cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of frictionless two-phase flow in tubes under centrifugal acceleration and minimum heating for choked flow

Abstract To determine the void fraction in a tube of a rotating heat exchanger, an analytical investigation was undertaken to model frictionless two-phase flow boiling. Steady, one-dimensional separated two-phase conservation equations in differential form, were first applied to a stationary system. The equations were integrated between the inlet and exit of the flow channel to yield three coupled algebraic equations. The algebraic equations were then modified to represent rotating systems. To obtain closure, the velocity ratio, mass quality and void fraction are defined as a function of pressure. A numerical technique was used to solve the equations. Sample results are presented in a graph of mass quality versus void fraction. The graph demonstrates that a minimum heat input must be exceeded to change from a single-phase flow to saturated two-phase flow boiling. Also, the void fraction was found to increase for increasing heat input, decreasing mass flow rate, increasing inlet mass quality and decreasing pressure difference between the inlet and exit.
Simulating Operations Applications of Vehicle Infrastructure Integration : Traffic Monitoring Case Study

Vehicle infrastructure integration (VII) is receiving significant attention because of its potential to provide a wide range of benefits. However, to inform design, deployment, and operations decisions best, it will be necessary to evaluate potential VII-enabled applications fully. A research effort investigated a VII-enabled traffic monitoring application. First, the VII simulation environment developed to support the research was described. Next, traffic monitoring coverage as a function of VII roadside unit (RSU) configuration (i.e., number of units and placement) was investigated. The results of the study indicated that, on the basis of current guidance in the VII architecture, roughly 55% of the sections in the network would be within the direct range of an RSU. Finally, the accuracy and the coverage of monitored links were evaluated. The results of the analysis demonstrated that only 35% of RSU-covered sections were monitored at 1% penetration rates, but the combined effect of direct RSU coverage and indirect coverage through vehicle storage was quite high (around 60%) for a heavily traveled urban network. The results also illustrated that at low levels of vehicles equipped with VII (1% to 10%), the mean absolute error of speed estimation was about 4 mph. However, as the penetration rate increase to 30%, the error dropped to even lower values, roughly 2.5 mph. Finally, it was found that with a default buffer value of 30 snapshots of vehicle storage, the greatest error in indirectly covered sections for mean freeway section speed was 6 mph at 1% penetration rate.
Aktueller Stand der Knochendensitometrie: III. Vergleich der Standardverfahren

Zusammenfassung Jedes der Standardverfahren der Knochendensitometrie hat seine spezifischen Fehlergrenzen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Mesergebnisse der Ein-Energie-Rontgen-Absorptiometrie (SXA) bzw. deren Vorlauferin, der Ein-Photonen-Absorptiometrie (SPA), ist in erster Linie durch Beschrankung der Repositionierungs-genauigkeit begrenzt. Fur die Zwei-Energien-Rontgen-Absorptiometrie (DXA) bzw. deren Vorlauferin, die Zwei-Photonen-Absorptiometrie (DPA), sind extraskeletale Kalzifikationen und degenerative Veranderungen der Wirbelsaule als Probleme zu nennen; aufgrund des relativ hohen Reproduzierbarkeitsfehlers ist die DPA als Mesverfahren nicht mehr zeitgemas. Fur die Quantitative Computertomographie (QCT) kommen in erster Linie der Fettfehler und Kalibrierprobleme infolge von Feldinhomogenitat zum Tragen. Daneben konnen vermeidbare Fehler bei Aufnahme und Analyse der Mesdaten das Ergebnis verfalschen. Wahrend die QCT eine selektive Messung des stoffwechselaktiveren trabekularen Knochens ermoglicht, bietet die DXA derzeit eine bessere Reproduzierbarkeit, was insbesondere bei Verlaufsuntersuchungen von Vorteil ist. Aufgrund der hoheren Komplexitat stellt die QCT generell hohere Anforderungen an den Anwender. Die Zukunft der SPA/SXA wird kontrovers eingeschatzt. Fur alle Verfahren sind stringente Masnahmen der Qualitatssicherung notwendig. Generell gilt, das alle Verfahren bei konsequenter Qualitatssicherung verlasliche und aussagekraftige Ergebnisse bezuglich des Knochenmineralstatus des jeweils vermessenen Mesortes liefern.
Degradation of Pesticides in Nursery Recycling Pond Waters

Recycling or collection ponds are often used in outdoor container nursery production to capture and recycle runoff water and fertilizers. Waters in recycling ponds generally have high concentrations of nutrients, pesticides, and dissolved organic matter, as well as elevated salinity and turbidity. Little is known about pesticide degradation behavior in the unique environment of nursery recycling ponds. In this study, degradation of four commonly used pesticides diazinon, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, and pendimethalin in waters from two nursery recycling ponds was investigated at an initial pesticide concentration of 50 microg/L. Results showed that the persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos appeared to be prolonged in recycling pond waters as compared to surface streamwaters, possibly due to decreased contribution from biotic transformation, while degradation of chlorothalonil and pendimethalin was enhanced. Activation energies of biotic degradation of all four pesticides were lower than abiotic degradation, indicating that microbial transformation was less affected by temperature than chemical transformation. Overall, the pesticide degradation capacity of recycling ponds was better buffered against temperature changes than that of surface streamwaters.
Oculomotor behaviour in visual search for multiple targets

