cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ese Ejja Accent

UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2013) Nicholas Rolle UC Berkeley “Ese Ejja Accent” 1 n.rolle@berkeley.edu Ese Ejja is a Takanan language spoken in the Bolivian Amazon. This study presents a description and analysis of stress accent on nouns and verbs, arguing for a specific representation of these data, and positing a limited OT account. Data come from Vuillermet’s (2012) PhD dissertation - hereafter referred to as (V:page number) - who presents an extensive description and organization of these accent facts, documenting approximately 2,000 verb forms. Most words in Ese Ejja have a single primary accent (synonymous here with “stress”), which falls on one of the first three syllables of the word, whose consistent phonetic correlate is high pitch. Ese Ejja has distinct accent patterns on nouns versus verbs, showing phonological patterns differing by part of speech. Accent placement depends on a complex interaction of factors, based on (1) inherent accent of a word, (2) accent assignment from affixes/clitics, (3) accent assignment based on part of speech, (4) rules of accent clash resolution, (5) rules of (trochaic) footing, (6) rules of directionality, and (7) restrictions on the primary stress (word stress) window. [Transcription note: I use σ to indicate primary stress, and σ secondary, rather than ˈ and ˌ ] Relevant phonology background Ese Ejja has four monophthong phonemes /i e a o/, and three (rising) diphthongs /i a i o oe/, written as , , and respectively; contrastive falling diphthongs (e.g. [ai ]) do not exist. Vowel length is not contrastive, and adjacent vowel-vowel sequences are pronounced separately (V:172). The canonical syllable structure is (C)V; underlying codas do not exist. The only surface codas are glides which result from vowel-vowel sequences, e.g. /mei/ “stone” [mej]. Cliticization reveals these vowels as underlying heterosyllabic, e.g. /mei=a/ “strone=INSTR” [meia] ( * [meja]) (V:177-8). Noun Accent 2 In order to understand both noun and verb accent, we must distinguish between three types of (surface) accents. One type is an inherent accent on a syllable, specified in the lexical entry of a morpheme (an unpredictable accent). A second type is assigned accent, an accent which is assigned to a specific part of a morpheme by an accompanying affix/clitic, by construction, and/or due to its use as a particular part of speech. A third type is footing accent, an accent which falls on a syllable based on the trochaic footing algorithm, applying subsequent to the first and second types. These are shown in example (0). In (0a), bishe has inherent accent on /she/. In contrast, in (0b), the clitic =nixe assigns an accent to the final syllable of the noun inawewa, which then based on footing assigns stress two syllables away, on /na/. This manuscript owes much to discussion with Marine Vuillermet (first and foremost), Zach O’Hagan, and Sharon Inkelas. These data come from (V:200-205). I will not discuss noun compounds (e.g. noun+adj), or the e-noun class, e.g. ese “tooth”, eshaxa “ear”, emekishe “nail”, in which the e- here is best analyzed as extra-metrical.
Fast algorithms for Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation and H infinity optimization

Fast algorithms are derived for the scalar and tangential directional Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation problems. These fast algorithms require fewer multiplications than standard algorithms for these problems. The scalar interpolation problem, which arises in SISO (single input single output) H infinity optimization, is solved using a three-term recurrence similar to that of the so-called split algorithms for linear prediction. The tangential directional interpolation problem, which arises in MIMO (multiple input multiple output) H infinity optimization, is solved using an algorithm similar to a series of Householder transformations. Applications to H infinity optimization are noted. >
Enabling ubiquitous application access for IoT

Ubiquitous and efficient information access is key in IoT environment. For such enablements, Cloud is leveraged for ubiquitous content access (anywhere and anytime) where some example services are Dropbox, iCloud, SkyDrive, and Google Drive. An eco-system of applications and services has been made possible by Cloud based platforms that were not feasible that easily. These use cases have successfully allowed users to access their content ubiquitously and seamlessly from a wide variety of desktop as well as mobile devices of their choice. Extending this abstraction to personalized applications stack, we propose and build a personalized application access leveraging Internet of Thing (IoT) framework to support access to personalized applications from anywhere on any device. First, we develop a framework for application virtualization that decouples an application from any specific platform or device and enables access to personalized application access at per user level. Next we provide an implementation of this framework for applications on Windows platform leveraging Amazon S3 cloud storage although our approach can be implemented for any platform with any other cloud systems.
Clinical Outcomes Among Children With Standard-Risk Medulloblastoma Treated With Proton and Photon Radiation Therapy: A Comparison of Disease Control and Overall Survival

