cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexity in Archaic States

Abstract The concept of complexity, associated particularly with ancient cities, states, and civilizations and their immediate antecedents, denotes qualities of hierarchical differentiation and the intricacy and interdependency of their parts and relationships. Alike in the human and natural worlds, complexity has repeatedly emerged as an overarching characterization through irregular, discontinuous processes of accumulation. These led by degrees and at intervals to relatively abrupt, qualitative changes. Under various constraints, contemporary archaeological research methods and objectives have not been accompanied by an adequate recognition of the centrality of increasing complexity as a social evolutionary tendency. Herre it is argued that a focused, highly interdisciplinary study of complex adaptive systems is meanwhile coming to the fore that deserves careful archaeological scrutiny. A growing convergence of interests is suggested by shared issues like historical path-dependency, the interactions of differently situated and motivated human agents, differential returns to scale, and the range of possible, computer-generated outcomes of unpredictable combinations of orderly, random and stochastic processes and events.
Comparisons of morphology and neritic distributions of Euphausia crystallorophias and Euphausia superba furcilia during autumn and winter west of the Antarctic Peninsula

Euphausia crystallorophias and E. superba larvae often overlap in distribution in Antarctic coastal regions. Here, we describe the morphology and ecology of E. crystallorophias furcilia stages F3–F6, with emphasis on characteristics that distinguish them from E. superba, based on samples collected west of the Antarctic Peninsula during autumn and winter 2001 and 2002. During autumn most E. crystallorophias occurred as F4s (53%) and F5s (35%), while E. superba occurred in all furcilia stages (F1–F6). During winter, F6 was the dominant stage (>67%) for both species. On average, body lengths of E. crystallorophias larval stages were significantly greater than those of E. superba. During autumn, densities of the two species were similar (range: 0.003–11.8 m−3) at many on-shelf stations, with lower densities during winter. Where both species occurred, >58% of E. crystallorophias furcilia were collected between 50 and 100 m depth, while 82% of E. superba were shallower (25–50 m). Younger stages of E. crystallorophias occurred more frequently (54% of F3s) in water >100 m than older stages (11% of F6s). Thus, many larval E. crystallorophias were vertically segregated from E. superba, thereby reducing grazing competition between the young of these morphologically similar species.
Amorphous silicon-germanium thin-film photodetector array

The authors report a photodetector array based on an amorphous silicon-germanium alloy thin film. The detector array is designed for detecting light pulses from (Ga,Al)As laser diodes. An experimental 2*2 detector array, addressed by a silicon shift register, works to a clock frequency of 25 MHz and shows good stability. >
Velocity Distributions among Colliding Asteroids

The probability distribution for impact velocities between two given asteroids is wide, non-Gaussian, and often contains spikes according to our new method of analysis in which each possible orbital geometry for collision is weighted according to its probability. An average value would give a good representation only if the distribution were smooth and narrow. Therefore, the complete velocity distribution we obtain for various asteroid populations differs significantly from published histograms of average velocities. For all pairs among the 682 asteroids in the main-belt with D greater than 50 km, we find that our computed velocity distribution is much wider than previously computed histograms of average velocities. In this case, the most probable impact velocity is approximately 4.4 km/sec, compared with the mean impact velocity of 5.3 km/sec. For cases of a single asteroid (e.g., Gaspra or Ida) relative to an impacting population, the distribution we find yields lower velocities than previously reported by others. The width of these velocity distributions implies that mean impact velocities must be used with caution when calculating asteroid collisional lifetimes or crater-size distributions. Since the most probable impact velocities are lower than the mean, disruption events may occur less frequently than previously estimated. However, this disruption rate may be balanced somewhat by an apparent increase in the frequency of high-velocity impacts between asteroids. These results have implications for issues such as asteroidal disruption rates, the amount/type of impact ejecta available for meteoritical delivery to the Earth, and the geology and evolution of specific asteroids like Gaspra.
An optimal algorithm for coverage hole healing in hybrid sensor networks

Network coverage is one of the most decisive factors for determining the efficiency of a wireless sensor network. However, in dangerous or hostile environments such as battle fields or active volcano areas, we can neither deterministically or purposely deploy sensors as desired, thus the emergence of coverage holes (the unmonitored areas) is unavoidable. In addition, the introduction of new coverage holes during network operation due to sensor failures due to energy depletion shall significantly reduce coverage efficacy. Therefore, we need to either remotely control or set up a protocol to heal them as soon as possible in an automated fashion. In this paper, we focus on how to schedule mobile sensors in order to cope with coverage hole issues in a hybrid sensor network containing both static and mobile sensors. To this end, we introduce a new metric, namely to maximize the minimum remaining energy of all moved sensor since the more energy remains, the longer the network can operate. Based on this metric, we propose an efficient coverage healing algorithm that always determines an optimal location for each mobile sensor in order to heal all coverage holes, after all mobile sensors locations and coverage holes are located. Simulation results confirm the efficiency and utilization of our proposed method.
Simplifld Alfu-N2merik FOnetiks (Sanf)

