cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatigue crack growth mechanisms at the microstructure scale in as-fabricated and heat treated Ti-6Al-4V ELI manufactured by electron beam melting (EBM)

Abstract Electron beam melting (EBM) is a metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM) technology that fabricates parts by selectively scanning consecutive powder layers with an electron beam. Additive manufacturing technologies are increasing in importance for aerospace and medical applications, where the demand for a fundamental understanding and predictability of static and dynamic material properties are high. Ti-6Al-4V is the most widely used and studied alloy for this technology, and is the focus of this work in its Extra Low Interstitial (ELI) variation. The layered manufacturing of metallic components by EBM creates a unique directional microstructure, and consequently, anisotropic properties. Microstructure evolution, and its influence on mechanical properties of the alloy in the as-fabricated condition, has been documented by various researchers. However, fatigue crack propagation and the effects of the directional structure have not been sufficiently studied, imposing a barrier for this technology’s potential extension to high-integrity applications. In this study, fatigue crack growth (FCG) both parallel and perpendicular to the build directions was studied for different stress ratios and crack growth stages. The interaction between the directional as-fabricated EBM microstructure and FCG was investigated and compared to that of the equiaxed β annealed microstructure obtained by annealing above the β transus temperature. The FCG threshold, ΔKth, was analytically modeled for the two relative crack propagation directions at different stress ratios, and FCG microstructural mechanisms were established for all three regions of crack propagation.
How Time With a Father Relates to Child’s Sexual Health

Relatively few studies have examined the fathers’ influence on their child’s sexual health and how it can be utilized in a practitioner setting. The research that has investigated the father–child ...
An avirulent Burkholderia pseudomallei ∆purM strain with atypical type B LPS: expansion of the toolkit for biosafe studies of melioidosis.

The work was undertaken to expand the tools available for researching Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), the etiological agent of the tropical disease melioidosis. Melioidosis has the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety. In the United States, Bp is listed as a Tier-1 select agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), thus requiring high levels of regulation and biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facilities for experimental manipulation of live organisms. An avirulent ∆purM derivative of strain 1026b (Bp82) has proven to be a valuable tool for biosafe research as a select-agent excluded strain, but the high level of genetic diversity between Bp strains necessitates an expansion of the biosafe toolset. The ∆purM mutation was recapitulated in the Bp 576a strain, a serotype B background. An important difference between strains 1026b and 576a is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major virulence factor and protective antigen. Polyclonal sera from 1026b–challenged non-human primates showed no cross reactivity with strain 576a LPS and low reactivity with whole cell lysate. Strain 576a replicates to higher levels in mouse organs and induces more TNF-α in the lungs of BALB/c mice compared to 1026b. The newly created Bp 576a ∆purM strain, designated 576mn, was auxotrophic for adenine in minimal media, capable of wild-type growth in rich media with addition of adenine, and auxotrophy was abrogated with single-copy complementation. Bp 576mn was unable to replicate in human cells and was avirulent in BALB/c mice following high-dose intranasal inoculation, similar to Bp82. Organ loads indicated a significant reduction in bacterial replication. In this work, the new biosafe strain 576mn with atypical type B LPS was generated. This strain should prove a valuable addition to the toolkit for biosafe studies of Bp and development of therapeutic and preventative strategies aimed at combatting melioidosis. Strain 576mn is an ideal candidate for select-agent exclusion.
Industrialization of the nitrogen-doping preparation for SRF cavities for LCLS-II

Abstract The Linac Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II) is a new state-of-the-art coherent X-ray source being constructed at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. It employs 280 superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities in order operate in continuous wave (CW) mode. To reduce the overall cryogenic cost of such a large accelerator, nitrogen-doping of the SRF cavities is being used. Nitrogen-doping has consistently been shown to increase the efficiency of SRF cavities operating in the 2.0 K regime and at medium fields (15–20 MV/m) in vertical cavity tests and horizontal cryomodule tests. While nitrogen-doping’s efficacy for improvement of cavity performance was demonstrated at three independent labs, Fermilab, Jefferson Lab, and Cornell University, transfer of the technology to industry for LCLS-II production was not without challenges. Here we present results from the beginning of LCLS-II cavity production. We discuss qualification of the cavity vendors and the first cavities from each vendor. Finally, we demonstrate that nitrogen-doping has been successfully transferred to SRF cavity vendors, resulting in consistent production of cavities with better cryogenic efficiency than has ever been achieved for a large-scale accelerator.
Investigating important urban characteristics in the formation of urban heat islands: a machine learning approach

