cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Depression with Different Interpreting Methods Among Chinese and Latino Primary Care Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Language barriers may contribute to the under-detection of depression in Latinos and Asians. A total of 782 English, Spanish, and Chinese-speaking primary care patients were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. Language discordant patients were randomized to Remote Simultaneous Medical Interpreting (RSMI) or usual and customary (U&C) interpreting. The Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS) was administered. Patients were tracked for 1 year. A total of 462 patients completed the BDI-FS. Thirty-three percent had a positive (≥4) screen. Twenty-seven percent of BDI-FS positive patients were diagnosed with depression. Among BDI-FS positive patients, Chinese-speakers were less likely to be diagnosed compared with English speakers (31% vs. 10%, P < 0.05). There was a trend towards greater diagnosis with RSMI (27% detection with RSMI vs. 20% U&C, P = 0.41). The diagnosis of depression among BDI-FS positive patients in our population was low, particularly among Chinese-speakers. RSMI could be an important part of a multi-faceted approach to improving the detection of depression.
Annual nitrous oxide flux and soil nitrogen characteristics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems

Soil nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide fluxes were measured in a range of sagebrush steppe ecosystems in south-central Wyoming. Net nitrate production, measured in laboratory incubations, was highest in the ecosystem type dominated by Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, especially early in the growing season. Fluxes of nitrous oxide, measured in closed chambers and analyzed by gas chromatography, also tended to be higher in the same type, but only for short periods in the spring. Thereafter, all nitrous oxide fluxes were low and did not differ consistently among types. Estimated average annual fluxes for three Artemisia ecosystem types (dominated by Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis, and Artemisia nova) were 0.32, 0.23 and 0.13 kg N2O-N ha−1 y−1 repsectively. Average annual flux, weighted by the areal extent of these and other vegetation types in the region, was approximately 0.21 kg N2O-N ha−1y−1. Assuming this landscape is representative of sagebrush steppe, we calculate a flux of 9.5 × 109 g y−1 of N2O-N from U.S. sagebrush steppe, and a flux of 1.1 × 1011 g y−1 of N20-N from analogous desert and semi-desert shrublands of the world.
UNIQUE SOLUTIONS OF DISCONTINUOUS O.D.E.'S IN BANACH SPACES

We consider the Cauchy problem for an ordinary differential equation with discontinuous right-hand side in an L∞ space. Under the assumptions that the vector field is directionally continuous with bounded directional variation, we prove that the O.D.E. has a unique Caratheodory solution, which depends Lipschitz continuously on the data.
The Effects on Mortgage Repayments of Restrictions on the Enforcement of Due‐on‐Sale Clauses: The California Experience

Unexpected increases in the cost of mortgage funds have imposed substantial losses on mortgage lenders. The losses are compounded by the decline in mortgage repayments as homeowners hang on to their low-rate mortgages. The enforcement of due-on-sale clauses is one option lenders have had to inhibit reductions in the turnover of low-rate mortgages. Recently a California Supreme Court ruling restricted the use of due-on-sale clauses. As a result, California state-chartered associations can no longer use due-on-sale clauses to raise mortgage rates. At the same time, most federally chartered associations in California continued the unrestricted enforcement of due-on-sale clauses. This paper examines the behavior of repayment rates at restricted state and unrestricted federal associations in California. The results suggest that for each percentage point new mortgage interest rates exceeded rates on existing mortgages, repayment rates at federal associations declined by 1.532 percentage points. The inability to prevent mortgage assumptions caused repayment rates at state-chartered associations to fall 0.406 percentage points more than federal association repayment rates. The additional decline has added substantial income losses to California state associations.
Cross-regulation between distinct natural killer T cell subsets influences immune response to self and foreign antigens

Natural killer T (NKT) cells generally recognize lipid-antigens presented in the context of the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. CD1d-restricted NKT cells consist of two broad subsets: Type I, which express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and type II, which utilize diverse TCR gene segments. A major type II NKT subset has been shown to recognize a self-glycolipid, sulfatide. Both subsets play important roles in autoimmune diseases, tumor surveillance, and infectious diseases. While type I NKT cells protect from tumor growth by enhancing tumor surveillance, type II NKT cells may suppress anti-tumor immune responses. In a murine autoimmune hepatitis model, type I NKT cells contribute to pathogenesis, whereas activation of sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells protects from disease. Sulfatide-mediated activation of type II NKT cells results in modification of dendritic cells and induction of anergy in type I NKT cells. Elucidation of this novel pathway of cross-regulation among NKT cell subsets will provide tools for intervention in autoimmune diseases and for designing strategies for effective anti-tumor immunity.
A methodology for parallelizing programs for multicomputers and complex memory multiprocessors

