cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning a Function of r Relevant Variables

This problem has been around for a while but is one of my favorites. I will state it here in three forms, discuss a number of known results (some easy and some more intricate), and finally end with small financial incentives for various kinds of partial progress. This problem appears in various guises in [2, 3, 10]. To begin we need the following standard definition: a boolean function f over {0,1} n has (at most) r relevant variables if there exist r indices i 1, ..., i r such that \(f(x) = g(x_{i_1}, \ldots, x_{i_r})\) for some boolean function g over {0,1} r . In other words, the value of f is determined by only a subset of r of its n input variables. For instance, the function \(f(x) = x_1\bar{x}_2 \vee x_2\bar{x}_5 \vee x_5\bar{x}_1\) has three relevant variables. The “class of boolean functions with r relevant variables” is the set of all such functions, over all possible g and sets {i 1, ..., i r }.
Ions, Atoms, and Bits: An Architectural Approach to Quantum Computing

Abstract Computing with quantum states may be the most efficient approach to solving some problems that take exponential time on conventional computers. Quantum states, however, are short-lived without constant error correction. Furthermore, the classical control required by proposed quantum schemes imposes constraints on how a quantum computer can be built. This chapter focuses on a basic architectural requirement for any computation—communication. Unlike classical signals, quantum data cannot be simply transmitted over a wire, but must be moved step-wise from location to adjacent location. We start with a brief overview of quantum computing operations, error correction, and algorithms. Next we analyze a straightforward communication mechanism—the swapping channel. We compare the swapping channel with a longer-range communication mechanism—the teleportation channel. We finish out the chapter with a discussion of error correction. Error correction is necessary to avoid data corruption. We look in detail at its architectural implications and analyze the associated overhead.
Ethical Risks from the Use of Technology

The pervasive use of modern technology has resulted in law firms increasingly creating and maintaining files, litigation materials, confidential client information and other data in digital form. This form of data is easy to update, transfer and search. Hence, it can save time and increase efficiency while minimizing errors. Nevertheless, certain risks accompany use of digital data. For example, client data must be maintained in confidence. It must be preserved so that it can be recovered in the future if it is needed. Also, it must be preserved such that it can be produced with reasonable assurance it is in its original unmodified form. These risks create the potential for an attorney to run afoul of rules of professional conduct. To avoid this, an attorney today must be both cognizant of these risks and take reasonable steps to minimize such risks. This article will identify these risks, identify the applicable rules of professional conduct and suggest reasonable actions an attorney must take to avoid violating these rules.
tRNA Structure and Ribosomal Function: II. Interaction Between Anticodon Helix and other tRNA Mutations

Abstract Using multiply mutated tRNA genes, we have studied unusual coding by tRNAs that have altered nucleotides (nt) 27-43, which normally form the top base-pair of the anticodon helix. In vivo, nt 27-43 mutations accelerate non-canonical C-A coding at the third (3′) codon position 14-fold, similar to the 40-fold stimulation originally shown for first (5′) codon position non canonical G-U pairing. Thus the effects of nt 27-43 generalize to a second type of unusual coding. Nt 27-43 changes have a similar relative effect on tRNA level, aminoacylation, and ribosomal activity, despite concurrent changes of the 3′ anticodon nucleotide which alter coding. However, under conditions of efficient aminoacylation, only a fraction of these (potential missense) anticodon changes can be recovered, suggesting toxicity. Available data support the idea that the effects of nt 27-43 are not particular to one codon. A previously isolated D-arm mutation (G24A) has a similar coding effect, enhancing both first position G-U wobble up to 130-fold, the third position C-A mispairing 40-fold. Anticodon helix mutations at 27-43 have little effect on 3′ or 5′ miscoding in the presence of the G24A D-arm mutation, and reciprocally, the D-arm's effects are much diminished in the presence of the anticodon helix mutations. Because these two tRNA loci alter both types of aberrant coding, and because they are highly interdependent, they may exploit a similar mechanism, dependent on a similar effect on tRNA conformation. We suggest a relatively non-specific decrease in the ribosomal rejection rates for tRNAs altered at anticodon helix nucleotides 27 and 43. Thus coding via non-canonical pairings at both 5′ and 3′ ends of the codon-anticodon helix has a measurable rate in vivo. However, we find that normal tRNA structure minimizes the efficiency of this aberrant translation. To put these same findings in another light, tRNAs bearing identical anticodons, if altered in structure elsewhere, may translate the genetic code differently.
Control is Beautiful: Measuring Facility Performance as if People (and Buildings) Really Mattered

This paper keynotes a panel discussion on measures of performance and serviceability of facilities that are applicable to individuals and small groups. The measures are derived within a control theory perspective of humanperformance in the built environment, using a general habitability model to organize their "controlled quantities" into appropriate scalar and value dimensions. The fundamental argument is that measures of facility performance should have a recursive nature which combines both environmental and behavioral referents. This captures what a user of a setting is trying to control in order to act in a certain way, and how elements of the setting participate in the 'control loop' that is established. Several examples illustrate how a relatively few powerful yet generalizable measures can assess many important conditions relevant to diverse questions of facility performance.
Heat and Water Vapor Transport in Fabrics under Ventilated Conditions

An expression derived by Take-uchi for the heat transfer coefficient of a fabric exposed to an air stream has been shown to apply (with suitable modification) to the transfer of water vapor through the fabric under the same conditions of ventilation. Experimental and calculated values of the moisture transfer coefficient agree fairly well.
The Impact of Chile's School Feeding Program on Education Outcomes.

