cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Mathematical Skills of Students with Disabilities.

In this article, the authors discuss 4 critical components of mathematics assessment that relate to instruction: (a) teachers need to be knowledgeable about mathematical standards and align them with assessment; (b) assessment should combine formal and informal approaches to obtain a more authentic picture of students' performance and meaningfully evaluate progress; (c) assessment should integrate environmental and instructional adaptations to meet the needs of individual students; and (d) teachers need to establish collaborative partnerships with parents and professionals. To enable educators to become more responsive when assessing students with special needs, the authors provide concrete examples and practical guidelines.
Induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity in weanling rat pancreas by an orally administered soy protein isolate

The induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity in weanling rat pancreas by a trypsin inhibitor-containing soy protein isolate has been studied. Oral administration of the isolate at 0.8, 1.6, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 mg/g body wt produced marked elevations in enzyme activity, a response which was proportional to the amount of isolate administered. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hr after the isolate was given. A statistically significant increase in enzyme activity was evident as early as 2 hr after treatment; maximal activity occurred at 6 hr and was approximately 140 times greater than the
Report of the Jesuit Seismological Association for 1949

The stations at Weston, Fordham, Georgetown, Buffalo, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Milwaukee Chicago, Saint Louis, Florissant, Spring Hill, New Orleans, Denver, Santa Clara, and Spokane were in continuous operation during the year. The new Sprengnether equipment at the University of San Francisco had not begun routine operation in 1949. The stations at Little Rock and Cape Girardeau resumed operations only in the Fall. New electromagnetic equipment was designed and built by Victor C. Stechschulte, at Xavier University, Cincinnati, and is giving good satisfaction. The station at Fordham University has been expanded to include tripartite installations for the study of two-second microseisms under a contract with ONR. Highly specialized electronic equipment is being used at the Florissant Station of St. Louis University for the study of half-second microseisms under an ONR contract.
Quaternary phylogeography: the roots of hybrid zones

The older history of hybrid zones is explored through consideration of recent advances in climatology, paleontology and phylogeography in the Late Cenozoic, particularly the Quaternary Period with its major climatic cycles. The fossil record shows that these ice ages and their nested millennial oscillations caused substantial changes in species distributions and with genetic evidence allows deduction of refugia and colonization routes in arctic, temperate, desert and tropical regions. The age of divergence between hybridizing lineages varies from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Miocene, implying much range change and varying selection on sister lineages. Hybridizing lineages in the Tropical and Temperate regions range in age from young to old, but those studied in the Arctic are no more than a few ice ages old and their refugial roots are not clear. Mid to low latitude regions often show parapatric patchworks of lineages and multiple refugia stable through many climatic oscillations. Particular hybrid zones may have formed more than once; while some expansions were not the same, producing reticulation and introgression in previous glacial cycles. Hybrid-zone roots are complex and deep, and considerations of their complexity can reveal evolutionary pathways of species. They are indeed windows on evolution.
The unreliability of CT scans and initial chest radiographs in evaluating blunt trauma induced diaphragmatic rupture

Objective . There is no gold standard for early and reliable diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic rupture (TDR). The purpose of this study is to correlate CT scans, chest radiographs, and intubation on the ability to diagnosis traumatic diaphragmatic rupture. Materials and methods . Twenty patients with blunt trauma induced diaphragmatic rupture were identified from a five year review of a Level 1 Trauma Registry. Results . Ten of the 20 (50%) patients had TDR on initial chest X-ray, all on the left side. Twelve patients had both chest X-rays and a chest and abdominal CT scan; however, only five (42%) of the CT scans were diagnostic. Of the 12 patients initially intubated, TDR was diagnosed in only four (33%) patients on initial chest X-ray and in one (14%) of seven patients having chest and abdominal CT scans and being intubated. Conclusion . The early diagnosis of blunt traumatic diaphragmatic rupture, especially in intubated patients, continues to be a diagnostic dilemma. There is a significantly better possibility of identifying left over right-sided TDR ( P ≤0.05). Diagnosing TDR is also facilitated by extubation. If the suspicion exists, a post extubation chest radiograph should be performed to evaluate for TDR.
Hypothalamic leptin resistance is associated with impaired leptin signal transduction in aged obese rats.

