cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pursuit of Atomistic Switching and Cross Point Memory

With the disclosure of the Ovonic Threshold Switch (OTS) [1] and chalcogenide memory technology [2] in late ’60s, the pursuit of nonvolatile memory beyond electrostatic storage escalated across the industry. Various two-tenninal switches exhibiting nonlinear I-V characteristics have been explored as a cost-effective solution. 40 years later, an experimental attempt to integrate chalcogenide switch and memory for a 64Mb array was successfully demonstrated [3]. Further advances to the memory element achieved fast access and tight statistical control of states [4]. This novel chalcogenide memory was a deliberate departure from the existing phase change memory (PCM) [5], It illustrated a vision of a new class of memory, bridging the gap between DRAM and SSD. Another decade later, 3D XPoint Memory is commercialized.
Evaluation of the Histologic Response to a Polyacrylamide-Agar Hydrogel in the Rat

Hydrogels, hydrophillic polymers capable of binding large amounts of water have found application in the fabrication of medical devices such as vascular prostheses, contact lenses and wound covering materials. As the use of hydrogels has increased, it has become clear that our understanding of the cellular and tissue responses to this group of hydrophillic polymers is incomplete. Since the functional performance of implants is influenced by the cellular response to the material of fabrication as well as implant configuration, knowledge of cellular reaction elicited by hydrogels will provide for a more rational device design and use.
Clinical Application of the Gamma Camera in the Evaluation of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease

We have performed more than 1500 “radioisotope arteriograms” by visualizing gamma emissions with a scintillation camera (Anger) during the first arterial circulation after the intravenous injection of a relatively non-diffusible radiopharmaceutical [2]. We believe that the technique is a rapid and efficient method for the identification of severe carotid artery stenosis and occlusion, middle cerebral artery occlusion, and arteriovenous malformation, and for post-operative evaluation of patients who have had carotid artery reconstructive surgery. It is an adjunct to rectilinear scanning that improves the probability of differentiating positive scans due to cerebral infarction, arteriovenous malformation and neoplasm. While the intravenous technique is useful for diagnosis, it cannot delineate quantitative variations in total or regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). This report details our initial observations on the use of the scintillation camera and computer techniques to quantitate CBF. The techniques of radioisotope arteriography using Technetium-99m (99mTc), inhalation-recircu- lation, and arterial injection of Xenon-133 (133Xe) will be compared.
Signal-specific co-activator domain requirements for Pit-1 activation

POU-domain proteins, such as the pituitary-specific factor Pit-1, are members of the homeodomain family of proteins which are important in development and homeostasis, acting constitutively or in response to signal-transduction pathways to either repress or activate the expression of specific genes1. Here we show that whereas homeodomain-containing repressors such as Rpx2 seem to recruit only a co-repressor complex, the activity of Pit-1 (ref. 3) is determined by a regulated balance between a co-repressor complex that contains N-CoR/SMRT4,5, mSin3A/B6,7,8 and histone deacetylases6,7,8 and a co-activator complex that includes the CREB-binding protein (CBP)9 and p/CAF10. Activation of Pit-1 by cyclic AMP or growth factors depends on distinct amino- and carboxy-terminal domains of CBP, respectively. Furthermore, thehistone acetyltransferase functions of CBP11,12 or p/CAF10 are required for Pit-1 function that is stimulated by cyclic AMP or growth factors, respectively. These data show that there is a switch in specific requirements for histone acetyltransferases and CBP domains in mediating the effects of different signal-transduction pathways on specific DNA-bound transcription factors.
Rethinking the Ideas of Pan-Africanism and African Unity: A Theoretical Perspective of Kwame Nkrumah’s Leadership Traits and Decision Making

The search for Africa's political unity has been on e of the underlying ideas drawn from Pan- Africanism for several decades. Besides political l eaders such as Sekou Toure and Modibo Keita with similar ideas on continental unity, Kwame Nkrumah was the central figure who vigorously championed the cause for Africa's political unity. The role of Nkrumah as the iconic personality for the unification movement continues to attract s cholarly attention and debate. This article contributes to the literature on Pan-Africanism and African unity by examining Nkrumah's ideas and decision making through the lens of his leaders hip traits and personality styles. Grounded on the existing scholarly works in the field, the arti cle employs the theoretical framework of Leadership Trait Analysis (LTA) to examine the way Nkrumah's leadership traits shaped his decision making on Pan-Africanism and African unity. The article finds some utility in the theory (LTA) and concludes that Nkrumah's decision making was partly driven by his leadership traits and personality styles.
Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Analysis of Viral Proteins from Hamster and Chicken Cells Transformed by Rous Sarcoma Virus

