cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ellipsoidal valley donor binding energies in a quantum well

Abstract We describe a modification of the usual separable wave function approach to donor electrons confined in heterostructures which reflects the intersubband Coulomb coupling. The donor Coulomb potential is split into effective normal and in-plane components which are then used to solve for the corresponding wave functions. The procedure is carried out self consistently which can be shown to result in the best donor wave function that can be expressed in separable form. As an example the method is applied to calculate a few of the lower lying levels of a donor in a quantum well in a material with a single ellipsoidal valley conduction band.
Calcium-induced high molecular weight proteins in the intact rabbit lens

Abstract We have investigated the ability of Ca 2+ to induce the formation of high molecular weight (HMW) proteins in the intact lens. Ca 2+ cataracts were produced in rabbit lenses by culturing the lenses for either four days in medium containing 20 m m Ca 2+ or for three days in medium containing 100 m m Ca 2+ . Lenses cultured in 20 and 100 m m Ca 2+ medium became opaque after 20 hr and contained 30 and 200 times higher levels of Ca 2+ , respectively, than transparent lenses cultured in medium containing 1 m m Ca 2+ . Lenses exposed to 100 m m Mg 2+ did not lose transparency. The opacification of the lenses extended to a depth of 1 mm into the cortical layer and did not involve the nucleus. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of either soluble or insoluble proteins present in freshly excised lenses and Ca 2+ cataracts. Soluble HMW proteins, > 1·5 × 10 6 daltons, were in two- and five-fold greater amounts in the 20 and 100 m m Ca 2+ cataraets, respectively, compared to controls. HMW protein present in the 100 m m Ca 2+ cataract amounted to approximately 3% of the total soluble protein in the lens. The amount of Ca 2+ present in the HMW fraction was 1 Ca 2+ per 5 × 10 5 daltons, no higher than that present in the unaggregated crystallins. No evidence was found for covalent bonding in the aggregate. Results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion indicated the presence of α- and β- but not γ-crystallin in the HMW protein. This study indicates that an accumulation of Ca 2+ in the intact lens induces formation of HMW proteins which may be associated with the loss of lens transparency.
Oxygen effects on glass formation of plasma arc sprayed Cu47Ti33Zr11Ni8Si1 surface coatings

Abstract A series of thermal spray experiments were performed to produce Cu 47 Ti 33 Zr 11 Ni 8 Si 1 coatings from gas atomized powders synthesized with oxygen contents ranging from 0.125 to 0.79 wt.%. The amount of oxygen increased with decreasing particle size, which suggests the oxide is present as a surface film. Surface coatings were deposited using plasma arc spraying (PAS) in air and in an argon environment within an environmental chamber. The amount of amorphous phase was estimated for the gas atomized powders and plasma arc sprayed coatings. Despite the rapid solidification occurring during these two processing methods, substantial devitrification occurs in the high oxygen content powders and their associated coatings. Coatings deposited in air exhibit significantly more devitrification than their counterparts produced in the controlled environment chamber.
Sucralfate tablets 1 g twice a day for the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence

Sucralfate 1 g twice daily was found to be significantly better than placebo for the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel groups study. A total of 254 patients with a history of two or more duodenal ulcers, the most recent event diagnosed within three months of study entry, were entered into the trial after healing was documented. Patients received sucralfate 1 g twice daily or placebo for four months, or until recurrence. Endoscopies and symptom assessments were scheduled monthly and at investigator discretion upon symptom development. Treatment groups were comparable with regard to number of patients, age, sex, smoking status, and ulcer history. Traditional ulcer prevalence and point prevalence analyses were performed. Traditional ulcer prevalence included all ulcers found at scheduled visits and interim recurrences. Point prevalence included only ulcers found at scheduled visits. In the traditional analysis, sucralfate was significantly better than placebo in reducing ulcer recurrence for all months of the study. The life table estimate of the cumulative percent with ulcer at four months was 42 percent for the sucralfate group and 63 percent for the placebo group (p = 0.002). At four months, there were 49 recurrences among 122 patients in the sucralfate group and 71 among 117 patients for the placebo group. In the point prevalence analysis, sucralfate was significantly better than placebo in reducing ulcer recurrence at Months 2 through 4. The life table estimate of the cumulative percent with ulcer at four months was 36 percent for the sucralfate group and 55 percent for the placebo group (p = 0.005). At four months, there were 38 recurrences among 114 patients in the sucralfate group and 54 among 104 patients for the placebo group. Both analyses demonstrated that sucralfate 1 g twice daily was significantly better than placebo for the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. Symptom development was associated with recurrence in both treatment groups. Smoking was associated with a greater tendency to recur in placebo-treated patients only.
High Pressure Raman Study of the Hydrolysis Reaction of Tmos and Teos

High pressure Raman spectroscopy is used to monitor the hydrolysis reaction of TMOS in solutions with methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, dioxane and formamide, and of TEOS as a function of pH and the catalyst used. The rate constants for various solvents, temperatures and pressures are experimentally determined from the time dependence of Raman band intensities. It is shown that the reaction is slow in dioxane and fast in methanol or formamide. The volume of activation is found from the pressure dependence of the rate constant. The volume of activation, the dielectric constant, dipole moments and hydrogen bonding properties and their role in the hydrolysis reaction are discussed. It is shown that solvents which can form hydrogen bonding with Si-OR groups can increase the rate of the reaction.
Evolutionary ecology and radiation of Hawaiian passerine birds.

