cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equivalent constant rates for post-quake seismic decision making

Abstract The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology to quantify the time-varying post-quake aftershock threat in a manner consistent with the development of conventional design ground motion levels, which are typically based on a constant probability of exceedance of a given ground motion intensity. We use the frequency of collapse of a mainshock-damaged building in the aftershock environment as a proxy for the life-safety risk faced by an arbitrary building occupant. We demonstrate that the time-varying aftershock threat can be transformed to an equivalent constant collapse rate for a mainshock-damaged building by considering the total expected number of aftershock collapse events in the time interval of interest and a ‘social discount factor’, typically taken to be from 3% to 5%. The ability to quantify the time-varying life-safety risk in the aftershock environment in a manner compatible with existing building code provisions will allow informed building evacuation and re-occupancy decisions to be made. While this concept has been introduced for the aftershock environment, it may also be a potential solution to a wider class of safety problems involving transient life threats.
Optimum Linear Estimation of Stochastic Signals in the Presence of Multiplicative Noise

This paper considers optimum (MMSE) linear recursive estimation of stochastic signals in the presence of multiplicative noise in addition to measurement noise. Often problems associated with phenomena such as fading or reflection of the transmitted signal at an ionospheric layer, and also situations involving sampling, gating, or amplitude modulation, can be cast into such formulation. The different kinds of estimation problems treated include one-stage prediction, filtering, and smoothing. Algorithms are presented for discrete time as well as for continuous time estimation.
Molecular mechanisms of yeast aging

The life cycle of many organisms involves a progressive decline in fitness and fecundity with age, and yeast is no exception. Many theories have been proposed to explain the mortality of yeast cells, including the increase in cell size and accumulation of bud scars on the cell surface. None of these has survived closed scrutiny. However, recent discoveries might have validated one aging model in which the triggering of a molecular aging clock results in the replication and accumulation of a senescence factor that eventually overwhelms old cells.
Relative positions of the contacts on the cartilage surfaces of the knee joint

The goal of this project was to determine the centers of contacts (points of closest approach of the articular surfaces) for the tibio-femoral and patello-femoral joints throughout the flexion range, with a focus on high flexion where there is potential overlap between the contacts. The purpose was to determine the implications to the design of joint replacements and tissue engineered implants. Eight cadaveric knees were mounted in a rig with different loading combinations applied to the femur, including axial load, anterior/posterior shear, and internal/external torque. The range of flexion was 0 degrees to 155 degrees . Reference points on the bones measured during the experiments were used to later reconstruct an accurate 3D computer model of the multiple joint positions and determine the centers of contact between the opposing bearing surfaces. The tibio-femoral contact at 0 degrees flexion was displaced 5 mm anterior to the notch (the end point of the articular cartilage on the mid-line of the femoral sulcus) on the medial side, while remaining level with the notch on the lateral side. The patella contacts on the femur extended 15 mm posterior to the intercondylar notch with a centerline between the lateral and medial paths being several millimeters lateral to the center of the femur. The centers of the patella contacts were close to the inner margin of the medial condyle and did not directly overlap with the centers of the tibial contacts. On the lateral side the patella contacts ended where the tibial contacts began. For applications to medial unicondylar knee replacement design it was shown that patellar impingement on the anterior of the femoral component would occur at 110 degrees flexion. For TKR design, a continuous patella contact up to high flexion could be obtained by extending the trochlea 15 mm posterior to the intercondylar notch.
Salvage whole-abdominal radiation therapy after second-look laparotomy or secondary debulking surgery in patients with ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objectives Our aim was to determine the outcomes associated with use of whole-abdominal radiation therapy (WART) in women with ovarian cancer, to identify predictors of response, and to assess associated toxicity. Methods From 1981 through 2000, 171 women received WART at our institution after ovarian cancer surgery. Relevant clinical information was extracted through retrospective chart review. Results One hundred nine patients received WART after positive second-look laparotomy (SLL), and 62 were treated after secondary debulking (SD) for recurrent disease. The median dose to the whole abdomen was 25.5 Gy (range, 1.0–30.5 Gy). Therapy included a pelvic boost in 120 patients (70%) and a para-aortic boost in 21 patients (12%). The planned radiation course was completed in 123 patients (72%). In the SLL group, 5-year survival was 29% with a median follow-up of 98.4 months. The 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 41% in those with microscopic disease. There was one treatment-related death (1%). For the SD group, median PFS was 11 months and associated with treatment-related mortality in 5%. Overall, treatment-related small bowel obstruction occurred in 26 patients (15%). Conclusions In patients with a positive SLL, WART should be considered only for those with microscopic residual disease. Treatment-related small bowel obstruction can be expected in 15% of these patients. Use of WART for recurrent disease appears to be related to serious bowel toxicity in 5% with an associated short disease-free interval; the therapeutic index of WART may not be acceptable in patients with recurrent disease regardless of the degree of cytoreduction.
A topological principle for retarded functional differential equations of Carathéodory type

