cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring sexual risk taking among American Indian adolescents through protection motivation theory

This paper examines decision-making around sexual behavior among reservation-based American Indian youth. Focus group discussions were conducted with youth ages 13-19 years old. Through these discussions, we explored youth's knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to sexual risk taking through the lens of the protection motivation theory to inform the adaptation of an evidence-based HIV prevention intervention. Findings suggest that condom use self-efficacy and HIV prevention knowledge is low, vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections is lacking and alcohol plays a significant role in sexual risk taking in this population. In addition, parental monitoring and peer influence may contribute to or protect against sexual risk taking. Results suggest that future HIV prevention interventions should be delivered to gender-specific peer groups, include a parental component, teach sexual health education and communication skills, integrate substance-use prevention, and work to remove stigma around obtaining and using condoms.
Spiral arterial structures in the fetal placenta.

SummaryThe spiral nature of the primary villus stem vessels has been described for the first time. The underlying mechanism suggests a trophic response to steroid hormones, comparable to the effect produced on vessels of the uterus and ovary. This spiral pattern provides a gradient of pressure which may slow fetal circulation through the placenta and allow for a more thorough exchange.
319 A NOVEL NEURONAL SURVIVAL PATHWAY IN THE DEVELOPING CORTEX

Background Hypoxic insult to the developing brain results in neuronal and glial cellular loss, in large part through apoptosis. A clearer understanding of the signaling pathways and downstream targets that these cells trigger to survive such insult is critical to the eventual development of therapeutic interventions to mitigate permanent neurological damage. We have discovered that a transcriptional repressor of the pro-apoptotic p73 gene, called ZEB (Zinc finger, E-box-binding factor), is itself up-regulated in response to hypoxic insult in the developing brain. Objective To determine the mechanistic basis for the up-regulation of ZEB, as well as the functional consequences of this effect with regard to neuronal survival. Methods Dominant negative versions of ZEB (that activate rather than repress) were constructed via standard recombinant DNA methodologies and transfected into primary cortical neurons isolated from E16 rat embryos. Additionally, P7 rat pups were subjected to unilateral focal cerebral ischemia via permanent occlusion of the mid cerebral artery (the contralateral side serving as control). At specific time points, brains were processed for and immunostained using antibodies against ZEB and the neuronal-specific antigen, NeuN. TUNEL staining was carried out using a standard kit protocol. Expression vectors encoding cDNAs for HIF-1 and dominant negative HIF-1 were obtained from the ATCC. Results Dominant negative versions of ZEB causes primary cortical neurons to apoptose. In response to focal ischemic insult, ZEB protein was up-regulated in the nuclei of cortical neurons on the ischemic side. This increased expression is co-localized with an up-regulation of the EPO receptor on these neurons. At 12 and 24 Hr Post-FCI, ZEB-positive cells are mutually exclusive from TUNEL-positive cells (an end point indicator of cell death). Overexpressed HIF-1 alpha in normoxia up-regulates ZEB about 3-fold via ZEB-promoter-driven reporter analysis; overexpressing a dominant negative version of HIF-1 in primary neurons fails to up-regulate ZEB (via cytostaining). Conclusions This is the first step in the elucidation of what may be a novel pro-survival pathway in the developing brain, one that is utilized by neurons to defend against proapoptotic insults, such as hypoxia. One well-characterized target of ZEB transcriptional repression, the p73 gene, encodes a protein that, in its full-length form, is known to play a role in neuronal cell death. Taken together, the above data suggest a potential link between pro-survival HIF-1 signaling and repression of the pro-death p73 gene and offer a potential mechanistic explanation for how a particular neuron might survive an ischemic insult.
Beyond word recognition: understanding pediatric oral health literacy.

PURPOSE Parental oral health literacy is proposed to be an indicator of children's oral health. The purpose of this study was to test if word recognition, commonly used to assess health literacy, is an adequate measure of pediatric oral health literacy. This study evaluated 3 aspects of oral health literacy and parent-reported child oral health. METHODS A 3-part pediatric oral health literacy inventory was created to assess parents' word recognition, vocabulary knowledge, and comprehension of 35 terms used in pediatric dentistry. The inventory was administered to 45 English-speaking parents of children enrolled in Head Start. RESULTS Parents' ability to read dental terms was not associated with vocabulary knowledge (r=0.29, P .06) of the terms. Vocabulary knowledge was strongly associated with comprehension (r=0.80, P<.001). Parent-reported child oral health status was not associated with word recognition, vocabulary knowledge, or comprehension; however parents reporting either excellent or fair/poor ratings had higher scores on all components of the inventory. CONCLUSIONS Word recognition is an inadequate indicator of comprehension of pediatric oral health concepts; pediatric oral health literacy is a multifaceted construct. Parents with adequate reading ability may have difficulty understanding oral health information.
Fifty Shades of Grey: directed by Sam Taylor-Johnson, screenplay by Kelly Marcel, and produced by Michael De Luca, Dana Brunetti, and E. L. James. Based on the novel by E. L. James (2011). Universal City, CA: Universal Pictures and Focus Features, 2015

