cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WAGE CHANGES, ESTABLISHMENT GROWTH, AND THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION BIAS

paper makes a contribution by making use of Italian data to explore whether a positive relationship between wage growth and employment growth is induced mainly by an establishment effect or by an industry effect, at least as long as these effects are measured in terms of employment changes. As in the case of wage cyclicality studies, this research takes into account the consequences that a composition effect can have on the factors that affect the employee earnings in each establishment. When a firm is growing, as well as in the growth phase of a cycle, new workers enter the job market. They are traditionally low-skill employees or young people or previously "discouraged" workers. They earn low wages, and so lower the average wage in the firm. This can explain the negative or insignificant correlation between real wages and employment level that has been found in several studies conducted at the aggregate level. For the first time, this study tests the existence of a composition bias with firm-level data where both employment and wage growth can be measured for each establishment. Checking whether employment growth, within firms and within sectors, differently affects the change in the firm's average wage or the mean of the individual wage changes does this. This research makes use of 1981-83 records for a sample of Italian firms. Information about each establishment is combined with information about its employees. The study explores cases in which firms are experiencing an employment decline, an employment increase, or no more than the national rate of labor turnover. The same analysis is conducted for categories of workers that, within the same firm, differ because of job qualifications or gender. The paper is organized as follows: part 2 presents some of the theories concerning the relationship between wage changes and employment growth. It also illustrates the problem of a possible composition bias. Part 3 presents the empirical framework. Part 4 describes the data set used for the estimations. Part 5 discusses the results.
Approximating the Achromatic Number Problem on Bipartite Graphs

The achromatic number of a graph is the largest number of colors needed to legally color the vertices of the graph so that adjacent vertices get different colors and for every pair of distinct colors c 1,c 2 there exists at least one edge whose endpoints are colored by c 1,c 2. We give a greedy O(n 4/5) ratio approximation for the problem of finding the achromatic number of a bipartite graph with n vertices. The previous best known ratio was n ·loglog n / log n [12]. We also establish the first non-constant hardness of approximation ratio for the achromatic number problem; in particular, this hardness result also gives the first such result for bipartite graphs. We show that unless NP has a randomized quasi-polynomial algorithm, it is not possible to approximate achromatic number on bipartite graph within a factor of (ln n)1/4 − e . The methods used for proving the hardness result build upon the combination of one-round, two-provers techniques and zero-knowledge techniques inspired by Feige et.al. [6].
Hold-up and Repeated Interaction: The Case of Complementary Monopoly

Suppose consumers buy complementary goods sequentially from several monopolists. If prices cannot be contracted on, there may be no sale in a one-shot game due to the holdup problem. Dynamic interaction of agents attenuates the problem. In equilibrium, the first and the last monopolist capture the entire monopoly profit while the other monopolists break even. Vertical integrations that exclude the last monopolist neither lower the price nor increase social welfare. On the other hand, partial integrations that include the last monopoly can reduce the combined profit and hence may never occur despite the welfare-improving potential.
The Internet, industrial location, and geographic markets

Over the past years the commercial use of the global computer network Internet has steadily increased. The main focus of the paper is on the potential spatial consequences of Internet adoption and use, analyzed from a theoretical perspective. The commercial use of the Internet can have a wide range of potential implications for the local and regional economy. Spatial changes, however, typically do not result from telecommunications technologies directly, but rather from organizational changes in businesses in reaction to advances in telecommunication. Starting with organizational theories of the firm, the paper first discusses the changes that take place in companies that use the Internet for various activities. At the firm level, cost reduction and changes in the internal structure of the firm are probably the most commonly expected and anticipated results. The use of this technology also changes the inter-firm relations and provides new possibilities for business start-ups. The potential spatial implications resulting from these changes, in particular for cities, might be serious and far-reaching. Regions that can provide the necessary technology in sufficient capacity will become more competitive and have an advantage over others that are not part of the global network. Distance will become less relevant, since virtual proximity and connectivity gain importance. The Internet increases the flexibility in the companies? location decisions and allows firms to expand their geographic markets and to operate at a global scale regardless of their location. In the second part, the paper discusses the economic impacts of the Internet and the potential spatial consequences in the framework of the global economy and the information society. The main focus here is on agglomeration and network theories and their different treatment of the role of information and of information technologies. The paper concludes with first results of an empirical study of the Internet use by private research laboratories in the United States.
A formalization of commonsense reasoning based on fuzzy logic

The basic idea underlying the approach outlined in this paper is that commonsense knowledge may be regarded as a collection of dispositions, that is, propositions which are preponderantly, but not necessarily always, true. Technically, a disposition may be interpreted as a proposition with implicit fuzzy quantifiers, e.g., most, almost all, usually, often etc. For example, a disposition such as Swedes are blond may be interpreted as most Swedes are blond For purposes of inference from commonsense knowledge, the conversion of a disposition into a proposition with explicit fuzzy quantifiers sets the stage for an application of syllogistic reasoning in which the premises are allowed to be of the form Q A’s are B’s whereA and B are fuzzy predicates and Q is a fuzzy quantifier. In general, the conclusion yielded by such reasoning is a proposition which may be converted into a disposition through the suppression of fuzzy quantifiers.
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A MULTICELL FLUIDIZED-BED STEAM GENERATOR.

