cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embolization of spinal tumors

The purpose of this chapter is to review the clinical features, imaging characteristics, and treatment of various vascular spinal tumors that may benefit from endovascular embolization and then to discuss the principles and technical details of spinal angiography and spinal tumor embolization. Vascular spinal tumors amenable to embolization include hemangioblastomas, hemangiomas, anuerysmal bone cysts, osteoid osteomas, osteoblastomas, giant cell tumors, and metastases, among others. Embolization can be used pre-operatively to reduce blood loss or primarily to reduce pain or prevent tumor progression. Various embolic agents are available including liquid agents such as Onyx (Micro Therapeutics, Inc.) and n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA; Histoacryl, B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) as well as particulate agents such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Embospheres (Guerbet Biomedical). Spinal tumor embolization should maximally occlude pathologic tumor supplying vessels while preserving normal blood supply to the spinal cord. Safe and effective endovascular treatment thus depends on careful attention to the relevant angiographic anatomy and technique.
A fully-coupled implicit method for thermo-chemical nonequilibrium air at sub-orbital flight speeds

A CFD technique is described in which the finite-rate chemistry in thermal and chemical nonequilibrium air is fully and implicitly coupled with the fluid motion. Developed for use in the suborbital hypersonic flight speed range, the method accounts for nonequilibrium vibrational and electronic excitation and dissociation, but not ionization. The steady-state solution to the resulting system of equations is obtained by using a lower-upper factorization and symmetric Gauss-Seidel sweeping technique through Newton iteration. Inversion of the left-hand-side matrices is replaced by scalar multiplications through the use of the diagonal dominance algorithm. The code, named CENS2H (Compressible-Euler-Navier-Stokes Two-Dimensional Hypersonic), is fully vectorized and requires about 8.8 x 10 to the -5th sec per node point per iteration using a Cray X-MP computer. Converged solutions are obtained after about 2400 iterations. Sample calculations are made for a circular cylinder and a 10 percent airfoil at 5 deg angle of attack. The calculated cylinder flow field agrees with that obtained experimentally. The code predicts a 10 percent change in lift, drag, and pitching moment for the airfoil due to the thermochemical phenomena.
Simultaneous Isolation and Culture of Atrial Myocytes, Ventricular Myocytes, and Non-Myocytes from an Adult Mouse Heart

The isolation and culturing of cardiac myocytes from mice has been essential for furthering the understanding of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. While isolating myocytes from neonatal mouse hearts is relatively straightforward, myocytes from the adult murine heart are preferred. This is because compared to neonatal cells, adult myocytes more accurately recapitulate cell function as it occurs in the adult heart in vivo. However, it is technically difficult to isolate adult mouse cardiac myocytes in the necessary quantities and viability, which contributes to an experimental impasse. Furthermore, published procedures are specific for the isolation of either atrial or ventricular myocytes at the expense of atrial and ventricular non-myocyte cells. Described here is a detailed method for isolating both atrial and ventricular cardiac myocytes, along with atrial and ventricular non-myocytes, simultaneously from a single mouse heart. Also provided are the details for optimal cell-specific culturing methods, which enhance cell viability and function. This protocol aims not only to expedite the process of adult murine cardiac cell isolation, but also to increase the yield and viability of cells for investigations of atrial and ventricular cardiac cells.
Enhancing entrepreneurial competencies through intentionally-designed podcasts

Abstract The changing demands of business and society in the 21st century have necessitated a shift in educational priorities toward building competencies that will prepare a student for work and life. This trend has only been intensified by the outbreak of the global Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020 that has turned our focus to leveraging technology in the classroom more than ever before. From the perspective of entrepreneurship education, a focus on entrepreneurial competencies allows educators to be more intentional about the role that both curricular and co-curricular activities play in the entrepreneurial process. It has also forced us to consider technology-based solutions that can augment, or in some cases even replace, traditional classroom activities. In this paper, we highlight a novel podcast that was intentionally designed to improve the development of entrepreneurial competencies called Enfactor. We provide detail about the objectives and optimal implementation of Enfactor while discussing its role in the classroom.
Clathrin-independent internalization and recycling.

