cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The U-Pu-C ternary phase diagram below 50 atomic percent carbon

Abstract The U-Pu-C ternary phase diagram for the composition range from 0 to 50 atom percent carbon and for temperatures below 635° C has been constructed from metallographic, X-ray diffraction, and melting range data. Isothermal sections at 400° C, 570° C and 635° C are presented and certain four phase reactions are outlined. Uranium monocarbide forms a complete series of solid solutions with plutonium monocarbide. All phase boundaries other than those of the monocarbide phase represent the sides of three-phase tie-triangles which have one side coincident with either the U-Pu or the Pu-C binary side and have the opposite apex touching the phase boundary of the monocarbide solid solution, (U, Pu)C. The metal: carbon stoichiometry of the monocarbide is influenced by the U: Pu ratio.
On-line chemical database for new crop seeds

Since the 1950s, a database of the chemical composition of seeds, collected throughout the world, has been generated at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research. Information contained in the database is primarily selected chemical and physical properties of seed oils. Over more than 38 years, 15,738 accessions of 7,924 species of 2,339 genera from 225 families were collected and analyzed. This database is now accessible on the Internet at http://www.ncaur.usda.gov/nc/ncdb/search.html.ssi. This paper gives an overview of the database, describes the information available, and illustrates how to do searches.
Use of Otoliths to Determine Age and Growth of Largemouth Bass in Florida

Abstract The annual formation of otolith annuli was validated through age 5 for Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus. Sectioned otoliths (sagittae) gave more reliable ages than whole otoliths. Beginning at age 2, at least one annulus was obscure in some whole-otolith mounts, a problem that worsened with fish age. By age 5, over 20% of the whole otoliths gave under-estimates of true age; otoliths producing these errors came from fish with slower than average growth rates. Sectioned otoliths gave poorer regressions (lower coefficients of determination) of otolith radius on body length than intact structures because the sectioning plane varied slightly among otoliths. Nevertheless, back calculations of fish size and growth from sectioned and correctly aged whole otoliths were equally accurate. Otolith sectioning is the procedure of choice for age-and-growth analysis of Florida largemouth bass. Whole otoliths, however, require much less time for analysis than sectioned ones and may be used...
De Novo Cluster Attacks after Intravenous Nitroglycerin Therapy (P03.215)

Objective: To describe a unique patient who experienced attacks of cluster headache (CH) after the administration of intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG) for Prinzmetal9s angina. Background NTG is widely utilized in the treatment of angina, and headache is a well-known side effect of this medication in both patients with and without a history of a primary headache disorder, including CH, which likely is from vasodilatory mechanisms. Patients with a prior history of primary headache disorders including CH may experience a delayed attack, characteristic of their typical headache, occurring up to 8 hours after stopping NTG infusion, likely secondary to direct neuronal and inflammatory mechanisms. To our knowledge, no patient has been described to have first onset CH attacks after NTG administration. Design/Methods: Case report from a tertiary medical center. Results: A 43 year old woman who previously only experienced infrequent episodic tension-type headache presented to our hospital with recurrent episodes of severe chest pain over 2 days, and was thought to have an ST-elevation myocardial infraction. Emergent cardiac catheterization revealed severe coronary vasospasm, consistent with Prinzmetal9s angina, and was treated successfully with an intravenous NTG infusion and subsequently verapamil. She subsequently experienced her first ever CH attacks, both within minutes after NTG initiation and 16 hours after its discontinuation. Both attacks were identical and characterized by 60 minutes of excruciating left orbital pain associated with moderate ptosis. Her interictal neurological examination, MRI and MRA of the brain were normal, and she experienced no subsequent attacks. Conclusions: This patient experienced de novo CH attacks from intravenous NTG. The delayed onset of CH attacks strongly suggests a direct neuronal or inflammatory mechanism rather than attacks occurring from intracranial vasodilation. Perhaps a brief cluster period itself was brought on by NTG, which was rapidly suppressed by both withdrawal of the agent and institution of verapamil. Disclosure: Dr. Agopian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Robbins has nothing to disclose.
Theory of the optical and magnetic properties of a radiation-induced molecule-ion in aluminum oxide