Several methods have been explored for the detection and characterization of viral proteins from soluble extracts of cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Viral antigens have been analyzed after gel filtration in several solvents. In addition, immune complexes formed with virus-specific sera have been isolated by agarose gel filtration and by high- or low-speed centrifugation through sucrose solutions. Radioactive proteins from these immune complexes have been analyzed by gel filtration in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Comparison with proteins from purified virus indicates the presence of two viral core proteins (gs1 and gs2) in the soluble fraction from virus-producing chicken cells. In the same fraction from RSV-transformed hamster cells (which do not produce virus), three gs proteins (gs1, gs2, and gs3) could be identified. The soluble viral gs proteins are strongly bound to at least two larger polypeptides in cell extracts. These polypeptides do not appear to be viral in origin and have the property of undergoing a time-dependent aggregation in the extracts. One of these cell-derived proteins, which is present in a variety of uninfected cell types, closely resembles actin.
Better Understanding the Scope of Conditional Scholarship Programs Among American Law Schools

As a result of the ABA’s revisions to Standard 509, Consumer Information, there is now a much greater universe of publicly available information about law school scholarship programs. In this article, I present what is now known about conditional scholarship programs based on a review of law school websites conducted between March 19 and July 21, 2013, from which I was able to compile a complete list of law schools with conditional scholarship programs, with only one-year scholarships, with good standing (or guaranteed) scholarships and with only need-based scholarships. The article includes an analysis of the information we have on conditional scholarship programs by looking at the prevalence of conditional scholarship programs among law schools across different rankings categories and by looking at the extent to which scholarship retention differs among law schools across different rankings categories. The article also looks at geographic “clumping” of law schools without conditional scholarship programs. The article concludes with some general thoughts on the impact of conditional scholarships across legal education. (This draft contains minor revisions based on a rechecking of law school webpages in July 2013 and some email exchanges. The draft also contains a url to a Law School Transparency webpage with a complete listing of law schools indicating whether or not the school had a conditional scholarship program in 2011-12, and if so, the number of students who received a conditional scholarship and the number who had the conditional scholarship reduced or eliminated.)
An intelligent aid for flight deck procedure performance: the Crew Activity Tracking System "Task Caddy"

The Crew Activity Tracking System (CATS) is a computer architecture that implements a methodology for activity tracking (a form of intent inferencing). CATS uses an explicit task-analytic model of correct operator activities to predict nominal activities and interpret operator actions in real time. The CATS predictions and interpretations are designed to supply the knowledge required for intelligent aiding and training systems. This paper describes CATS together with a prototype aiding system, called the "Task Caddy", that was developed to demonstrate how such a tool may support pilot performance on new flight deck procedures.
The quirks of jerks

Some plants and animals are attached to the seashore by flexible structures that allow them to move with the water as it sloshes shoreward and seaward. However, a series of mathematical models shows that this may not be the best strategy for these organisms to avoid being washed away by the waves, as the force experienced when the tether yanks the organism to halt may be greater than the hydrodynamic forces it is subject to.
A Π 1 → Δ 1 Band of NH and the Corresponding ND Band

A $^{1}\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{1}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ band of NH at 3240A is compared with the corresponding ND band at 3235A. The rotational constants of the two bands are related within the limits of experimental errors in the way expected theoretically. It is necessary to take into account that the lowest vibrational state has half a quantum of vibrational energy. The existence of zero point vibrational energy appears also in the fact that the zero lines of the two bands are separated by 93.39 wave numbers. In agreement with the theoretical expectations the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-doubling in the ND band is smaller than in the NH band by a factor 3.511.
Yesterday and Today

(1995). Yesterday and Today. Journal of American College Health: Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 287-288.
A TRANSDUCER TO MEASURE PORE WATER PRESSURES IN SOIL TESTS

A pressure transducer with very small volume compliance has been adapted to measure and record the pore water pressures which develop during loading tests on saturated soil specimens in the laboratory. The technique described uses an unbonded strain gage type of pressure transducer. Details are given of the ancillary electrical circuitry, the method of mounting, and the calibration of the system. /Author/
Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Rhodotorula glutinis

It was determined that lycopene could be cyclized directly by Rhodotorula glutinis. It was also shown the the temperature effect (i.e., increased beta-carotene synthesis in response to lower incubation temperatures) in R. glutinis was controlled by changes in enzyme concentration.
Normative Data and the Influence of Age and Gender on Power, Balance, Flexibility, and Functional Movement in Healthy Service Members

ABSTRACT Objectives: Determine the influence of age and sex and describe normative data on field expedient tests associated with power, balance, trunk stability, mobility, and functional movement in a military population. Methods: Participants (n = 247) completed a series of clinical and functional tests, including closed-chain ankle dorsiflexion (DF), Functional Movement Screen (FMS), Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ), Y-Balance Test Upper Quarter (YBT-UQ), single leg vertical jump (SLVJ), 6-m timed hop (6-m timed), and triple hop. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Analysis of variance tests were performed to compare the results based on sex and age ( 30 years). Results: Service members demonstrated DF of 34.2 ± 6.1°, FMS composite score of 16.2 ± 2.2, YBT-LQ normalized composite score of 96.9 ± 8.6%, YBT-UQ normalized composite score of 87.6 ± 9.6%, SLVJ of 26.9 ± 8.6 cm, 6-m hop of 2.4 ± 0.5 seconds, and a triple hop of 390.9 ± 110.8 cm. Men performed greater than women (p < 0.05) ...
Marine ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria: serological diversity determined by immunofluorescence in culture and in the environment.

