cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A client/server case study for software engineering students

A goal of the Studio course in the Master of Software Engineering program at Carnegie Mellon University is to bridge the gap between experience and academics. One way to transfer experience to young software engineers is through case studies designed to focus students on specific software engineering problems. This paper discusses my experience with developing a case study to improve students' analytical capabilities and introduce the importance of considering maintenance and implementation issues in software design. The case study, developed as a classroom assignment, proved an effective tool to teach software engineering students that there are more things to consider than performance specifications.
Measuring absolute infrared spectral radiance with correlated visible photons: technique verification and measurement uncertainty

An experimental system in which correlated photons for radiometric measurements were used has been set up at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. We use visible-IR pairs of correlated photons produced by means of optical parametric downconversion to measure the radiance of a high-temperature IR source at 3.415 and 4.772 μm in an intrinsically absolute manner (i.e., without requiring any externally calibrated radiometric standard). To our knowledge, this is the only radiometric method with which one measures radiance directly, instead of using radiant power and aperture geometry measurements to deduce radiance indirectly. This technique has an additional unusual characteristic: It allows absolute radiometric measurements of IR radiation to be made with high-quality visible detectors. We compare measurements made with this technique with radiance measurements made with conventional means tied to existing radiometric standards. These comparisons show an average agreement to within ∼3% between the two methods. The results demonstrate an accuracy consistent with the estimated uncertainty of the current measurements. This is the first time to our knowledge that this method has been used to provide absolute radiance measurements of a source that has been calibrated conventionally, revealing unexpected systematic effects and allowing estimates of the ultimate accuracy of this method. In addition, these measurements are further into the IR than any previous measurements of this process and have produced the highest thermally stimulated downconversion signal yet seen.
Ulysses solar wind plasma observations from pole to pole

We present Ulysses solar wind plasma data from the peak southerly latitude of −80.2° on 12 September 1994 through the corresponding northerly latitude on 31 July 1995. Ulysses encountered fast wind throughout this time except for a 43° band centered on the solar equator. Median mass flux was nearly constant with latitude, while speed and density had positive and negative poleward gradients, respectively. Solar wind momentum flux was highest at high latitudes, suggesting a latitudinal asymmetry in the heliopause cross section. Solar wind energy flux density was also highest at high latitudes.
Novel benefits of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors on cardiovascular risk.

Purpose of review This review provides an overview of newly described mechanisms by which peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) (α, γ, and δ) regulate several factors associated with cardiovascular risk. Recent findings PPAR agonists have known effects on plasma lipoprotein levels, inflammation, and insulin resistance all of which influence the risk of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies provide more detail regarding the mechanisms behind these changes. PPAR-α activation in the enterocyte on HDL and chylomicron formation. PPAR-γ agonists reduce inflammation, in part, through direct effects on adipocytes and regulatory T cells within visceral adipose. PPAR-δ also has a relatively high expression in the macrophage. Incubation of macrophages with PPAR-δ agonists was shown to inhibit foam cell formation induced excessive levels of VLDL remnants. Summary Treatments that activate PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and PPAR-δ alone or in combination have the potential to reduce cardiovascular risk although multiple independent mechanisms. Treatment with PPAR agonists can reduce the burden of atherogenic postprandial lipoproteins and improve vascular function, reduce inflammation and inhibit foam cell formation. All of these would be expected to have favorable effects on cardiovascular risk. The challenge remains to develop compounds that maximize these potential cardiovascular benefits while minimizing undesirable effects of these compounds.
Description and prediction of resting metabolic rate after stroke and traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Objective To compare the effect of stroke on the metabolic rate compared with the effect of traumatic brain injury and to determine whether the metabolic rate is predictable in both types of brain injury. Methods Indirect calorimetry was conducted prospectively in mechanically ventilated patients within the first 6 d of admission to a critical care unit owing to ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, isolated traumatic brain injury, or traumatic brain injury with collateral injuries. Clinical data were collected simultaneously and a predicted value of the resting metabolic rate was calculated using the Penn State equation (using body size, body temperature, and minute ventilation). Results One hundred thirty patients were measured. Ischemic stroke showed a lower incidence of fever, a lower body temperature, and a lower resting metabolic rate than the other groups; whereas in hemorrhagic stroke, these variables were similar to the trauma groups. Sedation decreased the resting metabolic rate, but this effect seemed particular to the trauma patients. The Penn State equation predicted the resting metabolic rate accurately 72% of the time, and when its component variables of body temperature and minute ventilation were controlled in an analysis of variance, all the differences among the brain injury and sedation groups were eliminated. Conclusion Stroke is a hypermetabolic event most of the time. Body size, temperature, and minute ventilation explain most of the variation in the resting metabolic rate after traumatic and non-traumatic brain injuries. The Penn State equation therefore predicts the resting metabolic rate in brain-injured patients no matter the mechanism of injury.
Global simulations of ice nucleation and ice supersaturation with an improved cloud scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model

