cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of enucleation on high-affinity binding sites in chick optic tecta.

: The effect of unilateral eye extirpation on the development of the chick optic tectum has been studied in both the embryo and the newly hatched chick. Although the prevention of normal afferentation of the embryonic tectum retarded its growth, there appeared to be a significant increase of muscarinic acetylcholine binding site in the noninnervated tectum. This phenomenon was repeated also in the posthatch denervated system wherein the functioning optic nerve is severed. A significant increase in the number of binding sites as well as reduced dissociation constant of the interactions of this receptor with [3H]quinuclindinyl benzilate was found in the deafferented optic tectum. This may suggest the presence of a denervation-supersensitivity-like modulation. Similar increases were not detected with other binding sites studied in either the noninnervated embryonic or deafferented posthatch optic lobes. The possibility that acetylcholine is a primary neurotransmitter of the optic system is discussed.
A structured approach to teaching recursion using cargo-bot

Recursion is a notoriously difficult concept to learn. This paper presents a structured approach to teaching recursion that combines classroom lectures and self-paced interaction with Cargo-Bot, a video game in which users solve puzzles using a simple visual programming language. After mapping Cargo-Bot games to a set of learning goals, we devise a lesson plan that uses Cargo-Bot game playing to scaffold key concepts used in writing recursive Java programs. We empirically evaluate our approach using 204 undergraduates enrolled in a CS2 course, and we show strong statistical evidence that our approach improves student learning of recursion over traditional lecture-based instruction alone.
Applications of activatable probes in molecular imaging

Most new drug candidates generated during in vitro screenings turn out to be invalid after time-consuming and costly testing in animal models. Therefore, development of noninvasive, real-time, sensitive, and cost-effective tools with higher throughput for monitoring and early detection of drug efficacy in vivo is urgently needed. Of such techniques, optical molecular imaging provides many advantages over other imaging modalities, including the use of non-radioactive materials, high sensitivity, and safe detection using readily available instruments at moderate cost. Performance of in vivo optical imaging is solely dependent on the development of sophisticated imaging probes that exhibit high sensitivity and low background noise. Among diverse applications, peptide-based molecular beacons, so called protease activatable optical probes, have enabled in vivo imaging of proteases activity and demonstrated promising results in the field of protease research and protease-targeted drug development. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of Zn2+ dependent endopeptidase. It is highly expressed in most cancers, cardiovascular diseases and other diseases. Herein, we are using MMPs as targets to develop an ultra-sensitive activatable probe for throughput drug discovery application.
Ultrastructural and histological study of degenerative changes in the antennal glands, hepatopancreas, and midgut of grass shrimp exposed to two dithiocarbamate biocides

Abstract The histological and ultrastructural alterations observed in the antennal glands, hepatopancreas, and midgut of grass shrimp exposed to either a 50% potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate biocide (Busan-85; 5–60 ppb) for 14 days, or to a different biocide, composed of 15% sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate and 15% disodium ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (Aquatreat DNM-30), for 3–4 days (60–140 ppb) and 28–35 days (40–120 ppb), were compared and contrasted with the normal morphological features in control shrimp. Only those experimental shrimp that exhibited various degrees of branchial abnormality were examined. Although the alterations in Busan-exposed shrimp were generally more pronounced, the antennal glands of 32 out of 36 experimental shrimp exhibited abnormalities that were manifested primarily as increased secretory activity by the labyrinth cells. In dithiocarbamate-exposed shrimp with “black gills”, the labyrinth epithelium exhibited moderate nuclear hypertrophy, apparent cell sloughing, intense secretory activity, and occasional melanized lesions; alterations in the antennal gland coelomosac included nuclear pyknosis, a general deterioration of podocyte organization, and an unusual increase in hemolymph density adjacent to affected tissues. Although there was an apparent increase in mitotic activity in the hepatopancreatic tubules of shrimp exposed to Aquatreat for 28–35 days, degenerative changes were most frequent and extensive in the hepatopancreas and midgut of dithiocarbamate-exposed shrimp with “black gills”. These observed changes included the diminution of the basal midgut and hepatopancreatic tubular system, moderate midgut hypertrophy, pronounced activity by the hepatopancreatic fixed phagocytes, development of mitochondrial inclusions and megamitochondria, loss of cytoplasmic density, hepatopancreatic nuclear pyknosis, and irreversible degeneration of hepatopancreatic tubule apices. This study suggests that some of the observed abnormal/pathological changes are the indirect consequence of branchial degeneration. A number of possible defensive reactions to dithiocarbamate poisoning, including heterostasis, phagocytosis, encapsulation, and the possible participation of reserve inclusion cells are proposed.
Manipulation of Electric Charge on Vesicles by Means of Ionic Surfactants: Effects of Charge on Vesicle Mobility, Integrity, and Lipid Dynamics

