cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and measurement of neck loads

To examine the loads imposed on the structures of the neck by the performance of physical tasks, a biomechanical model of the neck was constructed. The model incorporated 14 bilateral pairs of muscle equivalents crossing the C4 level. A double linear programming optimization scheme that minimized maximum muscle contraction intensity and then vertebral compression force while equilibrating external loads was used to calculate the muscle contraction forces required and the motion segment reactions produced by task performance. To test model validity, 14 healthy adult subjects performed a series of isometric tasks requiring use of their neck muscles. These tasks included exertions in attempted flexion, extension, and left and right lateral bending and twisting. Subjects exerted maximum and submaximum voluntary efforts. During the performance, surface myoelectric activities were recorded at eight locations around the periphery of the neck at the C4 level. Calculated forces and measured myoelectric activities were then linearly correlated. Mean measured voluntary neck strengths in 10 male subjects were as large as 29.7 Nm. Four female subjects developed mean strengths that were approximately 60%-90% of those of the males. In both sexes, neck muscle strengths were approximately one order of magnitude lower than previously measured lumbar trunk strengths. Mean calculated neck muscle contraction forces ranged to 180 N. Mean calculated compression forces on the C4-5 motion segment ranged to 1164 N, lateral shear forces ranged to 125 N, and anteroposterior shear forces ranged to 135 N. Correlation coefficients between the calculated muscle forces and the measured myoelectric activities were as large as 0.85 in some muscles, but generally were smaller than this.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HUMAN XPA PROMOTER

We cloned the human xeroderma pigmentosum group A gene (XPA) and characterized the XPA promoter (pXPA) by transient cat expression. The pXPA is extraordinarily weak in human fibroblasts (1% of RSV-LTR) and appears to function without any of the usual promoter elements. Regions containing positive and negative control elements were localized.
Health care resources and public policy in Pakistan.

Abstract This study examines the difficulties in instituting a viable system to provide health care facilities in Pakistan. Distribution patterns of existing facilities reveal serious inadequacies related to planning deficiencies, lack of capital, and disregard for socio-cultural factors. Whenever possible, health service development planning must be based on the needs of the population.
Repair and Prevention of Damage due to Transverse Shrinkage Cracks in Bridge Decks

Transverse shrinkage cracking of bridge decks occurs during and shortly after construction. It allows cracks to form and later allows water and other elements to enter the concrete matrix of the deck and most importantly to fall onto the supporting structure below. This leads to significantly damage of that support structure. This paper describes a field application of the design for an in-situ means of controlling and repairing transverse shrinkage cracking, by utilizing brittle tubes with sealants in the concrete deck.
Science Writing Techniques and Methods: What the Research Tells Us

(1979). Science Writing Techniques and Methods: What the Research Tells Us. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 25-28.
SU‐E‐T‐731: Implementation of a One Dimensional Analytical Model for Calculating Three Dimensional Linear Energy Transfer in Proton Radiotherapy

Purpose: To develop and implement a three dimensional, analytical model for linear energy transfer (LET) calculations of a clinical proton beam based on a one dimensional model presented in the literature for use in calculating variable relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values within a patient treatment plan.Methods: Implementation of the one dimensional analytical model was performed in MATLAB and confirmed with Monte Carlo (MC) results for a proton beam matching the beam specifications of a clinical proton beam. Application to three dimensional geometries was achieved by referencing values to the generated one dimensional array to corresponding distances from a 4cm × 4cm planar source, for a water phantom. The three dimensional model was then applied to a prostate plan and compared to MC results.Results: One dimensional implementation of the model to a 70MeV and 160MeV proton beam showed good agreement with MC results along the proximal portion of the beam path and agreement within 8% and 13% along the distal 5mm of the beam path for each respective beam. Implementation in a three dimensional water phantom achieved an agreement within 0.5 keV/micron for 60.3% of all voxels and 2.5keV/micron for 98.3% of all voxels for a 160MeV plane source beam. Of the voxels that differed by more than 2.5keV/micron, 95.5% differed within the range of experimental uncertainty in the MC results. Conclusions: An analytical model for LET calculations in proton therapy may be used to quickly and efficiently estimate LET values within a three dimensional volume. This allows for the calculation of variable RBE values in a patient volume and the possibility of optimizing plans based on the biological effect of protonradiotherapy.
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Stepped Tip Gap Effects on the Flowfield of a Transonic Axial-Flow Compressor Rotor

