cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Look Duration and Gaze Shift Patterns to Infants' Novelty Preferences

Data from 72 infants, tested using a serial paired-comparison paradigm, were analyzed to better understand infant novelty preferences. Infants between the ages of 15 and 26 weeks were tested in three studies with familiar stimuli displayed adjacent to novel stimuli on each trial. Differences in look duration, look number, and gaze shifts directed at novel versus familiar stimuli were assessed to measure their contributions to group and individual novelty preferences. Infants produced longer looks for novel stimuli in all three studies, and stimulus differences in look duration accounted for more than 50% of the variability in individual novelty preferences. Infants that produced more looks to novel rather than familiar stimuli did not produce overall novelty preferences unless they also looked longer at novel stimuli. Gaze shift patterns did not predict individual novelty preferences, and novel stimuli did not determine where infants looked. The infants’ visual exploration was constrained by memories for the direction of the previous look as well as by the attention-holding features of novel stimuli.
The cochrane library 1998 issue 4

Update Software, £141 for individual subscription, updated quarterly ISBN 0727910892 Rating: ![Graphic][1] ![Graphic][2] ![Graphic][3] ![Graphic][4] Illness and its treatment are often transforming experiences. It follows that decisions about treatment can be fateful for patients. Such decisions ought to be informed by the best evidence regarding the effectiveness of available interventions. However, timely access to the best evidence is elusive. It requires an organisational and analytical enterprise so prodigious that, until now, it has been beyond the grasp of individual clinicians and the profession as a whole. The Cochrane Library represents a formidable attempt to provide a response worthy of the vision of effective and efficient health care articulated decades … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif
The indivisibility of land and mind: Indigenous knowledge and collaborative archaeology within Apache contexts:

Contemporary understandings of Apache history and culture have largely resulted from anthropological work by non-Apache researchers. Most of this work has exhibited a limited appreciation of Apache...
Eight weeks of overfeeding alters substrate partitioning without affecting metabolic flexibility in men.

Impairments in metabolic flexibility (MF) and substrate handling are associated with metabolic syndrome. However, it is unknown whether metabolic inflexibility causes insulin resistance. We therefore measured MF and substrate handling before and after 8 weeks of overfeeding in initially healthy adults as a model of the early stages of insulin resistance. Twenty-nine healthy men (27±5 years old; body mass index 25.5±2.3 kg m−2) were overfed by 40% above baseline energy requirements for 8 weeks and gained 7.6±2.1 kg of weight. Before and after overfeeding, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and MF were measured in two ways: (a) during 1 day of eucaloric feeding in a whole-room indirect calorimeter and (b) during a two-step hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp. Eight weeks of overfeeding decreased insulin sensitivity at low and high doses of insulin (P=0.001 and P=0.06, respectively). This was accompanied by decreases in the respiratory quotient (RQ) while sleeping (from 0.877±0.020 to 0.864±0.026; P=0.05) and at low insulin levels during the clamp (from 0.927±0.047 to 0.907±0.032; P=0.01). Overfeeding did not affect MF as measured during a clamp (P⩾0.17), but it tended to increase 24-h MF (awake RQ−sleep RQ) as measured by chamber by 0.010±0.028 (P=0.08). In terms of substrate oxidation, overfeeding increased protein oxidation by 13±23 g day−1 (P=0.003) and tended to increase fat oxidation by 6±16 g day−1 (P=0.07) but did not affect carbohydrate oxidation (P=0.64). Individuals with greater metabolic adaptation to overfeeding had higher carbohydrate oxidation rates (r=0.66, P=8 × 10−5) but not fat oxidation rates (P=0.09). The early stages of insulin resistance are accompanied by modest declines in the RQs during sleep and during a clamp, with no changes in fasting RQ or signs of metabolic inflexibility. Our data therefore suggest that metabolic inflexibility does not cause insulin resistance.
Elastic moduli of $\delta$-Pu239 reveal aging in real time

We study the time evolution (aging) of the elastic moduli of an eight-year-old polycrystalline δ-Pu 2.0 at. % Ga alloy (δ-Pu:Ga) at different fixed temperatures from 295 K to nearly 500 K in real time using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy. After 8 years of aging at 295 K, the bulk and shear moduli increase at a normalized rate of 0.2%/year and 0.6%/year, respectively. As the temperature is raised, two time dependences are observed, an exponential one of about a week, followed by a linear one (constant rate). The linear rate is thermally activated with an activation energy of 0.33 + 0.06 eV. Above 420 K a qualitative change in the time evolution is observed; the bulk modulus decreases with time while the shear modulus continues to stiffen. No change in the behavior of the time evolution is observed as the α−β transition temperature is crossed as would be expected if a decomposition of δ-Pu:Ga to α-Pu and Pu3Ga occurred over the temperature range studied. Our results indicate that the main mechanism of agi...
Multimodality salvage therapy for anal cancer failing standard chemoradiation

