cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-sided Post-processing for the Discontinuous Galerkin Method Using ENO Type Stencil Choosing and the Local Edge Detection Method

In a previous paper by Ryan and Shu [Ryan, J. K., and Shu, C.-W. (2003). \hboxMethods Appl. Anal. 10(2), 295---307], a one-sided post-processing technique for the discontinuous Galerkin method was introduced for reconstructing solutions near computational boundaries and discontinuities in the boundaries, as well as for changes in mesh size. This technique requires prior knowledge of the discontinuity location in order to determine whether to use centered, partially one-sided, or one-sided post-processing. We now present two alternative stencil choosing schemes to automate the choice of post-processing stencil. The first is an ENO type stencil choosing procedure, which is designed to choose centered post-processing in smooth regions and one-sided or partially one-sided post-processing near a discontinuity, and the second method is based on the edge detection method designed by Archibald, Gelb, and Yoon [Archibald, R., Gelb, A., and Yoon, J. (2005). SIAM J. Numeric. Anal. 43, 259---279; Archibald, R., Gelb, A., and Yoon, J. (2006). Appl. Numeric. Math. (submitted)]. We compare these stencil choosing techniques and analyze their respective strengths and weaknesses. Finally, the automated stencil choices are applied in conjunction with the appropriate post-processing procedures and it is determine that the resulting numerical solutions are of the correct order.
Clinical commentary: Report from the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine.

These are the missions of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). The Society seeks to promote education, to encourage innovative basic science and clinical research and to apply this research to improve the care of pregnant women and their fetuses. During the past several years, the SMFM has devoted a significant effort to the prenatal genetic issue of first-trimester risk assessment for trisomy 21. Currently, in the United States the majority of women choose biochemical testing in the second trimester to determine their individual risk of trisomies 21 and 18 and neural tube defect. Two recent National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored, large multicenter studies based in the United States have confirmed extensive work from Nicolaides and others in the United Kingdom showing that risk of trisomy 21 can be accurately determined in the first trimester. The blood, ultrasound, and nuchal translucency study (BUN) and the first and second trimester estimation of risk study (FASTER) used a combined ultrasound measurement of nuchal translucency (NT) and maternal serum analyte determination in the first trimester, whereas the FASTER trial added second-trimester maternal serum analyte testing and evaluated the concept of sequential testing. Concurrently, first-trimester risk assessment was increasingly being offered to women in the United States by using NT alone or in combination with serum analytes despite cautionary advisories and, in many instances,
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin or hemoglobin: which is a better screening test for iron deficiency in children and women?

Background: Hemoglobin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) tests are commonly used to screen for iron deficiency. However, little research has been done to systematically evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these 2 tests. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of hemoglobin and EP measurements in predicting iron deficiency in preschool children and in women of childbearing age. Design: We examined data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 2613 children aged 1‐5 y and n = 5175 nonpregnant women aged 15‐49 y). Children or women with blood lead ≥ 10 � g/dL were excluded from this study. We used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to characterize the sensitivity and specificity of hemoglobin and EP measurements in screening for iron deficiency, defined as having abnormal values for ≥ 2 of the following 3 indexes: mean cell volume, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin. Results: The ROC performance of EP was consistently better than that of hemoglobin for detecting iron deficiency in preschool children. However, in nonpregnant women, we found no significant difference between EP and hemoglobin in ROC performance for detecting iron deficiency. We observed the same results when we stratified the analyses by sex and race of the children and by race of the women. Conclusions: For children aged 1‐5 y, EP is a better screening tool for iron deficiency than is hemoglobin. However, for nonpregnant women, EP and hemoglobin have similar sensitivity and specificity for predicting iron deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1229‐33.
Diffusion Processes and Pre-Exponential Factors in Homo-Epitaxial Growth on Ag(100)

We provide a recipe for the evaluation of pre-factors for various diffusion processes relevant to crystal growth on Ag(100), based on explicit calculations of appropriate vibrational density of states using realistic many-body interaction potentials. Our calculated diffusion coefficients show that while hopping processes are favored for terrace self-diffusion, exchange processes dominate step-edge diffusion. We also find the characteristics of adatom diffusion along the -step-edge to be strikingly different from the -step-edge with interesting consequences for interlayer transport on this surface.
Wavelet analysis used in text-to-speech synthesis

This brief describes the use of wavelet analysis in the development of a Japanese text-to-speech (TTS) system for personal computers. The quality of synthesized speech is one of the most important features of any TTS system. Synthesis methods which are based on manipulation of the speech signal spectrum (e.g,, linear predictive coding synthesis and formant synthesis) produce comprehensible but unnatural sounding output. The lack of naturalness commonly associated with these methods results from the use of oversimplified speech models, small synthesis unit inventories, and poor handling of text parsing for prosody control. We developed four new technologies to overcome these difficulties and improve the quality of output from TTS systems: accurate pitch mark determination by wavelet analysis, speech waveform generation using a modified time domain pitch synchronous overlap-add method, speech synthesis unit selection using a context dependent clustering method, and efficient prosody control using a 3-phrase parser. All four technologies will be described; however, those which rely on wavelet techniques will be emphasized.
Heuristic hypotheses in problem solving: An example of conceptual issues about scientific procedures