Leptin contributes to the regulation of both food intake and energy expenditure. We previously demonstrated that the F344xBN rat, a rodent model for late-onset obesity, is leptin-resistant and that leptin signal transduction following peripheral administration of leptin is impaired in these aged, overweight rats. To determine if leptin signal transduction is impaired in response to central administration of leptin and whether reduced hypothalamic leptin receptors may be contributing to the impaired signal transduction, we examined the in vivo dose-response leptin-induced STAT3 activation (phosphorylation and binding activity to the SIE M67 oligonucleotide) in response to i.c.v. administration of leptin along with the level of hypothalamic leptin receptor protein in young and older, late-onset obese rats. The leptin-induced maximum phosphorylation of STAT3 was 41% greater in young compared with older obese rats, but the dose required for half-maximal phosphorylation of STAT3 was similar in both the young (41 ng) and old-obese (47 ng) rats. There were no changes in total STAT3 protein with leptin or age, and leptin did not increase phosphorylation of STAT1. Leptin increased phosphorylation of STAT3 transcription factor binding eight-fold in the young but only four-fold in the aged-obese rats, and leptin receptor protein was 50% greater in the young compared with aged rats. These data indicate that aged-overweight rats demonstrate reduced signal transduction in response to centrally administered leptin that may be the result of the diminished leptin receptor protein observed in the aged-obese rats. The diminished leptin receptors and impaired leptin signal transduction may explain the diminished physiological responses observed following leptin administration in older rats. This impaired leptin signal transduction may be due either to the elevated obesity with age or to age itself, or to both.
Assessing the human health effects of PCBs

Abstract Toxic effects can be induced in experimental animals by high doses of pure PCBs, and in man by PCDF-contaminated PCB. In order to assess the effects of ordinary, uncontaminated PCB on man, a group of capacitor workers who had direct occupational exposure to Aroclors 1254, 1242, and 1016 during the period 1946 to 1977 has been under medical surveillance since 1976. This group presented some indications of non-AhR-mediated microsomal enzyme induction during the period of direct exposure, but no chloracne or increased cancer mortality. Multiple regression studies revealed no significant associations between lipid PCB levels and clinical indicators of hepatotoxicity, hypertension, or pulmonary impairment.
Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of Human Bifunctional 3′-Phosphoadenosine 5′-Phosphosulfate Synthase and Its Functional Domains

Abstract The universal sulfonate donor, 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), is synthesized by the concerted action of ATP sulfurylase and adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS) kinase, which in animals are fused into a bifunctional protein. The cDNA for human PAPS synthase (hPAPSS) along with polymerase chain reaction products corresponding to several NH2- and COOH-terminal fragments were cloned and expressed in COS-1 cells. A 1–268-amino acid fragment expressed APS kinase activity, whereas a 220–623 fragment evinced ATP sulfurylase activity. The 1–268 fragment and full-length hPAPSS (1–623) exhibited hyperbolic responses against APS substrate with equivalent K m values (0.6 and 0.4 μm, respectively). The 1–268 fragment demonstrated Michaelis-Menten kinetics against ATP as substrate (K m 0.26 mm); however, full-length hPAPSS exhibited a sigmoidal response (apparent K m1.5 mm) suggesting cooperative binding. Catalytic efficiency (V max/K m) of the 1–268 fragment was 64-fold higher than full-length hPAPSS for ATP. The kinetic data suggest that the COOH-terminal domain of hPAPSS exerts a regulatory role over APS kinase activity located in the NH2-terminal domain of this bifunctional protein. In addition, the 1–268 fragment and full-length hPAPSS were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and column purified. Purified full-length hPAPSS, in contrast to the COS-1 cell-expressed cDNA construct, exhibited a hyperbolic response curve against ATP suggesting that hPAPSS is perhaps modified in vivo.
Training approaches in neural enhancement for multiobjective optimization

In previous work, a neural network was used to increase the number of solutions found by an evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithm. In this paper, various approaches are applied in the training of the neural network to determine whether an approach exists that can provide reasonable results in a reasonable time. To this end, two heuristic training algorithms are developed. When evaluated on a suite of ten benchmark mutliobjective optimization problems, these heuristic techniques perform very well and, on average, produce many more solutions than the evolutionary multiobjective optimization approach alone.
Current Density in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

We extend to relativistic theories the concepts of probability density and probability current density of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, together with the charge and current densities that are used as sources of the electromagnetic field in the semi-classical theory of radiation. There are some limitations in the procedure, especially in the case of several particles.
Band 3 (AE1, SLC4A1)-mediated transport of stilbenedisulfonates. III: Role of solute and protein structure in proton-activated stilbenedisulfonate influx

