cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weak molecular chemisorption of N2/Pt(111)

The ordering in a higher-order-commensurate monolayer solid of Pt(111)- (3 ? 3)-4? N2, which has coexisting physisorbed and weakly chemisorbed N2 species, is analyzed with model calculations. Density functional theory calculations are also used to evaluate properties of chemisorbed N2 in a (2 ? 2) unit cell on Pt(111). The relation of these results to the orientational ordering of N2 on other metal surfaces is discussed.
De novo initiation of viral RNA-dependent RNA synthesis.

RNA viruses use several initiation strategies to ensure that their RNAs are synthesized in appropriate amounts, have correct termini, and can be translated efficiently. Many viruses with genomes of single-stranded positive-, negative-, and double-stranded RNA initiate RNA synthesis by a de novo (primer-independent) mechanism. This review summarizes biochemical features and variations of de novo initiation in viral RNA replication.
NUCLEON SPIN PHYSICS USING CEBAF AT 11 GeV

We disscuss key experiments that address some of the nucleon spin physics questions as part of the 12 GeV planning for the energy upgrade of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab. These experiments take advantage of a highly polarized beam and the availability of polarized target namely 3He combined with a Medium Acceptance Spectrometer (MAD) in Hall A.
Immunological status of thalassemia syndrome.

A major cause of morbidity and mortality in thalassemic patients is infections, assumed to be the result of immunological changes. In this study immune functions of peripheral blood lymphocytes have been studied in 38 &#103 -thalassemia major, 12 &#103 -thalassemia trait, and 17 healthy children. Results show decrease in CD4 + /CD8 + ratios in the &#103 -thalassemia major group and no difference according to absolute T-lymphocyte numbers and activ ated T-cell numbers. These results do not correlate with the tendency to infection. No significant difference was found in humoral immunity. The study of other factors in thalassemia is needed to detect those who are more susceptible to infections.
Quantity discount versus lead time-dependent discount in an inter-organizational supply chain

Supply chain management refers to the integrated management of a set of activities from the ordering and receiving of raw material through manufacturing of products to the distribution and delivery to the customers. One of the main mechanisms used to coordinate the efforts of an inter-organizational supply chain are incentive systems. This research uses simulation to compare two incentive systems: quantity versus lead time-dependent discounts. The empirical results showed that discount systems do make a difference in the gross profit for the individual members of the supply chain. The paper also provides managerial implications for possible implementation of this research.
Effect of differential rearing on brain, liver and adrenal tissues

Brain, liver, and adrenal weights were measured in rats differentially reared from 28-60 days of age. Relative to the standard colony rats, enriched rats had heavier brains but lighter livers. Relative to the standard animals, impoverished rats had heavier adrenals. These results confirm differential rearing influences on organs other than the brain.
Applied Bibliometrics: Using Citation Analysis in the Journal Submission Process.

Scholars in all fields who are engaged in the publication process must submit their work to appropriate journals. Selecting the appropriate journal can be a challenging task. This article argues that citation analysis may be an effective tool of journal selection. Citation patterns can be used to determine the extent of bibliographic coupling between an author's unpublished article and journals in the author's field. The article could then be submitted to a journal with a similar pattern of citations. Evidence from published articles in economics indicates that this technique is able to determine the journal in which an article is published.
How is epigenetic information maintained through DNA replication

DNA replication is a highly conserved process that accurately copies the genetic information from one generation to the next. The processes of chromatin disassembly and reassembly during DNA replication also have to be precisely regulated to ensure that the genetic material is compactly packaged to fit into the nucleus while also maintaining the epigenetic information that is carried by the histone proteins bound to the DNA, through cell divisions. Half of the histones that are deposited during replication are from the parental chromatin and carry the parental epigenetic information, while the other half of the histones are newly-synthesized. It has been of growing interest to understand how the parental pattern of epigenetic marks is re-established on the newly-synthesized histones, in a DNA sequence-specific manner, in order to maintain the epigenetic information through cell divisions. In this review we will discuss how histone chaperone proteins precisely coordinate the chromatin assembly process during DNA replication. We also discuss the recent evidence that histone-modifying enzymes, rather than the parental histones, are themselves epigenetic factors that remain associated with the DNA through replication to re-establish the epigenetic information on the newly-assembled chromatin.
Effects of bizarre imagery on the long-term retention of paired associates embedded within variable contexts

Recent findings have shown that bizarre imagery can be an effective mnemonic aid when lengthy retention intervals are employed (O’Brien & Wolford, 1982), and when the surrounding context contains more normal elements (McDaniel & Einstein, 1986). We therefore hypothesized an interaction between context and time of testing with bizarre images. Forty male and female undergraduates were tested in pairs. Each pair was presented with three lists (i.e., normal, bizarre, and mixed), arranged in a randomized order. The sentences within each list consisted of stimulus-response pairs of high-imagery nouns. Each subject pair was told to form an interactive mental image of the two nouns within a restricted period. Then, one subject participated in an immediate cued recall condition for each list while the other was tested after a 1-week retention interval. As predicted, we found a list × test interaction in which items from the mixed list were recalled best under delayed recall. Our results suggest that bizarre images do enhance memory over time, especially when common materials provide a contrasting surround.
Room Temperature Synthesis of Noble Metal Clusters in the Mesopores of Mechanically Strong Silica-Polymer Aerogel Composites