Abstract Chile operates one of the oldest and largest school feeding programs in Latin America, targeting higher-calorie meals to relatively poorer schools. This paper evaluates the impact of higher-calorie meals on the education outcomes of public, rural schools and their students. It applies a regression-discontinuity design to administrative data, including school enrollment and attendance, first-grade enrollment age and grade repetition, and fourth-grade test scores. There is no evidence, across a range of specifications and samples, that additional calories affect these variables. The paper suggests that the focus of Chilean policy should further shift to the nutritional composition of school meals, rather than the caloric content.
Gene - Environment interactions in asthma and allergy: The end of the beginning?

Purpose of review The pathogenesis of asthma and allergy typically involves not only distinct genetic and environmental factors, but also interactions between the two. Innate-immunity genes [particularly CD14, toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR2, the critical mediators of responses to bacteria in the extracellular space] play a prominent role in gene–environment interactions relevant to asthma-related phenotypes because the interaction between microbial load and the innate-immune system is a critical determinant of both immune function and allergy/asthma susceptibility. This review presents recent findings illustrating the role of gene–environment interactions in asthma/allergy susceptibility. Recent findings Population studies have extended our understanding of the role of CD14 and innate-immune genes in the interplay between genetic variants and the environment, highlighting the complexity of these interactions and their significant influence on susceptibility to asthma and allergy. Summary Gene–environment interactions have become a leitmotiv in asthma and allergy genetics, especially over the last 3 years. The next challenge awaiting asthma and allergy geneticists will be to define the extent to which the search for gene–environment interactions can be successfully integrated with hypothesis-generating, genome-wide approaches aimed at the identification of genetic variants involved in the pathogenesis of complex-lung diseases.
Artificial neural network-based image pattern recognition

This paper addresses the use of a multi-layer fully-connected perceptron neural network for implementing a pattern recognizer. The input of the neural network is a set of seven standardized invariant moments in both the training procedure and recognition procedure. This standardization results in significantly increasing the accuracy of recognition. The neural network in this paper can recognize the shape of patterns regardless of the size, location or brightness. Images are captured and transformed to binary images through a global threshold technique. The weights of the network are computed using the back propagation algorithm. An example is given to demonstrate this neural network pattern recognizer.
The degradation of tryptophan during paper chromatography with observations on some metabolites of tryptophan.

Abstract The possible degradation of tryptophan and seven of its metabolites during and after paper chromatography with n-butanol-acetic acid-water has been investigated. It has been found that extensive degradation results from developing and drying the chromatograms at temperatures over 27° and storing them in room light for extended periods before the second development. Lesser amounts of degradation were found after limited exposure of compounds to ultraviolet light between developments and occasionally with the use of unwashed paper. Procedures to eliminate degradation have been described.
Data Analysis Procedures and Presentation Formats for Broadcast Teletext Field Tests

In conjunction with the activities of the Electronic Industries Association (EIA): Efforts to develop a U.S. recommended standard for Broadcast Teletext, the author describes the objectives of field tests being conducted under EIA auspices. Test hardware and methods which permit real time capture of data are identified and discussed. The need for performing testing which is independent of a specific hardware or system implementation is set forth. Data analysis methods and procedures which reduce the raw captured data to a form which can be used to realize the objectives of the testing are described. Samples of presentation formats developed by the author are exhibited. These sample presentation formats are analyzed to demonstrate how they might be used for actual data, to derive insights into performance of a Teletext system at various data transmission rates.
Inhibition of lung tissue oxidation during ischemia/reperfusion by 2-mercaptopropionylglycine.

