cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of an occluder on near field depth matching in optical see-through augmented reality

We have conducted an experiment to study the effect of an occluding surface on the accuracy of near field depth matching in augmented reality (AR). Our experiment was based on replicating a similar experiment conducted by Edwards et al. [2]. We used an AR haploscope [1], which allows us to independently manipulate accommodative demand and vergence angle of the visible image. Fifteen observers matched the perceived depth of an AR-presented virtual object with a physical pointer. Overall, observers overestimated depth by 5 mm or less in the presence of the occluder, while in the absence of an occluder they overestimated depth by 5 to 10 mm. The data from Edwards et al. [2] is normalized, and when we performed the same normalization procedure on our own data, our results do not agree with Edwards et al. [2]. We suspect that eye vergence explains these results.
Isobaric analog states of neutron-rich nuclei. Doppler shift as a measurement tool for resonance excitation functions

We present a new approach for the measurement of resonance excitation functions of neutron-rich nuclei using Doppler shift information. Preliminary data from the first application of the method is presented in the spectroscopy studies of 7He isobaric analog states in 7Li.
Cholesterol-derived bile acids enhance the chaperone activity of α-crystallins

Human lens membranes contain the highest cholesterol concentration of any known biological membranes, but it significantly decreases with age. Oxygenation of cholesterol generates numerous forms of oxysterols (bile acids). We previously showed that two forms of the bile acid components—ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA)—suppressed lens epithelial cell death and alleviated cataract formation in galactosemic rat lenses. We investigated whether these compounds also suppress the thermal aggregation of human lens crystallins. Total water-soluble (WS) proteins were prepared from human lenses, and recombinant human crystallins (αA-, αB-, βB2-, and γC-crystallin) were generated by a prokaryotic expression system and purified by liquid chromatography. The light scattering of proteins in the presence or absence of UDCA or TUDCA was measured using a spectrofluorometer set at Ex/Em = 400/400 nm. Protein blot analysis was conducted for detection of α-crystallins in the human lens WS proteins. High concentrations of UDCA and TUDCA significantly suppressed thermal aggregation of total lens WS proteins, which contained a low level of αA-/αB-crystallin. Spectroscopic analysis with each recombinant human lens crystallin indicated that the bile acids did not suppress the thermal aggregation of γC-, βB2-, αA-, or αB-crystallin. Combination of α-crystallin and bile acid (either UDCA or TUDCA) suppressed thermal aggregation of each individual crystallin as well as a non-crystallin protein, insulin. These results suggest that UDCA or TUDCA protects the chaperone activity of α-crystallin. It is believed that these two naturally occurring intermediate waste products in the lens enhance the chaperone activity of α-crystallin. This finding may lead to the development of UDCA and TUDCA as anticataract agents.
37-year-old man with abdominal pain.

37-year-old man with an unremarkable medical history presented to the emergency department because of abdominal pain. The patient stated that over thepreviousmonthhehadexperiencedgradually worsening discomfort that he described as being dull and located diffusely throughout the abdomen. He rated the pain as a 7 on a severity scale of 1 to 10. He also said that during this same period, he had been having mucuslike bowel movements that had increased in frequency to approximately 10 bowel movements daily. He denied any sick contacts, recent illness, travel, or recent antibiotic use. The patient has no known family history of inflammatory bowel disease. He stated that about 1 month before the onset of these symptoms, he began training for a marathon, at which time he also stopped smoking cigarettes. On physical examination, the patient had no acute distress, but hyperactive bowel sounds and tenderness were noted on deep palpation. He was found to have a fever of 38 Celsius and heart rate of 100 beats per minute.Resultsoflaboratoryanalysis,includingcomplete blood cell count, metabolic profile, and lactic acid level, were unremarkable except for a hemoglobin level of 10.2 g/dL (reference range, 13.5-17.5 g/dL), and computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen with contrast medium revealed bowel wall thickening from the hepatic flexuretotherectum.Mesentericlymphadenopathywasalsonoted.Hewasadmittedtothehospital for further evaluation and treatment.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor use in unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: an appropriate-use model for the emergency department.

Abstract The introduction of new platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of certain patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Treatment with these potent platelet inhibitors has been shown to improve patient outcomes prior to percutaneous intervention (PCI), following PCI, and even in the absence of PCI. In addition, there are data from clinical studies that support a time-dependence to the beneficial effects of platelet inhibitor therapy. Patients who are treated early—for example, in the emergency department (ED)—appear to have improved outcomes over those treated later. Platelet inhibitors have been used extensively in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and in the coronary care unit (CCU). In many institutions, however, their introduction and uptake in the ED has been slow. These agents are relatively expensive and have the potential to cause major bleeding complications. This review will examine the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) as it relates to the mechanism of action of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors. The available GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors will be discussed including their indications, contraindications, doses, and mechanisms of action. Data from clinical studies supporting the use of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors will be illustrated in the context of their applications in the ED. Finally, an algorithm for GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors in the ED will be presented.
The brachial artery method to peripheral transluminal angioplasty