• Introduction • Clathrin-dependent internalization • Clathrin-independent internalization • Macropinocytosis • Caveolae-dependent internalization • Clathrin-and-caveolae-independent internalization - GPI-enriched endosomal compartments (GEEC) pathway - Circular dorsal ruffle (CDR)-dependent pathway - Flotillin-1-dependent pathway - Dynamin/RhoA/cortactin-dependent pathway - Arf6-dependent pathway • Pericentrion, a novel PKC-dependent recycling endosomal structure • Clathrin-independent pathways in neuronal cells • Summary Abstract The functionality of receptor and channel proteins depends directly upon their expression level on the plasma membrane. Therefore, the ability to selectively adjust the surface level of a particular receptor or channel protein is pivotal to many cellular signalling events. The internalization and recycling pathway plays a major role in the regulation of protein surface level, and thus has been a focus of research for many years. Although several endocytic pathways have been identified, most of our knowledge has come from the clathrin-dependent pathway, while the other pathways remain much less well defined. Considering that clathrin-independent internalization may account for as much as 50% of the total endocytic activity in the cell, the lack of such knowledge constitutes a major gap in our efforts to understand how different internalization pathways are utilized and co-ordinated. Recent studies have provided valuable insights into this area, yet many more questions still remain. In this review, we will give a panoramic introduction to the current knowledge of various internalization and recycling pathways, with an emphasis on the latest findings that have broadened our view of the clathrin-independent pathways. We will also dedicate one section to the emerging studies of the clathrin-independent internalization pathways in neuronal cells.
The Harmonic Oscillator

This chapter contains sections titled: The Harmonic Oscillator in One Dimension The Coherent State of the Harmonic Oscillator The Two-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator Exercises References
Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder that affects millions of people each year, in many cases leading to disability or even suicide. Its symptoms, as outlined in the DSM-5, include low mood, fatigue, loss of pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, difficulty sleeping or eating normally, trouble concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide. These symptoms have been described in many forms throughout history, dating back at least to the time of Hippocrates (460–370 BC) and the ancient Greek diagnosis of melancholia. Modern clinicians and researchers have proposed a variety of cognitive, biological, and social/environmental theories to explain the cause of major depressive disorder. The disorder is commonly assessed via clinical interview and/or self-report questionnaires. First-line treatments for major depressive disorder include psychotherapy and antidepressant medications. Keywords: psychopathology; psychotherapies; depression
Electrochemistry in Near-Critical and Supercritical Fluids. 8. Methyl Viologen, Decamethylferrocene, Os(bpy)3(2+) and Ferrocene in Acetonitrile and the Effect of Pressure on Diffusion Coefficients under Supercritical Conditions

Abstract The cyclic voltammetry (CV) of methyl viologen (MV 2+ ), decamethylferrocene (DMFc), Os(bpy) 3 2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and ferrocene (Fc) was studied at high temperatures and pressures in a small cell (7.5 ml) where the pressure and temperature could be varied independently. While the CV of MV 2+ and Os(bpy) 3 3+ remained well-behaved with reversible or quasi-reversible waves only into the near-critical region (up to ca. 230° C), Fc and DMFc showed well-defined behavior under supercritical conditions. The diffusion coefficient of ferrocene was measured at a supercritical temperature (280° C) as a function of pressure, and the experimental results were correlated to values calculated by the Stokes-Einstein relation.
Linear Time-Invariant Compensation of Cup Anemometer and Vane Inertia

We propose a method to compensate for the phase lag and the amplitudeattenuation in the cup anemometer signal. These two effects, caused by theinstrument's inertia, are the major flaws of the cup anemometer in additionto over-speeding. Since the instrument's response is invariant in wavenumber (not frequency) representation, we transform the signals to becompensated from the time domain to the spatial domain by using Taylor'shypothesis. In the spatial domain we apply a linear time-invariant filterto eliminate the phase lag and the amplitude attenuation. The proposedprocedure improves instrument performance down to spatial scales equal toor smaller than the distance constant of the anemometer. The method for cupanemometer compensation is presented in detail and later adapted for vanes.
It Is Our Belief That Palestine is a Feminist Issue...

To date, apparently, no major Western women’s or feminist organization has declared its solidarity with the Palestinian struggle. This introduction argues that the Palestinian struggle against the Israeli occupation and for rights, justice and equality is a fundamentally feminist issue. It is so both on the grounds of the traditions of international solidarity that have been central to feminisms that are also anti-racist and anti-imperialist and because Israel’s occupation and legalized system of discrimination targets the reproduction of Palestinian life in the fullest sense, not only as biological life but also in the larger sense of the social and cultural. The paper concludes by arguing that the Palestinian call for boycott, divestment and sanctions against Israel is a crucial intervention which, in consistency with feminist theory and practice, feminists internationally should endorse and act upon.
A flowing afterglow-triple quadrupole study of the mechanisms and intermediates in the gas-phase reactions of CH3OH+2 with CH3OH

