cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of NCHRP Project 12-49 provisions on the seismic design of bridges on very soft soils in New Jersey

This paper evaluates the impact of newly recommended LRFD seismic design guidelines (NCHRP Project 12-49) on the seismic design of bridges on soft soils in New Jersey. Current LRFD provisions are mostly based on the Division I-A Seismic Design of the AASHTO Standard Specifications (1996). NCHRP Project 12-49 was initiated to address the inadequate performance of highway bridges in recent earthquakes and the deficiencies in the current seismic code and to develop comprehensive specifications for seismic design of bridges considering all aspects of the design process. The intent of the new specifications is to be nationally applicable with provisions for all seismic zones. Because of the several significant changes in the design criteria and approach provided in the new provisions, there are questions on how these new provisions will affect the design and performance of bridge in states in the eastern United States as well as the retrofit of existing bridges. There are also questions about the impact of new...
Psychomotor stimulants, social deprivation and play in juvenile rats ☆

Abstract Treatment with d-amphetamine (0.125–1 mg/kg) or methylphenidate (0.5–4 mg/kg) caused dose-dependent decreases in play fighting in juvenile rats which were independent of sex and strain. Although brief social isolation profoundly increased play fighting, qualitatively similar drug effects on play were observed in socially housed and isolated animals. By contrast, at the highest doses tested both amphetamine and methylphenidate increased social investigation, but only if the rats were socially isolated. Stimulation of catecholamine systems is evidently incompatible with the expression of playful behavior.
Melting of Ordered Arrays and Shape Transitions in Highly Concentrated Diblock Copolymer Solutions

X ABSTRACT: Polystyrene/polyisoprene (PS/PI) diblocks suspended in decane serve as a model system for the investigation of highly concentrated diblock copolymer solutions. Bulk melts of PS/PI with no solvent exhibit ordered morphologies including lamellae, close-packed cylinders, etc. that depend on the block asymmetry. These same diblocks self-assemble in decane at low concentrations to form monodis- perse, spherical micelles with a dense polystyrene core and a diffuse polyisoprene corona. Strongly interacting polymeric micelles, observed at modest polymer concentrations, order into cubic arrays that include both face-centered and body-centered cubic crystals depending on the length scale of the repulsion relative to the core dimension. These ordered morphologies of the melt and micellar crystals provide limiting reference states for the poorly understood high-concentration regime studied in this work. As we increase the polymer concentration, we observe a curious melting of the micellar crystals before the onset of anisotropy. Since the melting of the micellar crystal is not predicated upon shape transitions, we return to tethered-chain models of our spherical polymeric micelles to qualitatively describe the disordering process in terms of a loss of the osmotic pressure gradient between micelles. One system exhibits a reentrant disorder-order-disorder-order phase transition. Finally, the development of anisotropy in the scattering pattern is linked to shape transitions that develop as melt conditions are approached. We monitor the degree of anisotropy to estimate the concentration for the onset of these shape transitions.
Children as consumers: A review

Can children be characterized as consumers? This question appears to linger in the minds of consumer advocates and regulation agency members. An answer is attempted here through a review of some basic findings about the consumer behaviour of children.
Evaluation of a program supporting scholarly productivity for new investigators.

ABSTRACTPurposeLike many groups, the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation has a long-term interest in funding new investigators. This study documents the career outcomes related to scientific productivity, research support, and current faculty positions of new investigators funded by the Foundati
Blood Flow in the Foreign-Body Capsules Surrounding Surgically Implanted Subcutaneous Devices

Background Surgically implanted devices initiate inflammatory mechanisms and wound healing events and result in the formation of a thick fibrotic capsule that surrounds the device. To investigate the foreign-body response to devices of clinically relevant size, we used microspheres to determine regional blood flow patterns in the foreign-body capsule (FBC) and surrounding subcutaneous tissue after device implantation. Materials and Methods In 10 canines, we implanted 40 subcutaneous devices (polysulfone n = 20, silicone-coated n = 10, titanium n = 10). Via thoracotomy, animals were instrumented with left atrial and aortic vascular access catheters for serial microsphere injections and reference blood sampling. Regional blood flow was repeatedly determined in the FBC, subcutaneous fascia surrounding the FBC, and subcutaneous fascia distal to the surgical site up to 19 wk after device implantation (n = 55 determinations). Results Compared with normal blood flow in subcutaneous fascia distal to the surgical site, blood flow increased in FBCs surrounding each device material (polysulfone P = 0.0035, silicone-coated P < 0.0001, titanium P < 0.0001). Additionally, blood flow increased in the subcutaneous fascia within half a centimeter of fibrous capsules encasing polysulfone (P = 0.0081) but not silicone (P = 0.3706) or titanium (P = 0.8160) devices. The time-course of measured blood flow changes within FBCs were similar for polysulfone and silicone but not for titanium. Conclusions Surgically implanted subcutaneous devices of clinically relevant size elicit increases in blood flow in the FBC as well as surrounding fascia. Device material may influence regional blood flow patterns.
The origins of the neural crest. Part I: embryonic induction

