cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The image surface of a homogeneous torso.

Abstract The image surface is a geometric representation of the relationship between a fixed-position current dipole inside a volume conductor and the electric potential it produces on the boundary of the conductor. It is a powerful means of conveying a wealth of information concerning some basic problems in electrocardiography, in terms of familiar heart-vector projection ideas. It gives deep insight into the nature of the relationship between torso surface voltages and the internal heart generator. A detailed image surface is presented in quantitative terms for a specific human torso shape and dipole position in order to illustrate its remarkable properties. Applications to the frontal-plane, Wilson central-terminal voltage and spatial vectorcardiography systems reveal shortcomings of current practices. Examples of possible research investigations suggested by the image surface are presented.
Two Arabidopsis Metacaspases AtMCP1b and AtMCP2b Are Arginine/Lysine-specific Cysteine Proteases and Activate Apoptosis-like Cell Death in Yeast

Metacaspases in plants, fungi, and protozoa constitute new members of a conserved superfamily of caspase-related proteases. A yeast caspase-1 protein (Yca1p), which is the single metacaspase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was shown to mediate apoptosis triggered by oxidative stress or aging in yeast. To examine whether plant metacaspase genes are functionally related to YCA1, we carried out analyses of AtMCP1b and AtMCP2b, representing the two subtypes of the Arabidopsis metacaspase family, utilizing yeast strains with wild-type and the disrupted YCA1 gene (yca1Δ). Inducible expression of AtMCP1b and AtMCP2b significantly promoted yeast apoptosis-like cell death of both the wild-type and yca1Δ strains, relative to the vector controls, during oxidative stress and early aging process. Mutational analysis of the two AtMCPs revealed that their cell-death-inducing activities depend on their catalytic center cysteine residues as well as caspase-like processing. In addition, the phenotype induced by the expression of two AtMCPs was effectively prevented when the cells were pretreated with a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl-ketone. These results suggest that the two subtypes of Arabidopsis metacaspases are functionally related to Yca1p with caspase-like characteristics. However, we found that bacterial and yeast extracts containing AtMCP1b, AtMCP2b, or Yca1p exhibit arginine/lysine-specific endopeptidase activities but cannot cleave caspase-specific substrates. Together, the results strongly implicate that expression of metacaspases could result in the activation of downstream protease(s) with caspase-like activities that are required to mediate cell death activation via oxidative stress in yeast. Metacaspases from higher plants may serve similar functions.
Functions of the retinoblastoma protein.

The retinoblastoma protein (pRB) can both positively and negatively regulate transcription. The former correlates with its ability to promote differentiation and the latter with its ability to regulate entry into S-phase. pRB negatively regulates transcription by forming complexes with members of the E2F transcription factor family. These complexes, when bound to E2F sites within certain target genes, actively repress transcription through a variety of mechanisms including physical interaction with adjacent transcriptional activation domains and recruitment of proteins that directly, or indirectly, lead to histone deacetylation. pRB function is, in turn, modulated by phosphorylation mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases. Emerging data suggest that combinatorial control of pRB function may be achieved through the use of different phosphoacceptor sites, different cyclin/cdk docking sites, and different cyclin/cdk complexes. The untimely activation of E2F responsive genes can induce apoptosis. This comes about at least partly through the induction of ARF, which leads to the stabilization and activation of p53. BioEssays 1999;21:950-958.
Diagnosis of craniocervical dermoid by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: A case report

Computed tomography findings of cranial dermoids have been described previously in the literature. The case report presents the findings of a hyperdense dermoid at the craniocervical junction as seen on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Interleukin‐35: odd one out or part of the family?

Advances in cytokine biology have helped us understand the complex communication that takes place between antigen-presenting cells and cells of the adaptive immune system, such as T cells, which collectively mediate an appropriate immune response to a plethora of pathogens while maintaining tolerance to self-antigens. The interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokine family remains one of the most important and includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and the recently identified IL-35. All four are heterodimeric cytokines, composed of an alpha chain (p19, p28, or p35) and a beta chain (p40 or Ebi3), and signal through unique pairings of five receptor chains (IL-12Rbeta1, IL-12Rbeta2, IL-23R, gp130, and WSX-1). Despite the interrelationship between the cytokines themselves and their receptors, their source, activity, and kinetics of expression are quite different. Studies using genetically deficient mice have greatly enhanced our understanding of the biology of these cytokines. However, interpretation of these data has been complicated by the recent realization that p40(-/-), p35(-/-), and Ebi3(-/-) mice all lack more than one cytokine (IL-12/IL-23, IL-12/IL-35, and IL-27/IL-35, respectively). In this review, we compare and contrast the biology of this expanded IL-12 family and re-evaluate data derived from the analysis of these dual cytokine-deficient mice. We also discuss how the opposing characteristics of the IL-12 family siblings may help to promote a balanced immune response.
Synthesis of novel taxol analogs and evaluation of their biological activities

