cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptation to Spinal Cord Injury for Families Post-Injury

Based on the Roy adaptation model, this cross-sectional study was conducted with 15 spinal cord injured individuals and their family members to examine the physical, emotional, functional, and social components of adaptation to spinal cord injury at 1 year (n=7 dyads) and 3 years (n=8 dyads) post-injury. Findings indicate that spinal cord injured individuals and their family members, regardless of time since the initial injury, have a moderate level of adaptation and adjustment to spinal cord injury. The data suggested that adaptation to spinal cord injury during the first 3 years can be enhanced by providing ongoing social and educational support for not only the injured individuals, but also their family members.
Air vehicle fiber optic cable infrastructure

In this paper the reader is provided a premise for re-evaluating the physical and logical importance of viewing an air vehicle's fiber optic cabling infrastructure as a standalone system. Benefits derived from a systems design view will dramatically affect mission performance, service life, reliability, supportability, and maintainability requirements for today's and tomorrow's photonics based avionics systems.
Intensive Insulin Therapy for Critically III Patients

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical outcomes of glycemic control of intensive insulin therapy and recommend its place in the management of critically ill patients.DATA SOURCES:Searches of MEDLINE (1966—March 2004) and Cochrane Library, as well as an extensive manual review of abstracts were performed using the key search terms hyperglycemia, insulin, intensive care unit, critically ill, outcomes, and guidelines and algorithms.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and deemed relevant if they included and assessed clinical outcomes.DATA SYNTHESIS:Mortality among patients with prolonged critical illness exceeds 20%, and most deaths are attributable to sepsis and multisystem organ failure. Hyperglycemia is common in critically ill patients, even in those with no history of diabetes mellitus. Maintaining normoglycemia with insulin in critically ill patients has been shown to improve neurologic, cardiovascular, and infectious outcomes. Most importantly, ...
The acylation of lepidine

A number of ketones have been prepared in good to high yields by acylating the methyl group of lepidine (III) with a variety of esters using sodium diisopropylamide (II) as the condensing agent. Two ketones, ethyl and isopropyl lepidyl ketone, have been shown to exist in two forms, the keto form and the intermolecular, hydrogen bonded, enolic form.
The Finescale Structure of a West Texas Dryline

Abstract During spring and early summer, a surface confluence zone, often referred to as the dryline, forms in the midwestern United States between continental and maritime air masses. The dewpoint temperature across the dryline can vary in excess of 18°C in a distance of less than 10 km. The movement of the dryline varies diurnally with boundary layer growth over sloping terrain leading to an eastward apparent propagation of the dryline during the day and a westward advection or retrogression during the evening. In this study, we examine the finescale structure of a retrogressing, dryline using data taken by a Doppler lidar, a dual-channel radiometer, and serial rawinsonde ascents. While many previous studies were unable to accurately measure the vertical motions in the vicinity of the dryline, our lidar measurements suggest that the convergence at the dryline is intense with maximum vertical motions of ∼5 m s−1. The winds obtained from the Doppler lidar Measurements were combined with the equations of m...
Hartree Computation of the Internal Diamagnetic Field for Atoms

For an atom or monatomic ion in a magnetic field $H$ there will be an induced shielding field ${H}^{\ensuremath{'}}(0)$ at the the nucleus given by ${H}^{\ensuremath{'}}(0)=(\frac{\mathrm{eH}}{3m{c}^{2}})v(0)$ where $v(0)$ is the electrostatic potential produced at the nucleus by the atomic electrons. Using the Thomas-Fermi model, Lamb put this expression into a calculable form. However, in modern nuclear induction and resonance absorption experiments it is important to have a more precise knowledge of the magnitude of this shielding field. In this paper computed values of $v(0)$ are given for all atoms and singly charged ions which have been treated by the Hartree or Hartree-Fock approximations to the self-consistent field method. By interpolation a list of $\frac{{H}^{\ensuremath{'}}(0)}{H}$ values for all neutral atoms is given. Although it is impossible to check the accuracy of these values experimentally it is estimated from other evidence that they can be trusted to within five percent. An exception must be made, however, for the heaviest atoms where the relativity effect becomes appreciable, amounting to an estimated six percent correction to $\frac{{H}^{\ensuremath{'}}(0)}{H}$ for $Z=92$. Finally, the usefulness of accurate values of the atomic shielding field in analyzing the total shielding field in molecules is discussed.
The 24-Hour Urinary 5-HIAA: A Simple Test With a Common Pitfall