Neural crest cells form at the border between the neural plate and the epidermis. The tissue interactions that underlie neural crest cell induction have been investigated primarily by heterotopic grafting experiments in vivo and by conjugating different tissues in vitro. Three models have been proposed to explain the induction of neural crest cells at the neural plate border, i.e. (1) the influence of signals from the mesoderm, (2) changes in ectodermal competence and (3) local interactions between neural and non-neural ectoderm. The weight of the evidence supports the last model, although there are data that suggest a role for signals from the mesoderm. FGFs seem to be necessary but not sufficient for neural crest cell induction. BMP-4 is sufficient to induce neural crest cells from chick neural explants in vitro and intermediate levels of BMP-4-signalling induce neural crest cell markers in Xenopus animal cap assays. These data suggest a gradient model in which neural crest cells are induced by a particular range of BMP-4 activity, although a single-signal model may be too simplistic. Neural crest cell induction may be an ongoing process, in which an initial induction at the neural plate border is followed by further induction within the dorsal neural tube.
Scholasticism in Political Science

Criticism of trends in political science centers on specific methodologies—quantitative methods or rational choice. However, the more worrisome development is scholasticism—a tendency for research to become overspecialized and ingrown. I define that trend more closely and document its growth through increases in numbers of journals, organized sections in the American Political Science Association, and divisions within the APSA conference. I also code articles published in the American Political Science Review to show a growth in scholastic features in recent decades. The changes affect all fields in political science. Scholasticism serves values of rigor. To restrain it will require reemphasizing relevance to real-world issues and audiences. To do this should also help restore morale among political scientists.
Metric Characteristics Of Holographic Imagery

The relationship between holo-graphy and stereo-photography is described with emphasis on the metric characteristics of holographic imagery. A mapping and mensuration system, with a self-illuminated measuring mark, is used to extract quantitative information from three-dimensional holographic virtual images. Quantitative results and plots are presented for a variety of objects which are recorded holographically at close range. Results of mensuration and mapping from holographic images of dental castings and bone joints demonstrate the practicality and potential of the discussed techniques. Holographic stereomodels from stereo-pairs of photographs have been successfully produced and work is in progress to apply the mapping techniques to them.© (1971) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
5-thio-D-glucose is an acceptor for UDP-galactose : D-glucose 1-galactosyltransferase.

Abstract The glucose analog 5-thio- d -glucose, a potent inhibitor of glucose transport across membranes, was examined as an acceptor and/or inhibitor of lactose synthetase (UDP-galactose: D-glucose 1-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.22). Thioglucose was an effective acceptor for lactose synthetase with a Km of 7.4 mM. Under identical conditions the Km for D-glucose in this reaction was 5.4 mM. Thioglucose was 45 to 50% as effective an acceptor as D-glucose. Thioglucose acted as a pseudo substrate having a different Km and Vmax. Thus, thioglucose could be considered to the be a competitive substrate for lactose synthetase. thetase. The product of the lactose synthetase reaction with thioglucose as an acceptor had a thin-layer chromatographic retardation factor slightly higher than that for lactose. Upon treatment of the reaction product with β-galactosidase, galactose and thioglucose were released. These observations suggest that the product of the lactose synthetase reaction with thioglucose was thiolactose.
Endobronchial Tuberculosis in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Although many of the pulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are well known, endobronchial involvement has not been previously described. We report the clinical, roentgenographic, and bronchoscopic features of three patients with endobronchial tuberculosis and AIDS. All of the patients had nonspecific symptoms of fever and cough; however, none exhibited the classic findings of dyspnea, wheezing, or hemoptysis. Smears of sputum were nondiagnostic. The chest x-ray film revealed mediastinal adenopathy in two patients and a lower lobe consolidation in the third; all had small ipsilateral pleural effusions. Endobronchial lesions were white or pink exophytic masses obstructing the airways, mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma. Areas of “classic” primary tuberculosis were seen in two of the patients. Despite ongoing clinical and roentgenographic deterioration, all patients responded well to antituberculosis medications. Given the frequency of tuberculosis in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex, one should maintain a high index of suspicion for involvement of the tracheobronchial tree, so as to avoid a delay in diagnosis and resultant increased morbidity and mortality. (Chest 1988; 94:1240-44)
A functional MRI study of a paced motor activation task to evaluate frontal-subcortical circuit function in bipolar depression.