A combination of electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, conductometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to investigate vesicles (both in the “solid” and “liquid” states) that had been imparted with electric charge through the incorporation of ionic amphiphiles. These amphiphilic compounds comprised cardiolipin (with two negative charges), sodium dodecyl sulfate (with one negative charge), and cetylpyridinium bromide (with one positive charge). By this means it was discovered that negative vesicles could be converted into neutral vesicles, and then into positive vesicles, by the addition of a cationic surfactant. The amount of cationic surfactant required for the conversion depended upon the mobility of the surfactant within the bilayer. Vesicles were found to be capable of absorbing large amounts of surfactant, both cationic and anionic, before ultimately disintegrating and releasing their contents. Mixtures of cationic and anionic vesicles were able to exchange surfactant, and thereby neutralize each other's charges, without any concurrent vesicle fusion. This phenomenon is reliable only if the vesicles are in the liquid state. Finally, a biphasic exchange process was observed in which a surfactant rapidly departs from one bilayer and then enters another, while a fluorescently labeled lipid travels the reverse path only slowly.
A FAMILIAL GLANZMAN'S-LIKE PLATELET DYSFUNCTION WITH NORMAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Several recent reports have shown some patients with Glanzman's thrombasthenia (GT) to have a defect in platelet membrane glycoproteins. We have followed three siblings in a Guamanian family with severe qualitative platelet disorder clinically diagnosed as GT. All three have manifested spontaneous bruising and mucous membrane bleeding since birth. Major bleeding associated with minimal trauma has required repeated platelet and blood transfusions. The lab data have been identical in these three patients on repeated testing in two separate laboratories. All three have shown prolonged bleeding times, normal platelet counts and platelet morphology, no clot retraction, no aggregation to epinephrine, ADP, or thrombin and normal aggregation to ristocetin. Slight aggregation was seen with full strength collagen. Platelet membrane proteins from our patients were labeled with125 I using the lactoperoxidase technique. Solubilized labeled and unlabeled membrane proteins were subjected to polyacrylamlde gel electrophoresis and evaluated by protein and glycoprotein staining as well as determining the sequential radioactivity of 1 mm gel slices. Normal staining and radioactive patterns were noted in every instance. We conclude that patients with the clinical and laboratory profile of GT reflects a full spectrum of variable molecular abnormalities, since we could not demonstrate abnormal membrane proteins.
Thermal and Impact Reaction Initiation in Ni/Al Heterogeneous Reactive Systems

Reaction initiation in the Ni−Al heterogeneous gasless system due to thermal and mechanical stimuli was investigated. Reactive systems with different microstructures, including micro- and nanoscaled powder mixtures, as well as composite particles formed during short-term (15 min) high-energy ball milling (HEBM) of Al/Ni clad particles were examined. Thermal and mechanical responses were tested by differential thermal analysis and shear impact testing, respectively. It was shown that nanomixtures and HEBM samples thermally self-ignited at temperatures (Tig) well below eutectics for Ni−Al (Teut = 913 K), while the ignition temperature for conventional microscale mixtures is at least Teut. Moreover, Tig for HEBM samples is typically lower than that for nanomixtures. For the HEBM system, the apparent activation energy (EHEBM = 28 ± 2 kcal/mol) appeared to be half of the nanosystem’s measured value (Enano = 55 ± 5 kcal/mol). Oppositely, it was shown that nanomixtures were mechanically ignitable through shear i...
DEVELOPING AND MEASURING SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

To investigate the construct of Supply Chain Management and its antecedent construct of a Supply Chain Orientation, reliable, valid scales of each are needed. In this study, we developed measurement scales for a supply chain orientation (SCO) and supply chain management (SCM). Validity and reliability of the developed scales were established and the relationship between a SCO, SCM, and business performance was also established, providing evidence of nomological validity. The implications of these findings for managers and researchers are discussed.
Npas4 Regulates Excitatory-Inhibitory Balance within Neural Circuits through Cell-Type-Specific Gene Programs

The nervous system adapts to experience by inducing a transcriptional program that controls important aspects of synaptic plasticity. Although the molecular mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity are well characterized in excitatory neurons, the mechanisms that regulate this process in inhibitory neurons are only poorly understood. Here, we describe a transcriptional program that is induced by neuronal activity in inhibitory neurons. We find that, while neuronal activity induces expression of early-response transcription factors such as Npas4 in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, Npas4 activates distinct programs of late-response genes in inhibitory and excitatory neurons. These late-response genes differentially regulate synaptic input to these two types of neurons, promoting inhibition onto excitatory neurons while inducing excitation onto inhibitory neurons. These findings suggest that the functional outcomes of activity-induced transcriptional responses are adapted in a cell-type-specific manner to achieve a circuit-wide homeostatic response.
ALGEBRAIC TABLE OF VECTOR-ADDITION COEFFICIENTS FOR j$sub 2$=5/2

Vector-addition coefficients are given by a terminating hypergeometric sum of the $_{3}F_{2}$ type, which is easily converted to a simplified form. This form is equivalent to those found independently by Gaunt, van der Waerden, and Racah. It is used to fill the gap for ${j}_{2}=\frac{5}{2}$ in the literature of published algebraic tables.
The electrochemistry of thiocarbonyl and selenocarbonyl iron octaethylporphyrins

