cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Externalizing the Parameters of Quasirational Thought

The multiattribute judgment task presents a problem of deep causal ambiguity susceptible only to analysis by human judgment. Management scientists are urged to pay less attention to the role of utility function in person’s efforts to cope with this problem, and more attention to the cognitive difficulties inherent in it. They are also urged to seek behavioral significance for the parameters of mathematical models of decision and choice.
Emerging biomarkers of lymphangioleiomyomatosis.

Introduction: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a destructive lung disease affecting primarily women. LAM is caused by inactivating mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes, resultin...
HIV/AIDS and Homelessness, Part 1: Background and Barriers to Care

Co-occurrence of homelessness and HIV/AIDS poses a complex and multidimensional challenge to the health care provider's clinical and system integration skills. Existing data support the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among homeless persons and a high percentage of persons living with HIV/AIDS being either homeless or at imminent risk for homelessness. There are special considerations and challenges health care providers may face in caring for homeless persons with HIV/AIDS. An integrated, flexible, interdisciplinary, community-based system of care addressing the full array of medical, psychiatric/substance abuse, and housing services would optimize clinical care for this population. Areas that deserve particular attention include HIV/AIDS prevention, access to comprehensive HIV and health care, use of antiretroviral therapy, and adherence to treatment. Research is needed to better understand the multifaceted needs of this population and to develop prevention and treatment strategies applicable to daily clinical care.
Dynamics of Aerosols

Publisher Summary This chapter presents dynamics of aerosols. Aerosols, or atmospheric particles, can vary in size from collections of a few molecules to cloud droplets. The evolution of these particles occurs as a result of particle-particle collisions and individual particle growth because of accretion of vapor molecules. The process of individual particle growth can involve chemical reactions occurring in the particles. The chapter also presents the basic conservation equations for the aerosol number concentration as a function of particle size. It discusses the kinetic coefficients that appear in the basic equations and describes dimensionless groups that characterize the aerosol. It also illustrates the results of certain interesting cases of aerosol evolution during pure growth. The dynamic behavior of an aerosol is described by a population balance equation, which can be termed as the general dynamic equation. The evolving size spectra, in the three cases of diffusion-, surface reaction-, and volume reaction-controlled growth, exhibits certain distinct features characteristic of the growth mechanism.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of a mass shooting.

OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been best studied among combat veterans. Less is known about PTSD among civilian populations exposed to traumatic events. A recent mass murder spree by a gunman in a cafeteria in Killeen, Tex., has provided a unique opportunity to study acute-phase civilian responses to a combat type of experience. METHOD: Approximately 1 month after the disaster, 136 survivors were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement. RESULTS: In the acute postdisaster period, 20% of the men and 36% of the women met criteria for PTSD, which was the most prevalent psychiatric disorder. Most subjects who developed PTSD had no history of psychiatric illness. Rates of preexisting PTSD were relatively high and did not predict the presence of PTSD after the disaster. A history of other predisaster psychiatric disorders predicted postdisaster PTSD in women but not in men. One-half of the women and one-fourth of the men with postdisaster PTSD also met criteria for another postdisaster psychiatric diagnosis, especially major depression. Psychopathology was infrequent in subjects without PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: Disaster intervention workers may be able to most effectively use limited mental health provider resources in the acute postdisaster period by focusing on screening for acute PTSD, which will identify the majority of cases with psychiatric disorders following this kind of disaster. Survivors who have no history of psychiatric disorder should be screened along with those who do because in the present study, they represented the majority of the PTSD cases. Subjects with a history of major depression and women with preexisting psychopathology may be especially vulnerable to posttraumatic syndromes. Individuals with PTSD should be further examined for additional psychiatric diagnoses that may complicate recovery, especially major depression. PTSD among survivors of civilian combat-like experiences does not appear to present in the same way that it has been described in Vietnam veterans. Language: en
Landscape variation in soil carbon stocks and respiration in an Arctic tundra ecosystem, west Greenland

The magnitude and acceleration of carbon dioxide emissions from warming Arctic tundra soil is an important part of the Region’s influence on the Earth’s climate system. We investigated the links be...
Targeting ELK1: a wELKome addition to the prostate cancer armamentarium.

The androgen receptor (AR) is a critical steroid receptor required for prostatic luminal cell survival. In its unbound state, AR is initially localized to the cytoplasm and has been demonstrated to interact with a host of scaffold proteins and kinases such as c-Src (1) in a non-genomic fashion (2).
The Molecular Signature of Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitors Reveals a Role for the Cell Cycle in Fate Specification.