Clusters of Ag and Au have been formed in the bulk of mechanically strong silica-polymer aerogel composite monoliths. For that purpose, base-catalyzed silica hydrogels were washed with a 50% w/w acetone/diisocyanate (di-ISO) solution, and cured at 55°C for 3 days. Unreacted di-ISO solution was washed off with acetone, and the gels were washed with a acetone solutions of Ag+ or AuCl− 4 (3 × 10−4 mol · L−1), containing also 0.2 mol · L−1 of 2-propanol as radical scavenger. Metal clusters were formed upon radiolytic reduction (γ rays, 48–72 h, 7–7.5 kGy) of the precursor ions. After irradiation, the hydrogels were washed with acetone, and dried in supercritical CO2. The resulting aerogel monoliths had a density of 0.56 g·cm−3, a surface area of about 160 m2 · g−1, and an average pore diameter of about 200 nm. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the metal clusters are free of contamination, with a cubic face centered structure, and a narrow size distribution, centered around 10 nm. The elastic module, measured with a three-point flexural bending method, was in the 60–70 MPa range, and the load at rupture between 16 and 19 kg. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the composites were stable up to about 300°C. These results are in excellent agreement with results obtained previously for as-grown, di-ISO cross-linked silica aerogels, and show that addition of metal clusters and gamma irradiation to a dose corresponding to a permanence of several years in low earth orbit at high inclination did not affect the chemical identity, the mechanical strength, the porosity and the bulk density of the composite aerogel monoliths.
Stimulus context and infant orientation discrimination.

Abstract In three experiments, the effect of additional “contextual” elements on the discrimination of the orientation of linear and curvilinear segments was investigated with 4-month-old infants. In Experiment 1, paired visual matrices (one which contained some irregularity in orientation of internal elements, vs one which contained no irregularities) were presented. Infants detected irregular matrices significantly better than chance, but such detection was not aided by contextual elements. Discrimination of orientation in Experiment 2 was assessed with a paired-comparison familiarization-novelty paradigm. It was found that the addition of elements here significantly aided discrimination of linear segment orientation, but not curvilinear segment orientation. Experiment 3 investigated why this effect was not found for curvilinear segments; after equating the curvilinear stimuli to linear ones used in Experiment 2 with respect to the closedness of figure, discrimination of curvilinear orientation was observed.
Ions in size-selected aqueous nanodrops: sequential water molecule binding energies and effects of water on ion fluorescence.

The effects of water on ion fluorescence were investigated, and average sequential water molecule binding energies to hydrated ions, Mz(H2O)n, at large cluster size were measured using ion nanocalorimetry. Upon 248-nm excitation, nanodrops with ∼25 or more water molecules that contain either rhodamine 590+, rhodamine 640+, or Ce3+ emit a photon with average energies of approximately 548, 590, and 348 nm, respectively. These values are very close to the emission maxima of the corresponding ions in solution, indicating that the photophysical properties of these ions in the nanodrops approach those of the fully hydrated ions at relatively small cluster size. As occurs in solution, these ions in nanodrops with 8 or more water molecules fluoresce with a quantum yield of ∼1. Ce3+ containing nanodrops that also contain OH– fluoresce, whereas those with NO3– do not. This indirect fluorescence detection method has the advantages of high sensitivity, and both the size of the nanodrops as well as their constituents ...
Specificity and abstractness of VOT imitation

Abstract The imitation paradigm ( Goldinger, 1998 ) has shown that speakers shift their production phonetically in the direction of the imitated speech, indicating the use of episodic traces in speech perception. Although word-level specificity of imitation has been shown, it is unknown whether imitation also can take place with sub-lexical units. By using a modified imitation paradigm, the current study investigated: (1) the generalizability of phonetic imitation at phoneme and sub-phonemic levels, (2) word-level specificity through acoustic measurements of speech production; and (3) automaticity of phonetic imitation and its sensitivity to linguistic structure. The sub-phonemic feature manipulated in the experiments was VOT on the phoneme /p/. The results revealed that participants produced significantly longer VOTs after being exposed to target speech with extended VOTs. Furthermore, this modeled feature was generalized to new instances of the target phoneme /p/ and the new phoneme /k/, indicating that sub-lexical units are involved in phonetic imitation. The data also revealed that lexical frequency had an effect on the degree of imitation. On the other hand, target speech with reduced VOT was not imitated, indicating that phonetic imitation is phonetically selective.
The effects of the atmosphere on the surface modification of alumina by pulsed-laser-irradiation