Solving a problem with heuristic hypotheses consists in approximating the value of unknowns during one phase of the solution process and in refining these estimates subsequently. This way to solve problems is often introduced to college students in the units on chemical equilibrium: for instance, the concentration of a substance at equilibrium is first approximated in order to facilitate the calculation of the other concentrations. Along with its technical benefit, the introduction of this procedure can also help students to achieve a more thoughtful conception of the scientific method. Yet learning to use heuristic hypotheses is technically difficult because the procedure is logically complex and strongly appeals to field-related knowledge. In addition, learning this procedure also involves conceptual difficulties which hamper the students' focus on the technical obstacles. Indeed this strategy is sometimes difficult for novices to grasp and even to recognize as a legitimate scientific procedure because it seems to be based on different principles than the classical procedure of problem solving: it relies on an empirical conception of accuracy, it does not separate the steps of modeling and calculations and its reasoning is based on premises that can only be demonstrated once the problem has been solved. When heuristic hypotheses are superficially introduced to beginners and are presented as bare simplifications. One can observe a misunderstanding and misuse of the procedure which reveal in fact more general misconceptions. On the contrary, it proved beneficial to explain the characteristics of the procedure and to prepare the students for it with the help of simpler exercises. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
National Surveys on Energy and Environment: The Chilling Effect of Winter 2013 on American Acceptance of Global Warming

After a period of growing public acceptance in the United States that global warming is occurring, the latest version of the National Surveys on Energy and Environment (NSEE) provides evidence of a modest decline in the number of Americans who believe there is evidence that temperatures on Earth are rising. This small decline in acceptance of global warming among residents of the United States appears to be related to their perceptions and experiences with a winter and spring that included below-average temperatures in many parts of the country. These are among the latest findings from the Spring 2013 NSEE from the Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy at the University of Michigan and the Muhlenberg College Institute of Public Opinion.
Alternative, complementary, or not: is mainstream medicine ready for herbal medicine?

Proponents of herbal therapies frequently insist that traditional physicians must be made ready to accept so-called “alternative” or “complementary” treatments. In this month's issue of CNS Spectrums, two wonderful guest editors, Drs. Jonathan Davidson and Kathryn M. Connor, both of Duke University, help us turn that issue around. The real question for psychiatrists, neurologists, and neuroscientists is whether herbal treatments are ready for us.Due in large part to recent Congressional mandates, dietary supplements, even when proposed to work for medical conditions like depression and generalized anxiety disorder, do not require approval in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration as pharmaceutical agents.
The Principle of Marginal Deterrence in Torts: The Potentially Perverse Effects of Stiffer Tort Penalties and Higher Taxes

This paper demonstrates that stiffer tort penalties and higher taxes can have the perverse and counterintuitive effect of encouraging manufacturers to produce and market riskier products that they would not otherwise produce were penalties not as stiff nor taxes as high. This effect can occur in two ways, which I call "Less to Lose" and "Less to Win." With "Less to Lose," stiffer penalties encourage manufacturers to produce products that if dangerous will cause more harm. This perverse effect occurs because once penalties are high enough that the manufacturer would be bankrupt if it produced a product with the potential to cause much harm, then further stiffening penalties only increases the penalty from producing a product that would not cause as much harm. With "Less to Win," higher exactions (such as more expensive mandatory insurance) can cause manufacturers to produce products that have a higher probability of being dangerous. This counterintuitive effect occurs because higher taxes reduce the manufacturer's equity when the product is not dangerous, which is the benefit it earns if the safer product is not dangerous but the less safe one is.
Extended Amygdala to Ventral Tegmental Area Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Circuit Controls Binge Ethanol Intake.

