cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Radiosensitivity of the Chromosomes of the Cells of Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines

Measurement of the radiation sensitivity of chromosomes was used to address the influence of cell cycle distribution and of DNA content and ploidy on radiation responses in seven human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. The cell lines varied about twofold in DNA content and chromosome number, and the X-ray sensitivities (D0) of the lines ranged from 1.1 to 2.7 Gy. The more resistant cell lines ( $D_{0}>1.8\ {\rm Gy}$ ) had faster growth rates and larger proportions of cells in S phase in asynchronous cultures. Aberration frequencies were measured in cells irradiated in G1 and G2 phase. The more resistant lines had fewer induced aberrations in both phases than did sensitive lines, implying that they were more resistant to radiation in both of these cell cycle phases. Therefore, while the larger S-phase population seen in the resistant cell lines probably contributes to the resistant phenotype, it cannot explain all of the intrinsic differences in radiation sensitivity. There was no relationsh...
A Bottle Half Empty: Bottled Water, Commodification, and Contestation

Bottled water has rapidly been transformed from an elite niche market into a ubiquitous consumer object. Yet the literature on drinking water privatization has largely neglected the growth of bottl...
First somatosensory cortical columns and associated neuronal clusters of nucleus ventralis posterolateralis of the cat: an anatomical demonstration

Microlesions (30--275 microns in diameter) were placed in VPLm of the cat and the terminal axonal degeneration in SI cortex was stained using the Fink-Heimer I technique. Following each of these microlesions, small, localized patches or subcolumns of degeneration, relatively light in density, were observed within laminae IIIb and IV of SI when viewed in the coronal plane. In addition, a few degenerating fibers ascended to lamina I. These multiple subcolumns had distinct radial boundaries and were narrow in the mediolateral plane (80--120 microns in width) but elongated rostro-caudally (2500--3000 microns in length). Localized patches of degeneration were separated at their widest points by a distance of 500 microns medio--laterally, but at various rostro--caudal levels of SI were observed to merge into larger columns of degeneration (250--400 microns) and then separate again into smaller multiple patches (i.e., a "zebra-like" pattern). Small injections of HRP into the forelimb region of area 3b or rostral area 1--2 of SI resulted in the labeling of small, discrete clusters of neurons in the ventral regions of VPLm. The clusters examined ranged in size from 140--350 microns in medio--lateral diameter and were elongated rostro--caudally (up to 500 microns in extent); virtually all cells within a cluster appeared labeled, but not equally so. A pattern of HRP labeling different from that observed following area 3b and rostral area 1--2 injections was observed following injections into more caudal regions of area 1--2 and into SII cortex. The labeling that resulted from these injections was not in the form of neuronal clusters but instead labeled cells tended to be scattered in more dorsal regions of VPLm. This scattering did not appear to be random since the labeled neurons were grouped within the same general area of VPLm. Labeling was distributed throughout a number of cell clusters, comprising only a small proportion of cells within each cluster. The pattern of labeling seen after caudal area 1--2 and SII injections differed only in its rostro--caudal extent within VPLm. SII injections generally resulted in labeling along the full rostro--caudal dimension of VPLm. A differential organization of the anatomy of thalamocortical projections to the various subdivisions of SI and to SII was noted in this study. It is postulated that the multiple, discrete patches of degeneration in laminae IIIb and IV of SI represent a portion of the somatosensory cortical columns and that the HRP-labeled clusters seen in VPLm following area 3b and rostral area 1--2 are the subcortical equivalents of these subcolumns.
Manpower shortage and education for librarianship in Jordan

(1982). Manpower shortage and education for librarianship in Jordan. International Library Review: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 417-425.
Prediction of ice shapes and their effect on airfoil performance

Calculations of ice shapes and the resulting drag increases are presented for experimental data on a NACA 0012 airfoil. They were made with a combination of LEWICE and interactive boundary-layer codes for a wide range of conditions which include air speed and temperature, the droplet size and liquid water content of the cloud, and the angle of attack of the airfoil. In all cases, the calculated results account for the drag increase due to ice accretion and, in general, show good agreement.
Peer Tutoring: Meeting the "Demands of Inclusion in Physical Education Today".

This article examines the effects of peer tutoring as a strategy for teaching and including students with disabilities in general physical education (GPE). Different teaching strategies allow teachers to meet the needs of students, whether in a classroom or gym setting. Research has been conducted on various teaching strategies in physical education. This article focuses on the benefits of one of those strategies, peer tutoring, for students with and without disabilities in GPE settings. It also provides specific recommendations for implementing peer tutoring in GPE.
The hydrohalogenation of perphenylcyclosilanes

