cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A non-toxic fluorogenic dye for mitochondria labeling.

Abstract Background Mitochondria, powerhouses of cells, are responsible for many critical cellular functions, such as cell energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species production, and apoptosis regulation. Monitoring mitochondria morphology in live cells temporally and spatially could help with the understanding of the mechanisms of mitochondrial functional regulation and the pathogenesis of mitochondria-related diseases. Methods A novel non-cytotoxic fluorogenic compound, AcQCy7, was developed as a mitochondria-specific dye. Results AcQCy7 emitted no fluorescent signal outside of cells, but it became fluorescent after intracellular hydrolysis of the acetyl group. The hydrolyzed fluorescent product was well retained in mitochondria, enabling long-lasting fluorescence imaging of mitochondria without cell washing. A 2-day culture study using AcQCy7 showed no sign of cytotoxicity, whereas a commonly used mitochondria-staining probe, Mitochondria Tracker Green, caused significant cell death even at a much lower concentration. Apoptosis-causing mitochondria fission was monitored clearly in real time by AcQCy7. Conclusions A simple add-and-read mitochondria specific dye AcQCy7 has been validated in various cell models. Bright mitochondria specific fluorescent signal in treated cells lasted several days without noticeable toxicity. General Significance The probe AcQCy7 has been proofed to be a non-toxic agent for long-term mitochondria imaging.
Anti-estrus drugs on subestrus of ovariectomized C3H mice.

SummaryCertain drugs, namely reserpine, chlorpromazine, perphenazine, meprobamate, nidroxyzone and Enheptin, previously found to have anti-estrus effect in intact mice, did not alter the frequency of subestrus nor development of subestrus in ovariectomized C3H mice. Other findings in ovariectomized mice were: (1) frequency of subestrus tended to decrease with time and (2) restriction of food intake in mice with established subestrus did not alter frequency of subestrus.
Status of the SeaWinds scatterometer on QuikScat

The QuikScat satellite carrying the SeaWinds Scatterometer was developed as a replacement mission for the aborted Japanese Advanced Earth Observation System-I (ADEOS-I) mission carrying the NASA Scatterometer. Like NSCAT, SeaWinds is an active microwave remote sensor designed to measure winds over the ocean from space. SeaWinds can measure vector winds over 95 percent of the Earth's ice-free oceans every day, a significant improvement over previous scatterometers. Such data is expected to have a significant impact on weather forecasting and will support air-sea interaction studies. SeaWinds will also fly aboard ADEOS-I sensor scheduled for launch in Nov. 2000. QuikScat was successfully launched on June 19, 1999, though as of this writing the instrument has not ben turned on. This paper provides a brief overview of the SeaWinds instrument and discussed new applications of scatterometer data for the study of land and ice.
Ground-truthing Electrical Resistivity Methods in Support of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Studies: Examples from Hawaii, Washington, and California

ABSTRACT Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important conduit that links terrestrial and marine environments. SGD conveys both water and water-borne constituents into coastal waters, where these inflows may impact near-shore ecosystem health and sustainability. Multichannel electrical resistivity techniques have proven to be a powerful tool to examine scales and dynamics of SGD and SGD forcings. However, there are uncertainties both in data aquisition and data processing that must be addressed to maximize the effectiveness of this tool in estuarine or marine environments. These issues most often relate to discerning subtle nuances in the flow of electricity through variably saturated media that can also be highly conductive (i.e., seawater). Three contrasting field sites were examined for this study to assess the effectiveness of electrical resistivity techniques in varying coastal settings by comparing resistivity data to direct salinity and resistivity observations, quantifying changes in litho...
The fate of genes from restricted T1 in lysogenic Shigella dysenteriae, Sh (P1).

Abstract When rT1 infects Sh(P1), the release of modified uT1 by the rare yielder cells is delayed in a portion of these cells for at least 1 hour. In the nonyielding cells the Hr gene persists in an inactive, nonmultiplying state for some time, but after several hours of bacterial multiplication its presence cannot be demonstrated. Even in Sh(P1) cells jointly infected by rT1 and uT1, the genes from rT1 neither function nor replicate, unless they are rescued by recombination with uT1. Two strains of rT1, which have become restricted independently, fail to cooperate in the infection of Sh(P1).
Teaching Note: Decision making using the racetrack betting markets

