cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photo-induced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Different Water-soluble Fullerenes (C60) and Their Cytotoxicity in Human Keratinocytes

In this study we report the phototoxicity toward HaCaT keratinocytes that results from the photogeneration of superoxide and singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) by four different "water-soluble" fullerene (C(60)) preparations-monomeric (gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60) (gamma-cyclodextrin bicapped C(60)) and three aggregated forms-THF/nC(60) (prepared by solvent exchange from THF solution); Son/nC(60) (prepared by sonication of a toluene/water mixture); and gamma-CyD/nC(60) (prepared by heating the [gamma-CyD](2)/C(60) aqueous solution). Our results demonstrate that all four C(60) preparations photogenerate (1)O(2) efficiently. However, the properties of C(60)-generated (1)O(2), including its availability for reactions in solution, are markedly different for the monomeric and aggregated forms. (1)O(2) produced by monomeric (gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60) is quenchable by NaN(3) and its quantum yield in D(2)O, which is only weakly dependent on oxygen concentration, is as high as C(60) in toluene. In contrast, (1)O(2) generated from aggregated C(60) is not quenchable by NaN(3), exhibits a solvent-independent short-lived lifetime (ca 2.9 micros), is highly sensitive to oxygen concentration while its phosphorescence is redshifted. All these features indicate that (1)O(2) is sequestered inside the C(60) aggregates, which may explain why these preparations were not phototoxic toward HaCaT cells. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies demonstrated the generation of the C(60) anion radical (C(60)) when (gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60) was irradiated (lambda > 300 nm) in the presence of a reducing agent (NADH); spin trapping experiments (lambda > 400 nm) with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide clearly showed the generation of superoxide resulting from the reaction of C(60) with oxygen. In vitro tests with HaCaT keratinocytes provided evidence that (gamma-CyD)(2)/C(60) phototoxicity is mainly mediated by (1)O(2) (Type II mechanism) with only a minor contribution from free radicals (Type I mechanism).
Antecedents of Preterm Delivery Among Adolescents: Relationship to Type of Prenatal Care

The objective of this study was to determine if the antecedents of preterm delivery differ significantly among adolescents who obtain prenatal care in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, adolescent-oriented maternity program and adolescents who obtain prenatal care in other settings. We hypothesized that the preterm births of patients who obtain adolescent-oriented maternity care are less frequently antedated by preterm premature rupture of the placental membranes (PPROM) than are the preterm birth of adolescents who obtain prenatal care in other settings. Retrospective review was made of medical records from 84 consecutive preterm deliveries to < 19-year-old mothers; 26 who were cared for in an adolescent-oriented maternity program and 58 who were cared for in other settings. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to compare the incidence of 3 common antecedents of preterm delivery (PPROM, medical complication culminating in preterm delivery, and unknown causes of premature delivery) in th...
Model for the thermal characteristics of flat-plate photovoltaic modules deployed at fixed tilt

The thermal characteristics of 11 flat-plate photovoltaic (PV) modules are investigated and modeled against meteorological elements: irradiance, angle of incidence, wind speed, plus air and sky temperatures. Above 500 W/m/sup 2/ irradiance, the ratio of the average difference between module and air temperatures divided by the incident irradiance is constant, and apparently preordained by module construction-ranging 27/spl deg/-40/spl deg/C/(kW/m/sup 2/) in value-suggesting that these thermal characteristics are driven by the incident solar power. When low-irradiance conditions arise under clear-sky conditions, this ratio becomes small and can exhibit negative values. In this regime, the module's greater reflectance-resulting from larger angles of incidence to the sun-coupled with radiant heat emission dominate the thermal behavior. A new model for the thermal characteristics is presented that accounts for low- and high-irradiance regimes and resolves wind-speed dependence.
Implications for Pharmacy from the Institute of Medicine's Report on Health Care Workforce and an Aging America:

The Institute of Medicine's report "Retooling for an Aging America: Building the Health Care Workforce" concluded that the US health care workforce will require significant overhaul to care for the estimated 70 million adults 65 years and older by 2030. No profession trains the numbers of geriatric specialists needed to maintain the current provider to patient ratio. Pharmacy is no exception; currently less than 1% of pharmacists are certified or have specialty training in geriatrics. Schools of pharmacy, accrediting and professional organizations, and boards of pharmacy will need to collaborate to ensure that pharmacists have the core competencies to care for older adults.
Increased photoreversal of ultraviolet injury by flashing light.

