cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biomimetics—using nature to inspire human innovation

Evolution has resolved many of nature's challenges leading to lasting solutions. Nature has always inspired human achievements and has led to effective materials, structures, tools, mechanisms, processes, algorithms, methods, systems, and many other benefits (Bar-Cohen Y (ed) 2005 Biomimetics-Biologically Inspired Technologies (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) pp 1-552). This field, which is known as biomimetics, offers enormous potential for inspiring new capabilities for exciting future technologies. There are numerous examples of biomimetic successes that involve making simple copies, such as the use of fins for swimming. Others examples involved greater mimicking complexity including the mastery of flying that became possible only after the principles of aerodynamics were better understood. Some commercial implementations of biomimetics, including robotic toys and movie subjects, are increasingly appearing and behaving like living creatures. More substantial benefits of biomimetics include the development of prosthetics that closely mimic real limbs and sensory-enhancing microchips that are interfaced with the brain to assist in hearing, seeing and controlling instruments. A review is given of selected areas that were inspired by nature, and an outlook for potential development in biomimetics is presented.
Effectiveness of Atypical Antipsychotic Medications in Reducing Violent Behavior Among Persons With Schizophrenia in Community-Based Treatment

This study prospectively compared the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications to that of conventional neuroleptics in reducing violent behavior among patients with schizophrenia under "usual care" conditions in the community. Participants (n = 229) were adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders receiving inpatient or outpatient services in public sector mental health systems in North Carolina. Subjects were followed for 2 years in an observational study using multiple methods of data collection at 6-month intervals to assess treatment, sociodemographic characteristics, clinical features, and violence outcomes. Treatment with atypical antipsychotic medications (clozapine, risperidone, or olanzapine) was found to significantly reduce the risk of violent behavior, whereas treatment with conventional neuroleptics did not have this same beneficial effect. A cumulative effect on reduced violence was attributable to consistent compliance with atypical antipsychotic medications over a 2-year period. Concurrent reductions in psychotic symptoms, substance abuse, and adverse medication side effects were found to mediate the association between adherence with atypicals and lower violence risk. Treatment with atypical antipsychotic medications should be considered as an important component of violence risk management for schizophrenia patients at risk for violent behavior.
Special Section Guest Editorial: Photomasks for EUV Lithography

The equipment and process development model for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) masks spans international consortia, closely held multiparty alliances, individual user efforts, materials/equipment programs and ad hoc collaborations. Mask integration efforts are also spread widely from captive mask programs driving toward early and specific EUV use cases to more general-purpose efforts typical of broad application foundry or merchant business models. Even specifications for EUV masks remain a dynamically moving target as the reflective and film properties of the mask coupled with incoming illumination obliquity represent a dramatic departure from previous mask technology. Finally, due to the highly sensitive nature of mask technology as the entry point of a chip design into the fab, many teams are understandably reluctant to publish works due to competitive concerns. For these reasons, it seems particularly valuable to aggregate and highlight important work under way to address key issues in EUV mask development. We are therefore grateful to the expert authors who have provided contributions to this special edition in the following critical areas: •Mask defects and inspection often viewed as the most challenging integration module for delivering production-worthy EUV masks; •Mask blanks representing the critical starting point for high-yielding mask fabrication; •Interplay between mask quality and mask printing, which has particular importance for the new emerging patterning system; •Etching of the mask posing special challenges thanks to the unique substrate characteristics. We hope you will be encouraged by the progress and understanding demonstrated in these works for critical parts of the mask infrastructure. Despite the unique challenge of delivering a new mask technology to the industry, it is clear substantial progress is being made toward the end goal. Of course, readers should draw their own conclusions, and, toward that, we urge EUV ecosystem participants to continue adding to the discussion by publishing new works that support a vigorous EUV mask co-learning and technology dialogue.
Cardiac remodeling in systemic hypertension

Experimental and clinical studies provide evidence that hypertension is causally related to adverse cardiac structural changes, such as LA enlargement, LV hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis, and functional changes inclusive of LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction. These changes are induced by both hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic factors. There is accumulating evidence from several small and large clinical trials that various classes of antihypertensive therapy prevent and regress LVH and myocardial fibrosis. Prevention and reversal of LVH are associated with an improvement in cardiac function and with a decline in risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Prevention of LVH should be a priority in subjects with hypertension. In patients with hypertensive heart disease, the components of therapy must comprise optimization of BP and regression of LVH. Future targets of therapy in hypertensive heart disease may include regression of myocardial fibrosis, normalization of LA size, and improvement in LV diastolic function.
Enhanced Roadway Inventory Using a 2‐D Sign Video Image Recognition Algorithm

