cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precipitous effect of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine on the reversible thermotropic phase separation of aqueous dimethylalkylphosphine oxide solutions

Abstract The addition of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) to aqueous dimethylalkylphosphine oxide solutions decreases the concentration of surfactant required to reach the temperature at which phase separation occurs (cloud point). The cloud point was shown to depend on the mole fraction of surfactant to phospholipid present. The solution below the cloud point contains mixed micelles which may increase in size as the temperature is raised faster than surfactant micelles without phospholipid. The stability of the cloud phase was found to depend upon the amount of phospholipid added. Solutions which were rich in phospholipid and held above the cloud point, produced multilamellar structures that eventually precipitated from a clear monomeric surfactant solution. The possible significance of an abrupt phase inversion from a multilamellar to mixed micellar state for biological membranes was discussed.
Use of tripelennamine and diphenhydramine as local anesthetics

In a double-blind, clinical study in 46 patients, two antihistamines were com­ pared with lidocaine for use as local anesthetics for tooth extraction. A 1 per cent solution of tripelennamine was more effective than a 1 per cent solution of diphenhydramine but less effective than a 2 per cent solution of lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000. Postoperative complications were minimal. Both anti­ histamines are satisfactory for anesthesia in patients allergic to other local anes­ thetics. The findings suggest that addition of a vasoconstrictor to tripelennamine and diphenhydramine might increase the depth and duration of anesthesia and aid hemostasis.
Angular distribution of gamma-rays and short-range alpha-particles from N15(p,αγ)C12

Measurements of the angular distributions of gamma-rays and alpha-particles from the reaction N15(p,αγ)C12 indicate that the 4.432-Mev excited state of C12 is 2+ or >4, that the 12.51-Mev level of O16 is 2- or >5, that the 12.95-Mev level is 2- or >5, and that the 13.24-Mev level is 4+ or >5.
Assembly of human hemoglobin. Studies with Escherichia coli-expressed α-globin

The α-globin of human hemoglobin was expressed in Escherichia coli and was refolded with heme in the presence and in the absence of native β-chains. The functional and structural properties of the expressed α-chains were assessed in the isolated state and after assembly into a functional hemoglobin tetramer. The recombinant and native hemoglobins were essentially identical on the basis of sensitivity to effectors (Cl− and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate), Bohr effect, CO binding kinetics, dimer-tetramer association constants, circular dichroism spectra of the heme region, and nuclear magnetic resonance of the residues in the α1β1 and α1β2 interfaces. However, the nuclear magnetic resonance revealed subtle differences in the heme region of the expressed α-chain, and the recombinant human normal adult hemoglobin (HbA) exhibited a slightly decreased cooperativity relative to native HbA. These results indicate that subtle conformational changes in the heme pocket can alter hemoglobin cooperativity in the absence of modifications of quaternary interface contacts or protein dynamics. In addition to incorporation into a HbA tetramer, the α-globin refolds and incorporates heme in the absence of the partner β-chain. Although the CO binding kinetics of recombinant α-chains were the same as that of native α-chains, the ellipticity of the Soret circular dichroism spectrum was decreased and CO binding kinetics revealed an additional faster component. These results show that recombinant α-chain assumes alternating conformations in the absence of β-chain and indicate that the isolated α-chain exhibits a higher degree of conformational flexibility than the α-chain incorporated into the hemoglobin tetramer. These findings demonstrate the utility of the expressed α-globin as a tool for elucidating the role of this chain in hemoglobin structure-function relationships.
HDAC3 at the fulcrum of an epithelial-mesenchymal balance.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Wu et al. (2011) reveal an essential role for a chromatin modifier, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), in hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); HIF-activated HDAC3 integrates with WDR5 to impose chromatin modifications that culminate in EMT.
Film Cooling From Spanwise-Oriented Holes in Two Staggered Rows

Adiabatic effectiveness and iso-energetic heat transfer coefficients are presented from measurements downstream of film-cooling holes inclined at 30 degrees with respect to the test surface in spanwise/normal planes. With this configuration, holes are spaced 3d apart in the spanwise direction and 4d in the streamwise direction in two staggered rows. Results are presented for an injectant to freestream density ratio near 1.0, and injection blowing ratios from 0.5 to 1.5. Spanwise-averaged adiabatic effectiveness values downstream of the spanwise/normal plane holes are significantly higher than values measured downstream of simple angle holes for x/d<25–70 (depending on blowing ratio) when compared for the same normalized streamwise location, blowing ratio, and spanwise and streamwise hole spacings. Differences are principally due to different coalescence of injectant accumulations from the two different rows of holes, as well as significantly different lift-off dependence on momentum flux ratio. Spanwise-averaged iso-energetic Stanton number ratios are somewhat higher than ones measured downstream of other simple and compound angle configurations studied. Values range between 1.0 and 1.41, increase with blowing ratio at each streamwise station, and show little variation with streamwise location for each value of blowing ratio tested.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
Nutrients are assimilated efficiently by Lymantria dispar caterpillars from the mature leaves of trees in the Salicaceae