Abstract A theoretical study of the electronic structure of an AlO3− molecule-ion stabilized in a double anion vacancy of the Al2O3 lattice has been undertaken in an effort to establish quantitative correlations with the magnetic properties of a defect observed in neutron irradiated Al2O3. The valence electrons are treated explicitly in the LCAO-MO approximation. An effective one-electron potential is used to approximate electronic interactions, and crystal field effects are described in a point-ion model. Molecular orbital energies and wavefunctions are calculated for a set of internuclear separations in the range 0.74-1.0 times the normal anion-anion separation. Over this entire range, a 3Σ ground term is predicted, a result consistent with the observed spin-resonance spectrum of the defect. In addition the first order contribution of spin-spin interaction to the zero-field splitting of the triplet ground term is computed using the calculated MO's. It is found that the predicted zero-field splitting is about thirty times larger than the observed value. This result is attributed to the lack of spatial correlation of the paramagnetic electrons in the MO picture, and, from a calculation based on a Heitler-London wave-function, it is shown that spatial correlation can result in a zero-field splitting of the magnitude observed. Finally, the hyperfine splitting is computed, and it is shown that the model is consistent with the observed absence of resolved hyperfine structure in the spin-resonance spectrum.
The effects of non-uniform temperature distribution on the ignition of a lean homogeneous hydrogen–air mixture

Abstract To characterize the ignition process in homogeneous charge compression ignition engines, high fidelity simulations are performed to study the effects of different initial temperature distributions on the autoignition of a turbulent homogeneous mixture at high pressure. The effects of the initial temperature distribution on the ignition and subsequent heat release are studied by comparison of simulations with three initial random temperature fields having different skewness. It is found that the scalar mixing and turbulence have a significant influence on the initial location and further evolution of the ignition kernels. A comparison of the integrated heat release rates shows that the presence of a hot core leads to early ignition and increased duration of burning, while a cold core leads to a dormant end gas, which is consumed by slow combustion. The extent of flame fronts is quantified by a temperature gradient cut-off, revealing distinct behavior in the appearance of flame fronts for the three cases. Finally, two distinct ignition regimes, namely the spontaneous propagation and the deflagration regimes, are identified, and a predictive criterion is defined based on the spontaneous propagation speed and deflagration speed at the local mixture conditions. The predictions are found to be consistent with the observed results, suggesting a potential strategy in the modeling of HCCI combustion process.
Upstream dams and downstream clams: growth rates of bivalve mollusks unveil impact of river management on estuarine ecosystems (Colorado River Delta, Mexico)

We studied how the extensive diversion of Colorado River water, induced by dams and agricultural activities of the last 70 years, affected the growth rates of two abundant bivalve mollusk species (Chione cortezi and Chione fluctifraga) in the northern Gulf of California. Shells alive on the delta today (Post-dam shells) grow 5.8–27.9% faster than shells alive prior to the construction of dams (Pre-dam shells). This increase in annual shell production is linked to the currently sharply reduced freshwater influx to the Colorado River estuary. Before the upstream river management, lower salinity retarded growth rates in these bivalves. Intra-annual growth rates were 50% lower during spring and early summer, when river flow was at its maximum. Growth rates in Chione today are largely controlled by temperature and nutrients; prior to the construction of dams and the diversion of the Colorado River flow, seasonal changes in salinity played an important role in regulating calcification rates. Our study employs sclerochronological (growth increment analysis) and geochemical techniques to assess the impact of reduced freshwater influx on bivalve growth rates in the Colorado River estuary. A combination of both techniques provides an excellent tool to evaluate the impact of river management in areas where no pre-impact studies were made. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Spectrophotometric determination of some bifunctional polynitroaromatic compounds with ethylenediamine

Bifunctional polynitroaromatic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically after reaction with ethylenediamine in dimethylsulfoxide. In addition to two or more nitro groups, the compounds contained one or more amino-, methoxyl-, hydroxyl-, carboxyl-, or chloride groups. Spectral data are given for all compounds examined, most of which are of ordnance interest.
A Natural Law Based Environmental Ethic

In his recent book Natural Law and Practical Rationality , Mark Murphy develops a sophisticated version of a natural law account of practical rationality. I shall show that with only a few minor changes, Murphy's account can be developed into an environmental ethic that generates human obligations to non-human animals, plants, and perhaps even ecosystems and machines. (I shall not discuss here the plausibility of this extension of Murphy's account, relative to competing accounts in environmental ethics; that discussion will have to wait for another occasion.) I begin with a brief sketch of Murphy's account, and then proceed to show how it can be developed into an environmental ethic, with particular attention to several crucial places in the overall argument of his book and arguments developed in other published works.
Codfish muscle aldolase: Purification, properties, and primary structure around the substrate-binding site☆

Abstract FDP aldolase has been purified and crystallized from the muscle of codfish. The specific activity of the codfish enzyme was found to be two-thirds that of rabbit muscle aldolase. Other catalytic properties, the molecular weight, and the carboxyl-terminal structure were similar to those of rabbit muscle aldolase. A tryptic peptide containing the Schiff base-forming lysine (1) has been isolated and its primary structure determined as: Ala-Leu-Ser-Asp-His-His-Val-Tyr-Leu-Gln-Gly-Thr-Leu-Leu-βGlys-Pro-Asn-Met-Val-Thr-Ala-Gly-His-Ser-CMCys-Ser-His-Lys. Extensive homology observed in this region of the aldolase molecules isolated from biologically divergent sources indicates the importance of this structure for catalysis of the aldolase reaction.
Prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis.

Prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) requires (1) environmental control, (2) tissue control, and (3) anticipation of eyes at special risk of infection. Environmental control entails an adequate supply of finely filtered air and absolute sterility of solutions, medications, and objects and materials used during surgery. Tissue control involves degerming the skin of the operative field, inhibition of the flora of the lid margins by an antibiotic ointment used preoperatively, and pretreatment of the conjunctival tear film by soluble antibiotics possessing activity against Proteus and Pseudomonas as well as gram-positive species. Eyes at special risk of infection include those of diabetics, chronic alcoholics, and individuals who have been maintained for long periods of time on systemic or topical corticosteroids. Patients who have had multiple eye operations, recurrent uveitis, and who are scheduled for surgery on the second eye during a single hospital admission should receive special consideration preoperatively.
Optimal route selection with route planners: results of a desktop usability study

Route planners request user input about preferred route characteristics in order to provide the user with the optimal route. Although navigators have a general idea about what constitutes the optimal route, this may be difficult to express in the search interface. Further, the relative importance of route selection criteria for a user often depends on the route alternatives actually found between start and destination. Based on a desktop study this research examines how dynamic exploration of a pre-computed set of feasible routes supports the user in getting an overview of existing routes, how allowing users to weight criteria can help them to retrieve optimal routes, and how context information about route alternatives provided during route choice reduces ineffective steps while settings search parameters in the user interface.
The Contact Electricity of Solid Dielectrics

The electric charges produced by wringing optically flat surfaces together were measured in order to determine whether or not there is a possibility of formulating a single contact theory which will include both the metals and the dielectrics. Experiments with flint glass and steel proved that the frictional charge is independent of the amount of friction, provided only that intimate contact be established, and is proportional to the area of contact. The voltaic nature of the frictional charge. The charge was in no wise affected by the ionization of the residual air molecules between the surfaces by means of an intense beam of x-rays, and was also found to be independent of the duration of contact for periods varying up to 17 hours. The failure of the double-layer to recombine under these conditions proves that it was sustained by a voltaic field. The dependence of the effect on the dielectric constant. The charge per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{12}$ of material 1 in contact with material 2, was found for 8 different pairs of the materials, quartz, fluorite, crown glass, flint glass and steel, to satisfy, within 14 per cent, the equation ${\mathrm{Q}}_{12}=C({K}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{2})$, where ${K}_{1}$ and ${K}_{2}$ are the dielectric constants and $C$ is a positive constant, whose mean value is 4.43 e.s.u., provided the value $K=3.1$ be assigned to steel. This equation is consistent with the results of Coehn's measurements of electric osmosis.The electric effect of compressing amorphous dielectrics was determined by pressing two kinds of sheet rubber, of dielectric constants 2.94 and 3.96, against seven hard materials, whose dielectric constants ranged from 2.8 to 7.8. The charge on the compressible dielectric was found to be independent of the nature of the material against which it was pressed, proving that this is not a voltaic effect and that amorphous as well as crystalline substances can be electrified by pressure.The electric effect of collision of a solid insulator and a metal was found, with four pairs of materials, to be consistently opposite in sign to the frictional effect. This result shows that collision must be considered to produce two different effects, one of which is the voltaic charge, while the other is a transfer of electrons from the metal to the dielectric, due in all probability to the inertia of the mobile electrons.Dielectric constant of steel, as suggested by these results, is not infinity but 3.1.
Effect of Solute Concentration Gradients on the Onset of Convection: Uniform and Nonuniform Initial Gradients

The time of the onset of convection in a fluid layer, which is initially stably stratified and then heated from below in a transient manner, is determined experimentally and analytically. The initial stratification is due to the presence of a solute concentration gradient. In addition to initial linear solute concentration distributions two other specific initial solute concentration distributions are considered. In Case 1, a zero gradient layer is located underneath a nonzero and uniform gradient layer. In Case 2, the zero gradient layer is on the top. The linear amplification theory is applied to the prediction of the onset time. Interferometry is used as a means of determining the onset time experimentally. It is shown that since the adverse temperature gradient is concentrated near the bottom, any nonuniformity in the solute concentration gradient in this region reduces the effectiveness of the gradient in delaying the onset. Experimental and predicted results are in good agreement.
Climatological Conditions of Lake-Effect Precipitation Events Associated with the New York State Finger Lakes