Immunofluorescence assays for marine ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were used to assess the diversity of nitrifying bacteria isolated from marine environments. The antisera show relatively broad specificity, in that each reacts with several strains of the same physiological type as the strain to which the antiserum was prepared. The antisera do not, however, react with any strains of differing physiological type. Seventy percent of the 30 unidentified ammonium-oxidizing isolates tested reacted with one or both of the antisera produced to marine ammonium-oxidizing strains, and 8 of the 9 unidentified nitrite-oxidizing strains tested reacted with 1 or more of the 3 nitrite oxidizer antisera used. Ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were enumerated in samples taken in a depth profile (to 750 m) in the Southern California Bight by immunofluorescence assays for two ammonium oxidizers and two nitrite oxidizers. Average abundances of the two types of nitrifiers were 3.5 × 105 and 2.8 × 105 cells liter−1, respectively. Nitrifiers constitute 0.1 to 0.8% of the total bacterial population in these samples.
On the diameter of sensor networks

In space exploration, cooperative modulation techniques have been proposed for prolonging the life-time of sensor nodes within a multihop network. The desire to efficiently reduce the overall energy-per-bit of a node motivated this study on the hop diameter (synonymous to the number of hops in a path) of sensor networks. In this study, we analysed and found that when the number of transmissions are bounded by constants /spl les/ 20, the likelihood of successful broadcast is small. Using simulations, we observed that the diameter decreases very fast as the transmission radius increases. Another observation is that the largest connected component emerges when the transmission radius reaches 0.3/spl radic/A, where A is the area containing the nodes. This may be used to determine the ideal amplification, although further simulations on larger networks could be helpful. We also found a large gap between the number of nodes required to populate the area, when all the nodes must be connected, or when only 90% of the nodes are connected.
Impact of training standard complexity on inspection performance: Research Articles

Research in the area of visual inspection has shown that various factors influence inspection performance. Task factors have been identified as one of the primary classes of factors influencing the complexity of inspection tasks. If inspection task complexity is to be reduced it is essential to understand the influence of various task factors and prescribe interventions based on the impact of these factors. Moreover, historical work in this area has shown that the greater the difficulty of a vigilance task, the more engaged operators may become. Therefore, this research studies the influence of the following task factors: number of defect types, defect standard complexity, defect probability, and defect distribution on both the visual search and decision-making components of a contact lens inspection task. This study was conducted using a computer simulation of a real world contact lens inspection task using 28 student subjects. Performance was measured on both the visual search and decision-making components of the task. The results revealed a negative influence of defect standard complexity and a positive influence of defect probability on both the visual search and decision-making components of the inspection task. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 16: 109–132, 2006.
Control of quantum phenomena with cooperating photonic and material reagents

A high degree of control over broad classes of quantum dynamics phenomena can be achieved by suitably tailored photonic reagent laser pulses working cooperatively with tailored material reagents.
Decomposition and nutrient release from mixtures of Gambel oak and ponderosa pine leaf litter

Abstract Studies were carried out to test the hypothesis that decay and release of nutrients of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) is accelerated in litter mixtures with Gambel oak (Quercus gambilii Nutt.). Litterbags containing different proportions of pine needles and oak leaves were placed in pine stands and collected over a 2-year period. At the end of the experiment mass losses from pure oak were 60% higher than those from pure pine with no evidence that the intrinsic rate of dry matter loss was affected in mixtures of litter. Litter type significantly influenced the concentration of all nutrients studied and amount of nutrients remaining for all nutrients except N and Ca. Increasing amounts of oak caused N, S, Ca and Mg to be retained more so than in 100% pine litter. Relative mobility of K and P were unaffected by litter composition. Nutrient release patterns were similar for N, S and Ca with little or no loss over the study period. Nutrient release patterns for P, Mg and K were similar with marked release (56 to 82% loss) over the two-year period. Possible reasons for lack of a synergistic effect between pine and oak are discussed.
Kinetics of chloride transport in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus R‐2 (Anacystis nidulans, S. leopoliensis) PCC 7942