The primary aim of this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to test the utility of a paced motor activation task to evaluate frontal-subcortical (FSC) circuit function in bipolar depression. A secondary aim was to determine if utilizing both a motor and cognitive activation paradigm (Stroop) would provide information about the potential role of FSC dysfunction in the cognitive symptoms of bipolar depression. Analysis of the control group (n=15) alone revealed that the motor task activated FSC structures. Comparison of the control to bipolar group (n=14) revealed significant differences between the groups in striatum as well as cortical areas with FSC connections in response to the non-dominant-hand motor task. In response to the Stroop, there were significant differences between the groups in portions of the bilateral posterior cingulate and occipital cortex, but not in FSC structures. While these results must be considered preliminary, this work supports further studies of paced motor tasks to probe FSC function. Further, it suggests that the use of both a cognitive and motor task in the same study provides useful information about brain function. Finally, it supports the literature implicating FSC circuit abnormalities in bipolar disorder. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of method of analysis on iron content of beef from advanced meat recovery systems.

Abstract A field survey was conducted by the USDA, Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) to provide analytical data on meat obtained from beef cervical vertebrae processed by advanced meat recovery (AMR) systems. As a result, an added iron performance standard was proposed to limit the amount of marrow in AMR products. The performance standard was based on iron content of hand boned lean compared to AMR lean. Iron content was determined by a hydrochloric wet ash digestion method. The same samples were then analyzed using dry ash digestion. The objectives of the study were to determine differences in iron content of the survey samples due to the digestion method and the impact of this difference on the added iron performance standard. Iron values by the dry ash method were approximately double those of the wet ash method. The difference was a result of incomplete volatilization of the organic matrix by hydrochloric acid in the wet ash procedure. The performance standards developed from the wet and dry ash methods were 1.8 and 3.2 mg added iron 100 −1 g, respectively. Added iron levels from the dry ash method greater than 3.2 mg 100 −1 g were present in 60% of the AMR lean indicating that some marrow was present or that factors other than amount of iron in hand boned lean should be considered before a performance standard is established.
Family resemblance for Preece-Baines growth curve parameters in the fels longitudinal growth study.

The Preece-Baines Model 1 (PB1) nonlinear regression equation was fit to serial stature measurements from 456 participants in the Fels Longitudinal Growth Study. The resulting model parameters and derived biological parameters, such as age, stature, and velocity at take-off (TO) and peak velocity (PV) are analyzed for family resemblance in 228 nuclear families through estimation of familial correlations and path coefficients. Significant family resemblance was found for all of the growth parameters. Transmissibility estimates ranged from 41%-71%, suggesting that some of the factors controlling the timing and shape of the adolescent growth spurt are transmitted from parent to child. Significant gender effects were found in sibling resemblance, with brother-brother pairs more similar than other pairs for age at TO and PV and sister-sister pairs more alike for stature at TO and PV and for velocity at PV. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of thymectomy on 'delayed' hypersensitive reactions.

THE thymus is a lymphatic organ the role of which in immune reactions remains unknown. Thymus differs from other lymphatic tissues (lymph nodes and spleen) histologically and in a number of additional characteristics. One of the more interesting observations is that the mass and histology of this organ in germ-free animals are normal despite the markedly reduced mass of conventional lymphatic tissue1. The thymus, therefore, appears to develop independently of the antibody-producing organs. However, there is evidence to suggest that the antibody mechanism does not develop normally without thymus. Archer and Pierce2 found considerable inhibition of antibody production at 8 weeks in rabbits thymectomized at birth. Similarly, there was marked inhibition of subsequent antibody production in chickens from which the bursa of Fabricius was excised at one week3. By contrast, bursectomy of 10-week-old chickens3 or thymectomy of adult rabbits4 failed to influence antibody production.
Reynolds Stress Anisotropy in Rotating Homogeneous Decay

In rotating homogeneous decay, the prolate quadratic form associated with the normalized Reynolds (NR-) stress is elongated by a coupling between velocity fluctuations and the Coriolis acceleration. This paper shows that this well-known turbulence phenomenon is consistent with an algebraic anisotropic prestress (APS-) closure for the NR-stress that unifies the study of turbulent flows in rotating and non-rotating frames-of-reference. The APS-closure is a non-negative mapping of the NR-stress into itself and is, thereby, universally realizable for all turbulent flows.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Triplet states of carbenium and silylium cations

Abstract Triplet CH3+, SiH3+, C2H5+, SiCH5+, and Si2H5+ systems are studied with various correlated quantum mechanical methods. Only the triplet methyl and silyl cations have a single minimum. The other systems have from two to four minima. The best singlet–triplet energy difference predictions for the most stable isomers are: methyl cation 87 kcal/mol, silyl cation 71 kcal/mol, ethyl cation 101 kcal/mol, methylsilyl cation 73 kcal/mol (all CCSD(T)/TZ2PF) and disilyl cation 48 kcal/mol (MP2/TZ2PF). These changes in the singlet–triplet gaps are rationalized by regarding the effect of protonation, methylation and silylation on the energy differences between singly occupied MOs in triplet methylene and triplet silylene.
Sexual victimization and adolescent weight regulation practices: a test across three community based samples.