The brachial artery method to peripheral (percutaneous) transluminal angioplasty is described. A total of 232 angioplasties were attempted using the brachial and femoral artery techniques with a success achieved in 204 cases (88%): in 167 of 176 (95%) stenoses, and in 37 of 56 (66%) occlusions. 114 attempts were made via the brachial artery method with a success achieved in 109 (96%): in 98 of 102 (96%) stenoses, and in 11 of 12 (92%) occlusions. 68% of the attempts were made in the ileofemoral system with a success achieved in 73 cases (94%): in 66 of 70 (94%) stenoses, and 7 of 8 occlusions. All of the attempted renal, subclavian, and superficial femoral artery stenoses were successfully dilated. One local brachial artery complication was encountered. The brachial artery method to peripheral transluminal angioplasty is an acceptable and complementary alternative to the transfemoral technique.
The Louisiana State University experience in the management of single small cerebellar metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Cerebellar metastasis is often believed to be a more immediately life-threatening complication than brain metastasis in other locations. It is considered a negative prognostic factor in patients with systemic cancers. Despite its clinical importance and technological advances, the survival outcomes of patients with single small cerebellar metastases are rarely studied. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate our experience in the management of patients with single small cerebellar metastasis and compare the treatment modalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 35 patients with single small cerebellar metastasis were included in this retrospective analysis. Of the 35 patients, 24 had surgery followed by whole-brain radiation therapy and 11 had Gamma Knife radiosurgery alone. RESULTS: The median survival for the whole cohort was 5.6 months after the intervention. No significant differences were noted in median survival between the surgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy and the Gamma Knife radiosurgery alone groups (6.3 months: 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0-8.6; vs 5.0 months: 95% CI, 1.9-8.1; P = .9). There was no difference in the median time to local progression, distance progression, and overall progression between the 2 groups. Patients with hydrocephalus had a significantly lower survival rate (median, 3.3 months; 95% CI, 0.0-6.6) compared with those without hydrocephalus (median, 6.9 months; 95% CI, 4.4-9.8; P = .02). In the Cox regression model, the significant predictor of survival was hydrocephalus (P = .01; hazard ratio, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.3-9.1) after propensity score adjustment. CONCLUSION: Treatment with Gamma Knife radiosurgery alone and surgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy were both efficacious in patients with single small cerebellar metastasis. Overall survival was nearly identical in both treatment groups.
Percutaneous uptake of zinc in rabbit skin.

SummaryThe percutaneous uptake of zinc in rabbits was studied radiochemically and radioautographically using single- and double-dose applications of four different zinc compounds. All compounds were absorbed equally, regardless of their chemical composition. 65Zn was optimally located in the keratogenous zone of the hair shaft and in the subcutaneous muscle layer. Histochemical demonstration of zinc and sulfur amino acids was also optimal in the same sites.There was a depletion of 65Zn in the skin radioautographs of animals sacrificed 24 hr after application of a first and a second dose. A rationale for these results is discussed.
Sharp-interface simulation of dendritic solidification of solutions

Abstract A numerical method is developed for the simulation of solidification of solutions/alloys. The heat and species transport equations are solved with appropriate interface conditions. The interface shape and thermal and solutal fields are calculated in a fully coupled manner. The effects of capillarity are included in the interfacial dynamics. The present mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian framework treats the immersed phase boundary as a sharp solid–fluid interface and a conservative finite-volume formulation allows boundary conditions at the moving surface to be exactly applied. We first compare the planar growth results with published one-dimensional numerical results. We then show that the method can compute the breakdown of the solid–liquid interface due to the Mullins–Sekerka instability. The dendritic growth of the crystals under various growth parameters is computed.
On the Global Convergence of a Class of Homotopy Methods for Nonlinear Circuits and Systems

Homotopy methods are developed for robustly computing solutions of nonlinear equations, which is of fundamental importance in nonlinear circuit and system simulations. This brief develops theoretical results on the global convergence of a class of homotopy methods for solving nonlinear circuits and systems. A set of sufficient conditions that guarantee the global convergence of homotopy methods is derived. These analytical results are then illustrated on a small nonlinear circuit and a large (about 10 000-dimension) power grid.
Determining Leader Behavior Options through Value Cue-Action Leadership

Value Cue-Action Leadership (VCAL) is a set of value cues used for determining leadership behavior options. It goes a step beyond values-based leadership by suggesting an approach for determining a...
A mutational epitope for cytochrome C binding to the apoptosis protease activation factor-1

