cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between unusual high-temperature fatigue crack growth threshold behavior in superalloys and sudden failure mode transitions

An investigation of high temperature cyclic fatigue crack growth (FCG) threshold behavior of two advanced nickel disk alloys was conducted. The focus of the study was the unusual crossover effect in the near-threshold region of these type of alloys where conditions which produce higher crack growth rates in the Paris regime, produce higher resistance to crack growth in the near threshold regime. It was shown that this crossover effect is associated with a sudden change in the fatigue failure mode from a predominant transgranular mode in the Paris regime to fully intergranular mode in the threshold fatigue crack growth region. This type of a sudden change in the fracture mechanisms has not been previously reported and is surprising considering that intergranular failure is typically associated with faster crack growth rates and not the slow FCG rates of the near-threshold regime. By characterizing this behavior as a function of test temperature, environment and cyclic frequency, it was determined that both the crossover effect and the onset of intergranular failure are caused by environmentally driven mechanisms which have not as yet been fully identified. A plausible explanation for the observed behavior is proposed.
The role of prehydration in rescuing shoots of mosses damaged by extreme desiccation events: Syntrichia norvegica (Pottiaceae)

While regarded as a principal factor of desiccation tolerance in bryophytes (along with rate of drying, water content and duration dry), the rate of rehydration has been broadly neglected or inadequately assessed. Prior to receiving liquid water from a rain event, desiccated bryophytes are able to partially rehydrate their tissues by absorbing water vapor when ambient relative humidity is high, a process known as prehydration. A single clone of Syntrichia norvegica was cultured for 4–6 months in a suprasaturated condition. Shoot apices were used in experimental prehydrating (1–48 h), drying (5 min–300 h, equilibrating at ∼0% relative humidity), and duration dry (0–42 d continuously dry at 54% RH) series. Shoots were subsequently prehydrated 24 h prior to exposure to liquid water or directly immersed in liquid water and assessed for desiccation associated damage. Prehydration occurs over a 4-h period, after which shoot water content levels out. Shoots that normally die when equilibrated at low water contents were rescued with a prehydration treatment. At extremely rapid rates of drying (<20 min) prehydration effects were limited. However, at gradual rates of drying the prehydration treatment restored chlorophyll fluorescence and regeneration capacity to near control levels. Prehydration also improved the capacity of a shoot to recover following continuously dry episodes of several weeks. Without a prehydration treatment, shoot apices of the moss Syntrichia norvegica were killed by desiccation to equilibrium with 0% RH, and severely damaged upon rehydration from a 42-d dry period. With a prehydration treatment, both of these scenarios were mitigated. For the prehydration treatment to be effective, a rate of drying only of 30 or more minutes from full turgor without external free water to leaf curling achieves a significant lessening of damage.
Democracy's Schools: The Rise of Public Education In America, by Johann N. Neem

Since its founding in 1776, the United States of America has been a lodestone to diverse peoples and groups from around the globe. Known as the land of opportunity, equality and freedom, early Amer...
New daily persistent headache (NDPH) triggered by a single Valsalva event: A case series.

ObjectiveTo describe a new subtype of new daily persistent headache that is triggered by a single Valsalva event.MethodsA case series of patients was evaluated in an academic headache clinic over a...
Negotiating masculinities in Dinah’s story: Honor and outrage in Genesis 34:

This article considers the story of Dinah in Genesis 34 to be a story primarily about masculinities. Therefore, it applies insights from masculinities studies to the negotiations that occur between the various men involved in Dinah’s life. Identifying which characters exemplify particular types of masculinities is only part of the investigation. The analysis also attempts to evaluate the hegemonic and subordinate masculinities that are displayed and eventually concludes that every masculinity enacted is less than desirable.
Taxing the Poor: Income Averaging Reconsidered

This Article presents an original empirical analysis demonstrating that low-income families experience far greater income fluctuations than higher-income families and, as a result, taxation of annual income disproportionately burdens low-income families. The author proposes two simple income averaging devices to redress this effect: averaging the Earned Income Tax Credit over a two-year period and carrying back the standard deduction and personal and dependent exemptions.
The myth of personal liability: Who pays when bivens claims succeed

In Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), the Supreme Court held that federal law creates a right to sue federal officials for Fourth Amendment violations. On introducing the Bivens action, the Court described the award of damages for the violation of constitutional rights as a central feature of a liability rule that focused on deterring misconduct by individual officers. But for the last three decades Bivens’ personal liability rule, presumed to directly burden individual officers, has played a central role in the Court’s growing hostility to the Bivens doctrine. During this time, the Court has emphasized the threat of individual liability and the burden of government indemnification on agency budgets as twin bases for narrowing the right of victims to secure redress. In its decision two Terms ago in Ziglar v. Abbasi, the Court said much to confirm that it now views personal liability less as a feature of the Bivens liability rule than as a bug. But, to date, there has been no empirical examination of who pays when Bivens claims succeed. This Article reports on the first study of its kind to assess the financial threat that successful Bivens claims pose to federal officers and their employing agencies. Information supplied by the Federal Bureau of Prisons in response to a Freedom of Information Act request identified successful Bivens actions over a ten-year period; in the vast majority of cases (over 95%), individual defendants contributed no personal resources to the resolution of the claims. Nor did the responsible federal agency pay the claims through indemnification. The data suggest, in short, that recent hostility to Bivens litigation rests on a perceived threat of personal liability that is much more theoretical than real. The data also raise important questions about the adequacy of existing constitutional remedies and the manner in which the Department of Justice exercises its settlement authority under the Federal Tort Claims Act and the Judgment Fund.
Hydrodynamic Modeling Coupled with Long-term Field Data Provide Evidence for Suppression of Phytoplankton by Invasive Clams and Freshwater Exports in the San Francisco Estuary

The San Francisco Estuary (California, USA) had abundant pelagic fish in the late 1960s, but has few pelagic fish today. A primary cause for this decline in fish is thought to be a trophic cascade, triggered by declining phytoplankton. Here, we describe the changes in pelagic community structure of the San Francisco Estuary. Then, we examine whether changes in hydrodynamics due to freshwater exports, which increased exponentially beginning in 1967, in addition to the 1986 invasion by the clam Potamocorbula amurensis, explain the phytoplankton loss. Hydrodynamic variables were reconstructed back to 1956 using statistical models fit to, and cross-validated against, output from a hydrodynamic model. Then, we regressed mean summer/fall chlorophyll a—the season with the largest phytoplankton decline—against the reconstructed hydrodynamic variables and the presence/absence of P. amurensis for 1969–2014. The regression model, which explained 78% of the interannual variation in chlorophyll a, was then used to quantify the influence of P. amurensis and exports on chlorophyll a. Based on monitoring data, chlorophyll a declined 22-fold from 1969–2014, zooplankton declined 32-fold from 1972–2014, and pelagic fish declined 92-fold from 1968–2014. Averaged over 1990–2014, the chlorophyll a model ascribed an 88% decline in chlorophyll a to P. amurensis, a 74% decline to exports (at minimum), and a 97% decline to the combined influence of P. amurensis and exports (at minimum). Thus, the decline in pelagic productivity in the San Francisco Estuary has occurred largely due to the combined impacts of the P. amurensis invasion and increased freshwater exports.
Assessing phenotypic and polygenic models of ADHD to identify mechanisms of risk for longitudinal trajectories of externalizing behaviors.

Background Children with ADHD frequently engage in higher rates of externalizing behaviors in adulthood relative to children without. However, externalizing behaviors vary across development. Little is known about how this risk unfolds across development. Phenotypic and polygenic models of childhood ADHD were used to predict individual differences in adult externalizing trajectories. Supportive parenting, school connectedness, and peer closeness were then examined as causal mechanisms. Methods Data were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 7,674). Externalizing behavior was measured using data from age 18 to 32 and modeled using latent class growth analysis. Child ADHD was measured using retrospective self-report (phenotypic model) and genome-wide polygenic risk scores (polygenic model). Multiple mediation models examined the direct and indirect effects of the phenotypic and polygenic models (separately) on externalizing trajectories through the effects of adolescent supportive parenting, school connectedness, and peer closeness. Results Phenotypic and polygenic models of ADHD were associated with being in the High Decreasing (3.2% of sample) and Moderate (16.1%) adult externalizing trajectories, but not the severe Low Increasing trajectory (2.6%), relative to the Normal trajectory (78.2%). Associations between both models of ADHD on the High Decreasing and Moderate trajectories were partially mediated through the effects of school connectedness, but not supportive parenting or peer closeness. Conclusions Findings shed light on how childhood ADHD affects downstream psychosocial processes that then predict specific externalizing outcomes in adulthood. They also reinforce the importance of fostering a strong school environment for adolescents with (and without) ADHD, as this context plays a critical role in shaping the development of externalizing behaviors in adulthood.
Herman Teppis and the Incestuous Fantasy: Exploring Complicated Relationships in Norman Mailer’s THE DEER PARK

Early on in his eminent career, Norman Mailer memorably stated that through his writing, he wished “to attempt an entrance into the mysteries of murder, suicide, incest, orgy, orgasm, and time,” a ...
Singular value decomposition of noisy data: noise filtering