Abstract The paper presents a Razumikhin-type version of Wazewski's principle for RFDEs of Caratheodory type, thus generalizing the author's previous results ( J. Differential Equations 36, 117–138 (1980) ). A few facts from the theory of RFDEs are reviewed, and the concept of a regular polyfacial set with respect to an RFDE of Caratheodory type is introduced and the results are state and proved. Most of the examples given in the above work can easily be adapted to the more general setting of Caratheodory systems. An indication how to do it is given in only one case. Throughout the paper, standard notation is used.
Comparison of Modified Direct-Plating Procedures for Recovery of Injured Escherichia coli

E. coli ATCC 11775 was heat injured at 59, 62, and 69°C, and recovered by a modification of the conventional coliform count on VRB. Four enrichment media, four selective overlay media, and four preincubation periods were tested to determine the optimal method for recovery of injured coliforms. Preincubation of injured E. coli for 2 hr on tryptone glucose extract (TGE) medium or plate count agar (PCA) significantly increased recovery of injured cells. Single strength violet red bile (VRB) agar gave higher recoveries than double strength VRB. No significant differences were observed between counts on boiled and sterilized VRB. We recommend the use of sterilized VRB since it is more convenient to prepare and store. Of the four enrichment and selective media examined, the recovery media of choice were TGE or PCA when used in combination with the sterilized VRB as the overlay medium. Therefore, preincubation for 2 hr with TGE or PCA overlayed with sterilized VRB is recommended for optimal recovery of injured E. coli.
Controversies. Nasal septal melanoma

The controversial issues on management of nasal septal melanoma center around the extent of pretreatment evaluation. Probably the minimum required is a chest radiograph, CBC, and liver function test (Dr. Westbrook). The use of bone scan and CT scans of brain, lungs, and abdomen (Drs. Suen and Medina) is controversial and of little yield. Aside from distant metastasis to the lung, liver, and brain, the regional metastatic spread pattern includes the nodal groups of the buccal, submental, and submandibular areas, with the possibility of bilateral involvement. All consultants agreed that the primary tumor should be treated with a wide local excision; however, there is no agreement as to the extent of nodal groups included in the nodal dissection. No consultant recommended primary septal reconstruction. The use of postoperative radiotherapy in high-dose fractions remains experimental, in the protocol research stage.
Aldehyde Derivatives of Indoleamines and the Enhancement of their Binding onto Brain Macromolecules by Pentobarbital and Acetaldehyde

ALDEHYDE derivatives of catecholamines and of indoleamines, for example, of serotonin, are formed in the brain by the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)1,2. Further metabolic transformation proceeds via an NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH)3,4 and an NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase (ADR)5, which has been shown to be inhibited by low concentrations of barbiturates, both in vitro6,7 and in vivo8. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, on the other hand, has a wide substrate specificity and a given substrate may compete for oxidation with others (such as competition between acetaldehyde and 5-hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde9). These metabolic relationships would be expected, in proper circumstances (that is, in the presence of barbiturates or acetaldehyde), to increase the steady state concentration of aldehyde intermediates of biogenic amines.
Relaxation of a viscoelastic gel bar: I. theory

When a rod of gel is deflected in 3-point bending, two types of relaxation process occur: hydrodynamic relaxation caused by flow of liquid within the gel network, and viscoelastic relaxation of the network itself. The kinetics of load relaxation have previously been analyzed for the case of hydrodynamic relaxation within a perfectly elastic network. That analysis describes, for example, the behavior of silica gel in a nonreactive solvent, such as acetone. When the liquid can attack the gel network, then true viscoelastic relaxation is superimposed on hydrodynamic relaxation, and that situation is examined in the present paper. To a very good degree of approximation, the total relaxation is equal to the product of the hydrodynamic and viscoelastic relaxation functions. In Part II, it will be shown that the present analysis describes the behavior of silica gel in an aqueous solvent and in an alcohol/amine solution.
Dress, posture, and setting as additive factors in subjective probabilities of rape

Subjects indicated the likelihood that a female, photographed in eight situations, would be raped. The situations were created by the Cartesian product of her dress (seductive/nonseductive), posture (aggressive/nonaggressive), and setting (inside/outside). The three variables combined additively with the highest subjective probability of rape associated with the seductive/nonaggressive/outside condition.
β-galactosidase as a marker in the peripheral and neural tissues of the herpes simplex virus-infected mouse

We have inserted a modified Escherichia coli lacZ gene, placed under the control of herpes simplex virus alpha 4 or beta 8 regulatory signals, into the HSV-1 genome disrupting the viral thymidine kinase gene. Using beta-galactosidase as an in situ indicator of viral gene expression, we detected expression from these recombinant HSV in dermal and neural tissues of the BALB/c mouse. Our detection of beta-galactosidase expression in neuronal cells indicates that TK-deficient viruses are capable of invading mouse neuronal cells and expressing up to the beta class of gene product.
Surface renewal theory for turbulent mixed convection in vertical ducts

