cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Innovative 3-dimensional Model of the Epitympanum for Teaching of Middle Ear Anatomy

ObjectiveTo facilitate teaching of the anatomy of the epitympanum, we developed and evaluated the effectiveness of an interactive 3-dimensional (3D) computer model that can be viewed from all angle...
Training on test data: Removing near duplicates in Fashion-MNIST.

MNIST and Fashion MNIST are extremely popular for testing in the machine learning space. Fashion MNIST improves on MNIST by introducing a harder problem, increasing the diversity of testing sets, and more accurately representing a modern computer vision task. In order to increase the data quality of FashionMNIST, this paper investigates near duplicate images between training and testing sets. Near-duplicates between testing and training sets artificially increase the testing accuracy of machine learning models. This paper identifies near-duplicate images in Fashion MNIST and proposes a dataset with near-duplicates removed.
Curcumin induced oxidative stress attenuation by N-acetylcysteine co-treatment: a fibroblast and epithelial cell in-vitro study in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease of unknown etiology with only two federally approved drug options. Given the complex molecular pathogenesis of IPF involving multiple cell types and multiple pathways, we explore the effects of a potential antifibrotic and antioxidant drug combination. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound derived from turmeric with significant biological activity including a potential antifibrotic capacity. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione. To advance our understanding of these molecules, and to identify a clinical application, we present a small number of focused experiments that interrogates the effect of curcumin and NAC on pathways relevant to IPF in both fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Primary epithelial cell and fibroblasts isolated from patients with IPF were challenged with a combination treatment of NAC and curcumin. Evaluation of the antifibrotic potential and effect on oxidative stress was performed through QPCR gene expression analysis and functional assays including scratch tests, viability assays, and measurement of induced reactive oxygen species. We demonstrate that curcumin alone does have antifibrotic potential, but that effect is accompanied by proapoptotic increases in oxidative stress. Coupled with this, we find that NAC alone can reduce oxidative stress, but that epithelial cell viability is decreased through this treatment. However, co-administration of these two molecules decreases oxidative stress and maintains high cell viability in both cell types. In addition, this co-treatment maintains an antifibrotic potential. These findings suggest a novel application for these molecules in IPF and encourage further exploration of this potential therapeutic approach.
Validity and Reliability of Three-dimensional Imaging to Measure Limb Volume: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Approximately 30% of women treated for breast cancer will develop lymphedema, yet early identification can prevent this occurrence. It is important to accurately and efficiently measu...
More on Amplifiers

The previous chapters showed, in some detail, how to make amplifiers using a single transistor. Further detailed analysis for any particular amplifier is left to those who find it necessary. Here some additional ideas applicable to amplifiers are presented more generally. To start, yet another general theorem for linear circuits is considered. After that, some useful configurations that rely on multiple transistors are presented, as well as some more general concepts that apply to any linear amplifier.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing in the Perimenopausal and Menopausal Woman

Compared to premenopausal women, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been observed to increase in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. An increased risk for OSA remains even after controlling for confounders including age, body habitus and lifestyle factors. The elevated risk for sleep apnea may be related to hormonal changes, changes in body fat re-distribution, respiratory drive, ventilatory stability and upper airway anatomy and physiology. This chapter reviews the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea across menopause, how the menopausal transition impacts sleep disordered breathing characteristics and the potential mechanisms which may lead to the development of sleep-disordered breathing.
Students Are Stakeholders in On-Campus Archaeology

A consistent challenge in community and collaborative archaeologies has been the appropriate identification and understanding of project constituencies. A key step in stakeholder analysis is understanding and harmonizing the goals of archaeological work to the social role of the institutions for which we work. To illustrate the value of such a stance, we examine on-campus archaeology programs at colleges and universities, arguing that treating students as vital stakeholders is an important ethical obligation for both researchers and administrators. Including students as stakeholders in campus archaeology provides pedagogical benefits and a meaningful way to instill an appreciation of archaeology in an important constituency of potential voters and future decision-makers. We present a case study from Santa Clara University (SCU), reporting results of an online survey of undergraduates that was intended to gauge community interests in campus archaeology and heritage. We also detail activities undertaken by SCU's Community Heritage Lab in response to survey findings in order to raise the profile of the archaeological and other heritage resources on our campus.
Mobile Mitral and Aortic Valvular Masses in Patients With Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Receiving Intravenous Bevacizumab

