cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paradox Lost: The Evolution of Strategies in Selten's Chain Store Game

The classical game theoretic resolutions to Selten's Chain Store game are unsatisfactory; they either alter the game to avoid the paradox or struggle to organize the existing experimental data. This paper applies co-evolutionary algorithms to the Chain Store game and demonstrates that the resulting system's dynamics are neither intuitively paradoxical nor contradicted by the existing experimental data. Specifically, some parameterizations of evolutionary algorithms promote genetic drift. Such drift can lead the system to transition among the game's various Nash Equilibria. This has implications for policy makers as well as for computational modelers.
Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance of perfused working rat hearts.

THERE are serious limitations to techniques used to correlate biochemical parameters with function in metabolically active tissues. For the perfused heart such techniques include measurement of surface NADH fluorescence2, comparison of coronary arterial–venous composition, and biochemical analysis of intracellular metabolites from biopsy specimens. Although the latter approach has yielded critical information, it is limited because local injury prevents accurate interpretation of mechanical function. Recently 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to analyse excised muscles and their acid extracts for intracellular concentrations of the sugar phosphates, glycolytic intermediates, free orthophosphates, phosphocreatine, ADP and ATP. In addition, the pH-dependent chemical shift of the orthophosphate resonance has been titrated2 and used to determine the intracellular pH of intact muscles3. These muscles were neither perfused nor functioning, but we report here the assessment by 31P NMR of the myocardial energy status in the working, perfused rat heart subjected to various degrees of ischaemia.
Beware of physicians bearing gifts.

• It has always seemed strange to me that there are so many regulatory proceedures regarding the interstate transfer of inanimate freight objects, while with all of our sophisticated knowledge there is not one rule, regulation or standard operating procedure for the transfer or sharing of a patient's care between one physician and another. This unfortunate situation may lead to contradictory, confusing physician's statements, orders and diagnoses as well as armies of disenchanted depressed patients with an occasional incontinent medical record clerk who can't decipher the confused record. All of the top-grade medical training institutions in this country teach our students that certain specific medications are indicated for specific diseases. Put more concretely (and using the new math), when patient X develops diseaseY he is treated with white pills and improves; if he has disease Z he gets purple pills and improves; and if patient X is unfortunate enough to develop disease A he gets the two-colored capsule with all its possible side effects, but may, nevertheless, recover. Never did it seem to occur to those in our professioral ranks what would happen if the colored pill or capsule didn't cure the specific condition for which it was manufactured and listed in the PDR as approved by the FDA. The only other thing that is specifically not taught in our medical schools is when to call a consultant. A general unwritten rule does exist, however, in respect to psychiatric consultants, which states such consultation is to be sought only after extreme laboratory testing or in acutely moribund patients due to drug overdose.
The gods of institutional life: Weber’s value spheres and the practice of polytheism:

Weber's theory of value spheres outlines a project of institutional polytheism, each ordered around a ‘god’. This suggests not only that social theory can build a religious sociology, but that a th...
A Point-Source Method for Rapid Simultaneous Estimation of Soil Hydraulic and Chemical Transport Properties

Hydraulic and chemical transport properties are needed for accurate prediction of water and chemical movement through the vadose zone. Field methods used to estimate such properties are often hampered by extensive labor and time constraints. One of the objectives of this study was to develop an experimental setup and a procedure for a point-source method that fadlitates rapid and simultaneous measurements of soil hydraulic and chemical transport properties at multiple locations. Another objective was to evaluate the point-source method by comparing the parameters with those produced by ponded and tension infiltrometers. The experimental setup consisted of three drip-per lines equipped with pressure-compensating drippers. The setup was evaluated on a greenhouse soil pit. Determined hydraulic properties were the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K,) and the macroscopic capillary length (λ c ). Hydraulic properties (from the point-source method) were determined by applying four consecutive discharge rates on the soil surface and measuring their corresponding steady-state saturated areas. Determined chemical transport parameters were the immobile water fraction (θ im /θ) and the mass exchange coefficient (a). They were determined by applying a sequence of conservative fluorobenzoate tracers. The point-source method gave consistent and reliable estimates for both sets of properties. Except for a, there was no significant difference between the two procedures (point source vs. infiltrometers) in determining both sets of properties. The study showed that the point-source setup could be utilized for rapid and simultaneous estimation of soil hydraulic and chemical transport properties at multiple locations with minimum labor requirements.
Coronary Artery Calcification and Family History of Premature Coronary Heart Disease Sibling History Is More Strongly Associated Than Parental History

