cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arrangement of the COOH-Terminal and NH2-Terminal Domains of Caldesmon Bound to Actin†

Smooth muscle caldesmon is a single polypeptide chain with its NH2- and COOH-terminal domains separated by a long alpha-helix. Caldesmon was labeled at either Cys-153 in the NH2 domain or Cys-580 in the COOH domain with a variety of fluorescence probes. Fluorescence intensity, peak position, and polarization of probes on Cys-580 were very sensitive to the binding to actin (with or without tropomyosin), whereas for probes on Cys-153, there was a lack of response, in reconstituted or native actin thin filaments. From fluorescence resonance energy transfer from donor labels on either caldesmon cysteine to acceptor labels on Cys-374 of actin, the distance between the donor and acceptor was estimated to be 27 A for the donor at Cys-580 and 65-80 A for the donor at Cys-153. These findings were the same for caldesmon prepared with or without heat treatment and with striated or smooth muscle actin. These results, together with previous knowledge that COOH-terminal fragments of caldesmon bind to actin whereas NH2-terminal fragments do not, indicate that, while the COOH domain of caldesmon is bound to actin, the NH2 domain is largely dissociated. Fluorescence quenching studies showed that actin binding to caldesmon greatly decreased the accessibility of probes at caldesmon Cys-580 to the quencher, whereas for probes at Cys-153, actin afforded much less, but significant, protection from quenching. Consequently, it appears that, although the NH2 domain is mostly dissociated, it spends some time in the vicinity of actin, through either a weak interaction with actin or collisions with actin and/or because of restricted flexibility which constrains the NH2 domain to be close to the actin filament. Since the NH2 domain of caldesmon binds to the neck region of myosin, a dissociated NH2 domain may account for caldesmon's ability to link myosin and actin filaments.
The Behavior and Pathogenicity of Two Strains of Trichomonas gallinae in Cell Cultures

SYNOPSIS. A comparison of the effects upon trypsin-dispersed chick liver cell cultures of a virulent (Jones' Barn) and a non-pathogenic (Lahore) strain of Trichomonas gallinae revealed significant differences in behavior of the parasites in cell cultures and in the response of such cultures. The virulent strain multiplies faster in nutrient medium in the presence of cell cultures; stimulates great activity of the macrophages; is not handled effectively by these phagocytes in which it can multiply causing their ultimate destruction; is found significantly more often within the cytoplasm of the liver epithelial and fibroblast-like cells; causes very much more profound degenerative changes in all the cells, both invaded and non-invaded; and suppresses effectively the division rate of the fibroblast-like cells. On the other hand, the nonpathogenic strain multiplies at a lower rate in the presence of cell cultures; stimulates less activity of the macrophages; is handled readily by these phagocytes in which it multiplies only very rarely, if ever; is found seldom within the liver epithelial and fibroblast-like cells; causes far less degeneration of all the cell culture elements; and suppresses significantly less the dlvision rate of the fibroblast-like cells. At the end of a 20–24 hour period typically only a few living cells are left in cultures exposed even to attenuated isolates of the virulent strain, whereas those inoculated with the mild one do not show much degeneration even after 28 hours. The effects upon the cell cultures of cell-free filtrates of actively growing trichomonad cultures are relatively minor, but the changes caused by the filtrates of cultures of Jones' Barn strain appear to be more extensive than those caused by similar filtrates of Lahore strain.
MARKET VALUES ESTIMATES OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ATTRIBUTES OF HOUSES

A survey of a sample of homeowners in a North Carolina County provided twenty-two variables indicating qualitative aspects of housing. In addition, information about quantitative characteristics was obtained. Aggregate measures of residential quality associated with individual housing units were derived by using factor analysis. Market values of housing attributes were estimated by regressing values of housing units on measures of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of housing.
A Similar DNA-binding Motif in NFAT Family Proteins and the Rel Homology Region

The cyclosporin-sensitive factor NFATp cooperates with Fos and Jun family proteins to regulate transcription of the interleukin 2 gene in activated T cells. We have defined a 187-amino-acid fragment of NFATp, located centrally within the protein sequence, as the minimal region required for DNA binding and for complex formation with Fos and Jun. The sequence of this region of NFATp shows a low degree of similarity to the Rel homology region. One specific short sequence in NFATp (RAHYETEG), located near the NH2 terminus of the DNA-binding domain, resembles a highly conserved sequence (RFRYxCEG) that is located near the NH2 terminus of the Rel homology region and that has been implicated in DNA binding by Rel family proteins. Mutational analysis demonstrates that the residues in this sequence that are identical in NFATp and Rel family proteins contribute to DNA binding by NFATp. Further, mutation of the threonine residue in this sequence to cysteine, as in Rel proteins, confers on NFATp a sensitivity to sulfhydryl modification similar to that of Rel family proteins. The results suggest that NFATp and Rel family proteins bind to DNA using similar structural motifs.
Cascade aerodynamic gust response including steady loading effects

