cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diabetes and colorectal cancer screening among men and women in the USA: National Health Interview Survey: 2008, 2010.

Adults with diabetes are at increased risk of being diagnosed with and dying from colorectal cancer, but it is unclear whether colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) use is lower in this population. Using the 2008 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey data, we examined whether guideline-concordant CRCS is lower among men and women with self-reported diabetes. We calculated the weighted percentage of guideline-concordant CRCS and unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) comparing adults aged 51–75 years with diabetes (n = 6,514) to those without (n = 8,371). We also examined effect modification by age (51–64 and 65–75), race/ethnicity, and number of medical office visits (0–3, ≥4). The unadjusted prevalence of CRCS among men with diabetes was significantly higher than men without (63.3 vs. 58.0 %; PR = 1.09 95 % CI 1.03–1.16). In adjusted models, this relationship was evident among older [adjusted PR (aPR) = 1.13 95 % CI 1.06–1.21] but not younger men (aPR = 0.99 95 % CI 0.91–1.08; p for interaction term ≤0.01). There was no significant association between diabetes and CRCS among women overall (56.6 vs. 57.9 %; PR = 0.98 95 % CI 0.92–1.04) or by age group. Race/ethnicity and the number of medical visits did not significantly modify the association between diabetes and CRCS for men or women. Men and women with self-reported diabetes were not less likely to be up to date with CRCS than those without diabetes. Older men with diabetes were more likely to be up to date with CRCS than those without diabetes.
c-Jun N-terminal kinase controls a negative loop in the regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression by retinoic acid

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a protein widely used as a molecular marker for astroglial differentiation and mature astrocytes. We and others have shown previously that retinoic acid and specific cytokines induce the expression of GFAP in neural precursor cells by activating the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate-3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation pathway. Here, we extend our previous work and show that retinoic acid also activates specifically the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation pathway, which in turn inhibits GFAP expression. Our results suggest the existence of a negative self-regulatory loop in the phosphorylation pathways that regulates GFAP expression. This loop is constitutively repressed by the PI3K pathway. Our results could be relevant for disorders involving sustained GFAP overexpression in precursor cells, such as glioblastoma and Alexander disease.
Leucine, isoleucine and valine relationships in the rat.

Abstract Previous work had demonstrated that leucine fed to rats increased the requirement for isoleucine but, when 3% of l -leucine was fed, isoleucine only partially overcame the growth depression. It has now been shown that a supplement of valine was necessary to restore the rate of growth. Valine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine have been shown to reduce the utilization of leucine for the growth of rats fed a 9% casein diet supplemented with a number of amino acids. By using this diet and varying the levels of leucine, valine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine, evidence has been obtained for antagonisms between isoleucine and valine, between phenylalanine and isoleucine, and between phenylalanine and valine. It is suggested that antagonisms between each of these pairs of amino acids may be found under the proper dietary conditions.
Filtered kernel density estimation

This article describes a multiple-bandwidth version of the kernel estimator for nonparametric probability density estimation, in which the bandwidths are chosen using a set of functions, called filter functions, which determine the support of the density appropriate to the different bandwidths. These filter functions are usually defined using a normal mixture fit to the data. Thus the estimator uses different bandwidths in different regions of the support of the distribution, as controlled by the filter functions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Secondary fragmentation of linear peptides in electron capture dissociation

Abstract Inspection of the electron capture dissociation (ECD) spectra of doubly-protonated peptides, Leu4-Sar-Leu3-Lys-OH, Leu4-Ala-Leu3-Lys-OH, Gly4-Sar-Gly3-Lys-NH2 and Gly3-Pro-Sar-Gly3-Lys-NH2, reveals extensive secondary fragmentation. In addition to w ions, entire, and in some cases multiple, cleavages of amino acid side chains from backbone fragments are observed. Extensive water loss from backbone fragments is observed for the glycine-rich peptides. For Leu4-Ala-Leu3-Lys, the preferred fragmentation channel is cleavage of the amide bond to produce b7 and b8 ions. ECD of Gly3-Pro-Sar-Gly3-Lys-NH2 results in amine bond (c/z) cleavage in the proline residue accompanied by CC (or secondary NC) cleavage in the proline side chain. That fragmentation channel has not been observed previously. The peptides were also subjected to “hot” electron capture dissociation (HECD) and the resulting spectra differed markedly from those obtained under standard ECD conditions. In contrast to HECD, secondary fragmentation observed under standard ECD conditions cannot be attributed to excess energy arising from the kinetic energy of the electrons prior to capture. The results suggest that the fragmentation channels available following electron capture depend somewhat on the individual peptide structure and have mechanistic implications.
Analytical perturbations in Markov chains