Abstract Two new taxol analogs 6 and 10 have been prepared from baccatin III (1) and taxol (7a), respectively. Like taxol, both compounds were found to promote microtubule formation and stabilization, although they were less active than taxol. Both 6 and 10 exhibited cytotoxicity against J774.2 cells; 6 was ∼60-fold less active and 10 was ∼15-fold less active.
An Annotated Bibliography for the Testifying Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist

To persuade a fact finder that a forensic opinion has a scientific basis, it is often useful to cite professional literature that supports one's opinions or procedures. If the admissibility of one's opinion is challenged in a Daubert hearing, citing literature is almost always required to support the claim that the expert's opinion relies on scientific facts or proceeds from scientific methodology. This annotated bibliography provides a sampling of articles that may be useful in bolstering testimony. The sample selected here is not comprehensive, but provides examples of literature that may be cited by forensic child and adolescent psychiatric experts.
Small intestinal ulcers in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis presenting as acute appendicitis

Abstract We report the first case of a child with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) who presented with signs and symptoms mimicking acute appendicitis. Laparoscopy demonstrated ulcerated small intestinal plaques, and microscopic examination of that tissue showed necroinflammatory exudate and erythrophagocytosis. HLH manifesting as small intestinal ulcers has not been previously described.
Forced compliance in family decision‐making

‘Forced compliance,’ a situation in which a person engages in a behavior that he or she would normally deem as inappropriate, is used in this study to examine conflict resolution in family decision-making. Specific hypotheses related to a major purchase decision are tested in a field study. The results indicate that those husbands or wives who have been forced to engage in counterattitudinal behaviors find numerous ways to justify their inconsistencies.
The Voice as Computer Interface: A Look at Tomorrow's Technologies.

Voice as the communications device for computer—human interaction is not a new concept, having been a favorite of the SF writers for many years. It is the most immediate and natural means of communication, and is in use today as voice response or voice recognition systems for human—computer interfaces in business, industry and medicine. This article examines the potential for their use within the library environment, as an additional tool for computer input or output.
LUNG INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY ENDOTOXIN IS ENHANCED IN RATS DEPLETED OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES WITH AEROSOLIZED CLODRONATE

Clodronate liposomes were given to rats via intratracheal inhalation to investigate the importance of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in inhaled endotoxin-induced lung injury. When AM depletion was maximal (87% to 90%), rats were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline. Neither clodronate nor saline liposomes induced an influx of neutrophils (PMNs) into the lungs. However, depleted LPS-exposed rats had 5- to 8-fold higher numbers of lavage PMNs and greater lavage cell reactive oxygen species release compared to undepleted rats. Although AM depletion by itself did not significantly increase inflammatory cytokine expression in lung tissue, LPS-induced message levels for interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were approximately 2-fold higher in AM-depleted rats compared to undepleted rats. These results indicate that cells other than AMs can recruit inflammatory cells into the lungs during acute LPS-induced injury and that AMs play an important suppressive role in the innate pulmonary inflammatory response.
RPE dysplasia with retinal duplication in a mutant mouse strain.

Abstract An autosomal dominant mutation was produced by quadruple gonadal exposure of a male (C3H × 101)F1 mouse to 500 rad of X-irradiation. This mutation is maintained by the mating of affected heterozygous males to normal (C3H × C57B1)F1 females. Clinically apparent abnormalities were limited to the eyes and, in the affected adults, ranged from apparent anophthalmia to globes that were enlarged and exhibit large uveoscleral colobomas. Sequential evaluations of the embryogenesis of this condition have identified abnormal differentiation of the outer layer of the optic cup (presumptive retinal pigment epithelium—RPE) into a second layer of neural retina. The abnormality is identified as early as day 10 of gestation, during invagination of the optic cup and lens placode. The area of RPE dysplasia may be diffuse or regional with an abrupt transition from normal RPE and often demonstrates excessive and uncontrolled proliferation. The two symmetrical, apposed layers of photoreceptors fail to differentiate and begin to degenerate prenatally. Absence of normal RPE leads to failure of induction of adjacent choroid and sclera, resulting in a posterior segment consisting of a large neuroepithelial-lined cyst. Radiation-induced ocular malformations of this type have not been previously described. In addition, this model presents a unique opportunity to examine the processes leading to differentiation of a single, continuous epithelial layer into tissues as anatomically and functionally distinct as neural retina and RPE.
Capacitance measurements of double-metal double-sided silicon microstrip detectors

