cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of nest-site selection of ground-nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera) using emergence traps

Approximately 70% of the 30 000 known bee (Hymenoptera) species and most flower-visiting, solitary wasps (Hymenoptera) nest in the ground. However, nesting behaviours of most ground-nesting bees and wasps are poorly understood. Habitat loss, including nesting habitat, threatens populations of ground-nesting bees and wasps. Most ground-nesting bee and wasp studies implement trapping methods that capture foraging individuals, but provide little insight into the nesting preferences of these taxa. Some researchers have suggested that emergence traps may provide a suitable means by which to determine ground-nesting bee and wasp abundance. We sought to evaluate nest-site selection of ground-nesting bees and wasps using emergence traps in two study systems: (1) planted wildflower enhancement plots and fallow control plots in agricultural land; and (2) upland pine and hammock habitat in forests. Over the course of three years (2015–2017), we collected 306 ground-nesting bees and wasps across all study sites from emergence traps. In one study, we compared captures per trap between coloured pan traps and emergence traps and found that coloured pan traps captured far more ground-nesting bees and wasps than did emergence traps. Based on our emergence trap data, our results also suggest ground-nesting bees and wasps are more apt to nest within wildflower enhancement plots than in fallow control plots, and in upland pine habitats than in hammock forests. In conclusion, emergence traps have potential to be a unique tool to gain understanding of ground-nesting bee and wasp habitat requirements.
Pharyngeal contractile and regulatory characteristics are distinct during nutritive oral stimulus in preterm-born infants: Implications for clinical and research applications.

BACKGROUND Maturation of pharyngeal swallowing during neonatal oral feeding is unknown. Our objective was to evaluate pharyngeal functioning using high-resolution manometry (HRM) during nutritive oral stimulus and test the hypothesis that pharyngeal contractility and regulation are distinct in preterm-born infants. METHODS High-resolution manometry data during oral milk feeding were analyzed for pharyngeal contractile (PhCI, mm Hg cm s) and regulatory (number and frequency of pharyngeal contractions and bursts, pharyngeal activity-to-quiescence ratio, upper esophageal sphincter nadir pressure) characteristics in 23 preterm (<38 weeks' gestation) and 18 full-term-born infants at term maturation. Mixed linear models and stepwise regression methods were used. RESULTS Despite more oral feeding experiences (P < 0.05), preterm infants (vs full-term), consumed less milk volume (P < 0.001), had lesser pharyngeal contractions within bursts (P = 0.04), lower pharyngeal contraction frequency (P < 0.01), and lower pharyngeal activity (P = 0.03), but higher PhCI per individual contraction (P = 0.01). PhCI is higher for longer PMA (P < 0.05), higher UES nadir pressures (P < 0.05), and lower pharyngeal contraction frequency (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Nutritive oral milk stimulus provoked pharyngeal contractility characteristics is distinct in preterm-born. Despite more oral nutritive experiences, preterm infants had underdeveloped excitatory and inhibitory rhythmic activity. Cranial nerve IX and X effects on sensory-motor responses and feedback (excitation-inhibitory rhythm regulation) remain immature among preterm-born even at full-term maturational status. We speculate the relationship between PhCI and UES regulatory activity contributes to the observed differences in preterm and full-term infants.
Special Session: A Quality and Reliability Driven DFT and DFR Strategy for Automotive and Industrial Markets

The semiconductor market continues to evolve from consumer-based markets to automotive and industrial markets requiring higher quality and higher reliability; passing qualification and continuous improvement (CIP) is the traditional quality / reliability strategy in today's consumer-driven markets. However, to ensure acceptance in designing high value buildings, factories, and automobiles with increased semiconductor content, passing qualification and CIP is insufficient to guarantee a device meets adequate quality and reliability (QR) goals. These applications are driving the new DFT (design for test) technologies within the designs for achieving higher coverage with reduced test cost. With increased focus, suppliers must actively integrate QR into devices. Unfortunately, there aren't clear strategies or guidance. To this end, we propose quantified market-driven DPPM (defective parts per million) and product-level FIT (Failure in time) targets and show how DFT and design for reliability (DFR) can be used as part of an integrated strategy to enable product-level QR.
Speech-Language Pathology Services in the Schools: A Follow-Up 9 Years Later

Purpose Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in the schools provide services to students with a variety of disorders and severity levels. This study built upon a previously published survey (Brandel...
Senescent Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Disease Mechanism and Treatment Strategy.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied for therapeutic application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Despite their promise, recent findings suggest that MSC replication during repair process may lead to replicative senescence and stem cell exhaustion. Here, we review the basic mechanisms of MSC senescence, how it leads to degenerative diseases, and potential treatments for such diseases. Emerging evidence has shown a link between senescent MSCs and degenerative diseases, especially age-related diseases such as osteoarthritis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. During these disease processes, MSCs undergo cell senescence and mediate Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotypes (SASP) to affect the surrounding microenvironment. Thus, senescent MSCs can accelerate tissue aging by increasing the number of senescent cells and spreading inflammation to neighboring cells. Senescent MSCs not only hamper tissue repair through cell senescence associated stem cell exhaustion but also mediate tissue degeneration by initiating and spreading senescence-associated inflammation. It suggests new strategies of MSC-based cell therapy to remove, rejuvenate, or replace (3Rs) the senescent MSCs.
Overview of Foreign Direct Investment in Former Yugoslavia and Related Scholarly Literature

