cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muon spin relaxation studies in frustrated and/or low-dimensional spin systems

An overview is given on muon spin relaxation (μSR) measurements in frustrated and/or low dimensional spin systems. In the frustrated Kagome lattice system SrCr8Ga4O19, we observed dynamic spin fluctuations of ∼ 30 GHz, without any static frozen component even atT=0.1 K, much below the susceptibility-cusp temperatureTg=3.5 K. This is in clear contrast with the case in dilute-alloy spin glassesCuMn andAuFe, where static order develops belowTg. We also present the dimensionality dependence of the sub-lattice magnetization curves in 2-d Heisenberg systems, the remarkable suppression of the ordering temperature in a 1-d system Sr2CuO3, the observation of activation type spin dynamics in a 1-d Ising ferromagnet (DMeFc)(TCNE) aboveTc, slow spin fluctuations (∼ 60 MHz) in Haldane-gap systems at low temperatures, and some results from organic 1-d and 2-d magnetic systems.
Instructional Adaptation for Students at Risk

Abstract The focus of this study was instructional adaptation for low-achieving students who receive instruction within general education settings. Two types of adaptation were explored: (a) routine adaptation, or the extent to which teachers establish initial routines to facilitate ongoing adaptation, and (b) specialized adaptation, or how teachers modify instructional plans in light of student difficulty. Participants were 110 general educators, each of whom taught reading or mathematics to at least one student with a learning disability. Measures of school achievement were obtained for learning-disabled students, low-achieving nonhandicapped students, and average-achieving students from each class. In addition, teachers reported information about their routines and specialized adaptation and about the characteristics of themselves, their students, and their schools. Results indicated greater routine and specialized adaptation in reading than in mathematics. A regression analysis indicated that students...
The Development of an Instrument Measuring Preservice Physical Education Teacher Attitudes Toward Fitness Tests in Schools

The study was designed to develop an instrument to measure preservice physical education teacher (PPET) attitudes toward fitness tests in schools. Three stages were utilized in developing the instrument: (a) Phase 1 (definition of attitudes, component conceptualization, and item development); (b) Phase 2 (content validity study); and (c) Phase 3 (internal consistency reliability and construct validity study). Doctoral students (N = 20) served on the expert panel and participated in the content validity study. They were asked to organize items into the domain areas of the instrument. Participants for the reliability and validity study were 613 PPETs at 10 state universities. Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analyses were used to provide evidence for internal consistency reliability, and validity of the instrument to measure PPET attitudes toward fitness tests. The instrument includes an affective component, which contains 1 subdomain, "Enjoyment of Fitness Tests," as well as a cognitive compone...
Flame-sheet dynamics of bluff-body stabilized flames during longitudinal acoustic forcing

Bluff-body stabilized flames are susceptible to combustion instabilities due to interactions between acoustics, vortical disturbances, and the flame. In order to elucidate these flow-flame interactions during an instability, an experimental and computational investigation of the flame-sheet dynamics of a harmonically excited flame was performed. It is shown that the flame dynamics are controlled by three key processes: excitation of shear layer instabilities by the axially oscillating flow, anchoring of the flame at the bluff body, and the kinematic response of the flame to this forcing. The near-field flame features are controlled by flame anchoring and the far-field by kinematic restoration. In the near-field, the flame response grows with downstream distance due to flame anchoring, which prevents significant flame movement near the attachment point. Theory predicts that this results in linear flame response characteristics as a function of perturbation amplitude, and a monotonic growth in magnitude of the flame-sheet fluctuations near the stabilization point, consistent with the experimental data. Farther downstream, the flame response reaches a maximum and then decays due to the dissipation of the vortical disturbances and action of flame propagation normal to itself, which acts to smooth out the wrinkles generated by the harmonic flow forcing. This behavior is strongly non-linear, resulting in significant variation in far-field flame-sheet response with perturbation amplitude.
STUDIES ON PROTEIN UPTAKE BY ISOLATED TUMOR CELLS : III. Apparent Stimulations due to pH, Hypertonicity, Polycations, or Dehydration and Their Relation to the Enhanced Penetration of Infectious Nucleic Acids

Fixation of 131 I-serum albumin by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in suspensions and sarcoma S-180 monolayers was measured under experimental conditions. Anaerobic incubation and inhibitors of the oxidative metabolism critically restricted the range of glucose concentrations capable of supporting cell life; in glucose concentrations higher than 10 -2 M, Ehrlich cells suffered from their own acid production; in concentrations 10 -2 M, lower than they underwent damage by starvation. Both types of damage were accompanied by increased albumin fixation unrelated to pinocytosis. Different procedures recommended to enhance the uptake of infectious viral RNA by animal cells in culture were tested for their ability to increase albumin uptake. They enhanced the penetration of both albumin and vital dyes and decreased the viability of cell populations. Their effect, therefore, is related to cell damage. It was postulated that reversible damage to cells favors RNA infection by leading to abnormal uptake processes and by decreasing intracellular digestion. This abnormal uptake is different from pinocytosis and also from the massive fixation of albumin to dead cells. The latter phenomenon is due to adsorption by intracellular sites exposed by disruption of the cell membrane. Polycations are able to induce all three forms of fixation depending on the experimental conditions.
Reinforced silver chloride as a model material for the study of dislocations in metal matrix composites

