cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Error performance of multicarrier CDMA in frequency-selective fading

This paper extends a previous work on direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) to multicarrier (MC) CDMA systems. New results on the error performance of a family of multiuser detectors for MC-CDMA are obtained using the replica method, which was originally developed in statistical physics. The central result is the "decoupling principle", namely, an MC-CDMA channel with frequency-selective fading followed by a generic multiuser detection front end can be decoupled into a bank of single-user fading channels in the large-system limit. Thus conditioned on one's fading coefficients, each user essentially experiences an equivalent single-user Gaussian channel with a degradation in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in lieu of multiaccess interference. A set of joint equations is identified that determine the degradation for each user, known as the multiuser efficiency. The result applies to arbitrary input distribution and SNRs, and to optimal multiuser detection, as well as various other suboptimal schemes.
An approach to the management of locally advanced breast cancer: Part 2

Caring for a patient with locally advanced breast cancer requires a multidisciplinary approach, whether cure or palliation. Patient expectations need to be discussed, while alternative and holistic approaches help to reinforce the patient’s belief that their decision regarding care is correct. It is important to recognise that a patient’s decision to choose ‘no treatment’ should be treated with respect. Psychological support and care are vital, requiring a non-judgemental relationship built on trust.
Candidate Targets of Balancing Selection in the Genome of Staphylococcus aureus

Signatures of balancing selection can highlight polymorphisms and functions that are important to the long-term fitness of a species. We performed a first genome-wide scan for balancing selection in a bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus, which is a common cause of serious antimicrobial-resistant infections of humans. Using a sliding window approach, the genomes of 16 strains of S. aureus, including 5 new genome sequences presented here, and 1 outgroup strain of S. epidermidis were scanned for signatures of balancing selection. A total of 195 short windows were investigated based on their extreme values of both Tajima’s D (.2.03) and p/K ratios (.0.12) relative to the rest of the genome. To test the unusualness of these windows, an Approximate Bayesian Computation framework was used to select a null demographic model that better accounted for the observed data than did the standard neutral model. A total of 186 windows were demonstrated to be unusual under the null model and, thus, represented candidate loci under balancing selection. These 186 candidate windows were located within 99 candidate genes that were spread across 62 different loci. Nearly all the signal (97.2%) was located within coding sequences; balancing selection on gene regulation apparently occurs through the targeting of global regulators such as agr and gra/aps. The agr locus had some of the strongest signatures of balancing selection, which provides new insight into the causes of diversity at this locus. The list of candidate genes included multiple virulence-associated genes and was significantly enriched for functions in amino acid and inorganic ion transport and metabolism and in defense mechanisms against innate immunity and antimicrobials, highlighting these particular functions as important to the fitness of this pathogen.
A STEADY-STATE TOKAMAK REACTOR WITH NON-DIVERTOR IMPURITY CONTROL - STARFIRE

STARFIRE is a conceptual design study of a commercial tokamak fusion electric power plant. Particular emphasis has been placed on simplifying the reactor concept by developing design concepts to produce a steady-state tokamak with non-divertor impurity control and helium ash removal. The concepts of plasma current drive using lower hybrid rf waves and a limiter/vacuum system for reactor applications are described.
In vitro regression of cement gland epithelium from Xenopus laevis

The development of Xenopus laevis cement gland ectoderm cultured as epidermal vesicles from neurula stage embryos is described. The life cycle explanted gland cells closely parallels that seen in intact animals. The cells increase in height, extrude their secretory mucin and most of the oocyte pigment granule inclusions, and then regress. The entire sequence takes from 16 to 21 days at 18°C. The vesicles show no obvious changes in general appearance after gland cell senescence and remain viable up to 35 days of culture. Cement gland development progresses normally then in the absence of any influences that might come from the embryo and appears to be an autonomous sequence of the gland cells once they begin to differentiate in early neurula stages.
Determinants of pulmonary vascular volume: recruitment versus distensibility.

This study attempted to evaluate the relative roles of vessel distensibility and vessel recruitment in the changes in pulmonary blood volume induced by changes in pulmonary intravascular pressure. Pulmonary blood volume was determined by a double-injection indicator-dilution technique in eight anesthetized open-chest dogs with a right and left ventricular bypass which allowed independent control of pulmonary artery and left atrial pressures. In three dogs, measurements were also taken during reverse perfusion (from the left atrium to the pulmonary artery). During forward perfusion, when left atrial pressure was increased from 7 to 26 cm H 2 O, and, by reducing flow from 3.4 to 1.2 liters9/min, pulmonary artery pressure was maintained at 30 cm H 2 O so that recruitment could be considered constant, pulmonary blood volume did not change but remained at about 260 ml. Pulmonary blood volume also did not change during reverse perfusion when pulmonary artery pressure was increased from 8 to 27 cm H 2 O at a constant left atrial pressure (inflow pressure). By contrast, when pulmonary artery pressure was raised by increasing flow, so that vessel recruitment could occur, pulmonary blood volume increased 12 ml for each 1-cm H 2 O increase in pulmonary artery pressure at a constant left atrial pressure of 5 cm H 2 O, and pulmonary blood volume increased 7 ml for each 1-cm H 2 O increase in pulmonary artery pressure at a constant left atrial pressure of 33 cm H 2 O. Therefore, in the range of pressures that we explored, the role of large-vessel distensibility in the changes in pulmonary blood volume observed when intravascular pressures were raised was small.
Modulator frequency detuning effects in the FM mode-locked laser

