cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating an associative browsing model for personal information

Recent studies suggest that associative browsing can be beneficial for personal information access. Associative browsing is intuitive for the user and complements other methods of accessing personal information, such as keyword search. In our previous work, we proposed an associative browsing model of personal information in which users can navigate through the space of documents and concepts (e.g., person names, events, etc.). Our approach differs from other systems in that it presented a ranked list of associations by combining multiple measures of similarity, whose weights are improved based on click feedback from the user.In this paper, we evaluate the associative browsing model we proposed in the context of known-item finding task. We performed game-based user studies as well as a small scale instrumentation study using a prototype system that helped us to collect a large amount of usage data from the participants. Our evaluation results show that the associative browsing model can play an important role in known-item finding. We also found that the system can learn to improve suggestions for browsing with a small amount of click data.
The tween-ether treated hemagglutinin of parainfluenza 2 virus.

Several properties of the Tween-ether treated hemagglutinin of parainfluenza 2 virus have been, studied and compared with those of the untreated virus. When the untreated preparation contains a large proportion of infective or “complete” particles, Tween-ether treatment results in a 64- to 128-fold enhancement of the hemagglutinin titer. With less “complete” particles, the enhancement is only 16- to 32-fold. By ultrafiltration it is shown that Tween-ether treated hemagglutinin consists of particles much smaller than untreated virus particles, including some which pass through 10 mμ pores. This hemagglutinin can be stored at 4°C for long periods without loss of titer. At 37°C, 41°C, 56°C and −70°C it is less stable than untreated virus. It was found to be efficient in eliciting antibodies in rabbits but more sensitive in detecting hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in human sera.
NIRS-Based Quantitative Measurement of Autoregulatory Effects on Microvascular Hemoglobin Oxygenation: Assesment of Differences between Non-Diabetic and Type II Diabetic Subjects

By examining oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin NIRS image time series, we have derived indices of the competency of autoregulation. Applying these to data from forearms of type II diabetics and normal subjects reveals statistically significant differences.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS III. IDENTIFICATION OF YOUNG PLAQUE-FORMING CELLS BY THYMIDINE-3H LABELING

Mice injected with sheep RBC and then, 4 days later with thymidine-3H, were sacrificed on the day of thymidine-3H injection or 1 or 2 days later. Hemolytic antibody plaque preparations were made of cells from the draining lymph nodes by a thin-plating procedure permitting collection of isolated PFC for electron microscopic examination and radioautography. Of cells obtained on the day of thymidine-3H injections, 65% of the labeled PFC were in the lymphocytic category, in comparison with 13% found previously in the entire population of such cells. The remaining 35% were plasmablasts in early stages of differentiation. Cells obtained 1 day after the thymidine-3H injections showed a shift to a majority of labeled cells in the plasmacytic category. Also, the plasmablasts were substantially more differentiated than those of the previous day, and some mature plasma cells were now seen. The labeled PFC obtained on day 2 gave no indication of further differentiation. Cells of rabbit lymph nodes labeled in vitro with thymidine-3H showed a range of labeled PFC. The majority were in the plasmacytic category, including some mature plasma cells. The data from the experiments with in vivo labeling suggest a direct differentiation from antibody-synthesizing lymphocytes to plasma cells. Further, the in vivo experiments indicated that differentiation from nascent lymphocyte to plasma cell could be essentially completed within 1 day.
A comparative study of ‘multi-product’ vs. ‘single-product’ household interactive variable input-output models

Abstract This paper introduces Multi-product, Household Interactive Variable Input-Output (MHIVIO) model which captures the optimizing behavior of industries and households. The MHIVIO model is then used to investigate whether the input-output model which assumes a single-output production technology can adequately describe the economy which has a joint production technology. The empirical findings tentatively support the view that the single-output model may correctly estimate multiplier effects, but may not accurately estimate the substitution behavior of firms.
Herpesvirus interactions with the host cytoskeleton

Cellular infrastructure is often compared to a highly organized city. Organelles act as molecular factories to produce proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and energy (ATP). The distribution of these products throughout the cell is critical to cell viability and function. Due to the density of the host
Clinical trial evidence for the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 fatty acids.

