cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of opportunity in the unintentional introduction of nonnative ants

A longstanding goal in the study of biological invasions is to predict why some species are successful invaders, whereas others are not. To understand this process, detailed information is required concerning the pool of species that have the opportunity to become established. Here we develop an extensive database of ant species unintentionally transported to the continental United States and use these data to test how opportunity and species-level ecological attributes affect the probability of establishment. This database includes an amount of information on failed introductions that may be unparalleled for any group of unintentionally introduced insects. We found a high diversity of species (232 species from 394 records), 12% of which have become established in the continental United States. The probability of establishment increased with the number of times a species was transported (propagule pressure) but was also influenced by nesting habit. Ground nesting species were more likely to become established compared with arboreal species. These results highlight the value of developing similar databases for additional groups of organisms transported by humans to obtain quantitative data on the first stages of the invasion process: opportunity and transport.
Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in Patients with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia: An Adjunct to Diagnosis

We investigated whether serum lactate dehydrogenase activity (LD) is significantly elevated in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) when compared to patients with non-Pneumocystis pneumonia. We measured LD (U/L), blood total lymphocyte count (1,000/cu mm), and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference P(A-a)O2 (mm Hg), in 30 patients with AIDS and PCP (group 1), four patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) and non-Pneumocystis pneumonia (NPCP) (group 2), and seven patients with pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia (PPB) (group 3). In patients with AIDS and PCP, LD was 509 ± 35 (mean ± SE),. which was significantly elevated in comparison to both AIDS/ARC patients with NPCP (228 ± 21) (p
In vitro carcinogenesis of mammary epithelial cells by N-nitroso-N-methylurea using a collagen gel matrix culture

Carcinogenesis is a lengthy process which eventually culminates in the transformed phenotype, cancer. However, much remains to be defined about the process of transformation. In vivo models for the study of the carcinogenic process present limitations because it is not possible to detect the premalignant stages in the animals. An in vitro model, on the other hand, facilitates the study of the carcinogenic process because it enables one to dissect out the crucial events required for carcinogenesis to occur. As carcinogenesis is believed to be a multistep process; initiation, promotion, and progression, a multistep, in vitro system has been devised in our laboratory to mimic each of these stages. We have previously shown the formation of “microtumors” in collagen gels, induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. In the present study the direct acting water soluble, mammary carcinogen,N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) was used for tumorigenesis of mammary epithelial cells in culture. Mammary epithelial cells from virgin Sprague-Dawley rats were propagated and exposed to single or multiple doses of NMU while growing as a monolayer in glass petri dishes (initiation). Initiated cells were then plated into a collagen gel matrix culture. Prolonged growth in the collagen gels afforded for the progression of the transformed cells into discernable microtumors in the three-dimensional matrix of the collagen. The morphology of these “tumors” was determined by histologic sections of the gels. Fewer, if any, such structures existed in the untreated gels.
MULTIFACTOR POTENCY SCHEME FOR COMPARING THE CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICALS

A scheme for ranking the quantitative activity of chemical carcinogens is described. This activity scheme uses as its base dose potency measured as TD50 which after conversion into an inverse log s...
Sequential urinalysis improves evaluation of fetal renal function in obstructive uropathy.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to determine whether sequential vesicocenteses improve the evaluation of renal damage, compared with single urine sampling in obstructive uropathy. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 29 fetuses with complete obstructive uropathy underwent a minimum of three sequential complete vesicocenteses at 48- to 72-hour intervals. First and last urine values were analyzed for multiple parameters. The ability of first versus last urine values to detect the presence of renal damage was compared according to postnatal or fetal autopsy information. RESULTS: Fetuses with minimal renal damage had patterns of decreasing hypertonicity and last urine values below cutoff thresholds indicative of favorable prognosis. Fetuses with significant renal damage had higher initial values and patterns of increasing hypertonicity. For five of six parameters, last urine samples were more predictive of renal damage than first urine samples. CONCLUSION: Last urine values together with pattern-of-change trend analysis after serial vesicocenteses improve diagnostic precision in fetuses with complete obstructive uropathy.
Effect of fibril arrangement on crack trapping in a film‐terminated fibrillar interface

We present a three-dimensional (3D) model for adhesion enhancement due to crack trapping in a film-terminated fibrillar structure. Adhesion enhancement occurs due to trapping of the interfacial crack in the region between fibrils. Energy release to the crack tip is attenuated because, between fibrils, it has to pass through the compliant terminal film. Using perturbation theory and a finite element method, we solve for the shape of crack front, which is unknown. Our model thus also allows us to study how adhesion enhancement depends on the arrangement of fibrils. For example, our model explains why, for a fixed area density of fibrils and for similar crack orientations, hexagonal arrays have higher adhesion than square arrays.
On problems of trigonometrical approximation from the theory of stationary Gaussian processes

