cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of divided attention on implicit and explicit memory performance

This study explored the nature of the relationship between attention available at learning and subsequent implicit and explicit memory performance. One hundred neurologically normal subjects rated their liking of target words on a five-point scale. Half of the subjects completed the word-rating task in a full attention condition and the other half performed the task in a divided attention condition. Following administration of the word-rating task, all subjects completed five memory tests, three implicit (category association, tachistoscopic identification, and perceptual clarification) and two explicit (semantic-cued recall and graphemic-cued recall), each bearing on a different subset of the list of previously presented target words. The results revealed that subjects in the divided attention condition performed significantly more poorly than subjects in the full attention condition on the explicit memory measures. In contrast, there were no significant group differences in performance on the implicit memory measures. These findings suggest that the attention to an episode that is necessary to produce later explicit memory may differ from that necessary to produce unconscious influences. The relationship between implicit memory, neurologic injury and automatic processes is discussed.
Imaging appearance of surgical sponges at 1.5 T MRI: an in vitro study.

Abstract Objective To predict the MR appearance of retained surgical textiles in the acute setting by using an in vitro phantom and body MR imaging protocols. Methods Three surgical sponges were embedded in clear gelatin. One of these sponges was soaked in fresh human blood and the other two sponges were embedded dry. The following sequences were acquired at 1.5 T: T1W 3D gradient echo with chemical shift saturation (VIBE, volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination), 3D gradient dual echo T1W (in and opposed phase), 2D T2W single shot fast spin echo (HASTE, half-fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin echo), and 3D T2W fast spin echo (SPACE, sampling perfection with application optimized contrast using different flip angle evolutions). Results The radiopaque marker within the surgical sponge appears as a linear hypointense structure on T1W and T2W images. Slightly increased conspicuity of the radiopaque marker is seen on the in phase gradient dual echo images compared with the opposed phase gradient dual echo images, likely due to magnetic susceptibility effect. The surgical sponge material is invisible on the T1W images and appears hypointense on the T2W images. Owing to the T1W hyperintensity and T2W hypointensity of blood, the radiopaque marker within the blood soaked gauze is visible on the T1W images but obscured on the T2W images. Conclusions We describe the in vitro MR appearance of retained surgical sponges in order to simulate their appearance in the acute setting prior to the mass-like foreign body reaction which may occur in the chronic phase.
Temperature-Sensitive Requirement for Methionine or p-Aminobenzoic Acid in Strain of Escherichia coli.∗

SummaryA strain of Escherichia coli (strain WM-13), isolated from clinical material, was unlike the average wild-type strains of E. coli in that it could not grow in a synthetic salts-glucose medium. Growth could be obtained only by supplementing the medium with either methionine or p-aminobenzoic acid. Except for partial stimulation by leucine and α-aminobutyric acid, none of the other naturally occurring amino acids or B vitamins could support growth. Growth requirement was evident only when cultivation was carried out at 37°. At room temperature (21-24°) full growth was obtained in the unsupplemented minimal medium, but addition of homocysteine again imposed a requirement for methionine or p-aminobenzoic acid. The temperature-sensitive growth requirement is apparently the result of a deleterious reaction, involving homocysteine as a substrate, which interferes with the function of p-aminobenzoic acid in the biosynthesis of methionine.
Interindividual Immune Status Variation Patterns in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Changes in soluble immune mediator levels in association with the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) usually occur within normal ranges and are apparent mainly as changes in the skewness of population distributions. The latter finding undermines the usefulness of cytokine levels as clinical tools at the individual level as has been seen in sepsis syndrome where a similar overlap occurs. Nonetheless, changes in cytokine levels at the population level can contribute to an understanding of the disease process. For example, we reported previously that significant proportions of CFS patients showed elevated serum levels of either soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor I (sTNF-RI, sCD120a) or TNF-a as compared to controls. The latter results could reflect different disease processes or extremes of a common disease process. Using sera collected over a five-year period, we have now studied an extended cohort of 108 CFS patients and our results are consistent with a common graded disease process. When we assessed the ...
On generalized theta series liftings

We generalize dual reductive pairs by using reductive groups that are not necessarily subgroups of symplectic groups and construct the corresponding theta-series liftings for certain types of automorphic forms. We also discuss connections of such generalized theta-series liftings with families of abelian varieties parametrized by an arithmetic variety.
SOLVENT DEPENDENCE OF PYRIMIDINE DIMER SPLITTING IN A COVALENTLY LINKED DIMER‐INDOLE SYSTEM

