cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Old friends make the best friends: A counter-narrative of aging for people and pets

Abstract This study examines the counter-narrative of aging—Old Friends Make the Best Friends—that nonprofit animal rescue organizations collaboratively construct to encourage the adoption of senior dogs and cats. Textual analysis of organizational websites revealed three coordinated strategies for challenging negative assumptions and changing public sentiment: education and advocacy, supportive services, and appeals to altruism. Together, the organizations endorse senior pets as potentially damaged but always resilient, deserving of care and still capable of meaningful life. In doing so, they disrupt dominant scripts of aging as decline with support for the human-animal bond in later life. Ultimately, this counter-narrative normalizes the lived realities of aging for pets and people: It champions the promises of old age by advocating for senior animals and pet guardianship in later life, and it acknowledges the inherent challenges of old age by providing financial, material, and emotional resources to manage the care of senior pets, older adults, and the relationships that sustain them.
Experience of Teaching a Course on Software Engineering Principles Without a Project

This paper summarizes an experience in designing and delivering a course "Software Development Essentials", a second year computer science course designed to teach software engineering skills without a project component. This paper describes the motivation, design, and implementation of the course. This course was offered as a pilot course that enrolled approximately 65 students at the University of Virginia. The need for the course emerged as we found many later project-centric courses assumed students already had knowledge and skills related to build configuration, database usage, design, version control, and incremental development, despite none of them materials being covered in our intro programming sequence. Further, in the project-centric software engineering course (typically a third-year course), students often were expected to start on a project before concepts such as design principles, design patterns, and incremental development were covered. Thus, students were often learning these principles and techniques after they had already been working on a project for weeks, and often too late to implement these into the project naturally. This course is not intended to replace a software engineering course. Rather, this course is intended to prepare students for future project courses, including a software engineering course. In this paper, we describe our experience designing and delivering this course in the Spring semester 2020. We review both student and faculty feedback of the course, and what changes may be made when this course is made available in the future to a large population of students.
MiFID II Unbundling: Was it Successful?

The revised Markets in Financial Instruments Directive, known as MiFID II, requires the unbundling of research payments from trading execution. Using a difference-in-differences research design, we examine whether this regulation achieved its intended objective. We find that MiFID II weakened the link between the brokerage trading share and analyst research. Forecast frequency, optimism, and accuracy are less likely to be associated with the brokerage trading share after MiFID II. Analysts appear to respond to these changes. Forecast frequency and forecast optimism both decrease after MiFID II among brokers who earned the highest brokerage trading share due to these behaviors before MiFID II. Overall, our evidence suggests that MiFID II is at least partially successful in unbundling research from execution.
Trends in Age at Natural Menopause and Reproductive Life Span Among US Women, 1959-2018.

This national survey study uses the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to describe trends in age at natural menopause, age at menarche, and reproductive life span, and variables associated with shorter and longer spans, among US women between 1959-1962 and 2015-2018.
Carnegie Mellon Team Tartan: Mission-level Robustness with Rapidly Deployed Autonomous Aerial Vehicles in the MBZIRC 2020.

For robotics systems to be used in high risk, real-world situations, they have to be quickly deployable and robust to environmental changes, under-performing hardware, and mission subtask failures. Robots are often designed to consider a single sequence of mission events, with complex algorithms lowering individual subtask failure rates under some critical constraints. Our approach is to leverage common techniques in vision and control and encode robustness into mission structure through outcome monitoring and recovery strategies, aided by a system infrastructure that allows for quick mission deployments under tight time constraints and no central communication. We also detail lessons in rapid field robotics development and testing. Systems were developed and evaluated through real-robot experiments at an outdoor test site in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, as well as in the 2020 Mohamed Bin Zayed International Robotics Challenge. All competition trials were completed in fully autonomous mode without RTK-GPS. Our system led to 4th place in Challenge 2 and 7th place in the Grand Challenge, and achievements like popping five balloons (Challenge 1), successfully picking and placing a block (Challenge 2), and dispensing the most water autonomously with a UAV of all teams onto an outdoor, real fire (Challenge 3).
A report of eighty cases of benign solid tumors of the ovary with special reference to complications

Abstract 1. 1. A report of 80 cases of benign solid tumors of the ovary is presented. 2. 2. The incidence of benign solid tumors of the ovary is approximately 1 in 97 specimens of ovarian tissue. 3. 3. The incidence of the various tumors based on the number of specimens of ovarian tissue submitted to the laboratory are: 1. Fibroma 1 in 106+ specimens of ovarian tissue 2. Leiomyoma of ovary 1 in 7,780 3. Myxofibroma of ovary 1 in 7,780 4. Adenofibroma 1 in 7,780 5. Neurofibroma 1 in 7,780 6. Brenner tumors 1 in 2,593+ specimens. 4. 4. Ascites (gross or minimal) was the most common complication. 5. 5. The presence of abdominal ascites with a pelvic tumor mass does not always mean malignancy. 6. 6. The tumor mass causing the ascites may be a benign solid tumor of the ovary or a large degenerated uterine fibroid.
A comprehensive model of spread of malaria in humans and mosquitos