[1] A process-based treatment of ice supersaturation and ice nucleation is implemented in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). The new scheme is designed to allow (1) supersaturation with respect to ice, (2) ice nucleation by aerosol particles, and (3) ice cloud cover consistent with ice microphysics. The scheme is implemented with a two-moment microphysics code and is used to evaluate ice cloud nucleation mechanisms and supersaturation in CAM. The new model is able to reproduce field observations of ice mass and mixed phase cloud occurrence better than previous versions. The model is able to reproduce observed patterns and frequency of ice supersaturation. Simulations indicate homogeneous freezing of sulfate and heterogeneous freezing on dust are both important ice nucleation mechanisms, in different regions. Simulated cloud forcing and climate is sensitive to different formulations of the ice microphysics. Arctic surface radiative fluxes are sensitive to the parameterization of ice clouds. These results indicate that ice clouds are potentially an important part of understanding cloud forcing and potential cloud feedbacks, particularly in the Arctic.
Primary lymphoma of bone. Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging features with cytokine production by tumor cells

Background. Primary lymphoma of bone is a rare, aggressive neoplasm that can present with a large, soft-tissue mass despite minimal evidence of cortical destruction on plain radiographs. Methods. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of four patients with primary lymphoma of bone were reviewed retrospectively, and in each case intramedullary tumors demonstrated “penetrating channels” extending through the cortex. The MRI studies were correlated with the histopathologic assessment of the tumor for each patient. Immunohistochemistry was performed for immunophenotyping and for cytokine expression by tumor cells. The cytokines that were investigated were interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, molecules known to regulate osteoclastic activity. Results. The linear cortical foci noted on MRI correlated with the histopathologic findings of tumor-associated cutting cones, in proximity to osteoclastic bone resorption. Immunohistochemical stains showed a B-cell phenotype for each tumor and positive immunoreactivity in tumor cells for cytokine mediators that stimulate osteoclastic activation. Conclusions. These findings indicate that the tumor cells in these cases produce soluble cytokine mediators that may regulate extensive osteoclastic activity. In primary lymphoma of bone, tumor activation of osteoclastic resorption, with production of tumor tunnels through the cortex, may represent one of the mechanisms by which lymphoma escapes the intramedullary space and forms large, soft-tissue masses without extensive cortical destruction. Cancer 1995;75:973-80.
SIMULATION OF MONSOON BOUNDARY-LAYER PROCESSES USING A REGIONAL SCALE NESTED GRID MODEL

A nested grid regional model with a high vertical resolution in the atmospheric boundary layer is used to simulate various atmospheric processes during an active monsoon period. A turbulence kinetic energy closure scheme is used to predict the boundary-layer structure. Model predictions indicate different structures of the boundary layer over land and oceans, as observed. Significant diurnal variation in boundary-layer structure and associated processes is predicted over land and negligible variations over oceans. The Somali jet over the Arabian Sea is well predicted. Location of the predicted monsoon depression and the associated rainfall are in good agreement with the observations. Also, predicted rainfall and its spatial distribution along the west coast of India are in good agreement with the observations.
Flexible MEA for adult zebrafish ECG recording covering both ventricle and atrium

This paper presents a flexible parylene micro-electrode-array (MEA) that records Electrocardiograms (ECG) from the Zebrafish heart in-vivo, covering both the ventricle and atrium area. ECG is a powerful tool for monitoring the heart activity. While ECG technology for human has been well established, this is not true for zebrafish. Our previous work demonstrated baseline ECG recording from zebrafish using MEMS MEAs [1, 2]. However, due to the body structure and small size of the zebrafish (e.g., the heart is roughly 1mm in size and its atrium is buried deep in the thoracic cavity, Fig.1b.), all zebrafish ECGs to date were only recorded from the ventricular side, making it easy to miss important electrophysiological signals from the atrium. To our knowledge, ECG from the atrial angles in Zebrafish has not yet been demonstrated. This work describes a flexible MEA implant (i.e., specially designed according to zebrafish heart anatomy) that records from both the ventricular and the atrial angles. Furthermore, to demonstrate that this device is useful for heart regeneration monitoring, our work also includes ECG recording before and after laser damage on the ventricle (532nm green light, 32mJ/mm2, 20mJ total). This chosen energy level of laser pulse is first calibrated using ablated heart histology by EthD-1 florescence staining. The post injury ECG data clearly show ST-wave depression, an indication of ventricular abnormal repolarization state. In addition, repeated missing T-wave is observed from the channels recorded from the atrial angles, which indicate abnormalities in atrial physiology. A hypothesis is that since absorption coefficient of 532nm light in body tissue is rather low, the laser beam penetrated deeply in the heart and created damage deep in the atrium as well as the ventricle. The MEA presented here shows potential for an effective tool to study long-term adult zebrafish heart development and regeneration.
When good communication go bad: communications recovery for multi-robot teams