In setting the stage for analysis, this chapter provides an overview and comparison of FDI across the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). The territories considered include Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. The chapter then examines the most important scholarly literature on determinants of FDI in transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), with special emphasis on the geographic coverage of this book. Next, recognizing the potential differential effects of FDI, some key findings on its positive and negative economic impacts are discussed. Finally, the data used in this volume are introduced and critiqued with reference to their merits and limitations. Within this discussion, the growing phenomenon of offshoring is considered as an impediment to a robust understanding of FDI, as is the recent acceleration of divestment by multinational enterprises (MNEs), a phenomenon that has emerged since the global financial crisis (GFC) and is likely to continue as the economic effects of COVID-19 play out.
In Defense of Authenticity: How a Desire for Information Explains Preferences for Authenticity Across Domains

From restaurants to handbags to political candidates, authenticity is valued in many different contexts. Yet we lack a comprehensive way of understanding what authenticity means and why we seek it. This interdisciplinary essay, drawing on research from multiple fields such as marketing and sociology, proposes that while a unified definition of authenticity may be elusive, our motivations for seeking the authentic can be explained by a desire to learn information that reveals some valuable truth. Though the desire for authenticity is easily manipulated (often by commercial interests), I argue that it is not primarily a socially determined and superficial drive but guided by an adaptive desire for knowledge. I outline four related motives for valuing authentic entities, all connected to the search for valuable information. And I show how these motives can explain what authenticity means in the domains of art, food, culture, consumer goods, lifestyle and people.
A Modified K-Medoids Algorithm for Deploying a Required Number of Computing Systems in a Three Dimensional Space in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Identifying the number and location of processing machines in underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is one of the hot topics nowadays. UWSNs are vital in monitoring and detecting objects or phenomenon in underwater environment [11]. UWSNs, however, have some limitations and challenges. The low bandwidth capacity is a key challenge [10] [5]. The next main challenge in UWSNs is having long propagation delay [8] [5]. These two challenges negatively impact the performance of UWSNs even if the number and location of processing machines are chosen optimally. Therefore, in paper, we propose a framework including a Modified K-Medoids algorithm that can help to identify the location of processing machines that we need to deploy. We study the effectiveness of having such algorithm on end to end delay and load balancing. Semi-uniform distribution outperforms in term of load balancing comparing to the other two distributions. We consider three different scenario to show merits of our work.
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

Disease Overview Immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain amyloidosis is a clonal, nonproliferative plasma cell disorder in which fragments of Ig light chain are deposited in tissues. Clinical features depend on organs involved but can include restrictive cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic failure, peripheral/autonomic neuropathy, and atypical multiple myeloma. Diagnosis Tissue biopsy stained with Congo red demonstrating amyloid deposits with apple-green birefringence is required for diagnosis. Invasive organ biopsy is not required because amyloid deposits can be found in bone marrow biopsy or subcutaneous fat aspirate in 85% of patients. Verification that amyloid is of immunoglobulin origin is mandatory. Prognosis N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), serum troponin T, and immunoglobulin free light chain values are used to classify patients into four groups of similar size; median survivals are 94.1, 40.3, 14.0, and 5.8 months. Therapy All patients with a visceral amyloid syndrome require therapy to prevent deposition of amyloid in other viscera and prevent progressive organ failure of involved sites. Stem cell transplant (SCT) is preferred, but only 20% of patients are eligible. Requirements for safe SCT include NT-proBNP <5,000 ng/mL, troponin T < 0.06 ng/mL, age <70 years, <3 organs involved, and serum creatinine ≤1.7 mg/dL. Nontransplant candidates can be offered melphalan-dexamethasone. Pomalidomide appears to have activity, as do other combinations of chemotherapy with agents such as cyclophosphamide-thalidomide (or lenalidomide or bortezomib)-dexamethasone, bortezomib-dexamethasone, and melphalan-prednisone-lenalidomide. Future Challenges Late diagnosis remains a major obstacle to initiating effective therapy when organ dysfunction is still recoverable. Recognizing the presenting syndromes is necessary for improving survival. Am. J. Hematol. 88:417–425, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Call repertoire and inferred ecotype presence of killer whales (Orcinus orca) recorded in the southeastern Chukchi Sea

