cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arsenic trioxide induces dose- and time-dependent apoptosis of endothelium and may exert an antileukemic effect via inhibition of angiogenesis

Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has recently been used successfully in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and has been shown to induce partial differentiation and apoptosis of leukemic cells in vitro. However, the mechanism by which As(2)O(3) exerts its antileukemic effect remains uncertain. Emerging data suggest that the endothelium and angiogenesis play a seminal role in the proliferation of liquid tumors, such as leukemia. We have shown that activated endothelial cells release cytokines that may stimulate leukemic cell growth. Leukemic cells, in turn, can release endothelial growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that As(2)O(3) may interrupt a reciprocal loop between leukemic cells and the endothelium by direct action on both cell types. We have shown that treatment of proliferating layers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with a variety of concentrations of As(2)O(3) results in a reproducible dose- and time-dependent sequence of events marked by change to an activated morphology, up-regulation of endothelial cell adhesion markers, and apoptosis. Also, treatment with As(2)O(3) caused inhibition of VEGF production in the leukemic cell line HEL. Finally, incubation of HUVECs with As(2)O(3) prevented capillary tubule and branch formation in an in vitro endothelial cell-differentiation assay. In conclusion, we believe that As(2)O(3 )interrupts a reciprocal stimulatory loop between leukemic cells and endothelial cells by causing apoptosis of both cell types and by inhibiting leukemic cell VEGF production. (Blood. 2000;96:1525-1530)
Speech Coding Using Least-Squares Estimation

An important goal in current speech coding research is providing high-quality speech at low bit rates (4.8–16 Kbps). Several methods [1]–[3] have been proposed recently to achieve this end. Compared to the conventional linear predictive (LP) vocoder [4], these methods employ an enhanced speech production model to synthesize speech. For example, instead of a single stage, the modulation filter now typically consists of two stages: i) a short-delay filter modeling the spectral envelope of speech, and ii) a long-delay filter modeling the spectral fine structure. Both are time-varying, all-pole filters and are derived from the original speech through LP analysis. Also, some information is provided about the excitation signal, which is selected by means of an analysis-by-synthesis procedure whereby a perceptually weighted error criterion is minimized In the multi-pulse linear predictive coder (MPLPC) [1], the excitation signal is a sequence of appropriately located and scaled impulses. In the code excited linear predictive coder (CELPC) [2], it is an entry from a codebook of white, gaussian noise sequences. In the self excited vocoder (SEV) [3], it is selected from the past history of the source excitation. As a result of these improvements, the above coders are able to synthesize high-quality speech at low bit rates.
The Prebiotic Chemistry of Alternative Nucleic Acids

To adapt and survive, life as we know it must have a genetic component to pass on information accumulated during natural selection. It has been suggested that life may have begun with a self-replicating RNA molecule. This appears chemically untenable as the prebiotic synthesis of RNA was unlikely on the primitive Earth. It is now known that biological nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are not chemically unique in their ability to serve as informational templates. Many structural isomers of nucleic acids are now known. Alternative genetic polymers that were more easily synthesized under plausible geochemical conditions may have preceded RNA. Despite some 50 years of research, many of the structural alterations of nucleic acids of possible relevance to the origin of life remain uninvestigated, though this may prove to be one of the most experimentally tractable areas in prebiotic chemistry. Various structures and the constraints posed by prebiotic chemistry are reviewed herein.
Common origin of (-) L , (-) 3B , and strong CP conservation

The multiplicative conservation of both lepton and baryon numbers, i.e. (-){sup L} and (-){sup 3B}, is connected to an axionic solution of the strong CP problem in a supersymmetric, unifiable model of quark and lepton interactions. New particles are predicted at the TeV scale, with verifiable consequences at the Large Hadron Collider.
Rapid and efficient desilylation and deuteration of alkynylpyridines

Abstract We describe a rapid and efficient technique for the direct installation of deuterium atoms following the removal of trimethylsilyl groups from alkynylpyridines. Utilizing tetrabutylammonium fluoride in the presence of deuterium oxide, we observe up to 97% deuterium incorporation in as little as one minute of reaction time.
Performance Comparison of Two Guidance Systems for Agricultural Equipment Navigation

