cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Judging the Goring Ox: Retribution Directed Toward Animals

Prior research on the psychology of retribution is complicated by the difficulty of separating retributive and general deterrence motives when studying human offenders (Study 1). We isolate retribution by investigating judgments about punishing animals, which allows us to remove general deterrence from consideration. Studies 2 and 3 document a "victim identity" effect, such that the greater the perceived loss from a violent animal attack, the greater the belief that the culprit deserves to be killed. Study 3 documents a "targeted punishment" effect, such that the responsive killing of the actual "guilty" culprit is seen as more deserved than the killing of an almost identical yet "innocent" animal from the same species. Studies 4 and 5 extend both effects to participants' acceptance of inflicting pain and suffering on the offending animal at the time of its death, and show that both effects are mediated by measures of retributive sentiment, and not by consequentialist concerns. Language: en
Effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons on the induction of chromosomal aberrations in absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system in cultured hamster cells.

The effect of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons on the chromosomes of cultured Chinese hamster cells was investigated. Contrary to earlier reports it was observed that benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene were effective in causing chromosomal aberrations without any exogenous metabolic activation. Duration of incubation with these agents may be the cause of difference in results. Importance of prolonged treatment period is discussed.
Electrokinetic remediation of an electroplating site: design and scale-up for an in-situ application in the unsaturated zone

Abstract In-situ electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soils requires integrated approaches and adequately engineered setups to control relevant mass fluxes. Based on laboratory findings, this study presents the design of a pilot-scale remediation at an operating electroplating site. The fine-textured soil developed from Jurassic limestone exhibits a chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc contamination down to depths of more than 4 m. The feasibility of an electrokinetic remediation in the unsaturated zone was tested in a lab-scale experiment with subsoil material sampled at the site. The electrodes were placed in water-impermeable, ion-selective membrane wells. This construction allows the necessary watering of the electrodes, maintains unsaturated conditions in the soil compartment, and enables the transfer of contaminant ions into the wells. In addition, the soil is protected from pH changes caused by water electrolysis at the electrodes. The setup includes a watering and drainage system to compensate the electroosmotic water flux and impede desiccation of the anodic region. With a direct current of 70 V and an electric field strength of 2.2 V cm−1, contaminant removal rates amounted up to 27% and 66% (w/w) of the initial zinc/copper and chromium/nickel concentrations. Copper, nickel, and zinc accumulated in the cathode well, while chromate species were enriched in the anode well. Given the successful lab-scale remediation, the pilot plant was designed for the in-situ treatment of a soil volume of 12 m3 below a production hall. A power of 500 V DC at a maximum current of 30 A is supplied by a transformer rectifier. This yields an electric field strength comparable to the lab-scale experiment and thereby similar contaminant transport velocities. A vacuum distillation unit is employed for process water reuse and to control electrolyte conductivity. To cope with chlorine gas generation at the anodes a gas absorber unit is employed. According to the lab-scale results, about 2, 9, 9, and 15 kg zinc, chromium, copper, and nickel, respectively, are expected to be removed from the field plot during an operation time of 10 months.
Technical considerations in the surgical management of pectus excavatum and carinatum.

Abstract During the past 25 years, 650 operations have been performed on 608 patients for anatomically significant pectus excavatum or carinatum deformities of the anterior chest wall. There were no deaths in this series, and serious complications were very rare. We conclude that repair of pectus excavatum and carinatum deformities should include the following operative steps: (1) adequate mobilization of the sternum and correction of its abnormal angulation by transverse osteotomy; (2) adequate bilateral removal of the involved costal cartilage; and (3) securing the corrected position of the sternum with the patient's own living tissue, retaining its blood supply and using it as an internal support. Using these principles, new surgical procedures were developed for the correction of: symmetrical pectus excavatum, asymmetrical pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum with xiphoid angulation, pectus carinatum without xiphoid angulation, asymmetrical pectus carinatum, chondromanubrial prominence with chondrogladiolar depression, and recurrent pectus excavatum. We recommend surgical correction for patients in whom the deformity is significant and no contraindication exists. The ill effects of this condition should not be underestimated.
Is peripheral visual acuity susceptible to perceptual learning in the adult

While it is generally accepted that foveal visual acuity in the adult has reached an optimal value, claims for improvement of peripheral acuity with training in the adult persist in the literature. Practice effects in peripheral hyperacuity have been amply documented. A carefully controlled test is here reported to examine the influence of training on the resolution thresholds for two lines and on Landolt C acuity measurements in the retinal periphery in eight normal adults. It involved 11-30 daily sessions of 300 responses with feedback. In some observers the first day's results were somewhat poorer, but otherwise the threshold curves were essential flat. Yet in the same location vernier acuity could be improved by 50% in six training sessions. Sustained and lasting neural modifications in peripheral vision can take place in stereoscopic, orientation, vernier, bisection and time discriminations, but not in resolution and Landolt C acuities.
Comparison of Experimental and Finite Element Structure-Borne Flexural Power Measurements for a Straight Beam