The notion that marine omega (ω)-3 fatty acids might have beneficial cardiovascular effects was first suggested by epidemiologic studies in Greenland Inuits published in the late 1970s. These simple observations spawned hundreds of other studies, the confluence of which strongly suggests a true cardioprotective effect of ω-3 fatty acids. The strongest confirmation has come from the publication of three randomized clinical trials, all of which reported benefits to patients with preexisting coronary artery disease. The most convincing of these was the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico (GISSI)-Prevezione study, in which 5654 patients with coronary artery disease were randomized to either ω-3 fatty acids (850 mg/d) or usual care. After 3.5 years, those taking the ω-3 fatty acids had experienced a 20% reduction in overall mortality and a 45% decrease in risk for sudden cardiac death. These findings support the view that relatively small intakes of ω-3 fatty acids are indeed cardioprotective, and suggest that they may operate by stabilizing the myocardium itself.
The feasibility of estimating large-scale surface wind fields for the summer MONEX using cloud motion and ship data

Cloud motion data were compared to ship observations over the Indian Ocean during the summer monsoon, 1 May to 31 July 1979, with the objective of using the cloud data for estimating surface wind and ultimately the wind stress on the ocean. The cloud-ship comparison indicated that the cloud motions could be used to estimate surface winds within reasonable accuracy bounds, 2.6 m s-1 r.m.s. speeds and 22° to 44° r.m.s. directions (22° r.m.s. for winds < 10 m s-1). A body of statistics is presented which can be used to construct an empirical boundary layer with the eventual goal of producing a stress analysis for the summer MONEX from cloud motion data.
The structures of the η-carbides Ni6Mo6C, Co6Mo6C, and Co6Mo6C2

The structures of the three η-carbides Ni6Mo6C, Co6Mo6C, and Co6Mo6C2, prepared by a new synthetic route, have been determined by Rietveld analyses of monochromatic neutron powder diffraction data. All three materials share the η-carbide structure-type with space group Fd3m (No. 227) and a = 10.8932(3) A, a = 10.8998(2) A, and a = 11.0709(3) A, respectively. In the η-12 carbides, Ni6Mo6C and Co6Mo6C, the carbon atoms are exclusively located on the 0 0 0 (8a) sites, the 18 18 18 (16c) sites being vacant. In the η-6 carbide, Co6Mo6C2, on the other hand the 16c sites are completely filled while the 8a sites are vacant. These studies both demonstrate that the compound precursor synthesis route used here yields high-quality, homogeneous materials and provide precise structural details for the η-12 and η-6 carbide phases. The differences between these two structures are discussed. The complete absence of solid solubility between the η-12 and η-6 phases is considered to reflect the limited separation of only 2.4 A between the 8a and 16c carbon atom sites. The Mo : Co ratio of the η-6 phase is observed to be slightly greater than 1.0, with a refined formula Co5.87(2)Mo6.13(2)C2, reflecting partial Mo occupancy of the Co2(16d) site. Overall sample stoichiometry (Mo : Co = 1.00) is maintained by the presence of Co3Mo.
A numerical solution for the turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluids in the entrance region of a heated circular tube

Abstract Numerical solutions of conservation equations are obtained for turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluids in a circular tube. The forward marching procedure of Patankar and Spalding 1 was implemented in order to obtain the simultaneous development of the velocity and temperature fields by using the apparent viscosity of fluids. Prandtl's mixing length concept is used to determine the apparent turbulent shearing stress. Furthermore, local and average Nusselt numbers are obtained in the entrance region, as well as in the fully developed region. For the case of the fully developed region, values of the Nusselt numbers are compared both with the experimental data and empirical correlations.
Stress Analysis of Layered Elastic Solids With Cracks Using the Fast Fourier Transform and Conjugate Gradient Techniques

The fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique has recently been applied to stress analyses of layered elastic solids, with a great deal of success. However, the existing FFT-based methods are limited to intact solids. This paper explores the possibility of using FFT for stress analyses of layered elastic solids containing cracks. A new numerical approach is developed by combining three-dimensional FFT with the theory of periodic eigenstrain and the conjugate gradient method. The new method is primarily designed for analyzing complex three-dimensional crack patterns in layered solids, such as those produced in thin protective coatings by roughness-induced contact stresses. The method should be particularly advantageous for studying crack propagation in coatings, as it does not require remeshing when the crack shape changes. Numerical examples illustrating advantages as well as limitations of the method are presented. Some unexpected results that were obtained for multiple cracks in a thin coating are discussed.
An evaluation of photovoltaic devices for future spacecraft power demands

Photovoltaic cells electrical characteristics, discussing Cd sulfide, single crystal Si and dendritic type Si cells for spacecraft power
Determination of Na submonolayer adsorption site on Cu(111) by low-energy ion blocking

The structure of a submonolayer coverage of sodium adsorbed on a Cu(111) surface at room temperature has been investigated using time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry. The effect of the adsorbed Na atoms on the angular distribution of scattered 2 keV H{sup +} ions is analyzed by molecular dynamics and scattering and recoiling imaging code simulations. It is shown that at a coverage {theta}=0.25 monolayer, Na atoms preferentially populate the fcc threefold surface sites with a height of 2.7{+-}0.1 A above the first-layer Cu atoms. At a lower coverage of {theta}=0.10 ML, there is no adsorption site preference for the Na atoms on the Cu(111) surface.
Not Just Your Average Beauty: Carl Seashore and the History of Communication Research in the United States