ABSTRACT Objective: 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is the principal metabolite of serotonin, and the quantitative urinary excretion of 5-HIAA is the most useful way to diagnose serotonin overproduction by carcinoid tumors. The test carries a high specificity; however, many serotonin-rich foods, such as pineapple, banana, kiwi, and walnuts, will also increase urinary 5-HIAA excretion. We present a case which demonstrates that consumption of these foods prior to the 24-hour collection will falsely elevate the test results. Methods: Case report with literature review. Results: A 39-year-old female presented to endocrine clinic with episodes of hot “flushing.” She had no diarrhea, diaphoresis, skin rash, muscle weakness, or purple striae. Her primary doctor was concerned for carcinoid syndrome after a 24-hour urine 5-HIAA level was elevated to 22.7 mg/24 hours (normal, <6 mg/24 hours). After negative computed tomography and octreotide scans, it was felt that the patient's 24-hour urine 5-HIAA test was fa...
Ratios X/Z, Y/Z built from independent random variables (X,Y) and Z may not always be dependent

Abstract It is a commonly held “belief” in many quarters that the ratios U = X Z , V = Y Z are necessarily dependent random variables when the random vector ( X , Y ) is independent of the random variable Z simply because both U , V involve Z . Any outpouring support behind such “belief” often gets louder when ( X , Y ) are assumed dependent. The purpose of this note is to emphasize that such “beliefs” may be false. Concrete examples are given when (i) X , Y are independent but U , V may be dependent or independent, (ii) X , Y are dependent but U , V may be dependent or independent. Finally, a simple general approach is given for beginners without exploiting joint and/or conditional densities.
How Lewis Acidity of the Cationic Framework Affects KNaNbOF5 Polymorphism

The valence matching principle is used to explain the loss of inversion symmetry in the noncentrosymmetric (NCS) polymorph of KNaNbOF5 in comparison to its centrosymmetric (CS) polymorph. The [NbOF5]2– anion has five contacts to both potassium and sodium in the NCS polymorph, whereas in the CS polymorph there are only four contacts to potassium and six contacts to sodium. The lower average Lewis acidity of the cationic framework in the NCS polymorph relative to the CS polymorph reflects the loss of inversion symmetry. This lower average Lewis acidity is achieved during hydrothermal synthesis with a potassium-rich solution when the K:Na ratio in the reaction is greater than 1:1, as the Lewis acidity of potassium is lower than that of sodium. The contrasting coordination environments are manifested in secondary distortions that weaken the primary Nb═O interaction and lengthen the Nb═O bond in the NCS polymorph. An unusual heat-induced phase transition from the CS to the NCS polymorph was studied with in sit...
Covalent conjugation of a peptide triazole to HIV-1 gp120 enables intramolecular binding site occupancy.

The HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein is the main viral surface protein responsible for initiation of the entry process and, as such, can be targeted for the development of entry inhibitors. We previously identified a class of broadly active peptide triazole (PT) dual antagonists that inhibit gp120 interactions at both its target receptor and coreceptor binding sites, induce shedding of gp120 from virus particles prior to host–cell encounter, and consequently can prevent viral entry and infection. However, our understanding of the conformational alterations in gp120 by which PT elicits its dual receptor antagonism and virus inactivation functions is limited. Here, we used a recently developed computational model of the PT–gp120 complex as a blueprint to design a covalently conjugated PT–gp120 recombinant protein. Initially, a single-cysteine gp120 mutant, E275CYU-2, was expressed and characterized. This variant retains excellent binding affinity for peptide triazoles, for sCD4 and other CD4 binding site (CD4bs) li...
Abstract A44: p53 protects against MG132-induced apoptosis in a cell state-dependent manner.

Proteasome inhibition is an important strategy for treating many types of cancer. While proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis in certain rapidly proliferating cancer cells, some cells enters quiescence and survives. The mechanism by which quiescent cells become resistant to proteasome inhibitors is unknown. The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays an essential role in establishing and maintaining quiescence in human cells. It also regulates several cell survival mechanisms, such as cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and activation of detoxifying enzymes. Here, we investigate the role of p53 in establishing resistance against proteasome inhibitors in quiescent cells. We found that MG132 (a known proteasome inhibitor) treatment induces the accumulation of p53 and its downstream target p21 more in quiescent than in proliferating primary human fibroblasts. shRNA-mediated down-regulation of p53 sensitizes both proliferating and quiescent fibroblasts to MG132-mediated apoptosis and cell death, suggesting that p53 plays a protective role in all cell states. Additional experiments demonstrated that proliferating fibroblasts are susceptible to inhibition of cytoplasmic p53 activity, whereas quiescent fibroblasts are sensitive to inhibition of either nuclear or cytoplasmic p53 activity. These findings suggest that proliferating and quiescent cells depend on different p53-induced survival mechanisms to be protected from proteasome inhibition. Autophagy, an alternative degradation pathway regulated by p53, is also induced in both cell states upon MG132 treatment. Identification of p53-mediated regulatory mechanisms that are activated in quiescent cells in response to proteasome inhibition may help to suggest strategies for improving the effectiveness of proteasome inhibitors in treating cancer. Citation Format: Aster Legesse-Miller, Jacky Ho Wa Cheng. p53 protects against MG132-induced apoptosis in a cell state-dependent manner. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(17 Suppl):Abstract nr A44.
Genetic mosaic studies of pattern formation in Drosophila melanogaster, with special reference to the prepattern hypothesis.