DBDS (4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonate) influx into magnesium resealed ghosts (MRSG) occurs over the anion/proton co-transport pH range (pK approximately 5.0). Here, factors are studied which may influence the pH dependence of DBDS transport. Accumulation of various stilbenedisulfonate (SD) molecules was studied and found to be correlated with the hydrophobicity of the R-groups (Hansch factor), not protonation of the sulfonates. The role of proton binding to glutamate 681 was found not to be part of the rate-limiting step in DBDS uptake by MRSG. Finally, the pH dependence of changes in quaternary structure/conformational state was investigated using an assay involving photo-crosslinking of band 3 subunits in the presence of DASD (4,4'-diazido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonate). Lowering the pH promoted intersubunit crosslinking by DASD, with a pK value of 4.75+/-1.0. This value is comparable to the pK for DBDS binding to the "second" class of sites on control band 3 (pK = 5.01+/-0.16), and to DBDS influx into control MRSG (pK values between 4.57+/-0.15 and 4.7+/-0.1). Susceptibility to photo-crosslinking was reversed by raising the pH prior to initiation of the reaction. Significantly, no photo-crosslinking was observed between pH 6.0 and 8.0, where band 3 subunits are known to exist as stable dimers and tetramers. We conclude that intersubunit photo-crosslinking does not simply involve random collision between photo-activated DASD and band 3. Rather, proton binding to band 3 either alters the conformation at the interface between subunits of pre-existing tetramers, or it promotes self-association of stable dimers to a "novel" tetrameric conformational state.
Enzyme derivatives containing reactive groups. II. Immobilization of alpha-amylase on human erythrocytes using 5,5′dithiobis (2 nitrobenzoic acid) and M-maleimidobenzoic acid adducts

Summary 5,5'Dithiobis (2 nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and m-maleimidobenzoic acid (MBA) were coupled to α-amylase using isobutyl chloroformate in dioxane-water and dioxane systems, respectively. The enzyme derivatives were immobilized on surface thiol groups of human erythrocytes. Substantial α-amylase activity on the erythrocytes was measurable whereas erythrocytes treated with control enzyme solutions possessed no detectable activity. Furthermore, the addition of DTNB-α-amylase and MBA-α-amylase to erythrocytes was blocked by dithiothreitol. Mechanical fragility, hematocrit and osmotic fragility of treated erythrocytes were not greatly different from control cells indicating no gross change in the physical characteristics of the treated cells.
The Political Economy of Revenue Extraction in the Modern State: A Time-Series Analysis of U.S. Income Taxes, 1916–1986

L'etude des taux de l'impot sur le revenu et de l'impot sur les societes aux Etats-Unis, permet d'identifier les conditions economiques et politiques qui affectent le taux de prelevement sur le revenu dans l'Etat moderne. Une analyse menee entre 1916 et 1986 sur les deux formes d'impot revele que les deux taux concernes sont affectes par des variables communes, telles que les conditions macro-economiques, les imperatifs etatiques et la stratification sociale. L'organisation politique, quant a elle, n'affecte que peu le taux de prelevement
THE EFFECT OF HYPERVENTILATION ON TOTAL CALCIUM, IONIZED CALCIUM AND SERUM PHOSPHORUS IN NEONATES

THE EFFECT OF HYPERVENTILATION ON TOTAL CALCIUM, IONIZED CALCIUM AND SERUM PHOSPHORUS IN NEONATES
Postpartum seizure prophylaxis: using maternal clinical parameters to guide therapy.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To use individual patient clinical parameters to signal cessation of postpartum magnesium sulfate seizure prophylaxis for the spectrum of pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders. METHODS: This was a prospective study using clinical symptoms (absence of headache, visual changes, epigastric pain) and signs (sustained blood pressure less than 150/100 without need for acute antihypertensive therapy, spontaneous diuresis more than 100 mL per hour for no less than 2 hours) to signal cessation of intravenous magnesium sulfate postpartum in gravidas diagnosed with preeclampsia, eclampsia, and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets syndrome. Laboratory assessments (including proteinuria) were not used as criteria for drug discontinuation. RESULTS: Five hundred three patients were enrolled and classified according to American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists criteria (mild preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia, chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia, eclampsia, and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets syndrome). Maternal age, gestational age, and hours of magnesium therapy before delivery were not statistically different among groups. There was no significant difference in the duration of postpartum magnesium sulfate therapy among groups with the median duration of therapy 4 hours (range 2–77 hours). No eclamptic seizures occurred after magnesium discontinuation. Thirty-eight patients (7.6%) required reinstitution of magnesium therapy for 24 hours because of exacerbation of blood pressure (sustained blood pressure more than 160/110) associated with headache or visual changes. CONCLUSION: Clinical criteria, when compared with arbitrary protocols, can be used successfully to shorten the duration of postpartum magnesium sulfate administration for seizure prophylaxis in patients with pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders.
Optimum synthesis of the four-bar function generator in its symmetric embodiment: the Ackermann steering linkage

The problem of optimum synthesis of the planar four-bar function generator is investigated and the practical case of the Ackermann steering linkage considered as an example. The reduced number of design parameters of this symmetric four-bar linkage allowed inspecting the design space of various types of objective functions through 3D representations, and their properties suggestively highlighted. For practical purposes, the numerical results were summarized in a set of parametric design-charts useful to the automotive engineer in conceiving the steering linkage of a new vehicle.
Pro-Choice Versus Pro-Life: The Relationship Between State Abortion Policy and Child Well-Being in the United States