Abstract Anhydrous hydrogen halides have been found to react with octaphenylcyclotetrasilane to give the corresponding 1-halo-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octaphenyltetrasilane in good yields. The order of reactivity observed with these reagents under similar conditions is HI>HBr>HCl. Several halogenated hydrocarbons also bring about cleavage and hydrohalogenation of octaphenylcyclotetrasilane. Some of the halogenated hydrocarbons cause a secondary cleavage of the silicon hydride formed to provide the 1,4-dihalo-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octaphenyltetrasilane derivative. This may provide a route for mixed dihalo derivatives. Decaphenylcyclopentasilane reacts only to a small extent with the same reagents and then to give non-isolable products.
The analysis of Westphalian German Spirantization

Westphalian German Spirantization refers to the change from an original prevocalic long vowel to the corresponding short vowel plus fricative (i.e. [ɣ]). For example, the [ɪɣ] sequence in the Westphalian word [klɪɣə] “bran” derived historically from [iː]. The present article offers a new treatment for the historical shift from [iː] to [ɪɣ] — as well as similar ones involving other vowels — which breaks the process down into five separate changes. It is argued that each of these changes modified non-linear representations involving syllables, moras and segmental features. A crucial component of the proposed analysis is that each of the five changes is seen as a repair to a constraint.
Geochemical investigation of some volcanic rocks from the Philippines

Abstract Ten tholeiitic basalts and twelve low-Si andesites from the Philippines were analyzed for Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Rb, Sr, Hf, Co, Sc and Cr, and seven REE (La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu). Philippine tholeiitic basalts are similar to most island-arc tholeiites and are relatively similar to continental tholeiites in terms of major-element contents and trends in K/Rb, Rb/Sr, K/Sr and Ca/Sr ratios. Compared to most submarine tholeiites, they are more strongly enriched in Rb relative to K and Sr, and enriched in Sr relative to K and Ca, and seem to show only slight effects of plagioclase fractionation at relatively low temperatures. Average REE distribution pattern of Philippine tholeiitic basalt differs slightly from Formosan tholeiite, but differs strikingly from Japanese and oceanic-ridge tholeiites. These contrasts suggest that Philippine tholeiitic basalts originated from an environment different from Japan and oceanic ridges, and probably at pressures nearly as great as those characteristic of Formosan tholeiites. Philippine low-Si andesites are enriched in light REE and have distribution patterns nearly parallel to Iwo-Jima (Japan) andesites and similar to Bougainville low-Si andesites, suggesting that Philippine low-Si andesites probably formed in a condition similar to most circum-Pacific island-arc andesites.
Bundling with Customer Self-Selection: A Simple Approach to Bundling Low-Marginal-Cost Goods

With declining costs of distributing digital products comes renewed interest in strategies for pricing goods with low marginal costs. In this paper, we evaluate customized bundling, a pricing strategy that gives consumers the right to choose up to a quantity M of goods drawn from a larger pool of N different goods for a fixed price. We show that the complex mixed-bundle problem can be reduced to the customized-bundle problem under some commonly used assumptions. We also show that, for a monopoly seller of low marginal cost goods, this strategy outperforms individual selling (M = 1) and pure bundling (M = N) when goods have a positive marginal cost or when customers have heterogeneous preferences over goods. Comparative statics results also show that the optimal bundle size for customized bundling decreases in both heterogeneity of consumer preferences over different goods and marginal costs of production. We further explore how the customized-bundle solution is affected by factors such as the nature of distribution functions in which valuations are drawn, the correlations of values across goods, and the complementarity or substitutability among products. Altogether, our results suggest that customized bundling has a number of advantages-both in theory and practice-over other bundling strategies in many relevant settings.
Extreme-Ultraviolet Absorption Lines in Lyα Forest Absorbers and the Oxygen Abundance in the Intergalactic Medium

We create stacked composite absorption spectra from Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph data from four quasi-stellar objects to search for absorption lines in the extreme-ultraviolet wavelength region associated with Ly? forest absorbers in the redshift range 1.6 < z < 2.9. We successfully detect O V ?630 in Ly? absorbers throughout the 1013-1016.2 cm-2 column density range. For a sample of absorbers with 1013.2 cm-2 < N(H I) < 1014.2 cm-2, corresponding to gas densities ranging from around the universal mean to overdensities of a few, we measure an O V ?630 equivalent width of 10.9 ? 3.7 m?. We estimate that the detection is real with at least 99% confidence. We only detect O IV ?788, O IV ?554, O III ?833, and He I ?584 in absorbers with Ly? equivalent widths 0.6 ?, which are likely associated with traditional metal line systems. We find no evidence in any subsamples for absorption from N IV ?765, Ne V ?568, Ne VI ?559, Ne VIII ??770, 780, or Mg X ??610, 625. The measured equivalent widths of O V suggest values of O V/H I in the range -1.7 to -0.6 for 1013.2 cm-2 < N(H I) 1015 cm-2. The lack of detectable O IV absorption except in the strongest absorption systems suggests a hard ionizing background similar to the standard Haardt & Madau spectrum. Using photoionization models, we estimate that the oxygen abundance in the intergalactic medium with respect to the solar value is [O/H] ? -2.2 to -1.3. Comparing to studies of C IV, we estimate [O/C] ? 0.3-1.2. The overabundance of oxygen relative to carbon agrees with other low-metallicity abundance measurements and suggests enrichment of the intergalactic medium by Type II supernovae.
Potential Cost Savings for Medi-Cal, AFDC, Food Stamps, and WIC Programs Associated with Increasing Breast-feeding among Low-income Hmong Women in California

