cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proton Therapy At Siteman Cancer Center: The State Of The Art

Barnes‐Jewish Hospital is on the verge of offering proton radiation therapy to its patients. Those treatments will be delivered from the first Monarch 250, a state‐of‐the‐art cyclotron produced by Still River Systems, Inc., Littleton, MA. The accelerator is the world’s first superconducting synchrocyclotron, with a field‐strength of 10 tesla, providing the smallest accelerator for high‐energy protons currently available. On May 14, 2010 it was announced that the first production unit had successfully extracted 250 MeV protons. That unit is scheduled for delivery to the Siteman Cancer Center, an NCI‐designated Comprehensive Cancer Center at Washington University School of Medicine. At a weight of 20 tons and with a diameter of less than 2 meters the compact cyclotron will be mounted on a gantry, another first for proton therapy systems. The single‐energy system includes 3 contoured scatterers and 14 different range modulators to provide 24 distinct beam delivery configurations. This allows proton fields up to 25 cm in diameter, with a maximum range from 5.5 to 32 cm and spread‐out‐Bragg‐peak extent up to 20 cm. Monte Carlo simulations have been run using MCNPX to simulate the clinical beam properties. Those calculations have been used to commission a commercial treatment planning system prior to final clinical measurements. MCNPX was also used to calculate the neutron background generated by protons in the scattering system and patient. Additional details of the facility and current status will be presented.
Effect of chloretone on the ovarian ascorbic acid concentration in pseudopregnant rats as employed in the Parlow assay for luteinizing hormone.

Female rats, 28 days old, were pre-treated with pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin (PMS) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), as in the Parlow ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay for luteinizing hormone (LH). At the same time that pretreatment was begun, half the rats were put on a semisynthetic control diet and half on this same diet to which 2 mg of Chloretone per gram had been added; 10- to 11-g diet per rat per day was consumed. After 7–10 days of feeding (4–7 days after HCG), an ovary was removed without further treatment or 4 hours after an intravenous test dose of LH. The ovarian ascorbic acid concentration was raised approximately 23% by Chloretone feeding. The elevated ovarian ascorbic acid did not alter the sensitivity or precision of the depletion response to LH. Chloretone feeding raised the kidney and liver ascorbic acid concentration by 55 to 60%, confirming earlier observations.
Immunohistochemistry products workshop: forum on the scientific and regulatory issues sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration.

(1995). Immunohistochemistry Products Workshop: Forum on the Scientific and Regulatory Issues Sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration. Biotechnic & Histochemistry: Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 107-113.
Property rights to multi-attribute fishery resources

Abstract The United Nations’ ‘Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries’ urges governments to manage multiple yield, bycatch, and habitat attributes of fishery resources. The information and enforcement costs of multi-attribute management are high, however. As a result, relatively few attributes (generally stock biomass, age structure, and growth) are specified in yield targets, exposing others (e.g., localized abundance, sex) to excessive use in the public domain. Spillovers caused by fishing gear (e.g., gear conflicts, bycatch, habitat damage) generally are regulated with catch limits and area closures that artificially divide or exclude activities which interact due to attribute jointness. Total fishery income is compromised because tradeoffs are not evaluated at the margin. Alternative arrangements that bundle fishery resource attributes are suggested. Bundled property rights could evolve from a comprehensive assignment of usufruct rights which reduce the transaction costs of gathering information on unspecified attributes and of contracting for spillovers. Markets for harvest rights could resolve the simpler gear conflict and bycatch problems. Other interactions (e.g., predation, habitat requirements) would require corporate or collective property rights and governance arrangements that make harvesters and other interested parties the residual claimants of their harvest decisions, subject to government restrictions that protect public goods.
Displays for electronic imaging

Electronic displays are seemingly pervasive, but their suitability for digital imaging depends on both underlying technology and end-user application, as this overview of displays indicates.
Subtalar dislocation associated with a calcaneal fracture

Abstract A 41-year-old man was admitted with a subtalar dislocation associated with a calcaneal fracture of his right foot following a road traffic accident. He had had internal fixation of his right ankle 18 years previously and now had symptoms and radiological evidence of tibiotalar osteoarthritis. It was felt that the stiffness of the tibiotalar joint contributed to the unusual situation of a lateral subtalar dislocation associated with fracture of the calcaneum. The fracture of the calcaneum was thought to be due to the talar head impacting into the body of the os calcis. The dislocation was reduced under a general anaesthetic and he has since undergone a triple arthrodesis.
Brefeldin A Block of Integrin-dependent Mechanosensitive ATP Release from Xenopus Oocytes Reveals a Novel Mechanism of Mechanotransduction