The efficient aquisition of nutrients from leaves by insect herbivores increases their nutrient assimilation rates and overall fitness. Caterpillars of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) have high protein assimilation efficiencies (PAE) from the immature leaves of trees such as red oak (Quercus rubra) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) (71–81%) but significantly lower PAE from their mature leaves (45–52%). By contrast to this pattern, both PAE and carbohydrate assimilation efficiencies (CAE) remain high for L. dispar larvae on the mature leaves of poplar (Populus alba × Populus tremula) grown in greenhouse conditions. The present study tests two alternative hypotheses: (i) outdoor environmental stresses cause decreased nutrient assimilation efficiencies from mature poplar leaves and (ii) nutrients in the mature leaves of trees in the poplar family (Salicaceae) remain readily available for L. dispar larvae. When poplar trees are grown in ambient outdoor conditions, PAE and CAE remain high (approximately 75% and 78%, respectively) in L. dispar larvae, in contrast to the first hypothesis. When larvae feed on the mature leaves of species in the Salicaceae [aspen (Populus tremuloides), cottonwood (Populus deltoides), willow (Salix nigra) and poplar], PAE and CAE also remain high (68–76% and 72–92%, respectively), consistent with the second hypothesis. Larval growth rates are strongly associated with protein assimilation rates, and more strongly associated with protein assimilation rates than with carbohydrate assimilation rates. It is concluded that tree species in the Salicaceae are relatively high-quality host plants for L. dispar larvae, in part, because nutrients in their mature leaves remain readily available.
On the Asymptotic Analysis of Packet Aggregation Systems

In packet communication systems, a header is attached to the transmitted packet at each layer. The overhead due to the transmission of the individual header can have significant impact on the performance of the communication system especially when the system operates in the heavy load. In order to increase data throughput, a number of packets can be aggregated into a frame in a particular OSI layer. In this paper, we present a queuing model with batch service which describes a packet aggregation process for Poisson arrivals and Phase-type service time distributions of the transmitted packets. We focus on the asymptotic behavior of such systems providing a significant reduction in the numerical complexity of their solution and provide analysis of the end-to-end delay of a packet transmitted by the system. Simple expressions for bounds on the average total delay of a packet are obtained. Based on results of experiments with the analytical model, we provide the minimum header size for which packet aggregation improves the system performance. It is numerically shown that the impact of the variability of the packet service time is rather insignificant when the system load is moderate or low. We also examine numerically the accuracy of the bound on the average total packet delay.
Experimental observation of self-replicating spots in a reaction–diffusion system

IN his classic 1952 paper, Turing1 suggested a possible connection between patterns in biological systems and patterns that could form spontaneously in chemical reaction–diffusion systems. Turing's analysis stimulated considerable theoretical research on mathematical models of pattern formation, but Turing-type patterns were not observed in controlled laboratory experiments until 19902,3. Subsequently there has been a renewed interest in chemical pattern formation and in the relationship of chemical patterns to the remarkably similar patterns observed in diverse physical and biological systems4. Numerical simulations of a simple model chemical system have recently revealed spot patterns that undergo a continuous process of 'birth' through replication and 'death' through overcrowding5. Here we report the observation of a similar phenomenon in laboratory experiments on the ferrocyanide–iodate–sulphite reaction. Repeated growth and replication can be observed for a wide range of experimental parameters, and can be reproduced by a simple two-species model, suggesting that replicating spots may occur in many reaction–diffusion systems.
Selecting conflict resolution maneuvers based on minimum fuel burn

The effects of selecting conflict resolution maneuvers based on minimum delay are compared to resolution selection based on minimum fuel burn. The algorithm used in this study is designed to support an automated separation assurance capability for next generation air traffic management systems. The algorithm resolves detected conflicts that are projected to be between three and twenty minutes prior to loss of separation. A total of nine fast-time simulations were conducted, each representing thirty six hours of traffic on a "low weather," high volume day with mixed aircraft types, flight phases and conflict geometries. The test matrix varied airspace region and resolution selection criteria. System-wide effects such as the number of conflicts, fuel burn, delay, and maneuver type are analyzed and compared to the same metrics when maneuvers are selected based on delay. When selecting resolutions based on fuel burn, the cumulative fuel burn of the system decreases by 27% and the delay increases by 25% when compared to resolutions selected based on minimum delay. Results indicate that speed maneuvers are the most efficient when selecting resolutions based on minimum fuel burn. Horizontal and vertical maneuvers were executed with similar frequency when comparing delay and fuel burn.
Alamethicin: A Peptide Model for Voltage Gating and Protein-Membrane Interactions