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare long-term disease control and overall survival between children treated with proton and photon radiation therapy (RT) for standard-risk medulloblastoma. Methods and Materials This multi-institution cohort study includes 88 children treated with chemotherapy and proton (n=45) or photon (n=43) RT between 2000 and 2009. Overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and patterns of failure were compared between the 2 cohorts. Results Median (range) age was 6 years old at diagnosis (3-21 years) for proton patients versus 8 years (3-19 years) for photon patients ( P =.011). Cohorts were similar with respect to sex, histology, extent of surgical resection, craniospinal irradiation (CSI) RT dose, total RT dose, whether the RT boost was delivered to the posterior fossa (PF) or tumor bed (TB), time from surgery to RT start, or total duration of RT. RT consisted of a median (range) CSI dose of 23.4 Gy (18-27 Gy) and a boost of 30.6 Gy (27-37.8 Gy). Median follow-up time is 6.2 years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.1-6.6 years) for proton patients versus 7.0 years (95% CI: 5.8-8.9 years) for photon patients. There was no significant difference in RFS or OS between patients treated with proton versus photon RT; 6-year RFS was 78.8% versus 76.5% ( P =.948) and 6-year OS was 82.0% versus 87.6%, respectively ( P =.285). On multivariate analysis, there was a trend for longer RFS with females ( P =.058) and higher CSI dose ( P =.096) and for longer OS with females ( P =.093). Patterns of failure were similar between the 2 cohorts ( P =.908). Conclusions Disease control with proton and photon radiation therapy appears equivalent for standard risk medulloblastoma.
Prescribing Institutions Without Ideal Theory

rev REG 30,8,10 Prescribing Institutions Without Ideal Theory ∗ D AVID W IENS Philosophy, University of Michigan I. PRELIMINARIES Political philosophers are not shy to prescribe ways to design social and political institutions so as to eradicate or at least mitigate various actual injustices. The conventional wisdom is that such prescriptions are the province of nonideal theory but that ideal theory is required as a guide for nonideal theory. On this view, our first task is to specify fully just principles of regulation—that is, principles that regulate the constitution of fully just institutional arrangements. 1 These principles subsequently guide and constrain our attempts to prescribe institutional solutions to address actual injustices. 2 Call this the ideal guidance approach to institutional design. This view is
The Lung Cancer and Cigarette Smoking Web page: a pilot study in telehealth promotion on the World Wide Web.

BACKGROUND: Diseases caused by tobacco products are the number one preventable health problem.
Diethylnitrosamine oncogenesis in RF mice as influenced by variations in cumulative dose.

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was given to male RF mice in the drinking water at levels of 2–11.5 mg/kg body weight daily for varying periods; cumulative doses ranged from 57 to 943 mg/kg body weight. In all treated groups, incidences of lung adenomas, hepatomas, and forestomach squamous cell carcinomas exceeded those in controls; maximum incidences reached 84%, 98%, and 100%, respectively, as compared with control values of 41%, 5%, and 0%. At lower doses, incidence of liver tumors increased linearly with dose, reaching 80–90% at DEN doses of 300 mg/kg and above, whereas the lowest dose of DEN induced a maximum incidence of lung tumors. Only at the lowest dose did DEN fail to induce a maximum incidence of stomach tumors. The mean survival time, mean age at death with all types of tumors, and minimum induction times decreased with increasing dose. DEN did not exert a leukemogenic effect at the doses used, and an inhibitory effect is even suggested: only 1/371 (0.3%) DEN-treated mice developed myeloid leukemia and 4/371 (1%) thymic lymphoma, compared with control values of 7/162 (4%) and 6/162 (3.7%), respectively. At the lowest dose used, the lung appears most sensitive (maximum tumor induction), the stomach intermediate in sensitivity, and the liver least sensitive to DEN-oncogenesis.
SOYBUG: An expert system for soybean insect pest management

Abstract An expert system has been developed to advise Florida farmers on control of four important insect pests of soybeans: velvetbean caterpillar, stink bug, corn earworm, and soybean looper. SOYBUG integrates a variety of threshold rules based on crop phenology and economics, and gives specific recommendations of pesticides and application rates. A major goal of the SOYBUG project was to develop working knowledge acquisition techniques. The primary technique developed was based on calibration/validation cycles which used large numbers of scenarios to elicit the experts' opinions about very narrow, difficult issues. This technique had the advantage of de-emphasizing intensive personal interviews. The results of these techniques and the details of SOYBUG are presented. Validation tests show that SOYBUG provides better site-specific recommendations than can be obtained through extension bulletins.
Plasma acrolein levels and their association with delayed ischemic neurological deficits following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a pilot study.