Analysing response time (RT) data from a novel, multiple-target visual search task, Horowitz and Wolfe (2001) found evidence to suggest that the control of attention during visual search is not guided by memory for which of the items or locations within a display have already been inspected. Here, analysis of eye movement data from a similar experiment suggests that RT effects in the multiple-target search task are primarily due to changes in eye movements, and that effects which appeared to reveal memory-free search were actually produced by changes in oculomotor sampling behaviour.
Post-translational modification of I-kappa B alpha activates NF-κB in human monocytes exposed to 56Fe ions

The objective of this study was to investigate whether heavy ion (56Fe) radiation exposure activates one of the key transcriptional regulators, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), in normal human monocytes (Mono Mac 6 cells: MM6). The study revealed that the exposure of MM6 cells to 56Fe ions resulted in increased NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity. The activation was both dose- and time-dependent, with a maximum response at the 2 h time point after a 0.7 Gy dose. Cells pre-incubated with inhibitors of the phosphorylation and proteasome signaling pathway, completely blocked heavy ion-induced activation of NF-kappa B. These results clearly indicate that 56Fe ions can induce NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity in normal human monocytes, that the activation is rapid and persistent, and that the heavy ion-induced activation of NF-kappa B is mediated through phosphorylation of I-kappa B alpha and the subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation pathway. Since activation of NF-kappa B by extracellular stimuli is implicated in inflammation, infection and cancer induction, as well as in protection of cells against insult, it will be important in subsequent studies to elucidate whether heavy ion-induced NF-kappa B activation is involved in downstream gene expression.
Lung Abscess: A Study of 148 Cases Due to Aspiration

SUMMARY 1.One hundred and forty-eight cases of known or suspected aspiration lung abscess were admitted to Bellevue and Presbyterian Hospitals, New York City during the years 1950 to 1958. 2.Of this number, 55 (37 per cent) left the hospital relieved of the acute symptoms of their lung abscess by medical treatment alone. However, in a follow-up period of six to 84 months, only 26 (18 per cent) remained entirely well, while ten (7 per cent) languished with either symptomatic bronchiectasis or tuberculosis. Nineteen cases (13 per cent) were untraced. 3.Forty-five (30 per cent) were obliged to undergo surgery in addition to medical treatment. Of these, 42 were discharged free of their symptoms. An additional 31 (21 per cent) were advised to have surgery because medical therapy was proving inadequate. These patients refused treatment and were ultimately discharged. Thus, if 51 per cent of the series had or were advised to have surgery, more of the patients required operations than did not, modern antibiotic therapy notwithstanding. 4.There were 14 deaths among the 148 cases, 11 undergoing medical therapy alone, and three others receiving medical-surgical treatment. Five deaths were directly attributable to the lung abscess or treatment thereof (in surgery, this was due to broncho-pleural fistula in two, and to coronary sclerosis in one). Regardless of the role of surgery, the five deaths were directly attributable to medical failure, since all patients were referred to surgery following unsuccessful medical treatment. The remaining nine cases were considered beyond hope by any form of therapy. 5.In the group of patients treated by resection following intensive medical therapy, there was a mortality rate of 6 per cent, and major pleuropulmonary complications in an additional 8 per cent. The surviving patients were cured of their lung abscess, and represent the true result of combined medical-surgical therapy in the modern sense.
Viability analysis of endangered species: a decision-theoretic perspective

Abstract The concept of population viability is probabilistic in nature, usually being expressed through such indicators as ‘expected extinction time’, or ‘probability of survival for 1000 years’. Such one-dimensional indicators might be adequate to characterize empirically-derived extinction risk in steady-state circumstances, such as in a long-established and undisturbed reserve. But they do not serve as well for evaluating viability in dynamically changing environments, nor for appraising the circumstantial evidence of risk provided by computer simulation of a stochastic population model. To characterize risk adequately in these circumstances requires describing a qualitative pattern of risk, sorting out short-term effects, due to initial population size and environmental state, from longer-term effects related to the character and quality of habitat. Furthermore, the relevant time-scales for the analysis depend upon the processes of change present in the habitat, including persistent effects from deliberate or inadvertent anthropogenic habitat manipulation. In the present study, alternative extinction risk indices and sustainability profiles are suggested, appropriate for formulating a risk management strategy in a dynamically changing environment. The concepts presented are applied to the problem of viability assessment of the endangered northern spotted owl, in the harvested temperate rainforest landscape of the U.S. Pacific Northwest.
On-demand media streaming over the Internet

