cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati brane as a gravity conductor

We study how the DGP (Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati) brane affects particle dynamics in linearized approximation. We find that once the particle is removed from the brane it is repelled to the bulk. Assuming that the cutoff for gravitational interaction is $M_*\sim 1/\epsilon$, we calculate the classical self energy of a particle as the function of its position. Since the particle wants to go to the region where its self energy is lower, it is repelled from the brane to the bulk where it gains its 5D self energy. Cases when mass of the particle $m 8\pi^2M_*$ are qualitatively different, and in later case one has to take into account effects of strong gravity. In both cases the particle is repelled from the brane. For $m 8\pi^2M_*$ form a black hole within $1/M_*$ distance from the brane.
INTERPRETATION OF ELLIPSOMETER OBSERVATIONS OF ANODIC FILMS

An automated interpretation of ellipsometer measurements of anodic film growth, which takes electrical charge passed and mass transport in the electrolyte into account, has been developed. The optical model assumes the existence of a homogeneous solid film, covered by two inhomogeneous layers in the liquid phase. A computer program finds a least-squares fit in seven-dimensional space.
Partisanship in National and State Politics

WHILE the American federal system creates the possibility for inconsistent party identification in national and state politics, previous research has shown little inclination among Americans to divide their party loyalties according to government level.1 This note examines the possibility that our search for interlevel inconsistency has obscured more subtle variations in the strength of identifications with state and national components of the same party. The major effort to tap interlevel partisan variation is that of the Center for Political Studies.2 After having asked a set of general questions about party loyalties (including items related to strength of attachment), we addressed the topic of interlevel variation by asking the respondent, "Now when you say you are a (R)(D)(I), are you thinking only of politics here in (state) or national politics, or both?" If the response was cast in terms of "national" or "state" the respondent was then asked, "How about (national politics/politics here in state) are you . . . ," with the remaining appropriate labels inserted. The major shortcoming with the CPS method is that variations in the strength of identification can be ascertained only if the respondent volun-
An Experimental Study of a Population of Relaxation Oscillators With a Phase-Repelling Mean-Field Coupling

The dynamical behavior of a system of coupled relaxation oscillators is studied experimentally. A population of up to 15 coupled electronic op-amp relaxation oscillators is used as a prototype for the real collections of limit-cycle oscillators frequently found in many physical, biological, and technological systems. The oscillators interact via an all-to-all or mean-field coupling. The rarely studied case of antiferromagnetic interactions, in which oscillators tend to repel each other in phase, is considered. The behavior of the system is significantly different from the predictions of the limited theory that is currently available. The novel behavior observed includes the existence of numerous distinguishable phase-locked states and an exponential distribution of the duration of transients. The critical coupling strength necessary for the oscillator system to completely phase-lock is measured. A simple geometrical model of the dynamics of the system during the transient is presented as a means of understanding the exponential distribution of transient lengths. In addition, a phase-response oscillator model is shown to exhibit similar transient behavior.
The Cartesian theory: Unification of Eysenck and Gray

Abstract This paper advances a new and comprehensive theory of the biological basis of the Structural Model of Personality. The Cartesian geometry of the brain is proposed as the origin of the Structural Model. Eysenck's personality model is identified with the Cartesian structure of the brain. A decussation in the Papez loop serves to unify Gray's personality model with Eysenck's model providing strong experimental support. The theory explains the Big-5 model in psychometry which is cited as a direct empirical confirmation. The Cartesian Theory advances that the Structural Model of Personality, contrary to prevailing opinion, is an axiomatic, “hard science” structure.
A quantitative analysis of single protein-ligand complex separation with the atomic force microscope

Force measurements on and within single macromolecular complexes utilizing techniques such as atomic force microscopy, optical trapping, flexible glass fibers, and magnetic beads provide a rich source of quantitative data on biomolecular processes. Stochastic thermal fluctuations, an undesirable source of noise in macroscopic biochemical experiments, are an essential element of these sensitive and novel experiments. With the proper analysis, a great deal of information can be gleaned from measurements of these fluctuations. A quantitative framework for analyzing such measurements, based on Kramers' theory of molecular dissociation, is developed. The analysis reveals the kinetic origin and stochastic nature of the measurements. This framework is presented in the context of protein-ligand separation with the atomic force microscope.
Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a multifactorial disease process caused by muscle hyperfunction or parafunction, traumatic injuries, hormonal influences, and articular changes. Symptoms of TMD include decreased mandibular range of motion, muscle and joint pain, joint crepitus, and functional limitation or deviation of jaw opening. Only after failure of noninvasive options should more invasive and nonreversible treatments be initiated. Treatment can be divided into noninvasive, minimally invasive, and invasive options. Temporomandibular joint replacement is reserved for severely damaged joints with end-stage disease that has failed all other more conservative treatment modalities.
Strange bedfellows: Reward, punishment, and impersonal distraction strategies in treating dysphoria

