cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Über Metasprachen für die Semantik

In der Metasprache M, die wir soweit benutzt haben, haben wir zum Beispiel uber Extensionen und Intensionen, uber Klassen und Eigenschaften gesprochen. Es ist das Hauptanliegen dieses Kapitels, zu zeigen, das diese Unterscheidung tatsachlich nicht zwei Arten von Wesenheiten, sondern lediglich eine Unterscheidung zwischen zwei Redeweisen voraussetzt. Zuerst erortern wir mogliche Methoden fur das Definieren von Extensionen in Ausdrucken von Intensionen und umgekehrt, ohne irgendeine von ihnen zu ubernehmen (§ 33). Dann konstruieren wir eine neue Metasprache M′ (§§ 34–36). Wahrend M gesonderte Ausdrucke fur eine Extension (z. B. „die Klasse Menschlich“) und eine Intension (z. B. „die Eigenschaft Menschlich“) enthalt, enthalt M′ nur einen Ausdruck (z. B. „Menschlich“), der sozusagen neutral wie die Ausdrucke in dem symbolischen System S1 (z. B. „H“) ist. Daher nennen wir M′ eine neutrale Metasprache. Durch dieses Ausscheiden der Ausdrucks-Verdoppelung verschwindet die scheinbare Verdoppelung von Entitaten. Es wird gezeigt. das alle Satze von M in M′ ubersetzt werden konnen, einschlieslich der Semantik von Systemen wie S1 (§ 37). Schlieslich wird die Frage untersucht, ob eine vollstandige semantische Beschreibung eines Systems, selbst eines nichtextensionalen Systems wie S2, in einer Metasprache formuliert werden kann, die im Unterschied zu M und M′ extensional ist; es scheint, das dies der Fall ist (§ 38).
Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma and the prognostic implications of its histologic variants: a population‐based study

Background Variants of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) make up 15% of all cases of SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract. There are 5 main histologic variants of SCC in the head and neck region: verrucous (VSCC), papillary (PSCC), spindle cell (sarcomatoid) (SCSC), basaloid (BSCC), and adenosquamous (ASC). Conventional sinonasal SCC has been studied extensively, but far less is known about its major variants. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to extract frequency and survival data from 1973 to 2009. A total of 4382 cases of conventional sinonasal SCC and 328 cases of its major variants were found. Statistical comparisons of data for sinonasal SCC and its variants were carried out with respect to varying demographic and disease specific parameters, such as gender, race, age at diagnosis, and specific anatomic site affected. Results Sinonasal BSCC was diagnosed at a significantly lower mean age than sinonasal SCC. Sinonasal SCSC significantly affected the maxillary sinus more commonly than SCC. In the setting of advanced stage disease, sinonasal VSCC, PSCC, and BSCC appear to be associated with a better prognosis than conventional sinonasal SCC, whereas the impact of histologic subtype on prognosis in early stage disease appears to be more limited. Survival for SCSC and ASC, both regarded as more lethal variants, was statistically similar to conventional SCC. Conclusion Our study supports the practice of distinguishing between conventional sinonasal SCC and its major histologic variants, because histologic subtype appears to carry important prognostic implications.
Employer Liability Under the Communications Decency Act: Developing an Effective Policy Response

Contrary to many published reports, a significant portion of the CDA was left intact after the Reno v. ACLU decision, and the intact portion prohibits a number of uses of telecommunications equipment. This article reviews the issue of employer liability under the Communications Decency Act of 1996 and discusses the development of an effective policy response.
Regional and State Variation in Homeownership Rates; or If California's Home Prices Were as Low as Pennsylvania's Would its Ownership Rate be as High?

There are significant disparities in homeownership rates across the regions and states of the United States. The causes of these disparities are determined within a standard probit model of the individual homeownership decision where the micro-level observations are aggregated to the regional level. Factors which play a significant role at the individual level are evaluated for their ability to explain regional differentiation. The relative price of owning and renting plays a major role as do other market level determinants. Individual demographic characteristics are not as important with the exception of those related to the immigration and citizenship status of the household head.
The Detection of Gravitational Waves with LIGO

Gravitational wave emission is expected to arise from a variety ofastrophysical phenomena. A new generation of detectors withsensitivity consistent with expectation from such sources is beingdeveloped. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory(LIGO), one of these ambitious undertakings, is being developed by aCaltech-MIT collaboration. It consists of two widely separated interferometers, which will be used in coincidence to search forsources from compact binary systems, spinning neutron stars,supernovae and other astrophysical or cosmological phenomena that emit gravitational waves. The construction of LIGO is well underway and preparations are being made for the commissioning phase. In thislecture, I review the underlying physics of gravitational waves,review possible astrophysical and cosmological sources and discuss theLIGO interferometer status and plans.
Kidney disease in KK mice: effect of glyburide.