We propose a new model for on-demand media streaming centered around the peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm. The proposed P2P model can support a large number of clients with a low overall system cost. The P2P model allows for peers to share some of their resources with the system and in return, they get some incentives or rewards. We describe how to realize (or deploy) the proposed model. In addition, we present a new dispersion algorithm (for disseminating the media files into the system) and a searching algorithm (for locating peers with the required objects). We demonstrate the potential of the P2P model as an infrastructure for a large-scale on-demand media streaming service through an extensive simulation study on large, Internet-like, topologies. Starting with a limited streaming capacity (hence, low cost), the simulation shows that the capacity is rapidly increased and many clients can be served even if they come according to different arrival patterns such as constant rate arrivals, flash crowd arrivals, and Poisson arrivals.
SEYMOUR HUTNER'S SOUP KITCHEN FOR PROTOZOA1

UMEROUS proper obituaries of Seymour H. Hutner have N been written since he passed away. They have discussed his career, scholarship, and the many students who have gone on to high-profile positions and who have made major contributions in science and medicine. I do not want to write another, but I wish rather to tell you how and what I learned from Seymour about being a scientist and a teacher. I wish to thank the Society of Protozoologists and the Editor of the Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology for this opportunity to be so self-indulgent in speaking and writing about the extraordinary experience of having been Seymour’s student. I am especially gratified to be the recipient of the award named in honor of him in the year of Seymour’s passing. When I first met Seymour Hutner in 1972, Haskins Laboratories had moved to Pace University and Chris Lambros, my classmate, had begun working with Cyrus Bacchi. I wandered in to The Lab to see Chris and found myself immediately sucked into Dr. Hutner’s office (Fig. 1). I was subsequently to find that the only thing sucked into his office faster than a new male student happening by, was a tall blond, female student. In later months I was to realize that if, in fact, a blond was in crisis, then Hutner would not even be bothered with Nobel Prize quality results: a blond in crisis always took precedence.
Chronic Depression Diagnosis and Classification

Traditionally, non-bipolar depression has been viewed as an episodic, remitting condition. However, with the recognition that depressions can persist for many years, the current diagnostic classification system includes various forms of chronic depression. The distinction between chronic and nonchronic depressions is useful for reducing the heterogeneity of the disorder. Individuals with chronic depression differ from those with nonchronic depression on a variety of clinically and etiologically significant variables, including comorbidity, impairment, suicidality, history of childhood maltreatment, familial psychopathology, and long-term course. In contrast, there is little support for current distinctions between different forms of chronic depression. This suggests that it may be simpler to collapse the existing forms of chronic depression in the current classification system into a single category. However, there is growing evidence that other characteristics, such as age of onset and a childhood histor...
Successive Interference Annulment for Multi-user Systems with Known Non-linearity

The focus of this work is multi-user systems where the combined multi-user signal is passed through a known non-linearity, e.g., a downlink RF power amplifier in satellite communication systems. A successive interference annulment (SIA) multi-user detector for non-linear multi-user systems is proposed and analyzed in terms of the asymptotic behavior of the conditional probability of error at each stage of successive decoding. The design of the SIA detector takes into account the geometry of the overall signal constellation and a particular user?s bit is decoded using a single inner product operation. The run-time complexity of the proposed SIA detector is linear in the number of users, though the design complexity is exponential in the number of users. For a linear multi-user system, the SIA detector reduces to a serial interference cancellation (SIC) detector that maximizes the asymptotic conditional multi-user efficiency at each stage of successive decoding. Simulation results indicate that the SIA detector consistently outperforms conventional detection schemes where the non-linearity is ignored.
Undergraduates' perceptions and use of the university libraries Web portal: Can information literacy instruction make a difference?

There is a common concern among academic libraries that their library Web portals are being underutilized. Literature pertaining to technology acceptance and information systems success indicates that user training plays a pivotal role in fostering favorable attitudes, and facilitating information systems usage among users. However, no study had been conducted to investigate the effect of user education on the acceptance and use of academic library Web portals. To address this gap in the literature, the researcher took the initiative to explore the impact of a semester-long credit-bearing information literacy course on undergraduate students' perceptions and use of the University at Albany Libraries Web portal. Data were collected through two rounds of survey over a period of an academic semester. Results showed that the information literacy course positively influenced participants' perceptions of the Libraries Web portal in terms of perceived ease of use, information quality, system quality, and user satisfaction. Yet, the course did not have an impact on their perceptions of service quality. In addition, statistically significant differences were not found in the overall frequency and duration of use, but in other dimensions of use, namely purpose and task.
Racial and non-racial discrimination and smoking status among South African adults 10 years after apartheid