Abstract The problem of recomputing the steady-state probabilities in a Markov chain is considered, after a small deviation is introduced to the original infinitesimal generator. Approximate expressions are developed to calculate the corresponding perturbed vector of probabilities. Computational stability and accuracy issues associated with the approximation are discussed. As an application, the perturbation approach is incorporated into an optimization scheme to identify workloads that maximize the output rate in a production line, where qualitative and quantitative measures are introduced to control the accuracy of the perturbation.
A simulation model of IS security

Determination of the actual value of security measures is an area currently undergoing scrutiny by many researchers. One method to determine this is to devise a simulation model that incorporates interactions between an information system, its users and a population of attackers. Initial simulation results suggest that the marginal value of additional security may be positive or negative as can the time rate of change of system value. Policy implications include the realization that IT security policy makers should be aware of their location in the state space before setting IT security policy.
Sent to heal! - About the biblical roots, the history, and the legacy of medical missions.

The article situates medical missions within the broader context of the healing ministry of the Christian Church. In its first part it sketches the biblical tradition of this healing ministry and its meaning in the life of Jesus and his disciples. The second section provides a survey of Christian healing initiatives and care for the sick from the Early Church until the emergence of medical missions in the nineteenth century. The third part focuses on the development of the concept medical missions and its changes up to the present, while the final part briefly reflects on the lasting legacy of medical missions which is seen in that, if Christians ignore and neglect corporeality, they disgrace God the Creator and God's incarnation in Jesus Christ. The article therefore concludes that medical missions remind the Church that at the root of too spiritual a concept of mission and too materialistic a concept of health lies a misconceived, non-biblical anthropology which profoundly distorts the Christian witness to God incarnate in Christ.
Rater Agreement Indexes for Performance Assessment

Under the heading of reliability, most textbooks refer to classical reliability indexes as appropriate measures for determining interrater agreement. It is argued that interrater agreement is a psychometric property that is theoretically different from classical reliability. Interrater agreement indexes measure the degree to which two or more raters agree on the observation of one or more behaviors on one or more subjects and are not theoretically related to classical test theory. A detailed set of formulas is presented to illustrate a set of algebraically equivalent rater agreement indexes that are intended to provide the educational and psychological researcher and practitioner with a practical means of establishing a measure of rater agreement. The formulas are illustrated with a data set. The formulas can be used for dichotomous and continuous data for two or more raters, on one or more subjects, on one or more behaviors. These rater agreement indexes are useful with performance assessments such as observations, porfolios, performance evaluations, essay writing evaluations, authentic assessments, and so on, where multiple facets impact rater agreement.
Identification of the Mechanical Impedance at the Human Finger Tip

Rapid transients were applied to the outstretched human index finger tip, which resulted in motion primarily at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in extension and in abduction. A second-order linear model was fit to approximately 20 milliseconds of the force and displacement data to determine the effective mechanical impedance at the finger tip. Ranges of mass, damping, and stiffness parameters were estimated over a range of mean finger tip force (2-20 N for extension, 2-8 N for abduction). Effective translational finger tip mass for each subject was relatively constant for force levels greater than 6 N for extension, and constant throughout the abduction trials. Stiffness increased linearly with muscle activation. The estimated damping ratio for extension trials was about 1.7 times the ratio for abduction.
Two Routes to Team Production: Saturn and Chrysler Compared

This article explores two examples of new approaches to work organization with experienced workers in a unionized setting: General Motors' (GM's) Saturn Corporation and Chrysler's Jefferson North plant. Both represent variations of "team" production which differ markedly from stereotypical portraits of lean production. The article argues that the presence or absence of teams is less important than the manner in which they are integrated into the production process.
Aspects of the flight metabolism of tsetse flies (Glossina)

Abstract 1. 1. Injection of C-14 amino acids and the tracing of the radio-activity in extracts of thoracic muscles of the tsetse fly after flight show that proline is the substrate for flight metabolism. 2. 2. During flight proline is converted to glutamic acid and subsequently to alanine.
Engineering stem cells for treatment of osteochondral defects

Osteochondral defects due to degenerative or inflammatory arthritis represent one of the major causes of disabilities in the world, leading to annual health care costs in the order of US $95 billion in the United States alone. The pain associated with osteochondral defects leads to secondary effects, such as impaired joint mobility or function, decreasing work productivity, loss of quality of life—and in severe cases, potentially, depression-induced tertiary effects. Unlike other tissues in the body, cartilage cannot regenerate by itself. Therefore, there is an urgentneedfor effectiveapproaches torepair osteochondral defects in order to prevent progression of small defects to chronic disease and to restore larger defects and limit related disabilities. Cartilage repair is one of the most challenging areas in tissue engineering because of its complex and unique structure and exposure to high pressure and motion. The avascular and aneuronal nature of cartilage limits the ability to deliver signaling molecules, growth factors, or cellular components for tissue repair. In addition, mature chondrocytes are not able to migrate to sites of injury and the attraction of other cells (e.g., from the bone marrow or synovium) to cartilage defects is hindered by the complex and tight extracellular cartilage structure. Currently employed clinically applicable osteochondral defect repair strategies are as follows:
Concurrence of supravalvular aortic stenosis and peripheral pulmonary stenosis in three generations of a family: A form of arterial dysplasia

