cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on characterization of HA1 gene of influenza B virus between 2006 and 2007 in Fuzhou

Objective:To analyze the genetic characteristics of hemagglutinin gene of influenza B virus to understand its distribution during 2006~2007 in Fuzhou.Methods:Viruses were isolated with MDCK cells.The hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests were used to assay the type and subtype of the viruses and virion RNA were extracted from the representative strains.HA genes of influenza B viruses were amplified by RT-PCR and PCR products were purified and nucleotide sequences of HA1 gene were analyzed and deduced to determine the amino acid sequences.Finally,the phylogenetic tree was analyzed with MegAlign soft ware.Results:The Yamagata-like and Victoria-like viruses were co-circulated in 2006~2007.Victoria-like virus had become dominant strains in 2006.Yamagata-like viruses were the main strains in 2007.Compared with B/Shanghai/361/02,the Yamagata-like viruses had 6-9 positions amino acids substitution,and there was one more glycosylation site at 196th site.Compared with B/Zhejiang/2/01,the Victoria-like viruses had 8-9 amino acids mutation,and there was one more glycoaylation site at 197th site.Compared with the vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/04 recommended by WHO,the Victoria-like viruses had 1-3 amino acids substitution.Conclusion:The genetic characteristics and antigenic drift of influenza B viruses had changed comparing with B/Shanghai/361/02 and B/Zhejiang/2/01in 2006~2007.
Reverse osmosis fouling during pilot-scale municipal water reuse: Evidence for aluminum coagulant carryover

Abstract Surfaces of two reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, one from each stage of a real-world pilot-plant operated in support of full-scale design of municipal water reuse, were extensively characterized to determine dominant foulants. Since the source wastewater was purified using extended aeration activated sludge, alum was also being added to the secondary clarifier to eliminate potential problems with colloidal sedimentation. Even though microfiltration (MF) was implemented to pretreat the secondary effluent prior to RO, significant aluminum fouling was detected by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Peak shifts in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and high resolution X-ray spectra indicated aluminum complexation with the membrane surface. Calcium and phosphorous (from added antiscalant) were also detected along with only weak signals from organic matter suggesting the dominance of inorganic fouling. These results demonstrate that chemicals added during wastewater reclamation can foul downstream membranes necessitating careful monitoring of existing wastewater treatment unit operations and RO pretreatment processes. One-step cleaning with EDTA at pH 11 successfully removed both aluminum and calcium and restored the flux to nearly that of the virgin membrane. In contrast, citric acid at pH 4 was effective in removing calcium but not aluminum and did not fully recover the flux. Hence, flux decline appears to be closely linked to aluminum rather than calcium deposition. Residues of EDTA and citric acid were detected on the cleaned membrane surface even following multiple rinse/washing cycles. Although this did not impact short-term flux recovery, the effects of such remnants on long-term membrane life and flux restoration following multiple cleaning cycles need further investigation.
Synthetic Approach to Study the Effects of β-Turn Residues on the Structure and Folding of Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor (BPTI)

Previous work from our laboratory has established a system for accessing partially folded conformational ensembles of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), based on the replacement of Cys 5, 30, 51, and 55 by α-amino-n-butyric acid (Abu), while retaining the disulfide between Cys 14 and 38 [1]. Several observations in the aforementioned [14–38]Abu system suggest that the type I β-turn (A25K26A27G28) connecting the two core strands of the antiparallel β-sheet (residues 18–24 and 29–35) is the main site for initiation of folding of BPTI [2], For the present work, two analogues of [14–38]Abu have been synthesized in which turn residues at positions 26, 27, and 28 were altered to maximize amino acid positional potentials for β-turns [3]. One analogue, P26, D27[14–38]Abu, has at three positions (including the natural G28) residues with the highest potential for a type I β-turn. In a second analogue, N26,G27,K28[14–38]Abu, residues with the highest potential for a type I′ β-turn have been introduced. Type I′ β-turns are most common for β-hairpins [4].
Poverty, Sustainability, & Metal Recycling: Geovisualizing the Case of Scrapping as a Sustainable Urban Industry in Detroit

