cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Terraced Fields, Farming, and Farmers at the Settlements of Kalamianos and Stiri, Greece

This chapter focuses on the adoption of agricultural terracing as a technological enhancement that resulted in changes to cultivation practices and distribution and organization of farm labour. The macroscopic investigation and systematic documentation of terraces in and around the settlements of Kalamianos and Stiri in the south-eastern Corinthia in southern Greece revealed that several large systems of terraces were likely contemporary to these Late Bronze Age settlements in the productive hinterlands of nearby Argolid palace-centres like Mycenae. It is suggested here that the construction of several systems of agricultural terraces, likely achieved with some palatial support, prompted the implementation of diverse cultivation techniques that would have altered labour needs throughout the agricultural calendar. Garden terraces within the settlement of Kalamianos emphasize the variety of growing environments enabled by terraced farming and raise questions regarding the identity of farm workers and the creation of gendered agricultural spaces.
SU-E-T-553: Monte Carlo Calculation of Proton Bragg Peak Displacements in the Presence of Al2O3:C Dosimeters

Purpose: The application of optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) may be extended to clinical investigations verifying irradiated doses in small animal models. In proton beams, the accurate positioning of the Bragg peak is essential for tumor targeting. The purpose of this study was to estimate the displacement of a pristine Bragg peak when an Al2O3:C nanodot (Landauer, Inc.) is placed on the surface of a water phantom and to evaluate corresponding changes in dose. Methods: Clinical proton pencil beam simulations were carried out with using TOPAS, a Monte Carlo platform layered on top of GEANT4. Point-shaped beams with no energy spread were modeled for energies 100MV, 150MV, 200MV, and 250MV. Dose scoring for 100,000 particle histories was conducted within a water phantom (20cm × 20cm irradiated area, 40cm depth) with its surface placed 214.5cm away from the source. The modeled nanodot had a 4mm radius and 0.2mm thickness. Results: A comparative analysis of Monte Carlo depth dose profiles modeled for these proton pencil beams did not demonstrate an energy dependent in the Bragg peak shift. The shifts in Bragg Peak depth for water phantoms modeled with a nanodot on the phantom surface ranged between 2.7 to 3.2 mm. In allmore » cases, the Bragg Peaks were shifted closer to the irradiation source. The peak dose in phantoms with an OSLD remained unchanged with percent dose differences less than 0.55% when compared to phantom doses without the nanodot. Conclusion: Monte Carlo calculations show that the presence of OSLD nanodots in proton beam therapy will not change the position of a pristine Bragg Peak by more than 3 mm. Although the 3.0 mm shift will not have a detrimental effect in patients receiving proton therapy, this effect may not be negligible in dose verification measurements for mouse models at lower proton beam energies.« less
Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Gastric and duodenal ulcer are both peptic ulcer diseases. The term peptic refers to the fact that acid and pepsin are necessary to produce the break in the mucosa which is called an ulcer. In humans the best evidence for this statement occurs at the opposite ends of the secretory range. Individuals whose parietal cells are continuously stimulated to secrete acid by gastrin, being released from a tumor (gastrinoma or Zollinger–Ellison syndrome), develop ulcers in all but 7% of the cases.(1) Those having the achlorhydria of pernicious anemia rarely develop ulcers.
The Effect of Computer Animation on Students' Understanding of Microbiology

AbstractFour studies (one experimental and three comparative) were conducted to assess the instructional effectiveness of three separate animated computer tutorials illustrating dynamic processes in microbiology. Forty-four university students in an introductory microbiology class randomly viewed either an animated tutorial on the nitrogen cycle or a comparable textual handout with still diagrams. Results indicated a significant advantage for subjects in the animated condition. However, a possible confounding variable was identified, reducing the number of cases that could be analyzed with confidence. The tutorial used in the experiment was then made available to the entire class of 206 students for general voluntary viewing. It was used later in the course modules on immunology and HIV and AIDS. Students who viewed each tutorial were compared on specific exam questions to students who did not view the tutorial, using prior and current exam scores (excluding the target questions) as control variables. Res...
Symmetry as bias: rediscovering special relativity

This paper describes a rational reconstruction of Einstein's discovery of special relativity, validated through an implementation: the Erlanger program. Einstein's discovery of special relativity revolutionized both the content of physics and the research strategy used by theoretical physicists. This research strategy entails a mutual bootstrapping process between a hypothesis space for biases, defined through different postulated symmetries of the universe, and a hypothesis space for physical theories. The invariance principle mutually constrains these two spaces. The invariance principle enables detecting when an evolving physical theory becomes inconsistent with its bias, and also when the biases for theories describing different phenomena are inconsistent. Structural properties of the invariance principle facilitate generating a new bias when an inconsistency is detected. After a new bias is generated, this principle facilitates reformulating the old, inconsistent theory by treating the latter as a limiting approximation.
NMDA and non-NMDA receptor-mediated increase of c-fos mRNA in dentate gyrus neurons involves calcium influx via different routes.

