cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban entrepreneurialism and the commodification of heritage in China

This paper analyses urban entrepreneurialism in relation to the commodification of urban heritage in the context of China. The case study is Lijiang Old Town in Yunnan province. It is found that there are three markets through which profit is extracted from urban heritage: the tourist market, the real estate market and the capital market. These markets, ranging from simple to complex, reflect the Lijiang local government’s innovative efforts to deepen the commodification of urban heritage and enhance local competitiveness. By discussing how profit is distributed, I argue that Lijiang’s local government and its ruling elites have benefited more from tourist revenues than any other groups. An analysis of Lijiang’s demographical displacement demonstrates that urban heritage is implicated in the complicated choices made by ordinary individuals in the face of political control and capital accumulation.
Difference modeling enhancement of topographic super-resolution

Super resolution techniques have been previously used enhance topographic data directly (instead of via enhancement of imagery). However, system performance degrades as the pattern database’s size increases. To keep system performance at an acceptable level, a smaller-than-optimal database must be utilized. This results in error being introduced due to differences in feature and average region height between the training and presented data. With the proposed approach, an area-average height value (AAHV) is computed. The work presented compares the averageheight- and-difference-pattern-based topographic approach to the previous actual-height-based version. The utility of incorporating an area of pattern overlap is also considered.
Chaperone Nap1 shields histone surfaces used in a nucleosome and can put H2A-H2B in an unconventional tetrameric form

The histone H2A-H2B heterodimer is an integral component of the nucleosome. The cellular localization and deposition of H2A-H2B into chromatin is regulated by numerous factors, including histone chaperones such as nucleosome assembly protein 1 (Nap1). We use hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry to characterize H2A-H2B and Nap1. Unexpectedly, we find that at low ionic strength, the α helices in H2A-H2B are frequently sampling partially disordered conformations and that binding to Nap1 reduces this conformational sampling. We identify the interaction surface between H2A-H2B and Nap1 and confirm its relevance both in vitro and in vivo. We show that two copies of H2A-H2B bound to a Nap1 homodimer form a tetramer with contacts between H2B chains similar to those in the four-helix bundle structural motif. The organization of the complex reveals that Nap1 competes with histone-DNA and interhistone interactions observed in the nucleosome, thereby regulating the availability of histones for chromatin assembly.
The systematic position of Cryptocentrum (orchidaceae)

Of the features reported to separate the subtribe Cryptoeentrinae from the Maxillariinae, only the presence of a spur is found to be consistent. The spur is believed to be homologous with the mentum ofMaxillaria, and this single difference is not considered an adequate basis for a subtribal distinction.Anthosiphon andSepalosaccus have been suggested as close relatives of Cryptocentrum, but neither is adequately known. It is suggested thatCryptocentrum is closely allied toTrigonidium and should be maintained as a member of the Maxillariinae.
Neonatal Candida parapsilosis meningitis and empyema related to epidural migration of a central venous catheter.

Candida parapsilosis is an extremely rare cause of meningitis. We report the case of a neonate born at 26 + 4 weeks of gestation who was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at our institution due to respiratory immaturity. During the course of a 3-month hospitalization, the neonate developed fever and lethargy. A lumbar puncture revealed milky-white, turbid cerebrospinal fluid which contained many nucleated cells, mostly neutrophils. Microscopic examination of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed marked acute inflammation and fungal yeast forms, and cultures of the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood yielded C. parapsilosis. Imaging studies subsequently revealed a subdural empyema related to epidural migration of a central venous catheter (CVL). The neonate received extended therapy with amphotericin B and fluconazole. He responded favorably to therapy and was discharged 3 months after birth. This case underscores the clinical importance of the recognition and treatment of a potentially lethal fungal pathogen of the central nervous system and the need for awareness of complications resulting from CVL malposition.
Recursive digital filter implementation with a single multiplier-accumulator†

High speed second-order digital filters with maximum input-Sampling frequencies of 2·86 MHz can be realized with a single multiplier-accumulator IC using the filter architecture presented. Extensions to N'th order digital filters are also presented
Congenital esophageal stenosis

TO THE EDITOR: Four of the five patients with congenital esophageal stenosis described in the Journal by Katzka et al. had multiple ringlike strictures superimposed on their longer, smooth strictures (1). Both "rings" and "webs" have been used to name this disorder, which is distinct from "feline esophagus," a normal radiological variant (2). The authors cited only a few reported cases of a similar disorder and did not cite the 10 patients I have described or most of the 23 other case descriptions of multiple esophageal webs (3, 4). An expanded awareness of what has already been published about this unusual disorder provides a more comprehensive understanding, and the authors could also promote this with some additional patient information.
K + Channel Subunit Isoforms with Divergent Carboxy-Terminal Sequences Carry Distinct Membrane Targeting Signals

