cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory formation by heuristic search

Machine learning can be categorized along many dimensions, an important one of which is 'degree of human guidance or forethought'. This continuum stretches from rote learning, through carefully-guided concept-formation by observation, out toward independent theory formation. Six years ago, the am program was constructed as an experiment in this latter kind of learning by discovery. Its source of power was a large body of heuristics, rules which guided it toward fruitful topics of investigation, toward profitable experiments to perform, toward plausible hypotheses and definitions. Since that time, we have gained a deeper insight into the nature of heuristics and the nature of the process of forming and extending theories empirically. 'The Nature of Heuristics I' paper presented the theoretical basis for this work, with an emphasis on how heuristics relate to each other. This paper presents our accretion model of theory formation, and gives many examples of its use in producing new discoveries in various fields. These examples are drawn from runs of a program called eurisko, the successor to am, that embodies the accretion model and uses a corpus of heuristics to guide its behavior. Since our model demands the ability to discover new heuristics periodically, as well as new domain objects and operators, some of our examples illustrate that process as well. 'The Nature of Heuristics III' paper describes the architecture of the eurisko program, and conclusions we have made from its behavior.
History as Method or Does Chronology Count

This articles introduces some of the differing approaches to historical research that are utilized within adult education and lifelong learning. It discusses archives, types of sources, and approaches to interpretation. Whenever the author talks about history or historical research one of two things happen: People get excited and start telling her how fascinated they are by a particular aspect of history or their eyes glaze over. In this article, the author is hoping for a different kind of reaction.
Ocular Delivery of Proteins and Peptides

Biotechnology is steadily becoming an important component of the pharmaceutical industry. The numbers of protein and peptide ocular based drugs being developed have increased. The technique to formulate peptide or protein ocular drugs is very different from formulating conventional small molecule drugs. Additionally, the delivery of a peptide or protein-based drugs is particularly challenging due to the issues of protein instability. This chapter discusses the development of proteins and peptides for ocular delivery with an emphasis on their specific considerations and challenges, and a role of specific proteins such as alpha crystallins and thymosin β4 in ocular drug delivery. Possible routes of protein ocular drug delivery are also discussed.
Temporal Constraints on Attention

Attention is temporally distributed. The inability of humans to perform optimally at all times is often an indication of attentional variation. Momentary performance variations are commonly labeled as lapses in attention. The construct of attention would be unnecessary if humans performed optimally at all times, by always selecting the most relevant information from the environment. The temporal inconsistency of behavioral performance is a core feature of attention.
The Rovibrational Spectra of trans- and cis-HOCO, Calculated by MULTIMODE with ab Initio Potential Energy and Dipole Moment Surfaces

The code MULTIMODE is used in its reaction path version, along with ab initio potential energy and dipole moment surfaces introduced earlier, to predict the infrared spectra of both trans and cis forms of HOCO at temperatures 296 and 15 K. All six fundamentals are isolated for each isomer and temperature, and their main features examined, paying particular attention to the OH stretch fundamental, whose spectrum has been reported experimentally for trans-HOCO. The current spectra for cis-HOCO, while not of “spectroscopic” accuracy, should be sufficient to aid in new experimental efforts to record the spectrum of this isomer.
Relationship between Soil Physical Properties and Crop Production

Having been labeled a soil physicist, I have received inquiries during my professional career concerning relationships between soil physical properties and plant growth as well as question on what constitutes good soil physical properties. Most inquiries could be put off by a recitation of generalities such as a loam soil having intermediate bulk density, good aggregation, good infiltration rate, and no impedance to drainage represented a soil with good physical conditions, and good production could be expected on such soil if chemical factors were not limiting. Generalities are not always acceptable as verified by the following three examples.
The ongoing saga of the mechanism(s) of MHC class I-restricted cross-presentation.

Cross-presentation is an MHC-I antigen processing pathway that results in the presentation of peptides from exogenous viral, bacterial, parasitic, and tumor antigens and ultimately leads to priming of naive CD8+ T cells. This process involves several cellular compartments and multiple components. Successful generation of MHC-I-peptide complexes requires that these components act together in a coordinated fashion. We discuss recent findings on the source of MHC-I, the role of the TAP transporter, the importance of intracellular trafficking events, mechanisms of antigen access the cytosol, and how innate immune signals can affect presentation, with an emphasis on how these pathways compare to conventional antigen presentation and how they correlate with existing data.
Performatology: a procedural acting approach for interactive drama in cinematic games

We define a Performatology approach as combining performing arts theory with AI to design Performative Embodied Agents (PEAs) that simulate skilled acting. Our position is that NPC characters for interactive drama, in the traditions of theater and cinema, should be animated by agent behavior modeled on the physical acting of live performers. We propose that agent behavior problems related to generating embodied fictive characterizations are at least in part gestural acting problems that have been addressed in the arts domain. Actors, puppeteers, and animators have successfully portrayed fictive characters that are both believable and appealing to audiences, and therefore similar agent generated characters should attempt to simulate their techniques.
The First World War in the Mar Piccolo of Taranto: First case of warfare ecology?