Abstract Objective To determine the potential cost savings for four social service programs if breast-feeding rates increased among Hmong women in California. Design Cost-savings analysis. Subjects/setting Hmong women in California. In this population, breast-feeding is currently uncommon, and use of contraceptives is minimal. Main outcome measures Savings were based on estimates of the resulting decrease in infant morbidity, maternal fertility, and formula purchases (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) if women breast-fed each child for at least 6 months. Costs were projected over a 7.5-year period and future values were discounted with annual interest rates of 2% or 4%. Results Substantial savings estimates were associated with breast-feeding for all four programs. The total projected savings over the 7.5-year period ranges from $3,442 to $4,944 (4% discount) to $4,475 to $6,060 (0% discount) per family enrolled in all four programs. This translates into an estimated yearly savings of between $459 and $659 (4% discount) and $597 and $808 (0% discount) per family. Applications Although health care providers generally accept that breast-feeding is the preferred method for feeding infants, many still view the choice as a neutral one; that is, they consider low breast-feeding rates in the United States a cultural choice with no cost to society. This analysis provides evidence that breast-feeding is economically advantageous for individuals and society. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:885-890 .
A review of contrast media research in 1999-2000.

Abstract Contrast media research published during the years 1999 and 2000 is reviewed in this article, in terms of relevance to developments within the field of diagnostic radiology. The primary focus is on publications from the journal Investigative Radiology, which publishes much of the clinical and laboratory research performed in this field. The journals Radiology and the American Journal of Roentgenology are dominant in the field of diagnostic radiology and together publish more than 10 times the number of articles as appear each year in Investigative Radiology. However, in 1999 for example, these two journals together published fewer articles than did Investigative Radiology alone that concerned basic (animal) research with contrast media. Thirty-six percent of the articles in Investigative Radiology in 1999 had a primary focus on contrast media and 18% on basic (animal) research with contrast media. To make this review more complete, articles from other major journals are cited and discussed, as needed, to provide supplemental information in the few areas not well covered by articles in Investigative Radiology. The safety of contrast media is always an important topic and research continues to be performed in this area, both to explore fundamental issues regarding iodinated contrast media and also to establish the overall safety profile of new magnetic resonance (MR) and ultrasound agents. In regard to preclinical investigations, most of the work performed in the last 2 years has been with MR and ultrasound. In MR, research efforts continue to be focused on the development of targeted agents. In ultrasound, research efforts are split between studies looking at new imaging methods and early studies of targeted agents. In regard to the clinical application of contrast media, the published literature continues to be dominated by MR. Investigations include the study of disease in clinical trials and in animal models. A large number of studies continue to be published in regard to new techniques and applications within the field of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. This field represents the single, largest new clinical application of contrast media in MR to emerge in the last decade. New clinical research continues to be published regarding the use of contrast media in computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, and x-ray angiography. The introduction of spiral CT (together with the multidetector scanners) has led to greater utilization of this modality, as well as intravenous iodinated contrast media. The number of publications regarding clinical applications of intravenously injected ultrasound contrast agents remains low, with the high expectations in regard to growth (in terms of number of exams using contrast) of the last decade yet to be fulfilled.
A new mass spectrometer system for investigating laser-induced vaporization phenomena

A laser has been combined with a mass spectrometer in a new configuration developed for studies of high-temperature materials. A vacuum-lock, solid-sample inlet is mounted at one end of a cylindrical, high-vacuum chamber one meter in length with a nude ion-source, time-of-flight mass spectrometer at the opposite end. The samples are positioned along the axis of the chamber at distances up to one meter from the ion source, and their surfaces are vaporized by a pulsed laser beam entering via windows on one side of the chamber. The instrumentation along with its capabilities is described, and results from laser-induced vaporization of several graphites are presented.
Mycorrhizal colonization and microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of annual ryegrass grown in pyrene‐amended soils

Abstract In an 182‐d lightroom experiment, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was grown in two soils under conditions of high and low fertility to examine the effect of pyrene (500 mg kg‐1) on plant shoot biomass, mycorrhizal colonization, and soil microbial community structure. Treatments were destructively sampled every 14 d. Plant shoot biomass remained relatively unaffected by pyrene in either soil. Mycorrhizal colonization was only briefly affected by pyrene in one soil, but was unaffected in the other. Changes in soil microbial community structure were measured with whole soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Differences in soil microbial community structure were observed between planted and nonplanted treatments at both fertility levels, but these differences were unrelated to the presence of pyrene. The bulk soil was associated primarily with fatty acid biomarkers for Gram‐positive bacteria, while the rhizosphere was associated primarily with the fatty acid biomarkers associated wit...
Control of smoke in building fires

