cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Proteinpolysaccharides of Bovine Nucleus Pulposus

Abstract Bovine nucleus pulposus has been found to be a good source of a series of proteinpolysaccharides containing chondroitin 6-sulfate and keratan sulfate. Six distinct fractions have been separated, totaling 40% of the dry weight of the tissue. Each fraction contains protein, chondroitin 6-sulfate, and keratan sulfate, but the proportions of these components are different in each fraction. Of these six fractions, the one called PPL3 is obtained in largest yield (17%), has the lowest content of protein (14%) and the highest content of chondroitin sulfate (45%), and also contains keratan sulfate (35%). On sedimentation velocity studies in the analytical ultracentrifuge under a wide range of conditions, it appears to be homogeneous. Sedimentation equilibrium studies at low initial concentrations indicate some degree of polydispersity and a weight average molecular weight of 171,000. On zone electrophoresis the chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and protein move together. Fraction PPL3 has almost the same amino acid profile as the corresponding fraction from bovine nasal cartilage, although these fractions differ greatly in protein and keratan sulfate contents. The data provide reasons to believe that chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate are parts of the same molecule. Three other fractions, called PPL4, PPL5, and PPL6, show a regular increase in sedimentation velocity, a regular decrease in speed of migration on zone electrophoresis, a regular increase in protein content, and a ratio of chondroitin sulfate to keratan sulfate which is constant (0.62) and differs from that of PPL3 (1.3). For each of these fractions, on zone electrophoresis, protein, chondroitin sulfate, and keratan sulfate stand or move together. There is no evidence that in this tissue any independent kinetic component exists which contains only chondroitin sulfate or only keratan sulfate.
Determinants of Health in Children and the Problem of Early Childhood Caries

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a significant dental problem for many low-income and minority children in the United States. 1 The diagnosis, prevention, and management of ECC have been based upon both experiential knowledge and scientific evidence. In the prevention and management of ECC, the focus has been on modifying the dental, in- fectious, and behavioral determinants of the disease. 2 The purpose of this concept paper is to expand the paradigm used to understand the etiology of ECC and design programs to prevent and manage this condition. (Pediatr Dent. 2003;25:328-333)
Entropy, Large Deviations, and Scaling Limits

We often model the evolution of a complex system at the lowest or micro level because that is what makes the most physical sense. But if the system is large, we invariably want answers to questions posed on the larger macro or global scale. This then involves the study of equations with a large number of variables and extracting useful information from their solutions. The macroscopic quantities of interest may not contain complete information about the microscopic variables that drive their evolution. Something has to be done to obtain a closed system of equations for quantities of interest. Different contexts require different approaches. We are concerned here with the evolution of large systems of interacting particles or field variables that have some built-in noise and outline some of the work done at the Institute during the last 25 years. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myth Teller Tells All

Miles Richardson. Cry Lonesome and Other Accounts of the Anthropologist's Project. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990. + 177 pp. $39.50 (cloth); $12.95 (paper).
Pneumatic structures for Lunar and Martian habitats

Professor Raymond Nagem, Guido Sandri and Mary‐Kate Weaver of the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at Boston University and Ranko Bon, formerly of the School of Architecture and Planning at Massachusetts Institute of Technology outline the design considerations that are required to overcome the hostile and structurally severe extraterrestrial environments on Mars and on the moon. General properties of pneumatic structures are discussed and soap film models are constructed as design guides.
Interfacial strength of compression-molded specimens between PMMA powder and PMMA/MMA monomer solution-treated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) powder

The interface between bone cement and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been considered a weak link of cemented UHMWPE acetabular cup in total hip replacement (THR). For the improvement of this weak interface, adhesion between the UHMWPE acetabular cup and bone cement made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) has been investigated in our laboratory. Virgin UHMWPE powders were treated with methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer and PMMA/MMA solution. The treated UHMWPE powders were then compression-molded with virgin UHMWPE powders or PMMA powders, creating two different interfaces, i. e., treated/virgin UHMWPE powder and treated UHMWPE/PMMA powder. For the present study, the interfacial strengths between PMMA powder and the treated UHMWPE power were investigated following the same protocol previously set. The maximum interfacial strength was 17.0 +/- 0.25MPa with the same molding condition of 166.5 degrees C, 38.7 MPa and l h. In addition to the molding condition, we tested the strengths for the treated UHMWPE powders, which have different ratios between PMMA/MMA solution and MMA-treated UHMWPE powders. Significant differences on the interfacial strengths resulted due to the ratio change; more PMMA in the PMMA/MMA solution-treated UHMWPE powder exhibited higher interfacial strength. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) pictures showed that the interface is composed of three major portions: PMMA powder, UHMWPE, and coated PMMA, indicating strong mechanical interlocking of UHMWPE and PMMA powder matrix and chemical bonding between PMMA powder and the precoated PMMA onto the UHMWPE. In addition, another interfacial strength between PMMA powder, which is equivalent to the outermost part of the cup, and bone cement was investigated. The average strength reached up to 42.4 +/- 3.6 MPa, close to the tensile strength of bone cement itself.
Device reliability and robust power converter development