Megakaryocytic-erythroid progenitors (MEPs) give rise to the cells that produce red blood cells and platelets. Although the mechanisms underlying megakaryocytic (MK) and erythroid (E) maturation have been described, those controlling their specification from MEPs are unknown. Single-cell RNA sequencing of primary human MEPs, common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), megakaryocyte progenitors, and E progenitors revealed a distinct transitional MEP signature. Inferred regulatory transcription factors (TFs) were associated with differential expression of cell cycle regulators. Genetic manipulation of selected TFs validated their role in lineage specification and demonstrated coincident modulation of the cell cycle. Genetic and pharmacologic modulation demonstrated that cell cycle activation is sufficient to promote E versus MK specification. These findings, obtained from healthy human cells, lay a foundation to study the mechanisms underlying benign and malignant disease states of the megakaryocytic and E lineages.
Interpreting the Bible in Relation to Other Religions: Hermeneutics and Identity

This chapter examines how the Second Vatican Council transformed Catholic interpretation of the Bible in relation to other religious traditions. The earlier Catholic tradition generally applied a hermeneutic of hostility, which interpreted the Bible in opposition to other religions; the Second Vatican Council proposed a hermeneutic of respect and generosity toward other religions that emphasized the values shared by Catholics and followers of other religious paths. The paper shows how this transformation has affected the interpretation of the Bible in relation to Jews, Muslims, and Buddhists.
The Travelers’ World: Europe to the Pacific

This is a review of Harry Liebersohn's 2006 book, The Travelers’ World: Europe to the Pacific.
A One-Step, Atom Economical Synthesis of Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine Derivatives by a Four-Component Reaction

A Na2HPO4-catalyzed four-component reaction between a ketone, malononitrile, S8 and formamide has been realized for the first time. This reaction provides a concise approach to thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines, previously requiring 5 steps. The utility of this reaction was validated by preparing a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor and an inhibitor of the NRF2 pathway with excellent atom- and step-economy.
The Role of Dorion Cairns in the Reception of Phenomenology in North America: The First “Born American” Phenomenologist

In the first part of this Chapter there is a brief review of my personal experiences with Dorion Cairns, including how and why I came to become his Literary Executor. The Chapter then provides a focused overview of his philosophical life and central ideas, especially his life-long reflections centered on unraveling and developing appropriate language to express adequately and accurately the Husserlian conception of phenomenological method, especially evident, Cairns shows, in Husserl’s exploration of what, in his Logical Investigations, he refers to what the “cautiously shrewd person” does when faced with what is believed to be showed turns out to reveal the basic features of that method. Our already acquired familiarity, in short, especially when matters are vitally important, provides the soundest clue to understanding what Husserl frequently called the fundamental principle of phenomenological method.
Dsleuth: A Distributed Version Of Sleuth Urban Growth Model

Land use change models have seen a growth in use due to the availability of multi-temporal, high resolution images, and computational power. One such model, SLEUTH, is a popular cellular automata model for studying land use change, especially urban growth. While it is widely adopted and highly regarded, the computational complexity of the brute-force parameter sweep style of execution leads to long run times, which is further exacerbated by large area and high resolution images. In this study, we developed a distributed framework for SLEUTH, called DSLEUTH, for executing and managing subsets of the parameter space on a shared memory machine. This paper describes the framework and a performance study using two different data sets. The framework yielded a 20x speed up on both datasets using 40 processes.
Learning by Logging: Tracking Choices, Habits, and Decisions

Finding a way to impress upon students how they directly connect to others around the world is a challenge. What they had for dinner, how they paid for their gasoline, and where they disposed of th...
Assessing Disparate Impact of Personalized Interventions: Identifiability and Bounds

Personalized interventions in social services, education, and healthcare leverage individual-level causal effect predictions in order to give the best treatment to each individual or to prioritize program interventions for the individuals most likely to benefit. While the sensitivity of these domains compels us to evaluate the fairness of such policies, we show that actually auditing their disparate impacts per standard observational metrics, such as true positive rates, is impossible since ground truths are unknown. Whether our data is experimental or observational, an individual's actual outcome under an intervention different than that received can never be known, only predicted based on features. We prove how we can nonetheless point-identify these quantities under the additional assumption of monotone treatment response, which may be reasonable in many applications. We further provide a sensitivity analysis for this assumption via sharp partial-identification bounds under violations of monotonicity of varying strengths. We show how to use our results to audit personalized interventions using partially-identified ROC and xROC curves and demonstrate this in a case study of a French job training dataset.
CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN REST-ACTIVITY RHYTHMS AND INFLAMMATION IN OLDER MEN

