cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new platelet function test.

Abstract A method for screening EDTA (K 3 ) blood samples for platelet function is described. The general availability of whole blood platelet counters in the clinical laboratory suggested their use to measure platelet aggregation. To simplify the collection and storage of blood samples, a method utilizing EDTA collected blood is described. Addition of calcium and citrate restores platelet function to blood samples even when stored at room temperature for several hours. Thus, the blood sample used to assay RBC, WBC and platelet parameters may also be employed in platelet aggregation. A comparison of this method with aggregometry on 120 subjects indicated a similar response to arachidonate, collagen, ristocetin and ADP.
Microscopic Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System in Echinolittorina peruviana (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda)

Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822), representante gonocorico de Littorinidae en el Pacifico Sur, tiene un sistema reproductor masculino adaptado para la fecundacion interna, que en este estudio se describe a niveles macrocoscopico y microscopico; enfatizando la organizacion compartimentalizada de la gonada y la morfologia del pene. El sistema reproductor masculino se presenta como un complejo conico gonada-glandula digestiva abigarrado. La gonada presenta tres compartimientos: 1) gametogenico acinar entre los acinos glandulares, 2) periacinar con una capa de celulas somaticas fusiformes y 3) interacinar con celulas almacenadoras de glicogeno, compartido con los acinos glandulares. En el compartimiento gametogenico acinar ocurre la espermatogenesis con la linea germinal organizada en forma centripeta hacia el lumen. Hacia anterior, la vesicula seminal almacena los productos de la espermatogenesis; en su region cefalica los euespermatozoides se unen al epitelio y los paraespermatozoides se distribuyen en el lumen. Este organo se conecta con un conducto corto a la glandula prostatica, abierta hacia la cavidad paleal en toda su longitud. La zona anterior de la glandula prostatica se une al surco espermatico cervical, que recorre el cuello del animal por la region paleal derecha; este continua como surco espermatico peniano ascendiendo desde su base hasta la punta. El pene es conico aguzado no pigmentado; hacia anterior adyacente a su base, hay un complejo glandular con un proceso mamiliforme y una region glandular discoidal. Su producto de secrecion seria una espicula de funcion desconocida, cuya histologia es descrita por primera vez. En este complejo glandular, el proceso mamiliforme esta constituido por la proyeccion espicular y una banda conjuntivo-muscular que lo rodea y separa de la region glandular folicular discoidal; su secrecion atraviesa dicha banda, incorporandose al epitelio de revestimiento interno del proceso.
Impacts of Changing Crude Oil Prices and Macroeconomic Conditions on Short-Term Output Fluctuations in Japan

Applying the monetary policy function (Romer 2000, 2006; Taylor 2001), this article reveals that a 10 percent rise in the real crude oil price is expected to reduce Japan's real gross domestic product (GDP) by 0.19 percent and that increased government spending as a percent of the GDP, a higher real stock price, real appreciation of the yen, a lower world real interest rate, and a lower expected inflation rate would raise real output for Japan.
Applying decision-making approaches to health risk-taking behaviors: progress and remaining challenges

Abstract This paper critically examines how risk-taking behaviors can be modeled from a decision-making perspective. We first review several applications of a decision perspective to the study of risk-taking behaviors, including studies that investigate consequence generation and the components of the overall utility (i.e., consequence, desirability, and likelihood) of risk-taking and studies that investigate the validity of two decision-oriented models (subjective expected utility and the theory of reasoned action) in predicting risk-taking behaviors. We then discuss challenges in modeling risk-taking behaviors from a decision-making perspective. These challenges include (i) finding the factors that are necessary to improve the predictability of models, (ii) difficulties in eliciting the individual components of overall utility, and (iii) incorporating overall utility changes over time.
The transport of fine-grained sediments in shallow waters

A numerical model of the resuspension, deposition, and transport of fine-grained, cohesive sediments has been developed and applied. An essential part of this model is an accurate and physically realistic description of the sediment bed and the resuspension of the bottom sediments due to physical processes. The description is based on data from recent experimental and field work on fine-grained sediments. Pertinent results from this work have been incorporated into the present model, and as part of the calculation, changes in the resuspension properties of the sediment bed with time due to resuspension, deposition, and compaction can be approximately determined.
Methodological examination of the PEST (parametric estimation by sequential testing) procedure: II

Finite-state Markov sequences were constructed by a small digital computer, translated to interval-coded electrical pulse trains, and converted to sound. An adaptive stimulus programming procedure of variable step size, PEST, was employed to obtain interstate interval thresholds as a function of restrictions upon the internal structure of the sequences. These thresholds are not independent of the exit criterion for the adaptive procedure. An interactive approach is suggested for determining the exit criterion in order to protect the data against arbitrary decisions made by the E.
High temperature humidity sensors based on sputtered Y-doped BaZrO3 thin films

