cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Promise of Directed Self‐Placement for Second Language Writers

statement on teaching, learning, and assessing writing in digital environments Retrieved from http://www.ncte.org/cccc/ resources/positions/ digitalenvironments. Dikli, S. (2006) . An overview of automated scoring of essays. Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 5(1), 1-35. Elliot, S., Darlington, K., & Mikulas, C. (2004, April) . But does it really work? A national study of MY Access! Effectiveness. Paper presented at the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA. Ericsson, P. F., & Haswell, R. (Eds.). (2006). Machine scoring of student essays: Truth and consequences. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. Lai, Y-H. (2009). Which do students prefer to evaluate their essays: Peers or computer program. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(3), 432-454. doi: 10.1 1 1 l/j.l467-8535.2009.00959.x. Landauer, T. K., Laham, D., Foltz, P. W. (2003). Automated scoring and annotation of essays with the Intelligent Essay Assessor. In M. D. Shermis and J. C. Burstein (Eds.), Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective (pp. 87-113). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Leacock, C. (2004). Scoring free-responses automatically: A case study of a largescale assessment. Examens, 1(3). Lee, Y-W., Gentile, C., & Kantor, R. (2010). Toward automated multi-trait scoring of essays: Investigating links among holistic, analytic, and text feature scores. Applied Linguistics, 51(3), 391-417. doi: 10.1093/applin/amp040. Shermis, M. D., 8c Burstein, J. (2003). "Introduction." Automated essay scoring: A crossdisciplinary perspective (pp. xiii-xvi). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ware, P. (2005). Automated writing evaluation as a pedagogical tool for writing assessment. In A. Pandian, G. Chakravarthy, P. Kell, 8c S. Kaur (Eds.), Strategies and practices for improving learning and literacy (pp. 174-184). Selangor, Malaysia: Universiti Putra Malaysia Press. Warschauer, M., 8c Grimes, D. (2008). Automated writing assessment in the classroom. Pedagogies, 3(1), 22-36. Warschauer, M., 8c Ware, P. (2006). Automated writing evaluation: Defining the classroom research agenda. Language Teaching Research, 10(2), 1-24. doi: 10.1191/1 362 1 688061r 1 90oa. Xi, X. (2010). Automated scoring and feedback systems: Where are we and where are we heading? Language Testing 27 ( 3), 291-300. doi: 10.1177/0265532210364643.
MODELING HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DURING THE OVEN ROASTING OF MEAT

The roasting (baking) of meat involves both heat and mass transfer. A mathematical model which describes the roasting process as it occurs in a conventional oven is presented. Numerical solutions are presented for several different roasting conditions and the results are compared to available experimental results. A significant fraction of the energy required for roasting is associated with the evaporation of water and this needs to be considered in modeling the roasting process. Water losses due to mass transfer from the product depend on oven humidity and temperature. The mathematical model considers the variation of oven humidity with time during roasting. The implicit alternating direction finite difference method is used to obtain the numerical solutions.
A strong lower bound for approximate nearest neighbor searching

We prove a lower bound of d1-o(1) on the query time for any deterministic algorithms that solve approximate nearest neighbor searching in Yao's cell probe model. Our result greatly improves the best previous lower bound for this problem, which is Ω(loglogd/logloglogd) [A. Chakrabarti et al., in: Proc. 31st Ann. ACM Symp. Theory of Computing, 1999, pp. 305-311]. Our proof is also much simpler than the proof of A. Chakrabarti et al.
Leading-order nuclear pi - gamma exchange force.

The leading-order isospin-violating force from simultaneous \ensuremath{\pi} and \ensuremath{\gamma} exchange is calculated. The charge-symmetric, but charge-dependent, force is calculated for static nucleons and in Coulomb gauge. Infrared divergences and other technical problems are discussed. The resulting force is roughly 3 orders of magnitude smaller than OPEP and roughly the same size as the Breit correction to single-photon exchange. The present calculation corresponds to a subset of one-loop diagrams in chiral perturbation theory for isospin violation in the nucleon-nucleon force. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Object aggregation using merge-at-a-point algorithm

This paper describes a novel technique to detect military convoy’s moving patterns using the Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) data. The specific pattern studied here is the moving vehicle groups that are merging onto a prescribed location. The algorithm can be used to detect the military convoy’s identity so that the situation can be assessed to prevent hostile enemy military advancements. The technique uses the minimum error solution (MES) to predict the point of intersection of vehicle tracks. Comparing this point of intersection to the prescribed location it can be determined whether the vehicles are merging. Two tasks are performed to effectively determine the merged vehicle group patterns: 1) investigate necessary number of vehicles needed in the MES algorithms, and 2) analyze three decision rules for clustering the vehicle groups. The simulation has shown the accuracy (88.9% approx.) to detect the vehicle groups that merge at a prescribed location.
Estimates of trade-displacement costs for U.S. workers

Abstract This paper examines the costs to society when prolonged unemployment of resources occurs following trade liberalization. Clearly such costs could be of sufficient magnitude to outweigh the benefits of a move towards freer trade. The paper analyze the characteristics of a sample of trade-displaced workers, and from this analysis the costs of trade liberalization is a displaced worker and to society are estimated.
Cell-based drug delivery devices using phagocytosis-resistant backpacks.