This paper describes an experiential learning case that uses the horse race betting markets as a vehicle to understand the process of decision making. In horse racing the spectator is also a decision maker. The experiment consists of using the class as a mini-simulcast centre whereby races are simulcast to the class from the internet and projected onto a big screen. The students also have access to individual terminals where they can access the real time wagering (betting) pools of a particular race and use Excel spreadsheets to monitor the results of their decisions.
Synthesis and distribution of collagen in the rat palate during shelf elevation.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that drugs which block the crosslinking of collagen prevent formation of the secondary palate by inhibiting shelf elevation. In this paper, the authors establish that collagen synthesis increases significantly just prior to shelf elevation and that type I collagen is synthesized throughout this developmental period (gestational Days 14–16 in the rat embryo) by isolated shelves in vitro. The largest accumulation of collagen fibers, predominantly oriented in a rostral-caudal plane, was observed adjacent to the basement membrane of the oral palatal epithelium. The unique location and orientation of these collagen fibers suggest that they play a structural role in the elevation of the palate.
Possible violation of two-parameter universality in critical binary mixtures

Abstract Binary mixtures near their consolute point seem to violate the universality assumption that the critical amplitudes of specific heat and coherence length are related to each other by a material independent factor.
Evidence for a functional link between profilin and CAP in the yeast S. cerevisiae

CAP is a component of the S. cerevisiae adenylyl cyclase complex. The N-terminal domain is required for cellular RAS responsiveness. Loss of the C-terminal domain is associated with morphological and nutritional defects. Here we report that cap- cells bud randomly and are defective in actin distribution. The morphological and nutritional defects associated with loss of the CAP C-terminal domain are suppressed by over-expression of PFY, the gene encoding profilin, an actin- and polyphosphoinositide-binding protein. The phenotype of cells lacking PFY resembles that of cells lacking the CAP C-terminal domain. Study of mutated yeast profilins and profilins from Acanthamoeba suggests that the ability of profilin to suppress cap- cells is dependent upon a property other than, or in addition to, its ability to bind actin. This property may be its ability to bind polyphosphoinositides. We propose that CAP and profilin provide a link between growth signals and remodeling of the cellular cytoskeleton.
PATTERNS OF USE OF MAMMOGRAPHY AMONG INNER-CITY DETROIT WOMEN : CONTRASTS BETWEEN A HEALTH DEPARTMENT, HMO, AND PRIVATE HOSPITAL

This study assessed the pattern of utilization of mammography among 2,880 inner-city minority women 40 years of age or older who received ongoing primary care services during 1988 or 1989 at four practice sites operated by a health department (two sites), Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), and private hospital. Mammography referral could be documented for 23% to 32% of age eligible women and completed mammograms for 15% to 26%. Among women without a mammogram, 85% had never been referred while 15% were referred but unable to complete the procedure. In multiple logistic regression analysis, factors associated with mammography include age less than 70 years, presence of a breast cancer risk factor and more frequent clinic visits. Mammography was somewhat more frequent at the HMO and hospital clinic than at the health department, but this relationship varied with the women's previous visit and mammography experience. At sites serving uninsured women, mammography use was not associated with the presence or absence of health insurance. It is concluded that the underutilization of mammography is a substantial barrier to the early detection of breast cancer in each of the three different health care organizations studied, and that interventions to improve breast cancer control should focus upon facilitating physician referral practices.
Purification of the ichthyotoxic component of Gymnodinium breve (red tide dinoflagellate) toxin by high pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract High pressure liquid chromatography of a chloroform extract of the red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve, was used to separate the ichthyotoxic component from the hemolytic and non-toxic fractions. The best separation was achieved by gradient elution with an increasingly polar mixture of chloroform and methanol through a micro particle silica column. Unlike preparative TLC, high pressure liquid chromatography achieved approximately 100-fold purification of G. breve toxin as determined by a probit analysis of dose-survival curves of its ichthyotoxicity. It was found that the purified toxin was unstable when stored in the dark at 4°C in the dry state as judged by its chromatographic behavior and u.v. and fluorescence spectra. The results of these analyses indicate that G. breve toxin contains a single ichthyotoxic component.
Chronic toxicity studies on conidendrins and conidendrols.

Summary1. Weanling rats were fed diets containing one of the following antioxidants: α-conidendrin, β-conidendrin, α-conidendrol, and β-conidendrol. The concentrations were, for the females, 0.125 and 1.0% of the diet; and for the males, 0.5 and 1.0% Body weight increase was normal, or approximately normal, during the first 220 days of the experiment, after which frequent weighings were discontinued. 2. Histological examination of the tissues after 420 days on the diets indicated essentially normal tissues, except for the following: In males receiving the higher concentration of β-conidendrol there was vacuolation (presumably fat) of the liver cells, without indication of severe injury. In several of the males receiving the higher concentration of the conidendrols, there were renal changes suggesting mild, old pyelonephritis. In males, several of the rats receiving the conidendrols had focal abnormalities in the pancreas. 3. There was no evidence of irritation to the skin or to the eye of rabbits, and ski...
Flecainide and amiodarone: Combined therapy for refractory tachyarrhythmias in infancy

