cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual conditions affecting eye growth alter diurnal levels of vitreous DOPAC.

Abstract In chicks, the diurnal patterns of retinal dopamine synthesis and release are associated with refractive development. To assess the within-day patterns of dopamine release, we assayed vitreal levels of DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, at 4-h intervals over 24 h in eyes with experimental manipulations that change ocular growth rates. Chicks were reared under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle; experiments began at 12 days of age. Output was assessed by modelling using the robust variance structure of Generalized Estimating Equations. Continuous spectacle lensdefocus or form deprivation: One group experienced non-restricted visual input to both eyes and served as untreated “normal” controls. Three experimental cohorts underwent monocular visual alterations known to alter eye growth and refraction: wearing a diffuser, a negative lens or a positive lens. After one full day of device-wear, chicks were euthanized at 4-h intervals over 24 h (8 birds per time/condition). Brief hyperopic defocus: Chicks wore negative lenses for only 2 daily hours either in the morning (starting at ZT 0; n = 16) or mid-day (starting at ZT 4; n = 8) for 3 days. Vitreal DOPAC was assayed. In chicks with bilateral non-restricted vision, or with continuous defocus or form-deprivation, there was a diurnal variation in vitreal DOPAC levels for all eyes (p
Clinical and Neuroimaging Correlates of Post-Transplant Delirium.

ABSTRACT1 Delirium is common among adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT), although the clinical and neuroimaging correlates of post-HCT delirium have not been adequately delineated. We therefore examined the frequency of delirium and neuroimaging correlates of post-transplant delirium in a retrospective cohort of 115 adults undergoing neuroimaging after allogeneic HCT. Delirium was established using previously validated methods for retrospective identification of chart-assessed postprocedural delirium. Chart reviews were independently conducted by a multidisciplinary team with expertise in HCT, psychiatry, and psychology on consecutive allogeneic HCT patients who underwent neuroimaging assessments and transplantation at a single center between January 2009 and December 2016. Neuroimaging markers of white matter damage and brain volume loss were also recorded. In total, 115 patients were included, ranging in age from 20 to 74 years (mean [SD] age, 49 [13]). Fifty-three patients (46%) developed post-HCT delirium. In an adjusted model, delirium incidence was associated with older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.92 [1.28, 2.87] per decade, P = .002), greater severity of white matter hyperintensities (OR, 1.95 [1.06, 3.57], P = .031), and conditioning intensity (OR, 6.37 [2.20, 18.45], P
Health Care Measurements that Improve Patient Outcomes

Multiple factors affect how health care stakeholders measure success, but at a minimum, clinicians must become more accountable for patient outcomes. While challenges in development and utilization...
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Fertility Awareness Among Reproductive-Aged Women

Background: Despite the rising prevalence of infertility, studies have indicated that in the United States fertility awareness remains low. No published study to date, however, has investigated the...
The Promise of CLS Retrenchment

This chapter reviews the concept of retrenchment and explains both how and why the CLS movement struggled to retrench the American legal academy. Central to the Crits’ political efforts was the hope that current and future legal professionals would turn away from the legal liberal consciousness that dominated the American legal system.
Affordances for Sense-Making: Exploring Their Availability for Users of Online News Sites

Each medium of news delivery has a unique set of attributes that facilitate or impede consumption and learning. In this article, we examine what affordances of digital news sites are present or abs...
Aspirin dosing in cardiovascular disease prevention and management: an update

Aspirin has been in use for prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases for several decades. Clinical and epidemiological literature suggests that while net benefits of aspirin in primary prevention of CVDs are less clear, the benefits of aspirin in acute scenarios and secondary prevention settings are well established. However, its optimum dosing requirements have been up for debate especially in various settings of acute coronary syndrome and stable ischemic heart disease. The role of clinician in stratifying individual risk score to achieve net clinical benefit is an important determinant of initiating aspirin therapy. The purpose of this article is to review association of aspirin and CVD in general, and to review its dosing regimens in acute settings as well as primary and secondary prevention as suggested by various established guidelines. We also aim to provide the readers an update on recent changes and current evidence based practice trends.
Why Do Option Introductions Depress Stock Prices? An Empirical Study of Diminishing Short-Sale Constraints

Early studies find that option introductions tend to raise the price of underlying stocks. More recent research indicates post-1980 option introductions are associated with negative abnormal returns in underlying stocks. Other studies document increased short-sale activities following option listing. This paper provides evidence that the recently documented negative abnormal returns and increased short interest are consistent with the mitigation of short-sale constraints resulting from the option introduction. We further show that the stock price reaction and changes in short interest around options listing can be predicted using ex-ante characteristics of the underlying stock.
SimSup's Loop: A control theory approach to spacecraft operator training