CONTENTS PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVIEW 1 41 ENERGETIC REQUIREMENTS FOR ION TRANSPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 43 GENERAL FEATURES AND SEQUENCE OF ALAMETHICIN . ... .... ... 1 45 CHANNEL ACTIVITY OF ALAMETHlCIN ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 46 Macroscopic Conductances in Planar Bilayers ........ 1 46 Single Channel Conductance Measurements ... ...... . .... ....... . ..... . 1 47 Conductance Measurements in Vesicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 The Activity of Alamethicin Analogues ....... 1 49 STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF ALAMETHICIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Crystal Structure ... ....... ... 150 Structure Derived from Spectroscopic Studies 1 52 Membrane Binding and Aggregation of Alamethicin . .. . .. . .. ....... . .. .. 154 MODELS FOR THE ALAMETHICIN CHANNEL .. 156 Structure of the Ion Channel . . . 156 Models for Voltage-Dependent Gating .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 57 Additional Mechanisms and Structural Considerations .. . . .. . . 1 60 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 161
Enhanced transport in the polar mesosphere of Jupiter: Evidence from Cassini UVIS helium 584 Å airglow

[1] The eddy diffusion profile (K) in the auroral regions of Jupiter is not well determined. However, because of the intense auroral energy input, eddy mixing is expected to be much more effective and may be responsible for the enhancement of heavy hydrocarbon production in the polar region. In this paper, we estimate the increased eddy mixing in the Jovian auroral regions by comparing the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) observations during the 2000 Jupiter flyby with radiative transfer calculations
Examining the utility of alternative video monitoring metrics for indexing reef fish abundance

Underwater video has become an important tool for monitoring reef fish populations worldwide because it is nonextractive and not strongly selective. A variety of approaches have been developed to e...
Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults

Guidelines for clinical practice are intended to suggest preferable approaches to particular medical problems as established by interpretation and collation of scientifically valid research, derived from extensive review of published literature. When data are not available that will withstand objective scrutiny, a recommendation may be made based on a consensus of experts. Guidelines are intended to apply to the clinical situation for all physicians without regard to specialty. Guidelines are intended to be flexible, not necessarily indicating the only acceptable approach, and should be distinguished from standards of care that are inflexible and rarely violated. Given the wide range of choices in any health care problem, the physician should select the course best suited to the individual patient and the clinical situation presented. These guidelines are developed under the auspices of the American College of Gastroenterology and its Practice Parameters Committee. Expert opinion is solicited from the outset for the document. Guidelines are reviewed in depth by the Committee, with participation from experienced clinicians and others in related fields. The final recommendations are based on the data available at the time of the production of the document and may be updated with pertinent scientific developments at a later time.
Controlling for the severity of injuries in emergency medicine research.

Abstract The injury severity score (ISS) and age have been used retrospectively to control for trauma severity. Other control variables such as the revised trauma score (RTS) and the TRISS method (which estimales the probability of survival for each patient) additionally require that values of blood pressure, Glasgow coma scale, and respiratory rale, be recorded in the emergency department. The authors question when the RTS, ISS, the ISS and age, or the probability of survival calculated using the TRISS method should be used to control for severity of injuries in trauma research. Relations between predictor variables and (1) survival to hospital discharge, (2) hospital length of stay for survivors, and (3) length of ICU stay were compared by cause of injury: penetrating, motor vehicle accident, low fall, or other blunt. Data were collected over 12 months for 2,914 consecutive adult patients who died or stayed in five nontrauma and three trauma centers for 48 hours or more. For survival, the false-negative rates of probability of survival calculated using the TRISS method were approximately half that of the ISS and age; no variable adequately explained survival among those with low falls. Combinations of ISS, RTS, and age explained the most variation in lengths of hospital stay among survivors, while ISS explained the most variation in lengths of intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Researchers should consider the ISS with RTS and age to control for severity when lengths of hospital or ICU stay are studied. The TRISS method should be used in studies of survival. In both cases, the RTS which requires data collection in the emergency department must be calculated.
The integration of locomotion and prey capture in vertebrates: Morphology, behavior, and performance