The mode-locking behavior of a homogeneous laser with an intracavity FM modulator changes rapidly and asymmetrically when the modulation frequency is detuned by small amounts from its optimum value. We develop here a simple analysis of these detuning effects. The analysis gives explicit expressions for all aspects of the mode-locking behavior as functions of detuning. A physical interpretation of the analysis also makes clear which physical mechanisms are responsible for the detuning behavior.
Graph-theoretic multisample tests of equality in distribution for high dimensional data

Testing whether two or more independent samples arise from a common distribution is a classic problem in statistics. Several multivariate two-sample tests of equality are based on graphs such as the minimum spanning tree, nearest neighbor, and optimal nonbipartite perfect matching. Here, the samples are pooled and the test statistic is the number of edges in the graph that connect points with different sample identities. These tests are typically unbiased and perform well when estimates of underlying probability densities are poor. However, these tests have not been thoroughly studied when data is very high dimensional or in the multisample case. We introduce the use of orthogonal perfect matchings for testing equality in distribution. A suite of Monte Carlo simulations on artificial and real data shows that orthogonal perfect matchings and spanning trees typically have higher power than other graphs and are also more effective at discerning when samples have differences in their covariance structure compared to other nonparametric tests such as the energy and triangle tests. We test whether two or more samples have arisen from the same multivariate density.Test uses new graphs as well as the minimum spanning tree or nearest neighbors.Test performs well and is easy to perform for large d , small n datasets.Power of the new tests is competitive or beats other general multivariate tests.Mean and variance of the asymptotically normal null distribution are easy to compute.
Efficacy of Cry1Ac:Cry1F Proteins in Cotton Leaf Tissue Against Fall Armyworm, Beet Armyworm, and Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., plants expressing Cry1Ac and Cry1F insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) were evaluated against selected lepidopteran pests including fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker). Studies were conducted in a range of environments, challenging various cotton tissue types from several varieties containing a combination of Cry1Ac and Cry1F proteins. In fresh tissue bioassays of mature leaves and squares (flower buds) and in artificial field infestations of white flowers, plants containing Cry1Ac:Cry1F significantly reduced levels of damage (leaf defoliation, bract feeding, penetrated squares and bolls, and boll abscission) and induced significantly greater mortality (90-100%) of fall armyworm compared with that on non-Bt cotton plants. Plants containing Cry1Ac:Cry1F conferred high levels (100%) of soybean looper mortality and low levels (0.2%) of leaf defoliation compared with non-Bt cotton. Beet armyworm was relatively less sensitive to Cry1Ac:Cry1F cotton plants compared with fall armyworm and soybean looper. However, beet armyworm larval development was delayed 21 d after infestation (DAI), and ingestion of plant tissue was inhibited (14 and 21 DAI) on the Cry1Ac:Cry1F plants compared with that on non-Bt cotton plants. These results show Cry1Ac:Cry1F cotton varieties can be an effective component in a management program for these lepidopteran pest species. Differential susceptibility of fall armyworm, beet armyworm, and soybean looper larvae to Cry1Ac:Cry1F cotton reinforces the need to sample during plant development and respond with a foliar insecticide if local action thresholds are exceeded.
Character distributions are phylogenetic evidence

In his criticism of phylogenetic analyses based on character distributions in taxa, Vermeij (1999) cites a number of commonly recognized impediments to such analyses (noise, instability of nodes, homoplasy, ambiguity of polarity, etc.) as if they were the basis for such repudiation in the general case. Of course, the impact of these factors will vary from case to case and the notion that phylogenetic analysis can be difficult if data are spotty, complex, or ambiguous does not obviate the method. In addition, Vermeij notes, as have others (Hecht 1976; Kirsch and Archer 1982), that application of the parsimony principle to the analysis of character-taxon matrices may be misguided because evolution is not necessarily parsimonious. But parsimony is a means of selecting among alternative explanations by using the most efficient summary of the data, an application that does not presuppose any a priori knowledge of the complexity of evolution. (Farris 1983; Sober 1983). Rather than dwelling on these more familiar criticisms, …
Severe Hypoglycemia Requiring Medical Intervention in a Large Cohort of Adults With Diabetes Receiving Care in U.S. Integrated Health Care Delivery Systems: 2005–2011

