cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Visual Comparison of a Single Scenario in Three Driving Simulators

For driving research and training. it is desirable to replicate a single driving scenario across multiple driving simulator platforms. However, until recently, the task of developing and implementing the same scenarios across multiple platforms has not been undertaken. The present paper assesses such an effort across of three different simulator platforms. To evaluate the effort from a visual perspective, a combination of subjective and objective measures were used. The manipulation of environmental visual complexity was also assessed. While the manipulation of visual complexity was only partially successful, each of the three simulator sites was able to create extraordinarily similar driving scenarios. These results open the door for a wide range of driving simulator studies and applications.
Instrumentation and machines for dynamic tests

It has been shown that use of wide-band instrumentation in dynamic mechanical measurements can reveal the presence of high-frequency ringing and other mechanical defects in the wave form. The use of low-pass filters to suppress electrical noise can hide such defects. It is therefore better to eliminate the electrical noise at the source. If the mechanical irregularities in the waveform are not tolerable, they must be removed by improving the design of the testing device. The drop tester described in this report illustrates one possible way in which this may be done.
Laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy in inflammatory versus noninflammatory conditions of the large bowel

The most common indications for laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy are terminal ileal Crohn's disease (TICD) and noninflammatory conditions such as polyps or cancer. While patients in the former category are usually younger and require immunosuppressive medications, patients in the latter category are older and may have significant comorbidity. The aim of this study was to compare and contrast the results of this operation performed on these two very different groups of patients. Between August 1991 and September 1998, 85 patients underwent laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whithney test. A total of 31 patients (19 F / 12 M) of mean age 40 years (range, 15–74), were operated upon for TICD while 54 patients (22 F /32 M) of mean age 70 years (range, 30–87) (p<0.01) were operated upon for noninflammatory bowel disease (NIBD) including polyps (n=29), adenocarcinoma (n=19), and other reasons (n=6). In the TICD group, 18 were operated on for strictures, 3 for fistulas, 2 for abscesses, and 8 for two or more of these reasons. Overall there were 7 intraoperative complications reported: 4 in the TICD group and 3 in the NIBD group (p=70). The total operative time was 144 min (range, 90–260) in the TICD vs. 153 min (range, 70–270) in the NIBD group (p=0.40). Hospital stay was 6.4 days (range, 3–18) in the TICD group vs. 7.7 days (range, 3–19) in the NIBD group (p=0.0175). Six of the TICD patients and 6 of the NIBD patients had their procedure converted to laparotomy (p=0.34). In the TICD group, 12 patients (39%) had a total of 16 postoperative complications, 3 of which were wound related and 8 of which were general medical complications. One patient had an anastomotic leak while 4 patients had prolonged postoperative ileus. In the NIBD group, 23 (43%) patients had a total of 28 complications of which 7 were wound related; 11 patients had prolonged postoperative ileus and 10 were general medical complications (p=NS between groups). During a mean follow-up of 41 months (range, 3–89), 3 patients in the TICD group and 4 in the NIBD group developed incisional hernia. Despite the inflammatory nature of inflammatory bowel disease with related septic conditions such as fistulae and consequent abscesses, the overall operative complication rate was not significantly different from complication rates in patients with noninflammatory conditions. One factor contributing to this finding may be the younger age in the TICD group. Thus, laparoscopic right hemicolectomy can be safely performed for both inflammatory and noninflammatory conditions.
Narcissistic Rage in Leaders: the Intersection of Individual Dynamics and Group Process

Power corrupts in terms of both grandiose inflations and threatened narcissistic injuries. This paper deals with the rage states that may ensue in leaders. After explain ing the individual psychodynamics of self-righteous rages in executives, this paper describes inferences about the group processes set in motion by such leaders and the reactions of subordinates. Independent thinkers in subordinate groups are both especially vulnerable to harm and especially important to preventing disasters within the group. The variable action of such persons leads to a sequence of possible phases. In bad scenarios the last phase is one containing institutional ruin, bloodbaths, or mutinies. Understanding the inference of individual and group dynamics on a theme of narcissistic injury may help prevent such disasters.
On Women, Bodies, and Nation: Feminist Critique and Revision in Zoë Wicomb's David's Story

‘This is and is not David's story,’ asserts the narrator in the paradoxical first line of Zoe Wicomb's David's Story (2001), and she is certainly correct. Ultimately, David's Story cannot simply be...
Validation of connectivity-based thalamic segmentation with direct electrophysiologic recordings from human sensory thalamus.