Kv3 K+ channel genes encode multiple products by alternative splicing of 3′ ends resulting in the expression of K+ channel proteins that differ only in their C-termini. This divergence does not affect the electrophysiological properties of the channels expressed by these proteins. A similar alternative splicing with unknown function is seen in K+ channel genes of other families. We have investigated the possibility that the alternative splicing serves to generate channel subunits with different membrane targeting signals by examining the sorting behavior of three alternatively-spliced Kv3.2 isoforms when expressed in polarized MDCK cells. Two Kv3.2 proteins, Kv3.2b and Kv3.2c were expressed predominantly in the apical membrane, while Kv3.2a was localized mainly to the basolateral side (thought to be equivalent to the axonal and somatodendritic compartments in neurons, respectively). The Kv3.2 mRNA transcripts used in these studies are identical except for their 3′ sequence, encoding the extreme C-terminal domain of the protein and the 3′UTR of the mRNA. However, the proteins achieve the same localizations in MDCK cells when expressed from constructs containing or lacking the 3′UTR, indicating that the differential localization is due to targeting signals present in the C′ terminal domain of the protein. These results suggest that the alternative splicing of Kv3 genes is involved in channel localization. Since the precise localization of any given ion channel on the neuronal surface has significant functional implications, the results shown here suggest an important function for the alternative splicing of 3′ ends seen in many K+ channel genes.
Rent Destruction and the Political Viability of Free Trade Agreements

This paper studies the political viability of free trade agreements (FTAs). The key element of the analysis is the "rent destruction" that these arrangements induce: by eliminating intrabloc trade barriers, an FTA lowers the incentives of import-competing industries to lobby for higher external tariffs, thereby inducing a reduction of the rents created in the lobbying process. Using a conventional competitive model, I show that the prospect of rent destruction can critically undermine (and in some cases rule out entirely) the political viability of welfarereducing FTAs. This result contrasts sharply with findings from the earlier regionalism literature.
The relationship of interpregnancy interval to infant birthweight and length of gestation among low-risk women, Georgia.

To examine the association between interpregnancy interval and low birthweight (< 2500 g), preterm delivery (< 37 weeks’ gestation), and inadequate fetal growth, we studied a population-based sample of 23 388 white and 4885 black women at low risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes who delivered their first and second infants in Georgia from 1980 to 1992. We used fetal death and livebirth certificates. The interpregnancy interval was the time from delivery to the woman’s next conception. For each pregnancy outcome, we stratified by race and used logistic regression to assess the association between interpregnancy interval and outcome, while controlling for confounders. Intervals <6 months were observed for 3.7% of white women and 7.0% of black women and intervals 48 months were seen for 16.8% of white women and 24.8% of black women. Results from logistic regression showed that, for both races, interpregnancy interval was associated with low birth-weight and preterm delivery. Nearly all of the increased risk occurred in intervals < 6 months or 48 months. The magnitude of the increase in risk associated with these intervals ranged from modest to moderate and was similar for black and white women. Because short interpregnancy intervals are rare and are weak risk factors among low-risk women, efforts to lengthen interpregnancy intervals are unlikely to reduce substantially their rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Isomeric (17α,20E)-11β-Methoxy-21-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17β-diols as ERα-Hormone Binding Domain Ligands: Effect of the Methoxy Group on Receptor Binding and Uterotrophic Growth

In this study we have introduced the 11beta-methoxy group, a substituent known to increase in vivo potency in other steroidal estrogens, into the (17alpha,20E)-21-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17beta-diols: (trifluoromethylphenyl)vinyl estradiols. Receptor binding, using the ERalpha-HBD, indicated that the 11beta-methoxy group had little effect on the relative binding affinity of the target compounds compared to the corresponding 11beta-unsubstituted analogs, however, the 11beta-methoxy derivatives were significantly more potent in stimulating uterotrophic growth in immature female rats. Molecular modeling studies suggest that while the 11beta-methoxy group does not contribute significantly to the overall binding energy of the ligand-ERalpha-HBD complex, it stabilizes residues associated with the coregulator protein binding site. Such effects would influence the dynamics of subsequent events, such as transcription and biological responses.
Multiagent systems engineering of organization-based multiagent systems

In this paper, we examine the Multiagent Systems Engineering (MaSE) methodology and its applicability to developing organization-based multiagent systems, which are especially relevant to context aware systems. We discuss the inherent shortcomings of MaSE and then present our approach to modeling the concepts required for organizations including goals, roles, agents, capabilities, and the assignment of agents to roles. Finally, we extend MaSE to allow it to overcome its inherent shortcomings and capture the organizational concepts defined in our organizational model.
Noise-induced chaos and phase space flux