The kinetics of the light-driven Cl− uptake pump of Synechococcus R-2 (PCC 7942) were investigated. The kinetics of Cl− uptake were measured in BG-11 medium (pHo, 7·5; [K+]o, 0·35 mol m−3; [Na+]o, 18 mol m−3; [Cl−]o, 0·508 mol m−3) or modified media based on the above. Net36Cl− fluxes (ϕCl−o,i) followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and were stimulated by Na+ [18 mol m−3 Na+ BG-11 ϕCl−max= 3·29±0·60 (49) nmol m−2 s−1 versus Na+-free BG-11 ϕCl−max= 1·02±0·13 (54) nmol m−2 s−1] but the Km was not significantly different in the presence or absence of Na+ at pHo 10; the Km was lower, but not affected by the presence or absence of Na+ [Km = 22·3±3·54 (20) mmol m−3]. Na+ is a non-competitive activator of net ϕCl−o,i. High [K+]o (18 mol m−3) did not stimulate net ϕCl−o,i or change the Km in Na+-free medium. High [K+]o (18 mol m−3) added to Na+ BG-11 medium decreased net ϕCl−o,i [18 mol m−3K+ BG-11; ϕCl−max= 2·50±0·32 (20) nmol m−2 s−1 versus BG-11 medium; ϕCl−max= 3·35±0·56 (20) nmol m−2 s−1] but did not affect the Km 55·8±8·100 (40) mmol m−3]. Na+-stimulation of net ϕCl−o,i followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics up to 2–5 mol m−3 [Na+]o but higher concentrations were inhibitory. The Km for Na+-stimulation of net ϕCl−o,i [K1/2(Na+)] was different at 47 mmol m−3 [Cl−]o (K1/2[Na+] = 123±27 (37) mmol m−3]. Li+ was only about one-third as effective as Na+ in stimulating Cl− uptake but the activation constant was similar [K1/2(Li+) = 88±46 (16) mmol m−3]. Br− was a competitive inhibitor of Cl− uptake. The inhibition constant (Ki) was not significantly different in the presence and absence of Na+. The overall Ki was 297±23 (45) mmol m−3. The discrimination ratio of Cl− over Br− (δCl−/δBr−) was 6·38±0·92 (df = 147). Synechococcus has a single Na+-stimulated Cl− pump because the Km of the Cl− transporter and its discrimination between Cl− and Br− are not significantly different in the presence and absence of Na+. The Cl− pump is probably driven by ATP.
Analysis of diflubenzuron by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using deuterated diflubenzuron as internal standard

A new and rapid gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analytical procedure for insect growth regulator diflubenzuron, a phenylurea-based insecticide, has been developed. Diflubenzuron is decomposed by the heat of a gas chromatograph into three reproducible fragments, 4-chlorophenyl isocyanate, 4-chloroaniline, and 2,6-difluorobenzamide, which elute separately from the GC column. The source of the chloroaniline appears to be the thermal breakdown of chlorophenyl isocyanate. No difluorobenzoic acid is generated, confirming that the heat-labile bond of diflubenzuron is different from the bond cleaved during based-catalyzed hydrolysis or microbial degradation (...)
Innovative Use of Tele-ICU in Long-term Acute Care Hospitals

Tele-intensive care units (ICUs) typically provide remote monitoring for ICUs of acute care, short-stay hospitals. As part of a joint venture project to establish a long-term acute level of care, Good Shepherd Penn Partners became the first facility to use tele-ICU technology in a nontraditional setting. Long-term acute care hospitals care for patients with complex medical problems. We describe describes the benefits and challenges of integrating a tele-ICU program into a long-term acute care setting and the impact this model of care has on patient care outcomes.
External Beam Radiation Therapy Is Associated With Increased Variability in Retinal Venous Oxygenation

Purpose/Objective(s): The prognosis for squamous cell head and neck cancer after surgical treatment and adjuvant chemo radiation is unsatisfactory in cases of close resection margins <5 mm (CM) or extracapsular extent at the lymph nodes (ECE). Therefore, we conducted a multicenter Phase II study to investigate the toxicity and efficacy of adjuvant radiation therapy in combination with concurrent cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and cetuximab followed by maintenance therapy with cetuximab for 6 months. Here, we present the preliminary results on feasibility and toxicity. Materials/Methods: Patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck after primary surgery were eligible for the study, if a CM or ECE was detected. Cisplatin (20 mg/m d1-5 and d29-33) and 5-FU as continuous infusion (600 mg/m d1-d5 + d29-33) were given concurrently to postoperative radiation therapy using an integrated boost IMRT-technique (1.8/ 2.0/2.2 Gy QD) to a total dose of 61.6 Gy. Cetuximab started 7 days prior chemoradiation therapy with a loading dose of 400 mg/m followed by weekly cetuximab (250 mg/m) during chemoradiation therapy. Maintenance cetuximab started after completion of chemoradiation therapy plus cetuximab with 500 mg/m every 2 weeks over a 6-month period. Results: Fifty-five of 80 planned pts (46 male, 9 female, mean age 55.6, range, 29-70 years) have finished chemoradiation therapy, 50 are evaluable for toxicity. Concurrent Chemoradiation therapy plus Cetuximab was associated with grade 3-4 (CTC 3.0) mucositis, radiation dermatitis, and skin reactions outside the radiation portals in 46%, 28%, and 14% of pts, respectively. One toxic death occurred (peritonitis at day 57). Cetuximab was terminated in 10% of all pts (allergic reactions) after the first application. In 22% of all pts Cetuximab was discontinued during the last 2 weeks or at the end of chemo radiation therapy. Of those pts embarking on maintenance therapy, 80% were still on Cetuximab after 3 and 63% after 5 months. 48% completed 6 months maintenance therapy. Conclusions: Adjuvant radio chemotherapy in combination with cetuximab followed by maintenance cetuximab is feasible with toxicity in the expected range. Compliance to maintenance cetuximab was satisfactory during the first 3-5 months. Author Disclosure: C. Matuschek: None. E. Boelke: None. C. Belka: None. U. Ganswindt: None. M. Henke: None. P. Stegmaier: None. M. Bamberg: None. S. Welz: None. J. Debus: None. W. Budach: None.
Organizational Linkages among the Inner Group of the Capitalist Class