OBJECTIVE Appropriate glycemic control is fundamental to diabetes care, but aggressive glucose targets and intensive therapy may unintentionally increase episodes of hypoglycemia. We quantified the burden of severe hypoglycemia requiring medical intervention in a well-defined population of insured individuals with diabetes receiving care in integrated health care delivery systems across the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This observational cohort study included 917,440 adults with diabetes receiving care during 2005 to 2011 at participating SUrveillance, PREvention, and ManagEment of Diabetes Mellitus (SUPREME-DM) network sites. Severe hypoglycemia rates were based on any occurrence of hypoglycemia-related ICD-9 codes from emergency department or inpatient medical encounters and reported overall and by age, sex, comorbidity status, antecedent A1C level, and medication use. RESULTS Annual rates of severe hypoglycemia ranged from 1.4 to 1.6 events per 100 person-years. Rates of severe hypoglycemia were higher among those with older age, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, cardiovascular disease, depression, and higher A1C levels, and in users of insulin, insulin secretagogues, or β-blockers ( P CONCLUSIONS Risk of severe hypoglycemia in clinical settings is considerably higher in identifiable patient subgroups than in randomized controlled trials. Strategies that reduce the risk of hypoglycemia in high-risk patients are needed.
Comparison of the C 13 (d, α)B 11 and B 11 (He 3 , p)C 13 Reactions

Angular distributions have been measured for ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}(d, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ (ground state) at 3.35, 3.55, 3.85, and 4.20 MeV. Differential excitation functions for this reaction were measured in 100-keV intervals over the 3.1- to 4.2-MeV region at 54\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 84\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 119\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 154\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Angular distributions for the ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}({\mathrm{He}}^{3}, p){\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ (ground state) reaction have been measured at 8.6, 9.6, and 10.3 MeV. Differential excitation functions were measured in 200-keV intervals over the 8.0- to 11.0-MeV region at 35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The two reactions studied are related in that both involve the transfer of a deuteron between ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ in a common momentum transfer region. Notwithstanding, the two reactions appear to proceed predominantly by different mechanisms, viz. compound-nucleus formation and direct process, respectively. The ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}(d, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ data are fitted using Legendre polynomials in $cos\ensuremath{\theta}$. The forward portions of angular distributions of ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}({\mathrm{He}}^{3}, p){\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ are fitted using two versions of the plane-wave Born approximation theory.
On Geometry of Finsler Causality: For Convex Cones, There Is No Affine-Invariant Linear Order (Similar to Comparing Volumes)

Some physicists suggest that to more adequately describe the causal structure of space-time, it is necessary to go beyond the usual pseudoRiemannian causality, to a more general Finsler causality. In this general case, the set of all the events which can be influenced by a given event is, locally, a generic convex cone, and not necessarily a pseudoReimannian-style quadratic cone. Since all current observations support pseudo-Riemannian causality, Finsler causality cones should be close to quadratic ones. It is therefore desirable to approximate a general convex cone by a quadratic one. This cane be done if we select a hyperplane, and approximate intersections of cones and this hyperplane. In the hyperplane, we need to approximate a convex body by an ellipsoid. This can be done in an affine-invariant way, e.g., by selecting, among all ellipsoids containing the body, the one with the smallest volume; since volume is affine-covariant, this selection is affine-invariant. However, this selection may depend on the choice of the hyperplane. It is therefore desirable to directly approximate the convex cone describing Finsler causality with the quadratic cone, ideally in an affine-invariant way. We prove, however, that on the set of convex cones, there is no affine-covariant characteristic like volume. So, any approximation is necessarily not affine-invariant. 1 Formulation of the Corresponding Physical Problem: Analysis of Finsler Causality Relations Geometric description of physical causality: a brief reminder (for details, see, e.g., [5]). In Newton’s mechanics, a space-time event (t, x) can causally influence an event (t′, x′) if and only if t ≤ t′. In Special Relativity Theory, a
A Study on the Evaluation System of the High-Level Martial Arts Teams in Regular Universities

After 20 years of construction and development,high-level martial arts teams in regular universities have made useful attempts in fostering sports talents and transferring from athletes student to student athletes. However, after the last two evaluations of high-level martial arts teams in regular universities,we found that some of the original assessment indicators and their weights lagged behind the development of the situation,and the system needed to be further improved and more targeted. Using the methods of literature,questionnaire,expert interviews,statistical analysis,we analyzed the assessment indicators and their weights of high-level martial arts teams in regular universities and obtained an evaluation index system which included 6 first-grade indexes,21 second-grade indexes and 64 third-grade indexes and their weights. After validity test,it can be applied in the assessment of high-level martial arts teams in regular universities.
Source credibility and the processing of refutation texts