A near-surface thin layer is melted when alumina is pulsed-laser-irradiated in an Ar–4% H2 atmosphere or in air. A thin layer of amorphous phase forms when the substrates are irradiated in Ar–4% H2 at 1 to 1.3 J/cm2 with multiple laser pulses. Amorphous phase is also found in samples laser-irradiated in air and oxygen. After a laser pulse at an energy density of 1.6 J/cm2 or higher the melt solidifies epitaxially from the unmelted substrate with a cellular microstructure. There is a decrease in the cooling rate of the melt as the laser energy density is increased because more heat must be dissipated. The amorphous phase forms when the heat input due to the laser pulse produces a superheated melt that cools down sufficiently fast to avoid crystallization. Very small particles of aluminum in the laser-melted and subsequently solidified layer are observed only in samples laser-irradiated in an Ar–4% H2 atmosphere. In this reducing atmosphere, the alumina is possibly reduced to metallic aluminum which is mixed into the melt by the turbulence provoked by the laser pulses. The effects of these metallic particles on copper deposition when the irradiated substrates are immersed in an electroless bath are discussed.
Canopy interception of nitrogen in bulk precipitation by annually burned and unburned tallgrass prairie.

Nitrogen content of bulk precipitation and throughfall (canopy leachates) was measured on annually burned and unburned tallgrass prairie during a 20 month period. Throughfall amounts averaged 58% of precipitation on unburned prairie while throughfall on annually burned sites averaged 76% of precipitation inputs. Stemflow was measured in late summer and autumn. Volumes were correlated with stem density; maximum stemflow volumes measured in this study averaged about 50% of throughfall volumes.Bulk precipitation averaged 530, 456, and 420 μg/l of nitrate, ammonium and organic nitrogen, respectively. Throughfall on burned sites averaged 345, 344 and 980 μg/l of nitrate, ammonium and organic nitrogen, and throughfall on unburned sites averaged 258, 196 and 1701 μg/l of nitrate, ammonium and organic nitrogen. Microbes on standing dead vegetation and litter of the unburned sites were estimated to remove more inorganic nitrogen from bulk precipitation than did foliage on burned sites. Only a portion of the inorganic nitrogen in bulk precipitation is immediately available for plant use, and this availability is influenced by the amount of detritus present on the prairie.
Correction of second order light for the HICO™ sensor onboard the international space satation

The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO−) [1] is a new spaceborne sensor designed specifically for monitoring the turbid coastal waters and large inland lakes and rivers from the International Space Station (ISS). HICO− is now collecting hyperspectral imaging data in the wavelength range of 0.4 - 1.0 micron with a spatial resolution of approximately 90 meters and a spectral resolution of 5.7 nanometers. During the construction of the HICO− instrument, it was not possible to place a blocking filter in front of the CCD (Charge-coupled device) array located in the focal plane. As a result, the second order light from the shorter visible spectral region falls onto the detectors covering the near-IR spectral region above 0.8 micron. In order to have accurate radiometric calibrations of the near-IR channels, the second order light effects need to be removed. Through analysis of HICO− imaging data containing features of shallow underwater objects, such as coral reef, we have developed a new empirical technique to correct for the second order light effects. HICO− data acquired over Midway Island, Key Largo, Bahamas Bay and Philippine Sea are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new technique.
Metabolite content of harvested Micro-Tom tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit is altered by chilling and protective heat-shock treatments as shown by GC–MS metabolic profiling

Abstract The primary aim of this study was to identify metabolites associated with chilling tolerance that was engendered by a heat-shock treatment of tomato fruit pericarp (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom). Harvested mature-green fruit were immersed in 20 or 40 °C water for 7 min (‘Heat-Shock’) and then stored at 2.5 °C for 0 or 14 d (‘Chilled’). A reduction in chilling injury symptoms (i.e., slow or abnormal ripening, increased ion leakage, and increased respiration following chilling) was used to select this heat-shock treatment as optimal. Using GC–MS (Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry) metabolite profiling, 363 analytes were detected in fruit pericarp of which 65 are identified metabolites. Principal Component Analysis of these data led to distinct groups among the samples based on their treatments; ‘Chilled’ and ‘Chilled + Heat-Shocked’ fruit were markedly different from each other, while the ‘Non-Chilled Control’ and ‘Heat-Shocked’ fruit were similar and grouped closer to the ‘Chilled + Heat-Shocked’ fruit. These results indicate that the heat treatment provided protection from chilling in part by altering levels of fruit metabolites. The levels of arabinose, fructose-6-phosphate, valine and shikimic acid appear to be associated with this heat-shock induced chilling tolerance since their levels were altered in the ‘Chilled’ samples (p
A Method for Determining the Appropriateness of National Planning in a Market Economy

Meade demonstrates how, in the absence of futures markets for many commodities, indicative planning can supply economic agents with the requisite information about future market conditions. An incentive scheme designed to encourage agents to relay accurate information to central planners is introduced into Meade's model. It is then shown how the Groves and Loeb voting procedure can be used to determine whether an indicative planning program would be beneficial.
Characteristics of Vascular Wall Cells Subjected to Dynamic Cyclic Strain and Fluid Shear Conditionsin Vitro

