cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Follow the Capital: Benefits of Tracking Family Capital Across Family and Business Systems

The Sustainable Family Business Theory (SFBT) is a comprehensive and flexible theory developed to enhance understanding of the dynamic role of the family in family business entrepreneurship as well as demonstrate integration of the family, business, and community. SFBT draws upon general systems theory and gives equal recognition to family and firm. The theory focuses on firm sustainability rather than revenue, which is the focus of most other theories used to study family firms. SFBT posits that sustainability is a function of both firm success and family functioning and is concerned with how family members exchange resources across systems. SFBT was introduced in 1999 by Stafford, Duncan, Danes, and Winter. In 2008, changes were presented to clarify tenets, introduce advancements, and explain its applicability to ethnic family businesses (Danes et al. 2008a). It was empirically tested both in 2003 (Olson et al. 2003) with cross-sectional data and in 2009 with longitudinal data (Danes et al. 2009b).
Attenuated Blood-Brain Barrier

The notion of restricted material exchange between the blood and the brain arose at the turn of the last century. It was derived from the observed absence of extravasation of synthetic dyes into the brain in contrast to their penetration of other tissues after intravascular administration of the dyes.1–3 This event, which originally served to designate the existence of an interface between blood and brain as blood-brain barrier (BBB),2,4 has been widely used as a marker for detecting the presence or absence of BBB disruption.5,6 However, it later became evident that these dyes bind to albumin and form complexes that are actually responsible for their inability to cross the BBB.7 Moreover, in the meantime, and particularly in the last two decades, great progress has been made in studying the properties and function of the BBB with the use of radiolabeled test molecules. Through these investigations, it became evident that the BBB represents a regulatory interface or highly selective barrier that controls the rate of in- and outflux of biological substances needed for the general and specific metabolic processes and neuronal activities in the brain.5,6 Furthermore, the ultrastructural and biochemical studies conducted in vivo and in vitro in isolated cerebral microvessels as well as on cultured cerebral vascular endothelium demonstrated unequivocally that the selective and unique function of the barrier resides primarily within the endothelial cells, which might be under hormonal influence.8
Metabolome-wide association study in human platelets for identification of metabolic signatures related to precision medicine

Background Mitochondria play a critical role in the integration of cellular bioenergetic homeostasis. Bioenergetic diversity exists between individuals due to influence of factors such as age, genetics, or through differences in the exposome. The mechanism for this bioenergetic diversity has not been fully elucidated. Metabolism, which is regulated through the redox interface, has been suggested to govern bioenergetics homeostasis. Hence, it is crucial to understand the impact of bioenergetic and metabolic signatures to further develop a personalized approach for clinical management. Recent research has suggested circulating platelets act as surrogate markers of bioenergetic health. Objective Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine distinct correlations between metabolic profiles and bioenergetic signatures in human platelets from multiple individuals with or without doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent. Methods 300 million platelets from 14 donors were treated for 2h using 25 µM doxorubicin or vehicle control and monitored for perturbations associated with doxorubicin using extracellular flux analysis and untargeted high-resolution metabolomics (HRM). Results Flux analyses showed decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption after treatment with doxorubicin treatment amongst the 14 donors. HRM analysis showed separation of the doxorubicin and vehicle control group using both hierarchal clustering and principal component analysis. Differences in TCA, fatty acid, and CoA metabolism, consistent with mitochondrial energetic disruption were observed. 3 metabolic clusters of individuals were identified within the treatment group. These clusters were identified to have altered amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid pathways, indicating associations between doxorubicin metabolism and metabolic adaptation. Conclusions Metabolic and bioenergetic variations of cellular bioenergetics observed in human platelets are consistent with metabolic adaption, repair, and increases in oxidative stress by doxorubicin. This pilot study suggests distinct correlations between bioenergetic activity and metabolic signatures during normal and under acute stress. This study also expands the knowledge between the interplay of the exposome and bioenergetic diversity.
Accommodation System: Situated experience

Abstract The situated experience domain is one of five which comprises the accommodation system (AS) model which also includes self, other, environment, and accommodations. Disability presents a challenge to developing a vocational identity. Achieving and maintaining a balance between task challenges and task efficacy is key to the realization of effective goal striving. Accommodations provide an opportunity to energize self-defining activity. They restore balance and the drive to achieve identity goals. The qualities of motivation, affect, stimulation, and behavioral control are markers of a situated experience. Quality of work life and job satisfaction hinge on the complex and dynamic interplay of the AS domains as they manifest along our identity trajectories.
First People: A Revised Chronology for San Diego County

Topical and regional syntheses are critically important to the collective effort of scientific archaeology. Historically, syntheses were often the responsibility of academics, who incorporated them...
Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic cis-β-Amino Acid Derivatives Using Sulfinimines and Prochiral Weinreb Amide Enolates.