Author(s): Qian, Xiao; Xiao, Qian; Evans, Daniel S; Redline, Susan; Lane, Nancy; Ancoli-Israel, Sonia; Stone, Katie S | Abstract: Abstract Sleep disturbances and physical inactivity have been associated with chronic inflammation, an important risk factor for cognitive decline in the aging population. However most previous studies focused on the cross-sectional relationships between sleep and physical activity and inflammation. In the Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men (MrOS Sleep) study, we studied both the cross-sectional and prospective associations between characteristics of 24-hour rest-activity rhythms measured by actigraphy and inflammation index measured by multiple circulating markers. In cross-sectional analysis, a lower amplitude is associated with elevated inflammation (Odds ratio Q4 vs Q1 (95% Confidence interval): 1.65 (1.22, 2.24)). In prospective analysis, an earlier acrophase (l12:30) is associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of developing elevated inflammation over four years of follow up (2.08 (1.02, 4.23)). No individual inflammatory markers are associated with rest-activity rhythms. Our findings suggest that rest-activity rhythm characteristics predicts elevated inflammation.
The Role of Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Circuits in Language: Recurrent Circuits Revisited

Based on a review of recent literature, a recurrent circuit model describes how cortico-thalamo-cortical and cortico-cortical circuitry supports word retrieval, auditory-verbal comprehension, and other language functions. Supporting data include cellular and layer-specific cortico-thalamic, thalamo-cortical, and cortico-cortical neuroanatomy and electrophysiology. The model posits that during word retrieval, higher order cortico-thalamo-cortical relays maintain stable representations of semantic information in feedforward processes at the semantic-lexical interface. These stable semantic representations are compared to emerging lexical solutions to represent the semantic construct to determine how well constructs are associated with each other. The resultant error signal allows cortico-cortical sculpting of activity between the semantic and lexical mechanisms until there is a good match between these two levels, at which time the lexical solution will be passed along to the cortical processor necessary for the next stage of word retrieval. Evidence is cited that high gamma activity is the neural signature for processing in the cortico-thalamo-cortical and cortico-cortical circuitry. Methods for testing hypotheses generated from this recurrent circuit model are discussed. Mathematical modeling may be a useful tool in exploring underlying properties of these circuits.
What Is Habitat Suitability and how Should it be Measured

Recent theory and empirical evidence suggest that current methods of avian habitat evaluation are ineffective. Time scales over which habitats are evaluated are too short, variables used in evaluation are often inadequate, and lack of biologically based concepts of habitat quality (HQ) and habitat suitability (HS) weaken evaluation. Here we: (1) compare concepts of habitat quality and suitability, (2) review methods used in determining HQ and HS, (3) evaluate the potential efficacy of those methods in predicting persistence of avian populations, and (4) suggest improvements on those approaches. We define HS as the ability of a habitat to support a viable population over an ecological time-scale. Population viability is defined in terms of the finite rate of population increase (λ=er) where λwill be ≥ 1 for viable populations. Although in practice HQ often represents management goals that are based on human perceptions of habitat value, we suggest that HQ be defined as the expected value of λ or E (λ) .Finally, we suggest that habitats be evaluated in terms of HS before using HQ. Habitats are normally evaluated by relating changes in habitat features to changes in species density, richness, and diversity. These variables do not necessarily relate to species persistence in an area. We suggest evaluation procedures adopt the approach of directly assessing the potential of a habitat to support viable populations.
Simon Clarke and the politics and psychoanalysis of racism

This article looks at Simon Clarke’s psycho-social work on the topic of racism. In discussing his use of the Freudian and Kleinian concepts of projection and projective identification, I examine some of his important contributions to cultural criticism. I also look at the film Get Out! to explore the concept of contemporary liberal racism.
Evaluation of Kuroda et al.: Insight into Yeast Isobutanol Tolerance with Advances Still Needed.

One snapshot of the peer review process for "Critical Roles of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and GLN3 in Isobutanol-Specific Tolerance in Yeast" (Kuroda et al., 2019).
The Proteocephalus species-aggregate (Cestoda) in cyprinoids, pike, eel, smelt and cavefish of the Nearctic region (North America): diversity, host associations and distribution

Tapeworms (Cestoda) of the Proteocephalus-species aggregate from cyprinoids, pike, eel, smelt and cavefish in the Nearctic region (North America) are reviewed, based on a critical examination of newly collected and museum specimens. For some species neither new nor museum specimens were available and only literature data were used for these taxa. Two species occur in North American cyprinoids: (i) Nearctic Proteocephalus buplanensis Mayes, 1976 in Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill) in the upper Mississippi River and Hudson Bay drainage basins, and (ii) Holarctic P. torulosus (Batsch, 1786) (syns. P. ptychocheilus Faust, 1919; P. cobraeformis Haderlie, 1953; and Ophiotaenia critica Mpoame & Landers, 1981, new synonym), which occurs in Ptychocheilus spp. and other leuciscids in the western part of North America. Proteocephalus pinguis La Rue, 1911 is a specific parasite of pike (Esox spp.), which is briefly redescribed here to establish its diagnostic morphological characteristics because the original description was based on a mixture of at least two species. In addition to P. pinguis, pike serve as postyclic hosts of several species of the Proteocephalus-aggregate typical of other fish, such as bass, perch and whitefish, namely P. fluviatilis Bangham, 1925, P. pearsei La Rue, 1919 and P. longicollis (Zeder, 1800). Cavefish (Amblyopsidae) in North America harbour two endemic species, P. chologasteri Whittaker & Hill, 1968 from Chologaster agassizii Putman and P. poulsoni Whittaker & Zober, 1978 from Amblyopsis spelaea DeKay, which have never been found since their original description and their validity should be confirmed based on new collections and molecular data. Two other species of the Proteocephalus-aggregate, P. macrocephalus (Creplin, 1825), a parasite of eels (Anguilla spp.), and P. tetrastomus (Rudolphi, 1810) from smelt (Osmeridae), have circumboreal (Holarctic) distribution. Molecular data are available only for three of the seven species treated herein, but they do not form a monophyletic group.
Toward a Conceptualization of the College-Prison Nexus