The availability of large distributed memory multiprocessors and parallel computers with complex memory hierarchies have left the programmer with the difficult task of planning the detailed parallel execution of a program; for example, in the case of distributed memory machines, the programmer is forced to manually distribute code and data in addition to managing communication among tasks explicitly. Current work in compiler support for this task has focused on automating task partitioning, assuming a fixed data partition or a programmer-specified (in the form of annotations) data partition. This paper argues that one of the reasons for inefficient parallel execution is the lack of synergism between task partitioning and data partitioning and allocation; hence data and task allocation should both be influenced by the inherent dependence structure of the computation (which is the source of synergism). We present a methodology based on a unified approach to task and data partitioning; we show how to derive data and task partitions for computations expressed as nested loops that exhibit regular dependencies and how to map these onto distributed memory multiprocessors. Based on the mapping, we show how to derive code for the nodes of a distributed memory machine with appropriate message transmission constructs. We also discuss related communication optimizations.
Dealing with congestion from a regional perspective The case of Massachusetts

Traffic congestion has received considerable public and media attention over the past several years. However, many of the transportation and land use actions offered to deal with the congestion phenomenon focus only on a specific site or at most a subregion of the metropolitan area. This paper argues that congestion in many cases is an areawide phenomenon requiring consideration from a regional and programmatic viewpoint. A ten-point congestion-relief program developed for eastern Massachusetts is described. Actions in this program included those aimed to mitigate current congestion and avoid future congestion through land use management. Four policy areas are emphasized - providing transportation system improvements, managing transportation demand, managing land use, and managing the institutional and funding framework. The paper concludes that because of the political nature of the congestion problem, the congestion-relief program's importance lies more in the message it sends to the public that programmatic action is being taken. The paper also concludes that a regional approach is necessary thus requiring close examination of existing institutions, that demand management is an important component of the strategy, that the private sector has an important role to play, and that the long-term effectiveness of the program relates to the success of attempts to “institutionalize” efforts into zoning and permit procedures.
Hydraulic redistribution may stimulate decomposition

Roots influence root litter decomposition through multiple belowground processes. Hydraulic lift or redistribution (HR) by plants is one such process that creates diel drying–rewetting cycles in soil. However, it is unclear if this phenomenon influences decomposition. Since decomposition in deserts is constrained by low soil moisture and is stimulated when dry soils are rewetted, we hypothesized that diel drying–rewetting, via HR, stimulates decomposition of root litter. We quantified the decomposition of root litter from two desert shrubs, Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata and Sarcobatus vermiculatus, during spring and summer in field soil core treatments designed to have abundant roots and high magnitude HR cycles (DenseRoot) or few roots and low magnitude HR (SparseRoot). To help explain our decomposition results, we not only evaluated HR, but multiple factors (i.e., soil moisture, soil temperature, dissolved soil organic C concentrations, and litter chemistry) that are often influenced by roots and regulate decomposition. Root length density in the DenseRoot treatment was at least four times higher than in the SparseRoot treatment for both Artemisia and Sarcobatus by the beginning of spring. During spring and summer, there was only one instance when decomposition rates differed between the treatments. This occurred in soils beneath Artemisia in the summer when decomposition rates were 25% higher in the DenseRoot than in the SparseRoot treatments. Of the factors evaluated, only a threefold increase in the magnitude of drying–rewetting cycles created by HR in the DenseRoot compared to the SparseRoot treatment coincided with this change in decomposition. Additionally, the lower soil Ψw present in the Artemisia DenseRoot treatment should have resulted in a decline in decomposition rates, but the presence of higher magnitude HR cycles seemed to nullify this effect. There was no evidence of this result in Sarcobatus soils, possibly due to Sarcobatus only creating HR cycles for a short period of time in the summer before soil Ψw dropped below −7 MPa. As hypothesized, our results suggest that the presence of high magnitude HR cycles stimulated decomposition. The most plausible mechanism for this stimulation; however, was not solely due to HR drying–rewetting cycles but HR creating a diel rhythm of root-driven water fluxes and rhizodeposition. These together heightened microbial activity and, subsequently, enhanced the decomposition of surrounding litter. Our findings are the first field data supporting suggestions that HR influences belowground ecosystem processes and demonstrates that this relationship is seasonally variable.
Particulate depleted uranium is cytotoxic and clastogenic to human lung epithelial cells

Abstract Depleted uranium (DU) is commonly used in military applications and consequently exposure to soldiers and non-combatants is potentially frequent and widespread. DU is suspected to be a carcinogen, potentially affecting the bronchial cells of the lung. Few studies have considered DU in human bronchial cells. Accordingly, we determined the cytotoxicity and clastogenicity of particulate DU in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEP2D cells). DU-induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial cells, and was not clastogenic after 24 h but induced chromosomal aberrations after 48 h. These data indicate that if DU is a human bronchial carcinogen, it is likely acting through a mechanism that involves DNA breaks after longer exposures.
Serotonin, cytokines, p11, and depression

