cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vaginography for enterovaginal fistula.

though the patient was not clinically masculinized, the preoperatively elevated testosterone levels along with their return to normal following removal of the tumor support the thesis that the solid granulosa cell tumor described was predominandy testosterone producing. Granulosa cell tumors are often associated with menstrual irregularities, ranging from hypermenorrhea to oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. It has been suggested that the latter are due to suppression of LH and FSH by the increased levels of testosterone. In this case FSH was suppressed while LH was within the normal range. Following the removal of the tumor, menses resumed and FSH returned to normal. This suggests a partial suppression of the hypothalamic pituitary axis by testosterone. Although menstrual irregularities are often associated with granulosa cell tumors, galactorrhea has not been described in this setting. This patient had galactorrhea and normal serum prolactin values preand postoperatively. A number of patients with galactorrhea, however. have normal serum prolactin concentrations. 2 None of the other known etiologic factors leading to galactorrhea was present in this case. The cessation <)f this patient's galactorrhea following the removal of the granulosa cell tumor and return of plasma testosterone to normal suggests the existence of a causal relationship between the elevated testosterone levels and her galactorrhea. The exact nature of this relationship remains ro be defined.
Neurological Bases of Male Sexual Behavior

The sexual behavior of most of the commonly studied mammalian species is highly stereotyped. To the uninitiated, this stereotyping would suggest the possibility of a rather close correspondence between the functioning of particular neuronal systems and the different aspects of sexual behavior, as well as a degree of uniformity across various species in the neural areas that mediate the behaviors. Some work, indeed, supports this viewpoint. However, many studies show that various aspects of male sexual behavior are controlled by diverse neural areas and that there are noteworthy differences among species.
Brevetoxins cause acute excitotoxicity in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons

Brevetoxins (designated PbTx-1 to -10) are potent lipid-soluble polyether compounds that are known to bind to and modulate voltage-gated sodium channel activity. To investigate whether brevetoxins produce direct central nervous system neurotoxic effects, cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons were exposed to brevetoxins in Locke's buffer for 2 h at 22 degrees C. Neuronal injury was quantified by assaying lactate dehydrogenase activity in the exposure buffer and in conditioned growth media collected at 22 h after brevetoxin exposure. Brevetoxins produced acute neuronal injury and death in neurons with a rank order potency of PbTx-1 (EC50 = 9.31 +/- 0.45 nM) > PbTx-3 (EC50 = 53.9 +/- 2.8 nM) > PbTx-2 (EC50 = 80.5 +/- 5.9 nM) > PbTx-6 (EC50 = 1417 +/- 32 nM), which is similar to their previously determined rank order potency for brevetoxin-induced icthyotoxicity and binding to [3H]PbTx-3-labeled sodium channels on synaptosomes. The neurotoxic response could be prevented by coapplication of the sodium channel antagonist tetrodotoxin or by the competitive or noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists D-AP5 and MK-801, ketamine, dextromethorphan, and dextrorphan, respectively. NMDA receptor antagonists afforded neuroprotection with rank order potencies comparable to those measured previously for protection against glutamate-induced excitotoxic responses. Further analysis revealed that brevetoxins induced a concentration-dependent release of L-glutamate and L-aspartate into the exposure buffer. These data indicate that brevetoxin-induced injury in cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons is mediated by NMDA receptors that are activated indirectly as a consequence of PbTx-induced sodium channel activation and attendant excitatory amino acid release.
The Rationale and History of the 10-20 System of the International Federation

(1963). The Rationale and History of the 10-20 System of the International Federation. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 17-22.
Mechanism of Copper Uptake from Blood Plasma Ceruloplasmin by Mammalian Cells.