We examined the effects of selective agonists of ionotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor subtypes on induction of the immediate early gene c-fos. We used in situ hybridization to measure c-fos mRNA and fura-2 imaging to measure intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) in individual dentate gyrus neurons maintained in vitro. Activation of either NMDA or non-NMDA receptor subtypes is sufficient to induce the rapid and dramatic increase of c-fos mRNA. Activation of either NMDA or non-NMDA receptors also induces a rapid and dramatic increase of Ca2+i, effects blocked by the removal or chelation of extracellular calcium (Ca2+e). c- fos mRNA induction by either receptor subtype is Ca2+ dependent, since chelation of Ca2+e with EGTA prevents c-fos mRNA induction by both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor agonists. The increase in Ca2+i induced by activating non-NMDA receptors is inhibited either by removal of extracellular sodium (Na+e) or by the voltage-sensitive calcium channel (VSCC) blocker nifedipine. By contrast, the increase of Ca2+i induced by activating NMDA receptors is not inhibited by removal of Na+e or nifedipine. Consistent with these effects on Ca2+i, nifedipine inhibits induction of c-fos mRNA by non-NMDA, but not by NMDA, receptor agonists. These findings indicate that Ca2+ serves as a second messenger coupling ionotropic EAA receptors with transcriptional activation of c-fos mRNA. The route of Ca2+ entry into dentate neurons, however, depends on the EAA receptor subtype stimulated. Non-NMDA receptor activation results in Ca2+ influx indirectly via VSCCs, whereas NMDA receptor activation results in Ca2+ influx directly through the NMDA channel itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN RARE-EARTH SOLUTES UPON THE F.C.C./B.C.C. TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE OF THORIUM

Abstract The individual effects of neodymium, gadolinium, holmium, erbium, and lutetium solutes upon the f.c.c./b.c.c. allotropic transformation temperature of thorium were determined by an electrical resistance method. At small concentrations, all the rare-earth solutes raise the transformation temperature of thorium; however, at higher concentrations, the effect reaches a maximum and reverses thereafter. An attempt at correlating the initial effects at low alloy concentrations with the atomic numbers and atomic sizes of the rare-earth solutes is made in this paper.
Sensory effects of intravenous cocaine on dopamine and non-dopamine ventral tegmental area neurons.

Abstract Intravenous (iv) cocaine mimics salient somato-sensory stimuli in their ability to induce rapid physiological effects, which appear to involve its action on peripherally located neural elements and fast neural transmission via somato-sensory pathways. To further clarify this mechanism, single-unit recording with fine glass electrodes was used in awake rats to examine responses of ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons, both presumed dopamine (DA) and non-DA, to iv cocaine and tail-press, a typical somato-sensory stimulus. To exclude the contribution of DA mechanisms to the observed neuronal responses to sensory stimuli and cocaine, recordings were conducted during full DA receptor blockade (SCH23390 + eticloptide). Iv cocaine (0.25 mg/kg delivered over 10 s) induced significant excitations of ~ 63% of long-spike (presumed DA) and ~ 70% of short-spike (presumed non-DA) VTA neurons. In both subgroups, neuronal excitations occurred with short latencies (4–8 s), peaked at 10–20 s (30–40% increase over baseline) and disappeared at 30–40 s after the injection onset. Most long-(67%) and short-spike (89%) VTA neurons also showed phasic responses to tail-press (5-s). All responsive long-spike cells were excited by tail-press; excitations were very rapid (peak at 1 s) and strong (100% rate increase over baseline) but brief (2–3 s). In contrast, both excitations (60%) and inhibitions (29%) were seen in short-spike cells. These responses were also rapid and transient, but excitations of short-spike units were more prolonged and sustained (10–15 s) than in long-spike cells. These data suggest that in awake animals iv cocaine, like somato-sensory stimuli, rapidly and transiently excites VTA neurons of different subtypes. Therefore, along with direct action on specific brain substrates, central effects of cocaine may occur, via an indirect mechanism, involving peripheral neural elements, visceral sensory nerves and rapid neural transmission. Via this mechanism, cocaine, like somato-sensory stimuli, can rapidly activate DA neurons and induce phasic DA release, creating the conditions for DA accumulation by a later occurring and prolonged direct inhibiting action on DA uptake. By providing a rapid neural signal and triggering transient neural activation, such a peripherally driven action might play a crucial role in the sensory effects of cocaine, thus contributing to learning and development of drug-taking behavior.
Destruction Efficiencies and Dynamics of Reaction Fronts Associated with the Permanganate Oxidation of Trichloroethylene

