cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weldability of a New Ni-Cu Welding Consumable for Joining Austenitic Stainless Steels

A new welding consumable, based on the Ni-Cu metallurgical system, was developed to reduce hexavalent Cr (Cr6+) emissions during welding of austenitic stainless steels. However, dissimilar metal welds between Ni-Cu alloys and stainless steels have not been thoroughly evaluated for susceptibility to elevated temperature cracking during welding. This study was performed to determine susceptibility of Ni-Cu/304L dissimilar weld deposits to solidification, liquation, and ductility-dip cracking using the Transvarestraint and cast pin tear tests, the hot ductility test, and the strain-to-fracture test, respectively. Solidification experiments were performed using a button melting apparatus in conjunction with the single sensor differential thermal analysis (SS DTA™) technique to determine phase transformations during solidification. Transvarestraint testing revealed the Ni-Cu weld deposits had a higher solidification cracking susceptibility than conventional stainless steel weld deposits (such as E308L). This was attributed to fully austenitic solidification and stabilization of the TiC eutectic reaction at the end of solidification. Button melts and thermodynamic-based Scheil predictions showed a widening solidification range as weld metal dilution by 304L increased. Solidification cracking susceptibility increased at higher dilutions of 304L due to the increase in solidification temperature range. Hot ductility testing of multipass weld deposits revealed a narrow liquation cracking susceptible region (33–54°C) indicating good resistance to weld metal liquation cracking, although a ductility dip was observed in the temperature range of 800–1,100°C. This ductility trough is likely related to the solid-state weld cracking phenomenon known as ductility-dip cracking. Strain-to-fracture testing revealed that the ductility-dip cracking threshold strain was approximately 2–3% in weld deposits, indicating a moderate to high susceptibility. Weld deposits were considered to have similar weldability to other Ni-base and fully austenitic stainless steel alloys based on the current evaluation.
Childhood Brain Tumors and Residential Electromagnetic Fields (EMF)

Since 1979, several residential studies have examined the potential association between exposure to power-frequency (50-60 hertz) electromagnetic fields (EMF) and childhood cancer (Feychting and Ahlbom 1993;Savitz et al. 1988;Wertheimer and Leeper 1979). The initial research in this field examined all childhood cancers as an endpoint, whereas most recently completed (Linet et al. 1997;London et al. 1991) and ongoing studies focus on childhood leukemia (Miller and McBride, personal communication) and, to a lesser extent, on childhood brain cancer (Gurney et al. 1996;Preston-Martin et al. 1996a). One ongoing study in the U.K. includes both leukemia and childhood brain tumors. Initially, the EMF association appeared to be stronger with childhood brain tumors than with leukemia (Ahlbom 1988;Hutchinson 1992); however, several of the most recent studies of childhood brain tumors have found no association with EMF (Feychting and Ahlbom 1993;Gurney et al. 1996;Preston-Martin et al. 1996a).
In Reply to "Diving Into Diagnostic Uncertainty: Strategies to Mitigate Cognitive Load. In Reference to: 'Focused Ethnography of Diagnosis in Academic Medical Centers'".

We thank Dr. Santhosh and colleagues for their letter concerning our article.1 We agree that the diagnostic journey includes interactions both between and across teams, not just those within the patient’s team. In an article currently in press in Diagnosis, we examine how systems and cognitive factors interact during the process of diagnosis. Specifically, we reported on how communication between consultants can be both a barrier and facilitator to the diagnostic process.2 We found that the frequency, quality, and pace of communication between and across inpatient teams and specialists are essential to timely diagnoses. As diagnostic errors remain a costly and morbid issue in the hospital setting, efforts to improve communication are clearly needed.3
Evaluation of Lymph Node Ratio Association With Long-term Patient Survival After Surgery for Node-Positive Merkel Cell Carcinoma.