The knowledge revision components framework (KReC) outlines the basic comprehension processes and text factors that can be accentuated to increase the potential for knowledge revision during reading. The goal of the present study was to explore source credibility as one such text factor. In Experiment 1, we established the utility of a set of refutation texts in influencing knowledge revision. Participants read ten refutation and ten control texts. The participants had faster reading times and higher posttest scores for the refutation than for the control texts, providing evidence for knowledge revision. In Experiment 2, we examined the influence of source credibility under normal reading conditions. Participants read 20 refutation texts, ten with high-credibility and ten with low-credibility sources. The reading times and posttest scores suggested that knowledge revision unfolded successfully, independent of credibility. Using the same texts, in Experiment 3 we examined the influence of direct instructions that made the credibility of the source of information more salient. When the credibility of the source was made salient, the revision process was disrupted in the low-credibility condition, as evidenced by slower reading times and lower posttest scores than in the high-credibility condition. The results add to our understanding of the factors that constrain knowledge revision during the reading of refutation texts, and are discussed in the context of the extant literature and KReC.
Surgery for Extratemporal Partial Epilepsy

The results of surgery for extratemporal partial epilepsy that began in childhood are reported from the Department of Surgery, Stanford University Medical School; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester; University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; and the Children’s Hospital, Boston MA.
Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica , valve gape behavior under diel-cycling hypoxia

Hypoxia and anoxia in many estuaries worldwide can cause a wide range of negative effects on animals that are directly exposed or indirectly influenced by food web interactions. Typically, experimental studies focus on animal behavior as a function of continuous exposure to low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions rather than short-term fluctuations. Dissolved oxygen concentrations [DO] can, however, vary throughout the day, and water can become hypoxic for minutes to hours, often during the late night/early morning hours in the summer. Valve gape of 1-year-old eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, from Maryland, USA, was continuously measured while exposed to diel-cycling DO in aquaria during normoxic, hypoxic, and supersaturated phases of the cycle over several 2-day periods (July–August 2012). Severe hypoxia (0.6 mg DO L−1) induced oysters to close for significantly longer times than normoxic (7.3 mg DO L−1) conditions. Oysters exposed to mild hypoxia (1.7 mg DO L−1) closed for a similar amount of time as oysters held at normoxia and severe hypoxia. At severe hypoxia, more than one-third of the oysters closed simultaneously and closed immediately when they encountered severe hypoxia while oysters at mild hypoxia often closed later in the low oxygen phase of the cycles. When normoxia was reintroduced after severe hypoxia, most oysters opened immediately and gaped throughout the period. The results indicate that while 1-year-old oysters responded negatively to diel-cycling low [DO], especially to severe hypoxia, they rapidly opened during the normoxic period that followed, potentially reducing any negative effects of a fluctuating environment.
Reprogramming of Myeloid Compartments Supporting Tissue Repair During Dss-Induced Colitis Recovery

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) emerging during tumor growth or chronic inflammation play a critical role in regulating T cell function. However, mechanisms governing the generation of these cells remain unclear and need to be further defined. Using a DSS-induced colitis and recovery model, we characterized the dynamic changes within the myeloid compartments and the emerging of MDSC during active and resolution phases of inflammation. We show that the immature myeloid cell population expands and undergoes a functional reprogramming event in bone marrow (BM) and the spleen to form suppressive MDSC not at the active inflammation phase, but specifically at the resolution phase during colitis transition to recovery. In particular, two major functional changes occur when colitic mice were allowed to recover: 1) CD11b + Gr-1 + myeloid cells in bone marrow and spleen acquire T cell suppressive functions, and 2) immature granulocytic myeloid cells increase the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR2, which enables their entry into circulation from BM. Additionally we determined enhanced activation of STAT3 and subsequent transcriptional enhancement of Arg1, iNOS, and gp91 in the MDSC isolated from resolution time points. We found that IL-17, the major cytokine associated with active colitis, remains elevated in the serum throughout the wound healing/resolution process. IL-17, together with the enhanced production of tissue repair cytokines, including IL-10, an activator of STAT3, produce a unique cytokine profile, resulting in a switch to induce reprograming and mobilization of the immature myeloid cells to suppress the inflammatory reaction in favor of tissue repair.
Ultrafast optical tuning of epsilon-near-zero thin films

Large and ultra-fast transient reflectivity and transmissivity are recorded via pump (λ=325nm) and probe (λ=1300nm) experiments on aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films engineered to possess ultra-fast electron-hole recombination and epsilon-near-zero behavior in the NIR.
An Intrinsic Transcriptional Program Underlying Synaptic Scaling during Activity Suppression.

