cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translanguaging and transnational literacies in multilingual classrooms: a biliteracy lens

Abstract As US classrooms approach a decade of response to No Child Left Behind, many questions and concerns remain around the education of those labeled as ‘English language learners,’ in both English as a Second Language and bilingual education classrooms. A national policy context where standardized tests dominate curriculum and instruction and first language literacy is discouraged and undervalued poses unusual challenges for learners whose communicative repertoires encompass translanguaging practices. Drawing on the critical sociolinguistics of globalization and on ethnographic data from US and international educational contexts, we argue via a continua of biliteracy lens that the welcoming of translanguaging and transnational literacies in classrooms is not only necessary but desirable educational practice. We suggest that Obama's current policies on the one hand and our schools' glaring needs on the other offer new spaces to be exploited for innovative programs, curricula, and practices that recogn...
Do Medicare Advantage Plans Select Enrollees in Higher Margin Clinical Categories

Abstract The CMS-HCC risk adjustment system for Medicare Advantage (MA) plans calculates weights, which are effectively relative prices, for beneficiaries with different observable characteristics. To do so it uses the relative amounts spent per beneficiary with those characteristics in Traditional Medicare (TM). For multiple reasons one might expect relative amounts in MA to differ from TM, thereby making some beneficiaries more profitable to treat than others. Much of the difference comes from differences in how TM and MA treat different diseases or diagnoses. Using data on actual medical spending from two MA-HMO plans, we show that the weights calculated from MA costs do indeed differ from those calculated using TM spending. One of the two plans (Plan 1) is more typical of MA-HMO plans in that it contracts with independent community providers, while the other (Plan 2) is vertically integrated with care delivery. We calculate margins, or average revenue/average cost, for Medicare beneficiaries in the two plans who have one of 48 different combinations of medical conditions. The two plans’ margins for these 48 conditions are correlated ( r = 0.39, p
Critical exponents for escape of a strongly driven particle near a bifurcation point

We study the rate of activated escape W in periodically modulated systems close to the saddle-node bifurcation point where the metastable state disappears. The escape rate displays scaling behavior versus modulation amplitude A as A approaches the bifurcational value Ac, with 1nW ∝(Ac-A)μ. For adiabatic modulation, the critical exponent is μ=3/2. Even if the modulation is slow far from the bifurcation point, the adiabatic approximation breaks down close to Ac. In the weakly nonadiabatic regime we predict a crossover to μ = 2 scaling. For higher driving frequencies, as Ac is approached there occurs another crossover, from Αμ=2 to μ=3/2. The general results are illustrated using a simple model system.
Flowfield Near Liquid Fuel Jets Injected Transverse to a Hot Supersonic Air Stream.

Abstract : This paper presents the first results of a study aimed at delineating the processes leading to ignition of liquid fuel jets injected transverse to a hot supersonic air stream. The tests were conducted at Mach 1.8 with a nominal stagnation pressure of 100 psia and stagnation temperatures from 500-1800 F. Kerosene, CS2 and water were used as the injectants. The observations were in the form of direct, top-view photos, temperature measurements and top-view, infrared Thermographic photos to produce isotherm patterns. Attention was directed, in particular, at the surface layer formed on the wall near the injection port. (Author)
Commitment and differentiation of cardiac myocytes

Abstract This article reviews what is known about the earliest stages of heart development focusing on the periods of commitment and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells and their molecular regulation. The pathway from precursor to differentiated cardiac myocyte is crucial to forming a normal, functional heart. Congenital cardiac abnormalities are some of the most common, estimated at 5–8 per 1000 live births worldwide. These conditions affect mortality and morbidity of patients as infants, children, and adults. Knowledge of what steps are critical to normal heart development would lead to earlier diagnosis and possibly repair of these defects.
Natural history of prostatism: Factors associated with discordance between frequency and bother of urinary symptoms☆

The objective of this study was to assess the association between frequency and bother of urinary symptoms in a population-based cohort of men and to identify psychosocial factors that are related to reporting heightened or subdued bother relative to symptom frequency. The survey was conducted among men aged forty to seventy-nine years in Olmsted County, Minnesota, the baseline component of a prospective cohort study. Men were queried about the frequency of urinary symptom occurrence and the perceived bother associated with the symptoms. A regression analysis of American Urologic Association (AUA) bother scores on AUA frequency scores demonstrated a tight correspondence (r2 = 0.71). Men with bother scores greater than predicted from their frequency scores were more likely to have sought health care for their urinary symptoms than men whose bother was close to predicted (14 versus 5 percent, respectively). These men with heightened bother were older, poorer, more anxious, and had lower general psychologic well-being scores than the men whose bother was similar to that expected from their reported frequency. Men whose bother was lower than would be expected were less likely to have sought health care for urinary symptoms in the past year (3%) but were of similar age and socioeconomic status as compared with men whose bother was close to expected. These men, however, were more depressed than men whose bother was commensurate with reported frequency. While the men who reported greater bother than expected from their symptom frequency were more likely to have sought medical care for urinary symptoms in the past year, it is not clear whether this greater health-care-seeking behavior is because bother captures an additional component of urologic disease or is a manifestation of psychosocial differences.
Influence of hood geometry on the compression wave generated by a high-speed train