The effects of stepped tip gaps and clearance levels on the flowfield of a transonic axial-flow compressor rotor were experimentally and computationally determined. This paper complements a previous experimental study by the authors regarding the effects of stepped tip gaps and clearance levels on the performance of an axial-flow compressor rotor. In the current study, the generation of blockage associated with the variation of geometry in the rotor tip region was examined. The shock-vortex interaction generating the blockage was characterized, and a theory and mechanism for relocation of blockage in the rotor tip region was developed. A two-stage compressor with no inlet guide vanes was tested in a modern transonic compressor research facility. The first-stage rotor was unswept and was tested with stepped gaps machined into the casing near the aft tip region of the rotor. Nine casing geometries were investigated consisting of three step profiles at each of three clearance levels. Computational Fluid Dynamic modeling of tip geometry effects also was performed. Increased tip clearance was found to increase the amount of flow blockage near the rotor tip. Stepped tip gaps were found to be an effective means of reducing the effects of tip region blockage, resulting in improved pressure ratio, efficiency, and mass flow. This study provides guidelines for engineers to improve compressor performance for an existing design by applying an improved casing profile.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Correlation Equation for Heat Transfer Coefficients for Circular Pin Fins

The objective of this study was to develop and present a correlation equation for the representative or ‘average’ heat transfer coefficient associated with horizontally oriented circular pin fins t...
Experimental Manipulation of the “Motive to Avoid Success”

Summary.-The "motive to avoid success" is seen as a conflict between femininity and sex-inappropriate behavior in achievement situations. Since the concept has frequently been confused with the method of scoring, this problem was avoided by employing an experimental test of the motive that art~f~cially induced the conflict with false feedback concerning sexual identity. 80 female college students then performed a task that was sex-typed by the experimenter. Results confirmed that the motive to avoid success is a useful construct for explaining achievement motivation in women. The method demonstrated that avoidance of success by these women is manipulated by environmental events, therefore eliminating the need for use of an internal motive as an explanation of the phenomenon.
Knowledge and perceptions of juvenile justice officials about selection bias

Abstract This study examined the knowledge and perceptions of juvenile justice officials about selection bias and other causes associated with minority overrepresentation. In-depth interviews were conducted with officials working at major decision-making levels in the juvenile justice system of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Almost half of the officials did not perceive selection bias to be present in the system. The other officials were divided in their beliefs about the possibility that selection bias could be the result of isolated incidents of discrimination as opposed to systematic race and class biases in the society and juvenile justice system. The study concluded that most judges, county attorneys, police officials, and some court designated workers thought that the system was fair and equitable.
Computational Simulation Improvements of Supersonic High-Angle-of-Attack Missile Flows

A numerical simulation is presented for the steady-state e ow over a missile body cone guration for supersonic Mach numberat incidence. Themissilehasa diameter dof0.09398 m and a length of 13 d.Flow conditions specie ed areMach 2.5, angleofattack 14deg, and Reynoldsnumber1 :23 £ 10 6 based on thediameterofafterbody to match experimental conditions. Thethree-dimensionalNavier ‐Stokesequationsinmass-averagedform werenumerically integrated using both central and upwind difference methods, implicit Beam and Warming algorithm with the two-equation k‐≤ turbulence model to provide closure of the system of equations. The upwind method captured the crosse ow shock better, and the central difference method predicted the vortex shape and strength better. Modie cations to the two-equation turbulence model, which limited the production of eddy viscosity for vortical e ows, were implemented to assess the improvement in accuracy. The modie cations improved prediction of the vortical shape and strength and showed improvements in the surface pressurepredictions due to strongerprimary and secondary vortices. A grid resolution study to examine the effects of the modie cations to the k‐≤ turbulence model was conducted. The grid study indicated that the improvements in the shear layer resolution and vortex core predictions were better when ree nement was made in the body normal and circumferential directions.
A Pharmacogenetic Inducible Approach to the Study of NMDA/αCaMKII Signaling in Synaptic Plasticity

We recently introduced an inducible pharmacogenetic approach where pharmacological manipulations can be used to reveal recessive mutant phenotypes in a temporally controlled manner [1]. This approach takes advantage of synergisms between pharmacological and genetic manipulations to alter the function of specific signaling pathways. For example, mice heterozygous for a point mutation (T286A) in the α-calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (αCaMKII) gene show normal learning and memory. However, a concentration of an NMDA receptor antagonist (CPP) that does not affect learning in wild-type (WT) littermates, reveals learning deficits in this heterozygote (αCaMKIIT286A+/−) [1]. Here, we show that pretetanic application of a concentration of CPP (0.1 μM) ineffective in WT hippocampal slices induced deficits in αCaMKIIT286A+/− slices in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a mechanism thought to be involved in learning and memory. Importantly, posttetanic application of CPP (0.1 μM) had no effect on the expression or maintenance of LTP in hippocampal slices from αCaMKIIT286A+/− mice. Thus, this pharmacogenetic approach allowed us to demonstrate that NMDA receptor-dependent autophosphorylation of αCaMKII is required during the induction but not maintenance of LTP. This ability to temporally induce recessive mutant phenotypes could be applicable to a broad range of problems and genetic systems.
Gamma-Ray Scanning System for Barrels Containing Plutonium Waste