Abstract Experimental and finite element methods are used to measure flexural powers in a straight beam model. The experimental methods use wave decomposition theory to obtain expressions for the incident, reflected and near-field wave spectra for a beam vibrating in flexure in terms of the measured auto- and cross-spectra of an array of closely spaced accelerometers. With expressions for the wave spectra, it is possible to measure the structural power and termination impedances related to the bending waves in the beam. The finite element approach models beams numerically by discretizing structures into elements which model elastic wave motions. The structural response is predicted for given loading and boundary conditions, and the power variables are calculated from element forces and velocities. The input forcing functions and end impedances (boundary conditions) of two experimental cases were applied to a finite element model. In one case, the beam was attached to a lightly damped mount and in the other case a heavily damped mount was used. Measured and predicted flexural powers were compared and showed mixed agreement. The directionality of power was accurately predicted, as was the general character of the power spectra. However, differences in power magnitudes, particularly in the lightly damped mounting case, were discovered. The power magnitude errors were attributed to accuracy limitations in the applied termination impedances. The results suggest that the finite element method may be used to predict accurately the direction and spectral trends of beam flexural power, but that numerical power magnitudes are highly dependent on accurate boundary condition quantification.
High-performance Inversion-type E-mode In 0.65 Ga 0.35 As MOSFETs with ALD HfO 2 as Gate Dielectric

In this paper, the authors have demonstrated high-performance inversion-type E-mode In0.65Ga0.35As MOSFETs using ALD high-k gate dielectrics such as ALD Al2O3 and HfO2 with a maximum inversion current as high as 1.05 A/mm and a peak transconductance of 0.37 S/mm. These results suggest In-rich InGaAs could be an ideal channel material which is easy to integrate with high-k dielectrics and has a higher electron effective mobility and a wide enough bandgap for low-power and high-speed CMOS applications.
Institutions and the sources of innovation: the determinants and effects of international R&D collaboration

This paper examines the phenomenon of international R&D collaboration in the form of cross-national patenting. Using a unique dataset on patents from the USPTO for a maximum of 125 countries over the period 1975–2005, we show that, despite the potential for technological advancement arising from R&D collaboration with tier 1 countries, there is no evidence that relatively poor and open countries raise their technical efficiency by doing so. In fact, the overall picture is one in which a poor, open, developing country is hurt by tier 1 collaboration. We have also identified non-linearities in the effects of overall patenting on technical efficiency, indicating that a certain threshold in numbers of patents per capita must be reached before technical efficiency increases. These results can be attributed to the keen international competition for researchers and research investment and the inability of firms in the home country to take advantage of such patenting and attract investments.
Continuous measurement of peak hydrogen fluoride exposures in aluminum smelter potrooms: instrument development and in-plant evaluation.

The aluminum smelting process continuously evolves both sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) gases. The vast majority of these evolved gases are captured by local exhaust ventilation systems and transported to fume treatment centers. Any gas escaping the ventilation systems could create the potential for workplace exposures. Currently, there are no commercially available sensors that are capable of selectively measuring peak concentrations (< 10 sec) of HF in the presence of SO 2 . This measurement capability is critical for facilitating a better understanding of the etiology of respiratory health effects. This article presents the development and in-plant testing of a portable, tunable diode-based HF sensor that shows equivalent or improved performance relative to NIOSH Method 7902 and is capable of measuring short-term personal peak HF exposure potentials in operating aluminum smelters.
Molecular measures of insect fitness

Many questions concerning social behavior and reproductive ecology require an accurate measure of direct and/or indirect fitness. Recently developed molecular techniques that measure parentage and relatedness have made these basic questions more tractable. In this paper, we provide a summary of the methods and analyses of the most commonly used techniques for measuring fitness that have been applied to insect systems and discuss the strengths and limitations of each. The use of highly polymorphic microsatellite loci as genetic markers has been steadily increasing in the past few years, and we focus on their usefulness in the study of natural populations.
Movement Patterns of a Native and Non‐native Frugivore in Hawaii and Implications for Seed Dispersal

Avian frugivores historically played important roles as seed dispersers across the Hawaiian Islands, but presently, the ‘ Oma‘ o( Myadestes obscurus) is the only extant native frugivore in the wild on the Island of Hawaii. During recent decades, the introduced generalist Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus) has become the most common bird in Hawaii. The movements of avian frugivores largely dictate how far seeds get dispersed and into what kinds of microhabitats. This study compares the movement patterns and diet of the ‘ Oma‘o to the Japanese White-eye to understand how a native differs from a non-native frugivore in the type and distances of seeds dispersed.
Renal Toxicity Review of Pediatric Issues

