cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dirac submanifolds and Poisson involutions

Abstract Dirac submanifolds are a natural generalization in the Poisson category of the symplectic submanifolds of a symplectic manifold. They correspond to symplectic subgroupoids of the symplectic groupoid of the given Poisson manifold. In particular, Dirac submanifolds arise as the stable loci of Poisson involutions. In this paper, we make a general study of these submanifolds including both local and global aspects. In the second part of the paper, we study Poisson involutions and the induced Poisson structures on their stable loci. In particular, we discuss the Poisson involutions on a special class of Poisson groups, and more generally Poisson groupoids, called symmetric Poisson groups, and symmetric Poisson groupoids. Many well-known examples, including the standard Poisson group structures on semi-simple Lie groups, Bruhat Poisson structures on compact semi-simple Lie groups, and Poisson groupoid structures arising from dynamical r-matrices of semi-simple Lie algebras are symmetric, so they admit a Poisson involution. For symmetric Poisson groups, the relation between the stable locus Poisson structure and Poisson symmetric spaces is discussed. As a consequence, we prove that the Dubrovin Poisson structure on the space of Stokes matrices U+ (appearing in Dubrovin's theory of Frobenius manifolds) is a Poisson symmetric space.
Multiple-beam propagation in an Anderson localized optical fiber

We investigate the simultaneous propagation of multiple beams in a disordered Anderson localized optical fiber. The profiles of each beam fall off exponentially, enabling multiple channels at high-density. We examine the influence of fiber bends on the movement of the beam positions, which we refer to as drift. We investigate the extent of the drift of localized beams induced by macro-bending and show that it is possible to design Anderson localized optical fibers that can be used for practical beam-multiplexing applications.
Attosecond beats in sodium vapor.

Transient, time-delayed, four-wave mixing (TDFWM) experiments have been performed on the Na D doublet with use of a novel angled-beam geometry. The effects of petahertz superposition-state modulations have been observed in the integrated TDFWM signal as a function of the time delay. As the time delay is varied, the lowest-order mixing signal modulates with a period of 980 as---corresponding to the sum frequency of the two Na D lines. Higher-diffraction-order mixing signals contain modulation components at integral multiples of the doublet sum frequency.
Bank Liquidity Creation

Although the modern theory of financial intermediation portrays liquidity creation as an essential role of banks, comprehensive measures of bank liquidity creation do not exist. We construct four measures and apply them to data on virtually all U.S. banks from 1993 to 2003. We find that bank liquidity creation increased every year and exceeded $2.8 trillion in 2003. Large banks, multibank holding company members, retail banks, and recently merged banks created the most liquidity. Bank liquidity creation is positively correlated with bank value. Testing recent theories of the relationship between capital and liquidity creation, we find that the relationship is positive for large banks and negative for small banks. (JEL G21, G28, G32)
Performance of tornado-type wind turbines with radial inflow supply

Wind tunnel tests were conducted for the performance of tornado-type wind turbines (TTWT) with radial inflow supply from incoming wind. It was shown that the radial inflow supply was necessary for intensifying a vortex in the wind collecting tower and, consequently, for enhancing the power efficiencies, C /SUB p/, of the wind turbines. Maximum C /SUB p/ (based on turbine disk area) of 3.8 and 9 was obtained for circular- and spiral-shaped towers, respectively, as compared to 0.4 for conventional windmills. With the radial inflow supply, the maximum C /SUB p/ was increased about 100% for the circular model but only 15-30% for the spiral model since the spiral model provides the inflow effect by itself.
Taxation and the Earnings of Husbands and Wives: Evidence from Sweden

I examine the response of husbands' and wives' earnings to a tax reform in which husbands' and wives' tax rates changed independently, allowing me to examine the effect of both spouses' incentives on each spouse's behavior. I analyze the large Swedish tax reform of 1990–1991 and find that in response to a compensated fall in one spouse's tax rate, each spouse's earnings rise. I compare these results to those of simplified econometric models used in the typical setting in which independent variation in each spouse's tax rate is unavailable. I find that standard econometric specifications may produce substantially biased estimates.
Towards a synthesis of core-collapse supernova theory

Abstract New insights into the mechanism and character of core-collapse supernova explosions are transforming the approach of theorists to their subject. The universal realization that the direct hydrodynamic mechanism does not work and that a variety of hydrodynamic instabilities can influence the viability of theoretical explosions has ushered in a new era in supernova modeling. In this paper, I discuss the important physical and technical issues that remain. I review the neutrino-driven mechanism, the possible roles of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities, questions in neutrino transport, and the various observational constraints within which theorists must operate. However, a consensus has yet to be achieved among active workers concerning many important details and some essential phenomenology. This synopsis is meant to accomplish two things: (i) to focus attention on the interesting problems whose resolution will bring needed progress, and (ii) to assess the current status of the theoretical art.
Quantum optical metrology – the lowdown on high-N00N states