Abstract The detailed mechanism of formation of protonated dimethyl ether in ionized gaseous methanol has been investigated with a flowing afterglow-triple quadrupole instrument. The structures and unimolecular decomposition reactions of isomeric cluster ions related to those observed in ionized methanol have been examined as models for the proposed bimolecular reaction intermediates. Results from isotope labeling experiments provide evidence for backside nucleophilic attack in the reaction between CH 3 OH + 2 and CH 3 OH, producing (CH 3 ) 2 OH + and H 2 O. Collision-induced dissociation of the protonated methanol dimer and trimer results in both desolvation and formation of protonated dimethyl ether, the latter presumably via rearrangement of the collisionally activated proton-bound cluster ion to the backside displacement precursor. Both CH 3 OH) 2 H + and (CH 3 OH) 3 H + undergo inefficient but exothermic bimolecular displacement reactions with CH 3 OH, producing (CH 3 ) 2 OH + (CH 3 OH) and CH 3 ) 2 OH + (CH 3 OH) 2 , respectively.
Flow detection based on the spatial coherence of backscattered echoes

Power Doppler imaging is widely used in clinics for flow detection. However, its ability and sensitivity in slow flow detection is limited by thermal noise and clutter. In addition, its frame rate is limited due to the need for a large number of ensembles to obtain sufficient sensitivity in flow detection. Such a need may also result in flash artifacts during moderate tissue motion. We propose an alternative method of flow detection using the spatial coherence of backscatterred ultrasound echoes. The method produces similar or better signal quality of conventional power Doppler techniques, but enhances slow flow detection and frame rate. We demonstrate the feasibility of this method with both simulations and an in-vivo human thyroid study. The results are compared with conventional power Doppler slow-flow detection. It is shown that this method can detect approximately 30% slower flow than conventional power Doppler, or improves the frame rate by a factor of 3 without loss of image quality.
A laboratory investigation of groupthink

A recent addition to the collection of theory on group communication is the concept of “groupthink,” formulated by Irving Janis. The purpose of this study was to examine the groupthink phenomenon under controlled, laboratory conditions. Because the original formulation was based on historical case studies of foreign‐policy decisions, a laboratory analogue which recreated the important elements of the theory was constructed. The results of this study indicated that (1) the groupthink phenomenon is amenable to study in the laboratory, and (2) the theory as postulated by Janis is essentially correct. It was also suggested that even though Janis argues that several variables indicate the occurrence of groupthink, the results of this study indicated that the presence or absence of disagreement (conflict, hostility) among group members may be the best discriminator between groupthink and non‐groupthink groups.
Spectral Doppler flow profiles in neonates with obstructive lesions of the aortic arch

The aim was to assess the value of continuous and pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound in the detection and differentiation of obstructive lesions of the aortic arch in neonates. In 31 neonates with proven arch obstruction (pre- or juxtaductal coarctation in 19 patients; postductal coarctation in five patients; interrupted aortic arch in four patients; aortic arch atresia in three patients), continuous wave Doppler interrogation of the descending aorta from the suprasternal notch revealed a high velocity jet (greater than 2.2 m/s) directed away from the transducer in 12 patients. Of these, four neonates had preductal coarctation, and five postductal coarctation. The remaining three patients had arch interruption or atresia. Image guided pulsed Doppler ultrasound recordings were obtained from the arch upstream from the obstruction, the descending aorta distal to the obstruction, and from the arterial duct. Patients with coarctation had a prominent diastolic flow directed away from the transducer in the arch upstream from the obstruction, representing a diastolic coarctation gradient, or diastolic steal either by the patent arterial duct or by collateral vessels. In contrast, patients with arch interruption or atresia had only a systolic flow signal in the proximal arch. Ductal flow was either bidirectional (preductal coarctation, arch interruption, arch atresia), continuous right to left flow from pulmonary artery to aorta (one case each of juxtaductal coarctation and arch atresia), or continuous left to right flow from aorta to pulmonary artery (postductal coarctation). In neonates wide patency of the duct often precludes the development of a large pressure drop across a coarctation. Conversely, a high velocity signal may be recorded from a patent but restrictive duct. In conjunction with imaging, pulsed Doppler velocity profiles from the arch and patent duct permit a meaningful interpretation of the haemodynamics of arch obstruction.
Property Right and Organizational Characteristics of Producer‐owned Firms and Organizational Trust

**: We examine how organizational characteristics of producer-owned firms are correlated with the level of perceived trust among cooperative members, using survey data from a sample of U.S. agricultural cooperatives. Our results indicate trust is correlated with property right and organizational structures previously identified in the literature as significant for cooperative performance. We find that the norm of equality and the homogeneity of member interests are key correlates of organizational trust in producer-owned firms. We also find that some property right structures that improve organizational trust are counterproductive for member investment incentives.
A Graph-Search Framework for GeneId Ranking

One step in the curation process is geneId finding---the task of finding the database identifier of every gene discussed in an article. GeneId-finding was studied experimentally in the BioCreatIvE challenge (Hirschman et al., 2005), which developed testbed problems for each of three model organisms (yeast, mice, and fruitflies). Here we consider geneId ranking, a relaxation of geneId-finding in which the system provides a ranked list of genes that might be discussed by the document. We show how multiple named entity recognition (NER) methods can be combined into a single high-performance geneId-ranking system.
Solution-Adaptive Cartesian Cell Approach for Viscous and Inviscid Flows

