cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DFI components: Relationships to exchange rate changes

Direct foreign investment (DFI) is distinguished from portfolio or indirect foreign investment in that it involves the ownership and control of business enterprises in foreign countries. In the literature, DFI is treated as a single capital flow rather than the aggregate of three distinct capital flow components--equity outflows from parent to foreign subsidiary, reinvested earnings of the foreign subsidiary's income, and debt outflows from parent to foreign subsidiary. Numerous empirical studies have been performed to identify the determinants of DFI flows. However, the influence of some DFI determinants may have been underestimated because studies have analyzed the total flow rather than the component flows. For example, a determinant could produce a significant positive change in equity outflows, a significant negative change in debt outflows, and no significant change in reinvested earnings. The total DFI flow from one period to the next would indicate no change in response to the determinant when, in fact, the composition of the DFI flow was significantly altered. Except for an earlier study by the authors, "The Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on the Composition of Direct Foreign Investment" (1994) a review of the literature revealed no research to identify the determinants of the three component capital flows. Statistics provided by the BEA currently include two methods of classifying DFI for the period 1982-1988. Prior to the availability of data under the new classification method, a study was performed by the authors using data under the old classification scheme. Under the former classification scheme, gains or losses due to changes in exchange rates were included in the reinvested earnings component of DFI. Under the reclassification methodology, the translation adjustment is no longer included as part of DFI components, but is included in the valuation adjustments figure. The purpose of this study is to re-examine the affect of exchange rate changes on the composition of DFI under the new classification scheme. This study replicates the methodology of the earlier study by the authors and compares the results using the former and current Department of Commerce calculation of DFI. DFI flows move from parent to foreign subsidiary; therefore, the composition of the DFI flow is assumed by the authors to be controlled by the parent. The DFI from parent to foreign subsidiary may be treated as a portfolio of three types of investment. It is asserted in this study that a change in exchange rate will alter the parent's preference for the types of investment and rebalancing will occur. The following three hypotheses will be tested and compared with the results from the earlier study. H~: The proportion of equity outflows to direct investment capital outflows will increase (decrease) in response to appreciation (depreciation) of the parent's currency relative to the currency of the foreign subsidiary. This is expected because ownership in the foreign subsidiary becomes less expensive as the parent's currency strengthens and more expensive as the parent's currency weakens.
Pseudo-Wellens' syndrome after crack cocaine use.

A 41-year-old man without a history of coronary artery disease presented with cardiac chest pain 3 h in duration. The initial electrocardiogram (Figure 1) revealed T wave inversions in leads V1 to V4 without loss of R wave or ST segment changes. He admitted to crack cocaine use all day. The physical examination was within normal limits. His urine drug screen was positive for cocaine. Urgent cardiac catheterization revealed normal coronary arteries and an ejection fraction of 60%. Cardiac enzymes were negative. Twenty-four hours later, a repeat electrocardiogram (Figure 2) showed reversal of T wave inversions. It is important for cardiologists to keep in mind that Wellens’ syndrome can be mimicked by cocaine-induced vasospasm of the proximal left anterior descending artery, because administration of beta-blockers in such circumstances can prove to be disastrous. Figure 1) Initial electrocardiogram on presentation revealing T wave inversion in leads V1 to V4, called Wellens’ T waves, which signified cocaine-induced vasospasm of the left anterior descending artery Figure 2) Repeat electrocardiogram showing resolution of Wellens’ T waves, which signfied resolution of vasospasm
Observation of wave-enhanced turbulence in the near-surface layer of the ocean during TOGA COARE

Abstract Dissipation rate statistics in the near-surface layer of the ocean were obtained during the month-long COARE Enhanced Monitoring cruise with a microstructure sensor system mounted on the bow of the research vessel. The vibration contamination was cancelled with the Wiener filter. The experimental technique provides an effective separation between surface waves and turbulence, using the difference in spatial scales of the energy-containing surface waves and small-scale turbulence. The data are interpreted in the coordinate system fixed to the ocean surface. Under moderate and high wind-speed conditions, we observed the average dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy in the upper few meters of the ocean to be 3–20 times larger than the logarithmic layer prediction. The Craig and Banner (J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24 (1994) 2546) model of wave-enhanced turbulence with the surface roughness length from the water side z 0 parameterized according to the Terray et al. (J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 (1996) 792) formula z 0 = cH s provides a reasonable fit to the experimental dissipation profile, where z is the depth (defined here as the distance to the ocean surface), c ≈0.6, and H s is the significant wave height. In the wave-stirred layer, however, the average dissipation profile deviates from the model (supposedly because of extensive removing of the bubble-disturbed areas close to the ocean surface). Though the scatter of individual experimental dissipation rates (10-min averages) is significant, their statistics are consistent with the Kolmogorov's concept of intermittent turbulence and with previous studies of turbulence in the upper ocean mixed layer.
Isolation and Structure Elucidation of the Major Degradation Products of Cefaclor in the Solid State