Abstract Background Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling at the CRF 1 receptor (CRF 1 R) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) can modulate ethanol consumption in rodents. However, the effects of binge-like ethanol drinking on this system have not been thoroughly characterized, and little is known about the role of CRF 2 R or the CRF neurocircuitry involved. Methods The effects of binge-like ethanol consumption on the VTA CRF system were assessed following drinking-in-the-dark procedures. Intra-VTA infusions of selective CRF 1 R and/or CRF 2 R compounds were employed to assess the contributions of these receptors in modulating binge-like ethanol consumption ( n = 89). To determine the potential role of CRF projections from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) to the VTA, CRF neurons in this circuit were chemogenetically inhibited ( n = 32). Binge-induced changes in VTA CRF system protein and messenger RNA were also assessed ( n = 58). Results Intra-VTA antagonism of CRF 1 R and activation of CRF 2 R resulted in decreased ethanol intake, which was eliminated by simultaneous blockade of both receptors. Chemogenetic inhibition of local CRF neurons in the VTA did not alter binge-like ethanol drinking, but inhibition of VTA-projecting CRF neurons from the BNST significantly reduced intake. Conclusions We provide novel evidence that 1) blunted binge-like ethanol consumption stemming from CRF 1 R blockade requires intact CRF 2 R signaling, and CRF 2 R activation reduces binge-like drinking; 2) inhibiting VTA-projecting BNST CRF neurons attenuates binge-like drinking; and 3) binge-like ethanol drinking alters protein and messenger RNA associated with the VTA-CRF system. These data suggest that ethanol-induced activation of BNST-to-VTA CRF projections is critical in driving binge-like ethanol intake.
Crossing the ‘great divide’ in practice: theoretical approaches for sociology in interdisciplinary environmental research

Ideological and intellectual separation between nature and society continues to limit our understanding of the world and impair our ability to address critical environmental problems. An increasing number of environmental and natural resource issues now require an integrative interdisciplinary approach. Using theoretical grounded frameworks and tools, sociologists have an important role to play in this work. This paper examines several theoretical approaches to cross the nature–society divide and guide sociologists participating interdisciplinary environmental research. These approaches include ecological Marxism, actor-network theory (ANT), social–biophysical stratification, and resilience theory. The paper examines specific strengths and shortcomings associated with each approach, areas for future application and development, and how each approach may be applied to support interdisciplinary environmental research. In addition, an example is used to illustrate how a specific theoretical approach can be a...
Dimethyl-ammonium 3-carb-oxy-benzoate.

The asymmetric unit of the title organic salt, C2H8N+·C8H5O4−, consists of two dimethyl­ammonium cations and two 3-carb­oxy­benzoate anions. The 3-carb­oxy­benzoate anions are linked via strong inter­molecular and nearly symmetrical O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming infinite chains parallel to [111]. Neighbouring chains are further connected by the dimethyl­ammonium cations via N—H⋯O bonds, resulting in a double-chain-like structure. The dihedral angles of all carboxylate groups with respect to the phenylene rings are in the range 7.9 (1)–20.48 (9)°.
Iron reversal of serum inhibited respiration by Bacillus subtilis.

SummaryOxygen consumption by washed cells of Bacillus subtilis respiring in the presence of glucose and by cells growing in Tryp-ticase Soy Broth was inhibited by rabbit and human serum. The inhibition of respiration was markedly enhanced after serum was dia-lyzed. Both ferrous and ferric acid salts reversed serum inhibited respiration. Only ferric ammonium citrate reversed serum inhibited growth. Although 7S-gamma globulin was previously shown to be a potent inhibitor of growth, it did not inhibit respiration. Beta 2a globulin was the only protein common to the 3 inhibitory plasma protein fractions, and appeared to be one inhibitor of respiration. However, the inability of added iron to reverse the antirespiratory activity of these inhibitory protein fractions and of dialyzed serum indicates a role for at least one additional serum inhibitor of respiration which is as yet unknown.
4.29 FCRL2 is a Distinct Marker of MT-CLL that Predicts Both Clinical Progression and Survival

FCRL2 is a Distinct Marker of MT-CLL that Predicts Both Clinical Progression and Survival Fu Jun Li, Alan Cantor, Mikhail A. Shakhmatov, Nicholas Chiorazzi, Randall S. Davis Divisions of Hematology/Oncology; Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore–LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY; Departments of Cell Biology and of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY
(Barely) solid Li(NH3)4: the electronics of an expanded metal.

The highly expanded metal, lithium(0)tetraamine, and its electronic structure is as full of complexity and surprises as the lithium solutions in anhydrous ammonia from which it crystallizes at 90 K. Our theoretical studies of the Phase II, Z = 8, I43d structure of this material reveal that the molecular building block is an almost ideal tetrahedron, in agreement with recent experiments. Close in enthalpy at P = 1 atm, and consistent with the low melting point, are bcc and Cs−IV configurations. Under pressure, the I43d structure emerges as more stable than its alternatives. In this phase six relatively narrow bands, four of them occupied, separate from the conduction and valence bands. We trace these bands to pockets of electron density arising between sterically encumbered ammonias, six such pockets in the Z = 8 unit cell. The observed band structure can be explained by considering a Jortner−type model, where pseudoatoms are placed in these holes. The electride Li(NH3)4, while not a very good metal, is ...
A Quantitative Study of Substance P and Cholecystokinin Coexistence in Primary Afferent Axonal Varicosities in the Rat Spinal Cord

