cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogeography of post-Pleistocene population expansion in a fungus-gardening ant and its microbial mutualists.

Although historical biogeographical forces, such as climate-driven range shifts, greatly influence the present-day population genetic structure of animals and plants, the extent to which they affect microbial communities remains largely unknown. We examined the effect of postglacial expansion on the population structure of the northern fungus-gardening ant Trachymyrmex septentrionalis and compared it with that of its two microbial mutualists: a community of lepiotaceous fungal cultivars and associated antibiotic-producing Pseudonocardia bacteria. The ant population genetic structure showed signs of population expansion and subdivision into eastern and western phylogroups that likely originated in the Pleistocene — a pattern shared by many other North American taxa found in the same region. Although dispersal limitation was present in all three symbionts, as suggested by genetic isolation increasing with distance, the host's east–west subdivision of population genetic structure was absent from the microbial mutualist populations. While neither the cultivar nor the Pseudonocardia genetic structure was correlated with that of the ants, they were significantly correlated with each other. These results show that biogeographical forces may act differently on macro- and microscopic organisms, even in the extreme case where microbial mutualists are vertically transmitted from generation to generation and share the same joint ecological niche. It may be that historical climate change played a larger role in determining the population structure of the ant hosts, whereas present-day environmental forces, such as pathogen pressure, determine the structure of associated microbial populations.
Subset selection in two-factor experiments using randomization restricted designs

Abstract This paper studies subset selection procedures for screening in two-factor treatment designs that employ either a split-plot or strip-plot randomization restricted experimental design laid out in blocks. The goal is to select a subset of treatment combinations associated with the largest mean. In the split-plot design, it is assumed that the block effects, the confounding effects (whole-plot error) and the measurement errors are normally distributed. None of the selection procedures developed depend on the block variances. Subset selection procedures are given for both the case of additive and non-additive factors and for a variety of circumstances concerning the confounding effect and measurement error variances. In particular, procedures are given for (1) known confounding effect and measurement error variances (2) unknown measurement error variance but known confounding effect (3) unknown confounding effect and measurement error variances. The constants required to implement the procedures are shown to be obtainable from available FORTRAN programs and tables. Generalization to the case of strip-plot randomization restriction is considered.
HDL redox activity is increased in HIV-infected men in association with macrophage activation and non-calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque.

BACKGROUND HIV is associated with atherosclerosis and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL). With inflammation, HDL becomes dysfunctional. We previously showed that proinflammatory HDL has high HDL redox activity (HRA). In this study, we compare HRA in HIV-infected versus non-HIV-infected subjects and relate HRA to indices of macrophage activation and cardiovascular disease risk. METHODS 102 HIV-infected subjects and 41 matched non-HIV controls without clinical cardiovascular disease underwent coronary CT angiography (CTA) and testing for immune/inflammatory biomarkers. The effect of purified HDL from each study subject on the oxidation rate of dihydrorhodamine-123 (DOR) was normalized to the DOR of pooled HDL from healthy subjects. The normalized ratio DOR subject/DOR pooled was used as a measure of HRA, with higher HRA suggesting dysfunctional HDL. RESULTS HRA was higher in HIV-infected versus non-HIV subjects (1.4 ±0.01 versus 1.3 ±0.01, P=0.03). In multivariate modelling for HRA among all subjects, HIV status remained positively related to HRA (P=0.02), even after controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, comorbid conditions and immune activation. Among HIV-infected subjects, HRA correlated inversely with HDL (rho=-0.32, P=0.002) and log adiponectin (r=-0.28, P=0.006), and correlated positively with log sCD163 (r=0.24, P=0.02) - a monocyte/macrophage activation marker - and with the percentage of non-calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque (r=0.29, P=0.03). sCD163 remained significantly associated with HRA in multivariate modelling among HIV-infected subjects (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate increased HRA among HIV-infected subjects versus matched non-HIV subjects with comparable HDL levels. In HIV-infected subjects, HRA relates to macrophage activation and to non-calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque, which may be rupture-prone. Further studies are needed in HIV-infected patients to elucidate the interplay between immune activation, HDL function and CVD risk. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT 00455793.
Synthesis, characterization, and the role of counterion in stabilizing trigonal pyramidal copper(I)/2,2′bipyridine complexes containing electron-poor methyl acrylate

Copper(I)/2,2′-bipyridine complexes, [Cu I (bpy)(π-CH 2 CHCOOCH 3 )][A] ( A = CF 3 SO 3 - ( 1 ) , ClO 4 - ( 2 ) and PF 6 - ( 3 ) ) have been synthesized and characterized. These complexes are used in copper(I) mediated cyclopropanation and aziridination reactions of methyl acrylate and represent the first class of trigonal pyramidal copper(I) complexes with π-coordinated electron poor olefins. In the case of 1 and 3 , weak coordination of the counterion was observed. The counterion ClO 4 - was noncoordinating in complex 2 , which was dimeric in the solid state with the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl moieties in methyl acrylate bridging two copper(I) centers.
Protection of photovoltaic and wind generators