Macrophages, ubiquitous phagocytic cells in the human immune system, play a key role in homeostatic, immunological, and infl ammatory processes. [ 1‐2 ] Macrophages are widely distributed in various tissues and play a central role in clearing invading pathogens, dead cells, and foreign entities through phagocytosis. [ 3 ] Their wide presence in various organs and tissues makes them particularly suited to provide an immediate defense against invading threats. Moreover, macrophages are rapidly recruited to the diseased site by signaling molecules such as cytokines. Hence, macrophages are involved in a wide range of pathological conditions including cancer, atherosclerosis, various infl ammatory diseases such as vasculitis and asthma, and many others. Since macrophages play an indispensable role in most pathological conditions, they represent an ideal target for therapeutic applications. Several approaches seeking to use macrophages for targeted therapies involve feeding therapeutic nanoparticles to macrophages ex vivo, followed by re-injection of the macrophages to target the diseased site. This approach has shown promising results for treating HIV infections [ 4 ] , brain disorders, [ 5 ] and solid tumors. [ 6 ] While this strategy is effective for certain conditions, its applications are limited by the fact that the drug carriers are sequestered within the phagosome of macrophages, which reduces the release rates, and in certain cases, degrades the drug. This limitation can be potentially addressed by designing particles that: i) attach to the macrophage surface, ii) avoid internalization, iii) do not interfere with macrophage function, and iv) release the encapsulated drugs in a controlled manner. However, development of materials that simultaneously fulfi ll these requirements is a signifi cant challenge. Herein, we report the ability of cellular backpacks to successfully encapsulate and controllably release drugs and avoid phagocytic internalization while remaining on the macrophage’s surface. These characteristics point to new possibilities in creating cell-based bio-hybrid devices that leverage both the functions of the encapsulated cargo (drugs, nanoparticles, etc.) and the native functions of the cell. Cellular backpacks are fabricated using a standard photolithography lift-off technique of layer-by-layer and spray deposited fi lm. [ 7 ] Briefl y, a positive photoresist is patterned with regularly spaced 7- μ m-diameter holes that extend down to the substrate. Next, a layer-by-layer deposited fi lm consisting of alternating hydrogen bond donor‐acceptor pairs is deposited, and this layer comprises the release region that tethers the rest of the backpack to the substrate. Two hydrogen-bonded regions were used, and details can be found elsewhere. [ 7 ] Next, a Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) of either (FITC-PAH/MNP) or (PDAC/SPS) is deposited to provide suffi cient mechanical rigidity for the backpack to survive the fi nal acetone sonication step [FITC =
The influence of system complexity on bacterial transport in saturated porous media

Abstract A series of miscible-displacement column experiments were conducted under saturated flow conditions to systematically investigate the influence of physical and biological complexity on bacterial activity and fate in the presence and absence of a non-sorbing growth substrate, salicylate. Bacterial elution was monitored for three different systems; System I—a sterilized, inoculated, well-sorted sand, System II—a sterilized, inoculated, heterogeneous loamy sand (Hayhook), and System III—two different unsterilized loamy sands (Hayhook and Vinton) each with their associated indigenous microbial community. Results show that System I behaved ideally with respect to both cell and substrate transport, wherein: (1) growth occurred in response to substrate addition, (2) cell elution increased in response to the substrate pulse, and (3) breakthrough curves were reproducible for both substrate and cell elution. In contrast, System II showed ideal behavior with respect to substrate transport but showed variable behavior for cell transport. Further, there was no measurable growth in response to substrate addition and no increase in cell elution during the salicylate pulse. System III exhibited non-ideal behavior for both substrate and cell transport. Of particular interest is the fact that the indigenous communities of the two soils behaved differently. Specifically, for the Hayhook soil, an increased elution response was observed for the heterotrophic population while the salicylate-degrading community was preferentially retained in the column. In contrast for the Vinton soil, the substrate pulse did not elicit an elution response from either the heterotrophic or salicylate-degrading community from the culturable, indigenous Vinton microorganisms. For Systems II and III, the observed variability appears to be associated with the biological component of the system, since sterile controls were reproducible. This type of systematic study is critical for understanding cell and substrate transport behavior in complex, heterogeneous systems, and illustrates the potential uncertainty associated with measurements in such systems.
Genetic Improvement of Seedling Emergence of Soybean Lines with Low Phytate