A new and highly stereoselective method to prepare 5-, 6-, and 7-membered cyclic cis-β-amino acid derivatives is reported.
A Defense of Free-Roaming Cats from a Hedonist Account of Feline Well-being

There is a widespread belief that for their own safety and for the protection of wildlife, cats should be permanently kept indoors. Against this view, I argue that cat guardians have a duty to provide their feline companions with outdoor access. The argument is based on a sophisticated hedonistic account of animal well-being that acknowledges that the performance of species-normal ethological behavior is especially pleasurable. Territorial behavior, which requires outdoor access, is a feline-normal ethological behavior, so when a cat is permanently confined to the indoors, her ability to flourish is impaired. Since cat guardians have a duty not to impair the well-being of their cats, the impairment of cat flourishing via confinement signifies a moral failing. Although some cats assume significant risks and sometimes kill wild animals when roaming outdoors, these important considerations do not imply that all cats should be deprived of the opportunity to access the outdoors. Indeed, they do not, by themselves, imply that any cat should be permanently kept indoors.
Deep tissue pressure injury: A clinical perspective regarding a condition that evolves under the skin

Abstract Deep tissue pressure injury is a serious form of pressure injury. The damage starts at the bone–muscle interface, and over the course of 48–72 h, damage is visible on the skin. Early data show faster resolution with noncontact, low-frequency ultrasound.
Large Commercial Producer Market Segments for Agricultural Capital Equipment

Using cluster analysis, this research identifies four buying behavior segments of commercial producers who purchase capital items: Convenience, Price, Performance, and a group of Balance buyers who consider all of these factors as well as customer service and support services in roughly equal allotments. The Balance segment is the largest of the four. Price and Performance buyers tend to be younger, larger, and better educated than the Convenience or Balance buyers. We discuss the implications of these customer market segments for capital equipment marketers and salespeople.
Embedded Multi‐die Interconnect Bridge (EMIB)

This chapter presents comparisons between planar architectures that use silicon back‐end wiring technologies that essentially represent the upper end of the I/O/mm/layer spectrum and offer silicon‐level connectivity on package. Embedded multi‐die interconnect bridge (EMIB) is a planar dense multi‐chip packages technology, where the basic concept is that it uses thin pieces of silicon with multilayer back‐end‐of‐line interconnects, embedded in organic substrates, to enable dense die‐to‐die interconnects. The chapter describes the EMIB technology architecture and the high level EMIB process flow followed by a discussion of the high bandwidth envelope. It focuses on the electrical signaling performance of EMIB. Typically EMIB is used to connect two adjacent dies. This results in a relatively short I/O channel that does not demand complex transceiver circuits to meet signal integrity requirements. The chapter also presents results from eye diagram simulations to demonstrate that the I/O channel and circuits can meet signal integrity requirements.
Social Dumping: Political Catchphrase or Threat to Labour Standards?

Despite its widespread use in popular discourse, the term ‘social dumping’ remains poorly defined and thus subject to misconceptions or conscious abuse. This paper reviews recent public debates and academic studies on real or perceived social dumping threats, drawing attention to the simplistic understanding of the mechanism underlying such practices as well as to enduring operationalization problems. It goes on to offer a refined conceptualisation of the notion by constructing an analogy between trade and social dumping. Finally, using examples from the EU context, it outlines key characteristics of social dumping practices pursued in the areas of labour/services and capital mobility.
Periphery-Fovea Multi-Resolution Driving Model Guided by Human Attention

Inspired by human vision, we propose a new periphery-fovea multi-resolution driving model that predicts vehicle speed from dash camera videos. The peripheral vision module of the model processes the full video frames in low resolution with large receptive fields. Its foveal vision module selects sub-regions and uses high-resolution input from those regions to improve its driving performance. We train the fovea selection module with supervision from driver gaze. We show that adding high-resolution input from predicted human driver gaze locations significantly improves the driving accuracy of the model. Our periphery-fovea multi-resolution model outperforms a uni-resolution periphery-only model that has the same amount of floating-point operations. More importantly, we demonstrate that our driving model achieves a significantly higher performance gain in pedestrian-involved critical situations than in other non-critical situations. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/pascalxia/periphery_fovea_driving.
CHRONIC ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE USERS AND CHRONIC TOBACCO CIGARETTE SMOKERS HAVE SIMILAR ELEVATIONS IN CELLULAR OXIDATIVE STRESS

Electronic cigarettes (ECs), advertised as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes (TCs), are increasingly used by young, never smokers (NS). TCs increase oxidative stress (OS) leading to premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the effects of ECs on OS remain poorly understood
Positive airway pressure I: Equipment