Abstract Objective: This study had four objectives: 1) to examine the association between sexual victimization and weight regulation across three samples of adolescent girls, 2) to assess whether sexual victimization is associated with more extreme forms of weight regulation in girls, 3) to discern whether sexual victimization has implications for the use of multiple forms of weight regulation, and 4) to address the role of physical victimization in explaining these relationships. Method: Data from three separate samples of 9th-12th graders were used to test these hypotheses. Girls from the upper Midwest responded to survey questions related to victimization and weight regulation in a largely urban sample (N = 2,086), a rural sample (N = 2,629), and a statewide sample (N = 966). Results: Logistic regression revealed that sexual victimization was consistently associated with weight regulation in adolescent girls, independent of the effects of physical victimization. In the urban sample, being sexually victimized was associated with an increase in the probability of purging by 18% relative to not being sexually victimized. Sexual victimization was associated more strongly with extreme forms of weight regulation and significantly discriminated whether girls would choose multiple weight regulation forms. Conclusions: Sexual victimization contributes unique variance to the probability that girls will practice weight regulation techniques. Data from three independent samples confirms that being violated sexually places girls at risk for various health compromising eating behaviors.
Ligation of oligonucleotides by pyrimidine dimers—a missing ‘link’ in the origin of life?

One of the principal photochemical reactions of DNA on exposure to UV is the formation of intrastrand cyclobutane-type pyrimidine dimmers1,2. The efficiency of this reaction depends on both the wavelength of the UV2 and the specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA3. The formation of the pyrimidine dimer and its repair in living cells have been studied extensively4. We have examined the possibility that pyrimidines at the ends of DNA strands may be adequately juxtaposed for dimer formation by the presence of a complementary strand, even when no phosphodiester linkage joins their sugars. In these conditions the formation of a dimer will ‘ligate’ two DNA strands end-to-end. We report here that thymidine oligonucleotides annealed to polydeoxyadenylate can be ligated end-to-end by UV irradiation, via thymine dimerization of the terminal nucleotides in adjacent oligonucleotides. The linkages are susceptible to direct photoreversal by 254 nm UV, as expected for cyclobutane-type thymine dimers, but they are not cleaved by the bacteriophage T4 endonuclease V, a dimer-specific DNA repair enzyme. We demonstrate that the ligating dimers are also resistant to photolyase from Escherichia coli. Although the phosphodiester backbone is not required for dimer formation, it is required for recognition of dimers by these DNA repair enzymes. We discuss the possibility that high molecular weight polynucleotides in primordial seas might have been generated from oligonucleotides by pyrimidine dimerization under the intense solar UV flux unattenuated by an ozone layer.
Acute response versus reproductive performance in five strains of brine shrimp exposed to copper sulphate

Abstract Five geographically and genetically diverse strains of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina , were tested for response to copper sulphate. Mean survival times (MST) were determined for each strain following continuous exposure to concentrations of 10 −1 , 1, 10 1 , 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 and 10 5 ppm CuSO 4 . In addition, lifetime reproductive performance parameters were evaluated for 15 females from each strain after 24 h exposure to 0·067 × 10 −9 CuSO 4 . Two-factorial ANOVA revealed that treated females produced fewer offspring per brood and fewer broods per female, resulting in an overall decline in the mean number of offspring per day per female over the reproductive span. When the standard 24 h MST results are compared with the 24 h dose level of CuSO 4 found to impair reproductive performance, the latter was from 24,000 to 156,000 times more sensitive, depending upon strain.
An application of the learning process to student use of microcomputers

Persons in the manufacturing and retail professions will continue to increase utilization of computer technology to assist in merchandising and management operations, and students need to be familiar with the use of technology as a tool. Attention needs to be directed at the underlying objectives for using microcomputers in the learning process. This paper focuses on the intergration of selected cognitive principles of instruction for developing a course in which students use the microcomputer as an analytical and evaluative tool.
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for nightmare disorder

Interest in the treatment of nightmares has greatly increased over the last several years as research has demonstrated the clinical signifi cance of nightmare disorder. This paper provides an overview of nightmare disorder, its clinical relevance, and the leading treatments that are available. In particular, the paper defi nes nightmare disorder and then summarize the recent literature examining the clinical relevance of nightmare disorder, including its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric conditions. The relation between nightmares and suicidality is also discussed. Recent fi ndings on the treatment of nightmare with imagery rehearsal therapy and prazosin are then summarized. Lastly, the paper comments on potential future uses of nightmare treatment including using imagery rehearsal therapy or prazosin as a fi rstline intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder and using these treatments as an adjunctive therapy to reduce suicide risk in those at risk of suicide with nightmares.
Queueing systems for multiple FBM-based traffic models