Cytochrome c (Cc) binding to apoptosis protease activation factor-1 (Apaf-1) is a critical activation step in the execution phase of apoptosis. Here we report studies that help define the Cc:Apaf-1 binding surface. It is shown that a large number of Cc residues, including residues 7, 25, 39, 62-65, and 72, are involved in the Cc:Apaf-1 interaction. Mutation of residue 72 eliminated Cc activity whereas mutations of residues 7, 25, 39, and 62-65 showed reduced activity in an additive fashion. The implications of this binding model for both recognition and modulation of protein-protein interactions are briefly discussed.
Vocational rehabilitation acceptance in the USA: controlling for education, type of major disability, severity of disability and socioeconomic status.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate whether there were differences in acceptance rates for VR services among African Americans, White Americans, Native American or Alaskan Natives, and Asian or Pacific Islanders with disabilities in the USA?Method: The study was based on a population 599 444 customers who sought VR or Bureau of Visual Service Agency services in the USA from 1 October, 1997, through 30 September, 1998. The subsample of customers with no missing values on the variables under investigation included African Americans (n = 13 287), White Americans (n = 38 048), Native American or Alaskan Natives (n = 599), and Asian or Pacific Islanders (n = 596). The chi-square test of homogeneity of proportions was the test statistic. The final random subsample included African Americans (n = 300), White Americans (n = 300) Native American or Alaskan Natives (n = 300), and Asian or Pacific Islanders (n = 300) was drawn from the population of VR customers in the USA.Results: The study supports th...
Uncertainty quantification of Delft catamaran resistance, sinkage and trim for variable Froude number and geometry using metamodels, quadrature and Karhunen–Loève expansion

A framework for assessing convergence and validation of non-intrusive uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods is studied and applied to a complex industrial problem in ship design, namely the high-speed Delft Catamaran advancing in calm water, with variable Froude number and geometry. Relationship between UQ studies and deterministic verification and validation is discussed. Computations are performed using high- (URANS) and low- (potential flow) fidelity simulations. Froude number has expected value and standard deviation equal to 0.5 and 0.05, respectively, on a truncated normal distribution. Geometric uncertainty is related to the research space of a simulation-based design optimization, and assessed through the Karhunen–Loeve expansion (KLE). Monte Carlo method with Latin hypercube sampling (MC-LHS) is used to compute expected value, standard deviation, distribution and uncertainty intervals for resistance, sinkage and trim. MC-LHS with CFD is used as a benchmark for validating less costly UQ methods, including MC-LHS with metamodels and standard quadrature formulas. Gaussian quadrature is found the most efficient method; however, MC-LHS with metamodels is preferred since provides with confidence intervals and distributions in a straightforward way and at reasonably small computational cost. UQ results are compared to earlier deterministic single- and multi-objective optimization; reduced-dimensional KLE studies for geometric variability indicate that stochastic optimization would not be of great benefit for the present problem.
Homing and Orientation of Deermice

A homing tendency was shown by deermice liberated at several points 200 to 1,600 yards from their place of capture. The proportion homing from 200 yards was 75%; from 1,600 yards three individuals (7.8%) returned. Some mice returned more than once and from release points that were located at two, three or four different directions from their home area. Juveniles homed less frequently than adults and subadults. Sex differences in homing success were not consistent, but suggest that males are more successful than females. The time intervals between release and recapture ranged from 8 hours to 25 days. Some individuals that were recovered two or more times after release at a single point returned faster after the second and subsequent releases, suggesting that return routes are imprinted during the first traverse of the route. Individuals liberated and recaptured in a circle of traps two times in succession also showed an ability to learn routes. Individuals released at the center of a circle of traps, and later recaptured at the circumference, showed no tendency to aggregate in the part of the circle that faced their home area. Failure to orient in new territory was also suggested by the record of three individuals that traveled many hundreds of yards to enter traps far distant from their initial capture sites. These results support the hypothesis that displaced deermice wander extensively, and at random, in relation to the “true” homeward course. Disruption of a pattern of attachment to the original home range and interactions with residents are two factors that might cause such wanderings.
Cognitive processes of numerical estimation in children

We tested children in Grades 1 to 5, as well as college students, on a number line estimation task and examined latencies and errors to explore the cognitive processes involved in estimation. The developmental trends in estimation were more consistent with the hypothesized shift from logarithmic to linear representation than with an account based on a proportional judgment application of a power function model; increased linear responding across ages, as predicted by the log-to-lin shift position, yielded reasonable developmental patterns, whereas values derived from the cyclical power model were difficult to reconcile with expected developmental patterns. Neither theoretical position predicted the marked "M-shaped" pattern that was observed, beginning in third graders' errors and fourth graders' latencies. This pattern suggests that estimation comes to rely on a midpoint strategy based on children's growing number knowledge (i.e., knowledge that 50 is half of 100). As found elsewhere, strength of linear responding correlated significantly with children's performance on standardized math tests.
Existence and analytical predictions of periodic motions in a periodically forced, nonlinear friction oscillator