In the United States, pro-choice supporters contend that the desire of pro-life supporters to protect the life of the fetus ends at birth and that thereafter they ignore the health and well-being of infants and children. This study examines the question of whether infants and children fare better in U.S. states that have the most restrictive abortion laws. Eighteen indicators of infant/child health, family, economic, and educational status are analyzed. The empirical evidence finds that states with the most antiabortion policies are also the same states that have significantly lower indicators of infant/child well-being. This supports the contention by pro-choice supporters that efforts by pro-life supporters to protect the life of the fetus end at birth.
Does Where You Live Influence What You Know? Community Effects on Health Knowledge in Ghana

This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa.
Ankle Impingement Syndromes: A Review of Etiology and Related Implications

Ankle injuries are common occurrences in athletics involving and requiring extreme ranges of motion. Ankle sprains specifically occur with a 1 in 10,000 person rate in active individuals each day. If trauma is repetitive, the ankle structures have potential to experience secondary injury and dysfunction. Included in this category of dysfunction are both anterior and posterior ankle impingement syndromes where disruption of the bony structures, joint capsule, ligaments, and tendons typically occurs. Ankle impingement is described as ankle pain that occurs during athletic activity, with recurrent, extreme dorsiflexion or plantar flexion with the joint under a load. Ankle impingements can be classified according to what structures become involved both anteriorly and posteriorly. Osseous impingement, soft tissue impingement, impingement of the distal fascicle of anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, and meniscoid lesions are all documented causes of ankle impingement. These changes tend to be brought about and exacerbated by extreme ranges of motion. Understanding various impingement types will better enable the clinician to prevent, identify, treat, and rehabilitate affected ankles. Acknowledging activities that predispose to ankle impingement syndrome will enhance prevention and recovery processes. Description of ankle impingement etiology and pathology is the objective of the current review.
Nonlinear Bending of Bimodular-Material Plates.

Abstract The paper presents finite element results for geometrically nonlinear bending of fiber-reinforced, single-layer and two-layer cross-ply rectangular plates constructed of materials which have linear elastic properties in tension and compression that are different. A shear deformation theory of layered composite plates, accounting for large rotations (in the von Karman sense) and the bimodular action, is employed to analyze rectangular plates made of two cord-rubber bimodular materials. Numerical results for transverse deflection are presented for simply supported plates under sinusoidally distributed and uniformly distributed transverse loads.
Inactivation of aerosolized Bacillus atrophaeus (BG) endospores and MS2 viruses by combustion of reactive materials.

Accidental release of biological agents from a bioweapon facility may contaminate large areas, possibly causing disastrous environmental consequences. To address this issue, novel halogen-containing reactive materials are being designed with the added capability to inactivate viable airborne microorganisms. This study determined the efficiency of combustion products of such materials to inactivate aerosolized bacteria and viruses. Spores of Bacillus atrophaeus and MS2 viruses dispersed in dry air were exposed for subsecond time intervals to hydrocarbon flames seeded with different reactive powders so that bioaerosol particles interacted with the combustion products in a controlled high-temperature environment. The experiments were designed to quantify differences in the biocidal effects of different reactive material powders including Al and Mg, a B•Ti nanocomposite, an 8Al•MoO3 nanothermite, and a novel Al•I2 nanocomposite. Compared to pure hydrocarbon flame, powder-seeded flame (with no iodine) produced...
The agouti coat-color locus may influence brain catecholamines : regional differences in norepinephrine and dopamine in the brains of two color-morphs of deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Abstract Levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were measured by HPLC from the cortex, striatum and brain stem of agouti and nonagouti deermice ( Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis ). In the brain stem, agouti animals exhibited significantly higher NE whereas nonagouti animals had significantly higher DA. In contrast, agouti deermice had nearly twice the DA levels of nonagouti animals in both the cortex and striatum. Levels of cortical and striatal NE were similar in both color morphs, although NE in nonagouti animals was 8% higher and less variable. The variability of both NE and DA was much lower in the brain stem than in either the striatum or the cortex. This is the first evidence of a pleiotropic effect of the agouti coat-color locus on brain catecholamines.
The singularity of the cinematic object

In order to avoid the reduction of desire to demand and to produce a theory in keeping with the insights of psychoanalysis, Lacan had to move beyond Hegel’s theorization based on recognition. To do so, Lacan had to come up with a new form of object, an object irreducible to the signifier but with the power to arouse the desire of the subject. The theorization of the objet a enables Lacan to make an important advance on Hegel’s theory of desire, an advance that effectively reverses the priority that Hegel establishes between the object and the Other. Despite the widespread association of Lacan with the signifier and its laws, his one great theoretical breakthrough concerns what remains absolutely irreducible to signification. My central contention in this essay is that Lacan’s theory of desire allows us to understand how singularity appears in the cinema, despite the medium’s inherent resistance to it. I examine this appearance of singularity through two filmic occasions—Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin and Michael Mann’s Heat. It is a medium in which recognition predominates, and yet the singularity of the objet a nonetheless emerges and animates the desire of the spectator.
Intrinsic pinning on structural domains in underdoped single crystals of Ba ( Fe 1 − x Co x ) 2 As 2

