cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excitation of Spin Waves in a Ferromagnet by a Uniform rf Field

It is possible to excite exchange and magnetostatic spin waves in a ferromagnet by a uniform rf field, provided that spins on the surface of the specimen experience anisotropy interactions different from those acting on spins in the interior. Modes with an odd number of half-wavelengths should be excited in a flat plate. The definition of what is meant by a different anisotropy interaction is worked out and is a rather lenient condition. Experiments which would determine the exchange energy constant should be possible using sufficiently thin platelets of single crystals having parallel faces. It is perhaps not unlikely that the theory may account for the observation by Waring and Jarrett of a large number of resonance peaks in NiMn${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Risks of summertime extreme thermal conditions in buildings as a result of climate change and exacerbation of urban heat islands

Abstract This study explores the role of global and local warming on indoor thermal environments of representative buildings in two warm climate cities in the U.S. (Chicago IL, and Houston TX). It uses downscaled climate change scenarios to drive whole-building model simulations of representative apartment buildings. Simulations were conducted under (a) current conditions; (b) conditions that include a global warming effect; and (c) conditions that include global warming with concurrent intensification of the urban heat island. Building thermal conditions are assessed for typical operating conditions, for conditions associated with failure of cooling equipment, and for complete power loss during a heat wave. Simulations show that warming by itself may have minimal effects on indoor thermal comfort in summer. For example, in Houston the Predicted Percent Dissatisfied (PPD) comfort metric was approximately 5–6% for current and future climate scenarios under normal operating conditions. Under conditions of AC failure, however, this increased to 61.9% for the current climate and 71.4% for the 2050 climate. In the case of Chicago PPD was between 6.2% and 7.9% for all climate scenarios when equipment operated normally. Under conditions of equipment failure, however, PPD increased to 34.1% for the current climate and 39.2% for the 2050 climate. In simulations for both cities, a complete power failure resulted in peak temperatures that were approximately 2 °C cooler than the case of AC failure only. This is due to reduction in internal gains during a power blackout.
The Hypnotic Induction Profile: Normative Observations, Reliability and Validity

Abstract This paper presents standardization data for the Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP), a five to ten minute test of clinical hypnotizability. Normative observations are presented by age, sex, and educational level. Test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the HIP measures are assessed. The HIP scores predict clinical outcome in psychotherapy in which hypnosis is used, which is one sign of validity. Also, the HIP is useful in the assessment of the severity of psychopathology. Included are new, more explicit instructions for calculating the HIP induction score and profile configuration.
Role of Synthesis Method and Particle Size of Nanostructured TiO2 on Its Photoactivity

TiO2 prepared by different methods was used to obtain anatase powders with particle sizes ranging from 5 to 165 nm. Powders were prepared using two methods: (i) a flame aerosol process in which nanoparticles of TiO2 were synthesized in a flame on oxidation (combustion) of an organotitanium precursor, and (ii) calcination of commercially available nanostructured TiO2 (Ishihara ST-01, 5 nm, as received). For comparison, Degussa P25 and Aldrich anatase TiO2 powders were also used as received. The TiO2 powders were characterized using XRD to determine crystal phase and crystal size, BET surface area analyses, uv–vis absorbtion spectroscopy to determine the band gap, and experiments in which the photoxidation rate of phenol in water was used as a measure of photoactivity. A model was developed based on the mechanistic steps in photocatalysis to elucidate the role of particle size on the apparent photoactivity of TiO2 for the photooxidation of organic substrates in water. The model was used to explain the trends in the experimental data for four different sets of photoactivity experiments with TiO2 powders. The results of this study elucidate a strong effect of particle size on photoactivity. The effects of particle size on the efficiency of light absorption and scattering and charge-carrier dynamics at particle sizes less than 25 nm dominate the apparent photoactivity of TiO2, and an optimum particle size of 25 to 40 nm exists within all sets of photocatalysis experiments conducted with TiO2 powders in this study. The optimum particle size is a result of competing effects of effective particle size on light absorption and scattering efficiency, charge-carrier dynamics, and surface area.
Solid-State Coordination Chemistry: The Self-Assembly of Microporous Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Frameworks Constructed from Tetrapyridylporphyrin and Bimetallic Oxide Chains or Oxide Clusters

The hydrothermal reactions of MoO(3), tetrapyridylporphyrin (tpypor), water, and the appropriate M(II) precursor yield the first examples of three-dimensional framework materials constructed from metal oxide and porphyrin subunits. The picture shows a section of [{Fe(tpypor)}(3)Fe(Mo(6)O(19))(2)] small middle dotx H(2)O with the [Fe(8)(tpypor)(6)](8+) building block of the cationic framework and the entrained {Mo(6)O(19)}(2-) cluster.
Understanding the Role of Ankyrin Domain of the 43-Kda Subunit of the Chloroplast Signal Recognition Particle in Protein Targeting