Background Despite a long history of discrimination and persisting racial disparities in smoking prevalence, little research exists on the relationship between discrimination and smoking in South Africa. Methods This analysis examined chronic (day-to-day) and acute (lifetime) experiences of racial and non-racial (eg, age, gender or physical appearance) discrimination and smoking status among respondents to the South Africa Stress and Health study. Logistic regression models were constructed using SAS-Callable SUDAAN. Results Both chronic racial discrimination (RR=1.45, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.85) and chronic non-racial discrimination (RR=1.69, 95% CI 1.37 to 2.08) predicted a higher risk of smoking, but neither type of acute discrimination did. Total (sum of racial and non-racial) chronic discrimination (RR=1.46, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.78) and total acute discrimination (RR=1.28, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.60) predicted a higher risk of current smoking. Conclusions Racial and non-racial discrimination may be related to South African adults’ smoking behaviour, but this relationship likely varies by the timing and frequency of these experiences. Future research should use longitudinal data to identify the temporal ordering of the relationships studied, include areas outside of South Africa to increase generalisability and consider the implications of these findings for smoking cessation approaches in South Africa.
X-Band Polarimetric and Ka-Band Doppler Spectral Radar Observations of a Graupel-Producing Arctic Mixed-Phase Cloud

AbstractCharacteristics of graupel in an Arctic deep mixed-phase cloud on 7 December 2013 were identified with observations from an X-band scanning polarimetric radar and a Ka-band zenith-pointing radar in conjunction with scattering calculations. The cloud system produced generating cells and strongly sheared precipitation fall streaks. The X-band radar hemispheric RHI observables revealed spatial sorting of polarimetric signatures: decreasing (with increasing range) differential propagation phase shift φDP, negative specific differential phase KDP collocated with negative differential reflectivity ZDR in the upper half of the fall streak, and increasing or near-constant φDP with positive ZDR at the bottom edge of the fall streak. The negative KDP and ZDR, indicating prolate particles with vertically oriented maximum dimensions, were consistent with small, slow-falling conical graupel coexisting with low concentrations of more isometric graupel. The observed negative KDP values were best matched by scatt...
Subsurface microscopy of integrated circuits with apodization and polarization control

We demonstrate a lateral spatial resolution of 160 nm (lambda0/8) using apodization in subsurface backside microscopy of silicon integrated circuits - a record resolution for one-photon excitation schemes.
Assignment of task modules in hypercube multicomputers with component failures for communication efficiency

The problem of assigning task modules within a hypercube multicomputer with possible link failures is investigated. A concept of indirect optimization is introduced and a function, called communication traffic, is proposed as the objective of optimization. The assignments obtained from optimizing this function are shown to significantly improve the actual communication performance measure, called communication turnaround time, over random assignments. >
Some fundamental topics in introductory circuit analysis: a critique

Circuit analysis grew from an empirical base, and the prevailing attitude is that it is a "tools course" for more specialized courses that follow. Perhaps for that reason, the various topics covered in the typical introductory circuits course have not been thoroughly examined for pedagogy, technical accuracy, and relevance to other more advanced concepts in circuit theory. This paper was written to initiate such a study by pointing out specific examples to illustrate and support the preceding statement. Examples are drawn from popular introductory circuit analysis texts.
Sustainable Development and Future Generations

This paper argues, mainly on thebasis of Rawls's savings principle,Wissenburg's restraint principle, Passmore'schains of love, and De-Shalit'stransgenerational communities, for a doubleinterpretation of sustainable development as aprinciple of intergenerational justice and afuture-oriented green ideal. This doubleinterpretation (1) embraces the restraintprinciple and the argument that no individualcan claim an unconditional right to destroyenvironmental goods as a baseline that couldjustify directive strategies for governmentintervention in non-sustainable lifestyles, and(2) suggests that people's concerns about thedeterioration of nature and the environmentarticulate future-oriented narratives ofself-identity that could fuel non-directivestrategies to develop further responsibilitiestowards nearby future generations. Sustainabledevelopment, thus, provides sound arguments torestrict people's freedom to follow their ownlifestyles, when these lifestyles transgressedthe baseline of the restraint principle.However, the individual freedom of choiceshould not be restricted for any furtherenvironmental considerations. Non-directivestrategies are thus to stimulate thedevelopment of such further responsibilitiestowards nearby future generations.
Changes in resting heart rate variability across the menstrual cycle

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive indicator of autonomic control. This study examines HRV changes across a normal menstrual cycle and proposes a novel piecewise function controlling for the effects of breathing on HRV spectral parameters. A resting ECG was collected from 13 women at five points in their menstrual cycle. Both heart rate and breathing rate increased across the cycle (p < .01) while time-domain variability decreased (p = .04). Use of the piecewise function for breathing rate in HRV spectral analysis was confirmed by a substantial increase in model goodness-of-fit. HRV spectral parameters, controlled for breathing with the piecewise function, confirm that the decrease in variability is likely due to a parasympathetic withdrawal, since high frequency HRV decreases (p = .02). Descriptors: Heart rate variability, Autonomic nervous system, Menstrual cycle, Estrogen, Progesterone
Data structures and program correctness: Bridging the gap