Abstract Connectivity-based segmentation has been used to identify functional gray matter subregions that are not discernable on conventional magnetic resonance imaging. However, the accuracy and reliability of this technique has only been validated using indirect means. In order to provide direct electrophysiologic validation of connectivity-based thalamic segmentations within human subjects, we assess the correlation of atlas-based thalamic anatomy, connectivity-based thalamic maps, and somatosensory evoked thalamic potentials in two adults with medication-refractory epilepsy who were undergoing intracranial EEG monitoring with intrathalamic depth and subdural cortical strip electrodes. MRI with atlas-derived localization was used to delineate the anatomic boundaries of the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus. Somatosensory evoked potentials with intrathalamic electrodes physiologically identified a discrete region of phase reversal in the ventrolateral thalamus. Finally, DTI was obtained so that probabilistic tractography and connectivity-based segmentation could be performed to correlate the region of thalamus linked to sensory areas of the cortex, namely the postcentral gyrus. We independently utilized these three different methods in a blinded fashion to localize the “sensory” thalamus, demonstrating a high-degree of reproducible correlation between electrophysiologic and connectivity-based maps of the thalamus. This study provides direct electrophysiologic validation of probabilistic tractography-based thalamic segmentation. Importantly, this study provides an electrophysiological basis for using connectivity-based segmentation to further study subcortical anatomy and physiology while also providing the clinical basis for targeting deep brain nuclei with therapeutic stimulation. Finally, these direct recordings from human thalamus confirm early inferences of a sensory thalamic component of the N18 waveform in somatosensory evoked potentials.
Surface Vibration Reconstruction using Inverse Numerical Acoustics

This paper explores the use of inverse numerical acoustics to reconstruct the surface vibration of a noise source. Inverse numerical acoustics is mainly used for source identification. This approach uses the measured sound pressure at a set of field points and the Helmholtz integral equation to reconstruct the normal surface velocity. The number of sound pressure measurements is considerably less than the number of surface vibration nodes. An overview of inverse numerical acoustics is presented and compared with other holography techniques such as nearfield acoustical holography and the Helmholtz equation least squares method. In order to obtain an acceptable reproduction of the surface vibration, several critical factors such as the field point selection and the effect of experimental errors have to be handled properly. Other practical considerations such as the use of few measured velocities and regularization techniques will also be presented. Examples will include a diesel engine, a transmission housing and an engine cover.
A perspective on the potential problems with aspirin as an antithrombotic agent: a comparison of studies in an animal model with clinical trials

Aspirin is the most widely prescribed agent to reduce the platelet-mediated contributions to atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and restenosis after angioplasty. While aspirin treatment has led to significant reductions in morbidity and mortality in many clinical trials, there are several scenarios in which aspirin may fail to provide a full antithrombotic benefit. The cyclic flow model of experimental coronary thrombosis suggests that elevations of plasma catecholamines, high shear forces acting on the platelets in the stenosed lumen and the presence of multiple, input stimuli can activate platelets through different mechanisms that may lead to thrombosis despite aspirin therapy. Aspirin therapy is limited because it only blocks some of the input stimuli, leaving aspirin-independent pathways through which coronary thrombosis can be precipitated. These include thrombin and thrombogenic arterial wall substrates such as tissue factor. New agents that block the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor, or regulate platelet free cytosolic calcium, such as direct nitric oxide donors, may be more potent overall than aspirin. Agents that block the platelet integrin GPIIb-IIIa receptor inhibit the binding of fibrinogen to platelets regardless of which input stimuli activate the platelet and, thus, as demonstrated in the cyclic flow model, would be much more potent than aspirin as an antithrombotic agent. The cyclic flow model has been useful in predicting which agents are likely to be of benefit in clinical trials.
Strontium-isotopic geochemistry of fluorite mineralization (Coahuila, Mexico)

Abstract The widespread fluorite deposits of Coahuila, Mexico, include limestone replacement deposits formed at the contact with Tertiary rhyolites and microsyenites, as well as mantos and veins that are not clearly associated with any known igneous body. In recent studies, it was concluded that most of the calcium in these deposits came from the limestone, whereas the fluorine was derived largely from the Tertiary igneous rocks. We have tested this model using strontium-isotopic data and simultaneously placed constraints on the mechanisms of fluorite deposition. Our results indicate that the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the host-limestones ranges from 0.7075 to 0.7078, whereas that of the Tertiary rocks, at the time of mineralization, was 0.7074–0.7118. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the fluorite range from 0.7076 to 0.7083. The fluorites fall on two distinct mixing lines between Cretaceous limestone and Tertiary igneous rock. Between 70% and 98% of the Sr in the fluorite came from limestones. Relative abundances of Sr and F in the limestone and the igneous rocks suggest that between 70% and 96% of the fluorine came from the igneous rocks.
Structural dynamic stability augmentation and gust alleviation of flexible aircraft.