Abstract For a finite measure dΔ on R 1 the closed linear span in L p ( dΔ ) of the exponentials { e iix : ∥ t ∥ ≤ T } is discussed. These results are applied in the characterization of the spectral densities of stationary Gaussian processes which exhibit a Markovian character.
Magnetotransport properties of annealed (FeCo)/Ag multilayers

Abstract The dependence of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) on the sputtering pressure, the presence of a Ta underlayer and overlayer, the annealing temperature and the bilayer thickness has been studied in sputtered (Fe-Co)/Ag multilayers. The optimum sputtering pressure was found to be 5 mTorr. The Ta underlayer and overlayer influence greatly the microstructural changes during heat treatment and consequently the magnitude of magnetoresistance. The magnetoresistance increases initially with increasing annealing temperature, reaches a maximum in the region between 250 and 325 °C and after that decreases. The maximum GMR was 8.43% at 46 K and 5.29% at room temperature for films with Ta layers annealed at 275 °C. The magnetic properties are also affected by the annealing. The as-sputtered samples show coercivity in the range 60–220 Oe. After heat treatment in vacuum for 10 min the coercivity drops dramatically in all samples. The films with the highest GMR are believed to be superparamagnetic.
Summing Up Program Theory.

The author summarizes the issues and concerns raised by the volume and discusses other recent developments for evaluators using program theory.
Effects of damping on the dynamics of Josephson vortex in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox

Abstract A study of c -axis transport in superconducting single crystal Br 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x reveals very temperature sensitive volt-ampere characteristics near the transition temperature when magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the current direction. A change in sign of the curva of these characteristics correlates with changes in the hysteresis of the zero field characteristics with temperature. This distinct behavior is consistent with a model of Josephson vortex flow affected by an increase of damping with temperature, and provides additional strong justification for treatment of this material as a stack of superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) tunnel junctions.
Drug-induced dilutional hyponatremia.

IN recent years, several pharmacologic agents have been shown to have water-retaining properties. At first, the antidiuretic actions were used to advantage in the treatment of patients with diabete...
A QSAR Model of Teratogenesis

Four related QSAR models of teratogenesis in experimental animals have been developed: one each for heteroaromatic, carboaromatic, alicyclic and acyclic compounds. The numbers of compounds in these models range from 40 (for the alicyclic model) to 144 (for the carboaromatic model). As determined by cross-validation using the leave-one-out, or jackknife, technique, the accuracy of the models in discriminating between teratogens and non-teratogens ranges from 92.4% to 96%. A single overall assessment of experimental teratogenesis was chosen as the biological endpoint; taking into account such factors as dosage, maternal toxicity, and affected organ systems remain to be subjects of further studies.
Dopaminergic and Cholinergic Brain Activity and Performance on MMSE and MoCA in Parkinson's Disease (P03.127)

Objective: To investigate the relationship between performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and PET measures (dopaminergic/cholinergic) of brain activity. Background Executive dysfunction seen in early Parkinson9s disease (PD) is believed to result from striatal dopaminergic denervation, while the degree of cognitive impairment in PD dementia is thought to correlate with cortical cholinergic activity. Because it contains tasks that evaluate executive function, performance on the MoCA may correlate more strongly with striatal dopaminergic activity, while performance on the MMSE may better correlate with cortical cholinergic activity. Design/Methods: 19 non-demented men with PD (mean age 66.4 ± 7.5; mean disease duration 5.7 ± 3.5 years) underwent (+)-[ 11 C] dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) vesicular monoamine transporter 2 and [ 11 C]methyl-4-piperidinyl propionate (PMP) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) PET imaging as well as the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS), MoCA and MMSE. Results: Stepwise regression analysis was performed, with MoCA or MMSE as the dependent variable and the PET measures (cortical PMP, basal ganglia, putamen and caudate DTBZ) as regressors. Results for the MOCA show that cortical PMP was the only variable that met entry criteria in the model (F=6.12, P=0.024). The DTBZ measures did not meet entry criteria. Similar results were seen for the MMSE, with the cortical PMP variable as the only significant variable in the model (F=5.76, P=0.028). Conclusions: Both MoCA and MMSE performance were associated with cortical AChE activity in PD patients. Surprisingly, we did not find a significant relationship between the MoCA and striatal dopaminergic denervation, but we may not have had the power to detect such a relationship. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that both the MoCA and the MMSE may be reliable measures of the cognitive decline attributable to cortical cholinergic denervation seen in early PD. Supported by: NIH P01 NS15655, NIH R01 NS070856 (PI), and a grant from the Department of Veterans Affairs. Disclosure: Dr. Lenhart has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bohnen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Koeppe has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chou has received personal compensation for activities with Medtronic, Inc. and Merz Pharma.
What are the consequences of understanding the complex goal-directed actions of others?

