cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low‐frequency interaction between horizontal and overturning gyres in the ocean

[1] Low-frequency variability of the horizontal circulation in an idealized, eddy-permitting, numerical model drives the dominant mode of low-frequency variability in the meridional overturning circulation. This coupling takes place through the influence of lateral advection in the cyclonic high-latitude boundary current on the mixed layer depth along the boundary. The mean and low-frequency variability of the meridional overturning circulation are well predicted by a diagnostic estimate that assumes the downwelling is controlled by the thermal wind shear within the mixed layer along the boundary, which is in turn determined by a simple balance between lateral advection and surface cooling. The more general result is the demonstration that the mean and low frequency variability of the meridional overturning streamfunction are controlled by the baroclinic pressure gradient within the mixed layer along the boundary, which may be influenced by numerous factors such as low-frequency variability in lateral advection, wind stress, surface buoyancy fluxes, or ice melt and freshwater runoff.
Quo Vadis? The Choice of Venue in Interorganizational Litigation

In this paper, we seek to advance extant theories of how organizations enact their legal environment by exploring how and why organizations choose geographically proximate venues for litigation. In...
Radiative Decay of Surface Plasmons from A1

Photon emission from "nonradiative" surface plasmons created in A1 films bombarded with non-normally incident 80-keV electrons has been investigated. Identification was made from the wavelength of the peak emission and the dependence of the peak intensity of the radiation on (i) the surface roughness of the A1 film, (ii) the growth of an oxide layer on the A1, (iii) the A1 film thickness, (iv) the incident electron velocity, and (v) the angle of incidence of the bombarding electrons. Quantitative comparisons of these results with a theory of nonradiative surface-plasmon decay have been made.
Immunohistologic identification of antigen-presenting cells in cutaneous sarcoidosis.

Abstract Considerable evidence exists to show that activated T lymphocytes preferentially accumulate at sites of disease activity in sarcoidosis. Langerhans cells, which can be recognized by reactivity with an antibody to the T6 antigen are thought to play a primary role in T-lymphocyte activation by the skin, a tissue frequently involved in sarcoidosis. This immunohistologic study examined the distribution of OKT6-positive cells and surface expression of HLA-DR antigen in cutaneous sarcoid lesions. Skin specimens stained with an anti-HLA-DR antibody demonstrated diffuse staining of the granulomas. In addition, keratinocytes, which do not normally express HLA-DR antigens, were found to stain with monoclonal antibody to HLA-DR in an intercellular pattern. Examination of specimens for OKT6-reactive Langerhans cells revealed significantly greater concentrations in the epidermis overlying sarcoidal granulomas (33 ± 7 cells/mm) than in the epidermis of age-, sex-, and race-matched controls (11 ± 3 cells/mm, p 2 ) in a distribution that paralleled that of Leu-3a-positive T lymphocytes. These data suggest that the epidermis may participate in activation of lymphocytes in cutaneous sarcoidosis, and implicate OKT6-positive cells in granuloma formation.
Trace selection for interactive evolutionary algorithms

This paper presents a selection method for use with interactive evolutionary algorithms and sensitivity analysis in spatiotemporal domains. Recent work in the field has made it possible to give feedback to an interactive evolutionary system with a finer granularity than the typical wholesale selection method. This recent development allows the user to drive the evolutionary search in a more precise way by allowing him to select a part of a phenotype to indicate fitness. The method has potential to alleviate the human fatigue bottleneck, so it seems ideally suited for use in domains that vary in both space and time, such as character motion or cloth simulation where evaluation times are long. However no evolutionary interface has been developed yet which will allow for selecting parts of time-varying phenotypes. We present a selection interface that should be fast and intuitive enough to minimize the interaction bottleneck in evolutionary algorithms that receive feedback at the phenotype part level.
Prenatal maternal stress and early caregiving experiences: implications for childhood asthma risk.

Summary There is still much debate as to the pathways through which some children develop asthma and others do not. One possible mechanism outlined here concerns the way in which stress may influence the neuroendocrine system and thence the immune system. Supporting evidence from animal experiments suggests that maternal prenatal stress may be of importance, resulting in programming of the infant's HPA axis. In addition, social stressors during the early part of a child's life may also affect the HPA axis and thence dysregulation of immune system functioning with implications for the development of asthma.
Rawinsonde network tested

The AVE/VAS (Atmospheric Variability Experiment/Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder) (VAS) Ground Truth Field Experiment was conducted in cooperation with the Operational Satellite Improvement Program and NASA's Severe Storm and Local Weather Research Program. The AVE/VAS experiment was important to the VAS demonstration because it provided, via a special mesoscale rawinsonde network, a fundamental data set upon which the VAS sounding assessment and evaluation will be made. The experiment was managed by the Marshall Space Flight Center and supports NASA's Severe Storm Program as well as the VAS demonstration conducted by NASA and managed by Goddard Space Flight Center.
Divertor Heat Loads from Thermal and Alpha Particles in a Compact Stellarator Reactor