There is an old adage that says “hurt people, hurt people.” When trying to understand the effects of trauma, we know that experiencing trauma can sometimes leave people broken. If left untreated, p...
Symptom Control at the End of Life

Symptom control at the end of life is an identified ongoing gap in end-of-life care. Increased demand for high-quality symptom control; limited supply of specialty trained clinicians; lack of consistent high-quality evidence-based interventions; and education deficits among clinicians, patients, and families in end-of-life processes contribute to this gap. High-value end-of-life care is centered on high-quality communication about goals of care. This article reviews primary palliative care concepts of communication and symptom control to provide a framework for primary care physicians to use in the care of patients at the end of life.
Optimal antibiotic therapy in bronchopulmonary infections

Therapy of bronchopulmonary infections has evolved in the past 30 years. Only in the therapy of pneumococcal infections have precise dosage programs been developed. Therapy of pneumococcal infection is optimal with penicillin G in low dosage. None of the newer agents has altered morbidity or mortality. The best agent for the treatment of pneumonia due toStaphylococcus aureus or members of theEnterobacteriaceae has not been established. Use of combination therapy consisting of an anti-Pseudomonas penicillin and an aminoglycoside has been shown to offer the greatest success in the treatment ofPseudomonas pulmonary infections. The optimal antibiotic and dosage program for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis has yet to be defined. Further comparative studies of the chemotherapy of pulmonary infections are necessary.
Trouble on the Docks Strikes, Scabs, and the Colonial Question in Marseille’s Port Neighborhoods

This essay explores the colonial context in which manly labor—particularly dock work—was performed, experienced and embodied in Marseille from the late 1940s through early 1960s. It takes seriously...
Interaction of cosmic rays with cold clouds in galactic haloes

We investigate the effects of cosmic ray (CR) dynamics on cold, dense clouds embedded in a hot, tenuous galactic halo. If the magnetic field does not increase too much inside the cloud, the local reduction in Alfven speed imposes a bottleneck on CRs streaming out from the star-forming galactic disk. The bottleneck flattens the upstream CR gradient in the hot gas, implying that multi-phase structure could have global effects on CR driven winds. A large CR pressure gradient can also develop on the outward-facing edge of the cloud. This pressure gradient has two independent effects. The CRs push the cloud upward, imparting it with momentum. On smaller scales, the CRs pressurize cold gas in the fronts, reducing its density, consistent with the low densities of cold gas inferred in recent COS observations of local $L_{*}$ galaxies. They also heat the material at the cloud edge, broadening the cloud-halo interface and causing an observable change in interface ionic abundances. Due to the much weaker temperature dependence of cosmic ray heating relative to thermal conductive heating, CR mediated fronts have a higher ratio of low to high ions compared to conduction fronts, in better agreement with observations. We investigate these effects separately using 1D simulations and analytic techniques.
Emerging Subspecialties in Neurology: Pediatric stroke and cerebrovascular disorders.

In 1895, a neuropathologist at the University of Vienna observed that “a large number of cases of infantile cerebral palsy is caused by the same factors that bring about the majority of cases of cerebral paralysis of adults: by tearing, embolism, and thrombosis of cerebral vessels.”1 While Sigmund Freud would go on to become better known for other endeavors, his observation that children can have strokes paved the way for the development of the emerging subspecialty of pediatric stroke and cerebrovascular disorders.
Assessing the College Financial Aid Work Penalty

ABSTRACTWorking has become commonplace among college students in the United States; however, this activity can have unexpected financial consequences. Federal formulas implicitly tax the amount of financial aid some students are eligible to receive by as much as 50 cents for each marginal dollar of income. In this article, I document this college financial aid “work penalty” and discuss the related incentives for some college students to reduce their income. Using data from a national sample of financially independent college students in the United States, I did not find evidence to suggest that students meaningfully reduce earnings because of implicit taxes. Lack of knowledge, abstruse formulas, and the timing of aid receipt likely limit responses. The reduction in aid has the potential to burden low-income students who need to both work and receive financial aid to afford college expenses.
Unique features in the presentation of insulin epitopes in autoimmune diabetes: an update

Although an autoimmune disease involves diverse self-antigens, the initiation stage may require recognition of a limited number. This concept is verified in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune diabetes, in which strong evidence points to insulin as the prime antigen. The NOD mouse bears the I-Ag7 class II-MHC molecules (MHCII) that share common biochemical features and peptidome selection with the human diabetes-susceptible HLA-DQ8. Furthermore, both NOD mice and patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) display an early appearance of insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) and subsequent insulin-reactive T cell infiltration into the islets. Therefore, a better understanding of insulin presentation is crucial for assessing disease pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize recent advances in insulin presentation events that underlie the essential role of this autoantigen in driving autoimmune diabetes.
Teachers for the New Millennium

