cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uniform algebras on the sphere invariant under group actions

It is shown under certain conditions that a uniform algebra on the unit sphere S in C 2 that is invariant under the action of the 2-torus must be C(S). Contrasting with this, an example is presented showing that the statement becomes false when 2 is replaced by n > 2. It is also shown that C(M) is the only uniform algebra on a smooth manifold M that is invariant under a transitive Lie group action on its maximal ideal space. The results presented answer a question raised by Ronald Douglas in connection with a conjecture of William Arveson.
Visual evoked potential (VEP) delays in tilted and/or oblique entrance of the optic nerve head

Although VEP delays to pattern stimulation were once considered to be a specific finding in demyelinating optic neuropathy, such delays have more recently been reported in non-demyelinating optic neuropathy and in both wet and dry maculopathies. One major group of conditions not well documented in the clinical VEP literature is congenital anomalies of the optic nerve. The authors evaluated ten consecutive patients with the congenital optic nerve anomaly consisting of tilted and/or oblique entrance of the optic nerve in one or both eyes. The visual acuity ranged from 20/20-20/400. No patient had any symptom or clinical evidence of demyelinating disease and the VA was stable in each case. VEPs were recorded to pattern stimuli of 14,28, and 56 minute of arc checks reversing at 1.88 Hz and 7.5 Hz at 76% contrast and mean luminance of 25 cd/m2. The VEPs were delayed in 60%-70% of eyes tested depending upon the specific stimulus parameters utilized. In addition, VEPs were reduced and delayed in some patients wi...
Possible Mechanism of OH Frequency Shift Dynamics in Water

The results of the recent infrared pump−probe experiment are analyzed, in which the time evolution of the spectrum of the OH-stretching vibration excited by an ultrashort laser pulse in the dilute solution HDO/D2O was measured. To interpret the results of the experiment, a formalism developed earlier for a different application, optical transitions of the chromophoric molecules in polar solvent, is used. A mechanism of the IR shift dynamics in water is suggested, involving α-relaxation (structural relaxation), which may also be related to the dielectric behavior of water. A suggestion is made for computer simulations as well as for an experimental test of the proposed mechanism.
Utilization of major detrital substrates by dark-septate, root endophytes'

Utilization of major forms of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus commonly present in plant litter and detritus was determined for cultures of Phialophora finlandia, Phialocephala fortinii and five dar...
A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words Applying Image-based Learning to Course Design

Although images are often used in the classroom to communicate difficult concepts, students have little input into their selection and application. This approach can create a passive experience for students and represents a missed opportunity for instructors to engage participation. By applying concepts found in visual sociology to techniques identified in the scholarship of teaching and learning, I created an image-based learning model to address this disconnect. I used discussion board image selection, posting and critique exercises (imageposts), and personal meaning maps (PMMs) as core assignments. This combination increased student comprehension, challenged and altered perceptions of key topics, and gave them a greater sense of agency through reflexive learning. Additionally, students’ reception of this model was favorable, with 97 percent reporting that the course met or exceeded their expectations and 95 percent reporting that they learned more in this class than in any previously taken college-level course.
Obesity and physical fitness in California school children.

Background Obesity rates have reached epidemic proportions in the United States and California. Thus, the California Department of Education began a series of steps to address the increase in obesity and decline in fitness in the 6.3 million public school children in California. We evaluated serial changes in obesity and fitness in California school children following implementation of prevention steps in all California public schools. Methods The California Department of Education implemented changes in school nutrition and exercise programs aimed at reducing obesity and improving fitness. Outcome results were monitored by performing Physical Fitness Testing on 8.4 million students (5th, 7th, and 9th grade) for body composition, aerobic capacity, flexibility, and upper body, abdominal, and truncal strength using the Cochran-Armitage trend test and multivariable logistic regression models. Results Overall fitness improved from 2003 to 2008. Serial changes in body composition, aerobic capacity, flexibility, and upper body, abdominal, and truncal strength improved or remained stable within school as students progressed from 5th to 7th to 9th grade. However, students entering 5th grade were more obese every year, and this early obesity was not reversible within the school programs. Conclusions Following prevention measures within California public schools, obesity and fitness levels have stabilized. However, continued increases in early entrance (5th grade) obesity will require additional efforts directed at preschool and elementary students to completely stop and reverse this obesity epidemic.
Relay-Stabilization and Identification of Unstable Processes

Abstract A set of conditions are found for stabilization of unstable processes using relay feedback. The relay-stabilized process will exhibit limit cycles which can then be used to obtain parameters of the process. In this paper, we explore the solution of first- and second-order processes containing one unstable eigenvalue and time delay. The resulting necessary conditions found turn out to be very tight. Simulations are given to show the identification process as well as how the limit cycle conditions apply.
Image algebra algorithm development environment