Seedling emergence of low-phytate (LP) soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines has been reported to be lower than that of normal-phytate (NP) lines. One objective of this study was to evaluate if backcrossing the LP trait into a NP line would result in LP progeny with normal emergence. The LP line CX1834-1-6 (CX1834) was crossed to B01769B019 (B019), a NP line with reduced palmitate content, and three backcrosses were made to B019. A total of 36 BC 3 F 4 -derived LP lines from the population were evaluated at five locations in 2005 in comparison with CX1834, B019, and an NP cultivar IA3023. The mean phytate P and inorganic P content of all the backcross lines was not significantly different from CX1834. There were 18 backcross lines that had a mean field emergence that was significantly greater than CX1834 and not significantly different from B019. The results indicated that backcrossing seemed to be successful for developing LP lines with normal field emergence. A second objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of warm germination, cold vigor, and accelerated aging tests for predicting field emergence of LP lines. Fifteen of the backcross lines were evaluated in the three tests that represented the range of field emergence that had been observed. The tests were useful for identifying lines with inferior field emergence but were not reliable enough to replace field tests for identifying the best emerging lines.
Computer-assisted modeling of multiple dextromethorphan and sigma binding sites in guinea pig brain

Computer-assisted, simultaneous analysis of self- and cross-displacement experiments demonstrated the existence of several binding sites in guinea pig brain for dextromethorphan, (+)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine ((+)-3-PPP), and 1,3-di-o-tolyl guanidine (DTG). Dextromethorphan binds with high affinity to two sites (R1 Kd 50-83 and R2 Kd 8-19 nM) and with low affinity to two additional sites (R3 and R4). (+)-3-PPP binds to one high-affinity (R1 Kd 24-36 nM), to one intermediate-affinity (R3 Kd 210-320 nM), and to two (R2 and R4) low-affinity sites. DTG binds with almost identical high affinity to two different sites (R1 Kd 22-24 and R3 Kd 13-16 nM). These results confirm that dextromethorphan, (+)-3-PPP, and DTG bind to the common DM1/sigma 1 site (R1). The binding of DTG to two different sites with identical affinities precludes the use of this compound as a specific marker for sigma receptors. Besides, haloperidol displaces labeled ligands from both high-affinity DTG sites (R1 and R3) with high affinity. Thus, haloperidol sensitivity should not be used as the single criterion to identify a putative receptor. The resolution of these novel sites also may provide new insights into the multiple effects of antipsychotic drugs. In addition, this investigation has important implications regarding the methods that must be applied to characterize multiple binding sites and their relations with putative receptors.
Molecular basis of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and its prevention.

Anthracyclines are a class of highly potent antitumor antibiotics utilized against hematologic and solid tumors in children and in adults. Their use has been limited primarily by their cardiotoxic side effects, which may lead to congestive heart failure. Although there is a linear relationship between the cumulative dose received and the incidence of cardiotoxicity, in some patients cardiotoxicity may develop at doses below the generally accepted threshold level. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is believed to be related to the generation of highly reactive oxygen species, which, by means of membrane lipid peroxidation, cause direct damage to cardiac myocyte membranes. Another important factor may be the relatively poor antioxidant defense system of the heart. In an attempt to circumvent these toxic effects, a wide variety of antioxidants have been used in cell culture, animal, and human studies without consistent beneficial effects. Moreover, none of the agents used to date are designed to act selectively upon the heart. If the cardiac complications resulting from anthracyclines could be reduced and/or prevented, higher doses could potentially be used, thereby increasing cancer cure rates. Furthermore, the incidence of cardiac toxicity resulting in congestive heart failure or even heart transplantation would be reduced, therefore increasing the quality and extent of life for cancer survivors. This article will review the basic science of free radical biology, the biology of oxygen-derived free radicals and antioxidant proteins, and explore some new and innovative approaches to limiting and/or preventing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.
Engaging the Unengaged: Using Visual Images to Enhance Students' “Poli Sci 101” Experience

As the nation witnesses a distinct decline in civic engagement among young adults, political science instructors across the nation face the formidable task of engaging students in lower-level, general education courses outside students' primary domain of interest. The research presented here seeks to understand if visually enhanced lecture material can effectively engage such students better than more traditional methods of classroom delivery. The project utilizes an experimental design involving two different sections of the same introductory American government course. By exposing the sections to different visual presentations, and controlling for a variety of potentially confounding factors, the impact that simple visual images have on student engagement both inside and outside the classroom are isolated. Findings suggest that the use of simple visual images can enhance students' impressions of the discipline of political science and boost their interest in and knowledge of politics and public affairs more generally.
Interpersonal synchronization during side by side treadmill walking is influenced by leg length differential and altered sensory feedback.

