cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced trace element concentrations in fast-growing juvenile Atlantic salmon in natural streams.

To assess the effect of rapid individual growth on trace element concentrations in fish, we measured concentrations of seven trace elements (As, Cd, Cs, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn) in stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from 15 sites encompassing a 10-fold range in salmon growth. All salmon were hatched under uniform conditions, released into streams, and sampled ~120 days later for trace element analysis. For most elements, element concentrations in salmon tracked those in their prey. Fast-growing salmon had lower concentrations of all elements than slow-growers, after accounting for prey concentrations. This pattern held for essential and non-essential elements, as well as elements that accumulate from food and those that can accumulate from water. At the sites with the fastest salmon growth, trace element concentrations in salmon were 37% (Cs) to 86% (Pb) lower than at sites where growth was suppressed. Given that concentrations were generally below levels harmful to salmon and that the pattern was consistent across all elements, we suggest that dilution of elements in larger biomass led to lower concentrations in fast-growing fish. Streams that foster rapid, efficient fish growth may produce fish with lower concentrations of elements potentially toxic for human and wildlife consumers.
“Distancing” from Israel in Jewish American Life

This article is a commentary on the current discussion about the “distancing” thesis in American Jewish attitudes toward Israel. After reviewing the data and theory put forth in support and opposition to this thesis, the conclusion of my remarks is that the research and hypothesis on this subject remain too abstract to serve as a demonstration of either firm position. Instead, it is proposed that a macroscopic view of this subject take into consideration new conditions in Middle Eastern and European affairs, as well as changing political leadership in American politics and Israeli politics alike. To retain a microscopic approach, however sensitive the data, can only result in premature and arguably erroneous consequences. In short, this is a time for neither undue optimism or pessimism, but a heightened sense of carefully monitored globally inspired realism.
Vagal Regulation and Observed Social Behavior in Infancy

The goal of the present study was to test a recent hypothesis that the ability to suppress cardiac vagal tone during a cognitive challenge was related to social behavior. One hundred thirty-six infants participated with their parents in laboratory visits when infants were 12 (mother visit) and 13 months (father visit) of age. To measure the infants’ regulation of cardiac vagal tone, heart rate responses were recorded during the administration of a test of mental development (father visit). Responses to a stranger interaction were measured during the 12 month visit. In addition, experimenters evaluated the infants’ behavior across the laboratory sessions using an adaptation of the Infant Behavior Record. Results revealed that infants who were able to suppress vagal tone during the cognitive challenge were rated by the experimenters as more socially approaching at the two laboratory visits. Vagal regulation was unrelated to behavior during the stranger-infant interaction. These findings partially support the hypothesis that infants who are able to regulate their vagal tone have a greater capacity for social engagement.
A simple and specific assay for cyclodextrin transglucosidase

A new assay for the cyclodextrin transglucosidase of Bacillus macerans is presented. It is based upon the ability of the enzyme to couple the cyclic dextrins to substrates to produce linear nonreducing oligosacharides. These saccharides are then hydrolyzed with α-amylase and the reducing sugars released are measured by conventional tests. The utility and precision of the method are demonstrated by determining enzyme kinetic parameters.
Precipitation events in the south‐east United States of America

A precipitation event climatology is defined as the frequency distributions of the number, duration, and precipitation amounts of individual rainfall events at an observing station. A preliminary analysis of hourly precipitation records for 27 stations in the south-east United States of America for the 1958–1987 period indicates that the operational definition of an event is a period of continuously recorded precipitation separated from other such periods by a dry interval of 2 h or more. The choice of the 2-h separation interval influences the climatological frequency distributions slightly, but maintains a distinction between convective and cyclonic systems. All south-eastern stations displayed similar results, the average number of events varying from near 30 in autumn to about 40 in summer. Most events lasted less than 3 h and gave less than 0.2 in. of precipitation. The seasonal and spatial variations in results suggest close connections between the event climatology and the atmospheric circulation. Short-duration storms suggestive of convective activity dominated in all seasons in Florida. To the north the winter maximum in durations and amounts indicated the importance of depression passage, while increased durations in all seasons over the Appalachian mountains reflected a topographic influence. A general region-wide relationship between the number of events per season, the seasonal total precipitation, and the seasonal number of rain days was obtained, but the results varied greatly from station to station.
Intracranial metastatic parathyroid carcinoma: case report.

