cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Research and Application of Prefabricated Bamboo Pole House

Moso bamboo,a kind of rich forest resource in China,was selected as the building material and tested.The physical and mechanical properties have been tested,and the results show that the main mechanical properties of bamboo pole are better than those of TC13 grade of coniferous wood.So Moso bamboo poles can be used as a structural material.Several types of metal connections were presented to connect bamboo poles with other materials,and the processing standardization has been almost fulfilled by utilizing the metal connections.Two pieces of shear walls made of bamboo poles were conducted through lateral resistance tests.The lateral resistance capacity of this kind of shear wall is about 65%,compared with the same wall of light wood structure.Three pieces of bamboo pole trusses were tested,and the ultimate loading capacity is 12.3 kN.A prefabricated bamboo pole demonstration house with a construction area of 50 m2 was designed and constructed according to the testing results and the code for the design of timber structures.The demonstration house has been used for about three years and its condition is desirable.
What Can TIMSS 2007 Tell Us About Discipline, Behavior, and Punishment in Schools? A Cross-National Exploration

Discipline and behavioral problems in schools continually rank among the top concerns of parents and the public, but receive less attention in academic literature. Popular perception seems to indicate that children in the United States are spoiled, take school for granted, and continually disrupt the learning process. Is the US, indeed, an outlier? If so, what can we learn from other countries? I explore these questions using a cross-national dataset of 51 countries (TIMSS 2007). While TIMSS data have a number of limitations, they do shed light on experiences with discipline and behavior across nations and seem to indicate that students in the United States disrupt the learning process about as much as do students in other countries. I also find that countries with more experienced teachers report fewer discipline problems. Finally, the data provide some preliminary evidence that discipline problems may impact national achievement levels.
Immune Homeostasis of the Lung: The Role of Regulatory NKT Cells in Asthma

Bronchial asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs, is a complex and heterogenous disease that has increased dramatically in prevalence over the past 3 decades. The increasing prevalence of asthma is thought to be due to changes in our environment, particularly to reductions in the incidence of several infectious diseases that exert protective effects against asthma, as suggested by the Hygiene Hypothesis. Accumulating studies suggest that exposure to a variety of microbiota affects the immune system, resulting in protection against the development of asthma and allergy. However, the specific immunological mechanisms responsible for the inverse relationship between infections and asthma are far from clear. In this review, we focus on immune homeostasis in the lungs in the regulation of asthma. We discuss the classical paradigm of Th2 cells and allergy, but focus on control by regulatory T (Treg) cells and by a novel regulatory immune cell type—a suppressive subset of natural killer T (NKT) cells. In addition, we discuss possible mechanisms for Hygiene Hypothesis by which infectious microorganisms protect against asthma, in which innate immune, rather than adaptive immune, cells may interact with microbes, including influenza A virus and Helicobacter pylori, and manipulate and shape immunity in young children. Finally, the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the Hygiene Hypothesis may result in new therapeutic approaches to the prevention of these disorders.
The protestant secular in the study of American religion: reappraisal and suggestions

ABSTRACTThis article provides a theoretical and historiographical overview of secularism in the study of American religion. It focuses on how scholars have used the concept of the ‘Protestant secular’ in works on law, politics, and culture. Although it has been useful, we argue that this concept has lost some of its analytical utility in the effort to explain secularism predominantly in terms of its Protestant nature. In turn, this article looks to literature on secularism globally in order to suggest ways forward. Refocusing on secularism as a strategy of state governance ought to bring precision to both ‘Protestantism’ and ‘the secular,’ as well as shift attention toward state power and the high stakes of classification. An analysis of this strategy requires investigation into how states produce and police the category ‘religion’ and its neighboring concepts – for example, the ‘secular’ and the ‘superstitious’ – in order to render, manage, and colonize various populations.
Rapid yield estimation as a computer aid for analog cell design

A rapid yield estimation methodology that aids the analog circuit designer in making design tradeoffs that improve yield is presented. ARYE (analog rapid yield estimator), a CAD tool that implements this methodology for op-amps, has been incorporated into ACACIA, the CMU analog design system, in order to allow analog designers to quickly explore the impact of design changes on yield. A design example using ARYE and ACACIA to enhance the yield of a two-stage op-amp design is presented. >
Pertimbangan-Pertimbangan yang Mendasari Segi Estetik pada Tumpatan Komposit Gigi Anterior

The concepts of natural, pretty, and attractive have different meaning for every patient. It is the duty of the dentist to find out what patients want. The dentist should know how far the patients realize the ideal objectives for themselves. The aesthetic aspect can not compromise from the function of teeth. The dental care should therefore balance between the function and aesthetics of teeth. There are many reasons for patient to get the dental care that accentuate the aesthetics of teeth. For this purpose many factors need to be observed before fillings will accentuate in the aesthetic appearance. The dentist has to communicate to the patient to explain the essential aspects about the fillings affecting the aesthetic appearance.
Interferometric 2D Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy Reveals Structural Heterogeneity of Catalytic Monolayers on Transparent Materials