For at least four decades, the field of psychoimmunology has attracted numerous investigators based on diverse hints linking the immune system to emotional behavior. The administration of cytokines for the treatment of various diseases is often associated with depression, which frequently accompanies autoimmune disease. Now, in PNAS, Greengard and colleagues (1) report a specific molecular pathway linking cytokines and the actions of antidepressant drugs. Their findings confound established wisdom, as they imply that brain cytokines exert antidepressant actions and mediate the influences of the principal serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant drugs. How the present discoveries fit into the context of our understanding of antidepressant actions can be summarized as follows.
Design optimization of dispersion compensating fibers and their packaging techniques

Design optimization of dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) based on the fundamental mode is described considering the packaging technique. Optical performances of the DCF modules are mainly limited by the macro-, micro-bending loss and the polarization mode dispersion that strongly depend on the module structure. Two types of DCF modules are demonstrated as examples. Bobbin-less module structure that mitigates the bending limit is also described.
Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray analysis of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type B

Single crystals of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type B have been obtained by the vapor-diffusion method. These crystals belong to space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 76.08, b = 123.11, c = 95.86 A, β = 113.03° and diffract to at least 1.8 A resolution. Native data have been collected from flash-frozen crystals at the National Synchrotron facility of Brookhaven National Laboratory. These crystals often tend to be non-isomorphic.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE, IMAGING, THERMAL NEUTRON DETECTORS

Abstract Existing and planned spallation neutron sources require two-dimensional detectors for many experiments. Unlike the requirements for steady-state neutron sources, it is essential that these detectors possess good time resolution to determine neutron energy. A range of detectors based on gas proportional chambers, with low-noise encoding electronics, has been fabricated at this laboratory, with properties well suited for use at spallation sources. These high-performance detectors possess outstanding qualities in terms of dynamic range and stability of both recorded neutron positions and response (efficiency), in addition to normal attributes such as good position resolution, high detection efficiency and insensitivity to γ-rays. We review here some of the major characteristics of the detectors, describe recent advances, and illustrate their high level of performance with neutron scattering results. While relatively few such detectors are required world wide, specialized efforts are required for their development. The additional opportunities provided by new spallation sources will need continued advances in detector performance.
The 11B(α, n)14N cross section for α-energies up to 8 MeV

Abstract The three neutron groups, populating the ground state, the 2.313 and the 3.945 MeV states of 14 N were studied. More than 30 resonances were seen in the 0° excitation curve. Angular distributions were taken at 58 α-energies, between 3.7 and 7.9 MeV. Neutron production cross sections, derived from these distributions, were compared by the method of detailed balance to the previously known 14 N(n, α) 11 B cross section. Compound nucleus formation involving overlap of several resonances appears dominant for the emission of all three neutron groups.
Faculty perceptions of the scholarship and utility of writing college-level textbooks

The literature and most anecdotal evidence suggest that higher education faculty members hold writing college-level textbooks in relatively low esteem as a scholarly activity. A structured inquiry conducted among tenured faculty and department chairs which separated notions of scholarship from expectation of utility disclosed a surprisingly high regard for the scholarship required in writing textbooks. However, the expectation of utility or reward is much lower, suggesting institutional and financial pressures that act as major disincentives to textbook authorship. Both the regard for scholarship and the expectation of reward were also shown to display disciplinary variations.
A Fast-Neutron Detector for Use as a Criticality Monitor

To increase the reliability of the criticality monitoring system in a diagnostic chemistry area and to reduce the number of false alarms, a new monitoring system was built using a fast-neutron detector. This paper outlines the design requirements, describes the system as it was built, and reports on the results of several months of operation. The new monitor has proven much more useful than the gamma-detector system it replaced.
A novel method of continuous measurement of head of bed elevation in ventilated patients.

Objective We developed a novel pressure transducer-based method of continuous measurement of head of bed elevation. Following validation of the method we hypothesized that head of bed angles would be at or above 30 ° among mechanically ventilated patients throughout the day due to a hospital-wide initiative on ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention and standardized electronic order entry system to keep head of bed at an angle of 30 ° or greater.
The synthesis of 6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐pyrrolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines. II. 4‐Hydroxy, 4‐mercapto, 2‐amino‐4‐hydroxy and 2,4‐dihydroxy derivatives

Several new types of compounds in the 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine series have been prepared. Included are a 6-acyl derivative unsubstituted in the pyrimidine ring, as well as 4-hydroxy, 4-mercapto, 2-amino-4-hydroxy and 2,4-dihydroxy derivatives. These products were derived directly or indirectly from 4-cyano- or 4-carbethoxy-1-acyl-3-amino-3-pyrroline intermediates. 3-Hydroxy, 3-amino, and 3-thioformylamino-1-acyl-3-pyrroline-4-thiocarboxamides have been obtained and the 3-thioformylamino derivatives shown to undergo base-catalyzed cyclization to close a 4-mercaptopyrimidine ring.
Learning message-passing inference machines for structured prediction