In the August issue, the author discussed the movement of smoke in buildings. In this, a companion article, he examines an approach to controlling the movement of smoke to permit safe evacuation of a building and to lessen its hampering effect on fire fighting operations.
Subwebs for specialized search

We describe a method to define and use subwebs, user-defined neighborhoods of the Internet. Subwebs help improve search performance by inducing a topic-specific page relevance bias over a collection of documents. Subwebs may be automatically identified using a simple algorithm we describe, and used to provide highly-relevant topic-specific information retrieval. Using subwebs in a Help and Support topic, we see marked improvements in precision compared to generic search engine results.
The effect of exchange on the polarisation of electrons by double scattering

The most outstanding discrepancy between experiment and Dirac's theory of the electron is at present that shown by Dymond's experiments on the polarisation of beams of electrons by double scattering. It has been shown by Mott, using Dirac's relativistic wave equation, that one would expect a 15% asymmetry of beams of 140 k.v. electrons scattered twice at 90° by gold. The experiments of Dymond referred to above show that there cannot be more than 1% asymmetry. Several attempts have been made to explain this discrepancy, but without success. (For an account of these see Dymond's paper II.) One possibility which has not yet been investigated is that of exchange between the incident electron and the electrons of the struck atom. It is evident that only elastic exchange need be considered, since the probability of excitation of any form is known to be small. Only exchange with the K and L shells may be expected to give any appreciable effect.
Compensatory response of a legume root‐nodule system to nodule herbivory by Sitona hispidulus

A laboratory study was conducted to examine the hypothesis that herbivory of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legumes causes an exact compensatory response in nodule growth. Plants of Medicago sativa (L.) were grown hydroponically in clear plastic growth pouches so that the number and biomass of root nodules could be estimated nondestructively before, and 10 and 18 days after, partial denodulation. For treatments, plants were subjected to 23% denodulation by first-instar larvae of Sitona hispidulus (F.) (a common herbivore of Medicago and Trifolium) or 50% nodule pruning; additional plants were left untreated. Results indicated that nodule herbivory and nodule pruning caused an overcompensatory response in number of nodules. This was also true for number of nodule units (an indirect measure of nodule biomass) per plant at 10 days after denodulation but had changed to an exact compensatory response by day 18. An inverse relationship between change in number of nodule units and initial number of nodules indicated that compensatory nodulation was regulated by a feedback mechanism. Shoot and root biomasses were not affected by denodulation in this study.
Internal waves in an unbounded non-Boussinesq flow

Abstract Weakly nonlinear internal waves in an unbounded non-Boussinesq flow with uniform stratification are treated with a Laurent-type expansion. The expansion eliminates the problem encountered with a traditional expansion in wave amplitude where higher harmonics grow exponentially faster with higher order. The results show that the second-order wave correction to the linear estimate of the wave speed of internal waves in an unbounded layer is always negative, meaning that higher amplitude waves travel slower.
Superposition of anion and cation exchange for removal of natural water ions

Abstract Ion exchange in a fluidized bed has been shown to be an effective design for anion and cation exchange. However, little is known about combining anion and cation exchange resins in the same vessel. More specifically, can combined ion exchange be predicted by adding the removal of anions during anion exchange to the removal of cations during cation exchange? Results indicated that combined ion exchange can reduce precipitation of sparingly soluble minerals, such as CaCO 3 , in the bulk solution by simultaneously removing calcium and bicarbonate. Inorganic cations dominated the ion exchange behavior during these processes, and organic anions such as dissolved organic matter (DOM) behaved the same in combined ion exchange as in anion exchange. Results showed that it is possible to estimate sulfate and magnesium removal during combined ion exchange by rules of superposition, as well as calcium when initial concentration of calcium is low. Synthetic waters with varying divalent cations were compared to a natural groundwater, both of which had low organics and high divalent cations. Results showed similar behavior between natural and synthetic waters with varying types of DOM. The effect of combined ion exchange on separation factors is also calculated and discussed.
Isolation, characterization, and sequencing of Candida albicans repetitive element 2.

Abstract A 1059-bp Sau 3A fragment, designated Candida albicans repetitive element 2 ( CARE-2 ), was isolated from the genome of the pathogenic yeast, C. albicans. CARE-2 DNA was detected on several C. albicans chromosomes separated by transverse alternating-field electrophoresis. A high degree of interstrain variation in the pattern of hybridizing bands were observed by Southern blot analysis, with a minimum of 10–14 copies of CARE-2 per strain. A low frequency of new CARE-2 polymorphisms was observed over time for three strains grown at 25°C or 37°C. No new CARE02 polymorphisms were observed from two naturally occurring switch phenotypes. To localize repeated DNA, oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes, each representing a different region of CARE-2 , were hybridized to genomic blots. A lower number of copies were observed 5′ and 3′ to a 600-bp region of CARE-2 . Nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis of CARE-2 DNA shows the element is characterized by six perfect direct repeats 6 bp in length and shows no significant DNA similarity with any known nt sequence.
Global Environmental Risk.