Ad-hoc networks among groups of autonomous mobile robots are becoming a common occurrence as teams of robots take on increasingly complicated missions over wider areas. Research has often focused on proactive means in which the individual robots of the team may prevent communication failures between nodes in this network. This is not always possible especially in unknown or hostile environments. This research addresses reactive aspects of communication recovery. How should the members of the team react in the event of unseen communication failures between some or all of the nodes in the network? We present a number of behaviors to be utilized in the event of communications failure as well as a behavioral sequencer to further enhance the effectiveness of these recovery behaviors. The performance of the communication recovery behavior is analyzed in simulation and their application on hardware platforms is discussed.
Disseminated tuberculosis manifesting as cholestasis in a patient with AIDS: a presentation to remember

A 48-year-old man of Indian descent and chronic untreated HIV infection presented with a 3-week history of persistent fever, jaundice and a subacute 10-pound weight loss. His presentation was notable for a painless cholestatic jaundice. An extensive evaluation was pursued around cholestasis and liver disease, with a resulting unremarkable workup for viral, bacterial and tick borne infectious aetiologies. A CT scan of the abdomen fortuitously revealed incidental pleural effusions and a subsequent CT scan of the chest demonstrated miliary infiltrates, suspicious for disseminated tuberculosis (TB). The diagnosis was confirmed by GeneXpert PCR and culture of induced sputa, which were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We have highlighted this unusual presentation of disseminated TB, manifesting initially as cholestasis in a patient with AIDS.
Application of RAM Methods in the Structural Reliability Assessment of Corroded Offshore Pipelines

A comprehensive reliability based formulation is proposed for the assessment of the integrity of corroded pipelines. In this formulation, the inspection technique, the pipeline geometric, material, and operational characteristics, and Limit State model for burst are combined in a general approach. This approach is illustrated with application to evaluation of an in-service gas pipeline.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Fatigue resistance of continuous glass fiber/polypropylene composites: Temperature dependence

The effect of testing temperature on the fatigue resistance of continuous glass fiber/polypropylene (CGF/PP) composites was studied. Fatigue resistance curves (or S-N curves) were obtained at −40°C, 23°C and 50°C. Both on an absolute stress basis and on a normalized stress basis (with respect to the yield stress at the temperature considered), the S-N curves showed that CGF/PP composites had excellent fatigue performance at 23°C and that their performance was actually improved at −40°C (below Tg of the PP matrix). The S-N curves at 50°C showed that, although the composite flexural strength was reduced because of PP matrix softening, their fatigue performance remained relatively high, as it is controlled by the CGF reinforcement. Comparison with a CGF/thermoset isophthalic polyester composite of identical fiber architecture and similar flexural strength at 23°C indicated that the properties of the thermoplastic PP matrix provided improved fatigue resistance, both on an absolute and a normalized basis, especially below the glass transition temperature. It was concluded that the fact that the fatigue performance of the CGF/polyester composite is only weakly temperature-dependent, while that of the CGF/PP composite is strongly temperature-dependent, does not necessarily mean that it shows superior performance. Polym. Compos. 25:622–629, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Mazes and music: using perceptual processing to release verbal overshadowing

Verbal overshadowing occurs when participants describe a previously viewed non-verbal stimulus such as a face prior to a recognition memory test. The results of numerous studies indicate that recognition accuracy is lower when participants describe the face or other non-verbal stimulus as compared to a no-description control condition. In the present two-experiment study, verbal overshadowing was alleviated when participants engaged in a non-verbal task that emphasized perceptual processing subsequent to describing the face but prior to the recognition memory test. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants viewed a face and then either described the face or completed a distractor task. Next, participants in Experiment 1 engaged in a perceptual task in the form of a series of mazes or a verbal task. Participants who described the face and completed the mazes experienced a release from verbal overshadowing as compared to participants who described the face and completed the verbal task. In Experiment 2, verbal overshadowing was alleviated when participants listened to instrumental music after describing the face, thus demonstrating that an auditory perceptual task can also release verbal overshadowing. The results of these two experiments provide support for a processing shift interpretation of verbal overshadowing. Furthermore, the results indicate this shift can be alleviated, and perceptual processing reinstated, by engaging in an unrelated perceptually oriented task such as completing a maze or listening to music. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrolysis in the absence of bulk water 1. Chemoselective hydrolysis of amides using tetrahalophthalic anhydrides

Abstract The reaction of primary and secondary amides with tetrafluorophthalic or tetrachlorophthalic anhydride gives carboxylic acids in good yield. The reaction is chemoselective in that the amide functionality can be hydrolyzed in the presence of ester groups.
Aspiration biopsy of the prostate

Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the prostate was performed on 158 patients and compared to histological material. All patients had Tru-cut needle biopsies; 83 had subsequent prostatectomies, 82 transurethral, 1 suprapubic, and 1 patient had a cystoprostatectomy. Fine needle aspiration biopsies had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 100%. Core biopsies were compared to prostatectomy histologies with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 100%. Fine needle aspiration biopsy is an accurate and well-tolerated method of diagnosing carcinoma of the prostate gland.
Nanoscience of Metal Silicate-Based Pigments