Cyclobutadipyrimidines (pyrimidine dimers) undergo splitting that is photosensitized by indole derivatives. We have prepared a compound in which a two-carbon linker connects a dimer to an indolyl group. Indolyl fluorescence quenching indicated that the two portions of the molecule interact in the excited state. Intramolecular photosensitization of dimer splitting was remarkably solvent dependent, ranging from phi spl = 0.06 in water to a high value of phi spl = 0.41 in the least polar solvent mixture examined, 1,4-dioxane-isopentane(5 : 95). A derivative with a 5-methoxy substituent on the indolyl ring behaved similarly. These results have been interpreted in terms of electron transfer from the excited indolyl group to the dimer, which would produce a charge-separated species. The dimer anion within such a species could split or undergo back electron transfer. The possibility that back electron transfer is in the Marcus inverted region can be used to rationalize the observed solvent dependence of splitting. In the inverted region, the high driving force of a charge recombination exceeds the reorganization energy of the solvent, which is less for solvents of low polarity than those of high polarity. If this theory is applicable to the hypothetical charge-separated species, a slower back electron transfer, and consequently higher splitting efficiencies, would be expected in solvents of lower polarity. Photolyases may have evolved in which a low polarity active site retards back transfer of an electron and thereby contributes to the efficiency of the enzymatic dimer splitting.
Sac1–Vps74 structure reveals a mechanism to terminate phosphoinositide signaling in the Golgi apparatus

Sac1 is a phosphoinositide phosphatase of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus that controls organelle membrane composition principally via regulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate signaling. We present a characterization of the structure of the N-terminal portion of yeast Sac1, containing the conserved Sac1 homology domain, in complex with Vps74, a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase effector and the orthologue of human GOLPH3. The interface involves the N-terminal subdomain of the Sac1 homology domain, within which mutations in the related Sac3/Fig4 phosphatase have been linked to Charcot–Marie–Tooth disorder CMT4J and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Disruption of the Sac1–Vps74 interface results in a broader distribution of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate within the Golgi apparatus and failure to maintain residence of a medial Golgi mannosyltransferase. The analysis prompts a revision of the membrane-docking mechanism for GOLPH3 family proteins and reveals how an effector of phosphoinositide signaling serves a dual function in signal termination.
Forces on oscillating foils for propulsion and maneuvering

Abstract Experiments were performed on an oscillating foil to assess its performance in producing large forces for propulsion and effective maneuvering. First, experiments on a harmonically heaving and pitching foil were performed to determine its propulsive efficiency under conditions of significant thrust production, as function of the principal parameters: the heave amplitude, Strouhal number, angle of attack, and phase angle between heave and pitch. Planform area thrust coefficients of 2.4 were recorded for 35° maximum angle of attack and efficiencies of up to 71.5% were recorded for 15° maximum angle of attack. A plateau of good efficiency, in the range of 50–60%, is noted. A phase angle of 90–100° between pitch and heave is found to produce the best thrust performance. Also, the introduction of higher harmonics in the heave motion, so as to ensure a sinusoidal variation in the angle of attack produced much higher thrust coefficient at high Strouhal numbers. Second, experiments on a harmonically oscillating foil with a superposed pitch bias, as well as experiments on impulsively moving foils in still water, were conducted to assess the capability of the foil to produce large lateral forces for maneuvering. Mean side force coefficients of up to 5.5, and instantaneous lift coefficients of up to 15 were recorded, demonstrating an outstanding capability for maneuvering force production.
Response of Cumulus Updraft and Downdraft to GATE A/B-Scale Motion Systems

Abstract Large-scale mass, heat and moisture budgets have been computed over the GATE A/B-scale area during two priority periods in Phase 3. The computed budget results are well-correlated with the activities of the cloud clusters which develop and decay during the analyzed period. Strong upward motion exists with two maxima at 700 and 350 mb during the active period of the cloud cluster, but sinking motion appears in the middle troposphere during the dissipating period. Large amounts of apparent heat sources and moisture sinks occur in the whole troposphere and large amounts of heat energy are transported upward by cumulus clouds during the active period; but an apparent heat sink, moisture source and slight downward heat flux are observed in the middle troposphere during the dissipating period. A diagnostic method for determination of cloud properties has been improved by including downdraft effects and tested on the mean Marshall Islands data. In this method both spectral properties of updrafts and bul...
Pigment Pur and the Corpo da Côr: Post-Painterly Practice and Transmodernity

This article analyzes a near-contemporaneous incidence of post-painterly practice—the use of raw pigment—utilized by the French neo—avant—garde artist Yves Klein and the Brazilian artist Helio Oiticica. The use of raw pigment by both artists was conditioned by a self—conscious relationship to the history of modernist art and the monochrome as a limit and origin of painting. Despite the confluence of such orientations, Klein's pigments purs (pure pigments) and Oiticica's corpo da cor (body of color) resulted in radically divergent orientations toward the industrially produced commodity and hence the readymade. By exploiting inconsistencies characteristic of the commodity in developmentalist Brazil, Oiticica orchestrated a transfer of making from artist to viewer, initiating a newly participatory dimension within modernist color.
Linking Students with Community in Collaborative Governance: A Report on a Service Learning Class