A system designed to perform quantitative assay of plutonium waste material in 30 to 55 gallon barrels is described. The system uses up to eight 2 in. × 2 in. NaI(Tl) detectors to make a detailed gamma ray scan of the barrel to be assayed. Barrels of 55 gallon size containing 239Pu waste and 30 gallon barrels containing 238Pu waste (from 238PuO2 isotopic heat source production) have been scanned with this system. Experience has shown that a barrel assay can be performed in 10 to 15 minutes to an accuracy of ±10%. The sensitivity of the system is one gram or better for 239Pu or 238Pu in low to medium density waste material.
Beyond Rigor and Relevance: Producing Consumable Research about Information Systems

Since the field Information Systems IS originated, researchers have faced apparently contradictory pressures. On the one hand, we are exhorted to generate scholarly articles that are academically rigorous; on the other, we are urged to make our research more relevant to practice. In this paper, we argue that there is no inherent conflict between these two pressures; it is not only possible, but also desirable, for IS research to fulfill both directives. We present four major strategies for conducting research that is both rigorous and relevant: cultivating practitioner sponsorship, adopting new research models, producing consumable research reports, and supporting nontraditional research outlets.
Applications of Steady-State Spray Equations to Combustion Modeling

A constant cross-sectional area rocket motor was used to study the combustion of a spray of ethanol drops in oxygen. The steady-state spray equation was solved for monodisperse and distributed initial drop radii and for various drag and vaporization rate equations. The local flux of liquid ethanol drops thus calculated was compared with the experimentally determined one for the purpose of selecting a proper over-all spray combustion model. The main conclusion is that a model made up of a Nukiyama-Tanasawa initial drop radii distribution function, a Stokes drop drag equation, and either a modified Priem-Heidmann or a modified Spalding drop vaporization rate equation reproduced accurately the steady state of the engine tested. The original Priem-Heidmann and Spalding vaporization rate equations, which were suggested for single fuel droplets vaporizing and burning in infinite oxidizing media, were found to overestimate the vaporization rate of the droplets within the spray. Moreover, they would have lead to the erroneous conclusion that most of the vaporization occurs in the first few inches of the combustor, and the remaining lingers on at great length, while the actual vaporization is considerably more uniformly distributed in the axial direction. The monodisperse spray models, corresponding to the acceptable distributed spray models, gave acceptable results as well (in this case r0 = 5r30/3.915).
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left temporoparietal cortex in three patients reporting hallucinated "voices".

Abstract Background: Prior studies suggest that auditory hallucinations of “voices” arise from activation of speech perception areas of the cerebral cortex. Low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can reduce cortical activation. Methods: We have studied three schizophrenic patients reporting persistent auditory hallucinations to determine if low frequency TMS could curtail these experiences. One hertz stimulation of left temporoparietal cortex was compared with sham stimulation using a double-blind, cross-over design. Results: All three patients demonstrated greater improvement in hallucination severity following active stimulation compared to sham stimulation. Two of the three patients reported near total cessation of hallucinations for ⩾ 2 weeks. Conclusions: TMS may advance our understanding of the mechanism and treatment of auditory hallucinations.
Social modification of agonistic behaviour in fish.

Abstract Green sunfish were paired on the basis of size and frequency of attack behaviour, as well as coloration changes, recorded during observation sessions held over a 3-day period of time (pre-conditioning period). On the basis of attack frequency, a fish in each pair was designated as dominant while the other fish was classed as submissive. During the second phase of the study (conditioning period), which lasted for 5 days, dominant fish in group I were paired with larger fish while the submissive fish remained in isolation. In group II, dominant fish remained in isolation while submissive fish were paired with smaller fish. In group III dominant fish were paired with larger fish and submissive fish with smaller, while in group IV the dominant and submissive fish were placed in isolation during the conditioning period. Following the conditioning period, the fish were re-paired and observations of attack behaviour were made (post-conditioning period). The results suggest that the most important factor in determining whether dominance reversals will occur is the experience of the dominant fish during the conditioning period.
Vibrational States in a Heavy Quark Bound System

Abstract There are numerous speculations on the existence of heavy quarks Q. In the context of the quark-confining string model, the (Q Q ) bound system is predicted to exhibit, below the continuum threshold, vibrational levels in addition to the states expected from the charmonium picture. This is applied to the recent discovery of the upsilon (9.4).
One-step conversion of dipicolinic acid to its dimethyl ester using monomethyl sulfate salts for GC-MS detection of bacterial endospores