Importance Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) carries the highest mortality rate among cutaneous cancers and is rapidly rising in incidence. Identification of prognostic indicators may help guide patient counseling and treatment planning. Lymph node ratio (LNR), the ratio of positive lymph nodes to the total number of examined lymph nodes, is an established prognostic indicator in other cancers. Objectives The primary objective was to evaluate the association between LNR and patient survival after surgery for node-positive MCC. The secondary objective was to evaluate whether the survival rates associated with adjuvant therapies vary by patient LNR status. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of patients with node-positive MCC treated with surgery and lymphadenectomy. We queried the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry for patient records. Data originated from 2004 through 2017 for the NCDB and from 1973 through 2016 for the SEER registry. The SEER registry comprises a population-based US cohort while cases from the NCDB include all reportable cases from Commission on Cancer–accredited facilities and represents approximately 70% of all newly diagnosed cancers in the United States. All data analysis took place between August 1, 2018, and February 11, 2019. Exposures The ratio of positive lymph nodes to the total number of examined lymph nodes, LNR, was stratified into quartiles. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall survival (NCDB) and disease-specific survival (SEER). Results We identified 736 eligible cases in the NCDB and 538 eligible cases in the SEER registry. Among these 1274 patients, the mean (SD) age was 71.1 (11.5) years, and 401 (31.5%) were women. After controlling for clinical and tumor factors including AJCC N staging, patient LNR of 0.07 to 0.31 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.03-1.81) and greater than 0.31 (HR, 2.84; 95% CI, 2.10-3.86) was associated with significantly worse survival than an LNR less than 0.07. Univariate supplementary analysis performed in the SEER data set revealed a similar association of LNR with disease-specific survival. For patients with an LNR greater than 0.31, treatment with surgery and adjuvant chemoradiation therapy was associated with improved survival compared with surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy alone (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.38-0.97), while this was not found for patients with an LNR of 0.31 or lower (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.65-1.33). Conclusions and Relevance For lymph node–positive MCC, LNR offers a potentially prognostic metric alongside traditional TNM staging that may be useful for both patient counseling and treatment planning after surgery.
Evaluating Preference Collection Methods for Interactive Ranking Analytics

Rankings distill a large number of factors into simple comparative models to facilitate complex decision making. Yet key questions remain in the design of mixed-initiative systems for ranking, in particular how best to collect users' preferences to produce high-quality rankings that users trust and employ in the real world. To address this challenge we evaluate the relative merits of three preference collection methods for ranking in a crowdsourced study. We find that with a categorical binning technique, users interact with a large amount of data quickly, organizing information using broad strokes. Alternative interaction modes using pairwise comparisons or sub-lists result in smaller, targeted input from users. We consider how well each interaction mode addresses design goals for interactive ranking systems. Our study indicates that the categorical approach provides the best value-added benefit to users, requiring minimal effort to create sufficient training data for the underlying ranking algorithm.
Postoperative Care After Mechanical Thrombectomy

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is more common in the acute care of large vessel strokes. Although the rate of successful reperfusion by MT is improving, a significant percentage of patients do not have complete recovery, and the immediate care following the procedure can have great impact on clinical outcome. Moreover, although the technique and the new devices are safer, this procedure is not exempt of complications. This chapter will review practical and essential concepts of postoperative care after MT as well as potential complications and their management.
Prospects for Mitigation

Over the past 20 years, Florida’s political leadership has promoted distinctly different policy responses with respect to sea-level rise mitigation. In the first decade of the current century, a Governor’s Action Team on Energy and Climate Change outlined specific policy recommendations to increase energy efficiency, including the establishment of a “cap-and-trade” program. More recently there has been far less enthusiasm for state government intervention and at times even denial of climate change. The survey research reported here indicates that those residents living in areas susceptible to coastal or riverine flooding are aware of their risks and generally support new regulations requiring greater set-backs from the coast and the construction of flood barriers or sea walls. They are less enthusiastic about measures that would involve increased costs to the individual such as increasing taxes on fossil fuels to encourage energy conservation.
As (and when) you like it: on-demand phospholipid synthesis drives phagophore expansion during autophagy.

A key feature of macroautophagy/autophagy is the formation of a transient de novo compartment called the phagophore, which envelops cytoplasmic material, ultimately enclosing it within an autophagosome, allowing it to be targeted for degradation. Schutter et al describe a novel mechanism that spatiotemporally coordinates phospholipid synthesis to drive phagophore expansion and autophagosome formation. These authors show that during starvation, fatty acids (FAs) are channeled into phospholipid synthesis, and the newly synthesized lipids are directed toward autophagosome biogenesis.Abbreviations: ACS: acyl-CoA synthetase; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FA: fatty acid; FAS: fatty acid synthetase; MCS: membrane contact sites; PAS: phagophore assembly site.
Diversity, Inclusivity, and the Importance of L2 Speaker Legitimacy

This commentary builds on the work presented in Mori et al. (this volume) and considers diversity and inclusivity in the context of L2 speaker legitimacy in Japanese-language education. A discussion of linguistic ideologies, native speaker bias, language ownership, and speaker legitimacy is followed by a brief introduction of key research findings which demonstrate the persistence of native speaker bias for L2 speakers of Japanese. I argue that as Japanese-language educators, we must make a commitment to overcoming native speaker bias with regard to each other and especially with regard to our students. I conclude with some suggestions of steps we can take to become models for our students and demonstrate the legitimation of speakers regardless of linguistic background, so that we may begin to eliminate native speaker bias in our profession and in our classrooms.
Effect of temperature history on thermal properties of additively manufactured C-18150 alloy samples

Abstract The effects of thermal history on the thermal properties of C-18150 (Cu-1.5Cr-0.5Zr, wt%) parts made by the laser powder-bed-fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) process with three different fabrication orientations (horizontal, angled, and vertical to the build direction) were investigated. A significant difference in thermal properties between as-fabricated and fully heat-treated L-PBF C-18150 samples was observed, and the mechanisms of such behaviors are discussed.
Entrepreneurial Solutions to Online Disinformation: Seeking Scale, Trying for Profit