The Hawaiian islands contain the most spectacular variety of landbirds ever discovered on remote oceanic islands. The Hawaiian honeycreepers, having evolved from a presumably single founding species of cardueline finch, comprise most of this avifauna. Birds from at least three other families of passerines and five families of non-passerines also radiated in Hawaii. Recent discoveries of a fossil avifauna indicate that most radiations were more extensive than previously thought. Classical analysis of the radiation of Hawaiian birds, especially the honeycreepers, focused on characters related to acquisition of food. Recent studies of bill size and shape in relation to food resources, and of foraging mode in relation to interspecific competitors, provide models of how divergence in diet and/or bill morphology might have evolved. Studies of geographic variation among subspecies on different islands and among populations within islands have revealed extensive divergence in characters such as sexual chromatism, nest sites and nest morphology.
Neutrophil function after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in vitro

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known to be immunotoxic, yet the effects on neutrophil (PMN) function are not well characterized. We incubated PMNs isolated from rat peritoneum with a mixture of PCB congeners, Aroclor 1242, in the absence or presence of either phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to stimulate generation of superoxide anion (O2-) or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) to induce degranulation (measured as release of beta-glucuronidase). Aroclor 1242 alone stimulated O2- production at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml. Significant cytotoxicity was not observed under these conditions. This concentration of Aroclor 1242 also increased O2- generation in PMNs activated with 20 ng PMA/ml. In the presence of a concentration of PMA (2 ng/ml) that by itself did not stimulate production of O2-, 1 microgram Aroclor 1242/ml caused significant generation of O2-, indicating synergy between Aroclor 1242 and PMA. Aroclor 1242 caused release of beta-glucuronidase from quiescent PMNs; however, in PMNs stimulated with fMLP to undergo degranulation, Aroclor 1242 inhibited release of beta-glucuronidase. The effects of two PCB congeners, one that binds to the Ah receptor (3,3', 4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl) and one that has little affinity for this receptor (2,2', 4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl) were examined. 3,3', 4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl had no effect on PMN function in vitro, whereas 2,2', 4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl had effects similar to those observed with Aroclor 1242. These results indicate that PCBs affect PMN function in vitro in a complex manner, stimulating or inhibiting function under different conditions. These effects are apparently not mediated through the Ah receptor.
A hybrid power generation system: solar‐driven Rankine engine–hydrogen storage

This paper reports on the feasibility of a hybrid power generation system consisting of a solar energy-driven Rankine engine and a hydrogen storage unit. Solar energy, the power for the hybrid system, is converted into electrical power through a combination of a solar collector, a tracking device to maintain proper orientation with the sun and a Rankine cycle engine driving an electrical power generator. Excess electricity is utilized to produce hydrogen for storage through electrolysis of water. At the solar down time, the stored hydrogen can be used to produce high-quality steam in an aphodid burner to operate a turbine and with a field modulated generator to supplement electric power. Case studies are carried out on the optimum configuration of the hybrid system satisfying the energy demand. A numerical example based on the actual measured solar input is also included to demonstrate the design potential. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charged Particle Damage in Wrap-Around Solar Cells

The photovoltaic parameters of wrap-around junction cells were measured with an air-mass-zero (AMO) solar simulator as a function of fluence and temperature before and after 1.0-MeV electron and 5.0-MeV proton irradiations. These cells behaved in a similar fashion to planar junction cells with respect to their radiation-dependence. Their maximum power (P/sub max/) degradation is 36% at 2 x 10/sup 15/ e/cm/sup 2/, which is slightly less than for planar junction cells. After that point they degrade at an accelerated rate of 5.2 mW/cm/sup 2/ per decade of fluence. It was also shown that sequential irradiations of protons and electrons produced equivalent gradation of all photovoltaic output parameters irrespective of the order in which the irradiations were performed. A simple first order theory was developed which accounts for the degradation in short-circuit current caused by non-uniform radiation damage distribution resulting from 5-MeV protons in silicon. Predictions by this model show adequate agreement with experimental data for short-circuit current (I/sub sc/) and relative spectral response for proton irradiation normal either to the front or to the rear of the cell.
Normality in products with a non-archimedean factor

Abstract In this paper, we characterize the class of all spaces X whose products with a fixed non-Archimedan space Y are normal. In particular, we give a characterization of all spaces X whose products with every ω μ -metrizable space are normal.
Enhanced nitric oxide synthase activity in portal hypertensive rabbits