Many animal cells release ATP into the extracellular medium, and often this release is mechanosensitive. However, the mechanisms underlying this release are not well understood. Using the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescent assay we demonstrate that a Xenopus oocyte releases ATP at a basal rate approximately 0.01 fmol/s, and gentle mechanical stimulation can increase this to 50 fmol/s. Brefeldin A, nocodazole, and progesterone-induced- maturation block basal and mechanosensitive ATP release. These treatments share the common feature of disrupting the Golgi complex and vesicle trafficking to the cell surface and thereby block protein secretion and membrane protein insertion. We propose that ATP release occurs when protein transport vesicles enriched in ATP fuse with the plasma membrane. Collagenase, integrin-binding peptides, and cytochalasin D also block ATP release, indicating that extracellular, membrane and cytoskeletal elements are involved in the release process. Elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) does not evoke ATP release but potentiates mechanosensitive ATP release. Our study indicates a novel mechanism of mechanotransduction that would allow cells to regulate membrane trafficking and protein transport/secretion in response to mechanical loading.
Regional analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from USA dairy farms: A cradle to farm-gate assessment of the American dairy industry circa 2008

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were evaluated from crop production through the on-farm portion of the milk supply chain for five production regions in the USA derived from publicly available data and from 536 surveys of farm operations collected from dairy operations nationwide. The production weighted national average footprint at the farm gate was 1.23 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per kg of fat and protein corrected milk (fat, 4%; protein 3.3%). Regional differences in GHG emissions per kg milk produced can be primarily traced to differences in production and management practices. Feed-tomilk conversion efficiency is shown to be the single most important explanatory variable, followed by choice of manure management technology. While there is no one-size-fits-all solution, GHG emissions reduction opportunities exist across the spectrum of dairy management options. However, as with all decisions, it is important to weigh potential trade-offs with other environmental and economic impacts. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stage IA vs. IB endometrial stromal sarcoma: does the new staging system predict survival?

Abstract Objective To determine the correlation of the new FIGO staging system with survival in stage I patients with low-grade and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas. Methods Data were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 1988 and 2005. Kaplan–Meier log rank and Cox proportional hazards models were used for survival analysis and to identify possible predictors for survival. Results The identified cohort included 464 women, 310 (67%) low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, 96 (21%) high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, and 58 (12%) unclassified endometrial stromal sarcoma. Among low-grade and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas, there was no significant demographic or clinico-pathologic difference between stages IA and IB. The 5-year overall survival was worse in high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma than low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (45.4% vs. 97.2%, p p =0.003), but not among women with high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (51.4% vs. 43.5%, p =0.27). Although age ( p =0.001), race ( p =0.005), and stage ( p =0.004) were all significant prognostic factors in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, only cervical involvement ( p =0.02) was a significant predictor in high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Conclusion The new staging system is appropriate for risk stratification in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. The prognosis in high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma seems to be most influenced by the presence of cervical involvement and not by tumor size as the staging criteria would suggest.
Haemolymph ecdysteroid in the housefly, Musca domestica, during oögenesis and its relationship with vitellogenin levels☆

Abstract Ecdysteroid titre in the haemolymph of the housefly, Musca domestica, cycled during oogenesis and peaked at ∼50 pg/μl during stages 5, 6 and 7. Levels of 10–20 pg/μl were found in houseflies with pre- and post-vitellogenic ovaries. Removal of the corpus allatum and corpus cardiacum complex resulted in low ecdysteroid levels (10 pg/μl). Ovariectomized flies also had lower ecdysteroid levels than the controls at 2 days (5 pg/μl) after emergence but not at 6 days (22 pg/μl). It is possible that the ecdysteroid peak that occurred during stages 5, 6 and 7 was produced by the ovaries because ovaries secreted and synthesized ecdysteroid in vitro. Endogenous haemolymph ecdysteroid levels had a linear correlation with the amount of vitellogenin that held for hormone concentrations of 5–43 pg/μl. Furthermore, the injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone at doses of 10 ng−1.0 μg/fly increased the amount of vitellogenin from 6 h to 12 h after injection; by 24 h, the vitellogenin returned to control levels. When 20-hydroxyecdysone was injected into ovariectomized flies, it was rapidly degraded and 96% was cleared from the haemolymph within 1 h.
How Recovering Alcoholics Interpret Alcoholic-Beverage Advertising

Even though research fails to demonstrate a strong positive relationship between alcoholic-beverage advertising and consumption, alcoholic-beverage advertising remains an emotionaly-charged issue because of the costs associated with alcoholism in our society. This study is based on interviews with 20 recovering alcoholics and seeks to understand the meaning of such advertising from the perspective of the recovering alcoholic. Interviews indicate that some recovering alcoholics, particularly in early stages of treatment, view alcohol advertising and the images and techniques used within such ads to be triggers to further drinking. Public policy and treatment center program implications are also discussed.
Banking and Other Private Sector Influences on Monetary Policy