As part of a project to produce a real-time road inventory data collection system, a two-dimensional (2-D) color, shape, and texture-based stop sign recognition algorithm was developed. The theoretical base of establishing a suitable 2-D correlation coefficient threshold value that can both eliminate objects that are not stop signs and minimize the possibility of false-positive identifications is presented. Both the one-dimensional (1-D) algorithm, which has been developed previously by the authors, and the 2-D algorithm provide a simple and feasible way to automatically extract stop signs from roadway inventory video images with a very competitive computation speed. The 2-D algorithm was able to correctly detect all of the images that were correctly detected by the 1-D algorithm. In addition, the 2-D algorithm could correctly detect two of the remaining five images that could not be correctly detected by the 1-D algorithm. The 2-D algorithm can detect stop signs tilted up to 35° and can detect a stop sign with its surface blocked up to 20%. The improved detectability, with only a marginally increased time in the image processing, suggests that the 2-D algorithm is a better algorithm than the 1-D algorithm for processing stop sign images from video logging of roadway inventory.
Soot Formation in Diesel Fuel Jets Near the Lift-Off Length

AbstractSoot formation in the region downstream of the lift-off length of diesel fuel jets was investigated in an optically accessible constant-volume combustion vessel under quiescent-type diesel ...
Responding to Children Victimized by Their Peers

Abstract Because victimization results from the dynamic interplay between the victim and his or her parents, peers, and teachers, responding to this problem should involve both direct and indirect interventions. This paper describes and reviews empirically supported direct interventions with victims, as well as indirect interventions with parents, peers, and school staff. Although the primary focus is on bullying, research on related forms of peer victimization, such as rejection, are included, as these have been subject to more empirical study. The review concludes that there is empirical support for direct and indirect interventions for specific problems associated with rejection, though research studies on interventions for victims of bullying are lacking. In addition, comprehensive primary prevention approaches for reducing bullying have shown promise, but there is a lack of empirically supported secondary prevention efforts that focus on increasing social support for children who, despite primary pre...
A novel urine peptide biomarker-based algorithm for the prognosis of necrotising enterocolitis in human infants

Objective Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a major source of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The management of infants with NEC is currently complicated by our inability to accurately identify those at risk for progression of disease prior to the development of irreversible intestinal necrosis. We hypothesised that integrated analysis of clinical parameters in combination with urine peptide biomarkers would lead to improved prognostic accuracy in the NEC population. Design Infants under suspicion of having NEC (n=550) were prospectively enrolled from a consortium consisting of eight university-based paediatric teaching hospitals. Twenty-seven clinical parameters were used to construct a multivariate predictor of NEC progression. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to profile the urine peptidomes from a subset of this population (n=65) to discover novel biomarkers of NEC progression. An ensemble model for the prediction of disease progression was then created using clinical and biomarker data. Results The use of clinical parameters alone resulted in a receiver-operator characteristic curve with an area under the curve of 0.817 and left 40.1% of all patients in an ‘indeterminate’ risk group. Three validated urine peptide biomarkers (fibrinogen peptides: FGA1826, FGA1883 and FGA2659) produced a receiver-operator characteristic area under the curve of 0.856. The integration of clinical parameters with urine biomarkers in an ensemble model resulted in the correct prediction of NEC outcomes in all cases tested. Conclusions Ensemble modelling combining clinical parameters with biomarker analysis dramatically improves our ability to identify the population at risk for developing progressive NEC.
Subglacial hydrology and ice stream margin locations

Fast-flowing ice streams in West Antarctica are separated from the nearly stagnant ice in the adjacent ridge by zones of highly localized deformation known as shear margins. It is presently uncertain what mechanisms control the location of shear margins and possibly allow them to migrate. In this paper we show how subglacial hydrological processes can select the shear margin location, leading to a smooth transition from a slipping to a locked bed at the base of an ice stream. Our study uses a two-dimensional thermomechanical model in a cross section perpendicular to the direction of flow. We confirm that the intense straining at the shear margins can generate large temperate regions within the deforming ice. Assuming that the melt generated in the temperate ice collects in a drainage channel at the base of the margin, we show that a channel locally decreases the pore pressure in the subglacial till. Therefore, the basal shear strength just outside the channel, assuming a Coulomb-plastic rheology, can be substantially higher than that inferred under the majority of the stream. Results show that the additional basal resistance produced by the channel lowers the stress concentrated on the locked portion of the bed. Matching the model to surface velocity data, we find that shear margins are stable when the slipping-to-locked bed transition occurs less than 500 m away from a channel operating at an effective pressure of 200 kPa and for a hydraulic transmissivity equivalent to a basal water film of order 0.2 mm thickness.
Squaring the Circle: In Quest for Sustainability