Abstract A heat transfer correlation for opposing mixed turbulent convection in vertical ducts was obtained utilizing surface renewal theory. The correlation was found to be Nu D b = 0.0115 Re D h 0.8 Pr 0.5 1 + [1 − 696 Re 0.8 D h + 8300 Gr D b Re 2.6 D h (Pr 0.5 +1) ] 0.39 The correlation fit data to within 7% over a parameter range of 0.7 Pr 4 Re D h 4 , and 1 × 10 6 Gr D h 9 . The mean residence time, characterizing the time a clump of fluid resides on the wall, was found to decrease as both Gr D b Re 2.6 D h (Pr 0.5 +1) and Re D h increase. This explains the enhanced heat transfer due to buoyancy in opposing mixed turbulent flows. This heat transfer enhancement was also reflected in a decreasing thermal boundary layer thickness with increasing Re D h , Gr D h or Pr .
Faces, fear and the amygdala

Two reports - one on page 669 of this issue, the other to appear in Brain next February - provide rare and remarkable evidence that in humans a brain structure called the amygdala participates in the perception of social signals. Both groups find that damage to the amygdala produces selective deficits in the perception of facial expression. The amygdala is roughly the size and shape of an almond nut, and lies deeply buried in the temporal lobe.
Computer simulation of spin reorientations in polycrystalline materials - application to R2Fe14Ba)

Abstract The easy direction of magnetization (DOM) is an extremely important property of a magnetic material, in regards to both permanent magnet and recording applications. In many magnetic materials, most notably Nd 2 Fe 14 B, the DOM is temperature dependent. When utilizing methods which permit the orientation of either a single crystal or pseudo-single crystal to be rigidly constrained (e.g., VSM and extraction), it is possible to determine the temperature dependence of the DOM directly. However, the determination of spin-reorientation temperatures with powder samples is not always straighforward. In some cases, a peak is observed in the magnetization versus temperature curve, while in other either a drop or an increase is observed. Using a two-dimensional, two-crystallite grain as a model and assumed temperature dependencies of the anisottropy constants, K 1 and K 2 , it is shown that these peaks and other features can be explained by polycrystalline particles (or, equivalently, imperfect alignment of the powder). It is further shown that spin-reorientation temperatures are invariably characterized by the inflection points in the low field magnetization versus temperature curve. Examples of such curves obtained from a Faraday balance for Nd 2 Fe 12 Si 2 B and Pr 2 Co 14 B are given.
First Report of Anthracnose on Weeping Willow in Greece.

A serious disease of weeping willow (Salix babylonica) trees in home and public gardens was observed in the Chalkidiki region (northern Greece) during the spring of 1995 and 1996. Purplish-brown or black, small necrotic spots appeared on the leaves and often on leaf veins. Leaves became distorted and fell. Small, light, sunken cankers with dark brown rim and paler center, elongated in shape, appeared on the young shoots and on the leaf petioles. Severely affected shoots lost their weeping habit on which the tree's ornamental value is based. Whitish acervuli covered the leaf spots and the cankers. Masses of conidia emerged from the acervuli under high relative humidity conditions. The conidia were hyaline, clavate to pyriform, two-celled (unequally), measuring 14 to 19 × 4 to 7 μm, and belonged to the fungus Marssonina salicicola (Bres.) Magnus (1), which is the anamorph of the ascomycete Drepanopeziza sphaeroides (Pers.) Hohnel, the cause of anthracnose of weeping willow. The outbreak of the disease can b...
Sociodemographic predictors of prostate cancer risk category at diagnosis: unique patterns of significant and insignificant disease.

Purpose: We determined various sociodemographic predictors of prostate cancer risk category at presentation as assessed by serum prostate specific antigen, cancer grade and tumor stage.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 5,939 patients enrolled in the CaPSURE™ national disease registry database between 1995 and 2007. Prostate cancer risk category was assigned as low, intermediate or high based on diagnostic prostate specific antigen, clinical grade and biopsy Gleason grade. Additionally, a group of men with low grade, limited volume tumors were identified as having clinically insignificant disease. The primary outcome was prostate cancer risk category at presentation. Treatment received vs active surveillance was analyzed as a secondary end point.Results: Patients who were older, had lower levels of education and had Medicare with or without a supplement instead of private or Veteran's Affairs insurance were more likely to have intermediate and high risk disease than low ri...
On the photoisomerization of bicyclo[3.2.1]octadienones

