cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insects Colonizing Eucalypts in California

The Mediterranean climate zone in North America is restricted to the states of California in the USA and parts of Baha California Norte in Mexico. As described in other chapters in this volume, the climate is characterized by cool wet winters and hot dry summer conditions. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the late fall and winter months. The remainder of the year is dry. Eucalypts were introduced from Australia as seed in the mid nineteenth century and have been widely planted in California. Although there have been a few rare reports of occasional host use, no native insect species have undergone a host shift onto the trees. Until the mid 1980s there were only two exotic insects that feed on eucalypts introduced from Australia to California. In a 20 year period beginning in 1984, 16 exotic insects from four feeding guilds established in the state. Three of these insects are under complete biological control [the blue gum psyllid (Ctenerytinae eucalypti (Maskell)), the eucalyptys longhorned borer (Phoracantha semipunctata F), and the eucalyptus snout weevil (Gonipterus scutellatus Gyll.)] are under complete biological control. Several more [the red gum lerp psyllid (Glycaspsis brimblecombei Moore), the lemon gum psyllid (Cryptoneossa triangular Taylor), the spotted gum psyllid (Eucalytolyma maideni Froggatt), and, possibly, a second longhorned borer (Phoracantha recurva Newman)] are under partial biological control. The introductions have continued since 2004, but at a much slower pace than the previous 20 years. Although there have been differences in the patterns of introductions of insects that feed on eucalypts in different Mediterranean climates zones, the community of insects is becoming homogenized as movement of people and goods continues to spread the insects into new areas. The management approaches developed in one part of the Mediterranean world will find broader applications in other parts of that world as the movement of invasive arthropods continues.
The Hidden Work of Exiting Homelessness: Challenges of Housing Service Use and Strategies of Service Recipients.

This study explored the experiences of parents attempting to reattain housing after a shelter stay. A total of 80 parents participated in semistructured face-to-face interviews approximately 6 months after being recruited from shelters located in 4 states across the United States. Qualitative analyses identified common challenges of service use, strategies of service recipients, and characteristics of positive and negative service experiences. Challenges of service use included Catch-22s resulting from incongruity between service policies and procedures and participants’ contexts and requirements of other services, confusion and uncertainty resulting from absent or insufficient communication about services, and long waitlists. Participants demonstrated persistence and determination, networked with service providers, and activated formal resources. Positive service experiences were tailored to families’ needs and marked by clear and consistent communication between providers and with service recipients. Findings suggest effective health communication tactics should be applied to housing services. Providers should collaborate to ensure service attainment does not impede other pathways to stability.
Modeling of Grain Structure Evolution and its Impact on the Reliability of Al(Cu) Thin Film Interconnects

We have extended a 2D simulation of grain growth to treat the effects of precipitates on the evolution of interconnect grain structures during post-patterning processing. It is known from experiments that different annealing histories result in different precipitate sizes and locations. Precipitates capture and effectively pin grain boundaries and inhibit grain growth and evolution toward bamboo structures. We find that even a small volume fraction of precipitates prevent an interconnect strip from reaching the fully bamboo structure by retarding grain growth and lowering the average grain size. At a late stage of evolution, cluster regions are pinned by precipitates on both sides, preventing further transformation to the by far more reliable bamboo structure. The results from grain growth simulations have been used with our electromigration simulator MTT/EmSim to investigate the dependence of interconnect reliability on linewidth and precipitate distribution. We find that in lines with precipitates the bamboo structure is not reached during post-pattern annealing even if the line width is smaller than the average grain diameter. Furthermore, it is found that while Cu in solid solution improves interconnect reliability, Al2Cu precipitates can inhibit post-patterning grain structure evolution to more reliable bamboo or near-bamboo structures so much that similar lines made of pure Al would be more reliable. Linked grain structure evolution and electromigration simulations allow process optimization for maximum interconnect reliability.
Approximate Solution of a Lam inar Jet Discharged into a Dead End Tube

An app roximate analytical solution of a lami nar jet discharged into an infinitely long cylindrical cavity with a dead end is developed . The employed method assumed velocity profiles whose parameters we re determined by solving the integral form s of the continuity, momentum , and energy equation s. A novel featu re of the method is the use of calculus of variations to obtain a minimum dissipation solution. The solution predicted a few fundamental characteristics of such a jet. First, the jet expands asymptotically to a finite width, which is 52% of the cavity width and is independent of the initial jet radius. Second, after the jet is full y expan ded , the centerline velocity decays nearly linearly and reaches stag nation. Thus, the model predicted that in a realistic cavity with a finite length far larger than the theoretical jet penetration, the flow stagnates upstream of the dead end and does not turn around at the closed end . S ignificantly, the model predicted that with proper scaling, the behavior of the jet for various radii and jet velocities can be collapse d to a single characteristic. The model predictions were compared to CFD simulations and experimental measurements and were found to be in good agreement.
Experimental investigation on outgassing rate of glass fiber reinforced plastics at different temperatures