A nonlinear dynamic model of a multicell, atmospheric-pressure, fluidized-bed combustion steam generator is developed in state-space form. All model parameters are physical quantities derived from design data, and the model can be readily adapted to other fluidized-bed combustion steam generators. Steady-state performance of the nonlinear model is predicted at 100, 87.5, and 75% load levels, and local stability is examined in this range. Frequency response characteristics of several system variables and transient response of the system following a coal feed rate disturbance are presented to illustrate use of the model.
Lowermost mantle anisotropy beneath the northwestern Pacific: Evidence from PcS, ScS, SKS, and SKKS phases

[1] In this study, we utilize data from broadband seismic stations of the Japanese F-net network to investigate anisotropic structure in the lowermost mantle beneath the northwestern Pacific. The comparison of shear wave splitting from phases that have similar paths in the upper mantle but different paths in the lowermost mantle, such as PcS/ScS or SKS/SKKS, can yield constraints on anisotropy in the D″ region. We measured splitting for SKS, SKKS, PcS, and ScS phases at F-net stations and compared the measured splitting parameters to previously published estimates of upper mantle anisotropy beneath the region. We observed many examples of discrepant SKS/SKKS splitting and splitting of ScS, PcS, SKS, and SKKS phases that does not agree well with the known upper mantle anisotropy beneath individual stations. The most likely explanation for these discrepancies is a contribution to splitting from anisotropy in the lowermost mantle. In particular, for SKS/SKKS phases that sample the lowermost mantle just to the south and east of the Kamchatka peninsula, we observed generally N-S fast directions with delay times between 0.5 and 1.5 s. These data suggest the presence of a fairly large, coherent region of deformation in the lowermost mantle beneath the northwestern Pacific. Our preferred model for these observations is that solid-state flow at the base of the mantle induces a lattice-preferred orientation of lowermost mantle minerals, generating a seismically anisotropic fabric.
Head-up display using a hologram as an optical element

This paper describes a head-up display (HUD) which uses a volume hologram as one of its optical elements. The hologram functions as a concave mirror for a specified wavelength range but is transparent to other wavelengths including infrared. Ghost images were eliminated by surface treatment of the hologram at recording and reconstruction. A wide diffraction spectral band was obtained by applying a multiple-exposure method to the hologram made of dichromated gelatin. Basically, the HUD consists of a high brightness vacuum fluorescent display, the holographic mirror, an aluminum concave mirror, and a windshield with a reflective coating as a combiner. The image is projected at about 2 meters in front of the driver. The maximum brightness is about 1200 cd/sq m and the display color is green.
Profits, Costs, and the Changing Structure of Dairy Farming

U.S. dairy production is consolidating into fewer but larger farms. This report uses data from several USDA surveys to detail that consolidation and to analyze the financial drivers of consolidation. Specifically, larger farms realize lower production costs. Although small dairy farms realize higher revenue per hundredweight of milk sold, the cost advantages of larger size allow large farms to be profitable, on average, even while most small farms are unable to earn enough to replace their capital. Further survey evidence, as well as the financial data, suggest that consolidation is likely to continue.
Small isospectral and nonisometric orbifolds of dimension 2 and 3

Revisiting a construction due to Vigneras, we exhibit small pairs of orbifolds and manifolds of dimension 2 and 3 arising from arithmetic Fuchsian and Kleinian groups that are Laplace isospectral (in fact, representation equivalent) but nonisometric.
Consumer Price Search and Platform Design in Internet Commerce

Abstract The platform design, the process that helps potential buyers on the internet navigate toward products they may purchase, plays a critical role in reducing search frictions and determining market outcomes. We study a key trade-off associated with two important roles of efficient platform design: guiding consumers to their most desired product while also strengthening seller incentives to lower prices. We use simple theory to illustrate this, and then combine detailed browsing data from eBay and an equilibrium model of consumer search and price competition to quantitatively assess this trade-off in the particular context of a change in eBay's marketplace design. (JEL D12, D44, D83, L81, L86)
Too Hot to Handle: Climate Change and Agricultural Water Use

