cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The private direct cost of secondary schooling in Tanzania

Abstract This paper presents data relevant to discussions on the financing of secondary education in Tanzania. The issue of financing is important because expansion in public schools is severely limited by budgetary constraints, high unit costs, and the fact that no part of public expenditures is currently recovered through fees. Given the financing difficulties, it may now be appropriate to reconsider the role of fees as a means of mobilizing private resources to supplement government funds. A prior question, however, is whether or not households already incur a significant cost even in the absence of fees, and further, whether or not they are willing to bear additional charges. The empirical analysis for Tanzania shows that although students pay no fees, their school related expenditure is in fact quite substantial, amounting in 1981 to US$139 for state students, and US$439 (including US$242 for fees) for private students. The results also show that students' expenditures vary more by enrollment characteristics than by family background, suggesting that given the substantial expenses involved, students do not spend more or less than what is necessary, regardless of their background. The large proportion of privately enrolled students in Tanzania indicates, however, that wealthier parents are both willing and able to bear a substantial user charge. A possible implication of these results is that user charges for public secondary education could potentially play an important role in mobilizing private household resources for the sector. Their actual relevance in Tanzania needs, however, to be confirmed by additional research.
Depression treatment preferences of older white and Mexican origin men.

Abstract Objective Among older white and Mexican origin male primary care patients, we examined preferences for features of depression care programs that would encourage depressed older men to enter and remain in treatment. Method Sixty-three (45 white, 18 Mexican origin) older men were recruited in six primary care clinics. All had clinical depression in the past year and/or were receiving depression treatment. Participants completed a conjoint analysis preference survey regarding depression treatments, providers and treatment enhancements. Results The data suggest that white men preferred medication over counseling [odds ratio (OR): 1.64 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–2.41], while Mexican origin men preferred counseling (OR: medication over counseling: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12–0.66). Both white and Mexican origin men preferred treatment that included family involvement (vs. none) (white: OR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.12–2.30; Mexican origin: OR: 3.31 95% CI 1.44–7.62) and treatment for insomnia (vs. treatment for alcohol use) (white: OR: 1.72, 95% CI 1.01–2.91; Mexican origin: OR: 3.93 95% CI 1.35–11.42). White men also preferred treatment by telephone (OR: 1.80, 95% CI 1.12–2.87). Conclusions Findings could inform development of patient-centered depression treatment programs for older men and suggest strategies, such as attention to sleep problems, which providers may employ to tailor treatment to preferences of older men.
A 1.5V 120nW CMOS programmable monolithic reference generator for wireless implantable system

We implement and characterize a 1.5V 120nW CMOS programmable monolithic reference generator for wireless implantable system. The proposed generator is optimized to be tolerable for power supply variation in a small area with programmability to generate various reference voltages and currents. The measured power line sensitivity are 0.02 / 1.1%/V for voltage and current reference, respectively. This reference generator can operate for input voltage ranging from 1.5V to 3.5V and implemented in an area of 0.011 mm2, which is the smallest monolithic reference generator in 0.25μm technology to the best of our knowledge. The output can vary from 20nA to 33nA for current reference and from 0.71V to 1.03V for voltage reference.
Surface Properties and Adhesion of Flame Treated Sheet Molded Composite (SMC)

Abstract The surface chemistry of sheet molded composite (SMC) following interaction with a natural gas/air flame operated under reducing, stoichiometric, and oxidizing conditions has been investigated. The SMC surface chemistry is altered to contain in addition to hydrocarbon, ether, and ester functional groups, carbonyl and a greater carboxyl concentration. The extent of surface oxidation varies with the flame condition in the manner oxidizing ∼ stoichiometric > reducing. Lap shear tests carried out at 82°C (180°F) for coupons bonded with a urethane adhesive did not fail by fiber tear. Surface analysis results indicate failure at an oxidized SMC-adhesive/non-oxidized SMC interface and within the non-oxidized SMC surface.
Practical Application Of Non-Newtonian Transient Flow Analysis

Recent studies on the transient flow of non-Newtonian fluid in porous media have proposed new well-test analysis techniques for non-Newtonian injection wells. This study extends these new techniques to non-Newtonian injection well falloff testing. The practical use of this well-test analysis method is demonstrated. The limitations of the techniques also are addressed. Examples of field data are used to demonstrate how this analysis can aid in well-test interpretation and provide data and insight for the design and operation of enhanced oil recovery projects.
Active entry of stream benthic macroinvertebrates into the water column

Field experiments investigated the possible active entry of stream benthos into the water column. Over a 1-year period, sediment baskets were suspended for 24 hours in a stream pool so that only swimming or floating organisms, essentially unaided by current, could colonize them. A variety of benthos, including taxa characteristic of riffles, colonized the baskets, with colonization highest in late summer and negligible in winter. A modified drift net towed through the pool was used to quantitatively sample benthic animals actually in the water column. Nighttime tows captured a diverse, abundant fauna and indicated densities substantially higher than invertebrate drift densities reported in the literature. Daytime tows yielded little. Estimated percentages of the benthos in the water column at a given time were generally < 1.0%. These findings suggest that not all invertebrate drift is the result of passive mechanical removal from the substrate by current.
Human cysteine-proteinase inhibitors: nucleotide sequence analysis of three members of the cystatin gene family

