cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of Alkaloid 205B

Concise and highly stereocontrolled total syntheses of racemic and enantiopure frog alkaloid 205B (1) were accomplished in 11 steps from 4-methoxypyridines 6 and 7 in overall yields of 8 and 8%, respectively. The assembly of the core of the natural product relies on a stereoselective Tsuji–Trost allylic amination reaction and a ring-closing metathesis. The synthesis features the use of an N-acylpyridinium salt reaction to introduce the first stereocenter and an unprecedented trifluoroacetic anhydride-mediated addition of an allylstannane to a vinylogous amide with complete facial selectivity. Deoxygenation of the C4 ketone proved difficult but was accomplished via a modified Barton–McCombie reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of diphenyl diselenide.
Affirmative Action in Jury Selection: Racially Representative Juries, Racial Quotas, and Affirmative Juries of the Hennepin Model and the Jury De Medietate Linguae

In July 1995, the University of California Board of Regents voted to end affirmative action based on race and gender in admissions, hiring, and contracting. Recently, the Equal Opportunity Act introduced by the Republicans would abolish three decades of affirmative action programs initiated by President Johnson in 1965. Given these actions, Americans will have another opportunity to decide whether racial preferences should be terminated from all federal programs.While the question of preferential treatment of racial minorities has divided the nation and even some minority communities themselves, affirmative action in jury proceedings and trials has yet to receive much-deserved attention. This article examines public perceptions of possible application of affirmative action in criminal jury proceedings, focusing on the uses of mandatory racial quotas in criminal jury trials. We examine two different types of racially mixed juries -- the jury "de medietate linguae" and the Hennepin jury model -- and we analyze the political implications of affirmative mechanisms ensuring minority participation on juries. This Article argues that an affirmative mechanism to secure racially-representative juries is essential to both the appearance and substance of fairness in criminal jury proceedings, and that maximizing the essence of legitimacy of jury verdicts is a compelling governmental interest.
THE ROLE OF THE KINETOCHORE IN THE CHROMOSOMAL EVOLUTION OF THE HETEROPTERA AND HOMOPTERA

Compound sex chromosomes (in which the X or Y comprises more than one component) I may prove to be very useful in certain evolutionary analyses, and their utility in this connection will become even greater when the mechanics of the kinetochore have been worked out in detail. A survey of the occurrence of such chromosome conditions will show them to be much more common in some groups than in others. Thus of the 65 animal species listed by White (1945) as having compound sex chromosomes, 28 belong to only two closely allied orders of insects, theHeteroptera and Homoptera. Such a disproportionate representation would seem to suggest special chromosome structure and this is'almnost certainly based to a large extent on the condition of the kinetochore. Let us consider the occurrence of compound sex chromosomes in some other animals. In the arachnid order Araneida, all of the 13 species so far investigated show a compound X chromosome and it is quite possibly present inmall modern species of spiders. It always exists as an X of 2 components whose meiotic behavior is quite uniform. Since we are dealing with representatives of 11 different families of spiders we are obviously con'errned not only with.a sex chromosomal mech-
An Examination of Victimization Trajectories Among a Sample of South Korean Adolescents Risk and Protective Factors

Although a large body of criminological studies have examined trajectories of offending, only a handful of studies have attempted to explore victimization trajectories. The purpose of the current study is to use group-based modeling to explore victimization trajectories among Korean youth and to identify factors that protect and jeopardize victims over the life course. The present study uses data from five waves of Korean Youth Panel Survey (KYPS). Results show three distinct victimization trajectories and identify several risk and protective factors of repeat victimization. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in college students: A review of the literature.

Abstract The current review presents a theory-guided review of the existing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in college students. Across the eight studies that investigated this topic, moderate reductions were shown in inattentive symptoms but little to no change was reported in hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. Results indicated a moderate treatment effect on self-reported quality of life and school/work functioning, yet less of an impact on GPA, response inhibition, social functioning, and executive functioning. Methodological and statistical problems and inconsistencies were noted. Since college students are emerging adults, it is likely that the optimum CBT intervention for college students with ADHD lies somewhere in between the existing clinic-based adult ADHD CBT interventions as well as the school-based adolescent ADHD psychosocial interventions. Directions for future research and recommendations for clinicians in university settings are provided in an attempt to further develop the existing college students CBT clinical research evidence base.
The reactive optimizing research of the AC-DC mixed electric power systems

In the perspective of the reactive optimizing,this article studies what is involved in the AC-DC mixed electric power systems. It sets up mathematic models about the reactive optimizing,for the AC-DC electric power systems,whose objective functions are the total active losses of AC network and DC network. The optimal control variants may have something with AC in the mixed electric power systems and DC. Aiming at the characteristics of the AC-DC mixed electric power systems,it provides practical arithmetic suitable for solving reactive optimizing problems in mixed systems.
Subsensitivity of the Beta-Adrenergic Receptor-Linked Adenylate Cyclase System of Rat Pineal Gland following Repeated Treatment with Desmethylimipramine and Nialamide