Critical current density was studied in single crystals of Ba(Fe{sub 1-x}Co{sub x}){sub 2}As2 for the values of x spanning the entire doping phase diagram. A noticeable enhancement was found for slightly underdoped crystals with the peak at x=0.058. Using a combination of polarized-light imaging, x-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements we associate this behavior with the intrinsic pinning on structural domains in the orthorhombic phase. Domain walls extend throughout the sample thickness in the direction of vortices and act as extended pinning centers. With the increasing x domain structure becomes more intertwined and fine due to a decrease in the orthorhombic distortion. This results in the energy landscape with mazelike spatial modulations favorable for pinning. This finding shows that iron-based pnictide superconductors, characterized by high values of the transition temperature, high upper critical fields, and low anisotropy may intrinsically have relatively high critical current densities.
Xenopus mad proteins transduce distinct subsets of signals for the TGFβ superfamily

Xenopus cDNAs homologous to the Drosophila Mad gene and C. elegans CEM genes have been cloned and functionally analyzed by microinjection into frog embryos. The results show that these genes (Xmad) encode intracellular proteins that act downstream of TGF beta superfamily ligands. Most interesting is the fact that different Xmad proteins produce distinct biological responses. Xmad1 produces ventral mesoderm, apparently transducing a signal for BMP2 and BMP4, whereas Xmad2 induces dorsal mesoderm like Vg1, activin, and nodal. These results suggest that an individual Xmad protein waits poised in the cytoplasm for instruction from a distinct subset of TGF beta ligands and then conveys specific information to the nucleus.
Outcome of twin gestations following sonographic demonstration of two heart beats in the first trimester.

We conducted a prospective study to assess pregnancy outcome following a first-trimester ultrasound examination demonstrating intrauterine twins with heart beats. Our study population included 68 cases of twin gestations in which a first-trimester scan demonstrated two heart beats. We correlated pregnancy outcome with placentation type, gestational age, maternal age, and method of conception. There were 59 dichorionic and nine monochorionic gestations. Twenty-six of the dichorionic pregnancies resulted from treatment for infertility. Among all 68 cases, 54 (79%) delivered viable twins, eight (12%) delivered one infant, and six (9%) delivered none. The outcome in dichorionic gestations (83% delivered twins, 12% singletons, 5% none) was significantly better than in monochorionic gestations (56%, 11%, 33%, respectively) (p < 0.05). Among dichorionic twins, pregnancy outcome was worse in twins initially identified on a 6-7.9 week ultrasound examination (74% delivered twins, 21% singletons, 6% none) as compared to those identified at 8-13 weeks (96%, 0%, 4%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The outcome in dichorionic gestations was worse in women over 35 compared to those under 35 (p < 0.05), and those with treatment for infertility compared to those who conceived naturally (p = 0.05). These results provide prognostic information about outcome of twin pregnancies scanned in the first trimester as a function of chorionicity, gestational age, maternal age, and method of conception.
Additive or synergetic effects of phenolic compounds on human low density lipoprotein oxidation

The in vitro assessment of the antioxidant capacity of four phenolic compounds; catechin, hesperidin, ferulic acid, and quercetin was evaluated by the examination of their ability to inhibit copper (Cu(2+))-mediated human low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation by using the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Individually, the enrichment of LDLs with various concentrations of catechin, hesperidin, ferulic acid, and quercetin produced both antioxidant and prooxidant effects depending on enrichment concentrations of the polyphenolic compounds. Catechin and hesperidin had predominantly antioxidant effects (51.1%, 76.9%, respectively) while ferulic acid and quercetin had mostly prooxidant effects (166.4%; 191.8%, respectively) on LDL oxidation. However, when the mixture of the four phenolic compounds was used to enrich the LDLs, significant antioxidant capacity was demonstrated at all enrichment levels with a dose-response. Synergistic effects of the polyphenolic compounds as mixtures in preventing human LDL oxidation may reflect that nutritional advantages are found in the consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables in preventing LDL oxidation and perhaps a host of cardiovascular diseases.
Medical ethics and the two dogmas of liberalism.