Jeanne X. Kasperson and Roger E. Kasperson, eds. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2001. xvii and 574 pp., maps, diags., apps., and index. $39.95 paper (ISBN 1-85383-801-2).
Beam element formulation and solution procedure for dynamic progressive collapse analysis

A beam element formulation and solution procedure for progressive collapse analysis of planar frame structures is presented. Unlike previous research, the current study addresses the significance of dynamic load redistribution following the failure of one or more elements. The developed beam-column element utilizes a multi-linear, lumped plasticity model, and it also accounts for the interaction of axial force and bending moment. Strength and stiffness degradation are included through use of a damage-dependent constitutive relationship. A damage index is used to determine the onset of member failure. Following the failure of an element, the analysis continues in an efficient manner through use of a modified member stiffness procedure. This approach does not require the introduction of any additional degrees-of-freedom or modification of the element connectivity definitions. Finally, a methodology for updating the state of a structure at the time of member failure is presented. Analysis results indicate that dynamic redistribution of loads is a significant feature of the progressive collapse problem and should be accounted for in order to avoid estimates of capacity that are not conservative.
Bourbaki's theorem and prime ideals

If R is a normal domain and M a finitely generated torsion free module, then by Bourbaki's theorem [2, Sect. 9, Theorem 6] there is a free submodule F of M such that M/F is isomorphic to an ideal. We shall call such an ideal a Bourbaki ideal for M. Of particular interest is the case when this ideal may be chosen to be prime; if I ""'MfF, then homological properties of M will be inherited by the domain Rfl, for instance via the isomorphisms Exti(M, R) ~ Exti(J, R) ""' Exti+1(Rfl, R), for i ~ 2. In this situation, one can, by taking for M direct sums of suitable syzygies of given modules of finite length, produce a domain Rfl with a prescribed sequence of finite length local cohomology modules. A detailed statement and proof, as well as further applications, may be found in the paper of Evans and Griffith [7]. In this paper, we present sufficient conditions on the ring R that all finitely generated reflexive modules give rise to prime Bourbaki ideals. We will also present a partial converse, which demonstrates that, for the most part, these conditions are actually necessary. The proof, and especially the construction of the ideal in part I, follows that of [7], although it is somewhat more general, and avoids the use of Swan's theorem (concerning projectives over Laurent polynomial rings). The use of Bertini's theorem was first suggested in a preprint of [7]; the timely appearance of a particularly apropos version of this theorem by Flenner [8] enabled us to complete the proof along the lines suggested. This part of the proof actually demonstrates more; the prime ideals which are produced in fact are analytically irreducible, and even normal under certain conditions. We may moreover produce such ideals with arbitrarily many minimal generators. Moh has given an explicit sequence of primes in k[[ X, Y, Z]] having no bound on the number of minimal generators [I2], and Bresinsky has done the same for power series in four or more variables [3]. In each of
Infrared Imaging and Shock Visualization of Flow over Concave Blunt Bodies

Experiments have been made to determine if the unsteady e ow induced by a streamwise cavity in the nose of a blunt body can reduce mean surface heat transfer rates compared to the same body without a cavity. Measurements were made at Mach 5 and included surface temperatures obtained using an infrared camera, e uctuating pressures at the cavity base, and bow shock visualization using planar laser Mie scattering. Cavities with a length-to-depth ratio of about 2 appear very promising in terms of reduced heating. Cavities for which the length-to-depth ratio varies from about 0.4 to 0.7 exhibit unstable, nonaxisymmetric surface temperature and cavity pressure histories. Instantaneous shock visualization reveals nonaxisymmetric shocks that correlate with the unstable pressure histories. Cavity resonance frequency decreases as the cavity depth increases and pressure e uctuations increase in amplitude. In all cases, the primary oscillation frequency agrees well with simple organ pipe theory.
Effects of four cereal grains on intake and ruminal digestion of harvested forage by beef steers

