cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
110 The contribution of neighborhood characteristics to psychological symptom severity in a cohort of injured black patients

Background Traumatic injury is not evenly distributed across race and class in America. Black men are marginalized in society, often live in disadvantaged neighborhoods, and are at higher risk for injury mortality and ongoing physical and psychological problems following injury, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. While much research has examined individual factors associated with increased post-injury psychological symptoms, the contribution of the social and physical environment has been relatively-understudied. Purpose The purpose was to examine the contribution of neighborhood characteristics to PTSD and depressive symptom severity in Black men following serious injury. Methods A secondary analysis of 451 seriously injured men living in Philadelphia were drawn from a prospective cohort study. Study participants were linked by a geographic information system (GIS) to characteristics in their neighborhood in order to spatially model the factors that contribute to increased psychological symptom severity at 3 months post-injury. Factor analysis identified underlying constructs of 32 neighborhood predictors, which were entered in a generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression analysis. Covariates included mechanism of injury, severity of injury, age, and health insurance. Results Neighborhood characteristics loaded onto 4 constructs: neighborhood disconnectedness; concentrated disadvantage; crime, violence, and vacancy; and race/ethnicity. Higher PTSD symptom severity was reported by 36.8% and associated with neighborhood crime, violence, and vacancy, and higher depressive symptom severity was reported by 30.4% and associated with neighborhood disconnectedness. Both PTSD and depressive symptoms were associated with intentional mechanisms of injury, such as gunshot wounds, stabbing, and assault; and with having Medicaid or no insurance. Higher severity of injury was associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusions Findings suggest that neighborhood characteristics such as neighborhood disconnectedness and crime, violence, and vacancy have measurable associations with psychological symptoms after injury. The evidence supports the need for interventions to improve post-injury mental health by modifying the urban environment.
Clinical analysis of colocolic intussusception secondary to colon polyps in children

Objective To summarize the clinical characters and treatment of colocolic intussus ception secondary to colon polyps in children.Methods The clinical data of 12 patients with colocolic intussusceptions secondary to colon polyps,including clinical features,imaging examinations and clinical courses,were retrospectively reviewed.Results All the diagnoses were made based on ultrasonography or CT combined with low-pressure air enema.The colocolic intussusceptions were reduced by low-pressure air enema.Colon polyps were found in the intussusception involved intestine by fibercoloscope in all patients.To remove colon polyps,11 patients were performed surgeries under the fibercoloscope,and 1 underwent open surgery.Conclusions Recurrent colocolic intussusception secondary to colon polyps could be restored spontaneously or by low-pressure air enema.Colon polyps resection is helpful to prevent the recurrence of colocolic intussusceptions. Key words: Colonic polyps; Colon intussusception
Restorative Justice: Emergence, Institutionalization, and Critiques

Restorative justice encompasses both a set of contemporary practices for, and a philosophical approach to, repairing the harm caused by interpersonal conflict, especially violent crime. It can exist completely apart from, or in concert with, institutionalized criminal justice systems. At a minimum, restorative justice involves the participation of a victim, offender, and facilitator and can also include other stakeholders, such as family members, who have a vested interest in promoting not only the personal well-being of the victim and offender but also the peace and harmony of the community to which they belong. Stakeholders jointly engage issues of harm, responsibility, and desired outcomes, typically in a series of meetings or conferences.
An Efficient Algorithm for Minimizing Multi Non-Smooth Component Functions

Many problems in statistics and machine learning can be formulated as an optimization problem of a finite sum of nonsmooth convex functions. We propose an algorithm to minimize this type of objecti...
Abstract 4395: Activation of TGFβ1 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer stem cells plays critical role in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy worldwide, primarily due to lack of a reliable early diagnostic method and high incidence of chemo-resistance induced tumor recurrence and relapse. Development of early screening and diagnosis biomarkers is the key for survival improvement of patients with OC. In this study, we applied a system biology approach to identify dysregulated genes and pathways during OC tumorigenesis, as well as to study the roles of OC stem cells (OCSCs) during this process. In order to identify diagnostic/therapeutic biomarkers for OC, gene expression between OC patient malignant tumors and normal tissues were compared with datasets GSE4122 and GSE26712. 188 and 305 genes were found to be consistently downregulated and upregulated respectively (fold change ≥2, and FDR 0.40 and P 0.40) were all previously reported to be associated with aggressive disease and poor diagnosis in different cancer types. OCSCs were considerd to play critical roles in OC tumour initiation, dissemination, metastasis and recurrence. To elucidate the role of OCSCs during tumorigenesis, gene expression were compared between OCSCs and normal stem cells using dataset GSE90125. Interestingly, tumor microenvironment and EMT related genes such as IL33, WISP1, PRG2, FAP, ENPP2, and SBSN were found to be among the most upregulated genes in OCSCs, indicating important role of tumor microenvironment during the conversion of normal stem cells to tumor stem cells. Moreover, pathway analysis with the dysregulated genes showed that TGFβ1 signaling pathway was significantly activated in both OC tumors and OCSCs. Previous study showed that TGFβ1 signaling pathway promotes OC tumor growth by upregulating VCAN (upregulated in OC) in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we conclude that the modulation of tumor microenvironment through the activated TGFβ1 signaling pathway in OCSCs plays important roles during OC tumorigenesis and may be used as diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets for patients with OC. Citation Format: Xiaoli Zhang, Shuai Shao, Lang Li, Qi-En Wang. Activation of TGFβ1 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer stem cells plays critical role in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4395.
The response of streams in the Adirondack region of New York to projected changes in sulfur and nitrogen deposition under changing climate.