An assertion language for data structures is presented, leading to the following results: formal semantics of operations on data structures are given in terms of the weakest precondition formula for assignment statements; input/output specifications for data-structure manipulating algorithms can be stated with precision; there is a clear relationship between the output specification and intermediate assertions; and knowledge about standard types of data structures can be schematized. These ideas are illustrated on an algorithm to reverse the arcs on a one-way linked list, and on a threaded tree example.
Identification and Translation of Effective Teacher-Developed Instructional Procedures for General Practice

We describe a multistep method for (a) identifying effective teacher-developed instructional procedures based on assessments of achievement gain and classroom engagement and (b) translating them for wide-scale use by other teachers. The method employed a combination of both objective and naturalistic assessments leading to reliable procedural protocols for use in the training of other teachers and evaluation of their implementation of these same procedures. The implications of this particular product-process approach to the identification of effective teacher-developed practices and to instructional improvement are discussed.
Dysregulation of Cyclin E Gene Expression in Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells Requires Viral Early Gene Expression and Is Associated with Changes in the Rb-Related Protein p130

We have previously shown that many cell cycle regulatory gene products are markedly affected by infection of primary fibroblasts with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (F. M. Jault, J. M. Jault, F. Ruchti, E. A. Fortunato, C. Clark, J. Corbeil, D. D. Richman, and D. H. Spector, J. Virol. 69:6697–6704, 1995). One of these proteins, cyclin E, is a key determinant of cell cycle progression during G1, and its mRNA levels are significantly increased in HCMV-infected fibroblasts (B. S. Salvant, E. A. Fortunato, and D. H. Spector, J. Virol. 72:3729–3741, 1998). To determine the molecular basis of this effect, we have examined the events that occur at the endogenous cyclin E promoter during the course of infection. In vivo dimethyl sulfate footprinting of the cyclin E promoter revealed several regions of protection and hypersensitivity that were unique to infected cells. In accord with this observation, we find that the virus-induced cyclin E transcripts initiate downstream of the start site identified in mock-infected cells, in regions where these newly appearing protected and hypersensitive sites occur. Viral gene expression is required for this induction. However, the viral immediate-early proteins IE1-72 and IE2-86, either alone or in combination, cannot induce expression of the endogenous cyclin E. The virus must progress past the immediate-early phase and express an early gene product(s) for activation of cyclin E expression. Moreover, IE1-72 does not appear to be required, as infection of cells with an HCMV mutant containing a deletion in the IE1-72 gene leads to full upregulation of cyclin E expression. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays with infected cell extracts and a region of the cyclin E promoter that includes two previously defined E2F sites as the probe, we detected the appearance of an infection-specific banding pattern. One of the infection-specific bands contained the proteins E2F-4, DP-1, and p130, which were maintained in the infected cells as uniquely phosphorylated species. These results suggest that an altered E2F-4–DP-1–p130 complex along with viral early gene expression may play a role in the transcriptional regulation of cyclin E mRNA during HCMV infection.
Diagnosis of congenital cardiac defects with use of a fiberoptic catheter-pressure-cinetrace system.

Abstract The application of a catheter tip oximeter incorporating a lumen, which allows simultaneous recordings of intracardiac oxygen saturation and pressure, to the diagnosis of patients with congenital heart disease is described. When combined with the cinetrace system, intracardiac oxygen saturation and pressure could be correlated precisely with the anatomic position of the catheter tip. Fifty patients with congenital heart disease and intracardiac and great vessel shunts were studied. The detection, localization and quantification of left to right shunts required no withdrawal of blood, and the findings were in close agreement with the results of the 85 krypton inhalation test. The fiberoptic catheter incorporating a lumen for pressure recording allows beat to beat display of the relations among intracardiac and intravascular oxygen saturation, shunt flow, pressure and the electrocardiogram. The simultaneous visual display of catheter position, hemodynamic data, blood oxygen saturation, and electrocardiogram on cine film permits rapid, complete and accurate assessment of the condition of children and adults with congenital cardiac defects.
Domains of Artificial Intelligence Relevant to Systems

This paper summarizes the authors' views of the areas where techniques from artificial intelligence may prove applicable to systems problems. For this paper, we define "artificial intelligence" as the application of symbolic reasoning on stored knowledge. The concept of knowledge is left imprecise; knowledge may be approximate and symbolic rather than exact and numeric. The components of the field of artificial intelligence which we consider most relevant to the systems community are expert systems, knowledge representation, knowledge base query and inference, data base design and access, and mixed-language programming. We will discuss candidate areas for research in the application of artificial intelligence from two perspectives: current problems in artificial intelligence the solution of which would positively affect system applications, and areas within systems which we feel would benefit from the application of artificial intelligence techniques.
Engaging in Travesuras : A Latino Fifth-Grader’s Disassociation from the Schoolboy Label