Mathematical models have the capability to incorporate statistical data so that infectious diseases can be studied in-depth. In this article, we use mathematical modeling to study malaria through a combination of the Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious and Recovered (SEIR) Model for humans; Susceptible, Exposed and Infectious (SEI) Model for mosquitos; and the Four Stage Life Cycle Model of the mosquito. Due to the fact that malaria is spread to humans through the bite of a female mosquito that has been infected by the plasmodium parasite, the impacts of mosquitos are also studied in this paper using the SEI Model. Finally, the growth of the mosquito population is directly related to the spread of malaria, the Four Stage Life Cycle is incorporated to model the effects of climate change and interspecies competition within the mosquito life cycle stages of Egg, Larvae, and Pupae. The combination of these models are used to show the growth and spread of malaria.
Licensing government-funded technologies at the University of California

It is pointed out that the passage of recent statutes reflects the country's increased emphasis on the transfer of technology through licensing patent rights as a more efficient means of moving technology originating at universities and federal laboratories into the private sector. Technology transfer enhances competitiveness in industry and provides increased benefits to the public from federally funded scientific investigation. It is suggested that licensing background patent rights with an option to future improvement patents greatly increases the ability of government laboratories and universities to enter into fruitful collaborative research with industry, thereby stretching the available research money. The licensing philosophy of the office of Technology Transfer at the University of California is presented. >
Comparative Action of Aflatoxin B1 in Mammalian Airway Epithelium

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is thought to be an occupational risk factor for airway carcinogenesis where exposure to AFB1-laden grain dusts is common. Since activation of AFB1 is catalyzed by cytochromes P-450 associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, we compared the response to AFB1 in cultured tracheal epithelium from species with abundant (rabbit and hamster) and scarce (rat and monkey) distributions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in nonciliated tracheal epithelial cells. Explants from each species, incubated in medium containing 0.5 microM [14C]-AFB1 for selected intervals up to 24 h, were compared on the basis of binding of [14C]-AFB1 to tracheal DNA, amount and type of AFB1 metabolites in the medium, ultrastructurally determined population densities of epithelial cells, and distribution of bound material in epithelium as determined by autoradiographic grain densities. Cultures derived from rabbits were most active in metabolic conversion and formation of AFB1-DNA adducts, followed by those from hamsters, rats, and monkeys. Rabbit tracheal epithelium formed a significantly greater proportion of glutathione conjugates, while that from hamster formed a greater amount of AFB1-dihydrodiol, compared to rats and monkeys. The monkey formed significantly greater proportions of aflatoxin Q1 and the rabbit more aflatoxicol, compared to other species. There was selective degeneration and accumulation of labeled material in nonciliated cells in both rabbits and hamsters but not in rats or monkeys. Explants from rabbit tracheas were much more susceptible to cytotoxic injury and had higher autoradiographic grain densities than explants from hamsters. We conclude that the presence of smooth endoplasmic reticulum-containing nonciliated epithelial cells is qualitatively associated with the activation and toxicity of AFB1.
The Notion of an Ideal Audience in Legal Argument

Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. The Notion of an Ideal Audience as an Analytical Tool. 3. What Are the Constraints that Can Be Imposed on Arguments Addressed to an Ideal Audience? 4. Some Universal Features of Ideal Audiences in Legal Contexts. 5. Different Conceptions of the Ideal Audience - A First Look. 6. Accounting for Differences in Perceptions of the Ideal Audience - Some Preliminary Observations. 7. Choosing Between Competing Visions of the Good - the Case of Necessity. 8. The Conflict Between the General and the Particular - Some Legal Background. 9. The Conflict Between the General and the Particular - Theoretical Perspectives. 10. Ambivalent Attitudes with Regard to Discretion. 11. Toleration of Diverse and Even Inconsistent Outcomes. 12. Conclusion. Cases Cited. Bibliography. Index.
A provably secure oblivious transfer protocol

The idea of the Oblivious Transfer, developed by Rabin, has been shown to have important applications in cryptography. M. Fischer pointed out that Rabin's original implementation of the Oblivious Transfer was not shown to be secure. Since then it has been an open problem to find a provably secure implementation. We present an implementation which we believe will simplify the development of secure cryptographic protocols. Our protocol is provably secure under the assumptions that factoring is hard and that the message is chosen at random from a large message space.
High-resolution imaging of flagella.