e15635 Background: Most squamous cell carcinomas of the anal canal (SCC) respond to chemoradiation, but effective therapy for locally-invasive(T4) or recurrent disease that fails standard chemoradiation and/or salvage abdominoperineal resection (APR) has not been clearly delineated. A multimodality approach including chemoradiation, extended pelvic resection and intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) was assessed for survival impact and treatment morbidity.morbidities. Methods: A prospective registry including 26 patients with locally-invasive or recurrent disease treated between 1993 and 2007 was reviewed. Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), obtained from prospectively collected patient questionnaires and medical record review, and analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Short (60-day postoperative) and long-term (median followup: 1.6 years; 5.3 years among survivors) complications were assessed. Results: Patients (median age: 51 years) presented with (1) locally-invasive disease that persisted des...
Infinite Value and the Best of All Possible Worlds

A common argument for atheism runs as follows: God would not create a world worse than other worlds he could have created instead. However, if God exists, he could have created a better world than this one. Therefore, God does not exist. In this paper I challenge the second premise of this argument. I argue that if God exists, our world will continue without end, with God continuing to create value‐bearers, and sustaining and perfecting the value‐bearers he has already created. Given this, if God exists, our world—considered on the whole—is infinitely valuable. I further contend that this theistic picture makes our world's value unsurpassable. In support of this contention, I consider proposals for how infinitely valuable worlds might be improved upon, focusing on two main ways—adding value‐bearers and increasing the value in present value‐bearers. I argue that neither of these can improve our world. Depending on how each method is understood, either it would not improve our world, or our world is unsurpassable with respect to it. I conclude by considering the implications of my argument for the problem of evil more generally conceived.
Fiber-pigtailed silicon photonic sensors for methane leak detection

We present comprehensive characterization of silicon photonic sensors for methane leak detection. Sensitivity of 40 ppmv after 1 second integration is reported. Fourier domain characterization of on-chip etalon drifts is used for further sensor improvement.
NSF Workshop on Geotechnical Fundamentals: How Researchers Can Contribute to Today's Real-World Challenges

A 2 ½ day National Science Foundation (NSF)-sponsored Workshop (Award No. CMMI-1248053) was held in July 2016 at the NSF headquarters in Arlington, VA. The Workshop focused on fundamental principles that underlie current and anticipated developments in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, with an emphasis on how the geotechnical research community can contribute to the real-world challenges facing humanity today. Forty researchers attended the Workshop, representing a range of technical backgrounds, diversity, and career stages. Participants from overseas were able to provide an international perspective.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors dampen antibody and autoantibody responses by upregulating selected B cell microRNAs that silence AID and Blimp-1 expression (IRM10P.603)

Class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), which require AID, and plasma cell differentiation, which requires Blimp-1, are critical for the generation of class-switched and hypermutated (mature) antibody and autoantibody responses. We show that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) valproic acid (VPA) and butyrate upregulated miR-155, miR-181b and miR-361 to silence AICDA/Aicda , and miR-23b, miR-30a and miR-125b to silence PRDM1/Prdm1, in human and mouse B cells. This led to downregulation of AID, Blimp-1 and Xbp-1, thereby inhibiting CSR, SHM and plasma cell differentiation. The selectivity of HDI-mediated silencing of AICDA/Aicda and PRDM1/Prdm1 was emphasized by unchanged expression of HoxC4 and Irf4 (important AICDA / Aicda inducer/modulators) , Rev1 and Ung (central elements for CSR/SHM), and Bcl6 , Bach2 or Pax5 (repressors of PRDM1/Prdm1 expression), as well as unchanged expression of miR-19a/b, miR-20a and miR-25, which are not known to regulate AICDA/Aicda or PRDM1/Prdm1. Through these B cell intrinsic epigenetic mechanisms, VPA blunted class-switched and hypermutated T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses in C57BL/6 mice. It also decreased class-switched and hypermutated autoantibodies, ameliorated disease and extended survival in lupus MRL/ Fas lpr/lpr mice. Our findings outline important epigenetic mechanisms of modulation of antibody responses and providing proof-of-principle therapeutics in autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity.
On Being Groped and Staying Quiet. Or, What Kind of Place an Airplane Can Be

AbstractThis short essay is a reflection on the author’s own experiences with being groped on airplanes written in response to the election of the 45th president, and his proud statements and responses – both before and during the campaign – on how he violates women as a matter of course.
RAST-inhibition studies of the imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta with whole body extracts and venom preparations