Homeostatic scaling allows neurons to maintain stable activity patterns by globally altering their synaptic strength in response to changing activity levels. Suppression of activity by the blocking of action potentials increases synaptic strength through an upregulation of surface α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Although this synaptic upscaling was shown to require transcription, the molecular nature of the intrinsic transcription program underlying this process and its functional significance have been unclear. Using RNA-seq, we identified 73 genes that were specifically upregulated in response to activity suppression. In particular, Neuronal pentraxin-1 (Nptx1) increased within 6 hr of activity blockade, and knockdown of this gene blocked the increase in synaptic strength. Nptx1 induction is mediated by calcium influx through the T-type voltage-gated calcium channel, as well as two transcription factors, SRF and ELK1. Altogether, these results uncover a transcriptional program that specifically operates when neuronal activity is suppressed to globally coordinate the increase in synaptic strength.
Pseudo-equilibrium geometry of HNO determined by an E-Band CP-FTmmW spectrometer

Abstract An E-Band (60–90 GHz) chirped-pulse Fourier transform millimeter-wave spectrometer has been constructed for eventual kinetics and dynamics studies. The performance of the spectrometer is demonstrated with the molecule nitroxyl (HNO). Using the new spectrometer and by passing isotopically labelled methyl nitrite (CH3ONO) through a pyrolysis nozzle, the spectra of minor isotopologues of HNO have been obtained. The observations on the isotopologues identified here, H15NO, HN18O, and D15NO, have been combined with the earlier isotopic observations, HNO and DNO, to create a global r m ( 1 ) HNO geometry that approximates an equilibrium structure. The results are compared to high-level ab initio calculations.
Chlorophyll a with a farnesyl tail in thermophilic cyanobacteria

Photosystem II (PSII) of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms normally contains exclusively chlorophyll a (Chl a) as its major light-harvesting pigment. Chl a canonically consists of the chlorin headgroup with a 20-carbon, 4-isoprene unit, phytyl tail. We have examined the 1.9 A crystal structure of PSII from thermophilic cyanobacteria reported by Shen and coworkers in 2012 (PDB accession of 3ARC/3WU2). A newly refined electron density map from this structure, presented here, reveals that some assignments of the cofactors may be different from those modeled in the 3ARC/3WU2 structure, including a specific Chl a that appears to have a truncated tail by one isoprene unit. We provide experimental evidence using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for a small population of Chl a esterified to a 15-carbon farnesyl tail in PSII of thermophilic cyanobacteria.
STS, symmetry and post-truth:

This essay takes up a series of questions about the connection between 'symmetry' in Science and Technology Studies (STS) and 'post-truth' in contemporary politics. A recent editorial in this journal by Sergio Sismondo argues that current discussions of 'post-truth' have little to do with conceptions of 'symmetry' or with concerns about 'epistemic democracy' in STS, while others, such as Steve Fuller and Harry Collins, insist that there are such connections. The present essay discusses a series of questions about the meaning of 'post-truth' and 'symmetry', and the connections of those concepts to each other and to 'epistemic democracy'. The essay ends with a series of other questions about STS and contemporary politics, and an invitation to further discussions.
Abstract 78: Inhibiting anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) overcomes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patient-derived models

HNSCC is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. EGFR is overexpressed in up to 90% of HNSCC and associated with poor outcome. An EGFR monoclonal antibody, cetuximab, was the only approved molecular targeted therapy for HNSCC; however, resistance eventually occurs in all patients. Functional screens including a small-molecule kinase inhibitor were used to identify agents that synergized with EGFR inhibitors in reducing viability in HNSCC patient-derived tumor cells. Effective combination therapies were validated in scale-up experiments, and their true targets were evaluated using siRNAs to rule out off-target effects of the drugs. Cell number, cell apoptosis, and colony formation ability were determined in tumor cells treated with single agents and drug combination. ALK expression and phosphorylation in tumor cells before and after anti-EGFR treatment was tested by Western immunoblotting. Two ALK inhibitors on the drug screen panel showed synergistic effects with EGFR inhibitors in 4/8 HNSCC patients9 tumor cells, despite ineffectiveness of single drug. siRNA targeting ALK synergized with gefitinib in reducing cell viability, indicating specificity to ALK. Scale-up dose-response experiments confirmed patient cell sensitivity to 4 different ALK inhibitors in combination with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. Combination indices were below 1 in the sensitive patients9 cells, indicating synergy. Cotargeting EGFR and ALK decreased HNSCC patients9 tumor cell number, colony formation ability, and increased apoptosis. Because of low expression of ALK mRNA in original tumors and patient tumor-derived cells, we hypothesized that EGFR inhibition induced ALK expression. Indeed, inhibition of EGFR by gefitinib increased ALK protein expression and phosphorylation, suggesting induction of ALK expression and activation as a novel mechanism of EGFR inhibitor resistance in HNSCC amenable to combination therapy. In conclusion, we identified induction of ALK by EGFR inhibitor as a potential novel mechanism relevant to resistance to cetuximab in the clinic, and EGFR/ALK inhibition as a potential combination therapeutic strategy for treating EGFR inhibitor resistant HNSCC. Citation Format: Xiaoming Ouyang, Ashley Barling, Aletha Lesch, Jeffrey Tyner, Sophia Jeng, Christina Zheng, Sara A. Courtneidge, Shannon McWeeney, Molly Kulesz-Martin. Inhibiting anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) overcomes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patient-derived models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; April 23-25, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(23_Suppl):Abstract nr 78.
Large-scale Metasurface Design using the Adjoint Sensitivity Technique