Abstract Modeling studies project that in the future surface waters in the northeast US will continue to recover from acidification over decades following reductions in atmospheric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions. However, these studies generally assume stationary climatic conditions over the simulation period and ignore the linkages between soil and surface water recovery from acid deposition and changing climate, despite fundamental impacts to watershed processes and comparable time scales for both phenomena. In this study, the integrated biogeochemical model PnET-BGC was applied to two montane forest watersheds in the Adirondack region of New York, USA to evaluate the recovery of surface waters from historical acidification in response to possible future changes in climate and atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition. Statistically downscaled climate scenarios on average project warmer temperatures and greater precipitation for the Adirondack by the end of the century. Model simulations suggest under constant climate, acid-sensitive Buck Creek would gain 12.8 μeq L−1 of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) by 2100 from large reductions in deposition, whereas acid insensitive Archer Creek is projected to gain 7.9 μeq L−1 of ANC. However, climate change could limit those improvements in acid-base status. Under climate change, a negative offset relative to the ANC increases with no climate change are projected for both streams by 2100. In acid-insensitive Archer Creek the negative offset (−8.5 μeq L−1) was large enough that ANC is projected to decrease by −0.6 μeq L−1, whereas in acid-sensitive Buck Creek, the negative offset (−0.4 μeq L−1) resulted in a slight decline of the projected future ANC increase to 12.4 μeq L−1. Calculated target loads for 2150 for both sites decreased when future climate change was considered in model simulations, which suggests further reductions in acid deposition may be necessary to restore ecosystem structure and function under a changing climate.
The Death Penalty in Dark Times: What Crises Do (or Do Not Do) to Capital Punishment (preprint)

The COVID-19 pandemic temporarily stopped executions in the United States and played a part in a record low number of death sentences handed down in 2020. While many newspapers reported on the pandemic-related disruption of individual executions and court proceedings, little attention has been given to understanding whether other crises in American history have similarly disrupted the death penalty. This paper examines execution data from several major crises in American history – wars, economic downturns, and pandemics – to assess whether COVID-19’s disruption of the American death penalty represents an anomaly among pandemics and other crises. As we will show, the death penalty has shown remarkable resiliency. Through all manner of national disruptions, with the exception of the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, America’s execution machinery has kept on running. This fact is one indication of this nation’s attachment to capital punishment.
Culture in School Learning: Revealing the Deep Meaning

Challenging educators to better understand themselves and their students, this text presents a powerful process for developing a teaching perspective that embraces the centrality of culture in school learning. The six-part process covers examining culture, personalizing culture, inquiring about students' cultures and communities, applying knowledge about culture to teaching, formulating theory or a conceptual framework linking culture and school learning, and transforming professional practice to better meet the needs of students from different cultural and experiential backgrounds. All aspects of the process are interrelated and interdependent. Two basic procedures employed in this process are presented: constructing an operational definition of culture that reveals its deep meaning in cognition and learning, and applying the reflective-interpretive-inquiry (RIQ) approach to making linkages between students' cultural and experiential backgrounds and classroom instruction. Pedagogical features in each chapter include Focus Questions; Chapter Summaries; Suggested Learning Experiences, Critical Reading lists. A Companion Website, new for the Third Edition (www.routledge.com/cw/Hollins), provides additional student resources.
Discovery Informatics: AI Opportunities in Scientific Discovery

Artificial Intelligence researchers have long sought to understand and replicate processes of scientific discovery. This article discusses Discovery Informatics as an emerging area of research that builds on that tradition and applies principles of intelligent computing and information systems to understand, automate, improve, and innovate processes of scientific discovery.
High‐resolution Raman Spectroscopy of Gases