Three genes from the human cystatin gene family of cysteine-proteinase inhibitors have been isolated from a bacteriophage lambda library containing HindIII digests of human genomic DNA. Two of the genes code for salivary cystatin SN and SA, the third is a pseudogene. The cloned genes were identified with a probe made from a salivary cystatin cDNA. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene that codes for the precursor form of the neutral salivary protein, cystatin SN, was determined. The gene, which we name CST1, contains three exons and two intervening sequences. The expected CAT and ATA boxes are present in the 5'-flanking region of the gene. Partial nucleotide sequence determination of a second gene revealed that it codes for the precursor form of the acidic salivary protein, cystatin SA. This gene, which we name CST2, has the same gene organization as CST1. The complete nucleotide sequence of a third gene was determined. It does not contain a typical ATA box, and in addition, a premature stop codon and a frameshift deletion mutation occur within the gene. These inactivation mutations show that this gene, which we name CSTP1, is a cystatin pseudogene. These data combined with our genomic Southern-blot analyses show that the cystatin genes form a multigene family with at least seven members.
Free-Energy Simulations Reveal that Both Hydrophobic and Polar Interactions Are Important for Influenza Hemagglutinin Antibody Binding

Abstract Antibodies binding to conserved epitopes can provide a broad range of neutralization to existing influenza subtypes and may also prevent the propagation of potential pandemic viruses by fighting against emerging strands. Here we propose a computational framework to study structural binding patterns and detailed molecular mechanisms of viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) binding with a broad spectrum of neutralizing monoclonal antibody fragments (Fab). We used rigorous free-energy perturbation (FEP) methods to calculate the antigen-antibody binding affinities, with an aggregate underlying molecular-dynamics simulation time of several microseconds (∼2 μ s) using all-atom, explicit-solvent models. We achieved a high accuracy in the validation of our FEP protocol against a series of known binding affinities for this complex system, with 4.0 kcal/mol (equivalent to an ∼1000-fold increase in the dissociation constant K d ). Moreover, for group 1 HA subtypes (which include both the H1N1 swine flu and the H5N1 bird flu), the relative binding affinities change only slightly ( α A helix of HA mutate to conservative amino acids of similar size, which explains the broad neutralization capability of antibodies such as F10 and CR6261. Finally, we found that the hydrogen-bonding network between His-38 (in HA1) and Ser-30/Gln-64 (in Fab) is important for preserving the strong binding of Fab against group 1 HAs, whereas the lack of such hydrogen bonds with Asn-38 in most group 2 HAs may be responsible for the escape of antibody neutralization. These large-scale simulations may provide new insight into the antigen-antibody binding mechanism at the atomic level, which could be essential for designing more-effective vaccines for influenza.
Realization of an ultrastable twin-beam source for continuous-variable entanglement of bright beams

We report the realization of a classically phase-locked source of quantum twin beams. Theoretical work by Reid and Drummond, and more recently by van Loock and Braunstein, predicts that such a source is adequate for creating bipartite and multipartite continuous-variable entanglement. The source is a type-II optical parametric oscillator (OPO) above threshold. Its exceptional frequency and intensity stability is derived from careful design and from three servo loops. The OPO can stably emit on the frequency-degenerate mode, pumped a few percent above the threshold. We observe a preliminary number-difference squeezing of 5.5 dB (6.4 dB inferred) at 200 kHz. In order to enable future EPR measurements, the signal and idler fields must also be classically phase-locked: we measure a signal-idler-frequency-difference linewidth smaller than 300 Hz for our OPO.
A single amino acid substitution differentiates Hsp70-dependent effects on α-synuclein degradation and toxicity

Abstract α-Synuclein aggregation and toxicity play a major role in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Hsp70 is a multipurpose stress response chaperone protein that mediates both refolding and degradation of misfolded proteins. We have shown that Hsp70 is able to block both α-synuclein toxicity and aggregation. Here we introduce a mutation into the ATPase domain of Hsp70 (K71S) and demonstrate that this abolishes Hsp70 refolding activity. Nonetheless, Hsp70K71S continues to mediate α-synuclein degradation and blocks aggregate formation. In contrast to wild type Hsp70, the ATPase domain mutant mediates α-synuclein degradation through a non-proteasome inhibitor sensitive pathway. Although Hsp70K71S can diminish levels of α-synuclein to an even greater extent than Hsp70, HSP70K71S does not protect against α-synuclein toxicity. The Hsp70K71S mutant appears to dissociate the formation of aggregates, which it blocks, and toxicity, which it does not block. These data suggest that the ability of Hsp70 to prevent toxicity is distinct from degradation of α-synuclein and is dependent on its ATPase domain.
Failures of Nickel/Copper Bolts in Subsea Application