Publisher Summary In flagellated orciliated cells, motility is equated, with dynein-based ciliary or flagellar beating in addition to beating; the eukaryotic flagellum displays four motilities that are independent of flagellar dynein. These dynein- and beat-independent motilities continue to be studied in the biflagellate, unicellular, green alga, Chlamydomonas . The motilities studied by conventional light microscopy include the gliding of whole cells across surfaces by means of their flagella, the saltatory bidirectional movement of polystyrene beads attached to the flagellar membrane, and the movement (tipping) of glycoproteins from positions along the length of the flagellum to the flagellar tip during mating. Bidirectional movement of granule-like particles was observed along the length of the flagellum beneath the flagellar membrane. This motility has been termed intraflagellar transport. This chapter focuses on video-enhanced differential-interference-contrast (DIC) microscopy techniques used to study the beat-independent flagellar motilities of Chlamydomonas . The most important criterion in choosing a specimen for high-resolution imaging is obtaining immotile cilia/flagella. Excessive movement of cilia/flagella causes them to change focal planes, giving no opportunity to adjust the optics and video camera for maximum resolution and optimal contrast. The method of choice for obtaining an immotile specimen is biological. Advantage should be taken of naturally immotile cilia/flagella, or use organisms in which motility mutants exist. The second method for obtaining immotile specimens is by chemical modification of the medium. With Chlamydomonas , the addition of 1 m M ethylene glycol bis (P-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) to the medium or the omission Ca 2+ inhibits gliding, leaving the cells attached to the coverslip. It is a method for completely immobilizing cells for the study of intraflagellar transport. Specimens may be also immobilized mechanically. The chapter discusses sample preparation, equipments and process of obtaining image. Each advance in light microscopy has made it easy to obtain new information about cilia and flagella.
Diversity of protein inclusion bodies and identification of mosquitocidal protein in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.

Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis produces, during sporulation, protein inclusion bodies of wide ranging sizes, all of which are toxic to mosquitoes. Two proteins are present in the smallest protein bodies (less than 0.2μm dia.), but the number of proteins increases with increasing size of protein bodies. The largest bodies (greater than 1.5μm dia.) contain seven proteins. All of the proteins are synthesized at different times during sporulation and are added to developing protein bodies in a stepwise manner. The protein component responsible for mosquitocidal activity is a 65,000-dalton protein, that is present in all of the protein bodies.
REVIEW: the integrin alpha V beta 3: angiogenesis and apoptosis.

(1995). Review: The Integrin αvβ3: Angiogenesis and Apoptosis. Cell Adhesion and Communication: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 367-374.
Exploring the sensory basis of developmental dyspraxia in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is clinically defined by impairments in communication, reciprocal social interactions, and repetitive behaviours and/or restricted interests. These symptoms are present early in development, often co-occur with other symptoms and can significantly impact the child’s ability to successfully engage in meaningful occupations that contribute to the child’s overall growth and development. It has been documented that between 80 and 94% of children with ASD have some kind of sensory abnormality and while there is little consensus regarding the pattern of these sensory deficits, it is theorized that children with ASD fail to properly develop the ability to integrate, or bind together, multisensory inputs. As reported in the literature and through case reports, some children with ASD have difficulty learning age appropriate complex motor skills suggesting that they may also have some form of developmental dyspraxia. This study sought to explore the relationship between multisensory integration and the development of praxis in children with ASD compared to typically developing children. Through the use of a newly developed behavioural paradigm and several standardized measures of sensory and motor function, results suggest that some children with ASD have difficulty transforming sensory data into motor action, leading to delays in the attainment of complex motor skills.
Solution combustion synthesized oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion

Abstract Chemical looping combustion is an attractive method for CO 2 capture in power plants, while maintaining high energy efficiency. The cyclic nature of the process, however, places significant demands on the redox and mechanical characteristics of the oxygen carrier. In this work, NiO / NiAl 2 O 4 and ( NiO ) 1 - y ( MgO ) y / Ni ( 1 - x ) Mg x Al 2 O 4 were synthesized by solution combustion and investigated in two forms: porous extruded and dense pressed pellets. The pressed oxygen carriers of both compositions exhibited excellent stability during thermogravimetric analysis at temperatures 800– 1200 ∘ C with cycling of oxidizing/reducing gases while, due to sintering effects, the extruded pellets showed deteriorating performance. The addition of magnesium to the structure decreased reduction of the spinel, thus stabilizing the support. Attrition tests revealed superior performance of the ( NiO ) 0.21 ( MgO ) 0.79 / Ni 0.62 Mg 0.38 Al 2 O 4 , exceeding that of commercially available sintered iron oxide reference.
Temperature-Induced Transport of Thermosensitive Hairy Hybrid Nanoparticles between Aqueous and Organic Phases