Collaborative governance is increasingly becoming a topic for scholarly research and practitioner skill development as well as a component of graduate programs in public administration. This articl...
Understanding Sleep Patterns Among Older Adults in a Subsidized Housing Facility: A Pilot Study

Date Presented 4/17/2015 We conducted this study to explore the feasibility of a mindfulness program at a multiethnic community among older adults living in a subsidizing facility. Results show that some adults may need to seek medical advice and that sleep difficulties had affected older adults’ physical functioning and social life.
Characterizing inactive ribosomes in translational profiling

ABSTRACTThe broad impact of translational regulation has emerged explosively in the last few years in part due to the technological advance in genome-wide interrogation of gene expression. During mRNA translation, the majority of actively translating ribosomes exist as polysomes in cells with multiple ribosomes loaded on a single transcript. The importance of the monosome, however, has been less appreciated in translational profiling analysis. Here we report that the monosome fraction isolated by sucrose sedimentation contains a large quantity of inactive ribosomes that do not engage on mRNAs to direct translation. We found that the elongation factor eEF2, but not eEF1A, stably resides in these non-translating ribosomes. This unique feature permits direct evaluation of ribosome status under various stress conditions and in the presence of translation inhibitors. Ribosome profiling reveals that the monosome has a similar but not identical pattern of ribosome footprints compared to the polysome. We show tha...
The Volumes and Centroids of Some Famous Domes

The mathematical tourist observes, during his adventures, a great many different surfaces that architects have used over the centuries as models for the vaults they must provide to cover the open spaces of their buildings. If one takes a right circular cylinder of radius r and height h and cuts it into two equal pieces by a plane through the axis, each half is called a barrel, tunnel, or wagon vault, famous examples of which are to be found over the Cloaca Maxima, or great sewer of the ancient Roman Forum (r = 10', h = 800'; see [14, p. 957]), and Carlo Maderno's nave for St. Peter's Basilica, built beginning in 1607 at the command of Pope Paul V (r = 90', h = 320'; see [1, p. 364, and the plan between pages 362 and 363]). Among hemispherical domes, the geometer will most admire that of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, built during the reign of the Emperor Justinian (527-565); its radius is 53' (cf. [3, p. 548], and [14, p. 958b]). Now everyone knows the volumes of the half-cylinder and hemisphere, and any student of calculus learns how to calculate the centroids of those solids; in this essay, we look into the shapes of some other famous domes, and calculate their volumes and centroids.
Pediatric Suprasellar Tumors

The various childhood suprasellar tumors, while pathologically distinct, present similar clinical and surgical challenges as a result of their common anatomic location. These lesions are in close proximity to or may invade the optic nerve and chiasm, pituitary gland and infundibulum, hypothalamus, and third ventricle, leading to presenting features including visual field loss, impairment in visual acuity, endocrine dysfunction, and hydrocephalus. Though many suprasellar lesions are relatively benign in pathology, treatment may be complicated by high surgical morbidity resulting from damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Here we review the most frequent pediatric lesions occurring in the suprasellar region: craniopharyngioma, chiasmatic glioma, germ cell tumor, Rathke cleft and arachnoid cysts, pituitary adenoma, and histiocytosis. This review outlines both common presenting features and differentiating aspects of these lesions. It also includes classic radiographic presentations and treatment considerations for each lesion.
Cyclic hematopoiesis in grey collie dogs: a stem-cell problem.

Studies were made to ascertain the possible basis of cyclic hematopoiesis in the grey collie. The results of 3H-thymidine and 59Fe labeling in conjunction with other marrow parameters and peripheral counts suggest that the regular periodicity of blood neutrophil and reticulocyte levels is caused by a defect at the stem-cell—marrow interface. It is postulated that the ebb and flow of hemic cell production in the grey collie reflects competition for a limiting number of pluripotential stem cells with the alternating competitive pressure provided by activation and deactivation of a neutrophil feedback circuit from periphery to stem cell. This mechanism can account for the characteristic 12-day periodicity and contributes to the phase difference in the cycling pattern of neutrophils relative to reticulocytes.
Cocaine withdrawal alters the reward omission effect and enhances traits of negative urgency in rats across multiple days of testing