An experimental system based on head metering was designed to measure the outgassing rate of glass fiber reinforced plastics(GFRP)at different temperatures.The GFRP samples were ground by #500 abrasive paper,then the surface roughness of sample was measured by a scanning probe microscope.The outgassing rate of GFRP was measured at different temperatures.The experimental results showed that the higher the measurement chamber temperature,the higher the outgassing rate of GFRP.
Operation Effects of Rational Disposition of Reactive Compensation Equipment

A careful analysis on the problem of the reactive power compensation equipment disposition in Chun Xing Group is conducted in this paper and operation results after the improvement is presented in the implementation of " Reactive Compensation Disposition Principle of Power System of Stage Grid of China"
Abstract P3-11-01: Telapristone acetate suppresses the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, stem cell self-renewal, and anti-apoptosis in MNU-induced rat mammary tumors

Background: We previously reported that telapristone acetate (TPA), an anti-progestin, significantly suppressed mammary tumor formation and growth accelerated by progesterone (P4) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced carcinogenesis model[1]. This suggests TPA holds promise for the prevention and treatment of human breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to identify the genes modulated by TPA in rat mammary ER/PR+ tumors, which may be translated into a therapeutic biomarker of TPA therapy in ER/PR+ breast cancer. Methods: Rat mammary tumors from MNU carcinogenesis were used for study [1]. Treatment groups were: control, MPA, P4, MPA+TPA, and P4+TPA. Doses were 30mg of TPA and 25mg of P4 or MPA (90 day release pellets). Tumor epithelium was isolated by laser capture microdissection and RNA extracted. 100 ng of RNA per sample was used for targeted -gene expression profiling by nCounter Gene Expression analysis (Nanostring Inc.). 112 genes related to PR, GR, AR signaling were selected by MetaCore pathway analysis (Thomson Reuters, Inc.). The data was normalized by positive control and RNA content using nSolver. The genes significantly modulated by hormones and TPA were reported as means ± standard deviations (SD) for each group as well as a p-value for pairwise t-test comparison. Results: Compared to the control, P4 significantly reduced CHD5 expression, a tumor suppressor in a mouse model, and its down-regulation contributes to the development and progression of human breast cancer. Comparing the P4 and P4+TPA groups, the genes involved in cell proliferation and DNA repair (C-MYC, FANCA, Ki67, RFC3, and TK1), EZH2 (stem cell self-renewal), and anti-apoptosis (survivin) were significantly down-regulated by TPA. On the other hand, MPA induced the up-regulation of FKBP5 (androgen-regulated protein), PLZF (GR responsive gene), TEK (angiogenesis-regulating gene) and TNFSF11 (RANKL) compared to the control. Comparing the MPA and MPA+TPA groups, TPA significantly reduced the expression of EGFR, SNAI2 and endothelin-1 (EMT initiation or maintenance) and increased AR expression. Conclusions: TPA inhibits P4/PR mediated cell proliferation, and increases apoptosis. The tumorigenic effect of MPA is likely through AR and GR rather than a PR specific manner. In addition to the PR, MPA binds with high affinity to AR and GR, and therefore has the potential to elicit actions distinct to those of P4, which does not bind AR. [1] Lee O, et al. Cancer Res 2013 vol. 73 no. 24 Supplement P4-11-02. Citation Format: Lee O, Clare SE, Ivancic D, Scholtens DM, Khan SA. Telapristone acetate suppresses the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, stem cell self-renewal, and anti-apoptosis in MNU-induced rat mammary tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-11-01.
Utilization of peripheral blood stem cells in autotransplantation.

Autologous blood-derived hematopoietic progenitors can be used like autologous bone marrow to restore hematopoiesis following marrow ablative therapy. Peripheral stem cell transplantation (PSCT) is preferable to autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) if autologous marrow is not suitable for use as a graft product. Generally, this unsuitability results from marrow hypo-cellularity or metastatic disease. PSCT also has an advantage over ABMT in that it often restores marrow function more rapidly.
Numerical optimization techniques

Numerical optimization techniques provide a uniquely general and versatile tool for design automation. While these methods have been developed, to a large degree, by the operations research community, research in their application to engineering problems has been extensive as well. The first formal statement of nonlinear programming (numerical optimization) applied to structural design was offered by Schmit in 1960 [1]. Since that time, the field has evolved at an ever-increasing pace until it can now be considered to be reasonably mature.
Assessing Risk in Patient Care