The grazing bifurcation, stick phenomena and periodic motions in a periodically forced, nonlinear friction oscillator are investigated. The nonlinear friction force is approximated by a piecewise linear, kinetic friction model with the static force. The total forces for the input and output flows to the separation boundary are introduced, and the force criteria for the onset and vanishing of stick motions are developed through such input and output flow forces. The periodic motions of such an oscillator are predicted analytically through the corresponding mapping structure. Illustrations of the periodic motions in such a piecewise friction model are given for a better understanding of the stick motion with the static friction. The force responses are presented, which agreed very well with the force criteria. If the fully nonlinear friction force is modeled by several portions of piecewise linear functions, the periodically forced, nonlinear friction oscillator can be predicted more accurately. However, for the fully nonlinear friction force model, only the numerical investigation can be carried out.
Strategies for Surviving Divorce: The Contradictions of Welfare

This article uses data from interviews with 40 divorced women to examine the strategies they employed to negotiate public assistance. Divorced women on welfare, as do caseworkers, attempt to differentiate their status from other welfare recipients, rather than focus on their common dependence on the welfare state. They manipulate the system to their best advantage to lessen the state's control of their lives. Many consider welfare to be preferable to either marriage or work. The receipt of welfare by divorced women poses a tradeoff between needed economic assistance and its penalties and fails to establish them as economically self-sufficient heads of households.
Structured priors for multivariate time series

A class of prior distributions for multivariate autoregressive models is presented. This class of priors is built taking into account the latent component structure that characterizes a collection of autoregressive processes. In particular, the state-space representation of a vector autoregressive process leads to the decomposition of each time series in the multivariate process into simple underlying components. These components may have a common structure across the series. A key feature of the proposed priors is that they allow the modeling of such common structure. This approach also takes into account the uncertainty in the number of latent processes, consequently handling model order uncertainty in the multivariate autoregressive framework. Posterior inference is achieved via standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Issues related to inference and exploration of the posterior distribution are discussed. We illustrate the methodology analyzing two data sets: a synthetic data set with quasi-periodic latent structure, and seasonally adjusted US monthly housing data consisting of housing starts and housing sales over the period 1965 to 1974.
Steric restrictions in protein folding: An α-helix cannot be followed by a contiguous β-strand

Using only hard-sphere repulsion, we investigated short polyalanyl chains for the presence of sterically imposed conformational constraints beyond the dipeptide level. We found that a central residue in a helical peptide cannot adopt dihedral angles from strand regions without encountering a steric collision. Consequently, an alpha-helical segment followed by a beta-strand segment must be connected by an intervening linker. This restriction was validated both by simulations and by seeking violations within proteins of known structure. In fact, no violations were found within an extensive database of high-resolution X-ray structures. Nature's exclusion of alpha-beta hybrid segments, fashioned from an alpha-helix adjoined to a beta-strand, is built into proteins at the covalent level. This straightforward conformational constraint has far-reaching consequences in organizing unfolded proteins and limiting the number of possible protein domains.
A Water Potential Threshold for the Increase of Abscisic Acid in Leaves

A relationship between abscisic acid concentration and leaf water status is reported. Water potentials were measured in leaves of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Ambrosia trifida L. throughout a period of dehydration of intact plants. Tissues from the same leaves were analyzed for abscisic acid. For both species, abscisic acid began to increase in a critical water potential range (-10 to -12 atmospheres). These data suggest a threshold water potential that stimulates abscisic acid synthesis. The data support the hypothesis that a small change in water potential could affect stomatal resistance to water loss by means of a very sensitive chemical feedback control mechanism.
Hybrid systems on time scales

In this paper, we study hybrid dynamic systems on time scales. Using Lyapunov-like functions, we obtain sufficient conditions for the practical stability of hybrid dynamic systems on time scales.
Functional Brachyury Binding Sites Establish a Temporal Read-out of Gene Expression in the Ciona Notochord

The appearance of the notochord represented a milestone in Deuterostome evolution. The notochord is necessary for the development of the chordate body plan and for the formation of the vertebral column and numerous organs. It is known that the transcription factor Brachyury is required for notochord formation in all chordates, and that it controls transcription of a large number of target genes. However, studies of the structure of the cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) through which this control is exerted are complicated in vertebrates by the genomic complexity and the pan-mesodermal expression territory of Brachyury. We used the ascidian Ciona, in which the single-copy Brachyury is notochord-specific and CRMs are easily identifiable, to carry out a systematic characterization of Brachyury-downstream notochord CRMs. We found that Ciona Brachyury (Ci-Bra) controls most of its targets directly, through non-palindromic binding sites that function either synergistically or individually to activate early- and middle-onset genes, respectively, while late-onset target CRMs are controlled indirectly, via transcriptional intermediaries. These results illustrate how a transcriptional regulator can efficiently shape a shallow gene regulatory network into a multi-tiered transcriptional output, and provide insights into the mechanisms that establish temporal read-outs of gene expression in a fast-developing chordate embryo.
Closing the Ecological Cycle: The Emergence of Integrative Science