Abstract The effect of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG), a potent free radical scavenger, on ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue oxidation in isolated perfused rat lung was investigated. The isolated lung, continuously ventilated with 95% oxygen, was subjected to 1 h global ischemia followed by 1 h reperfusion with or without the presence of an antioxidant. In ischemic/reperfused lungs, there was a significant increase in protein oxidation (carbonyl formation) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) to 10.7 nmol/mg protein and 176 pmol/mg protein, respectively, at the end of reperfusion. MPG administered at 6 mg/kg body wt intravenously to the rats prior to isolation of lung reduced protein oxidation by 65% and lipid peroxidation by 40%. An additional effect was noted when MPG was also added to the perfusate (0.275 mg/ml) during reperfusion. Pretreatment with dimethylthiourea (DMTU) or addition of desferal to the perfusate also significantly reduced the protein oxidation of lung ischemia/reperfusion. The addition of DMTU or desferal with MPG showed no additive effect. However, eicosatetraynoic acid (100 μM), a cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor, added with MPG reduced ischemia/reperfusion-induced lipid peroxidation by 80%, which was significantly greater than the protective effect exhibited by MPG alone. The oxidative stress on the lung tissue components was also demonstrated by a decrease in the sulfhydryl content of "end ischemic" lungs; MPG pretreatment maintained the sulfhydryl level at the control level in ischemic lungs. The results indicate that MPG at relatively low and non-toxic concentrations can markedly inhibit the oxidation of tissue sulfhydryls, soluble protein, and lipids associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury of the lung.
Constant-Pressure Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Cholesterol Effects in a Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Bilayer

Abstract We report a 1.4-ns constant-pressure molecular dynamics simulation of cholesterol at 12.5 mol% in a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer at 50°C and compare the results to our previous simulation of a pure DPPC bilayer. The interlamellar spacing was increased by 2.5A in the cholesterol-containing bilayer, consistent with x-ray diffraction results, whereas the bilayer thickness was increased by only 1A. The bilayer/water interface was more abrupt because the lipid headgroups lie flatter to fill spaces left by the cholesterol molecules. This leads to less compensation by the lipid headgroups of the oriented water contribution to the membrane dipole potential and could explain the experimentally observed increase in the magnitude of the dipole potential by cholesterol. Our calculations suggested that 12.5 mol% cholesterol does not significantly affect the conformations and packing of the hydrocarbon chains and produces only a slight reduction in the empty free volume. However, cholesterol has a significant influence on the subnanosecond time scale lipid dynamics: the diffusion constant for the center-of-mass "rattling" motion was reduced by a factor of 3, and the reorientational motion of the methylene groups was slowed along the entire length of the hydrocarbon chains.
Paramagnetic scattering from Fe(3.5 at. % Si): Neutron measurements up to the zone boundary

Paramagnetic scattering cross sections of Fe(3.5 at. % Si) are measured at T=1.1${T}_{c}$ and 1.25${T}_{c}$ over the entire Brillouin zone. The major part of these magnetic cross sections is confined below 60 meV even near the zone boundary, in agreement with the recent report by Brown et al. The energy-integrated value of the magnetic moment at the zone boundary is (2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}^{2}$. This value is smaller than what would be expected for localized systems and gives experimental support for the itinerant-electron character of ferromagnetism in Fe.
Sizes of natural microgametophyte populations in pistils of Phlox drummondii.

The purpose of this study was to determine the sizes of microgametophyte populations in the pistils of natural Phlox drummondii populations, and to relate the microgametophyte population size to factors that may influence pollinator service
A calculation of nonlocal phonon heat transfer

Abstract An evaluation is performed of Levinson's theory of nonlocal phonon heat transfer, which applies to the propagation of phonons in a diffusive medium in the presence of anharmonic processes. The particular case described is that of a semi-infinite substrate, initially at temperature T o , subjected to an imposed small change in the temperature of its surface. Appropriate formulae are both derived and numerically evaluated to illustrate their content and relevance to experimental data.
CP violation and the cathedral builders' paradi3m

Abstract Pointing out the profound and unique nature of CP violation, I sketch its basic phenomenology, its CKM prescription and QCD technologies relevant for heavy flavour physics. After emphasizing the paradigmatic character of the establishment of direct CP violation I turn to the future, namely indirect searches for New Physics in electric dipole moments, Kμ3 decays and charm transitions on one hand and in beauty decays on the other; these are described as exciting adventures with novel challenges not encountered before.
A simplified processing technique of organic–inorganic intercalation/exfoliation nanohybrid

Abstract A simplified processing technique of polymer–cement intercalation/exfoliation (PCIE) nanohybrid is investigated. By using a silicate precursor, through a “one-pot” procedure, polyamide 6 based interphase reinforced by exfoliated silicate nanolayers and intercalated nanolayer stacks is produced. The nanointerphase acts as the binder, leading to the high tensile strength. The optimum nanointerphase content is larger than 15%.
Regression of locally recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the skin following excision of a metastasis: with review of the literature.

The spontaneous regression of a malignant tumor subsequent to surgical excision of a distant cancer is a fascinating observation. Although rare, this dynamic tumor/host relationship may offer important insight into mechanisms of immunologic surveillance. A better understanding of that interaction may help identify specific aberrations that predisposes to can cer development. Although the literature cites several histologically dis tinct cancers that demonstrate this phenomenon, a report of spontaneous regression of squamous cancer of the skin has not previously appeared. The case presented serves as the focal point for discussion of current concepts pertaining to this apparent host/tumor interaction.
Longitudinal performance of an implantable vestibular prosthesis.

