cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of 0.5 mJ, few-cycle laser pulses by an adaptive phase modulator

Previously, pulses shorter than 4 fs were generated by compressing white light from gas-filled hollow-core fibers with adaptive phase modulators; however, the energy of the few-cycle pulses was limited to 15 microJ. Here, we report the generation of 550 microJ, 5 fs pulses by using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator in a grating-based 4f system. The high pulse energy was obtained by improving the throughput of the phase modulator and by increasing the input laser energy. When the pulses were used in high harmonic generation, it was found that the harmonic spectra depend strongly on the high order spectral phases of the driving laser fields.
Imaging features of intravesical urachal cysts in children

Background Urachal cysts, part of the spectrum of congenital urachal anomalies, are typically extrinsic to the urinary bladder.
Multidivisional Structure and Productivity: The Contingency of Diversification Strategy

This study examines the relationship between multidivisional (M-form) structure and productivity. The relationship is hypothesized to vary with diversification strategy. Findings based on longitudinal analysis of productivity data from 62 firms in industries, indicate that following M-form implementation, productive efficiency decreases for vertically integrated firms and increases for related diversified firms. For unrelated diversifiers the moderate increase in productivity is not significant.
Rigid internal fixation of infected mandibular fractures.

Purpose To evaluate the treatment outcomes of rigid internal fixation for the management of infected mandible fractures. Patients and Methods A retrospective chart review of infected mandible fractures managed by a single oral and maxillofacial surgeon at a level I trauma center during a 7-year period was accomplished by independent examiners. All patients were treated with incision and drainage, culture and sensitivity testing, extraction of nonsalvageable teeth, placement of maxillomandibular fixation when possible, fracture reduction with bone debridement and decortication, rigid internal fixation of the mandible by an extraoral approach, and antibiotic therapy. The medical and social history was contributory in most patients. The analysis was stratified by the differentiation of the fractures into 2 groups: those with soft tissue infections in the fracture region versus those with hard tissue-infected fractures (biopsy-proven osteomyelitis). Results A total of 44 patients were included in this study, with an average follow-up of 18.2 months from the date of surgery (range 3 to 48). The treatment protocol was successful in all 18 patients (100%) with soft tissue infected mandibular fractures and 24 (92%) of 26 patients with hard tissue-infected fractures. Conclusions A protocol consisting of concomitant incision and drainage, mandibular debridement, fracture reduction, and stabilization with rigid internal fixation can be effectively used for single-stage management of infected mandible fractures.
Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer initiation and progression

Abstract Hypermethylation of CpG islands, an epigenetic event that is not accompanied by changes in DNA sequence, represents an alternative mechanism to deletions or mutations to inactivate tumor suppressor genes. Recent evidence supports the notion that CpG island hypermethylation, by silencing key cancer-related genes, plays a major causal role in cancer. However, a long-standing issue in the field is the sequence of molecular events leading to epigenetic gene silencing. A new model has been proposed that chromatin remodeling, as a result of histone deacetylation and methylation, is the primary event in abrogating transcriptional initiation; subsequently, CpG island hypermethylation establishes a permanent state of gene silencing. Accumulating evidence indicates that CpG island hypermethylation is an early event in cancer development and, in some cases, may precede the neoplastic process. Because of their heritable nature, hypermethylated CpG islands leave ‘molecular footprints’ in evolving cancer cells and can be used as molecular markers to reconstruct epigenetic progression during tumorigenesis. Furthermore, hypermethylated CpG islands are proving to be useful for molecular classification of different cancer types.
Origin, fate, and architecture of ecologically relevant genetic variation

Recent advances in molecular genetics combined with field manipulations are yielding new insight into the origin, evolutionary fate, and genetic architecture of phenotypic variation in natural plant populations, with two surprising implications for the evolution of plant genomes. First, genetic loci exhibiting antagonistic pleiotropy across natural environments appear rare relative to loci that are adaptive in one or more environments and neutral elsewhere. These ‘conditionally neutral’ alleles should sweep to fixation when they arise, yet genome comparisons find little evidence for such selective sweeps. Second, genes under biotic selection tend to be of larger effect than genes under abiotic selection. Recent theory suggests this may be a consequence of high gene flow among populations under selection for local adaptation.
Counting consciousnesses: None, one, two, or none of the above?