Methyl sulfate (MeSO4−) salts were explored as thermochemolysis–methylation (TCM) reagents for gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of dipicolinic acid (DPA) as its dimethyl ester (Me2DPA) from bacterial endospores. The reaction was carried out under non-pyrolytic conditions by inserting a small coiled wire filament coated with the sample and reagents directly inside a GC injection port at 290 °C. Above 10 : 1 methyl donor/DPA ratios, alkali metal salts of MeSO4− effected 80–90% conversion of DPA to Me2DPA, which was 10–20 times more active than the same amount of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMA-OH) at this temperature. A quaternary salt mixture consisting of 1 : 3 : 1 : 3 TMA+/Na+/OH−/MeSO4− methylated spore DPA with an average conversion of 86% (mean conversion by TMA-OH under the same conditions was 4%). Therefore, the sensitivity for detection of bacterial endospores was increased over 20-fold compared to that observed with the more commonly employed TMA-OH methylating reagent. The limit of detection by this method was 9 × 104 total spores. Mechanisms describing the observed behavior are proposed and discussed. This is the first use of MeSO4− as a TCM reagent for GC.
A reevaluation of the thermodynamics of growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on glucose, ethanol, and acetic acid

Statistically determined values for the free energy and enthalpy change per equivalent accompanying the combustion of organic substances have been used to test the hypothesis that the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes accompanying anabolism are zero or nearly so. It is found that while this can be true in some cases, it is not always so, because the free energy and entropy changes per available electron accompanying biological combustion are different for different small molecular weight substrates although they are constant for cellular biomass. If the average energy change per equivalent accompanying the biological combustion of the cells is markedly different from that of the substrate, there will be a corresponding change in energy accompanying anabolism that is determined by the difference between them. The efficiency of available electron conservation is proposed as being preferable to free energy, enthalpy, and entropy efficiencies in that the latter parameters all have different values, w...
Regression and ratio estimators to integrate AVHRR and MSS data

Regression and ratio estimators are used to integrate AVHRR-Global Area Coverage (GAC) and Landsat MSS digital data to estimate forest area in the continental United States. Forestlands are enumerated for the 48 contiguous states using five different AVHRR-GAC data sets. Results indicated that the GAC and MSS forest estimates were not highly correlated. Although the ratio of means and linear regression corrections were, on the average, closer to national U.S. Forest Service forest area estimates, these correction procedures did not consistently improve GAC estimates of forest area. GAC forest area estimates tended to be high in densely forested regions such as the northeast and low in sparsely forested areas.
A simple and effective method for incorporating advice into kernel methods

We propose a simple mechanism for incorporating advice (prior knowledge), in the form of simple rules, into support-vector methods for both classification and regression. Our approach is based on introducing inequality constraints associated with datapoints that match the advice. These constrained datapoints can be standard examples in the training set, but can also be unlabeled data in a semi-supervised, advice-taking approach. Our new approach is simpler to implement and more efficiently solved than the knowledge-based support vector classification methods of Fung, Mangasarian and Shavlik (2002; 2003) and the knowledge-based support vector regression method of Mangasarian, Shavlik, and Wild (2004), while performing approximately as well as these more complex approaches. Experiments using our new approach on a synthetic task and a reinforcement-learning problem within the RoboCup soccer simulator show that our advice-taking method can significantly outperform a method without advice and perform similarly to prior advice-taking, support-vector machines.
Structure-property relations of solid polymeric catalysts: Isopropyl alcohol dehydration in semicrystalline, sulfonated polyethylene-grafted styrene

Abstract The dehydration of isopropyl alcohol to give propylene was used as a test reaction to measure effects of structural changes on the catalytic activity of semicrystalline polyethylene containing grafted, sulfonated styrene. Structural changes in polymer films were induced by drawing. Catalytic reaction rates were measured with variously drawn polymer films clamped in a differential flow reactor operated at 100 °C and 1 atm. The activity of the catalyst and the form of the kinetics were nearly the same as those observed previously with sulfonated poly(styrene-di-vinylbenzene) catalysts. These results and infrared spectra of the latter catalysts indicate the involvement of several hydrogen-bonded SO3H groups in a catalytic site. The catalytic activity increased with drawing of the polymer up to 250% of the initial length; the activity decreased upon further drawing. The polymer structure was characterized as a function of the draw ratio by X-ray diffraction, dynamic mechanical measurements, electron microscopy, and birefringence and density measurements. These quantitative characterizations support the following model for the influence of draw-induced structural changes on catalytic activity. In the undrawn state, there is clustering of hydrogen-bonded SO3H groups, all of which are confined to the amorphous regions of the polymer. Initial elongation partially breaks up the clusters, allowing more SO3H groups to bond to alcohol and become catalytically engaged. Drawing beyond 250% leads to a separation of SO3H groups greater than that for efficient clustering and consequently suppresses the efficient (concerted) reaction involving several acid groups.
Non-linear saturation of g-modes in proto-neutron stars: quieting the acoustic engine