For most vertebrates, locomotion is a fundamental component of prey capture. Despite this ubiquitous link, few studies have quantified the integration of these complex systems. Several variables related to locomotor performance, including maximum speed, acceleration, deceleration, maneuverability, accuracy, and approach stability, likely influence feeding performance in vertebrates. The relative importance of these measures of performance, however, depends on the ecology of the predator. While factors such as morphology and physiology likely define the limits of these variables, other factors such as motivation of the predator, prey type, and habitat structure can also influence performance. Understanding how these variables relate to feeding under a given suite of ecological conditions is central to understanding predator-prey interactions, and ultimately how locomotion and feeding have co-evolved. The goals of this article are to discuss several variables of locomotor performance related to prey capture, present new data on the relationship between locomotor and feeding morphology in fishes, discuss the evolution of prey capture in cichlid fishes, and outline some future directions for research. While suction feeding is a primary mechanism of prey capture in fishes, swimming is vital for accurately positioning the mouth relative to the prey item. Many fishes decelerate during prey capture using their body and fins, but the pectoral fins have a dominant role in maintaining approach stability. This suggests that fishes employing high-performance suction feeding (relatively small mouth) will have larger pectoral fins to facilitate accurate and stable feeding. I provide new data on the relationship between pectoral fin morphology and maximum gape in centrarchid fishes. For seven species, pectoral fin area was significantly, and negatively, correlated with maximum gape. This example illustrates that the demands from one complex system (feeding) can influence another complex system (locomotion). Future studies that examine the morphological, physiological, and functional evolution of locomotion involved in prey capture by aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates will provide insight into the origin and consequences of diversity.
Deep plays: A comparative ethnography of gambling contests in two post-colonies

Clifford Geertz famously argued that careful ethnographic study of a society's games of chance can generate insight into that society's history, structure and culture. Adopting and extending the te...
Required Volunteers: Community Volunteerism among Students in College Classes

Volunteering implies free choice, but people in some situations can feel compelled to volunteer. Hypotheses about students’ volunteer work focused on self-determination and sufficiency of justification for their behavior. We examined required versus nonrequired volunteerism, internal and external motivation for volunteering, and attitudes of student volunteers toward their university. The sample was 273 college student nonvolunteers, required volunteers, and nonrequired volunteers. Nonrequired volunteers reported stronger commitment to and satisfaction with their university as well as stronger internal and weaker external motivation to volunteer than did required volunteers. Nonrequired volunteers experienced greater time demands than nonvolunteers did. It might be important to manage service learning programs to enhance students’ experience of freedom in their choice to volunteer.
The Sampling and Analysis of Human Livers.

A comprehensive approach to the analysis of human livers has been developed in a pilot program for a National Environmental Specimen Bank (NESB). Since 1980, the pilot NESB program has examined the collection, processing, storage and analysis of human livers. Sampling protocols, handling procedures and analytical methods have been developed and implemented considering the requirements for valid analytical results. Sampling and handling included the use of clean room technology, specific clean implements and packing materials made from titanium and Teflon and flash-freezing and preservation at liquid nitrogen temperature. Neutron activation analysis played a major role in the implemented analytical scheme. The scheme combined up to four analytical techniques to determine the distribution of 29 trace elements in 66 human livers.
Power control algorithms for MMSE receivers in CDMA systems

In this paper, we introduce an adaptive and distributed power control algorithm (PCA) for the MMSE receiver. This PCA utilizes the mean squared error (MSE) to adjust the transmission power of a user. We also combine the proposed PCA with an existing PCA that employs signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) in order to achieve the desired performance of suitable convergence rate and stability. The proposed algorithms and the existing PCA based on SIR are compared. We show that all these algorithms are derived from standard interference functions and so they converge to the same minimum power solution. Convergence rates and stability of these adaptive PCA are also compared by computer simulations.
Architectural framework for standardizing multimedia services on fiber-coax

The paper proposes a framework for standardizing the delivery of multimedia services on fiber-coax cable. The framework described enables plug and play consumer appliances to be freely attached to the network. The standardization of digital services on HFC (hybrid fiber-coax) to the home will take place over the next two to four years (1994-98). Contributions to the standards will come from a wide variety of sources including; academia, technology trials, industry deployments, and the formal standards setting process. The framework proposed encompasses most of the complexity of the problem. >
Authentication in 802.11 LANs Using a Covert Side Channel

We present a covert side channel technique that uses the 802.11 MAC rate switching protocol as cover for covert authentication messages. Covert authentication prevents an attacker from knowing when a user is authenticating and protects user credentials from malicious software attacks. Similar to port knocking, a remote client sends authentication messages to an access point in order to access a protected service. The technique uses a one-time password algorithm to protect against replay attacks. We investigate how the covert side channel affects node throughput in mobile and non-mobile scenarios. We also investigate the covertness of the covert side channel using standardized entropy. The results show that the performance impact is minimal and increases slightly as the authentication frequency increases. We further show that we can authenticate with 100% accuracy with minimal impact on rate switching entropy.
PLANT RESPONSES TO EXPERIMENTAL WARMING IN A MONTANE MEADOW