Cefaclor is a beta-lactam antibiotic that degrades slowly under normal storage conditions to several minor products. To obtain samples large enough to permit structure elucidation, cefaclor was allowed to degrade at 40 degrees C (75% relative humidity) and at 85 degrees C. The profile of degradation products formed under these conditions is qualitatively similar to the profile of degradation products observed in samples of cefaclor aged for 14 years at room temperature, although some products found in the sample degraded at 85 degrees C are not formed at the lower temperatures. Using preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC) and a combination of spectroscopic methods, we have isolated and characterized 17 of these degradation products. Some of these products were also isolated from studies of aqueous degradations. The major products appear to have arisen from five distinct pathways: (1) isomerization of the double bond in the dihydrothiazine ring; (2) decarboxylation; (3) ring contraction of the cephem nucleus to thiazole structures; (4) oxidative attack at carbon 4 of the dihydrothiazine ring; and (5) intramolecular attack of the primary amine of the side chain on either the beta-lactam carbonyl to form 3-phenyl-2,5-diketopiperazines or the "masked aldehyde" at carbon 6 to form 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpyrazine derivatives. The pathway involving oxidation at carbon 4 is particularly important at ambient temperatures and is unique to the solid-state degradation.
Myocardial responses to acetylstrophanthidin during veratrum alkaloid refractoriness.

SummaryStudies were undertaken in the isolated blood perfused dog heart to determine the nature of the myocardial refractoriness induced by veratrum alkaloids. The initial intracoronary injection of cryptenamine acetates (Unitensin) was always associated with an increase in myocardial contractility and a loss of myocardial potassium. Subsequent doses produced refractoriness with respect to both the contractile and potassium responses. Acetylstrophanthidin still produced an inotropic and potassium losing effect during veratrum refractoriness; however, the potassium losing effect of the glycoside was potentiated whereas the contractile response was not.The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of Charles Mitchell and John Gordon.
Insertion of Excised IgH Switch Sequences Causes Overexpression of Cyclin D1 in a Myeloma Tumor Cell

Summary may function as locus control regions (LCR)—down-stream of each a gene, that is, Ea1 and Ea2 (Chen Oncogenes are often dysregulated in B cell tumors and Birshtein, 1997; Mills et al., 1997). Therefore, unlike as a result of a reciprocal translocation involving an excised V(D)J intervening sequences, excised human immunoglobulin locus. The translocations are caused IgH switch intervening sequences generated by recom- by errors in two developmentally regulated DNA re- bination between switch sequences upstream and down- combination processes: V(D)J and IgH switch recom- streamofEa1(e.g.,recombinationbetweenSm andSg2, bination. Both processes share the property of joining Sg4, Se,orSa2) will contain Ea1. If excised switch re- discontinuous sequences from one chromosome and combination sequences containing Ea1 were to inte- releasing intervening sequences as circles that are grate at another chromosomal site, one can predict that lost from progeny cells. Here we show that these in-
Performance of TPF's High-Contrast Imaging Testbed: Modeling and simulations

The performance of the high-contrast imaging testbed (HCIT) at JPL is investigated through optical modeling and simulations. The analytical tool is an optical simulation algorithm developed by combining the HCIT's optical model with a speckle-nulling algorithm that operates directly on coronagraphic images, an algorithm identical to the one currently being used on the HCIT to actively suppress scattered light via a deformable mirror. It is capable of performing full three-dimensional end-to-end near-field diffraction analysis on the HCIT's optical system. By conducting extensive speckle-nulling optimization, we clarify the HCIT's capability and limitations in terms of its contrast performance under various realistic conditions. Considered cases include non-ideal occulting masks, such as a mask with parasitic phase-delay errors (i.e., a not band-limited occulting mask) and one with damped ripples in its transmittance profiles, as well as the phase errors of all optics. Most of the information gathered on the HCIT's optical components through measurement and characterization over the last several years at JPL has been used in this analysis to make the predictions as accurate as possible. Our simulations predict that the contrast values obtainable on the HCIT with narrow-band (monochromatic) illumination at 785nm wavelength are Cm=1.58x10-11 (mean) and C4=5.11x10-11(at 4λ/D), in contrast to the measured results of Cm~6×10-10 and C4~8×10-10, respectively. In this paper we report our findings about the monochromatic light performance of the HCIT. We will describe the results of our investigation about the HCIT's broad-band performance in an upcoming paper.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determination of aspartame in dietary food products by a FIA biosensor

Abstract A flow injection analysis (FIA) biosensor system was developed for the determination of the artificial sweetener aspartame (N- l -α-aspartyl- l -phenylalanine methyl ester). The system consisted of two enzyme columns, containing purified peptidase and aspartate aminotransferase respectively, immobilized on activated aminopropyl glass beads and an enzyme electrode connected in series. The dipeptide bond of aspartame was cleaved by immobilized peptidase to release aspartic acid which was in turn transaminated by aspartate aminotransferase. The glutamate produced by transamination was monitored by the enzyme electrode which used l -glutamate oxidase immobilized on a nylon membrane in combination with a hydrogen peroxide electrode. The response of the FIA biosensor was linear up to 1 m m aspartame with a lower detection limit of 20 μ m and had good reproducibility (r.s.d.2·2%). The FIA biosensor was stable for at least 30 h of continuous use at room temperature and the immobilized enzymes were stable for at least 1 month when stored in buffer at 4°C. Each assay takes ca. 7–8 min giving a sample throughput of 8 h −1 . When applied to aspartame measurements in dietary food products, the results obtained agreed well with those reported by the product manufacturer.
Pneumonectomy after chemoradiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: does "side" really matter?