Abstract We study the effect of additive noise on near-integrable second-order dynamical systems whose unperturbed flows have homoclinic or heteroclinic orbits. The noise is represented by a type of Shinozuka stochastic process capable of arbitrarily closely approximating Gaussian noise with any specified spectrum. We derive a formula for the flux factor applicable for any asymptotic mean stationary excitation. This derivation shows that, to first order, the effect of the external excitation on the system is mediated by a linear filter associated with the system homoclinic or heteroclinic orbit. It also shows that the stationary mean distribution of the filtered excitation determines the average phase space flux. This is true for both random and nonrandom excitations and indicates that, for the dynamical systems considered here, these two classes of excitation play substantially equivalent roles in the promotion of chaos.
Yield behavior and energy absorbing characteristics of rubber-modified epoxies subjected to biaxial stress states

Hollow cylinders of aromatic-amine cured epoxies, modified with 0%, 10%, and 20% CTBN rubber by weight were tested in stress states ranging from uniaxial compression to biaxial tension. Our results showed that rubber particles decrease the yield strength uniformly over all stress states and suppress brittle fracture in the more demanding stress states. Particle size has no effect on yield strength. Samples were also biaxially loaded and unloaded to varying stress levels to monitor and study their dissipative characteristics. From these tests, a threshold stress was observed where the stiffness of the rubber-modified resin decreases and the deformation becomes increasingly irreversible. By comparing the changes in damage morphology with the change in loading path, we determined that a significant amount of energy is absorbed in the rubber-modified samples prior to macroscopic yield. Additionally, this irreversibility does not appear to be associated with rubber particle cavitation or inelastic void growth.
Acoustic emissions from reinforced concrete

Acoustic emissions from reinforced-con- crete beams, reinforcing bars and plain concrete cylin- ders were monitored. Acoustic-emission events were used in a study of source locations, frequency characteristics, and other analytical methods that have found use in the past for evaluating acoustic-emission data in other fields of engineering.-Tests were done on reinforced-concrete beams under flexural loading, individual reinforcing bars under pure tension, concrete cylinders under compres- sion, and reinforcing bars subject to pullout tests. The experimental data were first analyzed with con- ventional acoustic-emission methodology. A critical look at many acoustic-emission techniques currently used in other materials (metals, composites, etc.) demonstrated some of the difficulties of applying the same techniques to reinforced concrete. More importantly, it illustrated the limitations of signal processing and parameter estimation of acoustic-emission events as viable nondestructive- evaluation (NDE) techniques for reinforced-concrete structures. Subsequently, on the basis of the experi- mental results, some of the more promising aspects of developing acoustic emission into a structural monitoring tool are discussed.
Sorting it out: Elementary students' responses to fact and fiction in informational storybooks as read‐alouds for science and social studies

Abstract This paper describes a descriptive, developmental study of elementary students’ acquisition of vocabulary, comprehension of content area concepts in science and social studies, and ability to distinguish between fact and fiction in informational books read aloud by pre‐service teachers in the classroom. Multiple analyses of variance indicate significant differences across grade levels for comprehension and ability to distinguish between fact and fiction but not for vocabulary acquisition, which shows significant increases that are stable across grade levels. The findings suggest appropriate uses and cautions that should be considered when informational storybooks are used as read‐alouds to facilitate elementary student learning across the curriculum.
Credit Risk Determinants of Bank Failure: Evidence from US Bank Failure

This paper empirically determines the significant determinants, among credit risk variables, of US bank failure. Applying the Probit Model the paper finds that among the five credit risk variables, the credit loss provision to net charge off, loan loss allowance to non-current loans, and non-current loans to loans are significant for predicting bank failures. These factors predict 76.8 percent to 77.25 of total observation correctly. The model predicts 97 out of 121 failures i.e. 80.17 percent correctly. Net charge off to loans and loan loss to non-current loans, though most reliable measures, are not significant predictors for the US bank failures during 2009.
New species of Compositae from Ecuador, collected by W. H. Camp