Abstract Since 1883, the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Mediterranean) has played a dual role as privileged area for shellfish farming and strategic military port. In the early 1900, the basin already showed some serious environmental and production management deficiencies, stressed by the First World War. This historical research, based on the collection of direct, indirect and iconographic sources, provided socioeconomic information about Taranto from 1883 to 1926 and unprecedented data on the most probable catastrophic effects (the sinking of a dreadnought) on the marine environment during the First World War. Moreover, the study demonstrated that the holistic approach followed by the Marine Biology Laboratory's Inspector (Attilio Cerruti) for the management of shellfish farming could be assimilated to current ‘warfare ecology’. He had to face disastrous effects on the environment jeopardising ancient farming activities. He therefore carried out actions to reduce, mitigate, and prevent warfare effects. The analysis of original documents showed that the strategies (scientific studies, application and propagation of best practices; economic evaluation of productions; communication with military and civil authorities and shellfish farmers) adopted by Cerruti ensured shellfish farming survival and its recovery in the post war period. Moreover, Cerruti's warfare ecology approach could be a useful example for the solution of current management and conservation problems related to goods and services of valuable ecosystems highly impacted by human activities (not limited to warfare), such as those affecting the Mar Piccolo of Taranto.
Limiting Internal Short-Circuit Damage by Electrode Partition for Impact-Tolerant Li-Ion Batteries

Summary We report on a unique safety mechanism introduced to the Li-ion battery design to mitigate the effects of a mechanical impact event by limiting the current moving through resulting internal shorts, thereby preventing thermal runaway. "Slitted" electrodes and current collectors would electrically isolate the impacted parts of the electrodes before puncturing the separator. Batteries with such "slitted" electrodes were shown to perform normally prior to the mechanical impact. A proof-of-concept experiment showed that the battery with modified electrodes survived significant mechanical deformation without any change in the open-circuit voltage of the battery. It is interesting to note that, after the impact event, the modified battery was still viable with a reversible capacity of about 93% of that before the indentation test, while the standard battery was no longer functional.
Spinal Cord Injury Scarring and Inflammation: Therapies Targeting Glial and Inflammatory Responses

Deficits in neuronal function are a hallmark of spinal cord injury (SCI) and therapeutic efforts are often focused on central nervous system (CNS) axon regeneration. However, secondary injury responses by astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, endothelial cells, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, meningeal cells, and other glia not only potentiate SCI damage but also facilitate endogenous repair. Due to their profound impact on the progression of SCI, glial cells and modification of the glial scar are focuses of SCI therapeutic research. Within and around the glial scar, cells deposit extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that affect axon growth such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), laminin, collagen, and fibronectin. This dense deposition of material, i.e., the fibrotic scar, is another barrier to endogenous repair and is a target of SCI therapies. Infiltrating neutrophils and monocytes are recruited to the injury site through glial chemokine and cytokine release and subsequent upregulation of chemotactic cellular adhesion molecules and selectins on endothelial cells. These peripheral immune cells, along with endogenous microglia, drive a robust inflammatory response to injury with heterogeneous reparative and pathological properties and are targeted for therapeutic modification. Here, we review the role of glial and inflammatory cells after SCI and the therapeutic strategies that aim to replace, dampen, or alter their activity to modulate SCI scarring and inflammation and improve injury outcomes.
Viscoelastic and Dielectric Properties of A-B-A Type Block Copolymers

The viscoelastic and dielectric properties of two A-B-A type block copolymers were determined. One contains styrene-butadiene- styrene (SBS) blocks and the other styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) blocks. Samples were prepared by casting from solutions of these polymers in benzene/heptane, carbon tetrachloride and methylethyl- ketone/tetrahydrofuran. The viscoelastic behavior of SIS block copolymers is apparently unaffected by the casting solvent, while that of the SBS block copolymers is similar from the former two solvents but drastically modified for the MEK/THF-cast sample. Shift factors utilized in constructing the viscoelastic master curves were found to obey the WLF equation as modified by Shen and Kaelble, except for the MEK/THF-cast SBS block copolymer. Dielectric loss curves were obtained over an extended frequency range. For comparison, the mechanical loss curve for a CCl4-cast SBS block copolymer was computed from master curve by linear programming. In both cases the only observed loss peaks were those resulting from the primary glass transitions of the respective blocks. No peak was found in the intermediate temperature range that may be attributable to the “mixed” regions.
The effect of position on the realization of second occurrence focus.

