cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on the Presidential Commission on World Hunger

In September 1978, then President Jimmy Carter appointed a twenty-member Commission on World Hunger. The commission's mandate was to identify the basic causes of hunger at home and abroad, to assess programs and policies affecting hunger, and to recommend (and publicize) specific actions to create a coherent national policy. The group had bipartisan political support, and four of its members were from Congress.1 Unlike previous commissions of food and agriculture, however, representation from economists and agricultural scientists was quite limited. Although this was both a strength and weakness of the commission, it had the unfortunate consequence of involving fewer professional groups than might have been desirable. In part, therefore, this essay is an after-the-fact (and slightly expurgated) report to agricultural economists on "what happened." Because the entire commission Report is readily available, I will not summarize its findings, although a number of recommendations from the Report are highlighted.2 The many changes (including the presidency) that have occurred since the commission reported formally in March 1980 suggest instead the need for a critical appraisal of the Report and for comments on possible next steps for the United States in the field of hunger alleviation. Dimensions of the Hunger Problem
Non-Doppler Two-dimensional Strain Imaging by Echocardiography-From Technical Considerations to Clinical Applications

During the past several years, strain and strain rate imaging have emerged as a quantitative technique to accurately estimate myocardial function and contractility. Non-Doppler, 2-dimensional (2D) strain imaging is a new echocardiographic technique for obtaining strain and strain rate measurements. It analyzes motion by tracking speckles in the ultrasonic image in two dimensions. Current available software allows spatial and temporal image processing with recognition and selection of such elements on ultrasound image. The geometric shift of each speckle represents local tissue movement. By tracking theses speckles, 2D tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate can be calculated. Non-Doppler 2D strain imaging is simple to perform. It requires only one cardiac cycle to be acquired; further processing and interpretation can be done after image data acquisition. Because it is not based on tissue Doppler measurements, it is angle independent. Data regarding accuracy, validity, and clinical application of non-Doppler 2D strain imaging are rapidly accumulating. This technique may prove to be of significant clinical value, enabling rapid and accurate assessment of global and segmental myocardial function.
Ionic conductances in two types of sensory neurons in the leech, Macrobdella decora.

1. 1. Ion conductances were investigated in two kinds of leech sensory neurons (pm and N1 cells) which differ in their membrane excitability and action potential. 2. 2. In the pm cell body excitable membrane behavior is dominated by only two currents, a sodium current (ina) and a delayed rectifier (IK). 3. 3. In contrast, in the n1 cell INa and IK is supplemented with the presence of a transient potassium current, IA. 4. 4. A comparison between INa and IK in the two cell types did not reveal any significant difference in activation and inactivation kinetics of either current between neurons. 5. 5. Thus, the properties and presence of the A-current in the n1 cell and not in the PM cell may account for the functional difference in excitability of the two kinds of neurons.
Effects of Size of Home Town on Environmental Perception

168 subjects used a 23-item semantic differential to rate forest, beach, small town, desert, and large city. The ratings served as dependent variables for 23 3 X 56 X 5 analyses of variance employing size of home town, subjects within size of home town, and type of environment. Size of home town was a significant effect on one of 23 scales; subjects from large and medium-sized cities rated environments more toward the good end of the good-bad scale than subjects from small towns. All main effects for type of environment were significant. The order in which environments were rated depended upon the particular rating scale. Significant interactions of home town by environment were examined in terms of the differential patterns of environmental ratings produced by subjects from various sized home towns.
Cervico-Ocular Reflex in the Normal Adult

(1) The cervico-ocular reflex (COR) in humans was measured while the subjects (n = 10) stood on a rotatable platform in a dark room with the head fixed by a stationary biteplate. Eye movements were...
Factors influencing acquisition of ecological and exposure information about hazards and risks from contaminated sites