Metal recycling is a sustainable urban industry supplied by scrap metal formally collected from primary metal producers, manufacturers, and informal collectors of discarded recyclable materials. Increased worldwide demand for metal and the limited primary metal production capabilities of developing nations, particularly China, has raised the price of scrap metal and elevated scrap metal as the United States’ leading sustainable export, annually generating billions of dollars in revenue. This study theoretically situates formal scrap suppliers and scrap wholesalers (i.e. scrap yards) as elements of industrial symbiosis (Chertow MR, Annu Rev Energy Environ 25:313–337, 2000) and informal scrappers as urban mining agents (Brunner J Ind Ecol 15:339-341, 2011) whose behaviors strongly resemble that of social foragers (Giraldeau LA, Caraco T, Social foraging theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2000). Using Detroit as a case study, empirical analyses, informed by field-based observations and interviews, were conducted to support each theoretical framework. Specific analysis topics included the impact of metal prices on green job creation in the metal recycling industry, the locational determinants of scrap yards, the possible role of unemployment on the informal scrapper population, the destructive impact of criminal informal metal collectors, and a geo-visualization of optimal locations to informally extract scrap metal in Detroit. The successful analyses demonstrated in this chapter support the applied theoretical frameworks as a valuable platform to study the metal recycling industry and also produced new empirical and ethnographic insights on scrap metal supply chains, which deserve more intensive research as a vehicle for urban sustainability.
Scanning systems and protocols used during imaging for acute pulmonary embolism: how much do our clinical colleagues know?

Rationale and Objectives The imaging systems and protocols used during ventilation-perfusion lung (V-P) scintigraphy and computed tomographic (CT) pulmonary angiography (CTPA) can affect diagnostic performance. We investigated the level of awareness of these factors among US clinicians who refer patients for imaging for suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Materials and Methods Between September 2004 and February 2005, we conducted a mail survey of 855 physicians selected at random from three professional organizations. We asked participants how important the availability of state-of-the-art equipment was in their imaging decisions, whether V-P scintigraphy was performed with planar or single-photon emission CT (SPECT) equipment in their communities, to identify the most advanced type of CT scanner used for CTPA, and whether CT venography (CTV) was performed routinely after CTPA. Results We received completed surveys from 240 (29.8%) physicians practicing in 44 states. One hundred sixty-six respondents (70.9%) indicated that state-of-the-art equipment was an extremely or very important factor when they made imaging decisions. However, 191 clinicians (80.3%) did not know whether SPECT equipment was used for V-P scintigraphy, and 119 (50.6%) did not know the type of CT scanner used for CTPA in their communities. Of respondents, 39.2% reported access to multidetector row CT technology for CTPA, whereas 10.2% referred patients to facilities using single-detector CT. Only 9.3% of respondents indicated that CTV was performed routinely after CTPA. Conclusion Although state-of-the-art equipment is important to them, clinicians practicing in the United States have limited knowledge of the equipment being used during CTPA and V-P scintigraphy scanning in their communities. Radiologists should intensify efforts to familiarize their clinical colleagues with the equipment they use.
Regulatory Contracts and the Scope for Local Decision-Making with Respect to Energy Distribution Networks

Historically, electricity and gas supply evolved at the local level. In the nineteenth century, customers in cities were the first to enjoy artificial lighting by gas lamps and, later, by electric incandescent lamps. At that time, electricity and gas distribution, using public streets for the installation of cable network infrastructures, was granted through franchises or concession contracts. Today, we still find franchises and concession contracts regulating local electricity and gas distribution—but now deeply embedded in a regulatory environment at the national level, including statutes, regulatory agencies, and courts. As a consequence, this framework determines the scope for local regulation. In the light of the above, the question remains to what extent franchises and concession contracts can be seen as a means for genuine local regulation of electricity and gas distribution networks. Starting from the analysis of franchise-bidding schemes with respect to network infrastructures, we know what structures might lead to reduced inefficiencies and what inabilities pose problems. These insights give a guideline for the design of regulatory frameworks as a contractual relationship that are of high practical relevance, especially at a local level. This paper intends to contribute a next step in this analysis. Instead of prioritising centralised economic regulation for efficient allocation, we can emphasise the coordination of actors through decision-making processes. By virtue of decentralised coordination and consent with all the relevant actors at a local level, there is the prospect of more detailed goals different from centralised goals at a national level.
The ATLAS Event Service: A New Approach to Event Processing

The ATLAS Event Service (ES) implements a new fine grained approach to HEP event processing, designed to be agile and efficient in exploiting transient, short-lived resources such as HPC hole-filling, spot market commercial clouds, and volunteer computing. Input and output control and data flows, bookkeeping, monitoring, and data storage are all managed at the event level in an implementation capable of supporting ATLAS-scale distributed processing throughputs (about 4M CPU-hours/day). Input data flows utilize remote data repositories with no data locality or pre-staging requirements, minimizing the use of costly storage in favor of strongly leveraging powerful networks. Object stores provide a highly scalable means of remotely storing the quasi-continuous, fine grained outputs that give ES based applications a very light data footprint on a processing resource, and ensure negligible losses should the resource suddenly vanish. We will describe the motivations for the ES system, its unique features and capabilities, its architecture and the highly scalable tools and technologies employed in its implementation, and its applications in ATLAS processing on HPCs, commercial cloud resources, volunteer computing, and grid resources.Notice: This manuscript has been authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher by accepting the manuscript for publication acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.
The influence of emotional intelligence, cognitive test anxiety, and coping strategies on undergraduate academic performance