Divertor heat load distributions due to thermal and alpha particles have been assessed in an NCSX-based compact stellarator reactor. A divertor plate system is envisaged, with 4 plates per field period and covering 7% of the plasma surface area. The field-line tracing technique is employed; for thermal flux, the conventional approach is used, while for alphas, their characteristic exit pattern from the plasma and subsequent gyro- orbits are approximated. For the ARIES-CS reference design point (R=7.75 m, A=4.5, B=5.7 T, beta=6.4% and Pnet=1000 MW), combined peak heat loads in the 5 -18 MW/m2 range on the plates have been obtained, assuming a 75% radiation fraction both in the core and at the edge, and a 5% alpha loss fraction. The alpha heat flux could be a dominant determining factor. Further optimization study is warranted to lower all peak heat loads to satisfy the accepted limit of les10 MW/m2.
Barriers to and enablers of contraceptive use among adolescent females and their interest in an emergency department based intervention.

Abstract Objective Over 15 million adolescents, many at high risk for pregnancy, use emergency departments (EDs) in the United States annually, but little is known regarding reasons for failure to use contraceptives in this population. The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers to and enablers of contraceptive use among adolescent females using the ED and determine their interest in an ED-based pregnancy prevention intervention. Study design We conducted semistructured, open-ended interviews with females in an urban ED. Eligible females were 14–19 years old, sexually active, presenting for reproductive health complaints and at risk for pregnancy, defined as nonuse of effective (per the World Health Organization) contraception. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded based on thematic analysis. Enrollment continued until no new themes emerged. A modified Health Belief Model guided the organization of the data. Results Participants ( n =14) were predominantly Hispanic (93%), insured (93%) and in a sexual relationship (86%). The primary barrier to contraceptive use was perceived health risk, including effects on menstruation, weight and future fertility. Other barriers consisted of mistrust in contraceptives, ambivalent pregnancy intentions, uncertainty about the future, partner's desire for pregnancy and limited access to contraceptives. Enablers of past contraceptive use included the presence of a school-based health clinic and clear plans for the future. All participants were receptive to ED-based pregnancy prevention interventions. Conclusions The identified barriers and enablers influencing hormonal contraceptive use can be used to inform the design of future ED-based adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions. Implications Adolescents who visit the emergency department (ED) identify contraceptive side effects, mistrust in contraceptives, limited access, pregnancy ambivalence and partner pregnancy desires as barriers to hormonal contraception use. They expressed interest in an ED-based intervention to prevent adolescent pregnancy; such an intervention could target these themes to maximize effectiveness.
Prevalence of teaching sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer in general surgery residency programs.

Abstract Purpose Sentinel lymphadenectomy (SLNB) for the evaluation of clinically negative lymph nodes in women with invasive breast cancer is rapidly gaining acceptance within the surgical community. The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence of teaching SLNB to residents in general surgery training programs in the United States. Methods The Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) was searched for a listing of all general surgery residency programs. A short questionnaire was mailed to the program director of each residency program listed. The program directors were asked whether general surgery residents are taught the technique of performing SLNB for breast cancer, and how the procedure is performed at their institutions. Results Of the 255 surgical programs listed in FREIDA, 191 or 75% responded to the survey. Of responding programs, 92% are currently teaching surgical residents SLNB, whereas 4% plan on adding SLNB to the curriculum within the next academic year. A total of 74% of programs are performing SLNB as part of an organized hospital protocol, whereas 40% routinely follow SLNB with an axillary node dissection. A total of 89% of the programs use both sulfur colloid radioisotope and isosulfan blue dye, whereas 7% use dye alone, and 4% use only radioisotope. Conclusions The practice of performing SLNB for the purpose of detecting occult nodal metastases in breast cancer is being taught at most surgery training programs in this country. In the less than 6 years since the modification of this technique for the treatment of breast disease, it has become the standard of care for treating women with invasive breast cancer with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes at training hospitals in the United States.
Correlation of heavy metal binding capacity of thiol-SAMMS using the Misono softness parameter

Abstract The binding chemistry of heavy metal cations to a thiolated nanoporous solid-phase sorbent is correlated with the Misono softness parameter, allowing for useful prediction of binding capacity.
Synergism of Malathion against Resistant Insects

Several tris-substituted derivatives of phosphoric acid synergized the toxicity of malathion to resistant houseflies and mosquitoes. In some tests it was possible to overcome acquired resistance completely. The synergists had much less effect on the toxicity of malathion to susceptible strains of the same species.
Cooperative linear cargo transport with molecular spiders