Abstract This paper describes a top-down approach to reliability investigation of power electronic systems used in terrestrial and space applications. Results obtained from several case studies are presented that describe in detail both short-term and field failures of high-power DC−DC and AC−DC converters and the causes there-in. A systematic approach is presented that can be used to correlate field failures of power converters to residual defects and contaminants left in the semiconductor power switch, packaging and thermal management. Techniques and strategies that need to be applied in developing robust power converters for the next millennium are also outlined.
His Bundle Interruption for Control of Inappropriate Ventricular Responses to Atrial Arrhythmias

Abstract Forty-two patients with life-threatening or disabling atrial arrhythmias are discussed. Fifteen had Kent bundles as the basis for the reentry tachycardia, while 27 had arrhythmias that originated in or above the atrioventricular (AV) node. Nineteen of the latter had an AV node that conducted atrial impulses rapidly to the ventricle. These patients were classified as having enhanced conduction through the AV node, a diagnosis based on clinical and electrophysiological studies. Initially, the technique employed for His bundle interruption was, either separate or in combination, blind suture, electrocauterization, and incision of the septal portion of the right atrium. The technique later adopted was sharp division of the atrial septum at its attachment to the right fibrous trigone. Cryothermia was used in 31 patients. There were four failures. In the group in whom sharp division was used, there were two failures among 11 patients. Two patients, however, had to have a second operation. Following AV node-His bundle interruption, a junctional rhythm resulted and a pacemaker was always installed. Our studies indicate that interruption of atrial to ventricular conduction is a satisfactory operation for atrial arrhythmias that are disabling or life threatening and that are refractory to vigorous medical therapy. Cryothermic ablation is the preferable technique. However, if this is not successful, then division is required of the AV node-His bundle junction by interruption of the insertion of the atrial septum into the right fibrous trigone.
Planning and Public Health: Research Options for an Emerging Field

Planning researchers should consider public health and safety as an emerging opportunity area for interdisciplinary research. Relevant public health sources are cited. Research ideas are presented in the context of Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning tracks that pertain to functional areas of planning, planning process, and history.
Degradation of the membrane-localized virulence activator TcpP by the YaeL protease in Vibrio cholerae.

A common mechanism inhibiting the activity of transcription factors is their sequestration to the membrane until they are needed, at which point they are released from the membrane by proteolysis. Acting in contrast to this inhibition mechanism are virulence regulators of Vibrio cholerae, the ToxR and TcpP proteins, which are localized to the inner membrane of the cell, where they bind promoter DNA and activate gene expression. TcpP is rapidly degraded in the absence of another protein, TcpH. We used a genetic screen to identify regulators of TcpP stability and identified the YaeL membrane-localized zinc metalloprotease as responsible for degrading TcpP in the absence of TcpH. In Escherichia coli, DegS and YaeL cooperate to degrade RseA, an antisigma factor that sequesters σE to the inner membrane, thereby inhibiting the activity of σE. When yaeL was disrupted in a V. cholerae tcpH mutant, we observed accumulation of a lower molecular weight species of TcpP. This observation is consistent with TcpP being partially degraded in the absence of YaeL. A mutant lacking both DegS and YaeL continued to accumulate the TcpP degradation product, indicating that protease other than DegS is acting before YaeL in degrading TcpP. The YaeL-dependent degradation pathway is active in TcpH+ cells under conditions that are not favorable for virulence gene activation. This work expands the knowledge of YaeL-dependent processing in the bacterial cell and reveals an unexpected layer of virulence gene regulation in V. cholerae.
A New, Lineage Specific, Autoup-Regulation Mechanism for Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Expression in 697 Pre-B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells

Glucocorticoid (GC) steroid hormones induce apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Autoup-regulation of human GC receptor (hGR) levels is associated with sensitivity to GC-mediated apoptosis. Among the major hGR promoters expressed in 697 pre-B-ALL cells (1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D), only promoters 1C and 1D are selectively activated by the hormone. Promoter 1B is unresponsive, and promoter 1A is down-regulated by dexamethasone (Dex) in 697 cells, whereas they are both up-regulated in CEM-C7 T-ALL cells. Autoup-regulation of promoter 1C and 1D in 697 cells requires sequences containing GC response units (GRUs) (1C GRU, -2915/-2956; 1D GRU, -4525/-4559) that were identified previously in CEM-C7 cells. These GRUs potentially bind GR, c-myeloblastosis (c-Myb), and E-twenty six (Ets) proteins; 697 cells express high levels of c-Myb protein, as well as the E-twenty six family protein members, PU.1 and Spi-B. Dex treatment in 697 cells elevates the expression of c-Myb and decreases levels of both Spi-B and PU.1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed the specific recruitment of GR, c-Myb, and cAMP response element-binding protein binding protein to the 1C and 1D GRUs upon Dex treatment, correlating to observed autoup-regulated activity in these two promoters. These data suggest a hormone activated, lineage-specific mechanism to control the autoup-regulation of hGR gene expression in 697 pre-B-ALL cells via steroid-mediated changes in GR coregulator expression. These findings may be helpful in understanding the mechanism that determines the sensitivity of B-ALL leukemia cells to hormone-induced apoptosis.
Family violence: Fathers assessing and managing their risk to children and women