Objectives.: This study assessed the safety and efficacy of combined flecainide and amiodarone therapy in controlling refractory tachyarrhythmias in infants.Background.: Single-drug as well as stan...
Spectroscopic analysis and Plasma Chemistry of atmospheric pressure carbon dioxide plasma in arrays of microchannel devices

Summary form only given. Microplasma technology is being investigated as a new candidate to efficiently dissociate or remediate carbon dioxide contained in atmosphere.1 Primary efforts has been made to maximize the dissociation of carbon dioxide in microchannels with controlled electric field strength. A multiple microchannels having parabolic cross-section were prepared by a series of microfabrication techniques on soda-lime glass or electrochemically grown alumina substrates. The minimum dimension of these channels were obtained as small as few hundreds micrometers in depth and width. Flow of pure carbon dioxide or its mixtures with various atmospheric gases were passed through these channels which applied with 20-30 kHz ac voltages of 1-3 kVRMS. Several types of dielectric/electrode structure were fabricated for the optimization of device performance, and reaction product from the device was analyzed with optical emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and quantitative analysis. Also, Quadrupole mass spectrometry was used to measure in situ analysis of gas composition. The CO2/CO conversion rate and efficiency in various microchannel device structure will be discussed in detail.
T and B cell reactivity in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis

Using several immunization protocols, T cells specific for self Tg were shown to be activated to only a limited degree compared with the ability to activate T cells to a foreign Tg. Thus, a high degree of tolerance exists in T cells to self Tg, while tolerance is not maintained in B cells. Whether the small degree of T cell activation that is induced under stringent immunization procedures plays a role in the induction of the spontaneous disease is unknown. Preliminary results are also presented showing that experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) can be more readily induced in aged than in young adult mice and these results are discussed in terms of the generalized decrease in T cell reactivity in aged mice.
Dietary fat reduction behaviors in college students : relationship to dieting status, gender and key psychosocial variables

The primary objectives were to assess dietary fat reduction/avoidance behaviors within a sample of college students, and to assess the strength of the relationship between self reported fat avoidance and a number of variables including body mass index (BMI), self-esteem, and responses to the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). A total of 210 female and 114 male undergraduate students were administered a food habits questionnaire (which assessed four dietary fat reduction behaviors), the EDI, the dieting subscale of the EAT, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Measured heights and weights were used to compute BMI. Thirty-eight percent of the females and 13% of the males reported that they had dieted with the express purpose of losing weight in the past 12 months. The finding that females in general and female dieters in particular, scored higher on the EAT dieting subscale, and relied on three of the four dietary fat reduction behaviors to a greater extent than did males, supports the assertion that women rely heavily on dietary fat avoidance as a method to reduce caloric intakes. In females, the finding that a greater degree of fat avoidance was associated with significantly lower levels of self-esteem and higher scores on the EAT and on six of the eight EDI subscales suggested that fat avoidance may be a predictor of eating pathology and/or psychosocial problems in college-aged women.
Frequency of biliary crystals in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction

Abstract Background The passage of gallstones (macro- or microlithiasis) is theorized to play a role in inducing sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. This study examined the frequency at which biliary crystals are found in patients with suspected type II and type III sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Methods A total of 85 patients (66 women, 19 men; mean age 38 years) with unexplained abdominal pain of suspected pancreatobiliary origin and no prior episode of pancreatitis underwent ERCP with sphincter of Oddi manometry and bile collection for crystal analysis. Eighty-one patients had a gallbladder in situ. No patient had evidence of stones or sludge on prior abdominal imaging. Sphincter of Oddi manometry was performed in standard retrograde fashion by using an aspirating catheter. Patients were classified by sphincter of Oddi dysfunction type by using a modified Hogan-Geenen classification system. Patients with type I sphincter of Oddi dysfunction were excluded. Bile was collected directly from the gallbladder (n=23) or common bile duct (n=62) after an infusion of 3.5 μg of cholecystokinin and was examined by light and polarizing microscopy for cholesterol crystals or calcium bilirubinate granules. Results The proportion of patients with crystals was 3.5% (3/85). Thirty-five patients (41%) had elevated biliary and/or pancreatic sphincter pressure (type II, 16; type III, 19), of whom one (3%) had cholesterol crystals. Fifty patients had normal sphincter pressure, of whom two (4%) had cholesterol crystals ( p =0.6). All 3 patients with cholesterol crystals had a gallbladder in situ. Calcium bilirubinate granules were not found in any patient. Conclusions Microlithiasis appears to be rare in patients suspected to have type II or type III sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Evaluation of bile for crystals appears unproductive in this group of patients.
Equivalent-background transformation for spatially, temporally, and chromatically differing photopic stimuli