1. Photoreversal of ultraviolet (UV) injury was studied in the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis (geleii) strain W, cultured in the absence of other living organisms. The division pattern of progeny of single animals was followed in hanging drop preparations. 2. A sublethal dose of 450 ergs/mm.2 of monochromatic UV of wave length 2654 A produces a lag before the first division followed by a period of cessation of fission after the second division. This cessation sometimes lasts as long as 6 weeks, during which time the animals become smaller and rounder and more opaque. Organisms about to resume division increase in size and transparency; after a few divisions the animals regain their normal division rate. 3. The effect of UV ranging in intensity from 5 to 15 ergs/mm.2/sec. was found to obey the reciprocity law quite well for the UV effect on the division pattern of T. pyriformis. However, the same dose at lower and at higher intensities was less effective. 4. The effect of a dose of UV delivered at high intensity (19 ergs/mm.2/sec.) could be increased by flashing the light, indicating that the system became saturated in the continuous light. 5. A photoreversing dose of monochromatic blue light of wave length 4350 A was found to be more effective when delivered as continuous light at a low intensity, or as intermittent light at a high intensity, rather than as continuous light at the high intensity—indicating that a dark mechanism participates in photoreversal. 6. The time for the dark reaction was determined to be of the order of a few hundredths of a second in experiments in which different lengths of dark period were used while maintaining a constant light period of 0.0025 second. 7. For Colpidium colpoda the efficiency of a given dose of photoreversing light was increased by flashing the light. 8. The present experiments are interpreted in terms of data available in the literature.
AACN Synergy Model’s Characteristics of Patients: Psychometric Analyses in a Tertiary Care Health System

• BACKGROUND Models for delivery of patient care that recognize the relationship between the characteristics of the patient and the competencies of the nurse are essential for high-quality outcomes. • OBJECTIVES (1) To test application of a case report form used to assess patients’ characteristics as defined by the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) Synergy Model for Patient Care in a general population of pediatric and adult patients and (2) to evaluate the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the patient characteristics measure found on the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Web site. • METHODS A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in 2 phases. The first phase consisted of secondary data analysis of 481 ratings of patients provided by 11 expert nurses. The second phase consisted of primary data collection of 279 ratings of patients provided by 116 general and critical care nurses. The case report form was used to rate characteristics of patients in both phases; a self-rated nursing proficiency scale was used in the second phase. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample. Correlational techniques were used to evaluate internal consistency reliability and evidence of construct validity. • RESULTS The case report form based on the AACN Synergy Model’s characteristics of patients showed satisfactory internal consistency reliability and evidence of discriminant construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 2-factor solution representing an intrapersonal interaction factor and an interpersonal interaction factor. • CONCLUSION The case report form for assessing characteristics of patients showed utility in a general population of adult and pediatric patients, some critically ill and some not. Nurses without previous knowledge of the AACN Synergy Model were able to apply the model during routine patient care. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2007;16:158-167)
Light/dark translocation of alphatransducin in mouse photoreceptor cells expressing G90D mutant opsin.

Genomic analysis, from patients with retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and congenital night blindness (CNB), has provided convincing evidence that various subtypes of retinal diseases can result from mutations in the gene encoding rod opsin, a protein that binds 11-cis retinal to form the visual pigment, rhodopsin. Over 100 different mutations in this gene have been documented, and shown to co-segregate with autosomal dominant RP (Berson et al., 2002; Farrar et al., 2002; Nour and Naash, 2003) as well as a few other mutations with CNB (Dryja et al., 1993; Sieving et al., 1995; al Jandal et al., 1999). Interestingly when these CNB causing mutations are expressed in COS cells, they constitutively activated transducin in the dark while in the absence of 11-cis retinal (Dryja et al., 1993; Rao et al., 1994; Gross et al., 2003a; Gross et al., 2003b). Thus, the in vitro data suggests that the CNB mutations generate a persistent ‘dark light’ that saturates the rod photocurrent and severely depresses rod sensitivity in a manner similar to that produced by light. One of these CNB mutations resulted from the replacement of glycine at position 90 by aspartic acid (G90D), which has been shown to associate with an unusual trait of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) (Sieving et al., 1995).
Toward Effective and Efficient School Districts: Facility Finance, Resource Management and Data Driven Decision Making