Light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins (LHCPs) play an important role in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast of plant cells, while LHCPs are synthesized in the cytoplasm. One of the many paths utilized to target proteins to the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts is the signal recognition particle (cpSRP) pathway. LHCPs form a transit complex with cpSRP43 and cpSRP54, the two subunits of the chloroplast signal recognition particle, in the cytoplasm before being targeted and integrated into the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The transit complex binds to Albino 3 (Alb3), a protein in the thylakoid membrane. Of specific interest is the Ankyrin (Ank) domain of cpSRP43. Ank domains are found in a wide variety of proteins and they are found to be functionally important. In the LHCP-cpSRP complex, part of the Ank domain is responsible for binding LHCP to the complex. Recent studies have shown that the Ank domain of cpSRP43 plays a significant role in binding to Alb3 and in LHCP integration. The present study aims to understand the interactions between the c-terminal end of Alb3 (cAlb3) and the Ankyrin domain (Ank) of cpSRP43. The proposed research plans to characterize the conformation and stability of Ank and Alb3 using circular dichroism and fluorescence. The binding affinities of Ank and cAlb3 will be examined using isothermal titration calorimetry. Finally, the binding interface between Ank and cAlb3 will be mapped using 1H-15N chemical shift perturbation. The results of this study are expected to achieve a greater understanding of LHCP integration to the thylakoid membrane and protein transport in general.
A self-limiting switch based on translational control regulates the transition from proliferation to differentiation in an adult stem cell lineage

In adult stem cell lineages, progenitor cells commonly undergo mitotic transit amplifying (TA) divisions before terminal differentiation, allowing production of many differentiated progeny per stem cell division. Mechanisms that limit TA divisions and trigger the switch to differentiation may protect against cancer by preventing accumulation of oncogenic mutations in the proliferating population. Here we show that the switch from TA proliferation to differentiation in the Drosophila male germline stem cell lineage is mediated by translational control. The TRIM-NHL tumor suppressor homolog Mei-P26 facilitates accumulation of the differentiation regulator Bam in TA cells. In turn, Bam and its partner Bgcn bind the mei-P26 3' untranslated region and repress translation of mei-P26 in late TA cells. Thus, germ cells progress through distinct, sequential regulatory states, from Mei-P26 on/Bam off to Bam on/Mei-P26 off. TRIM-NHL homologs across species facilitate the switch from proliferation to differentiation, suggesting a conserved developmentally programmed tumor suppressor mechanism.
Strategies for improving transition to adult cystic fibrosis care, based on patient and parent views.

Although general principles guiding the transition of individuals with chronic illness from pediatric to adult care have been established, guidelines specific for the transition of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have not. To aid in the development of CF-specific transition guidelines, an anonymous pretransition questionnaire and posttransition interview were used to assess the concerns and expectations of 60 CF patients and their parents as they went through the transition from pediatric to adult care. Along with demographic and clinical information, respondents were asked to rate on a scale of 1–5 their general attitude toward, or level of concern on 22 questions involving transition concerns, adult program expectations, and general view of transition. The two most important concerns identified by patients prior to transition to adult care were potential exposure to infection (3.4 ± 1.3) and having to leave their previous caregivers (3.4 ± 1.0). Introduction to the adult CF team prior to transition was associated with significantly lower levels of concern in all areas, particularly about having to leave previous caregivers (3.9 ± 0.7 vs. 2.5 ± 0.6, P < 0.004). Age, gender, severity of lung disease, and age at diagnosis were not predictive of level of concern for any area. Parents' most significant concern was ability of their child to care for their CF independently, a concern their children did not share (4.0 ± 1.1 vs. 1.5 ± 0.5, P < 0.0001). As their most important expectations for the adult program, patients identified ready phone access to a nurse (4.9 ± 0.6) and education about adult CF issues (4.6 ± 0.7). The overall attitude toward the development of an adult CF program was overwhelmingly positive for both patients (4.9 ± 0.7) and parents (4.9 ± 0.3). By allowing patients to interact with the adult team prior to transition and developing transition protocols which address CF-specific issues like infection control and fertility, successful transition from pediatric to adult cystic fibrosis care can be accomplished. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:428–436. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A comparative assessment and gap analysis of commonly used team rating scales.

Abstract Background The purpose of this article was to conduct a gap analysis of important team constructs that may be absent in widely used team assessments. Methods and materials Two assessment tools with known validity evidence (1) Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) and (2) the Cannon-Bowers Scale were used to evaluate 11 teams of surgical residents ( n = 33) performing simulated laparoscopic hernia repairs. Faculty raters' scores were used to compare the surveys and assess validity and reliability. Raters' detailed observation notes were used to indicate important behavioral constructs that were missing from the team rating scales. Results When assessing inter-item correlations (reliability) four of five NOTSS' scale items had significant correlations ( r = 0.9–1.0, P Conclusions Despite continued evidence of validity and reliability, there were several behavioral constructs that were not represented when using the NOTSS and Cannon-Bowers scales. Critical team errors, individual team member contributions, task performance, and overall team performance appear important in our ability to understand teams and teamwork.
Low Resolution Microwave Spectroscopy