Isolated supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) commonly is an autosomal dominant trait; it may also occur in the Williams syndrome (WS). While peripheral pulmonary stenosis (PPS) can occur in the same individual with familial isolated SVAS, concurrence of these lesions in different relatives of a family is uncommon. We describe five affected individuals in one family; three had isolated SVAS, one had isolated PPS, and one had SVAS and PPS. Based on this family and review of literature, we suggest that SVAS is a form of arterial dysplasia encompassing PPS in its spectrum. It is developmentally distinct from other left heart obstructive lesions that are hypothesized to be related to blood flow abnormalities in the developing embryo. We also conclude that the clinical disorder in this family represents one that is distinct from WS. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Listening to Parents: A National Survey of Parents With Young Children

Objective To document the child-rearing needs and pediatric health care experiences of parents with children from birth to 3 years old. Design A nationally representative sample of 2017 parents with children younger than 3 years using a 25-minute structured telephone questionnaire. Interviews were completed by 68% of the screened eligible respondents. The margin of sampling error for results at the 95% confidence level was ±3 percentage points. Results Seventy-six percent of children younger than 3 years were reported by parents to be in excellent health; 88% had a regular source of pediatric health care. Seventy-one percent of parents who received special pediatric services rated their child's physician as excellent in providing good health care. Seventy-nine percent of parents reported they could use more information in at least 1 of 6 areas of child rearing, and 53% wanted information in at least 3 areas. Forty-two percent had talked with their child's physician about "nonmedical" concerns; 39% of parents read to or looked at a picture book with their child on a daily basis; 51% of parents set daily routines for meals, naps, and bedtime. Breast-feeding and reading to the child on a daily basis were much more likely if a physician encouraged parents to do so. Conclusions Most parents view the pediatric health care system as meeting the physical health needs of their young children. Parents want more information and support on child-rearing concerns, yet pediatric clinicians often fail to discuss nonmedical questions with them. The interventions of pediatric clinicians can positively affect parental behavior. Pediatric practices should consider creative ways to reconstitute and augment their current services and systems of care.
Cryptic chlorination by a non-haem iron enzyme during cyclopropyl amino acid biosynthesis

Enzymatic incorporation of chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms occurs during the biosynthesis of more than 4,000 natural products. Halogenation can have significant consequences for the bioactivity of these products so there is great interest in understanding the biological catalysts that perform these reactions. Enzymes that halogenate unactivated aliphatic groups have not previously been characterized. Here we report the activity of five proteins-CmaA, CmaB, CmaC, CmaD and CmaE-in the construction of coronamic acid (CMA; 1-amino-1-carboxy-2-ethylcyclopropane), a constituent of the phytotoxin coronatine synthesized by the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. CMA derives from l-allo-isoleucine, which is covalently attached to CmaD through the actions of CmaA, a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase module, and CmaE, an unusual acyltransferase. We show that CmaB, a member of the non-haem Fe(2+), alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme superfamily, is the first of its class to show halogenase activity, chlorinating the gamma-position of l-allo-isoleucine. Another previously undescribed enzyme, CmaC, catalyses the formation of the cyclopropyl ring from the gamma-Cl-l-allo-isoleucine product of the CmaB reaction. Together, CmaB and CmaC execute gamma-halogenation followed by intramolecular gamma-elimination, in which biological chlorination is a cryptic strategy for cyclopropyl ring formation.
Comparison Between Shear Values and Taste Panel Scores for Predicting Tenderness of Broilers

Abstract Eight week old broilers were used in an experiment to correlate taste panel scores with shear press values for predicting tenderness. The slaughtered birds were divided into four groups and processed by methods known to produce varying degrees of tenderness. These methods were: dry picked (control) scalded for 5 minutes at 60° C., beaten with a wooden paddle for 5 minutes after picking, and scalded for 5 minutes at 60° C. followed by beating for 5 minutes. After evisceration, all carcasses were aged 18 hours in an ice water bath. After aging the carcasses were cut-up and the breast of each bird was split in half. The split breasts and thighs from each bird were cooked in an autoclave at 101° C. for 20 minutes. The iliotibialis muscle of the thigh and two 3 mm. slices per half from the pectoralis major were removed. Shear values using an Allo-Kramer shear press and taste panel scores for tenderness were determined. Taste panel scores ranged from one (tough) to five (very tender). The thigh was not evaluated by the panel, but shear values were determined. Negative correlations of 0.71 and 0.76 for the first and second slice of the pectoralis major, respectively, were obtained from shear values and taste panel scores. Regression equations showed that shear press values above 8 kg. of force per g. of sample would be considered slightly tough to tough by the taste panel at the 95% confidence level.
Equation of state of a dense and magnetized fermion system