Although potassium permanganate (KMnO4) flushing is commonly used to destroy chlorinated solvents in groundwater, many of the problems associated with this treatment scheme have not been examined in detail. We conducted a KMnO4 flushing experiment in a large sand-filled flow tank (L x W x D = 180 cm x 60 cm x 90 cm) to remove TCE emplaced as a DNAPL in a source zone. The study was specifically designed to investigate cleanup progress and problems of pore plugging associated with the dynamics of the solid-phase reaction front (i.e., MnO2) using chemical and optical monitoring techniques. Ambient flow through the source zone formed a plume of dissolved TCE across the flow tank. The volume and concentration of TCE plume diminished with time because of the in situ oxidation of the DNAPL source. The migration velocity of the MnO2 reaction front decreased with time, suggesting that the kinetics of the DNAPL oxidation process became diffusion-controlled because of the pore plugging. A mass balance calculation indicated that only approximately 18% of the total applied KMnO4 (MnO4- = 1250 mg/ L) participated in the oxidation reaction to destroy approximately 41% of emplaced TCE. Evidently, the efficiency of KMnO4 flushing scheme diminished with time due to pore plugging by MnO2 and likely CO2, particularly in the TCE source zone. In addition, the excess KMnO4 used for flushing may cause secondary aquifer contamination. One needs to be concerned about the efficacy of KMnO4 flushing in the field applications. Development of a new approach that can provide both contaminant destruction and plugging/ MnO4- control is required.
Evidence for Methane σ-Complexes in Reductive Elimination Reactions from Tp‘Rh(L)(CH3)H

Two sets of experiments are described that provide indirect evidence for the involvement of alkane σ-complexes in oxidative addition/reductive elimination reactions of Tp‘Rh(L)(R)H complexes (Tp‘ = tris-3,5-dimethylpyrazolylborate, L = CNCH2CMe3). First, the methyl deuteride complex Tp‘Rh(L)(CH3)D is observed to rearrange to Tp‘Rh(L)(CH2D)H prior to loss of CH3D. Similarly, Tp‘Rh(L)(CD3)H rearranges to Tp‘Rh(L)(CD2H)D prior to loss of CD3H. Second, the rate of elimination of methane from Tp‘Rh(L)(CH3)H in benzene/perfluorobenzene solvent mixtures is found to be dependent upon the concentration of benzene, indicating an associative component to the reductive elimination of methane. Both of these processes, and their rates, are accommodated by the reversible formation of alkane σ-complexes prior to dissociation of alkane.
Immune responses of Holstein and Jersey calves during the preweaning and immediate postweaned periods when fed varying planes of milk replacer

The objective was to determine the influence of breed and planes of preweaned milk replacer (MR) nutrition on the immune responses of pre- and postweaned dairy calves. Forty-two bull calves (n=20 Holstein and n=22 Jersey, 2±1 d old) were studied. Holstein and Jersey calves came from separate dairies. Calves were fed either a higher plane of MR nutrition or a lower plane of MR nutrition. Holstein and Jersey calves on the lower planes of MR nutrition were fed 454 g (as fed)/d of a 20% crude protein (CP)/20% fat MR. Holstein calves on the higher plane of MR nutrition were fed 810 and 1,180 g (as fed)/d of a 28% CP/20% fat MR for wk 1 and wk 2 to 6, respectively. Jersey calves on the higher plane of nutrition were fed 568 and 680 g (as fed)/d of a 28% CP/25% fat MR for wk 1 and wk 2 to 6, respectively. On d 4, 42, and 77, peripheral blood was collected for ex vivo immunological analyses, and on d 7 all calves were challenged subcutaneously with commercially available lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli (4 µg/kg of body weight); clinical and biochemical responses were evaluated at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 72 h. We observed a breed difference in total serum protein, wherein Jersey calves had higher concentrations than Holsteins. Holsteins and calves fed the higher plane of MR nutrition had greater glucose concentrations following the LPS challenge. With the exception of plasma haptoglobin concentrations at 24 h postchallenge, we observed no treatment × time interactions following the LPS challenge. Calves fed higher planes of MR nutrition had greater plasma haptoglobin concentrations 24h following the LPS challenge. Isolated mononuclear cells from Holstein calves secreted more tumor necrosis factor-α than did cells from Jersey calves when stimulated ex vivo with LPS on d 77. In addition, when whole blood was incubated with a live enteropathogenic E. coli culture, blood from Holsteins had a greater killing capacity than did whole blood from Jerseys. Calves fed higher planes of MR nutrition had greater neutrophil oxidative burst intensities at d 77 when cocultured with E. coli for 10 min. In addition, Jersey calves fed the lower plane of MR nutrition had reduced neutrophil oxidative burst capacity and whole blood E. coli killing at d 77 compared with the other groups. These data indicate that Jersey calves had lower measures of many innate immune variables despite likely having greater passive transfer, as evidenced by greater total serum protein concentrations. Furthermore, feeding a higher plane of MR nutrition to Jersey calves improved some postweaning innate immune responses.
Absolutive zero: Paradigm adaptivity in sacapultec maya

The fact that the phenomenon is called 'ergativity', and the languages exhibiting it 'ergative', highlights the distinctive status of the ergative category {A}, to the possible neglect of the absolutive category {S, 0}. 1 The ergative is indeed the marked member of the opposition; and in many theoretical approaches there is more profit in formulating rules in terms of the marked than the unmarked. Thus many have focused on accounting for the marked ergative (e.g. by a rule stating special conditions under which ergative casemarking is assigned), while leaving the unmarked absolutive as the 'elsewhere' case. But from time to time it is worth extending special scrutiny to the unmarked category, precisely because it is unmarked. This is especially so from a discourse point of view, where the unmarked category typically has a special relation to the most prevalent, or preferred, patterns of language use. If 'grammars code best what speakers do most' (Du Bois (1985a: 363)), then, given that it is the unmarked category which typically provides the most
High pressure density, miscibility and compressibility of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) solutions in acetone and acetone+CO2 binary fluid mixtures

