cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act: Planning for and Response to Bioterrorism and Naturally Occurring Infectious Diseases

The Center for Law and the Public's Health at Georgetown and Johns Hopkins Universities drafted the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA or Model Act) at the request of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Model Act provides state actors with the powers they need to detect and contain bioterrorism or a naturally occurring disease outbreak. Legislative bills based on the MSEHPA have been introduced in 34 states. Problems of obsolescence, inconsistency, and inadequacy may render current state laws ineffective or even counterproductive. State laws often date back to the early 20th century and have been built up in layers over the years. They frequently predate the vast changes in the public health sciences and constitutional law. The Model Act is structured to reflect 5 basic public health functions to be facilitated by law: (1) preparedness, comprehensive planning for a public health emergency; (2) surveillance, measures to detect and track public health emergencies; (3) management of property, ensuring adequate availability of vaccines, pharmaceuticals, and hospitals, as well as providing power to abate hazards to the public's health; (4) protection of persons, powers to compel vaccination, testing, treatment, isolation, and quarantine when clearly necessary; and (5) communication, providing clear and authoritative information to the public. The Model Act also contains a modernized, extensive set of principles and requirements to safeguard personal rights. Law can be a tool to improve public health preparedness. A constitutional democracy must balance the common good with respect for personal dignity, toleration of groups, and adherence to principles of justice.
Scene analysis of range image for mobile robot navigation

A novel method of analyzing a range image is proposed for the purpose of scene analysis for mobile robot navigation. A laser rangefinder is used as a range acquisition device to provide range images for this research. It is proposed to use the mean field annealing technique to analyze each laser stripe, which has the advantage of smoothing the line segment while preserving the edges very well. Triangulation is used to interpret those strips, and one can thereby obtain a grey image of the scene and reconstruct the surface of the scene. The result of the analysis of a laser stripe image can be used for object recognition in the scene image, path planning, or collision avoidance of a mobile robot. >
Back-diffusion of CO2 and its influence on the intramural pH in gastric mucosa.

We have examined the back-diffusion of CO2 generated by buffering HCI with NaHCO, in the stomach, observed its influence on the pH in the wall of the gastric mucosa, and compared its effects with those of HCl. Isolated stomachs of 17 anesthetized dogs were exposed to either ( I ) 250 ml NaCl at pH 7, or (2) 125 ml HCl (12.5 meq) + 125 ml NaHCO, (12.5 meq) to generate 12.5 meq CO2 in the stomach, or (3) 250 ml HCI alone to give either 12.5 or 35 meq HCl in the stomach. Samples of gastric fluid and arterial blood were collected every 20 min for 6 hr and analyzed for pH and pC02. The intramural pH of the gastric wall was measured by hollow viscus tonometry. The pC02 in gastric juice rose to 1184 + 139 mm Hg upon the generation of CO2 in the stomach. The till of the CO2 generated by the buffering of acid was 32 + 4 min and of the pC02 was 18.7 f 0.7 min. The till of an equimolar amount of HCI was 2 hr 42 min f 40 min. The disappearance of the CO, was accompanied by a rise in intragastric pH from 6.0 f 0.01 to 6.8 + 0.09 (P < 0.05). and by a fall in intramural pH in the gastric wall from control values of 7.31 + 0.05 to 6.3 f 0.8 (P .Z 0.001). In contrast the pH in gastric fluid did not change and the pH in the intramural fluid did not fall below control values following the administration of 12.5 or 35 meq HCI alone.
Gene ontology friendly biclustering of expression profiles

The soundness of clustering in the analysis of gene expression profiles and gene function prediction is based on the hypothesis that genes with similar expression profiles may imply strong correlations with their functions in the biological activities. Gene ontology (GO) has become a well accepted standard in organizing gene function categories. Different gene function categories in GO can have very sophisticated relationships, such as 'part of' and 'overlapping'. Until now, no clustering algorithm can generate gene clusters within which the relationships can naturally reflect those of gene function categories in the GO hierarchy. The failure in resembling the relationships may reduce the confidence of clustering in gene function prediction. In this paper, we present a new clustering technique, smart hierarchical tendency preserving clustering (SMTP-clustering), based on a bicluster model, tendency preserving cluster (TP-Cluster). By directly incorporating gene ontology information into the clustering process, the SMTP-clustering algorithm yields a TP-cluster tree within which any subtree can be well mapped to a part of the GO hierarchy. Our experiments on yeast cell cycle data demonstrate that this method is efficient and effective in generating the biological relevant TP-clusters.
The Human Rights and Social Justice Scholars Program: a collaborative model for preclinical training in social medicine.