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an important part of therapy for childhood rheumatic disease and for the symptomatic management of clinical problems such as fever, musculoskeletal pain, and dysmenorrhea. Overall, there is a low incidence of significant complications resulting from NSAID therapy in children, but serious adverse effects on renal function have occurred. The physician should be aware of the potential renal toxicity of these drugs and monitor patients accordingly.
Incorporating a model of human panic behavior for robotic-based emergency evacuation

Evacuating a building in an emergency situation can be very confusing and dangerous. Exit signs are static and thus have no ability to convey information about congestion or danger between the sign and the actual exit door. Emergency personnel may arrive too late to assist in an evacuation. Robots, however, can be stored inside of buildings and can be used to guide evacuees to the best available exit. To enable this process, evacuation robots must have an understanding of how people react in emergency situations. By incorporating a model of human panic behavior, these robots can effectively guide crowds of people to zones of safety. In this paper, we discuss an initial design of these robots and their behaviors. Preliminary simulation results show that a significantly larger proportion of people are evacuated with robot assistance than without.
Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) Recognize Spatial and Object Correspondences Between a Scale Model and Its Referent

In the present study, the contributions of spatial and object features to chimpanzees' comprehension of scale models were examined. Seven chimpanzees that previously demonstrated the ability to use a scale model as an information source for the location of a hidden item were tested under conditions manipulating the feature correspondence and spatial-relational correspondence between objects in the model and an outdoor enclosure. In Experiment 1, subjects solved the task under two conditions in which one object cue (color or shape) was unavailable, but positional cues remained. Additionally, performance was above chance under a third condition in which both types of object cues, but not position cues, were available. In Experiment 2, 2 subjects solved the task under a condition in which shape and color object cues were simultaneously unavailable. The results suggest that, much like young children, chimpanzees are sensitive to both object and spatial-relational correspondences between a model and its referent.
Energy and Emission Benefit Comparison of Stationary and In-Vehicle Advanced Driving Alert Systems

Automobiles powered by fossil fuels are one of the major contributors to both criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas—in particular, carbon dioxide (CO2)—emissions. Previous studies revealed that unnecessary acceleration and hard braking in response to sudden changes of traffic signals may cause a significant amount of wasted energy and increased emissions. Altering the behavior of drivers approaching signalized intersections potentially could reduce energy consumption and emissions from motor vehicles without increasing travel time or delay. Two types of advanced driving alert systems (ADAS) are proposed: stationary ADAS [based on roadside infrastructure, such as changeable message signs (CMSs)] and in-vehicle ADAS [driven by advanced communication technology, such as vehicle-infrastructure integration (VII)]. These systems can help drivers avoid hard braking at intersections by providing realtime information on traffic signal status. A state-of-the-art modal emissions model is used to evaluate and compare...
Clathrin-dependent and -independent internalization of plasma membrane sphingolipids initiates two Golgi targeting pathways

Sphingolipids (SLs) are plasma membrane constituents in eukaryotic cells which play important roles in a wide variety of cellular functions. However, little is known about the mechanisms of their internalization from the plasma membrane or subsequent intracellular targeting. We have begun to study these issues in human skin fibroblasts using fluorescent SL analogues. Using selective endocytic inhibitors and dominant negative constructs of dynamin and epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate clone 15, we found that analogues of lactosylceramide and globoside were internalized almost exclusively by a clathrin-independent (“caveolar-like”) mechanism, whereas an analogue of sphingomyelin was taken up approximately equally by clathrin-dependent and -independent pathways. We also showed that the Golgi targeting of SL analogues internalized via the caveolar-like pathway was selectively perturbed by elevated intracellular cholesterol, demonstrating the existence of two discrete Golgi targeting pathways. Studies using SL-binding toxins internalized via clathrin-dependent or -independent mechanisms confirmed that endogenous SLs follow the same two pathways. These findings (a) provide a direct demonstration of differential SLs sorting into early endosomes in living cells, (b) provide a “vital marker” for endosomes derived from caveolar-like endocytosis, and (c) identify two independent pathways for lipid transport from the plasma membrane to the Golgi apparatus in human skin fibroblasts.
Data parallel solutions of dimensionality problems in stochastic dynamic programming

The authors develop fast and efficient methods to solve large stochastic optimal control problems in continuous time. The stochastic perturbations by both Gaussian and Poisson white noise are considered for modeling background fluctuations and the more severe random shocks. The treatment is through the partial differential equation of stochastic dynamic programming or Bellman equation, which simplifies the optimization of the stochastic dynamical system. Massive numbers of physical processors using the 64 K processor Connection Machine has been used. Techniques such as one-to-many broadcasting and operator decomposition are developed in terms of the special characteristics of the stochastic control problems. The improvements achieved show that the optimal stochastic dynamic control problem with a reasonable number of nodes per state can be solved with optimal system memory requirements. The timing performance further demonstrates that the Connection Machine helps to alleviate Bellman's curse of dimensionality if both the problem and the machine are sufficiently large. >
Coordinated Eph-ephrin signaling guides migration and axon targeting in the avian auditory system