Abstract Double-metal double-sided silicon microstrip prototype sensors have been developed by Sintef/SI, Micron Semiconductor, and Hamamatsu Photonics for the CDF silicon vertex detector upgrade, SVXII. The sensors are biased with polysilicon resistors and have integrated AC-coupling and p-stop isolation. We present measurements of the total capacitance, interstrip capacitance and overlap capacitance due to the double metal structure. The measurements are compared to a simple electrostatic model.
Writing Modern Selves: Literacy and the French Working Class in the Early Nineteenth Century

Throughout the early to mid-nineteenth century, French urban workers developed literacy practices—specific acts of writing and reading—that encouraged socially-oriented forms of self-reflection. By examining the letter writing, reading, and circulation practices and the autobiographical writing practices of several distinctly different groups of French urban workers, this essay presents a comparative analysis of forms and practices of writing and reading most often associated with the personal realm. In these literacy practices, French workers cultivated forms of socially-mediated reflection in which acts of self-disclosure and claims of authority were directly tied to their relations with others and their identifications with particular groups—such as their families, friends, and their fellow workers. The ways that literacy developed such complex, heterogeneous selves for French urban workers in the nineteenth century ultimately challenge the argument that links literacy, and writing in particular, to the formation of an individualist self, as part of the social transformations that lead to the formation of modern society in France.
Endothelial Wound Recovery is Influenced by Treatment with Shear Stress, Wound Direction, and Substrate

Proper and timely wound healing in the endothelium is vital for maintaining vascular homeostasis and preventing pathological conditions. The hemodynamic forces of the vasculature include shear stress and cyclic stretch. Here, we investigate the effects of shear stress on recovery of vertical or horizontal wounds that are perpendicular or parallel to flow, respectively under static or shearing condition. We further examined the effects of substrate difference on wound closure for cells on glass or silicone membrane using a modified flow chamber. Using bovine aortic endothelial cells, we analyzed wound area in scratch tests. We found that migration of cells into wound area was significantly enhanced on membrane substrate compared to glass under static condition, regardless of direction. However, continuously sheared wounds recovered differently between horizontal and vertical directions on glass, but better recovery was demonstrated in horizontal rather than vertical wounds on membrane. Here, we began to analyze the effects of flow induced shear stress and substrate difference on the direction of wound recovery in endothelial cells. We continue to investigate the effects of shear stress and substrate properties on the direction of endothelial wound recovery, in order to better understand how hemodynamic forces would affect endothelial wound healing.
Rethinking American Poverty

Attributing poverty to individual failures cannot explain the mountainous gap between the rich and poor in this country. Instead, the author argues, Americans must realize that structural constraints cause there to be “winners” and “losers.” In the end, we all pay the price for poverty in the U.S.
Electrical characteristics of Schottky barriers on 4H-SiC: the effects of barrier height nonuniformity

Electrical properties, including current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics, have been measured on a large number of Ti, Ni, and Pt-based Schottky barrier diodes on 4H-SiC epilayers. Various nonideal behaviors are frequently observed, including ideality factors greater than one, anomalously low I-V barrier heights, and excess leakage currents at low forward bias and in reverse bias. The nonidealities are highly nonuniform across individual wafers and from wafer to wafer. We find a pronounced linear correlation between I-V barrier height and ideality factor for each metal, while C-V barrier heights remain constant. Electron beam induced current (EBIC) imaging strongly suggests that the nonidealities result from localized low barrier height patches. These patches are related to discrete crystal defects, which become visible as recombination centers in the EBIC images. Alternative explanations involving generation-recombination current, uniform interfacial layers, and effects related to the periphery are ruled out.
A PROFILE ZONATION FOR SEASONAL SAND BEACHES FROM WAVE CLIMATE

Abstract Available guidance on the seaward limit to the wave-dominated beach profile has a generally inadequate basis in physical processes. The new model developed herein divides the shore-normal profile of a seasonal sand beach into three submarine zones parallel to the shoreline. The middle or shoal zone is intended to be a buffer region where expected surface waves have neither strong nor negligible effects on the sand bottom during a typical year. The shoal-zone boundaries are based on critical values of two Froude numbers giving distinct thresholds in sand mobilization by waves. With these critical values, the limiting water depths to the shoal zone are calculated from local sand characteristics and summary statistics of annual wave climate, assuming linear wave theory and an exponential cumulative distribution of wave height. The shoal zone extends seaward from the maximum depth for erosive cutting of the nearshore by yearly extreme waves to the maximum water depth for sand motion initiation by the yearly median wave condition. Available evidence on nearshore sand movement supports placement within this shoal zone of the seaward limit to appreciable bed activity due to surface waves. Suggested coastal engineering applications for the calculated shoal zone are discussed.
Photobleaching effects in optical fiber waveguides.