Abstract Background The personality trait of negative urgency, characterized as behaving rashly when emotionally perturbed, is gaining attention as an indicator for susceptibility to problematic substance use. How this trait is influenced by exposure to drugs of abuse is still unclear. Using an animal model of binge cocaine consumption, we tested this relationship in a reward-omission task across multiple days. Methods Adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats received seven daily (ip) injections of saline, cocaine (10–20 mg/kg), or cocaine (20–40 mg/kg). Cocaine doses increased linearly each day from the lower to the higher dose. A separate group received RTI-113 (3.0 mg/kg), a selective dopamine transporter inhibitor, for 7 days. Fifteen days after their final injection, rats were trained on a reward-omission task with an operant component to earn further rewards. Results Previous exposure to cocaine resulted in dose-dependent increases in negative urgency in separate behavioral variables across days of testing. The lower dose range increased negative urgency on the dimension of decreased reaction time to press a lever, while the higher dose range increased the rate of increase in lever presses made per trial. Rats receiving RTI-113 did not resemble either cocaine group and instead showed a decrease in lever pressing across days. Conclusions Our results indicate that previous binge cocaine consumption enhances behavioral markers of negative urgency in a dose-dependent, time-sensitive manner on discrete behavioral dimensions. The results with RTI-113 suggest the relationship between cocaine exposure and negative urgency is unlikely to be explained solely by inhibition of dopamine reuptake.
Auditory receptor organs of reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the auditory receptor organs of reptiles, birds, and mammals. Although reptiles have poor conduction of sound because of the low-grade sensitivity to their ears, some of them have great variations in their middle-ear structure. Birds have a more stable middle-ear structure but still have the columellar apparatus and the lagena that are found in reptiles. The ears of monotremes represent an intermediate stage between reptiles and mammals. They retain the lagena as well as the stapes with the single shaft. The reptilian papillae are all small and, except for the alligator, have a receptor cell population that is composed of nondifferentiated hair cells. The pigeon displays two populations of differentiated hair cells with a distinctive distribution of afferent and efferent nerve fibers. The location of tall and short hair cells is similar in part to that of inner and outer hair cells in the organ of Corti of mammals.
The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cellular Invasion and Metastasis

Within the last two decades of research, the accumulated evidence unequivocally demonstrates that proteolytic degradation and modification of ECM proteins and proteolytic remodeling of stromal tissue play critical roles in cell invasion. With regard to cancer biology, a particular class of proteolytic enzymes, i.e., matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is considered highly important in facilitating overall tumor progression and metastasis. As the metastatic cascade represents a continuum of distinct steps, some of which appear to be rate-limiting, the contribution of select MMPs at different stages of malignant disease could be appreciated. Thus, secreted MMPs such as MMP-9 coming from nontumor cells have been functionally linked to tumor progression, while other MMPs have been shown to be potent in cell–cell contact dissolutions during the early epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions. The membrane-tethered MMPs such as MT1-MMP appear to govern directional invasion of tumor cells across basement membranes into surrounding collagen-enriched stroma. However, the identification of MMPs which preferentially facilitate the later steps of the metastatic cascade, especially the transition from micrometastases to macrometastases, remains an unanswered issue. In addition, progress in cancer stem cell (CSC) biology, including the formation of the premetastatic and vascular niches and mechanisms of CSC trafficking, has indicated a high potential of MMP involvement. This review is focused mostly on recent advances in our understanding of MMP physiology in metastatic spread, but also provides an outlook on the experimental findings which paved the ground for newly developed concepts and hypotheses about the roles of MMPs in cancer progression especially in regard to stromal tissue and matrix remodeling.
Value Judgments in Environmental Risk Assessments

Risk assessments play an important role in decisions about how to regulate environmental pollutants that contribute to climate change as well as to other human and environmental health threats. While the process of risk assessment is often considered to be a narrowly scientific endeavor (in contrast to risk management, which explicitly incorporates economic and political considerations), in practice it is extremely difficult to eliminate ethical and political judgments from risk assessments. As a result, bioethicists have important opportunities to clarify the role of value judgments in these assessments and to help make these judgments in a more transparent and justifiable manner.
Capping the dose of paclitaxel in endometrial cancer patients: Does this affect clinical outcome?

e16563 Background: Various protocols recommend capping chemotherapy dosing of paclitaxel at 2m2 while other protocols dose paclitaxel according to actual body weight (ABW). In endometrial cancer wh...
Control of a Multilevel Modular Converter using a state observer

Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) have been considered an attractive option for medium/high-power applications due to their reliability and power quality. The MMC operation relies on voltage balancing. Consequently, many researchers have addressed the issue of voltage balancing and developed several schemes and controlling methods for this issue. This paper presents two approaches to control the MMC by using a state observer. In one proposed approach, a voltage balancing based method is developed which takes advantage of a state observer to estimate the total voltage at each arm. In the second approach, the voltage balancing method is used with state estimation for each sub-module. First, each approach is used without the state observer in an open-loop configuration with different pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes. Then the state observer is added to show the performance improvement The simulation results for the proposed control are presented and a comparison between the proposed approaches and the open-loop control are shown to prove the effectiveness of using the proposed methods.
P-021 Very Delayed Monocular Blindness Following Flow Diversion Treatment of Ophthalmic Artery Aneurysm