During the early period of Drosophila genetics, it was Sturtevant who recognized the importance of genetic mosaics for the field of developmental biology. His early studies with genetic mosaics provided later researchers with phenomena, ideas, and methods, such as: the analysis of cell lineage relations between organs or specific sites of a gynander or a genetic mosaic by statistically assessing the frequency of genetically marked organs or sites (1929). He also recognized two kinds of interactions (autonomy and nonautonomy) between the different genotypes in a genetic mosaic, as an important clue for studies of gene action (1920, 1927, 1932). Thus, he contributed much to the progress not only of developmental biology, but also of biochemical genetics and behavioral genetics.
L∞ algebras and field theory

We review and develop the general properties of L∞ algebras focusing on the gauge structure of the associated field theories. Motivated by the L∞ homotopy Lie algebra of closed string field theory and the work of Roytenberg and Weinstein describing the Courant bracket in this language we investigate the L∞ structure of general gauge invariant perturbative field theories. We sketch such formulations for non-abelian gauge theories, Einstein gravity, and for double field theory. We find that there is an L∞ algebra for the gauge structure and a larger one for the full interacting field theory. Theories where the gauge structure is a strict Lie algebra often require the full L∞ algebra for the interacting theory. The analysis suggests that L∞ algebras provide a classification of perturbative gauge invariant classical field theories.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder: An Overview and Strategies for Educators:

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a behavioral disorder that affects approximately 3.3% of the population across cultures. In this article, the author discusses symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and treatments for the disorder. Although most empirically supported treatments of ODD are based on parent–child training and therapy, there are some principles and strategies that educators can adopt. The author focuses on the salient strategies from research-based programs treating ODD and suggestions for educators on how to incorporate them in the classroom.
Some Recent Progress in Material Characterization by Nanoindentation

Nanoindentation technique is commonly used to characterize nanomechanical properties of micro- and nano-scaled materials, and it is based on the mechanics of elasticity and plasticity. This paper reviewed some recent progress in material characterization by nanoindentation, including the applications of nanoindentation in materials, composites, nanostructured materials and thin-films. Progresses in experimental, theoretical, and computational approaches to revealing the mechanisms of nanoindentation were outlined. The frontier research on use of experimental and computer modeling to find the mechanical properties of materials, composites, nanomaterials, and thin-films by nanoindentation was summarized. Reference Number: www.asrongo.org/doi:4.2016.1.1.8
Improving Time-Efficiency of Fault-Coverage Simulation for MOS Analog Circuit

In analog fault simulation, the number one challenge is that simulation time could grow rapidly and become prohibitive as the circuit size becomes large. This paper proposes a systematic method to significantly improve the time efficiency in estimating the fault coverage for analog fault simulation. In the proposed method, a circuit under test (CUT) is first partitioned into independent sub-circuits. This is accomplished through mapping the circuit into a graph, decomposing the graph into strongly connected components (SCCs), and generating a sub-circuit for each SCC. The impacts of potential faults directly entering a sub-circuit are then simulated and recorded using the sub-circuits, which is expected to be much more time efficient than fault simulation using the whole circuit, which is much larger in size. Finally, the fault detectability at the given test points is evaluated based on the fault impacts and sensitivity among different sub-circuits. As a first step toward quick estimation of fault coverage, this paper focuses on dc tests. Simulation results show that the fault coverage of dc tests can be estimated sufficiently accurately with simulation time being reduced by 10X for the benchmark circuit, or by approximately the number of SCCs. For a much larger circuit, the number of SCCs is expected to be much larger and the time-saving factor will be much larger.
$\mathcal{L}_1$ Adaptive Output Feedback Augmentation for Missile Systems

This paper develops an $\mathcal{L}_1$ adaptive output feedback controller for a class of underactuated multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. The proposed approach is applied as an augmentation of an existing three-loop autopilot. The adaptive scheme is introduced to compensate for the uncertainties and to recover the nominal performance. Stability and performance, both in transient and steady state, are analyzed. Nonlinear simulation results demonstrate the performance of the augmented control system.
A Suite of Metrics for Network Attack Graph Analytics

This chapter describes a suite of metrics for measuring enterprise-wide cybersecurity risk based on a model of multi-step attack vulnerability (attack graphs). The attack graphs are computed through topological vulnerability analysis, which considers the interactions of network topology, firewall effects, and host vulnerabilities. Our metrics are normalized so that metric values can be compared meaningfully across enterprises. To support evaluations at higher levels of abstraction, we define family groups of related metrics, combining individual scores into family scores, and combining family scores into an overall enterprise network score. The Victimization metrics family measures key attributes of inherent risk (existence, exploitability, and impact) over all network vulnerabilities. The Size family is an indication of the relative size of the vulnerability attack graph. The Containment family measures risk in terms of minimizing vulnerability exposure across security protection boundaries. The Topology family measures risk through graph theoretic properties (connectivity, cycles, and depth) of the attack graph. We display these metrics (at the individual, family, and overall levels) in interactive visualizations, showing multiple metrics trends over time.
Outcomes and palliative care utilization in patients with dementia and acute abdominal emergency: opportunities for surgical quality improvement.