The Image Algebra Algorithm Development Environment provides the user with a portable, flexible, and comprehensive environment for the development and exercise of computer vision algorithms. It includes a powerful set of tools which provides the user with specific algorithmic capabilities that are tied together to form an environment through the use of common file formats, programming language and an underlying environment manager. The environmental makes use of the Image Algebra Ada language, translator, and run-time capability. Its major components include two X Window System based tools: one provides an image display and analysis capability, and the other provides a graphical interface for defining invariant image algebra templates. As well as supporting the development of programs using translators, compilers and libraries of routines, the Algorithm Development Environment includes an Image Algebra Ada Interpreter that allows the user to interactively developed algorithms in a rapid prototyping environment. This paper gives an overview of the various components of the Algorithm Development Environment.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of dietary antioxidant and increasing corn oil inclusion on milk fat yield and fatty acid composition in dairy cattle

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a dietary synthetic antioxidant on feed intake, yields of milk and milk components and milk fatty acids (FA), in combination with increasing concentrations of dietary corn oil to provide increasing rumen unsaturated fatty acid load (RUFAL) challenges. Twenty-six Holstein cows (177 ± 57 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were assigned to treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were a control diet (CON; n=13 cows) or the same diet supplemented with a synthetic antioxidant (AOX; 6.1g/d; dry blend of ethoxyquin and propyl gallate, Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO; n=13 cows). In period 1 (21 d), no supplemental corn oil was fed; in periods 2, 3, and 4 (14 d each), corn oil was supplemented at 0.7, 1.4, and 2.8% of the diet [dry matter (DM) basis] to incrementally increase RUFAL. For all variables measured, no significant interactions were detected between treatment and period, indicating no differences between the CON and AOX treatments at all levels of oil inclusion. Intake of DM was lower for AOX compared with CON but AOX had no effect on milk yield or milk fat concentration and yield. Milk protein yield and feed efficiency (energy-corrected milk/DM intake) tended to be greater for AOX compared with CON. Increasing dietary corn oil concentration (RUFAL) decreased DM intake, milk yield, milk fat concentration and yield, and feed efficiency. The AOX treatment increased the concentration and yield of 16-carbon milk FA, with no effect on de novo ( 16 carbon) milk FA. Milk FA concentration of trans-10 C18:1, trans-10,cis-12 C18:2, and trans-9,cis-11 C18:2 were unaffected by AOX but increased with increasing RUFAL. In conclusion, supplementation with AOX did not overcome the dietary-induced milk fat depression caused by increased RUFAL.
The effect of a native biological control agent for Eurasian watermilfoil on six North American watermilfoils

Abstract There is increasing concern that introduced, classical biological control agents can have significant negative effects on non-target species. One alternative to classical biological control is the use of native species to control exotic pests. A North American weevil, Euhrychiopsis lecontei , is being used as a biological control agent for the introduced aquatic plant Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum ) in the United States. Previously, we determined that E. lecontei did not have a significant effect on several unrelated species of native North American aquatic plants. Here, we examine the effects of this weevil on six native North American watermilfoils. In six separate experiments, individual shoots of each native watermilfoil species were exposed to zero, two or four weevil adults. Changes in length and final dry mass were determined for each shoot at the end of the experiments. We also recorded the number of weevil eggs and larvae on these native watermilfoil species at the end of the experiment. In treatments with two weevils per plant there were no significant impacts of weevils on the native watermilfoils. However, in treatments with four weevils per plant, final length of M. verticillatum after 11 days was 13% shorter than controls, and with four weevils final dry mass of M. alterniflorum was 65% less than controls and M. humile 43% less. Weevils laid fewer eggs on all native watermilfoil species than on M. spicatum controls. Few of the eggs laid on the native watermilfoils hatched. Our results suggest that when its density is high, E. lecontei can have impacts on some native watermilfoil species. However, due to reduced fecundity on native watermilfoils, E. lecontei will probably have little impact on the native species. E. lecontei appears to be an example of a native biological control agent that can reduce the abundance of an exotic species without a significant negative impact on closely related, non-target species.
Diagnosing for administrative purposes: Some ethical problems

Abstract The performing of medical evaluations which result in the awarding or denial of substantial material benefits to claimants in the absence of therapeutic intent creates a situation in which traditional values of medicine cannot operate and raises many difficult ethical questions. The certifying physician is not accountable for the psychosocial consequences to the claimant of denialor direct gratification of basic needs even if these consequences can be determined. With the loss of therapeutic intent, the physician is more likely to be influenced by personal rather than professional values. Because of the adversary nature of these proceedings, the physician is placed in a classic ‘double agent’ dilemma which may reverberate his own internal conflicts. Since certification determinations often have ‘life-and-death’ economic consequences for disadvantaged claimants, the ‘ethics of reality’ may ultimately transcend all other ethical concerns. Perhaps a first step in clarifying these ethical issues would be to make a clear-cut distinction between diagnosing for administrative purposes and diagnosing for therapeutic purposes.
The evolution of beasts and babies: Recapitulation, instinct, and the early discourse on child development