Development has been the main strategy in addressing the problem of sustainability since at least the mid-1980s. The results of this strategy have been mixed, if not disappointing. In their objections to this approach, critics frequently invoke constraints imposed by physical reality of which the most important one is entropy production. They question the belief that technological innovations are capable of solving the problem of sustainability. Is development the right response to this problem and is the current course capable of attaining sustainability? The article examines closely and critiques the principal theoretical objection to sustainable development that emphasizes physical constraints, and more specifically entropy production. It also offers a critique of the current approach to sustainable development. The article advocates a systems approach as a way to anchor a broad consensus in the ongoing sustainability debates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modification of rapid susceptibility assay for antifungal susceptibility testing of Aspergillus fumigatus

To improve objectivity and speed of current antifungal mold susceptibility testing, the yeast Rapid Susceptibility Assay (RSA) was adapted for Aspergillus species. The RSA is based on glucose utilization in the presence of an antifungal drug. Aspergillus fumigatus conidia were incubated in 0.2% glucose RPMI 1640 containing 0.03 to 16 micro g of amphotericin B or itraconazole/ml. Drug-related inhibition of glucose utilization correlated with suppression of conidial germination. Following incubation of conidia with various concentrations of antifungal drug, the percentage of residual glucose in the growth medium was determined colorimetrically and plotted against drug concentration to determine the MIC (MIC(RSA)). National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) M38-P testing was also performed to obtain NCCLS MICs (MIC(NCCLS)) for direct comparison with MIC(RSA)s. Conidial inocula of an optical density at 530 nm (OD(530)) of 0.11 facilitated determination of amphotericin B and itraconazole MIC(RSA)s at 16 h equal to or within a single twofold dilution of MIC(NCCLS)s obtained at 48 h. Preliminary testing with a 0.11-OD(530) conidial inoculum of the slower-growing Aspergillus terreus resulted in itraconazole and amphotericin B MIC(RSA)s at 16 h equal to or within a single twofold dilution of MIC(NCCLS)s obtained at 48 h. These data indicate that the mold RSA provides a more objective and rapid method for Aspergillus spp. susceptibility testing than the NCCLS M38-P assay.
Toxic metal accumulation from agricultural use of sludge: are USEPA regulations protective?

The new USEPA regulations for the use of sewage sludges will permit concentrations of particular toxic metals to increase locally on agricultural land by a factor of a hundred or more above present soil concentrations. Short-term field experiments have shown that the adsorptive properties of sludges themselves often prevent excessive uptake of many of these metals into crops, a protection attributable largely to the added organic matter. This protection cannot be considered to be permanent or effective for all toxic metals, as indicated by data from old sludged sites. Differences in degree of protection are evident for greenhouse and field experiments, largely attributable to different rooting patterns and degree of sludge mixing in these two situations. The USEPA reliance on field data for metal uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) has led to an underestimation of phytoxicity thresholds applicable to a wider range of crops, in part because corn is able to root deeply and is metal-tolerant. Also, the decision to use 50% yield reduction and plant top (rather than root) concentrations of heavy metals as phytotoxicity indicators may have obscured incipient toxicity. Long-term field observations (several decades) often show that sludge-applied metals can remain sufficiently available, even in nonacidmore » soils when total metal concentrations are below the proposed EPA limits, to harm sensitive crops and microbes. It is concluded that the ultimate impact of toxic metals from sewage sludges at levels approaching the proposed USEPA limits on various soil-crop systems is potentially harmful. 94 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.« less
Considerations in the surgical management of infantile coarctation of aorta.

Abstract The results of a recent 5 year experience with resection of coarctation of the aorta in infants less than 1 year of age are compared with those of an earlier series from the same institution. The significant improvement in mortality and morbidity statistics is attributed to modifications in operative and postoperative care. Operative mortality has decreased from 38 to 17 percent and the incidence rate of significant restenosis has diminished from 60 to 33 percent. It is suggested that in patients with a large associated intracardiac shunt banding of the main pulmonary artery should be performed before resection of the coarctation. Three of five patients have survived procedures performed in this sequence. Microsurgical techniques and careful approximation of the aortic lumen with interrupted sutures are the major factors responsible for the reduced incidence of recoarctation. Prolonged ventilatory support postoperatively with the occasional addition of controlled positive airway pressure and continued aggressive medical therapy for heart failure are recommended.
The Relationship Between Intimate Partner Violence and Other Forms of Family and Societal Violence

Intimate partner violence was previously considered a private matter sometimes requiring law enforcement intervention. It is increasingly accepted as not only a medical issue for the victim, but a public and safety issue. Some of these other related issues, including unplanned pregnancy, same-sex relationships, overlap with elder, child, and animal abuse, and effects on workplace and school violence are explored. Screening, medical manifestations, documentation, reporting intervention, and referral are also discussed.
Clinical predictors of cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement in patients with atrial fibrillation