Previous authors have suggested that prenuclear second occurrence foci may be marked both by higher pitch and increased duration, unlike their post-nuclear counterparts which show only increased duration. Results are presented from a production study that finds no evidence of pitch prominence for prenuclear second occurrence foci. Given evidence from German, it appears that the realization of second occurrence focus may also be sensitive to position within the prenuclear domain.
Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery in the Management of Pelvic Dysfunction

While transabdominal approaches to the treatment of pelvic dysfunction have had high rates of success and were the gold standard for many years, they were often associated with increased morbidity compared to transvaginal procedures. Over the last 15 years, laparoscopic and robotic-assisted techniques have been described for colposuspension, sacrocolpopexy, and vesical fistula repair. The pendulum is swinging the other way as these minimally invasive techniques reduce the morbidities of transabdominal surgeries. As an increasing number of surgeons gain experience in these techniques, success rates have become comparable (if not, better) to transvaginal and open transabdominal procedures. Laparoscopy and robotic-assisted laparoscopy have become essential tools in the armamentarium of surgeons treatment of pelvis dysfunction.
Change in Attitudes: What Causes People to 'Change Their Minds' about Same-Sex Marriage?

Thirteen states and the District of Columbia have now legalized gay marriage. Does the legalization of gay marriage have any impact on the attitudes of residents in those states? Do residents of states that have legalized gay marriage slowly become socialized to the idea that gay marriage is acceptable, or “desensitized” to the taboos of gay marriage? Previous studies have found support for a variety of theories explaining changing attitudes toward gay marriage. We examine the most prevalent of these theories – contact theory, legitimation theory, increased media attention, and changing media frames – and suggest that legalization of gay marriage has a separate, independent impact on attitudes and can amplify the effects of these other explanatory theories. We present alternative theories for how legalization of gay marriage can impact attitudes and act as a preceding variable to typical explanatory mechanisms. We then conduct an initial analysis of our theories by comparing individual attitudes in states where gay marriage has been legalized for at least several years to individual attitudes nationwide to determine whether attitudes in those states grow more favorable more quickly than individual attitudes nationwide.
A phase 2 study of hyper-CVAD plus ofatumumab as frontline therapy in CD20+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): Updated results.

7041Background: In vitro studies showed that ofatumumab (O), a type I human antibody that targets a different CD20 epitope compared to rituximab, induces more potent antibody-dependent and compleme...
Building Information Modeling and Virtual Reality: Workflows for Design and Facility Management

ABSTRACT: Building information modeling (BIM) is used throughout a building's lifecycle from design to operations and maintenance (OM (2) Revit + Unity; and (3) Revit + Fuzor. In the first workflow, a VR film was made with Revit, Maya, Mettle Skybox, Handbrake, Redshift, and After Effects to present the project through an Oculus Rift HMD for a semi-interactive immersive VR experience. In the second workflow, parameter data including the equipment's manufacturer, cost, and website was added to a project file in Revit. The geometry was exported to Unity using Maya as a go-between. The data was extracted from the Revit schedule to a text file. In Unity, the data was parsed based on a unique identifier and linked back to the equipment through C# scripting based on a panel based user interface of Unity. Through customized programming, the outcome was a room in VR where equipment information appeared on canvas panels. The third workflow used Revit, a database of the equipment in Excel, Fuzor, and a customized link written in Python using the Fuzor Application Program Interface (API). Fuzor was chosen as it is a game engine based solution specifically tailored for the building industry. An XML tool was developed to link an Excel sheet to the Revit and Fuzor models. This tool has immediate application potential because the Excel file can be any kind of database in a real project like a maintenance or repair logging schedule. KEYWORDS: Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR), 3D Game Engine, Integrated Facility Management (IFM), Design Review of Healthcare Facility
Analysis on light extraction property of AlGaN-based flip-chip ultraviolet light-emitting diodes by the use of self-assembled SiO2 microsphere array

Light extraction efficiency (ηextraction) remains as a big challenge for high-efficiency deep-ultraviolet (UV) lightemitting diodes (LEDs) due to the large refractive index contrast at the AlN(sapphire)/air interface. Various surface patterning approaches such as microdome design and patterned sapphire substrates have been proposed to address the low ηextraction issue. Nevertheless, these previously proposed methods all involved additional complicated fabrication steps and the polarization-dependent analysis for these devices has not been investigated experimentally. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of using 700-nm SiO2 microsphere array on 280 nm flip-chip UV LEDs to improve the ηextraction. Angle- and polarization-dependent electroluminescence measurements have been performed to compare the 280 nm LEDs with and without the SiO2 microsphere array. The UV LED with microsphere array showed enhancement for transverse-electric (TE)-polarized light intensities at small angles while decreased intensities at large angles with respect to c-axis, as compared to the device without SiO2 microspheres For instance, up to 7.4% enhancement is observed at θ = 0°. However, for transverse-magnetic (TM)-polarized light, the intensities largely remain the same at small angles while decrease at large angles. Cross-sectional near-field electric field distribution from three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulation has confirmed that the use of SiO2 microspheres array resulted in scattering of photons at the sapphire/SiO2 microspheres interface, which eventually leads to enhanced TE-photons extraction at small-angles. From simulation, the light radiation patterns from the UV LED with SiO2 spheres are reshaped to a small-angle-favored pattern without reducing the total output power, showing great consistency with the measurement results.
Optonomic: Architecture for Secure Autonomic Optical Transport Networks