Portal hypertension (PHT) is characterized by splanchnic hyperemia caused by a reduction in mesenteric vascular resistance. Mediators of this hyperemia include nitric oxide (NO). This is based on several reports indicating a marked splanchnic hyporesponsiveness in PHT to vaso-constrictor stimuli, both in vitro and in vivo, and a subsequent reversal using specific inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS). The objective of this study was to determine directly if the generation of NO is altered in PHT vasculature. Thus, we compared NOS activity in the hyperemic vasculature of normal rabbits and rabbits with PHT (after undergoing partial portal vein ligation). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase staining indicated the presence of NOS within the vascular endothelium. Ca(2+)-dependent NOS activity was significantly increased (P < .05) in PHT particulate fractions from the superior mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta, but not from the portal vein. There was no change in NOS activity within the cytosolic fractions. Arterial wall cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels and plasma nitrite levels were both significantly increased in PHT. These results show enhanced NOS activity in PHT hyperemic vessels concurrent with increased tissue cGMP levels. We conclude that enhanced NO synthesis contributes to the hyperdynamic circulation of PHT.
Heterogeneity of Glucocorticoid Binders: A High Affinity Triamcinolone Acetonide Binder in Bovine Serum

While investigating glucocorticoid-binding proteins in bovine tissues, a new binder was found in fresh bovine serum which exhibited high affinity for certain synthetic glucocorticoids. This serum binder was characterized using [3H]triamcinolone acetonide (TA) as the ligand. On sucrose gradients, the [3H]TA peak sedimented at 8S, which was easily distinguishable from the [3H]cortisol-transcortin peak at 4S. Unlike the tissue receptor, which showed ionically dependent transformation from 8⇆4, the serum binder sedimented at 8 in both hypo and hypertonic gradients. Binding properties were evaluated employing sephadex G-50 chromatography to separate bound from free steroid. Scatchard analysis of specific [3H]TA binding datarevealed a straight line. The apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (Id) was 7.8 ± 0.7 × 1CT8 M, and the binding capacity was 772 ± 70 fmol/mg serum protein. Hormonal specificity was determined by a competitive binding assay and revealed the following sequence: TA (100%) > betamethasone...
Experimental investigation and theoretical modeling of liquid entrainment in a horizontal tee with a vertical-up branch

Abstract This article describes a comprehensive literature review of liquid entrainment in horizontal pipes with vertical-up branches. Deficiencies in the available data and correlations were identified. The Air–water Test Loop for Advanced Thermal–hydraulic Studies (ATLATS) was constructed and entrainment onset and steady-state data were collected for a wide range of flow conditions. Using new insights gained from experimental testing, the authors developed a model for predicting the onset of entrainment and steady-state entrainment rate. Previously published correlations, along with the new model, are compared against all available data. The new model shows very good agreement with the onset data, but is not very good at predicting branch quality at high liquid flow rates.
688 PERIORBITAL AND ORBITAL CELLULITIS-A REAPPRAISAL

Important differences between periorbital cellulitis (PC),orbital cellulitis or abscess (OC), and periorbital swelling (PS) associated with sinusitis have been obscured because these terms are often used interchangeably. All cases of PC and OC with a positive blood,tissue aspirate,or abscess culture seen at Children's or Eye and Ear Hospital in the past 10 years were analyzed. Results (including median age): PC caused by HIB and SP, characterized by bacteremia, fever and periorbital swelling, discoloration, induration and pain, is a distinct clinical entity occurring in young children;sinus radiographs frequently demonstrated “cloudy” sinuses,but interpretation of the radiographs was complicated by the small size and indistinct bony margins of the sinuses of infants, and by concurrent upper respiratory infection and overlying soft tissue swelling. Ophthalmoplegia and proptosis, never present in cases of PC, always accompanied OC as did radiographic evidence of sinusitis. OC due to HIB has not been documented in this study or in the literature. PS secondary to sinusitis is characterized by non-tender, non-indurated edema due to venous congestion, not bacterial cellulitis. Careful differentiation of PC,OC and PS secondary to sinusitis is necessary for the selection of appropriate therapy.
A low-power wide-dynamic-range readout IC for breath analyzer system

We present a low-power wide-dynamic-range readout circuit that directly interfaces a selective metal-oxide gas sensor. The proposed novel readout architecture implements an adaptive baseline compensation and limits the sensor current. The readout IC can interface the sensors with the baseline resistance from 1 kΩ to 100 MΩ and measures the gas induced resistance change in the range from 0.05% to 10% of the baseline resistance. The simulations demonstrate the 166 dB dynamic range of the readout circuit and 113 μW power consumption amenable to the sensors that can operate at room temperature for the application of the proposed system in portable breath analyzers.
Spinning Cell for Low Temperature Resonance Raman Spectra without Dewar Losses

