cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From agenda setting to refusal setting

Past research suggests that there is a relationship between survey response and topic salience, namely that individuals responding to a survey are likely to find the survey topic more salient than nonrespondents do. For election surveys, nonresponse resulting from a lack of salience can influence findings because respondents may be more interested in politics than nonrespondents. The agenda-setting model suggests that media coverage should heighten salience. Thus, as media coverage of political campaigns increases over the course of an election, refusals to a political survey should decline. Using data from the National Annenberg Election Survey (NAES), which was conducted nearly continuously in 2004, this study investigates the issue of nonresponse in a random digit dial telephone survey across the election cycle by examining daily changes in the refusal rates using time-series analysis. Content analyses of the frequencies of presidential campaign stories mentioned in the New York Times and three network news broadcasts were matched against a time series from the NAES to demonstrate that increases in media coverage of the election were negatively related to the survey refusal rate.
Surgical and endovascular treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms at university hospitals

Objective: To compare complications of surgical clipping and coil embolization in the treatment of unruptured aneurysms. Background: Surgical clipping has been the preferred treatment for unruptured cerebral aneurysms but endovascular coil embolization is an increasingly employed alternative. No direct comparisons of the techniques are available to guide clinical decision making. Methods: We performed a cohort study of patients treated for unruptured cerebral aneurysms at 60 university hospitals from January 1994 through June 1997 using the University HealthSystem Consortium database. The database was validated by chart review from one of the participant universities. The main outcome measures were in-hospital mortality and adverse outcomes, defined as in-hospital deaths and discharges to nursing homes or rehabilitation hospitals. Results: The primary treatment modality was surgical in 2,357 cases and endovascular in 255 cases. Adverse outcomes were significantly more common in surgical cases (18.5%) compared to endovascular cases (10.6%) ( p = 0.002), and the difference was not altered after adjusting for age, sex, race, transfer admissions, emergency room admissions, and year of treatment (odds ratio [OR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4 to 3.3; p = 0.001). In-hospital mortality was also increased in surgical cases (2.3% versus 0.4%; p = 0.039), but the difference was not significant in the multivariable model (OR 6.3, 95% CI 0.9 to 46.1; p = 0.07). Length of stay and hospital charges were significantly greater for surgical cases ( p Conclusion: Endovascular coil embolization resulted in fewer adverse outcomes than surgery for unruptured cerebral aneurysms treated at the university hospitals studied. Although these results should be seen as preliminary, the magnitude of difference and current predominance of surgery appear to justify a randomized trial.
The permeability of endplate channels to monovalent and divalent metal cations.

The relative permeability of endplate channels to monovalent and divalent metal ions was determined from reversal potentials. Thallium is the most permeant ion with a permeability ratio relative to Na+ of 2.5. The selectivity among alkali metals is weak with a sequence, Cs+ greater than Rb+ greater than K+ greater than Na+ greater than Li+, and permeability ratios of 1.4, 1.3, 1.1, 1.0, and 0.9. The selectivity among divalent ions is also weak, with a sequence for alkaline earths of Mg++ greater than Ca++ greater than Ba++ greater than Sr++. The transition metal ions Mn++, Co++, Ni++, Zn++, and Cd++ are also permeant. Permeability ratios for divalent ions decreased as the concentration of divalent ion was increased in a manner consistent with the negative surface potential theory of Lewis (1979 J. Physiol. (Lond.). 286: 417--445). With 20 mM XCl2 and 85.5 mM glucosamine.HCl in the external solution, the apparent permeability ratios for the alkaline earth cations (X++) are in the range 0.18--0.25. Alkali metal ions see the endplate channel as a water-filled, neutral pore without high-field-strength sites inside. Their permeability sequence is the same as their aqueous mobility sequence. Divalent ions, however, have a permeability sequence almost opposite from their mobility sequence and must experience some interaction with groups in the channel. In addition, the concentrations of monovalent and divalent ions are increased near the channel mouth by a weak negative surface potential.
Morphological evidence for a blood-epididymis barrier and the effects of gossypol on its integrity.