According to Burrows et al.'s acoustic mechanism for core-collapse supernova explosions, the primary, l= 1, g-mode in the core of the proto-neutron star is excited to an energy of ∼1050 erg and damps by the emission of sound waves. Here we calculate the damping of the primary mode by the parametric instability, i.e. by non-linear, three-mode coupling between the low-order primary mode and pairs of high-order g-modes. We show that the primary mode is strongly coupled to highly resonant, neutrino damped pairs with n≳ 10; such short wavelength interactions cannot be resolved in the simulations. We find that the parametric instability saturates the primary mode energy at ∼1048 erg, well below the energy needed to drive an explosion. We therefore conclude that acoustic power is unlikely to be energetically significant in core-collapse supernova explosions.
Bending of Circular Sandwich Plates due to Asymmetric Temperature Distribution

I. Introduction T HERMOELASTIC behavior of sandwich plates has been considered by many investigators. However, most of these investigations pertain to the analysis of rectangular plates. Thermal deflection of circular sandwich plates was investigated by Bruun 1 and Huang and Ebcioglu,2 but with the restriction of rotational symmetry. Nonrotationally symmetrical bending of circular sandwich plates was considered by the author3; however, no thermal effect was included in the analysis. In this paper the thermoelastic equations for the bending of circular sandwich plates subjected to arbitrary temperature distribution are derived by means of the principle of stationary complementary energy. To illustrate the use of these equations an example, a clamped circular sandwich plate subjected to arbitrary temperature distribution which is expressible in the form of a double infinite series, is presented. The assumptions made in the presented analysis are as follows. 1) Two faces are isotropic but may be different in material, thickness, and temperature. The Poisson's ratios of the faces are the same. Bending rigidities of the individual faces may be neglected. 2) The core is considered to be isotropic and is assumed to take only the transverse shear stress. 3) Small deflection theory is considered.
SNAG: social networking games to facilitate interaction

Because professional relationships and a sense of community are so important for career mobility and satisfaction, it is important to foster and support these relationships early. However, research has shown that women and underrepresented minorities approach these relationships differently and may need help to develop networking skills. To combat both of these problems, we present SNAG, (Social Networking and Games), a suite of mobile and Internet games to facilitate social networking within a professional community. We present Snag'em, a game that helps conference attendees build meet one another and track their new contacts.
A technique for load flow analysis on a power system

The decomposition-coordination technique along with the Newton-Raphson method is used to perform load flow analysis. The technique allows tasks to be performed in parallel by partitioning the electric power system. The solution procedure requires the formulation of a set of local problems to be run in parallel. The results of these local problems are passed to the coordinator portion of the solution procedure to determine if any correction is needed to the local problem. The process continues until convergence conditions are met. >
Organizing principles for single joint isometric contractions

The dual-strategy hypothesis of motor control is extended to isometric contractions about the elbow. Subjects made isometric contractions (both pulses and steps) of different amplitudes and rates. The speed-sensitive strategy is used when the task requires the subject to explicitly regulate the rate at which torque is generated. In all other situations, the speed-insensitive strategy is used. >
Trichotillomania in childhood.

Several aspects of trichotillomania in childhood are described and discussed. Case records of twenty-one children not older than 15 years of age, who were seen in the previous 5 years, were examined. The female/male ratio was 2.5:1 (fifteen girls and six boys); the age range was 2 to 15 years. Although trichotillomania may, at first sight, often impress as an apparently inexplicable persistent habit, further analysis shows that this symptom often develops in a climate of psychosocial stress in the family, e.g., hospitalizations of child or mother, the additional stress inherent in moving to a new house, or developmental problems such as sibling rivalry, inability to focus activities and play in the younger child, and school problems in the older child.
System-Level Power Management Using Online Learning

In this paper, we propose a novel online-learning algorithm for system-level power management. We formulate both dynamic power management (DPM) and dynamic voltage-frequency scaling problems as one of workload characterization and selection and solve them using our algorithm. The selection is done among a set of experts, which refers to a set of DPM policies and voltage-frequency settings, leveraging the fact that different experts outperform each other under different workloads and device leakage characteristics. The online-learning algorithm adapts to changes in the characteristics and guarantees fast convergence to the best-performing expert. In our evaluation, we perform experiments on a hard disk drive (HDD) and Intel PXA27x core (CPU) with real-life workloads. Our results show that our algorithm adapts really well and achieves an overall performance comparable to the best-performing expert at any point in time, with energy savings as high as 61% and 49% for HDD and CPU, respectively. Moreover, it is extremely lightweight and has negligible overhead.
Static detection of cross-site scripting vulnerabilities