The colored component of several important ancient pigments, including Egyptian blue and Han blue, are based on alkali earth copper tetrasilicate materials. In recent work, we have found that these layered materials can be chemically exfoliated into their constituent monolayers to provide alkali earth copper tetrasilicate nanosheets—defined by nanometer thickness and lateral dimensions that are on the order of several microns. The facile exfoliation of these materials into nanosheets is especially surprising in view of their long history on artifacts under a variety of environmental conditions, and we have examined the issue of whether archaeological samples are affected by this exfoliation mechanism. We have characterized the properties of these nanosheets by an array of analytical techniques, including powder x-ray diffraction, photoluminescence measurements, and Raman spectroscopy. In all cases, we observe differences between nanosheet and bulk samples that originate from the loss of coupling between layers when going from three-dimensional to two- dimensional structures. Both CaCuSi4O10 nanosheets (derived from Egyptian blue) and BaCuSi4O10 nanosheets (derived from Han blue) have strong near-infrared luminescence properties like their bulk counterparts, yet they are amenable to modern solution processing methods. We have demonstrated ink jet printing with CaCuSi4O10 nanosheet inks, as well as the fabrication of nanosheet-based papers. Potential applications for these materials include NIR-based biomedical imaging and security inks.
Ultrathin Vanadium Films on Cu(001): Structure and Magnetism

Abstract X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and magnetic linear dichroism in angular distributions of photoelectrons (MLDAD) have been used to study the structural and magnetic properties of V thin films on Cu(001). For room-temperature growth, XPD and LEED data indicate that below 1 monolayer (ML), equivalent V films exhibit a (2×1) structure that evolves to four domains of bcc (110) at coverages above 1 ML. This multi-domain structure produces a LEED pattern often referred to as ‘(3×1)’. This structure persists to V coverages as high as 100 ML, and the LEED and XPD angular scans indicate that V in these films retains the bulk V lattice constant. MLDAD results for 1–5 ML V films at room temperature and at 150 K provide no evidence for in-plane magnetic ordering. Annealing to 450° C results in V clustering at low coverages accompanied by Cu diffusion. For thick V films, the primary affect of annealing is interdiffusion of Cu and V.
Progesterone-inhibition of oxytocin release during vaginal distention: evidence for a central site of action.

In alternate experiments with each of 6 unanesthetized, mature female goats, progesterone was infused for 60 min into either the lateral cerebral ventricle (2 or 10 μg/min) or the jugular vein (10 or 50 μg/min). Oxytocic activity in chromatographed extracts of plasma was measured by the Ryden-Sjoholm bioassay. Immediately before progesterone was infused, vaginal distention increased the concentration of oxytocin in venous blood from a resting level of 3.1 ± 0.3 to 46.8 ± 9.4 μU/ml plasma (mean ± SEM). At the end of each infusion, the distention stimulus induced a relatively smaller increase in plasma oxytocin. The size of the decrement in response was linearly related, with significant slope, to the logarithm of the infusion rate of progesterone regardless of the route of administration but, comparing equal doses, the central route was 5.75 times more effective than the peripheral route with fiducial limits of 2.82 and 12.36 at the 99.5% confidence level. The infusion vehicle (a mixture of propylene glyco...
Crack detection sensor layout and bus configuration analysis

In crack detection applications large sensor arrays are needed to be able to detect and locate cracks in structures. Emerging graphene-oxide paper sensing skins are a promising technology that will help enable structural sensing skins, but in order to make use of them we must consider how the sensors will be laid out and wired on the skin. This paper analyzes different sensor shapes and layouts to determine the layout which provides the preferred performance. A ‘snaked hexagon’ layout is proposed as the preferred sensor layout when both crack detection and crack location parameters are considered. In previous work we have developed a crack detection circuit which reduces the number of channels of the system by placing several sensors onto a common bus line. This helps reduce data and power consumption requirements but reduces the robustness of the system by creating the possibility of losing sensing in several sensors in the event that a single wire breaks. In this paper, sensor bus configurations are analyzed to increase the robustness of the bused sensor system. Results show that spacing out sensors in the same bus as much as possible increases the robustness of the system and that at least 3 buses are needed to prevent large segments of a structure from losing sensing in the event of a bus failure. This work is a preliminary effort toward enabling a new class of ‘networked materials’ that will be vitally important for next generation structural applications. ‘Networked materials’ have material properties related to information theoretic concepts. An example material property is ‘bandwidth’ per unit of material that might indicate the amount of information the material can provide about its state-of-health.
A mutation accumulation assay reveals a broad capacity for rapid evolution of gene expression