Abstract This study explored factors with the potential to exert facilitative and debilitative influence on undergraduate students' academic performance. Participants responded to the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, COPE inventory, and Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale-Revised and agreed to have their responses paired with institutional performance data. Analyses tested the iterative and collective influence of the identified variables on four-year GPA after controlling for previous academic performance (first-year GPA). The examination revealed cognitive test anxiety and use of emotion-focused coping strategies were significant predictors of students' long-term academic outcomes such that increased cognitive test anxiety and increased use of emotion-focused coping strategies were associated with decreases in four-year GPA. The results inform the nature of the influence these student factors have on long-term academic outcomes and highlight the importance of developing a multifaceted intervention model that supports emotion regulation and self-regulation skill development to buffer the impact of cognitive test anxiety on achievement.
Participation in a National Lifestyle Change Program is associated with improved diabetes Control outcomes.

Aims Clinical trials show lifestyle change programs are beneficial, yet large-scale, successful translation of these programs is scarce. We investigated the association between participation in the largest U.S. lifestyle change program, MOVE!, and diabetes control outcomes.
Identifying topologically associating domains and subdomains by Gaussian Mixture model And Proportion test.

The spatial organization of the genome plays a critical role in regulating gene expression. Recent chromatin interaction mapping studies have revealed that topologically associating domains and subdomains are fundamental building blocks of the three-dimensional genome. Identifying such hierarchical structures is a critical step toward understanding the three-dimensional structure–function relationship of the genome. Existing computational algorithms lack statistical assessment of domain predictions and are computationally inefficient for high-resolution Hi-C data. We introduce the Gaussian Mixture model And Proportion test (GMAP) algorithm to address the above-mentioned challenges. Using simulated and experimental Hi-C data, we show that domains identified by GMAP are more consistent with multiple lines of supporting evidence than three state-of-the-art methods. Application of GMAP to normal and cancer cells reveals several unique features of subdomain boundary as compared to domain boundary, including its higher dynamics across cell types and enrichment for somatic mutations in cancer. Spatial organization of the genome plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression. Here the authors introduce GMAP, the Gaussian Mixture model And Proportion test, to identify topologically associating domains and subdomains in Hi-C data.
Statins and Age-Related Maculopathy

Age-related maculopathy (ARM) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss among older adults in the industrialized world (1, 2, 3, 4). ARM is a progressive, degenerative disorder of the retina that results in a degradation of the sharp, central vision necessary for most everyday activities, including reading and driving. The prominent histopathological and clinical lesions in ARM involve Bruch’s membrane, a specialized vascular intima separating the photoreceptors and their support cells, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), from their blood supply. ARM is characterized according to the presence and distinctiveness of drusen that lie at the border between the RPE and Bruch’s membrane. Currently, the gold standard for the definition of ARM is based on the use of retinal grading systems that provide standardized means for the grading of visible lesions and pigmentary changes associated with the disease (4, 5, 6, 7). The number and size of these drusen are used to classify ARM into various stages—early, intermediate, or advanced—and linked to the progression of the disease (8).
EFFECTS OF SYLLABIC POSITION IN THE PERCEPTION OF SPOKEN ENGLISH

We report a series of experiments that demonstrate an effect of syllabic position on reaction time during phoneme monitoring in English. In our stimuli, the third phoneme of each word was the target phoneme, and it belonged either to the coda of the first syllable (coda-type target) or to the onset of the second syllable (onset-type target). By manipulating the proportions of the target types, reaction times to targets of the expected syllabic structure were significantly affected. This effect was only present when words stressed on their second syllable were used; words with first-syllable stress yielded no effect of expectation. The difference may be attributed to the strongly ambisyllabic nature of consonants following stressed vowels. The results are consistent with the idea that prelexical syllabic segmentation always occurs, but is only evident when the syllabic boundaries of the materials are unambiguous. These and previous findings are discussed from a cross-linguistic perspective.
The Right to Habitat Protection