Immersive simulation is a staple of training for many complex system operators, including astronauts and ground operators of spacecraft. However, while much has been written about simulators, simulation facilities, and operator certification programs, the topic of how one develops simulation scenarios to train a spacecraft operator is relatively understated in the literature. In this paper, an approach is presented for using control theory as the basis for developing the immersive simulation scenarios for a spacecraft operator training program. The operator is effectively modeled as a high level controller of lower level hardware and software control loops that affect a select set of system state variables. Simulation scenarios are derived from a STAMP-based hazard analysis of the operator's high and low level control loops. The immersive simulation aspect of the overall training program is characterized by selecting a set of scenarios that expose the operator to the various inadequate control actions that stem from control flaws and inadequate control executions in the different sections of the typical control loop. Results from the application of this approach to the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) mission are provided through an analysis of the simulation scenarios used for operator training and the actual anomalies that occurred during the mission. The simulation scenarios and inflight anomalies are mapped to specific control flaws and inadequate control executions in the different sections of the typical control loop to illustrate the characteristics of anomalies arising from the different sections of the typical control loop (and why it is important for operators to have exposure to these characteristics). Additionally, similarities between the simulation scenarios and inflight anomalies are highlighted to make the case that the simulation scenarios prepared the operators for the mission.
Fuzzy logic and control: software and hardware applications

1. Introduction. 2. Set Theory - Fuzzy and Crisp Sets. 3. Propositional Calculus - Predicate Logic and Fuzzy Logic. 4. Fuzzy Rule-Based Expert Systems - I. 5. Fuzzy Rule-Based Expert Systems - II. 6. Fuzzy Logic Software and Hardware. 7. A Fuzzy Two-Axis Mirror Controller for Laser Beam Alignment. 8. Introduction of Fuzzy Sets in Manufacturing Planning. 9. A Comparison of Crisp and Fuzzy Logic Methods for Screening Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques. 10. A Fuzzy Logic Rule-Based System for Personnel Detection. 11. Using Fuzzy Logic to Automatically Configure a Digital Filter. 12. Simulation of Traffic Flow and Control Using Fuzzy and Conventional Methods. 13. A Fuzzy Geometric Pattern Recognition Method with Learning Capability. 14. Fuzzy Control of Robotic Manipulator. 15. Use of Fuzzy Logic Control in Electrical Power Generation. 16. Fuzzy Logic Control of Resin Curing. 17. Fuzzy Logic Control in Flight Control Systems. 18. Tuning of Fuzzy Logic Controllers by Parameter Estimation Method. Subject Index. Author Index.
Retinoic acid mediates post-transcriptional regulation of keratin 19 mRNA levels

Stratified squamous epithelia have been shown to preferentially express a site-specific pattern of keratin intermediate filaments. Retinoic acid (RA) is known to modulate expression of the basal cell keratins K19 and K5. Expression of these genes is dependent on extracellular RA concentration. We have found that K19 mRNA levels increase over time in cultured keratinocytes exposed to elevated concentrations of RA. K5 mRNA levels decrease in response to RA in a similar fashion. The observed changes in K5 message are primarily the result of RA-induced alterations in gene transcription. However, the RA-mediated induction of K19 mRNA is not the result of increased transcription but is primarily due to enhanced mRNA stability. These results suggest that an RA-dependent post-transcriptional mechanism modulates K19 intermediate filament expression in stratified squamous epithelia.
A Global Map of Lipid-Binding Proteins and Their Ligandability in Cells

Lipids play central roles in physiology and disease, where their structural, metabolic, and signaling functions often arise from interactions with proteins. Here, we describe a set of lipid-based chemical proteomic probes and their global interaction map in mammalian cells. These interactions involve hundreds of proteins from diverse functional classes and frequently occur at sites of drug action. We determine the target profiles for several drugs across the lipid-interaction proteome, revealing that its ligandable content extends far beyond traditionally defined categories of druggable proteins. In further support of this finding, we describe a selective ligand for the lipid-binding protein nucleobindin-1 (NUCB1) and show that this compound perturbs the hydrolytic and oxidative metabolism of endocannabinoids in cells. The described chemical proteomic platform thus provides an integrated path to both discover and pharmacologically characterize a wide range of proteins that participate in lipid pathways in cells.
Pretransfer computed tomography delays arrival to definitive care without affecting pediatric trauma outcomes.

Purpose Children with thoracic or abdominal trauma, presenting to referring hospitals, may undergo CT imaging prior to transfer to a pediatric trauma center (PTC). We sought to determine if children who undergo pretransfer imaging experience a delay in definitive care and worse clinical outcomes.
Conversion of bituminous coal in COH2O systems: 2. pH Dependence

Under COH2O systems at initial pH values s> 12.6, an Illinois No. 6 coal, PSOC-26, was converted to a fully pyridine-soluble product, with benzene and hexane solubilities of 50% and 18%, respectively. The product gases were H2 and CO2. However, the expected H2CO2 ratio of 1.0 based on the water gas shift reaction was not observed, but the deficit in hydrogen was found in the increased hydrogen content of the coal product. 95% coal carbon recovery and good hydrogen balances were obtained, and the coal products were found to be very similar to those from conventional tetralin systems. The results suggest an efficient base-catalysed process, and that COH2O systems are useful for coal studies.
Effect of fermentation, aging and thermal storage on total glycosides, phenol-free glycosides and volatile compounds of White Riesling (Vitis vinifera L.) wines