Introduction Flow diversion is widely used for the effective endovascular treatment of wide-necked intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms. Ophthalmic artery (OA) occlusion is a known consequence related to flow diversion; however, OA occlusion in this setting usually is without clinical sequela. All reported cases of monocular vision loss after flow diversion have occurred within days to weeks of treatment. Methods We describe a case of monocular blindness due to ophthalmic artery occlusion nearly 3 years after flow diversion treatment of tandem supraclinoid ICA aneurysms. The medical records and images were reviewed for this patient. Results This 51 year-old woman with history of hypertension was found to have two incidental right supraclinoid ICA aneurysms following headache workup. Cerebral angiography revealed a wide neck 5 mm saccular ophthalmic aneurysm and 3 mm bi-lobed posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysm. Treatment with flow diversion was performed. A 4 × 20mm Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) was deployed from the ICA terminus to the distal genu of the cavernous segment ICA without complication. She had been on dual antiplatelet therapy for 3 months followed by aspirin monotherapy. Six-month follow up angiography revealed obliteration of PCoA aneurysm, but with persistent filling of the ophthalmic aneurysm. Twenty months later, angiography again revealed persistent filling of the ophthalmic aneurysm. Both studies revealed patent right ophthalmic artery. She presented with acute onset of complete right vision loss 32 months after PED placement. MRI brain showed no acute stroke. Dilated eye exam revealed cherry red spot in macula with attenuated vessels, and retinal whitening, consistent with ophthalmic artery occlusion. Diagnostic cerebral angiography revealed occlusion of the right ophthalmic artery with patent ICA and well apposed PED without in-stent stenosis or thrombosis. The ophthalmic aneurysm was no longer filling. There were no middle meningeal collaterals to the ophthalmic artery. IA tPA was given locally near the ophthalmic artery origin with minimal improvement. She was compliant with her aspirin throughout. Conclusion Monocular vision loss remains a risk, even months to years following flow diversion of ICA aneurysms. Long term clinical follow-up is necessary to define the incidence of this complication. Disclosures T. Higashimori: None. D. Sandhu: None. J. Kim: None. A. Grande: None. M. Ezzeddine: None. R. Tummala: None. B. Jagadeesan: None.
Disruption of quercetin metabolism by fungicide affects energy production in honey bees (Apis mellifera)

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, detoxify phytochemicals in honey and pollen. The flavonol quercetin is found ubiquitously and abundantly in pollen and frequently at lower concentrations in honey. Worker jelly consumed during the first 3 d of larval development typically contains flavonols at very low levels, however. RNA-Seq analysis of gene expression in neonates reared for three days on diets with and without quercetin revealed that, in addition to up-regulating multiple detoxifying P450 genes, quercetin is a negative transcriptional regulator of mitochondrion-related nuclear genes and genes encoding subunits of complexes I, III, IV, and V in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Thus, a consequence of inefficient metabolism of this phytochemical may be compromised energy production. Several P450s metabolize quercetin in adult workers. Docking in silico of 121 pesticide contaminants of American hives into the active pocket of CYP9Q1, a broadly substrate-specific P450 with high quercetin-metabolizing activity, identified six triazole fungicides, all fungal P450 inhibitors, that dock in the catalytic site. In adults fed combinations of quercetin and the triazole myclobutanil, the expression of five of six mitochondrion-related nuclear genes was down-regulated. Midgut metabolism assays verified that adult bees consuming quercetin with myclobutanil metabolized less quercetin and produced less thoracic ATP, the energy source for flight muscles. Although fungicides lack acute toxicity, they may influence bee health by interfering with quercetin detoxification, thereby compromising mitochondrial regeneration and ATP production. Thus, agricultural use of triazole fungicides may put bees at risk of being unable to extract sufficient energy from their natural food.
Stimulus-Induced Rhythmic, Periodic, or Ictal Discharges in Coma-Incidence and Interrater Reliability of Continuous EEG After a Standard Stimulation Protocol: A Prospective Study.

Purpose Stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic, or ictal discharges (SIRPIDs) are often seen during continuous electroencephalographic (cEEG) monitoring in coma. Given their uncertain clinical significance, our prospective study evaluated incidence of SIRPIDs in comatose patients in the neuroscience intensive care unit (NSICU) who underwent a standard stimulation protocol and defined interreader reliability for cEEG. Methods Of 146 patients prospectively screened who underwent cEEG during a 6-month period, 53 patients were included and 93 patients were excluded. Our protocol used a sequence of auditory, mild tactile, and painful stimuli tested in a quiet room. Continuous electroencephalogram were then reviewed offline by blinded experts, with interrater agreement assessed by kappa statistic. By Pearson χ and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, we then compared binary and numerical clinical features between those with and without SIRPIDs. Results Of 53 patients who underwent our protocol, one patient with a corrupt cEEG file was excluded. Traumatic brain injury was the most common diagnosis. Moderate interrater agreement was observed for 66 total stimulations: 20 patients (38.5%) had possible or definite SIRPIDs by minimum one reviewer. For 19 stimulations reviewed by a third reviewer, consensus was reached in 10 cases making the incidence of SIRPIDs 19.3% in our cohort. There was a moderate interrate agreement with kappa of 0.5 (95% confidence interval: 0.1, 0.7). Median intensive care unit stay was 15 days in patients with SIRPIDs versus 6.5 days in those without (P = 0.021). Conclusions Our prospective study of SIRPIDs in the neuroscience intensive care unit found a 19% incidence by cEEG using a standard stimulation protocol, most often rhythmic delta activity, and showed a moderate interrater agreement.
Minimizing Phosphorus Pickup During Melting and Casting of Lightweight Fe–Mn–Al–C Steels