Abstract Two bicyclo[3.2.n]dienones, which differ from one another only by the presence or absence of an O atom as the “n” bridge, show very different pbotoisomerization behavior. Irradation of hexamethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octadienone 12 gives endo-6-acetylpentamethylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexenone 16, probably via an initial [1,3] sigmatropic rearrangement (Scheme 3). In contrast, hexamethylbicyclo[3.2.0]heptadienone 14 photoisomerizes via an initial [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, the isolated product being the relatively stable cyclopentadiene-ketene 26. The methylene analog of 14 (i.e.32) rearranges similarly. giving allene 33 and alkyne 34. The mechanisms of these photoisomerizations are discussed.
Dynamic mechanical response of polymer‐impregnated mortars

Dynamic elastic modulus and internal friction of a Portland cement (Type I) mortar system impregnated with an epoxy resin system and with methyl methacrylate were measured in the temperature range of 100 to 450°K by use of a free-free resonance technique. Dynamic modulus values were found to increase greatly compared to controls, especially at lower (<300°K) temperatures. Above 320°K the dynamic moduli of polymer-impregnated mortars exhibited a sharp decrease toward control values. Low temperature damping maxima of the composites differed significantly from those of the constituent phases.
JUVENTUD Y CONSUMO: BASES ANALÍTICAS PARA UNA PROBLEMATIZACIÓN

Resumen es: El presente ensayo presenta un marco conceptual de base que permita abordar los procesos de consumo en los jovenes, desde una perspectiva relacional. En ...
High-resolution nucleosome mapping of targeted regions using BAC-based enrichment.

We report a target enrichment method to map nucleosomes of large genomes at unprecedented coverage and resolution by deeply sequencing locus-specific mononucleosomal DNA enriched via hybridization with bacterial artificial chromosomes. We achieved ≈ 10 000-fold enrichment of specific loci, which enabled sequencing nucleosomes at up to ≈ 500-fold higher coverage than has been reported in a mammalian genome. We demonstrate the advantages of generating high-sequencing coverage for mapping the center of discrete nucleosomes, and we show the use of the method by mapping nucleosomes during T cell differentiation using nuclei from effector T-cells differentiated from clonal, isogenic, naive, primary murine CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. The analysis reveals that discrete nucleosomes exhibit cell type-specific occupancy and positioning depending on differentiation status and transcription. This method is widely applicable to mapping many features of chromatin and discerning its landscape in large genomes at unprecedented resolution.
Impact of boundary conditions, glass fiber orientation and stress-free temperature on the performance of a plastic-enclosed electronic product in a thermal cycling environment

Automotive electronic products generally consist of a glass filled plastic housing, aluminum cover, and a laminated PCB with several components such as chip capacitors, resistors and leaded chips mounted on it. Typically all electronic products are subjected to validation testing to evaluate their reliability under vibration, shock and thermal cycling environment. Reliability of such electronic products/components poses a huge challenge for design engineers, particularly under severe automotive thermal cycling profiles. Typical failures under thermal cycling such as component lead breakage, wire bond breakage at the heel near bond pad and shearing of the solder joint result in discontinuity of electrical connections and thereby fail to qualify the product level functionality test. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a powerful computational technique to evaluate the physical behavior of a product in a given environment. However, boundary conditions or constraints in a system level model significantly affect the behavior of the product in thermal cycling analysis. A poor choice of boundary conditions can sometimes fail to capture the real physics of the problem, thereby resulting in incorrect conclusions. In this paper, effects of system level boundary conditions on an automotive electronics package are studied for a thermal cycling profile. A coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch analysis is performed to simulate the given thermal cycling profile. The study is focused on the reliability of gold wire bond on an integrated chip (Ie) making electrical connection to an adjacent substrate. FE analysis results indicate that boundary conditions on the system-level model significantly affect wire bond stresses noticed at the heel of the bond and these in turn, affect the number of survival thermal cycles. Hence it is extremely critical to use appropriate constraints on the product that will result in the same physical behavior as seen on the test sample inside the thermal chamber. Results from selected FE analyses are correlated with laboratory thermal durability tests on wire bond. This paper also addresses how fiber orientations in glass-filled plastic and the appropriate choice of stress-free temperature are critical to end result. We caution the FE analyst from using temperature dependent coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) data without transformation to a stress-free condition in a cooling cycle of thermal mismatch analysis.
The nature of the transport ATPase-digitalis complex. I. Formation and reversibility in the presence and absence of a phosphorylated enzyme

Abstract The stability of the H3-cardiac glycoside-Na+,K+-ATPase complex was studied at various temperatures. Complex I, formed in the presence of [ATP + Mg++ + Na+], was much less stable than complex II, synthesized in the presence of [Mg++ + Pi] or [Mg++ + acetate]. Dissociation of the former was prevented by K+; the more stable complex II was unaffected by K+.
Analytically Modeling Application Execution for Software-Hardware Co-design