In a minute there is time For decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse. --T. S. Eliot, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" In a second there is also time enough, we might add. In his dichotomizing fervor, Bogen fails to realize that our argument is neutral with respect to the number of consciousnesses that inhabit the normal or the split-brain skull. Should there be two, for instance, we would point out that within the neural network that subserves each, no privileged locus should be postulated. (Midline location is not the issue--it was only a minor issue for Descartes, in fact.)
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for diabetes

Increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity has elevated the medical need for new agents to treat these disease states. Resistance to the hormones insulin and leptin are hallmarks of both type 2 diabetes and obesity. Drugs that can ameliorate this resistance should be effective in treating type 2 diabetes and possibly obesity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is thought to function as a negative regulator of insulin and leptin signal transduction. This article reviews PTP1B as a novel target for type 2 diabetes, and looks at the challenges in developing small-molecule inhibitors of this phosphatase.
The Impact of Material Stiffness on the Likelihood of Fault Rupture Propagating to the Ground Surface

Online Material: Tabulation of reverse and strike slip events. The stiffness of the upper thirty meters of geologic material is shown statistically to have a strong impact on the propagation of fault rupture at depth to the ground surface for reverse events. The stiffness of a geologic material controls its capacity for absorbing or transmitting discrete localized planar deformations. However, the fault mechanism that initiated the deformations and the resulting stress state also has an influence. This can be seen in how the stiffness of the upper thirty meters has no impact on the propagation of fault rupture at depth to the ground surface in strike‐slip events. An empirical database of past earthquakes that did and did not result in surface fault rupture, along with bulk estimates of the stiffness of near‐surface geologic materials using V S 30 (thirty‐meter shear‐wave velocity) is presented. The probability of fault rupture reaching the ground surface is estimated from this database using logistic regression. These unique results, which are a function of the fault mechanism and near‐surface stiffness, are explained in a mechanistic framework. The regression results provide a means of estimating the likelihood of surface fault rupture for reverse events given the near‐surface stiffness, and may also provide a path forward when engineering against the same. The working hypothesis for this research is that both the faulting mechanism and the near‐surface stiffness of geologic material influence the likelihood of fault rupture propagating from seismogenic depth to the ground surface. Reverse faulting results in a different failure mechanism in near‐surface geologic material than does strike‐slip faulting. This research is a byproduct of research into probabilistic fault‐displacement hazard analysis summarized in Moss and Ross (2011). In that work we quantified the likelihood of fault rupture propagating to the surface based solely on faulting mechanism. …
Modulation of cortical-subcortical networks in Parkinson’s disease by applied field effects

Studies suggest that endogenous field effects may play a role in neuronal oscillations and communication. Non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation with low-intensity currents can also have direct effects on the underlying cortex as well as distant network effects. While Parkinson's disease (PD) is amenable to invasive neuromodulation in the basal ganglia by deep brain stimulation, techniques of non-invasive neuromodulation like transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) are being investigated as possible therapies. tDCS and tACS have the potential to influence the abnormal cortical-subcortical network activity that occurs in PD through sub-threshold changes in cortical excitability or through entrainment or disruption of ongoing rhythmic cortical activity. This may allow for the targeting of specific features of the disease involving abnormal oscillatory activity, as well as the enhancement of potential cortical compensation for basal ganglia dysfunction and modulation of cortical plasticity in neurorehabilitation. However, little is currently known about how cortical stimulation will affect subcortical structures, the size of any effect, and the factors of stimulation that will influence these effects.
Reduction of Clostridium Difficile and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus contamination of environmental surfaces after an intervention to improve cleaning methods

Contaminated environmental surfaces may play an important role in transmission of some healthcare-associated pathogens. In this study, we assessed the adequacy of cleaning practices in rooms of patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) colonization or infection and examined whether an intervention would result in improved decontamination of surfaces. During a 6-week period, we cultured commonly touched surfaces (i.e. bedrails, telephones, call buttons, door knobs, toilet seats, and bedside tables) in rooms of patients with CDAD and VRE colonization or infection before and after housekeeping cleaning, and again after disinfection with 10% bleach performed by the research staff. After the housekeeping staff received education and feedback, additional cultures were collected before and after housekeeping cleaning during a 10-week follow-up period. Of the 17 rooms of patients with VRE colonization or infection, 16 (94%) had one or more positive environmental cultures before cleaning versus 12 (71%) after housekeeping cleaning (p = 0.125), whereas none had positive cultures after bleach disinfection by the research staff (p < 0.001). Of the 9 rooms of patients with CDAD, 100% had positive cultures prior to cleaning versus 7 (78%) after housekeeping cleaning (p = 0.50), whereas only 1 (11%) had positive cultures after bleach disinfection by research staff (p = 0.031). After an educational intervention, rates of environmental contamination after housekeeping cleaning were significantly reduced. Our findings provide additional evidence that simple educational interventions directed at housekeeping staff can result in improved decontamination of environmental surfaces. Such interventions should include efforts to monitor cleaning and disinfection practices and provide feedback to the housekeeping staff.
Note on the Calculation of van der Waals Forces

The general expression for the van der Waals energy arising from dipole interaction between atoms involves a summation over transition probabilities. These are in most cases difficult to calculate. It is here pointed out that since these transition probabilities obey the sum rule of Thomas and Kuhn, they may be evaluated in a manner which permits van der Waals' forces to be calculated with good approximation, provided that the polarizability is known. The method is outlined and illustrated by application to two examples: Na and He. The result in the case of He is in very good agreement with that obtained by the variational method.
Telemetric comparison of centric relation and centric occlusion reconstructions.

