cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical kinetic modeling of ethene oxidation at low and intermediate temperatures

A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for ethene oxidation has been developed and used to model low to intermediate temperature oxidation chemistry. The model was used to simulate the reactions in a static reactor at temperatures of 696 K and 718 K, an equivalence ratio of 2.0, and a pressure of 600 torr. The modeling calculations identified some of the key reaction steps at these conditions. The formation of the majority of the reaction intermediates results from two main paths involving the reaction of ethene with HO 2 and OH. The addition of HO 2 to ethene leads to ethene oxide, which becomes a source of methyl radicals. The methyl radicals lead to the formation of methane and methanol. The addition of OH to ethene leads to formaldehyde, which is subsequently converted to CO and CO 2 . Formaldehyde also results from the OH abstraction path via the vinyl radical. At temperatures near 700 K, OH abstraction is less important than OH addition. However, the relative importance of the abstraction path increases with temperature. Modeling results at these conditions were compared with experimental species concentration data. The calculated concentrations of the major products ethene oxide and carbon monoxide are in very good agreement with the experimental data. The calculated concentrations of formaldehyde and methanol are low. The calculated methane concentrations are in good agreement in the early stages of the reaction, but are overpredicted in the latter stages. The similarities and differences in agreement between the modeling and experimental results are discussed.
A simple propositional S5 tableau system

Abstract We give a sound and weakly complete propositional S5 tableau system of a particularly simple sort, having an easy completeness proof. It sheds light on why the satisfiability problem for S5 is less complex than that for most other propositional modal logics. We believe the system remains complete when appropriate quantifier rules are added. If so, it would allow us to get partway to an interpolation theorem for first-order S5, a theorem that is known to fail in general.
The elbow flex-ex: a new sign to detect unilateral upper extremity non-organic paresis

Objective To examine a new neurological sign that uses synergistic oppositional movements of the arms to evaluate for non-organic upper extremity weakness. Methods Patients with unilateral arm weakness were tested in a standing or sitting position with the elbows flexed at 30°. The examiner held both forearms near the wrists while asking the patient to flex or extend the normal arm at the elbow and simultaneously feeling for flexion or extension of the contralateral (paretic) arm. In patients with organic paresis, there was not a significant detectable force of contralateral opposition of the paretic limb. Patients with non-organic arm weakness had detectable strength of contralateral opposition in the paretic arm when the normal arm was tested. Results The test was first performed on 23 patients with no complaint of arm weakness. Then, 31 patients with unilateral arm weakness were tested (10 with non-organic weakness and 21 with organic weakness). The elbow flex-ex sign correctly identified the cause of weakness in all cases. Conclusions The elbow flex-ex sign is useful in differentiating between functional and organic arm paresis.
Defective ornithine metabolism in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with the syndrome of hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia and homocitrullinuria.

Abstract The syndrome of hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, and homocitrullinuria (HHH) is a metabolic disorder resulting in protein intolerance and mental retardation. The primary metabolic defect has yet to be determined. We studied some aspects of ornithine metabolism in cultured skin fibroblasts from two patients with the HHH syndrome. The fibroblasts failed to incorporate 14C-label from ornithine into protein, a defect also observed in fibroblasts from patients with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina and a deficiency of ornithine aminotransferase activity. The defect can be corrected in heterokaryons formed between these two types of fibroblasts. These findings indicate that fibroblasts are suitable for further studying the underlying metabolic defect in HHH syndrome. The combination of the ornithine incorporation assay and genetic complementation analysis provide a confirmatory test for the diagnosis of this syndrome.
Significance of transport-parallel strain variations in part of the Raft River shear zone, Raft River Mountains, Utah, USA

This paper examines part of the Raft River shear zone (RRSZ) in northwestern Utah that exhibits an extreme transport-parallel increase in strain intensity coupled with a transition from flattening to constrictional strain. Detailed geologic mapping and finite-strain, quartz-c-axis-fabric, and kinematic-vorticity analyses demonstrate local necking of the shear zone associated with an increase in transport-parallel elongation accommodated by a stretching fault at the base of the shear zone. The domain of intense deformation and necking of the shear zone is localized where the basal stretching fault cuts rheologically weak rocks. This domain is characterized by strain in the constrictional field caused by transport-perpendicular flow into the area of high transport-parallel elongation. Where rocks cut by the stretching fault are rheologically strong, the RRSZ locally records flattening strain and lower strain intensities, limiting the amount of stretching needed at the base of the shear zone in any one direction and/or recording transport-perpendicular flow into adjacent highly extended domains. The rheology of rocks cut by the stretching fault directly controlled the amount and style of zone-normal shortening and transport-parallel elongation, and these observations provide an example of deformation partitioning in a crustal-scale structure driven by local rheological transitions.
ARTICULATION AND TRANSFER ISSUES IN COMMUNITY COLLEGE ART PROGRAMS IN ILLINOIS

This study documents trends and issues pertaining to articulation and transferabil‐ity of students in art programs at community colleges in Illinois to 4‐year institutions. There has been a discernible lack of consensus and data regarding the current state of articulation in art, both institution‐specific and statewide. Many problems arise when art students attempt to transfer from community colleges to 4‐year institutions. A survey was conducted among selected art faculty at Illinois community colleges to seek relevant information. The findings of this study may direct collaboration between community colleges and 4‐year institutions for purposes such as facilitating transfer and articulation in art.
Coincidence model of MSO responses.