Molecular monolayers exhibit structural and dynamical properties that are different from their bulk counterparts due to their interaction with the substrate. Extracting these distinct properties is crucial for a better understanding of processes such as heterogeneous catalysis and interfacial charge transfer. Ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopic techniques such as 2D infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy are powerful tools for understanding molecular dynamics in complex bulk systems. Here, we build on technical advancements in 2D IR and heterodyne-detected sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to study a CO2 reduction catalyst on nanostructured TiO2 with interferometric 2D SFG spectroscopy. Our method combines phase-stable heterodyne detection employing an external local oscillator with a broad-band pump pulse pair to provide the first high spectral and temporal resolution 2D SFG spectra of a transparent material. We determine the overall molecular orientation of the catalyst and find that there is a static st...
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Comprehensive Review and Present Status

Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in the developed world. About 7% of the population over age 65 years suffers from degenerative aortic stenosis. The prognosis of patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis is dismal without valve replacement. Even though the American College of Cardiology recommends aortic valve replacement to treat this condition as a class I recommendation, approximately one third of these patients over the age of 75 years are not referred for surgery. Typically, this is from concern about prohibitive surgical risk associated with patient frailty, comorbidities, age, and severe left ventricular dysfunction. The advent in France of transcatheter aortic valve replacement has raised the hope in the United States for an alternative, less invasive treatment for aortic stenosis. Two recent trials-the Placement of AoRTic TraNscathetER Valve Trial Edwards SAPIEN Transcatheter Heart Valve (Partner) and the CoreValve US Pivotal-have established transcatheter aortic valve replacement as the preferred approach in patients who are at high or prohibitive surgical risk. The more recently published Partner 2 trial has shown the feasibility of transcatheter aortic valve replacement in intermediate-surgical-risk patients as well. With a profile that promises easier use and better valve performance and delivery, newer-generation valves have shown their potential for further improvement in safety profile and overall outcomes. We review the history and status of this topic.
Can Online Games Survive Longer

The area of Online gaming has been widely researched with one glaring omission, the role of national culture in explaining online game playing differences across countries. The purpose of this study is to exam how and why national culture affects online game playing and how to extend online game playing time from a culture perspective. The findings would be beneficial in the theoretical understanding of the online game playing behavior.
Type IIn Supernovae

In this chapter discusses supernovae of Type IIn (SN IIn), the distinguishing characteristic of which is the presence of narrow spectral lines of hydrogen, indicative of circumstellar interaction. The circumstellar medium (CSM) arises from winds of the progenitor star and impulsive presupernova mass ejections. SN IIn tend to be brighter than supernovae of Type IIP (Chapter “Type IIP Supernovae”) and they display a wide variety of light-curve shapes including very extended light curves in some cases. SN IIn can be strong radio and X-ray sources and often become strong infrared sources owing to emission by dust grains, some of which may have been present in the presupernova CSM and others may have formed in the ejecta. The extant spectropolarization data indicate that the CSM and perhaps the ejecta tend to be significantly asymmetric. This chapter also discusses supernova impostors, stars that eject massive shells, brighten dramatically, and display narrow spectral lines of hydrogen similar to those of SN IIn. These outbursts do not, however, fundamentally transform the nature of the underlying star. In some cases it is not clear whether a particular event is an impostor or a supernova. A subset of SN IIn, the SN 1994-likes, show symmetric scattering lines of Hα with a blue absorption at about 600 km s-1 that is nearly constant in time and among similar events.
Interface Mechanical Strength and Elastic Constants Calculations via Nano Impact and Nanomechanical Raman Spectroscopy

Interfaces are ubiquitous in important natural and manmade materials. Research evidence has shown that interface chemistry, structure, and thickness together strongly influence material microstructure and mechanical properties. The focus of the present work is on presenting an experiment based theoretic advancement to predict thickness dependent elastic properties of materials interfaces by treating the interfaces and the area around them in a material as an elastic continuum. The experiments are based on the nanomechanical Raman spectroscopy (NMRS) developed by authors earlier with a capability to simultaneously measure stress components in orthogonal directions during an in-situ nanomechanical loading. An analytical model is developed based on boundary conditions of interface to predict thickness dependent interface elastic constants. The interface elastic constants are compared with the relations provided in literature.
Comparison of two protic ionic liquid behaviors in the presence of an electric field using molecular dynamics.