Gynoxys azuayensis Cuatr., sp. nov. Arbuscula ad 8 met. alta ramulis terminalibus plus minusve flexuosis angulosostriatis ferrugineo-tomentulosis. Folia opposita petiolata coriacea. Petiolus 2-3 cm. longus stria,us ferrugineotomentosus supra sulcatus. Lamina elliptico-oblonga vel lanceolato-oblonga, basi cordata vel subcordata apicem versus angustata apice obtusa vel acutiuscula, margine integra, 7-17 cm. longa, 3.5-6.5 cm. lata; supra juvenilis stellatopilosa denique nervo medio conspicuo pilosiusculo excepto glabra, nervis secundariis pallidis visibilibus reticulo nervulorum paulo conspicuo; sub,us ferrugineo-tomentulosa costa crassa prominenti striata nervis secundariis 9-10 utroque latere paulo ascendentibus prominentibus nervulis laxe reticulatis plus minusve conspicuis. InfIorescentiae terminales cymoso-paniculatae basl follosae folia non vel parum excedentes, axi ramulisque striolatis rufo=tomentosls plus minusve flex.uosis bracteolis linearibus brevibus munitis. Pedicelli teneres 4-20 mm. longi tomentelli sparsls bracteolis linearibus minutis ad apicem vix calyculum formantibus. Capitula radiata. Involucrum subconicum 8 bracteis submembranaceis oblongis subacutis 4.5 mm. longis, exterioribus 1 mm. la t i s extus tomentellis, interioribus 2-2.2 ram. latis margine late scariosis dorso ,omen,ellis. Flores marginales feminei ligulati circa 5, corolla 10.5=11 mm. longa glabra tuhulo 3.5 mm. longo lamina tridentata 2 mm. lata. Flores disci hermaphroditi tubulnsi 1011, corolla 7 mm. loaga glabra tubulo 3 ram. 1ongo dentibus oblongis 2 mm. longis. Antherae 2 mm. longae basi apiculatae. Stigmata conica. Ovarium glabrum. Pappus 6.5 mm. longus pills apice incrassatis. Azuay: The eastern Cordillera 4-6 km. north of the village of Sevilla de Oro, 9000-10000 ft. elev. Trees to 6 m. Lvs. coriaceous deep green above, the pubescence markedly reddish, especially so in the young growth. Bracts deep green tipped with reddish brown. Ray and disc fls. iyellow. W. H. Camp E.4724-B (F, holotype). G. azuayensis is closely related to G. cbagalensis Hieron., from which it differs by its long pedicels, much smaller heads, the somewhat lanceolate leaves, and by its shorter, less hirsute, tomentum.
Contact Creep of Biphasic Cartilage Layers

Integral transform methods are used to solve the contact creep problem between two identical cylindrical biphasic cartilage layers bonded to rigid impermeable subchondral bone substrates. The biphasic model employed for cartilage consists ofa binary mixture of an incompressible porous-permeable solid phase and an incompressible fluid phase. Solutions are obtained as a function of time, from the instantaneous to the equilibrium responses of the tissue. A significant result of this analysis is that under application of a step load, fluid pressurization may support upward of 96 percent of the total applied load for more congruent joints, shielding the solid collagen-proteoglycan matrix of the tissue from excessive stresses during physiological loading durations. The protection imparted by interstitial fluid pressurization to the solid collagen-proteoglycan matrix of cartilage is investigated, and the influence of material properties and osteoarthritic changes on the potential loss of this protective effect is discussed.
Rodent and primate adrenal medullary cells in vitro: phenotypic plasticity in response to coculture with C6 glioma cells or NGF

In order to maintain a chronic supply of growth factor for medulla cells in vitro, chromaffin cells from rat, African green monkeys and man were co-cultured with C6 glioma cells, which secrete growth factors that sustain sympathetic neurons in vitro. The response of chromaffin cells to coculture was compared to treatment of medullary cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) alone. Dispersed chromaffin cell preparations were obtained by a trypsin-collagenase procedure, and subjected to differential plating on collagen-coated surfaces. With both human and monkey tissue, non-chromaffin cells did attach to the culture plates and an enriched chromaffin cell population could be replated. Rat adrenal medulla cells survived very poorly in vitro and were not enriched in this procedure. Cultured human and monkey chromaffin cells survived as epithelial cells (50%) and showed neuritic outgrowth on 55 to 66% of the cells after eight days when treated with nerve growth factor (NGF). These cells showed strong catecholamine histofluorescence, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) immunoreactivity. In contrast, only ten percent of adult rat chromaffin cells survived in culture, although NGF treatment rescued an additional 20% of the cells and induced neuritic outgrowth after one week in vitro. C6 glioma cells were treated with mitomycin C bromodeoxyuridine to inhibit mitosis and were plated with the various medulla cells in a one to one ratio. Both human and monkey chromaffin cells expressed extensive and enhanced neuritic arborization within eight days of co-culture, (64-82% respectively) and exhibited intimate contact with the glioma cells as seen at the ultrastructural level. Importantly, survival of adult rat adrenal medulla cells was enhanced to 50% or more with 40% of the cells extending neurites when co-cultured with glioma cells for seven days. Chromaffin cells from all three species reacted for TH, DBH and PNMT in co-culture and were histo-fluorescent. The majority of these cells were also immunoreactive for serotonin and enkephalin, while only 37% of chromaffin cells indicated the presence of NPY. These data indicate that adrenal medulla can be maintained in vitro as the neuronal phenotype when co-cultured with growth factor producing cells and that this strategy may be useful for in vivo transplantation studies.
Web-based collaboration, live musical performance and open-form scores

ABSTRACTAs Internet-based social listening, composition and improvisation applications become increasingly important cultural mechanisms through which to experience, create and share digital music, the author seeks to create comparable systems to engage audiences within the context of live musical performances. Real-time collaboration with audiences during performance can lead to exciting and rewarding musical experiences. But the technical, logistical and design constraints at live venues, including simultaneous participation and single-stream output, make such live participation systems challenging to create and deploy effectively.This article instead focuses on linking web-based collaborative experiences with more traditional live musical performances. The article explores the motivations behind such hybrid performance works and the history of them, and it then discusses and evaluates two recent works by the author, Graph Theory (2006) and Piano Etudes (2009), both of which use open-form musical scores...
Anisotropic behavior of energetic materials at elevated pressure and temperature