The equation of state of a system of fermions in a uniform magnetic field is obtained in terms of the thermodynamic quantities of the theory by using functional methods. It is shown that the breaking of the O(3) rotational symmetry by the magnetic field results in a pressure anisotropy, which leads to the distinction between longitudinal- and transverse-to-the-field pressures. A criterion to find the threshold field at which the asymmetric regime becomes significant is discussed. This threshold magnetic field is shown to be the same as the one required for the pure field contribution to the energy and pressures to be of the same order as the matter contribution. A graphical representation of the field-dependent anisotropic equation of state of the fermion system is given. Estimates of the upper limit for the inner magnetic field in self-bound stars, as well as in gravitationally bound stars with inhomogeneous distributions of mass and magnetic fields, are also found.
Oblique shock reflection from an axis of symmetry

An exploratory computational study of the reflection of an inward-facing conical shock wave from its axis of symmetry is presented. This is related to more complex practical situations in both steady and unsteady flows. The absence of a length scale in the problem studied makes features grow linearly with time. The ensuing flow is related to the Guderley singularity in a cylindrical imploding shock. The problem is explored by making a large number of computations of the Euler equations. Distinct reflection congurations are identied, and the regions of parameter space in which they occur are delineated.
Use of nitric-oxide-eluting polymer-coated coronary stents for prevention of restenosis in pigs.

Background Restenosis after angioplasty remains an unresolved problem despite an increase in use of coronary stents. It has been theorized that nitric oxide (NO) exerts several actions that can prevent restenosis. These include inhibition of proliferation of smooth muscle cells, prevention of arterial spasms, and decreasing aggregation of platelets in response to exposure to collagen. Objective To determine whether NO coated stents decrease restenosis in a pig balloon injury model. Methods We used coronary stents impregnated with a slow-release precursor of NO in the porcine model of restenosis. Tantalum coil coronary stents (Cordis) were coated with a polymer impregnated with a slow-release precursor of NO. Polymer-coated stents without active precursors were used as controls. Oversized stents were mounted on a delivery balloon and subsequently deployed in the right coronary and left anterior descending arteries of each animal. Results Repeated recording of angiograms demonstrated that changes in minimum lumen diameter on going from immediately after stenting to 28-day follow-up for the control and NO-eluting-stent groups were similar, namely decreases of 1.89 +/- 0.33 and 2.08 +/- 0.28 mm, respectively. The morphometric results, showing that severe luminal narrowing occurred for both groups, were similar. The percentage area stenoses were 85 +/- 5% for the control group and 84 +/- 6% for the NO-eluting group. Histology demonstrated that profuse formation of neointima and an inflammatory cell infiltrate occurred. Conclusions Severe diameter stenosis occurred both for control and for treatment groups. The degree of angiographic stenosis was markedly worse than that previously reported for this model. Sustained release of a precursor of NO did not prevent restenosis in this model. This might have been due to a lack of efficacy of nitric oxide or to a profuse and overwhelming stimulatory effect of the polymer in the coated stents.
Coadsorption of organic compounds and water vapor on BPL activated carbon. 4. Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and modeling

A volumetric apparatus was used to measure adsorption equilibria for alcohols and their mixtures with water on BPL activated carbon. Pure alcohol isotherms are reported for methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol at 25, 50, 75, and 100 °C over a large pressure range. Binary equilibria are reported for each alcohol coadsorbed with water at 25 and 100 °C including hysteresis for all systems. Enhanced water adsorption was observed in the presence of all alcohols, and enhanced alcohol adsorption was observed for methanol and ethanol. Pure alcohol isotherms are described using a multitemperature Toth equation, and binary equilibria are modeled with the virial mixture coefficient method.
Evolution and integration of optimal IC design: performance and manufacturing issues

A perspective is presented on how the semiconductor integrated circuit industry has evolved and what we can expect over the next decade or two. However, this 'forecast' is given in only the broadest sense, to make it relatively independent on innovations and discoveries that are likely to strongly shape the industry over this time period. Rather, trends are examined, as well as general 'tools' that will undoubtedly be important in advancing from our present microelectronics era to our presumable future in nanoelectronics.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Grain production trends in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan: New opportunities in an increasingly unstable world?