Abstract Microwave spectroscopy has been widely applied to the study of molecular structure and other properties of gas-phase polar molecules. The success of this field is due in part to the enormous resolution which is attainable experimentally. For example, at pressures of 0.01 torr, two lines separated by 0.5 MHz at 30,000 MHz can normally be resolved which gives a resolution in the ppm range. This is a result of the narrow linewidth and of the highly monochromatic radiation available in the microwave region [1].
[μ-o-Phenylenebis(diphenylphosphine)-κ2P:P′]bis[chlorogold(I)], dppbz(AuCl)2

The Au...Au distance in the title compound, [Au(2)Cl(2)(C(30)H(24)P(2))], is 2.996 (1) A, typical of an Au...Au interaction. The two P-Au-Cl arms 'cross' at the Au centers, with a Cl-Au...Au-Cl torsion angle of -63.92 (7) degrees. Only a small deviation from linearity is observed in the coordination around the Au atoms. Related phosphine-gold(I) chloride structures with intra- and intermolecular Au...Au interactions are surveyed.
A general three-phase PFC controller for rectifiers with a parallel-connected dual boost topology

A general constant-frequency power-factor-correction (PFC) controller is proposed for three-phase rectifiers with parallel-connected dual-boost topologies. This paper shows that unity power factor and low current distortion in all three phases can be realized by one-cycle control using one integrator with reset along with a few near and logic components. This new extension of one-cycle control provides the core PFC function to the dual-boost topologies. It does not require multipliers, as used in most other control approaches to scale the current reference according to the output power level. In each 60/spl deg/ of AC line cycle, only two switches are switched at high frequency; therefore the switching losses are significantly reduced. All switches are switched at low current, which results in reduced current ratings. This control method is simple and general. It is applicable to three-phase rectifiers that can be decoupled into parallel-connected dual-boost topologies by slight modification of the logic circuit. This control method is verified by experimental results. The proposed controller is suitable to be integrated into a three-phase PFC control chip.
Nephelometric assay for the immunoglobulin A1-protease produced by the oral bacterium Streptococcus sanguis.

Abstract Streptococcus sanguis, an initiator of human dental plaque, produces an endopeptidase which cleaves immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) at the hinge region. A rapid nephelometric assay was developed for the quantitation of IgA1specific protease activity. The protease was produced in dialysis cultures which yielded cell-free fluids having 14 times the specific activity of conventional cultures. Assay was based on the difference in detectable IgA1 concentrations at the start and termination of the reaction; IgA1 concentrations were determined by rate of complex formation with IgA-specific antibody. The rates of IgA1 cleavage were linear during incubations up to 3 h if enzyme preparations were sufficiently diluted. The assay resolution was less than that achieved with sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but 1 h incubation of protease-IgA1 reaction mixtures was adequate for measurement. The pH optimum for the reaction was 7.0 and the calculated Km was 5.6 × 10−5 M IgA1. The optimal incubation temperature was in the range of 37–40 °C; the enzyme lost all activity at 55 °C.
Hemispheric amplitude asymmetries in the auditory evoked potential with monaural and binaural stimulation

The present experiment examined auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) under three conditions of auditory stimulation: left ear, right ear, and the two ears simultaneously. It was hypothesized that the white-noise stimulus would result in higher amplitude AEPs in the contralateral hemisphere as compared to the ipsilateral. This was confirmed. There were no latency differences in AEPs recorded from over ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. The results obtained appear to provide further evidence for the predominance of the contralateral pathways of the auditory system.
Evaluation of a New Pepsin Enzyme Chiral Stationary Phase for the Optimized Separation of Seproxetine (S-Norfluoxetine) from R-Norfluoxetine

Abstract A thorough analysis of a new commercially available pepsin chiral stationary phase (CSP) has been completed using seproxetine (S-norfluoxetine) hydrochloride bulk drug substance and R-norfluoxetine hydrochloride as the test analytes. Chromatographic properties of this new Ultron ES-Pepsin column were investigated by varying key mobile phase parameters (pH, flow rate, buffer strength and organic concentration), column temperature and sample loading. After observing and plotting changes in retention, resolution and theoretical plates based on corresponding variation in these parameters, it is possible to choose conditions for the separation that are optimum and robust. The subsequent method validation demonstrated acceptable precision, linearity, recovery, selectivity, limit of detection and ruggedness for the determination of R-norfluoxetine in seproxetine hydrochloride bulk drug substance.
ON THE M(ATRIX) MODEL FOR M-THEORY ON T6

Abstract We study consistency conditions on a M(atrix) model which would describe M-theory on T 6 . We argue that there is a limit in moduli space for which it becomes a 6+1D theory and study the low-energy description of extended objects in the decompactified limit. We discuss the requirements from a M(atrix) model which would describe such an E 6(6) theory. We suggest that it could be a 5+1D theory and that a 1+1D theory with (0,4) supersymmetry might be the M(atrix) model for the M(atrix) model of the E 6(6) theory.
Neutron‐Diffraction Structure in Potassium Near the [011] and [022] Bragg Points