Abstract Whole body extracts of imported fire ants (IFAWBE) are the only reagents currently available for diagnosis and immunotherapy of patients with anaphylaxis to these Hymenoptera. To characterize better IFAWBE of the species Solenopsis invicta , we evaluated the sera of 29 patients with systemic or large local reactions to imported fire ant (IFA) stings. Forty-eight percent (1429) of these sting-sensitive patients were IFAWBE RAST positive (⩾6% binding of total radioactivity added). With a pool of sera with an initial IFAWBE-RAST value of 16.2% binding, we evaluated RAST inhibition by IFA venom (IFAV), IFAWBE, and the venom component, transpiperidine. Maximum RAST inhibition obtained was 84% with 300 μg/ml of IFAV, 95% with 5 mg/ml of protein IFAWBE, and insignificant with undiluted transpiperidine. We conclude that IFAWBE contains large quantities of immunoreactive venom components other than transpiperidine and that the allergenicity of IFAWBE and venom resides in the small amount of protein present in IFAV.
Applicability of Vertically Integrated Models for Carbon Storage Modeling in Structured Heterogeneous Domains

Abstract Numerical modeling is an essential tool for investigating the potential of geologic carbon storage and evaluating storage sites. Many different modeling approaches can be applied to problems related to geologic carbon storage, with the choice of modeling approach usually based the type of questions being asked, available computational resources and familiarity with the approach. One option is the vertically-integrated modeling approach, where the three-dimensional governing equations of multiphase flow are integrated over the thickness of the formation. In this paper, we present initial results of a study investigating the applicability of vertically-integrated models for CO 2 and brine migration in the context of geologic carbon storage in heterogeneous domains. Results from a full three-dimensional model are compared to results from a vertically-integrated simulator for two test cases. One test case consists of a horizontally homogeneous, but vertically heterogeneous domain (i.e., a layered domain). The second test case has two intersecting vertically heterogeneous channels imbedded in a homogeneous background. The results show good agreement between the two approaches for both the depth-average CO 2 plume outline, as well as for the predicted vertical CO 2 saturation profiles. Overall, the results suggest that vertically-integrated modeling may be applicable for domains with vertical heterogeneity, such as formation created in fluvial deposition environments.
Big data to knowledge – Harnessing semiotic relationships of data quality and skills in genome curation work:

This article aims to understand the views of genomic scientists with regard to the data quality assurances associated with semiotics and data–information–knowledge (DIK). The resulting communicatio...
Athletic Training Student Active Learning Time With and Without the Use of Bug-in-Ear Technology

Context: Clinical education experiences that actively engage students in patient care are important to the development of competent clinicians. It is important to assess athletic training students'...
Occurrence, distribution, and seasonality of emerging contaminants in urban watersheds

Abstract The widespread occurrence of natural and synthetic organic chemicals in surface waters can cause ecological risks and human health concerns. This study measured a suite of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in water samples collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 8 around the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area. The results showed that 109 of 144 analyzed pharmaceutical compounds, 42 of 55 analyzed waste-indicator compounds (e.g., flame retardants, hormones, and personal care products), and 39 of 72 analyzed pesticides were detected in the water samples collected monthly between April and November in both 2014 and 2015. Pharmaceutical compounds were most abundant in the surface waters and their median concentrations were measured up to a few hundred nanograms per liter. The CEC concentrations varied depending on sampling locations and seasons. The primary source of CECs was speculated to be wastewater effluent. The CEC concentrations were correlated to streamflow volume and showed significant seasonal effects. The CECs were less persistent during spring runoff season compared with baseflow season at most sampling sites. These results are useful for providing baseline data for surface CEC monitoring and assessing the environmental risks and potential human exposure to CECs.
The Impact of Anesthesia-Influenced Process Measure Compliance on Length of Stay: Results From an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Colorectal Surgery Cohort.

BACKGROUND Process measure compliance has been associated with improved outcomes in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs. Herein, we sought to assess the impact of compliance with measures directly influenced by anesthesiology in an ERAS for colorectal surgery cohort. METHODS From January 2013 to April 2015, data from 1140 consecutive patients were collected for all patients before (pre-ERAS) and after (ERAS) implementation of an ERAS program. Compliance with 9 specific process measures directly influenced by the anesthesiologist or acute pain service was analyzed to determine the impact on hospital length of stay (LOS). RESULTS Process measure compliance was associated with a stepwise reduction in LOS. Patients who received >4 process measures (high compliance) had a significantly shorter LOS (incident rate ratio [IRR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.70-0.85); P < .001) compared to low compliance (0-2 process measures) counterparts. Multivariable regression suggests that utilization of multimodal nausea and vomiting prophylaxis (IRR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68-0.89; P < .001), scheduled postoperative nonsteroidal pain medication use (IRR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.67-0.85; P < .001), and strict adherence to a postoperative opioid administration (IRR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.51-0.67; P < .001) protocol for breakthrough pain were independently associated with reduced LOS. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increased compliance with process measures directly influenced by the anesthesiologists and in concert with a formal anesthesia protocol is associated with reduced LOS. Engaging anesthesiology colleagues throughout the surgical encounter increases the overall value of perioperative care.
Toolbox of Consulting Methods

This chapter introduces methodological aspects of some consulting activities. The reader is advised to complement insights gathered from this sample of methods with the set of theoretical, overall frameworks introduced in Chap. 5. Indeed, if the current chapter is about what consultants do, Chap. 5 is about how consultants decide which methods to use for a given case, team, client, and circumstance.
Best practices in innovative type 2 diabetes program management: a case study.