Abstract Background When patients with dementia develop acute surgical abdomen, patients, surrogates, and surgeons need accurate prognostic information to facilitate goal-concordant decision making. Palliative care can assist with communication, symptom management, and family and caregiver support in this population. We aimed to characterize outcomes and patterns of palliative care utilization among patients with dementia, presenting with abdominal surgical emergency. Method We retrospectively queried the National Inpatient Sample for patients aged >50 years with dementia and acute abdominal emergency who were admitted nonelectively 2009–2013, utilizing ICD-9-CM codes for dementia and surgical indication. We characterized outcomes and identified predictors of palliative care utilization. Results Among 15,209 patients, in-hospital mortality was 10.2%, the nonroutine discharge rate was 67.2%, and 7.5% received palliative care. Patients treated operatively were less likely to receive palliative care than those who did not undergo operation (adjusted OR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.41–0.62). Only 6.4% of patients discharged nonroutinely received palliative care. Conclusion Patients with dementia and acute abdominal emergency have considerable in-hospital mortality, a high frequency of nonroutine discharge, and low palliative care utilization. In this group, we discovered a large gap in palliative care utilization, particularly among those treated operatively and those who are discharged nonroutinely.
Design of a 95 GHz slotted third-harmonic gyro-twt amplifier

The design of a 95 GHz, 70 kV, 5 A, a = 1.5, Avz/v, = 7 %, six-vane, r mode, third-harmonic gyro-TWT is described which is predicted by a nonlinear self-consistent simulation code to yield a peak output power of 90 kW with 26 % efficiency, a saturated gain of 61 dB and 3 % constant-drive bandwidth. In addition, the wideband input coupler and output mode converter are described.
Some Eastern Two Cardinal Theorems

A more descriptive title of this paper might be ‘Elaborations on Morley’s proof of Vaught’s gap ω two cardinal theorem’. The title given above comes from the main result of Section 2, possibly the most interesting result of the paper. Let us begin by introducing some terminology and stating Vaught’s Theorem.
Quantum Mechanical Path Integrals

This chapter discusses the reformulation of the standard version of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics in terms of a path integral. The path integral is derived as a limiting expression from the fundamental structure of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics and is a representation of quantum mechanical amplitudes equivalent to the usual wave mechanical or the matrix formulations of these amplitudes. The chapter reviews the relevant aspects of basic quantum mechanics, which are further used to find the path integral form for quantum mechanical amplitude. The chapter then presents the idea of the path integral as a “sum over histories” as a conceptual generalization of the results obtained from its derivation.
Curves in ℝ 3

Though our main topic of concern is surfaces, prior to studying smooth surfaces we take a small detour through the study of smooth curves in ℝ3 to develop some important tools. Our treatment of curves will be brief; more about curves, including such results such as the pretty Milnor-Fary Theorem, can be found in [M-P] or [DO1].
REGULATION OF HEAVY CHAIN GENE EXPRESSION IN MOUSE MYELOMA MOPC 315 CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a study in which wild-type and mutant cell lines of the mouse plasmacytoma MOPC 315 were characterized. In this study, MOPC 315 cells produced an IgA with a λ2 light chain and an α-heavy chain. One variant line, DMC, synthesized and secreted approximately fivefold greater than w. t. levels of αH chain. Production of the L chain was normal. Measurement of the η-chain messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by RNA blot hybridization to a cDNA α-chain constant region probe demonstrated that DMC contains approximately 10 times more messenge for α chain. As expected, hybridization with a light chain probe detected normal levels of λ 2mRNA. To examine the structure of the gene, Bam H1 digested DNA from w.t. cells was hybridized to the α H chain cDNA probe in a Southern blot. Two bands of hybridization at 12.5 and 9.3 kb were detected. Both of these fragments were rearranged from the germ-line configuration of 16 kb. By hybridization to a J and switch-region probe, the 12.5 kb fragment was determined to be the productive allele. The 9.3 fragment, which did not hybridize to the J region probe, is therefore the “excluded” allele.
Implementing Public Policy Education: The Role of the University

As exemplified by the exchanges at the Third National Applied Developmental Science Conference, I believe that applied developmental science (ADS). is providing the intellectual foundation for the twenty-first century university; it is an intellectual foundation that emphasizes both scholarly excellence and public engagement. ADS scholars are positioned to help shape the twenty-first century university. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the challenges that we must confront if we are to build universities in which ADS can thrive.
Immunology of Haemophilus influenzae Infections

Haemophilus influenzae is a leading cause of acute bacterial infections in infancy and childhood and an important agent of chronic pulmonary infections in children and adults. The bacillus was so named because it was observed in the purulent sputum of individuals stricken with influenzal infection in the European outbreak of 1889–1892 (Pfeiffer, 1892). The erroneous conclusion that this bacterium was the cause of influenza prevailed until the studies of Smith et al. (1933) established beyond doubt that influenza is caused by viruses. By that time, however, its nomenclature had been firmly established.
Counseling as Research: On Experiencing Quality