The effect of optical signal intensity at the wavelength of system operation (0.85 μm) on the recovery of the radiation-induced attenuation in optical fiber waveguides following exposure to a 3700-rad dose of ionizing radiation has been investigated. Photobleaching has been observed in both pure and doped silica core fibers, although the effect is more pronounced in the former.
A physiologically motivated sparse, compact, and smooth (SCS) approach to EEG source localization

Here, we introduce a novel approach to the EEG inverse problem based on the assumption that principal cortical sources of multi-channel EEG recordings may be assumed to be spatially sparse, compact, and smooth (SCS). To enforce these characteristics of solutions to the EEG inverse problem, we propose a correlation-variance model which factors a cortical source space covariance matrix into the multiplication of a pre-given correlation coefficient matrix and the square root of the diagonal variance matrix learned from the data under a Bayesian learning framework. We tested the SCS method using simulated EEG data with various SNR and applied it to a real ECOG data set. We compare the results of SCS to those of an established SBL algorithm.
Students’ Digital Photography Behaviors during a Multiday Environmental Science Field Trip and Their Recollections of Photographed Science Content

Taking photographs to document the experiences of an educational field trip is becoming a common activity for teachers and students alike. Considering the regular creation of photographic artifacts, our goal in this paper is to explore students’ picture taking behavior and their recollections of science content associated with their photographs. In this study, we partnered with a class of fifth-grade students in the United States and provided each student with a digital camera to document their experiences during an environmental science field trip at a national park. We report the frequency of photography behaviors according to which activities were most often documented by the students and specifically that students tended to document more of their experiences when they were in outdoor, natural spaces rather than inside of visitor centers or museums. Also, through an analysis of students’ comments about the science content captured in their photographs we observe that students’ comments about photographs of the outdoors tended to show greater depth and complexity than those that were taken in indoor, museum-like spaces.
Visualization for Access Control Policy Analysis Results Using Multi-level Grids

The rapid increase in deployment of policy-based access control systems faces security administrators with the daunting task of managing a large number of complex access control policies. Several policy analysis types, (e.g., policy similarity, policy conflict and change-impact) have been proposed to help administrators maintain consistent and conflict-free policy repositories. However, there has not been much focus on the presentation and the ensuing interpretation of the results of such analyses, which greatly undermines the usability factor. In this paper, we present a novel multi-level grid-based technique for visualizing results of policy analysis. We implemented this technique, and we present a sample policy similarity analysis scenario that highlights the advantages of the proposed result visualization method.
A barrel shift microsystem for parallel processing

A flow-through interconnection network microsystem is described. It is part of a parallel SIMD graphics architecture called Cube in which the network interconnects between n pairs of processors and memories. No two accesses involve the same memory or processor and their is an uniform communication distance among the processors. The interconnection network is based on a modular and VLSI implemented barrel switch (BS) unit, which provides modularity and flexibility of the entire network. A rotate distance of up to 16 processor-memory pairs is performed in a flow-through manner in a single machine cycle. Structurally, the BS is organized in a simple and repetitive pattern of junction elements and connection paths, extendable in its overall length and its data width, and suited for VLSI implementation. >
Atypical Polypoid Adenomyoma of the Endometrium Associated with Adenomyomatosis and Adenocarcinoma

A case in which the uterus from a 44-year-old woman contained an atypical polypoid adenomyoma of the endometrium with adjacent adenomyomatosis in which there were focal areas of adenocarcinoma is described. This unique combination has not been previously reported. Possible histogenesis is discussed.
Genome-wide analyses reveal properties of redundant and specific promoter occupancy within the ETS gene family.

The conservation of in vitro DNA-binding properties within families of transcription factors presents a challenge for achieving in vivo specificity. To uncover the mechanisms regulating specificity within the ETS gene family, we have used chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with genome-wide promoter microarrays to query the occupancy of three ETS proteins in a human T-cell line. Unexpectedly, redundant occupancy was frequently detected, while specific occupancy was less likely. Redundant binding correlated with housekeeping classes of genes, whereas specific binding examples represented more specialized genes. Bioinformatics approaches demonstrated that redundant binding correlated with consensus ETS-binding sequences near transcription start sites. In contrast, specific binding sites diverged dramatically from the consensus and were found further from transcription start sites. One route to specificity was found—a highly divergent binding site that facilitates ETS1 and RUNX1 cooperative DNA binding. The specific and redundant DNA-binding modes suggest two distinct roles for members of the ETS transcription factor family.
New species of Cetopsidium (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae) from the upper rio Branco system in Guyana