The effects of administering the antidepressant drugs desmethylimipramine and nialamide on the beta -adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system of rat pineal gland were studied. The maximal elevation of cyclic AMP in response to varying concentrations of norepinephrine added in vitro to whole pineal glands was reduced following repeated but not acute administration of desmethylimipramine. Repeated administration of desmethylimipramine also reduced the norepinephrine-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in pineal gland homogenates. Neither acute nor repeated doses of desmethylimipramine had any significant effect on cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity of pineal gland. The loss of norepinephrine sensitivity of the adenylate cyclase system following repeated doses of desmethylimipramine was accompanied by a decreased density of beta -adrenergic receptors, as measured by the specific binding of [ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol. This loss of adrenergic receptors may be related to the action of this drug in blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine into the adrenergic nerve terminals, since the effects of desmethylimipramine were prevented in animals whose pineal glands had been sympathetically denervated by ganglionectomy. Repeated but not acute doses of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nialamide, also decreased the binding of [ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol in pineal glands and decreased the accumulation of cyclic AMP in response to intraperitoneal administration of isoproterenol. These findings provide further evidence that excessive noradrenergic input produces a compensatory reduction in the number of postsynaptic beta -adrenergic receptors, which, in turn, causes a decreased sensitivity of the norepinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase system. They suggest further that the mechanism by which antidepressant drugs exert their clinical effects should be re-evaluated, since following repeated administration they produce a reduced, rather than enhanced, responsiveness to noradrenergic stimuli.
Interleukin-3 expression by activated T cells involves an inducible, T-cell-specific factor and an octamer binding protein.

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is exclusively expressed by activated T and natural killer cells, a function that is tightly controlled both in a lineage-specific and in a stimulation-dependent manner. We have investigated the protein binding characteristics and functional importance of the ACT-1-activating region of the IL-3 promoter. This region binds an inducible, T-cell-specific factor over its 5′ end, a site that is necessary for the expression of IL-3 in the absence of other upstream elements. Over its 3′ end, it binds a factor that is ubiquitously and constitutively expressed. This factor is Oct-1 or an immunologically related octamer-binding protein, and it plays a role in coordinating the activity of several regulatory elements. These characteristics make the ACT-1 site analogous to the activating ARRE-1 site in the IL-2 promoter. Furthermore, and despite a lack of sequence homology, the promoters of IL-3 and IL-2 share an organizational pattern of regulatory elements that is likely to be important for the T- cell-specific expression of these genes.
Proprioception retraining for a patient with chronic wrist pain secondary to ligament injury with no structural instability.

Abstract Study Design Case report. Introduction Previously published studies demonstrate the importance of the sensory innervation of the carpal ligaments and the implication for the sensorimotor control of the wrist. In addition, this case considers key rehabilitation concepts to include the dart-throwing motion and the stabilizing effect of the forearm muscles. Purpose of the Study To describe the rehabilitation program for a patient with chronic wrist pain, diagnosed with a partial tear of the dorsal intercarpal ligament and a sprain of the scapholunate ligament of the right wrist. Methods The patient participated in a staged treatment plan over a 3-month period (20 sessions), which began with a focus on proprioceptive awareness and joint position sense retraining. The treatment progressed to strengthening of specific muscles to enhance stability of the wrist joint. The patient completed the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand and the patient-rated wrist evaluation on initial evaluation, re-evaluation at ninth session, and discharge at 20th session. Results Raw scores in the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand and the patient-rated wrist evaluation improved from 33 and 61.5 on initial evaluation to 18 and 17.5 on discharge, respectively. Conclusions Sensorimotor techniques including proprioceptive retraining may improve pain, neuromuscular control, and functional outcomes in patients with chronic wrist pain due to ligament injury. The effectiveness of proprioceptive retraining needs to be evaluated in a well-designed randomized controlled trial recruiting this patient population. Level of evidence 5.
A Randomized Trial of Adjunct mHealth Abstinence Reinforcement With Transdermal Nicotine and Counseling for Smoking Cessation.