This article argues for the relevance of the work of Carl Seashore to the history of communication research in the United States. A psychologist at the University of Iowa in the early 20th century, Seashore's laboratory took up questions regarding the psychology of music and art with direct relevance to communication studies and influenced such important figures as Wilbur Schramm and Kurt Lewin. Exploring this history offers a more robust picture of the history of experimental communication research in the United States and provides an important corrective to contemporary histories of the field.
Line positions and strengths of CO 2 in the 1200–1430-cm −1 region

A study is reported in which the vibrational rotation spectrum of CO2 in the 1200-1430/cm region has been studied at a 0.005/cm resolution with a Fourier transform spectrometer. The positions and strengths of lines in the 10001-00001 bands of the species 628, 627, and 638 and the 11101-01101 and 11102-01101 bands of 628 have been measured and analyzed. Based on the results obtained, the band center frequencies, upper and lower state vibrational constants, band strengths, and coefficients in the F factor expression are determined.
The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis

A new method for analysing nonlinear and non-stationary data has been developed. The key part of the method is the empirical mode decomposition method with which any complicated data set can be dec...
C factor, a cell-surface-associated intercellular signaling protein, stimulates the cytoplasmic Frz signal transduction system in Myxococcus xanthus

Abstract C factor, an intercellular signaling protein, is required for aggregation and sporulation of the social bacterium, Myxococcus xanthus. We report that C factor, which normally is associated with the cell surface, provides input to the Frz signal transduction cascade. Elements of this cascade have sequence homology to bacterial chemotaxis systems and are known to control the frequency of gliding reversal. Exposure of developing cells of a C-factor-less mutant (csgA) to purified C factor increases the ratio of methylated to nonmethylated FrzCD protein, the Frz homolog of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Methylation depends on the cognate methyltransferase FrzF, and its extent increases with the concentration of C factor. C-factor-induced methylation also depends on the product of a gene, called class II, which is necessary in vivo for all known responses to C factor. A model for aggregation is proposed in which C factor stimulates the Frz cascade and thereby decreases cell reversals in a way that preferentially leads cells into an aggregate.
The reduction of iron oxides by volatiles in a rotary hearth furnace process: Part II. The reduction of iron oxide/carbon composites

The reduction of iron oxide/carbon composite pellets with hydrogen at 900 °C to 1000 °C was studied. Compared to hydrogen, the reduction by carbon was negligible at 900 °C and below. However, significant carbon oxidation of the iron oxide/graphite pellets by H2O generated from the reduction of Fe2O3 by H2 was observed. At higher temperatures, reduction by carbon complicates the overall reduction mechanism, with the iron oxide/graphite composite pellet found to be more reactive than the iron oxide/char composite pellet. From the scanning electron micrographs, partially reduced composite pellets showed a typical topochemical interface with an intermediate region between an oxygen-rich unreacted core and an iron-rich outer shell. To determine the possibility of reduction by volatiles, a layer of iron oxide powders was spread on top of a high volatile containing bituminous coal and heated inside a reactor using infra-red radiation. By separating the individual reactions involved for an iron oxide/coal mixture where a complex set of reactions occur simultaneously, it was possible to determine the sole effect of volatile reduction. It was found that the light reducing gases evolve initially and react with the iron oxide, with complex hydrocarbons evolving at the later stages. The volatiles caused about 20 to 50 pct reduction of the iron oxide.
The Idea of Sustainable Development in Public Administration

This article introduces the Focus Issue on Sustainable Development by first discussing the environmental problems caused by unsustainable development and then the shortcomings caused by a piecemeal approach to policy development and implementation. The idea of sustainability appears to fit well with other core values of public administration, which is a consistent theme throughout each of the articles in this issue. Definitions of sustainability are discussed, followed by two relevant models. Finally, each article in the focus issue is introduced.
Effects of gender on neuroendocrine and metabolic counterregulatory responses to exercise in normal man.

Significant, sexual dimorphisms exist in counterregulatory responses to commonly occurring stresses, such as hypoglycemia, fasting, and cognitive testing. The question of whether counterregulatory responses differ during exercise in healthy men and women remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether a sexual dimorphism exists in neuroendocrine, metabolic, or cardiovascular responses to prolonged moderate exercise. Sixteen healthy (eight men and eight women) subjects matched for age (28 ± 2 yr), body mass index (22 ± 1 kg/m2), nutrient intake, and spectrum of physical fitness were studied in a randomized fashion during 90 min of exercise on a cycle ergometer at 80% of their anaerobic threshold (≅50% VO2 max). Respiratory quotient and oxygen consumption relative to body weight were identical in men and women. Glycemia was equated (5.3 ± 0.2 mmol/L) during exercise via an exogenous glucose infusion. Gender had significant effects on counterregulatory responses during exercise. Arteria...
Adaptive ordered dither