OBJECTIVE To illustrate, through a case study format, a successful type 2 diabetes disease management program. SUMMARY Intermountain Health Care (IHC) has implemented an evidence-based, integrated approach to the management of type 2 diabetes that includes multiple interventions: (1) a regularly updated treatment algorithm; (2) a comprehensive data registry to rapidly identify patients with type 2 diabetes; (3) a system of regular patient reminders for laboratory and other relevant testing, such as eye and foot examinations; (4) patient education that fosters an understanding of the benefits of antidiabetic medications and the need for consistent treatment; (5) pharmacist and nurse involvement to facilitate physician appointments when needed, track medication use, ensure consistent compliance, and answer questions; and (6) physician performance reports that provide an opportunity for rapid peer-to-peer outcomes comparisons. The implementation of this program has yielded a substantial increase in the number of patients within the system identified with type 2 diabetes and an increase in the percentage of patients with improved glycemic control based on HbA1c, as well as an unexpected benefit--an increase in the number of patients with improved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION An integrated, evidence-based disease management program, such as the one developed by IHC, can improve type 2 diabetes outcomes in the managed care setting and, perhaps, reduce long-term costs.
Comment on "Refining Dynamic Risk Stratification and Prognostic Groups for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer With TERT Promoter Mutations".

Tae Hyuk Kim and Jae Hoon Chung from Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea have reported their experience with adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) for differentiated cancer based on telomerase reverse transcription (TERT) promoter mutations (1). At present, the risk analysis of differentiated thyroid cancer does not consider molecular testing as a major factor. The authors have developed an integrative prognostic system that incorporates TERT promoter mutation into the risk stratification system. This has been used to better categorize and predict outcomes.
Tuning of reversible actuation via ROMP-based copolymerization semicrystalline polymers

Abstract There exists a need for reversible actuation involving two-way shape memory polymers that can respond to changes in ambient temperature in the 20 °C–40 °C range, especially for soft actuators in applications requiring near-room-temperature environmental responsiveness. Herein, we report on the fabrication and analysis of a family of soft, semicrystalline copolymers based upon cis-cyclooctene and various melting point reducing comonomers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Reversible actuation behavior of such copolymers was tuned by varying not only the species and the incorporation level of a second comonomer but also the concentration of an incorporated thermal initiator for crosslinking. Results revealed that actuation was tuned to occur best and near room temperature for a copolymer consisted of 97 mol% cis-cyclooctene and 3 mol% 1,5-cyclooctadiene and 0.50 wt% dicumyl peroxide initiator. Also, all crosslinked copolymers feature actuation magnitude greater than 50% and recovery magnitude greater than 94% at a single stress of 0.8 MPa, while thermal strain hysteresis was 17.5 °C in breadth, on average.
CHAPTER 2 – Base Substitution in Fish Mitochondrial DNA: Patterns and Rates

This chapter illustrates the patterns and rates of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in fishes. Most of the researchers use mtDNA sequences because they are easily accessible and have high rates of evolution, and generally, follow a clonal pattern of inheritance well suited to phylogenetic reconstruction. Some simple models of this substitution are given in the chapter. At the core of most phylogenetic reconstruction algorithms is a simplified mutational model of the substitution process. The simplest model assumes an equal probability of interconversion among all four nucleotides. As mutations occur over time, a pair of homologous sequences becomes increasingly different. The observed number of differences between these sequences accumulates almost linearly at first. This chapter also includes graphical representations of differences in the accumulation of transition differences between various sequences. A substitutional model must be chosen that accurately models the evolution of the molecule under study and a particular tree-building algorithm must be selected. Several findings can be gleaned from these graphs for the power analysis of mitochondrial sequence data.
The nature of recollection across months and years and after medial temporal lobe damage

We studied the narrative recollections of memory-impaired patients with medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage who took a 25-min guided walk during which 11 planned events occurred. The recollections of the patients, recorded directly after the walk, were compared with the recollections of controls tested directly after the walk (C1), after one month (C2), or after 2.6 years (C3). With respect to memory for the walk, the narrative recollections of the patients were impoverished compared with C1 but resembled the recollections of volunteers tested after long delays (C2 and C3). In addition, how language was used by the patients in their recollections resembled how language was used by groups C2 and C3 (higher-frequency words, less concrete words, fewer nouns, more adverbs, more pronouns, and more indefinite articles). These findings appear to reflect how individuals, either memory-impaired patients or controls, typically speak about the past when memory is weak and lacks detail and need not have special implications about language use and MTL function beyond the domain of memory. A notable exception to the similarity between patient narratives and the narratives of C2 and C3 was that the control groups reported the events of the walk in correct chronological order, whereas the order in which patients reported events bore no relationship to the order in which events occurred. We suggest that the MTL is especially important for accessing global information about events and the relationships among their elements.
Kinetic Analysis and Epitope Mapping of Monoclonal Antibodies to Salmonella Typhimurium Flagellin Using a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor

Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the leading causes of foodborne diseases worldwide. Biosensors and immunoassays utilizing monoclonal antibodies are widely used for the detection and subtyping of S. Typhimurium. However, due to insufficient information on the nature of binding with S. Typhimurium flagellin, the selection of appropriate antibodies for assay development is a cumbersome task. Hence, we aimed to compare the binding kinetics of a panel of monoclonal antibodies and their relative binding sites to flagellin antigen using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Initially, the flagellin was captured on the sensor surface through an immobilized anti-flagellin antibody. The interactions of different concentrations of monoclonal antibodies to flagellin were determined, and binding curves were fitted using 1:1 bio-interaction model to calculate the kinetic parameters. For epitope mapping, pairwise comparisons were completed to determine the binding inhibition of each paired combination of monoclonal antibodies. It was found that these monoclonal antibodies differed significantly (p < 0.05) in association rate, dissociation rate, and equilibrium dissociation constants. Of the five monoclonal antibodies, only two interfered with the binding of each other. Four distinct epitopes located within a 23 kDa domain of flagellin were identified. Findings from this study provide crucial information needed for the further development and optimization of biosensors and other immunoassays for the detection and subtyping of Salmonella.
Gaming Projects for Cognitive Testing in an Undergraduate Mobile Healthcare Technology Course

This Research to Practice Full Paper describes the research and development experience of building two brain training mobile Android applications as part of an undergraduate mobile healthcare technology course. Along with faculty mentors, project teams researched that symptoms like loss of cognition, memory, and reasoning are indicators of the early onset of dementia, Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease. Active brain training has been shown to alleviate some of these symptoms. Using this knowledge and the skills learned in the course, student teams designed Android mobile gaming applications with cloud back-end infrastructures to train the brain. Observations about the class composition, together with units of instruction to facilitate successful project implementation and critical thinking in an ethnically diverse STEM student pool of an R3 University are described.
On the Use of ArXiv as a Dataset

The arXiv has collected 1.5 million pre-print articles over 28 years, hosting literature from scientific fields including Physics, Mathematics, and Computer Science. Each pre-print features text, figures, authors, citations, categories, and other metadata. These rich, multi-modal features, combined with the natural graph structure---created by citation, affiliation, and co-authorship---makes the arXiv an exciting candidate for benchmarking next-generation models. Here we take the first necessary steps toward this goal, by providing a pipeline which standardizes and simplifies access to the arXiv's publicly available data. We use this pipeline to extract and analyze a 6.7 million edge citation graph, with an 11 billion word corpus of full-text research articles. We present some baseline classification results, and motivate application of more exciting generative graph models.
The strong effect on MEMS switch reliability of film deposition conditions and electrode geometry

Abstract Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) switches are of interest for applications ranging from radio frequency (RF) communication circuitry to power surge protection to low power computing. Reliable operation of the switch contacts is critical. Many researchers have investigated the effect of different materials on reliability, but little work has been reported on the effects of process conditions. In this study, the effects of the angle of deposition incidence, the microstructure, the interface adhesion, the base pressure, and the process transferability have been evaluated in Pt-coated MEMS switches. Among them, base pressure attained prior to deposition was most important, while an interaction between electrode geometry and film microstructure was also identified to play a role. A lower base pressure (2•10−6 Torr) improved cycle count significantly while a higher base pressure (8•10−6 Torr) resulted in low cycle counts (106 or less). Failure analysis indicated surface wear due to damage at a corner junction, where films deposited at different angles of deposition incidence meet. Mass spectroscopy analysis detected higher carbon content in Pt films with high base pressure. This suggests that grain boundaries weakened by impurity segregation exacerbated the geometric effect. Switches tested in a follow-up experiment, in which the base pressure was 5•10−7 Torr, again resulted in high cycle counts (330•106), reinforcing the importance of achieving low base pressure in improving the mechanical reliability of the corner junction.
When Serial Arguments Predict Harm: Examining the Influences of Argument Function, Topic of the Argument, Perceived Resolvability, and Argumentativeness

This study examines features of serial arguments that predict whether these arguments lead to perceived relational harm and perceived harm to the arguing individual. Similar variables predicted perceived personal and relational harm from a serial argument. Personal-issue arguments with low levels of perceived resolvability had higher levels of perceived harm than public-issue arguments. The two types of arguments did not differ in perceived harm at levels of high perceived resolvability. Whether the argument functioned to resolve behavioral incompatibility was positively related to both relational and personal harm. The function of gaining and giving knowledge was negatively related to relational harm, and the function of portraying oneself in a positive light was positively related to personal harm. Low and conflicted-feeling moderate argumentatives had higher levels of perceived personal harm from the serial argument than high and apathetic moderate argumentatives. High argumentatives perceived less rel...
Keys to the Kingdom: GPCR phosphorylation patterns direct β-arrestin.