A review of high-resolution Raman spectroscopy of gases, including spontaneous, incoherent Raman spectroscopy, as well as of nonlinear techniques for coherent anti-Stokes scattering (CARS), stimulated Raman gain (SRG) and stimulated Raman loss (SRL) spectroscopy, and photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy (PARS) in the frequency domain is presented. Femtosecond degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy (Fs-DFWM) and Raman-induced polarization spectroscopy (RIPS) in the time domain are discussed. Also treated are the broadenings of Raman lines due to the Doppler and pressure effects. Basic theoretical notions and working equations for the analysis of highly resolved spectra are presented. Examples are drawn from the literature to illustrate the respective advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques. The interplay between high-resolution Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and ab initio computational schemes is illustrated. The article concludes with an overall assessment of the respective advantages and disadvantages of the methods used in high-resolution Raman spectroscopy. Keywords: spontaneous Raman spectra; coherent Raman scattering; frequency domain spectroscopy; femtosecond four-wave mixing time domain spectroscopy; rotation spectra; vibration–rotation spectra; linear; symmetric; spherical; and asymmetric top rotator molecules
Interprofessional training on brief intervention for older adults

Purpose – In recent years, Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) has become increasingly available to older adults who engage in at-risk drinking behaviors. The results of SBI training sessions that targeted hospital-based healthcare providers, as well as mental health service providers in community-based clinics, are reported. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 93 participants attended SBI active learning training sessions. The responses of physicians/physicians in training about their intentions to apply the information in professional practice and their willingness to recommend the training to others in their profession were compared to practitioners in other professions. Findings – Although there were no differences in terms of commitment to apply the information or level of comfort using the techniques, physicians/physicians in training were less interested in promoting the SBI training among their colleagues. Research limitations/implications – The resul...
Judicial Discretion and (Un)equal Access: A Systematic Study of Motions to Reduce Criminal Sentences in Rhode Island Superior Court (1998–2003)

Most jurisdictions allow criminal defendants to bring postconviction sentence reduction or modification motions, asking that the original sentencing judge reconsider legal sentences that they initially imposed. The ability to reconsider sentences could be an avenue for mercy, but the virtually unfettered discretion given to judges under these rules could also be an invitation to abuse, or a mechanism for back-door sentencing. This study seeks to empirically examine the practice of sentence reduction in the Rhode Island superior court system. Based on a universe sample of all cases where motions to reduce sentence were brought over a five-year period, this study utilizes multivariate models to isolate the determinants of motion outcomes. The study finds that a range of variables influence the outcome of sentence reduction motions, but regression analysis finds that, holding all else equal, the individual judges themselves are the most significant factor determining whether motions are granted or denied. This conclusion raises a number of questions relative to equal access to postconviction relief and equal treatment of criminal defendants in the context of judicial discretion.
Confinement dynamics in the ZT-4-M RFP

It has been shown that typically one-third of the input power is accounted for by radiation as measured by bolometers. This radiated power fraction has been varied from 0.15 to 0.95 in impurity injection experiments with the global beta and tau /sub E/ values maintained to within a factor of two. This implies that the nonradiative confinement varied by a factor of five or more while the total confinement remained roughly the same. The fraction of the input power absorbed by fluctuations in the discharge is typically 0.2 to 0.3 in ZT-40M and correlates with the ion heating. Ion energy losses are dominated by recycling. Electrons are heated ohmically, and collisional coupling to the ions is relatively weak. Electron energy transport is dominated by a small number of energetic electrons moving along field lines to the edge. The field line wandering implied by this interpretation is consistent with the level of magnetic field fluctuation measured in the edge plasma. >
Are we prepared to help low-resource communities cope with a severe influenza pandemic?

Please cite this paper as: Starbuck et al (2012) Are we prepared to help low-resource communities cope with a severe influenza pandemic? Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12040. Recent research involving lab-modified H5N1 influenza viruses with increased transmissibility and the ongoing evolution of the virus in nature should remind us of the continuing importance of preparedness for a severe influenza pandemic. Current vaccine technology and antiviral supply remain inadequate, and in a severe pandemic, most low-resource communities will fail to receive adequate medical supplies. However, with suitable guidance, these communities can take appropriate actions without substantial outside resources to reduce influenza transmission and care for the ill. Such guidance should be completed, and support provided to developing countries to adapt it for their settings and prepare for implementation.
A simple method for extending the range of pseudo-order kinetic measurements

Data are presented demonstrating the validity of a new method of measuring pseudo-order rate constants, based on an iterative computational procedure long in use for kinetic conditions where the “infinity” value is not experimentally accessible. This new method requires that the kinetic order be known for the limiting reagent, but is otherwise general. It allows measurement of the pseudo-order rate constant even at a ratio of reactants of 1:1 by maximizing the fit of three half-lives of data to the appropriate pseudo-order kinetic equation, treating the “infinity” value as a variable.
Misoprostol as a Labor Induction Agent