Abstract A simple coincidence model of MSO responses is presented. The model is notable in that it contains no inhibition beyond the synchronization to the fine structure of the stimulus as seen in auditory nerve firing patterns. Output patterns for model cells are simulated and compared with patterns observed in available recordings from EE cells in the MSO. Patterns are compared in terms of discharge rate, vector strength, and period histograms. The patterns generated by the model are found to provide an adequate representation of the data and it is concluded that a more complex model is not required at this time to describe available data on MSO firing patterns.
Distances and the hardy—littlewood property

In a simply-connected domain, two kinds of distances are suggested by the classical theorem of Hardy Littlewood on Holder classes in a disk. These distances are estimated and compared by conformal mapping, an elementary approximation lemma, and the inequality for schlicht functions.
Abstract 2401: Evaluation of circulating serum Amphiregulin levels in patients with breast cancer.

Amphiregulin (AREG), a ligand for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), has been implicated as an effector of ERα signaling in mammary gland development and as a candidate ERα effector in human breast cancers. Analysis of 13 luminal subtype breast cancer cell lines and human breast tumors showed a strong correlation between ERα status and high AREG levels. A pilot study using healthy and breast cancer women9s serum showed that circulating AREG levels were higher in the ERα positive patients as compared to healthy individuals. Therefore we hypothesized that Amphiregulin is a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target for ERα positive breast cancers. To test our hypothesis, we are currently evaluating AREG as a potential serum biomarker of breast cancer progression and as an indicator of response to treatment by analyzing a cohort of breast cancer patients (n=225) stratified by stage of disease and subtypes (hormone receptor status). In this study, we want to determine if tumor-derived AREG is released into the systemic circulation and whether it may be a useful serum biomarker for the presence of breast cancer and for response to therapy. In the first phase, serum Amphiregulin was measured by an ELISA assay to establish the reference range in 125 healthy females. Fifty-five percent of the healthy women had no detectable circulating AREG (n=69), and only ten women had levels exceeding 500 pg/mL. Serum AREG levels did not vary significantly during the menstrual cycle. We determined that the 95th and 90th percentile was >1575 pg/ml and >471 pg/ml, respectively, to use as a comparison against the AREG levels of the breast cancer patients. We are analyzing serum AREG levels in breast cancer patient serum samples of three different cohorts: women with no evidence of disease after more than 1 year post-surgery (Cohort 1), women with locally advanced or stage IV with disease progression (Cohort 2) and women with operable disease that will have surgery and subsequent chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy (Cohort 3). Each cohort was further stratified by hormone receptor status. In addition to determining the baseline AREG levels, for Cohort 3, AREG levels will be measured post-surgery and at different timepoints during treatment. Interim analysis of the different cohorts showed a significance difference (p In summary, determining the potential role of AREG as predictive biomarker for therapy and/or as therapeutic target by the completion of this clinical study, will contribute to the quest for better predictive biomarkers in breast cancer and better management of the disease. Citation Format: Esther A. Peterson, Paraic A. Kenny. Evaluation of circulating serum Amphiregulin levels in patients with breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2401. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2401
Mechanics of silicon nanowires: size-dependent elasticity from first principles

We discuss size-dependent elastic properties in the context of our recent work on the mechanics of silicon nanowires. The results are based on first-principles density functional theory calculations. We focus especially on the size dependence of the Young's modulus, but also comment on the size dependence of the residual stress and the equilibrium length of the hydrogen-passivated Si nanowires. We compare these results to prior results from classical molecular dynamics based on empirical potentials.
Cellular mechanisms regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis in aortic baroreceptor neurons.

: The purpose of this chapter is to review some of the recent progress in the understanding of the cellular and biophysical mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of arterial baroreceptor neurotransmssion. Synaptic depression or fatigue following repeated neuronal stimulation has been shown at central baroreceptor synapses in vivo and in vitro. As most of the central neurons have a limited number of vesicles, vesicle retrieval or endocytosis following exocytosis is thought to play a major role in preserving synaptic transmission. We have hypothesized that central baroreceptor terminals may inhibit their own synaptic transmission via feedback activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). We have analyzed the effects of mGluR autoreceptors (group III mGluRs) on voltage-gated calcium channels using standard patch-clamp techniques and on the process of exocytosis and endocytosis in aortic baroreceptor neurons using the quantitative imaging dye FM1–43 and FM2–10. Usng the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we have found that activation of group III mGluRs with L-AP4 inhibits peak calcium channel current. Furthermore, activation of group III mGluRs with L-AP4 markedly decreases stimulation-induced exocytosis in aortic baroreceptor neurons, as measured with FM1–43, and inhibits synapsin I phosphorylation. These results suggest that activation of group III mGluRs may inhibit synaptic transmission by (1) inhibiting calcium influx, (2) decreasing synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and (3) modulating the mechanisms governing synaptic vesicle recovery and endocytosis. These effects of mGluRs on baroreceptor synaptic vesicles may contribute to the baroreceptor/nucleus tractus solitarius synaptic depression observed in vivo.
Atlantic Hurricane Database Uncertainty and Presentation of a New Database Format