Ultrastructural and micropuncture techniques were used to obtain morphological evidence for a blood-epididymis barrier ( BEB ) in the rat and to determine whether gossypol, an oral male contraceptive, alters the permeability of the BEB or blood-testis barrier ( BTB ) in rats made infertile with gossypol. Rats were treated by gavage with 20 mg/kg per day of gossypol for 6 weeks; control animals received the vehicle alone. For electron microscopy the components of the BEB were analyzed in each region of the epididymis with intravascularly perfused lanthanum nitrate. Throughout the epididymis in both control and gossypol-treated animals it was found that the zonula occludens at the apicolateral surface of the epididymal epithelial cells was the sole and ultimate structural component of the rat BEB ; the flow of intravascularly perfused lanthanum was not significantly impeded by the vascular endothelium, the peritubular myoid layer or other lateral cell surface specializations. For micropuncture, control and treated rats were administered 0.3 mCi [3H]inulin via the jugular vein. Radioactivity was determined in samples collected from the seminiferous tubules, caput and cauda epididymidis, and carotid artery. Results showed that [3H]inulin entry in seminiferous tubules, caput and caudal luminal fluid from blood was similar for control and treated groups. It was concluded that gossypol treatment does not alter the permeability properties of the BTB and BEB to macromolecules such as inulin or to small electron-dense tracers such as lanthanum.
The interaction between an internal gravity wave and the planetary boundary layer. Part I: The linear analysis

Using the data obtained at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO), we have analysed a gravity wave-turbulence event, which occurred on 18 September 1978. A 300m tower was equipped with various sensors at eight different levels and provided information on the vertical structure of the disturbance to an unprecedented degree. These data were complemented by measurements from a nearby microbarograph network which allowed us to determine the period and horizontal wavelength of the disturbance. It was the rather accurate determination of the period of the gravity wave and its near monochromaticity that made possible the utilization of the phase average operator in separating the periodic and turbulent components of the field variables. In this paper, we concentrate on describing the wave field and on comparing it with a linear model, deferring to a second paper the discussion of the effect of the periodic disturbance on the coexisting turbulence. We show that a linear model adequately describes the observed parameters (period and horizontal wavelength) and the vertical structure of the fluctuations in the temperature and horizontal and vertical velocity components.
Profmig: A framework for flexible migration of program profiles across software versions

Offline program profiling is costly, especially when software update is frequent. In this paper, we initiate a systematic exploration in cross-version program profile migration, which tries to effectively reuse the valid part of the behavior profiles of an old version of a software for a new version. We explore the effects imposed on profile reusability by the various factors in program behaviors, profile formats, and impact analysis, and introduce ProfMig, a framework for flexible migrations of various profiles. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the techniques on migrating loop trip-count profiles and dynamic call graphs. The migration saves significant (48-67% on average) profiling time with less than 10% accuracy compromised for most programs.
Identification and synthesis of a novel 15 kDa β-galactoside-binding lectin in human leukocytes

Knowledge of the identity, synthesis and secretion of beta-galactoside-binding lectins by leukocytes is of importance because lactosaminoglycans present at the leukocyte cell surface may be physiologically significant lectin receptors that could mediate autocrine or paracrine functions and/or cell adhesion. This paper presents data that show that a previously identified 15.5-16.5 kDa lactose-binding protein synthesized in vitro by human peripheral leukocytes is actually comprised of three different polypeptides. One of these is related to a novel 15 kDa lectin isolated from human spleen and which is synthesized by B lymphoblastoid cells. Spleen contains at least six lactose-binding polypeptides for which the carbohydrate-binding activity is independent of the presence of divalent cations and mercaptoethanol. The splenic 15 kDa polypeptide does not appear to be immunologically related to previously characterized beta-galactoside-binding lectins. It is separable from galaptin, another galactoside-binding lectin (subunit mol. wt 14.5 kDa) by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. Western blot analyses and immunoprecipitation/fluorography experiments with metabolically labelled cells showed the presence of the 15 kDa lectin in peripheral leukocytes and in Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B lymphoblastoid cells. The 15 kDa lectin yielded polypeptide fragments of approximately 6.2 and approximately 8.6 kDa after cyanogen bromide (CNBr) degradation. These fragments were partially sequenced and 12 residues/fragment were identified. A similarity search of the SWISS PROT protein data base did not reveal a relationship of the 15 kDa polypeptide to known lectins, including galaptin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Relationship of External Influence to Parental Distress in Decision Making Regarding Children with a Life-Threatening Illness

Objective To examine the relationship of external influence to parental distress when making a decision about research or treatment for a child with a life-threatening illness and to test potential moderators of this relationship. Methods Parents (n ¼ 219) who made a decision about research or treatment for a child completed measures of external influence, distress, decision-making preference, and coping. Results More external influence was associated with more hostility, uncertainty, and confusion. Decision-making preference and coping style moderated the relationship between external influence and distress: More external influence was associated with more distress when decision-making preference was low and task-focused coping was high. Conclusions External influence appears to be related to distress in parents making research and treatment decisions for children with life-threatening illnesses. However, it is important to consider parent characteristics, such as decision-making preference and coping style, when examining the effects of contextual factors on distress during decision making.
A distributed differentially encoded OFDM scheme for asynchronous cooperative systems with low probability of interception