Abstract Two complete fixed prostheses built with the occlusion in centric relation and with occlusion in the subject's existing centric occlusal position were tested with telemetry under conditions of actual use. The findings indicate that the subject did not use the centric relation position but accepted the prosthesis built to her preexisting centric occlusion. These findings are consistent with our previous results of telemetric studies conducted on patients with three-unit fixed prostheses.
Raymond Adams: A Life of Mind and Muscle

Raymond Adams: A Life of Mind and Muscle Robert Laureno New York: Oxford University Press Copyright © 2009 288 pages; $55.00 This exemplary book by Robert Laureno on the life and mind of Dr Raymond D. Adams (1911-2008) highlights Dr Adams' critical role in 20th-century clinical neurology and experimental neuropathology. As a practicing clinical neurologist, he was also active in analyzing brain tissue. He was fortunate in being able to maintain 20- and 30-year relationships with patients with severe neurological diseases and ultimately to provide the final diagnosis through autopsy. The extent of the …
Si-MCM41 supported sulfated zirconia and Nafion for ether production

Various unsupported and supported sulfated zirconia and Nafion catalysts were prepared and investigated for etherification of C6 olefins with methanol. Supported sulfated zirconia and Nafion generally show higher activity than unsupported sulfated zirconia and Nafion. The nature of the support and catalyst preparation techniques were found to affect the catalytic activity. Mesoporous Si-MCM41 with high surface area was the best support for the acid catalysts. Si-MCM41 supported sulfated zirconia and Nafion catalysts produced higher ether yields than other supports and in some cases exhibited a better catalytic activity than the reference resin catalyst, Amberlyst 15. The wt % loading of acidic component and reaction temperature were important factors influencing the catalytic behavior.
Lifestyle segmentation of US food shoppers to examine organic and local food consumption

The food related lifestyle (FRL) model, widely used on European data, is applied to US data using a modified survey instrument to examine organic and local food consumption. Since empirical studies indicate these shoppers are motivated by environmental and health concerns and limited by access, the conceptual framework employs an environmental behavior model, Attitude Behavior Context (ABC), which is consistent with means-end chain theory, the Health Belief (HB) model, and the FRL model. ABC theory incorporates contextual factors that may limit consumers' ability to act on their intentions. US food shopper data was collected in 2003 (n=956) utilizing an instrument with variables adapted from the FRL, ABC, and HB models. Cluster analysis segmented food shoppers into four FRL groups: rational, adventurous, careless, and a fourth segment that had some characteristics of both conservative and uninvolved consumers. The segments exhibited significant differences in organic and local food consumption. These were correlated with consumers' environmental concerns, knowledge and practices, health concerns and practices, as well as some demographic characteristics (race, gender, age, education), income, and variables that measured access to these foods. Implications for marketing and public policy strategies to promote organic and local foods include: emphasizing taste, nutrition, value, children, and enjoyment of cooking for rational consumers; and emphasizing health, fitness, and freshness, and providing ethnic foods for adventurous consumers. While both careless and conservative/uninvolved consumers valued convenience, the former tended to be in the highest income group, while the latter were in the lowest, were more likely to be either in the youngest or oldest age groups, and were very concerned about food safety and health.
A clinical-demographic study of sexually abused children

Abstract Forty-five children who had been sexually abused were psychologically evaluated. Parents or guardians of the children completed symptom checklists. Results indicated that the majority of children (71%) were abused 4 or fewer times. In addition, genital manipulation and/or fondling was the most common form of abuse. In 82% of the cases, there were no marital separations or family breakups of any kind within six months before or six months after the abuse. Many children (69%) displayed psychological symptoms. The most frequent were nightmares, bedwetying, clinging behavior, inappropriate sexual behavior, anxiety and sadness. Results of this study are largely inconsistent with popular notions about the nature of child sexual abuse. The major methodological shortcoming of the investigation was the lack of a systematic control group.
Reconstructing Feminist Group Work