Nearly every structured prediction problem in computer vision requires approximate inference due to large and complex dependencies among output labels. While graphical models provide a clean separation between modeling and inference, learning these models with approximate inference is not well understood. Furthermore, even if a good model is learned, predictions are often inaccurate due to approximations. In this work, instead of performing inference over a graphical model, we instead consider the inference procedure as a composition of predictors. Specifically, we focus on message-passing algorithms, such as Belief Propagation, and show how they can be viewed as procedures that sequentially predict label distributions at each node over a graph. Given labeled graphs, we can then train the sequence of predictors to output the correct labeling s. The result no longer corresponds to a graphical model but simply defines an inference procedure, with strong theoretical properties, that can be used to classify new graphs. We demonstrate the scalability and efficacy of our approach on 3D point cloud classification and 3D surface estimation from single images.
EFFECT OF HIGH-DOSE VITAMIN D REPLETION ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN AFRICAN-AMERICAN MALES WITH PREDIABETES AND HYPOVITAMINOSIS D

ABSTRACT Objective: This double-blind, randomized, controlled trial evaluated whether 12 months of high-dose vitamin D2 supplementation improved insulin sensitivity and secretion and glycemic status. Methods: African-American males (AAM) with prediabetes (glycosylated hemoglobin [A1C] 5.7–6.4%), hypovitaminosis D (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD] 5–29 ng/mL), and prevalent medical problems were supplemented with vitamin D3 (400 IU/day) and then randomized to weekly placebo or vitamin D2 (50,000 IU). The primary outcome was the change in oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS, from an oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]) after 12 months of treatment. Secondary outcomes included other glycemic indices, A1C, and incident diabetes. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar in vitamin D-supplemented (n = 87) and placebo (n = 86) subjects completing the trial with average concentrations 14.4 ng/mL, 362 mL × min−1 × m−2, and 6.1% for 25OHD, OGIS and A1C, respectively. After 12 months, the vitamin D-supplemented g...
Type 1 Diabetes Associated with Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy and Insulin Resistance: The Effect of Long-Term Leptin Therapy

Context: Acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL) is marked by severe insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia. Rarely, AGL and type 1 diabetes (T1D) coexist. Objective: Our objective was to describe the response to leptin therapy in patients with coexisting AGL and T1D and to document the autoimmune diseases associated with AGL. Design and Setting: We conducted an open-label prospective study at the Clinical Research Center of the National Institutes of Health. Patients: Participants included 50 patients with generalized or partial lipodystrophy (acquired or congenital); two patients had both AGL and T1D. Intervention: Patients were treated with 12 months of recombinant human leptin administration to achieve high-normal serum concentrations. Results: Two patients had both AGL and T1D. The first was diagnosed with T1D at age 8 yr. Beginning at age 11 yr, he developed generalized lipodystrophy, elevated transaminases, and poor glycemic control [hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 10.7%] despite markedly increased insulin requirements (3.3–5 U/kg·d). Further evaluation revealed hypoleptinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. At age 15 yr, leptin therapy was initiated, and after 1 yr, his insulin requirements fell to 1 U/kg·d, his glycemic control improved (HbA1c 8.4%), and both his triglycerides and transaminases normalized. The second patient developed concurrent AGL and T1D at age 6 yr. Despite insulin doses of up to 32 U/kg·d, she developed poor glycemic control (HbA1c 10.6%), hypertriglyceridemia (2984 mg/dl), elevated transaminases, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. At age 13 yr, leptin therapy was started, and after 1 yr, her glycemic control improved (HbA1c 7.3%) and her insulin requirements decreased (17 U/kg·d). Her triglycerides remained elevated but were improved (441 mg/dl). Conclusions: Long-term recombinant leptin therapy is effective in treating the insulin resistance of patients with the unusual combination of T1D and AGL.
Belonoperca pylei, a new species of seabass (Teleostei: Serranidae: Epinephelinae: Diploprionini) from the cook islands with comments on relationships among diploprionins

Belonoperca pylei is described from five specimens collected at depths of 68–122m from Rarotonga, Cook Islands. It differs from all other known diploprionin serranids in having IX, 10 dorsal-fin rays, III, 7 anal-fin rays, and a color pattern composed primarily of yellow and organge pigments. Cladistic analysis of epinepheline morphology supports monophyly of the diploprionin generaBelonoperca andDiploprion and suggests thatBelonoperca is the sister group ofDiploprion plus the monotypicAulacocephalus.
Total pulmonary vein occlusion complicating pulmonary vein isolation: Diagnosis and treatment