Abstract Unintentional synchronization of stepping occurs frequently between two people walking side by side, yet little is known regarding the neurological and biomechanical mechanisms that underlie this coupling. The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationship between leg length differential, select variables related to sensory feedback, and unintentional, interpersonal synchronization during gait. Methods Twenty pairs of participants stepped on side by side treadmills under six different conditions in which visual, auditory, and tactile feedback were altered. Results When compared with an estimate of synchronization expected to occur by chance, synchronization of stepping was significantly greater in each sensory condition examined. Overall, 62% of pairs exhibited unintentional step frequency locking. Pairs that exhibited entrainment had significantly lower leg length differences between partners (independent t -test, p = .044), and a significant relationship was found between leg length difference and both difference in frequency of stepping ( R 2 = .258, p R 2 = 0.307, p = .011). Altering sensory information appeared to have little effect on the amount of step frequency locking, but improved phase angle locking. Specifically, the addition of a mechanical coupling between participants resulted in a significant increase in the amount of time spent phase locked when compared with the case where normal vision and sound were restricted between participants. Discussion These data suggest that unintentional gait entrainment can be reproduced in a laboratory setting using side by side treadmills, and that anthropometric properties, such as leg length, have a significant effect on gait synchronization. Further, alterations in sensory information can affect unintentional, interpersonal synchronization, but this behavior appears to be relatively robust to changes in sensory feedback pathways related to gait.
Acute kidney injury in children

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical condition considered to be the consequence of a sudden decrease (> 25%) or discontinuation of renal function. The term AKI is used instead of the previous term acute renal failure, because it has been demonstrated that even minor renal lesions may cause far-reaching consequences on human health. Contemporary classifications of AKI (RIFLE and AKIN) are based on the change of serum creatinine and urinary output. In the developed countries, AKI is most often caused by renal ischemia, nephrotoxins and sepsis, rather than a (primary) diffuse renal disease, such as glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, renovascular disorder and thrombotic microangiopathy. The main risk factors for hospital AKI are mechanical ventilation, use of vasoactive drugs, stem cell transplantation and diuretic-resistant hypervolemia. Prerenal and parenchymal AKI (previously known as acute tubular necrosis) jointly account for 2/3 of all AKI causes. Diuresis and serum creatinine concentration are not early diagnostic markers of AKI. Potential early biomarkers of AKI are neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), interleukins 6, 8 and 18, and liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP). Early detection of kidney impairment, before the increase of serum creatinine, is important for timely initiated therapy and recovery. The goal of AKI treatment is to normalize the fluid and electrolyte status, as well as the correction of acidosis and blood pressure. Since a severe fluid overload resistant to diuretics and inotropic agents is associated with a poor outcome, the initiation of dialysis should not be delayed. The mortality rate of AKI is highest in critically ill children with multiple organ failure and hemodynamically unstable patients.
Stress testing of a recrystallizing CaO-B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 glass-ceramic with Ag electrodes for high frequency electronic packaging

CaO−B2O3−SiO2 recrystallizing glass-ceramics are attractive for use in microelectronics packaging since they can be processed at low temperatures (<950°C) and the resultant material has a low loss tangent. This paper reports on the stability of the Ag electrodes with respect to electromigration. Planer multilayer recrystallizing glass-ceramic/Ag samples were prepared and fired at temperatures from 800–950°C. Buried capacitor structures with Ag plates 10 mm in diameter with a separation distance of 0.1 mm were created. These were stressed with voltages from 50 V to 3 kV at temperatures from 25°C to 200°C to induce failure. Failure modes observed ranged from increased, leakage to catastrophic events. A population was analyzed for mean time to failure characteristics. SEM and EDX were used to try to identify leakage paths and movement of the Ag through the glass ceramic. An activation energy was determined for the most common failure mode.
A revised critical path method for networks including both overlap relationships and variable-duration activities