Flexible aircraft response reduction to atmospheric turbulence, noting structural dynamic stability augmentation and gust alleviation
Applying multidisciplinary policy analysis to factors affecting coal use

Abstract Continued economic growth requires abundant and relatively inexpensive energy. However, energy resource development and use are often accompanied by environmental degradation. Coal use, in particular, exacerbates problems at the interface between energy use, economic growth, and environmental quality. Governmental decision-makers are being called upon to address many technically and politically complex public policy issues at this interface. Multidisciplinary policy analyses are increasingly successful in resolving the technical aspects of these issues. Several different types of integrated assessments are briefly mentioned. Two case studies are then described—one in which a systems analysis approach is being used for utility systems planning and the other in which risk and decision analysis is helping to resolve the multiple objectives and uncertainties inherent in decisions concerning the health hazards associated with coal gasification and the allocation of funds for proposed research projects concerning the Great Plains Coal Gasification Plant. A third case study illustrates how expertise and prior experience in different disciplines can be used to address the many technical issues surrounding acid precipitation.
Analysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaf senescence and protease gene expression: a family C1A cysteine protease is specifically induced under conditions characterized by high carbohydrate, but low to moderate nitrogen levels.

Summary •Senescence is the highly regulated last developmental phase of plant organs and tissues, and is optimized to allow nutrient remobilization to surviving plant parts, such as seeds of annual crops. High leaf carbohydrate to nitrogen (C : N) ratios have been implicated in the induction or acceleration of the senescence process. •A combination of phloem interruption in mature leaves (by steam-girdling, leading to carbohydrate accumulation from photosynthesis) and varied nitrate supply was used to analyse correlations between metabolite levels, leaf senescence parameters and induction of protease genes and proteolytic activities. •Its strong induction under conditions characterized by high C : N ratios, negative correlation of its transcript levels with chlorophylls and nitrates, its strong induction during developmental leaf senescence and its predicted localization to a lytic vacuolar compartment indicate that, among the genes tested, a family C1A cysteine protease is most likely to participate in bulk protein degradation during barley leaf senescence. •While all the genes analysed were selected based on upregulation during leaf senescence in a previous transcriptomic study, a considerably more detailed picture of protease gene regulation emerged from the data presented here, underlining the usefulness of this experimental approach for further (functional) protease characterization.
LIGHT-CONE STRUCTURE OF CURRENT COMMUTATORS IN THE GLUON--QUARK MODEL.

The formal structure of current commutators near the light cone (currents separated by nearly lightlike distances) is studied for quark models with interactions mediated by SU(3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(3) singlet vector or scalar mesons. The idea in the end is to abstract the general structure features, and thereafter to discard the specifics of the underlying model. The approach adopted here is formal, in the sense that all manipulations are based on canonical equal-time commutation relations and on the corresponding canonical equations of motion. The light-cone commutator is expressed in terms of certain bilocal operators and has a definite tensor and SU(3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(3) structure that forms the heart of the abstraction. The analysis is greatly facilitated by a theorem which shows that the gluons can be treated in the external-field approximation for purposes of determining the leading light-cone singularities. It is an important result that the tensor and SU(3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(3) structure of the light-cone commutator turns out to be the same for the gluon models as for the free-quark model. The practical implications of this structure, already discussed by Gell-Mann, are therefore preserved in the gluon model. We review the applications. Some of the delicate points connected with current conservation are discussed, and it is shown how to write the commutator in a form where current conservation is manifest. We also discuss the structure of the vacuum matrix elements of the commutator. Finally, we investigate the commutation relations among the bilocal operators and show that the algebra closes for bilocals defined on a single lightlike ray. In an Appendix our various results are compared with those obtained by canonical light-cone quantization procedures.
Dose impact in radiographic lung injury following lung SBRT: Statistical analysis and geometric interpretation

Purpose: To demonstrate a new method of evaluating dose response of treatment-induced lung radiographic injury post-SBRT (stereotactic body radiotherapy) treatment and the discovery of bimodal dose behavior within clinically identified injury volumes. Methods: Follow-up CT scans at 3, 6, and 12 months were acquired from 24 patients treated with SBRT for stage-1 primary lung cancers or oligometastic lesions. Injury regions in these scans were propagated to the planning CT coordinates by performing deformable registration of the follow-ups to the planning CTs. A bimodal behavior was repeatedly observed from the probability distribution for dose values within the deformed injury regions. Based on a mixture-Gaussian assumption, an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm was used to obtain characteristic parameters for such distribution. Geometric analysis was performed to interpret such parameters and infer the critical dose level that is potentially inductive of post-SBRT lung injury. Results: The Gaussian mixture obtained from the EM algorithm closely approximates the empirical dose histogram within the injury volume with good consistency. The average Kullback-Leibler divergence values between the empirical differential dose volume histogram and the EM-obtained Gaussian mixture distribution were calculated to be 0.069, 0.063, and 0.092 for the 3, 6, and 12 month follow-up groups, respectively. The lower Gaussian component was located at approximately 70% prescription dose (35 Gy) for all three follow-up time points. The higher Gaussian component, contributed by the dose received by planning target volume, was located at around 107% of the prescription dose. Geometrical analysis suggests the mean of the lower Gaussian component, located at 35 Gy, as a possible indicator for a critical dose that induces lung injury after SBRT. Conclusions: An innovative and improved method for analyzing the correspondence between lung radiographic injury and SBRT treatment dose has been demonstrated. Bimodal behavior was observed in the dose distribution of lung injury after SBRT. Novel statistical and geometrical analysis has shown that the systematically quantified low-dose peak at approximately 35 Gy, or 70% prescription dose, is a good indication of a critical dose for injury. The determined critical dose of 35 Gy resembles the critical dose volume limit of 30 Gy for ipsilateral bronchus in RTOG 0618 and results from previous studies. The authors seek to further extend this improved analysis method to a larger cohort to better understand the interpatient variation in radiographic lung injury dose response post-SBRT.
Mutagenicity test of dyes used in cosmetics with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test.