Software-hardware co-design has become increasingly important as the scale and complexity of both are reaching an unprecedented level. To predict and understand application behavior on emerging or conceptual systems, existing research has mostly relied on cycle-accurate micro-architecture simulators, which are known to be time-consuming and are oblivious to workloads' control flow structure. As a result, simulations are often limited to small kernels, and the first step in the co-design process is often to extract important kernels, construct mini-applications, and identify potential hardware limitations. This requires a high level understanding about the full applications' potential behavior on a future system, e.g. the most time-consuming regions, the performance bottlenecks for these regions, etc. Unfortunately, such application knowledge gained from one system may not hold true on a future system. One solution is to instrument the full application with timers and simulate it with a reasonable input size, which can be a daunting task in itself. We propose an alternative approach to gain first-order insights into hardware-dependent application behavior by trading off the accuracy of analysis for improved efficiency. By modeling the execution flows of user applications and analyzing it using target hardware's performance models, our technique requires no cycle-accurate simulation on a prospective system. In fact, our technique's analysis time does not increase with the input data size.
Health Promotion in People with Multiple Sclerosis

Chronic diseases like MS present unique challenges and opportunities for patients and the medical care system. Patients are challenged because they are under tremendous pressure to actively engage themselves in multiple prevention, treatment, and health maintenance behaviors, often before they feel ready. Health care providers are challenged because health-promotion activities require more time, counseling skills, and organizational resources than traditional, acute medical care. Patients, clinicians, and researchers face the challenge of determining which health-promotion activities are not only supported by the evidence but also appropriate for a given patient. New models of health promotion are being developed that integrate self-help and professional help. These approaches have been applied in other chronic diseases and should be adapted and studied among people with MS.
Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study

Findings We enrolled and analysed 42 412 children (derivation and validation populations: 8502 and 2216 younger than 2 years, and 25 283 and 6411 aged 2 years and older). We obtained CT scans on 14 969 (35·3%); ciTBIs occurred in 376 (0·9%), and 60 (0·1%) underwent neurosurgery. In the validation population, the prediction rule for children younger than 2 years (normal mental status, no scalp haematoma except frontal, no loss of consciousness or loss of consciousness for less than 5 s, non-severe injury mechanism, no palpable skull fracture, and acting normally according to the parents) had a negative predictive value for ciTBI of 1176/1176 (100·0%, 95% CI 99·7–100·0) and sensitivity of 25/25 (100%, 86·3–100·0). 167 (24·1%) of 694 CT-imaged patients younger than 2 years were in this low-risk group. The prediction rule for children aged 2 years and older (normal mental status, no loss of consciousness, no vomiting, non-severe injury mechanism, no signs of basilar skull fracture, and no severe headache) had a negative predictive value of 3798/3800 (99·95%, 99·81–99·99) and sensitivity of 61/63 (96·8%, 89·0–99·6). 446 (20·1%) of 2223 CT-imaged patients aged 2 years and older were in this low-risk group. Neither rule missed neurosurgery in validation populations.
Novel eukaryotic enzymes modifying cell-surface biopolymers

Eukaryotic extracellular matrices such as proteoglycans, sclerotinized structures, mucus, external tests, capsules, cell walls and waxes contain highly modified proteins, glycans and other composite biopolymers. Using comparative genomics and sequence profile analysis we identify several novel enzymes that could be potentially involved in the modification of cell-surface glycans or glycoproteins. Using sequence analysis and conservation we define the acyltransferase domain prototyped by the fungal Cas1p proteins, identify its active site residues and unify them to the superfamily of classical 10TM acyltransferases (e.g. oatA). We also identify a novel family of esterases (prototyped by the previously uncharacterized N-terminal domain of Cas1p) that have a similar fold as the SGNH/GDSL esterases but differ from them in their conservation pattern. We posit that the combined action of the acyltransferase and esterase domain plays an important role in controlling the acylation levels of glycans and thereby regulates their physico-chemical properties such as hygroscopicity, resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis and physical strength. We present evidence that the action of these novel enzymes on glycans might play an important role in host-pathogen interaction of plants, fungi and metazoans. We present evidence that in plants (e.g. PMR5 and ESK1) the regulation of carbohydrate acylation by these acylesterases might also play an important role in regulation of transpiration and stress resistance. We also identify a subfamily of these esterases in metazoans (e.g. C7orf58), which are fused to an ATP-grasp amino acid ligase domain that is predicted to catalyze, in certain animals, modification of cell surface polymers by amino acid or peptides. This article was reviewed by Gaspar Jekely and Frank Eisenhaber
A general purpose neuro-image processor architecture

A general purpose neuro-image processor architecture based on the Multiplexing Neuron Array (MNA) is proposed. It is a pseudo parallel matrix-vector multiplier. The proposed architecture can process not only vector signals but two dimensional signals as well, so various types of neural networks or image processing paradigm can be implemented without any hardware modification. The major advantage is an unlimited expansion capability due to simple routings between processing elements. The architecture can be implemented with any discrete-time system, i.e., digital system, Switched-Capacitor, Switched-Current. For illustration, a multilayer perceptron network and recurrent network are implemented with fabricated Switched-Capacitor CMOS chips.
The application of small porous particles, high temperatures, and high pressures to generate very high resolution LC and LC/MS separations.