They say if you drop a live frog into a pot of boiling water, it will jump right out. But, if you place the same frog into a pot of water at room temperature and then gradually raise the flame under it, the frog will not notice the changes and remain in the pot until it is cooked. Now, you might ask, what is the connection between a frog in a pot and what a millennium teacher should know and be able to do? My view of the connection is that there are events and processes happening around us every day. Most of the time, we do not pay them much attention because they occur so frequently or gradually that from moment to moment they do not seem to signify very much—like the gradually rising temperature in the pot of the cooking frog. Once in a great while, a potentially transformative event occurs and it makes us jump: September 11, Columbine, sending a man to the moon, or Y2K hysteria. Usually though, we conduct our routines and make our way through the day or the semester and tend to rely on the comfort of the familiar, seemingly unchanging, landscape. Yet, were we to carefully study and reflect upon that landscape, we might discern important trends that hold meaning for how we conduct ourselves presently, and in the future. In terms of the specific professional knowledge, skills, and dispositions required of new teachers, I believe there are others who have done a much more effective job at identifying and describing them than I can. This information can be located at the Web sites of organizations such as the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), the Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC), the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS), and the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE). In this article, I wish to briefly identify four trends that I think will affect teaching, learning, and schools in the future. I am not so sure about their impact on the entire new millennium, or even the whole new century; but I do think they will be important over at least the next generation or so. I will describe factors in the wider environment that I think have the power to affect the practice and preparation of teachers, and comment on some of the challenges these factors may present.
Constrained multi-objective evolutionary algorithm

Multi-objective optimization problems are common in practice. In practical problems, constraints are also inevitable. The population approach and implicit parallel search ability of evolutionary algorithms have made them popular and useful in finding multiple trade-off Pareto-optimal solutions in multi-objective optimization problems since the past two decades. In this chapter, we discuss evolutionary multi-objective optimization (EMO) algorithms that are specifically designed for handling constraints. Numerical test problems involving constraints and some constrained engineering design problems which are often used in the EMO literature are discussed next. The chapter is concluded with a number of future directions in constrained multi-objective optimization area.
Drug testing in sport: hGH (human growth hormone).

Testing for the presence of human growth hormone in athletes' bodies may be less useful than testing for the biological changes it produces.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein is induced during lethal endotoxemia and contributes to endotoxin-induced mortality in rodents.

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a ubiquitous and highly conserved vasoactive peptide whose role and regulation in normal physiology remain an enigma. Recently, we demonstrated that low-dose endotoxin (LPS) induces intrasplenic, but not systemic, levels of PTHrP; and that tumor necrosis factor, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is the major mediator of this effect. We have therefore hypothesized that, with higher, lethal doses of endotoxin, PTHrP could be induced in multiple tissues to such a degree that it could contribute to the lethality of septic shock. Northern blot analysis was used to measure PTHrP mRNA levels in vital organs of rats after administration of a near lethal dose (5 mg/250 g) of LPS (or vehicle alone). Plasma levels of PTHrP were also measured by immunoradiometric assay. The ability of the immunoglobulin fraction of two different PTHrP(1–34) antisera to protect from LPS-induced lethality was also studied in mice using survival analysis. In response to a near-lethal dose of endotoxin, PTHrP mRNA levels increased acutely in every vital organ examined (spleen, lung, heart, kidney, and liver). Circulating levels of PTHrP also increased, peaking 2 hr after administration of high-dose endotoxin. Passive immunization of mice with anti-PTHrP(1–34) antibody 6 hr prior to administration of a lethal dose of LPS protected mice from endotoxin-induced death (p < 0.00005). These results suggest that PTHrP belongs to the cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced during lethal endotoxemia that is responsible for the toxic effects of LPS.
Vulnerable narcissism predicts greater spiteful punishment of a third-party transgressor

Abstract Individuals high in narcissism have been shown to self-enhance through aggression after self-esteem threats. Research distinguishes between two types of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable. The present study investigated spiteful punishment (punishments with the chief purpose to inflict harm) as a possible covert, aggressive self-enhancement method. Participants (N = 456) completed measures of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, and then either experienced a self-esteem threat or a control condition. Participants read a vignette about a transgressor and rated their endorsement of a series of punishments. Participants high in vulnerable narcissism endorsed more spiteful punishment compared to those lower in vulnerable narcissism, regardless of self-threat. This suggests that those high in vulnerable narcissism may have a base-line degree of covert antisocial self-enhancement.
Black hole accretion discs and luminous transients in failed supernovae from non-rotating supergiants