Neutron diffraction from a stress-free crystal of potassium shows no increase in its (\ensuremath{\sim}0.03\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) mosaic width after repeated cycling between 4 and 300 K. Furthermore, no temperature-dependent, Huang-type diffuse scattering near [011] and [022] was found. Properties such as these, indicative of thermally-induced plastic deformation, were reported for the potassium crystals studied by Pintschovius et al. and by Blaschko et al. Their data also exhibited a sample-caused background as much as 10 times larger than our stress-free crystal. Using 2.35-\AA{}-wavelength neutrons and tight collimation, we find that the satellite structure near [011] retains the same spacing near [022]. The structure cannot be attributed to a double-scattering artifact, which requires a spacing proportional to tan${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathit{B}}$. The data are consistent with a charge-density-wave interpretation.
Education and earnings in Paraguay

Abstract The analysis presented in this paper, the first for Paraguay, uses data from the 1990 Household Survey to analyze the relationship between education and earnings, and to calculate rates of return to investment in education at different levels. The results are consistent with what has been found in other countries with similar socioeconomic characteristics. Human capital characteristics account for about 40% of individual earnings variance; each extra year of schooling yields a private rate of return of 11.5%. Social and private rates of return are highest for primary education, followed by secondary education, and females experience a higher rate of return to schooling than do males. Additionally, private sector employees have a 3.6% earnings advantage over public sector employees. Once more, the self-employed, mostly working in the informal sector, realize returns similar to, or even higher than, those engaged in more conventional employment. Inequalities relating to linguistic and socioeconomic background are also documented. The main implication of the findings is that improving and expanding primary and secondary schooling would be the most efficient and profitable education investments.
Development of a nearly transform-limited, low-repetition-rate, picosecond optical parametric generator

Abstract A low-repetition-rate (10-Hz), picosecond (ps) optical parametric generator (OPG) seeded at the idler wavelength with a high-power diode laser is demonstrated. The output of the OPG at ∼566 nm is amplified in dye cells, resulting in signal enhancement by more than three orders of magnitude. The nearly transform-limited beam at ∼566 nm has a pulsewidth of ∼170 ps, with an overall output of ∼2.3 mJ/pulse. The laser is tuned either by tuning the nonlinear crystal or the seed-laser current. The applications of such a simple, compact, high-performance, tunable ps laser system for linear and nonlinear spectroscopies are outlined.
Distributed transducer control design for thin plates

There is a growing interest in the use of distributed actuators and sensors for the active vibration control of thin plates. Recent efforts in this area have been resthcted to the control of plates with cantilevered boundary conditions. This paper presents an energy based analysis of distributed transducer design issues related to the observation and control of thin plates applicable to more general boundary conditions. The particular class of distributed transducers is limited to those which are separable in space and time, i.e. degenerate distributed transducers. The analysis exploits plate mode symmetry and boundary integral representations of key parameters to choose appropriate spatial weiglitings for distributed sensors and actuators. The technique may be used to simultaneously control multiple plate modes as well as target selected modes. While the results presented here are applicable to a broad class of distributed transducers, for the purposes of illustration models based on the piezoelectric polymer film polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF2) are used.
Lung alveolar septation defects in Ltbp-3-null mice.

Latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-β binding proteins (LTBPs) modulate the secretion and activation of latent TGF-β. To explore LTBP function in vivo, we created an Ltbp-3−/− mouse that has developmental emphysema with decreased septation in terminal alveoli. Differences in distal airspace enlargement were obvious at day 6 after birth. Secondary septation was inhibited, so by days 21 to 28 the mean linear intercept was approximately twofold greater in mutant versus control lungs. There were no differences in lung collagen and elastin, visualized by immunohistochemistry, or in myofibroblast numbers, determined by α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells, between mutant or wild-type lungs as the animals aged, other than differences associated with altered lung structure in mutant animals. However, from day 10 there was twice the number of alveolar type II cells in mutant alveoli compared to controls. At days 6 and 10, a transient enhancement in cell proliferation in the mutant lungs was observed by both 5-bromo-2′-deoxy-uridine and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling, accompanied by enhanced numbers of terminal dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells at days 4, 6, and 10. Finally, there was a transient decrease in TGF-β signaling at days 4 to 6 in Ltbp-3−/− lungs. These results indicate that in the absence of Ltbp-3, a temporary decrease in TGF-β signaling in the lungs at days 4 to 6 alters cell proliferation, correlating with inhibition of septation and developmental emphysema.
Inclined Single Plane Illumination Microscopy (ISPIM)