Abstract Loss of vestibular function may be treatable with an implantable vestibular prosthesis that stimulates semicircular canal afferents with biphasic pulse trains. Several studies have demonstrated short-term activation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) with electrical stimulation. Fewer long-term studies have been restricted to small numbers of animals and stimulation designed to produce adaptive changes in the electrically elicited response. This study is the first large consecutive series of implanted rhesus macaque to be studied longitudinally using brief stimuli designed to limit adaptive changes in response, so that the efficacy of electrical activation can be studied over time, across surgeries, canals and animals. The implantation of a vestibular prosthesis in animals with intact vestibular end organs produces variable responses to electrical stimulation across canals and animals, which change in threshold for electrical activation of eye movements and in elicited slow phase velocities over time. These thresholds are consistently lower, and the slow phase velocities higher, than those obtained in human subjects. The changes do not appear to be correlated with changes in electrode impedance. The variability in response suggests that empirically derived transfer functions may be required to optimize the response of individual canals to a vestibular prosthesis, and that this function may need to be remapped over time. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled .
Patterns of Blood Pressure in Milwaukee

Blood pressure measurements were obtained among 92,074 persons in Milwaukee between 1974 and 1976 by the Milwaukee Blood Pressure Program. Systolic hypertension was more prevalent in young white men than blacks below 25 years of age, was more common in middle-aged blacks than whites, and was equally prevalent among all persons past 65 years. Diastolic hypertension was more prevalent in blacks than whites of all ages. Whereas the prevalence of systolic hypertension in the population increased with age and was present in a majority or near majority of persons past 65 years, the prevalence of diastolic hypertension rose until the sixth decade, after which it declined. Hypertension was primarily of a diastolic variety in young blacks, whereas systolic hypertension was a prominent feature in young whites. ( JAMA 238:864-868, 1977)
Altered states: LSD and the Anesthesia Laboratory of Henry Knowles Beecher.

Introduction Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most pharmacologically potent and culturally controversial psychoactive substances ever identified and was the drug of choice for a counterculture whose mantra was “turn on, tune in, and drop out.” First synthesized in 1938 by Dr. Albert Hoffman,1 a Swiss chemist investigating the properties of the fungus ergot, LSD took its own strange trip through the worlds of chemistry, medicine, psychology and espionage until it was brought to national attention by the self-proclaimed “high priest” of the psychedelic era, Dr. Timothy Leary. Leary was a well-respected psychologist on the faculty of Harvard University who developed an interest in hallucinogens after a personal experience with psilocybin in 1960 and who ultimately developed this interest into both a scientific study and a cultural vision. Throughout the early 1960s, Leary and his colleagues Dr. Ralph Metzner and Dr. Richard Alpert explored the effects of psychedelics at Harvard,2 resulting in both fame and infamy—especially for their studies on students. While Leary stands out as an early pioneer of psychedelic research at Harvard, it is rarely appreciated that Dr. Henry Knowles Beecher, one of the pioneers of anesthesiology, had published seminal work on the psychology of LSD some ten years earlier. How is it that Beecher, the first endowed professor of anesthesia at Harvard, found his way to the study of LSD? The answer to this question is a fascinating history that spans from the shores of Italy in the 1940s to the frontiers of bioethics in the 1960s.
Detecting intelligent agent behavior with environment abstraction in complex air combat systems

Intelligence can be defined as an emergent property in some types of complex systems and may arise as a result of an agent's interactions with the environment or with other agents either directly or indirectly through changes in the environment. Within this perspective, intelligence takes the form of an `observer' phenomenon; externally observed at a level higher than that of agents situated in their environment. Such emergent behavior sometimes may be reduced to the fundamental components within the system and its interacting agents and sometimes it is a completely novel behavior involving a new nomenclature. When emergent behavior is reducible to its parts it is considered to be a `weak' form of emergence and when emergent behavior cannot be reduced to its constituent parts, it is considered to be a `strong' form of emergence. A differentiating factor between these two forms of emergent phenomena is the usage of emergent outcomes by the agents. In weak emergence there is no causality, while in strong emergence there is causation as a result of actions based on the affordances emergent phenomena support. Modeling a complex air combat system involves modeling agent behavior in a dynamic environment and because humans tend to display strong emergence, the observation of emergent phenomena has to exist within the knowledge boundaries of the domain of interest so as not to warrant any new nomenclature for the computational model at the semantic level. The emergent observed phenomenon has to be semantically tagged as `intelligent' and such knowledge resides within the bounds of the semantic domain. Therefore, observation and recognition of emergent intelligent behavior has been undertaken by the development and use of an Environment Abstraction (EA) layer that semantically ensures that strong emergence can be modeled within an agent-platform-system, such as Live, Virtual and Constructive (LVC) training in a Distributed Mission Operations (DMO) testbed. In the present study, various modeling architectures capable of modeling/mimicking human type behavior or eliciting an expected response from a human pilot in a training environment are brought to bear at the semantic interoperability level using the EA layer. This article presents a high level description of the agent-platform-system and how formal modeling and simulation approaches such as Discrete Event Systems (DEVS) formalism can be used for modeling complex dynamical systems capturing emergent behavior at various levels of interoperability. The ideas presented in this paper successfully achieve integration at the syntactic level using the Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) protocol data units and semantic interoperability with the EA layer.
1494 UTI IN GIRLS: COMPARISON OF BLADDER WASHOUT LOCALIZATION TECHNIQUE WITH URINARY LDH ACTIVITY