High manganese and aluminum austenitic steels continue to be of great interest as lightweight alternatives to quenched and tempered martensitic steels for high energy absorbing applications in the military and automotive industries. However, the presence of phosphorus in levels greater than about 0.006 wt%P increases the kinetics of κ-carbide precipitation and reduces both ductility and notch toughness. Previous studies have shown that phosphorus pickup of up to 0.02 wt%P is possible even when high purity charge materials are used, suggesting that commonly used refractories may be a source of fugitive phosphorus. The current study investigates the interaction between two commercially available refractories and a high manganese and aluminum steel during melting and casting. Two commercially produced revert samples of chemistry Fe-30Mn-9Al-1.6Si-0.9C-0.5Mo (0.002%P) were melted under protective atmosphere in high purity alumina crucibles lined with phosphate- and silicate-bonded refractories, respectively. Phosphorus pickup in the steel melted on the phosphate-bonded refractory was more than 0.14 wt%P with heavy phosphorus segregation and κ-carbide precipitation on grain boundaries. The steel melted in contact with the silicate-bonded refractory showed no phosphorus pickup, less carbide precipitation on grain boundaries, and no evidence of any phosphide eutectic. The effect of melt residence time during casting was also studied as a function of refractory choice. Results showed that when the phosphate refractory was used to coat the ladles, this resulted in only a slight increase in phosphorus; however, Si increased from 0.74 to 0.97 wt%Si. A small increase in hardening was observed for castings poured from phosphate-bonded ladles. Notch toughness was highest for the specimens poured from the phosphate-bonded refractory ladles, and this is attributed to an increased amount of carbon in solid solution. Aging for 10 h at 530 °C sharply reduced the breaking energy from an average of 150 to <5 J. The results show that phosphorous pickup can be significant when phosphate-bonded refractories are used, especially during melting when the steel is in contact with these refractories for extended periods of time. Therefore, phosphate-bonded refractories should be avoided when melting and casting Fe–Mn–Al–C steels.
Arthropods and Human Disease

Numerous human diseases are transmitted by arthropods, members of the invertebrate phylum Arthropoda, which includes various spiders, insects, and even crustaceans. Fleas, ticks, lice, flies, and mosquitos are the typical vectors associated with transmission of numerous human pathogens including bacteria, viruses, Rickettsia, parasitic worms, and protozoa. Numerous high-impact human diseases are arthropod-borne including malaria, yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, and Chagas Disease. In the twentieth century, while arthropod-borne diseases remained a major concern worldwide, the most intense impact occurred in developing countries. With rising global temperatures due to climate change, increased urbanization, and unprecedented ease of global travel, many arthropod-borne diseases are emerging in the Southern USA including dengue, chikungunya, and most recently Zika. This chapter provides an overview and background information about human diseases transmitted by arthropods including mode of transmission, treatment, and prevention.
A novel subset of lung tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells generated by influenza virus infection (MUC1P.903)

We recently identified a late IL-2-dependent ‘checkpoint’ during the effector phase of the T cell response against influenza A virus (IAV) that is required for the generation of most long-lived CD4 T cell memory. Here, we describe a novel subset of IL-2- and IL-7-independent IAV-specific memory CD4 T cells that survive only in the lung (the site of IAV infection). These cells (i) are shielded from labeling by fluorescent anti-CD4 antibodies administered intravenously, (ii) express a CD69 high , CD127 low surface phenotype, and (iii) are highly functional upon re-stimulation both in terms of cytokine production and the ability to rapidly activate dendritic cells. These characteristics are consistent with recently described ‘tissue-resident’ memory T cells (Trm). In contrast to most described CD8+ Trm populations, the IAV-specific CD4+ Trm are not CD103 high , and do not require TGF-β signaling for their generation. We show that this novel CD4+ Trm subset survives poorly upon adoptive transfer to unmanipulated hosts, suggesting that this Trm subset is adapted to survive in a unique non-lymphoid niche. Transcriptional analysis further supports this hypothesis as broad differences distinguish Trm from conventional memory CD4 T cells present in the lung. In summary, our studies identify a population of IAV-specific Trm CD4 T cells that develops independently of signals required for the generation of virtually all other subsets of CD4+ memory T cells.
Depression and Alcohol Use in a National Sample of Hispanic Adolescents.