A new century/millennium provides an opportune time to reflect on how the science of ecology evolved during the 19th and 20th centuries, and to predict how it is likely to change during the 21st century (at least to reflect on how it might evolve in order to best serve societies during the decades ahead). This viewpoint article will attempt to: (a) provide an overview regarding the emergence of ecology from a subdiscipline of biology to a discipline of its own during the past century (Odum 1977); (b) discuss the academic fragmentation of ecology into numerous subdisciplines of study; and (c) argue that a new field of transdisciplinary science is urgently needed that will not only integrate these emerging fields of the ecological sciences, but will interface with the humanities and the social sciences as well (i.e., similar to C. P. Snow’s “third culture,” Snow 1963). Earlier we termed this 21st century field of study “integrative science” (Barrett & Odum 1998; Barrett & Kress 2001). Should this integrative and transdisciplinary field of study continue to evolve, this emergence will greatly increase our knowledge and understanding of the natural world. This emergence will also increase the ecological literacy necessary for humankind to understand the benefits and services that are supplied to societies by natural ecosystems and landscapes (Daily et al. 1997). Thus the concept of a “sustainable society” (Barrett 1989; Rapport et al. 1998a) will be more fully realized. This approach and, hopefully, its success could be viewed as “closing the ecological cycle” regarding the earlier view that scientists had of natural ecological systems (i.e., the emergence of the ecosystem concept), which led to investigations addressing questions at greater temporal/ spatial scales. Later in this article, I suggest that this integrative approach be based on the noosystem, rather than the ecosystem, concept as discussed by Barrett (1985), including the multitude of cultural influences on these systems. Transdisciplinary education, research, and service missions are urgently needed to advance the frontiers of science in a revolutionary manner during the 21st century (i.e., if Snow’s “third culture” is to become a reality). The emergence of “integrative science” should result in a novel worldview of problem solving, political decision making, transdisciplinary education, and sustainable development. The field of ecosystem health is expected to play an important role in contributing to this emerging paradigm, which increasingly needs to focus on larger scales and higher levels of organization (Rapport et al. 1998b). As Odum (1995) notes, to be effective, new interfaced or integrative efforts should not only enrich the disciplines (or subdisciplines) being interfaced, but also result in new principles and/or procedures that are applicable to human predicaments. Otherwise, the effort merely adds to the already excessive fragmentation as discussed below.
Expression of genomic and cDNA transgenes after co-integration in transgenic mice

In general, genomic transgenes are expressed efficiently in mice, while their cDNA-based transgenes are frequently silent. Clarket al. (1992) have shown that silent cDNA transgenes under the control of the sheep β-lactoglobulin promoter can be activated after co-injecting them with a genomic sheep β-lactoglobulin transgene. We have tested the general utility of this concept using mouse whey acidic protein (WAP) transgenes. Here we show that WAP cDNA transgenes are virtually silent in transgenic mice. In contrast, WAP transgenes containing all introns are expressed in approximately 50% of the lines at levels ranging from 1% to more than 100% of the endogenous RNA (McKnightet al., 1992). When a WAP-genomic transgene was co-injected with a WAP-cDNA, basal activation of the cDNA was possible. However, the activity of the WAP-cDNA transgene did not exceed 1% of the WAP-genomic transgene. This suggests that a permissive integration site capable of supporting basal level transcription can be established, but further events are required for full activation of the transgene.
Transfrontal Orbital Decompression After Failure of Transantral Decompression in Optic Neuropathy of Graves' Disease

Transantral and transfrontal orbital decompression procedures are effective for treating optic neuropathy of Graves' disease. We studied 10 patients with Graves' disease to clarify whether transfrontal decompression is effective after prior failure of transantral orbital decompression. All patients had persistent or recurrent optic neuropathy after transantral decompression and had failed to respond to systemic corticosteroid therapy. After transfrontal decompression, visual acuity improved in 70% of the eyes, and visual field scotomas decreased in 80%. No major intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. We conclude that in optic neuropathy of Graves' disease, transfrontal orbital decompression after failure of transantral decompression is an acceptable and beneficial salvage procedure.
Differential rearing conditions alter operant responding for ethanol in outbred rats.