Protection of the most common Distributed Generation (DG) resources is presented. The goal is to prepare a general guideline for most utilities to design proper protection schemes for Photovoltaic (PV) and Wind generators. IEEE standards are addressed and various issues caused by step up transformer configuration, feeder load, capacitor banks, generation type and possible adjacent generation are discussed. Solutions are recommended for the identified DG interconnection issues. A real sample grid is simulated for most case studies.
Quasi-linearity in HCCN: effects of the v2 fundamental

Abstract The high resolution infrared spectrum of the quasi-linear molecule HCCN in the region of its v 2 CCN antisymmetric stretching fundamental has been observed. Six separate vibrational bands have been positively identified and rotationally analyzed. The lower states of these transitions belong to the ground state and the first and second excited states of the HCC bending mode ( v 5 in linear molecule notation), v ±1 5 and 2 v ±2 5 . Multiple occurrences of transitions originating from each of these lower levels combined with the presence of partially resolved fine structure splitting in some bands and its absence in others suggest a strong coupling of the v 2 mode with otherwise “dark” vibrational states. Fermi resonance between v 2 and a combination level, such as v 3 + ( v 4 + v 5 ) 0+ , provides such an intensity borrowing mechanism.
Project evaluation and uncertainty in practice : a statistical analysis of rate-of-return divergences of 1,015 World Bank projects

This article analyzes the World Bank's experience with project evaluation for a sample of 1,015 projects by comparing estimated rates of return at appraisal with reestimated rates of return when construction works are completed, usually 5 to 10 years after appraisal. The analysis highlights the high degree of uncertainty in project analysis. A wide range of variables has been introduced to explain the observed divergence in appraisal and reestimated rates of return, but only a relatively small part of the divergence can be explained, even with the benefit of hindsight. Project analysis thus has to cope with a large degree of uncertainty, which the traditional methods of project evaluation and selection have not been able to reduce.
Enhanced Tumorigenicity, Melanogenesis, and Metastases of a Human Malignant Melanoma After Subdermal Implantation in Nude Mice

Transplantation of human tumors into the organ or tissue of their origin (orthotopic transplantation) in nude mice can result in significant enhancement of tumor growth and metastases, compared with sc (ectopic) transplantation. Because melanocytes are normally found in the epidermal-dermal junction, intradermal inoculation of melanoma cells might be expected to improve their potential for malignant growth as xenografts. The purpose of our study was to examine this possibility. We found that because mouse epidermis and dermis are so thin, it was not possible to inject a bolus of tumor cells intradermally; instead the cells were actually deposited in the most superficial layer of the subcutis (i.e., subdermally). We evaluated the behavior of cells from a human melanoma cell line after sc or subdermal inoculation into National Institutes of Health Swiss athymic nude mice. The cells used were from (1) the predominantly amelanotic human malignant melanoma cell line MeWo, originally established from a melanotic lymph node metastasis, and (2) two MeWo variants resistant to wheat germ agglutinin (WGAr), which were selected for altered malignant capacities. Whereas 5 X 10(5) MeWo cells were required to achieve 100% tumor take with sc injection, only 2 x 10(4) cells were required with subdermal inoculation. Subdermal injection of the MeWo cells resulted in the development of highly melanotic and nonencapsulated primary tumors, which grew quickly into the dermis and epidermis and metastasized at high frequency to draining lymph nodes. In contrast, the tumors that developed after sc injection were found in the deepest layer of the subcutis and were predominantly amelanotic and encapsulated; they rarely metastasized to lymph nodes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Weed management with sulfentrazone and flumioxazin in no-tillage soyabean (Glycine max)

Abstract Field trials were conducted at two sites in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate weed control and crop response of soil-applied herbicide programs that include flumioxazin or sulfentrazone alone and tankmixed with clomazone, chlorimuron+clomazone, or chlorimuron+pendimethalin. All herbicide treatments caused crop injury ranging from 5 to 27% at 3 weeks after planting (WAP). Flumioxazin alone controlled of giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) 18–81%, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) 83–88%, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) 79–83%, ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea (L.)) 92–93%, and common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer) 48–100%. Sulfentrazone alone controlled S. faberi 65–93%, A. theophrasti 88–97%, A. artemisiifolia 58–63%, I. hederacea 96–98%, and A. rudis 78–100%. S. faberi control with both herbicides was improved with the addition of clomazone, clomazone+chlorimuron, or pendimethalin+chlorimuron. A. theophrasti control with flumioxazin was improved with the addition of clomazone+chlorimuron or pendimethalin+chlorimuron. A. artemisiifolia control with sulfentrazone was improved with the addition of clomazone or pendimethalin+chlorimuron. I. hederacea control with flumioxazin was improved with the addition of clomazone+chlorimuron or pendimethalin+chlorimuron. I. hederacea control with sulfentrazone was not improved with any tankmix partner. A. rudis control was not improved with any tankmix partner in two out of three site years.
Degenerative forms of eosinophilic leukocytes in lymphoid organs.