As worries about dis/misinformation online and the contamination of public discourse continue, and international regulatory standards have yet to be developed, a number of private sector companies have jumped into the breach to develop ways to address the problem. Most use a combination of people and natural language processing to try and identify false information online. Nascent and not yet widespread, the firms hope to survive by finding commercial applications for their products or by being adopted by the social media platforms. Most of the 13 startups we looked at fall into two categories: “bootstrap” operations with small amounts of funding, or slightly larger enterprises that have raised about one-two million dollars of capital. Whether any of these firms will be able to scale is not clear.
Abstract 23: Reducing Stroke Readmissions Utilizing a Home Care Based Transitions Coaching Program

Background: The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has instituted utilization of all-cause, unplanned 30 day hospital readmissions following discharge for ischemic stroke as part of th...
Efficient Suppression of Endogenous CFTR Nonsense Mutations Using Anticodon Engineered Transfer RNAs

Abstract Nonsense mutations or premature termination codons (PTCs) comprise ∼11% of all genetic lesions, which result in over 7,000 distinct genetic diseases. Due to their outsized impact on human health, considerable effort has been made to find therapies for nonsense-associated diseases. Suppressor tRNAs have long been identified as a possible therapeutic for nonsense-associated diseases, however their ability to inhibit nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and support significant protein translation from endogenous transcripts has not been determined in mammalian cells. Here we investigated the ability of anticodon edited (ACE)-tRNAs to suppress cystic fibrosis (CF) causing PTCs in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene in gene-edited immortalized human bronchial epithelial (16HBEge) cells. Delivery of ACE-tRNAs to 16HBEge cells harboring three common CF mutations G542X-, R1162X- and W1282X-CFTR PTCs significantly inhibited NMD and rescued endogenous mRNA expression. Furthermore, delivery of our highly active leucine encoding ACE-tRNA resulted in rescue of W1282X-CFTR channel function to levels that significantly exceed the necessary CFTR channel function for therapeutic relevance. This study establishes the ACE-tRNA approach as a potential stand-alone therapeutic for nonsense-associated diseases due to its ability to rescue both mRNA and full-length protein expression from PTC containing endogenous genes. One Sentence Summary Suppression of endogenous CFTR nonsense mutations by anticodon engineered tRNAs significantly increases mRNA expression and channel function.
Asymmetry Due to Quantum Collapse

Poster version presented at "Quantum Foundations and Qantum Information" Workshop in Vaxjo, Sweden 6.11.2013-6.13.2013
Battery of Defensive Softball Skills Tests for College Women

Abstract A battery of defensive softball skills tests consisting of a repeated throws test, a fielding test, and a target test was developed. An administration of these tests to 59 college women yielded a battery reliability coefficient of .88. A battery validity coefficient of .75 was obtained when test scores were compared to ratings of defensive softball playing ability.
Ribonuclease III Does Not Degrade Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Ribonucleic Acid Hybrids

Abstract RNase H and RNase III have been separated by ammonium sulfate fractionation and sizing on sucrose density gradients following the co-purification of these two activities through DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography. In this report it is demonstrated that RNase III has an exclusive specificity for double-stranded RNA and not for RNA hybridized to DNA, and in addition that RNase III produces oligonucleotides with 5'-phosphate termini.
The Role of Intuitive Approximation Skills for School Math Abilities

Research has shown that educated children and adults have access to two ways of representing numerical information: an approximate number system (ANS) that is present from birth and allows for quick approximations of numbers of objects encountered in one's environment, and an exact number system (ENS) that is acquired through experience and instruction, that requires an understanding of language and symbols, and that is at the core of school math abilities. While these two systems are distinct, individual differences in the acuity of the ANS predict later math abilities and advancing the ENS leads to increases in the acuity of the ANS suggesting a reciprocal connection between the two systems. Recently, the focus of the field has turned toward elucidating the mechanisms that underlie this connection, but more work is also needed to understand the sources of individual differences in the ANS and ENS in the first place.
Memory-Enhancing Drugs

Whereas memory enhancement can be viewed as generally beneficial to many individuals, agents being developed are almost exclusively for some form of impairment. The memory-enhancing drugs therapeutically available offer only symptomatic relief rather than slowing or stopping the progression of dementia. The greatest effort in development has been in the areas of cerebral metabolism and neurotransmission enhancers. Cerebral vasodilators and nootropics have both been developed for usage, as have cholinergic enhancers. Keywords: Cerebral metabolism enhancers; Pervaporation; Nootropics; Cholinomimetics; Acetylcholine precursors; Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; Muscarinic receptors; Agonists; Nicotinic receptor; Acetylcholine release modulators
Vitamin D, cognitive function, and mental health