As practicing cardiovascular surgeons, we often treat seriously ill and high-risk patients. I was an associate of Michael Ellis DeBakey in a developing field of cardiovascular surgery. We were referred patients who could not be cared for or operated on elsewhere. They came for life- and limb-saving operations. Dr. DeBakey s goal was to provide these patients with optimal care. We were willing to undertake new high-risk procedures in patients as long as there was a potential for recovery. For many of these innovative procedures, operative risk and long-term outcome were not yet determined. Our risk assessment was developed by clinical experience. With experience, risk assessment improved. Today, risk assessment has expanded beyond the patient.
Lymphocyte-Only Aspirates

Lymphocyte-only aspirates pose a significant diagnostic challenge in the interpretation of thyroid fine-needle aspiration specimens. Differential diagnosis includes Hashimoto thyroiditis, lymphoma, intrathyroidal lymph node, intrathyroidal thymoma, and thyroglossal duct cyst. Hashimoto thyroiditis especially in the florid lymphoid phase usually presents as lymphocyte-only aspirates. During this phase, numerous hyperplastic lymphoid follicles are seen throughout the gland, and they often replace the thyroid parenchyma. Lymphomas of the thyroid typically occur in older patients, almost always arise in a background of Hashimoto thyroiditis and are of B-cell lineage. Primary lymphomas of the thyroid gland are mainly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) and to a much lesser extent Hodgkin and small lymphocytic lymphoma. Given the limitations of establishing a lymphoma diagnosis with only cytomorphology, morphological evaluation is commonly augmented with flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry in the diagnostic workup of lymphocyte-only fine-needle aspirates from the thyroid.
Impact of the Linked Surface Water-Soil Water-Groundwater System on Transport of E. coli in the Subsurface

Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination of groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) occurs significantly through the subsurface from onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs). However, E. coli transport in the subsurface remains inadequately characterized at the field scale, especially within the vadose zone. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the impact of groundwater fluctuations (e.g., recharging, discharging conditions) and variable conditions in the vadose zone (e.g., pulses of E. coli flux) by characterizing E. coli fate and transport in a linked surface water-soil water-groundwater system (SW-SoW-GW). In particular, this study characterizes the impact of flow regimes on E. coli transport in the subsurface and evaluates the sensitivity of parameters that control the transport of E. coli in the SW-SoW-GW system. This study was conducted in Lake Granbury, which is an important water supply in north-central Texas providing water for over 250,000 people. Results showed that there was less removal of E. coli during groundwater recharge events as compared to GW discharge events. Also, groundwater and surface water systems largely control E. coli transport in the subsurface; however, temporal variability of E. coli can be explained by linking the SW-SoW-GW system. Moreover, sensitivity analysis revealed that saturated water content of the soil, total retention rate coefficient, and hydraulic conductivity are important parameters for E. coli transport in the subsurface.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia

(1980). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 158-161.
Leveraging corporate influence

AbstractMovement scholars have become increasingly interested in the way in which social movement actors target non-state entities, particularly corporations. The reason for this is quite simple: globalization, neoliberal policies adopted by the state, and new legal protections via court rulings have allowed businesses to exert considerable influence across all facets of society. In light of these changes, movements have found targeting the state less effective than directly pressuring business interests. Scholarship suggests that one of the most effective ways to ensure that corporations attend to movement concerns is through market pressures. While negatively impacting stock returns is perhaps the most effective means of achieving such pressure, there is surprisingly little empirical research linking stock price outcomes to movement success. Here, we use Qualitative Comparative Analysis and examine 35 labor strikes to determine if the ability of the union to negatively impact stock price affected their ...
Body Mass Index and functional impairment: the explanatory role of anxiety sensitivity among treatment-seeking smokers.

Obesity and smoking are highly prevalent public health concerns in the United States. Data indicate that elevated Body Mass Index (BMI) is related to functional impairment. However, there is limited understanding of mechanisms that may explain their comorbidity among smokers. The current study sought to test whether anxiety sensitivity explained the relation between BMI and functional impairment among 420 (46.9% females; Mage = 38 years, SD = 13.42) treatment-seeking, adult smokers. Results indicated that BMI yielded a significant indirect effect through anxiety sensitivity for functional impairment, b = 0.01, SE = .01, 95% CI = [.002, .021]. These findings remained significant after controlling for participant sex, negative affectivity, tobacco dependence, psychopathology, and medical conditions (i.e. hypertension, heart problems, respiratory disease, asthma). Such data provide novel empirical evidence that, among smokers, BMI may be a risk factor for functional impairment indirectly through anxiety sensitivity. Overall, such findings could potentially inform the development of personalized interventions among this particularly vulnerable segment of the smoking population.
Our Approach to Benefit-Cost Analysis