Killer whales occur in the Arctic but few data exist regarding the ecotypes present. The calling behavior differs among ecotypes, which can be distinguished based on pulsed call type, call rate, and bandwidth. In this study, a passive acoustic recorder was deployed 75 km off Point Hope, Alaska, in the southeastern Chukchi Sea to identify which ecotypes were present. A total of 1323 killer whale pulsed calls were detected on 38 of 276 days during the summers (June–August) of 2013–2015. The majority of calls (n = 804, 61%) were recorded in 2013 with the most calls recorded in July (76% of total calls). The calls were manually grouped into six categories: multipart, downsweep, upsweep, modulated, single modulation, and flat. Most detections were flat (n = 485, 37%) or multipart calls (n = 479, 36%), which contained both high and low frequency components. Call comparisons with those reported in the published literature showed similarities with other transient populations in fundamental frequency contour point distribution and median frequency. This study provides the first comprehensive catalog of transient killer whale calls in this region as well as reports on previously undescribed calls.
A missed opportunity in the ED: Palliative care consult delays during inpatient admission.

Abstract Study hypothesis Although Emergency Medicine has recognized Palliative Care (PC) as an important aspect of Emergency Medicine, the importance of integrating palliative care into standard practice is underscored by the data that many patients qualify for PC but are not utilizing this part of medicine. We believe Emergency Medicine should integrate Palliative Care as our responsibility and not rely on our colleagues. To support our statement, we undertook an examination of patients who died while inpatient to identify whether they were appropriately receiving palliative care consults. We hypothesized that palliative care is under-utilized for patients during these admissions. Design, setting, and participant Retrospective chart review from 2015 to 2018 of inpatient deaths using an Emergency Medicine Palliative Care Screening Tool to determine qualification for Palliative Care. Setting is John Hopkins Hospital. Participants were age 18 and over; who died during their inpatient admission. Main outcomes and measures Percentage of patients who qualified for palliative care via the screening tool versus percentage of patients who had palliative care involvement. Results The final study sample included 428 patients who died inpatient in the hospital between January 2015 and December 2018. The analysis used a Palliative Care Screening Tool to determine which patients would have qualified for palliative care. Analysis demonstrates that 66% of patients qualified for palliative care, whereas only 27% received it. Conclusion and relevance The data reflects the percentage of patients who qualified for Palliative Care compared to the definite number of patients who received palliative care. The discrepancy in the percentages support our statement Emergency Medicine should take the lead on initiating palliative care for qualifying patients.
The Dirichlet Problem

This chapter is devoted to studying boundary value problems for second-order elliptic equations. The variational (also known as Hilbert space) approach to the Dirichlet problem is emphasized. Maximum principles are discussed in §5.10 and §5.11, which are independent of the preceding sections and are essential reading along with §5.1, §5.2, and §5.3. Sections 5.8 and 5.9 address the technically difficult question of the regularity of the weak solution constructed in §5.3. Sections 5.4—5.7 treat a variety of topics which rely solely on the H1 variational approach to the Dirichlet problem. It is interesting that this straightforward argument propels one so far.
GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR THE TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM WITH TIME WINDOWS

ABSTRACT Traveling salesman problems in which the nodes must be visited within specified time windows are of considerable practical importance. The presence of the time windows is a significant complication to the basic problem. We describe the use of Genetic Algorithms to heuristically solve the traveling salesman problem with time windows. A new crossover operator, called the earliest closing time crossover, is used in the genetic search. Experiments show consistently high performance results when compared with alternative methods from the literature.
Parameterized complexity in multiple-interval graphs: partition, separation, irredundancy

We present new results on the parameterized complexities of k- VERTEX CLIQUE PARTITION and k-SEPARATING VERTICES in multiple-interval graphs and their complements, and present a very simple alternative proof of the W[1]-hardness of k-IRREDUNDANT SET in general graphs.
The pressure relaxation of liquid jets after isochoric heating

During isochoric heating by fast neutron irradiation, a high pressure is almost instantaneously built up inside the falling liquid jets in a HYLIFE (ICF) reactor. It has been suggested that the jets will breakup as a consequence of negative pressure occurring during the relaxation. This is important to both the subsequent condensation process and the chamber wall design. In this paper the mechanism of the relaxation of liquid jets after isochoric heating has been studied with both incompressible and compressible models. The transient pressure field predicted is qualitatively similar for both models and reveals a strongly peaked tension in the wake of a rarefaction wave. The pressure then rises monotonically in radius to zero pressure on the boundary. The incompressible approximation greatly over predicts the peak tension, which increases with time as the rarefaction wave moves toward the center of the jet. Since the tension distribution is as a narrow spike rather than uniform, a cylindrical fracture is the most likely mode of failure. The paper also discusses the available methods for estimating liquid tensile strength.
Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Background Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) are treatment options for aortic stenosis in patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery. We assessed the major clinical outcomes of such patients enrolled in the CoreValve High Risk (CHR) study. Methods Of the 795 CHR study patients, 226 had prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery; 115 underwent TAVR and 111 underwent SAVR. The primary endpoint was a comparison of all-cause mortality at 1 year. Important secondary clinical endpoints were assessed. Results At 1 year, all-cause mortality was 9.6% for TAVR versus 18.1% for SAVR ( p = 0.06); cardiovascular mortality was 7.0% for TAVR versus 13.8% for SAVR ( p = 0.09). A combination of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score greater than 7 and age greater than 80 years was a significant predictor of mortality, with TAVR demonstrating a survival advantage ( p = 0.03). No differences were seen for stroke. The SAVR group had longer intensive care unit and hospital stays, increased incidence of acute kidney injury, life-threatening or disabling bleeding, and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events ( p Conclusions For patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery and aortic stenosis, TAVR offers a significant morbidity advantage and a strong trend toward improved survival over SAVR at 1 year.
Use of nanofibers in high-efficiency solid-state lighting