Abstract The redox reactivity of thiocarbonyl(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphinato) iron(II) and selenocarbonyl(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphinato)iron(II) was investigated in both non-coordinating and coordinating media at a Pt electrode. Electro-oxidation of both complexes occurred in three discrete, single electron transfer steps with complete retention of the diatomic ligands. Reaction of each porphyrin with a series of nitrogenous bases produced exceptionally stable six-coordinate complexes which could also be oxidized or reduced without loss of the diatomic ligand. Based on the results of detailed spectral (both infrared and electronic), voltammetric and spectroelectrochemical experiments, an electron transfer pathway is proposed.
On the non-uniform distribution of guanine in introns of human genes: Possible protection of exons against oxidation by proximal intron poly-G sequences

Earlier studies of oligonucleotides have shown that the rate of oxidation of the 5‘-G in GGG sequences is faster than that of other nucleotides in other sequences. Recent studies have shown that nondissolved, double-stranded DNA is a one-dimensional conductor of holes or electrons. GGG and longer poly-G sequences could, therefore, act as sacrificially oxidizable sinks for holes injected remotely into the DNA strand by oxidizing agents. This could cathodically protect the most essential parts of genes: their protein-coding exons. The protection of exons would be optimal if GGG sequences were concentrated near the termini of introns, flanking exons. We find, indeed, that GGG sequences are nonuniformly distributed in introns, and that they are much more frequent near 5‘ intron termini, which flank the 3‘ ends of exons. We conclude that introns contain sacrificially oxidizable GGG sequences that are optimally positioned both to absorb holes injected directly into exons, and to intercept holes that could diffu...
137: Pre-transplant MICA, HLA class I or II antibodies are associated with earlier onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipient

treated according to this new protocol (p 0.0003 versus the occurrence of BOS during the previous protocol). Survival, from four months after transplantation, also significantly improved (p 0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that EBV-DNA guided pre-emptive reduction of immunosuppression is a safe procedure after lung transplantation and may not only reduce the incidence of PTLD but also improve the BOS free survival.
Sensitization to food and inhalant allergens in relation to age and wheeze among children with atopic dermatitis.

SummaryBackground Atopic dermatitis (AD) is common in children; however, persistence of AD with or without asthma is less common. Longitudinal studies remain limited in their ability to characterize how IgE antibody responses evolve in AD, and their relationship with asthma. Objective To use a cross-sectional study design of children with active AD to analyse age-related differences in IgE antibodies and relation to wheeze. Methods IgE antibodies to food and inhalant allergens were measured in children with active AD (5 months to 15 years of age, n = 66), with and without history of wheeze. Results Whereas IgE antibodies to foods persisted at a similar prevalence and titre throughout childhood, IgE antibodies to all aeroallergens rose sharply into adolescence. From birth, the chance of sensitization for any aeroallergen increased for each 12-month increment in age (OR ≥ 1.21, P < 0.01), with the largest effect observed for dust mite (OR = 1.56, P < 0.001). A steeper age-related rise in IgE antibody titre to dust mite, but no other allergen was associated with more severe disease. Despite this, sensitization to cat was more strongly associated with wheeze (OR = 4.5, P < 0.01), and linked to Fel d 1 and Fel d 4, but not Fel d 2. Comparison of cat allergic children with AD to those without, revealed higher IgE levels to Fel d 2 and Fel d 4 (P < 0.05), but not Fel d 1. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Differences in sensitization to cat and dust mite among young children with AD may aid in identifying those at increased risk for disease progression and development of asthma. Early sensitization to cat and risk for wheeze among children with AD may be linked to an increased risk for sensitization to a broader spectrum of allergen components from early life. Collectively, our findings argue for early intervention strategies designed to mitigate skin inflammation in children with AD.
Postponed bifurcations of a quadratic map with a swept parameter

We have constructed an electronic circuit model of the map Xt+1 = 1 − λtX2t, where λt is swept linearly in time. The observed bifurcation points are postponed by amounts which depend on both the sweep velocity and the order of the bifurcation n. Our measured results obey (to within experimental error) two scaling laws predicted by Kaprall and Mandel for a different quadratic map, and therefore provide evidence for the universality of these scaling laws.
Investigating brain metabolism at high fields using localized 13C NMR spectroscopy without 1H decoupling

Most in vivo 13C NMR spectroscopy studies in the brain have been performed using 1H decoupling during acquisition. Decoupling imposes significant constraints on the experimental setup (particularly for human studies at high magnetic field) in order to stay within safety limits for power deposition. We show here that incorporation of the 13C label from 13C-labeled glucose into brain amino acids can be monitored accurately using localized 13C NMR spectroscopy without the application of 1H decoupling. Using LCModel quantification with prior knowledge of one-bond and multiple-bond JCH coupling constants, the uncertainty on metabolites concentrations was only 35% to 91% higher (depending on the carbon resonance of interest) in undecoupled spectra compared to decoupled spectra in the rat brain at 9.4 Tesla. Although less sensitive, 13C NMR without decoupling dramatically reduces experimental constraints on coil setup and pulse sequence design required to keep power deposition within safety guidelines. This opens the prospect of safely measuring 13C NMR spectra in humans at varied brain locations (not only the occipital lobe) and at very high magnetic fields above 4 Tesla. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Religious Exemptions, Formal Neutrality, and Laïcité