We present a system architecture for autonomic operation, administration and maintenance of both the optical and digital layers within the integrated optical transport network infrastructure. This framework encompasses the end-to-end instrumentation: From equipment commissioning to automatic discovery and bring-up, to self-managed, self-(re)configuring optical transport layer. We leverage prevalent networking protocols to build an autonomic control plane for the optical network elements. Various aspects of security, a critical element for self-managed operations, are addressed. We conclude with a discussion on the interaction with SDN, and how autonomic functions can benefit from these capabilities, a brief survey of standardization activities and scope for future work.
Development of a PCR High‐Resolution Melt Assay for Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood) and a Triplex Assay with Two Additional “Unregulated Legal High” Species Datura stramonium (Jimson Weed) and Merremia tuberosa (Hawaiian Woodrose),

Artemisia absinthium (wormwood), a common ingredient in absinthe, contains the compound thujone, which is unregulated by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency. Thujone can cause an “unregulated legal high” in higher concentrations. The European Union limits thujone from Artemisia species to 35 mg/kg while the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires less than 10 ppm to be “thujone-free.” However, individuals can smoke or ingest A. absinthium in different forms. This study developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) highresolution melt (HRM) assay to detect and identify A. absinthium based on primer specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and robustness. A triplex assay was performed with three “unregulated legal high” species: Datura stramonium, Merremia tuberosa, and A. absinthium; the PCR HRM assay detected and identified each plant at melt temperatures 77.42+-0.20°C, 83.88+-0.22°C, and 87.77+- 0.15°C, respectively. The primer set developed distinguished A. absinthium from a variety of plant species and was successfully triplexed.
Two-loop part of the rational homotopy of spaces of long embeddings

Arone and Turchin defined graph-complexes computing the rational homotopy of the spaces of long embeddings. The graph-complexes split into a direct sum by the number of loops in graphs. In this paper, we compute the homology of its two-loop part.
Under pressure: Short‐ and long‐term response to predation varies in two populations of a live‐bearing fish

The non‐lethal effects of predation can significantly influence animal behavior and population composition. Research has often centered around prey response to predator exposure in the short term, but fewer studies have highlighted the effects of long‐term predator exposures. In addition, studies of responses to predation risk are not always calibrated against the ecological history of predation risk in specific populations. We address these gaps by examining the effects of both long‐ and short‐term predator exposure on the behavior of individuals from populations that have different ecological histories of predation risk. We exposed individuals from high‐predation and low‐predation populations of the live‐bearing freshwater poeciliid, Heterandria formosa, to predators to assess changes in male reproductive behavior toward females. We also assessed longer‐term reproductive responses by exposing male and female H. formosa to predators at a random time of day, every day, for 30 days. In the presence of a predator, in the short term, males changed the frequency of their behaviors and females varied in their concentration of cortisol, demonstrating immediate responses to the perceived risk. The magnitude of these changes was larger in the population without a long history of predator exposure. However, we found that males and females did not change their reproductive output when exposed to predators over longer periods of time, suggesting that individuals acclimatize to the level of predation risk they experience. These results also suggest that short‐term variation in behavior or stress hormone responses should not be used as proxies for long‐term responses or fitness effects. Future work should assess both short‐term behavior and long‐term responses while simultaneously considering the ecological history of populations.
Method to discriminate amyloids using fluorescent probes

The aggregation of misfolded proteins into amyloids is a common characteristic of many neurodegenerative and non-neurologic diseases. Fluorescent amyloid-targeting probes that discriminate amyloids based on differences in protein composition can provide rapid information to aid in disease diagnosis. In this chapter, we present protocols for the synthesis and use of ANCA-11 as an environmentally-sensitive amyloid-targeting probe that can fluorescently discriminate between amyloids with different disease origin. We also present a protocol for preparing amyloid samples of synthetic Amyloid-β(1-42), as problems with amyloid preparations can be a large driver of time and cost for research. The methods presented here can be generalized for evaluation of other amyloid-targeting fluorescent probes with different aggregates of amyloidogenic proteins in solution or in tissue.
Mass incarceration and consumer financial harm: Critique of rent‐seeking by the carceral state