Nanofibers made from non-absorbing polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) are solid structures that have one dimension (diameter) in the 10-1,000 nanometer (nm) range, while the other dimension (length) can be quite long. These nanofibers can be formed in either an oriented or random packing structure, and the surface morphology of the fiber can range from smooth to nanoporous. Quantum dots (QD) or other luminescent nanoparticles (diameter 1-10 nm) can be added to the nanofiber to create the photoluminescent nanofiber (PLN). Because PLNs are nanocomposites of fluorescent nanoparticles and polymer nanofibers, the optical properties of the nanocomposite, including absorption, emission, and light scattering, can be tailored for application-specific requirements. Nanofibers may have several applications in solid-state lighting, including serving as a light diffuser, providing optical filtering of low photopic sensitive wavelengths (i.e., blue) to increase conversion to higher luminosity wavelengths, and providing a convenient vehicle for handling and blending QDs to achieve a high color-rendering index.
Applied Nonparametric Statistics (2nd ed.)

(1991). Applied Nonparametric Statistics (2nd ed.) Technometrics: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 364-365.
A teratocyte gene from a parasitic wasp that is associated with inhibition of insect growth and development inhibits host protein synthesis

After parasitization, some wasps induce hosts prematurely to initiate metamorphic development that is then suspended in a postwandering, prepupal state. Following egression of the parasite larva, the host remains in this developmentally arrested state until death. Teratocytes, cells released at egg hatch from extra-embryonic serosal membranes of some wasp parasites, inhibit growth and development when injected into host larvae independent of other parasite factors (e.g. venom, polydnavirus). Synthesis of some developmentally regulated, abundantly expressed Heliothis virescens host proteins is inhibited in hosts parasitized by Microplitis croceipes and by teratocyte injection. A cDNA encoding a 13.9 kDa protein (TSP14) that inhibited protein synthesis, growth and development was isolated from a protein fraction secreted by teratocytes. TSP14 appears to be responsible, in part, for the teratocyte-mediated inhibition of host growth and development. Interestingly, this cDNA encoded a cysteine-rich amino acid motif similar to that described from Campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus, a mutualistic virus that enables wasp parasitization of lepidopteran larvae. Moreover, TSP14 inhibited protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and wheat germ extract translation systems. We hypothesize that some wasp parasites inhibit translation as a general means to regulate and redirect lepidopteran host physiology to support endoparasite development.
Optical coherence tomography visualizes neurons in human entorhinal cortex

The cytoarchitecture of the human brain is of great interest in diverse fields: neuroanatomy, neurology, neuroscience, and neuropathology. Traditional histology is a method that has been historically used to assess cell and fiber content in the ex vivo human brain. However, this technique suffers from significant distortions. We used a previously demonstrated optical coherence microscopy technique to image individual neurons in several square millimeters of en-face tissue blocks from layer II of the human entorhinal cortex, over 50 μm in depth. The same slices were then sectioned and stained for Nissl substance. We registered the optical coherence tomography (OCT) images with the corresponding Nissl stained slices using a nonlinear transformation. The neurons were then segmented in both images and we quantified the overlap. We show that OCT images contain information about neurons that is comparable to what can be obtained from Nissl staining, and thus can be used to assess the cytoarchitecture of the ex vivo human brain with minimal distortion. With the future integration of a vibratome into the OCT imaging rig, this technique can be scaled up to obtain undistorted volumetric data of centimeter cube tissue blocks in the near term, and entire human hemispheres in the future.
Solar thermochemical and electrochemical research - how they can help reduce the carbon dioxide burden