Thermal and photo decomposition, particularly of solid samples, have been chronic problems in the field of resonance Raman spectroscopy due to the absorption by the sample of very intense tightly focused laser light. Strenuous efforts have been made to minimize sample damage by cooling methods as well as by laser beam dispersion. The use of sample spinning cells is also widely practiced in order to increase the time-averaged area of irradiation.
Comment on "Coherent acceleration by subcycle laser pulses"

A Comment on the Letter by Bernhard Rau, T. Tajima, and H. Hojo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3310 (1997). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Signal representations with minimum ℓ ∞ -norm

Maximum (or l ∞ ) norm minimization subject to an underdetermined system of linear equations finds use in a large number of practical applications, such as vector quantization, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) (or “crest factor”) reduction in wireless communication systems, approximate neighbor search, robotics, and control. In this paper, we analyze the fundamental properties of signal representations with minimum l ∞ -norm. In particular, we develop bounds on the maximum magnitude of such representations using the uncertainty principle (UP) introduced by Lyubarskii and Vershynin, 2010, and we characterize the limits of l ∞ -norm-based PAPR reduction. Our results show that matrices satisfying the UP, such as randomly subsampled Fourier or i.i.d. Gaussian matrices, enable the efficient computation of so-called democratic representations, which have both provably small l ∞ -norm and low PAPR.
Behavioral interactions have rapid effects on immunoreactivity of prohormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone peptide

The nervous system responds to both internal and external cues, integrating these signals to coordinate behavior and physiology. Mating interactions can promote dramatic changes in neuroendocrine cells which trigger successful copulation, ovulation, fertilization, and pregnancy. The neurons that transduce behavioral cues into neuroendocrine signals are distributed in a loose continuum along the medial ventral forebrain where they produce and secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In the past we have reported changes in GnRH-immunoreactive (GnRH-ir) cell numbers in brains of female musk shrews sacrificed during, and after, brief mating interactions. The purpose of the current study was twofold: first to determine which aspect of intracellular GnRH production is stimulated by behavioral interactions; second, to characterize the specific aspects of the social exchange that trigger GnRH production. We report that 1 h after copulation the production of proGnRH protein is stimulated. Non-copulatory behavioral interactions resulted in a rapid decrease in the numbers of neurons containing GnRH-ir peptide. This change was accompanied by an increase in the GnRH-ir fibers in the median eminence, but no surge in luteinizing hormone. These data suggest that behavioral interactions stimulate release of mature GnRH peptide from cell bodies followed by accumulation of available GnRH in cell terminals. Copulation triggers increased production of proGnRH in cell bodies. The data highlight the usefulness of behavioral paradigms for the examination of the dynamics of neuropeptide production.
Forging friendship, soliciting support: A mixed-method examination of message boards for pregnant teens and teen mothers

Among pregnant youth, relationships with parents and romantic partners are correlated with overall wellbeing; however, this relationship does not exist with friends. Friends who have also experienced a pregnancy, however, may offer more effective support than friends who have not. One way that pregnant and mothering adolescents can connect is through online message boards. We hypothesized that adolescents would use these sites primarily to establish friendships and develop a supportive community, rather than simply to solicit pregnancy-related advice. We randomly selected 200 threads from four message boards for pregnant and mothering teens and performed a mixed-methods content analysis of the original posts and responses. Most original posts were categorized as ''Community Oriented Posts,'' rather than ''Soliciting Pregnancy or Motherhood Advice.'' Furthermore, qualitative analysis revealed frequent instances of emotional support, instrumental support, and informational support in both categories. In message board communities where pregnant teens and teen mothers were in the majority, messages were predominantly positive. In sharp contrast, in the one message board in which they were in the minority, as they are in the adolescent community at large, messages were significantly more negative. The dynamics of these message boards indicate the possibility that social support from other pregnant or mothering teens may enhance the wellbeing of pregnant teens and explain why peer ''support'' from teens who have not had this experience may often have a negative influence on wellbeing.
Calories Affect Zeitgeber Properties of the Feeding Entrained Circadian Oscillator

Rats with suprachiasmatic (SCN) lesions readily entrain to daily meals by increasing their activity prior to food access. Although previous experiments suggest that entrainment requires a nutritive meal, it is not yet clear what the parameters of the entraining stimulus are. The first experiment investigated the role of caloric content in resetting the feeding entrainable oscillator (FEO). Rats were entrained to 20 g chow/day until anticipatory activity was stable. The food access time was then delayed by 8 h and rats received either 0, 2, 6, or 16 g of chow for two days. Sixteen g of chow produced large delays on the next two cycles, while 0 and 2 g produced no delays. Two of 8 rats receiving 6 g showed delays, indicating that 22 kcal is near the threshold. In a second experiment, the effects of bulk were investigated. After an 8 h phase delay, rats received 0, 6, 10 or 16 g of chow mixed with cellulose for a total of 21 g for all groups. The 10 and 16 g chow groups delayed while the 0 g chow group did not. In the 6 g groups some animals phase shifted while others did not. Thus, the addition of non-nutritive bulk to the phase shifted meal had little or no effect on resetting the FEO and it appears that caloric content rather than gastric distention provides an effective zeitgeber for the FEO.
Petrology of eucrites, howardites and mesosiderites☆