Effects of grain supplements on intake and digestion of roughage diets have been studied extensively, but studies comparing these effects among different grains are limited. Our experiment compared the effects of four cereal grains on roughage intake and ruminal digestion. Five separately penned ruminally cannulated beef steers (average body weight (BW) 194 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design; treatments included prairie hay, or prairie hay plus supplemental barley, corn, sorghum or wheat. Each grain was dry rolled and fed to provide 0.25% BW as starch to a basal diet of prairie hay (in vitro organic matter digestibility, 56 g 100 g−1; crude protein, 10.8 g 100 g−1 of organic matter). Urea was added to grains to ensure that supplements were isonitrogenous. Grain supplementation did not affect (P > 0.10) hay organic matter intake, although digestible organic matter intake was increased (P 0.10) by grain supplementation. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen was increased (P 0.10) by grain supplementation, nor were particulate passage rate, ruminal or intestinal retention time, or gastrointestinal dry matter fill. Total tract mean retention time was decreased (P 0.10) by sorghum. A treatment × sampling time interaction (P 0.10) by treatments. Wheat supplementation increased (P < 0.01) ruminal butyrate at 2 and 12 h after supplementation, but sorghum decreased butyrate proportions at 2, 8 and 12 h after supplementation. Barley increased (P < 0.10) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations at 4 h after supplementation, but VFA concentrations were not affected by other grains. Grain supplementation increased (P < 0.10) in sacco organic matter disappearance of prairie hay at 48 h of incubation. We conclude that grain supplementation, to provide 0.25% of BW as starch, did not affect hay intake adversely, and slightly increased in sacco digestion of hay organic matter. More readily fermentable grains (barley and wheat) affected ruminal VFA proportions and concentrations.
Thyroglobulin antibody levels do not predict disease status in papillary thyroid cancer

SummaryBackground Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) are present in approximately 20% of patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and invalidate the serum thyroglobulin (Tg) level as a tumour marker. We examined whether trends in the TgAb level could serve as a surrogate marker of disease status in the surveillance of patients with PTC. Methods All patients found to have a least one positive postoperative TgAb level (determined by the Beckman-Coulter Access Assay) after undergoing initial surgery for PTC from 2000 to 2010 at a single institution were included. Log–log transformation and linear regression were applied to longitudinal TgAb levels, yielding patient-specific regression coefficients that categorized as follows: highly negative, moderately negative and positive/no trend. The recurrence rate in each category was then assessed. Results Ninety-three of 967 patients with PTC were included. Recurrent disease was detected in 19 patients (20%) after a mean follow-up time of 51 months. Regression coefficients in the highly negative and moderately negative groups were not different, and hence these groups were pooled. The proportion of recurrent cases in the negative trend group was similar to that in the positive/no trend group (19·7% vs 21·9%, NS). The mean regression coefficients were similar for recurrent and nonrecurrent cases within both the negative trend group (−0·89 vs −0·80, NS) and the positive/no trend group (0·08 vs 0·33, NS). Conclusion Trends in the TgAb level do not predict disease status in PTC in our experience. In the context of most commercially available TgAb assays, surveillance of TgAb-positive patients will hinge on high-quality imaging until a valid alternative serum marker to Tg is identified.
The Wear of Polysiloxane-Modified Epoxies

An epoxy resin was chemically modified with poly (dimethyl-codiphenyl siloxane) to enhance its fracture toughness. The fatigue and abrasive wear of the modified epoxy was measured in a pin-on-disk configuration as a function of the amount of modifier in the epoxy resin. The wear rate decreased as the weight percent of the modifier was increased. The fatigue wear rate also was positively correlated with the ratio of the surface tensile stress to the fracture toughness and the abrasive wear correlated with the inverse of the fracture toughness. Presented at the 35th STLE/ASME Tribology Conference In Fort Lauderdale, Florida October 16–19, 1989
Human α-chain globin messenger: Prediction of a nucleotide sequence

Abstract All nucleotide sequences consistent with the amino acid sequence of the α-chain of human hemoglobin were tested for their complementarity with a known 26-nucleotide sequence from the α-chain messenger. The region with the highest pairing potential is immediately adjacent to the known nucleotide sequence. The existence of this potential hairpin loop requires the specification of nucleotides in at least 6 degenerate positions.
1<2 and 2<3: non-linguistic appreciations of numerical order

Ordinal understanding is involved in understanding social hierarchies, series of actions, and everyday events. Moreover, an appreciation of numerical order is critical to understanding number at a highly abstract, conceptual level. In this paper, we review findings concerning the development and expression of ordinal numerical knowledge in preverbal human infants in light of literature about the same cognitive abilities in non-human animals. We attempt to reconcile seemingly contradictory evidence, provide new directions for prospective research, and evaluate the shared basis of ordinal knowledge among non-verbal organisms. Our review of the research leads us to conclude that both infants and non-human animals are adapted to respond to monotonic progressions in numerical order, consonant with mathematical definitions of numerical order. Further, we suggest that patterns in the way that infants and non-human animals process numerical order can be accounted for by changes across development, the conditions under which representations are generated, or both.
Reduced matrix element of an irreducible spherical tensor operator—New derivation and applications

Abstract A new derivation is given of the result that the reduced matrix element of an irreducible spherical tensor operator T(kq) is (gamma;J‖ T (k) ‖γJ) = [(2J + k + 1)!k!/(2J − k)!(2k − 1)!!] 1 2 [f(J)] k , where f(J) = [(2J)(2J + 1)(2J + 2)] − 1 2 (γJ‖ T (1) ‖γJ) ; the reduced matrix is assumed diagonal in γ and J. Applications of this result to problems of molecular structure and spectroscopy and solid state physics are discussed. These are cases in which high order polynomials in angular momentum operators make the use of the irreducible spherical tensor formalism advantageous.
Threats to Difference in Colonial Fiji