Abstract A climatological analysis was conducted of the environmental and atmospheric conditions that occurred during 125 identified lake-effect (LE) precipitation events in the New York State Finger Lakes region for the 11 winters (October–March) from 1995/96 through 2005/06. The results complement findings from an earlier study reporting on the frequency and temporal characteristics of Finger Lakes LE events that occurred as 1) isolated precipitation bands over and downwind of a lake (NYSFL events), 2) an enhancement of LE precipitation originating from Lake Ontario (LOenh events), 3) an LE precipitation band embedded within widespread synoptic precipitation (SYNOP events), or 4) a transition from one type to another. In comparison with SYNOP and LOenh events, NYSFL events developed with the 1) coldest temperatures, 2) largest lake–air temperature differences, 3) weakest wind speeds, 4) highest sea level pressure, and 5) lowest height of the stable-layer base. Several significant differences in conditio...
Activation of Na+/K(+)-ATPase by fatty acids, acylglycerols, and related amphiphiles: structure-activity relationship.

A number of fatty acids and derivatives have been shown to activate Na+/K+-ATPase when ATP is suboptimal. To explore the relation of the structures of these amphiphiles to enzyme activation, the effects of varying amphiphile concentrations on the activity of the highly purified kidney Na+/K+-ATPase at 50 μM ATP were determined. Among fatty acids, efficacy (maximal level of activation) and potency were found to be dependent, in different ways, on chain length and unsaturation. Compared to fatty acids, the corresponding alcohols had lower efficacies. Methyl esters of fatty acids inhibited, but CoA esters and monoacyl esters of glycerol activated the enzyme. Relation between chain length and potency among CoA esters and monoacylglycerols was the same as that observed with acids. Diacylglycerols did not activate, but they antagonized the effects of the activator amphiphiles. The substantial specificities of the amphiphile effects support the hypothesis that these ligands bind to a distinct amphipathic peptide segment of the intracellular central loop of the α-subunit to regulate ATP binding to the enzyme. The findings also suggest that direct effects of the changing intracellular levels of fatty acids and derivatives on Na+/K+-ATPase should be considered as a possible mechanism for the regulation of its function in the intact cell.
Predicting Stages of Change in Battered Women

Battered women's stages of change (SOCs) are examined in this study. First, confirmatory factor analysis and latent profile analysis were conducted on 754 battered women's responses on the Problems in Relationship Scale (Brown, 1998). Factor loadings were strong, and latent variable mixture modeling produces a two-class solution. Second, comparisons of women (including a subset of 276) suggest that they were relatively advanced in SOC. SOC was unrelated to intimate partner violence experiences, but an earlier stage was associated with ethnicity, economic and emotional dependence, preoccupied attachment, satisfaction with social supports, and women's use of aggression. Implications for interventions and future research are described.
Superlattice formed by quantum-dot sheets: Density of states and infrared absorption

Low-energy continuous states of electron in a heterosrtucture with periodically placed quantum-dot sheets are studied theoretically. The Green's function of an electron is governed by the Dyson equation with the self-energy function which is determined the boundary conditions at quantum-dot sheets with weak damping in the low-energy region. The parameters of a superlattice formed by quantum-dot sheets are determined using the short-range model of quantum dot. The density of states and spectral dependencies of the anisotropic absorption coefficient under midinfrared transitions from doped quantum dots into miniband states of a superlattice strongly depend on dot concentration and on the period of sheets. These dependencies can be used for the characterization of the multilayer structure and they determine the parameters of different optoelectronic devices exploiting the vertical transport of carriers through quantum-dot sheets.
Watermelon consumption improves inflammation and antioxidant capacity in rats fed an atherogenic diet.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Watermelon, rich in antioxidants and other bioactive components, may be a viable method to improve CVD risk factors through reduced oxidative stress. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of watermelon powder consumption on lipid profiles, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)–treated rats fed an atherogenic diet. We hypothesized that watermelon would increase antioxidant capacity and reduce blood lipids and inflammation through modulation of related gene expression. Forty male-weanling (21 days old) Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (10 per group, total N=40) in a 2 diets (control or 0.33% watermelon) × 2 treatments (with or without DSS) factorial design using an atherogenic diet. Watermelon-fed groups exhibited significantly lower serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P P = .001). In addition, oxidative stress as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was significantly lower in watermelon groups ( P = .001). Total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities were greater in watermelon groups ( P P P
Laboratory and ocean studies of phytoplankton response to fossil turbulence