To predict the unsteady convected gust aerodynamic response of a cascade comprised of arbitrary thick and cambered aerofoils in an incompressible, inviscid, flow field, a complete first-order model is formulated. The flow is analyzed by considering a periodic flow channel. The velocity potential is separated into steady and unsteady harmonic components, each described by a Laplace equation. The strong dependence of the unsteady aerodynamics on the steady effects of aerofoil and cascade geometry and incidence angle is manifested in the coupling of the unsteady and steady flow fields through the unsteady boundary conditions. Analytical solutions in individual grid elements of a body-fitted computational grid are then determined, with the complete solution obtained by assembly of these local solutions. The validity and capabilities of this model and solution technique are then demonstrated by analyzing the steady and unsteady aerodynamics of both theoretical and experimental cascade configurations.
Formation in vitro of ascorbic acid 2-sulfate.

Abstract The sulfation of ascorbic acid by an ascorbic acid sulphotransferase was investigated using rat liver and colon homogenates. When Na 2 35 SO 4 or 3′-phosphoadenylyl [ 35 S]sulfate ( P -Ado- P - 35 ) and ascorbic acid were used as substrates, chromatographic behavior of the reaction products on thin-layer cellulose suggested that ascorbic acid 2-[ 35 S]sulfate was formed. With Na 2 35 SO 4 as the source of radioactive sulfate in the assay system, ATP was found to be an obligatory cofactor. Incorporation of [ 35 S]sulfate from Na 2 35 SO 4 into ascorbic acid 2-[ 35 S]sulfate was also decreased when ATP sulfurylase inhibitors were added to the system. P -Ado- P - 35 S alone in the assay without ATP was an extremely effective sulfating agent. In addition, liver and colon homogenates from vitamin A deficient and sufficient rats were used in one of the studies. Vitamin A deficiency appeared to have little effect on ascorbic acid 2-sulfate formation.
Effects of Temperature, Moisture, and Aeration on Fermentation of Alfalfa Silage

Abstract Effects of temperature, aeration, and DM on fermentation of alfalfa were evaluated. Third cutting alfalfa at 46 and 62% DM was ensiled for 21 d in laboratory silos maintained at 38 and 65°C, and subjected to aerated and anaerobic conditions. Samples were withdrawn at d 1, 2, 7, and 21 and analyzed for DM, pH, VFA, lactic acid, NDF, ADF, ADIN, lignin, ash, total N, NPN, and NH 3 N. Dry matter loss, calculated from ash content, ranged from .2% DM for d 1 to 2.7% DM on d 21. Low DM silages contained more lactate and acetate than high DM silages. High ensiling temperatures reduced production of organic acids. Slight molding took place in most of the silages at low temperature. Analysis of the fiber fractions revealed an increase in NDF and ADF, particularly in high temperature silages. The percentage increase was greater for NDF than ADF in high DM, high temperature silages. Concentrations of NPN were greater in low DM silages than high DM silages, but high DM silages contained the most ADIN. Lignin and ADIN increased in high temperature silages, but the latter was not greater than .4% of DM after 21 d in the silo.
Sample size considerations in human muscle architecture studies

INTRODUCTION—This report is a meta-analysis of the human muscle architecture literature that analyzes the number of muscles, number of subjects, and muscle fiber length coefficient of variation (CV) by body region. METHODS—Muscle fiber length data are used to make recommendations for dissection-based architectural study sample sizes. RESULTS—An average of 9 ± 10 (mean ± SD) muscles and an average of 9 ± 5 subjects were reported in the 26 studies considered. Across all studies, average fiber length CV was highly variable (18% ± 5%). This shows that sample sizes required to achieve adequate power varies by anatomical region. DISCUSSION—Studies involving muscle architecture should consider regional variability and effect size and determine sample size accordingly.
Evaluation of users' abilities to recognize musical alarm tones.

The problem of accurate identification of alarm sounds in the operating room, recovery room, and intensive care environment has persisted for many years. Monitors made by different companies may have different alarm sounds for the same monitored variable, and similar alarm sounds for different variables. In an effort to illustrate universal alarms sounds, a system of six musical alarm tones was designed with musical themes from popular songs used for oxygenation, ventilation, cardiovascular monitoring, temperature monitoring, artificial perfusion, and drug administration systems. These melodies were played for a group of anesthesiologists and others, who were initially asked to guess the organ system for each melody. The answers were then given to the participants, and after a short delay the melodies were played again in a different order. Seventy-nine response sheets were collected. The expected random score was 1.0±1.0 SEM correct. The observed score on the first hearing was 1.5±1.6 SEM,p=0.01 compared with the random score. The observed score on the second testing was 4.3±2.2 SEM,p=0.001 compared with the first hearing. Indeed, 42 of 79 (53%) respondents got all six answers correct on the second testing, versus three respondents for the first testing. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of integrated alarm systems used in complex medical environments such as the operating room.
The biology of cartilage. II. Invertebrate cartilages: Squid head cartilage