Abstract First principles and molecular dynamics methods where used to study energetic materials (EM) of varying sensitivity, particularly nitromethane (NM) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Molecular and electronic structure, as well as anisotropic elastic properties, variation of charge distributions, and stress-strain behavior of these three materials were investigated. Information obtained from different levels of theory is useful to reveal and assess the anisotropic sensitivity of the studied systems. For NM, we observe a crystallographic phase transformation and a drastic change in its mechanical behavior. PETN is observed to be mechanically stable within the studied pressure range, with a marked anisotropic behavior when compressed at elevated temperatures.
Hemostatic alterations associated with supraceliac aortic cross-clamping * ** *

Abstract Purpose: The causative role of consumptive coagulopathy in the development of bleeding complications after supraceliac (SC) aortic cross-clamping (AXC) has been challenged by recent reports that ascribe this coagulopathy to primary fibrinolysis. This theory is made on the basis of evidence that tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen (Ag) levels increase after SC AXC. However, t-PA Ag levels reflect both active and inactive (bound to serum t-PA inhibitors) forms of serum t-PA, and elevations confirm the presence of fibrinolysis only in conjunction with an increase in t-PA activity. Methods: To investigate the etiology of this coagulopathy, we submitted eight pigs to SC AXC and six pigs to infrarenal (IR) AXC for 30 minutes. Blood was drawn from the portal vein, the hepatic vein, and the carotid artery before AXC, just before unclamping, and 5, 30, and 60 minutes after unclamping. Prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen (FBG), platelets (PLT), thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT), t-PA Ag, t-PA activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and α2-antiplasmin (AP) activities were measured. Statistical analysis was performed by using repeated measures analysis of variance and t tests Results: The PT did not differ between the two groups at any point. After unclamping, in the SC group there was a drop in PLT levels ( P =.005), a decrease in FBG levels ( P P =.06) compared with baseline. In contrast, there were no changes in PTT, PLT levels, or FBG levels in the IR group. TAT, a serum marker of thrombin generation, increased with SC AXC ( P =.04), remained elevated 5 minutes after unclamping ( P =.08), and returned to normal 30 minutes after unclamping. In contrast, TAT levels did not change in the IR control group. In the SC AXC group, the TAT levels did not differ between the three test sites at any time. SC AXC was associated with an increase in t-PA Ag just before unclamping ( P P =.002), but IR AXC was not. t-PA activity levels decreased in both experimental groups 30 and 60 minutes after unclamping. Levels of α2-AP activity decreased to a similar degree in both groups after unclamping when compared with baseline Conclusion: Thirty minutes of SC AXC results in intravascular thrombosis that cannot be localized to the ischemic visceral circulation. This intravascular thrombosis is associated with consumption of clotting factors. Thirty minutes of SC AXC causes an activation of fibrinolytic pathways that does not result in a hyperfibrinolytic state. An increase in t-PA Ag without a rise in t-PA activity does not represent true fibrinolysis, but rather an increase in the bound, inactive forms of serum t-PA. Both IR and SC AXC result in decreased fibrinolytic activity ("fibrinolytic shutdown") after release of the aortic clamp. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:100-8.)
Histochemical patterns in the proventriculus of the developing chick.

The proventriculus of White Leghorn chick embryos (stages 29–45) newly-hatched chicks, and adult chickens were frozen, sectioned in a cryostat and treated histochemically to identify localizations of alkaline and acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, nucleotide-diphosphatase, non-specific glycerophosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, non-specific esterase and succinic dehydrogenase. Ribonucleic acid, proteins and acid mucopolysaccharides were identified in tissues fixed in FAA. Acid phosphatase, nucleotide-diphosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, ribonucleic acid and proteins were present in the cells of the deep glands at all stages of development. Alkaline phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase were found only in mesenchymal derivatives of the proventriculus. After the chick begins swallowing and digesting albumen, enzymatic activity increased and non-specific esterase became very reactive. The surface epithelium is covered with a mucous coat. Ribonucleic acid, non-specific esterase, acid phosphatase and nucleotide-diphosphatase were localized in the basal portions of the epithelial cells. The functional significance of these different patterns is discussed.
Reliability of the timeline follow-back sexual behavior interview.