Despite the urban heat islands phenomenon has long been recognized as a major urban environmental problem, it was not until recently that this urban phenomenon gained attention from the discipline of urban planning. To integrate the findings of the urban heat islands research into the planning practice, the relationship between land surface temperatures and urban physical and socioeconomic characteristics should be addressed at the planning relevant spatial scale, a land parcel. Using a parcel as a unit of analysis, this study proposed to use a machine learning approach to identify important variables in the formation of urban heat islands in Indianapolis, Indiana. Applying random forest method to planning zones, this study identified planning zone specific urban physical and socioeconomic characteristics that are important for the interpretation of urban heat islands phenomenon of Indianapolis, Indiana. The main contribution of this study is twofold: to integrate urban physical and socioeconomic characteristics into a land parcel for the better interpretation of the result of urban heat islands study into planning practice and to apply machine learning approach to identify highly determinant variables in the formation of urban heat islands.
Intentions to share exome sequencing results with family members: exploring spousal beliefs and attitudes.

Given familial implications of genetic information, it is important to understand intentions to share carrier results with family members. To our knowledge, no studies among individuals undergoing exome sequencing have used dyadic data analysis to examine the effect of spousal perceptions and beliefs. Survey responses from 136 individuals (68 couples) undergoing exome sequencing in a research study were analyzed using dyadic analysis (the actor-partner interdependence model). Intention to share carrier results with family members was correlated between spouses (ICC = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.21–0.61; p = 0.004), as was worry about risk of a genetic condition in the family (ICC = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.24–0.62; p < 0.001). Perceived value of result and worry about risk of a genetic condition in the family were associated with one’s own intentions to share carrier results. However, spousal status on these variables did not explain additional variance in an individual’s intentions. Although we found no partner effects on intentions, spouses have comparable intentions to share carrier results, suggesting it may be important to account for non-independence in other research studies.
Acousto-Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Composite Laminates

In the acousto-ultrasonic technique, a wave is injected onto the surface at one location and the displacement normal to the same surface is measured at another location. Thus, understanding the propagation characteristics of the wave is essential for successful application of the technique. The main objective of the present investigation is to identify through analysis-experiment correlation how the AU wave propagates through composite laminates.
A Developmental Model of Aggression and Violence: Microsocial and Macrosocial Dynamics Within an Ecological Framework

In this chapter an ecological framework is proposed for understanding the development of individual differences in aggression and violence from childhood to adulthood. The model is based on three organizing hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that aversive social behaviors and threats can function to “coerce” the immediate social environment (i.e., microdynamics) such that aggressive behavior is strengthened over time (Patterson, 1982). The second hypothesis is that some aggressive individuals join within social networks; as such, aggression amplifies in lethality and frequency through social contagion dynamics (i.e., macrodynamics) and then culminates in violence (Dishion & Tipsord, 2011). The third hypothesis is that aggression and violence are predictable and preventable and that interventions that target the key micro- and macrodynamic social processes relevant to each developmental period can reduce individual levels of aggression and prevalence of aggression and violence in the community (Biglan, 2003). In this chapter, each hypothesis is discussed in the context of developmental patterns of aggression and violence.
The Natural Origin of Political Form: The Circle of Constitutions

The Discourses on Livy carries out a massive critique of the claim that political life can be reduced to the practice of giving a political form, a legal and legitimate order, to the existence in common of individuals. Machiavelli calls into question the classical belief that the instance of form rules over political life, that the form is the foundation or arche (beginning and principle) of politics. His goal consists in the thoroughgoing critique of a foundationalist conception of political life.’ Present throughout classical political thought, the belief that political form lies at the foundation of politics is radicalized by Polybius, who claims that “in all political situations we must understand that the principal factor which makes for success or failure is the form of a state’s constitution (politeia): it is from this beginning (arche), as if from a fountain-head, that all designs and plans of action not only originate but reach their fulfilment.”2 The political form (constitution) is said to lie at the beginning of all political action, and also rules over the meaning of this action by guiding it to its end or fulfilment. It is no doubt due to Polybius’s belief that the appropiately moderate, or mixed, political form could master not only the internal contingencies of political life, but above all the external vagaries of historical becoming that his work acquires a tremendous importance both in the history of modern constitutionalism and in the the history of modem historiography.3
Duct Carcinoma in Situ: Pathology and Treatment

Duct carcinoma in situ is being detected with a frequency and at a size unknown prior to the use of mammography. The majority of lesions now being detected are of limited extent and not associated with either occult invasion or axillary metastases. For such limited lesions, attempts at adequate local excision appear appropriate. However, there are a number of histologic types that exhibit different frequencies of occult invasion and different risks of local recurrence (from 0 to 25 per cent). The author provides a detailed discussion of the proper handling and interpretation of biopsy specimens.
A Coordination-Based Two-Stage Algorithm for Pickup and Delivery of Customers to Airport