Slow-strain-rate tests in ASTM seawater using specimens prepared from a failed nickel/copper-alloy bolt have shown that precipitation-hardened UNS N05500 (Monel K-500) is embrittled by cathodic protection with sacrificial aluminum anodes. Some loss of ductility also occurred when annealed UNS N05500 was coupled to aluminum anodes and when the hardened alloy was coupled to steel. Brittle fractures produced by slow-strain-rate tests were intergranular and were very similar in appearance to the field fractures. While the slow-strain-rate tests were conducted on an alloy from only one source, there is no reason to assume that UNS N05500 alloy from other sources would resist hydrogen embrittlement from standard cathodic protection systems.
Cross-linking of phospholipid neighbors in the erythrocyte membrane.

Summary Erythrocyte ghosts were reacted with difluorodinitrobenzene. The lipids were extracted and hydrolyzed with 3N HCl to yield water soluble dinitrophenyl derivatives of serine and ethanolamine. These derivatives were separated by thin layer chromatography and compared to synthetic standards. The results show that only 5% of the total extractable amino-phospholipids becomes cross-linked. Cross-linking of PE to PS occurs to a greater extent than cross-linking of PE to PE or PS to PS. These results suggest that these amino-phospholipids occur primarily as lipoprotein sub-units on the inner surface of the membrane and that a small fraction occurs as a phospholipid bilayer.
Mystical Experience and Schizophrenia

Autobiographical accounts of acute mystical experience and schizophrenia are compared in order to examine the similarities between the two states. The appearance of a powerful sense of noesis, heightening of perception, feelings of communion with the "divine," and exultation may be common to both. The disruption of thought seen in the acute psychoses is not a component of the accounts of mystical experience reviewed by the author, and auditory hallucinations are less common than visual hallucinations in the mystical state. The ease with which elements of the acute mystical experience can be induced in possession cults or in an experimental situation suggests that the capacity for such an altered state experience may be latently present in many people. It is postulated that there is a limited repertoire of response within the nervous system for altered state experiences such as acute psychosis and mystical experience, even though the precipitants and etiology may be quite different.
Prevalence and correlates of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior among US pregnant women

Abstract Objective Physical activity is recommended for pregnant women without medical or obstetric complications. This study described the prevalence and correlates of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior among United States pregnant women. Methods Using cross-sectional data collected from the 2003 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 359 pregnant women ≥16 years wore an accelerometer for 1 week. Results Women participated in a mean of 12.0 minutes/day (standard error (SE) 0.86) of moderate activity and 0.3 minutes/day (SE 0.08) of vigorous activity. Mean moderate to vigorous physical activity varied by trimester: 11.5 minutes/day in first trimester, 14.3 minutes/day in second trimester, and 7.6 minutes/day in third trimester. On average, women spent 57.1% of their monitored time in sedentary behaviors. In multivariable adjusted models, moderate to vigorous physical activity was higher in the first (p = 0.02) and second (p Conclusion Most pregnant women spent more than half of the monitored day in sedentary behaviors and did not meet recommendations for physical activity.
SPATIAL REPRESENTATION AND SCALE IMPACTS IN TRANSIT SERVICE ASSESSMENT

There has been much research over the past decade on aspects of bus-transit-system service and performance. Common to studies is the necessity that the population served by systems be estimated. Usually this entails delineating areas for which demand is covered through the use of geographic information systems (GIS), as well as deciding on how best to represent potential ridership spatially. However, little attention has been paid to spatial issues inherent in these choices. Research has emphasized the modeling of transit problems using GIS rather than giving explicit attention to the spatial considerations underlying analyses. To this end, we investigate issues of spatial representation in transit studies. A GIS-based analysis of bus transit for a small urban municipality is utilized to highlight that estimates of service coverage are sensitive to the choice of areal units representing ridership (scale), whether individual stops or routes are used to determine access, and how network versus Euclidean dis...
Errors induced in quartz crystal mass uptake measurements by nongravimetric effects: Considerations beyond the EerNisse caution

We report frequency changes in AT-cut quartz crystals for glassy polymers subsequent to temperature and carbon dioxide pressure changes. Anomalous frequency shifts are observed for the crystal subsequent to such changes. Since, the Sauerbrey equation has been applied routinely for mass uptake measurements in glassy polymers, using the quartz crystal microbalance fitted with AT-cut quartz crystals, it is important that nongravimetric effects that impact the frequency change be well understood. In the present work, we provide a quantitative analysis of the breakdown of the Sauerbrey equation for viscoelastic materials by using the Johannsmann (Macromol Chem Phys 1999, 200, 501) treatment of the response of AT-cut crystals. Clearly, there exist significant errors in mass uptake measurements for materials deposited on AT-cut quartz crystals when precautions pertaining to film thickness and viscoelastic compliance are ignored. We show that while the early caution of EerNisse on stress effects in AT-cut quartz crystals can be important in mass uptake measurements, for polymers, the major source of error arises from viscoelastic effects in the coating. We conclude that mass uptake measurements for films of compliant materials and polymers above their glass transition cannot be performed with accuracy, using AT-cut quartz crystals if the results are not corrected for frequency shifts due to viscoelastic effects of the overlayer unless the films are extremely thin, that is, less than 100 nm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 801–814, 2006
Distributed power control in wireless ad hoc networks using message passing: Throughput optimality and network utility maximization