964-Pos Board B750 Inclined Single Plane Illumination Microscopy (ISPIM) Francesco Cutrale, Enrico Gratton. Univ California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. Current need in biomedical sciences requests live imaging with higher spatial and temporal resolution in the 3D environment. Furthermore, live sample ac- quisition increases the technical challenges required for 3D imaging. Ideal fea- tures of a system for this purpose include high imaging speed, high contrast ratio, low photo-bleaching and photo-toxicity, good resolution in a 3D context and mosaic acquisition for large samples. Our work presents the inclined illumination implementation of Single Plane Illumination Microscopy, introduced by Stelzer et al (2004). SPIM has been gaining importance in the biomedical ﬁeld over the years, with its load of tech- nical challenges but has been limited by construction and sample preparation. Based on the same principle introduced by Stelzer, but with a conﬁguration sim- ilar to Total Internal Reﬂection Fluorescence basis, Dunsby (2008) proved the possibility to build an Oblique Single Plane Illumination Microscope (OSPM), also known as Oblique Light Sheet Microscope on a completely lab-made sys- tem while avoiding any change in common sample preparation protocol. Our effort was to realize a system with the advantages of the simpliﬁcation of sample preparation of the OSPM but constructed on commercial microscopes, such as IX-71 Olympus. We have increased the performance of the original OSPM system and we have realized a powerful instrument for applications to biological issues. The optimized system goes under the name of inclined Single Plane Illumina- tion Microscope (iSPIM). Furthermore we are investigating the possibility to increase spatial resolution and obtain isotropic information by adapting the formulas for three dimensional inverse Radon transform to the iSPIM system and acquiring sample informa- tion at different angles. Acknowledgments: P41-RRO3155, NIH-R01-DK066029, P50-GM076516
Molecular investigation of two male subjects with short stature and a 45,X/46,X,Ring(Y) karyotype

We studied 2 subjects with a 45,X/46,X,ring(Y) karyotype. Both of them were evaluated because of short stature and a subnormal rate of linear growth. One patient had additional features of the Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Both subjects had normal male external genitalia. Two copies of the pseudoautosomal gene, MIC2, were present in DNA of each individual. All sequences examined on the Y-specific portion of the short arm, including those for the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene, were present. By contrast, portions of the long arm of the Y chromosome were missing from DNA of both subjects. In subject 1, deletion intervals 6 and 7 were missing. In subject 2, deletion interval 5, distal to 5B, was missing in addition to intervals 6 and 7. The most likely explanation for the ring formation in these subjects is a chromosomal break in the long arm and in the pseudoautosomal region of the short arm distal to MIC2 with subsequent ligation of the remaining sequences on the long arm and short arm. However, a complex rearrangement cannot be excluded.
A simple electrospray interface based on a DC ion carpet

Abstract We describe a simple electrospray interface incorporating a long drift region and a DC ion carpet. The function of the drift region is to thermalize and desolvate the ions. It has a series of ring electrodes supplied with RF and DC voltages, which radially confine and transport ions towards the DC ion carpet. The DC ion carpet consists of a series of concentric rings on a planar printed circuit board, which provide a DC potential gradient that funnels ions through a central aperture. The design and operating parameters were optimized by trajectory calculations and experiments. According to calculations, the transmission efficiency for thermalized ions exceeds 90%, and there is little m/z discrimination at the exit aperture.
Purification of Rennin from Commercial Rennin Extract: Properties of Purified Product*

Summary A stable purified rennin sol was prepared from a commercial rennet extract by means of an isoelectric precipitation procedure. One part of dry rennin coagulated 72,300,000 parts of fresh raw skim milk at pH 5.75-5.80 (obtained by added CaCl 2 ) in 10 minutes at 40° C, which was 4.55 times that of the dry organic matter of the original extract. The peptic activity, measured by a method which estimates quantitatively 10μg. crystalline pepsin, was only 6.25 per cent of the original dry organic mixture. The rennin was therefore 99.77 per cent "pure" from the standpoint of peptic activity. The purified rennin exhibited the properties of a globulin. Its isoelectric point in 16.7 per cent NaCl solution was pH 4.5. The rennin sol, freed from NaCl by dialysis, showed a progressive increase in negative zeta potential from pH 6.0 to 7.5, and at pH 6.5 showed about the same negative zeta potential as calcium caseinate particles. Rennin and calcium casemate, therefore, do not exhibit opposite electropotentials at the pH of milk.
The Kirkwood-Salsburg integral equation and the virial coefficients of Lennard-Jones molecules

The fifth virial coefficients Ec and Ep are derived for a classical fluid composed of molecules interacting according to the Lennard-Jones potential. The calculations are based on the Kirkwood-Salsburg integral equation and the superposition approximation. It is found that, unlike the systems considered in a previous communication, satisfactory agreement between the present results and the known values is possible only at high temperatures.
Dual Track Or Double Paralysis? The Politics of INF