Recently, Li, Hwu and Ratazzi have proposed a physical-layer security design to guarantee low probability of interception (LPI) for MIMO systems without relying on upper layer data encryption. The proposed scheme utilizes antenna array redundancy to deliberately randomize the transmitted signals to prevent eavesdropping. Motivated by their idea, in this paper we design a physical-layer transmission scheme to achieve LPI in cooperative systems. There are two major differences in cooperative systems: (1) each relay node may have only one antenna that can not provide antenna array redundancy for signal randomization; (2) there may exist timing errors due to the asynchronous nature of cooperative systems. Considering the two differences, we propose a distributed differentially encoded OFDM transmission scheme with deliberate signal randomization to prevent eavesdropping and exploit the available spatial and frequency diversities in asynchronous cooperative systems. We use diagonal unitary codes to perform the differential encoding in the frequency domain over subcarriers within each OFDM block, or we use general (not necessarily diagonal) unitary codes to perform the differential encoding in the frequency domain across several OFDM blocks. By some deliberate signal randomization, the eavesdropper can not detect the transmitted symbols, while the authorized receiver can perform differential decoding successfully without the knowledge of the channels or the timing errors.
Stable overexpression of specific segments of the P2P‐R protein in human MCF‐7 cells promotes camptothecin‐induced apoptosis

The stable overexpression of near full-length P2P-R protein in human Saos 2 cells restricts cell cycle progression by inducing mitotic arrest at prometaphase and mitotic apoptosis (Gao and Scott, 2002, J Cell Physiol 193: 199–207). Those effects of P2P-R were observed in Saos-2 cells that lack p53 and employ a caspase-3-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway. The current studies were performed to evaluate if overexpression of specific segments of the P2P-R protein promote apoptosis in human MCF-7 cells that contain p53 and employ a different apoptotic signaling pathway. Since segments of P2P-R were found not to induce apoptosis independently, the ability of three different P2P-R segments to promote camptothecin-induced apoptosis was evaluated following their stable transfection and expression in MCF-7 cells. Relative to full-length P2P-R (1–1560 aa), the three P2P-R segments used in these studies included: P2P-R-2 (761–1560 aa), P2P-R-3 (1156–1560 aa), and P2P-R-4 (1314–1560 aa). The results document that overexpression of P2P-R-2 and P2P-R-3 promotes camptothecin-induced apoptosis by three to fivefold when assayed by flow cytometric analysis of apoptotic sub 2n cell populations or by TUNEL assays. In contrast, P2P-R-4 had no effect on apoptosis. These results suggest that the ability of P2P-R to promote camptothecin-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells involves a specific region (1156–1314 aa) that exists within P2P-R. The data presented also show that the p53 binding domain of P2P-R overlaps with the apoptosis-associated region and previous studies documented that this region of P2P-R also binds single-strand nucleotides (Witte and Scott, 1997, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 1212–1217). Therefore, P2P-R-promoted apoptosis induced by camptothecin may be influenced by such interactions. J. Cell. Physiol. 197: 445–452, 2003© 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bayesian decision and mixture models for AE monitoring of steel-concrete composite shear walls

This paper presents an approach based on an acoustic emission technique for the health monitoring of steel–concrete (SC) composite shear walls. SC composite walls consist of plain (unreinforced) concrete sandwiched between steel faceplates. Although the use of SC system construction has been studied extensively for nearly 20 years, little-to-no attention has been devoted to the development of structural health monitoring techniques for the inspection of damage of the concrete behind the steel plates. In this work an unsupervised pattern recognition algorithm based on probability theory is proposed to assess the soundness of the concrete infill, and eventually provide a diagnosis of the SC wall's health. The approach is validated through an experimental study on a large-scale SC shear wall subjected to a displacement controlled reversed cyclic loading.
Mechanisms for the Protection of Democracy in the Inter-American System and the Competing Lockean and Aristotelian Constitutions

While some have argued that there is an emerging universal human right under international law to live under democratic government, the so-called "democratic entitlement," the peoples of the Western Hemisphere arguably do not need to reach that question. Rather, they can maintain that today, under the narrower conventional and customary regime that has grown out of the Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS), all Americans can assert that they have a positive law claim to their natural law right to self-government. This essay, which is based on lectures given at the 2006 Annual Course of the Inter-American Juridical Committee of the OAS in Rio de Janeiro, will articulate the positive law grounds for this claim. Briefly, it will show how this claim needs to be unpacked along two parameters: first, whether is represents a hard law or soft law theory of international law; and, second, whether it reflects an international compact or contract theory or a quasi-constitutional theory of international law. Second, this essay will draw attention to proposals for reform of the Inter-American system for the protection of democracy and locate those proposals in light of the competing "hard" law and "soft" law conceptions of the nature of Inter-American democratic entitlement. Finally, this paper will identify precedents from comparative constitutional law to illustrate how, over time, as socio-political consensus is achieved, the "soft" law conception of the democratic entitlement can become a "hard" law regime at some future point in the evolution of the Inter-American system. This essay will argue, however, that a fully "hard" law version of the democratic entitlement is premature until sufficient consensus is achieved in relating the formal understanding of democracy contained in the Charter with a substantive conception of democracy that is tied to the role democracy plays in furthering the welfare of the people. Indeed, it argues that at stake are competing conceptions of democracy that flow, in the language of this article, from the differences between Lockean, primarily negative rights, and Aristotelian, primarily positive rights, theories of domestic constitutional law. In the interim, and until consensus can be achieved on these deeper questions of constitutional theory, the international law mechanisms for the protection of democracy in the Inter-American system should be limited to the hard core of the elements of formal democracy identified in the Inter-American Democratic Charter.
Adoptive Homes and the Meaning of Family: Implications for Gay and Lesbian Prospective Parents