Cover crops have been gaining popularity in the Northern Great Plains as an effective practice to improve soil health. An accurate guidance system when planting cover crops between rows of standing corn at V6-V8 stage requires precise navigation to avoid damaging standing crop, but field observations showed that the grain cart often trampled over rows of plant. Development of accurate and efficient methods, to find the correct path to guide the farm equipment automatically during these operations is an important need. In this project, the capabilities of Ultrasonic and Tactile navigation sensor (Reichhardtd® Electronic Innovation Products) were studied and compared. The objective of this study was to consider the difference between performances of two navigation systems that would guide the grain cart tires to move between rows for different operating conditions, speeds, patterns of rows, and terrain conditions. The comparison tests were conducted with five different fixed speeds, variable speeds, and four different row patterns in laboratory conditions on a purposefully designed test bench. The study results show that both sensors can successfully locate/identify row patterns if they are appropriately adjusted. But the steering system of the test bench has failed to respond with respect to the identified rows by the sensors due to a missing feedback controller. Moreover, appropriate digital filters were designed to remove undesired noises of signals read by the sensors and a fit model was found to compute exact physical location of the system with respect to rows.
Pick Interpolation, III: Continued Fraction Proof

In this chapter, we will prove the following which provides the missing part (given Chapter 16) of Theorem 16.4 and thereby completes (again) the proofs of Theorems 16.1, 16.3, and 16.4.
Detection error influences both temporal seroprevalence predictions and risk factors associations in wildlife disease models.

Understanding the prevalence of pathogens in invasive species is essential to guide efforts to prevent transmission to agricultural animals, wildlife, and humans. Pathogen prevalence can be difficult to estimate for wild species due to imperfect sampling and testing (pathogens may not be detected in infected individuals and erroneously detected in individuals that are not infected). The invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa, also referred to as wild boar and feral swine) is one of the most widespread hosts of domestic animal and human pathogens in North America. We developed hierarchical Bayesian models that account for imperfect detection to estimate the seroprevalence of five pathogens (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, pseudorabies virus, Influenza A virus in swine, Hepatitis E virus, and Brucella spp.) in wild pigs in the United States using a dataset of over 50,000 samples across nine years. To assess the effect of incorporating detection error in models, we also evaluated models that ignored detection error. Both sets of models included effects of demographic parameters on seroprevalence. We compared our predictions of seroprevalence to 40 published studies, only one of which accounted for imperfect detection. We found a range of seroprevalence among the pathogens with a high seroprevalence of pseudorabies virus, indicating significant risk to livestock and wildlife. Demographics had mostly weak effects, indicating that other variables may have greater effects in predicting seroprevalence. Models that ignored detection error led to different predictions of seroprevalence as well as different inferences on the effects of demographic parameters. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating detection error in models of seroprevalence and demonstrate that ignoring such error may lead to erroneous conclusions about the risk associated with pathogen transmission. When using opportunistic sampling data to model seroprevalence and evaluate risk factors, detection error should be included.
Estimating Whole Building Occupancy from Transportation Simulations

This paper demonstrates the use of traffic modeling software to estimate the transport of people to-and-from buildings and the whole building occupancy and related building operations. The methods and procedures of the estimation are explained. A portion of a traffic simulation of a large Midwestern city is used to generate a diverse set of occupancy schedules in the demonstration for two common building types. A simple method to adjust reference lighting and plug load use schedules based on the generated occupancy schedules is also developed. The generated schedules are used in simulations of DOE commercial prototype building models in 16 climate zones. Results show that noticeable differences in the schedules can lead to an increase in building annual total energy use estimates by as much as 10.87% and 1.83% for small office and mid-rise apartment respectively, suggesting the potential of tighter integration between transportation and building energy modeling in improving estimation of actual building energy performance.
Effects of climate change in winter ice cover and ice thickness in flooding: a case study of Grand River, Ohio, USA

The major objective of this research is to assess the effects of winter ice cover and simulate the flooding within bridge vicinity of the Grand River, Ohio, the USA for both in the historical perio...
Novel radiation sources using relativistic electrons - Applications

Novel sources of radiation using relativistic electrons in periodic structures are being briefly discussed based on different mechanisms and producing radiation of very different characteristic. In this article we will focus among others on the Smith-Purcell effect and the many efforts made since their discovery 55 years ago. Especially Smith-Purcell (SP) free- electron lasers (FELs) using low energy electron beam are being seen as attractive option for a compact source of coherent terahertz radiation. The latter refers to the production of radiation in the THz gap region associated with many applications including very promi- sing and interesting results on imaging techniques in Medicine as well as applications in Biology, Molecular Physics etc. We will present calculations of Radiation Factors based on the Smith-Purcell radiation production with very interesting characteristics and discuss the possibility of calculating and designing a complete system of coherent THz radiation production based on a Smith-Purcell FEL.
Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia: a Pattern Recognition Approach.