Two dogmas of liberalism in the therapeutic setting are challenged: (1) that patients have a ready-made ability to act autonomously; and (2) that non-intervention by physicians is the best strategy for protecting the autonomy of patients. Recognition of the impact of illness upon autonomous behavior forms the basis of this challenge. It is suggested that autonomy is better conceived as a process of personal growth by which patients become better able to overcome the disruptive effects of illness. The physician is assigned an active role in the achievement of this therapeutic goal. The implications of this new liberal theory are illustrated by reference to the informed consent issue.
Affinity distributions of lead ion binding to an immobilized biomaterial derived from cultured cells of Datura innoxia

Abstract Datura innoxia biomass has been targeted as a potential sorbent for heavy metal remediation. Of interest in our laboratory are the binding mechanisms responsible for metal uptake. In this study, the binding behavior of Pb(II) to immobilized Datura innoxia biomaterial was investigated under different chemical conditions, such as ionic strength, the presence of calcium, and pH. Regularized regression analysis was employed to derive the corresponding affinity distributions. Two classes of binding sites were determined, having mean affinity of approximately 200 and 105 M−1, depending on solution conditions. Variations in apparent affinity distributions with ionic strength and pH suggest the low-affinity sites involve sulfonates and carboxylates in an ion exchange process. The high-affinity sites are proposed to result from the coordination of carboxylates to Pb2+ ions.
The unitary group over the integers of an unramified local field

Abstract Let L be a lattice over the integers of a local field F which has a nontrivial involution. Then U + ( L ) (the subgroup of rotations of the unitary group U ( L )) is generated by unitary transvections and quasitransvections contained in U + ( L ) (Theorem 7.8). Let g be a tableau. Then the mixed commutator subgroup of U + ( L ) and U ( g ) (the congruence subgroup of U + ( L ) corresponding to g ) equals E ( g ) (the subgroup generated by unitary transvections and quasitransvections with orders contained in g ) (Theorem 7.7). Finally, let G be a subgroup of U + ( L ) with o ( G ) = g , then G is a normal subgroup of U + ( L ) if and only if U ( g ) ⊇ G ⊇ E ( g ).
Effects of interaural decorrelation and acoustic spectrum on detecting the motion of an auditory target

The ability to detect the motion of an auditory target based on dynamic changes in interaural time differences was measured as a function of interaural correlation and acoustic spectrum in a single-interval forced-choice design. Three subjects listened to headphone-presented noise containing a dynamic linear change in interaural delay (500 μs/s). The stimulus spectrum was broadband (0.1 to 10 kHz), highpass above 1.5 kHz, or lowpass below 1.2 kHz, and interaural correlation ranged from 0.1 to 1.0. Subject performance was nearly identical for the broadband and lowpass conditions, with near perfect detection for interaural correlations of 0.5 or greater, and above threshold (d′ > 1) detection for a correlation of 0.3. Performance was near random when the correlation was 0.1. In the highpass condition, performance rapidly deteriorated from substantially above threshold (d′ > 2) to random level as interaural correlation was reduced from 1.0 to 0.7. This rapid decline in performance at high frequencies may be explained in terms of interaural envelope decorrelation.
Patient expectations for placebo treatments commonly used in osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) clinical trials: a pilot study

Placebo treatments should be believable to ensure expectation of benefit, yet not provide a true treatment effect. One obstacle to conducting clinical trials with osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is choosing an appropriate placebo. Various placebo treatments have been used in OMT clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to determine expectations of 3 treatments (HVLA, placebo light touch, placebo sub-therapeutic ultrasound) commonly used in OMT clinical research trials. A randomized, cross-over design was utilized. Subjects were recruited from the Family Medicine Clinic, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine. Participants watched a video with 2 minute demonstrations of a High Velocity Low Amplitude (HVLA), placebo light touch (LT), and placebo sub-therapeutic ultrasound (ULTRA) treatment for low back pain. The order of presentations was randomized to control for order effect bias. Subjects indicated the extent of their agreement (using a 4 point Likert scale) with 4 statements that were presented after each treatment was viewed: 1)I believe this treatment would allow me to get better quicker; 2)I believe this treatment would decrease my low back pain; 3)I believe this treatment would make me more able to do the things I want to do; 4)This seems like a logical way to treat low back pain. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed, and a partial Eta squared was calculated for each statement. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated where appropriate. Thirty of 40 eligible subjects participated. Twenty-two (73%) were female, 16 (53%) were Caucasian, and 11 (37%) had completed college. The mean age was 43 (SD = 15.). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences for statements 2 and 4. For both statements 1 (p = 0.025) and 3 (p = 0.039), post hoc analysis revealed a difference between HVLA and LT. The partial Eta squared (ηp2) was 0.105, 0.072, 0.107, and 0.024 for each statement, respectively. There is a difference in treatment expectation between HVLA and LT for statements 1 and 3. Participants responded more positively after viewing the HVLA treatment than the LT treatment. This suggests that sub-therapeutic ultrasound is the better placebo because the expectations were similar to those for HVLA.
Thermal budget limits of quarter-micrometer foundry CMOS for post-processing MEMS devices

Thermal budget limits for low stand-by power ( LSP), 0.25 /spl mu/m foundry CMOS devices have been investigated, in order to assess the impact of post-processing microelectromechanical devices devices. Resistance increases for vias (metal-to-metal contacts) rather than transistor-performance shifts limits the post-processing thermal budget. An empirical relation is found to predict the via resistance increase for various annealing conditions, based on third-order reactions of vacancies supplied by surface diffusion of metal atoms. The resistance increase is strongly dependent on annealing time and temperature. With a criterion of 10% increase, 6 h at 425/spl deg/C, 1 h at 450/spl deg/C, and 0.5 h at 475/spl deg/C are the maximum allowable thermal budgets, respectively. Electromigration (EM) of via chain structures was also evaluated, and after annealing for 6h at 425/spl deg/C showed only a 33% decrease in the EM lifetime.
Malate synthase expression is deregulated in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolate FRD1.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes chronic pulmonary infections, which can persist for decades, in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Current evidence suggests that the glyoxylate pathway is an importa...
Recently elucidated energy catabolism pathways provide opportunities for novel treatments in hepatocellular carcinoma.