SummaryDegenerative forms of eosinophilic leukocytes are found commonly in ileocecal lymph nodes and in other lymphoid tissues of the rat. The relative numbers of these degenerative forms are increased in rats subjected to lowered barometric pressures.
Impact of illumination pupil-fill spatial variation on simulated imaging performance

Specifications for state-of-the-art projection lithography systems do not currently encompass the possible sources of variation that can and do exist in the spatial distribution of pupil fill created by the illuminators of these systems. An investigation into the types and magnitudes of these variation, for conventional and annular illumination, is presented. The variations are used to create a number of possible pupil-fill distributions. Using these pupil-fill distributions and typical amounts of low-order aberrations found in today's equipment as inputs, a simulation survey is presented of critical imaging needs in memory and logic cell fabrication. The amount of illumination-induced error predicted in placement, line-width abnormality, isolated-to- nested bias, and horizontal-to-vertical bias is used to recommend new spatial-illumination requirements for current and future needs of projection lithography.
Lignin-Hydrolyzable Tannin Interactions in Wood

A series of investigations were carried out to ascertain the relationship between lignin and hydrolyzable tannins in white oak (Quercus alba) and American chestnut (Castanea dentata) milled wood lignins as well as synthetic co-DHPs. Acidolysis and chromatographic analysis of chestnut and white oak milled wood lignins revealed the presence of ellagic acid in the chestnut sample but not in the white oak sample. Synthetic protocols were developed to prepare theorized lignin−gallate dimers, and these compounds served as a database for assessing American chestnut and white oak milled wood lignin by NMR spectroscopy. While dehydrogenative co-polymerization of 13C-labeled pentagalloyl d-glucopyranoside (PGG) with coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol showed evidence for hydrolyzable tannin/lignin interactions, unambiguous identifications in native milled wood lignin could not be made. The observed results are discussed in relation to natural wood durability. Keywords: DHP; ellagic acid; ellagitannins; lignin; ga...
Teacher Structure and Child Care Quality in Preschool Classrooms

The present study examined the relationships between teacher structure, teacher behaviors, and child care quality. Participants included 72 female teachers from 44 preschool classrooms. Both a global measure of quality and a measure of teacher-child interaction were utilized. Results showed that a co-teacher structure was associated with higher quality child care and more positive teacher behaviors than a hierarchical two-teacher structure or a single-teacher structure. Comparisons between lead and assistant teachers in a hierarchical structure also revealed that teacher behaviors of lead teachers and assistant teachers were very similar, although their education levels were significantly different. Lower ratios and smaller group size were associated with more positive teacher behaviors. Implications for professionals and future research areas are discussed.
A context-free markup language for semi-structured text

An ad hoc data format is any nonstandard, semi-structured data format for which robust data processing tools are not easily available. In this paper, we present ANNE, a new kind of markup language designed to help users generate documentation and data processing tools for ad hoc text data. More specifically, given a new ad hoc data source, an ANNE programmer edits the document to add a number of simple annotations, which serve to specify its syntactic structure. Annotations include elements that specify constants, optional data, alternatives, enumerations, sequences, tabular data, and recursive patterns. The ANNE system uses a combination of user annotations and the raw data itself to extract a context-free grammar from the document. This context-free grammar can then be used to parse the data and transform it into an XML parse tree, which may be viewed through a browser for analysis or debugging purposes. In addition, the ANNE system generates a PADS/ML description, which may be saved as lasting documentation of the data format or compiled into a host of useful data processing tools.In addition to designing and implementing ANNE, we have devised a semantic theory for the core elements of the language. This semantic theory describes the editing process, which translates a raw, unannotated text document into an annotated document, and the grammar extraction process, which generates a context-free grammar from an annotated document. We also present an alternative characterization of system behavior by drawing upon ideas from the field of relevance logic. This secondary characterization, which we call relevance analysis, specifies a direct relationship between unannotated documents and the context-free grammars that our system can generate from them. Relevance analysis allows us to prove important theorems concerning the expressiveness and utility of our system.
Contextual Image Motion Estimation And Analysis Using Spatio-Temporal Primitives