A multiple fractional Brownian motion (FBM)-based traffic model is considered. Various lower bounds for the overflow probability of the associated queueing system are obtained. Based on a probabilistic bound for the busy period of an ATM queueing system associated with a multiple FBM-based input traffic, a minimal dynamic buffer allocation function (DBAF) is obtained and a DBAF-allocation algorithm is designed. The purpose is to create an upper bound for the queueing system associated with the traffic. This upper bound, called a DBAF, is a function of time, dynamically bouncing with the traffic. An envelope process associated with the multiple FBM-based traffic model is introduced and used to estimate the queue size of the queueing system associated with that traffic model.
Nano-engineered PtVFe catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Electrocatalytic performance

Abstract Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are attractive because of their high conversion efficiency, low pollution, lightweight, and high power density. A major area of challenges is the design and engineering of active, robust, and low-cost electrocatalysts. This report discusses recent findings of our investigations of the design and nano-engineering of platinum–vanadium–iron catalysts for use in PEMFC. The membrane electrode assembly was prepared using nano-engineered PtVFe nanoparticles with controlled composition and size supported on carbon as cathode electrocatalysts. The electrocatalytic activity and stability of the catalysts have been characterized by both rotating disk electrode and membrane electrode assembly measurements. The trimetallic catalysts have been shown to exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance in PEMFC in comparison with commercial platinum catalysts. The results exhibited a good agreement between obtained these two types of measurements in terms of the dependence on particle size, composition, and thermal treatment condition. The catalysts also showed good stability, which are potentially useful for practical application in PEMFCs.
Experimentally derived realistic constraints on epicardial potential distributions

Spatial and temporal constraints, taking the form of time dependent envelopes and epicardial geometry partitions, respectively, were created from experimental studies of canine epicardial and torso potential map data. Such constraints are of interest in themselves as potential characterisations of in variants and markers of pacing site, induced ischemia, etc., and also may help provide an alternate approach to the inverse problem of electrocardiography.
Imaging Techniques in Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Novel physiologic MRI and metabolic PET imaging provides the ability to analyze tumor tissue properties including tumor vasculature, vascular permeability, tumor cellularity, hypoxia, and tumor proliferation. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) involves the delivery of a very precise, focal dose of radiation to a target. It is important to understand the radiological principles behind the various imaging modalities and their application in SRS. Recent advances in MR imaging have the potential to improve accuracy for target volume delineation and therefore outcome for intracranial tumors. Novel imaging techniques may also be used in subsequent posttreatment follow-up to distinguish between tumor recurrences versus nonneoplastic treatment-related changes. Imaging modalities discussed in this chapter include conventional MRI, MR diffusion-weighted imaging, MR perfusion imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, MR spectroscopy, metabolic PET, and cerebral angiography. This chapter illustrates the utility of these imaging modalities in the SRS treatment and posttreatment follow-up of both malignant and benign intracranial tumors including brain metastases, recurrent glioma, arteriovenous malformations, meningiomas, and vestibular schwannomas.
Experimental results for a CW‐mode optically controlled microwave switch on a silicon‐based coplanar waveguide

A CW-mode optically controlled microwave switch (CW- mode OMS) on a coplanar waveguide (CPW) for both a standard and a new design with carrier-confinement structure is investigated. We exper- imentally show that it may not be possible to obtain less than 7 dB of insertion loss with the standard OMS, and the carrier diffusion limits the improvement of insertion loss in CW-mode operation. We present a new design with a carrier-confinement structure with silicon (Si) sub- strate etching to confine the optically generated free-carriers. Less than 2 dB of insertion loss is obtained with the new carrier-confined OMS. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 257-262, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10737
A Review of the Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Objective: To review the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Data Sources and Data Extraction: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE using the terms attention deficit hyperactive disorder, ADHD, pathophysiology, etiology, and neurobiology. Limits applied were the following: published in the past 10 years (January 2003 to August 2013), humans, review, meta-analysis, and English language. These yielded 63 articles in PubMed and 74 in EMBASE. After removing duplicate/irrelevant articles, 86 articles and their relevant reference citations were reviewed. Data Synthesis: ADHD is a neurological disorder that affects children, but symptoms may persist into adulthood. Individuals suffering from this disorder exhibit hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, and problems in social interaction and academic performance. Medications used to treat ADHD such as methylphenidate, amphetamine, and atomoxetine indicate a dopamine/norepinephrine deficit...
State-Level Curricular, Assessment, and Accountability Policies, Practices, and Philosophies for Exclusionary School Settings:

The purpose of the current study was to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of state-level policies and practices concerning youth with disabilities in secondary day treatment and residential (DTR) schools, as well as juvenile correctional (JC) schools for committed youth. A survey of state directors of special education or their designees focused on curricula, assessment, and accountability in these school settings. State-level administrators from 49 states and the District of Columbia responded to mail and online surveys. They reported that approximately one third of DTR schools and half of JC schools used state or district curricula. Moreover, although most respondents noted that students should participate in state assessments, only one third noted that DTR or JC schools were supervised to a great extent to ensure the alignment of curricula and assessments. Implications for policy and practice and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Myenteric neurons of the ileum that express somatostatin are a target of prion neuroinvasion in an alimentary model of sheep scrapie.