Any process which decreases the use of fossil fuels as a prime energy source will be used only if it is attractive to industry. To be attractive, an alternative energy source must be cost effective. The only alternative prime energy sources which appear likely to be cost effective in the foreseeable future are nuclear fission and the various manifestations of solar. Fission, no matter how well it is engineered on earth, can cause major disasters because of human error; its apparent cost effectiveness is illusory. Thermonuclear fusion energy is no closer to fruition than it was fifty years ago, when it was first proposed. Solar energy is thermonuclear fusion. The source is far removed from humans. We can't manipulate the safety devices. The realization that one cannot divorce nuclear energy from the hazards of human error and malice is already a given in public policy. Being a 5800K source, solar is most efficiently used when it is directly absorbed at the site of an endothermic reaction at the highest practicable temperature. In recognizing the special thermodynamic attributes of solar energy, for the past 20 years my students and I have explored various solar thermochemical and solar thermoelectrochemical processes. This paper presents a summary of some of our pertinent observations and suggests directions that I believe future research and development should take.
Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease in heart and heart-lung transplant recipients: 30-year experience at Stanford University.

Abstract Background: Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is an important source of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients, with a reported incidence of 0.8% to 20%. Risk factors are thought to include immunosuppressive agents and viral infection. This study attempts to evaluate the impact of different immunosuppressive regimens, ganciclovir prophylaxis and other potential risk factors in the development of PTLD. Methods: We reviewed the records of 1,026 (874 heart, 152 heart–lung) patients who underwent transplantation at Stanford between 1968 and 1997. Of these, 57 heart and 8 heart–lung recipients developed PTLD. During this interval, 4 different immunosuppressive regimens were utilized sequentially. In January 1987, ganciclovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus serologic-positive patients was introduced. Other potential risk factors evaluated included age, gender, prior cardiac diagnoses, HLA match, rejection frequency and calcium-channel blockade. Results: No correlation of development of PTLD was found with different immunosuppression regimens consisting of azathioprine, prednisone, cyclosporine, OKT3 induction, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. A trend suggesting an influence of ganciclovir on the prevention of PTLD was not statistically significant ( p = 0.12). Recipient age and rejection frequency, as well as high-dose cyclosporine immunosuppression, were significantly ( p Conclusions: The overall incidence of PTLD was 6.3%. It was not altered by sequential modifications in treatment regimens. Younger recipient age and higher rejection frequency were associated with increased PTLD occurrence. The 15% prevalence of PTLD in 58 long-term survivors was unexpectedly high.
Confusions in memory for tactile presentations of letters

This investigation explored the possibility of a tactile as well as acoustic component for short-term memory by tactilely presenting groups of letters on subjects’ backs. Letters varied in phonetic similarity and spatial location. Recall error rates were assessed according to Wickelgren’s (1965) ordered, item, and position recall criteria. Spatial location showed no effect. High phonetic similarity produced more errors than low phonetic similarity by ordered and position recall criteria. This effect was attributed to translation to acoustic representations for storage in short-term memory. The results suggest that shape coding may also function along with acoustic coding as an additional strategy for aiding recall of tactilely presented letter sequences.
A new perturbative approximation applied to supersymmetric quantum field theory

Abstract We show that a recently proposed graphical perturbative calculational scheme in quantum field theory is consistent with global supersymmetry invariance. We examine a two-dimensional supersymmetric quantum field theory in which we do not know of any other means for doing analytical calculations. We illustrate the power of this new technique by computing the ground-state energy density E to second order in this new perturbation theory. We show that there is a beautiful and delicate cancellation between infinite classes of graphs which leads to the result that E =0.
Why a Core

Liberating the Core from the Culture Wars D iscussions abou t whe ther schools should encourage or even require students to comple te a core cur r icu lum dur ing their first two years of college typically founde r on the shoals of intractable normative debates abou t what ough t to be in the core. Ever since the seventeenth-century "quarrel between the ancients and the moderns ," scholars have waged inkwell wars over the aesthetic, moral, and intellectual worth of various domains of learning. Some advocate for m o d e r n writers over ancient; some champion Hebra ism over Hellenism; some favor the humani t ies over the natural sciences. Today, discussions of core curr icula instantly descend into the familiar a rguments tor and against a canon of great books, multiculturalism, and Western civilization. These battles over the intrinsic worth of various domains of knowledge are inherent ly in terminable and not directly relevant to the quest ion of what belongs to the core of a college curr iculum. The word "curr iculum" refers to a circular racecourse: a scholastic cur r icu lum leads a s tudent a round the circle of knowledge. What we must first consider is not what should be long to the core of knowledge bu t what does be long to it, and this, as we shall see, can be d e t e r m i n e d mainly on objective grounds. O f course, deciding what belongs to the core of the college curr icu lum leaves open many o ther impor tan t curricular quest ions abou t the s tructure of major and minor subjects, language and foreign culture requirements , and electives. I will argue that the core of a college cur r icu lum ough t to focus on the relatively settled core of h u m a n knowledge rather than on the rapidly-changing controversies at the frontiers of inquiry. The core of h u m a n knowledge is that body of concepts , facts, and texts p resupposed by all advanced study in the various disciplines. That essential core of knowledge can be identif ied largely wi thout recourse to normat ive controversies abou t the worth of differen t fields of study, as I will a t tempt to show. We need to in t roduce our s tudents to the actual core of h u m a n knowing so that one day they might be in a position to assess and to make cont r ibut ions to the frontiers of knowledge.
The Need for Uniform Terminology Concerning Phytoplankton Cell Size Fractions and Examples of Picoplankton from the Laurentian Great Lakes