Benefit-cost analysis is essentially a structured comparison. Thus, as the first step in a benefit-cost analysis, the analyst must specify the program or policy being evaluated and the program or option with which it will be compared. This specification should include information on such factors as the persons being served, the treatments being offered, and the environment in which the program or policy will operate. These two alternatives—the program and the comparison situation—essentially define the scope, and ultimately the results, of the analysis. All work in the study, including the interpretation of the findings, must be undertaken in relation to these two alternatives.
Non-Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease in Women

Takayasu arteritis, fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), spontaneous arterial dissection, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and chilblains are vascular conditions that are associated with an increased predisposition in women and are often underdiagnosed. Takayasu arteritis has an incidence rate of 2.6 cases per million individuals per year in the USA and predominantly affects women of childbearing age. HLA-B5 genetic locus is linked with Takayasu arteritis susceptibility. Methods to determine active disease are limiting; currently utilized clinical and imaging findings and laboratory tests are of limited value for this purpose. Pregnancy poses risks for maternal and fetal complications, and these patients need additional monitoring and care before and after conception. Controlling hypertension and immunosuppression using steroids, biological and non-biological immunosuppressants, are key components of managing patients with this arteritis. FMD commonly affects middle-aged, white females. Its true prevalence is unknown. Renal and cerebrovascular beds are the most frequently involved vascular beds. Its clinical presentation varies from no symptoms to catastrophic events. Controlling vascular risk factors, periodic surveillance, and revascularization when indicated are important factors in FMD management. Spontaneous arterial dissections are less common, but are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in specific populations. Cervicocephalic dissection causes 10–20% of the strokes in young adults, and coronary artery dissection is the culprit in almost one fourth of young women presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Early diagnosis is key to improving prognosis in these patients, as the majority of patients have spontaneous resolution of the dissection with conservative management alone. Increased clinician awareness of the presentation features and angiographic findings are imperative for early diagnosis. Raynaud’s phenomenon and chilblains are cold- or stress-induced cutaneous lesions, commonly involving distal extremities. Secondary causes such as connective tissue diseases and malignancies must be thoroughly excluded during evaluation of these conditions. Cold avoidance, systemic and local warming, and oral vasodilator therapy are the mainstays of therapy.
Selective Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Low Back Pain Associated With Degenerative Disc Disease Versus Nonsurgical Management.

Study Design.This is a retrospective cohort study.Objective.To evaluate the long-term outcomes of selective one- to two-level anterior lumbar interbody fusions (ALIFs) in the lower lumbar spine versus continued nonsurgical management.Summary of Background Data.Low back pain associated with lumbar in
Businesses seeing like a state, governments calculating like a business*

This article focuses on why education is a lucrative business for private sector providers. It identifies the five most common strategies that education businesses apply when selling goods or servi...
Apple Bites Back: But Will the Company Come to Regret Its Huge Court Victory?

The essay uses a simple thought experiment to argue that the $1.05 billion jury verdict awarded in the first "smartphone wars" trial between Apple and Samsung is unreasonably large. In short, if a $400 smartphone incorporates about 250,000 total patented inventions, the average patent accounts for just $0.0016 of the phone's value. Yet for infringing just a handful of Apple's patents, Samsung now faces $48 in damages per infringing phone, a shocking 30,000 times this average per patent value. If the owners of all 250,000 inventions that might be present in Samsung smartphones were awarded damages at the same level as Apple, Samsung would have to charge a ludicrous $2 million per phone just to break even.
Equilibrium and Inefficiency in Multi-product Cournot Games

We consider multi-product (m products) Cournot games played by n firms where products are substitutable goods. Such games can arise in network markets and in general is motivated by markets with differentiated goods and differing producer costs that can be arbitrary, especially due to subsidies. We provide strongly polynomial algorithms for computing the Nash equilibrium for Cournot games with quadratic utility functions. To study the inefficiency, we provide a characterization of Nash equilibrium in multi-product oligopolies with concave utilities and uniform substitutability in terms of games with quadratic utilities. We show that the Price of Anarchy in these games is bounded below by 2/3.
Preparation of lyophilized recombinant prion protein for TSE diagnosis by RT-QuIC.