A simplified alpha-numeric phonetic alphabet is proposed. It uses digits, standard keyboard symbols, and upper-and lowercase letters to give a computer-compatible unambiguous single-character phonetic writing of English. Such a phonetic spelling, in conjunction with a pronouncing dictionary giving standardized pronunciation of English words in this phonetic alphabet, together with appropriate computer compilers and speech synthesizers and recognition systems, would facilitate man-machine oral communication and expand the use of talking and listening computers. This phonetic text is considerably shorter than standard English, can be written on any typewriter or computer terminal, and is easily learned in a short time. Rules and characteristics of this language are given, and it is compared to other phonetic alphabets.
Adverse Host Factors Exacerbate Occult HIV-Associated Nephropathy

In the present study, we hypothesized that HIV-1–induced occult HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) would become apparent in the presence of adverse host factors. To test our hypothesis, Vpr mice (which display doxycycline-dependent Vpr expression in podocytes) with two, three, and four copies of the angiotensinogen (Agt) gene (Vpr-Agt-2, Vpr-Agt-3, and Vpr-Agt-4) were administered doxycycline for 3 weeks (to develop clinically occult HIVAN) followed by doxycycline-free water during the next 3 weeks. Subsequently, renal biomarkers were measured, and kidneys were harvested for renal histology. Vpr-Agt-2 developed neither proteinuria nor elevated blood pressure, and displayed minimal glomerular and tubular lesions only, without any microcyst formation. Vpr-Agt-3 showed mild glomerular and tubular lesions and microcyst formation, whereas Vpr-Agt-4 showed moderate proteinuria, hypertension, glomerular sclerosis, tubular dilation, microcysts, and expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition markers. Vpr-Agt-4 not only displayed enhanced renal tissue expression of Agt, renin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme, but also had higher renal tissue concentrations of angiotensin II. Moreover, renal cells in Vpr-Agt-4 showed enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. These findings indicate that adverse host factors, such as the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, promote the progression of occult HIVAN to apparent HIVAN.
Neural Networks In Business Time Series Forecasting: Benefits And Problems

Many studies examine the use of Neural Networks (NNs) as a tool for business time series forecasting, but the findings have been mixed and inconsistent. This paper explores the conditions under which NNs can improve business time series forecasting based on studies that compare NNs with traditional statistical models. The findings are that NNs generally outperform alternatives when data are nonlinear or discontinuous, building effective NNs for time series forecasting, including designing and selecting the structure, simulation functions, stopping rules, training algorithms and evaluation criteria remains challenging. A case study is discussed to illustrate these findings, and implications for future research and practice are also provided.
Determining requisite revisit time for storm tracking

The ability to correctly perform associations of identified storms across time is important for compiling accurate storm histories and performing short-term hazardous weather forecasts. To help guide the design of adaptive sensing algorithms, an understanding of how often storms should be revisited by a radar system is needed. One of the many factors that contribute to determining revisit period for a storm is the minimum revisit frequency needed to maintain accurate tracks. In this paper, methods are developed to study this requisite revisit period. These methods depend on simulations of storm tracks that mimic real-world storm motions. Using these simulations, a tracking algorithm can be objectively evaluated to study how its results degrade with respect to update periods. A preliminary analysis to examine the performance degradation in a variety of meteorological setups is presented, focusing particularly on dense and sparse storm events and mixed storm motion behaviors.
On a remarkable measurement property of resistive networks

The metric structural viewpoint, which has recently been criticized, is briefly reexamined and found to be valid and unique. This point of view leads to the conclusion that the values of all conductances connected across node pairs in a resistive network can be ascertained by merely measuring the open-circuit resistances across each connected conductance. The measurement of open-circuit resistances across node pairs from which conductances have been removed is not needed for the computation. >
‘Feeling Caught’ in Stepfamilies: Managing Boundary Turbulence through Appropriate Communication Privacy Rules

This study used a Communication Privacy Management perspective to examine the communication patterns that foster and ameliorate triangulation in stepfamilies. The qualitative analysis of 90 in-depth interviews with stepchildren, stepparents, and parents from 30 stepfamilies revealed that enmeshed communication boundaries contributed to children feeling caught between their custodial and noncustodial parents and parents and/or stepparents feeling caught between the children in the stepfamily. The dialectical tensions of loyalty–disloyalty and revealment–concealment that comprised stepfamily members’ feelings of being caught produced turbulence in their previously established communication rules. The stepfamilies responded to these tensions with boundary coordination or boundary separation. The ways the boundaries became enmeshed and the management attempts used to coordinate new boundary rules are outlined.
Dynamic AFM elastography reveals phase dependent mechanical heterogeneity of beating cardiac myocytes