Contingent reward and punishment self-help strategies, calling for either overt acts or covert imagery, were compared to a noncontingent social influence-distraction method and a wait control group, among 120 dysphoric college students. The reward-punishment and overt-covert variations led to negligible differences, and, combined, the contingent strategies did not surpass social influence clients' progress although creating significantly better treatment expectations (p< .01). All treated groups sharply reduced dysphoria on the Beck and Zung scales and subjective rating items (all ps < .001), and surpassed the wait controls on the same measures (ps < .01). Two years after treatment, a remote follow-up (reaching 67% of treated clients) disclosed some significant cognitive vestiges of the different strategies taught earlier.
Surface morphology and electrical properties of BiSrCaCuO thin films deposited by reactive sputtering from multiple targets

Abstract Smooth, superconducting films of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+° have been prepared by reactive sputtering from elemental targets in the presence of ozone. The influence of substrate temperature, deposition rate, and ozone pressure on the resulting films are discussed. Films deposited on SrTiO 3 substrates are c -axis oriented and featureless for substrate temperatures below 710°C. Above this temperature, small inclusions of CuO appear. Films on MgO exhibit mixed a -axis and c -axis orientation below about 710°C, and inclusions of CuO above this temperature. The temperature at which this transition occurs increases with increasing deposition rate. T c increases and then decreases sharply with decreasing oxygen content. The oxygen partial pressure corresponding to the maximum T c of 77 K is well above the thermodynamic stability limit for Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+° , suggesting that an optimum carrier concentration has been achieved for these films.
Robustness Limitations in Self-Sensing Magnetic Bearings

Self-sensing magnetic bearings use measurements of voltage and current in electromagnets to estimate the position of a magnetically levitated object. By estimating position in this manner, explicit proximity sensors are eliminated, along with significant cost, weight, and hardware complexity. Motivated by early and discouraging experimental studies, several theoretical papers have concluded an inherent difficulty in employing self-sensing. In light of later experimental work that appears to avoid this difficulty, we argue that these conclusions may be attributed to an over-simplification in the model from which this apparent difficulty is inferred. Specifically, if a linear time-invariant (LTI) model is derived from the underlying nonlinear model by linearizing the system at a fixed equilibrium point, analysis of this LTI model leads to the incorrect conclusion that self-sensing cannot be robust. The present work establishes that, if essential features of the nonlinearity are retained by linearization along a periodic trajectory, analysis of the resulting linear periodic model predicts more acceptable levels of robustness.
Failure analysis of isolation valve stems in steam generator blow down system

Abstract Two isolation valves failed prematurely in the steam generator blow down system of a nuclear power plant. Metallurgical analysis of the damaged stems in the isolation valves was made. Heat treatment tests were carried out to verify the reliability of stems in comparison with the required mechanical specifications. The results of the analysis showed the abnormal precipitation of nonmetallic inclusions, MnS, in the matrix. These nonmetallic inclusions which could acts as notches were distributed randomly to 0.2 vol.%, two times higher than those of typical materials. In addition, the hardness of the damaged stems was twofold higher and the elongation was reduced by half compared to those values attainable from a proper full annealing. It is concluded that improper tempering applied to the damaged stems resulted in second hardening and decrease in toughness, consequently shortening the life of the stems.
Enhanced creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate reporting to facilitate detection of acute kidney injury

Objectives: While acute kidney injury (AKI) can be diagnosed based on specified increases in a patient’s plasma creatinine level, standard creatinine reporting methods typically only flag creatinine results as abnormal when outside the reference range and often fail to identify rising creatinine values indicative of AKI. Here, we evaluate the impact of this limitation in standard creatinine reporting and develop and implement an enhanced creatinine reporting algorithm. Methods: We evaluated 59,712 plasma creatinine results collected over approximately 3 months, using computational simulations and statistical analyses. Results: Our analyses demonstrated that 29% of creatinine results substantially increased over the patient’s baseline and concerning for AKI remained within the normal reference range. These concerning results would not be flagged as abnormal using standard reporting. Likewise, we found that simple delta checks are also insensitive at AKI detection. To improve creatinine reporting, we developed and implemented an algorithm within our laboratory information system to alert clinicians to rising creatinine results, which we describe in this report. Conclusion: While both creatinine reference limits and simple delta checks are insensitive for AKI identification, a simple algorithm can be implemented within a common laboratory information system to enhance AKI identification.
What Is Your Guess? The Case of the Milky White Urine

A 40-year-old woman presented to her physician with complaints of intermittent flank pain. A urine sample was submitted for routine urinalysis. The patient's sample (left) was notable for a milky white appearance after centrifugation (Fig. 1; a normal urine sample is shown at right). The patient was born in India but moved to the US 10 years ago. She has a 5-year self-reported history of occasional cloudy urine with passage of small blood clots. …
CCSweep: automatic decomposition of multi-sweep volumes