Ceruloplasmin, the main copper binding protein in blood plasma, has been of particular interest for its role in efflux of iron from cells, but has additional functions. Here we tested the hypothesis that it releases its copper for cell uptake by interacting with a cell surface reductase and transporters, producing apoceruloplasmin. Uptake and transepithelial transport of copper from ceruloplasmin was demonstrated with mammary epithelial cell monolayers (PMC42) with tight junctions grown in bicameral chambers, and purified human 64Cu-labeled ceruloplasmin secreted by HepG2 cells. Monolayers took up virtually all the 64Cu over 16h and secreted half into the apical (milk) fluid. This was partly inhibited by Ag(I). The 64Cu in ceruloplasmin purified from plasma of 64Cu-injected mice accumulated linearly in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) over 3-6h. Rates were somewhat higher in Ctr1+/+ versus Ctr1-/- cells, and 3-fold lower at 2°C. The ceruloplasmin-derived 64Cu could not be removed by extensive washing or trypsin treatment, and most was recovered in the cytosol. Actual cell copper (determined by furnace atomic absorption) increased markedly upon 24h exposure to holoceruloplasmin. This was accompanied by a conversion of holo to apoceruloplasmin in the culture medium and did not occur during incubation in the absence of cells. Four different endocytosis inhibitors failed to prevent 64Cu uptake from ceruloplasmin. High concentrations of non-radioactive Cu(II)- or Fe(III)-NTA (substrates for cell surface reductases), or Cu(I)-NTA (to compete for transporter uptake) almost eliminated uptake of 64Cu from ceruloplasmin. MEFs had cell surface reductase activity and expressed Steap 2 (but not Steaps 3 and 4 or dCytB). However, six-day siRNA treatment was insufficient to reduce activity or uptake. We conclude that ceruloplasmin is a circulating copper transport protein that may interact with Steap2 on the cell surface, forming apoceruloplasmin, and Cu(I) that enters cells through CTR1 and an unknown copper uptake transporter.
Safety of total contact casting in high-risk patients with neuropathic foot ulcers.

Background: Total contact casting (TCC) is effective in offloading the plantar aspect of the foot in patients with diabetes and neuropathic ulcers. These patients are considered at high risk for sk...
Effects of Interfacial Zone Percolation on Cement-Based Composite Transport Properties

In portland cement mortar and concrete, interfacial zones exist around the aggregate particles that have larger pore sizes and pore volumes than the bulk cement paste. If there are enough aggregate particles present, these zones may overlap so as to percolate. A computer simulation model has been developed that can predict this percolation point as a function of interfacial zone thickness, volume fraction of aggregates, and aggregate particle size distribution. The model was used to simulate 1cm3 of mortar, using approximately 10,000 aggregate particles. Results from this model are used to explain recent mercury porosimetry results on mortars having a variety of sand contents. The implications of interfacial zone percolation for the transport properties of mortar and concrete are discussed.
Legislation Proposal on China's Green Government Procurement Law

Green government procurement aims at the market enlargement of environment-friendly products and services through a bias towards or preference for the products or services that meet environment-protecting standards or requirements,to promote the realization of social public goal of environment protection.Green government procurement legislation is imperative in China.
Mining performance regression inducing code changes in evolving software

During software evolution, the source code of a system frequently changes due to bug fixes or new feature requests. Some of these changes may accidentally degrade performance of a newly released software version. A notable problem of regression testing is how to find problematic changes (out of a large number of committed changes) that may be responsible for performance regressions under certain test inputs.We propose a novel recommendation system, coined as PefImpact, for automatically identifying code changes that may potentially be responsible for performance regressions using a combination of search-based input profiling and change impact analysis techniques. PefImpact independently sends the same input values to two releases of the application under test, and uses a genetic algorithm to mine execution traces and explore a large space of input value combinations to find specific inputs that take longer time to execute in a new release. Since these input values are likely to expose performance regressions, PefImpact automatically mines the corresponding execution traces to evaluate the impact of each code change on the performance and ranks the changes based on their estimated contribution to performance regressions. We implemented PefImpact and evaluated it on different releases of two open-source web applications. The results demonstrate that PefImpact effectively detects input value combinations to expose performance regressions and mines the code changes are likely to be responsible for these performance regressions.
Standard setting in optometric clinical skills examinations.