Neuroinvasion of the enteric nervous system by prions is an important step in dissemination to the brain, yet very little is known about the basic process of enteric neuro- invasion. Using an alimentary model of neonatal disease transmission, neuroinvasion by scrapie prions in the ileum of lambs was detected by immunohistochemical staining for the disease-associated form of the prion protein, PrP Sc . Odds ratios (OR) were determined for the frequency of PrP Sc staining within enteric somata categorized by plexus location (myenteric, submucosal) and neurochemical stain- ing (PGP 9.5, neural nitric oxide synthase, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide). PrP Sc was observed in 4.48 § 4.26% of myenteric neurons and 2.57 § 1.82% of submucosal neurons in Wve lambs aged 208-226 days but not in a lamb aged 138 days. The relative frequency of PrP Sc within enteric somata was interdepen- dent on plexus location and neurochemical type. Interest- ingly, PrP Sc was observed more frequently within myenteric neurons than in submucosal neurons (PGP 9.5; OR = 1.72, 95% conWdence interval = 1.21-2.44), and was observed within the myenteric plexus approximately 4£ (2.16-6.94) more frequently in somatostatin neurons than in the general neural population stained by PGP 9.5. Nerve Wbers stained for somatostatin were present in the mucosa and near PrP Sc staining within Peyer's patches. The results suggest that somatostatin-expressing enteric neu- rons, with Wber projections near Peyer's patches, but with somata present in greatest proportion within the myenteric plexus, are an early target for neuroinvasion by scrapie prions and could serve an important role in neural dissemination.
Regiochemical control in the diels alder reactions of substituted naphthoquinones: Orientational manipulation in the synthesis of anthraquinones.

Mit Metho xyisopren (II) liefert das Naphthochinon (I) die beiden Addukte (III) und (IV), die zu den Aromaten (V) und (VI) durch Behandlung mit Alkali und Sauerstoff fuhren.
Black Adolescent Girls' Use of Literacy Practices to Negotiate Boundaries of Ascribed Identity

This qualitative study highlights the interconnectedness of literature, literacy practices, identity, and social positioning within a framework of a common enactment of multicultural education: adding literature by and about people of color to the language arts curriculum. The study provides a window on the meaning-making of six 16-year-old Black girls as they studied The Bluest Eye (Morrison, 1994) in their high school English class. Drawing primarily on group and individual interview data, this research shows participants spending little time analyzing the literature per se. Instead, spurred by incidents in the novel, they used the text as a launching point from which they analyzed their own life experiences. Socially positioned as young Black women, participants have found that they are expected by people in their school, community, and outside their community to behave in particular ways as a reflection of their assumed values and ways of being in the world. They also have experienced the effects of a...
Epitaxial Gold in Au/Si Eutectic Reaction and Epitaxial Aluminum Spikes in Al-1%Si/Ti-W/Si System

Epitaxial regrowth of gold film on Si as a result of Au/Si eutectic reaction and epitaxial aluminum spikes forming at IC contacts during sintering have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For gold film on Si, three types of epitaxy were observed: (1) the crystal structures of the two lattices are exactly the same, (2) the two structures have the orientation relationship of Au(111)//Si(111) and Au[132]//Si[231] and (3) 20° misorientation from the relationship in (2). Two orientation relationships were observed in the case of Al spike in Si: (1) Al[011]//Si[123] and Al(200)//Si(11), (2) Al[001]//Si[112] and 2° misorientation between Al(200) and Si(111). Possible mechanisms are proposed to explained the observed epitaxial growth.
Explaining Public Attitudes toward Fighting Inequality in Latin America

This paper uses the 2008 Americas Barometer survey data from 22 countries to explore the factors that shape Latin American attitudes about the role of the state in reducing inequality. Using multilevel analysis to properly model both the individualand country-level predictors of these attitudes, we find that traditional explanations of public attitudes about government’s redistributive role also carry weight in Latin America. Economic evaluations, personal wealth, trust in government, and assessments of government performance are each associated in predictable ways with attitudes about redistribution. But the analysis also identifies factors that have been overlooked in previous research on the state’s role in combating inequality, which has been primarily conducted in the context of the developed world. Namely, we find that Latin Americans appropriately view crime and inequality as interrelated, and as their perceptions of crime as a problem increase so does their support for government efforts to reduce inequality. This relationship is particularly important in poorer countries where inequality and poverty are widespread social ills. The analysis suggests that in the Latin American context it is appropriate to view pursuing anticrime and anti-inequality policies as compatible rather than competing goals.
Neural Network Imputation In Complex Survey Design