We studied the effects of a seven-year warming experiment on 11 forb species in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado in 1996 and 1997. Previous work on this experiment focused on ecosystem and community responses to warming. Our purpose here is to report on species responses. We found significant positive responses to warming for two species and negative responses for four species in terms of abundance, size, flowering, or frost damage. Because previous results from the warming experiment showed that artificial warming decreases soil moisture and increases nitrogen mineralization, we used nitrogen and water addition experiments on the two dominant forbs to determine whether species responses in the warming experiment could be due to shifts in resource availability. We found that Erigeron speciosus was limited more clearly by water than by nitrogen and Helianthella quinquenervis was limited by both nitrogen and water. These responses are consistent with the hypothesis that a primary effect of warming on plants occurs via changes in soil resource availability, but more complicated factors including competition are likely to be important to warming effects as well. Because previous work on this experiment indicated that annual forb detrital production is a key component of the carbon cycle of this system, we also asked which species responded to warming with changes in aboveground biomass. Over 1996 and 1997, four of nine perennial species had significantly lower biomass in the warmed plots, and in 1997 one species had significantly higher biomass. The biomass differences of Erigeron and Helianthella were almost equal and opposite, but while the decline in Erigeron was statistically significant the increase in Helianthella was smaller and not significant. In one year, a major effect of warming was to protect Helianthella from frost damage, which illustrates the importance of extreme weather events. Our study points to the potential importance of understanding ecosystem responses to climate change in terms of species responses.
Con: venovenous bypass should not be used in orthotopic liver transplantation.

p p v m a a c o t HAW AND COLLEAGUES from the University of Pittsburgh introduced venovenous bypass (VVB) to the field of rthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) during the mid-1980s.1 It as believed that the use of VVB improved hemodynamic tability, reduced blood loss, reduced the incidence of postoprative acute renal failure (ARF), and allowed more time and etter surgical exposure during OLT. Therefore, the use of VB quickly became routine. VVB involves the extracorporeal circulation of blood withrawn from the portal and femoral or saphenous veins, which s then returned to the central circulation (via the axillary or nternal jugular vein) by a centrifugal bypass pump. The initial idespread use of VVB allowed the surgeon to remove the ative liver in a more controlled manner. Hepatectomy inluded resection of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) long with cross-clamping of the portal vein and the supraheatic and infrahepatic vena cava. Use of this classic approach or hepatectomy was no longer necessary (except in pediatric LT) when the piggyback (PGB) technique with preservation f the IVC was developed.2 The PGB technique was further odified by the addition of temporary portocaval shunting PSS) to preserve portal flow3 and maintain splenchnic venous rainage. The issues that are addressed in this review are as follows: (1) s it necessary to use VVB with the PGB technique? (2) What re the disadvantages of using VVB in OLT? and (3) Is there a ubgroup of patients within whom VVB is still justifiable? To ddress these issues, the authors list the presumed advantages f using VVB in OLT and then argue why use of this technique s no longer required to achieve these advantages.
Focused local learning with wavelet neural networks

A novel objective function is presented that incorporates both local and global errors as well as model parsimony in the construction of wavelet neural networks. Two methods are presented to assist in the minimization of this objective function, especially the local error term. First, during network initialization, a locally adaptive grid is utilized to include candidate wavelet basis functions whose local support addresses the local error of the local feature set. This set can be either user-defined or determined using information derived from the wavelet transform modulus maxima representation. Next, during the network construction, a new selection procedure based on a subspace projection operator is presented to help focus the selection of wavelet basis functions to reduce the local error. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of these methodologies in minimizing local and global error while maintaining model parsimony and incurring a minimal increase on computational complexity.
A magnetocaloric pump for microfluidic applications