The β-arrestin proteins are key regulators of G protein-coupled receptors, serving at least three distinct functions: inhibiting receptor signaling through G proteins, directing receptor trafficking from the cell surface after activation, and transmitting receptor-initiated signals directly. How the two β-arrestin proteins perform these many functions for hundreds of receptor types throughout the body, and specifically how β-arrestin-mediated signaling can be tuned to cellular conditions, remains an open question. Function-based evidence and recent structure-based evidence have suggested that patterns of receptor phosphorylation ("barcodes") may be a critical determinant of β-arrestin action. In this issue of EMBO Reports, Baidya and colleagues (Baidya et al, 2020a) report that specific receptor phosphorylation site clusters ("codes") determine whether β-arrestin 1 acts to promote or inhibit receptor activation of Erk mitogen-activated protein kinases. They provide direct evidence for a functional barcode system by transferring inhibitory and stimulatory codes between receptors, suggesting future work to understand just how code site location in a receptor and its phosphorylation status can lead to very different functions of bound β-arrestin proteins.
The Democracy of Everyday Life in Disaster Holding Our Lives in Their Hands

Neighbors inhabit a distinct social sphere whose regulative ideal is the democracy of everyday life Its chief elements are reciprocity and a practical disregard for the differences and inequalities that shape interactions in the broader society and in democratic politics The democracy of everyday life has heightened significance during disasters Neighbors hold our lives in their hands But COVID-19 differs from physical disasters in ways that alter neighbor interactions Contamination makes relations more fearful at the same time that isolation makes them more valuable When the meaning attributed to the virus is not shared experience of disease and mortality but rabid partisanship, neighbor relations become distorted This degradation of the democracy of everyday life signals that democracy itself is imperiled more deeply than political paralysis, corruption, and institutional failure suggest
Psychometric Properties of the Assessment, Evaluation, and Programming System for Infants and Children--Third Edition (AEPS-3).

The purpose of this article is to provide evidence of the technical adequacy of the Assessment, Evaluation, and Programming System–Third Edition (AEPS-3). The AEPS has long been identified as one o...
Design for How People Think: Using Brain Science to Build Better Products: John Whalen [Book Review]

This book provides a useful and practical framework for professional user-experience (UX) teams and students who need to understand how consumers think. It has achieved its purpose in the following ways: educating designers about the Six Minds of Experience Framework; showing researchers how to uncover new insights from customers; and demonstrating how to use the Six Minds of Experience framework to enhance the design for products and services. This book sets itself apart from the other technical communication books that discuss understanding audience experience because the author suggests that UX is multidimensional and multisensory, and that looking at more than one cognitive process will unwrap many more facets of the consumer’s thoughts behind the experience. The book concludes by leaving designers with a thought for the future. The author briefly discusses the history of artificial intelligence (AI) and its current evolutionary stage as Siri, Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, etc. He argues that Six Minds can be a framework to explore how machine learning and AI can support humans by augmenting their cognitive abilities. Whether in the workplace or the classroom, this short book will supplement UX designers and technical communication students in exploring what it means to truly know the target audience.
Visible light. Part II: Photoprotection against visible and ultraviolet light

Cutaneous photobiology studies have focused primarily on the ultraviolet portion of the solar spectrum. Visible light (VL), which comprises 50% of the electromagnetic radiation that reaches the Earth's surface and, as discussed in Part I of this CME, has cutaneous biologic effects, such as pigment darkening and erythema. Photoprotection against VL includes avoiding the sun, seeking shade, and using photoprotective clothing. The organic and inorganic ultraviolet filters used in sunscreens do not protect against VL, only tinted sunscreens do. In the United States, these filters are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as an over-the-counter drug and are subject to more stringent regulations than in Europe, Asia, and Australia. There are no established guidelines regarding VL photoprotection. Alternative measures to confer VL photoprotection are being explored. These novel methods include topical, oral, and subcutaneous agents. Further development should focus on better protection in the ultraviolet A1 (340-400 nm) and VL ranges while enhancing the cosmesis of the final products.
Pembrolizumab plus cetuximab in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: an open-label, multi-arm, non-randomised, multicentre, phase 2 trial