Objective and importance Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare entity, and fewer than 200 cases have been described. It is a slowly progressive disease characterized by frequent recurrences and local metastases. Most patients with parathyroid carcinoma die from metabolic complications of hyperparathyroidism. Five-year survival rates range from 25 to 50%. Functional parathyroid carcinoma is a rare cause of hyperparathyroidism that affects only 0.32 to 5% of all patients who undergo surgery for hypercalcemia. A review of the literature revealed only one other reported case of metastatic intracranial parathyroid carcinoma, in a patient who experienced local recurrence and metastatic disease when she was diagnosed with an intracranial lesion. Clinical presentation We report the case of a 44-year-old African-American man with recent-onset, right lower-extremity weakness and hypercalcemia 4 years after he underwent a parathyroidectomy for parathyroid carcinoma. At presentation, his parathyroid level was 467 pg/ml, and his serum calcium level was 15.2 mg/dl. Imaging studies revealed an isolated enhancing left mesial frontoparietal mass. A systemic Cardiolite study demonstrated a single focus of radiotracer uptake in this region. No abnormal uptake was demonstrated in the neck or elsewhere. Intervention The patient underwent a frameless stereotactic interventional magnetic resonance imaging-guided resection via a parasagittal interhemispheric approach. Pathological findings were consistent with parathyroid carcinoma. After resection, his right lower-extremity weakness and secondary hyperparathyroidism resolved. Conclusion The typical natural history of parathyroid carcinoma concludes with death from complications of hyperparathyroidism. This case report supports aggressive surgical management to eliminate all parathyroid hormone-secreting malignant tissue and prevent metabolic complications. In this patient, intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging was helpful to ensure complete resection.
Comparison of anhydrous and monohydrated forms of orotic acid as crystal nucleating agents for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)

Abstract A small molecule nucleating agent, orotic acid (OA), was investigated to enhance crystallinity and crystallization kinetics in poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) for the purpose of addressing embrittlement and reducing solidification time after thermal processing. In particular, the effectiveness of monohydrated (OA-m) and anhydrous (OA-a) forms of OA as nucleating agents for isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of PHBV films was investigated and compared. Both forms of OA were able to increase crystallization temperature of PHBV as well as form more uniform crystal structures, based on differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that OA-a at 1–2 wt% was most effective in PHBV crystal nucleation because of the increase in overall polymer crystallinity and faster crystallization rate. Additionally, the faster crystallization of OA-a led to fibrillar film morphology of the PHBV/OA blends.
SYNTHESIS OF A BETA-TURN FORMING DEPSIPEPTIDE FOR HYDROGEN BOND MEDIATED ELECTRON TRANSFER STUDIES

Abstract Hydrogen bonds are believed to play an important role in the mediation of electron transfer processes in proteins. A porphyrin/depsipeptide/p-benzoquinone molecule has been synthesized to help understand this role of hydrogen bond mediated electron transfer in proteins. The synthesis, room temperature folding conformation, and steady-state electron transfer are described.
REGULATORY ACTIONS AND EXPERIENCES IN CONTROLLING EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS IN THE UNITED STATES

Historical regulatory efforts to control human exposure to asbestos in the U.S. are reviewed. With the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1971, significant changes occurred. The principal manufacturers of asbestos products undertook major dust control projects and were generally in compliance with OSHA requirements. However, current occupational standards must be reassessed in the light of newly available data on asbestos health effects, including cancer, and workplace environments must be controlled accordingly. Few standards exist for the control of environmental asbestos exposures, particularly those in buildings containing asbestos in friable, thermal, fire, or acoustic insulation materials.
Silica as a Ligand: Reactivity of the Iridium-Oxygen Bond of Cp*Ir[silica](Ph)(PMe3)

In this communication, we discuss the preparation and chemistry of Cp*Ir[silica](Ph) (PMe[sub 3]). We have found methods not only to attach the iridium complex to silica but to also remove it cleanly by treatment with specific reagents, so that changes in its structural integrity can be monitored using homogeneous solution analytical methods. Moreover, equilibrium studies and reactivity comparisons with homogeneous analogues have provided information about the nature of the iridium-silica interaction. We have shown that silica can be treated as a simple ligand in this system, and that a complex made with this ligand exhibits reactivity, including C-H activation, similar to that of its monomeric analogues. 19 refs.
Striving Toward Effective Retention: The Effect of Race on Mentoring African American Students

Higher education represents a gateway to economic empowerment for the thousands of students who enter the nation's postsecondary institutions each year. All too often the wide-eyed optimism and enthusiasm that students bring to registration dissipates and results in departure from the institution prior to degree completion. The 4-year degree requires considerably more time than that for completion for most students. Astin, Tsui, and Avalos (1996) reported that the degree completion rate is only 40% for all 4-year institutions, and this rate increases to 45% in 6 years. However, fewer than half of students who enter 4-year institutions (47%) complete the 4-year degree within 9 years. The data are even less encouraging for public universities. These institutions have a degree completion rate of only 34% within 4 years and 40% in 6 years. Only 41% of students who enter public universities complete a 4-year degree within 9 years (Astin et al., 1996). The degree completion rates are rather discouraging for students in general but are even more disheartening when considering African American students. Astin et al. (1996) found that only 19% of African American
Extension of Modal Analysis to Decouple All Linear Systems in Oscillatory Free Vibration

The purpose of this paper is to extend classical modal analysis to decouple all damped linear systems in oscillatory free vibration. Based upon the solution of the quadratic eigenvalue problem associated with the damped system, a process of phase synchronization is developed. This process generates a real time-shifting transformation that decouples any damped system in the configuration space. The decoupling procedure reduces to classical modal analysis for systems that are undamped or classically damped.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and its association with colonic carcinoma.