A magnetocaloric pump provides a simple means of pumping fluid using only external thermal and magnetic fields. The principle, which can be traced back to the early work of Rosensweig, is straightforward. Magnetic materials tend to lose their magnetization as the temperature approaches the material's Curie point. Exposing a column of magnetic fluid to a uniform magnetic field coincident with a temperature gradient produces a pressure gradient in the magnetic fluid. As the fluid heats up, it loses its attraction to the magnetic field and is displaced by cooler fluid. The impact of such a phenomenon is obvious: fluid propulsion with no moving mechanical parts. Until recently, limitations in the magnetic and thermal properties of conventional materials severely limited practical operating pressure gradients. However, recent advancements in the design of metal substituted magnetite enable fine control over both the magnetic and thermal properties of magnetic nanoparticles, a key element in colloidal-based magnetic fluids (ferrofluids). This paper begins with a basic description of the process and previous limitations due to material properties. This is followed by a review of existing methods of synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles as well as an introduction to a new approach based on thermophilic metal-reducing bacteria. We compare two compounds and show, experimentally, significant variation in specific magnetic and thermal properties. We develop the constitutive thermal, magnetic, and fluid dynamic equations associated with a magnetocaloric pump and validate our finite-element model with a series of experiments. Preliminary results show a good match between the model and experiment as well as approximately an order of magnitude increase in the fluid flow rate over conventional magnetite-based ferrofluids operating below 80/spl deg/C. Finally, as a practical demonstration, we describe a novel application of this technology: pumping fluids at the "lab-on-a-chip" microfluidic scale.
Expression of CD74 is increased in neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by progressive memory loss. Pathological markers of AD include neurofibrillary tangles, accumulation of amyloid-β plaques, neuronal loss, and inflammation. The exact events that lead to the neuronal dysfunction and loss are not completely understood. However, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α, are increased in AD, along with gene expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MHC class II molecules are found in microglia of the brain, while MIF is found in both microglia and neurons of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex. MIF is not only a lymphocyte mediator but also a pituitary factor with endocrine properties and can mediate phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 MAP kinases pathway. In this study, we looked at CD74, an integral membrane protein that acts as both a chaperone for MHC class II molecules as well as a receptor binding site for MIF. CD74 was recently found to be increased in microglia in AD cases compared to age-matched controls, but has not been reported in neurons. In our analysis, immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase in CD74 primarily in neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid-β plaques, and microglia. This is the first finding to our knowledge that CD74 is increased in neurons of AD cases compared to age-matched control cases.
On Designing an Undergraduate Russian Program

guage study and the study of literature in their degree programs for the doctoral degree, this is apparently not widely known among those institutions offering only an undergraduate program in Russian. The recent conference report prepared and edited by A. T. MacAllister on the preparation of college teachers of modern foreign languages is a significant attempt to assess and evaluate the status of curricula and
Comparison of Larval Foraging Behavior of Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) invaded the United States in 1985 and spread rapidly across eastern North America, whereas Aedes japonicus (Theobald) invaded and became established in the United States more recently (1998). The two species may co-occur in container habitats, and they are of potential public health concern as arbovirus vectors. To evaluate ecological differences between Ae. albopictus and Ae.japonicus, we compared larval foraging behavior of these two species. Based on results from a previous competition experiment, we predicted that Ae. albopictus would be a more active forager than Ae. japonicus. However, Ae. japonicus exhibited greater foraging activity than Ae. albopictus in four of six food environments, including a "no food" control treatment. Our results, therefore, suggest that more active foraging does not connote superior competitive ability, and competitive interactions between these species may be mediated by factors other than feeding behavior.
Evaluating Perceptions of Culminating Clinical Education Experiences of Senior Athletic Training Students

Context: The perceptions of athletic training students (ATSs) regarding their clinical education experiences are not fully understood. It is important to investigate ATS perceptions of clinical edu...
SEED-PA. A practical instrument for assessing individual ethics initiatives

This Work In Progress describes a NSF funded project to revise/simplify our research instruments used to measure ethical development of engineering undergraduates and make them useful for practical applications. Results of this project will provide a way for institutions, programs, and faculty to assess the impact of ethics initiatives at the, course, co-curricular, or single intervention level. As such, it has the potential to transform the way in which undergraduate engineering education is delivered by allowing individual institutions, programs, and faculty to assess and improve on their own ethics initiatives. In this paper we describe the method for reducing the full instrument to a more practical tool and initial steps at pilot testing.
LESS and NOTES: rationale and terminology.

La cirugia laparoendoscopica por puerto unico (LESS- Laparoendoscopic single site surgery) y la cirugia endoscopica transluminal por orificios naturales (NOTES- Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery) son plataformas emergentes para reducir mas el perfil invasivo de la cirugia. Mientras se demuestra la viabilidad de ambas plataformas en una coleccion creciente de procedimientos, sin que haya resultados comparables con la laparoscopia multipuerto, ha habido una proliferacion paralela de conceptos, terminologia y tecnologia. En este articulo describimos la justificacion que hay detras del cambio de paradigma en evolucion hacia la cirugia sin cicatriz real y tratamos la terminologia asociada con estos abordajes quirurgicos.
Hobbes and the Foundations of Modern International Thought