Mass incarceration is an approach to managing public safety that emphasizes detention over other means. It is also neoliberalism's quintessential political and economic project because it mobilizes a prison industrial complex to generate revenue. We highlight rent‐seeking, the pursuit of extra‐budgetary revenues by carceral agencies, because it inflicts financial harm on incarcerated consumers and their supporters. Carceral agencies leverage government's authority to set the conditions of detention. However, when they also leverage government's market‐making authority to seek rents from incarcerated persons we characterize that as a government failure. To understand it, we depart from a focus on corruption by specific actors to highlight features of institutions that enable unethical behavior. We join activists and elected officials who call for an end to mass incarceration, but we also highlight more immediate reforms that can help restrain rent‐seeking and enable greater public scrutiny of the carceral state.
Misinformation in the COVID-19 era.

The COVID-19 pandemic has taken a toll on humankind that is remarkable for a disease in modern times. As of late June 2020, almost 500 000 people have died of the disease worldwide, including more than 120 000 in the USA, with estimates of infected individuals approaching 10 million.1 The numbers of infected and deceased patients will continue to rise. In these times of considerable uncertainty, with no cure or vaccine in sight, patients and physicians rely on the free flow of information to understand and fight this deadly disease. The internet and social media have spawned an era of digital globalization where observations, reports and research on COVID-19 can readily be distributed across the world very quickly. Within just a few months in the first half of 2020, publications and information related to COVID-19 have exponentially increased. It has quickly become clear that COVID-19 not only affects the respiratory system as initially thought, but can alter hemostasis, endothelial function, and can damage the heart and the central nervous system.2–4 Unfortunately, with the rapid dissemination of valuable information often comes misinformation. There has been an understandable urge to publish groundbreaking and novel data. However, this also opens the door to multiple potential pitfalls. In order to keep up with the ‘surge’ of COVID-related submissions, many peer reviewed journals offered expedited reviews and in some cases brought noteworthy submissions to print without subjecting them to a …
The orbits of the γ-ray binaries LS i +61 303 and LS 5039

LS I +61 303 and LS 5039 are two of only a handful of known high mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) that exhibit very high energy emission in the MeV-TeV range, and these "gamma-ray binaries" are of renewed interest due to the recent launch of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Here we present new radial velocities of both systems based on recent red and blue optical spectra. Both systems have somewhat discrepant orbital solutions available in the literature, and our new measurements result in improved orbital elements and resolve the disagreements. The improved geometry of each orbit will aid in studies of the high energy emission region near each source.
Givosiran, a novel treatment for acute hepatic porphyrias

Acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs) are a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway. Patients have a varied presentation, but attacks of severe abdominal ...
Impact of Reflection on Empathy and Emotional Intelligence in Third-Year Medical Students.

This study analyzed the impact that structured Reflection Rounds had on self-reported empathy and emotional intelligence scores for third-year medical students. Third-year students at the Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University (RSOM) were required to participate in Reflection Rounds during their core clinical clerkships. Over the study period, 285 students participated. Reflection Rounds are facilitated, small-group meetings, where students reflect upon their thoughts, feelings, and emotions about clinical experiences and receive feedback from peers and a trained facilitator. Empathy and emotional intelligence (EI) scores were measured pre- and post-intervention utilizing the Jefferson scale of empathy (JSE) student version and Wong law emotional intelligence scale (WLEIS) (Hojat 2016; Wong and Law Leadersh Q. 13:243–74, 2004). Participation in the study was voluntary. Pre-intervention surveys were collected from 185 students for the JSE and 173 students for the WLEIS. Post survey responses were collected from 120 students for both scales. Empathy scores increased from 80.4 to 82.6 (p = 0.02) post-intervention. No significant difference in EI scores was demonstrated post-intervention, 5.4 to 5.5 (p = 0.55) Students who participated in Reflection Rounds did not demonstrate the erosion of empathy that has been previously documented following the completion of the clerkship year. Improvements in empathy scores were demonstrated. No change in EI was observed post-intervention. It is possible that an intervention such as Reflection Rounds may represent a way of preventing the empathy decline that can be seen in medical students as they progress through their training.
Review on the risk assessment for chemical contaminants in food

Chemical contaminants are of immediate and serious concern to food safety and human health.Risk assessment for chemical contaminants in food not only protects food safety and human health,but also enhances consumer protection and facilitates international trade.Conceptions,classification and methods application on chemical risk assessment were introduced in this paper.The risk assessment of chemical contaminants in foreign countries was summarized,and progress in research of chemical contaminants risk assessment in food at home was reviewed in detail,including heavy metals,organic pollutants,pesticides,and aflatoxin etc.The methods of these risk assessment were analyzed and compared.The assessment results of heavy metal,pesticide residues and aflatoxin showed that:children's dietary exposure is high.Main problems in chemical risk assessment in China at present were pointed out and advices were given on further complete chemical risk assessment.
Evaluation of the impact of the voluntary safety standard for liquid laundry packets on the rate of child exposures reported to Poison Control Centers in the US.