Despite an implied right to habitat protection to sustain tribal fisheries, and a more explicit requirement for habitat protection under the Endangered Species Act, in both instances ambiguities remain in the interpretation of its definition and scope. In addition, despite many favorable court rulings, both tribes and environmental groups have generally been unable to achieve the common goal of actual in-stream water flows required to sustain healthy aquatic habitat and fish populations. This paper details the legal decisions addressing tribal rights to habitat protection and the requirement for habitat protection under the Endangered Species Act, delineates the scope of these obligations and discusses existing ambiguities, constraints, and complementarities. It briefly examines several cases where alliances between tribes and environmental groups created stronger opportunities to enhance the protection of aquatic habitat, and discusses areas of common ground that could provide the basis for stronger coalitions between these groups. PUBLIC LAND & RESOURCES LAW REVIEW [Vol. 29
300 Million Clicks and Political Engagement via Facebook in the 2016 American Presidential Election: How Online Activity Changes Across Time and Sources

News media set an agenda of salient topics for the public, especially during a presidential election. The importance of the media has not decreased with the increase in media choice and growth of s...
Outer Coordination Sphere Proton Relay Base and Proximity Effects on Hydrogen Oxidation with Iron Electrocatalysts

The intra- and intermolecular deprotonation reactions of [(CpC5F4N)Fe(PEtNR′PEt)H]+ (PEtNR′PEt = (Et2PCH2)2NR′) complexes are rate-limiting processes in the electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen and can be mediated by an amine base in the outer coordination sphere (OCS) by facilitating the matching of energy of deprotonation intermediates. A series of complexes with different N-substituents (R′ = Me, Et, CH2OMe, CH2N(Ph)Me, and (CH2)nNMe2; n = 1–4) was examined computationally using density functional theory to determine the influence of the identity and proximity of the OCS base on the intramolecular deprotonation. Complexes with an OCS dimethylamino substituent were the most suitably energy matched. The number of carbon atoms between the secondary and OCS nitrogen atoms dictated the strength of the hydrogen-bonding interaction and ring strain following deprotonation of the iron hydride. The previously reported [(CpC5F4N)Fe(PEtNR′PEt)H]+ (R′ = (CH2)3NMe2) electrocatalyst was predicted to have the most f...
Communicating Mammography Results: By What Method and How Quickly Do Women Want Their Screening Mammogram Results?

Abstract The purpose of the survey study was to understand the majority preference with regards to the wait time for screening mammogram results, whether prompt communication of mammogram results was of importance to patients, whether the time frame to schedule an additional imaging follow-up appointment after an abnormal screening mammogram was important to patients, and how patients preferred to be given their screening mammogram results. There were 2,245 patients who participated in the survey. A majority of patients preferred to receive screening mammogram results on Friday (n = 1,868, 85.4%), even if their mammogram was abnormal, requiring a follow-up appointment that could not be scheduled until the following week. Most individuals preferred to schedule their follow-up appointments soon after their initial appointment, preferring either the next day or within 1 to 2 days. Finally, over half of the sample preferred to be contacted via a telephone call, with letter and text messaging being the next most preferred methods and e-mail being the least preferred. Survey results suggest that the preferred wait time for screening mammogram results was either to wait at the time of screening mammogram appointment or to receive results within 48 hours. These suggestions can help clinics and providers make changes to how they communicate screening mammogram results. The strong preference of patients receiving their screening mammogram results more promptly should help trigger alternative methods toward improving communication between the radiologist and the patient.
Abstract LB-331: Bidirectional crosstalk between leptin and IGF-1 signaling transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor and promotes invasion and migration of triple-negative breast cancer cells

Introduction: Obesity is an independent risk factor for breast cancer and obese breast cancer patients exhibit a higher risk for larger tumor burden, increased metastasis, and poor response to endocrine therapy. Obesity affects breast carcinogenesis by autocrine and paracrine effects of adipocytokine leptin and IGF-1. We have previously shown that leptin induces growth stimulation of breast cancer cells by recruiting histone acetyltransferases and mediator complex to cyclin D1 promoter via activation of Stat3. In the present study, we found a novel bidirectional crosstalk between IGF-1 and leptin signaling that promotes invasion and migration of triple-negative (ER, PR, HER2 negative) breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-435, and HCC-1806. Methods and Results: IGF-1 induced significant tyrosine phosphorylation of leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) and leptin induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Combined treatment of leptin and IGF-1 induced synergistic activation of both Ob-Rb and IGF-1R along with activation of Akt and ERK. Furthermore, IGF-1 and leptin synergistically transactivated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and induced proliferation of triple negative breast cancer cells. We also found that tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR induced by combined treatment of leptin and IGF-1 was significantly inhibited not only by EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478 but also with a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, GM6001, indicating that leptin and IGF-1 induced EGFR transactivation is dependent on proteolytic release of EGFR ligands. Intriguingly, we also found that combined treatment of leptin and IGF-1 potently induced invasion of triple negative breast cancer cells in Matrigel invasion and quantitative Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing invasion assays. Inhibition of leptin and IGF-1 mediated EGFR activation using a highly potent, reversible inhibitor of HER1/EGFR tyrosine kinase (erlotinib) or dual EGFR/HER2 kinase inhibitor (lapatinib) effectively inhibited leptin and IGF-1 induced invasion. Also, inhibition of EGFR activation using erlotinib and lapatinib reduced leptin- and IGF-1 induced migration of triple negative breast cancer cells. Conclusions: Taken together, these data indicate a novel bidirectional crosstalk between leptin and IGF-1 signaling that transactivates EGFR and promotes metastatic properties, invasion, and migration of triple negative breast carcinoma cells. Our novel findings indicate the possibility of using EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and lapatinib to counter the pro-cancerous effects of leptin and IGF-1 signaling in triple negative breast cancers.
3177 – THE LARGE-SCALE GENERATION OF MATURE, HEMOGLOBINIZED RED BLOOD CELLS IN VITRO FROM HUMAN PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS FOR DISEASE MODELING AND AUTOLOGOUS THERAPIES