A Cartesian cell-based approach for adaptively refined solutions of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions is presented. Grids about geometrically complicated bodies are generated automatically, by the recursive subdivision of a single Cartesian cell encompassing the entire flow domain. Where the resulting cells intersect bodies, polygonal cut cells are created using modified polygon-clipping algorithms. The grid is stored in a binary tree data structure that provides a natural means of obtaining cell-to-cell connectivity and of carrying out solution-adaptive mesh refinement. The Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are solved on the resulting grids using a finite volume formulation. The convective terms are upwinded: A linear reconstruction of the primitive variables is performed, providing input states to an approximate Riemann solver for computing the fluxes between neighboring cells. The results of a study comparing the accuracy and positivity of two classes of cell-centered, viscous gradient reconstruction procedures is briefly summarized. Adaptively refined solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are shown using the more robust of these gradient reconstruction procedures, where the results computed by the Cartesian approach are compared to theory, experiment, and other accepted computational results for a series of low and moderate Reynolds number flows.
A search for proton beams during flares on AU Microscopii

We report the results of a coordinated observing campaign on the active M dwarf star AU Mic. The purpose of the campaign was to search for evidence of proton beams during the impulsive phase of stellar flares and to determine whether the energy contained in these beams represented a significant fraction of the energy budget of the flare. During a total of 3.5 hr of monitoring a small flare was observed simultaneously by the HST, IUE, and the AAT. This event, which had a total optical + UV emission of 1.3 x 10 exp 32 ergs, occurred during the decay phase of a much larger event and showed no evidence for a proton beam with an energy greater than a few times 10 exp 29 ergs/s. This is comparable to the maximum energy flux released by the flare, though this energy release rate must occur over a time interval much shorter than that of the impulsive phase itself. We conclude that the proton beams may be capable of transporting some energy during the impulsive phase of a flare, but that they are unlikely to be the major contributor, at least for this particular event.
Computer based guidance in American higher education

This article presents an overview on the current state of the art of computer based guidance in the United States. A review of the historical development of the use of computers in career decision making and guidance over the past twenty years is provided. Both Information Retrieval systems and Interactive Guidance and Information systems are discussed. The future development of hardware and software for new populations using videodiscs and voice activated computers is addressed. The article concludes with some observations about the role of the professional as they utilize the computer as a counseling tool. This article will discuss the history of the development of Computer Based Guidance in the United States; its focus will be a report on the current state of the art in America. It will conclude with a look at future directions and will raise concerns regarding the role of the professional and the profession as they begin to use computers as a new intervention.
Modeling the Effect of Product Architecture on Mass Collaborative Processes: An Agent-Based Approach

Traditional product development efforts are based on well-structured and hierarchical product development teams. The products are systematically decomposed into subsystems that are designed by dedicated teams with well-defined information flows. Recently, a new product development approach called Mass Collaborative Product Development (MCPD) has emerged. The fundamental difference between a traditional product development process and a MCPD process is that the former is based on top-down decomposition while the latter is based on evolution and self-organization. The paradigm of MCPD has resulted in highly successful products such as Wikipedia, Linux and Apache. Despite the success of various projects using MCPD, it is not well understood how the product architecture affects the evolution of products developed using such processes. To address this gap, an agent-based model to study MCPD processes is presented in this paper. Through this model, the effect of product architectures on the product evolution is studied. The model is executed for different architectures ranging from slot architecture to bus architecture and the rates of product evolution are determined. The simulation-based approach allows us to study how the degree of modularity of products affects the evolution time of products and different modules in the MCPD processes. The methodology is demonstrated using an illustrative example of mobile phones. This approach provides a simple and intuitive way to study the effects of product architecture on the MCPD processes. It is helpful in determining the best strategies for product decomposition and identifying the product architectures that are suitable for the MCPD processes.© 2009 ASME
Effect of steam hydration on performance of lime sorbent for CO2 capture

Abstract Lime is considered a feasible sorbent for the capture of CO 2 from large stationary sources. The positive attributes of a natural source material, low cost and lack of harmful by-products are offset by rapid deterioration in performance and high regeneration temperature. Performance can be improved by hydrating the lime using steam. We investigate a steam hydration process wherein lime is hydrated for 5 min at 300 °C and atmospheric pressure in a mixture of steam and CO 2 . The experiments consisted of 10 capture cycles with 60% of the lime active at the end. Extrapolation using a decay model suggests a residual carbonation level of 48%, significantly higher than the 8% achieved by dry lime cycles. The cost of replacement sorbent under these conditions is less than $1/t of CO 2 captured. The hydrated lime process also reduces the thermal load, for heating and cooling, by half as well as the inventory, and therefore solids handling, by a factor 5 over dry lime. The introduction of the hydration reaction provides another exothermic reaction for heat management.
A Gaussian Oscillator

