cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on Aceves' Review of Brandes' Migration, Kinship, and Community

appears to pose a considerable added burden for editors who already donate their time to the Association and work with limited part-time office assistance. What is workable, and in fact essential, as Freeman urges, is that each reviewer show normal professional courtesy and responsibility in personally sending a copy of a review to the author reviewed, prior to submitting it to the editors, to make sure that errors and distortions do not occur. The responsibilities of reviewers will be further commented on in a statement on reviewing that is being prepared by the Editorial Board.
Sumoylation regulates lamin A function and is lost in lamin A mutants associated with familial cardiomyopathies

Lamin A mutations cause many diseases, including cardiomyopathies and Progeria Syndrome. The covalent attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) polypeptides regulates the function of many proteins. Until now, no examples of human disease-causing mutations that occur within a sumoylation consensus sequence and alter sumoylation were known. We show that lamin A is sumoylated at lysine 201 and that two lamin A mutants associated with familial dilated cardiomyopathy, E203G and E203K, exhibit decreased sumoylation. E203 occupies the conserved +2 position in the sumoylation consensus ΨKXE. Lamin A mutants E203G, E203K, and K201R all exhibit a similar aberrant subcellular localization and are associated with increased cell death. Fibroblasts from an individual with the E203K lamin A mutation also exhibit decreased lamin A sumoylation and increased cell death. These results suggest that SUMO modification is important for normal lamin A function and implicate an involvement for altered sumoylation in the E203G/E203K lamin A cardiomyopathies.
Genetic Diversity Influences the Response of the Brain to Developmental Lead Exposure

Although extrinsic factors, such as nutritional status, and some intrinsic genetic factors may modify susceptibility to developmental lead (Pb) poisoning, no studies have specifically examined the influence of genetic background on outcomes from Pb exposure. In this study, we used gene microarray profiling to identify Pb-responsive genes in rats of different genetic backgrounds, including inbred (Fischer 344 (F344)) and outbred (Long Evans (LE), Sprague Dawley (SD)) strains, to investigate the role that genetic variation may play in influencing outcomes from developmental Pb exposure. Male and female animals received either perinatal (gestation through lactation) or postnatal (birth through weaning) exposure to Pb in food (0, 250, or 750 ppm). RNA was extracted from the hippocampus at day 55 and hybridized to Affymetrix Rat Gene 1.0 ST Arrays. There were significant strain-specific effects of Pb on the hippocampal transcriptome with 978 transcripts differentially expressed in LE rats across all experimental groups, 269 transcripts differentially expressed in F344 rats, and only 179 transcripts differentially expressed in SD rats. These results were not due to strain-related differences in brain accumulation of Pb. Further, no genes were consistently differentially regulated in all experimental conditions. There was no set of “Pb toxicity” genes that are a molecular signature for Pb neurotoxicity that transcended sex, exposure condition, and strain. These results demonstrate the influence that strain and genetic background play in modifying the brain's response to developmental Pb exposure and may have relevance for better understanding the molecular underpinnings of the lack of a neurobehavioral signature in childhood Pb poisoning.
The Effects of Carbohydrate, Unsaturated Fat, and Protein Intake on Measures of Insulin Sensitivity: Results from the OmniHeart Trial

OBJECTIVE Impaired insulin sensitivity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Although calorie restriction and weight loss increase insulin sensitivity, the effects of modifying macronutrient composition on insulin sensitivity are uncertain. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects on insulin sensitivity of a carbohydrate-rich diet (CARB; similar to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH] diet), a protein-rich diet (PROT; protein predominantly from plant sources), and an unsaturated fat–rich diet (UNSAT; predominantly monounsaturated). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study was a randomized, controlled, three-period, crossover feeding study. The study participants were 164 individuals with pre- or stage 1 hypertension without diabetes. Diets were administered for 6 weeks each, with a washout period between diets of 2–4 weeks. Weight was held constant throughout the study. For our primary outcome, we calculated the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) using the end-of-period fasting serum glucose and insulin. QUICKI is a validated measure of insulin sensitivity. The primary analyses used generalized estimating equations. RESULTS At baseline, mean (SD) BMI was 30.2 (6.1) kg/m 2 , and mean (SD) QUICKI was 0.35 (0.04). The UNSAT diet increased QUICKI by 0.005, more than the CARB diet ( P = 0.04). PROT had no significant effect compared with CARB. CONCLUSIONS A diet that partially replaces carbohydrate with unsaturated fat may improve insulin sensitivity in a population at risk for cardiovascular disease. Given the well-recognized challenges of sustaining weight loss, our results suggest an alternative approach for improving insulin sensitivity.
The Industry‐Level Impact of Information Technology: An Empirical Analysis of Three Industries*

