considered. The direct uncoupled evaluation involves some remarkably simple and transparent expressions. Using n-j symbols on a computer requires enough intermediate summations that uncoupled methods are best, particularly for higher angular momentum. Recursive methods may be competitive for low angular momenta.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of head and neck neoplasms

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a validated noninvasive method for evaluation of possible malignant tumor and lymph nodes of the head and neck. From its roots as a budding research application, it has made the critical transition to a widespread clinical tool. MRS analyzes the tissue at a molecular level and searches for the presence of specific metabolites, which are markers for malignancy. Differentiation of benign from malignant neoplasm, detection of recurrence of malignant tumor and noninvasive treatment monitoring of treated or untreated tumor are some of the important utilities of MRS. One dimensional 1H-MRS is the most popular and promising technique for spectroscopic analysis while P-31 MRA and two-dimensional correlated spectroscopy (2D COSY) have also showed some promise. This article describes the application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for evaluation of malignant tumors of the neck.
Turbulence spectra from the viscous sublayer and buffer layer at the ocean floor

An experiment conducted on the Oregon continental shelf has provided measurements of velocity fluctuations in the viscous sublayer and buffer layer of the boundary-layer flow. Spectra from the viscous sublayer collapse considerably when scaled as suggested by Bakewell & Lumley (1967), and buffer-layer spectra collapse reasonably well with laboratory spectra when the scaling customarily used in the logarithmic layer is applied. However, in spite of the usefulness of the spectral scaling, the scaled sublayer and buffer-layer spectra from the ocean floor fall below the scaled laboratory spectra in the energy-containing portion of the spectrum, perhaps because the sea floor is not perfectly planar.
ITOP: integrating timing optimization within placement

Timing-driven placement is a critical step in nanometer-scale physical synthesis. To improve design timing on a global scale, net-weight based global timing-driven placement is a commonly used technique. This paper shows that such an approach can improve timing, but often degrades wire length and routability. Another problem with existing timing-driven placers is inconsistencies in the definition of timing closure. Approaches using linear programming are forced to make assumptions about the timing models that simplify the problem. To truly do timing-driven placement, the placer must be able to make queries to a real timing analyzer with incremental capabilities. This paper describes an incremental timing-driven placer called ITOP. Using accurate timing from an industrial static timer, ITOP integrates incremental timing closure optimizations like buffering and repowering within placement to improve design timing without degrading wire length and routability.Experimental results on a set of optimized industrial circuit netlists show that ITOP significantly outperforms conventional net-weight based timing-driven placement. In particular, on average, it obtains an improvement of over 47.45%, 9.88% and 5% in the worst slack, total negative slack and wire length as compared to the conventional flow.
Age-related changes in contractile responses of rabbit lower urinary tract to endothelin.

Purpose: As there are significant amounts of endothelin (ET) receptors in the mammalian urinary tract, we investigated the pharmacological properties and localization of ET receptors in the rabbit lower urinary tract as a function of age.Materials and Methods: The characteristics of ET receptors in bladder dome, trigone and urethra of 6 weeks and 6 months old male rabbits were determined using muscle bath and autoradiographic techniques.Results: ET-1 produces significant contractile responses in smooth muscle strips from bladder dome, trigone, and urethra in both 6 weeks and 6 months old rabbits. Although there was no significant difference in the maximum contractile response of urethral muscle strips to ET-1 between 6 weeks and 6 months old rabbits, the maximum responses to ET-1 were higher in both bladder dome and trigone of 6 weeks than 6 months old rabbits. A selective ETA receptor antagonist, BQ 610, shifted the concentration response curve to ET-1 to the right without decreasing maximal contractile ...
Linguistic competence in paediatric closed head injury

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of age at onset of traumatic brain injury on the linguistic competence of children and adolescents who sustained closed head injuries (CHI) that cause diffuse brain damage. The Test of Language Competence-Expanded Edition (TLC-E), a standardized test of subtle language abilities, was administered to 20 children who sustained severe CHI. The study determined whether 10 subjects who experienced CHI at a pre-adolescent age (4 to 11 years) and 10 subjects who experienced CHI at an adolescent age (13 to 18 years) showed quantitative differences in linguistic competence as measured by the TLC-E Test. The language abilities of children in both groups were compared to determine whether there were trends in performance relative to age of onset or type of subtest. In addition, experimental subjects' performance was compared to the normative population used to standardize the TLC-E. Hypotheses were constructed according to separate developmental and pathop...
Transcranial Doppler imaging in children: sickle cell screening and beyond