We introduce a general technique for the design of metasurfaces composed of a large number of meta-atoms that enables efficient multifunctional metasurfaces. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate a metalens with 0.78NA and 74% focusing efficiency.
Recent advances in the synthesis and synthetic applications of 1,2,3-triazoles (microreview)

This microreview details recent advances in the synthesis and synthetic applications of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, which have been published over the last two years.
Workload of radiologists in the United States in 2002-2003 and trends since 1991-1992.

PURPOSE: To measure the workload of radiologists in the United States in 2002–2003, variations in workload according to practice characteristics, and trends since 1991–1992. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Non–individually identified data from the American College of Radiology (ACR) 2003 Survey of Radiologists were compared with data from previous ACR surveys; all statistics were nationally representative. Workload according to individual practice characteristics, such as size, type, location, and setting, was tested for statistically significant differences from the overall average. Time trends and the independent effect on workload of practice characteristics were measured with regression analysis. Changes in average procedure complexity were calculated in physician work relative value units (RVUs) per Medicare procedure. RESULTS: In 2002–2003, the average workload per full-time equivalent (FTE) radiologist was 13 900 procedures annually (standard error of mean, 200), an increase of 8.1% since 1998–1999 (P < .05...
Structured-Induced Deference or Equal and Coordinate Actor: Congressional Influence on American Foreign Policy:

Perhaps no separation of powers issue receives as much scholarly attention as the near monopoly modern presidents exert over foreign policy. Yet, despite an extensive literature on the subject, sch...
Interfacial tension induced-transport in shale: A pore-scale study

Abstract While unconventional reservoirs have quickly become a main contributor to oil and gas production, the transport mechanism in shale is not well understood. Although water does not imbibe into oil-wetted rock matrix, it has been observed in laboratory measurements that it can. The amount of water imbibed into the rock matrix increases when the salinity of the injected water decreases. Wettability alteration is often considered as the main reason for this phenomenon. One of the physical mechanisms for the imbibition of low salinity water into an oil-wetted rock matrix is the variation of the interfacial tension and the contact angle. The change of salinity initiates the change of interfacial tension driving the movement of the interface imbibing water into oil-wetted pores. The imbibition of the water into the rock matrix is a complicated process requiring a comprehensive understanding of the mass transport at pore scale. Hence, pore scale modeling was used in this research study for understanding the physics of transport at pore scale caused by interfacial tension variation or interfacial tension-induced transport. First, a simplified pore-scale model is presented to simulate the imbibition of water into an oil-wetted pore. Next, a numerical solution and procedure are outlined to simulate the transient mass transport in the pore as the result of interfacial tension variation due to salinity. The results indicate that the interfacial tension-induced transport is a very important mechanism for water imbibition into oil-wetted pores. How fast the water imbibes into the pore depends on the salinity gradient and the type of solute used. When salinity at the inlet of the pore is low, more solute diffuses out of the pore resulting in higher cumulative recovery from the pore. Reducing the interfacial tension between oil and water forces oil out of the pores and improve the oil recovery. Hence, low salinity water is recommended for low salinity water injection enhanced oil recovery.
The willingness of patients with gastroparesis to take risks with medications.

Background Gastroparesis has a significant negative impact on patients' quality of life. Only one medication is approved for gastroparesis and it is associated with a significant risk of side effects. Aim To assess the willingness of patients to take risks associated with medications to treat gastroparesis symptoms. Methods We developed a questionnaire to assess medication risk-taking behaviour in patients identified as having documented gastroparesis (consistent symptoms, normal upper endoscopy, delayed gastric emptying). The survey assessed demographics, symptoms, medication use, anxiety, depression and impulsivity. A standard reference gamble evaluated respondents' willingness to take medication risks. Results Two hundred seven questionnaires were mailed to patients, 103 questionnaires were completed. Seventy-six percent were female; the mean age was 48 years; average duration of gastroparesis symptoms was 10 years. Self-reported symptom severity was severe in 52% and moderate in 32%. Gastroparesis patients reported that they would accept a median 13.4% risk of sudden death to cure their symptoms using a hypothetical medication. Self-reported gastroparesis symptom severity and Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index scores correlated significantly with increased willingness to take risks associated with medications to treat gastroparesis, while anxiety was negatively associated. Conclusions Gastroparesis patients are willing to accept markedly high risks with a hypothetical medication to cure their symptoms. Patients with severe gastroparesis symptoms and higher Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index scores were more willing to take these risks. This study, the first to quantify gastroparesis patients' willingness to accept medication associated risks, should help clinicians through the complex maze of gastroparesis therapies and their associated risks and benefits.
Medication safety alert fatigue may be reduced via interaction design and clinical role tailoring: a systematic review.