CCSweep is a new method to automatically decompose multi-sweepable volumes into many-to-one sweepable volumes. Multi-sweepable volumes contain both multiple source and multiple target faces. In hexahedral mesh generation, most sweeping techniques handle many-to-one sweepable volumes that contain multiple source faces, but they are limited to volumes with only a single target face. Recent proposals to solve the multi-sweep problem have several disadvantages, including: indeterminate edge sizing or interval matching constraints, over-dependence on input mesh discretization, loop Boolean restrictions on creating only loops with even numbers of nodes, and unstable loop imprinting when interior holes exist. These problems are overcome through CCSweep. CCSweep decomposes multi-sweep volumes into many-to-one sweepable sub-volumes by projecting the target faces through the volume onto corresponding source faces. The projected faces are imprinted with the source faces to determine the decomposition of the solid. Interior faces are created to decompose the volume into separate new volumes. The new volumes have only single target faces and are represented in the meshing system as real, solid geometry, enabling them to be automatically meshed using existing many-to-one hexahedral sweeping approaches. The results of successful application of CCSweep to a number of problems are shown in this paper.
Towards optimal in-core equation solving

Abstract A number of equation solving algorithms, all based on Gauss elimination, are reviewed. A modified Crout reduction procedure of almost optimal efficiency is presented for the sparsely populated coefficient matrices commonly arising in stiffness analysis of structural systems. A detailed discussion on how this procedure differs from the commonly used Gauss elimination algorithm is given. Operation count formulas of the procedure are derived for various phases of the solution process. An extension of the modified Crout procedure for partial reduction, for use in substructure analysis, is also presented Listings of two general purpose in-core equation solvers using two different storage schemes are given. Examples are presented to demonstrate the computational efficiency of the procedure.
Latino Bilingual Teachers: The Struggle to Sustain an Emancipatory Pedagogy in Public Schools.

This study examines how socially conscious bilingual Latino educators, specifically prepared to teach underserved children, resist multiple layers of hegemonic structures. The participants are five beginning Spanish bilingual teachers who teach in urban and semi-rural elementary schools. The study explores how their resistance unfolds as they develop and become critical educators and how their presence in schools provides children with the potential to develop social consciousness. This participatory research design uses dialogue as a tool to identify the problem, to facilitate the emergence of voice, to construct new knowledge, and to take action. Several themes surface: (1) the isolation of bilingual teachers, (2) the manifestations of power relations among students, (3) the use of a culturally bound pedagogy, (4) the countering of hidden curriculum through critical pedagogy, and (5) development of identity and voice for both students and teachers. The participating Latino teachers linked their social c...
Bureaucracy and the Future of Residency Education

T he organizational form known as bureaucracy tends to be perceived in pejorative terms, but bureaucracies play a vital role in contemporary radiology. Individual radiology departments, hospitals, and national radiology organizations exhibit features of bureaucratic organization. When bureaucracy underwent its most rapid period of development in the 19th century, it offered several advantages (1). For one thing, the impersonality of bureaucratic decision making and procedures reduced the arbitrariness and bias that previously characterized the work of many large organizations such as governments and corporations, making them operate more fairly. Moreover, through specialization of function, bureaucracies were often able to enhance efficiency. Bureaucracies played an important role in making large organizations fairer, leveling the playing field for job candidates and employees. Organized bureaucratically, such organizations tended to provide greater equality of opportunity. People could not be hired, promoted, or fired on the basis of their sex, race, or ethnicity. Personal idiosyncrasies such as appearance were deemphasized in favor of objectively observable and verifiable parameters of job performance. At their best, bureaucracies helped ensure that people were evaluated on their merits, especially their ability to do the job, rather than extraneous factors. For example, today we take it for granted that the employees of state departments of motor vehicles exercise little personal discretion in granting drivers licenses. What are the essential features of a bureaucracy? Two key features deserve special examination. One is the tendency of bureaucracies to depend on an elaborate system of rules, often codified in a policy and procedure manual or its equivalent. The other is their tendency to rely on extensive documentation as a means of ensure that work is done and done properly. Because of these latter two features, bureaucracies tend not to function well in some situations.
Direction specific interactions of 1,4-dicarboxylic acid with calcite surfaces