No single issue has threatened the unity of NATO more during the past five years than the decision to deploy new intermediate-range nuclear weapons (Pershing Ils and ground launched cruise missiles) on European soil. The debate revealed different perspectives concerning the meaning of nuclear deterrence between the United States and its allies. The collective decisions of Italy, Great Britain, and West Germany to accept the initial deployment in November 1983 were due not only to their fear of the Soviet SS-20 missiles, but also to their internal political dynamics. This essay examines the divergent attitudes between Americans and Europeans and some of the reasons why various political parties in Europe chose to support this deployment.
Learning in monkeys exposed perinatally to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

Abstract TCDD is an extremely toxic chemical pollutant which bioaccumulates in maternal adipose tissue, and is transferred to the developing organism during gestation and lactation. Long-term cognitive deficits have been reported following perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, which are structurally and toxicologically similar to TCDD. In the current study, monkeys exposed to TCDD perinatally were later tested in two cognitive paradigms, discrimination-reversal learning (RL) and delayed spatial alternation (DSA). RL detected effects; whereas DSA, as analyzed, did not. RL consisted of a series of simple spatial reversals, followed by spatial reversals with color and shape as irrelevant cues, then by color reversals and finally by shape reversals. TCDD-exposed monkeys exhibited retarded learning of the shape reversals. The deficit was most pronounced on the first reversal following overtraining. There were no group differences on the spatial or color reversals. However, the number of trials the TCDD-exposed monkeys individually took to learn the spatial reversals was positively correlated with TCDD concentration in body fat. Conversely, the number of trials they took to learn the color reversals was negatively correlated wtih TCDD in body fat.
Effects of Low Temperatures on Neoprene Vulcanizates

Abstract Realizing the need for general agreement throughout the rubber industry on the evaluation of the freeze-resistance of various elastomers, we have outlined several procedures and reported typical test results. Although the procedures described are inadequate as standard tests for complete evaluation, it is hoped that they may stimulate development of procedures which will be generally acceptable.
Ekman Veering Observed near the Ocean Bottom

Abstract It has been shown that the phase angle of the complex correlation coefficient is a good measure of the average relative angular displacement (veering) between a pair of two-dimensional vector series. The correlation coefficient between the low-frequency (ω<0.6 cpd) components of the current vectors at 20 m and 5 m heights from the ocean bottom at a station near the Oregon coast reveals an Ekman veering of 6°.
Teacher Efficacy as a Conduit for Enhancing Attitudes toward Teaching Reading to African-American Students.

Through this study the authors aimed to determine the impact of a reading course and tutoring for elementary school youth enrolled in an after-school program in a low-income community. They conclude that multicultural field-based tutoring experiences connected to a content area course can increase teachers’ pedagogical knowledge and teacher efficacy when teaching low-income, African-American students.
Generation of cellular immune memory and B-cell immunity is impaired by natural killer cells

The need to develop vaccines against pathogens such as HIV requires the development of strategies to overcome inhibitory immunoregulatory mechanisms. Here, the authors report that murine natural killer cells inhibit CD4- and follicular helper T cells, leading to a weaker germinal center response and diminished virus-specific immune memory.
Monitoring Land Use Change in the Çeşme Coastal Zone, Turkey Using Aerial Photographs and Satellite Imaging

Humans change the landscapes and especially the coastal zones for their requirements. The aim of the study was to analyse land use changes in the Cesme coastal zone, Turkey, during a 48-year period (1957–2005) using remote sensing and GIS. In this study, land use changes in the Cesme coastal zone were analysed using the four sets of land use maps derived from aerial photographs and classified satellite image taken in the years 1957, 1976, 1995 and 2005. Post-classification algorithm change detection was applied to observe land use changes during three time periods: Period 1 (1957–1976), Period 2 (1976–1995) and Period 3 (1995–2005). The results showed that natural land cover and agricultural lands decreased and built-up area increased throughout the study area during the 48-year period between 1957 and 2005. Furthermore, land use change was successively increased in Period 1, Period 3 and Period 2. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guest Editorial: Geometry, Lighting, Motion, and Learning

Computer vision is starting to become practical and successful. The academic computer vision community has grown immensely in recent years and there is a rapidly growing computer vision industry ranging from high-tech giants to humble start-ups. In particular, the technology that computer vision relies on—computers, the internet, and cameras—is ever-improving in quality and power. Indeed the advances in technology alone may lead future historians of computer vision to conclude that researchers in the 1970’s and 1980’s were crazy romantics to address such a difficult problemwith the hardware available at that time. Nevertheless the rapid growth of computer vision and its freewheeling interdisciplinary nature, which continually borrows and adapts techniques from different disciplines, has led to its own dangers. The field risks being factionalized into groups of researchers using different techniques and with the same ideas being re-invented under different names. The experimental methodology can also be criticized by sometimes valuing complex models which yield gains of a few percentage points in performance on a dataset rather than simpler and more insightful models. Hence, as computer vision matures there is growing need for papers which address the fundamental issues of computer vision in a rigorous mathematics manner and which are carefully tested by well-designed experiments.
Cross-coupling errors of micromachined gyroscopes