The effect of combining sub-2 μm porous particles with elevated operating temperatures on chromatographic performance has been investigated in terms of chromatographic efficiency, productivity, peak elution order, and observed operating pressure. The use of elevated temperature in LC does not increase the obtainable performance but allows the same performance to be obtained in less time. Increasing the column temperature did allow the use of longer columns, generating column efficiencies in excess of 100 000 plates and gradient peak capacities approaching 1000. Raising the temperature increased the optimal mobile phase linear velocity, negating somewhat the pressure benefits observed by reducing the solvent viscosity. When operating at higher temperature the analyte retention is not only reduced, but the order of elution will also often change. High temperature separations allowed exotic organic modifiers such as isopropanol to be exploited for alternative selectivity and faster analysis. Finally, care must be taken when using high temperature separations to ensure that the narrow peak widths produced do not compromise the quality of data obtained from detectors such as high resolution mass spectrometers.
Surprise, Attraction, and Propagation An Aircraft is No Place for a Catastrophe

The management of off-normal operational events, such as an aircraft in-flight loss of control, present a formidable challenge to the stakeholders of commercial aviation. This paper posits that present solutions to off-normal events are grounded in linear models of accident causation that are insufficient in today's complex socio-technical domain--where change propagates through systems to produce instability and system state shifts. These prior methods of system safety are predominately predicated upon the notion that system failure can be mitigated to acceptable levels of risk by using defenses, constraints, and controls in design and practice; such perspectives also influence post-accident investigation and remediation. This paper provides a new theory of aircraft accident causation, Catastrophic Information Entropy Theory (CIET), which offers that an increase in information entropy during an off-normal event, produces emergent changes in system state that prevent a return to normal flight. Therefore, in the face of run-time accident factor propagation, surprise, and attractors, the management of off-normal events, utilizing rigid feed forward procedures may make recovery inaccessible. CIET suggest that existing safety strategies need to be expanded to include the recognition of the time-critical role of the pilot, who must attempt to understand and control a complex system which is behaving in a novel and emergent way. CIET offers a theoretical perspective from which aviation stakeholders can design tools for actionable solutions for pilots during real time emergent events and tools for post-event analytic approaches. Language: en
Statistical Projection of Clinical Subsample Estimates to a Survey Population

Background: The goal of public health research often involves estimating clinical outcomes for a broad target population. The gold standard for the basis of such inference is a nationally representative survey that includes a clinical component. The cost of this gold standard can be prohibitive, and alternative approaches are needed. We propose a statistical methodology for projecting estimates from a clinical subsample to a larger survey population that has utility in periodontal research. Methods: The statistical methodology consists of fitting prediction models to clinical outcome variables that are available only for a subset of the survey population. Variables measured on the larger survey population are included in the model as predictors. The resulting prediction equations are applied to the entire survey population to produce estimates of prevalence for the clinical outcomes of interest. Methods for computing variance estimates for the model-based predictions also are proposed. Results: This projection methodology was developed originally for use with a nationally representative sample of the veteran population in the United States as part of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Details of the projection methodology and illustration of its use are provided. Issues associated with the application of this methodology to periodontal research are discussed. Conclusions: The proposed projection methodology supports valid inference about clinical outcomes to a broad population using data from a more narrowly defined clinical subsample. This approach is useful in addressing important public health questions until such time as a nationally representative clinical study can be undertaken.
The role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in treating advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.

The current management of advanced ovarian cancer consists of aggressive primary cytoreductive surgery (PCS) followed by combination platinum based chemotherapy. Recent studies have suggested that platinum-based chemotherapy may be of benefit in patients with advanced ovarian cancer prior to cytoreductive surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy, NACT). The concept of NACT has not been completely validated in the treatment of ovarian cancer. This review will discuss the role of NACT in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:334–343. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Planetary waves and jet streams in the atmosphere

A systematic analysis of planetary waves in a zonal current with, jet stream linear velocity-shear, and uniform angular velocity shows that (1) the phase velocity of the planetary waves in a zonal current with jet stream increases or decreases depends respectively on the narrowing or broadening of the jet stream, (2) the increase or decrease of the dimension of the planetary waves follows respectively the broadening or narrowing of the width of the jet stream, (3) the major effect of a linear velocity-shear in a zonal current is to damp out waves in the current, (4) the streamline pattern in a zonal current on a spherical Earth with uniform angular velocity exhibits major characteristic features in the atmosphere such as subtropical highs, jet stream, westerly waves, high latitude lows and polar easterlies, and (5) the effect of viscosity is to damp out all waves in the current.
Improving Customer Retention Through Service Quality At Call Centers