Background In the avian sound localization circuit, nucleus magnocellularis (NM) projects bilaterally to nucleus laminaris (NL), with ipsilateral and contralateral NM axon branches directed to dorsal and ventral NL dendrites, respectively. We previously showed that the Eph receptor EphB2 is expressed in NL neuropil and NM axons during development. Here we tested whether EphB2 contributes to NM-NL circuit formation.
Investigation of the effects of aluminum treatment on silicon solar cells

Controlled investigation of the beneficial effects of aluminum treatment on silicon solar cells was conducted. It was found that Al treatment, which involved /spl sim/1 /spl mu/m Al evaporation followed by a high temperature drive-in, can getter process-induced as well as grown-in defects and impurities by providing a sink. Additionally, forming gas anneal after the Al treatment can generate atomic hydrogen to passivate defects. Al treatment on low resistivity FZ cells gave less than 1% increase in cell efficiency, exclusively due to Al back surface field effect and not because of gettering or passivation. Cast polysilicon cells showed about 1% improvement in absolute cell efficiency, primarily due to the improved diffusion length via Al gettering of defects and contaminants. Finally, the Al treatment resulted in a 5.2% increase in absolute efficiency of EFG cells with 1.7% increase resulting from the Al gettering alone, 2.6% from hydrogen passivation due to the forming gas treatment alone, and 1.2% due to the passivation from the interaction between forming gas and Al. >
Fast collisionless reconnection in electron-positron plasmas

Magnetic reconnection in electron-positron (pair) plasmas is studied by two-dimensional, electromagnetic, particle-in-cell simulations. In pair plasmas, the Hall current does not appear because there is no scale separation between ion and electron motion. Simulations show that fast reconnection is realized in both nonrelativistic and relativistic regimes. It is demonstrated that the divergence of the electron and positron pressure tensors essentially plays the role of an effective collisionless resistivity in realizing fast reconnection. Since there is no Hall current in pair plasmas, there is no quadrupolar structure in the out-of-plane magnetic field. Particle acceleration by reconnection is investigated. Major sites of particle acceleration are the regions in the vicinity of X lines, where ultrarelativistic particles are generated by the reconnection electric field.
A Seismic Design Lateral Force Distribution Based on Inelastic State of Structures

It is well recognized that structures designed by current codes undergo large inelastic deformations during major earthquakes. However, lateral force distributions given in the seismic design codes are typically based on results of elastic-response studies. In this paper, lateral force distributions used in the current seismic codes are reviewed and the results obtained from nonlinear dynamic analyses of a number of example structures are presented and discussed. It is concluded that code lateral force distributions do not represent the maximum force distributions that may be induced during nonlinear response, which may lead to inaccurate predictions of deformation and force demands, causing structures to behave in a rather unpredictable and undesirable manner.A new lateral force distribution based on study of inelastic behavior is developed by using relative distribution of maximum story shears of the example structures subjected to a wide variety of earthquake ground motions. The results show that the suggested lateral force distribution, especially for the types of framed structures investigated in this study, is more rational and gives a much better prediction of inelastic seismic demands at global as well as at element levels. DOI: 10.1193/1.2753549
“Draining the Swamp”: An Empirical Examination of the Production of International Terrorism, 1968—1998:

One central element of the current war on terrorism is “draining the swamps,” addressing conditions within a state that produce international terrorism. This paper empirically examines what factors lead a state to become a “swamp,” drawing on a theoretical approach that guides current U.S. policy. This theory looks at the ability of a state to impose costs on terrorist groups within its own borders. The lower the operating costs within a state, the greater the amount of terrorism produced within that state. Using data on the number of international terrorist events originating from a state from 1968 to 1998, an empirical model incorporating variables designed to test this theoretical argument as well as relevant control variables is employed. Strong support was found for the state strength approach, suggesting that one way to address the threat of international terrorism is to strengthen a government's ability to control its own territory.
Disposition of vancomycin during hemofiltration

The disposition of vancomycin was assessed in five patients receiving hemofiltration after intravenous dosing with an 18 mg/kg dose after a hemofiltration procedure. The serum concentration-time profile was characterized before, during, and after the next hemofiltration procedure. The t 1/2 of vancomycin was 136.0 +/- 27.2 hours (mean +/- SD) before hemofiltration and 4.1 +/- 1.2 during hemofiltration. Approximately 400 mg of vancomycin was recovered in the filtrate and the hemofiltration clearance was 152.6 +/- 21.5 ml/min. A significant relationship was observed between vancomycin clearance and ultrafiltration flow rate (r = 0.9914). A marked rebound in vancomycin serum concentration (52.4% +/- 15.6%) was observed in all patients. Hemofiltration has a significant effect on the disposition of vancomycin. Because of the marked interpatient variability in elimination t 1/2 and the degree and time course of the rebound, an individualized approach to vancomycin therapy in this patient population is recommended.
Ubiquitin Ligases and Cancer