Interactions of succinic acid (SUC) with the {104} cleavage faces of calcite show a strong preference in crystallographic directions. In situ atomic force microscopy revealed that the morphology of etch pits on the crystal surfaces experienced a transition from the common rhombus to a hexagon upon the introduction of SUC. The pit shape further evolved from 6-sided to 7-sided and eventually to 5-sided with increasing concentrations of SUC. Analysis indicates that the morphology changes may result from SUC preferentially binding to the [42] and [010] edges of the (104) plane to selectively slow down their step speed.
Ovarian Hypertension: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Hypertension is a significant contributor to the risk for cardiovascular disease. The increased prevalence of hypertension in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in these women. Whether hypertension is associated with PCOS independent of obesity remains controversial. Nevertheless, detection and subsequent treatment of hypertension in this population should decrease the adverse sequelae from hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Treatment of risk factors inherent to PCOS, such as hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and obesity, may minimize the risk not only for the development of hypertension but also for incident cardiovascular disease independent of hypertension.
A non-filamentous configuration of intermediate-sized filament proteins in Drosophila Kc tissue culture cells.

Using monoclonal antibodies against the major intermediate filament (10 nm) cytoskeletal proteins ofDrosophila tissue culture cells, we showed by indirect immunofluorescence and ammuno-electron microscopy that this cytoskeletal material also occurs in a non-filamentous configuration. Patches of fine granular material are detected in the cytoplasm of Kc cells but are absent in anotherDrosophila cell line (Schneider, line 2). These patches are surrounded by membranes with bound ribosomes, resembling endoplasmic reticulum, and are found throughout the cytoplasm. We suggest that these aggregates are caused by overproduction of intermediate filament material in the Kc cell line.
Apparent affinity estimates of rimonabant in combination with anandamide and chemical analogs of anandamide in rhesus monkeys discriminating Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Rationale Anandamide and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) sometimes produce different discriminative stimulus effects and, therefore, appear to differ in their mechanism of action. In order to understand the widespread use of cannabis and the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, mechanisms responsible for behavioral effects need to be identified.
A Method for the High Performance Gel Filtration Chromatography Characterization of Inorganic Colloids

Abstract Colloids are potentially important adsorbents in natural environments and their characterization is a necessary step in understanding their chemistry and geochemistry. A method for determining the relative molecular weight distribution of alumina, silica, and hydroxyaluminosilicate colloids by high performance gel filtration chromatography utilizing a G3000 PWXL column and a refractive index detector is reported. Analytical parameters that affect the molecular weight distribution of the inorganic colloids are discussed. The optimum analytical conditions for performing this analysis were found to be an ionic strength of 0.1 M (as NaNO 3 ), a pH of 5, a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, and a colloid concentration of 400 mg/L.
CD46 in Neisseria pathogenesis.

CD46 is a complement regulator that serves as a cellular pilus receptor for the human pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis . The role of CD46 in N. gonorrhoeae infection has been further characterized through the identification of domains that are required for bacterial adhesion, as well as the delineation of CD46-dependent signaling responses that promote this adhesion. In addition, the adherence of N. gonorrhoeae to human epithelial cell lines results in cell-surface downregulation followed by the liberation of CD46 into the surrounding milieu. Recently, transgenic mice expressing human CD46 were used in a mouse model of meningitis, in which CD46 enhanced meningococcal traversal of the blood–brain barrier. Although the role of CD46 in infection by the pathogenic Neisseria remains incompletely defined, these advances indicate a dynamic and important contribution of CD46 to Neisseria pathogenesis.
Boundary layer scattering measurements with a charge-coupled device camera lidar

A CCD-based bistatic lidar (CLidar) system has been developed and constructed to measure scattering in the atmospheric boundary layer. The system uses a CCD camera, wide-angle optics, and a laser. Imaging a vertical laser beam from the side allows high-altitude resolution in the boundary layer all the way to the ground. The dynamic range needed for the molecular signal is several orders of magnitude in the standard monostatic method, but only approximately 1 order of magnitude with the CLidar method. Other advantages of the Clidar method include low cost and simplicity. Observations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, show excellent agreement with the modeled molecular-scattering signal. The scattering depends on angle (altitude) and the polarization plane of the laser.
Dirhodium tetracarboxylate derived from adamantylglycine as a chiral catalyst for carbenoid reactions.

The dirhodium tetracarboxylate, Rh2(S-PTAD)4, derived from adamantylglycine, is a very effective chiral catalyst for carbenoid reactions. High asymmetric induction was obtained in Rh2(S-PTAD)4-catalyzed intramolecular C−H insertion (94% ee), intermolecular cyclopropanation (99% ee), and intermolecular C−H insertion (92% ee).
A behavioural and systems approach to family therapy: a position paper

An integrated model of a behavioural and systems approach to family therapy is presented, the main premise being that family interactions are affected by reciprocal determination of cognitions, feelings and behaviours in relation to the environment. Assessment involves a systematic exploration of the interaction and transactional patterns within the family, and the identification of the dysfunctional aspects of such patterns. The main aim of the intervention is to produce change in family behaviour by addressing the important cognitive and affective issues. This entails techniques such as cognitive restructuring, social modelling and operant conditioning which can be used separately, in parallel, or in combination. Whether one or more of these techniques is used depends on the nature of the family's problems and the aims of treatment.
Congenital heart disease never goes away, even when it has been 'treated': the adult with congenital heart disease.