There is growing recognition of the significance of the products of glycoside hydrolysis to varietal wine aroma. White Riesling wines were produced from four strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Wines underwent conventional aging or anaerobic thermal storage (20 days at 45°C) either 2 or 40 months post-fermentation to quantify influences on total glycosides, phenol-free glycosides and selected volatiles. Glycoside and free volatile concentrations were estimated by analysis of glycosyl-glucose and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, respectively. Thermal storage of wines 2 months post-fermentation reduced the total glycosides by an average of 33% for all yeasts and increased the concentration of free benzyl alcohol while decreasing the concentration of free linalool and geraniol. Conventional aging for 40 months reduced the total and phenol-free glycosides equally among yeasts by an average of 60%, with phenol-free glycosides averaging 80% of the total. Thermal storage of aged wines reduced the total glycoside concentration by an additional 29%. The effect of thermal storage on selected volatile phenols, higher alcohols, esters, acids, terpenes, carbonyl compounds, C-13 norisoprenoids and six-carbon alcohols was variable depending upon the component.
On the action of Steenrod squares on polynomial algebras II

Abstract Let A (2) be the mod-2 Steenrod algebra, and let P s = F 2 [x 1 , …, x s ] be the mod-2 cohomology of the s-fold product of R P x with itself, with its usual structure as an A (2)-module. A polynomial P e P s is said to be hit if it is in the image of the action A (2) bo P s → P s , wher A (2) is the augmentation ideal of A (2). In this paper we state two equivalent forms of a conjecture that a certain family of monomials is hit, and prove the conjecture in a special case. In the process, we use information about the canonical antiautomorphism χ of A (2) to show that a hit polynomial P remains hit when multiplied by any polynomial raised to a sufficiently high 2-power. The relevant 2-power depends only on the Milnor basis elements required to hit P.
DOES THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE HYPOPHYSIS TO THE TADPOLE PRODUCE AN EFFECT SIMILAR TO THAT OBTAINED FROM THYROID FEEDING

In a recent paper Hoskins and Hoskins (1920)1 have advanced evidence showing that the feeding of the anterior lobe of. the pituitary gives an effect similar to, and perhaps even identical with, that which is characteristic for the administration of thyroid gland. This is the most convincing evidence which to our knowledge has been advanced in support of the hypothesis that the pituitary can act vicariously for the thyroid. Hoskins and Hoskins, in brief, showed that a preparation of the anterior lobe2 when fed to the tadpole gave the typical responses resulting from thyroid administration, i. e. cutaneous and mouth changes, leg growth, tail absorption, and other changes leading to metamorphosis. In the normal unoperated tadpole metamorphosis was prematurely inaugurated or greatly accelerated; in the thyroidectomized tadpole similar changes were induced, though, as is well known, they would never have otherwise appeared in these thyroidless specimens.
The future of social medicine

The future of social medicine is based on 150 years of history and the rapidly evolving context within which medicine functions in modern societies. There are two views of social medicine. One is based on the vision of Guerin and, particularly, Virchow 150 years ago that: ”Doctors are the natural advocates of the poor, and social problems are largely within their jurisdiction.” The New York Academy of Medicine's Institute on Social Medicine 50 years ago reflected this broad view. Medicine, however, enamored of the biomedical paradigm and the advances in knowledge through biomedical research, largely abandoned this broad perspective, even as the knowledge about the social, behavioral, and environmental determinants of health was advancing rapidly. A second view of social medicine, and one that has influenced many in the past 30 years, was defined by McKeown and Lowe: ‘Social medicine is concerned with a body of knowledge and methods of obtaining knowledge appropriate to a discipline. This discipline may be said to comprise (a) epidemiology, and (b) the study of the medical needs of society, or in the contemporary short hand medical care.” Social medicine, in my view, includes not only the definition of McKeown and Lowe, but the broader context within which medicine fits in society. The context is changing. The social contract as defined by Bismarck and Beveridge has to be redefined. Just as the New York Academy of Medicine provided the vision of social medicine 50 years ago, the Academy has given us a new vision with the publication ofMedicine and Public Health: the Power of Collaboration in 1997. Authored by Dr. Roz Lasker, director of the Academy's Division of Public Health, the book identifies the key changes required by medicine and public health to advance the goals of medicine and public health for the benefit of both individual patients and the population as a whole. The book points the way for the future of social medicine by identifying not only what needs to be done, but also how to do it.
Overcoming Nonlinear Partial Volume Effects in Known-Component Reconstruction of Cochlear Implants.