Recent reports suggest that elevated urinary LDH isoenzyme 5 activity is a reliable tool to separate upper from lower urinary tract infection. Total urinary LDH enzyme activity and isoenzyme activity were performed in urine from 52 episodes of urinary tract infection studied with the bladder washout technique. The technique for LDH determination includes dialyzing the urine, concentrating it and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Thirty-seven infections were localized by bladder washout to the lower tract and 15 to the upper tract. Urines from 33 girls without urinary infection were also analyzed for LDH. There was a significant difference between the total LDH enzyme activity from the “control” group compared with the groups with urinary infection. However, neither total LDH nor % LDH isoenzyme 5 served to distinguish lower from upper tract infection. The marked variations in the total LDH enzyme activity as well as the % of urinary LDH isoenzyme 5 activity are evident in the large standard deviation of the mean values derived from both control and infected subjects. Urinary LDH enzyme activity and percentage LDH isoenzyme 5 do not appear to separate upper from lower urinary tract infections.
Recovering doping profiles in semiconductor devices with the Boltzmann-Poisson model

We investigate numerically an inverse problem related to the Boltzmann-Poisson system of equations for transport of electrons in semiconductor devices. The objective of the (ill-posed) inverse problem is to recover the doping profile of a device, presented as a source function in the mathematical model, from its current-voltage characteristics. To reduce the degree of ill-posedness of the inverse problem, we proposed to parameterize the unknown doping profile function to limit the number of unknowns in the inverse problem. We showed by numerical examples that the reconstruction of a few low moments of the doping profile is possible when relatively accurate time-dependent or time-independent measurements are available, even though the later reconstruction is less accurate than the former. We also compare reconstructions from the Boltzmann-Poisson (BP) model to those from the classical drift-diffusion-Poisson (DDP) model, assuming that measurements are generated with the BP model. We show that the two type of reconstructions can be significantly different in regimes where drift-diffusion-Poisson equation fails to model the physics accurately. However, when noise presented in measured data is high, no difference in the reconstructions can be observed.
Emergency Healthcare Workflow Modeling and Timeliness Analysis

A health emergency is a situation that poses an immediate risk to health and life and requires urgent intervention to prevent its worsening. Emergency healthcare service is a real-time service, where timeliness is critical to mission success. Workflow management technology has received considerable attention in the healthcare field in recent years for the automation of both intra- and interorganizational healthcare processes. However, no work on timeliness analysis has been reported. In our previous work, we proposed Workflows Intuitive and Formal Approach (WIFA) formalism for emergency response workflow modeling. In this paper, we extend our WIFA formalism to take task execution times into account to support emergency response timeliness analysis. An example of emergency healthcare shows how the timed WIFA workflow model works.
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Sarafloxacin and Cross-Reactivity Studies of Related Fluoroquinolones

Monoclonal antibodies were developed that bind sarafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use against Escherichia coli in poultry. Splenocytes from mice immunized with a bovine serum albumin−sarafloxacin conjugate were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells, and hybridomas secreting antibodies against sarafloxacin were selected and cloned. An enzyme-linked immunoassay was developed, and 50% inhibition of control values ranged from 7.3 to 48.3 ppb using sarafloxacin as the competitor. Tissue samples were spiked with sarafloxacin, and the average percent recoveries at 10, 50, and 100 ppb were 132, 78, and 81%, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies exhibiting high relative affinity for sarafloxacin were also characterized for their ability to detect five structurally related quinolones. The specificity and cross-reactivities of these antibodies are discussed in relation to three-dimensional, computer-generated molecular models of the fluoroquinolones. Keywords: Sarafloxacin; fluor...
Multilayer dichroic mirrors for the 1 6-microm spectral region: their design and fabrication.