We present a stochastic process with sawtooth paths whose distribution is given by a simple rule and whose stationary distribution is Gaussian. The process arose in a natural way in research on interaction of an inert particle with a Brownian particle.
On the Other Hand… The Paradoxical Nature of Employee Assistance Programs

ABSTRACT This paper uses a dialectical perspective to identify and explore three paradoxes embedded in the very nature of EAPs, which cause occupational stress for EAP professionals. The first paradox, “employer or employee assistance?”, relates to the conflicting demands EAP professionals often receive from their two constituencies. The second paradox, “nature of problem vs. nature of intervention,” refers to the pressures for EAP professionals to provide short-term individual solutions to long-term structural problems. The third paradox, “helpers who need help,” points out that the same characteristics which attract people to work in an EAP, or which strengthen the need for an EAP in a given organization, may at the same time threaten the effectiveness of EAP professionals.
National Spherical Torus Experiment: engineering overview and research results 1999–2000

Abstract The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is a new US facility for the study of plasma confinement, heating, and current drive in a low aspect ratio, spherical torus (ST) configuration. The ST configuration is an alternate magnetic confinement concept which is characterized by high β (ratio plasma pressure to magnetic field pressure) and low toroidal field compared to conventional tokamaks, and could provide a pathway to the realization of a practical fusion power source. NSTX achieved first plasma in February 1999, and since that time has completed and commissioned all components and systems within the machine proper. Routine operation with inductively driven plasma current ≤1 MA and flat top ≤0.3 s has been established, and the ohmic characterization phase of the research program is underway. Radio frequency (RF) and neutral beam injection (NBI) systems have been installed and are presently being commissioned. This paper describes the NSTX mission, gives an overview of the engineering design, and summarizes the research results obtained thus far.
Modeling Collaboration and Partnership in a Program Integrating NMR across the Chemistry Curriculum at a University and a Community and Technical College

In this NSF-supported project, two Anasazi FT-NMRs are being integrated simultaneously across the chemistry curriculum at Western Kentucky University (WKU) and Elizabethtown Community and Technical College (ECTC). The collaborative project adds to a new curriculum initiative by integrating NMR throughout the chemistry curriculum to enhance both undergraduate programs. For the first time, students at ECTC now are able to gain on-site access to an NMR, which has dramatically improved the community college student’s educational experience. The project has stimulated WKU and ECTC efforts to establish an equal and sustainable partnership in a broad range. The outcome and viability of the partnership between ECTC and WKU has been externally assessed. Through strategic planning, new insights for the future of the WKU–ECTC chemistry partnership have been generated. The transformative and dynamic partnership between WKU and ECTC provides a model for other disciplines and institutions.
Disallowing Recommendations for Practice and Policy: a Proposal that Is Both Too Much and Too Little

Robinson et al. (Educ Psychol Rev 25(2):291-302, 2013) offer a thoughtful and powerful argument for a policy change for primary educational research journals. This policy change would “disallow recommendations for practice” (p. 10) in primary educational research journals. They provided compelling examples of works in which authors have either offered implications that go beyond their research design (i.e., stating causal relationships based on correlational data) or speculations and implications that go (way) beyond the results of their study. In my response, I first identify the many points made by Robinson et al. with which I agree and make it clear that I believe this discussion is a healthy one for the field. I do not, however, concur with the recommendation for an editorial policy change for primary research journals and offer reasons why the policy recommended is both too much and too little to deal with the issues they have identified as well as additional issues I find concerning in the submission and publication of studies in primary research journals.
A linguistic perspective on communication with parents who speak English as a second language: phonology, morphology and syntax

In this article, we take a linguistic perspective to support effective communication between early educators and parents who speak English as a second language and may have limited English proficiency. Positive communication and partnerships are recognised as important for the education of young children. Because early educators may be unaware of the challenges faced by parents who speak English as a second language, we first delineate complexities of second language processing. Next, we draw on actual parent–early educator talk to highlight potential difficulties in understanding English phonology, morphology and syntax for parents who speak English as a second language. Subsequently, we provide research‐based recommendations for early educators to facilitate communication with parents who speak English as a second language.
Enhancement of polyribosome formation by gibberellic acid and 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate in barley embryos.