An experiment in twelve different strains of Drosophila suggests that naturally occurring mutations generate a large amount of gene expression variation at a surprisingly rapid rate. After only 200 generations of allowing natural mutations (with weak or no ill effects) to accumulate, gene expression evolution was detected in 40% of all genes. That variation has the potential to fuel evolution, yet comparison of the observed evolutionary rates with differences between species suggests that natural variation is constrained by physical, developmental, or some other factors. Mutation is the ultimate source of biological diversity because it generates the variation that fuels evolution1. Gene expression is the first step by which an organism translates genetic information into developmental change. Here we estimate the rate at which mutation produces new variation in gene expression by measuring transcript abundances across the genome during the onset of metamorphosis in 12 initially identical Drosophila melanogaster lines that independently accumulated mutations for 200 generations2. We find statistically significant mutational variation for 39% of the genome and a wide range of variability across corresponding genes. As genes are upregulated in development their variability decreases, and as they are downregulated it increases, indicating that developmental context affects the evolution of gene expression. A strong correlation between mutational variance and environmental variance shows that there is the potential for widespread canalization3. By comparing the evolutionary rates that we report here with differences between species4,5, we conclude that gene expression does not evolve according to strictly neutral models. Although spontaneous mutations have the potential to generate abundant variation in gene expression, natural variation is relatively constrained.
Enhancement of the responses of human colon adenocarcinoma cells to X-irradiation and cis-platinum by N-methylformamide (NMF)☆

Abstract The ability of the maturational agent N-methylformamide (NMF) to modify the response of exponentially growing clone A human colon adenocarcinoma cells to x-irradiation, cis-platinum (cis-DDP), or x-irradiation combined with cis-platinum was studied using an in vitro clonogenic assay. When clone A tumor cells were adaptively grown in medium containing 1% NMF (V/V) for 3 passages prior to experiments, a significantly increased sensitivity to x-irradiation as compared to non-NMF treated cells was found. This increased sensitivity was most marked in the low dose region of the survival curve (as indicated by a large increase in the a constant in the linear-quadratic equation), and is similar to the increased radiosensitivity observed after treatment of these tumor cells with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Growth in NMF medium also sensitized these cells to the cytotoxic effects of a 1 hr treatment with cis-DDP at 37°C. A dose enhancement factor of about 1.8 was found at the 10% level of survival for the NMF adapted and cis-DDP treated cells as compared to control cells. Clone A cells were treated either immediately prior to or immediately after x-irradiation with a single low dose of cis-DDP (1.5 μg/ml, 1 hour at 37°C) after adaptation to growth in NMF containing medium, and the modification of the X ray survival curve was compared to cells not exposed to NMF and to NMF-treated cells also treated with cis-DDP. For the non-NMF treated cells, the low dose cis-DDP treatment produced no change in the survival parameters of the X ray survival curve. However, the NMF adapted cells exhibited an additional decrement in cell survival, indicating that the effect of NMF on radiation on cis-DDP cell killing was additive in nature when all 3 agents were combined in this protocol. Also, there was no difference between the sequences of cis-DDP (1 hr, 37°C) + X rays versus X rays + cis-DDP (1 hr, 37°C). These data indicate that combinations of differentiation inducing agents, together with chemotherapeutic agents and X rays, may be a promising avenue of investigation in developing strategies for cancer treatment.
Relaxing effects of catecholamines in the heart

The m;:chanisms underlying tlhe positive inotropic and chronotropic actions of catecholamines have received wide attention since the discovery, almost a cemury ago. thnt adrenal extracts could increase both the rate and force of cardiac comractm of the contractile machinery of the I~:art. e.g. a protein kinase that phosphor,latcs one oi the myosin tight chains. may ;also contribute to the signal which iniriatcs cardiac svstole, but these studies a1.e still in their early ~tagcs.) Relaxation. on the other hand. occurs when caliurn becomes dissociated from the high a ffimty Ca*-binding site of troponin. Disvciation of calcium from troponin is currfnlly believed to occur when the Ca* contentration in the cytosol is lowered by tl I e cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. This intr~cellu.l~ membrane system contams a cdciom pump that couples ATP hydrolys: b to the transport of calcium from the cytos ($1 into a region of high C$+ concentration within these membranes. The extent to which calcium will be dissociated from tropnin at any time during relaxation depends on the Ca*-affinity of this protein and ,the rate at which the sarcopkasmic reticulum is pumping calcium. z UrncrNolrrCHoQnd Bun&ii mX# 19MJ Thus. acceleration of relaxation in response to catccholamines could result from a reduced Ca*+-affinity of troponin, a more rapid rate of calcium transport by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, or both. The evidence summarized in this brief review indicates that both of these mechanisms participate in the acceleration of relaxation by catecbolamines.
Identification and quantification of overlapped peaks in liquid chromatography with UV diode array detection using an adaptive Kalman filter