This paper reports on the temperature-induced transport of thermosensitive polymer brush-grafted silica nanoparticles between aqueous and organic phases. Poly(methoxytri(ethylene glycol) methacrylate), a thermosensitive water-soluble polymer with a cloud point of ∼48 °C in H2O, was grown on silica nanoparticles by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization in the presence of a free initiator. These hairy particles were found to quantitatively transfer from aqueous to ethyl acetate phases upon heating at 60 °C under the stirring condition. Cooling in an ice/water bath caused the particles to move from ethyl acetate to the aqueous layer. The concentrations of the particles in the original phases during the transport processes were monitored by UV−vis spectrometry. When mutually saturated water and ethyl acetate were used, the transport rates of the particles between the two phases were enhanced. The faster transport was attributed to the solvent phase separation, which produced liquid droplets, ...
Interference with the serum gastrin response to feeding after surgical intervention with the rat thyroparathyroid complex

Gastrin is a potent thyrocalcitonin secretagogue in a number of mammalian species, including man. Conversely, in man and other mammals some work has suggested that increased blood levels of thyrocalcitonin, in turn, can act to suppress a number of gastrointestinal functions, including secretion of gastrin. Rats adapted for 2-3 weeks to a fixed schedule of daily feeding exhibited high serum gastrin levels and large increases in serum gastrin after feeding. Serum gastrin was >500 pg/ml throughout most of the 24 hr daily cycle and fell to approximately 150 pg/ml 1 hr before the scheduled time of feeding; by 1-2 hr after feeding serum gastrin rose again to >500 pg/ml. This postprandial increase in gastrin was not observed if food was withheld and it was seen also after truncal vagotomy which itself raised serum gastrin. In contrast, in nonadapted rats serum gastrin was unmeasurable (<20 pg/ml) after a 24 hr fast and rose only to approximately 100 pg/ml 1-2 hr after feeding. In nonadapted rats, thyroidectomy prevented the 2 hr rise in serum gastrin after feeding. In adapted rats parathyroidectomy, thyroparathyroidectomy, and thyroidectomy with parathyroid autotransplantation, all reduced serum gastrin before and after feeding indicating that any surgical intervention with themore » thyroparathyroid complex interfered with gastrin release. Rats with autotransplanted parathyroid glands and intact thyroid glands showed a delayed increase in serum gastrin after feeding, as well as a delay in the usual fall in plasma phosphate, /sup 45/Ca, and /sup 32/P, but if the parathyroids were replaced within the thyroid tissue, this delay did not occur.« less
A simple thermal model of the Earth's surface for geologic mapping by remote sensing

Thermal inertia of the earth's surface can be used in geologic mapping as a complement to surface reflectance data as provided by Landsat. Thermal inertia cannot be determined directly but must be inferred from radiation temperature measurements (by thermal IR sensors) made at various times in the diurnal cycle, combined with a model of the surface heating processes. A model is developed which differs from those created previously for this purpose, because it includes sensible and latent heating. Tests of this model using field data indicate that it accurately determines the surface heating. When the model is used with field measurements of meteorological variables and is combined with remotely sensed temperature data, a thermal inertia image can be produced.
Choice of Cause in Cause-Related Marketing

Abstract Spurred by the consumer demand for companies to be socially responsible, cause-related marketing (CM), in which fund raising for a cause is tied to purchase of a firm's products, has become popular in recent years. The authors demonstrate the conditions in which CM campaigns that allow consumers to choose the cause that receives the donation lead to greater consumer support than those in which the company determines the cause. They show that choice in this context is helpful as long as it increases consumers' perception of personal role in helping the cause. Specifically, allowing consumers to select the cause in a CM campaign is more likely to enhance perceived personal role and, thus, purchase intentions (1) for those consumers who are high (vs. low) in collectivism and (2) when the company and causes have low (vs. high) perceptual fit. Finally, the authors show that under certain conditions, choice may have a negative impact on perceived personal role and consumer support of CM campaigns.
Microbial investigations of water, sediment, and algal mats in the mixed use watershed of Saginaw Bay, Michigan

Abstract Beach monitoring often includes testing for a single fecal indicator organism in the swimmable waters. Here, sediment, algae mat, shallow water, and deep water samples collected from four Saginaw Bay (Michigan, USA) beaches were tested for multiple fecal indicator organisms ( Escherichia coli , enterococci, Clostridium perfringens , F + amp coliphage, and CN-13 coliphage) and molecular markers (human and bovine Bacteroides and enterococci surface protein) to determine the occurrence and sources of fecal indicator bacteria across beachscapes and characterize the environmental parameters which influence microbial water quality. Results show algae mats and sediment had higher levels of bacteria compared to surrounding water column. Higher concentrations of fecal indicators in shallow waters compared to deep water were attributed in part to sediment and algae bound bacteria and potential regrowth. Fecal indicator organisms were primarily influenced by wind, waves, and precipitation and partially identified as human specific using the enterococci surface protein gene. This project suggests the potential for sediment and algal mats to act as non-point sources of pollution in the nearshore zone. Future beach protection measures should focus on shallow water monitoring of multiple fecal indicators and beach grooming during calm morning hours.
A Field Study of Connector Reliability