Abstract The equivalent-background transformation developed by Crawford was used to examine the equivalence of adaptive states (dark and light adaptation) in long-term photopic adaptation using targets of varying duration. The critical feature of Crawford's transformation is that the threshold sensitivity of the eye to a variety of test-stimulus sizes and durations at a particular time in the dark is specified in terms of the light-adapted condition that produces the same threshold sensitivity. In the present investigation two target durations and four chromatic combinations of red and green adapting stimuli (red on red, green on green, red on green and green on red) were used to test for equivalence with respect to test-stimulus duration, area and chromatic composition. Equivalence between light-adapted and dark-adapted states was found not to exist for the stimulus variations employed. In particular, the degree of temporal summation was observed to vary importantly with the area of the test stimulus used; as well as with the spectral composition of the test and adapting fields. Thus more than one process was needed to explain the temporal integration of light in the photopic visual system and these were hypothesized to be excitatory and inhibitory processes of the visual receptive field. It was found, however, that when color-defective subjects were used to more completely isolate cone mechanisms and reduce the possibility of cone interactions equivalence between adaptive states was obtained.
A reciprocity method of analysis for printed slot and slot-coupled microstrip antennas

A method is presented for the analysis of slot-type discontinuities in microstripline. The approach is based on the reciprocity theorem and uses the exact Green's functions for the grounded dielectric slab in a moment method solution for the unknown antenna currents. The method is applied to two specific geometries: a radiating slot in the ground plane of a microstripline, and an aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna. Results for antenna impedance are compared with measurements, and far-zone patterns are calculated. The method is shown to be quite versatile, and should find application to related problems.
Diffusion‐limited gelation

Diffusion-limited aggregation is a means of forming continuous random networks of low density. Recent work on diffusion-limited aggregation is reviewed. These aggregates have universal power-law density correlations. This implies scaling laws relating an aggregate's size to its mass when it is grown from a point, line, or surface. The mass of the growing interface scales as a power of the total mass, but not in the way suggested by simple estimates. A mean field model of the process yields a density that falls inversely as the distance from the origin. It is speculated that the mean field solution may be stable above some spatial dimension dc.
Frictional characteristics of Teflon–steel interfaces under dynamic conditions

An experimental study to assess the frictional characteristics of Teflon–steel interfaces under dynamic conditions is described. Tests were conducted on unfilled Teflon sliding on stainless steel polished to a surface roughness of less than 0.05 μm CLA. The bearing pressure was 1.38, 3.45 and 6.9 N/mm2, the frequency of sliding was 0.5 and 1 Hz and the acceleration of excitation, imposed by a small shaking table, was between 0.05 and 0.5g. It was found that friction drops with decreases in the acceleration of excitation and drops with increases in the bearing pressure. It was observed that Teflon–steel interfaces have the tendency to slide continuously regardless of the value of acceleration. This is very important in base isolation applications because it prevents high frequency input to the structure.
Evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum Genotyping Techniques

We evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of 11 previously described species differentiation and genotyping PCR protocols for detection of Cryptosporidium parasites. Genomic DNA from three species of Cryptosporidium parasites (genotype 1 and genotype 2 of C. parvum, C. muris, and C. serpentis), two Eimeria species (E. neischulzi and E. papillata), and Giardia duodenalis were used to evaluate the specificity of primers. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the genotyping primers was tested by using genomic DNA isolated from known numbers of oocysts obtained from a genotype 2 C. parvum isolate. PCR amplification was repeated at least three times with all of the primer pairs. Of the 11 protocols studied, 10 amplified C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2, and the expected fragment sizes were obtained. Our results indicate that two species-differentiating protocols are not Cryptosporidium specific, as the primers used in these protocols also amplified the DNA of Eimeria species. The sensitivity studies revealed that two nested PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) protocols based on the small-subunit rRNA and dihydrofolate reductase genes are more sensitive than single-round PCR or PCR-RFLP protocols.
Spatial factors in the Broca-Sulzer phenomenon.