As noted by several observers, information technology (IT) has rapidly evolved from “part of the organizational overhead” into a strategic resource capable of changing patterns of competition within industries [8, p. 275]. However, while this evolution has become part of the fabric for literature exploring the strategic impact of IT, very few studies have been undertaken to determine the specific influence(s) of technology-based competition on industry structure. The development of analytical frames for capturing aspects of industry behavior provides a potentially powerful tool for evaluating the influence strategic IT initiatives may have on current bases of competition. Drawing from the theoretical disciplines of industrial economics and strategic management, this study develops a framework for analyzing longitudinal changes in industry structure. Working within this frame, the study then analyzes the nature and change of structure in three industries during and after the introduction of strategic information technology. The findings suggest that in each of these industries structural characteristics were dramatically altered subsequent to the introduction of competitive-based IT. In two of the industries (airlines and industrial chemicals), early adopters broke away from other industry participants, in effect, forming unique bases of competition. In the remaining industry (drug wholesalers), previously distinct bases of competition consolidated, resulting in a more competitive industry structure than that which existed prior to the technological innovation.
Infrared Analysis of Pharmaceutical Products Containing Sodium PropylmethylcarbinylallylBarbiturate and Sodium Isoamylethyl Barbiturate

A rapid control procedure is given for analysis by infrared absorption of pharmaceutical products containing sodium propylmethylcarbinylallyl barbiturate and sodium isoamylethyl barbiturate by which the individual components may be determined simultaneously and with only moderate mutual interference.
Dark cure studies of cationic photopolymerizations of epoxides: Characterization of kinetic rate constants at high conversions

The effective propagation rate constant (k p ; averaged over all the propagating active centers) was characterized for solvent-free cationic photopolymerizations of phenyl glycidyl ether over the entire range of conversions, including the high conversion regime in which mass transfer limitations become important. The profile for the k p as a function of conversion was found to exhibit a constant plateau value at low to intermediate conversions, followed by a monotonic increase above a threshold value of conversion. To explain this trend, it is proposed that at high conversion the diffusional mobility of the photoinitiator counterion is reduced whereas the mobility of the cationic active center remains high because of reactive diffusion. Therefore, with increasing conversion, the average distance between the active centers and counterions may increase, resulting in an increase in the propagation rate constant. The profiles for the k p values were investigated as a function of the temperature, photoinitiator anion, and photoinitiator concentration. As the photoinitiator concentration was increased, the plateau value of the effective propagation rate constant decreased whereas the threshold conversion increased. All of the experimental trends are consistent with the proposed increase in ion separation at high conversions.
Regulation of bacterial priming and daughter strand synthesis through helicase-primase interactions

The replisome is a multi-component molecular machine responsible for rapidly and accurately copying the genome of an organism. A central member of the bacterial replisome is DnaB, the replicative helicase, which separates the parental duplex to provide templates for newly synthesized daughter strands. A unique RNA polymerase, the DnaG primase, associates with DnaB to repeatedly initiate thousands of Okazaki fragments per replication cycle on the lagging strand. A number of studies have shown that the stability and frequency of the interaction between DnaG and DnaB determines Okazaki fragment length. More recent work indicates that each DnaB hexamer associates with multiple DnaG molecules and that these primases can coordinate with one another to regulate their activities at a replication fork. Together, disparate lines of evidence are beginning to suggest that Okazaki fragment initiation may be controlled in part by crosstalk between multiple primases bound to the helicase.
Host serum factor triggers germination of Clostridium perfringens spores lacking the cortex hydrolysis machinery

Clostridium perfringens type A is the causative agent of a variety of histotoxic and enteric diseases. The ability of C. perfringens spores to germinate in vivo might be due to the presence of nutrient germinants in the host tissue and blood. In the current study, we investigated the ability of spores of C. perfringens wild-type and mutation strains to germinate in blood. Results indicate that spores of all three surveyed C. perfringens wild-type isolates germinated better in blood than in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. However, as expected, spores lacking germinant receptor (GR) protein GerAA or GerKB germinated like wild-type spores in BHI broth and blood. Strikingly, while spores lacking GR proteins GerKA and GerKC showed significantly decreased germination in BHI broth, these spores germinated well in blood, suggesting that blood factor(s) can trigger spore germination through a GR-independent pathway. Using C. perfringens spores lacking cortex lytic enzymes (DcspB or DsleC DsleM), we were able to identify a host serum germination factor with peptidoglycan hydrolysing activity that (i) restored the colony-forming efficiencies of DcspB and DsleC DsleM spores up to ~5–20% of that of total colony-forming spores; (ii) increased the number of c.f.u. of decoated DcspB and DsleC DsleM spores to ~99% of that of colony-forming spores; (iii) and finally lost enzymic activity after heat inactivation, consistent with serum germination factor being an enzyme. Further characterization demonstrated that serum germination factor is very likely lysozyme, which can form a stable high molecular mass complex of ~120 kDa in serum. In conclusion, the current study indicates that a host serum germination factor with peptidoglycan hydrolysing activity is capable of triggering germination of C. perfringens spores by directly degrading the spore peptidoglycan cortex. Collectively, this study contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of in vivo germination of spores of C. perfringens.
Pediatric Dose Selection