We previously demonstrated that glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria can be prevented by control of blood glucose levels either by insulin or glyburide in genetically diabetic KK mice (1,2). Also, we demonstrated that poor control of glucose despite treatment with glyburide did not prevent glomerulosclerosis in a subset of KK mice (2). This reinforces the impact of glycemic control in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy. The purpose of the present study is two-fold: 1) to evaluate the efficacy of another second generation sulfonylurea compound, glipizide, in controlling blood glucose levels in KK mice; and 2) to investigate the relationship between glucose control and structural, biochemical and functional characteristics of kidney disease in KK mice.
Spectroscopy of francium in a magneto optical trap

The francium atom offers an excellent laboratory to study electron-nucleus interactions. As the heaviest alkali, its atomic properties can be calculated with high precision, and laser trapping methods now allow precision optical spectroscopy of many isotopes. Recent measurements of the 7P1/2 hyperfine structure, when coupled with previous measurements of the ground state hyperfine structure reveal a hyperfine anomaly. The change in anomaly between an even-N isotope and an odd-N isotope is sensitive to the radial distribution of the neutron magnetization.
Competitive Intervention and the Angolan Civil War, 1975–1991

This chapter examines external intervention in the Angolan civil war between 1975 and 1991. I argue that while “winning” was undoubtedly the primary objective for the Angolan government led by the Movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola (MPLA) and for its rebel challengers in Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola (UNITA), fears of uncontrolled escalation led competitive interveners – on one side, Cuba and the USSR, and on the other, South Africa and the US – to constrain the form and scope of their interventions. Strategic restraint was manifest in distinctions between advisory and combat missions, geographic areas of operation, adopted force postures, and target selection. In effect, the need to avoid uncontrolled escalation generated a set of interventions on the part of South Africa and the US that aimed to sustain the rebel insurgency rather than propel it to victory, and a corresponding set of interventions on the part of Cuba and the USSR that aimed to prevent the dislodging of the Angolan government rather than end the civil war. This resulted in a decades-long conflict that inflicted hundreds of thousands of deaths, displaced millions, and decimated economic and political institutions across the country.
Specific Labeling and Physical Characterization of R-Factor Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Escherichia coli

The molecular nature of R-factor deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was examined in Escherichia coli by using a method for the specific labeling of the derepressed R factor, R1, in a female cell after conjugation. Sixty minutes after mating, the R factor was isolated as a single molecule with a molecular weight of 65 × 106 daltons. This single molecular species sedimented as either a covalently closed molecule or a “nicked” circle. When the single R-factor component was centrifuged in a CsCl density gradient, only a single homogeneous species with a buoyant density of 1.711 g/cm3 was observed. R-factor DNA was also isolated directly from exponentially growing cells of E. coli as a covalently closed single molecular species comprising about 1% of the total cellular DNA. Previous studies in Proteus show that R1 factor DNA components of buoyant density 1.709, 1.711, and 1.716 g/cm3 can be identified as distinct replicons. It is suggested that the single molecule of R1 observed in E. coli is most simply explained as a composite structure resulting from a recombinational assemblage of a 1.709 and 1.716 g/cm3 replicon.
Abstract 1941: GSK3 signaling is critical to glioma stem cell growth and survival

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA GSK3 is an attractive therapeutic target in cancer, known for its role in regulating proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. Previous studies demonstrate the effectiveness of GSK3 inhibition on established glioma cell lines and patient-derived glioma stem cell lines in vitro and in vivo. In glioma cell lines, GSK3 inhibition induces apoptosis through c-MYC activation, mitochondrial destabilization, and reduction of NF-κB activity. We have characterized a novel set of GSK3 inhibitors for their ability to inhibit glycogen synthase phosphorylation, reduce levels of XIAP, and induce cell death in cancer cells. However, it is uncertain if this mechanism is functional with respect to cancer stem cells and glioma tumor subtype. The need to investigate the mechanistic effects of GSK3 in cancer stem cells is important given their malignancy, innate resistance to therapy, and tumorigenicity. Moreover, the intracellular signaling and transcription networks may differ in glioma stem cells, particularly among cells with different subtypes. We have recently demonstrated that cancer stem cells isolated from glioma patients can be segregated into either a proneural or mesenchymal subtype based on their gene expression pattern. The oncogenic activity of genes like c-MYC in glioma stem cells and differences between glioma stem cell subtypes, such as NF-κB activation, raises questions as to whether GSK3 inhibition will be effective against both subtypes and if their effects utilize distinct mechanisms of inhibition. In this study, we examine the effects of two established and two novel GSK3 inhibitors on glioma stem cells with respect to tumor subtype and investigate their mechanisms of action. Our in vitro data shows that GSK3 inhibition significantly reduces growth and causes cell death in both proneural and mesenchymal glioma stem cells. Using a glioma stem cell xenograft model, we test the effectiveness of GSK3 inhibition as a single agent and in conjunction with clinically-approved chemotherapeutic agents. The characterization of cancer stem cell inhibitors and their effectiveness in different tumor subtypes has significant clinical implications. Our work supports the therapeutic potential of novel GSK3 inhibitors for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Angel Alvarez, Andrey Ugolkov, Irina Gaisina, Alan P. Kozikowski, Kaushal Joshi, Sunghak Kim, Ichiro Nakano, Jeffrey J. Raizer, Andrew P. Mazar, Bo Hu, Shi-Yuan Cheng. GSK3 signaling is critical to glioma stem cell growth and survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1941. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1941
Hugh Jidette or huge debt: questioning US fiscal policy using caricature and irony