Abstract Two classes of phytoplankton; dinoflagellates, which can swim, and diatoms, which cannot, apparently respond to turbulence and its enhanced persistence time through stratified fossil turbulence, but in opposite ways. Threshold levels of viscous dissipation rates for growth inhibition e GI and minimum duration times T GI for dinoflagellates have been quantified by laboratory tests and compared with observed negative dinoflagellate population response to ocean surface waves. Positive diatom population response to waves has been observed and quantified by laboratory studies. Both populations have the same but weaker response to winds. A model based on the observations and Gibson's fossil turbulence theory [Gibson, C.H., 1980. Fossil temperature, salinity, and vorticity turbulence in the ocean. In: Nihoul, J. (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 221–257; Gibson, C.H., 1986. Internal waves, fossil turbulence, and composite ocean microstructure spectra. J. Fluid Mech. 168, 89–117.] suggests that phytoplankton species may have evolved by means of turbulence and fossil turbulence pattern recognition that optimize their survival based on swimming ability in evolving surface layer sea states where an impending change of surface sea state from strongly stratified to mixed is signaled by persistent patches of stratified fossil vorticity turbulence with large e that can only be produced by breaking surface waves on a strongly stratified surface layer.
Stream-join revisited in the context of epoch-based SQL continuous query

The current generation of stream processing systems is in general built separately from the query engine thus lacks the expressive power of SQL and causes significant overhead in data access and movement. This situation has motivated us to leverage the query engine for stream processing.Stream-join is a window operation where the key issue is how to punctuate and pair two or more correlated streams. In this work we tackle this issue in the specific context of query engine supported stream processing. We focus on the following problems: a SQL query is definable on bounded relation data but stream data are unbounded, and join multiple streams is a stateful (thus history-sensitive) operation but a SQL query only cares about the current state; further, relation join typically requires relation re-scan in a nested-loop but by nature a stream cannot be re-captured as reading a stream always gets newly incoming data.To leverage query processing for analyzing unbounded stream, we defined the Epoch-based Continuous Query (ECQ) model which allows a SQL query to be executed epoch by epoch for processing the stream data chunk by chunk. However, unlike multiple one-time queries, an ECQ is a single, continuous query instance across execution epochs for keeping the continuity of the application state as required by the history-sensitive operations such as sliding-window join.To joining multiple streams, we further developed the techniques to cache one or more consecutive data chunks falling in a sliding window across query execution epochs in the ECQ instance, to allow them to be re-delivered from the cache. In this way join multiple streams and self-join a single stream in the data chunk based window or sliding window, with various pairing schemes, are made possible.We extended the PostgreSQL engine to support the proposed approach. Our experience has demonstrated its value.
hFE65L Influences Amyloid Precursor Protein Maturation and Secretion

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is processed in the secretory and endocytic pathways, where both the neuroprotective alpha-secretase-derived secreted APP (APPs alpha) and the Alzheimer's disease-associated beta-amyloid peptide are generated. All three members of the FE65 protein family bind the cytoplasmic domain of APP, which contains two sorting signals, YTS and YENPTY. We show here that binding of APP to the C-terminal phosphotyrosine interaction domain of hFE65L requires an intact YENPTY clathrin-coated pit internalization sequence. To study the effects of the hFE65L/APP interaction on APP trafficking and processing, we performed pulse/chase experiments and examined APP maturation and secretion in an H4 neuroglioma cell line inducible for expression of the hFE65L protein. Pulse/chase analysis of endogenous APP in these cells showed that the ratio of mature to total cellular APP increased after the induction of hFE65L. We also observed a three-fold increase in the amount of APPs alpha recovered from conditioned media of cells overexpressing hFE65L compared with uninduced controls. The effect of hFE65L on the levels of APPs alpha secreted is due neither to a simple increase in the steady-state levels of APP nor to activation of the protein kinase C-regulated APP secretion pathway. We conclude that the effect of hFE65L on APP processing is due to altered trafficking of APP as it transits through the secretory pathway.
Implementation and Outcomes of a Laptop Initiative in Career and Technical High School Education

This study examined the design, implementation, and outcomes of a laptop technology initiative in a career and technical education high school, in which many of the students had identified learning...
ASTM E57 3D imaging systems committee: An update

In 2006, ASTM committee E57 was established to develop standards for the performance evaluation of 3D imaging systems. The committee's initial focus is on standards for 3D imaging systems typically used for applications including, but not limited to, construction and maintenance, surveying, mapping and terrain characterization, manufacturing (e.g., aerospace, shipbuilding), transportation, mining, mobility, historic preservation, and forensics. ASTM E57 consists of four subcommittees: Terminology, Test Methods, Best Practices, and Data Interoperability. This paper reports the accomplishments of the ASTM E57 3D Imaging Systems committee in 2007.
Minimally invasive surgery of the esophagus and stomach