Selection of a drug dose in pediatrics is generally based on no or incomplete pharmacokinetic data. Traditionally, allometric, or scaling, techniques have been used; however, they have inherent limitations and may not make optimal use of the drug-specific clinical pharmacokinetic information that is available. Modeling is a tool that holds promise. The future challenge is to create a structured approach to determining pediatric doses for new therapeutic agents.
An Oral versus Intranasal Prime/Boost Regimen Using Attenuated Human Rotavirus or VP2 and VP6 Virus-Like Particles with Immunostimulating Complexes Influences Protection and Antibody-Secreting Cell Responses to Rotavirus in a Neonatal Gnotobiotic Pig Model

We determined the impact of mucosal prime/boost regimens and vaccine type (attenuated Wa human rotavirus [AttHRV] or nonreplicating Wa 2/6 rotavirus-like particles [VLP]) on protection and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses to HRV in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model. Comparisons of delivery routes for AttHRV and evaluation of nonreplicating VLP vaccines are important as alternative vaccine approaches to overcome risks associated with live oral vaccines. Groups of neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were vaccinated using combinations of oral (PO) and intranasal (IN) inoculation routes as follows: (i) 3 oral doses of AttHRV (AttHRV3×PO); (ii) AttHRV3×IN; (iii) AttHRVPO, then 2/6VLP2×IN; (iv) AttHRVIN, then 2/6VLP2×IN; and (v) mock-inoculated controls. Subsets of pigs from each group were challenged with virulent Wa HRV [P1A(8) G1] (4 weeks post-primary inoculation) to assess protection. The AttHRVPO+2/6VLP2×IN pigs had the highest protection rates against virus shedding and diarrhea (71% each); however, these rates did not differ statistically among the vaccine groups, except for the AttHRVIN+2/6VLPIN group, which had a significantly lower protection rate (17%) against diarrhea. The isotype, magnitude, and tissue distribution of ASCs were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The highest mean numbers of virus-specific IgG and IgA ASCs were observed pre- and postchallenge in both intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues of the AttHRVPO+2/6VLPIN group. Thus, the AttHRVPO+2/6VLPIN vaccine regimen using immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM) and multiple mucosal inductive sites, followed by AttHRV3×PO or IN regimens, were the most effective vaccine regimens, suggesting that either AttHRVPO+2/6VLPIN or AttHRV3×IN may be an alternative approach to AttHRV3×PO for inducing protective immunity against rotavirus diarrhea.
Biobricks and Crocheted Coral: Dispatches from the Life Sciences in the Age of Fabrication

Argument What does “life” become at a moment when biological inquiry proceeds by manufacturing biological artifacts and systems? In this article, I juxtapose two radically different communities, synthetic biologists and Hyperbolic Crochet Coral Reef crafters (HCCR). Synthetic biology is a decade-old research initiative that seeks to merge biology with engineering and experimental research with manufacture. The HCCR is a distributed venture of three thousand craftspeople who cooperatively fabricate a series of yarn and plastic coral reefs to draw attention to the menace climate change poses to the Great Barrier and other reefs. Interpreting these two groups alongside one another, I suggest that for both, manufacturing biological artifacts advances their understandings of biology: in a rhetorical loop, they build new biological things in order to understand the things they are making. The resulting fabrications condense scientific and folk theories about “life” and also undo “life” as a coherent analytic object.
Influencing Policy at the Top of the Federal Bureaucracy: A Comparison of Career and Political Senior Executives

Although we commonly assume that bureaucrats influence the policies which govern public behavior, we know very little about the individuals who occupy executive positions in the federal bureaucracy. Following the creation of the Senior Executive Service (SES) in 1978, the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) published guidelines detailing the skills and responsibilities required among both career and noncareer members of the SES. Although scholars have focused much attention on relations between these two groups within the federal bureaucracy, their day-to-day responsibilities remain understudied. This study reports results of a survey that was administered to 1,000 members of the Senior Executive Service to determine whether career and noncareer members of the SES have significantly different job responsibilities. Although both groups perform a variety of activities which provide them with numerous avenues to affect government policy, the research findings indicate that noncareer executives are more engaged in carrying out political liaison tasks and that career executives have slightly greater personnel responsibilities.
Developing and Submitting Credible Qualitative Manuscripts

The standards used to evaluate qualitative research have been a recurring theme in qualitative research literature for more than 20 years. Included in the discussion of these standards are the qualities of trustworthiness (Y. Lincoln & E. Guba, 1985). More recently, methodological and analytic rigor and coherence have also been emphasized (e.g., M. Poggenpoel & C. P. H. Myburgh, 2005). These factors are discussed and conceptualized as presentational rigor. Implications of presentational rigor for designing and conducting qualitative research and preparing manuscripts that are more likely to be published in Counselor Education and Supervision are discussed.
An introduction to ALGOL 68

