cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Science and the shifting paradigm in dental education

Dental education is faced with continuing challenges to adjust to external as well as internal pressures. These pressures are coming from a variety of sources that are often inconsistent in the nature and direction of change they would bring about. Pressure on the future direction of dental education are coming from sources such as an Institute of Medicine report, Pew Health Professions Commission reports, changes in the academic health centers in response to health care reform, and expectations of parent universities. Reactions to these and other forces are bringing about changes in the nature and extent of scientific research in schools of dentistry. As the educational programs continue to evolve, research will receive greater attention, and more of it will be funded from private sources.
AIRLINE RESOURCE SCHEDULING

Commercial airlines face many complex decisions, from strategic planning to daily operations. For more than 30 years, the operations research (OR) community has played a critical role in helping to solve many of these challenging decision-making problems. In this article, we focus on OR approach to resource allocation problems in passenger aviation. We discuss some of the most well-known problems and their respective solution approaches, review current research in the field, and highlight emerging research areas of future importance. Keywords: passenger aviation; airline resource schedule; fleet assignment; aircraft routing; crew scheduling; robustness and recovery
Effect of morphology on the strain recovery of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays: An in situ study

We report on the distinctly different mechanical responses of two vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) films, subjected to large displacement (up to 70 μm) flat punch indentations. The VACNT films were synthesized using the same chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique but for varying reaction times, which resulted in their different thicknesses (480 and 160 μm, respectively) and morphologies. In situ tests reveal that the shorter, more aligned VACNT film deforms via an instantaneous vertical shearing of the material directly underneath the indenter tip, which is manifested as a rapid displacement burst in the load–displacement response when tested at rates of 100 nm/s and above. The resultant buckles were of a more permanent nature leading to their low recoverability (22–40%). In contrast, we find the thicker, more tortuous VACNT film to show a higher (∼80%) recovery and a more compliant response. These differences in the mechanical response of the VACNTs are discussed in the framework of foam-like deformation with a particular emphasis on their different morphological features, namely density and tortuosity.
On characterization theorems for measures associated with orthogonal systems of rational functions on the unit circle

Abstract We establish a characterization theorem for log integrable measures associated with systems of rational functions that are orthonormal on the unit circle and have all their poles at a given sequence of points outside the unit disk. Ratio and n th root asymptotic theorems are proved as well.
An Investigation of Student Centered Teaching

THE SUCCESS OF client-centered psychotherapy with individuals has led to its application in group psychotherapy. The methodology and nature of the process have been investigated and described by sev eral writers, including Axline (2), Fleming and Snyder (7), Gorlow(8), Hobbs (9), Hoch (10), Peres (12) and Telschow (16). Educational literature reveals several studies which have applied group-centered therapy methods to the classroom under the name of student-centered teaching. Axline (3) worked with 'poor' readers, Shel don and Landsman (15) investigated the possibility of helping students who had encountered academic difficulty, Faw (4) applied a combination of the method and a traditional teaching method as a form of instruction for general psychology, Albrecht and Gross (1) report positive findings when social studies were taught by the group-center method, Schwebel and Asch (13) used the principles in teaching a course in the psychology of adjustment, and Kell (11) and Shedlin (14) have also successfully em ployed the technique in teaching. From these and other studies, we may conclude that personal and social gains follow the application of student-centered teaching methods. Faw (4) and Schwebel and Asch (13) have indicated that their findings suggest that the learning of course content does not suffer from the student-centered approach, but neither of these studies was designed to reveal objective data upon which to base such a conclusion. The following study was designed to determine if students taught by a trad itional lecture-discussion method will differ in their understanding of the content of a course in general psychology from a group of students taught by the student-centered method.
The Role of the Alaskan Native Enterprise Manager: A Focal Point for Individual Stress and Community Conflict

The article outlines the role of the native enterprise manager in Alaska. Twenty seven village businesses were created in remote Alaskan villages with the help of the Community Enterprise Developme...
Material identification algorithms for parallel systems

The direct binary hypercube interconnection network has been widely used in the design of parallel computer systems, because it has low diameter, and can effectively emulate commonly used structures such as binary trees, rings, and meshes. However, the hypercube has the disadvantage of high VLSI complexity due to the increase in the number of communication ports and channels per PE (processing element) with an increase in the dimension of the hypercube. This complexity is a major drawback of the hypercube because it limits its potential for scalability. Ziavras has introduced the reduced hypercube (RH) interconnection network. The RH reduces VLSI complexity without compromising performance. The RH is obtained from a regular hypercube by a uniform reduction in the number of edges for each hypercube node. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of the RH in implementing material identification algorithms using X-ray fluorescence. Relevant algorithms are developed for the PRAM and the hypercube also, for comparative analysis. The algorithms rely heavily on the binary tree emulation capabilities of these systems. The results indicate that the RH is capable of providing hypercube-like performance at a significantly reduced complexity/cost.
An Extended Model of IS Continuance for Information Oriented Mobile Applications