The objective of this investigation was to compare the efficacy, safety, and cost of intravaginal misoprostol as a labor induction agent to a standard protocol using prostaglandin E2 (Prepidil) and intravenous oxytocin. Thirty-eight patients requiring induction of labor with an unfavorable cervix (Bishop score < or = 5) were prospectively randomized to receive either 50 mcg misoprostol every 4 hours until delivery, or a single dose of PGE2 gel (0.5 mg) followed by intravenous oxytocin infusion. Changes in Bishop scores were recorded in a blinded fashion. Clinical outcomes were compared in the two groups, including induction-to-delivery times and cesarean section rates. Seventeen women were treated with misoprostol, 19 patients received PGE2/oxytocin, and two patients dropped out of the study. The groups did not differ significantly with respect to age, parity, gestational age, weight, height, reason for induction, or initial Bishop score. There was a significant difference in the median change of the Bishop score among those treated with misoprostol (4) and those of the control group (1) (P < 0.001). Fifteen (88%) receiving misoprostol delivered within 36 hours compared with 9 (47%) of controls (P = 0.01). Significantly more women in the misoprostol arm (8) experienced tachysystole when compared with the control group (0) (P < 0.01). There were no perinatal morbidities in either group. These data support misoprostol as an effective and economical cervical-ripening and labor-inducing agent.
Regionalization of Care and Neonatal Mortality for Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Born in North Carolina, 1971-1994

Regionalization of Care and Neonatal Mortality for Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Born in North Carolina, 1971-1994
Teachers' perceptions and attitudes about Response to Intervention (RTI) in their schools: A qualitative analysis

Abstract As Response to Intervention (RTI) models are increasingly implemented in United States' schools, it is important to consider the perceptions of those directly involved. The current study assessed teachers' perceptions of RTI and utilized qualitative methodology and a computer-based text search program to explore teachers' perceptions of RTI. Constant comparison analysis yielded four emergent themes related to teacher perception of RTI: (a) overall understanding of RTI, (b) teachers' perceptions of barriers to RTI in their schools, (c) teachers' suggestions to improve RTI, and (d) teachers' suggestions for making paperwork more efficient. We conclude with implications for training and RTI implementation.
Investigation on grain growth and strain rate sensitivity of a superplastic microduplex steel at 1000°C

A microduplex stainless steel (25.7 wt% Cr-6.6 wt% Ni) was investigated to examine grain growth during static annealing and superplastic deformation at 1000° C. The grain size at a constant strain rate of 1×10−4 sec−1 increases according to d∼8t 0.49 where d is the grain size and t is the time (in min) involved in deformation. Under the present test condition, the contribution of both static (time, t S) and dynamic (strain, e) annealing appear to be significant and can be expressed by d∞ 0.19e0.29. While the exponent of the first term is constant, the exponent of the second term may depend on the strain rate. Strain rate sensitivities were evaluated from differential strain rate tests for different initial grain sizes. Both strain rate sensitivity and grain size were noticed to increase with deformation.
A hybrid fragmentation approach for disrtributed deductive database systems

Fragmentation of base relations in distributed database management systems increases the level of concurrency and therefore system throughput for query processing. Algorithms for horizontal and vertical fragmentation of relations in relational, object-oriented and deductive databases exist; however, hybrid fragmentation techniques based on variable bindings appearing in user queries and query-access-rule dependency are lacking for deductive database systems. In this paper, we propose a hybrid fragmentation approach for distributed deductive database systems. Our approach first considers the horizontal partition of base relations according to the bindings imposed on user queries, and then generates vertical fragments of the horizontally partitioned relations and clusters rules using affinity of attributes and access frequency of queries and rules. The proposed fragmentation technique facilitates the design of distributed deductive database systems.
A Test of Electromagnetic Theory of the Hydrogen Vortices Surrounding Sun-Spots.

The extensive fields of force shown by the spectroheliograph in the hydrogen atmosphere surrounding sun-spots have been explained in two different ways: (1) as true hydrodynamical vortices, resembling great tornadoes, and (2) as electromagnetic phenomena, in which charged particles moving in the solar atmosphere are constrained by the magnetic fields in the spots to follow their lines of force. The principles involved in the electromagnetic theory have been applied to the explanation of the terrestrial aurora by Stormer, who has also developed this theory for the case of sun-spots.(1)
Resistance of wheat, barley and oat to Heterodera avenae in the Pacific Northwest, USA