Introduction Abstinence reinforcement is efficacious for improving smoking treatment outcomes, but practical constraints related to the need for multiple in-person carbon monoxide (CO) breath tests daily to verify smoking abstinence have limited its use. This study tested an mHealth procedure to remotely monitor and reinforce smoking abstinence in individuals' natural environment. Methods Eligible treatment-seeking smokers (N = 90) were randomized to (1) usual care and ecological monitoring with abstinence reinforcement (mHealth reinforcement) or (2) without reinforcement (mHealth monitoring). Usual care was 8 weeks of transdermal nicotine and twice-weekly telephone counseling. Following training, an interactive voice response system prompted participants to conduct CO tests 1-3 daily at pseudorandom times (7 am to 10 pm) for 4 weeks. When prompted, participants used a study cell phone and CO monitor to complete a CO self-test, video record the process, and submit videos using multimedia messaging. mHealth reinforcement participants could earn prizes for smoking-negative on-time CO tests. The interactive voice response generated preliminary earnings immediately. Earnings were finalized by comparing video records against participants' self-reports. Results mHealth reinforcement was associated with a greater proportion of smoking-negative CO tests, longest duration of prolonged abstinence, and point-prevalence abstinence during the monitoring/reinforcement phase compared to mHealth monitoring (p < .01, d = 0.8-1.3). Follow-up (weeks 4-24) analyses indicated main effects of reinforcement on point-prevalence abstinence and proportion of days smoked (p ≤ .05); values were comparable by week 24. Conclusions mHealth reinforcement has short-term efficacy. Research on methods to enhance and sustain benefits is needed. Implications This study suggests that mHealth abstinence reinforcement is efficacious and may present temporal and spatial opportunities to research, engage, and support smokers trying to quit that do not exist with conventional (not technology-based) reinforcement interventions.
Liberalism and the United States: Expanding American Activities, 1874–1880

During the period of Disraeli’s (later Earl of) Beaconsfield ministry of 1874–80, each prominent Liberal had his own distinct remedy for the ills of the party. They seldom worked together, except Chamberlain, Morley, and Dilke for the radical cause, and moved in and out of national political life almost at will. As D. A. Hamer explains: ‘There were numerous different “schools of thought” and ideas as to where and by what means “progress” should now be sought, but Liberalism now no longer possessed a coherent and unifying, because generally accepted, ideological base.’1 Yet there was one redeeming factor which marked the interrelationships between leading Liberals in what Vincent calls ‘the community of sentiments’2 during the opposition years of the 1870s. Ideological differences did not yet lead them to engage in personal and party feuds. Their relationships were fairly amicable, no matter how dissatisfied occasional private opinions showed them to be of their fellow Liberals’ actions and ideas. This particularly characterized the relationships between the principal figures in this study: Gladstone, Chamberlain, Rosebery, Morley, and Harcourt.
A Semantic Corpus Comparison Analysis of Couple-Focused Interventions for Problematic Alcohol Use.

Incorporating spouses into interventions for problematic alcohol use is associated with increased efficacy; yet, little is known about the therapeutic processes that may explain these effects. In a study of partner language use during couple-focused alcohol interventions, we utilized a linguistic corpus comparison tool, Wmatrix, to identify semantic themes that differentiated couples with successful and unsuccessful treatment outcomes and may therefore also reflect potential change processes. Thirty-three couples participated in a randomized control trial of Family Systems Therapy (FST) or Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Linguistic comparisons of partners' speech during the therapy sessions suggested that drinks and alcohol was a significant differentiating semantic theme. Specifically, patients and spouses in FST with successful outcomes used more language related to drinks and alcohol than patients and spouses in FST with unsuccessful outcomes. Post-hoc analyses of context suggested that, in FST, successful spouses spoke less about the patient's drinking and more about alcohol in general (without reference to an individual) than unsuccessful spouses. Conversely, spouses in CBT with successful outcomes used less language related to drinks and alcohol than spouses in CBT with unsuccessful outcomes. In CBT, successful spouses spoke more about the patient's and couple's drinking and less about the spouse's and other people's drinking than unsuccessful spouses. Results emphasize the role of spouse behaviour—in this case indexed via language use—in alcohol treatment outcomes. Findings also suggest potentially distinct therapeutic processes in FST and CBT and highlight the utility of linguistic corpus comparison methods in couple-focused intervention research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message Incorporating spouses into interventions for problematic alcohol use is associated with increased efficacy; yet, little is known about the specific therapeutic processes that may explain these effects. Findings from this study suggest that semantic themes such as drinks and alcohol in partner speech during therapy sessions differentiate successful and unsuccessful treatment outcomes among couples participating in two couple-focused interventions for problematic alcohol use. In addition, the context in which partners used alcohol-related language differed by intervention type and treatment outcome, which suggests potential therapeutic processes that are unique to the two interventions (Family Systems versus Cognitive Behavioural Therapy).
Fraction Sense: Foundational Understandings:

The intent of this commentary is to identify elements of fraction sense and note how the research studies provided in this special issue, in related but somewhat different ways, validate the importance of such understandings. Proficiency with fractions serves as a prerequisite for student success in higher level mathematics, as well as serving as a gateway to many occupations and varied contexts beyond the mathematics classroom. Fraction sense is developed through instructional opportunities involving fraction equivalence and magnitude, comparing and ordering fractions, using fraction benchmarks, and computational estimation. Such foundations are then extended to operations involving fractions and decimals and applications involving proportional reasoning. These components of fraction sense are all addressed in the studies provided in this issue, with particular consideration devoted to the significant importance of the use of the number line as a central representational tool for conceptually understanding fraction magnitude.
A Method to Estimate the Atomic Number and Mass Thickness of Intervening Materials in Uranium and Plutonium Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Measurements

To accurately characterize shielded special nuclear materials (SNM) using passive gamma-ray spectroscopy measurement techniques, the effective atomic number and the thickness of shielding materials must be measured. Intervening materials between the source and detector may affect the estimated source isotopics (uranium enrichment and plutonium grade) for techniques which rely on raw count rates or photopeak ratios of gamma-ray lines separated in energy. Furthermore, knowledge of the surrounding materials can provide insight regarding the configuration of a device containing SNM. The described method was developed using spectra recorded using high energy resolution CdZnTe detectors, but can be expanded to any gamma-ray spectrometers with energy resolution of better than 1% FWHM at 662 keV. The effective atomic number, Z, and mass thickness of the intervening shielding material are identified by comparing the relative attenuation of different gamma-ray lines and estimating the proportion of Compton scattering interactions to photoelectric absorptions within the shield. While characteristic $\text {K}_\alpha $ x-rays can be used to identify shielding materials made of high Z elements, this method can be applied to all shielding materials. This algorithm has adequately estimated the effective atomic number for shields made of iron, aluminum, and polyethylene surrounding uranium samples using experimental data. The mass thicknesses of shielding materials have been estimated with a standard error of less than 1.3 g/cm2 for iron shields up to 2.5 cm thick. The effective atomic number was accurately estimated to 26 ± 5 for all iron thicknesses.
Socrates Structures the Course

This chapter presents a detailed description of the structure of the Socratic course design and helps instructors plan their own ways of integrating Socrates into their existing courses. The chapter then describes how a typical class meeting is structured: the seminar and role-play discussion. Students also complete larger writing assignments every several weeks in which they respond to assigned questions that call for them to conduct imaginary dialogues between Socrates and a representative of a sub-discipline of modern psychology. These imaginary dialogues are presented and discussed publicly during various “conferences.”
Financial unhealthiness predicts worse health outcomes: evidence from a sample of working Canadians

Abstract Objective This paper investigates how financial health associates with self-rated health, for a sample of working Canadians. Financial health is defined as an indicator of the proportionality of household consumption to its income. Study design The study draws on the Canadian General Social Survey of 2011, a cross-sectional data set. Methods Multivariate regression analysis is employed. Results The results show that financial unhealthiness is a statistically significant and strong predictor of worse physical and mental health outcomes, controlling for a wide array of characteristics, including income and job security implied by occupational category. Conclusion Policy implications are explored.
Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies are used in combination for the evaluation of polyneuropathy, radiculopathy, plexopathy, myopathy, peripheral nerve injury, and motor neuron disease.
Efficient Rational Proofs for Space Bounded Computations

We present new protocols for the verification of space bounded polytime computations against a rational adversary. For such computations requiring sublinear space our protocol requires only a verifier running in sublinear-time. We extend our main result in several directions: (i) we present protocols for randomized complexity classes, using a new composition theorem for rational proofs which is of independent interest; (ii) we present lower bounds (i.e. conditional impossibility results) for Rational Proofs for various complexity classes.
Host and parasite morphology influence congruence between host and parasite phylogenies.

Abstract Comparisons of host and parasite phylogenies often show varying degrees of phylogenetic congruence. However, few studies have rigorously explored the factors driving this variation. Multiple factors such as host or parasite morphology may govern the degree of phylogenetic congruence. An ideal analysis for understanding the factors correlated with congruence would focus on a diverse host–parasite system for increased variation and statistical power. In this study, we focused on the Brueelia-complex, a diverse and widespread group of feather lice that primarily parasitise songbirds. We generated a molecular phylogeny of the lice and compared this tree with a phylogeny of their avian hosts. We also tested for the contribution of each host–parasite association to the overall congruence. The two trees overall were significantly congruent, but the contribution of individual associations to this congruence varied. To understand this variation, we developed a novel approach to test whether host, parasite or biogeographic factors were statistically associated with patterns of congruence. Both host plumage dimorphism and parasite ecomorphology were associated with patterns of congruence, whereas host body size, other plumage traits and biogeography were not. Our results lay the framework for future studies to further elucidate how these factors influence the process of host–parasite coevolution.
Pyridylhydroxybutyl and pyridyloxobutyl DNA phosphate adduct formation in rats treated chronically with enantiomers of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol

The tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is metabolically converted to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in a reaction which is both stereoselective and reversible. NNAL is also a lung carcinogen, with both (R)-NNAL and (S)-NNAL inducing a high incidence of lung tumours in rats. Both NNAL and NNK undergo metabolic activation to intermediates which react with DNA to form pyridylhydroxybutyl and pyridyloxobutyl DNA adducts, respectively. DNA adduct formation by NNAL and NNK is an important step in their mechanisms of carcinogenesis. In this study, we quantified both pyridylhydroxybutyl and pyridyloxobutyl DNA phosphate adducts in the lung of rats treated with 5 ppm of (R)-NNAL or (S)-NNAL in drinking water for 10, 30, 50 and 70 weeks. In (R)-NNAL-treated rats, the pyridylhydroxybutyl and pyridyloxobutyl phosphate adducts were 4530-6920 fmol/mg DNA and 46-175 fmol/mg DNA, accounting for 45-51% and 0.3-1% of the total measured DNA phosphate and base adducts, respectively. In (S)-NNAL-treated rats, the two types of phosphate adducts were 3480-4180 fmol/mg DNA and 1180-4650 fmol/mg DNA, accounting for 30-36% and 11-38% of the total adducts, respectively. Distinct patterns of adduct formation were observed, with higher levels of NNAL-derived pyridylhydroxybutyl phosphate adducts and lower levels of NNK-derived pyridyloxobutyl phosphate adducts in the (R)-NNAL treatment group than the (S)-NNAL group. The persistence and increase over time of certain pyridylhydroxybutyl phosphate adducts over the course of the study suggest that these adducts could be useful biomarkers of chronic exposure to NNAL and NNK. The results of this study provide important new information regarding DNA damage by NNAL and NNK, and contribute to understanding mechanisms of tobacco-related carcinogenesis.
Perspectives on Procedure Importance: Residents, Faculty, and Community Practitioners.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Procedural training is integral to family medicine residencies. Although accreditation bodies require that family medicine residency programs train residents in procedures relevant to their practices, there are no standards defining the scope of family medicine. We compared the perceived importance of 31 procedures by faculty, residents, and recent graduates of one institution. METHODS An online survey was sent to current residents and faculty of a large academic family medicine residency, as well as community practitioners who had graduated from that residency within the past 5 years. The survey asked participants to rate how important 31 procedures are for family medicine practices. RESULTS The overall response rate was 37%. Most respondents provided outpatient care, and few provided or intended to provide obstetric care. Dermatologic and musculoskeletal procedures were rated as having high importance by all groups, whereas obstetric and inpatient procedures received lower ratings. Residents ascribed higher importance than faculty or recent graduates for nearly all procedures. CONCLUSIONS Most residents, faculty, and community practitioners provided outpatient care and rated dermatologic and musculoskeletal procedures as important. Inpatient and obstetric care are less common career paths, and related procedures were rated as less important. Resident physicians ascribed greater importance than community practitioners for many procedures, which may be due misperceptions of their future practice needs or imposed requirements for graduation.
Classification of Parasomnias and Diagnostic Criteria

Parasomnias are complex behaviors that occur out of sleep. The diagnostic classification separates parasomnias (1) on the basis of the stage of sleep in which they occur, (2) the presence of predisposing, priming, or provoking factors, and (3) the type of behaviors that occur. Sleepwalking and related disorders – disorders of arousal – occur early in the sleep period during deep nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, while rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder – which may appear superficially similar – occurs from REM sleep typically in the second half of the night. Disorders of arousal follow partial arousals from deep sleep and may be associated with sleep deprivation and situational stress while REM behavior disorder is often a result of a neurodegenerative process in the brain that may be a prodromal symptom of serious brain disorders such as parkinsonism. Disorders of arousals are diagnosed primarily on clinical history. Polysomnography is not required and has not proven to be an effective diagnostic tool for NREM parasomnias. Sleepwalking rarely occurs in the sleep laboratory even if it is common at home. Alternatively, polysomnography may document changes in REM sleep well before complex dream enactment occurs.
Paper: Volterra series and geometric control theory

It is shown here that controlled differential equations which are analytic in the state and linear in the control have solutions which can be expanded in a Volterra series provided there is no finite escape time. The Volterra kernels are computed in terms of the power series expansion of the functions defining the differential equation. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for a Volterra series to be realizable by a linear-analytic system. These conditions are particularly easy to test if the Volterra series is finite; a complete theory is worked out for this case. In the final section some applications are considered to singular control, multilinear realization theory, etc.
Energy and Capacity

Appendix C contains a discussion of Hausdorff measure and dimension that naturally leads to Bessel-Riesz energy and capacity. We now study some of the fundamental properties of rather general energy forms and capacities. This appendix also includes a brief physical discussion of the role of energy and capacity in classical electrostatics.
Defining the learning curve in robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy.