Abstract Sputter deposited Y-doped BaZrO 3 thin films (BaZr x Y 1− x O 3− y /2 , x = 0.2, y > 0), were investigated as to their viability for reliable, long-term stable humidity or water vapor microsensors operating at high operating temperatures ( T > 400 °C). Reliable exhaust gas composition measurements at these temperatures could allow optimization of power plant efficiency and reduce emissions. Electrical conductivity and gas sensitivity tests on bulk Y-doped BaZrO 3 in environments with varying humidity suggest that this material could be suitable as a highly selective humidity sensor with sensitivities between 2 atm −1 and 26 atm −1 in the temperature range of 500–700 °C, based on an ionic proton conduction mechanism [W. Wang, A.V. Virkar, Ionic and electron–hole conduction in BaZr 0.93 Y 0.07 O 3− δ by 4-probe dc measurements, J. Power Sources 142 (2005) 1–9; W. Wang, A.V. Virkar, A conductimetric humidity sensor based on proton conducting perovskite oxides, J. Sens. Actuators, B, Chem. 98 (2004) 282–290]. Thin films of BaZrO 3 :Y were investigated for their potential to significantly reduce sensor response time, increase sensitivity, and allow integration in microsensor platforms. Unlike other sensors that are based on adsorption, the sensing mechanism presented here at temperatures >400 C should be based on absorption of H 2 O, which dissolves into the BaZrO 3 :Y lattice, “fills in” the oxygen vacancies, and releases protons. Since protons have a higher mobility than oxygen ions, they would dominate the electric conductivity. XRD spectra from all as-deposited and annealed BaZrO 3 :Y films show that the material changed from amorphous to crystalline at annealing temperatures >500 °C. After annealing, the samples exhibit an increasing particle size from 70 nm to 167 nm and an increase of root mean squared (RMS) roughness (from 1.3 nm to 4.2 nm) with increasing film thickness (200–500 nm). The film conductivity increases as a function of temperature (from 100 °C to 400 °C) and upon exposure to a humid atmosphere, supporting our hypothesis of a proton conduction based conduction and sensing mechanism. The water vapor sensitivity was measured using 0.058 atm partial pressure of water at 400 °C. Sensitivity values ranging from 22 atm −1 to 62 atm −1 with a response time of τ 60 ≈ 6 s were achieved. We have demonstrated Y-doped BaZrO 3 thin film humidity sensors that operate at high temperatures.
Evidence of the complete magnetic reconnection during a sawtooth collapse in a tokamak

Statistical analysis of a large set of current profile data obtained for sawtoothing discharges in the DIII-D tokamak indicates that the safety factor (inverse rotational transform) in the plasma center, ${\mathit{q}}_{0}$, is close to 1.0. The increase of ${\mathit{q}}_{0}$ associated with the sawtooth crash is found to be of the order of 0.05. The results of time resolved measurements of the current profile and the soft x-ray emissions support a model of the sawtooth instability based on total reconnection of the m=1 magnetic island.
Detailed study of fast transient relaxation of Vt instability in HKMG nFETs

In this paper, a detailed study of charge relaxation in high-k metal-gate nFETs is reported. We show that independent fast and slow relaxation occur in parallel. While the slow charge relaxation follows the typical universal dependence on t relax /t stress [1], the fast transient relaxation does not show stress time dependence for the stress time range investigated in this work (t s >∼200us). Study of the dependence on high-k thickness and electric field also reveals very different characteristics between the fast and slow BTI and suggests the fast BTI is likely caused by a specific group of defects with very short capture time near Fermi level in the high-k layer.
Rejecting Crime Prevention Programs: The Dynamics of Program Implementation in High Need Communities

This paper employs an ethnographic approach to reveal the dynamics of the process of implementing a community crime prevention program in a particular locale. It reveals that sociocultural factors affect the local definition of appropriate action and that when local definitions and program goals are discordant, sorely needed crime prevention programs may be rejected. These findings should be useful to those in policy making positions and in program planning and implementation roles.
Strand-specific processing of 8-oxoguanine by the human mismatch repair pathway: inefficient removal of 8-oxoguanine paired with adenine or cytosine

Genomic DNA and its precursors are susceptible to oxidation during aerobic cellular metabolism, and at least five distinct repair activities target a single common lesion, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). The human mismatch repair (MMR) pathway, which has been implicated in an apoptotic response to covalent DNA damage, is likely to encounter 8-oxoG in both the parental and daughter strand during replication. Here, we show that lesions containing 8-oxoG paired with adenine or cytosine, which are most likely to arise during replication, are not efficiently processed by the mismatch repair system. Lesions containing 8-oxoG paired with thymine or guanine, which are unlikely to arise, are excised in an MSH2/MSH6-dependent manner as effectively as the corresponding mismatches when placed in a context that reflects the daughter strand during replication. Using a newly developed assay based on methylation sensitivity, we characterized strand-excision events opposite 8-oxoG situated to reflect placement in the parental strand. Lesions that efficiently trigger strand excision and resynthesis (8-oxoG paired with thymine or guanine) result in adenine or cytosine insertion opposite 8-oxoG. These latter pairings are poor substrates for further action by mismatch repair, but precursors for alternative pathways with non-mutagenic outcomes. We suggest that the lesions most likely to be encountered by the human mismatch repair pathway during replication, 8-oxoG.A or 8-oxoG.C, are likely to escape processing in either strand by this system. Taken together, these data suggest that the human mismatch repair pathway is not a major contributor to removal of misincorporated 8-oxoG, nor is it likely to trigger repeated attempts at lesion processing.
Linearized quantum transport equations: Ac conductance of a quantum wire with an electron-phonon interaction