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is widely accepted as the modality of choice for screening intracranial vessels in children with sickle cell disease. Its advantages are that it is noninvasive (no need for sedation, contrast material, or radiation), portable, easily repeated, and it provides information about the intracranial vessels that is otherwise unavailable. These positive attributes explain why in recent years the applications for TCD have grown beyond sickle cell screening to almost any disease process that involves the major intracranial vessels. The objective of this manuscript is to discuss key points on how to perform and interpret TCD, and discuss imaging features of various pathological processes such as sickle cell, asphyxia, brain trauma, brain death, hydrocephalus, enlarged subarachnoid spaces, vasospasm, vasculitis, venous sinus thrombosis, and vein of Galen malformation.
Signature of shape transition and shape coexistence in mesoscopic systems

Abstract We investigate the phenomena of shape transition and shape coexistence in mesoscopic systems, specifically in atomic clusters and atomic nuclei. We focus particularly on the well-known shape transition in silicon clusters of n atoms, Si n , near n = 25, and the Samarium isotope chain near 152 Sm. In both cases, we find that the shape transition region can be identified with a plateau in the curve of binding energy per particle vs. n −1/3 , where n is the number of particles. To underscore the similarity of this signature of shape evolution for diverse systems, we show that it also applies to the growth of Lennard-Jones clusters.
Detecting native-like properties in combinatorial libraries of de novo proteins

Background Combinatorial methods based on binary patterning of polar and nonpolar residues have been used to generate large libraries of de novoα -helical proteins. Within such libraries, the ability to find structures that resemble natural proteins requires a rapid method to sort through large collections of proteins and detect those possessing ‘native-like' features. The current paper presents such a method and applies it to an initial collection of de novo proteins. Results We present a method to identify proteins with native-like properties from libraries of de novo sequences expressed in vivo . A novel ‘rapid prep' freeze/thaw procedure was used to prepare samples; chromatographic purification was not required. The semi-crude samples were analyzed for native-like features by one-dimensional 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Using this method, we demonstrate that native-like features can readily be observed for several proteins among a collection of sequences designed by binary patterning of polar and nonpolar amino acids. Conclusion Native-like properties can be detected using a method that requires neither isotopic enrichment nor chromatographic purification. The method is inexpensive, rapid, and suitable for parallel processing. It can therefore be employed to screen for native-like properties among large collections of de novo sequences. Using this method, we demonstrate that although the binary code strategy does not explicitly design tertiary packing, it can nonetheless generate proteins that possess native-like properties. The use of combinatorial methods to produce large collections of proteins coupled with the availability of a rapid assay for detecting native-like properties will facilitate the design and isolation of novel proteins with desirable properties.
Mutation in the S3 segment of KCNQ1 results in familial lone atrial fibrillation.

Background Mutations in several ion channel genes have been reported to cause rare cases of familial atrial fibrillation (AF). Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic basis for AF in a family with autosomal dominant AF. Methods Family members were evaluated by 12-lead ECG, echocardiogram, signal-averaged P-wave analysis, and laboratory studies. Fourteen family members in AF-324 were studied. Six individuals had AF, with a mean age at onset of 32 years (range 16–59 years). Results Compared with unaffected family members, those with AF had a longer mean QRS duration (100 vs 86 ms, P = .015) but no difference in the corrected QT interval (423 ± 15 ms vs 421 ± 21 ms). The known loci for AF and other cardiovascular diseases were evaluated. Evidence of linkage was obtained with marker D11S4088 located within KCNQ1, and a highly conserved serine in the third transmembrane region was found to be mutated to a proline (S209P). Compared to the wild-type channel, the S209P mutant activates more rapidly, deactivates more slowly, and has a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage activation curve. A fraction of the mutant channels are constitutively open at all voltages, resulting in a net increase in I Ks current. Conclusion We identified a family with lone AF due to a mutation in the highly conserved S3 domain of KCNQ1, a region of the channel not previously implicated in the pathogenesis of AF.
Stabilization of Chronic Remodeling by Asynchronous Cardiomyoplasty in Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Effects of a Conditioned Muscle Wrap