Summary The formation of polyribosomes in barley embryos was enhanced by both 3′, 5′- adenosine monophosphate and gibberellic acid. Cyclic nucleotide was more rapid in its effect. No clear-cut relationship between the two compounds was observed at the level of rapidly labeled polyribosome-associated RNAs. Cyclic AMP- and gibberellic acid-induced polyribosome formation was inhibited by abscisic acid and this inhibition was largely reversed by the cytokinin, kinetin. A combination of cyclic nucleotide and gibberellic acid did not result in a synergistic or additive effect on polyribosome formation. Evidence presented supports the conclusion that cyclic AMP mediates the gibberellic acid enhancement of polyribosome formation.
Multiple scattering analysis of reflection high-energy electron diffraction intensities from GaAs(110)

Abstract An accurate and fast dynamical theory for calculating reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) rocking-curve intensities at 10–40 keV is presented. The application of RHEED to surface structural analysis is demonstrated for the first time on a reconstructed surface by comparing data to calculated spectra for GaAs(110). The technique is highly sensitive to structural changes along specific directions due to its forward-scattering geometry.
High-Resolution Capillary Gel Electrophoresis of Reducing Oligosaccharides Labeled with 1-Aminopyrene-3,6,8-trisulfonate

Abstract High-resolution capillary gel electrophoresis was used for the separation of oligosaccharides labeled with a novel fluorophore 1-aminopyrene-3,6,8-trisulfonate (APTS) at the reducing termini by reductive amination. The APTS–saccharide adducts were detected by laser-induced fluorescence with excitation by the 488-nm Ar-ion laser and a 520-nm emission filter. The stoichiometry of labeling is such that only one molecule of fluorophore is attached to each molecule of oligosaccharide. Derivatization parameters, such as labeling reagent concentration, labeling temperature, and time as well as the influence of reaction solvent are thoroughly discussed. Desialylation of several sialylated oligosaccharides with different structures and linkages due to the effects of labeling temperature and time are also addressed. Employing the optimized conditions suggested in this paper, fluorophore labeling efficiency greater than 97% was achieved with no significant loss of sialic acid residues. The fluorescently labeled oligosaccharides are then separated and quantified by capillary gel electrophoresis. Practical examples of low-level derivatization and high-resolution capillary gel electrophoresis separation of N-linked glycans of ribonuclease-B and fetuin are also shown.
A Bird Ascends the Night: Elegy and Immortality in Islam

The work of mourning is a long and painful process through which the living gradually confront the loss of a loved one. Over time, the reality of the person's death is confirmed, and former attachments are slowly joined to consoling substitutes including the memory and idealized image of the dead. Central to this process are funeral rites, mourning rituals, and religious beliefs that proclaim the continued existence of the deceased. They remind the bereaved that while death has occurred, annihilation has not (Lifton:3-112; Thomas). One such ritual, important to many cultures, is the recitation of elegy, a literary ceremony that allows the poet and his audience to raise questions of life and death, and to express their sorrow in a shared communal act. Words offer hope and consolation by placing loss within a
Involvement of Notch-1 in mammalian retinal neurogenesis: association of Notch-1 activity with both immature and terminally differentiated cells

The Notch pathway is thought to define an evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism that regulates the differentiation of immature cells through cells interactions. We have examined the expression of the Notch-1 receptor, the central element of this pathway, in the developing rat retina, where cell-fate choices depend upon a series of local cell interactions. Notch-1 immunoreactivity is associated with differentiating cells at different stages of retinal neurogenesis, suggesting that Notch-1 may play a role in the successive cell-fate determination which governs retinal development. In addition, the Notch-1 immunoreactivity is detected in nuclei of postmitotic, differentiated neurons of the adult retina. Our observations raise the possibility that besides its role in the differentiation of immature cell populations Notch-1 activity may also be involved in the maintenance of the differentiated state.
SV40 DNA in a carrier system of human glioblastoma cells.

Abstract The state of the SV40 DNA in a stable carrier system of At 72 human glioblastoma cells was examined by Southern blot hybridization analysis. At a sensitivity of 0.1 viral genomeequivalents per cell, we detected only free, apparently nondefective, viral genomes. However, when we overexposed our autoradiograms or examined cloned cell populations, integrated viral sequences were observed. Futhermore, aberrant forms of free viral DNA were seen as well. Four clones, isolated at 15 weeks, produced T antigen and displayed enhanced saturation density and plating efficiency characteristic of SV40 transformation. None of these clones produced capsid proteins or infectious virus, even upon fusion with CV-1 cells, Viral DNA in the clones ranged from 0.5 to 50 equivalents per cell, on the average. Two of the Week-15 clones contained a similar (but not identical) predominant truncated SV40 sequence which was present both in a free state and integrated at a single major site in a reiterated head-to-tail array. These clones also contained other minor integrated sequences. Another Week-15 clone contained viral sequences integrated at two major sites as well as heterogeneous free DNA. Only free aberrant DNA was detected in the fourth Week-15 clone. Seven of eight clones isolated at 23 weeks produced no infectious virus or T antigen. No viral DNA was detected in those clones. The eighth clone did produce infectious virus and contained a predominance of free viral DNA. All of the clones were susceptible to superinfection with wild-type SV40, although less so than uninfected At 72 cultures.
Hydrologic evaluation of satellite precipitation products over a mid-size basin