Abstract Noninvasive positive airway pressure (PAP) serves as a cornerstone of therapy for patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). This chapter reviews the mechanical devices and associated durable medical equipment used to provide PAP therapy. The most commonly encountered modes of ventilation are also reviewed with specific attention paid to their role in treating the various pathologic processes at play in OHS.
Revisiting the Top Ten Ways that DDDAS Can Save the World with an Update in the BioInfoSciences Area and on the Energy Bridge

Three years ago (DDDAS at the 2017 ASME Meeting) we looked at the speaker’s top ten list of how DDDAS can save the world. Now as we adjust to life under the COVID-19 pandemic and a 2020 Conference in the virtual format, our world literally seeks rescue/saving. Under these circumstances, we revisit the top ten list and first consider briefly the dynamic data-driven aspects of the COVID-19 challenges from the speaker’s experiences in the biotech/pharma industry and then move on to the more optimistic challenge of securing our energy future and life after the pandemic.
Ride Sharing Attitudes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States

We explore how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed individuals’ attitudes and perceptions toward sharing rides. In 2019, the year before the pandemic, we had implemented an online survey to understand US travelers’ attitudes and perceptions of modes, including transit and pooled ride-hailing. During the pandemic, in May 2020, we redistributed a portion of that survey to the same respondents. We compare the distributions of responses from before and during the pandemic and test the significance of these shifts. We found that while people’s dislike of sharing rides with strangers has not changed compared with before the pandemic, their willingness to share to save money has significantly changed. Also, more people are not OK with crowded buses and try to use modes that allow them to avoid others.
On the design of optimal auctions for road concessions: Firm selection, government payments, toll and capacity schedules with imperfect information

Abstract We consider firms with privately-known production efficiencies, captured in their cost structure, bidding for a road concession agreement with a government seeking to maximize the expected public welfare generated by the project. The setting is motivated by the increasing trend in road privatization around the world, and the need to design auctions leading to efficient outcomes: firm selection, government payments, toll and capacity schedules, which determine public welfare and firm profits. In this paper, we characterize optimal direct revelation mechanisms for cases with and without restrictions on government payments. Because, in practice, it may be difficult or unappealing for firms to reveal their cost structure, we derive a scoring function that allows for the implementation of the optimal mechanism as a first-score auction where bids consist of toll, capacity, and government payment levels. The function accounts for distortions stemming from firms’ incentives to exploit their private information. We use the results to benchmark the performance of simple, but sub-optimal mechanisms: (i) predetermined toll and capacity bidding, (ii) auctions where the public welfare function is used to score bids, and (iii) a demand pricing mechanism aimed at maximizing patronage.
‘It’s all about community’: educators’ experiences addressing literacy instruction for adults with complex support needs

Adults with and without complex support needs (CSN; e.g. with intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, multiple disabilities) experience benefit in many areas of their lives from developi...
Involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) in Endothelin-1 (ET-1) Mediated Neurodegeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells.

Purpose The goal of this study was to determine whether JNK2 played a causative role in endothelin-mediated loss of RGCs in mice. Methods JNK2-/- and wild type (C57BL/6) mice were intravitreally injected in one eye with 1 nmole of ET-1, whereas the contralateral eye was injected with the vehicle. At two time points (two hours and 24 hours) after the intravitreal injections, mice were euthanized, and phosphorylated c-Jun was assessed in retinal sections. In a separate set of experiments, JNK2-/- and wild type mice were intravitreally injected with either 1 nmole of ET-1 or its vehicle and euthanized seven days after injection. Retinal flat mounts were stained with antibodies to the RGC marker, Brn3a, and surviving RGCs were quantified. Axonal degeneration was assessed in paraphenylenediamine stained optic nerve sections. Results Intravitreal ET-1 administration produced a significant increase in immunostaining for phospho c-Jun in wild type mice, which was appreciably lower in the JNK2 -/- mice. A significant (P < 0.05) 26% loss of RGCs was found in wild type mice, seven days after injection with ET-1. JNK2-/- mice showed a significant protection from RGC loss following ET-1 administration, compared to wild type mice injected with ET-1. A significant decrease in axonal counts and an increase in the collapsed axons was found in ET-1 injected wild type mice eyes. Conclusions JNK2 appears to play a major role in ET-1 mediated loss of RGCs in mice. Neuroprotective effects in JNK2-/- mice following ET-1 administration occur mainly in the soma and not in the axons of RGCs.
Secure Distributed Applications the Decent Way