We recently developed an in vitro silicone rubber tubular apparatus, the vascular simulating device (VSD), which simulates pressure, flow, and strain characteristics of peripheral arteries (Benbrahim et al., 1994, J. Vasc. Surg. 20, 184-194). In this report, we tested the ability of silicone rubber surfaces to support the growth and differentiation of endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) and studied the effects of arterial levels of pressure, flow, and strain on these properties. Human umbilical and saphenous vein EC and bovine aortic EC and SMC were cultured on coated and uncoated silicone rubber in flat and tubular configurations (6 mm inner diameter) and on tissue culture plastic (TCP). Attachment, growth, and differentiation were compared on these surfaces. In addition, the effects of arterial pressure, flow, and strain conditions on adhesion and subsequent growth and differentiation were studied in the tubular configuration. Attachment and growth of vascular wall cells on fibronectin-coated silicone rubber was similar to that obtained on TCP. Application of arterial levels of pressure, flow, and strain did not alter adhesion of the cells to the tubes. Subsequent passage of these cells demonstrated that attachment, growth, and differentiation (uptake of LDL and expression of factor VIII-related antigen by EC and expression of muscle-specific actin by SMC) were similar in cells derived from experimental and control tubes which were not subjected to arterial conditions. Finally, mRNA expression of specific "housekeeping" genes was similar in cells isolated from experimental and control tubes. We conclude that the VSD supports the culture of viable and differentiated EC and SMC. These experiments demonstrate that it is possible to evaluate the effects of arterial strain and fluid shear on vascular wall cells in vitro, in a configuration similar to the blood vessel wall.
Invariant imbedding and radiation fields in finite isotropically scattering slabs bounded by a Lambert's law reflector

Abstract In several earlier papers, the basic integral equation for the source function in a conservative, isotropically scattering medium illuminated by parallel rays has been reduced to a Cauchy system well-suited for numerical solution. In those papers the basic equations were obtained using physical reasoning. The purpose of this paper is to derive the Cauchy system mathematically from the basic integral equation. Along the way, several new equations are obtained.
Epizoochorous dispersal by barbs, hooks, and spines in a lowland moist forest in central French Guiana

An analysis of the flowering plant flora of a lowland moist forest in central French Guiana reveals 25 species with adaptations for epizoochorous dispersal by barbs, hooks, or spines (stick-tights). This represents 1.5% of the flowering plant flora. Stick-tights are represented among the monocotyledons of the flora of central French Guiana by five species of Poaceae. The Fabaceae and Asteraceae, each with six species with stick-tight dispersal, are the richest families of flowering plants in terms of stick-tight dispersal in central French Guiana. This region possesses numerous potential mammal and bird dispersal agents, therefore it is a puzzle why stick-tight dispersal, especially among species of the canopy, is not more frequent.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reprograms Waves of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate on Phagosomal Organelles

The potent human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis persists in macrophages within a specialized, immature phagosome by interfering with the pathway of phagolysosome biogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain to be fully elucidated. Here, using four-dimensional microscopy, we detected on model phagosomes, which normally mature into phagolysosomes, the existence of cyclical waves of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), a membrane trafficking regulatory lipid essential for phagosomal acquisition of lysosomal characteristics. We show that mycobacteria interfere with the dynamics of PI3P on phagosomal organelles by altering the timing and characteristics of the PI3P waves on phagosomes. The default program of cyclical PI3P waves on model phagosomes is composed of an initial stage (phase I), represented by a strong PI3P burst occurring only upon the completion of phagosome formation, and a subsequent stage (phase II) of recurring PI3P waves on maturing phagosomes with the average periodicity of 20 min. Mycobacteria alter this program in two ways: (i) by inducing, in a cholesterol-dependent fashion, a neophase I* of premature PI3P production, coinciding with the process of mycobacterial entry into the macrophage, and (ii) by inhibiting the calmodulin-dependent phase II responsible for the acquisition of lysosomal characteristics. We conclude that the default pathway of phagosomal maturation into the phagolysosome includes temporally organized cyclical waves of PI3P on phagosomal membranes and that this process is targeted for reprogramming by mycobacteria as they prevent phagolysosome formation.
Generalized distorted-wave Born approximation for electron capture in ion-ion collisions

By starting with the distorted-wave form of the exact transition amplitude and introducing a second distorting potential, a generalized distorted-wave Born theory of electron capture is developed that is applicable to ion-ion collisions. The theory reduces to the distorted-wave Born theory developed by Taulbjerg and Briggs (J. Phys. B 14, 3523 (1983)) in the ion-atom case. Other theories, including the distorted strong-potential Born theory, the boundary-corrected first- and second-order Born theories, and the Coulomb Born theory, are seen to be approximations to the new amplitude.
A numerical study using “front tracking” finite elements on the morphological stability of a planar interface during transient solidification processes