Abstract An introduction to ALGOL 68 and, to a lesser extent, its defining report is given. A basically semantic approach to the description is chosen, which helps to emphasize the generality and structural simplicity of the language. Syntactic questions are treated less thoroughly, and input/output is omitted completely.
BASIC CONCEPTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF SMALL URBAN CENTERS OF MINNESOTA

STUDIES in urban geography have been handicapped by the general lack of a method of measuring and classifying the functions or activities of towns. Occasionally attempts have been made at presenting such a method, but at the present time none has been generally accepted. This paper does not pretend to solve the many problems of functional analysis and classification, although it does point the way to an approach not usually taken. Following a brief survey of methods thus far put forward, the basic concepts on which functional classifications are built will be examined. From this examination a method for the measurement of functions will be derived and applied to the small urban centers of Minnesota. Methods thus far presented have been compiled from a number of different bases. Some of them, including that of Aurousseau,' have been assembled from general observations and expressed in the form of lists of types. Such lists are, in effect, expressions of the concept of functional differentiation. As illustrations of this concept such classifications are of great value, but their usefulness tends to diminish when they are applied to particular instances. The finality of such terms as manufacturing town, retail trade center, and mining town seems to exclude the possibility that a mining town may also have a significant function as a retail trade center or as a manufacturing town. The type list, therefore, offers little assistance in the analysis of the varying importance of activities in individual towns. Other classifications, most notably that of Harris,2 have illustrated the concept of func-
Developing legible visualizations for online social spaces

Although constructed for researchers to share news and information, Usenet quickly developed into a social environment with varied styles of interactions. Unfortunately, the browsers developed to view the shared messages fail to effectively convey the rich social features of a newsgroup, let alone all of Usenet The goal of our research is to use the salient features of social interaction to build a "legible" interactive visual representation of Usenet. We introduce our approach to developing this type of visualization, discussing our theoretical framework, questions considered to access the socially salient features, and a series of design iterations used for exploring the way to develop a visual language that conveys social meaning. Although this paper represents a work in progress, we hope that this approach and our initial iterations help build a framework for future directions.
Advancing the science of child and adolescent development: Do we need a new household panel survey?

This paper examines the extent to which a new nationally representative household panel survey could bring children and adolescents to the forefront of its design. We begin by discussing how major demographic shifts, such as reduced social mobility and transformations in family structure, may affect children and adolescent development through individual, family, and sociocultural processes. We then review the existing household surveys in the United States and highlight the strengths and weaknesses for studying how major societal trends and changes affect child and adolescent development. We then debate several different design approaches for a new study and recommend either a longitudinal panel design, which includes all children in the panel survey, or a sequential cohort design, that includes a subsample of children and embedded birth cohort study. We highlight that a large, nationally representative dataset cannot replace standalone, more in-depth developmental studies of children and adolescents with high-fidelity measurement of processes. Instead, we argue that a new panel survey could take a more targeted approach and measure the major constructs of children's development as well as select family and sociocultural processes by drawing on recent advances in survey measurement techniques. We conclude by affirming that new household survey has the potential to contribute greatly to our understanding of the developmental origins of life long wellbeing as well as the effects of major demographic shifts in the 21st century on child and adolescent development.
A novel global pattern recognition algorithm

The background, development, performance assessment, and analysis of a novel pattern recognition algorithm that is applicable to any set of binary images are discussed. The efficacy of the algorithm when applied to the problem of fingerprint recognition is quantified. The conclusion was that the algorithm is relatively poor as a fingerprint identification algorithm, averaging an equal error rate of approximately 19% as calculated by the rules specified in the Year 2000 Fingerprint Verification Competition. The positive attributes of the algorithm were its ultra-fast matching times, orientation independence, lack of rejection events, relative insensitivity to resolution difference, and one-way transformations. The mechanism of algorithm operation as applied to fingerprints was investigated using integral geometry. This investigation showed that the algorithm was an indirect measure of ridge width, which explained the algorithm’s relatively poor performance. Another set of experiments suggests that the algorithm may be well-suited to other pattern recognition problems, specifically cloud and precipitation particle recognition and camouflage recognition. In summary, the research extends the field of pattern recognition by developing, assessing the performance, and determining the mechanism of operation of a novel pattern recognition algorithm that is applicable to any set of binary images.
Synthesis, Structure, and Solution Properties of [(mim-TASN)FeCl2]+ and Its μ-Oxo Derivative

A series of iron(III) complexes based on the tetradentate ligand 4-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-1-thia-4,7-diazacyclononane (L) has been synthesized, and their solution properties investigated. Addition of FeCl3 to methanol solutions of L yields [LFeCl2]FeCl4 as a dark red solid. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals a pseudo-octahedral environment around iron(III) with the three nitrogen donors of L coordinated facially. Ion exchange reactions with NaPF6 in methanol facilitate chloride exchange resulting in a different diastereomer for the [LFeCl2]+ cation. X-ray analysis of [LFeCl2]PF6 finds meridional coordination of the three nitrogen donors of L. Electrochemical studies of [LFeCl2]+ in acetonitrile display a single Fe(III)/(II) reduction potential at −280 mV versus ferrocenium/ferrocene. In methanol, a broad cathodic wave is observed because of partial exchange of one chloride for methoxide with half-potentials of −170 mV and −440 mV for [LFeCl2]+/0 and [LFeCl(OCH3)]+/0, respectively. The eq...
Ecological and Nutritional Studies on Coleomegilla maculata De Geer (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae). II. The Effects of Different Population Densities and Sex Ratios on Oviposition