ABSTRACT The challenge for feminist academicians and practitioners has become, to quote the editor of Affilia, “to re-work feminist theory for postmodern times” (Gross, 1998, p. 5). The first purpose of this article is to critically examine and begin to reframe feminist practice in social work. Because feminist values remain at the core of group work, the second part of this paper presents three “reconstructed” principles for feminist group practice: (1) understanding the social context of individual action as including personal, political, and historical components; (2) incorporating strengths and experiences of oppressed populations other than middle class women into feminist practice, and (3) identifying “politically correct” language as a mechanism of oppression. As a means to extending knowledge relevant to this discussion, this article presents a reconceptualization and redefinition of “feminist research.” Using examples from the author's own practice, teaching, and research, this article challenges...
The relaxed game chromatic index of k-degenerate graphs

Abstract The ( r , d ) -relaxed coloring game is a two-player game played on the vertex set of a graph G. We consider a natural analogue to this game on the edge set of G called the ( r , d ) -relaxed edge-coloring game. We consider this game on trees and more generally, on k-degenerate graphs. We show that if G is k-degenerate with Δ ( G ) = Δ , then the first player, Alice, has a winning strategy for this game with r = Δ + k - 1 and d ⩾ 2 k 2 + 4 k .
Power, Perception and Performance: From Usability Engineering to Technology Acceptance with the P3 Model of User Response

Understanding the dynamics of technology acceptance by intended users has proved a very difficult problem but it remains a key question for developers, implementers and system procurers. In the pre...
Pharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: new developments.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder characterized by widespread pain, stiffness, insomnia, fatigue and distress. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown moderate effectiveness of pharmacological therapies for fibromyalgia pain. Evidence from these trials suggests that pharmacological therapy can not only improve pain but also fatigue, function and well-being in patients with fibromyalgia. Duloxetine and milnacipran, two highly selective serotonin-norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitors, and the α2δ agonist pregabalin have been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of fibromyalgia symptoms. In general, about half of all treated patients seem to experience a 30% reduction of symptoms, suggesting that many patients with fibromyalgia will require additional therapies. Thus, other forms of treatment, including exercise, cognitive behavioural therapies and self-management strategies, may be necessary to achieve satisfactory treatment outcomes.
Histopathologic Substrates of Cingulate Integrity in SuperAging: A Stereological Study

s / Neurobiology of Aging 35 (2014) 715–724 718 formation. Stereological methods were used for counting double stained and single stained BFCN. Results. Double staining for CB and thioflavin-S or PHF-1 revealed that the overwhelming majority of pre-tangles and tangles in both normal (n1⁄44) and AD (n1⁄44) were found in BFCN that lacked CB immunoreactivity. The ratio of double stained cells as a function of total CB-positive or total thioflavin-s / PHF-1-positive cells was extremely small (0.7 – 7.5 %). Comparing immunoreactivity for the antibodies that appear at different stages of tangles formation, we found that the early-stage antibody TOC-1 was present in a significantly larger number of CB-positive BFCN when compared with the late-stage antibody MN422 (p 0.05) or neuronal size (p>0.05) among the three groups across the cingulate. However, significantly lower NFT density was detected in anterior cingulate regions in SuperAgers compared to NC and aMCI groups (p 0.05). Conclusions. Based on these preliminary results, total neuronal size and density do not seem to contribute significantly to cortical integrity of the cingulate in SuperAgers, while the absence of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, particularly NFT, may represent a putative neurobiological substrate. Further quantification is needed to evaluate the functional circuitry of the cingulate cortex and its many distinctive histopathologic elements in larger groups of post-mortem specimens in order to identify comprehensively the biological basis of superior cognitive aging.
Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of systemic disease: rheumatologic/Inflammatory

Rheumatologic and inflammatory systemic diseases often cause similar neurologic and neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations. A wide variety of conditions can be included in these categories. This article summarizes the most common of these conditions, including sarcoidosis, idiopathic orbital inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Behcet's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Non-price rationing and the choice of medical care providers in rural Côte d'Ivoire.

This paper investigates the role of travel time in rationing medical care services in a developing country where monetary prices are zero. A nested multinomial logit model of provider choice is estimated using 1985 data from rural Cote d'Ivoire. Unlike previous studies of health care demand in developing countries, our results indicate that travel time plays an important role in rationing health care, and that medical care demand for poorer individuals is substantially more travel time elastic than for richer individuals.
Hip Strength and Knee Pain in High School Runners: A Prospective Study