Grain production in the countries of the former USSR sharply declined during the past two decades and has only recently started to recover. In the context of the current economic and food-price crisis, Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan might be presented with a window of opportunity to reemerge on the global agricultural market, if they succeed in increasing their productivity. The future of their agriculture, however, is highly sensitive to a combination of internal and external factors, such as institutional changes, land-use changes, climate variability and change, and global economic trends. The future of this region’s grain production is likely to have a significant impact on the global and regional food security over the next decades.
Micro data flow

Digital computation systems based on transition signal framework have many advantages. The synthesis of a self-timed physical design from a high-level dataflow specification is examined. The approach maps tokens that travel on data and control arcs of a dataflow graph into transitions of the event signals. The two-phase event signal transition style is employed, where both the rising edge and the trailing edge may represent the arrival of a token. The detailed designs of all seven primitives of a dataflow graph are presented. >
Audiences and Outcomes in Online and Traditional American Government Classes Revisited

In 1997 we first offered American government classes online as well as face-to-face classes. We administered pre- and posttests to our students to measure their general knowledge of American government, political attitudes, demographics, and some behaviors. Following an initial report in 2001, we continued to gather data for 10 more years; this current study covers nearly 3,200 students during 13 years. We examine the sample as a whole and changes in audiences and outcomes, over time, for the two teaching formats. Although the kinds of students taking online classes have become more similar, a few differences persist. Learning outcome differences continue to be insignificant. Neither format has a clear advantage in students' changes in attitudes, but the online classes increased students' newspaper reading. Class dropout rate and faculty workload both favor face-to-face classes, but flexibility in scheduling and student demand clearly favor online classes.
Minimum set of cytochromes P450 for reconstituting the biosynthesis of camalexin, a major Arabidopsis antibiotic.

Bringing it all together The discovery of the key missing step in the biosynthesis of camalexin, a model antibiotic from Arabidopsis, was uncovered through in vitro biochemical characterization. The coupling of Trp- and Cys-derived fragments via C–S bond formation is promoted by an unusual cytochrome P450 CYP71A13. The first in vitro reconstitution of camalexin biosynthesis from Trp and Cys was achieved using just three P450s.
Disorder Under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty

A monumental study of collective violence in the premodern world, this book analyzes all instances of rebellion and banditry recorded in 1,097 countries in China during the 277 years of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). The assembled evidence constitutes the largest annual, county-level time-series on collective violence events in any part of the world, and the 630 recorded cases are used to test the major social science theories on the origins of collective violence. Using systematic data collected from local gazetteers on natural calamities, size of harvests, famine relief, physical terrain, local construction, and troop deployment, the author advances and validates a rational-choice argument that violence increased when survival in a subsistence economy became uncertain and the likelihood of punishment was low. Analyzing the administrative effectiveness and coercive capacity of the Ming state, the author also finds evidence to support a complementary structuralist explanation for increased collective violence in times of lax rulers, state insolvency, and inadequate welfare and tax policies. After an introductory chapter, the author explicates the main theoretical and methodological issues of collective violence and sketches the empirical pattern of rebellions and banditry, differentiating them by the level of threat they posed to the regime and by the sociopolitical profile of participating groups. In the next four chapters, he relates the Ming empirical configuration to four theoretical frameworks for collective violence: rational choice,which includes the issue of motive and choice-why people chose to become bandits; opportunity, in which the level of Ming collective violence is treated to variations in a regime's coercive capacity; social change, which is used to shed light on food riots, anti-tax rebellions, and conflict between employers and employees and between natives and outsiders; and class conflict, which prompts the author to assess the Marxist explanation for collective violence by investigating revolts of commoners against imperial clansmen, bondservants against masters, and tenants against landlords. The final chapter presents how the author's conclusions on why and how people became outlaws in the Ming and points the questions for future research.
Superimposed coding for iterative detection of DNA microarray spot failures

We introduce a new algebraic framework for detecting spot failures in DNA microarrays. The technique leverages the theory of superimposed coding with iterative detection methods, and has the advantage of being constructive and of small implementation complexity, as opposed to existing approaches to DNA microarray error-control coding.
The Fossil Record of Plant-Insect Dynamics

Progress toward understanding the dynamics of ancient plant-insect associations has addressed major patterns in the ecology and evolution of herbivory and pollination. This advancement involves development of more analytical ways of describing plant-insect associational patterns in time and space and an assessment of the role that the environment and internal biological processes have in their control. Current issues include the deep origins of terrestrial herbivory, the spread of herbivory across late Paleozoic landscapes, recoveries from sudden major crises, reaction to and accommodation of protracted environmental perturbations, and the nature of herbivory and pollination before the appearance of angiosperms during the mid-Mesozoic. These and other exploratory research themes provide a more complete account of a great nexus of ecological activity that has been wedged between the two most diverse organismic groups on land for the past 410 million years.
Verbal approval and anxiety in serial-verbal learning.