Molecular spiders are nanoscale walkers made with DNA enzyme legs attached to a common body. They move over a surface of DNA substrates, cleaving them and leaving behind product DNA strands, which they are able to revisit. Simple one-dimensional models of spider motion show significant superdiffusive motion when the leg-substrate bindings are longer-lived than the leg-product bindings. This gives the spiders potential as a faster-than-diffusion transport mechanism. However, analysis shows that single-spider motion eventually decays into an ordinary diffusive motion, owing to the ever increasing size of the region of cleaved products. Inspired by cooperative behavior of natural molecular walkers, we propose a symmetric exclusion process model for multiple walkers interacting as they move over a one-dimensional lattice. We show that when walkers are sequentially released from the origin, the collective effect is to prevent the leading walkers from moving too far backwards. Hence, there is an effective outward pressure on the leading walkers that keeps them moving superdiffusively for longer times, despite the growth of the product region. Multi-spider systems move faster and farther than single spiders or systems with multiple simple random walkers.
Electromagnetic deposition in an anatomically based model of man for leakage fields of a parallel-plate dielectric heater

An anatomically based 5628-cell model of a human being was used to calculate local, layer-averaged, and whole-body-averaged specific absorption rates and internal RF currents at 27.12 and 40.68 MHz for spatially variable electromagnetic fields of a parallel-plate applicator representative of RF dielectric heaters used in industry. The conditions of exposure of the man model considered are: isolated from ground, shoe-wearing condition, feet in contact with ground, and an additional grounded top plate 13.1 cm above the head to simulate screen rooms that are occasionally used for RF heaters. Since peak E fields as high as 1000-2700 V/m have been measured at locations typically occupied by the operator, significant internal RF currents on the order of 0.5-2.3 A are projected for the operators. Measurements of the foot currents at 27.12 and 40.68 MHz for a human subject are in reasonable agreement with the calculated values for the various conditions of exposure. >
Human Yaw Rotation Aftereffects with Brief Duration Rotations Are Inconsistent with Velocity Storage

In many sensory systems, perception of stimuli is influenced by previous stimulus exposure such that subsequent stimuli may be perceived as more neutral. This phenomenon is known as an aftereffect and has been studied for vision, audition, and some vestibular stimuli including roll and translation. Previous data on yaw rotation perception has focused on low-frequency stimuli on the order of a minute which may not be directly applicable to frequencies during ambulation. The aim of the current study is to look at the influence of yaw rotation on subsequent perception near 1 Hz, the predominant frequency of yaw rotation during human ambulation. Humans were rotated with 12 ° whole body adapting stimulus over 1 or 1.5 s. After an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 3 s, a test stimulus the same duration as the adapting stimulus was presented, and subjects pushed a button to identify the direction of the test stimulus as right or left. The direction and magnitude of the test stimulus was adjusted based on prior responses to find the stimulus at which no rotation was perceived. Experiments were conducted both in darkness and with a visual fixation point. The presence of a fixation point did not influence the aftereffect which was largest at 0.5 s with an average size of 0.78 ± 0.18 °/s (mean ± SE). The aftereffect diminished with a time constant of ~1 s. Thresholds were elevated after the adapting stimulus and also decreased with a time constant of ~1 s. These findings demonstrate that short adapting stimuli can induce significant aftereffects in yaw rotation perception and that these aftereffects are independent from the previously described velocity storage.
Program of early development in the mammal: Synthesis of mitochondrial proteins during oogenesis and early embryogenesis in the mouse

During oogenesis and early embryogenesis in the mouse, mitochondria of growing oocytes and cleaving embryos undergo extensive morphological alterations (e.g., L. Piko and D.G. Chase, 1973, J. Cell Biol. 58, 357; P.M. Wassarman and W. J. Josefowicz, 1978, J. Morphol. 156, 209). The experiments described here were carried out to determine whether or not proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome are synthesized during these stages of development. Proteins synthesized by growing oocytes, fully grown oocytes, and eight-cell compacted embryos cultured in the presence or absence of emetine, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, were examined by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic patterns of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins in these cells were compared with each other, as well as with patterns of proteins synthesized in mouse follicle cells cultured in the presence or absence of emetine. In the presence of emetine, all of these cell types synthesize a very similar array of proteins and synthesis of these proteins is arrested by chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis. The molecular weights of the proteins synthesized in the presence of emetine are very similar to those of mitochondrial proteins synthesized in a variety of eukaryotic cells. Synthesis of mitochondrial proteins accounts for less than 2% of total protein synthesis in mouse oocytes, embryos, and follicle cells, such that they represent minor components in cells radiolabeled in the absence of emetine. Consequently, electrophoretic patterns of proteins radiolabeled in cells cultured in the presence of chloramphenicol are indistinguishable from those of cells cultured in the absence of the drug. On the other hand, electrophoretic patterns of preparations enriched in oocyte or follicle cell mitochondria show an enrichment of mitochondrial-encoded proteins. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial proteins are synthesized during oocyte growth and early embryogenesis in the mouse, despite the marked morphological alterations undergone by mitochondria during these same stages of development. In addition, these and other (L. Piko and D. G. Chase, 1973, J. Cell Biol. 58, 357) observations suggest that the mitochondrial transformations are under nucleocytoplasmic, rather than mitochondrial, control.
RELATIVISTIC CALCULATIONS OF SPIN-DEPENDENT X-RAY-ABSORPTION SPECTRA