Four issues that build on the ideas offered by Tomasello et al. are discussed: the developmental course of shared intentionality and its relation to other developing abilities and experiences, and the conceptualization of three key features of the process: motivation, plans and the development of planning, and culture.
Computed tomography correlates with cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in pulmonary hypertension in adults with sickle cell disease.

AbstractOur objective was to determine whether computed tomography angiography (CTA) measurements of pulmonary artery size can noninvasively assess hemodynamics and diagnose pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to sickle cell disease (SCD). Twenty SCD patients with confirmed PH were compared with 20 matched controls. Diameters of the pulmonary artery trunk and branches were measured with CTA and a semiautomatic segmentation algorithm. Measurements were normalized by body size and correlated (Spearman rank) with hemodynamic markers from right-heart catheterization. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to investigate the role of pulmonary artery sizes in diagnosing PH. Analysis of pulmonary artery sizes adjusted for body surface area (BSA) resulted in the most significant discrimination between subjects with PH secondary to SCD and controls (P < 0.001); PH was diagnosed accurately with an area under the ROC curve of 0.99. There was significant correlation between pulmonary artery sizes ...
Sensations, cognitions and the perception of cues associated with expected and unexpected panic attacks.

Panic attacks may be perceived by patients as either cued or uncued (spontaneous) and either expected or unexpected. The purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence and characteristics of these types of panic. Twenty-six panic disorder patients with mild avoidance and 18 with moderate or severe avoidance were instructed to complete a questionnaire during or immediately following each of three consecutive naturally occurring panic attacks they experienced. They were asked to rate the extent to which they expected the panic attack to occur, whether they felt it was associated with an external panic "cue" (e.g. a shopping mall), whether they would expect to panic again in similar circumstances, their mood, present level of life stress, and fear and severity of their body sensations and disturbing cognitions. Results indicated that from a sample of 92 questionnaires, each representing a separate panic, nearly 70% of panic attacks were rated as cued-expected and only one panic was rated as uncued-expected. The other two categories each comprised about 15% of all panic attacks. There were few reported differences in body sensations and cognitions reported as a function of type of panic and no differences with regard to extent of agoraphobic avoidance. Expected panic was associated with a higher expectation of future panic in similar circumstances.
The Paralympic Movement: Using Sports to Promote Health, Disability Rights, and Social Integration for Athletes With Disabilities

Competitive sports for people with disabilities has grown rapidly over the past several decades, and opportunities for participation are increasingly available throughout the spectrum from developmental to elite. The Paralympic Games, seen as the pinnacle sporting event that represents the broader Paralympic Movement, has provided a platform to showcase the abilities of people with disabilities while also serving as a catalyst for disability rights through ensuring integration, equality of opportunity, and accessibility of the built environment. Concurrently, media coverage of the Paralympic Games has led to an increased awareness of opportunities for sport participation for individuals with disabilities and, with it, the adjustment of norms regarding expectations for exercise as a component of preventive health. In addition, there is evidence of the power of sports to stimulate confidence, self-efficacy, and a self-perceived high quality of life for individuals with disabilities above and beyond the basic benefits to cardiometabolic fitness. When taken together, the promotion of health, disability rights, and social integration through sports has the power to transform the lives of those who participate and to further stimulate the expansion of opportunities available to the next generation of athletes with disabilities.
Diffraction phase microscopy: principles and applications in materials and life sciences

The main obstacle in retrieving quantitative phase with high sensitivity is posed by the phase noise due to mechanical vibrations and air fluctuations that typically affect any interferometric system. In this paper, we review diffraction phase microscopy (DPM), which is a common-path quantitative phase imaging (QPI) method that significantly alleviates the noise problem. DPM utilizes a compact Mach–Zehnder interferometer to combine several attributes of current QPI methods. This compact configuration inherently cancels out most mechanisms responsible for noise and is single-shot, meaning that the acquisition speed is limited only by the speed of the camera employed. This technique is also nondestructive and does not require staining or coating of the specimen. This unique collection of features enables the DPM system to accurately monitor the dynamics of various nanoscale phenomena in a wide variety of environments. The DPM system can operate in both transmission and reflection modes in order to accommodate both transparent and opaque samples, respectively. Thus, current applications of DPM include measuring the dynamics of biological samples, semiconductor wet etching and photochemical etching processes, surface wetting and evaporation of water droplets, self-assembly of nanotubes, expansion and deformation of materials, and semiconductor wafer defect detection. Finally, DPM with white light averages out much of the speckle background and also offers potential for spectroscopic measurements.
Making Rank: The Lingering Effects of Tokenism on Female Police Officers' Promotion Aspirations