Abstract A variety of terms are used to describe phytoplankton cell size fractions in the freshwater and marine literature. To eliminate misinterpretations, it is strongly suggested that a uniform terminology be adopted by limnologists and phycologists working in the Great Lakes. This terminology is in accord with SI units of dimension and mass. Some examples of the importance of picoplankton are discussed.
Effects of exercise in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (an animal model of multiple sclerosis)

Exercise training has improved many outcomes in “clinical” research involving persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but there is limited understanding of the underlying “basic” pathophysiological mechanisms. The animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), seems ideal for examining the effects of exercise training on MS-disease pathophysiology. EAE is an autoimmune T-helper cell-mediated disease characterized by T-cell and monocyte infiltration and inflammation in the CNS. To that end, this paper briefly describes common models of EAE, reviews existing research on exercise and EAE, and then identifies future research directions for understanding the consequences of exercise training using EAE.
New kinase regulation mechanism found in HipBA: a bacterial persistence switch

Bacterial persistence is the ability of individual cells to randomly enter a period of dormancy during which the cells are protected against antibiotics. In Escherichia coli, persistence is regulated by the activity of a protein kinase HipA and its DNA-binding partner HipB, which is a strong inhibitor of both HipA activity and hip operon transcription. The crystal structure of the HipBA complex was solved by application of the SAD technique to a mercury derivative. In this article, the fortuitous and interesting effect of mercury soaks on the native HipBA crystals is discussed as well as the intriguing tryptophan-binding pocket found on the HipA surface. A HipA-regulation model is also proposed that is consistent with the available structural and biochemical data.
The Emerging Media System in China: Implications for Regime Change

It is well established that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) uses the media to set the agenda for political discourse, propagate official policies, monitor public opinion, and rally regime support...
Analysis of T-2 toxin in a biological matrix using multiple reaction monitoring.

The traditional analysis of a biological mixture by mass spectrometry involves the union of a gas liquid Chromatograph with a mass spectrometer and analysis of the resolved effluent by either full scan or the recording of selected ions. The latter methodology is sensitive and selective but suffers from the interference presented by the biological matrix. With the advent of tandem mass spectrometry, greater flexibility in the elimination of the effects of a biological matrix is possible. The example used here is that of the trifluoroacetate derivative of T-2 toxin. Thus, a single or multiple selection of parent ions (m/z+ 478) is made and allowed to pass through the first analyzer (sectoring portion) of the tandem mass spectrometer into the second mass spectrometer, in this case a quadrupole. Here the parent fragment undergoes collision-activated decomposition, under the influence of argon gas and voltage (collision energy) into daughter ions which are detected by the third mass spectrometer (quadrupole). The daughters generated from the parent m/z6+ 478 of T-2-TFA are 180, 138 and 121. They are unique and give definitive proof for the presence of T-2 toxin. There is the possibility that other 478 fragments may be present in the mixture that have the same retention time as T-2-TFA toxin. In this case, the daughters generated will be different from that of T-2. The method is called multiple reaction monitoring. It is highly accurate and can detect T-2-TFA in blood or urine at a concentration of 1 ppb.
The Dover Boat: the Reality of Deep‐Mud Rescue

This article is based on a lecture given in early 1994 to the Society of Antiquaries by the author, then editor of IJNA. With over 30 years’ experience of work on ancient buried boats she was among...
Phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands on Pt(II) shift selectivity from ethylene hydrophenylation toward benzene vinylation

Abstract A series of Pt(II) complexes of the type ([(L∼L)Pt(L′)(Ph)][BAr′ 4 ] (L∼L = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, ( N -pyrrolyl) 2 P(CH 2 ) 2 P( N -pyrrolyl) 2 , 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, (bis-(diphenylphosphino)methyl)methylamine, 8-(diisopropylphosphino)quinoline, 1,1′-methylene-3,3′-di- tert -butylimidazol-2,2′-diylidine); L′ = THF or NCMe) has been synthesized and fully characterized. These complexes were screened as catalysts for ethylene hydrophenylation to yield ethylbenzene. All of the complexes exhibited selectivity for styrene production with low catalytic turnover. DFT calculations have been used to model reactivity of the [(dmpe)Pt(L')(Ph)][BAr′ 4 ] (dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane). It is shown that selective styrene formation is a result of a calculated ΔΔ G ‡ of 5 kcal/mol for the benzene C–H activation step in the catalytic cycles for styrene versus ethylbenzene formation.
Cardiovascular disease research and the development agenda in low- and middle-income countries.

Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality are on the decline in high-income countries, globally, the burden of CVD continues to rise due to the increasing incidence of CVD in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Eighty percent of all CVD-related deaths occur in LMIC, yet the amount of global health spending on noncommunicable diseases prevention and treatment remains disproportionately low when compared to the global burden of these diseases [1]. In response to this alarming global trend in CVD and other non-communicable diseases, in 2011, a U.N. high-level meeting convened in order to highlight the impact of non-communicable diseases on public health and human development. Poverty exacerbates the epidemic of CVD in LMIC, and CVD in turn perpetuates social and economic inequality. CVD is inextricably linked to human development, and research aimed to reduce the burden of CVD in developing countries should be prioritized on the development agenda for LMIC.
How do prostitution customers value health and position health in their discussions? Qualitative analysis of online forums

Aim: Information on the health values and positioning of health among prostitution customers is limited. The aim is to explore the positioning of health among prostitution customers using data from Internet forums in Finland. Methods: Qualitative study using a purposive sample of public online forums among prostitution customers in 2002–2012. Results: Health beliefs in relation to infections and risky sexual behavior were diverse, from correct to false. Although men were aware of health risks in prostitution, it was common to have multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex. Although there were men who warned others about possible health consequences when a condom is not used, typically men were proud not to use a condom with a prostitute and found different explanations for not using a condom. Condom breakage was not an issue discussed in forums. Unexpected findings were beliefs that one fifth of the Nordic population is resistant to HIV, that the possibility of HIV transmission is exaggerated by medica...
Speed variation and resultant joint torques during sit-to-stand

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a progressively faster speed of ascent requires significantly greater peak resultant joint torque (RJT) at major load-bearing joints of the lower limb during the sit-to-stand (STS) transfer. Eight healthy adults performed the STS at slow, natural, and fast speeds. A motion analysis system and two force platforms were employed to record kinetic data, and equations of motion were applied to compute the RJT for the ankle, knee, and hip. The results of the study supported the hypothesis that when the speed of ascent increased progressively, the peak hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion RJTs increased disproportionately. However, the peak hip extension and ankle plantar flexion RJTs remained relatively constant across the range of the speeds. Implications for clinical practice pertaining to the timing and magnitude of RJT, as well as for interventions that emphasize the adaptive characteristics of movements, are suggested.
Validity of the Autism Spectrum Disorder-Comorbid for Children (ASD-CC)

Abstract A limited number of studies currently exist focusing on comorbid psychopathology of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Due to the heterogeneity of ASD symptoms, communication deficits, and impairments in intellectual functioning, assessing symptoms of psychopathology is complicated. The Autism Spectrum Disorders-Comorbidity for Children (ASD-CC) is a new measure, incorporated in an extensive assessment battery, designed to assess children with ASD for comorbid psychopathology. Reliability analyses of the ASD-CC have been conducted [Matson, J. L., & Wilkins, J. (2008). Reliability of the Autism Spectrum Disorders-Comorbidity for Children (ASD-CC). Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities , 20 , 155–165]. The aim of this study was to identify the factor structure of the ASD-CC and evaluate construct validity of the measure by correlating the empirically derived factors with subscales of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Version 2 (BASC-2). Results of the analyses included a seven-factor solution. The factors were composed of items consistent with Tantrum Behavior, Repetitive Behavior, Worry/Depressed, Avoidant Behavior, Under-Eating, Over-Eating, and Conduct. Convergence between some factors of the ASD-CC and related subscales was observed as was discrimination between unrelated factors of the two measures. The ASD-CC appears to be a valid measure of comorbid psychopathology in the ASD population.
Effectiveness of the Interventions Utilized in Genetic Counseling

Background. Advances in genetic science and biotechnology accumulated huge knowledge of genes and various genetic tests and diagnostic tools for healthcare providers including nurses. Genetic counseling became important to assist patients making decisions about obtaining genetic testing or preventive measures. Method. This review was conducted to describe the counseling topics, various interventions adopted in genetic counseling, and their effectiveness. Experimental studies () published between 1999 and 2012 were synthesized. Results. The most frequently covered topic was benefits and limitations of genetic testing on breast cancer ovarian and colorectal cancers. Most of researchers focused on evaluating cognitive aspect and psychological well-being. Conclusion. No single intervention was consistently reported to be effective. Decision aids enhanced with information technologies have potential to improve the outcomes of genetic counseling by providing tailored information and facilitating active engagement of patients in information uptake. Clinical Implication. When nurses are familiar with topics and interventions of genetic counseling, they are well positioned to provide genetic/genomic information to the patient and families.
Shifts in Depth Distributions of Alewives, Rainbow Smelt, and Age-2 Lake Trout in Southern Lake Ontario following Establishment of Dreissenids