Abstract: Although it has long thought to be primarily involved in calcium regulation and bone metabolism, vitamin D is now believed to play an important role in the process of neural development, and insufficiency of vitamin D has been associated with pathology of cognition and mental illness. Vitamin D receptors are located in the brain, and vitamin D may protect neurons and promote neural growth. Some studies have suggested associations between basic and executive cognitive function, depressive symptoms, and serum vitamin D levels. However, causation has not been proved, and well-designed randomized, controlled clinical trials using sufficient doses of vitamin D to alleviate manifestations of mental and cognitive illness still need to be performed. It seems prudent for many reasons to detect and correct vitamin D insufficiency in all patients.
Priming and suppression of the intestinal immune response to cholera toxoid/toxin by parenteral toxoid in rats.

Parenteral immunization of rats with cholera toxoid had both priming and suppressive effects upon the antitoxin response in jejunal lamina propria to locally applied toxoid/toxin. Priming was detected when parenteral toxoid was given i.p. but not i.v. or s.c., was enhanced by Freund's adjuvant, and appeared to reflect enhanced encounter of i.p. antigen with IgA-committed lymphocytes in extra-intestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. In contrast, suppression followed parenteral toxoid given i.p., i.v., or s.c.; suppression was antigen specific and lasted at least 16 weeks. Parenteral toxoid suppressed both primary and secondary types of mucosal antitoxin responses, ultimately preventing the generation of antitoxin-containing immunoblasts from Peyer's patches. Since suppression followed parenteral immunization by routes that did not provoke mucosal priming, it was, at least in those instances, not simply a regulatory consequence of mucosal priming. These results support the notion that priming and suppression of a specific mucosal immune response are independent effects of parenteral immunization that are probably determined by the distribution of antigen to mucosa-associated and systemic lymphoid tissue, respectively.
Cometary Orbital Dynamics and Astrometry

Comets are the only large solar system bodies where nongravitational forces directly affect their dynamic motions. Their approach to within a few AU of the Sun initiates the vaporization of nucleus ices, and the resulting rocket-like effects either add to or subtract from the comet’s orbital energy; the sign of the energy change depends upon the comet’s rotation direction and its spin pole orientation. The cometary outgassing phenomena have generally been modeled by assuming a rapidly rotating nucleus of water ice that outgasses symmetrically with respect to perihelion. Although this nongravitational acceleration model has been quite successful in providing accurate orbits and ephemerides, several comets exhibit water production rates and visual light curves that are noticeably asymmetric with respect to perihelion. New asymmetric models are being developed that attempt to represent more closely the cometary outgassing phenomena. For the same comet, derived nongravitational parameters can differ widely, depending upon which model is used to fit the astrometric data. The uncertainties in the data and in the nongravitational acceleration model prevent realistic extrapolations of these objects’ motion beyond a few hundred years, particularly if close planetary encounters are involved. Accurate orbits, ephemerides and efforts to model the nongravitational effects ultimately depend upon the quality of the astrometric data. Using a combination of long-focus telescopes, charge coupled device (CCD) detectors, microdensitometer reductions and modern star catalogs, cometary astrometric data can be generated that are accurate to the sub arcsecond level. While occultation, spacecraft, and radar observations can provide powerful astrometric data when available, it is still the ground-based optical observations that must provide the vast majority of data for cometary astrometry in the foreseeable future.
Identity Negotiating: Redefining Stigmatized Identities through Adaptive Sports and Recreation Participation among Individuals with a Disability

The purpose of this study was to investigate the meanings and outcomes of adaptive sport and recreation participation among individuals with disabilities. In-depth open-ended interviews were conduc...
First description of a nest of the Rufous-tailed Antthrush Chamaeza ruficauda

I report a nest of Rufous-tailed Antthrush discovered on 9 December 1998 in the Serra dos Orgaos National Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil at the altitude of 1950 m. The nest was located in a natural tree cavity with vertically-elliptical entrance hole ca. 5 m above the ground. It was a thick pad of piled bamboo leaves, leathery tree leaves, fungal rhizomorphs, grass, and a piece of cellophane. The nest contained two nearly fully-grown nestlings, which were fed by both parents. The architecture of the nest and parental behavior are compared to those of other antthrushes.
Current Approach to the Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adults

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an increasingly diagnosed, immune-mediated disease characterized by inflammation of the esophagus in both children and adult, causing significant morbidity. Adults typically present with dysphagia and a history of food impaction. Diagnosis should be considered in patients with histological evidence of eosinophilia (≥15 eosinophils per high-power field) on esophageal biopsy. More recently, it has been observed that a significant percentage of patients with esophageal eosinophilia respond both clinically and histologically to PPI therapy. This disorder has been named PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE). Recent studies suggest that patients with PPI-REE have similar clinical and endoscopic features of patients with EoE. Specifically, both PPI-REE and EoE patients have a strong disposition to allergy compared to patients without eosinophilia. As such, PPI-REE may represent a subset or variant of EoE. Effective treatment of EoE requires a multidisciplinary approach with gastroenterologists, pathologists, allergists, and nutritionists. Treatments include elimination and elemental diets, topical glucocorticoids (fluticasone and budesonide), and endoscopic dilation.
An Execution Model for Exploiting AND-Parallelism in Logic Programs