Abstract Background Despite the importance of the role social justice takes in medical professionalism, the need to train health professionals to address social determinants of health, and medical trainees' desire to eliminate health disparities, undergraduate medical education offers few opportunities for comprehensive training in social justice. The Human Rights and Social Justice (HRSJ) Scholars Program at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is a preclinical training program in social medicine consisting of 5 components: a didactic course, faculty and student mentorship, research projects in social justice, longitudinal policy and advocacy service projects, and a career seminar series. Objectives The aim of this article is to describe the design and implementation of the HRSJ curriculum with a focus on the cornerstone of the HRSJ Scholars Program: longitudinal policy and advocacy service projects implemented in collaboration with partner organizations in East Harlem. Furthermore, we describe the results of a qualitative survey of inaugural participants, now third-year medical students, to understand how their participation in this service-learning component affected their clinical experiences and professional self-perceptions. Conclusion Ultimately, through the implementation and evaluation of the HRSJ Scholars Program, we demonstrate an innovative model for social justice education; the enduring effect of service-learning experiences on participants' knowledge, skills, and attitudes; and the potential to increase community capacity for improved health through a collaborative educational model.
Shape from periodic texture using the spectrogram

It is shown how local spatial image frequency is related to the surface normal of a textured surface. It is found that the Fourier power spectra of any two similarly textured patches on a plane are approximately related to each other by an affine transformation. The transformation parameters are a function of the plane's surface normal. This relationship is used as the basis of an algorithm for finding surface normals of textured shapes using the spectrogram, which is one type of local spatial frequency representation. The relationship is validated by testing the algorithm on real textures. By analyzing shape and texture in terms of the local spatial frequency representation, the advantages of the representation for the shape-from-texture problem can be exploited. Specifically, the algorithm requires no feature detection and can give correct results even when the texture is aliased. >
Translational Molecular Imaging: Repurposing an Old Technique to Track Cell Migration Into Human Atheroma∗

A wealth of basic and translational science over the last 2 decades has harnessed the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis [(1–4)][1]. This progress in our fundamental understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has
Gossypolhemiquinone, a dimeric sesquiterpenoid identified in cotton (Gossypium)

The report that the cotton leaf perforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella, is one of the few insect herbivores to attack Gossypium thurberi prompted an investigation of the terpenoids present in the leaves of this wild species of cotton. Members of Gossypium produce subepidermal pigment glands in their leaves that contain the dimeric sesquiterpenoid gossypol as well as other biosynthetically related terpenoids. In addition to gossypol, a previously unknown dimeric sesquiterpenoid, gossypolhemiquinone (GHQ), was identified in trace amounts in G. thurberi, a member of the D genome. Other members of the D genome of Gossypium were subsequently found to contain this compound, but GHQ was not detected in commercial cotton cultivars. When fed to Helicoverpa zea in an artificial diet, GHQ delayed days-to-pupation, reduced pupal weights, and survival to adulthood to a lesser or equal extent than gossypol in comparison to the control diet. However, GHQ had a synergistic effect on survival and days-to-pupation when combined with gossypol at the highest dosage tested (0.18%; 15.5:84.5 GHQ:gossypol). Because gossypol exhibits anti-cancer activity, GHQ was also evaluated for its anti-cancer activity against the National Cancer Institute's 60-Human Tumor Cell Line Screen. Significant inhibitory activity against most of these cell lines was not observed, but the results may offer some promise against leukemia cancer cell lines.
Saturated pool boiling heat transfer from vertically oriented silicon surfaces modified with foam-like hexagonal boron nitride nanomaterials

Abstract In this work, the ability of a foam-like hierarchical hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanomaterial to act as a scalable surface modifier for improved pool boiling performance is investigated. The h-BN foam samples were grown using an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition process onto the surfaces of open-cell nickel foam followed by selective etching. Saturated pool boiling experiments were conducted in degassed deionized water for unaltered silicon surfaces, silicon surfaces modified with planar or foam-like h-BN materials plus adhesion layer, and a silicon sample with only the adhesion layer present. Results from the unaltered silicon surface obtained in this study were found to be in excellent agreement with previous studies. For the planar h-BN control sample the observed critical heat flux (CHF) occurred at 24.2 ± 2.4 W/cm2 at wall superheat of 28.0 ± 2.1 K, a factor of three lower CHF than for the unaltered Si surface. CHF for h-BN foam samples occurred at 69.1 ± 6.9 W/cm2 at wall superheat of 25.0 ± 2.1 K and 87.9 ± 8.8 W/cm2 at wall superheat of 24.9 ± 2.1 K. These CHF results are comparable to the bare silicon values but significantly enhanced compared to the adhesion layer only and planar h-BN samples, thereby indicating foam-like h-BN nanomaterials have the potential to facilitate significant CHF enhancement but that means of integration is critical to determining overall performance. Comparison of boiling curves reveals the h-BN foam samples demonstrated higher heat transfer coefficient at moderate and high heat flux relative to bare silicon, with CHF being reached at ∼30% lower wall superheat.
IP as Charity