This paper presents an algorithm for distributed power control and scheduling over wireless ad hoc-networks, where the data rate on each link depends on the transmission power levels at interfering links (non-convex coupling between link data rates). In this paper, we first consider a K-hop interference model. We describe a message passing algorithm that finds an optimal power allocation (schedule) in the case of line networks with a time complexity (in number of nodes N) that grows as N for line networks. Further, we show that this algorithm, when combined with appropriate congestion-control and routing algorithms results in throughput-optimality and utility maximization over wireless networks. We further study a complete physical interference model, where our algorithms provide epsi-optimal solutions. Our results can also be extended to grid networks.
Diffusion in high viscosity liquids

The diffusion coefficients D of n-hexane and of naphthalene in a series of hydrocarbon liquids with viscosities μ from 5 · 10−4 to 5 kg m−1 sec−1 (0.5 to 5000 centipoise) have been measured at 25°C with a one Savart plate wavefront-shearing interferometer. This apparatus allows direct determinations at effectively infinite dilution. The values obtained suggest that for a small solute diffusing in a large solvent a result consistent with earlier studies. The exponent of 2/3 may be rationalized on the basis of the Eyring rate theory.
Search for an Infrared Counterpart to SGR 1900+14

We used the Palomar 1.5 m telescope to obtain infrared (IR) images of the field of the soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1900+14 on 1998 June 4 UT, shortly after its 1998 May/June outburst. We find no IR counterpart within a 2'' radius of the position of SGR 1900+14 down to limiting magnitudes of J > 18.1 mag, H > 16.6 mag, and Ks > 15.3 mag (90% confidence level). Given the estimated distance and extinction to SGR 1900+14, we can rule out any possible counterpart more luminous than a B8 main-sequence star, including any star of luminosity class I or II. We can also rule out a luminous synchrotron afterglow such as the one seen following the 1998 August outburst.
Enabling multimodal discourse for the blind

This paper presents research that shows that a high degree of skilled performance is required for multimodal discourse support. We discuss how students who are blind or visually impaired (SBVI) were able to understand the instructor's pointing gestures during planar geometry and trigonometry classes. For that, the SBVI must attend to the instructor's speech and have simultaneous access to the instructional graphic material, and to the where the instructor is pointing. We developed the Haptic Deictic System - HDS, capable of tracking the instructor's pointing and informing the SBVI, through a haptic glove, where she needs to move her hand understand the instructor's illustration-augmented discourse. Several challenges had to be overcome before the SBVI were able to engage in fluid multimodal discourse with the help of the HDS. We discuss how such challenges were addressed with respect to perception and discourse (especially to mathematics instruction).
A cohomological criterion for p-nilpotence

Abstract I present here a theorem asserting that a finite group has a normal p -complement provided p is odd and the varieties of the cohomology rings of the group and its Sylow p -subgroup are isomorphic. Although the result perhaps is not too useful, its proof serves to illustrate the theorems of |3| on the structure of cohomology rings. In addition I describe an alternative approach to these results in the case of finite groups using the norm mapping of Pvens |6|.
Activation of purinergic receptors by ATP inhibits secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.

Abstract Autoinhibition is a common mechanism observed in neurons to regulate neurotransmission. Released neurotransmitter interacts with presynaptic autoreceptors to inhibit subsequent release. The requisite elements for autoinhibition are present in chromaffin cells: secretory granules contain millimolar levels of ATP which is coreleased with catecholamines upon stimulation and the cells express purinergic receptors. We were interested to determine whether autoinhibition produced by ATP binding to purinergic receptors plays an important role in catecholamine release from chromaffin cells. In these studies, short depolarizations were used to elicit transmitter release measured by membrane capacitance. We find that stimulation of chromaffin cells results in the release of endogenous ATP which may suppress Ca 2+ channel currents and secretion. In the presence of a maximal concentration of ATP, both the amount of secretion and the maximal rate of release are about half that observed in the absence of ATP. ATP-mediated inhibition of secretion was blocked by Reactive Blue-2 suggesting the involvement of P 2Y purinergic receptors. Prepulses to positive potentials that relieve the Ca 2+ channel block largely relieve the inhibition of secretion. Furthermore, when secretion is plotted as a function of Ca 2+ influx there is no apparent change in the relationship between control cells and those stimulated in the presence of ATP and prepulses. These results suggest that ATP diminishes secretion by inhibiting Ca 2+ influx into the cells. Our results indicate that feedback inhibition by ATP, mediated primarily by Ca 2+ channels, may be an important regulator of catecholamine release in chromaffin cells.
Needle thoracostomy in the prehospital setting