Summary Background Pembrolizumab (PD-1 inhibitor) and cetuximab (EGFR inhibitor) are active as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Given each drug's single agent activity and unique mechanism of action, we aimed to evaluate the anti-tumour activity of PD-1 blockade with EGFR inhibition in recurrent or metastatic HNSCC. Methods This study is an open-label, non-randomised, multi-arm, phase 2 trial done at four academic centres in the USA. Participants were required to have platinum-resistant or platinum-ineligible, recurrent or metastatic HNSCC, be at least 18 years old, have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0–1, have measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1, and to have received no previous immunotherapy or EGFR inhibition. All participants received pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks, combined with an initial loading dose of cetuximab 400 mg/m2 intravenously followed by 250 mg/m2 intravenously weekly (21 day cycle). The primary endpoint was overall response rate defined as the proportion of participants with a partial or complete responses (per RECIST version 1.1) by 6 months in the intention-to-treat population. The safety population included all participants who received at least one dose of pembrolizumab. Herein, the final analysis of cohort 1 (no previous PD-1, PD-L1, or EGFR inhibition for recurrent or metastatic HNSCC) is reported. Three additional cohorts (two for participants with a previous response to immunotherapy followed by relapse or progression, with or without previous cetuximab exposure, and one for cutaneous HNSCC) will be reported separately once fully accrued. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03082534 , and remains open as the three additional cohorts are actively accruing participants. Findings Between March 22, 2017, and July 16, 2019, 33 participants were enrolled to cohort 1. All 33 participants received at least one dose of pembrolizumab. Median follow-up duration was 7·3 months (IQR 3·9–10·9). By 6 months, the overall response rate was 45% (95% CI 28–62), with 15 of 33 participants achieving a partial response. The most common grade 3–4 treatment-related adverse event was oral mucositis (three [9%] of 33 participants), and serious treatment-related adverse events occurred in five (15%) participants. No treatment-related deaths occurred. Interpretation Pembrolizumab combined with cetuximab shows promising clinical activity for recurrent or metastatic HNSCC, and merits further investigation. Funding Merck Sharp & Dohme.
Tools for disambiguating RFCs

For decades, drafting Internet protocols has taken significant amounts of human supervision due to the fundamental ambiguity of natural language. Given such ambiguity, it is also not surprising that protocol implementations have long exhibited bugs. This pain and overhead can be significantly reduced with the help of natural language processing (NLP). We recently applied NLP to identify ambiguous or under-specified sentences in RFCs, and to generate protocol implementations automatically when the ambiguity is clarified. However this system is far from general or deployable. To further reduce the overhead and errors due to ambiguous sentences, and to improve the generality of this system, much work remains to be done. In this paper, we consider what it would take to produce a fully-general and useful system for easing the natural-language challenges in the RFC process.
Methods of Exploring Related-Meaning-Based False Memories

Children have traditionally been viewed as less reliable witnesses than are adults. More recently, a concept known as developmental reversals, has brought this view into question. Developmental rev...
A Step-by-Step Argument for Causal Finitism

I defend a new argument for causal finitism, the view that nothing can have an infinite causal history. I begin by defending a number of plausible metaphysical principles, after which I explore a host of novel variants of the Littlewood-Ross and Thomson’s Lamp paradoxes that violate such principles. I argue that causal finitism is the best solution to the paradoxes.
On the impacts of project based learning for workplace preparedness of engineering graduates

Aligning preparedness of graduates with the current and future workplace demands is a complex issue for higher education institutions. Labor market demands can shift very rapidly in knowledge-based economies, so it is not easy to predict what kind of work or trades will come out in the future. Therefore, tying university and college programs too closely to immediate labor market demands is not desired in the US higher education system. However, it is possible to predict the skills graduates will need to prosper in workplace and improve education system without limiting the missions of colleges and universities to training of students for specific job skills. In the case of engineering education, project based learning (PBL) can provide a way to prepare students for the current and future demands of engineering profession, without focusing education solely on the development of specific job skills. This paper is a review on benefits and challenges associated with the implementations of PBL in engineering education.
Defensins enable macrophages to inhibit the intracellular proliferation of Listeria monocytogenes

Summary Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that infects a large diversity of host cells, including macrophages. To avoid the phagosome microbicidal environment, L. monocytogenes secretes a pore-forming toxin (listeriolysin O, LLO) that releases the bacterium into the cytoplasm. We hypothesized that the α-defensins (HNPs) and/or humanized θ-defensin (RC-1) peptides produced by human and non-human primate neutrophils, respectively, cooperate with macrophages to control L. monocytogenes infection. Our results establish that HNP-1 and RC-1 enable macrophages to control L. monocytogenes intracellular growth by inhibiting phagosomal escape, as a consequence, bacteria remain trapped in a LAMP-1-positive phagosome. Importantly, HNP-1 interaction with macrophages and RC-1 interaction with bacteria are required to prevent macrophage infection. In accordance with these results, RC-1 is a more potent anti-listerial peptide than HNP-1 and HNP-1 is acquired by macrophages and trafficked to the phagocytosed bacteria. Finally, HNP-1 and RC-1 antimicrobial activity is complemented by their ability to prevent LLO function through two mechanisms, blocking LLO-dependent perforation of macrophage membranes and the release of LLO from the bacteria. In conclusion, at the site of infection the cooperation between antimicrobial peptides, such as HNP-1, and macrophages likely plays a critical role in the innate immune defence against L. monocytogenes.
COSP for Windows: Strategies for Rapid Analyses of Cyclic Oxidation Behavior