Background The long-term benefits and risks of pneumonectomy after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy remain controversial. This study evaluated our experience with pneumonectomy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after concurrent chemoradiation therapy. Methods We reviewed medical records from patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiation therapy, followed by pneumonectomy (1983 to 2007). Clinical variables affecting Kaplan-Meier survival were analyzed. Results After chemoradiation therapy, 129 pneumonectomies (right, 65; left, 64) were performed. Postoperative pathologic stages were complete responders (CR), 21; I, 23; II, 19; III, 62; and IV, 4. The 90-day perioperative mortality was 20% (13 of 65) after right-sided pneumonectomy vs 9% (6 of 64) after left-sided pneumonectomy (p = 0.084). Complications occurred in 33% (43 of 129), including bronchopleural fistula in 12% (16 of 129) and acute respiratory distress syndrome in 2% (3 of 129). Overall 5-year survival was 33%. Survival was 32% for right-sided sections vs 34% for left-sided. CR patients had a 5-year survival of 48%. Survival of patients with postoperative N0, N1, and N2 nodes was 42%, 26%, and 28%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed the development of major complications negatively affected 5-year survival for patients undergoing right-sided pneumonectomy (hazard ratio, 0.462; p = 0.0399). Conclusions Pneumonectomy after concurrent chemoradiation therapy achieved long-term survival. When neoadjuvant therapy resulted in complete response or nodal downstaging, survival was improved. The risk of early perioperative death and complications was higher for right-sided procedures, but long-term survival did not differ between right- and left-sided pneumonectomy. Major complications negatively affected 5-year survival with right-sided pneumonectomies.
The Bumpy Road to Polio Eradication

Dr. John Modlin writes that perhaps the biggest bump in the road has been the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses: genetically unstable Sabin-strain viruses that revert toward the profile of the virulent parent strain.
Predicting Desistance or Persistence in the Substance-Abusing, Mentally Ill, Supervised Offender Population Using Laub and Sampson's (2001) Social Controls and Individual Factors Theory

This study investigated the relationship that social controls and individual factors have on the persistence rate in the substance-abusing, mentally ill, supervised offender population (N = 886). The data predicted 83% of persistence.
New information on the skull of Triceratops

ABSTRACT Well preserved skulls of Triceratops are extremely abundant in Maastrictian rocks from western North America. Although ossification obscures sutural and structural details in many skulls, others reveal much previously undescribed morphology. The circumnarial area includes enlarged nares and a complex narial fossa. A nasal horn of varying size, augmented by an epinasal ossification, caps the snout. The anterodorsal orbital margin is formed by the lacrimal and the supraorbital, which has fused to the lateral side of the prefrontal. This thick and laterally extensive orbital rim restricted forward vision in Triceratops. The ossified braincase completely surrounds the brain cavity, and is overlain by a deep frontal and cornual sinus complex. These sinuses probably acted as shock absorbers to counteract stresses placed on the postorbital horns during intraspecific interactions. The frill is heavily vascularized, lacks fenestrae, and is well buttressed by expansive paroccipital processes. Endocasts ref...
Union outreach: a pilgrim's progress

As the American labor movement continues on its path toward reorganization and rejuvenation, archivists are challenged to ensure that the organizational, political, and cultural changes labor unions are experiencing are fully documented. This article examines the need for labor archivists to reach out actively to unions and the problems they face in getting their message across-not only to union leadership but also to union members who can benefit from the knowledge of labor's struggles, triumphs, and defeats. Outreach by labor archivists is vital on three critical fronts: the need to secure union funding in support of labor archival programs; obtaining union cooperation in reviewing and amending obsolete deposit agreements; and coordinating efforts with unions to save the records of closing district and local union offices. Attempting to resolve these outstandirig issues, labor archivists are pulled between two distinct institutional cultures (one academic in nature, the other enmeshed in a union bureaucracy) and often have their own labor archival programs compromised by the internal dynamics and politics inherent in administering large academic libraries and unions. If labor archivists are to be successful, they must find their collective voice within the labor movement and establish their relevancy to unions during a period of momentous change and restructuring. Moreover, archivists need to give greater thought to designing and implementing outreach programs that bridge the fundamental "disconnect" between union bureaucracies and the rank and file, and unions and the public.
The synthesis and structural characterization of bis(mercaptoimidazolyl)(pyrazolyl)hydroborato and tris(mercaptoimidazolyl)hydroborato complexes of thallium(I) and thallium(III)