This research extends previous work on the modelling and analysis of time-varying imagery using distributed parameter systems (DPS) theory. An integrated or "weak" solution approach to the DPS model yields a computationally efficient algorithm for feature extraction and estimation of time-varying image motion which allows image function step discontinuities with respect to both spatial and temporal arguments. These algor-ithms represent a region-oriented as opposed to point-by-point approach to image motion analysis. Experimental results using real-world time-varying imagery confirm the validity of the approach. The particular effort reported herein concerns analysis of the spatio-temporal features extracted from the weak solution approach. Information related both quantitatively to motion estimation and qualitatively to motion and object(s) structure are shown to evolve from this approach. Thus, the blending of the "motion is basic" and "static is basic" approaches in dynamic imagery is enabled. To remove some of the "nearsightedness" of a parameter estimation approach to motion analysis, contextual motion analysis is employed for both extraction of dynamic scene regions and edge types and labelling of motion regions. The present status of each of these tasks is described.
Environmental contaminant and disinfection by-product trichloroacetaldehyde stimulates T cells in vitro.

It had been shown previously that MRL+/+ mice exposed to occupationally relevant doses of the environmental contaminant trichloroethylene in their drinking water developed lupus-like symptoms and autoimmune hepatitis in association with activation of Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing CD4+ T cells. Since trichloroethylene must be metabolized in order to promote the T-cell activation associated with autoimmunity, the present study was initiated to determine whether the immunoregulatory effects of trichloroethylene could be mimicked by one of its major metabolites, trichloroacetaldehyde (TCAA). At concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 1 mM TCAA co-stimulated proliferation of murine T-helper type 1 (Th1) cells treated with anti-CD3 antibody or antigen in vitro. TCAA at similar concentrations also induced phenotypic alterations commensurate with activation (upregulation of CD28 and downregulation of CD62L) in both cloned memory Th1 cells, as well as naive CD4+ T cells from MRL+/+ mice. TCAA-induced Th1 cell activation was accompanied by phoshorylation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) and c-Jun, two components of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor. TCAA at higher concentrations was also shown to form a Schiff base on T cells, and inhibition of Schiff base formation suppressed the ability of TCAA to phosphorylate ATF-2. Taken together, these results suggest that TCAA promotes T-cell activation via stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway in association with Schiff base formation on T-cell surface proteins. By demonstrating that TCAA can stimulate T-cell function directly, these results may explain how the environmental toxicant trichloroethylene promotes T-cell activation and related autoimmunity in vivo.
Acid and base characteristics of molybdenum carbide catalysts

Abstract The acid and base properties of a high surface area Mo2C catalyst were characterized using the temperature programmed desorption of CO2 and NH3, the decomposition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a test reaction and monitoring changes in the associated rates and product selectivities on the addition of acid and base site poisons. The Mo2C catalyst was prepared using the temperature programmed reaction method and passivated prior to exposure to air. Prior to carrying out the temperature programmed desorption experiments and reaction rate measurements, the Mo2C catalyst was reduced in H2 at 400 °C. Results obtained for the reduced Mo2C catalyst were compared with those for MgO, HZSM-5 and 1% Pt/SiO2 catalysts. The study provided evidence for the presence of both acid and base sites on Mo2C. The base and acid sites on the Mo2C catalyst were weaker than those on the MgO and HZSM-5 catalysts, respectively. The base and acid sites were likely created as a consequence of charge transfer from molybdenum to carbon.
Plasma glucose levels increase after partial hypophysectomy (ACTH removal) and sham surgery in the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias)

Abstract Serial blood samples were collected for 10 days from an indwelling cannula placed in the dorsal aorta and plasma glucose was estimated by the glucose oxidase method. Plasma glucose levels remained relatively stable in intact dogfish and in animals from which the dorsal proximal pars distalis of the pituitary was removed. In contrast, plasma glucose levels increased in dogfish after sham surgery and after removal of the rostral pars distalis or the rostral and dorsal proximal pars distalis and the neurointermediate lobe. Possible pituitary ACTH involvement in the regulation of plasma glucose levels in the dogfish was obscured by the surgery-induced hyperglycemia.
Motivational underpinnings of romantic partner perceptions: Psychological and physiological evidence

This research examined biases in perceptions of current versus former romantic partners. Study 1 employed individuals in dating relationships (N = 161) and examined whether perceptions of current partners’ traits differed from perceptions of former partners’ traits. We computed an index of a ‘partner discrepancy bias’ (PDB). PDB was related to relationship satisfaction. Study 2 assessed the motivational underpinnings of the PDB. We used a standard forced-compliance paradigm, using individually run participants (N = 65), to determine if partner perceptions are rooted in dissonance processes. Dissonance effects were manifest in both post-manipulation attitudes toward partners and post-manipulation nonspecific skin conductance. Dissonance effects were pronounced for low self-monitors. Implications regarding motivated perceptions in relationships are discussed.
A Test of Competing Hypotheses of the Effects of Mood on Persuasion

This study examined the theoretical underpinnings of the mood by message quality interaction. Three hypotheses were presented as an explanation for the interaction: the lack of motivation hypothesis, the hedonic contingency hypothesis, and the mood-as-a-resource hypothesis. A 2 (Mood: sadness or happiness) × 3 (Argument Strength: strong, moderate, or weak) × 2 (Involvement: high or low) × 2 (Hedonic Consequences: pro- or counter-attitudinal topic) independent groups design was employed. The data revealed the association between argument strength and persuasion was positive and stronger for those in negative moods than for those in positive moods. Furthermore, the results indicated that the relationship between argument strength and persuasion was positive and stronger for pro-attitudinal topics than for counter-attitudinal topics, but the data clearly demonstrated that argument quality was the best predictor of persuasion.
Inositol phosphatide in peas.