Abstract A compression wave is generated when a high-speed train enters a tunnel. The wave propagates ahead of the train at the speed of sound. In a long tunnel nonlinear steepening of the wavefront produces the emission of a strong micro-pressure wave (mpw) from the distant tunnel exit. The mpw can produce structural damage to the tunnel and rattles in surrounding buildings. Nonlinear steepening can be countered by increasing the initial rise time of the compression wave by installing a tunnel entrance ‘hood’ consisting of a nominally uniform extension of the tunnel of larger cross-section. In this paper a theoretical examination is made of the influence on the wave of the rapid change in tunnel cross-section in the transition region between the tunnel and hood. It is shown that by optimally profiling the cross-sectional area changes across this region it is possible to minimize the amplitudes of second and third peaks of the compression wave pressure gradient. By this means the amplitudes of the secondary peaks in the micro-pressure wave are greatly reduced.
Improved Care and Reduced Costs for Patients Requiring Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters: the Role of Bedside Ultrasound and a Dedicated Team

Background: We conducted a prospective quality assurance (QA) study to determine if a team dedicated to placing peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) would improve patient care and reduce costs. Methods: In April 2000, a dedicated team of physicians, physician assistants, nurses, and interventional radiologists (IR) was established to coordinate and approve all PICC placements at our hospital. Ultrasound (US) became available in November 2000 to assist with bedside PICC placement. A QA database was created allowing data from 3 time periods reflecting initiation of the PICC service (April–June 2000), initial implementation of bedside US-guided PICC placement (October–December 2000), and the current service (October–December 2002) to be analyzed and compared. Results: For all time periods analyzed, the PICC team found that one-third of PICC requests was inappropriate and, therefore, disapproved placement. With addition of US, the bedside PICC placement rate increased to 94% compared with 73% at se...
JOINING THE DOTS: FROM CHROMATIN REMODELING TO NEURONAL PLASTICITY

In recent years spectacular advances in the field of epigenetics have taken place. Multiple lines of evidence that connect epigenetic regulation to brain functions have been accumulating. Neurons daily convert a variety of external stimuli into rapid or long-lasting changes in gene expression. Control is achieved through several covalent modifications that occur both on DNA and chromatin. Specific modifications mediate many developmental processes and adult brain functions, such as synaptic plasticity and memory. In this review, we focus on crucial chromatin remodeling events that mediate long-lasting neuronal responses. The challenging goal is to reach sufficient understanding of these epigenetic pathways in the brain so that they may be useful for future development of specific pharmacological strategies.
Electron microscopic characterization of electrochemically cycled LiCoO2 and Li(Al, Co) O2 battery cathodes

Abstract Electrochemical cycling of lithium battery cathodes introduces large absolute changes in lithium concentration that can result in microstructural damage and cation disorder. This damage can influence the long-term performance of battery systems, but has not to date been investigated in detail. We have conducted direct observations using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of electrochemically cycled LixCoO2 and LixAlyCo1−yO2 cathodes. A rich variety of electrochemical cycling-induced damage is found. Intercalation oxide particles show widely varying degrees of damage suggesting differing depths of cycling on a local scale. Many particles exhibit severe strain, high dislocation densities, and localized fracture. Moreover, in particles that are severely strained, electron diffraction reveals two types of cation disorder brought about by electrochemical cycling. One is the Li and Co substitution/vacancies on their respective octahedral layers. The second is an evolution towards spinel ordering that is not detectable by bulk analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD). Unlike previously described `lithiated spinels,' the observed spinel ordering is characterized by tetrahedral 8a site occupancy even at compositions near x∼1. Thus it is shown that even in LiCoO2, widely considered to be the most stable of the intercalation oxides in the layered α-NaFeO2 structure, electrochemical cycling results in a transformation towards spinel cation ordering. Similar results are seen in LixAlyCo1−yO2. Cumulative damage of this kind may contribute to the degradation of LiCoO2 cathodes after long-term cycling.
Electron and muon g−2 contributions from the T′ Higgs sector

Abstract We study the experimental constraints from electron and muon g − 2 factors on the Higgs masses and Yukawa couplings in the T ′ model, and thereby show that the discrepancy between the standard model prediction and experimental value of muon g − 2 factor can be easily accommodated.
Estimating attendance for the Ultimate Fighting Championship: a demand theory approach