Abstract High pressure density, miscibility and compressibility of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) solutions in acetone and in acetone + CO2 mixtures were determined at 75, 100, 125 and 150 °C at pressures up to 400 bar. The experiments were carried out in a special variable-volume view-cell system which permits continuous real-time monitoring of the pressure, temperature, transmitted light intensity, and the position of a movable piston which allows continuous determination of the cell internal volume and, thus the solution density, as pressure is altered. The liquid–liquid (LL) phase boundaries are assessed from the variation of transmitted light intensity with pressure while the liquid–vapor (LV) or liquid–liquid–vapor (LLV) phase boundaries are assessed from the variation of density with pressure as, upon formation of vapor phase, the density shows an abrupt decrease and varies without a further change in pressure. Isothermal compressibilities are also evaluated from the variation of density with pressure by generating functional correlations of density with pressure. Data are reported for the PLGA:acetone:CO2 compositions with the ratios (in wt%) of 0:89:11, 5:84.5:10.5, 10:85:5, 10:80:10 and 10:90:0. The observations of phase boundaries, densities and the compressibilities are discussed in terms of the effect of varying the polymer concentration while maintaining the CO2:acetone ratio the same, or by varying the CO2:acetone ratio and maintaining the polymer concentration unchanged. These LL boundaries display lower solution temperature (LCST) behavior, and the densities and compressibilities display the complexities of the relative extent of the association of carbon dioxide with polymer versus acetone.
An NSF perspective on next generation hydrocarbon biorefineries

Abstract Next generation hydrocarbon biofuels have the potential to fulfill not only the biofuels production mandate of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, but also would not have to be exempted from the EISA-mandated increase in the corporate average fuel economy. Producing “green gasoline”, “green diesel” and “green jet fuel” from non-food lignocellulosic feedstocks such as forest waste and agricultural residue, and energy crops such as short rotation trees and perennial grasses grown on marginal or abandoned cropland will substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions and will not affect food prices. In this paper the development of the new paradigm of green gasoline from lignocellulose will be reviewed, the potential pathways to these infrastructure-compatible fuels will be discussed, and critical process design needs will be outlined.
Next Generation Course Redesign

This article describes a course redesign project at the University of North Texas that is in the fifth year of a planned nine-year effort. The goals of the Next Generation Course Redesign (NGen) Project include practicing “never-ending course redesign,” affecting teaching and learning at all levels of the institution and beyond, and creating and sustaining a course-redesign community of practice. Over two years, NGen faculty fellows develop student-learning goals for courses that blend large-group lectures, a media-rich interactive online environment, and small-group experiential learning activities. They then assess these courses to ensure that they have enhanced student learning and success while containing cost of instruction. They also survey students to track changes in their attitudes toward the subject of study, preference for this form of instructional delivery, and sense of their own cognitive development. The article also describes the barriers to sustaining and replicating an innovative instruc...
Analytic relations between the elastic constants and the group velocity in an arbitrary direction of symmetry planes of media with orthorhombic or higher symmetry.

This paper presents various closed-form analytic formulas that relate the group velocity of elastic pulses propagating in an arbitrary direction of the symmetry planes of elastic media with orthorhombic or higher symmetry to their elastic constants. Simple equations relating the direction of a group velocity to that of the corresponding wave normal are derived for both quasilongitudinal and quasitransverse modes. A forward solution to obtaining the elastic constants from the group-velocity data on the symmetry planes by using these relations is illustrated with examples of transversely isotropic zinc and cubic silicon crystals. Both numerically simulated and experimental data are used to check the derived relations and to demonstrate their usefulness.
Biological relatives: IVF, stem cells, and the future of kinship

In Biological Relatives: IVF, Stem Cells, and the Future of Kinship, in vitro fertilization (IVF) serves as a case study of the technologization of biology, and can also be viewed as a biological t...
Synthesis of carboxy-nifedipine and its use in the preparation of an affinity resin for the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor

Affinity chromatography represents a potentially valuable approach to study the calcium antagonist receptor in many tissues. Methods have been developed to synthesize carboxy-analogues of the 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. Carboxy-nifedipine ([±]1,4-dihydro-2,6 dimethyl-4-[3-nitro-phenyl] pyridine-3-carboxylic acid-5-carboxylic methyl ester) was prepared with a yield of 50% and its structure has been thoroughly characterized. Carboxy-nifedipine has been coupled to a hexamine-agarose resin through an acid chloride intermediate producing an affinity resin (1.6 μmol of drug/ml). Experiments have shown that this affinity resin is capable of binding the [ 3 H]nitrendipine receptor solubilized from tranverse tubule membranes.
Extension of two theorems of Payne to some nonlinear Dirichlet problems

In this paper we prove that under certain convexity and symmetry assumptions on a domain in the plane any positive solutionu, of Δu+λf(u)=0, in,D,u=0 on ∂D has only one interior critical point. This extends results of L. E. Payne [1].
Thrombosis and haemorrhage in polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia

Despite decades of clinical and laboratory research, relatively little has been accomplished concerning the pathogenesis as well as the identification of risk factors for thrombosis and bleeding in myeloproliferative disorders. In polycythaemia vera, the pro-thrombotic effect of an elevated haematocrit is well established. In contrast, thrombocytosis per se has not been similarly incriminated in essential thrombocythaemia. In both conditions, advanced age and the presence of a prior event identify thrombosis-prone patients. There is increasing evidence to suggest an additional role by leucocytes that might partly explain the antithrombotic effects of myelosuppressive therapy. A substantial minority of affected patients display reduced levels of high molecular weight von Willebrand protein in the plasma during extreme thrombocytosis and it is believed that this might explain the bleeding diathesis of such patients. Recent controlled studies support the therapeutic value of hydroxyurea and aspirin in essential thrombocythaemia and polycythaemia vera, respectively. The current communication will address the incidence, phenotype, pathogenesis, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of both thrombosis and haemorrhage in these disorders.
Novel naphthylstyryl-pyridinium potentiometric dyes offer advantages for neural network analysis

The submucous plexus of the guinea pig intestine is a quasi-two-dimensional mammalian neural network that is particularly amenable to study using multiple site optical recording of transmembrane voltage (MSORTV) [Biol. Bull. 183 (1992) 344; J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 3073]. For several years the potentiometric dye of choice for monitoring the electrical activity of its individual neurons has been di-8-ANEPPS [Neuron 9 (1992) 393], a naphthylstyryl-pyridinium dye with a propylsulfonate headgroup that provides relatively large fluorescence changes during action potentials and synaptic potentials. Limitations to the use of this dye, however, have been its phototoxicity and its low water solubility which requires the presence of DMSO and Pluronic F-127 in the staining solution. In searching for less toxic and more soluble dyes exhibiting larger fluorescence signals, we first tried the dienylstyryl-pyridinium dye RH795 [J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 2545] which is highly soluble in water. This dye yielded relatively large signals, but it was internalized quickly by the submucosal neurons resulting in rapid degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio. We decided to synthesize a series of naphthylstyryl-pyridinium dyes (di-n-ANEPPDHQ) having the same chromophore as di-8-ANEPPS and the quaternary ammonium headgroup (DHQ) of RH795 (resulting in two positive charges versus the neutral propylsulfonate-ring nitrogen combination), and we tested the di-methyl (JPW3039), di-ethyl (JPW2081), di-propyl (JPW3031), di-butyl (JPW5029), and di-octyl (JPW5037) analogues, all of them soluble in ethanol. We found that the di-propyl (di-3-ANEPPDHQ) and the di-butyl (di-4-ANEPPDHQ) forms yielded the best combination of signal-to-noise ratio, moderate phototoxicity and absence of dye internalization.
Multicenter survey of emergency physician management and referral for hyperglycemia.

Background: The Emergency Department (ED), with its high-risk and often disenfranchised patient population, presents a novel opportunity to identify patients as having undiagnosed or uncontrolled diabetes. Objective: To evaluate Emergency Physician opinion on management and referral for incidental hyperglycemia and on ED-based diabetes screening. Methods: We conducted a web-based survey of all attending and resident Emergency Physicians at three academic EDs. We asked for glucose thresholds to treat and refer non-diabetic and diabetic ED patients for hyperglycemia, comparing physicians' ideal and actual practices. We also inquired about interest in and barriers for active ED-based diabetes screening compared to use of blood glucose values obtained during usual ED care. Results: We contacted 185 physicians, and 152 (85%) completed the survey; 75% of respondents reported routine outpatient referral of non-diabetic patients for random glucose values ≥ 200 mg/dL. However, a majority (71%) believed that they should use a lower threshold to refer than they currently use. Nearly all (92%) agreed that Emergency Physicians should inform non-diabetic patients of elevated glucose values; 53% supported and 21% opposed active ED-based screening of asymptomatic patients. The most commonly cited barriers were limited follow-up (69%), insufficient time/resources (51%), and outside scope of practice (36%). Conclusion: Emergency Physicians support improved recognition of and referral for hyperglycemia, based on glucose values collected during usual ED care. We plan to develop tools to interpret random ED glucose values in the context of undiagnosed and uncontrolled diabetes.
Telephone Call Aid for Problems of Visual Sequencing

People with problems of visual sequencing and impaired immediate memory have difficulty placing telephone calls independently. A Call Aid, created from an inexpensive spiral-bound pad of 3 X 5 inch cards, enabled people with visual sequencing problems to make a telephone call independently. In a pre-test, post-test study, nine of ten trainable mentally handicapped adolescents, IQ range 40-55, were able to dial successfully immediately after training and 1 week later. Construction of the Call Aid is described.
Structure and Formation of an Annular Hurricane Simulated in a Fully Compressible, Nonhydrostatic Model—TCM4*