In both light and electron microscopes, head cartilage from the squid Loligo pealii strongly resembles vertebrate hyaline cartilage. The tissue is characterized by the presence of irregularly-shaped cells suspended in an abundant matrix. Cell and matrix contents stain metachromatically with cationic dyes such as toluidin blue. Each cell gives off extensions which ramify via a network of channels throughout the matrix. Thereby, a system of inter-connecting canaliculi is established, with many similarities to the intercanalicular systems seen in vertebrate bone and cartilage tissues. In the electron microscope, the squid cartilage cells are seen to have very abundant endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex material. Mitochondrial transformations involving loss of cristae, the appearance of filaments in the mitochondrial matrix, and figures suggesting budding, also occur. Nuclear pores are numerous and easily detected. The matrix is characterized by the presence of a system of decussating fibrils which form polygonal figures, with granules usually evident at the points of intersection of fibrils. By chemical analysis the tissue contains 3- and 4-hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. Preliminary wide single x-ray diffractions show a pattern characteristic for unoriented collagens, with 12 A (intermolecular) and 2.86 A (helix) reflections.
Thermomechanical Behavior of a Thermal Protection System with Different Levels of Damage - Experiments and Simulation

Experiments are conducted on damaged and undamaged space shuttle tile thermal protection system (TPS) to determine its thermomechnical behavior. The TPS specimens, which consists of a LI-900 tile, the strain isolator pad and the underlying structure, is subjected to a temperature profile corresponding to the thermal loading of the Access to Space (ATS) reference vehicle. Experiments are conducted in a vacuum chamber to allow the ATS re-entry static pressure to be simulated. Temperatures on the top and bottom surfaces of the TPS, as well as the strains in the underlying structure are recorded. The experimental results were used to validate the finite element model. The validated model was then used to account for the interactions of the high speed external flow past a cavity (that represents damage) with the damaged TPS. The modified thermal loads that account for the effects of flow separation and reattachment are indicative of actual flight conditions. Using the improved model, the relative effects of damage on the thermal protection capability and the induced thermal stresses in the TPS are determined by comparing the thermal and structural response of the damaged configurations with the undamaged configuration. Damage increases the thermal loads on the TPS and significantly reduces the radiation heat loss from the surface of the tile, resulting in elevated temperatures. The higher temperatures coupled with the stress concentrations introduced by the damage cause a substantial increase in thermal stresses. Results also indicate that damage can elevate the maximum temperature in the tile to above its melting point.
Retroactive inhibition as a function of the locus of categorized response sets.

The effects which list-level taxonomic attributes should have upon retroactive inhibition (RI) producing mechanisms in both response-set interference theory (Postman & Stark, 1969) and Petrich’s (1975) retrieval model are discussed. A test of the theories was performed by manipulating the presence (1) or absence (0) of categorized response sets in both original learning (OL) and interpolated learning IIL), and comparing their predictions concerning the relative degree of RI expected in the four conditions (0-0, 0-1, 1-0, 1-1). In line with Petrich’s predictions, OL categorization significantly reduced RI, IL categorization significantly increased RI, and 0-1 produced significantly greater RI than 1-0. Moreover, the obtained ranking of the means for the experimental groups in degree of RI (0–1>0-0>1-0 ≅ 1-1) was in close agreement with the ranking predicted by Petrich’s (1975) model. The results provide support for Petrich’s (1975) retrieval model and pose explanatory problems for response-set interference theory (Postman & Stark, 1969).
Ultrastructural Localization of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (PECAM-1, CD31) in Vascular Endothelium

The distribution of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1, CD31) in vascular endothelium has been disputed. Originally reported to be highly concentrated at interendothelial cell contacts, recent studies have claimed that CD31 is distributed evenly over the entire endothelial cell surface. We re-investigated this question with two different murine anti-CD31 antibodies (MEC 13.3 and M-20), using a pre-embedding immunonanogold electron microscopic procedure that allowed precise label quantitation. MEC 13.3 reacted strongly with the luminal and abluminal plasma membranes of the endothelial cells lining microvessels in normal tissues and in angiogenic vessels induced by a tumor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A164). Lateral plasma membranes were significantly less labeled. Conversely, M-20 strongly labeled the cytoplasmic face of the lateral plasma membranes of endothelial cells, although sparing specialized junctions, and only weakly labeled the luminal and abluminal plasma membranes. Both antibodies stained a significant minority of vesicles and vacuoles comprising the vesiculovacuolar organelle (VVO). Neither antibody was reactive in CD31-null mice. We conclude that CD31 is distributed over the entire endothelial cell surface, exclusive of specialized junctions, and in VVOs, but is not equally accessible to different antibodies in all locations.
Effects of copper on the binding of agonists and antagonists to muscarinic receptors in rat brain