Background: The molecular mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) remain unclear. Acrolein, a reactive metabolite produced in many models of mechanical and ischemic injury, has been shown to cause vasospasm in coronary artery and aorta models. These traits suggest it may play a role in post-aSAH cerebral vasospasm. This pilot study was designed as a preliminary investigation to determine if acrolein levels could be used as a clinical tool to predict the presence of vasospasm.Methods: Eleven patients with aSAH and Hunt and Hess admission grades of III–V were prospectively enrolled. Patients were stratified according to the presence or absence of vasospasm, defined as a delayed ischaemic neurological deficit in which all other possible causes have been excluded. Soluble acrolein levels were determined at two times points: early (day 1–3 post-SAH) and late (day 8–12 post-SAH) and the change in acrolein levels over this period was computed using a Mann–Whitney tes...
Nearly ab Initio Thermochemistry: The Use of Reaction Schemes. Application to IO and HOI

Reaction energetics from ab initio calculations are almost always combined with experimental data to derive enthalpies of formation. Some popular strategies are discussed, and a simple criterion is suggested for estimating the accuracy to be expected from using an arbitrary reaction. We recommend using more than one reaction scheme whenever possible and suggest how the results from different reactions may be combined in a weighted average. The uncertainties of the derived values can be estimated from the averaging procedure and by comparing the results obtained using different basis sets and treatments of electron correlation. As examples, we compute the gas-phase thermochemistry for IO-, IO, IO+, and HOI. As a check, analogous calculations are also done for the corresponding bromine species. Finally, we recommend that appropriate experimental data be exploited whenever they are expected to be more accurate than their theoretical counterparts. While compiling the auxiliary data to support these calculatio...
Are municipalities Tieboutian clubs

This paper seeks empirical confirmation of the hypothesis that municipalities are Tieboutian clubs. Using data from the 1990 Census for Los Angeles County, the work proceeds in three stages. First, factor analysis identifies the basis vectors to describe census tracts. Secondly, an analysis of variance for each factor shows that municipal boundaries reinforce club distinctions along four dimensions: urban scale, ethnicity, household type, and economic class. Finally, using cluster analysis we conclude that the structure of clubs here is highly fragmented. We conclude that municipalities are indeed Tieboutian clubs, although there may be further spatial clustering at a higher level of aggregation.
Reformulation of the Majorana Theory of the Neutrino

The Majorana theory for a particle with mass is reformulated in terms of a two-component field. In this form it is seen that the theory goes over continuously to the Weyl-type two-component equation as the mass tends to zero. The asymmetries obtained in $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$ decay experiments are shown to imply only that the neutrino mass is small---not that it is zero. Also the asymmetries are shown to be no more implied by the use of a two-component theory than by the use of a four-component one. Two-component theories do imply certain relations between mass, parity nonconservation, and double $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay. That there are asymmetries is due to the fact that the interactions necessary to describe the physical world are not reflection-invariant.
Three-dimensional structure of the calcite-water interface by surface X-ray scattering

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of the calcite (104)–water interface has been determined with surface X-ray scattering. Nine crystal truncation rods (including specular and non-specular rods) were measured providing both vertical and lateral sensitivity to the interfacial structure. The results reveal that calcite is nearly ideally terminated with a single surface hydration layer that includes two inequivalent water molecules having distinct heights of 2.3 ± 0.1 and 3.5 ± 0.2 A, each with a well-defined lateral registry with respect to the calcite surface. No additional layering of water is observed beyond this surface hydration layer. Small displacements in the outer two calcium carbonate layers were also observed. These results are compared with previous experimental and computational results.
The calculation of screw characteristics for the extrusion of non‐Newtonian melts

Common methods of calculating screw characteristics are reviewed, and predictions of performance based on these techniques are compared with those based upon the exact solution for simultaneous pressure and drag flow in a plane infinite slit. The error made in superimposing pressure and drag flow, as if each were independent of the other, is indicated. Some brief remarks are also made with regard to the effect of transverse (cross-channel) flow on the output of the extruder.
Anticonvulsant action of intranigral γ-vinyl-GABA: role of noradrenergic neurotransmission☆

Intranigral γ-vinyl-GABA (GVG) suppresses electroshock seizures (ES). This anticonvulsant action was blocked by systemic treatment with the α2-antagonist idazoxan. Consequently, we tested the idea that intranigral GABA mimetics suppress ES by increasing noradrenergic (NE) neuronal activity. Contrary to our hypothesis. GVG decreased NE turnover. This result indicates that while the seizure-suppressant effect of intranigral GVG requires α2-mediated NE neurotransmission, the mechanism of this anticonvulsant action is not by increasing NE neuronal activity.
Adoption of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy For Early-Stage Breast Cancer From 2004 Through 2011