Quantum states of light, such as squeezed states or entangled states, can be used to make measurements (metrology), produce images, and sense objects with a precision that far exceeds what is possible classically, and also exceeds what was once thought to be possible quantum mechanically. The primary idea is to exploit quantum effects to beat the shot-noise limit in metrology and the Rayleigh diffraction limit in imaging and sensing. Quantum optical metrology has received a boost in recent years with an influx of ideas from the rapidly evolving field of optical quantum information processing. Both areas of research exploit the creation and manipulation of quantum-entangled states of light. We will review some of the recent theoretical and experimental advances in this exciting new field of quantum optical metrology, focusing on examples that exploit a particular two-mode entangled photon state – the High-N00N state.
The role of metal and passivation defects in electromigration-induced damage in thin film conductors

Abstract The effect of both metal defects (nicks and scratches) and passivation defects (Griffith cracks or pinholes) was theoretically and experimentally investigated. Flux divergences due to temperature and stress gradients are considered. It was observed that failure near a severe metal defect or at a defect in the passivation layer can be a major contributor to electromigration-induced lifetime degradation.
Comparison of contact sensor localization abilities during manipulation

This paper presents an experimental comparison of tactile array versus force-torque sensing for localizing contact during manipulation. The manipulation tasks involved rotating objects and translating objects using a planar two fingered manipulator. A pin and a box were selected as limiting cases of point and line contact against a cylindrical robot finger tip. Practical implementations of the two sensor types are compared theoretically and experimentally, and three different localization algorithms for the tactile array sensor are considered. Force-torque contact sensing results suffered from difficulties in calibration, transient forces, and low grasp force. Tactile array sensing was immune to these problems and the effect of shear loading was only noticeable for a simple centroid algorithm. The results show that with care, both of these sensing schemes can determine the contact location within a millimeter during real manipulation tasks.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Equilibrium Geometry of Liquid Lenses

The equilibrium configuration of a nonwetted three fluid system takes the form of a floating liquid lens, where the lens resides between an upper and lower phase. The axisymmetric profiles of the three interfaces can be computed by solving the nonlinear Young-Laplace differential equation for each interface with coupled boundary conditions at the contact line. Here we describe a numerical method applicable to sessile or pendant lenses and provide a free, downloadable Mathematica Player file which uses a graphical interface for analyzing and plotting lens profiles. The results of the calculations were compared to optical photographs of various liquid lens systems which were analyzed using basic ray-tracing and Moire imaging. The lens profile calculator, together with a measurement of the lens radius for a known volume, provides a simple and convenient method of determining the spreading coefficient (S) of a liquid lens system if all other fluid parameters are known. If surfactants are present, the subphase surface tension must also be self-consistently determined. A procedure is described for extracting characteristic features in the optical images to uniquely determine both parameters. The method gave good agreement with literature values for pure fluids such as alkanes on water and also for systems with a surfactant (hexadecane/DTAB), which show a transition from partial wetting to the pseudopartial wetting regime. Our technique is the analog of axisymmetric drop shape analysis, applied to a three fluid system.
On heads versus tapes

For d and k > 2, d-dimensional k-tape Turing machines cannot simulate d-dimensional Turing machines with k heads on l tape in real time.
Absence of dipole glass transition for randomly dilute classical Ising dipoles

Dilute dipolar systems in three dimensions are expected to undergo a spin glass transition as the temperature decreases. Contrary to this, we find from Wang-Landau Monte Carlo simulations that at low concentrations $x$, dipoles randomly placed on a cubic lattice with dipolar interactions do not undergo a phase transition. We find that in the thermodynamic limit the ``glass'' transition temperature ${T}_{g}$ goes to zero as $1∕\sqrt{N}$, where $N$ is the number of dipoles. The entropy per particle at low temperatures is larger for lower concentrations $(x=4.5%)$ than for higher concentrations $(x=20%)$.
THE PARSEC-SCALE RADIO STRUCTURE OF NGC 1068 AND THE NATURE OF THE NUCLEAR RADIO SOURCE

We present sensitive, multifrequency Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) images of the nuclear radio sources of NGC 1068. At 5 and 8.4 GHz, the radio continuum source S1, argued to mark the location of the hidden active nucleus, resolves into an elongated, ~0.8 pc source oriented nearly at right angles to the radio jet axis but more closely aligned to the distribution of the nuclear H2O maser spots. S1 is detected at 5 GHz but not at 1.4 GHz, indicating strong free-free absorption below 5 GHz, and it has a flat spectrum between 5 and 8.4 GHz. A 5-8.4 GHz spectral index map reveals an unresolved, inverted spectrum source at the center of the S1 structure that may mark the AGN proper. The average brightness temperature is too low for synchrotron self-absorption to impact the integrated spectrum significantly. In addition, a careful registration with the nuclear H2O masers argues that the S1 continuum source arises from the inner regions of the maser disk rather than a radio jet. The emission mechanism may be direct, thermal free-free emission from an X-ray-heated corona or wind arising from the molecular disk. We demonstrate that the hidden active nucleus is sufficiently luminous, to within the current estimates, to provide the requisite heating. The radio jet components C and S2 both show evidence for free-free absorption of a compact, steep-spectrum source. The free-free absorption might arise from a shock cocoon enveloping the compact radio sources. The presence of H2O masers specifically at component C supports the interpretation for the presence of a jet-ISM interaction. Component NE remains a steep-spectrum source on VLBA baselines and appears to be a local enhancement of the synchrotron emissivity of the radio jet. The reason for the enhancement is not clear; the region surrounding component NE is virtually devoid of narrow-line region filaments, and so there is no clear evidence for interaction with the surrounding ISM. Component NE might instead arise in an internal shock or perhaps in denser jet plasma that broke away from an earlier interaction with the circumnuclear ISM.
The carbon isotopic distribution of Murchison amino acids