Objectives. To determine the effect of needle thoracostomy (NT) in the prehospital setting, its frequency of use, and its complication rate. Methods. This was a prospective case series from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1996. Inclusion criteria were all patients who met trauma center criteria, were transported by paramedics to Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center (a large, urban, level I trauma center), and had placement of a prehospital NT. Results. Out of 6, 241 major trauma patients transported by paramedics over the study period, 108 (1.7%) underwent 114 NTs. Sixty-four patients (59%) sustained gunshot wounds, 32 (30%) sustained stab wounds, eight (7%) were involved in motor vehicle accidents, and the remainder had other types of blunt trauma. The mean injury severity score (ISS) was 22.3, and the overall mortality rate was 28%. Of the patients who received NTs, five (5%) showed objective improvement in field vital signs and seven (7%) had subjective improvement of th...
Biogenic amines in carp roe (Cyprinus carpio) preserved by four different methods

Abstract Carp roe (Cyprinus carpio) was pasteurised, salted, smoked and treated by a lactic acid based preservative agent. Chemical and sensory qualities were measured throughout the storage time to determine the changes that took place at 2 °C and to evaluate the effects of the preservation method. Seven biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, histamine, tyramine and tryptamine) were determined. Cadaverine showed very good correspondence with the sensory markers of the samples. Samples of good quality contained less than 5 mg/kg of cadaverine. Histamine and tyramine did not exceed the value of 5 and 25 mg/kg, respectively, for samples with good organoleptic properties. The formation of tyramine was effectively prevented by salting. After comparing the methods of preservation, pasteurisation and smoking were determined as the most efficient.
Block monotone iterative methods for numerical solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations

Two block monotone iterative schemes for a nonlinear algebraic system, which is a finite difference approximation of a nonlinear elliptic boundary-value problem, are presented and are shown to converge monotonically either from above or from below to a solution of the system. This monotone convergence result yields a computational algorithm for numerical solutions as well as an existence-comparison theorem of the system, including a sufficient condition for the uniqueness of the solution. An advantage of the block iterative schemes is that the Thomas algorithm can be used to compute numerical solutions of the sequence of iterations in the same fashion as for one-dimensional problems. The block iterative schemes are compared with the point monotone iterative schemes of Picard, Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel, and various theoretical comparison results among these monotone iterative schemes are given. These comparison results demonstrate that the sequence of iterations from the block iterative schemes converges faster than the corresponding sequence given by the point iterative schemes. Application of the iterative schemes is given to a logistic model problem in ecology and numerical ressults for a test problem with known analytical solution are given.
A Prospective Mediational Model of Sexual Aggression Among College Men

Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the authors examined prospective associations of attitudes, norms, and control with sexual aggression (SA) perpetration 1 year later among male college students. Data were collected from 652 males via confidential, self-report surveys at the end of their 1st and 2nd years in college. Results indicated that attitudes conducive to SA and perceived norms supportive of SA were associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in SA 1 year later, and mediated the associations of some established risk factors for SA. The findings identify potentially changeable risk factors for perpetrating SA and can thus contribute to the foundation on which to build theoretical and empirically based prevention programs.
Crystal structures of translocator protein (TSPO) and mutant mimic of a human polymorphism.

The 18-kilodalton translocator protein (TSPO), proposed to be a key player in cholesterol transport into mitochondria, is highly expressed in steroidogenic tissues, metastatic cancer, and inflammatory and neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. TSPO ligands, including benzodiazepine drugs, are implicated in regulating apoptosis and are extensively used in diagnostic imaging. We report crystal structures (at 1.8, 2.4, and 2.5 angstrom resolution) of TSPO from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and a mutant that mimics the human Ala147→Thr147 polymorphism associated with psychiatric disorders and reduced pregnenolone production. Crystals obtained in the lipidic cubic phase reveal the binding site of an endogenous porphyrin ligand and conformational effects of the mutation. The three crystal structures show the same tightly interacting dimer and provide insights into the controversial physiological role of TSPO and how the mutation affects cholesterol binding.
Production of bovine rhodopsin by mammalian cell lines expressing cloned cDNA: spectrophotometry and subcellular localization.

