cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of college students' overall evaluations of their academic programs

This research explored the determinants of college seniors' overall evaluations of their academic programs (i.e., their major departments). The research was conducted with a sample of 775 students at two universities. The results suggest that, in general, stimulating course work and good teaching were somewhat more important than opportunities for faculty/student interaction or perceived faculty knowledgeability. There were significant field and gender differences, however. For example, faculty availability and course stimulation were more critical among women than among men, and faculty teaching ability was particularly significant in artistic fields. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
Myometrial estradiol and progesterone receptor changes in preterm and term pregnancies

Objective To determine if labor is associated with changes in myometrial estradiol (E2) and progesterone receptors. Methods Lower myometrial segments were obtained from women undergoing cesarean deliveries at term in labor ( n = 10), term not in labor ( n = 10), preterm in labor ( n = 9), and preterm not in labor ( n = 11). Western immunoblotting was used to determine the presence and molecular size of E2 and progesterone receptor proteins. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine E2 and progesterone receptor changes in preterm and term pregnancies. Results Myometrium from pregnant women contained 74-kilodalton (kDa) E2 receptor and 94- and 110-kDa progesterone receptor proteins. These receptors are present in both myometrial smooth muscle and myometrial blood vessels. The nuclei of myometrial smooth muscle cells primarily contain both receptors. The immunostaining for progesterone receptors was less in patients in labor compared with those not in labor in preterm and term pregnancies. In comparing patients not in labor, the immunostaining for progesterone receptors was less at term compared with preterm pregnancy. Unlike the differences in progesterone receptors, there are no obvious differences in E2 receptor immunostaining in myometrial samples from all four groups of women. Conclusion A myometrial decrease in progesterone receptors, rather than an increase in E2 receptors, may play a role in the onset of labor in women with term or preterm pregnancies.
Correlates among Computer-Using Teacher Educators' Beliefs, Teaching and Learning Preferences, and Demographics

Are teacher educators' teaching styles, learning mode preferences, world views, and demographics related? One hundred seventy-seven technology-using teaching educators working primarily at teacher preparation institutions in North America responded to a ninety-six-item survey to provide initial answers to this question. Several statistically significant correlations with teaching styles were detected. Overall, the technology-using teacher educators in our sample who preferred learner-centered teaching approaches had higher levels of formal schooling, were more often female than male, preferred to learn by concrete experience, and were more social constructionist in their world views. Their learner-centered teaching beliefs were evidenced specifically in preferences for highly participative educational activities and importance ascribed to including and encouraging personal development as part of teacher education.
Overview no. 113 surface motion by surface diffusion

Abstract Geometry growth laws for morphological change are developed and examined for the class of dynamic problems where surface diffusion is the only transport mechanism and hence volume is conserved, attachment kinetics is treated, and the only driving force for surface motion is the reduction in total surface free energy. The two limiting laws in the isotropic case are: motion by the Laplacian of mean curvature as originally derived by Mullins, and motion by the difference between mean curvature and the average of mean curvature. A general law linking these limiting laws is formulated, and derived both from a physical model and from gradient flows. Anisotropic laws are given. We survey possible mathematical techniques for studying interface motion under all these laws. Among these are possible applications of modified phase field methods.
Decision support tools for advanced energy management

Rising fuel costs boost energy prices, which is a driving force for improving efficiency of operation of any energy generation facility. This paper focuses on enhancing the operation of distributed integrated energy systems (IES), system that bring together all forms of cooling, heating and power (CCHP) technologies. Described methodology can be applied in power generation and district heating companies, as well as in small-scale systems that supply multiple types of utilities to consumers in industrial, commercial, residential and governmental spheres. Dispatching of such system in an optimal way needs to assess large number of production and purchasing schemes in conditions of continually changing market and variable utility demands influenced by many external factors, very often by weather conditions. The paper describes a combination of forecasting and optimization methods that supports effective decisions in IES system management. The forecaster generates the future most probable utility demand several hours or days ahead, derived from the past energy consumer behaviour. The optimizer generates economically most efficient operating schedule for the IES system that matches these forecasted energy demands and respects expected purchased energy prices.
Nonlinear site response from the 2003 and 2005 Miyagi-Oki earthquakes

We estimate nonlinear site response by comparing site response estimates from the 16 August 2005 Mj=7.2 and 26 May 2003 Mj=7.0 Miyagi-Oki earthquakes with site response estimates from aftershocks of the 2003 event. Site response is solved by a spectral inversion technique to separate source, path, and site components. The constraint motion in the inversion is a regional attenuation model derived from fitting the spectra of data recorded at borehole KiK-net stations in the region and a theoretical source spectrum for each event determined using the same borehole stations. Site response is calculated at the surface of the KiK-net and K-NET stations. In general, the average aftershock site response is larger than for the two mainshocks, especially at a higher frequency. When comparing site response with input ground motion level, the predominant frequency and the site response values tend to decrease as the level of input ground motion increases.
Vectorized garbage collection