We show that for supergiants, net angular momentum is not a necessary condition for forming accretion discs during core-collapse. Even absent net rotation, convective motions in the outer parts of supergiants generate mean horizontal flows at a given radius with velocities of order 1 km/s; the direction of the mean flow will vary as a function of height through the convection zone. We confirm these analytic estimates using Cartesian Boussinesq convection simulations. These mean horizontal flows lead to a random angular momentum in supergiant convection zones that exceeds that of the last stable circular orbit of a black hole by a factor of order 10. As a result, failed explosions of supergiants - in which the accretion shock onto the neutron star does not revive, leading to black hole formation - may often produce accretion discs that can power day-week (blue supergiants) or week-year (yellow and red supergiants) non-thermal and thermal transients through winds and jets. These transients will be especially time variable because the angular momentum of the accreting material will vary substantially in time. Observed sources such as Swift J1644+57, iPTF14hls, and SN 2018cow, as well as energetic Type II supernovae (OGLE-2014-SN-073) may be produced by this mechanism.
Estrogen receptor alpha isoform ERdelta7 in myometrium modulates uterine quiescence during pregnancy

Abstract Background Circulating estrogen (E2) levels are high throughout pregnancy and increase towards term, however its local tissue specific actions vary across gestation. For example, myometrial E2 regulated uterotonic action is disabled until term, whereas it's proliferative function is maintained in the breast. We have identified gestationally regulated splicing events, mediated by hnRNPG and modulated by E2 that generate alternatively spliced estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) variants (ERΔ7 and ERα46) in the myometrium. These variants allow for differential, gestationally regulated, modulation of the uterotonic action of E2. Methods Human myometrium isolated from preterm and term non-laboring and laboring pregnant women were analyzed for ERα isoforms and splice factor levels. Lentiviral mediated shRNA knockdown of hnRNPG and overexpression of ERΔ7 were performed in human myometrial (hTERT-HM) cells. Functional 3D collagen contraction assays were executed. Findings ERΔ7 acts as a dominant negative repressor of the uterotonic action of ERα66 and ERα46 isoforms through the regulation of the myometrial gap junction protein GJA1. Elimination of hnRNPG inhibits the generation of ERΔ7 while overexpression of ERΔ7 inhibited GJA1 expression. Moreover in vivo human myometrial hnRNPG levels decline at term in an E2 dependent manner resulting in a withdrawal of ERΔ7 levels and its tocolytic action at term. Interpretation Our findings implicate the unique role of ERΔ7 as a modulator of myometrial quiescence and define the mechanism of ERΔ7 generation, through hormonally regulated splicing events. Fund This study was supported by NIH OPRU U01 supplement (HD047905), University of Pittsburgh and Wayne State University Perinatal Research Initiative (USA).
Physician age and the abandonment of episiotomy.

Objective To determine whether women treated by older physicians are more likely to undergo episiotomy. Data sources/study setting Hospital discharge data from Pennsylvania for the period 1994 to 2010. Study design We examined the impact of the year in which physicians started delivering babies (a proxy for age) in Pennsylvania on episiotomy rates using a linear probability model with hospital fixed effects. Data collection/extraction methods Using diagnosis and procedure codes, we identified women delivering vaginally (N = 1 658 327) and determined the proportion who had an episiotomy. Principal findings The average physician-level episiotomy rate declined from 54 percent in 1994 to 13 percent in 2010. Rates declined among older and younger physicians, but, at any point in time, women treated by older physicians were more likely to have an episiotomy. A 10-year difference in physician age is associated with a 6 percentage point increase in episiotomy rates. Conclusions Results indicate that older physicians, who entered practice when episiotomy was common, were slow to adjust their practices in response to evidence showing that routine episiotomy is unnecessary.
Why do the Laws Support Counterfactuals

This paper aims to explain why the laws of nature are held fixed in counterfactual reasoning. I begin by highlighting three salient features of counterfactual reasoning: it is conservative, nomically guided, and it uses hindsight. I then present a rationale for our engagement in counterfactual reasoning that aims to make sense of these features. In particular, I argue that counterfactual reasoning helps us evaluate the evidential relations between unanticipated pieces of evidence and various hypotheses of interest about the history of the actual world. Given this goal, it makes a great deal of sense that counterfactual reasoning would have the aforementioned features. Additionally, it turns out that this account of counterfactual reasoning is nicely congruent with Humean views of laws. Specifically, it can explain, in a Humean-friendly way, both why the laws are counterfactually resilient, and why we may be inclined to have anti-Humean intuitions in the first place, even if some form of Humeanism is correct.
Natural language processing of MIMIC-III clinical notes for identifying diagnosis and procedures with neural networks.