Abstract This study investigates the non-corporate organizational linkages among the inner group of the capitalist class, defined as those who are interlocked with three or more corporations. To the extent that persons already linked through corporate ties also are connected through common memberships in business organizations, social clubs, and other voluntary organizations, the likelihood of a national cohesive power elite is increased. The corporate data used are from the 1976 government study of the 130 major companies in the United States, controlling collectively 25 percent of all assets. The biographical data on the 66 individuals found to sit on three or more boards among these 130 companies were taken from Who's Who. Several key organizations were found where the members of the elite were especially interconnected. A cluster of 15 individuals with 13 or more common memberships within the 66 were identified as having the greatest linkages. The analysis of the number of common links for each possib...
Holding the center of feminist theory

Synopsis Despite the multiple fractures that have occurred over the last few years in feminist theory, I argue that the center of that venture continues to hold firm. If nowhere else, it holds in the force of the transcultural association between women's bodies and the birth of new living beings. But equally, it holds in the recognition of the cultural variability of the meanings attached to this basic association. Indeed, it is here that I would invoke (and perhaps reinstate) a form of that distinction that was so important to feminists of the seventies, namely the distinction between sex and gender. If “sex” is that which we are given by “nature,” and “gender” that which derives from culture (i.e., the cultural representation of sex), then we need to underscore that what is left to both “sex” and “nature” is now little enough. But it is not yet nothing. Even disavowing all representational plasticity, there remains a core of observational experience that has thus far defied modulation. The premises of feminist theory require us to both acknowledge this observational core, and, at the same time, expose and examine the enormous variability in meanings that are inevitably superposed on it. Only when we have revealed the specificity of the forms and consequences of the interpretive structures built around this core in any given particular cultural context, ultimately in all cultural contexts, will we have done our work.
Improved modeling and efficiency for automatic transcription of Broadcast News

Abstract Over the last few years, the DARPA-sponsored Hub-4 continuous speech recognition evaluations have advanced speech recognition technology for automatic transcription of broadcast news. In this paper, we report on our research and progress in this domain, with an emphasis on efficient modeling with significantly fewer parameters for faster and more accurate recognition. In the acoustic modeling area, this was achieved through new parameter tying, Gaussian clustering, and mixture weight thresholding schemes. The effectiveness of acoustic adaptation is greatly increased through unsupervised clustering of test data. In language modeling, we explored the use of non-broadcast-news training data as well as the adaptation to topic and speaking styles. We developed an effective and efficient parameter pruning technique for backoff language models that allowed us to cope with ever increasing amounts of training data and expanded N-gram scopes. Finally, we improved our progressive search architecture with more efficient algorithms for lattice generation, compaction, and incorporation of higher-order language models.
Differential expression of carbohydrate blood-group antigens on rat taste-bud cells: relation to the functional marker alpha-gustducin.

An afferent nerve fiber supplying a taste bud receives input from several taste receptor cells, yet is predominantly responsive to one of the classic taste qualities (salt, acid, sweet, or bitter). This specificity requires recognition between taste receptor cells and nerve fibers that may be mediated by surface markers correlating with function. In an effort to identify potential markers, we used immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy to examine expression of the oligosaccharide blood-group antigens Lewisb, A, and H type 2 in taste buds of the rat oral cavity. We compared the distributions of these antigens with that of α-gustducin, a G-protein subunit implicated in responses to sweet- and bitter-tasting substances. The A and Lewisb antigens were present only on spindle-shaped cells whose apical processes reached the taste pore. These antigens were not present on epithelial cells surrounding taste buds, and Lewisb was not found elsewhere in the digestive tract. Lewisb and A were not removed by lipid extraction, suggesting that they are present on glycoproteins rather than glycolipids. All Lewisb-positive cells expressed α-gustducin, but only a fraction of α-gustducin–positive cells expressed Lewisb. The fraction of taste-bud cells expressing Lewisb decreased in the order: vallate papillae > foliate papillae > nasoincisor duct. The epiglottis had almost no taste-bud cells that expressed Lewisb. The A antigen appeared on taste-bud cells that also expressed α-gustducin in the order: foliate and vallate papillae > nasoincisor duct and epiglottis > fungiform papillae. In addition, the A antigen was present on many cells that lacked α-gustducin in foliate and vallate papillae. In vallate papillae, cells expressed either A or Lewisb, but not both. Lewisb appears to be restricted to differentiated light cells that also express α-gustducin and may be involved in intercellular interactions of these cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 415:230–239, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
General S -Matrix Methods for Calculation of Perturbations on the Strong Interactions