Abstract“Best tracks” are National Hurricane Center (NHC) poststorm analyses of the intensity, central pressure, position, and size of Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basin tropical and subtropical cyclones. This paper estimates the uncertainty (average error) for Atlantic basin best track parameters through a survey of the NHC Hurricane Specialists who maintain and update the Atlantic hurricane database. A comparison is then made with a survey conducted over a decade ago to qualitatively assess changes in the uncertainties. Finally, the implications of the uncertainty estimates for NHC analysis and forecast products as well as for the prediction goals of the Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program are discussed.
Fate of the type II pneumocyte following tracheal occlusion in utero: a time-course study in fetal sheep

Tracheal occlusion in utero has been shown to cause accelerated fetal lung growth and is now being considered as a therapeutic modality for pulmonary hypoplasia. We report the effects of tracheal ligation on the surfactant-producing type II pneumocyte population. Three groups of fetal lambs underwent tracheal ligation of 2 weeks’, 4 weeks’ and 6 weeks’ duration, respectively, and all were sacrificed at 136 days’ gestation (9 days pre-term). Nonoperated twins served as controls. The type II pneumocyte population was studied morphometrically using a combination of anti-surfactant protein B immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted stereologic morphometry at light and electron microscopic levels. Single-factor ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Two weeks of tracheal ligation resulted in doubling of the total lung volume as a result of airspace distension and, to lesser extent, growth of the tissue compartment. With increasing duration of tracheal ligation, there was no additional lung growth. However, more prolonged tracheal occlusion was found to result in significant reduction of the surfactant system, as reflected in the marked decrease of total pneumocyte type II volume (3.14 cm3, 0.95 cm3, and 0.46 cm3, after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of ligation, compared with 5.96 cm3 for controls) and total pneumocyte type II number (13.9 × 109, 3.8 × 109, and 2.4 × 109, compared with 53.2 × 109 for controls). Ultrastructural analysis of the type II cells in obstructed lungs showed vacuolar degenerative changes that, after 6 weeks of ligation, were apparently irreversible. In utero tracheal ligation causes fetal lung hyperplasia, but results in reduction of and injury to the surfactant-producing cell population. Before tracheal occlusion can find widespread clinical application, its pathophysiology needs to be further elucidated.
The oligodendrocyte and its many cellular processes

The oligodendrocyte (OL) is increasingly providing a model system for probing central issues of cell biology. During development, OL progenitors undergo controlled migration, proliferation and differentiation, secrete and respond to a number of growth factors, and dramatically change their cellular architecture, culminating in the formation of the myelin sheath. This review examines some facets of the OL that make it an especially attractive tool for studying many basic questions in cell biology.
Coronal mass ejections: The link between solar and geomagnetic activity*

Coronal mass ejections are spectacular manifestations of solar activity in which 10+15–10+16 g of solar material are propelled outward into interplanetary space. Recent work has demonstrated that these events are the prime link between solar activity and large, nonrecurrent geomagnetic storms, closing a loop in a body of research extending back more than 130 years.
Highlevel ab initio and hybrid density functional theory study of the energy profile for the 1 CO+ 2 CO + reaction

Abstract Two complete basis set and three hybrid density functional computational studies were applied in the exploration of the 1 CO+ 2 CO + reaction potential energy surface. One molecular carbon monoxide–carbon monoxide cation molecular associate was elucidated as the structure with the lowest energy on the potential energy surface. Ionization energies, bond dissociation energies, and enthalpies of formation for every di and tri-atomic molecule on the potential energy surface were estimated with the two complete basis sets and the three hybrid density functional theory methods. Six different endothermic channels for the 1 CO+ 2 CO + reaction were evaluated with ab initio and DFT methods. The computed energies and structural parameters are compared with experimental values where available. Some new energies for this reaction system were suggested.
Preparation and luminescence of Pb2OFX; X=Cl, Br, I

Abstract The title compounds were prepared and crystallized with the ideal Perite structure. Low temperature luminescence spectra are presented.
Knowledge-based interpretation of sensor patterns