Purpose Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a newer method of radiation therapy (RT) that has been increasingly adopted as an adjuvant treatment after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). IMRT may result in improved cosmesis compared to standard RT, although at greater expense. To investigate the adoption of IMRT, we examined trends and factors associated with IMRT in women under the age of 65 with early stage breast cancer. Methods and Materials We performed a retrospective study of early stage breast cancer patients treated with BCS followed by whole-breast irradiation (WBI) who were ≤65 years old in the National Cancer Data Base from 2004 to 2011. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with receipt of IMRT (vs standard RT). Results We identified 11,089 women with early breast cancer (9.6%) who were treated with IMRT and 104,448 (90.4%) who were treated with standard RT, after BCS. The proportion of WBI patients receiving IMRT increased yearly from 2004 to 2009, with 5.3% of WBI patients receiving IMRT in 2004 and 11.6% receiving IMRT in 2009. Further use of IMRT declined afterward, with the proportion remaining steady at 11.0% and 10.7% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Patients treated in nonacademic community centers were more likely to receive IMRT (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-1.43 for nonacademic vs academic center). Compared to privately insured patients, the uninsured patients (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.95) and those with Medicaid insurance (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.79-0.95) were less likely to receive IMRT. Conclusions The use of IMRT rose from 2004 to 2009 and then stabilized. Important nonclinical factors associated with IMRT use included facility type and insurance status.
Density Functional Mean Field Theory Of Crystal-Melt Interfaces

Abstract We present a density-functional approach for crystal-melt interface tension of simple metals. The theory is applied to simple bcc metal Na, and simple fcc metals Al and Pb. Comparing with available experimental surface tensions of these elements, the calculated results are in fairly good agreement with the measurements by conjecturing that the 10–90 width of the interfacial transition zone is about ten atomic layers, which is motivated from computer simulation.
Joint continuity and a Doob-Meyer type decomposition for renormalized intersection local times

Abstract We study renormalized self-intersection local times γn(μx;t) for Levy processes, where the n-fold multiple points are weighted by the translate μx of an arbitrary measure μ. General sufficient conditions are provided which insure that γn(μx; t) is a.s. jointly continuous in x and t. Our proof involves a new Doob-Meyer type decomposition of γn(μx; t) as the difference of a martingale and a lower order renormalized self-intersection local time.
Radiometric calibration of GOES-7 VISSR solar channels during the GOES pathfinder benchmark period☆

Abstract The GOES-7 VISSR solar channels are radiometrically calibrated for the period from June 1987 through November 1988. Space, White Sands, and the Sonora Desert are used as calibration targets. Three different calibrations were performed: 1) using the stretched data (i.e., retransmitted data operationally destriped using NOAA's normalization procedure) and considering individual VISSR detectors separately; 2) using the stretched data averaged over the eight VISSR detectors; and 3) using the stretched data further destriped according to Simpson et al. (1995) and then averaged over the eight VISSR detectors. The third approach provides the best results (i.e., best equalization of the detectors). Because of uncertainties in the modeling of the VISSR radiance, using separate calibration coefficients for each detector (first approach) may not reduce the striping significantly. The calibration coefficients exhibit low frequency changes that are not correlated with seasonal variations in the extraterrestrial solar irradiance. High frequency fluctuations are large, and they are due in part to NOAA's normalization procedure and to calibration uncertainties. Differences between the calibration coefficients of individual detectors also are large, as well as changes between consecutive VISSR acquisition times. Comparison of untampered (retransmitted data but not operationally destriped using NOAA's normalization procedure) “Wednesday” 1848 GMT data with stretched 1831 and 1901 GMT data indicates that NOAA's normalization procedure, though imperfect, reduces substantially the stripes present in the unstretched data. There is evidence, however, that NOAA's normalization procedure introduced artificial variations in the count squared of the targets that in one instance resulted in 30% lower calibration coefficients. The average calibration coefficients are generally higher by 15% than the values of Rossow et al. (1992); they are in better agreement with the values of Abel et al. (1992) and Whitlock et al. (1994). It is recommended that the radiometric calibration of the VISSR solar channels should be performed as frequently as possible (every day). Though the stripes in the VISSR data transmitted to Wallops Island should be reduced for operational, real-time purposes (e.g., weather analysis and forecast), the original unnormalized data should be archived for subsequent use in quantitative, scientific applications.
Security and integrity controls for microcomputers: a summary analysis

Abstract This article addresses the impact of microcomputers on information system integrity and security and suggests modifications to system controls appropriate to both standalone and networked microcomputers. Common business applications are identified and associated threats described. Appropriate control measures are discussed, including ways of creating an environment for microcomputing and methods of achieving data integrity and security.
Growth of an orientationally ordered incommensurate potassium overlayer and its order-disorder transition on the Cu(111) surface.