This case study examines Jose, a bilingual Latino fifth-grader, and his complex and dynamic engagements in travesuras (mischievous behaviors). Jose’s travesuras served to disassociate him from being labeled a “schoolboy.” This disassociation was evident in how Jose: (1) renounced “school-like” work and (2) downplayed his intelligence. Jose had been pigeonholed—for the most part—as a smart student who should have known better than to behave inappropriately. Implications point to how to create more nurturing and enriching experiences for urban Latino youth such as Jose.
FIRST REPORT OF PARASITES FROM PINNIPEDS IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, ECUADOR, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PHILOPHTHALMUS (DIGENEA: PHILOPHTHALMIDAE)

A new species of digenetic trematode and 2 species of ectoparasites from Zalophus wollebaeki Silvertsen, 1953 (Carnivora: Otariidae) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, are reported. These include an eye fluke of Philophthalmus Looss, 1899 (Echinostomata: Philophthalmidae) as well as, to our knowledge, the first report of Antarctophthirus microchir (Trouessart and Neumann, 1888) Enderlein, 1906 (Arthropoda: Anoplura) and Orthohalarachne diminuata (Doetschman, 1944) Newell, 1947 (Arthropoda: Acarina) from this host and location. Philophthalmus zalophi n. sp. differs from the 4 other marine species of Philophthalmus (P. andersoni Dronen and Penner, 1975; P. burrili Howell and Bearup, 1967; P. hegeneri Penner and Fried, 1963; and P. larsoni Penner and Trimble, 1970) by its mammalian host, large body size, lack of tegumental spines, posterior length of seminal vesicle, placement of genital pore, size ratio of oral sucker to acetabulum, shape and size of testes, and size ratio of ovary to testis.
Blue light receptors and signal transduction

A plant blue light response was documented as early as 1881 by Darwin when he discovered what is now known as the blue light–induced phototropic response ([Darwin, 1881][1]). However, blue light receptors mediating phototropism and other photoresponses in plants have remained elusive until
In vitro evaluation of a custom cutting jig and custom plate for canine tibial plateau leveling

Objective—To design and manufacture custom titanium bone plates and a custom cutting and drill guide by use of free-form fabrication methods and to compare variables and mechanical properties of 2 canine tibial plateau leveling methods with each other and with historical control values. Sample Population—10 canine tibial replicas created by rapid prototyping methods. Procedures—Application time, accuracy of correction of the tibial plateau slope (TPS), presence and magnitude of rotational and angular deformation, and replica axial stiffness for 2 chevron wedge osteotomy (CWO) methods were assessed. One involved use of freehand CWO (FHCWO) and screw hole drilling, whereas the other used jig-guided CWO (JGCWO) and screw hole drilling. Results—Replicas used for FHCWO and JGCWO methods had similar stiffness. Although JGCWO and FHCWO did not weaken the replicas, mean axial stiffness of replicas after JGCWO was higher than after FHCWO. The JGCWO method was faster than the FHCWO method. Mean ± SD TPS after osteo...
An Examination of Firm Response to Sec Scrutiny of Pension Discount Rates

This study examines firm response to a September, 1993 letter written by the Chief Accountant of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recommending that firms reduce their pension discount rates for 1993. Based on positive accounting theory, it is posited that compliance was affected by firm differences in the potential for SEC review and financial leverage. Results are consistent with these predictions. Based on the smoothing hypothesis, it is also posited that complying firms smoothed the effect of compliance by reducing the salary progression rate, another pension assumption. Results are consistent with this prediction as well.
Screening of Enzyme Inhibitors with Potential Antitumor Activity

Antitumor antibiotics have been discovered by screening of microbial culture filtrates for activity to inhibit experimental animal tumors which can be conveniently utilized. However, there is no direct relationship between a particular type of human tumor and such experimental animal tumors, and all antitumor antibiotics thus found exhibit cytotoxic action. Methods of testing activity against animal tumors, methods of testing cytotoxic action against cancer cells in culture or in disc plate agar (1), methods of testing mutagenic action, for instance, testing activity to cause induction of lyzogenic phage (2) or to cause mutation of T2 phage from h+ to h (3), have been devised. Biochemical methods (4) to test activity of culture filtrates to inhibit synthesis of protein, RNA and DNA in cancer cell homogenates were also presented.
Reflections on 2015

The Editor-in-Chief reflects on recent advances, including CRISPR technology and the expansion of immunotherapy, and highlights trends that will be important in the coming year.
Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Organizational Shareholders’ Expectations

The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) has been proposed as a near-panacea for the strategic management ills that may beset an organization. However, the strategic implications of internal and external performance measurement have not been demonstrated as reliable either for a sample within one industry or across industries. This study proposes a new model that translates the BSC from a three-part internal and one-part external performance measurement system into a comprehensive measurement system that includes stakeholders’ a priori expectations and that merges those expectations with performance measurement systems that will enable organizations to satisfy the often exclusive expectations of all stakeholders.
Justice in harmonious society:interpersonal harmony