Recently, the authors proposed an on-the-mass-shell, S-matrix method for computing the effects of small perturbations on the masses and coupling constants of strongly interacting particles. In the present paper, the method is generalized to the multichannel case. The use of group-theoretical techniques in reducing the complexity of the method is described in detail.
High speed migration of multidimensional seismic data

The authors introduce the seismic imaging problem and formulate several algorithms suitable for concurrent VLSI implementation. They introduce an optimal VLSI architecture for 2-D and 3-D frequency-domain migration and propose a new method of matrix transposition for the 2-D parallel phase shift migration algorithm. They also propose a systolic array architecture for computation of a time-domain finite-difference migration algorithm. >
Antibody response in calves experimentally or naturally exposed to Mycoplasma bovoculi.

Abstract An antiglobulin-ELISA has been developed to detect antibody activity to Mycoplasma bovoculi in sera, nasal fluids and lacrimal fluids of field and experimentally exposed calves. Low IgG activity with no IgM or IgA was detected in sera of experimental calves. In nasal and lacrimal fluids, IgA appeared as early as the first week following exposure to M. bovoculi and predominated in both of these fluids throughout the 9 wk observation period. Sera from field-exposed animals showed high IgG and IgM activities. The metabolic-inhibition (MI) test was applied to detect growth inhibition of M. bovoculi in those fluids. This property was found only in sera of exposed animals and thus could be used to test for M. bovoculi infection. The ELISA test and the MI test were considered reliable tests for the detection of antibodies to M. bovoculi infection. The implications of finding no growth-inhibiting activity in nasal and lacrimal fluids concurrent with a high IgA activity are discussed.
Enhanced survival of dopaminergic neuronal transplants in hemiparkinsonian rats by the p53 inactivator PFT-α.

A key limiting factor impacting the success of cell transplantation for Parkinson’s disease is the survival of the grafted cells, which are often short-lived. The focus of this study was to examine a novel strategy to optimize the survival of exogenous fetal ventromesencephalic (VM) grafts by treatment with the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-α (PFT-α), to improve the biological outcome of Parkinsonian animals. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 6-hydroxydopamine into the left medial forebrain bundle to induce a hemi-Parkinsonian state. At 7 weeks after lesioning, animals were grafted with fetal VM or cortical tissue into the lesioned striatum and, thereafter, received daily PFT-α or vehicle injections for 5 days. Apomorphine–induced rotational behavior was examined at 2, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after grafting. Analysis of TUNEL or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining was undertaken at 5 days or 4 months after grafting. The transplantation of fetal VM tissue into the lesioned striatum reduced rotational behavior. A further reduction in rotation was apparent in animals receiving PFT-α and VM transplants. By contrast, no significant reduction in rotation was evident in animals receiving cortical grafts or cortical grafts + PFT-α. PFT-α treatment reduced TUNEL labeling and increased TH (+) cell and fiber density in the VM transplants. In conclusion, our data indicate that early post-grafting treatment with PFT-α enhances the survival of dopamine cell transplants and augments behavioral recovery in Parkinsonian animals.
Dispersion forces at arbitrary distances

The formalism of Boehm and Yaris is used to evaluate explicitly the leading term of the London dispersion force between closed-shell atoms. Instead of using the usual multipole expansion, which breaks down at intermediate internuclear distances, an analytic representation of the Born amplitude together with a general angular momentum analysis is used. As a result, expressions are obtained which reduce to the usual dispersion forces at large distances and are finite at all distances.
Three‐Dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship for Cyp2d6 Substrates

Without a crystallized structure for a human cytochrome P450, the use of computational molecular modeling is one approach to examine the active site requirements of substrate and inhibitor specificity. CYP2D6 is undoubtedly the most studied polymorphic human CYP and it is therefore desirable for drug companies to limit its role in the metabolism of drug-candidate molecules due to the need for therapeutic drug monitoring. The purpose of this study was to use a three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) approach for understanding the CYP2D6 substrate requirements. Using literature Km values (n=24) derived solely from recombinant sources we were able to build and test one such pharmacophore. This was able to significantly rank-order using the (Spearman's rho coefficient 0.55, p=0.0022) predicted against observed literature Km values (n=28) also derived from recombinant sources. The pharmacophore generated in this study was then fitted into the homology model of the human CYP2D6 based on an alignment of bacterial CYPs and the mammalian CYP2C5 to further validate these modeling approaches. Such models as these represent important tools for quantitative prediction of the level of interaction between a molecule and CYP2D6.
Continuous blood gas monitoring using an in-dwelling optode method: comparison to intermittent arterial blood gas sampling in ECMO patients.