Abstract Ordered dither (C. N. Judice, J. F. Jarvis, and W. H. Ninke, inProceedings of the S.I.D. 15, 4(Fourth Quarter),1974,pp. 161–169.) is an efficient and widely used halftoning technique. One disadvantage with this method is that it produces blurred images. Recently, a space-filling curve ordered dithering approach (Y. Zhang, submitted for publication.) has been proposed that improves the ordered dither in image quality by generating clustered dot patterns along a space-filling curve over the image. In this method the cluster size is fixed in the process of halftoning. This paper presents a new ordered dithering method, called adaptive ordered dither, that does halftoning by using a space-filling curve to perform an adaptive variation of the cluster size. Experimental results demonstrate that the new method can significantly improve the space-filling curve ordered dither in revealing image details.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF MACROPHAGE RNA-ANTIGEN COMPLEXES AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO IMMUNE INDUCTION

10 different compounds, including natural and synthetic polypeptides, proteins, polysaccharides, amino acids, and steroid hormones, were assayed for their capacity to form complexes with peritoneal exudate cell RNA. Only molecules carrying negatively charged groups were able to do so. The formation of RNA-antigen complexes was unrelated to the immuno-potency of the "antigen," was not an enzyme-dependent reaction, did not require the synthesis of RNA following introduction of the antigen, did not seem to involve antigen-specific RNAs, was not specific for macrophages, since HeLa cells could be used as effectively, and occurred when purified RNA was mixed with antigen only in the presence of divalent cations. The complexes were very stable, once formed, but could be dissociated by exhaustive dialysis against buffers containing a chelating agent. The macrophage RNA-antigen complex therefore appears to be a chelate between anionic groups on the two components. Based on the total absence of a relationship between immunogenicity and the capacity to form such complexes, as well as the nonspecific nature of complex formation at every level examined, it appears unlikely that RNA-antigen complexes play a physiologically significant role in immune induction.
The prevalence of dental fear and avoidance: expanded adult and recent adolescent surveys.

This study evaluates the current incidence of dental fear and avoidance in a general population of adults and adolescents. Two adult samples were collected. The first consisted of 1,882 individuals who were contacted randomly by telephone; the second sample consisted of 357 junior high and secondary school teachers who received a questionnaire. The adolescent sample, also surveyed by questionnaire, consisted of 641 junior high school students and 801 secondary school students. Results indicate that 11.2% to 12.3% of the adults reported high dental fear; 17.5% to 18.2% reported moderate dental fear. Similar rates were found among the adolescents. A major new finding was that more adolescents than adults had not seen a dentist in a year or more.
An electrogenic component of the potential difference in the rabbit lens

The normal resting potential of the rabbit lens, -70mV, is altered to -59mV by ouabain concentrations up to 5-1- minus 6M, and to -52mV at 4 degrees C. Ouabain acts only at the anterior lens surface. The temperature effect id completely reversible. The Hodgkin-Katz-Goldman equation can be used with the measured lens potentials and Na+ and K+ levels in the lens and bathing medium to obtain alpha, the ration of the membrane permeabilities to Na+ and K+. The alpha-values obtained were 0.052 at 4 degrees C and 0.053 in 5-10 minus 6M ouabain. These data suggest that the change in potential due to cold and ouabain is caused by an inhibition of an electrogenic Na+ ump in the anterior lens epithelium.
Study of CF4 plasma treatment in drift region optimization of high-voltage GaN MOSC-HEMTs

In this paper we report on our experimental optimization of the CF4 plasma treatment conditions to control the 2DEG density in the drift region of the GaN MOS Channel HEMTs (MOSC-HEMTs). The 2DEG density was measured using a simple MOS capacitor structure fabricated on the AlGaN/GaN epi treated by CF4 plasma under different conditions. The optimized CF4 plasma power was found to be 350 W for reducing 2DEG density from 1×1013cm-2 to 2.5×1012cm-2. Breakdown voltage was projected by numerical simulations to be higher than 800 V with the optimized 2DEG density of 2.5×1012cm-2. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tonic immobility and high-intensity calls in a precocial chick as a function of age, diet, and time of day.

Tonic immobility (TI) and high-intensity vocalizations are two antipredator behaviors employed by domestic chicks (Gallus gallus) which vary in their function and the proximate mechanisms that govern them. In the present study, we sought to determine the influence of age (3 or 10 days old), diet (control or tryptophan-free), and time of testing (A.M. or P.M.) on the duration of TI and the number of calls produced in domestic chicks. Older chicks remained immobile significantly longer than younger chicks as did subjects on the control diet or those tested at night. However, 3-day-old chicks had significantly shorter TI durations only when tested in the A.M.: TI did not differ between age groups when subjects were tested in the P.M. Three-day-olds called significantly more than 10-day-olds when given the control diet and when tested in the P.M. but vocalization frequencies did not differ between age groups during the A.M. testing or when given the tryptophan-free diet (T-). Vocalization rate (calls/TI duration), however, was significantly greater during the A.M. testing. These results emphasize the importance of considering circadian rhythms and behavioral development. Furthermore, an integrative view of the proximate mechanisms and adaptive functions of TI and high-intensity vocalizations is presented.©1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New results concerning the use of kinematically redundant manipulators in microgravity environments