An efficient interpolative approach is presented for relativistic calculations of polarized x-ray-absorption spectra (XAS) including spin and spin-orbit interactions. The method is based on a spinor-relativistic Dirac-Fock treatment of atomic densities and dipole matrix elements, and a nonrelativistic treatment of propagation using high-order multiple scattering theory. This approach is implemented in an automated code FEFF7 which gives quantitative agreement with experiment for x-ray magnetic circular dichroism of Gd and Fe, and for polarized XAS of Cd, including both scr(l){r_arrow}scr(l){plus_minus}1 dipole transitions. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis by Gas-Liquid Chromatography. I. Chemotyping Studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli

With the use of gas-liquid chromatographic techniques, the chemical characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3, Escherichia coli, group B Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Staphylococcus aureus, organisms that commonly cause bacterial meningitis, were identified. The combination of lipid, carbohydrate, and lipopolysaccharide components provided discriminating markers for chemotyping these bacteria. E. coli had a high content of 17- and 19-carbon cyclopropane fatty acids, whereas none of the other organisms tested revealed any cyclic acids, apart from a possible trace amount in S. pneumoniae. The content of isomethyl branching fatty acids clearly distinguished S. pneumoniae and S. aureus. N. meningitidis and H. influenzae were somewhat similar in their overall fatty acid compositions, but the presence of galactose without rhamnose in extracts of N. meningitidis readily distinguished N. meningitidis from H. influenzae. Only extracts from E. coli contained mannose; erythrose was an exclusive marker in extracts of S. pneumoniae. These data suggest that these differences in chemotype might be useful in developing a gas-liquid chromatographic assay of spinal fluid for the rapid laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.
Measurement of urinary monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using automated liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography/isotope dilution high-resolution mass spectrometry.

A method for the measurement of 24 hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (OH-PAHs) in urine has been developed. The method is based on enzymatic deconjugation, automated liquid−liquid extraction, and gas chromatography/isotope dilution high-resolution mass spectrometry after derivatization of the OH-PAHs to the trimethylsilylated derivatives. The metabolites included in the current method are formed from eight different parent compounds. The limits of detection were below 7 pg/mL when using a sample size of 2 mL of urine, except for 1- and 2-naphthols (18 and 12 pg/mL, respectively). The enzymatic deconjugation efficiency, verified by deconjugation of urine samples spiked with α-naphthyl β-d-glucuronide sodium salt (1-NAP-GLU) and pyrene-1-sulfate potassium salt (1-PYR-SULF), was determined to be 97% for 1-NAP-GLU conjugate and 84% for 1-PYR-SULF. The overall coefficients of variance for six batches of quality control samples (n = 42), was 2.9−11%. Mean method recoveries of the 13C-labe...
On the Inherent Security of Linear Network Coding

Targeting passive attackers, a new security protocol based on the inherent security of linear network coding is proposed. Our scheme does not employ any auxiliary transformation or cryptographic routine at any network entity. Moreover, it avoids imposing any throughput reduction. The probabilistic weak security is achieved by selecting "proper" encoding vectors for the outgoing channels at every network node. The probability of finding proper encoding vectors and the probability of protocol security assurance drastically increase as the code field size or the number of transmittable symbols increase, or as the attacker becomes more limited in accessing independent channels.
The effect of confinement and temperature on the initial hole trapping efficiency of buried oxide films

Abstract Vacuum ultraviolet hole injection was used to study the initial trapping properties of three different types of buried oxides, SIMOX, Unibond, and polySi/SiO2/Si samples. After accounting for the charge centroid, the initial hole trapping efficiency for SIMOX samples is shown to be at least a factor of four greater than that measured for Unibond buried oxides. We suggest that the difference is due to the post fabrication anneal temperature and the lack of moisture in the ambient during the anneal.
Analyzing the impact of in-rack sprinklers in a warehouse fire: A demonstration of the role optimization has in mitigating damage

This study presents a tool that illustrates the potential and role that optimization can have in fire protection design and performance. Specifically, the tool uses validated engineering correlations to simulate a warehouse fire, and evaluates whether it is controlled by modeling the placement and number of sprinklers – both in-rack and ceiling. Using initial model inputs that include storage configuration, commodity type, water supply, and sprinkler type, we allow a fire to ignite and simulate its growth behavior and corresponding effects on a nearby target array. For any initial set of input parameters, our tool demonstrates the minimum number and location of available in-rack sprinklers to control the flame spread. With reasonable run times, our work yields new insights into the design of sprinkler systems and, more broadly, the usefulness of optimization in fire protection design.
Immunobiology and immunopharmacology of organ allograft rejection.