Abstract Silver chloride containing fibers, spheres and particles of irregular form is used as a model material to study plasticity in metal matrix composites. Matrix dislocations generated upon cooling by the mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion between the matrix and the reinforcement are observed by transmission optical microscopy after decoration at room temperature by photodissociation of the matrix. The plastic zone around the fibers, spheres and particles takes two forms: (a) trains of coaxial prismatic dislocation loops punched into the matrix and (b) a plastic zone of irregular form containing partially resolved tangled dislocations. A relationship between the inclusion volume and the volume of the plastic zone around a spherical or cylindrical inclusion in a strain-hardening matrix is presented and compared with experimental data. This relationship is extended to particles of irregular form.
Synthesis of kojic acid derivatives as secondary binding site probes of D-amino acid oxidase.

Abstract A series of kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-4H-pyran-4-one) derivatives were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit d -amino acid oxidase (DAAO). Various substituents were incorporated into kojic acid at its 2-hydroxymethyl group. These analogs serve as useful molecular probes to explore the secondary binding site, which can be exploited in designing more potent DAAO inhibitors.
Casein kinase II phosphorylates lens connexin 45.6 and is involved in its degradation.

Connexin (Cx) 45.6, an avian counterpart of rodent Cx50, is phosphorylated in vivo, but the sites and function of the phosphorylation have not been elucidated. Our peptide mapping experiments showed that the Ser363 site in the carboxyl (COOH) terminus of Cx45.6 was phosphorylated and that this site is within casein kinase (CK) II consensus sequence, although showing some similarity to CKI sequence. The peptide containing Ser363 could be phosphorylated in vitro by CKII, but not by CKI. Furthermore, CKII phosphorylated Cx45.6 in embryonic lens membrane and the fusion protein containing the COOH terminus of Cx45.6. Two-dimensional peptide mapping experiments showed that one of the Cx45.6 peptides phosphorylated in vivomigrated to the same spot as one of those phosphorylated by CKIIin vitro. Furthermore, CKII activity could be detected in lens lysates. To assess the function of this phosphorylation event, exogenous wild type and mutant Cx45.6 (Ser363 → Ala) were expressed in lens primary cultures by retroviral infection. The mutant Cx45.6 was shown to be more stable having a longer half-life compared with wild type Cx45.6. Together, the evidence suggests that CKII is likely a kinase responsible for the Ser363 phosphorylation, leading to the destablization and degradation of Cx45.6. The connexin degradation induced by phosphorylation has a broad functional significance in the regulation of gap junctions in vivo.
Physical evidence for the temporal transition of transcription in bacteriophage λ

A high proportion of intracellular λ DNA molecules are found to have D-loops, when isolated under four different conditions: (1) λOts after 7 min at 31°C in the presence of chloramphenicol; (2) λOts after 7 min at 31° C without chlormaphenicol; (3) λOst after 30 min at 42° C; and (4) λcIIcIII after 50 min at 37° C. The great majority of these D-loops contain RNA and are produced by E. coli RNA polymerase. In the presence of chloramphenicol, D-loops are mostly limited to the immediate early regions of the major leftward and rightward operons. At early times, with no chloramphenicol present, D-loops map primarily within the delayed early regions of the two major operons. At late times, D-loops are found mostly within the major late operon of the bacteriophage DNA. This physical evidence corroborates evidence of the temporal transition in λ transcription obtained by other means. Chloramphenicol is shown to block the transition from immediate early to delayed early transcription.
WE-C-103-10: Lung Density Standard Reference for Medical Computed Tomography

Purpose: To report to the quantitative imaging community that Standard Reference Material™ 2088, Density Standard for Medical Computed Tomography, is in the final stages of certification. The SRM 2088 can be used to determine the radiodensity scale in medical computed tomography (CT) in the range of lung tissue, partially supplementing the quantitative imaging effort championed by the Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA) to specifically address the standardization of lung density measurements using CT. Methods: The SRM consists of a set of five rigid polyurethane foam blocks, approximately 5 cm × 4 cm × 2 cm, with densities ranging from 0.06 to 0.30 g/cm3 corresponding to HU values nominally from −950 and −695. A total of 200 blocks makes up the 40 packaged units, each containing 5 blocks of the 5 unique densities. Among these, 15 (3 from each density level) were randomly selected to have their physical density determined by SI traceable length and mass measurements. The measured densities of these blocks and their corresponding HU value obtained in a CT measurement serve as the calibration for assigning a density value to the entire 200 blocks. In addition, 3 units randomly selected were measured in the NIST standard beam qualities to obtain the mass attenuation coefficient. The linear attenuation coefficient, the lot averaged path length along the x‐ray beam, and the assigned mass density were used to obtain the mass attenuation coefficient. Results: Based on rigorous statistical analyses, all 200 blocks in the 40 units are issued a certified physical density in kg/m3, and the entire lot of the SRM is issued a mass attenuation coefficient, in kg/m2, for each of the four standard beam qualities. Conclusion: SRM 2088 allows an SI‐traceable calibration of densities observed in a CT in the density range of lung tissue.
Fractional Cleanout in a Continuous-Flow Centrifuge