This paper is concerned with the development of control strategies for kinematically redundant manipulators to be used in Space Station laboratories. These robots must be able to conduct experiments and manufacturing processes without disturbing the microgravity environment, and thus their dynamic base reactions/motions must be nearly eliminated. Redundant degrees of freedom permit the inverse kinematics problem to be solved in conjuction with the minimization of a cost function defined as a weighted sum of the base reactions. It is shown that the weights in the cost function should be used as an additional set of parameters in the minimization problem. The actual performance of the local optimal trajectory approach is demonstrated to be not as good as was previously reported.
Thin-layer infrared spectroscopic study on thermal behavior of non-phospholipid lipids and nanovesicles

°The investigation of thermal behaviors and subsequent changes in the conformational order of lipids and liposomes is of importance in understanding various phenomena such as the formation and fusion of vesicles, trans-membrane diffusion and membrane interactions with drugs and proteins. In this work, the thermal behavior of a suite of newly developed self-forming synthetic non-phospholipid (PEGylated) lipids and its nanovesicles in buffer suspensions were investigated by variable-temperature thin-layered Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) transmission spectroscopy. The temperature-induced infrared spectra of such lipids composed of 1,2-dimyristoyl-rac-glycerol-3-dodecaethylene glycol (GDM-12) and 1,2-distearoyl-rac-glycerol-3-triicosaethylene glycol (GDS-23) were acquired by using FTIR spectrometer in conjunction with a custom built temperature-controlled demountable liquid cell. In contrast to conventional phospholipids, these novel lipids form liposomes spontaneously upon hydration, without the supply of external activation energy. It was found that the thermal stability of the PEGylated lipids defer greatly depending upon the acyl chain-lengths as well as number of associated head group units. Particularly, GDM-12 (saturated 14 hydrocarbon chains) shows one sharp order-disorder transition with temperature increasing from 3 to 5 °C. Similarly, GDS-23 (saturated 18 hydrocarbon chains) exhibits comparatively broad order-disorder transition profiles between temperature 17 and 22 °C. However, the phase transition temperature becomes significantly higher for lipid nanovesicles formed in aqueous suspensions. The results obtained in this study may find applications in various areas including the development of lipid based substance and drug delivery systems.
Multiple Scattering Effects in Dense Spray Sizing by Laser Diffraction

The purpose of the reported work is to present practical schemes to correct the effect of multiple scattering in a dense drop field on the measured distribution parameters by laser light scattering-based spray sizing techniques. An experimental study, involving multimodal distributions and drop fields which can not be adequately described by single-mode two-parameter distributions, is described. Data from the experimental program were employed to develop empirical expressions to correct the measured spray parameters at high obscuration levels. Accuracies of the proposed expressions are acceptable for engineering applications and comparable to the accuracies involved in conversion of light scattering data to drop size information.
Violence among men and women in substance use disorder treatment: a multi-level event-based analysis.

Background This study examined associations between acute alcohol and drug use and violence towards others in conflict incidents (overall, partner, and non-partner conflict incidents) by men and women recruited from substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. Methods Semi-structured interviews were used to obtain details about interpersonal conflict incidents (substance use, whether specific conflicts were with intimate partners or non-partners) in the 180 days pre-treatment. Participants for this study were selected for screening positive for past-year violence (N=160; 77% men, 23% women). Results Multi-level multinomial regression models showed that after adjusting for clustering within individual participants, the most consistent predictors of violence across models were acute cocaine use (significant for overall, intimate partner and non-partner models), acute heavy alcohol use (significant for overall and non-partner models), and male gender (significant in all models). Conclusions This study was the first to explicitly examine the role of acute alcohol and drug use across overall, partner and non-partner conflict incidents. Consistent with prior studies using a variety of methodologies, alcohol, cocaine use and male gender was most consistently and positively related to violence severity (e.g., resulting in injury). The results provide important and novel event-level information regarding the relationship between acute alcohol and specific drug use and the severity of violence in interpersonal conflict incidents.
Mechanism for fast neutron damage of Ge(HP) detectors

Abstract The effect on high purity germanium detectors of the disordered regions (r ∼ 100 A ) created by fast neutrons is theoretically and experimentally addressed. The hole trapping cross section of these defects is a function of their net negative charge and the applied electric field. We estimate σ ≈ 10−9 – 10−10 cm2 immediately after biasing an n-type detector and σ ≈ 10−10 – 10−12 cm2 as hole trapping and detrapping reach a steady state in the depleted detector. Resolution transients observed immediately after biasing n-type and p-type Ge(HP) coaxial detectors are reported and are shown to be consistent with the neutralization (n-type) or the charging (p-type) of the thermal equilibrium state. However on the basis of these transients we cannot exclude the possibility that point defects play a decisive role in the steady state resolution degradation. The ionization or activation of traps after cycling the p-type detector off/on can be consistently interpreted as due to an acceptor level near Ev + 0.27 eV. The duration of the transient observed in n-type germanium was reduced to less than 1 h by placing a 6.5 μCi 60Co source on the end cap. Thus this transient does not significantly diminish the advantage of the contracting polarity employed on n-type coaxial detectors in reducing the effect of the hole trapping on resolution.
An estimate of the number of G regulator proteins activated per excited rhodopsin in living Limulus ventral photoreceptors.