This paper studies the vehicle routing and scheduling problem of pickup and delivery of customers to airport. Different from previous method, we propose a new model and algorithm to solve it. Firstly, we employ the vehicle coordination to improve the practical vehicle scheduling. And the customer satisfaction degree and vehicles circumvention is considered to build our model. Secondly, the vehicles are divided into both basic vehicles and coordination vehicles. Furthermore, a multi-objective model with constraints is proposed. Thirdly, the isolated customer point is defined to decide which vehicles will take part in coordination. According to the vehicle coordination in the pickup and delivery of customers to airport, we propose a two-stage heuristic algorithm, which is based on the coordination in the driving route, to overcome quickly the problem. Finally, we conduct a series of test to validate our algorithm. Simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is feasible and promising.
KEYNOTE The Sexual Contract: 30 Years On

This is a video of Carole Pateman's Keynote address at the Sexual Contract: 30 Years On conference held at the School of Law and Politics, Cardiff University on 10-11 May 2018.In her address, Pateman reflects on the antecedents and contemporary context for the writing of her book, The Sexual Contract (Polity Press, 1988), in political theory and in the women's movement of the 1970s. She goes on to discuss several key features of the book, including the distinction made in chapter 2 between different historical forms of patriarchy, with the modern form of patriarchy being based on contract, in which sexual subordination is presented as voluntary. She notes that the book focuses on contracts concerning property in the person and in particular contracts within three institutions: employment, marriage and prostitution. She goes on to respond to some of the feminist criticisms of her argument about prostitution, before concluding by noting the interdisciplinary audience the book has attracted, particularly among legal academics.
Proficiency affects intra- and inter-regional patterns of language control in second language processing

This study examines the use of cognitive control during second language (L2) processing by adult language learners. Although cognitive control has been acknowledged as an important component of lan...
Comparison of Children's Double Dichotic Digits and SCAN-3 Competing Words Free Recall Scores.

Practice guidelines do not specify which test recordings are best for assessing dichotic deficit or interaural asymmetry. Dichotic Digits and SCAN-3 Competing Words Free Recall are among the most widely used dichotic tests, but it is not known if the choice of test results in important differences in the identification of children with deficits or if they can be used interchangeably. To determine whether two commonly used dichotic tests, SCAN-3 Competing Words Free Recall (CW) and Musiek’s Dichotic Digits (DD), agree on interaural asymmetry and dichotic deficit in children. CW and DD tests were administered to all participants. Each participant had a single study visit. Sixty volunteers aged 7–14 years with normal hearing sensitivity participated in the study. Hearing sensitivity, CW, and DD performance were measured at a single study visit. We used Spearman’s rho (ρ) to assess associations between rank ordering of participants by each test and the kappa statistic (κ) to assess decision consistency between tests. Participants were rank-ordered similarly by CW and DD for the right ear (ρ = 0.58), left ear (ρ = 0.51), and total (ρ = 0.73) scores, but not for interaural asymmetry (ρ =0.18). They agreed no better than chance on direction of ear advantage (κ = 0.01, p = 0.93) and had poor agreement on which children scored below cut-scores (κ = 0.22, p Although children with high scores on one test tend to have high scores on the other, CW and DD do not agree on ear advantage or the presence of deficit. They are not interchangeable for clinical use. Additional research is needed to determine whether either is appropriate for identifying children who would benefit from treatment for dichotic listening deficits.
Flipped pedagogy and student evaluations of teaching

A common concern of faculty members is student evaluations of teaching scores. Many factors influence student evaluations of teaching including how the course is designed. This study investigated s...
Chemomechanics of transfer printing of thin films in a liquid environment

Abstract The liquid-assisted transfer printing is emerging as a competitive manufacturing technique in the delivery and assembly of thin film-layered functional materials and structures. In essence, this technique is underpinned by the detachment of thin films under a synergistic effect of external mechanical loading and interior chemical reaction at interfaces in a liquid environment. Here, we have developed a comprehensive chemomechanics theory for the transfer printing of thin films from as-fabricated SiO2/Si wafer substrate in a liquid water environment. The kinetic chemical reaction at the interface of liquid molecules and interfacial solid bonds is incorporated into the interface energy release rate of thin film detachment, and a rate dependent interfacial debonding process is obtained. We further couple it with mechanical deformation of thin films by taking into account various peeling conditions including peeling rate, peeling angle and thin film thickness to theoretically predicate the steady-state peeling force. Besides, we implement this chemomechanics theory into a finite element model with all atomic information informed and present a reactive atomistic-continuum multiscale model to simulate the detachment of thin films at the continuum scale. In parallel, we have conducted the peeling experiments of three different separation layers on wafer substrates in both dry air and water conditions. Quantitative comparisons among theoretical predictions, simulation results, and experimental measurements are performed and good agreement is obtained. The competition between interfacial delamination and mechanical deformation of thin films during peeling is also analyzed, and a theoretical phase diagram is given to provide an immediate guidance for transfer printing of silicon nanomembranes in the fabrication of functional structures and electronic devices. In addition, the capillary force due to surface wettability of materials is discussed and compared with chemical reaction-induced driving force for transfer printing on a wide range of thin film/substrate systems. The chemomechanics theory and reactive atomistic-continuum simulation model established are expected to lay a foundation for quantitative understanding and descriptions of transfer printing of thin films in a liquid environment.
Moduli of Abelian Varieties