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are an invaluable resource in tissue and blood cell engineering due to their multi-lineage potential in culture systems. iPSC-derived progenitors that undergo induced erythropoiesis in vitro would allow for the modeling of blood diseases, such as Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA), for therapeutic applications, as well as the possibility of becoming an autologous source of blood products for patients. The robust generation of terminal, mature red blood cells (RBCs) in large numbers from iPSCs has historically been challenging, due to a lack of terminal erythropoietic development. Here, we describe an optimized method of generating terminal RBCs in vitro from healthy and Sickle homozygous patient-derived iPSCs using a plasma-rich culture media and hypoxic conditioning. Committed erythroid cells underwent prominent proliferation from an enriched CD34+ population (90-fold amplification), as well as efficient adult globin switching (>40%), and enhanced rates of enucleation (>60%). In their terminal state, RBCs with the Sickle homozygous mutation displayed morphological and pathological characteristics that matched the human condition, demonstrating their usefulness in disease modeling and translational research. These studies describe an efficient protocol for the generation of committed erythroid cells from pluripotent human iPSCs that recapitulate human blood diseases in vitro. Ongoing optimization of erythroid culture systems will hopefully drive future development of autologous cell therapies for patients with rare blood types.
Surgical Treatment for Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignancy in the world, with over 5.4 million new cases diagnosed in the United States annually. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) comprises 70–75% of these cases, and up to 85% occur in the head and neck region. Basal cell carcinoma is thus the most common cancer in the world and is reaching epidemic proportions, with an ever-rising incidence. This can be observed most strikingly in Australia, which has the highest prevalence of skin cancer in the world. BCCs less commonly cause death, but if left alone can invade locally and cause significant functional loss and morbidity.
Probing the Dark Matter and Gas Fraction in Relaxed Galaxy Groups with X-ray observations from Chandra and XMM

We present radial mass profiles within 0.3 r_vir for 16 relaxed galaxy groups-poor clusters (kT range 1-3 keV) selected for optimal mass constraints from the Chandra and XMM data archives. After accounting for the mass of hot gas, the resulting mass profiles are described well by a two-component model consisting of dark matter (DM), represented by an NFW model, and stars from the central galaxy. The stellar component is required only for 8 systems, for which reasonable stellar mass-to-light ratios (M/L_K) are obtained, assuming a Kroupa IMF. Modifying the NFW dark matter halo by adiabatic contraction does not improve the fit and yields systematically lower M/L_K. In contrast to previous results for massive clusters, we find that the NFW concentration parameter (c_vir) for groups decreases with increasing M_vir and is inconsistent with no variation at the 3 sigma level. The normalization and slope of the c_vir-M_vir relation are consistent with the standard LambdaCDM cosmological model with sigma_8 = 0.9. The small intrinsic scatter measured about the c_vir-M_vir relation implies the groups represent preferentially relaxed, early forming systems. The mean gas fraction (f =0.05 +/- 0.01) of the groups measured within an overdensity Delta=2500 is lower than for hot, massive clusters, but the fractional scatter (sigma_f/f=0.2) for groups is larger, implying a greater impact of feedback processes on groups, as expected.
Effects of Image Quantity and Image Source Variation on Machine Learning Histology Differential Diagnosis Models.