Continuous Blood Gas Monitoring Using an In-Dwelling Optode Method: Comparison to Intermittent Arterial Blood Gas Sampling in ECMO Patients
Comparison of FDTD numerical computations and analytical multipole expansion method for plasmonics-active nanosphere dimers.

This paper describes a comparative study of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and analytical evaluations of electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of dimers of metallic nanospheres of plasmonics-active metals. The results of these two computational methods, to determine electromagnetic field enhancement in the region often referred to as “hot spots” between the two nanospheres forming the dimer, were compared and a strong correlation observed for gold dimers. The analytical evaluation involved the use of the spherical-harmonic addition theorem to relate the multipole expansion coefficients between the two nanospheres. In these evaluations, the spacing between two nanospheres forming the dimer was varied to obtain the effect of nanoparticle spacing on the electromagnetic fields in the regions between the nanostructures. Gold and silver were the metals investigated in our work as they exhibit substantial plasmon resonance properties in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectral regimes. The results indicate excellent correlation between the two computational methods, especially for gold nanosphere dimers with only a 5-10% difference between the two methods. The effect of varying the diameters of the nanospheres forming the dimer, on the electromagnetic field enhancement, was also studied.
Modeling Elasto-Mechanical Phenomena Involved in the Motor-Driven Assembly of Nanomaterials

As the ability to manipulate materials and components at the nanoscale continues to grow, it will become increasingly critical to understand the dynamic interactions that occur among multiple components. For example, the dynamic interactions among proteins (i.e., nanoscale molecular machines) lead to complex, emergent behaviors such as photosynthesis, self-repair, and cell division. Recently, the research group at Sandia National Labs and The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), headed by George Bachand, has developed a molecular transport system capable of transporting and manipulating a wide range of nanoscale components. This system is based on the kinesin motor molecule and cytoskeletal filament microtubules (MTs), in which the kinesin are mounted to a substrate in an inverted fashion, and capable of binding and transporting the MTs across a surface as a molecular shuttle. In the presence of ATP, the kinesins are capable of generating ∼40 pN·nm of work, and transporting MTs along the substrate at velocities of ∼1 micro-m/sec. The MTs may also serve as a transport platform for various inorganic and biological nanoparticles. During transport, the cargo is transferred, via elastic collisions, from one MT to another or to where two MT carry a single cargo. Bending of the MT and various other elasto-dynamic phenomena such as particle ejection, MT sticking, etc are observed via fluorescence microscopy. The interaction observed by the Bachand team is not unlike the interaction of macroscale devices. The kinesin provide motivation to the MT via a hand-over-hand ratchet like motion driven by ATP hydrolysis. As the kinesin motor domains come into contact with and bind the MT, it is not inconceivable to think of this action from the framework of instantly applied constraints in a manner similar to the macroscopic action of devices coming into and out of constrained interaction. The hypothesis of our work is that the elasto-dynamic phenomenon observed can be modeled with the tools of multiple body dynamics modeling. The modeling perspective is based on the lead author’s hybrid parameter multiple body dynamics modeling methodology. This technique is a variational approach based on the projection methods of Gibbs-Appell. The constrained interaction through contact and impact are modeled with the idea of instantly applied non-holonomic constraints, where the interactions on the boundaries and in the domain of elastic continua are modeled via projections of the d’Alembert force deficit along conjugate directions generated via so called pseudo-generalized-speeds. In this paper we present motivation for our approach, the underlying modeling theory, and current results of our efforts at understanding the kinesin/MT shuttle system interaction.
Changing reasons as reasoning changes: a narrative interview on second language classroom motivation, telecollaboration, and the learning of foreign languages

This narrative interview study of a Spanish learner documents and explains apparent contradictions in a student's story when reporting on why she continues to take Spanish even when she does not like it or perform well in foreign language courses. A dialectical approach to human activity based on sociocultural theory is used to make sense of her reasoning by proposing an alternative understanding of second language classroom motivation. It is proposed that the study of motivation in the second language classroom is the study of emotional significance. Three main qualities of second language classroom motivation are proposed: dynamic or changing, historical, and mediating. Second language classroom motivation as emotional significance is not connected to second language learning success but to personal reflection. This understanding is illustrated through a learner's reflection on a telecollaborative experience. This is a theoretical understanding that prioritises pedagogical practice. Critical reasoning t...
Digital Immigrants, Digital Learning: Reaching Adults Through Information Literacy Instruction Online

As information literacy programs become more robust, finding methods of reaching students beyond the traditional undergraduate has become a priority for many institutions. At Duquesne University, efforts have been made to reach adult learners in an accelerated program targeted to nontraditional students, much of which is provided online. This article will detail how theories of adult learning have helped the authors to create a multimodal approach to information literacy instruction online for adult learners in both undergraduate and graduate programs.
Why are women underrepresented in Computer Science? Gender differences in stereotypes, self-efficacy, values, and interests and predictors of future CS course-taking and grades