Web applications support many of our daily activities, but they often have security problems, and their accessibility makes them easy to exploit. In cross-site scripting (XSS), an attacker exploits the trust a web client (browser) has for a trusted server and executes injected script on the browser with the server's privileges. In 2006, XSS constituted the largest class of newly reported vulnerabilities making it the most prevalent class of attacks today. Web applications have XSS vulnerabilities because the validation they perform on untrusted input does not suffice to prevent that input from invoking a browser's JavaScript interpreter, and this validation is particularly difficult to get right if it must admit some HTML mark-up. Most existing approaches to finding XSS vulnerabilities are taint-based and assume input validation functions to be adequate, so they either miss real vulnerabilities or report many false positives. This paper presents a static analysis for finding XSS vulnerabilities that directly addresses weak or absent input validation. Our approach combines work on tainted information flow with string analysis. Proper input validation is difficult largely because of the many ways to invoke the JavaScript interpreter; we face the same obstacle checking for vulnerabilities statically, and we address it by formalizing a policy based on the W3C recommendation, the Firefox source code, and online tutorials about closed-source browsers. We provide effective checking algorithms based on our policy. We implement our approach and provide an extensive evaluation that finds both known and unknown vulnerabilities in real-world web applications.
Thermal dose optimization for ultrasound tissue ablation

A formal and general thermal dose optimisation method is developed and tested. Prior methods require brute force searches wherein the temperature and dose distributions must be computed at each iteration by solving the bioheat transfer equation (BHTE) numerically. This is extremely time-consuming and can only be used to compare a few prespecified strategies instead of obtaining a more general optimal result. With the method developed here, dose distribution can be calculated without solving the BHTE numerically. This can be done in a matter of a few minutes compared with many hours. Moreover, general thermal dose optimization can now be performed to find the optimal strength and location of each focus so that an optimal dose distribution is obtained while the specified constraint is satisfied. The algorithm developed here consists of a closed-form solution to the BHTE, a Gaussian model for parameterizing a temperature distribution created by a power deposition pattern, and a two-step optimization technique for obtaining the model parameters that optimize the thermal dose distribution. Several examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm and its robustness under different initial conditions and under assumptions of different sizes of the target region and different numbers of foci. The algorithm developed here provides an efficient and effective tool for treatment planning in ultrasound tissue ablation.
Active visual inspection based on CAD models

This paper is concerned with problems in automated visual inspection of manufactured (particularly machined) components based on their (CAD) design models. In order to achieve the integrated intelligent inspection goals, the authors address several interrelated problems. These problems include: (i) developing hierarchical representation mechanisms to effectively capture the knowledge about geometric entities, their relationships, sensors, and plans, (ii) reasoning mechanisms to determine the different attributes of the different features of an object to be inspected, and the alternative strategies which can be used for inspection of each attribute, (iii) strategies for automated generation of position and viewing angles of the cameras in an active vision system, and for determining the visible entities in each configuration, and (iv) optimization of the constructed plan including minimizing the number of sensor settings and the total distance traveled by an active visual sensor. >
Growth of a human mammary tumor cell line is blocked by galangin, a naturally occurring bioflavonoid, and is accompanied by down-regulation of cyclins D3, E, and A

Introduction This study was designed to determine if and how a non-toxic, naturally occurring bioflavonoid, galangin, affects proliferation of human mammary tumor cells. Our previous studies demonstrated that, in other cell types, galangin is a potent inhibitor of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), an environmental carcinogen-responsive transcription factor implicated in mammary tumor initiation and growth control. Because some current breast cancer therapeutics are ineffective in estrogen receptor (ER) negative tumors and since the AhR may be involved in breast cancer proliferation, the effects of galangin on the proliferation of an ER-, AhRhigh line, Hs578T, were studied.
DIFFUSE TYPE TENOSYNOVIAL GIANT CELL TUMOR OF THE ANKLE

The case presented was of a tenosynovial giant cell tumor, diffuse type. The lesion had an apparent communication with the talonavicular joint, as well as a possible communication with the ankle joint. The inevitable morbidity, as well as the lack of an intraoperative definitive diagnosis, prevented a more radical excision of the lesion. The apparent association with a joint will predilect the patient to a higher rate of recurrence but not, however, to a malignant degeneration.
Sensitivity of marine ciliates (Protozoa, ciliophora) to high thermal stress