Coding diagnosis and procedures in medical records is a crucial process in the healthcare industry, which includes the creation of accurate billings, receiving reimbursements from payers, and creating standardized patient care records. In the United States, Billing and Insurance related activities cost around $471 billion in 2012 which constitutes about 25% of all the U.S hospital spending. In this paper, we report the performance of a natural language processing model that can map clinical notes to medical codes, and predict final diagnosis from unstructured entries of history of present illness, symptoms at the time of admission, etc. Previous studies have demonstrated that deep learning models perform better at such mapping when compared to conventional machine learning models. Therefore, we employed state-of-the-art deep learning method, ULMFiT on the largest emergency department clinical notes dataset MIMIC III which has 1.2M clinical notes to select for the top-10 and top-50 diagnosis and procedure codes. Our models were able to predict the top-10 diagnoses and procedures with 80.3% and 80.5% accuracy, whereas the top-50 ICD-9 codes of diagnosis and procedures are predicted with 70.7% and 63.9% accuracy. Prediction of diagnosis and procedures from unstructured clinical notes benefit human coders to save time, eliminate errors and minimize costs. With promising scores from our present model, the next step would be to deploy this on a small-scale real-world scenario and compare it with human coders as the gold standard. We believe that further research of this approach can create highly accurate predictions that can ease the workflow in a clinical setting.
Assessing adherence to evidence-based guidelines of care for acne vulgaris.

Background: Care guidelines are developed to assist in performing high-quality, cost-effective care.Objective: This study was designed to assess the adherence to evidence-based guidelines of care f...
Identifiability of a Series of Discrete Process Cycles Based on Multirate Data

On-line identification of the manufacturing process based on process data is a crucial step for model-based control and diagnostics. A typical discrete manufacturing process generates multirate data streams. Whereas various sensors provide in-process information about the process, many important process outcomes such as product qualities are usually measured via postprocess inspection. This paper proposes a method for studying the identifiability of model parameters of the manufacturing process using both in-process and postprocess data. The identification of the model parameters based on multirate output is formulated using the maximumlikelihood method. The Fisher information matrix for a multirate-sampled discrete manufacturing system is derived to study identifiability of model parameters. A method to calculate the sensitivity matrices in the Fisher information matrix is also proposed. A case study is conducted using a model of metal removal in the cylindrical grinding process to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method for assessing the identifiability. It is observed using both sensor signal and postprocess output for identification effectively improves the identifiability.
Characteristics of cancer patients with COVID-19 in a cancer hospital.

Background Cancer patients are vulnerable to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) given their compromised immune system. The purpose of this study was to describe the presenting symptoms, inpatient stay trajectory, and survival outcomes, for cancer patients infected with COVID-19; who presented to the emergency department (ED) of a single center during the early months of the pandemic. Methods We reviewed the electronic medical records of all cancer patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at our institution for demographic information, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, treatment intervention and outcomes. All patients had at least 14 days of follow-up. We determined their survival outcomes as of August 5, 2020. Results Twenty-eight cancer patients were diagnosed with COVID-19, and 16 (57%) presented to the ED during the study period. The median age of patients who presented to the ED was 61 years, 69% were women, and the median length of hospitalization was 11 days. There was no difference between the groups (ED vs. no ED visit) for demographics, treatment status or solid tumor versus hematologic malignancies or treatments. Dyspnea was a significant symptom with 67% of ED patients experiencing it versus only 17% of those that did not come to the ED (P=0.009). Do not resuscitate orders were initiated in eight patients, as early as two days from ED presentation and two of these patients died, while 88% of patients were discharged alive. Conclusions Most cancer patients with COVID-19 infection admitted though the ED experienced dyspnea and were discharged from the hospital. We did not notice a statistically significant difference between cancer types or type of therapy. A broad differential is of utmost importance when caring for cancer patients with COVID-19 due to the complexity of this population. Early goals of care discussion should be initiated in the ED.
Parental age and preterm birth: a population-based cohort of nearly 3 million California livebirths from 2007 to 2012.

Purpose To assess the relationships between parental ages and preterm birth subtypes. Methods A population-based cohort analysis of California livebirths 2007-2012. Associations between maternal and paternal age with spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth were estimated from Cox proportional hazard models. Parental age was modeled with restricted cubic splines to account for nonlinear relationships. Results Young paternal age was associated with increased hazard ratios for spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth. Older fathers showed elevated hazards for preterm birth in crude analysis but after adjustment the relationship was generally not observed. Aging mothers showed increased hazard ratios for both preterm birth phenotypes. Conclusions After adjusting for parental demographics, births to younger fathers and older mothers had the highest risks for spontaneous preterm birth. The paternal influence on preterm birth was observed to be independent of maternal factors.
Osteoprotegerin is sensitive to actomyosin tension in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PdLFs) are an elongated cell type in the periodontium with matrix and bone regulatory functions which become abnormal in periodontal disease (PD). Here we found that the normally elongated and oriented PdLF nucleus becomes rounded and loses orientation in a mouse model of PD. Using in vitro micropatterning of cultured primary PdLF cell shape, we show that PdLF elongation correlates with nuclear elongation and the presence of thicker, contractile F-actin fibers. The rounded nuclei in mouse PD models in vivo are, therefore, indicative of reduced actomyosin tension. Inhibiting actomyosin contractility by inhibiting myosin light chain kinase, Rho kinase or myosin ATPase activity, in cultured PdLFs each consistently reduced messenger RNA levels of bone regulatory protein osteoprotegerin (OPG). Infection of cultured PdLFs with two different types of periodontal bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum) failed to recapitulate the observed nuclear rounding in vivo, upregulated nonmuscle myosin II phosphorylation and downregulated OPG. Collectively, our results add support to the hypothesis that PdLF contractility becomes decreased and contributes to disease progression in PD.
Husserl und Heidegger (1963)