Considerable research indicates that a wide range of socio-economic factors influence attitudes and perceptions about environmental hazards and risks, and that social trust in those who manage a hazard is strongly correlated to judgements about risks and benefits. We suggest that there are three steps that lead to environmental risk perceptions: acquisition of information, interpretation and synthesis of different pieces of information, and understanding of that information in light of previous knowledge, perceptions, or attitudes. In this study we presented 211 college students in the sciences and non-sciences with ecological and exposure information using text, tables and maps to examine the factors that affect information acquisition and interpretation concerning ecological issues at a fictitious hazardous waste site. Students were allowed about an hour to read the materials and answer questions. The percent of students answering each question correctly varied from 4 to 82%, indicating that some questions were extremely difficult to answer. We attributed these differences to variations in the number of places information was presented (in text, tables, maps, or a combination) and the complexity of the information (how many pieces of information were required to answer the question correctly). The correlation between the number of students answering each question correctly and these combined measures (frequency, complexity) was -0.72. Thus, although there were differences in accuracy concerning ecological information as presented in this study, the major differences were accounted for by how the information was presented, and how much information was required. This suggests that risk communicators should carefully determine which ecological information is critical for the target audience, and ensure that it is presented several times (in different forms). That a lower percentage of people correctly answered questions that required synthesizing several pieces of information suggests that this complexity should be reduced where possible, or that the pieces of information should be tied clearly to the conclusion. Self-declaration of effort and perceptions of safety of the site did not markedly influence the relationship between accuracy, difficulty of finding information, and complexity of information. Other possible confounding variables (i.e., science vs non-science major) only accounted for about 27% of the variation in student’s overall score on ecological questions; age, ethnicity, and gender did not enter as significant variables. We cannot manage environmental hazards with appropriate stakeholder input unless we understand how to present environmental information to achieve a full understanding. Protection of human health and the environment requires that people understand ecological and exposure information, particularly on buffer lands.
132. The effects of voluntary-wheel exercise on LPS-induced sickness behavior in aged mice

Introduction: Peripheral stimulation of the innate immune system with LPS causes exaggerated neuroinflammation and prolonged sickness behavior in aged mice. Regular moderate intensity exercise has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects that may protect against inappropriate neuroinflammation and sickness behavior in aged mice. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that voluntary wheel running (VWR) would attenuate LPS-induced sickness behavior in aged mice. Methods: Male 22 month-old C57BL/6 J mice were randomized to voluntary-wheel running, locked-wheel, or shoebox cage intervention for 10 weeks. Following the intervention, mice were i.p. injected with one of three LPS doses (0.33 mg/kg, 0.16 mg/kg, 0.08 mg/kg) or saline, and sickness behavior was assessed by weight-loss, food intake, and fluid intake. Results: VWR had no effect on weight-loss, food intake, or fluid intake. There was a dose-dependent response for food and fluid intake, in that the 0.33 mg/kg LPS dose induced the greatest reductions in food and fluid intake. This corresponded with a tendency for prolonged weight loss in the 0.33 mg/kg LPS mice. Conclusions: VWR does not reduce prolonged or exaggerated LPS-induced sickness behavior in aged mice. The necessity of the sickness response is critical for survival and may outweigh the subtle benefits of exercise training in aged animals.
Behind closed doors: the effect of pretrial publicity on jury deliberations

Abstract Content analyses of 30 mock-jury deliberations were performed to explore whether pretrial publicity (PTP) affects the content of jury deliberations. The pattern of results suggests that PTP has a powerful effect on jury verdicts and that PTP exposure can influence the interpretation and discussion of trial evidence during deliberations. Jurors who were exposed to negative PTP (anti-defendant) were significantly more likely than their non-exposed counterparts to discuss ambiguous trial facts in a manner that supported the prosecution's case, but rarely discussed them in a manner that supported the defense's case. This study also found that PTP exposed jurors were either unwilling or unable to adhere to instructions admonishing them not to discuss PTP and rarely corrected jury members who mentioned PTP. Finally, this research provides insight into how PTP imparts its biasing effect on jury decision making.
Metadata management: past, present and future

Abstract In the past, metadata has always been a second-class citizen in the world of databases and data warehouses. Its main purpose has been to define the data. However, the current emphasis on metadata in the data warehouse and software repository communities has elevated it to a new prominence. The organization now needs metadata for tool integration, data integration and change management. The paper presents a chronological account of this evolution—both from conceptual and management perspectives. Repository concepts are currently being used to manage metadata for tool integration and data integration. As a final chapter in this evolution process, we point out the need of a concept called “metadata warehouse.” A real-life data warehouse project called TAMUS Information Portal (TIP) is used to describe the types of metadata needed in a data warehouse and the changes that the metadata go through. We propose that the metadata warehouse needs to be designed to store the metadata and manage its changes. We propose several architectures that can be used to develop a metadata warehouse.
An Improved Experimental Technique to Characterize Micro-Diameter Copper Wires in Torsion

The experimental technique was improved with direct measurement of small torque and rotation angle to characterize micro-diameter copper wires in torsion. This method allows precise measurement of torque applied to micro-diameter wires as low as 10−8 N · m with reasonably high resolution. The rotation angle is also able to be directly measured such that the shear strain rate on the wire surface can be easily controlled. This experimental design removes the misalignment issue that has affected previous efforts in micro-diameter wire torsion testing. Using this technique, the copper wires with four different diameters (12, 16, 20, and 30 μm) were characterized in torsion. The normalized torque-rotation results showed insignificant size effects for the copper wires investigated in this study.
Problems, Pitfalls, and Promise in the Peer-Review Process: Commentary on Trafimow & Rice (2009)