The singular value decomposition (SVD) and proper orthogonal decomposition are widely used to decompose velocity field data into spatiotemporal modes. For noisy experimental data, the lower SVD modes remain relatively clean, which suggests the possibility for data filtering by retaining only the lower modes. Herein, we provide a method to (1) estimate the noise level in a given noisy dataset, (2) estimate the root mean square error (rmse) of the SVD modes, and (3) filter the noise using only the SVD modes that have low enough rmse. We show through both analytic and PIV examples that this method yields nearly the most accurate possible SVD-based reconstruction of the clean data. Moreover, we provide an analytic estimate of the accuracy of this reconstruction.
Assessing Family-Like Dynamics in the Workplace as Possible Precursors of Workplace Bullying: Psychometric Analysis of a Modified Instrument.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Family-like dynamics in workplaces may serve as antecedents to workplace bullying. This study addressed the psychometric properties of an instrument modified to assess family-like dynamics in the workplace. DESIGN The investigators used categorical principal components analysis (CATPCA) to investigate the psychometric properties of an instrument modified to measure coworker perceptions of family-like dynamics in the workplace. METHODS Primarily White (95%) study participants (N = 273) completed a brief, demographic form and the modified Family Relationships Index (FRI) of the Family Assessment Scale (FES) (Moos & Moos, 1981, 1986). Demographic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and perceptions of family-like dynamics in the workplace were analyzed using CATPCA. RESULTS The modified FRI served as a reasonable model for capturing coworker perceptions of family-like dynamics in the workplace. CONCLUSIONS Further research is indicated to determine the overall utility of the modified FRI and to ascertain whether family-like dynamics actually are precursors to workplace bullying victimization.
Optimization of the 15N2 incorporation and acetylene reduction methods for free-living nitrogen fixation

To optimize assay conditions of two common methods for measuring potential free-living nitrogen-fixation (FLNF), acetylene reduction assay (ARA) and 15N2-incorporation (15N2), for use with soil/rhizosphere samples. We tested the impact of different carbon (C) sources, oxygen concentrations (O2), and incubation times on FLNF rates of two low-fertility Michigan soils via ARA and 15N2. FLNF rates were greatest with addition of a C cocktail, at low O2, and with 7-day incubations for both methods. FLNF via ARA was 1700x greater with a C cocktail versus glucose only and via 15N2 was 17x greater with a C cocktail compared to other C sources and no-C controls. Specific O2 optimum varied by method and site. A 7-day incubation was needed for the ARA, but a 3-day incubation was suitable for 15N2. Lastly, we confirm previously identified issues with the ARA of acetylene-independent ethylene production/consumption resulting in potential FLNF measurement error of 1.3–52.3 μg N g−1 day−1. We present an optimized method for measuring potential FLNF in soil/rhizosphere samples which will allow for consistent and comparable FLNF rate measurements. Researchers should account for C source, O2, and incubation time when assessing FLNF and use the ARA method with caution.
Ovid on Screen: A Montage of Attractions

This book presents the first systematic appreciation of Ovid's extensive influence on, and affinity with, modern visual culture. Some topics are directly related to Ovid; others exhibit features, characters, or themes analogous to those in his works. The book demonstrates the wide-ranging ramifications that Ovidian archetypes, especially from the Metamorphoses, have provoked in a modern artistic medium that did not exist in Ovid's time. It ranges from the earliest days of film history (Georges Melies's discovery of screen metamorphosis) and theory (Gabriele D'Annunzio's fascination with the metamorphosis of Daphne; Sergei Eisenstein's concept of film sense) through silent films, classic sound films, commercial cinema, art-house and independent films to modernism and the C.G.I. era. Films by well-known directors, including Ingmar Bergman, Walerian Borowczyk, Jean Cocteau, Alfred Hitchcock, Stanley Kubrick, Fritz Lang, Max Ophuls, Alain Resnais, and various others, are analyzed in detail.
Same-day Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty Did Not Increase 90-day Hospital Returns

Purpose:Bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can be performed in patients with bilateral knee arthritis. Outside of nationwide database studies, which have limitations, few studies have compared...
“Everybody Wants a Choice” in Dual Language Education of El Nuevo Sur: Whiteness as the Gloss for Everybody in Media Discourses of Multilingual Education

Georgia and North Carolina are part of what some call the New Latinx South, a region where Latinx populations more than doubled recently. Both states have struggled to educate language minoritized ...
Resolving Disputes Arising from the 2020 Presidential Election

There will likely be challenges to the validity of votes in this Presidential election which will give rise to numerous legal issues under state and federal law (both statutory and constitutional). This memorandum discusses various scenarios. The fact pattern to bear in mind is Democratic control of the process of counting the popular vote for electors and a Republican legislature (as is the case in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania). I first look at issues arising from the popular election of electors (such as receipt of late ballots after November 3 and challenges to signatures). State officials may or may not determine that these ballots are valid and may or may not permit certification of the selection of electors that goes beyond the December 8 date which guarantees congressional acceptance of an electoral slate (the “safe harbor” provision; 3 U.S.C. sec. 5). In any event, a federal court might decide that any such determination or certification by state officials violates Article II of the Constitution. That Article provides that the state legislature shall determine the manner of selecting electors, which rules out anything other than a reasonable interpretation of state election law by state officials. I also explain what happens if there is a tie in the electoral college – including the possibility of a tie in the House vote (by state delegations) and the likelihood that the Senate will be unable to select a Vice President as Acting President if the House fails to pick a President. I then consider what happens if a state legislature advances its own slate (without the Governor’s participation), resulting in the possibility of two slates being presented to Congress on January 6 (after the new Congress has been seated on January 3). An 1887 federal statute (3 U.S.C. sec. 15) purports to determine how Congress can choose between competing slates but that law has two major uncertainties – it does not clearly establish what role the President of the Senate (who will still be Vice President Pence) can play and how a dispute between a Democratic House and Republican Senate can be resolved. One provision of the statute suggests that, in the event of an unresolved House/Senate dispute, the slate offered by the Governor (a Democrat is the likely fact pattern) shall prevail. There is a real possibility that no President or Vice President would emerge from this legal and political chaos by January 20, when the President is supposed to take office. That would result in application of the Presidential Succession Act, which would likely lead to Speaker Pelosi becoming Acting President. At various points, the U.S. Supreme Court may be asked to resolve one or more of these legal issues (as well as some not mentioned in this abstract) and they will probably do so, despite a reluctance to become involved in “political questions”.
Thank You for Being a Friend: A Peer-Learning Approach to Marketing Education:

Peer learning, a pedagogical approach whereby students are partnered together to have one student actively help another student learn predetermined content or skills, has long been utilized as an e...
Psychological correlates of smoker’s identity in adults reporting mental health diagnoses

Objective: Smoking and tobacco use co-occur with mental health problems. We examined the relationships between smoker’s identity and positive factors in smokers with mental health problems. We also...
Hydrodynamic instability at impact interfaces and planetary implications.

Impact-induced mixing between bolide and target is fundamental to the geochemical evolution of a growing planet, yet aside from local mixing due to jetting – associated with large angles of incidence between impacting surfaces – mixing during planetary impacts is poorly understood. Here we describe a dynamic instability of the surface between impacting materials, showing that a region of mixing grows between two media having even minimal initial topography. This additional cause of impact-induced mixing is related to Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI), and results from pressure perturbations amplified by shock-wave refraction through the corrugated interface between impactor and target. However, unlike RMI, this new impact-induced instability appears even if the bodies are made of the same material. Hydrocode simulations illustrate the growth of this mixing zone for planetary impacts, and predict results suitable for experimental validation in the laboratory. This form of impact mixing may be relevant to the formation of stony-iron and other meteorites. The authors describe a dynamic surface instability between impacting materials, showing that a region of mixing grows between two media. The study implies that this can explain mixed compositions and textures in certain meteorites.
The Shu complex prevents mutagenesis and cytotoxicity of single-strand specific alkylation lesions.

Three-methyl cytosine (3meC) are toxic DNA lesions, blocking base pairing. Bacteria and humans, express members of the AlkB enzymes family, which directly remove 3meC. However, other organisms, including budding yeast, lack this class of enzymes. It remains an unanswered evolutionary question as to how yeast repairs 3meC, particularly in single-stranded DNA. The yeast Shu complex, a conserved homologous recombination factor, aids in preventing replication-associated mutagenesis from DNA base damaging agents such as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). We found that MMS-treated Shu complex-deficient cells, exhibit a genome-wide increase in A:T and G:C substitutions mutations. The G:C substitutions displayed transcriptional and replicational asymmetries consistent with mutations resulting from 3meC. Ectopic expression of a human AlkB homolog in Shu-deficient yeast rescues MMS-induced growth defects and increased mutagenesis. Thus, our work identifies a novel homologous recombination-based mechanism mediated by the Shu complex for coping with alkylation adducts.
Chemical oxidation of selenite to selenate: Evaluation of reactive oxygen species and O transfer pathways

Abstract Naturally occurring selenium is usually found in shales, mostly in the form of reduced selenides or elemental selenium metal. In contrast, downstream oxic waters and soils contain the oxidized forms of selenium as the oxyanions selenite (HSeO3−, SeO32−) and selenate (SeO42−). Whereas the oxidation of selenides to selenium oxyanions is possible in the presence of O2, the actual mechanisms of oxidation, and selenate formation in particular, are not fully understood. In this work, reactive oxygen species were evaluated for selenite oxidation within batch reactors at circumneutral pH. Complete selenite oxidation to selenate by ozone (O3) and hypochlorite (OCl−, as a positive control) occurred within minutes and seconds, respectively. Partial oxidation of selenite to selenate by hydrogen peroxide required two weeks reaction at 2 M H2O2. Hydroxyl radicals were generated by photocatalytic decomposition of H2O2 and oxidized selenite completely within six hours. Singlet oxygen, superoxide, and peroxynitrite were not observed to oxidize selenite. By using selenite and H2O with varying δ18O isotopic compositions in oxidation experiments, it was possible to infer the two different sources of O during selenate formation. Selenate inherits three O from selenite and is suggested to acquire the fourth O via O transfer from the oxidants studied here.
System of Systems Meta-Architecture Approach to Improve Legacy Metrorails for Enhanced Customer Experience