The premise that societies, cultures, or communities exist naturally or generally in homogenous, territorially bound units has been called into doubt, and not only recently (see, e.g., Ferguson and Gupta 1992; Wolf 1982; but also Leach 1954). At the same time, myriad mapand census-style objectifications have drawn sharp lines for more than a century, rendering useable, specified boundaries and quantified homogenous interiors of communities, groups, and all manner of human types. Efforts to develop an ethnographic theory and method that does not neglect the effects of survey and policy instruments have revealed much about these instruments and their effects (see, e.g., Cohn 1987; Cohn and Dirks 1988; Mitchell 1991).1 Here I want to join such efforts. However, centering our attention on official information machineries can lead us to presume their efficacy just as readily as centering our attention on a local "community" can lead us to naturalize drawn boundaries. Thus I will attend less to official information machineries and their intrinsic effects and more to
Surface coil phased arrays for high‐resolution imaging of the carotid arteries

An MR phased-array coil assembly was developed to obtain high-resolution images of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid artery. Images of volunteers and patients obtained by using alternative coil designs provided a subjective assessment of the coils' performance, field of view, ease of use, and susceptibility to motion artifacts. A quantitative measurement performed on a phantom indicated that a two-coil phased-array design should produce a 37% better signal-to-noise ratio at the carotids than would a conventional single 3-inch surface coil.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Stimulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis Signaling by the Upregulation of PPARγ Coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in C2C12 Cells

Along with its effect on body fat reduction, dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to improve physical activity and endurance capacity in mice. It has been suggested these effects may in part be due to physiological changes in skeletal muscle, however, the mode of action is not completely understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the relevant mechanisms of CLA isomers for mitochondrial biogenesis, one of the most important adaptive responses in skeletal muscle. Both cis-9,trans-11 (c9,t11) and trans-10,cis-12 (t10,c12) CLA isomers increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), however, only the t10,c12 isomer, but not c9,t11, increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) compared to the control. Among downstream biomarkers of PGC-1α, the CLA mixed isomer enhanced the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ). Both c9,t11 and t10,c12 CLA isomers increased expression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), while the c9,t11 increased expression of cytochrome c (Cyt C) and t10,c12 CLA increased expression of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), respectively. Both CLA isomers significantly increased mitochondrial DNA copy number compared to that of control. These findings suggest that the individual CLA isomers potentiate mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1α-NRF-1-Tfam signaling cascade, although downstream regulation may be isomer dependent.
African, but not Asian, notopterid fishes are electroreceptive: evidence from brain characters.

Abstract In teleostean fishes which are known to be electroreceptive, the dorsolateral portion of the medulla contains a unique structure: the lateral line lobe. The unexpected finding of this structure in the medulla of the African members of the family Notopterdae strongly suggests that they are electroreceptive. Examination of the brains of several Asian members of this family reveals that they lack the lateral line lobe and are thus not expected to be electroreceptive.
A Quantitative Review of Research on Charismatic Leadership

This study used meta-analysis to explore the relationship between charismatic leadership and satisfaction with the leader, perceived leader's effectiveness, and performance. To maintain construct consistency Bass' 1985 conceptualization of charisma was used. Results indicate potential moderating effects for two moderators of research design (objective/subjective performance and percept-percept/multisource study design) and for two theoretically predicted moderators (organizational level of focal leader and organizational context). The results are discussed in relation to implicit leadership theory and cognitive classification theory.
Global Demographic Convergence? A Reconsideration of Changing Intercountry Inequality in Fertility

This research challenges the notion that the second half of the twentieth century was a period of global demographic convergence. To be sure fertility rates fell substantially during the period but with considerable un-evenness. The declines in total fertility across population-weighted countries were sufficiently disproportionate that intercountry fertility inequality estimated using standard measures of inequality did not begin to decline until at least 1995. Regression analysis also shows that only very recently did lagging countries begin to catch up with countries that began the transition to low fertility earlier. Contrary to findings on changing intercountry health inequality sub-Saharan Africa has had a greater impact on changes in fertility inequality than China. The trend in fertility inequality where convergence is a relatively new phenomenon stands in contrast to trends in inequality in other domains such as income education and health. (authors)
INSULIN INFUSION BY THE ARTIFICIAL ENDOCRINE PANCREAS (AEP)

AEP control of Type I Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) generally employs greater amounts of insulin IV than are administered SC. This has been attributed to the use of AEP constants that dictate excessive insulin infusion when blood glucose is rising post-prandially, i.e. more than is required for saturation of receptors.
Oral ketamine for children with chronic pain: a pilot phase 1 study.