Two cases of colonic carcinoma detected in patients withStreptococcus bovis endocarditis are presented. Neither patient had any complaints referable to the gastrointestinal tract; gastrointestinal evaluations were undertaken and colonic lesions were identified purely on the basis of the patients' underlying endocarditis. Both patients underwent successful surgery after completion of appropriate antibiotic treatment forS. bovis endocarditis. Results of a literature search for similar cases are presented. It is emphasized that all patients withS. bovis endocarditis should be evaluated for concomitant colonic carcinoma, even if they are totally asymptomatic.
A flow‐inducer for anaesthetic scavenging systems

An effective, safe, low cost, silent and portable flow-inducer for the disposal of waste anaesthetic gases is described.
Evaluation of bioprosthetic valve-associated thrombus in ventricular assist device patients.

BACKGROUND Thromboembolic events may be related to thrombotic deposition on prosthetic valves. In a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) that contains two porcine pericardial bioprosthetic valves in addition to significant associated biomaterial placement, this may be particularly true. Thrombotic deposits on valves removed from LVADs at autopsy or heart transplantation were scored to determine (1) the nature and location of valvular deposition, (2) whether deposition was related to thromboembolic events, (3) correlations between deposition and patient hemodynamic and coagulation parameters, and (4) implant time dependency. METHODS AND RESULTS Novacor LVADs were implanted in 23 patients as a bridge to transplantation for 1 to 303 days. Photographs of the concave (downstream) and convex (upstream) side of the inflow and outflow valve were made at explant and later scored for (1) total thrombus area (10 = equivalent of cusp area), (2) percent of cusp area occupied by solid thrombus, (3) thrombus color (10 = dark red, 0 = white), and (4) average percent of valve strut height involved with thrombus (from a side view). The inflow valve was shown to have heavier and redder deposition than the outflow valve. This was also true for the concave versus the convex side. Heaviest deposition was seen on the inflow valve concave side, which rests within the LVAD pumping sac and may be subject to poor convection. Patients with neurological thromboembolic events (8/23) during implantation had heavier deposition on the inflow valve concave side (5.7 +/- 2.7 versus 4.6 +/- 2.2, P CONCLUSIONS Valve thrombus deposition was related to thromboembolic events. Pump volumetric output and platelet release were found to be related to deposition. These results may have implications for the role of hemodynamics and platelet activation in thromboembolism associated with prosthetic valve placement in general.
Course to reeducate orthodontic patientsin swallowing patterns

A step-by-step program is outlined for training tongue thrusters to swallow properly as part of orthodontic treatment. Most important in achieving the cooperation of the child are the assignments he is giverr at each session and on which he reports at the next appointment.
Identification of endothelin receptor subtypes in sheep choroid plexus.

Endothelin (ET) and its G-protein-coupled receptors are distributed in a wide variety of tissues, including the brain. In this study, we have identified and characterized the endothelin receptor subtypes in sheep choroid plexus. Competitive binding experiments using [125I]ET-1 and the receptor subtype-selective ligands, ET-1, ET-3, BQ-123, Sarafotoxin 6c, and [Ala1,3,11,15]ET-1 demonstrated the presence of both ETA and ETB receptor subtypes in the ratio of 30:70. In addition, a small fraction of the total binding sites exhibited affinities for ET-1 in the subpicomolar range. Chemical crosslinking of [125I]ET-1 withbis(sulfosuccinimidyl)-suberate (BS3) to choroid plexus membranes revealed the presence of two bands, with apparent molecular masses of 89 and 45 kDa, corresponding to the ETA receptor, and three bands, with apparent molecular masses of 75, 58, and 33 kDa, corresponding to the ETB receptor. Of considerable interest was the finding that dimers of the [125I]ET-1-occupied ETA receptor could be identified by crosslinking, as could apparent dimers and tetramers of [125I]ET-1, but only when bound to receptor. In addition to mapping the distribution of ET receptors in sheep choroid plexus, our results strongly suggest that ET-1 binding to the ETA receptor leads to dimer formation.
Hydraulic Hybrid Propulsion for Heavy Vehicles: Combining the Simulation and Engine-In-the-Loop Techniques to Maximize the Fuel Economy and Emission Benefits