In their critique of the peer-review process, Trafimow and Rice (2009, this issue) dramatize a number of ways in which the review process can go awry. On the whole, I agree that the issues highlighted by the authors are indeed problems worthy of careful consideration. However, I fear that their treatment of these issues could send mixed and misleading messages to would-be reviewers about what constitutes proper reviewing behavior, in part because the authors had little to say on this topic. In the present commentary, I attempt to address this omission by discussing qualities of a good review and by distinguishing several responsibilities in the peer-review process that lie uniquely with the editor and the author. Finally, I identify three general strategies for improving the peer-review process that center on providing better, more formalized training of reviewers; increasing accountability of both editors and reviewers; and reducing burden on the peerreview system.
Secondary metabolism in simulated microgravity

We have studied microbial secondary metabolism in a simulated microgravity (SMG) environment provided by NASA rotating-wall bioreactors (RWBs). These reactors were designed to simulate some aspects of actual microgravity that occur in space. Growth and product formation were observed in SMG in all cases studied, i.e., Bacillus brevis produced gramicidin S (GS), Streptomyces clavuligerus made beta-lactam antibiotics, Streptomyces hygroscopicus produced rapamycin, and Escherichia coli produced microcin B17 (MccB17). Of these processes, only GS production was unaffected by SMG; production of the other three products was inhibited. This was determined by comparison with performance in an RWB positioned in a different mode to provide a normal gravity (NG) environment. Carbon source repression by glycerol of the GS process, as observed in shaken flasks, was not observed in the RWBs, whether operated in the SMG or NG mode. The same phenomenon occurred in the case of MccB17 production, with respect to glucose repression. Thus, the negative effects of carbon source on GS and beta-lactam formation are presumably dependent on shear, turbulence, and/or vessel geometry, but not on gravity. Stimulatory effects of phosphate and the precursor L-lysine on beta-lactam antibiotic production, as observed in flasks, also occurred in SMG. An almost complete shift in the localization of produced MccB17 from cells to extracellular medium was observed when E. coli was grown in the RWB under SMG or NG. If a plastic bead was placed in the RWB, accumulation became cellular, as it is in shaken flasks, indicating that sheer stress favors a cellular location. In the case of rapamycin, the same type of shift was observed, but it was less dramatic, i.e., growth in the RWB under SMG shifted the distribution of produced rapamycin from 2/3 cellular:1/3 extracellular to 1/3 cellular:2/3 extracellular. Stress has been shown to induce or promote secondary metabolism in a number of other microbial systems. RWBs provide a low stress SMG environment, which, however, supports only poor production of MccB17, as compared to production in shaken flasks. We wondered whether the poor production in RWBs under SMG is due to the low level of stress, and whether increasing stress in the RWBs would raise the amount of MccB17 formed. We found that increasing shear stress by adding a single Teflon bead to the RWB improved MccB17 production. Although shear stress seems to have a marked positive effect on MccB17 production in SMG, addition of various concentrations of ethanol to RWBs (or to shaken flasks) failed to increase MccB17 production. Ethanol stress merely decreased production and, at higher concentrations, inhibited growth. Interestingly, cells growing in the RWB were much more resistant to the growth- and production-inhibitory effects of ethanol than cells growing in shaken flasks. With respect to S. hygroscopicus, addition of Teflon beads to the RWB reversed the inhibition of growth, but rapamycin production was still markedly inhibited, and the distribution did not revert back to a preferential cellular site.
Direct evaluation of injection efficiency from metals into trap-free small-molecule-based transport layers: probing the details of interface formation

For devices based on the use of electronic polymers there is practical interest in exploring the variations in contact behavior that might result under realistic manufacturing conditions like multilayer device assembly based on solution coating technology. Small molecule doped polymers (MDPs) developed principally as large area coatings for electrophotographic use are now finding wider device applications. These polymers are insulators capable of transporting excess injected charge with a unipolar drift mobility which can be tuned over a wide range by varying the concentration of transport active species. Most significant in the present context, MDPs can be rendered trap free by molecular design. These unique characteristics of MDPs make it possible to analyze the relative injection efficiencies of their interfaces with various contacts simply by a direct comparison of current voltage characteristics with time of flight drift mobility measurements carried out on the same film coatings. Measurements were carried out by measuring dark hole injection into the MDP film TPD/polycarbonate and a polymeric analog, PTPB, from various preformed metal substrates as well as evaporated top contacts. For preformed metal substrates under fully relaxed conditions, it was found that while injection efficiency nominally scaled with the estimated interfacial energy step there was significant variance that in some cases could be clearly associated with the specific details of interfacial chemistry. Time and temperature dependent phenomenon were also delineated and analyzed. Here contact injection efficiencies were observed to increase monotonically, following initial formation, from an emission limited to final steady state which could be ohmic.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MSW effect in a fluctuating matter density