The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae , occurs in at least seven western states of the USA and reduces grain yield in localised regions and in selected crop management systems. Virulence phenotypes for H. avenae populations in North America have not been reported. Nine individual assays in six experiments were conducted to determine the reactions of barley, oat and wheat cultivars to five H. avenae populations in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Three populations were evaluated for virulence to 23 entries of the ' International Test Assortment for Defining Cereal Cyst Nematode Pathotypes ', plus selected local cultivars and entries representing a greater diversity of resistance genes. The virulence phenotype(s) for populations of H. avenae in the PNW did not correspond to any of the 11 pathotypes defined by the Test Assortment. Five PNW populations exhibited affinities with Group 2 but were not defined by pathotypes Ha12 and Ha22. Reproduction was prevented or greatly inhibited by barley carrying the Rha3 resistance gene and by most carriers of Rha2 resistance, and by selected oat cultivars with multigenic resistance. Wheat cultivars carrying the Cre1 resistance gene were highly effective in suppressing H. avenae reproduction. Current PNW wheat cultivars do not carry the Cre1 resistance gene. Crosses between Ouyen, an Australian bread wheat with Cre1 resistance, and several PNW wheat cultivars were resistant. The CreR gene also prevented H. avenae reproduction in the trial where it was tested. Intermediate levels of reproduction occurred on wheat cultivars carrying the Cre5 , Cre7 and Cre8 resistance genes, each of which was considered useful for pyramiding into cultivars with Cre1 resistance. This research identified genetic resources of value in PNW cereal crop breeding programmes.
Finitely Many Players with Bounded Recall in Infinitely Repeated Games

Abstract We study the set of limit points of equilibrium payoffs in n -player repeated games, with bounded recall, when the memory capacities of all the players grow to infinity. Two main issues are explored: (i) whether differential information enables players to play correlatively, and (ii) the extent to which boundedly rational players can learn others′ behavior patterns and conceal their own. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: 026.
Managing weight loss expectations: the challenge and the opportunity.

Importance: Weight loss surgery (WLS) has been shown to produce long-term weight loss but is not risk free or universally effective. The weight loss expectations and willingness to undergo perioperative risk among patients seeking WLS remain unknown. Objectives: To examine the expectations and motivations of WLS patients and the mortality risks they are willing to undertake and to explore the demographic characteristics, clinical factors, and patient perceptions associated with high weight loss expectations and willingness to assume high surgical risk.
Computer simulation of human mitral valve mechanics and motion

The human mitral valve is the left atrio-ventricular valve which is composed of several components including leaflets, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and the valve annulus. Any or all of these components may fail and contribute to various valvular diseases including mitral regurgitation and mitral valve prolapse. A computer simulation of mitral valve mechanics and motion was written in BASIC for micro-computers. This program allows valvular geometry and biomechanical parameters to be varied and records time varying motion of the valve and all components during systole including a graphic display of the valve leaflets.
Radiology faculty compliance with recommended health guidelines: comparison with residents.

Rationale and Objectives The aims of this study were to determine diagnostic radiology faculty members' compliance with recommended health guidelines for physical activity, body weight, diet, and related health indicators and to compare faculty members' compliance with that of radiology residents. Materials and Methods A request to complete an online health survey was electronically sent to members of the Association of University Radiologists in September 2008. Results were compared to those from a similar survey completed by radiology residents in May and June 2007. Frequency counts and Fisher's exact tests were used to summarize results and to determine statistically significant relationships. Results The sample consisted of 193 of 801 members of the Association of University Radiologists (24%). A greater percentage of faculty members than residents complied with recommendations for physical activity (52% vs 37%, P P P P P = .002) and did not think about stress on most days (39% vs 26%, P = .001). Most faculty members (59%) worked 51 to 60 hours a week, whereas most residents (59%) worked >60 hours, and greater work hours were correlated with less resident physical activity ( P = .017). More female than male faculty members (78% vs 57%, P = .010) and residents (83% vs 62%, P 2 . Conclusion A substantial percentage of faculty members were out of compliance with federal health guidelines, although less so than residents in many categories. Comments from both groups suggest a possible benefit from modifications to the work environment.
A comparative analysis of fine-grain threads packages

The rising availability of multiprocessing platforms has increased the importance of providing programming models that allow users to express parallelism simply, portably, and efficiently. One popular way to write parallel programs is to use threads for concurrent sections of code. User-level threads packages allow programmers to implement multithreaded programs in which thread creation, thread management, and thread synchronization are relatively inexpensive.Fine-grain programs are multithreaded programs in which the work is divided into a large number of threads, where each thread contains a relatively small amount of work. The potential benefit of large numbers of threads include easier load balancing, better scalability, greater potential for overlapping communication and computation, and improved platform-independence. However, fine-grain programs are largely considered inefficient due to the overheads involved in managing numerous threads. In this paper, we survey several thread packages that take different approaches to the problem of efficiently supporting the creation and management of large numbers of fine-grain threads. Each package is compared based on its level of support of the general thread model as well as its performance on a set of fine-grain parallel programs. We find that while the thread packages we tested may support medium-grain parallelism efficiently, they do not always support fine-grain parallelism. Although no package supports fine-grain parallelism and a general thread model, we believe that it can potentially be done with help from the compiler.
Efficient evaluation of layered medium doubly periodic Green's function