This article expands on the discussion of female police officers' response to tokenism in the workplace, as well as how perceived token status affects female police officers' decisions to participate in promotion. Using structured, face-to-face interviews with female police officers in a large Midwestern police agency, the current study produced some research findings that contrast with Kanter's original description of tokenism. This study found that most female police officers were strongly encouraged by their male supervisors to participate in the promotion process. This encouragement by male police supervisors actually dissuaded some of the female officers from participating in the promotion process. These findings suggest that tokenism in the workplace is more complex than focusing solely on the numerical representation of women in traditionally male-dominated professions.
Microfabricated inductively coupled plasma-on-a-chip for molecular SO2 detection: a comparison between global model and optical emission spectrometry

In this work the molecular SO2 detection limit obtained using a microfabricated inductively coupled plasma-on-a-chip (mICP) system is compared with a volume-averaged plasma model. The miniature ICP system consists of a planar plasma source that is microfabricated on a glass wafer and a miniature aluminium vacuum chamber. The plasma operates from 0.1 to 10 Torr, and requires less than 4 W of power at a frequency of 493 MHz. Molecular detection limits were measured using the SO2 MUV2 band (A(1B1), a(3B1) → X(1A1)). Detection limits improve with increase of both the operating power and pressure due to increases in electron and metastable state Ar densities, with the best DL value being 45 ppb. A global plasma model is developed to calculate the metastable Ar density, electron temperature, and SO2 excitation rates in the mICP. Excitation rates for electron-impact collisions and the quenching reaction with Ar metastables, together with the known sensitivity of the optical system, allow one to calculate detection limits for molecular SO2 excitation. Calculated DLs are in reasonable agreement with experimental OES results.
An eDNA approach to detect eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis) using samples of water

Context. Environmental DNA, or eDNA, methods are a novel application of non-invasive genetic sampling in which DNA from organisms is detected via sampling of water or soil, typically for the purposes of determining the presence or absence of an organism. eDNA methods have the potential to revolutionise the study of rare or endangered taxa.Aims. We evaluated the efficacy of eDNA sampling to detect populations of an amphibian of conservation concern, the eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis), indirectly from their aquatic environments.Methods. We developed species-specific primers, validated their specificity and sensitivity, and assessed the utility of our methods in silico and in laboratory trials. In the field, we collected water samples from three sites with known densities of hellbenders, and from one site where hellbenders do not occur. We filtered water samples, extracted DNA from filters, and assayed the extraction products for hellbender DNA by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis.Key results. Our methods detected hellbenders at densities approaching the lowest of reported natural densities. The low-density site (0.16 hellbenders per 100 m2) yielded two positive amplifications, the medium-density site (0.38 hellbenders per 100 m2) yielded eight positive amplifications, and the high-density site (0.88 hellbenders per 100 m2) yielded 10 positive amplifications. The apparent relationship between density and detection was obfuscated when river discharge was considered. There was no amplification in any negative control.Conclusion. eDNA methods may represent a cost-effective means by which to establish broad-scale patterns of occupancy for hellbenders.Implications. eDNA can be considered a valuable tool for detecting many species that are otherwise difficult to study.
SIV infection of macaques: a model for studying AIDS and drug abuse

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) were used as an animal model system to evaluate longitudinally the effects of opioid dependence on the development of AIDS. Results have shown that in addition to weakening the host's T cell and PMN functions, chronic opioid treatment of SIVmac239-infected animals caused (a) an increased virus replication rate, (b) an increased rate of viral mutation, (c) a nascent humoral (antibody) response against mutated autologous strains of virus, (d) an alteration of CD8 + cell-mediated immunity toward the mutant virus, (e) an increased tolerance of AZT among the infectious virus and (f) a shorter life span for the infected animals. These results suggest that chronic administration of opioids alters general fundamental aspects of the AIDS viremia.
Flagellum Density Regulates Proteus mirabilis Swarmer Cell Motility in Viscous Environments

Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen that is frequently associated with urinary tract infections. In the lab, P. mirabilis cells become long and multinucleate and increase their number of flagella as they colonize agar surfaces during swarming. Swarming has been implicated in pathogenesis; however, it is unclear how energetically costly changes in P. mirabilis cell morphology translate into an advantage for adapting to environmental changes. We investigated two morphological changes that occur during swarming--increases in cell length and flagellum density--and discovered that an increase in the surface density of flagella enabled cells to translate rapidly through fluids of increasing viscosity; in contrast, cell length had a small effect on motility. We found that swarm cells had a surface density of flagella that was ∼5 times larger than that of vegetative cells and were motile in fluids with a viscosity that inhibits vegetative cell motility. To test the relationship between flagellum density and velocity, we overexpressed FlhD(4)C(2), the master regulator of the flagellar operon, in vegetative cells of P. mirabilis and found that increased flagellum density produced an increase in cell velocity. Our results establish a relationship between P. mirabilis flagellum density and cell motility in viscous environments that may be relevant to its adaptation during the infection of mammalian urinary tracts and movement in contact with indwelling catheters.
Potentiation by Adrenaline of a Proteolytic Activity Associated with Purified Myosin