Background: Differential rearing environments affect a number of behaviors displayed by rats in adulthood. For example, rats reared in an impoverished condition (IC; reared alone in hanging metal cages), social condition (SC; reared in standard shoebox cages, 2 per cage), or enriched condition (EC; reared in a large metal cage with bedding, 14 novel objects, and 10 cohorts) display clear differences in the amount of drug they consume and/or self-administer through operant responding. Animals reared in an EC consume greater amounts of ethanol compared with rats reared in an IC when provided free access, but it is not known how differential rearing conditions affect operant responding for ethanol. Methods: Twenty-eight male Long-Evans rats were reared in 1 of 3 environments (IC, SC, or EC) during postnatal days 21 to 111. At the conclusion of the rearing period, all rats underwent sucrose/ethanol fading and then were tested for lever press responding for 10% ethanol as well as ethanol preference. Results: Rats reared in an IC responded for 10% ethanol at significantly higher rates than SC and EC rats. A greater percentage of IC rats were able to switch lever responding when the ethanol availability was changed to a second lever. Lastly, the IC group was the only one to display a clear preference for 10% ethanol when both this fluid and water were available. Conclusion: Rats reared in an IC show greater proclivity to respond operantly for 10% ethanol compared with rats raised in either SC or EC (which did not differ from each other). These findings agree with a number of studies that have shown isolate reared animals to consume greater amounts of ethanol compared with their socially reared counterparts yet contrast some studies showing EC animals consume greater amounts of ethanol than IC rats. The current findings illustrate that rearing environment also plays an important role in an animal’s proclivity to respond for ethanol.
Effects of neuropeptide Y on sucrose and ethanol intake and on anxiety-like behavior in high alcohol drinking (HAD) and low alcohol drinking (LAD) rats.

Background: In a previous study, neuropeptide Y (NPY) administered into the lateral ventricles decreased ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring (P) rats but not in alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) or unselected Wistar rats. The purpose of the present investigation is to extend these findings in selectively-bred high-alcohol-drinking (HAD)1 and low-alcohol-drinking (LAD)1 rats by examining the effects of intracerebroventricularly administered NPY on the elevated plus maze test of anxiety and on ethanol and sucrose intake. Methods: Female HAD1 and LAD1 rats were surgically implanted with cannula into the lateral ventricle. Following recovery, a test of anxiety was conducted in which the rats (n= 12–13/group) received either artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or NPY (10 μg) 10 min prior to a 5-min test on an elevated plus maze. Following anxiety testing, 11 HAD and 11 LAD rats were trained to self-administer ethanol (8% w/v), and 5 HAD and 8 LAD rats were trained to self-administer sucrose (2.5%) during daily 2-hr sessions. A within-subject design was used in which the rats were pretreated once a week with aCSF, 5 μg NPY, or 10 μg NPY prior to the drinking sessions. Results: HAD and LAD rats treated with aCSF did not differ in time spent in open arms of the plus maze. NPY increased time spent on the open arms to similar degrees in both rat lines. HAD rats consumed more ethanol and sucrose than LAD rats. NPY increased sucrose intake in both rat lines. However, the same doses of NPY reduced ethanol intake in HAD but not in LAD rats. Conclusion: The plus maze results indicated that selective breeding for high and low alcohol preference in the HAD1 and LAD1 rats, respectively, did not yield differences in anxiety-like behavior and in response to the anxiolytic effects of NPY. The increases in sucrose intake were consistent with the known orexigenic effects of NPY. The decreased ethanol intake following NPY administration in HAD rats was similar to previous observations with P rats and is consistent with the hypothesis that ethanol intake and NPY activity may be inversely related.
On the Mechanisms of Sodium Ion Transport by the Irrigated Gills of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Sodium uptake by rainbow trout gills has been investigated with a small-volume system enabling rapid, successive flux measurements in different solutions. Sodium influx obeys a Michaelis-Menten type relation, with a Km of 0.46 mM, and uptake proceeds unimpaired in the absence of penetrating counter-ions. This suggests a coupled cation exchange. Ammonia output is about the same as the Na+ influx when external [Na+] is 1 mM, but at higher or lower Na+ influxes, the correlation does not hold. A progressive downward shift in the pH of the irrigating medium as Na+ influx increases indicates that the exchanging cation is hydrogen. In support of this, acetazolamide, which inhibits Na+ uptake, also prevents the downward pH shift. The potential across the gill is about 10 mv, body fluids positive, in NaCl solutions up to 10 mM, and is little affected by changes in Na+ concentration below that. Finally, evidence for locating the rate-limiting step at the outer membrane of the epithelium is presented.
Vlf/elf radiation patterns of arbitrarily oriented electric and magnetic dipoles in a cold lossless multicomponent magnetoplasma.

With the use of a power integral formulation, a study is made of the vlf/elf radiation patterns of arbitrarily oriented electric and magnetic dipoles in a cold lossless multicomponent magnetoplasma. Expressions for the ray patterns are initially developed that apply for arbitrary values of driving frequency, static magnetic-field strength, plasma density, and composition. These expressions are subsequently specialized to vlf/elf radiation in a plasma modeled on the magnetosphere. A series of representative pattern plots are presented for frequencies between the proton and electron gyrofrequencies. These patterns illustrate the fact that focusing effects that arise from the geometrical properties of the refractive index surface tend to dominate the radiation distribution over the entire range from the electron gyrofrequency to 4.6 times the proton gyrofrequency. It is concluded that focusing effects should be of significant importance in the design of a vlf/elf satellite transmitting system in the magnetosphere.
Interactive Effect of Cognitive Learning Theory with Computer Attributes in the Design of Computer-Assisted Instruction