The world faces enormous challenges in responding to looming crises in food and water. Responding to this challenge will require flexibility; such flexibility may be impeded by legal institutions. This paper looks at the western United States and discusses the role of irrigated agriculture in that region. Because of climate change, a growing population, declining groundwater, the need to protect ecosystems and other conflicts, the author suggests that all water uses, including long-standing agricultural water rights, need to be examined in light of these changes. Legal systems have tended to serve the status quo, but perhaps the law can help facilitate this re-examination.
Grasping of Static and Moving Objects Using a Vision-Based Control Approach

Robotic systems require the use of sensing to enable flexible operation in uncalibrated or partially calibrated environments. Recent work combining robotics with vision has emphasized an active vision paradigm where the system changes the pose of the camera to improve environmental knowledge or to establish and preserve a desired relationship between the robot and objects in the environment. Much of this work has concentrated upon the active observation of objects by the robotic agent. We address the problem of robotic visual grasping (eye-in-hand configuration) of static and moving rigid targets. The objective is to move the image projections of certain feature points of the target to effect a vision-guided reach and grasp. An adaptive control algorithm for repositioning a camera compensates for the servoing errors and the computational delays that are introduced by the vision algorithms. Stability issues along with issues concerning the minimum number of required feature points are discussed. Experimental results are presented to verify the validity and the efficacy of the proposed control algorithms. We then address an adaptation to the control paradigm that focuses upon the autonomous grasping of a static or moving object in the manipulator’s workspace. Our work extends the capabilities of an eye-in-hand system beyond those as a ‘pointer’ or a ‘camera orienter’ to provide the flexibility required to robustly interact with the environment in the presence of uncertainty. The proposed work is experimentally verified using the Minnesota Robotic Visual Tracker (MRVT) [7] to automatically select object features, to derive estimates of unknown environmental parameters, and to supply a control vector based upon these estimates to guide the manipulator in the grasping of a static or moving object.
Characterizations of Mersenne and 2-rooted primes

We give several characterizations of Mersenne primes (Theorem 1.1) and of primes for which 2 is a primitive root (Theorem 1.2). These characterizations involve group algebras, circulant matrices, binomial coefficients, and bipartite graphs.
Observations on the rooming-in program of baby with mother in ward and private service

Abstract A system of baby care by the mother, in which some 1,018 babies, ward and semiprivate, have been housed with the mother, has been presented. This system has satisfied the requirements for which it was set up, i.e., there have been no ill babies among these housed-in babies, and there have been no epidemics among the newborn. The care of the baby has also been simplified and there has been no addition of nursing hours. The babies have seemed to be contented and happy under this arrangement, have gained rapidly in weight, and the percentage of breast feeding has increased. The mothers have in general enjoyed having their babies with them. They have learned to take care of the baby from the first postpartum day on and have left the hospital quite capable of managing the ordinary problems of infant care. The arrangement of housing baby with mother has been found to depend for its success to some degree upon early ambulation and breast feeding, and, in turn, the housing-in arrangement aids in involution and encourages breast feeding. The plan also seems to work particularly well in small wards where mothers can watch each other, teach each other, and can be under the frequent observation of the nursing personnel. The question of how well this plan will work in the private and small semiprivate rooms has not been adequately answered. However, we see no reasons why the plan will not work there, too, if the proper modifications and adjustments are made.
Organization and maintenance of large ordered indexes

Organization and maintenance of an index for a dynamic random access file is considered. It is assumed that the index must be kept on some pseudo random access backup store like a disc or a drum. The index organization described allows retrieval, insertion, and deletion of keys in time proportional to logk I where I is the size of the index and k is a device dependent natural number such that the performance of the scheme becomes near optimal. Storage utilization is at least 50% but generally much higher. The pages of the index are organized in a special data-structure, so-called B-trees. The scheme is analyzed, performance bounds are obtained, and a near optimal k is computed. Experiments have been performed with indexes up to 100000 keys. An index of size 15000 (100000) can be maintained with an average of 9 (at least 4) transactions per second on an IBM 360/44 with a 2311 disc.
Computer-Aided Control Engineering Environment for Nonlinear Systems Analysis and Design

Abstract We report on recent progress in developing a computer-aided nonlinear control system analysis and design environment based on sinusoidal-input describing function (SIDF) methods. In particular, two major additions have been made to our CAD software for nonlinear controls during 1984: a simulation-based program for generating amplitude-dependent SIDF input/output models for nonlinear plants, and a frequency-domain nonlinear compensator design package. Both of these are described in detail. This software can treat very general nonlinear systems, with no restrictions as to system order, number of nonlinearities, configuration, or nonlinearity type. An overview of the application of this software to the design of controllers for a realistic, nonlinear model of an industrial robot is presented in Taylor (1984), which serves to illustrate the use of these tools. Based on the software presented here, the use of SIDF-based nonlinear control system analysis and design methods is substantially easier to carry out.
Differential Cryptanalysis of KHF