A model is developed for the response of a micromachined, rotary gyroscope subject to a general input motion. The governing equations are formulated for weakly nonlinear oscillations of the rotor, suspended above the moving substrate via elastic beams. The method of multiple scales is used to separate the slow and fast responses. This approach allows quick computation of the long-term behavior of the rotor without the need to integrate over fast oscillations. The power of the model to evince cross-coupling errors is demonstrated through examples.
Biocompatibility in Membrane Plasmapheresis: The Necessity of Global Understanding

Guest Editor's Introduction: Regarding immunomodulation to a patient, it is sometimes forgotten that the apheresis procedure itself induces immunomodulation effects to a certain extent. Such an effect is called procedurally associated immunomodulation and defined by Nose as the immunological impacts induced by the device and the method other than the intended therapeutic immunomodulation to a patient. This paper is the first report describing the procedurally associated immunomodulation. This paper was originally printed in Therapeutic Plasmapheresis, vol. 6, page 27–43 (1987), and reprinted here with permission.
High speed compilation of efficient object code

A three-pass compiler with the following properties is briefly described: The last two passes scan an intermediate language produced by the preceding pass in essentially the reverse of the order in which it was generated, so that the first pass is the only one which has to read the relatively bulky problem-oriented input. The double scan, one in either direction, performed by the first two passes, allows the compiler to remove locally constant expressions and recursively calculable expressions from loops and to do the important part of common subexpression recognition. Optimization such as the effective use of index registers, although as important, is not discussed since the object code which would be most efficient is highly machine dependent. The discussion is in terms of a FORTRAN-like language, although the technique is applicable to most algebraic languages.
Interarea Oscillation Damping Controls for Wind Power Plants

This paper investigates the potential for wind power plants (WPPs) to damp interarea modes. Interarea modes may be the result of a single or a group of generators oscillating against another group of generators across a weak transmission link. If poorly damped, these power system oscillations can cause system instability and potentially lead to blackouts. Power conversion devices, particularly, megawatt-scale converters that connect wind turbines and photovoltaic power plants to the grid, could be used to damp these oscillations by injecting power into the system out of phase with the potentially unstable mode. In our model, this power may be provided by a WPP. Over time, the net energy injection is near zero; therefore, providing this static damping capability is not expected to affect the energy production of a WPP. This is a measurement-based investigation that employs simulated measurement data. It is not a traditional small-signal stability analysis based on Eigenvalues and knowledge of the power system network and its components. Kundurs well-known two-area, four-generator system and a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WPP are modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC. The WPP model is based on the Western Electricity Coordination Council (WECC) standard model. A controller to damp interarea oscillations is added to the WECC DFIG model, and its effects are studied. Analysis is performed on the data generated by the simulations. The sampling frequency is set to resemble the sampling frequency at which data are available from phasor measurement units in the real world. The YuleWalker algorithm is used to estimate the power spectral density of these signals.
Novel treatment of chronic severe hand dermatitis with bexarotene gel.

Summary Background Hand dermatitis is an eczematous inflammation of the hands that is related to occupation or to routine activities. It often becomes chronic, and in some patients may become severe and disabling. Topical corticosteroids are effective treatment, particularly for milder forms, but they often lose effectiveness with time and can produce skin atrophy. Objectives To evaluate bexarotene gel topical therapy for safety, tolerability and efficacy in patients with chronic hand dermatitis. Methods A phase I–II open-label randomized clinical study of bexarotene gel, alone and in combination with a low- and a mid-potency steroid, was conducted in 55 patients with chronic severe hand dermatitis at two academic clinics. Results Patients using bexarotene gel monotherapy reached a 79% response rate for ≥ 50% clinical improvement and a 39% response rate for ≥ 90% clearance of hands. Adverse events possibly related to treatment in all patients were stinging or burning (15%), flare of dermatitis (16%) and irritation (29%). Thirteen patients (24%) withdrew early, including two for related adverse events and five for inadequate response. Conclusions Bexarotene gel appears to be safe, tolerated by most patients, with useful therapeutic activity in chronic severe hand dermatitis.
Arsenic removal from aqueous solution using pure and metal-doped titania nanoparticles coated on glass beads: adsorption and column studies

Nanosizedmetal oxide, Titania, provides high surface area and specific affinity for the adsorption of heavymetals, including arsenic (As), which is posing a great threat to the world population due to its carcinogenic nature. In this study, As(III) adsorption was studied on pure and metal- (Ag- and Fe-) doped Titania nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were synthesized by liquid impregnation method with some modifications, with crystallite size in the range of 30 to 40 nm. Band gap analysis, using Kubelka-Munk function showed a shift of absorption band from UV to visible region for themetal-doped Titania. Effect of operational parameters like dose of nanoparticles, initial As(III) concentration, and pH was evaluated at 25°C. The data obtained gave a good fit with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the adsorption was found to conform to pseudo-second-order kinetics. In batch studies, over 90% of arsenic removal was observed for both types of metal-doped Titania nanoparticles from a solution containing up to 2 ppm of the heavy metal. Fixed bed columns of nanoparticles, coated on glass beads, were used for As(III) removal under different operating conditions. Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to predict the breakthrough curves and to find the characteristic column parameters useful for process design. The columns were regenerated using 10% NaOH solution.
Self-Reported Heavy Bleeding Associated With Uterine Leiomyomata