A novel approach to evaluate the doubly periodic Greens function for layered medium in matrix-friendly formulation is proposed, which takes advantages of factorization of the spectral Green's function, approximates a smooth part of it accurately, and then exploits high order asymptotic extraction techniques. The approach is fast and accurate for all ranges of distances between the source and observation points, and also allows fast frequency sweep for calculating Brillouin diagram in eigenvalue problem and for normal incidence in scattering problem. Numerical examples are presented to show the efficiency of the approach.
Effect of combined chloroquine and mild hyperthermia on hybrid spheroids containing either HeLa or S91/6 mouse melanoma cells

We found no significant decrease in the colony forming ability (clonogenicity) of either HeLa or S91/6 melanoma cells in hybrid spheroids incubated for 24 hr at 37°C with up to 30 μM chloroquine, nor for incubations of up to 9 hr at either 37 or 41°C with 30 μM chloroquine. Incubation for 24 hr at 41°C with chloroquine caused spheroids to disintegrate. When heating was applied to hybrid spheroids intermittently for 3 hr at the beginning and at the end of a 24 hr period of incubation with 30 μM chloroquine, there was no effect on HeLa cells but there was a highly significant decrease in the clonogenicity of S91/6 melanoma cells. Short-term treatment (3 hr) with a combination of mild hyperthermia and 30 μM chloroquine which is non-toxic to unirradiated cells in hybrid spheroids is, nevertheless, effective in decreasing the clonogenicity of irradiated cells of both lines. A similar increase in radiation lethality [radiation potentiating factor (RPF) of about 1.6] was obtained in both HeLa and in S91/6 cells. RPFs did not change significantly after correction of survival curves for cellular multiplicity, nor were they different from those previously reported by us for these cell lines in two versions of dense suspension cultures. Since many cells from biopsies will not grow in conventional culture systems but will do so in hybrid spheroids, the finding of similar RPF values in both systems for cell lines which will grow under both conditions suggests that hybrid spheroids may be useful for radiopotentiation studies. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SWIM: fostering social network based information search

Compare to searching online information directly, asking friends or finding referral to a human expert is preferred in many information-gathering tasks. It's easier to judge the quality of the information from a personal referral as well as to obtain information that is not publicly published [1]. Instant Messaging (IM) has potentials to effectively support such social network based information seeking [3], which are not fully explored other than providing better communications. For instance, a user usually does not know what his friends' friends know. If none of his friends in his IM buddy list knows the sought information, he either gives up this search method or needs intensive personal helps from a friend who transfers questions and answers in between.Previous studies indicated that it is feasible to add social network search functionalities to IM systems. Watts et al. [2] found that social networks have the surprising property of being searchable. Systems such as ReferralWeb [1], show that it is possible to mine people's social relationships and information identities from electronic resources and use them for referral or matchmaker purposes. Based on these ideas, we designed and implemented the Small World Instant Messenger (SWIM).
Inclusive institutions and stability of transition toward democracy in post-civil war states

This article attempts to bring together research on democratization and democratic consolidation with research on civil war termination. The post-civil war environment is contentious and the transition toward democracy achieved after a civil war is susceptible to failure. The side that wins the democratic elections in a post-war state may use its democratically won power to dismantle the institutions of democracy and repress the opposition. The fear of constant marginalization in the political processes as well as the fear of being repressed might create incentives for the defeated party to return to civil war. By utilizing the expected utility framework, this article suggests that former rivals would support democratic transition if they were confident that inclusive institutions ensured that they could achieve their political interests through the democratic processes. After analysing the data on post-civil war transitions toward democracy (TTD) from 1946–2005, I found that the proportional representati...
An Inscribed Han Mirror Discovered in Siberia