Abstract A method for the identification and quantification of overlapped peaks in liquid chromatography with UV diode array detection is reported. The adaptive Kalman filter, which is optimized using simplex optimization, can detect low levels of isomeric impurities. The filter optimization is based on the maximum information yield from the filtering procedure, and is capable of compensating the model errors. This approach is combined with the commercially available software to result in a complete method for chromatographic peak analysis. A mixture of two isomers, chrysene and benz(a)anthracene, has been evaluated. This method can detect as low as 1 μM benz(a)anthracene in a 121 μM chrysene solution, and 1 μM chrysene in a 106 μM benz(a)anthracene solution. Both, identification and quantification of the major and minor components have been achieved. For the overall method, the prediction errors are within 2% for the major components and within 10% for the minor components. If the reference spectrum of the minor component is unavailable, this filter can also predict the concentration of the major component within an error of 7%. The reliability of this method has been tested by the second isomeric system, a mixture of benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(b)fluoranthene. This method is valid for highly overlapped peaks even when the chromatographic resolution is zero, but an overlap-free region is required in the spectra.
Characterization of glutathione S-transferases in a solitary bee, Megachile rotundata (Fab.) (hymenoptera: megachilidae) and inhibition by chalcones, flavone, quercetin and tridiphane-diol

Abstract 1. 1. The glutathione S -transferases of Megachile rotundata (Fab.) were characterized eletrophoretically and spectrophotometrically. 2. 2. Differences were found between sexes with respect to number of isozymes and activity with age. 3. 3. Inhibition patterns of chalcone, seven of its synthetic derivatives, flavone, quercetin, and tridiphanediol differed with respect to sex and substrate. 4. 4. Comparisons are made with the honey bee, Apis mellifera L.
Reduced computational complexity suboptimal gain allocation for proportionate-type NLMS algorithms with colored inputs

In this work, two suboptimal algorithms were introduced for gain allocation in the colored input case. Each algorithm offers a reduction in computational complexity by removing the sorting function needed in the original algorithm. For stationary colored input signals, the suboptimal algorithms offer improved MSE convergence performance relative to other standard algorithms such the NLMS, PNLMS, and MPNLMS. For non-stationary input signals the suboptimal algorithms do not provide improved MSE convergence performance relative to standard algorithms. The suboptimal algorithms parameters could potentially be tuned to provide better convergence performance.
Vapor Deposition and Properties of Binary Arsenosilicate Glass Films

The deposition characteristics of an argon‐diluted reaction system for the chemical vapor deposition of binary arsenosilicate glass films have been studied systematically as a function of substrate temperature and flow rates of the reactants. Film composition in the range 0 to 20 mole per cent (m/o) can be controlled reproducibly at deposition rates as high as 1000Aa min−1. Properties such as composition uniformity, etch rate, d‐c dielectric strength, and moisture resistance have been measured and their compositional dependence determined.
Peptide-gap inhibitors: I. Competitive inhibition of aminopeptidase M by a hydrolytically resistant dipeptide analogue of glycylleucine.

Abstract A non-hydrolyzable analogue of the dipeptide glycylleucine has been prepared which contains a thiomethylene group substituted for the peptide linkage. The affinity of the analogue (( S )-2-(S-cysteaminyl)-4-methylpentoic acid) for aminopeptidase M is four-fold greater than that of Gly-Leu. Inhibition of the hydrolysis of glycine-p-nitroanilide is competitive. This analogue represents the first member of a new class of compounds which conserves both charge and conformation of the parent compound while presenting a non-hydrolyzable linkage at the normal point of cleavage in a peptide substrate. Analogues of this type may have potential for the design of inhibitors which utilize contiguous enzyme binding sites complementary to both sides of the point of cleavage in normal substrates of proteolytic enzymes.
Faculty and Facebook friending: Instructor–student online social communication from the professor's perspective

U.S. college faculty with Facebook profiles (N = 308) were surveyed about their expectations of students' perceptions of their credibility, professionalism, and approachability in the classroom, as well as mutual connectedness with their instructors, resulting from out-of-classroom socializing with them and teacher self-disclosure on Facebook. Consistent with uses and gratifications theory, these teacher attributes made up the Professors' Expected Relationship Compensation scale (PERC), which was correlated to professors' frequency of Facebook interaction with students (r = 0.41, p < 0.001). Multiple regression confirmed the persistence of this large-sized effect after accounting for the influence of six other variables, including instructors' level of self-disclosure. These characteristics have been shown to relate positively to student-reported enhancements of academic outcomes and satisfaction. Faculty participation in non-academic, online interaction through Facebook shows great promise for augmenting student perceptions of their college experience and academic performance because it aligns professors' uses with students' expectations.
Ontogeny and the evolution of adult body size dimorphism in apes