Profecto utrumque vere dictum est, Homo homini Deus, & Homo homini Lupus . Illud si concives inter se; Hoc, si civitates comparemus. (Hobbes, De Cive ) For most political theorists and historians of political thought, Thomas Hobbes was the ‘first . . . modern theorist of the sovereign state’. This was the state as sovereign over its subjects rather than as a sovereign among sovereigns. The balance of Hobbes’s own writings justified this focus on the internal dimension of the state. Hobbes had much less to say about the relations between states than many scholars – particularly theorists of international relations – would like him to have said. In comparison with his treatment of the domestic powers and rights of the sovereign, his reflections on the law of nations, on the rights of states as international actors and on the behaviour of states in relation to one another were scattered and terse. For this reason, students of Hobbes’s political theory have generally seen his international theory as marginal to the central concerns of his civil science: ‘The external relations of Leviathan are for them on the fringe of Hobbes’ theory.’ The relative silence of Hobbes and of his philosophical commentators on this matter contrasts starkly with his canonical position among the founding fathers of international thought: ‘No student of international relations theory, it seems, can afford to disregard Hobbes’s contribution to that field.’ Within the conventional typologies of international relations theory, Hobbes stands between Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant as the presiding genius of one of three major theoretical traditions: the Hobbesian ‘Realist’ theory of international anarchy, the Grotian ‘Rationalist’ theory of international solidarity and the Kantian ‘Revolutionist’ theory of international society. There is clearly a problem here for historians, political theorists and international relations theorists alike. If Hobbes’s contribution to international thought was so fundamental, how could it have been overlooked for so long? And how did he come to be accepted as a foundational figure in the history of international thought if his reflections on the subject were so meagre?
Recent Guidance Bolsters Legality of Appropriately Crafted Gainsharing Arrangements

Max Reynolds, McDermott, Will & Emery, Washington, examines the ability of hospitals and physicians to enter into gainsharing arrangements in accordance with the guidance issued by the Internal Revenue Service, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHS) , the Office of Inspector General, and the DHS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. In particular, Reynolds analyzes IRS Information Letter 2002-0021 in which the Service outlined the factors it will consider in reviewing gainsharing arrangements by tax-exempt hospitals.
Reflective Fourier ptychography

The Fourier ptychography technique in reflection mode has great potential applications in tissue imaging and optical inspection, but the current configuration either has a limitation on cut-off frequency or is not practical. By placing the imaging aperture stop outside the illumination path, the illumination numerical aperture (NA) can be greater than the imaging NA of the objective lens. Thus, the cut-off frequency achieved in the proposed optical system is greater than twice the objective's NA divided by the wavelength (2NAobj/λ ), which is the diffraction limit for the cut-off frequency in an incoherent epi-illumination configuration. We experimentally demonstrated that the synthesized NA is increased by a factor of 4.5 using the proposed optical concept. The key advantage of the proposed system is that it can achieve high-resolution imaging over a large field of view with a simple objective. It will have a great potential for applications in endoscopy, biomedical imaging, surface metrology, and industrial inspection.
Deuteranope spectral sensitivity measured with ERG flicker photometry

Flicker photometric electroretinography was used to measure the spectral sensitivity of eleven deuteranopes under test conditions that isolate the activity of middle to long wavelength cones. The spectra obtained from these measurements were closely fit by photopigment nomograms and the average λmax value, 562 nm, is close to other estimates for the peak of the longest cone found in normal trichromats. The interobserver variation in the shapes of the spectra was small.
On the existence and stability of minimizers in ferromagnetic nanowires

Abstract We study static 180 degree domain walls in infinite magnetic wires with bounded, C 1 and rotationally symmetric cross sections. We prove an existence of global minimizers for the energy of micromagnetics for any bounded C 1 cross sections. Under some asymmetry of cross sections we prove a stability result for the minimizers, namely, we show that vectors of micromagnetics having an energy close to the minimal one, must be H 1 close to the actual minimizer, which is itself close to the minimizer of the limit energy up to a rotation and a translation.
Macroeconomic effects of cost equivalent business fiscal incentives

We investigate the macroeconomic impacts of three fiscal policy instruments that provide temporary business tax incentives: investment tax credit (ITC), wage subsidy, and capital income tax cuts. Using a DGSE model, we set all three policies such that their lifetime tax expenditure costs are identical. We then compare their returns in terms of boost to the economy, revenue recovered, and welfare gains. The ITC policy has the highest lifetime returns in terms of output and investment while the wage subsidy policy generates the highest lifetime returns in consumption and employment. We also find that the wage subsidy policy yield faster results but the ITC policy produces longer-lasting effects. Our dynamic scoring exercise shows that the ITC and wage subsidy policies recover close to 85% of the revenue loss. The capital income tax cut is the least performing policy. Overall, our results suggest that, when their dynamic impacts on the macroeconomy are accounted for, business fiscal incentives are welfare enhancing and partially self-financing.
Fabrication of deterministic nanostructure assemblies with sub-nanometer spacing using a nanoimprinting transfer technique.