The objectives of this investigation were 1) to survey field support personnel on the reliability and use of connectors in electronic test and computer equipment; 2) to characterize the types of defects found on gold-plated edge card connector fingers from a large sample of printed wire assemblies (PWA's), obtained randomly from customer sites; and 3) to characterize the chemistry of the most prevalent defects found on the edge card connector fingers. The field support survey provided information on proper selection, use, and care of connectors used in electronic equipment. The microscopic examination of PWA edge card connector fingers indicated that the presence of a film covering the gold surface was the predominant defect found. Other defects observed included wear scratches, dust, pore corrosion, and a build up of debris at the metal-to-metal contact area. Defects such as edge corrosion and creep were observed, but on only very few PWA's. Chemical analysis of the film on the connector fingers found it to be primarily organic.
Effect of changing patient position from supine to prone on the accuracy of a Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic head frame system.

OBJECTIVE Despite the growing popularity of frameless image-guided surgery systems, stereotactic frame systems are widely accepted by neurosurgeons and are commonly used to perform biopsies, functional procedures, and stereotactic radiosurgery. We investigated the accuracy of the Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic frame system when the mechanical load on the frame changes between preoperative imaging and the intervention because of different patient position: supine during imaging, prone during intervention. METHODS We analyzed computed tomographic images acquired from 14 patients who underwent stereotactic biopsy, deep brain stimulator implantation, or radiosurgery. Two images were acquired for each patient, one with the patient in the supine position and one in the prone position. The prone images were registered to the respective supine images by use of an intensity-based registration algorithm, once using only the frame and once using only the head. The difference between the transformations produced by these two registrations describes the movement of the patient's head with respect to the frame. RESULTS The maximum frame-based registration error between the supine and prone positions was 2.8 mm; it was more than 2 mm in two patients and more than 1.5 mm in six patients. Anteroposterior translation is the dominant component of the difference transformation for most patients. In general, the magnitude of the movement increased with brain volume, which is an index of head weight. CONCLUSION To minimize frame-based registration error caused by a change in the mechanical load on the frame, stereotactic procedures should be performed with the patient in the identical position during imaging and intervention.
Treatment head disassembly to improve the accuracy of large electron field simulation.

Purpose: The purposes of this study are to improve the accuracy of source and geometry parameters used in the simulation of large electron fields from a clinical linear accelerator and to evaluate improvement in the accuracy of the calculated dose distributions. Methods: The monitor chamber and scattering foils of a clinical machine not in clinical service were removed for direct measurement of component geometry. Dose distributions were measured at various stages of reassembly, reducing the number of geometry variables in the simulation. The measured spot position and beam angle were found to vary with the beam energy. A magnetic field from the bending magnet was found between the exit window and the secondary collimators of sufficient strength to deflect electrons 1 cm off the beam axis at 100 cm from the exit window. The exit window was 0.05 cm thicker than manufacturer’s specification, with over half of the increased thickness due to water pressure in the channel used to cool the window. Dose distributions were calculated with Monte Carlo simulation of the treatment head and water phantom using EGSnrc, a code benchmarked at radiotherapy energies for electron scatter and bremsstrahlung production, both critical to the simulation. The secondary scattering foil and monitor chamber offset from the collimator rotation axis were allowed to vary with the beam energy in the simulation to accommodate the deflection of the beam by the magnetic field, which was not simulated. Results: The energy varied linearly with bending magnet current to within 1.4% from 6.7 to 19.6 MeV, the bending magnet beginning to saturate at the highest beam energy. The range in secondary foil offset used to account for the magnetic field was 0.09 cm crossplane and 0.15 cm inplane, the range in monitor chamber offset was 0.14 cm crossplane and 0.07 cm inplane. A 1.5%/0.09 cm match or better was obtained to measured depth dose curves. Profiles measured at the depth of maximum dose matched the simulated profiles to 2.6% or better at doses of 80% or more of the dose on the central axis. The profiles along the direction of MLC motion agreed to within 0.16 cm at the edge of the field. There remained a mismatch for the lower beam energies at the edge of the profile that ran parallel to the direction of jaw motion of up to 1.4 cm for the 6 MeV beam, attributed to the MLC support block at the periphery of the field left out of the simulation and to beam deflection by the magnetic field. The possibility of using these results to perform accurate simulation without disassembly is discussed. Phase-space files were made available for benchmarking beam models and other purposes. Conclusions: The match to measured large field dose distributions from clinical electron beams with Monte Carlo simulation was improved with more accurate source details and geometry details closer to manufacturer’s specification than previously achieved.
Application of clustering techniques to information systems design