Abstract In this paper we define knowledge-based interpretation of sensor patterns as the Qualitative Interpretation (QI) problem. In our definition, QI corresponds to the generation of useful symbolic abstractions from numeric plant sensor data. The lack of robust QI capability represents a key bottleneck in the widespread application of knowledge-based system (KBS) technology within the chemical process industries (CPI). We characterize QI as an adaptive pattern recognition task which can be addressed in a supervised manner. Consequently, the potential utility of the back-propagation network (BPN) is examined. Representational adequacy is identified as the controlling issue. A process example illustrates the use of BPN for QI.
Coagulation problems in the newborn

Summary Bleeding and thrombosis are relatively rare in otherwise healthy newborn infants. In sick neonates however, they are more frequent because conditions such as liver disease and disseminated intravascular coagulation may result from an underlying illness, or intravascular catheters may be associated with thrombosis. Congenital deficiencies may sometimes present in healthy infants in the newborn period. It is important to identify the exact cause of bleeding so that the therapy can be appropriate. In this review, ‘coagulation disorders' refer to bleeding or thrombosis, and the diagnostic work-up and management of an infant with a coagulation disorder is described.
A text knowledge base from the AI handbook

Abstract This research aims at defining a consistent set of text representation conventions for organizing fifty pages of the AI handbook as an inferential knowledge base founded on a procedural logic system of general inference schemes for answering questions from it. As a result of research on the AI handbook project, we have developed a prototype, natural-language, text-knowledge system that includes a data base manager to compile the text knowledge and to make it available to navigational commands. The text is represented as logical propositions that form a set of text axioms to model its content. English questions and commands are translated to corresponding logical formulas and treated as theorems to be proved with respect to the text model. The logical form is that of semantic relations (SRs)—logical predicates with varying numbers and ordering of arguments. To compute effectively with such a free form, a relaxed unification procedure was defined as the basis of the SR theorem prover. The use of procedural logic, augmented with fast compiled LISP functions, has shown that questions can be answered in times ranging from a few tenths of a second to minutes of CPU time on a DEC2060 system. The navigational capabilities of the data base manager make available larger contexts surrounding the text and offer the user complete freedom to explore the text and to extract any desired information from it.
Assisted-Multicast Scheduling in Wireless Cognitive Mesh Networks

In this work, we consider the multicast problem in a single cell in a cognitive mesh network. Due to the potential heterogeneity in channel availability among the members of a multicast group(s), the total multicast time could be longer due to transmitting the multicast data over multiple channels. We propose, in this work, an assisted multicast strategy with the objective of minimizing the total multicast time. This assistance is composed of two main activities, first, allowing the receivers in a multicast group to forward the data they have received to other members of the multicast group(s), and second, allowing the transmission of coded (bitwise XORed) packets so that receivers belonging to different multicast groups can decode and extract their data concurrently. We show, in this paper, that the proposed assistance paradigm achieves a considerable reduction in the total multicast time, which in turn increases the system throughput.
Polymerase Chaperoning and Multiple ATPase Sites Enable the E. coli DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme to Rapidly Form Initiation Complexes

Abstract Cellular replicases include three subassemblies: a DNA polymerase, a sliding clamp processivity factor, and a clamp loader complex. The Escherichia coli clamp loader is the DnaX complex (DnaX 3 δδ′χψ), where DnaX occurs either as τ or as the shorter γ that arises by translational frameshifting. Complexes composed of either form of DnaX are fully active clamp loaders, but τ confers important replicase functions including chaperoning the polymerase to the newly loaded clamp to form an initiation complex for processive replication. The kinetics of initiation complex formation were explored for DnaX complexes reconstituted with varying τ and γ stoichiometries, revealing that τ-mediated polymerase chaperoning accelerates initiation complex formation by 100-fold. Analyzing DnaX complexes containing one or more K51E variant DnaX subunits demonstrated that only one active ATP binding site is required to form initiation complexes, but the two additional sites increase the rate by ca 1000-fold. For τ-containing complexes, the ATP analogue ATPγS was found to support initiation complex formation at 1/1000th the rate with ATP. In contrast to previous models that proposed ATPγS drives hydrolysis-independent initiation complex formation by τ-containing complexes, the rate and stoichiometry of ATPγS hydrolysis coincide with those for initiation complex formation. These results show that although one ATPase site is sufficient for initiation complex formation, the combination of polymerase chaperoning and the binding and hydrolysis of three ATPs dramatically accelerates initiation complex formation to a rate constant (25–50 s − 1 ) compatible with double-stranded DNA replication.
Studies of Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and its interaction with the snowpack at Summit, Greenland