Abstract Bevacizumab is now an emerging treatment option for severe hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia–related bleeding including epistaxis and gastrointestinal tract bleeding. The impact of long-term intravenous bevacizumab therapy on cardiac structure and function is unknown. We describe 3 patients receiving intravenous bevacizumab therapy for severe hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia–related bleeding who were found to have abnormal mobile masses on the mitral valve (n=2) and aortic valve (n=1). The clinical impact of these findings is unknown and requires further study.
16 – GAINING FROM INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the impact of foreign trade on the price, consumption, and domestic production of goods. The effects of trade restrictions, such as tariffs and quotas, are also considered in the chapter. International trade is an area of economics where fallacies seem to abound. The chapter also discusses several examples of economic non-reasoning. International trade, like other voluntary exchange, results because both the buyer and the seller gain from it. If both parties did not expect to gain, there would be no trade. Exports and imports are closely linked. Nations export goods to others so they would be able to import foreign products. Exports provide the buying power that makes it possible for a nation to import other goods. As a secondary effect, policies that restrict imports simultaneously reduce the ability of foreigners to purchase the export products of a nation.
Moving towards specificity: A systematic review of cue features associated with reward and punishment in anorexia nervosa.

Abstract Models of anorexia nervosa (AN) posit that symptoms are maintained through deficient reward and enhanced punishment processing. However, theoretical and empirical inconsistencies highlight the need for a more nuanced conceptualization of this literature. Our goal was to comprehensively review the research on reward and punishment responding in AN from a cue-specific lens to determine which stimuli evoke or discourage reward and punishment responses in this population, and, ultimately, what properties these rewarding and punishing cues might share. A systematic review interrogating reward and punishment responses to specific cues yielded articles (n = 92) that examined responses to disorder relevant (e.g., food) and irrelevant (e.g., money) stimuli across self-report, behavioral, and biological indices. Overall, in most studies individuals with AN exhibited aversive responses to cues signaling higher body weights, social contexts, and monetary losses, and appetitive responses to cues for weight loss behaviors and thinness. Findings were more mixed on responses to palatable food and monetary gains. Results highlight that reward and punishment responding in AN are context specific and may be affected by varied stimulus qualities (e.g., predictability, controllability, delay, effort). Increasing specificity in future research on reward and punishment mechanisms in AN will better inform development of precisely-targeted interventions.
Combined effects of elevated CO2, N fertilizer and water deficit stress on diazotrophic community in sub-humid tropical paddy soil

Abstract Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2), higher dose of recommended nitrogen (HDN), and water deficit stress (WDS) are three important factors which influence individually on diazotrophic community in paddy soil, thereby affecting crop yield and its nitrogen use efficiency. However, the combined effects of eCO2, HDN, and WDS on soil diazotrophic community remains inadequate particularly in rice. Hence, the present study was conducted in CO2-maintained open-top chamber to assess the diazotrophic community under combined influence of eCO2 (550 ± 20 μmol mol−1 as compared to ambient CO2 i.e. 400 ± 10 μmol mol−1) and HDN (120 kg N ha−1, 50% higher than recommended dose of N for rice i.e. 80 kg N ha−1, in sub-humid tropical region of eastern India) with and without WDS (−60 kPa) at two growth stages of rice (tillering, TI and panicle initiation, PI) and correlated with soil carbon (C) pools and enzyme activities. The results indicated that soil organic C, readily mineralizable C, microbial biomass C, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly (p
Theoretical Model for Delivery of Congenital Heart Surgery in the United States.

Background Over 150 hospitals perform congenital heart surgery (CHS) in the United States. Many hospitals are close together, with a median patient travel distance of 38.5 miles. We began with a theoretical blank slate and used objective methodology guided by population density and volume thresholds to estimate the optimal number and locations of hospitals to provide CHS in the United States. Methods Guided by published data, we estimated the number of CHS operations in the United States in to be 32,500 per year. We distributed patients geographically based on population density. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (population centers and surrounding areas with close economic/social ties) were used as potential hospital locations. Patients were assigned to the closest hospital location such that all hospitals had a CHS volume of ≥300 operations. Results We estimated 57 hospitals could serve the contiguous United States. Median theoretical hospital volume after regionalization was 451 operations (interquartile range, 366-648). Median patient travel distance was 35.1 miles. Some patients (6396/31,895, 20%) traveled more than 100 miles. Conclusions Our model suggests the United States could be served by approximately 100 fewer CHS hospitals than currently exist. With hospitals optimally placed, patient travel burden would decrease. This model serves as a platform to improve care delivery by regionalization of CHS.
Control-Related Motivations and Information Security Policy Compliance: The Role of Autonomy and Efficacy

Employees' failures to follow information security policy can be costly to organizations, causing organizations to implement security controls to motivate secure behavior. Information security research has explored many control-related motivations (e.g., self-efficacy, response efficacy, and behavioral control) in the context of ISP compliance; however, the behavioral effects of perceptions of autonomous functioning are not well understood in security contexts. This paper examines employee autonomy as a control-related motivation from the lens of self-determination theory and psychological reactance theory. Self-determination theory is widely used in other disciplines to explain intrinsically driven behavior, but has not been applied to security research. Psychological reactance theory is also widely used, but is only beginning to receive attention in security research. Self-determination and psychological reactance offer complementary yet opposite conceptualizations of trait-based autonomy. This paper posits that perceptions of trait-based autonomy influence self-efficacy and response efficacy. Through a survey of government employees, we provide support for several hypotheses. We also discuss important directions for the use of self-determination theory and psychological reactance theory in future research.
Numerical simulation of Gaussian beam propagation through Kolmogorov phase screen