Intellectual property and charity law are generally considered distinct and unrelated bodies of law. But in some respects, they are similar and complementary. Specifically, patent, copyright, and charity law are all intended to increase social welfare by solving market and government failures in public goods caused by free riding and transaction costs. Patent solves market failures in innovation by providing an indirect subsidy to marginal innovators, copyright solves market failures in works of authorship by providing an indirect subsidy to marginal authors, and charity law solves market failures in charitable goods by providing an indirect subsidy to marginal donors. In fact, innovation and works of authorship are categories of charitable goods. The “warm glow” of altruism includes the drive to innovate and create works of authorship. But patent, copyright, and charity law solve market and government failures in innovation and works of authorship in complementary ways. Patent and copyright efficiently reduce ex ante transaction costs, but increase ex post transaction costs. Charity law reduces both ex ante and ex post transaction costs. Accordingly, the efficient scope and duration of copyright should depend on ex ante transaction costs, because charity can more efficiently reduce ex post transaction costs, especially as the introduction of new social technologies like crowdfunding further reduces transaction costs associated with charitable contributions.
A Factor Analytic Evaluation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale

Objectives The present study aimed to elucidate the factor structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004)–a widely used measure of emotion dysregulation. Method Participants were 3 undergraduate samples (N = 840, 78.33% female, mean age = 20.30). Results We began by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine 3 existing models, finding that none consistently demonstrated adequate fit across samples. Subsequently, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis, identifying a novel 5-factor model that consistently resulted in adequate fit across samples. We also ran several CFA models after removing the Awareness subscale items–which have performed inconsistently in prior research–finding that a reduced-measure variant of the model retained by Gratz and Roemer (2004) resulted in adequate fit across samples. No higher-order models consistently resulted in adequate fit across samples. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with previous work in suggesting use of a DERS total score may not be appropriate. Additionally, further work is needed to examine the novel 5-factor model and the effect of reverse-scored items on the DERS factor structure.
Development toward Wafer-Scale Graphene RF Electronics

We will present recent development of graphene FET technology on a wafer scale, including epitaxial graphene growth, device fabrication and characterization. The epitaxial growth of graphene on 2-inch wafers were fabricated via graphitization of Siface SiC(0001) substrates. The sheet electron carrier density of these layers were typically 10-13 cm2 at room temperature and had mobility of ~ 1500 cm2 V-1 s-1 or higher. Graphene FETs were fabricated with source and drain non-alloyed ohmic metal schemes. Metal gates were used on top of atomic-layer-deposited high-k (Al2O3) gate dielectric layer. DC and RF performance of the world's first epitaxial graphene RF FETs is presented.
Automatic Check of Grid Related Protections and Limitations Based on Full Dynamic Simulation

The generator' grid related protections and limitations do have some problems,such as the conservatism and mismatching of settings of protections and limitations,and the coordination between these protections and limitations and power systems.Based on full dynamic simulation,an automatic checking method of generators' grid related protections and limitations is proposed.It can be used to check the dynamic performance of protections and limitations of generators in different fault operation modes to evaluate the operation risk of power system.Simulation results show that the method is able to reflect the dynamic performance of electric power system after a fault more realistically.It can be an effective tool for the stability analysis and optimization control of power systems.
Submucosal leiomyomas and infertility.

Seventeen patients with primary (59%) or secondary (41%) infertility and evidence of at least 1 large (≥5cm) submucosal leiomyoma underwent abdominal myomectomy. In all patients, no other cause of infertility could be found. Following surgery, 2 of the 17 patients elected to use contraception. Thirteen of the 15 patients wishing to establish a pregnancy had 10 or more months of sexual exposure. The overall pregnancy rate was 47%, and 53% of those patients attempting to establish a pregnancy conceived. The corrected pregnancy rate for those with adequate sexual exposure for at least 10months was 61.5%. Of those women who attained a pregnancy, 63% did so within 11months after surgery. Only one patient conceived after more than 3years (38months). These results suggest that submucosal leiomyomas are a possible cause of infertility and are highly amenable to surgical treatment and subsequent restoration of fertility.
A systematic identification and analysis of scientists on Twitter.

Metrics derived from Twitter and other social media—often referred to as altmetrics—are increasingly used to estimate the broader social impacts of scholarship. Such efforts, however, may produce highly misleading results, as the entities that participate in conversations about science on these platforms are largely unknown. For instance, if altmetric activities are generated mainly by scientists, does it really capture broader social impacts of science? Here we present a systematic approach to identifying and analyzing scientists on Twitter. Our method can identify scientists across many disciplines, without relying on external bibliographic data, and be easily adapted to identify other stakeholder groups in science. We investigate the demographics, sharing behaviors, and interconnectivity of the identified scientists. We find that Twitter has been employed by scholars across the disciplinary spectrum, with an over-representation of social and computer and information scientists; under-representation of mathematical, physical, and life scientists; and a better representation of women compared to scholarly publishing. Analysis of the sharing of URLs reveals a distinct imprint of scholarly sites, yet only a small fraction of shared URLs are science-related. We find an assortative mixing with respect to disciplines in the networks between scientists, suggesting the maintenance of disciplinary walls in social media. Our work contributes to the literature both methodologically and conceptually—we provide new methods for disambiguating and identifying particular actors on social media and describing the behaviors of scientists, thus providing foundational information for the construction and use of indicators on the basis of social media metrics.
Adapting the I-PASS Handoff Program for Emergency Department Inter-Shift Handoffs.