This analysis investigates the ontogeny of body size dimorphism in apes. The processes that lead to adult body size dimorphism are illustrated and described. Potential covariation between ontogenetic processes and socioecological variables is evaluated. Mixed-longitudinal growth data from 395 captive individuals (representing Hylobates lar [gibbon], Hylobates syndactylus [siamang], Pongo pygmaeus [orangutan], Gorilla gorilla [gorilla], Pan paniscus [pygmy chimpanzee], and Pan troglodytes [“common” chimpanzee]) form the basis of this study. Results illustrate heterogeneity in the growth processes that produce ape dimorphism. Hylobatids show no sexual differentiation in body weight growth. Adult body size dimorphism in Pongo can be largely attributed to indeterminate male growth. Dimorphism in African apes is produced by two different ontogenetic processes. Both pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) become dimorphic primarily through bimaturism (sex differences in duration of growth). In contrast, sex differences in rate of growth account for the majority of dimorphism in common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Diversity in the ontogenetic pathways that produce adult body size dimorphism may be related to multiple evolutionary causes of dimorphism. The lack of sex differences in hylobatid growth is consistent with a monogamous social organization. Adult dimorphism in Pongo can be attributed to sexual selection for indeterminate male growth. Interpretation of dimorphism in African apes is complicated because factors that influence female ontogeny have a substantial effect on the resultant adult dimorphism. Sexual selection for prolonged male growth in gorillas may also increase bimaturism relative to common chimpanzees. Variation in female growth is hypothesized to covary with foraging adaptations and with differences in female competition that result from these foraging adaptations. Variation in male growth probably corresponds to variation in level of sexual selection. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Estimating most productive scale size using data envelopment analysis

Abstract The relation between the most productive scale size (mpss) for paparticular input and output mixes and returns to scale for multiple-inputs multiple-outputs situations is explicitly developed. This relation is then employed to extend the applications of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) introduced by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) to the estimation of most productive scale sizes for convex production possibility sets. It is then shown that in addition to productive inefficiencies at the actual scale size, the CCR efficiency measure also reflects any inefficiencies due to divergence from the most productive scale size. Two illustrations of the practical applications of these results to the estimation of most productive scale sizes and returns to scale for hospitals and stem-electric generation plants are also provided emphasize the advantage of this method in examining specific segments of the efficient production surface.
Precipitation of colloidal silica and pore size distribution in high silica porous glass

Abstract Porous glass was prepared by acid leaching of a phase separated soda borosilicate glass. Fine pores with radius smaller than 15 A and coarse pores with radius larger than 50 A were observed in the glass by nitrogen adsorption and mercury penetration methods, respectively. Effects of the time of heat treatment and the acid/glass ratio, that is, the ratio of volume of leaching acid to the weight of phase separated glass on the characteristics of fine and coarse pores were studied. The size of coarse pores which were ascribed to the phase separated structure was proportional to the cube root of the time of heat treatment. The extraction of silica from specimens by acid solution during leaching increased with increasing acid/glass ratio. The volume of coarse pores was proportional to the amount of extracted silica. These facts are discussed on the basis of the formation of colloidal silica particles from the soluble borate phase during leaching.
MIS characterization and modeling of the electrical properties of the epitaxial CaF 2 /Si(111) interface

CaF2 layers have grown by molecular beam epitaxy on bothn-type andp- type Si(111). Capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) measurements have been made on metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors to characterize these structures. For devices onp-type Si, C-V characteristics show only the insulator value of the capacitance over a wide range of applied voltages, indicating an accumulated surface. At room temperature, C-V characteristics ofn-type devices show the minimum value of the capacitance (corresponding to inversion) for small voltages, but modulation of the capacitance at larger voltages. At 200 K, this modulation is no longer present in the C-V curves. I-V curves show a rapid increase in the leakage current at relatively low fields at room temperature, and this leakage decreases dramatically with temperature. These results are largely independent of cleaning procedure, growth temperature, and the degree of misalignment of the substrate. The characteristics are modeled by assuming the Fermi level to be pinned at the valence-band edge, and the modulation in the C-V characteristics ofn-type samples to be driven by leakage currents.
Whether, to what degree, and why lipoprotein(a) levels change over time

Abstract Our specific aim in this study of 6 ± 2 serial lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) measurements over 1.7 ± 0.5 years in 145 patients (64 men, 81 women, 135 whites, 10 blacks, mean age 63 years) with high Lp(a) (≥ 25 mg/dl) was to assess whether, to what degree, and why Lp(a) levels change over time. A second specific aim was to study the biological coefficient of variation of Lp(a) (C.V. b ). No Lp(a) lowering drugs were given. In the 145 patients, mean (S.D.) and median Lp(a) on entry (70 ± 34 and 59 mg/dl) did not differ from levels on follow-up (72 ± 34 and 64 mg/dl) ( P > 0.4). Mean (S.D.) C.V. b was 18 ± 9%, median 17%, minimum 1.7% and maximum 58%. Three or four samples for Lp(a) measurement should be very adequate to establish a ‘true’ Lp(a) value, since C.V. b s based on three to four samples did not differ ( P > 0.1) from those based on five to six, seven, eight, or nine samples. For patients with mean ± S.D. baseline Lp(a) levels of 39 ± 3, 49 ± 3 and 59 ± 2, 95% of the follow-up values fell in the following ranges: 25–78, 24–93 and 34–104 mg/dl. Lp(a) on study entry was highly correlated with Lp(a) on follow-up ( r = 0.84, P = 0.0001) and with Lp(a)'s C.V. b on follow-up ( r = 0.24, P = 0.003). Entry Lp(a) was inversely correlated with absolute and percent change in Lp(a) on follow-up ( r = −0.38, P = 0.0001 for both). Since the mean C.V. b for Lp(a) is 18%, biological variation of Lp(a) is not likely to contribute substantially to misclassification of Lp(a)-mediated risk for coronary heart disease unless the patient's Lp(a) level is near the categorical cut-off point.
Capillary electrochromatography column behavior of butyl and lauryl acrylate porous polymer monoliths.