The global energy situation, the dependence of the transportation sector on fossil fuels, and a need for a rapid response to the global warming challenge, provide a strong impetus for development of fuel efficient vehicle propulsion. The task is particularly challenging in the case of trucks due to severe weight/size constraints. Hybridization is the only approach offering significant breakthroughs in near and mid-term. In particular, the series configuration decouples the engine from the wheels and allows full flexibility in controlling the engine operation, while the hydraulic energy conversion and storage provides exceptional power density and efficiency. The challenge stems from a relatively low energy density of the hydraulic accumulator. This places particular emphasis on development of the supervisory controller. The conventional wisdom is to operate the engine at the “sweet spot”, but the aggressive pursuit of engine efficiency as the sole objective can lead to frequent and rapid diesel engine transients, thus causing an adverse affect on the soot emissions and driver feel. Therefore, we propose a comprehensive methodology for considering a combined hybrid system fuel-economy and emissions objective. The fuel economy is addressed with the simulation-based approach, while investigating the impact of engine transients on particulate emission relies on the Engine-In-the-loop (EIL) capability. The EIL study confirms advantages of a modulated state-of-charge control over the thermostatic approach, and demonstrates the ability of the Series Hydraulic Hybrid to improve the fuel economy of the medium truck by 72%, while reducing the particulate emission by 74% compared to the conventional baseline over the city driving schedule.
Chromosome substitution modulates resistance to ischemia reperfusion injury in Brown Norway rats

Brown Norway rats (BN, BN/NHsdMcwi) are profoundly resistant to developing acute kidney injury (AKI) following ischemia reperfusion. To help define the genetic basis for this resistance, we used consomic rats, in which individual chromosomes from BN rats were placed into the genetic background of Dahl SS rats (SS, SS/JrHsdMcwi) to determine which chromosomes contain alleles contributing to protection from AKI. The parental strains had dramatically different sensitivity to ischemia reperfusion with plasma creatinine levels following 45min of ischemia and 24h reperfusion of 4.1 and 1.3mg/dl in SS and BN, respectively. No consomic strain showed protection similar to the parental BN strain. Nine consomic strains (SS-7 BN , SS-X BN , SS-8 BN , SS-4 BN , SS-15 BN , SS-3 BN , SS-10 BN , SS-6 BN , and SS-5 BN ) showed partial protection (plasma creatinine about 2.5–3.0mg/dl), suggesting that multiple alleles contribute to the severity of AKI. In silico analysis was performed using disease ontology database terms and renal function quantitative trait loci from the Rat Genome Database on the BN chromosomes giving partial protection from AKI. This tactic identified at least 36 candidate genes, with several previously linked to the pathophysiology of AKI. Thus, natural variants of these alleles or yet-to-be identified alleles on these chromosomes provide protection against AKI. These alleles may be potential modulators of AKI in susceptible patient populations.
Emerging Infectious Disease in Transfusion Medicine

This millennium, we have seen the emergence of new infectious diseases. The West Nile virus (WNV) was first detected in North America in the summer of 1999; SARS became a world health emergency in winter/spring 2002/2003; and an outbreak of the monkeypox virus, the first in North America, was detected in the spring of 2003.1 The emergence of these new infectious diseases raised concerns about the safety of our blood supply. More than 20 million units of blood components are transfused into approximately 4 million people yearly in the United States.2 It has been repeatedly stated that the current United States blood supply is the safest it has ever been. This has been accomplished by careful elimination of high-risk donors through the donor questionnaire and by advances in serologic and nucleic acid testing (NAT). Because the transmission frequency of infectious agents classically associated with transfusion, such as HIV and HCV, has markedly decreased, new viral agents and non-viral agents have received more attention.
Planning Electric Power Generation: A Nonlinear Mixed Integer Model Employing Benders Decomposition

This paper describes the development and application of an optimization program that is used to help electric utilities plan investments for power generation. For each year over a planning horizon the program determines what types and sizes of generating plants should be constructed, so as to minimize total discounted cost while meeting reliably the system's forecasted demands for electricity. The problem is formulated as a large-scale, chance constrained, mixed integer program. The solution algorithm employs Benders' Partitioning Principle, a mixed integer linear programming code, and a successive linearization procedure. Computation costs are low and, in the important area of sensitivity analysis, the program offers special economies which make it attractive to power system planners. Computational results are presented for a full sized generation planning problem for the six New England states where the algorithm is currently being used for planning generating facilities.
Preliminary results for positron emission mammography: Real-time functional breast imaging in a conventional mammography gantry

In order to optimally integrate radiotracer breast imaging within the breast clinic, anatomy and pathology should be easily correlated with functional nuclear medicine breast images. As a first step in the development of a hybrid functional/anatomic breast imaging platform with biopsy capability, a conventional X-ray mammography gantry was modified to image the compressed breast with positron emitters. Phantom studies with the positron emission mammography (PEM) device showed that a 1-cc hot spot could be detected within 5 min. A preliminary clinical trial demonstrated in vivo visualization of primary breast cancer within 4 min. For sites where positron-emitting radionuclides are available, PEM promises to achieve low-cost directed functional examination of breast abnormalities, with the potential for achieving X-ray correlation and image-guided biopsy.
Bias is Complicated

We show that the galaxy density in the Las Campanas Redshift Survey (LCRS) cannot be perfectly correlated with the underlying mass distribution since various galaxy subpopulations are not perfectly correlated with each other, even taking shot noise into account. This rules out the hypothesis of simple linear biasing, and suggests that the recently proposed stochastic biasing framework is necessary for modeling actual data.
The stretching of mouse skin in vivo: effect on epidermal proliferation and thickness.