Rights to free exercise in the United States are governed by a doctrine of formal neutrality, which seems to resemble the French doctrine of laicite. This resemblance tempts one to conclude that the doctrinal regimes of religious liberty in the United States and France are also essentially the same. Despite their superficial resemblance, however, formal neutrality and laicite generate regimes of religious liberty that are substantially, even radically, different. Notwithstanding conceptually similar organizing principles, there is a significant difference in the substance of religious liberty in the United States and France owing to very different conceptions of the proper role of the state in securing religious freedom and other human rights. This difference is evident in the grammar that each country uses to describe free exercise rights, in their respective responses to the problem of religious and moral difference, and in their differing conceptions of equality adopted.
Finding the Needle in a Haystack: Educing Native Folds from Ambiguous Ab Initio Protein Structure Predictions

Current ab initio structure-prediction methods are sometimes able to generate families of folds, one of which is native, but are unable to single out the native one due to imperfections in the folding potentials and an inability to conduct thorough explorations of the conformational space. To address this issue, here we describe a method for the detection of statistically significant folds from a pool of predicted structures. Our approach consists of clustering and averaging the structures into representative fold families. Using a metric derived from the root-mean-square distance (RMSD) that is less sensitive to protein size, we determine whether the simulated structures are clustered in relation to a group of random structures. The clustering method searches for cluster centers and iteratively calculates the clusters and their respective centroids. The centroid interresidue distances are adjusted by minimizing a potential constructed from the corresponding average distances of the cluster structures. Application of this method to selected proteins shows that it can detect the best fold family that is closest to native, along with several other misfolded families. We also describe a method to obtain substructures. This is useful when the folding simulation fails to give a total topology prediction but produces common subelements among the structures. We have created a web server that clusters user submitted structures, which can be found at http://bioinformatics.danforthcenter.org/services/scar. c 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 339-353, 2001
(1R,2S,4R,5S)‐2,5‐Dimethyl‐7‐phenyl‐7‐phosphabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

[189210-88-6] C14H19P (MW 217.97) InChI = 1S/C14H19P/c1-10-8-14-11(2)9-13(10)15(14)12-6-4-3-5-7-12/h3-7,10-11,13-14H,8-9H2,1-2H3/t10-,11-,13+,14+/m0/s1 InChIKey = LUEHQOLJQPSOSN-CDGCEXEKSA-N (chiral, nonracemic phosphine ligand for asymmetric transition metal-catalyzed reactions) Solubility: soluble in common organic solvents (i.e., benzene, toluene, CH2Cl2). Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H-NMR. Preparative Methods prepared in four steps starting from p-xylene.1 Birch reduction of p-xylene followed by asymmetic hydroboration-oxidation provides an optically pure diol. The diol is subsequently converted to the chiral phosphine by formation of the corresponding dimesylate and nucleophilic addition of Li2PPh. Purification: purification was accomplished by chromatography of the corresponding borane complex. Decomplexation using HBF4·O(C2H5)2 afforded the pure phosphine. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: sensitive to atmospheric oxidation. Should be stored and handled under an inert atmosphere.
Diving Related Changes in the Blood Oxygen Stores of Rehabilitating Harbor Seal Pups ( Phoca vitulina )

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups begin diving within hours of birth, stimulating the development of the blood oxygen (O2) stores necessary to sustain underwater aerobic metabolism. Since harbor seals experience a brief nursing period, the early-life development of these blood O2 stores is necessary for successful post-weaning foraging. If mothers and pups become prematurely separated, the pup may be transported to a wildlife rehabilitation center for care. Previous studies suggest that the shallow pools and lack of diving in rehabilitation facilities may lead to under-developed blood O2 stores, but diving behavior during rehabilitation has not been investigated. This study aimed to simultaneously study the diving behaviors and blood O2 store development of rehabilitating harbor seal pups. Standard hematology measurements (Hct, Hb, RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC) were taken to investigate O2 storage capacity and pups were equipped with time-depth recorders to investigate natural diving behavior while in rehabilitation. Linear mixed models of the data indicate that all measured blood parameters changed with age; however, when compared to literature values for wild harbor seal pups, rehabilitating pups have smaller red blood cells (RBCs) that can store less hemoglobin (Hb) and subsequently, less O2, potentially limiting their diving capabilities. Wild pups completed longer dives at younger ages (maximum reported <25 days of age: 9 min) in previous studies than the captive pups in this study (maximum <25 days of age: 2.86 min). However, captivity may only affect the rate of development, as long duration dives were observed (maximum during rehabilitation: 13.6 min at 89 days of age). Further, this study suggests that there may be a positive relationship between RBC size and the frequency of long duration dives. Thus, rehabilitating harbor seal pups should be encouraged to make frequent, long duration dives to prepare themselves for post-release foraging.
Nosocomial Pneumonia Risk and Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis: A Comparison of Pantoprazole vs Ranitidine in Cardiothoracic Surgery Patients