We consider the effect on matter-enhanced neutrino flavor transformation of a randomly fluctuating, delta-correlated matter density. The fluctuations will produce a distribution of neutrino survival probabilities. We find the mean and variance of the distribution for the case of solar neutrinos, and discuss the possibility of placing a limit on solar density fluctuations using neutrino data.
Teacher Sexual Misconduct: Grooming Patterns and Female Offenders

Educator sexual misconduct has received increasing attention over the past decade. The attention has exposed a number of concerning issues, including a lack of formal research in the area and difficulties in recognizing and prosecuting cases. Public responses to high profile cases of sexual misconduct involving female teachers suggest that gender-biased views on sex offenders remain prominent in society. This article will review the literature on female teacher sexual misconduct in addition to what is known about grooming patterns and warning signs. Finally, current dilemmas in resolving cases of educator sexual misconduct will be discussed, and basic prevention strategies will be recommended.
Activation of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK) in tendon cells following cyclic strain: the effects of strain frequency, strain magnitude, and cytosolic calcium.

Cyclic strain has been shown to benefit tendon health. However, repetitive loading has also been implicated in the etiology of tendon overuse injuries. Recent studies demonstrated that in several cell lines cyclic strain was associated with an activation of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs). These SAPKs, in turn, were shown to be important upstream regulators of a variety of cell processes including apoptosis. To examine the effect of repetitive loading on SAPK activation in tendon cells in vitro, canine patellar tendon cells were cyclically strained, and the cellular stress response evaluated by measuring c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. The effects of strain frequency and strain magnitude as well as the role of calcium signaling in this mechanotransduction mechanism were also examined. Cyclic strain resulted in an immediate activation of JNK, which peaked at 30 min and returned to resting levels by 2 h. This activation was regulated by a magnitude-dependent but not frequency-dependent response and appeared to be mediated through a calcium-dependent mechanotransduction pathway. While transient JNK activation is associated with normal cell processes, persistent JNK activation has been linked to the initiation of the apoptotic cascade. A similar mechanism could be responsible for initiating the pathological events (localized cell death) seen in tendon overuse injury.
A numerical model of surface outflows from convective storms

A one-dimensional hydrostatic and incompressible numerical model based upon the ‘shallow water wave’ equations is developed and used to simulate surface outflows from convective storms. Axial symmetry is employed to simulate surface outflows from storms in non-shearing environments, while slab symmetry is used to simulate unidirectional convective outflows.
DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH IN ENTREPRENEURIAL, TECHNOLOGY-BASED SMALL FIRMS

Several key influences on the growth of entrepreneurial, technology-based small firms are described. First, the level of technical change in the environment is an important factor both by itself an...
Induction of glutamine synthetase in embryonic neural retina: its suppression by the gliatoxic agent α-aminoadipic acid

Competence for cortisol-mediated induction of glutamine synthetase (GS) is a differentiation marker of embryonic neural retina. Earlier work has indicated that the induction and accumulation of GS is localized in the Muller glia cells. This localization was presently confirmed by the finding that the gliatoxin D,L-alpha-amino-adipic acid (AAA) reduces responsiveness to GS induction by 60--90% due to preferential damage to Muller cells. The tests were performed on organ cultures of retina tissue from chick embryos, and on retina cell aggregates in which there is tissue reconstruction. The presence of GS-inducible Muller cells was monitored by immuno-staining of tissue sections with anti-GS antiserum. Reduction of GS inducibility due to pretreatment with AAA resulted in virtual absence of cells that immunostained for GS. The preferential toxicity of AAA for Muller cells was also demonstrated by cell viability tests; it was further corroborated by the finding that treatment with AAA greatly reduced the level of carbonic anhydrase activity, another enzyme localized predominantly in Muller cells, but did not affect gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase and choline acetyl transferase, neuronal enzymes. Susceptibility of Muller cells to AAA was found to increase with embryonic development of the retina. We suggest that acquisition of susceptibility for AAA represents another differentiation marker of embryonic Muller cells.
Marketing with Music

Discusses the use of hit music, parodies of hit music, and originally scored music for products advertised in television commercials. Examines the results of a study undertaken to determine the role of music as a memory factor. Summarizes that music created specifically for a product is a more effective retrieval cue than a parody, which is in turn more effective than the use of original hits.
Identification of hookworm DAF-16/FOXO response elements and direct gene targets.