Objective To determine whether pre-injury hip muscle weakness is associated with the development of patellofemoral pain (PFP) in high school running athletes. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Academic institution sports medicine center. Participants High school running athletes. Methods Baseline hip strength of high school running athletes was assessed at the beginning of the running season. Strength testing was repeated in athletes who developed PFP. Peak hip muscle strengths and strength ratios were compared between the injured and non-injured groups. Results Six injuries occurred in 5 of the 98 subjects who completed the study. The baseline hip external-to-internal strength ratio was lower in injured than in uninjured subjects ( P = .008). In the injured group, hip abduction and external rotation strengths decreased from pre-injury to post-injury ( P = .002 and P = .01, respectively). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a greater baseline hip abduction strength (odds ratio=5.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.46-19.53; P P = .05), and a greater pre-injury hip external-to-internal rotation strength ratio decreased the risk of injury (odds ratio P = .02). Conclusions The findings of the current study suggest that stronger pre-injury hip abductors (particularly in relation to their hip adductors) and weaker pre-injury hip external rotators (particularly in relation to their hip internal rotators) are associated with the development of PFP. In addition, persons in whom PFP develops appear to lose hip abduction and external rotation strength when compared with their pre-injury strength. Finally, a higher hip external-to-internal rotation strength ratio may protect against the development of PFP.
Protein kinase regulation of muscarinic receptor signalling in colonic smooth muscle

Abstract 1. We have previously demonstrated that M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors coexist in the circular smooth muscle of canine proximal colon. Activation of receptors of the M2 subtype leads to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity through the GTP-binding protein, Gi, while M3 receptors are coupled to a pertussis toxin-insensitive GTP-binding protein and mediate phosphoinositide hydrolysis. 2. In the present study, the interactions between these second messenger systems were examined. Activation of either protein kinase C or adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent protein kinase attenuated carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis without affecting basal activity. Activation of both protein kinases produced greater attenuation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation than activation of either kinase alone. 3. In contrast to its inhibitory effect on phosphoinositide hydrolysis, activation of protein kinase C had no effect on adenylyl cyclase activity. 4. Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester treatment resulted in the sequestration of M3 muscarinic receptors from the cell surface without effecting the M2 muscarinic receptor population. Sequestered M3 muscarinic receptors were not rapidly degraded. 5. In contrast, elevation of cellular cyclic AMP decreased the affinity of cell surface muscarinic receptors for an antagonist radioligand without affecting their density. 6. Muscarinic agonist binding was not affected by either activation of protein kinase C or elevation of cellular cyclic AMP. 7. These data support the notion of negative feedback by protein kinase C and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase on phosphoinositide hydrolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Medical/legal/ethical aspects of cesarean section

Abstract No single topic in obstetrics is more controversial these days than that of Cesarean delivery. Although much of the discussion centers around the issues of vaginal birth after Cesarean section and the associated informed consent, there are other significant medical/legal aspects to consider. Both women who refuse medically-recommended Cesarean delivery as well as those who demand seemingly unwarranted Cesarean section, are the primary subjects of this review. The court systems in the USA, Canada, and the UK are reticent about overriding decisions made by competent mothers who have refused Cesarean delivery. Similarly, practitioners hesitate when asked to perform Cesarean section purely at patients' requests. The judicial system should be the last venue for answers to medical dilemmas.
Multiple resolution imagery and texture analysis

Abstract A method that classifies textures at different resolutions is developed in this research. The statistical features used for classification are derived from the Fourier power spectrum and cooccurrence matrices. The relationships between feature properties and images resolution are studied. A decision process based upon “confidence levels” is used to select the correct resolution within the proper class. The experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the classification process on several texture classes with the added dimension of resolution variation.
Optimum particle size in a gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed catalytic reactor

Abstract The effect of particle size on the reactant conversion for a pseudo-first-order reaction in a gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed catalytic reactor is rigorously examined based on a comprehensive model developed in this study. The model takes into consideration inherent transport properties of the reactor including gas-liquid and liquid-solid mass transfer, axial liquid dispersion, solids mixing, and phase holdups. The reactant conversion predicted by the model exhibits a maximum with respect to particle size, which is shown to vary with process variables such as gas and liquid velocities, reaction rate constant, and intraparticle diffusivity. The effect of solids mixing on conversion is shown to be insignificant for a wide range of process variables. Overall reaction rates in the fluidized-bed system are also compared to those predicted for a slurry bubble column utilizing a model based on sedimentation and dispersion of the solids.
Synthesis of plasma antihaemophilic factor.

IN Nature of May 12, 1962, L. I. Woolf offered an explanation of ‘severe’ and ‘mild’ X-linked haemophilia A while discussing gene expression in heterozygotes. He proposed that the plasma-level of antihaemophilic globulin (AHG, AHF, Factor VIII) regulated its rate of synthesis, that is, that ‘end-product (feedback) inhibition’ controlled the synthetic rate. ‘Feedback inhibition’ is known to be a very important regulatory mechanism in biosynthetic pathways, producing small anabolites such as amino-acids, vitamins, etc.1. We can find no documented evidence, however, that ‘feedback inhibition’ is a controlling mechanism in protein synthesis. ‘Feedback inhibition’ should be sharply distinguished in this respect from ‘feedback repression’, which is recognized to be a highly important genetic mechanism concerned with regulating the synthesis of enzymes (proteins) in bacteria1–4.
Preparation of the α-[D]galvinoxyl radical