Objective-based clinical skills examinations have become an accepted method of assessing minimal competency for licensure in optometry. This paper reviews key elements of Clinical Skills Examination (CSE), and how standard setting for CSEs can be improved.
Liquid chromatographic determination of nicarbazin in feed

A liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of nicarbazin (4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide.2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine) in chicken feed. Ground feed was extracted with hot dimethylformamide, filtered, and then cleaned up on an alumina column. The nicarbazin was eluted from the column with ethanol and quantitated using a reverse phase C-18 column, with a methanol-water mobile phase and ultraviolet detection at 344 nm. Recoveries at a typical use level of 100 micrograms/g feed averaged 98% with a standard deviation of 3%. Samples fortified at levels as low as 0.1 micrograms/g were analyzed with 92% recovery. The detection limit is 1 ng, and the response is linear between 4 and 1000 ng. Feed additives in combination with nicarbazin do not interfere with recovery.
Practical psychopharmacologic considerations in depression

Of the antidepressants on the US market, only alprazolam and trazodone have questionable antidepressant efficacy. Because all other antidepressants are equally effective in major depressive illness, drugs are used based on particular patient characteristics matched with individual antidepressant drug profiles. In general, antidepressant plasma concentration monitoring is only clinically useful with some of the TCAs. Nortriptyline, imipramine, and desipramine have demonstrated the highest correlation between clinical response and plasma concentration. MAO inhibitors are useful but require a reliable patient who can comply with dietary restrictions. Maprotiline and amoxapine are not first- or second-line antidepressants. Clomipramine and fluoxetine offer unique properties that make them first- or second-line antidepressants for particular patients. There are significant drug interactions with antidepressants that should be avoided.
Identification of a flavobacterium strain virulent against Giardia lamblia cysts

We have isolated from a Kentucky stream a bacterial strain capable of killing the cyst form of Giardia lamblia. This bacterium, designated Sun4, is a Gram-negative, aerobic rod which produces a yellow pigment, but not of the flexirubin-type. Although true gliding motility has not been observed in Sun4, this strain does exhibit a spreading colony morphology when grown on R2A agar. Strain Sun4 has been identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis as belonging to the genus Flavobacterium, and is most closely related to Cytophaga sp. strain Type 0092 and associated Flavobacterium columnare strains. Lipid analysis also identified fatty acids characteristic of the Cytophaga–Flavobacterium group of bacteria. In culture, Sun4 is able to degrade casein and cellulose, but not chitin, gelatin, starch, or agar. Degradation of Giardia cysts by Sun4 appears to require direct cellular contact as neither cell-free extracts nor cells separated from the cysts by dialysis membranes showed any activity against cysts. Activity against Giardia cysts is rapid, with Sun4 killing over 90% of cysts within 48 h. Strain Sun4 requires elevated levels of Ca2+ for optimal growth and degradative activity against Giardia cysts. We propose that bacterial strains such as Sun4 could be used as biological control agents against Giardia cysts in drinking water treatment systems.
Natural menopause and ovarian toxicity associated with breast cancer therapy.

Purpose/objectives To provide essential knowledge of the physiologic changes and symptoms associated with declining ovarian function as a basis for assessment and intervention of premenopausal women treated for breast cancer. Data sources Published articles selected from computerized databases; reference texts and lay publications on women's health and menopause. Data synthesis In healthy mid-life women, the years preceding and immediately following menopause are characterized by hormonal changes that result in altered menstrual bleeding patterns that progress to cessation of menses. These physiologic changes may be associated with hot flashes; changes in the vaginal epithelium; and mood, cognitive, and sleep alterations that are described as early menopausal symptoms. Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer suppresses ovarian function resulting in a wide variability of menstrual patterns, hormonal changes, and symptom experiences among treated premenopausal women. The natural perimenopausal transition informs our understanding of women who experience chemotherapy-induced premature menopause. Implications for nursing practice Knowledge of the underlying physiology and symptom experience of natural and drug-induced menopause provides a foundation for oncology nurses. This foundation is essential to assessment and clinical decision making in the care of women with breast cancer.
Idiopathic Stabbing Headache Can Occur in Children with Chronic Daily Headache: Frequency, Characteristics and Treatment (P1.166)