Abstract The structure and formation of an annular hurricane simulated in a fully compressible, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model—TCM4—are analyzed. The model is initialized with an axisymmetric vortex on an f plane in a quiescent environment, and thus the transition from the nonannular hurricane to the annular hurricane is attributed to the internal dynamics. The simulated annular hurricane has all characteristics of those recently documented by Knaff et al. from satellite observations: quasi-axisymmetric structure, large eye and wide eyewall, high intensity, and suppressed major spiral rainbands. A striking feature of the simulated annular hurricane is its large outward tilt of the wide eyewall, which is critical to the quasi-steady high intensity and is responsible for the maintenance of the large size of the eye and eyewall of the storm. Although the annular hurricane has a quasi-axisymmetric structure, marked low-wavenumber asymmetries exist in the eyewall region. The formation of the simulated a...
Complications of laparoscopic renal surgery

This review will summarize reported complications of laparoscopic renal surgery (LRS) and provide a concise summary and clinical pathway to prevent, identify and manage complications associated with LRS. Complications are not reported in a uniform manner and we strongly encourage the use of the Clavien or other classification systems to facilitate future comparison. Comorbidities, body mass index, renal function, renal anomalies, and lack of surgeon proficiency may adversely affect outcomes whereas age does not. Trocar access, pneumoperitoneum, and patient positioning reflect aspects unique to laparoscopy that may present specific challenges to the urologist. Articles pertaining to complications in LRS are examined and discussed. Major and minor complication rates for LRS have reportedly ranged from 1-6% and 6-17%, respectively. Vascular, bowel, and ureteral injuries are reported as the most commonly encountered intraoperative complications. An appreciation for the data presented may allow the urologist to better avert complications in LRS.
Compressibility effects in thin channels with injection

A theoretical analysis of the inviscid flow between a porous plate and a parallel impermeable plate is performed for small values of the ratio of the plate separation distance to the lateral extent of the plates, for both planar and axisymmetric geometries. The problem of computing the flowfield is reduced to the solution of a single integral equation, which is accomplished numerically. The ratio of specific heats 7 is a parameter of the solution, and parametric results are presented from 7 = 1.0 to 1.67. The flow exhibits choking at a critical value of the lateral extent of the plate, in the vicinity of which the Mach number approaches unity. The results are needed in providing external boundary-layer conditions for studying the flame structure in the viscous region between two counterflowing streams when compressibility is important. UPERSONIC combustion in turbulent mixing layers lo- cally can involve counterflowing streams in which com- pressibility is important, with the viscous and chemical effects restricted to a narrow layer at the stagnation plane. The outer portions of such counterflows are inviscid and do not experi- ence exothermicity. As a first step toward analyzing the exothermic viscous layer, descriptions are needed of the invis- cid counter flow. The present paper provides a solution for a model of the inviscid outer region. The model addresses the flow between a porous plate and a parallel impermeable plate for small values of the ratio of the separation distance between the plates to the lateral extent of the plates. Two such flows can describe the inviscid counter flow, with the viscous layer located at the impermeable plate between them. In addition, laboratory experiments can be designed, involving opposed flow between two porous plates, for studying diffusion-flame combustion under conditions in which compressibility is im- portant. The present analysis provides the external-flow con- ditions required for the viscous-layer study. Theoretical analyses of flows between porous plates at high Reynolds numbers began with Proudman's study1 of an in- compressible, nonreacting fluid in a two-dimensional channel with porous walls through which the fluid is injected uni- formly. Extensions of this work addressed both heat transfer2 and combustion3 in the same type of configuration. The last of these studies was directed toward facilitating quantitative in- terpretation of results of experimental measurements on coun- ter flow diffusion flames.4"6 Similar experimental configura- tions have been employed in much earlier work on linear pyrolysis of vaporizable or decomposable materials, in which steady regression rates were measured when the material was pressed against a heated, impermeable flat plate.7 The poten- tial importance of compressibili ty in such experiments has been pointed out by Cantrell,8 who had earlier9 completed an analysis of such flows including compressibility effects but not considering the simplifications that arise in the limit of large Reynolds numbers, addressed herein.
A framework for ontology-driven subspace clustering

Traditional clustering is a descriptive task that seeks to identify homogeneous groups of objects based on the values of their attributes. While domain knowledge is always the best way to justify clustering, few clustering algorithms have ever take domain knowledge into consideration. In this paper, the domain knowledge is represented by hierarchical ontology. We develop a framework by directly incorporating domain knowledge into clustering process, yielding a set of clusters with strong ontology implication. During the clustering process, ontology information is utilized to efficiently prune the exponential search space of the subspace clustering algorithms. Meanwhile, the algorithm generates automatical interpretation of the clustering result by mapping the natural hierarchical organized subspace clusters with significant categorical enrichment onto the ontology hierarchy. Our experiments on a set of gene expression data using gene ontology demonstrate that our pruning technique driven by ontology significantly improve the clustering performance with minimal degradation of the cluster quality. Meanwhile, many hierarchical organizations of gene clusters corresponding to a sub-hierarchies in gene ontology were also successfully captured.
Establishing Twenty-First-Century Information Fluency