Background Dynamic cardiomyoplasty is a promising new therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy. The girdling effects of a conditioned muscle wrap alone have recently been postulated to partly explain its mechanism. We investigated this effect in a canine model of chronic dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods and Results Twenty dogs underwent rapid ventricular pacing (RVP) for 4 weeks to create a model of dilated cardiomyopathy. Seven dogs were then randomly selected to undergo subsequent cardiomyoplasty, and all dogs had 6 weeks of additional RVP. The cardiomyoplasty group also received 6 weeks of concurrent skeletal muscle stimulation consisting of single twitches delivered asynchronously at 2 Hz to transform the wrap without active assistance. All dogs were studied by pressure-volume analysis and echocardiography at baseline and after 4 and 10 weeks of pacing. Systolic indices, including ejection fraction (EF), end-systolic elastance (Ees), and preload-recruitable stroke work (PRSW) were all increased at 10 weeks in the wrap versus controls (EF, 34.0 versus 27.1, P =.008; Ees, 1.65 versus 1.26, P =.09; PRSW, 35.9 versus 25.5, P =.001). Ventricular volumes, diastolic relaxation, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures stabilized in the cardiomyoplasty group but continued to deteriorate in controls. Both the end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relationships shifted farther rightward in controls but remained stable in the cardiomyoplasty group. Conclusions In addition to potential benefits from active systolic assistance, benefits from dynamic cardiomyoplasty appear to be partially accounted for by the presence of a conditioned muscle wrap alone. This conditioned wrap stabilizes the remodeling process of heart failure, arresting progressive deterioration of systolic and diastolic function.
Expression of CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3 by CD4+ T cells is stable during a 2-year longitudinal study but varies widely between individuals.

Blockade of chemokine receptors (CKRs) has recently emerged as a possible pathway for therapeutic intervention in disease. In the present report, the expression of CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3, associated with migration of mononuclear cells to inflamed tissue, was determined on CD4+ T cells in a 2-year longitudinal study of healthy volunteers using flow cytometry. Large interindividual variations in the expression of these receptors on CD4+ T cells were observed, whereas levels remained remarkably stable over time within subjects. The expression of CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3 on CD4+ T cells was directly proportional to percentages of CD45ROhi/CD4+ T cells. In addition, highly significant associations between levels of CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3 on CD4+ T cells were demonstrated in individual subjects, implying a common mechanism for regulating the expression of these CKRs on circulating T cells. These associations were not due to coexpression of CKRs on individual CD45RA−/CD4+ T cells. The results provide insight into the regulation of CKR expression on CD4+ T cells in vivo, and suggest that major fluctuations of CKR expression in individuals are uncommon.
Effect of the tripartite leader on synthesis of a non-viral protein in an adenovirus 5 recombinant

The EIa region of an Adenovirus 5 recombinant has been substituted by a modular gene encoding dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). In this recombinant, the mouse DHFR cDNA was positioned behind sequences of the major late promoter and the complete tripartite leader. The leader sequences end in the normal 5' splice site (SS) of the third leader, so that RNA splicing joins the tripartite leader to a 3' splice site immediately upstream of the DHFR cDNA. At late stages of infection, high levels of DHFR mRNAs were synthesized. At early times in the late stage, this mRNA was efficiently translated; however, at later times translation of DHFR decreased probably due to poor competition with other late mRNAs. Synthesis of DHFR protein from an analogous Adenovirus 5 recombinant containing only the first late leader was studied in parallel. Equivalent levels of DHFR mRNA were expressed after infection with this recombinant virus; however, the efficiency of DHFR translation was at least 20 fold lower than that of the DHFR mRNA containing the tripartite leader. This suggests that the tripartite leader sequence is important for translation in the late stage of infection. As reported previously, the Ad5 recombinant containing only the first leader vastly overexpresses polypeptide IX from a novel mRNA, formed by the splicing of the first leader in the modular DHFR gene to the 3' splice site in the EIb region. Cells infected with this recombinant synthesize very little normal mRNA from the EIb region. Here, we demonstrated that coinfection of 293 cells with this recombinant and wild type Adenovirus 5 also results in decreased EIb mRNA synthesis. We propose that the overproduction of polypeptide IX suppresses mRNA expression from the EIb and IX promoter sites, probably by an autoregulation loop active during lytic growth.
Analyst firm parent–subsidiary relationship and conflict of interest: evidence from IPO recommendations