Abstract A theoretical equation is derived for the fraction of particles removed from the feed stream of a continuous-flow centrifuge for the case of an arbitrary velocity profile in the centrifuge. A definition of the fractional cleanout is adopted which is somewhat different from that used in earlier work, and it leads to a simpler final equation.
Narrow-band Terahertz pulses generated by difference-frequency mixing of CO 2 laser lines

2 kW, 200 ns pulses were produced in a noncollinear phase-matched GaAs crystal. The terahertz source tunable in the range 0.5-3.0 THz with a step of 40 GHz is pumped by a dual-beam TEA CO2 laser.
Ig H and L Chain Variable Region Gene Sequence Analyses of Twelve Synovial Tissue-Derived B Cell Lines Producing IgA, IgG, and IgM Rheumatoid Factors Structure/Function Comparisons of Antigenic Specificity, V Gene Sequence, and IG Isotype

In the present study, the complete sequences of the Ig H and L chain variable region genes of twelve RF+ B cell lines from two patients with RA were analyzed. Seven of the RF-producing B cells used VH3 family genes, four used VH4 genes, and one a VH1 gene. All but two of the cell lines expressing VH3 genes utilized different family members; among the VH4-expressing cells, a more restricted pattern was noted. Vk gene use was restricted to the Vk I and III families; Vλ gene use was more diverse, involving five different families. Computer comparisons of the expressed VH genes with their presumed germline progenitors indicated significant differences in every instance; eight of the corresponding VL genes also were significantly different. In many cases, assignment of the germline D segment(s) incorporated into the rearranged VH genes was impossible. These differences from the germline gene segments indicated the extensive changes induced by rearrangement, enzymatic activities, and somatic mutation.In hopes o...
Determination of the Acidic Degradation Products, Acetic, Propionic, Butyric, and Phthalic Acid in Aqueous Pseudolatexes of Cellulosic Esters by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

AbstractAn isocratic, reversed-phase HPLC method was developed to quantify the organic acids, acetic, propionic, butyric, and phthalic acid, formed as a result of ester hydrolysis, in pseudolatexes of cellulosic esters. Colloidal dispersions of cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and cellulose acetate propionate were prepared by a microfluidization-solvent evaporation method. Dispersions of cellulose acetate phthalate were prepared by redispersion of a spraydried commercial pseudolatex. The acids were detected at 210 nm, the mobile phase being 0.025 M phosphate buffer: methanol (80:20 v/v%, pH 3.0). The peak height response was linear over the studied concentration range of 2 – 10 mM/L for the aliphatic acids and 20–100 μM/L for phthalic acid. The minimum detectable quantities for acetic, propionic, butyric, and phthalic acid were 0.02 mM/L, 0.05 mM/L, 0.1 mM/L, and 0.0005 mM/L, corresponding to a % change in acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, and phthalyl content of 4.0 × 104, 1.2 × 103, 2.9 × 103, a...
Physical meson-baryon scattering in the canonical algebra☆

Abstract A recalculation of the meson-baryon scattering lengths yielded a good agreement with experimental data and a qualitative agreement with a previous calculation of Von Hippel and Kim. The connected matrix element of the singlet member of the SU (3) ⊗ SU (3) scalar nonet (3,3 ∗ ) + (3 ∗ ,3) between baryon states μ 0 was found to be 290 ± 32 MeV and the pion-nucleon σ-term 30 ± 2 MeV.
Extended electroweak interactions and the muon g μ -2

We look at a number of simple, but representative, models of extended electroweak gauge structures, and present the general contributions to ${a}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ from the heavy ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${W}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ electroweak gauge bosons. Of the models we have examined, none can explain the observed discrepancy between the current experimental value of ${a}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and the standard model prediction if we require that the gauge fields explain the discrepancy by themselves. In the context of models with new matter fields as well as the additional gauge fields discussed here, however, the gauge field contributions to ${a}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ can be a substantial and important part of the discrepancy.
Centrosome-related genes, genetic variation, and risk of breast cancer.