This study addresses why women are underrepresented in Computer Science (CS). Data from 1319 American first-year college students (872 female and 447 male) indicate that gender differences in computer self-efficacy, stereotypes, interests, values, interpersonal orientation, and personality exist. If students had had a positive experience in their first CS course, they had a stronger intention to take another CS course. A subset of 128 students (68 females and 60 males) took a CS course up to one year later. Students who were interested in CS, had high computer self-efficacy, were low in family orientation, low in conscientiousness, and low in openness to experiences were more likely to take CS courses. Furthermore, individuals who were highly conscientious and low in relational-interdependent self-construal earned the highest CS grades. Efforts to improve women’s representation in CS should bear these results in mind.
Cell cycle specificity of cytogenetic damage induced by 3,4-epoxy-1- butene.

Abstract 3,4-Epoxy-1-butene (EB), a primary metabolite of butadiene, is a direct-acting “S-dependent” genotoxicant that can induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations (CAs) in cycling cells in vitro. However, EB is almost inactive when splenic or peripheral blood lymphocytes are exposed at the G0 stage of the cell cycle. To investigate whether repair of DNA lesions is responsible for the lack of cytogenetic responses seen after G0 treatments, we used cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) to inhibit DNA polymerization during DNA repair. If enough repairable lesions are present, double-strand breaks should accumulate and form chromosome-type (“S-independent”) deletions and exchanges. This is exactly what occurred. EB induced chromosome deletions and dicentrics at the first division following treatment, when the EB exposure was followed by ara-C. Without ara-C treatment, there was no induction of CAs. These experiments indicate that the relatively low levels of damage induced by EB in G0 lymphocytes are removed by DNA repair prior to DNA synthesis and thus, before the production of SCEs or chromatid-type aberrations.
The effects of combined ozonation and filtration on disinfection by-product formation.

Abstract The effects of combined ozonation and membrane filtration on the removal of the natural organic matter (NOM) and the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) were investigated. Ozonation/filtration resulted in a reduction of up to 50% in the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. Furthermore, humic substances were converted to non-humic substances, with changes in the humic and non-humic substance concentrations of up to −50% and +20%, respectively. Ozonation/filtration resulted in the formation of partially oxidized compounds from NOM that were less reactive with chlorine, decreasing the concentration of simulated distribution system total trihalomethanes (SDS TTHMs) and simulated distribution system halo acetic acids (SDS HAAs) by up to 80% and 65%, respectively. Reducing the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the membranes resulted in reductions in the concentrations of SDS TTHMs and SDS HAAs. Using a membrane with a 5 kD MWCO, the minimum gaseous ozone concentration required to bring about effective NOM degradation and meet regulatory requirements for chlorinated DBPs was 2.5 g/m 3 .
Drainage, fibrinolytics, or surgery: a comparison of treatment options in pediatric empyema.

Abstract Background The current treatments of pediatric empyemas include tube thoracostomy with or without the instillation of fibrinolytics, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), and open thoracotomy with decortication. Whereas success has been reported for all of these techniques, VATS has been suggested as the best method because of decreased length of stay. Methods A chart review of children who presented with parapneumonic effusions from February 2000 to June 2002 was conducted. The patients were divided into 4 groups depending on the treatment received: group I, chest tube alone (n = 18); group II, chest tube and fibrinolytics (n = 24); group III, chest tube, fibrinolytic, and surgery (n = 5); and group IV, surgery alone (n = 6). Preadmission, in-hospital, and outcome variables for the groups were recorded and compared using the Kruskall-Wallis test, with a P value less than .05 considered significant. All the patients who received fibrinolytics (group II and III) were grouped into subjects who received immediate transpleural fibrinolytics versus those who received fibrinolytics 48 hours after chest tube insertion. Length of stay (LOS), need for surgery, and hospital costs were compared between the early and late fibrinolytic groups using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, with a P value less than .05 considered significant. Results Comparison of duration of symptoms, duration of preadmit antibiotics, initial white blood cell count, total lymphocyte count, and antibiotics showed no significance among the 4 groups. When comparing outcome variables, the "nonsurgery groups" (groups I and II) had shorter LOS, intensive care unit stay, and hospital charges when compared with the "surgery groups" (groups III and IV). The timing of fibrinolytic instillation (immediate versus later) did not significantly affect in the LOS, hospital charges, or the tendency to need surgery eventually in the patients who received intrapleural fibrinolytics (group II and III combined). LOS was predicted by preadmit duration of symptoms ( P = .025) and overall duration of fever ( P P = .015). Overall, 11 of 54 children (20.2%) eventually needed surgery. Conclusions Tube drainage with intrapleural instillation of fibrinolytics can be performed successfully in a large number of children with empyemas. Ultrasound characterization of the fluid and, perhaps, glucose levels may guide surgical versus nonsurgical therapy. In centers in which percutaneous drainage and tissue plasminogen activator are available, this option may be a safe and less costly alternative to surgery.