The evaporation of potassium onto the Cu(111) surface at 80 K results in the formation of an incommensurate orientationally ordered structure as observed by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). The incommensurate structure appears when the potassium coverage is near 0.09, and can be characterized as a non-close-packed-hexagonal phase with an interatomic spacing continuously varying with concentration from 6.3 to 4.4 A\r{}. As the temperature is increased, the incommensurate phase with larger K-K spacing (g5.2 A\r{}) undergoes three transition stages as identified by LEED intensity and beam-width (full width at half maximum) measurements: (i) a better ordered hexagonal phase, (ii) a hexatic phase, and (iii) a disordered phase. The incommensurate phase with smaller K-K spacing (l5.2 A\r{}), however, undergoes only two transition stages: (i) a better ordered hexagonal phase and (ii) a disordered phase. The incommensurate overlayer may behave as a ``two-dimensional solid.''
Whistler-mode excitation and electron scattering during an interchange event near Io

[1] The enhanced growth rate of whistler-mode waves has been evaluated during an extended interchange event in the Io torus that occurred between 1709–1715 UT, on December 7, 1995. The energetic electron population observed by the Galileo EPD instrument is modeled using a bi-loss-cone distribution function (composed of a highly anisotropic component and a quasi-isotropic component). During the injection event, the path integrated gain increases by more than a factor of ten over a broad frequency range near a few tenths of the electron gyrofrequency, consistent with the observed enhancement in Galileo PWS emissions. The enhanced PWS emissions are mainly associated with an increase in the flux of cyclotron resonant electrons below 55 keV. Scattering of electrons by the enhanced whistler-modes causes the pitch-angle distribution of resonant electrons to evolve from a normal “pancake” distribution in the unperturbed torus to a quasi-isotropic distribution during the interchange event. This change provides an enhanced flux of electrons with mirror points close to Jupiter, which could be important for understanding the enhancement of Jovian auroral emissions in association with electron injection events.
A nonlinear convolution scheme to simulate bridge aerodynamics

A linear convolution scheme involving first-order (linear) kernels for linear bridge aerodynamics is first reviewed and the significance of the selection of proper input parameters is emphasized. Following the concept of nonlinear indicial response function, the linear convolution scheme is extended to the nonlinear convolution scheme involving higher-order (nonlinear) kernels for the treatment of nonlinear bridge aerodynamics using a ''peeling-an-onion'' type procedure. Utilizing an impulse function as input, a comprehensive kernel identification scheme is developed. A numerical example of a long-span suspension bridge is investigated to verify the fidelity of the proposed nonlinear convolution scheme.
Dimensionality of the Measure of Ingratiatory Behaviors in Organizational Setiyings (MIBOS) Scale

The present study examined the dimensionality of K. Kumar and M. Beyerlein's Measure of Ingratiatory Behaviors in Organizational Settings (MIBOS) scale, which is composed of four subscales: (a) Other Enhancement, (b) Opinion Conformity, (c) Self-Presentation, and (d) Favor Rendering. Confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL7 on data collected from 203 state government employees failed to confirm the Kumar and Beyerlein solution. Follow-up analyses using exploratory factor analysis highlight the difficulties involved in arriving at an unequivocal solution that adequately distinguishes scale items. Suggestions are offered to improve the psychometric properties of the MIBOS scale.
Transcultural Nursing: Quo Vadis: (Where Goeth the Field?):

A modified version of this paper was published in Transcultural Nursing: A Futuristic Field of Health Care, edited by M. Carter, Memphis, Tennessee: The Trancultural Nursing Society, 1986, pp. 1-14...
The eco-behavioural view of human societies and its implications for systems science†

The OECD List of Social Indicators (1982) represents a new level of scientific maturity and consensus in specifying objective social indicators and relating them to well-established economic and social data systems. This paper proposes, as a next step, the experimental development of social system accounts and models incorporating the new indicators and the established data systems within a more comprehensive framework based on behaviour settings. As the immediate environments of all human behaviour and experience in market and non-market organizations alike, behaviour settings collectively contain the entire living-time of the population of a community, region, or nation in a given accounting period. An exhaustive classification of behaviour settings in (say) the United States would include about 400 categories analogous to, and in some cases identical with, industries ; the paid roles in behaviour settings are occupations and the unpaid ones could be classified into a limited number of quasi-occupations...
Older Methadone Patients Achieve Greater Durations of Cocaine Abstinence with Contingency Management Than Younger Patients

Background and Objectives Contingency management (CM) interventions are efficacious in treating cocaine abusing methadone patients, but few studies have examined the effect of age on treatment outcomes in this population. This study evaluated the impact of age on treatment outcomes in cocaine abusing methadone patients. Methods Data were analyzed from 189 patients enrolled in one of three randomized studies that evaluated the efficacy of CM versus standard care (SC) treatment. Results Age was associated with some demographics and drug use characteristics including racial composition, education, and methadone dose. Primary drug abuse treatment outcomes did not vary across age groups, but CM had a greater benefit for engendering longer durations of abstinence in the middle/older and older age groups compared to the younger age groups. At the 6-month follow-up, submission of a cocaine positive urine sample was predicted by submission of a cocaine positive sample at intake, higher methadone doses, and assignment to SC rather than CM treatment. Conclusions and Scientific Significance As substance abusers are living longer, examination of the efficacy of pharmacological and psychosocial treatments specifically within older age groups may lead to a better understanding of subpopulations for whom enhanced treatments such as CM are warranted. (Am J Addict 2013;22:119-126)
Detection of enzyme activity in orthotopic murine breast cancer by fluorescence lifetime imaging using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer–based molecular probe