Pontocerebellar hypoplasias (PCH) represent a heterogeneous group of very rare disorders with reduced volume of pons and cerebellum. The term is purely descriptive and does not imply a genetic progressive disease. Currently (as of Jan 01, 2020), 13 different types are listed in OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), associated with 19 different genes. However, a large group of similar imaging patterns is known, and it is unclear why some are labeled as PCH, while others are not. The latter include CASK- and VLDLR-associated disorders, some tubulinopathies, certain dystroglycanopathies, a few congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) syndromes, several forms associated with rare variants (e.g., DCK1, WDR81, ITPR1), and "cerebellar disruption of prematurity"-an acquired etiology. The objective of this paper is to elaborate a pattern recognition approach, mainly imaging-based, to facilitate a timely and accurate diagnosis, to narrow the differential diagnosis, and to enable targeted additional (genetic) investigations. We describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and offer "checklists" for infratentorial findings (e.g., non-lobulated vermis, dragonfly pattern of the cerebellum, cerebellar cysts, brainstem kinking, longitudinal grooves along the brainstem, flat pons) as well as for supratentorial anomalies (e.g., agenesis of corpus callosum, optic atrophy, simplified gyral pattern, and hypomyelination). The clinical context and laboratory investigations need to be considered as well. We also provide a "checklist" for clinical features. A systematic analysis of imaging and clinical features can assist in narrowing the differential diagnosis and permitting more targeted genetic testing. Some imaging patterns are diagnostic.
Gender Self-Presentations in the 2020 U.S. Elections

Ironically, the 2016 election of Donald Trump catalyzed progressive social change in the U.S.. A record number of women and people of color ran for the 2020 presidential nomination of the Democratic party. This election also saw the first openly gay candidate for president. Drawing on qualitative website and Twitter bio data, this article examines the gender self-presentations of twelve Democratic party primary presidential candidates--the eight men and four women who were in the primary debates in October 2019. We develop a new typology of gender self-presentation by classifying different approaches on a spectrum, ranging from gender traditional on one side to feminist on the other (with gender neutral and gender nontraditional in between). We find that most candidates simultaneously blend different types of gender self-presentations in their campaigns. For both men and women in the 2020 election, traditional self-presentations are the least common and gender neutral self-presentations are the most common. For women, nontraditional self-presentations de-emphasize the traditional role of motherhood, use stereotypically masculine language, or emphasize nontraditional gender career experiences. In contrast, for the men, the nontraditional self-presentations were more narrow and stayed solely in the domain of fatherhood. Finally, feminist self-presentations emphasize women’s social and political interests as women, either through the use of pronouns in their Twitter bios or through a discussion of feminist policy issues in websites. While both male and female candidates emphasize feminist issues, the men often do so by drawing on traditionally masculine language or highlight gender stereotypes as male protectors over vulnerable women. Together, these findings suggest that women’s identities as candidates draw on a wider, more multifaceted, range of gender self-presentations. This nuanced typology can be applied to future research on gender and elections.
Perfluorocarbons in Chemical Biology

Perfluorocarbons, saturated carbon chains in which all the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine, form a separate phase from both organic and aqueous solutions. Though perfluorinated compounds are not found in living systems, they can be used to modify biomolecules to confer orthogonal behavior within natural systems, such as improved stability, engineered assembly, and cell-permeability. Perfluorinated groups also provide handles for purification, mass spectrometry, and 19 F NMR studies in complex environments. Herein, we describe how the unique properties of perfluorocarbons have been employed to understand and manipulate biological systems.
“You Really Never Forget It!” Psychiatry Trainee Supervision Needs and Supervisor Experiences Following the Suicide of a Patient

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in children, adolescents, and young adults ages 10–34 and the rates continue to rise in the USA. An estimated 30–60% of Psychiatry Residents experience patient suicide during their training. This study aimed to understand trainee and supervisor experiences after the suicide of a patient in order to better inform the supervision and response to such an event. Twenty-seven participants were identified by criterion sampling and recruited from General Psychiatry residency, Consultation Liaison fellowship, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry fellowship training programs in the New England region of the USA. Semi-structured interviews of trainees and supervisors were conducted and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The death of a patient by suicide was described as a notable event with a significant impact on the professional lives of the participants. The event was typically characterized as having an immediate emotional impact, led to changes in self-efficacy, and a sense of responsibility for the patient’s death. Responses to suicide were influenced by modifiable factors such as (1) unpreparedness of individuals, program, and institution and (2) mediating/complicating factors, including the credibility of the supervisor, societal expectations, and specific patient characteristics. The death of a patient is a personal and emotional experience for the psychiatrist, for which they do not consistently feel well prepared. The institutional response may be misaligned, more analytical in character and prioritize assessment of risk. There is significant room to improve supervision and preparedness for the death of a patient by suicide.
Yellow Fever Vaccine Administration at Global TravEpiNet (GTEN) Clinics during a Period of Limited Vaccine Availability in the United States, 2017-2018.