It has long been known that tumors depend on energy production pathways that are different from those of normal cells. These unique pathways require the expression and function of tumor-specific enzymes. Some of these glycolytic enzymes, as well as other modulators of tumor behavior, have recently been elucidated. In theory, inhibiting such enzymes or appropriately affecting such modulators should deprive tumors of energy, while leaving nontransformed cells unaffected. These factors include certain hexokinases that catalyze glycolysis in tumors and can be inhibited by 3-bromopyruvate. 2-deoxyglucose is another modulator that depletes hexokinase stores and cannot undergo further catabolism, thus depriving tumors of their energy source. Other enzymes or modulators are under scrutiny and have shown promise. Preliminary experiments on animals with hepatocellular carcinoma have indeed shown very encouraging results. It appears that modulating the energy production pathways of tumors is poised to become a subst...
Thermodynamic, thermomechanical, and electrochemical evaluation of CsHSO4

Abstract A thermodynamic analysis of CsHSO 4 in oxygen and hydrogen atmospheres has been carried out. In an oxygen atmosphere, the phase relationship for the dehydration of CsHSO 4 as a function of H 2 O partial pressure was established. It is concluded that CsHSO 4 is stable in a humidified oxygen atmosphere, p H 2 O =0.03 atm, up to 170 °C. However, in hydrogen atmospheres, it was affirmed that CsHSO 4 is reduced to H 2 S and Cs 2 SO 4 . Electromotive force (EMF) measurements in a humidified oxygen concentration cell, p H 2 O =0.03 atm confirmed the ionic nature of the charge-carrying species. Upon thermal cycling, the voltage obtained from the high temperature phase ( T =149 °C) remained unchanged for over 85 h of measurement. The volume change upon transformation to the superprotonic phase, as directly measured by high temperature X-ray powder diffraction, is +0.54%. These results demonstrate not only the stability of CsHSO 4 in oxygen but also the viability of solid acid-based electrochemical devices that would likely be subjected to thermal cycling during operation.
Effect of Heredity and Sparsity on Second-Order Screening Design Performance

Two recent and powerful screening designs are compared. The comparisons focus on how robust each design is with respect to assumptions of model heredity and sparsity. Four truth models having varied aspects of heredity and sparsity are used; each examined at four levels of random noise. Each screening method is analyzed against the random data using the method's proposed analysis approach and compared in terms of correctly identified model components, incorrectly identified model components (type I error), and missed model components (type II error). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response to the Letter by Grond-Ginsbach et al

Response: We appreciate the comments and interest of Grond-Ginsbach and colleagues. The difference between their results and ours highlights the importance of specificity and precision in defining clinical phenotypes when performing genetic association studies. There are 3 obvious differences in phenotype that may account for the discrepant outcome between their analysis and ours (however, we should caution the reader that without presentation of detailed information in a …
K-Ar Dating of Laccolithic Centers of the Colorado Plateau and Vicinity

Two episodes of igneous activity occurred on the Colorado Plateau during Phanerozoic time. Laccolithic centers whose ages cluster about the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary occur along the projection of the Laramide mineral belt of Colorado as far southwest as the Carrizo Mountains. Laccolithic and mafic volcanic centers of mid-Tertiary age occur scattered about, and on the edges of, the Plateau Province, and in some areas mafic volcanism continues today. Both pyroxene and hornblende separates consistently gave anomalously old K-Ar dates. It was thus necessary to analyze whole-rock samples from which the mafic minerals were removed to obtain age determinations that did not conflict with stratigraphic relations.
SIGACT news complexity theory column 34

This issue's guest columnists are angels. The column was faced with a last-minute cancellation, and they prepared on very short notice a wonderful column. And I'm sure that many readers of the column will want to learn even more by, for example, reading their monograph Complexity Classifications of Boolean Constraint Satisfaction Problems [7].Future complexity columns include Holzer/McKenzie on a familiar complexity class turning up in a surprising context, Gasarch (and a host of contributors) on the future of NP, Schaeffer/Umans on completeness for higher levels of the polynomial hierarchy, Nickelsen/Tantau on partial information classes, and Paturi on the complexity of k-SAT,Regarding the Schaeffer/Umans column, their 2-part column will be in part a kind of Garey and Johnson for completeness results for ∑ip and πip, i ≥ 2. You can help their project by, if you have proven natural sets complete for NPNP, coNPNP, NPNPNP, coNPNPNP, etc., letting them (MSchaefer@cti.depaul.edu and umans@microsoft.com) know of your result and its best citation location. Thanks!
In whose interest? A critical examination of public interest appeals made by the public accounting profession in the USA