Toward Effective and Efficient School Districts: Facility Finance, Resource Management and Data Driven Decision Making Alex J. Bowers Ph.D. Associate Professor of Education Leadership, Teachers College, Columbia University http://www.tc.columbia.edu/academics/?facid=ab3764 Abstract: District Effectiveness Research (DER) has recently emerged as a research domain that examines the practices, leadership roles and organizational structures of school districts that find success with the majority of their students. However, little work has been done to date that examines how district and school leaders can leverage the vast amounts of data currently collected in schools to help inform decisions on how to allocate limited district resources to specific student, school and district needs. In this research presentation, Alex Bowers discusses how school practitioners, researchers and policymakers can bring together these large and comprehensive datasets with recent innovations in data patterning, longitudinal growth models, and mixture model analysis to inform district practices around three main research topics: school facilities finance, district resource management, and data driven decision making for students at-risk of dropping out. Specifically, the presentation will focus on addressing which factors are most associated with school districts passing or failing capital facility finance bond elections; how to identify effective and financially efficient school districts from entire state-wide longitudinal datasets for in-depth qualitative case studies; and early and accurate identification of students at-risk of dropping out of school through the use of teacher assigned grades. In these ways, the presentation will provide a discussion of the integration of large district and state-level data systems, application of recent innovations in data analysis, and a focus on identifying effective school resource and data management practices.
Abstract T P331: Investigating the Association of Traumatic Brain Injury and Ischemic Stroke in a Population-based Study

Background: Recently, two publications, one from California and one from Taiwan, utilizing administrative data have shown an independent, strong association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemic stroke (IS). The California analysis suggested TBI was a stronger risk factor for IS than hypertension. To begin the process of assessing whether TBI is really associated with IS with more definitive study types, we assessed the feasibility of obtaining TBI information in a population-based stroke study and characterized the history of TBI among IS patients including the time interval from TBI to stroke. Methods: As part of the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project (BASIC), IS patients (n=439) who completed an interview were asked whether they had ever had a TBI that caused them to lose consciousness. For those IS patients who did have a TBI, we further questioned them as to the number and dates of TBIs and the length of loss of consciousness for the longest event. These questions closely followed the US Department of Defense characterization of TBI. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize history of TBI. Results: From 1/2/12 thru 7/7/13, 101 of the 439 (23%) IS stroke patients reported a history of at least one TBI that caused them to lose consciousness. Among patients with TBI, 67% had one TBI, 21% had 2 TBI’s, 10% had 3 or more TBI’s. The median length of time between the last reported TBI and stroke onset was 32 years (Q1: 7 years, Q3: 46 years); 3% had a TBI within 30 days prior to their IS and 9% had TBI within 1 year prior to their IS. The median NIHSS of IS patients with TBI was 3 (Q1: 1, Q3: 8) compared with a median NIHSS of 4 (Q1: 2, Q3: 9) among IS patients without TBI. Conclusion: It is feasible to obtain TBI information in this population-based stroke surveillance study where a history of TBI is very common in IS patients. The long interval between TBI to IS suggests a lack of association in most cases. A case-control study would be needed to confirm or refute the striking association of TBI and IS previously seen in administrative data. Further, a population-based study with detailed data collection would allow for discovery of associated mechanisms linking TBI to stroke such as dissection, coagulation disorders and intoxications.
Outage Analysis of a Multi-User Spatial Diversity System in a Shadow-Fade Propagating Channel

In a wireless network, communication between a source and a destination mobile station (DMS) fails to establish if the source or the DMS is located inside a deep shadow-fading propagating channel. In this situation, intermediate mobile stations may be used to relay the signal between the two nodes. In a cellular system the source is a base station (BS) and the DMS is a weak mobile station (MS) while in an ad-hoc network, the source and the DMS are two nodes of the network. This paper presents the scheme of “multi-user spatial diversity” as a method of diversity to combat the undesired shadow-fade channel behavior. A model is presented for the case where one or several mobile stations (MSs) relay the signal between the source and the DMS, in a shadow-fading environment. A formula is derived for the average outage probability of the received signal-to-noise ratio at the DMS, when M intermediate MSs relay the signal from the source to the DMS according to a particular protocol. The outage probability improves as the number of the relays increases.
Study on randomized intervention of oral iodized oil among key crowd in iodine deficient areas of Xinjiang

Objective According to randomized controlled design,we explored the effect of comprehensive intervention of oral iodized oil among key crowd(pregnant and lactating women) in iodine deficient areas of Xinjiang.Methods A sampling proportioned to population(PPS) survey was used in our study.The effect of intervention was carried out by dividing 30 counties randomly into intervention group and control group.Finally there were 402 women in intervention group and 618 women in control group.The intervention group were given oral iodized oil.The inclusion criteria were: age from 17 to 50,three months pregnant women and lactating women,urinary iodine levels below 250 μg / L.Results After intervention,the median urinary iodine of intervention group was 206.9 μg / L and the control group was 172.2 μg / L.Urinary iodine concentration in the intervention group were significantly improved(Z = 3.98,P = 0.0001).Conclusion Intervention of oral iodized oil was feasible and effective to pregnant and lactating women in iodine deficient areas.The study can provide data for intervention of oral iodized oil.
Neurosurgical management of spasticity, rigidity, and tremor.