The range of sensitivity of marine ciliates to temperatures approaching lethal maxima was determined under a variety of biotic and abiotic conditions. Twelve species of ciliates representing different taxa, sizes and modes of locomotion were examined. A simple heating apparatus consisting of a heated microscope stage was employed to subject the organisms to acute heat stress. Heat resistance in the ciliates was influenced by cultivation temperature, salinity and nutrition. Temperatures of LD50 ranged from 31.5 °C for Uronema marinum Dujardin to 39 °C for Condylostoma arenarium Spiegel. When cultivated at low temperatures (10 °C), Euplotes crassus (Dujardin) was more resistant to heat shock at high salinities (35‰) than at low salinities (15‰). The effect of salinity on thermal resistance diminished as the ciliates were cultivated at higher temperatures (30 °C). Thermal sensitivity depended also on the temperature of acclimation. E. crassus was more sensitive to heat stress when it was cultivated on single strains of bacteria than when it was cultivated on a mixture of bacteria. Furthermore the type of bacteria offered as food also influenced its sensitivity to heat shock.
Selling (Digital) Millennials: The Social Construction and Technological Bias of a Consumer Generation

This article investigates marketers’ new media strategies targeting the millennial generation. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with industry professionals and an assortment of business discourses, I find that this consumer demographic is routinely conceptualized as “digital natives” who exhibit a “networked hypersociality” and a “participatory exhibitionism.” A variety of innovative promotional tactics are being used to solicit self-expression and cultivate community within branded spaces and flows online. This development could reshape the advertising industry as commercialization further blurs with social and cultural content, obfuscating branding’s persuasive purpose from audiences. It also raises concerns about commercialization hijacking the political potential of an often-cited “empowering” new media environment as well as diminishing opportunity for youth identity to exist autonomous from the consumer marketplace at a time of escalating personal debt.
Intelligence in architectures: reconfigurable learning techniques in autonomous agents

In this paper, we introduce a computing technique based on a genetic algorithm (GA) built to first evolve, then learn the logic circuits of defined functions. An input model represents the problem being resolved, and the system evolves a solution using a hardware-based GA. The presented work is part of the ongoing research in the concept of intelligent architectures, first presented by Rami Abielmona (2002), based on the merge of evolvable hardware methodologies and reconfigurable computing approaches. The system, named Genetic algorithm Synthesis, has been realized and analyzed, with the results presented in this paper. The major finding is that the system is able to find a minimized representation of the circuit, based on the ideas of functional decomposition of boolean literals and technology mapping on a field programmable gate array. The system not only finds a minimized structure,, but multiple minimal structures, thus allowing the environment to control which structure is reconfigured on the device, based on external factors such as temperature, available area and/or memory and required speed.
Role of Src protein tyrosine kinases in late preconditioning against myocardial infarction

Although Src protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) have been shown to be essential in late preconditioning (PC) against myocardial stunning, their role in triggering versus mediating late PC against myoc...
Operating Results and Improvements on the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) Polarized Proton Ion Source

The ANL polarized proton ion source has been operating for almost two years. In that time, the improvements and modifications discussed here have increased the peak current by a factor of 3 and the polarization to 75 to 80%. The beam stability and, spin reversal are no longer problems, and the maintenance requirements have been significantly reduced. Some further increases in the output current of the source may be possible. Adding up all of the current gains discussed above and applying them to a well-tuned source with a clean, efficient dissociator tube; beam currents of 50-60 ?A may be possible. A new RF amplifier and a higher voltage electron gun in the ionizer may allow currents in the 75 iA range. However, beam currents beyond this level will probably require a radically new approach to the design of atomic beam sources.
Automatic speaker clustering from multi-speaker utterances

Blind clustering of multi-person utterances by speaker is complicated by the fact that each utterance has at least two talkers. In the case of a two-person conversation, one can simply split each conversation into its respective speaker halves, but this introduces error which ultimately hurts clustering. We propose a clustering algorithm which is capable of associating each conversation with two clusters (and therefore two-speakers) obviating the need for splitting. Results are given for two speaker conversations culled from the Switchboard corpus, and comparisons are made to results obtained on single-speaker utterances. We conclude that although the approach is promising, our technique for computing inter-conversation similarities prior to clustering needs improvement.
Good native advertising isn’t a secret