Aims: Histology, the microscopic study of normal tissues, is a crucial element of most medical curricula. Learning tools focused on histology are very important to learners who seek diagnostic competency within this important diagnostic arena. Recent developments in machine learning (ML) suggest that certain ML tools may be able to benefit this histology learning platform. Here, we aim to explore how one such tool based on a convolutional neural network, can be used to build a generalizable multi-classification model capable of classifying microscopic images of human tissue samples with the ultimate goal of providing a differential diagnosis (a list of look-alikes) for each entity. Methods: We obtained three institutional training datasets and one generalizability test dataset, each containing images of histologic tissues in 38 categories. Models were trained on data from single institutions, low quantity combinations of multiple institutions, and high quantity combinations of multiple institutions. Models were tested against withheld validation data, external institutional data, and generalizability test images obtained from Google image search. Performance was measured with macro and micro accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and f1-score. Results: In this study, we were able to show that such a model's generalizability is dependent on both the training data source variety and the total number of training images used. Models which were trained on 760 images from only a single institution performed well on withheld internal data but poorly on external data (lower generalizability). Increasing data source diversity improved generalizability, even when decreasing data quantity: models trained on 684 images, but from three sources improved generalization accuracy between 4.05' and 18.59'. Maintaining this diversity and increasing the quantity of training images to 2280 further improved generalization accuracy between 16.51' and 32.79'. Conclusions: This pilot study highlights the significance of data diversity within such studies. As expected, optimal models are those that incorporate both diversity and quantity into their platforms.s
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Paranasal Sinuses: The Mayo Clinic Experience and Review of the Literature

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign, lytic bone lesions, which rarely present in the paranasal sinuses. There is no published consensus on the appropriate diagnostic or treatment approach. Our objective was to elucidate the clinical behavior, treatment, and outcomes for patients with ABCs of the paranasal sinuses (psABCs). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series and system review of the literature. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients evaluated at the authors' institution with psABC and consolidated with literature reports of psABC. RESULTS Eighty-nine patients met inclusion criteria. The most common presenting symptom was painless facial swelling (n = 35, 39%). The ethmoid sinuses were the most common site involved (n = 55, 62%). Surgical approach was reported in 74 cases including 20 endoscopic and 54 with an open or combined approach. Fifty-nine patients (71%) underwent gross total resection. Follow up data was reported for 67 patients. Fifteen patients (22%) were found to have recurrence or progression at follow up; 10/15 (66%) patients within the first 12 months, 14/15 (93%) within the first 24 months, and 1/15 (7%) greater than 24 months after treatment. Patients were more likely to have recurrence/progression if they presented with nasal discharge (P = .05), proptosis (P = .01), or orbital involvement (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS psABCs typically present with painless swelling or nasal obstruction. Orbital involvement is a negative prognostic indicator with these patients more likely to have recurrence after treatment. Recurrence or progression of disease is most likely to occur within 2 years after treatment. Therefore, patients should be monitored closely during this time. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2525-E2533, 2021.
Implementing inverse design tools for plasmonic digital logic devices

Despite the benefits that optics and photonics have brought to improving communications, there remains a lack of commercialized optical computing devices and systems, which reduces the benefits of using light as an information-carrying medium. We are developing architectures and designs of photonic logic gates for creating larger-scale functional photonic logic circuits. In contrast to other approaches, we are focusing on the development of logic devices which can be cascaded in arbitrary ways to allow for more complex photonic integrated circuit design. Additionally, optical computing often uses on-off keying, which fails to take advantage of denser encoding schemes often used to optically transmit data. We propose that devices that operate on phase-shift keying will not only be more efficient, but easier to cascade. To achieve the goal of cascadable devices operating on phase-shift keying, we have designed a plasmonic waveguide logic device using inverse design tools. These tools have allowed us to create a device with an arbitrary topology that has increased performance and reduced footprint compared to a conventional device with the same operation. In addition, inverse design simplifies the process of designing devices that operate with phase-shift keying, which can become complicated with conventional design methods. In order to implement inverse design tools for plasmonic devices and phase-shift keying, we used fully 3D FDTD simulations. We compare the inverse-designed devices to more conventional devices in order to characterize their performance.
Chemotherapy-induced collagen IV drives cancer cell invasion through activation of Src/FAK signaling

Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and deadly subtype of breast cancer, accounting for 30,000 cases annually in the US. While there are several clinical trials ongoing to identify new agents to treat TNBC, the majority of TNBC patients are treated with anthracycline- or taxane-based chemotherapies in the neoadjuvant setting, followed by surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy. While many patients respond well to this approach, as many as 25% will suffer local or metastatic recurrence within five years. Understanding the mechanisms that drive recurrence after chemotherapy treatment is critical to improving survival for patients with TNBC. It is well-established that the extracellular matrix, which provides structure and support to tissues, is a major driver of tumor growth, local invasion and dissemination of cancer cells to distant metastatic sites. In the present study, we show that decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) obtained from chemotherapy-treated mice increases invasion of treatment-naive breast cancer cells compared to vehicle-treated dECM. Using tandem-mass-tag proteomics, we further demonstrate that anthracycline- and taxane-based chemotherapies induce drug-specific changes in tumor ECM composition. We identify the basement membrane protein collagen IV as significantly upregulated in the ECM of chemotherapy-treated mice and patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We show that collagen IV drives invasion via Src/FAK signaling and that inhibiting collagen IV-driven signaling decreases invasion in chemotherapy-treated dECM. These studies provide a novel mechanism by which chemotherapy may induce metastasis via effects on ECM composition. One Sentence Summary Chemotherapy alters the extracellular matrix of breast tumors leading to increased invasion of residual cancer cells.
Value of digital biomarkers in precision medicine: implications in cancer, autoimmune diseases, and COVID-19

Based on the patient’s characteristics, precision medicine (PM) aims to optimize the time of administration of the most appropriate medicine with the minimum risk of toxicity. This is a multidimens...
The Importance and Opportunity for Healthy Aging Through Lifestyle, Behavior Medicine Among Older Adults With Multiple Sclerosis: the Case Based on Physical Activity

There is a “graying” of the population of persons living with multiple sclerosis (MS), and the effects of normal aging occur on top of those associated with MS itself (i.e., aging with a long-term disabling disease). We develop the perspective that “Lifestyle Behavior Medicine for Healthy Aging with MS” may be an effective strategy for promoting healthy longevity in this immune-mediated, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The perspective is based on recent evidence regarding (a) outcomes of aging with MS for declines in physical and cognitive functions; (b) lifestyle behaviors as putative influences of those outcomes for yielding healthy aging in MS; and (c) health promotion, largely focused on physical activity, in the context of the patient-provider interaction in comprehensive MS care. The lack of effective pharmacological treatment options combined with evidence for age-related declines in function over-and-beyond MS itself supports implementing Lifestyle, Behavior Medicine for Healthy Aging with MS in the context of comprehensive MS care for older adults with MS.
Private Federated Learning Without a Trusted Server: Optimal Algorithms for Convex Losses

This paper studies the problem of federated learning (FL) in the absence of a trustworthy server/clients. In this setting, each client needs to ensure the privacy of its own data without relying on the server or other clients. We study local differential privacy (LDP) at the client level and provide tight upper and lower bounds that establish the minimax optimal rates (up to logarithms) for LDP convex/strongly convex federated stochastic optimization. Our rates match the optimal statistical rates in certain practical parameter regimes ("privacy for free"). Second, we develop an accelerated distributed noisy SGD algorithm, leading to the first non-trivial LDP risk bounds for FL with non-i.i.d. clients. Third, we consider the special case where each client's loss function is empirical and use a variation of our accelerated LDP FL algorithm to improve communication complexity compared to existing works. We also provide matching lower bounds, establishing the optimality of our algorithm for convex/strongly convex settings. Fourth, with a secure shuffler to anonymize client reports (but without a trusted server), our algorithm attains the optimal central DP rates for stochastic convex/strongly convex optimization, thereby achieving optimality in the local and central models simultaneously. Our upper bounds quantify the role of network communication reliability in performance.
Under Construction: Questioning Whether Statutory Construction Principles Justify Individual Liability under the Family and Medical Leave Act

The question of whether individuals can be personally liable under the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) has been percolating in the federal courts for more than a decade. Over this period, district courts throughout the country have consistently held that individuals working for private employers can be held liable for FMLA violations. Given the length of time over which the courts have been considering this issue, it would seem safe to assume that the courts have fully examined the factors that might lead to individual liability, such as the FMLA’s statutory language, other courts’ interpretations of similar language, the policy behind the statute, and whether public policy supports liability. Such an assumption, however, is unwarranted. Courts interpreting the FMLA as providing for individual liability have not engaged in a comprehensive discussion about why the FMLA dictates this result. Instead, the courts have merely punted, failing to provide any thorough analysis, by either relying on the “plain” language of the definition of “employer” in the statute or by referring to similar language in the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), which has been interpreted as allowing individual liability. This cursory analysis fails to consider the ample support that exists for denying individual liability under the statute and that the statutory construction conducted by the courts to date is inadequate.
The Effects of Problem-Solving Software on Problem-Solving Ability

AbstractThis paper reports on a study of the effects of problem-solving computer software on the problem-solving ability of secondary school mathematics students. A cognitive science-based definition, instrumentation, and instructional pedagogy were used. Members of an experimental group were involved in computer-augmented mathematics instruction, while members of a control group were involved in more traditional mathematics instruction. Although results of a statistical analysis of a test of problem-solving ability were mixed, the experimental group demonstrated significantly better performance on standardized tests of mathematics content. Implications of results for mathematics instruction are discussed.
The making of elite women : revolution and nation building in Eritrea