Abstract 37 dyes including 3 anthraquinone, 22 azo; 5 xanthene, 5 fluorandiol, and 2 thioindigo dyes, were tested for mutagenic potential with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test. Two frame-shift histidine mutants (TA1537 and TA98) and two base-pair substituted histidine mutants (TA1535 and TA100) of Salmonella typhimurium were employed. Both the spot test and the plate-incorporation assay indicated that one azo dye, D&C Orange No. 17, was mutagenic with three of the bacterial test strains. The mutagenic response of D&C Orange No. 17 was depressed by the addition of the microsomal fraction from rat livers. Of the chemicals used to synthesize D&C Orange No. 17, β-naphthol was not mutagenic but 2,4-dinitroaniline was mutagenic to the same Salmonella strains as D&C Orange No. 17. Dimethyl sulfoxide extracts of lipsticks of similar formula but with and without D&C Orange No. 17 were tested in the plate incorporation assay. Only those containing D&C Orange No. 17 were mutagenic and the dye was mutagenic at concentrations consumed in normal daily use.
Circadian rhythms of drinking and body temperature of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus).

Abstract The rhythms of drinking and body temperature of 4 male owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) were examined under conditions of LD 12:12 (L=100 lx, D=0.1 lx), DD (0.1 lx) and LL (100 lx). For all 4 monkeys, the circadian pattern expressed in LD 12:12 continued in DD, with a free-running period averaging 23.6 hr. In LL the circadian component of both rhythms decayed and, in one monkey, a low frequency pattern arose. In at least two aspects, masking and persistence, the owl monkey circadian timing system appears to be unlike that of its diurnal relative, the squirrel monkey. Circadian rhythms of owl monkeys also differ in some respects from those of other nocturnal mammals.
Human factors in GIScience laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University

The human factors in GIScience Laboratory (Human Factors Lab) of The Pennsylvania State University’s Department of Geography is located in University Park, PA (USA). University Park and bordering State College, PA are found in the heart of PA between the cities of New York City, NY, Philadelphia, PA, and Pittsburgh, PA. The laboratory is directed by Dr. Alexander Klippel and is part of the GeoVISTA Center. The Human Factors Lab contributes to Penn State Geography’s strong tradition as a leader in research on map perception, spatial cognition, and behavior in spatial environments. This report focuses upon basic research topics in spatial cognition, including: (1) perceptual and cognitive factors in map symbolization and design, (2) the creation of cognitively ergonomic route directions for next generation location based services (LBS), (3) You-Are-Here maps and the creation of a sense of place through map-like representations, (4) the conceptualization and representation of dynamic phenomena (i.e., geographic movement pattern), and (5) the relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic conceptualization.
Medical palliation of the jaundiced patient with pruritus.

Cholestasis secondary to infiltration of the liver by malignant tumors or by obstruction of the biliary tree can be complicated by pruritus. The clinician and ancillary personal must recognize how debilitating pruritus is and identify the treatment of this symptom as a priority. This article reviews the pharmacologic treatment of the pruritus of cholestasis, with an emphasis on that condition secondary to malignancy. There are few data from controlled clinical trials in this group of patients; thus, much of the discussion will center on the treatments used for the pruritus of cholestasis that is not secondary to malignancy but, nevertheless, may be useful in that difficult situation.
Identification and functional characterization of hCLS1, a human cardiolipin synthase localized in mitochondria