A 150-ms flash of light is not only brighter than shorter flashes of the same luminance but is also brighter than longer flashes. The brightness decrement resulting from duration increments, the Broca–Sulzer phenomenon, does not occur when the contours of the stimulus field are heavily blurred. This suggests that the phenomenon is due to the temporal properties of a contour-dependent inhibitory process in the visual system. The result conflicts with the predictions of a lateral-inhibition explanation for the Broca–Sulzer phenomenon, but may be explainable in terms of movements of illuminance contours on the retina.
Patterns of Consensus in the Perception of Organizational Control

(1969). Patterns of Consensus in the Perception of Organizational Control. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 335-340.
Management of ameloblastoma in the pediatric population

Ameloblastomas are the most common benign tumors of odontogenic origin. They primarily occur in adults, with a minority occurring in the pediatric population (aged 18 and younger). Although imaging can suggest a diagnosis of ameloblastoma, they may be difficult to differentiate from other tumors or cysts of the maxillofacial skeleton and require histopathologic diagnosis. Treatment of these tumors in children is complex owing to the growing craniofacial skeleton. However, inadequate treatment results in a high recurrence rate. This paper reviews the epidemiology, histopathology, and treatment options for children with ameloblastoma.
Comparing Alternative Conceptualizations of Functional Diversity in Management Teams: Process and Performance Effects

Functional diversity in teams has been conceptualized in a variety of ways without careful attention to how different conceptualizations might lead to different results. We examined the process and...
Interspecies allometric scaling. Part I: prediction of clearance in large animals

Interspecies scaling is a useful tool for the prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters from animals to humans, and it is often used for estimating a first-time in human dose. The knowledge of pharmacokinetics in veterinary species is important for dosage selection, particularly in the treatment of large zoo animal species, such as elephants, giant cats and camels, for which pharmacokinetic data are scant. Therefore, the accuracy in clearance predictions in large animal species, with and without the use of correction factors (rule of exponents), and the impact of species selection in the prediction of clearance in large animal species was examined. Based upon this analysis, it was determined that there is a much larger risk of inaccuracies in the clearance estimates in large animal species when compared with that observed for humans. Unlike in humans, for large animal species, correction factors could not be applied because there was no trend between the exponents of simple allometry and the appropriate correction factor for improving our predictions. Nevertheless, we did see an indication that the exponents of simple allometry may alert us as to when the predicted clearance in the large animal may be underestimated or overpredicted. For example, if a large animal is included in the scaling, the predicted clearance in a large animal should be considered overestimated if the exponent of simple allometry is >1.3. Despite the potential for extrapolation error, the reality is that allometric scaling is needed across many veterinary practice situations, and therefore will be used. For this reason, it is important to consider mechanisms for reducing the risk of extrapolation errors that can seriously affect target animal safety, therapeutic response, or the accuracy of withdrawal time predictions.
An algebraic decision diagram (ADD) based technique to find leakage histograms of combinational designs

In this paper, we present an algebraic decision diagram (ADD) based approach to determine and implicitly represent the leakage value for all input vectors of a combinational circuit. In its exact form, our technique can compute the leakage value of each input vector. To broaden the applicability of our technique, we present an approximate version of our algorithm as well. The approximation is done by limiting the total number of discriminant nodes in any ADD. Previous sleep vector computation techniques can find either the maximum or minimum sleep vector. Our technique computes the leakages for all vectors, storing them implicitly in an ADD structure. We experimentally demonstrate that these approximate techniques produce results which have reasonable errors. We also show that limiting the number of discriminants to a value between 12 and 16 is practical, allowing for good accuracy and lowered memory utilization.
Control methods for guidance virtual fixtures in compliant human-machine interfaces

This work focuses on the implementation of a vision-based motion guidance method, called virtual fixtures, on admittance-controlled human-machine cooperative robots with compliance. The robot compliance here refers to the structural elastic deformation of the device. The high mechanical stiffness and non-backdrivability of a typical admittance-controlled robot allow for slow and precise motions, making it highly suitable for tasks that require accuracy near human physical limits, such as microsurgery. However, previous experiments have shown that even small robot compliance degraded virtual fixture performance, especially at the micro scale. In this work, control methods to minimize the effect of robot compliance on virtual fixture performance were developed for admittance-controlled cooperative systems. Based on a linear model of the robot dynamics, we applied a Kalman filter to integrate the measurements obtained from the camera and encoders to estimate the robot end-effector position. A partitioned control law was used to achieve end-effector trajectory following on the desired velocity commanded by the admittance and virtual fixture control laws. The effectiveness of the Kalman filter and the controller was validated on a one degree-of-freedom admittance-controlled cooperative testbed.
Cluster analysis for gene expression data: a survey