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases, often referred as prion diseases. TSEs result from the misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a pathogenic form (PrPSc) that accumulates in the brain and lymphatic tissue. Amplification based assays such as real-time quaking induced conversion allow us to assess the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc. Real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) can be used for the detection of PrPSc in a variety of biological tissues from humans and animals. However, RT-QuIC requires a continuous supply of freshly purified prion protein and this necessity is not sustainable in a diagnostic laboratory setting. In this study, we developed a method to dry and preserve the prion protein for long term storage allowing for production of the protein and storage for extended time prior to use and room temperature shipping to appropriate diagnostic laboratory destinations facilitating widespread use of RT-QuIC as a diagnostic method.
The acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease transition in a mouse model of acute cardiorenal syndrome emphasizes the role of inflammation

Acute cardiorenal syndrome is a common complication of acute cardiovascular disease. Studies of acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition, including patients suffering acute cardiovascular disease, report high rates of CKD development. Therefore, acute cardiorenal syndrome associates with CKD, but no study has established causation. To define this we used a murine cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) model or sham procedure on male mice. CA was induced with potassium chloride while CPR consisted of chest compressions and epinephrine eight minutes later. Two weeks after AKI was induced by CA/CPR, the measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was not different from sham. However, after seven weeks the mice developed CKD, recapitulating clinical observations. One day, and one, two, and seven weeks after CA/CPR, the GFR was measured, and renal tissue sections were evaluated for various indices of injury and inflammation. One day after CA/CPR, acute cardiorenal syndrome was indicated by a significant reduction of the mean GFR (649 in sham, vs. 25 μL/min/100g in CA/CPR animals), KIM-1 positive tubules, and acute tubular necrosis. Renal inflammation developed, with F4/80 positive and CD3-positive cells infiltrating the kidney one day and one week after CA/CPR, respectively. Although there was functional recovery with normalization of GFR two weeks after CA/CPR, deposition of tubulointerstitial matrix proteins α-smooth muscle actin and fibrillin-1 progressed, along with a significantly reduced mean GFR (623 in sham vs. 409 μL/min/100g in CA/CPR animals), proteinuria, increased tissue transforming growth factor-β, and fibrosis establishing the development of CKD seven weeks after CA/CPR. Thus, murine CA/CPR, a model of acute cardiorenal syndrome, causes an AKI-CKD transition likely due to prolonged renal inflammation.
Additive manufacturing of short fiber reinforced thermoset composites with unprecedented mechanical performance

Abstract Additively manufactured, short fiber reinforced polymer composites have advantages over traditional continuous fiber composites, which include low cost and design flexibility. However, these composites suffer from low strength and stiffness as compared to their continuous fiber counterparts due to the limitation of low fiber volume. In this study, we overcame this limitation by developing a vibration integrated auger extrusion system. This direct write additive manufacturing technique allowed us to fabricate short fiber reinforced thermoset composites in intricate geometries, with unprecedented high compression strength (673 MPa), flexural strength (401 MPa), flexural stiffness (53 GPa), and fiber volume ratio (46 %). Milled carbon fibers were used as the reinforcing fibers, which were considered too short to have the ability to enhance the mechanical strength of composites. However, in this study we show for the first time that milled carbon fibers have the ability to significantly reinforce the thermoset matrix and the composites reinforced with these fibers achieve mechanical performances similar to those of composites reinforced with longer fibers. We believe that a transformation takes place at high fiber volumes on the load transport mechanism within the composites, leading to higher levels of strength and a stiffness enhancement. This pseudo transformation can give rise to short fibers that act as if they are longer, which aids in the effective transfer of tensile loads from the matrix phase to the fibers. This study also showed that the mechanical properties of the additively fabricated thermoset composites match those of ubiquitous, denser structural metals, and these properties show nearly isotropic behavior. Therefore, these systems have great potential to find immediate applications where weight reduction and component complexity are both desired.
Is There a Risk Premium in the Stock Lending Market? Evidence from Equity Options

A recent literature suggests that uncertainty about future stock lending fees is an impediment to short-selling and this risk explains part of the returns to shorting. However, an investor can use the option market to establish a synthetic short position that embeds a fixed lending fee and avoids exposure to lending fee risk. This option-implied lending fee can be computed from a pair of option prices. For each set of options, the difference between the option-implied fee and the average realized lending fee during the life of the option is an estimate of the risk premium for bearing lending fee risk. We find that the average of these estimates is approximately zero, and therefore, the equity lending market does not exhibit a substantial risk premium. In addition, the option implied lending fee predicts future realized lending fees and stock returns better than actual lending fees. When we include both the option-implied lending fee and the implied volatility spread and skew in predictive regressions the option-implied lending fee predicts stock returns, but implied volatility spread and skew do not.
Chapter 37 – Intelligent Tutoring Systems

Publisher Summary The goal of intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) would be to engage the students in sustained reasoning activity and to interact with the student based on a deep understanding of the students' behavior. This chapter begins by providing an overview of intelligent tutoring systems. The chapter comments on competing research goals in the field, followed by descriptions of two successful systems: (1) the Pittsburgh urban math project algebra tutor project and (2) the SHERLOCK project. These two systems are being deployed in real-world educational environments with substantial success. This chapter briefly describes the underlying theory and implementation of each system, to motivate later discussions. A description of the standard components in an intelligent tutoring system is also presented along with a discussion of human-computer interaction assessment issues unique to educational software. This chapter also provides a prescription for ITS design and development methods. Several issues concerning ITS design principles are also addressed in the chapter.
Strongly Explicit and Efficiently Decodable Probabilistic Group Testing