Proteolytic activity accompanies myosin through three reprecipitations. The fact that this activity can be potentiated by very small doses of 1- adrenaline supports the view that adrenaline receptors are protein in nature and that adrenaline-like compounds exert their action through modification of the activity of enzymes.
TIMING OF INITIAL PROBING AND IRRIGATION IN CONGENITAL NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OBSTRUCTION

A series of 427 patients with congenital dacryostenosis involving 572 eyes was seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. All patients were treated conservatively with antibiotics and massage prior to decision by the parents to request probing. Congenital dacryostenosis, as well as resolution of symptoms, were confirmed by clinical examination and use of a modified dye disappearance test. In 572 eyes, the success rate of initial probing was found to be 97% under 13 months of age. Over 13 months, however, the mean success rate was found to be 54.7%. When broken down into smaller age categories, a stepwise progression was observed from 76.4% between 13 and 18 months to 33.3% for patients probed after 24 months. In addition, the number and complexity of subsequent procedures appeared to increase along with the age at which the initial probing was performed. These data suggest that initial probing should be done prior to 13 months of age depending on the severity of symptoms and parent compliance with medical management.
Supravesical urinary diversion: A comparison between cutaneous ureterostomy and heal conduit

In an effort to compare objectively the two most commonly employed methods of supravesical urinary diversion, the cutaneous ureterostomy and the ileal conduit, this study was designed to compare functionally each technique in the experimental animal. Sixteen female mongrel dogs underwent ligation of the distal right ureter. One week later, diversion of the right ureter was performed by either cutaneous ureterostomy or ileal conduit in two groups of animals. One month following diversion, the function of the diverted right kidney was compared to the control left kidney in all dogs and radiological evaluation was done. In the groups of dogs diverted by the ileal conduit, renal function studies were significantly better and radiologic interpretation revealed a more nearly normal collecting system. The data strongly support the position that the ileal conduit is the preferred route for urinary diversion in the dog. The clinical application is discussed.
Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer efficacy and tolerability in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar I mania: a comparative analysis of acute, randomized, placebo‐controlled trials

Correll CU, Sheridan EM, DelBello MP. Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer efficacy and tolerability in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar I mania: a comparative analysis of acute, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 116–141. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective: To compare antipsychotic and mood stabilizer (MS) efficacy and tolerability in youth and adults with bipolar mania. Methods: Medline/PubMed search for studies including: (i) youth (< 18 years) or adults (≥ 18 years); (ii) bipolar I disorder; (iii) double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (DB-RPCT); (iv) ≤ 12 weeks of treatment; and (v) calculable effect sizes (ES) and/or numbers needed to treat/harm (NNT/NNH) ± 95% confidence intervals (CI). Non-overlapping 95% CIs determined significant group differences. Results: We identified nine DB-RPCTs in youth (n = 1,609), 5 evaluating second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) (n = 1,140) and 4 evaluating MSs (n = 469). We also identified 23 DB-RPCTs in adults (n = 6,501), 14 including SGAs (n = 3,297), 5 using haloperidol as an active comparator (n = 580), and 11 including MSs (n = 2,581). Young Mania Rating Scale scores improved significantly more with SGAs than MSs in youth (ES = 0.65, CI: 0.53–0.78 versus 0.24, CI: 0.06–0.41) and adults (ES = 0.48, CI: 0.41–0.55 versus 0.24, CI: 0.17–0.31). After excluding topiramate studies, SGAs had larger ES than MSs only in youth (ES = 0.65, CI: 0.53–0.78 versus 0.20, CI: 0.02–0.39), but not adults (ES = 0.48, CI: 0.41–0.55 versus 0.46, CI: 0.37–0.55). However, in adults SGAs had significantly larger ES regarding Clinical Global Impressions scores than MSs, even without topiramate (ES = 0.75, CI: 0.68–0.82 versus 0.24, CI: 0.07–0.41). Rates of response, remission, and discontinuation due to any reason compared to placebo were similar between medication and age groups, except for more favorable NNTs for remission with SGAs than MSs in adults after excluding topiramate. SGAs caused more weight gain than MSs in youth (ES = 0.53, CI: 0.41–0.66 versus 0.10, CI: −0.12–0.33), but not in adults (ES = 0.13, CI: 0.05–0.22 versus 0.00, CI: −0.08–0.08). However, results were heterogeneous and not significant in either age group after excluding topiramate. Nevertheless, SGA-related weight gain was significantly greater in youth than adults. In youth, SGA-related somnolence was greater than with MSs (NNH = 4.7, CI: 3.9–6.0 versus 9.5, CI: 6.3–23.5), and more likely than in adults (NNH = 7.1, CI: 6.1–8.8). Conversely, youth experienced less akathisia with SGAs than adults (NNH = 20.4, CI: 14.1–36.5 versus 10.2, CI: 8.1–13.7), likely due to lower doses/slower titration. Conclusions: In treating mania, potentially greater short-term efficacy compared to placebo with SGAs versus MS needs to be balanced against increased adverse events, especially in youth.
Norepinephrine modulates excitatory amino acid-induced responses in developing human and adult rat cerebral cortex