DNA microarray technology has now made it possible to simultaneously monitor the expression levels of thousands of genes during important biological processes and across collections of related samples. Elucidating the patterns hidden in gene expression data offers a tremendous opportunity for an enhanced understanding of functional genomics. However, the large number of genes and the complexity of biological networks greatly increases the challenges of comprehending and interpreting the resulting mass of data, which often consists of millions of measurements. A first step toward addressing this challenge is the use of clustering techniques, which is essential in the data mining process to reveal natural structures and identify interesting patterns in the underlying data. Cluster analysis seeks to partition a given data set into groups based on specified features so that the data points within a group are more similar to each other than the points in different groups. A very rich literature on cluster analysis has developed over the past three decades. Many conventional clustering algorithms have been adapted or directly applied to gene expression data, and also new algorithms have recently been proposed specifically aiming at gene expression data. These clustering algorithms have been proven useful for identifying biologically relevant groups of genes and samples. In this paper, we first briefly introduce the concepts of microarray technology and discuss the basic elements of clustering on gene expression data. In particular, we divide cluster analysis for gene expression data into three categories. Then, we present specific challenges pertinent to each clustering category and introduce several representative approaches. We also discuss the problem of cluster validation in three aspects and review various methods to assess the quality and reliability of clustering results. Finally, we conclude this paper and suggest the promising trends in this field.
Late pregnancy use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors is associated with increased risk of postpartum haemorrhage

Commentary on: Palmsten K, Hernandez-Diaz S, Huybrechts KF, et al. Use of antidepressants near delivery and risk of postpartum hemorrhage: cohort study of low income women in the USA. BMJ 2013;347:f4877. Antidepressant medications are commonly used to manage psychiatric conditions in pregnancy. While extensive research related to teratogenesis and neonatal outcomes has been undertaken,1 there is relatively few data related to maternal obstetrical outcomes. Research from other specialties suggests that serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) …
When the Plot Is the Illness

A t one of the earliest stages of the development of a formal insanity defense in England, in 1724, the defendant was felt to be innocent by reason of insanity if he or she acted with the drive of a wild beast. Although later legal standards have become more subtle (and far less descriptive), a series of standards, starting in 1844 and used at least until 1972, included the concept that a person is only legally insane if the drive to commit the crime was an “irresistible impulse.” The actual intent of these standards was broader than the literal interpretation of this phrase, but it was that phrase that was often used. This idea is still a part of many standards, and forms the commonsense notion of insanity that many judges and attorneys use. I consider these standards, or at least the literal interpretation of them, to be based on what I term the “marionette fantasy” of mental illness—the idea that schizophrenia or other disorders are god-like, taking control of the patient from above. The idea has more than zero merit; indeed, some patients hear seemingly foreign voices telling them what to do. One elderly man that I met was called “successfully treated” by his psychiatrist because the medication had taken away the voices. Unfortunately, the patient was bored; he was angry at the psychiatrist because he missed the voices’ company!
Optimization limits in improving system reliability

A computationally simple approach for reliability-redundancy optimization problems is proposed. It is compared by means of a simulation study with the other two existing approaches: (1) the LMBB method, which incorporates the Lagrange multiplier technique in conjunction with the Kuhn-Tucker condition and the branch-and-bound method, and (2) sequential search techniques in combination with heuristic redundancy allocation methods, including an extension of combinations of four heuristics and two search techniques. Using 100 sets of randomly generated test problems with nonlinear constraints for both series systems and a complex system, the authors measured and evaluated the performance of these approaches in terms of optimality rate, error rate, and execution time. In general, the author's method requires considerably less computer time to obtain results comparable to those of the other methods, and it has a low degree of programming difficulty. >
Bradykinin induces mitochondrial ROS generation via NO, cGMP, PKG, and mitoKATP channel opening and leads to cardioprotection.

Bradykinin (BK) mimics ischemic preconditioning by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). To identify intermediate steps that lead to ROS generation, rabbit cardiomyocytes were incubated in redu...
A phage single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein complements ssDNA accumulation of a geminivirus and interferes with viral movement

Geminiviruses are plant viruses with circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes encapsidated in double icosahedral particles. Tomato leaf curl geminivirus (ToLCV) requires coat protein (CP) for the accumulation of ssDNA in protoplasts and in plants but not for systemic infection and symptom development in plants. In the absence of CP, infected protoplasts accumulate reduced levels of ssDNA and increased amounts of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), compared to accumulation in the presence of wild-type virus. To determine whether the gene 5 protein (g5p), a ssDNA binding protein from Escherichia coli phage M13, could restore the accumulation of ssDNA, ToLCV that lacked the CP gene was modified to express g5p or g5p fused to the N-terminal 66 amino acids of CP (CP66:6G:g5). The modified viruses led to the accumulation of wild-type levels of ssDNA and high levels of dsDNA. The accumulation of ssDNA was apparently due to stable binding of g5p to viral ssDNA. The high levels of dsDNA accumulation during infections with the modified viruses suggested a direct role for CP in viral DNA replication. ToLCV that produced the CP66:6G:g5 protein did not spread efficiently in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, and inoculated plants developed only very mild symptoms. In infected protoplasts, the CP66:6G:g5 protein was immunolocalized to nuclei. We propose that the fusion protein interferes with the function of the BV1 movement protein and thereby prevents spread of the infection.
Influence of High-Amplitude Noise on Boundary-Layer Transition to Turbulence