As technology surges forward, some Metrorail networks have become outdated customer-facing systems in need of updates. To help enhance overall traveler experience, the following Key Performance Attributes (KPAs) need improvement: predictability, accessibility, reliability, affordability, and scalability. By maximizing these KPAs, a legacy Metrorail system could see increased ridership, thus potentially increasing overall revenue generated by the system. In order to assess the overall fitness measure of the System of Systems (SoS), a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) developed along with a set of feasible, participating systems and KPA-defining equations. A simple Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to find the optimized meta-architecture. Using the methodologies described in this paper, an optimized SoS meta-architecture for improving a legacy Metrorail system was generated and assessed.
Wide-Field Low-Frequency Imaging with the VLA

The 330 MHz observing system at the VLA is a potentially powerful survey system. It can map fields many degrees in size quickly and at high sensitivity. However imaging characteristics unique to this data pose excessive computational burdens on conventional mapping systems. Hence while data acquisition is quick and efficient, data reduction has been difficult and slow. Here we describe how powerful new scalable processing algorithms have been used to generate the first full resolution 330 MHz images, demonstrating also that lower resolution survey work is now a tractable problem.
Median Nerve Compression Secondary to Fractures of the Distal Radius

Fractures of the distal radius and carpal tunnel syndrome are both commonly occurring entities seen in the wrist.The latter condition is an occasional complication that should be well recognized as a result of the former traumatic condition.While treatment of distal radius fractures is currently undergoing a treatment revolution,the complication of carpal tunnel syndrome should be similarly recognized and given therespectthatitdeserves.Once significant median nerve injury or compression occurs as a result of a fracture of the distal radius,it can be much more difficult to treat, and the final out come may be much less predictable than its idiopathic counterpart.
Algebraic Theories of Sets

This chapter is a selfcontained introduction to algebraic theories of sets. Category theory is not used in the development. The motivating example of equationally-definable classes is eventually seen to be coextensive with algebraic theories with rank. Compact Hausdorff spaces and complete atomic Boolean algebras arise as algebras over theories (without rank) whereas complete Boolean algebras do not.
Characterization of a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade: Molecular cloning and expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase

Recent studies have demonstrated that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaM-kinase IV) can mediate Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of gene expression through the phosphorylation of transcriptional activating proteins. We have previously identified and purified a 68-kDa rat brain CaM-kinase kinase that phosphorylates and increases total and Ca(2+)-independent activities of CaM-kinase IV (Tokumitsu, H., Brickey, D. A., Gold, J., Hidaka, H., Sikela, J., and Soderling, T. R. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 28640-28647). Using a partial amino acid sequence of the purified brain kinase, a CaM-kinase kinase cDNA was cloned from a rat brain cDNA library. Northern blot analysis showed that CaM-kinase kinase mRNA (3.4 kilobases) was expressed in rat brain, thymus, and spleen. Sequence analyses revealed that the cDNA encoded a 505-amino acid protein, which contained consensus protein kinase motifs and was 30-40% homologous with members of the CaM-kinase family. Expression of the cDNA in COS-7 cells yielded an apparent 68-kDa CaM-binding protein, which catalyzed in vitro activation in the presence of Mg2+/ATP and Ca2+/ CaM of CaM-kinases I and IV but not of CaM-kinase II. Co-expression of CaM-kinase kinase with CaM-kinase IV gave a 14-fold enhancement of cAMP-response element-binding protein-dependent gene expression compared with CaM-kinase IV alone. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CaM-kinases I and IV are regulated through a unique signal transduction cascade involving CaM-kinase kinase.
Exploring Framing Effects in Inventory Control Decisions: Violations of Procedure Invariance

Recent research on decision framing has shown that (i) there are multiple types of framing effects and (ii) the context of the decision can influence framing effects. This research examines decision framing effects in inventory control contexts by questioning the assumption of procedure invariance, that preference should not be impacted by how options are presented to a supply chain manager making an inventory control decision. Study 1 uses three single-shot decision experiments to establish that all three types of framing effects identified by Levin et al. (1998) apply in basic inventory control contexts. Results were consistent with theory in all three cases. Given this evidence that framing effects have potential to impact inventory control decisions, two laboratory experiments in Study 2 utilize multi-period decision tasks to demonstrate that framing effects can impact performance in a dynamic inventory decision setting similar to practice. One of the experiments in Study 2 was conducted with student subjects, while the other with inventory managers from a large retail firm. Results from both experiments provide evidence that even when initial framing effects on order quantities fade, there can be longer term effects on inventory levels and performance. Furthermore, these effects are robust to education and professional experience. The findings suggest that although a manager might select appropriate inventory control metrics, prudence must be exercised in the presentation of these metrics, and that mere presentation can be used to alleviate known human biases in inventory control decisions.
Puede hablar el sujeto subalterno