Presented is a review of the effects of cognitive learning theory on instructional design strategies in the planning of computer-assisted instruction (CAI). Specifically, the paper focuses first on how information is represented in a given discipline and in human memory, and second, on the interaction of these two representatives of information on the planning of CAI. From research, two levels of effect are identified and defined in the development of several principles of CAI instructional design from a cognitive approach: macro, referring to the planning of CAI; and micro, referring to the means of student control in processing presented information via CAI. The paper concludes with specific design recommendations for planning CAI.
Within-Group Differences in Sexual Orientation and Identity.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine within-group differences among self-identified sexual orientation and identity groups. To understand these within-group differences, 2 types of analysis were conducted. First, a sample of 2,732 participants completed the Sexual Orientation and Identity Scale. Cluster analyses were used to identify 3 types of bisexual women, 3 types of bisexual men, 2 types of heterosexual women, and 2 types of gay men. Lesbians and heterosexual men were clustered into singular groupings. In addition, a subsample of 838 participants also completed measures of sexual identity development and lesbian, gay, and bisexual knowledge and attitudes. Within-group differences were found for bisexual men and women, gay men, and heterosexual women along these dimensions. Findings supported the existence of distinct subgroups of bisexual men, bisexual women, gay men, and hetero-sexual women.
CT-generated Radiographs in Obese Patients With Acetabular Fractures: Can They Be Used in Lieu of Plain Radiographs?

Background Acetabular fracture diagnosis is traditionally made with AP and oblique pelvic plain radiographs. Obesity may impair diagnostic accuracy of plain radiographs. New CT reconstruction algorithms allow for simulated radiographs that may eliminate the adverse imaging effects of obesity.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Gross Motor Function Measure in Children with Cerebral Palsy

The purpose of this study was to describe the test-retest reliability of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) in children with cerebral palsy. The GMFM was administered twice, within a one-week time period, to twenty-one children with cerebral palsy. The time of day, therapists, and evaluation setting were held constant. Intra-class correlations ranged from .76 to 1.00. The data suggest that the GMFM is consistent in the measurement of gross motor skills and that children with cerebral palsy exhibit stable gross motor skills during repeat measurement. This information will be helpful in future analysis of treatment efficacy using the GMFM as an outcome measure.
Recent progress at the Keck Interferometer : operations and V2 science

The Keck Interferometer combines the two 10m diameter Ke ck telescopes for near-infrared fringe visibility, and mid-infrared nulling observations. We report on recent progress with an emphasis on new visibility observing capabilities, operations improvements for visibility and nulling, and on recent visibility science. New visibility observing capabilities include a grism spectrometer for higher spectral resolution. Recent improvements include a new AO output dichroic for increased infrared light throughput, and the installation of new wave-front controllers on both Keck telescopes. We also report on recent visibility results in several areas including (1) young stars and their circumstellar disks, (2) pre-main sequence star masses, and (3) Circumstellar environment of ev olved stars. Details on nuller instrument and nuller science results, and the ASTRA phase referencing and astrometry upgrade, are presented in more detail elsewhere in this conference. Keywords: stellar interferometry, visibility measurements, operational efficiency, spectro-interferometry, phase referencing, pre-main sequence binaries
The Environment of Gender and Science: Status and Perspectives of Women and Men in Physical Geography

In 1995 and 1996 we undertook surveys to identify the status, perspectives, and contributions of women and men in physical geography and geosciences/geology, and to study the evolution of our fields. This paper presents the results of the physical geography survey, and considers the following questions: How have academic men and women physical geographers' professional development experiences differed? Do men and women in physical geography emphasize different research areas? Do their research methods differ from one another? Gender differences were identified most strikingly in rank and tenure status, research topics and methodologies, and professional satisfaction. Generational differences by academic rank were identified in professional satisfaction and in pull factors. Minor gender differences were found in dual career couple status, but this status had major effects on career choices and opportunities for both men and women. This paper is part of our larger project aimed at comparing and contrasting ...
A comparison of leg‐to‐leg bioelectrical impedance and underwater weighing methods in measuring body composition in Caucasian and African American football athletes

The purpose of this study was to validate leg‐to‐leg bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) methodology for estimating body composition in ethnically mixed football athletes. Sixty‐four Caucasian and 36 African American Division 1AA football athletes took part in this study. Their mean age ± SD was 20.2 ± 1.9 yr and their body mass index was 29.2 ± 4.8 kg/m2. Age, body mass index, and percent body fat did not differ significantly between ethnic groups. Fat free mass (FFM) and percent body fat was also estimated from underwater weighing (UW), seven‐site skinfold measurement (SK), and B1A. A significant correlation in estimating FFM was found between underwater weighing and BIA (r = 0.94, p< 0.001; SEE 3.7 kg), and between underwater weighing and skinfold thickness measurement (r = 0.97, p < 0.001; SEE 2.6 kg). The mean difference in estimation of FFM between underwater weighing and BIA was — 0.46±3.8kg. No significant correlation (r = 0.10, p = .166) was found between the estimation of FFM from underwater ...
Ultraviolet resonance Raman studies of N-methylacetamide