Cetopsidium soniae, new species, is described from the Takutu River basin of southwestern Guyana, within the upper portions of the rio Branco of the Amazon basin. The new species differs from its congeners in details of pigmentation, the length of the pelvic fin, the form of the first rays of the dorsal and pectoral fins in mature males, the relative alignment of the dorsal and ventral profiles of the postdorsal portion of the body, the position of the anus, and the depth of the body. DNA barcodes were generated for the holotype and paratype. An examination of other samples of Cetopsidium from the rio Branco system extends the range of C. pemon into the Ireng River system of Guyana.
The psychological and medical sequelae of war in Central American refugee mothers and children

Objective: To investigate the physical and mainly psychological sequelae of exposure to war in Central American children and their mothers who immigrated to the United States on average 4 years before the study began. Design: Interview study. Participants: Twenty-two immigrant Central American women caretakers and 1 of their children aged 5 to 13 years. Main Outcome Measures: Standardized and new measures were administered to assess children's physical and mental health symptoms and exposure to political violence. Results: Eighteen of the 22 children had chronic health problems. Fifteen children and all of the adults had observed traumatic events, including bombings and homicides. Thirteen of the children showed mental health symptom profiles above established norms, although only 2 met the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder according to their own reports. Many of the caretakers were unaware of their child's psychological distress. Four of the mothers exhibited posttraumatic stress disorder, and their symptoms predicted their child's mental health. Conclusions: Pediatricians are sometimes the first and only contacts these families have with health care providers. Caretakers' reports of children's mental health are often incomplete. It is therefore important for physicians to probe for "hidden" symptoms in refugee children. These family members may need referrals to social and psychological services, and pediatricians can open the gates to existing community networks of support. Because we found that maternal mental health influences the child's, the child's interests are well served when pediatricians also encourage the mother to contact services for herself if she confides that she is experiencing some of the severe psychological sequelae reported by the women in this study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:822-828
Comparing the construct validity of scales derived from the Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A reply to

Rosenthal and Hooley (2010) suggested that the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) includes items that are tangential to narcissism. They demonstrated that the removal of these items resulted in scores that are not confounded by self-esteem. We tested whether NPI scales derived from Rosenthal and Hooley’s included (NPI-N) and excluded (NPI-X) items manifest divergent relations with self-esteem, entitlement, distress, NPD, and general traits in two samples of undergraduates. The scales generated similar patterns of correlations, although the NPI-N items were more strongly related to (dis)Agreeableness, whereas the NPI-X items were more strongly related to Extraversion. Ultimately, the NPI-X items bore significant relations to constructs central to grandiose narcissism and do not seem to have caused problems in the assessment of narcissism.
Comprehensive Model of Worker Nonwork-Activity Time Use and Timing Behavior

A comprehensive, high-resolution model for out-of-home nonwork-activity generation is developed; it considers daily activity time-use behavior and activity timing preferences in a unified random utility framework. The empirical analysis is undertaken with data from the 2000 San Francisco, California, Bay Area Travel Survey. Several important household and commuter demographics, commute characteristics, and activity travel environment attributes are found to be significant determinants of workers’ nonwork-activity time use and timing behavior. The developed comprehensive model can serve as an activity-generation module in an activity-based travel demand microsimulation framework.
On the parameterization of two-degree-of-freedom controller with tracking/disturbance rejection constraints

Considers the parameterization of two-degree-of-freedom controller for a MIMO four-block linear system with tracking/disturbance rejection constraints. The external signals considered are unstable and strictly proper deterministic signals. A stronger set of assumptions is introduced so as to ensure the existence of the solution to the servomechanism problem. A sufficient condition is presented to ensure that the Kronecker product is not involved. The solutions of the servomechanism problem are parameterized by free, stable, rational and proper matrices under the general case.
Minority Electoral Politics in a North Indian State: Aggregate Data Analysis and the Muslim Community in Bihar, 1952–1972*

Frequent elections and a long tradition of census taking in India should combine to provide excellent scope for aggregate data analysis, but so far they have not, largely because the electoral constituencies and the census tracts do not match. A number of ways have been devised to surmount the problem, none of them very satisfactory. This paper offers a new solution in the form of isoplethic mapping, a method that avoids the shortcomings of other approaches and permits use of demographic and voting data at the level of the state legislative assembly constituency. Substantively the paper traces patterns of voting for Muslim candidates to the Bihar Legislative Assembly and the relationship between Muslim population distribution and vote polled by different political parties over six elections. Instead of becoming more integrated over time within the general body politic, it appears that the Muslim minority group has become more politically cohesive and better able to elect Muslims to office where their numbers are strong. At the same time, Muslims have become less able to win elections where they are fewer in numbers. This tendency has not reached a state of political polarization between the Hindu and Muslim communities, however.
Spontaneous celiac artery dissection