Background Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) complicating pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) can progress to total pulmonary vein occlusion (PVO). Little is known about the accuracy of noninvasive diagnosis and treatment of PVO. Objective The purpose of this study was to study the diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive testing and the feasibility and outcome of percutaneous intervention for PVO. Methods Computed tomography (CT)–diagnosed and angiographically confirmed PVOs were identified from percutaneous interventions for PVS complicating PVI between December 2000 and December 2008. Diagnostic accuracy of CT combined with lung perfusion scan was studied. Outcome of percutaneous intervention was reviewed. Results CT diagnosed "PVO" in 53 PVs, with only 20 of 53 determined angiographically to be totally occluded. True PVO had lower perfusion (4.0%) compared with CT-diagnosed "PVO" (7.3%, P = .024). Recanalization was attempted in 9 and successful in 8. Of the 8 patients, 7 were dilated with 4.5- to 7-mm balloons and 1 was stented primarily (7 mm). At repeat catheterization 2.9 ± 0.8 months later, 6 of 7 pulmonary veins (PVs) were stented to 5 to 10 mm. At follow-up of 11.3 ± 8.7 months, all but 1 PV remained patent (mean diameter 6.9 ± 1.7 mm). Flow to the lung quadrant increased from 5.6% before recanalization to 12.2% at last follow-up ( P = .016). Symptoms improved in all but one patient. Conclusion PVO is overestimated by CT. Quantification of lung perfusion improves diagnostic accuracy, but angiography remains the gold standard. Recanalization of PVO can be attempted when a remnant of the PV is visible. Good mid-term patency rates and improved perfusion were observed with a two-stage approach of initial dilation and subsequent stenting. Longer follow-up and larger numbers of patients are needed to better understand when to intervene for PVO.
Simulating the effects of global climate change on Atlantic croaker population dynamics in the mid-Atlantic Region

Abstract Projecting global climate change (GCC) effects on fish populations has primarily focused on temperature, while non-temperature effects are rarely simulated. In this study, we used a non-linear matrix population projection model of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) in the mid-Atlantic Bight to illustrate how global climate change effects, in addition to temperature, can be incorporated into population projections. The model was a multiple time step, stage-within-age matrix projection model with two nursery regions (Virginia and North Carolina estuaries) for young-of-the-year (YOY, egg to age-1) life stage development and a single ocean spatial box for adults. Late juvenile mortality was density-dependent and calibrated to generate a spawner-recruit relationship similar to observed values. Model simulations were for 160 years. Global climate change effects were estimated for 2020, 2050, and 2080, which resulted in three new sets of parameter values of the matrix model. The first 40 years of the 160 years were baseline, followed by 40 years of 2020 parameter values, 40 years of 2050 values, and 40 years of 2080 values. Changes in the parameters of the matrix model were based on changes in annual and seasonal temperatures generated by global circulation models, as well as presumed changes in precipitation causing increased hypoxia, increased variability in salinity, rising sea level, and changes in ocean circulation causing increased northward and offshore transport. Global climate change resulted in increased croaker abundance with lower inter-annual variability. Sensitivity analysis with each GCC effect imposed singly showed that the increase in croaker abundance under GCC was due to the complex suite of positive and negative responses across multiple life stages. The major positive response was due to warmer temperatures, and the major negative effects were due to increased variability in salinity, increased offshore transport, and sea level rise. A second sensitivity analysis showed that important, but highly uncertain, effects produced smoothly increasing population responses with increasing magnitude. We discuss how effects other than temperature can be important to projecting population responses to GCC, and the strengths and weaknesses of our analysis. Our analysis demonstrates how a variety of GCC-related effects can be incorporated into traditional population models; what is needed is sufficient empirical information to quantify the effects in terms of growth, mortality, movement, and reproduction.
Authorizing state crime in Mexico: the importance of a destructive social milieu

This essay seeks to specify some of the social–psychological determinants that led to the mobilization of deadly state crime in the Latin American authoritarian state context. The Mexican case provides an interesting case in which to specify some of these determinants because hundreds of leftist political party militants, often engaged in legal activities, have been gunned down by state agents (the police, the military, local politicians associated with the dominant party-state) or indirectly by hired guns on behalf of state leaders Schatz. S. (Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 23:255–295, 2001). I argue, in the Mexican case, the leadership authorization of destructive behavior was the critical activating historical condition activating deadly state crime because it created a permissive social milieu that allows for the utilization of more extreme forms of violence including the use of political assassination as a mode of social control. This permissive social milieu was, of course, aided by a passive legal system that generated the almost complete lack of penalties for state-sanctioned brutality. While none of these determinants alone may be sufficient to produce a wave of political–electoral homicides, when they all combine, it makes such destructive behavior very likely to occur.
Microbolometer uncooled infrared camera with 20-mK NETD