In this review, the authors present a critical overview of the historical development, indications, complications, operative techniques, and results of procedures for the alleviation of the major dyskinesias. Emphasis is placed upon recent refinement of technique, particularly stereotaxis, as well as neurophysiologic stimulation and recording, computerized tomographic scanning (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Specific disorders that may be amenable to surgical therapy include spasticity secondary to spinal cord pathology, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis; the tremor and rigidity of Parkinson’s disease; essential tremor; dystonia; spasmodic torticollis; post-traumatic and postinfarction intention tremor; cerebral palsy with tremor; hemiballismus; myoclonus; and dyskinesias induced by L-DOPA.
Updates in the Management of Cephalosporin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria

Resistance to cephalosporins is now common among Gram-negative bacterial infections, including those caused by the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, posing a major threat to public health. As resistance to the traditional drugs of choice for these infections, carbapenems, has also become increasingly common, interest in cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam as carbapenem-sparing alternatives has increased. Additionally, the availability of the novel β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations ceftolozane-tazobactam and ceftazidime-avibactam has added to the antimicrobial armamentarium available to treat these multidrug-resistant infections. Here, we review the recent literature on the use of carbapenem-sparing alternatives and highlight the potential utility of novel antimicrobials.
On the Normal/Superconducting Phase Transition in the Presence of Large Magnetic Fields

There has been much activity recently involving an examination of the phase transition between the normal and superconducting state when a sample is subjected to an applied magnetic field. The curve relating critical temperature to applied field marking this transition has in particular been the subject of numerous studies by experimental physicists, see e.g. [17] or [5]. In this article, we will explore some attempts to understand the transition analytically. The results described below involve a mixture of formal and rigorous mathematical analysis.
Influences of noise-interruption and information-bearing acoustic changes on understanding simulated electric-acoustic speech.

In simulations of electrical-acoustic stimulation (EAS), vocoded speech intelligibility is aided by preservation of low-frequency acoustic cues. However, the speech signal is often interrupted in everyday listening conditions, and effects of interruption on hybrid speech intelligibility are poorly understood. Additionally, listeners rely on information-bearing acoustic changes to understand full-spectrum speech (as measured by cochlea-scaled entropy [CSE]) and vocoded speech (CSECI), but how listeners utilize these informational changes to understand EAS speech is unclear. Here, normal-hearing participants heard noise-vocoded sentences with three to six spectral channels in two conditions: vocoder-only (80–8000 Hz) and simulated hybrid EAS (vocoded above 500 Hz; original acoustic signal below 500 Hz). In each sentence, four 80-ms intervals containing high-CSECI or low-CSECI acoustic changes were replaced with speech-shaped noise. As expected, performance improved with the preservation of low-frequency fine-structure cues (EAS). This improvement decreased for continuous EAS sentences as more spectral channels were added, but increased as more channels were added to noise-interrupted EAS sentences. Performance was impaired more when high-CSECI intervals were replaced by noise than when low-CSECI intervals were replaced, but this pattern did not differ across listening modes. Utilizing information-bearing acoustic changes to understand speech is predicted to generalize to cochlear implant users who receive EAS inputs.
POST–GASTRIC BYPASS HYPOGLYCEMIA IN A PATIENT WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE

ABSTRACT Objective: To highlight an atypical presentation of post–gastric bypass hypoglycemia complicated by end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods: A case report of relevant medical history, in addition to diagnostic and treatment challenges are presented. Results: We describe a 42-year-old female who presented for syncope due to hypoglycemia. She had a history of ESRD on dialysis as well as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) 10 years prior to admission. Diagnostic evaluation, although confounded by renal failure, favored insulin-mediated hypoglycemia and selective arterial calcium stimulation testing suggested noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome (NIPHS). Failure of multiple medical therapies ultimately led to partial pancreatic resection, with pathology confirming the diagnosis, and clinical improvement. Conclusion: Although hypoglycemia after gastric bypass is a well-recognized disorder, the pathophysiology and best treatment plan is still under investigation. Our case report of surgical ...
The Virtual Colonoscopy Study: a large multicenter clinical trial designed to compare two diagnostic screening procedures

Abstract This paper reviews the design of a large multicenter clinical trial currently being conducted to test the equivalence of two screening procedures for colorectal polyps. The primary outcome is the sensitivity and specificity of the new and standard procedures for detecting subjects with and without polyps of a size ⩾6 mm, respectively. An important secondary outcome is the accuracy of these procedures in detecting individual polyps. A total of 619 participants underwent virtual colonoscopy, the new procedure, followed by conventional colonoscopy, the standard procedure. Strategies for the design and implementation of the study are shared as well as the challenges encountered.
CHAPTER 2 – Nitrogenase Structure