Purpose of review As the specialties of pediatrics and pediatric cardiology continue to forge ahead with better diagnoses, medical care, and surgical results, an expanding population of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) outgrows the pediatric age group, yet does not quite graduate to routine adult cardiology or general medicine. The adult with congenital heart disease (ACHD) faces medical, surgical, and psychosocial issues that are unique to this population and must be addressed as such. This review attempts to discuss and highlight some of the important advances and controversies brought up in the past year, in the care and management of these patients. Recent findings The past five to 10 years have seen dynamic interest in understanding sequelae of corrected, uncorrected, or palliated congenital heart disease. The search for the ideal surgery, optimal prosthesis, and a smooth transition to adult care continues and is reflected in the vast amount of academic work and publications in this field. Of particular interest, conduit reoperations and single ventricle pathway modifications are still an art and a science in evolution. Summary While all are agreed that there is a pressing need to focus on the delivery of care to the adult with congenital heart disease, this essentially requires a clearer understanding of late sequelae of CHD. The sheer heterogeneity of anatomy, age, surgery, and institutional management protocols can make it difficult to develop clear guidelines. This review attempts to give an up-to-date perspective on some of the new findings related to the more common lesions and problems faced in this group.
Fluorescence in the presence of traps

We present a general theory for the time development of the donor fluorescence in the presence of a random distribution of acceptor ions which act as traps for the excitation. The theory is based on a set of coupled rate equations for the donor array. Symmetric transfer rates are assumed which are independent of the energy mismatch between donors. Backtransfer from the traps is neglected. Exact results are obtained in the static and rapid donor-donor transfer limits for all values of the acceptor concentration. An approximate theory based on the average-$t$-matrix approximation is developed for the regime intermediate between the two limits which is applicable when there is a small concentration of acceptors. We make contact with the stochastic hopping model of Burshtein and the diffusion model of Yokota and Tanimoto in appropriate limits. The range of validity of the two models is established and equations are given for the corresponding phenomenological parameters. The relationship of the calculations to the theory of fluorescence line narrowing is pointed out.
Interventions and Conflict Incentives

Recent literature suggests that well-intentioned third-party intervention in military conflict can lead to moral hazard by acting as a subsidy to rebellion. In this paper, the following are suggested: failure to intervene can also lead to conflict, which will be called the ‘insufficient deterrence’ problem; and a classification scheme for potential conflicts in the world, which can be used to derive the optimal intervention policy on a case-by-case basis. The optimal policy may be to intervene at random because certainty in some cases will encourage parties who benefit from intervention or parties who lose to attack. The model also suggests that post-conflict aid and a siding-with-the-winner approach may promote the incidence of conflict, even if such policies lower the loss from unavoidable conflicts.
Materials For Photochemical Image Enhancement With 436, 365, Or 248 nm Radiation

The chemistry of Photochemical Image Enhancement with anthracene photooxiidation is described in detail, emphasizing materials properties needed to avoid reciprocity failure due to oxygen depletion. The application of new materials, including dianthrylethanes and methacrylate-siloxane graft copolymers, is described; these are capable of providing exposure times of less than 1 sec, with the possibility of further improvements. The performance characteristics of existing materials have been compared to those of CEL by use of a simple analytical formula. Data are also presented on behavior in the deep UV, with a view toward application as CEL and PIE materials for DUV lithography.
Ability of troponin I to predict cardiac events in patients admitted from the emergency department

OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the predictive ability of troponin I (TnI) in a heterogeneous group of patients with chest pain admitted from the emergency department (ED) for exclusion of myocardial infarction (MI). BACKGROUND Previous studies in high-risk patients demonstrated that troponin elevations are associated with increased cardiac events. Little information is available on its predictive ability in more heterogeneous, lower risk patients. METHODS Consecutive patients admitted from the ED for possible MI underwent serial myocardial marker sampling of TnI and creatine kinase, CK-MB over an 8-h period. Patients with ST segment elevation were excluded. End points included MI, death, significant complications (e.g., cardiac or respiratory arrest, intra-aortic balloon pump, pulmonary artery catheter or pacemaker placement, revascularization or inotropic infusion) and significant disease. RESULTS Events occurred in 513 (27%) of the 1,929 patients evaluated: MI in 175 (9.1%) and death in 34 (1.8%); an additional 248 patients (13%) without MI had complications, and 323 (17%) without MI had significant disease. Sensitivity of TnI for MI was high (96%). Patients without MI who were TnI-positive were more likely to have complications (43% vs. 12%) or significant disease (41% vs. 17%) as compared with those who were TnI-negative; however, the sensitivity of TnI for these two end points was low (14% and 21%, respectively). Predictive values were unchanged after excluding patients with ischemic electrocardiograms. CONCLUSIONS Troponin I had a high sensitivity for MI when used as part of a rapid rule-in protocol; however, the sensitivity for other end points was low. Use of TnI alone failed to identify the majority of patients who had either significant disease or complications.
Could Time be Change