All too often, child protective workers fail to identify domestic violence, thus, endangering both child and adult family members. A potential solution is engaging men who abuse in assessing and managing their own risk to family members. This was the aim of a psycho-educational fathering program developed and tested in the southeastern United States. Over the course of the group, the men set goals on how to relate to their children and to their current or former partners, and they reflected on their achievement of these goals. The men's self-appraisals were supported by their caseworkers' assessments. A comparison of child protection data before and after entry in the group showed an extensive decrease in the families assessed with child protection findings and with household domestic violence. The evaluation used a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) that identified configurations of conditions overlapping with child protection outcomes. Some of the men's characteristics included in these configurations ran counter to predictors usually associated with child maltreatment and domestic violence. The evaluation results point to the unique contributions that QCA can make to risk assessment.
ACTION OF ESTRIN ON THE BLOOD PRESSURE OF THE ANAESTHETIZED CAT

THERE HAVE BEEN a number of papers in recent years discussing the sible influence of estrin on blood pressure. Daniel, Crainicianu, and Mavromati (i) reported drops in blood pressure as great as 50 mm. of Hg lasting an hour or longer following the intravenous injection of 1 cc. of menformon (Hogival), (highly purified estrogen), in women. They stated that no drops occurred in men or male cats, whereas an immediate hypo′tension was obtained in female cats. Crainicianu (2) confirmed this work using 100 u.s. (mouse units) of folliculine (Hogival) intravenously in human beings. Melchionna (3) obtained no change in the blood pressure of 9 dogs under nembutal or ether anaesthesia from the intravenous administration of 250 R.U. of crystalline theelol dissolved in 0.25N sodium hydroxide diluted with saline. Ay man (4), in a careful clinical study observed no effect of theelin on the blood pressure of 10 patients even after treatment over a period of months; the largest doses, however, totalled only 300 R.U. by mo...
Tasty Generalists and Nasty Specialists? Antipredator Mechanisms in Tropical Lepidopteran Larvae

To examine the effectiveness of larval antipredator mechanisms and to test the assumption that diet breadth and chemistry are important predictors of predation responses. I offered 70 species of lepidopteran larvae to the predatory ant Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Prey chemistry and diet breadth were significant predictors of rejection, as was plant chemistry but to a lesser degree. Specialist caterpillars were better protected than generalists, and prey with unpalatable extracts were frequently rejected by P. clavata, while prey with palatable extracts were rarely rejected. Specialists with unpalatable host plant extracts were more likely to be rejected than specialists that had host plants with more palatable extracts. Other significant predictors included morphology, behavior, and interactions between developmental stage and prey chemistry and between developmental stage and diet breadth. I concluded that predation could be a substantial selective force in the evolution of narrow diet breadth and that plant chemistry could be the mechanism whereby specialists are better defended.
Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on incorporation of RNA precursors in sea urchin embryos.

Exposure of early sea urchin embryos to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (at concentrations up to 100 μg per ml) severely decreases the uptake of exogenous 3H-uridine into RNA. However, the actual gross rate of DNA or RNA synthesis in these embryos appears not to be affected by the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine.
Are Counterproductive Work Behavior and Withdrawal Empirically Distinct? A Meta-Analytic Investigation

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to clarify the current understanding of the relationship between counterproductive work behavior (CWB) and withdrawal. First, we articulate theoretical and conceptual reasons for the confusion on important issues, such as their conceptualization, labeling, and measurement. Second, we conduct a meta-analysis between current CWB and withdrawal measures. We found that, as measured, CWB and withdrawal are strongly related and have patterns of nomological relationships with common correlates that are nearly identical. The relationship between organizational-target CWB and withdrawal is particularly strong. The results suggest that withdrawal may be best represented as a facet in the hierarchical model of CWB, perhaps even as a facet of organizational-target CWB. We also discuss important avenues and needs for future research.
Improving the intake and nutritive value of wheat straw for beef cows