[1] Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) was measured in ambient and snowpack interstitial air at Summit, Greenland, in June and July of 1998 and 1999 and at a rural/forest site in the Keewenaw Peninsula of Michigan in January of 1999. At Summit, we found that PAN typically represented between 30 and 60% of NOy. In the summer of 1999, a significant diel variation in both PAN/NOy and NOx/NOy was observed, but this was much less pronounced in 1998. Experiments during SNOW99 near Houghton, Michigan, indicated that PAN undergoes weak uptake onto snow grain surfaces. At Summit, we found that PAN concentrations in the snowpack interstitial air were significantly elevated (by as much as 2–5 times) relative to ambient levels, implying a flux of PAN out of the snowpack during the study period. We also observed evidence that PAN can be photochemically produced in snow that is exposed to polluted air. These observations indicate that interactions with the snowpack can have a significant impact on PAN concentrations in the boundary layer and point to potential difficulties associated with investigation of long-term changes in PAN uptake into ice cores because of the impact of postdepositional processes.
Immunologic Treatment of Digitalis Toxicity: A Tale of Two Prophecies

Excerpt If inadvertently the doses of the Foxglove should be prescribed too largely, exhibited too rapidly, or urged to too great a length, the knowledge of a remedy to counteract its results would...
Factors influencing one-trial passive avoidance behavior: Implications for studies of retrograde amnesia (RA)

Abstract Rats were run in a step-through one-trial passive avoidance task. The effects of preexposure (or familiarization) to the apparatus, prehandling outside of the apparatus, and postshock delay in the apparatus were studied. Preexposure to the apparatus significantly increased one-trial passive avoidance; with no preexposure little passive avoidance learning was obtained. Prehandling did not significantly increase the strength of passive avoidance behavior. Postshock delay did not increase passive avoidance behavior. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for studies of retrograde amnesia (RA) which use one-trial passive avoidance learning.
Determination of terbium and dysprosium by atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract For the determination of terbium and dysprosium by atomic absorption spectrometry, the effects of several inorganic acids, metal ions and alcohols were studied. The two metals were determined in the presence of yttria and in rareearth oxides with satisfactory results.
MULTIPLE EFFECTS OF PERFORMANCE‐CONTINGENT PAY FOR WAITPERSONS

The owners of three restaurants requested help with the pay of waitpersons who were paid by the hour. The waitpersons asked for raises which the owners said they could not afford. This research changed the method of compensating waitpersons by making their pay contingent on dollars of food sold. Increased productivity and increased earnings per hour of work for all of the waitpersons followed the beginning of the performance-contingent pay. Most of the waitpersons also earned increased take-home pay when the performance-contingent pay began. There was little improvement in labor costs per dollar of food sold, a measure of benefit to the owners. The fact that benefits to workers occurred without benefits to owners is contrary to common views about the effects of performance-contingent pay.
Increased survival from stage IV melanoma associated with fewer regulatory T Cells.

Background Melanoma often elicits a profound immune response, and this response has been exploited by various immune therapies. These immunotherapies ultimately fail, however, and advanced melanoma is uniformly fatal, suggesting the development of an immune escape mechanism. In this study, markers of immune escape including regulatory T cells (Tregs), dendritic cells (DCs), and TGF-β were evaluated in 14 Stage IV melanoma patients and correlated with survival. Materials and methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from Stage IV melanoma patients and analyzed for Tregs and DCs by flow cytometry using fluorescent CD3, CD4, CD25, Lin, HLA-DR, CD11c, and CD123 antibodies. Serum TGF-β levels were evaluated by ELISA from these patients. Clinical data were extracted from the patients' medical records. Results Stage IV melanoma patients with shorter survival (less than 24 mo) had a significantly higher proportion of Tregs than those with longer survival (15% versus 8%, respectively, P = 0.004). The numbers of DCs and the serum TGF-β levels were not significantly different in these two groups. There was an inverse relationship between the percentage of Tregs and survival, although this did not reach statistical significance (r = −0.35, P = 0.22). There was also an inverse relationship between peripheral Tregs and DCs. When patients were divided into groups of greater than or less than 7% Tregs, the number of total DCs was higher in the patients with fewer Tregs than in those with more Tregs, but this did not reach statistical significance (16,535 versus 12,126 total DCs/mL, P = 0.52). Conclusions In Stage IV melanoma patients, a high percentage of Tregs appears to be associated with shorter survival. The inverse relationship of the number of DCs and Tregs in these patients may provide an insight to the origin of this observation.
Some Further Findings Regarding the Domestic and Foreign Conflict Behavior of Nations