Bakhtiari et al recently proposed a fast message authentication primitive called KHF. This paper shows that KHF is highly vulnerable to differential cryptanalysis: it can be broken with about 37 chosen message queries. This suggests that the KHF design should be reconsidered.
On the logic of causal models

This paper explores the role of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) as a representation of conditional independence relationships. We show that DAGs offer polynomially sound and complete inference mechanisms for inferring conditional independence relationships from a given causal set of such relationships. As a consequence, d-separation, a graphical criterion for identifying independencies in a DAG, is shown to uncover more valid independencies then any other criterion. In addition, we employ the Armstrong property of conditional independence to show that the dependence relationships displayed by a DAG are inherently consistent, i.e. for every DAG D there exists some probability distribution P that embodies all the conditional independencies displayed in D and none other.
Big dragon, little dragons : China's challenge to the machinery exports of southeast Asia

This paper investigates the extent of China's export boom in machinery and analyzes trade in components and finished machinery between China and Southeast Asia. China has increased its world market share in machinery exports. The median relative unit value of its finished machinery exports has also risen. Yet the author finds no evidence that China's expansion in the world machinery market has squeezed the market shares of Southeast Asian machinery exports. Instead, components made by Southeast Asian countries are increasing in unit value and gaining market share in China.
Decidable Analysis of Cryptographic Protocols with Products and Modular Exponentiation

We demonstrate that the symbolic trace reachability problem for cryptographic protocols is decidable in the presence of an Abelian group operator and modular exponentiation from arbitrary bases. We represent the problem as a sequence of symbolic inference constraints and reduce it to a system of linear Diophantine equations. For a finite number of protocol sessions, this result enables fully automated, sound and complete analysis of protocols that employ primitives such as Diffie-Hellman exponentiation and modular multiplication without imposing any bounds on the size of terms created by the attacker, but taking into account the relevant algebraic properties.
Real loci of symplectic reductions

Let M be a compact, connected symplectic manifold with a Hamiltonian action of a compact n-dimensional torus T. Suppose that M is equipped with an anti-symplectic involution a compatible with the T-action. The real locus of M is the fixed point set M σ of σ. Duistermaat introduced real loci, and extended several theorems of symplectic geometry to real loci. In this paper, we extend another classical result of symplectic geometry to real loci: the Kirwan surjectivity theorem. In addition, we compute the kernel of the real Kirwan map. These results are direct consequences of techniques introduced by Tolman and Weitsman. In some examples, these results allow us to show that a symplectic reduction M//T has the same ordinary cohomology as its real locus (M//T) σred , with degrees halved. This extends Duistermaat's original result on real loci to a case in which there is not a natural Hamiltonian torus action.
Lectures on the asymptotic expansion of a Hermitian matrix integral

In these lectures three different methods of computing the asymptotic expansion of a Hermitian matrix integral is presented. The first one is a combinatorial method using Feynman diagrams. This leads us to the generating function of the reciprocal of the order of the automorphism group of a tiling of a Riemann surface. The second method is based on the classical analysis of orthogonal polynomials. A rigorous asymptotic method is established, and a special case of the matrix integral is computed in terms of the Riemann ζ-function. The third method is derived from a formula for the τ-function solution to the KP equations. This method leads us to a new class of solutions of the KP equations that are transcendental, in the sense that they cannot be obtained by the celebrated Krichever construction and its generalizations based on algebraic geometry of vector bundles on Riemann surfaces. In each case a mathematically rigorous way of dealing with asymptotic series in an infinite number of variables is established.
Evolution of Differentiated Expression Patterns in Digital Organisms

We investigate the evolutionary processes behind the development and optimization of multiple threads of execution in digital organisms using the avida platform, a softwcire package that implements Darwinian evolution on populations of self-replicating computer programs. The system is seeded with a linearly executed ancestor capable only of reproducing its own genome, whereas its underlying language has the capacity for multiple threads of execution (i.e., simultaneous expression of sections of the genome.) We witness the evolution to multithreaded organisms and track the development of distinct expression patterns. Additionally, we examine both the evolvability of multithreaded organisms and the level of thread differentiation as a function of environmental complexity, and find that differentiation is more pronounced in complex environments.
Organizational practices to develop strategic thinking