Nonlinear partial volume (NLPV) effects can be significant for objects with large attenuation differences and fine detail structures near the spatial resolution limits of a tomographic system. This is particularly true for small metal devices like cochlear implants. While traditional model-based approaches might alleviate these artifacts through very fine sampling of the image volume and subsampling of rays to each detector element, such solutions can be extremely burdensome in terms of memory and computational requirements. The work presented in this paper leverages the model-based approach called “known-component reconstruction” (KCR) where prior knowledge of a surgical device is integrated into the estimation. In KCR, the parameterization of the object separates the volume into an unknown background anatomy and a known component with unknown registration. Thus, one can model projections of an implant at very high spatial resolution while limiting the spatial resolution of the anatomy - in effect, modeling NLPV effects where they are most significant. We present modifications of the KCR approach that can be used to largely eliminate NLPV artifacts, and demonstrate the efficacy of the modified technique (with improved image quality and accurate implant position estimates) for the cochlear implant imaging scenario.
Astronomy and astrophysics with the advanced X-ray astrophysics facility

The Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) planned for launch in the middle of the next decade will be a powerful new tool to enhance our understanding of the Universe. In this paper we describe the principal elements: the optics and the instruments. We review the instrument capabilities in order that potential users of AXAF may plan supporting research in the years prior to launch. We also review several of the scientific questions which AXAF is well suited to address.
NOVEL CYCLIC PENTACOORDINATE AND PSEUDOPENTACOORDINATE LEAD COMPOUNDS

Abstract The new bicyclic lead(II) phosphinate [(t-Bu)2PO2]2Pb (1) was synthesized by the reaction of p-tolyllead triacetate with di-t-butylphosphinic acid and water. An X-ray study showed that it had a pseudo-trigonal bipyramidal geometry (p-TBP) with a stereochemically active lone pair of electrons occupying an equatorial site. Infrared data ruled out the possible presence of a Pb[sbnd]H bond. A series of new monocyclic Pb(IV) compounds, [Et4N][(MeC6H3S2)PbPh2X] where X = Br (2), CI (3), and F (4), was synthesized from the addition reaction of tetraethylammonium halide to 2,2-diphenyl-1,3,2-toluene dithiolato plumbole(IV), (MeC6H3S2)PbPh2 (5). An X-ray study of 3 revealed a monocyclic anionic TBP geometry which was compared with related dithiolato cyclic structures formed earlier by lighter elements of Group IVA. The lead(II) compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 15.594(4) A, b = 16.889(3) A, c = 12.642(2) A, β = 136.85(1)°, and Z = 4. The lead(IV) compound 3 crystallizes i...
Treatment of blastomycosis with itraconazole in 112 dogs.

One hundred twelve client-owned dogs with blastomycosis were treated with itraconazole, 5 or 10 mg/kg/d. The first group of 70 dogs treated in 1987 and 1988 received 10 mg/kg/d (group 1), and the second group of 42 dogs treated after October 1988 received 5 mg/kg/d (group 2). Even though the groups were treated at different times, the dogs were similar in age and gender distribution, number of sites involved, and percent and severity of pulmonary involvement. The proportion of dogs cured with a 60-day course of itraconazole was similar for both groups (53.6% versus 54.3%) and for a second historical control group treated with amphotericin B (57%); the recurrence rate was also similar, 20%, 21.4%, and 20%, respectively. Dogs treated with itraconazole had similar mortality rates (25.7% at 5 mg/kg/d; 25% at 10 mg/kg/day) to those treated with amphotericin B (23%). Seventeen of the 23 dogs that died (74%), did so during the first week of treatment; these early deaths were usually attributed to respiratory failure. The only site of infection that was significantly associated with failure (death or recurrence) was the brain. There was a marked difference in survival times between dogs without lung disease or with mild lung disease compared with dogs with moderate or severe lung disease. Serum itraconazole concentrations reached steady state by 14 days of treatment. Dogs receiving 5 mg/kg/d of itraconazole (group 2) had mean serum concentrations of 3.55 +/- 2.81 mg/mL (range, 0.67 to 10.8 micrograms/mL), whereas dogs receiving 10 micrograms/kg/d (group 1) had mean concentrations of 13.46 +/- 8.49 micrograms/mL (range, 1.8 to 28 micrograms/mL) (P < or = .001). There was no association between cure and serum itraconazole concentrations. Dogs in group 1 had significantly more adverse effects than dogs in group 2 (P = .046). Anorexia was the most common adverse effect, occurring in 14.9% of dogs in group 1. Only 8% of dogs in group 2 had adverse effects. Serum concentrations of itraconazole were positively correlated with serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities. Our findings indicate that itraconazole administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg/d is the drug of choice for blastomycosis in dogs.
Anaesthesia for an unusual carcinoid metastasis

Summary The intra-operative course of a patient found to have a metastatic serotonin-secreting carcinoid tumour in the orbit is reported. No prophylactic or intra-operative therapy was necessary during the administration of enflurane anesthesia. This case demonstrates again the wide spectrum of clinical responses observed among patients with this disease.
Climatic limits to headwall retreat in the Khumbu Himalaya, eastern Nepal