OBJECTIVE The objective was to understand the presence of Idiopathic Stabbing Headache (ISH) in pediatric patients with Chronic Daily Headache (CDH), including the frequency that this occurs, characteristics of the headache and response to indomethacin. BACKGROUND ISH, also known as ice pick headache is characterized by a brief stabbing pain. Data concerning ISH in children is scarce. Several studies have characterized isolated ISH in children as an intense pain lasting seconds to minutes typically occurring once a week in males and females equally. DESIGN/METHODS This retrospective study identified patients with ISH from a database of CDH patients treated by a pediatric headache specialist. A thorough chart review was conducted on these patients using pre-established variables. These variables included demographic information, characteristics of the pain, and response to indomethacin. RESULTS We identified 26 patients with ISH from a database containing 1543 CDH patients (1.69[percnt]). The frequency in chronic migraine patients was 2.46[percnt]. Most patients were female and had a daily headache with symptoms lasting 1 to 10 minutes. The headaches could be unilateral or bilateral and did not have a predilection for a specific location. Half of the patients were treated with indomethacin with half showing marked improvement. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that ISH occurs in the context of CDH in children. These headaches are typically described as severe and stabbing and/or sharp, but can present in a variety of different ways. A trial of indomethacin should be considered when treating these patients. Disclosure: Dr. Grengs has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mack has nothing to disclose.
Comparing Strategies to Help Spouses of Service Members Cope with Deployment

ABSTRACTThis study compared 2 interventions to help military spouses adapt to change during deployment. Participants were randomized into telephone support groups and education webinars. Both interventions provided information on deployment, coping strategies, and resources. Webinar participants showed significantly more improvement than support participants for anxiety; participants in both arms improved significantly in resilience, depression, anxiety, and coping. Participants attributed benefit to support from others and the military; improved self-efficacy including learning coping skills, decreasing stress, and accessing resources; and sharing learning by helping others and the service member. Findings suggest that multiple avenues can help military spouses cope with deployment.
Dipyridamole monotherapy in schizophrenia: pilot of a novel treatment approach by modulation of purinergic signaling.

Background Emerging data indicate the neuromodulator adenosine may play a role in the therapeutics of schizophrenia. Adenosine A2A receptor stimulation exerts a functional antagonism at postsynaptic D2 receptors. Data from animal models relevant to schizophrenia support a therapeutic effect of modulating adenosinergic transmission in the ventral striatum. One previous clinical trial showed superiority of adjunctive dipyridamole, an adenosine reuptake inhibitor, compared to placebo in ameliorating positive symptoms in schizophrenia patients.
Fermi surface of the Weyl type-II metallic candidate WP 2

Weyl type-II fermions are massless quasiparticles that obey the Weyl equation and which are predicted to occur at the boundary between electron- and hole-pockets in certain semi-metals, i.e. the (W,Mo)(Te,P)$_2$ compounds. Here, we present a study of the Fermi-surface of WP$_2$ \emph{via} the Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) effect. Compared to other semi-metals WP$_2$ exhibits a very low residual resistivity, i.e. $\rho_0 \simeq 10$ n$\Omega$cm, which leads to perhaps the largest non-saturating magneto-resistivity $(\rho(H))$ reported for any compound. For the samples displaying the smallest $\rho_0$, $\rho(H)$ is observed to increase by a factor of $2.5 \times 10^{7}$ $\%$ under $\mu_{0}H = 35$ T at $T = 0.35$ K. The angular dependence of the SdH frequencies is found to be in very good agreement with the first-principle calculations when the electron- and hole-bands are slightly shifted with respect to the Fermi level, thus supporting the existence of underlying Weyl type-II points in WP$_2$.
Medium voltage power conversion architecture for high power PMSG based wind energy conversion system (WECS)

This paper presents a medium voltage power conversion architecture for grid integration of multi-MW permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energyc-conversion system (WECS). Converting the low voltage power output of the generator to medium voltage, can reduce the diameter of the power cable significantly. As a result, power loss and the overall cost of the system can be minimized. With high frequency transformer based design, the weight of the power conversion system can be kept low, making it feasible to install the system on the tower of the wind turbine itself. The architecture is built upon modular concept which facilitates to operate the system under partial fault condition. Also, it has the advantage of reaching to a better efficiency by operating part of the conversion system at partial generation condition. Recent advances in wide bandgap (WBG) based switching devices can further enhance the efficiency of the system. The overall control system is designed and the operation of the proposed architecture is validated through simulation and the feasibility of system design is addressed based on the available power devices.
Cross Talk: Evaluation of a Curriculum to Teach Medical Students How to Use Telephone Interpreter Services