In 2016, Sanofi Pasteur (S-P) experienced a manufacturing disruption of yellow fever vaccine (YF-Vax), the only U.S.-licensed YF-Vax, depleting the U.S. supply by mid-2017. Sanofi Pasteur received approval to import Stamaril, S-P's French-manufactured YF-Vax, for use in 260 U.S. civilian clinics under an expanded access investigational new drug program (EAP). The CDC also broadened its YF-Vax indication in early 2018. Our objective was to assess usage at participating Global TravEpiNet (GTEN) clinics, a U.S. CDC-supported national consortium of clinical sites that administer vaccines, during this period of limited availability and changing recommendations. We analyzed 2012-2018 GTEN data for YF-Vax usage, unavailability, and reasons for refusal. We also performed a brief voluntary survey of GTEN sites to better understand their experience during the shortage. Yellow fever vaccine unavailability at certain GTEN clinics was intermittent and recurrent, starting months before total depletion. Unavailability at GTEN clinics peaked weeks before the total depletion. Compared with historic norms, YF-Vax usage following initial vaccine availability limitations did not change until vaccine recommendations were broadened. Refusal of recommended YF-Vax also decreased during this period. Queried sites participating in the EAP felt their supply of vaccine was adequate. Our analysis suggests that in response to depletion of a travel vaccine, an EAP can make an unlicensed product available, patients will participate in such a program, and the program can respond to expanding recommendations for vaccine usage.
Achieving Small Test Error in Mildly Overparameterized Neural Networks.

Recent theoretical works on over-parameterized neural nets have focused on two aspects: optimization and generalization. Many existing works that study optimization and generalization together are based on neural tangent kernel and require a very large width. In this work, we are interested in the following question: for a binary classification problem with two-layer mildly over-parameterized ReLU network, can we find a point with small test error in polynomial time? We first show that the landscape of loss functions with explicit regularization has the following property: all local minima and certain other points which are only stationary in certain directions achieve small test error. We then prove that for convolutional neural nets, there is an algorithm which finds one of these points in polynomial time (in the input dimension and the number of data points). In addition, we prove that for a fully connected neural net, with an additional assumption on the data distribution, there is a polynomial time algorithm.
Stillbirths Associated with Neospora caninum and BVDV type II in Dairy Heifers

Although stillbirths can contribute significantly to dairy heifer replacement costs, causes of most stillbirths are unknown, partly because of the high diagnostic costs and difficulty interpreting results. Costs can be prohibitive for necropsy and diagnostic work-up of dead calves of sufficient numbers to obtain a confident herd diagnosis, and interpretation of case-control-type of serology data for cows at calving can be confusing. Even though there has been little documentation, agents typically considered when investigating a stillbirth problem include leptospira, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (IBRV), and Neospora caninum. The objective of the present study was to assess, using a prospective diagnostic approach, the extent to which these agents were associated with a high rate of stillbirths that had appeared among heifers on a large dairy.
Do Formulation and Dose of Long-Term Opioid Therapy Contribute to Risk of Adverse Events among Older Adults?

Chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is highly prevalent in older adults and long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) has been used to manage chronic pain. However, the safety of LTOT among older adults with CNCP is not well-established and there is a need to identify therapy-related risk factors of opioid-related adverse events among older adults. To evaluate the relationship between opioid dose and formulation and the risk of opioid-related adverse events among Medicare-eligible older adults on LTOT. Nested case-control study. Older Medicare beneficiaries (N=35,189) who received > 3 opioid prescriptions with a total days-supply of >45 days within a 90-day period for CNCP between 2012 and 2016. This study utilized Medicare 5% medical and prescription claims data. Outcome measures included opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), opioid overdose, all-cause mortality, and a composite outcome, defined as the first occurrence of any of the previous three events. Key independent variables were opioid formulation and opioid dose (measured in morphine milligram equivalents (MME)) prescribed during LTOT. Seventy-four OIRD, 133 overdose, 982 all-cause mortality, and 1122 composite outcome events were observed during follow-up. In unadjusted analyses, the use of combination opioids (OR: 4.52 [95%CI: 1.51–13.47]) was significantly associated with OIRD compared to short-acting (SA) opioids. In adjusted analyses, opioid-related adverse events were significantly associated with the use of LA (overdose OR: 13.00 [95%CI: 1.30–130.16] and combination opioids (overdose OR: 6.27 [95%CI: 1.91–20.55]; mortality OR: 2.75 [95%CI: 1.87–4.04]; composite OR: 2.82 [95%CI: 2.01–3.96]) when compared to SA opioids. When compared to an average dose of less than 20 MME, outcomes were significantly associated with doses of 20–50 MME (mortality OR: 1.61 [95%CI: 1.24–2.10]; composite OR: 1.59 [95%CI: 1.26–2.01]) and >50 MME (mortality OR: 1.99 [95%CI: 1.28–3.10]; composite OR: 2.09 [95%CI: 1.43–3.04]). Older adults receiving medically prescribed opioids at higher doses and those using LA and combination of LA and SA opioids are at increased risks for opioid-related adverse events, highlighting the need for close patient supervision.
Erythroid overproduction of erythroferrone causes iron overload and developmental abnormalities in mice.