Abstract Over the years, various extensions of the Critical Path Method have been proposed that include more general precedence relationships. The need for such relationships arises when one wishes to include in the project network aggregated activities, because simple strict precedences are often inadequate models of the work flow relationships between such activities and others in the network. We demonstrate that diagrammatic approaches to model overlap relationships (e.g., splitting activities in an activity-on-node diagram, the Precedence Diagramming Method) also fail to provide correct models when variable rates of activity operation are allowed. To overcome these deficiencies, we introduce a generalized model of activity operation involving the tracking of an intensity curve that indexes the resource loading curves for the activity. We formulate inventory balance-type relationships between intensity curves of dependent activities so as to correctly model activity work flow dependencies. As a replacement for basic CPM calculations, we develop procedures that calculate earliest and latest intensity curves for each activity subject to the inventory balance constraints. This generalized model of activity operation and of work flow dependencies leads to generalized notions of activity criticality and activity slack expressed in terms of cumulative intensity curves. We define and interpret such measures of slack.
A multi-scale, landscape approach to predicting insect populations in agroecosystems

Landscape composition affects ecosystems services, including agricultural pest management. However, relationships between land use and agricultural insects are not well understood, and many complexities remain to be explored. Here we examine whether nonagricultural landscapes can directly suppress agricultural pests, how multiple spatial scales of land use concurrently affect insect populations, and the relationships between regional land use and insect populations. We tracked densities of three specialist corn (Zea mays) pests (Ostrinia nubilalis, European corn borer; Diabrotica virgifera, western corn rootworm; Diabrotica barberi, northern corn rootworm), and two generalist predator lady beetles (Coleomegilla maculata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata) in field corn and determined their relationships to agricultural land use at three spatial scales (field perimeter, 1-km, and 20-km radius areas). Pest densities were either higher (D. virgifera and D. barberi) or unchanged (O. nubilalis) in landscapes with more corn, while natural enemy densities were either lower (C. maculata) or unchanged (P. quatuordecimpunctata). Results for D. virgifera and D. barberi indicate that decreasing the area of preferred crop in the landscape can directly suppress specialist insect pests. Multiple scales of land use affected populations of D. virgifera and C. maculata, and D. virgifera populations showed strong relationships with regional, 20-km-scale land use. These results suggest that farm planning and government policies aimed at diversifying local and regional agricultural landscapes show promise for increasing biological control and directly suppressing agricultural pests.
Distrbution and Abstract Types in Emerald

Emerald is an object-based language for programming distributed subsystems and applications. Its novel features include 1) a single object model that is used both for programming in the small and in the large, 2) support for abstract types, and 3) an explicit notion of object location and mobility. This paper outlines the goals of Em-erald, relates Emerald to previous work, and describes its type system and distribution support. We are currently constructing a prototype implementation of Emerald.
Inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis by oxygenated sterol compounds.

Abstract When preincubated with certain oxygenated sterol compounds in lipoprotein-depleted serum [20% (vol/vol)], human polymorphonuclear leukocytes show inhibition of chemotaxis toward the synthetic dipeptide N-formylmethionylphenylalanine without alteration of random movement or loss of cell viability. These effects can occur at sterol concentrations as low as 6.25 microM and after as little as 5 min of preincubation, but they are increased at higher concentrations and longer preincubation times. The inhibition can be almost completely reversed by preincubation in lipoprotein-replete serum [human AB serum, 20% (vol/vol)] and may be partially corrected by addition of free cholesterol (0.125 mM) to the medium. These effects are unlikely to be due to inhibition of cellular sterol synthesis, competition for chemotaxin membrane binding sites, or deactivation of the leukocytes but they may be a consequence of insertion of the sterol molecule into the leukocyte plasma membranes.
Complexation of Gas-Phase Metal Ions with Furan: Experimental and Quantum Chemical Binding Energies

Binding of metal ions to furan in the gas phase to form M+(furan) complexes was studied by radiative association kinetics (RAK) in the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) spectrometer, and by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the structures and binding energies. Three main-group metals and the first-row transition metal series were included. Binding energies were compared with previous studies of cation-π binding to the aromatic π face involving benzene and pyrrole ligands. It was found that furan is a somewhat weaker π-binding ligand than benzene for all of the metal ions (by an amount of the order of 5 kcal mol-1), in contrast to pyrrole, which is stronger than benzene in most cases. This was rationalized as a largely electrostatic effect. Furan presents the competing possibility of metal-ion binding to the oxygen, but it was found that the oxygen binding site has lower affinity than the π site for all metal ions. The preference for the π site is of the order of 6 kcal mol-1...
Quantized stochastic belief propagation: Efficient message-passing for continuous state spaces