We developed a novel atomic force microscope (AFM) indentation technique for mapping spatiotemporal stiffness of spontaneously beating neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Cells were indented at a rate close but unequal to their contractile frequency. Resultant apparent elastic modulus cycled at a predictable envelope frequency between a systolic value of 26.2 ± 5.1 kPa and a diastolic value of 7.8 ± 4.1 kPa. In cells probed along their axis, spatial heterogeneity of systolic stiffness correlated with the sarcomeric structure of underlying myofibrils. Treatment with blebbistatin eliminated contractile activity and resulted in a uniform modulus of 6.5 ± 4.8 kPa. The technique provides a unique means of probing the mechanical effects of disease processes and pharmacological treatments on beating cardiomyocytes at the subcellular level, providing new insights relating myocardial structure and function.
Intestinal Lesions Caused by a Strain of Chlamydia Suis in Weanling Pigs Infected at 21 Days of Age

The objective of this study was to determine whether a strain of Chlamydia suis shown previously to be an intestinal pathogen in gnotobiotic piglets could cause diarrhea and intestinal lesions in young weanling pigs. Pigs from 2 sows were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Group 1 included 13 pigs that were weaned at 24 hours of age and then housed in isolator units and fed milk replacer and unmedicated starter ration. Group 2 included 8 pigs that nursed their respective sows, consumed unmedicated starter ration, and were weaned at 21 days of age. Ten pigs in group 1 and 6 pigs in group 2 were inoculated orally with 4 x 108 inclusion-forming units of C. suis strain R27 at 21 days of age. Control pigs were inoculated with sham inoculum. The pigs were necropsied 5-14 days postinoculation (DPI). None of the Chlamydia-infected pigs developed diarrhea. Villus atrophy was seen histologically in sections of ileum from Chlamydia-infected pigs in both groups 5 and 7 days DPI. Lymphangitis and multiple lymphohistiocytic and neutrophilic aggregates were seen in the submucosa, tunica muscularis, and serosa of the distal jejunum, ileum, and colon from Chlamydia-infected pigs in both groups 5-14 DPI. Immunostaining of sections of distal jejunum, ileum, and colon from infected pigs revealed chlamydial antigen in intestinal epithelium and in foci of lymphangitis/inflammation. The results indicated that C. suis strain R27 can cause intestinal lesions in young weanling pigs, and the lesions are similar to those seen in gnotobiotic piglets. The results also indicated that strain R27 causes asymptomatic intestinal infections in young weanling pigs, at least under the conditions of this study.
Ivermectin Treatment of a Traveler Who Returned from Peru with Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis

We describe a 21-year-old patient who experienced a relapse of cutaneous gnathostomiasis after receiving initial treatment with albendazole and who had a successful outcome after receiving a short course of ivermectin for the relapse. This is the first reported case of gnathostomiasis acquired by a human in Peru. A 21-year-old woman of Peruvian origin visited her family in Peru for 5 weeks in 1999. During the 3 years prior to her visit to Peru, she had lived in Geneva, Switzerland. The patient was based in Lima while in Peru, but she traveled to Huraz, located in central Peru, for a 5-day stay. One week before her return to Switzerland, while she was staying in Huraz, she presented with epigastric pain, watery diarrhea, nausea, and anorexia, all of 4 days’ duration. Five days later (day 0), she noted pruritic swelling on the left side of the groin and used an antihistaminic
Characteristics Associated With Unplanned Extubations in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit

BACKGROUND Unplanned extubations can result in serious complications. OBJECTIVES To determine characteristics of patients and nurses and risk factors that affect extubations. Methods A retrospective exploratory design was used. Ram-say Sedation Scale scores, need for reintubation, time between intubation and extubation, use of sedation and analgesia in the preceding 48 hours, and use of restraints were collected on 31 patients in a surgical intensive care unit who had unplanned extubations. For nurses, data collected included years' experience in nursing and as an intensive care nurse, professional credentials, and location at the time of extubation. RESULTS All unplanned extubations were self-extubations; 15 required reintubation. Most patients had low levels of sedation in the hour preceding the extubation (mean Ramsay score, 2.42; SD, 1.06). Patients who needed reintubation had higher mean Ramsay scores (2.85; SD, 1.14) than patients who did not (2.00; SD, 0.86; P = .04). Ramsay scores correlated with need for reintubation (r=0.423; P=.03). Of the 31 patients, 27 (87%) were restrained at the time of extubation (chi2 = 17.06; df=1; P<.001). Among the nurses, 32.3% had less than 5 years' experience in nursing, and 51.6% had less than 5 years' experience in intensive care; 89% of extubations occurred when the nurse was away from the bedside. Sedative and analgesic doses in the 24 hours before extubation did not differ significantly from those in the 2 hours before extubation. CONCLUSIONS Levels of sedation and use of restraints are associated with unplanned extubations and need for reintubation.
Home dim light melatonin onsets with measures of compliance in delayed sleep phase disorder.