Cancer-related enzyme activity can be detected noninvasively using activatable fluorescent molecular probes. In contrast to "always-on" fluorescent molecular probes, activatable probes are relatively nonfluorescent at the time of administration due to intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of peptide linkers results in reduced FRET and increase of fluorescence yield. Separation of signal from active and inactive probe can be difficult with conventional intensity-based fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence lifetime (FLT) measurement is an alternative method to detect changes in FRET. Thus, we investigate FLT imaging for in vivo detection of FRET-based molecular probe activation in an orthotopic breast cancer model. Indeed, the measured FLT of the enzyme-activatable molecular probe increases from 0.62 ns just after injection to 0.78 ns in tumor tissue after 4 h. A significant increase in FLT is not observed for an always-on targeted molecular probe with the same fluorescent reporter. These results show that FLT contrast is a powerful addition to preclinical imaging because it can report molecular activity in vivo due to changes in FRET. Fluorescence lifetime imaging exploits unique characteristics of fluorescent molecular probes that can be further translated into clinical applications, including noninvasive detection of cancer-related enzyme activity.
Morphological evidence of apoptosis in chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus.

Summary Two-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens were infected with the infectious bursal disease virus by the ocular route. Immediately, and at 4 and 8 days after infection, groups of three chickens were killed and tissue samples were collected. Under electron microscopical examination, typical apoptotic cells were seen in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) and in the spleen. Tissue sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin were subjected to image analysis to quantify cellular depletion in the follicles of the BF. Unstained sections were treated with a terminal deoxy-transferase-based kit to detect apoptotic cells. The numbers of apoptotic cells at different stages of infection were counted by image analysis. The results revealed a rapid depletion of cells in the BF and a simultaneous increase in apoptotic cells.
Leukoplakia and carcinoma in situ synchronously associated with invasive oral/oropharyngeal carcinoma in Rochester, Minn., 1935–1984

Previous investigations into the association between oral/oropharyngeal carcinoma and clinical white patches (leukoplakia) have noted that the latter lesion is found adjacent to malignancies in 10% to 100% of all carcinomas of this site. This is an unacceptable variation in results and probably relates more to the referral biases inherent in hospital-based studies than to any other factor. The present population-based study, which is relatively free of selection bias, demonstrates that 62%, 36%, and 18% of invasive carcinomas of the labial vermilion, oral cavity proper, and oropharynx, respectively, have leukoplakia lesions of immediately adjacent mucosal surfaces. Only 7% of invasive carcinomas have juxtaposed carcinoma in situ, whereas another 2% have severe epithelial dysplasia. Mucosal carcinomas associated with leukoplakias appear to be smaller, more mature histologically, and more likely to be only superficially invasive; such carcinomas present with fewer metastases at diagnosis and provide a better prognosis than similar carcinomas not associated with leukoplakia.
Tubular expression of heat-shock protein 27 inhibits fibrogenesis in obstructive nephropathy.

Morphological changes that occur during kidney injury involve actin skeleton remodeling. Here we tested whether heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27), a small stress response protein involved in cytoskeletal remodeling, protects the kidney from tubulointerstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Tubular cell HSP27 immunostaining was significantly increased in human kidneys with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, supporting the clinical relevance of our studies. To develop an animal model for mechanistic studies, we generated transgenic mice that specifically overexpress human HSP27 in renal tubules, under the kidney androgen–regulated protein promoter, and determined the effects of HSP27 overexpression on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and tubulointerstitial fibrosis following unilateral ureteral obstruction. This was associated with decreased fibrogenesis as evidenced by significant declines in phosphorylated p38MAPK, collagen III, α-smooth muscle actin, 4-hydroxynonenal, and reduced trichrome staining following obstruction. Notably, E-cadherin and β-catenin remained at the cell membrane of tubular cells in transgenic mice with an obstructed ureter. Monocyte/macrophage infiltration, however, was not significantly affected in these transgenic mice. Thus, tubular HSP27 inhibits fibrogenesis in obstructive nephropathy. Further studies are needed to determine pathways regulating the interactions between HSP27 and the E-cadherin–β-catenin complex.
Economic development policy in Taiwan: achievements, challenges, and implications

This study examines Taiwan's economic development experience and identifies major achievements and challenges. The study first provides an overview of the past development record by analyzing several key economic indicators. It then explores major factors contributing to economic development, including general social background and supporting economic conditions as well as government development policy and activities. The paper especially focuses on changes and challenges resulting from the implementation of internationalization and liberalization of economic policy and the introduction of political democratization since the 1980s. The paper concludes with the implications of Taiwan's achievements and challenges.
Selective inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by indium chloride in rat kidney: Biochemical and ultrastructural studies