Belief propagation (BP) is a widely used algorithm for computing the marginal distributions in graphical models. However, in applications involving continuous random variables, the messages themselves are real-valued functions, which leads to significant computational bottlenecks. In this paper, we propose a low complexity method for performing belief propagation for continuous state space problems. Our algorithm, which we refer to as quantized stochastic belief propagation (QSBP), is a randomized variant of BP in which each node only passes stochastically chosen information at each round. The most attractive feature of QSBP is its significant gain in computational and communication efficiencies. In addition, we provide some theoretical guarantees including almost sure convergence and the rate of convergence for the case of tree-structured graphical models.
Grid computing for hyperspectral data processing

We investigate the use of a flexible grid architecture for hyperspectral image processing. Recording data in tens or hundreds of narrow contiguous spectral intervals, hyperspectral data outperform multispectral imagery by allowing the detection of relatively small differences in material composition and of targets occupying a surface smaller than the one covered by a pixel (called subpixel targets). However, with increased spatial and spectral resolution, processing such data often leads to computational costs prohibitive to regular computer systems. While distributed or parallel computing are often found as solutions, many current configurations are still unable to reach the computational complexity level that is required for exhaustive search solutions. In this environment, grid computing becomes a viable alternative. Grid computing, an emerging computing model, is based on the concept of distributing processes across a parallel infrastructure. Throughput is further increased by networking many heterogeneous resources across administrative boundaries to model a virtual computer architecture. Compared to distributed clusters or parallel machines, grid systems are often inexpensive or even free since they can consist of non-dedicated computer systems that are underutilized and have extra CPU cycles that can be spared. We present general considerations on grid architectures and discuss the current grid environment we have deployed. Next, we investigate exhaustive band search, a data processing problems that suffers from large computational requirements and present our grid based solutions for it. Our experimental results indicate a significant speedup in obtaining results and even solving of problems otherwise not tractable in regular computing environments.
A PHASE SPACE ANALYSIS OF BAROCLINIC FLOW

Abstract The qualitative dynamics of a baroclinic flow experiment are studied by constructing phase space coordinates from a single time series. As the stress on the flow is increased we observe steady, periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic flow. The chaotic attractor we observe near the transition has the appearance of a thickened torus.
Dynamic transmission and reflection phenomena for a time-dependent rectangular potential

The time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation is solved for a one-dimensional rectangular potential whose height changes sinusoidally in time. By using standard wave-matching techniques, dynamic transmission and reflection probabilities are found. It is shown that the flux transmitted through the barrier region is modulated in time at integer multiples of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{b}$, the angular frequency at which the potential oscillates. The results obtained for a delocalized plane wave incident on the barrier are extended by considering the interaction of a Gaussian wave packet with the oscillating potential barrier. The modulation of the transmitted and reflected probability density by the oscillating barrier is clearly demonstrated by a series of calculations performed to illustrate this interaction. These calculations also show that the probability density leaving the barrier region is composed of individual wave packets having different average velocities, a result which is a direct consequence of the transitions induced by the time-dependent potential barrier under consideration. Calculations are also performed which show that the flux transmitted across the potential barrier depends on the phase of the oscillating barrier at the time the incident Gaussian wave packet begins to interact with it. The results of these model calculations suggest that experiments properly designed to measure the transmission probability of a quantum particle as it escapes from a metal surface are likely to provide information about the time formation of the dynamic image potential.
Characterization of porcine kidney neutral glycosphingolipids: identification of a carbohydrate antigen recognized by human natural antibodies.

We have investigated the glycosphingolipids of pig kidney with a special interest in identifying compounds which may be involved in the rejection of tissue in xenotransplantation. Nine neutral glycosphingolipids have been characterized in porcine kidney and structurally characterized by a combination of techniques including1H-NMR, permethylation analysis and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) immunostaining with carbohydrate sequence-specific monoclonal antibodies. The major components are members of the globo family and represent the human pk and P antigens. Three other compounds were found to contain a neolacto core structure; the major neolacto compound carries a nonreducing terminal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc) recognized by the naturally-occurring human antibody, anti-Gal, and a second neolacto compound carries the blood group A trisaccharide (GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Gal). These results are discussed with respect to tissue transplantation.
Theory of charge exchange scattering from surfaces

Abstract We present a simple model calculation of the charge exchange probability for ions scattering from solid surfaces, including interactions with both broad band delocalized electrons and with localized core electrons within an Anderson type Hamiltonian with time dependent parameters. The results exhibit some of the major observed experimental features, including characteristic oscillations as a function of incident velocity (from quasi-resonant electron interchange with the core levels) and overall exponential decay ∼exp (−A v) , with v the incident ion velocity, from interactions with the broad band electrons.
Social cognition in aggressive children: A metaanalytic review