Abstract Cloned cDNA encoding bovine rhodopsin has been recombined into an expression vector and cotransfected with an antibiotic resistance plasmid into cultured human embryonic kidney cells. The resulting cell lines produce 100–200 μg of bovine opsin per liter of saturated tissue culture medium (10 9 cells). Incubation in vitro with 11- cis retinal produces a photolabile pigment the absorbance spectrum of which is indistinguishable from that of bona fide bovine rhodopsin. Expressed rhodopsin accumulates in the plasma membrane as determined by immunoelectron microscopy.
Radiation re-solution of fission gas in non-oxide nuclear fuel

Abstract Renewed interest in fast nuclear reactors is creating a need for better understanding of fission gas bubble behavior in non-oxide fuels to support very long fuel lifetimes. Collisions between fission fragments and their subsequent cascades can knock fission gas atoms out of bubbles and back into the fuel lattice. We showed that these collisions can be treated as using the so-called “homogenous” atom-by-atom re-solution theory and calculated using the Binary Collision Approximation code 3DOT. The calculations showed that there is a decrease in the re-solution parameter as bubble radius increases until about 50 nm, at which the re-solution parameter stays nearly constant. Furthermore, our model shows ion cascades created in the fuel result in many more implanted fission gas atoms than collisions directly with fission fragments. This calculated re-solution parameter can be used to find a re-solution rate for future bubble simulations.
Geriatric Field Education in Social Work: A Model for Practice

It is expected that the demand for gerontological social workers will increase as the elderly population continues to grow. However, many practitioners enter the aging field with little or no formal training. Successful gerontological social work practice requires workers to be knowledgeable and technically competent. Fieldwork plays a critical role in social work students' development and training. This paper describes a specialized social work practicum which instructs graduate social work students in the skills and abilities required to work in contemporary geriatric practice. The setting for the internship, its format, its major goals, and student experiences are described.
A New Mechanistic Probe for Cytochrome P450: An Application of Isotope Effect Profiles

Thishighly reactive oxygen intermediate affords P450 with the abilityto oxidize a wide variety of substrates. P450 enzymes mediatealiphatic and aromatic hydroxylation, N-,O-, andS-oxidationand dealkylation, and olefin epoxidation. This enzyme familyis primarily involved in detoxification and excretion of xeno-biotics, but ironically, it is also responsible for the bioactivationof protoxins and procarcincogens.
A Review of CALL and L2 Reading: Glossing for Comprehension and Acquisition

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the present state of second language reading research and computer-assisted glossing for reading comprehension and vocabulary acquisition. Although computer-assisted language learning, in general, and computer-assisted glossing, in particular, are often cited as facilitative pedagogical and self-study tools for second language reading development Chun, 2001; Al-Seghayer, 2003; Ko, 2005; Blake, 2007; Stockwell, 2011, the state of computer-assisted glossing research presents a much less compelling and far more nuanced picture of efficacy and facilitation Ariew & Ercetin, 2004; Bowles, 2004; Taylor, 2006, 2009; AbuSeileek, 2008; Sato & Sazuki, 2010. Research on glossing for reading comprehension presents a mixed collection of findings suggesting facilitation Leffa, 1992; Lomicka, 1998; Ko, 2005 and inhibition Hegelheimer, 1997; Plass et al., 2003; Akbulut, 2005; Sakar & Ercetin, 2005, although affective and attentional benefits of glossing for reading comprehension are widely acknowledged. On the other hand, research on incidental vocabulary acquisition as a result of glossing-and particularly multimedia glossing-suggests significant effect and a compelling rationale for ulitization of glossing tools in classroom and self-study contexts Ariew & Ercetin, 2004; AbuSeileek, 2008; Taylor, 2009; Stockwell, 2011; Aljabri, 2011.
Silver nanocube aggregation gradient materials in search for total internal reflection with high phase sensitivity

We fabricated monolayer coatings of a silver nanocube aggregation to create a step-wise optical strip by applying different surface pressures during slow Langmuir–Blodgett deposition. The varying amount of randomly distributed nanocube aggregates with different surface coverages in gradient manner due to changes in surface pressure allows for continuous control of the polarization sensitive absorption of the incoming light over a broad optical spectrum. Optical characterization under total internal reflection conditions combined with electromagnetic simulations reveal that the broadband light absorption depends on the relative orientation of the nanoparticles to the polarization of the incoming light. By using computer simulations, we found that the electric field vector of the s-polarized light interacts with the different types of silver nanocube aggregations to excite different plasmonic resonances. The s-polarization shows dramatic changes of the plasmonic resonances at different angles of incidence (shift of 64 nm per 10° angle of incidence). With a low surface nanocube coverage (from 5% to 20%), we observed a polarization-selective high absorption of 80% (with an average 75%) of the incoming light over a broad optical range in the visible region from 400 nm to 700 nm. This large-area gradient material with location-dependent optical properties can be of particular interest for broadband light absorption, phase-sensitive sensors, and imaging.
Field study of organic water quality changes during groundwater recharge in the Palo Alto Baylands