Mixed martial arts emerged as a major player in the sports industry during the 2000s, with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) growing into the sport’s foremost promotion. Critical to the promotion’s management is understanding fan consumption choices. Using economic demand theory, we draw on the spectator motivation and team sports demand literatures to provide an empirical analysis of what drives demand for mixed martial arts events. Our regression models show that economic and scheduling considerations explain the variation in UFC attendance. The popular notion that The Ultimate Fighter reality series served as the impetus for the UFC’s growth is unsupported by time series analysis and numerous independent variables in our model.
Sexual display response of female white-crowned sparrows to normal, isolate and modified conspecific songs

Female white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys, were tested for their sexual display response to several song stimuli. Experiment 1 showed that subjects displayed more to normal conspecific song than to normal song of the song sparrow, Melospiza melodia, a co-occurring and closely related species. Experiment 2 showed that subjects did not respond differently to isolate conspecific song and isolate song sparrow song; response to these stimuli was low in general. The results of experiment 2 implied that isolate song did not contain sufficient information for conspecific song recognition by females. Experiment 3 tested female response to songs composed of both normal and isolate components. The general trend was that the number of female displays increased with the number of normal components substituted for isolate song components, but one particular component of normal song, the ‘simple syllables’, appeared to elicit a large increase in female displays and thus may serve an important function in the recognition of conspecific song by female white-crowned sparrows.
An Attentional Model for the Conceptual Construction of Units and Number.

Just before the turn of the century, John Dewey wrote, "Number is a rational process, not a sense fact" (McLellan & Dewey, 1895/1908, p. 24). He put in a nutshell an idea that had been suggested, implied, or tacitly taken for granted by quite a few philosophers before him. His introduction of the term process, however, emphasized an aspect that had hitherto been largely disregarded. Berkeley, nearly 200 years earlier, had said that "number is entirely the creature of the mind" (1710/1963, p. 36). But since Berkeley referred to all products of sensation as "ideas," his readers have tended to interpret his statement about number as saying no more than what he said about almost everything else. Kant, about halfway between Berkeley and Dewey, comes a good deal closer. Unity, plurality, and totality are the three categories of quantity for Kant, and they arise from "pure synthesis" of the a priori conditions of all experience, space, and time. Though Kant says that we are rarely conscious of the workings of this synthesis, it does appear to be a constructive activity or process in that the "pure" categories, including those of quantity, are in some way compiled out of the conceptions of space and time as the original, a priori raw material (Kant, 1787/1897, p. 45ff). The question as to what should be assumed as raw material is the point where Jean Piaget, in many ways himself a Kantian, disagrees. In his genetic epistemology, the concepts of space and time are no more a priori than those of existence, causality, or number. All of them are for Piaget the constructions of an active mind that conceptually organizes both itself and its world by crystallizing experience into an interaction of an experiencing subject and the objects of experience (Piaget, 1937, p. 311ff).
Sexual Dimorphism in Urinary Angiotensinogen Excretion During Chronic Angiotensin II–Salt Hypertension

Abstract Background The intrarenal renin−angiotensin system contributes to hypertension by regulating sodium and water reabsorption throughout the nephron. Sex differences in the intrarenal components of the renin−angiotensin system have been involved in the greater incidence of high blood pressure and progression to kidney damage in males than females. Objective This study investigated whether there is a sex difference in the intrarenal gene expression and urinary excretion of angiotensinogen (AGT) during angiotensin II (Ang II)−dependent hypertension and high-salt (HS) diet. Methods Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups for each sex: Normal-salt control, HS diet (8% NaCl), Ang II−infused (80 ng/min), Ang II−infused plus HS diet, and Ang II−infused plus HS diet and treatment with the Ang II receptor blocker, candesartan (25 mg/L in the drinking water). Rats were evaluated for systolic blood pressure (SBP), kidney AGT mRNA expression, urinary AGT excretion, and proteinuria at different time points during a 14-day protocol. Results Both male and female rats exhibited similar increases in urinary AGT, with increases in SBP during chronic Ang II infusion. HS diet greatly exacerbated the urinary AGT excretion in Ang II−infused rats; males had a 9-fold increase over Ang II alone and females had a 2.5-fold increase. Male rats displayed salt-sensitive SBP increases during Ang II infusion and HS diet, and female rats did not. In the kidney cortex, males displayed greater AGT gene expression than females during all treatments. During Ang II infusion, both sexes exhibited increases in AGT gene message compared with same-sex controls. In addition, HS diet combined with Ang II infusion exacerbated the proteinuria in both sexes. Concomitant Ang II receptor blocker treatment during Ang II infusion and HS diet decreased SBP and urinary AGT similarly in both sexes; however, the decrease in proteinuria was greater in the females. Conclusion During Ang II−dependent hypertension and HS diet, higher intrarenal renin-angiotensin system activation in males, as reflected by higher AGT gene expression and urinary excretion, indicates a mechanism for greater progression of high blood pressure and might explain the sex disparity in development of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)