Remote attestation (RA) authenticates code running in trusted execution environments (TEEs), allowing trusted code to be deployed even on untrusted hosts. However, trust relationships established by one component in a distributed application may impact the security of other components, making it difficult to reason about the security of the application as a whole. Furthermore, traditional RA approaches interact badly with modern web service design, which tends to employ small interacting microservices, short session lifetimes, and little or no state. This paper presents the Decent Application Platform, a framework for building secure decentralized applications. Decent applications authenticate and authorize distributed enclave components using a protocol based on self-attestation certificates, a reusable credential based on RA and verifiable by a third party. Components mutually authenticate each other not only based on their code, but also based on the other components they trust, ensuring that no transitively-connected components receive unauthorized information. While some other TEE frameworks support mutual authentication in some form, Decent is the only system that supports mutual authentication without requiring an additional trusted third party besides the trusted hardware's manufacturer. We have verified the secrecy and authenticity of Decent application data in ProVerif, and implemented two applications to evaluate Decent's expressiveness and performance: DecentRide, a ride-sharing service, and DecentHT, a distributed hash table. On the YCSB benchmark, we show that DecentHT achieves 7.5x higher throughput and 3.67x lower latency compared to a non-Decent implementation.
Developing Trust in Pandemic Messages

Public health communicators facing pandemics must contend with a vexing problem: significant portions of the American population have lost trust in institutions. Despite the fact that technology has afforded those in the health field with myriad avenues to disseminate messages, those messages may be met with skepticism if not hostility. Public relations has much to offer the health field with regard to developing and maintaining trusting relationships with various publics. Public relations scholarship has demonstrated that the development and maintenance of relationships before a pandemic occurs can increase the likelihood that pandemic-related messages will be received and acted upon in a positive manner. This chapter discusses the key public relations concepts to be employed by those in the health field that can help increase the level of trust between health professionals and various publics.
Central nervous system outcomes of COVID-19.

Abstract The worldwide pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected an estimated 200 million people with over 4 million deaths. Although COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is primarily a respiratory disease, an increasing number of neurologic symptoms have been reported. Some of these symptoms, such as loss of smell or taste, are mild and non-life threatening, while others, such as stroke or seizure, are more critical. Many of these symptoms remain long after the acute illness has passed, a phenomenon known as “long COVID” or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Neurological symptoms can be difficult to study due to the complexity of the central and peripheral nervous system. These neurologic symptoms can be difficult to identify and quantitate. This narrative review will describe approaches for assessing neurologic manifestations of COVID-19, with examples of the data they provide, as well as some directions for future research to aid in understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 related neurological implications.
Structure of Nonregular Two-Level Designs

Two-level fractional factorial designs are often used in screening scenarios to identify active factors. This article investigates the block diagonal structure of the information matrix of nonregul...
Role of Adjuvant Radiation in pN2 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Past studies have shown mixed results of postoperative radiation (PORT) for pN2 NSCLC patients and the recent LungART trial has shown no disease free survival or overall survival (OS) benefits with PORT for pN2 NSCLC patients. High lymph node ratio (LNR = number of positive lymph nodes in the resected specimen/number of total lymph nodes resected) has been shown to correlate with worse outcomes. We hypothesize that PORT can improve survival outcomes in pN2 NSCLC patients with high LNR. MATERIALS/METHODS The National Cancer Database was queried for cases of NSCLC from 2004-2016. Patients without neoadjuvant treatment, with at least a lobectomy with resection of at least 10 lymph nodes, with pN2 disease, with histology of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and large cell carcinoma were included. Exclusion criteria were neoadjuvant therapy, lack of pathological confirmation or lack of information about chemotherapy and metastatic disease. For patients with PORT, RT was directed to thorax with dose≥30Gy. Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare survival adjusted for age, sex, CCI, pT, grade, chemotherapy, LNR, and PORT. Predictors for overall survival (OS) were identified. RESULTS Among 10272 patients, 6266 (61%) did not have PORT, and 4006 (39%) had PORT. Median follow up was over 5 years. PORT was given to 51.3% and 37.7% patients with non-R0 and R0 resection, respectively (P < 0.001). PORT was given to 48.4% and 9.91% of patients with and without adjuvant chemotherapy, respectively (P < 0.001). The average LNR for patients with and without PORT were 0.33 and 0.29 (P < 0.001), respectively. In multivariate analysis (MVA) of patients with R0 resection, predictors of OS were listed in Table 1. PORT was not associated with better OS (HR, 1.04, P = 0.63) for patients with LNR of 1-15%. However, PORT was associated with better survival in patients with higher LNRs (HR, 0.90, P = 0.23 for LNR of 15-29% and HR, 0.82, P = 0.01 for LNR ≥ 30%). In MVA of patients with non-R0 resection, PORT was associated with better survival (HR, 0.56, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION High LNR after R0 surgery in pN2 NSCLC patients portends worse survival. PORT is associated with better survival for pN2 NSCLC patients after R0 resection with high LNR after accounting for multiple confounders including adjuvant chemotherapy. PORT is also associated with better survival in pN2 NSCLC patients after R1 or R2 surgery.
Mutant D96V calmodulin induces unexpected remodeling of cardiac nanostructure and physiology.