ABSTRACT Introduction Academic Emergency Department (ED) handoffs are high-risk transfer of care events. Emergency medicine residents are inadequately trained to handle these vital transitions. We aimed to explore what modifications the I-PASS (Illness severity, Patient summary, Action list, Situation awareness and contingency plans, and Synthesis by receiver) handoff system requires to be effectively modified for use in ED inter-shift handoffs. Methods This mixed-method needs assessment conducted at an academic ED explored the suitability of the I-PASS system for ED handoffs. We conducted a literature review, focus groups, and then a survey. We sought to identify the distinctive elements of ED handoffs and discern how these could be incorporated into the I-PASS system. Results Focus group participants agreed the Patient summary should be adapted to include anticipated disposition of patient. Participants generally endorsed the order and content of the other elements of the I-PASS tool. The survey yielded several wording changes to reflect contextual differences. Themes from all qualitative sources converged to suggest changes for brevity and clarity (Figure 1). Most participants agreed that the I-PASS tool would be well suited to the emergency department setting. Conclusion With modifications for context, brevity, and clarity, the I-PASS system may be well suited for application to the ED setting. This study provides qualitative data in support of utilizing the I-PASS tool and concrete suggestions for how to modify the I-PASS tool for the ED. Implementation and outcome research is needed to investigate if the I-PASS tool is feasible and improves patient outcomes in the ED environment.
Evaluation of a uranium zirconium hydride fuel rod option for conversion of the MIT research reactor (MITR) from highly-enriched uranium to low-enriched uranium

Abstract The conversion of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reactor (MITR) from the use of highly-enriched uranium (HEU) fuel-plate assemblies to low-enriched uranium (LEU) by replacing the HEU fuel plates with specially designed General Atomics (GA) uranium zirconium hydride (UZrH) LEU fuel rods is evaluated. The margin to critical heat flux (CHF) in the core, which is cooled by light water at low pressure, is evaluated analytically for steady-state operation. A form of the Groeneveld CHF lookup table method is used and described in detail. A CHF ratio of 1.41 was found in the present analysis at 10 MW with engineering hot channel factors included. Thus, the nominal reactor core power, and neutron flux performance, would need to be reduced by at least 25% in order to meet the regulatory requirement of a minimum CHF ratio of 2.0.
Large anomalies in lower stratospheric water vapour and ice during the 2015–2016 El Niño

The El Nino of 2015–2016 was unusual and exceptionally strong. Satellite observations and modelling suggest that convective lofting and sublimation of ice particles during this event contributed to moistening of the lower stratosphere.
Far-Infrared Spectral Observations of the Galaxy by the Far-Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer

The Galactic continuum spectrum from 5–96 cm−1 is derived from COBE1 /FIRAS observations. The spectra are dominated by warm dust emission, which may be fit with a single temperature along each line of sight in the range 16–21 K. A widespread, very cold component (4–7 K) with optical depth that is spatially correlated with the warm component is also detected. The nature of the cold component and its implications for the amount of very cold material in the Milky Way are discussed.
Parapelvic cysts mimicking hydronephrosis

Point-of-care renal ultrasonography performed by physicians at bedside assists in rapid evaluation of hydronephrosis, nephrolithiasis and other structural abnormalities, and guides management. As such, it is important to differentiate between various renal pathologies that can mimic one another and herein, we present a case where parapelvic cysts mimicked hydronephrosis.
The Moorehead Phase Occupation at the Emerald Acropolis

The Emerald site, also known as the Emerald Acropolis, was an early Mississippian pilgrimage center key to Cahokia’s development. This paper presents the hitherto unpublished results of two archaeo...
Arterial Blood Pressure

This passage is from Statical Essays : Containing Haemostaticks, a treatise written in 1733 by an English clergyman named Stephen ales. Although there the 18th century, this experiment of sorts by the Reverend Hales is often cited (97), (346) as an early and dramatic demonstrable pressure -- enough to elevate a column of water some five feet or more.
The Reversal of Keratinized Squamous Metaplastic Lesions of Vitamin A Deficiency in Tracheobronchial Epithelium by Vitamin A and Vitamin A Analogs in Organ Culture: A Model System for Anti-Carcinogenesis Studies