In order to establish correct legal value idea and realize justice in practice,through theoretical research and practical analysis,aiming at enforcing law and breaking law repeatedly and resulting in confusion in judicatory chaos,it is necessary to establish active justice idea in harmonious society,judicatory justice leading to harmony.
Robust L_2-L_∞ Dynamic Output Feedback Control of Stochastic Repetitive Processes

In order to design a full order controller to repeat the process of random mean-square asymptotically stable,the problem of L2-L∞ dynamic output feedback control for a class of stochastic linear repetitive processes was investigated by using of stochastic Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality.The existence sufficient conditions of robust L2-L∞ full order controller was given,and the controller design was translated into a convex optimization problem.The designed controller could guarantee all external disturbance signal relative to energy bounded,and the L2-L∞ performance index of repeat process was less than a certain value γ.Simulation examples verify the effectiveness of the method.
Is aprotinin indicated for reoperative valvular surgery

BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY While the hemostatic effect of aprotinin for patients undergoing reoperative coronary bypass is well established, it remains unclear whether these effects extend to patients undergoing reoperative valvular surgery. METHODS We examined our experience with 85 consecutive patients undergoing isolated reoperative valvular surgery with and without use of perioperative aprotinin in order to investigate differences in perioperative blood use, blood loss, bleeding complications, mortality and incidence of myocardial injury. RESULTS Aprotinin recipients benefited from a significant reduction in bleeding complications, and a decrease in perioperative and in-hospital mortalities as compared with untreated patients. Anaphylactic reactions and clinically significant thromboembolic events were not observed. There was no difference in the incidence of renal dysfunction or myocardial injury among aprotinin-treated and untreated groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that aprotinin therapy can be safely administered to patients undergoing reoperative valvular surgery. No increased incidence of anaphylactic reactions, renal dysfunction or perioperative myocardial injury was noted. The observed reductions in bleeding complications and perioperative and in-hospital mortality strongly warrant the evaluation of aprotinin for reoperative valvular surgery in a prospective fashion.
Endothelial vasodilator production by uterine and systemic arteries. II. Pregnancy effects on NO synthase expression

Pregnancy is characterized by elevations in uterine but not omental artery nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-specific activity. We hypothesized that increases in NO production during pregnancy are associ...
“Am I My Brother's Keeper?” (Genesis IV:9): Violence and the Making of Society

The question behind this essay is whether an account of the making of social life—and it is as such that I read Genesis—also posits a thesis about the making of violence.
Effects of age on β1- and β2 assessed by quantitative autoradiography

Aging female rats undergo a loss of reproductive cyclicity that has been correlated with alterations in norepinephrine neuronal activity in specific hypothalamic regions involved in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion. We explored the possibility that deteriorating reproductive function may also be due to changes in the density of receptors which bind and mediate responsiveness to norepinephrine. Existing evidence suggests that β-adrenergic receptors mediate norepinephrine's inhibitory effect on luteinizing hormone (LH). Therefore, we determined whether changes in β-adrenergic receptor densities occur in specific hypothalamic nuclei associated with reproductive function. Furthermore, we wished to determine whether age affectsβ1-andβ2-adrenergic receptor densities differentially and whether age-related changes in receptor densities are related to hormonal status and/or vaginal smear cytology of the animals. Old constant estrous rats, old persistent diestrous rats, young cycling rats on estrus, and young cycling rats on diestrus were killed at 1000 h and brainβ1-and β2-adrenergic receptor densities were measured using topical autoradiographic and computerized image analysis methods which permit a high level of neuroanatomical discrimination. We analyzedβ1-and β2-adrenergic receptor densities in 7 brain areas including 4 hypothalamic regions known to be important in reproductive function. The pineal gland, the molecular layer of the cerebellum and the caudate putamen were examined because they contain high concentrations of β-adrenergic receptors which have been reported to change with age. Serum luteinizing hormone was measured in the same rats. Serum LH concentrations were the same in all rats regardless of vaginal smear cytology and age. In the medial preoptic nucleus,β1-adrenergic receptor densities were elevated in old rats. In contrast, in the suprachiasmatic nucleusβ2-adrenergic receptors were lower in old rats. We observed no age-associated changes in either receptor subtype in median eminence or premammillary nucleus. Bothβ1-and β2-adrenergic receptor concentrations decreased in the pineal gland, while onlyβ2-receptors declined with age in the cerebellum. No age-related differences were observed in the caudate putamen. No differences in β-adrenergic receptor densities were seen between estrus and diestrus in either young or old females in any of the areas examined. These data demonstrate that multiple and diverse alterations in β-receptor densities occur with age. They occur only in selected brain regions and are not confined to one receptor subtype. Similar age-associated changes occurred in both persistent diestrous and constant estrous old rats regardless of vaginal cytology and hormonal milieu.
Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Antioxidants.