Ice-free bedrock headwalls are widespread landforms of many glacial landscapes, but their formation and evolution are not well understood. Here, I present observations from the Khumbu Himalaya, eastern Nepal, of a distinct elevation zone that aligns the base of many steep headwalls with the highest predicted frost-cracking intensity (FCI). Below this zone, median ice-free hillslope angles are ≤40° and similar to those of other areas in the Himalaya, where threshold hillslopes that are close to the critical angle of stability have been inferred. At higher elevations, ice-free hillslopes of different rock types have median slope angles of ∼50°–55°, suggesting threshold hillslopes with higher rock mass strength, possibly related to the presence of deep-reaching permafrost. High-altitude meteorological data combined with FCI models support frost cracking as a mechanism for headwall retreat by undercutting of threshold headwalls, while glacial transport inhibits the accumulation of scree deposits at their base. This mechanism could account for continued headwall retreat as long as climatic conditions enable frost cracking near the base of headwalls that are high enough to sustain glaciers at their base, even if subglacial erosion is minor.
Essential Role for Neutrophils in Pathogenesis and Adaptive Immunity in Chlamydia caviae Ocular Infections

Trachoma, the world's leading cause of preventable blindness, is produced by chronic ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular bacterium. While many studies have focused on immune mechanisms for trachoma during chronic stages of infection, less research has targeted immune mechanisms in primary ocular infections, events that could impact chronic responses. The goal of this study was to investigate the function of neutrophils during primary chlamydial ocular infection by using the guinea pig model of Chlamydia caviae inclusion conjunctivitis. We hypothesized that neutrophils help modulate the adaptive response and promote host tissue damage. To test these hypotheses, guinea pigs with primary C. caviae ocular infections were depleted of neutrophils by using rabbit antineutrophil antiserum, and immune responses and immunopathology were evaluated during the first 7 days of infection. Results showed that neutrophil depletion dramatically decreased ocular pathology, both clinically and histologically. The adaptive response was also altered, with increased C. caviae-specific IgA titers in tears and serum and decreased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in infected conjunctivae. Additionally, there were changes in conjunctival chemokines and cytokines, such as increased expression of IgA-promoting interleukin-5 and anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor β, along with decreased expression of T cell-recruiting CCL5 (RANTES). This study, the first to investigate the role of neutrophils in primary chlamydial ocular infection, indicates a previously unappreciated role for neutrophils in modulating the adaptive response and suggests a prominent role for neutrophils in chlamydia-associated ocular pathology.
Principles of Self-Organization: Learning as Participation in Autocatakinetic Systems

Modem science has been built on a Cartesian or Newtonian (mechanical) world view giving rise to an artifactual view of mind and suggesting that particles (learners) are continuously working to destroy order (are recalcitrant), which can only be maintained by an external artificer (the teacher). At the core of the Cartesian worldview is the absolute separation of mind and matter. Beginning with the separation of mind and body, Cartesianism is grounded in a set of dualisms that separate individual from environment and leads to the belief that knowledge refers to a self-sufficient immaterial substance that can be understood independently from the individual, environment, and context in which it is situated. In contrast, we make the argument for an alternative set of assumptions predicated on a relational ontology and grounded in recent developments in the understanding of self-organizing systems. In our view, knowing, meaning, and cognition are actualized through the dynamic between learner (self) and enviro...
A patient with isochromosome 18q, radial-thumb aplasia, thrombocytopenia, and an unbalanced 10;18 chromosome translocation.

We report on the clinical and cytogenetic findings in a newborn with a de novo isochromosome 18q. Radial/thumb aplasia and thrombocytopenia were significant features in addition to multiple congenital anomalies. Comparison with reported cases suggests that the genes for such features are located on the 18q arm. An additional finding of a non-reciprocal translocation between chromosome 18p telomere and chromosome 10q telomere was also observed in a majority of cells examined. This additional rearrangement likely has minimal phenotypic consequences, but does raise the possibility that cryptic translocations of telomeric ends of the deleted arm in isochromosome cases may be more common than appreciated. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nearly incompressible hydrodynamics and heat conduction.

By means of an asymptotic analysis, two distinct approaches to incompressibility are found for a low-Mach-number ideal fluid, distinguished according to the relative magnitudes of temperature, density, and pressure fluctuations. For heat-conduction-dominated-fluids, temperature and density fluctuations are predicted to be anticorrelated, and the classical passive scalar equation for temperature is recovered, whereas a generalized ``pseudosound'' relationship for the fluctuations is found for heat-conduction-modified fluids, together with a modified thermal equation. The full set of nearly incompressible dynamical equations is described.
Benefits and Limitations of Deliberation.