Background: Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) using ranitidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, has been associated with an increased risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The proton pump inhibitor (PPI) pantoprazole is also commonly used for SUP. PPI use has been linked to an increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia. The objective of this study was to determine whether SUP with pantoprazole increases pneumonia risk compared with ranitidine in critically ill patients. Methods: The cardiothoracic surgery database at our institution was used to identify retrospectively all patients who had received SUP with pantoprazole or ranitidine, without crossover between agents. From January 1, 2004, to March 31, 2007, 887 patients were identified, with 53 patients excluded (pantoprazole, 30 patients; ranitidine, 23 patients). Our analysis compared the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in 377 patients who received pantoprazole with 457 patients who received ranitidine. Results: Nosocomial pneumonia developed in 35 of the 377 patients (9.3%) who received pantoprazole, compared with 7 of the 457 patients (1.5%) who received ranitidine (odds ratio [OR], 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9 to 14.9). Twenty-three covariates were used to estimate the probability of receiving pantoprazole as measured by propensity score (C-index, 0.77). Using this score, pantoprazole and ranitidine patients were stratified according to their probability of receiving pantoprazole. After propensity adjusted, multivariable logistic regression, pantoprazole treatment was found to be an independent risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.7; p 0.034). Conclusion: The use of pantoprazole for SUP was associated with a higher risk of nosocomial pneumonia compared with ranitidine. This relationship warrants further study in a randomized controlled trial. (CHEST 2009; 136:440–447) Abbreviations: CI confidence interval; HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia; H2RA histamine-2 receptor antagonist; IQR interquartile range; OR odds ratio; PPI proton pump inhibitor; STS Society of Thoracic Surgeons; SUP stress ulcer prophylaxis; UGB upper GI bleeding; VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia; WFUBMC Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center
Tibiofemoral joint contact area and pressure after single- and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the tibiofemoral contact area and pressure after single-bundle (SB) and double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction by use of 2 femoral and 2 tibial tunnels in intact cadaveric knees. Methods Tibiofemoral contact area and mean and maximum pressures were measured by pressure-sensitive film (Fujifilm, Valhalla, NY) inserted between the tibia and femur. The knee was subjected to a 1,000-N axial load by use of a uniaxial testing machine at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° of flexion. Three conditions were evaluated: (1) intact ACL, (2) SB ACL reconstruction (n = 10 knees), and (3) DB ACL reconstruction (n = 9 knees). Results When compared with the intact knee, DB ACL reconstruction showed no significant difference in tibiofemoral contact area and mean and maximum pressures. SB ACL reconstruction had a significantly smaller contact area on the lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints at 30° and 15° of flexion. SB ACL reconstruction also had significantly higher mean pressures at 15° of flexion on the medial tibiofemoral joint and at 0° and 15° of flexion on the lateral tibiofemoral joint, as well as significantly higher maximum pressures at 15° of flexion on the lateral tibiofemoral joint. Conclusions SB ACL reconstruction resulted in a significantly smaller tibiofemoral contact area and higher pressures. DB ACL more closely restores the normal contact area and pressure mainly at low flexion angles. Clinical Relevance Our findings suggest that the changes in the contact area and pressures after SB ACL reconstruction may be one of the causes of osteoarthritis on long-term follow-up. DB ACL reconstruction may reduce the incidence of osteoarthritis by closely restoring contact area and pressure.
Beating a Dead Horse: Reply to Levy's Comments

Levy's comments (AA 86:985-991) concerning my paper "Ecological Aspects of Equestrian Adaptations in Aboriginal North America" (AA 85:562-591, 1983) are disillusioning. Levy (1961) has previously discussed the general determinant relationships between winter weather, aridity, and forage conditions and human and horse populations in the 1800s throughout the plains. It is disappointing, therefore, to find that Levy has become so disgruntled with the ecological approach in anthropology in general and with my efforts in particular.
After 65 Years, Research Is Still Fun

In 1946, at the end of World War II, I entered graduate school at Cornell University, where I remained for 44 years. During that time, my laboratory produced more than 300 publications in the field of reproductive biology, including studies on nutrition and reproduction, the role of the hypothalamus in pituitary gonadotropin release, corpus luteum formation and function, hormone assays, and estrous cycle synchronization. At age seventy, I retired from Cornell and accepted the Gordon Cain Endowed Professorship at Louisiana State University, where I continued my work on the bovine corpus luteum and added research on the collection, maturation, in vitro fertilization, and culture of bovine oocytes. In 1994, I moved to the Pennington Biomedical Research Center and soon thereafter started the research that led to development of the lytic peptide–gonadotropin conjugates, which target and destroy cancer cell membranes. I am continuing my work on the development of targeted cancer cell drugs and, yes, research is...
Heavy Quark Production in Large Rapidity in d+Au Collisions at RHIC