Much has been learned regarding immunobiological mechanisms responsible for the rejection of histoincompatible allografts. There has also been considerable progress in our understanding of mechanisms responsible for tolerance. The new knowledge gained regarding graft destructive alloimmunity process and the mechanisms of action of immunosuppressants have resulted in solid organ graft survival rates that are in excess of 80% at one year posttransplantation. The principles of tolerance mechanisms are yet to be successfully applied in the clinic. In this review, molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of clinically useful immunosuppressive drugs are reviewed from the perspective of regulation of the anti-allograft repertory.
The Phosphatase PP2A Links Glutamine to the Tumor Suppressor p53

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Reid et al. (2013) show that glutamine withdrawal causes PP2A-mediated activation of p53 through its regulator EDD, linking levels of a critical metabolite to an important regulator of cell survival and proliferation.
A Preliminary Analysis of Factors Affecting the Frequency of August Southeastern worth Pacific Tropical Storms and Hurricanes Since the Advent of Satellite Observations

Abstract Satellite-augmented observations of tropical storm and hurricane frequencies in the southeastern North Pacific during recent Augusts (1966–1974) were compared to various environmental factors. On a regional scale, a relatively strong mean 700 mb ridge from the Gulf of Mexico to Baja California was found to accompany high storm frequency. The linear correlation coefficient between storm frequency and a measure of the strength of this ridge amounted to 0.77. On a larger scale, the 700 mb Subtropical Westerlies Index (20°N to 35°N) for west longitudes from 0° to 180° had a somewhat stronger relation to storm frequency (r=0.86). Average August sea surface temperature in the vicinity of storm formation was poorly correlated with storm frequency. This suggests that the unfailingly warm August water temperatures in this area— always exceeding 27°F—were not a limiting factor in storm development.
Anion binding with a tripodal amine.

Binding studies of the tren-based amine, L (N,N‘,N‘ ‘-tris(2-benzylaminoethyl)amine), with inorganic anions and two crystal structures, [H3L][H2PO4]3·H3PO4 and [H3L][Br]3, are reported. NMR titration results indicate that the ligand binds H2PO4- and HSO4- more strongly than NO3- and halides. In the crystal structure of the phosphate complex, the ligand is triprotonated with the three arms pointing outward in a trigonal-planar-like arrangement. Four phosphate species are associated with the receptor, and have been assigned as three H2PO4- counterions located between each of the tren arms, and an additional H3PO4 molecule above the quasi-planar tren. The structure of the bromide complex is slightly different, although again the tren receptor is triprotonated and quasi-planar, but in this case C2v-like symmetry is seen with two of the arms pointed in the same direction with a bromide ion in between. The other two bromides lie outside of the tren arms.
Agglutination of Streptococcus Hemolyticus by Rheumatoid Arthritis Sera: Thermal Characteristics of the Reaction.

ConclusionThe agglutination reaction with Streptococcus hemolyticus and rheumatoid arthritis sera differs from that which occurs in certain febrile human sera in respect to its thermal characteristics. The agglutinating property in rheumatoid arthritis sera withstands heating at 55°C. and reacts with heat-killed suspensions.
“PROGRESS” WITHOUT DEVELOPMENT: RURAL EDUCATION AT THE CULTURAL INTERFACE IN HIGHLAND PERU

This paper' examines the impact of formal schools on peasant communities in one rural district in the central Peruvian highlands. Peasants in Tikapampa2 have redefined the function of the school, which is based on a western model, and have assigned it a set of values that have meaning within their own cultural context. In so doing, they have limited the effectiveness of the school as an agent of modernization and given it a place within their own cultural tradition. They have been assisted by the existence of an educational system that is too rigid to adapt to their cultural milieu. The lack of curriculum effectivensss contributes to and reinforces the redefini-
Bladder diverticula in children

This review of bladder diverticula in children includes: historical aspects of the condition, its presentation and diagnosis, as well as management options. The purpose of the review is to provide a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of a relatively infrequent but clinically challenging urologic abnormality that may affect not only the bladder but also the upper urinary tract and kidney.
A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Language Development in Late Talkers

This longitudinal investigation charted the course of cognitive and language development from the prelinguistic period to multiword productions in 19 typically developing (TD) toddlers and 4 toddle...
ST-alternans alternans.