Abstract We describe the application of two variations of agglomerative clustering to the analysis of planning data for an organization-wide information system design project. One algorithm used similarity as a measure of distance, while the other is based on the extent of inclusion of an object by another. The two algorithms take into account the graduated nature of the relationships among objects while measuring the distance between them or combining them into new clusters. The paper also shows how to analyse the association between the two sets of clusters identified by the algorithms.
Health and depression among American Indians: Psychosocial data from the strong heart study phase II

In this study, we investigated relationships of lifestyle and cultural factors with report of depression among upper midwest American Indians using the Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression (CES-D) scale as a nonclinical measure of depressive symptomatology. Lifestyle factors included level of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, physical activity, and family medical history. Cultural factors included level of native and nonnative cultural identification and fluency in native language. There were inverse relationships between CES-D score and amount of weekly exercise, academic grade completed, yearly house income, frequency of using traditional medicine or herbs, and ability to speak native language. The present findings indicate that certain demographic and culturally based factors relate to American Indians’ self-reports of depressive mood. With regard to health factors, there was an association between family history of diabetes and greater report of depression. Results of a multivariate principal components analysis on the CES-D revealed a three-factor solution: one dimension having to do with negative affect and interpersonal evaluations, another having to do with cognitive and motoric problems, and a dimension of positive and hopeful affect. The data point to a subset of demographic and cultural factors that may have particular relevance to depressive mood in Northern Plains American Indians.
Peripheral Sensory Nerve Defects in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice

Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a plasma lipoprotein involved in lipid metabolism, is also proposed to have important functions within the central and peripheral nervous systems. To investigate the function of apoE in the peripheral nervous system, we examined the structure of sciatic nerves in apoE-deficient (apoE KO) mice. In the normal peripheral nervous system, apoE is produced by nonmyelinating Schwann cells, suggesting a role for apoE in the support of unmyelinated thermal and nociceptive sensory afferents. Using electron microscopy, we have found that apoE KO mice have abnormal and reduced numbers of unmyelinated axons within the sciatic nerve. ApoE KO unmyelinated axons are irregularly shaped and separated by very little Schwann cell cytoplasm. ApoE KO myelinated fibers and myelin are ultrastructurally normal. Consistent with these morphological findings, apoE KO mice display reduced sensitivity to noxious thermal stimuli. These data provide in vivo support for the hypothesis that apoE promotes neuronal health and survival.
Proposed differential-frequency-readout system by hysteretic Josephson junctions.

The Josephson relation V=nh\ensuremath{\nu}/2e has been verified experimentally to 3 parts in ${10}^{19}$ [A. K. Jain, J. E. Lukens, and J.-S. Tsai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1165 (1987)]. Motivated by this result, we propose a differential-frequency-readout system by two sets of hysteretic Josephson junctions rf biased at millimeter wavelengths. Because of the Josephson relation, the proposed differential-frequency-readout system is not limited by photon fluctuation, which limits most photon-detection schemes. In the context of the Stewart-McCumber model [W. C. Stewart, Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 277 (1968); D. E. McCumber, J. Appl. Phys. 39, 3113 (1968)] of Josephson junctions, we show theoretically that the differential frequency of the two milliwave biases can be read out by the proposed system to unprecedented accuracy. The stability of the readout scheme is also discussed. The measurement uncertainty of the readout system resulting from the intrinsic thermal noise in the hysteretic junctions is shown to be insignificant. The study of two single junctions can be extended to two sets of Josephson junctions connected in series (series array) in this measurement scheme provided that junctions are separated by at least 10 \ensuremath{\mu}m [D. W. Jillie, J. E. Lukens, and Y. H. Kao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 915 (1977)]. The sensitivity for the differential frequency detection may be increased by biasing both series arrays to a higher constant-voltage step.
Study of Pauline Epistles in the New Testament Using Machine Learning

The New Testament of the Bible is a collection of 27 books, 13 of which are attributed to St. Paul, making him a significant author of the New Testament. The Pauline letters were written to churches and individuals addressing various issues in the early church and offering instructions and encouragement to the believers of his day. To understand Paul’s message as a whole, we clustered his letters, their chapters, and their verses respectively to identify the topics that are addressed repeatedly or once, offering different views at three granularities with each complementing the other. Our calculation implied all Pauline letters could be divided into six groups, well in line with the church tradition. They were First and Second Thessalonians, First and Second Corinthians, Colossians and Ephesians, Galatians and Romans, Philemon and Philippians, and First and Second Timothy and Titus. Among all letters First Corinthians had the most unique chapters, while First Corinthians and Romans had the most unique verses. Furthermore, similar verses and chapters from his letters were also discovered. We also studied the authorship of the letter to Hebrews, an anonymous letter in the New Testament. Using known Pauline and non-Pauline letters as training data, we built nine highly reliable predictors, which collectively predicted that the book of Hebrews was not authored by Paul.
Tissue distribution and excretion of diphacinone in the mouse