Abstract A new numerical method using “front tracking” finite elements was developed for the solution of multidimensional transient heat and mass transfer diffusion equations during solidification processes in binary alloys or solutions. The method can cope with irregular geometrical morphologies. The use of this method was demonstrated in a study on the effects of transient, short time, temperature fluctuations on the morphology of a planar solid-liquid interface during a transient solidification process. The numerical studies performed for situations in which the solute in front of the interface was thermodynamically supercooled indicate that the short time temperature perturbations cannot alter the planar morphology of the interface. An explanation of this result was presented in terms of the transient heat and mass transfer processes during solidification.
Natural Remanent Magnetization and Viscous Magnetization of Apollo 11 Lunar Materials

The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of three Apollo 11 lunar materials, i. e. a crystalline rock and two kinds of microbreccia, is examined in detail with special attention to the possible effect of viscous magnetization acquirable in the terrestrial magnetic field.The intensity of stable NRM (In), the critical AC-demagnetization field (H*) which represents the upper limit for keeping approximate invariance of NRM direction, and the effective demagnetization field (H0) which reduces the intesity of NRM to (1/e) of the initial value are determined as follows; (a) In=8.9×10-6emu/gm, H*=30Oe, H0=25Oe for a crystalline rock (NASA No. 10024.22): (b) In=1.50×10-5emu/gm, H*=40Oe, H0=35Oe for a weakly impacted microbreccia (No. 10021.32): (c) In=1.50×10-4emu/gm H*>500Oe, H0≅1400Oe for a strongly impacted microbreccia (No. 10085·16).The intense and extremely stable NRM of the strongly impacted lunar microbreccia may suggest that a strong impact of lunar materials can cause an acquisition of a particularly stable remanent magnetization even in a very weak magnetic field.A certain portion of metallic irons in the lunar materials are very fine particles of several hundreds of Angstrom in mean diameter. These particles behave almost superpara-magnetically. Saturated viscous remanent magnetization acquired in the geomagnetic field being denoted by ΔIv, the ratio of 44 to the stable remanence In is determined to be 0.015, 8.4 and 0.23 respectively in cases of (a), (b) and (c).The larger value of the ratio ΔIv/In indicates that the larger portion of fine particles of metallic irons. The relaxation time of the viscous magnetization at 20°C ranges from 2×10 to 7×104sec., which implies that the grain size of the find iron particles is 170-180A in diameter.
Correlations of apathy and depression with postural instability in Parkinson disease

Abstract Background Postural instability (PI) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with depression and apathy based on UPDRS scores. We sought to examine the link using more objective PI measures. Methods Demographic, clinical, depression and apathy data were recorded for PD patients prospectively recruited from an outpatient university movement disorders clinic. PI was objectively evaluated using the standing center of pressure sway area. Results Thirty-seven PD patients participated in the study. Bivariate analysis revealed that PI was significantly correlated to both apathy (p = 0.018) and depression (p = 0.014). Hierarchical regression revealed that apathy significantly predicted PI but depression did not significantly add to the prediction. Also, depression did not significantly predict PI and the addition of apathy did not increase this prediction. Conclusion Apathy and depression are both associated with objective measures of PI, and apathy appears a stronger predictor of PI than depression. Concomitant improvement in PI may be important to consider when measuring apathy or depression interventions in PD.
Latency of Echoic Verbal Responses by Three-Year-Old Children

The echoic responses of 59 three-year-old children were tape recorded during the routine administration of a verbal comprehension test. They were unsolicited echoes of the examiner’s statements rat...
Thermal barrier coating materials

Improved thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) will enable future gas turbines to operate at higher gas temperatures. Considerable effort is being invested, therefore, in identifying new materials with even better performance than the current industry standard, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). We review recent progress and suggest that an integrated strategy of experiment, intuitive arguments based on crystallography, and simulation may lead most rapidly to the development of new TBC materials.
The measurement of job control

Subjective or perceived control over job-related activities or events is a frequently measured construct in organizational stress research. Karasek (1985) assessed perceived control as both decision authority and skill discretion at work (job decision latitude). Ganster (1989b; Dwyer and Ganster, 1991) developed a multidimensional or general measure of worker control, as well as a specific measure of work predictability. Because little published psychometric data exist for these scales, we investigated the item-level measurement properties of Karasek's and Ganster's measures. We hypothesized two separate, two-factor solutions, decision authority and skill discretion, for the job decision latitude scale, and general control and predictability, for the work control scale. The dimensionality of both measures was assessed in multiple, independent samples using confirmatory factor analyses (LISREL) with maximum likelihood estimation. Simultaneous solutions across samples were used to determine the fit of the factor models to the data. The hypothesized two-factor solutions were confirmed for both Karasek's and Ganster's scales, although item refinement is indicated. We also investigated the relative independence between Karasek's and Ganster's scales and found a lack of independence between the general control and decision authority items in one sample. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anomalous Magnetic Moments and Transformations in the Ordered Alloy FeRh