While a robust body of research has documented the intricate relationship between our nation’s education and penal systems, the weight of this work has focused on primary and secondary schools, abs...
Erratum to: Use of allochthonous resources by zooplankton in reservoirs

Due to an error in model transcription, the dietary water fraction was only applied to the zooplankton and Chaoborus algal fraction in the mixing model. The dietary water correction should have also been applied to the terrestrial fraction. The updated zooplankton and Chaoborus allochthony values are reported below along with corrected versions of Figs. 2 and 4. In the corrected model, the values for zooplankton and Chaoborus allochthony decreased approximately 15% but the patterns among reservoirs, the regression analysis, and the conclusion remain unchanged. Crustaceous zooplankton allochthony varied among systems from 11 to 79%, and Chaoborus allochthony, measured in four reservoirs, was similarly variable (22–80%). The allochthonous fraction of zooplankton was variable but usually\50% in all but two reservoirs. For most reservoirs the four pools of organic matter considered in this study (POM, DOM, zooplankton, Chaoborus) were over 20% allochthonous based on median values, but some zooplankton distributions had high uncertainty.
Functions of Several Variables and their Derivatives

The concepts of limit, continuity, derivative, and integral, as developed in Volume I, are also basic in two or more independent variables. However, in higher dimensions many new phenomena, which have no counterpart at all in the theory of functions of a single variable, must be dealt with. As a rule, a theorem that can be proved for functions of two variables may be extended easily to functions of more than two variables without any essential change in the proof. In what follows, therefore, we often confine ourselves to functions of two variables, where relations are much more easily visualized geometrically, and discuss functions of three or more variables only when some additional insight is gained thereby; this also permits simpler geometrical interpretations of our results.
Studies on lactams—VIII : The conformation of n-aryl lactams

Abstract N-Aryl-β-lactams have been found to be characterized by strong UV maxima at about 250 mμ. Some N-aryl-γ-lactams also show similar absorption max but heavily substituted γ-lactams or N-phenyl δ-lactam display only low absorption in this region. A study of UV and NMR spectra indicates that in N-aryl β-lactams, the heterocyclic ring and the three valences of nitrogen are planar and the N-aryl ring lies in the plane of the β-lactam. This planarity as well as the strong UV absorption are the result of an extended conjugation between the aryl ring and the amide function. Ortho substitution on the aryl ring causes a slight departure from this planarity and reduces the intensity of the UV absorption. In case of N-aryl γ-lactams, ortho substitution on the aryl ring causes enough departure from planarity to eliminate altogether the absorption max near 250 mμ.
TOXICOLOGICALLY ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF METHANOL AND FORMALDEHYDE EMISSIONS FROM METHANOL-FUELED VEHICLES

The increased interest in use of methanol makes it important to determine what levels of methanol and formaldehyde emissions may be acceptable. This paper reviews the available health data for methanol and formaldehyde to define what approximate ranges of concentrations, termed ranges of concern, could be acceptable from a toxicological viewpoint. Air quality models are then used to predict the in-use fleet average exhaust emission levels in localized situations (heavily impacted by mobile sources) corresponding to these ranges of concern. Using predicted fleet compositions, approximate target emission levels are given for the light-duty portion of the fleet which could yield these fleet averages. Finally, there is a brief summary of available methanol and formaldehyde emissions data from neat methanol-fueled vehicles which are compared to the target levels. In general, most of the design targets have already been met by current neat methanol-fueled vehicles, but some situations may require specific attention with respect to the design of emission control systems (e.g., cold start exhaust and hot soak evaporative emissions). For the covering abstract see IRRD 287297. (Author/TRRL)
Four corners: The largest US methane anomaly viewed from space