This chapter provides a description of the culmination of results of the structural studies on nitrogenase in the context of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the components. Nitrogenase exists as two separable components in which an exclusive electron-transfer component transfers electrons to the substrate-reduction component in a macromolecular complex. The iron (Fe) protein serves as the exclusive electron donor to the substrate-reduction component, which exists in three varieties containing molybdenum and iron, vanadium and iron, or iron alone. The majority of biochemical and biophysical studies on nitrogenase, including structural studies focus on the characterization of the components of the molybdenum-containing nitrogenase system. During the catalytic process the two component proteins of nitrogenase combine and electron-transfer occurs from the Fe protein to the MoFe protein where substrates are then bound and reduced. Integral to this electron-transfer event is the concomitant hydrolysis of two molecules of MgATP. Once the one electron transfer process and MgATP hydrolysis are complete the two component proteins dissociate.
Extinction risk in extant marine species integrating palaeontological and biodistributional data

Extinction risk assessments of marine invertebrate species remain scarce, which hinders effective management of marine biodiversity in the face of anthropogenic impacts. To help close this information gap, in this paper we provide a metric of relative extinction risk that combines palaeontological data, in the form of extinction rates calculated from the fossil record, with two known correlates of risk in the modern day: geographical range size and realized thermal niche. We test the performance of this metric-Palaeontological Extinction Risk In Lineages (PERIL)-using survivorship analyses of Pliocene bivalve faunas from California and New Zealand, and then use it to identify present-day hotspots of extinction vulnerability for extant shallow-marine Bivalvia. Areas of the ocean where concentrations of bivalve species with higher PERIL scores overlap with high levels of climatic or anthropogenic stressors should be considered of most immediate concern for both conservation and management.
The C. elegans embryonic transcriptome with tissue, time, and alternative splicing resolution

We have used RNA-seq in Caenorhabditis elegans to produce transcription profiles for seven specific embryonic cell populations from gastrulation to the onset of terminal differentiation. The expression data for these seven cell populations, covering major cell lineages and tissues in the worm, reveal the complex and dynamic changes in gene expression, both spatially and temporally. Also, within genes, start sites and exon usage can be highly differential, producing transcripts that are specific to developmental periods or cell lineages. We have also found evidence of novel exons and introns, as well as differential usage of SL1 and SL2 splice leaders. By combining this data set with the modERN ChIP-seq resource, we are able to support and predict gene regulatory relationships. The detailed information on differences and similarities between gene expression in cell lineages and tissues should be of great value to the community and provides a framework for the investigation of expression in individual cells.
Nesting biology and niche modelling of Tetragonula iridipennis (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini) in Nepal

Scattered records indicate that people keep stingless bees in Nepal, but there is no published information on the identity of the bees or their natural history. We investigated the occurrence of st...
Language and (Inter)Cultural Learning: Supporting Language Teacher Candidates’ Development of Interculturality During Study Abroad

Intercultural understanding and the ability to interact appropriately and effectively with members of other cultures is a necessary element in diverse classrooms. Because of the inextricable nature of language and culture, the world language classroom provides a ready-made site for intercultural development. To support this effectively, language teacher candidates must develop skills that allow for facilitating understandings, interactions, and shifting perspectives in their classrooms. This chapter outlines how mediation in an online study abroad (SA) course supports candidates’ understandings of issues of language and culture, and how the skills they develop abroad can transfer to their future classrooms.
CAM Impingement: Surgical Management

CAM-type femoroacetabular impingement is increasingly recognized as a source of activity-limiting symptom and a contributor to degenerative hip disease. Hip arthroscopy is an effective treatment option for repairing the resulting acetabular chondrolabral junction injury and reshaping the pathologic bony morphology to limit further joint degeneration. Recent randomized controlled trials have confirmed the advantages of surgical management of femoroacetabular impingement with hip arthroscopy over conservative management. Standard technique utilizes 3 portals, anterolateral, mid-anterior, and distal anterolateral accessory. Interportal capsulotomy allows access to the central compartment to resect a concomitant pincer lesion, refixate a torn labrum, and treat articular cartilage injury. The mid-anterior portal is used for arthroscopic visualization, while suture anchors are placed through the distal anterolateral accessory portal and the anterolateral portal is a working portal. T-capsulotomy provides extensile exposure of the entire CAM lesion, and viewing from the mid-anterior portal further improves arthroscopic visualization. Fluoroscopy is essential for intraoperative mapping of the CAM lesion and to confirm appropriate resection. Capsular closure is performed routinely to repair both the T-capsulotomy and the interportal capsulotomy. This review provides a comprehensive description of the surgical technique for CAM impingement, as well as the postoperative rehabilitation and outcomes.
Additive manufacturing and architected materials: New process developments and materials