A linear response formalism is developed for evaluation of transport coefficients in quantum many-particle systems. The method is based on a systematic linearization of nonequilibrium Kadanoff-Baym transport equations in an integral form in ac electric fields. Simple and consistent approximations can be performed in the resulting set of transport equations, which replace vertex equations in the Kubo formalism. The method is illustrated by the example of an ac and dc conductivity and conductance for a quasi-one-dimensional electron system with an electron–phonon interaction for three-dimensional acoustical phonons. After approximations standard in metals, the solved transport equations coincide with the Holstein equation.
Narrative discourse in young children with histories of early corrective heart surgery.

Narrative attainment was assessed in a group of 76 four-year-old children at risk for brain injury because of histories of early corrective heart surgery. Elicited personal experience narratives we...
The Impact of Cost Changes on Industry Entry and Exit

Increases in costs may have interesting, non-obvious effects on industry entry and exit. Three cases are possible when costs rise: the competitor neutral case, in which entry decreases and exit increases, entrant favoring, in which entry and exit both increase, and incumbent favoring, in which entry and exit both decrease. The model places restrictions on which outcomes are possible given which costs rise (marginal or fixed). The model can be used to examine the impacts of cost-increasing regulation or exogenous process innovation on industry entry and exit.
Risky Business: Medical Discourse, Breast Cancer, and Narrative:

This study explores the construction of risk and patient identity in medical discourse directed toward women with breast cancer. Eleven documents produced by the National Cancer Institute on the topic of breast cancer are studied using narrative analysis. A distinct patient narrative presents all women as at risk for breast cancer and creates an idealized patient identity that serves a prescriptive function for women. The narrative constructs an early-cancer experience where the patient is treatable and cancer is cured or controlled. There are no significant changes in the narrative after time.
New exposition on probability and statistics

Review of the book, "Weighing the Odds: A Course in Probability and Statistics," by David Williams.
The Interaction of Multiple Routes in Oral Reading: Evidence from Dissociations in Naming and Oral Reading in Phonological Dyslexia

During oral reading we hypothesized that lexical representations are activated and selected for output by the simultaneous activation of the semantic, the direct lexical orthography to phonology, and the sublexical grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (GPC) routes (Southwood & Chatterjee, 1999). Serial models of reading argue that the semantic route governs oral reading with minimal influence from the nonlexical direct route and the sublexical GPC route. These models predict that semantic errors should occur in reading when the semantic route and GPC are both impaired. The Simultaneous Activation Hypothesis predicts few semantic errors in oral reading but many during picture naming. Semantic errors are infrequent in reading because information from all three reading routes constrains activation of a phonological entry. By contrast phonological selection in picture naming is constrained primarily by the semantic route and if damaged additional information is unavailable to select the appropriate phonological code. In agreement with the Simultaneous Activation Hypothesis five phonological dyslexics produced semantic errors during picture naming but not when reading aloud. Phonological errors were present during oral reading and minimal during picture naming.
Persistent Memory Effects and the Mid- and Post-Brick Dynamic Behaviour of Three-Way Automotive Catalysts

This paper presents the results of an experimental study into the dynamic behaviour of a three-way automotive catalyst and its associated exhaust gas oxygen sensors. Motivated by issues of feedback sensor location, the study seeks to overlay the results of repeat experiments, with sensors and fast-response gas analyzers positioned at different locations, in order to obtain a detailed picture of system dynamics at different points within the catalyst. Initial results demonstrated that the dynamic response of the catalyst can be significantly affected by a persistent memory effect in addition to reversible deactivation dynamics and the familiar oxygen storage/release dynamics of the system. In particular, the effects of prior rich or stoichiometric operation are shown to persist even after extended periods of lean operation. This memory effect is important, not only because of its potential impact on conversion efficiency, but also because of its impact on the repeatability of experiments carried out under what would appear to be near-identical operating conditions. By pre-conditioning under rich conditions highly repeatable experiments were achieved. The results were combined to give a detailed picture of catalyst dynamics at pre-, mid- and post-catalyst locations, and provide insight into catalyst and (non-ideal) exhaust gas oxygen sensor behavior.
Systematics of Caenodelphax Fennah (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae) and description of the new genus Flavoclypeus