These experiments were designed to assess the ability of norepinephrine and its beta-receptor agonist, isoproterenol, to modulate responses induced by activation of excitatory amino acid receptors in brain slices obtained from developing human cortex or adult rat cortex. Human cortical slices were obtained from children undergoing surgery for intractable epilepsy (9 months to 10 yr of age). For comparison, slices were also obtained from rats (2-3 months of age). Iontophoretic application of glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) produced excitatory responses consisting of membrane depolarizations accompanied by action potentials. Iontophoretic or bath application of norepinephrine or isoproterenol enhanced responses evoked by glutamate or N-methyl-D-aspartate. Depolarizations occurred with shorter latencies and their amplitudes increased. Action potential frequency was also increased and responses were of longer duration. In contrast, norepinephrine or isoproterenol had no effect on responses induced by AMPA. The enhancement of responses induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate or glutamate was antagonized by the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol. Similar findings were obtained from neurons in humans or rats. These results suggest that norepinephrine, possibly via beta-receptors, potentiates responses mediated by glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors without affecting those mediated by AMPA receptors. These effects were observed at all ages studied, indicating that the ability of norepinephrine to modulate excitatory neuronal transmission is well developed in human cortex by 9 months of age.
Changes in detrusor smooth muscle myosin heavy chain mRNA expression following spinal cord injury in the mouse.

Aims Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) isoform composition has been shown to be developmentally regulated and to be associated with functional changes in smooth muscle activity. In this study, we sought to determine expression patterns of SMMHC isoforms in a murine model of spinal cord injury (SCI) and to compare these expression patterns to neurologic, cytometric, and morphometric findings. Materials and Methods Baseline cystometry was performed on adult, female mice followed by either thoracic spinal cord transection (SCI) or sham operation (Sham). At 1, 3, or 6 weeks postoperatively neurologic evaluation and cystometry were performed, bladders were harvested, and expression patterns of SMMHC isoforms (SM1 vs. SM2 and SMA vs. SMB) were assessed by RT-PCR. Morphometrics utilizing computer-assisted color image analysis was also performed on all bladders. Results There was a significant increase in bladder weight and capacity 1 week following SCI which normalized over time, however, morphometric analysis did not reveal an alteration in tissue composition amongst the three groups. One week following SCI, SM1 was predominantly expressed over SM2 and began to normalize at 3 weeks. This coincided with the emergence of reflex voiding and detrusor overactivity. SMA was expressed following SCI only, and the number of bladders found to express SMA decreased with increasing duration since SCI. Conclusions Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain mRNA expression patterns appear to be affected by SCI. We believe the induction of SMA may be a factor in altered bladder function following injury. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Analytical Investigation of Visco-elastic Effects in the Lubrication of Rolling Contact

The pressure distribution in the lubricant film separating two cylindrical rollers has been computed for a Newtonian fluid and for a Maxwell fluid. A comparison of the results indicates that shear elasticity can have effects of first-order significance on both the magnitude and form of the pressure distribution function, reducing load-carrying capacity and maximum shear stress in the film by sizeable amounts. The equations for visco-elastic flow are discussed with emphasis on thin films. The integral form in which these equations are applied in this paper is not commonly used in lubrication theory, and, in the estimation of the writer, offers some advantage in other bearing problems particularly when numerical computations are to be used. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in New York, N.Y., October, 1959.
The transfer problem in reducing the U.S. current account deficit

Abstract Correcting global trade imbalances is a form of the transfer problem: spending must be transferred from trade deficit countries (mainly the United States) to trade surplus countries. Reducing the U.S. current account deficit requires that net saving be increased in the United States and reduced abroad—particularly in Asia. But contrary to most literature on the subject, exchange rates need not, and probably best not, be changed as part of the transfer process for improving the U.S. trade balance. To show why this is so, I draw on the older literature on the transfer problem associated with paying war reparations. Adjustment in absorption, i.e., aggregate spending, is two-sided because the loser (the transferor) must raise taxes to pay an indemnity to the winner (the transferee), which then spends it. But there is no presumption that the terms of trade must turn against the transferor. That is, the losing country, which is forced into running a trade surplus (or smaller deficit), need not depreciate its real exchange rate to effect the transfer.
Entertainment-Education and Social Change: An Analysis of Parasocial Interaction, Social Learning, Collective Efficacy, and Paradoxical Communication.