This study applies metaanalytic techniques to the empirical literature on social cognitive correlates of childhood aggression. Purposes of the study were to synthesize the large and expanding body of research on social cognitive deficits and distortions in aggressive children and to compare effect sizes for four different stages of information processing, using Dodge's (1986) model of social information processing. Age differences in the association between social cognitive processes and aggression status were also investigated. The metaanalysis included 147 effect sizes from 32 studies published between 1977 and 1996. “Medium” effect sizes were found for each of the four processes. The magnitude of deficits and biases did not differ across the four processes or the two age groups. Results are interpreted as supportive of the proposition that underlying mental schemas guide and organize on-line processes. These results suggest that intervention programs for aggressive children should address the broad pattern of social cognition as well as children's representational models.
Blogs in Campaign Communication

In Election 2004, campaign Weblogs—or blogs—became a standard feature of campaign Web sites. Monitoring the adaptation of emergent technological tools into political communication assists future generations of scholars to understand the genesis of communication applications and explore future uses. Blogs are online diaries where information is electronically posted, updated frequently, and presented in reverse chronological order. Three concourses of research provide insight into blogging as a political communication function: the investigation of the blog as a social diary, the analysis of blogs as organizing tools, and blogs viewed as a form of civic, participatory journalism. The authors do not claim that blogging had a significant impact on the 2004 election outcome. However, they do argue that its effective use has been demonstrated and emerging applications of the tool pave the way for future campaign communication, one the authors suggest will become a standard part of campaign communication.
Technocratic organization and gender

Abstract Technocratic control is the most recent in a series of different types of workplace control: precapitalist craft/guild control, simple control, technical control, bureaucratic control, and professionalism. In recent years, as organizations have been socially and politically transformed around advanced technological systems, observable changes in structure have occured. Technocracies are characterized by a polarization into expert and nonexpert sectors, the declining importance of internal job ladders in favor of external credentialing barriers, the increased importance of technical expertise as a central basis of organizational authority, the transformation of professionals and managers into specialized experts concerned with administration and efficiency, and the emergence of a world-wide technocratic system. Technocratic reorganization is parallelling and reinforcing sex segregation, with women disproportionately found in the “nonexpert” sector, where mobility prospects are minimal or nonexistent and working conditions poor. Even women in the “expert” sector of technocratic organizations are disadvantaged, as stereotypes persist which define women as antithetical to technocratic norms of scientific rationality.
The use of lie scales in psychometric measures of children

The appropriateness of lie scales commonly used in psychometric tools for health research with children was investigated. A convenience sample of 74 children was used to test the hypothesis that children at a less mature stage of cognitive development would score higher on a lie scale than would children at a more mature stage. Each child was tested using the Cartoon Conservation Scale to assess the Piagetian cognitive level and the nine-item lie scale for the "How I Think and Feel Test". The findings supported the hypothesis; a two-way analysis of variance showed a significant main effect of cognitive level (F = 13.274; p less than 0.001). A stepwise multiple regression indicated that age and cognitive level accounted for 53% of the variance in lie scale scores.
The Duke of Kent's garden at Wrest Park

Abstract The garden at Wrest Park in Bedfordshire, created chiefly by Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent (1 671–1740), was one of the grandest and most admired gardens built in England in the first part of the eighteenth century. However, while its buildings have occasionally been the subject of modern scholarly interest, the design and history of its garden have seldom attracted serious comment.1 Today, the garden at Wrest is primarily known for the Pavilion designed by Thomas Archer, erected there c. 1708–11, an important monument of Baroque architecture in England (figure 1).2 Turn-of-the-century writers called Wrest a ‘little Versailles,’ and Christopher Hussey followed their point of view in considering Wrest a good example of a French Baroque garden, with its long canal clearly in the French taste (figure 2).3
Light scattering study of the isotropic-to-blue phase transition in cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) and its mixtures with a nematogen

Abstract Light scattering experiments have been performed on cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) and its mixtures with a nematogen in order to investigate pretransition phenomena accompanying the transition from the isotropic to the blue phase. Estimates of the critical temperature for the flat-spiral (m = 2) mode have been obtained in each case. The critical temperatures approach the transition temperature, T c, in the mixtures, probably due to an impurity-induced blurring of the phase transition. Measurements of the optical rotatory power have also been carried out on pure COC as well as its mixtures with the nematogen and possible origins for the pretransition phenomena observed are discussed.
Bacterial contamination of tube-feeding formulas.