The eucrite and howardite calcium-rich achondrites and many mesosiderites are considered as a coherent meteorite assemblage, their silicates consisting essentially of calciumpoor monoclinic and orthorhombic pyroxenes and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar. The achondrites can be grouped according to their brecciated structure as follows: eucrites—unbrecciated and monomict brecciated achondrites; howardites—polymict brecciated achondrites. Many mesosiderites contain brecciated structures; they are distinguished from the achondrites by their large metallic fraction. The structure and composition of rock fragments in the breccias indicate a complicated sequence of events including magmatic differentiation, brecciation, recrystallization and refragmentation, and ejection from the parent body. Detailed mineralogical and chemical data suggest that the magmatic differentiation proceeded primarily by the separation of pyroxene from an ultrabasic parent material that had a much lower alkali content than ordinary chondrites. Magmatic crystallization took place in environments ranging from extrusive to deep-seated intrusive. Polymict breccias contain fragments with a wide variety of magmatic and recrystallization textures, which suggests that the breccias were formed either in very large or repeated fragmentation events. Monomict breccias contain fragments with a small range of similar magmatic textures, which suggests that these breccias were formed by small or single events. Petrographic evidence suggests that many of the breccias are impact breccias. Either in their original magmatic crystallization sites or in the sites of breccia accumulation, most of these meteorites apparently had a near-surface location prior to ejection from the parent body. Evidence obtained from eucrites, howardites and mesosiderites forms an important part of our understanding of the early evolution of the surface regions of their parent body. Chemical and oxidation conditions were different from those presently found in the Earth's crust and upper mantle, but the necessary conditions may have been present in the early history of the Earth. A lunar origin for eucrites, howardites and mesosiderites is proposed, but an asteroidal origin can not be presently excluded.
A tutorial on Stochastic FDTD

The Stochastic FDTD (S-FDTD) method provides a way to determine the mean and variance of the electric and magnetic fields in a model where the electrical properties (conductivity and permittivity) vary stochastically, from a single S-FDTD simulation. This method is a realistic and more efficient alternative to Monte Carlo analysis, which requires numerous FDTD simulations.
Tunable Power Amplifier Using Thin-Film BST Capacitors

Thin-film Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) capacitors were fabricated and applied to a power amplifier (PA). The PA using these capacitors in output matching network for PCS band was realized and the tunability of its output impedance was validated. The measured adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACPR1) is ?48.6dBc and consumption current (Icc) is 519mA, with a load impedance of 50ohm at output power of +28dBm and a center frequency of 1880MHz. The load performance was measured by ranging load impedance from 4:1 to 2:1 VSWR at output power of +28dBm. The measured maximum ACPR1 value is ?40dBc in case of 0-V bias applied on BST capacitors, which corresponds to PA with fixed impedance (fixed-impedance PA). The ACPR1 performance deteriorated by 8.6dB to that with a load impedance of 50ohm. The maximum ACPR1 value was ?44dBc when the voltage applied on BST capacitors are limited within 3.6V. The ACPR1 performance deteriorated by 4.6dB compared to that with a load impedance of 50ohm. The ACPR1's load performance of tunable PA is improved by 4dB, compared to fixed-impedance PA.
Sample proportions and subjective probability revisions

Abstract The hypothesis was that the proportions of poker chips in the displayed samples influence subjective probability revisions that are obtained in “book bags-and-poker chips” experiments. Subjects revised for simultaneous and sequential samples from two 80%–20% symmetrical binomial populations and two 70%–30% symmetrical binomial populations. Sample proportions account in large part for the revision responses for both kinds of populations for simultaneous samples. For sequential samples, however, proportions appeared to have less influence on revision responses even though 62% of the subjects claimed to use them. The implications are discussed.
Elevated TCDD in chicken eggs and farm-raised catfish fed a diet with ball clay from a Southern United States mine.

Abstract The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) terminated the use of ball clay from a mine in Mississippi as an additive in animal feed after discovering nanogram per gram concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). The FDA collected chicken eggs and farm-raised catfish in affected areas and throughout the remaining continental United States to assess levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. A new method using quadrupole ion storage tandem-in-time mass spectrometry (QISTMS) measured the 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels in 42 catfish fillet composites, 3 Tilapia fillet composites, 46 chicken egg samples, and 6 chicken feeds. Six catfish composites and 20 egg samples had 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations significantly above 1.0 pg/g wet weight of fillet or whole egg. Farm-raised catfish not exposed to feed containing ball clay had a mean 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of 0.12 pg/g. The TCDD isomer pattern in ball clay differed from the TCDD isomer pattern in a fly ash sample and from the “chick edema factor” TCDD pattern in a sample of reference toxic fat used as a feed ingredient in the 1950s.
Measurement of the Annihilation-in-Flight Cross Section at 0° for 8.5-Mev Positrons