Previous chapters have developed evidence of systematic Administration and Congressional influence on Federal Reserve monetary policy. Next we turn to the matter of private interest group pressures on monetary policy. Three significant questions need to be answered. First, do private interest groups attempt to influence Federal Reserve policymaking systematically over time? The impact of fiscal and other shocks on interest rates, exchange rates, and output may be so variable over time (for example, because of changes in the tax and financial regulatory structures) and the political clout of certain interest groups may so fluctuate over time (for example, because of demographic changes) as to militate against meaningful persistent pressures from specific private groups over time. Second, if systematic attempts are made to influence monetary policy, what are the channels of communication? Do private interest groups try to affect monetary policy directly through formal institutions within the Federal Reserve System, such as the Bank directorates where they are represented (Havrilesky 1986), the Federal Advisory Council or the Consumer Advisory Council, does their influence work indirectly through lobbying pressure on the executive and legislative branches which, in turn, may periodically transmit related signals to the Federal Reserve, or does their influence work simply because Federal Reserve officials pay attention to the opinions of spokespersons and analysts employed by private interest groups? Third, whatever the interest groups and their communications channels, can the signals be measured? If policy directives within formal institutions are not made public, and if analysts, spokespersons, and lobbyists do not regularly receive public media exposure, evidence of signaling, not to mention responsiveness to it, will be difficult to uncover.
Structure and Transformation in Clusters: Computational Experiments

A very brief review of gas-phase electron diffraction and one of its offshoots is given. Parallels are drawn between experimental studies of molecules, including conformational changes, and studies of clusters, including phase changes, calling particular attention to the use of computers as the preferred experimental apparatus. A sketch is presented of what has been learned about matter in transition by the application of computer simulations.
A speech recognizer using radial basis function neural networks in an HMM framework

A high performance speaker-independent isolated-word speech recognizer was developed which combines hidden Markov models (HMMs) and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. RBF networks in this recognizer use discriminant training techniques to estimate Bayesian probabilities for each speech frame while HMM decoders estimate overall word likelihood scores for network outputs. RBF training is performed after the HMM recognizer has automatically segmented training tokens using forced Viterbi alignment. In recognition experiments using a speaker-independent E-set database, the hybrid recognizer had an error rate of 11.5% compared to 15.7% for the robust unimodal Gaussian HMM recognizer upon which the hybrid system was based. The error rate was also lower than that of a tied-mixture HMM recognizer with the same number of centers. These results demonstrate that RBF networks can be successfully incorporated in hybrid recognizers and suggest that they may be capable of good performance with fewer parameters than required by Gaussian mixture classifiers. >
Dynamics of internal water in fatty acid binding protein: computer simulations and comparison with experiments.

Multiple molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of fully solvated rat intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) were conducted to investigate the dynamics of internal water molecules. Although the long time average of the number of internal water molecules in I-FABP is 22 as shown by the X-ray crystal structure, MD simulations predict large variations in the instantaneous number of internal water molecules on the nanosecond time scale. The computational model employed predicts that w135 (internal) and w217 (located on the protein surface) may be the water molecules with long residence times observed in previously reported magnetic relaxation dispersion studies. The average residence time of ∼20 internal water molecules occupying the fatty acid binding cavity is estimated to be between 0.6 and 2.0 nanoseconds. Exchange of internal water in I-FABP appears to occur almost exclusively through the interface of β-strands EF with the rest of the protein, which has significant implications for the pathways of the fatty acid entry and exit from the binding cavity. Proteins 2001;43:65–72. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sex-Integrated and Sex-Segregated University Dormitory Living A Trend Analysis of College Student Sexual Permissiveness

This study compared the sexual permissiveness of sex-integrated dormitory living with sex-segregated dormitory living by collecting data, using a before-after design, from a probability sample of 245 students enrolled at a Southeastern state-supported university. The self-administered question naire, which included a Guttman-type scale on sexual permissiveness, was completed early in and again near theend of the 1972-1973 school year. While no significant differences were found in the sexual permissiveness of sex-in-tegrated and sex-segregated dormitory students early in the school year, sex-integrated dormitory students were characterized by greater sexual permissiveness at the end of the year.
Alcohol and tobacco use patterns among heterosexually and homosexually experienced California women