Summary The dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) assists with the diagnosis and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Home DLMOs are attractive for cost savings and convenience, but can be confounded by home lighting and sample timing errors. We developed a home saliva collection kit with objective measures of light exposure and sample timing. We report on our first test of the kit in a clinical population. Thirty-two participants with delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD; 17 women, aged 18–52 years) participated in two back-to-back home and laboratory phase assessments. Most participants (66%) received at least one 30-s epoch of light >50 lux during the home phase assessments, but for only 1.5% of the time. Most participants (56%) collected every saliva sample within 5 min of the scheduled time. Eighty-three per cent of home DLMOs were not affected by light or sampling errors. The home DLMOs occurred, on average, 10.2 min before the laboratory DLMOs, and were correlated highly with the laboratory DLMOs (r = 0.93, P < 0.001). These results indicate that home saliva sampling with objective measures of light exposure and sample timing, can assist in identifying accurate home DLMOs.
A Note on Fuselages of Low Drag

T note represents some results of a study of fuselage drag made by the Aeronautical Laboratory staff at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in cooperation with the United Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation. The object was to see whether it was necessary for the fuselage drag of a large transport plane to exceed materially that of an airship form. When considering the results one must remember that the full size fuselage will be well over 10 feet in diameter at the largest part so that an adequate windshield need extend only a small amount above the smooth contour. If the models were of a smaller fuselage the windshields provided would be inadequate. The width and height of the fuselage for a transport plane are fixed by the arrangement of passengers or cargo. The length is determined by the general aerodynamic design of the airplane. The fineness ratio, which may be defined exactly as the ratio of the length to the diameter of a circle of area equal to the maximum cross section of the fuselage, will usually be much greater than the ideal for the minimum drag, and greater than now used for airship hulls. With a fixed cross section, minimum drag would be obtained by using the shortest shape which avoided separation of flow from the tail. Any increase in length increases the drag since the surface is increased and from tests the fineness ratio giving the least drag for a fixed crosssectional area is about 3. Airplane fuselages will have fineness ratios of from 7 to 9, and therefore must have appreciably higher drag coefficients than an ideal streamlined body, even though a perfectly symmetrical airship shape could be used. To provide a basis for comparison, the first model for this study was made of an airship shape stretched longitudinally so that the fineness ratio was 7:3. This model had circular cross sections throughout and a pointed tail. It will be called the "airship model." (Model I) The first modification was to droop the nose, a start toward provision of a pilot's cabin, and to raise and deepen the tail. The principal sections were still circular. (Model II) The next change was to add a cabin and windshield providing sufficient outlook for the pilots. The windshield is conical, while the cabin roof is rounded and both fair smoothly into the surface of the fuselage. (Model III) Airship Shape Model I
Automatic contrast enhancement by variational minimax optimization

We present an automatic global contrast enhancement method using variational optimization. A novel energy functional is formulated as a convex combination of histogram equalization and quadratic distortion constraint regularization. The desired image gray-level transformation is obtained through minimax optimization. This method sets a generic framework for developing distortion regularized histogram equalization techniques for global or spatially adaptive contrast enhancement. We demonstrate the capability of our method using various types of low contrast images by visual inspection and quantitative comparison.
Electrochemical Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals for Examining Protein Structure

The use of hydroxyl radicals to covalently label the solvent-exposed surface of proteins has been shown to be a powerful tool to examine the structure of proteins and intermolecular interfaces. Current methods to generate hydroxyl radicals for footprinting experiments rely on the laser photolysis of H2O2 or the synchrotron radiolysis of water, which adds significant costs and/or complexity to the experiments. In this work, we develop the electro-Fenton reaction as a means to generate hydroxyl radicals for structural footprinting mass spectrometry experiments to complement current laser and synchrotron-based methods, while reducing the costs and complexity of initiating such experiments. The use of an electrochemical flow cell also enables control of the timing and extent of the radical generation process, while reducing the complexity typically associated with radical footprinting experiments. Ubiquitin, a model protein, was labeled with electro-Fenton generated hydroxyl radicals and top-down proteomics w...
Analysis of High Kilovolt Chest Radiograph of Workers with Ceramic Dust Exposure in Kaiping City