Spontaneous celiac artery (CA) dissection is an uncommon cause of acute abdominal pain, accounting for 4% of visceral artery dissections and aneurysms, with the majority of symptomatic visceral artery dissections involving the splenic, hepatic, and superior mesenteric arteries.1,2 Despite a recent increase in the frequency of diagnosis of CA dissection with the use of advanced imaging modalities, its pathogenesis and natural history remain unclear.3 Approximately half of CA dissections are symptomatic, presenting most commonly with acute abdominal pain and unremarkable physical examination and laboratory findings.3,4 A 54-year-old man with a history of hypertension and no recent trauma presented with 6 hours of severe epigastric pain with transient radiation to the back. An initial abdominal computed tomography (CT) angiogram demonstrated a CA aneurysm with an intimal flap extending from the distal celiac artery to the trifurcation (Panels A and B) and a thrombus nearly occluding the splenic artery (Panel C). Hemorrhage was noted in the left anterior pararenal space, and multiple splenic infarctions were present. Repeat imaging 14 hours after presentation showed CA dissection with 90% stenosis at the origin of the common hepatic and
T Cell Memory: without Prompting

Immunological memory, the ability to make enhanced responses to re-encountered Ags, is a defining feature of the adaptive immune system. After initial foreign Ag exposure (delivered in a suitably immunogenic form), immunological memory can persist for life, generating the state we typically consider
A perspective on virtual machines

A virtual machine is a replica of a real computing environment and has become of increasing interest to the computing community. This paper provides an historical perspective on virtual machine architecture within IBM, a description of how virtual machines are being used today, and a discussion of problems associated with virtual machines and new developments in solving these problems.
Harpacticoid copepod emergence at a shelf site in summer and winter: implications for hydrodynamic and mating hypotheses

Emergence (in which benthic animals swim into the overlying water and then return to the seabed) has consequences for issues such as benthopelagic coupling and benthic community organization. Harpacticoid copepods are conspicuous among emergers; however, to achieve a pre- dictive understanding of their behavior will require much further study. In particular, little is known about variability in their emergence among seasons. I report the results of an emergence-trap study done at 18 m depth on a sandy bottom in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Percent emergence was sig- nificantly greater in September than in December. In September, near-bottom flows are quiescent, and in December, near-bottom flows are frequently energetic. That emergence was less during the season of energetic flows fits expectations from the literature that energetic flows suppress emer- gence. In contrast, my observations on gender and life stage of emergers provided no support for the hypothesis that harpacticoids emerge primarily to find mates.
A comparison of molluscan and arthropod hemocyanin—I. Circular dichroism and absorption spectra

Abstract 1. 1. The circular dichroic (CD) spectra of molluscan and arthropod oxyhemocyanins are qualitatively and quantitatively different. 2. 2. Molluscan oxyhemocyanins have three CD bands in the visible, a positive band near 450 nm, a negative band near 570 nm and a positive band near 710 nm. 3. 3. Arthropod oxyhemocyanins have only two visible CD bands, both positive, near 490 and 610 nm. 4. 4. Both types have a negative CD band near 340 nm. 5. 5. In the region between 260–300 nm, the CD of molluscan hemocyanins is positive, that of arthropods negative. 6. 6. These data indicate fundamental differences in the oxygen binding sites of these related proteins.
Nonlinear calculation of arbitrarily shaped supercavitating hydrofoils near a free surface

A nonlinear exact solution to the problem of two-dimensional gravity-free incompressible potential flow around an arbitrarily shaped supercavitating hydrofoil near a free surface is obtained. A combination of Newton’s method with a functional iterative procedure is used to solve the nonlinear integral and algebraic equations of this problem. Fast and stable convergence results by starting the iteration with a readily chosen initial solution. Some representative numerical computations are made for practical hydrofoils having both generally shaped camber and leading-edge thickness distributions. The force coefficients, pressure distribution and free-streamline shapes of the cavity are calculated for each case with an execution time on an IBM 370-158 of 200-530s depending upon the initial trial solution.
Modeling Human Disease in Humans: The Ciliopathies

Soon, the genetic basis of most human Mendelian diseases will be solved. The next challenge will be to leverage this information to uncover basic mechanisms of disease and develop new therapies. To understand how this transformation is already beginning to unfold, we focus on the ciliopathies, a class of multi-organ diseases caused by disruption of the primary cilium. Through a convergence of data involving mutant gene discovery, proteomics, and cell biology, more than a dozen phenotypically distinguishable conditions are now united as ciliopathies. Sitting at the interface between simple and complex genetic conditions, these diseases provide clues to the future direction of human genetics.
MOOCs: An Insider's View