Abstract Background Robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy has been shown to be a safe approach to pulmonary lobectomy. This study sought to define, mathematically, the learning curve for RATS lobectomy. Methods Patients undergoing robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy at a single institution from 2010 through 2016 were considered. Covariates included patient demographics, comorbidities, operating time, length of stay, estimated blood loss, and postoperative complications. A cumulative sum analysis of operating time was performed to define the learning curve. Results A total of 101 patients were included. Three distinct phases of the learning curve were identified: cases 1–22, cases 23–63, and cases 64–101. There was a statistically significant difference in operating time and estimated blood loss between phases 1 and 2 (P Conclusion Based on operating time, the learning curve for robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy is 22 cases, with mastery achieved after 63 cases. No differences in length of stay, chest tube duration, conversion rate, or complication rate were observed in the learning curve. Other factors not measured in this study may play a role in the learning process and warrant further study.
Growth of Aitken mode ammonium sulfate particles by α-pinene ozonolysis

The fraction of Aitken mode particles that grow sufficiently large to act as cloud condensation nuclei is an important factor in understanding the climate impact of atmospheric particles. Elucidati...
Race and Class: Are They Social Constructs or Ontologically Real and How Are They Related? (A View From the Bottom Up)

This paper is a conceptual analysis of race and class. It begins as a contemplation of my personal life experience with both varying from my white trash emigrant beginnings to my Ivy League education. I then go on to an analytic contemplation of the past meanings of race and class, their present use and usefulness, and the future use and usefulness of these concepts. I argue that social class distinctions are a necessary attribute of any modern Technological Society just as they have always been a necessary aspect of all past civilizations. The only new attribute of class struggle that Technological Society creates is its ability to isolate individuals in the lower classes from any social bonding with others in their class and thus potentially ends class struggle and makes present ruling class ideology permanent thus resulting in the death of history. However, the death of history is not the end of history. I argue that such death may not be a bad thing given the material benefits and power Technological Society creates for humanity's need to explore, discover, and conquer the universe. I argue that race distinctions will continue to be used and be usefulness as a means to maintain class distinctions and as a business model for profit. In modern Technological Society, the humanities act solely as a means for normative power. Distinctions such as race serve both as a means to keep individuals in the lower classes isolated and unable to struggle together and as a means for monetary profit by those humanities holding normative power.
the LAB: Laboratory diagnosis of mycobacteria

(1969). the LAB: Laboratory diagnosis of mycobacteria. Hospital Topics: Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 77-86.
Effects of gas pressurization on the interpretation of NMR hydrocarbon measurements in organic rich shales

The estimation of total hydrocarbons (HCs) in place is one of the most important economic challenges in unconventional resource plays. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has proven to be a valuable tool in directly quantifying both hydrocarbons and brines in the laboratory and the field. Some major applications of NMR interpretation include pore body size distributions, wettability, fluid types, and fluid properties. However, for tight formations, the effects of the factors on NMR relaxation data are intertwined. One purpose of this study is to review the interpretation of NMR response of HCs in a tight rock matrix through illustrated examples.When comparing NMR data between downhole wireline and laboratory measurement, three important elements need to be considered: 1) temperature differences, 2) system response differences, and 3) pressure (mainly due to the lost gasses.) The effect of temperature on HCs would be presented with experimental results for bulk fluids. Whereas, the effect of pressure is investigated by injecting gas back into rock matrix saturated with original fluids. The experiments were performed within an NMR transparent Daedalus ZrO2 pressure cell, which operates at pressures up to 10,000 psi.The results show that, at ambient temperature and pressure, NMR responds to a fraction of HCs, which is volatile enough to be observed as an NMR relaxation sequence. The invisible fraction of HCs to NMR sequence at ambient condition can be up to 20% of the total extractable HCs. Molecular relaxation is impacted by fluid viscosity, pore size, and surface affinity. In other words, the fluid with higher viscosity (either due to temperature or gas loss), presenting in smaller pore, or highly affected by the pore surface, will relax faster, and would be partially invisible to NMR, especially in the field. This is critical to the interpretation of NMR response for liquid rich source rocks, in which all of the above molecular relaxing restrictions can be found. Thus, engineers can underestimate movable HCs by using routine core analysis data.
Life in the canopy: community trait assessments reveal substantial functional diversity among fern epiphytes