Abstract ST-segment alternans indicates nonuniformity of ventricular repolarization in time and space, and consequently correlates with the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation during cardiac ischemia. 1,2 ST alternans has been observed during spontaneous and induced myocardial ischemia in experimental animals 1,3 and in man during exercise, 4 Prinzmetal angina 5,6 and coronary angioplasty. 7–9 Whereas ST-segment shifts (particularly ST-segment elevation) are frequent during angioplasty, 10 ST-segment alternans is infrequent. We present a patient who on sequential balloon inflations during coronary angioplasty demonstrated a sequence of ST-segment shifts recorded by intracoronary electrocardiography, reflecting the unique effects of repeated short episodes of ischemia on the alternans phenomenon.
A molecular view of the regulation of sGC activity

Mammalian sGC is a heterodimer composed of α- and β-subunits (Figure ​(Figure1).1). The C-terminus of each subunit contains a catalytic domain and the active site is composed of residues from both subunits. The catalytic domains also form a pseudosymmetric active site that contains residues known to be involved in nucleotide binding, but lack the amino acids required for catalysis. Sequence analysis shows that each subunit also contains well-defined PAS-like domain, and a predicted helical region. The N-termini of the α- and β-subunits are homologous to the H-NOX (Heme-Nitric oxide/OXygen) family of proteins. The N-terminus of β-subunit contains a ferrous heme cofactor that serves a receptor for NO. sGC activity is also modulated by ATP and the substrate GTP and recent studies point toward a more complicated role for NO in the regulation of activity. Structural results coupled with biochemical and cellular experiments have broadened the current molecular view of the regulation of sGC. Figure 1 Domain structure of sGC.
Comparison of an in vitro and a damping-off assay to test soils for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum

Testing of soil samples in greenhouse assays for suppressiveness to soilborne plant pathogens requires a considerable investment in time and effort as well as large numbers of soil samples. To make it possible to process large numbers of samples efficiently, we compared an in vitro growth assay with a damping-off assay using Pythium aphanidermatum as the test organism on tomato seedlings. The in vitro test compares the radial growth or relative growth of the fungus in soil to that in autoclaved soil and reflects suppressiveness of soils to the pathogen. We used soils from a field experiment that had been farmed either organically or conventionally and into which a cover crop (oats and vetch in mixture) had been incorporated 0, 10, 21, and 35 days previously. We obtained a significant, positive correlation between damping-off severities of tomato seedlings in damping-off assays and both relative and radial growth in vitro. In addition, radial and relative growth of P. aphanidermatum in the in vitro assay were positively correlated with several carbon and nitrogen variables measured for soil and incorporated debris. We did not find differences between the two farming systems for either growth measures of P. aphanidermatum or disease severities on tomato at different stages of cover crop decomposition. The in vitro assay shows potential for use with any fungus that exhibits rapid saprophytic growth, and is most suitable for routine application in suppressiveness testing.
The perceptual nature of vocal register change

Summary This study focuses on the perceptual nature of chest and falsetto registers as a function of various production tokens and methods of perceptual evaluation. Fifteen target tones, ranging from G#3 to A#4, were sung by a male and a female subject in the context of ascending and descending sequences on the vowels /a/ and /i/. Register transitions were elicited by setting strict constraints on production. Segments of 1-s duration were extracted from the target notes, digitized, and acoustically analyzed. These excerpts were presented to ten trained listeners in four different perceptual tasks. Identification and discrimination tasks yielded nearly identical results, suggesting that the primary registers are perceived as distinct entities. The marked change from chest to falsetto as well as the locus of the transition between these registers did not vary systematically as a function of production token or perceptual task. Mean register shift-point frequencies of the male and female subjects were perceived at 320 Hz and 353 Hz, respectively. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering analyses were utilized to capture the dimensionality and the internal structure of perceptual data sets derived from the pair-wise similarity ratings. Optimal spatial representation of these data required no more than two orthogonal dimensions, with the quality attribute represented by the dominant dimension. The representation of pitch differences was reflected only in the internal ordering of the stimuli within registers, but did not affect the perceptual discontinuity between registers.
Freshman Orientation, Persistence, and Achievement: A Longitudinal Analysis

This longitudinal study (2001–2005) considers the impact of a freshman orientation course on the persistence of black and white students at a mid-southern university, as well its relationship with college achievement (GPA). Controlling for gender, race, high school GPA, and decided on major, logistic regression was used to assess persistence; multiple regression for evaluating college GPA. Though the orientation course had a positive impact on persistence to the second year and first year GPA (particularly for black students), it failed to have impact beyond the second year. Topical gaps in the course's content are considered as a possible influence in the lack of long-term persistence. Possible future research is discussed.
Cold pressor task reactivity: predictors of alcohol use among alcohol-dependent individuals with and without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder.