Background:The infective stage of the parasitic nematode hookworm is developmentally arrested in the environment and needs to infect a specific host to complete its life cycle. The canine hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) is an excellent model for investigating human hookworm infections. The transcription factor of A. caninum, Ac-DAF-16, which has a characteristic fork head or ‘‘winged helix’’ DNA binding domain (DBD), has been implicated in the resumption of hookworm development in the host. However, the precise roles of Ac-DAF-16 in hookworm parasitism and its downstream targets are unknown. In the present study, we combined molecular techniques and bioinformatics to identify a group of Ac-DAF-16 binding sites and target genes. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:The DNA binding domain of Ac-DAF-16 was used to select genomic fragments by in vitro genomic selection. Twenty four bound genomic fragments were analyzed for the presence of the DAF-16 family binding element (DBE) and possible alternative Ac-DAF-16 bind motifs. The 22 genes linked to these genomic fragments were identified using bioinformatics tools and defined as candidate direct gene targets of Ac-DAF-16. Their developmental stage- specific expression patterns were examined. Also, a new putative DAF-16 binding element was identified. Conclusions/Significance: Our results show that Ac-DAF-16 is involved in diverse biological processes throughout hookworm development. Further investigation of these target genes will provide insights into the molecular basis by which Ac-DAF-16 regulates its downstream gene network in hookworm infection.
Moderators and mediators of the relationship between stress and insomnia: stressor chronicity, cognitive intrusion, and coping

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess moderators, such as stressor chronicity, and mediators, including stress response in the form of cognitive intrusion and coping behavior, of the prospective association between naturalistic stress and incident insomnia. DESIGN: Longitudinal. SETTING: Epidemiological. PARTICIPANTS: A community-based sample of good sleepers (n = 2,892) with no lifetime history of insomnia. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Participants reported the number of stressful events they had encountered at baseline, as well as the perceived severity and chronicity of each event. Similarly, volitional stress responses such as coping, as well as more involuntary responses such as cognitive intrusion were assayed for each stressor. Follow-up assessment 1 y hence revealed an insomnia incidence rate of 9.1%. Stress exposure was a significant predictor of insomnia onset, such that the odds of developing insomnia increased by 19% for every additional stressor. Chronicity significantly moderated this relationship, such that the likelihood of developing insomnia as a result of stress exposure increased as a function of chronicity. Cognitive intrusion significantly mediated the association between stress exposure and insomnia. Finally, three specific coping behaviors also acted as mediators: behavioral disengagement, distraction, and substance use. CONCLUSIONS: Most studies characterize the relationship between stress exposure and insomnia as a simple dose-response phenomenon. However, our data suggest that certain stressor characteristics significantly moderate this association. Stress response in the form of cognitive intrusion and specific maladaptive coping behaviors mediate the effects of stress exposure. These findings highlight the need for a multidimensional approach to stress assessment in future research and clinical practice. CITATION: Pillai V, Roth T, Mullins HM, Drake CL. Moderators and mediators of the relationship between stress and insomnia: stressor chronicity, cognitive intrusion, and coping. SLEEP 2014;37(7):1199-1208. Language: en
ENERGY BANDS FOR FCC LANTHANUM AND PRASEODYMIUM.

We have calculated the energy bands of lanthanum and praseodymium in the face-centered-cubic structure using the relativistic augmented-plane-wave method. Calculations for the density of states, the magnetic susceptibility, and the Fermi surface are also performed, and the results are correlated with some of the electronic and magnetic properties of these metals.
EDITORIAL: A Time for Optimism

Bad economic news abounds these days—recession, home foreclosures, unemployment, jitters, and collapses on Wall Street. And, of course, we also have the war, with costs already in the trillions and...
Ideology and social formation in teacher education

Abstract Teacher education contains codes of culture that are shaped by two important dynamics of American life. One is the process of professionalization: Certain occupations have cultural and social authority in controlling realms of meaning and definitions of reality. The second is the predicament of schooling: Social issues of power and interest are incorporated into the discourse of pedagogy and give direction to teacher education. The realization of administrative control and “practical” reasoning occurs within contexts of power that relate to these two dynamics.
Implantation of Ti + C for reduced friction and wear of steels

Abstract A review of various types of friction and wear tests of ion-implanted steels with 10–30 at% Ti and C shows that the implantation reduces wear and unlubricated friction for every steel examined, even for Hertzian contact stresses in excess of the bulk yield strength. The microscopic information on implanted Fe and steels obtained by TEM, Auger analysis and ion beam analysis is presented, and the near-surface amorphous alloy discovered in similarly implanted Fe is shown to be closely associated with the benefits obtained with the Ti + C treatment of steels. The implanted layer changes the unlubricated sliding wear mode from adhesive to abrasive, and the increased hardness of the amorphous alloy then promotes wear resistance. Recent results suggest that the optimum alloy is obtained by using a high Ti concentration (~ 30 at%) and by implanting C to produce as thick an amorphous layer as possible.
Impact of H 2 S annealing on SnS device performance