The field of “child study” emerged at the end of the nineteenth century with the purpose of disclosing children's “nature” for the benefit of parents, educators, psychologists, and other interested groups. Borrowed from the biological sciences, narratives of biological recapitulation were common in the discourses about child development during this period. Such theories often measured children against “savages,” but they also suggested that the study of childhood offered clues into the evolutionary relationships between humans and animals. By emphasizing the relevance of children's “instincts,” observers of child development explained child behavior as the tissue that linked humans and animals. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overview of NOAA's operational satellite programs

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adiministration (NOAA) is the world's largest civil operational environmental space agency. NOAA is also the largest holder of atmospheric and oceanographic data in the world. An overview of NOAA's operational satellite programs is presented. These programs include the Geostationary Satellite Program, the Polar-orbiting Satellite Program, and the Landsat Program. The Geostationary Satellite Program includes the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite series. A discussion of NOAA's policy to mitigate geosynchronous orbit debris is also provided. The Polar Program includes the NOAA K-N' satellite series and the newly converged NOAA and Department of Defence operational polar-orbiting satellite programs. A discussion of the status of the converge polar satellite program is provided. The Landsat Program includes the plans of the new Landsat Program Management which is composed of NOAA, NASA, and the US Geological Survey. The Landsat 7 spacecraft and ground system are discussed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of Companionate Planting on Snap Bean Insects, Epilachna varivestia and Heliothis zed

The effects of companionate planting on insect pests of snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were investigated in Chesterfield Co., VA, during 1977 and 1978. Significantly fewer Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, occurred on beans bordered by French marigold than on nonbordered controls ( P <0.01). However, this effect was overshadowed by the allelopathic response of French marigold to beans ( P <0.01). No such effect was observed on beans bordered by pot marigold, garden petunia, summer savory, Dalmatian pyrethrum, apple-of-Peru and garden nasturtium. The corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) occurred significantly more on beans bordered by pot marigold and summer savory ( P <0.05). The apple-of-Peru was completely defoliated by the threelined potato beetle, Lema trilineata (Olivier). Companionate planting described in this study does not appear to be a useful control strategy for insect pests of P. vulgaris in home garden plots.
Synthesis and reactions of 1-pentafluorosulfur-F-ethylsilver

Abstract Trifluorovinylsulfurpentafluoride, SF5CFCF2, reacted with silver(I) fluoride in acetonitrile solution to form 1-pentafluorosulfur-F-ethylsilver, AgCF(SF5)CF3, which was isolated as the acetonitrile solvate. AgCF(SF5)CF3 reacted with HCl, HBr, H2O, and CH3I to form good yields of HCF(SF5)CF3, with Br2 to form BrCF(SF5)CF3 and (CF3CFSF5)2, and with O2 to produce SOF4 and CF3C(O)F. Thermolysis of AgCF(SF5)CF3·CH3CN resulted in the evolution of CH3CN and formation of (CF3CFSF5)2, C2F5CF(SF5)CF3, SF4, S2F10, CF3CFCFCF3, and Ag. (CF3CFSF5)2 was found to be thermally unstable and decomposed at 100° to S2F10 and CF3CFCFCF3.
The heat element status assignment algorithms for the selective inhibition of sintering process array-based heating system

To minimise polymer and energy waste in the SIS process, a new adjustable heater system is designed. In this heater, many small heat elements are installed in the form of an array. Each heat element, independent of other heat elements, can be in an ON or OFF status. The heat element status assignment enables the heater to sinter polymer powders solely in the necessary areas. In this paper, the array-based mechanism and the algorithms that generate heat elements status by using the CAD file are explained. Results of this research show an effective method to save energy and material.
Acute ischemic stroke: emergent evaluation and management

This article discusses stroke, the third leading cause of death and number one cause of adult disability in the United States, inflicting a devastating physical, emotional, and financial toll on its victims and their families. The last decade has seen the emergence of new treatments for acute stroke, energizing stroke care providers and spreading a sense of optimism among them. Because effective stroke treatment is extremely time-dependent, it is paramount that emergency physicians understand and excel in their critical role at the forefront of stroke management. This article outlines the emergent evaluation and management of acute ischemic stroke, emphasizing the importance of the emergency physician in acute stroke treatment.
Practical Beacon Placement for Link Monitoring Using Network Tomography