Eight different population densities of adult lady beetles, Coleomegilla maculata De Geer, were tested in a standard space of 568 cc. The adults were provided with excess food and water As the number of adults increased the number of eggs per female decreased. A greater degree of intraspecific competition occurred among females than among males and females. Oviposition was affected by the number of individuals and their sex. Maximum egg production was obtained by confining mated females singly in oviposition cages.
Structural Properties of Defects in Glassy Liquids

At zero temperature a disordered solid corresponds to a local minimum in the energy landscape. As the temperature is raised or the system is driven with a mechanical load, the system explores different minima via dynamical events in which particles rearrange their relative positions. We have shown recently that the dynamics of particle rearrangements are strongly correlated with a structural quantity associated with each particle, “softness”, which we can identify using supervised machine learning. Particles of a given softness have a well-defined energy scale that governs local rearrangements; because of this property, softness greatly simplifies our understanding of glassy dynamics. Here we investigate the correlation of softness with other commonly used structural quantities, such as coordination number and local potential energy. We show that although softness strongly correlates with these properties, its predictive power for rearrangement dynamics is much higher. We introduce a useful metric for qua...
Prognosis in the neurologic manifestations of pernicious anemia.

Four types of disturbed neurologic function occur in pernicious anemia: (1) cerebral, (2) olfactory, (3) peripheral nerve and posterior columns of the spinal cord, and (4) lateral columns of the spinal cord. The neurologic prognosis depends upon the specific type of disability present, its severity, duration, and the adequacy of treatment. With intensive use of highly potent liver extracts intramuscularly the prognosis is far better than generally recognized. Serious neurologic residuals can be avoided if the diagnosis is made reasonably early.
A Comparison of Tropical Rainforest Phenology Retrieved From Geostationary (SEVIRI) and Polar-Orbiting (MODIS) Sensors Across the Congo Basin

The seasonal and interannual dynamics of tropical rainforests play a critical role in the global carbon cycle and climate change. This paper retrieved and compared land surface phenology from observations acquired by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard geostationary satellites and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on polar-orbiting satellites over the Congo Basin. To achieve this, we first retrieved canopy greenness cycles (CGCs) and their transition timing from two-band enhanced vegetation index (EVI2) derived from SEVIRI and MODIS data between 2006 and 2013. We then assessed the influences of SEVIRI and MODIS data quality on the reconstruction of the EVI2 temporal trajectory, the detection of the CGC onset and end timing, and the total number of successful CGC retrievals. The significance of influences was determined using the one-tailed two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The results indicate that diurnal SEVIRI observations greatly increased the probability of capturing cloud-free daily EVI2 in the rainforest-dominated region of the Congo Basin, where the proportion of good quality (PGQ) observations during a CGC was up to 80% higher than that from MODIS. As a result, the double annual CGCs of the Congo Basin rainforests were well identified from SEVIRI but sparsely detected from MODIS, whereas the single annual CGC in the savanna-dominated northern and southern Congo Basin was successfully retrieved from both SEVIRI and MODIS. Moreover, the decreases of PGQ in an EVI2 time series were found to significantly increase the uncertainties of retrieved phenological timings and increase the probabilities of CGC retrieval failures.
Theorien der sozialen Entwicklung

Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie spielen mit einem Saugling . Wie ware das wohl? Naturlich lacheln Sie und sprechen in gefuhlvollem Tonfall, und das Baby lachelt vielleicht zuruck und antwortet Ihnen, indem es glucklich gluckst. Wenn Sie aus irgendeinem Grund mit lauter, harter Stimme sprechen, wird das Baby verstummen und auf der Hut sein. Wenn Sie nach links schauen, folgt das Kind Ihrem Blick, als erwarte es, dass in dieser Richtung etwas Interessantes zu sehen ist. Naturlich reagiert das Baby nicht nur auf das, was Sie tun; es verhalt sich auch unabhangig davon, mustert unterschiedliche Gegenstande oder verfolgt Ereignisse im Zimmer oder quengelt aus einem nicht ersichtlichen Grund. Ihr Umgang mit dem Baby weckt Gefuhle in Ihnen – Freude, Zuneigung, Fursorglichkeit und so weiter. Im Lauf der Zeit lernen Sie und der Saugling einander durch wiederholte Interaktionen besser kennen und gehen starker mit Gesten oder verbal aufeinander ein als auf andere Leute.
Improving Primo Usability and Teachability with Help from the Users