Technology cannot be separated from its social context; rather, they are mutually occurring phenomena, intertwined with what is often distinguished as the sociocultural, political, economic, or scientific milieu.
Three New Drugs for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Nelarabine, Clofarabine, and Forodesine

The search for more effective and safer anti-leukemia therapies has led to the identification of several new agents that show activity against specific types of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Recently, three novel purine nucleoside analogues (nelarabine, clofarabine, and forodesine) have shown promising activity in patients with relapsed or refractory ALL. Of these, nelarabine has shown clinically meaningful benefit in patients with T-cell ALL, with overall response rates ranging from 33% to 60%, the induction of durable complete remissions, and an overall 1-year survival rate of 28% in adults. Clofarabine has also shown promising clinical activity in pediatric patients, with an overall response rate of 30%, and some patients are able to proceed to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Forodesine is the most recent novel agent, with a unique mechanism that has shown single-agent activity in relapsed and refractory T- and B-cell leukemias and cutaneous lymphomas. Although clinical experience is limited, treatment-related toxicities appear to be mild. The rationale, pharmacology, and clinical experience to date with these agents in the treatment of patients with refractory acute leukemia are reviewed, with a highlight on ALL.
Information manipulation theory: A replication and assessment

>Information manipulation theory (IMT) applies Grice's (1975; 1989) conversational maxims to the design of deceptive messages, but ignores the role of implicatures in deception. As a result, IMT proposes a dubious editing model of deception and an implausible conception of what it is that makes a deceptive message misleading. An alternative model, based on Grice's theory of implicature, proposes that deception involves the manipulation of information so as to generate false implicatures. McCornack's (1992; McCornack et al., 1992) studies are replicated with the inclusion of explicit checks to determine the covertness of the purported deceptive messages and to check manipulation of information‐type (Quantity, Quality, Relevance, and Manner violations). None of the results are consistent with IMT predictions. Instead, the results uniformly support a model of deceptive message design based on conversational implicature.
An enhanced positive reinforcement model for the severely impaired cocaine abuser

This article describes a cognitive-behavioral treatment approach that has been extensively modified to work with inner-city methadone-maintained cocaine users. Modifications were deemed essential to address the problems of engagement and retention in treatment that are typically encountered with this population. While this approach relies on such basic tenets of treatment as relapse prevention, cognitive restructuring, and psychoeducation, an understanding of the particular psychological vulnerabilities of this population has been incorporated into the model. The modified approach utilizes positive reinforcement extensively. This includes use of concrete reinforcers to facilitate initial engagement, and use of interpersonal reinforcers (therapist positive regard, attention, and respect) to increase program retention and sustain posttreatment change. Preliminary results indicate that 63% of patients can complete this intensive 6-month program, with considerable reductions in cocaine use and significant change in drug injection behavior.
Proteins of the Plasmodium falciparum two transmembrane Maurer’s cleft protein family, PfMC-2TM, and the 130 kDa Maurer’s cleft protein define different domains of the infected erythrocyte intramembranous network

Plasmodium falciparum Maurer’s clefts participate in the transport of macromolecules within the cytoplasm, including the transport of virulence proteins to the erythrocyte membrane surface. We identified a family of genes PfMC-2TM encoding transmembrane proteins located within the intramembranous network of the infected erythrocyte using monoclonal antibody SP1C1. The distribution of the PfMC-2TM protein family within domains of the network was investigated by colocalization and confocal microscopy studies using monoclonal antibody SP1C1 specific for PFMC-2TM and monoclonal antibody SP1A6 specific for the130 kDa Maurer’s cleft protein. Peptide-specific antibodies were prepared against six peptides from different domains of PfMC-2TM and used with the Mabs, as well as known antibodies specific to Maurer’s clefts proteins (ring-expressed protein and membrane-associated histidine-rich protein 1), the erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP-1), and serine-rich antigen in colocalization studies. We show that PfMC-2TM is located in the Maurer’s clefts throughout the intracellular blood stage, and immunoelectron microscopy shows domains of PfMC-2TM localized in the parasitophorous vacuole and parasitophorous vacuole membrane. The distribution of the 130 kDa Maurer’s cleft protein changes from within the parasite to the clefts during intracellular development as the parasite matures from young trophozoite to segmented schizont.
The Distribution of a Particulate Trypsin Inhibitor in Brain

SummaryThe inhibition of the tryptic hydrolysis of benzoyl-dl-arginine-β-naphthylamide by homogenates of human and bovine cerebrum, cerebrum gray matter, cerebrum white matter, cerebellum, corpus callosum, medulla, thalamus, midbrain, and pons is reported. There is no significant difference between inhibitory levels of primarily gray areas and primarily white areas of brain. Dialyzed, lyophilized myelin does not inhibit tryptic activity. The reaction of brain homogenates with trypsin is rapid.
Interactions of lens proteins. Concentration dependence of β-crystallin aggregation