The bis(mercaptoimidazolyl)(pyrazolyl)hydroborato and tris(mercaptoimidazolyl)hydroborato ligands, [pzBmMe]− and [TmPh]−, have been used to prepare complexes of both thallium(I) and thallium(III), namely [pzBmMe]Tl, [pzBmMe]TlMe2, {[TmPh]2Tl}2 and {[TmPh]2Tl}[ClO4]. For example, reaction of [pzBmMe]Tl with Me2TlCl yields [pzBmMe]TlMe2, while reaction of [TmPh]Li with Tl(ClO4)3 yields {[TmPh]2Tl}[ClO4]. [pzBmMe]TlMe2, {[TmPh]2Tl}2 and {[TmPh]2Tl}[ClO4] have been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, for the monomeric thallium(III) derivatives, the pyrazolyl group does not coordinate to the thallium center in the dimethyl complex [pzBmMe]TlMe2, which is therefore fur-coordinate, whereas all the mercaptoimidazolyl groups coordinate to thallium in {[TmPh]2Tl}+, thereby resulting in a six-coordinate octahedral geometry.
Cross-Cultural Group Counseling with Asians: A Stage-Specific Interactive Approach

Abstract This article provides an approach offering culturally responsive interventions for Asian members in ethnically mixedgroups led by Caucasian leaders. The theoretical foundation is based on a developmental paradigm focusing on two compounding factors: the Asian clients' and the Whitegroup leaders'ethnic identity development. The approach addresses potential problems and interventions for clients of various identity development phases at each specific group stage Special attention is given to the differences in culture-bound values, cultumlly encapsulated attitudes and beliefs, verbal I nonverbal communication styles, and the nature of interpersonal dynamics at each group developmental stage.
Macitentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious disease characterized by elevation of pulmonary artery pressures and right ventricular failure. It is a progressive disease with a poor 5-year survival despite recent advances in treatment. Endothelin plays an important role in the development and progression of the disease. Endothelin receptor blockers have been used to treat PAH since 2001. More recently, macitentan was approved for treatment of PAH.Area covered: This review covers the preclinical and clinical data on macitentan.Expert opinion: Macitentan is a more potent ERA and has been shown to delay progression of the disease. It does not appear to have any significant hepatotoxicity and has a convenient once-a-day dosing. In the large event driven trial, macitentan significantly reduced morbidity in patients with PAH. It was safe and well tolerated and the benefit was seen in treatment-naive patients and those already receiving PAH therapy.
Effect of coronary artery disease on Doppler-derived parameters of aortic flow during upright exercise.

Abstract Recent advances in Doppler echocardiography have made possible noninvasive determination of stroke volume, cardiac output and peak ejection velocity at rest. To determine the ability of Doppler to measure these variables and the effect of altered left ventricular (LV) function during upright treadmill exercise, 20 normal subjects (group I) and 17 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (group II) were studied. Stroke index response was similar in both groups. The increase in cardiac index was more rapid in group I subjects and reached a higher peak value at maximal exercise (8.6 ± 2.5 vs 5.5 ± 2.2 liters/min, p Three responses were seen in group II subjects. Three patients, all with 1-vessel CAD and normal LV function at rest, showed a normal response, with an increase in peak ejection velocity of at least 80% (type I response). In 8 patients peak ejection velocity increased less than 80% (type II response) and in 6 patients it decreased at maximal exercise (type III). Type II and III responses were seen in patients with more severe CAD and LV dysfunction at rest. These data show a progressive difference in Doppler-derived variables in exercise between normal subjects and patients with CAD, which is greatest in patients with LV dysfunction at rest and multivessel CAD.
Arthritis induced in rabbits by lysates of granulocyte lysosomes

From rabbit heterophile leukocytes, granules were prepared which had a high specific activity of acid hydrolases. When lysates of such granules were injected into the skin and joints of other rabbits, acute inflammation was regularly produced. Repeated intraarticular injections led to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of synovial lining cells, round cell infiltration of synovium in the vicinity of blood vessels, pannus formation, and cartilage degradation. The data suggest that escape of granule contents from lysosomes into the joint cavity is sufficient to account for proliferative and degradative changes observed in several forms of clinical and experimental arthritis.
The sequences of the small ribosomal RNA gene and the phenylalanine tRNA gene are joined end to end in human mitochondrial DNA