Abstract Tissue distribution and excretion of the rodenticide, [ 14 C] diphacinone (2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione), following intragastric administration were investigated in male and female mice. The first body burden study tested 13 tissues plus excreta and utilized tissue digestion prior to counting. Plasma and whole blood were additionally tested in the second study; tissues and excreta were prepared for counting in a commercial sample oxidizer. Of the administered dose 76 and 68% were excreted in feces of male and female mice, respectively, by 48 hr during the first study. Accountability of the administered dose never exceeded 74%. The two studies revealed that liver had the highest specific activity followed by fallopian tubes, plasma, whole blood, and lungs. Adipose tissue contained the lowest concentration. In the second study, the specific activity increased in male liver up to 7.5 hr. Radioactivity in female livers peaked around hr 3. These were the only significant differences between sexes.
Reward Systems and Power Distribution: Searching for Solutions

The article reviews the book “Reward Systems and Power Distribution: Searching for Solutions,” edited by Tove Helland Hammer and Samuel B. Bacharach.
Antiglobulin serum mediated phagocytosis of normal senescent and oxidized RBC: role of anti-IgM immunoglobulins in phagocytic recognition.

Summary. Fresh human monocytes usually do not recognize normal RBCs: however, in our newly developed assay antiglobulin-opsonized normal RBCs were phagocytized. Both anti-IgG and anti-IgM fractions present in the antiglobulin serum were involved but the major opsonin was anti-IgM. The anti-IgM opsonized mainly senescent RBCs and therefore could be used to discriminate young from senescent RBCs. The antiglobulin serum and monospecific anti-IgM increased opsonization of in vitro oxidized and desialylated RBCs, whereas trypsin-treatment of RBCs decreased phagocytosis. The material removed by trypsin from the RBCs surface inhibited the antiglobulin and monospecific anti-IgM phagocytic assay supporting the view that membrane associated elements crossreacted with anti-IgM. These results suggest that both internal cellular events and external removal of sialic acid play a role in the emergence of non-IgG covered epitopes on the surface of senescent and oxidized erythrocytes.
The scientific method and statistics in simulation

The question of the need for "camps" of simulationists (the "deterministic-continuous" and the "stochastic-discrete" camps) is addressed by delineating both the differences and the likenesses of their approach.
Thermal management in semiconductor device packaging

Thermal management at device level packaging involves efficient and cost-effective removal of dissipated thermal energy from the device to assure its reliable performance over the long term. In the context of very high levels of integration of future ICs, thermal management will mean making such devices possible close to the natural limits set by thermal physics. This paper will present trends in important parameters and discuss solutions through examples.
Mileage-Based Road User Charge Concept

A new approach is presented for charging vehicles that travel on public roadways. This approach applies intelligent transportation system technology to the problem of assessing road user charges, enabling these charges to be fairer, more stable, and more flexible. The approach is amenable to alternative forms of vehicle propulsion systems. Though very simple in concept, the new approach has required that a number of institutional and technological issues be resolved. Key to this approach is a simple onboard computer that stores a record of actual road use charges. Periodically this record is uploaded and transmitted to a data processing center, referred to as the collection center. The center bills a vehicle owner and reimburses the states, counties, and cities operating the roads on which the vehicle has traveled. The onboard system is simple, secure, and capable of protecting the user's privacy. Importantly, the onboard system enables a variety of user charge conventions. In its simplest form, this approach can be used to assess a vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) user charge. With a VMT user charge, the computer can calculate road mileage actually traversed and compare this mileage with that obtained through an odometer feed. It then applies appropriate user charge rates to the mileage traveled in each jurisdiction.
Regenerated nerve fibers in the noise-damaged chinchilla cochlea are not efferent

Abstract Nerve-fiber regeneration in the chinchilla cochlea following a traumatic noise exposure was systematically described by Bohne and Harding (1992). However, their study did not determine the origin of the regenerated nerve fibers (RNFs). In the present study, 23 chinchillas were exposed for 12 h to a 0.5 kHz octave band of noise at 120 dB SPL. After a 3-month or 1-year recovery period, their right cochleas were incubated to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and then briefly counterstained with Neutral Red or OsO4. Their left cochleas were fixed with OsO4 and dissected using a combined organ of Corti (OC)/modiolus technique that preserved both structures for high-resolution microscopy. All cochleas were prepared as plastic-embedded flat preparations. Damage was located in the basal two-thirds of the cochlea and generally consisted of multiple lesions in the OC, often involving total degeneration of one or more OC segments (i.e., OC wipeouts). The OC wipeouts were separated from one another by areas which contained some identifiable cells of the OC (i.e., OC remnants). Most RNFs were found in OC wipeouts adjacent to OC remnants. In those animals (83%) with significant OC damage, 13 (100%) 3-month-recovery chinchillas had 1–96 RNFs while 6 (86%) 1-year-recovery chinchillas had 7–62 RNFs. In the AChE-stained cochleas, none of the RNFs were AChE-positive, but normal AChE-positive fibers were found in the undamaged apical turn. A variable number of surviving spiral ganglion cells was present in those regions of Rosenthal's canal that had originally innervated the missing hair cells in the OC wipeouts and remnants. It is concluded that RNFs are not part of the efferent cochlear system and therefore, most likely belong to the afferent system.
An investigation of Luria's hypothesis on prompting in aphasic naming disturbances