This paper presents a parallel execution model for exploiting AND-parallelism in Horn Clause logic programs. The model is based upon the generator-consumer approach, and can be implemented efficiently with small run-time overhead. Other related models that have been proposed to minimize the run-time overhead are unable to exploit the full parallelism inherent in the generator-consumer approach. Furthermore, our model performs backtracking more intelligently than these models. We also present two implementation schemes to realize our model: one has a coordinator to control the activities of processes solving different literals in the same clause; and the other achieves synchronization by letting processes pass messages to each other in a distributed fashion. Trade-offs between these two schemes are then discussed.
Acute Chlordane Intoxication

This report describes a patient who accidentally ingested 215 g of chlordane in a liquid pesticide formulation. The patient experienced multiple acute clinical sequellae attributable to his acute intoxication, including vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, coma and respiratory failure. Upon initial presentation and during the recovery phase, blood and urine specimens were collected to measure the disposition and elimination of chlordane and its metabolites. Whole blood chlordane concentrations measured over the subsequent 49 days suggested a multicompartmental kinetic profile of chlordane distribution, with an approximate terminal elimination half-life of 34 days. Tissue samples obtained from this patient, during elective surgery 58 days post chlordane ingestion, revealed persistent high levels of chlordane related metabolites. This case illustrates the physiological distribution and elimination of chlordane and its related metabolite residues after acute intoxication in an adult patient. Such information is important to improve the clinical management of patients acutely exposed to potentially lethal levels of pesticides.
The Effect of Cold upon Malaria Parasites in the Mosquito Host.

The experiments reported here have shown that the parasite of tertian malaria in the mosquito host is able to survive exposure to a temperature of 30° F. for a period of 2 days, 31° F. for 4 days, and a mean temperature of 46° F. for 17 days. In a smaller series of tests the sporonts of the estivo-autumnal parasite have shown a resistance to temperatures as low as 35° F. for 24 hours.
The Coming Law School Bubble

A man who has described himself as a constitutional law professor at the University of Chicago is now president of the United States. Another law professor, Cass Sunstein, is one of his chief advisors, while a third, Elena Kagan, has been appointed to the Supreme Court. One might think these are fat years for legal academe. But as in the story of Joseph, these fat years may portend an impending crisis. Market forces and internal law school policies may be combining to produce a legal education bubble the likes of which the country has never seen. Consider the following facts.
A method for supporting robot's actions using virtual reality in a smart space

The purpose of this study is to construct a system that is able to supporting interactively the users such as human and robots in a smart space where sensors and actuators are dispersively installed. The virtual reality utilized as a platform in the system is built by representing to put the information together from sensors in the smart space where the users share the information and collaborate each other. The system has provided to support the task assignment and route planning for robots. The task assignment is to assign a suitable robot for executing the task by using the information acquired from the virtual reality. The route planning is a function to serve a safe path by pointing a sequent sub-goal in case of what happened to the sensors on a robot or the robot under complicated surroundings. The effectiveness of the system to support robots and experimental results implemented with two robots are presented in this paper.
Zebrafish Class 1 Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Proteins: PITPβ and Double Cone Cell Outer Segment Integrity in Retina

Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) in yeast co-ordinate lipid metabolism with the activities of specific membrane trafficking pathways. The structurally unrelated metazoan PITPs (mPITPs), on the other hand, are an under-investigated class of proteins. It remains unclear what biological activities mPITPs discharge, and the mechanisms by which these proteins function are also not understood. The soluble class 1 mPITPs include the PITPα and PITPβ isoforms. Of these, the β-isoforms are particularly poorly characterized. Herein, we report the use of zebrafish as a model vertebrate for the study of class 1 mPITP biological function. Zebrafish express PITPα and PITPβ-isoforms (Pitpna and Pitpnb, respectively) and a novel PITPβ-like isoform (Pitpng). Pitpnb expression is particularly robust in double cone cells of the zebrafish retina. Morpholino-mediated protein knockdown experiments demonstrate Pitpnb activity is primarily required for biogenesis/maintenance of the double cone photoreceptor cell outer segments in the developing retina. By contrast, Pitpna activity is essential for successful navigation of early developmental programs. This study reports the initial description of the zebrafish class 1 mPITP family, and the first analysis of PITPβ function in a vertebrate.
Characterization of a structurally intact in situ lung model and comparison of naphthalene protein adducts generated in this model vs lung microsomes.