Caenodelphax Fennah was reviewed with reference to putatively allied species in the polyphyletic genus Delphacodes Fieber. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony of 34 morphological features for 15 ingroup and 3 outgroup taxa found that Caenodelphax sensu stricto did not group with putatively allied Delphacodes. Caenodelphax is here redefined as monotypic, and Flavoclypeus new genus is described to accommodate a clade of 8 species (6 transferred from Delphacodes and 2 transferred from Caenodelphax). Caenodelphax philyra was found to be a junior subjective synonym of Caenodelphax teapae.
Magnetic determination of axial catalyst temperature profiles

A magnetic thermometric method is used to determine cross-sectional average axial catalyst temperature profiles for superparamagnetic neckel catalyst beds during ethane hydrogenolysis, an exothermic reaction. Each solid temperature profile is determined from an axial profile of cross-sectional average magnetization and is represented by a polynomial. In turn, each magnetization profile is determined from voltage data obtained as the bed is moved through an AC permeameter. A Fredholm equation of the first kind, “regularized” using a minimum variance constraint, is inverted to determine the magnetization profile. The determination of the axial temperature profile for a reactor operating at 11.0% conversion is detailed. It provides a good test of the method used. Some limitations of the method are highlighted by attempts to analyze data from a reactor operating at complete conversion. The potential for model parameter estimation is discussed.
Off-network Control for Scalable Routing in Very Large Sensor Networks

This paper presents an architectural solution to address the problem of scalable routing in very large sensor networks. The control complexities of the existing sensor routing protocols, both node-centric and data-centric, do not scale very well for large networks with potentially hundreds of thousand of embedded sensor devices. This paper develops a routing solution off-network control processing (ONCP) that achieves control scalability in large sensor networks by shifting certain amount of routing functions to an "off-network" server. A tiered routing approach, consisting of "coarse grain" server based global routing, and distributed "fine grain" local routing is proposed for achieving scalability by avoiding network wide control message dissemination. We present the ONCP architectural concepts and characterize its performance using an ns2 based simulation model. Our experimental results indicate that for large sensor networks with realistic data models, the packet drop, latency and energy performance of ONCP can be significantly better than those for a well known sensor routing protocol directed diffusion.
Banking Relationships and REIT Capital Structure

∗∗∗ This article examines the evolution of real estate investment trust (REIT) capital structure in the new REIT era with a focus on the effects of banking relationships on REIT capital structure. Using a unique sample of REITs from 1992 to 2003, we find that, after controlling for firm characteristics, REITs with banking relationships are more likely to obtain long-term debt ratings and subsequently issue public debt. Moreover, REITs with banking relationships tend to use less secured debt and have lower leverage. These findings support the notion that banking relationships facilitate REITs’ access to the public debt markets and help explain why REITs shift from traditional mortgage financing to bank debt and public capital market financing. The results also support the proposition that firm leverage should be positively related to the amount of a firm’s secured debt.
Structure of the (110) antiphase boundary in gallium phosphide

The morphology of antiphase boundaries in GaP films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si (001) has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The inversion of the crystal polarity between antiphase domains was confirmed by convergent-beam electron diffraction. The APBs were often found to facet parallel to [110] planes. Strong-beam alpha-fringe contrast observed along the (110) facets indicates that adjacent antiphase domains are related by an additional rigid-body lattice translation. Diffraction-contrast analysis shows that this R corresponds to a shear parallel to the [001] direction and a small expansion. The magnitude of the translation was inferred, quantitatively, through a comparison between energy-filtered zero-loss images of the alpha-fringe contrast with numerical calculations. The components of the rigid-body lattice translation were determined to be 0.023 +/- 0.0033 nm in the [001] direction and 0.005 +/- 0.002 nm in the 0 direction. Based upon a geometric model of the [110] antiphase boundary, the lengths of the Ga and P antisite bonds were calculated to be 254 +/- 2 pm and 227 +/- 4 pm, respectively.
The Ndc80 complex uses a tripartite attachment point to couple microtubule depolymerization to chromosome movement

In kinetochores, the Ndc80 complex couples the energy in a depolymerizing microtubule to perform the work of moving chromosomes. The complex directly binds microtubules using an unstructured, positively charged N-terminal tail located on Hec1/Ndc80. Hec1/Ndc80 also contains a calponin homology domain (CHD) that increases its affinity for microtubules in vitro, yet whether it is required in cells and how the tail and CHD work together are critical unanswered questions. Human kinetochores containing Hec1/Ndc80 with point mutations in the CHD fail to align chromosomes or form productive microtubule attachments. Kinetochore architecture and spindle checkpoint protein recruitment are unaffected in these mutants, and the loss of CHD function cannot be rescued by removing Aurora B sites from the tail. The interaction between the Hec1/Ndc80 CHD and a microtubule is facilitated by positively charged amino acids on two separate regions of the CHD, and both are required for kinetochores to make stable attachments to microtubules. Chromosome congression in cells also requires positive charge on the Hec1 tail to facilitate microtubule contact. In vitro binding data suggest that charge on the tail regulates attachment by directly increasing microtubule affinity as well as driving cooperative binding of the CHD. These data argue that in vertebrates there is a tripartite attachment point facilitating the interaction between Hec1/Ndc80 and microtubules. We discuss how such a complex microtubule-binding interface may facilitate the coupling of depolymerization to chromosome movement.
Preparation of reduced-quantum-uncertainty input states for an atomic clock