Studies were performed to assess the effects of copper treatment in vitro on muscarinic binding parameters in rat brain homogenates. Brainstem, an area low in copper, was found to be insensitive to copper treatment as compared to forebrain, a region of relatively high copper content. Inclusion of 3 microM copper in forebrain homogenates decreased the number of sites seen by [3H]-l-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) by 40-50%. Copper-enhanced displacement of bound QNB was noted for agonists and antagonists. Both ligands showed maximal effects at 6 microM copper, although quantitative differences could be determined at any copper level. At levels of maximal effect, the increase in QNB displacement was greater than or less than 50% for agonists and antagonists respectively. Two-site analyses of carbamylcholine (CCH) binding showed that the addition of 1 microM copper to forebrain homogenates increased the percentage of high affinity sites (alpha) from 42 to 70%. The IC50 decreased from 3.1 to 1.7 microM, but the dissociation constants for the high and low affinity sites were not changed. The effect of added copper on CCH binding to muscarinic receptors was reversible with the addition of the copper-chelating agent triethylene tetramine.
Static and dynamic cyclic oxidation of 12 nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base high-temperature alloys

Twelve typical high-temperature nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base alloys were tested by 1 hr cyclic exposures at 1038, 1093, and 1149°C and 0.05 hr exposures at 1093°C. The alloys were tested in both a dynamic burner rig at Mach 0.3 gas flow and in static air furnace for times up to 100 hr. The alloys were evaluated in terms of specific weight loss as a function of time, and X-ray diffraction analysis and metallographic examination of the posttest specimens. A method previously developed was used to estimate specific metal weight loss from the specific weight change of the sample. The alloys were then ranked on this basis. In general the burner-rig test was more severe than a comparable furnace test and resulted in an increased tendency for oxide spalling due to volatility of Cr in the protective scale and the more drastic cooling due to the air-blast quench of the samples. Increased cycle frequency also increased the tendency to spall for a given test exposure. The behavior of the alloys in both types of tests was related to their composition, particularly their Cr and Al contents and their tendency to form four types of scales: NiO or CoO, Cr2O3-chromite spinel, α-Al2O3-aluminate spinel, or ThO2-blocked Cr2O3. The alloys with the best overall behavior formed α-Al2O3-aluminate spinels.
Infrared and Raman spectra of N214O4 and N215O4

Abstract The infrared spectra of gaseous and liquid N 2 15 O 4 have been observed from 340 cm −1 to 5500 cm −1 and the Raman spectra of liquid and solid N 2 15 O 4 have been recorded. The corresponding spectra of N 2 14 O 4 were observed to provide an accurate measure of the isotope shifts. Assignments of all eleven active fundamental frequencies have been made. These assignments fit the product rule within experimental error and account for all observed overtones.
Cultural values in relation to equity sensitivity within and across cultures

Organizations are faced with the challenge of developing effective reward systems for a diverse workforce within a society, as well as across different cultures for global operations. Equity theory is a major process motivational model concerned with such reward systems, and equity sensitivity provides important modifications to this model. The present research examines the relation of equity sensitivity to culturally related values. Positive relationships with equity sensitivity are found for collectivism, femininity, power distance and uncertainty avoidance for a diverse sample within the USA and for collectivism and femininity for a sample from Taiwan.
Geriatric conditions and disability: the Health and Retirement Study.

Geriatric conditions, such as incontinence and falls, are common in older people and are associated with disability. However, clinicians are much less likely to provide adequate care for these cond...
Characterization of transferrin receptors on plasma membranes of lactating rat mammary tissue.

Abstract Little is known about the transport of iron into the mammary secretory cell and the process of milk iron secretion. The concentration of iron in milk is remarkably unaffected by maternal iron status, suggesting that the uptake of iron into the mammary gland is regulated. It is known that iron enters other cells via transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis. This study was designed to isolate and characterize the mammary gland transferrin receptor in lactating rat mammary tissue using immunochemical techniques. The existence of functional mammary gland transferrin receptors in lactating rodents was demonstrated using radiolabel-binding techniques. Isolation of mammary transferrin receptors by affinity chromatography was confirmed using immunoelectrophoresis and slot blot analysis. The intact transferrin receptor was found to have a molecular weight of 176 kd as determined by Western blotting followed by scanning densitometry. Reduction of the receptor with β-mercaptoethanol gave a molecular weight of 98 kd. An additional immunoreactive band of 135 kd was observed. The presence of transferrin receptors in normal lactating rat mammary tissue is likely to explain iron transport into mammary tissue for both cellular metabolism and milk iron secretion.
Molecular cloning of a rat testis form of the inhibitor protein of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Abstract The form of inhibitor protein of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKI) that has been most thoroughly studied is a protein purified from rabbit skeletal muscle. Beale et al. previously isolated a species of PKI from rat testis that appeared from its amino acid composition to be quite distinct from the rabbit skeletal muscle protein [Beale, E. G., Dedman, J. R. & Means, A. R. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6322-6327]. The amino acid sequence of a form of rat testis PKI has now been determined both by sequencing overlapping peptide fragments for 95% of the protein and by the isolation of a cDNA clone containing the coding region for the 70-amino acid protein. The sequence of the 70-amino acid testis PKI displays a maximum of only 41% sequence identity with the previously sequenced 75-amino acid rabbit skeletal muscle PKI. However, the two forms have identical potency as inhibitors and the key amino acids of the pseudosubstrate site, shown to be critical for maximal inhibition with the rabbit skeletal muscle PKI, have been conserved in the testis protein. The rabbit skeletal muscle and rat testis PKIs most likely represent distinct isoforms. The nucleotide sequence of the rat testis PKI cDNA suggests that a second form of testis PKI, longer by 8 additional amino-terminal amino acids, might also be produced.
Mechanistic Peptidomics: Factors That Dictate Specificity in the Formation of Endogenous Peptides in Human Milk