Summary Since the past three decades a great deal of effort is devoted to development of satellite-based precipitation retrieval algorithms. More recently, several satellite-based precipitation products have emerged that provide uninterrupted precipitation time series with quasi-global coverage. These satellite-based precipitation products provide an unprecedented opportunity for hydrometeorological applications and climate studies. Although growing, the application of satellite data for hydrological applications is still very limited. In this study, the effectiveness of using satellite-based precipitation products for streamflow simulation at catchment scale is evaluated. Five satellite-based precipitation products (TMPA-RT, TMPA-V6, CMORPH, PERSIANN, and PERSIANN-adj) are used as forcing data for streamflow simulations at 6-h and monthly time scales during the period of 2003–2008. SACramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model is used for streamflow simulation over the mid-size Illinois River basin. The results show that by employing the satellite-based precipitation forcing the general streamflow pattern is well captured at both 6-h and monthly time scales. However, satellites products, with no bias-adjustment being employed, significantly overestimate both precipitation inputs and simulated streamflows over warm months (spring and summer months). For cold season, on the other hand, the unadjusted precipitation products result in under-estimation of streamflow forecast. It was found that bias-adjustment of precipitation is critical and can yield to substantial improvement in capturing both streamflow pattern and magnitude. The results suggest that along with efforts to improve satellite-based precipitation estimation techniques, it is important to develop more effective near real-time precipitation bias adjustment techniques for hydrologic applications.
CD4+ lymphocyte responses to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in naı̈e and vaccinated BALB/c mice

Abstract Setting: Local CD4+ lymphocyte responses are critical in determining the fate of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Objective: To evaluate the lung and regional lymph node CD4+ lymphocyte responses to pulmonary infection with M. tuberculosis H37Rv in BALB/c mice, with and without prior vaccination with M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Design: Lung and lung-associated lymph node (LALN) CD4+ lymphocytes were isolated from BALB/c mice infected with low dose M. tuberculosis H37Rv by the intratracheal route in BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated animals, and cytokine responses assessed in vitro. Results: CD4+lymphocytes increased in both the lung and LALN by 21 days after infection, and elicited production of interferon (IFN)- γ was upregulated in the lymphocytes of the infected animals. Only low levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 were elicited from the lung. The IFN- γ response from both sites was facilitated in the previously vaccinated animals. Conclusion: In this model of low dose inoculation of M. tuberculosis in the lung, BALB/c mice respond with a Th1-biased CD4+ lymphocyte response, which is accentuated in animals previously vaccinated with BCG.
Low irradiance toluene degradation activity of a cementitious photocatalytic material measured at constant pollutant concentration by a successive approximation method

Abstract Photocatalytic materials for air depollution have received increasing attention in the last years, particularly for outdoor applications where the sun is used as freely accessible UV-A source. The naturally available irradiance at an outdoor catalytic material surface is, however, extremely variable according to the time of the day, the season and the local weather. The relationship between irradiance and activity is therefore of great importance in the characterization of a photocatalytic depolluting material. This work illustrates the investigation carried out on the toluene photodegradation activity of a cementitious photocatalytic material versus the UV-A irradiance in the 100–850 μW cm −2 range. The photoactivity measurements were carried out using a stirred flow reactor. A specific successive approximation method was developed in order to bring all activity measurements to the same predefined pollutant concentration ensuring uniform conditions across the experiment. The study was repeated at four different pollutant concentrations lying between 0.25 and 1.0 μmol m −3 , showing evidences of a non-linear behaviour at low irradiances. A correction method for the irradiance measurement is also described, allowing the adjustment for the error caused by the specific spectral sensitivity of the utilized radiometric sensor.
Visualization of tsunami waves with Amira package

In recent years numerical investigations of tsunami wave propagation have been spurred by the magnitude 9.3 earthquake along the Andaman–Sumatra fault in December, 2004. Visualization of tsunami waves being modeled can yield a much better physical understanding about the manner of wave propagation over realistic seafloor bathymetries. In this paper we will review the basic physics of tsunami wave propagation and illustrate how these waves can be visualized with the Amira visualization package. We have employed both the linear and nonlinear versions of the shallow-water wave equation. We will give various examples illustrating how the files can be loaded by Amira, how the wave-heights of the tsunami waves can be portrayed and viewed with illumination from light sources and how movies can be used to facilitate physical understanding and give important information in the initial stages of wave generation from interaction with the ambient geological surroundings. We will show examples of tsunami waves being modeled in the South China Sea, Yellow Sea and southwest Pacific Ocean near the Solomon Islands. Visualization should be a part of any training program for teaching the public about the potential danger arising from tsunami waves. We propose that interactive visualization with a web-portal would be useful for understanding more complex tsunami wave behavior from solving the 3-D Navier–Stokes equation in the near field.
Modeling of a two-phase electrochemical reactor for the fluorination of organic compounds. 1. Maximum production rate