Five themes illustrate different dimensions of the process of diffusing democratic deliberation into widespread use.
Anisotropy in the breathing zone of a thermal manikin

This paper describes anisotropy of various second moments along with detailed mean velocities in the human breathing zone. High anisotropy levels have been anticipated due to the complexity of the flow and low Reynolds number in our cubicle sized setting. The measurement system is a standard stereo PIV system acquiring data along a sinusoidal breathing waveform in the breathing zone of a thermal manikin both with and without rotational motion. Results suggest that the airflow due to breathing is anisotropic. Because of this, common isotropic assumptions made in this environment are not admissible.
Mechanical Neural Growth Models

Critical to being able to control the growth patterns of cell-based sensors is being able to understand how the cytoskeleton of the cell maintains its structure and integrity both under mechanical load and in a load-free environment. Our approach to a better understanding of cell growth is to use a computer simulation that incorporates the primary structures, microtubules, necessary for growth along with their observed behaviors and experimentally determined mechanical properties. Microtubules are the main compressive structural support elements for the axon of a neuron and are created via polymerization of α-β tubulin dimers. Our de novo simulation explores the mechanics of the forces between microtubules and the membrane. We hypothesize that axonal growth is most influenced by the location and direction of the force exerted by the microtubule on the membrane, and furthermore that the interplay of forces between microtubules and the inner surface of the cell membrane dictates the polar structure of axons. The simulation will be used to understand cytoskeletal mechanics for the purpose of engineering cells to be used as sensors.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Braced Tube Structures for Complex-Shaped Tall Buildings

Braced tubes, which carry lateral loads by axial actions of the perimeter columns and bracings, are very efficient structural systems for tall buildings. This paper investigates structural efficiency of braced tube structures employed for complex-shaped tall buildings, such as twisted, tilted and tapered towers. For each complex form category, tall buildings are designed with braced tube systems, and their structural efficiency is studied in conjunction with building forms. In order to investigate the impacts of various important geometric configurations of complex-shaped tall buildings, parametric models are generated using appropriate computer programs, and the models are exported to structural engineering software for design and analyses. Based on the study results, structural efficiency of braced tubes for each complex form category is estimated.
Occlusal analysis and treatment planning for restorative dentistry

Abstract Successful restorative dentistry depends upon careful and systematic collection of information, analysis, and planning. Articulating devices can be of considerable help in achieving this goal if we remember that they are only tools and that they can function only as well as the trained hands and disciplined minds that use them.
Relative object detectability (ROD): a new metric for comparing x-ray image detector performance for a specified object of interest

Relative object detectability (ROD) quantifies the relative performance of two image detectors for a specified object of interest by taking the following ratio: the integral of detective quantum efficiency of a detector weighted by the frequency spectrum of the object divided by that for a second detector. Four different detectors, namely the microangiographic fluoroscope (MAF), the Dexela Model 1207 (Dex) and Hamamatsu Model C10901D-40 (Ham) CMOS xray detectors, and a flat-panel detector (FPD) were compared. The ROD was calculated for six pairs of detectors: (1) Dex/FPD, (2) MAF/FPD, (3) Ham/FPD, (4) Dex/Ham, (5) MAF/Ham and (6) MAF/Dex for wires of 5 mm fixed length, solid spheres ranging in diameter from 50 to 600 microns, and four simulated iodine-filled blood vessels of outer diameters 0.4 and 0.5 mm, each with wall thicknesses of 0.1 and 0.15 mm. Marked variation of ROD for the wires and spheres is demonstrated as a function of object size for the various detector pairs. The ROD of all other detectors relative to the FPD was much greater than one for small features and approached 1.0 as the diameter increased. The relative detectability of simulated small iodine-filled blood vessels for all detector pairs was seen to be independent of the vessel wall thickness for the same inner diameter. In this study, the ROD is shown to have the potential to be a useful figure of merit to evaluate the relative performance of two detectors for a given imaging task.
“Please Don't Talk to Anyone about This Experiment:” Disclosure of Deception by Debriefed Subjects:

Female Ss were deceived—a confederate tried to influence their opinions—debriefed, and then sworn to secrecy. They were then contacted, either immediately after the experiment or by telephone sever...
Environmental impacts of the coal ash spill in Kingston, Tennessee: an 18-month survey.

An 18 month investigation of the environmental impacts of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) coal ash spill in Kingston, Tennessee combined with leaching experiments on the spilled TVA coal ash have revealed that leachable coal ash contaminants (LCACs), particularly arsenic, selenium, boron, strontium, and barium, have different effects on the quality of impacted environments. While LCACs levels in the downstream river water are relatively low and below the EPA drinking water and ecological thresholds, elevated levels were found in surface water with restricted water exchange and in pore water extracted from the river sediments downstream from the spill. The high concentration of arsenic (up to 2000 μg/L) is associated with some degree of anoxic conditions and predominance of the reduced arsenic species (arsenite) in the pore waters. Laboratory leaching simulations show that the pH and ash/water ratio control the LCACs’ abundance and geochemical composition of the impacted water. These results have impo...
Integrin α3β1 regulates tumor cell responses to stromal cells and can function to suppress prostate cancer metastatic colonization