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) offer new opportunities for both students and instructors, but their design and purpose distinguish them in significant ways from on-campus classes. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/SQ0HXfB8Q1w is a video segment of Charles Severance's "Grand Finale" lecture for the Internet History, Technology, and Security Coursera Course, in which he discusses survey data taken during the course, student performance throughout the course, maps of student locations around the world, and where the students went to school.
Michael Sam, Jackie Robinson, and the Politics of Respectability:

This article asks the following question: When we compare the contemporary political challenges associated with sexual identity to the civil rights history embodied in Jackie Robinson, what shape d...
Static and Dynamic Susceptibilities of Magnetic Polymers

The inorganic polymers known as poly(metal phosphinates) contain transition metal ions as an integral part of the linear molecule, and therefore provide examples of one-dimensional magnets [1]. In this brief report, we summarize data obtained on a triply bridged chromium phosphinate (see Fig.1). Complete details are given in [2,3].
Why the 'Childress Lecture'?

Richard Childress looked like the law school dean from central casting. Although his quirky personality and awkward mannerisms might have made one wonder how he ever got -- or held -- the job of dean, he was what every law school dean ought to aspire to be. Dean Childress oversaw the growth and diversification in student body, faculty, programs and physical plant of St. Louis University's School of Law in the 1970's. The Dean waged a personal campagin for human rights on a number of levels in the community, advocating for minority housing, equal employment and equal acess to public facilities and, as others have said, was the "conscience of the community" during the turbulent 1960's and 1970's. Dean Childress was a role model for students, a man of infectious optimism, a man of principle, a man whose days were characterized by "little kindnesses" and a man driven by "the constant search for justice for all." Dean Childress' example encouraged his students to believe in themselves and fostered students' belief that they could accomplish more than they themselves believed possible. That made all the difference for those whose lives he touched.
Crime as dis-ease : towards an Epidemiological Criminology of the social body

Epidemiological Criminology (EpiCrim) represents an evolving multidisciplinary perspective which seeks to bring together scholars from criminology and the public health fields for the purpose of formulating an integrative understanding of crime and criminality (among other social ills). As the name implies, Epidemiological Criminology employs a variety of medical model metaphors by which to formulate its theoretical perspective. However, such a formulation is potentially threatened by the use of literal medical model conceptualisations that serve to restrict the theoretical possibilities of this approach. For example, by formulating crime as a disease of the social body, it fails to recognise that crime or criminal behaviour is symptomatic of an internal dysfunction and not proof of an external contagion. By re-contextualising this approach within a phenomenological frame of reference, the powerful conceptualisations employed by EpiCrim can be removed from an overly literalised presentation and their metaphorical implications more thoroughly explored. Using ancillary micro (Trayvon Martin) and macro (MS-13) illustrations, the utility and variability of EpiCrim is suggested.
The Dynamics of an Interagency Approach to Environmental Health Policy

A recent effort a by a congressional subcommittee to form an interagency advisory council illustrates the elaborate dynamics behind the establishment of federal environmental health policy. The creation of the interagency advisory council, which would combine representatives from four federal departments and agencies - Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH), was inhibited by a constellation of political and bureaucratic factors. This case provides a framework for developing a paradigm of environmental policy-making, by identifying the role of various stakeholders and the strategies they employed in pursuit of their policy objectives. This paradigm can be used for theory building which incorporates the significance of both congressional and executive branch support in the formation a comprehensive policy.
An hermite distributed approximation functional fitting method to augment reflection data down to zero frequency

SUMMARY We have developed a method to augment reflection data in the missing low-frequency range for acoustic Inverse Scattering Series. It relies on a least square fitting using Hermite Distributed Approximation Functionals (HDAF). This particular choice is based on the property that DAF has the ability to deliver a smooth approximation of the fitted data. The HDAF data fitting is applied to acoustic Volterra Inverse Scattering series (VISS) for non-compact velocity contrast potential. It uses a remarkable property of the first order term of the VISS (for compact support velocity profiles) which is that its Fourier transform at zero frequency equals the area under the velocity contrast. This property allows a coupling between the reflection data and its VISS inversion. The main advantage of our method is that it provides a data augmentation down to the zero-frequency. Numerical results on test cases with synthetic data illustrate that provided the data gap is not large compared to the Nyquist wavelength of the known data, the coupled fitting reconstructs well the full low frequency data down to the zero frequency. Thus it allows the VISS to produce satisfactory results missing low-frequency range. Our method represents a solution to augment seismic data in the low-frequency range.
The role of the nurse in the child sexual abuse examination