The hormone erythroferrone (ERFE) is produced by erythroid cells in response to hemorrhage, hypoxia or other erythropoietic stimuli, and suppresses the hepatic production of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, thereby mobilizing iron for erythropoiesis. Suppression of hepcidin by ERFE is thought to be mediated by interference with paracrine BMP signaling that regulates hepcidin transcription in hepatocytes. In anemias with ineffective erythropoiesis, ERFE is pathologically overproduced but its contribution to the clinical manifestations of these anemias is not well understood. We generated three lines of transgenic mice with graded erythroid overexpression of ERFE and showed that they developed dose-dependent iron overload, impaired hepatic BMP signaling and relative hepcidin deficiency. These findings add to the evidence that ERFE is a mediator of iron overload in conditions where ERFE is overproduced, including anemias with ineffective erythropoiesis. At the highest levels of ERFE overexpression the mice manifested decreased perinatal survival, impaired growth, small hypofunctional kidneys, decreased gonadal fat depots and neurobehavioral abnormalities, all consistent with impaired organ-specific BMP signaling during development. Neutralizing excessive ERFE in congenital anemias with ineffective erythropoiesis may not only prevent iron overload but may have additional benefits for growth and development.
Automation Surprises in Transportation: A Systematic Literature Review

Within the study of human-automation or human-machine interaction, a phenomenon known as automation surprises confounds the design of semi-automated systems in the automotive setting. As automation systems grow in popularity and complexity, the nature of cooperation, shared control, and trust must be clearly defined such that both parties can dynamically transition between states of control and respond appropriately to the driving environment. To explore the emergence of automation surprises in transportation in the academic literature, this study utilizes bibliometric analysis and data mining tools to generate insights on prominent authors and sub-topics, identifying longstanding core articles in the topic. Results are shown in the form of descriptive figures created in software tools useful for bibliometric analysis. Insights from these figures and relevant articles related to automation surprises reveal an opportunity for review and reappraisal of automation surprises in transportation. A review of recent and well-established literature shows that automation surprises represent an important topic to address in the design of automotive automation systems.
Federal Commissions and Advisory Boards

To date, the single most influential body in the United States involved with the protection of human subjects and clients has been the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. For brevity’s sake, we will refer to this body simply as the Commission throughout this book. The Commission’s activities were public, advance notices of Commission meetings were printed in the Federal Register, minutes of the meetings are still available, special reports by persons outside the Commission were authorized and paid for by the Commission, and the Commission intentionally sought opinions of all American citizens before publishing recommendations. The Commission was involved indirectly in establishing rules for the entire Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)—including regulations for other persons or agencies receiving any funds from HEW. The Commission was instrumental in proposing rules regulating research with children, prisoners, mentally infirm persons, and with other special groups, although not all these recommendations have led to final rules yet. As will be seen later, the Commission’s work eventually affected practitioners as well as researchers.
Convective Parameterization for Mesoscale Models: The Fritsch-Chappell Scheme

The Fritsch and Chappell (1980) (hereafter FC) convective parameterization scheme was developed to facilitate numerical simulations of mesoscale convective systems. Since simulation of these systems requires resolution of meso-β-scale features, the parameterization was designed for models with grid increments of about 10–30 km. Grid elements this small allow for a somewhat different approach to the convective parameterization problem from that used for simulations that employ much larger elements (e.g., the 100–500-km grid increments used in general circulation and global climate models). In particular, grid elements that span several hundred kilometers are large enough to contain entire mesoscale convective systems and therefore the effects of convectively generated stratiform clouds and mesoscale circulations must also be parameterized. In contrast, grid increments of about 20 km are sufficient to resolve the convectively generated mesoscale circulations and associated cloud regions so that the parameterization problem reduces to incorporating the effects of only the convective clouds. It is assumed that if the convective clouds are properly parameterized, the resolvable-scale governing system of equations will develop the appropriate mesoscale mass, heat, moisture, and momentum transports.
Sexual violation in islamic law: Substance, evidence, and procedure

This book provides a detailed analysis of Islamic juristic writings on the topic of rape and argues that classical Islamic jurisprudence contained nuanced, substantially divergent doctrines of sexual violation as a punishable crime. The work centers on legal discourses of the first six centuries of Islam, the period during which these discourses reached their classical forms, and chronicles the juristic conflict over whether or not to provide monetary compensation to victims. Along with tracing the emergence and development of this conflict over time, Hina Azam explains evidentiary ramifications of each of the two competing positions, which are examined through debates between the Hanafi and Maliki schools of law. This study examines several critical themes in Islamic law, such as the relationship between sexuality and property, the tension between divine rights and personal rights in sex crimes, and justifications of victim's rights afforded by the two competing doctrines.
The mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity: II. The apparent biochemical requirements for cytolysis are influenced by the source and frequency of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes☆