Algunos de los mas radicales enfoques criticos nacidos en Occidente hoy en dia provienen del deseo interesado de conservar al sujeto de Occidente asi como esta, o conservar a Occidente como el unico sujeto y tema. La teoria de los “efectos de sujeto/tema” pluralizados provoca la ilusion de socavar la soberania del sujeto, mientras a menudo lo que hace es servir de cobertura para la supervivencia de ese mismo sujeto/tema de conocimiento. Aunque la historia de Europa como sujeto/tema esta narrativizada en la ley, en la economia politica y en la ideologia occidentales, este sujeto/tema omnipresente y latente pretende no poseer “determinaciones geopoliticas”. La muy publicitada critica de la soberania del sujeto, por lo tanto, funda, en realidad, un sujeto, un unico tema. Mi argumentacion al respecto va a basarse en la consideracion de un texto de dos de los grandes representantes de este tipo de critica: “Intellectuals and power: a conversation between Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze” (“Los intelectuales y el poder: una conversacion entre Michel Foucault y Gilles Deleuze”; citado como: Foucault, 1977)
Evaluation of the role of cellular hypoxia in sepsis by the hypoxic marker [18F]fluoromisonidazole.

Underlying cellular hypoxia, which may be difficult to detect, has been postulated to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in sepsis. We employed the novel hypoxic marker [18F]fluoromisonidazole to determine whether cellular hypoxia was present in a peritonitis model of sepsis in the rat. A second group of septic and control rats had organ blood flow measurements determined by the radiolabeled microsphere technique to relate possible ischemia to decreased organ perfusion. No evidence of cellular hypoxia was detected in skeletal muscle, brain, liver, heart, or diaphragm in the septic rats. Ligation of the femoral artery caused a greater reduction in flow (55% decrease vs. 20% decrease, P less than 0.05) and an increased retention of [18F]fluoromisonidazole in skeletal muscle of the septic rats. We conclude that sepsis does not invariably result in systemic, i.e., multiorgan, cellular hypoxia and that underlying cellular hypoxia is not the major pathophysiological abnormality in sepsis. The greater reduction in muscle blood flow and the increased retention of [18F]fluoromisonidazole in the ischemic muscle of septic rats implies that they may be more vulnerable to hypoxia.
Double RNA Interference of DNMT3b and DNMT1 Enhances DNA Demethylation and Gene Reactivation

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are newly identified molecules shown to silence genes via targeted mRNA degradation. In this study, we used specific siRNAs as a tool to probe the relationship between two DNA methyltransferase genes, DNMT3b and DNMT1 , in the maintenance of DNA methylation patterns in the genome. Levels of DNMT3b or DNMT1 mRNAs and proteins were markedly decreased (up to 80%) on transfecting these siRNAs into the ovarian cancer cell line CP70. The resulting RNA interference showed differential effects on DNA demethylation and gene reactivation in the treated cells. The DNMT1 siRNA treatment led to a partial removal of DNA methylation from three inactive promoter CpG islands, TWIST , RASSF1A , and HIN-1 , and restored the expression of these genes. This epigenetic alteration appeared less effective in cells transfected with DNMT3b siRNA. However, the combined treatment of DNMT3b and DNMT1 siRNAs greatly enhanced this demethylation effect, producing 7–15-fold increases in their expression. We also used a microarray approach to examine this RNA interference on 8640 CpG island loci in CP70 cells. The combined siRNA treatment had a greater demethylation effect on 241 methylated loci and selected repetitive sequences than that of the single treatment. Our data thus suggest that whereas DNMT1 plays a key role in methylation maintenance, DNMT 3b may act as an accessory to support the function in CP70 cells. This study also shows that siRNA is a powerful tool for interrogating the mechanisms of DNA methylation in normal and pathological genomes.
Improved Rapid Procedure for Detection of High Protein-Bound Iodine Levels

An improved screening test to detect grossly high levels of iodine in sera for protein-bound, iodine determinations is described. This is based on the methods of Grossman (2) and Ackerman and Myers (3).
Making Linguistics Matter: Building on the Public's Interest in Language†

Linguists in the United States are acutely aware of the need to engage the public about their work in new and better ways. We describe here our effort to take up that challenge in Wisconsin by building a set of outreach projects that connect with communities throughout the state and that focus on issues of importance to particular audiences. Through these projects, we have become convinced that outreach, teaching, and research — treated separately and distinctly for academic evaluation — are inextricably linked, often to the point of being indistinguishable in practice.
Reexamining Causes and Consequences: Does Administrative Intensity Matter for Organizational Performance?

ABSTRACTThis study examines the relationship between organizational structure (size and complexity) and administrative intensity and, subsequently, the effect of administrative intensity on organizational performance in the context of four-year institutions of higher education in the United States between 2003 and 2009. Organizational size has a negative effect on administrative intensity and supports the notion of economies of scale. Size and complexity also interact such that complexity has a greater effect on total administrative intensity in larger organizations. While administrative intensity has a nonlinear relationship with degree productivity, suggesting a tipping point of 30% total administration, it has little direct effect on graduation rates.
Iron meteorites with low cosmic ray exposure ages

Analysis of argon-38 and argon-39 produced by cosmic rays in four iron meteorites gives normal amounts of the radioactive product argon-39 and abnormally low amounts of stable argon-38. This indicates that these meteorites were exposed to cosmic rays for unusually short periods of time. These exposure times are one or two orders of magnitude shorter than those for the average iron meteorite, and they overlap the periods found for chondrites. It is suggested that perhaps 20 percent of the iron meteorites have similarly short exposure periods.
Recovery of nitrogen pools and processes in degraded riparian zones in the southern appalachians.