Recent data from our laboatory [l] demonstrated that substance P (SP) and cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK) immunoreactivity co-exist in some, but not all, primary afferent neurons in dorsal root ganglia of the rat. Furthermore, four populations of primary afferent perikarya could be distinguished on the basis of size, cytology and peptide content. Within the small dorsal root ganglion cells (cells 12–20 um in diameter), populations were described that contained SP or SP+CCK immunoreactivity. Within the range of intermediate-sized cells (cells 20–45 um in diameter), populations were described which were immunoreactive for CCK or CCK+SP.
Comparative study on determining the organics in water with SPE method

This paper analyzes,compares and studies determining the organics in water with SPE method and liquid liquid extraction through GC/MS spectrometer.Using SPE pre-treatment method to determine that there are 64 kinds of organics in surface water,and using liquid liquid pre-treatment extraction to determine that there are 34 kinds of organics in industrial waster water,which show that SPE method is suitable for determining the organics in surface water,and liquid liquid extraction method for that in industrial waste water.
Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Methods in the NextGen Air Traffic Control System

The air traffic control (ATC) systems have been modernizing and standardizing the automation platforms in recent years in order to control increased number of flights. In 2004, FAA started transforming the nation’s ground-based ATC system to a system which uses satellite-based navigation and other advanced technology, called NextGen. The NextGen system deploys Internet Protocol based network to communicate and heavily relies on computerized information system and digital data, which may introduce new vulnerabilities for exploitations. Many vulnerabilities of NextGen stem from the increased interconnection of systems through wireless networks. For instance, a critical part of the NextGen, Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast, which transfers essential information via wireless network without encryption, is an easy target for attackers. There have been some deployments of security measures but still lack in critical system. In this study, we present the potential vulnerabilities of the NextGen ATC systems and their possible solutions.
Crystal Engineering of l-Alanine with l-Leucine Additive using Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization.

In this work, we demonstrated that the change in the morphology of l-alanine crystals can be controlled with the addition of l-leucine using the metal-assisted and microwave accelerated evaporative crystallization (MA-MAEC) technique. Crystallization experiments, where an increasing stoichiometric amount of l-leucine is added to initial l-alanine solutions, were carried out on circular poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) disks modified with a 21-well capacity silicon isolator and silver nanoparticle films using microwave heating (MA-MAEC) and at room temperature (control experiments). The use of the MA-MAEC technique afforded for the growth of l-alanine crystals with different morphologies up to ∼10-fold faster than those grown at room temperature. In addition, the length of l-alanine crystals was systematically increased from ∼380 to ∼2000 μm using the MA-MAEC technique. Optical microscope images revealed that the shape of l-alanine crystals was changed from tetragonal shape (without l-leucine additive) to ...
Hypertriglyceridemia: lipoprotein receptors and atherosclerosis.

Some forms of atherosclerosis appear to be related to abnormalities in the metabolism of lipoproteins containing apoB and/or apoE. The uptake of these lipoproteins by specific lipoprotein receptors may be involved in atherogenesis. In Houston, we have been particularly interested in the abnormal receptor-mediated cellular uptake of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) from subjects with hypertriglyceridemia that appears to account for certain VLDL catabolic abnormalties and may be involved in atherogenesis in these subjects.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Use in Small Renal Masses

The incidence of small renal masses (SRM) has been increasing, and this is mainly attributed to the incidental finding of such masses on imaging performed in asymptomatic patients. Consequently, this calls for careful evaluation and management of these masses to determine their nature and need for treatment. This article reviews current literature regarding the evaluation and management of SRM. It focuses on the specific use of MRI in the diagnosis and management of SRM. A Medline review of the literature was performed from 1996 to the present time. Computed tomography (CT) imaging has been the investigation of choice for evaluating SRM. However, some remain difficult to determine their malignant or benign nature and remain indeterminate. In such cases, further imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be performed to evaluate the mass in more detail. It can also be used where CT is contraindicated and where active surveillance is the treatment of choice and radiation exposure is a concern. MRI is a useful tool in evaluating an indeterminate small renal mass. Accurate diagnosis and management of SRM require close collaboration between a urologist and radiologist to identify potentially malignant tumours to subsequently reduce mortality from renal cell cancer.
Relaxed InAsP layers grown on step graded InAsP buffers by solid source MBE