Atomic clocks have reached the Standard Quantum Limit (SQL) of precision, 1 set by the projection noise inherent in measurements on uncorrelated atoms. It is possible to overcome this limit by entangling the atoms to generate a “squeezed state” of the atomic ensemble. We use the collective interaction of an atomic ensemble with a far-detuned light field in an optical resonator to prepare squeezed states by two different methods: quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement and Hamiltonian evolution. We apply both methods to an ensemble of 5 × 10 48 7 Rb atoms in a superposition of hyperfine clock states. We measure the suppression of projection noise and compare it to the accompanying reduction in signal, thereby quantifying the net gain in spectroscopic sensitivity. By QND measurement, with resolution up to 9 dB below the projection noise level, we achieve 3.0(8) dB of metrologically relevant squeezing. Whereas the measurement-based approach relies on knowledge of the (randomly distributed) measurement outcome to produce a conditionally squeezed state, the method of Hamiltonian evolution produces a known squeezed state independent of detector performance. We mimic the dynamics of the one-axis twisting Hamiltonian, proposed as a generator of squeezed states by Kitagawa and Ueda, 2 by using the atom-induced frequency shift of the resonator mode and the corresponding resonator-field-induced shift of the atomic transition frequency to introduce an effective interaction among the atoms. The resulting deterministic squeezing is sufficient to allow a 6.0(4) dB improvement in spectroscopic sensitivity over the SQL.
Photocurrent hysteresis by ion motion within conjugated polyelectrolyte electron transporting layers

The change in photocurrent characteristics of polymer light-emitting diodes containing cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte electron transport/injection layers depends on the nature of the counterions and the rate of bias sweep. We attribute this feature to the motion of counteranions and differences in the rates of ion migration.
Serial Echocardiographic Abnormalities in Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis of the Mitral Valve

This report describes the clinical course and serial echocardiographic abnormalities in a patient with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis and repeated embolic episodes. Serial echocardiograms revealed a mass of abnormal echoes on the anterior mitral leaflet and progressive restriction of mitral valvular motion. Cineangiographic studies demonstrated a large filling defect in the area of the mitral valve. Surgical intervention confirmed the presence of a large vegetation on the mitral valve. The surgical specimen consisted of a sterile, partially organized fibrin thrombus. The echocardiographic abnormalities are described and discussed in relation to the clinical and pathologic findings.
Interleukin-4 receptor signaling pathways in asthma pathogenesis

Asthma is a chronic allergic inflammatory disease, the initiation and progression of which is dependent on the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 acting through related receptor complexes. Disease pathogenesis is effected by intracellular signaling pathways that couple primarily to specific motifs within the intracellular domain of the IL-4 receptor α chain (IL-4Rα), a subunit that is common to the IL-4 and IL-13 receptor complexes. Recent studies using genetic approaches have identified distinct functions for the respective IL-4Rα-coupled signaling pathways in regulating both early and chronic stages of asthma. Polymorphisms in components of the IL-4 and IL-13 cytokine-receptor axes are associated with allergy and asthma, suggesting that variations among individuals in the activity of this pathway contribute to disease susceptibility and manifestations.
Physicians underestimate calcium intake in women.

Background and Objectives: Personalized nutritional counseling about calcium intake during office encounters requires rapid estimation of calcium intake. We compared the accuracy of physician estimates to a validated calcium intake measure and characterized women whose intakes were incorrectly deemed inadequate by physicians. Methods: As part of a controlled trial of brief, office-based calcium intake counseling of women, family physicians estimated calcium intake from patients’ self-reported intake of dairy food/beverage intake and from their supplement use. We compared estimates to the Short Calcium Questionnaire (SCQ), a validated 7-day dietary recall measure completed by patients. Sensitivity/specificity of physician-estimated calcium intake was estimated by comparison with the SCQ. Results: For 97 women, SCQ rated 32 (33%) as inadequate, 55 (57%) as adequate, and 10 (10%) as excessive. When compared to SCQ, the sensitivity of physician-estimated calcium intake inadequacy was 97% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 94%–100%), specificity was 51% (95% CI: 41%–61%), and positive predictive value was 49% (95% CI: 39%–59%). Women with underestimated intakes were more likely to report a family history of osteoporosis and take a daily multivitamin. The major source of physician underestimation of calcium intake was underestimate of dairy product contribution. Conclusions: More accurate estimates of dairy-based calcium intake will lead to greater specificity in identifying inadequate calcium intake.
Bird communities following high-severity fire: Response to single and repeat fires in a mixed-evergreen forest, Oregon, USA