Establishment of riparian buffers is an effective method for reducing nutrient input to streams. However, the underlying biogeochemical processes are not fully understood. The objective of this 4-yr study was to examine the effects of riparian zone restoration on soil N cycling mechanisms in a mountain pasture previously degraded by cattle. Soil inorganic N pools, fluxes, and transformation mechanisms were compared across the following experimental treatments: (i) a restored area with vegetation regrowth; (ii) a degraded riparian area with simulated effects of continued grazing by compaction, vegetation removal, and nutrient addition (+N); and (iii) a degraded riparian area with simulated compaction and vegetation removal only (-N). Soil solution NO 3 ― concentrations and fluxes of inorganic N in overland flow were >90% lower in the restored treatment relative to the degraded (+N) treatment. Soil solution NO 3 ― concentrations decreased more rapidly in the restored treatment relative to the degraded (-N) following cattle (Bos taurus) exclusion. Mineralization and nitrification rates in the restored treatment were similar to the degraded (-N) treatment and, on average, 75% lower than in the degraded (+N) treatment. Nitrogen trace gas fluxes indicated that restoration increased the relative importance of denitrification, relative to nitrification, as a pathway by which N is diverted from the receiving stream to the atmosphere. Changes in soil nutrient cycling mechanisms following restoration of the degraded riparian zone were primarily driven by cessation of N inputs. The recovery rate, however, was influenced by the rate of vegetation regrowth.
Behavior Modification by Long-Distance Demonstration of Functional Control Over Disruptive Behavior in a Rural Classroom Setting

A nine-year-old male was treated with a positive practice procedure for inappropriate out-of-seat behavior in the classroom. Because both subject and teacher lived in an isolated rural environment, professional involvement was unavoidably restricted to a long-distance consultation-type format. Contingencies were applied by the subject's teacher and results were evaluated by means of a single-subject reversal design. Introduction and removal of the positive practice procedure appeared to have a clear and systematic effect upon the frequency of target behavior occurrence. More-over, behavioral improvements were maintained three and one-half months following a Positive Practice-Matching condition in which the subject self-monitored, matched, and earned group rewards for the entire class. These results were discussed with regard to problem-specific consultation and the situational constraints often imposed by rural environments.
A sea change in Smuggler's Cove? Detection of decadal-scale compositional transitions in the subfossil record

Abstract Molluscan death assemblages in coastal marine settings are compositionally dynamic in time and space. Here, we describe a significant temporal faunal transition recorded over some two decades in the upper sedimentary veneer of a currently accumulating shell bed in Smuggler's Cove, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. It had been demonstrated previously that molluscan death assemblages in the study area reflect the living assemblages from which they were derived. Further, a gradient among these assemblages reflects an environmental gradient of decreasing seagrass cover and increasing bioturbation, transitioning from lucinid bivalves and grazing gastropods inhabiting dense seagrass to other bivalves and predatory gastropods in bioturbated areas. More than two decades after initial sampling, the study area was resampled to investigate whether the environment and assemblages had changed relative to those reported in the earlier investigation. Results demonstrate that, while the general faunal gradient has remained intact, a notable area-wide biotic transition occurred among the living molluscan assemblages, during the intervening period, and is reflected in the accumulated death assemblage. This change is characterized by a major decline in the previously prolific grazing gastropod, Cerithium litteratum, and a similarly dramatic increase in the abundance of another grazing gastropod, Eulithidium affine. While the cause of this transition is not yet known, it demonstrates the compositional dynamism of this time-averaged assemblage on a decadal time-scale.
A Spontaneous Dissecting Abdominal Aneurysm Originating from the Iliac Artery

Abstract Aortic dissection often involves the thoracic and abdominal aorta, whereas isolated abdominal aortic dissection is rare. Few cases of abdominal aortic dissection caused by iliac arterial dissection have been reported. Herein, we report a case of spontaneous isolated abdominal dissection in which both the entry and exit sites were in the iliac arteries. The patient was treated successfully using the endovascular aneurysm repair procedure.
Errors in measurements of transverse relaxation rates

Abstract Errors which may occur in the measurement of transverse relaxation rates in liquids by wideband multiple pulse techniques are described. Numerical analysis of Bloch equations is used to evaluate the effects of imperfect pulses, and results of pulse imperfections are demonstrated experimentally. Effects of field-frequency instability and of diffusion combined with external field gradients are discussed. Methods for avoiding several of these errors are described and applied to the measurement of T2 for degassed benzene. It is experimentally demonstrated that if certain criteria are met, measurements of T2 with accuracy of ±1–2% are feasible.
Vaccination Rates in Heart Failure: Are We Missing the Target?