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the practices used by organizations to develop the strategic thinking ability of their leaders, managers, and other employees. Design/methodology/approach – A basic interpretive study was conducted with human resource (HR) executives across a broad range of large organizations. Participants were interviewed, and general information about their organization and its programs was reviewed. Findings were verified via member checks and triangulation. Findings – Organizations make limited use of the range of approaches to develop strategic thinking, many indirectly supporting its development via general leadership programs. Most approaches are experiential and focused on elites. Use of the literature, evaluation, and ties to competency models are very limited. Research limitations/implications – The study only provides indications of potential generalizations, but offers access to issues that cannot be identified without an in-depth analysis. Practical impli...
Identity Preservation and False Labeling in the Food Supply Chain

In this paper I address two issues pertaining to the market differentiation between non-genetically modified (non-GM) and genetically modified (GM) food varieties. First, I provide a cost-efficiency explanation of the discrepancy between the observed shares of identity preserved non-GM variety and the total supply of the variety. Second, I show that when products can be falsely labeled as non-GM, the share of false labeling depends on the level of identity preservation. In this context, I demonstrate that the share of falsely labeled supply can increase in response to harsher fines.
Mining the web for synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL

This paper presents a simple unsupervised learning algorithm for recognizing synonyms, based on statistical data acquired by querying a Web search engine. The algorithm, called PMI-IR, uses Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI) and Information Retrieval (IR) to measure the similarity of pairs of words. PMI-IR is empirically evaluated using 80 synonym test questions from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and 50 synonym test questions from a collection of tests for students of English as a Second Language (ESL). On both tests, the algorithm obtains a score of 74%. PMI-IR is contrasted with Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), which achieves a score of 64% on the same 80 TOEFL questions. The paper discusses potential applications of the new unsupervised learning algorithm and some implications of the results for LSA and LSI (Latent Semantic Indexing).
Ripe for a big bang ? assessing the political feasibility of legislative reforms in the Philippines' local government code

In the Philippines' highly decentralized political system, smooth functioning of inter-governmental relations is key to effective service delivery and good governance overall. Although considered a milestone, the 1991 Local Government Code, the Philippines' basic legislation governing inter-governmental relations, contains provisions that thwart vertical and horizontal resource equalization among local government units, and contributes to mismatch between expenditure assignments and the fiscal capacities of the local government units. Numerous technical reports have called for adjustments to the existing revenue and expenditure assignments, yet no tangible progress has been made. This paper assesses the prospects of legislative reforms on the revenue side of the decentralization framework. Using a variety of approaches ranging from a historical analysis to institutional analysis of the legislative dynamics in the Philippine congress, it assesses the prospects of a major overhaul of the Local Government Code and concludes that a significant reform is highly unlikely under the conditions prevailing in the late 2010s. By implication, any effort to improve the Philippines' inter-governmental framework will have to settle for sub-optimal incremental measures within the inefficient revenue assignment arrangement.
Solving limited-memory influence diagrams using branch-and-bound search

A limited-memory influence diagram (LIMID) generalizes a traditional influence diagram by relaxing the assumptions of regularity and no-forgetting, allowing a wider range of decision problems to be modeled. Algorithms for solving traditional influence diagrams are not easily generalized to solve LIMIDs, however, and only recently have exact algorithms for solving LIMIDs been developed. In this paper, we introduce an exact algorithm for solving LIMIDs that is based on branch-and-bound search. Our approach is related to the approach of solving an influence diagram by converting it to an equivalent decision tree, with the difference that the LIMID is converted to a much smaller decision graph that can be searched more efficiently.
Order restricted inference for comparing the cumulative incidence of a competing risk over several populations

There is a substantial literature on testing for the equality of the cumulative incidence functions associated with one specific cause in a competing risks setting across several populations against specific or all alternatives. In this paper we propose an asymptotically distribution-free test when the alternative is that the incidence functions are linearly ordered, but not equal. The motivation stems from the fact that in many examples such a linear ordering seems reasonable intuitively and is borne out generally from empirical observations. These tests are more powerful when the ordering is justified. We also provide estimators of the incidence functions under this ordering constraint, derive their asymptotic properties for statistical inference purposes, and show improvements over the unrestricted estimators when the order restriction holds.
Government Reputation and Debt Repayment in Emerging Economies

Evidence shows that emerging economies that have repeatedly defaulted on their external obligations are still able to accumulate considerable amounts of debt. On average, an emerging economy defaulted 3 times every 100 years and the ratio of government debt to output is 40%. Existing models of sovereign debt are unable to jointly explain the debt to output ratios and the default frequency in these countries. To resolve this puzzle, I propose a standard small open economy model, with the addition that the government transits through different political states and these transitions cannot be directly observed by lenders. Moreover, after a default, the government and lenders bargain over the recovery rate. I argue that the combination of government reputation with endogenous periods of exclusion and debt renegotiation successfully accounts for the debt to output ratio in emerging economies. The model is consistent with the historical data that defaulting countries return to international loan markets only after settlement with creditors. In this framework, the terms of credit are determined by the lender’s assessment of the government type: the sovereign rating. The model also generates the main empirical regularities of emerging economies. JEL classification: F34, F41.
Spatial Risk Assessment