i) [This work was first privately printed at Amsterdam in I692 (the date I696 given by Boddaert, see infra, is erroneous); this edition seems to have almost completely disappeared; the only copy known to me personally is in the library of the University of Amsterdam; Cordier, Bibliotheca Sinica I945 states that the only known copy is at (what was then) the Imperial Library of St. Petersburg. A second, revised and considerably augmented edition appeared in 1705; it also seems to have been a limited edition and it is now scarce. See on this F. Gebhard, Het leven van Mr. Nicolaas Cornelisz. Witsen (I88i), I, p. 426 (Gebhard I, 425, incorrectly states that the Leyden University Library possesses a copy of the editio princeps of I692.) A third edition was published in 1785 by P. Boddaert at M. Schallenberg, Amsterdam, in two large folio volumes with many illustrations. It contains the frontispiece of the I705 edition and on the title-page it is described as "Second Impression, New Edition, enriched with an Introduction". The Introduction is by P. Boddaert, whose name is not mentioned on the title-page. On pp. II-III of the Introduction, after mentioning the two earlier editions, he states that he has enriched his edition with many notes and corrections made by Witsen himself, as well as with the results of later publications, all of which he utilised in the Introduction. The text itself is merely a reprint of the I705 edition. This edition is also rather rare; the Sinological Institute at Leyden owns a fine copy. My experience is that this book, in spite of its unique importance, is practically unknown to Orientalists, probably because it is written in Dutch and has never been translated. I have checked the I785 edition with that of I692 and found that the relevant passage is entirely lacking in the latter. In the context where it belongs there is instead a notice (p. 473, at'the bottom of the page), which, translated into English, reads: "It is said, but I doubt the truth thereof -, that in several places in Siberia may be seen decayed old walls and ruins where in ancient times cities have existed; also tombs and graves in which sometimes certain monuments are found which, if it is true, are said to show that formerly people of higher culture used to live in those countries ........ J.J.L.D.]
Sociology and Economics: Crossing the Boundaries

Studies that cross the boundaries between sociology and economics help to enhance our understanding of both economy and society. Economics has had a greater influence on sociology than vice versa. several core subfields of sociology - such as labor market sociology, strati fication, and work and organizations - have been significantly influenced by economic theories; but sociology has had relatively little impact on economics. Communication between economics and sociology is hindered by intellectual barriers such as fundamentally different assumptions with regard to the roles of induction and deduction, as well as by institutional and professional obstacles. Opportunities are grawvingfor integrating sociological and economic explanations, as the interests of sociologists and economists are converging and more work is now occurring on the border between the two disciplines. Economic institutions and processes are intimately related to sociological phenomena. The relationship between economics and sociology has a long tradition: the classic sociologists - Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim drew heavily upon ideas from the older discipline of economics; while the founders of economic institutionalism in America - John Commons, Wesley Clair Mitchell, Thorstein Veblen - all looked to sociological insights as they sought to explain the nature of economic institutions. Economic sociology is a meeting place for economists and sociologists, since it involves the analysis of economic institutions from a sociological perspective (Schumpeter 1954). There have been at least three distinct sociological traditions
The Critical Role of Dispositions: What's Missing in Measurements of English Teacher Candidate Effectiveness

Abstract This article explores a fundamental indicator missing from current assessments of preservice teacher effectiveness, namely the importance of competencies central to professionalism and to impact on student learning. Drawing from her classroom experiences and relevant research, the author makes the case that evaluation of English teacher candidates' “dispositions” is necessary in measures of professional readiness.
Materials Chemistry of BaFe2As2: A Model Platform for Unconventional Superconductivity†

BaFe2As2 is the parent compound of a family of unconventional superconductors with critical temperatures approaching 40 K. BaFe2As2 is structurally simple, available as high-quality large crystals, can be both hole and electron doped, and is amenable to first-principles electronic structure calculations. BaFe2As2 has a rich and flexible materials chemistry that makes it an ideal model platform for the study of unconventional superconductivity. The key properties of this family of materials are briefly reviewed.
Loss of growth factor receptor signaling in the oral mucosa during primary SIV infection may enhance apoptosis and promote pathogenesis

Background The development of susceptibility to secondary pathogenic infections in the oral cavity during HIV infection is likely to result from or coincide with deterioration of the local mucosal immune system. Methods We have utilized the SIV model to investigate the kinetics and magnitude of oral pathogenesis during systemic dissemination of intravenously inoculated SIVmac251. Results Viral replication was detected in oropharyngeal lymph nodes at 6 weeks post-infection and shown to be coincident with a broad scale loss of growth factor receptor transcription in the oral mucosa, providing multiple avenues for blocking the normal activity of apoptosis inhibitors that function through Bcl2- and p53-dependent pathways. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the normal balance between cell death and regeneration may be rapidly disrupted in the oral mucosa during the early stages of immunodeficiency virus infection, setting the stage for continuing deterioration of immune function and the development of susceptibility to secondary infections.
Nanolaminates of Zirconia and Silica Using Atomic Layer Deposition