Abstract Two cow trials and two lamb metabolism trials were conducted to evaluate methods of improving wheat straw. In the first cow trial and lamb metabolism trial, the treatments of wheat straw were: (1) none (control); (2) 40 g kg−1 of sodium hydroxide (NaOH); (3) 60 g kg−1 of a liquid supplement (LS); (4) 37.5 g kg−1 of anhydrous ammonia (NH3). In addition to wheat straw eaten ad libitum, all cows were given 7.5 kg of alfalfa-brome-grass hay three times weekly. In the second cow trial, the treatments of wheat straw were: (1) untreated straw plus 7.5 kg of alfalfa-bromegrass hay given three times weekly; (2) straw treated with NH3 (37.5 g kg−1) plus 7.5 kg of alfalfa-bromegrass hay given three times weekly; (3) straw treated with NH3; (4) straw treated with NH3 plus whey (227 g/day). Similar diets were given in the second lamb metabolism trial. The NH3 treatment of wheat straw given with alfalfa hay improved feed intake by an average of 13.8% (P
Glow-Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometry with a Spectrally Segmented Photodiode-Array Spectrometer

A spectrally segmented photodiode array (PDA) atomic emission spectrometer (AES) is used to monitor emission from a glow-discharge source (GDS) equipped with an electrically floating restrictor tube (internal diameter: 8 mm) and operated at 110-225 W/cm2 and 400–600 Pa argon pressure. The PDA spectrometer is capable of performing simultaneous multielement determinations over a wide spectral range (200-400 nm) while maintaining sufficient spectral resolution (∼10 pm full width at half-maximum) for AES. Emission spectra from the GDS are compared with those from an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Although GDS emission spectra showed very low levels of background continuum, they were much more cluttered than spectra obtained from an ICP. Stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) was useful in the analysis of the complex GDS emission spectra and was used to simplify the identification of unknown spectral peaks and spectral interferences. Ordinarily, correcting such problems is difficult with a GDS because of its complex emission spectrum and the inability to obtain true GDS blank spectra. Optimized optical masks for the PDA spectrometer were designed for the GDS analysis of low-alloy steel. Because no systematic attempt was made to optimize the GDS, detection limits were found to be approximately ten times higher than typical values reported for multichannel photomultiplier-based spectrometers.
Simple Modules Over Generalized Weyl Algebras and Their Associated Primes

Given a possibly noncommutative ring R, we compute the R-torsion simple modules and their associated primes over the generalized Weyl algebra A = R[d, u; σ, a]. We relate these results to our previous theory regarding associated primes over Ore and skew Laurent extensions.
Morphological Biosignatures from Subsurface Environments: Recognition on Planetary Missions

The Earth is inhabited by life not just at its surface, but down to a depth of kms. Like surface life, this deep subsurface life produces a fossil record, traces of which may be found in the pore space of practically all rock types. The (palaeo)subsurface of other planetary bodies is therefore a promising target in the search for another example of life. Subsurface filamentous fabrics (SFFs), i.e. mineral encrustations of a filament-based textural framework, occur in many terrestrial rocks representing present or ancient subsurface settings. SFF are interpreted as mineral encrustations on masses of filaments/pseudofilaments of microbial origin. SFF are a common example of the fossil record of subsurface life. Macroscopic (pseudostalactites, U-shapes) and microscopic (filaments) characteristics make SFF’s a biosignature that can be identified with relative ease. SFF in the subsurface are probably about as common and easily recognizable as are stromatolites in surface environments. Close-up imagers (∼50 micron/pixel resolution) and microscopes (∼3 micron/pixel resolution) on upcoming Mars lander missions are crucial instruments that will allow the recognition of biofabrics of surface- and subsurface origin. The resolution available however will not allow the recognition of small (∼1 micron) individual mineralized microbial cells. The microscopy of unprepared rock surfaces would benefit from the use of polarizing filters to reduce surface reflectance and enhance internally reflected light. Tests demonstrate the potential to visualize mineralized filaments using this procedure.
Using measures of cost distance in the estimation of polity boundaries in the Postclassic Yautepec valley, Mexico

The reconstruction of polity boundaries is essential for the study of political evolution, but few enhancements to archaeological boundary estimation methods have been proposed in recent years. New techniques of terrain modeling and geographical analysis provide the means to augment traditional methods of boundary estimation. In this paper, I review archaeological methods for estimating the spatial location of boundaries between independent polities and ways to modify these methods to explore the processes of political expansion in the evolution of complex societies. I demonstrate several of these methods using data from Postclassic polities in the Yautepec valley, Morelos, Mexico. Through time, seven independent polities were founded, expanded, and were ultimately incorporated within two levels of regional political administration. I apply new quantitative methods for the estimation of polity territories and explore the processes that resulted in the formation of a regional polity. The resulting boundaries are objective estimates of the location of borders based on energetic efficiency that can be systematically tested against theoretical models. These estimated boundaries provide a basis for exploring the social meaning of territorial divisions. Additionally, energetic boundaries provide a means for delineating local zones for landscape utilization and comparative analyses.
Eukaryotic DNA polymerases in DNA replication and DNA repair