Background:Mounting evidence suggests that lesbians and bisexual women may be at especially elevated risk for the harmful health effects of alcohol and tobacco use. Methods: We report findings from the California Women’s Health Survey (1998–2000), a large, annual statewide health surveillance survey of California women that in 1998 began to include questions assessing same-gender sexual behavior. Results: Overall, homosexually experienced women are more likely than exclusively heterosexually experienced women to currently smoke and to evidence higher levels of alcohol consumption, both in frequency and quantity. Focusing on age cohorts, the greatest sexual orientation disparity in alcohol use patterns appears clustered among women in the 26–35-year-old group. We also find that recently bisexually active women report higher and riskier alcohol use than women who are exclusively heterosexually active. By contrast, among homosexually experienced women, those who are recently exclusively homosexually active do not show consistent evidence of at-risk patterns of alcohol consumption. Discussion: Findings underscore the importance of considering within-group differences among homosexually experienced women in risk for tobacco and dysfunctional alcohol use. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Microwave inspection of luggage for contraband materials using imaging and inverse-scattering algorithms

Microwave inspection techniques can determine frequency-dependent complex permittivity of local regions within a nonmetallic suitcase. These dielectric data can provide the additional information needed to identify contraband material, such as explosives and drugs. Although X-ray techniques provide high-resolution images of luggage contents, they cannot easily discriminate between various organic materials such as foodstuffs, paper products, and plastics. However, because common highexplosive materials and compressed-powder narcotics have dielectric properties similar to those of common plastics, dielectrometric evaluation can discriminate between contraband materials and other organics based on their moisture content or, in the case of cosmetic products, the presence of polar solvents. This paper describes the microwave luggage-inspection problem and presents an approach to discriminating and characterizing contraband materials in this environment.
The Good Parsi: The Fate of a Colonial Elite in a Postcolonial Society

During the Raj, one group stands out as having prospered and thrived thousand years ago, the Zoroastrian people adopted the manners, dress and aspirations of their British colonizers, and their Anglophilic activities ranged from cricket to Oxford to tea. The British were fulsome in their praise of the Parsis and rewarded them with high-level financial, mercantile and bureaucratic posts. The Parsis dominated Bombay for more than a century. But Indian independence ushered in their decline. Tanya Luhrmann vivdly portrays a crisis of confidence, of self-criticism and perpetual agonizing. The story of the Parsis is a story of long-delayed recognition and the emptiness of the promise that the Parsis might one day be Englishmen. Luhrmann examines the paradoxical nature of the self-criticism of this culture (the Parsis had identified themselves with the "strong", "virile" colonizers but now speak of themselves as effeminate and emasculated, "weak", and all the other epithets formerly used by the British of Indians) to create an image of a fragile and beleaguered identity, fraught with contradictions, that looks uneasily toward the future. This story highlights all the dilemmas and paradoxes. Luhrmann's analysis brings insights into a whole range of communal and individual identity crises and what could be called "identity politics" of this century. In a last chapter the author confronts another elite in crisis: an anthropology in flux, uncertain of its own authority and is relation to the colonizers.
Globalizing the Harlem Renaissance: Irish, Mexican, and ‘Negro’ renaissances in The Survey, 1919–1929

This essay situates the Harlem Renaissance in a world-historical context by building on the global perspective offered by the architect of that renaissance, Alain Locke. It demonstrates that contemporaries like Locke saw the Harlem Renaissance to be a local episode in a broader phenomenon of racial and national renaissance that included post-war developments in Ireland and Mexico. The core argument is that American progressives found in these renaissances three distinct models for defining the proper relationship between race and nation: in the Irish case, a racially homogeneous nation-state premised on a repudiation of the colonizer and his culture; in the Mexican case, a syncretic nation-state based on the cultural and biological fusion of the colonizer and colonized; and in the Harlem case, a pluralist nationstate that held in balance otherwise relatively autonomous races.
Scaling Properties of Coarse-Coded Symbol Memories

Coarse-coded symbol memories have appeared in several neural network symbol processing models. In order to determine how these models would scale, one must first have some understanding of the mathematics of coarse-coded representations. We define the general structure of coarse-coded symbol memories and derive mathematical relationships among their essential parameters: memory size, symbol-set size and capacity. The computed capacity of one of the schemes agrees well with actual measurements of the coarse-coded working memory of DCPS, Touretzky and Hinton's distributed connectionist production system.
Enhanced linearity and efficiency of HBT power amplifiers for 5-GHz wireless-LANs

This paper describes two advanced techniques to enhance linearity and efficiency in HBT power amplifiers (PA) for 5-GHz wireless-LANs (W-LANs). The diode-based linearizing circuit successfully compensates the gain expansion of PAs operating at a low quiescent current. The output matching circuit consisting of on-chip MIM capacitors and bond wires effectively reduces the loss of the circuit as well as allowing the miniaturization of the PA module. The PA MMIC fabricated incorporating these techniques achieved an improvement in linear output power and PAE of 2.4 dBm and 4.8%, respectively, compared to our previous PA with the same device dimensions, and exhibited an output power of 22.1 dBm and a PAE of 27.3% at an EVM of 5%, measured with 54Mbps 64-QAM-OFDM signals at 5.25 GHz.
Nitrogen control through decentralized wastewater treatment: process performance and alternative management strategies.