Sydney Shoemaker argues that time without change is possible, but begs the question by assuming an, in effect, Newtonian absolute time, that ‘flows equably’ in a region in which there is no change and in one in which there is. An equally possible, relativist, assumption, consistent, it seems, with relativity theory, is that where nothing changes there is no time flow, though there may be elsewhere, where there is change. Such an assumption would require some revision of uncritical common thought about time. Aristotle argues that there is no time without change but that time is not change. His arguments for the latter can be faulted both internally and again in terms of the same relativist assumption. From the Physics we can derive, though Aristotle himself did not, an argument that time is to change as geometrical space is to body: the thing itself in abstraction.
Differential induction of glyoxylate cycle enzymes by stress as a marker for seedling vigor in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris).

Significant differences in seedling vigor exist among sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) hybrids; however, traditional approaches to breeding enhanced vigor have not proven effective. Seedling vigor is a complex character, but presumably includes efficient mobilization of seed storage reserves during germination and efficient seedling growth in diverse environments. The involvement of lipid metabolism during germination of sugar beet under stress conditions was suggested by the isolation at high frequency of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) with similarity to isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1). High-level expression of this glyoxylate cycle enzyme during germination and seedling emergence was also suggested by nucleotide sequencing of cDNA libraries obtained from a well emerging sugar beet hybrid during germination under stress. Genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid catabolism were differentially expressed in a strongly emerging hybrid, relative to a weakly emerging hybrid, during stress germination. Stress markedly reduced the levels of α-amylase transcripts in the weakly emerging hybrid. In contrast, the strongly emerging hybrid exhibited only a moderate reduction in α-amylase transcript levels under the same conditions, and showed large increases in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, suggesting compensation by lipid for carbohydrate metabolism in the better emerging hybrid. Differential activity of the glyoxylate cycle thus appears to be a physiological marker that distinguishes between high- and low-vigor sugar beet cultivars. This finding suggests, for the first time, a biochemical target for selection for enhanced germination and improved emergence in sugar beet.
Achieving the Vision of Effective Soldier-Robot Teaming: Recent Work in Multimodal Communication

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Autonomous Systems Enterprise has a vision for the future of effective Soldier-robot teaming. Our research program focuses on three primary thrust areas: communications, teaming, and shared cognition. Here we discuss a recent study in communications, where we collected data using a multimodal interface comprised of speech, gesture, touch and a visual display to command a robot to perform semantically-based tasks. Observations on usability and participant expectations with respect to the interaction with the robot were obtained. Initial observations are reported, showing that the speech-gesture-visual multimodal interface was liked and performed well. Areas for improvement were noted.
Forum: Revisiting A Festival of Violence

(1998). Forum: Revisiting A Festival of Violence. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 171-180.
Molecular dynamics characterization of void defects in crystalline (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane)

In the context of a continuing investigation of factors that affect the sensitivities of energetic materials to detonation initiation, we have carried out a molecular dynamics characterization of void defects in crystalline (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclo-hexane). An empirical force field that is capable of handling flexible molecules in a pliable crystal was used. Voids ranging in size from 2 to 30 adjacent vacated sites were created in model lattices of 216 or 512 molecules. Energetic and geometric ground state properties were determined. The void formation energy per molecule removed was found to decrease from 50 kcal/mol for a single vacancy to about 23±2 kcal/mol for voids larger than one unit cell (8 molecules). Analysis of the local binding energies in the vicinity of a void reveals not only the expected decrease for molecules directly on the void surface but also a wide spread of values in the first 5–10 A away from the surface; this includes some molecules with local binding energies significan...
Abnormal valence differentiation in alexithymia

Abstract As an at-risk personality trait, alexithymia includes difficulties attending to, distinguishing among, and verbalizing emotions. While these deficits are typically described as extending to both positive and negative emotions, some research suggests a valence-specific pattern such that alexithymic individuals are under-responsive to appetitive stimuli in particular. As this pattern suggests anhedonia, it is important to assess the degree to which alexithymia and anhedonia are confounded as contributors to appetitive hyporeactivity. A nonclinical sample of 96 adults rated word and picture stimuli on dimensions of valence and arousal. Participants were assessed for alexithymia, anhedonia, and mood disturbance with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Chapman Revised Social and Physical Anhedonia Scales, and the Profile of Mood States, respectively. The subset of alexithymic individuals ( n = 12) under-rated the valence of appetitive but not aversive stimuli relative to non-alexithymic peers ( n = 13). Arousal ratings for all stimulus types were comparable across groups. Hierarchical regression in the full sample indicated that social anhedonia, which was confounded with alexithymia, contributed negligible variance to appetitive valence ratings. This study adds useful detail to the concept of diminished hedonic capacity in alexithymia by localizing the deficiency to poor affective differentiation rather than to hypoarousal.
Water Safety Plan demonstration projects in Latin America and the Caribbean: lessons from the field