Bacterial cultures were made on tube-feeding formulas provided to 35 unselected adult patients on termination of the infusion. Bacteria were counted and identified using routine procedures. Formulas were classified as nonmanipulated, manipulated, or locally prepared. Medical records were reviewed to determine if diarrhea was present during the period that included 2 days on either side of the sampling day. A significant association was observed between the extent of bacterial contamination and the presence of diarrhea (p = 0.027). Locally prepared and manipulated formulas contained a significantly greater number of organisms when compared to nonmanipulated formulas (χ 2 = 17.81, p < 0.001). Counts for two baseline and four termination cultures on locally prepared formulas exceeded the acceptable limit for coliform organisms in pasteurized milk according to public health standards. Eight additional cultures on commercial feeding formulas which were presumably sterile initially, exceeded these standards at ...
ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF GENETIC VARIATION IN THE CHAROPHYTA. I. GENE DUPLICATION VIA POLYPLOIDY1

Electrophoretic analysis of 12 species of Chara indicates that functional gene duplication via polyploidy has commonly occurred in the genus. Duplication has been followed by differentiation of the loci encoding phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). This has led directly to generation of substantial levels of genie variation both within and between taxa. A simple genetic model is proposed to account for the large array of PGI phenotypes encountered in natural populations. Constraints imposed by the reproductive biology of members of the genus, such as selfing, appear to have resulted in selective premiums on intrinsic mechanisms of generating genetic variation. Levels of variation in PGI were higher than would be predicted on the basis of charophyte reproductive characteristics; haploid loci segregate approximately two alleles within each species.
Intercultural communication and international public relations: Exploring parallels

This paper highlights the parallels within the fields of international public relations and intercultural communication as sister fields sharing a common link of communication and culture. The paper discusses the two fields’ struggle for definition and their development of a rich flora of research as well as the debates that ensued. This essay also explores emerging trends within intercultural communication that may well impact international public relations in the future. The paper concludes with an analysis of the parallels within the two fields and the potential for shared knowledge between them.
Protecting the rights of conscience of health care providers.

(1993). Protecting the rights of conscience of health care providers. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 177-230.
Race-specific validation of food intake obtained from a comprehensive FFQ: the Adventist Health Study-2.

The FFQ is designed to measure the usual food intake of an individual over a defined period. It is easy and relatively inexpensive to administer and is therefore the preferred dietary assessment method for use in large-scale nutritional epidemiological studies(1). However, data from an FFQ do not represent the ‘true’ usual diet as such data suffer from random and systematic errors, which attenuate relative risk estimates in studies on diet and disease risk(2–4). Since an FFQ is typically used to determine the relationship between foods or food groups and disease risk, and also to identify foods or food groups that contribute to specific nutrients of interest, it is important to evaluate the extent to which such questionnaires can measure true intakes. One approach to examining the performance of an FFQ is through a validation study in which assessment of individual diets by means of a questionnaire is compared with assessment using a more precise reference method(5). The Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) is a prospective cohort study of over 96000 adult Adventists in the USA and Canada. Over 25000 cohort members are blacks of US and Caribbean descent; the remaining are of other races, mostly whites. The primary aim of the study is to relate usual dietary habits to cancer outcomes. The AHS-2 cohort is relatively unique for its wide range of dietary patterns compared with the general Western population. For example, 8% are vegan, 28% are lacto-ovo vegetarian, 16% are semi- or pesco-vegetarian and 48% are non-vegetarian. In addition, there exists large variation in the consumption of plant foods such as nuts, soya, other legumes and grains. Dietary exposure in AHS-2 is assessed primarily by means of an FFQ. The validation of nutrient intake estimates has been reported previously(6). On average, energy-adjusted de-attenuated validity correlations were 0·60 in whites and 0·52 in blacks across fifty-one nutrients. In the present study, we sought to validate intake estimates of foods and food groups obtained using the AHS-2 FFQ by comparing them with intake estimates obtained using repeated 24 h dietary recalls (24HDR).
High speed steel made by liquid infiltration

Abstract High carbon high speed steel with about 1.5% C based on the M2 type has been made by infiltration of spherical, gas-atomized shot particles contained in a refractory mold. The composition of the near-eutectic infiltrant liquid steel was manipulated to control micro-segregation and the distribution of primary carbides. Solidification took place partly by diffusion of carbon from the liquid into the solid shot and partly by heat removal. The casting temperature of 1150 – 1250 °C was about 200 °C lower than for conventional steels. However, these castings could be made largely free of the continuous carbide network which restricts the ductility of cast high speed steels. Because over 60% of the casting was solid before infiltration, there was so little shrinkage that no riser was necessary. The high carbon content permitted the austenitization temperature for hardening to be reduced to 1050 °C, nearly 200 °C lower than normal. These steels appear to have adequate red hardness and resistance to wear and the impact of interrupted cuts when used as single-point cutting tools. Hence, they may constitute a new class of high speed steel.