The spatial analysis of risk is defined as the analysis of georeferenced data pertaining to some adverse outcome. Approaches used for this usually lie in the area of clustering methodology either as hypothesis tests or modeling of risk itself. For fixed spatial sites, and clustering around these, there are well-developed methods related to distance and direction that can be used. When a focus site is not available, more sophisticated models or scan tests must be employed. Keywords: spatial; risk; cluster; focus; hazard; scan statistic
Bias from Exposure Effects on Controls

In hospital-based case–control studies, exposures in cases are compared with exposures in controls in the hospital, who have other diseases. Exposure odds ratios (and disease odds ratios) will be biased if the exposures under study are associated with the control diseases. Keywords: bias; case–control study; hospital-based
Internet y los sueños de una renovación democrática

Resumen es: A lo largo de la historia del desarrollo tecnologico en los Estados Unidos, se ha constatado la creencia persistente en que existe una relacion entre el ...
Measurement Error Obfuscates Scientific Knowledge: Path to Cumulative Knowledge Requires Corrections for Unreliability and Psychometric Meta‐Analyses

All measurements must contend with unreliability. No measure is free of measurement error. More attention must be paid to measurement error in all psychological research. The problem of reliability is more severe when rating scales are involved. Many of the constructs in industrial–organizational (I–O) psychology and organizational behavior/human resource management research are assessed using ratings. Most notably the organizationally central construct of job performance is often assessed using ratings (Austin & Villanova, 1992; Borman & Brush,
On the Stability of the Quenched State in Mean-Field Spin-Glass Models

While the Gibbs states of spin-glass models have been noted to have an erratic dependence on temperature, one may expect the mean over the disorder to produce a continuously varying “quenched state.” The assumption of such continuity in temperature implies that in the infinite-volume limit the state is stable under a class of deformations of the Gibbs measure. The condition is satisfied by the Parisi Ansatz, along with an even broader stationarity property. The stability conditions have equivalent expressions as marginal additivity of the quenched free energy. Implications of the continuity assumption include constraints on the overlap distribution, which are expressed as the vanishing of the expectation value for an infinite collection of multi- overlap polynomials. The polynomials can be computed with the aid of a real-replica calculation in which the number of replicas is taken to zero.
Exchange Rate Proclamations and Inflation-Fighting Credibility

If governments choose economic policies that often run counter to their public commitments, are those commitments meaningless? We argue that govern- ment proclamations can be critical in signaling economic policy intentions+ We focus on the realm of exchange rate policy, in which countries frequently implement an exchange rate regime that differs from the officially declared regime+ We argue that the official exchange rate regime is one of the most important signals of a government's economic policy preferences+ When a government makes a de jure public commit- ment to a fixed exchange rate, it sends a signal to domestic and international markets of its strict monetary-policy priorities+ In contrast, a government that proclaims a floating exchange rate signals a desire to retain discretion over monetary policy, even if it has implemented a de facto fixed rate+ We use data on 110 developed and devel- oping countries from 1974 to 2004 to test two hypotheses: first, that governments that adopt de facto fixed exchange rates will experience less inflation when they back up their actions with official declarations; and second, that governments that abide by their commitments—as demonstrated by a history of following through on their public declarations of a fixed exchange rate regime—will establish greater inflation- fighting credibility+ Within developing countries, democratic institutions enhance this credibility+ Results from fixed-effects econometric models provide strong support for our hypotheses+
Radio and Infrared Properties of Young Stars

The observations and the theory of the radio and infrared emission from pre-main-sequence stars are reviewed and discussed.
A Note on Ordinal DFAs

We prove the following theorem. Suppose that M is a trim DFA. Then \(\mathcal{L}(M)\) is well-ordered by the lexicographic order < l iff whenever the non sink states q, q.0 are in the same strong component, then q.1 is a sink. It is easy to see that this property is sufficient. In order to show the necessity, we analyze the behavior of a < l-descending sequence of words. This property is used to obtain a polynomial time algorithm to determine, given a DFA M, whether \(\mathcal{L}(M)\) is well-ordered by the lexicographic order. Last, we apply an argument in Bloom and Esik (Fundam Inform 99:383–407, 2010, Int J Found Comput Sci, 2011) to give a proof that the least nonregular ordinal is ωω.
DYNAMIC CRACK PROPAGATION OF CIRCUMFERENTIALLY NOTCHED BAR BASED ON VARIOUS GROWTH CRITERIA