Hans Jonas’ Vortrag von 1963 uber seine Lehrer Edmund Husserl und Martin Heidegger erhebt keinen wissenschaftlichen Anspruch; er ist vielmehr als Geschichte zweier Philosophen und ihrer Beziehung zueinander konzipiert. Jonas thematisiert auch den Zerfall dieser Beziehung sowie grundsatzlich die Herausforderungen in Bezug auf die Moglichkeit zu philosophieren. Im Gegensatz zu seinen anderen Texten uber Husserl (vgl. HOF; EH I + II) scheut sich Jonas in diesem Vortrag nicht, Kritik an seinem ehemaligen Lehrer zu uben.
Sleep Loss Drives Brain Region-Specific and Cell Type-Specific Alterations in Ribosome-Associated Transcripts Involved in Synaptic Plasticity and Cellular Timekeeping.

Sleep and sleep loss are thought to impact synaptic plasticity, and recent studies have shown that sleep and sleep deprivation (SD) differentially affect gene transcription and protein translation in the mammalian forebrain. However, much less is known regarding how sleep and SD affect these processes in different microcircuit elements within the hippocampus and neocortex, for example, in inhibitory versus excitatory neurons. Here, we use translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) and in situ hybridization to characterize the effects of sleep versus SD on abundance of ribosome-associated transcripts in Camk2a-expressing (Camk2a+) pyramidal neurons and parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons in the hippocampus and neocortex of male mice. We find that while both Camk2a+ neurons and PV+ interneurons in neocortex show concurrent SD-driven increases in ribosome-associated transcripts for activity-regulated effectors of plasticity and transcriptional regulation, these transcripts are minimally affected by SD in hippocampus. Similarly, we find that while SD alters several ribosome-associated transcripts involved in cellular timekeeping in neocortical Camk2a+ and PV+ neurons, effects on circadian clock transcripts in hippocampus are minimal, and restricted to Camk2a+ neurons. Taken together, our results indicate that SD effects on transcripts associated with translating ribosomes are both cell type-specific and brain region-specific, and that these effects are substantially more pronounced in the neocortex than the hippocampus. We conclude that SD-driven alterations in the strength of synapses, excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) balance, and cellular timekeeping are likely more heterogeneous than previously appreciated. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sleep loss-driven changes in transcript and protein abundance have been used as a means to better understand the function of sleep for the brain. Here, we use translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) to characterize changes in abundance of ribosome-associated transcripts in excitatory and inhibitory neurons in mouse hippocampus and neocortex after a brief period of sleep or sleep loss. We show that these changes are not uniform, but are generally more pronounced in excitatory neurons than inhibitory neurons, and more pronounced in neocortex than in hippocampus.
Democratizing type 1 diabetes specialty care in the primary care setting to reduce health disparities: project extension for community healthcare outcomes (ECHO) T1D.

Introduction Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) is a tele-education outreach model that seeks to democratize specialty knowledge to reduce disparities and improve health outcomes. Limited utilization of endocrinologists forces many primary care providers (PCPs) to care for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) without specialty support. Accordingly, an ECHO T1D program was developed and piloted in Florida and California. Our goal was to demonstrate the feasibility of an ECHO program focused on T1D and improve PCPs’ abilities to manage patients with T1D. Research design and methods Health centers (ie, spokes) were recruited into the ECHO T1D pilot through an innovative approach, focusing on Federally Qualified Health Centers and through identification of high-need catchment areas using the Neighborhood Deprivation Index and provider geocoding. Participating spokes received weekly tele-education provided by the University of Florida and Stanford University hub specialty team through virtual ECHO clinics, real-time support with complex T1D medical decision-making, access to a diabetes support coach, and access to an online repository of diabetes care resources. Participating PCPs completed pre/post-tests assessing diabetes knowledge and confidence and an exit survey gleaning feedback about overall ECHO T1D program experiences. Results In Florida, 12 spoke sites enrolled with 67 clinics serving >1000 patients with T1D. In California, 11 spoke sites enrolled with 37 clinics serving >900 patients with T1D. During the 6-month intervention, 27 tele-education clinics were offered and n=70 PCPs (22 from Florida, 48 from California) from participating spoke sites completed pre/post-test surveys assessing diabetes care knowledge and confidence in diabetes care. There was statistically significant improvement in diabetes knowledge (p≤0.01) as well as in diabetes confidence (p≤0.01). Conclusions The ECHO T1D pilot demonstrated proof of concept for a T1D-specific ECHO program and represents a viable model to reach medically underserved communities which do not use specialists.
Improving smoking cessation education and documentation.