Objective To assess whether oral ketamine is safe at higher dosages for sedating children and whether it may be an option for the control of chronic pain in children. Study design A prospective study was performed on 12 children with chronic pain to identify the maximum tolerated dosage of oral ketamine. Participants were given 14 days of oral ketamine, 3 times daily, at dosages ranging from 0.25-1.5 mg/kg/dose. Participants were assessed for toxicity and for pain severity at baseline and on day 14 of treatment. Results Two participants, both treated at 1.5 mg/kg/dose, experienced dose-limiting toxicities (sedation and anorexia). One participant, treated at 1 mg/kg/dose, opted to stop ketamine treatment due to new pain on treatment. Nine participants completed their course of ketamine treatment. Of these 12 children, 5 experienced improvement in their pain scores, 2 with complete resolution of pain, lasting >4 weeks off ketamine treatment. Conclusion Oral ketamine at dosages of 0.25-1 mg/kg/dose appears to be safe when given for 14 days to children with chronic pain.
Comment on charles F. Hohm’s “social security and fertility: An international perspective”

Theoretical and empirical efforts to identify social and economic conditions that discourage high fertility rates now include policy-relevant variables-programs that can be introduced by a government to reduce fertility (Burch, 1975). Recent empirical work by Hohm (1975) suggests that government-administered old age social security programs will reduce fertility. The hypothesis that such programs lower fertility is based on an assumption that parents regulate fertility on the basis of the costs and utilities which children represent. Leibenstein (1957) first developed the view that children have a security utility to the extent that couples base childbearing decisions on the likelihood of having no other sources of support than their children during old age. As the state takes over responsibility for the aged, the security utility of children declines, bringing a lower birth rate. For example, Rich (1973, p. 43) asserts that "alternative sources of social security can eliminate extreme economic dependence on children. As such systems become sufficiently stable for parents to rely on them, the importance of having a large family is likely to decline." For references expressing similar views, see Hohm (1975, pp. 630-631). While there may be a sound basis for expecting a social security effect on fertility, the importance of children for old age security in less developed countries may be overestimated. For example, family income in India (Mamdani, 1972) depends heavily upon the labor of family members, and a large family is an important resource for parents long before they reach "retirement" age. The idea of an old age security utility may be a modern invention, rather than an important force that regulates fertility in traditional societies (Freedman, 1963). Hohm (1975) closely replicated the model of Friedlander and Silver (1967), while increasing the number of countries from 33 to 67. He concluded that ". . . the social security indices, on the whole, are at least as important as the control variables in predicting fertility" (Hohm, 1975, p. 642). We first test the hypothesis that the negative relationships between 1965 total fertility rates and social security program development found by Hohm (1975, Table 3) are simple artifacts caused by inadequate statistical controls. Actually, neither of the two coefficients for social security program measures using all 67 countries is significant at the .05 level (Hohm, 1975, Table 3).
Outlet Stream Splitting for Sample Concentration in Field-Flow Fractionation

Abstract Retention in field-flow fractionation is a result of a field-induced sample concentration in the vicinity of a channel wall. By splitting the channel flow at the exit, so that sample containing flow lines leave the channel at a different port than those free of sample, one may markedly enhance the detectability of a given sample. The enhancement is discussed for the cases of “ideal splitting,” where an obstacle inserted in the flow stream affects the split, and “nonideal splitting,” where the flow is caused to split at some level in the channel specified by the relative resistance to flow through the two outlets. The proposed increase in detector response through stream splitting is experimentally verified.
Prospects for clinically tolerated NMDA antagonists: open-channel blockers and alternative redox states of nitric oxide

Abstract Several acute and chronic neurological diseases might be mediated, at least in part, via stimulation of excitatory amino acid receptors, such as the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Antagonists of excitatory amino acid receptors ameliorate neurotoxic damage in several animal models of these disorders. This review focuses on the potential for clinically tolerated NMDA receptor antagonists, with emphasis on agents that have been in clinical use for other conditions and that recently have been shown to inhibit NMDA receptor activity by a mechanism of open-channel block or redox modification.
Acculturation in Context: Gender, Age at Migration, Neighborhood Ethnicity, and Health Behaviors*

Objectives. This article investigates differences in smoking and binge-drinking for Latinos by nativity, stratified by their age at immigration, and tests individual- and neighborhood-level acculturation measures as determinants of those differences. Methods. Data are from the Los Angeles Families and Neighborhoods Study (N=2,023) and analyses use multilevel logistic regression. Results. The article finds that Latino immigrants are less likely to smoke or binge drink, compared to their U.S.-born peers, and that acculturation measures account for some of the immigrant gaps in health behaviors, although results differ by gender and age at migration. Additionally, living in a neighborhood with a high foreign-born concentration is associated with lower odds of binge-drinking. Conclusions. Findings suggest that both individual- and neighborhood-level measures of acculturation may contribute to immigrant health behavior advantages, and that it is important to consider these relationships within the context of gender and age at migration.