Ubiquitin E3 ligases are the most prevalent cancer genes besides protein kinases, suggesting a critical role in cancer development and progression. Two major classes of E3 ligases can be distinguished: the HECT-type and the adaptor-type E3s. The latter include RING-finger, PHD, and U-box domain ligases. The vast majority of the known and cancer-associated E3s belong to the RING-finger gene family. This chapter describes key representatives of each class of E3s, their substrates, and relevance to cancer.
Origin and specification of type II sensory neurons in Drosophila

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) of Drosophila is a preferred model for studying the genetic basis of neurogenesis because its simple and stereotyped pattern makes it ideal for mutant analysis. Type I sensory organs, the external (bristle-type) sensory organs (es) and the internal (stretch-receptive) chordotonal organs (ch), have been postulated to derive from individual ectodermal precursor cells that undergo a stereotyped pattern of cell division. Little is known about the origin and specification of type II sensory neurons, the multiple dendritic (md) neurons. Using the flp/FRT recombinase system from yeast, we have determined that a subset of md neurons derives from es organ lineages, another subset derives from ch organ lineages and a third subset is unrelated to sensory organs. We also provide evidence that the genes, numb and cut, are both required for the proper differentiation of md neurons.
Channel-Slope Factor in Flood-Frequency Analysis

Annual flood peaks in New England have been related to many hydrologic factors; main channel slope has been found next in importance to drainage area size; slope for that part of main channel between 85 and 10% of total distance above gaging point provides best correlation with flood magnitudes.
Molecular Evolution: The Perplexing Diversity of Mitochondrial RNA Editing Systems

New analysis of rapidly evolving mitochondrial genomes in calcaronean sponges has demonstrated that accurate gene expression requires systematic nucleotide insertion throughout RNA transcripts, altering previous views that RNA editing systems are difficult to maintain in genomes with high mutation rates.
α- andβ-mannosidoses

Clinical, pathological and biochemical findings in the mannosidoses are described. Family studies showed granulocyte-rich white cell fractions to be the tissue of choice for carrier detection inβ-mannosidosis. Metabolic labelling studies using [3H] mannose demonstrated accumulation of Manβ1-4GlcNAc in cultured skin fibroblasts from a patient with this condition. Alternative methods of egress from lysosomes were suggested for this compound by its secretion into culture medium and apparent reduction of storage with time in cultures.β-mannosidase deficient goats are not thought to be a true animal model of the human condition, as although they showed a similar enzyme deficiency, the clinical presentation is much more severe and the major storage material (Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc) is different.
Tracheostomy practice in adults with acute respiratory failure.

Objective:Tracheostomy remains one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in adults with acute respiratory failure and identifies a patient cohort which is among the most resource-intensive to provide care. The objective of this concise definitive review is the synthesis of current knowl
Survey on polio antibody level among healthy population in Shunyi District of Beijing in 2012

[Objective]To know the polio antibody level among healthy population in Shunyi District of Beijing,provide a scientific evidence for health departments to formulate the immunization strategies.[Methods]243 healthy people over 6 months were randomly selected from 10 towns / streets in Shunyi District,and the venous blood samples were collected to detect the polio antibody by micro neutralization test.[Results]Among 243 serum samples,the positive rate of antibodies against poliovirus type I,II and III was 97.94%,98.35% and 97.53% respectively,and geometric mean reciprocal titer( GMRT) was 98.74,89.61 and 69.54,respectively.There were significant differences in GMRT among poliovirus type I,II and III( F = 4.574,P 0.05),which were in sequence of typeⅠ type Ⅱ type Ⅲ.The household registration,sex,age,career and polio immunization history were not the factors that influenced the positive rates of antibodies levels.However,the age and immunization history were the influencing factors of GMRT.GMRT decreased with increased age,and it raised with increased frequency of poliomyelitis vaccination.There were significant differences in GMRT of poliovirus type I,II and III between people who received poliomyelitis vaccination less than 4 doses and people who received poliomyelitis vaccination equal or greater than 4 doses [t( type Ⅰ) = 5.63,t( type Ⅱ) = 4.02,t type( Ⅲ) = 6.69,all P 0.05〗.[Conclusion]The polio antibody level is high among healthy population in Shunyi District,and a stable immunization barrier has been established.GMRT decreases with increased age,while the GMRT is higher in people who have received 4 doses of poliomyelitis vaccination,and the full dose immunization of poliomyelitis is necessary.
WITHDRAWN: Estimation of dielectric relaxation properities of polar liquids employing microstrip-liquid embedded systems through TDR