This book is a thorough study about the upcoming of elite women in Eritrea, encompassing the time of the armed struggle for liberation as well as its aftermath up to the tenth anniversary of Eritrean independence in 2001 and beyond. It is a multi-disciplinary study, combining a comprehensive analysis of Eritrean history, society and political developments with extensive case study research into the lives of different groups of elite women. Modernisation processes created by the Eritrean revolution fostered an environment in which women are regarded as equal and encouraged to occupy positions of leadership. At the same time, the revolution's hegemonic ideology does not envisage women opting out of its version of modernity, thus new avenues open up only for those who subscribe to the revolution's narrative of progress. Furthermore, it is argued that while the Eritrean revolution played a decisive role in opening up possibilities for women's emancipation, a failure to implement democratic structures of governance puts the revolution's societal achievements at risk - its legacy might well rest with possibilities of personal liberation in individual lives.
Interplanetary medium data book

Unresolved questions on the physics of solar wind and its effects on magnetospheric processes and cosmic ray propagation were addressed with hourly averaged interplanetary plasma and magnetic field data. This composite data set is described with its content and extent, sources, limits of validity, and the mutual consistency studies and normalizations to which the input data were subjected. Hourly averaged parameters were presented in the form of digital listings and 27-day plots. The listings are contained in a separately bound appendix.
Neutrality, Adversary Argument, and Constitutionalism in Public Administration

Since there can be no language that is free of our moral and political values, it is difficult, if not impossible, for public administrators and those of us who study and teach them to be “ethically neutral.” However, the idea of neutrality, thought of in terms of “fairness,” or a willingness to “hear the other side,” remains a value that is worthwhile for public administrators to pursue. The implications of this argument for American constitutionalism and public administration practice and education are examined.
EARLY DIFFERENTIATION OF MOTOR NEUROBLASTS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO AS STUDIED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. I. GENERAL ASPECTS.

Abstract The early differentiation of the motor neuroblast of the chick embryo has been studied at the fine structural level. Material from embryos from 33 hours to 8 days incubation has been examined, with particular attention to identification of motor neuroblast cells at successive stages of development. Previous to the visible differentiation of neuroblasts the cells of the ventrolateral neural tube are columnar epithelial cells with the following characteristics: many free ribosomes throughout the cytoplasm, scant, scattered granular endoplasmic reticulum, scattered mitochondria, fairly prominent Golgi material medial to the nucleus, junctional zones near the apical ends of the cells, cilia extending into the neurocoel, and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The first changes that have been observed in the differentiation of the motor neuroblast (2-day embryo) are the appearance of areas of filaments in the cytoplasm and the formation of an axon. The axon contains filaments, some mitochondria, small smooth-surfaced vesicles, and a few free RNP particles. Subsequently (3-day embryos) the medial end of the neuroblast is withdrawn from the neurocoel, there is a change in organization in the cell body such that the nucleus is medial to the larger area of cytoplasm containing Golgi complex and centrioles, and the granular endoplasmic reticulum begins to increase in amount. The next changes (4-day and older embryos) include the outgrowth of dendrites, which contain many filaments and also most of the organelles found in the perikaryon, and the appearance of filaments in the perikaryon arranged as in mature neurons. The Golgi material is reorganized into a number of separate zones scattered in the perikaryon and dendrites. The granular ER continues to increase in amount, but remains scattered, throughout the period considered. These observations are discussed in relation to other work on development of the nervous system and on differentiation.
Mechanochemically Driven Syntheses of Boride Nanomaterials

Solid state metathesis reactions have proven to be a viable route to the production of unfunctionalized nanomaterials. However, current implementations of this approach are limited to self-propagating reactions. We have been investigating mechanically driven metathesis reactions. The use of high-energy ball mills allows control of crystallite sizes without the use of a capping group. Reinforcement materials with crystallite sizes on the order of 5–30 nm can be produced in such a manner. Borides are of particular interest due to their strength, high melting point, and electrical conductivity. The ultimate goal of this work is to prepare oxide and capping group-free nanoparticles suitable for incorporation in thermoelectric, polymer, and ceramic composites. Ultimately this work will facilitate the production of improved thermoelectric materials that will provide robust, deployable, power generation modules to supplement or replace fuel cell, Stirling, and battery-derived power sources. It will also result in scalable, bulk syntheses of tough, refractory, conductive nanomaterials for polymer composites with improved electrical properties, ceramic composites with enhanced fracture toughness, and composites with enhanced neutron reflectance and/or absorbance.