Upper Saxon (Obersachsisch /ɵːpoˁˈsɛksʃ/) refers to a group of dialects spoken by over two million people in the Free State of Saxony in eastern Germany. It is considered one of the eastern branches of Central German (Wiesinger 1983, Lewis 2009), with major phonological, morphological, and lexical differences from Standard German and other regional dialects.
Probability of false alarm estimation in oversampled active sonar systems

The probability of false alarm (P/sub fa/) in active sonar systems is an important system performance measure. This measure is typically estimated by the proportion of alarms to opportunities over some finite window, essentially forming the sample exceedance distribution function (EDF). It is common for sonar systems to be 'over-sampled'; that is, to have a sampling rate higher than the minimum required for representing the bandwidth of the received signal, resulting in reverberation data that are correlated from sample to sample. The performance of the sample EDF in P/sub fa/ estimation under such conditions is of interest. It is easily shown that the estimator remains unbiased with correlated data. However, it is shown in this paper that the variance of the estimator may be reduced from that for independent data by oversampling. Further, the variance is seen to fall between the Cramer-Rao lower bound based on independent thresholded (binary) data and that based on the complex matched filter output data.
Tuning database configuration parameters with iTuned

Database systems have a large number of configuration parameters that control memory distribution, I/O optimization, costing of query plans, parallelism, many aspects of logging, recovery, and other behavior. Regular users and even expert database administrators struggle to tune these parameters for good performance. The wave of research on improving database manageability has largely overlooked this problem which turns out to be hard to solve. We describe iTuned, a tool that automates the task of identifying good settings for database configuration parameters. iTuned has three novel features: (i) a technique called Adaptive Sampling that proactively brings in appropriate data through planned experiments to find high-impact parameters and high-performance parameter settings, (ii) an executor that supports online experiments in production database environments through a cycle-stealing paradigm that places near-zero overhead on the production workload; and (iii) portability across different database systems. We show the effectiveness of iTuned through an extensive evaluation based on different types of workloads, database systems, and usage scenarios.
Pediatric mobility aid-related injuries treated in US emergency departments from 1991 to 2008.

Objectives: Although mobility aids such as crutches, walkers, and wheelchairs are typically beneficial, they can be associated with injury. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence, patterns, and trends of pediatric mobility aid-related injuries to children and adolescents who were aged Language: en
SPECULATION IN THE FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE REVISITED

SUMMARY This article analyzes the exchange speculation in the French franc when the exchange rate was floating in the 1920's to determine both whether speculation was stabilizing or destabilizing, the relationships between speculation and domestic inflation. Speculative behavior is analyzed by comparing changes in the spot rate with changes in the forward rate (adjusted for changes in the money market-interest differential). The impact of speculation on the price level is analyzed by measuring the terms-of-trade effect, the decrease in export prices necessary to generate increased net exports, and the absorption effect, the increase in the current account balance necessary to finance the capital outflow. The comparison of changes in the spot rate and forward exchange rate lead to the conclusion that speculation was destabilizing during much of the 1924-26 period. Only a relative small part of the observed price increases during this period appeared as a result of the terms-of-trade and the absorption effects. However, during the period when speculation was destabilizing, the economy was becoming less liquid; the demand for money was falling. This reduction is attributed to a reaction to speculation against the franc. Both the reduction in demand for money and the speculation against the franc could be attributed to some other factors, especially to political instability. Since the exchange rate depreciated much more rapidly than domestic prices increased, it is concluded that speculation was a trigger rather than a response.
The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure

Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological literature that seeks to theorize infrastructure by drawing on biopolitics, science and technology studies, and theories of technopolitics. I also examine other dimensions of infrastructures that release different meanings and structure politics in various ways: through the aesthetic and the sensorial, desire and promise.
The right heart failure dilemma in the era of left ventricular assist devices.