Centrosome amplification has been detected in premalignant lesions and in situ tumors in the breast and in over 70% of invasive breast tumors, and has been associated with aneuploidy and tumor development. Based on these observations, the contribution of commonly inherited genetic variation in candidate genes related to centrosome structure and function to breast cancer risk was evaluated in an association study. Seven-hundred and 82 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 101 centrosomal genes were analyzed in 798 breast cancer cases and 843 controls from the Mayo Clinic Breast Cancer Study to assess the association between these SNPs (both individually and combined) and risk of breast cancer in this population. Eleven SNPs out of 782 from six genes displayed associations with breast cancer risk (P < 0.01). Haplotypes in five genes also displayed significant associations with risk. A two SNP combination of rs10145182 in NIN and rs2134808 in the TUBG1 locus (P-interaction = 0.00001), suggested SNPs in mediators of microtubule nucleation from the centrosome contribute to breast cancer. Evaluation of the simultaneous significance of all SNPs in the centrosome pathway suggested that the centrosome pathway is highly enriched (P = 4.76 × 10−50) for SNPs that are associated with breast cancer risk. Collections of weakly associated genetic variants in the centrosome pathway, rather than individual highly significantly associated SNPs, may account for a putative role for the centrosome pathway in predisposition to breast cancer.
A modified vector for rapid cloning and sequencing of PCR products

▼PCR products are often cloned into a plasmid vector prior to sequencing to obtain high-quality templates and to take advantage of universal sequencing primers. However, this strategy is only useful for obtaining a short single-stranded sequence from each end of an insert. To obtain the sequence of an insert larger than several hundred base pairs, shotgun or nested deletion strategies must also be employed. Here we introduce a modified plasmid vector that is specifically designed for rapid cloning of PCR (and other) products and for constructing nested deletions for sequencing large inserts. The parent plasmid vector pZErO TM -1 (Invitrogen) is an excellent cloning vector because it produces no background of non-recombinant colonies, it does not require expensive X-Gal for color selection, and the linearized ends do not require dephosphorylation (Invitrogen Corporation’s Zero Background Cloning Kit, Version C Instruction Manual). We redesigned half of the polylinker region of pZErOTM-1 to include a recognition site for the blunt-end-producing 8-cutter restriction enzyme, Srf I (Fig. 1). This enzyme will rarely cut within a fragment to be cloned, allowing a bluntended insert such as a PCR product to be ligated into the vector in the presence of both T4 ligase and Srf I in a 1-h reaction (Stratagene pCR-ScriptTM SK(+) Cloning Kit Instruction Manual). High cloning efficiency is assured by a selection procedure following transformation in which only cells containing a recombinant plasmid can grow. In addition to a NotI site already present, we added a third 8-cutter site, AscI, on the opposite side of the Srf I site. We also added a 5’ CG overhang producing a 6-cutter site for ClaI, which our nested deletion strategy requires (Ref. 1). We named this modified vector pZErO-Z. The general strategy for constructing nested deletions is as follows. The cloned DNA in pZErO-Z is amplified with universal primers [M13 reverse and M13 (−40)]. This DNA is partially digested with one or more 4-cutter re-
Differentiation of actin-containing filaments during chick skeletal myogenesis

Abstract Actin-containing filaments in cultures of differentiating chick skeletal muscle were examined by indirect immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As early as 20 h in culture, a large proportion of the pre-fusion population appeared as elongated, bipolar cells which contained actin filaments parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cell. During fusion, most of the mononucleated cells were bipolar and contained actin filament bundles which appeared to extend the entire length of the cell body and lie in close proximity to the plasma membrane. Striations were observed within actin filament bundles only after fusion had been completed. The small number of non-myogenic cells present in the cultures were not observed to display a bipolar morphology, orientation of actin fibers parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cell, or striations in their actin filament bundles.
A new type of carcinostatic agent.

THERE are various ways of approaching the cancer problem. One way is to attempt to find substances which will prevent mitosis. For if cancer is due to uncontrolled cell division, the inhibition of cell division by relatively harmless substances would be a means of combating the disease. For some years it has been argued that the initiation of cell division is due to a clotting reaction in the protoplasmic colloid, a reaction that leads to the formation of the mitotic spindle, and it has been urged that anti-clotting agents can successfully inhibit cell division. The evidence for this point of view has been summarized in a recent monograph1. Heparin can prevent cell division, but for one reason or another it is not a highly successful agent in retarding the growth of a tumour. Extracts of ovaries are more potent antimitotic agents2, and indeed such extracts obtained from the ovaries of various invertebrates, from the ovaries of many fishes, and from the ovaries of amphibians and mammals can keep protoplasm fluid and thus prevent the mitotic gelation which is a necessary precursor of the division of the cell.
Journal Self-citation Analysis of Some Chinese Sci-tech Periodicals

AbstractThis study investigates self-citation rates of 222 Chinese journals within seven groups including 76 journals of agronomy (34.2 percent), 57 of biology (25.7 percent), 28 of environmental science and technology (12.6 percent), 15 of forestry (6.8 percent), 24 of academic journals of agricultural university (10.8 percent), 9 of aquatic sciences (4.1 percent), and 13 of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine (5.9 percent). The average self-citation rates range from 2 percent to 67 percent in 2006, 1 percent to 68 percent in 2007 and 0 percent to 67 percent in 2008. There is a significant difference in self-citation rate between most groups of journals. The self-citation rate is positively and significantly correlated with the self-citation rate in 2006 for all 222 journals (N = 222, R2 = 0.194, P = 0.004) (P < 0.05). However, the self-citation rate is not significantly correlated with the journal's impact factor in 2007 (N = 222, R2 = 0.114, P = 0.091) and 2008 (N = 222, R2 = 0.112, P = 0.096) (P ...
Factor analysis versus multi-dimensional scaling: binary choice roll-call voting and the US Supreme Court