Deterministic patterning or assembly of nanoparticles often requires complex processes that are not easily incorporated into system architectures of arbitrary design. We have developed a technique to fabricate deterministic nanoparticle assemblies using simple and inexpensive nanoimprinting equipment and procedures. First, a metal film is evaporated onto flexible polymer pillars made by nanoimprinting. The resulting metal caps on top of the pillars can be pulled into assemblies of arbitrary design by collapsing the pillars in a well-controlled manner. The nanoparticle assemblies are then transferred from the pillars onto a new substrate via nanoimprinting with the aid of either cold welding or chemical bonding. Using this technique, a variety of patterned nanoparticle assemblies of Au and Ag with a critical dimension less than 2 nm were fabricated and transferred to silicon-, glass-, and metal-coated substrates. Separating the nanostructure assembly from the final architecture removes significant design c...
Pressure Vessel Management: A Plant Perspective

This paper addresses a methodology to maintain pressure vessels per ASME Section VIII, Division 1 Code and jurisdictional requirements, for new and existing pressure vessels. The pressure vessels discussed are drums, towers, shell & tube heat exchangers, and air-cooled exchangers, all designed and built per ASME Section VIII, Division 1. The methodology applies to vessels in refineries, gas plants, oilfield facilities, and chemical plants. Vessel adequacy is maintained via Codes, non-destructive testing, materials, inspection, company standards, welding procedures, inspection/maintenance standards, and jurisdictional requirements. Unique maintenance software, “PVCalc”, can aid in vessel calculations, to calculate the pressure rating, and remaining life, per the original edition of the Code under which the vessel was built. New vessel designs should be thoroughly reviewed, as the author’s experience over the last eight years is that approximately 65 to 80 percent of all vessel designs contain design errors (mostly minor) per ASME Code.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Studies on the noradrenaline alpha-receptor. II. Analysis of the "spare-receptor" hypothesis and estimation of the concentration of alpha-receptors in rabbit aorta.

The rates of recovery of response of rabbit aortic strips, blocked with N,N -dimethyl-2-bromo-2-phenylethylamine, to noradrenaline, adrenaline, N -ethyl- and N -isopropyl-noradrenaline have been determined. The close similarities of these recovery rates suggests that "spare" receptors are of little significance in this system. The use of 3H-labeled N,N -dimethyl-2-bromo-2-phenylethylamine enabled an estimate of the concentration of α-receptors, 1.15 x 1012 receptors per milligram of tissue dry weight, to be made and also provided good evidence for the view that tissue response is proportional to the concentration of agonist-receptor complex. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Miss Marlene Calderone. This investigation was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Health, U. S. Public Health Service (GM 11603).
Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera)

Fossil phorid flies display various levels of morphological change that are correlated with myrmecophily (association with ants) and termitophily (association with termites) in the modern fauna. Three discrete episodes in the evolution of limuloidy, a defensive body form, are documented from Eocene Baltic amber. Extinct fossil stem-group taxa of the modern myrmecophilous genus Aenigmatias Meinert are described, with three new species – A. longicornis sp. nov., A. primitivus sp. nov. and A. nigeroticus sp. nov. – recognized and illustrated. Protoplatyphora Brues is synonymized with Aenigmatias, with its single previously described species, A. tertiarius (Brues), considered a new combination. Chaetopleurophora bisetosa Brown, 2007 is transferred to Aenigmatias as A. bisetosus (comb. nov.). An unrelated Aenigmatias-like fossil is described as Pseudaenigmatias ctenitibia gen. et sp. nov., and belongs to a modern termitophilous clade. Limulomyia tyche Brown, 1999 is interpreted as a separate, already highly li...
Breeding and application of the first class quality hybrid rice variety Baiyou 838

[Objective] Development of a new rice variety in order to meet the demand of rice consumption and to get the fine quality hybrid Simiao rice type for the rice region of South China. [Method] The new rice combination was developed by crossing sterile line Bai A with the restorer line Fuhui 838, and was tested in the regional trials, field tests and multipoint trial planting. The agronomic traits and quality characteristics have been investigated. The article also described breeding progress, characteristics, cultivation and seed production techniques of Baiyou 838, the differences between Bai A and Fuhui 838 and its possible cause were also be described. [Result] The new weak photosensitive hybrid rice variety was named as Baiyou 838 and registered. The newly developed dwarf variety showed strong tillering, lodging resistance, bigger panicle size with more number of grains, good grain quality and color at maturity, etc. The main indices of rice quality characteristics, such as brown rice rate, head rice rate and chalky rice rate were recorded as 81.78, 68.5 and 6.0%, respectively. Besides these characteristics, it showed 0.6% chalkiness degree, grade 1 transparency, 5.7 alkali spreading value, 80 mm of gel consistency and 17.6% amylose content. And Baiyou 838 attained the first class level of the national rice quality standard.