The challenges presented to clinicians by the failing right ventricle (RV) precede our most recent experiences with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) by decades, yet for a multitude of reasons we seem not to have solved this difficult dilemma. The LVAD is both beneficial and detrimental to the RV. It is beneficial by reducing the RV’s work against pressure by decompressing the LV and thus the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, which in turn passively reduces pulmonary vascular resistance. On the other hand, an LVAD, by decompressing the LV, can cause a leftward shift of the interventricular septum, which results in a more spherical shape to the RV, thus disadvantaging it in its mechanical contractile properties. In addition, a new set of hemodynamic conditions is presented to the RV. Whereas RV output had been equated to the LV output, once we have introduced an LVAD we raise the expected output of the RV to that of the LVAD. RV-developed pressure is determined by RV free wall function, LV function and interventricular septal position and function. Once the septum has been essentially disabled, the work becomes the responsibility of the anterior free wall of the RV. Thus, the anatomic, functional and physiologic parameters imposed upon the RV by an LVAD create a set of conditions whereby the RV operates in a disadvantaged mechanical zone, thus relying largely on a reduction in pulmonary after-load for its most of its operability. A delicate balance between adequate decompression and pump flow required for end-organ perfusion must be in place while protecting RV anatomic integrity. This produces what I refer to as the RV dilemma. Much of the early morbidity and mortality associated with LVADs relates to patient selection. INTERMACS clearly delineates the key effect of the selection of Level 1 patients upon peri-operative mortality and long-term outcome. Thus, although multiple parameters have evolved for assessing the
Perception of Objects in Natural Scenes: Is It Really Attention Free?.

Studies have suggested attention-free semantic processing of natural scenes in which concurrent tasks leave category detection unimpaired (e.g., F. Li, R. VanRullen, C. Koch, & P. Perona, 2002). Could this ability reflect detection of disjunctive feature sets rather than high-level binding? Participants detected an animal target in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sequence and then reported its identity and location. They frequently failed to identify or to localize targets that they had correctly detected, suggesting that detection was based only on partial processing. Detection of targets was considerably worse in sequences that also contained humans, presumably because of shared features. When 2 targets were presented in RSVP, a prolonged attentional blink appeared that was almost eliminated when both targets were detected without being identified. The results suggest rapid feature analysis mediating detection, followed by attention-demanding binding for identification and localization.
Sarcopenia and Decreased Muscle Strength in the Elderly Woman: Resistance Training as a Safe and Effective Intervention

A principle component of age-related weakness and frailty in women is sarcopenia. This decrease in skeletal muscle mass is a progressive syndrome that will affect the quality of life for elderly women by decreasing the ability to perform many activities of daily living. Strength training is known to be an effective means of increasing muscular strength and size in many populations, and can be utilized successfully to significantly improve muscle strength, muscle mass and functional mobility in elderly women up to the age of 96 years. Such exercise can minimize the syndrome of physical frailty due to decreased muscle mass and strength. Any rehabilitation or exercise program for the elderly woman would benefit from the inclusion of such a training regime.
Structure, bonding, and adhesion at the ZrC(1 0 0)/Fe(1 1 0) interface from first principles

Abstract We report a pseudopotential-based density functional theory (DFT) investigation of the interface between ZrC and bcc Fe. ZrC is a potential candidate for a protective coating for ferritic steels because of its favorable physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Here we predict the atomic structure, bonding, and ideal work of adhesion (Wadideal) of the interface formed between the most stable surfaces of ZrC and bcc Fe, namely, the ZrC(1 0 0)/Fe(1 1 0) interface. Bulk properties of ZrC and bcc Fe, calculated for calibration of the DFT approximations involved, are in good agreement with experiment. Further, all the low-index surfaces of ZrC and bcc Fe are observed to retain near ideal bulk termination, as observed experimentally. Stabilities of both ZrC and bcc Fe surfaces follow their respective packing density sequence, i.e., (1 1 0)
Effects of Delays in Peripheral Blood Processing, Including Cryopreservation, on Detection of CD31 Expression on Naïve CD4 T Cells

Delayed processing of peripheral blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation and cryopreservation can lead to the detection of somewhat higher levels of CD31 expression on naive CD4 T cells by flow cytometry. These observations should be considered in the planning of multicenter clinical trials and in the interpretation of the results of functional studies.
The measurement of surface temperatures with platinum films during nucleate boiling of water

This report describes a simple and reliable method of constructing small platinum film thermometers on Pyrex glass. The thermometers were used to measure surface temperature during nucleate boiling of water at pressures between 1 and 4 lb./sq.in. abs. The thermometers showed that as superheated microlayers of water evaporated beneath vapor bubbles, the surface temperature often dropped 40° to 75°F. before ultimately reaching the saturation temperature. The thermometers proved to be accurate (±1°F.) and capable of fast response (145°F./msec.).
Grand challenge problems in visualization software

Discusses issues relating to the complexity of scientific visualization software system implementation. It is argued that the complexity of current implementations of such systems may limit the utility for users because the interfaces typically require significant knowledge of the data being studied and the applicable visualization algorithms, as well as its infrastructure of graphics, imaging and data handling technology. The issues, unknowns, and possible solutions associated with building effective scientific visualization software are discussed. >
FALCON: a system for reliable checkpoint recovery in shared grid environments