Si-doped InAs x P 1-x layers with As mole fractions ranging from 0.05 to 0.50 were grown on InAs x P 1-x step-graded buffer layers on InP substrates by solid source molecular beam epitaxy. The growth parameters consisted of a P:In flux ratio of 7:1, a growth temperature of ∼ 485°C, a growth rate of 2.2 A/s, and an As:In flux ratio of 0.37-2.36 for varying As mole fractions. The As mole fraction and the layer relaxation were determined using triple axis x-ray diffraction measurements. Near complete relaxation (>93%) was achieved for all Si-doped InAs x P 1-x epilayers. The structural morphology indicated that the InAs x P 1-x graded buffer layers were effective in relieving the lattice mismatch strain as evidenced by a well-developed crosshatch morphology and low rms surface roughness. The electron concentration, mobility, and Si donor activation energy for each InAs x P 1-x composition were determined using temperature dependent Hall measurements. At a constant electron carrier concentration of %3.5×10 16 cm -3 , the 300 K carrier mobility increased from 2700 to 4732 cm 2 /V-sec with increasing As mole fraction from 0.05 to 0.50.
Myocardial Ischemia: The Potential Therapeutic Role of Prostacyclin and Its Analogues

Prostacyclin (PGI2) and its stable analogues are potentially valuable therapeutic agents in at least three important cardiovascular disorders. By virtue of the vasodilatory properties of these agents and their ability to inhibit platelet activation by virtually all aggregating stimuli PGI2 analogues may be effective anti–thrombotic agents in vivo. Romson et al. [41] demonstrated that PGI2 infusion in the anesthetized dog was effective in preventing coronary artery thrombosis. Furthermore, administration of low dose PGI2 concomittantly with a phosphor–diesterase inhibitor, potentiated the antithrombotic effects of PGI2 without the decrease in blood pressure associated with higher doses of the prostanoid [43, 44].
Incidence of asparaginase-related hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, and thrombotic events in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with a pediatric-inspired regimen.

Asparaginase is a critical component of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment in children; however, its use in adults is often avoided as a result of toxicities including hepatotoxicity, thr...
Effect of Stereoscopic Anaglyphic 3-Dimensional Video Didactics on Learning Neuroanatomy.

Background The teaching of neuroanatomy in medical education has historically been based on didactic instruction, cadaveric dissections, and intraoperative experience for students. Multiple novel 3-dimensional (3D) modalities have recently emerged. Among these, stereoscopic anaglyphic video is easily accessible and affordable, however, its effects have not yet formally been investigated. Objective This study aimed to investigate if 3D stereoscopic anaglyphic video instruction in neuroanatomy could improve learning for content-naive students, as compared with 2-dimensional (2D) video instruction. Methods A single-site controlled prospective case control study was conducted at the School of Education. Content knowledge was assessed at baseline, followed by the presentation of an instructional neuroanatomy video. Participants viewed the video in either 2D or 3D format and then completed a written test of skull base neuroanatomy. Pretest and post-test performances were analyzed with independent Student's t -tests and analysis of covariance. Results Our study was completed by 249 subjects. At baseline, the 2D ( n = 124, F = 97) and 3D groups ( n = 125, F = 96) were similar, although the 3D group was older by 1.7 years ( P = 0.0355) and the curricula of participating classes differed ( P M = 19.9%, standard deviation [SD] = 12.5% vs. 3D, M = 23.9%, SD = 14.9%, P = 0.0234) and post-test performances (2D, M = 68.5%, SD = 18.6% vs. 3D, M = 77.3%, SD = 18.8%, P = 0.003), but the magnitude of improvement across groups did not reach statistical significance (2D, M = 48.7%, SD = 21.3%, vs. 3D, M = 53.5%, SD = 22.7%, P = 0.0855). Conclusion Incorporation of 3D video instruction into curricula without careful integration is insufficient to promote learning over 2D video.
Localization and time-reversal of light through dynamic modulation

We study the dynamics of a waveguide made of coupled resonators with a sinusoidal modulation of the resonance frequencies. We present a modulation scheme that achieves complete dynamic localization and is experimentally suitable for optical cavities. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of the way the modulation is turned on and off. One striking consequence is that, although a state returns to its starting amplitude at the end of every cycle, it can also be fully time-reversed if the modulation is turned off midcycle. Finally, we show that localization is always achieved when the modulation envelope is adiabatic with respect to the oscillation frequency. The results are experimentally feasible using existing integrated photonic technologies and are relevant to applications, such as tunable delay lines, dispersion compensation, and imaging.
The Plight of Public Higher Education

The Great Mistake: How We Wrecked Public Universities and How We Can Fix Them, by Christopher Newfield. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. 448 pages. $32.95 Hardback, $32.95 E-boo...
Chemical and Physical Variability in Structural Isomers of an l/d α-Sheet Peptide Designed To Inhibit Amyloidogenesis

There has been much interest in synthetic peptides as inhibitors of aggregation associated with amyloid diseases. Of particular interest are compounds that target the cytotoxic soluble oligomers preceding the formation of mature, nontoxic fibrils. This study explores physical and chemical differences between two de novo-designed peptides that share an identical primary structure but differ in backbone chirality at six key positions. We show that the presence of alternating l/d-amino acid motifs dramatically increases aqueous solubility, enforces α-sheet secondary structure, and inhibits aggregation of the β-amyloid peptide implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, in addition to neutralizing its cytotoxicity. In contrast, the all-l-amino acid isomer does not form α-sheet structure and is insoluble and inactive.
Do Professional Society Advocacy Campaigns Have an Impact on Pediatric Orthopaedic Injuries