Abstract The δ 13 C values of thirty-four individual amino acids and two pyridine carboxylic acids have been obtained fromthe Murchison meteorite. They were found to range from +4.9 to +52.8‰, with statistically significant differences observed both within and between amino acid subgroups. The 13 C content of α-amino acids declines with increasing chain length, a trend similar to the ones previously observed for carboxylic acids and alkanes. Also 2-methyl-2-amino acids were found to be heavier in 13 C than the corresponding 2-H homologues. The3-, 4-, and 5-amino acids do not show a comparable declining trend in δ 13 C values and neither do the amino dicarboxylic acids. This variability in δ 13 C values can be interpreted as to indicate that the synthetic histories of soluble organics in meteorites may have been diverse even within groups of compounds with very similar functional group composition.
Two-dimensional reduced theory and general static solution for uncharged black p-branes

Abstract We derive a two-dimensional effective dilaton-gravity-matter action that describes the dynamics of an uncharged black p -brane in N dimensions. We show that this effective theory is completely integrable in the static sector and establish its general static solution. The solution includes, as a particular case, the boost symmetric p -brane solution investigated by R. Gregory [Nucl. Phys. B 467 (1996) 159].
CEO stock option awards and the timing of corporate voluntary disclosures

Abstract We investigate whether CEOs manage the timing of their voluntary disclosures around stock option awards. We conjecture that CEOs manage investors’ expectations around award dates by delaying good news and rushing forward bad news. For a sample of 2,039 CEO option awards by 572 firms with fixed award schedules, we document changes in share prices and analyst earnings forecasts around option awards that are consistent with our conjecture. We also provide more direct evidence based on management earnings forecasts issued prior to award dates. Our findings suggest that CEOs make opportunistic voluntary disclosure decisions that maximize their stock option compensation.
Asymmetric information and macroeconomic dynamics

Abstract We show how macroeconomic dynamics can be derived from asymmetric information. As an illustration of the utility of this approach we derive the equilibrium density, non-equilibrium densities and the equation of motion for the response to a demand shock for productivity in a simple economy. Novel consequences of this approach include a natural incorporation of time dependence into macroeconomics and a common information-theoretic basis for economics and other fields seeking to link micro-dynamics and macro-observables.
Selection of Surgical Approach to Acoustic Neuroma

A variety of surgical approaches are available in the management of acoustic neuroma. Each procedure has certain advantages and disadvantages in terms of surgical exposure, the capability of preserving cranial nerve function, and postoperative morbidity. This article advocates tailoring the operative approach to each acoustic neuroma according to its size, location, and clinical manifestations.
Conjugate ESPRIT (C-SPRIT)

In this paper, we present an algorithm to estimate the direction of the arrival angles (DOAs) from noncoherent one-dimensional (1-D) signal sources such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and M-ary amplitude shift keying (MASK). The proposed algorithm can provide a more precise DOA estimation and can detect more signals than well-known classical subspace-methods MUSIC and ESPRIT for the 1-D signals. The complexity is the same as that of ESPRIT since the proposed algorithm uses the same array geometry and subarray processing that ESPRIT does. The main differences between the proposed algorithm and the ESPRIT algorithm are as follows: 1) the number of overlapping array elements between two subarrays is equal to M in the proposed algorithm, while in ESPRIT the maximum number of overlapping elements is M-1, where M denotes the total number of array elements, and 2) the proposed algorithm employs the conjugate of rotation matrix (CRM) /spl Phi//sup */ while ESPRIT uses /spl Phi/ with no conjugate for the second subarray geometry.
Sodium sulfate potentiates N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA) nephrotoxicity in the Fischer 344 rat