Background— The objective of the study was to assess the association of a family history (FH) of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) with coronary artery calcification (CAC) in asymptomatic individuals and to compare the effects of sibling or parental FH on the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— CAC by electron beam tomography was performed in 8549 asymptomatic individuals (69% men; mean age, 52±9 years). The prevalence and odds of any CAC and extent of CAC stratified according to FH of premature CHD were determined. Those with (1) no FH of CHD, (2) FH of premature CHD in parents, or (3) FH in siblings had a prevalence of CAC of 55%, 64%, and 78% (P<0.0001) among men and 27%, 36%, and 56% (P<0.0001) among women, respectively. The multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the presence of CAC was 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) among those with positive FH of premature CHD in parents only, 2.3 (1.7 to 3.1) and 2.5 (1.8 to 3.3) among those in s...
A cephalometric evaluation of hard- and soft-tissue changes during the third stage of Begg treatment

This study examined the effect of lingual root torque during the third stage of Begg treatment upon the maxillary central incisor, hard-tissue Point A, and soft-tissue Point A. Lateral cephalograms were taken, at the beginning and end of Stage III, of eighteen patients undergoing Begg treatment. Linear and angular measurements were made in an attempt to find the anteroposterior changes which occurred in the above structures as well as the superior-inferior changes which occurred in the maxillary first molar and the maxillary central incisor. It was found that the apex of the maxillary incisor, Point A, and soft-tissue Point A moved posteriorly a significant amount following Stage III mechanics. Also, the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisor moved anteriorly and extruded significantly. Weak correlations between hard- and soft-tissue changes may be due to changes in thickness of the upper lip related to growth and to growth of the nose.
Gracián Dantisco and the Culture of Secrecy in Hapsburg Spain

El tratado epistolar de buenos modales de Lucas Gracian Dantisco, El galateo espanol, representa un nexo temprano y decisivo en el debate sobre la disimulacion en la Espana de los siglos XVI y XVII. Arguyo que la etica normativa de discrecion dentro del micro-ambito social de la corte autorizada por El galateo espanol prepara el terreno para la politica de tapujo que se produciria a nivel estatal en el siglo siguiente. O sea, al demostrar la eficacia de callar dentro de la esfera de la sociabilidad cortesana, El galateo espanol auspiciaria la aceptacion de guardar silencio dentro de la esfera mas amplia de la diplomacia internacional
ROBUST INFERENCE FOR MULTIVARIATE SURVIVAL DATA

Multivariate survival data arise when an individual records multiple survival events or when individuals recording single survival events are grouped into clusters. In this paper we propose a new method for the analysis of multivariate survival data. The technique is a synthesis of the Poisson regression formulation for univariate censored survival analysis and the generalized estimating equation approach for obtaining valid variance estimates for generalized linear models in the presence of clustering. When the survival data are clustered, combining the methods provides not only valid estimates for the variances of regression parameters but also estimates of the dependence between survival times. The approach entails specifying parametric models for the marginal hazards and a dependence structure, but does not require specification of the joint multivariate survival distribution. Properties of the methodology are investigated by simulation and through an illustrative example.
A volatility bound for endogenous business cycles: the case of even period lives with additive utility in a monetary economy

Abstract This paper provides a simple method for placing a bound on the extent of variation of endogenous business cycles in a monetary economy with additive utility. The results apply when individuals have even period lives. In general, the bound shrinks as individuals discount the future less.
Classroom environments and student empowerment: An analysis of elementary and secondary teacher beliefs

This project explored a classroom model of motivation in which the source of student motivation is based on internal mechanisms or structures and classroom student/instructor interactions. It also extended earlier research in which beliefs of veteran, entry level, and preservice teachers have been explored. For this project, 117 elementary teachers (Grades K–5) with at least 3 years of experience and 126 secondary teachers (Grades 6–12) with similar teaching experiences completed a 40-item Likert-type questionnaire that focused on the four classroom dimensions of Affirmation, Rejection, Student Empowerment, and Teacher Control. The results suggested that elementary teachers and secondary teachers varied in their reported desire for teacher empowerment versus student empowerment in the classroom, and for providing a positive classroom environment as opposed to one that encourages a classroom atmosphere of rejection. Implications for future research and the need for creating affirming, empowering, motivational classroom environments are discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Bisnitroxide Initiator for Effecting “Outside-In” Polymerization

A new bis-α-hydrogen nitroxide based initiator for use in nitroxide-mediated free radical polymerization (NMRP) has been synthesized and is demonstrated to effect controlled polymerizations. The bisnitroxide forms “living” systems; the resulting polymers are formed with low polydispersities. The addition of a second block is facile, forming symmetrical ABA triblock copolymers. Monomer addition occurs at the center of the living polymer. This “outside-in” strategy overcomes previous restrictions in sequence specificity encountered in preparing ABA triblock copolymers using NMRP by the more traditional, complementary “inside−out” bidirectional nitroxide initiators.
Primary lymphomas of the cervix and uterus: the University of Pennsylvania's experience and a review of the literature.