Abstract Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated in allogeneic mixed-lymphocyte cultures (MLC) with the responder cells from immunized mice (secondary (II∘) MLC.) These CTL could be maintained as proliferating cells for 2 to 4 weeks by culturing in a medium with T-cell growth factor (TCGF) activity and were 10 to 30 times as active as effectors obtained directly from immunized mice or those generated in primary (I∘) MLC. Cytolysis by CTL from II∘ MLC was refractory to inhibition by azide, cyanide, or cycloheximide in contrast to previous reports that these agents were inhibitory. However, cytolysis by CTL from II∘ MLC was sensitive to azide when sufficient normal spleen cells were added to reduce the apparent CTL frequency to approximate that of the less active populations. Cycloheximide (Cx) partially inhibited cytolysis by CTL from immune spleen cells as shown earlier by others. However, CTL from II∘ MLC remained refractory to Cx even when diluted with normal spleen cells. These data show that CTL populations from various sources have both qualitative and quantitative differences that may alter their apparent biochemical requirements for CML. These considerations must be taken into account when attempting to define the minimal requirements for CTL-mediated killing.
Mechanosensitive pannexin-1 channels mediate microvascular metastatic cell survival

Tavazoie and colleagues report that activation of pannexin-1 channels and the subsequent stimulation of autocrine purinergic signalling promotes the survival of disseminated cancer cells in the microvasculature of metastasis target organs.
Binary Fission in Bacteria

Given a suitable environment, most free-living prokaryotic cells (including bacteria) will grow continually until, on reaching a critical size, they divide into two equal-sized parts in a process called binary fission. To be successful, this process requires the accurate duplication and partition of the chromosomes, and subsequent splitting of the cytoplasm precisely at the cell midpoint. The latter process, known as cytokinesis, often uses a large transmembrane protein machine that includes homologues of actin and tubulin as well as enzymes that synthesise and degrade specific portions of the cell wall. The placement of this machine is often regulated by negatively acting morphogen gradients. Once assembled, numerous accessory proteins respond to various inputs to regulate how and when the machine constricts and cells physically separate. Key Concepts: The timing of chromosome duplication in bacteria responds to cell growth rate and initiates at a specific location only once per cell cycle. Bacterial chromosomes are organised and condensed by DNA-binding proteins, some of which are conserved from bacteria to humans. Bacterial cells use homologues of eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins actin and tubulin to organise their growth and division. Morphogen gradients of negative spatial regulators help to position the cytokinetic ring in many bacteria. Recent advances in synthetic biology of bacterial cytokinesis are increasing our understanding of key components. Keywords: Escherichia coli; prokaryotes; cell cycle; cell division; cytokinesis; DNA; chromosome replication; fts genes
Know the Sky: A History of Interaction between Meteorology and Soaring

From Orville Wright’s 1911 flight to Jack Glendening’s 2013 Thermal Index Prediction software program, pilots, designers, engineers, and meteorologists have contributed to the knowledge of soaring meteorology. The paper shows the knowledge flowing not solely from meteorologists but rather from different groups at different times, depending on numerous geographic, technological, or political circumstances. With a few exceptions, the interaction has been positive, dynamic, and frequent. The paper is organized chronologically according to the discovery of the primary forms of soaring lift: ridge, storm, thermal, and wave.
Interdisciplinary views of sub-optimal outcomes: Path dependence in the social and management sciences

Abstract Economics has a rich literature on the sub-optimality theory of path dependence. In recent years, other social science and management disciplines have also adopted this theory and expanded upon it. However, economists seem mostly unaware of these other disciplines’ extension and expansion of the theory which they first popularized. This paper examines the literature and calls for economist to cross-fertilize their work with much of these interdisciplanatory theories and models.
Influence of Polymeric Residue on the Thermal Conductivity of Suspended Bilayer Graphene