In eukaryotic cells, CLS (cardiolipin synthase) is involved in the final step of cardiolipin synthesis by catalysing the transfer of a phosphatidyl residue from CDP-DAG (diacylglycerol) to PG (phosphatidylglycerol). Despite an important role of cardiolipin in regulating mitochondrial function, a gene encoding the mammalian CLS has not been identified so far. We report in the present study the identification and characterization of a human cDNA encoding the first mammalian CLS [hCLS1 (human CLS1)]. The predicted hCLS1 peptide sequence shares significant homology with the yeast and plant CLS proteins. The recombinant hCLS1 enzyme expressed in COS-7 cells catalysed efficiently the synthesis of cardiolipin in vitro using CDP-DAG and PG as substrates. Furthermore, overexpression of hCLS1 cDNA in COS-7 cells resulted in a significant increase in cardiolipin synthesis in intact COS-7 cells without any significant effects on the activity of the endogenous phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase of the transfected COS-7 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the recombinant hCLS1 protein was localized to the mitochondria when transiently expressed in COS-7 cells, which was further corroborated by results from subcellular fractionation analyses of the recombinant hCLS1 protein. Northern-blot analysis showed that the hCLS1 gene was predominantly expressed in tissues that require high levels of mitochondrial activities for energy metabolism, with the highest expression in skeletal and cardiac muscles. High levels of hCLS1 expression were also detected in liver, pancreas, kidney and small intestine, implying a functional role of hCLS1 in these tissues.
Lifestyle differences between young adult cocaine users and their nonuser peers.

Health-related behaviors were examined in a group of twenty-five young adults who regularly used cocaine and in a matched sample of twenty-five nonusing young adults. We hypothesized that cocaine users would have a less healthy lifestyle as indicated by behavioral scales or items on three health domains: Nonillicit Drugs, Health Orientation, and Health Behaviors. Cocaine users consumed more cups of coffee per day, more alcoholic beverages per week, and ate fewer complete/balanced meals per day than non-users. Cocaine users also reported fewer relaxing or stress-reducing activities and less daily planning and organization. A within-groups analysis of the cocaine users revealed that the heavier users perceived themselves as less healthy relative to their peers and ate fewer complete/balanced meals. These results suggest that cocaine use is a behavior embedded within a complex of interrelated unhealthy behaviors that constitute an unhealthy lifestyle. By implication, cocaine use is associated with a greater ...
High-pt direct photon-hadron correlations using the PHENIX detector

Direct photons are a powerful probe to study the property of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) in high energy heavy-ion collisions. In non-central collisions, the anisotropy of the collision region produces the different pressure gradients and particle density that results in different anisotropy of particle emission, depending on the production processes of photons. Therefore, an azimuthal anisotropy parameter v2 is a powerful tool to explore the source of direct photons. We report on the latest direct photon analysis of the nuclear modification factor in and 62.4 GeV Au + Au collisions, and v2 at high pT in 200 GeV Au + Au collisions at RHIC-PHENIX (Run4). We also present the analysis status, using a larger statistics and better reaction plane information from a new detector available from RHIC Run7 data. (Less)
Rapid response of the thermosphere to variations in Joule heating

[1] Total mass density measurements from the CHAMP satellite near 400 km altitude are used to define the response time of the thermosphere to high-latitude heating sources. A series of three geomagnetic storms occurred during the period of 20–29 July 2004 each with unique characteristics of energy input, affording the opportunity to observe the response characteristics of the thermosphere. By studying these storms in such close vicinity to one another, the aliasing effects of satellite sampling and seasonal and solar cycle variations are mitigated. Differences between the daytime and nighttime density response at all latitudes are discussed in the context of the various mechanisms. Generally, response times are between 3 and 4 h at low latitudes while less than 2 h at midlatitudes to high latitudes. These time lags are significantly shorter than those conventionally used to drive many empirical models of the thermosphere. During the night, response times are less accurate because of the somewhat sporadic arrival of traveling atmospheric disturbances at different latitudes.
Finite-Element Analysis of Time Domain Reflectometry Cable-Grout-Soil Interaction

Three-dimensional finite element analysis is combined with field and laboratory measurement of time domain reflectometry (TDR) cable-grout response to analyze the interaction between the cable, grout, and surrounding soil mass during localized shearing. Finite element (FE) model parameters for the cable and cable-grout interface elements are back-calculated by matching results from laboratory shearing tests to FE calculated response. These parameters are employed in subsequent FE model geometries to model the behavior of TDR cable-grout composites in soft soils. Optimal grout and cable design is determined by analyzing the relationship between grout strength and stiffness and calculated cable shear stress.
The social role performance of depressed women: comparisons with a normal group.