Restrictions on the adoption rights of gay men and lesbians limit their possibilites to become parents, even as thousands of children wait to be placed in adoptive families in the United States. This article will review past and current policy on gay and lesbian couple adoption in the United States. Policy changes are then suggested to expand the definition of adoptive families and to create non-discriminatory adoption guidelines to protect gay men and lesbians as legitimate families. Finally, the role of social workers and their responsibility under both the laws and systems of adoption protocol will be explored.
Intense THz Beam from Organic Electro-Optic Materials

We report THz optical rectification from organic electro-optic crystals. The magnitude of the rectified field from an organic salt is one and two orders larger than that from GaAs and LiTaO3, respectively.
Review of ADI/SIMPLER Schemes for Heat Transfer in Rotating Disk Systems and Thermocapillary Flows

Two series of numerical study on heat transfer are conducted: flow through an assembly of co-rotating parallel disks, and buoyancy-thermocapillary induced convection. The former is a three-dimensional problem using primitive variables in the formulation, and the modified SIMPLER algorithm is used to study both the laminar and the turbulent cases. The latter series deals with two-dimensional phenomena described by stream function-vorticity format, and the ADI scheme is applied. Spontaneous evaporation, as well as external heating serve as the driving potential.in rectangular tanks, and liquid sessile drops.
Management of perimenopause: Focus on alternative therapies

A variety of herbs and other "natural alternative medicines" are marketed directly to consumers and sold over-the-counter as treatments for perimenopausal symptoms. Far from being innocuous placebos, many of these substances have real physiologic effects, including potential adverse effects and drug interactions. Yet they are largely untested and, by law, totally unregulated. This article reviews a few of the untested substances your patients may be taking, along with established treatments.
Integrated Optical Systems Approach to Ion Trap Quantum Repeaters

A quantum communication node with high quality quantum memories and photonic interfaces capable of quantum logic operations provide a technology platform for realizing quantum repeaters. We will discuss a viable implementation in trapped ion systems.
Evaluation of Uncertainty for the Determination of Fluoride in Drinking Water by Fluorine Reagent Spectrophotometric Method

Objective To establish a method for the evaluation of uncertainty to the fluoride detection in drinking water,so as to find out the key links and the main influence in the process of determination and to provide the basis for the effectively improve the quality of the detection work.Methods To establish a mathematical model,and then to use the method about the evaluation of uncertainty to analyze the sources of the uncertainty of in the determination process, to calculate each component of the uncertainty in the determination process,finally to combine and expand the uncertainty.Results The major sources of uncertainty were identified as the standard regression carve,standard stock solution diluted and the sample repeated measurement.When the concentration of fluoride detection in drinking water was 1.03 mg/L,the expanded uncertainty calculated was 0.018 mg/L.Conclusion The key links and the main influence in the process of determination can help us to effectively reduce the measurement uncertainty, and to ensure the accuracy and reliability of measurement results.
Platelet-associated and plasma anti-glycoprotein autoantibodies in chronic ITP

Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is due to platelet destruction by circulating antiplatelet antibody. Although autoantibodies against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) complex and GPIb have been demonstrated using various methods, practical assays for detection of platelet-associated or plasma autoantibodies have not been available. We studied 59 patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in whom platelet-associated and plasma autoantibodies against the GPIIb/IIIa complex and GPIb were measured using a newly developed immunobead assay and a previously reported microtiter-well assay. Platelet-associated autoantibody was detected using the immunobead assay in 21 of 28 patients (75.0%; 13 with anti-GPIIb/IIIa, 8 with anti-GPIb). Plasma autoantibodies were noted in 34 of 59 patients (57.6%; 21 with anti-GPIIb/IIIa, 11 with anti-GPIb, and 2 with both). Positive results were noted in 30 of 59 patients using the immunobead assay and in only 14 of 59 using the microtiter-well assay, suggesting that solubilization of the platelets prior to antibody addition, as in the microtiter-well assay, alters epitope stability. Of the 31 thrombocytopenic control patients studied, all gave negative results using both assays. We conclude that these clinically adaptable assays allow detection of autoantibodies in most patients with chronic ITP, confirming the presence of an autoimmune process.
Age-associated oxidation of innate immune proteins in the lung mucosa alters the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Age-associated immune changes are a risk factor for the development of tuberculosis (TB); however the phenomenon of inflammaging, a state of heightened systemic inflammation observed in the elderly, particularly within the lung mucosa has not been addressed. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection results in bacterial deposition in the lung alveoli where they are bathed in alveolar lining fluid (ALF). ALF contains soluble innate factors that mediate the M.tb-host cell encounter and subsequent immune response. Recent studies indicate that local inflammation and oxidation occur within the ALF. We hypothesize that ALF components lose their function as we age, and this deficiency favors the establishment of M.tb infection. Previously, we reported increased oxidation of proteins within ALF from human adult (ages 25–44) and elderly (ages >65) populations, in addition to elevated basal levels of inflammatory cytokines and complement components. Here, we extended our findings to explore the impact of adult or elderly ALF during M.tb infection. Although the levels of SP-A and C3 were elevated in elderly ALF, their binding to M.tb was reduced, suggesting a defect in innate immune function with age. To evaluate the impact of ALF age-associated changes in vivo, mice were infected with M.tb pre-exposed to adult or elderly ALF. Mice infected with elderly ALF-M.tb had significantly increased bacterial growth within the lung and spleen compared to adult ALF-M.tb infected mice, suggesting that loss of innate immune function within ALF could have long term consequences in controlling M.tb infection. We conclude that M.tb may benefit from the declining host defense function of the lung mucosa in the elderly, driving host susceptibility to TB.
Serum concentrations of prolactin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine relative to season and the estrous cycle in the mare.

Studies were conducted to characterize circulating concentrations of prolactin, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) relative to season and the estrous cycle, and to evaluate the ability of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to induce prolactin secretion in the horse mare. The increase in serum prolactin following the iv injection of 0, 5, 50 and 500 micrograms TRH was dose-related, while all three doses of TRH induced a significant and comparable increase in serum T4. Seasonal variations in serum prolactin were directly correlated (P less than .001) with changes in photoperiod (r = .80) and temperature (r = .61). By comparison, concentrations of T3 were inversely related to temperature (r = -.49; P less than .001), while changes in T4 were less closely associated with photoperiod (r = -.29; P = .04). There were no significant fluctuations in prolactin, T3 or T4 at any stage of the estrous cycle. These results demonstrate that concentrations of prolactin in the mare are highest during the summer and lowest during the winter, but it is unknown whether this annual rhythm is controlled by photoperiod, temperature and(or) other environmental factors.
Wonder, Metaphor and Fact

The unique character of the Carlylean-Novalian image reflected in the mountain passage cited above becomes even clearer when one remembers Carlyle’s sense of wonder, a word he uses often implicitly and explicitly. He had written not only of mighty glimpses into the ‘spiritual Universe’ and the possibility of ‘supernatural (really natural) influences’; he had also talked of every living man being a ‘living mystery: he walks between two Eternities and two Infinitudes’. Perhaps Carlyle’s attitude is summed up best by his statement: ‘Wonderful Universe! Were our eyes but opened, what a “secret” were it that we daily see and handle, without heed!’ (2NB, p. 142). Carlyle’s sense of wonder and his constant use of the word ‘miracle’ are connected, of course, with his emphasis on the ‘Spiritual Force’ behind the laws of Nature, and these concepts also reflect his attitude towards art. His ideas and his way of expressing them metaphorically are linked.
Valuation as a Mechanism of Self-Control and Ego Depletion

This chapter presents a model of self-control that explains many phenomena related to self-control including ego depletion. We propose that valuation—the process of integrating multiple sources of subjective value for a given choice option—is a mechanism of self-control. The conflict between a goal and an impulse or another goal is resolved by comparing the cumulative subjective value of the choice options. A given choice option can have an arbitrary number of value sources, and these sources can shift over time depending on situational or intrapersonal constraints. We review the behavioral economics literature on three anomalies in valuation that are directly relevant to self-control (endowment, delay discounting, and diminishing marginal utility) and explain how the properties of the valuation system explain the ego-depletion effect. We close by discussing ways to improve self-control through interventions that target its sources of value, notably including identity.
A Mixed Methods Comparison of Teachers' Lunar Modeling Lesson Implementation and Student Learning Outcomes