YouTube has become a popular platform for political debate. Issues discussed via the medium of video and hosted on sites such as YouTube increasingly employ rhetorical devices such as humor, satire, and irony. In this paper, we focus on a campaign for fiscal conservatism aimed at reducing US's sizable or ‘huge’ debt. The campaign features a caricaturized personality ‘Hugh Jidette’ and uses irony and satire to convey a point. Drawing on a theory of caricature, we illustrate empathy, gap, differentiation, and exaggeration by using examples from the five advertisements from the campaign for ‘Hugh Jidette for President in 2012’. We find that a political issue such as fiscal policy, and more specifically national debt, can be a good fit for caricature because it contains all the necessary conditions and mechanism described in the theory. However, our analysis suggests a further mechanism that may be at work in political caricature–irony. The dangers of misinterpretation are discussed, and the link between caricature and irony is specified. Future avenues for research are explored. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of alkylacyl, alk‐1‐enylacyl and lyso subclasses of glycerophosphocholine by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization

Positive ion tandem quadrupole mass spectrometric methods for structural characterization of the subclasses of sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC), including alkylacyl- and alk-1-enylacylphosphocholine and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), are described. Following collisionally activated dissociation, the [M + Li](+) ions generated by electrospray ionization yield abundant informative fragment ions that permit structural determination, and distinction of regioisomers among lysophosphatidylcholine can be easily achieved. In contrast, structurally informative ions arising from [M + H](+) or [M + Na](+) ions are less prominent. The most abundant ion observed in the product-ion spectra of the [M + Li](+) ions of plasmenyl- and plasmanyl-PC and of LPC arises from loss of N(CH(3))(3) ([M + Li - 59](+)). This feature permits their distinction from a product-ion spectrum arising from a diacylphosphatidylcholine, in which the [M + Li - 183](+) ion reflecting loss of phosphocholine is the most prominent. Examples for identification of various subclasses of PC in biological extracts by tandem mass spectrometry applying various constant neutral loss scannings are also shown.
Iron Deficiency Alters Iron Regulatory Protein and Iron Transport Protein Expression in the Perinatal Rat Brain

Iron plays an important role in numerous vital enzyme systems in the perinatal brain. The membrane proteins that mediate iron transport [transferrin receptor (TfR) and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT-1)] and the iron regulatory proteins (IRP-1 and IRP-2) that stabilize their mRNAs undergo regional developmental changes in the iron-sufficient rat brain between postnatal day (P) 5 and 15. Perinatal iron deficiency (ID) affects developing brain regions nonhomogeneously, suggesting potential differences in regional iron transporter and regulatory protein expression. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of perinatal ID on regional expression of IRP-1, IRP-2, TfR, and DMT-1 in the developing rat brain. Gestationally iron-deficient Sprague Dawley rat pups were compared with iron-sufficient control pups at P10. Serial 12-mu coronal sections of fixed frozen brain from pups on P10 were assessed by light microscopy for IRP-1, IRP-2, DMT-1, and TfR localization. ID did not change the percentage of cells with positive staining for the four proteins in the choroid epithelium, ependyma, vascular endothelium, or neurons of the striatum. ID increased the percentage of neurons expressing the four proteins in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Increased numbers of TfR- and DMT-1-positive cells were always associated with increased IRP-positive cells. The P10 rat responds to perinatal ID by selectively increasing the number of neurons expressing IRP-regulated transporters in brain regions that are rapidly developing, without any change at transport surfaces or in regions that are quiescent. Brain iron distribution during ID seems to be locally rather than globally regulated.
Results of and comments on the 2000 survey of the American Association of Academic Chief Residents in Radiology.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The American Association of Academic Chief Residents in Radiology (A 3 CR 2 ) annually surveys radiology residency programs on issues related to training. The objective is to highlight national similarities, differences, and trends to help programs establish standards and improve residency training. Materials and Methods Questionnaires were mailed to 180 accredited diagnostic radiology residency training programs in the United States. The survey covered the usual general topics and more specific topics considered every 4 years; for 2000 the latter were on-call issues and the chief residency year. Results Completed surveys were returned from 63 programs (35%). Important findings included increased caseload and call commitments, especially for smaller programs. Resident salaries appear to have increased more than the consumer price index. Nonemergent after-hour coverage and teleradiology are now a large part of the resident work practice. Women continue to be underrepresented, with a trend downward. Chief residents are more involved in organizing preparation for board examinations and have greater office facilities and more administrative duties. Conclusion This survey provided useful insights. All levels of residency face increased workloads. On-call hours have not changed, but the work has intensified and the use of teleradiology has increased. Many programs have adopted a “night-float” system, and nonemergent after-hours coverage should be considered in any program evaluation. Continued vigilance and sustained efforts are required to ensure that radiology is considered as a specialty by both men and women. With increased demands on attending physicians' time, chief residents may need to take on more administrative responsibilities.
Sechduler: A Security-Aware Kernel Scheduler