Most past studies of entertainment-education programs have not provided an adequate theoretical explanation of the process through which community members enact system-level changes as a result of exposure to entertainment-education media message. Here we study the effects of an entertainment-education radio soap opera by means of an observational case study in one Indian village. We investigate the paradoxes, contradictions, and audience members' struggles in the process of media-stimulated change, a process involving parasocial interaction, peer communication, and collective efficacy.
Instantiation of Word Meanings in Children

Previous research has shown that adults tend to narrow the meanings of words encountered in context, a process that has been termed instantiation. In the present study, 60 first and fourth graders selected pictures which best represented the meanings of sentences read to them. The sets of pictures included three examples of a target word in each sentence, one of which best fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole. The children selected the contextually most appropriate picture over 90% of the time. The results indicate that the children were instantiating the target words with specific concepts rather than bringing to mind abstract, undifferentiated meanings.
African American men with low-grade prostate cancer have increased disease recurrence after prostatectomy compared with Caucasian men

Abstract Purpose To explore whether disparities in outcomes exist between African American (AA) and Caucasian (CS) men with low-grade prostate cancer and similar cancer of the prostate risk assessment—postsurgery (CAPRA-S) features following prostatectomy (RP). Methods The overall cohort consisted of 1,265 men (234 AA and 1,031 CS) who met the National comprehensive cancer network criteria for low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer and underwent RP between 1990 and 2012. We first evaluated whether clinical factors were associated with adverse pathologic outcomes and freedom from biochemical failure (FFbF) using the entire cohort. Next, we studied a subset of 705 men (112 AA and 593 CS) who had pathologic Gleason score≤6 (low-grade disease). Using this cohort, we determined whether race affected FFbF in men with RP-proven low-grade disease and similar CAPRA-S scores. Results With a median follow-up time of 27 months, the overall 7-year FFbF rate was 86% vs. 79% in CS and AA men, respectively (P = 0.035). There was no significant difference in one or more adverse pathologic features between CS vs. AA men (27% vs. 31%; P = 0.35) or CAPRA-S score (P = 0.28). In the subset analysis of patients with low-grade disease, AA race was associated with worse FFbF outcomes (P = 0.002). Furthermore, AA race was a significant predictor of FFbF in men with low-grade disease (hazard ratio = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.08–3.72; P = 0.029). Conclusions AA race is a predictor of worse FFbF outcomes in men with low-grade disease after RP. These results suggest that a subset of AA men with low-grade disease may benefit from more aggressive treatment.
Parental Alienation Disorder: Why Label Children with a Mental Diagnosis?

The proposal to include Parental Alienation Disorder (PAD) in the new proposed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) creates a host of problems. The first major problem is the labeling of children with a mental disorder who may simply be reacting with anger to the changes in their lives from the separation and divorce of their parents by rejecting one parent and aligning with the other. Diagnosis may bring with it shame and have a chilling impact on parents report of domestic violence. Although proponents of PAD are aware that it is inappropriate to diagnose children who have been exposed to child abuse and/or domestic violence with PAD, they do not clarify how to make such differential diagnoses. It is suggested that there are insufficient empirical data to differentiate abused and traumatized children from those who are alienated or estranged from the rejected parent. Nor are there sufficient scientific data to account for other child vulnerabilities such as neurol...
Photocarcinogenesis, skin cancer, and aging

Nonmelanoma skin cancers, like most malignancies, increase in incidence with increasing age. However, in general they are not due to the aging process but are primarily due to solar radiation. Clinically, squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell epitheliomas are the most common cancers that occur in the Caucasian population in the United States. The role of radiation from the sun was suggested by a number of astute clinical observations reported around 1900 and subsequently has been established by epidemiologic and experimental studies. Action spectrum evaluations indicate that the ultraviolet B (UVB) rays are the most carcinogenic. However, recent studies indicate that the UVA rays can augment the cancer-producing effects of UVB rays. Other physical stimuli, including heat and wind, can also accelerate UVB carcinogenesis. Chemicals such as the polycyclic hydrocarbons, the nitrosoureas, and nitrogen mustard have an additive carcinogenic effect with UVB radiation. Also, some chemicals such as croton oil, the phorbol ester—TPA, and all- trans -retinoic (RA) acid can promote UVB-initiated carcinogenesis. RA can also inhibit UVB-induced cancer formation. The role of the immune status has received a great deal of attention. Both in experimental and clinical situations, nonspecific immune suppression results in increased cancer formation. Also, recent studies indicate that a specific T cell suppressor population can be induced in experimental animals with UVB which will inhibit rejection of tumors produced by UVB radiation. Finally, damage to DNA by UVB radiation is well established. Studies with the genetic disease xeroderma pigmentosum support the concept that such damage, if not repaired, will lead to cancer formation. It also has been suggested that unrepaired damage to deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and other macromolecules is at least in part responsible for the aging process in general.
Urban land policy and new land tenure paradigms: Legitimacy vs. legality in Brazilian cities