Abstract Indium chloride, a nephrotoxic and porphyrogenic chemical, exerts a tissue-specific inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase in rat kidney. This effect appears to be related to the preferential accumulation of indium by the kidney proximal tubule cell and to the selective localization of indium within the cytosolic fraction of that cell type, as assessed by electron microscopy. The reversal of indium-induced inhibition of renal ALA dehydratase both in vivo and in vitro by zinc suggests that indium acts by binding with sulfhydryl groups of the enzyme. The synergistic effects of lead and indium with respect to inhibition of renal ALA dehydratase suggest that exposure to weak sulfhydryl inhibitors such as the group III metals may enhance the renal toxicity of other metals which may not in themselves exert overt toxic effects in that organ.
On k-chromatically connected graphs

A graph G is chromatically k-connected if every vertex cutset induces a subgraph with chromatic number at least k. Thus, in particular each neighborhood has to induce ak-chromatic subgraph. Godsil, Nowakowski and Nesetril asked whether there exists ak-chromatically connected graph such that every minimal cutset induces a subgraph with no triangles. We show that the answer is positive in a special case, when minimal is replaced by minimum cutsets. We will also answer another related question suggested by Nesetril by proving the existence of highly chromatically connected graphs in which every vertex neighborhood induces a subgraph with a given girth.
Vascular disease prevention in patients with diabetes.

Summary Prevention is the key to reducing the vascular sequelae of diabetes. Prevention starts with good glycaemic control and continues with a comprehensive programme of risk modification, such as lipid-lowering therapy, antihypertensive treatment, and improved lifestyle. With regard to lipid modification, agents such as statins may provide additional, non-lipid effects in both the diabetic and non-diabetic patient. This review discusses recent studies supporting risk reduction, available treatments, and recommendations applicable to the diabetic patient.
Apparatus for controlling the Oxidation-reduction Potential of Waterlogged Soils

OXIDATION-REDUCTION or redox potential measurements have been widely used in the study of chemical and biological reactions in waterlogged soils. The oxidation-reduction potential is used to characterize aeration in waterlogged soils because the more commonly used measurements of oxygen concentration and oxygen diffusion rate are of little value. Dissolved oxygen is usually completely absent or present in very low concentration in a waterlogged soil.
Role of renal sonography in the intensive care unit.

Purpose This study was conducted to evaluate the role of portable renal sonography in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 402 ICU patients who underwent renal sonography. We recorded demographic data, underlying disease, type of ICU, renal function test results, etiology of renal failure, need for dialysis, and outcome for patients with acute renal failure (ARF). The indications for and results of sonography were analyzed. Results The most common indication for a renal sonographic examination was ARF (320/402, 79.6%). Hydronephrosis was found in 5 patients with ARF. Chronic renal failure was confirmed by sonography in 40% of the patients with an indeterminate cause of renal failure. In 33% of cases of complicated urinary tract infections, sonography revealed abnormalities. Renal sonography was also useful for follow-up assessment of patients treated with percutaneous nephrostomy and patients with a history of renal tumor, hydronephrosis, adrenal tumor, hematuria of unknown cause, or fever of unknown origin. Conclusions Since renal disease is common in the ICU, renal sonography is a convenient and useful diagnostic tool in this setting. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 33:72–75, 2005
Differential expression of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms by thyroid hormone and lithium in rat GH3 and B103 cells.

Abstract Background: The interaction between lithium, a mood stabilizer, and the thyroid axis has been extensively studied; however, the regulation of thyroid hormone receptors by lithium is yet to be investigated. Methods: To test whether lithium affects thyroid hormones at the receptor level, we examined the effects of lithium in combination with triiodothyronine (T3) on gene expression of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in GH3 and B103 cells. Results: The pattern of expression as well as the magnitude of regulation of the different thyroid hormone receptor isoforms appeared to be cell line specific. Whereas T3 regulated all four isoforms in GH3 cells at both time points, T3 did not alter thyroid hormone receptor TRα1 and TRα2 mRNA in B103 cells. Addition of lithium to thyroid hormone-deficient GH3 cells decreased TRα1, α2, and β2 expression without affecting TRβ1 expression at 2 but not 5 days. Addition of lithium to T3-treated GH3 cells did not further modulate gene expression of TRα1, α2, β1, or β2 when compared to cells treated with T3 alone. The effects of lithium in B103 cells appeared to be isoform specific as well as time dependent, since TRα1 expression was selectively decreased in B103 cells, when treated with T3 in the presence of lithium. Conclusions: The present study provides direct evidence that T3 and/or lithium regulate TR gene expression in vitro in a both time-dependent and cell line-specific manner.
Measurement of military helmet- and head-mounted display (HMD) visor optical properties