Purpose The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) both advocate for childhood injury prevention by publishing recommendations to orthopaedic surgeons, pediatricians, and the public. Popular topics of advocacy campaigns have included trampolines, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), and lawnmowers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal relationship between AAOS/AAP advocacy and pediatric orthopaedic injury rates, using these topics as examples. We hypothesized that pediatric orthopaedic injury rates decline in years, following related AAOS/AAP recommendations. Methods A retrospective review of fractures associated with trampolines, lawnmowers, and ATVs among patients aged 2 to 18 years from 1991 to 2014 was performed using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Fracture rates and percent changes year-to-year were calculated. A timeline of AAOS and AAP advocacy statements published on the products was created. Results Trampoline-related fractures rose 14% yearly from 1991 to 1999, reached a plateau from 1999 to 2003, corresponding with a 1999 AAP statement. Injury rates dropped 4.3% from 2006 to 2010 after 2005 and 2006 statements, and reached another plateau thereafter, as 2010 and 2012 statements were published. ATV-related fractures rose 14% yearly between 1997 and 2002, then dropped 15% from 2007 to 2010 following yearly AAP or AAOS statements from 2004 to 2007. From 2010 to 2014, the injury rate held constant during which time 2010, 2013, and 2014 statements were published. Lawnmower injury rates did not fall despite statements in 1998 and 2001 and a poster campaign in 2001. A 25% drop from 2007 to 2008 coincided with an AAOS statement in 2008. Fracture rates further dropped 31% from 2009 to 2011 and 21% from 2012 to 2014, amidst 2012 and 2014 statements. For ATV-related and lawnmower-related injuries, more male individuals were affected than female individuals, and for ATVs alone, injury rates increased with age. Conclusions Although AAOS/AAP statements did not universally coincide with dropping fracture rates, statements often were associated with substantial decreases in following years. This is likely because injury prevention messages are dispersed from providers to the public over time and outcomes depend on highly variable patient behaviors. Level of evidence Level V-systematic review of descriptive data.
Custom-Fit Three-Dimensional-Printed BiPAP Mask to Improve Compliance in Patients Requiring Long-Term Noninvasive Ventilatory Support

Noninvasive ventilator support using bi-level positive airway pressure/continuous positive airway pressure (BiPAP/CPAP) is commonly utilized for chronic medical conditions like sleep apnea and neuromuscular disorders like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that lead to weakness of respiratory muscles. Generic masks come in standard sizes and are often perceived by patients as being uncomfortable, ill-fitting, and leaky. A significant number of patients are unable to tolerate the masks and eventually stop using their devices. The goal of this project is to develop custom-fit masks to increase comfort, decrease air leakage, and thereby improve patient compliance. A single-patient case study of a patient with variant ALS was performed to evaluate the custom-fit masks. His high nose bridge and overbite of lower jaw caused poor fit with generic masks, and he was noncompliant with his machine. Using desktop Stereolithography three-dimensional (3D) printing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, a generic mask was extended with a rigid interface such that it was complementary to the patient's unique facial contours. Patient or clinicians interactively select a desired mask shape using a newly developed computer program. Subsequently, a compliant silicone layer was applied to the rigid interface. Ten different custom-fit mask designs were made using computer-aided design software. Patient evaluated the comfort, extent of leakage, and satisfaction of each mask via a questionnaire. All custom-fit masks were rated higher than the standard mask except for two. Our results suggest that modifying generic masks with a 3D-printed custom-fit interface is a promising strategy to improve compliance with BiPAP/CPAP machines.
Developing Perspectives on the Cognitive–Developmental Origins of Depression: Back Is the Future

Theory and empirical research assessing the developmental precursors of depression is examined. This theory and research tends to emphasize three sets of variables that may guide the eventual development of depression. The first focuses on the role of interpersonal factors, which tend to revolve around parenting. Although parenting is important, research has also suggested that other interpersonal relations, such as interactions with friends, teachers, and romantic partners, may play a role in creating cognitive vulnerability to depression. The second emphasizes the effects of stressful experiences on the development of cognitive vulnerability. The third set of variables highlight the need to examine the precursors of vulnerability at different stages in the development process. Each of these emphases has contributed important pieces to the puzzle of how depression develops, and we are beginning to develop an emerging picture of the origins of depression.
Application of AM–DCB method to the high–temperature R–curve study of a Si3N4 ceramics