The differential cross section at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the annihilation in flight of 8.5-Mev positrons has been measured. The positrons were created in a thick Ta target which was bombarded by 20-Mev electrons from a linear accelerator. They were directed onto a Be target where annihilation occurred, and the annihilation photons were measured by use of a thick-crystal spectrometer. The measured value for the cross section is 1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 barns/steradian per electron, which is in agreement with theory.
Thermoelastic stresses in thick-walled vessels under an arbitrary thermal transient via the inverse route

A common threat to thick-walled vessels and pipes is thermal shock from operational steady-state or transient thermoelastic stresses. As such, boundary conditions must be known or determined in order to reveal the underlying thermal state. For direct problems where all boundary conditions are known, the procedure is relatively straightforward and mathematically tractable as shown by recent studies. Although more practical from a measurement standpoint, the inverse problem where boundary conditions must be determined from remotely determined temperature and/or flux data is ill-posed and inherently sensitive to errors in the data. As a result, the inverse route is rarely used to determine thermal-stresses. Moreover, most analytical solutions to the inverse problem rely on a host of assumptions that usually restrict their utility to timeframes before the thermal wave reaches the natural boundaries of the structure. To help offset these limitations and at the same time solve for the useful case of a thick-walled cylinder exposed to thermal loading on the ID, the inverse problem was solved using a least-squares determination of polynomial coefficients based on a generalized direct-solution to the Heat Equation. Once the inverse problem was solved in this fashion and the unknown boundary-condition on the ID determined, the resulting polynomial was used with the generalized direct solution to estimate the internal temperature and stress distributions as a function of time and radial position. For a thick-walled cylinder under an internal transient with external convection, excellent agreement was seen with various measured temperature histories. Given the versatility of the polynomial solutions advocated, the method appears well suited for many thermal scenarios provided the analysis is restricted to the time interval used to determine the polynomial and the thermophysical properties that do not vary with temperature.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Arthrodesis of the equine distal tarsal joints by perforated stainless steel cylinders

Summary Perforated stainless steel cylinders filled with autogenous cancellous bone were implanted in the distal tarsal joints of four horses. Graft cell survival was poor two weeks after surgery in one horse. In two horses, at 10 months there was partial arthrodesis of the joints with incorporation of the implants into the osseous union. The implants were filled with vascularised woven bone. These two horses were sound nine months after surgery. One horse fractured its third tarsal bone and was still positive to a hock flexion test 12 months after surgery.
CNV responses of autistic and normal children.

An experiment was described in which slow potential responses of five autistic children and five age-matched normal controls were elicited. DC recording of scalp activity was accomplished during presentation of flash and click stimuli followed by photos of the subjects, their mothers, and adult and child strangers. Negative amplitude shifts with stimulation occurred in both groups of children, more when the pictures invariably followed the sensory stimuli than when presented intermittently. The DC responses of autistic subjects did not vary with the content of the pictures. The normal children showed significant differences in negative potential activity related to whether the pictures were familiar to them or not with most negative responses associated with pictures of adult female strangers. Both autistics and normals displayed characteristic waveforms or DC response configurations under most experimental conditions. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical constructs regarding early infantile autism. Directions for future experimentation are suggested.
A finite temperature continuum theory based on interatomic potential in crystalline solids

A finite temperature continuum theory of crystalline solid based on an approximate Helmholtz free energy expression is proposed. The free energy expression is specifically derived for simple implementation in atomistic-based continuum methods (i.e. quasicontinuum method) via the Cauchy–Born rule at finite temperature. It is obtained by the method of statistical moments via the quasi-harmonic approximation together with Taylor series expansion of a given interatomic potential. The phonons are assumed to follow the Bose–Einstein distribution so that the quantum effects at low temperature are accounted for. The resulting free energy is in terms of a given interatomic potential and a simple function of displacement that accounts for thermal expansion. It is employed to formulate two finite temperature continuum methods via Cauchy–Born rule and via the virtual atomic cluster (VAC). It is validated through comparison with experimental results of various thermodynamic quantities. In the case of fcc metals, the proposed free energy expression is shown to be valid for a wide range of temperatures above 50 K.
Carboxylic acid ionization constants by 19F NMR spectroscopy

The 19F NMR spectra of 26 simple fluorinated carboxylic acids were measured in aqueous solutions of pH 0.3–10.0. Analysis of the fluorine chemical shift dependence on pH allowed the determination of ionization constants from the titration curves; the values agreed with known pKa values. The acidity of a fluorinated bilirubin precursor was established using this method. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative effects of thyrotrophic hormone on I131 accumulation in thyroid and plasma proteins of hypophysectomized rats.