Calmodulin (CaM) prevents proarrhythmic late sodium current (INa) by facilitating normal inactivation of sodium channels (NaV). Since dysfunction of NaV1.6 has been implicated in late INa-mediated arrhythmias, we investigated its role in arrhythmias promoted by CaM mutant D96V. Super-resolution STED microscopy revealed enlarged NaV1.6 clusters in NaV1.6-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with D96V-CaM relative to those transfected with WT-CaM. Therefore, we examined NaV1.6 clustering in transgenic mice with cardiac-specific expression of D96V-CaM (cD96V) with a C-terminal FLAG tag. Confocal microscopy confirmed expression of NaV1.6 and FLAG-tagged D96V-CaM in a striated pattern along with RYR2 in cD96V hearts, consistent with T-tubular localization. In both WT and cD96V hearts, STORM single molecule localization microscopy revealed that ∼50% of NaV1.6 clusters localized <100 nm from RYR2. However, NaV1.6 density within these regions was 67% greater in cD96V relative to WT. Consistent with this result, SICM-guided "smart" patch clamp recording of NaV activity from T-tubule openings revealed more frequent late-burst openings involving larger NaV clusters in cD96V myocytes relative to WT. Previous work identifies the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) as a key link between aberrant late NaV1.6 activity and proarrhythmic Ca2+ mishandling. Therefore, we explored the spatial organization of NaV1.6 and NCX using STORM. Consistent with their close association, 89% of NaV1.6 clusters localized <100 nm from NCX in cD96V hearts, compared with 77% in WT. Notably, density of both NaV1.6 and NCX was increased at these sites by 48% and 31%, respectively, in cD96V relative to WT. Consistent with these data, cD96V myocytes displayed larger, more frequent Ca2+ sparks relative to WT. These proarrhythmic functional effects were abrogated by cardiac-specific knockout of NaV1.6. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of proarrhythmic cardiac structural remodeling secondary to a defect in calmodulin, offering novel mechanistic insight into calmodulinopathy.
Numerical Methods for Chemical Engineering: Applications in MATLAB

1. Linear algebra 2. Nonlinear algebraic systems 3. Matrix eigenvalue analysis 4. Initial value problems 5. Numerical optimization 6. Boundary value problems 7. Probability theory and stochastic simulation 8. Bayesian statistics and parameter estimation 9. Fourier analysis.
Embedded counterfactuals and possible worlds semantics

Stephen Barker argues that a possible worlds semantics for the counterfactual conditional of the sort proposed by Stalnaker and Lewis cannot accommodate certain examples in which determinism is true and a counterfactual Q > R is false, but where, for some P, the compound counterfactual P > (Q > R) is true. I argue that the completeness theorem for Lewis’s system VC of counterfactual logic shows that Stalnaker–Lewis semantics does accommodate Barker’s example, and I argue that its doing so should be understood as showing that the example is an exception to Lewis’s Time’s Arrow requirements.
34 – Common Myeloid Progenitors

This chapter presents a brief history of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell biology, emphasizing commitment to the myeloerythroid fates. It also describes the cell surface profiles of recently identified stem and progenitor cell subsets in both mice and humans, and explains potential therapeutic applications of committed progenitor cells. Hematopoiesis is initiated by rare hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that maintain production of blood cells for life. This astounding production is the result of mitotic amplification of the lineage-committed progenitor cells that are the daughters of HSCs. Although the existence of lineage-restricted hematopoietic progenitors has been postulated for many years, the ability to prospective isolate HSCs paved the way for the phenotypic discovery of lineage-restricted progenitors downstream of HSCs, such as common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), which can be similarly isolated by cell surface characteristics. The modern era of HSC biology began with the first rigorous, prospective isolation of murine HSCs by cell surface phenotype. Investigators showed that long-term, multilineage reconstitution activity was present only within a population of Lin /loThy1.1loSca-1 + bone marrow cells.
Clinical and pathological aspects of EBV and KSHV infection.

The human γ-herpesviruses Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) establish latency in cellular reservoirs that are maintained for the life of the infected individual. Intermittent reactivation leads to infection of new cells within the host and secretion of virions in saliva. Primary infections are usually asymptomatic. However, in immunocompromised patients and in other special but poorly understood circumstances, tumors and other virus-associated diseases may manifest. Both human γ-herpesviruses were first identified in tumors and primary effusion lymphomas are typically dually infected (Cesarman et al., ; Chang et al., ; Epstein, 2001). For all their similarities, however, there are also striking differences between the viruses. EBV is nearly ubiquitous whereas KSHV is restricted to particular populations. EBV is most commonly associated with B-, T- and NK-cell tumors and epithelial tumors, whereas KSHV is associated with endothelial and B-cell tumors. In this chapter, aspects of virus–disease associations and therapies will be explored.
Heuristic solution Procedures for the Graph Partitioning Problem.