Background Minimally invasive surgery has assumed an ever-expanding role in gastrointestinal surgery since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This review describes some of the more common minimally invasive procedures of the esophagus and stomach, with particular attention to technique. Data Sources A literature review of minimally invasive surgery of the esophagus and stomach was conducted. Conclusions Laparoscopic (and thoracoscopic) approaches for gastroesophageal reflux disease appear to have excellent operative and short-term follow-up results. Long-term follow-up data, however, remain unobtainable for several more years. Limited reports of esophageal cardiomyotomy, paraesophageal hernia repair, and gastric surgery for peptic ulcer disease performed through a minimally invasive approach are encouraging. Experience with resection of esophageal and gastric neoplasia is limited to a few specialized centers. Results should be scrutinized and compared with open operation before proclaiming the benefits of a minimally invasive approach.
On ocean and sea ice modes of variability in the Bering Sea

[1] Results from a 35 year hindcast of northeast Pacific Ocean conditions are confronted with observational data collected over the Bering Sea shelf within the integration time period. Rotary power spectra of the hindcast currents near NOAA mooring site M2 site fall within the 95% confidence bounds for the observational spectra, except for a high bias in the counter-clockwise rotating component at 10 m depth in the high frequencies (periods <24 h). The model exhibits the most skill in reproducing anomalies of the integrated annual sea ice concentration and monthly subsurface (60 m depth) temperature fields, accounting for 85% and 50% of their observed variability. Analysis of the integrated ice concentration time series reveals evolution in the mean duration of ice-free waters (40 year trend of +6.8 days/decade) and changes in this parameter's variance with time. Correlation and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses reveal the primary temporal-spatial patterns of variability in the temperature and salinity fields over the Bering Sea and northern Gulf of Alaska for near-surface (0–20 m) and subsurface (40–100 m) depth layers. Correlation analysis between the EOF principal components and various climate index and observed time series shows that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, and the Bering Sea annually integrated ice area anomalies are important indices of thermohaline variability; the spatial structures of these modes give insight to their potential impacts upon the ecosystem. We identify a number of ecologically and economically important species whose temporal variability is significantly correlated with the identified spatial patterns.
The effect of chronic naltrexone pretreatment on associative vs. non-associative morphine tolerance

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of chronic naltrexone on associative and non-associative morphine tolerance. Rats were given nine injections of either naltrexone (5 mg/kg) or saline during a 5 day period. Following this pretreatment, all rats received 6 morphine injections (5 mg/kg) during the next 14 days. For half the rats in each pretreatment condition, morphine was injected in a distinctive room (paired) while the other half received morphine in the home cage (unpaired). All rats were given the seventh morphine injection (5 mg/kg) in the distinctive room and tested for analgesia. Context-specific tolerance was found in both pretreatment conditions. Compared to pretreatment with saline, naltrexone pretreatment produced more analgesia in the unpaired condition but had no effect in the paired condition. These results suggest that antagonist pretreatment attenuated tolerance that was not mediated by explicit environmental cues but had no effect on context-specific analgesic tolerance.
Triplet—triplet annihilation and exciton—exciton interactions

A theoretical discussion is presented on the nature of direct and indirect interactions between two triplet excitons. It is shown that the direct exciton interaction through the coulombic interaction of electrons is important when there is a large change in the polarizability of the molecule during its excitation. The indirect exciton—exciton interaction is mainly due to the exciton—phonon interaction arising from the variation in the D-shift term. It is independent of temperature and spin substate. It is attractive in nature for excitons of narrow band-width, and if the exciton—acoustic phonon coupling is inducing the indirect interaction, it falls as R−3. It is suggested that a kinematic theory of the triplet—triplet annihilation should incorporate the effects of such interactions.
A model for kinetically controlled internal phase segregation during aerosol coagulation

In previous studies of particle growth, we have synthesized binary metal oxide aerosols and have observed the evolution of internal phase segregation during growth of molten nanodroplets. We describe a new formulation of the aerosol general dynamic equation (GDE) that incorporates phase segregation in a binary aerosol. The model assumes that complete phase segregation is the thermodynamically favored state, that no thermodynamic activation energy exists, and that the segregation process is kinetically controlled. We develop a GDE formulation that involves the solution of a distribution function Nn(V ), where Nn(V ) is the number density of aerosols with volume V and n phase domains (which we might thinkof as enclosures). The GDE is solved using a two-dimensional sectional model, under the assumption that the phase coalescence of the minority phase is controlled by Brownian coagulation. For the purposes of these initial studies, the rate laws governing the enclosures (minority phase) assume a monodisperse particle size distribution. The dynamical behavior of such a system is presented. c
Identifying and Saving Seismology's Heirlooms