Small springs were implanted in the backskin of hairless mice to determine the effects of mechanical stretching on epidermal proliferation. The controls consisted of sham operated animals, in which the implanted springs did not exert any tension so as to identify any effect due to surgical trauma, and unoperated animals. There was a significant rise in the mitotic index after one day in both experimental and sham operated animals and a slight thinning of the stretched epidermis. After 2 days the mitotic index and thickness of the epidermis of the stretched skin were greater than that of the sham operated or unoperated control group and these differences were maintained after 4 days and were significant. At this time the stretched epidermis showed a hyperplastic response with a thickening of all cell layers. It appears that tension due to stretching increases the mitotic activity of the epidermis leading to an increased progenitor cell population and subsequent tissue hyperplasia.
Gaseous and Particle Emissions in the Exhaust of a T700 Helicopter Engine

Emissions were measured for four fuels and six combinations of fuels and additives in the exhaust of a T700-GE-700 helicopter engine. The test matrix consisted of three engine power settings: idle, continuous, and maximum continuous. The four fuels were JP-5, F-76, and two synthesized fuels from the Fischer-Troph process, one containing zero sulfur and zero aromatics (synthetic A), and a second containing zero sulfur and 14 vol% aromatics (synthetic B). The JP-5 was also tested with a solvent that increased the aromatic content, and seeded with copper to simulate contamination from shipboard fuel-distribution systems. The JP-5 and F-76 were also tested with an additive commonly used to increase thermal stability. Carbon-monoxide (CO) emission-indices (EIs) for the JP-5 ranged from 53.4 g/kg at idle to 2.3 g/kg at maximum power. The EI of total hydrocarbons (THCs) ranged from 3.9 g/kg to 0.13 g/kg over the same power settings. The effect of the various fuels and additives on the emissions of CO and THCs was negligible (at the 95% confidence level), except at maximum power where CO from the F-76 was about 25% higher, and from the first synthetic, about 16% lower than the JP-5. At all power settings, the CO for JP-5 with the thermal-stabilizer additive were consistently lower by about 12%. Particulate matter was measured and displayed nearly log-normal distributions with a single-mode for all fuels tested. In all cases, count median-diameters (CMDs) ranged from about 20 to 60 nm, and increased with power setting. Mass emissions also increased with power setting. On a number basis, emissions ranged from 1.6 × 1013 to 1.7 × 1015 particles/kg, and increased with power setting for most of the fuels and fuel-additive combinations. The CMD and mass emissions for the JP-5 ranged from 30 to 50 nm and 0.06 to 0.49 g/kg from idle to maximum power. The F-76 produced the largest CMDs and highest particle mass at all conditions, with a CMD of 60 nm and mass emissions of 0.77g/kg occurring at maximum power. Synthetic A fuel produced the smallest particle CMDs and lowest particle mass at all power settings. The thermal-stability additive and variations in aromatic content, and copper particles, did not significantly affect the particle emissions. Particle mass measured with a filter-gravimetric method correlated well with the particle volume calculated from the measured number size-distributions, where the correlation yielded a particle density of 1000 kg/m3 .
Real-time robust vision-based hand gesture recognition using stereo images

This paper presents a real-time and robust approach to recognize two types of gestures consisting of seven motional gestures and six finger spelling gestures. This approach utilizes stereo images captured by a stereo webcam to achieve robust recognition under realistic lighting conditions and in various backgrounds. It incorporates several existing computationally efficient techniques and introduces a rule-based approach to merge the information from a pair of stereo images leading to an improved hand detection compared to using single images. The results obtained indicate that high recognition rates under realistic conditions are obtained in real-time on PC platforms at the rate of 30 frames per second. It is shown that its outcome is comparable to two existing approaches while it is computationally more efficient than these approaches.
Self-reported hay fever and panic attacks in the community

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between self-reported hay fever and common mental disorders among adults in the general population. Methods Data were drawn from the Midlife Development in the United States Survey, a representative household survey of the adult US population (25 to 74 years old; n = 3,032). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between self-reported hay fever and current major depression, panic attacks, generalized anxiety disorder, and alcohol/substance use disorders. Results Self-reported hay fever was associated with a significantly increased odds of panic attack (odds ratio = 1.8 [1.2, 2.6]), which persisted after adjusting for differences in sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid mental disorders. Self-reported hay fever was not associated with a significantly increased likelihood of major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, or alcohol/substance use disorders. Conclusions Consistent with previous findings, these data show a relationship between self-reported hay fever and increased likelihood of panic attacks among adults in the general population. The mechanism of the observed association remains unknown. Future work that examines the relationship between hay fever and panic attacks, as well as other mental disorders using both self-report and objective measurement of allergic response in prospective, longitudinal, epidemiologic data may be useful in improving our understanding of this observed link.
Erythematous cutaneous nodules caused by adulterated cocaine.