Aims This study aims to examine the association of clinical co-morbidities with the presence of left atrial (LA) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Previous studies have established the severity of LA LGE to be associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following AF ablation. We sought to determine whether baseline clinical characteristics were associated with LGE extent among patients presenting for an initial AF ablation. Methods and results The cohort consisted of 179 consecutive patients with no prior cardiac ablation procedures who underwent pre-procedure LGE-CMR. The extent of LA LGE for each patient was calculated using the image intensity ratio, normalized to the mean blood pool intensity, corresponding to a bipolar voltage ≤0.3 mV. The association of LGE extent with baseline clinical characteristics was examined using non-parametric and multivariable models. The mean age of the cohort was 60.9 ± 9.6 years and 128 (72%) were male. In total, 56 (31%) patients had persistent AF. The mean LA volume was 118.4 ± 41.6 mL, and the mean LA LGE extent was 14.1 ± 10.4%. There was no association with any clinical variables with LGE extent by quartiles in the multivariable model. Extent of LGE as a continuous variable was positively, but weakly associated with LA volume in a multivariable model adjusting for age, body mass index, AF persistence, and left ventricular ejection fraction (1.5% scar/mL, P = 0.038). Conclusion In a cohort of patients presenting for initial AF ablation, the presence of pre-ablation LA LGE extent was weakly, but positively associated with increasing LA volume.
Use of CFD to Design a Melt Blowing Die

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can play an important role in understanding the flow field below two converging rectangular jets. Each rectangular nozzle has a large length to width ratio, and the nozzles are parallel and very close to each other. This design is used in practical applications to produce polymeric fibers in the process known as melt blowing. In this paper we use turbulence models available in the CFD software Fluent 5.0 to study the detailed flow field. We also use experimental measurements to compare with the simulation results, and we test altemative die designs with the goal of identifying those that perform better.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
First-Principles Geometry Optimization of Polysilane

A first-principles approach is reviewed for calculating the total energy of chain polymers using a linear combination of atomic orbitals local-density functional approach. The geometry for the all-trans conformation of polysilane is optimized by finding the minimum energy structure using this method.
Abstract 1798: The human mammary circadian transcriptome.

The circadian rhythm, a phenomenon present in all of Eukaryota and in some members of Prokaryota, describes the processes within an organism that fluctuate throughout a daily cycle. Within peripheral tissues, clock gene expression is organized into a roughly 24-hour period by an elaborate feedback loop mechanism developed around a core set of circadian genes. In addition to maintaining rhythmicity within the molecular clock, key circadian genes such as CLOCK and ARNTL1 are also transcription factors that regulate the expression of a number of additional transcripts; the so-called clock-controlled genes (CCGs). This transcriptional control forms the backbone of circadian rhythmicity and is critical for the maintenance of proper cellular function in a variety of physiological processes, ranging from cell cycle regulation to cellular metabolism. Despite the importance of this regulatory clockwork system, little is known about the extent of molecular circadian control in human peripheral tissues. In fact, the majority of our knowledge of molecular oscillatory systems is derived from studies of model organisms which consistently demonstrate that outside of the core circadian genes; there is virtually no overlap in the compendium of CCGs across tissue types. Based on this critical observation, it is reasonable to expect that if CCGs vary considerably across tissues within the same organism, there may also be considerable heterogeneity across organisms, even within the same tissue type. Here we use next-generation sequencing analyses to provide the first circadian transcriptome in pre-stasis non-immortalized primary human mammary epithelial tissue. Using the non-parametric JTK_CYCLE algorithm, we found that approximately 6% of all expressed genes within this tissue are CCGs. We also find considerable evidence for circadian control in RNA processing events, including splice isoform usage and alternative polyadenylation, and a pathway analysis of all CCGs indicates circadian involvement in multiple signaling and growth pathways. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that a significant and important proportion of the human mammary transcriptome is regulated by the circadian system. Given the importance of circadian disruption in the pathophysiology of a range of human disorders, from metabolic disease to breast cancer, we believe that categorization of the circadian rhythm in human peripheral tissue will lay an important foundation for future breakthroughs in disease prevention, as well as in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Citation Format: Joseph Combs, Tracy Mandichak, Elizabeth Ferree, Aaron E. Hoffman. The human mammary circadian transcriptome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1798. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1798
Behavioral Science and Business Education

Comments on the inclusion of the behavioral sciences in business education. Problem of improving faculty scholarship; Legs on which the business administration program stands; Comments on bringing ...
Kinesthetic Cueing for Manual Control in Rotated Frames: Compact Input Devices and User Technical Background