DNA polymerases carry out a large variety of synthetic transactions during DNA replication, DNA recombination and DNA repair. Substrates for DNA polymerases vary from single nucleotide gaps to kilobase size gaps and from relatively simple gapped structures to complex replication forks in which two strands need to be replicated simultaneously. Consequently, one would expect the cell to have developed a well-defined set of DNA polymerases with each one uniquely adapted for a specific pathway. And to some degree this turns out to be the case. However, in addition we seem to find a large degree of cross-functionality of DNA polymerases in these different pathways. DNA polymerase α is almost exclusively required for the initiation of DNA replication and the priming of Okazaki fragments during elongation. In most organisms no specific repair role beyond that of checkpoint control has been assigned to this enzyme. DNA polymerase δ functions as a dimer and, therefore, may be responsible for both leading and lagging strand DNA replication. In addition, this enzyme is required for mismatch repair and, together with DNA polymerase ζ, for mutagenesis. The function of DNA polymerase ɛ in DNA replication may be restricted to that of Okazaki fragment maturation. In contrast, either polymerase δ or ɛ suffices for the repair of UV-induced damage. The role of DNA polymerase β in base-excision repair is well established for mammalian systems, but in yeast, DNA polymerase δ appears to fullfill that function.
Processing–morphology–property relationships in epoxy resins containing “fortifiers”

An investigation was carried out into the effect of an additive called “fortifier” on curing, morphology, and thermomechanical properties of epoxy resins. Differential scanning calorimetry, electron microscopy, and a series of mechanical measurements were performed on bifunctional and tetrafunctional formulations. It was found that the addition of fortifier resulted in an increase in the fracture surface roughness, the size of morphological inhomogeneities observed in the fractographs, and the ultimate tensile strength. At the same time, the glass transition temperature was found to decrease by at least 25°C in going from 0 to 15 phr of the fortifier in a formulation. The presence of fortifier had little effect on the rate of cure and on the strain energy release rate.
Windowed discrete cosine and sine transforms for shifting data

Abstract When processing a signal or an image using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) or discrete sine transform (DST), a typical approach is to extract a portion of the signal by windowing and then form the DCT or DST of the window contents. By shifting the window point by point over the signal, the entire signal may be processed. Previously, algorithms have been developed to “update” the DCT and DST simultaneously to reflect the modified window contents using less computation than directly evaluating the modified transform via standard fast transform algorithms. These algorithms are limited to a single point step between successive windows. In this paper, these results are extended to handle larger step sizes, i.e. an algorithm is developed to simultaneously update the DCT and DST to reflect inclusion of r , where 1⩽ r ⩽ N −1, additional data points and removal of r old points from the signal. Algorithms are derived for use with rectangular, split triangular (trapezoidal), Hanning, Hamming and Blackman windows, and implementations in the C language are given. Examples of applications where this algorithm would be useful include data communication where time constraints may not permit the immediate processing of every incoming data point, adaptive system identification, real-time analysis of financial market data, etc.
Conversion, marriage, and creative manipulation of law in thirteenth-century responsa literature

A responsum of Rabbi Solomon ibn Adret (1235–1310) describes the unusual case of a married Jewish woman of Seville who committed adultery. She converted to Christianity, along with her lover, and then received a divorce from her husband. Subsequently, the couple travelled to Toledo and attempted to live there as Jews and as husband and wife. Although scholars have referred to this responsum (vol. V.240), none has yet analyzed it extensively. This article looks at Ibn Adret's responsum as an example of a Jewish woman's creative manipulation of legal and social norms to achieve her goal of living with her lover as his wife and as a Jew. The couple jointly created a complex and coherent strategy to achieve this goal and to bring some semblance of legitimacy to their relationship. This article analyzes their strategy in the context of the legal and social norms surrounding conversion and marriage among Jews and Christians in Iberia. It also argues that the woman and her lover both participated in shaping and ...
Couple Rating Scale: Clarifying Problem Areas

The Couple Rating Scale assesses eight common areas of couple interaction. These eight areas include 31 specific issues rated by each partner on both current level and desired level of functioning. Ratings are made for both the self and other in the couple dyad. Benefits of completing this assessment are (a) an increased personal responsibility for the problems and (b) a new awareness of issues that deserve attention.
Cross‐equatorial air mass exchanges

A method is described to compute atmospheric mass time series from a data base of sea-level pressure analyses. The short-term hemispheric mass exchange is used to examine the validity of this method. A 1/6 degree by 1/6 degree, latitude and longitude, terrain data base, provided by the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC), is used to reduce sea-level pressure to surface pressure. Surface pressure is converted to mass and summed. The FNOC sea-level pressure and the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) 1000-mb analyses are used to compute the mass and generate time series for the Northern Hemisphere 1946–1987 and the Southern Hemisphere 1981–1987. The Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere mass time series are combined to show that exchanges of atmospheric mass occur between hemispheres on the order of several millibars (equivalent mass) on a time scale of days to weeks. The larger exchanges typically occur during the Northern Hemisphere winter.
Sensitivity of the laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory to a stochastic background, and its dependence on the detector orientations