Abstract At RHIC energy, heavy flavor production in hadronic collisions is dominated by gluonic processes and so is a sensitive probe of the gluon structure function in the nucleon and its modification in nuclei. A study of heavy flavor production in p+p and d+Au collisions in various kinematic regions presents an opportunity to probe various cold nuclear medium effects: parton shadowing, color glass condensate, initial state energy loss, and coherent multiple scattering in final state interactions. We study cold nuclear medium effects on open charm and J / ψ production in d+Au collisions with the PHENIX muon spectrometers at forward and backward rapidity 1.2 | η | 2.4 . The latest results are presented.
Mutation of the BRCA1 SQ-cluster results in aberrant mitosis, reduced homologous recombination, and a compensatory increase in non-homologous end joining

// Jason M. Beckta 1, 2, * , Seth M. Dever 1, 2, * , Nisha Gnawali 1 , Ashraf Khalil 1 , Amrita Sule 1, 2 , Sarah E. Golding 1 , Elizabeth Rosenberg 1 , Aarthi Narayanan 3 , Kylene Kehn-Hall 3 , Bo Xu 4 , Lawrence F. Povirk 5 , Kristoffer Valerie 1, 2, 6 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA 3 National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA 4 Cancer Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA 5 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA 6 Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Kristoffer Valerie, e-mail: kvalerie@vcu.edu Keywords: radiation, DNA damage, DNA repair, phosphorylation, cell cycle Received: June 30, 2015 Accepted: July 31, 2015 Published: August 12, 2015 ABSTRACT Mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility 1 ( BRCA1 ) gene are catalysts for breast and ovarian cancers. Most mutations are associated with the BRCA1 N- and C-terminal domains linked to DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. However, little is known about the role of the intervening serine-glutamine (SQ) - cluster in the DNA damage response beyond its importance in regulating cell cycle checkpoints. We show that serine-to-alanine alterations at critical residues within the SQ-cluster known to be phosphorylated by ATM and ATR result in reduced homologous recombination repair (HRR) and aberrant mitosis. While a S1387A BRCA1 mutant - previously shown to abrogate S-phase arrest in response to radiation - resulted in only a modest decrease in HRR, S1387A together with an additional alteration, S1423A (BRCA1 2P ), reduced HRR to vector control levels and similar to a quadruple mutant also including S1457A and S1524A (BRCA1 4P ). These effects appeared to be independent of PALB2. Furthermore, we found that BRCA1 4P promoted a prolonged and struggling HRR late in the cell cycle and shifted DSB repair from HRR to non-homologous end joining which, in the face of irreparable chromosomal damage, resulted in mitotic catastrophe. Altogether, SQ-cluster phosphorylation is critical for allowing adequate time for completing normal HRR prior to mitosis and preventing cells from entering G1 prematurely resulting in gross chromosomal aberrations.
Untangling the chemical evolution of Titan's atmosphere and surface–from homogeneous to heterogeneous chemistry

In this article, we first explored the chemical dynamics of simple diatomic radicals (dicarbon, methylidyne) utilizing the crossed molecular beams method. This versatile experimental technique can be applied to study reactions relevant to the atmospheres of planets and their moons as long as intense and stable supersonic beam sources of the reactant species exist. By focusing on reactions of dicarbon with hydrogen cyanide, we untangled the contribution of dicarbon in its singlet ground and first excited triplet states. These results were applied to understand and re-analyze the data of crossed beam reactions of the isoelectronic dicarbon plus acetylene reaction. Further, we investigated the interaction of ionizing radiation in form of energetic electrons with organic molecules ethane and propane sequestered on Titan’s surface. These experiments presented compelling evidence that even at irradiation exposures equivalent to about 44 years on Titan’s surface, aliphatic like organic residues can be produced on Titan’s surface with thicknesses up to 1.5 m. Finally, we investigated how Titan’s nascent chemical inventory can be altered by an external influx of matter as supplied by (micro)meteorites and possibly comets. For this, we simulated the ablation process in Titan’s atmosphere, which can lead to ground and electronically excited atoms of, for instance, the principal constituents of silicates like iron, silicon, and magnesium, in laboratory experiments. By ablating silicon species and seeding the ablated species in acetylene carrier gas, which also acts as a reactant, we produced organo silicon species, which were then photoionized utilizing tunable VUV radiation from the Advanced Light Source. In combination with electronic structure calculations, the structures and ionization energies of distinct organo-silicon species were elucidated.
Accounting Integration and Comparability: Evidence from Relative Performance Evaluation Around IFRS Adoption

We study a sample of Continental European firms for changes in the sensitivity of their CEO turnover to their foreign peers’ accounting performance around the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). We find a post-adoption increase in the use of Relative Performance Evaluation (RPE) based on foreign peers’ accounting information, consistent with greater financial reporting comparability associated with mandatory IFRS adoption. These findings cannot be explained by changes in foreign ownership or changes in foreign operations around mandatory IFRS adoption. Furthermore, we find stronger results for firms in more competitive industries and when peers are from highly correlated economies, consistent with the economic theory of RPE.
Thermally stable Pt/mesoporous silica core–shell nanocatalysts for high-temperature reactions