The effects of an external electric field on two ionic liquids (ILs) are investigated using molecular dynamics electrospray simulations of ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and ethanolammonium nitrate (EOAN). In the absence of an external electric field, long alkyl chains were observed in EAN but not in EOAN. When the electric field was applied, the anions of both ILs formed a barrier along the applied field, but only in EAN did this barrier result in a static bilayer composed of two parallel layers of cations and anions. The primary hydrogen bonds (HBs) connecting the EAN cations and anions were formed between the ammonium and the nitrate groups. In contrast, they were formed between the ammonium as well as the hydroxyl groups and the nitrate groups in EOAN. The applied electric field was found effective in reducing the number of O1–HO⋯O type HBs but was less effective against the N–HN⋯O type HBs. It was observed that the N–C1–CM backbone angles of EAN allowed for greater storage of the energy supplied by the ...
Wear leveling for crossbar resistive memory

Resistive Memory (ReRAM) is an emerging non-volatile memory technology that has many advantages over conventional DRAM. ReRAM crossbar has the smallest 4F2 planar cell size and thus is widely adopted for constructing dense memory with large capacity. However, ReRAM crossbar suffers from large sneaky currents and IR drop. To ensure write reliability, ReRAM write drivers choose larger than ideal write voltages, which over-SET/over-RESET many cells at runtime and lead to severely degraded chip lifetime. In this paper, we propose XWL, a novel table based wear leveling scheme for ReRAM crossbars. We study the correlation between write endurance and voltage stress in ReRAM crossbar. By estimating and tracking the effective write stress to different rows at runtime, XWL chooses the ones that are stressed the most to mitigate. Our experimental results show that, on average, XWL improves the ReRAM crossbar lifetime by 324% over the baseline, with only 6.1% performance overhead.
Technology Development Framework for Air Traffic Control Assisted Airport Procedures in Dynamic Wake Separations

The dynamic wake separation concept proposes to increase runway capacity without modifying existing airport infrastructure. Its approach is to discretize current wake aircraft groups by analyzing characteristics of each individual pair of leader and follower aircraft as well as the environment where the aircraft travels. This approach requires a thorough understanding of wake vortex and the parameters that influence wake behavior as well as technologies for its implementation. Aircraft wake research has identified environmental turbulence and aircraft weight as the parameters with the greatest influence on wake circulation strength. The wind has the greatest influence on wake lateral behavior, and aircraft mass, environmental turbulence, and wind have the greatest influence on wake vertical position. This research presents a framework for the technology to assist controllers in the dynamic decision-making process. Computer modeling is used to simulate air traffic control assigned separations to aircraft operations during arrival as well as the environmental conditions in the aircraft flight path. Due to the complexity of dynamic aircraft separations, it is proposed they rely on computer algorithms to determine and communicate the separation needed between each aircraft in the final approach. Results from this research show that due to dynamic wake separations, single runway airport efficiency increases up to 7.5%. These gains are further translated into reductions of emission, fossil fuel consumption and reduced workload on air traffic controllers.
Early childcare and family experiences predict development of prosocial behaviour in first grade

Using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care (n = 1364), we examined how experiences in early childcare (ECE) and in families from 6 to 54 months predicted the development of first-grade pro...
A comparative analysis of conservative and liberal South Korean newspapers' coverage of public protests against the import of U.S. beef

A content analysis of 187 articles published in the conservative newspaper Chosun Ilbo and 228 stories from the liberal-leaning Hankyoreh was conducted to determine the frames used and the sources cited by these publications in their coverage of the “candlelight protests” in South Korea in 2008. The analysis, which covered an eight-month period (from February to September, 2008), found that civic protest and public outrage were the most dominant frames employed by the two newspapers. There was a difference in the two newspapers only in terms of the second frame used. Government officials were the most commonly cited sources of information in both newspapers. However, there was significant difference in the two newspapers in terms of first and second sources cited. The findings indicate serious weakness in newspaper coverage of the protests. It showed bias, sensationalism, and highly polarized debates. Both papers offered inaccurate information from politicians and government officials instead of risk information supplied by science.
Ethics-Related Responses to Specific Situation Vignettes: Evidence of Gender-Based Differences and Occupational Socialization

This research presents findings from a study of gender-based differences in an ethical decision situation. The study focuses on gender as it relates to situational factors and accounting experience. The primary element of interest is how the gender of the actor (the person described in each vignette) influences the evaluation/assessment of the ethical/unethical decisions. While previous research has provided evidence of ethical differences relating to the gender of the responding subjects, limited evidence has been presented relating to situational issues that may influence assessments of ethical decisions.
The Granular Structure of Snow: An Internal-State Variable Approach