This paper examines the light transmission, reflection, and scattering characteristics of military helmet visors used for see-through helmet-mounted displays (HMDs). HMDs used for the within-visual-range counter-air mission normally use the inner surface of the helmet visor to reflect the HMD image to the pilot's eye. This approach is popular because it minimizes any optical structures that interfere with the pilot's vision, while also maximizing see-through to the ambient scene. In most cases, a reflective coating, which increases the cost of the helmet visor significantly, must be applied in the inner surfaces in order to achieve enough contrast between the HMD image and the external light passing through the visor. Recently, with the development of high luminance miniature cathode-ray-tubes, it has been possible to eliminate the reflective coatings on neutral density helmet visors having a see-through range of 13 - 35%. This paper examines the light management properties of both types of visors. The paper stresses measurement techniques that produce repeatable results and what these results might imply about visual performance under operational lighting conditions.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Is there a genetic basis for health disparities in human immunodeficiency virus disease

The highest global prevalence rates for human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome have been recorded in southern Africa; in the United States, individuals of African descent are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus infection. Human immunodeficiency virus–infected individuals with African ancestry are also estimated to have a 17-fold or greater risk for developing human immunodeficiency virus–associated nephropathy in comparison with their counterparts of non-African descent. Several recent studies have implicated genetic alleles that are more frequent in populations of African descent and increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus–associated neuropathy (HIVAN). The supposition that persons of African descent are more susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus infection because of an underlying genetic predisposition is not supported by available evidence. However, strong, replicated data show that the increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus–associated nephropathy, as well as other major forms of kidney disease in individuals of African descent, is due in part to MYH9 (myosin, heavy chain 9, non-muscle) renal disease susceptibility alleles that are very frequent throughout sub-Saharan Africa but are infrequent or absent in non-Africans. Selection, drift, and demographic events shape the allelic architecture of the human genome: it is expected that these events will be reflected in geographic-specific differentiation in allele frequencies for a small subset of alleles that may be associated with either increased or reduced risk for complex and infectious diseases. Mt Sinai J Med 77:149–159, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Chondromyxoid fibroma of the nasal septum: a case report emphasizing clinical correlation.

Abstract Chondromyxoid fibromas are uncommon tumors most often seen in long bones of adolescent and young males. Involvement of craniofacial bones is extremely unusual, with sporadic case reports described in the literature. We describe the first case of chondromyxoid fibroma arising in the nasal septum with local destruction and expansile growth into the ethmoid bone and inferior turbinate in a 60-year-old female. The fortuitous discovery of this otherwise asymptomatic lesion and its follow-up are detailed. The literature is reviewed and salient clinical, radiographic, and pathologic correlative findings are emphasized.
Nonlinear programming approach to locally constrained variational calculations

The standard variational problem is modified so that the local behavior of the wave function is indirectly incorporated into the optimum energy calculation. The minimum energy is determined subject to certain inequality constraints, formulated so that the reduced local energy is bounded above and below by a certain error, at different points in configuration space. This modified formulation of standard variational theory constitutes a problem in nonlinear programming. The gradient projection method has been employed to solve this problem. Calculations are carried out using the Hartree–Fock formalism for the ground state of the helium atom.
Focal brain hyperthermia. I. The cerebellar cortex.

Focal brain hyperthemic methodology has been described and data presented on the cerebellum which show that enhancement of electrical activity of cerebellar cortex occurs when this method is used with careful monitoring of temperature. The duration of electrically induced cerebral after-discharges is shortened when cerebellar warming reaches 39.5–42.0°C. Since these effects are repeatable over many hours, there appears to be little, if any, resultant damage. Such induced changes in the cerebrum resemble those previously reported in which electrical stimuli were applied to the cerebellar cortex.
Thermodynamics of formation of ammonium, sodium and potassium alums and chromium alums

Abstract The Pitzer ion-interaction model has been used for thermodynamic simulation of the binary Cr 2 (SO4) 3 H2O, KCr(SO4) 2 H2O, and ternary (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 H 2 O, Na 2 SO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 H 2 O, K 2 SO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 H 2 O, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 H 2 O, Na 2 SO 4 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 H 2 O, and K 2 SO 4 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 H 2 O systems at T=298.15 K. The optimum values of the binary parameters of ionic interactions for chromium solutions have been calculated using osmotic data for unsaturated binary solutions. The mixing parameters have been chosen on the basis of the compositions of saturated ternary solutions and data on the binary solubility of the alums and chromium alums in water. Good agreement between experimentally determined and calculated solubilities has been found. Important thermodynamic characteristics (thermodynamic solubility product, standard molar Gibbs energy of formation) of the solid phases (simple and double salts) crystallizing in the systems under consideration are determined.
Recent advances in dystrophin research

Evidence suggesting that dystrophin is a component of the membrane cytoskeleton of excitable cells continues to accumulate. Whereas the specific mechanisms leading to muscle pathology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy are still being debated it is apparent that the progressive weakness that occurs in this disease is the result of a chronic process that is initiated by dystrophin deficiency.