We consider the non-adaptive probabilistic group testing problem where d random defective items are identified with high probability from a population of N items by applying t binary group tests. There has been recent progress towards developing explicit and efficiently decodable group testing schemes with t = Θ(dlogN) tests, which is known to be order-optimal for this setting when d = O(N1−α) for some constant α > 0. In particular, a recent work develops an explicit scheme while another one develops an efficiently decodable scheme for this setting, both with the order-optimal t = Θ(dlogN) tests. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no order-optimal scheme that is both explicit and efficiently decodable. In this paper, we close this gap by introducing the first (strongly) explicit and efficiently decodable construction that is order-optimal for the non-adaptive probabilistic group testing problem.
Where it Hurts the Most: Peer Interactions on Social Media and in Person are Differentially Associated with Emotional Reactivity and Sustained Affect Among Adolescent Girls

Social media (SM) use has increasingly changed how adolescents interact with their peers, yet it remains unclear how peer interactions on social media differ from in-person peer interactions. The current study evaluated whether the context (social media or in-person) of adolescent girls’ worst and best peer interactions influenced their emotional responses to peer interactions and sustained affect in everyday life. In this study, a total of 110 adolescent girls (11–13 years old; mean age = 12.28 years) completed ecological momentary assessment (EMA) for 16 days following an initial baseline visit. Participants reported their worst (i.e., most negative) and best (i.e., most positive) interactions with peers since the last prompt, the context in which it occurred (social media or in-person), emotional reactivity during the interaction, and momentary affect. Multilevel models indicated that negative peer interactions that occurred on social media were more likely to be associated with sustained negative affect, but not negative emotional reactivity during the interaction. Positive interactions on social media were more likely to be associated with both lower positive emotional reactivity and lower sustained positive affect. Findings indicate that peer interactions on social media may differentially impact girls’ emotional reactivity and sustained affect, particularly for positive interactions with peers. Findings highlight that social media and in-person peer interactions may impact how girls experience and respond to positive and negative peer interactions, which may have implications for peer relationships and onset of psychopathology during this vulnerable period.
AlgU, a Conserved Sigma Factor Regulating Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Promoting Virulence in Pseudomonas syringae

Pseudomonas syringae can rapidly deploy specialized functions to deal with abiotic and biotic stresses. Host niches pose specific sets of environmental challenges driven, in part, by immune defenses. Bacteria use a "just-in-time" strategy of gene regulation, meaning that they only produce the functions necessary for survival as needed. Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors transduce a specific set of environmental signals and change gene expression patterns by altering RNA polymerase promoter specificity, to adjust bacterial physiology, structure, or behavior, singly or in combination, to improve chances of survival. The broadly conserved ECF sigma factor AlgU affects virulence in both animal and plant pathogens. Pseudomonas syringae AlgU controls expression of more than 800 genes, some of which contribute to suppression of plant immunity and bacterial fitness in plants. This review discusses AlgU activation mechanisms, functions controlled by AlgU, and how these functions contribute to P. syringae survival in plants.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. 2021.
Surface strengthening of single-crystal alumina by high-temperature laser shock peening

This manuscript reports a novel process of high-temperature laser shock peening (HTLSP) for surface strengthening of single-crystal ceramics such as sapphire and reveals its fundamental mechanisms....
Insights into the physiology of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in sweet sorghum bagasse hydrolysate for sustainable algal biomass and lipid production

Supplementing cultivation media with exogenous carbon sources enhances biomass and lipid production in microalgae. Utilization of renewable organic carbon from agricultural residues can potentially reduce the cost of algae cultivation, while enhancing sustainability. In the present investigation a medium was developed from sweet sorghum bagasse for cultivation of Chlorella under mixotrophic conditions. Using response surface methodology, the optimal values of critical process parameters were determined, namely inoculum cell density (O.D.750) of 0.786, SSB hydrolysate content of the medium 25% v/v, and zero medium salinity, to achieve maximum lipid productivity of 120 mg/L/d. Enhanced biomass (3.44 g/L) and lipid content (40% of dry cell weight) were observed when the alga was cultivated in SSB hydrolysate under mixotrophic conditions compared to heterotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions. A time course investigation revealed distinct physiological responses in terms of cellular growth and biochemical composition of C. vulgaris cultivated in the various trophic modes. The determined carbohydrate and lipid profiles indicate that sugar addition to the cultivation medium boosts neutral lipid synthesis compared to structural lipids, suggesting that carbon flux is channeled towards triacylglycerol synthesis in the cells. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile of lipids extracted from mixotrophically grown cultures contained more saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, which are suitable for biofuel manufacturing. Scale-up studies in a photobioreactor using SSB hydrolysate achieved a biomass concentration of 2.83 g/L consisting of 34% lipids and 26% carbohydrates. These results confirmed that SSB hydrolysate is a promising feedstock for mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella and synthesis of algal bioproducts and biofuels.
Outcomes among acute heart failure emergency department patients by preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction.