Missing data yields many analysis challenges. In case of complex survey design, in addition to dealing with missing data, researchers need to account for the sampling design to achieve useful inferences. Methods for incorporating sampling weights in neural network imputation were investigated to account for complex survey designs. An estimate of variance to account for the imputation uncertainty as well as the sampling design using neural networks will be provided. A simulation study was conducted to compare estimation results based on complete case analysis, multiple imputation using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo, and neural network imputation. Furthermore, a public-use dataset was used as an example to illustrate neural networks imputation under a complex survey design.
Mechanistic implications of the unique structural features and dimerization of the cytoplasmic domain of the Pseudomonas sigma regulator, PupR

Gram-negative bacteria tightly regulate intracellular levels of iron, an essential nutrient. To ensure this strict control, some outer membrane TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs) that are responsible for iron import stimulate their own transcription in response to extracellular binding by an iron-laden siderophore. This process is mediated by an inner membrane sigma regulator protein (an anti-sigma factor) that transduces an unknown periplasmic signal from the TBDT to release an intracellular sigma factor from the inner membrane, which ultimately upregulates TBDT transcription. Here, we use the Pseudomonas putida ferric-pseudobactin BN7/BN8 sigma regulator, PupR, as a model system to understand the molecular mechanism of this conserved class of sigma regulators. We have determined the X-ray crystal structure of the cytoplasmic anti-sigma domain (ASD) of PupR to 2.0 A. Size exclusion chromatography, small-angle X-ray scattering, and sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation all indicate that, in contrast to other ASDs, the PupR-ASD exists as a dimer in solution. Mutagenesis of residues at the dimer interface identified from the crystal structure disrupts dimerization and protein stability, as determined by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation and thermal denaturation circular dichroism spectroscopy. These combined results suggest that this type of inner membrane sigma regulator may utilize an unusual mechanism to sequester their cognate sigma factors and prevent transcription activation.
Red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid levels and markers of accelerated brain aging

Objective: Higher dietary intake and circulating levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have been related to a reduced risk for dementia, but the pathways underlying this association remain unclear. We examined the cross-sectional relation of red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid levels to subclinical imaging and cognitive markers of dementia risk in a middle-aged to elderly community-based cohort. Methods: We related RBC DHA and EPA levels in dementia-free Framingham Study participants (n = 1,575; 854 women, age 67 ± 9 years) to performance on cognitive tests and to volumetric brain MRI, with serial adjustments for age, sex, and education (model A, primary model), additionally for APOE ϵ4 and plasma homocysteine (model B), and also for physical activity and body mass index (model C), or for traditional vascular risk factors (model D). Results: Participants with RBC DHA levels in the lowest quartile (Q1) when compared to others (Q2–4) had lower total brain and greater white matter hyperintensity volumes (for model A: β ± SE = −0.49 ± 0.19; p = 0.009, and 0.12 ± 0.06; p = 0.049, respectively) with persistence of the association with total brain volume in multivariable analyses. Participants with lower DHA and ω-3 index (RBC DHA+EPA) levels (Q1 vs Q2–4) also had lower scores on tests of visual memory (β ± SE = −0.47 ± 0.18; p = 0.008), executive function (β ± SE = −0.07 ± 0.03; p = 0.004), and abstract thinking (β ± SE = −0.52 ± 0.18; p = 0.004) in model A, the results remaining significant in all models. Conclusion: Lower RBC DHA levels are associated with smaller brain volumes and a “vascular” pattern of cognitive impairment even in persons free of clinical dementia.
Designs for crossvalidating approximation models

Multifold crossvalidation is routinely used for assessing the prediction error of an approximation model for a black-box function. Despite its popularity, this method is known to have high variability. To mitigate this drawback, we propose an experimental design approach that borrows Latin hypercube designs to construct a structured crossvalidation sample such that the input values in each fold achieve uniformity. Theoretical results show that the estimate of the prediction error of the proposed method has significantly smaller variability than its counterpart under independent and identically distributed sampling. Numerical examples corroborate the theoretical results. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.
Temperature-dependent orbital-moment anisotropy in dilute magnetic oxides