Raytheon Systems Company has developed a prototype infrared imaging rifle-sight using an uncooled, microbolometer FPA. The high-sensitivity FPA (SBRC-151) used in the Long-wavelength Staring Sensor (LWSS) was developed by Raytheon Infrared Center of Excellence (IR COE). The NETD (noise equivalent temperature difference) sensitivity of the camera has been measured at 14 mK with f/1 optics and at 74 mK with an f/2.1 aperture stop. Excellent imagery has been demonstrated with the f/2.1 aperture. The 320 X 240 FPA utilizes a high-yield CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) that achieves high sensitivity, low output nonuniformity, and large scene dynamic range. The ROIC provides multi-level, on-chip nonuniformity correction and on-chip temperature compensation. The FPA has 50 micrometer X 50 micrometer pixels and operates at frame rates up to 60 Hz with a single output. The LWSS was characterized by the U.S. Army's NVESD in 1997 using an earlier version of the SBRC-151 FPA. The NVESD measurements validated the Raytheon NETD data. The NVESD evaluation also demonstrated outstanding MRT and spatial noise characteristics. The VOx microbolometer detectors are produced at the Raytheon IR COE facility in Santa Barbara, CA using an advanced dry-etch fabrication process. In addition to the LWSS project, the IR COE has initiated production of the microbolometer FPAs (AE-189) for commercial applications. Over 600 FPAs have been produced on this project, and data is presented for the first 250 FPAs that have been packaged and tested. The pixel operability of the production radiometer FPAs (AE-189) is typically greater than 99.9%.
Recognizing and Diagnosing Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia affects an estimated 2% of the American population. Current understanding explains it as a neurologic disorder of central pain processing that causes the perception of pain in response to stimuli that in healthy individuals would not be painful. The recognition of fibromyalgia can lead to effective treatment with significant improvement in functioning. Unfortunately, because of the chronic nature of the pain condition and associated counterproductive behaviors and disability, patients and physicians may rapidly become frustrated with each other and abandon the pursuit of adequate diagnosis and treatment. If the physician instead recognizes the diagnostic pattern of pain and appreciates the real nature of the underlying pathology, then he or she can be of great benefit to patients and their families in managing this chronic disease.
Studies of variation in initial quality of chicken eggs. 4. Certain characteristics of hens chosen for quality of eggs produced.

Abstract SEVERAL workers have studied certain aspects of the relationship between interior quality of eggs laid and performance characteristics of the hens as well as other attributes of the eggs. Knox and Godfrey (1934, 1938) indicated that the proportion of thick albumen was not related to the number of eggs laid. Pope et al. (1960) noted no relationship between intensity of production and Haugh unit score of eggs. Jaffe (1966) reported slight positive but non-significant genetic correlations and variable but non-significant phenotypic correlations between egg production and Haugh units in two strains of White Leghorns. Mannel (1966) reported that higher internal quality was not related to egg production. Noles and Tindell (1967) indicated that Haugh scores were not related to current production rates. On the other hand negative relationships of various magnitudes between production rates and interior quality have been noted by Goodman and Godfrey (1955), Johnson and Merritt (1955), King…
Regulating nursing homes: Residential nursing facilities in the United States.

This is the second in a series of three articles Poor quality care has been an enduring feature of many of the 16 500 residential nursing facilities that provide care to 1.6 million people in the United States.1 Despite three decades of public concern, government surveys and data collected by the federal government continue to show that residents of nursing homes experience problems in their care (figure). In 1998 and 1999, 25-33% of nursing homes had serious or potentially life threatening problems in delivering care and were harming residents. 3 4 In 1999, state inspectors found that 26% of the nation's nursing facilities had poor food hygiene; 21% provided care that was inadequate; 19% had environments that contributed to injuries in residents; and in 18% pressure sores were treated improperly. The eight most common deficiencies identified in 1999 are shown in the box.2 About 77% of facilities that were performing poorly had problems in subsequent surveys conducted by state licensing and certification agencies.2 Violations of care standards in nursing homes in the United States, 1991-92 #### Summary points Poor quality care for the 1.6 million people in nursing homes in the United States has existed for 25 years Care in as many as one third of nursing homes jeopardises the health and safety of residents The largely profit making nursing home industry provides fewer nurses and poorer quality of care than non-profit homes and government run nursing homes A fundamental cause of poor care is the low number of nurses and other staff required by law Monitoring and enforcement of quality standards, which has been devolved to the states, has been weak because standards are lax The US government has failed to hold the nursing home industry accountable for how government funds are spent and to protect residents from …
Diagnosis of heterozygosity for cystic fibrosis by discriminatory analysis of sweat chloride distribution

Multiple sweat tests were performed on 183 individuals—patients with cystic fibrosis,their parents and siblings, and control adults and children. The mean (M) and variance (V) of the set of tests on each individual were used to calculate the quadratic discriminant function between the known heterozygotes (parents) and the two control groups. The discriminant between control children and parents is: L=14 (M−7) 2 +(V−42) 2 −10,000. The discriminant between parents and control adults is: L=83 (M−11) 2 +(V−80) 2 −60,600. With a set of four tests, 84 per cent of parents and 83 per cent of the expected number of siblings could be identified as heterozygotes. In addition, repeated sets of 4 tests identified heterozygotes with low expressivity.
A standardized method of diplomatically and effectively reporting child abuse to state authorities. A controlled evaluation.