SOME properties and analytical data concerning an inositol phosphatide of peas have been reported previously1,2. The availability of accurate methods for the determination of inositol in lipids, both by microbiological3 and chemical means4,5, has made it possible to conduct further experiments which are reported here.
Task-dependent neural bases of perceiving emotionally expressive targets.

Social cognition is fundamentally interpersonal: individuals’ behavior and dispositions critically affect their interaction partners’ information processing. However, cognitive neuroscience studies, partially because of methodological constraints, have remained largely “perceiver-centric:” focusing on the abilities, motivations, and goals of social perceivers while largely ignoring interpersonal effects. Here, we address this knowledge gap by examining the neural bases of perceiving emotionally expressive and inexpressive social “targets.” Sixteen perceivers were scanned using fMRI while they watched targets discussing emotional autobiographical events. Perceivers continuously rated each target’s emotional state or eye-gaze direction. The effects of targets’ emotional expressivity on perceiver’s brain activity depended on task set: when perceivers explicitly attended to targets’ emotions, expressivity predicted activity in neural structures—including medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortex—associated with drawing inferences about mental states. When perceivers instead attended to targets’ eye-gaze, target expressivity predicted activity in regions—including somatosensory cortex, fusiform gyrus, and motor cortex—associated with monitoring sensorimotor states and biological motion. These findings suggest that expressive targets affect information processing in manner that depends on perceivers’ goals. More broadly, these data provide an early step towards understanding the neural bases of interpersonal social cognition.
Separation of synthetic phosphatidylcholine molecular species by high-performance liquid chromatography on a C8 column

A C8 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the separation of molecular species of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) was developed. This method uses a linear gradient of 90–100% methanol containing ammonium hydroxide as ion suppressor and is suitable for metabolic studies using both UV detection at 205 nm and radioactivity flow detection. The elution order of a given PC is inversely related to the polarity of its fatty acid constituents. For acyl chains with lower polarity, elution time increases as follows: ricinoleic acid<linolenic acid<myristic acid<palmitoleic acid<palmitelaidic acid<arachidonic acid<linoleic acid<palmitic acid<oleic acid<elaidic acid<petroselinic acid<hexadecyl ether<stearic acid<arachidic acid. This elution order is similar to that of fatty acids separated by a C18 HPLC method we have previously reported. A PC containing a cis-fatty acid elutes slightly earlier than its trans-fatty acid isomer. The polarity of the acyl chain in the sn-2 position of a PC has slightly more influence on elution order than the acyl chain in the sn-1. Another C8 HPLC method was developed for the separation of lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs) using a more polar eluent. The elution orders of lysoPCs depend on their fatty acid constituents and seem to be the same as the fatty acid order of the PC.
Sciatic nerve blocks

Sciatic nerve blocks are infrequently performed by anesthesiologists. These blocks are considered to be more difficult, and they require the use of long needles, causing apprehension to both the patient and the anesthesiologist. However, the use of nerve stimulators significantly facilitates the approach of the sciatic nerve. The nerve can essentially be blocked either high or at the popliteal fossa (popliteal block) before or at its division. Although surgery of the lower extremity does not necessarily require sciatic nerve conduction to be blocked, when indicated, this is a very effective method for controlling pain and reducing the length of hospitalization, the latter leading to substantial savings. Different approaches have been described (eg, posterior, anterior and lateral). Each approach has specific indications that need to be recognized. Consequently it is necessary to be familiar with more than one approach. Thus, a parasacral or classic posterior approach of the sciatic nerve is recommended in lateral positions, whereas the anterior approach is favored in the supine patient. When the strategy of anesthesia is developed or the placement of a catheter is considered, it is important to recognize that sciatic blocks have the slowest onset and longest duration compared with all other peripheral nerve blocks performed by anesthesiologists. For single injections in adults, our preference is a combination of 1.5% lidocaine and 0.75% ropivacaine (equivolumes) with the addition of bicarbonate and epinephrine for a total volume of 20 to 30 mL in adults.
Numerical solution of nonlinear fractional integro-differential equations by hybrid functions

Abstract In this paper, a new numerical method for solving nonlinear fractional integro-differential equations is presented. The method is based upon hybrid functions approximation. The properties of hybrid functions consisting of block-pulse functions and Bernoulli polynomials are presented. The Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator for hybrid functions is given. This operator is then utilized to reduce the solution of the nonlinear fractional integro-differential equations to a system of algebraic equations. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique.
Serine protease EspP from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli is sufficient to induce shiga toxin macropinocytosis in intestinal epithelium.