Research as an instrument for professional change is not unlike counseling for personal change. Each should contribute to objective, subjective, interpersonal, and transpersonal knowledge.
Looking Ahead to the Use of Functional Assessment in Ambulatory Physiatric and Primary Care: The Functional Assessment Screening Questionnaire

Physiatric practice would be facilitated by use of simple scales that measure patients’ symptoms, functioning, and concerns that are relevant to management of patient care. In response to the question "How are you doing?", the answers to five items of the Functional Assessment Screening Questionnaire provide good clinical precision and quantitative validity when processed through the BIGSTEPS computer program. The results can be shown to fit one of three patterns for neuromusculoskeletal conditions, low back pain, or neck and arm dysfunction. Still to be determined is concurrent validity with other scales with respect to clinical improvement, worsening, or stability over time and with and without treatment interventions.
Combined radiation and convection heat transfer in simultaneously developing flow in ducts with semi-circular and right triangular cross sections

In this paper, the interaction of radiation and forced convection in simultaneously developing laminar flow through semicircular and right triangular ducts with isothermal non-black wall is investigated. The three dimensional momentum and energy equations are discretized by the method of lines and solved numerically by the marching method. The method of momentum is employed to consider the radiation contribution which models the radiation in the partial differential equation, instead of the partial integrodifferential equation. The effects of three major parameters, radiation-conduction parameter,N, optical thickness, τ b , and wall emissivity, e w , in the entry region of these irregular geometry ducts are discussed. The numerical results in terms of the variation of the bulk temperature and the mean Nusselt number indicate that the thermal radiation not only enhances the heat transfer rate, but also changes the characteristics of the convective heat transfer. Furthermore, the results compare very well with the available data published in the open literature for the pure convective case.
Fabrication and validation of flexible 3D pillar electrodes for neural electrophysiological recording

One in fifty people in the United States suffer from paralysis or another neurological disorder. In order to restore functionality and quality of life to these patients, single electrodes and microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have been implanted to record and stimulate electrical signals in the brain. These treatments have shown promise to restore mobility to stroke and amputee patients and to restore quality of life for people suffering from Parkinson's disease and severe depression. However, current silicon electrodes are 10^8 times stiffer than brain tissue and lead to chronic inflammation and scarring, eventually leading to the electrode becoming nonfunctional. Our lab has developed a novel MEA design with flexible 3D pillar electrodes made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and gold-coated nickel to better match the stiffness and elasticity of the brain than currently used stiff silicon electrodes. We describe the fabrication to achieve a high-aspect ratio flexible pillar electrode with a length up to ten times longer than width. As a first step, we have tested the functionalitya#13; and biocompatibility of the array and pillars in vitro using cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neurons cultured on our arrays were comparable in health to neurons grown on commercial MEAs, as demonstrated by morphology and electrophysiology during multiple weeks in culture. The pillar electrodes were sensitive enough to detect electrical signals with comparable signal-to-noise ratio, and signal activity to both custom and commercial flat electrodes. Based on this in vitro device validation, we believe this approach of making flexible, high-aspect ratio pillar electrode arrays may be translatable into an in vivo system for use as a neural prosthesis.
Microgrid Energy Management System for Normal and Emergency Operating Conditions

We present two energy management systems for microgrids. First, during normal operating conditions, it is assumed that the main grid provides a desired load profile for the microgrid to follow. The objective of the microgrid is to minimize its deviation from the desired load profile. Such objective is beneficial to the main grid to levelize the fluctuation of renewable energy output. Second, during emergency operating conditions when an outage occurs at the main grid, the objective of the microgrid is to maximize supplied microgrid internal loads including traditional loads and smart homes, as well as nearby external loads that lost power due to the outage, based on their priority. A mathematical formulation for both energy management systems is presented based on mixed integer linear programming. Simulation results show the capability of the proposed formulation in obtaining optimal values within acceptable computational times, which is necessary especially during emergency operating conditions.
Kuhn’s Social Epistemology and the Sociology of Science

I aim to clarify (i) the relationship between Kuhn’s social epistemology of science and the sociology of science, and (ii) the nature of Kuhn’s positive legacy to the philosophy of science. I begin by recounting Kuhn’s relationship to the sociology of science. First, I examine the influence of sociology of science on Structure. Surprisingly, sociology of science had very little influence on Kuhn as he wrote Structure. Second, I examine early responses to Kuhn’s work by sociologists of science. Both the Mertonians and their successors, the proponents of the Strong Programme, were profoundly influenced by Structure. Third, I examine Kuhn’s views on the relevance of sociology to his own work. Kuhn, I argue, believed the sociology of science was indispensible to his project. Finally, I examine his constructive contributions to the epistemology of science. Kuhn, I argue, has provided us with the foundations for building a social epistemology of science. In Structure, Kuhn noted that the structure of a research community changes as it responds to different types of research problems. And in his later work, Kuhn came to see that the creation of new scientific specialties plays an integral role in the advancement of science.
Limits to Predicting Evolution: Insights from a Long-Term Experiment with Escherichia coli