Objective To evaluate the impact of the voluntary safety standard for liquid laundry packets on the rate of child exposures reported to Poison Control Centers in the US. Methods The analysis was based on an interrupted time series design. The voluntary safety standard for laundry packets was published at the end of 2015. Data on reported liquid laundry packet exposures involving children under age 6 years were collected for the July 2012 through December 2017 study period. A negative binomial multiple regression model for rate data was used to quantify the impact of the voluntary standard on (1) the rate of total reported exposures and (2) the rate of reported exposures that were medically treated. The analysis controlled for laundry packet sales, time trends and seasonal variations in reported exposures. Results The voluntary safety standard was associated with a 28.6% reduction in the rate of total reported exposures and a 36.8% reduction in the rate of medically treated exposures. The analysis also provides some evidence that these estimated reductions may underestimate overall reductions in the rate of reported exposures if pre-standard packaging improvements and possible caregiver behavioural responses to laundry packet hazard warnings are considered. Conclusions The analysis suggests that the requirements of the voluntary standard have effectively reduced the rate of injury involving liquid laundry packets.
VEGF-C synthesis and function in prostate cancer

5093 Metastatic spread of prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death for men in the United States. Every year, almost 40,000 American men die from prostate cancer. Of those, more than 70% die due to complications of late stage tumors that metastasize to distant locations. Although there are many ways to treat the non-metastatic form of prostate cancer, only androgen-deprivation therapy is available for the more advanced stage. Again, the cancer will often progress to an androgen refractory, metastatic stage. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the metastatic spread of this disease is poorly understood. Thus, it has been difficult to develop effective treatments for this stage of prostate cancer. Various published reports and our preliminary results suggest that high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) are correlated with prostate cancer metastasis. Our observation that VEGF-C synthesis is increased in prostate cancer cells under androgen deprived conditions has led us to consider its involvement during the transition of prostate cancer cells to the androgen refractory stage. We have detected receptors for VEGF-C in different prostate cancer cell lines, suggesting a possible autocrine function. The increase in the VEGF-C level during androgen withdrawal therapy might promote the survival of prostate cancer cells by increasing androgen receptor trans-activation (due to an increase in Bag-1L expression), and may also help to enhance their systemic metastasis. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of VEGF-C synthesis and its role in prostate cancer metastasis is important for developing novel therapies against the androgen refractory, metastatic stage of prostate cancer.
Agenda-Cutting Versus Agenda-Building: Does Sponsored Content Influence Corporate News Coverage in U.S. Media?

Sponsored content articles ( N = 2,711) from 27 major U.S. corporations were analyzed across five years in The New York Times, The Washington Post , and The Wall Street Journal . The degree to which sponsored content predicted significant changes in corporate news coverage was investigated for elite media and U.S. online media. Corporate-sponsored content appeared to mildly suppress coverage of that corporation in online news. This effect, known as agenda cutting, happened both inside elite media and across the media landscape. Conversely, agenda building, or instances where sponsored content resulted in more media coverage, was very rare. We suggest that “content studios,” the departments of news media organizations that create sponsored content, may be exhibiting an agenda-setting effect more akin to traditional advertising departments, which have been known to suppress critical coverage of corporations that pay for ads.
Reactions of carbohydrates with hydroperoxides

Abstract When treated with an excess of hydrogen peroxide under alkaline conditions, D -fructose and L -sorbose yield approximately four moles of formic acid and one mole of glycolic acid per mole of hexulose. This observation is rationalized by a reaction mechanism consisting of nucleophilic addition of a hydroperoxide anion to the carbonyl form of the ketose, followed by oxidative cleavage of the hydroperoxide adduct to glycolic acid and the next lower aldose. The aldose is subsequently degraded entirely to formic acid by the mechanism described in the preceding paper of this series. Oxidative cleavage of the hydroperoxide adduct of a hexulose could take place by rupture of either the C-1C-2 or the C-2C-3 bond. The reaction products show that, under the conditions used, the oxidation takes place almost entirely with cleavage of the C-2C-3 bond of the parent sugar. The optical rotations of the reaction mixtures approach zero as the reactions proceed, and there is no indication of accumulation of optically active intermediates. In buffered solutions, the rate of reaction increases linearly with the increase in the concentration of alkali peroxide. With a constant amount of hydrogen peroxide and increasing amounts of alkali, the rate increases to a maximum corresponding to approximately one equivalent of alkali per mole of peroxide. The rate then decreases slightly as the pH is increased from 12.3 to 13.9. Lack of a rate increase in this range suggests a free-radical, rather than a base-catalyzed, mechanism for the oxidative cleavage of the adduct.
Calculation of the First Nonlinear Contribution to the General-Relativistic Spin-Spin Interaction for Binary Systems