Life-threatening intestinal and systemic effects of the Shiga toxins produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) require toxin uptake and transcytosis across intestinal epithelial cells. We have recently demonstrated that EHEC infection of intestinal epithelial cells stimulates toxin macropinocytosis, an actin-dependent endocytic pathway. Host actin rearrangement necessary for EHEC attachment to enterocytes is mediated by the type 3 secretion system which functions as a molecular syringe to translocate bacterial effector proteins directly into host cells. Actin-dependent EHEC attachment also requires the outer membrane protein intimin, a major EHEC adhesin. Here, we investigate the role of type 3 secretion in actin turnover occurring during toxin macropinocytosis. Toxin macropinocytosis is independent of EHEC type 3 secretion and intimin attachment. EHEC soluble factors are sufficient to stimulate macropinocytosis and deliver toxin into enterocytes in vitro and in vivo; intact bacteria are not required. Intimin-negative enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) O104:H4 robustly stimulate Shiga toxin macropinocytosis into intestinal epithelial cells. The apical macropinosomes formed in intestinal epithelial cells move through the cells and release their cargo at these cells’ basolateral sides. Further analysis of EHEC secreted proteins shows that a serine protease EspP alone is able to stimulate host actin remodeling and toxin macropinocytosis. The observation that soluble factors, possibly serine proteases including EspP, from each of two genetically distinct toxin-producing strains, can stimulate Shiga toxin macropinocytosis and transcellular transcytosis alters current ideas concerning mechanisms whereby Shiga toxin interacts with human enterocytes. Mechanisms important for this macropinocytic pathway could suggest new potential therapeutic targets for Shiga toxin-induced disease.
DISPERSION OF SEEDLINGS OF THE PRAIRIE COMPASS PLANT, SILPHIUM LACINIATUM (ASTERACEAE)

Although the dispersal of seeds around individual plants (the seed shadow) has frequently been characterized, the dispersion of seedlings around plants (the seedling shadow) has rarely been examined. We mapped 101 and 149 seedlings of the prairie compass plant (Silphium laciniatum) that appeared in our study area in 1987 and 1990 following mass flowering in 1986 and 1989. We also mapped the locations of flowering stems which appeared in 1986 and 1989 and recorded the number of flowerheads at each stem location. The frequency distributions of distance between a seedling and the nearest flowering stem were identical in the 2 years, with a median distance of 1.0 m. The large size and lack of wind-dispersal structures of compass plant seeds (achenes) are responsible for their limited dispersal. From estimates of the total seed production in the study area in 1986 and 1989, we calculated that about 1% of seeds became seedlings in each year. Flowering stem locations with a higher number of flowerheads had a significantly higher density of seedlings around them. This indicates that recruitment to compass plant populations is not a "lottery"; individual plants that produce more seeds produce, on average, more seedlings.
Non-isothermal cold start of polymer electrolyte fuel cells

A multiphase, three-dimensional model has been developed to describe non-isothermal cold start of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) and to delineate intricate interactions between ice formation and heat generation during cold start. The effect of rising cell temperature is numerically explored by comparing a non-isothermal cold start with an isothermal one. It is found that more water is transported into the membrane and less ice formation occurs in the cathode catalyst layer (CL) in the presence of rising cell temperature. In addition, the more hydrated membrane and the rising cell temperature greatly lower the membrane resistance, thus giving rise to higher cell voltage. A lumped thermal analysis significantly over-estimates the overall thermal requirement of self-startup as a cell requires only a portion of its active area to reach the freezing point and be ice-free and operable. It is also found that pre-startup conditions have significant influence on cold start. Procedures to minimize residual water inside the cell prior to cold start, such as gas purge, are critically important. Finally, non-isothermal cold start becomes much easier from higher ambient temperatures.
Audiogram and auditory critical ratios of two Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)

This Corrigendum relates to J. Exp. Biol. 215 , [1442-1447][1]. The authors misunderstood JEB's policies on citing non-peer-reviewed literature, and failed to cite the dissertation of Gerstein ([Gerstein, 1999][2]), who also measured critical ratios in two captive manatees. Gerstein measured
Large-Scale Quality Analysis of Published ChIP-seq Data