COSP is a publicly available computer Program that models the Cyclic Oxidation weight gain and Spallation process. Inputs to the model include the selection of an oxidation-growth law and a spalling geometry, plus oxide phase, growth rate, spall constant, and cycle-duration parameters. Output includes weight change, the amounts of retained and spalled oxide, the total oxygen and metal consumed, and the terminal rates of weight loss and metal consumption. The present version is an updated Windows-based program, allowing greater compatibility with current PC operating systems. Viewing of multiple models and model fits to experimental data are enabled by an instant plotting feature and iterative modifications. Families of model curves are presented, which readily show the sensitivity to all the input parameters as well as the behavior of different growth laws and spalling modes. The cyclic behavior of NiAl and a complex superalloy are shown to be properly fitted by model curves. However, caution is always advised regarding the uniqueness claimed for any specific set of input parameters.
Further Differentiation of Murine Double-Positive Thymocytes Is Inhibited in Adenosine Deaminase-Deficient Murine Fetal Thymic Organ Culture

Murine fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC) was used to investigate the mechanism by which a lack of adenosine deaminase (ADA) leads to a failure of T cell production in the thymus. We previously showed that T cell development was inhibited beginning at the CD4(-)CD8(-)CD25(+)CD44(low) stage in ADA-deficient FTOC initiated at day 15 of gestation when essentially all thymocytes are CD4(-)CD8(-). In the present study, we asked whether thymocytes at later stages of differentiation would also be sensitive to ADA inhibition by initiating FTOC when substantial numbers of CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes were already present. dATP was highly elevated in ADA-deficient cultures, and the recovery of alphabeta TCR(+) thymocytes was inhibited by 94%, indicating that the later stages of thymocyte differentiation are also dependent upon ADA. ADA-deficient cultures were partially rescued by the pan-caspase inhibitor carbobenzoxy-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone or by the use of apoptotic protease-activating factor-1-deficient mice. Rescue was even more dramatic, with 60- to >200-fold increases in the numbers of CD4(+)CD8(+) cells, when FTOC were performed with an inhibitor of adenosine kinase, the major thymic deoxyadenosine phosphorylating enzyme, or with bcl-2 transgenic mice. dATP levels were normalized by treatment with either carbobenzoxy-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone or an adenosine kinase inhibitor, but not in cultures with fetal thymuses from bcl-2 transgenic mice. These data suggest that ADA deficiency leads to the induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis as a consequence of the accumulation of dATP derived from thymocytes failing the positive/negative selection checkpoint.
Integration of Technologies for Hepatic Tissue Engineering

The liver is the largest internal organ in the body, responsible for over 500 metabolic, regulatory, and immune functions. Loss of liver function leads to liver failure which causes over 25 000 deaths/year in the United States. Efforts in the field of hepatic tissue engineering include the design of bioartificial liver systems to prolong patient's lives during liver failure, for drug toxicity screening and for the study of liver regeneration, ischemia/reperfusion injury, fibrosis, viral infection, and inflammation. This chapter will overview the current state-of-the-art in hepatology including isolated perfused liver, culture of liver slices and tissue explants, hepatocyte culture on collagen “sandwich” and spheroids, coculture of hepatocytes with non-parenchymal cells, and the integration of these culture techniques with microfluidics and reactor design. This work will discuss the role of oxygen and medium composition in hepatocyte culture and present promising new technologies for hepatocyte proliferation and function. We will also discuss liver development, architecture, and function as they relate to these culture techniques. Finally, we will review current opportunities and major challenges in integrating cell culture, bioreactor design, and microtechnology to develop new systems for novel applications.
A hidden markov model based scoring function for mass spectrometry database search

An accurate scoring function for database search is crucial for peptide identification using tandem mass spectrometry. Although many mathematical models have been proposed to score peptides against tandem mass spectra, we design a unique method (called HMMscore) that combines information on consecutive ions, ie, bi and bi+1, and complementary ions, ie, bi and yn−i for a peptide of n amino acids, plus information on machine accuracy and mass peak intensity, into a hidden Markov model (HMM). In addition, we develop a way to calculate statistical significance of the HMM scores. We implement the method and test them on experimental data. The results show that the accuracy of our method is high compared to MASCOT, and that the false positive rate of HMMscore is low.