The stable galvinoxyl radical has been prepared with specific deuterium substitution at the methylene carbon bridge between the two aromatic rings. The corresponding EPR spectrum illustrates only the small residual hyperfine coupling with the aromatic ring hydrogens.
Cerebral activation, as measured by subjects' lateral eye movements, is influenced by experimenter location

Abstract A resolution is provided for conflicting reports in the literature concerning direction of eye movements during problem-solving by finding a difference in results when the experimenter sits facing the subject and when he sits behind him. When facing the questioner, subjects move their eyes predominantly in one direction, either right or left, regardless of the type of question. Therefore, within any given individual, one hemisphere seems to be activated preferentially, regardless of problem type. When the questioner sits behind the same subjects, right-handers move their eyes leftwards when solving spatial problems, rightwards for verbal problems. Under these circumstances problem-type takes precedence over individual movement preferences. Left-handers' eye movements turned out to be haphazard when the experimenter sat behind, hence uncorrelated with the type of problem. This result is consonant with the view that right-handers are better lateralized for hemispheric functioning than are left-handers.
Effect of Landau-level mixing on quantum-liquid and solid states of two-dimensional hole systems.

Measurements on dilute, low-disorder, two-dimensional hole systems at GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As interfaces reveal insulating behavior near different fractional quantum Hall liquid states. We interpret these insulating phases as pinned Wigner solid states and experimentally show that the filling factor around which they are observed moves to progressively smaller values as the areal hole density is increased. This dependence demonstrates the dramatic influence of Landau-level mixing, or the effective diluteness, on the liquid-solid transitions of a two-dimensional system.
Initiated and Oxidative Chemical Vapor Deposition of Polymeric Thin Films: iCVD and oCVD

The techniques of initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) and oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) enable the fabrication of chemically well-defined thin polymeric films on complex objects with micro- and nano-scale features. By depositing polymers from the vapor phase, many wetting and solution effects are avoided, and conformal films can be created. In iCVD, a variant of hot filament CVD, the deposition rate is enhanced and chemical functionalities of the polymers' constituents are maintained by including a thermally labile initiator in the feed stream. Due to the low energy required when using an initiator, delicate substrates can be coated. In oCVD, infusible, electrically conductive films are formed directly on the substrate of interest as the oxidant and monomer are introduced into the reactor simultaneously. This Feature Article provides an overview of the work that has been done to develop iCVD and oCVD into platform technologies. Relevant background, fundamentals, and applications will be discussed.
The Phenomenology of Leadership

Teaching people about leadership is different from creating leaders. Teaching leadership uses a third-person approach to impart someone else’s knowledge, which grants learners limited direct access to the being and actions of effective leaders. In contrast, creating leaders entails a first-person phenomenological methodology, which provides direct access to what it means to be a leader and what it means to exercise good leadership in real time, with real results. The distinctiveness of the first-person “as-lived/lived-through” approach lies in its capacity to disclose the hidden contexts that shape the ways of being, thinking, and acting that are the source of the leader’s performance. When these contexts become unveiled, it allows for the creation of new contexts that give leaders more space and more degrees of freedom to lead effectively as their natural self-expression. A phenomenological inquiry into leadership does not study the attributes of leaders, but rather the fundamental structures of human “being” that make it possible to be a leader in the first place. Because the phenomenological “facts” of lived experience reside in language, creating for oneself what it is to be a leader entails mastering a special language (that includes terms like intentionality; thrownness; being-in-the-world; clearing-for-action; absorbed coping; hermeneutic; and, break-down) from which leaders can orient their being, thinking, and actions. Learning to be a leader is not first and foremost about the acquisition of knowledge or certain personal attributes. Rather, only when leadership becomes an as-lived/lived-through experience does it grant access to its actual nature and essence.
Association as a means for beginning private practice: guidelines for success.

The agreement forming an association between a practitioner and a new dentist should include goals, expectations, financial arrangements, responsibilities, office expansion, and the opportunity for reappraisal. An association has advantages and disadvantages for the dentist who seeks to associate and for the practitioner who desires to employ an associate. Two types of associations, long- and short-term, are defined. An association between an experienced practitioner and a dentist new to private practice is potentially rewarding. Success is determined by the quality of the agreement under which the associate will work, the quality of communication between the practitioner and his associate, and the satisfaction the associate finds with the philosophy of practice in the office.
Generational Changes in Materialism and Work Centrality, 1976-2007 Associations With Temporal Changes in Societal Insecurity and Materialistic Role Modeling