The agricultural fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) induces nephrotoxicity as its major toxicity in rats. Previous studies have shown that NDPS induces nephrotoxicity following oxidation of the succinimide ring to form N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS) and the hydrolysis product of NDHS, N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA). Our recent work found that sodium sulfate potentiated NDPS nephrotoxicity, suggesting that sulfate conjugation of NDPS metabolites might be a bioactivation step mediating NDPS nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine if sodium sulfate also potentiated the nephrotoxicity of the two nephrotoxic metabolites of NDPS and further to see if sodium sulfate potentiated NDHS and 2-NDHSA nephrotoxicity to the same degree. Male Fischer 344 rats (4-16 rats/group) received an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of sodium sulfate (10 mg/kg) 20 min before a non-nephrotoxic dose (0.05 mmol/kg, ip) of NDHS or 2-NDHSA, or vehicle (12.5% dimethyl sulfoxide in sesame oil). Renal function was then monitored over 48 h. Sodium sulfate pretreatment potentiated the renal effects of a non-nephrotoxic dose of NDHS and 2-NDHSA to induce nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity was characterized by diuresis, increased proteinuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, increased kidney weight and proximal tubular necrosis. Differences in the potentiation of NDHS and 2-NDHSA nephrotoxicity by sodium sulfate were also observed as NDHS nephrotoxicity was potentiated to a lesser degree than 2-NDHSA-induced nephrotoxicity. These results support the likelihood that one or more sulfate conjugate(s) of NDPS metabolites contribute to NDPS nephrotoxicity.
Evaluation of helium cooling for fusion divertors

Abstract The divertors of future fusion reactors will have a power throughput of several hundred megawatts. The peak heat flux on the divertor surface is estimated to be 5–15 MW m−2 at an average heat flux of 2 MW m−2. The divertors have a requirement of both minimum temperature (100°C) and maximum temperature. The minimum temperature is dictated by the requirement to reduce the absorption of plasma, and the maximum temperature is determined by the thermomechanical properties of the plasma facing materials. Coolants that have been considered for fusion reactors are water, liquid metals and helium. Helium cooling has been shown to be very attractive from safety and other considerations. Helium is chemically and neutronically inert and is suitable for power conversion. The challenges associated with helium cooling are (1) manifold sizes, (2) pumping power, and (3) leak prevention. In this paper the first two of the above design issues are addressed. A variety of heat transfer enhancement techniques is considered to demonstrate that the manifold sizes and the pumping power can be reduced to acceptable levels. A helium-cooled divertor module was designed and fabricated by GA for a steady-state heat flux of 10 MW m−2. This module was recently (August 1993) tested at Sandia National Laboratories. At the inlet pressure of 4 MPa, the module was tested at a steady-state heat flux of 10 MW m−2. The pumping power required was less than 1% of the power removed. These results verified the design prediction.
Some Extensions of an Inequality of Vapnik and Chervonenkis

The inequality of Vapnik and Chervonenkis controls the expectation of the function by its sample average uniformly over a VC-major class of functions taking into account the size of the expectation. Using Talagrand's kernel method we prove a similar result for the classes of functions for which Dudley's uniform entropy integral or bracketing entropy integral is finite.
Collaboration between Smads and a Hox protein in target gene repression

Hox proteins control the differentiation of serially iterated structures in arthropods and chordates by differentially regulating many target genes. It is yet unclear to what extent Hox target gene selection is dependent upon other regulatory factors and how these interactions might affect target gene activation or repression. We find that two Smad proteins, effectors of the Drosophila Dpp/TGF-β pathway, that are genetically required for the activation of the spalt ( sal ) gene in the wing, collaborate with the Hox protein Ultrabithorax (Ubx) to directly repress sal in the haltere. The repression of sal is integrated by a cis-regulatory element (CRE) through a remarkably conserved set of Smad binding sites flanked by Ubx binding sites. If the Ubx binding sites are relocated at a distance from the Smad binding sites, the proteins no longer collaborate to repress gene expression. These results support an emerging view of Hox proteins acting in collaboration with a much more diverse set of transcription factors than has generally been appreciated.
On the kernel of the Gassner representation

We study the Gassner representation of the pure braid group P n by considering its restriction to a free subgroup F. The kernel of the restriction is shown to lie in the subgroup [Γ3F, Γ2F], sharpening a result of Lipschutz.
Tandem Oxidation/Halogenation of Aryl Allylic Alcohols under Moffatt−Swern Conditions

Aryl allylic alcohols are converted to halogenated unsaturated ketones or allylic halides using excess Moffatt−Swern reagent. Electron-poor aromatic rings favor formation of the halogenated ketone, while electron-donating substituents in the ortho or para positions favor formation of the allylic halide. The oxidation/halogenation reaction performs well with both oxalyl chloride and oxalyl bromide, providing access to the corresponding chlorides or bromides, respectively.
Hadrons and quarks in lattice QCD

Abstract I report on recent progress in numerical simulations of Quantum Chromodynamics on the lattice and hadron mass spectrum calculations.
Efficient randomized algorithms for some geometric optimization problems