Author(s): Hussain, Mustafa I; Reynolds, Tera L; Zheng, Kai | Abstract: OBJECTIVE:Alert fatigue limits the effectiveness of medication safety alerts, a type of computerized clinical decision support (CDS). Researchers have suggested alternative interactive designs, as well as tailoring alerts to clinical roles. As examples, alerts may be tiered to convey risk, and certain alerts may be sent to pharmacists. We aimed to evaluate which variants elicit less alert fatigue. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We searched for articles published between 2007 and 2017 using the PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. We included articles documenting peer-reviewed empirical research that described the interactive design of a CDS system, to which clinical role it was presented, and how often prescribers accepted the resultant advice. Next, we compared the acceptance rates of conventional CDS-presenting prescribers with interruptive modal dialogs (ie, "pop-ups")-with alternative designs, such as role-tailored alerts. RESULTS:Of 1011 articles returned by the search, we included 39. We found different methods for measuring acceptance rates; these produced incomparable results. The most common type of CDS-in which modals interrupted prescribers-was accepted the least often. Tiering by risk, providing shortcuts for common corrections, requiring a reason to override, and tailoring CDS to match the roles of pharmacists and prescribers were the most common alternatives. Only 1 alternative appeared to increase prescriber acceptance: role tailoring. Possible reasons include the importance of etiquette in delivering advice, the cognitive benefits of delegation, and the difficulties of computing "relevance." CONCLUSIONS:Alert fatigue may be mitigated by redesigning the interactive behavior of CDS and tailoring CDS to clinical roles. Further research is needed to develop alternative designs, and to standardize measurement methods to enable meta-analyses.
The Exciting Potential and Remaining Uncertainties of Genetic Rescue

Restoring gene flow into small, isolated populations can alleviate genetic load and decrease extinction risk (i.e., genetic rescue), yet gene flow is rarely augmented as a conservation strategy. Due to this discrepancy between opportunity and action, a recent call was made for widespread genetic rescue attempts. However, several aspects of augmenting gene flow are poorly understood, including the magnitude and duration of beneficial effects and when deleterious effects are likely to occur. We discuss the remaining uncertainties of genetic rescue in order to promote and direct future research and to hasten progress toward implementing this potentially powerful conservation strategy on a broader scale.
Nurturing a Garden: A Qualitative Investigation Into School Counselors' Experiences With Gifted Students

There has been a noticeable lack of research concerning how gifted adolescents work with school counselors. The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to investigate K–12 school counselors’ knowledge of and experience with gifted students. An emergent, inductive data analysis of interviews and written artifacts of school counselors revealed the following 8 major themes: the counseling relationship, experience with gifted traits, challenge and rigor, beliefs and philosophy, identification and services, collaborative relationships, concerns and constraints, and training and knowledge. Implications for school counselor training regarding service delivery to gifted students and areas for future research are included. In a review of the gifted literature, Robinson (2002) suggested that challenges gifted students face can be synthesized and grouped into the following areas: gifted students’ asynchronous development when compared to nongifted peers, gifted students’ ability to manage and regulate their emotional responses, and gifted students’ membership in groups with special needs (culturally diverse backgrounds, rural populations, GLBTQ, and gifted students with disabilities). Gifted students also encounter concerns and challenges that their nongifted peers experience, such as moving; illness; separation, divorce, and remarriages within the family; death and other losses; peer conflicts; abuse and neglect; and substance abuse (Peterson, 2006). But their gifted traits and characteristics can make these life events and situations harder to cope with and cause gifted students to experience them differently from nongifted peers (Peterson, 2006). Hence, there is a need for counseling of gifted students around issues that arise along the
Soil Moisture and Temperature Effects on Nitrogen Mineralization in a High Tunnel Farming System

ABSTRACTEffects of temperature and moisture on nitrogen (N) mineralization from organic amendments in high tunnel farming systems are rarely studied to assist N fertilizer management for high N-dem...
Replacing the mitral valve alone does not completely fix the heart

TMVR for degenerative (stenosis and regurgitation) mitral valve prosthesis (valves and rings) results in immediate and sustainable reduction but not normalization of left atrial pressure. Concomitant comorbid conditions such as left ventricular diastolic dysfunction adversely impact left atrial pressure and should be treated. The long-term impact of postprocedural ASD and patient-prosthesis mismatch need to be systematically evaluated so we develop the appropriate data to guide decision making as more transeptal mitral procedures are being performed.
Roadside Habitats: The Impact of Salinization on the Occurrence, Growth and Reproduction of Two Weed Species Echinochloa crus-galli and Digitaria sanguinalis