In this work, we develop a numerical model to propagate a Gaussian beam through Kolmogorov phase screen under weakmoderate turbulence regime. The numerical method uses the Second-Order Split-Step Algorithm (SSM) to perform the numerical calculations. The Kolmogorov power spectrum model is used to characterize the atmosphere turbulence conditions. The proposed model should also provide the flexibility to enhance the computing accuracy, speed, and memory usage. We found the FWHM of Gaussian profile dropped to about 25% of the maximum intensity of the initial beam, but the shape is not deformed after a propagating through a single-phase screen under weak turbulence regime. On the other hand, when the beam is sent through multiple phase screens and under moderate atmosphere fluctuation, the interference between the beam and the two-phase screen led to a minor deformation of the beam shape and more coherence. The SSM method showed an extremely efficient performance in propagating the beam using Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform.
Scaling Genetic Counseling in the Genomics Era.

The development of massively parallel sequencing–based genomic sequencing tests has increased genetic test availability and access. The field and practice of genetic counseling have adapted in resp...
Massive Transfusion Protocols in Obstetric Hemorrhage: Theory versus Reality.

Objective Massive transfusion protocols are widely implemented in obstetrical practice in case of severe hemorrhage; however, different recommendations exist regarding the appropriate ratios of blood product components to be transfused. We report our extensive experience with massive component transfusion in a referral center in which the standard massive transfusion protocol is modified by ongoing clinical and laboratory evaluation. Study Design A retrospective chart review of all patients who had massive transfusion protocol activation in a level 4 referral center for obstetrical practice was performed from January 2014 to January 2020. Data collected included the etiology of obstetrical hemorrhage, number of blood products of each type transfused, crystalloid infusion, and several indices of maternal morbidity and mortality. Data are presented with descriptive statistics. Results A total of 62 patients had massive transfusion protocol activation, of which 97% received blood products. Uterine atony was found to be the most common etiology for massive hemorrhage (34%), followed by placenta accreta spectrum (32%). The mean estimated blood loss was 1,945 mL. A mean of 6.5 units of packed red blood cells, 14.8 units of fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate, and 8.3 units of platelets were transfused per patient. No maternal deaths were seen. Conclusion The ratios of transfused packed red blood cell to fresh frozen plasma/cryoprecipitate and of packed red blood cell to platelet units varied significantly from the fixed initial infusion ratio called for by our massive transfusion protocol resulting in universally favorable maternal outcomes. When rapid laboratory evaluation of hematologic and clotting parameters is available, careful use of this information may facilitate safe modification of an initial fixed transfusion ratio based on etiology of the hemorrhage and individual patient response. Key Points
Amyl Nitrite-Induced Hemolytic Anemia: Acute Therapy and Prevention.

Inhaled nitrites have been a substance of recreational use for centuries, primarily among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, there is a lack of awareness of the use of inhaled nitrites in this population and the possible complications and health disparities it carries. In this case report, we present a 62-year-old man with a past medical history of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency presenting with severe hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia after recreational use of inhaled nitrites. The case was complicated with the presence of methemoglobinemia in a patient with G6PD deficiency. This report also aims to increase awareness of the use of nitrites in the MSM population. The use of nitrites is a predictor for high-risk sexual behavior and is associated with positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status.
Early preclinical evaluation of a novel, computer aided designed, 3D printed, bioresorbable posterior cricoid scaffold.

Abstract Objectives The posterior cricoid split with rib graft is a procedure that elegantly corrects pediatric posterior glottic stenosis and subglottic stenosis. Currently, the procedure requires harvesting of rib cartilage which leaves room for optimization. With use of three dimensional printing technology, our objective was to design a device that would negate the need for costal cartilage harvesting in this procedure. Methods An optimized, novel polycaprolactone scaffold was designed using computer aided design software and three dimensional printing. A pilot proof of concept study was conducted with implantation of the device in three porcine animal subjects. Device was evaluated by post-procedural clinical course, endoscopic exams, post-mortem exam, and histological evaluation. Results A series of variably sized scaffolds were created. The scaffolds showed structural integrity and successfully expanded the cricoid cartilage in the porcine model study. Post-operative endoscopy and clinical exams demonstrated no signs of implant instability or failure. Gross and histologic exams showed successful mucosalization over the scaffold and cartilage ingrowth by six weeks. Conclusion This porcine animal pilot study demonstrated early success of a computer-aided designed, 3D printed, bioresorbable PCL posterior graft scaffold. The scaffolds eliminate the need for costal cartilage harvesting and had excellent surgical usability. The scaffolds functioned as designed, offering proof of concept and grounds for further evaluation to expand on this small pilot study with larger animal studies and continued design refinement.
Age and Chemistry of Dissolved Organic Carbon Reveal Enhanced Leaching of Ancient Labile Carbon at the Permafrost Thaw Zone