Summary The 5′ end proximal regions of the two HeLa cell mitochondrial rRNAs (16S and 12S) have been sequenced by partial enzymatic digestions of the 5′ end 32 P-labeled RNAs followed by electrophoretic fractionation of the products on polyacrylamide/urea gels. Likewise, a 600 nucleotide mitochondrial DNA (mit-DNA) fragment, previously designated Δ8a Hae , that contains the 5′ end of the 12S rRNA, has been sequenced by the method of Maxam and Gilbert. The first 71 nucleotides of the 12S rRNA and the DNA coding sequence have been aligned and found to be colinear. This observation extends to the 5′ end proximal segment of the 12S rRNA gene the conclusion of earlier experiments, indicating the absence of intervening sequences in the body of the small rRNA gene. A comparison of the 12S rRNA coding sequence determined here (286 nucleotides) with that of an E. coli 16S rRNA gene has revealed significant homologies. Previous electron microscopic analysis of hybrids between the heavy (H) strand of mit-DNA and ferritin-labeled mitochondrial 4S RNAs had shown the presence of a 4S RNA gene near the 5′ end of the 12S rRNA coding sequence. In the present work, a search of the DNA sequence for a cloverleaf structure has indeed revealed the occurrence of a tRNA Phe gene. The unexpected finding, however, has been that the 3′ end of this gene is contiguous to the 5′ end of the 12S rRNA coding sequence without any intervening nucleotides.
Transient nucleation near the mean-field spinodal.

Nucleation is considered near the pseudospinodal in a one-dimensional ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{4}$ model with a nonconserved order parameter and long-range interactions. For a sufficiently large system or a system with slow relaxation to metastable equilibrium, there is a non-negligible probability of nucleation occurring before reaching metastable equilibrium. This process is referred to as transient nucleation. The critical droplet is defined to be the configuration of maximum likelihood that is dynamically balanced between the metastable and stable wells. Time-dependent droplet profiles and nucleation rates are derived, and theoretical results are compared to computer simulations. The analysis reveals a distribution of nucleation times with a distinct peak characteristic of a nonstationary nucleation rate. Under the quench conditions employed, transient critical droplets are more compact than the droplets found in metastable equilibrium simulations and theoretical predictions.
DOM and related 2,5-dimethoxy-4-alkylphenylisopropylamines: Behavioral and serotonin receptor properties

Using an isolated rat fundus preparation, the 4-methyl (DOM), ethyl (DOET), propyl (DOPR) butyl (DOBU), tertiary butyl (DOTB) and amyl (DOAM) derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-phenylisopropylamine (2,5-DMA) were found to possess quite similar serotonin receptor affinities (pA2=7.02–7.22). The fundus preparation could not be used to determine pD2 values because all of the compounds were found to interact in an agonistic manner both with serotonin and PRT (phenoxybenzamine resistant tryptamine) receptors. Administration of DOET, DOPR, DOBU, DOTB and DOAM to animals (rats) trained to discriminate 5-OMe DMT from saline resulted only in partial generalization. While each of these agents possesses a high 5-HT receptor affinity, and while their behavioral effects might, therefore, involve a serotonergic component, the stimulus properties of these compounds are qualitatively dissimilar to those produced by the training dose of 5-OMe DMT.
Botulinum versus tetanus neurotoxins: Why is botulinum neurotoxin but not tetanus neurotoxin a food poison?

Botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins, produced by Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani, respectively, are the most poisonous poisons known to mankind. Although botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins share several characteristics, such as similar mol. wts, similar macrostructure, virtually identical mode of action, and a strong amino acid sequence homology, the two neurotoxins differ in one very significant way; only botulinum neurotoxin is a food poison. Factors responsible for the food poisoning potential of botulinum neurotoxins seem to be a group of complexing proteins that are also produced by C. botulinum, and are known to associate with the neurotoxin. Translation products of nucleotide sequences upstream to the neurotoxin genes of serotypes A, B, C, D, E and F botulinum neurotoxin reveal the location of genes for one of the complexing proteins that could be transcribed as polycistronic mRNA to include neurotoxin sequences. No such protein seems to be present in C. tetani, suggesting that the lack of complexing proteins might be responsible for tetanus not being a food poison.
X-ray diffraction study of HgBa2CuO4+δ at high pressures

An in situ high pressure study using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction has been carried out on the polycrystalline high-Tc superconductor, HgBa2CuO4+δ (Hg-1201), to study its phase stability under pressure and also to measure its compressibility and bulk modulus. No evidence of pressure-induced polymorphism was found in the pressure range investigated, i.e., from 0.1 MPa (1 atm) to 5 GPa. The compound exhibited anisotropic elastic properties. The axial compressibility along the c axis was measured to be (3.96±0.35)×10−3GPa−1 and along the a axis (3.42±0.13)×10−3GPa−1, corresponding to an anisotropy ratio of 1.16±0.11. The bulk modulus was determined to be (94.7±4.2) GPa and, assuming a Poisson's ratio of 0.2, Young's modulus was estimated to be (170±8) GPa.
An examination of the Fishbein-Ajzen behavioral-intentions model's concepts and measures ☆