[Objective]To understand the situation of ceramic sanitary ware production workers suffering from respiratory diseases,and provide scientific evidence for Prevention and control of pneumoconiosis. [Methods]Environmental monitoring of occupational hazards was performed on dust-exposed and control groups of a sanitary ware factory respectively,and high kilovolt chest radiograph was conducted on workers. [Results]The total air dust level and respirable dust level in workshop exceeded exposure limits of national standards.The prevalence rate of worker with dust exposure was significantly higher than that of control group(χ2=24.31,P0.01).The lung markings enhancement(χ2=25.50,P0.01) and suspected pneumoconiosis(χ 2 = 4.37,P0.05) were the common diseases in abnormal chest X-ray results.The positive rate of abnormal chest X-ray results was significantly different between workers with different service length(χ2=17.54,P0.01). [Conclusion]Ceramic dust workers suffer from respiratory disease obviously.Enterprise and supervision department should conscientiously carry out Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Occupational Disease,strictly control the dust concentration and implement preventive occupational health surveillance and examination regularly,so as to effectively control the pneumoconiosis disease.
Determination of Lead in Food by Microwave digestion Hydride Generation-atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Objective To establish a methed for detection of lead in food by hydridegeneration-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Methods The sample was detected by Microwave digestion Hydride Generation-atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry. Results r was 0.999 5 in the range of 0~50 μg/L,the detection limit was 0.010 μg/L,the relative standard deviation was 2.1 %~4.4 %,the recovery was 91.2 %~108.4 %. Conclusions The method is simple and rapid with good accuracy.
Thermo-optic measurements of chromium- and neodymium-doped scandium garnet laser rods

For any practical solid-state laser design, full utilization of the highly efficient codoped scandium garnet laser materials, such as Cr:Nd:YSGG,1 demands knowledge of the concomitant thermal properties. In particular, the values of the thermal expansion coefficient αL and the change of refractive index with respect to temperature dn/dT are required for thermal lensing calculations. Recently, we measured the normalized heating parameter χ (defined as the heat generated/stored energy at 1.06 μm) and thermal lensing of various codoped scandium garnets2,3 in comparison with Nd:YAG. In general, the gallium garnets exhibited a shorter thermal focal length than their aluminum garnet counterparts in similar pumping conditions.
Design of New Complexes of Inorganic Salts Based on Lithium and Magnesium Hydroxides and Carbonates for Usage as Propellants and Flame Retardants

We study the structure and electronic properties of new moieties of Li- and Mg-based hydroxides and carbonates. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p) level show superhalogen behavior for the Li(OH)2, Mg(OH)3, Li(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2 clusters, which have adiabatic electron affinity 3.19, 3.89, 5.24, and 4.64 eV, respectively. Superalkali behavior has been identified for the Li2(OH), Li4(OH)3, Li2HCO3, and Li4(HCO3)3 clusters, which have vertical ionization potential 4.65, 3.89, 4.48, 5.08, and 4.27 eV, respectively. Calculated fragmentation energies along selected channels indicate that some of these molecules possess believable propensity as oxidizers for usage as propellants and fire suppressors.
Long-Range Dependence in the Risk-Neutral Measure for the Market on Lehman Brothers Collapse

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the long-range dependence in the risk-neutral stock return process of the S&P 500 index option market. To observe the long-range dependence together with fat-tails, I define the parametric model of fractional Levy process. Since the continuous time fractional Levy process allows arbitrage, I use discrete time option pricing model based on the fractional Levy process. By model calibration, we can capture the long-range dependence in the S&P 500 index option market. The paper finds that the long range dependence becomes stronger for the volatile market caused by the Lehman Brothers Collapse, comparing with other less volatility markets.
From Ockham to Turing – and Back Again

Beginning with Turing himself, many researchers have suggested that mental processes are Turing-style computations. Proponents typically develop this picture in conjunction with the formal-syntactic conception of computation (FSC), which holds that computation manipulates formal syntactic items without regard to their representational or semantic properties. I explore an alternative semantically permeated approach, on which many core mental computations are composed from inherently representational elements. The mental symbols over which the computations operate, and hence the computations themselves, have natures inextricably tied to their representational import. We cannot factor out this representational import to generate an explanatorily significant formal syntactic remainder. I argue that the Turing formalism provides no support for FSC over the semantically permeated alternative. I then critique various popular arguments for FSC.
Ocular Retinopathies and Clinical Control of Angiogenesis

Ocular neovascular disorders, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity and corneal neovascularization, are the most common causes of blindness and vision loss. The abnormal growth of new blood vessels in the avascular compartments of the eye, vascular leakage and hemorrhage can affect visual acuity. Different ocular neovascular disorders have the characteristic etiology and pathogenesis. However, they share some common pathogenic mechanisms, such as disturbed balance between anti-angiogenic factors and pro-angiogenic factors. Down-regulation and functional blockage of the angiogenic factors have been extensively investigated and applied as therapies. Increases of anti-angiogenic factors have been shown to restore the balance in angiogenesis control and further inhibit ocular Neovascularization, suggesting a therapeutic potential. Recently, Wnt signaling has been shown to play important roles in some ocular neovascular disorders and is believed to be an important therapeutic target.
Boxer’s Fracture