The reliability of self-reported sexual behavior is a question of utmost importance to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention research. The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) interview, which was developed to assess alcohol consumption on the event level, incorporates recall-enhancing techniques that result in reliable information. In this study, the TLFB interview was adapted to assess HIV-related sexual behaviors and their antecedents, and its reliability was assessed. The interview was administered to 110 participants (46% women, M age = 19.7; range = 18-41), and 58 participants who reported sexual behavior during the previous three months returned one week later for a second interview. Test-retest intraclass correlations (rho) from the TLFB protocol showed that all sexual behaviors were reported reliably (rho range = .86 to .97, median = .96). Bootstrapping, a nonparametric statistical technique, was used for significance testing in the reliability analyses. Reliability was equivalent across each of the three months assessed with the TLFB and was equivalent to conventional assessment methods (i.e. single-item questions). These findings show that the TLFB sexual behavior interview provides reliable reports of sexual behavior over three months and yields event-level data that are extremely valuable for sexual behavior and HIV-prevention research.
Metabolism of an isolated brain perfused with perfluoro blood substitute

An unanesthetized, isolated, perfused rat brain, consisting of the skull and its contents with nearly all other tissues removed, has metabolic and electrical activity similar to that of the brain of the intact rat with its blood-brain barrier intact. Its use yielded results that are difficult or impossible to obtain fromin vitro preparations orin vivo. With the perfused brain it was shown that, mannose can completely replace glucose as metabolic substrate, that insulin has no direct effect on the brain, in the absence of added substrate glutamate is metabolized to aspartate, the brain does not metabolize ethanol, and morphine probably inhibits mitochondrial oxidative activity. Since the use of a perfluoro blood substitute to perfuse the brain avoids the optical interference caused by haemoglobin, it was possible to measure changes in the oxidation-reduction state of NADH by surface fluorometry of the cerebral cortex.
Condensation on a spray of water drops : a cell model study-II. Transport quantities

The formulation for a unit cylinder cell model that was used to analyze the hydrodynamics and heat transfer associated with steam condensation on a spray of equal sized water droplets was presented in part I of this study. In this part II, we report the results and discussions for the condensation induced interfacial velocities, surface shear stress, Nusselt number and the Sherwood number. The heat transport in both phases and the species transport in the continuous phase have been treated as transient processes. The interactions between neighboring drops have been examined. Numerically obtained transport results have been compared with an experimental study. Results for a representative spray show that the use of correlations developed for an isolated drop to predict condensation spray behavior may be inaccurate, although isolated drop studies continue to merit investigations.
Enforcing silencing: dynamic HP1 complexes in Neurospora

Analysis of the Neurospora crassa chromodomain protein CDP-2, a component of a newly characterized HP1-containing complex, reveals a second gene-silencing mechanism and provides insights into the dynamic nature of chromatin domains that possess shared components.
Depression and self-enhancement among Japanese and American students.

This study examined the cultural generalizibility of the negative relationship between depression and self-enhancement. Japanese (n = 116) and American (n = 125) students completed the Zung (1965) Self-Rating Depression Scale and three measures of self-enhancement (i.e., the tendency to see oneself in a positive light). As expected, Japanese subjects were found to be more depressed and less self-serving than Americans. Negative correlations between depression and self-enhancement measures were obtained for both samples. Regression analyses of the relationships between measures indicated that sample differences in self-enhancement were explained largely by sample differences in depression. It is proposed that, relative to the Americans, Japanese students had a negative self-schema that led to higher depression and lower self-enhancement.
An improved synthesis of [amino-15N]adenine; useful in the large scale synthesis of 2′-deoxy[amino-15N]adenosine

2'-Deoxy[Amino- 15 N]Adenosine has been constructed in two steps from commercially available starting materials. These reactions have been scaled up to give 5 gram lots of labeled material.
Core Test Wrapper Design to Reduce Test Application Time for Modular SoC Testing

Conventional test access mechanism (TAM) and test wrappers of complex system-on-chip (SoC) designs do not adequately utilize the system resources available in the functional mode of operation. With the advent of network-on-chip (NoC), the internal data transaction bandwidth has risen dramatically. This increase does not automatically translate to benefits during test. In this paper, we present a core test wrapper which takes advantages of the functional interconnect bandwidth to improve test application efficiency. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the benefit of the proposed approach in improving test application time.
A partial repetition effect in choice reaction time for multidimensional stimuli

Bertelson (1963), and others more recently, have observed that when the same stimulus is presented consecutively the reaction time (RT) to the second presentation is faster than the RT to the first presentation. In Experiments 1 and 2, two-dimensional stimuli are used in a discrete four-choice RT task where the stimuli can either be completely repeated, partially repeated, or completely different. In Experiment 3, three-dimensional stimuli were used in a discrete eight-choice RT task where the stimuli can either be completely repeated, partially respeated with respect to two dimensions, partially repeated with respect to one dimension, or completely different. The partial repetition of multidimensional stimuli showed a significant facilitation effect on RT with all sets of stimuli used in the present experiments. This result is discussed in respect to the various possible loci of the repetition effect.
Micromethod for determination of meperidine in plasma