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas and ozone precursor. Quantifying methane emissions is critical for projecting and mitigating changes to climate and air quality. Here we present CH4 observations made from space combined with Earth-based remote sensing column measurements. Results indicate the largest anomalous CH4 levels viewable from space over the conterminous U.S. are located at the Four Corners region in the Southwest U.S. Emissions exceeding inventory estimates, totaling 0.59 Tg CH4/yr [0.50–0.67; 2σ], are necessary to bring high-resolution simulations and observations into agreement. This underestimated source approaches 10% of the EPA estimate of total U.S. CH4 emissions from natural gas. The persistence of this CH4 signal from 2003 onward indicates that the source is likely from established gas, coal, and coalbed methane mining and processing. This work demonstrates that space-based observations can identify anomalous CH4 emission source regions and quantify their emissions with the use of a transport model.
From Biochemistry to Morphogenesis in Myxobacteria

Many aspects of metazoan morphogenesis find parallels in the communal behavior of microorganisms. The cellular slime mold D. discoideum has long provided a metaphor for multicellular embryogenesis. However, the spatial patterns in D.d. colonies are generated by an intercellular communication system based on diffusible morphogens, whereas the interactions between embryonic cells are more often mediated by direct cell contact. For this reason, the myxobacteria have emerged as a contending system in which to study spatial pattern formation, for their colony strutures rival those of D.d. in complexity, yet communication between cells in a colony is carried out by direct cell contacts. Here I sketch some of the progress my laboratory has made in modeling the life cycle of these organisms.
Photoproduction of π ± Δ ( 1236 ) from Hydrogen and Deuterium at 16 GeV

Cross sections for $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{+}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{0}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ have been measured at 16 GeV for momentum transfers $\ensuremath{-}tl~2$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$. The charge-symmetric cross sections differ by typically a factor of 2, indicating interference between isoscalar and isovector photon amplitudes. The ratio of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ cross sections is not consistent with pure isospin $I=1$ exchange in the $t$ channel, appreciable $I=2$ exchange being required. A factor-of-5 discrepancy is found for a vector-dominance plus line-reversal prediction.
Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes : Diagnosis with a bisulfite-treated methylation-specific PCR method

The putative promoter region of the SNRPN gene contains a CpG island which is heavily methylated in the maternally derived allele and unmethylated in the paternally derived allele. In patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) only the methylated allele is present, while in those with Angelman syndrome (AS) only the unmethylated allele is present. The purpose of this paper is to report a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay to evaluate methylation status of the CpG island of the SNRPN gene and to show that this assay allows rapid diagnosis of PWS and AS. Methylated cytosines in the CpG dinucleotide are resistant to chemical modification by sodium bisulfite. In contrast, bisulfite treatment converts all unmethylated cytosines to uracil. Based on this differential effect, the bisulfite-modified DNA sequence of a methylated allele was successfully distinguished from that of an unmethylated allele using 2 sets of allele-specific primer pairs: a methylated allele-specific primer pair (MET) and an unmethylated allele-specific primer pair (UNMET). Bisulfite-modified DNA from 10 patients with PWS amplified only with the MET pair while modified DNA from 5 patients with AS amplified only with the UNMET pair. Modified DNA from 50 normal unrelated individuals amplified with both primer pairs. In that methylation-specific PCR (MSPCR) can detect all presently testable causes of PWS and AS in a rapid and cost-effective fashion, serious consideration should be given to the use of this test in the initial evaluation of all patients in which PWS or AS is being considered.
Stochastic tree grammar inference for texture synthesis and discrimination

In a previous paper (S. Y. Lu and K. S. Fu, Computer Graphics and Image Processing 8, 1978), we have proposed a syntactic model for texture analysis. A texture pattern is divided into fixed size windows. Windowed patterns are described by using tree representations and characterized by tree grammars. This paper introduces a texture grammar inference procedure which employs a clustering algorithm and a stochastic regular grammar inference procedure.
On nonsymmetric P - and Q - polynomial association schemes

Abstract If a nonsymmetric P -polynomial association scheme, or equivalently, a distance-regular digraph, has diameter d and girth g , then d = g or d = g − 1, by Damerell's theorem. The dual of this theorem was proved by Leonard. In this paper, we prove that the diameter of a nonsymmetric P - and Q -polynomial association scheme is one less than its girth and its cogirth. We also give a structure theorem for a nonsymmetric Q -polynomial association scheme whose diameter is equal to its cogirth. We use self-duality and unimodality to show that the eigenvalues of a nontrivial nonsymmetric P - and Q -polynomial association scheme are quadratic over the rationals. The fact that the adjacency algebra becomes a C -algebra gives a necessary condition for the existence of a nonsymmetric P - and Q -polynomial association scheme. As an application, it is shown that the only nontrivial nonsymmetric P - and Q -polynomial association scheme with girth 5 is the directed 5 cycle.
The use of two nutritional indicators in identifying long bone fracture patients who do and do not develop infections