In this paper we first prove the following combinatorial bound, concerning the complexity of the vertical decomposition of the minimization diagram of trivariate functions: Let $$\mathcal{F}$$ be a collection ofn totally or partially defined algebraic trivariate functions of constant maximum degree, with the additional property that, for a given pair of functionsf, fźź $$\mathcal{F}$$ , the surfacef(x, y, z)=fź(x, y, z) isxy-monotone (actually, we need a somewhat weaker property). We show that the vertical decomposition of the minimization diagram of $$\mathcal{F}$$ consists ofO(n3+ź) cells (each of constant description complexity), for any ź>0. In the second part of the paper, we present a general technique that yields faster randomized algorithms for solving a number of geometric optimization problems, including (i) computing the width of a point set in 3-space, (ii) computing the minimum-width annulus enclosing a set ofn points in the plane, and (iii) computing the "biggest stick" inside a simple polygon in the plane. Using the above result on vertical decompositions, we show that the expected running time of all three algorithms isO(n3/2+ź), for any ź>0. Our algorithm improves and simplifies previous solutions of all three problems.
Entropy-constrained finite-state residual vector quantization: a new scheme for low-bit-rate coding

Finite-state vector quantization (FSVQ) is known to give a better performance than a memoryless vector quantization (VQ). Recently, a new scheme that incorporates a finite memory into a residual vector quantizer (RVQ) has been developed. This scheme is referred to as finite-state RVQ (FSRVQ). FSRVQ gives better performance than the conventional FSVQ with a substantial reduction in the memory requirement. The codebook search complexity of an FSRVQ is also reduced in comparison with that of the conventional FSVQ scheme. This paper presents a new variable-rate VQ scheme called entropy-constrained finite state residual vector quantization (EC-FSRVQ). EC-FSRVQ is designed by incorporating a constraint on the output entropy of an FSRVQ during the design process. This scheme is intended for low bit rate applications due to its low codebook search complexity and memory requirements. Experimental results show that the EC-FSRVQ outperforms JPEG at low bit rates.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of guanidinoglycosides.

The new guanidinylation reagent N,N‘-diBoc-N‘ ‘-triflylguanidine was used to efficiently convert multiamine-containing glycosides including kanamycin A and B, tobramycin, paromomycin, and neomycin B to the corresponding fully guanidinylated analogues (guanidinoglycosides). This transformation occurs in the presence of H2O under mild conditions. Guanidinotobramycin and guanidinoneomycin B were found to inhibit the replication of the HIV virus with activities approximately 100 times greater than the parent aminoglycosides.
TREATMENT OF CANCER OF THE PANCREAS BY INTRAOPERATIVE ELECTRON BEAM THERAPY: PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Radiation therapy has had a significant and an expanded role in the management of cancer of the pancreas during the last decade. In particular, for locally advanced disease, radiation therapy has improved the median survival of patients to 1 year. Intraoperative electron beam therapy has been applied to unresectable and resectable pancreatic cancer in an attempt to enhance local control of disease and to improve patient survival. This paper presents a survey of the role of radiation therapy in treatment of cancer of the pancreas, provides information on the radiobiological aspects of this treatment modality and details the physical and dosimetric characteristics of intraoperative radiation therapy with electrons. Presented are the design specifics of an applicator system, central axis beam data, applicator parameters, dose distribution data, shielding, treatment planning and means of verification. Emphasis is placed on the collaboration and cooperation necessary for all members of the intraoperative radiation therapy team including surgeons, radiation therapists, medical physicists, anesthesiologists, technologists, and nurses.
Differences in cognitive coping strategies among pain-sensitive and pain-tolerant individuals on the cold-pressor test

A recent study observed a behavioral dichotomy of pain responsivity using a tonic pain model, suggesting that this paradigm might be useful for studying individual differences accompanying this dichotomous pattern. The present study was conducted to replicate this dichotomy and examine group differences on measures of cognitive coping, affect, and pain perception on the cold-pressor test. As found in the previous study, a bimodal distribution of pain tolerance was observed. Forty-seven subjects were classified as pain-sensitive and 24 were identified as pain-tolerant. Consistent with previous studies, more males tended to be pain-tolerant compared to females. Paintolerant subjects used significantly less catastrophizing than pain-sensitive subjects, and marginal differences were observed for other coping styles. The groups differed on several pain measures but not on the measures of affect. These results suggest that certain cognitive coping styles are related to pain responsivity, and may be an important distinguishing feature between pain-sensitive and pain tolerant-subjects.
Azine Synthesis via Nitrogen-Nitrogen Bond Formation

Abstract Imine anions, generated by reaction of nitrites with organometallic reagents, are dimerized to form symmetrical azines through the use of CuI and t-butyl peroxybenzoate.
Concerning the double scaling limit in the O(N) vector model in four dimensions

The 1/N expansion for the O(N) vector model in four dimensions is reconsidered. It is emphasized that the effective potential for this model becomes everywhere complex just at the critical point, which signals an unstable vacuum. Thus a critical O(N) vector model cannot be consistently defined in the 1/N expansion for four dimensions, which makes the existence of a double-scaling limit for this theory doubtful.
Green Computing Algorithmics

The converging trends of society's desire/need for more sustainable technologies, exponentially increasing power densities within computing devices, and exponentially more computing devices, have inevitably pushed power and energy management into the forefront of computing design and management for purely economic reasons. Thus we are in the midst of a green computing revolution involving the redesign of information technology hardware and software at all levels of the information technology stack. This revolution has spawned a multitude of technological challenges, many of which are algorithmic in nature. We provide pointers into the literature on the green computing algorithmics.
Nonlocal potentials for short-range electronic correlation in atoms, molecules, and solids