Abstract In the mid-1990s, biologists conducting assessments of fish stocks in Lake Ontario reported finding alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, and juvenile lake trout Salvelinus namaycush at greater depths than in the mid-1980s. To determine if depth distributions shifted coincident with the early 1990s colonization of Lake Ontario by exotic Dreissena mussels, we calculated mean depth of capture for each of the three species during trawl surveys conducted annually during 1978–1997 and examined the means for significant deviations from established patterns. We found that mean capture depth of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout shifted deeper during the build up of the dreissenid population in Lake Ontario but that timing of the shift varied among seasons and species. Depth shifts occurred first for rainbow smelt and age-2 lake trout in June 1991. In 1992, alewives shifted deeper in June followed by age-2 lake trout in July–August. Finally, in 1993 and 1994, the distrib...
Managing water services in tropical regions: From land cover proxies to hydrologic fluxes

Watershed investment programs frequently use land cover as a proxy for water-based ecosystem services, an approach based on assumed relationships between land cover and hydrologic outcomes. Water flows are rarely quantified, and unanticipated results are common, suggesting land cover alone is not a reliable proxy for water services. We argue that managing key hydrologic fluxes at the site of intervention is more effective than promoting particular land-cover types. Moving beyond land cover proxies to a focus on hydrologic fluxes requires that programs (1) identify the specific water service of interest and associated hydrologic flux; (2) account for structural and ecological characteristics of the relevant land cover; and, (3) determine key mediators of the target hydrologic flux. Using examples from the tropics, we illustrate how this conceptual framework can clarify interventions with a higher probability of delivering desired water services than with land cover as a proxy.
Diophantine approximation on Hecke groups

If α is a real irrational number, there exist infinitely many reduced rational fractions p/q for whichand √5 is the best constant possible. This result is due to A. Hurwitz. The following generalization was proposed in [2]. Let Г be a finitely generated fuchsian group acting on H+, the upper half of the complex plane. Let ℒ be the limit set of Г P and the set of cusps (parabolic vertices). Assume ∞∊P. Then if α∊ℒ–P, we havefor infinitely many p/q∊Г(∞), where k depends only on Г. Attention centers onk running over the set for which (1.2) holds. We call hthe Hurwitz constant for Г. When Г=Г(1), the modular group, (1.2) reduces to (1.1) and h(Г(l))=√5. A proof of (1.2) when Г is horocyclic (i.e., ℒ=ℝ, the real axis) was furnished by Rankin [4]; he also found upper and lower bounds for h. See also [3, pp. 334–5], where the theorem is proved for arbitrary finitely generated Г.
Macromonomer chain growth in the radical polymerization of MMA by cobalt(II) catalyzed chain transfer

Properties of the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of cobalt (II) tetraphenylporphyrin ((TPP)Co II ○) as a chain transfer catalyst are reported. Reversible addition of (L)Co-H to macromonomers gives living character to the oligomer olefins that grow to higher molecular weight without altering the primary polymer structural features. Incorporation of reversible termination of oligomer radicals in the mechanistic model for chain transfer catalysis by (L)CoII○ complexes is an essential feature of the catalytic chain transfer process.
Pseudacteon decapitating flies Diptera Phoridae are they potential vectors of the fire ant pathogens Kneallhazia =Thelohania solenopsae Microsporidia Thelohaniidae and Vairimorpha invictae; Microsporidia Burenellidae?

Fire ant decapitating flies in the genus Pseudacteon were tested for their potential as hosts or vectors of two microsporidian pathogens of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Decapitating flies that attacked or were reared from S. invicta workers infected by Kneallhazia (=Thelohania) solenopsae or Vairimorpha invictae were tested for either pathogen by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests or visual examination for spores using phase microscopy. Three species of fire ant decapitating flies acquired the pathogen, Kneallhazia solenopsae. K. solenopsae was detected in 58% of pooled samples of Pseudacteon obtusus flies and 44% of pooled samples of Pseudacteon cultellatus that developed in K. solenopsae-infected fire ant workers. K. solenopsae was also found in 17% of pooled samples of field-collected Pseudacteon curvatus. In contrast, the microsporidium V. invictae was not detected in P. obtusus reared from V. invictae-infected S. invicta workers. Neither K. solenopsae nor V. invictae were detected in any of the hovering or ovipositing flies in the laboratory exposures, indicating no mechanical acquisition of the microsporidia occurred during oviposition activity. Greater than 92% of the P. obtusus that developed in K. solenopsae-infected ants survived and emerged as adults, thus indicating no detrimental effects of the microsporidium on pupal development and emergence. These results indicate that Pseudacteon decapitating flies may be able to vector K. solenopsae but not V. invictae among fire ants. Further tests are planned to determine if flies containing K. solenopsae are capable of transferring this pathogen either during oviposition or by being consumed by fire ant larvae.