ABSTRACTThe authors compare three teachers' adaptations and implementation of a lunar modeling lesson to explain marked differences in student learning outcomes on a spatial-scientific lunar assessment. They used a modified version of the Practices of Science Observation Protocol (P-SOP; Forbes, Biggers, & Zangori, 2013) to identify ways in which features of inquiry were emphasized in each classroom. Additionally, classroom communities of practice were categorized as task-based or practice-based (Riel & Polin, 2004). The authors found that student learning outcomes were related to the fidelity with which the teachers implemented the lesson. Teachers with higher P-SOP scores fostered more of a practice-based learning community than task-based one, which also paralleled greater student learning gains. Although the students' scores did not differ by teacher on the preassessment, they did differ significantly on the postassessment, indicating that the curricular choices and learning communities developed by t...
Study of Drying Kinetics of Salmon Processing By-Products at Different Temperatures and the Quality of Extracted Fish Oil

ABSTRACTSamples of salmon processing by-products were minced, mixed, and partially dried to moisture content of 90 ± 5% (dry basis), at two different temperatures 60 and 100°C (using hot air-drying and oven-drying, respectively). Theoretical and semitheoretical drying models were used for modeling of the drying kinetics of salmon by-products mix, where Page model and logarithmic models were observed as the best models presenting the drying kinetics of salmon by-products at 60 and 100°C, respectively. Salmon by-product oil was extracted from the partially dried by-product through centrifugation and was compared with enzymatically extracted (enzymatic extraction method was considered as the control method) salmon oil, in terms of fatty acid profile of the oils. The oil content obtained through semidried samples and enzymatically treated samples ranged between 16.234 and 18.212 g/100 g of fresh sample, which were not significantly different. The fatty acid composition was similar in all the cases. The fatty ...
Digital Factories for Capability Modeling and Visualization

This paper introduces the concept of Digital Factory (DF) that can be used for representing the technological capabilities of manufacturing facilities. The DF, as the digital twin of physical facilities, replicates the facility in terms of installed machinery, material handling equipment, and layout. DF is supported by a formal ontology that describes the capabilities of the factory in a formal and machine-understandable fashion and enables capability quantification and visualization. Through exploring and querying the Digital Factories, companies can develop a deeper and more precise understanding of the technological capabilities of prospective suppliers, thus making more informed decisions when building supply chain partnerships. By creating their digital twins, small to medium-sized manufacturers can significantly improve their visibility in the virtual space. Digital Factories also enable automated supply chain formation. DF is introduced and discussed from a conceptual perspective in this paper. Also, a mathematical model for quantifying the processing capabilities of Digital Factories is introduced.
Theories of spectral effects of electronic interactions in helical polymers

Recent theories of the effects of intermonomer electronic interactions on the electric absorption spectra of helical polymers are reviewed and critically examined. The theoretical features which are discussed include:1)Exciton baud formation in helical polymers; 2)The application of first- and second-order perturbation theory of the phenomenon of liypochromism; 3)The use of a generalized susceptibility approach to the study of optical properties of helical polymers.Because of the pronounced spectral effects of helix formation, emphasis is placed on the absorption spectra of polypeptides. Experimental evidence is presented for a new electronic absorption band in amides, appearing near the π → π* band. This band is included, along with the other known electronic transitions of amides, in the applications of the above theories to the absorption spectra of the α-helix and poly-L- proline II.The nature of the electronic interaction terms and the approximations generally used are discussed in detail. Physical interpretation of interaction effects, rather than mathematical detail, is stressed.
Idarucizumab (Praxbind) for Dabigatran (Pradaxa) Anticoagulant Reversal

Idarucizumab is the only anticoagulant reversal agent for dabigatran. Because of its high cost and limited data regarding clinical benefit, therapy should be reserved for patients taking dabigatran who have life-threatening bleeding or are in need of emergency surgery.
Income Segregation between School Districts and Inequality in Students’ Achievement:

Large achievement gaps exist between high- and low-income students and between black and white students. This article explores one explanation for such gaps: income segregation between school distr...
High-performance germanium quantum dot photodetectors in the visible and near infrared