Trustworthy operation of safety-critical infrastructures necessitates efficient solutions that satisfy both realtimeness and security requirements simultaneously. In this paper, we present Sechduler, a formally verifiable security-aware operating system scheduler that dynamically makes sure that system computational resources are allocated to individual waiting tasks in an optimal order such that, if feasible, neither real time nor security requirements of the system are violated. Additionally, if not both of the requirements can be satisfied simultaneously, Sechduler makes use of easy-to-define linear temporal logic-based policies as well as automatically generated Buchi automaton-based monitors, compiled as loadable kernel modules, to enforce which requirements should get the priority. Our experimental results show that Sechduler can adaptively enforce the system-wide logic-based temporal policies within the kernel and with minimal performance overhead of 3% on average to guarantee high level of combined security and realtimeness simultaneously.
Simulation and airway-management training.

Purpose of reviewSimulators can be used to teach simple technical skills or used in more realistic settings to teach or assess various cognitive/affective skills. Although simulators have become widespread, their use and efficacy in these various areas have not been delineated and are still being ex
A bijective proof of a limiting case of Watson’s 8φ7 transformation formula

Andrews gave a combinatorial proof of the Rogers–Fine identity. In this paper, we present a combinatorial proof of a special case of Watson’s 8φ7 transformation formula, which is a generalization of Andrews’ proof.
Panel Data Analysis of Factors Affecting As-Built Roughness of Asphaltic Concrete Pavements

This paper investigates the relationship between the as-built roughness of asphaltic concrete pavement and construction characteristics factors using panel (longitudinal) data analysis. This panel study utilizes as-built roughness measurements and pavement and contractor’s characteristics for reconstructed, replaced, and resurfaced pavement projects in Wisconsin from 1996 through 2000. Several panel models, both fixed and random effects models, were developed from the basic model proposed in the study. The research shows that the random effects model provides the best estimate of proposed models on the basis of Akaike’s information criterion (AIC). The results indicate that some pavement and construction characteristics significantly affect as-built pavement roughness. The findings also reveal that contractor’s quality history from past pavement projects is a statistically significant factor that affects as-built roughness and can possibly be converted to contractor’s accumulated performance indicator on pavement construction.
Quantum ballistic evolution in quantum mechanics: Application to quantum computers.

Quantum computers are important examples of processes whose evolution can be described in terms of iterations of single-step operators or their adjoints. Based on this, Hamiltonian evolution of processes with associated step operators T is investigated here. The main limitation of this paper is to processes which evolve quantum ballistically, i.e., motion restricted to a collection of nonintersecting or distinct paths on an arbitrary basis. The main goal of this paper is proof of a theorem which gives necessary and sufficient conditions that T must satisfy so that there exists a Hamiltonian description of quantum ballistic evolution for the process, namely, that T is a partial isometry and is orthogonality preserving and stable on some basis. Simple examples of quantum ballistic evolution for quantum Turing machines with one and with more than one type of elementary step are discussed. It is seen that for nondeterministic machines the basis set can be quite complex with much entanglement present. It is also proven that, given a step operator T for an arbitrary deterministic quantum Turing machine, it is decidable if T is stable and orthogonality preserving, and if quantum ballistic evolution is possible. The proof fails if T is a step operator for a nondeterministic machine. It is an open question if such a decision procedure exists for nondeterministic machines. This problem does not occur in classical mechanics. Also the definition of quantum Turing machines used here is compared with that used by other authors. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Psychosocial correlates of HIV risk behavior in adolescent girls.