A striking magnetization anisotropy in thin films of vanadium-doped stannic oxide is reported and investigated. The single-crystalline ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{V}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ $(0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.1)$ thin films, grown on ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ substrate, are (101) oriented and exhibit a temperature-dependent in-plane anisotropy of the saturation magnetization. The in-plane magnetic moment reaches a maximum close to the $[10\overline{1}]$ direction, but the anisotropy axis is incompatible with the crystalline structure of the $\mathrm{Sn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ thin films. However, it is consistent with V atoms occupying uniaxially distorted octahedral interstices, thus breaking the symmetry of the film. The moment anisotropy decreases gradually with increasing temperature and persists to temperatures above room temperature. It is modeled as a spin-orbit effect involving the hopping of orbital-current loops, as contrasted to isotropic Heisenberg exchange, and the temperature dependence of the magnetism is explained on the basis of a thermal admixture of nearly degenerate crystal-field states. The phenomena may be relevant to a wide range of dilute magnetic oxides.
Graphene at the Atomic‐Scale: Synthesis, Characterization, and Modification

Graphene is nature's ideal two-dimensional conductor and is comprised of a single sheet of hexagonally packed carbon atoms. Since the first electrical measurements made on graphene, researchers have been trying to exploit the unique properties of this material for a variety of applications that span numerous scientific and engineering disciplines. In order to fully realize the potential of graphene, large scale synthesis of high quality graphene and the ability to control the electronic properties of this material on a nanometer length-scale are necessary and remain key challenges. This article will review the efforts at the Center for Nanoscale Materials that focus on the atomic-scale characterization and modification of graphene via scanning tunneling microscopy and its synthesis on various materials (SiC, Cu(111), Cu foil, etc.). These fundamental studies explore growth dynamics, film quality, and the role of defects. The chemical modification of graphene following exposure to atomic hydrogen will also be covered, while additional emphasis will be made on graphene's unique structural properties.
Strengthening of Sapphire by Precipitates Containing Titanium

Sapphire single crystals alloyed with 0.5 cation % Ti and aged at 1500° C to form a precipitate showed considerable increase in hardness and fracture strength over unalloyed sapphire. It is suggested that propagation of a crack requires local plastic deformation and that precipitate particles interfere with local plastic deformation.
Questioning the Model Minority: Studies of Asian American Academic Performance

The current paper reviews literature on the academic performance of Asian Americans with a critical eye toward understanding the influence of discrimination on this process. Specifically, this study seeks to understand the extent to which researchers have gathered sufficient knowledge to dispel “conventional knowledge” of Asian Americans as model minorities. We questioned the extent to which studies explicitly measured student performance as a product of individual effort and Asian cultural influences, while simultaneously measuring the impact of exposure to discrimination. We present a review of studies on Asian American academic performance published 1990‐2008. Our analysis suggests that social science research has continued to perpetuate the stereotype of Asian Americans as a “model minority.” The majority of the reviewed studies did not differentiate among Asian American ethnic and generational groups. These studies also tended to infer culture as an explanation for the high achievement of Asian Americans without examining the impact of sociopolitical factors, such as racial discrimination. In fact, many of the reviewed studies reported that Asian Americans were deficient relative to Whites on attributes thought to be related to culture (e.g., personality characteristics, parenting behaviors) while finding that they achieved academically at levels similar to or higher than Whites. Finally, the majority of these studies have not used culturally appropriate methods to test their hypotheses and research questions. Thus, we recommend that studies embrace emic/population-specific and sociopolitical (Sasao & Sue, 1993) approaches to understand and explore factors that contribute to academic achievement in this group.
Stem Leydig cells: From fetal to aged animals

Leydig cells are the testosterone-producing cells of the testis. The adult Leydig cell (ALC) population ultimately develops from undifferentiated mesenchymal-like stem cells present in the interstitial compartment of the neonatal testis. Distinct stages of ALC development have been identified and characterized. These include stem Leydig cells (SLCs), progenitor Leydig cells, immature Leydig cells, and ALCs. This review describes our current understanding of the SLCs in the fetal, prenatal, peripubertal, adult, and aged rat testis, as well as recent studies of the differentiation of steroidogenic cells from the stem cells of other organs.
ERP Crisis Management Through Leadership Communication

This article details enterprise resource planning (ERP) crisis management through leadership communication. It begins with a review of alternative crisis management solutions. The author presents leadership communication as a solution to ERP crisis management. A discussion on communication techniques and strategies follows. Finally, recommendations for future research and conclusion complete the article.
Surrendering to the Environment in Educational System Design

Surrendering to the environment changes the focus of design from the educational system to an environmental adaptive capacity. The objective of surrendering is to produce non-learning whereby all previous assumptions are shattered. One such environmental capacity is learner’s anonymous (LA) which is a structured environment to facilitate surrendering. In LA individuals suspend perceived notions of self in the pursuit of access to a larger whole through a group process methodology.
The Income Multiplier

This note provides an overview of fiscal-policy tools and how fiscal policy influences GDP through the income multiplier. The mechanics behind the income multiplier are explained and an algebraic derivation is provided. The note also provides examples of how parameters associated with disposable income (e.g., the tax rate and marginal propensity to consumer) influence the magnitude of the income multiplier.