Garbage collection can be done in vector mode on supercomputers like the CRAY-2 and the Cyber 205. Both copying collection and mark-and-sweep can be expressed as breadth-first searches in which the “queue” can be processed in parallel. We have designed a copying garbage collector whose inner loop works entirely in vector mode. We give performance measurements of the algorithm as implemented for Lisp CONS cells on the Cyber 205. Vector-mode garbage collection performs up to nine times faster than scalar-mode collection-a worthwhile improvement.
The scientist's mission and professional involvement: A quantitative revisitation to the sociology of science

Abstract “Basic science” and “applied science” are tired labels in the sociology of science due to their use as a priori specifications on empirically nonrecognizable ideal types. A modification of the Thurstone scale construction technique is used to indicate a scientist's attitude toward his work. A continuum is empirically generated and suggests a higher order theoretical concept that subsumes both basic and applied science. The continuum suggests the two-fold concept of the “scientific mission.” A scientist's mission is: (a) his position on the continuum reflecting his interests relative to others in his discipline, and (b) the size of the locus about his position indicating the breadth or diffuseness of his interest-space. Using multiple correlation, the scientist's mission is related to his degree of professional involvement as measured by a seven item index. The seven items are scaled using principal components factor analysis and are shown to be highly related and form a usable index.
A Comparison of the Stock Price Response to Earnings Disclosures in the United States and the United Kingdom

. In this study, we measure and compare the stock price response to annual and interim earnings disclosures released in United States and United Kingdom capital markets. Our sample consists of 110 firms from the United States, the United Kingdom, and 12 other countries that were listed in both the United States and the United Kingdom (cross-listed) during January 1988 to December 1990. We find that the stock price response to earnings disclosures is significantly greater in the United States than in the United Kingdom We also examine the effect of market microstructure factors that vary across firms and between jurisdictions. Our results are consistent with the expectation that liquidity is positively correlated with the stock price response to earnings disclosures and that liquidity is greater in the United States than in the United Kingdom. Resume. Les auteurs mesurent et comparent la reaction du cours des actions a la publication annuelle et intermediaire des benefices sur les marches financiers des Etats-Uni. et du Royaume-Uni. L'echantillon utilise par les auteurs se compose de 110 societes des Etats-Unis, du Royaume-Uni et de 12 autres pays, cotees a la fois aux Etats-Unis et au Royaume-Uni (inscription croisee), au cours de la periode s'echeionnant de janvier 1988 a decembre 1990. L'analyse revele que la reaction du cours de l'action a la publication des benefices est significativement plus marquee aux Etats-Unis qu'au Royaume-Uni. Les auteurs examinent egalement l'incidence des facteurs microstructurels du marche, qui varient selon les entreprises et les juridictions. Les resultats observes sont conformes aux resultats prevus: la liquidite est en correlation positive avec la reaction du cours des actions a la publication des benefices, et cette liquidite est plus elevee aux Etats-Unis qu'au Royaume-Uni.
In vivo evaluation of biomechanical anterior cervical plate failure

Anterior cervical plate (ACP) failure is rarely addressed in the literature. In this retrospective, observational, longitudinal, cohort study, the objectives were to (1) identify incidences of in vivo biomechanical failure in commercially available, US Food and Drug Administration-approved ACP systems, (2) describe modes of failure, (3) suggest structural explanations for system failure, and (4) discuss complications and treatment of patients with failed ACP systems. Investigators retrospectively identified patients who underwent anterior cervical procedures followed by use of ACP as a fusion adjunct and showed evidence of ACP failure on plain radiographs. Components of the ACP system that led to failure were identified and examined. A total of 240 patients received ACP supplementation of anterior cervical fusion constructs during the 9.5-y study period. Evidence of ACP failure was noted in 7 patients (3.3%), and an eighth patient was referred for evaluation after ACP failure. Screw-plate interface failure occurred in all 8 cases. The biomechanical method by which the bone screw head was secured into the vertebral body, or against the ACP, the use of hybrid systems, the surgical technique selected, and host factors were used to determine the rate of failure. Concern for esophageal or other tissue injury often necessitated ACP removal. Screw-plate interface failure, which was found to be the most common mode of biomechanical ACP failure, may occur in hybrid constructs and in systems that do not create a rigid interface between the screw head and the ACP. Surgical technique and patient host factors may also influence the rate of biomechanical construct failure.
Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

The differential diagnosis of nausea and vomiting is extensive and the underlying cause can be difficult to diagnose. Treatment of nausea and vomiting also can be unsatisfactory because the available pharmacotherapy does not correct the fundamental underlying pathophysiologic abnormalities. In contrast, the diagnosis of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy generally is straightforward. Almost 80% of women have some degree of nausea in the first trimester of pregnancy, and the diagnosis of pregnancy is established easily by the patient or physician. The spectrum varies from mild nausea to hyperemesis gravidarum. Various treatment approaches are addressed.
Assessing Conceptual Understanding in Mathematics: Representations, Problem Solutions, Justifications, and Explanations