A statistical model characterizing the granular structure of snow is developed using quantitative stereology. The model is based on specific parameters (e.g. bond radius, grain-size, etc.) which take the form of internal-state variables in a constitutive theory for high-rate deformation of snow. In addition to parameters developed by other authors in previous investigations, a new parameter characterizing the mean bond length is developed. More significantly, general relations are derived for the mean number of bonds per grain and mean number of grains per unit volume without making any assumptions regarding the shape or size of the ice grains, or their respective distributions.
Behavioural Studies of the Discrimination of Visual Orientation and Motion by the Goldfish

The discovery and investigation of stimulus analysing mechanisms at the cellular level in a variety of species has led quite naturally to a search for systematic relations between the responses of these analysers and the behaviour of the animals in whose brains they reside. In an early approach, Sutherland hoped to correlate variations in behaviour with variations in the proportion of different types of receptive fields present in the brains of different species (1963, p. 122). For example, animals with retinal, tectal, or cortical receptive fields which respond predominantly to stimuli oriented in the horizontal or vertical, as opposed to oblique, directions, should show corresponding asymmetries in behavioural discriminations of visual tilt, termed the oblique effect (Appelle, 1972). Or, animals in which cells predominate which respond maximally to stimuli which move across their receptive fields in a particular direction (Jacob-son and Gaze, 1964; Cronly-Dillon, 1964) should show behaviourally the effects of this organisation (Ingle, 1968).
Prospects of Raiding Evolution: Prognosis Is Optimistic

This chapter analyzes future prospects of raiding evolution and suggests that prognosis for predatory raiding movement in Russia is optimistic, at least for raiders. The rationale for discussing any topic largely depends on its magnitude and meaning for the future. In this sense, defining perspectives of predatory raiding movement is much more than just fortunetelling. Russian business ecosystem is not ready to weed out predatory raiders, and the state has no interest in doing this either. This chapter discusses the future of predatory raiding within a theoretical framing, labeled as a revolutionary theory of permanent lawlessness. When the rule of law is not the state’s priority, the decline in predatory raiding is unlikely.
An Adaptive Multitasking Superscalar Processor

For CPUs, the design tradeoffs between high-performance computing and low-power consumption can be made a run-time decision instead of being statically built into each system. The ability to dynamically conFigure a system for either purpose, depending on characteristics of the user application, can empower a system to better conserve energy while meeting application timelines. This paper presents an Adaptive Multitasking Superscalar Processor (AMSP) that allows its internal two pipelines to be reconfigured on the fly, through an instruction issue policy that avoids all pipelining stalls and a logic design that enables the two-way pipeline to be dynamically coupled or decoupled, allowing the CPU to operate, on the fly, as either a dual-issue superscalar processor catering to high performance or a scalar processor catering to low-power consumption, depending on what the overall system needs, without incurring any overhead when switching between the two operating modes. When operating in the low-power mode, the architecture design also provides some limited redundancy support, so that the CPU can continue to operate even when some of its functional stages were damaged. We have used two benchmarks, Dhrystone and Coremark, to validate the performance and functionality of our CPU design, where our design has boosted the average Instructions Per Cycle (IPC) of the dual-issue CPU by up to 1.717.
Fatigue of Weldments—Tests, Design, and Service

For many years the fatigue behavior of welds and weldments has been studied in terms of the geometry of the members, the stresses to which they are subjected, and the materials of which they are fabricated. Numerous laboratory tests have been conducted and have served as a basis for the development of current fatigue design specifications. More recently, research on crack initiation and propagation, expanded data on loadings, and the development of new concepts of structural reliability have provided information that should help to make possible in the future greatly improved fatigue design specifications for welded structures. However, to achieve this goal, extensive further detailed research and study are necessary.
Digital Curation as a Catalyst for Open Organizing: Brokering Meaning, Relationships, and Emotion

While a rich body of scholarship illuminates the inherent conflict and paradoxes of open organizing and open strategy processes, how low-power actors might advance open organizing to exert control ...
Correlation-aware Unsupervised Change-point Detection via Graph Neural Networks

Change-point detection (CPD) aims to detect abrupt changes over time series data. Intuitively, effective CPD over multivariate time series should require explicit modeling of the dependencies across input variables. However, existing CPD methods either ignore the dependency structures entirely or rely on the (unrealistic) assumption that the correlation structures are static over time. In this paper, we propose a Correlation-aware Dynamics Model for CPD, which explicitly models the correlation structure and dynamics of variables by incorporating graph neural networks into an encoder-decoder framework. Extensive experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate the advantageous performance of the proposed model on CPD tasks over strong baselines, as well as its ability to classify the change-points as correlation changes or independent changes. Keywords: Multivariate Time Series, Change-point Detection, Graph Neural Networks
Effects of salts of branched-chain volatile fatty acids protected with different combinations of encapsulation materials on gas production dynamics when incubated in vitro with Brachiaria brizantha ‘Marandu’