In two experiments, each using 40 college student Ss, level of manifest anxiety and the presence or absence of verbal approval by E for a correct anticipation were varied. Verbal approval led to a decrement in performance for high-anxiety Ss and superior learning for low-anxiety Ss, whereas without verbal approval either high-anxiety Ss were superior or there was no difference. The motivational effects of verbal approval are viewed as being similar to those of ego-orienting or stress-producing instructions.
Experimental Signatures of Homoclinic Tangles in Poloidally Diverted Tokamaks

Small non-axisymmetric perturbations of poloidally diverted tokamaks create edge stochastic magnetic field lines that connect to material surfaces such as those in the divertors. Separatrix structure calculations show that the distribution of stochastic field lines on the vessel walls is closely related to the topology of homoclinic tangles formed in the perturbed system. Since these tangles prescribe how the stochastic fields are organized, they are of significant practical interest in tokamak experiments. Experimental measurements of heat and particle distributions on plasma facing surfaces sometimes show split peak patterns that are consistent with the presence of stochasticity and homoclinic tangles. These split peaks are often observed during locked modes and other types of edge instabilities. They are also observed when perturbation fields from magnetohydrodynamic control coils are pulsed during a plasma discharge. Numerical modeling of the perturbation field from these control coils shows that the homoclinic tangle produced by a coil pulse is not always large enough to produce the splitting patterns observed. Nevertheless, there is a clear correlation between the coil pulses and the appearance of the split profiles. These results suggest the presence of the plasma amplification mechanism that enhances the size of the non-resonant homoclinic tangles.
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: The Acquisition of Linguistic Structure in Normal and Special Populations

This review examines how language learners master the formal structure of their language. Three possible routes to the acquisition and mastery of linguistic structure are investigated: (a) the use of prosodic and phonological information, which is imperfectly correlated with syntactic units and linguistic classes; (b) the use of function words to syntactically classify co-occurring words and phrases, and the effect of location of function-word processing on structural mastery; and (c) the use of morphology internal to lexical items to determine language structure, and the productive recombination of these subunits in new items. Evidence supporting these three routes comes from normal language acquirers and from several special populations, including learners given impoverished input, learners with Williams syndrome, specific language-impaired learners, learners with Down syndrome, and late learners of first and second languages. Further evidence for the three routes comes from artificial language acquisition experiments and computer simulations.
Development and use of the Lives Saved Tool (LiST): a model to estimate the impact of scaling up proven interventions on maternal, neonatal and child mortality

The Journal’s April supplement included many informative articles about the Lives Saved Tool (LiST), such as how modelling and calculations are built into the tool, actual calculations of effect sizes in the software and recent applications of various LiST scenarios. We understand that LiST was developed to be used as part of a package of tools for programme managers or ministry of health personnel for planning, helping prioritize investments and evaluating existing programmes.
Comprehensive dielectric performance of bismuth acceptor doped BaTiO3 based nanocrystal thin film capacitors

We present a novel approach to preparing bismuth acceptor doped barium titanate nanocrystal formulations that can be deposited in conjunction with polymers in order to prepare a thin film nanocomposite dielectric that exhibits desirable capacitor characteristics. Exploring the limits of dielectric function in nanocomposites is an important avenue of materials research, while paying strict attention to the overall device quality, namely permittivity, loss and equivalent series resistance (ESR). Pushing capacitor function to higher frequencies, a desirable goal from an electrical engineering point of view, presents a new set of challenges in terms of minimizing interfacial, space charge and polarization effects within the dielectric. We show the ability to synthesize BaTi0.96Bi0.04O3 or BaTi0.97Bi0.03O3 depending on nominal molar concentrations of bismuth at the onset. The low temperature solvothermal route allows for substitution at the titanium site (strongly supported by Rietveld and Raman analysis). Characterization is performed by XRD with Rietveld refinement, Raman Spectroscopy, SEM and HRTEM. A mechanism is proposed for bismuth acceptor substitution, based on the chemical reaction of the alkoxy-metal precursors involving nucleophilic addition. Dielectric analysis of the nanocrystal thin films is performed by preparing nanocrystal/PVP 2–2 nanocomposites (no annealing) and comparing BaTi0.96Bi0.04O3 and BaTi0.97Bi0.03O3 with undoped BaTiO3. Improvements of up to 25% in capacitance (permittivity) are observed, with lower loss and dramatically improved ESR, all to very high frequency ranges (>10 MHz).
A multimedia information system for home health-care support

The author describes Guardian, a knowledge based home health-care support system in the domain of childhood leukaemia. Guardian is part of a joint project between IBM Research and the New England Medical Center for building a prototype home-care system for children with leukaemia. The prototype system consists of a set of applications, including consultation and symptoms analysis, procedure guidance, emotional support, and communications, implemented in Smalltalk/OS2. This article focuses on the knowledge-based system, which helps parents better understand the symptoms or problems their child is experiencing and provides them with relevant therapeutic information.
Occupational HIV infection in laboratory personnel