An extensive mass spectrometry analysis of the human milk peptidome has revealed almost 700 endogenous peptides from 30 different proteins. Two in-house computational tools were created and used to visualize and interpret the data through both alignment of the peptide quasi-molecular ion intensities and estimation of the differential enzyme participation. These results reveal that the endogenous proteolytic activity in the mammary gland is remarkably specific and well conserved. Certain proteins—not necessarily the most abundant ones—are digested by the proteases present in milk, yielding endogenous peptides from selected regions. Our results strongly suggest that factors such as the presence of specific proteases, the position and concentration of cleavage sites, and, more important, the intrinsic disorder of segments of the protein drive this proteolytic specificity in the mammary gland. As a consequence of this selective hydrolysis, proteins that typically need to be cleaved at specific positions in order to exert their activity are properly digested, and bioactive peptides encoded in certain protein sequences are released. Proteins that must remain intact in order to maintain their activity in the mammary gland or in the neonatal gastrointestinal tract are unaffected by the hydrolytic environment present in milk. These results provide insight into the intrinsic structural mechanisms that facilitate the selectivity of the endogenous milk protease activity and might be useful to those studying the peptidomes of other biofluids.
Trends in otolaryngology residency training in the surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

Objectives/Hypothesis Most patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have multilevel obstruction. Improved outcomes with multilevel surgery compared to isolated palatal surgery have been well documented. Despite this, surgical practice patterns in the United States have been slow to change. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether current practice patterns are a reflection of limited surgical residency training in hypopharyngeal procedures. Study Design Cross-sectional Internet survey. Methods Program directors from 103 accredited U.S. otolaryngology residency programs were surveyed regarding past (2000, 2005) and more recent (2010) resident surgical competency in operative techniques for treatment of OSA. Results Of the 48 survey respondents, 85%, 90%, and 100% reported resident surgical competency for oropharyngeal procedures in 2000, 2005, and 2010, respectively. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and tonsillectomy were the most common procedures reported in all 3 years. In contrast, 63%, 71%, and 83% reported resident surgical competency for hypopharyngeal procedures in 2000, 2005, and 2010. Lingual tonsillectomy was the most common procedure in all 3 years. Conclusion Surgical practice patterns in the United States do not reflect current practice recommendations for treatment of OSA, which emphasize multilevel surgery. Limited surgical residency training in hypopharyngeal procedures may be a contributing factor, although there appears to be an increasing trend in resident competency. Improvement in the scope of resident surgical training for treatment of OSA may lead to improved surgical outcomes. Level of Evidence 3b. Laryngoscope, 124:579–582, 2014
Ab externo scleral fixation of the Cionni modified capsular tension ring

The Cionni modified capsular tension ring (CTR) allows for scleral fixation in cases of significant zonular dialysis, providing long-term centration of in-the-bag foldable intraocular lenses. Previous techniques of suture placement require placement of the primary incision along the axis of zonular weakness or enlarging and/or distorting the primary incision to attain proper positioning. They also use blind passes of the needle under the iris to approximate the ciliary sulcus. We describe an external closed-system approach for preplacing 10-0 polypropylene sutures in the ciliary sulcus for a Cionni modified CTR under topical anesthesia. This technique does not use blind passes of the suture needle and results in accurate placement of the sutures in the ciliary sulcus under a closed and stable system.
Modeling the Rise and Fall of States

For those unfamiliar with CAS simulation, Cederman presents a reasonable, if slightly overstated, summary of the fundamental trade-offs of CAS relative to more common rational choice models. "Although CAS simulations sacrifice the deductive elegance of conventional rational-choice models," he argues, "treating the actors as dependent rather than independent variables introduces new research questions that cannot easily be addressed or even conceived without such an approach" (p. 7). CAS does offer the alternative that Cederman suggests, but it is not alone in that capability. An entire class of computational models offers much of the same promise (e.g., Hudson 1991). In Emergent Actors in World Politics, Cederman sets several important goals for himself. For example, he sets out to demonstrate that CAS can model historical contingency, and, indeed, counterfactual analysis is well within the capabilities of CAS simulation. Cederman also presents his work as an application of Herbert Simon's (1985) principle of satisficing (p. 87)-certainly an intellectual advance over most rational choice models. Yet, Cederman's operationalization is not necessarily faithful to Simon's concept. In Figure 4.7, which explicates the decision phase of his model, Cederman randomizes the choice of agent, province, and target after establishing a priority criterion, such as "weakest sovereign neighbor." While randomization is consistent with satisficing behavior incorporating simple cognitive heuristics into the choice by, for instance, choosing "familiar" agents, it is more consistent with Simon's (1985) concept of "bounded rationality" than his concept of satisficing. Emergent Actors should be commended for addressing some of the most fundamental problems of world politics. Cederman begins the volume by offering an overview of schools of thought in the study of international relations. He then tackles such difficult issues as emergent polarity and a number of aspects of nationalism. Cederman contributes to the academic dialogue on all these subjects, sometimes in important and insightful ways. The book's contributions are not, however, sufficiently overwhelming to warrant some of Cederman's conclusions. The probabilistic nature of Cederman's work and the lack of what is traditionally considered "data" are two critical aspects of Emergent Actors. Cederman
Intercellular signals downstream of endothelin receptor-B mediate colonization of the large intestine by enteric neuroblasts