Although many studies have examined issues relevant to reporting child maltreatment to state authorities, empirical evaluation of intervention programs to assist professionals in reporting child abuse is lacking. In the present study, a medical student was taught to perform a standardized behavioral method of reporting child abuse that incorporates nonperpetrating caregivers of child abuse victims in the reporting process. A controlled multiple baseline across behaviors (i.e., initiating child abuse report, responding to upset) experimental design was utilized to evaluate skills acquisition. Improvements in interpersonal skills related to reporting child abuse were demonstrated consequent to intervention. Future directions are discussed in light of these results.
The Perception of Traversed Distance

Three studies were conducted to explore the effect of path structure on the perception of traversed distance. Based upon anecdotal reports, it was hypothesized that the estimated length of a route would be positively related to the perceived number of turns on that route. Obtained data strongly supported this angularity hypothesis; increasing the number of right angle turns distributed along a pathway consistently increased the estimated length of the pathway. Controls used in these studies indicated that this effect was not due to actual or perceived travel time, to any particular path structure, or to the straight line distance between origin and goal. Three explanations of this finding were discussed: a storage size model, a scaling model, and an effort interpretation.
Examining Socioaffective Processing Biases in Cigarette Smokers with High Versus Low Trait Hostility

Developing measures of socioaffective processing is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying emotional-interpersonal traits relevant to health, such as hostility. In this study, cigarette smokers with low (LH; n = 49) and high (HH; n = 43) trait hostility completed the Emotional Interference Gender Identification Task (EIGIT), a newly developed behavioral measure of socioaffective processing biases toward facial affect. The EIGIT involves quickly categorizing the gender of facial pictures that vary in affective valence (angry, happy, neutral, sad). Results showed that participants were slower and less accurate in categorizing the gender of angry faces in comparison to happy, neutral, and sad faces (which did not differ), signifying interference indicative of a socioaffective processing bias toward angry faces. Compared to LH individuals, HH participants exhibited diminished biases toward angry faces on error-based (but not speed-based) measures of emotional interference, suggesting impaired socioaffective processing. The EIGIT may be useful for future research on the role of socioaffective processing in traits linked with poor health.
Scattering by a small cavity-backed hole

For plane-wave incidence, an integral equation is obtained for the magnetic current induced on a circular impedance insert in a perfectly conducting plane under the assumption that the radius is electrically small. This integral equation is solved numerically, and an analytical expression for the scattered field is determined. The complementary expression for a small disk is compared with a standard numerical code and conditions for the use of this expression are established. For a cavity-backed hole, the impedance of the insert is identified with the impedance looking into the hole as determined by a simple transmission line model, and results are presented for a few cavity geometries. >
Blinded by ‘objectivity’ How news conventions caused journalists to miss the real story in the ‘Our Lady’ controversy in Santa Fe

In 2001, a photo montage by Los Angeles artist Alma Lopez called Our Lady created a firestorm in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Because of journalistic practices that wait for officials or major players to raise issues before doing stories on them in order to claim ‘objectivity’, newspaper coverage left many underlying issues surrounding the controversy largely unexamined. This predominant trend in coverage privileged the almost exclusively male protesters by constantly replaying their attacks. Also, the way in which the different sides were condensed in ongoing stories forced the artist and her mostly female supporters to play defense without their best defense: the Sandra Cisneros essay that inspired the work and its feminist critique of Chicano culture and its effect on Latinas’ self-image.
Autobiographical awareness as a catalyst for managerial and organisational development

This article argues and illustrates that autobiographical research, writing, and conservation that engenders autobiographical awareness, form a significant catalyst for managerial and organisational development toward continual quality improvement and the creation of learning organisations.The article also argues that autobiographical writing and conversation is a key process - indeed, an indispensable process - in social scientific research based on the action inquiry paradigm (Torbert, 1991).
Presumptive Identification of Candida kefyr on Levine Formulation of Eosin Methylene Blue Agar

Three hundred thirty-one yeast and yeast-like isolates were cultivated on eosin methylene blue agar. While the sensitivity rate for Candida kefyr isolates producing a metallic green sheen was 81.8%, the high positive predictive value (100%) for yeast isolates with this phenotype belonging to C. kefyr suggests that these isolates can be presumptively identified as C. kefyr.
CONNECTIVITY, FRAGMENTATION, AND EXTINCTION RISK IN DENDRITIC METAPOPULATIONS