Decentralized or onsite wastewater treatment (OWT) systems have long been implicated in being a major source of N inputs to surface and ground waters and numerous regulatory bodies have promulgated strict total N (TN) effluent standards in N-sensitive areas. These standards, however, most of which have effluent limitations of <10 mg/L TN, were generally developed without data on treatment performance and attainable compliance levels of operating OWTs designed to remove N. This paper reviews OWT technologies that rely on preanoxic or postanoxic denitrification, or simultaneous nitrification–denitrification, and frequently include compact, mechanized components. TN effluent data from 20 OWTs in 3 long-term N removal demonstration projects in Florida, Oregon, and New Zealand are analyzed and compared with the performance of 15 centralized N removal treatment plants from the US and Canada. A reliability and stability analysis shows that only one of the 20 OWTs approaches the reliability and stability of centralized plants, and can comply with a <10 mg/L TN effluent standard with a 99% probability; all of the remaining 19 OWTs have a <50% probability of compliance. The lower reliability of OWTs, many of which are energy-intensive, scaled-down models of centralized plants, is due to the inherent variability of decentralized wastewater characteristics and the challenges of operationally controlling N removal processes at the level of residences. However, the small footprint (required land area) of these compact designs offers important opportunities for retrofitting OWTs on small lots, in shoreline developments where land is at a premium and where communities wish to foster and sustain compact, village developments that reflect “smart growth” strategies. Other approaches to decentralized N management emphasizing passive, robust, ecologically engineered designs are reviewed and include natural wastewater treatment systems such as single pass sand filters with denitrifying bioreactors, which performed better than any other OWT technology; shallow trenches and drip irrigation for denitrification or plant N uptake in the carbon-rich root zone; denitrification beds/layers installed down gradient from effluent plumes; and the consideration of watershed N sinks in estimating the risks of N loading to receiving waters. These alternative approaches require further research and development, but can offer alternatives or additional treatment to mechanized OWTs. More comparative studies of long-term operation of OWTs under field conditions in other parts of the world are needed to further quantify performance capabilities.
The Application of the Personalization Model in Diversity Management

In an attempt to extend the existing approaches to diversity management, and present a theoretically based intervention strategy that offers ways to reduce prejudice at the workplace, this article reviews the Personalization Model (Brewer & Miller, 1984; Ensari & Miller, 2002; Miller, 2002) and its components (self-other comparison, self-disclosure, and empathy). We argue that, when applied in an organizational context, personalization can improve intergroup relations in organizations, and thereby increase effectiveness and productivity. The present article also discusses how personalization effects can be extended to the out-group as a whole, and proposes alternative ways to implement it in organizations. We further present ideas for future research that can potentially explore the beneficial effects of intergroup personalized contact at the workplace.
Antennal movements reveal associative learning in the American cockroach Periplaneta americana

Using antennal movements as an indicator of learning and retention, an associative learning paradigm has been developed to investigate associative memory between visual and olfactory stimuli. Experiments were performed on the restrained cockroach Periplaneta americana , which normally moves its antennae towards a localized odor source. Such `antennal projection responses' (APRs) are exploited to demonstrate long-term memory, where an APR is elicited by a conditioned stimulus (CS; green light point source) paired with a spatially coincident odor [the unconditioned stimulus (US)]. Association of the CS with the US is established after five trials. Before training, a visual cue alone does not elicit an APR. This behavior is elicited by a visual cue only after pairing it with an odor stimulus. The acquired APR to the green light cue persists for up to 72 h, indicative of long-term memory. This paradigm is thus suitable for future studies of neural correlates of learning and memory on restrained animals.
Calcifying cyanobacteria—the potential of biomineralization for carbon capture and storage

Employment of cyanobacteria in biomineralization of carbon dioxide by calcium carbonate precipitation offers novel and self-sustaining strategies for point-source carbon capture and sequestration. Although details of this process remain to be elucidated, a carbon-concentrating mechanism, and chemical reactions in exopolysaccharide or proteinaceous surface layers are assumed to be of crucial importance. Cyanobacteria can utilize solar energy through photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide to recalcitrant calcium carbonate. Calcium can be derived from sources such as gypsum or industrial brine. A better understanding of the biochemical and genetic mechanisms that carry out and regulate cynaobacterial biomineralization should put us in a position where we can further optimize these steps by exploiting the powerful techniques of genetic engineering, directed evolution, and biomimetics.
Fast algorithms for the estimation of motion vectors