Recent interest in using tomography for network monitoring has motivated the issue of whether it is possible to use only a small number of probing nodes (beacons) for monitoring all edges of a network in the presence of dynamic routing. Past work has shown that minimizing the number of beacons is NP-hard, and has provided approximate solutions that may be fairly suboptimal. In this paper, we use a two-pronged approach to compute an efficient beacon set: 1) we formulate the need for, and design algorithms for, computing the set of edges that can be monitored by a beacon under all possible routing states and 2) we minimize the number of beacons used to monitor all network edges. We show that the latter problem is NP-complete and use various approximate placement algorithm that yields beacon sets of sizes within 1+ln(|E|) of the optimal solution, where E is the set of edges to be monitored. Beacon set computations for several Rocketfuel Internet service provider topologies indicate that our algorithms may reduce the number of beacons yielded by past solutions by more than 50% and are, in most cases, close to optimal
Conditioning and aggregating uncertain data streams: going beyond expectations

Uncertain data streams are increasingly common in real-world deployments and monitoring applications require the evaluation of complex queries on such streams. In this paper, we consider complex queries involving conditioning (e.g., selections and group by's) and aggregation operations on uncertain data streams. To characterize the uncertainty of answers to these queries, one generally has to compute the full probability distribution of each operation used in the query. Computing distributions of aggregates given conditioned tuple distributions is a hard, unsolved problem. Our work employs a new evaluation framework that includes a general data model, approximation metrics, and approximate representations. Within this framework we design fast data-stream algorithms, both deterministic and randomized, for returning approximate distributions with bounded errors as answers to those complex queries. Our experimental results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our approximation techniques and offer insights into the strengths and limitations of deterministic and randomized algorithms.
Regional Precambrian Tectonics and Stratigraphy of Rocky Mountains with Emphasis on Wyoming Province: ABSTRACT

The most ancient rocks of Precambrian age in the Rocky Mountains are in the Wyoming province. These rocks are in Wyoming and adjacent parts of Montana and South Dakota, and may include rocks older than 3 b.y. The older rocks of this province probably are granitized metasedimentary rocks that have been deformed severely and show no evidence of a regional structural pattern. Younger metasedimentary rocks, including iron formations, are in northeast-trending synclinoriums, but even these units are older than 2.5 b.y. Most areas studied in the Wyoming province have had an extraordinarily complex structural history and many areas show evidence of more than one episode of deformation; several areas have northwest fold systems and shear zones that disrupt earlier structure. The Wyoming province may be bordered on all sides by younger rocks or rocks affected by deformation after 2.5 b.y. Miogeosynclinal rocks of possible middle Precambrian age are along the southeastern border of the province. These rocks may be facies of metasedimentary rocks in Colorado that have been metamorphosed in an event of ~1.7 b.y. Evidence for middle Precambrian metamorphic events also has been found in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Montana. These events cannot be related to regional tectonic trends. For example, Colorado structural trends are east-northeast and northeast, whereas in the Dakotas and Nebraska trends are north-northwest. Precambrian rocks that are younger than middle Precambrian are primarily west and southwest of the Wyoming province. These include Beltian metasedimentary rocks in Idaho and Montana, and probable Beltian and younger sedimentary rocks in Utah and Nevada. In some areas Beltian metasedimentary rocks have been deformed several times; north-northwest to northwest structural patterns appear in many areas. Some Beltian metasedimentary rocks are probably older than ~1.2 b.y. Although fragmentary evidence based on partial mapping of the 10% outcrop area of Precambrian rocks in the Rocky Mountains does not allow establishment of firm regional tectonic patterns or make satisfactory correlations of ages and tectonics, evidence to date suggests a remarkably complete sequence of Precambrian rocks may be present from rocks older than 3 b.y. to rocks of late Precambrian age. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1902------------
Institutional Selection for Conformity: The Case of U.S. Catholic Priests

The declining dissent among Catholic clergy since the 1970s has consistently been attributed to cohort replacement, indicated by age differences, as a result of changes in Catholic religious culture, despite a recognition in recent sociology of religion of the importance of institutional agency. I test 1) whether changes in priest’s beliefs and values are due to cultural trends (indicated by birth cohort) or institutional selection (indicated by ordination cohort); and 2) whether they are related to liberalism/conservatism generally or to specific conformity to Catholic moral positions. Data are from the 2002 Los Angeles Times priest survey (n=1,854). Results are mixed: I find support for the thesis of institutional selection for conformity since 1969, but not before. Prior to the 1960s, clergy (and lay) Catholic dissent increased linearly by birth cohort; since 1969, institutional selection, not cultural change, accounts for declining clergy dissent (while lay dissent has continued to increase). Implications for understanding changes in the Catholic Church and for religious theory are discussed.
Workplace accommodations, job performance and job satisfaction among individuals with sensory disabilities