BACKGROUND New lung cancer cases and annual deaths caused by lung cancers are significantly associated with tobacco smoking. Continued, routine smoking cessation prevention education has been linked with a decrease in lung cancer prevalence, resulting in a decline in new lung cancer diagnoses annually and ultimately less lung cancer-associated deaths in the United States. LOCAL PROBLEM An independent review of core measures revealed inadequate smoking cessation education documentation and no established system-based monitoring protocols, including formal education of health care providers. The lack of education and understanding contributed to a low compliance rate of 25% in core measure documentation. METHODS An educational program was designed to increase smoking cessation documentation core measures adherence. A preimplementation and postimplementation design was used to compare smoking cessation documentation compliance rates. INTERVENTION The program included education in the form of guided handouts, practical demonstrations, and one-on-one teaching sessions. Compliance, under guidance set forth by the Quality Oncology Practice Initiative, was calculated over a quarterly period including all practice providers. RESULTS Results revealed a smoking cessation documentation compliance rate of 25% preimplementation and 77% postimplementation, reflecting a 52% increase in rate of smoking cessation documentation adherence over a 6-month project period. CONCLUSION Z-test analysis showed statistical significance determining the interventions are a successful method to help increase smoking cessation core measure compliance. The smoking cessation education program led to better understanding of core measures, improved documentation, increased revenue, and increased level of patient smoking cessation.
Genetics and reductionism

With the advent of the Human Genome Project there have been many claims for the genetic origins of complex human behavior including insanity, criminality, and intelligence. But what does it really mean to call something 'genetic'? This is the fundamental question that Sahotra Sarkar's book addresses. The author analyses the nature of reductionism in classical and molecular genetics. He shows that there are two radically different kinds of reductionist explanation: genetic reduction (as found in classical genetics) and physical reduction (found in molecular genetics). This important book clarifies the meaning of the term 'genetic', shows how molecular studies have affected genetics, and provides the philosophical background necessary to understand the debates over the Human Genome Project. It will be of particular interest to professionals and students in the philosophy of science, the history of science, and the social studies of science, medicine, and technology.
Application of the Stefan-Maxwell Equations to Multicomponent Ion Exchange

Theoretical and experimental studies have shown that the Stefan-Maxwell relations may be used to describe binary ion exchange and will reduce to the Nernst-Planck equations only under limiting conditions where the self-diffusion coefficient of the Nernst-Planck equations are taken as the limiting tracer diffusion coefficient of each ion measured in an ion-exchange resin completely in the competing ion form. However, when the Stefan-Maxwell relations are extended to ternary ion exchange, it can be shown that no such simple limiting case exists and it is suggested that the Stefan- Maxwell relations should be used for multicomponent ion exchange. In effect this replaces the concept of a single ionic mobility for each ion as required by the Nernst-Planck equations, by combinations of ion-solvent and ion-ion interaction coefficients.
The occurrence of diphosphoinositide and triphosphoinositide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract From the deacylated lipids of yeast cells grown on labeled inositol or 32Pi two compounds were isolated by ion exchange and paper chromatography. These were indistinguishable from glycerophosphorylinositol phosphate and glycerophosphorylinositol diphosphate from rat brain. The compounds treated with alkaline phosphatase gave rise to glycerophosphorylinositol and Pi in the expected ratios. The alkaline hydrolysis products were the same as those from the respective compounds obtained from rat brain. It is probable that the acylated parent lipids, diphosphoinositide and triphosphoinositide, are present in bakers' yeast.
Multivariate Imperfect Repair Models

Brown and Proschan introduced univariate imperfect repair models, in which a system, upon failure, is replaced with a new one with probability α (perfect repair), and is minimally repaired with probability 1 − α (imperfect repair). This article deals with multivariate versions of imperfect repair models for systems of k components with dependent lifetimes. Keywords: minimal repair; perfect repair; imperfect repair; survival function; Marshall–Olkin bivariate exponential distribution; bivariate Gumble distribution
Presence of methylated adenine in GATC sequences in chromosomal DNAs from Campylobacter species.