ChIP-seq has become the primary method for identifying in vivo protein-DNA interactions on a genome-wide scale, with nearly 800 publications involving the technique in PubMed as of December 2012. Individually and in aggregate these data are an important and information-rich resource. However, uncertainties about data quality confound their use by the wider research community. Recently, the Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project, developed and applied metrics to objectively measure ChIP-seq data quality. The ENCODE quality analysis was useful for flagging datasets for closer inspection, eliminating or replacing poor data, and for driving changes in experimental pipelines. There had been no similarly systematic quality analysis of the large and disparate body of published ChIP-seq profiles. Here we report a uniform analysis of vertebrate transcription factor ChIP-seq datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository as of April 1st 2012. The majority (55%) of datasets scored as highly successful, but a substantial minority (20%) were of apparently poor quality, and another ~25% were of intermediate quality. We discuss how different uses of ChIP-Seq data are affected by specific aspects of data quality, and we highlight exceptional instances for which the metric values should not be taken at face value. Unexpectedly, we discovered that a significant subset of control datasets (i.e. no-immunoprecipitation and mock-immunoprecipitation samples) display an enrichment structure similar to successful ChIP-seq data. This can, in turn, affect peak calling and data interpretation. Published datasets identified here as high quality comprise a large group that users can draw on for large-scale integrated analysis. In the future, ChIP-seq quality assessment similar to that used here could guide experimentalists at early stages in a study, provide useful input in the publication process, and be used to stratify ChIP-seq data for different community-wide uses.
Identification of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System through Integrative Pharmacological Approaches

Scientific progress in the biological sciences increasingly relies on an integration of behavioral, pharmacological, cellular, and molecular approaches, particularly in translating basic research observations into therapeutic potential. The strength of in vivo model systems lies in the direct assessment of physiological function. However, they only allow indirect evidence for mechanism of action. Frequently, in vitro models provide just the opposite. A combination of both in vitro and in vivo approaches are often essential for establishing the underlying mechanisms of a specific pharmacological effect. In recent times, an endogenous cannabinoid system has been characterized due to the combined efforts of chemists, pharmacologists, molecular and cellular biologists, and biochemists. This endogenous cannabinoid system is providing a basis for systematically addressing the pharmacological controversies surrounding marijuana. The description of this endogenous cannabinoid system and the strategies for establishing the physiological function of this system are the subjects of this article.
I/sub DDQ/ measurement based diagnosis of bridging faults in full scan circuits

An algorithm for diagnosing two node bridging faults in static CMOS combinational circuits (full scan circuits) is presented. This algorithm uses results from I/sub DDQ/ testing. The bridging faults considered can be between nodes that are outputs of a gate or internal nodes of gates. Experiments on ISCAS89 circuits show that: I/sub DDQ/ measurement based diagnosis, using a small number of random vectors, is very effective; and it is computationally feasible to diagnose, using I/sub DDQ/ measurement, the large number of all bridging faults. >
Communication costs for parallel volume-rendering algorithms

The computational expense of volume rendering motivates the development of parallel implementations on multicomputers. Parallelism achieves higher frame rates, which provide more natural viewing control and enhanced comprehension of 3D structure. Although many parallel implementations exist, we have no framework to compare their relative merits independent of host hardware. The article attempts to establish that framework by enumerating and classifying parallel volume-rendering algorithms suitable for multicomputers with distributed memory and a communication network. It determined the communication costs for classes of parallel algorithms by considering their inherent communication requirements. >
Prevalence of Ranavîrus in Virginia Turtles as Detected by Tail-Clip Sampling versus Oral-Cloacal Swabbing

Ranaviruses are emerging infectious diseases that infect amphibians, fish, and reptiles. Several cases of morbidity and mortality in captive and natural populations of reptiles have been attributed to ranaviruses, but research in this taxon has been limited. We used oral-cloacal swabs and tail clips to survey two species, Chrysemys picta picta (Eastern Painted Turtles) and Sternotherus odoratus (Common Musk Turtles), in three water bodies in central Virginia to determine if ranaviruses were present. Prevalence of ranavirus in C. p. picta ranged from 4.8-31.6% at the three sites. Ranavirus was not detected in S. odoratus, but only oral-cloacal swabs were used in this species because of the cornified tail tip. While tail-tip tissues from all three study sites indicated presence of ranavirus in C. p. picta, no oral-cloacal swabs from these same turtles tested positive. We therefore suggest that oral-cloacal swabbing may yield false negatives when ranavirus is present in turtles, and that tissue sampling may be more appropriate for monitoring ranavirus in turtles.
Effect of the switching order on power dissipation in switched-capacitor circuits