Magnetization and electrical resistivity measurements on an iron-rhodium alloy of approximate composition FeRh, having CsCl-type structure, confirm recent x-ray and neutron diffraction evidence for a first-order antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic transition at about 350°K. From 350°K down to 77°K, an essentially constant, field-independent susceptiblity of about 1×10−4 emu/g is observed. Above 350°K, the alloy behaves like a normal ferromagnet with a Curie point of 675 °K and a saturation magnetization (extrapolated to 0°K) of 130 emu/g. This σ0 value is equivalent to an average atomic moment of 1.85 μb, or to 3.85 μb per iron atom if the rhodium moment is assumed to be zero. Alternatively, if the iron moment is taken to be 2.2 μb, the rhodium moment has to be about 1.5 μb. Qualitative results are given for the effect of high magnetic fields and pressures on the first-order transition temperature of this alloy.
Serotonin (5-HT) systems mediate dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity.

To study interactions between DA and 5-HT neurochemical systems in the DA D1 supersensitized induction of oral activity in neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats, the effects of a variety of 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists were determined. At 3 days after birth rats were treated with desipramine HCl (20 mg/kg i.p., base form) 1 h before 6-OHDA HBr (100 micrograms, salt form, in each lateral ventricle). When these rats were studied as adults it was determined that the striatal content of DA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) was reduced by 98%, while the striatal content of 5-HT was elevated by 75%. The Bmax and Kd for [3H]SCH 23390 and [3H]spiperone binding to striatal homogenates was unaltered in the lesioned rats. However, oral activity responses to a D1 agonist (SKF 38393), D2 antagonist (spiperone) and 5-HT1C agonist [1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine] were enhanced several fold in the lesioned rats. Several other agonists and antagonists that act at 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors did not produce an altered response in the lesioned rats, nor were these substances effective in attenuating m-CPP-enhanced oral activity responses. The DA D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390 HCl (0.30 mg/kg i.p.), did not attenuate the response to m-CPP 2HCl (1.0 mg/kg i.p.). However, the 5-HT receptor antagonist, mianserin HCl (1.0 mg/kg s.c.) did effectively attenuate the oral activity response to SKF 38393 HCl (1.0 mg/kg i.p.). These findings indicate that there is supersensitization of both DA D1 and 5-HT1C receptors in neonatal 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, and that a D1 agonist acts via the 5-HT1C receptors. Therefore, induction of oral activity by DA agonists occurs through a serotoninergic neurochemical system.
Headspace Evaluation of Methanethiol and Dimethyl Trisulfide in Aqueous Solutions of Soy-protein Isolates

Volatile compounds from 2 samples of aqueous soy-protein isolates (SPI) (7%) were analyzed using both static and dynamic headspace methods. Based on dynamic headspace analyses, the most powerful odorants were (1) dimethyl trisulfide, (2) methanethiol, (3) hexanal, (4) an unidentified charred, sweaty feet-like odor, (5) 2-pentyl furan, (6) 2,3-butadione, and (7) an unknown burnt-like odor. The most powerful odorants by static headspace analyses were (1) dimethyl trisulfide, (2) hexanal, (3) methanethiol, and (4) 2-pentyl furan. Using deuterium labeled DMTS as an internal standard, DMTS was quantified at 60.1 and 45.5 ppb in the SPIs. This corresponds to odor values of 6014 and 4554, respectively. Using a cool, on-column technique, direct injection of concentrated-headspace volatiles and solvent-recovered volatiles with an internal standard of d6-DMTS detected both methanethiol and DMTS at similar levels as with the traditional injection methods.
Segregated production method for oil wells with active water coning

Abstract This paper describes a simulation study of a novel method to control water coning in an oil producing well. The method uses a dual-completion configuration that is above and below OWC. In this configuration, the well section above OWC is completed in the oil zone and produces oil, while the well section completed below OWC in the water-saturated zone produces water both independently of and concurrently with oil production. Segregated water production creates a drain (rat hole water sink) to control the rise of the water cone. Coning control results from the effect of water sink on flow potential between the sink and oil-producing perforations. The study investigated simulated production performance of the well both with and without the rat hole water sink. At first, the water sink's position and flow rate were examined to determine the critical production rate of oil (i.e., maximum production rate without the water breakthrough). Next, the various amounts of water produced during oil production at rates greater than critical were compared. The comparison study used both lab data and field data from an actual well/reservoir system of known geometry and reservoir properties. The coning behavior of the production system with the rat hole water sink was mathematically modelled using the flow potential distribution generated by two constant-terminal-rate sinks located between the two linear boundaries and the constant-pressure outer radial boundary. The model was verified by using the existing and simulated data of water coning in conventional wells and by setting the water sink flow rate at zero, with oil being the only produced fluid. Also, verification tests were used to select the type of oil reservoir with the thick oil zone and the small dip angle for the comparison studies. The study demonstrates the existence of an active mechanism to control water coning with the rat hole water sink. It shows that a sink with low water flow rate may prevent the water cone from breaking through the oil zone and into the producing perforations so that the oil with no water cut can be produced above the critical flow rate. A simulation using the new method yielded less produced water and either the same or a higher oil rate than the conventional method. However, potential increase of oil production above its critical value is limited by the stability of the controlled water cone. Also, for high oil production rates, more precision is needed to control the water production rate.
Operculum closing as a defence against predatory leeches in four British freshwater prosobranch snails