Our inability to predict how populations of cells will evolve is a fundamental challenge to human health and biological engineering. In medicine, one would like to predict and thwart, or at least have time to adequately prepare for potentially catastrophic events such as the emergence of new pathogens, the spread of drug resistance, and the progression of chronic infections and cancers. In bioengineering, one would like to stop, or at least delay, evolution that inactivates a designed function, in order to make genetic engineering and synthetic biology more reliable and efficient. On a larger scale, one would also like to predict when the presence of recombinant DNA or a certain species might pose a threat to nature or civilization if it has the potential to evolve to become harmful.
Consulta do registo de saúde eletrônico: análise ética de um caso clínico

Introduction: Bioethics emerged from the need to implement an ethical code of conduct that would avoid abusive clinical practice carried for centuries. The Deliberative Procedure (DP) applied to medicine helps in making ethical decisions in a well-reasoned and fair manner. This clinical case report is intended to exemplify the importance of applying the deliberative process in clinical practice in general practice/family medicine (GP/FM). Clinical case: Male, 58 years old referenced to urology office visit after positive Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test. A month after prostatic biopsy he went to the medical consultation with his Family Doctor, believing the result was negative. His family doctor assessed his health electronic record without his authorization, and verified the result of the biopsy was a prostatic adenocarcinoma, without new urology appointment. It was elected the most important ethic problem and defined the action curse that accomplish the legality, publicity and temporary criteria. Conclusions: Whatever the physician decides, it should always be for the benefit of the wearer. DP allows structured decision making so it should be applied in the context of GP/FM in the face of ethical problems.
Effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the contralateral non-tumor-bearing breast assessed by diffuse optical tomography.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the changes in optically derived parameters acquired with a diffuse optical tomography breast imager system (DOTBIS) in the contralateral non-tumor-bearing breast in patients administered neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for breast cancer are associated with pathologic complete response (pCR). In this retrospective evaluation of 105 patients with stage II–III breast cancer, oxy-hemoglobin (ctO2Hb) from the contralateral non-tumor-bearing breast was collected and analyzed at different time points during NAC. The earliest monitoring imaging time point was after 2–3 weeks receiving taxane. Longitudinal data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects modeling to evaluate the contralateral breast ctO2Hb changes across chemotherapy when corrected for pCR status, age, and BMI. Patients who achieved pCR to NAC had an overall decrease of 3.88 μM for ctO2Hb (95% CI, 1.39 to 6.37 μM), p = .004, after 2–3 weeks. On the other hand, non-pCR subjects had a non-significant mean reduction of 0.14 μM (95% CI, − 1.30 to 1.58 μM), p > .05. Mixed-effect model results indicated a statistically significant negative relationship of ctO2Hb levels with BMI and age. This study demonstrates that the contralateral normal breast tissue assessed by DOTBIS is modifiable after NAC, with changes associated with pCR after only 2–3 weeks of chemotherapy.
Lithium Adsorption Mechanism for Li 2 TiO 3

Layered H2TiO3 has shown to be a promising selective lithium adsorbent to extract lithium from brine solutions. Despite the promising performance of these materials, the lithium adsorption mechanism of layered H2TiO3 is still not properly understood. It is currently accepted that lithium adsorption takes place via Li+-H+ ion-exchange reaction without involving any breakage of chemical bonds. However, in this study we show that Li+-H+ ion exchange involves the breaking of surface O–H bonds present in the HTi2 layers along with the formation of O-Li bonds. Using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, we also show that the isolated surface hydroxyls are actively involved in lithium ion exchange compared to hydrogen-bonded surface hydroxyl groups, which are present in the interlayer spacings. This newly proposed mechanism also explains the lower observed adsorption capacity from theoretical values.
Echocardiographic image multi-structure segmentation using Cardiac-SegNet.