This is the written version of my talk given on Oct. 11, 1990. Its very limited purpose is to outline a picture about the moduli of abelian varieties. Only a small portion of the theory of moduli of abelian varieties is covered. Many (if not all) statements are imprecise and no proof is offered, in the hope that this makes the material more palatable. For the grumbling readers, the precise statements together with proofs can be found in the references.
Hemiepiphysiodesis and guided growth as treatment for lateral patella instability in pediatric and adolescent patients

Purpose, Lateral patellar instability (LPI) in children and adolescents frequently occurs in the setting of genu valgum, which is a known risk factor for recurrent instability episodes. Hemiepiphysiodesis, or more accurately ‘guided growth’ techniques, with use of physeal tethering plate/screw constructs, can be used to correct genu valgum and, in turn, contribute to patellar stabilization, but literature related to this concept is sparse. The current study was designed to determine the safety and effectiveness of guided growth techniques used as treatment for patella instability either in …
Promoter scanning during transcription initiation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae: Pol II in the “shooting gallery”

Background: The majority of eukaryotic promoters utilize multiple transcription start sites (TSSs). How multiple TSSs are specified at individual promoters across eukaryotes is not understood for most species. In S. cerevisiae, a preinitiation complex comprised of Pol II and conserved general transcription factors (GTFs) assembles and opens DNA upstream of TSSs. Evidence from model promoters indicates that the PIC scans from upstream to downstream to identify TSSs. Prior results suggest that TSS distributions at promoters where scanning occurs shift in a polar fashion upon alteration in Pol II catalytic activity or GTF function. Results: To determine extent of promoter scanning across promoter classes in S. cerevisiae, we perturbed Pol II catalytic activity and GTF function and analyzed their effects on TSS usage genome-wide. We find that alterations to Pol II, TFIIB, or TFIIF function widely alter the initiation landscape consistent with promoter scanning operating at all yeast promoters, regardless of promoter class. Promoter architecture, however, can determine extent of promoter sensitivity to altered Pol II activity in ways that are predicted by a scanning model. Conclusions: Our observations coupled with previous data validate key predictions of the scanning model for Pol II initiation in yeast, which we term the "shooting gallery". In this model, Pol II catalytic activity, and the rate and processivity of Pol II scanning together with promoter sequence determine the distribution of TSSs and their usage.
Guano deposition predicts top predator (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) abundance in subtropical caves

Absence of light is a fundamental characteristic of subterranean ecosystems; thus, productivity must be supported indirectly by influx of detritus from effulgent environments. I examined how this influx impacts the carrying capacity of a cave predator: the whip spider Phrynus longipes (Pocock, 1894). Although solitary, territorial and cannibalistic, this species occurs at extremely high densities in caves. To test the hypothesis that this is an effect of nutrient flow and not cave structure, I examined whether guano deposition at cave entrances predicted estimated population sizes of whip spiders. I found a strong correlation, suggesting that whip spider carrying capacities are at least partly determined by nutrient influx to the cave ecosystem. Larger guano deposits support a larger community of arthropod detritivores, which act as prey to this top predator in a bottom-up effect. This highlights the importance of considering surface environmental and population health along with commercial guano harvesting when studying and conserving caves and the species therein.
Identifying the common and subject-speciﬁc functional units of speech movements via a joint sparse non-negative matrix factorization framework

The tongue is capable of producing intelligible speech because of successful orchestration of muscle groupings— i.e., functional units—of the highly complex muscles over time. Due to the different motions that tongues produce, functional units are transitional structures which transform muscle activity to surface tongue geometry and they vary significantly from one subject to another. In order to compare and contrast the location and size of functional units in the presence of such substantial inter-person variability, it is essential to study both common and subject-specific functional units in a group of people carrying out the same speech task. In this work, a new normalization technique is presented to simultaneously identify the common and subject-specific functional units defined in the tongue when tracked by tagged magnetic resonance imaging. To achieve our goal, a joint sparse non-negative matrix factorization framework is used, which learns a set of building blocks and subject-specific as well as common weighting matrices from motion quantities extracted from displacements. A spectral clustering technique is then applied to the subject-specific and common weighting matrices to determine the subject-specific functional units for each subject and the common functional units across subjects. Our experimental results using in vivo tongue motion data show that our approach is able to identify the common and subject-specific functional units with reduced size variability of tongue motion during speech.
Hiltner, Aaron Taking Leave, Taking Liberties: American Troops on the World War II Home Front

Soldiers and sailors of the old army and navy in the 1800s and early 1900s earned a well-deserved reputation for engaging in a range of vices—drinking, gambling, and consorting with prostitutes—whe...
Maxillary sinus angiomyolipoma: A case report and overview.