One hundred consecutive orthopedic long bone fracture patients requiring surgical fixation were nutritionally assessed using both the nutritional index of Rainey-MacDonald et al. and total lymphocyte count. The ability of these two parameters to identify correctly those patients who do and do not develop postoperative complications was assessed using several error rate measures, which included sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy. Fourteen of our patients developed postoperative complications. All complications observed were infections. The accuracy of the nutritional index and total lymphocyte count in predicting patient outcome was 78 and 51%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values calculated for the nutritional index were 36 and 94%, respectively. Total lymphocyte count analysis resulted in positive and negative predictive values of 15 and 87%, respectively. In our sample of patients, the nutritional index was a better predictor of patient outcome than total lymphocyte count, as indicated by the higher accuracy rate calculated for the nutritional index. Based upon positive predictive value results, neither of these indicators was most accurate in identifying patients who did develop infections. Not unexpectedly, both indicators were best in identifying those patients who did not develop postoperative infections.
Optimization of RAE satellite boom deployment timing.

Radio Astronomy Explorer satellite boom deployment method resulting in gravity gradient capture, emphasizing role of predeployment attitude and antenna Vee angle
Currents in La Jolla and Scripps Submarine Canyons

Velocities up to 34 centimeters per second have been recorded near the floors of submarine canyons off La Jolla, California. Currents move alternately down- and upcanyon with variable periods. All 3- to 6-day measurements show net current transport downcanyon. Many of the downcanyon currents of higher velocity correlate with ebbing tides, as measured at the nearby pier. Other factors producing the currents probably include internal waves. Velocities are sufficient to transport large quantities of fine sand.
Structure of Cu(115): Clean surface and its oxygen-induced facets

Cu(001) vicinal surfaces facet when exposed to O. We have studied this process on Cu(115), which transforms from a clean surface to {104} and {113} facets, using surface x-ray diffraction. The Cu(115) surface exhibits a complex interlayer relaxation accounted for by basic elasticity theory; the vertical displacements of the three surface atoms are found to correlate with those of the subsurface atoms directly below. The O/Cu(104) facets do not, as previously proposed, involve any missing Cu rows, but the top three rows are expanded away from the bulk; the Cu-O chains which stabilize this surface are similar to those present on other O on Cu reconstructions. The $\mathrm{O}/\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}(113)(3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ facets are significantly disordered, with stripes about 8 \AA{} wide running parallel to the atomic steps.
The Most Important Language in International Business is that of Your Customer or is it

This study explores whether knowledge of foreign languages is important for successful exporting and international business by US. companies, and whether the need for foreign language skills is pre...
What difference one double bond makes: Electronic structure of saturated and unsaturated n-heterocyclic carbene ligands in Grubbs 2nd generation-type catalysts

N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are a versatile and useful class of ligands that have enjoyed much success over the past few decades in organometallic chemistry. This fact is exemplified most convincingly in Grubbs 2nd generation olefin metathesis catalysts. We explore the electronic impact of the NHC-ligand by decoupling electronic and steric effects through simplified model N-heterocyclic carbenes. Saturated and unsaturated N-heterocyclic carbene ligands give rise to fundamentally different frontier orbitals in these catalysts, suggesting a need to classify them as two electronically distinct ligand classes.
Repertoire isn't everything for GVHD.

Question: When is defective memory cell function a good thing? Answer: When effector memory T (T EM ) cells are administered in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants (HCTs). T EM cells are defective in their capacity to induce GVHD. In this issue of Blood , Juchem et al employ a clever preclinical allogeneic HCT strategy to gain insight into why this is so. 1 After transplantation of univariate naive(T N ), central memory (T CM ), and T EM CD4 T cells, the investigators conclude that repertoire differences cannot explain the T EM defect. Interestingly, functional deficits intrinsic to T EM cells appear to contribute to their impotence. 2
ON THE ANOMALOUS COMPONENT OF LOW-ENERGY GEOMAGNETICALLY TRAPPED PROTONS

The energy spectrum of trapped protons shows a pronounced variation with latitude at energies <30 Mev. An anomalous, low-energy component is found on relatively high magnetic shells in the inner zone. The interpretation in terms of the decay of albedo neutrons generated in the polar caps by solar cosmic rays is examined. This interpretation requires that the inner shells, where a normal spectrum is seen, should be shielded from the polar source. The intensity of albedo neutrons as a function of energy, latitude, and zenith angle is computed. The injection rate into specific trapped orbits is then evaluated, and it is shown that those orbits where no anomalous component exists cannot be populated by the solar cosmic-ray mechanism, whereas the orbits where the anomalous component is seen can be populated. Assuming adiabatic trapping in this low-energy region, lifetimes are long compared with the average intervals between large injection events. Therefore, the anomalous component may represent an equilibrium phenomenon rather than a transient. This component should extend into the outer belt.
Early life experiences and conditions may predict gingival bleeding after periodontal probing