Tin sulfide is regarded as a possible earth-abundant alternative for chalcogenide thin film photovoltaics. The material has strong absorption in the visible wavelength region and the possibility for high carrier mobility. We review recent progress for SnS solar cell efficiencies. Annealing in H 2 S gas and surface passivation of SnS are thought to be two key components that increase efficiency of SnS devices. An efficiency of η = 3.88% [1] was achieved via thermal evaporation, a manufacturing-friendly deposition method.
Nonzero decomposable symmetrized tensors

Abstract Suppose k1 ⩾ ⋯ ⩾ kt ⩾ 1, m 1 ⩾ ⋯⩾ mr ⩾ 1, k1+ ⋯ +kt = m1+ ⋯ +mr = m. Let λ=(k1,…,kt) be a character of the symmetric group Sm. The restriction of λ to Sm1X…XSmr contains the principal character as a component if and only if λ majorizes (m1,…,mr). This result is used to characterize the index set of the nonzero decomposable symmetrized tensors, corresponding to Sm and λ, which are induced from a basis of the underlying vector space.
Predictions of supersymmetric grand unified theories

Renormalization effects are analyzed for a class of supersymmetric grand unified theories which contain the standard SU(3)/sub c/ x SU(2)/sub L/ x U(1) model. Predictions for sin/sup 2/theta-circumflex/sub W/(m/sub W/) and the proton lifetime are obtained as functions of ..lambda../sub M/S (MS is the modified minimal-subtraction scheme), N/sub H/ (number of relatively light Higgs doublets), and ..mu.. (the scale of supersymmetry breaking). For realistic input parameters we find 0.23 or approx. =tau/sub p/> or approx. =10/sup 29/ yr. Loop effects that could render the larger predicted values of sin/sup 2/theta-circumflex/sub W/(m/sub W/) consistent with experiment are described.
The forgotten chamber : the importance of the right ventricle

Historically, the right heart was viewed as less important than the left heart in the maintenance of normal overall hemodynamic performance. However, there is now considerable evidence that emphasizes the significance of intact right ventricular (RV) function. The RV's anatomy and physiology are reviewed in order to provide insight into how changes in volume can be accommodated within a low-pressure environment and how this contributes to hemodynamic stability. The interdependent relationship between the right and left ventricles is also explored. The contribution of RV performance to overall hemodynamics is best exemplified when the RV becomes diseased. RV infarction, atrial septal defect, and cor pulmonale are used as examples to illustrate the dramatic sequelae associated with RV dysfunction, as well as to identify the RV's specific adaptive mechanisms.
Measuring isolated surface charge with a noncontacting voltmeter

Abstract A noncontacting voltmeter is an instrument that measures surface potential without physical contact. By design, a noncontacting voltmeter enforces a zero-field condition at its probe by adjusting its own probe potential. When an isolated charge distribution is measured, the field around the probe is shown to consist of two superimposed components, one equal to the field caused by the measured charge distribution and a grounded probe, the other equal to the field of the energized probe with the charge distribution absent. The resulting probe potential is shown to depend on the magnitude of the measured charge, its physical geometry, the geometry of the probe, and the position of the probe relative to the charge distribution. A method for interpreting the reading of a noncontacting voltmeter based on these factors is presented and verified experimentally.
Group Therapy in Long Term Care Sites

Group therapy is an intervention that is particularly suited for residents in long term care settings, because it can reduce social isolation and efficiently address the common issue of adjustment to institutional living. This article first specifies the types of groups that should be offered in long term care settings as a function of therapeutic aims and resident composition. It then enumerates Yalom's common curative factors and how they are reflected in the group process with frail nursing home residents. The unique elements in doing group therapy within long term care sites are then discussed. Next, the meager research on group psychotherapy in long term care sites is summarized, and a plea is made for more empirical studies to be conducted in this exciting but neglected area. Finally, reimbursement issues for group therapy in nursing homes are briefly considered.
Optimal pooled testing

This paper first characterizes three pooled testing techniques for generic testing conditions. It then applies these methods to demonstrate potential costs savings for universal HIV screening in the United Stated and Thailand. The success of these techniques in general is shown to be dependent on the prevalence as well as the disparity in prevalence between high and low risk groups. Further limitations on effectiveness include the potential impact of dilution on sensitivity. This and other limitations are addressed in the second section which focuses on applications of the techniques. Cost reductions are demonstrated to be feasible at prevalence of up to 30% and increasing dramatically at lower rates. Applying optimal pooled testing to universal HIV screening would result in an annual savings of over $1.4 billion in the United States and over $130 million in Thailand. Recent calls for universal HIV testing are based on the cost effectiveness of routine screening. These assessments may substantially overstate the cost of routine screening which strengthens the argument for universal screening.
Anaerobic Corneal Ulcers