We digested chromosomal DNAs from 12 Campylobacter strains (C. jejuni, 4 strains; C. coli, 2 strains; C. fetus subsp. fetus, 2 strains; C. hyointestinalis, 2 strains; and C. upsaliensis, 2 strains) and from 4 Helicobacter strains (H. pylori, 2 strains; and H. mustelae, 2 strains) with HindIII, SstI, BamHI, DpnI, MboI, and Sau3AI. Restriction fragments were then separated by electrophoresis in 1% agarose or 10% polyacrylamide gels. Only DNAs from three Campylobacter species (C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. upsaliensis) were digested with DpnI (an enzyme that recognizes only methylated adenine in GATC sequences). We used MboI and Sau3AI to confirm these findings. Images
Phase II trial of Ontak to deplete regulatory T cells in treatment-refractory stage III/IV ovarian cancer

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4885 This Phase II trial tests whether Ontak (denileukin diftitox) is useful to treat epithelial ovarian cancer, stages III or IV that have failed first-line therapy with optimal surgical debulking and platinum-based chemotherapy. Ontak is a fusion toxin consisting of interleukin-2 genetically fused to diphtheria toxin. It is approved to treat cutaneous T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Our recent Phase I trial demonstrated that Ontak depletes human regulatory T cells (Tregs), associated with improved measures of T cell immunity and associated with clinical improvements in ovarian cancer. Based on Phase I results, we initiated a Phase II clinical efficacy trial in treatment-refractory epithelial ovarian cancer using Ontak 12 micrograms/kilogram once monthly. In the Phase II design, patients received no chemotherapy for at least two weeks and no immune or radiation therapy for at least four weeks prior to enrollment. Infusion pretreatment is antihistamines, acetaminophen and anti-emetics, but no steroids. Five patients (FIGO1,2,4-6) have been treated to date. FIGO1 experienced CA-125 stabilization and approximately 20% reduction in her pelvic mass after two cycles, but was then withdrawn for hypoalbuminemia. FIGO2 experienced CA-125 stabilization after two cycles. FIGO4 experienced a 20% drop in CA-125 after two cycles, but then progressed. FIGO5 progressed after one cycle. Immune analyzes are currently incomplete post-Katrina. Existing data confirm that Ontak treatment in the Phase II trial is associated with reductions in phenotypic CD4+CD25hi blood Tregs and increased CD3+IFN-g+ T cells consistent with our Phase I results. Studies of Treg function, T cell cytokine production and CD4+CD25+ T cell FOXP3 content will be undertaken shortly when full laboratory operations resume using saved clinical material. The trial continues to accrue patients. These data suggest that Ontak depletes Tregs in ovarian cancer. The link between Treg depletion and any observed immune changes or clinical effects is under active investigation, and remains to be determined.
Influence of processing on pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice flavor and aroma

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the effect of technological treatment on pomegranate juice flavor characteristics, aromatic compounds and physicochemical properties. Fresh, fresh frozen, pasteurized and reconstituted juice samples were made from Wonderful variety pomegranates. The samples were analyzed for their flavor profiles, aromatic compound content and physicochemical parameters (total soluble solids, pH, acidity and total phenolic content). RESULTS The results indicated differences among the samples' flavor characteristics. The most differentiated was the reconstituted sample with fermented and brown flavors, while fresh, fresh frozen, and pasteurized samples did not vary as much. Concentration of aromatic compounds was lower than expected. However, this finding was in line with the flavor profiles of the samples. Some flavors as well as total phenolic content were found to be lower than what has been previously reported, and this may be the result of a number of variables such as the season, growing region and subspecies of the fruit variety. CONCLUSIONS Processing has an effect on pomegranate juice properties; however, the effect is different depending on the processing method chosen. Drying and reconstituting pomegranate seeds have an impact on flavor and aromatic compounds, as well as total phenolic content. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
End-to-end QoS in integrated wireless and sensor network: System implementation

Information prioritization would be crucial for several emerging applications of wireless and sensor networks (WSNs) that require real-time event monitoring (disaster/intrusion monitoring, industrial automation, telemedicine). The current Quality-of-Service (QoS) literature for sensor applications is still premature, since most of the development efforts were focused on energy efficiency and sensor mote development. In this paper, we provide a system configuration of end-to-end QoS in an environmental monitoring network comprising local sensor and back-haul WiFi network technologies. We also demonstrate the performance gains achieved through rated bandwidth allocation for the sensor data flow across the integrated WSN.
Gratitude toward Veterans: Why Americans Should Not Be Very Grateful to Veterans

One of the very few political beliefs that unifies Americans across the political spectrum is the idea that Americans owe their veterans an immense – indeed, unpayable – debt of gratitude. In Grati...
Name Phylogeny: A Generative Model of String Variation

Many linguistic and textual processes involve transduction of strings. We show how to learn a stochastic transducer from an unorganized collection of strings (rather than string pairs). The role of the transducer is to organize the collection. Our generative model explains similarities among the strings by supposing that some strings in the collection were not generated ab initio, but were instead derived by transduction from other, "similar" strings in the collection. Our variational EM learning algorithm alternately reestimates this phylogeny and the transducer parameters. The final learned transducer can quickly link any test name into the final phylogeny, thereby locating variants of the test name. We find that our method can effectively find name variants in a corpus of web strings used to refer to persons in Wikipedia, improving over standard untrained distances such as Jaro-Winkler and Levenshtein distance.