Abstract This article provides a historical overview of land use policies and urban development in Brazil, especially during the period when the country experienced high rates of urbanization. Since most land use policy is enacted at the national level, a synopsis of Federal legislation regulating property rights and land tenure is presented, including a recent law known as the City Statute, which institutes new parameters and tools to advance the regularization of informal settlements in urban areas. A description of how urban planning tools have been used by several local governments, in isolation and in combination with land use policies, to regularize informal settlements follows an exploration of new land tenure paradigms that focus on legitimacy rather than legality. The paper concludes with an analysis of prospects for land ownership and security of tenure for the urban poor in Brazil.
Perceived teacher affinity‐seeking in relation to perceived teacher credibility

This study investigated the relationship between teachers' use of Bell and Daly's affinity‐seeking strategies and students' perceptions of teacher credibility (competence and character) in the classroom. The associations among students' motivation to study, teachers' perceived credibility, and teachers’ perceived use of affinity‐seeking strategies also were investigated. Results indicated that several affinity‐seeking strategies were positively and significantly associated with competence and character, indicating that use of affinity‐seeking in the classroom may assist in the development of teacher credibility. Perceptions of teacher credibility and teachers' use of affinity‐seeking strategies also were found to be positively and significantly associated with students' motivation to study.
Deposition of MoSi2 thin films by laser ablation from free-falling particles

Abstract Thin films of molybdenum silicides were deposited by a new method in which mixtures of small, free-falling particles are heated by focused 10.6 μm radiation from a pulsed carbon dioxide laser in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. The composition of the resulting films was adjustable and controlled by the selection of particle sizes and their relative numbers. It was found that collecting substrates positioned in the rearward hemisphere along the direction of the laser beam had films which were nearly free of defects. Recoil pressure exerted by the affluent vapor had the tendency to drive target residue into the forward hemisphere. Compositional analysis of the deposited films was performed using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The measured values of atomic concentration are consistent with surface evaporation of the particles and are in close agreement with the values calculated from the specific surface areas of the target constituents and theoretical mass evaporation rates. Laser heating of molybdenum disilicide particles was found to produce silicon-rich Mo-Si films. Auger depth profiles of residual target particles which were collected on forward substrates were enriched in molybdenum.
Abscisic acid-induced growth inhibition of sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas L.) in vitro

The inhibitory effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on in vitro growth and development of axillary buds from nodal segments of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) was investigated. ABA at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg 1-1 inhibited axillary bud and root development and subsequent plantlet growth. ABA at 10 mg 1-1 completely inhibited axillary shoot development but did not affect the viability of cv. Jewel explants over a culture period of 365 days. Transfer of nodal segments cultured for 90, 180 or 365 days from basal medium containing 10 mg 1-1 ABA to growth regulator-free media resulted in rapid and normal plantlet development. Gibberellic acid at 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg 1-1 in the presence of ABA at 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg 1-1 did not counteract the ABA-induced growth inhibition. Although ABA totally inhibited the growth of 6 sweet potato plant introductions at a concentration of 10.0 mg 1-1, the efficacy of ABA as a suppressant of shoot growth varied with genotype.
Prevalence of cytochrome P450 CYP2C8 polymorphisms in African‐Americans (AA) endstage renal disease (ESRD)

CYP2C8 is known to be involved in the formation of vasoactive epoxides of the epoxygenase pathway which have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The AA population with endstage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) has a high prevalence of hypertension and may have increased prevalence of CYP2C8 polymorphisms. We studied the frequency of the most common CYP2C8 polymorphisms in 97 AA ESRD patients and 58 healthy AA to determine whether there is a significant difference in prevalence rates of these polymor-phisms. The mean age of the ESRD patients 53.3 +/− 12.1 years (mean +/− sd) and the healthy AA was 36.8 +/− 8.6 years. The ESRD patients and healthy subjects were 43.3% and 40.3% female, respectively. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and genotyped for CYP2C8*2 and CYP2C8*3 alleles using PCR/RFLP and DNA sequencing. All genotypes were confirmed by TaqMan based genotyping assays using ABI 7700 at Washington University. The results are shown in the Table below. There was no significant (NS) difference in prevalence rates of the major CYP2C8 alleles in AA with ESRD compared with the healthy AA population. This is similiar to the results we previously reported for CYP2C9. The allelic frequency of CYP2C8 in healthy AA in our New Orleans population is also in agreement with published reports. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P63–P63; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.238 Table 1. Prevalence of CYP2C8 Polymorphisms in AA with ESRD Allele ESRD (%) N=97 Healthy (%) N=58 P Chi square *1 83.5 81.0 NS *2 14.4 18.1 NS *3 2.1 0.9 NS
Development of a Practical Synthesis of a p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor

A practical synthesis of the phthalazine-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitor [(S)-2] was needed for an ongoing program. Vibrational circular dichroism provided the assignment of the absolute stereochemi...