By the time this Opinion appears in print, readers of SRL will have received an invitation to join the SSA Legacy Data E-Community. Many of you have an interest in old seismological data—seismograms, bulletins, macroseismic observations, and the like—and you appreciate the value of these data to seismology. Joining the Legacy Data E-Community is easy, and your membership is critical to its success. The more subscribers to the list server, the more likely an article will connect with someone who will act on it. So even if you can't imagine yourself submitting an article in the near future, join the e-community as a list-server subscriber and read the articles as they are posted. Simply navigate to the “Members” page from the SSA home page (http://www.seismosoc.org/) and follow the link to the “Legacy Data E-Community.” We hope, of course, that at some point you will feel inspired to actively contribute your own special knowledge to the e-community or to submit an inquiry that might bring out the still-hidden knowledge of others. However you feel about the idea of submitting an article to the e-community, your presence in the audience will be important. The potential to “rediscover” largely forgotten data sets is real and exciting. The fact that a data …
Use of natural-gas compositional tracers to investigate gas migration from a gas storage field

Producers adjacent to a natural-gas storage field claimed that the natural gas they were producing was native gas from the area and not storage gas being pulled from the nearby gas storage field. The objective of this work is to apply a combination of area-specific and generic geochemical fingerprinting techniques to determine the source(s) of the natural gas being produced by third-party producers outside the gas storage field and to determine the extent of storage gas migration beyond geologic faults that lie between the production area and the gas storage field. An extensive set of natural-gas samples from the storage field, observation wells around the field, and third-party wells was analyzed for gas hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon compositions, as well as stable carbon isotopic compositions of methane and ethane. Gas chemical compositional data, including concentrations of the natural native gas tracer, helium, and ethane carbon isotope, were used to establish the unique fingerprints of native gas and storage gases (end-member sources) and to compare those end-member-source fingerprints to those of natural gas in the third-party wells. The analysis determined that gas in both the observation wells and third-party wells was, in fact, storage gas.
Certolizumab pegol for the treatment of Crohn’s disease

Certolizumab pegol is a polyethylene glycolated FAb’ fragment of a humanized anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody. This pegylated molecule binds with circulating TNF-α and forms an inactive complex that is then eliminated from the body. The drug has been shown to be better than placebo in the treatment of Crohn’s disease and maintaining a clinical response in adult patients with moderate-to-severe active disease who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy, and the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis. Comparative trials with an active control group are lacking. The most common adverse reactions include abdominal pain, diarrhea, injection site reactions and infection. All necessary live and attenuated vaccines should be given prior to the initiation of certolizumab pegol therapy, patients should be evaluated for TB risk factors and tested for latent TB prior to initiating therapy, and the initiation of therapy should be avoided if the patient has an active i...
A recovery-based error estimator for finite volume methods of interface problems: Conforming linear elements

In this article, we present a recovery-based a posteriori error estimator for finite volume methods which use the conforming linear trial functions to approximate elliptic interface problems. The reliability and efficiency bounds for the error estimator are established by recovering the flux from a weighted L2 projection to H(div) conforming finite element spaces. Numerical experiments are given to support the conclusions. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2013
Surgical Site Infections After Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Comparison of Patients With and Without Diabetes

OBJECTIVE This prospective study was designed to evaluate the rate of surgical site infection (SSI) after foot and ankle surgery in patients with and without diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study prospectively evaluated 1,465 consecutive foot and ankle surgical cases performed by a single surgeon. RESULTS The overall SSI rate in this study was 3.5%, with significantly more infections occurring in individuals with diabetes than in those without (9.5 vs. 2.4%, P CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates significant associations between the development of SSI and chronic complications of diabetes. We confirm previous findings that it is peripheral neuropathy and not diabetes itself that most strongly determines the development of postoperative infections in these surgical patients.
An Evaluation of Java RMI/JavaSpaces and Ruby DRb/Rinda

Tuple spaces have been used to build a wide variety of parallel and distributed applications. Two popular systems for building tuple space applications at present are JavaSpaces and Rinda. JavaSpaces uses Java RMI for distributed communication, while Rinda uses Ruby's DRb. Despite an abundance of applications built using JavaSpaces and Rinda, there hasn't been any comparative evaluation of these two systems. This paper provides a detailed ex perimental evaluation of these two systems under several different networking configurations and operating scenarios.
Calcium and Calmodulin Antagonists Delay Oral Regeneration in the Ciliate Stentor Coeruleus