This study examined differences between requesters and non-requesters of workplace accommodations in their self-reported job performance and job satisfaction. Participants were 194 individuals with visual and hearing disabilities (females = 67.5%, visual = 53.2%) receiving rehabilitation and related services in the US. They completed a survey on their self-reported accommodation requests, job satisfaction and work performance. Chi square and ANOVA tests were used to compare and contrast the differences. Findings suggest participants with requested accommodations have higher levels on job performance and job satisfaction than non-requesters. Individuals who were more likely to request accommodations were associated with higher educational background, moderate disability severity and higher levels ofworkplace supports from employers and coworkers. They reported higher knowledge levels on Americans with Disabilities Act and accommodation procedures, and higher outcome expectations and self-efficacies in requesting accommodations. Requesting workplace accommodations is an interactive and multifaceted process that involves various biopsychosocial factors. Rehabilitation professionals should help individuals with sensory disabilities from biopsychosoical perspectives to enhance job accommodation and job satisfaction.
Randomized, Controlled Comparison of Advanced Hemostatic Pads in Hepatic Surgical Models

Blood loss during hepatic surgery leads to poor patient outcomes. This study investigates the hemostatic efficacy of a novel sealing hemostatic pad (polyethylene glycol-coated collagen, PCC) and a fibrin sealant pad (fibrin-thrombin coated collagen, FTC) in a leporine hepatic segmentectomy and a porcine hepatic abrasion model. A segmentectomy was used to compare hemostatic success and hematoma incidence in 20 rabbits (10/group). Hepatic abrasions were used to compare hemostatic success up to 10 min after application in six pigs (42 lesions/group). In the segmentectomy model, PCC achieved 100% hemostatic success within 2 min (95% CI: 72.3% to 100%) and FTC achieved 80% hemostatic success within 3 min (49.0% to 94.3%). PCC had lower hematoma incidence at 15 min (0.0 versus 11.1%) and 24 h (20.0 versus 66.7%). In the abrasion model, PCC provided superior hemostatic success at 3 (odds ratio: 24.8, 95% CI: 8.86 to 69.2, ), 5 (66.3, 28.5 to 153.9, ), 7 (177.5, 64.4 to 489.1, ), and 10 min (777.6, 148.2 to 4078, ) leading to statistically significant less blood loss. The novel sealing hemostat provides faster and more sustained hemostasis than a fibrin sealant pad in a leporine hepatic segmentectomy and a porcine hepatic abrasion model of hepatic surgery.
Development of a procedure for sustainable in situ aquifer denitrification

Denitrification experiments have provided data showing the pitfalls and successes in developing a sustainable injection/extraction system in a sand and gravel aquifer. Experiments increase in complexity from continuous injection at one well to automated-pulsed eight well injections. In both continuous and pulsed injection of organic carbon, 40 mg NO3-N l−1 was reduced below the detection limit of < 0.1 mg NO3-N l−1 in the denitrification zones. Under continuous injection, accumulation of bacterial exudates in the vicinity of the injection well resulted in injection well clogging within ten days. Periodic cleaning of the injection well and the adjacent gravel matrix was accomplished by using a tool developed to circulate a cleaning solution composed of 5 percent H2O2 and 0.02 percent NaOCl; but, biofouling could not be eliminated. In the later experiments, acetate became the carbon amendment because ethanol promoted more biomass development. A specialized pulse injection procedure was developed to separate nitrate from acetate-C and was successful in alleviating the proliferation of bacterial exudates without affecting the performance of the denitrification system. Using pulsed injection, a maximum of 72 percent nitrate reduction was accomplished in the extraction well water, and denitrification was sustained for three months without clogging. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Prostaglandin Biosynthesis and Metabolism: Intact Tissues

Exposure to gamma irradiation can affect the synthesis and metabolism of potent biochemical agents within various organs, tissues, and cell types, resulting in a wide range of effects (1,2), potentially either harmful or protective. Ionizing radiation has been shown to produce changes in prostaglandin production by a variety of tissues (3,4); however the precise mechanisms of such alterations and the role of prostaglandins in the patho-physiological effects of ionizing radiation have not been fully elucidated.
Thermionic Gas Sensor

Abstract Measurements with dilute gaseous mixtures of hydrocarbons and oxygen in a nitrogen carrier gas have shown that the workfunction of a Pt film in interaction with the gas phase changes abruptly and reversibly by approximately 0.7 eV at elevated temperature as the concentrations of the chemically active species are varied through their stoichiometric ratio. This effect provides a new mechanism for sensing the stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) in exhaust or flue gas applications. The phenomenon of the thermionic emission of alkali metal ions in which the rate of emission increases strongly with the workfunction of the emitting surface offers an electrical means for detecting the workfunction change as well as a simple structure for realizing a practical device.
Equidistant cyclic codes over GF(q)

Abstract Here it is proved that a cyclic ( n, k ) code over GF( q ) is equidistant if and only if its parity check polynomial is irreducible and has exponent e = (q k − 1) a where a divides q − 1 and ( a , k ) = 1. The length n may be any multiple of e . The proof of this theorem also shows that if a cyclic ( n,k ) code over GF( q ) is not a repetition of a shorter code and the average weight of its nonzero code words is integral, then its parity check polynomial is irreducible over GF( q ) with exponent n = (q k − 1) a where a divides q − 1.
Characterization of [001] tilt boundaries produced by epitaxial growth on bicrystalline substrates of NaCl