Capitalizing on recent advances in cognitive theory and research, several measures of fraction knowledge were developed and administered to 540 fifth-grade students in 22 classrooms. Students were asked to represent their conceptual knowledge in several different task contexts and formats, and performance was compared across tasks. As hypothesized, level of representational knowledge predicted performance on problem solving, justification, and explanation tasks. It was also found that explanations and justifications could be reliably and efficiently judged and that the assessments provided diagnostic information on the level and quality of individual students' understanding. These and other results support the validity of the assessment design strategy and augment a growing base of evidence on the tenability of written performance assessments for classroom diagnosis and instructional improvement, as well as for larger scale assessment and evaluation purposes.
Synthesis and characterization of a TiAl/Ti5Si3 composite with a submicrocrystalline structure

Abstract A Ti–47Al–3Cr/Ti 5 Si 3 composite with a submicrocrystalline structure was produced by mechanical alloying (MA) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Blends of elemental and pre-alloyed powders were used for the MA. Intimate mixing of the elements and powder amorphization occurred during MA. HIP of the MA powder resulted in a fully dense material with a submicron grain size and a homogeneously distributed mixture of gamma-TiAl and Ti 5 Si 3 grains. The average grain size increased from 140 to 540 nm when the HIP temperature was increased from 850 to 1050°C. Grain growth in the composite in the temperature range 850–1100°C was described by the equation D 4 −D o 4 =K o exp(− Q / RT ) t where Q =330 kJ mol −1 and K o =3.0×10 −18 m 4 s −1 . The kinetic behavior was similar to that for a nanocrystalline Ti–47Al–3Cr alloy annealed in the same temperature range, i.e. the Ti 5 Si 3 phase had little effect on grain growth.
The Comely Rowers The Beginnings of Collegiate Sports Uniforms for Women Crew at Wellesley, 1876-1900

Wellesley College, opened in 1875, had rowing from the beginning. Crews designed and wore individual costumes to distinguish their classes, starting in the sophomore year. These uniforms represent the earliest team uniforms for women in a collegiate setting in the United States. Costume became an important element of Float Day, the annual rowing event that lasted until 1948. However, the first 25 years, until 1900, were most important in developing a suitable uniform for the sport. From the first, the gymnastic dress was the model; in the 1880s fashion overtook function, but in the 1890s, because of improved rowing shells, regulation gymnasium costume became the norm.Archival written and photographic materials provided primary sources, but photo documentation raised important questions and problems for the historic researcher dealing with chronological dating.
Lateral thigh free flap for head and neck reconstruction.

Objectives: To present the technique of lateral thigh free flap reconstruction in the head and neck and review the use of this procedure in 58 head and neck defect reconstructions. Study Design: Retrospective review in the setting of a tertiary, referral, and academic center. Methods: Retrospective review of patient records in cases of lateral thigh free flap reconstruction for head and neck defects. Records were reviewed for patient age, gender, pathologic findings, type of reconstruction (pharyngoesophageal, glossectomy, oropharyngeal, or external soft tissue defects), recipient and donor-site complications, and flap failure. Results: Fifty-eight patients underwent lateral thigh flap reconstruction from 1984 to 1997. Patient age ranged from 10 to 76 years. Thirty-nine patients were men, and 19 were women. Forty-three flaps were used for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction, nine for glossectomy defects, two for oropharyngeal defects, and four for external, soft tissue defects. All resections were for squamous cell carcinoma, except one case of recurrent hemangiopericytoma. One flap failure occurred from venous thrombosis (1.7%). Forty-two of 43 pharyngoesophageal defects were successfully reconstructed (97.6%). Five temporary salivary leaks were noted, but no frank fistulas occurred. One fistula occurred in the oropharyngeal reconstruction group. Four minor donor-site complications were noted (6.9%). Conclusion: This series demonstrates the low donor-site morbidity, as well as the reliability and versatility, of the lateral thigh free flap for head and neck reconstruction.
Ether‐Extractable Fat in Longissimus Muscles From Beef Carcasses with the Same Marbling Scores but Different Yield Grades

Ether-extractable fat in beef longissimus muscles–completely trimmed of all subcutaneous fat, epimysium and peripheral muscles–from 383 heifer and steer carcasses of A and B maturity was compared to determine whether the fat content of muscle was the same when marbling was held constant but yield grade of carcasses differed. Yield grade was a significant source of variation in intramuscular fat content of trimmed steaks within marbling scores (P < 0.001); as yield grade increased, total fat content of the ribeye muscle increased very slightly, even though marbling score was held constant. These data indicated that marbling score alone did not account for all of the variation in the fat content of totally-trimmed beef longissimus steaks.
Differential inhibition of N and P/Q Ca2+ currents by 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1D receptors in spinal neurons of Xenopus larvae