Abstract Otolaryngologists are called upon to evaluate and treat sinonasal masses discovered incidentally on imaging studies. Although common conditions such as sinonasal polyps and mucus retention cysts predominate, it is prudent practice to formulate a differential diagnosis to identify unusual conditions. We present a case of a maxillary sinus mass in a 78-year-old man that was discovered incidentally on brain imaging and subsequently identified on biopsy as an angiomyolipoma (AML). AMLs are benign hamartomatous tumors that rarely occur in extrarenal locations. Only a few cases have been reported in the nasal cavity. We believe our case represents the first reported instance of AML arising within a maxillary sinus. Identification of intratumoral fat within the mass on imaging studies may suggest the diagnosis of AML preoperatively. Close interdisciplinary collaboration among the otorhinolaryngology, radiology, and pathology services is beneficial for patient management. We report this case to raise awareness that AML can arise in this previously unreported location. Moreover, we wish to emphasize that AML should be considered in the differential diagnosis when imaging studies demonstrate a well-defined, heterogeneous, fat-containing solitary mass in the nasal cavity or maxillary sinus.
Creating Destructible Objects Using a 3D Voronoi Subdivison Tree

We describe a structure we call a 3D Voronoi Subdivision Tree, a new method to create destructible objects in a physics environment. A tree of 3D Voronoi cells is created from a convex object and the cells are subdivided at each level to the bottom-most children. By traversing the tree, this method provides a dynamic way to subdivide a convex object into its smallest shards. As such, this method allows for a fine level of destruction when interacting with another object in a physics simulation environment.
CODA: a collaboration oriented data agent

This paper provides an analysis of combining data management and agent technologies, proposes a data agent paradigm aiming at distributed multi-agent collaborative computation environments - collaboration oriented data agent (CODA), and discusses the selected design solution and implementation technologies. CODA is designated with three main features - XML-based structured data infrastructure, central service and distributed data management, and event-condition-action rules-based reactive transaction mode, all of them are arguably bringing out the best in each other, which has been shown in a prototype and a multidisciplinary design optimization-oriented case study.
Cholesky Residuals for Assessing Normal Errors in a Linear Model with Correlated Outcomes: Technical Report

Despite the widespread popularity of linear models for correlated outcomes (e.g. linear mixed models and time series models), distribution diagnostic methodology remains relatively underdeveloped in this context. In this paper we present an easy-to-implement approach that lends itself to graphical displays of model fit. Our approach involves multiplying the estimated margional residual vector by the Cholesky decomposition of the inverse of the estimated margional variance matrix. The resulting "rotated" residuals are used to construct an empirical cumulative distribution function and pointwise standard errors. The theoretical framework, including conditions and asymptotic properties, involves technical details that are motivated by Lange and Ryan (1989), Pierce (1982), and Randles (1982). Our method appears to work well in a variety of circumstances, including models having independent units of sampling (clustered data) and models for which all observations are correlated (e.g., a single time series). Our methods can produce satisfactory results even for models that do not satisfy all of the technical conditions stated in our theory.
Mental testing of children under three years.

The research on the predictive validity of infant tests has been reviewed and the reasons for discrepant results discussed. The special problems of testing under 3 years have been described. Experience has taught three safeguards in the use of infant tests: (1) to report results in terms of general ranges of ability rather than in numerical terms, (2) to use serial tests as a basis of evaluation, rather than a single test (or combination of tests) given at any one time, and (3) to incorporate all the observations possible, not only those elicited by the individual test items. Ways in which pediatricians can enrich their own observations of mental development and indications for referral have been presented. There is much more to be learned from the psychological testing situation than an I.Q. figure, and this information may be put in use in helping the parent. Although severe retardation is undeniably identifiable within the first 3 years, the diagnosis of mild and moderate retardation must be considered tentative if based on a single evaluation in the first 3 years. Even if further development belies the first impression, evaluation of current mental status can be helpful to parents in setting immediate goals tailored to their child9s developmental pattern rather than their own conceptions or those which they have gleaned from books on child care. Close collaboration between psychologist and pediatrician is needed for the proper implementation of psychological testing information.
Reconfigurable Parallel Sorting and Load Balancing: HeteroSort