Extending density functional theory (DFT) to an ab initio orbital functional theory (OFT) requires new methodology for nonlocal exchange and correlation potentials. This article describes such modifications to a standard Dirac–Slater atomic program. Unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) theory is extended by a modified Colle–Salvetti ansatz for short-range electronic correlation. Results are reported for atoms He–Ne. Values of parameters needed for similar calculations on molecules and solids are reported. Implementation of nonlocal exchange and correlation for such extended systems, using multiple scattering theory to connect independent calculations in space-filling atomic cells, is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Acoustical effects of a large ridge on low-frequency sound propagation in stationary and moving atmospheres

The effects of a ridge on a low-frequency acoustic propagation in quiescent and windy atmospheres are investigated using a parabolic approximation. A logarithmic wind-speed profile, commonly employed to model atmospheric wind currents, is modified and used to model two-dimensional atmospheric flow over a triangularly-shaped hill. The parabolic equation is solved using an implicit finite-difference algorithm. Several examples are examined to determine the combined effects of source-ridge distance, ridge dimensions, wind-speed profile, and CW source frequency on the received acoustic field.
Small elements in fermion mass matrices and anomalous dipole moments

Abstract Assuming the small entries in the mass matrices are produced by fermion-scalar loops, we calculate the anomalous dipole moments of the leptons and quarks. The top quark appears in all the loops as the mass seed. When comparing the results with experimental data, including electric and magnetic dipole moments, and radiative transition rates, we obtain the mass limits which are typically larger than. 1 TeV for the relevant neutral scalars, and 70 TeV for the relevant lepto-quarks. We the discuss the P- P mixing with a toy model. Rates of the known mixings require the masses of some neutral scalars to be large.
Protocols for the analysis of theoretical optical rotations

The availability of sophisticated quantum mechanical methods for predicting molecular optical rotations has revolutionized the determination of molecular stereochemistry. However, the objectives and approaches used for the applications of optical rotation vary from one laboratory to the other. With the number of applications of optical rotation increasing at an unprecedented rate, it is considered necessary to discuss the protocols for the general use of optical rotations predicted with quantum mechanical methods. A summary of the quantum mechanical methods for predicting optical rotations and protocols for the use of predicted optical rotations are presented in this article.
Stereoretentive Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Ritter Reactions of Secondary Cycloalkanols

A Ritter-like coupling reaction of cyclic alcohols and both aryl and alkyl nitriles to form amides catalyzed by copper (II) triflate is described. These reactions proceed in good yields under mild and often solvent-free conditions. With 2- and 3-substituted cycloalkanols, amide products are formed with near complete retention of configuration. This is likely due to fast nucleophilic capture of a non-planar carbocations (hyperconjomers) stabilized by ring hyperconjugation. A critical aspect of this novel catalytic cycle is the in situ activation of the alcohol substrates by thionyl chloride to form chlorosulfites.
Energetically consistent boundary conditions for electromechanical fracture

Energetically consistent crack face boundary conditions are formulated for cracks in electromechanical materials. The model assumes that the energy of the solid can be computed from standard infinitesimal deformation theory and that the opening of the crack faces creates a capacitive gap that can store electrical energy. The general derivation of the crack face boundary conditions is carried out for non-linear but reversible constitutive behavior of both the solid material and the space filling the gap. It is shown that a simple augmentation of the J-integral can be used to determine the energy release rate for crack advance with these boundary conditions. The energetically consistent boundary conditions are then applied to the Griffith crack problem in a polar linear piezoelectric solid and used to demonstrate that the energy release rate computed near the crack tip is equivalent to the total energy release rate for the solid-gap system as computed from global energy changes. A non-linear constitutive law is postulated for the crack gap as a model for electrical discharge and the effects of the breakdown field on the energy release rate are ascertained.
Issues in human/computer control of dexterous remote hands

Much research on dexterous robot hands has been aimed at the design and control problem associated with their autonomous operation, while relatively little research has addressed the problem of direct human control. While many of the issues in mixed computer/human control of dexterous hands parallel those found in supervisory control of traditional remote manipulators, the unique geometry and capabilities of dexterous hands pose many new problems. Among these are the control of redundant degrees of freedom, grasp stabilization and specification of nonanthromorphic behavior. An overview is presented of progress made at the MTI AI Laboratory in control of the Salisbury three-finger hand, including experiments in grasp planning and manipulation by controlled slip. The author also suggests how it might be possible to introduce human control into the process at a variety of functional levels. >
Influence of franchisee selection criteria on outcomes desired by the franchisor