AIMS This study aimed to assess short-term outcomes among emergency department (ED) patients with acute heart failure (AHF) by preserved (≥50%) vs. reduced (<50%) ejection fraction (EF). METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a retrospective, multicentre study of adult ED patients with AHF from 2017 to 2018 in an integrated healthcare system with 21 hospitals. Among patients with known EF, our primary outcome was 30 day all-cause mortality, comparing patients with heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced EF (HFrEF), adjusted for known risk factors. We ran separate multivariate regression models to compare 30 day mortality between HFpEF and HFrEF patients stratified by ED disposition (admit, observe, and discharge). Our secondary outcomes were adjusted 30 day all-cause return hospital admission and rates of non-fatal serious adverse events, including new intra-aorta balloon pump, endotracheal intubation, renal failure requiring dialysis, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization. We conducted a sensitivity analysis among patients with EF ≤ 40% and compared our primary and secondary outcomes among patients with EF ≤ 40% with those with EF ≥ 50%. Among the 26 050 total ED encounters for AHF, 15 275 (58.6%) had known EF and 62.4% had HFpEF. The mean age was 76, 49.6% were women, and 60.5% were white. We found that 62.4% of patients were admitted, 18.3% were observed, and 19.3% were discharged from the ED. The 30 day all-cause mortality rate was lowest among discharged patients (3.9%), intermediate among observed patients (5.9%), and highest among admitted patients (13.9%). Overall, the adjusted 30 day mortality rate was significantly higher among HFpEF patients compared with HFrEF patients (10.2% vs. 8.4%, P = 0.0004). HFpEF patients had higher mortality regardless of ED disposition, although the difference was only significant among admitted patients. The adjusted 30 day return hospital admission rates were not significantly different between HFpEF and HFrEF patients (17.9% vs. 17.8%, P = 0.89). The adjusted 30 day non-fatal serious adverse event rates were significantly higher among HFrEF patients compared with HFpEF patients (13.7% vs. 11.1%, P < 0.0001), driven by myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization. We found that 3692 patients had EF ≤ 40%. Patients with EF ≥ 50% had significantly higher adjusted 30 day mortality rates compared with those with EF ≤ 40% (10.2% vs. 8.4%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In a contemporary population, almost three quarters of ED patients with AHF and known EF have HFpEF. These patients have higher 30 day adjusted mortality compared with those with HFrEF. Further studies might evaluate the underlying factors associated with this difference and target interventions to improve outcomes.
Skill Prices, Occupations, and Changes in the Wage Structure for Low Skilled Men

This paper studies the effect of the change in occupational structure on wages for low skilled men. We develop a model of occupational choice in which workers have multi-dimensional skills that are exploited differently across different occupations. We allow for a rich specification of technological change which has heterogenous effects on different occupations and different parts of the skill distribution. We estimate the model combining four datasets: (1) O*NET, to measure skill intensity across occupations, (2) NLSY79, to identify life-cycle supply effects, (3) CPS (ORG), to estimate the evolution of skill prices and occupations over time, and (4) NLSY97 to see how the gain to specific skills has changed. We find that while changes in the occupational structure have affected wages of low skilled workers, the effect is not dramatic. First, the wages in traditional blue collar occupations have not fallen substantially relative to other occupations-a fact that we can not reconcile with a competitive model. Second, our decompositions show that changes in occupations explain only a small part of the patterns in wage levels over our time period. Price changes within occupation are far more important. Third, while we see an increase in the payoff to interpersonal skills, manual skills still remain the most important skill type for low educated males.
Augmenting Both Arms of a Randomized Controlled Trial Using External Data: An Application of the Propensity Score-Integrated Approaches

Leveraging external data is a topic that have recently received much attention. The propensity score-integrated approaches are a methodological innovation for this purpose. In this paper we adapt these approaches, originally introduced to augment single-arm studies with external data, for the augmentation of both arms of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with external data. After recapitulating the basic ideas, we provide a step-by-step tutorial of how to implement the propensity score-integrated approaches, from study design to outcome analysis, in the RCT setting in such a way that the study integrity and objectively are maintained. Both the Bayesian (power prior) approach and the frequentist (composite likelihood) approach are included. Some extensions and variations of these approaches are also outlined at the end of this paper.
Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Camphene Oxidation: Measurements and Modeling