Abstract Purpose Telephone interpretation and recent technology advances assist patients with more timely access to rare languages, but no one has examined the role of this technology in the medical setting and how medical students can be prepared for their use. We sought to determine if structured curriculum on interpretation would promote learners self-reported competency in these encounters and if proficiency would be demonstrated in actual patient encounters. Methods Training on the principles of interpreter use with a focus on communication technology was added to medical student education. The students later voluntarily completed a retrospective pre/post training competency self-assessment. A cohort of students rotating at a clinical site had a blinded review of their telephone interpretation encounters scored on a modified validated scale and compared to scored encounters with preintervention learners. Nested ANOVA models were used for audio file analysis. Results A total of 176 students who completed the training reported a statistically significant improvement in all 4 interpretation competency domains. Eighty-three audio files were analyzed from students before and after intervention. These scored encounters showed no statistical difference between the scores of the 2 groups. However, plotting the mean scores over time from each encounter suggests that those who received the curriculum started their rotation with higher scores and maintained those scores. Conclusions In an evaluation of learners' ability to use interpreters in actual patient encounters, focused education led to earlier proficiency of using interpreters compared to peers who received no training.
Measuring Functional Status in Hospitalized Older Adults Through Electronic Health Record Documentation.

OBJECTIVES Hospitalization-associated disability affects up to 60% of older adults; however, standardized measures of function are not routinely used and documented. We sought to determine whether nursing documentation in electronic medical records can be used to determine mobility status and associated clinical outcomes. METHODS A retrospective study of 2383 medical patients aged 75 years and older was conducted at a large academic tertiary hospital in New York. Mobility (low, intermediate, and high) was the primary variable of interest. Short-term clinical outcomes, including length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, and readmissions, were the primary outcome variables. RESULTS Average age and Charlson Comorbidity Index were 84.7 (range 74-107) and 6.46, respectively; 84.5% of patients were documented to have been ambulatory before admission. More than half (52.8%) of the subjects with in-hospital mortality were in the low mobility group (27.2 vs 0.27 vs 0, P < 0.0001). Low mobility was associated with increased LOS (7.42 vs 5.69 vs 4.14, P < 0.0001), discharge to a skilled nursing facility (39.36 vs 14.67 vs 1.91, P < 0.0001), and 30-day readmission (24.40 vs 16.67 vs 10.93, P < 0.0001). After controlling for demographics, ambulatory status before admission, and Charlson Comorbidity Index, low mobility was statistically significantly associated with increased LOS, discharge to a skilled nursing facility, and 30-day readmissions. CONCLUSIONS The use of documented nursing observation may provide a practical way to systematically identify patients at risk for poor outcomes associated with low mobility to ultimately improve outcomes of hospitalized older adults.
An updated assessment of morbidity and mortality following skull base surgical approaches.

Abstract Objectives Updated multi-institutional database studies assessing perioperative risk factors on 30-day morbidity and mortality after skull base surgeries are limited. We aim to identify perioperative risk factors and report the incidence of 30-day morbidity and mortality in adult patients after skull base surgery. Patients and Methods We queried the 2007–2016 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement program database to identify patients who underwent anterior, middle, or posterior skull base surgery. We performed multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors associated with 30-day morbidity and mortality. Postoperative events were compared between propensity score matched cohorts (no morbidity versus 30-day morbidity). Results The final analysis included 1028 adult (≥18 years old) patients. The incidence of 30-morbidity and mortality was 14.6% and 1.6%, respectively. Postoperative ventilator dependence (52.9%) followed by pneumonia (23.5%) and unplanned intubation (23.5%) had the highest prevalence among those with 30-day mortality. The adjusted odds of 30-day morbidity was significantly higher among patients with functional dependency, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status ≥4, hyponatremia, and anemia (p Conclusion Clinical perioperative factors are significantly associated with 30-day morbidity and mortality after skull base surgery. The reported rate of 30-day morbidity and mortality was similar to earlier studies and therefore highlights the need for continued quality improvement.
Clinical Use of Botulinum Neurotoxins: Pain