For many call centers, improving customer service is an ongoing goal. These inbound call service centers have a unique opportunity to impact customer retention through value-adding customer service interactions. This paper serves three objectives: validate the connection between service quality, customer service and retention; describe a quality process for improving service quality; and discuss training and other key implementation needs for improving service delivery.
Radiographic Landmarks for Identifying the Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee

Purpose To identify the radiographic position of the origin and insertion of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee on a lateral radiograph. Methods Twelve unpaired, fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were dissected to expose the ALL. The origin and insertion of the ALL on each cadaver were then tagged using 2-mm radiopaque beads. True lateral fluoroscopic views of the knee were then obtained, and the distance from known radiographic landmarks was recorded by 2 reviewers. Results The origin of the ALL was found at a distance that is 37.0 ± 9.2% of the total anterior-posterior length of the femoral condyle from the posterior edge as measured along Blumensaat's line. The insertion was located at a distance that is 56.1 ± 6.9% of the total length of the tibial plateau from the posterior edge. The origin of the ALL is 5 mm posterior to a line from the posterior femoral cortex and 9 mm distal to a line along Blumensaat's line. The insertion is 4 mm anterior to the 50% mark of the anterior-posterior width of the tibia, 14 mm distal to the articular surface. Conclusions The origin and insertion of the ALL can be accurately identified using intraoperative fluoroscopy. Clinical Relevance Determining radiographic parameters for the ALL will assist in developing accurate surgical techniques for ALL reconstruction.
Testing Antarctic resilience: the effects of elevated seawater temperature and decreased pH on two gastropod species

Ocean acidification has been hypothesized to increase stress and decrease shell calcification in gastropods, particularly in cold water habitats like the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). There is limited information on how calcified marine benthic invertebrates in this region will respond to these rapidly changing conditions. The present study investigated the effects of elevated seawater temperature and decreased pH on growth (wet mass and shell morphometrics), net calcification, and proximate body composition (protein and lipid) of body tissues in two common benthic gastropods. Individuals of the limpet Nacella concinna and the snail Margarella antarctica collected from the WAP were exposed to seawater in one of four treatment combinations: current ambient conditions (1.5°C, pH 8.0), near-future decreased pH (1.5°C, pH 7.8), near-future elevated temperature (3.5°C, pH 8.0), or combination of decreased pH and elevated temperature (3.5°C, pH 7.8). Following a 6-week exposure, limpets showed no temperature or pH effects on whole body mass or net calcification. Despite no significant differences in whole body mass, the shell length and width of limpets at elevated temperature tended to grow less than those at ambient temperature. There was a significant interaction between the sex of limpets and pH. There were no significant temperature or pH effects on growth, net calcification, shell morphologies, or proximate body composition of snails. Our findings suggest that both gastropod species demonstrate resilience to initial exposure to temperature and pH changes predicted to occur over the next several hundred years globally and perhaps sooner along the WAP. Despite few significant impacts of elevated temperature or decreased pH, any response to either abiotic variable in species with relatively slow growth and long lifespan is of note. In particular, we detected modest impacts of reduced pH on lipid allocation in the reproductive organs of the limpet N. concinna that warrants further study.
The Sensitivity of Cells and Tissues to Exogenous Fields: Dependence Upon Target System Initial State

Reports of biological windows in the responses of cells and tissues to exogenous environmental and therapeutic electromagnetic fields (EMF), suggest the electrical impedance of the target plays an important role in EMF sensitivity1,2. Biological windows have been reported at the cellular and animal level3-9. In addition, specialized waveforms such as inductively coupled pulsed EMF (PEMF) signals for recalcitrant fracture repair10 and pulsed radio frequency (PRF) signals for soft tissue repair, edema reduction and wound healing11 suggest windowing. The clinical significance of windowing phenomena is evidenced by the fact that only repairing bone, and not the surrounding normal bone has a physiologically relevant response to PEMF and that waveform parameters play a critical role in the clinical effectiveness of therapeutic EMF signals12. Although exact transduction pathways are unclear, these studies indicate that cells and tissues exhibit biological, as well as biophysical, windows in their response to a variety of exogenous EMF signals.
Growth of Single-crystal Silicon Semiconductor under High Magnetic-field Conditions

Most of the large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs), indispensable at present day, are made from Si wafers grown by Czochralski (CZ) method. The size of LSIs continues to grow with the integration of more devices. The diameter of Si crystal has also been increasing to enable the production of large-size LSIs with practical productivity and cost. Generally, a large-diameter crucible is used to produce large single-crystal silicon with practical productivity. However, it is becoming difficult to control the convection of large amounts of silicon melt in large crucibles using the conventional CZ method. Magnetic field-applied CZ (MCZ) is one solution to control the convection of Si melt. There are several kinds of MCZ categorized by magnetic-field direction: horizontal (HMCZ), vertical (VMCZ), Cusp MCZ; and several types of magnets categorized by the magnetic-field generation method (electroconductive and superconductive). In this paper, out-lines of CZ production for single-crystal silicon, MCZ equipment and MCZ production are reviewed.
A research framework for traditional fisheries: Revisited