By extending the model of IS continuance, this study examines the impact of system quality, information quality, process quality, and hedonic value on users’ continuance behaviors in the context of information oriented mobile application.
A Comparison of evidence-based practice and the ACRL information literacy standards: Implications for information literacy practice

Evidence-based practice (EBP), like information literacy, is concerned with an individual’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes relating to using information. EBP is now a professional competency in fields as diverse as social work, nursing and allied health fields, and public policy. A comparison of the Association of College and Research Libraries’ Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education with the commonly accepted EBP model shows congruence, but the two models diverge in their use of authority of the producer as a marker of information quality and in their relative emphasis on formulation of the research question and application of information.
Renal haemodynamics and function following partial portal decompression

Abstract Background This study was undertaken to prospectively evaluate the impact of partial portal decompression on renal haemodynamics and renal function in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Methods Fifteen consecutive patients (median age 49 years) with cirrhosis underwent partial portal decompression through portacaval shunting or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS). Cirrhosis was caused by alcohol in 47%, hepatitis C in 13%, both in 33% and autoimmune factors in 7% of patients. Child class was A in 13%, B in 20% and C in 67% of patients. The median score on the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) was 14.0 (mean 15.0 ± 7.7). Serum creatinine (SrCr) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) were determined pre-shunt, 5 days after shunting and 1 year after shunting. Colour-flow Doppler ultrasound of the renal arteries was also undertaken with calculation of the resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). Changes in the portal vein–inferior vena cava pressure gradient with shunting were determined. Results With shunting, the portal vein–inferior vena cava gradients dropped significantly, with significant increases in PI in the early period after shunting. Creatinine clearance improved in the early post-shunt period. However, SrCr levels did not significantly improve. At 1 year after shunting, both CrCl and SrCr levels tended towards pre-shunt levels and the increase in PI did not persist. Discussion Partial portal decompression improves mild to moderate renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis. Early improvements in renal function after shunting begin to disappear by 1 year after shunting.
Chemical modifications of resveratrol for improved protein kinase C alpha activity

Resveratrol (1) is a naturally occurring phytoalexin that affects a variety of human disease models, including cardio- and neuroprotection, immune regulation, and cancer chemoprevention. One of the possible mechanisms by which resveratrol affects these disease states is by affecting the cellular signaling network involving protein kinase C alpha (PKCα). PKCα is a member of the family of serine/threonine kinases, whose activity is inhibited by resveratrol. To study the structure-activity relationship, several monoalkoxy, dialkoxy and hydroxy analogs of resveratrol have been synthesized, tested for their cytotoxic effects on HEK293 cells, measured their effects on the membrane translocation properties of PKCα in the presence and absence of the PKC activator TPA, and studied their binding with the activator binding domain of PKCα. The analogs showed less cytotoxic effects on HEK293 cells and caused higher membrane translocation (activation) than that of resveratrol. Among all the analogs, 3, 16 and 25 showed significantly higher activation than resveratrol. Resveratrol analogs, however, inhibited phorbol ester-induced membrane translocation, and the inhibition was less than that of resveratrol. Binding studies using steady state fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that resveratrol and the analogs bind to the second cysteine-rich domain of PKCα. The molecular docking studies indicated that resveratrol and the analogs interact with the protein by forming hydrogen bonds through its hydroxyl groups. These results signify that molecules developed on a resveratrol scaffold can attenuate PKCα activity and this strategy can be used to regulate various disease states involving PKCα.
Positive-Tone Photoresist Process for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Development

A new supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) developable, chemically amplified positive-tone photoresist is introduced by silylation of poly(tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate-co-1H,1H-dihydroperfluorooctyl methacrylate) block and random copolymers following lithographic patterning by 248-nm irradiation. High-resolution submicrometer features are possible with scCO2 as the developing solvent.
Absence of a Quadratic Term in the 4 He Excitation Spectrum

For many years it has been assumed that the long-wavelength portion of the 4He elementary excitation spectrum could be described by $$\varepsilon \left( k \right)=c\hbar k\left( 1+{{\alpha }_{2}}{{k}^{2}}+... \right)\varepsilon \left( k \right)=c\hbar k\left( 1+{{\alpha }_{2}}{{k}^{2}}+... \right)$$ (1) where e is the energy of the excitation, k is its wave number, and c is the sound velocity; α2 is traditionally taken to be negative. Recently, however, Barucchi et al.1 predicted that the excitation spectrum could be described by $$\varepsilon \left( k \right)=c\hbar k\left( 1+{{\alpha }_{1}}k+{{\alpha }_{2}}{{k}^{2}}+... \right)$$ (2) and Molinari and Regge2 suggested that an improved fit to the inelastic neutron scattering data’ for the excitation spectrum could be achieved with this expression; α1 was positive in the resultant fit.†
Impact of an Audit Reporting Expert System on Learning Performance: A Teaching Note