ABSTRACT Objective This study evaluated the effects of 7 different encapsulations (treatments S1–S7) of salts of branched-chain VFA, using different combinations and material sources (dioxides, maltodextrin, and celluloses), on the in vitro gas production dynamics of Brachiaria brizantha ‘Marandu.’ Materials and Methods Air-dried Brachiaria brizantha with the addition of salts were incubated for 48 h with fresh rumen inoculum collected from 4 ruminally cannulated steers. Salts were investigated at 2 inclusion levels (IL; IL3 = 3% and IL6 = 6% of DM). Incubations were performed with (n = 3) or without (n = 3) the addition of casein and cysteine (C&C). Enumeration of in vitro NDF digestibility and methane (CH4) production was performed for all samples. Results and Discussion With C&C inclusion, S1 produced more gas than S5 and reduced lag time compared with S6 and S7. The S5, S6, and S7 had lower CH4 production relative to S3. The IL3 had greater computed TDN and ME than IL6. Without C&C inclusion, there was an interaction of salt × IL on total gas production, fractional rate of gas production, lag time, gas production of fibrous and nonfibrous carbohydrate pools, CH4, and energy values. Implications and Applications The inclusion of C&C altered the fermentation parameters of salts of branched-chain VFA with the IL of salts appearing to be dependent on N availability. Our study indicated that the utilization of S1 salt is recommended for maximal TDN of Brachiaria brizantha compared with other combinations of encapsulation materials.
Fitting the description: historical and sociotechnical elements of facial recognition and anti-black surveillance

It is increasingly evident that if researchers and policymakers want to meaningfully develop an understanding of responsible innovation, we must first ask whether some sociotechnical systems should...
10227 A Framework for Bringing Secondary Analysis of EHR Data to Geographically Dispersed Clinician Scientists

ABSTRACT IMPACT: The described framework will enable other sites with a well-defined apparatus for enabling the secondary analysis of EHR data for research through education, team science, and resource consolidation. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: EHR’s potential to improve healthcare outcomes extends far beyond the clinic. This vast repository of clinical insights has dramatic potential for biomedical research. To enhance accessibility for busy clinicians and underserved populations, we describe a framework for interfacing with EHR locally and through national network participation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Institutional Development Award (IDeA) program, which began in 1993, broadens NIH funding’s geographic distribution for biomedical research. Included in this is the IDeA Networks for Clinical and Translational Research, which focuses on enhancing clinical and translational science across a network of IDeA-states with traditionally underserved communities and rural providers. A prior survey of the needs and capabilities of IDeA-CTR centers identified the need for improved research support. Based on our annual member survey we developed a process for supporting distributed research projects across the GP-CTR. NIH also recently made a funding announcement for the IDeA-CTR community identifying EHR research as a major priority in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results from site interviews and member surveys show a clear need for dedicated resources to navigate the process of EHR-derived research. Most described a different set of requirements for increasing accessibility to EHR for research and a strong desire to participate in research networks. Local investigators cited a lack of tools, educational materials, and accessibility. Initial efforts demonstrate strong research questions but limited technical, statistical, and terminological capabilities to succeed. In response, a pipeline for team science and promotion of projects from local phenotypes to national studies. We created a facilitator training program to expand the number of facilitators (n=22), quarterly training for investigators (n=104), and ongoing efforts to advance COVID-19 research. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: As evidenced in the expanding number of EHR-based research networks there is a need for a system to promote project development and best practices. The proposed model promotes education, resource sharing, and team formation to advance clinical questions from the idea stage toward national research network participation.
Networked data and COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has upended our societies and re-shaped the way we go about our day-to-day lives---from how we work and interact to the way we buy groceries and attend school. Leveraging global data sets that represent billions of people, I will present a series of studies exploring how our behavior [2, 10], mobility patterns [6, 7], and social networks [3, 9] have altered and been altered by COVID-19 and the non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented to control its spread. Next, I will examine how we can better incorporate stochasticity and social network heterogeneity [4] and link directionality [1] into forecasting pandemic risk. With these results, I will demonstrate how the complexity of COVID-19 creates epistemological challenges associated with model identifiability [5, 8, 11]. Finally, I will discuss work by Global.health, a new collaborative network of researchers, technologists, and public health experts that has developed and built an open access platform for collecting, storing, securing, and sharing anonymized, individual-level COVID-19 data. Currently, our data includes almost 30M individual-level cases from 160 countries, which are tagged with up to 40 fields of meta-data. Writing for The New York Times Magazine, Steven Johnson said the data captured by Global.health, "may well be the single most accurate portrait of the virus's spread through the human population in existence."
An Epistemic Objection to Racial Profiling