We analyze the sensitivity of a network of interferometer gravitational-wave detectors to the gravitational-wave stochastic background, and derive the dependence of this sensitivity on the orientations of the detector arms. We build on and extend the recent work of Christensen, but our conclusion for the optimal choice of orientations of a pair of detectors differs from his. For a pair of detectors (such as LIGO) that subtends an angle at the center of the Earth of \ensuremath{\lesssim}70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, we find that the optimal configuration is for each detector to have its arms make an angle of 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (modulo 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) with the arc of the great circle that joins them. For detectors that are farther separated, each detector should instead have one arm aligned with this arc. We show that the broadband sensitivity to the stochastic background of a detector pair which are \ensuremath{\lesssim}3000 km apart is essentially determined by their relative rotation. Their average rotation with respect to the arc joining them is unimportant. We also describe in detail the optimal data-analysis algorithm for searching for the stochastic background with a detector network, which is implicit in earlier work of Michelson. The LIGO pair of detectors will be separated by \ensuremath{\sim}3000 km. The minimum detectable stochastic energy density for these detectors with their currently planned orientations is \ensuremath{\sim}3% greater than what it would be if the orientations were optimal, and \ensuremath{\sim}4 times what it would be if their separation were \ensuremath{\lesssim} a few kilometers. (The detectors are chosen to be far apart so that their sources of noise will be uncorrelated, and in order to improve the angular resolution of the determinations of positions of burst sources.)
Salinity of the lower Savannah River in relation to stream‐flow and tidal action

In order to obtain information needed in planning for industrial development along the Savannah River and in the city of Savannah, Georgia, a study of the salinity of the Savannah River was undertaken by the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, in cooperation with the Georgia Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology. The Works Progress Administration of Georgia and the city of Savannah also cooperated in the study. The Savannah River lies on the boundary between the States of Georgia and South Carolina. The River proper from the mouth to the junction of the Tugaloo and Senaca rivers is 314 miles in length. The area of its watershed is about 10,579 square miles, of which 9,850 square miles are above the stream-flow gaging-station near Clyo, Georgia. The River is tidal for about 50 miles above its mouth. The average streamflow for the Savannah River near Clyo, Georgia, was 10,410 and 10,820 second-feet, respectively, for the years ending September 30, 1938 and 1939. The city of Savannah, Georgia, located on the Savannah River 17 miles above its mouth, is an important seaport and industrial center. The lower Savannah River near the city of Savannah is shown in Figure 1.
The centralizer of a rank-one flow

In [5], King proved that the centralizer of a rank-1 transformation equals the “weak closure” of its (positive and negative) powers (see below for a definition of the weak topology). We define rank-1 flows, and then show that simple modifications of King's proof yield an analogous statement for rank-1 flows.
Soviet expansionism and its assessment

Soviet expansionism is a topic curiously neglected by our scholarly journals of recent issue. It is a matter of quite evident importance vide the gathering gloom in the Middle East and therefore one which meets the test of "relevance" so dear to some among us. It is a matter quite easily quantifiable and therefore one which meets the test of amenability to rigorous treatment so fashionable so (forgive me) "de rigueur"-among others. It is a matter on which consensus among the experts has yet to be achieved. Yet, if my researches have been adequate, it has received little attention in the past few years and no systematic analysis. This article is a modest attempt to fill the void. It first summarizes and criticizes extant views. It then takes the conceptual distinctions and procedures shown to be needed and applies them to the Soviet record. Finally, it makes instructive comparisons, draws what seem to be the appropriate conclusions, and points to work still to be done.
Life history and morphological shifts in an intertidal seagrass following multiple disturbances

Abstract Disturbance regimes differ in type, magnitude, and frequency, but few field experiments have considered compounded effects of disturbance. In this study, we characterized gap recovery after complete removal of eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA. In separate experiments, we imposed two disturbance types – shoot damage and shoot removal – at different magnitudes and frequencies. We examined a broad suite of morphological and life history responses relevant to the ability of Z. marina to tolerate and recolonize following disturbance. We found that at multiple sites, 4 m 2 gaps in eelgrass meadows recovered in 2 years. Experiments revealed that cut shoots had a short-term reduction in growth, decline in shoot width in relation to the number of cutting events, and a drop in clonal branching. In contrast, in thinned plots, both clonal branching and seedling size increased. Upper-elevation intertidal plants shared many traits of cut plants, particularly lower growth and size, but maintained similar clonal branching and shoot densities as at lower intertidal elevations. Sexual reproduction appeared inflexible to disturbances imposed over the summer experimental period but differed by elevation, with upper-elevation plants showing increased flowering, lower seedling densities, but higher seedling survival. Effects of multiple disturbances were generally additive even though individually their effects varied in magnitude and direction. One exception was an antagonism that appeared in sheath width: cutting had less effect at upper than lower elevation. Overall, Z. marina tolerated shoot damage through remodeling that reduced shoot size, and shoots compensated following loss of neighbors via enhanced clonal branching. Recolonization in this estuary should be further accelerated by sexual reproduction, despite weak responses to disturbance treatments, because seedling densities in late summer (4 m − 2 ) contributed 20–56% of shoot births.
Modeling the after-effects of a heliospheric traveling shock wave through the Earth's radiation belts