In this article, we report single or multiple cutaneous lesions, often in a venous distribution, developing at sites of cocaine injections. Biopsy specimens of the lesions revealed the presence of multiple birefringent crystals, identified by x-ray analysis as talc crystals
Juvenile Delinquency Intervention.

Over the past several decades, skepticism about the effectiveness of juvenile delinquency interventions has increased substantially. However, as the quality of research on this topic has improved, a more optimistic perspective has begun to emerge. To address this issue, the author summarizes three meta-analyses indicating that interventions to reduce juvenile delinquency may have small but meaningful positive impacts. This systematic literature review also suggests promising avenues for future research.
Teachers' Perspectives: Making Sense of Ethnic Nationalism, Ethnic Identity and Multicultural Education in South Korea

Historically, ethnic nationalism has played a central role in consolidating Koreans in times of hardship. This tendency continues today; as South Korea is transitioning from a homogeneous ethnic society to a multi-ethnic one, schools face a new challenge to embrace diversity. Oppressions that ethnic minority students experience are often associated with Korean ethnic nationalism. This study examines South Korean teachers’ values and viewpoints regarding ethnic nationalism, and how these teachers make sense of ethnic nationalism in facing multicultural education and globalization. Participant teachers in this study overall believed that instilling strong Korean ethnic identity and pride would not conflict with enhancing multiculturalism, and identified various ways to accomplish these two aspects. Some felt the former should be implemented prior to the latter, while others indicated that concurrent integration of the two aspects would be preferable. The majority held that emphasizing a strong Korean ethnic identity would not oppress or disadvantage minority students. Teacher education programs for pre-service and in-service teachers should intentionally focus on critical reflection regarding one’s group identity, as this may become a source of prejudice and unintentional oppression of members from different groups. The overarching goals of ethnic identity education and multicultural education should be established within the framework of social equity. The current status of “hybrid” based ethnic and national identity education should be challenged in that it tends to position the ethnic identity education separately from multicultural education. The two areas need to be integrated to embrace and affirm diversity.
Institutional innovation, development and environmental management: An ‘administrative trap’ revisited. Part II

In the first section of this two-part study the author considers the relationship between administrative structure and the persistence of broad ecological problems. This is set in the context of the issues leading to, and identified at, the Stockholm Conference on the Environment in 1972. It is evident that, despite all the interest and effort, the main parameters of environmental well-being show that the situation remains at least as bad. The case is made that there is a considerable dysfunction between the nature of ecological problems and the ‘problem-solving’ structures within the public arena. This dysfunction is here termed the ‘administrative trap’. This section concludes by reviewing three areas in which administrative innovation resulted very largely from the Stockholm initiative: Global Conferences and their attendant Global Institutions; Ministries of the Environment; and ‘reforms’ in the legislative apparatus.
“Nature Hath Fram’d Strange Fellows in Her Time”

Suggested citation for this article: Potter P. “Nature hath fram’d strange fellows in her time.” Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2007 Sep [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/9/1443.htm
Buschke-Loewenstein tumor: Verrucous carcinoma of the penis

The Buschke-Loewenstein tumor is an anogenital tumor of characteristic clinical and histologic pattern best considered as a low-grade, well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. This remarkable neoplasm and its features are reviewed in detail, stressing salient advances in our understanding of it.
Merging long range transportation planning with public health: a case study from Utah's Wasatch Front.

Abstract Objective US transportation systems have been identified as a problem for public health, as they often encourage automobile transportation and discourage physical activity. This paper provides a case study examination of the Public Health Component of the Wasatch Front Regional Council's Regional Transportation Plan. This plan provides an example of what transportation planners at Utah's largest metropolitan planning organization (MPO) are doing to encourage physical activity through transportation. Methods Existing active living research was used to guide recommendations using a process that included a comprehensive literature review and a review of existing state programs, advisory group and stakeholder meetings, and policy recommendations based on existing local conditions. Results Stakeholders from a diversity of background and interests came together with one common goal: to improve public health. Based on this collaborative process, nine policy approaches were specifically recommended for approval and integration in the Wasatch Front Regional Transportation Plan. Conclusion By using current research as a guide and integrating a variety of interests, the Wasatch Front Regional Council is setting a new standard for a collaborative multi-modal focus in transportation planning, which can be replicated nationwide.
The effects of surface treatments on the Pt/n-GaAs Schottky interface