Integrin α3β1 promotes tumor cell adhesion, migration, and invasion on laminin isoforms, and several clinical studies have indicated a correlation between increased tumoral α3β1 integrin expression and tumor progression, metastasis, and poor patient outcomes. However, several other clinical and experimental studies have suggested that α3β1 can possess anti-metastatic activity in certain settings. To help define the range of α3β1 functions in tumor cells in vivo, we used RNAi to silence the α3 integrin subunit in an aggressive, in vivo-passaged subline of PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells. Loss of α3 integrin impaired adhesion and proliferation on the α3β1 integrin ligand, laminin-332 in vitro. Despite these deficits in vitro, the α3-silenced cells were significantly more aggressive in a lung colonization model in vivo, with a substantially increased rate of tumor growth that significantly reduced survival. In contrast, silencing the related α6 integrin subunit delayed metastatic growth in vivo. The increased colonization of α3-silenced tumor cells in vivo was recapitulated in 3D collagen co-cultures with lung fibroblasts or pre-osteoblast-like cells, where α3-silenced cells showed dramatically enhanced growth. The increased response of α3-silenced tumor cells to stromal cells in co-culture could be reproduced by fibroblast conditioned medium, which contains one or more heparin-binding factors that selectively favor the growth of α3-silenced cells. Our new data suggest a scenario in which α3β1 regulates tumor–host interactions within the metastatic tumor microenvironment to limit growth, providing some of the first direct evidence that specific loss of α3 function in tumor cells can have pro-metastatic consequences in vivo.
Metabolism of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in rat brain slices.

In vitro brain slices of the cochlear nucleus have been used for electrophysiological and pharmacological studies. More information is needed about the extent to which the slice resembles in vivo tissue, since this affects the interpretation of results obtained from slices. In this study, some chemical parameters of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) in rat brain slices were measured and compared to the in vivo state. The activities of malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were reduced in some DCN layers of incubated slices compared to in vivo brain tissue. The activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase were increased or unchanged in DCN layers of slices. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations for in vivo rat DCN were similar to those of cerebellar cortex. Compared with in vivo values, ATP concentrations were decreased in the DCN of brain slices, especially in the deep layer. Vibratome-cut slices had lower ATP levels than chopper-cut slices. Compared with the in vivo data, there were large losses of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, γ-aminobutyrate and taurine from incubated slices. These amino acid changes within the slices correlated with the patterns of release from the slices.
Analytics of collaborative planning in Metafora: architecture, data, and analytic methods

This paper describes our approach for learning analytics in the Metafora system, a collaborative learning framework that supports self-regulated and constructionist activities in groups. Our specific interest in analysis is the nature of collaborative planning behaviour and aspects of learning to learn together (L2L2). For that end we will describe the architecture supporting diverse analytic components across all the tools used in Metafora, the data formats, storage and access methods, and the analytic principles we designed and implemented. We will also describe our first insights using these methods on real Metafora data collected during practical experimentation in schools.
Synthesis of chloroplast membrane lipids and chlorophyll in synchronous cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi.

Abstract Chloroplast membrane lipid synthesis has been studied in synchronously growing cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi . The synthesis of sulfolipid and phospholipid were measured by incorporation of 35 SO 4 2− and 32 PO 4 3− during a 1-h pulse. Galactolipid synthesis was measured by H 14 CO 3 − incorporation into lipid fractions separated by thin layer chromatography. Lipid synthesis occurs principally during the light portion of the synchronous cycle. Phosphatidylglycerol is synthesized between 3–4 h in the light and sulfolipid is labeled between 7–9 h in the light. Galactolipid synthesis appears to reach maximal rates shortly after the lights go on and again at 7 h. Chlorophyll reaches maximal rates of synthesis after 7 h. These lipids are made and inserted into the chloroplast membrane prior to major increases in photosynthetic capacity. Our results also show that chloroplast membrane lipids are synthesized in a sequential or multistep process.
Photonic band gaps in optical lattices

We study photonic band gaps in a one-dimensional optical lattice of laser-cooled trapped atoms. We solve for the self-consistent equilibrium positions of the atoms, accounting for the backaction of the atoms on the trapping beams. This solution depends strongly on the sign of the trapping laser detuning. For red-detuned trapping lasers, the resulting lattice exhibits a one-dimensional photonic band gap for frequencies between the trapping laser frequency and the atomic resonance. For blue detuning the stop band extends symmetrically about resonance, typically for hundreds of atomic linewidths, except for the small region between atomic resonance and the lattice frequency, which is excluded. We calculate the reflection spectrum for a lattice of Cs atoms for various trapping laser detunings and interpret its behavior as a function of the lattice size and density. For a mean density of ${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$, and 1000 planes, 55% reflection of a weak probe beam should be observed. We also consider Bragg scattering in a three-dimensional optical lattice as a means of probing the long-range order in the atomic density correlation function.
The effect of route of delivery on neonatal natural killer cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus-infected cells.