The total power dissipation in a switched-capacitor circuit can be expressed as the sum of two terms: the static power absorbed by the operational amplifiers and the switching power, i.e., the power dissipated in charging and discharging the capacitors. It is shown that, in general, the switching power depends on the order in which the switches connected to the same clock phase are closed. In practice, it is impossible to know this order with absolute certainty. As a consequence, a realistic estimate of the power dissipation can only be given as a range of possible values. It is shown that upper and lower bounds on the power dissipation can be computed by solving a single-source shortest paths problem on a directed graph. Numerical results obtained on a number of switched-capacitor circuits indicate that, if low-power operational amplifiers are used, the switching power can be a significant fraction of the circuit's overall power dissipation.
On empirical capacity, random coding bound, and probability of outage of an object recognition system under constraint of PCA-encoding

The problem of determining the limits of a pattern or object recognition system can often be approached from Information Theoretic point of view. Given source encoded data, the constrained recognition capacity and random coding bound are fundamental characteristics of a recognition channel. They indicate the limiting relationship between the number of classes that a recognition system can maintain, the length of encoded data describing an object/pattern (or its template) at a specific level of noise and distortion and the probability of recognition error. We define recognition channel as an environment that transforms an object template into a query template to be recognized. In this work we assume that images are encoded using an empirical version of Karhunen-Loeve expansion known in the literature as Principal Component Analysis (PCA).We numerically evaluate the empirical capacity and random coding bound of a PCA-based recognition system using two datasets, FRGC 2006 and COIL-100. We further analyze the relationship between these performance measures and the probability of information outage often used in practice to characterize capabilities of a nonergodic communication channel. Our conclusions are supported by the results of the numerical analysis.
In the Circle of the Dance: Notes of an Outsider in Nepal/ An Anthropologist in Japan: Glimpses of Life in the Field

In the Circle of the Dance: Notes of an Outsider in Nepal. Katharine Bjork Guneratne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999. viii. 225 pp., map, photographs, glossary. An Anthropologist in Japan: Glimpses of Life in the Field. Joy Hendry. London: Routledge, 1999. vii +167 pp., photographs, index.
The Application of Maximum Entropy Techniques to Chopped Astronomical Infrared Data

We discuss the application of maximum entropy techniques to chopped astronomical infrared data. The resulting maps are much better than those obtained with the only existing published algorithm. Nevertheless, we feel that the technique requires further improvement before it can yield all the information inherent in such data. In the course of our investigation of the method, an interesting limit of the maximum entropy solution was discovered. This enables a solution of the maximum entropy equations for a large class of problems. The resulting solution illustrates the freezing of degrees of freedom discussed elsewhere in these proceedings. Finally, we discuss an apparently attractive method for assessing the errors on a reconstruction, and why we feel that such a formalism is incomplete.
Does intracellular metabolite diffusion limit post-contractile recovery in burst locomotor muscle?

Post-metamorphic growth in the blue crab entails an increase in body mass that spans several orders of magnitude. The muscles that power burst swimming in these animals grow hypertrophically, such that small crabs have fiber diameters that are typical of most cells ( 600·µm). Thus, as the animals grow, their muscle fibers cross and greatly exceed the surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) and intracellular diffusion distance threshold that is adhered to by most cells. Large fiber size should not impact burst contractile function, but post-contractile recovery may be limited by low SA:V and excessive intracellular diffusion distances. A number of changes occur in muscle structure, metabolic organization and metabolic flux during development to compensate for the effects of increasing fiber size. In the present study, we examined the impact of intracellular metabolite diffusive flux on the rate of postcontractile arginine phosphate (AP) resynthesis in burst locomotor muscle from small and large animals. AP recovery was measured following burst exercise, and these data were compared to a mathematical reaction‐diffusion model of aerobic metabolism. The measured rates of AP resynthesis were independent of fiber size, while simulations of aerobic AP resynthesis yielded lower rates in large fibers. These contradictory findings are consistent with previous observations that there is an increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism for post-contractile metabolic recovery in large fibers. However, the model results suggest that the interaction between mitochondrial ATP production rates, ATP consumption rates and diffusion distances yield a system that is not particularly close to being limited by intracellular metabolite diffusion. We conclude that fiber SA:V and O2 flux exert more control than intracellular metabolite diffusive flux over the developmental changes in metabolic organization and metabolic fluxes that characterize these muscles.
Busing and the Defended Neighborhood South Boston, 1974-1977

Based on seven months of residence, observation, and elite interviewing in South Boston in 1976-1977, this study examines community protest against "forced busing" from the perspective of the "defe...
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Phosphorylation in Lipid Second Messenger Signaling

The plasma membrane serves as a dynamic interface that relays information received at the cell surface into the cell. Lipid second messengers coordinate signaling on this platform by recruiting and activating kinases and phosphatases. Specifically, diacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate activate protein kinase C and Akt, respectively, which then phosphorylate target proteins to transduce downstream signaling. This review addresses how the spatiotemporal dynamics of protein kinase C and Akt signaling can be monitored using genetically encoded reporters and provides information on how the coordination of signaling at protein scaffolds or membrane microdomains affords fidelity and specificity in phosphorylation events.