The present study of user's capacity to utilize hand pose to sense the control coordinates of a manipulative task environment extends previous studies of this cueing method to examine more widely used trackball and trackpad computer input devices. Test subjects controlled the input devices with their right hand, while their left hand was aligned with an adjustable rigid object that provided the kinesthetically sensed cue. Results show that the kinesthetic cue reduces extraneous path motion, as previously seen for pen-tablet devices. Analysis indicates that when the cue was present, individuals having more exposure to geometry and mathematics slowed their movements, possibly indicating additional mental processing to monitor motion. Without cueing, the trackpad users showed worse performance than trackball users at large rotational disturbances. However, trackpad users showed the greatest improvements when the cue was added.
OCLC Changes its Rules for Use of Records in WorldCat: Library Community Pushback Through Blogs and Cultures of Resistance

OCLC’s Board of Directors unilaterally issued a new Policy for Use and Transfer of WorldCat Records in November, 2008. The changes caused a firestorm in the library blogosphere, and OCLC offered several modifications to the Policy, trying to address commentators’ concerns. Finally, in January, 2009, OCLC announced creation of a Review Board to consult with members for a more transparent process. The Review Board came back in June, 2009, with a recommendation to scrap the Policy and create a well-managed process to create a new policy. In April, 2010, the new draft policy was announced, with a comment period. In June, 2010, the final version was issued. This article examines the role of the bloggers in pushing back against the unilateral decision of the OCLC board of directors. The different reactions of bloggers, and the variety of responders, the cultural differences between librarians and hackers or programmers is examined. The paper also considers how different parties’ understanding and misunderstanding of community values affected their success or lack of success in convincing the blogosphere community of their message.
When To Hospitalize The Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient

About one rheumatoid arthritis patient in five may require hospitalization at some time during the course of his disease. But, Dr. Hollander believes, in given circumstances this proportion may be far too high. The critical question: “What can be done for the specific patient in the specific institution?” The rheumatologist outlines criteria for appropriate hospitalization.
A place on the team.

A PROFESSIONAL nurse’s career often starts as a caregiver in the inpatient or outpatient setting. Nurse managers know that, for many members of their nursing staff, this is the preamble to certification in a clinical specialty or the pursuit of an advanced practice degree. Undergraduate nursing programmes introduce research concepts, but may not identify career tracks in research other than the role of an advanced practice nurse investigator. Sometimes, surprising career-changing choices come along disguised in a job posting or a professional interaction with some of the wide variety of healthcare professionals working in hospital or clinic settings. One such career choice is as a research nurse working in clinical trials involving human subjects. Research nurses typically have an undergraduate nursing degree and several years of clinical experience. Management experience, solid computer skills and the ability to work collaboratively are all assets.
What Motivate Consumers to Participate in Online Communities: A Critical Review of Extant Knowledge

The Internet has significantly changed the way how people interact and communicate with each other. The world witnessed the booming success of many social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Twitter, WeChat, YouTube, Pinterest, QQ, Flickr, and LinkedIn. People participate in the online communities on these SNSs to connect with other users (e.g., friends, family members, strangers), share information (e.g., blogs, photos, videos), and help individuals and organizations with other purposes (e.g., promoting new products, recruiting new members). Online communities refer to the persistent collections of people with common or complementary interests use Internet to interact with each other (Preece 2001).
A decomposition principle for link and relay selection in dual-hop 60 GHz networks

We investigate the scheduling problem in a centralized dual-hop 60 GHz network with multiple Source-Destination (SD) pairs, relays, and a PicoNet Coordinator (PNC). The objective is to minimize the Maximum Expected Delivery Time (MEDT) among all SD pairs by jointly optimizing relay and link selection, while exploiting reflected mmWave transmissions and considering link blockage dynamics. We develop a Decomposition Principle to transform this problem into two sub-problems, one for link selection and the other for relay assignment when there is enough replays. We prove that the proposed scheme can achieve an optimality gap of just 1 time slot at greatly reduced complexity. We also develop a heuristic scheme to handle the case when there is no enough relays. The proposed schemes are validated with simulations, where their superior performance is observed.
Performance Analysis on Nano-Networks: A Stochastic Geometry Approach

Pulse based communication scheme, e.g., On-OFF Keying modulation Spread in Time (TS-OOK), is currently the only solution for nano-networks. In this paper, we present an initial analysis on the performance of pulse based communication scheme in nano-networks using stochastic geometry. To be specific, by modeling the transmission of pulse as random events, we theoretically characterize the cumulative distribution function of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and link throughput in nano-networks. Furthermore, both simulation and numerical results are presented to verify our analysis. Our results show that low-weight codes for TS-OOK can significantly increase the average throughput in dense nano-networks where the interference cannot be neglected.
5-HT1P Receptors in the Bowel: G Protein Coupling, Localization, and Function