A new technique is developed wherein [001] bicrystalline thin films of gold or silver are produced directly by vapor deposition and subsequent epitaxial growth on [001] bicrystalline substrates of NaCl. It is demonstrated that angles of misorientation in the substrates are replicated in these films and that essential characteristics of the grain boundary, such as preferred inclination and dislocation misfit structure, are transmitted to these films. Since boundary misorientation and substrate surface may be preselected, this technique, in principle, may be extended to any type of grain boundary normal to any crystallographic surface that can be produced by epitaxial growth, without necessity of a separate bonding operation. Eine neue Technik wird entwickelt, bei der bikristalline dunne [001]-Schichten von Gold und Silber direkt aus der Dampfphase und nachfolgendem epitaktischem Wachstum auf bikristallinen [001]-Substraten von NaCl hergestellt werden. Es wird gezeigt, das die Winkel der Fehlanpassung in den Substraten in diesen Schichten wiedergegeben werden und das wesentliche Charakteristiken der Korngrenze, wie bevorzugte Kippung und Struktur der Misfitversetzungen, in diese Schichten eingebracht werden. Da Fehlorientierung der Grenze und Substratoberflache vorgewahlt werden konnen, last sich diese Technik im Prinzip auf jeden Korngrenzentyp normal zu jeder kristallographischen Flache ausdehnen, die durch epitaktisches Wachstum hergestellt werden kann, ohne die Notwendigkeit einer separaten Verbindungsoperation.
Global Distribution of Campylobacter jejuni Penner Serotypes: A Systematic Review

Penner serotyping has been the principal method for differentiating Campylobacter isolates since its inception. Campylobacter capsule polysaccharide (CPS), the principal serodeterminant on which Penner serotyping is based, is presently of interest as a vaccine component. To determine the required valency of an effective CPS-based vaccine, a comprehensive understanding of CPS distribution is needed. Because of the association between Penner serotype and CPS, we conducted a systematic review to estimate the frequency and distribution of Penner serotypes associated with cases of Campylobacteriosis. In total, more than 21,000 sporadic cases of C. jejuni cases were identified for inclusion. While regional variation exists, distribution estimates indicate that eight serotypes accounted for more than half of all sporadic diarrheal cases globally and three serotypes (HS4 complex, HS2, and HS1/44) were dominant inter-regionally as well as globally. Furthermore, a total of 17 different serotypes reached a representation of 2% or greater in at least one of the five regions sampled. While this review is an important first step in defining CPS distribution, these results make it clear that significant gaps remain in our knowledge. Eliminating these gaps will be critical to future vaccine development efforts.
THE USE OF A RECTUS MUSCLE FLAP IN THE REPAIR OF A PROSTATO-RECTAL FISTULA

Prostato-rectal fistulae secondary to external beam radiation and cryosurgery are extremely challenging surgically. We report on the incorporation of a rectus muscle flap to facilitate healing of this visceral defect. CASE REPORT A 74-year-old man presented with a prostato-rectal fistula. He complained of continuous leakage of urine per the rectum, urinary tract infections and passage of “stones” through the urethra and rectum. History was significant for prostate cancer detected at biopsy 7 years earlier elsewhere after the discovery of increased prostate specific antigen (PSA). Treatment had included approximately 65 Gy. external beam radiation initially and leuprolide acetate after PSA increased. While on leuprolide acetate PSA became undetectable but for unclear reasons cryosurgical ablation of the prostate was performed. A prostato-rectal fistula developed postoperatively, which was treated unsuccessfully elsewhere with a diverting colostomy. Excretory urogram showed normal upper tracts and filling defects in the bladder. Cystoscopy revealed foreign bodies, which appeared to be fecaliths. There was a fistula, approximately the size of an index finger, leading from the prostatic fossa to the rectum. Because of the heavily irradiated tissue and prior use of a cryosurgical probe, we elected to use a vascularized tissue flap. A transabdominal appproach was used to close the fistula. Abdominal adhesions were lysed and the bladder was opened. Multiple fecaliths were removed from the bladder. The bladder was then bivalved from the dome down through the trigone until the fistulous tract was reached. Stay sutures were placed on either side of the fistula and the tract was cored out. The rectal defect was closed in 2 layers with 2-zero polydioxanone sutures and a right rectus abdominis flap based on the inferior epigastric pedicle was mobilized and placed over the rectal closure. Because of the tenuous nature of the posterior prostate fossa and bladder wall, the rectus flap was incorporated into the bladder closure between the halves of the bladder. Ureteral stents and a 3-way urethral catheter were used for drainage. A cystogram on postoperative day 17 showed no bladder leak and successful closure of the fistula (see figure). The patient plans to have the colostomy closed at a future date.
Effects of family history and genetic polymorphism on the cost-effectiveness of chemoprevention with finasteride for prostate cancer