The regeneration of a new oral apparatus in Stentor coeruleus (oral regeneration) has been shown to be sensitive to events that inhibit calcium uptake and calmodulin function. Removal of extracellular calcium delays oral regeneration significantly. The calcium channel antagonist verapamil also delays oral regeneration, as does lanthanum, which is known to block calcium uptake. Both inhibitors are active in the concentration range 10−7-10−6 molI−1. Verapamil acts primarily in the earliest stages of regeneration (prior to stage 5) though some minor delays occur in the later stages as well. In addition, verapamil caused an apparent ‘clumping” of the pigment granules in the interior of the cell similar to the effects of high concentrations of theophylline and caffeine. The effects of verapamil on oral regeneration were not reversible in the presence of excess extracellular calcium but those of lanthanum were. The calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and W-7 were also shown to delay oral regeneration, but the dechlorinated analogue of W-7, W-5, had no effect even at concentrations 10 times those of W-7. The effects of W-7 were not reversed by excess extracellular calcium. These results suggest that calcium uptake is necessary for oral regeneration and that calmodulin is involved in the control and/or formation of the oral apparatus.
Trial and intertrial durations in Pavlovian conditioning: Issues of learning and performance.

Four experiments assessed the effects of trial (T) and intertrial (I) durations on magazine approach behavior in rats. In Experiments 1 and 2, different groups of animals were conditioned with various combinations of I and T durations. The rate of acquisition, in terms of the number of trials required to reach various acquisition criteria, generally was faster in groups trained with large I:T ratios. There also were differences in rate of acquisition and terminal response rates between groups trained with identical I:T ratios but with different absolute I and T durations. Differences evident at the end of conditioning persisted during a common test with various combinations of I and T durations. Experiments 3 and 4 provided a more specific test of the predictions of 2 general classes of theories and found results that were consistent with those theories that characterize group differences as indicative of differences in learning, rather than in performance.
On the coexistence of different licensing schemes

We consider patent licensing under a simple model of asymmetric information, where an outsider innovator of a cost-reducing innovation interacts with a monopolist, whose cost is private information. When the innovator is endowed with combinations of fixed fee and royalty, in any optimal menu, the low-cost monopolist is always offered a pure fixed fee contract, while for the contract offered to the high-cost monopolist, the royalty rate is always positive. Moreover, there are cases where it is a pure royalty contract. This provides an explanation of royalty licensing, in particular, and the coexistence of different licensing schemes, in general.
Application of Three ASTM Test Methods to Measure Thermal Resistance of Clothing

This paper describes the application of three ASTM methods de veloped for testing thermal insulating materials. To permit testing fabrics with small thermal resistance, a standard air layer was incorporated as a part of the test assembly. This air layer, placed on the cold side of tested fabric, is used for two reasons: (1) to reduce experimental errors, and (2) to permit testing radiative properties of the fabric surface.
Evaluation Of Wavelength Shifters For Spectral Separation Of Barium Fluoride Emissions

• . Application of the barium fluoride (BaF 2) scintillator for characterization of intense radiation fields has been pursued since the fast component was discovered in the early 1980's. Unfortunately, ~ 80% of the scintillator emissions have a slow ~ 600 ns decay time constant. The long decay time hampers the use of BaF 2 at high count rates because the slow emissions appear as an afterglow which has an intensity that varies with the interaction rate in the crystal. The temporal separation of BaF 2 emissions by spectral separation using wavelength shifting techniques has been explored in this work. Of the wavelength shifting techniques that were examined, the solvent excitation technique showed the greatest potential, but was insufficient by itself to suppress the slow emissions to the desired degree. All the wavelength shifting techniques yield an enhanced ratio of fast to slow photons, but a decreased fast photoelectron yield.
CMOS Integrated Nanophotonics — enabling technology for exascale computing systems

CMOS Integrated Nanophotonics allows ultra-dense monolithic single-chip integration of optical and electrical functions. This technology can enable future Exaflops supercomputers by connecting racks, modules, and chips together with ultra-low power massively parallel optical interconnects.
Sexual minority population density and incidence of lung, colorectal and female breast cancer in California.

Objective Risk factors for breast, colorectal, and lung cancer are known to be more common among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals, suggesting they may be more likely to develop these cancers. Our objective was to determine differences in cancer incidence by sexual orientation, using sexual orientation data aggregated at the county level. Methods Data on cancer incidence were obtained from the California Cancer Registry and data on sexual orientation were obtained from the California Health Interview Survey, from which a measure of age-specific LGB population density by county was calculated. Using multivariable Poisson regression models, the association between the age–race-stratified incident rate of breast, lung and colorectal cancer in each county and LGB population density was examined, with race, age group and poverty as covariates. Results Among men, bisexual population density was associated with lower incidence of lung cancer and with higher incidence of colorectal cancer. Among women, lesbian population density was associated with lower incidence of lung and colorectal cancer and with higher incidence of breast cancer; bisexual population density was associated with higher incidence of lung and colorectal cancer and with lower incidence of breast cancer. Conclusions These study findings clearly document links between county-level LGB population density and cancer incidence, illuminating an important public health disparity.