Abstract We present our work on high performance germanium (Ge) quantum dot (QD) photodetectors (PDs), fabricated on Si and Ge substrates, that operate via tunneling transport through a QD-containing active layer and feature high internal photoconductive gain. In the λ = 400–1100 nm range, the PDs fabricated on Si substrates exhibit room-temperature spectral responsivity ( R sp ) up to 4 A/W and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) up to 700%. At λ = 640 nm and 12 μ W of incident power, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 7 × 10 6 and specific detectivity ( D * ) of 1.2×1011 cmHz1/2W−1 are obtained. The PDs demonstrate 3 dB bandwidths (f3dB) up to 10 MHz, corresponding to response times of ∼ 40 ns. When operated at 100 K temperature the performance improves, especially at low incident power, where at 10 nW D * increases to 2 × 10 13 cmHz1/2W−1, due to IQE in excess of 22000%. In order to extend the photoresponse into the near-infrared (near-IR), PDs were fabricated on Ge substrates, yielding room-temperature R sp = 1.5 A/W, IQE = 134% and f3dB = 10 kHz at the λ = 1550 nm telecommunication wavelength. Significant improvement to f3dB is expected in PDs employing thinner QD-containing layers. Lowering temperature to 50 K and incident power to 10 nW yield D* = 1013 cmHz1/2W−1, resulting from IQE exceeding 60000%. Based on the above figures of merit, as well as their Si technology compatibility, our Ge QD PDs appear promising for high-performance photodetectors working in the visible and near-IR.
An Appraisal of Korean Immigrant Service Needs

The high percentage of professionally trained men and women adds to the problems shared with other ethnic groups
Return to Sodom and Gomorrah: The ‘New’ Political-Economic System

There are a significant number of politicians and economists who use pseudo-biblical values to justify their political agenda. The author feels that many of their values are indeed biblical, they represent core values of Sodom and Gomorrah. These very wealthy biblical city-states adopted special laws to discourage immigration and create a society that did everything possible to hurt the indigent members of society. It was also a society that encouraged fraud, an unjust marketplace, and a corrupt legal system. While the Bible has little to say about the ideal economic system or about free markets and competition, it does have a great deal to say about a political-economic system that is indifferent to the welfare of the stranger and justice for all. The Great Recession of 2008 may not have done as much physical damage to us as the “brimstone and fire” that rained down upon Sodom and Gomorrah but it did harm millions of people.
The Multi-Band Excitation Speech Coder

There has been considerable interest in the development of low bit rate, high quality speech analysis/synthesis systems. Applications for such systems include voice mail, low bit rate digital communications, and high security telephony. One class of speech analysis/synthesis systems (vocoders) which has been studied extensively and used widely in practice is based on an underlying model of speech. For this class, segments of speech are represented as the product of excitation and system spectra. The excitation parameters generally consist of a pitch period and a voiced/unvoiced (V/UV) decision. The system parameters are typically the spectral envelope or impulse response of the vocal tract. Speech is generated in the vocoder by exciting the system with a periodic impulse train in the case of voiced speech or random noise in the case of unvoiced speech. While vocoders of this type are capable of producing intelligible speech, they have not been successful in synthesizing high quality speech. In addition, the performance of these vocoders is known to degrade rapidly in the presence of background noise. Considerable attention has been devoted to improving these systems. These improvements have focused primarily on the specification and quantization of the excitation signal after removal of the pitch structure. While these techniques have improved the quality, they have significantly increased algorithm complexity, which has precluded the real-time implementation of these systems on low cost architectures.
The Phosphoinositide-Linked CNS Muscarinic Receptor

The importance of muscarinic synapses in the central nervous system is well-known. Potent toxins such as atropine, known to the ancient Romans, block acetylcholine binding to its receptor. Selective effects of scopolamine on memory have for many years implicated cholinergic mechanisms in learning and memory. A specific hypothesis has been proposed relating lack of acetylcholine at muscarinic synapses with the symptomatology of Alzheimer’s disease (1). In addition, several neurological and psychiatric diseases are associated with apparent loss of cholinergic markers in the brain, or are responsive to treatment with anti-cholinergic agents. The role of the muscarinic synapse in the development and treatment of CNS diseases thus assumes a potentially central role, the understanding of which underlies the possibility of rational treatment. In addition to a possible altered cholinergic neurotransmission in Alzheimer’s disease (1,2), there are indications that changes in muscarinic receptor (mAChR) function may underlie Huntington’s disease (3), depression (4–6), temporal lobe epilepsy (7) and narcolepsy (8). Also, anti-muscarinic agents have been reported to improve symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (9) and dystonia (10,11). Several classes of frequently prescribed medications have significant anti-muscarinic potencies, including various anti-psychotic, antidepressant and anti-histaminergic agents.
DYNAMICS AND PRODUCTION OF Pectinaria koreni (Malmgren) IN KIEL BAY, WEST GERMANY