Abstract This study investigated Luria's hypothesis that aphasic subgroups would respond differentially to phonemic prompts. Responsiveness to initial-sound cues was examined in 40 aphasics—10 Broca's, conduction, Wernicke's, and anomic aphasics who had naming difficulties. Results, with the exception of the anomic aphasic group, supported Luria's predictions. Broca's aphasics were responsive to phonemic cueing, while Wernicke's aphasics were not. Conduction aphasics tended to respond in a fashion similar to the Wernicke's group. The relationship of cueing responsiveness to underlying naming mechanisms is discussed.
Maize S1 and S2 sequences in wheat mitochondrial DNA

Abstract The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of fertile ( Triticum aestivum ) and cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) wheat ( T. aestivum nucleus; T. timopheevi mitochondria) was isolated and subjected to restriction enzyme analysis. Restriction fragments of the mtDNAs were probed with DNA specific to the S-episomes of maize mitochondria. Small, independent episomal DNA was not found in the mtDNA of wheat. Sequences related to maize S1 DNA are present in fertile and cms wheat mtDNA but do not appear to be contiguous. Restriction enzyme analyses do not show detectable differences between fertile and cms mtDNA around the maize-like S1 sequences. Sequences related to maize S2 mtDNA may be located at two different positions in both fertile and cms mitochondrial genomes. The fertile and cms mtDNA show restriction fragment length polymorphism at one of two sites.
Immunopharmacodynamic profiles in children with renal allografts receiving cyclosporine therapy.

Eleven renal transplant patients between the ages of 4 and 19 years, on a single daily oral dose of cyclosporine (CsA) and either a low oral dose or no dose of prednisone, had venous blood drawn at periodic intervals throughout a 24-hour period. CsA levels were measured by whole blood radioimmunoassay. All the patients had similar patterns of CsA pharmacokinetics with a single peak blood level at two to eight hours after the drug was given. Plasmas separated from the bloods at 37°C were added to third party mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). The kinetics of suppression of the MLR by serial plasmas did not follow the CsA levels. Instead, we observed patterns of suppression similar to those that have been described in adults. Five patients had pattern I with two peaks of plasma-mediated MLR suppression, and had no rejection episodes. Two of the patients had pattern II with only one peak of MLR suppression, and both had episodes of acute rejection. One patient showed pattern III with a pleateau of MLR suppression, and has had no rejection episodes and no obvious CsA toxicity. Three patients showed pattern IV with a continuously low level of plasma-mediated MLR suppression throughout the day, and two of them have had severe rejection episodes. Immunopharmacodynamic profiling (IP) may prove to be useful in individualizing therapeutic regimens for patients with renal allografts treated with CsA.
Self-assembled self-cleaning broadband anti-reflection coatings

Anti-reflection (AR) coatings are widely used in a spectrum of optical and optoelectronic devices, such as monitors, car dashboards, optical lenses, photodiodes, and solar cells. Narrowband quarter-wavelength single-layer and broadband multilayer dielectric AR coatings are typically fabricated by expensive and low-throughput vapor deposition processes (e.g., sputtering). Inspired by the subwavelength-structured cornea of some nocturnal moths, nanostructured broadband moth-eye AR coatings that can significantly suppress optical reflection over a wide range of wavelengths and light incident angles have been extensively exploited by both top-down and bottom-up approaches. Among many available bottom-up technologies, colloidal self-assembly is a promising approach as it is simple, fast, and inexpensive. In this review article, we will discuss two scalable colloidal self-assembly technologies based on Langmuir–Blodgett assembly and spin-coating for fabricating quarter-wavelength and moth-eye AR coatings with unique self-cleaning functionalities on transparent substrates (e.g., glass) and semiconductor wafers (such as crystalline silicon and GaAs).
S100A7, S100A10, and S100A11 are transglutaminase substrates.

S100 proteins are a family of 10−14 kDa EF-hand-containing calcium binding proteins that function to transmit calcium-dependent cell regulatory signals. S100 proteins have no intrinsic enzyme activ...
Adolescents' attitudes toward peers who wear visible hearing aids

The purpose of this study was to determine how adolescents are likely to react to peers who wear visible hearing aids. Forty high school juniors and seniors rated a photograph of a male peer on an 81-scale semantic differential. One-half rated a copy of the photograph in which a hearing aid was visible and the others rated a copy in which one was not visible. Analyses of the ratings suggest that adolescents are likely to react negatively to peers who wear visible hearing aids. Clinical implications are discussed.