We examined whether culture-level indices of threat, instability, and materialistic modeling were linked to the materialistic values of American 12th graders between 1976 and 2007 (N = 355,296). Youth materialism (such as the importance of money and of owning expensive material items) increased over the generations, peaking in the late 1980s to early 1990s with Generation X and then staying at historically high levels for Millennials (GenMe). Societal instability and disconnection (e.g., unemployment, divorce) and social modeling (e.g., advertising spending) had both contemporaneous and lagged associations with higher levels of materialism, with advertising most influential during adolescence and instability during childhood. Societal-level living standards during childhood predicted materialism 10 years later. When materialistic values increased, work centrality steadily declined, suggesting a growing discrepancy between the desire for material rewards and the willingness to do the work usually required ...
Assessing HPC Failure Detectors for MPI Jobs

Reliability is one of the challenges faced by exascale computing. Components are poised to fail during large-scale executions given current mean time between failure (MTBF) projections. To cope with failures, resilience methods have been proposed as explicit or transparent techniques. For the latter techniques, this paper studies the challenge of fault detection. This work contributes a study on generic fault detection capabilities at the MPI level and beyond. The objective is to assess different detectors, which ultimately may or may not be implemented within the application's runtime layer. A first approach utilizes a periodic liveness check while a second method promotes sporadic checks upon communication activities. The contributions of this paper are two-fold: (a) We provide generic interposing of MPI applications for fault detection. (b) We experimentally compare periodic and sporadic methods for liveness checking. We show that the sporadic approach, even though it imposes lower bandwidth requirements and utilizes lower frequency checking, results in equal or worse application performance than a periodic liveness test for larger number of nodes. We further show that performing liveness checks in separation from MPI applications results in lower overhead than interpositioning, as demonstrated by our prototypes. Hence, we promote separate periodic fault detection as the superior approach for fault detection.
Indian Policy, Indian Gaming, and the Future of Tribal Economic Development:

Throughout history federal policy initiatives to solve the "Indian problem" resulted in most of the Native Americans' resources that had worth being acquired by non-Indian society. The traditional concepts of sovereignty, dependence, and trust that underlie the policies have remained in place. In the past two and a half decades a number of tribes have utilized the policy concepts and the seemingly worthless resources, in most cases their reservation land, for tribal gaming economic development projects. This paper examines the relationships between the historical evolution of federal Indian policy, changes in definitions of resource worth, and the establishment and survival of Indian gaming for tribal economic development.
Individual factors affecting entrepreneurship in Hispanics

Purpose – Although there has been considerable research on entrepreneurship (Rauch and Frese, 2000), there has been limited research on Hispanic entrepreneurs (e.g. Peterson, 1995; Shinnar and Young, 2008; Zarrugh, 2007), and much of the literature has been atheoretical or fragmented. Therefore, this paper uses an existing model of entrepreneurship (Baron and Henry, 2011) to understand and explain the factors related to the behaviors of Hispanic entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is to consider the literature on Hispanic entrepreneurs relevant to each stage in the model, and presents testable hypotheses to guide future research on the issue. Design/methodology/approach – In order to uncover the research on Hispanic entrepreneurs several databases were searched including ABI Inform, PsyArticles, and ProQuest. In addition, a review of key entrepreneurship and Hispanic journals (e.g. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science) was conducted. Relevant papers from 1980 to date were included. Findings – Signi...
A gel permeation chromatography study of electrochemically synthesized poly(3-alkylthiophene)s

Abstract Poly(3-n-pentylthiophene) and poly(3-n-hexylthiophene) were prepared using a potentiostatic method and were characterized by gel permeation chromatography in tetrahydrofuran. In general, the molecular weight of the polymers increased as the applied potential was increased in the range of 1.3–1.7 V ( versus saturated calomel electrode). The presence of 2,2′-bithiophene in the polymerization system resulted in a slight decrease in molecular weight but the polymer chains had a higher regularity as evidenced by longer π-conjugation length. At potentials of >1.9 V, the molecular weight decreased because of polymer degradation. The results strongly support the electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism for electrochemical polymerization of thiophene monomers.
Perceptions of Examiner Behavior Modulate Power Relations in Oral Performance Testing.

To what extent are the discourse behaviors of examiners salient to participants of an oral performance test? This exploratory study employs a grounded ethnographic approach to investigate the perceptions of the verbal, paralinguistic and nonverbal discourse behaviors of an examiner in a one-on-one role-play task that is one of four tasks in an oral performance test. Candidates were international graduate students who were prospective teaching assistants. Video recordings of the test were reviewed in separate feedback sessions with the candidates, one participating and one nonparticipating examiner. These sessions were then reviewed by a researcher who was not involved in either the initial test or in the collection of feedback. Findings indicate that the verbal, paralinguistic, and nonverbal behaviors of examiners are indeed salient to participants and nonparticipants in the testing event. In fact, candidates found these behaviors to be meaningful in terms of their comfort level during the test task and i...
Follow-up study of silent periods in complete denture wearers.