Abstract The nurse assumes a unique and critical role in the evaluation of children for sexual abuse. This paper outlines a particular approach to the nursing role encompassing both traditional nursing functions with family advocacy, child support, and counseling. Often the success of an evaluation depends on the nursing preparation of child and parent. Skill in developmental assessment, observation of parent-child interaction, and family support are essential. Nurses who work with abused children must be knowledgeable in psychosocial and developmental assessment techniques, a number of which are outlined here.
Mechanisms of Resistance in Three Sorghum Cultivars Resistant to Green bug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Biotype I

Three sorghum cultivars resistant to green bug biotype I (Cargill 607E, PI550607, and PI550610) were evaluated to determine their mechanisms of resistance. Results indicated antibiosis and antixenosis were mechanisms of resistance in the 3 sorghum cultivars. PI550610 had the highest level of antibiosis, although this level was not significantly different from tllatin PI550607. Higher levels of tolerance in the biotype I-resistant cultivars, compared with the susceptible checks, were not detected. Proper use of these new sources of resistance will be important to reduce selection pressure for new green bug biotypes. Sorghum cultivars exhibiting higher levels of tolerance should continue to be the focus of plant breeders because this mechanism may eliminate selection for new biotypes.
144 CLINICAL VIGNETTE: THE DONATH-LANDSTEINER ANTIBODY AND THE RED BLOOD CELL: A LOVE-HATE RELATIONSHIP.

Objective To remind pediatricians of the potential severity and appropriate treatment of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH). Case A 14-month-old boy presented with fever, lethargy, and pallor after 7 days of URI symptoms treated with acetaminophen and ibuprofen. No history of bleeding or bruising. PMH: negative. PE: T 37C, BP 90/61, P167, O2 sat. 89% on RA. Lethargic pale boy with clear lungs, 2/6 systolic murmur, hepatomegaly without splenomegaly, no edema, purpura or ecchymoses. Lab: Hgb 2.8, retic/corrected 14.4/3.7, WBC 44k with normal differential, platelets 344k, BUN/Cr 27/0.5, AST 170, ALT 39, bili 2.7, direct Coombs neg, anti-C3b/C3d 3+ positive, cold-agglutinin neg, IgG neg, Donath-Landsteiner (DL) antibody positive and dark urine with few casts. The patient was treated with blankets, steroids, several 3 cc/kg PRBC transfusions (warmed), and furosemide while in the PICU and did not develop any further signs of cardiac failure or renal dysfunction. The patient was discharged home 5 days later with a Hgb of 7.6 and clear urine on tapering doses of steroids. Discussion This case illustrates one of the rare forms of hemolytic anemia, PCH, which is caused by the DL antibody. The disease occurs 1 to 3 weeks after a viral illness, predominantly in young children. The DL antibody binds to the P antigen on RBCs in temperatures
Using the ubiquitin-modified proteome to monitor distinct and spatially restricted protein homeostasis dysfunction

Protein homeostasis dysfunction has been implicated in the development and progression of aging related human pathologies. There is a need for the establishment of quantitative methods to evaluate global protein homoeostasis function. As the ubiquitin (ub) proteasome system plays a key role in regulating protein homeostasis, we applied quantitative proteomic methods to evaluate the sensitivity of site-specific ubiquitylation events as markers for protein homeostasis dysfunction. Here, we demonstrate that the ub-modified proteome can exceed the sensitivity of engineered fluorescent reporters as a marker for proteasome dysfunction and can provide unique signatures for distinct proteome challenges which is not possible with engineered reporters. We demonstrate that combining ub-proteomics with subcellular fractionation can effectively separate degradative and regulatory ubiquitylation events on distinct protein populations. Using a recently developed potent inhibitor of the critical protein homeostasis factor p97/VCP, we demonstrate that distinct insults to protein homeostasis function can elicit robust and largely unique alterations to the ub-modified proteome. Taken together, we demonstrate that proteomic approaches to monitor the ub-modified proteome can be used to evaluate global protein homeostasis and can be used to monitor distinct functional outcomes for spatially separated protein populations.
IBM—PowerNP Network Processor

Network processors support the complex packet processing functions at media speed. The chapter describes the IBM PowerNP NP4GS31 network processor. PowerNP essentially provides wire-speed packet processing and forwarding capability through a set of programmable embedded processors and co-processors with a multiplicity of high-bandwidth embedded and external memories. Co-processors operate in parallel with processors and perform functions that are computationally intensive to perform. PowerNP also provides the basis for a wide range of solutions from a low-end stand-alone system to a large multirack system through an external switching fabric. It is noted that PowerNP can be used in the traditional switch or router equipment as well as in the emerging applications for the server and storage equipment. It supports scalable traffic engineering functions or security features. PowerNPs provide data plane packet processing functions. A separate, external general-purpose processor (GPP) such as an IBM PowerPC provides control plane and system management functions and acts as the CP for the whole system.