The findings reported at that time established that there were in fact certain relationships between domestic and foreign conflict behavior variables, depending upon the type of nation, the variables, and the time lags involved. This paper deals with certain deficiencies found in that earlier study. It will also report results, parallel to those published earlier, but incorporating some of the changes made in the analysis. One major deficiency of the earlier study was the method by which indicators were compiled for the six dimensions of domestic and foreign conflict behavior. The measures used were based on factors extracted by Rummel for the 1955-57 data (Rummel, [3]). Although I was using the Tanter data also (Tanter, [4]), thus giving six years of data, from 1955-60, I continued to use the factors relevant only to the 1955-57 period. A second problem relates to the way in which the raw scores were used. As indicated in Table 4 of the earlier article, I used both raw and transformed scores, adding these according to the way variables loaded on the appropriate factors of the Rummel solution. For example, on the subversive dimension, guerrilla warfare, with a loading of .90, and assassinations, with a loading of .66, both received equal weight when the final score was compiled. It is obvious that guerrilla warfare should have received a larger proportion of the weight in the dimension.' Because of the above two difficulties, it was decided to perform a series of new factor analyses, using the data from 1955 to 1960. In addition, I extracted factor scores for the nations on a yearly basis. It is these factor scores, one per dimension per country per year, which will be used as the data in computing correlations between the dimensions of domestic and foreign conflict behavior. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the results of the factor analyses performed. These results are also compared with the results obtained by Rummel [3] and Tanter [4] in the earlier analyses.2 With regard to domestic conflict, it was decided, using the eigenvalue-one criterion, to extract two factors on the orthogonal rotation. These factors are very similar to those found by Tanter in his analysis of the 1958-1960 data. Assassinations does not load above .50
Purification and properties of carbonic anhydrase B from porcine erythrocytes.

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase B (carbonate hydrolase EC 4.2.1.1) has been purified from porcine erythrocytes to at least 90% homogeneity, as measured by sedimentation velocity and electrophoresis at several pH values. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is at 7.30 and its molecular weight by short-column Yphantis sedimentation equilibrium is 30,375 ± 820. The partial specific volume calculated from the amino acid composition is 0.734 cc/g. The sedimentation constant, S20,w0, is 2.86 S. From these data, the frictional ratio, f f 0 , is 1.21. The enzyme contains approximately 1 mole of zinc per mole of protein, but no sulfur-containing amino acids or carbohydrate. The amino terminus is acetylated, and the carboxyl terminal sequence of amino acids has been determined by hydrazinolysis and carboxypeptidase A and B digestion to be lys-alaser-phe-COOH. This sequence is more similar to the corresponding sequence from the human enzyme than to that of the bovine.
Designing Phase I ―X Charts with Small Sample Sizes

Methods are examined for obtaining probability limits for Phase I Shewhart ―X charts when the process mean and standard deviation are estimated. The design methods assume m independent random samples of size n will be taken periodically from a normally distributed process. It is shown that the joint distribution of the standardized subgroup means follows either an approximate or exact multivariate t distribution, depending on the standard deviation estimator used. The multivariate t distribution is used to define the probability limits for the Phase I ―X chart. Extensive simulation compares the performance of the proposed limits with other design procedures. Tables of design constants are given for , and simple procedures for obtaining design constants are given for . Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis; Sequential Appearance of Immunoreactants and Cellular Changes in Serial Biopsies

To study the mechanisms responsible for Ieukocytoclastic vasculitis, we evaluated the kinetics of immunologic and cellular changes in induced vasculitis lesions. In four of five consecutive patients with active vasculitis, lesions were induced by increasing vascular permeability via injecting histamine into the skin. Biopsies were obtained for light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence at 1, 4, 8, and 24hr after injection. The results show that immunoglobulin, C3, and electron-dense material are deposited in vessel walls early and are followed by cellular infiltration. The characteristics of the cellular infiltrates were quite diverse at different times after histamine provocation and no distinctive patterns were seen. Nevertheless, the kinetics of the appearance of immunoreactants and cells implies that immunoglobulin and probably circulating immune complexes are present prior to the development of inflammation and supports the contention that deposition of immune complexes within vessel walls is responsible for leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
Nitric Oxide Oxidatively Nitrosylates Ni(I) and Cu(I) C-Organonitroso Adducts

Monovalent nickel and copper β-diketiminato complexes react with ArN═O (Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3, Ph) to give C-nitroso adducts that exhibit three different modes of bonding with varying degrees of N−O bond activation. The addition of ArNO to 2 equiv of [Me2NN]Ni(2,4-lutidine) {[Me2NN]− = 2,4-bis(2,6-dimethylphenylimido)pentyl} gives {[Me2NN]Ni}2(μ-η2:η2-ONAr) (1a and 1b), which exhibit symmetrical bonding of the ArN═O moiety between two [Me2NN]Ni fragments, with a N−O bond distance of 1.440(4) A in 1a that is significantly longer than those in free C-organonitroso compounds (1.13−1.29 A). [Me2NN]Cu(NCMe) reacts with 0.5 equiv of ArNO in ether to give the dinuclear adducts {[Me2NN]Cu}2(μ-η2:η1-ONAr) (2a and 2b), which exhibit η2 and η1 bonding of the ArN═O moiety with separate [Me2NN]Cu fragments possessing N−O distances of 1.375(6) A (2a) and 1.368(2) A (2b). In arene solvents, one β-diketiminatocopper(I) fragment dissociates from 2 to give [Me2NN]Cu(η2-ONAr) (3a and 3b), which may be isolated by the addition of...
Workshop - Assessing science and engineering ethics outcomes: An interactive review of tools