Fire is a widespread natural disturbance agent in most conifer-dominated forests. In light of climate change and the effects of fire exclusion, single and repeated high-severity (stand-replacement) fires have become prominent land management issues. We studied bird communities using point counting in the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion of Oregon, USA at various points in time after one or two high-severity fires. Time points included 2 and 3 years after a single fire, 17 and 18 years after a single fire, 2 and 3 years after a repeat fire (15 year interval between fires), and >100 years since stand-replacement fire (mature/old-growth forest). Avian species richness did not differ significantly among habitats. Bird density was highest 17 and 18 years after fire, lowest 2 years after fire, and intermediate in repeat burns and unburned forest. Bird community composition varied significantly with habitat type (A = 0.24, P < 0.0001) with two distinct gradients in species composition relating to tree structure (live to dead) and shrub stature. Using indicator species analysis, repeat burns were characterized by shrub-nesting and ground-foraging bird species while unburned mature forests were characterized by conifer-nesting and foliage-gleaning species. Bird density was not related to snag basal area but was positively related to shrub height. Contrary to expectations, repeated high-severity fire did not reduce species richness, and bird densities were greater in repeat burns than in once-burned habitats. Broad-leaved hardwoods and shrubs appear to play a major role in structuring avian communities in the Klamath-Siskiyou region. In light of these results, extended periods of early seral broadleaf dominance and short-interval high-severity fires may be important to the conservation of avian biodiversity.
Charge transport through polymer thin films for second order nonlinear optics

Charge transport through molecularly doped polymer thin films for second order nonlinear optical applications has been investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. By implementing disorder into the molecular energetics to approximate the polymer properties, a simulation has been developed to calculate time of flight current transients. The dopant molecules, nonlinear optically active chromophores, are modeled as individual sites with a discrete energy spectra, while the monomer units of the polymer matrix are modeled as individual sites with energies described by a single gaussian distribution. Parameters such as temperature, magnitude of the applied electric field, and chromophore concentration are used in the simulation to predict physically realistic processing conditions. Other important parameters include the size and shape of the dopant chromophores, the polarity and polarization effects of both the polymer and chromophore, and the intermolecular interaction between the chromophore and polymer molecules. Dielectric relaxation and isothermal current decay measurements are being used to experimentally determine the magnitude of the intermolecular interactions. The characterization of charge transport properties is crucial to the development of any potential second order nonlinear optical device.
Acoustic-radiation stress in solids. I - Theory

The general case of acoustic-radiation stress associated with quasi-compressional and quasi-shear waves propagating in infinite and semiinfinite lossless solids of arbitrary crystalline symmetry is studied. The Boussinesq radiation stress is defined and found to depend directly on an acoustic nonlinearity parameter which characterizes the radiation-induced static strain, a stress-generalized nonlinearity parameter which characterizes the stress nonlinearity, and the energy density of the propagating wave. Application of the Boltzmann-Ehrenfest principle of adiabatic invariance to a self-constrained system described by the nonlinear equations of motion allows the acoustic-radiation-induced static strain to be identified with a self-constrained variation in the time-averaged product of the internal energy density and displacement gradient. The time-averaged product is scaled by the acoustic nonlinearity parameter and represents the first-order nonlinearity in the virial theorem. Finally, the relationship between the Boussinesq and the Cauchy radiation stress is obtained in a closed three-dimensional form.
Cyto-taxonomy and phylogeny of the oleaceae

The Oleaceae are composed of more than 20 genera with over 400 species of temperate and tropical shrubs and trees (Rehder 1940). Many of these, such as Syringa, Forsythia, Jasminum, Ligustru?m, and Fraxinus, are cultivated extensively as ornamentals. Wood of Fraxinus and Olea has a number of commercial uses. The most important member of the family, however, is the olive, which has been grown since antiquity for its fruit and oil. Botanically, the group is particularly interesting as a natural family of plants with a wide geographical distribution, ranging from the tropics through the temperate regions and represented on almost every important land mass in the world except those of the polar regions. Although rather easily delimited as a family, the group contains a great variety of forms, some of which are stable enough to be easily recognized as species, while others, particularly in the genus Fraxinus, are a problem for the taxonomist. Some genetic work has been done in the Oleaceae, where one generic cross is known and several interspecific crosses have been made among the species of Osmanthus, Jasminum, Ligustrum, Forsythia, and especially Syringa, which has produced a multitude of striking forms. Evolutionary trends and phylogenetic relations within the family, as well as its position among related families, offer interesting possibilities for investigation. Although over a thousand species distributed among twenty-four or more genera are listed in Index Kewensis, most taxonomic treatments estimate fewer species, for example, 390-525 species (Johnson 1931), 390 (Engler & Gilg 1924), 370-390 (Knoblauch 1895), 525 (Small 1933), and over 500 (Bailey 1938). These estimates are probably nearer the correct number, since, as is shown in the groups of the family which have been monographed, considerable synonymy occurs (see Gray 1860; Decaisne 1878.; Hill 1910; Wesmael 1892; Lingelseheim 1907, 1920; McKelvey 1928; Steyermark 1932; Knoblauch 1933; Kobuski 1932, 1939a, 1939b, 1940; Rehder 1917; Mansfeld 1924; Gilg 1901; Weber 1928; and Newberry 1937). The first extensive cytological study in the Oleaceae was that of Sax (1930) on the genus Syringa. He found most of the pure species to have either 23 or 24 pairs of chromosomes. From the meiotic behavior of the hybrid S. chinensis (S. persica lacitiata x S. vulgaris), in which he saw about 12 paired and 12 single chromosomes at the first reduction division, he believed the basic number in the genus was probably 12. O'Mara (1930) found 28 chromosomes in all of the species and varieties of Forsythia examined. In the hybrid Forsythia intermedia (P. suspensa x F. viridissima) he found all fourteen chromosomes homologous enough to permit regular pairing and normal behavior at the first and second meiotic divisions, indicating a rather close relationship of the species in this genus. Representative species from several other genera were counted in a study of the chromosomes and anatomy of the secondary xylem of this family by Sax and Abbe (1932). These studies, aside from chromosome numbers of a few species deter-
High efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/-based solar cells: processing of novel absorber structures