HeteroSort load balances and sorts within static or dynamic networks. Upon failure of a node or path, HeteroSort uses a genetic algorithm to minimize the distribution path by optimally mapping the network to physical near neighbor nodes. We include a proof that a final state of HeteroSort (barren best trades of the Wren cycle) is always a detection of termination of sorting. By capturing global system knowledge in overlapping microregions of nodes, HeteroSort is useful in data dependent applications such as data information fusion on distributed processors.
Kanji Recognition by Second Language Learners: Exploring Effects of First Language Writing Systems and Second Language Exposure

This study investigated whether learners of Japanese with different first language (L1) writing systems use different recognition strategies and whether second language (L2) exposure affects L2 kanji recognition. The study used a computerized lexical judgment task with 3 types of kanji characters to investigate these questions: (a) pseudo-homophones, (b) pseudo-homographs, and (c) real words. Three groups of learners participated in the study: (a) beginning-level learners of Japanese whose L1 was alphabetic, (b) beginning-level learners of Japanese whose L1 was logographic, and (c) intermediate-level learners of Japanese whose L1 was alphabetic. The results showed that both levels of learners whose L1 was alphabetic had poor results on the computerized lexical judgment test, possibly due to poor L2 orthographic awareness. The learners with L1 alphabetic knowledge used a poor visual recognition strategy for L2 kanji decoding, whereas those with L1 logographic knowledge were able to access individual kanji characters due to sufficient knowledge of the characters. Some of the learners also preferred phonological coding to recognize kanji characters. In addition, reaction time for the judgment task differed significantly between beginning- and intermediate-level learners. Results indicated that different reading strategies were used by learners of L1 alphabetic or logographic backgrounds and the beginning and intermediate learners who had had different degrees of exposure to the L2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Small and High-Speed Hardware Architectures for the 3GPP Standard Cipher KASUMI

The KASUMI block cipher and the confidentiality (f8) and integrity (f9) algorithms using KASUMI in feed back cipher modes have been standardized by the 3GPP. We designed compact and high-speed implementations and then compared several prototypes to existing designs in ASICs and FPGAs. Making good use of the nested structure of KASUMI, a lot of function blocks are shared and reused. The data paths of the f8 and f9 algorithms are merged using only one 64-bit selector. An extremely small size of 3.07 Kgates with a 288 Mbps throughput is obtained for a KASUMI core using a 0.13-µm CMOS standard cell library. Even simultaneously supporting both the f8 and f9 algorithms, the same throughput is achieved with 4.89 Kgates. The fastest design supporting the two algorithms achieves 1.6 Gbps with 8.27 Kgates.
Public Accounting Firms

Certified public accounting (CPA) firms track thousands of data for clients, maintain security over financial data, perform numerous calculations, and access and use many types of information. Technology provides efficiency to firms in performing these tasks. Internet and e-business opportunities have been embraced by CPA firms because these technologies enable the firms to expand and enhance services offered to clients and to have constant and wider access to information. New uses of technology have raised privacy and security considerations for CPAs, as well as regulatory concerns about the transmission and online reporting of financial information. In response, CPAs, often through their professional organizations, have created assurance tools, training, certifications, and practice development ideas to maximize the use of technology in providing a high level of service to clients. Continued development of new uses of the Internet will further enhance the services offered by CPA firms. Keywords: assurance; audit; certified public accountant (CPA); financial analysis; legal issues; regulatory issues; tax
Silvaco modeling of a 10 kV SiC p-i-n diode

To maximize the benefit of semiconductor technology, the U.S. military is requiring that the operating temperature for power electronic devices must be able to handle temperatures of up to 150 /spl deg/C. Power devices that use the wide band gap material silicon carbide (SiC) are being developed to provide large breakdown voltages and fast recovery times. When circuits call for high blocking voltages and fast reverse recovery times under adverse temperature situations, the p-i-n diode is the device presently used. To simulate the SiC device behavior, a modeling program named Silvaco was used to characterize a 5.76 mm/sup 2/ 10 kV SiC p-i-n diode manufactured by Cree under forward bias, reverse blocking and reverse recovery conditions. These simulations are then compared with test results from the actual device. Forward bias testing of the diode was conducted on a high power curve tracer and two different test circuits were developed to test reverse blocking and reverse recovery conditions respectively on sample diodes from Cree to add credibility to the Silvaco simulations. The results from the simulation and the experimental test were compared to verify the accuracy of the simulation and improve the prediction of high temperature device behavior in power electronics.
Hidden in Plain Sight: Locating, Validating, and Advocating the Stigma Experiences of Women of Color