Primary lymphomas of the cervix and uterus are rare with ∼150 cases reported in the world literature to date. Appropriate diagnosis is often delayed until the post-operative setting as clinical and...
Finding shapes in a set of points

We present a tool for querying a set of points for geometric shapes. This tool was developed as part of a larger project studying the architecture of 13th century French churches. We present a query language for specifying shapes. We describe an implementation of the tool that optimizes and executes shape queries. We describe the performance of the tool, and show examples of how it can be used to analyze building floorplans. The tool is available for download over the internet.
Effect of Hypophysectomy and Adrenalectomy on Enzymes Concerned with Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Synthesis

The effect of hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy on hepatic nicotinamide mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase, nicotinate mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase, quinolinate transphosphoribosylase and NAD kinase in the rat has been studied. Nicotinate mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase and quinolinate transphosphoribosylase activity was not affected by either adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy. Nicotinamide mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity was significantly decreased by hypophysectomyhypophysectomy and adrenalectomy. NAD kinase activity was decreased by hypophysectomy but was not altered by adrenalectomy. Paired-feeding experiments indicate that dietary restriction does not alter the activities of NMN-pyrophosphorylase or nicotinate mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase. Dietary restriction does, however, appear to duplicate the effects of hypophysectomy on NAD kinase. (Endocrinology 81: 779, 1967)
Simultaneous Intracellular Recording of a Lumbar Motoneuron and the Force Produced by its Motor Unit in the Adult Mouse In vivo

The spinal motoneuron has long been a good model system for studying neural function because it is a neuron of the central nervous system with the unique properties of (1) having readily identifiable targets (the muscle fibers) and therefore having a very well-known function (to control muscle contraction); (2) being the convergent target of many spinal and descending networks, hence the name of "final common pathway"; and (3) having a large soma which makes it possible to penetrate them with sharp intracellular electrodes. Furthermore, when studied in vivo, it is possible to record simultaneously the electrical activity of the motoneurons and the force developed by their muscle targets. Performing intracellular recordings of motoneurons in vivo therefore put the experimentalist in the unique position of being able to study, at the same time, all the compartments of the "motor unit" (the name given to the motoneuron, its axon, and the muscle fibers it innervates(1)): the inputs impinging on the motoneuron, the electrophysiological properties of the motoneuron, and the impact of these properties on the physiological function of the motoneurons, i.e. the force produced by its motor unit. However, this approach is very challenging because the preparation cannot be paralyzed and thus the mechanical stability for the intracellular recording is reduced. Thus, this kind of experiments has only been achieved in cats and in rats. However, the study of spinal motor systems could make a formidable leap if it was possible to perform similar experiments in normal and genetically modified mice. For technical reasons, the study of the spinal networks in mice has mostly been limited to neonatal in vitro preparations, where the motoneurons and the spinal networks are immature, the motoneurons are separated from their targets, and when studied in slices, the motoneurons are separated from most of their inputs. Until recently, only a few groups had managed to perform intracellular recordings of motoneurons in vivo(2-4 ), including our team who published a new preparation which allowed us to obtain very stable recordings of motoneurons in vivo in adult mice(5,6). However, these recordings were obtained in paralyzed animals, i.e. without the possibility to record the force output of these motoneurons. Here we present an extension of this original preparation in which we were able to obtain simultaneous recordings of the electrophysiological properties of the motoneurons and of the force developed by their motor unit. This is an important achievement, as it allows us to identify the different types of motoneurons based on their force profile, and thereby revealing their function. Coupled with genetic models disturbing spinal segmental circuitry(7-9), or reproducting human disease(10,11), we expect this technique to be an essential tool for the study of spinal motor system.
Single Word and Sentence Intelligibility in Children with Cochlear Implants.

This study examined the intelligibility of speech produced by 17 children (aged 4-11 years) with cochlear implants. Stimulus items included sentences from the Beginners' Intelligibility Test (BIT) and words from the Children Speech Intelligibility Measure (CSIM). Naive listeners responded by writing sentences heard or with two types of responses to the word recordings; open transcription (CSIM-T) and closed set multiple choice (CSIM-MC). Percentage of items understood, averaged across three naive judges, were compared across the three measures. Additionally, scores were examined for any relationships with chronological age, age of implantation, and amount of implant experience. Strong positive correlations were observed among all three intelligibility tasks. Scores on all three tasks were found to be significantly different from each other. A significant correlation was obtained between intelligibility and amount of implant experience, but not with chronological age or age of implantation. Results suggest that judging the intelligibility of speech produced by children with cochlear implants using both single word and sentence levels would provide a better overall estimate of their intelligibility. The results also emphasize the vital role of auditory input in the development of intelligible speech.
A note on the statistics of ordered peaks in stationary stochastic processes