Abstract. Climate change will alter the balance between frozen and thawed conditions in Arctic systems. Increased temperatures will make the extensive northern permafrost carbon stock vulnerable to decomposition and translocation. Production, cycling, and transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are crucial processes for high-latitude ecosystem carbon loss that result in considerable export off the Arctic landscape. To identify where and under what conditions permafrost DOC is mobilized in an Arctic headwater catchment, we measured radiocarbon (14C) of DOC and assessed DOC composition with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), of surface waters and shallow and deep subsurface pore waters from 17 drainages in the Barrow Environmental Observatory in Alaska. Samples were collected in July and September 2013 to assess changes in age and chemistry of DOC over time. DOC age was highly variable ranging from modern (19 ‰ Δ14C) to approximately 7000 y BP (−583 ‰ Δ14C). DOC age increased with depth, over the summer as the active layer deepened, and with increasing drainage size. DOC quality indicators reflected a DOC source rich in high-molecular weight and aromatic compounds throughout the summer and a weak relationship with DOC age. In deep porewaters, DOC age was also correlated with several biogeochemical indicators, suggesting a coupling between carbon and redox biogeochemistry influencing methane production. In the drained thawed lake basins included in this study, DOC concentrations and contributions of vegetation-derived organic matter declined with increasing basin age. The weak relationship between DOC age and chemistry and consistency in DOC chemical indicators over the summer suggest high lability of old DOC released by thawing permafrost.
HORMONES AND SEX-SPECIFIC BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on hormones and sex-specific brain development. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted under the influence of neurotransmitters. It is transported by the hypothalamo–hypophysial portal vessels to the anterior hypophysis, stimulating there the secretion of gonadotropins. The gonadotropins control the generative and vegetative function of the gonads. The gonadal hormones, in turn, exert either only an inhibitory or also a stimulatory, which is a positive feedback effect on gonadotropin secretion, depending on sex hormone levels during a critical pre- or perinatal period of brain differentiation and during a postpuberal priming period of brain function. Prenatal stress, which can lead to abnormal sex hormone levels and/or abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism in the developing brain, can represent a risk factor for the etiogenesis of sexual deviations in later life. The evocability of a positive estrogen feedback effect is dependent on the sex hormone levels during a critical differentiation phase and functional phase of the brain. In case of a low androgen level during the differentiation period, a relatively strong positive estrogen feedback action on LH secretion can be elicited after estrogen priming during the functional phase.
Identifying Effective Moves in Tutoring: On the Refinement of Dialogue Act Annotation Schemes

The rich natural language dialogue that is exchanged between tutors and students has inspired many successful lines of research on tutorial dialogue systems. Yet, today’s tutorial dialogue systems do not regularly achieve the same level of student learning gain as has been observed with expert human tutors. Implementing models directly informed by, and even machine-learned from, human-human tutorial dialogue is highly promising. With this goal in mind, this paper makes two contributions to tutorial dialogue systems research. First, it presents a dialogue act annotation scheme that is designed specifically to address a common weakness within dialogue act tag sets, namely, their dominance by a single large majority dialogue act class. Second, using this new fine-grained annotation scheme, the paper describes important correlations uncovered between tutor dialogue acts and student learning gain within a corpus of tutorial dialogue for introductory computer science. These findings can inform the design of future tutorial dialogue systems by suggesting ways in which systems can adapt at a fine-grained level to student actions.
Nature and nurture: T-cell receptor-dependent and T-cell receptor-independent differentiation cues in the selection of the memory T-cell pool

The initiation of a T-cell response begins with the interaction of an individual T-cell clone with its cognate antigen presented by MHC. Although the strength of the T-cell receptor (TCR) –antigen–MHC (TCR-pMHC) interaction plays an important and obvious role in the recruitment of T cells into the immune response, evidence in recent years has suggested that the strength of this initial interaction can influence various other aspects of the fate of an individual T-cell clone and its daughter cells. In this review, we will describe differences in the way CD4+ and CD8+ T cells incorporate antigen-driven differentiation and survival signals during the response to acute infection. Furthermore, we will discuss increasing evidence that the quality and/or quantity of the initial TCR-pMHC interaction can drive the differentiation and long-term survival of T helper type 1 memory populations.
Singularities of massless planar diagrams, large-N_c mesons in 3+1 dimensions, and the 't Hooft model