Objective To present the preintervention data collected for a pilot HIV-prevention randomized controlled trial specifically developed for single, sexually active adolescent girls. Design Comparative, descriptive design using confidential self-administered questionnaires. Setting An urban family planning clinic that provided gynecologic services to adolescents. Participants One hundred twenty-nine single, sexually active adolescent girls 15 to 19 years of age (44% minority, 34% economically disadvantaged). Main Outcome Measures In addition to demographics and risk behaviors, the following were assessed: HIV-related information (i.e., knowledge) and motivation to reduce risk (i.e., perceived vulnerability, readiness to change HIV risk behaviors, behavioral intentions, pros and cons of condom use, and confidence in condom use). Results Assessments revealed limited HIV-related knowledge, ambivalence regarding risk reduction, and considerable risk behaviors. Compared with girls at lower risk for HIV infection (i.e., consistent condom users), those at higher risk (i.e., inconsistent or non-condom-users) were more likely to be White and older and to have better HIV-related knowledge but less motivation to reduce risk (i.e., behavioral intentions to use condoms, condom-use confidence) than girls at lower risk. Conclusion These data document (a) the need for HIV prevention interventions targeted to all sexually active adolescent girls and (b) the importance of including a motivational component in the intervention.
Managing the integrity of design data generated by multiple applications: The principle of patching

The purpose of this work is to develop automatic methods of semantic integrity maintenance, in support of concurrent engineering. Semantic integrity relations in any final engineering design are built up incrementally, through the use of different computer applications. Here, the structure of these integrity relations are formalised for representation within a database. When changes to a design have to be made, they can invalidate integrity relations in other parts of the design. Formal methods are defined for identifying what data and integrity relations are invalidated by any change. Methods for making changes that minimise re-design are described and formalised. Opportunities for using semantic integrity to assess progress on a design are reviewed.
Discomfort With Homosexuality: A New Measure Captures Differences in Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians

This study describes a creative and psychometrically sound method that allows researchers to measure homonegativity at a lower threshold than existing measures and to differentiate between homonegativity toward gay men and lesbians. Four hundred and thirty-one undergraduate students at a Western comprehensive university were asked to respond to a series of vignettes describing situations in which heterosexuals sometimes experience discomfort in the presence of homosexuals, indicating the degree to which they would feel comfortable or uncomfortable. The 12-item Homonegativity as Discomfort Scale (HADS) has adequate alpha reliability (.92) as well as good criterion and construct validity. Suggestions are made as to how the measure could be employed in research. Testing on this sample shows greater discomfort with gay men than with lesbians and greater discomfort among men than among women.
Educational profiles of nine gifted American Indian women and their own stories about wanting to lead

Nine Native American Indian women graduated with doctoral degrees from The Pennsylvania State University's American Indian Leadership Program (AILP), a project designed to prepare Indian leaders and researchers for educational service. The purpose of this exploratory microethnographic study was to develop profiles of the women's career paths by analyzing their decisions to seek the doctorate, graduate school experiences that contributed to the completion of their degrees, and stages of career development before and after receiving their terminal degrees.
Famine in Africa: The Real Cause

The widespread starvation in Africa has been largely blamed on enduring drought, but Ghanaian George Ayittey (right), Professor of Economics at Bloomsburg State College, reveals how Africa's food problems have been created government interference with the agricultural meyhods that have fed her for centuries.457
Ontology-based semantic annotation for Oracle Bone Inscriptions

To support experts and researchers explanation the Oracle Bone Inscriptions(OBI), using corpus theory and technology to analyse and process OBI digital resources and construct OBI corpus. Based on the corpus, use ontology technology to annotation the oracle inscriptions. Introduced ontology-based semantic annotation and implemented a semantic annotation System in order to sharing and reuse OBI knowledge and help experts to explanation OBI.
Dietary fatty acid and antioxidant intake in community-dwelling patients suffering from schizophrenia.

Abstract Introduction Brain phospholipids are uniquely rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Most PUFAs such as α-linolenic acid 18:3(n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5(n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid 22:6(n-3) are essential and must be provided through the diet. PUFAs are also very sensitive to oxidative stress. Decreased essential fatty acid content has been observed in cell membranes of various tissue types of schizophrenia patients, including neural cell membranes. A number of mechanisms may account for these deficits, such as inadequate dietary supply or increased oxidation. It is known that patients with schizophrenia make poor dietary choices. However, whether their dietary fatty acid or antioxidant intake is insufficient and contributes to the observed deficiencies has not been assessed. Methods After obtaining informed consent, a 24-h diet recall was administered to elicit nutritional information in 146 outpatients with schizophrenia. Intake of fatty acids and antioxidants including vitamins A, C, and E was compared to U.S. population standards according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Cycle III (NHANES III) results. Results Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake was significantly higher in schizophrenia patients than in controls ( p ≤ 0.05; p ≤ 0.005, respectively). No differences were found with regard to dietary intake of γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3). Similarly, antioxidant intake was not different between schizophrenia patients and controls. Conclusion The observed cell membrane deficits in PUFA and essential fatty acid content do not appear to derive from decreased dietary supply. Rather, intrinsic membrane phospholipid metabolism abnormalities may be causative. Overall increased fat intake in schizophrenia patients may contribute to the development of serious medical comorbidities, and further advance the risk for cumbersome metabolic side effects of antipsychotic treatment such as new-onset diabetes mellitus.
Evaluation of tension obtained by use of three knots for tying cerclage wires by surgeons of various abilities and experience.