Although serotinin (5-HT) has been demonstrated to mediate slow exicitatory postsynaptic potentials in neurons of the myenteric plexus of the bowel, its role in the physiology of gastrointestinal motility and secretion is not well understood. Five subtypes of 5-HT receptor have been reported in the gut. The 5-HT2 receptor appears to be present on smooth muscle, while the others, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1P„ 5-HT3, and 5-HT4 are neuronal. The present experiments were undertaken in order to obtain more information about the location, action, and function of 5-HT1P receptors. GTP-γ-S, was found to inhibit the binding of 3H-5-HT by the 5-HT1P receptor (the IC50 for GTP-γ-S was 1.8 ± 0.4 μM). GTP-γ-S was more potent than GTP, while ATP and GMP (100 μM) were without effect. These observations are compatible with the hypothesis that the 5-HT1P receptor is coupled to a G protein. 5-HT (0.1–10μM) was also found to elevate levels of cAMP in preparations of isolated myenteric ganglia. Renzapride also increased cAMP, but the response neither to 5-HT nor to renzapride was inhibited by the 5-HT1P antagonist, N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptophyl-5-hydroxytryptophan amide (5-HTP-DP) or the 5-HT3/5-HT4 antagonist, ICS 205–930, even at 10 μM. The action of 5-HT on ganglionic cAMP, therefore, cannot now be attributed to 5-HT1P, or 5-HT4 receptors. Polyclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies were raised that recognize some, but not all, subtypes of 5-HT receptor. These antibodies were demonstrated to bind to 5-HT2, 5-HT1C, 5-HT1P, and 5-HT3, but not 5-HT1A receptors. When applied to enteric neurons, the anti-idiotypic antibodies transiently mimicked and then blocked the actions of 5-HT at 5-HT3 and 5-HT1P receptors. The blockage of responses to 5-HT that followed application of the antibody was specific, since neurons continued to respond as before to carbachol or substance P. The 5-HT1P agonist-like actions of the antibodies were prevented by desensitization of 5-HT receptors and by renzapride (1 μM). The anti-idiotypic antibodies were found to be useful for the immunocytochemical localization of specific 5-HT receptor subtypes, if they were applied to tissues in the presence of appropriate antagonists. Use of these antibodies indicated that 5-HT1P receptors are located, not only on neurons in myenteric and submucosal ganglia, but also on a subepithelial plexus of nerve fibers. Finally, 5-HT1P receptor antagonists (5-HTP-DP, renzapride, and anti-idiotypic antibodies), were found to prevent excitation of submucosal or myenteric neurons by mucosal application of cholera toxin. This observation, and the localization of 5-HT1P receptors, is consistent with the idea that they play a role in the excitation of enteric neurons during the peristaltic reflex.
The Clinical Evidence Linking Helicobacter pylori to Gastric Cancer.

Gastric cancer has long been recognized to be accompanied and preceded by chronic gastritis, lasting decades. Arguably, the most important development in our understanding of gastric cancer pathogenesis over the past 50 years has been the realization that, for most cases of gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori is the cause of the underlying gastritis. Gastritis can promote gastric carcinogenesis, typically via the Correa cascade of atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia. Nested case-control studies have shown that H pylori infection increases the risk of gastric cancer significantly, both of the intestinal and diffuse subtypes, and that H pylori is responsible for approximately 90% of the world’s burden of noncardia gastric cancer. Based largely on randomized studies in high gastric cancer prevalence regions in East Asia, it appears that primary and tertiary intervention to eradicate H pylori can halve the risk of gastric cancer. Some public health authorities now are starting screening and treatment programs to reduce the burden of gastric cancer in these high-risk areas. However, there is currently much less enthusiasm for initiating similar attempts in the United States. This is partially because gastric cancer is a relatively less frequent cause of cancer in the United States, and in addition there are concerns about theoretical downsides of H pylori eradication, principally because of the consistent inverse relationship noted between H pylori and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Nevertheless, establishing a link between chronic H pylori infection and gastric cancer has led to novel insights into cancer biology, the gastrointestinal microbiome, and on individual and population-based gastric cancer prevention strategies.
Effects of Developing Alternative Responses on the Aggressive Behavior of Adolescents.

Two studies investigated the relationship between antecedent events and aggressive behavior of adolescents in school and home settings. Antecedent events were examined to identify conditions contri...
Natural history of T1N0M0 hepatocellular carcinoma: Large scale study in the United States.

416 Background: Prognostic modeling of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is complex due to preexisting cirrhosis in most cases. Tumor features and factors related to functional hepatic reserve must be taken into account when considering treatment options or counseling patients about their survival. The key prognostic factors may vary at different stages of the disease especially for early stage. Methods: From 1992 to 2011 total of 397 HCC patients with T1N0M0 were referred to MD Anderson Cancer Center for treatment. Detailed clinical-pathologic information were retrieved from medical records. Univariate analysis was done using the c2or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Kaplan-Meier used to estimate the median overall survival (OS). Multivariate cox regression analysis was performed to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The male to female ratio was3:1. The mean age ± standard deviation was 65.04 ± 12.5, 57.2% were non-viral related, 59.7% had cirrhosis, and ...
SPATIAL UPDATING OF HAPTIC ARRAYS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN.