Recent advances in colloidal synthesis enabled the precise control of the size, shape and composition of catalytic metal nanoparticles, enabling their use as model catalysts for systematic investigations of the atomic-scale properties affecting catalytic activity and selectivity. The organic capping agents stabilizing colloidal nanoparticles, however, often limit their application in high-temperature catalytic reactions. Here, we report the design of a high-temperature-stable model catalytic system that consists of a Pt metal core coated with a mesoporous silica shell (Pt@mSiO2). Inorganic silica shells encaged the Pt cores up to 750 ∘C in air and the mesopores providing direct access to the Pt core made the Pt@mSiO2 nanoparticles as catalytically active as bare Pt metal for ethylene hydrogenation and CO oxidation. The high thermal stability of Pt@mSiO2 nanoparticles enabled high-temperature CO oxidation studies, including ignition behaviour, which was not possible for bare Pt nanoparticles because of their deformation or aggregation. The results suggest that the Pt@mSiO2 nanoparticles are excellent nanocatalytic systems for high-temperature catalytic reactions or surface chemical processes, and the design concept used in the Pt@mSiO2 core–shell catalyst can be extended to other metal/metal oxide compositions. Colloidal synthesis can help to precisely control the shape and composition of catalytic metal nanoparticles, but it has so far proved difficult to use these particles in high-temperature reactions. Core–shell structures capable of isolating Pt-mesoporous silica nanoparticles have now been shown to be catalytically active for ethylene hydrogenation and CO oxidation at high temperature.
CRIME AND CUSTOM IN AN ORDERLY SOCIETY: THE SINGAPORE PROTOTYPE*

Based on five months of field work in Singapore, this study examines the style of law and order in a densely populated, island city-state. In addition to providing descriptive accounts of what some now regard as a highly regimented, if not repressive society, the relevance of Singapore to criminological theory is explored. How police-community relations have altered as a result of massive urban renewal programs is set forth. Further clarification is given several of Black's propositions regarding the behavior of law and to Adler's critique of low-crime nations. An interpretation of Singapore systems of social control from a conflict theory stance is discussed.
Maraviroc for Treatment-Naive Patients with HIV-1 Infection: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?

In 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved maraviroc for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, making it the first (and to date only) CCR5 antagonist available for clinical use. Approval stipulated that maraviroc be used only in treatment-experienced patients who have viremia with a virus using the CCR5 receptor (R5 virus)—the latter being a critical limitation because maraviroc has no antiviral activity against non– CCR5-using viruses. Because a substantial proportion of treatment-experienced patients harbor these strains—roughly 50% in surveys using the original tropism assay [1]—maraviroc use thus far has been necessarily limited. Unlike in treatment-experienced patients, R5 viruses are the dominant type in transmission and predominate early during HIV disease, with an estimated 80% of untreated patients having R5 strains [2]. It is therefore plausible that maraviroc would have its greatest role earlier during HIV disease, especially among
Ayapan Echoes: Linguistic Persistence and Loss in Tabasco, Mexico

ABSTRACT Ayapaneco is an indigenous Mexican language that—according to a widely circulating story—is dying because its last two fluent speakers refuse to speak to each other. In 2006–07, their case was publicized by Mexico's National Indigenous Language Institute (INALI), picked up by several international news agencies, broadcast on television, and repeated in various media. In this article, I examine the circulation of the Ayapaneco story and its unexpected consequences for the two speakers and the town of Ayapa as well as for other interested parties.
VAR2CSA Domains Expressed in Escherichia coli Induce Cross-Reactive Antibodies to Native Protein

The variant surface antigen VAR2CSA is a pregnancy malaria vaccine candidate, but its size and polymorphism are obstacles to development. We expressed 3D7-type VAR2CSA domains in Escherichia coli as insoluble His-tagged proteins (Duffy binding-like [DBL] domains DBL1, DBL3, DBL4, and DBL5) that were denatured and refolded or as soluble glutathione S-transferase-tagged protein (DBL6). Anti-DBL5 antiserum cross-reacted with surface proteins of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA)-binding laboratory strains (3D7-CSA and FCR3-CSA) and a clinical pregnancy malaria isolate, whereas anti-DBL6 antiserum reacted only to 3D7 surface protein. This is the first report that E. coli-expressed VAR2CSA domains induce antibody to native VAR2CSA.
Improved oxygenation with prostaglandin F2α with and without inhaled nitric oxide in dogs

Dogs of mixed breed (n = 7) were anesthetized, right lung atelectasis was established, and the cyclooxygenase pathway was blocked with ibuprofen. Measurements of pulmonary gas exchange were perform...
Fledgling Psychopathy in the Classroom: ADHD Subtypes Psychopathy, and Reading Comprehension in a Community Sample of Adolescents.