Abstract The Fishbein-Ajzen behavioral-intentions model is designed to represent the effect of attitudes and subjective norms on behavioral intentions. The model has been used in a variety of contexts, and evidence for its validity flows largely from its generally good performance in predicting behavioral intentions. However, the manner in which these concepts are defined and operationalized appears to make it inappropriate for those seeking to distinguish between personal and normative reasons for engaging in a behavior. Additional problems were found in the hypothesized relationship between the more global normative construct and its underlying components.
BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATION AND ANURAN METAMORPHOSIS

Many of the subjects in this paper will be con? sidered in greater detail in a more complete review of anuran metamorphosis now in preparation in collaboration with Thomas Peter Bennett, Rockefeller Institute, N. Y. This longer review, which approaches anuran metamorphosis from a more comparative viewpoint, will appear in vol. V of Comprehensive Treatise on Comparative Biochem? istry, edited by M. Florkin and H. Mason, Aca? demic Press, New York, 1961. I am therefore greatly indebted to T. P. Bennett for his many valuable contributions to this paper. The major part of the experimental work from the author's laboratory and the preparation of this manuscript was aided by grant C-3006 from the United States Public Health Service. I am pleased to acknowledge my appreciation to Dr. Jane Kaltenbach for many helpful discus? sions and to Carla Ferguson for her valuable as? sistance in the preparation of this manuscript. E. Alterations of serum proteins of X. laevis. 129 F. Total serum protein concentra? tion. 129
Electroencephalographic studies on the development of tolerance and cross tolerance to mescaline in the rat

Recordings of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the electromyogram (EMG) were collected continuously from rats equipped with permanent cortical and temporalis muscle electrodes. Automatic injections of mescaline were administered through indwelling i.p. cannulas at an initial dose of 30 mg/kg every 6 hrs for the first 2 days. This dose was then increased to 60 mg/kg/6 hr which was given for the duration of the study. The initial injections of the mescaline induced an immediate desynchronization of the EEG and behavioral arousal of the rat, which endured for 2–3 hrs. After this time, slow wave (SW) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episodes reappeared, with the return of regular alternations of the sleep-wakefulness cycle. Upon continued administration of the drug, partial tolerance to the arousal effects of mescaline developed, which was reflected by a gradual reduction in the latencies to onset of SW sleep and REM sleep. Rats rendered tolerant to mescaline in this manner were found to be cross tolerant to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET). In contrast, cross tolerance did not occur to amphetamine, which exerts similar arousal and EEG desynchronizing effects. These results agree with physiological and behavioral studies of tolerance and cross tolerance among hallucinogens and support the usefulness of the EEG as a quantitative indicator of central nervous system functions.
Individual-based modeling of an artificial reef fish community: Effects of habitat quantity and degree of refuge

Abstract Artificial reefs are often deployed as fishery management tools, and yet there is substantial lack of understanding and agreement on how reefs affect fish population and community dynamics. We developed and applied a multi-species, individual-based model to examine the long-term effects of increasing number of reefs on fish weight, abundance, and biomass. The model simulated the population dynamics of three fish species for 50 years on a 2-dimensional spatial grid. Growth, mortality, and movement were computed each hour for individuals of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), a croaker-like species (Micropogonias chromis), and a pinfish-like species (Lagodon rhomboides). We also included individuals of two other species (bluefish – Pomatomus saltatrix and a generic jack-like species), but only simulated their hourly movement and their effects on prey and predation of the focal species. The densities of five prey groups were simulated independently in each cell. Our results showed that increasing the number of reefs generally produced higher biomass, but at the cost of slower growth, and smaller individuals. Abundance was higher under fixed-AR recruitment and maximum refuge treatments. In all treatments there were diminishing returns on abundance and biomass with increasing number of artificial reefs. Experiment 2 showed that model results based on regularly spaced reefs were consistent with a real layout of reefs currently being sampled in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Management strategies for determining the habitat-value of reefs in the Gulf of Mexico should consider the number of reefs and the local spatial layout of the reefs to ensure they are optimally arranged. Field experiments performed should assist in resolving how fish recruit to artificial reefs and help determine their roles as fish refuges.
Defended Fortresses or Moving Targets? Another Model of Inducible Defenses Inspired by Military Metaphors

We use a common framework to compare three models of plant strategies to confront herbivory: constitutive defense, optimal inducible defense, and the "moving target." Plants with constitutive defenses retain a fixed defensive phenotype. Plants with optimal inducible defenses respond to attack by increasing defenses. Plants following the moving target strategy respond to attack by altering phenotype. The constitutive and optimal inducible defense models, unlike the moving target model, require that plant phenotypes can be arrayed along an axis representing the trade-off between cost and defense. We argue that the evidence for such an axis is not yet convincing. Our models indicate that constitutive defenses are favored when herbivory is relatively constant or when multiple herbivores attack and costs of defense or defensive machinery are high. Optimal inducible defenses are favored when herbivory rates vary, costs are not too high, and plant phenotypes can be arrayed along a defense axis. The moving target...
On the relationship between surface reconstructions and step edge stability on BaTiO3 (001)