The design and fabrication of multilayer mirrors for the 16-μm spectral region present special problems in materials selection and stress compensation. Details are given of the solution of these problems for two types of dichroic mirrors. Equivalent layers with nonquarterwave thicknesses were found to yield stress- compensated coatings having the desired transmittance and reflectance. Auger analyses indicate that the absorption in these coatings is probably due to deviation from stoichiometry in one of the materials rather than from an impurity.
Spectral solution of the viscous blunt-body problem 2 - Multidomain approximation

We present steady solutions of high speed viscous flows over blunt bodies using a multidomain Chebyshev spectral collocation method. The region with the shock layer is divided into subdomains so that internal layers can be well-resolved. In the interiors of the subdomains, the solution is approximated by Chebyshev collocation. At interfaces between subdomains, the advective terms are upwinded and the viscous terms are treated by a penalty method. The method is applied to five flows, the Mach number range 5-25 and Reynolds number range 2,000 - 83,000, based on nose radius. Results are compared to experimental data and to a finite difference result.
The performance of laying hens fed various levels of protein and a non-essential amino acid mixture.

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE protein and amino acid requirements of the laying hen have been studied extensively during the past two decades. These studies have provided a better understanding of the balance of essential amino acids required for optimum egg production. The requirements for the essential amino acids for the laying hen have been reported by Johnson and Fisher (1958) and Scott (1962). Moran et al. (1967) have calculated the essential amino acid requirements for the laving hen based on the amounts needed for egg formation and body maintenance. Little information exists concerning the absolute requirement of the laying hen for protein nitrogen when a diet is fed containing an adequate level of well-balanced essential amino acids together with various levels of non-essential amino acid nitrogen. Shapiro and Fisher (1965) and Shapiro (1968), using egg protein and an isonitrogenous mixture of glutamic acid and glycine, reported that the laying hen required 13…
Using hints to increase the effectiveness of an automated reasoning program: Case studies

In this article we consider the use of hints to help guide the search for a proof. Under the hints strategy, the value of a generated clause is determined, in part, by whether or not the clause subsumes or is subsumed by a user-supplied hint clause. We have implemented the hints strategy and have experimented with it extensively. We summarize our experiences for a variety of reasoning tasks, including proof checking, proof completion, and proof finding. We conclude that the hints strategy has value beyond simply “giving the proof to find the proof.”
Bad moon on the rise? Lunar cycles and incidents of crime

Popular cultures in Western societies have long espoused the notion that phases of the moon influence human behavior. In particular, there is a common belief the full moon increases incidents of aberrant, deviant, and criminal behavior. Using police, astronomical, and weather data from a major southwestern American city, this study assessed whether lunar cycles related with rates of reported crime. The findings fail to support popular lore, which has suggested that lunar phase influenced the volume of crime reported to the police. Future research directions examining qualitative rather than quantitative aspects of this problem may yield further inform the understanding of whether lunar cycles appreciably influence demands for policing services.
Discovery by scent: Discovery browsing system based on the Information Foraging Theory

This work presents a discovery browsing system based on the Information Foraging Theory (IFT). Discovery browsing is a type of information seeking behavior where the expert user interacts iteratively with a literature-based discovery system to explore poorly understood relationships with the end goal of formulating a hypothesis or gaining insight by uncovering novel points of view. The mathematical model underlying the IFT is predictive of information seeking behavior of foragers on the World Wide Web (WWW) in a plethora of scenarios. We hypothesize that a discovery browsing system based upon the IFT can assist the user in the process of discovery by automatically making available the concepts to which the user would most likely attend. Given initial terms from a user, the discovery browsing system mines a semantic network of over 26 million object-relation-object pairs from 7.8 million MEDLINE citations and presents a ranked sub-graph, which is the prediction of where the interesting concepts (ideally discoveries) lie. In this work, we present the theoretical foundations and design of the discovery browsing system. To demonstrate its efficacy, we replicate two recent discoveries and demonstrate that it is able to predict the concepts that were determined as playing a role in novel hypotheses proposed by scientists.
Maximal functions along surfaces in product spaces

Abstract Under certain natural conditions of a measurable radial function Γ : R n × R m → R , Γ ( y 1 , y 2 ) = Γ ( | y 1 | , | y 2 | ) , we show that the maximal function along surface M Γ f ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = sup r 1 , r 2 > 0 { 1 r 1 n r 2 m ∫ | y 2 | ⩽ r 2 ∫ | y 1 | ⩽ r 1 | f ( x 1 − y 1 , x 2 − y 2 , x 3 − Γ ( | y 1 | , | y 2 | ) ) | d y 1 d y 2 } is bounded in L p ( R n × R m × R ) for all p > 1 and n , m ⩾ 1 .
Jonker-type analysis of small polaron conductors