In a series of 162 bacterial corneal ulcers, 27 were culture positive for anaerobic organisms. Applying strict microbiologic criteria, 11 ulcers were determined to be due to anaerobic infection. No morphologic characteristic was identified to distinguish anaerobic from other types of corneal ulcers. All of the anaerobic ulcer patients manifested one or more predisposing factors. A total of 13 anaerobes were cultured from the 11 confirmed anaerobic ulcers. Five previously unreported anaerobic strains were identified as causes of bacterial keratitis. Over one third of the anaerobic organisms occurred in mixed cultures with other organisms. Most of the anaerobic isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics routinely used for their treatment. The use of topical chloramphenicol is recommended for treatment of confirmed anaerobic ulcers, and topical cefazolin or one of the other cephalosporins effective against anaerobes is suggested to be included in the treatment of all ulcers requiring broad spectrum antibiotic coverage.
Menopausal hot flashes are treated effectively by a transdermal, low-dose estradiol spray

This Practice Point commentary discusses a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that assessed the use of a transdermal estradiol spray to treat hot flashes in 454 postmenopausal women. Participants applied 1, 2, or 3 daily sprays containing estradiol (1.53 mg per spray) or placebo to the inner aspect of the forearm. Estradiol administered in 1, 2 or 3 daily sprays reduced the daily frequency of hot flashes at week 4 by −6.26, −7.30, and −6.64, respectively (P <0.001, P = 0.003, and P <0.001 compared with placebo, respectively). Participants using 1 spray daily had a mean serum estradiol level of 71.6–84.0pmol/l, which is higher than serum estradiol levels in untreated symptomatic postmenopausal women. These findings indicate that a transdermal estradiol spray can improve menopausal symptoms even at a very low dose. Furthermore, this preparation allows health care providers to individualize the estradiol dose that is required for the control of hot flashes in each patient.
Functionally determined invalidism in chronic asthma

Abstract Ninety asthmatic patients were divided into three groups according to MMPI Panic-Fear scores. The groups were well equated for the actual severity of their asthma as indexed by daily, longitudinal pulmonary function measures during treatment and rates of rehospitalization following discharge from treatment. All patients were surveyed at admission, discharge, 6 months post discharge and 12 months post discharge for their ratings of interference due to illness in their vocational, social and physical activities. As hypothesized, high Panic-Fear patients consistently reported that their asthma created more interference in their daily lives than did moderate and low Panic-Fear patients. Additional findings indicated that the asthma interfered most with physical activities, secondly with vocational activities and least with social activities. It was also found that reported interference decreased following intensive, long-term inpatient treatment.
Preparation and use of MitoPY1 for imaging hydrogen peroxide in mitochondria of live cells

Mitochondria peroxy yellow 1 (MitoPY1) is a small-molecule fluorescent probe that selectively tracks to the mitochondria of live biological specimens and responds to local fluxes of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by a turn-on fluorescence enhancement. This bifunctional dye uses a triphenylphosphonium targeting group and a boronate-based molecular switch to selectively respond to H2O2 over competing reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the mitochondria. MitoPY1 can be used to measure mitochondrial H2O2 levels in both cell culture and tissue models. In this protocol, we describe the synthesis of MitoPY1 and how to use this chemical tool to visualize mitochondrial H2O2 in live cells. The preparation of MitoPY1 is anticipated to take 7–10 d, and assays involving microscopy of cultured mammalian cells can be performed in 1–2 d.
RESPONSE TO SHOEMAKER

As Sydney Shoemaker indicates in his contribution to this symposium, he and I agree quite a bit about the nature of perception. We both believe that the proper conclusion to draw from the possibility of spectrum inversion is that visual perception represents objects as having properties distinct from but corresponding to the colors and that it is represen tation of objects as having these properties, rather than repre sentation of objects as having color properties, that accounts for the phenomenology of color perception. I think that there's a lot more that's both right and important in Shoe maker's work on perception, but there are two areas of dis agreement. First, Shoemaker believes that visual perception represents objects as being colored as well as representing them as having these other properties, whereas I deny that visual perception represents objects as having color properties at all. On Shoemaker's view, when you, for example, look at a ripe tomato in normal conditions, your visual perception represents the tomato as being red and as having some non color property, and it is representation of the tomato as having the latter property that accounts for that part of the phenomenology of the experience that we associate with see ing red; whereas, on my view, your perception represents the tomato as having only the non-color property that is respon sible for the experience's phenomenology. However, in denying that visual perception represents objects as having color properties, I don't mean to be saying that there's no sense in which we perceive and see objects as having colors, nor do I mean to be denying that we perceive that objects have color; it's just that, on my view, perceiving
Granulocyte colony stimulating activity and vitamin B12 binding proteins in human urine.