Abstract : This work completes a series of detailed experiments of boundary layers undergoing transition to turbulence with the major effort directed toward the most important issue facing the understanding of fundamental causes of transition, i.e., the receptivity to freestream disturbances. This problem is reviewed in detail by Saric et al. (1994). The present effort concentrates on leading-edge receptivity and receptivity of two-dimensional roughness. The effects of large-amplitude freestream noise is considered with the effort directed toward determining the limits of linear receptivity. Single-frequency and broad-band sound waves are used along with 2-D roughness elements to determine how the unstable waves are initiated. New data are presented on leading edge-receptivity that clarify some difficulties with previous experimental work. Comparisons with recent DNS are excellent. Data are also presented for nonlinear receptivity of 2-D roughness elements. It is shown that there is little difference between the single-frequency excitation and white noise in that the response is still keenly triggered by the amplitude of the individual mode. Thus a single frequency at 120 dB is more dangerous than white noise at 120 dB where the energy is distributed of many modes.
Using an identity-based dynamic access control filter (IDF) to defend against DoS attacks

A denial of service (DoS) attack is a well-known problem for networks. Although many research papers have addressed the problem of DoS attacks, some drawbacks still exit. The major problem is this: when a responder receives a request or key message, and system resources are required to verify that the request has been sent from a legitimate user, the additional computing time and memory storage involved provides an adversary the opportunity to launch a DoS attack. In order to prevent this attack, we present a new protocol called the identity-based dynamic access control filter (IDF), which checks every filter value on every received frame to determine if they have permission to enter the system and use system resources. In this paper we focus on wireless network protection, but the same concept can be applied to a wired network as well. A performance analysis of the critical step used in preventing a DoS attack is conducted and the result is compared with other public key-based schemes.
Microcinematographic Studies of Contact Nucleation

Abstract Water drops of 2 mm diameter were supercooled on a glass slide, sprayed with AgI particles, and photographed at low magnification with a 16-mm movie camera at a speed of 64 frames per second to determine the nature of freezing by contact nucleation. In each case; nucleation was initiated at the point of particle contact and continued over the entire surface of the drop. The interior of the drop then froze toward the center at a much slower rate. The surface structures and crystallization rates by contact nucleation compare favorably with those found by other workers where water was frozen in containers.
The Political Economy Of American Indian Allotment Revisited

This paper criticizes McChesney's (1990) hypothesis that the decisions to initially and subsequently terminate American Indian allotment were based on the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ (BIA) interest to inflate their budget. By adopting a richer database on the BIA appropriations from 1877-1945 and correcting for model specification problems, I find no empirical evidence supporting any of McChesney's hypotheses concerning the bureaucratic demand for regulatory change. In fact, other large budgetary items, such as New Deal relief funding, Court of Claims judgments, and educational spending, crowded out BIA land management appropriations over these years. Interestingly, a cursory overview of this period illustrates how the BIA fought for less, rather than more, administrative control over Indian affairs.
Data Preprocessing for Learning to Rank

This chapter is concerned with data processing for learning to rank. In order to learn an effective ranking model, the first step is to prepare high-quality training data. There are several important issues to be considered regarding the training data. First, it should be considered how to get the data labeled on a large scale but at a low cost. Click-through log mining is one of the feasible approaches for this purpose. Second, since the labeled data are not always correct and effective, selection of the queries and documents, as well as their features should also be considered. In this chapter, we will review several pieces of previous work on these topics, and also make discussions on the future work.
An Existence Result for a Class of Partial Differential Equations with Smooth Coefficients

We prove the existence of a solution for a class of linear partial differential equations with smooth coefficients in a space of generalized functions larger than the space of Schwartz distributions. As an example, we show that H. Lewy’s equation has a solution in this space whenever its right hand side is a classical smooth function or a Schwartz distribution.
Changes in Kidney Function After Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts Versus Large-Volume Paracentesis in Cirrhosis: A Matched Cohort Analysis