Background/Study Context: Aging research addressing spatial learning, representation, and action is almost exclusively based on vision as the input source. Much less is known about how spatial abilities from nonvisual inputs, particularly from haptic information, may change during life-span spatial development. This research studied whether learning and updating of haptic target configurations differs as a function of age.Methods: Three groups of participants, ranging from 20 to 80 years old, felt four-target table-top circular arrays and then performed several tasks to assess life-span haptic spatial cognition. Measures evaluated included egocentric pointing, allocentric pointing, and array reconstruction after physical or imagined spatial updating.Results: All measures revealed reliable differences between the oldest and youngest participant groups. The age effect for egocentric pointing contrasts with previous findings showing preserved egocentric spatial abilities. Error performance on allocentric poi...
Child strengths and placement stability among racial/ethnic minority youth in the child welfare system

While all children deserve a stable living environment, national data illustrate that many states struggle to achieve placement stability for youth in the child welfare system as a significant number of children in foster care continue to experience multiple placements while in state custody. Prior research has not considered the impact of youth protective factors or strengths on the frequency of placement changes that youth experience while in the child welfare system. This study examined the association between strengths measured at multiple levels (i.e., individual, family, and community) and placement stability among 4022 minority youth (aged 10-18) using administrative and clinical data from the Illinois child welfare system. Negative binomial regressions at the family level revealed that youth with at least one loving and supportive family member experienced 16% fewer placement changes than youth without family strengths. At the community level, youth attending schools that work to create an environment that meets its students' needs experienced 13% fewer placement changes than youth without educational supports. These findings can inform the quality of treatment and services provided to minority youth in the child welfare system.
A reversible nonaqueous room-temperature potassium-sulfur chemistry for electrochemical energy storage

Abstract Earth-abundant element potassium (K) exhibiting a low reduction potential and a high gravimetric capacity is an ideal anode material for the development of low-cost and high-energy batteries. We present herein a mechanistic study of a reversible room-temperature nonaqueous potassium-sulfur (K-S) chemistry and demonstrate a rechargeable K-S cell. Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies reveal that the discharge-charge of the K-S couple involves transition processes of potassium polysulfide species, resembling that of the lithium-sulfur chemistry. Through the design of a proper cathode-separator assembly, a deep discharge of the K-S cell with a high utilization of sulfur cathode is accessible.
The antitumor agent ecteinascidin 743: characterization of its covalent DNA adducts and chemical stability.

Ecteinascidin 743 (Et 743), a natural product derived from the Caribbean tunicate Eteinascidia turbinata, is a potent antitumor agent currently in phase II clinical trials. Et 743 binds in the minor groove of DNA, forming covalent adducts by reacting with N2 of guanine. Although DNA is considered to be the macromolecular receptor for Et 743, the precise mechanism by which Et 743 exerts its remarkable antitumor activity has not yet been elucidated. The aim of this study is to provide a rationale for the antitumor activity of Et 743 by studying its fundamental interactions with DNA at the molecular level.
Effect Of Confining Stress On Brittle Indentation Failure Of Columnar Ice

The effect on the brittle indentation failure of confining stress applied transverse to the direction of edge-indentation of plates of S2 columnar fresh-water ice at _lOoe was investigated. Indentation was performed at rates comparable to strain rates of £ = 10.3 s·l and E = 10.1 s·l. The confining stress had an effect similar to that observed by Smith and Schulson (1992) for uniform biaxial stresses; namely, confining stress suppresses the process of shear-faulting in the loading plane, and eventually activates a cross-columnar failure mode out of the loading plane that limits the indentation resistance of the ice. The indentation strength increases linearly with increasing confining stress in the regime of low confinement, but is unaffected by further confinement once the out-of-plane failure mode is activated. Direct observations of damage show that failure initiates within grains about 2 indenter half-widths into the ice.
Central and Peripheral Processes in the Perception of Speech and Nonspeech Sounds

In this chapter, we apply a psychophysical theory to several speech and nonspeech continua. Our approach meets many of Repp’s (this volume) criteria for psychophysics: it is auditory-based, methodological, and concerned with speech sounds. We deviate from Repp’s characterization, however, in that our theory is not psychoacoustic, that is, is not limited to relations between stimulus characteristics and sensations.
Visual nouns for indoor/outdoor navigation

We propose a local orientation and navigation framework based on visual features that provide location recognition, context augmentation, and viewer localization information to a human user. Mosaics are used to map local areas to ease user navigation through streets and hallways, by providing a wider field of view (FOV) and the inclusion of more decisive features. Within the mosaics, we extract "visual noun" features. We consider 3 types of visual noun features: signage, visual-text, and visual-icons that we propose as a low-cost method for augmenting environments.
Multilingual education in India: the case for English

The compiled volume Multilingual Education in India: The Case for English takes an interesting approach towards English language education in India by advocating the importance of maintaining learn...
Probing Dark Matter Using Precision Measurements of Stellar Accelerations.