The tyrotrophic hormone (TSH) of the adenohypophysis influences the rate of accumulation of injected I131 in the thyroid and in the plasma. After hypophysectomy in the rat, the capacity of the thyroid to trap I131 is decreased (Morton et al., 1942; Leblond and Sue, 1941) and the concentration of I131 in the thyroxine fraction of the plasma is reduced (Morton et al., 1942). In contrast, administration of TSH increases the ability of the thyroid of man (Reiss et al., 1946; Stanley and Astwood, 1949), the chicken (Larson et al., 1945), the rabbit (Hertz et al., 1940), the rat (Leblond and Sue, 1940) and the guinea pig (Hamilton and Soley, 1940; Leblond and Sue, 1940; Morton et al., 1941) to trap I131, and increases the rate of accumulation of organically bound I131 in the plasma of the rat and the guinea pig (Chaikoff et al., 1947).
Dispersion measurements of microstructured fibers using femtosecond laser pulses

We measure the group-velocity dispersion in the range from 700 to 900 nm on three microstructured fibers with different hole sizes but similar ratios of pitch-to-hole diameter. Our results are in good agreement with theoretical simulations based on vector-plane-wave theory. We perform these measurements using a novel pulse-delay technique which utilizes femtosecond laser pulses and a two-photon photodiode and thus can be applied to short samples.
Dual iterative displacement analysis of spatial mechanisms using the CH programming language

Abstract A dual iterative method for displacement analysis of spatial mechanisms is presented in this paper. The algorithm and formulation based upon 3 × 3 dual transformation matrices are succinct. They can be implemented concisely in the CH programming language, a superset of C, which handles dual, double dual, and dual computational arrays polymorphically. The algorithm is numerically verified by dual iterative displacement analysis of spatial mechanisms. Comparison studies on stability, convergence, performance near singularities, and CPU time of the dual iterative method versus the real iterative method are conducted. It is shown that both dual and real iterative algorithms are stable with a comparable convergence rate even near singularities. However, the computational speed of the dual iterative formulation is about 2.18 times faster than that of the real iterative formulation when formulations are translated into CH programs for numerical calculation.
Interaction of thin metal films with the polyimide surface: electron energy loss spectroscopy of surface vibrations and uv photoemission of electronic states

Abstract We have applied electron energy loss spectroscopy to the study of metal—polymer bonding. Changes in polymer surface vibrational structure after deposition of Pd or Cr onto a thin polyimide film at room temperature are analyzed. Pd does not react with polyimide, but Cr reacts readily near carbonyl sites as evidenced by the rapid shift and attenuation of the CO vibrational band. The condensation of the metal overlayer is also determined by the onset of broadening of the elastic peak providing insight into the structural homogeneity of these metal films.
KDM6 demethylase independent loss of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation during early embryonic development

The early mammalian embryo utilizes histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) to maintain essential developmental genes in a repressive chromatin state. As differentiation progresses, H3K27me3 is removed in a distinct fashion to activate lineage specific patterns of developmental gene expression. These rapid changes in early embryonic chromatin environment are thought to be dependent on H3K27 demethylases. We have taken a mouse genetics approach to remove activity of both H3K27 demethylases of the Kdm6 gene family, Utx (Kdm6a, X-linked gene) and Jmjd3 (Kdm6b, autosomal gene). Male embryos null for active H3K27 demethylation by the Kdm6 gene family survive to term. At mid-gestation, embryos demonstrate proper patterning and activation of Hox genes. These male embryos retain the Y-chromosome UTX homolog, UTY, which cannot demethylate H3K27me3 due to mutations in catalytic site of the Jumonji-C domain. Embryonic stem (ES) cells lacking all enzymatic KDM6 demethylation exhibit a typical decrease in global H3K27me3 levels with differentiation. Retinoic acid differentiations of these ES cells demonstrate loss of H3K27me3 and gain of H3K4me3 to Hox promoters and other transcription factors, and induce expression similar to control cells. A small subset of genes exhibit decreased expression associated with reduction of promoter H3K4me3 and some low-level accumulation of H3K27me3. Finally, Utx and Jmjd3 mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) demonstrate dramatic loss of H3K27me3 from promoters of several Hox genes and transcription factors. Our results indicate that early embryonic H3K27me3 repression can be alleviated in the absence of active demethylation by the Kdm6 gene family.
Use of mismatched grating pairs in chirped-pulse amplification systems

We demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge the use of mismatched grating pairs between the stretching and compression systems in a chirped-pulse amplification laser. Pulses as short as 57 fs are generated with 2000-lines/mm gratings in the compressor and 1200-lines/mm gratings in the stretcher.
Species differences in the biliary excretion of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-3-ethereal sulfate in the cat and rat.