In this commentary, we reflect and expand on Remedios and Snyder’s (2015) target paper “How Women of Color Detect and Respond to Multiple Forms of Prejudice.” We, initially, address the perceived lack of available women of color participants for human behavior studies conducted in the United States. We offer remedies to this expectation of deficits in order for researchers to retool their recruitment plans for traditional undergraduate subjects. Specifically, we highlight the changing demographic profiles of U.S. undergraduate students and we draw attention to potentially overlooked campus-based sources of women of color participants. Next, we discuss validated measures for researchers interested in assessing individuals with multiply-stigmatized group identities. The individual difference measures (double consciousness and chronic ostracism experiences) as well as an explicit evaluation (Strong Black Woman schema) may inform pending research examining group processes, health-related indicators, and predicted behaviors. Moreover, we identify critical areas of psychological research that can inform administrators of public policies and enlighten stakeholders for institutional transformations. In particular, we focus on factors that affect representation and retention of women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields in the Unites States. In sum, these suggestions have extensive implications for enhancing research on the stigma experiences and responses to prejudice for women of color, by providing U.S. researchers with practical solutions for recruiting women of color and measuring their experiences.
Clinical predictors of anaesthetic complications in children with respiratory tract infections

Details of the preoperative condition, in particular symptoms of respiratory tract infections (RTI), perioperative management and the occurrence of perioperative complications, were collected in a survey of 2051 children. Logistic regression was used to determine which variables were predictors of anaesthetic adverse events. 22.3% of the children had symptoms of an RTI on the day of surgery, and 45.8% had a 'cold' in the preceding 6 weeks. Logistic regression returned eight variables. They were method of airway management, parent states the child has a 'cold' on the day of surgery, child has nasal congestion, child snores, child is a passive smoker, induction agent chosen, child produces sputum, and whether reversal agent used. Orotracheal intubation was associated with an increased probability of complications when compared with laryngeal mask airway and facemask. RTI in the preceding 6 weeks did not increase probability of complications. Wheeze, fever, malaise and age could not be excluded as predictors in this study because children with these symptoms and infants with colds were effectively excluded from the study.
Frequency hopping m-sequences

A procedure for obtaining frequency-hopping sequences with good random properties and good autocorrelation properties is presented. Normally, frequency-hopping sequences for spread-spectrum communication systems are obtained by selecting groups of elements of binary m-sequences. The alternative to using groups of binary m-sequence elements that is developed here is to obtain nonbinary m-sequences with the number of desired hopping frequencies equal to the number of symbols in the finite field which the nonbinary m-sequence is over. The grouping of elements of binary m-sequences doesn not necessarily have the m-sequence balance property nor the run property of m-sequences as do the nonbinary m-sequences. In addition, the autocorrelation function of the nonbinary m-sequence has a maximal period whereas the frequency-hopping sequence obtained from the grouping of elements of binary m-sequences may not have a maximal period. >
Comparison of wire—plate and plate—plate electrostatic precipitators in turbulent flow

Abstract The transport of pre-charged particles in a wire—plate precipitator in turbulent flow is investigated by numerical solution of the convective diffusion equation. For ease of computation the high voltage wire electrodes are replaced by strip electrodes giving essentially the same potential distribution. It is shown that for equivalent values of the Deutsch and Peclet numbers, the efficiency of the wire—plate system agrees closely with that of a plate—plate system, provided the comparison is made on the basis of equal values of the space-averaged field at the collector. The study does not include corona charging as normally encountered.
Origins of Solvation Forces in Confined Films

Comparative investigations of equilibrium structures, solvation forces, and conformational dynamics of thin confined films of spherical molecules, straight-chain alkanes (n-hexadecane and n-tetracosane), and a branched alkane (squalane) are performed using a newly developed grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics method for simulations of confined liquids. The method combines constant pressure simulations with a computational cell containing solid surfaces and both bulk and confined liquid regions in equilibrium with each other. For all the molecular liquid systems layered density oscillations in the confined films are found for various widths of the confining gap. The solvation force oscillations as a function of the gap width for the spherical and straight-chain alkane liquids are more pronounced, exhibiting attractive and repulsive regions, while for the branched alkane the solvation forces are mostly repulsive, with the development of shallow local attractive regions for small values of the gap wi...
Measuring Facial Movement

A procedure has been developed for measuring visibly different facial movements. The Facial Action Code was derived from an analysis of the anatomical basis of facial movement. The method can be used to describe any facial movement (observed in photographs, motion picture film or videotape) in terms of anatomically based action units. The development of the method is explained, contrasting it to other methods of measuring facial behavior. An example of how facial behavior is measured is provided, and ideas about research applications are discussed.
Effect of Ambient Environments on Survival of Selected Bacterial Populations in Dairy Waste Solids