Resonance Raman spectra of the simple peptide model compound N-methylacetamide have been obtained with 218- and 200-nm laser radiation. A large enhancement of the amide II vibration is observed relative to that of Raman spectra obtained with visible radiation. Replacement of the amide hydrogen by deuterium results in a spectrum with most of its intensity in the amide II' mode. Excitation of this deuterated species with 200-nm radiation results in intensity in the overtones of this modes, a feature characteristic of resonance enhanced spectra. Isotopic substitution of the amide carbon and nitrogen by /sup 13/C and /sup 15/N results in a spectral shift to lower frequency by nearly the amount expected for a normal mode consisting primarily of the motion of the amide C and N atoms. These results, taken together, demonstrate that the geometry change of N-methylacetamide upon electronic excitation to the ..pi..-..pi../sup */ state is dominated by a change in the C-N bond length. Studies of mixtures of the deuterio and protio forms show that a significant normal mode rotation occurs on isotopic substitution such that the amide II' of the deuterio form becomes approximately equally distributed between the amide II and III vibrations of the protio form.more » The amide I and I' vibrations are very diffuse in aqueous solutions at the dilutions used. These bands become sharp in acetonitrile. This behavior is interpreted in terms of a range of frequencies for this vibration due to a distribution of hydrogen-bonded species. 23 references, 5 figures.« less
Expression of the Intestinal Biomarkers Guanylyl Cyclase C and CDX2 in Poorly Differentiated Colorectal Carcinomas

Guanylyl cyclase C, a receptor for bacterial diarrheagenic enterotoxins, is expressed selectively by intestinal epithelium and is an endogenous downstream target of CDX2. The expression of Guanylyl cyclase C is preserved throughout the adenoma/carcinoma sequence in the colorectum. Detection of Guanylyl cyclase C expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction is currently being validated as a technique to identify occult lymph node metastases in patients with colorectal cancer and for circulating cells in the blood for postoperative surveillance. Although Guanylyl cyclase C is widely expressed by well-differentiated colorectal cancer, its expression in poorly differentiated colorectal cancer has not been evaluated. A tissue microarray was created from 69 archival specimens including 44 poorly differentiated, 15 undifferentiated or medullary, and 10 signet ring cell colorectal carcinomas. Matched normal colonic mucosa was used as a positive control. Immunohistochemical staining for Guanylyl cyclase C and CDX2 was evaluated as positive or negative based on at least a 10% extent of staining. Of the 69 tumor samples, 75%, 47%, and 90% of the poorly differentiated, medullary, and signet ring cell tumors were positive for Guanylyl cyclase C and 75%, 40% and 90% of these subsets were positive for CDX2, respectively. There was excellent correlation between Guanylyl cyclase C and CDX2 expression on a case-per-case basis (P < .0001). There was also a statistically significant difference in the Guanylyl cyclase C staining pattern between medullary carcinomas and poorly differentiated, not otherwise specified (P = .05). Immunopositivity for Guanylyl cyclase C was greater than 95% in a separately stained microarray series of well/moderately differentiated colorectal carcinomas. In conclusion, Guanylyl cyclase C expression is lost in a quarter of poorly differentiated and half of undifferentiated colorectal carcinomas. Therefore, the utility of Guanylyl cyclase C expression as a diagnostic marker for colorectal carcinoma may be questionable in poorly differentiated colorectal neoplasms.
Nobel Lecture: From weak interactions to gravitation*

This lecture is about my contribution to the proof of renormalizability of gauge theories. There is of course no perfectly clear separation between my contributions and those of my co-laureate ’t Hooft, but I will limit myself to some brief comments on those publications that carry only his name. An extensive review on the subject including more detailed references to contemporary work can be found elsewhere (Veltman, 1992a). As is well known, the work on the renormalizability of gauge theories caused a complete change of the landscape of particle physics. The work brought certain models to the foreground; neutral currents as required by those models were established and the discovery of the J/C was quickly interpreted as the discovery of charm, part of those models as well. More precisely, we refer here to the model of Glashow (1961), the extension to include quarks by Glashow, Iliopoulos, and Maiani (GIM; 1970) and the model of Weinberg and Salam (Weinberg, 1967; Salam, 1968) for leptons including a Higgs sector. The GIM paper contained discussions on the required neutral hadron currents and also the inclusion of charm as suggested first by Hara (1964). After an analysis by Bardeen, at a seminar in Orsay (see also Bardeen, 1969), the work of Bouchiat, Iliopoulos, and Meyer (1972) established the vanishing of anomalies for three color quarks. Without going into details, subsequently quantum chromodynamics came to be accepted. In this way the Standard Model was established in just a few years.