Normal cellular differentiation in tracheobronchial epithelium is dependent on vitamin A. In the absence of vitamin A the normal ciliated and mucus-producing cells of this epithelium are replaced by squamous cells, which are neither ciliated nor mucus-producing, but which do produce keratin. We have developed an in vitro system for studying the above process, using organ culture of hamster tracheas in chemically defined, serum-free medium. Keratinized squamous lesions of tracheobronchial epithelium can be induced by absence of vitamin A in the defined medium. Addition of vitamin A or its analogs to the culture (after such lesions have formed) induces reversal of keratinization and growth of a new ciliated and mucus-producing epithelium. A single one-day dose of all-trans-retinyl acetate or all-trans -retinoic acid is sufficient to effect reversal of keratinization. The hamster tracheobronchial organ culture system is also being used in our laboratory to determine whether vitamin A and its analogs are capable of reversing squamous metaplastic or other preneoplastic lesions that are induced by chemical carcinogens.
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease

Acute pelvic inflammatory disease is one of the most important consequences of sexually transmitted infection. Of sexually active women in the United States, one million (or 1 per cent) develop the infection. The sequelae include infertility (10 per cent), ectopic pregnancy (5 per cent), chronic pain (15 per cent), and recurrent infection (25 per cent). Organisms that cause the infection include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, genital mycoplasma, and a wide variety of facultative and anaerobic bacteria. Prompt recognition and therapy are necessary to reduce the sequelae.
RUST: Managing Problem Reports and To-Do Lists

Organizing and managing to-do lists and user reported problems efficiently are important tasks for system administrators. The overhead of organizing them involves time. As the to-do list and problem reports increase, so does the time required to organize and maintain them. Without an effective method of managing these lists, important issues may be ignored and forgotten. This paper describes our experiences in evaluating and implementing problem and work tracking software. Initially, we examined and tested currently available software. We found, however, that they poorly addressed some problems facing our computing facility. We therefore designed and implemented a ticket system that would best fit the needs of our network.
Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of cyclometalated N-Heterocyclic carbene Platinum(II) complexes

Abstract Thiophene and benzothiophene ligands containing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) moieties were used to synthesize five and six-membered Pt(II) metallacycles. Ligand scaffolding was synthesized using two methods. The ligands were synthesized using a coupling reaction, utilizing Cu2O as the catalyst or were synthesized using a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The ligands were then metalated by chelate-assisted C H activation. The synthesis, characterization, reactivity, and photophysical properties of these NHC-functionalized, cyclometalated products are reported.
Achieving Excellence in Exploration and Exploitation by Matching Appropriate Resources

Exploration and exploitation are two fundamental activities for a firm's long-term success. Based on a panel data of 125 high technology firms collected using a text mining technique, this study shows a three-stage “horizontal S” relationship between exploration and firm performance. Further, this study reveals that it is critical to align appropriate type of resources between exploration and exploitation. Different type of resources each has its own unique way of benefiting or hampering a firm's exploration and exploitation activities. In particular, absorbed slack resource facilitates exploitation but impairs exploration, while unabsorbed slack resource facilitates exploration.
Characterizing Longitudinal Changes in the Impedance Spectra of In-Vivo Peripheral Nerve Electrodes

Characterizing the aging processes of electrodes in vivo is essential in order to elucidate the changes of the electrode–tissue interface and the device. However, commonly used impedance measurements at 1 kHz are insufficient for determining electrode viability, with measurements being prone to false positives. We implanted cohorts of five iridium oxide (IrOx) and six platinum (Pt) Utah arrays into the sciatic nerve of rats, and collected the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) up to 12 weeks or until array failure. We developed a method to classify the shapes of the magnitude and phase spectra, and correlated the classifications to circuit models and electrochemical processes at the interface likely responsible. We found categories of EIS characteristic of iridium oxide tip metallization, platinum tip metallization, tip metal degradation, encapsulation degradation, and wire breakage in the lead. We also fitted the impedance spectra as features to a fine-Gaussian support vector machine (SVM) algorithm for both IrOx and Pt tipped arrays, with a prediction accuracy for categories of 95% and 99%, respectively. Together, this suggests that these simple and computationally efficient algorithms are sufficient to explain the majority of variance across a wide range of EIS data describing Utah arrays. These categories were assessed over time, providing insights into the degradation and failure mechanisms for both the electrode–tissue interface and wire bundle. Methods developed in this study will allow for a better understanding of how EIS can characterize the physical changes to electrodes in vivo.
High-resolution structure determination of sub-100 kDa complexes using conventional cryo-EM