Abstract Previous work by others on Limulus photoreceptors has shown that application of a variety of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G protein) activators produces discrete waves of depolarization similar to those generated by single photos, but smaller in size. We investigated whether these events might originate at a site other than the G protein. Initiation of the events did not depend on the state of the visual pigment, suggesting that the events do not originate at the pigment level. The events could be blocked by the G-protein blocker guanosine 5'-[beta-thio]diphosphate (GDP[betaS]) and thus support the conclusion that these discrete events are due to the activation of G protein itself. Quantitative measurements indicate that the average size of these events is approximately 8 times smaller than that evoked by single photons under the same conditions. Given certain reasonable assumptions, these results imply that the gain of the first stage of transduction in vivo is approximately 8, a value considerably lower than that measured in vitro in vertebrate rods (gain, 100-500). Furthermore, independent evidence for a low first-stage gain in Limulus is derived from the observation that GDP[betaS] barely affects the size of the response to single photons, but greatly reduces the probability that a photon evokes a response. These results can be explained if rhodopsin normally activates only a few G proteins.
Revisiting treatment in the home.

Abstract In the past few years, the notion of home treatment has found new currency. This article reviews psychiatric nursing's roles and interest in this subject. Based on articles written more than 30 years ago, the issue of home treatment is examined from the standpoint of psychiatric nursing's particular talents for this modality and the “fit” of home treatment to the education of nurses. The advantages of home treatment are discussed, as are the purposes for choosing this intervention. Studies of home visiting by nursing researchers in other specialty areas are briefly summarized. Cost-effectiveness has been shown in all this work, but in most cases this transitional care has not been built into payment structures. The author continues to believe that treatment in the home is a natural and useful adjunct to psychiatric nursing, but its use will depend on the reimbursement system and, even more importantly, on the interest of psychiatric nurses in this modality of treatment.
H- Source Deveidpment at ANL

The H- source development program at ANL1-7 has produced the first operational source for direct H- injection into a proton synchrotron and is now directed toward the development of a 30 Hz H- source for booster injection into a synchroton. On October 1, 1976, direct injection of 50 MeV H- ions into the ANL Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) and stripping of the H- to obtain protons for acceleration to full energy became the normal mode of operation. With >6 mA of 50 MeV H- beam injected and ~1012 protons per mA accelerated to full energy during each cycle, new ZGS intensity records have been established.8 In the operational tandem-acceleration H source, a single-aperture source grid is followed by a multislot parallel-ribbon extraction grid. Full and fractional energy H- ions derived from H+, H+2 and H+3 are produced by electron attachment in a target gas consisting of the hydrogen outflow from the plasma source. Power dissipation in the extractor grid, and lifetime considerations, limit the repetition rate to ~1 Hz. A source which uses two or more aligned multiaperture grids to minimize grid dissipation is being developed for 30 Hz injection into the rapid-cycling booster-injector9,10 for the ZGS. A modification of this source will be combined with a recirculating supersonic sodium vapor jet charge exchange cell to obtain a greater H- yield. A sodium cell has been built and is being tested.11,12
Transmembrane topology of human glucose 6-phosphate transporter.

Glycogen storage disease type 1b is caused by a deficiency in a glucose 6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) that translocates glucose 6-phosphate from the cytoplasm to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen where the active site of glucose 6-phosphatase is situated. Using amino- and carboxyl-terminal tagged G6PT, we demonstrate that proteolytic digestion of intact microsomes resulted in the cleavage of both tags, indicating that both termini of G6PT face the cytoplasm. This is consistent with ten and twelve transmembrane domain models for G6PT predicted by hydropathy analyses. A region of G6PT corresponding to amino acid residues 50–71, which constitute a transmembrane segment in the twelve-domain model, are situated in a 51-residue luminal loop in the ten-domain model. To determine which of these two models is correct, we generated two G6PT mutants, T53N and S55N, that created a potential Asn-linked glycosylation site at residues 53–55 (N53SS) or 55–57 (N55QS), respectively. N53SS or N55QS would be glycosylated only if it is situated in a luminal loop larger than 33 residues as predicted by the ten-domain model. Whereas wild-type G6PT is not a glycoprotein, both T53N and S55N mutants are glycosylated, strongly supporting the ten-helical model for G6PT.
Reciprocal regulation of haem biosynthesis and the circadian clock in mammals