Mice homozygous for the piebald lethal (sl) mutation, which have a complete deletion of endothelin receptor-B, fail to form ganglion cells in the distal large intestine and are nearly devoid of cutaneous melanocytes. These phenotypic features stem from incomplete colonization of the hindgut and skin by neural crest-derived neuroblasts and melanoblasts, respectively. We have used expression of a transgene, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-nlacZ, to study colonization of the enteric nervous system in sl/sl embryos and sl/sl wild-type chimeric mice. Enteric neuroblasts derived from the vagal neural crest colonize the developing foregut, midgut and distal small intestine of sl/sl embryos in a cranial-to-caudal manner indistinguishable from sl/+ or +/+ embryos. However, colonization of the large intestine is retarded and the distal large intestine is never colonized, a developmental defect identical to that observed in lethal spotted (endothelin-3 deficient) embryos. The coat pigmentation and relative distributions of mutant and wild-type ganglion cells in sl/sl wild-type chimeras indicate that the defect associated with endothelin receptor-B gene deletion is not strictly neuroblast autonomous (independent of environmental factors). Instead, intercellular interactions downstream of the endothelin receptor-B mediate complete colonization of the skin and gut by neural crest cells.
Models of comparative acute toxicity of injectable erythromycin in four salmonid species

We quantified and modeled the 96-h toxicity of commercially available injectable erythromycin, Erythro-200, to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), rainbow trout (O. mykiss) and spring chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in several trials to analyze the response within and across different temperatures and ages (sizes) of fish. Probit analyses of the dose response across these separate trials, including those conducted at different water temperatures, revealed no significant differences among the slopes of the mortality response for each species group. Median lethal doses (LD50) of erythromycin for the species and temperatures tested ranged from 350 to 1041 mg kg 1 . We provided a general dose-response model for injectable erythromycin in all test species and size groups, with the differences in probit intercepts modified by species, temperature and size of fish. The toxicity–body size relationship for injectable erythromycin fits an allometric equation with a body weight exponent of 0.79 to 0.80. We observed some mortality at high dosages of the injectable drug carrier (PEG-400, ethyl acetate and absolute ethanol) in all species tested and we estimated the LD50=4.71 ml kg 1 for yearling chinook salmon at 12 jC. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Cigarette smoking and cancer screening underutilization by state: BRFSS 2010.

Introduction To quantify the impact of current smokers' underutilization of colorectal cancer (CRC) and breast cancer screenings on overall cancer screening prevalence at the state level. Methods Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2010 data were used to calculate states' prevalence of screening for breast cancer and CRC overall and by current smoking status. To quantify the effect of underutilization of screening by current smokers on the overall breast cancer and CRC screening prevalence in each state, we derived a cancer screening underutilization (CSU) measure. Results CRC screening rates among adults aged 50 years and older ranged from 38.3% in Oklahoma to 59.5% in Rhode Island for current smokers and from 58.0% in Idaho to 75.9% in New Hampshire for nonsmokers. Mammography rates among women aged 40 years and older ranged from 26.8% in Utah to 63.6% in the District of Columbia for current smokers and from 50.8% in Utah to 73.0% in Massachusetts for nonsmokers. As a result, CSU values ranged from 2.1% to 6.7% for CRC screening and from 0.3% to 7.9% for mammography. Most states with the largest CSU values were located in the South or Midwest, whereas those with the smallest CSU values were located in the Northeast or West. Conclusions Lower levels of CRC and mammography screening among current smokers substantially contribute to many states' lower overall screening prevalence, particularly in Southern and Midwestern states where smoking prevalence is highest. These findings underscore the potential for more concentrated efforts to promote cessation and screening among smokers as a means to achieving cancer screening goals.
Structural Asymmetries of the Human Brain and Their Disturbance in Schizophrenia

Asymmetries of the brain have been known about for at least a century, but they have been explored in detail only relatively recently. It has become clear that, although different asymmetries are common throughout the animal kingdom, they are most marked in the human brain. Disturbances in asymmetry are particularly striking in patients with schizophrenia and perhaps all psychotic illnesses, and may provide the neurological substrate for the etiology and clinical manifestations of the illness.
Mindfulness, emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and stress proneness among hypersexual patients.