Objective—To compare tension of 3 cerclage wire knots tied by surgeons of various abilities and experience. Design—Cross-sectional study. Sample Population—Participants and faculty at a postgraduate course in veterinary orthopedics. Procedure—Subjects tied a cerclage of their choice on an instrumented tying stand that displayed the tension on a computer. Mean tensions in cerclage wires tied with twist, single loop, or double loop knots were compared. The relationship between level of surgeon experience and tension achieved was examined. Results—29 twist, 30 single loop, and 16 double loop wires were analyzed. Mean ± SD tension for twist knots was significantly less than for single loop knots (82.3 ± 46.1 vs 166.6 ± 42.2 N, respectively). Double loop knots achieved significantly greater tension (392.0 ± 116.6 N) than twist and single loop knots did, even though few participants had ever tied this knot previously. There was no correlation with experience of the participant. For twist knots, wiggling the wir...
Charge transfer in the non-covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes

We have performed force field-based molecular dynamics and first principles density functional calculations on porphyrins and metalloporphyrins interacting with single-walled carbon nanotubes. The flattening of the porphyrin macrocycle is indicative of the self-assembly of these aromatic structures onto carbon nanotubes. An analysis of the charge distributions for conduction and valence bands reveals a distinct charge transfer behavior from the porphyrin macrocycle to the metallic or semiconducting tubes that sheds considerable light on the experimentally observed selectivity of semiconducting nanotubes.
Emergency Valve Re-Replacement for Embolization of Prosthetic Mitral Valve Disc During Catheterization Procedure

A 47-year-old woman with a mechanical mitral valve underwent a catheter-based atrial fibrillation ablation procedure, which was complicated by the dislodgment and immediate embolization of one of the valve leaflets. Acute severe mitral regurgitation and cardiogenic shock developed, necessitating emergency reoperative mitral valve re-replacement. She subsequently underwent a successful staged retrieval of the embolized leaflet from the abdominal aorta.
WITHDRAWN: Influences of Perfusion Pressure and Pulsatile Flow on Cerebral Flow Reserve and Oxygenation in the Isolated Perfused Swine Brain under Normothermia.

This article has been removed at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal: ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy ).
Analysis of file download time in peer-to-peer networks with stochastic and time-varying service capacities

The service capacities of a source peer at different times in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network exhibit temporal correlation. Unfortunately, there is no analytical result which clearly characterizes the expected download time from a source peer with stochastic and time-varying service capacity. The main contribution of this paper is to analyze the expected file download time in P2P networks with stochastic and time-varying service capacities. The service capacity of a source peer is treated as a stochastic process. Analytical results which characterize the expected download time from a source peer with stochastic and time-varying service capacity are derived for the autoregressive model of order 1. Simulation results are presented to validate our analytical results. Numerical data are given to show the impact of the degree of correlation and the strength of noise on the expected file download time. For any chunk allocation method, an analytical result of the expected parallel download time from a source peer with stochastic and time-varying service capacity is derived. It is shown that the algorithm which chooses chunk sizes proportional to the expected service capacities has better performance than the algorithm which chooses equal chunk sizes. It is also shown that multiple source peers do reduce the parallel download time significantly. Analyzing the file download time with stochastic and time-varying service capacities.Treating the service capacity of a source peer as a stochastic process.Validating analytical results by simulations.
Capitalizing interest: What does “material” mean?

SFAS 34 requires the capitalization of interest as part of the cost of certain assets if the effects of capitalization are deemed material. Yet, U.S. professional standards provide virtually no guidance on what constitutes a material effect. The authors took a close look at recent research and current practice and came up with some simple materiality guidelines for interest capitalization. CEOs and CFOs are now required to certify financial statements; this is enforced with criminal penalties under Sarbanes-Oxley. So they should read this article carefully. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
46-Year-Old Man With Abdominal Pain and Hypotension

Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (O.A.W., D.F.S.); Adviser to residents and Consultant in Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (N.L.D.). A 46-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes, tetralogy of Fallot, and a bioprosthetic pulmonary valve replacement presented to the emergency department feeling generally unwell after eating a meal at a restaurant. The patient was in his usual state of health until starting dinner at the restaurant. The meal included cooked seafood, which consisted of different types of fish, shrimp, and scallops. A few minutes into his meal, he was overtaken by a sudden onset of severe back pain and cramping that radiated to his abdomen, mainly in the periumbilical region. He rated the pain as 8 of 10 on the severity scale. The pain was followed by progressively worsening dizziness and blurry vision. He also experienced intense palpitations, giving him the sensation of “wanting to pass out.” The patient had no known allergies to fish, seafood, or iodine. He had never experienced any of these symptoms before. None of his colleagues who ate with him had any similar symptoms. He had not recently traveled. On arrival at the emergency department, he became nauseated and vomited 6 times. He appeared to be moderately distressed. He was afebrile, his heart rate was 115 beats/min, and his blood pressure was 78/ 56 mm Hg. Physical examination yielded unremarkable findings except for erythema on his cheeks and mild wheezing on pulmonary examination. Laboratory tests, including complete blood cell count, metabolic profile, and liver function tests, revealed normal values except for a lactate level of 2.1 mmol/L (reference range, 0.6-2.3 mmol/L). Electrocardiography detected sinus tachycardia, and computed tomography of the abdomen with contrast medium revealed diffuse small-bowel wall thickening, edema, and mesenteric fluid with engorgement of the vasa recta. He was admitted to the hospital for further evaluation and treatment.
Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The adverse childhood experiences study