The expansion of angiosperm-dominated forests in the Cretaceous and early Cenozoic had a profound effect on terrestrial biota by creating novel ecological niches. The majority of modern fern lineages are hypothesized to have arisen in response to this expansion, particularly fern epiphytes that radiated into the canopy. Recent evidence, however, suggests that epiphytism does not correlate with increased diversification rates in ferns, calling into question the role of the canopy habitat in fern evolution. To understand the role of the canopy in structuring fern community diversity, we investigated functional traits of fern sporophytes and gametophytes across a broad phylogenetic sampling on the island of Moorea, French Polynesia, including > 120 species and representatives of multiple epiphytic radiations. While epiphytes showed convergence in small size and a higher frequency of noncordate gametophytes, they showed greater functional diversity at the community level relative to terrestrial ferns. These results suggest previously overlooked functional diversity among fern epiphytes, and raise the hypothesis that while the angiosperm canopy acted as a complex filter that restricted plant size, it also facilitated diversification into finely partitioned niches. Characterizing these niche axes and adaptations of epiphytic ferns occupying them should be a priority for future pteridological research.
Assessing contributions of value-added medical student roles.

Value-added student roles—defined as student activities that simultaneously teach physicianship and improve the healthcare system—have rapidly gained popularity in recent years. Though many agree t...
JoSearch, JoPosting and Unemployment Insurance During the COVID-19 Crisis

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many businesses had to close and unemployment skyrocketed To helthe unemployed, the CARES Act increased US unemployment benefit
Phase sensing beyond the standard quantum limit with a variation on the SU(1,1) interferometer

An SU(1,1) interferometer, which replaces the beam splitters in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer with nonlinear interactions, offers the potential of achieving improved phase sensitivity in applications with low optical powers. We present a novel variation on the SU(1,1) interferometer in which the second nonlinear interaction is replaced with balanced homodyne detection. We show theoretically that this “truncated SU(1,1) interferometer” can achieve the same potential phase sensitivity as the conventional SU(1,1) interferometer. We build an experimental realization of this device using seeded four-wave mixing in Rb85 vapor as the nonlinear interaction, thus employing a bright two-mode squeezed state as the phase-sensing quantum state inside the interferometer. Measurements as a function of operating point show that even with ≈35% loss, this device can surpass the standard quantum limit by 4 dB. This device is simpler to build and operate than the conventional SU(1,1) interferometer, and also eliminates some sources of loss, thus making it useful for applications in precision metrology.
A Theoretical Investigation of the Maxwellian Velocity Distribution with Connection to Continuum Transport Phenomena

The Euler and Navier-Stokes fluid mechanics equations are derived using a modified statistical mechanical approach using theory taken from the Chapman-Enskog perturbation analysis used to support the lattice Boltzmann method. Additional distributions such as the velocity vector and total scalar energy distributions are established. A complete discretization in velocity space is provided. Benchmark problems are established for simple cases modeling isothermal compressible inviscid flows. Thermal viscous flows will be the focus of future work. Overall, a more fundamental description of mass, momentum, and energy transport is uncovered and provides insights into the mathematical nature of the continuum transport equations such as the incorporation of viscosity and thermal conductivity into space and time dependence.
Designer porous solids tackle separations of fluoroorganics

Porous metal-organic framework (MOF) materials can be synthesized with precise spatial control of coordinatively unsaturated Mg2+ sites within the pore interior. Zick and co-workers show how these Mg2+ sites can dictate selective interactions between the MOF-based absorbent and molecules containing C-F bonds.
The politics of pronouns: how Trump framed the ingroup in the 2016 presidential election

Outgroup hostility and racialized language were the most important predictors of support for Trump in the 2016 election season. Some scholarship argues that outgroup hostility outweighs the importa...
A framework for teaching and implementing community visioning

With more research focusing on community visioning and its role in succes,fid change processes, this community development tool is increasingly cited as an dlicient and effective means of identifying core community values, prioritizing goals and stratebries, and implementing community plans, policies, and decisions (Aigner ct a/., 1999; Ayres, I 9%; 131oom, 2000; Uodeen & Hilliker, I 999; Christenson & ltobmson, 1989; Flora & Flora, 2008; Greener a/., 2001; Green & Haines, 2008: Kretzmann & McKnight, 1997; Peterson, I 995; Potapchuk, 1996; Shipley, 2002; Walzer eta/., 1995; Walzer, I 996). Advances in both theory and applied visionmg case study work continue to guide practitioner~. academics, and community residents interested in conducting research, learning from cases, and applying the concept to effect community change. The growing body of conm1unity visioning scholarship has also benefited from the body of research applied and described in a variety of settings. For example, visioning has been used as a way to confront urban decay (Murtagh, 2001), to address economic change (Brown-Graham & Austin, 2004; Weinberg, 1999), as a way of identifymg leaders (Sandmann & Kroshus, 1991), and as a method of managing tensions associated with multiculturalism (Uyesugi & Shipley, 2005). It also has been used to create a more participatory democratic process in community planning and development (McKinlay, 2006; Plein er a/., 1998), in corporate decision-making (Helling, 1998), in a range of international settings (Cuthill, 2004; Murtagh, 200 I). and more generally, as a \vay to build trust and enhance relationships in communJtJes (Flora & Flora, 2008). Much of this scholarly work describes the process and outcome of communit) ,·isioning from a case study perspective. However, there is a paucity of research on effective strategies and related methods of teachmg commu111t)" ,·is1oning to practitioners (those leadmg the process) and commtmlty residents (those eng.1ged 111 the process) involved in visioning efforts. This gap in scholarship includes a theoretical tramework on commumty visiomng pedagogy. Teaching and Implementing Community Vision~ng 75
Evaluation of Form Friction Factor in Alluvial Channels by Finite Element Method