A GLC method utilizing a flame-ionization detector is described for the analysis of meperidine in blood plasma. Meperidine is extracted with ether from plasma that has been made basic with sodium hydroxide. The ether extract is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in carbon disulfide for GLC analysis. An internal standard, N′, N′-diethylaminoacetyl-2,6-xylidine, is used to quantitate meperidine. The extraction efficiency from plasma is 85%, and as little as 0.05 μg of meperidine can be quantitatively determined in 1 ml of plasma.
Effect of MTAD on Enterococcus faecalis–Contaminated Root Canals of Extracted Human Teeth

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the antimicrobial effect of MTAD (a mixture of a tetracycline isomer, an acid, and a detergent) with that of NaOCl with and without EDTA. Eighty-five extracted human teeth were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks. After biomechanical instrumentation using 1.3% or 5.25% NaOCl as root canal irrigant, the root canal and the external surface of each tooth were exposed to a 5-min application of MTAD, 1.3% NaOCl, 5.25% NaOCl or a 1-min application of EDTA followed by irrigation with 5 ml of 1.3% NaOCl or 5.25% NaOCl. Teeth or dentin shavings were cultured to determine presence or absence of the test bacteria. Fisher's exact test showed that the combination of 1.3% NaOCl as a root canal irrigant and MTAD as a final rinse was significantly more effective against E. faecalis than the other regimens. The chi2 test showed no difference between the other regimens.
Determination of total particulate sulfur at Whiteface mountain, New York, by pyrolysis microcoulometry

Abstract Total paniculate sulfur (TPS) in air samples can be determined by a technique based on thermal volatilization at 1000°C, followed by controlled oxidation of sulfur compounds to SO 2 and coulometric titration of SO 2 with iodine. Calibration curves are linear within 5% from 0.1 to 10 μgS, the detection limit is 0.10μg S (equivalent to 20ng Sm −3 when ~ 1800m 3 of air are filtered), and the relative standard deviations ( n = 10) are 48 and 5.1% at the 0.10 and 4.0 μgS levels. Recoveries for 20 organic and inorganic compounds, including refractory sulfates, elemental sulfur, sulfides, sulfites, sulfonates and sulfones, vary from 79 to 88%. No interferences are observed for a number of non-sulfur-containing compounds, including nitrates, benzene, acetone, glucose, cellulose, silicates and carbonates. The technique was also used to determine the presence of non-sulfates and of non-water-soluble sulfates. Both TPS, using this technique, and water-soluble sulfate (WSS), using the methyl thymol blue method, were determined in daily air particulate samples collected at Whiteface Mountain, NY during both winter and summer. Comparision of TPS and WSS values showed that WSS could usually account for all of the sulfur present in the samples. The TPS concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 9.7μg Sm −3 and the contribution from acid-soluble sulfites and sulfides, elemental sulfur and volatile, S-containing organic compounds was negligible ( −3 ).
PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS OF DIVALENT LEAD IONS IN UV-IRRADIATED TITANIA SUSPENSIONS

The photocatalytic reaction pathways undergone by Pb(II) ions in UV-irradiated TiO 2 suspensions are described. It is shown that these species can participate in both electron-mediated (reductive) as well as hole-mediated (oxidative) photoreaction pathways depending on platinization of the TiO 2 surface, the ambient atmosphere (whether O 2 or N 2 ), and the presence of co-added organic substrates such as aliphatic alcohols. Even the counterions for Pb(II), namely nitrate, can play an important role in the reductive reaction pathway.
Non-self-similar crack growth in elastic-plastic finite thickness plate

Abstract This work is concerned with non-self-similar crack growth in medium strength metal plates while the loading step, plate thickness and material properties are altered. The three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element stress analysis is combined with the strain energy density criterion for modeling the material damage process from crack initiation to final global instability including the intervening stage of slow crack growth. Both inelastic deformation and crack growth are accounted for each increment of loading such that the redistribution of stresses and strains are made for each new crack profile. Numerical results are obtained for the center cracked plate configuration under uniform extension with twenty-seven (27) different combinations of specimen thickness, loading step and material type. The fracture toughness S c being related to K 1c for three different materials are predicted analytically from the corresponding uniaxial tensile test data. Effective strain energy density factor S and half crack length a are defined so that the results can be compared with their two-dimensional counterparts. Crack growth resistance curves ( R- curves ) are constructed by plotting S as a function of a . The condition d S / d a = const. is found to prevail during slow crack growth. Translation and/or rotation of the S − a lines can yield results other than those calculated and serve a useful purpose for scaling component size and test time. The minimum thickness requirement for the ASTM valid K 1c test is also discussed in connection with predictions based on the strain energy density criterion. The corresponding K 1c for smaller specimens that exhibit moderate ductility and nonlinearity can also be obtained analytically. In such cases, the influence of loading step can be significant and should not be neglected. Notwithstanding the shortcomings of the theory of plasticity, the qualitative features of non-self-similar crack growth are predicted by the strain energy density criterion. Any refinements on the analytical modeling of the material damage process would only affect the results qualitatively, a subject that is left for future investigation.
Physiological relevance of cell-specific distribution patterns of CFTR, NKCC1, NBCe1, and NHE3 along the crypt-villus axis in the intestine