We study the singular Landau surfaces of planar diagrams contributing to scattering of a massless quark and antiquark in 3+1 dimensions. In particular, we look at singularities which remain after integration with respect to the various angular degrees of freedom. We derive a general relation between these singularities and the singularities of quark- antiquark scattering in 1+1 dimensions. We then classify all Landau surfaces of the 1+1 dimensional system. Combining these results, we deduce that the singular surfaces of the angle- integrated 3+1 dimensional amplitude must satisfy at least one of three conditions, which we call the planar light-cone conditions. We discuss the extension of our results to non-perturbative processes by means of the non-perturbative operator product expansion. Our findings offer new insights into the connection between the 't Hooft model and large-N_c mesons in 3+1 dimensions and may prove useful in studies of confinement in relativistic meson systems.
Template activity of rat liver RNA during development: I. Specificity of polyribosomal RNA in a binding assay

Abstract The template activity (amino acid incorporation) and binding properties of rat liver RNA from ribosomal subunits derived from polyribosomes and NH 4 Cl-washed ribosomes were investigated. The RNA from the 40S ribosomal subunit derived from polyribosomes exhibited a dose-related linear response in a cell-free amino acid incorporating system derived from the RNase I-less mutant, E. coli D10. On the other hand, the RNA fractions from the 40S subunit from NH 4 Cl-washed ribosomes or from the 60S ribosomal subunit showed inhibitory or very low template activity and no linearity of response. The RNA fraction from neonatal and fetal 40S ribosomal subunits derived from polyribosomes exhibited twice the stimulatory activity as the corresponding adult fraction. A KCl wash from E. coli ribosomes was able to specifically effect the binding to purified E. coli 30S ribosomal subunits of at least 10% of the RNA extracted from the adult rat liver 40S ribosomal subunits derived from polyribosomes. From these results, it was concluded that the RNA from 40S subunit from liver polyribosomes contains mRNAs which could be assayed in a heterologous E. coli system. Furthermore, the neonatal and fetal RNA fractions had twice the template activity of the adult fraction.
System Identification with Analog and Counting Process Observations I: Hybrid Stochastic Intensity and Likelihood.

In a number of application areas there is growing interest in system identification for systems whose observation processes consist of both analog and counting process signals. But so far few system identification techniques exist for these cases and likelihood functions have so far not been available. Here we introduce a new hybrid stochastic intensity and use it to construct, for the first time, an analog-counting process likelihood.
Successful removal of a 71 pound papillary serous cystadenoma of the ovary.

Abstract A case of a 71 pound papillary cystadenoma of the ovary is reported. It was removed with some difficulty, but successfully. When last seen fourteen months after surgery, the patient was in excellent health for her age of 63 years.
Baryon Resonances in the STAR Experiment at RHIC

We present measurements of mass, width, and yields of the Δ(1232) ++ , Σ(1385) and Λ(1520) from p + p , d +Au, and Au+Au collisions at √ s NN = 200 GeV in the STAR experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory’s Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). These measurements are discussed in the context of re-scattering and regeneration. We also discuss preliminary measurements of the Ξ(1530) and possibilities for upcoming measurements based on recently collected data.
Late Results of Repair of Truncus Arteriosus

Over the last three decades, management of truncus arteriosus has evolved with improving outcomes. Surgical repair is currently performed primarily during the neonatal period. This has prevented the severe morbidity and mortality resulting from congestive heart failure and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. Although it has been 30 years since successful surgical repair of this lesion, the long-term follow-up studies have been limited to children who underwent truncus repair beyond the infancy period. In this article, we review the literature and also summarize the long-term results of truncus arteriosus at the University of California, San Francisco, where a repair in early infancy has been routine since 1975. A retrospective review was performed to assess long-term outcomes among 165 patients (81 % of patients were
Sociology of Law: Introduction: sociology, society, law

When we speak of “law,” “legal order,” or “legal proposition,” ( Rechtssatz ), close attention must be paid to the distinction between the legal and the sociological points of view. – Max Weber (1922c: 1) By speaking of law and society we may forget that law is itself a part of society. – Lon L. Fuller (1968: 57) Recovering the sociology of law The development of the sociology of law cannot be told simply as it evolved since the sociological classics, for there is, in the case of this sociological specialty, no such history directly emanating from the discipline's earliest foundations. Although the classical scholars of sociology dealt with law elaborately on the basis of their respective theoretical perspectives, their works did not provide the initial onset for the sociology of law as we know it today. And even though there were scholars – especially in Europe – who sought to develop a distinctly sociological approach to law in the earlier half of the twentieth century, the so-called “sociological movement” in law that emerged in the years after World War II – especially in the United States – was primarily a product of the legal profession by way of some of the less practically inclined members in legal scholarship. These scholars sought to found a tradition of sociological jurisprudence and other perspectives of legal scholarship informed by social science in order to articulate an interest in the effects of law on society and, conversely, the influences of social events on substantive and procedural aspects of law.
Metal substitutions at the Diiron site of hemerythrin. A dicobalt(II) derivative