In this correspondence, a fast motion estimation algorithm, based on the successive elimination algorithm (SEA) of Li and Salari (1995), is studied. This fast motion estimation algorithm finds the same displacement vectors as the exhaustive search algorithm with a reduced computational load. A modified fast motion estimation algorithm introducing negligible distortion into a transform coder, but providing for a further computational load reduction, is developed. Implementation issues are also discussed and compared. Results show that the number of searching operations can be reduced dramatically with the help of fast motion estimation algorithms.
Childhood abuse and the experience of pain in adulthood: the mediating effects of PTSD and emotion dysregulation on pain levels and pain-related functional impairment

Background Previous findings suggest a relationship between childhood abuse and pain-related conditions. It is yet to be determined whether adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms may mediate the association between the experience of childhood abuse and reported pain in adulthood. Objective We sought to determine if emotion dysregulation may also play a role in mediating PTSD and pain levels. Methods We examined subjects (N = 814) recruited from the primary care clinics of an urban public hospital as part of an National Institute of Mental Health-funded study of trauma-related risk and resilience. We evaluated childhood abuse with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, PTSD symptoms with the PTSD Symptom Severity scale, and emotional dysregulation with the Emotion Dysregulation Scale. Pain and functional limitations of pain were assessed through self-report. Results We found that both childhood abuse and current PTSD symptoms predicted higher levels of reported pain. Childhood abuse, PTSD symptoms, and emotion dysregulation all predicted higher levels of functional impairment related to pain. Using the Sobel method and bootstrapping techniques and controlling for current level of negative affect, we found that PTSD fully mediated the effect of childhood abuse on pain level and pain-related limitations; emotion dysregulation partially mediated the effect of PTSD symptoms in predicting higher levels of pain-related limitations. Conclusions Although causality cannot be determined in the present study, these findings suggest that PTSD may serve as the pathway between exposure to childhood abuse and the development of pain-related conditions in adulthood, and that emotion dysregulation is a significant factor in understanding how PTSD relates to specific pain-related functional impairment.
Preventing Cancer with Vaccines: Progress in the Global Control of Cancer

The cancer control community is largely unaware of great advances in the control of major human cancers with vaccines, including the dramatic control of hepatocellular (liver) cancer with hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine, now used routinely in more than 90% of countries. The biotechnology revolution has given us a new generation of highly effective vaccines against major global killers, global funding for immunization is orders of magnitude higher than ever before, and the vaccine delivery infrastructure has improved very significantly even in the poorest countries. Liver cancer is the greatest cause of cancer deaths in men of sub-Saharan Africa and much of Asia. Even in highly endemic countries such as China, the prevalence of HB surface antigen carriers has fallen from 10% to 1%-2% in immunized cohorts of children, and liver cancer has already fallen dramatically in Taiwanese children. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (now called the GAVI Alliance) has greatly expedited this success by providing HBV vaccine free for five years in most of the world's 72 poorest countries. HBV vaccination can serve as a model for the global control of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical and other cancers with HPV vaccines. Cervical cancer is the greatest cause of cancer death in women in many developing countries; HPV vaccines are highly effective in preventing HPV infection and precancerous lesions in women, and the quadrivalent vaccine also prevents genital warts in men and women and precancerous anal lesions in men. HPV is causing a growing proportion of oropharyngeal cancers, and HPV-related noncervical cancers (penile, anal, and oropharyngeal) may exceed the incidence of cervical cancer within a decade in industrial countries, where cervical screening is effective, causing reevaluation of male HPV immunization. In developing countries, few women are screened for cervical precancerous lesions, making immunization even more important. Currently, 26 primarily industrial countries routinely immunize girls with HPV vaccine, and GAVI will begin to accept applications in 2012 to fund vaccine in developing countries that can deliver the vaccine and if GAVI can negotiate an acceptable price (one manufacturer has already offered a price of $5 per dose).
Liquid gold or Russian roulette? Risk and human milk sharing in the US news media

The exchange of human breast milk, a common and well-established practice, has become a site of public controversy in the US. There is controversy over the use of the internet to facilitate milk exchange and public interest in the practice has been stimulated by a research article published in the journal Pediatrics that identified high levels of potentially harmful bacteria in breast milk sold online. In this article we use feminist critical discourse analysis to critically examine how breast milk sharing is represented in a sample of 30 articles from US print newspapers published in 2010–2013. We found complex and contradictory images of human milk, with medically supervised milk banks represented as a life-saving entity, nature’s ‘liquid gold’, whereas peer sharing of breast milk was represented as dangerous, and in this context breast milk was represented as a potentially life-threatening substance. Women who donated milk to milk banks were represented as altruistic and those who obtained their babies...
The influence of out-of-plane surface properties on unmigrated time sections

Both analytic and numerical means are used to demonstrate amplitude and phase behavior of reflections from three‐dimensionally curved interfaces. In particular, the high‐frequency geometrical optics approximation for the backward scattered wave field demonstrates that the phase of a reflection from a syncline is determined by the (in general, different) positions of focal regions for the two principal curves at the specular reflection point. Thus the amplitudes and phases of events observed on seismic sections are influenced as much by the shape of the reflector “out‐of‐the‐plane” as by the shape in the plane of the section. Results of the numerical examples suggest possible pitfalls in traditional interpretation of two‐dimensional seismic data.
Breakdown of the fermi liquid description for strongly interacting fermions.