ABSTRACT An iterative technique to simulate dynamic crack propagation based on a given growth criterion is introduced. This method is employed in the analysis of the dynamic crack propagation of a circumferentially notched round bar under stress wave loading. Various criteria are tested and the results are compared with the experiment measurements. This new computational technique may be applied to any crack geometries with different growth criteria to better understand the dynamic fracture behavior of elastic materials.
Halo formation in mismatched, space-charge-dominated beams

A semianalytic formalism was recently developed for investigating the transverse dynamics of a mismatched, space-charge-dominated beam propagating through a focusing channel. It uses the Fokker-Planck equation to account for the rapid evolution of the coarse-grained distribution function in the phase space of a single beam particle. A simple model of dynamical friction and diffusion represents the effects of turbulence resulting from charge redistribution. The initial application was to sheet beams, In this paper, the formalism is generalized to fully two-dimensional beams. >
Sparse multidimensional patient modeling using auxiliary confidence labels

In this work, we focus on the problem of learning a classification model that performs inference on patient Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Often, a large amount of costly expert supervision is required to learn such a model. To reduce this cost, we obtain auxiliary confidence labels that indicate how sure an expert is in the class labels she provides. If this additional confidence information can be incorporated into a classifier, than the number of labeled patient instances required to learn an accurate model may be reduced. To this end, we develop a novel metric learning method called Confidence bAsed MEtric Learning (CAMEL) that not only supports inclusion of confidence labels, but specifically emphasizes model interpretability in three ways. First, CAMEL produces metrics that use only the EHR features relevant to the task, omitting those that are not. Second, CAMEL naturally produces confidence scores that can be considered when making treatment decisions. Third, because it is a metric, CAMEL allows for insightful comparisons to be made, such as finding the past patients are most similar to a new patient. In our experimental evaluation, we show that CAMEL can use confidence labels to learn models as accurate as current classification methods while using only 10% of the training instances. Finally, we perform qualitative assessments on the metrics learned by CAMEL and show that they identify and clearly articulate important factors in how the model performs inference.
Identification of proteins specific for human herpesvirus 6-infected human T cells.

Proteins specific for human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-infected human T cells (HSB-2) were examined by using polyclonal rabbit antibodies and monoclonal antibodies against HHV-6-infected cells and human sera. More than 20 proteins and six glycoproteins specific for HHV-6-infected cells were identified from ({sup 35}S)methionine- and ({sup 3}H)glucosamine-labeled total-cell extracts. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies immunoprecipitated 33 ({sup 35}S)methionine-labeled HHV-6-specific polypeptides with approximate molecular weights ranging from 180,000 to 31,000. In immunoprecipitation and Western immunoblot reactions, a patient's serum also recognized more than 30 HHV-6-specific proteins and seven glycoproteins. In contrast, sera from individuals with high-titered antibodies against other human herpesviruses reacted with fewer HHV-6-infected cell proteins, and only a 135,000-M{sub r} polypeptide was prominent. Monoclonal antibodies to HHV-6-infected cells reacted with single and multiple polypeptides specific for virus-infected cells and immunoprecipitated three distinct sets of glycoproteins, which were designated gp105k and gp82k, gp116k, gp64k, and gp54k, and gp102k.
Performance Pay and Information: Reducing Child Malnutrition in Urban Slums

This paper provides evidence for the effectiveness of performance pay to government workers and how performance pay interacts with demand-side information. In an experiment covering 145 child day-care centres, I implement three separate treatments. First, I engineer an exogenous change in compensation for childcare workers from fixed wages to performance pay. Second, I only provide mothers with information without incentivizing the workers. Third, I combine the first two treatments. This helps us identify if performance pay and public information are complements or substitutes in reducing child malnutrition. I find that combining incentives to workers and information to mothers reduces weight-for-age malnutrition by 4.2% in 3 months, although individually the effects are negligible. This complementarity is shown to be driven by better mother-worker communication and the mother feeding more calorific food at home. There is also a sustained long-run positive impact of the combined treatment after the experiment concluded.
MICROSTRUCTURES OF SHOCKED QUARTZ

Shock recovery experiments show three phases in shocked single-crystal quartz: melt-glass in a thin network connecting quartz crystallites containing transformation lamellae of diaplectic glass. Both melting and solid-state amorphization occur, but in separate regions of the sample. These results are consistent with real-time measurements and suggest that the high-pressure phase of shocked quartz is six-coordinated glass. Stishovite probably is not synthesized in more than trace amounts along the Hugoniot.
Geometric characterizations of some classes of operators in C^*-algebras and von Neumann algebras

We present geometric characterizations of the partial isometries, unitaries, and invertible operators in C*-algebras and von Neumann algebras.
Palladium-Catalyzed Alkene Carboamination Reactions of Electron-Poor Nitrogen Nucleophiles