ABSTRACTIn the aftermath of a consortium migration to a shared cloud-based resource management and discovery system, a small college library implemented a Web usability test to uncover the kinds of difficulties students had with the new interface. Lessons learned from this study led to targeted changes, which simplified aspects of searching, but also enhanced the librarians' ability to teach more effectively. The authors discuss the testing methods, results, and teaching opportunities, both realized and potential, which arose from implementing changes.
Equations Solvable for x

This chapter discusses first-order ordinary differential equations that can be explicitly solved for y. These equations are of the form y = f ( x , y '). Equations of the form y = f ( x , y ') can be solved by finding a second equation involving x , y and y ', and then eliminating the y ' term between the two equations. The chapter considers an equation of the form y = f ( x , dy / dx ). Then p = dy / dx is defined so that y = f ( x , dy / dx ) may be written as y = f ( x , p ). The equation is then differentiated with respect to x, to obtain dy / dx = Φ( x , p , dp / dx ) or p = Φ( x , p , dp / dx ) for some function Φ. Now the ordinary differential equation p = Φ( x , p , dp / dx ), for p = p ( x ), may sometimes be integrated to obtain F ( x , p ; C ) = 0.
Biomechanical Comparison: Single-Bundle versus Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Techniques.

Controversy exists regarding double-bundle (DB) versus single-bundle (SB) posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, with differences in multiple variables affecting biomechanical and clinical results. Our objective was to compare immediate postimplantation biomechanics of SB versus DB reconstructions to determine the relative importance of restoring both PCL bundles versus total graft volume. Twenty knees were randomly assigned to five techniques (n = 4 knees/technique), performed by three surgeons experienced in their technique(s), three SB techniques (n = 12; all-inside arthroscopic inlay, all-inside suspensory fixation, and arthroscopic-assisted open onlay), and two DB techniques (n = 8; arthroscopic-assisted open inlay and all-inside suspensory fixation). Each knee was tested in three conditions: PCL-intact, PCL-deficient, and post-PCL reconstruction. Testing consisted of a posterior-directed force at four knee flexion angles, 10, 30, 60, and 90 degrees, to measure load to 5 mm of posterior displacement, maximum displacement (at 100 N load), and stiffness. Data for each knee were normalized, combined into two groups (SB and DB), and then compared using one-way analysis of variance. Graft volumes were calculated and analyzed to determine if differences significantly influenced the biomechanical results. Intact knees were stiffer than both groups at most angles (p < 0.02; p < 0.05). DB was stiffer than SB at all angles except 30 degrees (p < 0.05). Intact knees had less laxity than SB (p < 0.03) and DB (p < 0.05) at 60 and 90 degrees. DB had less laxity than SB at all angles except 60 degrees (p < 0.05). Intact knees required more load than SB at 30, 60, and 90 degrees (p < 0.01) and more than DB at 60 and 90 degrees (p < 0.05). DB required more load than SB at 30, 60, and 90 degrees (p < 0.01). Graft volumes did not have strong correlations (r = 0.13-0.37) to any measurements. Neither group of PCL reconstruction techniques was able to replicate native PCL biomechanics. DB reconstructions were biomechanically superior to SB reconstructions; they may be preferred for clinical use when immediate post-reconstruction graft strength and stability are critical. These results were not strongly influenced by graft size differences, further supporting the PCL codominance theory.
Λολ: Functional Lattice Cryptography

This work describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of Λολ, a general-purpose software framework for lattice-based cryptography. The Λολ framework has several novel properties that distinguish it from prior implementations of lattice cryptosystems, including the following. Generality, modularity, concision: Λολ defines a collection of general, highly composable interfaces for mathematical operations used across lattice cryptography, allowing for a wide variety of schemes to be expressed very naturally and at a high level of abstraction. For example, we implement an advanced fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme in as few as 2--5 lines of code per feature, via code that very closely matches the scheme's mathematical definition. Theory affinity: Λολ is designed from the ground-up around the specialized ring representations, fast algorithms, and worst-case hardness proofs that have been developed for the Ring-LWE problem and its cryptographic applications. In particular, it implements fast algorithms for sampling from theory-recommended error distributions over arbitrary cyclotomic rings, and provides tools for maintaining tight control of error growth in cryptographic schemes. Safety: Λολ has several facilities for reducing code complexity and programming errors, thereby aiding the correct implementation of lattice cryptosystems. In particular, it uses strong typing to statically enforce---i.e., at compile time---a wide variety of constraints among the various parameters. Advanced features: Λολ exposes the rich hierarchy of cyclotomic rings to cryptographic applications. We use this to give the first-ever implementation of a collection of FHE operations known as "ring switching," and also define and analyze a more efficient variant that we call "ring tunneling." Lastly, this work defines and analyzes a variety of mathematical objects and algorithms for the recommended usage of Ring-LWE in cyclotomic rings, which we believe will serve as a useful knowledge base for future implementations.
Rapid decline in river icings detected in Arctic Alaska: Implications for a changing hydrologic cycle and river ecosystems