Abstract The prevalence of HIV infection in the general population and in patients hospitalized with complications of immune suppression will no doubt increase in the next few years. As a result, an increasing number of laboratory personnel will be exposed to the potential for occupational infection with HIV. Although the magnitude of risk for infection with this pathogen following occupational exposure is not large, the consequences of infection are severe. It is therefore imperative that reasonable infection control measures to minimize exposure be implemented and enforced. In order to accomplish this, the modes of HIV transmission, the relative degree of risk from various types of contact, and effective strategies to reduce exposure must be ascertained.
Naturally Occurring Mixed Infection of Plasmodium vivax VK210 and P. vivax VK247 in Anopheles Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Western Thailand

We report the natural co-infection of a single Anopheles mosquito with Plasmodium vivax Grassi & Feletti phenotypes VK210 and VK247. In total, 8,452 anopheline mosquitoes collected between June 1999 and July 2001 were tested by ELISA for the presence of circumsporozoite (CS) protein to VK210, VK247, and P. falciparum (Welch) (PF). A total of 29 species was represented; however, the predominant species tested were A. minimus Theobald (4,632), A. sawadwongporni Rattanarithikul & Green (1,248), A. maculatus Theobald (1,201), A. campestris Reid (478), and A. barbirostris Van der Wulp (391). A total of 17 positive mosquitoes was identified by ELISA, and included the following: A. minimus infected with VK210 (5), PF (3), and both VK210 and VK247 (1), A. maculatus infected with VK210 (1), VK247 (1), and both VK210 and VK247 (1), A. campestris infected with VK210 (2), A. sawadwongporni infected with VK247 (1) and PF (1), and A. hodgkini Reid infected with VK247 (1). This is the first report of a single mosquito naturally infected with both VK210 and VK247.
Lucké Renal Adenocarcinoma: Epidemiological Aspects

Although the renal tumor of the common leopard frog, Rana pipiens, has been studied for over 34 years, exceedingly little has been known concerning its natural history until the past few years. Several localities in northern Vermont and adjacent Canada were identified as the sites of tumor-bearing frog populations in 1961 (1). Prior to this date, no precise geographic locality was known to contain frogs with tumors. Montana frogs had been examined but were reported to be tumor-free (2). Tumors were generally available from commercial dealers but the origin of tumor frogs was at best conjectural. An extensive collecting trip from South Dakota to the eastern United States identified several localities with tumor susceptible populations (3). The only continuing epidemiological studies, however, have been made by our laboratory.
Ratings of frequency, familiarity, orthographic distinctiveness and pronunciability for 192 surnames

Ratings of frequency, familiarity, orthographic distinctiveness, and pronunciability were obtained for a sample of 192 surnames selected randomly from a large metropolitan area phone book. Measures of reliability and the intercorrelations among the various measures indicate that the present information may be useful for investigations of learning and remembering names. Also, while certain unique aspects of name stimuli may have important advantages for researchers of verbal processes, the present ratings should also prove useful to personality and social psychologists when names are of interest.
Guanine nucleobase adducts formed by [Pt(di-(2-picolyl)amine)Cl]Cl: evidence that a tridentate ligand with only in-plane bulk can slow guanine base rotation.

Pt(II) complexes bind preferentially at N7 of G residues of DNA, causing DNA structural distortions associated with anticancer activity. Some distortions induced by difunctional cisplatin are also found for monofunctional Pt(II) complexes with carrier ligands having bulk projecting toward the guanine base. This ligand bulk can be correlated with impeded rotation about the Pt–N7(guanine) bond. Pt(N(H)dpa)(G) adducts (N(H)dpa = di-(2-picolyl)amine, G = 5′-GMP, 5′-GDP, 5′-GTP, guanosine, 9-EtG, and 5′-IMP) were used to assess whether a tridentate carrier ligand having bulk concentrated in the coordination plane can impede guanine nucleobase rotation. Because the Pt(N(H)dpa) moiety contains a mirror plane but is unsymmetrical with respect to the coordination plane, Pt(N(H)dpa)(G) adducts can form anti or syn rotamers with the guanine O6 and the central N–H of N(H)dpa on the opposite or the same side of the coordination plane, respectively. The observation of two sharp, comparably intense guanine H8 NMR signal...
Effect of Pituitary Implants and of Estradiol on Newly Metamorphosed Frogs, Rana pipiens:

SummaryThe ovaries and testes of recently metamorphosed frogs (Rana pipiens) responded by rapid growth and the testes also by cellular differentiation when the animals were treated with whole pituitary glands from mature females of the same species. Estradiol had no effect on the gonads but, in contrast with the pituitary hormone, estradiol brought about hypertrophy of both the oviducts and Mullerian ducts, causing the latter to simulate functional oviducts.
Current Transport Study of Schottky and P-N Junction Solar Cells Using Metal-Induced Growth Poly-Si Thin Films