Abstract Agency theory suggests that an efficient contract between a franchisor (principal) and a franchisee (agent) could be established by the use of selection criteria that would screen prospective franchisees based on their likely future outcomes desired by their franchisors. Franchisors can use franchisee selection criteria as a key input control to enhance the outcomes of their future franchisees. This article examines the relationship between key franchisee selection criteria such as franchisees’ financial capability, experience and management skills, demographic characteristics, attitude toward business dimensions (perceived innovativeness, desire for personal development, seek work-related challenges, personal commitment to the business, and business risk-taking), and key measures of outcomes desired by franchisors (perceived cooperation, satisfaction with the business decision, and franchisee opportunism). The findings show that certain franchisee attitudes toward business can be used as an effective input control strategy by franchisors because they explain a substantial portion of the variance in franchisees’ outcome desired by franchisors.
The Emission of Positive Ions from Metals

DURING the study by me of critical potentials in metallic vapours (Phys. Rev., August 1928), it was noticed that positive ions were given off by heated metals and that these ions persisted for very long periods of heat treatment. A determination of e/m of the positive ions from heated metals gives the following results. Copper, iron, nickel, and platinum when heated, give alkaline ions only, as has been found by other observers. Tungsten, molybdenum, and tantalum when heated to a temperature where vaporisation becomes appreciable, give ions the atomic weights of which agree with that of the metal emitting them. Other metals are under investigation.
Beyond critical thinking: student learning through critical action in an undergraduate environmental economics course

We describe a project introduced in an environmental economics course that engaged students in critical action. Critical action takes students beyond critical thinking, teaching them to think critically in analysing classroom material and to frame action critically with the intention of fostering social change. In this application, students were asked to analyse and question the neoclassical rational actor model, and then design a project to simultaneously test this model and undertake a socially beneficial activity. The students’ reactions to the project are presented and analysed.
Proof of the Kurlberg-Rudnick rate conjecture

In this paper we present a proof of the {\it Hecke quantum unique ergodicity rate conjecture} for the Berry-Hannay model. A model of quantum mechanics on the 2-dimensional torus. This conjecture was stated in Z. Rudnick's lectures at MSRI, Berkeley 1999 and ECM, Barcelona 2000.
Observations of Gamma-Ray Outbursts from Galactic Microquasars

The BATSE earth-occultation database provides nine years of coverage for 75 γ-ray sources in the energy range 35–1700 keV. For transient sources, this long time-base dataset makes it possible to study the repeated outbursts from individual objects. We have used the JPL data analysis package EBOP (Enhanced BATSE Occultation Package) to derive the light curves and the time evolution of the spectra for the black hole candidate and microquasar sources GRO J1655–40 and GRS 1915+105.We find that GRO J1655–40, during high-intensity flaring periods, is characterized by a single power-law spectrum up to 500 keV with a spectral index consistent with that observed by OSSE. During one flare observed contemporaneously with OSSE and HEXTE, the GRO J1655–40 spectrum was observed to steepen as the γ-ray intensity increased. For GRS 1915+105, the spectrum during high intensity flaring periods can be characterized by a broken power law with a time-varying high-energy component. The spectra of these microquasars differ from the black hole candidates Cygnus X-1, GRO J0422+32, and GRO J1719–24, which have thermal contributions to their spectra when in high γ-ray states. This suggests that there may be two different classes of Galactic black hole candidates.
The A dependence of open charm and bottom production

We study inclusive heavy quark and exclusive heavy quark pair production in pp, pA and AA interactions. Intrinsic transverse momentum is introduced in pp interactions. Nuclear effects, limited to k{sub T} broadening and nuclear shadowing, are introduced in pA and AA interactions. The nuclear dependence is studied over a range of energies, both in fixed target and collider setups.
Complete measurements of two-photon ionization of atomic rubidium using elliptically polarized light

We report in detail our complete characterization of atomic photoionization via a single measurement, namely, that of the two-photon photoelectron angular distribution using elliptically polarized light. Through these measurements we are able to determine the atomic parameters necessary to unambiguously describe two-photon ionization of atomic rubidium. These parameters include relative cross sections for photoionization into various outgoing channels as well as the phase difference between the continuum S and D partial waves. We present a derivation of the angular distribution with arbitrarily polarized light in terms of these cross sections and phases, demonstrate the advantages of using elliptically polarized light, discuss details of the experiment, and report the results of our measurements in this paper. While measured phase differences are in excellent agreement with expected values over the entire range of photoelectron kinetic energy of our measurements from 0 to 0.5 eV, ratios of cross sections for photoionization into the two D channels are anomalous, suggesting unexpected fine structure effects in these continua.
Widely Applicable Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Tertiary Alkyl‐Containing 1‐Alkanols by Zirconium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Carboalumination of Alkenes and Palladium‐ or Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling

A highly enantioselective and widely applicable method for the synthesis of various chiral 2-alkyl-1-alkanols, especially those of feeble chirality, has been developed. It consists of zirconium-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes (ZACA), lipase-catalyzed acetylation, and palladium- or copper-catalyzed cross-coupling. By virtue of the high selectivity factor (E) associated with iodine, either (S)- or (R)-enantiomer of 3-iodo-2-alkyl-1-alkanols (1), prepared by ZACA reaction of allyl alcohol, can be readily purified to the level of ≥99% ee by lipase-catalyzed acetylation. A variety of chiral tertiary alkyl-containing alcohols, including those that have been otherwise difficult to prepare, can now be synthesized in high enantiomeric purity by Pd- or Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling of (S)-1 or (R)-2 for introduction of various primary, secondary, and tertiary carbon groups with retention of all carbon skeletal features. These chiral tertiary alkyl-containing alcohols can be further converted into the corresponding acids with full retention of the stereochemistry. The synthetic utility of this method has been demonstrated in the highly enantioselective (≥99% ee) and efficient syntheses of (R)-2-methyl-1-butanol and (R)- and (S)-arundic acids.
Room temperature, copper-catalyzed amination of bromonaphthyridines with aqueous ammonia.