This paper presents a critical analysis of public interest arguments employed by the USA public accounting profession. We build on prior research that deals with the public accounting profession’s public interest commitments, specifically Willmott (1990), Parker (1994), Robson et al. (1994), Roberts and Dwyer (1998), and Cooper and Robson (2006), by focusing more specifically on an analysis of the logic, authority, and emotional appeals of the profession’s rhetoric. In addition, we engage more extensively with functionalist arguments concerning market control over auditor independence and quality. Relying principally on an Aristotelian (Aristotle, Trans. 1954) definition of rhetoric and Toulmin’s (1969) model of argument, we evaluate the logic, authority and emotional appeal of these claims and present arguments and evidence in rebuttal. Our analysis indicates that, although, public interest claims are not totally void of merit, without consistent ethical performance by accounting professionals, their public interest rhetoric rings hollow, damaging the reputation of the profession as a whole and laying the foundation for further regulatory restrictions.
Growth Hormone (GH) Response to GH-Releasing Hormone in Children with Subnormal Integrated Concentrations of GH

We determined the GH responses to human GH-releasing hormone-40 (GHRH) in poorly growing children who had either normal or deficient GH secretion, as measured bypharmacological stimulation and integrated concentration of GH (IC-GH). Ten patients had both normal pharmacologically stimulated GH and IC-GH (GH-normal), 15 patients had normal pharmacologically stimulated GH but deficient IC-GH [GH neurosecretory dysfunction (GHND)], and the remaining 7 patients had both subnormal stimulated GH and IC-GH [GH deficiency (GHD)]. The mean peak plasma GH response to GHRH was 11.7 ± 8.5 (±SD) ng/ml in GHD patients, significantly lower than the responses of both the GHND (49.2 ± 39.2 ng/ml; P < 0.0001) and GH-normal (51.8 ± 44 ng/ml; P < 0.0001) groups. The range of peak GH responses to GHRH in GHD patients overlapped the lower end of the range of responses in the GHND and GH-normal patients. Three GH-normal and eight GHND patients had greatly enhanced GH responses to GHRH (<50 ng/ml); no GHD patients had a response ...
Postexposure Prevention of Progressive Vaccinia in SCID Mice Treated with Vaccinia Immune Globulin

A recently reported case of progressive vaccinia (PV) in an immunocompromised patient has refocused attention on this condition. Uniformly fatal prior to the licensure of vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) in 1978, PV was still fatal in about half of VIG-treated patients overall, with a greater mortality rate in infants and children. Additional therapies would be needed in the setting of a smallpox bioterror event, since mass vaccination following any variola virus release would inevitably result in exposure of immunocompromised people through vaccination or contact with vaccinees. Well-characterized animal models of disease can support the licensure of new products when human studies are not ethical or feasible, as in the case of PV. We chose vaccinia virus-scarified SCID mice to model PV. As in immunocompromised humans, vaccinia virus-scarified SCID animals develop enlarging primary lesions with minimal or no inflammation, eventual distal virus spread, and lethal outcomes if left untreated. Postexposure treatment with VIG slowed disease progression, caused local lesion regression, and resulted in the healthy survival of most of the mice for more than 120 days. Combination treatment with VIG and topical cidofovir also resulted in long-term disease-free survival of most of the animals, even when initiated 7 days postinfection. These results support the possibility that combination treatments may be effective in humans and support using this SCID model of PV to test new antibody therapies and combination therapies and to provide further insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of PV.
Color display of vowels as a speech articulation training aid

The development and preliminary testing of a computer-based visual speech training aid for the hearing impaired is described. Efforts to date have been devoted to mapping vowels to colors in a robust speaker-independent manner. The best mapping has been achieved using overall spectral shape to represent each vowel and a combination nonlinear/linear transformation from spectral variables to color variables. Extensive simulation experiments with vowel data indicate that vowels can be reliably mapped to a specified target color. More limited testing with the real-time system also indicate that most vowels can easily be identified and matched from their visual display patterns. >
Equipotential transformation of multipole systems to dipole systems

The vector sum of fields produced by a set of magnetic dipoles with different magnetic moments that are both tilted from the planetary spin axis and offset from the planetary center by different amounts can be used to completely represent a planetary magnetic field in the conventional form of spherical harmonic expansion. The scalar equipotential transformation analytically results in 24 equations that may subsequently be solved for the 24 adjustable parameters in dipole systems with the predetermined main dipole. Attention is given to this method's application to the Jovian magnetic field.