Objective. Illicit drug use is identified in Healthy People 2010 as a leading health indicator because it is associated with multiple deleterious health outcomes, such as sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus, viral hepatitis, and numerous social problems among adolescents and adults. Improved understanding of the influence of stressful or traumatic childhood experiences on initiation and development of drug abuse is needed. Methods. We examined the relationship between illicit drug use and 10 categories of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and total number of ACEs (ACE score). A retrospective cohort study of 8613 adults who attended a primary care clinic in California completed a survey about childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction; illicit drug use; and other health-related issues. The main outcomes measured were self-reported use of illicit drugs, including initiation during 3 age categories: ≤14 years, 15 to 18 years, or as an adult (≥19 years); lifetime use for each of 4 birth cohorts dating back to 1900; drug use problems; drug addiction; and parenteral drug use. Results. Each ACE increased the likelihood for early initiation 2- to 4-fold. The ACE score had a strong graded relationship to initiation of drug use in all 3 age categories as well as to drug use problems, drug addiction, and parenteral drug use. Compared with people with 0 ACEs, people with ≥5 ACEs were 7- to 10-fold more likely to report illicit drug use problems, addiction to illicit drugs, and parenteral drug use. The attributable risk fractions as a result of ACEs for each of these illicit drug use problems were 56%, 64%, and 67%, respectively. For each of the 4 birth cohorts examined, the ACE score also had a strong graded relationship to lifetime drug use. Conclusions. The ACE score had a strong graded relationship to the risk of drug initiation from early adolescence into adulthood and to problems with drug use, drug addiction, and parenteral use. The persistent graded relationship between the ACE score and initiation of drug use for 4 successive birth cohorts dating back to 1900 suggests that the effects of adverse childhood experiences transcend secular changes such as increased availability of drugs, social attitudes toward drugs, and recent massive expenditures and public information campaigns to prevent drug use. Because ACEs seem to account for one half to two third of serious problems with drug use, progress in meeting the national goals for reducing drug use will necessitate serious attention to these types of common, stressful, and disturbing childhood experiences by pediatric practice.
Development of a stable cell line with an intact PGC-1α/ERRα axis for screening environmental chemicals

The estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) play critical roles in the control of several physiological functions, including the regulation of genes involved in energy homeostasis. However, little is known about the ability of environmental chemicals to disrupt or modulate this important bioenergetics pathway in humans. The goal of this study was to develop a cell-based assay system with an intact PGC-1α/ERRα axis that could be used as a screening assay for detecting such chemicals. To this end, we successfully generated several stable cell lines expressing PGC-1α and showed that the reporter driven by the native ERRα hormone response unit (AAB-Luc) is active in these cell lines and that the activation is PGC-1α-dependent. Furthermore, we show that this activation can be blocked by the ERRα selective inverse agonist, XCT790. In addition, we find that genistein and bisphenol A further stimulate the reporter activity, while kaempferol has minimal effect. These cell lines will be useful for identifying environmental chemicals that modulate this important pathway.
Shear wave caustics and the shadows of surface breaking cracks

Abstract A refinement to the detection of defects in rods and pipes by means of their ultrasonic shadows is presented. It has been previously shown that in standard non-destructive test configurations ultrasonic waves inside cylindrical test objects form caustics, surfaces of high sound intensity. Here it is demonstrated that when a crack edge crosses a caustic the diffraction of sound around the defect is enhanced, which allows the point at which this intersection occurs to be detected. Because the caustic is a well-defined geometric entity the position of the crack edge is now known. This effect presents a novel method of sizing defects that extend in from the surface. Experiments were performed in water immersion using 5 MHz sound. The test specimens were 76 mm diameter aluminium cylinders into which slots were cut to act as artificial defects.
The knee: bone marrow abnormalities.