ABSTRACT The uniform graph partitioning problem can be described as partitioning the nodes of a graph into two sets of equal size to minimize the sum of the cost of arcs having end-points in different sets. This problem has important applications in VLSI design, computer compiler design, and in placement and layout problems. The problem is known to be NP-complete. In this paper we propose two new heuristic procedures for solving the graph partitioning problem. The first is a straightforward extension of a local search algorithm, and the second is a genetic algorithm with features tailored for solving the graph partitioning problem. We compare these new procedures to Kernighan-Lin's algorithm, and to a procedure based on simulated annealing. Both extended local search and the genetic algorithm outperformed the simulated annealing procedure and Kernighan-Lin's algorithm with respect to the quality of the solutions. The genetic algorithm was found to be far more efficient than the other solution procedures.
INDUCTION OF LACTOSE UTILIZATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

McClatchy, J. K. (The University of Texas, Dallas), and E. D. Rosenblum. Induction of lactose utilization in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 86:1211–1215. 1963.—Adaptation to the utilization of lactose by Staphylococcus aureus has been compared with that by Escherichia coli. Lactose and galactose were found to be efficient inducers of the β-galactosidase and the postulated galactoside-permease of S. aureus; the thiogalactosides, active as gratuitous inducers for E. coli, were inactive and inhibited induction of staphylococci by lactose and galactose. Mutants lacking β-galactosidase or galactoside-permease, as well as a constitutive mutant for lactose utilization, were isolated. Like that in E. coli, the genetic system of staphylococcus seems to consist of two structural genes for the synthesis of the two enzymes and at least one regulatory gene simultaneously controlling the expression of the structural genes. The mutants were grouped by cross-transduction studies in three loci corresponding to the three phenotypes. Mutants of the pleiotropic locus were also isolated.
Simplifying FusionGrid security

Since inception in 2001, FusionGrid developers have worked to secure computational resources in a multi-institutional environment with geographically dispersed users. Recent improvements to grid security have streamlined the usage and administration of resources. More than simply increasing security, these improvements have made FusionGrid security easier for resource administrators and the fusion scientists that use FusionGrid, allowing them to get work done with minimal inconvenience. Improvements in authentication, authorization, and data handling have been welcomed by fusion scientists and promise to ease the burden of adding new resources to the grid.
Sine and Cosine

From the sine of an angle and the cosine of an angle, we shall define functions of numbers, and determine their derivatives.
Ten Years of Research: A Systematic Review of Three Refereed LD Journals

Content analyses of journals in the field of LD provide a means of surveying research and publication trends, the knowledge of which may inform policy and practice related to future research agendas. As the first decade of the current millennium was particularly contentious for the field of LD, we felt that a content review would be timely. In this paper, the content of three refereed LD journals—Journal of Learning Disabilities, Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, and Learning Disabilities Quarterly—was analyzed. Articles from 2001–2010 (n = 841) were systematically coded to capture article type, area of interest, population of interest, sample characteristics, and inclusion of students with LD. Results indicate that across the decade, (a) 68% of articles reported empirical research; (b) empirical research trended up; (c) publication of intervention research remained steady; (d) the most common foci were literacy and the non-academic characteristics of individuals with LD; and (e) inclusion of participants labeled as having a LD declined. We discuss trends, possible explanations, and implications, highlighting areas for future research.
Characterization of polymer films retrieved from NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility

The results of chemical and physical tests of thin-film polyethylene exposed to the low-Earth-orbit environment are presented. These materials were placed in orbit aboard NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility. The primary objective of the research is to examine the effect of atomic oxygen in the presence of ultraviolet radiation on materials used in the design of flight systems. The location of these materials on the satellite minimized direct impact by atomic oxygen, thus providing an opportunity to study the effects of the low-Earth-orbit environment on polymer materials in the absence of direct impact atomic oxygen. The chemical, morphological, and mechanical changes for polyethylene specimens are reviewed.
Unions and Foundations as Public Policy Actors

Unlikely as it seems, labor unions and foundations have been involved in the same policy issues—as actors, affected parties, or both. Virtually no research has been done on connections between these institutions. This paper briefly reviews and illustrates their roles in public policy. Two detailed case studies are presented. In the case of recent public school reform efforts in Chicago, a few foundations supported reform elements before favorable legislation was passed in 1988. Afterward, foundation engagement expanded dramatically, including an unprecedented $1 million grant from the MacArthur Foundation to the Chicago Teachers Union. In the second case, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), some foundations backed a spectrum of opponents, while others supported research that favored passage. One major foundation withheld any NAFTA-related grants until the issue was settled. Growing diversity in foundations and organized labor suggests they may find more common ground in the future.
REDUCING FIREARMS VIOLENCE THROUGH DIRECTED POLICE PATROL