Animal data have shown that botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) inhibit the release of pain neurotransmitters/neuromodulators (glutamate, substance P, calcitonin-gene-related peptide) and pro-inflammatory agents (prostaglandins, bradykinin, histamine) from peripheral nerve endings and sensory ganglia and reduce the phenomena of peripheral and central sensitization, major factors for pain chronicity. A review of class I and II studies (double blind, placebo controlled) using the criteria set forward by the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology shows different levels of efficacy for a large number of human pain disorders: There exists level A evidence (two or more class I studies—established efficacy) for pain of cervical dystonia, chronic migraine and chronic lateral epicondylitis and level-B evidence (one class I or two class II studies—probably effective) for postherpetic and posttraumatic neuralgia, pain of plantar fasciitis, piriformis syndrome and pain in total knee arthroplasty. Level C evidence (one class II study—possibly effective) denotes allodynia of diabetic neuropathy, chronic low back pain, painful knee osteoarthritis, anterior knee pain with vastus lateralis imbalance, pelvic pain, postoperative pain in children with cerebral palsy after adductor hip release surgery, postoperative pain after mastectomy and sphincter spasms and pain after hemorrhoidectomy. The myofascial pain syndrome and chronic daily headaches have level U evidence (efficacy not proven due to controversial results). Results of BoNT treatment trials in episodic migraine and chronic tension headaches justify level A evidence for treatment failure. The end of each assessed category includes a medical comment and suggestions for improvement of future studies. For certain pain syndromes, figures are provided to illustrate the suggested number and site of injections and the appropriate doses.
Localized vertical maxillary ridge augmentation using symphyseal bone cores: A technique and case report

Vertical augmentation of the alveolar ridge is intended to restore resorbed alveolar ridges. This procedure is important for the placement of dental implants in a favorable position and also to enhance restoration esthetics. This article presents an approach for vertical ridge augmentation in the anterior maxilla utilizing symphyseal bone cores. A patient presented with 2 localized bony defects around the maxillary lateral incisors. Following extraction of these teeth, vertical bone defects of 7 mm on the right and 6 mm on the left were observed in relation to the cementoenamel junction of the adjacent teeth. Two bone cores were harvested from the mandibular symphysis using a trephine. These bone cores were tapped into 2 predrilled osteotomy sites with corresponding diameters until stabilization was achieved. The 2 sites were grafted with demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft and a titanium-reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. After 5 months, the membranes were removed and vertical ridge augmentation of 5 mm on the right and 4 mm on the left was observed. The width of the ridge was increased as well. Two implants were placed in favorable positions, restored after 6 months, and followed successfully for 1 year after loading. This technique represents a viable approach for augmentation of deficient alveolar ridges prior to the placement of dental implants.
Parental Involvement Laws and Minor and Non-Minor Teen Abortion and Birth Rates

The effects of parental notice and consent laws on abortion and birth rates were analyzed for two groups of teens: those 15 to 17 years old (i.e., minor teens) and those 18 to 19 years old (i.e., non-minor teens). Twelve states report abortion and birth statistics at the county level for these two age groups. The sample consists of 597 counties from these twelve states. Residence county abortion and birth rates were regressed against parental notice laws, parental consent laws, and several control variables (i.e., type of state public funding, population density, education and income levels, unemployment rate, family stability, extent of poverty, church membership, and geographic region). An important finding of this study is that both parental consent and notification laws were related to significantly lower abortion rates and to significantly higher birth rates for both minor and non-minor teens. Three measures (i.e., church membership, family stability, and education level) were related negatively and significantly to minor and non-minor teens' abortion rates and birth rates. One other measure (i.e., restrictive public funding) was related significantly to lower abortion rates and higher birth rates for minor and non-minor teens.
Design as refinement plus constraint propagation: the VEXED experience

Underlying any system that does design is a model of the design process and a division oflabor between the system and the user. We are just beginning to understand what the main alternative models are, what their strengths and weaknesses are, and for which domains and tasks each is appropriate. The research reported here is an attempt to further that understanding by studying a particular model, the model of design as top down refinement plus constraint propagation, with the user making control decisions and the system carrying them out. We have studied this model by embodying it in VEXED, a design aid for NMOS digital circuits, and by experimenting with this system. Our primary conclusion is that this model needs further elaboration, but seems like a good basic model on which to build such systems.
Doctors and Their Patients, Patients and Their Doctors

The patient-physician relationship is considered in its historical perspectives and the roots of the relationship are briefly sketched. Several suggested models are examined. The good of the patient, basic to any consideration of the patient-physician relationship, is examined. Some of the problems such as confidentiality, conflict of interest, consent, and experimentation are briefly considered in the light of the previous discussion.
Towards Pneumatic Spiral Grippers: Modeling and Design Considerations.