Our effort towards the attainment of high performance devices has yielded several devices with total-area conversion efficiencies above 16%, the highest measuring 16.8% under standard reporting conditions (ASTM E892-87, Global 1000 W/m/sup 2/). The first attempts to translate this development to larger areas resulted in an efficiency of 12.5% for a 16.8-cm/sup 2/ monolithically interconnected submodule test structure, and 15.3% for a 4.85-cm/sup 2/ single cell. Achievement of a 17.2% device efficiency fabricated for operation under concentration (22-sun) is also reported. All high efficiency devices reported here are made from graded bandgap absorbers. Bandgap grading is achieved by compositional Ga/(In+Ga) profiling as a function of depth. The fabrication schemes to achieve the graded absorbers, the window materials and contacting are described.
Bcl-2 Lies Downstream of Parathyroid Hormone–related Peptide in a Signaling Pathway That Regulates Chondrocyte Maturation during Skeletal Development

Parathyroid hormone–related peptide (PTHrP) appears to play a major role in skeletal development. Targeted disruption of the PTHrP gene in mice causes skeletal dysplasia with accelerated chondrocyte maturation (Amizuka, N., H. Warshawsky, J.E. Henderson, D. Goltzman, and A.C. Karaplis. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 126:1611–1623; Karaplis, A.C., A. Luz, J. Glowacki, R.T. Bronson, V.L.J. Tybulewicz, H.M. Kronenberg, and R.C. Mulligan. 1994. Genes Dev. 8: 277–289). A constitutively active mutant PTH/PTHrP receptor has been found in Jansen-type human metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, a disease characterized by delayed skeletal maturation (Schipani, E., K. Kruse, and H. Juppner. 1995. Science (Wash. DC). 268:98– 100). The molecular mechanisms by which PTHrP affects this developmental program remain, however, poorly understood. We report here that PTHrP increases the expression of Bcl-2, a protein that controls programmed cell death in several cell types, in growth plate chondrocytes both in vitro and in vivo, leading to delays in their maturation towards hypertrophy and apoptotic cell death. Consequently, overexpression of PTHrP under the control of the collagen II promoter in transgenic mice resulted in marked delays in skeletal development. As anticipated from these results, deletion of the gene encoding Bcl-2 leads to accelerated maturation of chondrocytes and shortening of long bones. Thus, Bcl-2 lies downstream of PTHrP in a pathway that controls chondrocyte maturation and skeletal development.
A compact EHF dual-frequency antenna for ASCAMP

A compact, high-performance, dual-band antenna has been developed for use with ASCAMP (advanced single-channel antijam man-portable). It consists of a compact feed with an elliptical subreflector which produces the required focus ring for a displaced axis parabolic reflector. The main reflector of the antenna, which weights 2.6 pounds, is made up of six lightweight petals which can be separated and nested for easy portability. Because the petals in the assembled antenna do not mate up perfectly, the aperture illumination efficiency of the antenna is reduced relative to a single-piece reflector by 0.9 dB and 0.2 dB at 44.5 GHz and 20.7 GHz, respectively. Even with this added loss, however, the efficiency of the final design is better than 53% in both frequency bands. The author discusses the considerations which led to the final antenna design, describes the antenna's mechanical configuration, and presents measured performance test results. >
A Qualitative Evaluation of the Use of Multimedia Case Studies in an Introductory Engineering Course at Two Southeastern Universities.