Research Summary: This evaluation of a directed police patrol project utilizes a pre-post quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group as well as an interrupted time series analysis. The results suggest that directed patrol had an impact on firearms crime in one of the target areas but not the other. Policy Implications: The results suggest that a specific deterrence strategy whereby the police utilize directed patrol to focus on suspicious activities and locations reduced violent gun crime. In contrast, a general deterrence strategy focused on maximizing vehicle stops did not have an apparent effect.
Effect of La-Zn Doping on Magnetic Properties of SrFe12O19

La-Zn doped strontium ferrite, Sr1-xZnxFe12(1-x) La12xO19, was prepared by chemical co-precipitation method. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and VSM and the results reveal that La-Zn ions are dispersed completely into the strontium ferrite lattice at 900°C. The VSM analysis shows that Hcj increases to 240.1 KA/m, almost double the value of the original sample. And the specific saturation magnetization increases from 48.78 A • m2/Kg to 63.11A• m2/Kg.
Mechanics of Composite Solids

The mechanical properties of composite, elastic solids are determined using the method of volume averaging. Volume-averaged forms of Hooke’s law and Cauchy’s equation are developed for each phase. When the condition of local displacement equilibrium is valid, the volume-averaged displacement vectors are essentially equal and the spatially smoothed equations for each phase can be added to obtain a one-equation model of a two-phase system. This one-equation model contains area integrals of the spatial deviation displacement vector, and a closure problem is developed to determine this vector. The closed form for the stress-deformation relation contains effective coefficients to be determined by the solution of the closure problem.
Behavioral effects of dynorphin1–13 in the mouse and rat: Initial observations

Dynorphin is a recently identified, pharmacologically potent endogenous opioid peptide. Heretofore it has not been characterized for its behavioral effects. The effects of centrally infused dynorphin upon a variety of behaviors were therefore examined in mice and rats. The present findings point to a specific profile of behavioral activity. The peptide was active in facilitating feeding and grooming, but was inactive in modifying pain sensitivity and rearing behavior. Naloxone was generally ineffective in reversing behavioral effects. Dynorphin thus appears to have some opiate-like effects upon exogenous administration but may be rapidly broken down into a behaviorally potent non-opiate peptide fragment.
The equilibration of lead between blood and milk of lactating rabbits.

Abstract The basal concentration of lead in milk of lactating rabbits is approximately 65% that of blood. After the intravenous injection of lead acetate, the lead concentration in blood peaked at 1 hour and thereafter declined rapidly, reaching a plateau within 5 days. In contrast, the lead concentration in milk continuously increased with time and by 7.5 days (maximum) exceeded that of blood 8-fold. The possibility that passage of Pb ++ , like Ca ++ , Sr ++ and other ions from blood to milk occurs against a concentration gradient is suggested. The consequences of this observation on subclinical lead poisoning in neonates is discussed.
DFT energy surfaces for aminopurine homodimers and their conjugate acid ions.

Dimers of free nucleobases with their conjugate acid ions can be assigned to either of two categories: protonated dimers or proton-bound dimers. In the former, the extra proton attaches to a lone ...
Three-dimensional dendritic spine detection based on minimal cross-sectional curvature

The morphological changes of dendritic spines play a role in adaptive changes of the bram, and dysregulation of them is implicated in various neurological disorders. A systematic analysis tool for the morphology of dendritic spines, acquired via high resolution optical microscopy, should contribute to our understanding of neurophysiology as well as neuropathology. However, large numbers of high-resolution dendritic spine images make manual labeling extremely difficult and laborious. This is particularly challenging for the slender and curved dendritic spines frequently found in the striatum, dysregulation of which is highly implicated in neuropsychiatrie diseases, especially when compared to the analysis of relatively small and bulbous dendritic spines in other bram areas, including the hippocampus and cortex, synaptic dysregulation and neurodegeneration, of which are implicated in Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, we present cross-sectional curvature, a new feature, for detecting the tip of dendritic spines in stnatal neurons, the spines of which are then segmented using the region growing strategy. Comparative results showed that our method was more accurate and superior to the existing ones.
Chemical-bond spectroscopy with neutrons

Calculations are made of the double-differential cross section for incoherent neutron scattering from a hydrogen atom involved in a chemical bond. Processes are investigated which correspond to the excitation of successive vibrational states of the bound hydrogen atom leading eventually to a dissociation of the bond. Two examples are considered: a hydrogen atom involved in an O\char22{}H bond and in an O\char22{}H...O hydrogen bond such as in water. Experimental evidence for the latter case is also shown.
Understanding the economic impacts of disruptions in water service