Background: Underage alcohol use and depression remain public health concerns for Hispanic adolescents nationwide. Objectives: The study purpose was to identify the profiles of depression among His...
Adrift in the Stream of Thought: The Effects of Mind Wandering on Executive Control and Working Memory Capacity

Our minds wander. Sometimes, that’s good – we can ponder scientific questions, practice important conversations, or just plan daily events while we engage in routine or dull tasks. Sometimes, thought, that’s bad – we may worry excessively, reexperience traumatic events repeatedly, or (most relevant to present purposes) simply become distracted by thoughts, images, or fantasies that interfere with our ongoing activities. Such interference is especially likely to become problematic during tasks that are cognitively demanding.
Combining local search and backtracking techniques for constraint satisfaction

Backtracking techniques are well-known traditional methods for solving many constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), including the satisfiability (SAT) problem in the propositional logic. In recent years, it has been reported that local search techniques are very effective in solving some large-scale instances of the SAT problem. In this research, we combine the backtracking and local search techniques into a single method for solving SAT and CSPs. When setting a parameter of the method to either of its two extreme values, we obtain the ordinary backtracking procedure or the local search procedure. For some problems, if the parameter takes values in the middle of the two extremes, the new method is much more effective than either backtracking or local search. We tested the method with classical problems like the n-Queens and random SAT instances, as well as some difficult problems from finite mathematics. In particular, using the new method, we solved four open problems in design theory.
MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF INTESTINAL PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT

I will like to express my indebtedness to Dr. Marlin M. Walling (January 17, 1941 — November 30, 1979), a true scientist and scholar. He inspired and generated most of the data included in this presentation.
Occupational Risk of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The risk of HIV infection in surgical settings is a composite of overlapping risks related to the local prevalence of HIV, the route of exposure to HIV-infected blood, and the susceptibility of the worker. Exposure to blood through the percutaneous route is more likely to transmit HN than is exposure through mucous membrane or cutaneous contact. Studies suggest that the risk of blood contact, including percutaneous injuries, remains appreciable. In these studies, percutaneous injury rates varied by surgical speciality, type of procedure, and occupation. Prevention of such exposures in the operating and delivery rooms by adoption of safer instruments, work practices, and techniques, and by the consistent use of appropriate personnel protective equipment must be viewed as a priority.
Pre-clinical Evaluation of Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers: Animal Models and Biomarkers

The pre-clinical evaluation of hemoglobin (Hb) based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) consists of both proof of concept studies and studies to support safe use in clinical subjects. Certain HBOCs have demonstrated problematic safety profiles in human subjects, particularly in later phases of clinical trials when complicated and/or pre-existing disease states occur together. The mechanisms leading to adverse events in humans are likely related to nitric oxide (NO) interactions with Hb, but may also be associated oxidative toxicity in tissue. While the effects of NO on hypertension and vasculopathy are well established, limited data exist to support the role between Hb and oxidative tissue injury. The primary focus areas of this chapter are to (1) outline existing approaches to proof of concept studies for HBOCs and good laboratory practice (GLP) based studies to establish safe use in humans (2) suggest novel supportive approaches to pre-clinical evaluation using pre-existing disease state animal models and HBOC administration (3) propose novel markers of early tissue injury that may be beneficial in the study of HBOC safety and allow for additional understanding of human subject risk.
Examining EML4-ALK variants in the clinical setting: the next frontier?

The discovery of the fusion of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4 (EML4) and the resulting oncoprotein with a valuable clinical target has dramatically improved the survival trajectory in 4–7% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) over the last decade.
Thyroid Cancer Surgery

Surgery remains the most important treatment modality for most types of thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancers have a remarkable spectrum of clinical behavior; well-differentiated subtypes have excellent 10-year survival rates after surgery in contrast to anaplastic thyroid cancer, which is highly lethal even with aggressive treatment. The extent of thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection should be guided by cancer subtype, preoperative workup including imaging, and disease extent. Thyroidectomy should be carried out in a stepwise fashion with the goal of removing the gland and the cancer while limiting the risk of injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and parathyroid glands. The surgeon should be vigilant in identifying RLN anatomy variability, and using intraoperative nerve monitor (IONM) can be a helpful adjunct to the surgeon, particularly in complex dissections. Critical to postoperative management is the recognition and treatment of complications from thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection. Surgery for recurrent thyroid cancer can be challenging, but good surgical and oncologic outcomes can be achieved with optimal surgical planning.
Contiguity of States and Super Wave Operators

This paper characterises contiguity for families of states defined on a von Neumann algebra. It extends earlier research of my own published in [1], motivated by scattering theory and the celebrate...
Lexical complexity of academic presentations: Similarities despite situational differences