The purpose of this qualitative evaluation was to determine students' perceptions of the value and effectiveness of the use of multimedia case studies in introductory engineering courses at two universities. The action evaluation design was predicated on the 4P model, which includes presage, pedagogy, process, and product components. Students at a large, public university and at a smaller, private university completed surveys (N=102 for Fall 2011 and N= 36 for Spring 2012) and participated in focus groups (N=44 in Fall 2011 and N=12 in Spring 2012). Instructors at both universities collaborated to ensure similar course content. Findings include that students with prior knowledge of the concepts of the course through previous work in high school found the concepts to be redundant or reinforcing of their understanding. While some students preferred working alone, students noted the benefits of working in teams. The pedagogical tools and techniques used in the course that were perceived as helpful included project work that involved groups, lab-related activities, such as hands on projects, and lecture activities. Multimedia case studies were judged to be helpful in learning course concepts by 74% of students at the larger university and by 82% of students at the smaller university. Preferred process and product components included active learning, particularly working in groups to solve problems, which were a focus of the case studies. Areas of strength and needed improvement are also discussed from the viewpoint of students and the research team of instructors and evaluators.
BDOPV—A Strong Electron-Deficient Building Block for Polymer Field-Effect Transistors

The scarcity of strong electron-deficient building blocks is probably the main reason that hinders the development of n-type organic semiconductors. To decrease the polymer LUMO level, we choose isoindigo as a basic structure to extend its conjugated backbone and obtain a new strong electron-deficient building block—BDOPV. By application of some strategies successfully used in isoindigo polymers, BDOPV-based polymers exhibit high mobility and good stability in n-type and ambipolar FETs.
It's Not the End of the World, But You Can See It from There: Legal Education in ‘The Long Emergency’

In The Long Emergency, James Howard Kunstler's thesis is that we have reached or will soon reach "peak oil" -- the point at which new discoveries of petroleum will not replace rapidly depleting oil fields. Combine that with several other factors, including: (1) the growing internal energy demands of oil-exporting nations, which will decrease oil exports; (2) geo-political instability in many of those very nations; (3) the extent to which globalization and the American way of life depend on cheap oil; and (4) the gradual, at best, speed of advances in alternative energy, and the far side of peak oil is a cheerless place. Further combine that scenario with the unpredictable inputs of global climate change and anything can happen, not much of it good. If one-quarter of what Kunstler predicts takes place, we will live as we did in the 1920s; if one-half of his predictions come true, we will live as we did in the 1880s; and if they all come true, we will be living in a world somewhere between the frontier days of the Wild West and the darkness of the Middle Ages. This article imagines what law practice and legal education will look like in a scenario like Kunstler's Long Emergency.
A DFT-based study of surface chemistries of rutile TiO2 and SnO2(110) toward formaldehyde and formic acid

Abstract Rutile TiO2 and SnO2 are two structurally similar metal oxides found applications in catalysis and solid-state sensory devices as well as optics and electronics. In present work, we studied the adsorption and conversion of formaldehyde and formic acid on the (110) surfaces of rutile TiO2 and SnO2 based on density functional theory computational results. As oxygen vacancy is one of the most important and common defects on these metal oxides, the effect of the oxygen vacancy on adsorption and transformation were also examined. The results show that the adsorption of formaldehyde and formic acid resulted in similar adsorption configurations on SnO2(110) and TiO2(110). On the stoichiometric surface, SnO2 exhibits a stronger binding toward the adsorbates than TiO2. On the other hand, TiO2(110) with one bridge-bonded oxygen vacancy shows a stronger binding toward the adsorbates than SnO2(110) with the same type of defects. The bridge-bonded oxygen vacancy played important roles in adsorption and conversion and the Vo-bidentate formate species is the key intermediate in the oxidation of formaldehyde to formic acid. TiO2(110) has a higher activity than SnO2(110) for the reactions examined herein.
Expanding the Role of the Electronic Resources (ER) Librarian in the Hybrid Library

SUMMARY As libraries transition rapidly from print to digital, the electronic resources (ER) librarian in technical services has a crucial role to play in the management of the hybrid collection where print-based materials are collected and used alongside the digital. The ER librarian will help integrate and coordinate the hybrid function, improve the information technology infrastructure, populate bibliographic systems with useful data, apply new processes to bibliographic systems, collaborate with external partners, and adopt/adapt new Web technologies.
Limitations of One Social Class Index When Comparing Races with Respect to Indices of Health

One of the better established facts in the research on voluntary associations is that participation is correlated with social class. We found this to be the case among Tampa Negroes. Such research, however, has not identified sources of variation within social classes insofar as those sources refer to unique factors in Negro life. Our data suggest that concrete factors in the relations of Negroes and whites operate at each class level to inhibit participation of Negroes. In particular, a crucial problem occurs when Negroes encounter whites on the job without the support of other Negroes or organizations which back them up in joining militant Negro groups. It might be argued that the definition of "job threat" used here is not very precise. Workers who by our measure experience threat may in fact not be threatened. It is conceivable that in many job settings extra-job activities are not treated as relevant matters by either Negroes or whites. Yet such inaccuracy should at most operate merely to reduce the relationship rather than to produce it.8 It is certainly the case that job support does not account for all the variability in militant association membership among blue-collar workers. Under the best of circumstances many of those with job support do not join. There may be, in fact, pressures to join as well as not to join. For example, some churches encourage NAACP membership. It is conceivable also that in some job settings membership may be encouraged. Indeed, an adequate assessment of the operation of factors which impede membership may depend upon adequate assessment of the pressures to join.