We uncover a new source for the conflict of interest in analyst coverage existed before the Regulation FD period by examining whether recommendations within the parent–subsidiary (PS) relationship are more optimistic and whether they have better investment value than non-PS recommendations. We find evidence consistent with the conflict of interest: PS analysts on average issue more optimistic recommendations, but their recommendations have worse or no better investment value in the calendar-time portfolio analysis. Analyst firm PS relationship is another source for the conflict of interest in analyst coverage that has not been identified before.
Improved flow-chamber for taste stimulation

Abstract Performance criteria are suggested for flow-chambers, and instructions are supplied for optimizing the design of the most popular type of flow-chamber for physiological taste research in accordance with these criteria. A modification of the “standard” design is described which substantially improves performance.
Effect of secretin on growth of stomach, small intestine, and pancreas of developing rats.

Secretin is present in the intestine of a number of developing species, and plasma secretin levels are elevated in newborn pigs and humans. Secretin stimulates the growth and affects the enzymatic composition of the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas in adult rats. This suggests a possible role for secretin in the rapid postnatal growth of these organs. We investigated this hypothesis by injecting rats subcutaneously with secretin (100 μg/kg) every 12 hr for seven days beginning on postnatal day 3, 6, 13, or 24. Growth parameters (weight, content of protein, DNA) as well as the composition of organ-specific enzymes of the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas were measured. Secretin increased growth parameters of the stomach and small intestine in a similar pattern, and in a quantitatively different fashion from that observed in the pancreas. Secretin's effects were also dependent on postnatal age for all organs studied. These data demonstrate that secretin can influence organ growth and enzyme composition of the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas of developing rats and may be one factor regulating growth and development of these organs.
Acquired tetracycline and/or macrolide-lincosamides-streptogramin resistance in anaerobes.

Abstract In general bacterial antibiotic resistance is acquired on mobile elements such as plasmids, transposons and/or conjugative transposons. This is also true for many antibiotic resistant anaerobic species described in the literature. Of the 23 different tetracycline resistant efflux genes identified, tet(B), tet(K), tet(L), and tetA(P) have been found in anaerobic species and six of the ten tetracycline resistant genes coding for ribosomal protection proteins, tet(M), tet(O), tetB(P), tet(Q), tet(W), and tet(32), have been identified in anaerobes. There are now three enzymes which inactivate tetracycline, of which the tet(X) has been identified in Bacteroides though is not functional under anaerobic growth conditions. A similar situation exists with the genes conferring macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin (MLS) resistance. Of the 26 rRNA methylase MLS resistant genes characterized, five genes; erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), erm(G), and erm(Q), have been identified in anaerobes. In contrast, no genes coding for MLS resistant efflux proteins or inactivating enzymes have been described in anaerobic species. This mini-review will summarize what is known about tetracycline and MLS resistance in genera with anaerobic species and the mobile elements associated with acquired tetracycline and/or MLS resistance genes.
A preliminary investigation of the relationship between selected organizational characteristics and external whistleblowing by employees

Whistleblowing by employees to regulatory agencies and other parties external to the organization can have serious consequences both for the whistleblower and the company involved. Research has largely focused on individual and group variables that affect individuals' decision to blow the whistle on perceived wrongdoing. This study examined the relationship between selected organizational characteristics and the perceived level of external whistleblowing by employees in 240 organizations. Data collected in a nationwide survey of human resource executives were analyzed using analysis of variance. Results indicated that executives of larger organizations perceived a higher level of employee-voiced concerns to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, as well as a higher overall level of external whistleblowing. Executives of organizations with union employees perceived a higher level of employee-voiced concerns to the EEOC, the media, and a higher overall level of external whistleblowing. Executives of organizations in the manufacturing industry group perceived a higher level of employee-voiced concerns to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The implications of these findings are discussed, and limitations of the research are addressed. The paper concludes with several suggestions for continued research.
Analysis of a conical solar concentrator