Abstract This paper revisits the 1979 seminal work of Ian Smith and the research agenda for small-scale fisheries which identified areas of research which would have the greatest potential for contributing to the solution of problems facing small-scale fisheries and their communities. The paper provides an historical perspective on the changing issues and research and development agendas for small-scale fisheries over the last fifty years. Several suggested research priorities on small-scale fisheries for the next decade are identified including overcapacity, livelihoods, markets and secure and resilient communities.
Role of protein kinase D2 phosphorylation on Tyr in modulation by ghrelin of Helicobacter pylori-induced up-regulation in gastric mucosal matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) secretion

Matrix metalloproteinas-9 (MMP-9) is a glycosylated endopeptidase associated with host reaction to microbial endotoxins and also characterizes gastric mucosal inflammatory response to H. pylori infection. Here, we report on the factors involved in gastric mucosal MMP-9 secretion in response to H. pylori LPS, and the effect of hormone, ghrelin. We show that both the LPS-elicited induction in MMP-9 secretion and also the modulatory influence of ghrelin occur at the level of MMP-9 processing between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. Further, we demonstrate that the LPS effect is associated with up-regulation in the activation of Arf1, a small GTPase of the ADP-ribosylation factor family, and the recruitment and phosphorylation of protein kinase D2 (PKD2), involved in the secretory cargo processing in the Golgi. Moreover, we reveal that the LPS-induced up-regulation in MMP-9 secretion is reflected in a marked increase in PKCδ-mediated PKD2 phosphorylation on Ser, while the modulatory effect of ghrelin is manifested by the SFK-PTKs-dependent phosphorylation of PKD2 on Tyr. Thus, our findings demonstrate the role of Arf1/PKD2 in mediation of H. pylori LPS-induced up-regulation in gastric mucosal MMP-9 secretion and suggest the modulatory mechanism of ghrelin action.
CURING THE NITRATE BLUES

Methemoglobinemia is an unusual complication of drug administration, but the disorder may take on new significance as use of nitrates for ischemic heart disease increases. In this article, Dr Cline...
Pernicious Anemia: Gastrointestinal Features

Pernicious anemia is one of the many megaloblastic anemias. It is due to a deficiency of vitamin B12, which is itself due loss of gastric parietal cells capable of secreting intrinsic factor. Although often applied to any type of vitamin B12—related anemia, the pernicious anemia specifically refers to the disease associated with atrophic gastritis, parietal cell loss, and lack of intrinsic factor. Because of the location of the disease, there are multiple gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including:
Micro-RNA Profiling in CD4+ T Cell Differentiation.

Micro-RNAs comprise a class of small noncoding RNAs which have been found to be important regulators of cellular differentiation in multiple species. Previous analysis of micro-RNA expression in the murine hematopoietic system has suggested a role in cell differentiation and the maintenance of cell identity. Naive progenitor CD4 + T cells respond to a combination of appropriate antigen and other specific signals by undergoing proliferation and further differentiation into one of at least two subsets. T helper 1 (TH1) cells produce high levels of the cytokine IFN-γ and T helper 2 (TH2) cells produce high levels of IL-4, optimizing them for control of intracellular and extracellular pathogens, respectively. It is currently not known whether micro-RNA molecules influence CD4 + T cell differentiation. We have used oligonucleotide arrays to analyze micro-RNA expression profiles of freshly isolated murine CD4 + T cells compared to cells differentiating into TH1 and TH2 subsets. Expression profiles were found to differ significantly between naive and stimulated CD4 + cells, with fewer differences between TH1 and TH2 subsets. Promising candidate micro-RNAs are being further evaluated by northern blot and genetic studies. Micro-RNA-155 is upregulated on stimulation of CD4 + T cells in multiple oligonucleotide array assays. Micro-RNA-155 is encoded by the BIC oncogene and has been implicated in lymphomagenesis as well as in other malignancies. We have verified the induction of micro-RNA-155 in stimulated helper T cells by northern blot and are studying the effects of this micro-RNA on CD4 + T cell differentiation. Our observations support a role for micro-RNAs in helper T cell differentiation during the immune response.
Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation by a Copper(II) Complex of an Oxidation-Resistant Ligand

The copper(II) complex Cu(pyalk)2 (pyalk = 2-pyridyl-2-propanoate) is a robust homogeneous water-oxidation electrocatalyst under basic conditions (pH > 10.4). Water oxidation occurs at a relatively low overpotential for copper of 520–580 mV with a turnover frequency of ∼0.7 s–1. Controlled potential electrolysis experiments over 12 h at 1.1 V vs NHE resulted in the formation of >30 catalytic turnovers of O2 with only ∼20% catalyst degradation. The robustness of the catalyst under fairly harsh conditions and the low overpotential further highlight the oxidation resistance and strong donor character of pyalk.