Abstract Plots of Seebeck coefficient vs the logarithm of electrical conductivity (Jonker plots) can be used to discriminate small polaron from band-type semiconductivity. Furthermore n -type and p -type small polaron conduction can be discriminated. Examples are drawn from systems exhibiting extensive nonstoichiometry, e.g., CeO 2−x and Fe 1−x O, systems involving extensive doping, e.g., LaCro 3 :Sr and Mn 3 O 4 : Fe, and systems with extensive solid solubility, e.g., the spinel ferrites. Capabilities and limitations of the analysis are discussed.
Learning Influences Courtship Preferences of Male Threespine Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Male threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) prefer to court the more gravid of a pair of dummy females (ROWLAND 1982, 1989). In this study, males were trained to modify their courtship preferences. Males were given two pre-punishment preference trials during which two dummy females - one approximating a normally gravid female and the other, a supergravid female, possessing an abnormally large abdomen - were simultaneously presented to males. After pre-punishment trials, males were subjected to one of two punishment procedures: punishment with weak electric shock (Experiment I) or punishment by the removal of females to simulate female retreat (Experiment II). During punishment trials, males were punished each time they courted the supergravid dummy. Control males were subjected to identical trials, but were not punished for courting the supergravid dummy. Post-punishment preference trials were given to all males (Experiments I and II). The results of Experiments I and II were similar. Punished and control males did not differ in their courtship preferences in pre-punishment trials; they preferred to court the supergravid dummy. Punished males, however, spent a significantly lower proportion of time visiting and directed a smaller proportion of zigzags (a courtship display) toward the supergravid dummy than did control males during punishment training (Experiment I) and post-punishment preference trials (Experiments I and II). These results suggest that courtship preferences of male threespine sticklebacks can be modified through learning. Such a mechanism could be important for adaptive mate choice under natural conditions.
A normal radial glial scaffold is necessary for migration of interneurons during neocortical development.

The relationship between radial glia and neurons migrating tangentially from the ganglionic eminence (GE) has been suggested but not firmly established. To study this relationship we used a ferret model of cortical dysplasia where radial glia are highly disorganized. To produce this, an antimitotic, methylazoxy methanol (MAM) is injected on the 24th day of gestation (E24 MAM). Neurons migrating away from the GE in MAM-treated animals tend to remain in the intermediate zone (IZ) and do not reach the cortical plate (CP) as they do in normal ferret slices. We recently observed that the disrupted radial glia after MAM treatment could be restored toward their normal morphology by exogenous application of neuregulin1 (NRG1). We demonstrate here that when E24 MAM slices are treated with NRG1, the distribution of cells arising from the GE was similar to normal slices. In a second paradigm, we disrupted radial glia by adding ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to the culture media of normal ferret slices; CNTF induces acute differentiation of radial glia into astrocytes. After CNTF exposure, few tangentially migrating cells reach the CP compared to untreated slices. These results show that interneurons fail to reach the CP by disrupted normal radial glia and restoring the normal radial glial scaffold is sufficient to allow migrating cells to invade the CP. Our results suggest an important role for radial glia by controlling directly or indirectly the migration of interneurons to the CP, their main target. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structural evidence for a liver-specific glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract The amino acid sequences near the amino termini of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from bovine and porcine liver have been determined. Using classical peptide isolation techniques as well as automated Edman degradation, the NH2-terminal 30 residues of the bovine liver enzyme were determined to be Val-Lys-Val-Gly-Val-Asn-Gly-Phe-Gly-Arg-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-Val-Thr-Arg-Ala-Ala-Phe-Asn-Ser-Gly-Lys-Val-Asp-Ile-Val-Phe-Ile. Twenty-two residues from the NH2-terminus of the porcine liver enzyme, determined using the automated Edman degradation, were identical to the corresponding sequence from bovine liver enzyme. Both liver enzymes have Asn at position 6. The corresponding residue 6 in the muscle and yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases is Asp. This evidence suggests that the Asn-6 residue is specific for the liver tissues. The exchange of Asn for Asp may significantly alter the allosteric properties of muscle and liver enzymes especially the activity of the liver enzymes in gluconeogenesis.
Three-dimensional Model of Broadband Emission from Supernova Remnants Undergoing Nonlinear Diffusive Shock Acceleration

We present a three-dimensional model of supernova remnants (SNRs) in which the hydrodynamical evolution of the remnant is modeled consistently with nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration occurring at the outer blast wave. The model includes particle escape and diffusion outside of the forward shock and particle interactions with arbitrary distributions of external ambient material, such as molecular clouds. We include synchrotron emission and cooling, bremsstrahlung radiation, neutral pion production, and inverse Compton (IC) and Coulomb energy loss. Broadband spectra have been calculated for typical parameters, including dense regions of gas external to a 1000 yr old SNR. In this paper, we describe the details of our model, but do not attempt a detailed fit to any specific remnant. We also do not include magnetic field amplification (MFA), even though this effect may be important in some young remnants. Our aim is to develop a flexible platform that can be generalized to include effects such as MFA, and that can be easily adapted to various SNR environments, including Type Ia SNRs, which explode in a constant-density medium, and Type II SNRs, which explode in a presupernova wind. When applied to a specific SNR, our model will predict cosmic-ray spectra and multiwavelength morphology in projected images for instruments with varying spatial and spectral resolutions. We show examples of these spectra and images and emphasize the importance of measurements in the hard X-ray, GeV, and TeV gamma-ray bands for investigating key ingredients in the acceleration mechanism, and for deducing whether or not TeV emission is produced by IC from electrons or pion decay from protons.
The Effects of Linguistic Factors on Class Inclusion Performance in Adults and Children