Poly-Si thin films deposited at low temperature by using the metal-induced growth (MIG) method have the advantage of less metal impurity contaminations and relative large grains with preferred crystal orientation of (220). In recent research, the Schottky solar diode made of MIG poly-Si shows Jsc of 12 mA/cm2 and Voc of 0.214V. In this paper, current transport mechanisms were studied by current-voltage-temperature (I-V-T) testing from 100 K to 400K. For the samples deposited by a one-step sputtering process, the large value of ideality factor (n) and abnormal increase of barrier height with the temperature implies that the current transport mechanism does not follow the pure thermionic-emission theory, which was proven to be thermionic-field emission due to the highly doped Si film. By using a two-step sputtering process, the ideality factor and Au-Schottky barrier height at room temperature were about 1.5 and 0.7 eV, which was improved from one-step sputtering. Hydrogenation by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma can further improve the Schottky diode ideality factor and barrier height. Although a low-level Phosphors-doped Si target was used for poly-Si thin film deposition, a thermionic-field emission mechanism was still found by plotting the activation energy (E0) versus the testing temperature range. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) analysis revealed an unexpected carrier density of 1017 cm−3 level, which is 1000 times higher than the doping density level in the Si film. “Oxygen thermal donor” effect was assumed due to high oxygen level (1020 cm−3) detected by SIMS and processing at ∼ 600 °C. Increasing of the total carrier density due to the oxygen donor may cause the transport mechanism change from pure thermionic emission to thermionic-field emission. Reducing oxygen in the Si film by filtering the sputtering gas to 50 ppb oxygen level was proven to be effective. C-V results gave ∼1016 cm−3 level of carrier density after using oxygen filtering. P-N junction solar cells were made by B-ion implantation into n-type Si film and dopant activation at 700 °C. I-V-T study showed similar curves for P-N junction as for Schottky junction devices. This implies that the current transport was dominated by the Si films instead of the junctions for both Schottky and P-N junction devices.
First Record of Fairy Shrimp From Belize, and a Comparison of Cyst-shell Morphology in the New World Members of the Streptocephalus Sealii Species Group (Anostraca: Streptocephalidae)

Anostraca are recorded for the first time from Belize, and for the second time from Central America. The Belizean Streptocephalus similis occupies a thermal refuge from insect predators. Cystshell morphologies in the New World members of the Streptocephalus sealii species group are described. They indicate a closer relationship between S. sealii and S. woottoni than between either species and S. similis. While conducting stream surveys in Belize, I found a roadside pond containing a small population of the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus similis Baird. The pond was in a forested area of the Rio Bravo Preserve in northern Belize, an area of karst topography having much in common with the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. The collection was made by W. D. Shepard in Belize; Orange
The Impact of the Christian Faith on Books, Publishing, and Libraries: American Organizations and Leaders in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

The Industrial Revolution, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, transformed modern life. Millions of citizens fled the countryside and flooded into burgeoning cities, yielding unpr...
Interactions between Solvents and Polymers in the Solid State

Abstract One of the goals of modern polymer research is to achieve an understanding in rigorous and quantitative terms of the molecular chain configuration and of the spatial arrangement of the polymer molecules in the solid state. This problem is of particular interest for oriented semicrystalline polymers such as textile fibers which have both crystalline and amorphous domains or phases. This duality in structure has found expression in many models including the micellar concept, the fringed micellar concept, and fringed fibrillar concept, and more recently the crystalline imperfection model. While there is no universal agreement about an exact description of the fine structure of semicrystalline polymers, it is generally accepted that some of the chains or chain segments are preferentially oriented and aggregated by close packing with neighboring molecules into cohesive structural units which are usually referred to as crystallites. Polymer chain folding is frequently involved in the development of cry...
Feasibility on speeding up water-buses carrying visitors from Wusong area into Expo site

Based on the pressure caused by the total visitors on the urban traffic in Shanghai during the Expo 2010,the idea that visitors can get into the Expo site directly by the rapid water-buses through Huangpu River from Wusong area is proposed.In addition,the suggestion of issuing provisional regulation during the Expo 2010 is set up by quoting the navigation safety requirements of the related navigable water.By quantitative analysis,the conclusion is made that the ships with single propeller can steer continuously at small rudder angle and the ships with double propellers can pass the curve at high speed by adjusting the side speed.With the application of probability theory,the conclusion is made that the rapid water-bus at an increased speed of 12～16 kn can feasibly carry visitors from Wusong area into the Expo site as compared with the land traffic system and the ships with ordinary speed.