Neither linear nor two-dimensional frameworks may be the most appropriate for fish and other species constrained to disperse within river-creek systems. In particular, the hierarchical, dendritic structures of riverine networks are not well captured by existing spatial models. Here I use a simple geometric model and metapopulation modeling to make three points concerning the ecological consequences of dendritic landscapes. First, con- nectivity patterns of river-creek networks differ from linear landscapes, and these differ- ences in connectivity can either enhance or reduce metapopulation persistence compared to linear systems, depending on the details of dispersal. Second, habitat fragmentation in dendritic landscapes has different (and arguably more severe) consequences on fragment size than in either linear or two-dimensional systems, resulting in both smaller fragments and higher variance in fragment size. Third, dendritic landscapes can induce striking mis- matches between the geometry of dispersal and the geometry of disturbance, and as is the case for arid-lands fishes, such mismatches can be important for population persistence.
Biomechanical Analysis of Anchoring Points in Rhytidectomy

Objective To quantify tissue tearing force at various anchoring points on the face. Methods This is a prospective anatomic study using 4 fresh cadavers of persons aged 60 to 70 years at the time of death, for a total of 8 sides. Standardized 1-cm distances were measured at the various anchor points, and a single 0 Prolene suture loop was tied at each standardized anchoring point. Steady force was applied perpendicular to the plane of the face with a digital hanging scale. The scale was pulled until the suture ruptured the tissue at the anchoring point. The values at which the tissue ruptured were recorded, averaged, and compared. Results The average tissue force was 7.01 kg for the root of the zygoma vs 3.44 kg for the temporalis fascia ( P P P P Conclusion The tissue tearing force varies by location on the face as well as suture orientation.
Effects of chilling on sampling of bacteria attached to swine carcasses

Two microbiological sampling techniques, excision and sponge swabbing, were compared by determining counts of aerobic bacteria, coliforms and injured coliforms from 20 de-haired swine carcasses before and after chilling. Excised jowl skin produced significantly greater counts of the three types of bacteria than sponge swabs. Aerobic bacteria, coliforms and injured coliforms recovered by sponge swabbing carcasses before chilling were 11.6%, 0.9% and 11.0% of excised samples, respectively; the corresponding percentages recovered after chilling were 23.9%, 11.1% and 5.0%. Numbers of all bacteria present on the post-chill carcasses were substantially lower than on the pre-chill carcasses. Excision usually produced more countable plates for coliforms and injured coliforms on chilled carcasses than sponge swabbing and therefore, is more suitable in estimating low numbers of faecal bacteria on chilled carcasses. To explore the possible structural bases for these findings, skin samples were inoculated with 10(2)-10(7) cfu cm(-2) faecal bacteria and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Chilled samples showed bacteria and biofilm embedded in superficial crevices, which underlies a possible reason for the lower recovery of bacterial cells by the sponge swabbing. The study indicates that the differences between sampling techniques may be a result of the chilling process of swine carcasses.
The Real-Time Processing of Sluiced Sentences

Ellipsis refers to an element that is absent from the input but whose meaning can nonetheless be recovered from context. In this cross-modal priming study, we examined the online processing of Sluicing, an ellipsis whose antecedent is an entire clause: The handyman threw a book to the programmer but I don’t know which book the handyman threw to the programmerellipsis. To understand such an elliptical construction, the listener arguably must ‘fill in’ the missing material (“the handyman threw___ to the programmer”) based on that which occurs in the antecedent clause. We aimed to determine the point in time in which reconstruction of the sluiced sentence is attempted and whether such a complex antecedent is re-accessed by the ellipsis. Out of the two antecedent constituents for which we probed, only the Object (programmer) was found active in the elliptical clause, confirming that an antecedent is attributed to the sluice in real time. Possible reasons for the non-observation of the Subject (handyman) are considered. We also suggest that ellipses are detected earlier in coordinated than subordinated sentences.
Interconnected hollow carbon nanospheres for stable lithium metal anodes

For future applications in portable electronics, electric vehicles and grid storage, batteries with higher energy storage density than existing lithium ion batteries need to be developed. Recent efforts in this direction have focused on highcapacity electrode materials such as lithium metal, silicon and tin as anodes, and sulphur and oxygen as cathodes. Lithium metal would be the optimal choice as an anode material, because it has the highest specific capacity (3,860 mAh g –1 )a nd the lowest anode potential of all. However, the lithium anode forms dendritic and mossy metal deposits, leading to serious safety concerns and low Coulombic efficiency during charge/discharge cycles. Although advanced characterization techniques have helped shed light on the lithium growth process, effective strategies to improve lithium metal anode cycling remain elusive. Here, we show that coating the lithium metal anode with a monolayer of interconnected amorphous hollow carbon nanospheres helps isolate the lithium metal depositions and facilitates the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase. We show that lithium dendrites do not form up to a practical current density of 1 mA cm –2 .T he Coulombic efficiency improves to ∼99% for more than 150 cycles. This is significantly better than the bare unmodified samples, which usually show rapid Coulombic efficiency decay in fewer than 100 cycles. Our results indicate that nanoscale interfacial engineering could be a promising strategy to tackle the intrinsic problems of lithium metal anodes.