Dark matter comprises the bulk of the matter in the Universe, but its particle nature and cosmological origin remain mysterious. Knowledge of the dark matter density distribution in the Milky Way Galaxy is crucial both to our understanding of the standard cosmological model and for grounding direct and indirect searches for the particles comprising dark matter. Current measurements of Galactic dark matter content rely on model assumptions to infer the forces acting upon stars from the distribution of observed velocities. Here, we propose to apply the precision radial velocity method, optimized in recent years for exoplanet astronomy, to measure the change in the velocity of stars over time, thereby providing a direct probe of the local gravitational potential in the Galaxy. Using numerical simulations, we develop a realistic strategy to observe the differential accelerations of stars in our Galactic neighborhood with next-generation telescopes, at the level of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cm}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$. Our simulations show that detecting accelerations at this level with an ensemble of ${10}^{3}$ stars requires the effect of stellar noise on radial velocity measurements to be reduced to $l10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cm}/\mathrm{s}$. The measured stellar accelerations may then be used to extract the local dark matter density and morphological parameters of the density profile.
La expatriación como condena: Una lectura existencial de “Del país de la pena” por Hanni Ossott.

The purpose of this paper is to develop an existential reading of the poem “Del pais de la pena” written by the Venezuelan poet Hanni Ossott with the aim of thinking the term “expatriation” as a philosophical concept. Following a historical introduction that seeks to situate Ossott’s poem within a poetic tradition that tries to recuperate the feeling of strangeness in the face of the properly national, this essay attempts to trace the interpretative and methodological horizons of the poem through a reading of the essay “Paysage avec depaysement” [Uncanny Landscapes] written by the French philosopher Jean- Luc Nancy. The reading of Nancy’s essay will facilitate the existential reading of Ossott’s poem with which the present essay will seek to demonstrate the philosophical richness of this poem and the way in which it thematizes expatriation. By way of conclusion, it will be suggested that expatriation can be understood as a sentence, but not necessarily in a negative manner; rather, it can be thought through a positive valence that can aid in the contemporary conceptualization about Latin America.
Urea Cycle Sustains Cellular Energetics upon EGFR Inhibition in EGFR-Mutant NSCLC

Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes engender unique metabolic phenotypes crucial to the survival of tumor cells. EGFR signaling has been linked to the rewiring of tumor metabolism in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have integrated the use of a functional genomics screen and metabolomics to identify metabolic vulnerabilities induced by EGFR inhibition. These studies reveal that following EGFR inhibition, EGFR-driven NSCLC cells become dependent on the urea cycle and, in particular, the urea cycle enzyme CPS1. Combining knockdown of CPS1 with EGFR inhibition further reduces cell proliferation and impedes cell-cycle progression. Profiling of the metabolome demonstrates that suppression of CPS1 potentiates the effects of EGFR inhibition on central carbon metabolism, pyrimidine biosynthesis, and arginine metabolism, coinciding with reduced glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. We show that EGFR inhibition and CPS1 knockdown lead to a decrease in arginine levels and pyrimidine derivatives, and the addition of exogenous pyrimidines partially rescues the impairment in cell growth. Finally, we show that high expression of CPS1 in lung adenocarcinomas correlated with worse patient prognosis in publicly available databases. These data collectively reveal that NSCLC cells have a greater dependency on the urea cycle to sustain central carbon metabolism, pyrimidine biosynthesis, and arginine metabolism to meet cellular energetics upon inhibition of EGFR. IMPLICATIONS: Our results reveal that the urea cycle may be a novel metabolic vulnerability in the context of EGFR inhibition, providing an opportunity to develop rational combination therapies with EGFR inhibitors for the treatment of EGFR-driven NSCLC.
Milestone Planning: A Participatory and Visual Approach

This paper introduces a participatory and visual approach to milestone planning called the Visual Milestone Planning (VMP) Method. VMP promotes involvement and commitment, through the reification of the planning artifacts and their direct manipulation by team members who collectively create the plan. Once a project scope is defined via a work breakdown structure and relevant milestones identified, a novel construct called the milestone planning matrix is used to systematically and visually capture dependencies among milestones and map WBS elements to the milestones they help realize. The milestones due dates are later determined by accommodating sticky notes representing the work to be done on a resource and time scaled milestone scheduling canvas. The method is applicable to traditional as well as to agile projects.