Abstract. While camphene is one of the dominant monoterpenes measured in biogenic and biomass burning emission samples, oxidation of camphene has not been well-studied in environmental chambers and very little is known about its potential to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The lack of chamber-derived SOA data for camphene may lead to significant uncertainties in predictions of SOA from oxidation of monoterpenes using existing parameterizations when camphene is a significant contributor to total monoterpenes. Therefore, to advance the understanding of camphene oxidation and SOA formation, and to improve representation of camphene in air quality models, a series of experiments were performed in the University of California Riverside environmental chamber to explore camphene SOA yields and properties across a range of chemical conditions at atmospherically relevant OH concentrations. The experimental results were compared with modeling simulations obtained using two chemically detailed box models, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC) and Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO-A). SOA parameterizations were derived from the chamber data using both the two-product and volatility basis set (VBS) approaches. Experiments performed with added nitrogen oxides (NOx) resulted in higher SOA yields (up to 64 %) than experiments performed without added NOx (up to 28 %). In addition, camphene SOA yields increased with SOA mass (Mo) at lower mass loadings, but a threshold was reached at higher mass loadings in which the SOA yields no longer increased with Mo. SAPRC modeling of the chamber studies suggested that the higher SOA yields at higher initial NOx levels were primarily due to higher production of peroxy radicals (RO2) and the generation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) formed through unimolecular RO2 reactions. SAPRC predicted that in the presence of NOx, camphene RO2 reacts with NO and the resultant RO2 undergo hydrogen (H)-shift isomerization reactions; as has been documented previously, such reactions rapidly add oxygen and lead to products with very low volatility (i.e., HOMs). The end products formed in the presence of NOx have significantly lower volatilities, and higher O : C ratios, than those formed by initial camphene RO2 reacting with hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) or other RO2. Moreover, particle densities were found to decrease from 1.47 to 1.30 g cm−3 as [HC]0/[NOx]0 increased and O : C decreased. The observed differences in SOA yields were largely explained by the gas-phase RO2 chemistry and the competition between RO2 + HO2, RO2 + NO, RO2 + RO2, and RO2 unimolecular reactions.
Faithful or Extractive? On Mitigating the Faithfulness-Abstractiveness Trade-off in Abstractive Summarization

Despite recent progress in abstractive summarization, systems still suffer from faithfulness errors. While prior work has proposed models that improve faithfulness, it is unclear whether the improvement comes from an increased level of extractiveness of the model outputs as one naive way to improve faithfulness is to make summarization models more extractive. In this work, we present a framework for evaluating the effective faithfulness of summarization systems, by generating a faithfulnessabstractiveness trade-off curve that serves as a control at different operating points on the abstractiveness spectrum. We then show that the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) baseline as well as a recently proposed method for improving faithfulness, are both worse than the control at the same level of abstractiveness. Finally, we learn a selector to identify the most faithful and abstractive summary for a given document, and show that this system can attain higher faithfulness scores in human evaluations while being more abstractive than the baseline system on two datasets. Moreover, we show that our system is able to achieve a better faithfulness-abstractiveness trade-off than the control at the same level of abstractiveness.
Dissecting the Subject: Brain Localization in The Nightwatches of Bonaventura

This chapter performs a reading of Ernst August Klingemann’s The Nightwatches of Bonaventura (1804), suggesting that the sporadic dislocations of this unusual narrative are consistent with Franz Josef Gall’s map of the brain, which assigns various cerebral functions to specialized domain-specific modules. This chapter contends further that the novel’s unstable and nervously volatile protagonist both embodies and effectively dissects the “organ” of the soul as theorized by Samuel Thomas von Soemmering.
Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among patients with diabetes. Hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes each contribute to the accelerated atherosclerosis that occurs in this disease. An integrated approach to diabetes management can halve the rate of cardiovascular events through lifestyle modification, smoking cessation, use of antiplatelet drugs, and careful attention to management of glucose, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. While challenging to accomplish, thoughtful management can meaningfully improve both the quality of life and longevity of patients with diabetes.
Hematometra and hematocolpos following the administration of stilbestrol

Abstract Among 10 women given 1 to 5 mg. of stilbestrol daily, 3 had with-drawal bleeding and 8 had considerable and annoying nausea and vomiting. Relatively large doses of stilbestrol were administered over a seventy-four-day period to a woman having senile vaginitis. The quantity given failed to bring about complete cornification of the vaginal mucosa, but did lead to uterine bleeding with the production of hematometra and hematocolpos subsequent to spontaneous obliteration of the vagina.