The circadian clock is the central timing system that controls numerous physiological processes. In mammals, one such process is haem biosynthesis, which the clock controls through regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme aminolevulinate synthase 1 (Alas1)1,2. Several members of the core clock mechanism are PAS domain proteins, one of which, neuronal PAS 2 (NPAS2), has a haem-binding motif3,4. Indeed, haem controls activity of the BMAL1–NPAS2 transcription complex in vitro by inhibiting DNA binding in response to carbon monoxide3. Here we show that haem differentially modulates expression of the mammalian Period genes mPer1 and mPer2 in vivo by a mechanism involving NPAS2 and mPER2. Further experiments show that mPER2 positively stimulates activity of the BMAL1–NPAS2 transcription complex and, in turn, NPAS2 transcriptionally regulates Alas1. Vitamin B12 and haem compete for binding to NPAS2 and mPER2, but they have opposite effects on mPer2 and mPer1 expression in vivo. Our data show that the circadian clock and haem biosynthesis are reciprocally regulated and suggest that porphyrin-containing molecules are potential targets for therapy of circadian disorders.
HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF PEDIATRIC AIDS

The hematologic manifestations of 100 pediatric patients with AIDS/ARC were reviewed. Acute or chronic anemia was present in 94% of all patients. Two patients had autoimmune hemolytic anemia and 1 patient had an aplastic anemia. A positive Coombs test was detected in 40% of all patients. Leukopenia and neutropenia occurred in 50% and 40% of patients respectively. Antineutrophil antibodies were detected in 2 patients. Ten of 13 children developed neutropenia on Bactrim. Forty percent of all children were lymphopenic. Monocytosis and eosinophilia occurred in 66% and 40% of patients respectively. Thrombocytopenia was seen in 33% and of these 25% developed a persistent thrombocytopenia. Platelet antibodies were detected in 10 of 11 patients. Pancytopenia occurred in 20% of children with opportunistic infection (O.I.). Acquired Von Willebrands disease and autoantibodies to Factors X, XI and XII were seen in 2 individuals. Peripheral smears revealed ovalocytes, microcytosis, hypochromia and atypical lymphocytes. Bone marrow examination showed hypercellularity, myeloid hyperplasia and increased plasma cells and lymphocytes. Decreased erythropoeisis, dysmyelopoeisis, dyserythropoeisis and megaloblastic changes were occasionally seen. Bone marrow cultures were positive for mycobacterium avium intra cellulare (4), Candida (2) and CMV (1) in a total of 7 patients.
RELATION OF METAL THICKNESS, ENAMEL THICKNESS, AND BOTTOM RADIUS TO IMPACT RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMELED UTENSILS

Three series of standard two-quart pudding pans of different metal thicknesses, coated with one, two, and three coats, respectively, of enamel were tested for impact resistance, using the Enameled Utensil Manufacturers' Council standard impact test. The impact resistance of the pans was increased with increase (1) in metal thickness of the pans, (2) of the enamel thickness, and (3) in the size of the bottom radius. The size of the chip formed on impact also increased with increase in enamel thickness. The literature dealing with the fracture of glass and enamels is reviewed, and the factors influencing spontaneous chipping and chipping caused by bending and impact are discussed.
Low-temperature preparation of perovskite Pb(Sc0.5Ta0.5) O3 thin films using MOCVD

Abstract Single perovskite phase Pb(Sc0.5Ta0.5O3 (PST) thin films have been grown using an one-stage MOCVD method. The processing temperature was 600 °C. The film structure as a function of Pb (Sc + Ta) flow ratio was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The importance of systolic blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease prevention

Hypertension affects up to 75% of individuals 60 years of age and older. Cardiovascular risk is related to increases in systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure and to decreases in diastolic blood pressure, but systolic blood pressure reduction is the major target for improving outcomes in the elderly patient. Hypertension therapy in older individuals should include lifestyle modification, especially weight loss and sodium restriction, which may decrease the need for antihypertensive medication. The starting dose of medication should be one half that used in younger patients. If low initial doses are used, significant attention must be paid to adequate titration; combination therapy is usually required for optimal blood pressure control. The initial agent chosen is rarely the final agent used to achieve the recommended minimal systolic blood pressure goal of less than 140 mm Hg. If more than one agent is required, a diuretic should be included as one of the agents chosen. Although the reduction of blood pressure should occur more gradually in the older patient, the treatment goals should be similar and determined by the underlying concomitant disorder. The minimum goal should remain less than 140/90 mm Hg, with lower goals in diabetic patients and those with renal disease. Patients with isolated systolic hypertension should have a minimum systolic blood pressure goal of less than 140 mm Hg.
The Search for Medications to Treat Stimulant Dependence

Progress in understanding the neurobiology of stimulant dependence has enabled researchers to identify medications whose pharmacological effects suggest that they might help patients initiate abstinence or avoid relapse. Several of these medications and a vaccine have shown encouraging results in controlled clinical trials with cocaine-dependent patients. The search for a medical treatment for methamphetamine dependence started more recently, due to the later emergence of this epidemic, but at least one candidate medication has shown promise in early clinical testing. Treatment approaches that combine efficacious medications and empirically proven behavioral interventions, such as voucher-based reinforcement therapy, will almost certainly produce the best results.
The role of inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease.