In a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor, alternating exposure of Si(100) substrates to tri(tert-butoxy) silanol and anhydrous zirconium nitrate deposited mixed films of zirconia and silica at 162 °C. The deposition rate, defined as the thickness (A) per cycle, exhibited saturation behavior indicative of self-limiting growth. The maximum rate of approximately 12 A/cycle exceeded the thickness expected for a single monolayer each of ZrO2 and SiO2. Metal composition of the films, as determined using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, ranged from 3.3 to 49% zirconium. A singular reflection in the low-angle X-ray scattering pattern had a d spacing indicative of an ordered bilayer structure. The films were atomically smooth and their thickness was uniform across the entire substrate. Both the refractive indices, measured by ellipsometry, and the effective dielectric constants exhibited a linear dependence on the zirconium concentration.
Gap junction impedance, tissue dielectrics and thermal noise limits for electromagnetic field bioeffects

Abstract The model presented in this study quantitatively examines the effect of gap junctions and gap junction impedance on electromagnetic field (EMF) dosimetry in a tissue target. A simple linear distributed-parameter electrical model evaluates the effect of tissue structure on the thermal threshold (signal-to-thermal-noise ratio) for detectable induced transmembrane voltage. Analysis of the angular frequency response of the array model, using a membrane impedance which includes ion binding and coupled surface chemical reaction kinetics, suggests that the frequency range, over which maximum detectable induced transmembrane voltage could be achieved, is orders of magnitude lower than that for a single cell. Gap junction impedance has negligible effect on both the frequency response and the increased transmembrane voltage due to a cell array unless its value becomes as high as that of an artificial bilayer lipid membrane. This results in a threshold for induced electric field bioeffects of approximately 10 μV cm−1 at the target site for a 1–10 mm cell array. Physiological variations in gap junction impedance appear to have little effect on this threshold. Thus, cells in gap junction contact in developing, repairing or resting state tissue structures would be expected to be able to detect significantly weaker EMF signals than isolated single cells. The lowered frequency response of a cell array reinforces the suggestion that the spectral density of the input signal should be adjusted to the bandpass of the detector pathway for dose-efficient and selective EMF bioeffects.
Intraoperative ultrasound imaging of the spinal cord: Syringomyelia, cysts, and tumors — A preliminary report

Abstract Dynamic intraoperative imaging of the spinal cord was done using a real-time ultrasound scanner. Prior to opening the dura mater the neurosurgeon is able to “explore” the intradural space and with a 7.5 MHz transducer visualize the normal spinal cord, including the central canal and the dentate ligaments. Anterior and posterior spinal arteries may be seen in certain patients. In syringomyelia the fluid-filled cavities may be visualized with ultrasound and drained or shunted with intraoperative ultrasound guidance. Spinal cord cysts or cystic components of tumors can be precisely identified and drained using ultrasound. Intramedullary tumors can be demonstrated sonographically, as can the location and extent of intradural extramedullary tumors and tumors that have both extradural and intradural components. Experience to date with intraoperative imaging of the spinal cord and with the real-time ultrasound scanner is very encouraging, and in the future it should allow for a more precise characterization of and operative approach to lesions of the spinal cord.
Synaptic actions of cutaneous Aδ fibers on primate motoneurons

Abstract Postsynaptic potentials were recorded from flexor and extensor motoneurons in the lumbosacral enlargement of α-chloralose- and sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized monkeys spinalized at a lower thoracic level, in response to volleys in Aδ fibers in a cutaneous peripheral nerve (sural nerve). These potentials could be recorded and analyzed in most primate motoneurons with greater ease than in the cat. They correlated well with the third negative wave of the cord dorsum potential (N 3 wave) which is also characteristically more distinct in the monkey than in the cat.
Field-programmable smart-pixel arrays: design, VLSI implementation, and applications

A smart-pixel array is a two-dimensional array of optoelectronic devices that combine optical inputs and outputs with electronic processing circuitry. A field-programmable smart-pixel array (FP-SPA) is a smart-pixel array capable of having its electronic functionality dynamically programmed in the field. Such devices could be used in a diverse range of applications, including optical switching, optical digital signal processing, and optical image processing. We describe the design, VLSI implementation, and applications of a first-generation FP-SPA implemented with the 0.8-µm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor–self-electro-optic effect device technology made available through the Lucent Technologies–Advanced Research Projects Agency Cooperative (Lucent/ARPA/COOP) program. We report spice simulations and experimental results of two sample applications: In the first application, we configure this FP-SPA as an array of free-space optical binary switches that can be used in optical multistage networks. In the second, we configure the device as an optoelectronic transceiver for a dynamically reconfigurable free-space intelligent optical backplane called the hyperplane. We also describe the testing setup and the electrical and the optical tests that demonstrate the correct functionality of the fabricated device. Such devices have the potential to reduce significantly the need for custom design and fabrication of application-specific optoelectronic devices in the same manner that field-programmable gate arrays have largely eliminated the need for custom design and fabrication of application-specific gate arrays, except in the most demanding applications.