Background: The association between stress and alcohol dependence has been well established. Abnormalities in stress reactivity and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) function may be involved in the mechanistic connection between stress and the initiation, development, and/or maintenance of alcohol dependence. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly co-occurs with alcohol dependence and is characterized by HPA axis abnormalities. This study investigated the relationship between subjective and neuroendocrine stress reactivity to the cold pressor task (CPT) and prospective alcohol use among individuals with alcohol dependence, with and without comorbid PTSD. Methods: Participants were 63 individuals with (a) alcohol dependence only (n=35) or (b) comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD (n=28). Participants completed the CPT, a widely used physical laboratory stressor. Subjective stress, craving, adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), and cortisol were measured before, immediately after, and at 5, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after the CPT. Alcohol use during 1 month following testing was also assessed. Results: For the alcohol-only group, change in craving immediately following the CPT and craving during the 120-minute recovery phase were predictive of follow-up alcohol use. For the alcohol/PTSD group, change in craving was not predictive of follow-up use. Baseline drinking was, however, predictive of followup alcohol use for the alcohol/PTSD group. For the alcohol-only group, a blunted ACTH response coupled with a higher change in craving following the CPT was associated with significantly greater frequency and intensity of drinking during the follow-up phase. Conclusions: These preliminary findings demonstrate significant differences between the alcohol-only and the alcohol/PTSD group in predictors of relapse. For the alcohol-only group, reactivity to an acute laboratory stressor may be predictive of subsequent alcohol use. This was not true for the alcohol/PTSD group. Although preliminary, the findings may help shed light on the mechanistic relationship between stress reactivity and increased risk for alcohol relapse and dependence in individuals with and without other Axis I comorbidity.
Intermediate-mass-ratio black hole binaries II: Modeling Trajectories and Gravitational Waveforms

tting functions for the trajectories of the two black holes as a function of time and mass ratio (in the range 1=100 q 1=10) that combine aspects of post-Newtonian trajectories at smaller orbital frequencies and plunging geodesics at larger frequencies. We then use these trajectories to compute waveforms via black hole perturbation theory. Using the advanced LIGO noise curve, we see a match of 99:5% for the leading (‘; m) = (2; 2) mode between the numerical relativity and perturbative waveforms. Nonleading modes have similarly high matches. We thus prove the feasibility of eciently generating a bank of gravitational waveforms in the intermediate-mass-ratio regime using only a sparse set of full numerical simulations.
Implication of shallow waters for source localization: Time-delays estimation versus matched-field processing

Since matched-field processing (MFP) has been widely studied, and due to the increasing interest about shallow water conditions, this paper addresses the rightful problem of comparing such a promising technique with the classical multipath time-delay estimation (TDE) and least-squares fitting, for a source localization purpose. At first the response function of both methods (MFP and TDE) are established for a single broadband source, considering an equispaced horizontal linear array and taking into account the assignment ambiguity between the set of time-delay measurements and all the possible model replicas. Then their Cramer-Rao bounds are concurrently processed and compared in the case where the acoustic medium is perfectly known. Finally, biases in range and depth estimation are studied for TDE and a robust version of MFP (ie. adaptive with multiple constraints) in the presence of environmental mismatch as celerity gradient errors. TDE reveals itself as being more robust and less sensitive than MFP.
An automated binary change detection model using a calibration approach

Abstract An automated binary change detection model using a threshold-based calibration approach was introduced in the study. The burdensome processes required in binary change detection, including calibration, calculation of accuracy, extraction of optimum threshold(s), generation of a binary change mask, and removal of “salt-and-pepper” noise were integrated and automated in the model. For practical purpose, the model was implemented as a dynamic linked library in ESRI ArcMap 9.1 using Visual Basic. This study demonstrated the model with a variety of single and multiple variables (layers) extracted from multiple-date QuickBird imagery for three study sites in Las Vegas, NV and two study sites in Tucson, AZ. The use of multiple variables in binary change detection resulted in significantly better performance than single variables.
A modeling and uncertainty quantification framework for a flexible structure with macrofiber composite actuators operating in hysteretic regimes

Macrofiber composites are low cost, durable, and flexible piezoceramic devices that are presently being considered for applications that include shape control of airfoils for improved flight performance, vibration, and noise suppression and energy harvesting. However, macrofiber composites also exhibit hysteresis and constitutive nonlinearities that need to be incorporated in models and model-based control designs to achieve their full capability. In this article, we combine constitutive relations, constructed using the homogenized energy model for ferroelectric hysteresis, with Euler–Bernoulli theory to construct a dynamic macrofiber composite model that quantifies a range of rate-dependent hysteretic behavior of macrofiber composites. Using homogenizing strategies, the macrofiber composite patch is treated as a monolithic material with effective parameters. We initially calibrate the model by estimating parameters through a least squares fit to a subset of the measured data. We find that the estimated p...
Evaluation of loss of load probability for power systems using intelligent search based state space pruning