Determining high-resolution structures of biological macromolecules amassing less than 100 kilodaltons (kDa) has been a longstanding goal of the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) community. While the Volta phase plate has enabled visualization of specimens in this size range, this instrumentation is not yet fully automated and can present technical challenges. Here, we show that conventional defocus-based cryo-EM methodologies can be used to determine high-resolution structures of specimens amassing less than 100 kDa using a transmission electron microscope operating at 200 keV coupled with a direct electron detector. Our ~2.7 A structure of alcohol dehydrogenase (82 kDa) proves that bound ligands can be resolved with high fidelity to enable investigation of drug-target interactions. Our ~2.8 A and ~3.2 A structures of methemoglobin demonstrate that distinct conformational states can be identified within a dataset for proteins as small as 64 kDa. Furthermore, we provide the sub-nanometer cryo-EM structure of a sub-50 kDa protein. Despite many recent advances in cryo-EM, imaging smaller macromolecules (below 100 kDa) has remained a challenge. Here the authors show that biological specimens amassing <100 kDa can be resolved to better than 3 A resolution using conventional defocus-based single-particle analysis methods.
Predictive quantification of surrogate model fidelity based on modal variations with sample density

It is generally challenging to quantify the fidelity of surrogate models without additional system evaluations. Standard error measures, such as the mean squared error and cross-validation error, often do not adequately capture the fidelity of the model trained using all available sample points. This paper introduces a new model-independent approach to quantify surrogate model fidelity, called Predictive Estimation of Model Fidelity (PEMF). In PEMF, intermediate surrogates are iteratively constructed over heuristic subsets of sample points. The median and the maximum errors estimated over the remaining points are used to determine the respective error distributions at each iteration. The estimated modes of the error distributions are represented as functions of the density of intermediate training points through nonlinear regression, assuming a smooth decreasing trend of errors with increasing sample density. These regression functions are then used to predict the expected median and maximum errors in the final surrogate model (trained using all available sample points). A Monotonic Trend criterion is defined to statistically test if the regression function is reasonably reliable in predicting the model fidelity, failing which a stable implementation of k-fold cross-validation (based on modal error) is used to predict the final surrogate error. To compare the accuracy and robustness of PEMF with that of the popular leave-one-out cross-validation, numerical experiments are performed using Kriging, RBF, and E-RBF models. It is observed that the model fidelities estimated by PEMF is up to two orders of magnitude more accurate and statistically more stable compared to those based on cross-validation.
Mycobacterium Avium Prosthetic Hip Infection on Abatacept Presenting as Fever of Unknown Origin

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are well-described pulmonary pathogens in patients with underlying lung disease. Extra-pulmonary infections with NTM are rare. We describe a prosthetic hip infection with Mycobacterium avium complex. Increased immunosuppressing medications and number of total joint replacements are expected to increase the prevalence of NTM infections in the future.
Phonologic Mediation is Fundamental to Reading

The experiments reported in this chapter tested whether phonologic mediation affects proofreading and, by implication, whether phonologic mediation affects reading generally. Printed words activate phonologic codes1, and these phonologic codes are primary constraints in word identification. This phonologic mediation hypothesis is hotly debated, and variants of this hypothesis span the history of the psychology of reading. Recently, my colleagues and I proposed a new phonologic mediation hypothesis which we called the phonologic coherence hypothesis (Van Orden, Pennington, & Stone, 1989). This hypothesis was motivated by computational assumptions common to subsymbolic connectionism (e.g., see Smolensky, 1986a; 1986b; 1988).
Variations in pain perception during the menstrual cycle: implications for esthetic procedures.

Abstract Variations in pain perception have long been studied in the medical literature, especially for women in regards to their menstrual cycle. Anecdotally, women can be more sensitive to painful stimuli from cosmetic procedures during their menses; however, no studies have thoroughly examined variations in pain perception for women in esthetic medicine. In an effort to look into this phenomenon, we review the current literature on this topic by examining studies from other medical subspecialties and also discuss implications for clinical practice.
Executive Functions and Academic Outcomes of Low Birthweight Infants: A Prospective Longitudinal U.S. Cohort.

Objective Executive functions such as working memory and cognitive flexibility are key to lifelong learning. Our hypothesis was that children born low birthweight (LBW), defined as weight Study Design We evaluated data from 12,656 children followed prospectively in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class 2010–2011, assessing outcomes from kindergarten, first grade, and second grade. Multivariable linear and logistic regressions were run evaluating the relationship between birthweight and cognitive outcomes, and the odds of infants with poor executive functioning having poor academic outcomes. Results Compared with children with normal birthweight, those born LBW had lower mean z-scores for academic and directly assessed executive functions from kindergarten through second grade. LBW children were at an increased risk of scoring in the bottom 20% of children at all time points: second-grade reading odds ratio (OR) = 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI:] 1.23–2.09), math OR = 1.49 (95% CI: 1.21–1.84), science OR = 1.41 (95% CI: 1.11–1.81), cognitive flexibility OR = 1.61 (95% CI: 1.27–2.02), and working memory OR = 1.40 (95% CI: 1.10–1.77). Conclusion LBW infants remain at risk of poor cognitive outcomes in second grade. Early difficulties with executive functioning can increase the risk of a child's academic performance years later.
Relativistic electron detachment energies and spin–orbit splittings from quasiparticle electron propagator calculations