Abstract Objective To characterize the relationship between self-reported bleeding symptoms and uterine leiomyoma size and location. Methods The leiomyoma status of a randomly selected sample of women aged 35–49 in the Washington, DC, area was determined using abdominal and transvaginal ultrasound to measure size and location of leiomyomata found at screening. Women were asked about symptoms of heavy bleeding (gushing-type bleeding, long menses, pad/tampon use) in a telephone interview. Using multivariable regression, we examined the relationships between leiomyoma characteristics and heavy bleeding symptoms among 910 premenopausal women. Results Women with leiomyomata ( n = 596) were more likely to report gushing-type bleeding than women without leiomyomata; risk increased with leiomyoma size. Adjusted relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for women in each leiomyoma size category compared with the reference category (women without leiomyomata) were as follows: adjusted relative risk of 1.4 (95% CI 1.1, 1.9) for diffuse only, adjusted relative risk of 1.4 (95% CI 1.1, 1.8) for small leiomyomata (less than 2 cm), adjusted relative risk of 1.6 (95% CI 1.3, 2.0) for medium leiomyomata (2–5 cm), and adjusted relative risk of 1.9 (95% CI 1.5, 2.5) for large leiomyomata (greater than 5 cm). Reported use of eight or more pads/tampons on the heaviest days of menstrual bleeding increased with leiomyoma size, with a nearly 2.5-fold risk for women with large leiomyomata compared with women without leiomyomata (adjusted relative risk of 2.4; 95% CI 1.8, 3.1). Nonsubmucosal leiomyomata were associated with essentially the same increase in heavy bleeding as submuscosal leiomyomata of similar size. Conclusion Small leiomyomata were associated with increased risk of heavy bleeding, and risk increased with size. Contrary to published articles, nonsubmucosal leiomyomata were associated with heavy bleeding to the same extent as submucosal leiomyomata.
MALTHUSIAN MENOPAUSE: AGING AND SEXUALITY IN ELIZABETH GASKELL'S CRANFORD

IN AN EARLY VERSION of Elizabeth Gaskell's Cranford sketches, “The Last Generation of England” (1849), the narrator expresses a “wish…to put upon record some of the details of country town life,…for even in small towns, scarcely removed from villages, the phases of society are rapidly changing” (319). Before she begins her ethnographic preservation project, however, the narrator provides a disclaimer, suggesting the difficulty of categorizing the various aspects of what she is about to write: “As for classing the details with which I am acquainted under any heads, that will be impossible from their heterogeneous nature; I must write them down as they arise in my memory” (319). She then goes on to provide precisely what she claims is impossible–a categorical litany of the local inhabitants, beginning with the daughters of “very old” families who, “if unmarried, retired to live in–on their annuities, and gave the ton to the society there” (319). The reader is quickly taken through the town's social register, from “widows of the cadets of these same families,” to “professional men and their wives,” to a “grade lower…a class of single or widow ladies,” and on “[b]elow again,” to “the shopkeepers,” “the usual respectable and disrespectable poor,” and “a set of young men, [hanging about] ready for mischief and brutality” (319–20). Through her description, the narrator performs a double disavowal; heterogeneity prevents classification, but that very heterogeneity is itself what produces the need to classify. The rural society that serves as a precursor to Cranford (1851–53) represents a diversity that must be categorized–its hierarchy organized according to its uniqueness of place. Rendered as particular, readily-identifiable positions within the eccentric space of provincial English society, Cranford's denizens are inscribed through the Victorian fascination with taxonomy–a fascination with the seemingly paradoxical possibilities of “classing the details.”
Evaluation of Behavioral Aspects

In this chapter, we evaluate the implemented culture-related behaviors with users from either a German or Japanese cultural background. With the evaluation studies, we investigate whether human observers prefer agent behavior that is in line with observations made for their own cultural background. This was suggested by Lee and Nass [LN98] who found out that the ethnicity of an agent affects the user’s attitude and that users perceive more trust towards agents with a similar cultural background.
Sublinear compressive sensing reconstruction via belief propagation decoding

We propose a new compressive sensing scheme, based on codes of graphs, that allows for joint design of sensing matrices and low complexity reconstruction algorithms. The compressive sensing matrices can be shown to offer asymptotically optimal performance when used in combination with OMP methods. For more elaborate greedy reconstruction schemes, we propose a new family of list decoding and multiple-basis belief propagation algorithms. Our simulation results indicate that the proposed CS scheme offers good complexity-performance tradeoffs for several classes of sparse signals.