Abstract The concentration that a conical mirror can theoretically attain is developed for two types of targets; a circular cylindrical target and a conical target. Under the assumption of a one-dimensional sun, the optimum mirror cone 1 2 - angle is determined for both types of targets. At the optimum mirror cone 1 2 - angle , the concentration, assuming a two-dimensional sun, is determined, and the optimum concentration in terms of mirror radii is found for both types of mirrors.
Particle filter based information-theoretic active sensing

This work addresses the task of active sensing, or information-seeking control of mobile sensor platforms. Formulation of a control objective in terms of information gain allows mobile sensors to be both autonomous and easily reconfigurable to include a variety of sensor and target models. Tracking a moving target using a camera mounted on a fixed-wing unmanned aircraft is considered, but the control formulation is not specific to this choice of sensor or estimation task. A control formulation is developed which minimizes the entropy of an estimate distribution over a receding horizon subject to stochastic non-linear models for both the target motion and sensors. Previous similar work has been restricted to either a stationary target, a horizon of length one, or Gaussian estimates. The prediction of conditional entropy is shown to be inherently complex, and a computationally efficient sequential Monte Carlo method is developed. The entropy prediction depends on this Monte Carlo method as well as a novel approach for entropy calculation in the context of particle filtering. These methods are verified through simulation and post-processing of experimental flight data.
Surviving the Bad Object

A case study of a pivotal crisis in the treatment of a woman with Dissociative Identity Disorder illustrates attachment dilemmas and strategies as they are re-enacted within the treatment. Attachment theory has been applied to the development of dissociative disorders by Barach (1991) and Blizard (1997). The case crisis under study demonstrates how the resolution of an attachment conflict, expressed by two alters in regard to the transference, facilitated significant integration.
Buckled membranes in mixed-valence ionic amphiphile vesicles.

Amphiphilic molecules can form closed-shell structures that are determined by competing attractive and repulsive forces. Since supramolecular shape has its roots in intermolecular interactions, the interplay of electrostatic, hydrophobic, and steric forces can generate nonspherical structures. Here we show that anionic and cationic amphiphiles of unequal charge can coassemble into small buckled vesicles and present a physical argument that explains this phenomenon. The strong electrostatic interaction between the +3 and −1 head groups increases the cohesion energy of the amphiphiles and favors the formation of two-dimensional, flat ionic domains on the vesicle surface, resulting in edges and a buckled shape.
Prolongation by selenium of pentobarbital hypnosis in the male rat.

Following treatment with sodium selenite, pentobarbital hypnosis was prolonged in male rats. The maximal effect occurred at 3–4 days following selenium treatment and the threshold dose for the effect was found to be 2.4 mg Se/kg (i.p.).
Observation of Low-Frequency Excitations of Deuterium and Hydrogen in Niobium

Measurements of the dispersion curves on single crystals of Nb${\mathrm{D}}_{0.85}$ and Nb${\mathrm{H}}_{0.82}$ reveal two new excitations at $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}=18.4 \mathrm{and} 10.8$ meV. The positions of these excitations are independent of temperature and mass of the light atom, but the linewidth is broader in the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ solid-solution phase than in the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase, and broader in the hydrogen system than in the deuterium system.
The interplay of plant and animal disease in a changing landscape: the role of sudden aspen decline in moderating Sin Nombre virus prevalence in natural deer mouse populations.

We examined how climate-mediated forest dieback regulates zoonotic disease prevalence using the relationship between sudden aspen decline (SAD) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV) as a model system. We compared understory plant community structure, small mammal community composition, and SNV prevalence on 12 study sites within aspen forests experiencing levels of SAD ranging from 95.0% crown fade. Our results show that sites with the highest levels of SAD had reduced canopy cover, stand density, and basal area, and these differences were reflected by reductions in understory vegetation cover. Conversely, sites with the highest levels of SAD had greater understory standing biomass, suggesting that vegetation on these sites was highly clustered. Changes in forest and understory vegetation structure likely resulted in shifts in small mammal community composition across the SAD gradient, as we found reduced species diversity and higher densities of deer mice, the primary host for SNV, on sites with the highest levels of SAD. Sites with the highest levels of SAD also had significantly greater SNV prevalence compared to sites with lower levels of SAD, which is likely a result of their abundance of deer mice. Collectively, results of our research provide strong evidence to show SAD has considerable impacts on vegetation community structure, small mammal density and biodiversity and the prevalence of SNV.
Illinois’ Municipal Telecommunications Tax Tax Base Elasticity and Revenue Potential