1In whole-cell patch clamp recordings made from non-sensory neurons acutely isolated from the spinal cord of Xenopus (stage 40–42) larvae, two forms of inhibition of the high voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents were produced by 5-HT. One was voltage dependent and associated with both slowing of the activation kinetics and shifting of the voltage dependence of the HVA currents. This inhibition was relieved by strong depolarizing prepulses. A second form of inhibition was neither associated with slowing of the activation kinetics nor relieved by depolarizing prepulses and was thus voltage independent. 2In all neurons examined, 5-HT (1 μM) reversibly reduced 34 ± 1.6 % (n= 102) of the HVA Ca2+ currents. In about 40 % of neurons, the inhibition was totally voltage independent. In another 5 %, the inhibition was totally voltage dependent. In the remaining neurons, inhibition was only partially (by around 40 %) relieved by a large depolarizing prepulse, suggesting that in these, the inhibition consisted of both voltage-dependent and -independent components. 3By using selective channel blockers, we found that 5-HT acted on both N- and P/Q-type channels. However, whereas the inhibition of P/Q-type currents was only voltage independent, the inhibition of N-type currents had both voltage-dependent and -independent components. 4The effects of 5-HT on HVA Ca2+ currents were mediated by 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D receptors. The 5-HT1A receptors not only preferentially caused voltage-independent inhibition, but did so by acting mainly on the ω-agatoxin-IVA-sensitive Ca2+ channels. In contrast, the 5-HT1D receptor produced both voltage-dependent and -independent inhibition and was preferentially coupled to ω-conotoxin-GVIA sensitive channels. This complexity of modulation may allow fine tuning of transmitter release and calcium signalling in the spinal circuitry of Xenopus larvae.
At‐Risk Youth and Hope: Incorporating a Ropes Course Into a Summer Jobs Program

Hope is important in the career development of at-risk youth. A 1-day Ropes Course, designed to increase hope, was incorporated into a summer jobs program for this population. The Ropes Course used individual and group activities that challenged the participants to overcome obstacles and achieve predetermined goals. Program evaluation data, including the Hope Scale and a thought-listing activity, indicated that the participants experienced an increase in hope after the Ropes Course.
Electroless deposition of In2O3 and In2O3:Sn(ITO)

Transparent conducting indium oxide and indium tin oxide are prepared by electroless deposition technique. The structural studies reveal that the films are polycrystalline in nature and contain predominantly In2O3 and In2O3:Sn (ITO). Both the films, In2O3 and ITO exhibit a resistivity as low as 10−2 and 10−4 Ωcm, IR reflection ≈ 40 and ≈ 60%, and transmission in visible range ≈ 70 and ≈ 80%, respectively. The band gap of In2O3 and ITO is found to be ≈ 3.5 and ≈ 3.6 eV, respectively. Transparentes leitfahiges Indiumoxid und Indiumzinnoxid werden mit einer elektrodenlosen Aufdampftechnik prapariert. Die Strukturuntersuchungen zeigen, das die Schichten polykristallin sind und vorwiegend In2O3 und In2O3:Sn (ITO) enthalten. Beide Schichten In2O3 und ITO haben einen niedrigen Widerstand von 10−2 bzw. 10−4 Ωcm, das IR Reflexionsvermogen betragt ≈ 40 bzw. 60% und die Transmission im sichtbaren Bereich ≈ 70 bzw. 80%. Die Bandlucke von In2O3 und ITO wird zu 3,5 bzw. 3,6 eV bestimmt.
Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction typing of isolates of Enterobacter cloacae from an outbreak of infection in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Abstract Background:Enterobacter cloacae has become a common cause of nosocomial infections. This study was designed to investigate the pattern of spread of E cloacae during an outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction was used to examine 111 E cloacae isolates from 17 patients, including 81 from surveillance cultures, 23 from endotracheal tubes, 3 from eyes, and 1 each from blood, urine, skin, and throat. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were also obtained. Results: Infection with E cloacae resulted from endogenous bacteria and from horizontal transmission. One group of 61 isolates, a third of which were obtained from clinical specimens, was uniformly susceptible to imipenem and ciprofloxacin only. A second group of 50 isolates, only 18% of which were obtained from clinical specimens, was susceptible to all antibiotics tested except for aminopenicillins and first-generation cephalosporins. Conclusion: These data indicate that (1) patient-to-patient spread is an important cause of E cloacae infection in the neonatal intensive care unit and (2) highly antibiotic-resistant E cloacae may emerge during an outbreak. (AJIC Am J Infect Control 2000;28:123-9)
Effect of light and media upon growth and melanin formation in aureobasidium pullulans ( de By. ) Arn . (=pullularia pullulans)

Polysaccharides like dextrine and starch are shown to be the best carbon sources for the growth ofAureobasidium pullulans although growth is good upon a variety of other carbon sources. Light increases growth markedly when polysaccharides are the carbon source but not when other sugars are used. Variation in cell morphology is described in response to sugars and light. Extracellular granules, whose properties resemble those of melanin, are produced when dextrine is the carbon source in a defined medium containing asparagine as the source of nitrogen. The dark pigment was extracted from the walls of thick-walled brown cells ofA. pullulans and characterized as a melanin on the basis of several tests, including solubility and absorption spectrum.A. pullulans was grown on several defined and undefined media and the response of the fungus to light is shown to be determined by the medium, and the temperature at which the cultures are grown.
Multiple rib fracture in a neonatal foal using a nylon strand suture repair technique.