The nature of the normal state of an ultracold Fermi gas in the BCS-BEC crossover regime is an intriguing and controversial topic. While the many-body ground state remains a condensate of paired fermions, the normal state must evolve from a Fermi liquid to a Bose gas of molecules as a function of the interaction strength. How this occurs is still largely unknown. We explore this question with measurements of the distribution of single-particle energies and momenta in a nearly homogeneous gas above ${T}_{c}$. The data fit well to a function that includes a narrow, positively dispersing peak that corresponds to quasiparticles and an ``incoherent background'' that can accommodate broad, asymmetric line shapes. We find that the quasiparticle's spectral weight vanishes abruptly as the strength of interactions is modified, which signals the breakdown of a Fermi liquid description. Such a sharp feature is surprising in a crossover.
SAP-FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND TREE SELECTION IN THE ENDANGERED AKIAPOLAAU (HEMIGNATHUS MUNROI) IN HAWAII

Abstract The Akiapolaau (Hemignathus munroi), an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper, drills 3–5 mm deep holes in particular ohia trees (Metrosideros polymorpha) and drinks the sap that emerges, a remarkable example of convergent evolution in sap-feeding behavior with mainland woodpeckers and Australian sugar-gliders. There has been little research on how this species selects sap trees (“Aki trees”) and what advantages they confer. We marked the locations of and collected sap samples and microhabitat data from 101 Aki trees and 73 randomly selected control trees in Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii. Aki trees were rare (2 ha−1), spatially clustered, and defended by Akiapolaau. Sap flow volume and speed were substantially greater in Aki trees than in controls. Aki trees also were larger, had thinner bark, and were more likely to be located on convex east-facing slopes where more light is available. Those results support the hypothesis that Aki trees are selected on the basis of high sap flow and...
Rectovaginal Fistula and Uterine Prolapse: A Transvaginal Uterine-Sparing Single-Stage Surgical Approach

Abstract Background: In cases of women with inflammatory bowel disease and pelvic floor disorders, the common practice has been to manage their complaints in separate surgical stages. Case: We present a patient with Crohn's disease complicated by prior colostomy and recurrent rectovaginal and perianal fistulas with symptomatic stage 3 uterovaginal prolapse and rectovaginal fistula. She successfully underwent a transvaginal fistula repair and uterine-sparing prolapse correction without intestinal diversion. Conclusions: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease and multiple pelvic floor disorders may be successfully managed with a single-stage surgical approach within a multidisciplinary setting. (J GYNECOL SURG 31:289)
Determination of Fiber-Matrix Interfacial Properties of Importance to Ceramic Composite Toughening

The fiber-matrix interface is investigated for its role during fiber debonding and pull-out and its effect on the toughening of ceramic composites. Possible interface debonding criteria (critical interface shear strength; interface toughness, or critical energy-release rate, and asperity interlock) are considered. The interfacial and mechanical properties of a model SiC-fiber, borosilicate-glass-matrix composite system are measured by a single fiber pull-out test. Initial stresses are determined by photoelastic methods.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview with emphasis on changes in brain and behavior.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders constitute a major public health problem. This article presents an overview of important issues that surround these disorders and emphasizes the structural and neurobehavioral consequences associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol. Diagnostic criteria are discussed, and possible moderating factors for the range of outcomes are mentioned. In addition, the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders is described, and estimates of the financial impact of these disorders are given. Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure can severely affect the physical and neurobehavioral development of a child. Autopsy and brain imaging studies indicate reductions and abnormalities in overall brain size and shape, specifically in structures such as the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum. A wide range of neuropsychological deficits have been found in children prenatally exposed to alcohol, including deficits in visuospatial functioning, verbal and nonverbal learning, attention, and ...
Pyrite FeS2 as an efficient adsorbent of lithium polysulphide for improved lithium–sulphur batteries