Airway epithelial cells are a susceptible site for injury by ambient air toxicants such as naphthalene that undergo P450-dependent metabolic activation. The metabolism of naphthalene in Clara cells to reactive intermediates that bind covalently to proteins correlates with cell toxicity. Although several proteins adducted by reactive naphthalene metabolites were identified in microsomal incubations, new methods that maintain the structural integrity of the lung are needed to examine protein targets. Therefore, we developed a method that involves inflation of the lungs via the trachea with medium containing 1 4 C-naphthalene followed by incubation in situ. The viability of this preparation is supported by maintenance of glutathione levels, rates of naphthalene metabolism, and exclusion of ethidium homodimer-1 from airway epithelium. Following in situ incubation, the levels of adduct per milligram of protein were measured in proteins obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage, epithelial cells, and remaining lung. The levels of adducted proteins obtained in lavage and epithelial cells were similar and were 20-fold higher than those in residual lung tissue. 1 4 C-Labeled adducted proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and quadrupole-TOF MS/MS. Major adducted proteins include cytoskeletal proteins, proteins involved in folding and translocation, ATP synthase, extracellular proteins, redox proteins, and selenium binding proteins. We conclude that in situ incubation maintains structural integrity of the lung while allowing examination of reactive intermediate activation and interaction with target cell proteins of the lung. The proteins adducted and identified from in situ incubations were not the same proteins identified from microsomal incubations.
Dropping out of child psychotherapy: Issues for research and implications for practice.

Dropping out of psychotherapy among children and adolescents is a significant problem affecting 40-60 percent of the cases receiving outpatient care. I review research on premature termination from treatment and current issues raised by that work. Our research work on dropping out of treatment among children referred for conduct disorder is highlighted to convey a risk factor and burden-of-treatment model to identify and explain who drops out of treatment and why. Factors that predict dropping out of treatment, the clinical outcomes of children who drop out and influences that moderate the impact of risk factors are discussed. A risk-factor model can aid clinical practice. Those in practice can readily test a variety of factors to determine whether such factors predict premature termination. Once at-risk cases are identified, interventions can be used early in treatment to retain cases. Efforts to establish a therapeutic alliance at the earliest points of contact within families is one such strategy. Some...
THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF MATHEMATICAL BEAUTY

Whereas painters and musicians are likely to be embarrassed by references to the beauty of their work, mathematicians enjoy discussions of the beauty of mathematics. Professional artists stress the technical rather than the aesthetic aspects of their work. Mathematicians, instead, are fond of passing judgment on the beauty of their favored pieces of mathematics. A cursory observation shows that the characteristics of mathematical beauty are at variance with those of artistic beauty. Courses in “art appreciation” are fairly common; it is unthinkable to find any “mathematical beauty appreciation” courses. We will try to uncover the sense of the term “beauty” as it is used by mathematicians.
beta-Adrenergic receptor agonists increase phospholipid methylation, membrane fluidity, and beta-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase coupling

The beta-adrenergic agonist L-isoproterenol stimulated the enzymic synthesis of phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine in rat reticulocyte ghosts containing the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The stimulation was stereospecific, dose-dependent, and inhibited by the beta-adrenergic agonist propranolol. The addition of GTP inside the resealed ghosts shifted the dose-response of phospholipid methylation by L-isoproterenol to the left by 2 orders of magnitude. Direct stimulation of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] with sodium fluoride or cholera toxin did not increase the methylation of phospholipids. At a concentration of S-adenosyl-L-methionine that stimulates synthesis of phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine, the activity of isoproterenol-sensitive adenylate cyclase was increased 2-fold without changes in the basal activity of adenylate cyclase and the number of beta-adrenergic receptors. The increase of phospholipid methylation by L-isoproterenol decreased membrane viscosity and increased translocation of methylated lipids. These findings indicate that enhancement of phospholipid methylation by L-isoproterenol decreases membrane microviscosity and thus increases lateral movement of the beta-adrenergic receptors and coupling with adenylate cyclase.
Amino acid influx across the mucosal border of the rat intestine in vivo

Abstract The lack of an in vivo method for measuring influx of amino acid into the mucosa has prevented a systematic comparison of characteristics of amino acid influx in vivo with prior in vitro studies. We developed and validated a technique for measuring amino acid influx in vivo. The mucosa is exposed briefly to labelled amino acid perfused luminally at a rapid rate and tissue uptake is measured. The brief exposure period insures that amino acid is confined to the segment. The rapid perfusion rate minimizes concentration of endogenous Na+ in the lumen and permits Na-dependency for α-aminoisobutyric acid influx to be demonstrated in vivo for the first time. We also demonstrated the inhibitory effect of K+ and competition by glycine on α-aminoisobutyric acid influx in vivo. The saturation kinetics for l -leucine in vivo and in vitro were compared under varying perfusion rates and with and without stirring with air. Under optimal conditions of agitation (rapid perfusion and bubbling with air), the apparent Michaelis constant ( K t ) is decreased to be almost equal to that determined under comparable influx conditions in vitro. These studies demonstrate no major difference between characteristics of amino acid transport under more physiologic in vivo conditions as compared with prior in vitro studies.
Lateral, but not medial, frontal lesions impair fixed ratio performance in rats