Abstract The effects of both chemical and laser annealing surface treatment on the electroplated Pt/n-GaAs interface have been studied. Surface studies were carried out using scanning Auger Electron Spectroscopy (SAES) while interface analysis used SAES along with noble ion sputtering. When the Pt/n-GaAs interface is used as a mixer diode, the mixer noise temperature is critically dependent on the chemical nature of that interface, as expressed through the ideality factor, η, and series resistance, Rs. Surface and interface information was obtained in the form of Ga-to-As ratios, (Ga/As), in range of 0.35 to ∼2.5. Both chemical treatment and laser annealing showed that excess As at the interface leads to high η values indicating high mixer noise temperatures. Since high η values were accompanied by low barrier heights, φB, it was concluded that excess As at the interface lowers the barrier height and decreases the barrier width. This enhanced field emission, an emission mode not acceptable for low mixer noise temperatures. To confine the emission mechanism to thermionic emission requires stoichiometric or Ga rich interfaces and alkaline solutions of H2O2 with slow etch rates were found to be best suited for this purpose. Cw laser annealing proved to be a useful technique to control (Ga/As) on GaAs where high vapor pressure of As (uncapped anneal) and high diffusion coefficient of Ga through SiO2 (capped anneal) were exploited. However, cw annealing was not found to be suitable for mixer diode processing even when Ga rich interfaces are desired, due to sample exposure to oxygen.
Choosing a Coverage Probability for Prediction Intervals

Coverage probabilities for prediction intervals are germane to filtering, forecasting, previsions, regression, and time series analysis. It is a common practice to choose the coverage probabilities for such intervals by convention or by astute judgment. We argue here that coverage probabilities can be chosen by decision theoretic considerations. But to do so, we need to specify meaningful utility functions. Some stylized choices of such functions are given, and a prototype approach is presented.
Conversations on context: some incomplete thoughts

Johnson-Eilola responds to commentaries by noting that all ask, in different ways, the same question he is asking: How far can and should we go in supplying greater context and complexity to software users?
Tech support engineers' communication in a chat tool

Organizations are increasingly interested in facilitating collaboration in distributed groups. In this study, I examine three distributed groups of technical support engineers at a large high technology company who have integrated a real-time text chat tool into their work practice. Effective use of the chat tools in these three groups interacts with group norms and group structure. Highly collaborative group norms mean that people receive responses to questions in the chat tool. This decreases the need to know 'who knows what,' because members do not need to target their questions to receive a response. Members also adapt their use of the tool to reflect the group structure, specifically the roles within the group and the range of problems the group solves. Active participation by experts across sites increases the likelihood an individual will receive a useful answer to a question. Groups solving a bounded range of problems tend to use the tool for technical problem solving more than for workflow coordination.
Mitochondrial stress-induced calcium signaling, phenotypic changes and invasive behavior in human lung carcinoma A549 cells

We have investigated mechanisms of mitochondrial stress-induced phenotypic changes and cell invasion in tumorigenic but poorly invasive human pulmonary carcinoma A549 cells that were partly depleted of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Depletion of mtDNA (genetic stress) caused a markedly lower electron transport-coupled ATP synthesis, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, elevation of steady state [Ca(2+)](c), and notably induction of both glycolysis and gluconeogenic pathway enzymes. Markers of tumor invasion, cathepsin L and TGFbeta1, were overexpressed; calcium-dependent MAP kinases (ERK1 and ERK2) and calcineurin were activated. The levels of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl2 and Bcl-X(L) were increased, and the cellular levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bid and Bax were reduced. Both mtDNA-depleted cells (genetic stress) and control cells treated with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (metabolic stress) exhibited higher invasive behavior than control cells in a Matrigel basement membrane matrix assay system. MtDNA-depleted cells stably expressing anti-sense cathepsin L RNA, TGFbeta1 RNA, or treated with specific inhibitors showed reduced invasion. Reverted cells with 80% of control cell mtDNA exhibited marker protein levels, cell morphology and invasive property closer to control cells. Our results suggest that the mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling pathway operating through increased [Ca(2+)](c) plays an important role in cancer progression and metastasis.
The reliability of medicare claims for treatment of invasive melanoma1

P324 THE RELIABILITY OF MEDICARE CLAIMS FOR TREATMENT OF INVASIVE MELANOMA David A Barzilai, PhD, Case Western Reserve University Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cleveland, OH, United States, Mendel Singer, PhD, Case Western Reserve University Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cleveland, OH, United States, Alfred Rimm, PhD, Case Western Reserve University Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cleveland, OH, United States, Kevin Cooper, MD, Case Western Reserve University Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cleveland, OH, United States
Topic hierarchy generation via linear discriminant projection