The concentration-dependence of beta-crystallin aggregation was studied by both high- and low-pressure size exclusion chromatography of calf lens cortical extract (0.5-249 mg ml-1), nuclear extract (0.2-304 mg ml-1) and purified beta-crystallins (0.4-52 mg ml-1). A reversible equilibrium exists between beta H(igh)-crystallins (predominantly hexamers) and a portion of the beta L(ow)-crystallins (predominantly dimers). Association to beta H-crystallin is more extensive in the nucleus than in the cortex. Moreover, at physiological protein concentrations, the weight percentage of beta H-crystallins is greater than that of beta L-crystallins, in both the cortex and the nucleus. beta H-Crystallins can be fully dissociated to beta L-crystallin at low protein concentration. On the other hand, not all of the beta L species are competent to associate to beta H at high concentrations. This association appears to be directly dependent on the presence of beta B1 chains. We therefore propose that the concentration and spatial distribution of beta H-crystallin in vivo is actually regulated by differential synthesis of beta B1 polypeptides.
Staging and survival analysis for nonsquamous cell carcinomas of the larynx.

Objective: Determine staging and comparative survival for nonsquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx. Study Design: Cross-sectional population analysis. Methods: Cases of non-SCC supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic cancers were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (1988–2003) and the staging distribution computed. For each site, Kaplan-Meier survivals were compared according to histology, T-stage, and N-stage. Survival for non-SCC cancers for each site were compared among histologies, T-stage, and N-stage as well as with age/sex/stage-matched SCC cancers to determine differences in survival. Results: One hundred forty supraglottic non-SCC cases were identified (67% male, mean age 62.0 yr) consisting of 25 neuroendocrine, 25 small cell, and 22 lymphomas (among others), with mean survivals of 44.8, 52.1, and 80.5 months, respectively. Survival was not significantly different according to histology (log-rank, P = .440) but was significantly different according to T-stage (P = .029) and N-stage (P < .001). Seventy-eight glottic non-SCC cases were identified (83% male, mean age 66.1 yr) consisting of 32 spindle cell, 13 sarcoma, and 10 small cell (among others), with mean survivals of 114.6, 89.8, and 39.2 months, respectively. Survival was not significantly different according to histology (P = .056) but was significantly different according to T-stage (P = .002) and N-stage (P = .022). Small numbers (26) precluded subglottic analysis. For both supraglottic and glottic sites including all histologies, survival was similar for matched non-SCC and SCC cases (P = .510 and P = .930, respectively). Conclusions: Non-SCCs are more common in the supraglottic larynx. T-stage and N-stage influence survival more than histology alone for these cancers.
CCR and CC chemokine expression in relation to Flt3 ligand-induced renal dendritic cell mobilization

CCR and CC chemokine expression in relation to Flt3 ligand- induced renal dendritic cell mobilization. Background. We investigated the expression and function of CC chemokine receptors (CCR) on highly-purified kidney and blood dendritic cells isolated from mice in which dendritic cells were mobilized with fms-like tyrosine 3 kinase ligand (Flt3L). Methods. CCR and CC chemokine expression were de- termined by RNase protection assay or flow cytometry, and dendritic cell migratory responses assayed using Transwell chambers. Chemokine production in renal tissue was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Trafficking of fluorochrome- labeled dendritic cells was monitored in vivo. Results. Freshly-isolated renal dendritic cells expressed mRNA for CCR1, 2, 5, and 7 and CCR1 and 5 protein. They did not migrate to inducible chemokines—CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1a), CCL5 (regulated upon acti- vation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)), or CCL20 (MIP-3a). Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimula- tion, the dendritic cells down-regulated CCR1, 2, and 5 expres- sion, up-regulated or sustained signals for CCR7, and migrated to the constitutively expressed ligands CCL19 (MIP-3b) and CCL21 (secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine). Normal kid- neys expressed weak message for CCL2, 3, and 4, with stronger signals for CCL5 and 19. Intrarenal CCL5 production was en- hanced by Flt3L administration, in association with marked increases in interstitial CD45 + mononuclear cells. Mobilized blood dendritic cells migrated to CCR2 and CCR5 ligands and trafficked to renal intertubular sites following adoptive (intra- venous) transfer. Their migration to the CCR5 ligand MIP-1b (CCL4) and homing to kidneys of Flt3L-treated recipients were inhibited by CCR5 antagonism. Conclusion. These data implicate specific CCR and their lig- ands in regulation of the dendritic cell constituency of the kid- ney. CCR5 antagonism inhibits their directed migration and intrarenal accumulation.
Twisted complex geometry

We introduce complex differential geometry twisted by a real line bundle. This provides a new approach to understand the various real objects that are associated with an anti-holomorphic involution. We also generalize a result of Greenleaf about real analytic sheaves from dimension 2 to higher dimensions.
On the usefulness of the contrarian strategy across national stock markets: A grid bootstrap analysis☆

Abstract This paper statistically evaluates the usefulness of the contrarian investment strategy across the national stock markets of 18 developed countries. The contrarian strategy implicitly assumes that asset prices tend toward a fundamental value path over time. Conventional bootstrap analyses and panel unit root tests are often consistent with such a hypothesis. However, these results might be contaminated by small-sample bias and/or by not controlling cross-section dependence. Correcting for small-sample bias nonparametrically, I find extremely slow mean reversion rates, which provide strong evidence against the usefulness of the contrarian strategy.