The defence reaction of operculum closing in response to the presence of the molluscivorous leech Glossiphonia complanata (L.) and the non-molluscivorous Erpobdella octoculata (L.) was studied in four species of freshwater prosobranch gastropod. Bithynia tentaculata (L.) and Valvata piscinalis (Muller) can distinguish between the leeches, reacting only to G. complanata. V. piscinalis is capable of a greater degree of distance chemoreception of the leech ‘scent’. Valvata cristata Muller and Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (Smith) did not react to either leech. V. cristata may not be a potential prey item for G. complanata, while P. jenkinsi is fed on by the leech, but is a relative newcomer to the freshwater fauna.
Explaining the use of text-based communication media: an examination of three theories of media use.

Abstract The present study examined the factors associated with individuals' use of three different text-based communication media: e-mail, cell-phone texting, and Facebook Wall postings. Three theoretical perspectives, including media richness theory, uses and gratifications, and perceived network effects, were examined. Using data from a survey of college students (N=280), the study found that the theoretical constructs from these theories play different roles when applied to different technologies. The results suggest that a simultaneous consideration of technological attributes, users' motivations, and social circumstances in which users select and use the technology is useful for fully understanding the dynamics of the selection and the use of a given technology.
Avoidable Ignorance and the Role of Cochrane and Campbell Reviews

The Campbell and Cochrane Collaborations were created to reveal the evidentiary status of claims focusing especially on the effectiveness of specific interventions. Such reviews are constrained by ...
Mortality of Walleyes Angled from the Deep Waters of Rainy Lake, Minnesota

Abstract Existing models of hooking mortality for walleyes Sander vitreus in large polymictic lakes are inadequate for estimating the number of catch-and-release mortalities in deeper, stratified lakes where fish are predominantly caught from depths greater than 10 m. To improve the understanding of how water depth affects catch-and-release mortality, logistic regression was used to investigate how depth of capture, fish length, and epilimnetic water temperature affect hooking mortality rates. In 2006 and 2007, 319 walleyes were caught by anglers at 5.8–17.1-m depths during a total of 10 angling events (July–September) on Rainy Lake, Minnesota. Fish were released into holding cages that allowed them the opportunity to reestablish themselves at their depths of capture; survival was recorded after 5 d (2 d for one cage). After accounting for the effects of experimental handling time (i.e., the time between hook removal and fish placement in the holding cage), capture depth had the largest effect on mortalit...
The Differential Vulnerability of Striatal Projection Neurons in 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Treated Rats Does Not Match That Typical of Adult-Onset Huntington's Disease

In adult-onset Huntington's disease (HD), striatal projection neurons are much more vulnerable than striatal interneurons, but even striatal projection neurons show differences in their vulnerability, with the striatal projection neurons projecting to the internal segment of the globus pallidus being the least vulnerable. Previous studies have shown that systemic chronic treatment with 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP), an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, induces the preferential loss of striatal projection neurons over striatal interneurons that is characteristic of HD, which has been taken to support the hypothesis that the pathogenic defect in HD may involve impaired energy metabolism. We sought to determine whether the patterns of survival for striatal projection neurons in 4-month-old rats after chronic systemic 3NP treatment also resemble those in adult-onset HD. We assessed the projection neuron survival using neuropeptide immunolabeling of striatal efferent fibers in striatal target areas and quantified the degree of fiber loss in the striatal target areas using computer-assisted image analysis. We found that 3NP produced relatively equal loss of striatal fibers and terminals in the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and entopeduncular nucleus, indicating a nondifferential vulnerability of striatal projection neurons to 3NP-induced impairment in energy metabolism. The results suggest that the 3NP rat model does not fully mimic adult-onset HD pathogenesis.
The Road to Skid Row