We evaluate factor analysis and multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) as tools for the analysis of voter decisions over a series of dichotomous choices. We simulate binary voting data with a known form and illustrate that standard factor analyses of these types of data yield additional artifactual dimensions. This effect may be exacerbated by the choice of inter-voter measures of similarity used as input. These results call in question the conclusions of others based on standard factor analyses of empirical voting data from the US Supreme Court. We demonstrate that MDS methods produce more parsimonious descriptions of these data.
Partial permutations avoiding pairs of patterns

Abstract We continue the study of pattern avoidance in partial permutations initiated by Claesson, Jelinek, Jelinkova, and Kitaev. We extend previous definitions of shape-Wilf-equivalence and ⋆ -Wilf-equivalence to sets of patterns, and determine new shape-Wilf-equivalences and shape- ⋆ -Wilf-equivalences between pairs of patterns of length 3. Using these results, we find infinite families of Wilf-equivalences and ⋆ -Wilf-equivalences between pairs of patterns. We also classify pairs of patterns of length up to 4 up to ⋆ -Wilf-equivalence.
Use of metastable peak shapes in determining ring size in cyclic rearrangements in the mass spectrometer

A general method is described in which the mechanism of a reaction occurring in the ion source is inferred from the kinetic energy release accompanying further fragmentation of metastable product ions. In several cases the probe reaction occurred competitively by two mechanisms, and if high energy resolution is available this allows the detailed metastable peak shapes and not merely the average kinetic energy released, to be used to characterize the product ion formed in the fast (ion source) reaction. It is found that most substituted benzaldoxime O-methyl ethers undergo HCN elimination via a five-centered methoxyl transfer in the ion source, but that the p-methoxy substituted compound reacts through both a four- and a five-membered cyclic intermediate. The slow reactions of the corresponding metastable ions occur predominantly through a four-centered transition state in the p-methoxy compound and probably through both four- and five-membered intermediates for the less strongly electron donating substituents. The fraction of the excess energy of the products is higher than expected from a consideration of energy partitioning data for other systems involving activated complexes of comparable tightness.
Increased expression of heme oxygenase‐1 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by transforming growth factor‐β

Antibodies specific for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were produced in rabbits, using the multiple antigen peptide (MAP) technique, and were employed to investigate the ability of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) to induce the HO-1 protein in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Western blot analyses showed that the cytokine induced HO-1 in these cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. TGF-beta 1 also increased the mRNA for HO-1 in treated cells prior to the increase in HO-1 protein. The induction was effectively blocked by a neutralizing antibody preparation against TGF-beta 1. When tested under similar conditions, other growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor-I, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and epidermal growth factor did not show appreciable induction of HO-1. Lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma were also not inducers, although TGF-beta 2 effectively induced HO-1. Heavy metal ions and thiol reagents were also highly potent inducers of HO-1 in human RPE cells. The induction of HO-1 by TGF-beta 1 was also observed in bovine choroid fibroblasts, but not in HELA, HEL or bovine corneal fibroblasts. Our results demonstrate for the first time that HO-1 can be induced by an important cytokine, TGF-beta 1, causing an increase in the expression of both HO-1 message and protein in specific neuroepithelial and fibroblast cells.
Observations on the formation of spark discharge and its influence by an external magnetic field

Abstract Described are a series of experiments executed to characterize the physical and chemical nature of spark discharge in argon at atmospheric pressure. Results are reported concerning the expansion properties of the spark and the distribution and longevity of cathode material in and around the spark channel following cessation of the discharge current. The nature of a previously reported symmetrical post-discharge torus is studied at high spark repetition rates. The interaction of residual vapor on following sparks is investigated. Basic features of the spark process are generalized with a set of Schlieren photographs that show bulk motion of the spark plasma. Time-resolved and space-resolved emission and absorption experiments on magnesium electrodes suggest a charged nature to the post-discharge environment. The bulk plasma character is probed further with external magnetic fields to determine the existence of charged species within the post-discharge torus, and the effects of magnetic forces on its formation.
Core hole, plasmon coupling in the soft X-ray appearance potential spectrum of graphite

Abstract A direct comparison is presented between the results of core-level characteristic loss and soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopies for the case of K -shell excitation in graphite. The agreement between the results of these two techniques indicates that contrary to earlier suggestions, plasmon coupling to the suddenly created core hole during the excitation does not contribute appreciably to the spectral shape.
Calcium, ATP, and ROS: a mitochondrial love-hate triangle