Objective: The current study explores relationships between mindfulness, emotional regulation, impulsivity, and stress proneness in a sample of participants recruited in a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Fifth Edition Field Trial for Hypersexual Disorder and healthy controls to assess whether mindfulness attenuates symptoms of hypersexuality. Method: Hierarchal regression analysis was used to assess whether significant relationships between mindfulness and hypersexuality exist beyond associations commonly found with emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and stress proneness in a sample of male hypersexual patients (n = 40) and control subjects (n = 30). Results: Our results show a robust inverse relationship of mindfulness to hypersexuality over and above associations with emotional regulation, impulsivity, and stress proneness. Conclusions: These results suggest that mindfulness may be a meaningful component of successful therapy among patients seeking help for hypersexual behavior in attenuating hypersexuality, improving affect regulation, stress coping, and increasing tolerance for desires to act on maladaptive sexual urges and impulses. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comprehensive counseling services

With university commitment, comprehensive counseling services can provide the key to attracting and retaining adult learners.
The Presuppositions of Soft Triggers aren't Presuppositions

Presupposition triggers can be divided in two groups on the basis of whether the presuppositions they give rise to are easily defeasible or not. Abusch (2002) calls these two groups "soft" and "hard" triggers. In this paper I argue that the "presuppositions of soft triggers" is a label that actually identifies meaning components that sometimes arise as plain entailments and sometimes as scalar implicatures. I propose a way to derive them based only on alternatives and an independently justified theory of scalar implicatures. This will be able to explain how and when these inferences can be suspended, while also accounting for the "regular" projection behavior when they are not suspended. Furthermore, the proposed system will also account for puzzling cases arising from the interaction between the presupposition of soft triggers and scalar implicatures.
Retrospective survey for sialidase activity in Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates from cases of community-acquired pneumonia

Background: Sialidase is a well-known virulence factor of other respiratory pathogens, but was only recently documented to occur in some species of Mycoplasma. The sialidase activity expressed can vary quantitatively among strains within a species of mycoplasma, from undetectable to amounts that correlate positively with strain virulence. Very few isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae had ever been examined for sialidase activity, so it was unknown whether sialidase may contribute to diseases involving this species. Findings: No sialidase activity was detected by spectrofluorometric assay of 15 laboratory strains and 91 clinical isolates of M. pneumoniae banked over many years from patients having radiologically-confirmed, uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia. Conclusions: The annotated genome of strain M129 (GenBank NC_000912, ATCC 29342), also isolated from a patient with pneumonia, accurately represents the absence of sialidase genes from strains of M. pneumoniae typically associated with uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia. A possible involvement of sialidase in neurologic or other extra-respiratory manifestations of M. pneumoniae mycoplasmosis remains to be investigated.
Continuous-Flow Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry: Applications to Dynamic Systems

Continuous flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB) mass spectrometry provides a means for particle bombardment analysis of aqueous solutions continuously infused into a mass spectrometer. Flow-injection analysis of biological reactions or systems are readily accommodated by this technique. This chapter describes the basic concepts and performance advantages of CF-FAB as compared to normal (standard) FABMS. Many specific applications are discussed, including direct injection of peptide mixtures obtained from protease digests. The coupling of CF-FAB for applications involving on-line liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis is described in some detail and is illustrated by the analysis of tryptic digest of proteins. Finally, the use of CF-FAB with microdialysis is described for the in vivo analysis of drugs and endogenous metabolites. In these applications, mass specific detection is used in drug pharmokinetic analysis and in the monitoring of the time-course of drugs crossing the blood/brain barrier. In conclusion, the outlook of the technique is briefly discussed.
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR4 is not associated with differences in overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), or graft-vs-host-disease (GVHD) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo HSCT) for myeloid malignancies

6552 Background: HLA DR4 is associated with autoimmune disorders and with response to cyclosporine immunosuppression in T-cell Large Granular Lymphoproliferative Disorder (BJH 2003;123(3)). We have...
Superconductivity from fractionalized excitations in URu 2 Si 2

An unconventional pairing mechanism in the heavy-fermion material ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ is studied. We propose a mixed singlet-triplet $d$-density wave to be the hidden-order state in ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$. The exotic order is topologically nontrivial and supports a charge $2e$ skyrmionic spin texture, which is assumed to fractionalize into merons and antimerons at the deconfined quantum critical point. The interaction between these fractional particles results in a (pseudo)spin-singlet chiral $d$-wave superconducting state, which breaks time-reversal symmetry. Therefore, it is highly likely to produce a nonzero signal of the polar Kerr effect at the onset of the superconductivity, consistent with recent experiments. In addition, the nodal structures of the possible pairing functions in our model are consistent with the thermodynamic experiments in ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$.
THE CASE AGAINST AN INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY RESERVE CURRENCY