A comparison of the social role performance of acutely depressed women with a matched non-symptomatic normal group, using a semi-structured interview, indicates that depressed women are significantly more impaired in all roles. The degree of the depressive's impairment in intimate interpersonal relations provides a significant context for understanding symptom formation and treatment processes.
Use of Ferroelectrics for Gamma-Ray Dosimetry

A gamma-ray dosimeter employing a poled ferroelectric as the transducer element has been studied. Irradiation with gamma rays causes a release of charge by the ferroelectric element. The magnitude of the charge released has been determined experimentally to vary linearly with gamma-ray dose. The current in a shunting resistor with no external voltage applied varies linearly with gamma-ray dose rate. A constant of proportionality of 10-12 coul per rad (H2O) per cm2 of electroded ferroelectric surface has been measured for polycrystalline Pb(Zr.65 Ti.35)O3 + 1 w% Nb2O5 irradiated in the Sandia Pulsed Reactor. The contribution to the charge release from the neutron irradiation has been determined experimentally to be negligible. Irradiation in the 0.6 Mvp flash X-ray also produces a linear relationship between current and gamma-ray dose rate. A similar release of charge has been observed in poled ceramic barium titanate.
Gd Layer Inserted RAD MO Disk without External Magnetic Field for MSR Readout

Recently many types of magnetically induced superresolution(MSR) have been proposed for high-density recording on magneto-optical(MO) disks. Among them, double -mask rear-aperture detection(D-RAD) is the most promising, because its small aperture brings high resolution and eliminates the crosstalk from the adjacent tracks. However, D-RAD requires a high external magnetic field for MSR readout. The author has investigated MSR which needs no readout magnetic field. The author has made Gd layer inserted RAD(Gd-RAD) MO disk. This disk does not need external magnetic field for MSR readout. In recording on a Gd-RAD MO disk with land/groove recording, a C/N of more than 45 dB for a mark length 0.3 μ m at a track pitch of 0.7 μ m have been achieved.
Spectra of afterglows and discharges from nitrogen-oxygen mixtures

Abstract A systematic investigation has been made of the spectra of the afterglows resulting from electric discharges in mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen. The spectra have been photographed for mixtures ranging from 100% nitrogen to 100% oxygen, pressures from 1 to 5 mm Hg, flow rates from 2 to 20 cm 3 /sec, and as a function of time after the discharge. The spectrum range covered is from 3000 to 11,000 A, making use of both a prism spectrograph ( f 4 ) and a grating spectrograph ( f 0.8 ). Curves have been prepared to show the relative variations of the individual spectral features as function of the various parameters.
Dispositions: Ability and Assessment

The article is a review of literature on dispositions and how the College of Education and Professional Studies, Jacksonville State University has implemented a program to help students identify and strengthen professional education dispositions and assess and assist students who do not display these appropriate professional educational dispositions.
Effect of display parameters on pilots' ability to approach, flare and land

A workstation study is undertaken in which pilots conduct simulated landings via video images, and the effects are evaluated of field of view (FOV), magnification, resolution, update rate, and the use of aiding symbology. The simulation is conducted on the Advanced Real-time Simulation System with real-time controls, computer-generated imagery, and cockpit instrument displays. Five pilots fly 45 test runs with varying levels of FOV, update rate, aiding symbology, resolution, and magnification. Increased FOVs improve the runway streaming cues, and the pilots are shown to prefer unity magnification. Aiding symbology is shown to improve flare initiation and approach-heading variation, and the pilots prefer to use aiding symbology during the landing task. Update rate is also shown to have a critical effect on the pilots' ability to land the simulated aircraft.
Some Effects of Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Photosynthesis of Mimulus

It has been proposed that photosynthetic responses to an altitudinal gradient of CO2 might influence altitudinal distribution of some plants (1). The present work was undertaken as a preliminary test of this hypothesis and yielded no support to it Additionally, the study yielded information about temperature effects on carbon dioxide compensation concentration, apparent photosynthesis at simulated high altitude, apparent respiration, and respiration during photosynthesis. For simplicity of expression, the following definitions will be adhered to throughout this paper : photosynthesis?total amount o? CO2 reduced, regardless of origin ; apparent photosynthesis?measurable decrease of CO2 in a closed system containing an illuminated green leaf ; respiration?amount of CO2 produced endogenously and either reused or evolved ; apparent respiration?measurable increase of CO2 in a closed system containing an illuminated leaf.
EPISODIC SECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE IN SUPINE MAN: RELATIONSHIP TO CORTISOL

ABSTRACT Two normal men had blood taken for measurement of plasma aldosterone, cortisol and renin activity every 30 minutes while supine for 24 hours. Aldosterone secretion occurred in spurts as is true for cortisol. Moreover, peak levels for these two adrenal hormones were synchronous during late sleep and on arising, as was renin activity frequently. However cortisol peaks later in the day were not synchronous with aldosterone.
The Application of High Resolution Chemical Imaging Techniques for Butyl Rubber Blends

Abstract Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging, and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) are applied to identical series of elastomeric blends to evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of each imaging technique. AFM is a high resolution, high contrast technique with straight forward sample preparation that derives contrast through elastic modulus variations, but, when used in a conventional mode, has limited chemical specificity. ToF-SIMS imaging can map phases, detect trace levels (ppm) of additives and other chemical species based on relatively straight forward sample preparation, but has poorer spatial resolution and the instrumentation is expensive. STXM has excellent chemical specificity and good spatial resolution but is only available at a beamline and requires more advanced sample preparation. Each technique will be overviewed briefly and relative merits of each will be compared based on evaluations of some commercially re...
Sequential Search of an Optimal Dosage, I