One methodology that has been previously developed to improve the computational efficiency and convergence of Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) when computing the reliability indices of power systems is a technique known as state space pruning. This technique works by pruning the state space in such a way that the MCS samples a state space that has a higher density of failure states than the original state space. This paper presents a new approach to limiting the state space sampled when calculating reliability indices by pruning the state space through the use of Population-based Intelligent Search (PIS). The preliminary results indicate that this technique is promising to improve the convergence performance of MCS when calculating reliability indices. This is tested using an IEEE Reliability Test System at different levels.
An array of slot elements for wide scan angles and large bandwidth

In this paper, an array of closely spaced slot elements has been designed to provide good wide angle scan performance with large bandwidth. The results are stable for a wide range of scan angles and frequencies. The calculated return loss for the design is less than 10 dB for scan angles from 45/spl deg/ 70/spl deg/ and for a bandwidth of 40%.
Spin‐up of the Baja California upwelling ecosystem1

The seasonal onset of coastal upwelling off Baja California was studied during March 1972. Time series of stations were taken for 2 weeks at 27”N off Punta San Hipolito; data on physical, chemical, and biological variables are used to estimate the source of upwelled water, the rate of nutrient input to the euphotic zone, and the rate of subsequent biological utilization. Red tide dinoflagellates were observed to be a precursor of the presumably more typical diatom community of this upwelling ecosystem. This Gonyaulux polyedra dominated system suggests that these organisms lead to a longer food chain than that found later in the upwelling season. Pleuroncodes planipes, a facultative herbivore, was observed in large numbers but did not appear to be phytophagous during the transition from an oceanic to an upwelling food chain.
Non-steady peristaltic transport in finite-length tubes

The classical lubrication-theory model of steady peristaltic transport of periodic sinusoidal waves in infinite-length tubes (Shapiro et al. 1969) is generalized to arbitrary wave shape and wavenumber in tubes of finite length. Whereas the classical model is steady in a frame of reference moving with the peristaltic waves, peristaltic transport in a finite-length tube is inherently non-steady. It may be shown, however, that pumping performance is independent of tube length if there exists an integral number of peristaltic waves in the tube. Three particularly interesting characteristics of non-steady peristalsis are described: (i) fluctuations in pressure and shear stress arise due to a non-integral number of waves in the finite-length tube; (ii) retrograde motion of fluid particles during peristaltic transport (reflux) has inherently different behaviour with single peristaltic waves as compared to multiple ‘train waves’, and (iii) finite tube length, the number of peristaltic waves and the degree of tube occlusion affect global pumping performance. We find that, whereas significant increases in pressure and shear stress result from the tube-to-wave length ratio being non-integral, global pumping performance is only slightly degraded by the existence of a non-integral number of waves in the tube during peristaltic transport. Furthermore, the extent of retrograde motion of fluid particles is much greater with single waves than with train waves. These results suggest that in the design and analysis of peristaltic pumps attention should be paid to the unsteady effects of finite tube length and to the differences between single and multiple peristaltic waves.
Education techniques for lifelong learning: making a PowerPoint presentation.

Most radiologists are now creating their own image and text slides for oral presentations. PowerPoint software offers a tremendous number of options for personalizing slides. Having choices of font, color scheme, display options, sound, and graphics provide an opportunity to enhance a presentation in ways that were not possible with 35-mm slides and slide projectors. However, inappropriate use of PowerPoint features can substantially degrade the quality of a presentation. Many of the “rules” for creating an effective presentation given with slide projectors apply to electronic presentations, but some of the options available with only electronic presentations (eg, building, transitioning, and sound) necessitate new “rules.” The article provides tips on how to develop effective text and image slides for electronic presentation by using PowerPoint, including the appropriate use of text, font, color, sound, graphics, slide display, and radiologic images. © RSNA, 2004
The Kitchen Spoon's Handle: Transnationalism and Sri Lanka's Migrant Housemaids

The Kitchen Spoon's Handle: Transnationalism and Sri Lanka's Migrant Housemaids. Michele Ruth Gamburd. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000. ix. 275 pp., appendixes, bibliography, index.
A poly(dA.dT) tract is a component of the recombination initiation site at the ARG4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract An initiation site for meiotic gene conversion is located in the promoter region of the ARG4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have tested the hypothesis that the initiation site is identical with the promoter by making a series of small deletions that remove specific promoter elements. Disruption of most promoter elements does not lower the level of gene conversion in ARG4, and analysis of RNA levels at the time of recombination in meiosis reveals no direct correlation between the level of ARG4 transcript and the level of gene conversion in ARG4. However, deletion of a tract of 14 A residues located at the peak of the gene conversion gradient decreases the number of gene conversion events stimulated by the initiation site to 25 to 35% of the normal level. We conclude that the poly(dA.dT) tract is responsible for most but not all of the high levels of meiotic gene conversion observed in ARG4.