The P3+ (renormalized partial third–order) self–energy approximation has been highly successful in interpretation and prediction of photoelectron spectra of atoms, molecules and ions. This method i...
Increasing Monitoring and Management of Side Effects from Atypical Antipsychotic Medications in Children with Developmental Disabilities

Background: Behavior difficulties such as irritability, aggression, and repetitive and challenging behaviors are common in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities (DD). Atypical antipsychotic medications (AAPM) are currently first-line pharmacological agents for treatment of these behaviors. However, there are significant associated adverse effects of AAPM in children, including excessive weight gain, abnormal involuntary movements, and laboratory abnormalities. A recent chart review of children with ASD treated with AAPM revealed that 40% had overweight or obesity (OW/OB). Problem: Despite significant long-term health risks, the Division of Developmental and …
Vertically Aligned AgxAu1-x Alloyed Nanopillars Embedded in ZnO as Nanoengineered Low-Loss Hybrid Plasmonic Metamaterials.

Hybrid plasmonic metamaterials offer a pathway to exotic properties and technologically important applications including subdiffraction imaging and plasmonic energy harvesting. Challenges remain fo...
Large Datasets for Disparities Research in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer disparities affect how different populations are impacted by breast cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. We provide an overview of large datasets that scientists can use to study disparities in breast cancer outcomes. Many large datasets are accessible to disparities researchers with a project plan and little or no cost. Yet only two datasets have been significantly used in breast cancer disparities publications. Other datasets combine administrative claim, molecular, electronic health record, patient reported, imaging, and clinical trial data in a way that could benefit disparities research. Many existing datasets lack sufficient diversity or detail in key disparity variables. With this review of the different datasets available and their potential pitfalls, researchers will be better equipped to conduct studies that can identify and solve the problems that lead to health outcome disparities for breast cancer patients.
Do Parties Hold Politicians Accountable (and for What)? Evidence from South African Local Government Elections

In this paper, we examine the extent to which political parties in a strong-party system hold individual politicians to account. Specifically, we consider the determinants of incumbent renominations and promotions in the context of South African local government elections. We find strong evidence that parties are very responsive to the subjective views of citizens regarding the quality of services and quality of government more generally, particularly in electorally competitive areas. By contrast, objective" measures of performance, including levels of basic service delivery, do not predict renominations. We discuss how these findings raise important questions for how we think about party responsiveness and accountability in developing country contexts.
Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal Susceptibility Loci for Digital Dermatitis in Holstein Cattle

Digital dermatitis (DD) causes lameness in dairy cattle. To detect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with DD, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes and binary case/control, quantitative (average number of FW per hoof trimming record) and recurrent (cases with ≥2 DD episodes vs. controls) phenotypes from cows across four dairies (controls n = 129 vs. FW n = 85). Linear mixed model (LMM) and random forest (RF) approaches identified the top SNPs, which were used as predictors in Bayesian regression models to assess the SNP predictive value. The LMM and RF analyses identified QTL regions containing candidate genes on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 2 for the binary and recurrent phenotypes and BTA7 and 20 for the quantitative phenotype that related to epidermal integrity, immune function, and wound healing. Although larger sample sizes are necessary to reaffirm these small effect loci amidst a strong environmental effect, the sample cohort used in this study was sufficient for estimating SNP effects with a high predictive value.
Bewertung von Realoptionen in globalen Produktions- und Logistiknetzwerken

Globale Unternehmensnetzwerke — wenn man sie denn als Realoption betrachtet — bieten die Moglichkeit, Risiken viel effektiver und effizienter zu „hedgen“, d.h. den Unternehmenswert zu steigern und das Verlustrisiko zu reduzieren. Dies kann prinzipiell durch die Ausnutzung von operativer Flexibilitat geschehen, z.B. durch die (Re-)Distribution von Produkten auf die attraktivsten Markte. Im allgemeinen gilt jedoch, dass ein Fokus auf eine Optimierung der Supply Chain allein zu einer Reduzierung des Unternehmenswertes fuhren kann. Die Moglichkeit der Ausnutzung von Managementflexibilitat hingegen verlangt die explizite Berucksichtigung von Wechselkurs-/Preis- und Nachfragerisiken sowie den Aufbau und die Koordination von sogenannten reaktiven Kapazitaten. Anhand einer Harvard-Fallstudie zeigen wir anschaulich, dass mit Hilfe eines solchen globalen Produktions- und Logistiknetzwerkes das Verlustrisiko — auch ohne finanzielles Hedging — auf Null reduziert werden kann und gleichzeitig sich die erwartete Rendite des Unternehmens — gemessen in Prozent vom Jahresumsatz — auf einen mindestens zweistelligen Betrag steigern laβt. Es werden Bewertungsmethoden fur die Unterstutzung der strategischen Planung von globalen Produktions- und Logistiknetzwerken skizziert und operative Strategien zum langfristigen Unternehmenswachstum diskutiert.
The socioeconomic concentration of intensive production interest: Lessons from the tiny home community:

Since the middle of the 1970s, the cost of higher education, childcare, healthcare, and housing have all risen relative to median earnings, threatening the balance sheets of many middle-income hous...
Income Smoothing and Islam: Evidence from Pakistan Shari'ah Compliant Companies

Income smoothing refers to the use of accounting techniques to level out net income fluctuations from one period to the next. Companies indulge in this practice to manipulate the earnings over the period in order to lower the level of uncertainty. The companies with constant earnings attract more investors as they are willing to pay more prices for company’s stock. This study examines the presence of artificial income smoothing in 64 Shari‘ah compliant companies listed in the financial market of Pakistan for the period 2008-2015. The study also takes into consideration the concept of income smoothing from an Islamic perspective. To achieve the study’s objectives, Eckel’s index model is used. The study found that 34 percent of the companies are non-smoothers and 66 percent of the companies are smoothers in pooled sample. Among high market capitalized 32 companies, 37.5 percent of the companies are non-smoothers and 62.5 percent are smoothing companies. In 32 low market capitalized companies, 31 percent companies are non- smoothing and 69 percent companies are practicing income smoothing.
An economic model for vendor selection

An economic model for vendor selection is presented. There are two decision factors to be considered in the model: price and material quality. In developing the model, material quality is expressed in terms of monetary units, then combined with price to..
An Investigation of Diesel Odor in an Air Aspirated Spray Burner and a CFR Diesel Engine

A single cylinder diesel engine test facility and an air-aspirated spray burner facility have been modified and instrumented for studying diesel odor formation. Odor sampling and analysis techniques, based on the Arthur D. Little, Inc. Diesel Odor Analysis System (DOAS), have been developed and refined. Emissions mapping of the burner and the engine operating at steady state conditions, as well as transient engine conditions, are presented and discussed. The engine mappings presented indicate that operating parameters, such as injection angle, exceptionally high or low compression ratio, and exceptionally rich or lean air-fuel ratio, can have a significant effect on odor production. The burner results presented indicate that stoichiometry as well as combustion aerodynamics can strongly influence odor formation. /SASI/
The utilization of the rabbit alveolar macrophage and Chinese hamster ovary cell for evaluation of the toxicity of particulate materials: I. Model compounds and metal-coated fly ash

Abstract Data are presented which detail the effects of model particulate compounds and fly ash particles on rabbit alveolar macrophage (RAM) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Silica, silicic acid, titanium dioxide, and size-fractionated (0–2, 2–5, and 5–8 μm) fly ash particles with and without coatings of nickel, lead, or cadmium oxides were the experimental particles. Silica was the most toxic particle studied. Cell viability and ATP in the RAM assay and colony survival in the CHO assay showed an almost identical response to silica and silicic acid. Titanium dioxide particles were relatively inert in the RAM and CHO systems, although a pronounced loss of ATP was observed in cells exposed in serum-free medium. Uncoated fly ash was relatively nontoxic in the RAM system when assayed by measurement of cell number and viability, ATP, and total protein. However, toxicity of the uncoated particles was demonstrated in the CHO clonal assay. The number of colonies formed at 1000 μg/ml particulate was reduced to 10.6, 28.5, and 82.2% of the control for the 0 to 2, 2 to 5-, and 5 to 8-μm size ranges. Nickel oxide-coated fly ash was more cytotoxic than the uncoated particles in both the RAM and CHO cell systems. Toxicity of NiO was similar to that obtained for the NiO-coated fly ash although the weight percentage of NiO in the ash was only 3%, suggesting that the particles enhanced toxicity. The lead oxide-coated fly ash was even more toxic than the nickel-coated particles; these particles were used to explore the effect of serum concentration on toxic responses. Cellular ATP was strongly affected in macrophages exposed in serum-free media and treated with PbO-coated fly ash; ATP ranged from 20 to 200 times less than that for the corresponding uncoated fly ash or untreated control. Nickel and lead did not dissociate from the fly ashes into the biological media. However, cadmium was rapidly released from the cadmium oxide-coated fly ash and provided an excellent model for study of the dissociation of toxic compounds from particle surfaces. The rate of dissociation of the metal was correlated with loss of ATP in RAM cultures. Cell numbers were unaltered after treatment with the CdO-coated fly ash as reported previously for soluble cadmium. The CdO-coated fly ash was considerably more toxic than would have been predicted on the basis of the amount of soluble cadmium released into the medium, also indicating that the association of the metal oxide with the fly ash enhanced toxicity.