We use recently developed effective field theory techniques to calculate the third order post-Newtonian correction to the spin-spin potential between two spinning objects. This correction represents the first contribution to the spin-spin interaction due to the nonlinear nature of general relativity and will play an important role in forthcoming gravity wave experiments.
NK cells cause liver injury and facilitate the induction of T cell-mediated immunity to a viral liver infection.

NK cells are a relatively rare cell population in peripheral lymphoid organs but are abundant in the liver, raising questions as to their function in immune responses to infections of this organ. To investigate this, cell-mediated immunity to viral liver infection induced by a type 5, replication-defective, adenovirus was examined. It is shown that NK cells in the absence of T cells cause hepatocyte apoptosis in virus-infected livers associated with an increase in liver enzymes in the serum. Concomitantly, NK cells induce production of IFN-γ, inhibitable by their elimination before infection. NK cells are shown to be necessary for optimal priming of virus-specific T cells, assessed by delayed-type hypersensitivity response and CTL activity, consistent with their ability to secrete IFN-γ. The conclusion is drawn that NK cells mediate two important functions in the liver: they induce cell death in the infected organ and concomitantly stimulate the induction of T cell-mediated immunity by release of IFN-γ.
Personal health promotion at US medical schools: a quantitative study and qualitative description of deans' and students' perceptions

Background Prior literature has shown that physicians with healthy personal habits are more likely to encourage patients to adopt similar habits. However, despite the possibility that promoting medical student health might therefore efficiently improve patient outcomes, no one has studied whether such promotion happens in medical school. We therefore wished to describe both typical and outstanding personal health promotion environments experienced by students in U.S. medical schools.
Ovine lentivirus is macrophagetropic and does not replicate productively in T lymphocytes.

Abstract The lentiviruses of sheep, goats, and horses cause chronic multiorgan disease in which macrophages are highly permissive for viral replication. Monocytes, which mature into macrophages, are thought to be latently infected with lentivirus, but the extent to which other leukocytes are infected is unknown. Dendritic cells have not been studied separately from monocytes and T-cell subsets have not been examined in previous attempts to identify infected cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We found no evidence of T-cell tropism using an animal-passaged, pathogenic ovine lentivirus. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated infectious PBMC produced 20-fold less virus than differentiated macrophages, and cocultivation of infectious PBMC with fresh, uninfected phytohemagglutinin blasts did not facilitate virus replication. Furthermore, central lymph cells, the best in vivo source of purified lymphocytes, lacked virus and did not yield virus upon in vitro cultivation. In contrast, cultivated blood-derived macrophages were highly permissive for viral replication. To identify the latently infected PBMC, PBMC from infected sheep were selectively depleted of monocytes and B cells by passage over nylon wool and then of nonadherent cells bearing CD4, CD8, T19, gamma delta T-cell receptor, CD45RA, or major histocompatibility complex class II antigens by panning. Removal of adherent monocytes and B cells or of adherent cells and the three major T-cell subsets (CD4+, CD8+, T19+) did not decrease the infectivity of PBMC. The richest sources of infected cells in fresh PBMC were CD45RA+ and major histocompatibility complex class II+ nonadherent cells, which are three characteristics of dendritic cells. Thus, the dendritic cell, and not the monocyte or the CD4+ cell, is probably the predominant infected cell type in blood.
Self‐reported depression and perceived financial burden among long‐term rectal cancer survivors

Objectives Types of surgery for rectal cancer (RC), including permanent ostomy (PO) or temporary ostomy followed by anastomosis (TO) or initial anastomosis (AN), can affect psychological and financial well-being during active treatment. However, these relationships have not been well studied among long-term survivors (≥5 years post-diagnosis). Methods A mailed survey with 576 long-term RC survivors who were members of Kaiser Permanente was conducted in 2010–2011. Prevalence of current depression was ascertained using a score of ≤45.6 on the Short Form-12 version 2 mental component summary. Perceived financial burden was assessed using a Likert scale ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (severe). Regression analyses were used to measure associations after adjustment for covariates. Results The overall prevalence of depression was 24% among RC survivors with the highest prevalence among those with a history of PO (31%). The adjusted odds of depression among TO and AN survivors were lower than that among PO survivors, 0.42 (CI95% 0.20–0.89) and 0.59 (CI95% 0.37–0.93), respectively. Twenty-two percent perceived moderate-to-high current financial burden (≥4 points). PO survivors also reported higher mean financial burden than AN survivors (2.6 vs. 1.6, respectively; p = 0.002), but perceived burden comparably to TO survivors (2.3). Self-reported depression was associated with higher perceived financial burden (p < 0.001); surgical procedure history did not modify this relationship. Conclusions Depression was reported frequently among these long-term RC survivors, particularly among PO survivors. Depression was associated with greater perception of financial burden. Screening for depression and assessing financial well-being might improve care among long-term RC survivors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Archaeology of Disease, 2nd and Palaeopathology of Aboriginal Australians:Health and Disease across a Hunter‐Gatherer Continent