The Effect of Route of Delivery on Neonatal Natural Killer Cytotoxicity and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity to Herpes Simplex Virus-Infected Cells
Association between the first two immunoglobulin-like domains of the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM

The extracellular domain of N-CAM contains five immunoglobulin-like (Ig) and two fibronectin type III-like domains and facilitates cell-cell binding through multiple, weak interdomain interactions. NMR spectroscopy indicated that the two N-terminal Ig-like domains from chicken N-CAM (Ig I and Ig II) interact with millimolar affinity. Physico-chemical studies show that this interaction is significantly amplified when the domains are covalently linked, consistent with an antiparallel domain arrangement. The binding of the two individual domains and the dimerization of the concatenated protein were essentially independent of salt, up to a concentration of 200 mM. The residues in Ig I involved in the interaction map to the BED strands of the beta sandwich, and delineate a largely hydrophobic patch.
Devaluation Expectations and the Stock Market: a new measure and an application to Mexico 1994/95

This paper develops a market-based measure of devaluation expectations derived from the relative stock market performance of companies with different exposures of current and future profits to exchange-rate changes. The measure can be viewed as a complement to measures of devaluation expectations based on interest-rate-parity conditions, survey data or macroeconomic models. Some of the benefits of the measure are that data are available on a timely basis and that the stock market has traditionally been free of central bank intervention. As an illustration, we examine the Mexican devaluation of 1994. Contrary to what might have been expected given the alleged peso overvaluation, high-net-exporting firms outperformed the market beginning in late 1993. This pattern is, on the other hand, consistent with forward-looking stock prices that assigned an increasing probability to a devaluation benefiting exporting firms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid evolutionary learning for synthesizing multi-class pattern recognition systems

Abstract This paper describes one aspect of a machine-learning system called HELPR that blends the best aspects of different evolutionary techniques to bootstrap-up a complete recognition system from primitive input data. HELPR uses a multi-faceted representation consisting of a growing sequence of non-linear mathematical expressions. Individual features are represented as tree structures and manipulated using the techniques of genetic programming. Sets of features are represented as list structures that are manipulated using genetic algorithms and evolutionary programming. Complete recognition systems are formed in this version of HELPR by attaching the evolved features to multiple perceptron discriminators. Experiments on datasets from the University of California at Irvine (UCI) machine-learning repository show that HELPR’s performance meets or exceeds accuracies previously published.
Specifiying Motor Neurons and their Connections

The two papers described above provide important insights into two steps in the differentiation program of motor neurons. Motor neurons are the primary efferent class of neurons in the spinal cord and are an essential component of locomotor circuits in the spinal cord. Thus, a knowledge of their development is central to understanding how these circuits develop. Tanabe et al. 1998xTanabe, Y, William, C, and Jessell, T.M. Cell. 1998; 95: 67–80Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (268)See all ReferencesTanabe et al. 1998 show that the transcription factor MNR2 governs an early step in the motor neuron differentiation program, since expression of MNR2 commits neural progenitors to a motor neuron fate. The study by Lin et al. 1998xLin, J.H, Saito, T, Anderson, D.J, Lance-Jones, C, Jessell, T.M, and Arber, S. Cell. 1998; in pressSee all ReferencesLin et al. 1998 suggests that the selective expression of ETS domain proteins plays a role in determining motor neuron pool identity and may also regulate the precise connectivity between sensory and motor neurons that is an anatomical feature of locomotor reflex circuits. Much still needs to be learned about how locomotor reflex circuits are assembled during development. In particular, the molecular mechanisms that govern pathfinding and the recognition of specific muscle targets by different populations of motor neurons need to be elucidated. Sensory neurons and spinal interneurons are also essential components of these reflex circuits, and a fuller understanding of how spinal reflex circuits develop will require a knowledge of how these other neuronal populations are specified and how they form functional connections with motor neurons and other interneurons in the spinal cord.*Email: goulding@salk.edu.
Synovial chondromatosis of the hip. Evaluation with air computed arthrotomography.

Abstract Four patients with primary synovial chondromatosis of the hip were evaluated with air or double contrast computed arthrotomography. Air computed arthrotomography was an easy and accurate method of diagnosing the disease and delineating its anatomic extent. The use of air as a sole contrast agent allowed noncalcified chondromatous nodules to be identified. It prevented faintly calcified nodules from being obscured by positive contrast, and was a better means of assessing the narrow portions of the hip joint. Accurate diagnosis of this disease and its extent was demonstrated using air computed arthrotomography. This method provided the most complete preoperative data for the orthopaedic surgeon.
A hydrogen atom sandwiched by cyclopropanes

Abstract 2′,3′,4′,5′,6′,7′-Hexahydrodispiro[cyclopropane-1,1′-anthracene-8′,1″-cyclopropane] ( 1 ) was prepared by double olefination (Wittig) and double methylenation (Furukawa) of 1,8-dioxo-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroanthracene ( 4 ) that was in turn prepared in two steps from 1,3-dibromobenzene. The X-ray structure of 1 shows that the C–9-H of its anthracene core is located 2.6 A from the centroids of each of the flanking cyclopropane rings. The 1H NMR spectrum of 1 shows that the C–9-H resonance (δ 5.95) falls 0.84 ppm upfield from the C–10-H resonance (δ 6.79).