Modified reaction conditions that facilitate Pd-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions of electron-deficient nitrogen nucleophiles are reported. Pent-4-enylamine derivatives bearing N-tosyl or N-trifluoroacetyl groups are coupled with aryl triflates to afford substituted pyrrolidines in good yield. These reactions proceed via a mechanism involving anti-aminopalladation of the alkene, which differs from previously reported analogous reactions of N-aryl and N-boc pentenylamines. The application of these conditions to a formal synthesis of (±)-aphanorphine is also described.
GAMES WITH PERFECT INFORMATION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the games with perfect information (PI). The most seriously played PI-games are Chess and Go. But there are numerous other interesting PI-games: Checkers, Chinese Checkers, Halma, Nim, Hex, their misere variants, etc. Perfect information means that at each time only one of the players moves, that the game depends only on their choices, they remember the past, and in principle they know all possible futures of the game. For example War is not a PI-game since the generals move simultaneously, and Bridge and Backgammon are not PI-games because chance plays a role in them. However, some cases of Pursuit and Evasion can be studied by means of PI-games, in spite of the simultaneity and continuity of the movements of the players. The chapter focuses on infinite PI-games. The theory of infinite PI-games is motivated by its beauty and manifold connections with other parts of mathematics. They give also a natural mathematical theory for some garnes of pursuit and evasion. Finite and infinite PI-games are also used in model theory and in recursion theory.
Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder stratospheric water vapor measurements by the NOAA frost point hygrometer

Differences between stratospheric water vapor measurements by NOAA frost point hygrometers (FPHs) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are evaluated for the period August 2004 through December 2012 at Boulder, Colorado, Hilo, Hawaii, and Lauder, New Zealand. Two groups of MLS profiles coincident with the FPH soundings at each site are identified using unique sets of spatiotemporal criteria. Before evaluating the differences between coincident FPH and MLS profiles, each FPH profile is convolved with the MLS averaging kernels for eight pressure levels from 100 to 26 hPa (~16 to 25 km) to reduce its vertical resolution to that of the MLS water vapor retrievals. The mean FPH − MLS differences at every pressure level (100 to 26 hPa) are well within the combined measurement uncertainties of the two instruments. However, the mean differences at 100 and 83 hPa are statistically significant and negative, ranging from −0.46 ± 0.22 ppmv (−10.3 ± 4.8%) to −0.10 ± 0.05 ppmv (−2.2 ± 1.2%). Mean differences at the six pressure levels from 68 to 26 hPa are on average 0.8% (0.04 ppmv), and only a few are statistically significant. The FPH − MLS differences at each site are examined for temporal trends using weighted linear regression analyses. The vast majority of trends determined here are not statistically significant, and most are smaller than the minimum trends detectable in this analysis. Except at 100 and 83 hPa, the average agreement between MLS retrievals and FPH measurements of stratospheric water vapor is better than 1%.
Urbanization and (in)formalization

Inexorable urbanization and formalization have been the expectations in development discourse. Indeed, measures of urbanization and formalization have been provided and used as indicators of development. But while urbanization has proceeded apace in developing countries, formalization has slowed significantly over the past quarter century. These disconnect raises questions for development analysis and development policy. Why did one expect urbanization and formalization to go together in the first place? Is the link between urbanization and formalization more complex than what had once thought? What then explains the recent disconnect between urbanization and formalization? Is formalization a reasonable policy goal? May urbanization policies and formalization policies conflict? If so, what can be done to resolve the conflicts? These are the questions this paper addresses. The paper has three core sections. The first section asks what exactly is meant by formality and informality. The second section turns to urbanization processes and asks how they intersect with and interact with the incentives to formalize. The third section looks at policy. Each view of how urbanization feeds formalization has distinctive policy conclusions.
Gradient-Echo MR Imaging of the Cervical Spine: Evaluation of Extradural Disease

A prospective study was undertaken on 204 consecutive patients comparing low flip angle gradient-echo and T1-weighted spin-echo techniques in the MR evaluation of cervical extradural disease. Four patient groups were studied with varying gradient-echo TEs (6 or 13 msec) and flip angles (10° or 60°). Images were evaluated independently for contrast behavior and anatomy, then directly compared for conspicuity of lesions. The FLASH sequences (especially with a 10° flip angle) produced better conspicuity of disease in half the imaging time. T1-weighted spin-echo sequences were more sensitive to marrow changes and intradural disease. The short TE sequence (6 msec) did not produce any diagnostic advantage over the longer TE sequence (13 msec). A fast and sensitive MR examination for cervical extradural disease combines a sagittal T1-weighted spin-echo acquisition with sagittal and axial FLASH 10° sequences.