The contribution of bedforms to the overall resistance of alluvial channels has been stressed in the early fifties by Einstein and Barbarossa (1954). Since then, the subject has been under intensive empirical studies involving large-scale roughness elements (Laursen, 1958; Sayre and Albertson, 1963; Simons and Richardson, 1966; Vanoni and Hwang, 1967; Raudkivi, 1967). In spite of the steadily increasing wealth of empirical data, there has been little success in finding friction formulas for alluvial channels with movable boundaries. The main difficulty arises from the relatively large scatter of experimental data in alluvial hydraulics as compared to the similar data observed in the rigid boundary flows. The validity of any empirical laws derived from these data is naturally open to suspicion, unless some further justification is found in their favor. For uniform flows through rigid boundary conduits, some justification for Karman-Prandtl friction laws can be found in the Boundary Layer Theory; however, their extensions to nonuniform flows in the presence of isolated large roughness elements do not enjoy such privileges, and yet, they have set the course of subsequent investigations to considerable extent.
The Casks of Wine

When a man steps out at dawn, it seems to him he has lived his whole life to create something dark. What he has created is the wine in the hold of the ship. The casks roll about when the ship rolls, and no one knows what is in them but the captain. The captain stands looking out over the back rail in the dark, drawn by what follows in shoals behind him. Behind him, shoals of fins sail with intense forward strokes. The ship is going where the captain has agreed to go, and the casks are there. That is all we know. The ship lay so long tied to the dock, rubbing, as the captain lay ill on his pallet in the seamen's home, imagining the covers were a Medusa with his mother's face. And one day as he woke he was already on board. It must be that he hired the seamen, and bought the supplies, while still asleep. Now the ship is moving. And what does he know about those he has hired? What are the islands like, where they were born; whom do they kneel to at night, fanning a fire of pencil shavings. ... Or was it a farmhouse in Montana? Did the seaman then pass into a prison, and through it, as the earthworm passes through thoughtless soil? The ship is going, and the casks roll in the hold. But how long has gone by already! How much labor by men older than the captain! First the grapes had to be brought from a settled country, and a climate found, calm and protective; then ground scouted out where the grapes could be at home, difficult to find with the unexpected acids and mineral traces. . . . And it takes so long for the vines to mature. And when at last the vines are grown, tough, twisted, resembling intense dwarf houses, then the grapes have to be protected from frost, the owner waking at three in the morning to light smudge fires. And the stalk of the vine slowly widens. But the assurances others give us, "You're a good father"; "you're a good captain". . . . What do they amount to? They do nothing, however gladly we hear them, because we are not the captain. The captain is still alone on the ship, alone among the ocean-flying terns, the great hooded mergansers flopping at early dusklight over the sparse waves they have never been introduced to . . . and the mist that suddenly appears at mid-ocean. . . . No assurances in the ocean. So when a man steps out at dawn and breathes in, it seems he has lived his whole life to create something dark!
A Situated Understanding of Residents' Caretaking Attitudes Toward Shared Spaces in Three High-Rise Gated Developments in Shanghai

Abstract In a residential development that incorporates collective property rights, there are interior and exterior shared spaces collectively owned and used by multiple residents. These shared spaces defy a stark public‐private division. Applying the perspective of situated cognition in a case‐oriented qualitative analysis, this study investigated residents' caretaking attitudes about shared spaces in three high‐rise gated developments in Shanghai, China. Qualitative data was obtained from 61 long‐term residents pertaining to situational environments, situated persons, person‐environment transactions, and environmental perception and meanings. Results revealed that the entanglement of residents and environmental settings in these developments defined different types of holistic person-environment units, which further implied different caring attitudes. The investigation also demonstrated diagrammatic data coding and displays as effective case‐oriented analytical techniques to present and compare ecologic...