Audit reporting is a complex process, requiring knowledge of various reporting issues and corresponding report formats. To address the difficulty of presenting audit reporting concepts to students, the authors constructed and used an audit reporting system, named AUDPORT, in their first-level auditing classes at two major state universities. This paper reports the use of AUDPORT as a teaching aid and its impact on students' performance.
Determination of the complex dielectric function of an unbacked or embedded thin film by grazing-incidence reflection or transmission ellipsometry

Abstract For an unbacked or embedded thin film, the ratio ρ t = T p T s of the complex-amplitude transmission coefficients for the p and s polarizations tends to the ration ϵ = ϵ 1 ϵ 0 of the complex dielectric functions of the film and ambient media in the limit of grazing incidence, independent of the film thickness d . The grazing-incidence limit of the corresponding ratio ρ r = R p R s of the com plex reflection coefficients is 1 for any finite value of d but becomes 1 ϵ = ϵ 0 ϵ 1 as d →0, i.e. in the limit of an infinitesimally thin film. Thus for an unbacked or embedded thin film of any thickness grazing-incidence transmission ellipsometry provides a direct reading of the complex dielectric function of the film without requiring knowledge of the film thickness. Reflection ellipsometry at a large angle (>80°) accomplishes the same for an absorbing ultrathin film ( d λ ) deposited on a transparent substrate and immersed in an index-matching liquid.
Diffusion in the Liquid Bi-Sn System

Using a steady-state technique, the variation of diffusion coefficient with composition for the Bi-Sn system was measured at 300°, 340°, and 400°C. At all temperatures the coefficient was found to go through a minimum value in the composition interval. The position of this minimum value moves from the bismuth end toward the tin end of the composition range as temperature increases. The behavior of the data at 340°C was found to be in agreement with the behavior which would be predicted from the Darken equation.
Faculty Mentorship At Colleges And Universities

Mentoring is a process in which one person, usually of superior rank and outstanding achievement, guides the development of an entry-level individual. Colleges and universities historically have had new faculty orientation programs and methods to support new faculty matriculation. Mentorship programs, if well developed, can integrate new faculty into the university community and are characteristic of good educational practice. This article provides a rationale for, as well as features and benefits of, a new faculty mentorship program at a comprehensive university.
7 Tesla MRI of bone microarchitecture discriminates between women without and with fragility fractures who do not differ by bone mineral density

Osteoporosis is a disease of poor bone quality. Bone mineral density (BMD) has limited ability to discriminate between subjects without and with poor bone quality, and assessment of bone microarchitecture may have added value in this regard. Our goals were to use 7 T MRI to: (1) quantify and compare distal femur bone microarchitecture in women without and with poor bone quality (defined clinically by presence of fragility fractures); and (2) determine whether microarchitectural parameters could be used to discriminate between these two groups. This study had institutional review board approval, and we obtained written informed consent from all subjects. We used a 28-channel knee coil to image the distal femur of 31 subjects with fragility fractures and 25 controls without fracture on a 7 T MRI scanner using a 3-D fast low angle shot sequence (0.234 mm × 0.234 mm × 1 mm, parallel imaging factor = 2, acquisition time = 7 min 9 s). We applied digital topological analysis to quantify parameters of bone microarchitecture. All subjects also underwent standard clinical BMD assessment in the hip and spine. Compared to controls, fracture cases demonstrated lower bone volume fraction and markers of trabecular number, plate-like structure, and plate-to-rod ratio, and higher markers of trabecular isolation, rod disruption, and network resorption (p 0.05). In receiver-operating-characteristics analyses, microarchitectural parameters could discriminate cases and controls (AUC = 0.66–0.73, p < 0.05). Hip and spine BMD T-scores could not discriminate cases and controls (AUC = 0.58–0.64, p ≥ 0.08). We conclude that 7 T MRI can detect bone microarchitectural deterioration in women with fragility fractures who do not differ by BMD. Microarchitectural parameters might some day be used as an additional tool to detect patients with poor bone quality who cannot be detected by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
Heart to heart: Cardiospheres for myocardial regeneration