Room temperature, copper-catalyzed amination of amido-bromo-1,8-naphthyridines is reported. Use of Cu2O and aqueous ammonia at ambient temperature affords amination products in 10−87% yield. Bromonaphthyridines are prepared in 15−65% yield via treatment of amidonaphthyridinones with phosphorus tribromide. This methodology provides an alternative route to functional, nonsymmetric 2,7-diamido-1,8-naphthyridines.
SIMULATING X-RAY SUPERCAVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON GALAXY CLUSTERS

Recent X-ray observations of hot gas in the galaxy cluster MS 0735.6+7421 reveal huge radio-bright, quasi-bipolar X-ray cavities having a total energy ~1062 erg, the most energetic active galactic nucleus (AGN) outburst currently known. We investigate the evolution of this outburst with two-dimensional axisymmetric gas dynamical calculations in which the cavities are inflated by relativistic cosmic rays (CRs). Many key observational features of the cavities and associated shocks are successfully reproduced. The radial elongation of the cavities indicates that CRs were injected into the cluster gas by a (jet) source moving out from the central AGN. AGN jets of this magnitude must be almost perfectly identically bipolar. The relativistic momentum of a single jet would cause a central AGN black hole of mass 109 M ☉ to recoil at ~6000 km s–1, exceeding kick velocities during black hole mergers, and be ejected from the cluster-center galaxy. Observed deviations from bipolar symmetry in the radio cavities can be caused by subsonic flows in the ambient cluster gas, but reflection shocks between symmetric cavities are likely to be visible in deep X-ray images. When the cavity inflation is complete, 4PV underestimates the total energy received by the cluster gas. Deviations of the cluster gas from hydrostatic equilibrium are most pronounced during the early cavity evolution when the integrated cluster mass found from the observed gas pressure gradient can have systematic errors near the cavities of ~10%-30%. The creation of the cavity with CRs generates a long-lasting global cluster expansion that reduces the total gas thermal energy below that received from the cavity shock—even this most energetic AGN event has a net cooling effect on cluster gas. One gigayear after this single outburst, a gas mass of ~6 × 1011 M ☉ is transported out beyond a cluster radius of 500 kpc. Such post-cavity outflows can naturally produce the discrepancy observed between the cluster gas mass fraction and the universal baryon fraction inferred from Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations.
Synthesis of unsaturated bicyclic lactones and acetals via palladium-promoted cyclization of cyclic allylic alcohols

Abstract Unsaturated bicyclic lactones are readily prepared by converting cyclic allylic alcohols to the corresponding α-chloromercurio acetate esters and reacting them with Li 2 PdCl 4 . The corresponding acetals can be synthesized directly by reaction of the allylic alcohols with ethyl vinyl ether and Pd(OAc) 2 .
Fourier expansions of GL(2) newforms at various cusps

This paper studies the Fourier expansion of Hecke–Maass eigenforms for GL(2,ℚ) of arbitrary weight, level, and character at various cusps. Translating well known results in the theory of adelic automorphic representations into classical language, a multiplicative expression for the Fourier coefficients at any cusp is derived. In general, this expression involves Fourier coefficients at several different cusps. A sufficient condition for the existence of multiplicative relations among Fourier coefficients at a single cusp is given. It is shown that if the level is 4 times (or in some cases 8 times) an odd squarefree number then there are multiplicative relations at every cusp. We also show that a local representation of GL(2,ℚ p ) which is isomorphic to a local factor of a global cuspidal automorphic representation generated by the adelic lift of a newform of arbitrary weight, level N, and character χ (mod N) cannot be supercuspidal if χ is primitive. Furthermore, it is supercuspidal if and only if at every cusp (of width m and cusp parameter=0) the mp l Fourier coefficient, at that cusp, vanishes for all sufficiently large positive integers l. In the last part of this paper, a three term identity involving the Fourier expansion at three different cusps is derived.
On the Structure of Weak Hopf Algebras

We study the group of group-like elements of a weak Hopf algebra and derive an analogue of Radford's formula for the fourth power of the antipode S, which implies that the antipode has a finite order modulo, a trivial automorphism. We find a sufficient condition in terms of Tr(S2) for a weak Hopf algebra to be semisimple, discuss relation between semisimplicity and cosemisimplicity, and apply our results to show that a dynamical twisting deformation of a semisimple Hopf algebra is cosemisimple.