Tripticase soy broth containing 100, 150, 200 and 400 ppm of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), or combined BHA and propyl gallate was inoculated with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus to determine the antimicrobial effect of these antioxidants. Both propyl gallate and NDGA at 400 ppm had a strong lethal effect against E. coli . BHA and the BHA-propyl gallate combination were more effective against S. aureus than against E. coli . NDGA had the strongest antimicrobial activity. Only 50 ppm of NDGA were highly inhibitory to S. aureus .
Comparison of Ca 2+ puffs evoked by extracellular agonists and photoreleased IP 3 .

The inositol trisphosphate (IP3) signaling pathway evokes local Ca2+ signals (Ca2+ puffs) that arise from the concerted openings of clustered IP3 receptor/channels in the ER membrane. Physiological activation is triggered by binding of agonists to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the cell surface, leading to cleavage of phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate and release of IP3 into the cytosol. Photorelease of IP3 from a caged precursor provides a convenient and widely employed means to study the final stage of IP3-mediated Ca2+ liberation, bypassing upstream signaling events to enable more precise control of the timing and relative concentration of cytosolic IP3. Here, we address whether Ca2+ puffs evoked by photoreleased IP3 fully replicate those arising from physiological agonist stimulation. We imaged puffs in individual SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells that were sequentially stimulated by picospritzing extracellular agonist (carbachol, CCH or bradykinin, BK) followed by photorelease of a poorly-metabolized IP3 analog, i-IP3. The centroid localizations of fluorescence signals during puffs evoked in the same cells by agonists and photorelease substantially overlapped (within ∼1μm), suggesting that IP3 from both sources accesses the same, or closely co-localized clusters of IP3Rs. Moreover, the time course and spatial spread of puffs evoked by agonists and photorelease matched closely. Because photolysis generates IP3 uniformly throughout the cytoplasm, our results imply that IP3 generated in SH-SY5Y cells by activation of receptors to CCH and BK also exerts broadly distributed actions, rather than specifically activating a subpopulation of IP3Rs that are scaffolded in close proximity to cell surface receptors to form a signaling nanodomain.
Wind-Friendly Flexible Ramping Product Design in Multi-Timescale Power System Operations

With increasing wind power penetration in the electricity grid, system operators are recognizing the need for additional flexibility, and some are implementing new ramping products as a type of ancillary service. However, wind is generally thought of as causing the need for ramping services, not as being a potential source for the service. In this paper, a multi-timescale unit commitment and economic dispatch model is developed to consider the wind power ramping product (WPRP). An optimized swinging door algorithm with dynamic programming is applied to identify and forecast wind power ramps (WPRs). Designed as positive characteristics of WPRs, the WPRP is then integrated into the multi-timescale dispatch model that considers new objective functions, ramping capacity limits, active power limits, and flexible ramping requirements. Numerical simulations on the modified IEEE 118-bus system show the potential effectiveness of WPRP in increasing the economic efficiency of power system operations with high levels of wind power penetration. It is found that WPRP not only reduces the production cost by using less ramping reserves scheduled by conventional generators, but also possibly enhances the reliability of power system operations. Moreover, wind power forecasts play an important role in providing high-quality WPRP service.
FDA-Approved Oligonucleotide Therapies in 2017

Oligonucleotides (oligos) have been under clinical development for approximately the past 30 years, beginning with antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and apatmers and followed about 15 years ago by siRNAs. During that lengthy period of time, numerous clinical trials have been performed and thousands of trial participants accrued onto studies. Of all the molecules evaluated as of January 2017, the regulatory authorities assessed that six provided clear clinical benefit in rigorously controlled trials. The story of these six is given in this review.
Balancing uncertainty and complexity to incorporate fire spread in an eco-hydrological model

Wildfire affects the ecosystem services of watersheds, and climate change will modify fire regimes and watershed dynamics. In many eco-hydrological simulations, fire is included as an exogenous force. Rarely are the bidirectional feedbacks between watersheds and fire regimes integrated in a simulation system because the eco-hydrological model predicts variables that are incompatible with the requirements of fire models. WMFire is a fire-spread model of intermediate complexity designed to be integrated with the Regional Hydro-ecological Simulation System (RHESSys). Spread in WMFire is based on four variables that (i) represent known influences on fire spread: litter load, relative moisture deficit, wind direction and topographic slope, and (ii) are derived directly from RHESSys outputs. The probability that a fire spreads from pixel to pixel depends on these variables as predicted by RHESSys. We tested a partial integration between WMFire and RHESSys on the Santa Fe (New Mexico) and the HJ Andrews (Oregon State) watersheds. Model assessment showed correspondence between expected spatial patterns of spread and seasonality in both watersheds. These results demonstrate the efficacy of an approach to link eco-hydrologic model outputs with a fire spread model. Future work will develop a fire effects module in RHESSys for a fully coupled, bidirectional model.