The mitochondrion is at the core of cellular energy metabolism, being the site of most ATP generation. Calcium is a key regulator of mitochondrial function and acts at several levels within the organelle to stimulate ATP synthesis. However, the dysregulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis is now recognized to play a key role in several pathologies. For example, mitochondrial matrix Ca(2+) overload can lead to enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, triggering of the permeability transition pore, and cytochrome c release, leading to apoptosis. Despite progress regarding the independent roles of both Ca(2+) and mitochondrial dysfunction in disease, the molecular mechanisms by which Ca(2+) can elicit mitochondrial dysfunction remain elusive. This review highlights the delicate balance between the positive and negative effects of Ca(2+) and the signaling events that perturb this balance. Overall, a "two-hit" hypothesis is developed, in which Ca(2+) plus another pathological stimulus can bring about mitochondrial dysfunction.
Assessing Child and Adolescent Pragmatic Language Competencies: Toward Evidence-Based Assessments

Using language appropriately and effectively in social contexts requires pragmatic language competencies (PLCs). Increasingly, deficits in PLCs are linked to child and adolescent disorders, including autism spectrum, externalizing, and internalizing disorders. As the role of PLCs expands in diagnosis and treatment of developmental psychopathology, psychologists and educators will need to appraise and select clinical and research PLC instruments for use in assessments and/or studies. To assist in this appraisal, 24 PLC instruments, containing 1,082 items, are assessed by addressing four questions: (1) Can PLC domains targeted by assessment items be reliably identified?, (2) What are the core PLC domains that emerge across the 24 instruments?, (3) Do PLC questionnaires and tests assess similar PLC domains?, and (4) Do the instruments achieve content, structural, diagnostic, and ecological validity? Results indicate that test and questionnaire items can be reliably categorized into PLC domains, that PLC domains featured in questionnaires and tests significantly differ, and that PLC instruments need empirical confirmation of their dimensional structure, content validity across all developmental age bands, and ecological validity. Progress in building a better evidence base for PLC assessments should be a priority in future research.
Wage variation resulting from staggered work hours

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical basis for varying wage rates with staggered work hours. Urban scale economies and decreasing marginal returns to labor are shown to exert opposite, but not necessarily equal, influences on marginal wages. An ordered probit model is used with survey data from Singapore to estimate income as a function of work start time. Results indicate the presence of production effects due to staggered work hours. Urban scale economies are shown to dominate the effect of decreasing marginal returns.
Iron Containing 'Plaques' develop in the Brains of Rats months after Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury • 1892

Iron Containing 'Plaques' develop in the Brains of Rats months after Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury • 1892
An evidence based medicine approach to determining the adequacy of peritoneal dialysis

Summary: The most frequently used estimates of adequacy of peritoneal dialysis are Kt/V for urea and creatinine clearance (CCr) expressed as the sum of residual renal and peritoneal clearance. the assumption that renal and peritoneal clearances are equivalent is unproven. Theoretical constructs suggest that a weekly Kt/V of 2.0–2.25 represents adequate dialysis while clinical experience supports a weekly CCr of 40–50L per week. Prospective cohort studies using univariate analysis report better patient survival with weekly Kt/V >1.89. Composite indices show an association of good outcome with weekly Kt/V values of 2.3 and poor outcomes with values of 1.5–1.6. A multicentre prospective cohort study in North America used a multivariate analysis to demonstrate an independent statistically significant association between adequacy of dialysis and patient survival. A 0.1 unit decrease in weekly Kt/V was associated with a 5% increase in the relative risk of death; a 5L/1.73m2 per week decrease in CCr was associated with a 7% increase in the relative risk of death. Over the range of 1.5-2.3 in weekly Kt/V and 40–95 L/1.73m2 per week in CCr, there was no plateau effect on patient survival. Optimum dialysis, occurring when the incremental clinical gain from increased dialysis dose is not considered worth the increased patient effort or cost, has not been defined. Strategies to achieve adequate dialysis include an earlier initiation of dialysis, use of optimal dialysate volumes and prescription according to membrane transport characteristics.
Migratory aptitudes in pinacol rearrangement of vic-dihydroxychlorins

When vic-dihydroxychlorins undergo a pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement, the migratory aptitudes of common porphyrin substituents follow the order: alkyl groups, propionate side chain, H > methyl group > acetate side chain. C-Alkylchlorins can be made by extremely short syntheses utilizing such rearrangement.
Quantitative Analysis of Mt. St. Helens Ash by X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Abstract A quantitative study by x-ray diffraction, optical polarizing microscopy, and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry of fallout and ambient ash from three Mt. St. Helens eruptions has revealed a consistent picture of the mineralogical and elemental composition. The major components observed are amorphous glass, plagioclase of about An50 composition, minor amounts of quartz and other SiO2 polymorphs, as well as ferromagnesian constituents such as hypersthene, magnetite, etc. Free SiO2 exists in all samples, but in no case (even considering large uncertainties in the cristobalite analyses) does the free SiO2 exceed 8% of the total aerosol mass. The variation in the glass/plagioclase ratio with particle size observed in four samples suggests that much of the crystalline material exists in the finer particle size fraction of the ash. Reduction of the mineralogical constituents to component oxides has made it possible to compare the diffraction results with direct elemental determination by x-ray fluorescenc...
Current status of vaccines against the meningococcus.