sheets if they were willing to be interviewed about the questionnaire content. A few volunteers representing most major types of deviance were contacted later. The interviews revealed that some of the questions may take on somewhat specialized meanings in the college population, as indicated in the following notes. Females interviewed did not often engage in Dragging themselves but reported that they marked the item if they participated in Dragging with boyfriends or in boyfriends' cars. Trespassing appears to be mainly an offense directed against friends' families and distant relatives, and sometimes takes the form of merely walking into a house without an explicit invitation. Driving without a license is an early age experience primarily provoked by being too young to obtain a license. Property damage evidently occurs in frequent association with drunkenness, and planned, premeditated property damage appears to be unusual with this population. Use of a Fake I.D. for buying alcoholic beaverages is, of course, another younger-age offense since at the time of the study, 18 year olds in Wisconsin could obtain at least malt beverages. Sexual intercourse appears to be primarily an activity engaged in with one or at least few partners, and the partner most often is a fia ce. Keeping secrets from friends is g erally ra ion lized as being for their own good, in the sense that it often concerns somebody's boyfriend or girlfriend going ou with nother person. Staying out all night w thout parents' consent becomes a frequent act on the college campus where pare ts' consent in fact becomes irrelevant because of their distance. Use of threats tends to be an early age type of activity; experiences reported in interviews occurred shortly after puberty. Usu ping funds seems to apply frequently to parents' credit cards o accounts, and actual use of a stranger's account app ars to be quite rare. Hanging up for girls is closely associa ed with dating, but for males it may be associated with both girlfri nds and par nts. Kin-sex is both an early ag ac ivity and one that seems to involve more distant relatives, for example, cousins and half-siblings. Usurping c rs is an activity directed almost entirely at parents' or friends' property. Shoplifting tends to involve rather small items such as candy bars and small items of office or school supplies. Spee ing, like dragging, is for the fe ales frequently an activity in which they engage b cause of their association with males.
Obscure bleeding detection in endoscopy images using support vector machines

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is a recently established imaging technology that requires no wired device intrusion and can be used to examine the entire small intestine non-invasively. Determining bleeding signs out of over 55,000 WCE images is a tedious and expensive job by human reviewing. Our goal is to develop an automatic obscure bleeding detection method by employing image color features and support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The bleeding lesion detection problem is a binary classification problem. We use SVMs for this problem and a new feature selection procedure is proposed. Our experiments show that SVM can be very efficient in processing unseen instances and may yield very high accuracy rate, in particular with our new proposed feature selection. More specifically, for this bleeding detection problem, training an SVM with 640 samples can be completed in as little as 0.01 second on a Dell workstation with dual Xeon CPUs, and classifying an image using the trained SVM can be done in as little as 0.03 milliseconds. The accuracy for both sensitivity and specificity can be over 99%.
New fluorescent compounds for plastic scintillator applications

Abstract The fluorescent compound 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF) has been modified in order to study the resulting structure-fluorescence relationship. A series of twelve derivatives, bearing different substituents at various positions on the phenyl ring, has been synthesized. Each derivative has been tested as a dopant for plastic scintillator applications by incorporating it in a polystyrene matrix. The absorption, fluorescence, and scintillation light yield characteristics of these compounds in polystyrene have been determined. In addition, emission time distributions have been measured and decay time constants have been calculated from these data.
Normal tRNAs promote ribosomal frameshifting

The addition of Ser AGC AGU tRNA to an E. coli cell-free protein synthesizing system which contains the endogenous tRNA levels results in up to 100% of the ribosomes translating the MS2 coat gene shifting into the -1 reading frame. An analogous phenomenon is seen at a much lower level without the tRNA addition, where a shift into the +1 frame can also be detected. Thus translation with the endogenous tRNA levels yields proteins which have the amino terminus of the coat protein but which are substantially larger than the coat protein and comprise about 5% of the coat translation. Since the lysis gene overlaps the 3' end of the coat gene in the +1 frame, we conclude that the reading frame shift into the +1 frame yields a hybrid protein. Also, we present evidence that ribosomes translating the synthetase gene shift into the -1 frame near the distal end of the gene. This frameshifting is promoted by thrACU ACC tRNA. Specific competitor tRNAs for both Thr and Ser tRNA-promoted frameshifting have been characterized. The generality of this new mechanism for producing additional proteins is unclear, but it investigation should increase understanding of the coding mechanism and its origin.
Failure of Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator Globulin (LATS) and Serum To Stimulate Thyroid Function in the Chick

In the guinea pig and mouse thyrotropin (TSH) bio-assay, an abnormal longacting thyroid-stimulating response to sera from hyperthyroid patients has been noted when compared to bovine TSH Reference Standard. In other species used for TSH bio-assay (chick, stasis tadpole) in which different protocols than those of the mammalian assay animals were utilized, data have been interpreted as showing a lack of LATS response. Utilizing a chick TSH bio-assay with a protocol similar to that of the mouse LATS assay (intravenous injection of testsample), 3 sera obtained from hyperthyroid patients and a γ-globulin fraction of one, all known to have a LATS response in the mouse, were investigated for early TSH-like and LATS responses. lthough the samples were injected at evels up to 30-fold that giving a response in the ouse, no thyroid-stimulating effects were noted t 3, 7 or 18 hr. These data indicate specificity of the chick assay for pituitary TSH and also that LATS responses may be observed only in mammalian assay s...
Remarks on Determination of Non-compliance with the Respirable Dust Standard, Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969

A procedure is presented and an estimate is obtained for the weight of dust collected in a ten sample cycle of sampling to ensure, with 95% confidence, that the Federal Standard for respirable coal mine dust is exceeded.