Material properties are governed by the chemical composition and spatial arrangement of constituent elements at multiple length-scales. This fundamentally limits material properties with respect to each other creating trade-offs when selecting materials for specific applications. For example, strength and density are inherently linked so that, in general, the more dense the material, the stronger it is in bulk form. We are combining advanced design method such as topology optimization, with advanced additive micro- and nanomanufacturing techniques to create new material systems with previously unachievable property combinations – mechanical metamaterials. The performance of these materials is fundamentally controlled by geometry at multiple length-scales rather than chemical composition alone. We have demonstrated designer properties of these mechanical metamaterials in polymers, metals, ceramics and combinations thereof. Properties include ultra-stiff lightweight materials, negative stiffness, and negative thermal expansion to name a few, as well as functional properties such electrical, optical, acoustic, and chemical responses. We have primarily utilized our custom developed additive micro-manufacturing techniques to create these structures and materials. These include projection microstereolithography, direct ink writing, electrophoretic deposition, volumetric AM via tomographic reconstruction, parallel two-photon polymerization, and diode-based additive manufacturing of metals.
Banking and Derivatives Transactions

The derivative securities markets have blossomed over the last two decades, with the United States and Canada trading more than half of the $96.67 trillion contracts outstanding in 2007. 130 Among the players are commercial banks, investment banks, and hedge funds. The US banks’ total exposure to foreign economies through derivatives increased in 2009, as two investment banks with large foreign exposures became Bank Holding Companies (BHCs) and were added to the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council’s Country Exposure Lending Survey.131
Younger Age at Operation Is Associated With Reinterventions After the Warden Procedure

Background Multiple techniques are available for repair of supracardiac partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR); however, most series fail to compare the techniques in contemporary cohorts. This study aimed to describe outcomes of the Warden procedure with a single-patch repair cohort to serve as a control. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis of all patients at a single institution (Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX) included patients undergoing either the Warden procedure or single-patch repair from 1996 to 2019 for PAPVR. Reintervention was defined as any catheter or surgical procedure on the superior vena cava (SVC) or pulmonary veins. Subgroup analysis was performed within the Warden cohort to evaluate for association between an SVC patch and reintervention-free survival. Results In total, 158 patients (122 in the Warden group and 36 in the single-patch group) were identified. The median age at operation was younger for patients in the Warden cohort (5.4 years; interquartile range, 3.3 to 10.2 years) compared with patients in the single-patch cohort (13.3 years; interquartile range, 6.5 to 18.7 years; P Conclusions The Warden procedure is a viable option for younger patients requiring supracardiac PAPVR repair, although these younger patients are likely at greatest risk for reintervention regardless of surgical technique.
Advancing Theories of Socially Desirable Responding: How Identity Processes Influence Answers to “Sensitive Questions”

We label questions “sensitive” if their object is potentially threatening, controversial, intrusive, or objectionable. These sorts of questions are those that encourage socially desirable responding, the term used to describe respondents’ propensity to answer in a way that aligns with social norms. Questions about normative behaviors and attitudes are often similarly labeled. But for whom and in which contexts are these questions sensitive? I review theories behind sensitive questions and related concepts, social desirability and impression management, in survey data collection. The limitations of conventional understandings are outlined and a new approach is introduced based in the self-views of the respondent. I argue that conventional understandings that rely on subjective assessments of question sensitivity or respondents’ concern over the interviewer’s impression of them are incomplete and include residual variation that may be explained with an alternative theoretical approach. An identity-based approach rooted in how respondents see themselves vis-a-vis their identities affords a more complete and effective understanding of socially desirable responding than conventional explanations.
The Lunchroom Behavior Game: A Single-Case Design Conceptual Replication

Inappropriate behaviors often occur in non-classroom settings, such as lunchrooms, due to the increased volume of students with fewer supervising adults. As such, there is a need for effective and efficient behavior management interventions that can be implemented in these environments. To address frequent disruptions in an urban elementary lunchroom, McCurdy et al. (J Sch Psychol 47:39–54, 2009) developed a team-based interdependent group contingency called the Lunchroom Behavior Game (LBG) and observed decreased disruptions, while staff and students found the intervention highly acceptable. Given this success, we replicated the LBG in an elementary school in a mid-sized Southeastern city. LBG implementation was staggered across three lunch periods using a multiple-baseline design across subjects. The rate of disruptive behaviors decreased in all lunches following LBG implementation and remained at lower levels during maintenance observations; however, implementation fidelity and student acceptability were low. Specific implementation issues encountered and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Specialized Databases in Molecular Biology and Genetics: The Nucleic Acid and Protein Sequence Databases

There are more than a dozen specialist databases of interest to molecular biologists. This paper describes the major nucleic acid and protein sequence database - GENBANK, EMBL, SWISS-PROT, PIR and HGML. Access to the database in their various formats is described.
Render Unto Rawls: Law, Gospel, and the Evangelical Fallacy