Abstract Water quality data are presented from a field study in which reclaimed water is injected directly at a rate of 61 s−1 into an aquifer in the Palo Alto Baylands on the margin of San Francisco Bay. Water quality changes are observed by analyzing samples from wells at distances of 10–40 m and in differing directions from the injection point. Data on trace organic pollutants show evidence of retardation of movement in varying degrees, presumably caused by adsorptive interactions with the aquifer. Trihalomethane compounds show evidence of biodegradation in the aquifer. The concentration of total organic substance as measured by TOC and COD is decreased significantly by biodegradation, but total organic halogen appears unaffected by aquifer passage.
Risks of publicity about bioterrorism : Anthrax hoaxes and hype

On April 24, 1997, a petri dish arrived in a package mailed to the offices of B’nai B’rith in Washington, DC. The dish, variously reported as labeled “anthrachs” and “Anthracis Yersinia,” contained a red gelatinous material, which, after 9 hours, was determined not to be dangerous. Meanwhile, police officers had cordoned off the area around the building. More than 100 employees of B’nai B’rith and a nearby hotel were quarantined for the length of the incident. Some of the police officers who walked into the “hot zone” balked at directives by emergency medical teams to undress outdoors and submit to decontamination. A police officer struck an emergency service worker before high-ranking officers prevailed on him and others to strip and be sprayed with a bleach solution. This episode was the United States’ first large anthrax hoax. Few people realized that it was only the beginning of a rash of false anthrax alarms that would mushroom during the following year. Paradoxically, the hoaxes appear to have been a distressing consequence of well-intentioned policy.
Image integration using intracardiac ultrasound and 3D reconstruction for scar mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia.

Background: Ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) reduces implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks. Intracardiac ultrasound (ICE) can visualize and quantify the function of all left ventricular wall segments. We thus hypothesized that ICE could identify scar tissue and provide a guide to facilitate substrate-guided VT ablation. Methods: Eighteen patients underwent VT ablation with real time ICE mapping from the right atrium and ventricle with online 3D-image reconstruction of scar segments. The left ventricle was also scar mapped by traditional electroanatomic mapping (CARTO) for comparison. Images from these 2 scar mapping techniques were compared to each other as well as to a preprocedure transthoracic echocardiogram. Results: The average age was 65 ± 12 years and 12 (67%) were male (15 [83%] had ischemic cardiomyopathy). Two patients (12%) had recurrence of their clinical VT (1 remained on an antiarrhythmic medication, the other had a repeat ablation) over a follow-up of 127 ± 33 days. No periprocedural or long-term adverse events occurred. A total of 248 wall segments were analyzed. All 3 modalities were concordant in scar identification in 193 (78%) segments. The ICE segments correlated with the electroanatomic map in 213 (86%) segments versus 198 (80%), which correlated with transthoracic echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping (P = 0.046). Specifically, the ICE wall motion scores were closer to the electroanatomic mapping in the basal segments and showed a higher accuracy in ischemic heart disease. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that real time ICE images provide accurate chamber geometries and scar boundaries of the left ventricle. These scar borders were more accurate than transthoracic echocardiography and illustrate the feasibility of ICE for substrate-based ablation for VT. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 678-684, June 2010)
ACCOUNTING FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

This paper seeks to set out in some detail an accounting structure for the public sector of developing countries which will provide the information essential for development planning. The public sector is of course of special importance in planning because of its sheer size and its pivotal position for altering the contours of the entire economy. Yet the information available for this strategic area often falls far short of what is needed, and also of what could be provided with more effort. The paper is divided into a number of sections, the first two of which are concerned with demarcating the public sector and with the nature of the accounting framework proposed. These are followed by sections dealing with the distinction between development and other expenditures; the need for separate financial information; public enterprises; the grouping of expenditures according to the purposes served; and income distribution. A final section touches briefly on some of the data problems involved in implementing the system. In addition, a full set of accounts for the public sector and its components is appended.
Sensitivity of Contrast Ultrasound in the Detection of Atrial Septal Defect with Predominant Left-to-Right Shunting

Ultrasound contrast techniques are used widely as a screening test for intracardiac shunt. We performed a retrospective analysis of contrast echocardiograms in 29 consecutive patients with atrial septal defect (excluding Eisenmenger's) proved by cardiac catheterization. A positive (right-to-left atrial) ultrasound contrast effect was seen in 25 patients in whom catheterization pulmonary-to-systemic flow rate (Qp/Qs) was 2.2 +/- 0.9 (SD). Four patients had false-negative contrast echocardiography results; their Qp/Qs was 2.9 +/- 0.4 (p = 0.07). The percent left-to-right shunt was higher in the group with false-negative contrast echocardiographic results (65% +/- 4% vs 47% +/- 21%) (p = 0.05). Shunts with Qp/Qs or = 2.1 had a sensitivity of 73%. In the four false-negative contrast echocardiographic results, three had findings of an atrial septal defect by pulsed Doppler, color Doppler, or both. Thus the presence of a large left-to-right shunt may decrease the sensitivity of the ultrasound contrast technique for the detection of an atrial septal defect. Contrast ultrasonography should be used in conjunction with Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiography criteria for diagnosis of atrial septal defect.
Skin-Color-Compensated Colorimeter for Detection and Classification of Pressure Ulcers