In this article, the tax base elasticity and revenue potential of the municipal telecommunications tax in Illinois over the period 2004 to 2007 are studied. The hypothesis that the municipal telecommunications tax base is perfectly inelastic with respect to variation in the tax rate cannot be rejected. Under the assumption that the tax base is purely inelastic, the maximum revenue potential of this local option tax is estimated. This study suggests that municipal telecommunications taxes have the potential to provide much needed relief to the current and future fiscal stress of municipal governments with minimal economic efficiency costs.
Simulation of Void Collapse in an Energetic Material, Part I: Inert Case

An Eulerian, sharp-interface, fixed Cartesian grid method is applied to study hot-spot formation in an energetic material (HMX) subject to shock loading. The mass, momentum, and energy equations are solved along with evolution equations for deviatoric stresses and equivalent plastic strain. Pressure is obtained from the Mie-Griineisen equation of state. The material is modeled as a viscoplastic solid. High-order accurate essentially-nonoscillatory (ENO) shock-capturing schemes along with a particle-level set technique are used to evolve sharp immersed boundaries. The details of void collapse under shock loading and the resulting conversion of mechanical energy into localized regions of high thermal energy (hot spots) in the solid material are analyzed. Insights into the precise mechanisms of initiation sensitivity as a result of hot-spot formation in porous energetic materials are obtained.
ANALYSIS OF HOMO- AND HETERODIMERIZATION OF RETINOID RECEPTORS IN SOLUTION

Abstract To characterize the dimerization of retinoid receptors in solution, RAR α homodimers and RAR α–RXR α heterodimers, formed in the absence or the presence of a naturally occurring RA response element (βRARE) under different ionic conditions, were analyzed by size-exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography and sucrose density gradient sedimentation. In the presence of [ 3 H]RA both RAR α and RXR α existed primarily as monomers of 50 kDa in solutions containing 80 m m KCl. However, when βRARE was included in these incubations, a 40-fold increase in the occurrence of both the RAR α homodimers and the RAR α–RXR α heterodimers (125 kDa) was observed. The presence of RAR α and RXR α in the βRARE-associated homo- and heterodimers was confirmed by the positive interaction of the receptors with the specific antibodies. Both RAR α homodimers and RAR α–RXR α heterodimers bound βRARE even in the absence of the ligand RA with the heterodimer showing a 2- to 4-fold greater affinity than the homodimer for the DNA binding element. When the receptors were incubated in solutions of increasing ionic concentration (50–300 m m KCl), a decrease in the amount of both RAR α homodimers and RAR α–RXR α heterodimers was accompanied by a corresponding increase in the monomeric fraction even in the presence of βRARE, suggesting that the high salt concentrations inhibit the surface to surface interactions between the monomers. These observations suggest that in vivo, as in solution, the formation of a stable retinoid receptor dimer complex is dependent upon both receptor–receptor and receptor–RARE interactions.
Improvement in hyperprolactinemia and reproductive comorbidities in patients with schizophrenia switched from conventional antipsychotics or risperidone to olanzapine.

Summary This open-label, prospective, 4-month study in hyperprolactinemic patients with schizophrenia explored whether prolactin levels decrease after switching antipsychotic therapy to olanzapine. A secondary objective was to determine if reproductive morbidities and sexual dysfunction occurring with hyperprolactinemia improved with prolactin normalization. Clinically stable patients with schizophrenia, who had hyperprolactinemia defined as >18.8 ng/ml for males and >24.2 ng/ml for females, were randomized to: remain on current therapy ( n =27) or switch to olanzapine, 5–20 mg/day, ( n =27). Baseline prolactin levels in female patients randomized to receive olanzapine ( n =14) were 66.3±38.7 ng/ml and were 82.0±37.6 ( p =.32) in those remaining on their pre-study antipsychotic medication ( n =14). In male patients, baseline prolactin levels were 33.7±12.1 and 33.5±13.8 ng/ml ( p =.97), respectively, for those randomized to olanzapine ( n =13) or remaining on pre-study treatment ( n =13). At study end, patients switched to olanzapine experienced significant reductions in mean serum prolactin levels of 19.8±18.1 ng/ml in males ( p =.02), and 32.3±47.5 ng/ml in females ( p =.01), but prolactin continued to be elevated in patients who remained on pre-study antipsychotic treatment. After switching to olanzapine treatment, male patients experienced significantly ( p =.03) increased free testosterone levels but there were no significant improvements in total testosterone levels; some female patients experienced improved menstrual cycling, as well as resolution of galactorrhea and gynecomastia, and sexual functioning was significantly improved in both genders. Patients switched to olanzapine, as well as those remaining on their pre-study medication, maintained clinical stability, their symptoms continued to improve, although there were no significant between-treatment differences in improvement. Treatment-emergent adverse events did occur in both treatment groups; however, they were not significantly different between groups. Olanzapine-treated patients experienced significantly lower eosinophil counts and higher elevations in low-density lipoproteins and standing blood pressure than non-switched patients. Olanzapine treatment may offer sustained reduction in serum prolactin and improvement in sexual and reproductive comorbid symptoms in patients with schizophrenia who have treatment-emergent hyperprolactinemia.
What Doesn't Go Without Saying: Communication, Induction, and Exploration