There are many voices in American politics claiming that various candidates, laws and policies are necessitated by a “Christian” worldview. Many of these voices use explicit public rhetoric that their position is the one compelled by “Christian” principles. Although religious voices have been present in the United States since its founding, the volume and urgency of the voices seems to have increased dramatically in the last several decades, during the so-called “culture wars.” These voices famously come from the Christian Religious Right, advocating socially conservative laws on issues such as abortion and same-sex marriage. But there are also voices from an increasingly vocal Christian Religious Left, advocating progressive or “liberal” policies on issues such as assistance to the poor and the environment. The Rawlsian conception of political liberalism posits that citizens should not advocate for laws or policies based on comprehensive doctrines which are not shared by all the citizenry, but should instead resort to public reasons in support of such persuasion. Many Christians respond that such a position requires them to impermissibly “bracket” their views and trivializes their religious faith. A significant amount of these Christian voices are Evangelical Christians. Speaking as an Evangelical Christian myself, our shared theology would seem to oppose the overt religious argumentation by both the Right and Left. The simple reason is that Evangelical Christians believe that reconciliation and favor with God can only be obtained by simple belief and faith in the provision of Christ’s sacrifice on man’s behalf. None of our behavior is ultimately sufficient, and therefore compliance with coercively-enforced laws (viz., behavior) as a communicated means to favor with God is not consistent with the historic Evangelical scriptural gospel view of salvation by faith alone. Therefore, such arguments for “Christian” laws and policies are actually antithetical to the historic Christian gospel message, and tend to obscure it, and thus should be avoided by Evangelical Christians in the political sphere.
Why Bind? Emotional, Physical, and Cultural Considerations for Trans and Gender Non-Binary Individuals

In this study, we examined emotional and physical aspects of chest binding by surveying 61 trans and gender non-binary (TNB) individuals who currently practice compression of mammary tissue through structural undergarments. Participants believed that binding produced better connections with and/or expression of their gender identity (92%, n=52). Through thematic analysis of qualitative responses, we found three non-mutually exclusive reasons for binding: (a) positive emotional feelings elicited by the practice, such as confidence, comfort, and safety (56%, n = 34); (b) aesthetic and visual improvements, like better fit of menswear (51%, n =31); and (c) greater satisfaction with gender expression and amelioration of dysphoria (69%, n = 42). One third of participants were ambivalent about binding, noting both positive and negative aspects. One-quarter said that binding made them feel anxious, sad, or upset, and another quarter mentioned physical difficulties like discomfort, back pain, constraint, and trouble breathing.
Foot and ankle somatosensory deficits in children with cerebral palsy: A pilot study.

Purpose To investigate foot and ankle somatosensory function in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods Ten children with spastic diplegia (age 15 ± 5 y; GMFCS I-III) and 11 typically developing (TD) peers (age 15 ± 10 y) participated in the study. Light touch pressure and two-point discrimination were assessed on the plantar side of the foot by using a monofilament kit and an aesthesiometer, respectively. The duration of vibration sensation at the first metatarsal head and medial malleolus was tested by a 128 Hz tuning fork. Joint position sense and kinesthesia in the ankle joint were also assessed. Results Children with CP demonstrated significantly higher light touch pressure and two-point discrimination thresholds compared to their TD peers. Individuals with CP perceived the vibration stimulus for a longer period compared to the TD participants. Finally, the CP group demonstrated significant impairments in joint position sense but not in kinesthesia of the ankle joints. Conclusions These findings suggest that children with CP have foot and ankle tactile and proprioceptive deficits. Assessment of lower extremity somatosensory function should be included in clinical practice as it can guide clinicians in designing more effective treatment protocols to improve functional performance in CP.
Risk factors for intradialytic decline in cerebral perfusion and impaired cerebral autoregulation in adults on hemodialysis.