The thermal conductivity (κ) of two bilayer graphene samples each suspended between two microresistance thermometers was measured to be 620 ± 80 and 560 ± 70 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature and exhibits a κ ∝ T1.5 behavior at temperatures (T) between 50 and 125 K. The lower κ than that calculated for suspended graphene along with the temperature dependence is attributed to scattering of phonons in the bilayer graphene by a residual polymeric layer that was clearly observed by transmission electron microscopy.
Evaluation of drill-induced heat transmission in an orbital model.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To evaluate the influence of saline irrigation on temperature rise in orbit bones and the optic canal during high-speed drilling.Methods: An experimental study measuring temperature rise in an orbit during high-speed drilling was conducted. The orbital rims, sphenoid bone, and optic canals of 6 unpreserved caprine orbits were drilled with a 3.1-mm diamond drill bit at 35,000 rpm. Each orbit was divided into groups receiving no irrigation, continuous or intermittent external irrigation at 5-second intervals during the procedures. The temperature rise of each site was compared among the groups, along with the duration of drilling.Results: The mean (±SD) temperature elevation in the optic canal without irrigation was 2.38 °C (±0.30 °C). This was significantly higher than in the canals receiving intermittent irrigation (0.90 °C ± 0.40 °C; p < 0.001) and continuous irrigation (0.66 °C ± 0.40 °C; p < 0.001). Mean temperature rise in the orbital rim without irrigation was significantly higher (3...
RGS4-dependent attenuation of M4 autoreceptor function in striatal cholinergic interneurons following dopamine depletion

RGS4-dependent attenuation of M 4 autoreceptor function in striatal cholinergic interneurons following dopamine depletion
U.S. patent documents on the Internet: an information resource for research in alternative and complementary medicine.

The US patent literature is a valuable source of information and research data relevant to studies in alternative and complementary medicine. Many patent publications contain detailed historical reviews, case reports, clinical trials, pilot studies, and basic biological research, any of which may give scientific insights, notwithstanding the controversies surrounding the issues of some patents, such as those of products of traditional medicinal plants. Much of the scientific, efficacy, and safety data necessary to obtain a patent is unpublished elsewhere. This paper gives an account of the recent experiment to make the full text of U.S. patents documents openly and freely available on the Internet, gives an example of browsing such a document from the AIDS Patents database, and provides examples of searching on-line on the Patents Abstracts database together with a miscellany of recent abstracts relevant to alternative and complementary medicine.
Modeling of MOS scaling with emphasis on gate tunneling and source/drain resistance

Two critical aspects of the MOS scaling towards sub-100 nm gate length are addressed: the gate tunneling and capacitance modeling, and optimization of shallow source/drain (S/D) extension junction to minimize the series resistance. Both advanced physics (quantum mechanics or QM) and practical solution (circuit simulation) are used to tackle the modeling approach. Good results have been obtained compared to available experimental data, validating the hierarchical methodology used in this paper. A hybrid, semi-analytical QM model for channel carrier profile and an accurate direct tunneling model have been developed. An nMOS transistor with effective channel length of 0.08 micron has been analyzed to demonstrate the methodology proposed.
Selective binding and removal of guests in a microporous metal–organic framework

MICROPOROUS inorganic materials such as zeolites find widespread application in heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption and ion-exchange processes. The rigidity and stability of such frameworks allow for shape- and size-selective inclusion of organic molecules and ions1–4. Analogous microporous structures based on organic building blocks have the potential for more precise rational design, through control of the shape, size and functionalization of the pores5–8. Here we report the synthesis of a metal–organic framework designed to bind aromatic guest molecules selectively. The basic building block is a symmetric organic molecule, which binds metal ions9,10 to form layers of the metal–organic compound alternating with layers whose composition is determined by the functionalization of the starting molecules. The layers create channels in which guest aromatic molecules may be selectively bound. We show that the crystal lattice thus formed is thermally stable up to 350 °C, even after removal of included guest molecules, and that the inclusions can be selectively readsorbed.
Spin effects in high-P12 elastic scattering

Abstract Recent experiments found large unexpected spin forces in high-P⊥2 proton-proton elastic scattering by using a polarized proton target and sometimes a polarized proton beam. If both protons are unpolarized then one can only measure the differential elastic cross-section. If either the beam or the target is spin-polarized then one can measure the one-spin parameter A, which is called the analyzing power or the left right asymmetry. If both the beam and the target are polarized then one can measure two-spin quantities such as Ann, the spin spin correlation parameter. Recall that Ann parametrizes the spin-spin force while A measures the spin-orbit force.
Structure and Formation of Magnesium Oxychloride Sorel Cements

THE hardening process by which a cement is formed from a polycrystalline matrix has been investigated using a cement of relatively simple composition and structure—Sorel cement1. This cement is formed by the addition of magnesium chloride solution to a fine powder of magnesium oxide2. The viscous paste hardens on drying and sets to a cement consisting of a mass of needle-like crystals of Mg3(OH)2Cl.4H2O. The appearance of the cement is shown in Fig. 1, which was taken with a scanning electron microscope (by A. Rezanowich and I. Frazer at the Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Montreal).
Rate of visual field loss and long-term visual outcome in primary open-angle glaucoma☆