ABSTRACT Samples collected periodically for 2 years (November 1973 to November 1975) along a 2.5-km transect crossing the channel system of southwestern Kiel Bay are used to describe the dynamics and production of a numerically dominant macroinvertebrate, the polychaete Pectinaria koreni. This species has, in recent years, increased in abundance and become an important food for demersal fish. Recruitment of young normally occurred in early summer, with an additional recruitment in late summer of some years. Population size varied widely from year to year, from less than 100 adult specimens/m 2 in autumn of 1973 and 1975 to greater than 1000 specimens/m 2 in 1974. Biomass and production reached highest levels during late summer of 1974 (from 0.7 to 2.5 g C/m 2 and from 0.5 to 1.0 g C/m 2 /month respectively), with highest values recorded at deeper stations. The previous and following years showed very low levels of both, due to poor recruitment or high mortality. The periodic development of an oxygen deficiency in bottom waters appears to be the major factor determining year to year differences in the abundance and biomass of this and other dominant species in the community. In late summer of those years having calm and warm summer weather conditions (in this case, 1973 and 1975), bottom waters below 20 m became anoxic causing nearly total destruction of the benthic community. In the autumn of 1973 the result was a greatly reduced standing stock of Pectinaria throughout the following winter and spring. During summer of 1974 there was much rain and wind, and similar hydrographic stability leading to oxygen deficiency in the bottom water did not develop. The recruitment in 1974 of all species, but especially that of Pectinaria , was heavy, and biomass and numbers of specimens were large. Although oxygen deficiency again developed during the hot summer of 1975, an autumn recruitment of Pectinaria allowed for reestablishment of its dominance during the same year.
Algorithm for Optimal Chance Constrained Knapsack Problem with Applications to Multi-Robot Teaming

Motivated by applications in multirobot team selection, in this paper, we present a novel algorithm for computing optimal solution of chance-constrained 0–1 knapsack problem. In this variation of the knapsack problem, the objective function is deterministic but the weights of the items are stochastic and therefore the knapsack constraint is stochastic. We convert the chance-constrained knapsack problem to a two-dimensional discrete optimization problem on the variance-mean plane, where each point on the plane can be identified with an assignment of items to the knapsack. By exploiting the geometry of the non-convex feasible region of the chance-constrained knapsack problem in the variance-mean plane, we present a novel deterministic technique to find an optimal solution by solving a sequence of deterministic knapsack problems (called risk-averse knapsack problem). We apply our algorithm to a multirobot team selection problem to cover a given route, where the length of the route is much larger than the length each individual robot can fly and the length that an individual robot can fly is a random variable (with known mean and variance). We present simulation results on randomly generated data to demonstrate that our approach is scalable with both the number of robots and increasing uncertainty of the distance an individual robot can travel.
NJR: a normalized Java resource

We are on the cusp of a major opportunity: software tools that take advantage of Big Code. Specifically, Big Code will enable novel tools in areas such as security enhancers, bug finders, and code synthesizers. What do researchers need from Big Code to make progress on their tools? Our answer is an infrastructure that consists of 100,000 executable Java programs together with a set of working tools and an environment for building new tools. This Normalized Java Resource (NJR) will lower the barrier to implementation of new tools, speed up research, and ultimately help advance research frontiers.Researchers get significant advantages from using NJR. They can write scripts that base their new tool on NJR's already-working tools, and they can search NJR for programs with desired characteristics. They will receive the search result as a container that they can run either locally or on a cloud service. Additionally, they benefit from NJR's normalized representation of each Java program, which enables scalable running of tools on the entire collection. Finally, they will find that NJR's collection of programs is diverse because of our efforts to run clone detection and near-duplicate removal. In this paper we describe our vision for NJR and our current prototype.
Who Wants to Make America Great Again?: Understanding Evangelical Support for Donald Trump

White evangelicals overwhelmingly supported Donald Trump in the 2016 election, producing extensive debate as to who evangelicals are, what it means to be an evangelical in the United States today, and whether the electoral results are surprising or not. This paper offers empirical clarity to this protracted discussion by asking and answering a series of questions related to Trump's victory in general and his support from white evangelicals in particular. In doing so, the analyses show that the term “evangelical” has not become a synonym for conservative politics and that white evangelical support for Trump would be higher if public opinion scholars used a belief-centered definition of evangelicalism rather than relying on the more common classification strategies based on self-identification or religious denomination. These findings go against claims that nominal evangelicals, those who call themselves evangelicals but are not religious, make up the core of Trump's support base. Moreover, strong electoral support among devout evangelicals is not unique to the 2016 election but rather is part of a broader trend of evangelical electoral behavior, even when faced with non-traditional Republican candidates. Finally, the paper explores why white evangelicals might support a candidate like Trump. The paper presents evidence that negative partisanship helps explain why devout evangelicals—despite Trump's background and behaviors being cause for concern—coalesced around his presidential bid. Together, the findings from this paper help make sense of both the 2016 presidential election and evangelical public opinion, both separately and together.
1,4-Bis(2-nitro­benz­yl)piperazine

The title compound, C18H20N4O4, was synthesized via the base-assisted reaction of piperazine and 2-nitro­benyl bromide in toluene: the complete mol­ecule is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre in the solid state.