The current study explores characteristics that are associated with fledgling psychopathy and educational outcomes relating to reading comprehension performance in a community sample of 432 middle school students. Latent class analysis (LCA) produced a four-class solution. Class 1 was a large (71.5% of sample) ‘‘control’’ group of youths with no attention/hyperactivity deficits and the highest reading comprehension scores. Class 2 was 11.6% of the sample and was consistent with traits associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly inattentive type. Class 3 was 7.4% of the sample and was consistent with traits associated with ADHD predominantly hyperactive–impulsive type. Class 4 was 9.5% of the sample and was consistent with traits associated with ADHD combined type. Classes 2 and 4 were characterized by elevated levels of psychopathic and callous-unemotional (CU) traits and lower educational performance. This study extends the utility of fledgling psychopathy to educational outcomes, which has broad implications for adolescent development, delinquency, and youth violence.
Localization of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in human mononuclear phagocytes

The presence and physiological role of cGMP- dependent protein kinase (G-kinase) was investigated in human mononuclear phagocytes. Western blots of mono- cyte extracts revealed a single polypeptide band that comigrated with purified bovine lung G-kinase. G-kinase was localized by immunofluorescence microscopy in freshly isolated adherent human monocytes, monocyte- derived macrophages cultured from 4 to 14 days, and al- veolar macrophages. In monocytes, G-kinase was local- ized in granules or vesicles in the cytoplasm, at the microtubule organizing center, on filaments, and in the nucleus. In monocyte-derived macrophages, intense staining for G-kinase was found in the vicinity of the Golgi, in vesicles throughout the cytoplasm, and diffusely in the nucleus. Dual-label confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that G-kinase was colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum. For comparison, G- kinase was localized in alveolar macrophages that were adhered from 3 to 30 mm. In these cells, G-kinase was prominent within the organelle-rich area pericortical to the nucleus. However, a well-defined area of intense stain- ing was also observed at the cell periphery at early time points during adherence and spreading. R.hodamine- labeled phalloidin showed that this peripheral area was rich in F-actin. Cytochalasin D, but not nocodazole, in- hibited G-kinase targeting to the cell margin. Further- more, the guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY83583 inhibited alveolar macrophage spreading and staining for G-kinase at the cell periphery. These data suggest that G-kinase may play an important role in cGMP-mediated regula- tion involved in protein processing and cell motility. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 670-678; 1995.
A class of starter induced 1-factorizations

A technique of Mullin and Nemeth for constructing strong starters in certain Abelian groups of prime power order is considered. These strong starters induce 1-factorizations of complete graphs. It is easy to show that these 1-factorizations possess enough symmetry to insure that if {Fi, Fj} and {Fk, Fm} are pairs of distinct 1-factors from such a 1-factorization, then the cycle structures of Fi ∪ Fj and Fk ∪ Fm are identical. The method is applied to construct what is apparently the first example of a 1-factorization of the complete graph on 28 points, K28, such that the union of every two distinct 1-factors is a Hamiltonian circuit. This problem, generalized to K2n, has arisen in several contexts and the above result strengthens the conjecture of various authors that such 1-factorizations exist on all K2n. The first unsettled case is now K36.
Intimate partner violence: the lived experience of single women

Research in intimate partner violence has focused on married, cohabiting, adolescents, or college aged women. The experience of intimate partner violence by single women has not been studied separately from other groups of women. An interpretive phenomenological approach was used with feminist inquiry to gain insight into the experience of intimate partner violence by single women. The overarching theme was control and manipulation by the abuser. Subthemes included not feeling safe, poor communication skills, and caretaking. Nurses need to be aware of the occurrence of intimate partner violence in male and female partnered relationships to provide comprehensive and nonjudgmental care.
Dynamic Element Retrieval in the Wikipedia Collection

This paper describes the successful adaptation of our methodology for the dynamic retrieval of XML elements to a semi-structured environment. Working with text that contains both tagged and untagged elements presents particular challenges in this context. Our system is based on the Vector Space Model; basic functions are performed using the Smart experimental retrieval system. Dynamic element retrieval requires only a single indexing of the document collection at the level of the basic indexing node (i.e., the paragraph). It returns a rank-ordered list of elements identical to that produced by the same query against an all-element index of the collection. Experimental results are reported for both the 2006 and 2007 Ad-hoc tasks.
Design and evaluation of a trilateral shared-control architecture for teleoperated training robots

Multilateral teleoperated robots can be used to train humans to perform complex tasks that require collaborative interaction and expert supervision, such as laparoscopic surgical procedures. In this paper, we explain the design and performance evaluation of a shared-control architecture that can be used in trilateral teleoperated training robots. The architecture includes dominance and observation factors inspired by the determinants of motor learning in humans, including observational practice, focus of attention, feedback and augmented feedback, and self-controlled practice. Toward the validation of such an architecture, we (1) verify the stability of a trilateral system by applying Llewellyn's criterion on a two-port equivalent architecture, and (2) demonstrate that system transparency remains generally invariant across relevant observation factors and movement frequencies. In a preliminary experimental study, a dyad of two human users (one novice, one expert) collaborated on the control of a robot to follow a trajectory. The experiment showed that the framework can be used to modulate the efforts of the users and adjust the source and level of haptic feedback to the novice user.