Abstract Preoperatively, male hooded rats were reduced to 85% of their free-feeding weight, and trained to receive food reinforcement on a fixed ratio 32 schedule in standard operant chambers. When response rates stabilized, the rats were randomly assigned to one of the following surgical treatments: lateral frontal ablation, medial frontal ablation, or sham operate control (N=6/group). On the day following surgery, and continuing for a total of 15 postoperative days, the rats were retested on FR32. Lateral frontal lesions produced a dramatic reduction in response rate, while medial frontal lesions produced only a mild and transient effect. The sham operative procedure did not influence performance. These results suggest a dissociation of motor and associative functions in the frontal cortex of the rat and support anatomical evidence demonstrating this division.
The Primacy of Disruption in Levinas’ Account of Transcendence

I present ‘disruption’ as what is most fundamental to Levinas’ account of transcendence. I argue that one should read his treatment of the Other as a modulation of transcendence, and prioritize the structures of positionality and solitude as the conditions that make transcendence possible. Hence, Being is transcended insofar as these structures have ‘always already’ articulated the rupturing of the subject, which, for Levinas, constitutes her transcending. Included in my argument is a critique of reading Levinas’ project as undermining the fundamentally solitary nature of human existence because of his focus on alterity. Such a reading reduces Levinas’ account of alterity, instead of maintaining its signification as that which is ‘never there.’ It is the solitary existent who is vulnerable before an ‘already gone by’ alterity, such that her subjectivity is radically disrupted. For Levinas, an encounter with alterity is the agony of finding no one, or having nowhere, from which I can be granted wholeness or justification. It follows that transcendence is fundamentally concretized in a positioned solitude, and not in some inter-subjective space.
Detection of liver cells in peripheral blood of patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma

A large percentage of patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a recurrence of tumor in the liver or lung after primary resection and even after orthotopic liver transplantation. One reason for this may be the presence of small numbers of tumor cells circulating in the blood before surgery or the liberation of tumor cells into circulation during surgical manipulation. We tested this hypothesis by measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) for human albumin gene as a liver cell marker with the highly sensitive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Albumin mRNA was not found in peripheral blood from normal humans (0 of 6), from patients with liver cirrhosis (0 of 10), from other tumors metastatic to liver (0 of 10), or during liver transplant surgery for cirrhosis (0 of 10). In patients with advanced-stage HCC (TNM stages III and IV), albumin mRNA was detected (16 of 17) in peripheral blood. After liver transplantation in the HCC patients, the level of mRNA decreased below the detectable limit (0 of 9). Three of these patients again had detectable mRNA levels when they had recurrence of HCC after liver transplantation. Patients with stage I HCC did not have detectable expression. These results suggest that circulating tumor cells are present in patients with advanced-stage HCC, which may be one of the reasons why these patients have a high incidence of tumor recurrence after apparently definitive surgical resection and even after liver transplantation.
Effects of Marketing Boards on the Agribusiness Sector: Discussion

I am happy to see a paper with this topic included in a session examining the effects of marketing boards. Too often, we focus our attention only at the farm level; yet, the welfare impact of policy alternatives must also consider the impacts on the input supply and product-marketing industries and on consumers. A total systems perspective is called for. In carrying out my assignment, I will give my assessment of the significance of the Funk-Rice paper and how it might have been improved. I will tackle the last topic first, since in the process the significance of the paper comes into clearer focus. The paper is essentially a recitation of the highlights of a survey of agribusiness managers within the Ontario broiler subsector. It contains some interesting and useful material. However, it also has some important limitations. The paper would have been strengthened considerably had the present contents been condensed to allow for a brief description of the Ontario and Canadian broiler subsectors at the outset and a discussion of implications at the end. For those unfamiliar with the organization of the Canadian broiler subsector, the alteration in property rights brought about by the Ontario Marketing Board is not clear. A brief discussion of the relationship of the Ontario broiler subsector to broiler production and marketing in other provinces and other countries--especially in the United States-also would have been helpful. The effect of a marketing board depends heavily upon the extent to which economic conditions and institutional arrangements allow goods to flow between areas.
Recognition of Carotid Stenosis with Bilateral Simultaneous Retinal Fluorescein Angiography