MR imaging is the imaging modality of choice for detecting and exploring joint, osseous, and soft tissue injuries in the lower extremity and throughout the musculoskeletal system. Its ability to detect and differentiate the various forms of marrow pathology is unrivaled, and as such it should be obtained early in the work-up of a patient with a suspected marrow abnormality. Additionally, the radiologist must be familiar with the MR imaging appearances of normal marrow and the most common types of marrow pathology if its diagnostic power is to be fully realized.
COLLEGE DROPOUTS AND DIFFERENCE SCORES

It is shown that not only will the usual predictors of college grades such as the Scholastic Aptitude Tests-Verbal and Mathematical (SAT-V & SAT-M) and rank in high school graduating class (HSR) differentiate significantly between college dropouts and non-dropouts but that scores obtained by converting SAT-V, SAT-M, and HSR to normalized T scores and computing the differences between HSR and the other two variables will also distinguish dropouts from non-dropouts. It is felt that such difference scores may be useful indicators of academic achievement motivation.
Processing and microhardness of bulk Cu-Fe nanocomposites

Full-density bulk nanocomposites have been developed in the immiscible Cu-Fe system through a powder metallurgy route. Elemental copper and iron powders were first mechanically alloyed to form single-phase, nanocrystalline, metastable solid solutions, Cu100 − xFex (x = 0 to 100). These solid solutions were subsequently decomposed into Cu/Fe two-phase domains of various volume fractions during the hot consolidation process, forming in situ nanophase Cu-Fe composites. Full-density compacts have been produced at relatively low consolidation temperatures (< 500°C) by employing sinter forging at high applied pressure and a protective atmosphere. Such a consolidation scheme, coupled with enhanced grain size stability due to the unique microstructural evolution sequence involved, retained the grain sizes in the nanometer range for both Cu and Fe grains in the composite products. Fully dense composite specimens exhibit enhanced microhardness as compared with rule-of-mixtures predictions. This enhancement is attributed to interface strengthening at fcc-bcc interphase boundaries.
Tempo, stress, and vowel reduction in American English.

Two processes that affect the acoustic characteristics of vowels, namely, phonological and phonetic vowel reduction are discussed. Phonological vowel reduction applies to unstressed vowels. Phonetic vowel reduction is supposed to apply to all vowels and be caused by fast speech rates, context, as well as lack of stress. In this experiment, the effects of changes in stress and in rate of speech (tempo) on the acoustic characteristics of American English monophthongal, nonretroflex vowels were examined. Four male and four female native speakers produced these vowels in two contexts, [h_d] and [b_d], in a carrier sentence, under four conditions of tempo stress (slow-stressed, slow-unstressed, fast-stressed, and fast-unstressed). Measurements of duration and fundamental frequency showed that the subjects did, in fact, vary tempo and stress as instructed. The effect of a change in stress on vowel duration was found to be slightly larger than that of a change in tempo. The putative vowel portion of each utterance was analyzed, formant tracks were obtained, and these were plotted in an auditory-perceptual space [J.D. Miller, J. Acoust. Soc. AM. 85, 2114-2134 (1989)]. These plots served to determine the part of the utterance that could, in most cases, be considered its steady state. For each utterance, an average of the coordinates of this steady-state portion was taken and was used to represent the utterance as a point in the auditory-perceptual space. The distance of these data points from the point representing the acoustic characteristics of a vowel produced by a neutral vocal tract was used to determine the magnitude of phonetic vowel reduction caused by faster tempo and less stress, relative to the slow-stressed condition. Although the results indicate that tempo and stress may not have a major influence on the distances of individual vowels from the neutral point, the size of the vowel space overall was affected. The vowel space was largest for the slow stressed condition and smallest for the fast unstressed condition. In addition, several vowel classifications schemes were tested using linear discriminant analysis, and the one proposed by Miller (1989) performed better than other combinations of fundamental frequency and the first three formants.
Optimal tensegrity structures in bending: The discrete Michell truss

Abstract This paper provides the closed form analytical solution to the problem of minimizing the material volume required to support a given set of bending loads with a given number of discrete structural members, subject to material yield constraints. The solution is expressed in terms of two variables, the aspect ratio, ρ - 1 , and complexity of the structure, q (the total number of members of the structure is equal to q ( q + 1 ) ). The minimal material volume (normalized) is also given in closed form by a simple function of ρ and q, namely, V = q ( ρ - 1 / q - ρ 1 / q ) . The forces for this nonlinear problem are shown to satisfy a linear recursive equation, from node-to-node of the structure. All member lengths are specified by a linear recursive equation, dependent only on the initial conditions involving a user specified length of the structure. The final optimal design is a class 2 tensegrity structure. Our results generate the 1904 results of Michell in the special case when the selected complexity q approaches infinity. Providing the optimum in terms of a given complexity has the obvious advantage of relating complexity q to other criteria, such as costs, fabrication issues, and control. If the structure is manufactured with perfect joints (no glue, welding material, etc.), the minimal mass complexity is infinite. But in the presence of any joint mass, the optimal structural complexity is finite, and indeed quite small. Hence, only simple structures (low complexity q) are needed for practical design.