In this paper, I identify an important epistemic problem with the practice of racial profiling. Racial profiling relies on naked statistical evidence to justify reasonable suspicion. Naked statisti...
Surgical and oncologic outcomes of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for uterine leiomyosarcoma

Objectives: To examine the perioperative and survival outcomes in women with disseminated peritoneal uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) who underwent cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Methods: A systematic review of literature was performed and women with disseminated peritoneal uLMS treated with CRS-HIPEC were analyzed. Perioperative morbidity and mortality rate and oncologic outcomes related to CRS-HIPEC were assessed. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria from 2004-2020, including 8 case series (n=28) and 2 original articles (n=47). Of these, 68 (90.7%) were women with uLMS whereas 7 women were nonuLMS. Among 75 patients, 64 (85.3%) had recurrent disease. The perioperative mortality rate was 4.0% (intraoperative 1.3%, and postoperative 2.7%), and postoperative complications (grade ≥3) rate ranged 21.4-22.2%. With regard to HIPEC regimens (n=75), cisplatin was most frequently used (n=55, 73.3%) followed by melphalan (n=17, 22.7%) and others (n=3, 4.0%). Among two observational studies, the median overall survival after CRS-HIPEC treatment was 29.5-37 months. In one limited comparative effectiveness study (n=13), albeit statistically non-significant, CRS-HIPEC was associated with higher progression-free survival versus CRS alone (3-year rate, 71.4% versus 0%, P=0.10). When the HIPEC regimens were compared, melphalan use was associated with decreased uLMS-related mortality compared to a cisplatin-based regimen, but the association was not statistically significant (hazard ratio 0.35, 95% confidence interval 0.04-3.05, P=0.35). Download : Download high-res image (48KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: CRS-HIPEC appears to be a rare and new treatment approach for disseminated peritoneal uLMS and may be associated with a relatively high surgical mortality. Interpretation of available data on survival is limited due to small sample sizes or the lack of an active comparator, and further study is warranted to examine the survival effect of CRS-HIPEC in disseminated peritoneal uLMS cases.
Using GREENSCOPE for Sustainable Process Design: An Educational Opportunity

Abstract Increasing sustainability can be approached through the education of those who design, construct, and operate facilities. As chemical engineers learn elements of process systems engineering, they can be introduced to sustainability concepts. The EPA’s GREENSCOPE methodology and tool, valuable in the evaluation and design of chemical processes, can be used to teach these concepts. This work describes example calculations of GREENSCOPE indicators for the oxidation of toluene and puts the indicators into context with best- and worst-case limits. The data available from the process is developed into understandable information which describes sustainability. Targets for more sustainable process designs are understood, and enhancements can be considered to improve designs, either for real-world processes or in an educational environment.
Demographic and Personal Characteristics of Male and Female Chairs in Academic Psychiatry

Despite the strong representation of female psychiatrists in residency and early-career positions, the number of female faculty sharply decreases in tenured or executive leadership positions. Why there exists a marked change in representation at the level of senior leadership within academic psychiatry is unclear. The authors investigated the causative factors contributing to this observation and gathered information about the personal characteristics of women in executive leadership roles. The authors surveyed psychiatry chairs at academic institutions. They identified all female chairs and randomly selected a group of male chairs to serve as a control group. The survey assessed perceived barriers, strengths, and weaknesses and differences in demographics and leadership styles between female and male chairs. Ten percent of psychiatry chairs were female. Male chairs were more likely than female chairs to head large departments (p = 0.02, confidence interval (CI) −17.1–69.1) and had a higher H-index (p = 0.001, CI 6.6–37.2). Female chairs were more likely than male chairs to perceive barriers in their career development (p = 0.01, CI 0.7–2.2), citing little or no mentorship (p = 0.04), gender discrimination (p = 0.0001), and family obligations (p = 0.001) more often. Academic institutions must incorporate programs to decrease barriers and work to achieve equitable representation of women in upper-level leadership positions. Moreover, academic medicine must evolve to cultivate a family-friendly environment that successfully supports both genders.
Curious Visions of Modernity: Enchantment, Magic and the Sacred. By David L. Martin. (Evelyn Edson)

Enlightenment thought, according to David L. Martin, was an attempt, not entirely successful, to repress ‘heterogeneity’, replacing the general hotchpotch of knowledge, magic and the sacred, with a...
Family caregiver communication in oncology: advancing a typology.