The step orientations on four BaTiO3 (001) surfaces were quantified from scanning tunneling microscopy images in order to determine the relationship between surface reconstructions and step stability. The (1 × 1), c(2 × 2), 5×5R26.6°, and 13×13R33.6° surface reconstructions are compared. A well-known procedure that renders non-polar and low energy surface energies is applied to consider model step face structures, taking into account for the first time the adatoms of the surface reconstruction. A comparison of the number of steps with two crystallographically equivalent step face structures but different reconstruction termination shows that the surface adatoms affect the stability of steps. With the exception of the (1 × 1) surface, Ti adatoms influence the choice of crystallographic direction of the step edge in the surfaces mentioned above.
Synthetic Rain Flood Hydrology for the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins

In response to the destructive floods of 1983, 1986, 1995, and 1997, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Reclamation Board of the State of California are partnering a study to investigate flood damage reduction and ecosystem restoration opportunities in the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins, California. This paper provides a short background on the study and details the methodology used to develop the baseline technical hydrology needed to support ongoing system analyses and modeling efforts. Discussion emphasizes conceptual relations between rain flood hydrology and floodplain delineation, a short retrospective of Central Valley flood events, and a method for developing synthetic flood hydrographs. Conclusions are drawn regarding the effective use of gaged flow data in flood frequency analyses, benefits of performing flood frequency analyses from a watershed perspective, and potential of Comprehensive Study methodologies for use in other macroscale studies.
Crystallization Kinetics Study of Polyethylene

Abstract Crystallization kinetics of polyethylene was studied using differential scanning calorimetry. Isothermal crystallization kinetics was analyzed using the Avrami equation. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics was analyzed using different models, namely, the Avrami, Jeziorny, Ozawa, Nakamura, Dietz, and Kamal-Chu models. The advantages and disadvantages of these models are outlined based on comparison between experimental and modeling results.
Test of Weiss and Miller's Social Facilitation Hypothesis: Are Audiences Aversive?:

An experiment was conducted to explore Weiss and Miller's extension of Zajonc's social facilitation theory. Subjects were given a choice of working on two equally attractive tasks in the presence or absence of an audience. The results indicate that subjects more frequently chose to work without an audience. This finding supports the aversive-drive notion of observation by an audience as proposed by Weiss and Miller and suggests that the social facilitation phenomenon could be extended by using a relevant drive paradigm in contrast to the irrelevant drive paradigm of traditional research on social facilitation.
Molecular Hydrogen in the Damped Lyα Absorber of Q1331+170

We used HST STIS to obtain the spectrum of molecular hydrogen associated with the damped Lyα system at zabs = 1.7765 toward the quasar Q1331+170 at zem = 2.084. Strong H2 absorption was detected, with a total H2 column density of N(H2) = (4.45 ± 0.36) × 1019 cm-2. The molecular hydrogen fraction is f = 2N/(N + 2N) = 5.6% ± 0.7%, which is the greatest value reported so far in any redshifted damped Lyα system. This results from the combined effect of a relatively high dust-to-gas ratio, a low gas temperature, and an extremely low ambient UV radiation field. Based on the observed population of J states, we estimate the photoabsorption rate to be Rabs = (7.6 ± 2.4) × 10-13 s-1, corresponding to a local UV radiation field of J(1000 A) ≈ 2.1 × 10-3J1000 A, ☉, where J1000 A, ☉ is the UV intensity at 1000 A in the solar neighborhood. This is comparable to the metagalactic UV background intensity at this redshift and implies an extremely low star formation rate in the absorber's environment. We construct a simple model to describe the structure of the H2 absorber, with a best-fit total hydrogen number density of n(H) ≈ 0.2 cm-3 and an electron temperature of Te ≈ 140 K. Assuming spherical symmetry, the mass of the H2 cloud is estimated to be ≈6.5 × 107 M☉, larger than the masses of most giant molecular clouds in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies. The extinction of Q1331+170 due to the intervening DLA is EB-V ≈ 0.037, and we also find that the extinction by DLAs with firm H2 detections is significantly greater than those for which only upper limits of f have been determined. The observed CO-to-H2 column density ratio is NCO/N < 2.5 × 10-7, which is similar to the value measured for diffuse molecular clouds in the Galactic ISM. Finally, applying the inferred physical conditions to the observed C I fine structure excitation, we estimate the cosmic microwave background temperature to be TCMB = (7.2 ± 0.8) K at z = 1.77654, consistent with the predicted value of 7.566 K from the standard cosmology.
An analysis of children receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following cardiac arrest with blunt trauma