IN January 1964 three prominent economists, Albert G. Hart, Nicholas Kaldor, and Jan Tinbergen, submitted to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development a plan for international monetary reform which is based on the establishment of all international commodity reserve currency.' This plan is claimed to solve not only the shortage of world liquidity but also many of the problems of underdeveloped countries by reducing business-cycle-caused fluctuations in the demand for raw materials and by stabilizing the terms of trade between primary products and manufactured goods. The scheme is essentially a variant of the plans proposed by Benjamin Graham and Frank D. Graham during the Second World War.2 An extensive discussion about the merits and shortcomings of these types of plans had taken place in the years following their publication. It was summarized in a 1951 article by Milton Friedman.3 The conclusion of this discussion was that a strict commodity reserve currency tends itself to be a source of world price instability. Furthermore, in comparison with fiatmoney it offers no technical advantages so that the accumulation of the stocks represents an important burden not associated with the alternative form of organization. This note will present a set of calculations in order to show how large the economic waste of the Hart-Kaldor-Tinbergen plan would be if it were put into effect during the 1960's. In addition, we shall analyse some important implications which the operations of the scheme would have for world commodity markets and underdeveloped countries. In order to be able to focus our attention only on these aspects of the plan we shall assume that the problem of world price stability criticized in earlier variants of such plans has been solved by the detailed proposals put forward by the authors. More specifically, we assume that the regulations as to the composition of the commodity bundles, the relative prices of the commodities, and the relation of national exchange rates to the commodity-backed bancor will be such that the supply of the international
Influence on the European Com Borer of Nosema pyrausta and Resistance in Maize to Sheath-Collar Feeding

The interaction between infection of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), by the protozoan Nosema pyrausta Paillot, and maize resistance to sheathcollar feeding by the borer was evaluated over 3 years. The experiments were conducted on 3 inbred maize lines: WF9 (susceptible), R101 or B14 (intermediate), and B52 (resistant). Both plant resistance and N. pyrausta infection influenced the number of larvae/plant and the larval weight. The percentage of larvae infected was dependent only on the level of infection in the egg mass source (heavy or light). The level of infection was dependent on both the egg mass source and the inbred line: larvae developing on B52 tended to be more heavily infected. The influence of plant resistance and infection on overwintering larvae was dependent on the year; mortality was greater among heavily infected larvae in 1 yr and was greater among larvae on the resistant and intermediate inbreds than on the susceptible inbred in another year.
Soldiers of Democracy: Black Texans and the Fight for Citizenship, 1917–1921

This is the country to which we Soldiers of Democracy return. . . . But by the God of Heaven, we are cowards and jackasses if now that that war is over, we do not marshal every ounce of our brain and brawn to fight a sterner, longer, more unbending battle against the forces of hell in our own land. We return. We return from fighting. We return fighting. Make way for Democracy! We saved it in France, and by the Great Jehovah, we will save it in the United States of America, or know the reasons why. -W. E. B. Du Bois, Crisis, May 1919
Analysis of Aeromagnetic Anomalies Characteristics in North Tanzania

Northern Tanzania is important prospecting potential area of gold,diamonds,and tungsten,tin,nickel.Analysis and research of aeromagnetic anomalies in the region has very important significance for mineral prospecting.By converting and processing of regional aeromagnetic data,close relationship of different forms of aeromagnetic anomalies and regional geology and mineral is established.
Premature rupture of membranes and its effect on the newborn.

The problems of infants born after premature rupture of membranes and the relationship of other complications to premature rupture of membranes are considered.
Advanced Practice Clinicians and Physicians in Primary Care: Still More Questions than Answers.

Mafi and colleagues examined the role of nurse practitioners and physician assistants in the delivery of high-quality, cost-effective primary care. The editorialist discusses the findings and belie...
Where’s the library in service learning?: Models for engaged library instruction

Abstract This theoretical article argues that information literacy can play a vital role in service learning pedagogy by advancing three models of library instruction. Such an “engaged” library instruction will further position libraries in academic pedagogy, help foster civic education, and encourage critical re-examination of the library’s mission in higher education.
Attending rounds: What do the all-star teachers do?

AbstractAim: To examine differences in the types of teaching activities performed during rounds between the most effective and least effective inpatient teaching attendings.Methods: Participants included 56 attending physicians supervising 279 trainees. Trained observers accompanied teams during rounds and recorded the frequencies of educational activities that occurred. Students and residents then rated their satisfaction with the teaching on rounds.Results: Attending physicians with the highest learner satisfaction scores performed significantly more teaching activities per patient than attending physicians who were rated as average or less-effective (2.1 vs. 1.4 vs. 1.5; p = .03). There were significant differences in the frequencies of 3 out of the 9 specific teaching activities observed, including answering specific patient-care related questions (77% vs. 66% vs. 47%; p = .003), teaching on learner chosen topics (8% vs. 2% vs. 2%; p = .02), and providing feedback (31% vs. 10% vs. 0.1%; p = .001).Conc...