Abstract There are a number of instances in nature where long and slender objects are grasped by a continuum arm spirally twirling around the object, thereby increasing the area of contact and stab...
Nozzles, turbulence, and jet noise prediction

Jet noise prediction is notoriously challenging because only subtle features of the flow turbulence radiate sound. The article by Bres et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 851, 2018, pp. 83–124) shows that a well-constructed modelling procedure for the nozzle turbulence can provide unprecedented sub-dB prediction accuracy with modest-scale large-eddy simulations, as confirmed by detailed comparison with turbulence and sound-field measurements. This both illuminates the essential mechanisms of the flow and facilitates prediction for engineering design.
Data-driven approach to fill in data gaps for life cycle inventory of dual fuel technology

Abstract Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool and schematic model to evaluate an emerging technology in the oil and gas industry. In the oilfield operations such as drilling and hydraulic fracturing, dual fuel (DF) diesel engines utilize natural gas and diesel fuel simultaneously, thereby reducing diesel fuel consumption and offering certain emissions reductions. Emissions from DF engines can vary greatly depending on fuel consumption and how the engine is operated. In this study, linear regression and cross validation are applied to analyze field testing data of dual fuel engines. This study enables rapidly prediction of emissions and filling of data gaps for fuel efficiency, substitution ratio and other parameters to optimize DF engine operations. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are predicted by linear regression with uncertainty of 2.7% based on power, methane loss, natural gas and diesel consumption. Exhaust after-treatment system (ATS) adds complexity and will significantly increase prediction uncertainty for carbon monoxide (CO) and non-methane hydrocarbon plus oxides of nitrogen (NMHC + NOx). This model could potentially be integrated into an engineering-based LCA tool – such as the Oil Production Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimator (OPGEE) to predict environmental impacts for a range of energy consumptions. This is an innovative application of multiple linear regression and cross-validation to analyze dual fuel technology for the purpose of LCA.
Accuracy and form of off-resonance time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy

We show that off resonance time-resolved Kerr rotation (TRKR) is a quantitatively accurate tool to measure spin dynamics by demonstrating that TRKR scans yield essentially identical temporal profiles when the probe energy is tuned far below, far above, and on resonance with the bandgap. We further show that the observed symmetry of the Kerr rotation with respect to probe energy detuning is inconsistent with time-dependent perturbation theory in the simplest case and resolve the discrepancy by recognizing that the optical lifetime decreases with excess energy above the band edge transition.We show that off resonance time-resolved Kerr rotation (TRKR) is a quantitatively accurate tool to measure spin dynamics by demonstrating that TRKR scans yield essentially identical temporal profiles when the probe energy is tuned far below, far above, and on resonance with the bandgap. We further show that the observed symmetry of the Kerr rotation with respect to probe energy detuning is inconsistent with time-dependent perturbation theory in the simplest case and resolve the discrepancy by recognizing that the optical lifetime decreases with excess energy above the band edge transition.
Procedures in Ration Formulation

In formulating rations certain facts should be recognized. When biological materials are involved and in most situations when the environment such as temperature, humidity, and wind, cannot be properly controlled, it is difficult to formulate a ration that will make the animal perform precisely as expected. Furthermore, one must recognize that the quality of the feed may not necessarily be the same from day to day or from one batch to another. In spite of all of these variables, rations should be formulated to meet as closely as possible the nutrient needs of animals, in this way optimum or maximum performance can be achieved. Ration formulation also allows the opportunity to substitute one or more feed in the ration. Thus, the cost of the ration can be cheapened without adversely changing the nutrient content (Fig. 18).
‘No Business of the Rest of the World’: Milton Friedman and IMF Conditionality

This paper explores Milton Friedman’s views on conditional lending by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Conditional lending by international financial institutions, which began with a few IMF stand-by arrangements in the 1950s and grew to include extensive World Bank structural adjustment programs, is considered a quintessential neoliberal policy tool. This paper shows that despite his reputation as a neoliberal, Friedman was a vocal opponent of conditional lending by the IMF. He saw conditionality as unacceptably undemocratic, even though in several cases he approved of the policy prescriptions embedded in IMF conditional lending agreements. Friedman opposed conditional lending both in public fora and privately with other neoliberals at Mont Pelerin Society meetings. This paper focuses on Friedman’s views on conditionality in the 1960s and 1970s, during the IMF’s initial turn away from unconditional lending. It also shows how Friedman’s rhetoric changed after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates. By the 1980s Friedman moved past criticizing the undemocratic nature of IMF conditionality and instead argued that without a system of fixed exchange rates to manage the IMF should be abolished.
BRUGADA SYNDROME TYPE I: WHEN DOES SYNCOPE BECOME WORRISOME?