Abstract Introduction: Although guidelines state that CPR efforts may be withheld in adult, blunt trauma patients, who are found apneic and pulseless upon EMS arrival, there are conflicting reports on the utility of CPR in injured children. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcomes of pediatric blunt trauma patients who received CPR. Methods: A prospectively gathered registry at a Level I university pediatric trauma center was reviewed over ten years. 11,563 trauma patients were evaluated of which 225 (1.9%) received CPR. 117 patients were excluded because of asphyxial injuries or penetrating trauma, leaving 108 (48.0%) patients for analysis. Results: 108 blunt trauma patients received CPR by trained personnel. The mean age was 5.5 years, mean ISS of 40.1, and the three most common injury mechanisms were MVC (n = 29), pedestrian (n = 24), and assault (n = 21). Thirteen (13%) of those who died went on to organ donation. The single survivor (0.9%), an assault victim, was found unresponsive after 20 minutes, then received CPR for 30 minutes before return of pulse. Two years post-injury this patient is ventilator and tube feeding dependent due to a persistent vegetative state. Conclusions: The utility of CPR in pediatric blunt trauma patients, when done for cardiopulmonary arrest, is limited. As per ATLS® guidelines, an adequate airway should be established and potentially reversible causes should be treated. If there is no return of pulse, then efforts should be terminated, unless organ donation is contemplated.
Kelso’s binary economy as social ethics

Abstract Professor Robert Ashford (1996) has undertaken to bring attention to the economic ideas of the late Louis Kelso, best known as the inventor of leveraged Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs). ESOPs are but a small part of a much more ambitious policy program for spreading capital ownership, a program predicated on Kelso’s unique economic theory, dubbed “binary economics,” and intended to create a “binary economy.” This article critically examines two normative arguments for creating a binary economy as a question of social ethics. It finds that the argument that a binary economy would be more just has a serious flaw related to Kelso’s concept of “productiveness,” but that the argument that a binary economy would be more democratic offers a more promising normative basis for instituting a binary economy. It concludes that the rest of Kelso’s theory and his policy program are worth further examination.
Investment practices and outcomesof informal venture investors

Abstract This study explores a model of venture investing developed from the literature on formal venture capital research in the setting of angel investing in the USA. The model explores the role of venture stage, due diligence, deal flow, co-investing and post investment participation on the distribution of returns to angel investors. Doing so directly addresses an interesting question regarding the extent to which formal venture capital practices are appropriate and effective in the typical angel investment setting. In the process, results from the first relatively large-scale study of angel investor outcomes in the USA are reported and related to earlier findings for UK angel investors.
Admission and Discharge Differences for Continuum and Non-Continuum Youth in a Staff-Secure Residential Program

This study examined admission data for differences between two groups of youth in a staff-secure treatment setting: one came from a locked setting within the same integrated continuum and the other came from outside the continuum. Results showed that youth who entered the less restrictive program directly were more aggressive and on more medications than youth who stepped down from the more restrictive setting. Results also showed that while disruptive behavior improved for both groups, there was a smaller group of youth who did not improve during treatment and who were ultimately stepped up to a higher level of care.
Infectious diseases manifested in the peripheral blood.

Microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears is a primary diagnostic modality for only a few infectious agents. A variety of organisms, however, may produce manifestations in blood. These may be specific or nonspecific but sufficiently suggestive to trigger a search for an infectious agent. With a reasonable level of vigilance and an understanding of the morphologic, clinical, and epidemiologic features of various disorders, laboratorians may provide early diagnosis of infectious states. Rapid diagnosis in turn leads to reductions in health care costs, morbidity, and mortality.
Progenitor cell mobilization enhances bone healing by means of improved neovascularization and osteogenesis.

Background:Although bone repair is a relatively efficient process, a significant portion of patients fail to heal their fractures. Because adequate blood supply is essential to osteogenesis, the authors hypothesize that augmenting neovascularization by increasing the number of circulating progenitor
Molecular Symbiosis of CHOP and C/EBPβ Isoform LIP Contributes to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis

Induction of the transcription factor CHOP (CCAAT-binding homologous protein; GADD 153) is a critical cellular response for the transcriptional control of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Upon nuclear translocation, CHOP upregulates the transcription of proapoptotic factors and downregulates antiapoptotic genes. Transcriptional activation by CHOP involves heterodimerization with other members of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor (bZIP) family. We show that the bZIP protein C/EBP beta isoform LIP is required for nuclear translocation of CHOP during ER stress. In early ER stress, LIP undergoes proteasomal degradation in the cytoplasmic compartment. During later ER stress, LIP binds CHOP in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments and contributes to its nuclear import. By using CHOP-deficient cells and transfections of LIP-expressing vectors in C/EBP beta(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we show that the LIP-CHOP interaction has a stabilizing role for LIP. At the same time, CHOP uses LIP as a vehicle for nuclear import. LIP-expressing C/EBP beta(-/-) MEFs showed enhanced ER stress-induced apoptosis compared to C/EBP beta-null cells, a finding in agreement with the decreased levels of Bcl-2, a known transcriptional control target of CHOP. In view of the positive effect of CHOP-LIP interaction in mediating their proapoptotic functions, we propose this functional cooperativity as molecular symbiosis between proteins.