Cardiac regenerative therapies seek to grow new myocardium after "irreversible" injury such as myocardial infarction. Various cell types and delivery techniques have been used in experimental models of human disease and clinical trials. When selecting a candidate stem cell type for clinical use, multiple factors need to be taken into consideration. The ability to regenerate myocardium without potentiating arrhythmogenesis is a critical property. Skeletal myoblasts engraft, differentiate, and are arrhythmogenic; in contrast, bone marrow-derived cells do not engraft long-term and have not been associated with excess arrhythmias. Neither cell type, however, achieves true myocardial regeneration. Recognition of the existence of cardiac stem cells and of the ability of mature myocytes to reenter the cell cycle and proliferate has motivated the development of new approaches to cardiac regenerative medicine. Cardiosphere-derived cells decrease scar mass and regenerate viable myocardium both in animal models and in the CADUCEUS (Cardiosphere-Derived Cells For Heart Regeneration After Myocardial Infarction) clinical trial. Although cardiosphere-derived cells fulfill the criteria for stem cells, their stemness appears not to mediate the therapeutic benefit; instead, indirect mechanisms lead to proliferation of the host myocardium. Being of endogenous origin, the newly grown heart muscle is electrically and mechanically well integrated with preexisting myocardial tissue. We hypothesize that cardiac arrhythmias are less likely to complicate cell therapy when the mechanisms of benefit involve secondary proliferation of endogenous myocardium. Conversely, arrhythmias will more likely bedevil therapeutic approaches (such as transplantation of skeletal myoblasts or pluripotent stem cells) that lead to exogenous grafts within the heart, with the degree of coupling and the extent of inhomogeneity being critical determinants of the net effect.
Students' perceptions of face-to-face pseudostuttering experience.

Summary Students' perceptions of simulating stuttering in public were obtained in order to quantify students' increased understanding of stuttering. 34 women and 2 men (M age=30.0 yr., SD=9.0) majoring in communication disorders participated. All were graduate students enrolled in their first class in fluency disorders. None had previous experience with individuals who stuttered. Participants completed a questionnaire before and after the experiment and discussed these experiences with the group. Responses to 39 questions using a 5-pt. Likert-type scale were analyzed for students' preparation, feelings, attitudes, and perception of listeners' reactions. Participants recounted both positive and negative experiences gaining understanding of and empathy for people who stutter, changing erroneous perceptions and broadening perspective of the disorder. Participants reported that the roundtable discussion contributed to their learning. Assigning students to simulate stuttering in public and participate in a fol...
A 10MHz 92.1%-efficiency green-mode automatic reconfigurable switching converter with adaptively compensated single-bound hysteresis control

Nowadays switching DC-DC converters have become indispensable in power-efficient VLSI systems. As operation frequency increases, load fluctuations in such a device require high switching frequencies in DC-DC converters for fast transient response. Meanwhile, as the switching frequency, f s , increases, sizes of inductors (Ls) and capacitors (Cs) decrease with f s , allowing the use of smaller off-chip or even on-chip Ls and Cs. This not only reduces cost and space, but also allows a larger or better battery to be used, which in turn, improves the system run-time and performance. However, as f s increases, power loss at the power stage will increase roughly with √f s [1]. The efficiency is thus sacrificed for high-frequency operations. For example, for a converter that achieves 90% efficiency at 1MHz, when f s is increased to 10 MHz, power loss goes up by √10 times, causing the efficiency to drop below 70% [1]. On the other hand, as semiconductor industry is facing unprecedented power crisis, numerous power-management techniques have been recently developed. One major technique is called dynamic voltage scaling (DVS), in which a variable-output DC-DC converter is usually adopted to adjust supply voltage and operation frequency, based on instantaneous workload. Buck converter topology has been widely used for these applications. However, because a non-inverting flyback converter can achieve both step-up and step-down conversions, such a structure is more desirable in DVS-based applications to maximize power saving with a wider supply range [2]. However, compared to buck or boost converters, a non-inverting flyback converter requires two additional switches. As a result, both switching and conduction loss are doubled. Furthermore, the converter efficiency is greatly degraded (as shown in Fig. 10.5.1). However, it exhibits an obvious advantage when V out is close to V g , where the buck or boost converter experiences a sharp increase in power loss. In addition, as the duty ratio approaches 100%, the discharge (charge) period for a buck (boost) converter becomes extremely short, forcing the inductor to be charged at a much higher current level. It thus leads to significant power loss and switching noise, and imposes severe design constraints on the transient responses of the controller and buffers.
Online Monitoring of Copolymerization Involving Comonomers of Similar Spectral Characteristics

Automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP) was applied to free radical copolymerization of acrylic comonomers, whose spectral characteristics are very similar. Determination of the instantaneous concentration of each comonomer during the reaction was made possible by incorporating a full spectrum UV spectrophotometer into the detector train. The working assumption was that a UV spectrum at any instant during conversion is a linear combination of the normalized basis spectra of the comonomers and the copolymer, and that the unknown comonomer concentrations can be found by minimizing the error between measured and computed spectra over many wavelengths, even when spectral differences are small at any given wavelength. Here, the copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) was monitored under different starting composition ratios. Continuous conversion kinetics, composition drift, and average composition distribution are all found from the data, in addition to the evolution of weight-average intrinsic viscosity and molar mass Mw. Reactivity ratios, rmma ) 0.40 ( 0.05 and rba ) 2.58 (0.1, are close to the averages found from a literature survey over a wide range of conditions. Comonomer conversion results were independently cross-checked by GPC. Increasing the content of BA in the copolymer was found to increase Mw, while also leading to a significant increase in chain stiffness. This work sets the stage for extension to copolymerization of three and more comonomers.
Are corporate managers savvy about their stock price? Evidence from insider trading after earnings announcements