Objectives— To report rib fracture repair using the Securos Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair System (SCCLRS; Securos Veterinary Orthopedics, Charlton, MA) in a neonatal foal. Study Design— Case report. Animals— A 1-day-old Standardbred foal with fracture of left ribs 2–9. Methods— Four days after admission the foal was anesthetized and rib fractures were repaired using open reduction and the SCCLRS. Results— Rib fractures were successfully stabilized and the foal was discharged 7 days postoperatively without further complications. Conclusions— The SCCLRS provided a straightforward, effective method of rib fracture repair in neonatal foals. Clinical Relevance— Effective rib fracture repair in neonatal foals can be achieved with the SCCLRS.
N,N′-Di­acetyl-1,13-di­aza-24-crown-8

Half of the title compound (N,N′-di­acetyl-1,4,7,13,16,19-hexaoxa-10,22-di­aza­cyclo­tetra­cosane), C20H38N2O8, makes up the asymmetric unit. The crown ring is relatively flat, and though collapsed in on itself, would require little change to adopt a binding conformation. C—H⋯O bonding is also observed.
Tropical Instability Waves as a Resonance between Equatorial Rossby Waves

Abstract To understand the characteristics of sea surface height signatures of tropical instability waves (TIWs), a linearized model of the central Pacific Ocean was developed in which the vertical structures of the state variables are projected onto a set of orthogonal baroclinic eigenvectors. In lieu of in situ current measurements with adequate spatial and temporal resolution, the mean current structure used in the model was obtained from the Parallel Ocean Climate Model (POCM). The TIWs in the linear model have cross-equatorial structure and wavenumber–frequency content similar to the TIWs in POCM, even when the vertical structures of the state variables are projected onto only the first two orthogonal baroclinic eigenvectors. Because this model is able to reproduce TIWs with relatively simple vertical structure, it is possible to examine the mechanism for the formation of TIWs. TIWs are shown to form from a resonance between two equatorial Rossby waves as the strength of the background currents is sl...
Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with MPS II

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), also known as Hunter syndrome, is a chronic and progressive X-linked lysosomal disease that mainly affects males. The National MPS Society (2013) reports that MPS II affects 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 150,000 males worldwide. Two distinct forms of the disease are based on age of onset and clinical course: attenuated and severe. MPS II affects many organ systems including the nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. Clinical manifestations can include progressive hearing loss, mental impairment, and enlarged liver and spleen. This study focuses on the health-related quality of life of individuals (HRQOL) with MPS II as measured by the parent and self-report versions of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™). Both parents of patients with MPS II as well as patients themselves reported lower scores on all domains of the PedsQL™ (physical, emotional, social and school functioning) indicating that children with MPS II have an overall lower HRQOL when compared to a healthy sample. When compared with patients with other chronic illnesses (cancer, MSUD, galactosemia,), the MPS II sample had significantly lower scores on a number of PedsQL™ scales, suggesting an overall lower HRQOL. No significant relationships were found using scores from parent or self report PedsQL™ measures and length of time on ERT.
Electrical control of surface electromigration damage

Abstract A model has been developed for interpreting the observed dependence of the activation energy for surface electromigration damage on an applied potential in polycrystalline Cu films with clean surfaces. This potential gives rise to an electric field approximately perpendicular to the surface of the film. The model is based on the presence of ridges at grain boundary-surface intersections. It is shown that high fields can exist at ridge peaks and that such high fields can affect adatom mobility in ways similar to those observed in field ion microscopy. Several implications of this model are presented.
MAJOR AORTOPULMONARY COLLATERAL ARTERY NOMENCLATURE

The anatomic variability in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia (PA) or pulmonary stenosis (PS) and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCA) makes it difficult to compare outcomes for different therapeutic approaches. We developed a novel anatomy-based classification system and risk
Tidal effects on ecosystem variability in the Chesapeake Bay from MODIS-Aqua