R-curve behavior of an in-situ toughened silicon nitride ceramics with well developed rod-like β-Si3N4 grain microstructure was studied in air at room and elevated temperatures by using modified Applied Moment-Double Cantilever Beam (AM-DCB) technique. Conventional AM-DCB test was improved to estimate the crack growth resistance without measuring the crack length even at elevated temperatures by the use of T-shaped specimen geometry in displacement controlled test. The toughness increment determined in this material was extremely sensitive to test temperatures, although the initial fracture toughness associated with the frontal process zone shielding was not so up to 1150 °C. Through a J-integral approach, the increase of the crack growth resistance was attributed to the change in intact bridging mechanisms.
Notations and Conventions for Arrays

The array is a major feature of our programming languages. It is important to have the right viewpoint and notation for dealing with arrays, so that making assertions and reasoning about programs using them can be done effectively. Traditionally, an array has been considered to be a collection of subscripted independent variables, which share a common name. This chapter presents a different view, introduces suitable notation, and gives examples of its use.
Outcomes of Surgical Resection after Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose To longitudinally study clinical and radiologic outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent yttrium-90 transarterial radioembolization (TARE) as a bridge to surgical resection. Materials and Methods TARE was performed in 31 patients with HCC before resection. Of patients, 25 underwent major hepatic resection (16 received right hepatectomy and 9 received trisegmentectomy), and 6 underwent partial hepatectomy. Clinical outcomes after TARE and after resection were recorded. Future liver remnant (FLR) was calculated before and after TARE, and actual liver remnant volume was calculated after resection. Radiologic response after TARE and pathologic necrosis were assessed. Overall and recurrence-free survivals after resection were estimated. Results Median time between TARE and resection was 2.9 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 2–5 months). Median FLR hypertrophy after TARE (and before resection) was 23.3% (IQR:10%–48%) for patients who had radiation lobectomy and 9% (IQR: 6%–25%) for patients who had radiation segmentectomy (P = .037). Median augmented hypertrophy of the liver remnant 3 months after resection was 72% (IQR:45%–88%) in patients who had radiation lobectomy and 94% (IQR: 72%–146%) in patients who had radiation segmentectomy. Complete, 50%–99%, and Conclusions TARE can serve as a safe bridge to resection providing FLR hypertrophy and disease control.
Capital or the Capitol? The Hunger Games Fandom and Neoliberal Populism

Abstract: Based on interviews with fans of the Hunger Games books and films, and research of reader reviews and commentary online, this article argues that the widespread agreement among otherwise polarized fans indicate a change in populism in the US toward an anti-statist framing of social inequality defined as "neoliberal populism."The essay connects the Hunger Games to other examples of westerns that allegorize class inequality through rural/metropolitan divisions. It provides examples of three primary reader interpretations of the series as roughly analogous to contemporary American political positioning, with liberals and progressives who read THG as supporting an interracial struggle of the "have-nots" against the wealthy "haves"; by Conservatives and radical white nationalists who read the series as advocating rural struggle against totalitarian and cosmopolitan "liberal fascism" and by revolutionary third-worldists who see the primary characters anti-colonial rebels against US empire.
Characterization of dynamic and quasistatic compressive mechanical properties of ice-templated alumina–epoxy composites

This study investigated the compressive response of ice-templated composites and provides an understanding of their mechanical behavior based on the properties of templated ceramic and epoxy. Results suggested a dependence of properties on the microstructure of the templated porous ceramic, whereas more interestingly composites exhibited catastrophic and progressive types of failure. Compressive strength was found to be markedly greater relative to the strength of templated ceramic and polymer, and irrespective of the failure type, strength was greatly enhanced under dynamic loading relative to quasistatic loading. Compressive strength was also calculated based on the rule of mixtures and mode of failure in ice-templated ceramic. The analysis suggested that the axial mode of failure was not dominant in composites, and failures resulted from the fracture of lamella walls, possibly due to elastic instability. Fragments of the composite specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to study the fracture characteristics and rationalize the catastrophic and progressive types of failure.
On Reforming the “Fallen” and Beyond: Transforming Continuity at the Magdalen Society of Philadelphia, 1845–1916

The first institution in the United States concerned with caring for and reforming “fallen” women, the Magdalen Society of Philadelphia and its Asylum provide one window into the many changes that occurred in American culture between the institution's founding in 1800 and closing in 1916. This paper outlines aspects of a contextual, feminist historical archaeology of the Society, focussing on the changes and continuities that characterized the period 1845–1916. The research centers on what each of the Society's constituent groups said (their oral discourse) and what they did (their performance discourse) as they pursued their own cultural agenda and goals. Both resulted in, indeed necessitated, and occurred in the context of the production, use, interpretation, alteration, and replacement of material culture. It remains difficult to hear the voices of Philadelphia's fallen, to understand their perspectives, goals, and strategies, and to cast them as actors, not victims. But a diverse corpus of written records and the women's actions and reactions in the context of the Asylum's architecture, landscape, foodways, and dress code present archaeologists with a unique opportunity to understand a transforming ritual in action.
Das primäre renale Hämangiosarkom Fallbeschreibung und Literaturübersicht