Abstract The present study examined the lexical complexity profiles of academic presentations of three groups of university students (N = 93) – native English speaking, English as a second language, and English as a lingua franca users. It adopted a notion of lexical complexity which includes lexical diversity, lexical density, and lexical sophistication as main dimensions of the framework. The study aimed at finding out how the three academically similar groups of presenters compared on their lexical complexity choices, what the lexical complexity profiles of high quality students’ academic presentations looked like, and whether we can identify variables that contribute to the overall lexical complexity of presentations given by each group in a unique way. The findings revealed overwhelming similarities across the three groups of presenters and also suggested that the three dimensional framework provides a holistic picture of the lexical complexity for various groups of English for academic purposes presenters.
Capturing the dance of the earth: PolarGlobe: Real-time scientific visualization of vector field data to support climate science

Abstract This paper introduces a streamline visualization technique that empowers PolarGlobe, an interactive, virtual globe-based, multi-dimensional scientific visualization tool to facilitate the observation and visual inspection of changes in the climate in real time. Specifically, this technique achieves effective visualization of vector-based earth science data through an automated data processing pipeline which integrates novel strategies including random seeding, finer-granularity parallelization and real-time rendering. The random seeding strategy allows for a vivid visual effect and an interactive framerate regardless of the spatial resolution in the raw dataset. The visualization algorithm is designed to be naturally parallelizable by partitioning the rendering tasks of unsteady vector field into multiple subtasks such that high-performance rendering can be realized. The platform is capable of taking either irregular or regular gridded data as input, and through the proposed data (re)projection pipeline, an automatic transformation of spatially enabled scientific data from the original data projection to the 3D globe-based virtual space is achieved. A series of experiments was conducted to identify the best configuration of rendering parameters to achieve the optimal rendering performance and visual effect. The results demonstrated the scalability and capability of the proposed PolarGlobe system to visualize big and unsteady vector flow data across different spatial and temporal scales. PolarGlobe implements former Vice President Al Gore's vision of a digital earth that enables scientists and citizens across the world to interactively study our planet. We expect the methods and techniques presented in this work to contribute significantly to both the scientific visualization and climate science communities.
Monitoring cyanobacterial toxins in a large reservoir: relationships with water quality parameters

Cyanobacteria are widely distributed in fresh, brackish, and ocean water environments, as well as in soil and on moist surfaces. Changes in the population of cyanobacteria can be an important indicator of alterations in water quality. Metabolites produced by blooms of cyanobacteria can be harmful, so cell counts are frequently monitored to assess the potential risk from cyanobacterial toxins. A frequent uncertainty in these types of assessments is the lack of strong relationships between cell count numbers and algal toxin concentrations. In an effort to use ion concentrations and other water quality parameters to determine the existence of any relationships with cyanobacterial toxin concentrations, we monitored four cyanobacterial toxins and inorganic ions in monthly water samples from a large reservoir over a 2-year period. Toxin concentrations during the study period never exceeded safety limits. In addition, toxin concentrations at levels above the limit of quantitation were infrequent during the 2-year sampling period; non-detects were common. Microcystin-LA was the least frequently detected analyte (86 of 89 samples were ND), followed by the other microcystins (microcystin-RR, microcystin-LR). Cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin were the most frequently detected analytes. Microcystin and anatoxin concentrations were inversely correlated with Cl-, SO 4-2 , Na+, and NH 4+ , and directly correlated with turbidity and total P. Cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin concentrations in water samples were inversely correlated with Mg+2 and directly correlated with water temperature. Results of our study are expected to increase the understanding of potential relationships between human activities and water quality.
On Surrogates’ Moral Authority: A Reply to Berger

Jeffrey Berger’s (2020) article “Marginally Represented Patients and the Moral Authority of Surrogates” makes an important contribution to the literature on surrogate decision making by raising the...
Aiding Data-Driven Attack Model with a Compiler Modification

In previous chapter, we presented a data-driven acoustic attack model. However, in the previous attack model, an attacker may be far from being able to completely reconstruct the G/M-code due to lack of enough information leakage through the side-channels. In this chapter, we present a novel way to amplify the information leakage and thus boost the chances of recovery of G/M-code by surreptitiously altering the compiler. By using this compiler, an adversary may easily control various parameters to magnify the leakage of information from a 3D printer while still producing the desired object, thus remaining hidden from the authentic users. This type of attack may be implemented by strong attackers having access to the tool chain and seeking high level of stealth. We present an implementation of such a compiler here and demonstrate how it can increase the success rate of recovering G/M-codes from the four side-channels (acoustic, power, vibration, and electromagnetic) by up to 39% compared to previously proposed data-driven attack model.
Decreased Implant Survival is Associated With Younger Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background: Younger patients are undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) at increasing rates and may face multiple revisions during their lifetimes due to mechanical complications or infections. Q...
Climate and energy justice along the Brahmaputra river in Northeast India

Recurrent summer floods along the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries are a major challenge for the people and state governments of Northeast India. While riverine communities in the region rely ...