Abstract Eight-year ocean color observations between 2002 and 2009 from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the satellite Aqua are used to quantitatively assess the tidal effects on variability of ocean's optical, biological, and biogeochemical properties in the Chesapeake Bay. We demonstrate that tidal variation in the lower Chesapeake Bay is one of the important ocean processes that drive significant changes of the ocean's optical and biogeochemical properties. Normalized water-leaving radiance spectra (nLw(λ)), water diffuse attenuation coefficient at the wavelength of 490 nm (Kd(490)), and total suspended sediment (TSS) concentration show significant tidal variations in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Indeed, in the lower Bay region, Kd(490) increases from 0.9 m− 1 under low tidal current conditions at 0.10–0.15 m/s to 1.35 m− 1 under high tidal current conditions at 0.45–0.50 m/s, while chlorophyll-a concentration in the lower Bay region decreases slightly with an increase of the tidal current. Tide-driven variability in Kd(490) and TSS in the lower Bay is similar to and slightly larger than the seasonal variability in the region. On the other hand, different from the variability in the lower Bay, the tidal effects on the ecosystem are small and negligible in the middle and a large part of upper Chesapeake Bay regions.
Photochemical fragmentation of 4-alkylpyrimidines and 2-alkylquinolines

Abstract Hydrogen abstraction and fragmentation occur on acetone-sensitized photolysis of 4-alkylpyrimidines 1a-c with formation of 4-methylpyrimidine (2); the selectivity for primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogen transfer is considerably greater in 1a-c than in 2-alkylquinolines 7a-c.
The early history of ferroelectricity

The history of ferroelectricity is carried to the discovery of the ferrolectric properties of barium titanate in 1943. A few more recent events are noted briefly.
Development of a vision-targeted health-related quality of life item measure

Purpose To develop a vision-targeted health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measure for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function.
Percutaneous closure of a post-infarction ventricular septal defect that recurred after surgical repair.

A 77-year-old woman presented with chest pain, electrocardiograph, and enzyme changes consistent with a subendocardial myocardial infarct, and was managed medically. Two days later, she was treated percutaneously with a stent for a high-grade stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery (Panel A). Day 3 post-procedure, the patient acutely became haemodynamically unstable, and an apical ventricular septal defect …
An Approximately Optimal Rendezvous Scheme for Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks

In this paper, we present a rendezvous scheme for dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks that can achieve approximately optimal throughput while not relying on a common control channel. Compared with existing rendezvous schemes for DSA networks that use a common control channel, the proposed scheme avoids congestion and jamming of the control channel, and also reduces control complexity and overhead in DSA. We prove that the proposed rendezvous scheme achieves approximately optimal throughput, and analyze the convergence time of this scheme to obtain the approximately optimal throughput.
The Aggregation of Aβ 16-22 Probed by Circular Dichroism and Infrared Spectroscopies

The misfolding of certain proteins into β-sheets and their ensuing aggregation into fibrous networks that accumulate to form insoluble plaques has been found to be related to several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, and the spongiform encephalopathies. The structural details of these protein aggregates and their mechanisms of aggregation, however, have not yet been fully understood. This research analyzes the structure and misfolding processes of a fragment of the β-amyloid (Aβ) polypeptide comprising residues 16 - 22 (KLVFFAE). Aβ 16-22 aggregates by forming intermolecular antiparallel β-sheets; lamination of these sheets results in formation of fibrils or micro-crystallite structures. We have probed the conformation of Aβ 16-22 as a function of concentration, temperature, and solvent using circular dichroism (CD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopies. The data show that, as the concentration increases, the conformation of Aβ 16-22 changes from a random coil to a β-sheet to higher-order structures; these higher order structures have a unique CD signature, with enhancement of the positive feature at ∼200 nm. Addition of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) disrupts the β-sheet structure, and the kinetics of this change can be observed spectroscopically. Overall, these observations allow us to construct a model of the mechanism of Aβ 16-22 aggregation.
The ‘product variety’ case for protection

Abstract The paper shows the existence of a case for protection in a small open economy in which there is preference diversity and potential product differentation with scale economies. The optimal tariff gives partial protection only, is a first-best solution, and must be sustained. The welfare loss that is corrected by the tariff is that due to a sub-optimal degree of product variety, arising from market failure linked to economies of scale.
Fano resonances in quasi-one-dimensional electron waveguides

In the spectroscopy of atoms and molecules, an asymmetric Fano resonance arises whenever a bound state associated with one electronic configuration is coupled to the ionization continuum of a different configuration. A strikingly similar resonance appears for electronic transport in conductors with more than one subband, independent of the specific details of the system under study. We develop a two-subband approximation which describes the Fano resonances for conduction through an electron waveguide containing donor impurities, for $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{-}X\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ intervalley tunneling in a $\frac{\frac{\mathrm{GaAs}}{{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}}}{\mathrm{GaAs}}$ heterojunction, and for an electron waveguide coupled to a resonant cavity. Interference between the direct and intersubband transmission channels gives rise to the asymmetric Fano resonance.
Maladaptive Decision Making and Substance Use Outcomes in High-Risk Individuals: Preliminary Evidence for the Role of 5-HTTLPR Variation

Objective:Individuals with multiple alcohol-dependent (AD) relatives are at increased risk for substance use disorders (SUDs). Prospective, longitudinal studies of high-risk (HR) individuals afford the opportunity to determine potential risk markers of SUDs. The current study assessed the effect of familial risk and genetic variation on Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) performance and tested for an association between IGT performance and SUD outcomes.Method:Individuals from multiplex AD families (n = 63) and low-risk (LR; n = 45) control families, ages 16–34 years, were tested using a computerized version of the IGT. SUD outcomes were assessed at approximately yearly intervals. 5-HTTLPR and COMT genotypes were available for the majority of participants (n = 86).Results:HR offspring showed poorer performance overall on the IGT and especially poor performance on the final trial block (Block 5), indicating a failure to improve decision making with previous experience. The 5-HTTLPR short-allele homozygote participant...
The primary care physician's approach to functional abdominal pain in childhood.