It has become increasingly clear that inflammatory processes play a significant role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neuroinflammation is characterized by the activation of astrocytes and microglia and the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Vascular inflammation, mediated largely by the products of endothelial activation, is accompanied by the production and the release of a host of inflammatory factors which contribute to vascular, immune, and neuronal dysfunction. The complex interaction of these processes is still only imperfectly understood, yet as the mechanisms continue to be elucidated, targets for intervention are revealed. Although many of the studies to date on therapeutic or preventative strategies for AD have been narrowly focused on single target therapies, there is accumulating evidence to suggest that the most successful treatment strategy will likely incorporate a sequential, multifactorial approach, addressing direct neuronal support, general cardiovascular health, and interruption of deleterious inflammatory pathways.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Conducting Polyaniline in Micelle Solutions

Peroxidase-catalyzed template-guided polymerization of aniline has been carried out in aqueous micellar solutions of surfactants, such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, (SDBS), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyoxyethylene(10) isooctylphenyl ether (Triton X-100). The properties of these enzymatically synthesized polyanilines strongly depend on the structure of the surfactants used in the formation of micelles as shown by the UV−vis−near-IR absorption spectroscopy. The micelles formed by strong acid surfactants such as SDBS are suitable templates for the enzymatic synthesis of conducting polyaniline. In solution, the micelles may serve as nanoreactors for the aniline monomer prior to the reaction and provide the necessary low-pH local environment for the growth of conducting polyaniline. The formation of low-pH local environment is further confirmed by the pH change of the bulk solution after the loading of aniline onto the micelles. FTIR, NMR, and UV−vis−near-IR absorption spectroscopy a...
Inhibition of Entamoeba histolytica in vitro by specific antibody.

Bacteria-free cultures of E. histolytica have been inhibited by specific and related antibodies in the antisera produced in rabbits. Maximal culture-inhibiting antibodies were produced when the rabbits were immunized with frozen and thawed, formalin-treated trophozoites injected intravenously. Human sera from subjects with current or past histories of amoebiasis also inhibited growth of amoebae in vitro .
Trade-based Diffusion of Labor Rights: A Panel Study, 1986–2002

This article investigates the nature of the linkages between trade and labor rights in developing countries. Specifically, we hypothesize that a “California effect” serves to transmit superior labor standards from importing to exporting countries, in a manner similar to the transmission of environmental standards. We maintain that, all else being equal, the labor standards of a given country are influenced not by its overall level of trade openness, but by the labor standards of its trading partners. We evaluate our hypothesis using a panel of 90 developing countries over the period 1986–2002, and we separately examine the extent to which the labor laws and the actual labor practices of the countries are influenced by those of their export destinations. We find that strong legal protections of collective labor rights in a country's export destinations are associated with more stringent labor laws in the exporting country. This California effect finding is, however, weaker in the context of labor rights practices, highlighting the importance of distinguishing between formal legislation and actual implementation of labor rights.
The Constant Copolymer Composition Technique

The Constant Copolymer Compositon (CCC) technique readily produces copolymers with constant (homogeneous) macro-and microcompositions (microstructures) even from monomer pairs with significantly different reactivities, for example with monomers whose reactivity ratios differ by an order of magnitude. The CCC technique eliminates the compositional drift along copolymer chains which always arise in copolymers made by batch or forced ideal techniques and necessarily lead to inhomogeneous often ill-defined products. In the CCC technique a stream of comonomers is fed continuously to the active copolymerization charge such that the composition of the feed and the rate of feed addition are respectively equal to the composition of the copolymer produced and the rate of copolymerization. The fundamentals of the CCC technique together with a detailed quantitative analysis are presented, and the differences of the conventional and CCC techniques are discussed and illustrated with the industrially important isobutylene-p-methylstyrene copolymerization system.
Design of self-checking interacting FSMs for multiple faults

This paper introduces new technique for designing self-checking interacting machines for on-line detection of multiple stuck-at faults. The only assumption is that each constituent submachine of a composite submachine can have only one single stuck-at fault. The proposed technique adds checkers at the embedded interfaces between the submachines. >
Detection of the Parameters of Hypernasality

We analyze several hypernasal speech samples and describe methods to quantify the parameters and properties of hypernasality. This can help medical professionals detect and understand the blurred nasal words that patients try to say. In this way, we may avoid unnecessary medical procedures for hypernasal patients.