Abstract Meningococcal meningitis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the very young during adolescence and among military recruits. Three serogroups A, B, and C, cause 95% of meningococcal disease. Antibodies directed toward the specific capsular polysaccharides in the case of group A and C organisms are protective against disease. The mechanism of immunity to the group B organism is less fully understood. Capsular polysaccharides of all three groups have been isolated in a high molecular-weight chemically pure form. The group A and C polysaccharides have been shown to be safe and antigenic in man. The antibody response to a single dose of either antigen is group specific and age related but the minimum protective level is not known. Antibody persistence after meningococcal vaccination is shorter in the child than in the adult, but children show a true booster response when a second dose of vaccine is administered. Among Army recruits, a single dose of the group C vaccine was over 90% effective in preventing meningococcal disease and the carrier rate of group C organisms was decreased. Studies in Egyptian school children where group A disease is prevalent and in Brazil where group C disease is epidemic indicate that the respective vaccines are probably protective for children over 2 yr of age.
Promoting HPV Prevention in the School Setting

In pediatrics especially, it is important to incorporate the latest immunization and Healthy People 2020 guidelines while working to promote health and prevent disease in children. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States with at least 20 million people infected. Consequently, approximately 18,000 women and 7,000 men are diagnosed with HPV associated cancers yearly. Gardasil is a quadrivalent vaccine that protects against HPV strains 6, 11, 16, and 18. It is currently recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for both males and females between 11 and 26 years of age. HPV immunization rates are lower than the intended 80% goal of Healthy People 2020, with only 26.7% of the population having completed the vaccination series. Focused, timely, and persistent education and prevention efforts are needed in school settings to increase vaccination rates and decrease HPV morbidity.
Vaccination of Pigs against Swine Influenza Viruses by Using an NS1-Truncated Modified Live-Virus Vaccine

Swine influenza viruses (SIV) naturally infect pigs and can be transmitted to humans. In the pig, genetic reassortment to create novel influenza subtypes by mixing avian, human, and swine influenza viruses is possible. An SIV vaccine inducing cross-protective immunity between different subtypes and strains circulating in pigs is highly desirable. Previously, we have shown that an H3N2 SIV (A/swine/Texas/4199-2/98 [TX98]) containing a deleted NS1 gene expressing a truncated NS1 protein of 126 amino acids, NS1Œ126, was attenuated in swine. In this study, 4-week-old pigs were vaccinated with the TX98 NS1Œ126 modified live virus (MLV). Ten days after boosting, pigs were challenged with wild-type homologous H3N2 or heterosubtypic H1N1 SIV and sacrificed 5 days later. The MLV was highly attenuated and completely protected against challenge with the homologous virus. Vaccinated pigs challenged with the heterosubtypic H1N1 virus demonstrated macroscopic lung lesions similar to those of the unvaccinated H1N1 control pigs. Remarkably, vaccinated pigs challenged with the H1N1 SIV had significantly lower microscopic lung lesions and less virus shedding from the respiratory tract than did unvaccinated, H1N1-challenged pigs. All vaccinated pigs developed significant levels of hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers in serum and mucosal immunoglobulin A antibodies against H3N2 SIV antigens. Vaccinated pigs were seronegative for NS1, indicating the potential use of the TX98 NS1Œ126 MLV as a vaccine to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. Swine influenza virus (SIV) is an important swine pathogen involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex in most swine-producing countries. Serological and virological studies demonstrated 23 to 28% prevalence of SIV in swine populations in the midwestern and north central United States (4, 35, 56). Mortality of SIV in pigs is low, while morbidity may approach 100%. SIV-affected pigs show clinical signs of anorexia and weight loss, fever, respiratory distress, coughing, and nasal discharge (18). SIVs currently circulating in North American swine are subtypes H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 (36). From 1930 to 1998, classical H1N1 viruses were the subtype predominantly isolated from U.S. swine. In 1998, a new SIV subtype, H3N2, emerged from reassortment of swine, human, and avian influenza viruses (19, 56, 58). The H3N2 SIV acquired PB1, hemagglutinin (HA), and NA genes from recent human viruses, PB2 and PA from avian viruses, and NP, M, and NS genes from the classical H1N1 swine virus (19, 56, 58). A year
The possibility of phonon induced antiferromagnetic magnons in cuprate superconductors at low temperatures