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the Publisher who apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy .
Pulse Propagation and Laser Lethargy in the Free-Electron Laser

We discuss coherent pulse propagation in the free-electron laser (FEL). The effect of laser lethargy is seen to play an important role in the pulsed FEL, as it does in conventional swept-gain amplifiers based on an atomic medium. Numerical calculations of FEL pulse propagation are presented giving good agreement with the Stanford experiment.
Improved method for assembly of hemeprotein neuronal NO-synthase heterodimers

The assembly of mutated and wild type monomers into functional heterodimeric hemeproteins has provided important mechanistic insights. As in the case of NO synthase (NOS), the existing methods to make such heterodimeric NOSs are inefficient and labor intensive with typical yields of about 5%. We have found that expression of neuronal NOS heterodimers in insect cells, where we take advantage of an exogenous heme-triggered chaperone-assisted assembly process, provides an approximately 43% yield in heterodimeric NOS. In contrast, in Escherichia coli little heterodimerization occurred. Thus, insect cells are preferred and may represent a valuable method for assembly of other dimeric hemeproteins.
Preliminary evaluation of a predictive blood assay to identify patients at high risk of chemotherapy-induced nausea

The aim of this study was to test a new blood-based assay for its ability to predict delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea. Blood drawn from consented patients prior to receiving their first platinum-based therapy was tested for glutathione recycling capacity and normalized to total red cell numbers. This number was used to predict nausea and then compared to patient reported outcomes using the Rotterdam Symptom Check List and medical records. We show that the pathways involved in the glutathione recycling are stable for at least 48 h and that the test was able to correctly classify the risk of nausea for 89.1 % of the patients. The overall incidence of nausea was 21.9 % while women had an incidence of 29.6 %. This might be the first objective test to predict delayed nausea for cancer patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy. We believe that this assay could better guide clinicians in their efforts to provide optimal patient-oriented care.
How Young is Too Young for Psychotropic Medication

Approximately 1.5% of preschool-age children receive prescribed psychiatric medications, and most of these prescriptions are written for off-label indications. These circumstances create numerous ethical issues. Few studies support the use of psychotropic medications in children younger than age 6. In addition, the effects of these medications are not fully understood in young children with rapidly maturing brains and bodies. Suggestions for nurses are offered.
Contribution of Compound Eyes and Ocelli to Steering Of Locusts in Flight: I. Behavioural Analysis

Locusts (Orthoptera, Acrididae) were tethered inside a simulated horizon visual display. Rotation of the horizon elicited following motions of the animal's head and rudderlike movements during flight. Head and steering motions were still elicited after either the compound eyes or the ocelli were surgically ablated. Head motions after ocellar cautery suggested that the ocelli may function synergistically with the compound eyes to (a) minimize the delay of visual responses and (b) augment visual responses when no sharp horizontal border is present. Flight steering motions were found not to depend on proprioception of head position. Three other species (Diptera and Odonata) also followed horizon rotations with head motion after their compound eyes had been ablated.
A Thin Film Nanocomposite Membrane with MCM-41 Silica Nanoparticles for Brackish Water Purification

Thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes containing MCM-41 silica nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the interfacial polymerization (IP) process. An m-phenylenediamine (MPD) aqueous solution and an organic phase with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) dissolved in isooctane were used in the IP reaction, occurring on a nanoporous polysulfone (PSU) support layer. Isooctane was introduced as the organic solvent for TMC in this work due to its intermediate boiling point. MCM-41 silica NPs were loaded in MPD and TMC solutions in separate experiments, in a concentration range from 0 to 0.04 wt %, and the membrane performance was assessed and compared based on salt rejection and water flux. The prepared membranes were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), contact angle measurement, and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) analysis. The results show that adding MCM-41 silica NPs into an MPD solution yields slightly improved and more stable results than adding them to a TMC solution. With 0.02% MCM-41 silica NPs in the MPD solution, the water flux was increased from 44.0 to 64.1 L/m2·h, while the rejection virtually remained the same at 95% (2000 ppm NaCl saline solution, 25 °C, 2068 kPa (300 psi)).
Data-Enabled Discovery and Design of Energy Materials (D3EM): Structure of An Interdisciplinary Materials Design Graduate Program

The Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) calls for the acceleration of the materials development cycle through the integration of experiments and simulations within a data-aware/enabling framework. To realize this vision, MGI recognizes the need for the creation of a new kind of workforce capable of creating and/or deploying advanced informatics tools and methods into the materials discovery/development cycle. An interdisciplinary team at Texas A&M seeks to address this challenge by creating an interdisciplinary program that goes beyond MGI in that it incorporates the discipline of engineering systems design as an essential component of the new accelerated materials development paradigm. The Data-Enabled Discovery and Development of Energy Materials (D3EM) program seeks to create an interdisciplinary graduate program at the intersection of materials science, informatics, and design. In this paper, we describe the rationale for the creation of such a program, present the pedagogical model that forms the basis of the program, and describe some of the major elements of the program.
A comparison of toxicities in acute myeloid leukemia patients with and without renal impairment treated with decitabine.