Boxer’s fractures, as the name implies, are typically a result of direct trauma to the metacarpal heads through a punching motion. They are common fractures seen in the younger patient population. Physical examination and radiographs are important in determining treatment.
Veränderungen in der lebenswichtigen Erdatmosphäre

Vor uber zwei Jahrzehnten schauten Astronauten auf ihrer Reise zum Mond auf unseren Planeten zuruck und sahen ihn ganz allein in der Kalte des leeren Raums schweben. Auf ihren Fotos sahen wir unsere Heimat zum ersten Mal als glitzernden blau-grunen Ball, hell und rund, wie eine von zarten weisen Wolken bedeckte Blase schimmernd (Abb. 9.1 und 9.2). Das machte uns die Einzigartigkeit und Verletzlichkeit der Erde als winzige, gefahrdete Oase im Weltraum bewust.
Metabolism of Alkaloids by Bacteria and Animals

While knowledge about the metabolism of alkaloids in the plants that synthesize them has only recently begun to be developed, pathways of alkaloid degradation by other organisms have been studied for many years, and in a few cases considerable detail is available. The special interest in this area arises, of course, from pharmacological effects of alkaloids, and therefore most studies relate to mammalian metabolism and to alkaloids of widespread use. It is frequently suggested that administered drugs are metabolically converted to the real physiologically active compounds. The metabolism of drugs is a subject of frequent review articles [1–3]; and since many drugs are either natural alkaloids or structurally related compounds, these reviews often include information pertinent to the present discussion. Where not specifically annotated, information in this chapter has been derived from Refs. [1] and [2]. The metabolism of alkaloids by microorganisms has received less attention than their mammalian metabolism, but there is practical reason for such studies, since products of microbial transformation of alkaloids may in some cases themselves be pharmacologically valuable or serve as intermediates for chemical syntheses.
Energy-stable boundary conditions based on a quadratic form: Applications to outflow/open-boundary problems in incompressible flows

Abstract We present a set of new energy-stable open boundary conditions for tackling the backflow instability in simulations of outflow/open boundary problems for incompressible flows. These boundary conditions are developed through two steps: (i) devise a general form of boundary conditions that ensure the energy stability by re-formulating the boundary contribution into a quadratic form in terms of a symmetric matrix and computing an associated eigen problem; and (ii) require that, upon imposing the boundary conditions from the previous step, the scale of boundary dissipation should match a physical scale. These open boundary conditions can be re-cast into the form of a traction-type condition, and therefore they can be implemented numerically using the splitting-type algorithm from a previous work. The current boundary conditions can effectively overcome the backflow instability typically encountered at moderate and high Reynolds numbers. In general they give rise to a non-zero traction on the entire open boundary, unlike previous related methods which only take effect in the backflow regions of the boundary. Extensive numerical experiments in two and three dimensions are presented to test the effectiveness and performance of the presented methods, and simulation results are compared with the available experimental data to demonstrate their accuracy.
Online Diagnosis of Performance Variation in HPC Systems Using Machine Learning

As the size and complexity of high performance computing (HPC) systems grow in line with advancements in hardware and software technology, HPC systems increasingly suffer from performance variations due to shared resource contention as well as software- and hardware-related problems. Such performance variations can lead to failures and inefficiencies, which impact the cost and resilience of HPC systems. To minimize the impact of performance variations, one must quickly and accurately detect and diagnose the anomalies that cause the variations and take mitigating actions. However, it is difficult to identify anomalies based on the voluminous, high-dimensional, and noisy data collected by system monitoring infrastructures. This paper presents a novel machine learning based framework to automatically diagnose performance anomalies at runtime. Our framework leverages historical resource usage data to extract signatures of previously-observed anomalies. We first convert collected time series data into easy-to-compute statistical features. We then identify the features that are required to detect anomalies, and extract the signatures of these anomalies. At runtime, we use these signatures to diagnose anomalies with negligible overhead. We evaluate our framework using experiments on a real-world HPC supercomputer and demonstrate that our approach successfully identifies 98 percent of injected anomalies and consistently outperforms existing anomaly diagnosis techniques.
Clinical Toolkit: Providing Psychotherapy in a Contemporary Social Context

How best is the mental health professional to provide psychotherapy that appropriately considers how the sociopolitical context outside the room influences the interpersonal dynamics between a provider and a patient of an underrepresented race? Psychotherapy stands out as one of the traditional forms of treatment for emotional distress, yet the extent to which its practice has adapted to fit the needs of minorities in a contemporary context is occasionally inadequate. Through the use of adapted case material, this chapter outlines the challenges posed when a history of institutional, interpersonal, and internal racism permeates treatment provided in the present by an individual who may or may not represent those systems of oppression. The current sociopolitical landscape characterized by disparities in access to care, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness is discussed. An explanation of the psychological theories that describe how racial identity develops, or fails to develop, within an environment of race-based inequity is provided. A case is made for the importance of racial identity development among mental health providers, with strategies to change attitudes, gain knowledge, and apply skills to effectively treat patients in a psychotherapeutic context.
The relativistic glass transition: A thought experiment