ABSTRACT In two studies adults were given brief experiences designed to create a set to interpret class inclusion-type questions in an exclusive or inclusive manner. In the first study the effect of set experiences was measured on ambiguous class inclusion questions; in the second the test item was the typical Piagetian class inclusion problem. In both studies there was evidence that exclusive response set conditions were effective. A third study demonstrated that pretest experience alerting children to inclusive relations enhanced class inclusion performance. The evidence suggests that a tendency to interpret class inclusion questions exclusively leads to class inclusion errors, while a tendency to interpret such questions inclusively fosters success. Two theoretical approaches were discussed, one in accordance with the Piagetian tradition, the alternative maintaining that the linguistic underpinning to class inclusion represents a separate competence that developmentally is distinct from the logic of Pi...
Temperature and Salinity Staircases in the Northwestern Weddell Sea

Abstract Temperature and salinity data obtained from the northwestern Weddell Sea during March 1986 reveal numerous thermohaline staircases in the thermocline separating warm deep water from the overlying colder, lower salinity winter water. Staircases in the upper, steeper portion of the thermocline were characterized by layers having vertical extents of 1–5 m. Layer thicknesses in the deeper, weaker portion of the thermocline were far greater, sometimes exceeding 100 m. The former staircases are referred to as Type A, and the latter as Type B. Vertical gradients in temperature and salinity decreased abruptly across the boundary between Type A and Type B staircase regions. Mean density ratios Rρ were 1.52 and 1.36 over the depth intervals containing Type A and Type B staircases, respectively. Type A staircases were present at all sites sampled, whereas Type B staircases were present over approximately the central 50% of the area sampled. Laboratory-derived results show that the observed time and vertical...
Synthesis and characterisation of thermotropic liquid-crystalline properties of azomethine dimers

A series of azomethine dimers were prepared by condensation reactions of benzaldehyde, biphenylcarboxaldehyde and 9-anthraldehyde with various aromatic diamines of varying flexibility in ethanol in the presence of tosic acid. Their chemical structures were determined by Fourier transform infrared and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, as well as elemental analysis. Their thermal properties were also examined by using a number of experimental techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), polarising optical microscopy (POM) and variable temperature X-ray diffraction (VTXRD). Azomethine dimer, prepared from benzaldehyde and 1,9-bis(4-aminophenoxy)nonane, exhibited a monotropic, nematic liquid-crystalline (LC) phase. The majority of the azomethine dimers containing biphenyl moieties exhibited enantiotropic, nematic LC phase on melting at relatively low temperatures, since they developed typical Schlieren, threaded or marbled textures ...
RNAase P is dependent on RNAase E action in processing monomeric RNA precursors that accumulate in an RNAase E− mutant of Escherichia coli

Abstract A mutant strain of Escherichia coli containing a thermolabile RNAase E, an RNA processing enzyme, accumulates a number of immature RNA molecules at a non-permissive temperature. Some of these molecules are derived from ribosomal RNA transcription units and contain 5 S ribosomal RNA sequences while others are nonribosomal and contain transfer RNA sequences. In order to assess whether or not RNAase E can produce processing cleavages in such precursor tRNA molecules, we isolated monomeric RNA precursors that accumulate in this mutant strain and studied their maturation in cell-free systems. Our results show that RNAase E can introduce a cleavage near the 3′ end of some precursor tRNA molecules thereby allowing RNAase P to process the precursor molecule at its 5′ end.
The formation of protein concentration gradients mediated by density differences of poly(ethylene glycol) microspheres

A critical element in the formation of scaffolds for tissue engineering is the introduction of concentration gradients of bioactive molecules. We explored the use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microspheres fabricated via a thermally induced phase separation to facilitate the creation of gradients in scaffolds. PEG microspheres were produced with different densities (buoyancies) and centrifuged to develop microsphere gradients. We previously found that the time to gelation following phase separation controlled the size of microspheres in the de-swollen state, while crosslink density affected swelling following buffer exchange into PBS. The principle factors used here to control microsphere densities were the temperature at which the PEG solutions were reacted following phase separation in aqueous sodium sulfate solutions and the length of the incubation period above the 'cloud point'. Using different temperatures and incubation times, microspheres were formed that self-assembled into gradients upon centrifugation. The gradients were produced with sharp interfaces or gradual transitions, with up to 5 tiers of different microsphere types. For proof-of-concept, concentration gradients of covalently immobilized proteins were also assembled. PEG microspheres containing heparin were also fabricated. PEG-heparin microspheres were incubated with fluorescently labeled protamine and used to form gradient scaffolds. The ability to form gradients in microspheres may prove to be useful to achieve better control over the kinetics of protein release from scaffolds or to generate gradients of immobilized growth factors.