A Water Safety Plan (WSP) is a preventive, risk management approach to ensure drinking water safety. This emerging methodology is being increasingly applied in both industrialized and lower income countries worldwide. In 2006, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other local, national, and international partners in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) initiated a series of WSP demonstration projects. The objectives were to raise WSP awareness, build capacity, and promote adoption of the WSP approach while identifying those factors that aid or hinder water safety planning efforts in resource-challenged settings. This paper presents eleven lessons learned from these WSP demonstration projects, including the importance of assembling a well-supported interagency team, long-term commitment to WSP implementation, adherence to a water quality monitoring plan, and determining how WSP impacts will be evaluated prior to WSP initiation. To assist in supporting future WSP activity in the region, this paper shares experiences that led to these successes, challenges, and lessons learned.
Identification of a partially rate-determining step in the catalytic mechanism of cAMP-dependent protein kinase: a transient kinetic study using stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy

The kinetics of nucleotide binding and phosphoryl group transfer were measured in the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase using stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy and an acrylodan-labeled derivative of this enzyme, which we have previously shown to have kinetic properties similar to those for the wild-type enzyme (Lew et al., 1996). The fluorescence emission spectrum of this enzyme is quenched differentially by ATP and ADP so that both the binding of ligands and phosphoryl group transfer at the active site can be monitored selectively. The association and dissociation rate constants for both nucleotides were measured using two methods: relaxation and competition binding. The ratio of the observed dissociation and association rate constants by both methods are consistent with Kd measurements (25 microM) determined by equilibrium fluorescence quenching. The dissociation rate constant for ADP (100 s(-1)) is approximately 2.5-fold larger than k(cat) (39 s(-1)). A full viscosity effect was measured for k(cat), suggesting that a diffusive step or steps limit maximum turnover. Pre-steady-state kinetic transients are biphasic and were fitted to observed rate constants of 500 s(-1) and 60 s(-1) at 500 microM Kemptide (LRRASLG). Metal substitution studies (Mg2+ vs Mn2+) indicate that this first phase represents the phosphoryl group transfer step. Phosphopeptide release is faster than this second phase since the substrate is in rapid exchange with the enzyme and phosphorylation reduces the affinity of the peptide. The inability to assign this second phase to the chemical event or to product release implies that it reflects a viscosity-sensitive, protein conformational change that occurs after phosphoryl group transfer and prior to product release. Two conformational steps were detected in the binding of both ATP and ADP by relaxation methods that may be related to this second pre-steady-state kinetic phase. We suggest that this additional step in the kinetic mechanism may also occur in the wild-type enzyme and represents a large structural change in the enzyme during normal catalytic cycling.
Low-mass ions produced from peptides by high-energy collision-induced dissociation in tandem mass spectrometry

High-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry provides a rapid and sensitive means for determining the primary sequence of peptides. The low-mass region (below mass 300) of a large number of tandem CID spectra of peptides has been analyzed. This mass region contains several types of informative fragment ions, including dipeptide ions, immonium ions, and other related ions. Useful low-mass ions are also present in negative-ion CID spectra. Immonium ions (general structure [H2N=CH-R]+, where R is the amino acid side chain) and related ions characteristic of specific amino acid residues give information as to the presence or absence of these residues in the peptide being analyzed. Tables of observed immonium and reiated ions for the 20 standard amino acids and for a number of modified amino acids are presented. A database consisting of 228 high-energy CID spectra of peptides has been established, and the frequency of occurrence of various ions indicative of specific ammo acid residues has been determined. Two model computer-aided schemes for analysis of the ammo-acid content of unknown peptides have been developed and tested against the database.
Disposal barriers that release contaminants only by molecular diffusion

Engineered barriers can slow the movement of pollutants out of land disposal facilities in several ways. If the advective velocity is low, release will be primarily by molecular diffusion. Attenuation processes also work to slow the transport of many contaminants. Barriers that cause pollutants to be released almost entirely by molecular diffusion represent the best barriers achievable. Use of thick barrier materials will maximize the breakthrough time of contaminants that diffuse through the barrier. Thin barriers with exceedingly low permeabilities will not necessarily outperform thicker, more permeable liners. In fact, if diffusion is the dominant mechanism of release, the thicker, more permeable barrier may actually outperform the thinner barrier with lower permeability.
ENDOR studies of γ-Proton hyperfine coupling tensors and their conformational dependence in l-alanine-d3