Background: Recurrent abdominal pain in children was defined initially by Apley and updated recently by Rome II criteria. The intent of the Rome II criteria is to provide greater insight into functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Because markers for these disorders are lacking, diagnostic evaluations may vary. In this investigation, the individual approach of the primary care physician to the child with functional abdominal pain (as defined by Rome II criteria) is explored both in a hypothetical and clinical setting. Study: A clinical vignette and survey involving the evaluation of a school-aged child with prototypical functional abdominal pain was distributed to area primary care physicians (n = 201 completed). The actual physician approach for functional abdominal pain was determined through chart review of children referred to gastroenterology clinic (n = 103). Results: Physicians favored limited organ-specific testing, with urinalysis, preferred most. Physicians with extreme anticipation of a positive yield requested more testing than their nonanticipatory counterparts (5.7 ± 2.2 vs. 2.0 ± 2.0, P < 0.001). Ultrasound was the only diagnostic test requested with greater frequency in actual subjects than hypothetical (31% vs. 18%, P < 0.005). Conclusions: In accordance with published guidelines, physicians requested minimal testing for functional abdominal pain. Increased ultrasound requests in the clinic setting may be more reflective of the need for reassurance rather than seeking an organic etiology.
Apolipoprotein E modulates the CNS response to injury

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in recovery from acute brain injury. One potential mechanism for this is that apoE down-regulates glial activation and subsequent secretion of inflammatory mediators. Following a pneumatic impact to the closed skull of anesthetized apoE deficient and wildtype mice, MRI was performed to quantify the effacement of the lateral ventricles as a radiographic surrogate for cerebral edema. At 24 hours following injury, apoE deficient animals had a greater degree of cerebral edema as compared to matched controls. This increase in edema was associated with enhanced up-regulation of TNFα, a pro-inflammatory cytokine believed to play an important role in mediating blood–brain barrier breakdown and the development of cerebral edema. We have previously demonstrated that a peptide derived from the receptor binding region of apoE retained the anti-inflammatory activities of the holoprotein in vitro, and we next investigated whether a single intravenous administration of this apoE-mimetic peptide could exert neuroprotective effects. Thirty minutes after closed head injury, mice were randomized to receive low dose peptide (203 mg/kg); high dose peptide (406 mg/kg), or vehicle. At 24 h post injury, the saline injected animals had a profound deficit in rotorod testing which was associated with weight loss. A single intravenous injection of apoE-mimetic peptide 30 min following closed head injury protected against motor deficit, weight loss, and neurocognitive deficit in a dose dependent fashion. This suggests that apoE may modify prognosis in brain injury by down-regulating the CNS inflammatory response, and that mimicking the biological activity of apoE may lead to novel therapeutic strategies in the setting.
Conditional disruption of Pkd1 in osteoblasts results in osteopenia due to direct impairment of bone formation.

PKD1 (polycystin-1), the disease-causing gene for ADPKD, is widely expressed in various cell types, including osteoblasts, where its function is unknown. Although global inactivation of Pkd1 in mice results in abnormal skeletal development, the presence of polycystic kidneys and perinatal lethality confound ascertaining the direct osteoblastic functions of PKD1 in adult bone. To determine the role of PKD1 in osteoblasts, we conditionally inactivated Pkd1 in postnatal mature osteoblasts by crossing Oc (osteocalcin)-Cre mice with floxed Pkd1 (Pkd1flox/m1Bei) mice to generate conditional heterozygous (Oc-Cre;Pkd1flox/+) and homozygous (Oc-Cre;Pkd1flox/m1Bei) Pkd1-deficient mice. Cre-mediated recombination (Pkd1Δflox) occurred exclusively in bone. Compared with control mice, the conditional deletion of Pkd1 from osteoblasts resulted in a gene dose-dependent reduction in bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, and cortical thickness. In addition, mineral apposition rates and osteoblast-related gene expression, including Runx2-II (Runt-related transcription factor 2), osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein, were reduced proportionate to the reduction of Pkd1 gene dose in bone of Oc-Cre;Pkd1flox/+ and Oc-Cre;Pkd1flox/m1Bei mice. Primary osteoblasts derived from Oc-Cre;Pkd1flox/m1Bei displayed impaired differentiation and suppressed activity of the phosphatidylinositdol 3-kinase-Akt-GSK3β-β-catenin signaling pathways. The conditional deletion of Pkd1 also resulted in increased adipogenesis in bone marrow and in osteoblast cultures. Thus, PKD1 directly functions in osteoblasts to regulate bone formation.
Context influences holistic processing of nonface objects in the composite task