Abstract Sequential search procedures are described for determining an optimal dosage in the following biomedical problem. People are subjected to a certain chemotherapeutic treatment. The optimal dosage is the maximal dose for which the proportion of patients whose toxicity level does not cross the allowable limit is γ. We discuss Bayesian and non-Bayesian sequential procedures for searching the optimal dosage, assuming a linear regression between toxicity and dosage, and normal conditional distribution of the toxicity level at each dose, with a known variance.
Transport theory for acoustic waves with reflection and transmission at interfaces

Abstract Transport theoretic boundary conditions are derived for acoustic wave reflection and transmission at a rough interface with small random fluctuations. The Wigner distribution is used to go from waves to energy transport in the high frequency limit, and the Born expansion is used to calculate the effect of the random rough surface. The smoothing method is also used to remove the grazing angle singularity due to the Born approximation. The results are presented in a form that is convenient both for theoretical analysis and for numerical computations.
A comparison of two photochemical reaction mechanisms using mass balance and process analysis

Abstract Output from air quality models typically consists of model species concentrations given as a function of time or location. When two different photochemical reaction mechanisms are used in the same air quality model, predictions of species concentrations may differ. Explaining why the models predict differently is difficult using only the typical output. We have developed a process analysis method in which a complete mass balance is used to quantify characteristics values of the reacting system. We have modified both Lagrangian and Eulerian air quality models to calculate the integrated rate, i.e. the mass throughout for each chemical reaction and each physical process. The integrated rates are written to an external file, and a post processing program is used to perform a detailed mass balance on the model simulation. Using the mass balance information, we compute characteristic values that describe the reacting system. In this paper we describe the method and give an example analysis comparing two photochemical reaction mechanisms, the Carbon Bond IV and the SAPRC90 mechanism in a Lagrangian model simulation. This analysis method significantly increases our ability to explain the predictions of air quality models. In addition the method reveals several significant reactivity parameters that can be used to compare different reaction mechanisms and that suggest additional measurements that might distinguish between the different representations.
The NASA CYGNSS mission: a pathfinder for GNSS scatterometry remote sensing applications

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based scatterometry offers breakthrough opportunities for wave, wind, ice, and soil moisture remote sensing. Recent developments in electronics and nano-satellite technologies combined with modeling techniques developed over the past 20 years are enabling a new class of remote sensing capabilities that present more cost effective solutions to existing problems while opening new applications of Earth remote sensing. Key information about the ocean and global climate is hidden from existing space borne observatories because of the frequency band in which they operate. Using GNSS-based bi-static scatterometry performed by a constellation of microsatellites offers remote sensing of ocean wave, wind, and ice data with unprecedented temporal resolution and spatial coverage across the full dynamic range of ocean wind speeds in all precipitating conditions. The NASA Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a space borne mission being developed to study tropical cyclone inner core processes. CYGNSS consists of 8 GPS bi-static radar receivers to be deployed on separate micro-satellites in October 2016. CYGNSS will provide data to address what are thought to be the principle deficiencies with current tropical cyclone intensity forecasts: inadequate observations and modeling of the inner core. The inadequacy in observations results from two causes: 1) Much of the inner core ocean surface is obscured from conventional remote sensing instruments by intense precipitation in the eye wall and inner rain bands. 2) The rapidly evolving (genesis and intensification) stages of the tropical cyclone life cycle are poorly sampled in time by conventional polar-orbiting, wide-swath surface wind imagers. It is anticipated that numerous additional Earth science applications can also benefit from the cost effective high spatial and temporal sampling capabilities of GNSS remote sensing. These applications include monitoring of rough and dangerous sea states, global observations of sea ice cover and extent, meso-scale ocean circulation studies, and near surface soil moisture observations. This presentation provides a primer for GNSS based scatterometry, an overview of NASA's CYGNSS mission and its expected performance, as well as a summary of possible other GNSS based remote sensing applications.
The measured performance of personal computer operating systems