Arctic river icings are surface ice accumulations that can be >10 km2 in area and >10 m thick. They commonly impact the hydrology, geomorphology, and ecology of Arctic river environments. Previous examination of icing dynamics in Arctic Alaska found no substantial changes in extent through 2005. However, here we use daily time series of satellite imagery for 2000–2015 to demonstrate that the temporal persistence and minimum summertime extent of large icings in part of Arctic Alaska and Canada have declined rapidly. We identified 122 large ephemeral icings, and 70 are disappearing significantly earlier in the summer, with a mean trend of −1.6 ± 0.9 day−1 for fully ephemeral features. Additionally, 14 of 25 icings that usually persist through the summer have significantly smaller minimum extents (−2.6 ± 1.6% yr−1). These declines are remarkably rapid and suggest that Arctic hydroclimatic systems generating icings, and their associated ecosystems, are changing rapidly.
The Nature of Excited States and Intermediates in Bacterial Photosynthesis

In bacterial reaction centers (RCs) charge separation is initiated by excitation of the special pair primary electron donor (P) to its first excited singlet state (1P). Within a few ps an electron moves from P to I, the intermediate electron acceptor (Woodbury et al., 1985; Breton et al., 1986; Martin et al., 1986). As described in the paper by Flemming, Martin, and Breton in this volume, the rate of this initial reaction increases as the temperature is lowered. The electron transfers from I−· to QA within about 200ps at room temperature and somewhat faster at lower temperature (Kirmaier and Holten, 1987). For most of the experiments described in this paper we have used quinone-depleted RCs when the species is Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Q−·-RCs when the species is Rhodopseudomonas viridis. In this case the fate of the initial charge-separated radical pair state, 1(P+·I−·), is more complex, as illustrated in Figure 1. 1(P+·I−·) can decay either by charge recombination to 1PI or ground state PI, or the spin multiplicity of the radical pair can evolve to 3(P+·I−·). 3(P+·I−·) can decay by charge recombination to 3PI or the spin multiplicity can continue evolving back to 1(P+·I−·). 3PI can decay by intersystem crossing or reform 3(P+·I−·). Interconversion between the singlet and triplet radical pair states is characterized by a parameter ω, whose value depends on the magnetic properties of the radicals P+· and I−· and on the externally applied magnetic field strength (Boxer et al., 1983).
Earth at Night: An Image of the Nighttime Earth Based on Cloud-Free Satellite Photographs

An image of the entire earth at nighttime is assembled for the first time. It consists of a mosaic of photographs, all taken at local midnight in the 400-1100 nm band, made by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program over the period 1974-84. Photographs were selected for freedom from clouds, lack of moonlight, high sensitivity, and suitability to illustrate various temporal phenomena. The image primarily reveals activities of humankind such as urban street lighting, rangeland burning, slash-and-burn agriculture, natural gas burnoffs in oilfields, and squidding. Although light pollution in urban areas creates a striking map, at the same time it devastates astronomical observation and removes much of humankind from any familiarity with the night sky.
Solving Implicit Equations Arising from Adams-Moulton Methods

A new algorithm is given in this paper, which uses functional iteration to solve the implicit equations generated by the Adams-Moulton method. Compared with traditional function iteration, it has three advantages: (1) the center of the circle of convergence for the iteration moves to the left in hλ plane; (2) the radius of the circle is much enlarged; (3) for a fixed number of iterations, in practice, we can view it as an “explicit” method since it has a very large absolute stability region. The method is very suitable for stiff system, especially for very large systems.
The Electron Microscope as a Crystallographic Instrument

Of all the possible scattering methods capable of resolving interatomic distances, only those employing electrons permit the relationship between an object and its diffraction pattern to be directly visualized. This is because the paths of electrons can be changed by a magnetic field without a change in their energy; hence electron lenses exist and, therefore, electron microscopes can be constructed (see, e.g., Reimer, 1984).
Decoding Brain States Based on Microcircuits

Decoding brain states based on single-trial neural activity data is important for understanding neural codes. Microcircuits are local functional connectivity among ensemble neural dynamics, and play a vital role in cognition and behavior. Calcium imaging can examine microcircuits in behaving animals. We propose a computational framework called microcircuit-based brain state decoding (MBSD) to distinguish brain states based on microcircuits generated from single-trial data. We validated MBSD using five calcium imaging datasets in which neural activities of DI medium spiny neurons (MSN) in the dorsal striatum were recorded. MBSD was used to distinguish high/low velocity based on DI-MSN neural activities; and achieved classification accuracy greater than 0.9 in all five experiments.
Enabling Confirmatory Secondary Data Analysis by Logging Data ‘Checkout’

As more researchers make their data sets openly available, the potential of secondary data analysis to address new questions increases. However, the distinction between primary and secondary data a...
Repeatability and Agreement of Various High-Speed Macrotexture Measurement Devices:

Five high-speed macrotexture measurement devices were tested on a variety of asphalt and Portland cement concrete pavement surfaces to evaluate their repeatability and their pairwise agreement. Exp...
Chronic granulomatous disease 2018: advances in pathophysiology and clinical management