Abstract We find that insiders trade as if they exploit market underreaction to earnings news, buying (selling) after good (bad) earnings announcements when the price reaction to the announcement is low (high). We also find that insider trades attributable to public information about earnings and the price reaction generate abnormal returns. By demonstrating that managers spot market underreaction to earnings news, our results imply that managers are savvy about their company’s stock price.
Quantitative analysis of phosphorylation-based protein signaling networks in the immune system by mass spectrometry

Dynamic modification of cell proteins with phosphate is one of the key regulators of the cellular response to external stimuli. Phosphorylation-based signaling networks mediate cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, and their dysregulation is the basis of multiple diseases. However, the transient nature of the regulatory protein phosphorylation and low site occupancy mean that only a fraction of the protein is phosphorylated at a given time, and it is a challenge to measure the degree and dynamics of phosphorylation using traditional biochemical means. Technological advances in the field of mass spectrometry (MS) made it possible to generate large sets of phosphoproteomics data, probing the phosphoproteome with great depth, sensitivity, and accuracy. Therefore, quantitative phosphoproteomics emerged as one of the essential components of the systems biology approach for profiling of complex biological networks. Nowadays, the challenge lies in validation of the information and in its integration into the comprehensive models of cell decision processes. This article reviews the role of phosphoproteomics in systems biology, the MS-based approach, and technical details of the methods. Recent examples of quantitative measurements and methodologies as well as applications to the studies of the immune system and infectious diseases are presented and discussed.
Severe 5-Fluorouracil Toxicity in a Patient with Decreased Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Activity

(1993). Severe 5-Fluorouracil Toxicity in a Patient with Decreased Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Activity. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 239-240.
A patient portal for chronic disease management

The emergence of the internet coupled with its increase in bandwidth and overall accessibility to the populace has redefined the human interactions. However, despite sporadic growth of technology adoption in most facets of everyday living, there appears to be a lag as it pertains to healthcare. The goal of this paper is to review pertinent literature as it pertains to the development of a patient portal; evaluate how patient portal affect current personal health records (PHR) research; determining what content the patient should have control over, compliance with HIPAA directives, and evaluate some attempts at patient portals that have already been made. All of which will cumulate in the creation of a patient portal, which grant more information to the limitations and possibly shed light on the possible adoption strategies.
Radiation Damage Effects in Doped Fiber Materials

Gamma-radiation-induced photodarkening has been observed and characterized in a suite of Yb-doped, Er-doped and Yb/Er co-doped optical fibers. Significant reduction in the optical transmission of the fibers under passive (not pumped) conditions was observed for wavelengths across the infrared spectrum. In general, it was found that the co-doped fiber tested showed the strongest radiation resistance whereas the Er-doped fibers tested exhibited the greatest radiation sensitivity. A dependence on dose rate was also observed in all fibers.
Increased adhesion of channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatusRafinesque, neutrophils to substrates following stimulation with phorbol ester

Abstract Using a modification of a minimal shear force adhesion assay, a comparison was made of stimulated and unstimulated channel catfish neutrophil adhesion to bovine serum albumin (BSA), concanavalin A (Con A), coldwater fish gelatin (F-GN), porcine gelatin (P-GN), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and channel catfish serum. Significant increases in adhesion were noted when phorbol dibutyrate (PDBU) stimulated catfish neutrophils were added to microtiter plate wells coated with BSA, P-GN, LPS, and serum. As a comparison, stimulated equine neutrophils were also evaluated in the assay and displayed significant increases in adhesion to BSA, Con A, P-GN, and LPS. Appreciable blocking of channel catfish neutrophil adhesion could be accomplished by the addition of homologous substrate except in the case of Con A and F-GN. Phorbol dibutyrate stimulated, cytochalasin D-treated catfish neutrophils, as opposed to non-cytochalasin D-treated cells, always gave the most consistent results in blocking assays. These results support the idea that channel catfish neutrophils, like mammalian neutrophils, increase their adhesive properties upon receiving the appropriate stimulus.
A Course Survey of Financial Statement Analysis