Original Article Nicolau B, Marcenes W, Hardy R, Sheiham A. A life-course approach to assess the relationship between social and psychological circumstances and gingival status in adolescents. J Clin Periodontol 2003;30(12):1038-45. Level of Evidence 2b Purpose To determine the relationship between socioeconomic, biological, and psychological conditions in very early life and throughout the life course and gingival bleeding on probing Source of Funding Government Type of Study/Design Cohort study
Restoring contaminated wires, removing gas contaminants, and aging studies of drift tube chambers

Abstract The original muon detection system of the Fermilab D0 colliding beam experiment contained 12,000 drift cells 10 cm×5 cm in cross-section and up to 580 cm in length. The gas mixture used was Ar/CF 4 /CO 2 (90:6:4). There was one recycling gas system for all the chambers. During the first year of operation, it was discovered that inefficient cells, all in regions of high radiation, had a contaminating shell of crud coating their wires. The source of the contaminant was outgassing of the cathode pads, which were made from a laminate of fiberglass and epoxy/polyester resin, with a copper cladding on one surface. The vapor formed a brittle sheath on the wires, but only in regions of high current discharge due to radiation from the accelerator and colliding beams. A method for cleaning wires in place was devised. By heating the wire quickly to a temperature close to the melting temperature of gold, the sheath was ripped to shreds and blown away. The procedure for “zapping” wires and for removing the contaminating vapor is presented. The upgraded D0 experiment now uses Iarocci-type mini-drift tubes for the forward muon system. The results of aging tests for these chambers are also presented.
Statistics of laser intensity after passing through an amplifier with stochastic gain distributions

Statistical moments of laser intensity passing through an amplifier with stochastic gain are evaluated. This situation happens when turbulent flows exist in the gain medium, which is assumed to be a two-level atomic system. Also, it is assumed that the turbulence structure is fully characterized by a stochastic process. This gain medium is assumed to be partially homogeneously broadened and slightly saturated. In the derivations, the paraxial approximation is combined with the perturbation method to solve for the random laser field inside the amplifier. For mathematical simplicity, a plane wave is propagated through the gain medium which contains only weak turbulence fluctuations. Dependences of the average laser intensity and contrast on turbulence fluctuation strength, characteristic length of the turbulence, and gain saturation and numerically demonstrated. It is found that the turbulence fluctuations make both average intensity and contrast stronger. Also, the gain saturation reduces both average intensity and contrast. In addition, it is shown that the contrast increases as the characteristic length of turbulence is increased. >
Information theoretic models for signatures in VLSI power delivery systems

We propose several abstract models for power distribution systems (PDSs) and show how the physics of PDNs pose limits on our ability to protect against power attacks. Integrated circuits increasingly use integrated voltage regulators (IVRs) to condition the on-chip power signal. IVRs present new opportunities for both decreasing observability of logic activity (power attacks) and monitoring the details of logic activity (Trojan horse detection). We propose three different models for the information in regulated power signals. Longer regulation periods improve the regulator's ability to hide information about the behavior of the logic; unfortunately, longer regulation periods may result in poorer power quality or larger regulator area.
A Maximum Likelihood Approach to Transmission Image Reconstruction from Projections

The stochastic nature of the projections used in transmission image reconstruction has received little attention to date. This paper utilizes the joint probability density function of the projections to derive the reconstruction scheme which is optimum in the maximum likelihood sense. Two regimes are examined: that where there is significant probability of a zero count projection, and that where the zero count event may be safely ignored. The former regime leads to a complicated algorithm whose performance is data dependent. The latter regime leads to a simpler algorithm. Its performance, in terms of its bias and variance, has been calculated. It is shown that, for an average number of counts detected in excess of approximately 100 per projection, the image is essentially unbiased, and for counts in excess of approximately 2500 per projection, the image approximately attains the minimum variance of any reconstruction scheme using the same measurements.
S-wave velocity structure of the crust in the Sigsbee plain in the Gulf of Mexico determined from multi-component ocean bottom seismometer data

We determine S-wave crustal velocity structure of the Sigsbee abyssal plain in the Gulf of the Mexico, using multicomponent ocean bottom seismometer data. We first construct a 2-D P-wave velocity model by applying a raybased travel-time inversion to the vertical component data. Then, we make an attempt to identify in the radial component records the events associated with P-S mode conversion. Using iterative forward modeling, we constrain S-wave velocities of the layers identified in the P-wave model. We are able to identify the mode-converted events with high confidence, because of the relatively simple geologic structure of the area. Vp/Vs values of the sedimentary layers and their relationship with Vp is indicative of lithologic change with depth: poorly consolidated shale at the top, compacted shale in the middle, and carbonates at the bottom.
A note on averaging correlations

Researchers are often faced with attempting to estimate a correlation based on the aggregation of sample rs either from several samples or from repeated measures within a single sample. The usual approach is either to average the observed correlations or to average the Fisher’s z- transformed rs and to back-transform the average z value. This note describes a minimum-variance unbiased estimator for the situation that is superior to either approach and is also simple to compute.
Acute toxicity of uranyl nitrate to growing chicks: a pathophysiologic study