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare immunodeficiency disorder of phagocytic cells resulting in failure to kill a characteristic spectrum of bacteria and fungi and to resolve inflammation....
Retrospective Study of Punch Scoring Versus Freehand Approach for First Stage Mohs Micrographic Surgery

Objective: The objective was to observe whether there is a difference in the number of subjects requiring more than one stage of Mohs micrographic surgery for small lesion nonmelanoma skin cancers using the punch scoring method versus freehand approach. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Outpatient Mohs Clinic. Participants: Thirty patients with small lesion (<5mm) basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma who had Mohs micrographic surgery using either the punch scoring method (15) for scoring the first layer or the freehand method (15). Measurements: Differences between the two groups were evaluated by the number of subjects requiring more than one stage and the reason for any additional stages. Results: There was no observed difference in the number of subjects requiring more than one Mohs stage between the punch scoring group and the freehand group. Conclusion: Dermatologic surgeons can use the punch scoring method or the freehand approach for scoring small lesion Mohs based on provider preference.
Effect of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Recycled Asphalt Shingles on Fracture Tolerance of Asphalt Binders

Fracture energy density (FED), which is defined as the energy per unit volume required to initiate fracture, is a key property governing the resistance to fracture of asphalt binders. This study evaluated the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) on virgin binder FED using the binder fracture energy (BFE) test. The objective was to determine whether RAP and RAS can be used with soft virgin binders to achieve satisfactory fracture tolerance. Experimental factors included two RAP sources, two RAS sources (manufacture waste (MW) shingles and tear-off (TO) shingles), and four virgin binders. BFE tests were conducted on blends of virgin and recovered RAP/RAS binders at two binder replacement rates of 15 % and 30 %. Moreover, the Superpave true grade of RAP/RAS binder blends was determined using the dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer. Results showed that the use of soft virgin binders effectively compensated for the stiffening effect of RAP/RAS in terms of true grade. The addition of RAP binder and MW shingle binder increased the FED of unmodified binders, whereas the opposite trend was observed for TO shingle binder. Furthermore, great caution should be exercised when using virgin polymer-modified binders because significant reductions in FED were observed when RAP and RAS binder was introduced, possibly because of the dilution of polymer modification in addition to stiffening and embrittlement effects. This study indicated that both RAP and RAS are recyclable, according to the Superpave true grade requirements. However, further research is needed to evaluate the effect of the reduction in binder FED caused by TO shingles on mixture fracture performance before its acceptance in asphalt mixtures.
Ten-year epidemiology of ankle injuries in men's and women's collegiate soccer players

Context Data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) have indicated that ankle injuries are the most common injuries among NCAA soccer players. Ob...
Migrants, Minorities, and Populism in Southeast Asia Thomas Pepinsky

Populists in East and Southeast Asia generally refrain from invoking anti-migrant and anti-minority sentiments as part of their mobilizational strategies. This differentiates them from “exclusionary” populists in Europe and the United States, even though many Asian countries are diverse societies with long histories of migration and ethnic chauvinism. In this essay I propose that Asian populists work within rather than against existing categories of peoplehood that were set alongside the onset of mass politics. Because these categories of peoplehood remain salient today, they constrain contemporary Asian populists’ rhetorical and mobilizational strategies. Exceptional cases such as the Rohingya and Chinese Indonesians, who are vulnerable to populist mobilization, provide further support for this argument about how contested notions of peoplehood make exclusionary populism possible. The Asian experience thus reveals the flexibility of identity, nation, and membership in contemporary populism.
The Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Interactome

A characteristic of the latent cyst stage of Toxoplasma gondii is a thick cyst wall that forms underneath the membrane of the bradyzoite vacuole. Previously, our laboratory group published a proteomic analysis of purified in vitro cyst wall fragments that identified an inventory of cyst wall components. To further refine our understanding of the composition of the cyst wall, several cyst wall proteins were tagged with a promiscuous biotin ligase (BirA*), and their interacting partners were screened by streptavidin affinity purification. Within the cyst wall pulldowns, previously described cyst wall proteins, dense granule proteins, and uncharacterized hypothetical proteins were identified. Several of the newly identified hypothetical proteins were validated to be novel components of the cyst wall and tagged with BirA* to expand the model of the cyst wall interactome. Community detection of the cyst wall interactome model revealed three distinct clusters: a dense granule, a cyst matrix, and a cyst wall cluster. Characterization of several of the identified cyst wall proteins using genetic strategies revealed that MCP3 affects in vivo cyst sizes. This study provides a model of the potential protein interactions within the cyst wall and the groundwork to understand cyst wall formation.IMPORTANCE A model of the cyst wall interactome was constructed using proteins identified through BioID. The proteins within this cyst wall interactome model encompass several proteins identified in a prior characterization of the cyst wall proteome. This model provides a more comprehensive understanding of the composition of the cyst wall and may lead to insights on how the cyst wall is formed.