Introduction: Crystal Methamphetamine (meth), commonly known as ice, is the drug of choice in Hawaii and, increasingly, the U.S. A common drug of abuse for over 2 decades, meth is associated with memory loss, aggression, psychosis, hypertension and dental problems. Case reports and small series suggest that meth is also associated with heart failure (HF), particularly among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Peoples (NHPP). Hypothesis: NHPP have a higher prevalence of HF associated with meth as compared to Caucasians. Methods: All NHPP, Caucasian, Japanese and Filipino patients discharged from 2003 through 2007 with a primary diagnosis of HF were identified through our hospital’s data warehouse. A trained study nurse performed a detailed medical record review to obtain study data, including ejection fraction (EF) and possible causes of HF. For patients with EF!41%, 2 cardiologists reviewed all charts to determine a probable cause of HF. A third cardiologist reviewed the case if the first two disagreed. If any two cardiologists did not agree, the patient was excluded (n544). Results: A total of 1,362 patients were identified with 865 (64%) having an EF!41%. The table summarizes our findings. NHPP was the largest population (38%) and, with Filipinos, were significantly younger than Caucasians. Ischemia was determined to be the most common cause of HF. However meth use was associated with HF significantly more frequently among NHPP (16%) and Filipinos (13%) than Caucasians (3%). Conclusion: NHPP and Filipinos are more likely to have HF that is associated with crystal methamphetamine than are Caucasians, and are significantly younger. The rate of HF may increase as the use of meth increases.
Dissociations Between Fluency And Agrammatism In Primary Progressive Aphasia

Background: Classical aphasiology, based on the study of stroke sequelae, fuses speech fluency and grammatical ability. Nonfluent (Broca's) aphasia often is accompanied by agrammatism; whereas in the fluent aphasias grammatical deficits are not typical. The assumption that a similar relationship exists in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) has led to the dichotomisation of this syndrome into fluent and nonfluent subtypes. Aims: This study compared elements of fluency and grammatical production in the narrative speech of individuals with PPA to determine if they can be dissociated from one another. Methods & Procedures: Speech samples from 37 individuals with PPA, clinically assigned to agrammatic (N = 11), logopaenic (N = 20), and semantic (N = 6) subtypes, and 13 cognitively healthy control participants telling the “Cinderella Story” were analysed for fluency—i.e., words per minute (WPM) and mean length of utterance in words (MLU-W)—and grammaticality, i.e., the proportion of grammatically correct sentenc...
A mathematical model of slag and metal flow in the ESR Process

Through the statement of the turbulent Navier-Stokes equations and Maxwell’s equations a mathematical representation is developed for the electromagnetic force field and the velocity field in the slag phase and the metal pool of cylindrical ESR units. Computed results are presented for both industrial scale (0.5 m electrode diameter) and laboratory scale (0.05 m electrode diameter) units operating with direct currents. It was found that for industrial scale units, the computed slag velocities ranged from 5 to 10 cm/s, while the velocities in the metal pool were substantially lower, except at the slag-metal interface. At a given spatial position, the velocity was found to increase in an almost linear fashion with the current density. The flow was found to be predominately laminar in the laboratory scale units and for comparable current densities the melt velocities were very much smaller. Some 600 to 900 s were required on a CDC 6400 digital computer for the solution of each case involving turbulent flow.
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells detect light with a vitamin A-based photopigment, melanopsin

In mammals, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) mediate non-image-forming visual functions such as pupillary light reflex (PLR) and circadian photoentrainment. This photosensitivity requires melanopsin, an invertebrate opsin-like protein expressed by the ipRGCs. The precise role of melanopsin remains uncertain. One suggestion has been that melanopsin may be a photoisomerase, serving to regenerate an unidentified pigment in ipRGCs. This possibility was echoed by a recent report that melanopsin is expressed also in the mouse retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a key center for regeneration of rod and cone pigments. To address this question, we studied mice lacking RPE65, a protein essential for the regeneration of rod and cone pigments. Rpe65-/- ipRGCs were ≈20- to 40-fold less photosensitive than normal at both single-cell and behavioral (PLR) levels but were rescued by exogenous 9-cis-retinal (an 11-cis-retinal analog), indicating the requirement of a vitamin A-based chromophore for ipRGC photosensitivity. In contrast, 9-cis-retinal was unable to restore intrinsic photosensitivity to melanopsin-ablated ipRGCs, arguing against melanopsin functioning merely in photopigment regeneration. Interestingly, exogenous all-trans-retinal was also able to rescue the low sensitivity of rpe65-/- ipRGCs, suggesting that melanopsin could be a bistable pigment. Finally, we detected no melanopsin in the RPE and no changes in rod and cone sensitivities due to melanopsin ablation. Together, these results strongly suggest that melanopsin is the photopigment in the ipRGCs.