Survival of potentially pathogenic organisms, especially those causing mastitis, indigenous to dairy waste solids was measured over an exposure of 12 days. Selected genera of bacteria were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Escherichia. Random samples were taken from four locations within each pile of dairy waste solids at 4-day intervals in four replicates. The number of streptococci and salmonella markedly decreased after the first 4 days. The pseudomonas and coliform populations decreased a small but significant amount as did the staphylococci. These results could be in part from various factors such as solar radiation, heavy metals in the solids, or the approximate 45 C increase in temperature within the piles.
The performance of microgametophytes is affected by inbreeding depression and hybrid vigor in the sporophytic generation

Inbreeding reduces the level of heterozygosity, thereby exposing deleterious recessives to selection and simultaneously reducing the number of loci expressing heterosis (overdominance). In contrast, hybridization increases the level of heterozygosity, thereby masking deleterious recessives and simultaneously increasing the number of loci expressing heterosis. Most studies of inbreeding depression/hybrid vigor have focused on sporophytic performance such as survivorship, vegetative growth rates, fruit and seed production and (rarely) pollen production. Because the genetic mechanisms that underlie inbreeding depression/hybrid vigor are relevant only to the diploid stage of the life cycle, most studies have tacitly assumed that they have no effects on pollen performance (pollen germination, pollen tube growth rate, ability to achieve fertilization under conditions of pollen competition). However, we reasoned that because pollen is dependent upon the sporophyte for the resources necessary to develop, germinate and initiate tube growth, the level of heterozygosity (vigor) in the pollen-producing parent can affect pollen performance by affecting the ability of the sporophyte to provision its pollen. In a series of studies conducted under field conditions over 7 years, we experimentally varied the level of heterozygosity in wild gourd (Cucurbita pepo) plants (four levels of inbreeding, f = 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, 0 and a zucchini × wild gourd F1). We found that sporophytic vigor (e.g., flower and fruit production) increased with the level of heterozygosity and that the level of heterozygosity of the sporophyte affects the in vitro and in vivo performance of the microgametophytes it produces. These findings are analogous to the ”maternal environmental effects” frequently observed in seeds.
Help-Seeking Experiences and Attitudes among African American, Asian American, and European American College Students

The study examined African American, Asian American, and European American college students’ previous direct and indirect experiences of seeking professional psychological services and related attitudes. Survey data were collected from 254 European American, 182 African American and 82 Asian American college students. Results revealed that fewer African American and Asian American college students had sought professional psychological services, knew someone who had sought psychological services, and knew a close person who was diagnosed with a psychological disorder, relative to European American students. Furthermore, African American and Asian American participants showed less favorable attitudes on a variety of help-seeking attitudes, compared to the European American group.
Class Differences in Cohabitation Processes

Despite the burgeoning cohabitation literature, research has failed to examine social class variation in processes of forming and advancing such unions. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with 122 working- and middle-class cohabitors, we examine the duration between dating and moving in together, reasons for cohabiting, and subsequent plans. Transitions to cohabitation are more rapid among the working class. Respondents often cohabited for practical reasons—out of financial necessity, because it was convenient, or to meet a housing need. Regardless of social class status, few couples move in together as a “trial marriage.” Nonetheless, middle-class cohabitors were more likely to have become engaged than their working-class counterparts. Our findings indicate the need to reassess common beliefs regarding the role served by cohabitation and suggest that cohabitation has become another location where family outcomes are diverging by social class.
Metabolomic profiling reveals a role for caspase-2 in lipoapoptosis

The accumulation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in non-adipose tissues results in lipid-induced cytotoxicity (or lipoapoptosis). Lipoapoptosis has been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. In this report, we demonstrate a novel role for caspase-2 as an initiator of lipoapoptosis. Using a metabolomics approach, we discovered that the activation of caspase-2, the initiator of apoptosis in Xenopus egg extracts, is associated with an accumulation of LCFA metabolites. Metabolic treatments that blocked the buildup of LCFAs potently inhibited caspase-2 activation, whereas adding back an LCFA in this scenario restored caspase activation. Extending these findings to mammalian cells, we show that caspase-2 was engaged and activated in response to treatment with the saturated LCFA palmitate. Down-regulation of caspase-2 significantly impaired cell death induced by saturated LCFAs, suggesting that caspase-2 plays a pivotal role in lipid-induced cytotoxicity. Together, these findings reveal a previously unknown role for caspase-2 as an initiator caspase in lipoapoptosis and suggest that caspase-2 may be an attractive therapeutic target for inhibiting pathological lipid-induced apoptosis.