In Fine-Grained Cycle Sharing (FGCS) systems, machine owners voluntarily share their unused CPU cycles with guest jobs, as long as their performance degradation is tolerable. However, unpredictable evictions of guest jobs lead to fluctuating completion times. Checkpoint-recovery is an attractive mechanism for recovering from such "failures". Today's FGCS systems often use expensive, high-performance dedicated checkpoint servers. However, in geographically distributed clusters, this may incur high checkpoint transfer latencies. In this paper we present a system called Falcon that uses available disk resources of the FGCS machines as shared checkpoint repositories. However, an unavailable storage host may lead to loss of checkpoint data. Therefore, we model failures of storage hosts and develop a prediction algorithm for choosing reliable checkpoint repositories. We experiment with Falcon in the university-wide Condor testbed at Purdue and show improved and consistent performance for guest jobs in the presence of irregular resource availability.
Pyrazine composition of wood smoke as influenced by wood source and smoke generation variables

A series of 8 pyrazines (pyrazine, 3-ethyl-2-methoxy-, 2-ethoxy-3-ethyl-, 3,6-dimethyl-2-propyl-, 2-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-, 2-butyl-3,6-dimethyl-, 2-acetyl-3-methyl-, 2-acetyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine) were identified in the smoke generated from 17 different wood sources (white and red oak, walnut, chestnut, apple, redwood, red alder, cherry, aspen, birch, hard maple, eastern cedar, hickory, Lodgepole pine wood and bark, Douglas-Fir heartwood and sapwood). Hickory produced the largest amount (41.03 mg 100 g wood) of total pyrazines while redwood had the least (10.33 mg). Total and individual pyrazine levels did not appear to correlate with wood nitrogen content nor with the levels of cellulose, hemicellulose or lignin. Smoke generation variables relative to pyrazine formation were evaluated with hickory smoke. Increasing the moisture content from 4 per cent to 20 or 30 per cent resulted in decreased total pyrazine levels. The absence of air decreased total pyrazine concentration while increasing smoke generation temperature from 290 to 450°C increased the total amount of pyrazines formed. Collection of hickory smoke volatiles in an alkaline solution resulted in lower total pyrazine levels than condensate trapped in water.
Generalized neuron based secure media access control protocol for wireless sensor networks

Security plays a pivotal role in most applications of wireless sensor networks. It is common to find inadequately secure networks confined only to controlled environments. The issue of security in wireless sensor networks is a hot research topic for over a decade. This paper presents a compact generalized neuron (GN) based medium access protocol that renders a CSMA/CD network secure against denial-of-service attacks launched by adversaries. The GN enhances the security by constantly monitoring multiple parameters that reflect the possibility that an attack is launched by an adversary. Particle swarm optimization, a popular bio-inspired evolutionary-like optimization algorithm is used for training the GN. The wireless sensor network is simulated using Vanderbilt Prowler, a probabilistic wireless network simulator. Simulation results show that the choice of threshold suspicion parameter impacts on the tradeoff between network effectiveness and lifetime.
Influence of Social Media Use on Discussion Network Heterogeneity and Civic Engagement: The Moderating Role of Personality Traits

Using original national survey data, we examine how social media use affects individuals' discussion network heterogeneity and their level of civic engagement. We also investigate the moderating role of personality traits (i.e., extraversion and openness to experiences) in this association. Results support the notion that use of social media contributes to heterogeneity of discussion networks and activities in civic life. More importantly, personality traits such as extraversion and openness to experiences were found to moderate the influence of social media on discussion network heterogeneity and civic participation, indicating that the contributing role of social media in increasing network heterogeneity and civic engagement is greater for introverted and less open individuals.
Role of right atrial endocardial structures as barriers to conduction during human type I atrial flutter. Activation and entrainment mapping guided by intracardiac echocardiography.

Background The importance of barriers in atrial flutter has been demonstrated in animals. We used activation and entrainment mapping, guided by intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), to determine whether the crista terminalis (CT) and eustachian ridge (ER) are barriers to conduction during typical atrial flutter in humans. Methods and Results In eight patients, ICE was used to guide the placement of 20-pole and octapolar catheters along the CT and interatrial septum and a roving catheter to nine sites: just posterior (1) and anterior (2) to the CT along the lateral right atrium, at the fossa ovalis (3), and just posterior and anterior to the ER at the low posterolateral (4 and 5), low posterior (6 and 7), and low posteromedial (8 and 9) right atrium. Entrainment was performed, and each site was considered within the flutter circuit if the postpacing interval–flutter cycle length (PPI−FCL) and the stimulus time–activation time (stim time−act time) were <10 msec. Split potentials were recorded along the CT wi...
Difficulty of Visual Search Modulates Neuronal Interactions and Response Variability in the Frontal Eye Field

The frontal eye field (FEF) is involved in selecting visual targets for eye movements. To understand how populations of FEF neurons interact during target selection, we recorded activity from multi...
Attachment to God and Parents: Testing the Correspondence vs. Compensation Hypotheses