The invertebrate O 2 -carrying protein hemerythrin contains a nonheme diiron active site. A simple method is described for high-yield preparation of hemerythrin in which cobalt is substituted for the nonheme iron. The cobalt-substituted hemerythrin contains nearly the same polypeptide helix content as the native protein and, like the native protein, is octameric, indicating that the protein subunit structure and intersubunit interactions have been preserved. Close to 2 Co/Hr subunit with no detectable iron is reproducibly obtained, suggesting that cobalt occupies the same coordination sites as iron inthe native protein
Not so hot "hot spots" in the oceanic mantle.

Excess volcanism and crustal swelling associated with hot spots are generally attributed to thermal plumes upwelling from the mantle. This concept has been tested in the portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 34° and 45° (Azores hot spot). Peridotite and basalt data indicate that the upper mantle in the hot spot has undergone a high degree of melting relative to the mantle elsewhere in the North Atlantic. However, application of various geothermometers suggests that the temperature of equilibration of peridotites in the mantle was lower, or at least not higher, in the hot spot than elsewhere. The presence of H2O-rich metasomatized mantle domains, inferred from peridotite and basalt data, would lower the melting temperature of the hot spot mantle and thereby reconcile its high degree ofmelting with the lack of a mantle temperature anomaly. Thus, some so-called hot spots might be melting anomalies unrelated to abnormally high mantle temperature or thermal plumes.
Experiences in designing a robust and scalable interpreter profiling framework

Profile directed feedback (PDF) is a well known technique used to drive many compiler optimizations like basic block ordering and guarded devirtualization. These optimizations are particularly crucial in order to achieve good throughput performance in JEE applications that have a large code footprint. To effectively apply optimizations that rely on profiling information, a just-in-time (JIT) compiler must have access to profiling information that is accurate. One common source of profiling information in a Java virtual machine (JVM) is the interpreter. Typically methods are interpreted as a program ramps up, during which profiling information can be collected. However, obtaining useful and accurate information for large enterprise-class applications can be a challenge because of the memory and performance overhead associated with collecting and processing the large volumes of profiling data that is generated. This paper describes the challenges in maintaining the balance between throughput performance and profiling overhead in a production JIT compiler that is used by the IBM JDK. The scope of the performance overhead in terms of throughput, memory footprint and startup speed for large JEE class applications is introduced and various engineering solutions that were tried are detailed and compared in terms of experimental results. We found that the throughput improvement due to interpreter profiling (IP) can be as high as 58%, whereas the overhead measured in terms of application startup time could cost up to 57%. Our solutions to reducing profiling overhead managed to reduce the startup cost to only a few percent while maintaining the full throughput benefit. By discussing these approaches, this paper offers a balanced and practical overview on how to make PDF work well for enterprise-class applications in a production JIT compiler.
Concerning the semilocal convergence of Newton’s method and convex majorants

We approximate a locally unique solution of an equation on a Banach space setting using Newton’smethod.Motivated by the work by Ferreira and Svaiter [5] but using more precise majorization sequences, and under the same computational cost we provide: a larger convergence region; finer error bounds on the distances involved, and an at least as precise information on the location of the solution than in [5]. The results can also compare favorably to the corresponding ones given byWang in [10]. Finally we complete the study with two concrete applications.
Simulating housing quality changes in developing countries: A tool for policy analysis

Abstract Good planning for the housing sector in developing countries is essential both because of the sector's importance in total investment and credit markets generally, and because of the central role of housing in determining the well-being of a nation's households. This paper describes a new planning tool — the Housing Quality Simulation Model, which is designed to help analysts evaluate alternative strategies for deploying resources to meet a country's housing needs. The model operates on a micro-computer, and simulates the year-to-year changes in the quality of housing occupied by households in different income and tenure groups that would result from alternative policy interventions. This paper provides an overall description of the model, placing it in the context of other urban models, and illustrates its use by summarizing the model's application to Sri Lanka.
Management of Intracranial Hypertension

Effective management of intracranial hypertension involves meticulous avoidance of factors that precipitate or aggravate increased intracranial pressure. When intracranial pressure becomes elevated, it is important to rule out new mass lesions that should be surgically evacuated. Medical management of increased intracranial pressure should include sedation, drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, and osmotherapy with either mannitol or hypertonic saline. For intracranial hypertension refractory to initial medical management, barbiturate coma, hypothermia, or decompressive craniectomy should be considered. Steroids are not indicated and may be harmful in the treatment of intracranial hypertension resulting from traumatic brain injury.
Temporal profiling of gene expression during neurogenesis and remodeling in the olfactory epithelium at short intervals after target ablation

Neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium (OE) is induced by olfactory bulbectomy (OBX), which effectively axotomizes olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and removes their synaptic targets, resulting in apoptosis. We used Affymetrix high-density oligonucleotide arrays to investigate changes in gene expression during initiation of signaling in pathways that regulate apoptosis and neurogenesis in the murine OE at 2, 8, 16, and 48 hr after bilateral OBX compared to that in sham-operated controls. We focused on regulation of a defined set of genes associated with apoptosis, stem/progenitor cell regulation, and cell cycle progression because of the activation of these processes in OE degeneration and remodeling after OBX. After data scrubbing and categorical analysis, one-way analysis of variance identified 72 genes (4.9% of the present known genes) as being regulated significantly (P < 0.05) at one or more points; 50 were defined as regulated differentially with the false discovery rate at 10%. Significant changes in gene expression occurred in all categories as early as 2 hr post-OBX, with the greatest number of differentially regulated genes at 16 and 48 hr. Hierarchical cluster analysis and correlation coefficients were used to identify similarities in patterns of gene expression changes within and across categories. Validation was carried out with SuperArray macroarrays and real-time RT-PCR. Our results confirmed the participation of many genes in known signaling pathways and identified changes in the expression of 42 genes not identified previously as participating in apoptosis and neurogenesis in the OE. Additionally, our analyses indicated the early involvement of genes regulating cytoskeletal reorganization and angiogenesis in the response to OBX. These studies are an important first step in defining early time-dependent changes in gene expression after target ablation that lead to neurogenesis in the olfactory sensory epithelium.
Specific sequences in N termini of apolipoprotein A-IV modulate its anorectic effect.

Rodent apoA-IV is expressed predominantly in small intestine and also expressed to a small extent in liver and hypothalamus. ApoA-IV has been shown to inhibit food intake in rats when injected centrally. In the current study, we hypothesize that a specific sequence within rat apoA-IV is responsible for mediating the anorectic effect. We use a bacterial expression system to generate truncation mutants (Δ249–371, Δ117–371 and Δ1–61) of rat apoA-IV and assess the ability of various regions of the molecule to inhibit food intake. The results indicate that a responsible sequence exists within the N-terminal 61 amino acids of rat apoA-IV. Synthetic peptides (1–30 EVTSDQVANVMWDYFTQLSNNAKEAVEQLQ, 1–15 EVTSDQVANVMWDYF and 17–30 QLSNNAKEAVEQLQ) were used to specify the region in between residues 1 and 30. A 14-mer peptide (17–30) encompassing this sequence was capable of reducing food intake in a dose-dependent manner whereas a peptide designed on a more C-terminal region (211–232) of apoA-IV (QEKLNHQMEGLAFQMKKNAEEL) failed to exhibit the dose-dependent anorectic effect. The isolation of this sequence provides a valuable tool for future work directed at identifying apoA-IV binding proteins and is a key step for exploring the potential of therapeutic manipulation of food intake via this pathway.
Wind, Water Wound, Walk – Does the Data Deliver the Dictum?

available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25131719 Editorial Comment: This is a nice study that evaluates postoperative causes of fever. The teaching dictum is “wind, water, wound, walk,” which stands for postoperative infections caused by pneumonia, urinary tract infection (UTI), wound infection and thromboembolism. Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program , the authors queried more than 11,000 patients treated in 2011 to explore the timing of postoperative infections in contemporary surgical practice. The authors found that in cases where infection developed the median time to pneumonia was 4 days, UTI 5 days, wound infection 7 days and thromboembolism 5 days. They conclude that the dictum should be changed slightly to be “wind, water, walk and wound” as the timing for postoperative fevers is driven first by pneumonia, followed by UTIs, venous thromboembolic events and wound infection. It is noteworthy that this timing only applied while patients were hospitalized. After discharge home there was little correlation between the different sources of fever and timing. The most common postoperative occurrence in the cohort studied was a wound infection, which occurred about 3.6% of the time, followed by UTI (1.1%). By comparison, pneumonia (0.82%) and venous thromboembolism (0.6%) were rare events. Thus, on average a detectable source of postoperative fever is rare. Edward M. Schaeffer, MD, PhD
General science in the eighth grade or not

E ARLY in October the Powers General Science Test and the Ruch-Popenoe General Science Test were each administered to two groups of children, one group in each case being ninth-grade pupils in Columbus junior high schools, who had had a year's course in general science during the preceding year. The other group for each test was made up of children in schools outside of Columbus in which general science was not taught in the eighth grade. The schools cooperating in the study were the Indianola, the McKinley, and the Highland Avenue junior high schools of Columbus; and those of Bremen, Circleville, Fremont, Lancaster, Marion, Piqua, St. Paris, and Westerville. The Ruch-Popenoe test was given to the pupils of the McKinley and Highland Avenue junior high schools at Columbus and to certain pupils at Circleville, Fremont, Piqua, St. Paris, Marion, and Westerville, while the Powers test was given in the Indianola and McKinley junior high schools at Columbus and to students at Bremen, Lancaster, Marion, Piqua, and Westerville. The total number of pupils taking the tests were:
Seat belt use among African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites

Abstract Objectives: This study investigated seat belt use among White, Black, and Hispanic drivers, in cities in which standard enforcement of the belt use law is permitted (primary enforcement) and in cities in which a motorist has to be first cited for another offense (secondary enforcement). Socioeconomic and gender differences in belt use were also studied. Methods: Belt use observations were obtained at gas stations in Boston, Chicago, Houston, and New York City. In short interviews with drivers, information on race/ethnicity and education was obtained. Results: Belt use was higher in primary enforcement cities, among women, and among those with at least a college degree. In primary law cities there were no clear differences in belt use by race/ethnicity; in secondary cities African Americans were less likely than Whites or Hispanics to be belted, among populations both with and without college degrees. This is consistent with data from other studies indicating that African Americans are more sensitive than Whites to the enforcement of primary laws and are more likely to increase belt use when states shift from secondary to primary. There has been no evidence of enforcement bias against African Americans — increases in citations generally have been greater among Whites than African Americans once primary enforcement is implemented. Conclusions: More widespread application of primary laws — standard throughout the world but in only 17 US states and the District of Columbia — would increase belt use for all drivers, especially African Americans.
Resonance assignment of proteins with high shift degeneracy based on 5D spectral information encoded in G2FT NMR experiments.

A suite of novel (5,3)D G2FT triple resonance NMR experiments encoding highly resolved 5D spectral information is presented for sequential resonance assignment of proteins exhibiting high chemical shift degeneracy. Efficient resonance assignment is achieved by separate joint sampling of (i) chemical shifts which solely serve to provide increased resolution and (ii) shifts which also provide sequential connectivities. In these G2FT experiments, two G-matrix transformations are employed. Peaks are resolved along a first GFT dimension at both Ω(15N) + Ω(13C‘) and Ω(15N) − Ω(13C‘), or at Ω(15N) + Ω(13Cα) and Ω(15N) − Ω(13Cα), to break backbone 15N,1HN chemical shift degeneracy. Sequential connectivities are established along a second GFT dimension by measuring intraresidue and sequential correlations at 2Ω(13Cα), Ω(13Cα + 13Cβ), and Ω(13Cα − 13Cβ), or at Ω(13Cα + 1Hα) and Ω(13Cα − 1Hα), to resolve 13Cα/β,1Hα chemical shift degeneracy. It is demonstrated that longitudinal proton relaxation optimization of out-...
Deducing molecular compositions of petroleum products using GC-field ionization high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry

Abstract GC-field ionization high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry provides three-dimensional separations of complex mixtures. The first dimension is the gas chromatography retention time. This dimension can be either a boiling point scale or relative polarity scale depending on the type of GC column used in the separation. The second dimension is the molecular weight. This dimension is achieved by soft ionization of molecules and measurement of m / z values of largely singly charged species. The third dimension arises from chemical mass defects associated with heteroatom content and degree of unsaturation. This dimension is established by high resolution and accurate mass capabilities. Highly detailed compositional information can be obtained when the three-dimensional separation is applied to petroleum products. Quantitative applications of the approach require careful response factor calibrations.
bHLH-PAS family transcription factor methoprene-tolerant plays a key role in JH action in preventing the premature development of adult structures during larval–pupal metamorphosis

The biological actions of juvenile hormones are well studied; they regulate almost all aspects of an insect's life. However, the molecular actions of these hormones are not well understood. Recent studies in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, demonstrated the utility of this insect as a model system to study JH action. These studies confirmed that the bHLH-PAS family transcription factor, methoprene-tolerant (TcMet,) plays a key role in JH action during larval stages. In this study, we investigated the role of TcMet in JH action during larval-pupal metamorphosis. The phenotypes of TcMet RNAi insects shared similarity with the phenotypes of some allatectomized lepidopteran larvae that were attempting to undergo precocious larval-pupal metamorphosis. Knocking-down TcMet during the final instar also disrupted larval-pupal ecdysis, resulting in the development of adultoid underneath the larval skin. However, the loss of TcMet did not completely block remodeling of internal tissues such as midgut. T. castaneum larvae injected with TcMet dsRNA demonstrated a resistance to a JH analog (JHA), hydroprene, irrespective of time and route of application. Knocking-down TcMet also caused down regulation of JH-response genes, JHE and Kr-h1 suggesting that TcMet might be involved in the expression of these genes. Based on the phenotype, gene expression, and JHA action studies in TcMet RNAi insects, this study concludes that Met plays a key role in JH action for preventing the premature development of adult structures during larval-pupal metamorphosis.