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term visual field outcome in primary open-angle glaucoma. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 40 eyes of 40 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with elevated intraocular pressure and a minimum of 8-year longitudinal series of visual fields were plotted with Goldmann perimeter. Eyes with any other ocular disease except cataract were excluded. Manual grid templates were used to quantify the visual fields. Linear regression was performed to estimate the rate of visual field decline. Pertinent clinical factors were evaluated for statistical association with the rate of decline. Long-term clinical outcome including visual acuity, rate of legal blindness, and rate of medical and surgical interventions was also measured. RESULTS: In the 40 eyes studied, with a mean follow-up of 14 years, the visual field score decreased at the rate of −1.5% per year. Overall, 68% showed significant decrease, and the rate of decrease among these eyes was −2.1% per year. Five eyes became legally blind from glaucoma; the cumulative rate of blindness from glaucoma was 19% at 22 years. Higher intraocular pressure and greater number of antiglaucoma medications on initial presentation were associated with faster and slower deterioration of visual field (compared with the average), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With standard glaucoma therapy, the rate of visual field loss in primary open-angle glaucoma is slow. Lower intraocular pressure and more antiglaucoma medications are associated with slower visual field decline. Legal blindness from glaucoma is 19% over a follow-up of 22 years.
Theoretical and experimental studies of mantle upwelling, penetrative magmatism, and development of rifts in continental and oceanic crusts

Abstract The relationship between mantle perturbation, penetrative magmatism, crustal uplift and the processes of rifting and rift propagation was studied. Quasi-scale model experiments and theoretical analyses by Boussinesq's three function method were used. Three dimensional stress analyses around a rising mantle intrusion and semiquantitative model experiments on mantle upwelling and magma penetration into brittle and brittle-ductile lithospheric materials indicate the origin of ridges, rifts, and rift-basin structures. These structures are commonly initiated by broad domal or plateau uplift. The magnitude and nature of the uplift, fissure or rift development, branching and pattern(s) are controlled primarily by flexural rigidity, magnitude of stress development due to mantle intrusion and magma penetration, and the degree of preferred orientation of weakness (anisotropy) in the lithosphere. Continued magma penetration into the crust produces en echelon fissures, vertical and lateral dike propagation, graben and graben and horst structures with step or block faulting. This is followed by axial subsidence, fault opening and periodic volcanism with continued crustal extension, stretching and slow spreading. Mantle and magma penetration into the crust are shown to be important in developing in situ lateral compressive stress adjacent to and around the active rift zones. Transverse fissures, dike swarms, volcanoes and anticlines between two rifts (as in Iceland) result from such lateral compressive stress. This stress is also important in the development of marginal fissures and faults (as in fast-spreading centers). Time progressive model experiments on magma formation and magma penetration from the asthenosphere-lithosphere boundary show the importance of magma chambers. These chambers cause thinning and stretching of the composite lithosphere, vertical and lateral propagation of dikes and dike swarms, and initiate rifts with or without significant uplift. This study also suggests that multiple dike wedging with rapid extension fracturing can generate excess magma pressure and push force, and may contribute seismicity to spreading centers.
Moral Character for Political Leaders: A Normative Account

This article analyzes the moral and political implications of strong moral character for political action. The treatment provides reason to hold that strong moral character should play a role in a robust normative account of political leadership. The case is supported by empirical findings on character dispositions and the political viability of the account’s normative prescriptions.
Artificially Structured Boundary for a high purity ion trap or ion source

Abstract A plasma enclosed by an Artificially Structured Boundary (ASB) is proposed here as an alternative to existing ion source assemblies. In accelerator applications, many ion sources can have a limited lifetime or frequent service intervals due to sputtering and eventual degradation of the ion source assembly. Ions are accelerated towards the exit canal of positive ion sources, whereas, due to the biasing scheme, electrons or negative ions are accelerated towards the back of the ion source assembly. This can either adversely affect the experiment in progress due to sputtered contamination or compromise the integrity of the ion source assembly. Charged particle trajectories in the proximity of an ASB experience electromagnetic fields that are designed to hinder ion–surface interactions. Away from the ASB there is an essentially field free region. The field produced by an ASB is considered to consist of a periodic sequence of electrostatically plugged magnetic field cusps. A classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulation is extended to include electrostatic plugging of magnetic field cusps. The conditions necessary for charged particles to be reflected by the ASB are presented and quantified in terms of normalized parameters.
A joint optical flow and principal component analysis approach for motion detection

Optical flow and its extensions have been widely used in motion detection and computer vision. In this paper, we apply principle component analysis (PCA) to analyze optical flows for better motion detection performance. The joint optical flow and PCA approach can efficiently detect moving objects and suppress small turbulence. It is effective in both static and dynamic background. It is particularly useful for motion detection from outdoor videos with low quality and small moving objects. Preliminary results demonstrate that this approach outperforms other existing methods by extracting the moving objects more completely with lower false alarms.