The relationship between early caregiver experiences and attachment to God was explored in the current study. Using the Attachment to God Inventory (AGI) developed by Beck and McDonald, the relationship between parent-child attachment and attachment to God was explored among a college population. In addition, parental spirituality and religious emphases in the home were investigated. Comparisons of the AGI with parent-child attachment measures support a correspondence between working models of parents and God. Respondents that reported coming from homes that were emotionally cold or unspiritual exhibited higher levels of avoidance of intimacy in their relationship to God, a trend consistent with a Dismissing attachment style. Overprotective, rigid, or authoritarian homes were associated with higher levels of both avoidance of intimacy and anxiety over lovability in relationship to God, a trend characterized by the Fearful attachment style. Attachment theory is widely accepted as a broad encompassing model of psychosocial and emotional development. Recent work (Granqvist, 1998; Kirkpatrick & Shaver, 1990; TenElshof & Furrow, 2000) has suggested that attachment theory may be an appropriate framework for a believer's relationship with a God figure. The question of whether one's attachment to God resembles other attachment relationships has generated a wealth of research but has recently gained new impetus with the introduction of a direct measure of attachment to God, the Attachment to God Inventory (Beck & McDonald, 2004). Prior to this time, other religiosity measures or single-item/b rief measures have been used to assess attachment to God. Now that the measure is available, attachment to God questions can be addressed more directly. In the current study, the association between parent-child attachment and attachment to God was explored.
3D TOCSY-HSQC NMR for Metabolic Flux Analysis Using Non-Uniform Sampling

13C-Metabolic Flux Analysis (13C-MFA) is rapidly being recognized as the authoritative method for determining fluxes through metabolic networks. Site-specific 13C enrichment information obtained using NMR spectroscopy is a valuable input for 13C-MFA experiments. Chemical shift overlaps in the 1D or 2D NMR experiments typically used for 13C-MFA frequently hinder assignment and quantitation of site-specific 13C enrichment. Here we propose the use of a 3D TOCSY-HSQC experiment for 13C-MFA. We employ Non-Uniform Sampling (NUS) to reduce the acquisition time of the experiment to a few hours, making it practical for use in 13C-MFA experiments. Our data show that the NUS experiment is linear and quantitative. Identification of metabolites in complex mixtures, such as a biomass hydrolysate, is simplified by virtue of the 13C chemical shift obtained in the experiment. In addition, the experiment reports 13C-labeling information that reveals the position specific labeling of subsets of isotopomers. The information ...
Synthesis and Characterization of Photocatalytic TiO2-ZnFe2O4 Nanoparticles

The wide bandgap semiconductor TiO2 has become the dominant UV-activated photocatalyst in the field of air and water detoxification because of its high stability, low cost, high oxidation potential and chemically favorable properties. The demand for visible-light activated photocatalytic systems is increasing rapidly; however, currently, the efficiency and availability of photocatalysts that can be activated effectively by the solar spectrum and particularly indoor lighting is severely limited. In this paper, a new coprecipitation/hydrolysis synthesis route is used to create a TiO2-ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite that is directed towards extending the photoresponse of TiO2 from UV to visible wavelengths (>400nm). The effect of TiO2’s accelerated anatase-rutile phase transformation due to the presence of the coupled ZnFe2O4 narrow bandgap semiconductor is evaluated. The transformation’s dependence on pH, calcination temperature, particle size, and ZnFe2O4 concentration has been analyzed using XRD, SEM, and UV-Visible spectrometry. The requirements for retaining the highly photoactive anatase phase present in a ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite are outlined. The visible-light activated photocatalytic activity of the TiO2-ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites have been compared to an Aldrich TiO2 reference catalyst, using a solar-simulated photoreactor for the degradation of phenol.
The New Scrutiny

For years, lawyers and law professors could give an abbreviated but accurate description of judicial administration of the Constitution in stating that when constitutional values come to court, judicial scrutiny on their behalf generally takes one of two forms, mere rationality review or heightened scrutiny. Like many models, this one glossed a considerably grainier reality, but overall it captured Supreme Court decisions very well. This model, called here the old scrutiny, still has countless users and proponents, but it no longer describes American constitutional law as it has been stated and practiced by a majority of the Rehnquist Court. This Article will explore the reasons and methods of the Justices who make up this new majority, and the narrative of constitutional history they have produced that is calculated to legitimate the legal transformation they are leading. Part I of the Article explains that the old scrutiny fails to comfortably describe the most important new decisions, doctrines, and debates of the Rehnquist Court because in disciplined fashion, the new majority has been purging the old scrutiny, overruling or displacing the precedents that symbolized its commitments and methods and installing in their stead decisions that reflect a reordered hierarchy of constitutional values. Part II of the Article explains that the resulting jurisprudence is not a patternless passel of opinions that share in common only their disenchantment with the old scrutiny's objectives and manners. Rather, a new scrutiny is emerging with a logic and structure of its own, centering upon a conception of constitutional well-being, here termed measured reasonableness. The structure and texture of this new conception are defined by four distinct techniques which the Article explores, complicating the picture but also lending it comprehensiveness and coherence.
Single phase forced convection heat transfer in microgeometries-a review