Pyrite FeS2 chemically combines lithium polysulphide (Li2Sn) to form active Li2FeS2+n complexes that substantially reduce the out-diffusion of dissolved Li2Sn from sulphur cathodes and consequently improve the cycling performance of lithium–sulphur batteries. The same functions are also applicable to other transition metal sulphides, which opens a new direction for polysulphide sequestration in lithium–sulphur batteries.
Detection of Airborne Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Inside and Downwind of a Swine Building, and in Animal Feed: Potential Occupational, Animal Health, and Environmental Implications

ABSTRACTAerosolized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was sampled inside and downwind of a swine facility. Animal feed was sampled before and after entry into the swine facility. Aerosolized particles were detected using an optical particle counter for real-time measurement and with an Andersen sampler to detect viable MRSA. Molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed on samples collected. Viable MRSA organisms isolated inside the swine facility were primarily associated with particles >5 µm, and those isolated downwind from the swine facility were associated with particles <5 µm. MRSA isolates included spa types t008, t034, and t5706 and were resistant to methicillin, tetracycline, clindamycin, and erythromycin. Animal feed both before and after entry into the swine facility tested positive for viable MRSA. These isolates were of similar spa types as the airborne MRSA organisms. Air samples collected after power washing with a biocide inside the swine facilit...
The Challenge and Opportunity of New Technology in Otolaryngology

The Challenge and Opportunity of New Technology in Otolaryngology Head and neck surgery is changing rapidly. There are multiple new technologies and techniques being introduced and made available to practitioners seemly almost on a daily basis. Within the relatively recent past, just recall the introduction of sleep surgery and associated devices, functional endoscopic sinus surgery, lasers and more recently the beginnings of robotic surgery. There seems to be a constant, if not increasing, flow of new devices. This cornucopia of new information and tools has to be regarded as both a blessing and a potential threat to our patient’s well being.
Robust Protection Device for Electrostatic Discharge/Electromagnetic Interference in Industrial Interface Applications

A new silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) fabricated in a 30-V mixed-signal CDMOS (CMOS/DMOS) technology is presented. This device allows for robust electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electrostatic discharge (ESD) voltage clamp for high-speed industrial interface applications operating in variable voltage swing range (e.g., from −7 to +12 V). The device robustness is demonstrated under different pulsewidths, stress, and temperature. Analysis of the device physics is complemented via mixed-mode numerical simulations. The $\text{200} \times \text{200}\ \mu\textrm{m}^{2}$ device designed in an annular configuration achieves > ±8 kV IEC robustness and low clamping voltage at ± 20 A.
Reform and Explore on Basic Experiments Course System of Art Design

This paper gives an introduction to the reform of subject system of basic experiment on design and art, in order to build a renewed lab with characteristics of prospects, advances and symbols to develop talents of design and art.
High School Consultation

The consultant, working in partnership with a caring school staff, can promote safety and well-being and reduce risk-taking behaviors, so that adolescents can get the most benefit from school experiences. Several protocols have been described that may guide a consultant for helping school personnel.
Shaping a Compassionate Response to End-stage Illness

This chapter examines the degree to which caring responses should be integral to the ideal of a just society. If such a response is accepted as an ethic of care or viewed as a “right” to “responsible benevolence” at the end-stage of life, the goal of the law should be to accommodate—to the degree possible—a dignified death. Indeed, safeguarding the notion of death with dignity and assuring minimal discomfort and pain in the process is of paramount interest to the state—especially since the duty to relieve pain and suffering is recognized as the least disputed and most universal of the moral obligations health care providers, as licensed by the state, must honor.
Varieties of Empathy-Based Guilt

Publisher Summary Empathy is a feeling more appropriate for someone else's condition than one's own; one's feeling may match the other's but not necessarily. There are at least five modes of arousal of empathic distress. Three are primitive, automatic, and most important, involuntary: First, reflexive newborn's crying at the sound of another's cry. Second mimicry, which has two steps: the observer spontaneously imitates the victim's facial, vocal, and postural expression of feeling; the resulting changes in the observer's facial and postural musculature then trigger afferent feedback which produces feelings that match the feelings of the victim. Third classical conditioning and direct association of cues in the victim's situation that remind observers of similar experiences in their own past and evoke feelings in them that fit the victim's situation. Further two empathy-arousing models involve higher-order cognitive processes: first, mediated association and second role taking. A comprehensive prosocial, empathy-based moral theory encompasses at least five types of moral encounters: First, innocent bystander: one witnesses someone in pain, danger, or distress. Second, transgressor: one has harmed someone, or is about to act in a way that may harm someone. Third, virtual transgressor: one is innocent but feels oneself a transgressor. Fourth, multiple-claimant: an extended bystander model in which one witnesses two or more victims or potential victims but cannot help them all and must make a choice. Fifth, caring versus justice: one must choose between acting in accord with a caring principle or a justice principle when the two are in conflict.