We explored whether holistic-like effects can be observed for nonface objects in novices as a result of the task context. We measured contextually induced congruency effects for novel objects (Greebles) in a sequential matching selective attention task (composite task). When format at study was blocked, congruency effects were observed for study-misaligned, but not study-aligned, conditions (Experiment 1). However, congruency effects were observed in all conditions when study formats were randomized (Experiment 2), revealing that the presence of certain trial types (study-misaligned) in an experiment can induce congruency effects. In a dual task, a congruency effect for Greebles was induced in trials in which a face was first encoded, but only when it was aligned (Experiment 3). Thus, congruency effects can be induced by context that operates at the scale of the entire experiment or within a single trial. Implications for using the composite task to measure holistic processing are discussed.
Confidence intervals on the total variance in an unbalanced two-fold nested classification with equal subsampling

A problem of interest in a variance component analysis is the construction of a confidence interval on the variance of a single observation. This article considers an unbalanced two-fold nested classification with equal subsampling and compares two methods for constructing this interval . Computer simulations indicate that one of these methods in general will provide an interval that has an achieved confidence coefficient at least as great as the stated value.
Infections caused by the genus Malassezia

Abstract Once considered only a cosmetic nuisance, M. furfur has joined the ranks of opportunistic pathogens with potential to cause serious systemic disease. Undoubtedly, much more will be learned about the host-parasite interaction in malasseziosis. Critical aspects worthy of immediate consideration include: 1) elucidating further the ecology and epidemiology of Malassezia spp. in relation to colonization and transmission in high risk patients; 2) minimizing or eliminating contributory risk factors in patients requiring long-term caloric supplementation, without compromising patient care; and 3) optimizing the management of patients with systemic infections caused by M. furfur by facilitating early diagnosis through an increased awareness by both the physician and the laboratory—the laboratory must use appropriate culture techniques.
Electrical Measurements in Molecular Electronics

This paper reviews the various methods used to measure the electrical characteristics of individual or small groups of molecules, including crossed-wire junctions, mechanically controllable break junctions, conducting atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, molecular electronics on silicon surfaces, the NanoCell, nanopores, and other devices. It is shown that in the most common embodiment, the metal−molecule−metal junction, the assembly must be considered in whole. The characteristics of the molecule cannot be easily separated from the metal electrodes connected to it or from the method used to do the testing. I(V,T) data is necessary to rule out non-molecular transport mechanisms such as metal filament formation.
The effect of naproxen-sodium on the intrauterine pressure and menstrual pain of dysmenorrheic patients.

Abstract The Prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor: Naproxen-Sodium (NS) (an analgesic agent) very significantly (P
A REVIEW OF THE BIOMECHANICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF WORKING POSTURES (IT ISN'T ALWAYS VIBRATION WHICH IS TO BLAME!)

Abstract Many vibrational environments also subject the worker to awkward, asymmetric and prolonged postures. This paper reviews the epidemiological, biomechanical and physiological factors involved in working postures which could lead to musculoskeletal problems. Too little or too much sitting leads to low back pain. Sedentary postures, including driving, also lead to a higher risk of a herniated disc. In sitting the pelvis rotates and higher pressures exist in the disk. A backrest inclined to 110° or more and with a lumbar support will reduce the disk pressure. Jobs involving excessive force application will be more apt to cause muscular and ligamentous damage. However, these excessive demands can occur in whole body vibration environments too. Neck, shoulder and arm problems are usually related to posture but can occur in WBV environments. Knee problems, in the standing worker, may be due to a flexed knee posture in an attempt to attenuate vibrations. Excessive postural demands on the neck, shoulder and arm will lead to higher muscle forces and higher joint forces. Recommendations are given to reduce risk of disability.
Nanoparticle immunoagglutination Rayleigh scatter assay to complement microparticle immunoagglutination Mie scatter assay in a microfluidic device

In this work, particle immunoagglutination assays for pathogen detection, utilizing light scattering measurements at a fixed angle from incident light delivery, are explored in both Rayleigh and Mie scatter regimes through scatter intensity simulations and compared to experimental results. The average size of immunoagglutinated particles obtained from microscope images correspond to the particle size parameter from simulations. Mie scatter measurements yield a greater signal increase with increasing pathogen concentration than Rayleigh scatter measurements, but with a non-monotonic relationship that is not observed in the Rayleigh scatter regime. These two similar yet distinctly different sources of information could easily be integrated into a single device through fabrication of a simple microfluidic device containing two y-channels, each for performing the respective light scattering measurement. Escherichia coli was used as a representative target, and detected in a microfluidic device down to a concentration of 1 colony forming units (CFU) per mL.