There remain many opportunities to enhance how the ethical dimensions of science and engineering are taught and assessed. In fact, current trends suggest growing demand for STEM professionals who can deftly navigate the wide range of moral and ethical issues that might be faced during their careers, whether in the private, academic, government, and/or non-profit sectors. Yet even when high quality instructional interventions are developed and delivered, there often remain unanswered questions about their relative effectiveness. Valid and reliable assessment tools are sorely needed to better evaluate whether our students and practitioners not only have sufficient background understanding related to science and engineering ethics, but can apply this knowledge in real-world situations. This highly interactive panel session is organized around presentations from three complementary efforts to develop high quality assessment instruments focused on science and engineering ethics. Background details for each instrument will be provided, including sample questions that the audience will be invited to complete. The primary audience for this panel includes educators and researchers looking for new ways to teach, assess, and investigate ethics outcomes in a wide variety of science and engineering fields.
Valvular heart disease, infected valves and prosthetic heart valves

The major causes of systemic embolism from valvular heart disease (mitral, aortic and mitral valve prolapse), prosthetic valves (both mechanical and tissue valves) and infected valves (endocarditis) are reviewed from the standpoint of their incidence and complications. Recommendations for therapy with anticoagulants or other antithrombotic therapy are set forth following the guidelines recently provided by the Second American College of Chest Physicians Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy. Adherence to these recommendations can significantly decrease the risk of systemic embolism in patients with these valvular heart problems.
MORAL MOTIVATION, MORAL PHENOMENOLOGY, AND THE ALIEF/BELIEF DISTINCTION

In a series of publications, Tamar Gendler has argued for a distinction between belief and what she calls ‘alief’. Gendler's argument for the distinction is a serviceability argument: the distinction is indispensable for explaining a whole slew of phenomena, typically involving ‘belief-behaviour mismatch’. After embedding Gendler's distinction in a dual-process model of moral cognition, I argue here that the distinction also suggests a possible (dis)solution of what is perhaps the organizing problem of contemporary moral psychology: the apparent tension between the inherently motivational role of moral judgments and their manifestly objectivistic phenomenology. I argue that moral judgments come in two varieties, moral aliefs and moral beliefs, and it is only the former that are inherently motivating and only the latter that have an objectivistic phenomenology. This serves to both bolster the case for the alief/belief distinction and shed new light on otherwise well-trodden territory in metaethics. I start...
Qualitative Block Design Analysis in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Qualitative and quantitative Block Design performance was examined in Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD diagnoses (n = 23) and Vietnam combat veterans without PTSD or other mental disorders diagnoses (n = 19). Results indicated that PTSD-diagnosed veterans committed more single block rotations than the comparison sample, and that their errors occurred more frequently in right hemispace than errors made by the comparison sample. The two groups did not differ in the number of configural errors made, errors committed in left hemispace, or in quantitative performance measures. Findings are suggestive of relative left hemisphere hypoactivation and are congruent with prior research documenting cerebral asymmetries in emotional disorders.
Depression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

The evaluation and treatment of depression is an important component of the management of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. This review summarises current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Limited information is available regarding the pathophysiology of depression in Parkinson’s disease and the effectiveness of treatment. Selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used but more information is needed regarding their tolerability and antidepressant efficacy in patients with Parkinson’s disease, and their effect on motor function. Antidepressants can interact with selegiline (deprenyl) to cause the ‘serotonin syndrome’, although retrospective chart reviews indicate that this is rare. While several case reports have noted worsening parkinsonian motor features with SSRI use, open-label prospective studies have not substantiated these findings. Further double-blind, prospective studies would be valuable to further evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of antidepressants in Parkinson’s disease.
Fred L. Whipple, pioneer in the space program

Abstract The years 1945–1960 were seminal in the United States space program. In these years, Professor Fred L. Whipple at Harvard University was the foremost space advocate from the astronomical community. Starting in 1946, the US Army made experimental V-2 launches from White Sands, and Fred Whipple was a participant in these activities. He formed a strong relationship with Wernher von Braun. Both promoted an understanding of space matters by the public, resulting in a series of magazine articles in Collier's. A noteworthy meeting on June 25, 1954 at the Office of Naval Research in Washington, DC, was hosted by Commander George Hoover. Frederick C. Durant III, Wernher von Braun, S. Fred Singer, David Young and Fred Whipple were present. This was the first meeting of what became Project Orbiter, and ultimately Explorer 1. Thus Fred Whipple was one of a half-dozen individuals responsible for jump-starting the US satellite program. Project Orbiter included a subproject directed by Whipple to optically observe satellites and to compute their orbits. Dr. Whipple died August 30, 2004 at age 97.
Smoking-related cue-induced brain activation in adolescent light smokers.

Abstract Purpose To examine using functional magnetic resonance imaging whether adolescents with low levels of nicotine exposure (light smokers) display neural activation in areas shown to be involved with addiction in response to smoking-related stimuli. Design/Setting/Participants A total of 12 adolescent light smokers (aged 13–17, who smoked 1–5 cigarettes per day) and 12 nonsmokers (ages 13–17, never smoked a cigarette) from the San Francisco Bay Area underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. During scanning, the adolescents were shown photographic blocks of smoking and control cues. Smoking cues comprised pictures of individuals smoking cigarettes and smoking-related objects such as lighters and ashtrays. Neutral cues comprised images of everyday objects and individuals engaged in daily activities. Findings For smokers, smoking cues elicited greater activation than neutral cues in the mesolimbic reward circuit (left anterior cingulate: t = 7.04, p t = 6.37, p t = 5.09, p t = 3.94, p = .001, respectively). Nonsmokers showed no significant difference in activation between smoking-related cues and neutral cues. Conclusion Our finding that smoking cues produced activation in adolescent light smokers in brain regions, similar to that seen in adult and teenage heavy smokers, suggests that adolescents exhibit heightened reactivity to smoking cues even at low levels of smoking. This article adds to the existing published data by suggesting that nicotine dependence may begin with exposure to low levels of nicotine, thus underscoring the need for early intervention among adolescent smokers.
DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING OF ELECTRONS ON A PHOTON TARGET.

One of the precesses which may be observed in ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ colliding-beam experiments is the deep inelastic electron-photon scattering. We examine the feasibility of such an experiment assuming an appropriate scaling limit.
Social Media Platforms for Low-Income Blind People in India

We present the first analysis of the use and non-use of social media platforms by low-income blind users in rural and peri-urban India. Using a mixed-methods approach of semi-structured interviews and observations, we examine the benefits received by low-income blind people from Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp and investigate constraints that impede their social media participation. We also present a detailed analysis of how low-income blind people used a voice-based social media platform deployed in India that received significant traction from low-income people in rural and peri-urban areas. In eleven-weeks of deployment, fifty-three blind participants in our sample collectively placed 4784 voice calls, contributed 1312 voice messages, cast 33,909 votes and listened to the messages 46,090 times. Using a mixed-methods analysis of call logs, qualitative interviews, and phone surveys, we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the platform and benefits it offered to low-income blind people.
An Investigation on the Optimization and Scaling of Complementary SiGe HBTs

We use predictive technology computer-aided design to investigate the device design challenges and optimization issues that will be necessarily encountered in scaling of complementary silicon-germanium (C-SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). A fully integrated simulation framework was developed to design and optimize device doping and Ge profiles for any given target performance, using important circuit-relevant figures-of-merit. This methodology was successfully utilized to realize device profiles for multiple C-SiGe technology nodes within the context of a C-SiGe scaling roadmap. A method for optimizing the ac performance of SiGe HBTs geared for both high-performance and low-power applications is also presented. The performance metrics of the optimized profiles presented here are then compared with those of existing fabricated devices reported in the literature.
Uveitis in patients with sarcoidosis is not associated with mutations in NOD2 (CARD15).

Abstract Purpose Mutations in NOD2 are responsible for Blau syndrome, a systemic disease triad involving the uvea, joints, and skin. NOD2 mutations are also associated with Crohn disease. Both Blau syndrome and Crohn disease involve granulomatous inflammation and uveitis, as does sarcoidosis. We sought to determine if NOD2 mutations were present in patients with sarcoidosis, especially those with uveitis. Methods NOD2 gene exons were sequenced from DNA obtained from sarcoidosis patients. The diagnoses of sarcoidosis and uveitis were verified from clinical records. Results NOD2 polymorphisms were found in 26 patients with sarcoidosis (13 with uveitis). There was no significant difference in allele frequencies between patients with and without uveitis. Conclusions Despite the strikingly similar pathologies of Blau syndrome and sarcoidosis, no mutations were found to be associated with sarcoidosis in a group of patients, regardless of the presence of uveitis.
Heavy Metals in the Threeridge Mussel Amblema plicata plicata (Say, 1817) in the Upper Mississippi River

Abstract Concentrations of mercury and zinc in the threeridge mussel Amblema plicata plicata, sampled in 1987 from Pools 3 and 10 in the upper Mississippi River, were comparable to concentrations in mussels from moderately contaminated systems, while copper concentrations were similar to concentrations in mussels from more polluted waters. Cadmium concentrations in mussels were significantly less at a lightly contaminated site (Pool 10, range 0.53 to 0.92 μg/g dry weight) than at a site where metal abundances were strongly influenced by industrial and domestic inputs (Pool 3, range 0.80 to 1.25 μg/g dry weight). Yet, cadmium concentrations in Pool 3 were an order of magnitude less than values reported for mussels from more metal-polluted systems. In contrast, concentrations of copper, mercury, and zinc did not differ between sites. Cadmium and zinc concentrations generally increased with size of the mussel, copper concentrations decreased with size, and mercury concentrations were unrelated to size.