Purpose: Improvement in the cost-effectiveness of chemoprevention for prostate cancer could be realized through the identification of patients at higher risk. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of prostate cancer chemoprevention across risk groups defined by family history and number of risk alleles, and the cost-effectiveness of targeting chemoprevention to higher risk groups.Materials and Methods: We developed a probabilistic Markov model to estimate costs, survival and quality adjusted survival across risk groups for patients receiving or not receiving chemoprevention with finasteride. The model uses data from national cancer registries, online sources and the medical literature.Results: The incremental cost-effectiveness of 25 years of chemoprevention with finasteride in patients 50 years old was an estimated $89,300 per quality adjusted life-year (95% CI $58,800–$149,800), assuming finasteride decreased all grades of prostate cancer by 24.8%. Among patients with a positive family history (without ge...
Influence of Sweet Corn Growth Stages on European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Oviposition

Oviposition rates of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), were examined on corn plants from the 3-leaf through postharvest growth stages during 1994–1996. Per-plant rates in the field during vegetative stages showed a gradual increase as new leaves appeared, and a sharp increase when reproductive plant parts emerged. Laboratory studies indicated a similar relationship between oviposition rate and plant growth stage: significantly greater rates occurred on reproductive plants. Laboratory experiments showed that when only 4-leaf to early green tassel (preanthesis) plants were present (simulating conditions during early-season European corn borer activity), per-plant oviposition was significantly greater on the oldest (11-leaf to green tassel) plants. When the oviposition rate was based on leaf area rather than on a per-plant basis, however, statistical differences between vegetative stages were lost. When European corn borer females were given only reproductive plant stages (simulating conditions during late-season European corn borer oviposition), plants in the green tassel, anthesis, green silk, and brown silk stages had generally equal oviposition rates, and these were significantly greater than on postharvest plants. This European corn borer oviposition simulation, when based on leaf area, showed the same pattern as the per-plant oviposition. Thus, leaf area appears to influence oviposition during the vegetative stages, when leaf area is rapidly expanding, but is of little influence after tassels emerge and leaf area is expanding at a slower rate or declining. Moth alighting in the laboratory indicate a behavioral difference between sexes. Females alighted on plants identical to those favored for oviposition. In contrast, males showed no preference for any growth stage of corn.
The Interpretation of Short Climate Records, with Comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations

Abstract This pedagogical note reminds the reader that the interpretation of climate records is dependent upon understanding the behavior of stochastic processes. In particular, before concluding that one is seeing evidence for trends, shifts in the mean, or changes in oscillation periods, one must rule out the purely random fluctuations expected from stationary time series. The example of the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) is mainly used here: the spectral density is nearly white (frequency power law ≈ s-0.2) with slight broadband features near 8 and 2.5 yr. By generating synthetic but stationary time series, one can see exhibited many of the features sometimes exciting attention as being of causal climate significance. Such a display does not disprove the hypothesis of climate change, but it provides a simple null hypothesis for what is seen. In addition, it is shown that the linear predictive skill for the NAO index must be very slight (less than 3% of the variance). A brief comparison with the South...
Strain, Differential Association, and Coercion: Insights from the Criminology Literature on Causes of Accountant's Misconduct

This paper introduces to the accounting literature two prominent criminology theories, strain and differential association, as possible explanations for criminal behavior by accountants and applies a recent integration of the two, coercion theory, to three recent financial statement frauds. We argue that understanding and preventing fraudulent accounting can be furthered by placing the phenomenon within the context of criminology research, which supports both individual and group‐level explanations for white‐collar crime. We also suggest that the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) moved too quickly in adopting Cressey's fraud triangle as the explanatory model for financial fraud in Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99. Our analysis, although exploratory in nature, suggests that examining financial statement fraud through the lens provided by criminology theory may provide new insights into its causes as well as tools for detection and prevention. We conclude with a discussi...
Cost analysis of a school-based social and emotional learning and literacy intervention

Purpose: There is limited research on the costs of social and emotional learning (SEL) interventions [Crowley, Jones, Greenberg, Feinberg & Spoth (2012). Resource Consumption of a Diffusion Model for Prevention Programs: The PROSPER Delivery System. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50 (3), 256–263]. This paper describes a comprehensive methodology for determining the costs of a successful universal, school-based SEL intervention that was implemented in nine public schools over 3 years. Methods: Resource costs were identified using the Cost–Procedure–Process–Outcome Analysis Model [Yates (1996). Analyzing Costs, Procedures, Processes, and Outcomes in Human Services. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.; Yates (1999). Measuring and Improving Cost, Cost-Effectiveness, and Cost-Benefit for Substance Abuse Treatment Programs. No. NIH 99-4518, 135] and the ingredients model [Levin (Ed.) (1983). Cost-Effectiveness A Primer (Vol. 4). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage; Levin & McEwan (2001). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Methods and Applications. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications]. This involved careful identification of resource use, finding the cost per unit for each resource by intervention activity, and ultimately calculating the total resource cost (resource use cost per unit). Results: Our analysis estimated the overall cost of this 3-year SEL and literacy intervention to be 566,426). Conclusion: This research emphasizes the need to study the costs of SEL interventions. By providing a detailed and standardized methodology, this cost analysis can provide added support for implementing an effective social and emotional learning intervention in a school setting. Furthermore, it provides groundwork for more advanced cost analyses, such as a cost–effectiveness analysis or a benefit-cost analysis (BCA).
The Mysterious Bloom