Pressure ulcer (PU) development is a common problem in long-term healthcare settings. Pressure ulcers are diagnosed clinically using the blanch test, a subjective tool, which relies heavily on the clinician's expertise to visually identify ulceration cues. However in individuals with higher melanin content, or darker skin coloration, it becomes more difficult for clinicians to visually identify ulceration cues. In this paper we describe the development of a hand-held instrument that can detect and classify the severity of incipient pressure ulcer lesions using narrow-band reflectance spectroscopy.
Fractal traffic models for Internet simulation

We construct five new fractal traffic models based on the unified framework of fractal point processes (FPPs), and analyze their asymptotic statistical properties. Two of them are on-off types, suitable for characterizing an aggregate fractal traffic source. The other three provide a structure suitable for flow modeling, allowing one to gain a quantitative understanding of how application- or flow-level fractal dynamics (such as user activity, session/flow arrivals, duration, and volume distributions) affect packet-level fractal dynamics. Such a structure, together with analytic results obtained in this work, opens an entirely new horizon that enables us to explain the causes and origins of complex multiple-time-scale behavior of packet-level dynamics in a quantitative manner, i.e., multi-fractal patterns over small time scales and mono-fractal behavior over large time scales. Consequently, they provide network traffic engineering researchers and practitioners with practical and flexible tools for analyzing, devising and performing various traffic engineering studies. All of the FPPs are implemented in OPNET as IP-routable traffic generators.
The effect of a surface disinfectant on a dental cast

This study determined the effect of a disinfectant solution on dental casts. Stone samples were immersed in a disinfectant solution and in control solutions. The results indicate that a saturated calcium sulfate (clear slurry) solution with 0.525% sodium hypochlorite was an effective disinfectant and acted without damage to the dental cast.
Direct-write assembly of biomimetic microvascular networks for efficient fluid transport

Biomimetic microvascular networks with complex architectures are embedded in epoxy matrices using direct-write assembly. Fluid transport in multi-generation bifurcating channels is systematically investigated and maximum flow efficiency is found to occur when Murray's law is obeyed.
Communication-aware motion planning in fading environments

In this paper we create a framework to model and characterize the impact of time-varying fading communication links on the performance of a mobile sensor network. We propose communication-aware motion-planning strategies, where each node incorporates statistical learning of communication link qualities, such as Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and correlation characteristics, into its motion-planning function. We show that while uncorrelated fading channels can ruin the overall performance, the introduced natural randomization can potentially help the nodes leave deep fade spots. We furthermore show that highly correlated deep fades, on the other hand, can degrade the performance drastically for a long period of time. We then propose a randomizing motion-planning strategy that can help the nodes leave highly correlated deep fades.
Water use by woody plants on contrasting soils in a savanna parkland: Assessment with δ2H and δ18O

In savanna parklands of southern Texas, patches of grassland and ‘discrete clusters’ of small trees and shrubs occur on sandy loam surface soils underlain by an argillic horizon (claypan) at 40 cm. Large trees and shrubs in ‘groves’ occur on deep (2 m) sandy loam soils without an argillic horizon. δ2H and δ18O of rainfall, groundwater, and soil and plant water were measured to: (1) determine if coexistence in woody patches occurs via vertical stratification of soil water uptake; (2) document differences in plant water acquisition on contrasting soil types; and (3) evaluate recharge and evaporative losses of soil moisture from grassland vs. wooded landscape elements. Groundwater was isotopically similar to weighted rainfall, suggesting local recharge at this site. Linear regressions of soil water δ2H on δ18O yielded slopes less than the meteoric water line, indicating significant evaporative losses of soil moisture in all landscape elements. Interspecific differences in root density distribution were significant; some woody species had roots well below 1.6 m, while others had few roots below 0.8 m. δ2H and δ18O values of stem water from all plants in groves were lower than those of soil water in the upper 1.5 m of the profile, suggesting all species obtained their water from depths >1.5 m. Deep roots of trees and shrubs at this savanna parkland site thus appeared to have a functional significance that was not revealed by biomass or density determinations. Root densities of species in discrete clusters (claypan present) were typically greater than those of the same species in groves (claypan absent), especially in the upper 80 cm of the soil profile. Consistent with rooting profiles, δ2H and δ18O values of plant water indicated that trees and shrubs in discrete clusters with fine- textured subsoils obtained most of their water at depths <1.5 m. As with groves, there was no indication of water resource partitioning between species. In summary, we saw no isotopic evidence that co- occurring woody plants at this savanna parkland site were partitioning soil moisture vertically during late summer/early fall, despite marked differences in their root density distributions. This supports other lines of evidence which indicate that species interactions in tree/shrub clumps are competitive, and that species composition is therefore unstable in those landscape elements.