Summary. The levels of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (CSF) in the urine of normal humans and patients with various diseases have been compared with levels of urinary B12 binding proteins (BBP). A correlation has been shown between the levels of these parameters in some urines collected at random from patients with a wide variety of diseases. Serial urine samples from two patients who received injections of vitamin B12 also showed a correlation between rises and falls of CSF and BBP over a period of several days. Biochemical similarities exist between these factors and both appear to be, at least in part, secreted by mature white blood cells as the result of an active metabolic process. These findings suggest that CSF and BBP may be closely related and perhaps the same.
Enhanced photoacoustic detection of melanoma cells using gold nanoparticles.

Background and Objectives We tagged melanoma cells with gold nanoparticles to show their viability for increasing sensitivity in a photoacoustic detection system. Ultimately, this study models the detection of circulating tumor cells, which are an important prognostic factor in the progress of melanoma. Study Design/Materials and Methods A Q-switched, tunable Nd:YAG laser was used to irradiate cells in both a stationary and flow set-up. Photoacoustic signals were measured using a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film in the stationary test, and a commercially available ultrasonic probe for flow tests. Both unmodified melanoma cells and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) tagged melanoma were tested. Results AuNP tagged melanoma in a stationary set-up showed an average of 0.227 mV/mJ larger signal than the untagged, indicating a signal increase of 34%. At 500 nm there is a maximum difference of 0.295 mV/mJ, or a 41% increase. In flow tests, the ultrasound probe was able to detect single cells, but the increased signal from AuNP tagging was minimal. Conclusion AuNP tagging proved to give an increased photoacoustic signal allowing greater sensitivity in stationary metastasized melanoma detection systems using photoacoustics. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:333–338, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adrenal adenoma and hypertension.

Abstract In a series of 1495 consecutive necropsies in patients aged over ten years, the prevalence of adrenal cortical adenoma was 1·41% and of adrenal hyperplasia 7·37%. The prevalence of hypertension was virtually identical in adrenal adenoma, adrenal hyperplasia, and comparable control groups. The results of this investigation do not support the view that 15-25% of hypertensives may have an adrenal adenoma and that primary aldosteronism is a cause of their hypertension.
Fossil musk turtles (Kinosternidae, Sternotherus) from the late Miocene–early Pliocene (Hemphillian) of Tennessee and Florida

ABSTRACTThe oldest fossil musk turtles, genus Sternotherus, are reported from the Hemphillian of eastern Tennessee and central Florida. Sternotherus palaeodorus, n. sp., is known from five partial shells discovered at the late Miocene–early Pliocene (7–4.5 Ma; late Hemphillian) Gray Fossil Site in Washington County, Tennessee. Sternotherus palaeodorus possesses an enlarged intergular scute, wide first vertebral scute that overlaps peripheral set 1, posteriorly extensive hypoplastron to peripheral 7 contact, and a posteriorly situated inguinal musk duct pore (characteristics more typically seen in Kinosternon). A cladistic analysis recovered S. palaeodorus within crown group Sternotherus in the strict consensus and on the stem of Sternotherus in the majority rule consensus. Sternotherus bonevalleyensis, n. sp., from the Palmetto Fauna (5.5–5 Ma; late Hemphillian) of central Florida was perhaps contemporaneous with S. palaeodorus and is known only from isolated shell fragments. It is morphologically most si...
The dialectics of functional and historical morphology in the evolution of a city: the case of the Stone Town of Zanzibar

This paper reports a study of the historical and functional morphology of the Stone Town of Zanzibar in Tanzania. The town is interesting because its mostly fine-grained physical fabric with an irregular street grid shows a remarkable degree of consistency despite the fact that it evolved under significantly different social, economic and political conditions. Therefore, the study of historical morphology was aimed at identifying if the town went through any structural changes despite its physical continuity; and the study of functional morphology was aimed at identifying the relationship between functions and the structure of the town. For historical morphology, three street maps representing three distinct historical phases of the town were studied using the techniques of the axial map analysis of Space Syntax. For functional morphology, the relationships between the axial structure of the present-day street grid and land use patterns, ownership patterns, building classifications based on ethnic influen...
Transfer from recency learning to corresponding two-category classification learning

This experiment tested the hypothesis that recency judgments, used to measure temporal coding, were a special case of two-category classification (TCC) learning. Following four recency-learning trials on a 60-word list, the subjects learned to classify each item as an underlined item or as a nonunderlined item. The underlined items had been the correct items on the recency trials, the nonunderlined items had been incorrect. A small amount of negative transfer was found. Although the performances on unrelated recency-learning tasks and on TCC tasks were substantially correlated, there was no consistency in the correlations when the two tasks were related as described above. It was concluded that the TCC task cannot be used as a model for recency learning. Word frequency was manipulated as a secondary variable; neither TCC learning nor recency learning was influenced by it.