Abstract Numerical simulation experiments have been carried out to evaluate the relative performance of three approximate formulations owing to Amini and Trifunac, [1] Gupta and Trifunac [2] and Basu et al. [3] for probability distributions of ordered peaks in stationary stochastic processes. The first two formulations are based on the assumption that the unordered peaks are statistically independent; whereas the formulation of Basu et al. [3] considers the dependence via Markov transition probability. In the formulation of Gupta and Trifunac, [2] the probability distribution of nth order peak is inherently conditioned by the fact that at most (n−1) peaks can occur with higher amplitudes and, thus, the ordered peaks are necessarily dependent. In this paper, ensembles of stationary time-histories are generated for three PSDFs representing a narrow-band, a broad-band and a band-limited white noise type of processes. Comparison of the results for the expected value and standard deviation for various orders of peaks, obtained by averaging over these ensembles, with the corresponding results obtained from the above mentioned three approximations, defined in terms of the moments of the PSDFs, has shown that the formulation of Gupta and Trifunac [2] describes the data well.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 214

Abstract Nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A = 214 is evaluated. The results from various decay experiments and reaction studies arc compared. Adopted data, levels, and spin and parity assignments are given.
The distribution of a linear predictor after model selection: conditional finite-sample distributions and asymptotic approximations

This paper studies the distribution of a linear predictor that is constructed after a data-driven model selection step in a linear regression model. The finite-sample cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the linear predictor is derived and a detailed analysis of the effects of the model selection step is given. Moreover, a simple approximation to the (complicated) finite-sample cdf is proposed. This approximation facilitates the study of the large-sample limit behavior of the linear predictor and its cdf, in the fixed-parameter case and under local alternatives. The focus of this paper is on the conditional distribution of a linear predictor, conditional on the event that a fixed (possibly incorrect) model has been selected. The unconditional distribution of a linear predictor is studied in the companion paper Leeb (The distribution of a linear predictor after model selection: unconditional finite-sample distributions and asymptotic approximations, Technical Report, Department of Statistics, University of Vienna, 2002).
The Effect of Family Communication Patterns on Young People's Science Literacy:

Given the rapid pace and complexity of science today, science literacy cannot mean understanding all of science. Rather, science literacy more appropriately means the critical evaluation of sources of information and basic standards of scientific performance as a guide to accepting and applying scientific knowledge to one's own life. The development of science literacy in children is probably shaped by other norms and experiences. This study examined the impact of family communication patterns on children's evaluations of a science story that contained a number of weaknesses. A family orientation toward concepts led to children's self-reported thinking about science issues when they considered the science information in the story. However, this led to actual critiques of the science in the story only when the concept-orientation was not accompanied by a simultaneous socio-orientation, the family orientation toward harmony and hierarchy.
Low friction emulation of lateral vehicle dynamics using four-wheel steer-by-wire

Low friction surfaces such as ice are challenging for drivers to navigate safely because the limited tire force capability drastically alters the vehicle dynamics compared to dry roads. Experiments on real or emulated low friction surfaces are important for testing control systems, understanding driver-vehicle interactions, and training drivers. As a way of enabling these experiments with the added flexibility of a tunable friction coefficient, this paper presents a force-based approach to emulating the lateral dynamics of a vehicle on a low friction surface using four-wheel steer-by-wire. The steer angle commands are computed with a combination of feedforward and state feedback, and the controller explicitly handles rear wheel actuator limitations. Experimental results from an asphalt surface confirm this controller successfully tracks the lateral dynamics of the low friction reference model.
The effects of stark broadening in the radio recombination line temperatures

Observations of Orion A, M 17, and W 3 made at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory show Stark broadening in the α, β, and γ hydrogen recombination lines at 22 cm. Stark effect has such a large effect on the line profiles that fitted Gaussian profiles cannot be used to measure the area of the line. Theoretical line profiles have been derived from modelHii regions. Voigt profiles fitted to the theoretical line profiles indicate that the areas of the lines derived from the fitted profiles may be systematically too small. Using Voigt profiles fitted by least squares to the observations, we found that the line intensities at 22 cm agree with the intensity ratios predicted by LTE theory.
Judgments of Personality Traits from Real World Face Images

Existing models of facial personality trait judgments control a large number of likely sources of variance for real-world trait judgments. ! Our data set includes reliable trait ratings on images with these sources of variance included. ! It is possible to train a computer vision algorithm on trait-rated real-world images that approximates human trait judgments. ! This points to future avenues for empirically studying underexplored factors that contribute to personality judgments. Conclusions Question and Approach
Therapy of Childhood Asthma

The pathophysiology of asthma is briefly reviewed and the primary modalities of drug therapy are described. Symptoms of asthma are the result of bronchospasm, increased mucous secretion, and inflam...
Electron-beam-lithography (EBL)-engineered nanostructures for biosensing

Surface-Enhanced-Raman-Scattering (SERS) is potentially a very sensitive spectroscopic technique for the detection of biological agents (i.e., proteins, viruses or bacteria). However, since initial reports, its utility has not been realized. Its limited acceptance as a routine analysis technique for biological agents is largely due to the lack of reproducible SERS-active substrates. Most established SERS substrate fabrication schemes are based on self-assembly of the metallic (typically, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd or Cu) particles responsible for enhancement. Further, these protocols do not lend themselves to the stringent control over the enhancing feature shape, size, and placement on a nanometer scale. SERS can be made a more robust and attractive spectroscopic technique for biological agents by developing quantifiable, highly sensitive, and highly selective SERS-active substrates. Electron Beam Lithography (EBL), a semiconductor fabrication technique, can be utilized to address many of the obstacles which have limited the broad acceptance of SERS. Specifically, EBL can be employed to precisely control the shape, size and position (on a nanometer scale) of the SERS substrate enhancing features. Since Ashkin's seminal work in the early 1970s, the optical trapping phenomenon has been broadly accepted as a powerful tool to study micrometer-scale biological particles. Recently, research in our laboratory has demonstrated that it is possible to combine the Optical Trapping phenomenon and SERS to develop a high sensitivity spectroscopic technique for the detection of individual bacterial spores. Highly reproducible SERS-active substrates fabricated using EBL have been utilized with this novel spectroscopic technique to investigate the utility of SERS technique for the spectral discrimination of bacterial spores. The SERS substrate fabrication methodology, substrate reproducibility and SERS spectral reproducibility will be discussed.
An integrated imaging detector of polarization and spectral content

A new type of image detector has been designed to simultaneously analyze the polarization of light at all picture elements in a scene. The Integrated Dual Imaging Detector (IDID) consists of a polarizing beamsplitter bonded to a charge-coupled device (CCD), with signal-analysis circuitry and analog-to-digital converters, all integrated on a silicon chip. It should be capable of 1:10(exp 4) polarization discrimination. The IDID should simplify the design and operation of imaging polarimeters and spectroscopic imagers used, for example, in atmospheric and solar research. Innovations in the IDID include (1) two interleaved 512 x 1024-pixel imaging arrays (one for each polarization plane); (2) large dynamic range (well depth of 10(exp 6) electrons per pixel); (3) simultaneous readout of both images at 10 million pixels per second each; (4) on-chip analog signal processing to produce polarization maps in real time; (5) on-chip 10-bit A/D conversion. When used with a lithium-niobate Fabry-Perot etalon or other color filter that can encode spectral information as polarization, the IDID can collect and analyze simultaneous images at two wavelengths. Precise photometric analysis of molecular or atomic concentrations in the atmosphere is one suggested application. When used in a solar telescope, the IDID will charge the polarization, which can then be converted to maps of the vector magnetic fields on the solar surface.
Using a barcode reader with interactive videodiscs

Using a barcode reader is a simple, effective means of controlling existing videodiscs for presentations or individual study. Using a barcode reader is less complex and cumbersome than controlling the program from a computer. The reader also allows for more versatile control than using a videodisc remote control.
Causes of Temporal Changes in Carbonate Compensation Level: ABSTRACT

Numerous authors have treated the CaCO3 compensation level in deep-sea sediments as an immutable boundary fixed by temperature and pressure. Some have gone so far as to use it as a paleodepth indicator. This concept is totally invalid. Actually the depth at which calcite solution becomes important is controlled by a delicate balance between carbon supply to the ocean and carbon removal by organisms. The fact that organisms precipitate CaCO3 from seawater far faster than it is being supplied by rivers demands that solution take place. The proportion of the sea floor bathed in calcite undersaturated water is such that the precipitate in excess of supply is returned to solution. In such a system changes in supply rate of carbon, productivity of carbonat producing organisms, and mixing regime of the oceans will upset the delicate balance between supply and demand and lead to fluctuations in the level of compensation. That such changes can occur on a short time scale is demonstrated by the fact that the compensation level was lower during glacial than during interglacial times. It is not at all surprising that the JOIDES cores show evidence of large fluctuations in this level through Tertiary time. End_of_Article - Last_Page 332------------
RATIONAL APPROACHES TO CONTROL OF IRON DEFICIENCY OTHER THAN PLANT BREEDING AND CHOICE OF RESISTANT CULTIVARS

Satisfactory progress has been made in recent years in preventing and correcting Fe deficiency in plants, and more can be expected in the future. Important advances include uses of acid- and Fe-fortified organic wastes and use of amended sulfur-pyrite mixes in soil. Three different approaches with organics are as an acidified matrix with Fe, as a means of chelating Fe, and as a carrier of acidifiers. Several procedures can help minimize Fe deficiency. (1) Avoid mis-management of soil physical properties and overirrigation. (2) Avoid nutrient imbalance, such as excess P or excess micronutrients. (3) Use preplant application of mildly acid-organic matter-Fe-sulfur or pyrite mixes worked into zones of soil or banded into seed rows. It is important that small bands or spots in soil be completely neutralized of CaCO3. (4) Where foliar sprays can or need be used, especially to correct mild chlorosis, use ferrous compounds prepared to be delivered at pH 3± so that the Fe does not easily oxidize or precipitate in the solution. (5) For established trees that have become Fe deficient, inject, via slant drilling of small holes in tree trunks, dilute ferric ammonium citrate sufficient to supply not more than 100 mg kg-1 Fe to leaves (dry weight basis). Most but not all species will respond. Procedure may be repeated in two or three weeks if necessary. (6) Iron chelates may be used in drip irrigation. If soil is sandy, soil pH not over 7.2, FeDTPA may be used; otherwise, FeEDDHA should be used. If the Fe is supplied with no other nutrients, pH may be at 4 and some FeSO4 included to recycle the chelating agents. If Fe is used without chelating agents, the pH may be 1.0 or less and other nutrients included. (7) Urea-acid sulfate-Fe sulfate may be irrigated into soil around plants, especially if soil was polymer treated. (8) Efficiency of use of Fe chelates may be increased by making them slow release or by applying with seeds.
Extra-adrenal and metastatic pheochromocytoma: the role of 131I meta-iodobenzylguanidine (131I MIBG) in localization and management.

From June, 1980, to August, 1983,131I MIBG scintiscans were performed in 353 patients with suspected pheochromocytomas. Extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas were identified in 15 of 18 patients who at operation were proven to have such tumors and normal adrenal glands. Conventional localization studies, often repeated, had failed to localize these tumors in nearly all cases. Nine of the extraadrenal pheochromocytomas were found within the middle mediastinum. This group of unique tumors required further specialized localization studies with augmented computed tomography (CT) scans for specific anatomical delineation. These complementary studies allowed for precise planning of surgical excision of the tumors, which required cardiopulmonary bypass in some patients. Extraadrenal pheochromocytomas were identified in a family with no other endocrinopathies. The tumors in 3 patients from 3 different generations all were perirenal and involved the vena cava. 131I MIBG scintiscans detected metastatic lesions in 40 patients with malignant pheochromocytomas. Metastases were not readily demonstrated in 4 patients. The diagnosis of malignant and metastatic pheochromocytoma was first made by the scintiscan findings in 5 patients.131I MIBG scans were not false-positive in any cases and were falsenegative in 10.5% of 95 patients proven to have pheochromocytomas by biochemical evidence or operation. Ten patients have been treated for malignant pheochromocytomas with therapeutic doses of131I MIBG. Five patients have had objective responses with diminution in size of metastases or primary malignant tumor and a decrease in the secretion of catecholamines. This agent has been found to be of great value in detecting pheochromocytomas that often have defied all other means of localization.131I MIBG concentrates in most malignant pheochromocytomas, and preliminary results suggest that it will be very useful in the treatment of this disease.
CMOS logic cell switching speed thermal characterisation

A study of the switching speed performance of basic CMOS logic cells in the (junction) temperature range 25?250°C is reported. Experimental measurements for capacitively loaded inverters and NAND gates of two standard 4 ?m CMOS processes are compared to theory and to SPICE2G. 6 simulations. It is found that, to a good approximation, a simple delineation factor (lying between 0.004 and 0.006/deg C in this study), applied to the average gate delay at a given temperature, correctly predicts this parameter. Logic cells are thereby typically found to be up to 65% slower at 250°C than they are at room temperature.
A new procedure for interfacing transmission line matrix (TLM) method with frequency-domain solutions

The authors present a procedure that interfaces the transmission-line matrix method with frequency-domain solutions of electromagnetic fields. Hence, the corresponding boundary Johns matrix can be determined with minimum computational effort. Good results were obtained and a substantial CPU time reduction, compared with other approaches, was observed. Applications of the proposed approach to wideband absorbing boundaries in waveguides and to highly conductive shields are discussed. >
The Medieval Crusade – Edited by Susan J. Rudyard

This book is a collection of articles presenting the newest interpretations and corrections to Crusading historiography. Knowledge of the Crusades is necessary, as this book is not a general histor...
Capacity of root-mean-square bandlimited Gaussian multiuser channels

Continuous-time additive white Gaussian noise channels with strictly time-limited and root-mean-square (RMS)-bandlimited inputs are studied. The capacity of the single-user and two-user RMS-bandlimited channels are found in easy-to-compute parametric forms and are compared to the classical formulas for the capacity of strictly bandlimited channels. In addition, channels are considered where the inputs are further constrained to be pulse-amplitude-modulated waveforms. The capacity of the single-user RMS-bandlimited PAM channel is shown to coincide with Shannon's capacity formula for the strictly bandlimited channel. This shows that the laxer bandwidth constraints precisely offsets the PAM structural constraint and illustrates a tradeoff between the time-domain and frequency-domain constraints. In the synchronous two-user channel, the pair of pulses that achieves the boundary of the capacity region is derived, and it is shown that the shapes of the optimal pulses depend not only on the bandwidth but also on the respective signal-to-noise ratios. >
Anisotropies of touch in haptic icon exploration

Handheld devices are enhancing many aspects of our lives. As increasingly complex devices appear with decreasing form factors, haptics may become an essential tool for interacting with them. In this regime of operation, issues of power, weight and volume are of significant importance. The haptic thresholds of the index finger for active exploration of a two dimensional virtual environment for two icon alignments and two finger motions were measured. Using all possible combinations of two finger motions, flexion/extension and finger abduction/adduction, and two icon alignments, vertical and horizontal, were measured separately. Haptic thresholds ranged from 15 to 24 milliNewtons. Thresholds were affected by finger motion, but not by icon alignment.
The effect of fiber-type heterogeneity on optimized work and power output of hindlimb muscles of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum

Most vertebrate muscles are composed of a mixture of fiber types. However, studies of muscle mechanics have concentrated on homogeneous bundles of fibers. Hindlimb muscles of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, present an excellent system to explore the consequences of fiber heterogeneity. Isometric twitches and work loops were obtained in vitro from two muscles, the m. iliotibialis pars posterior (heterogeneous, containing types I, IIa and IIb fibers) and the m. iliofibularis (nearly homogeneous for type IIa fibers). Maximal isometric twitch and tetanic stresses in m. iliotibialis posterior were significantly greater than in iliofibularis. Work loops were obtained over a range of frequencies (0.5-3.0 Hz) and strains (2-6% muscle length) that encompassed the observed ranges in vivo. Work per cycle from the homogeneous iliofibularis declined from 1.5-3.0 Hz, while that from the heterogeneous m. iliotibialis posterior increased from 0.5 Hz to 2.5 Hz and declined at 3.0 Hz. Power output from the iliofibularis rose with frequency to at least 3 Hz; power from the iliotibialis posterior rose with frequency to 2.5 Hz and declined thereafter. Mass-specific work per cycle and power output were higher in iliofibularis than iliotibialis posterior over most frequencies and strains tested.
The Importance of Race Among Black Sociologists

This paper explores the importance of race and racial attitudes among sociologists by attempting to document the existence of what has been called a “black insiders doctrine” and showing that black...
Critical flow of liquid‐vapor mixtures

A unified theory of one-dimensional, adiabatic, separated, two-phase flow is presented. To describe the flow adequately, four mixture specific volumes are defined. They are based on area, momentum, kinetic energy, and velocity averages. Increasing relative velocity between the phases initially lowers all mixture specific volumes except the velocity average. The momentum average specific volume minimizes when the slip ratio equals (Vg/Vf)1/2, while the kinetic energy average specific volume reaches its minimum value at a slip ratio of (Vg/Vf)1/3. Area average specific value does not minimize with slip ratio. Because a higher slip ratio would decrease the entropy of a closed system, (Vg/Vf)1/3 is the maximum slip ratio attainable in two-phase critical flow. Based on the maximum slip ratio and isentropic flow, a new critical flow model was developed and compared with the steam-water critical flow data of four recent investigations. While the predicted flow rates followed well the pressure behavior of the experimental data, they were too low at high qualities and too high at low qualities. The average percentage difference between experimental and predicted critical flow rates was −8.5% (three hundred and seventy-six data points). Differences in the approach to critical flow between a gas and a vapor-liquid stream appear to be caused by the latter's increased frictional and gravitational pressure drops and relative velocity effects.
Plasma Renin Activity and the Effects of Deoxycorticosterone Acetate in Dogs with Chronic Left Ventricular Overload

Chronic left ventricular overload and left heart failure were produced by an aortic-left atrial shunt and superimposed aortic constriction. With the shunt alone, plasma renin activity and sodium balance were normal. Superimposed aortic constriction produced a further elevation in left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), increased plasma renin activity and sodium retention occurred. Seven dogs died in pulmonary edema within a week, but nine others recovered with a return in plasma renin activity and sodium excretion to normal. Five of these nine dogs that survived the acute effects of aortic stenosis developed pulmonary edema at least 7 days after aortic constriction; LVEDP was markedly elevated, plasma renin activity was high and sodium retention occurred. Six other dogs with chronic left ventricular overload, but not retaining sodium, were given deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), 15 mg/day, to study the response in renal sodium excretion. In two of the dogs, LVEDP was below 35 mm Hg and the normal "escape" pattern, characterized by return of sodium excretion to the normal control level, was observed. However, in the other four animals, LVEDP was above 35 mm Hg, escape failed to occur and marked sodium retention resulted; a further elevation of LVEDP was observed and pulmonary edema occurred on four occasions. The failure of dogs with marked elevation of LVEDP to escape from DOCA indicates that other factors in addition to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are involved in the sodium retention of left ventricular failure.
A method for direct measurement of the maximum volume of fish stomachs or digestive tracts

A new method for measuring maximum stomach or digestive tract volume of fish incorporates air injection at constant pressure with water displacement to measure directly the internal volume of a stomach or analogous structure. The method was tested with coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), which has a true stomach, and northern squawfish, Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Richardson), which has a modified foregut as a functional analogue. Both species were collected during July-October 1987 from the Columbia River, U.S.A. Relationships between fish weight (= volume) and maximum volume of the digestive organ were best fitted for coho salmon by an allometric model and for northern squawfish by an exponential model. Least squares regression analysis of individual measurements showed less variability in the volume of coho salmon stomachs (R2= 0.85) than in the total digestive tracts (R2= 0.55) and foreguts (R2= 0.61) of northern squawfish, relative to fish size. Compared to previous methods, the new technique has the advantage of accurately measuring the internal volume of a wide range of digestive organ shapes and sizes.
Optimising the documentation practices of an Ethics Consultation Service

A formal Ethics Consultation Service (ECS) can provide significant help to patients, families and hospital staff. As with any other form of clinical consultation, documentation of the process and the advice rendered is very important. Upon review of the published consult documentation practices of other ECSs, we judged that none of them were sufficiently detailed or structured to meet the needs and purposes of a clinical ethics consultation. Thus, we decided to share our method in order to advance the practice of ethics consultation. Here, we describe a method of ECS documentation practice, including use of a formal consult report template, as well as a log for maintaining a chronological record of the consultations performed. These two documents facilitate order and organisation of the ECS. They also enable the ECS to keep an account of professional time and experience, enable quick consult trend assessments (by consult theme or ward, for example) and establish a potential registry of consults for future research study. This method of documentation, we believe, not only contributes significantly to the primary purpose of the consultation-namely, the evincing and sharing of ethical opinion about a case-but also enables consultants to improve their practice and to pursue research on clinical ethics consultation.
Right ventricular outflow repair: the aortic autograft technique procures the best late results in the transposition complex.

Objective: After treatment of transposition of the great arteries (TGA), ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis, or atresia by various surgical procedures, two main problems led to reoperation: RV—PA conduit or connection stenosis and subaortic stenosis. We report here our mid- and long-term experience of a technique described in 1997 using a segment of aortic autograft as a RV—PA conduit. Methods: Between 1993 and 2005, 25 patients with TGA, VSD, PS, or atresia were corrected with a technique using an intra-ventricular rerouting with conal septum resection (as in reconstruction-endo-ventriculaire (REV)) and interposition of tubular segment of autograft aorta between RV and PA without Lecompte maneuver (as in Rastelli), using in some cases an additional monocusp patch. The patient’s age at correction ranged from 2.5 months to 11 years (mean 2.2 years); seven patients were under 1 year and 13 had a previous shunt procedure. Patients were regularly followed by twodimensional(2D)annualechocardiogram, occasionally bycatheterizationandmorerecentlybyMNR.Results:There wasonepostoperativedeath essentially due to RV failure. There was one late death after 15 years. There were 23 long-term survivors with a mean follow-up of 12.8 years. All patients were in class I category and all of them were in sinus rhythm. Three of them needed a reoperation at 4, 5, and 6 years for subaortic stenosis and one of them with abnormal chordae in the left ventricle (LV) outflow, Only one patient needed a reoperation for RV—PA stenosis, 13 years after correction done at age 2.5 months, the autograft tissue not being implied and found normal at histology. Mean RV pressure by echo at last follow-up was 41 mmHg. Ten patients exhibit a mild-to-moderate pulmonary regurgitation. Freedom from reoperation for RV—PA obstruction is 90%at10and15years.Conclusion:Comparedwithallothertechniques(Rastelli,REV, andNikaidoh)ourautografttechniqueprovidesthebestreported outcome for RV—PA outflow freedom from reoperation, the aortic segment employed being a living tissue susceptible to growth. However, it remains most often a long-term valveless procedure and does not avoid occasional unexpected LV—AO stenosis. # 2011 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
On a Simple Empirical Parameterization of Topography-Catalyzed Diapycnal Mixing in the Abyssal Ocean

Abstract The global spatial distribution of the turbulent diapycnal diffusivity in the abyssal ocean is reexamined in light of the growing body of microstructure data revealing bottom-intensified turbulent mixing in regions of rough topography. A direct and nontrivial implication of the observed intensification is that the diapycnal diffusivity Kρ, is depth dependent and patchily distributed horizontally across the world’s oceans. Theoretical and observational studies show that bottom-intensified mixing is dependent upon a variety of energy sources and processes whose contributions to mixing are sufficiently complex that their physical parameterization is premature; only rudimentary parameterizations of tidally induced mixing have been attempted, although the tides likely provide no more than half of the mechanical energy available for diapycnal mixing in the abyssal ocean. Here, an empirical (and still rudimentary) parameterization of the spatially variable mean diffusivity Kρ based on a large collection...