Abstract Over the past decade, there has been much attention focused on community readiness for catastrophic emergency events, such as major natural disasters or terrorist attacks. However, though the economic costs associated with experiencing such an event are high, the probability of such events occurring is quite low. At the same time, less catastrophic events that temporarily disrupt essential services to local areas, such as water and electricity, are quite common. However, there is little research that documents residents’ actual economic costs when their water service is disrupted. In this paper, we contribute to the growing literature assigning economic value to residential water service by documenting the economic costs residents report from routine, small-scale water disruptions through focus groups and in-person interviews. We find that residential impacts ranged from over $1400 in savings (from working more hours than usual and eating out less than usual) to a cost of over $1000, with an overall average of $93.96. These costs, particularly when multiplied over a substantial population, become quite significant and demonstrate the importance of studying the economic costs of such events.
A matricial extension of the Helson-Szegö theorem and its application in multivariate prediction

Abstract It is shown that the positivity of the angle between the past and future of a multivariate stationary process is sufficient for the existence of a mean-convergent autoregressive series representation of its linear predictor. A large class of multivariate processes whose past and future are at positive angle is characterized, thus providing a matricial extension of the Helson-Szego theorem.
Ameliorating adults' acute pain during phlebotomy with a distraction intervention

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a distraction intervention on subjects' perceptions of pain. During phlebotomy, 96 adults received either usual care or used a kaleidoscope as a distraction. After phlebotomy they rated their level of experienced pain with each of three instruments: Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale, pain visual analogue scale, and Present Pain Intensity Scale. Statistical analyses revealed significantly lower perceptions of experienced pain among subjects using the kaleidoscope and concurrent validity for using the FACES Pain Scale with adults. Because the distraction intervention is effective, inexpensive, and easy to implement, its routine use during phlebotomy is recommended.
Template-free secondary growth synthesis of MFI type zeolite membranes

Abstract Good quality MFI type zeolite membranes were prepared on porous α-alumina supports by the secondary growth method using pure silica sol without organic template. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of various MFI layers prepared by dip-coating and secondary growth indicates transfer of aluminum from the alumina support to the framework of the zeolite layer via two routes. Aluminum diffuses into the zeolite layer during calcination step at high temperature. It also dissolves in the synthesis solution and is incorporated into the zeolite framework during growth of the zeolite layer. Separation properties of an eight component hydrogen–hydrocarbon (C 1 –C 4 ) mixture were measured for the secondary-grown MFI zeolite membranes synthesized without template, and are compared with those of similar in situ synthesized MFI zeolite membranes prepared with template. The secondary-grown zeolite membrane is impermeable to propane, propylene, n -butane and isobutane, and its separation factor decreases with increasing carbon number of the permeating gases. The in situ crystallized zeolite membrane is impermeable only to isobutane and its separation factor increases with increasing carbon number of the permeating gases. These results are discussed in terms of template-removal associated intercrystalline pores in the zeolite layer and the corresponding permeation mechanism of the zeolite membranes prepared with and without template.
NONURGENT USE OF THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT : APPROPRIATE OR NOT ?

People often assume that the use of hospital emergency departments for nonurgent problems is inappropriate. To test this assumption, several questions must be answered. These include, "How do we determine what is appropriate use of an ED?"; "How can we measure urgency in the ED?"; "Is care for nonurgent problems less effective in an ED than in a primary care facility?"; and "Is nonurgent care more costly in an ED than in a primary care facility?" These four questions are addressed, and suggestions for future research that would help answer these questions are made.
Ventilatory patterns of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) exposed to organic chemicals with different mechanisms of toxic action

Abstract 1. 1. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were exposed to 13 organic chemicals representing five known toxic mechanisms and their ventilatory patterns examined for differential responses related to mechanism. 2. 2. Two quantifiable characteristics of the ventilatory pattern, ventilatory frequency and cough frequency, had diagnostic utility as clinical signs to differentiate chemicals that killed through narcosis from those that killed by other toxic mechanisms. 3. 3. Bluegill were also exposed to 2-chloroethanol and 2,4-pentanedione, chemicals previously considered as narcotic poisons but tested here as unknowns. 4. 4. Ventilatory patterns induced by these chemicals and time to death in LC100 concentrations support current theories that they kill by mechanisms other than narcosis.
“Our Modern Skulls House a Stone Age Brain”: An Overview and Annotated Bibliography of Evolutionary Psychology, Part I

In the first of this two-part series, some of the major tenets and current applications of evolutionary psychology are briefly outlined for behavioral and social science librarians. Special note is taken of its controversial beliefs in the evolutionarily hard-wired nature of human sexual attraction and mate choice, its description of the relative role of gender over the course of evolution, and, in particular, its notion that rape may have had a basis in an evolutionary adaptation. Three annotated lists of recommended works are included. The first lists works in favor of the theory; the second, works that take a more critical view but are generally supportive; and the third of works that take serious exception to the field in whole or in part. Reviews of recommended books are summarized and citation counts of some articles regarded as classic in the field are provided. The second part of this series will focus on specific physical traits and courtship behaviors that have been closely studied by evolutiona...