Uranium salts, administered parenterally, were first recognized by Leconte to be nephrotoxic in 1854. Since that time, uranyl nitrate (UN) has been the principle uranium compound used for mammalian nephrotoxic modeling. Uranium is present in vivo in tetravalent (U/sup 4 +/) or hexavalent (U/sup 6 +/) forms, with U/sup 6 +/ as the most stable valance. Tissue deposition of uranium occurs primarily in bone and kidney while the chief route of excretion is via the urine. Uranyl nitrate causes injury and necrosis of the renal tubular epithelium. A suitable nephrotoxic compound was required for validation of an impaired renal function (IRF) model developed by Harvey et al. While UN has been used extensively for nephrotoxic modeling, toxicity data have not been available delineating the effects of UN on chicken cells or tissues. The objective of the study was to characterize the pathophysiologic effects of UN in growing chicks.
Structure and developmental expression of the mouse CCK-B receptor gene.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin exert their effects through two receptors, the CCK-A and CCK-B receptors. We have cloned the mouse CCK-B receptor gene (Cckbr) and determined its complete genomic structure, nucleotide sequence, and tissue-specific expression pattern. Cckbr is divided into five exons spanning 11 kb. A primer extension assay was used to map the transcription initiation site to 199 bp upstream of the translational start site. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends was used to localize the 3' end downstream of an atypical polyadenylation site (GATAAA). Mouse Cckbr transcripts were most abundant in brain and stomach, but were also detected in colon, kidney, ovary, and pancreas. Prenatal expression of both CCK-A and CCK-B receptors in various tissues was analyzed by RT-PCR. The expression pattern was similar to the adult pattern, suggesting that receptor transcription is an early event in gastrointestinal development.
Clinical significance of drug-nutrient interactions

Abstract Not every drug interacts with a nutrient to induce a clinically significant effect. Risk factors increasing the occurrence of drug-nutrient interactions include: multiple drug treatments, chronic drug theraphy, nutritionally marginal diets, age- or disease-related malabsorption disorders and inadequate attention to these factors by biomedical researches. Jeffrey Blumberg argues that diet and other variables affecting the nutritional state of the body must be considered in the design of drug efficacy and safety studies.
Computational studies of the FENE dumbbell model in a co‐rotating two‐roll mill

The motion of a viscoelastic liquid, modeled via the Chilcott–Rallison version of the FENE dumbbell model, is studied numerically for a co‐rotating two‐roll mill. Solutions are obtained for values of the Deborah number up to 13.6, and for the dimensionless contour length 300≤L2≤2000 at three different values of the concentration parameter c≤1. The emphasis of the study is on start‐up flow from a state of rest. Of particular interest is the onset of a complicated overshoot and undershoot of the dumbbell configuration at very large values of De and L. This phenomenon is due primarily to the fact that the flow is significantly modified as the polymer contribution to the stress increases, but there is also a contribution due to the closed nature of the flow system which means that all streamlines of the flow are closed, and the deformation history experienced by a polymer molecule is therefore periodic in time.
Coloring Within the Lines: Gender Stereotypes in Contemporary Coloring Books

Extensive research on print media for children such as storybooks reveals that gender stereotypes are prevalent; however, no systematic analysis of coloring books has been conducted since 1974. We analyzed 889 characters in 56 contemporary coloring books published in the United States and selected through stratified random sampling from one region of California, coding for prevalence of each gender, stereotypic gender roles, activity level, type, and age of character. As hypothesized, males were more active; gender stereotypes were common. Gender neutral behaviors were more likely to be done by males. Females were more likely to be depicted as children and humans; whereas males were mostly depicted as animals, adults, and superheroes. Results are discussed in terms of gender schema theory.
Incorporating Adult Community Services in Students' Transition Planning

Despite the 15-year focus on transition planning, students with learning disabilities (LD) continue to experience less positive postschool outcomes than their peers without disabilities. Outcome data indicate that experiencing successful transitions from public schooling into the adult world seems to be a complex and elusive process. The 1997 amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Act promote the development of interagency linkages between school personnel and community agencies in an effort to mobilize all available resources. In many cases, however, these linkages are not being made. This article provides information on available community agencies, the resources they offer, and ways school personnel might work with these agencies in an effort to enhance successful transitions for individuals with LD.
Free-exciton confinement by layer stacking faults in GaSe: Evidence from time-resolved spectroscopy

Picosecond photomodulation techniques have been applied to study the kinetics of the $n=1$ free exciton in the layered semiconductor GaSe. We have observed a lack of spectral diffusion within a stochastic inhomogeneous exciton resonance at low temperatures and use this to support arguments for partial exciton localization by layer stacking faults.