Purpose Cardiac boundary segmentation of echocardiographic images is important for cardiac function assessment and disease diagnosis. However, it is challenging to segment cardiac ventricles due to the low contrast-to-noise ratio and speckle noise of the echocardiographic images. Manual segmentation is subject to interobserver variability and is too slow for real-time image-guided interventions. We aim to develop a deep learning-based method for automated multi-structure segmentation of echocardiographic images. Methods We developed an anchor-free mask convolutional neural network (CNN), termed Cardiac-SegNet, which consists of three subnetworks, that is, a backbone, a fully convolutional one-state object detector (FCOS) head, and a mask head. The backbone extracts multi-level and multi-scale features from endocardium image. The FOCS head utilizes these features to detect and label the region-of-interests (ROIs) of the segmentation targets. Unlike the traditional mask regional CNN (Mask R-CNN) method, the FCOS head is anchor-free and can model the spatial relationship of the targets. The mask head utilizes a spatial attention strategy, which allows the network to highlight salient features to perform segmentation on each detected ROI. For evaluation, we investigated 450 patient datasets by a five-fold cross-validation and a hold-out test. The endocardium (LVEndo ) and epicardium (LVEpi ) of the left ventricle and left atrium (LA) were segmented and compared with manual contours using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff distance (HD), mean absolute distance (MAD), and center-of-mass distance (CMD). Results Compared to U-Net and Mask R-CNN, our method achieved higher segmentation accuracy and fewer erroneous speckles. When our method was evaluated on a separate hold-out dataset at the end diastole (ED) and the end systole (ES) phases, the average DSC were 0.952 and 0.939 at ED and ES for the LVEndo , 0.965 and 0.959 at ED and ES for the LVEpi , and 0.924 and 0.926 at ED and ES for the LA. For patients with a typical image size of 549 × 788 pixels, the proposed method can perform the segmentation within 0.5 s. Conclusion We proposed a fast and accurate method to segment echocardiographic images using an anchor-free mask CNN.
Toxicity of lanthanide coagulants assessed using four in vitro bioassays

Abstract Rare earth element (REE) coagulants are prime contenders in wastewater treatment plants to remove phosphorus; unlike typical coagulants, they are not affected by pH. However, the use of REEs in wastewater treatment could mean increased human exposure to lanthanides (Ln) through wastewater effluent discharge to the environment or through water reuse. Information on the toxicity of lanthanides is scarce and, where available, there are conflicting views. Using in vitro bioassays, we assessed lanthanide toxicity by evaluating four relevant endpoints: the change in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), intracellular adenosine triphosphate (I-ATP), genotoxicity, and cell viability. At less than 5000 μmol-Ln3+/L, lanthanides increased the Δψm, while above 5000 μmol-Ln3+/L, the Δψm level plummeted. The measure of I-ATP indicated constant levels of ATP up to 250 μmol-Ln3+/L, above which the I-ATP decreased steadily; the concentration of La, Ce, Gd, and Lu that triggered half of the cells to become ATP-inactive is 794, 1505, 1488, 1115 μmol-Ln3+/L, respectively. Although La and Lu accelerated cell death in shorter studies (24 h), chronic studies using three cell growth cycles showed cell recovery. Lanthanides exhibited antagonistic toxicity at less than 1000 μmol-Ln3+/L. However, the introduction of heavy REEs in a solution amplified lanthanide toxicity. Tested lanthanides appear to pose little risk, which could pave the way for lanthanide application in wastewater treatment.
An Advanced Machine Learning Model to Diagnose Tumor in Bones

In bio-medical, tumor detection in the beginning phases is a moving examination theme as the vast majority of the tumors show the banning phases of cancer. Many works have been done on tumor detection and identification. Thus, the conversation aims to discover the identification and detection framework, which is quick and solid. In this paper, a methodology of tumor detection utilizing machine learning has been examined, and the informational collection for the exhibition examination is MRI images. This paper is explicitly devoted to bone tumor detection. Likewise, the algorithms have been executed in an open CV to make the framework all the more quick and helpful.
Explanation of Issues in PPL Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

This short article briefly summarizes the chief arguments of PPL corporation and the IRS as to whether the United Kingdom's Windfall Tax qualifies for a United States foreign income tax credit under 26 U.S.C. § 901. PPL argues that the Windfall Tax is a tax on income and that PPL is therefore entitled to a foreign tax credit that will greatly reduce its federal income tax liability. The IRS argues that the Windfall Tax is a tax on value and, accordingly, that PPL is not entitled to a foreign tax credit. This case could have major implications for U.S. corporations, which claim over $100 billion in foreign tax credits each year.
Identification and Characterization of Oxylipid-Protein and Peptide Conjugates by Mass Spectrometry

The modification of proteins by reactive products of lipid peroxidation is associated with a large number of diseases and biological aging; thus, methods that enable the characterization of oxylipid-protein and/or peptide conjugates are highly in demand. This unit outlines a chemical labeling approach to identifying and characterizing proteins modified by lipid peroxidation products. It also outlines two approaches for mass spectrometry–based identification and detailed characterization of oxylipid conjugates. The first combines chemical labeling of oxylipid-protein conjugates using an aldehyde-specific biotinylation reagent, electrophoretic separation, and mass spectrometry–based identification of the biotinylated proteins. In the second approach, protein extracts are treated with the aldehyde-specific reagent, proteolyzed using trypsin, and the biotinylated peptides are enriched using immobilized monomeric avidin. The enriched peptide fractions are submitted to tandem mass spectrometry for determining the peptide sequence information, site of the modification, and chemical nature of the oxylipid. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 35:17.9.1-17.9.19. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: lipid peroxidation; oxylipid; chemical labeling; mass spectrometry
Choice and Conflict Between Sacred and Secular Music: A Conversation Piece for Teaching Marketing Ethics

The marketing discipline is generally concerned with finding and satisfying consumers with an explicit or latent demand for a product; however, myriad ethical issues exist in relation to marketers and their markets must be addressed (Brenkert, 2008). Recently, business and marketing educators have taken substantially greater interest in helping students understand how moral standards are applied to marketing decisions, practices, and institutions (Weber, 1990). Indeed, with this heightened interest, there are opportunities today to highlight ethical issues that have generally gone unnoticed or unaddressed in the past. Focusing on popular musical entertainment, we aim to create an ethics-oriented conversation piece about the personal struggles (sacred v. secular music) faced by religious churchgoers who comprise a significant proportion of music producers and music consumers. Giving particular emphasis on the Black Christian church, a primary source of the gospel and blues music that has driven rock, r&b, and pop music, we hope to highlight a largely unaddressed ethical phenomenon within a vital subculture of American society.
Antibody Standardization to Benefit Biomedical Research.

Since the early studies of Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburo 125 years ago, describing the presence of neutralizing proteins in blood and their effectiveness in controlling infections (which led to the first serum treatment against diphtheria and tetanus), antibodies have been an essential component in biomedical research. Today, antibodies are important probes to identify cellular markers in basic science research, critical components in clinical diagnostics, and therapeutic agents in medicine. The knowledge we have acquired about antibodies over this time and the manufacture of monoclonal antibodies with unique epitope specificity have revolutionized biomedical research. A recent feature in Nature emphasizes the importance …
Surgical management of insulinoma associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I.

Insulinoma in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is a rare condition that because of its usual multicentricity presents difficulties not encountered in sporadic patients. In contrast to gastrinoma, which is the most common pancreatic neoplasm associated with MEN I, malignancy and duodenal tumors are much less common for patients with insulinomas, and excellent palliative medication is not available. Accordingly, there is a much greater reliance on surgical therapy for this group of patients. Between 1970 and 1991 a total of 19 patients had surgical treatment of MEN I-related insulinoma. Each patient had hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. One patient, with extensive metastases, had unresectable disease. Of the remaining 18, there were 16 (89%) multiple pancreatic tumors. Tumors were located in the neck, body, or tail in 17 cases, 10 of whom also had tumors in the head. Pancreatic resections performed were 1 total, 12 subtotal (7 also had enucleation of tumors from the pancreatic head), and 5 limited distal resections and/or enucleation (conservative resection). There was no operative mortality. One patient developed pancreatitis, fistula, and diabetes following subtotal resection and enucleation. Postoperative cure was achieved in 17 of 18 cases. Recurrent disease occurred in 2 of 5 conservative resections compared to 0 of 12 subtotal resections, with median follow-up times of 10.4 and 10.3 years, respectively. During the follow-up period, four patients died, possibly all due to MEN I-related conditions. Hyperinsulinism in MEN I is associated with the occurrence of multiple, usually benign, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and surgery is an effective treatment modality. Surgical management should be guided by two principles: total removal of gross disease and safe prophylactic pancreatic resection. Acceptable morbidity, low recurrence rates, and a low risk of inducing diabetes lead us to recommend routine subtotal distal pancreatectomy. Meticulous evaluation of the pancreatic head using intraoperative ultrasonography to locate tumors and to locate the pancreatic duct, followed by precise enucleation of residual tumors, is essential to ensure cure.
The identification of concepts defined by attribute change

A new procedure for concept learning is described, in which concepts are defined by change in relevant stimulus dimensions rather than by the standard method which uses fixed levels of dimensions. Two experiments are reported. The first shows that change concepts are more difficult to learn than fixed-level concepts. The second experiment shows the relative difficulty of conjunctive and disjunctive concepts is reversed in change problems. Possible explanations for these effects are discussed.
Magnetic granularity, percolation and preferential current flow in a silver-sheathed Bi1.8Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O8+x tape

Abstract Magneto-optical imaging of the flux penetration into a Ag sheathed Bi1.8Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O8+x tape has been used to extract the current flow paths in a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the c-axis. Using the large aspect ratio of the plate-like grain structure and the slab geometry of the sample to simplify the current-flow geometry, we converted the magneto-optical signal into two-dimensional (2D) field and current distributions. We found that the current patterns were very non-uniform and sensitive to weak magnetic fields of ∼ 400–800 Oe, even at 10 K. Current streamlines show that the effective current-carrying cross-section of the tape strongly depends on the field. Magnetization currents flow preferentially near the silver sheath, while the tape center supports mainly percolative and granular current patterns consisting of an array of macroscopic current loops whose long dimensions are of the order of the tape thickness. By comparing contour maps of the local Jc values with the microstructural images, we found that the high-Jc regions correlate with colonies of well-aligned long grains which are preferentially located near the silver interface, while the less aligned structure of smaller grains in the central part of the tape is associated with the granular behavior and much lower current-carrying capability. The wide distribution of the local Jc(x, y) revealed by magneto-optical imaging indicates that the performance of BSCCO-2223 tapes can be significantly improved if a larger fraction of well aligned grains can be produced more uniformly throughout the tape cross-section.