Abstract The strongly correlated electronic structures of cuprate high- T c superconductors are between that of the antiferromagnetic insulting parent and highly doped paramagnetic metals. And high T c is attainable only for a narrow range of oxidation states. This may be an indication that the electronic states of these superconductors are in the vicinity of the threshold for the creation of antiferromagnetic magnetic moments. Since the superexchange integrals are functions of the CuCu separations, lattice vibrations of the Cu atoms possibly induce local antiferromagmetic magnetic moments and magnons. A modified magnon (spin wave) formalism, based on small disturbances of antiferromagnetic magnetic moments in a non-magnetic system, has been done for these superconductors. The bare magnon spectrum is found to disperse linearly for small wave vectors like the conventional antiferromagnetic magnons. Phonon-magnon interactions are found to reduce short-wave-length magnon excitation energies so that these magnons may exist even at low temperatures.
Frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a community sample of young adolescents.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the incidence, transition probabilities, and risk factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and subclinical OCD in adolescents. Method A two-stage epidemiological study originally designed to investigate depression was conducted between 1987 and 1989 in the southeastern United States. For the screening, a self-report depressive symptom questionnaire was administered to a community sample of 3,283 adolescents. In the diagnostic stage, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children was administered to 488 mother–child pairs. Baseline screening and diagnostic data from the first year the subject completed an interview and follow-up diagnostic data from subsequent years were used. Results The 1-year incidence rates of OCD and subclinical OCD were found to be 0.7% and 8.4%, respectively. Transition probabilities demonstrated a pattern of moving from more severe to less severe categories. Of those with baseline OCD, 17% had the diagnosis of OCD at follow-up; 62% moved to the referent group. Of those with baseline subclinical OCD, 1.5% had OCD at follow-up and 75% moved to the referent group. Black race (odds ratio [OR] = 23.38), age (OR = 4.02), desirable life events (OR = 0.78), undesirable life events (OR = 1.21), and socioeconomic status (OR not estimable) were significant predictors of incident OCD. Age (OR = 2.30), desirable life events (OR = 0.92), and undesirable life events (OR = 1.13) were significantly associated with incident subclinical OCD. Conclusion An initial diagnosis of subclinical OCD was not significantly predictive of a diagnosis of OCD at 1-year follow-up. The overall morbidity remained higher at follow-up in the baseline OCD group than in the baseline subclinical OCD group. The baseline subclinical OCD group was more dysfunctional at follow-up than was the baseline referent group. Further research concerning differences in symptomatology and impairment between OCD and subclinical OCD is warranted.
Toward a Query Language for Network Attack Data

The growing sophistication and diversity of malicious activity in the Internet presents a serious challenge for network security analysts. In this paper, we describe our efforts to develop a database and query language for network attack data from firewalls, intrusion detection systems and honeynets. Our first step toward this objective is to develop a prototype database and query interface to identify coordinated scanning activity in network attack data. We have created a set of aggregate views and templatized SQL queries that consider timing, persistence, targeted services, spatial dispersion and temporal dispersion, thereby enabling us to evaluate coordinated scanning along these dimensions. We demonstrate the utility of the interface by conducting a case study on a set of firewall and intrusion detection system logs from Dshield.org. We show that the interface is able to identify general characteristics of coordinated activity as well as instances of unusual activity that would otherwise be difficult to mine from the data. These results highlight the potential for developing a more generalized query language for a broad class of network intrusion data. The case study also exposes some of the challenges we face in extending our system to more generalized queries over potentially vast quantities of data.
Think Locally, Act Globally: Toward a Transnational Comparative Politics

Political dynamics and outcomes around the globe have been transformed by globalization, new patterns of human mobility, and the development of innovative transnational social networks. These new political processes are rooted in communities and networks that are not restricted by geographic location. Although politics has been delinked from territory in this way with regard to processes and actors, this does not mean that transnational politics focuses exclusively on universal issues or global approaches to social justice. Rather much of the new transnational politics is intensely focused on specific locations, identities, and issues (for example, “globalized” neighborhood associations, ethnicities, patrimonialism). Transnational politics also includes new conceptions and practices of citizenship and accountability (for example, legislative seats reserved for expatriate labor migrants) as the body politic becomes increasing mobile, political affinities delinked from geographic proximity, and critical constituencies reside outside of the territory of the state. This article outlines a new approach to investigating the actors and processes at the heart of contemporary transnational politics, with a particular focus on the ways in which diasporas are strategically constructed and mobilized to advance political goals through the use of salient symbols, identity frames, and social networks.
Fibroblasts From Long-Lived Rodent Species Exclude Cadmium

Resistance to the lethal effects of cellular stressors, including the toxic heavy metal cadmium (Cd), is characteristic of fibroblast cell lines derived from long-lived bird and rodent species, as well as cell lines from several varieties of long-lived mutant mice. To explore the mechanism of resistance to Cd, we used inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy to measure the rate of Cd uptake into primary fibroblasts of 15 rodent species. These data indicate that fibroblasts from long-lived rodent species have slower rates of Cd uptake from the extracellular medium than those from short-lived species. In addition, fibroblasts from short-lived species export more zinc after exposure to extracellular Cd than cells from long-lived species. Lastly, fibroblasts from long-lived rodent species have lower baseline concentrations of two redox-active metals, iron and copper. Our results suggest that evolution of longevity among rodents required adjustment of cellular properties to alter metal homeostasis and to reduce the toxic effects of heavy metals that accumulate over the course of a longer life span.