Background Patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites have physiologic and hormonal dysregulation that contributes to decreased kidney function. Placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) can reverse these changes and potentially improve kidney function. We sought to evaluate change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) following TIPS placement. Study Design Retrospective, matched cohort analysis. Settings & Participants Patients who underwent first-time TIPS placement for refractory ascites in 1995 to 2014. Frequency matching was used to generate a comparator group of patients with cirrhosis and ascites treated with serial large-volume paracentesis (LVP) in a 1:1 fashion. Predictor TIPS placement compared to serial LVP. Outcome Change in eGFR over 90 days' follow-up. Measurements Multivariable regression stratified by baseline eGFR 2 ; analysis of effect modification between TIPS placement and baseline eGFR. Results 276 participants (TIPS, n=138; serial LVP, n=138) were analyzed. After 90 days, eGFRs increased significantly after TIPS placement in participants with baseline eGFRs 2 compared to treatment with serial LVP (21 [95% CI, 13-29] mL/min/1.73m 2 ; P 2 (1 [95% CI, −9 to 12] mL/min/1.73m 2 ; P =0.8). There was significant effect modification between TIPS status and baseline eGFR ( P =0.001) in a model that included all participants. Limitations Outcomes restricted by clinically recorded data; clinically important differences may still exist between the TIPS and LVP cohorts despite good statistical matching. Conclusions TIPS placement was associated with significant improvement in kidney function. This was most prominent in participants with baseline eGFRs 2 . Prospective studies of TIPS use in populations with eGFRs 2 are needed to evaluate these findings.
Nutrition and Physical Activity Strategies for Cancer Prevention in Current National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program Plans

Obesity, diet and physical inactivity are risk factors for some cancers. Grantees of the National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program (NCCCP) in US states, tribes, and territories develop plans to coordinate funding and activities for cancer prevention and control. Including information and goals related to nutrition and physical activity (NPA) is a key opportunity for primary cancer prevention, but it is currently unclear to what extent NCCCP plans address these issues. We reviewed 69 NCCCP plans and searched for terms related to NPA. Plans were coded as (1) knowledge of NPA and cancer link; (2) goals to improve NPA behaviors; and (3) strategies to increase healthy NPA activities, environments, or systems changes. NPA content was consistently included in all cancer plans examined across all years. Only 4 (6 %) outlined only the relationship between NPA and cancer without goals or strategies. Fifty-nine plans (89 %) contained goals or strategies related to NPA, with 53 (82 %) including both. However, numbers of goals, strategies, and detail provided varied widely. All programs recognized the importance of NPA in cancer prevention. Most plans included NPA goals and strategies. Increasing the presence of NPA strategies that can be modified or adapted appropriately locally could help with more widespread implementation and measurement of NPA interventions.
Effect of diet on rat liver betaine transmethylase.

Summary1. Rat liver betaine transmethylase varies strikingly with the amino acid composition of the diet. 2. The pattern of amino acids required for synthesis of this enzyme is considerably different from the pattern required for growth of the animal. 3. When rats are given methionine, betaine transmethylase does not appear to be necessary for growth.
Photoinduced and Thermal Denitrogenation of Bulky Triazoline Crystals: Insights into Solid-to-Solid Transformation

The photoinduced and thermal denitrogenation of crystalline triazolines with bulky substituents leads to the quantitative formation of aziridines in clean solid-to-solid reactions despite very large structural changes in the transition from reactant to product. Analysis of the reaction progress by powder X-ray diffraction, solid-state 13C CPMAS NMR, solid-state FTIR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis has revealed that solid-to-solid reactions proceed either through metastable phases susceptible to amorphization or by mechanisms that involve a reconstructive phase transition that culminates in the formation of the stable phase of the product. While the key for a solid-to-solid transformation is that the reaction occurs below the eutectic temperature of the reactant and product two-component system, experimental evidence suggests that those reactions will undergo a reconstructive phase transition when they take place above the glass transition temperature.
Haptic interaction with virtual objects: Spatial perception and motor control

This paper considers interaction of the human arm with “virtual” objects simulated mechanically by a planar robot. Haptic perception of spatial properties of objects is distorted. It is reasonable to expect that it may be distorted in a geometrically consistent way. Three experiments were performed to quantify perceptual distortion of length, angle and orientation. We found that spatial perception is geometrically inconsistent across these perceptual tasks. Given that spatial perception is distorted, it is plausible that motor behavior may be distorted in a way consistent with perceptual distortion. In a fourth experiment, subjects were asked to draw circles. The results were geometrically inconsistent with those of the length perception experiment. Interestingly, although the results were inconsistent (statistically different), this difference was not strong (the relative distortion between the observed distributions was small). Some computational implications of this research for haptic perception and motor planning are discussed.
The Development of Two New Types of Ice-phobic Coating for Electric Power Transmission Lines

In comparison with other anti-icing technologies,the ice-phobic coating for power transmission lines is simple and flexible in application,and with lower cost.Analyzing the coating’s certain important parameters affecting coating anti-icing performance and field applications,this paper presents two new types of ice-phobic coating which are developed for wires and eletric insulators of electric power transmission lines respectively.The artificial climate chamber test and the field test of these coatings have been carried out,and it proves that they can effectively prevent the glaze ice of power transmissiong lines.