Abstract A variety of porous polymer monoliths (PPMs) have been synthesized using the ‘conduct-as-cast’ format. The resulting polymers have been evaluated for use as separation media in capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The results have shown that substituting a small percentage of the standard polymer formulation with a more hydrophobic monomer produced columns with expected increases in retention for a neutral analyte series. However, substituting larger percentages of a more hydrophobic monomer resulted in columns that exhibited less retention. The unexpected behavior of these hydrophobic columns has been attributed to the non-uniform polymerization of the more hydrophobic monoliths. Van Deemter plots of polyaromatic hydrocarbons have been examined to further analyze the unexpected behavior of these columns. H min values ranged from 8.7 to 9.1 μm for the columns evaluated. The effect of the percentage of organic modifier in the mobile phase on the separation has also been studied. The retention window decreases when altering the ACN concentration in the mobile phase from 50% to 80% (v/v).
Reversal of human lymphocyte β-adrenoceptor desensitization by glucocorticoids

To investigate the effect of glucocorticoids on β-agonist-induced desensitization, we studied the effect of a single intravenous dose of methylprednisolone (2 mg/kg) on β-receptor density and affinity in lymphocytes from four normal and four mildly asthmatic subjects at the end of 3 to 5 wk of terbutaline therapy and from four normal subjects taking no other drug. Terbutaline decreased (-) [3H]-dihydroalprenolol binding sites by 53% in normal and by 42% in asthmatic subjects. Methylprednisolone restored the number of binding sites to levels statistically indistinguishable from the preterbutaline values in both groups of subjects. In subjects not exposed to terbutaline beforehand there was no significant alteration in receptor density after methylprednisolone, nor in normal lymphocytes incubated in vitro for 90 min with hydrocortisone (10−5M). No significant change in the dissociation constant was observed in any situation. A single intravenous dose of methylprednisolone reverses terbutaline-induced down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors. This may provide a mechanism for the beneficial effect of steroids in restoring catecholamine responsiveness in asthmatic subjects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 566–571; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.204
Mapping of the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene (GLCLC) to human chromosome 6p12 and mouse chromosome 9D-E and of the regulatory subunit gene (GLCLR) to human chromosome 1p21-p22 and mouse chromosome 3H1-3.

Glutamate-cysteine ligase (EC 6.3.2.2, GLCL), formerly called {gamma}-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of the antioxidant tripeptide glutathione. GLCL consists of a heavy subunit, which possesses catalytic activity and is the site of glutathione feedback inhibition, and a light subunit, which has a regulatory function. Glutathione is ubiquitous in mammalian tissues and performs a variety of functions, including protection from reactive oxygen species through antioxidant properties; detoxification of xenobiotics, organic peroxides, and heavy metals; and maintenance of sulfhydryl groups of other molecules. Increased intracellular levels of glutathione have also been found in tumor cells resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. Increased expression of GLCL in melphalan-resistant myeloma and prostate carcinoma cells and cisplatinum-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells suggests that this enzyme may be involved in glutathione-associated drug resistance. Moreover, GLCL has been shown to be induced by phenolic antioxidants and heavy metals. Recently, Mulcahy and Gipp have shown that the GLCL catalytic subunit gene (GLCLC) contains a putative antioxidant regulatory element, which may explain the responsiveness of this gene to agents that induce oxidative stress. To further our understanding of GLCL, which is linked to such a wide variety of metabolic and physiological functions through its rolemore » in glutathione synthesis, we have mapped both the catalytic and regulatory subunit genes (GLCLC and GLCLR) to human and mouse chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). 16 refs., 1 fig.« less
Approximate Calculation of the Anisotropy of the Relaxation Time of the Conduction Electrons in the Noble Metals

The ratio of the relaxation times on the "belly" and on the "necks" of the Fermi surface is estimated numerically by very crude methods. It is shown that the relative amount of $s$-wave to $p$-wave scattering by impurities is important and that Umklapp processes play a major role in phonon scattering. The ratio depends on impurity type and on temperature in just the right way to explain qualitatively the variation of the Hall coefficient in the metals and their alloys.