This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of three operating systems that run on the personal computer architecture derived from the IBM-PC. The operating systems, Windows for Workgroups, Windows NT, and NetBSD (a freely available variant of the UNIX operating system), cover a broad range of system functionality and user requirements, from a single address space model to full protection with preemptive multi-tasking. Our measurements were enabled by hardware counters in Intel's Pentium processor that permit measurement of a broad range of processor events including instruction counts and on-chip cache miss counts. We used both microbenchmarks, which expose specific differences between the systems, and application workloads, which provide an indication of expected end-to-end performance. Our microbenchmark results show that accessing system functionality is often more expensive in Windows for Workgroups than in the other two systems due to frequent changes in machine mode and the use of system call hooks. When running native applications, Windows NT is more efficient than Windows, but it incurs overhead similar to that of a microkernel since its application interface (the Win32 API) is implemented as a user-level server. Overall, system functionality can be accessed most efficiently in NetBSD ; we attribute this to its monolithic structure, and to the absence of the complications created by hardware backwards compatibility requirements in the other systems. Measurements of application performance show that although the impact of these differences is significant in terms of instruction counts and other hardware events (often a factor of 2 to 7 difference between the systems), overall performance is sometimes determined by the functionality provided by specific subsystems, such as the graphics subsystem or the file system buffer cache.
Development of a Closed-Loop High-Cycle Resonant Fatigue Testing System

In this paper, a vibration-based testing methodology to assess fatigue behavior of a metallic structure is presented. To minimize the testing duration, the test setup is designed for a base-excited multiple-specimen arrangement driven in a high-frequency resonant mode, which allows completion of fatigue testing in an accelerated period. The shaker operates in closed-loop control with dynamic specimen response feedback provided by a scanning laser vibrometer. A test coordinator function is developed to synchronize the shaker controller and the laser vibrometer and complete the closed-loop scheme: the test coordinator monitors structural health of the test specimens throughout the test period, recognizes change in specimen dynamic behavior due to fatigue crack initiation, terminates test progression, and acquires test data in an orderly manner. The test methodology is demonstrated with cantilever specimens that are clasped on the shaker armature with specially-designed clamp fixtures. Experimental stress evaluation is carried out to verify the specimen stress predictions. A successful application of the experimental methodology is demonstrated by validation tests with Al 6061-T6 aluminum specimens subjected to fully-reversed bending stress.
Benzenoids to fullerenes and the circumscribing algorithm

Abstract In this first explicit example of the application of the circumscribing algorithm to the generation of fullerenes with isolated pentagonal rings (IPRs), many interrelationships are demonstrated. It is shown that the ring-stacking fullerene growth model is an implicit form of circumscribing. A form of the “principle of microscopic reversibility” is invoked for the formation of fullerenes via the forward and reverse circumscribing (ring-stacking) sequences in which the base EIS and capping carbon fragments are interchanged and the ring-stacking order is reversed.
Inflammatory mechanisms in the passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in the rabbit: evidence that novel mediators are involved.

1. We have examined the mechanisms of local oedema formation in the passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction in the rabbit. 2. IgE-containing antiserum was injected i.d. and allowed to sensitize skin sites for periods up to 240 h. Antigen (bovine gamma globulin) was injected i.d. or i.v. and local oedema formation assessed by the accumulation of i.v. injected 125I-labelled rabbit serum albumin. Potential inhibitors were mixed with antigen prior to i.d. injection or were administered i.v. 3. Maximum oedema formation was observed when a sensitization period of 48-72 h was used. Oedema formation in the PCA reaction was of short duration with a t 1/2 of approximately 15 min. No evidence of late oedema formation (up to 6 h) was found. 4. Local oedema formation in the PCA was reduced by indomethacin suggesting that vasodilator, oedema-potentiating prostaglandins were released. However, it was likely that other vasodilators were also generated. 5. Antihistamines were poor inhibitors of oedema formation as were PAF antagonists, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, a kallikrein inhibitor, a bradykinin antagonist and anti-C5a antibody. 6. Local oedema formation in the PCA was partially reduced by neutrophil depletion and colchicine suggesting that neutrophil-dependent mediators were involved. 7. Exudate fluid from anaphylactic reactions in the rabbit peritoneal cavity contained permeability-increasing activity when injected into rabbit skin. This activity is now being characterized. 8. A vasodilator prostaglandin appears to be released in the rabbit PCA reaction but none of the established permeability-increasing mediators appears to be involved. Thus, there may be novel inflammatory mediators generated in this reaction which may have relevance for human allergic skin diseases.
FACILITATING TEXTUAL INTEGRATION WITH MACRO-STRUCTURE FOCUSING TASKS

Students are often asked to integrate information derived from reading multiple documents into a consistent story or model. Based on models of comprehending individual text, we predict that the structure and accessibility of earlier texts should influence one's ability to integrate a new text with previously learned material. In two experiments, we examined the facilitating effect of macro-structure focusing tasks on the integration of information from two texts. Experiment 1 found that having participants summarize a text before reading a subsequent text enhanced integration. Experiment 2 found that both answering macro-level questions and reading instructions to integrate resulted in a more integrated final representation.
Parenting Children with Disabilities: Navigating through the Storms.

Parenting children with disabilities means coming to terms with feelings of loss and grief and balancing these with hope and resilience. Drawing from personal experiences as a parent with two disabled children, the author refers to elements of Schlossberg's model of transition, Herman's writings about trauma and recovery, and elements of relational-cultural theory.