Abstract It is known that interplanetary traveling shock waves can strongly disturb the Earth's magnetosphere (e.g., Blake et al., 1992; Reeves, 1996). In recent years, published hydromagnetic simulations have illustrated how such shock waves cause large distortions in the geomagnetic field, substantial transient induction electric fields and a compression of the magnetospheric topology (e.g., Li et al., 1993, 1996; Hudson et al., 1996, 1997). Particle observations in the magnetosphere following the March 1991 event show that pre-existing particle fluxes can be strongly and suddenly accelerated on a time scale of a small fraction of a trapped particle drift time scale around the Earth. Such short time scales appear incompatible with bodily injection phenomena from the exterior of the magnetosphere. Modeling has been carried out starting with the suddenly accelerated in-situ particle fluxes and following the subsequent relaxation process.
Thermoresponsive Photonic Crystals

Hydrogel nanoparticles that undergo volume phase transitions in response to changes in temperature and pH have been used to assemble colloidal crystal gels with environmentally tunable optical properties. When monodisperse, ∼210-nm-diameter hydrogel particles are close-packed via centrifugation, the resultant viscous polymer pellet displays a bright iridescence in the visible region of the spectrum. This iridescence can then be modulated via temperature changes, which induce the component nanoparticles to undergo thermo-initiated volume phase transitions. More importantly, these crystals undergo a completely reversible order−disorder transition in response to larger temperature fluctuations; the crystal can be processed in its disordered (solution) state and then reformed to the iridescent crystal spontaneously upon cooling. The preparation and initial characterization of these materials are presented.
The Attraction Effect and Political Choice in Two Elections

Findings that challenge several normative assumptions of consumer choice have been documented in the literature on the attraction effect. There has been ample previous empirical evidence supporting the attraction effect. However, there is some concern that findings were generated only in hypothetical choice experiments. The choice of political candidates in elections presents a more complex and “real world” choice setting in which to reexamine the attraction effect. In this article, we report two studies that provide evidence of the attraction effect in the choice of political candidates in the 1994 Illinois State primary election and the 1992 U.S. Presidential election.
Autophagy and gene therapy combine in the treatment of liver disease.

Molecular biology holds the promise not only of increasing our understanding of basic cell biology, but also of advancing our ability to design targeted therapeutic methods for treating a range of diseases. One example that seems to hold tremendous potential is gene therapy, the use of exogenous DNA to replace or suppress a mutant gene in the patient’s genome, or to boost the activity of a normal gene. A recent report (highlighted in a punctum in this issue of the journal) has brought autophagy into the gene therapy realm.
Marsh-Creek Connectivity: Fish Use of a Tidal Salt Marsh in Southern California

Salt marsh habitats influenced by southern California's mixed, semi-diurnal tides are, on average, accessible to fishes less than 16% of the time. However, five species (four natives, one oxotic) and a variety of juvenile and adult size classes were collected on the marsh surface during a year-long sampling from June 1997 through June 1998 at Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge on San Diego Bay.Fundulus parvipinis andGillichthys mirabilis were the most abundant fish species using the marsh. Analyses of their guts revealed that the marsh surface provides a rich foraging area for fishes on high spring tides.F. parvipinnis with marsh access consumed six times as much food as fishes restricted to creek habitats (on a g-food g-fish−1 basis) and also fed on additional prey types. Because the salt marsh is an important foraging area for fishes, we recommend that restoration projects (especially those intended to mitigate lost fish habitat) include vegetated areas with interconnecting tidal creeks.
Work exhaustion in information technology professionals: the impact of emotion labor

As the role of information technology (IT) in business grows and IT users become more technologically dependent, the IT professional is increasingly expected to work with individuals from other areas of the organization. Dealing with customers, either internal or external, brings the expectation that one will conform to societal, occupational, or organizational norms regarding the display of emotion. This paper examines the impact of emotional display expectations on work exhaustion in IT professionals. We find that the method that one uses to manage emotional reactions in the workplace impacts work exhaustion. Surface acting shows a strong, positive association with work exhaustion while deep acting shows no such relationship. We find that the perception of emotional display rules in the workplace affects the use of emotional management strategies, termed deep acting and surface acting. We also find that the necessity of dealing with other's emotions impacts the level of display rule expectations. The findings of this study offer important contributions to theory by exploring emotional labor expectations of IT professionals. This study also offers suggestions to management to help alleviate the stresses associated with common workplace interactions.
The Ebola Epidemic Crystallizes the Potential of Passive Antibody Therapy for Infectious Diseases