As the field of microfluids and heat transfer continues to grow, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the mechanisms and fundamental differences involved with heat transfer and fluid flow in microgeometries. This paper presents a summary of the research in the area of single phase convective heat transfer in microtubes and microchannels with applications in devices such as micro heat pumps and heat exchangers that may be used for electronic equipment cooling, in biomedical applications, and potentially for macroscale cooling systems through many parallel configurations. While conclusive evidence is lacking, it appears that the friction factor for flow in microgeometries is less than that predicted by macroscale theory while heat transfer coefficients may increase relative to traditional correlations. The Reynolds analogy also appears to be invalid when the scale of the flow passages is on the order of 100 pm or less.
On realization in everyday life : the forecasting of bad news as a social relation

L'A. etudie la prevision concue comme une strategie pour enoncer un certain nombre de mauvaises nouvelles et la compare a celle du non-enonce ou celle de l'enonce brutal. La prevision tend a avertir d'une situation defavorable probable sans faire intervenir le suspens et sans pour autant proceder de facon brutale. Cette technique a l'avantage de fournir des indications concernant une situation a venir dont celui qui la prend en compte peut evaluer la probabilite. Ceci conduit l'individu a une certaine anticipation sur le futur. Au contraire le non-enonce ou l'enonce brutal accroissent la probabilite de mesestimation de la probabilite de l'evenement
Hydrologic Characterization of 56 Geographically Isolated Wetlands in West-Central Florida Using a Probabilistic Method

Wetlands are important hydrological elements of watersheds that influence water storage, surface water runoff, groundwater recharge/discharge processes, and evapotranspiration. Understanding the cumulative effect wetlands have on a watershed requires a good understanding of representative water-level fluctuations and storage characteristics associated with multiple wetlands across a region. We introduce a probabilistic approach based on frequency analysis of water levels in numerous geographically isolated wetlands across the mantled karst terrain of west-central Florida, in the Tampa Bay region. This approach estimates the probabilities, or percentage of time, that water levels in a wetland or upland groundwater wells are at or below a specific elevation. We applied this hydrologic characterization to 56 wetlands in west-central Florida, and documented that standing water was present in the wetlands 61 % of the time and that these wetlands were groundwater recharge zones at least 50 % of the time over the 7 year study. Additionally, we demonstrated that various wetland types, classified according to vegetation community composition and structure, exhibit similar means, extremes and ranges in water-level behavior. We believe that this is the first paper to robustly quantify inundation frequency and recharge status in seasonally flooded wetlands at a regional scale. The analytical tool introduced in this manuscript could be used to detect, through changes in water-level frequency distribution, wetland hydrological response to different climatological or anthropogenic stressors. This tool is timely as changes in frequency distribution shape may provide early warnings of ecosystem regime change.
Combustion instability mechanisms in ramjets

The present paper investigates the nature of the above feedback loop in an effort to identify The control of longitudinal combustion methods by which the instability may be controlinstabilities in dump type ramjet engines is a led. Results obtained in a laboratory simulator Of problem of considerable practical importance. It a ramjet burner are reported. it is shown that the is shown in this paper that the geometry of the geometry of the flame zone exerts a strong flame in the combustion chamber can stronolv influence uDon the instability levels and affords influence both the level as well as the frequency of the observed instabilities and thus serve as a means for their control. Results obtained for different flame shapes, realized by relatively displacing two flame holders in the combustion chamber, are described. The important mechanism governing the instabilities is found to be a periodic merging of the flame fronts from the two flame holders. This results in periodic changes in the flame surface area and leads to unsteady heat release rates at the merging frequency which, in turn, drive the acoustic oscillations. By adjusting the relative displacements of the flame holders, the merging of the flame fronts can be manipulated and the instability controlled.
A ROMAN MOSAIC PAVEMENT REBUILT

A Roman mosaic pavement, first century, from the Villa Livia, was removed from that site at some time between 1863 and 1897. In the latter year it was acquired for the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, and was installed in the court of that building by 1902. The ground beneath it was not firm. The pavement sank and the lime mortar of the setting bed became weak and loose. In 1961 the pavement was repaired by taking out the crumbling mortar and replacing it with a structure of inert materials bound by an epoxy compound and made rigid by a system of aluminium screens, bars, and channels.