Abstract In order to quantify the temporal effects on the glass transition at relativistic speeds, the Deborah number is analyzed incorporating the Maxwell relation for relaxation time. Using the time dilation coefficient proposed by Einstein for special relativity, the new observation times are calculated, and the corresponding shear modulus is used to determine the shift in the glass transition temperature. The new glass transition temperature is incorporated into the MYEGA expression to estimate the relativistic viscosity curve. B2O3 glass is used as an example to show the impact of relativistic time scales on viscosity and the glass transition.
Photoproduction of charged final states in ultraperipheral collisions and electroproduction at an electron-ion collider

Ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) of relativistic ions are an important tool for studying photoproduction at high energies. Vector-meson photoproduction is an important tool for nuclear structure measurements and other applications. A future electron-ion collider (EIC) will allow additional studies, using virtual photons with a wide range of ${Q}^{2}$. We propose a significant expansion of the UPC and EIC photoproduction physics programs to include charged final states which may be produced via Reggeon exchange. We consider two examples: ${a}_{2}^{+}(1320)$, which is a conventional $q\overline{q}$ meson, and the exotic ${Z}_{c}^{+}(4430)$ state (modeled here as a tetraquark). The ${Z}_{c}^{+}(4430)$ cross section depends on its internal structure, so photoproduction can test whether the ${Z}_{c}^{+}(4430)$ is a tetraquark or other exotic object. We calculate the rates and kinematic distributions for $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{X}^{+}n$ in $pA$ UPCs and $ep$ collisions at an EIC and in UPCs. The rates are large enough for detailed studies of these final states. Because the cross section for Reggeon exchange is largest near threshold, the final-state rapidity distribution depends on the beam energies. At high-energy colliders like the proposed LHeC or $pA$ collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, the final states are produced at far forward rapidities. For lower energy colliders, the systems are produced closer to midrapidity, within reach of central detectors.
Demonstration of the Advanced Dynamic System Modeling Tool TRANSFORM in a Molten Salt Reactor Application via a Model of the Molten Salt Demonstration Reactor

Liquid-fueled nuclear reactors, particularly molten salt reactors (MSRs), have recently gained significant interest in the advanced reactor community. As with all reactors, modeling and simulation ...
Extent of neutrophil (NTP) infiltration in benign lymph nodes (LNs) to predict survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).

e15522 Background: In preclinical models, NTPs appear to establish a pre-metastatic niche that fosters the invasion of metastases (Kowanetz et al. PNAS 2010). This observation still requires clinic...
Suprarenal Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement and Retrieval: Safety Analysis.

PURPOSE To evaluate safety and retrieval success of retrievable suprarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) filters. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients who received a retrievable suprarenal IVC filter between January 2008 and December 2017 was conducted. Suprarenal IVC filters were placed in 24 female and 27 male patients. The most common indications for filter placement were IVC thrombus (n = 20; 39.2%) and iliofemoral venous thrombosis with contraindication to anticoagulation (n = 16; 31.3%). The most common indications for suprarenal placement were IVC thrombus (n = 20; 39.2%), anatomic variants (n = 17; 33.3%), and external IVC compression (n = 8; 15.8%). Duplicated IVC was the most common anatomic variant requiring suprarenal placement (n = 7; 13.7%). RESULTS Gunther Tulip (n = 40; 78.4%), Denali (n = 10; 19.6%), and Celect (n = 1; 2.0%) filters were used. Retrieval was attempted in 27 of the 51 filters placed (52.9%). Of the 27 attempted retrievals, the technical success rate was 100% (27/27). The median dwell time was 87.0 days (95% confidence interval, 28-137 d). One complication involving fractured struts during filter retrieval occurred. No significant change in craniocaudal filter position, lateral filter tilt, or renal function between placement and retrieval was observed (P < .05). There were no instances of indwelling filter fracture. CONCLUSIONS Suprarenal IVC filters, when indicated, can be placed and retrieved with a low complication rate.
Mullen GR, Durden LA [Eds.]. 2018. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 3rd edition. Academic

Pp 666 Mullen GR, Durden LA [Eds.]. 2018. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 3rd edition. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom. 792 pp. ISBN 978-0-12-814043-7. US $93.50 (paperback). Phillip E. Kaufman Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA Email: pkaufman@ufl.edu View this article in BioOne
Coupling between slow-waves and sharp-wave ripples organizes distributed neural activity during sleep in humans

Hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation during sleep is hypothesized to depend on the synchronization of distributed neuronal ensembles, organized by the hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs, 80-150 Hz) and subcortical/cortical slow-waves (0.5-4 Hz). However, the precise role of SWR-slow-wave interactions in synchronizing subcortical/cortical neuronal activity is unclear. Here, we leverage intracranial electrophysiological recordings from the human hippocampus, amygdala, temporal and frontal cortices, to examine activity modulation and cross-regional coordination during SWRs. Hippocampal SWRs are associated with widespread modulation of high frequency activity (HFA; 70-200 Hz) a measure of local neuronal activation. This peri-SWR HFA modulation is predicted by the coupling between hippocampal SWRs and local subcortical/cortical slow-waves. Finally, local cortical slow-wave phase offsets during SWRs predicted functional connectivity between the frontal and temporal cortex. These findings suggest a selection mechanism wherein hippocampal SWR and cortical slow-wave synchronization governs the transient engagement of distributed neuronal populations supporting hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation.
Impact of receiver architecture on small satellite optical link in the presence of pointing jitter

The pointing jitter originated from the random mechanical vibration of the optical platform and the noise associated with the optomechanical sensor system unquestionably deteriorate the performance of the inter-satellite optical link. The impact of the jitter changes significantly with the receiver architecture. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to investigate the link performance in the presence of angular pointing jitters for different receiver architectures. Alongside the statistical pointing error model, the derived model incorporates key receiver design parameters such as detector radius, receiver aperture size, f-number of the lens system, and beam compression ratio to study the impact of receiver architecture on the pointing jitter. As an example, a CubeSat optical receiver is analyzed. We show that by careful selection of beam compression ratio and f-number, more than 5 orders of magnitude bit error rate improvement is achievable even at large pointing error.
Is academic performance a zero-sum game? Exploring the nexus between research and education outcomes of U.S. accounting programs

Abstract Academics and the public have long questioned whether research and teaching are symbiotic activities, with each enhancing the other. Revisiting this question for the U.S. accounting discipline, we analyze publication output in top-tier journals and CPA exam pass rates to indicate an accounting department's total research and educational achievement. Examining data for 65 top programs from 1985 to 2016 finds that research productivity and this desired educational outcome are positively, but not significantly, related. This suggests that an accounting department's two major activities do not conflict—but also do not strongly support each other. This result is generally reproduced for different levels of research production. Some variation is observed after the CPA exam changed to its current computerized administration.
Logarithmic sample bounds for Sample Average Approximation with capacity- or budget-constraints

Abstract Sample Average Approximation (SAA) is used to approximately solve stochastic optimization problems. In practice, SAA requires much fewer samples than predicted by existing theoretical bounds that ensure the SAA solution is close to optimal. Here, we derive new sample-size bounds for SAA that, for certain problems, are logarithmic (existing bounds are polynomial) in problem dimension. Notably, our new bounds provide a theoretical explanation for the success of SAA for many capacity- or budget-constrained optimization problems.
58210 Perspectives and Guidance for Mobile Health Self-Management Intervention Developers from Adolescents and Young Adults with Chronic Illnesses: A Qualitative Study

ABSTRACT IMPACT: The perspectives and guidance from adolescents and young adults (AYA) reported in this study could inform the evidence-based development and delivery of mobile health (mHealth) interventions to improve the health of AYA with chronic diseases. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To elicit advice from AYA with chronic healthcare needs regarding if and how mHealth interventions could effectively promote illness self-management skills. We selected this goal because including the user perspective from the beginning of the design process could lead to greater future adoption. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We purposively recruited AYA patients from a pediatric hospital with heterogeneous chronic illnesses to identify universal chronic disease views rather than condition-specific perspectives. We conducted qualitative face-to-face semi-structured interviews with (N = 19) AYA between 16 and 20 years old (63.2% Latinx; 21.1% Black; 10.5% White; 5.3% Multiracial). Using ATLAS.ti, three coders completed thematic analysis to inform a conceptual framework on how AYA believe mHealth interventions could promote the development and maintenance of self-management skills. Member checking was conducted over the phone to obtain participant feedback on themes to enhance the validity of qualitative results. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results suggest that AYA develop self-management skills through several strategies, including 1) getting organized, 2) ‘making it work for me’ and 3) keeping the ‘right’ mentality. AYA described developing these strategies through: 1) receiving social support, 2) accessing helpful tools and technologies, and 3) going through a maturation process. They provided recommendations for how mHealth interventions could improve this process, including: 1) ‘what’ recommendations, describing the content or active ingredients that should be included in mHealth interventions, and 2) ‘how’ recommendations, describing the technological aspects or style in which the interventions should be delivered. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: The results suggest that an appealing mHealth intervention could increase the support for AYA patients to proactively acquire self-management skills, avoiding trial-and-error or uneven access to guidance. Improving self-management could prevent poor health outcomes and increase quality of life.