PurposeThere are limited data regarding the clinical use of decitabine for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in patients with a serum creatinine of 2 mg/dL or greater.MethodsWe retrospectivel...
Hidden agendas: Clonal hematopoiesis accelerates heart failure

Clonal hematopoiesis driven by TET2 deficiency accelerates post-infarct remodeling and heart failure through the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β production.
Developmental appearance of a component of the glycocalyx of the ocular surface epithelium in the rat

The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich cell coat that is present all along the apical membrane of the ocular surface epithelium and that is prominent at the tips of the microplicae.1–3 A previous study reports that the glycocalyx is adjacent to the mucous layer, the inner most layer of the tear fluid, and that the spread of the mucous layer over the microplicae of the apical cells is believed to be facilitated by the filamentous glycocalyx on the microplicae of the apical cell’s apical-most membrane.1,2 Therefore, the biochemical nature of the glycocalyx may be important to maintaining the tear fluid over the ocular surface epithelium. The biochemical nature of the glycocalyx and its interaction with or in the spread of mucus over the apical cells is, however, still unknown.
Die Gesetze der Wahrscheinlichkeit und ihre Anwendung auf Kulturen von Prokaryonten

Im vorangegangenen Kapitel wurden auch Probleme diskutiert, die bei der Analyse prokaryontischer genetischer Systeme auftreten. Ein zusatzliches theoretisches Problem ist das der Probenentnahme. Wie schon fruher gesagt, ist es unmoglich, die gesamte Nachkommenschaft einer Kreuzung zu untersuchen, da irgendeine Selektionstechnik verwendet werden mus, um unter den vielen Parentaltypen die wenigen rekombinanten Individuen zu finden. Fuhrt man genetische Experimente mit Prokaryonten durch, mus sichergestellt sein, das eine Probe fur die ganze Organismenpopulation reprasentativ und gros genug ist, um zufallige Schwankungen, die bei jedem physikalischen Prozes auftreten, zu kompensieren. Die erste Bedingung last sich erfullen, indem man gute Kulturtechniken verwendet, die zu einer homogenen Population fuhren, von welcher man die Probe entnimmt. Mit der zweiten Bedingung befast sich dieses Kapitel.
Prison, Foster Care, and the Systemic Punishment of Black Mothers

This article is part of a UCLA Law Review symposium, “Overpoliced and Underprotected: Women, Race, and Criminalization.” It analyzes how the U.S. prison and foster care systems work together to punish black mothers in a way that helps to preserve race, gender, and class inequalities in a neoliberal age. The intersection of these systems is only one example of many forms of overpolicing that overlap and converge in the lives of poor women of color. I examine the statistical overlap between the prison and foster care populations, the simultaneous explosion of both systems in recent decades, the injuries that each system inflicts on black communities, and the way in which their intersection in the lives of black mothers helps to make social inequities seem natural. I hope to elucidate how state mechanisms of surveillance and punishment function jointly to penalize the most marginalized women in our society while blaming them for their own disadvantaged positions.
Medical Student Perceptions of the Accuracy of Various New Clinical Evaluation Methods

Performance exams (computer and human simulations) were developed by medical educators to assess complex aspects of clinical skills. In 1995, all fourth medical students at UCLA School of Medicine and Drew University of Medicine and Science were required to take the National Board of Medical Examiner’s computer-based examination (CBX) and standardized patient (SP) exam. Students then rated the validity of different clinical evaluation methods (CBX, SP exam, attending evaluation, resident evaluation, written shelf exams with multiple choice questions (MCQ), and oral examinations) along four parameters: 1) knowledge of medicine, 2) clinical decision making skills, 3) their overall ability to function as a doctor, 4) selecting a potential caregiver for a family member. Results indicated 1) knowledge- the written exams were ranked as the best 2) clinical decision making- the computer exam was ranked the highest 3) overall functioning as a doctor- the attending and resident evaluation process was highest and 4) the attending physician was rated the one most accurate to evaluate a doctor as a potential care giver. Findings indicate that student perceptions of exams matched developers intent, lending support to the need for a multipronged assessment approach.
Research on mathematics education, Grades K-8, for 1967