Although prior research on the development of causal reasoning has focused on inferential abilities within the individual child, causal learning often occurs in a social and communicative context. In this paper, we review recent research from our laboratory and look at how linguistic communication may influence children's causal reasoning. First, we present a study suggesting that toddlers only treat spontaneously occurring predictive relationships as if they might support intervention if the events are described with causal language. Second, we show that presenting causal hypotheses as contrastive beliefs, rather than neutrally, improves kindergarteners' ability to provide evidence for their causal inferences. Third, we provide a rational analysis suggesting that stronger inductive inferences are licensed when evidence is presented pedagogically than nonpedagogically; preschoolers are sensitive to this with the consequence that, for better and worse, instruction constrains exploration. In each case study...
The turbulent character and pressure loss produced by periodic symmetric ribs in a circular duct

Abstract The structural character and steady-state statistics of the turbulence inside a rib-wall circular duct is investigated by the large-eddy simulation (LES) methodology. The impetus of this study is to gain an understanding of the principle physics attributing to minimizing the pressure recovered (or maximizing the pressure loss) within the core flow. For a rib periodicity with height (h) to pitch (p) ratio p/h=5, the computational results show that the majority of turbulence produced due to the rib’s presence is concentrated near the rib crest leading edge. Pairs of counter-rotating streamwise vortices form soon after the leading edge that are quickly convected radially toward the core flow. The turbulent activity within the duct trough region is negligible compared to the turbulence levels of the core flow. At this rib periodicity, the separated shear layers from the trailing edge of each rib nearly reattach to the trough floor before reaching the next rib. The resultant irrecoverable pressure loss in the form a centerline frictional coefficient is verified by an ‘at-sea’ test on board a US Navy submarine. Based on the duct diameter, their Reynolds numbers are ReDLES=8×103 and (ReDexp)avg=4×106, respectively.
Chemistry and properties of poly(arylene ether benzoxazole)s

Abstract Novel poly(arylene ether benzoxazole)s were prepared by the aromatic nucleophilic displacement reaction of two new bis(hydroxyphenyl benzoxazole)s with activated aromatic difluorides. The bis(hydroxyphenyl benzoxazole)s were prepared from either 3,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl or 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane and phenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate. The polymerizations were carried out in either N , N -dimethylacetamide or diphenylsulphone, depending on the bis(hydroxyphenyl benzoxazole). The polymers had glass transition temperatures ranging from 204 to 275°C and inherent viscosities from 0.25 to 1.04 dl g −1 . Several of the polymers prepared from the 3,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl-derived bis(hydroxyphenyl benzoxazole) were semi-crystalline. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a 5% weight loss occurring at ≈450–500° C in air and ≈475–530° C in nitrogen. Thin films of the hexafluoroisopropylidene-containing polymers exhibited 23°C tensile strengths and moduli of 83–103 MPa and 1.9-2.4 GPa respectively, and high elongations. The chemistry and the physical and mechanical properties of these polymers are discussed.
From the Prophet to the Present: An Historical Approach to Understanding Islam

(2004). From the Prophet to the Present: An Historical Approach to Understanding Islam. Journal of Comparative Asian Development: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 29-50.