Central America’s deepest lake, Lake Atitlan, is located in the department of Solola, just 50 miles from the famous old city of Antigua. Residents depend on the lake for daily life and commerce. Each year, thousands of tourists visit the region to experience the local Mayan culture, learn Spanish, and holiday amidst the picturesque surroundings. Unfortunately, in late 2009 a combination of factors including poor waste treatment, climate change, and inorganic fertilizers caused the lake to be contaminated with mysterious algae that left the local tourism industry devastated and residents scrambling for answers. Localized efforts to cleanup the lake by straining the bacteria out of the water were thwarted by continuous regrowth of the bloom. While the threat of climate change and its heightened impact on impoverished communities increases, government plans to deal with the major contamination issues in the region remain stalled, leading tourists, residents, and businesspeople left to wonder about the murky future of one of Central America’s most beautiful natural wonders.
Surface Pressure Fluctuations Due to an Impinging Supersonic Underexpanded Jet

The characteristics of the surface pressure fluctuations associated with a supersonic underexpanded jet impinging perpendicularly on a flat plate are numerically investigated using WIND-US 2.0. The time-dependent, inviscid, compressible axisymmetric Euler equations for perfect gas without body forces and external heat addition are employed for the present computations. The physical parameters varied are, the impingement distance and the nozzle pressure ratio (the ratio of the nozzle exit pressure to the ambient pressure) (Fig.1). Results are presented for three different impingement distances (H = 3D, 7D, 10D) and two values of pressure ratio ( PR = 1.2, 2.0). Preliminary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis reveals the presence of the impingement zone stagnation bubble, which is a low velocity recirculating flow and a high speed radial jet wit h several embedded structures. Time averaged pressure on the plate show that the maximum pressure occurs away from the geometric impingement point. This peak pressure is found to drop in magnitude and shift radially outward (away from the jet axis) with an increase in the pressure ratio from 1.2 to 2.0.
Development and validation of sequential sampling plans for alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae using a six-stem, 100-square-meter subsampling method

Precision-based sequential sampling plans were developed to assess populations of the alfalfa weevil (A W), Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), in alfalfa. AW larvae were sampled through the first cutting in four alfalfa fields located in Franklin County, Ky., to determine their spatial distribution using a six-stem, 100-m2 subsampling method. Results indicated that larval counts fit the Poisson distribution. Four precision-based sequential sampling models were then constructed and tested for precision estimate accuracy via computer simulation. The theoretical stop values were adjusted after simulation testing and then tested extensively in the field the following year. The adjusted models performed satisfactorily under field conditions.
Retail store visitation and the cost-value hypothesis: An application of the AID algorithm

This paper provides insights into the cost-value implications of retail store visitation. It does this by relating the extent of retail store visitation to both consumer characteristics and situational variables in the context of a specific type of major appliance purchase. The assessment was based on the usage of the Automatic Interaction Detector (AID). This algorithm determines what variables and categorees within them combine to produce the greatest discrimination in group means by the dependent variable (the number of retail stores visited). An interpretation of AID-revealed binary splits suggests support for the cost-value hypothesis of retail store visitation.
Eliminating the roughness in cholesterol's β-face: does it matter?

One of the long-standing issues surrounding cholesterol (Chol) relates to its two-faced character. In particular, the consequences of its having a rough β-face and a smooth α-face on its structural influence in cell membranes has remained elusive. In this study, direct comparisons have been made between cholesterol and a “smoothened” analog, DChol (i.e., 18,19-dinorcholesterol) using model membranes and a combination of nearest-neighbor recognition, differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence, and monolayer measurements. Taken together, these results indicate that subtle differences exist between the interaction of these two sterols with the different states of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). Chol has a greater condensing power than DChol, but only slightly so, i.e., on the order of a few tens of calories per mole.
“War on Terrorism” and Immigration

The “war on terrorism” led the United States to overhaul its immigration and border policies to prevent future terrorist entry, and some other countries have emulated these measures. The main effects of these new policies have been on temporary, nonimmigrant travel rather than on permanent immigration. Keywords: Al Qaeda; immigration; terrorism