Objectives The quality of communication between the patient and family caregiver impacts quality of life and well-being for the two; however, providers have few tools to understand communication patterns and assess the communication needs and preferences of caregivers. The aims of this study were to examine family communication patterns among oncology patients and their caregivers and to identify common characteristics among four different types of family caregivers. Methods Nurses recruited oncology patient–caregiver dyads through a large cancer treatment center in the Southeast. Patients and caregivers were separated from one another and interviewed during chemotherapeutic infusions. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded, and thematized. Results A sample of 24 patients and their caregivers (n = 48) were interviewed. The majority of dyads (21, 88%) shared the same family communication pattern. Common caregiver communication features support previous work identifying four caregiver communication types: Manager, Carrier, Partner, and Lone caregivers. Manager caregivers lead patients by utilizing extensive medical knowledge, whereas Carrier caregivers were led by patients and described tireless acts to maintain the family and avoid difficult conversations. Partner caregivers facilitated family involvement and open communication on a variety of topics, while Lone caregivers focused solely on biomedical matters and a hope for cure. Conclusions Caregiver communication types were corroborated by patient–caregiver descriptions of caregiving. However, more information is needed to ascertain the variables associated with each caregiver type. Future work to improve identification of caregiver types and create targeted caregiver care plans will require further study of health literacy levels and tested communication interventions per type. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of chronic nicotine on heteromeric neuronal nicotinic receptors in rat primary cultured neurons

Nicotine increases the number of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in brain. This study investigated the effects of chronic nicotine treatment on nAChRs expressed in primary cultured neurons. In particular, we studied the chronic effects of nicotine exposure on the total density, surface expression and turnover rate of heteromeric nAChRs. The receptor density was measured by [¹²⁵I]epibatidine ([¹²⁵I]EB) binding. Untreated and nicotine-treated neurons were compared from several regions of embryonic (E19) rat brain. Twelve days of treatment with 10 μM nicotine produced a twofold up-regulation of nAChRs. Biotinylation and whole-cell binding studies indicated that up-regulation resulted from an increase in the number of cell surface receptors as well as intracellular receptors. nAChR subunit composition in cortical and hippocampal neurons was assessed by immunoprecipitation with subunit-selective antibodies. These neurons contain predominantly α4, β2 and α5 subunits, but α2, α3, α6 and β4 subunits were also detected. Chronic nicotine exposure yielded a twofold increase in the β2-containing receptors and a smaller up-regulation in the α4-containing nAChRs. To explore the mechanisms of up-regulation we investigated the effects of nicotine on the receptor turnover rate. We found that the turnover rate of surface receptors was > 2 weeks and chronic nicotine exposure had no effect on this rate.
Decaying scalars emitted by a forest canopy : A numerical study

A large-eddy simulation is modified to include multiple scalars emitted by a plant canopy. Each of these scalars is subjected to varying rates of chemical loss. Presented is a detailed comparison between conservedspecies and species undergoing first- and second-order chemical loss.Profiles of mean mixing ratio, mixing-ratio variance and vertical mixing-ratio flux reveal the influence of chemical reactivity. Distribution of thescalar source through the depth of the canopy is shown to locally reducethe reaction rate for second-order species. Transport efficiencies, diffusioncoefficients, and mean source heights also exhibit chemical dependencies.Budgets of mixing-ratio variance and flux elucidate the mechanisms throughwhich chemistry modifies each. Instantaneous fields show the existence ofintermittently occurring coherent structures that are thought to enhancespecies segregation.
Collaborative environmental in situ data collection: experiences and opportunities for ambient data integration

Collaborative environmental in situ data collection occurs when a team of investigators goes into the field together to collect environmental data. These data might be necessary, e.g., for a biodiversity inventory, compilation of a soil density map, or to estimate above-ground forest carbon stocks. Investigators will often arrive at a location and disperse, collecting data, and then compiling it either in the field, or at a later time. Typically, an area will be divided into a set of plots, and within those, subplots. Teams of investigators will visit each of these plots with standardized forms and specialized equipment for collecting the data of interest. For example, in a forest inventory, investigators might collect data about the diameter and species of the trees in the forest, the trees’ health, fire damage and soil quality at the plot, proximity to roads, and whether any logging has taken place.
Macroinvertebrate assemblages in perennial headwater streams of the Coastal Mountain range of Washington, U.S.A.

We studied headwater streams in 4 watersheds of Washington's Coastal Mountain region from June to August 1998 to establish macroinvertebrate reference conditions and describe variation in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure among stream orders and among substrates. Macroinvertebrates were sampled with mesh baskets (30 × 30 cm) filled with equal volumes of wood (1.5 l) and cobble (1.5 l) that were installed into fifteen 1st-order, six 2nd-order, and three 3rd-order streams. Low taxa richness and low macroinvertebrate densities were found in all streams. Crayfish dominated (92.7%) biomass estimates, with shredders dominating the non-crayfish component of the biomass. The importance of shredders declined from 1st- to 3rd-order streams. An abundance of wood and a lack of algae and non-wood based detritus in the 1st-order streams led us to suspect that food webs were wood based. We tested this hypothesis by comparing macroinvertebrate assemblages in substrate baskets filled with equal volumes (3 l) of naturally conditioned (1) wood, (2) cobble, or (3) wood and cobble (1.5 l of each). Macroinvertebrate richness was higher in wood-only and mixed baskets than the cobble-only baskets (p = 0.0118), and macroinvertebrate biomass was higher in mixed than cobble-only baskets (p = 0.044).
Collecting Performance Data with PAPI-C