This study reports survey results of the pervasiveness and attributes of Financial Statement Analysis (FSA) as both an undergraduate‐ and graduate‐level course. The paper may be of interest to departments considering adding an FSA course to the curriculum. Demographic data of survey participants is provided as well as information regarding motivations for offering the course, classroom materials, instructional methods and topic analysis. The paper also includes descriptions of model assignments and teaching innovations.
Mitochondrial redox signaling by p66Shc is involved in regulating androgenic growth stimulation of human prostate cancer cells.

p66Shc is shown to negatively regulate the life span in mice through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Recent reports, however, revealed that p66Shc protein level is significantly elevated in several human cancer tissues and growth-stimulated carcinoma cells, suggesting a mitogenic and carcinogenic role for p66Shc. In this communication, we demonstrate for the first time that p66Shc mediates androgenic growth signals in androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer cells through mitochondrial ROS production. Growth stimulation of prostate cancer cells with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is accompanied by increased p66Shc level and ROS production, which is abolished by antioxidant treatments. However, antioxidant treatments do not affect the transcriptional activity of androgen receptor (AR) as observed by its inability to block DHT-induced prostate-specific antigen expression, an AR-dependent correlate of prostate cancer progression. Elevated expression of p66Shc by cDNA transfection increases the basal cell proliferation and, thus, reduces additional DHT-induced cell proliferation. Furthermore, DHT increases the translocation of p66Shc into mitochondria and its interaction with cytochrome c. Conversely, both redox-negative p66Shc mutant (W134F), which is deficient in cytochrome c interaction, and p66Shc small interfering RNA decrease DHT-induced cell proliferation. These results collectively reveal a novel role for p66Shc–ROS pathway in androgen-induced prostate cancer cell proliferation and, thus, may play a role in early prostate carcinogenesis.
Thermal Expansion of Confined Water

Dilatometric measurement of the thermal expansion of water in porous silica shows that the expansion coefficient increases systematically as the pore size decreases below about 15 nm. This behavior is quantitatively reproduced by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on a new dissociative potential. According to MD, the structure of the water is modified within ∼6 A of the pore wall, so that it resembles bulk water at a higher pressure. On the basis of this observation, it is possible to account for the measured expansion, as the thermal expansion coefficient of bulk water increases with temperature over the range considered in this study.
Mathematical discussion system

The Mathematical Discussion System (MDS) enables students and instructors to hold embedded discourse in an online electronic text. These contextualized conversations are recorded and are able to improve the value of the text for students, instructors, authors, and publishers.
5-Phospho-D-arabonic acid.

Abstract A simple method for the preparation of 5-phospho- d -arabonic acid by oxidation of d -fructose 6-phosphate is described. The significance of such an easily accessible phosphorylated product of the carbohydrate series obtainable in excellent yield is discussed.
Comparison of voice-use profiles between elementary classroom and music teachers.

Among teachers, music teachers are roughly four times more likely than classroom teachers to develop voice-related problems. Although it has been established that music teachers use their voices at high intensities and durations in the course of their workday, voice-use profiles concerning the amount and intensity of vocal use and vocal load have neither been quantified nor has vocal load for music teachers been compared with classroom teachers using these same voice-use parameters. In this study, total phonation time, fundamental frequency (F₀), and vocal intensity (dB SPL [sound pressure level]) were measured or estimated directly using a KayPENTAX Ambulatory Phonation Monitor (KayPENTAX, Lincoln Park, NJ). Vocal load was calculated as cycle and distance dose, as defined by Svec et al (2003), which integrates total phonation time, F₀, and vocal intensity. Twelve participants (n = 7 elementary music teachers and n = 5 elementary classroom teachers) were monitored during five full teaching days of one workweek to determine average vocal load for these two groups of teachers. Statistically significant differences in all measures were found between the two groups (P < 0.05) with large effect sizes for all parameters. These results suggest that typical vocal loads for music teachers are substantially higher than those experienced by classroom teachers (P < 0.01). This study suggests that reducing vocal load may have immediate clinical and educational benefits in vocal health in music teachers.
Shelter-effects on microclimate, growth and water use by irrigated sugar beets in the great plains☆

Two rows of corn windbreaks spaced at 15 m were used to protect an irrigated sugar beet crop at Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Yield data for wind protected sugar beet crops from three consecutive years indicate that yield increases of as much as 25% are possible during years when yields are low. During years of high yield, however, the windbreaks did not increase sugar beet yield further. Except in the immediate vicinity of the windbreak where shading occurred, no differences were found in net radiation between the sheltered and open plots. The daytime air temperature averaged 1.8°C greater and the vapor pressure 4.0 mbar greater in the sheltered plot than in the open. Both air temperature and the water vapor pressure varied as a function of distance from the windbreaks. An area of maximum influence was often observed near the center of the protected plot. Differences between shelter and open were decreased during periods of strong wind. Differences in temperature and vapor pressure between shelter and open were greater during the day than at night. The wind speed at 25 cm above the crop was 40% of that in the open field whenever wind speed in the open was more than 120 cm/sec. The daytime concentration of CO2 was an average of 1 p.p.m. lower in shelter than in the open. Nocturnal concentration was an average of 3.5 p.p.m. greater in shelter. The latter differences were inversely related to wind speed and were greatest when wind direction was perpendicular to the windbreak. Vertical mixing in the atmosphere is, apparently, vigorous enough to prevent significant depletion of CO2 in a windbreak protected field. The 1 p.p.m. lower concentration observed over the sheltered crop should have only a negligible influence on photosynthetic rate. The increase in vapor pressure and the slight decrease in [CO2] during the day suggest a decrease in the intensity of turbulent exchange in shelter. The concentration of water vapor exceeds that of CO2 by several orders of magnitude. Decreased turbulent exchange in shelter has, therefore, a far greater influence on the change in concentration of water vapor than of CO2.
Optimizing response to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors

Although using phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors to treat erectile dysfunction has been highly effective in clinical trials, many men do not achieve their desired goals and stop using the medication after a few attempts. The notion of optimizing response to pharmacologic interventions is relatively new to clinicians. Restoration of healthy erectile function is a complex action that requires proactive management from physicians. The following must be considered to optimize response to treatment: 1) the accuracy of the diagnosis, 2) encouraging realistic expectations, 3) choosing the appropriate type of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, 4) using the medication effectively and titrating the dose when needed, 5) following-up with appropriate re-education and encouragement, and 6) offering adjunctive pharmacologic or psychological support, ideally involving the partner.
Severe pulmonary hypertension without right ventricular failure: the unique hearts of patients with Eisenmenger syndrome

Why adults with the Eisenmenger syndrome fare so much better than other patients with severe pulmonary hypertension is not known, but may be related to unique hemodynamics found only in these patients and in normal fetuses. We used echocardiography to evaluate ventricular morphology and function in 80 subjects: 45 cyanotic adults and 5 cyanotic adolescents with Eisenmenger syndrome, 10 infants with nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect and left-to-right shunt flow (pre-Eisenmenger phase), and 20 fetuses with structurally normal hearts. Cross-sectional morphology of the hearts was the same in all 4 groups with a flat ventricular septum throughout the cardiac cycle and equal thickness of the right and left ventricular free walls (regression slope 0.98, r = 0.97, p <0.0001). This morphology was the same in patients independent of age, defect type, and ventricular function. Right ventricular fractional area change was slightly inferior to that of the left ventricle but normal in most patients with Eisenmenger syndrome (0.47 ± 0.14 vs 0.51 ± 0.13, p <0.01). Overall, there was a highly significant linear relation between right and left ventricular function (r = 0.81, p <0.0001). The hearts of patients with Eisenmenger syndrome are more like normal fetal hearts than normal adult hearts. Because of the unique cardiovascular hemodynamics, regression of right ventricular wall thickness does not occur and is likely the reason that patients with Eisenmenger syndrome fare so much better than other adults with severe pulmonary hypertension.
Separation of Neurofilaments from ATPase Activity by Precipitation with Anti‐Neurofilament Antibodies

: The possibility that neurofilaments could be involved in the transduction of chemical and mechanical energy in axons led us to investigate whether neurofilament proteins can hydrolyze ATP. We fractionated neurofilaments from rabbit spinal cord and found that preparations highly enriched for neurofilament proteins hydrolyzed ATP at a substantial rate (as high as 0.4 μmol/min/mg protein). However, the ATPase activity was neither inhibited by anti-neurofilament antibody, nor was it precipitated by the antibody under circumstances that precipitated most of the neurofilament polypeptides. We conclude that neurofilament proteins do not hydrolyze ATP at a significant rate under the conditions of our assay; if hydrolysis of ATP is a physiological function of neurofilaments, additional factors are required.
Transistors: Bioelectronic Light‐Gated Transistors with Biologically Tunable Performance (Adv. Mater. 5/2015)

Author(s): Tunuguntla, Ramya H; Bangar, Mangesh A; Kim, Kyunghoon; Stroeve, Pieter; Grigoropoulos, Costas; Ajo-Franklin, Caroline M; Noy, Aleksandr
Reelin demarcates a subset of pre-Bötzinger complex neurons in adult rat.

