cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Theory and Practice of Active Aging

“Active aging” connotes a radically nontraditional paradigm of aging which posits possible improvement in health despite increasing longevity. The new paradigm is based upon postponing functional declines more than mortality declines and compressing morbidity into a shorter period later in life. This paradigm (Compression of Morbidity) contrasts with the old, where increasing longevity inevitably leads to increasing morbidity. We have focused our research on controlled longitudinal studies of aging. The Runners and Community Controls study began at age 58 in 1984 and the Health Risk Cohorts study at age 70 in 1986. We noted that disability was postponed by 14 to 16 years in vigorous exercisers compared with controls and postponed by 10 years in low-risk cohorts compared with higher risk. Mortality was also postponed, but too few persons had died for valid comparison of mortality and morbidity. With the new data presented here, age at death at 30% mortality is postponed by 7 years in Runners and age at death at 50% (median) mortality by 3.3 years compared to controls. Postponement of disability is more than double that of mortality in both studies. These differences increase over time, occur in all subgroups, and persist after statistical adjustment.
Lidocaine-Induced ASC Apoptosis (Tumescent vs. Local Anesthesia)

The purpose for the present study was to determine which anesthetic method, local anesthesia versus tumescent, is superior for liposuction in terms of adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) survival in lipoaspirate; which component, lidocaine versus lidocaine with epinephrine, in anesthetic solutions could affect ASC survival; and which mechanism, necrosis versus apoptosis, is involved in lidocaine-induced ASC death. Human lipoaspirates were harvested using standard liposuction technique. Individuals scheduled for liposuction on bilateral body areas gave consent and were included in the study. On one area, liposuction was conducted under local anesthesia with lidocaine/epinephrine. On the contralateral area, liposuction was accomplished with tumescent wetting solution containing lidocaine/epinephrine. Lipoaspirates were processed for the isolation of stromal vascular fraction (SVF). ASC survival was determined by the number of adherent ASCs after 24 h of SVF culture. Lidocaine dose–response (with or without epinephrine) on cultured ASCs was examined. Lidocaine-induced ASC apoptosis and necrosis was determined by Annexin V-FITC/Propidium Iodide (PI) assay and analyzed by flow cytometry. All of the participants were female adults. The average age was 45 ± 4.0 years (±SEM) and the average BMI was 28 ± 1.0 (±SEM). Lipoaspirate samples (n = 14) treated by local anesthesia (n = 7/group) or tumescent anesthesia (n = 7/group) were investigated. Liposuction sites were located in the hip or thigh. The average number of adherent ASCs was 1,057 ± 146 k in the local anesthesia group, which was significantly lower than the 1,571 ± 111 k found in the tumescent group (P = 0.01). ASC survival was significantly lower in the lidocaine group and in a dose-dependent manner as compared to the correspondent PBS controls (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). ASC survival was significantly lower in both the lidocaine and lidocaine with epinephrine groups when compared to PBS controls. Annexin/PI assay showed that ASC apoptosis (but not necrosis) in the lidocaine group was significantly higher than that in the corresponding PBS control (P = 0.026). Tumescent anesthesia is the superior method for liposuction with respect to ASC preservation compared to local anesthesia. Lidocaine could cause significant ASC apoptosis. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
A flexible coincidence system

Abstract A flexible system is described which will provide coincidence resolving times from 5 nsec to milliseconds. The instrument is contained in a double width NIM module. There are four input channels and two coincidence circuits which can be connected for many coincidence configurations. Several applications are discussed including a method for measuring true and accidental coincidences simultaneously.
Ragweed pollen forecasting

Abstract Rationale Pollen from Ambrosia species are the most important pollen allergens in North America, and the ability to accurately predict day to day pollen levels could provide important benefit to sensitive individuals. Methods Daily ragweed pollen concentrations from 1987 to 2001 collected with a Burkard spore trap were analyzed to determine pollen season characteristics. Daily concentrations were also compared with data from the National Weather Service to determine the effects of meteorological conditions on airborne pollen levels and to develop an empirical forecasting model. The model was used to predict daily pollen levels during the 2002 ragweed season. Results Pollen data from 1987 to 2001 showed that the mean start date (5% of season total) was 27 Aug; the mean date of the season peak was 10 Sep; and the mean ending date (95% of season total) was 11 Oct. Meteorological parameters used in model development include temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and rainfall. Forecasts were generated each morning from 1 Sep to 31 Oct and published on the internet at http://pollen.utulsa.edu. Pollen levels were predicted as Low, Moderate, High, and Very High as defined by the National Allergy Bureau. In addition, intermediate levels were also used. Following the ragweed season, forecasts were compared with the daily pollen concentration. Analysis showed that the model successfully predicted pollen severity on 84% of the days during the 2002 ragweed season. Conclusions Pollen forecasting can provide predictions of daily pollen levels and enable sensitive individuals to avoid exposure to high pollen levels or take prophylactic medication.
Detection of an enzyme activity which cleaves m7 Guanine from m7 GMP in an extract of embryonic chick lens cells

m7 Guanine was cleaved from m7 GMP by cytoplasmic enzyme activity in an extract prepared from embryonic chick lens cells. The appearance of m7-Guanine was proportional tot he time and concentration of extract. m7-Guanine inhibited the reaction but neither guanine nor ribose 5-phosphate did. m7 Guanine may be derived from m7 GpppG mRNA cap by two enzymatic reactions with m7 GMP as a product-substrate intermediate.
Sonneborn and the cytoplasm.

IN the late 1930s when Tracy Sonneborn was in graduate school and just starting his work on the genetics of protozoa, classical studies on genetics were almost finished. The second edition of Principles of Genetics by E. W. Sinnott and L. C. Dunn (1932) that appeared in that period was quite sophisticated, containing a good account of chromosome theory, segregation ratios produced by complex gene interactions, chromosome and genetic maps, polyploidy, aneuploidy, multiple factor inheritance, sex determination, and evolution. The authors argued strongly that virtually all inheritance was ascribable to nuclear genes. Only Correns's work on plastid inheritance was cited as an example of cytoplasmic inheritance, and it was pointed out that this should be considered only a minor exception to the general rule that chromosomal genes determine the hereditary characters of the organism. Other biologists, particularly cell physiologists such as L. V. Heilbrunn at the University of Pennsylvania, were not so sure. They thought that classical genetics dealt only with superficial characters and that the fundamental characters of organisms such as membrane permeability, metabolism, etc., were controlled by the cytoplasm. It is not clear what Sonneborn thought of this controversy, but from what I know about Sonneborn, he must, at least, have had an open mind about the matter. All classical genetics was based on multicellular organisms, in which characters were seen after a complex developmental process. Once Sonneborn had discovered mating types in the protozoa it became possible to carry out classical genetic studies with the protozoa and study their inheritance without an intervening period of somatic development. Perhaps the genetics of single-cell organisms, the protozoa, would prove to be a bit different from the classical picture.
Hydrogeologic and water quality issues along the El Paso/Juarez Corridor; an international case study

The twin cities of El Paso, Texas, and Juarez, in Chihuahua, Mexico, depend heavily upon well water from the Hueco Bolson aquifer for municipal and industrial water needs. Over-pumping of the Hueco Bolson aquifer has resulted in drawdown of the water table (as much as 150 ft [45.7 m]) and salinization by brackish water encroachment. Predevelopment ground-water flow pathlines ran from recharge areas along mountains to discharge areas at the Rio Grande. Pumping cones of depression beneath El Paso and Juarez have reoriented the hydraulic gradient, capturing the natural discharge of the aquifer. The deeper cone of depression is beneath Juarez. At one location in the aquifer, ground water now flows under the international border from the United States into Mexico. Chloride and other dissolved solids have increased over time in many municipal wells of El Paso and Juarez. Salinization of water wells is associated with extensive ground-water development and arid climate. A freshwater zone beneath El Paso and Juarez is underlain and in some places overlain by inferior-quality ground water. Mixing due to pumping, leakage from mud interbeds and artesian confining beds, cascading waters along well casings and screens, lateral saltwater encroachment, and potential upconing have degraded the freshwater zone. Other contaminants of concern in the aquifer include fecal coliform bacteria, and nitrate. Of particular concern are fecal coliform bacteria because many residents in Mexico use untreated well water.
Hydrogeology of the South Fork of Long Island, New York

The South Fork of Long Island, New York, is underlain by unconsolidated Pleistocene and Cretaceous sediments resting on crystalline bedrock. A two-layered aquifer system contains fresh ground water with saline ground water in the deeper strata. The average horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper aquifer is 49 m/day and of the lower aquifer is 25 m/day. The average annual precipitation of 1.14 m is the only natural source of fresh water. After consumptive losses the precipitation provides about 1.85 × 10 8 m 3 /yr to recharge the water table. Discharge of fresh ground water occurs primarily as undersea outflow to the ocean at the perimeter of the area. The safe yield of the area is estimated to be 9.15 × 10 4 m 3 /day.
Reconstructing the topology of protein complexes

Recent advances in high-throughput experimental techniques have enabled the production of a wealth of protein interaction data, rich in both quantity and variety. While the sheer quantity and variety of data present special difficulties for modeling, they also present unique opportunities for gaining insight into protein behavior by leveraging multiple perspectives. Recent work on the modularity of protein interactions has revealed that reasoning about protein interactions at the level of domain interactions can be quite useful. We present PROCTOR, a learning algorithm for reconstructing the internal topology of protein complexes by reasoning at the domain level about both direct protein interaction data (Y2H) and protein co-complex data (AP-MS). While other methods have attempted to use data from both these kinds of assays, they usually require that cocomplex data be transformed into pairwise interaction data under a spoke or clique model, a transformation we do not require. We apply PROCTOR to data from eight highthroughput datasets, encompassing 5,925 proteins, essentially all of the yeast proteome. First we show that PROCTOR outperforms other algorithms for predicting domain-domain and protein-protein interactions from Y2H and AP-MS data. Then we show that our algorithm can reconstruct the internal topology of AP-MS purifications, revealing known complexes like Arp2/3 and RNA polymerase II, as well as suggesting new complexes along with their corresponding topologies.
Intracellular quantification by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Metallic nanoparticles in a cellular environment have a tendency to aggregate which poses a major obstacle in extending in vivo surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications beyond the qualification and into quantification domain. We introduce and demonstrate a novel SERS technique that will enable precise quantification of exogenous chemicals in living human cells. Effective quantification of the local concentrations of a dinitrophenol derivative (DAMP) based on a normalizing technique is shown by utilizing gold nanoparticle entrapment in the lysosomal compartments in human cells. We believe that the quantification technique developed here is general and can be extended to different environments utilizing different types of nanoparticles beyond the intracellular scheme proposed.
Transplant and Optimization of H.264 Encoder Based on DSP Platform

Compared with other previous standards, H.264 standard has achieved great improvement in aspects of hierarchical intra/inter prediction coding, multi-frame reference, prediction accuracy. It's practical and necessary that the optimization and implementation of H.264 baseline profile encoder on the platform of TMS320DM642. Based on the architectural features of DSP and the computational complexity analysis of H.264 encoder, the H.264 encoder has been optimized from the following three aspects: algorithm, data transfer and memory/Cache use. The experimental results demonstrate that the optimized H.264 encoder can achieve the encoding speed of more than 24 frames per second for the video sequences with CIF format, which can meet the real-time requirements of the applications.
Auditory Factors and the Acquisition of French Language Mastery

A COMPARISON of oral communication in French and in English reveals several differences, apart from vocabulary and grammatical structure, and apart from the students' auditory acuity, which can create difficulties for the native English-speaking student who attempts to learn to speak French. These include the tendency toward open syllabification (syllables ending in vowel sounds) in spoken French, and different pitch, stress, and rhythm patterns. Reports of experimentation by Pierre Delattre' reveal the unidirectionality of French "pitch shapes," and the characteristic ascending pitch, indicating continuity, at the ends of "sense groups." Delattre's studies emphasize the phrasal and within-syllable differences between French and English in intonation patterns. Not only are the pitch shapes different, but the French syllables are generally shorter in duration. There is also no diphthongization in spoken French. While some of these differences in duration, intensity and diphthongization were expected, it has only been relatively recently that phoneticians such as Delattre have been measuring these aspects of the two languages, and comparing them. For years teachers of "conversational French" have been aware
A comparison of tau‐p transform methods

Many τ-p transform methods are available to seismic data analysts; selection of the appropriate method should depend on the nature of the source excitation, the intended use of the transformed data, limits imposed by sampling parameters, and computational cost. Using these criteria, we compare five methods on marine multichannel data and similar synthetic profiles. On fully sampled synthetic profiles, methods that handle the three‐dimensional (3-D) nature of the point source provide correct amplitude and phase information even at small slownesses, whereas 2-D and asymptotic approximate methods do not. When data from small ranges are not available, aliasing and truncation distort the amplitude of small slowness traces produced by all methods, but are most severe in the 3-D results. Transformation of data with increased input trace spacing or decreased depth to the reflector results in increased aliasing effects. When the intended use of the transformed data depends on correct arrival times only, and not on...
Measurement of Isometric Force in Children with and without Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy

The purpose of this study was to examine the consistency of measurements of maximal isometric force production in children using an electronic strain gauge. A standardized protocol of force testing from the Tufts Quantitative Neuromuscular Examination was adapted to obtain isometric force measurements in seven muscle groups bilaterally. Ten children with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 10 age-matched children without DMD were recruited for the study. A generalizability framework was used to examine variations in measurements attributable to group differences, test occasions within the same day, and extremity side. Intertester reliability estimates were also completed on a subsample of children with and without DMD. A three-way analysis of variance between groups, sides, and test occasions demonstrated a significant group main effect for all muscle groups. In general, significant main effects were not present for side or test occasion. Test-retest intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for all muscle groups ranged from .88 to .99 for the children with DMD and from .85 to .98 for the children without DMD. Intertester ICCs were slightly lower, ranging from .74 to .97 for the children with DMD and from .71 to .98 for the children without DMD. The results indicate that the electronic strain-gauge protocol produces reproducible force measurements in seven selected muscle groups in children with and without DMD. Brussock CM, Haley SM, Munsat TL, Bernhardt DB. Measurement of isometric force in children with and without Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.
The nozzle-fluid concentration field of the round, turbulent, free jet

The light-scatter technique has been used to study the nozzle-fluid concentration field in an isothermal, turbulent, axisymmetric air/air free jet with the nozzle air marked by an oil smoke. The data on the mean concentration field appear to be the most accurate yet obtained, due to the peculiar advantages of the technique. The turbulent concentration fluctuations have been characterized as to intensity, spectral distribution, and two-point correlation. The intermittency factor has been measured and the properties of the turbulent fluid computed. Comparison with the results of other investigators who used heat to mark the nozzle fluid indicates a close similarity between the concentration and temperature fields.
The dispersion of discrete particles in a turbulent fluid field

The degree of radial dispersion of medium size particles (ηK < dp < lf) emanating from a point source, is measured photographically in the turbulent core of a fully developed vertical pipe flow of water. From the classical theoretical results of G. Taylor, it was then possible to calculate statistical parameters which characterize the turbulent particle motion. A comparison is made between a tracer and neutrally dense, buoyant and heavy particles. Results indicate that the effect of particle intertia is negligible, and that the crossing trajectories effect dominates the dispersion process. A “wake effect” causes a buoyant particle to disperse to a greater degree than an equivalent heavy particle. An exponential-cosine form of the Lagrangian autocorrelation coefficient provides a best fit for the dispersion data, although a purely exponential form is equally adequate for practical calculations.
Design for product embedded disassembly sequence

Due to the increased responsibility for the end-of-life (EOL) treatments of products by the manufacturers, the ease of disassembly has become a key design issue for mass-produced products. As an extension of the conventional design for disassembly (DFD), this paper presents a computational method for designing assemblies that can be disassembled only in specified sequences. Given an ideal disassembly sequence that maximizes the profit in the absence of geometric constraints, the method simultaneously determines the spatial configurations of components, locaters, and joints, such that disassembly can occur only in the sequence. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is utilized to search for Pareto-optimal designs in terms of the unique realization of the given disassembly sequence, the satisfaction of distance specifications among components, and the efficient use of locators on components. A case study on a simplified laptop computer assembly demonstrates the effectiveness of the method
Semiconducting ferromagnetic spinels

The family of spinel compounds of which CdCr 2 Se 4 is the prototype has been found to be simultaneously ferromagnetic and semiconducting. Numerous experiments reveal, moreover, that the electronic states in these materials are strongly coupled to the degree of magnetic order. The interaction between the electronic transport and the magnetic state offers the exciting possibility of constructing electronic devices having magnetic control. This paper presents a review of literature on the magnetic, crystallographic, electrical transport, and optical properties of the chromium chalcogenide spinels as they relate to device applications. The prospects of realizing novel devices utilizing these properties are examined.
Failure Modes and Hardness Assurance for Linear Integrated Circuits in Space Applications

Failure modes are investigated for linear integrated circuits, including op-amps that are embedded within more complex circuit functions. The specific techniques used in internal circuit design have a large impact on the radiation sensitivity of various device parameters, which makes it difficult to generalize conclusions about failure mechanisms. Loading and bias conditions can be critically important for some devices, and have a large impact on hardness assurance.
On the clinical relevance of animal models for the study of human mental retardation

Use of animal models can increase scientific understanding of and clinical/educational intervention possibilities for persons with mental retardation. Information gathered through such models has provided an important foundation for both theory and practice. Progress in understanding and ameliorating intellectual disability through animal modeling will be enhanced by efforts to increase the validity of the models. That is, the models must capture not merely important behavioral/cognitive processes per se, but also processes that may be especially impaired in intellectual disability. The authors reviewed criteria for determining that a given individual has an intellectual disability, selected examples of research on animal behavior that have contributed to effective prevention and treatment approaches, and successful approaches for modeling behavioral retardation. Animal models using behavioral measures based on characteristics that discriminate human mental retardation may prove to provide the most valid and clinically relevant approach. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biological control in the phyllosphere: realistic goal or false hope?

(1990). Biological control in the phyllosphere: Realistic goal or false hope? Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 300-307.
Neuropsychological functioning and viral load in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced HIV-infected children.

OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychological functioning and its correlation with viral load were investigated for previously treated HIV-infected children who underwent a change in treatment regimen. METHODS: Thirteen age-appropriate measures of cognitive, neurologic, and behavioral functioning were administered to 489 HIV-infected children who were aged 4 months to 17 years and had been treated previously for at least 16 weeks with antiretroviral therapy. These clinically and immunologically stable children were randomized onto 1 of 7 drug treatment combinations, 6 of which included a protease inhibitor (PI), and evaluated prospectively for 48 weeks with respect to changes in neuropsychological performance and viral load. RESULTS: Neuropsychological functioning was significantly poorer at baseline for the HIV-infected children as compared with established norms for their age. Children with higher viral load had poorer cognitive, both-hands fine-motor, and neurologic signs at baseline, but single-hand fine-motor and behavioral functioning were not correlated with viral load. After 48 weeks of treatment with PI-containing combination therapy, there was significant improvement in only the vocabulary score. Neuropsychological changes did not differ among the 6 PI-containing combination regimens. At week 48, even children with a viral load response below the level of detection (RNA < or =400 copies/mL) still showed poorer neuropsychological functioning compared with established norms. CONCLUSION: Poor neuropsychological functioning was seen for HIV-infected children and was worse for children with higher viral loads. Only 1 measure of neuropsychological functioning showed improvement after treatment with PI-containing combination therapy, and the extent of that improvement was relatively minor. Treatment strategies for children with HIV disease need to be reevaluated so that they consider restoration of neuropsychological functioning in addition to lowering the viral load.
Growth and Processing Shrinkage of Diethylstilbestrol Treated Fryers

Abstract CONSUMERS demand a well-fleshed fryer that exhibits evidence of fat in and between the feather tracts over the breast. The use of diethylstilbestrol pellets implanted in the neck to produce such a fryer is widespread. Lorenz (1943) found that the fat content of cockerels could be significantly increased by implanting pellets of diethylstilbestrol subcutaneously. This finding was confirmed by further work (Lorenz, 1945), where he reported that this treatment did not markedly affect growth. The small extra gains observed in treated birds were of the same order of magnitude as the amount of fat deposited. Andrews and Bohren (1947) reported that the use of estrogenic substances improved the fleshing and market grade of meat, as well as increasing fat deposition. They also found that the use of diethylstilbestrol alone or in combination with thiouracil significantly reduced the moisture content of the edible carcass of fryers. Detwiler, Andrews and Bohren (1950) . . .
A low-voltage, low quiescent current, low drop-out regulator

The demand for low-voltage, low drop-out (LDO) regulators is increasing because of the growing demand for portable electronics, i.e., cellular phones, pagers, laptops, etc. LDO's are used coherently with dc-dc converters as well as standalone parts. In power supply systems, they are typically cascaded onto switching regulators to suppress noise and provide a low noise output. The need for low voltage is innate to portable low power devices and corroborated by lower breakdown voltages resulting from reductions in feature size. Low quiescent current in a battery-operated system is an intrinsic performance parameter because it partially determines battery life. This paper discusses some techniques that enable the practical realizations of low quiescent current LDO's at low voltages and in existing technologies. The proposed circuit exploits the frequency response dependence on load-current to minimize quiescent current flow. Moreover, the output current capabilities of MOS power transistors are enhanced and drop-out voltages are decreased for a given device size. Other applications, like dc-dc converters, can also reap the benefits of these enhanced MOS devices. An LDO prototype incorporating the aforementioned techniques was fabricated. The circuit was operable down to input voltages of 1 V with a zero-load quiescent current flow of 23 /spl mu/A. Moreover, the regulator provided 18 and 50 mA of output current at input voltages of 1 and 1.2 V, respectively.
A 2D metal-organic framework with two different rhombus-shaped cavities: a rare example of a (4,4)-net with alternating metal and organic nodes

Abstract The synthesis and crystal structure of the metal-organic framework {[Co(acetate) 2 ( rctt -tetrakis(4-pyridyl)cyclobutane)] · 2(methanol)} ∞ ( 1 ) are described. The structure of 1 is based on a (4,4)-grid topology with Co(II) ions and 4,4 ′ -tpcb cyclobutane molecules as 4-connected nodes and two different rhombus-shaped cavities in the framework. Solvent methanol molecules are clathrated between the grids. A model involving pseudo-merohedral twinning was required to arrive at a satisfactory single-crystal structure solution. Crystal data for 1 : triclinic, space group P 1 , a =9.006(2), b =9.127(2), c =9.129(2), α =78.57(3), β =88.99(3), γ =88.98(3), V =735.4(3), and Z =1 for R =0.0362 (2539 reflections with I >2 σ ( I ), 184 parameters).
A brief history of continental realism

This paper explains the nature and origin of what I am calling Transgressive Realism, a middle path between realism and anti-realism which tries to combine their strengths while avoiding their weaknesses. Kierkegaard created the position by merging Hegel’s insistence that we must have some kind of contact with anything we can call real (thus rejecting noumena), with Kant’s belief that reality fundamentally exceeds our understanding; human reason should not be the criterion of the real. The result is the idea that our most vivid encounters with reality come in experiences that shatter our categories, the way God’s commandment to kill Isaac irreconcilably clashes with the best understanding of ethics we are capable of. I explain the genesis of this idea, and then show it at work in Heidegger and Levinas’ thought. Understanding this position illuminates important aspects of the history of continental philosophy and offers a new perspective on realism.
Pseudopotential calculations. IV. Some results for zinc difluoride

Recently developed ab initio pseudopotentials are employed to examine the molecular electronic structure of ZnF/sub 2/ in an LCAO-HF treatment. Comparison with a previous all-electron study reveals excellent agreement. Comparison with a pseudopotential treatment of ZnCl/sub 2/ shows, as expected, that the fluoride is far more ionic than the chloride; this seems to arise largely from more halide participation in the a/sub 2u/ nonbonding orbital.
Rowbottom Cardinals and Jonsson Cardinals are Almost the Same

Each of the various “large cardinal” axioms currently studied in set theory owes its inspiration to concrete phenomena in various fields. For example, the statement of the well-known compactness theorem for first-order logic can be generalized in various ways to infinitary languages to yield definitions of compact cardinals, and the reflection principles provable in ZF, when modified in the appropriate way, yields indescribable cardinals. In this paper we concern ourselves with two kinds of large cardinals which are probably the two best known of those whose origins lie in model theory. They are the Rowbottom cardinals and the Jonsson cardinals. Let us be more specific. A cardinal κ is said to be a Jonsson cardinal if every structure of cardinality κ has a proper elementary substructure of cardinality κ . (It is routine to see that only uncountable cardinals can be Jonsson. Erdos and Hajnal have shown [2] that for n ω no ℵ n is Jonsson. (In fact, they showed that if κ is not Jonsson then neither is the successor cardinal of κ and that, assuming GCH, no successor cardinal can be Jonsson.) Keisler and Rowbottom first showed that the existence of a Jonsson cardinal contradicts V = L .) The definition of a Rowbottom cardinal is only slightly more intricate. We assume for the moment that our similarity type has a designated one-place relation.
Commonsense Conceptions of Emergent Processes: Why Some Misconceptions Are Robust.

This article offers a plausible domain-general explanation for why some concepts of processes are resistant to instructional remediation although other, apparently similar concepts are more easily understood. The explanation assumes that processes may differ in ontological ways: that some processes (such as the apparent flow in diffu sion of dye in water) are emergent and other processes (such as the flow of blood in human circulation) are direct. Although precise definition of the two kinds of pro cesses are probably impossible, attributes of direct and emergent processes are de scribed that distinguish them in a domain-general way. Circulation and diffusion, which are used as examples of direct and emergent pro cesses, are associated with different kinds of misconceptions. The claim is that stu dents' misconceptions for direct kinds of processes, such as blood circulation, are of the same ontological kind as the correct conception, suggesting that misconceptions of direct processes may be nonrobust. However, students' misconceptions of emer gent processes are robust because they misinterpret emergent processes as a kind of commonsense direct processes. To correct such a misconception requires a re-repre sentation or a conceptual shift across ontological kinds. Therefore, misconceptions of emergent processes are robust because such a shift requires that students know about the emergent kind and can overcome their (perhaps even innate) predisposition
Outcomes and patterns of care of patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma treated in the early 21st century

We performed this study to assess outcomes of patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated with modern therapy approaches. Demographics, treatments and outcomes of patients diagnosed with Stage 3- 4B squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx, between 2000 – 2007 were tabulated and analyzed. The cohort consisted of 1046 patients. The 5- year actuarial overall survival, recurrence-free survival and local-regional control rates for the entire cohort were 78%, 77% and 87% respectively. More advanced disease, increasing T-stage and smoking were associated with higher rates of local-regional recurrence and poorer survival. Patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer have a relatively high survival rate. Patients’ demographics and primary tumor volume were very influential on these favorable outcomes. In particular, patients with small primary tumors did very well even when treatment was not intensified with the addition of chemotherapy.
Setting up large-scale qualitative models

A qualitative physics which captures the depth and breadth of an engineer's knowledge will be orders of magnitude larger than the models of today's qualitative physics. To build and use such models effectively requires explicit modeling assumptions to manage complexity. This, in turn, gives rise to the problem of selecting the right qualitative model for some purpose. This paper addresses these issues by describing a set of conventions for modeling assumptions. Simplifying assumptions decompose a domain into different grain sizes and perspectives which may be reasoned about separately. Operating assumptions reduce the complexity of qualitative simulation by focusing on particular behaviors of interest. We show how these assumptions can be directly represented in Qualitative Process theory, using a multi-grain, multi-slice model of a Navy propulsion plant for illustration. Importantly, we show that model selection can often be performed automatically via partial instantiation. We illustrate this technique with a simple explanation generation program that uses the propulsion plant model to answer questions about physical and functional characteristics of its operation.
DINOSAUR GASTRALIA; ORIGIN, MORPHOLOGY, AND FUNCTION

ABSTRACT Gastralia are dermal ossifications situated in the ventral abdominal wall. Gastralia may be plesiomorphic for tetrapods, but are only retained in extant Crocodylia and Sphenodon, and possibly as part of the chelonian plastron. In contrast to previously published reports, a similar structural configuration of the gastralia is shared throughout prosauropods and (non-ornithurine) theropods. Within the Prosauropoda and Theropoda, the gastralial system consists of approximately 8 to 21 metamerie rows. Each row consists of four bones: two lateral and two medial rods. Gastralia of the cranialmost or caudalmost rows may coalesce, forming a median chevron-shaped gastralium. The lateral gastralia articulate in parallel with the medial gastralia in an elongated groove. The medial gastralia imbricate with contralateral gastralia along the ventral midline, creating a series of cranially directed chevrons. Thus all the gastralia are connected to one another, and operate as a single functional unit. The bones r...
The Role of Free Radical Mediation of Protein Oxidation in Aging and Disease

A role of protein oxidation in aging is indicated by the following observations: The cellular level of oxidized protein increases with animal age. Age-related changes in enzyme activities can be mimicked by treatment of enzymes from young animals with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Exposure of animals to conditions of oxidative stress leads to an increase in the intracellular level of oxidized protein. Factors that increase the life span of animals lead also to a decrease in the level of oxidized protein and vice versa. Many age-related diseases are associated with elevated levels of oxidized proteins. Some age-related changes in enzyme activities and cognitive functions can be reversed by exposing old animals to free radical spin traps. The age-related increase in oxidized proteins is a complex function of the balance between a multiplicity of prooxidants, antioxidants, and the activities of proteases that selectively degrade the oxidized forms of proteins.
Thermodynamic Properties ΔHf°298, S°298, and Cp(T) for 2-Fluoro-2-Methylpropane, ΔHf°298 of Fluorinated Ethanes, and Group Additivity for Fluoroalkanes

G2(MP2) composite calculations are performed to obtain thermodynamic properties (ΔHf°298, S°298 and Cp(T)'s of 2-fluoro-2-methylpropane. ΔHf°298 is calculated from the G2(MP2) calculated enthalpy of reaction (ΔHrxn°298) and use of isodesmic reactions. Standard entropy (S°298 in cal/(mol·K)) and heat capacities (Cp(T)'s in cal/(mol·K)) are calculated using the rigid-rotor−harmonic-oscillator approximation with direct integration over energy levels of the intramolecular rotation potential energy curve. These thermodynamic properties are used to estimate data for the C/C3/F group. Enthalpies of formation (ΔHf°298 in kcal/mol) for 1,2-difluoroethane (−102.7), 1,1,2-trifluoroethane (−156.9), 1,1,2,2- and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (209.6 and 213.3), and pentafluoroethane (−264.1), are calculated using total energies obtained from G2(MP2) composite ab initio methods. Isodesmic reactions with existing literature values of ΔHf°298 for ethane, 1-fluoroethane, 1,1-difluoroethane and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane are used. F...
Thermal shock testing of lapped optical glass

We have measured and modeled the thermal shock fracture of the commercially available BK-7 borosilicate crown optical glass as a function of surface finish prior to thermal shock testing. For surfaces lapped with alumina abrasives in the range 5 μm to 40 μm, the critical temperature drop for fracture in thin disk samples increases with diminishing abrasive size, and changes from 123.7±1.1 °C (for surfaces lapped with 40 μm abrasives) to 140.2±2.8 °C (for surfaces lapped with 5 μm abrasives.) We correlate the measured thermal shock (critical) temperature drop with the glass thermal and mechanical properties, including the fracture toughness, and the depth of surface cracks induced by the lapping process. We distinguish between "severe" and "mild" thermal shock conditions in terms of the applicable heat transfer coefficient and Biot number. We estimate that the depth of the strength controlling cracks on the edge of the disk samples was about 55-70 μm.
American Military Ethics in World War II: The Bombing of German Civilians

During World War II the United States Army Air Forces (AAF) enunciated a policy of avoiding indiscriminate attacks against German civilians. According to this policy, American airmen were to make selective strikes against precise military and industrial targets, avoiding direct attacks on the populace. Although some noncombatants would inevitably be killed or wounded, these casualties would be the result of accidents of war, not of intention. The AAF policy appears as a noteworthy phenomenon in a savage, atrocity-filled war. It seems to distinguish the United States from such nations as Japan, Germany, and Great Britain, which intentionally attacked civilian-populated areas.' It also seems to tell something about the ethical codes of American air force leaders, for official historians of the United States armed forces strongly suggest that those men agreed with the policy for moral reasons. According to the official AAF history, General Carl Spaatz, commander of the United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe, consistently opposed recommendations "frankly aimed at breaking the morale of the German people." Spaatz repeatedly "raised the moral issue" involved in bombing enemy civilians and was strongly supported, when he did so, by AAF headquarters in Washington. Another AAF commander, General Ira C. Eaker, stated that "we should never allow the history of this war to convict us of throwing the strategic bomber at the man in the street. " Citing the official AAF history, army historian Kent R. Greenfield contended that "the Americans not only believed [selective bombing] to be more effective: they were opposed to the mass bombing of civilians.' '2 The views of AAF leaders in World War II appear to provide a standard against which to measure the ethics of military professionals.
Direct Simulation of Compressible MHD Turbulence

The Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of decaying compressible MHD turbulence is examined in this p& per for the purpose of investigating fundamental aspects of the interaction between flow, magnetic, and electric fields in aerospace related applications. The current emphasis of MHD turbulence differs from the traditional emphasis on astrophysical problems. A few results are surveyed on the differences between MHD turbulence and non-MHD turbulence. The full formulation is used in the present work in the sense that the three conservation equations for the magnetic induction field are calculated, in addition to the standard flow equations. The initial conditions on the flow and magnetic fields are discussed critically because of the focus on decaying turbulence. Calculations for non-random initial conditions are carried out using the high-order Padetype compact finite difference schemes and preliminary results are reported for a turbulence Reynolds number Re = 250, magnetic Reynolds number R, = 20, and magnetic pressure Reynolds number Rb = 0.1. The Mach numbers are 0.2 and 0.6.
Environmental Accountability System in China

The enforcement of Temporary Regulation on Environmental Protection for Punishment Action of Breaking Law and Violating Discipline marks establishment of environmental accountability in China.In the background of rectifying significant environmental event,environmental accountability has its unique characteristics due to social transformation,governmental responsibility and enterprise environmental responsibility.On the basic building of environment accountability,coordinate measures on environmental accountability were proposed.
Reliability of High-K Dielectrics and Its Dependence on Gate Electrode and Interfacial / High-K Bi-Layer Structure.

In this work, we present the reliability of HfO 2 and how it depends on the barrier height and the nature of the bi-layer structure. We will also discuss how these factors lead to different charge fluence, charge-to-breakdown, and breakdown characteristics. It is found that the lower Weibull slope of high-k dielectrics is partially attributed to high charge fluence by the lower barrier height of high-k dielectrics, and a different nature of bi-layer structure. In addition, it has been found that there is distinct bi-modal defect generation rate for high-k/SiO 2 stack. A two-step breakdown process was clearly observed. Soft breakdown characteristics were dependent on the barrier heights. It is attributed to different charge fluence by different barrier heights. Charge-to-breakdown shows strong barrier height dependence.
Specific adsorption of HTLV-I to various target human and animal cells

In this report, we describe a flow cytometric analysis of HTLV-I specific binding to fresh and cultured cells on a single cell basis. This assay uses rhodamine hydrocarbon tagged, purified HTLV-I virions according to the procedure originally described for avian retroviruses. Successful HTLV-I transmission was detected by analysis of integrated HTLV-I DNA, virion-associated reverse transcriptase, and/or intracellular HTLV-I core antigen p19 expression. Only a specific virus-cell interaction was detected because nonrhodamine-tagged homologous virus or related HTLV-II interfered with tagged HTLV-I binding. In contrast, an unrelated, nonlabeled animal retrovirus was unable to block tagged HTLV binding. Of the cell lines tested, 2 nonlymphoid mammalian and 3 human lymphoid bound significantly high to moderate levels of HTLV-I-tagged virions. The other three human lymphocyte cell lines were insensitive to HTLV-I adsorption. A direct correlation was observed between HTLV-I binding sites and infectivity of human lymphoid cells alone and not other nonlymphoid animal cells. Fresh normal human mononuclear cells bound low levels of HTLV-I virions. As expected, T lymphocytes demonstrated more binding than did the non-T cell population. Enhancement of HTLV-I cell binding in a subpopulation of mononuclear target cells was achieved with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activation and interleukin 2 (IL2) stimulation, which correlates well with previously published infectivity studies.
The Ketterer Stress Symptom Frequency Checklist: Anger and the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease

Recent research suggests that the most potent feature of the Type A behavior pattern for prospectively predicting cardiac disease is aggravation, irritation, anger, and impatience (AIAI). The present study examines psychometric properties of a new AIAI measure and its relationship to the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Subjects included 61 males undergoing coronary angiography. Comparisons were made of mean psychometric scores across groupings, defined by number of vessels occluded. These comparisons showed that the normal or subclinically occluded coronary angiographic group had high levels of depression and anxiety. Higher levels of AIAI were observed in patients with multivessel CAD compared to those with single vessel disease. Because of their psychological abnormality, the normal and subclinically occluded angiographic patients are an inappropriate control group for AIAI studies intended to address the etiology of CAD. Nonetheless, evaluation of these patients for the presence of depressive and anxiety disorders frequently has clinical importance.
THE EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF CAPITAL MARKET IN THE FINANCING OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA

This research project is focused on the Evaluation of the Role of ire capital market in the financing of Business Enterprises in Nigeria. To carryout the study, the researcher used observations, interviews are questionnaires. He sourced data from primary and secondary sources. The study population was limited to eighty (80) individual's and out of this eighty individuals, sixty-seven was selected as s sample size which supplied information to the researcher that was used to do some analyses and test the hypothesis formulated. Basedon the analysis of findings and test of hypothesis the following major findings were made; The private sector of the economy is more dependent on the operations of the capital market than the public sector of the economy, The economic growth and development of Nigeria are largely dependent on the Nigerian capital market, The capital market is the major source of finance to business corporations.