Das primare Hamangiosarkom der Niere ist ein auserst seltener Tumor, von dem bis heute lediglich 23 Falle weltweit dokumentiert sind. Es wird uber einen weiteren Fall bei einem Erwachsenen berichtet. Ohne klinischen Hinweis auf Metastasen zum Zeitpunkt der Nephrektomie entwickelte der Patient innerhalb von 4 Wochen ein ausgedehntes Lokalrezidiv mit multiplen Metastasen und verstarb.
Implementation Fidelity and Common Elements of High Quality Teaching Sequences for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in COMPASS.

Abstract Background Evidence-based educational instruction includes teaching elements common across different approaches as well as specific elements of the chosen evidence-based practice. We were interested in evaluating the use and impact of common elements of teaching. Specifically, we adopted a model of elements of high quality teaching sequences and developed and tested an instructional quality index to capture evidence-based features within teaching sequences ( Grisham-Brown & Ruble, 2014 ). Method The current investigation examined 29 special education teachers who received a consultation intervention called the Collaborative Model for Promoting Competence and Success ( Ruble, Dalrymple, & McGrew, 2012 ; Ruble, McGrew, & Toland, 2012 ) that results in personalized teaching plans for young students with ASD and embeds elements of evidence-based teacher coaching of self-reflection and performance-based feedback. We analyzed the teaching plans to understand which of the common elements were present, and if teachers demonstrated improved performance after coaching. Results Analysis of the use of common elements during the first and fourth coaching session demonstrated that all teachers showed improvement. Most importantly, the use of common elements correlated with student goal attainment outcomes. Conclusions These results suggest that common elements of teaching sequences which we view as core features of teaching quality, can be improved as a result of coaching, and most importantly, are associated with students’ educational outcomes.
Safety of Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis on Engraftment in Pediatric Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant Following Reduced Intensity Conditioning

Background Reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) transplant carries the advantage of decreased transplant related morbidity and mortality, however comes with an increased risk of viral infections, particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the setting of serotherapy and umbilical cord blood (UCB) grafts. Given this, the use of prophylaxis is considered, though with hesitation given associated myelosuppression and nephrotoxicity. We report outcomes of CMV prophylaxis with ganciclovir and foscarnet on engraftment and viremia in the setting of RIC umbilical cord blood transplant (UCBT). Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted reviewing patients with non-malignant disease who underwent UCBT on an institutional protocol between 2016 - 2019. A RIC regimen was administered using alemtuzumab (Day -14), hydroyxurea (Day -14 to -5), fludarabine (Day -9 to -5), melphalan (split Day -4 & -3), and thiotepa (Day -2). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01962415. The patients were divided into 3 groups: patients who did not receive CMV prophylaxis (Group 1), patients who did (Group 2), and patients who received preemptive treatment prior to Day 0 due to CMV DNAemia (Group 3). CMV prophylaxis included ganciclovir 5 mg/kg/d (Day -10 to -2) followed by foscarnet 90 mg/kg daily (from Day +1) to reduce marrow suppression. Results Group 1 included 14 patients. Neutrophil engraftment occurred in all patients [median: 16 days; range: 11 – 33]. Platelet engraftment (> 50k) occurred at a median of 45.5 days (range: 33 – 79). Of the 14 patients, 1 patient received acyclovir as CMV prophylaxis while the remaining 13 received ganciclovir/foscarnet. 5 developed CMV viremia (max copies of 95,000 IU/mL); one of whom had graft rejection attributed to CMV. These patients were treated preemptively following detection of DNAemia. Group 2 included 6 patients. Neutrophil engraftment occurred in all patients [median: 15 days; range: 13 – 18]. Platelet engraftment occurred at a median of 32 days (range: 26 – 39). 5 patients developed CMV viremia (max copies of 3290 IU/mL). Similar to Group 1, these patients were also escalated to treatment doses of ganciclovir and switched to foscarnet and/or human CMV immune globulin (CytoGAM) with treatment failure. Group 3 included 2 patients who were found to have CMV DNAemia prior to Day 0 therefore received preemptive treatment. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment occurred at a median of 14 and 42 days, respectively. In all groups, no patient developed end-organ disease. Conclusion In our single-institution pediatric UCB transplant dataset, there is no suggestion that pre-engraftment exposure to CMV prophylaxis with ganciclovir and foscarnet impacted the kinetics of either neutrophil or platelet engraftment. Therefore, CMV prophylaxis in seropositive patients undergoing UCB transplant could be considered alongside preemptive therapy as an option for management of viral reactivation.