Introduction Hemodialysis (HD) patients have significant burden of cerebral ischemic pathology noted on brain imaging. These ischemic type lesions maybe due to cerebral hypoperfusion that may be occurring during blood pressure (BP) fluctuations commonly noted during HD sessions. We evaluated changes in cerebral perfusion and measured an index of cerebral autoregulation (CA index) during HD to identify potential risk factors for intradialytic decline in cerebral perfusion and impaired cerebral autoregulation. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we included HD patients age 50 years or older receiving conventional in-center HD. We measured cerebral perfusion during HD, using cerebral oximetry, and calculated the correlation between cerebral perfusion and BP during HD as an index of CA. We measured the association between potential risk factors for intradialytic decline in cerebral perfusion and CA index. Findings We included 32 participants and 118 HD sessions in our analysis. The mean ± SD decline in cerebral oxygen saturation during HD was 6.5% ± 2.9% with a relative decline from baseline values of 9.2% ± 4.4%. Greater drop in systolic BP (SBP) during HD was associated with decline in cerebral oxygen saturation, p = 0.02. Impaired CA index was noted in 37.3% of HD sessions. Having diabetes and >20 mmHg drop in SBP during HD were associated with increased (worse) CA index with an increase of 0.24 95%CI [0.06, 0.41] for diabetes and increase of 0.43 95%CI [0.27, 0.56] for a >20 mmHg drop in SBP during HD. Discussion Cerebral perfusion can decline during HD and is associated with changes in systemic BP. This may be due to impaired cerebral autoregulation in HD patients. Risk factors for worse CA index include diabetes and >20 mmHg drop in SBP during HD. This study highlights the risk of intradialytic decline in cerebral perfusion and impaired cerebral autoregulation in HD patients.
Original contributionLansoprazole treatment of patients with chronic idiopathic laryngitis: a placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: Previous uncontrolled studies suggested a therapeutic benefit for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) among patients with laryngitis. The present study is the first randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of gastric acid suppression among patients with laryngitis in the United States. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with idiopathic chronic laryngitis were randomized to receive either lansoprazole 30 mg p.o. b.i.d. or a matching placebo for 3 months. Before randomization, all patients underwent upper endoscopy, dual probe ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH-metry, and laryngoscopy, as well as completing a symptom questionnaire for GERD and laryngitis. The primary outcome of treatment was the complete resolution of laryngeal symptoms. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients with symptoms and signs of chronic laryngitis were enrolled, 20 of whom completed the study. At baseline, there were no significant differences between the two groups with regards to GERD symptoms, erosive esophagitis, proximal and distal esophageal pH-metry, or laryngeal signs and symptoms. In an intention-to-treat analysis, six patients in the lansoprazole group (50%) and only one patient (10%) in the placebo group achieved a complete symptomatic response, p = 0.04. Apart from receiving lansoprazole, there were no significant differences between responders and nonresponders in any of baseline esophageal or laryngeal signs and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Empirical treatment with lansoprazole is efficacious in relieving symptoms of laryngitis compared to placebo. Such treatment can be considered as a first-line option in managing patients with idiopathic chronic laryngitis.
On the phase-field modeling of rapid solidification

Abstract The phase-field method has been widely used to study the rapid solidification processes such as additive manufacturing. To lower the computational cost, many simplifications and modifications were made to the original set of phase-field equations for alloy solidification. However, how those simplifications affect the modeling outcome is not well studied. In this work, we developed a phase-field model incorporated with both the coupled thermal-solutal diffusion and solute trapping for the rapid solidification of dilute binary alloys. We focused on the quantification of the influences of the simplifications of interface kinetics, solute trapping, and thermal diffusion on the modeling outcomes. By turning on and off those three effects individually, we explore how the temperature, solute concentration and interfacial velocity are affected. Our investigation shows that the interface kinetics and thermal diffusion cannot be ignored for quantitative modeling of a rapid solidification process for alloys. In the end, we used the rapid solidification of a melt-spun ribbon as an example to show that the phase-field model with all the three aspects considered is capable of capturing the complex interplay among temperature, solute concentration, and interfacial velocity and predicting the resultant solidification structures.
A Virtue Epistemological Approach to the Demarcation Problem

We argue for a virtue epistemological approach to the demarcation problem, for we think that such an approach makes sense from the perspective of an ameliorative epistemology. We argue that sustained and consistent pseudoscientific beliefs and attitudes call for an explanation in terms of underlying epistemic vices, and that remedying them calls for charging the relevant people with vice, but in a responsible and sensitive way. We exemplify some common epistemic vices associated with pseudoscientific beliefs through the case of Feng Shui. We then discuss the value of incorporating pseudoscience in science education and advocate teaching students to identify epistemic virtues and vices in scientific and pseudoscientific practices. We argue for an education focused on epistemic character building and cultivating epistemically virtuous students from early on. This will lead them to become good epistemic agents, in general, and careful (producers and) consumers of science and pseudoscience in particular.
Introduction: Remote Sensing and Sensitivity Analysis

By its basic definition, remote sensing is simply indirect measurement. In a vast variety of practical applications, we cannot measure quantities of interest directly, but we can measure some other quantities that are related to quantities of interest by some known relations. For example, targeted measurements of spectral radiances on top of the atmosphere in the thermal infrared spectral region provide a capability to measure atmospheric profiles of temperature and mixing ratios of atmospheric constituents. Another example: targeted measurements of position and velocity of a spacecraft orbiting a planet provide a capability to measure spherical harmonics of the gravity field of this planet.