Abstract Conformational dependence of y-proton coupling has been studied on the basis of the hyperfine coupling tensors determined by ENDOR for the three methyl protons of CH 3 CH(ND 3 )000D − trapped in an irradiated single crystal of l -alanine. The coupling tensors determined have the principal values (2.22, 0.39, 0.23), (1.84, -1.54, -1.90), and (1.91, −1.62, −2.25) G. The magnitude and orientation of the dipolar tensors are consistent with the structure of the undamaged molecule. The sign of the isotropic couplings has been unequivocally determined. The most distant proton with the approximate W-plan arrangement gives the isotropic coupling of +0.95 G, while the other two protons with the approximate anti-W arrangement give −0.55 and −0.65 G. The effect of s character in the unpaired electron orbital is also discussed.
Family-focused nursing care of hospitalized elderly

The purposes of this research were to gain an understanding of how nurses in acute care settings involve families of elderly patients in planning and giving care, and to determine the extent of that involvement in nursing documentation. Data were obtained from patient records and interviews with nurses. Evaluated were characteristics of elderly patients and families, documentation of family involvement in care, and nurses' descriptions of family care. A comparison of data sources indicated that nurses verbalized far more inclusion of families in care than the written records documented. Results of this research support the importance of clarifying and promoting acute care-nurses' involvement of family members who are central to the care of increasing numbers of elderly persons.
Crystal structure of PTP1B complexed with a potent and selective bidentate inhibitor

Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been implicated as an important regulator in several signaling pathways including those initiated by insulin and leptin. Potent and specific PTP1B inhibitors could serve as useful tools in elucidating the physiological functions of PTP1B and may constitute valuable therapeutics in the treatment of several human diseases. We have determined the crystal structure of PTP1B in complex with compound 2, the most potent and selective PTP1B inhibitor reported to date. The structure at 2.15-A resolution reveals that compound 2 simultaneously binds to the active site and a unique proximal noncatalytic site formed by Lys-41, Arg-47, and Asp-48. The structural data are further corroborated by results from kinetic analyses of the interactions of PTP1B and its site-directed mutants with compound 2 and several of its variants. Although many of the residues important for interactions between PTP1B and compound 2 are not unique to PTP1B, the combinations of all contact residues differ between PTP isozymes, which provide a structural basis for potent and selective PTP1B inhibition. Our data further suggest that potent, yet highly selective, PTP1B inhibitory agents can be acquired by targeting the area defined by residues Lys-41, Arg-47, and Asp-48, in addition to the previously identified second aryl phosphate-binding pocket.
Degradation of Untreated Switchgrass Biomass into Reducing Sugars in 1-(Alkylsulfonic)-3-Methylimidazolium Brönsted Acidic Ionic Liquid Medium Under Mild Conditions

Switchgrass biomass samples collected at three different stages of maturity were seen degrading into reducing sugars and glucose when exposed to 1-(alkylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium Bronsted acidic ionic liquids under thermal and microwave conditions. The highest reducing sugar (58.1 ± 2.1 %) and glucose (15.3 ± 0.5 %) yields were obtained for switchgrass samples dissolved in 1-(butylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid by heating at 70 °C for 1 h followed by treatment with 0.22 g water/g switchgrass and then heating at 70 °C for 1 h for the hydrolysis of polysaccharides. The samples treated under microwave conditions produced relatively lower yields of reducing sugar (22.0 ± 1.5–37.2 ± 1.8 %) and glucose (8.0 ± 0.2–12.8 ± 0.4 %) yields, compared to heat-treated samples.
Impact of Population Expansion on Genetic Diversity and Structure of River Otters (Lontra canadensis) in Central North America

Populations of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) declined throughout large portions of the continent during the early 1900s due to habitat degradation and unregulated trapping. River otters had been extirpated in North Dakota (ND), but the Red River Valley has since been recolonized, with potential source populations including the neighboring states of Minnesota or South Dakota, or the Canadian province of Manitoba (MB). We genotyped 9 microsatellite loci in 121 samples to determine the source population of river otters in the Red River Valley of ND, as well as to assess population structure and diversity of river otters in central North America. Overall, genetic diversity was high, with an average observed heterozygosity of 0.58. Genetic differentiation was low (F ST < 0.05) between river otters in ND and those of Minnesota, suggesting that eastern ND was recolonized by river otters from Minnesota. River otters from MB were genetically distinct from all other sampled populations. Low genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.044) between South Dakota and Louisiana (LA) suggested that reintroductions using LA stock were successful. The genetic distinctiveness of river otters from different geographic regions should be considered when deciding on source populations for future translocations.