The current Ebola epidemic provides a dramatic example of the potential of passive antibody therapy for infectious diseases that is also instructive of the hurdles and limitations involved in wide-scale reintroduction of this powerful anti-infective strategy. Passive antibody therapy was first used in the 1890s as "serum therapy" and was the first effective anti-infective therapy. Serum therapy was largely discontinued with the advent of antibiotic therapy in the early 1940s because it could not compete with regards to cost or ease of administration and had additional complexities, including that it had to be administered early in disease, it manifested lot-to-lot variation, and its efficacy required immune donors and the availability of a specific microbiological diagnosis so sera could be matched to the disease-causing microorganism [1]. Serum therapy using heterologous sera was also associated with "serum sickness," a syndrome caused by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. However, antibiotic therapy was never shown to be superior in efficacy to antibody therapy and there were some conditions, such as pneumococcal pneumonia, where it may have had some advantages. Despite their wholesale abandonment, antibody therapies did retain a niche for certain conditions where no drugs were available, such as the prevention and/or treatment of tetanus, botulism, and certain viral diseases. The development of hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the mid-1970s promised to solve many of the problems of serum therapy, but, to date, there has not been formal reintroduction of antibody therapies for infectious diseases despite considerable and ongoing efforts to develop such therapies against viral diseases, such as HIV infection, and bacterial diseases, such as those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylacoccous aureus. In contrast, mAbs have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers and rheumatic diseases and dozens have been licensed. Here we analyze why Ab-based therapies remain so underdeveloped for infectious diseases through the prism of the Ebola epidemic.
Synthesis of Size-Monodisperse CdS Nanocrystals Using Phosphatidylcholine Vesicles as True Reaction Compartments

Phosphatidylcholine vesicles provide reaction compartments for synthesis of size-quantized CdS nanocrystals of dimension predicted to within 2.5 A on the basis of initial encapsulated CdCl2 concentration and vesicle diameter. Vesicle formation by detergent dialysis of phosphatidylcholine/hexylglucoside mixed micelles yields highly monodisperse lipid capsules within which monodisperse CdS nanoparticles are precipitated with sulfide. Size-quantized CdS nanocrystals, with diameters ranging from 20 to 60 A, have been produced with typical standard deviations about the mean diameter of ±8%, as measured by transmission electron microscopy. Spectrophotometric and photoluminescence spectra are consistent with highly crystalline, monodisperse particles with few core or surface defects. Measured exciton energies show excellent agreement with data in the literature. The empirical pseudopotential model presented by Krishna and Friesner for a cubic CdS lattice, correcting for experimentally measured lattice contractio...
Automated Support for Maintenance Management in High Technology Industry

Advancing technology in industrial equipment is straining the ability of maintenance organizations to keep pace. Several examples of computer-aided maintenance concepts which reduce dependence upon individuals and provide for accumulation and recall of experience are offered. Attention is directed to those areas of maintenance which are infrequently served by corporate programs. The suggested methods require only simple computing systems and programs. They can be implemented and operated by maintenance engineers and supervisors. Planning tools are provided to assist managers in guiding the direction of the maintenance.
Highly water-dispersible, mixed ionic–electronic conducting, polymer acid-doped polyanilines as ionomers for direct methanol fuel cells

Highly water-dispersible polymer acid-doped polyanilines have been synthesized and evaluated as an alternative for expensive Nafion ionomers in the anode of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). These polymers as ionomers lead to higher performance in single cell DMFC compared to Nafion ionomers due to mixed ionic–electronic conduction, water dispersibility, and co-catalytic activity.
Distributed source coding for multi-source estimation in sensor networks

We consider a new source coding problem motivated by the following distributed estimation task in a clustered sensor network. Suppose there are multiple uncorrelated signal sources in the field that we are interested in, however, these sources cannot be directly observed by the sensors. Sensors within each cluster communicate directly with their corresponding cluster-head (CH) to report their observations, which are mixtures of all signal sources in the field, corrupted by noise. Based on the collected data, the CHs estimate the sources and collaborate to improve these initial estimates. Under stringent energy constraint, which prohibits the sensors within a cluster to jointly encode their correlated observations, we propose to employ distributed source coding (DSC) to encode sensorspsila correlated data. In particular, we propose a practically simple, and yet effective, encoding algorithm for sensors, a data reconstruction scheme for CHs, and the corresponding rate allocation policy. We investigate the trade off between rate and mean square error (MSE) performance for the proposed algorithms. Numerical evaluations testify the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
The mexican financial crisis

In the period 1990-93 Mexico's economy experienced expansion and structural change. This was associated with economic opening, market deregulation, and large inflows of foreign capital. Mexico had ...