Abstract In this article, we develop an understanding of native advertising, a growing new form of online advertising, which we define as desired marketing communications that appear in-stream. Current forms of native advertising can be considered in terms of their secrecy: how aware a consumer is of a native advertisement's source and intent. Based on existing research, we argue that less secretive native advertising will be more successful in the long run, and illustrate this using several cases. Finally, we detail important considerations for those marketers looking to capitalize on native advertising.
Suicidal Behavior in Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Suicidal behavior is common among individuals with substance use disorders. The large population of individuals with alcohol and drug abuse and dependence, the relative frequency of suicides and suicide-related behaviors in this population, and the devastating effects of attempted and completed suicides on individuals, families, and society make this an important area for clinical and research work. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that lower serotonin activity is tied to increased aggression/impulsivity which in turn is presumed to enhance the probability of suicidal behavior. Dopaminergic dysfunction may play a role in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior in alcoholism. Alcohol and drugs can damage the brain in many ways. The brain is vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol and drugs and can be affected by substance-related damage to other organs, including the liver, pancreas, and heart. Brain damage and neurobehavioral deficits are associated with suicidal behavior. It is possible that cognitive abnormalities contribute to increased suicidality in individuals with alcohol use disorders. Low selenium status is associated with depressed mood, anxiety, and cognitive decline. These symptoms are commonly observed in persons with alcohol use disorders. Selenium deficiency may play a role in the pathophysiology of depression and suicidal behavior in individuals with alcohol abuse. Cocaine use is associated with suicidal behavior. The management of the suicidal patient with substance abuse/dependence involves three components: first, the diagnosis and treatment of existing ­substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders; second, the assessment of suicide risk and limiting access to the most lethal methods for suicide; and third, specific treatment to reduce the diathesis or propensity to attempt suicide. Treatments designed to enhance social ­supports and foster abstinence from alcohol and drugs, together with those directed at the resolution of major depression, often reduce the risk of suicide.
Effect of ribavirin on HeLa cells expressing E. coli xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase

Summary HeLa cells expressing the E. coli gene Ecogpt and cultured with xanthine were extremely resistant to antiproliferation by mycophenolic acid, but were only partially resistant to the effects of ribavlrln, Nucleotide analyses of these transfected cells, and;,the parental HeLa cells, demonstrated an assoclatldn between the GTP/ribavirin triphosphate ratio and virus yield reductions. The antiviral mechanism of ribavirin (1-I3-D-ribofuranosyl­ 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), a guanosine analogue that inhibits a broad range of DNA and RNA viruses, continues to be elusive. It has been established that ribavirin monophosphate (RMP) inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH; K;= 2.5 x 10- 7 M) and depletes the intracellular GTP pool (Streeter et sl., 1973; Malinoski and Stollar, 1981; Stridh, 1983). It has been suggested that this depletion indirectly suppresses viral nucleic acid synthesis (Streeter et aI., 1973). Another compound, mycophenolic acid (MPA), while structurally unrelated to ribavirin, has been characterized as a prototypic IMPDH inhibitor with K; = 3 x 10- 8 M (Franklin and Cook, 1969). However, studies performed recently in our laboratory demonstrate that in combination, MPA and ribavirin act in a synergistic manner to reduce yields of parainfluenza virus type 3 (Para-3) and vesicular stomatitis virus 0/Sv) in infected human epithelioid cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells, suggesting that ribavirin inhibits virus replication by a mechanism distinct from IMPDH inhibition (data not shown).
Rethinking Voter Coercion: The Realities Imposed by Technology.

When the Australian secret ballot was introduced in the 1850s, it not only provided privacy for those voters who wanted it, but it also effectively eliminated coercion by allowing no viable means for voters to prove their votes to third parties. In an environment where the privacy of voters is enforced by independent observers, coerced voters could freely express their true preferences while making their selections. In contrast, modern technologies render the traditional poll-site protections largely ineffective, and the limited remaining options for preserving these protections will almost certainly disappear in the not-too-distant future. Today, in-person voters routinely carry video recording equipment and other technologies that facilitate coercion into polls, and although not yet ubiquitous, inexpensive and unobtrusive wearable video recording devices are readily available. In view of these realities, it is appropriate to re-examine the efforts and countermeasures currently employed and explore what defenses are possible and reasonable against various forms of voter coercion.
Show Us the Money: Investors Deserve Clear and Comprehensible Pay Disclosures

Mandatory filings with the SEC, the federal agency charged with protecting investor interests, are often hard to understand. They are long and dense, and filled with financial jargon that even experts can have difficulty deciphering. This is a problem for shareholders as well as the broader economy. Regulators, policymakers, and the public at large have a stake in knowing whether corporate pay practices create incentives that are conducive to real and sustainable economic growth.Congress is tackling this disclosure deficit as part of its financial regulatory reform initiative. The bill passed by Congress includes helpful language directing the Securities and Exchange Commission to clarify disclosure rules on CEO compensation. Regulators should take this opportunity to ensure that disclosures to investors follow two principles:1. Show us the money. Regulators should require companies to display executive compensation information in a standardized graphical format that allows for easy evaluation by ordinary investors. The information should allow shareholders to quickly gauge whether an executive’s performance warranted receipt of his or her performance-based pay, and whether the compensation awarded is commensurate with the value added to a company.2. Make sure we understand. Regulators should in turn be required to evaluate disclosures for comprehensibility. SEC officials should write disclosure rules that focus on the understanding that readers take away, rather than merely focusing on the information companies provide. One approach is to apply a “reasonable person” test to compensation disclosures and require revisions if company reports are not easily comprehensible.Corporate adherence to the twin principles of simplicity and comprehensibility will protect shareholders and empower investors to police excessive executive compensation.