The specific conditions in habitats in the immediate vicinity of roads provide a suitable environment for noxious weeds and invasive species that spread through them to the landscape. Echinochloa crus-galli and Digitaria sanguinalis are problematic weeds of wide-row crops. The field experiment focused on the impact of the roadside habitat salinization on the occurrence, growth and reproduction of these two species. Quantitative vegetative and generative characteristics of the plants were determined. Measurements were carried out at three distances from the edge of the road and on control plots. The results showed that the growth and reproduction of E. crus-galli and D. sanguinalis occur in the period when the values of soil environmental variables correspond to values of non-saline soil according to the criteria for soil salinity assessment. Despite this fact, the average salinity of soil along roadside was still higher than in soil of further distances and we found these levels of salinity to be well tolerated by the study species. Therefore, we conclude that roadsides with the same or higher salt content represent a suitable location for the occurrence and reproduction of E. crus-galli and D. sanguinalis, thus being temporary locations that enable their further spreading to the countryside.
An Improvement Method of Feeder Protection in DC Traction Power Supply System

The DC traction power supply system is an important part of urban rail transit, its reliable operation is the basis for the safe and stable operation of urban rail transit system. According to the existing urban rail DC feeder short-circuit criterion cannot correctly distinguish the starting current of heavy locomotive and the end short circuit current when has car, caused by the failure of protective devices, proposed in the current rise rate and current increment protection, meanwhile increased the ratio of peak current and stable current value as the auxiliary criterion of traditional protection, finally building the simulation model of urban rail transit system in MATLAB/Simulink, the simulation results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective.
Artificial Intelligence: A Vector for Positive Change in Medicine

Our world has been changing rapidly. Today, telepresence enables students to meet with tutors and doctors to treat patients thousands of miles away. Robots help with packing on factory floors.
Bond Behavior Between Steel Fiber Reinforced Polymer (SRP) and Concrete

Steel fiber reinforced polymer (SRP) composite materials, which consist of continuous unidirectional steel wires (cords) embedded in a polymeric matrix, have recently emerged as an effective solution for strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. SRP is bonded to the surface of RC structures by the same matrix to provide external reinforcement. Interfacial debonding between the SRP and concrete is a primary concern in this type of application. This study aimed to investigate the bond characteristics between SRP and concrete determined by single-lap direct shear tests with different composite bonded lengths and fiber sheet densities (cord spacings). Specimens with medium density fibers failed mainly due to composite debonding, whereas those with low density fibers failed due to fiber rupture. Results of specimens that exhibited debonding were used to determine the bond-slip relationship of the SRP-concrete interface and to predict the full-range load response, which was in good agreement with the experimental results. A database of SRP-concrete direct shear tests reported in the literature was also established. Four analytical equations derived for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)-concrete debonding were evaluated based on the database results and were found to predict the maximum load within approximately 15% error on average, however, they all underestimated the effective bond length.
Revision total elbow arthroplasty with the ulnar component implanted into the radius for management of large ulna defects.

Background Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) has a higher rate of revision and complications than other total joint arthroplasties. Salvage options for failed TEAs are limited, especially when patients have poor ulna bone stock. The purpose of this study is to describe a surgical technique and report outcomes of patients who underwent revision TEA with implantation of the ulnar component into the radius to address ulna bony defects. Methods A retrospective review of 5 patients at a single institution from 2014 to 2019 in which the ulnar component was implanted into the radius to address large bony defects in the setting of revision TEA was performed. Results At follow-up of 2.1 ± 1.9 years, patients experienced an increase in total arc of motion from 86 ± 17° to 112 ± 8°, with infection eradication and no instances of distal component loosening. Conclusion This salvage technique was effective at providing a stable elbow in patients with large ulna bony defects as a result of prosthetic joint infection or periprosthetic fracture.
Cognitive Assessment of Geriatric Patients in Primary Care Settings

Cognitive decline is a common issue seen in older adults in the primary care setting. Assessment of cognitive decline in primary care includes a detailed history, physical examination, labs, imaging, and a formal cognitive assessment. Various tools are available for cognitive assessments. However, a short screening tool is more practical for cognitive evaluation. A decline in cognition should be correlated with the broader clinical picture, and a detailed cognitive assessment should be performed. This article focuses on some of the cognitive assessment tools used in clinical settings to assess cognition.
Silicon Nitride Waveguide as a Power Delivery Component for Dielectric Laser Accelerators

We study the weakly-guided silicon nitride waveguide to deliver sub-picosecond high power laser pulses for dielectric laser accelerators. Damage limited deliverable fluence (0.19 J/cm2) is measured and nonlinear effects are characterized.