In order to study the arm to retina circulation time (ARCT), we simultaneously photographed both fundi in patients with suspected or known carotid artery occlusive disease. Noninvasive carotid artery tests, selective carotid arteriography, or both, were performed on all of the patients. In the 11 patients with arteriographically proven significant carotid stenosis, or with noninvasive carotid tests demonstrating carotid occlusive disease, a triad of fluoroangiographic features (delayed ARCT, disparity of ARCT between eyes, and delayed ciliary circulation at the optic disc) was found. We believe that bilateral simultaneous retinal fluorescein angiography is a sensitive and accurate method for the recognition of patients with carotid artery occlusive disease.
Reduced-reference quality assessment with scalable overhead for video with packet loss

Reduced-reference (RR) video quality assessment methods estimate the quality of a distorted video using only partial information of the reference video. We propose a reduced reference technique based on a no-reference method presented in [1], in which the MSE of the received video with packet losses was estimated with five parameters estimated from the received video and the motion vectors, all for each macroblock. We instead compute the parameters at the encoder and transmit a subset as overhead information. The originally proposed five parameters can be reduced to four, and with appropriate parameter subsampling, the MSE can be estimated across multiple packet loss rates, video resolutions, and bit rates. Overhead is a function of video size, frame rate, and subsampling. Estimation accuracy is good at overheads as low as 95 Kbps for video coded in the range of 500 kilobits/second to 2 megabits/second. The technique does not require full decoding of the video and is therefore suitable for low-complexity in-network quality monitoring.
Lack of specificity for PCR assays targeting human Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene: cross‐amplification with fish feces

Methods focused on members of the genus Bacteroides have been increasingly utilized in microbial source-tracking studies for identifying and quantifying sources of nonpoint fecal contamination. We present results using standard and real-time PCR to show cross-amplification of Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene molecular assays targeting human fecal pollution with fecal DNA from freshwater fish species. All except one of the presumptively human-specific assays amplified fecal DNA from at least one fish species, and one real-time PCR assay amplified DNA from all fish species tested. Sequencing of PCR amplicons generated from fish fecal DNA using primers from the real-time assay revealed no mismatches to the human-specific probe sequences, but the nucleotide sequences of clones from fish fecal samples differed markedly from those of human feces, suggesting that the fish-related bacteria may be different strains. Our results strongly demonstrate the potential for cross-amplification of human-specific PCR assays with fish feces, and may call into question the results of studies in which these Bacteroides-specific molecular markers are used to quantify human fecal contamination in waters where fish contribute to fecal inputs.
Genetic heterogeneity of gene defects responsible for familial Alzheimer disease

Inherited Alzheimer’s disease is a genetically heterogeneous disorder that involves gene defects on at least five chromosomal loci. Three of these loci have been found by genetic linkage studies to reside on chromosomes 21, 19, and 14. On chromosomes 21, the gene encoding the precursor protein of Alzheimer-associated amyloid (APP) has been shown to contain several mutations in exons 16 and 17 which account for roughly 2–3% of familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD). The other loci include what appears to be a susceptibility gene on chromosome 19 associated with late-onset (> 65 years) FAD, and a major early-onset FAD gene defect on the long arm of chromosome 14. In other early- and late-onset FAD kindreds, the gene defects involved do not appear to be linked to any of these three loci, indicating the existence of additional and as of yet unlocalized FAD genes. This review provides a historical perspective of the search for FAD gene defects and summarizes the progress made in world-wide attempts to isolate and characterize the genes responsible for this disorder.
Production and performance of multilayer-coated conical x-ray mirrors

A method of fabricating replica figured x-ray optics with integral multilayer coatings is presented. With the intact electroforming multilayer process (IEMP) technique, we sputter multilayers onto a reusable superpolished mandrel, electroform nickel over the multilayers, and remove the multilayer-coated nickel shell intact from the mandrel. This approach offers advantages over more traditional, original, and segmented-replica fabrication techniques, including low cost; compatibility with a wide range of mirror designs, diameters, and focal lengths; simple integration with multilayer sputtering processes; and the ability to produce complete shells of revolution. The fabrication of W/Si multilayer-coated 10-cm-diameter conical x-ray mirrors is described, as are reflectivity measurements at 10 and 30 keV. The measured reflectivity of the IEMP multilayers at the 10-keV primary Bragg peak was 17%. Measurements of multiple points on the cone showed multilayer uniformity to within a few percent around the mirror.
Data and task alignment in distributed memory architectures

Abstract Different alignments of multidimensional arrays on a meshconnected SIMD architecture result in different communication patterns during parallel program execution. In this paper a compile-time selection of data alignment that minimizes communication cost is discussed. First, it is shown that the selection is computationally as hard as a subclass of the well-known problem of finding the closest vector in a lattice. The NP-hardness of the latter problem is proven. Then, two algorithms for exact minimum solution(s) are discussed. Although the complexity of these algorithms is exponential, for small lattices often generated by parallel scientific computation the execution times of these algorithms may be acceptable. A polynomial-time algorithm for finding an approximate solution is also described. Finally, improvement in communication cost resulting from alignments for randomly generated graphs are presented.