Abstract Biliary excretion of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and morphine, morphine ethereal sulfate (MES) and morphine glucuronide (MG) as N - 14 C-methyl-labeled compounds was determined in renal-ligated rats and cats. After morphine administration the rat excreted MG and the cat MES. When administered to both species, MG and MES were excreted into bile unchanged. The rat excreted greater than 60 per cent of a morphine or MG dose into bile in 3 hr, but less than 30 per cent of a MES dose. The cat, in contrast, excreted less than 30 per cent of all three compounds. The quantitative similarity in excretion of MES between species and quantitative difference in excretion of MG between the same species suggest that MES and MG are not excreted into bile by the same pathway.
Magnetic susceptibility of europium trifluoride

Abstract Our previous measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of Europium Trifluoride from liquid helium to room temperature has been extended to 750°K. With the aid of the recent spectroscopically determined values of the low-lying energy levels of EuF3 a simple crystal field analysis has been used to calculate the expected temperature variation of the susceptibility. When an accurate account is taken of the sample impurities, the calculated and experimental values agree to within approximately 1 per cent over the entire region of measurement.
Grape Powder Supplementation Prevents Oxidative Stress–Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior, Memory Impairment, and High Blood Pressure in Rats

We examined whether or not grape powder treatment ameliorates oxidative stress-induced anxiety-like behavior, memory impairment, and hypertension in rats. Oxidative stress in Sprague-Dawley rats was produced by using L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO). Four groups of rats were used: 1) control (C; injected with vehicle and provided with tap water), 2) grape powder-treated (GP; injected with vehicle and provided for 3 wk with 15 g/L grape powder dissolved in tap water), 3) BSO-treated [injected with BSO (300 mg/kg body weight), i.p. for 7 d and provided with tap water], and 4) BSO plus grape powder-treated (GP+BSO; injected with BSO and provided with grape powder-treated tap water). Anxiety-like behavior was significantly greater in BSO rats compared with C or GP rats (P < 0.05). Grape powder attenuated BSO-induced anxiety-like behavior in GP+BSO rats. BSO rats made significantly more errors in both short- and long-term memory tests compared with C or GP rats (P < 0.05), which was prevented in GP+BSO rats. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly greater in BSO rats compared with C or GP rats (P < 0.05), whereas grape powder prevented high blood pressure in GP+BSO rats. Furthermore, brain extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) was activated (P < 0.05), whereas levels of glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1), glutathione reductase-1 (GSR-1), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV (CAMK-IV), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly less (P < 0.05) in BSO but not in GP+BSO rats compared with C or GP rats. We suggest that by regulating brain ERK-1/2, GLO-1, GSR-1, CAMK-IV, CREB, and BDNF levels, grape powder prevents oxidative stress-induced anxiety, memory impairment, and hypertension in rats.
Carbohydrate metabolism studies on the testis of rats fed certain nitrofurans.

Structural doses of one of the nitrofurans (Furadroxyl) have been described (Prior and Ferguson, 1950, Nelson, 1953). Similarities were pointed out between the testicular changes seen after nitrofuran administration and those noted in experimental cryptorchidism or after irradiation. Tepperman, Tepperman and Dick (1949) have studied the glucose metabolism in vitro of the normal and cryptorchid testis. Lethal doses of X-ray were found to inhibit citrate accumulation in the testis of fluoracetate-treated rats (DuBois, Cochran and Doull, 1951). The sensitivity of the mammalian testis to ionizing radiations has been described by Eschenbrenner and Miller (1950). Pituitary stimulation, as measured by adrenal ascorbic acid lowering in the intact rat, was noted after nitrofuran administration (Paul et al., 1951). However, other unrelated compounds (e.g. acetyl salicylic acid) produced similar adrenal ascorbic acid lowering without testicular changes. These studies and those by Friedgood (1951) on hypophysectomize...
Video-Cued Narrative Reflection: A Research Approach for Articulating Tacit, Relational, and Embodied Understandings:

The author's purpose in this article is to describe the effectiveness of video-cued narrative reflection as a research approach for accessing relational, practice-based, and lived understandings. Video-cued narrative reflection provides moment-by-moment access to tacit experience. The immediate nature of the videotape captures emotional nuances, embodied perceptions, spatial influences, relational understandings, situational factors, and temporal manifestations. By watching videotaped interactions, participants are able to re-collect, re-experience, and interpret their life world. Video-cued narrative reflection allows participants to be simultaneously engaged and reflective while describing significant understandings. By inserting audiotaped reflective commentary of participants into the original videotape transcript, contextual meanings can be located and articulated more easily. Although not appropriate for all types of research, this approach offers promise for certain studies.
Paediatric Intramuscular Injections for Developing World Settings: A Review of the Literature for Best Practices

This article examines the available evidence about intramuscular injection techniques to generate simple evidence-based or best practice guidelines for implementation in the developing world. Giving intramuscular injections is considered a core nursing skill, and millions are performed around the world every day. Intramuscular injections are more commonly used in resource-poor environments, but there is limited education of nurses on its proper administration. The findings in the literature conclude that the vastus lateralis muscle is the preferred site for intramuscular injections, particularly in resource-poor settings.