The Archaeology of Disease, 2nd. ed. Charlotte Roberts and Keith Manchester. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995 (cloth), x + 243 pp. Palaeopathology of Aboriginal Australians: Health and Disease across a Hunter-Gatherer Continent. Stephen Webb. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995 (cloth), xii + 324 pp.
Young Sexual Minority Women's Perceptions of Cross-Generational Friendships with Older Lesbians.

Abstract Perspectives on cross-generational friendships with older lesbians were explored using informal group interviews with two groups of young sexual minority women (N = 16), ages 15 to 25. A majority of the participants were women of color; all were regular members of weekly discussion groups at two lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered centers on the East Coast. About half of the young women were interested in having friendships with older lesbians, citing the importance of such relationships for helping younger women cope with coming out, providing a sense of community, and serving as role models and mentors. Others were less interested in becoming friends with older lesbians, citing the generation gap as being an insurmountable obstacle. The participants also perceived that many older lesbians were not interested in cross-generational friendships. Ways to create opportunities for forming cross-generational friendships were identified.
Abnormalities of Left Ventricular Contraction Induced by Beta Adrenergic Blockade

To understand better the hemodynamic effects caused by propranolol, its effect on the geometry of left ventricular contraction was studied in ten subjects, four with angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease and six without demonstrable heart disease. Heart rate was controlled in four subjects with right atrial pacing. After 5 mg of intravenous propranolol, there were decreases in heart rate and cardiac index in most subjects with a variable effect on left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume increased in the majority of instances with a reduction in both volume ejected and per cent circumferential fiber shortening of the left ventricle. Furthermore, after propranolol the left ventricle assumed a more elongated shape. Propranolol either induced or exaggerated asynergy in five subjects, three of whom had coronary heart disease. These changes provide a morphologic basis for some of the cardiac hemodynamic effects of propranolol.
Application of robust nonmonotonic descent criteria to the solution of nonlinear algebraic equation systems

Abstract The nonmonotonic line search method of Grippo et al. (SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 23, 707-716, 1986) has been applied to the solution of nonlinear
Effect of atmospheric plasma treatment on polymer surface energy and adhesion

This study describes experiments to quantify polymer surface energy changes after exposure to atmospheric plasma. Atmospheric plasma treatment permits surface functionalization at near-ambient temperatures. Polyethylene and polystyrene are treated with an atmospheric plasma unit. The increased surface energy and improved wetting characteristics lead to a significant adhesion improvement with adhesives that cannot be used without surface treatment.
Factors influencing higher education students to adopt podcast: An empirical study

Abstract Podcast, which is one of the technologies that was developed for personal entertainment or for information usage, has become one of the fastest growing technologies in distance learning over the past several years. Using the Technology Acceptance Model and Diffusion of Innovation Theory as base models, this study investigates the technological, individual, and social aspects that influence the adoption of podcast use in education. Previous research on podcast use in education attempted to study its adoption and diffusion; however, these studies have been rather isolated small case studies than a holistic, integrative research. This study overcomes this limitation by examining the student podcast adoption with survey data collected from 352 students in a higher education institution using a comprehensive model. The hypotheses were confirmed using structural equation modeling analytical procedures and the findings supported the proposed model. Based on the findings, implications for theory and practices are discussed.
Heat Capacity and Equilibrium Polymerization of Vitreous Se

The contribution to the heat capacity of liquid Se, Cp,r, arising from the ring-polymer equilibrium was calculated from the equilibrium polymerization theory of Tobolsky and co-workers. Above the polymerization transition temperature (∼360°K), Cp,r∼(1/8)(ΘH32/RT2)(M/Mo), where ΘH3 is the enthalpy change for the polymerization propagation step and (M/M0) is the monomer fraction of Se8 rings. Below the transition temperature, Cp,r is negligibly small. Heat capacities were measured for glassy and liquid Se from 180° to 280°K and from 320° to BOOK, respectively. Using available literature data and the equilibrium polymerization theory, the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of liquid Se was calculated; it agreed within experimental error with the measured temperature dependence.