A mathematical model and numerical simulations are presented for an electrochemical reactor for the production of fluorinated organic compounds. The liquid-fed, vertical flow system is complicated by the generation of hydrogen gas byproduct. The one-dimensional model for this continuous-flow, multiple-cell modification of the Simons process extends gas−liquid flow regimes, thermal-energy considerations, and phase equilibrium developed earlier by Drake et al. (J. Electrochem. Soc. 1998, 145, 1578). Association of a reactant, HF, in the gas phase is also modeled and is important. For a reactor with a single cell or multiple identically functioning cells, the production rate (total current) undergoes a maximum at 14.5 V/cell for a given inlet flow rate, inlet temperature, inlet composition, and exit manifold pressure. Beyond the maximum, inefficient operation results, with a decreasing production rate as applied potential increases. Electrically resistive, non-liquid-phase-continuous flow occurs in an increa...
Chick embryonic plasma proteins and binding capacity for corticosterone

Abstract Plasma was collected from White Leghorn embryos on alternate days from Day 4 of incubation to Day 22 (day after hatch). The plasma-binding capacity for corticosteroid was essentially zero before Day 10, but rose rapidly between Days 10 and 12. Binding capacity remained high until Day 16 and then declined before hatch. The increase after Day 10 was concurrent with the appearance of α-globulin whose rate of migration on acrylamide gel electrophoresis was similar to that of purified chicken corticosteroid binding globulin. Corticosterone, which was present in the plasma of the 4-day embryo, rose to its highest level on Day 20. The relatively high corticosterone concentration, with low plasma-binding capacity, suggests that in the chick embryo levels of free or active corticosterone are highest before Day 10 and just prior to hatching.
"Macroscopic'' quantum superpositions: Atom-field entangled and steady states by two-photon processes

The dynamics of an exact two-photon Hamiltonian is used to study the time evolution of an initially disentangled pure state of the atom-field system as it goes through cycles of entanglement separated by instances of disentanglement. For specific initial states of the electromagnetic field, the output state is a pure quantum superposition of a squeezed vacuum state and an orthogonal, odd-photon-number state. The odd-photon-number state, which is not a squeezed state, exhibits both nonclassical sub-Poissonian and classical super-Poissonian photon statistics. In the latter case the quantum superposition resembles a macroscopic superposition state. Conditions are obtained on the atom-cavity interaction time for such states to represent the steady states in the injection in a high-$Q$ cavity of a monoenergetic, low-density beam of three-level atoms in a coherent state.
Decreased insulin-stimulated ATP synthesis and phosphate transport in muscle of insulin-resistant offspring of type 2 diabetic parents.

Background Insulin resistance is the best predictor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have shown that young, lean, insulin-resistant (IR) offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes have reduced basal rates of muscle mitochondrial phosphorylation activity associated with increased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content, which in turn blocks insulin signaling and insulin action in muscle. In order to further characterize mitochondrial activity in these individuals, we examined insulin-stimulated rates of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and phosphate transport in skeletal muscle in a similar cohort of participants. Methods and Findings Rates of insulin-stimulated muscle mitochondrial ATP synthase flux and insulin-stimulated increases in concentrations of intramyocellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) were assessed by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in healthy, lean, IR offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes and healthy, lean control participants with normal insulin sensitivity. IMCL content in the soleus muscle of all participants was assessed by 1H MRS. During a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, rates of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were decreased by approximately 50% in the IR offspring compared to the control participants (p = 0.007 versus controls) and were associated with an approximately 2-fold increase in IMCL content (p < 0.006 versus controls). In the control participants rates of ATP synthesis increased by approximately 90% during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. In contrast, insulin-stimulated rates of muscle mitochondrial ATP synthesis increased by only 5% in the IR offspring (p = 0.001 versus controls) and was associated with a severe reduction of insulin-stimulated increases in the intramyocellular Pi concentrations (IR offspring: 4.7% ± 1.9% versus controls: 19.3% ± 5.7%; p = 0.03). Insulin-induced increases in intramyocellular Pi concentrations correlated well with insulin-stimulated increases in rates of ATP synthesis (r = 0.67; p = 0.008). Conclusions These data demonstrate that insulin-stimulated rates of mitochondrial ATP synthesis are reduced in IR offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, these IR offspring also have impaired insulin-stimulated phosphate transport in muscle, which may contribute to their defects in insulin-stimulated rates of mitochondrial ATP synthesis.