Modern high performance computer systems continue to increase in size and complexity. Tools to measure application performance in these increasingly complex environments must also increase the richness of their measurements to provide insights into the increasingly intricate ways in which software and hardware interact. PAPI (the Performance API) has provided consistent platform and operating system independent access to CPU hardware performance counters for nearly a decade. Recent trends toward massively parallel multi-core systems with often heterogeneous architectures present new challenges for the measurement of hardware performance information, which is now available not only on the CPU core itself, but scattered across the chip and system. We discuss the evolution of PAPI into Component PAPI, or PAPI-C, in which multiple sources of performance data can be measured simultaneously via a common software interface. Several examples of components and component data measurements are discussed. We explore the challenges to hardware performance measurement in existing multi-core architectures. We conclude with an exploration of future directions for the PAPI interface.
Palatal Lift Prosthesis for the Treatment of Velopharyngeal Incompetency and Insufficiency

Before getting into methodology of treatment of patients with velopharyngeal inadequacy, who require prosthetic velar elevation and velopharyngeal stimulation, let us outline the Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic’s present concept of treatment for patients with various types of velopharyngeal incompetency.
Effects of Helicobacter pylori gastritis on gastric secretion in healthy human beings

Helicobacter pylori gastritis is common, but effects on gastric secretion are not well understood. We measured basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acidity, pepsin activity, and fluid output, ...
For: Anti-Racist Education

AbstractThis paper argues that democratic education in a racist society requires anti-racist pedagogy. Because traditional approaches to democratic education conceive racism in terms of personal pr...
Getting the message straight: effects of a brief hepatitis prevention intervention among injection drug users

To redress gaps in injection drug users' (IDUs) knowledge about hepatitis risk and prevention, we developed a brief intervention to be delivered to IDUs at syringe exchange programs (SEPs) in three US cities. Following a month-long campaign in which intervention packets containing novel injection hygiene supplies and written materials were distributed to every client at each visit, intervention effectiveness was evaluated by comparing exposed and unexposed participants' self-reported injection practices. Over one-quarter of the exposed group began using the novel hygiene supplies which included an absorbent pad ("Safety Square") to stanch blood flow post-injection. Compared to those unexposed to the intervention, a smaller but still substantial number of exposed participants continued to inappropriately use alcohol pads post-injection despite exposure to written messages to the contrary (22.8% vs. 30.0%). It should also be noted that for those exposed to the intervention, 8% may have misused Safety Squares as part of pre-injection preparation of their injection site; attention should be paid to providing explicit and accurate instruction on the use of any health promotion materials being distributed. While this study indicates that passive introduction of risk reduction materials in injection drug users through syringe exchange programs can be an economical and relatively simple method of changing behaviors, discussions with SEP clients regarding explicit instructions about injection hygiene and appropriate use of novel risk reduction materials is also needed in order to optimize the potential for adoption of health promotion behaviors. The study results suggest that SEP staff should provide their clients with brief, frequent verbal reminders about the appropriate use when distributing risk reduction materials. Issues related to format and language of written materials are discussed.
Combustion and NO Formation in a Stratified-Charge Engine: a Two-Turbulent Equations Model

A theoretical model of turbulent flame propagation in reciprocating stratified-charge engines is developed and compared to a previous model. A spacial variation of mixture ratio is considered such that there is a fuel-rich region in the center of the cylinder and a fuel lean-region near the cylinder walls. The spark in the fuel-rich region results in a premixed type of flame propagating toward the walls. A diffusion-type flame results in the wake of the other flame due to the mixing of the excess air and fuel. The first model which was presented in a previous paper is based upon a prescribed time variation of the turbulent diffusivity depending upon the piston velocity. In the present work, a two-turbulent-equations model is developed and the turbulent diffusivity varies in space and time as well. Without experimental data it is difficult to ascertain that the second model is superior to the first one. However, because of the coupling of the turbulence phenomenon to the combustion itself, the second model is believed to be better than the first one. In both models calculations of the temperature and species mass fractions as functions of time and space are made. Also, the pressure is calculated as a function of time. A parametric study is performed with the second model. Parameters concerning both the engine and the mixture are varied. In particular a comparison with an engine operating with a premixed gas mixture is made. Trends indicate methods to “optimize” the combustion process so that a “satisfactory” reduction in NO could be achieved with a “small” drop in the pressure level.