We examined the cell-specific subcellular expression patterns for sodium- and potassium-coupled chloride (NaK2Cl) cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), Na+ bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe1), cystic fibrosis tra...
Sn-substituted LaNi5 alloys for metal hydride electrodes

This research examines the efficacy of tin additions to LaNi{sub 5} in improving the hydrogen storage capacity of the material during charging/discharging. Alloys were prepared using high energy ball milling (mechanical alloying), a technique superior to arc casting for alloying elements with a wide disparity in melting points. Characterization by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis shows that tin preferentially occupies the Ni(3g) sites in the LaNi{sub 5} structure, and the unit cell volume increases linearly with tin content to the maximum tin solubility of 7.33 atomic percent (LaNi{sub 4.56}Sn{sub 0.44}). The authors found that powders prepared by mechanical alloying and not exposed to air require no activation to induce hydrogen absorption. The hydrogen storage capacity in the gas and electrochemical phase was measured as a function of tin content. They found that with increasing tin, the plateau pressure decreases logarithmically, whereas the hydrogen storage capacity decreases linearly.
Antibodies to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan are ubiquitous in serum from HIV+ and HIV− individuals

Murine MoAbs to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) polysaccharide are protective in mice in vivo and in vitro. The prevalence of protective anti-GXM antibodies in human serum is unknown. To provide further insight into the human antibody response to C. neoformans we determined the prevalence, isotype, and IgG subclass utilization of human anti-GXM antibodies in HIV+ and HIV- sera by a sensitive antigen capture FLISA assay. One hundred and twenty-three sera from the Bronx Municipal Hospital Centre serum bank were studied retrospectively. Seventy were from HIV+ individuals, 10 with a history of cryptococcal meningitis (CM), and 53 were from HIV- individuals. Serum GXM determinations were also performed on 61 HIV+ sera. Our results demonstrated that anti-GXM IgG, IgA, and IgM are ubiquitous in both HIV+ (including those with CM), and HIV- sera. Anti-GXM IgA titres and total serum IgA concentration were elevated in HIV+ sera. Anti-GXM IgG antibodies were almost exclusively isotype-restricted to the IgG2 subclass. Our data also demonstrated elevations of anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) titres in HIV+ sera. Taken together, our findings confirm hypergammaglobulinaemia and expansion of anti-protein (BSA) antibodies in HIV+ individuals and isotype restriction of human anti-carbohydrate (GXM) antibodies to the IgG2 subclass. Our report of ubiquitous anti-GXM antibodies of the IgG and IgA isotypes suggests that anti-GXM antibodies exist before HIV infection.
Teratogenic evaluation of ethylene chlorhydrin (ECh, 2-chlorethanol) in mice.

Abstract ECh administered intragastrically to pregnant CD‐1 mice from the 6th to the 16th day of gestation at a dose of 100 mg/kg produced a significant reduction in maternal weight gain and a decrease in fetal body weight and liver weight. A lower dose of 50 mg/kg had no consistent effect and a higher dose of 150 mg/kg was maternally lethal. Administration of ECh in the drinking water at doses of 16, 43, 77, or 227 mg/kg did not produce any adverse effects on maternal or fetal body weight, viability, or fetal anatomical development.
CCSEM investigation of respirable quartz in air samples collected during power plant maintenance activities

Abstract In an earlier investigation, computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate respirable quartz in several bulk coal fly-ash samples. It was shown that the XRD result for quartz in bulk fly-ash was much larger than the amount of respirable quartz determined by CCSEM because the XRD signal was derived primarily from quartz particles too large to be classified as respirable. In the current paper, CCSEM and XRD were used to investigate coal fly-ash collected using cyclone-filtered personal and area samplers at two different power plants during maintenance activities. The amounts of respirable quartz determined by the two methods were found to be in good agreement, confirming the need for cyclone-filtered samples. The amounts of respirable quartz determined by CCSEM ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 vol.% for the plant burning a Southwest sub-bituminous coal and from 0.6 to 1.9 vol.% for the plant burning a Mid-West bituminous coal. Very small amounts (average ∼ 0.2 vol.% for both plants) of Si-rich glass or amorphous silica were also detected by CCSEM. This paper is important because of the health implications associated with inhaling quartz particles. It demonstrates that the amounts of respirable quartz to which power plant workers are exposed can be accurately measured by two very different measurements on samples collected in cyclone-filtered samplers designed to emulate the inhalation process of human airways.
Popular culture and social change in Africa: the case of the Nigerian video industry:

The emerging video-film pop culture in Nigeria is examined for its potential to stimulate social change in the society. Three video-films from the industry were analyzed for social commentary and options for change in the society. The study concludes that the industry has a potential to stimulate social change in the society, but its commercial nature and its melodramatic content may create impediments.