Identification of two markers of neurons in the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC), the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) and somatostatin (Sst) peptide, has been of great utility in understanding the essential role of the pre-BotC in breathing. Recently, the transcription factor dbx1 was identified as a critical, but transient, determinant of glutamatergic pre-BotC neurons. Here, to identify additional markers, we constructed and screened a single-cell subtractive cDNA library from pre-BotC inspiratory neurons. We identified the glycoprotein reelin as a potentially useful marker, because it is expressed in distinct populations of pre-BotC and inspiratory bulbospinal ventral respiratory group (ibsVRG) neurons. Reelin ibsVRG neurons were larger (27.1 ± 3.8 μm in diameter) and located more caudally (>12.8 mm caudal to Bregma) than reelin pre-BotC neurons (15.5 ± 2.4 μm in diameter, <12.8 mm rostral to Bregma). Pre-BotC reelin neurons coexpress NK1R and Sst. Reelin neurons were also found in the parahypoglossal and dorsal parafacial regions, pontine respiratory group, and ventromedial medulla. Reelin-deficient (Reeler) mice exhibited impaired respones to hypoxia compared with littermate controls. We suggest that reelin is a useful molecular marker for pre-BotC neurons in adult rodents and may play a functional role in pre-BotC microcircuits.
Management of Trout Waters in the National Forests of the Southern Appalachians

Abstract The management of trout fishing in the National Forests of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia is a cooperative effort with Forest Service, the States, and Fish and Wildlife Service participating. The States execute the management programs, provide protection to the resource, operate creel checking stations where these are a part of the program, and sell the special permits. The Forest Service provides the general land management and maintains physical structures on the areas, such as rearing pools, checking stations, and residences for caretakers. Trout for stocking streams are provided by the States and the Fish and Wildlife Service. Special permits, which are required before fishing, are sold by the States. Half of the revenue received from the sale of special permits is contributed to the Forest Service to be applied toward payment of its share of the costs of the cooperative management program. During 1950, an estimated 88,058 man-days of trout fishing were enjoyed in the manage...
The Observed properties of high redshift cluster galaxies

We use the semi-analytic models of galaxy formation developed by Kauffmann, White \& Guiderdoni to generate predictions for the observed properties of cluster and group galaxies at redshifts between 0 and 0.6. We examine four sets of cosmological initial conditions: low-density CDM models with and without cosmological constant, a flat CDM model and a mixed dark matter model. These models were selected because they span a wide range in cluster formation epoch. The semi-analytic models that we employ are able to follow both the evolution of the dark matter component of clusters and the formation and evolution of the stellar populations of the cluster galaxies. We are thus able to generate model predictions that can be compared directly with the observational data. In the low-density CDM models, clusters form at high red- shift and accrete very little mass at recent times. Our models predict that essentially no evolution in the observed properties of clusters will have occurred by a redshift of 0.6, in direct contradiction with the data. In contrast, in the MDM model, both galaxies and clusters form extremely late. This model predicts evolution which appears to be too extreme to be in agreement with the observations. The flat CDM model, which is intermediate in structure formation epoch, is most successful. This model is able to account for the evolution of the blue fraction of rich clusters with redshift, the relationship between blue fraction and cluster richness at different epochs, and the changes in the distribution of the morphologies of cluster galaxies by a redshift of 0.4.
Evaluation of compost blankets for erosion control from disturbed lands.

Abstract Soil erosion due to water and wind results in the loss of valuable top soil and causes land degradation and environmental quality problems. Site specific best management practices (BMP) are needed to curb erosion and sediment control and in turn, increase productivity of lands and sustain environmental quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of three different types of biodegradable erosion control blankets- fine compost, mulch, and 50–50 mixture of compost and mulch, for soil erosion control under field and laboratory-scale experiments. Quantitative analysis was conducted by comparing the sediment load in the runoff collected from sloped and tilled plots in the field and in the laboratory with the erosion control blankets. The field plots had an average slope of 3.5% and experiments were conducted under natural rainfall conditions, while the laboratory experiments were conducted at 4, 8 and 16% slopes under simulated rainfall conditions. Results obtained from the field experiments indicated that the 50–50 mixture of compost and mulch provides the best erosion control measures as compared to using either the compost or the mulch blanket alone. Laboratory results under simulated rains indicated that both mulch cover and the 50–50 mixture of mulch and compost cover provided better erosion control measures compared to using the compost alone. Although these results indicate that the 50–50 mixtures and the mulch in laboratory experiments are the best measures among the three erosion control blankets, all three types of blankets provide very effective erosion control measures from bare-soil surface. Results of this study can be used in controlling erosion and sediment from disturbed lands with compost mulch application. Testing different mixture ratios and types of mulch and composts, and their efficiencies in retaining various soil nutrients may provide more quantitative data for developing erosion control plans.
Shear Superposition Micromixer: 3-D Analysis

We present a theoretical and experimental study on an active micromixer. The mixer consists of a main mixing channel where the main flow is perturbated by jet flows emanating from a series of secondary channels in order to reorient the lamination from streamwise to cross-stream. Experiments were performed by oscillating the flow through the first pair of secondary channels. The mixing is studied numerically and experimentally by analyzing the flow visualizations. The mixing is characterized using the Mixing Variance Coefficient function which is defined in this paper. The 3-D flow is studied numerically and an optimization is presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME