cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A generalized chain binomial model with application to HIV infection.

Abstract The original Reed-Frost formulation of the chain binomial model is mathematically equivalent to a stochastic model allowing a Poisson number of effective contacts in a time interval. Their formulation cannot accomodate survey data that necessarily correspond to more complex distributions of partners or contacts, or to large populations where complete random mixing is unlikely. This paper generalizes the Reed-Frost model to accomodate these situations in both the one- and two-population settings. The extension to multiple populations is also outlined. Using the model to predict HIV incidence in San Francisco's homosexual population, we show that the total number of contacts over all partners is more important than the distribution of contacts among partners in determining the number of infecteds.
Energetische Probleme der Ammoniak‐Erzeugung

Mit der wachsenden Grose der Anlagen zur Ammoniak-Erzeugung wurden wesentliche Neuerungen, vor allem im Energiehaushalt, eingefuhrt. Eine weitgehende energetische Autonomie dieser Anlagen tragt wesentlich zu deren Wirtschaftlichkeit bei. Voraussetzung dafur ist eine optimale Ausnutzung der zur Verfugung stehenden Warmestrome. Es wird ein Uberblick uber die Grundlagen des Energiehaushalts bei Ammoniak-Erzeugungsanlagen gegeben, auserdem werden der gegenwartige Stand der Technik sowie einige Moglichkeiten der weiteren Entwicklung auf diesem Gebiet diskutiert.
Determination of Kinetic Energy Distribution in a Laser-Ablated Titanium Plume by Emission and Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of thin films has become a viable technique for a wide range of applications over the last few decades. As kinetic energy of the ablated plume is an important parameter in determining the quality of the film; consequently there is great interest in nonintrusive evaluation of the plume kinetic energy. Spectroscopic techniques such as optical time-of-flight (TOF) utilizes emission spectroscopy or laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) and is an excellent method for this purpose since they offer temporal and spatial resolution as well as the capability of distinguishing different species. In this paper, the effects of laser fluence and background gas pressure on the kinetic energies of the ablated species are found by the optical time-of flight technique and by emission imaging. Laser-induced-fluorescence is employed for spectrally resolved imaging. The axial velocity of neutral titanium is found to be as high as 2 × 10 4 m/s. The distribution of species within the plume is also determined.
The Ti‐Mandi window: a time‐management tool for managers

The Ti‐Mandi Window (pronounced Time‐and‐I) is the management version of the well‐known Johari Window. It is built on the familiar two‐by‐two matrix that classifies management tasks as to whether, or not, they are urgent and/or important. In the conventional matrix, the quadrants are indicated by Roman numerals. To heighten interest, the Ti‐Mandi Window gives the quadrants indicative names: priority for action (I), neglected essentials (II), trivial hot potatoes (III), and – the light‐hearted – goofing off (IV). To fight the tyranny of the so‐called urgent, managers must take control of the labels that are put on tasks. They must strip away the fake “urgent” labels that are put on “trivial hot potatoes” – by breaking away – and redirecting the time saved by getting focused on the “neglected essentials”. The window shows how the two processes interact. Working together, they ensure that a manager’s time is concentrated on activities that are both urgent and important.
4D Cone-beam CT reconstruction using a motion model based on principal component analysis.

Purpose: To provide a proof of concept validation of a novel 4D cone-beam CT (4DCBCT) reconstruction algorithm and to determine the best methods to train and optimize the algorithm. Methods: The algorithm animates a patient fan-beam CT (FBCT) with a patient specific parametric motion model in order to generate a time series of deformed CTs (the reconstructed 4DCBCT) that track the motion of the patient anatomy on a voxel by voxel scale. The motion model is constrained by requiring that projections cast through the deformed CT time series match the projections of the raw patient 4DCBCT. The motion model uses a basis of eigenvectors that are generated via principal component analysis (PCA) of a training set of displacement vector fields (DVFs) that approximate patient motion. The eigenvectors are weighted by a parameterized function of the patient breathing trace recorded during 4DCBCT. The algorithm is demonstrated and tested via numerical simulation. Results: The algorithm is shown to produce accurate reconstruction results for the most complicated simulated motion, in which voxels move with a pseudo-periodic pattern and relative phase shifts exist between voxels. The tests show that principal component eigenvectors trained on DVFs from a novel 2D/3D registration method give substantially better results than eigenvectors trained on DVFs obtained by conventionally registering 4DCBCT phases reconstructed via filtered backprojection. Conclusions: Proof of concept testing has validated the 4DCBCT reconstruction approach for the types of simulated data considered. In addition, the authors found the 2D/3D registration approach to be our best choice for generating the DVF training set, and the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm the most robust optimization routine.
Effect of low-dose bromocriptine in treatment of psychosis: The dopamine autoreceptor-stimulation strategy

Bromocriptine (0.5–6.0 mg/day) was administered to seven unmedicated chronic schizophrenic and two schizoaffective patients. Transient slight improvement was noted in four patients and marked improvement in one other. Clinical improvement was associated with nausea and drowsiness. These doses of bromocriptine stimulated serum growth hormone and inhibited serum prolactin levels in some subjects. These results suggest that bromocriptine may stimulate dopamine autoreceptors and, through this mechanism, attenuate symptoms in a small proportion of psychiatric patients.
Thin-Film Multilayer Filter Designs For Hybrid Solar Energy Conversion Systems

The efficiency of hybrid photothermal/photovoltaic energy conversion can be increased by separating the solar spectrum into portions matched to the photothermal and photovoltaic processes. Thin-film multilayer filters can implement this concept; five such filters consisting of all-dielectric or metal-dielectric layers have been designed. The transmission profile of each design is calculated by computer, considering dispersion, absorption, and angle of incidence effects. These profiles are compared and evaluated with respect to the desired spectral performance. The most successful candidate design is an optical minus filter consisting of Ti0 2 , Zr0 2 , and Si0 2 . Results show very sharp selection of the targeted photovoltaic spectral region and low ripple in the transmission region outside the bandstop.
Finite sample properties of adaptive regression estimators

The finite sample properties of adaptive M- and L-estimators for the linear regression model are studied through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. We provide guidelines for choosing the trimming proportion and estimating the score function for adaptive L-estimators. Suggestions are also given on choosing the trimming parameters, the score function estimators, the initial n-consistent estimator and estimating the Fisher information in the construction of adaptive M-estimators. We also investigate the effect of design dimension on the various adaptive estimators and the accuracy of the estimated standard errors.
Amenable Versus Hyperfinite Borel Equivalence Relations

Let X be a standard Borel space (i.e., a Polish space with the associated Borel structure), and let E be a countable Borel equivalence relation on X, i.e., a Borel equivalence relation E for which every equivalence class [X]_E is countable. By a result of Feldman-Moore [FM], E is induced by the orbits of a Borel action of a countable group G on X.
SIZE AND SHAPE OF STRINGS

We study numerically and analytically spatial properties of the ground state of a fundamental string in the light-cone gauge. We find that strings are smooth and have divergent average size. Their properties are very different from what is expected from particles in a conventional field theory.
A decade of measured greenhouse forcings from AIRS

Increased greenhouse gasses reduce the transmission of Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) to space along spectral absorption lines eventually causing the Earth’s temperature to rise in order to preserve energy equilibrium. This greenhouse forcing effect can be directly observed in the Outgoing Longwave Spectra (OLS) from space-borne infrared instruments with sufficiently high resolving power 3, 8. In 2001, Harries et. al observed significant increases in greenhouse forcings by direct inter-comparison of the IRIS spectra 1970 and the IMG spectra 19978. We have extended this effort by measuring the annual rate of change of AIRS all-sky Outgoing Longwave Spectra (OLS) with respect to greenhouse forcings. Our calculations make use of a 2°x2° degree monthly gridded Brightness Temperature (BT) product. Decadal trends for AIRS spectra from 2002-2012 indicate continued decrease of -0.06 K/yr in the trend of CO2 BT (700cm-1 and 2250cm-1), a decrease of -0.04 K/yr of O3 BT (1050 cm-1), and a decrease of -0.03 K/yr of the CH4 BT (1300cm-1). Observed decreases in BT trends are expected due to ten years of increased greenhouse gasses even though global surface temperatures have not risen substantially over the last decade.
THE DECEPTIVE DESIGN OF HONG SANGSOO'S VIRGIN STRIPPED BARE BY HER BACHELORS

Sandwiched between sequences set in the present, Hong Sangsoo's unusually structured Virgin Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors (Oh!, Soojung!, 2000) twice presents the history of a couple's developing relationship from its beginning to the day before the film's present time. Critics assume that the first telling represents the man's point of view, while the second presents events from the woman's point of view. And because at certain points the two retellings appear to differ in detail, critics further assume that the couple's remembrances are contradictory and, therefore, that the film is a study in the ambiguity of memory. However, a careful analysis of the two retellings confirms that they are perfectly consistent with one another and have been misread by critics who have failed to notice subtle temporal cues that explain the apparent differences. In a process that mirrors the struggle of the woman to look past the superficial qualities of the man in order to perceive his true motives and values, then, the...
‘Better thieves than reds’? The nationalization thesis and the possibility of a geography of Italian politics

Abstract A widely-accepted assumption of modern political science is that as the national ‘societies’ defined by state boundaries modernize, citizens are mobilized as individualized voters into a national political community. The locality and the region lose their significance as settings for the constitution of political conduct as allegiance is transferred to the national community and political parties draw support on. functional (class or religious) rather than geographical grounds. This idea has become a central element in Italian political science over the past 20 years. Yet the empirical evidence in support of it is tenuous at best. Acceptance of the nationalization thesis is based largely upon intellectual foundations independent of empirical demonstration. The most important of these are the importation of ideas from American political science to define an autonomous Italian political science and the biases implicit in the Hegelian—Crocean tradition of political thought long-dominant in Italian universities. For reasons more intellectual than empirical, therefore, Italian political science has come to deny the possibility of a non-residual geography of Italian politics.
Overlapped Subarrays: Review and Update [Education Column]

Overlapped subarrays are a special class of arrays that enable engineers to produce radiation patterns with low sidelobe and grating-lobe levels over a wide bandwidth. Their complex feeding structure has prevented their use until recently. This paper presents a tutorial on overlapped subarrays, and reviews recent work on this technology.
Rapid speciation via parallel, directional selection on regulatory genetic pathways.

Regulatory genetic pathways are ubiquitous in organisms and play a central role in the realization of the phenotype during development. We explored the proposition that these pathways can provide a plausible source of the epistatic variation that has been implicated in the evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolation. We modeled gene regulation as a matching function between the product of one locus and the promoter site of the next locus in the pathway, with binding strength determining the amount of product. When the phenotype is subject to parallel selection in a pair of independent populations, we find that the fitnesses of F(1)and F(2)hybrids often drop to very low values as the populations respond in genetically different and incompatible ways. The simulations support the predictions of the analytical models. Hybrid fitness reduction occurs more often as the number of loci in the pathway increases, and as the binding site interactions become more complex. Less hybrid fitness reduction is seen when the populations start with imperfect binding in the pathway. In contrast, when we constructed the phenotype without gene regulation using multiplicative rules, isomorphic to the additive phenotype commonly assumed in evolutionary models, we found no appreciable F(1)fitness reduction and only slight F(2)fitness reduction. The interaction of genetic drift and mutation, even at very high rates, did not reduce hybrid fitness at all on the time-scales we considered. Clearly, the evolution of regulatory genetic pathways can play an important role in speciation, but much more empirical information is needed on the effect of allelic variability in regulatory site interactions before this role is fully understood.
Information characteristics for the curriculum

A technical capstone course integrates course knowledge, underscores the scientific nature of computer science, and introduces professional and graduate school topics. A capstone course brings together knowledge from many subjects. An experiment brings together many topics from the standard curriculum that are hard to integrate into standard courses. A common thread in state machines ties together the diverse topics under the theme of information characteristics. Each subject area is related to a state machine view of information and uses some specific mathematics skill. The experiment with this approach has been successful.
Quantization of the Poisson SU(2) and its Poisson homogeneous space — The 2-sphere

We show that deformation quantizations of the Poisson structures on the Poisson Lie groupSU(2) and its homogeneous space, the 2-sphere, are compatible with Woronowicz's deformation quantization ofSU(2)'s group structure and Podles' deformation quantization of 2-sphere's homogeneous structure, respectively. So in a certain sense the multiplicativity of the Lie Poisson structure onSU(2) at the classical level is preserved under quantization.
Multi-elemental analysis of solidified mineral melt samples by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy coupled with a linear multivariate calibration

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been successfully applied for multi-elemental analysis of solidified mineral melt samples containing several oxides present in various concentrations. The plasma was generated using a Nd:YAG laser and the spectra were acquired using an Echelle spectrometer, coupled to an ICCD detector, which covers a spectral range from 200 to 780 nm. Using a set of 19 calibration samples, we first established univariate calibration curves for the major elements (Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ti and Si). We found out that the presence of matrix effects makes such a model, traditionally used in LIBS, not satisfying for quantitative analysis of such samples. Indeed, no sufficiently linear trends can be extracted from the calibration curves for the elements of interest considering all the samples. Instead, a much more robust calibration approach was obtained by considering a multivariate model. The matrix effects are then taken into account by correcting the spectroscopic signals emitted by a given species due the presence of the others ones. More specifically, we established here a calibration model using a 2nd order polynomial linear multivariate inverse regression. The capability of this approach was then checked using a 2nd set of samples with an unknown composition. A good agreement was observed between the analysis provided by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and the LIBS measurements coupled to the multivariate model for the unknown samples.
An analysis of a rail car unloading area for a consumer products manufacturer

This paper reports on the results of an effort to design and analyse the rail car unloading area of Procter & Gamble's principal laundry detergent (soap powder) plant. In the first part of the study the design team established daily requirements for the number of raw material rail cars unloaded per day. The related combinatorial optimisation problem of assigning rail cars to positions on the platform and unloading equipment to rail cars was modelled as a mixed-integer nonlinear program. The inability of two standard commercial codes to find optimal solutions led to the development of a greedy randomised adaptive search procedure (GRASP). Accounting for the operational and physical limitations of the system, GRASP was used to determine the maximum performance that could be achieved under normal conditions. In the second part of the study alternative designs were proposed for meeting an expected 14% increase in demand over the next few years. The analytic hierarchy process in conjunction with a standard scoring model was used to rank the evaluation criteria and to select the preferred alternative. A worst-case analysis of the top candidate confirmed its performance capabilities.
Ethical issues in ovarian transplantation and donation.

The report of the successful replacement of ovarian tissue into a woman from whom it had been removed 2 years earlier raises several ethical questions about the use of techniques to prolong or exchange ovarian function (1). If the reported technique proves to be safe and effective, it will help women who face oophorectomy, radiation, or chemotherapy for cancer to preserve ovarian function and thus reproduce. Although this advance is unlikely to generate the controversies that reproductive innovations such as surrogacy and cloning have, important ethical issues will arise if such techniques lead to premenopausal ovarian storage by healthy women or ovary donation from cadavers or fetuses.
Visualization of risk of radiogenic second cancer in the organs and tissues of the human body

Background: Radiogenic second cancer is a common late effect in long term cancer survivors. Currently there are few methods or tools available to visually evaluate the spatial distribution of risks of radiogenic late effects in the human body. We developed a risk visualization method and demonstrated it for radiogenic second cancers in tissues and organs of one patient treated with photon volumetric modulated arc therapy and one patient treated with proton craniospinal irradiation. Methods: Treatment plans were generated using radiotherapy treatment planning systems (TPS) and dose information was obtained from TPS. Linear non-threshold risk coefficients for organs at risk of second cancer incidence were taken from the Biological Effects of Ionization Radiation VII report. Alternative risk models including linear exponential model and linear plateau model were also examined. The predicted absolute lifetime risk distributions were visualized together with images of the patient anatomy. Results: The risk distributions of second cancer for the two patients were visually presented. The risk distributions varied with tissue, dose, dose-risk model used, and the risk distribution could be similar to or very different from the dose distribution. Conclusions: Our method provides a convenient way to directly visualize and evaluate the risks of radiogenic second cancer in organs and tissues of the human body. In the future, visual assessment of risk distribution could be an influential determinant for treatment plan scoring.
Brillouin-enhanced hyperparametric generation of an optical frequency comb in a monolithic highly nonlinear fiber cavity pumped by a cw laser.

Introduction.—The ability to create a simple, coherent optical frequency comb has potential applications in precision measurement, short-pulse generation, microwave production, arbitrary optical and rf waveform engineering, and astronomy. In particular, generation of an optical comb with modes spaced by tens of gigahertz is especially useful because the resulting comb may be easily divided into its constituents for access and control of individual modes, and the coherent connection to radio frequencies enables low-phase-noise electronic signals. Historically, frequency combs were generated through electro-optic phase modulation of a laser [1,2] or by use of the output of a modelocked laser where the net gain is higher for a train of short pulses than for cw operation. Recent interest, however, has centered on comb generation in compact monolithic resonators. The combination of small mode volume and high quality factors (Q) makes monolithic resonators with nonlinear gain an ideal medium for efficient nonlinear optical processes. Previous work on nonlinear optics in monolithic resonators focuses on whispering-gallery modes and includes generation of frequency combs in microtoroids [3], four-wave mixing in microspheres [4] and microrings [5], and coherent backscattering and oscillation in LiNiO3 and CaF2 gain-based resonators [6]. Here, we report a substantially different monolithic
Skeletal deviations in rats: malformations or variations?

Skeletal variations were studied in 20-day rat fetuses from pregnant females given acetazolamide, actinomycin D, or sodium salicylate and in vehicle-treated and untreated controls. A slight increase over untreated control values as regards resorptions, malformations, and certain skeletal variants was noted in some vehicle-treated groups. Supernumerary 14th ribs were designated as rudimentary (less than half the length of the 13th rib) or extra (half or greater than half the length of the 13th rib) on the basis of actual measurement showing a bimodal distribution in length. The occurrence of rudimentary 14th ribs was highly variable after vehicle or teratogen treatment. Extra 14th ribs occurred in a dose-related fashion after actinomycin D (days 7 and 9) and sodium salicylate (which sometimes also produced 15th ribs), but not after acetazolamide treatment. Sternebrae were variable in form after most treatments and these changes showed a slight but insignificant increase after actinomycin D or sodium salicylate on day 9. The incidence of variations of vertebral centra was highly changeable after all treatments but was consistently greater after sc treatment with water or acetazolamide and appeared to be dose related after sodium salicylate. The authors believe that none of these skeletal variants should in themselves be considered as malformations. The possibility exists that extra 14th ribs could be regarded as indicators of teratogenic potency of a drug at some higher dosage; but the data presented did not demonstrate the usefulness of the other skeletal variants examined as signals of teratogenic potential.
Thoracic Diseases Associated with HIV Infection in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy: Clinical and Imaging Findings

The changing spectrum of HIV-related thoracic diseases and their clinical and radiologic manifestations are discussed to promote familiarity with and expedite diagnosis and treatment of these diseases in the era of antiretroviral therapy.
Physiologic observations on a segment of normal human jejunum.

Summary Numerous studies have been made on an exteriorized human loop of jejunum (Tables 1, 2). As a result of these studies further trial of calcium as an antispasmodic is indicated. A dissimilarity of action between ephedrine, epinephrine is demonstrated. Further information about the site of action of Etamon is presented.
PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR THE ARMY'S IMPINGING STREAM VORTEX ENGINE

The Army is developing gelled bipropellants and tactical missile propulsion systems that utilize these propellants for both current and future combat systems. The use of hypergolic gel propellants introduces new challenges in combustion control. One of these challenges is the mixing of oxidizer and fuel to obtain maximum performance from the combustor without increasing the size of the engine. The Army’s impinging stream vortex engine, ISVE, offers an alternative to increasing the volume of the combustion chamber and has already generated excellent performance test data. Since the ISVE is a new concept, analytical models that relate engine performance to engine design parameters are just beginning to emerge. In order to fully exploit the performance advantages that have been realized for the ISVE, it is desirable to understand the underlying flow physics of the engine. This paper describes the Army’s effort to use multidimensional, multiphase computational fluid dynamics, combined with highperformance computers to generate simulations of the ISVE that reveal gas/droplet dynamics and combustion patterns as well as predict chamber pressure and thrust levels for the engine. The goal is to utilize this computational tool to optimize the ISVE performance for a host of strategic Army missions.
Short-Term Load Forecasting Using Semigroup Based System-Type Neural Network

This paper presents a methodology for short-term load forecasting using a semigroup-based system-type neural network. A technique referred to as algebraic decomposition is proposed for the neural network architecture, where the network is decomposed into a semigroup channel and a function channel. The semigroup channel, made of coefficient vector, is shown to exhibit the dependency of the load on temperature, and the function channel extracts the basis vector to represent the fundamental characteristics of daily load cycles. Regression and rearrangement methods are applied to handle the roughness of the load data surface, and interpolation and extrapolation of coefficient vector is achieved based upon the hourly temperature. The recombination of basis vector and coefficient vector at each hour gives the load forecast. This methodology is verified by testing on the load data from New England Independent System Operator (ISO) and achieves satisfactory results.
Theory of the fiber Raman soliton laser

The sync-pumped fiber Raman soliton ring laser is analyzed. The dependence of pulse width on the gain and gain saturation and of the carrier frequency on the length of the ring is determined. The frequency shift caused by the noninstantaneous response of the nonlinear medium is determined, and it is found that bandwidth limiting is necessary to contain it. Limits on achievable pulse width are given.
Application of an algorithm-driven protocol to simultaneously provide universal and targeted prevention programs.

Objective Our objective was to develop a model to simultaneously prevent eating disorders and weight gain among female high school students. Method Of 188 female 10th graders enrolled in health classes, 174 elected to participate in the current study. They were assessed on-line and decided to participate in one of four interventions appropriate to their risk. Results The algorithm identified 111 no-risk (NR), 36 eating disorder risk (EDR), 16 overweight risk (OR), and 5 both risks. Fifty-six percent of the EDR and 50% of the OR groups elected to receive the recommended targeted curricula. Significant improvements in weight and shape concerns were observed in all groups. Discussion An Internet-delivered program can be used to assess risk and provide simultaneous universal and targeted interventions in classroom settings. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preservice Teachers' Preparation To Work with Paraeducators.

The purpose of this study was to investigate special educators' preparation far working with paraeducators in collaborative efforts, supervision, and evaluation. Respondents were asked if they had any preservice education to work with paraeducators or instruction from their school system. The majority of the 212 respondents of this survey indicated they are expected to supervise paraeducators but had no preservice education or inservice from their school system. Ninety percent of the respondents felt teacher-education institutions should educate preservice educators and indicated topics that should be covered. The results of two open-ended questions that asked special educators their greatest challenges and benefits of working with paraeducators were also compiled. Implications for future research and implications for school districts and teacher-education institutions are discussed.
Cultivating Resilience in Children From Divorced Families

The statistics for divorce in the United States are alarming. Among the shouting there are voices that are not being heard: the children’s. Empirical research has shown that the implementation of protective measures may increase the probability of a child becoming resilient in the face of divorce. This review of current literature is written to discuss what resiliency is and what protective factors will benefit the child. Counseling implications will be presented also.
The Counting Function for Finite Sets

In order to rediscover some properties of probability that were inspired by counting, we need to pursue properties of the counting function itself. Let S be a finite set (sample space) with points sls2• • •,smwhen S has size m; the counting function
Range-wide molecular analysis of the western pond turtle (Emys marmorata): cryptic variation, isolation by distance, and their conservation implications

We analysed phylogeography and population genetic variation across the range of the western pond turtle (Emys marmorata) using rapidly evolving mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Nuclear DNA sequences from two unlinked introns displayed extremely low levels of variation, but phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA recovered four well-supported and geographically coherent clades. These included a large Northern clade composed of populations from Washington south to San Luis Obispo County, California, west of the Coast Ranges; a San Joaquin Valley clade from the southern Great Central Valley; a geographically restricted Santa Barbara clade from a limited region in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties; and a Southern clade that occurs south of the Tehachapi Mountains and west of the Transverse Range south to Baja California, Mexico. An analysis of molecular variance (amova) based on regional hydrographic units revealed that populations from the Sacramento Valley north to Washington were virtually invariant, with no evidence of population substructure among northern river drainage basins. In other areas, E. marmorata contains considerable unrecognized variation, particularly in central and southern California and in northern Baja California, Mexico. Our northern clade is congruent with the distribution of the subspecies Emys marmorata marmorata (Washington-central California). However, no clade is congruent with the distribution of the southern subspecies Emys marmorata pallida from central California-Baja. Thus, recognition of the current subspecies split is not warranted, based on the available genetic evidence. Our amova and phylogenetic results, in conjunction with a growing comparative database for other codistributed aquatic taxa, confirm the occurrence of genetic breaks across the Tehachapi Mountains and Transverse Range bounding the southern end of the Great Central Valley, and point to southern California as a rich source of cryptic genetic variation.
Neoliberalism for the Common Good? Public Value Governance and the Downsizing of Democracy

This article raises a set of cautions regarding public value governance along two dimensions. First, it questions the common claim that public value governance poses a direct challenge to the economistic logic of neoliberalism. Second, although public value is often presented as a democratizing agenda, leading works sidestep foundational questions of power and conflict and advance prescriptions that are at odds with important democratic values. Without attending to these problems, the public value concept risks producing a new variant of neoliberal rationality, extending and strengthening the de--democratizing, market-oriented project that its proponents seek to overturn.
Characterization of the aquarius and juno radiometers using a programmable digital noise source

A new and improved L-Band version of a programmable digital noise source has been developed to aid in the characterization of microwave radiometers. The system consists of a commercial arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), "RF Head" frequency upconversion modulators with integral calibration reference sources, and a local oscillator. It is being used to evaluate the performance of two upcoming spaceborne microwave radiometers - the Aquarius polarimetric radiometer (a low earth orbiting ocean salinity mission) and the Juno microwave radiometer (a Jupiter orbiter for atmospheric sounding). For each of these radiometer evaluations, the programmable noise source can generate signals that: a) simulate the expected observations and test the radiometer's response; and b) exercise the radiometer's response to variations in the observations in such a way that its overall behavior can be more fully characterized.
An obscure cause of hip pain.

Abstract Background: We describe the case of a 53-year-old woman with hip pain secondary to an obturator hernia. Obturator hernia is uncommon, and the most lethal of all abdominal hernias. The high mortality rate of this disease requires an acute clinical awareness to facilitate rapid diagnosis and surgical intervention for improved prognosis. Objectives: This case highlights a vitally important diagnosis that is rarely discussed in the emergency medicine literature. Case Report: Our patient presented without symptoms typical of a bowel obstruction, although a computed tomography scan of her pelvis revealed an incarcerated obturator hernia and a small bowel obstruction. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and expeditious surgical management resulted in a good outcome.
Tn5 Transposase with an Altered Specificity for Transposon Ends

Tn 5 is a composite bacterial transposon that encodes a protein, transposase (Tnp), required for movement of the transposon. The initial step in the transposition pathway involves specific binding of Tnp to 19-bp end recognition sequences. Tn 5 contains two different specific end sequences, termed outside end (OE) and inside end (IE). In Escherichia coli, IE is methylated by Dam methylase (IE ME ). This methylation greatly inhibits recognition by Tnp and greatly reduces the ability of transposase to facilitate movement of IE defined transposons. Through use of a combinatorial random mutagenesis technique (DNA shuffling), we have isolated an IE ME -specific hyperactive form of Tnp, Tnp sC7v.2.0, that is able to promote high levels of transposition of IE ME defined transposons in vivo and in vitro while functioning at wild-type levels with OE transposons. This protein contains a critical glutamate-to-valine mutation at amino acid 58 that is responsible for this change in end specificity.
Internet Valuations And Economic Sustainability

AOL bought the social networking site Bebo for $850 million in 2008 but sold it for pennies two years later. Recently the former premier social networking site, MySpace, reduced their staff by 47% and restructured again amid mounting losses. These are good indicators that economic sustainability on the Internet, especially among social networking sites is not guaranteed. The recent massive $80 billion valuation of the social networking site Facebook should therefore be looked at with caution.
Tobacco Smoking as a Risk Factor for Increased Antibiotic Prescription

Introduction Antibiotic resistance is rapidly spreading, affecting millions of people and costing billions of dollars. Potential factors affecting antibiotic prescription, such as tobacco use, could dramatically influence this public health crisis. The study determined the magnitude of impact that tobacco use has on antibiotic prescribing patterns. Methods Pooled data were analyzed in 2015 from the 2006–2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a cross-sectional survey describing use of ambulatory medical services in the U.S. via healthcare provider–patient encounters. Patients aged >18 years with documented tobacco use status diagnosed with an infection were included (i.e., all encounters in the analysis included an infectious diagnosis of interest). The analytic sample included 8,307 visits, representing 294 million visits nationally. Results Half (49.9%) of encounters that included any infection had an antibiotic prescribed. Adjusted odds of receiving antibiotics among current tobacco users was 1.20 (95% CI=1.02, 1.42), and even higher for encounters of respiratory infections (AOR=1.31, 95% CI=1.05, 1.62). Antibiotic prescription rates were lower among patients aged >65 years, those with comorbid asthma or cancer, non-whites, and those covered by Medicaid and higher for primary care physicians. Conclusions Despite lack of evidence-based rationale, among a national sample of patients with an infectious diagnosis, tobacco users had 20%–30% higher odds of receiving antibiotics than non-tobacco users. This is the first U.S. study to quantify the magnitude of this unsubstantiated practice. Prescribers should understand that tobacco use could be associated with higher antibiotic prescription, which may subsequently increase antimicrobial resistance in the community.
Rethinking Right: Moral Epistemology in Management Research

Most management researchers pause at the threshold of objective right and wrong. Their hesitation is understandable. Values imply a “subjective,” personal dimension, one that can invite religious and moral interference in research. The dominant epistemological camps of positivism and subjectivism in management stumble over the notion of moral objectivity. Empirical research can study values in human behavior, but hard-headed scientists should not assume that one value can be objectively better than another. In this article, we invite management researchers to rethink this presumption. We show how accepting at least a limited form of moral objectivity, namely, an epistemic orientation that seeks objective moral reasons, can benefit management research by 1. guiding research practice; 2. using patterns of moral objectivity as clues for formulating empirical hypotheses for psychological explanations; and 3. adding prescriptive power to empirical theories.
An Empirical Method for Measuring Optical Properties with Structured Illumination beyond the Diffusion Regime

Sinusoidally-structured illumination is used in concert with a phantom-based lookup-table (LUT) to map wide-field optical properties in turbid media with reduced albedos as low as 0.44. The LUT uses a single calibration standard.
The Gestational Vaginal Microbiome and Spontaneous Preterm Birth among Nulliparous African American Women.

Introduction Early markers to identify pregnant women at high risk for spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) have not been established and preventive options are limited. Recent attention has focused on examining the importance of characterizing the vaginal microbiome to predict SPTB. Results We examined the diversity and structure of the vaginal microbiome in nulliparous African American women during early pregnancy and compared 13 women who delivered preterm and 27 women who delivered at term. Samples were taken at one of two points in gestation, before 16 weeks or between 20 and 24 weeks. Among women who delivered preterm, we found lower bacterial diversity with lower abundance of Coriobacteriaceae, Sneathia, Prevotella, and Aerococcus compared with women delivering at term (linear discriminant analysis score > 3.0). The Shannon diversity index was not significantly different between the groups (p-value = 0.239). Phylogenetic diversity and Chao1 suggested a lower diversity in the vaginal microbiota of women who delivered preterm compared with term, but these findings were not significantly different (p = 0.077 and p = 0.066, respectively). Conclusion These data suggest that the vaginal microbiome of women delivering preterm had lower diversity than women delivering after 37 weeks, although these findings need to be explored in a larger sample of nulliparous African American women.
A Reductive-Heck Approach to the Hydroazulene Ring System: A Formal Synthesis of the Englerins

The reduction of a palladium enolate prior to β-hydride elimination provides a unique reaction for the synthesis of the hydroazulene ring system. When combined with a transannular epoxide rearrangement cascade, the reductive-Heck reaction allows rapid entry to the oxo-bridged guaiane core of the englerins.
Improvement on Method for Determination of Salt in Meat Products

Objective To develop a new method for determination of salt in meat products.Method The sodium chloride was titrated by silver nitrate,and protein and other impurity in meat products were deposited by coprecipitation reagent.The contents of salt in samples were calculated by the concentration and volume of silver nitrate.Results The recovery and RSD were 99.3% and 2.11%,respectively.There was no significant difference between the method and national standard method.Conclusion The method could be applied to determination of salt in meat products.
Inspiration and instruction: Commentary on C. J. Peek’s study of Don Bloch’s legacy.

Comments on the article "Don Bloch's vision for Collaborative Family Health Care: Progress and next steps" by C. J. Peek (see record 2015-25290-002). C. J. offers us a breathtaking, magnificent gift, itself made from gifts. He has taken something good-Don's seminal contributions- and by showing them off in their properly revealed context, like a stone in a setting, has multiplied their value and created something new in its own right. Make no mistake: this article is a work of serious research, conducted according to the methods of the longest-running research tradition of all-historical research, and specifically, comparative historical research (Turner, 2014).
Health needs of people living below poverty level.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Low-income populations, especially persons without health insurance, suffer disproportionately with a variety of chronic ailments, postpone getting medical care, and have shorter life spans. This study was conducted to better understand the health care needs and behaviors of people living in poverty. METHODS Participants for the study were recruited through agencies serving low-income and homeless people, neighborhood businesses, churches, and subsidized housing units. All participants were adults who had incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level. Subjects completed face-to-face interviews to answer questions about demographics and their concerns about health care. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 750 people were interviewed, with 729 providing usable data. Thirty-seven percent of subjects reported spending at least part of the previous year without health insurance. Fifty-six percent of these individuals were persons who were employed but whose employers did not provide health insurance. Reported health concerns were access to care (reported by 21% of subjects), costs of care (13%), and ability to purchase medications (15%). Forty-five percent of subjects reported receiving mental health services; these subjects were concerned about their ability to continue receiving care and to afford medications. CONCLUSIONS The portion of the low-income population that is uninsured for part or all of a year is greater than in published reports. The health behaviors of this group are easily understood when coverage (if any), level of income, age, and health care needs are considered.
SU-D-207B-05: Robust Intra-Tumor Partitioning to Identify High-Risk Subregions for Prognosis in Lung Cancer

Purpose: To develop an intra-tumor partitioning framework for identifying high-risk subregions from 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and CT imaging, and to test whether tumor burden associated with the high-risk subregions is prognostic of outcomes in lung cancer. Methods: In this institutional review board-approved retrospective study, we analyzed the pre-treatment FDG-PET and CT scans of 44 lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. A novel, intra-tumor partitioning method was developed based on a two-stage clustering process: first at patient-level, each tumor was over-segmented into many superpixels by k-means clustering of integrated PET and CT images; next, tumor subregions were identified by merging previously defined superpixels via population-level hierarchical clustering. The volume associated with each of the subregions was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis regarding its prognostic capability in predicting overall survival (OS) and out-of-field progression (OFP). Results: Three spatially distinct subregions were identified within each tumor, which were highly robust to uncertainty in PET/CT co-registration. Among these, the volume of the most metabolically active and metabolically heterogeneous solid component of the tumor was predictive of OS and OFP on the entire cohort, with a concordance index or CI = 0.66–0.67. When restricting the analysis to patients with stage III disease (n = 32), the same subregion achieved an even higher CI = 0.75 (HR = 3.93, logrank p = 0.002) for predicting OS, and a CI = 0.76 (HR = 4.84, logrank p = 0.002) for predicting OFP. In comparison, conventional imaging markers including tumor volume, SUVmax and MTV50 were not predictive of OS or OFP, with CI mostly below 0.60 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: We propose a robust intra-tumor partitioning method to identify clinically relevant, high-risk subregions in lung cancer. We envision that this approach will be applicable to identifying useful imaging biomarkers in many cancer types.