Summary Electromyographic silent periods in response to chin taps during clench were recorded from the anterior temporalis and masseter muscles. Ten complete denture wearers were observed up to the 1-year stage of denture wear and eight patients up to the 2-year stage. Silent periods were also recorded from patients clenching on paper rolls in place of the dentures. Regarding the patterns of the silent periods, similar observations of double silent periods were made as in our previous study up to the half-year stage of denture wear (McCall, Tallgren & Ash, 1979). The frequency of the double silent periods was 13.8% at the 1-year stage and 7.3% at the 2-year stage. The mean duration of the silent periods did not differ significantly at the 1-year and 2-year stages. The mean silent period duration when clenching on paper rolls without dentures in the mouth was significantly shorter than when clenching with the dentures.
Cross-talk correction methodology for color CMOS imagers

A pixel signal cross-talk correction method that utilizes knowledge of a color image sensor's performance characteristics is presented. The objective is to create a simple, non-iterative algorithm that can be implemented in the on-chip digital logic of an imaging sensor. Inverse cross-talk Bayer color filter array pattern filters are determined for the blurring, multi-channel, cross-channel problem. Simple noise and cross-talk models are developed and used to solve for the corrective deconvolution filters. The noise statistics used have both signal independent and dependent components, and include the noise associated with cross-talk. The methodology is independent of image statistics. The inverse filters are found by solving a set of simultaneous linear equations in the discrete Fourier frequency domain. A direct deterministic regularization method with constrained least squares is then used to solve the ill-posed problem. The local pixel blurred signal-to-noise ratio is used as the regularization parameter. This yields an inverse blur filter weighted by a local scalar noise filter. The resulting method provides a locally adaptive trade-off between cross-talk correction and noise smoothing. Algorithm performance is compared with the standard 3x3 matrix color correction method for image mean square error, color error, flat SNR, and modulation transfer function.
Language for Specific Purposes assessment criteria: where do they come from?:

Typically in assessment of Language for Specific Purposes (LSP), test content and methods are derived from an analysis of the target language use (TLU) situation. However, the criteria by which performances are judged are seldom derived from the same source. In this article, I argue that LSP assessment criteria should be derived from an analysis of the TLU situation, using the concept of indigenous assessment criteria (Jacoby, 1998). These criteria are defined as those used by subject specialists in assessing communicative performances of both novices and colleagues in academic, professional and vocational fields. Performance assessment practices are part of any professional culture, from formal, gatekeeping examination procedures, to informal, ongoing evaluation built into everyday interaction. I suggest a procedure for deriving assessment criteria from an analysis of the TLU situation and explore problems associated with doing so, recommending a ‘weak’ indigenous assessment hypothesis to assist in the d...
Magnetic hyperfine structure in 125Te

Mossbauer spectra of 125TeFe with improved resolution yield μ(35.5 keV) = +0.60 ± 0.02 nm. The effect of this value on hyperfine spectra of 125Te are discussed.
Communication ethics: The non‐participant's role

The discipline must address a variety of issues concerning the relationship of communication and ethics. The traditional perspective puts major responsibility for the ethical quality of the communication effort upon the source. However, receivers who may act upon the materials presented should wish to exercise a full responsibility. Unfortunately, people generally, as well as our discipline, have ignored the importance of responsibility by those not directly involved in a specific communication act. The central importance of the communication process makes such a stance unacceptable. All of us are ultimately affected by the nature of communication transactions in a family, group, or society, and so must accept responsibility for ensuring a desired ethical quality in all communication.
On the squeeze-film damping of micro-resonators in the free-molecule regime

Predicting air damping of micromachined mechanical resonators is crucial in the design of high Q devices for various applications. In the past, most of the work focused on devices in which the rarefaction effects of air are not significant. For such cases, continuum theory with suitable boundary conditions (either non-slip or slip) is often adequate. In this work, we investigate the air damping on oscillating structures in the free-molecule regime in which classical continuum theory is no longer valid. Such a study is important for devices operated at a very low pressure or for those whose characteristic length is of the nanometer scale. First, a careful examination of the related previous theoretical studies has been conducted. Mistakes and limitations have been found and reported in this paper. Next, a molecular dynamics simulation code has been developed and used in predicting quality factors of an oscillating microbeam operated at low pressures. Simulation results have shown an excellent agreement with experimental data. Finally, we investigate the effects of the Stokes number and the gap to oscillation amplitude ratio on the energy dissipation and quality factor of the microbeam.