Text categorization has been receiving more and more attention with the ever-increasing growth of the on-line information. Automated text categorization is generally a supervised learning problem, defined as the problem of assigning pre-defined category labels to new documents based on the likelihood suggested by labeled documents. Most studies in the area have been focused on flat classification, where the predefined categories are treated individually and separately [5]. As the available information increases, when the number of categories grows significantly large, it will become much more difficult to browse and search categories. The most successful paradigm for organizing this mass of information and making it compressible is by categorizing documents according to their topics where the topics are organized in a hierarchy of increasing specificity [3]. Hierarchical structures identify the relationships of dependence between the categories and provides a valuable information source for many problems. Recently several researchers have investigated the use of hierarchies for text classification and obtained promising results [1, 4]. However, little has been done to explore the approaches to automatically generate topic hierarchies. Most of the reported techniques have been conducted on existential hierarchically structured corpora. The aim of automatic hierarchy generation has several motivations. First, manually building hierarchies is an expensive task since it requires domain experts to evaluate the documents’ relevance to the topics. Second, existing hierarchies are optimized for human use based on “human semantics”, but not necessarily for classifier use. Automatic generated hierarchies can be incorporated into various classification methods
Recurrent macular pucker

A 43-year-old man with a history of multiple anterior segment operations had a severe preretinal membrane affecting macular function. The bulk of this lesion was removed by using vitrectomy techniques, but a recurrence of preretinal tissue was observed a few months after this procedure. The recurrent epiretinal membrane was removed in a second operation.
Dunford-Pettis property

Abstract The following theorem is proved. If a locally convex space, quasi-complete for Mackey topology, has D-P (Dunford-Pettis) property then it has strict D-P property. Conversely, if (E′, σ(E′, E)) has a σ-compact dense subset and E has strict D-P property, then it has D-P property. Also it is proved that (Cb(X), F ) where F=β0, β, or β1, has strict D-P property and (Cb(X), β0) has D-P property; if X contains a σ-compact dense subset then (Cb(X), β) and (Cb(X), β1) have D-P property.
Enhancement of Cα hydrogen vibrations in the resonance Raman spectra of amides

Ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectra of polypeptides and proteins exhibit a band at ca. 1390 cm−1 whose intensity is sensitive to helical content. The assignment of this band, designated amide S, has been contentious. To study the vibrational origin of amide S, relevant amide model compounds and their selectively deuterated iso-topomers were synthesized. N-Methylacetamide, N-methylpropionamide and N-methylisobutyramide possess a methyl, methylene and methine group, respectively, adjacent to the amide carbonyl. The UVRR spectrum of the natural abundance species show resonantly enhanced vibrational bands in the region 1350–1380 cm−1. These bands disappear on deuteration of the (C)Cα. hydrogen atoms, while the amide III modes shift up to a common position (ca. 1335 cm−1) and increase in intensity. These results suggest that amide S can be assigned to a (C)Cα hydrogen bending vibration, which acquires resonance intensity by vibrational mixing with the CN stretch of the nearby amide III mode. Variation of this mixing with the CαH/CO dihedral angle can explain the sensitivity of amide III to protein secondary structure. Additional UVRR and Fourier transform IR data reveal that (C)Cα-deuteration has a smaller effect on the amide I, I′, II and II′ vibrational modes. Finally, it is established that UVRR spectra for NMA in H2O and D2O show an absence of torsional fundamentals or overtones. These results are interpreted as indicating an energy barrier to cxcited-state isomerization, which argues against an alternative assignment of amide S to the amide V overtone.
Multidimensional perfectionism in middle school age gifted students: A comparison to peers from the general cohort

The researchers designed this study to investigate levels of multidimensional perfectionism in identified gifted middle school students and a group of their peers from the general cohort. Gifted students (N = 83) were compared with the general cohort (N = 112) from a Southeastern rural middle school (grades 6 through 8). One‐way analyses of variance were used to determine whether gifted and general cohort students differed on measures of adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism. Results revealed that gifted students had significantly higher standards scores, a measure of adaptive perfectionism, and significantly lower discrepancy scores, a measure of maladaptive perfectionism. These results suggest that gifted students are more perfectionistic (i.e., hold higher personal standards) than general cohort students. However, the results do not support the contention that gifted students experience distress or maladjustment from their higher levels of perfectionism (e.g., Maxwell, 1995).
A Geographical Analysis of the Innovativeness of States

Previous research has indicated that emulation is one factor in the spread of policies among the American states. A network analysis was undertaken to identify the possible direct effects of innovative states on their neighbors as well as possible indirect influences on non-contiguous states. The resulting network indicates that some states are leaders for their neighbors and also appear to have additional effects of an indirect nature on more distant states. Cither states appear to serve as transmitters of the propensity to adopt policies from more innovative states.