1 For previous listings in this series, see these issues of The Arithmetic Teacher: for 1966, XIV (October 1967), 509-17; for 1965, XIII (May 1966), 414-27; for 1964, XII (May and November 1965), 382-87, 577-78; for 1963, XI (April 1964), 273-75; for 1962, X (May 1963), 297-300; for 1961, IX (May 1962), 287-290; for 1960, VIII (May and October 1961), 255-60, 301-306; for 1959, VII (May 1960), 253-65; for 1958, VI (April 1959), 121-32; for 1957, V (April 1958), 109-118; for 1951-56, IV (April 1957), 89-99. 2 The authors would like to thank Mary Alice McCabe for her help in the extensive library research required for this compilation, and members of El. Ed. 526, Pennsylvania State University, for initial comments on the journal articles. type of format that is preferable for the a nual list ng of research reports. This year we hav gon back to a format similar to that used in 1966 in which
‘Responsibility of the Great Ones’: How the Organization of American States and the United Nations Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis

This article draws on an international assemblage of sources to recover the history of the involvement of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the United Nations (UN) in the Cuban missile crisis. It argues that, through the mechanisms of the OAS and the UN, Latin American citizens and officials helped shape the peaceful outcome of the crisis. This article challenges dismissive portrayals of both Latin American countries and multilateral organisations and, in so doing, joins the growing literature on how supposedly weak Latin American countries have used international organisations to influence world affairs.
Delamination and Interlaminar Strength of Graphite/Epoxy Laminates

Strength prediction of composite laminates has been studied by many researchers. To predict the strength of a composite one must have the knowledge of failure modes and the corresponding failure criteria. There are many failure modes in a laminate composite such as fiber breaking, matrix cracking, crazing, delamination, fiber pull-through, etc. This study deals primarily with the delamination failure mode.
Flashover Voltage of Outdoor Insulators in the Presence of Multiple Drybands

In this paper a model to calculate the flashover voltage of polluted outdoor insulator in the presence of multiple dryband discharges is presented. Based on the power criterion for flashover, a generalized equation is proposed that can calculated the flashover voltage for serially burning multiple discharges on the surface of the polluted insulator. The model is further used to calculate the flashover voltage of standard insulator of rating 115kV. It was found that the presence of multiple smaller dryband discharges at every shed reduced the flashover voltage of 115kV insulator with a single predominant discharge by 15%.
Enhancing the Formal Preclinical Curriculum to Improve Medical Student Perception of Surgery.

Background This study aims to determine the effect of formal, preclinical curricular interventions on medical students’ perceptions of surgeons, surgical learning objectives, and concerns regarding the surgical clerkship. Methods Thirty-eight medical students underwent a newly required, formal introduction to surgery during the preclinical curriculum. Two months later, these students were given surveys regarding their perception of surgery before and after a bootcamp-style transitions to the wards workshop that immediately preceded their core clinical rotations. Student responses were compared to historical peers. Results Thirty-seven students participated in the study (97.4%). Relative to historical peers, students demonstrated improved overall perception of surgery (71.2 vs 66.6, p = 0.046). A smaller proportion of students indicated that they were worried about evaluation (18.9% in 2018 vs 55.3% in 2017, p = 0.001) and interactions with surgical educators (18.9% vs 50%, p = 0.005). Students’ overall perception of surgery significantly improved after participation in the transition to the wards workshop (71.2 to 77.8, p ≤ 0.0001), as did student agreement with 9 of 21 specific items. Improvement in surgical perception across the bootcamp-style workshop was similar to that of a prior workshop (8.6 in 2018 vs 6.4 in 2017, p = 0.21). Conclusions A preclinical introduction to surgery can have a positive impact on medical student perception of surgery prior to entry to the wards and may mitigate student fears regarding their surgical rotation.
Applying NCWIT Protocol to Broaden Participation in Computing: A Case Study of CS@Mines

The Department of Computer Science (CS@Mines) at Colorado School of Mines (Mines) was founded in 2016 when the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (CS) split into separate departments. As a result, CS faculty, who had worked for years to broaden participation in computing without departmental lead- ership support, were able to become more strategic in their efforts. CS@Mines faculty, staff, and students now engage in well-defined recruitment, retention, and evaluation strategies, which includes K-12 outreach programs, flexible CS major and minor tracks, a near-peer mentoring program, scholarship programs, and contin- ual evaluation. Ten years ago, the CS degree program at Mines had 157 majors, 17 women (10.8%), and 12 students from underrepre- sented groups in computing (7.6%). As of Fall 2019, CS@Mines has 679 majors, 146 women (21.5%), and 132 students from underrep- resented groups (20.2%). Although the concentrated effort focused on increasing the number of women majors, the data clearly shows an increase in students from underrepresented groups as well. The changes achieved by CS@Mines are noteworthy considering (1) only 30% of the students at Mines are women, (2) only 17% of the students at Mines are from underrepresented groups in computing, and (3) women and underrepresented groups enrolled in undergraduate CS programs are predominantly not at parity with their respective populations in the United States. CS@Mines achieved positive results by applying the Undergraduate Systemic Change Model developed by the National Center for Women & Information Technology. In this paper, we present CS@Mines as a case study for positive change and discuss the strategies CS@Mines has enacted (74 of the recommended 81).