The 2013 consensus statement suggest that ICD is useful among patients with spontaneous or drug-induced type I Brugada pattern (BrP) who present with syncope “judged to be arrhythmogenic”. However, that judgement may be difficult to prove. A 26-year-old Laotian female presented with her 1st
Bayesian Adaptive Bridge Regression for Ordinal Models with an Application

In this article, we propose a Bayesian Adaptive bridge regression for ordinal model. We developed a new hierarchical model for ordinal regression in the Bayesian adaptive bridge. We consider a fully Bayesian approach that yields a new algorithm with tractable full conditional posteriors. All of the results in real data and simulation application indicate that our method is effective and performs very good compared to other methods. We can also observe that the estimator parameters in our proposed method, compared with other methods, are very close to the true parameter values.
Confronting the Aporias of the Inclusion Practice

The politics of inclusion as it has been practiced in recent decades is contradictory. Although its proponents pursue inclusion, the actual practice is exclusionary. This article shows that the current practice of inclusion is profoundly flawed, which explains why it has been unsuccessful and has, in fact, become a source of divisions and conflicts in our society. The current politics of inclusion has its roots in the Enlightenment tradition that has been often criticized for being culturally specific and exclusionary. As the article shows, the assumptions on which the politics of inclusion is based are arbitrary, subjective, and ultimately irrational. The article proposes a new approach toward the practice of inclusion. It argues that inclusion is an essential aspect of the process of creation. Just like creation cannot work without inclusion, inclusion will not work without creation. Therefore, the process of creation must be an integral part of the new inclusion practice. The recognition of the importance of the process of creation is not specific to a particular culture, which makes the new inclusion practice universal in its character.
Association of Timing of School Desegregation in the United States With Late-Life Cognition in the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR) Cohort.

Importance Prior research suggests schooling differences for Black individuals in the US are associated with worse cognitive aging. It is unknown whether age when experiencing school desegregation is associated with differences in late-life cognition in this population. Objective To examine patterns of association between age of school desegregation in grades 1 to 12 and late-life cognition. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study analyzed baseline data from the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR) cohort collected from 2018 through 2019 in Northern California, primarily in the cities of Richmond and Oakland. Participants were 699 self-identified Black individuals aged 50 years or older who were community-dwelling, long-term members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California and dementia free at baseline. Exposures Participants reported whether they attended a segregated school in grades 1, 6, 9, and 12 and were placed in 1 of 6 transition categories: (1) always attended integrated schools; (2) integrated between grades 1 through 5; (3) integrated between grades 6 through 8; (4) integrated between grades 9 through 12; (5) ever moved from integrated to segregated school; (6) never attended integrated schools. Main Outcomes and Measures Executive function, semantic memory, and verbal episodic memory ascertained via the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Battery andzstandardized for analyses. Results The mean (SD) age of the 699 participants was 68.5 (8.7) years, and 484 (69.2%) were female. Most participants transitioned from segregated to integrated schools owing to historical timing and cohort geography. Compared with 111 participants who never attended integrated schools (reference group), executive function was better among 50 participants who transitioned to integrated schools between grades 1 and 5 (β = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.08-0.61;P = .01). Semantic memory was better among 435 participants who only attended integrated schools (β = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.54;P = .001) or among 50 participants who transitioned to integrated schools between grades 1 and 5 (β = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.15-0.72;P = .003). However, no significant differences were found by group for verbal episodic memory function (eg, for 50 participants who transitioned to integrated schools between grades 1 and 5: β = 0.07; 95% CI, −0.22 to 0.35;P = .66). No significant differences were found when testing for potential interactions by sex, Southern birth, or baseline age. Conclusions and Relevance The STAR cohort data indicated that executive function and semantic memory were higher among Black individuals with some integrated school experience. These results suggest that racially segregated schooling experiences, including de facto segregation present today, may be associated with worse late-life cognition.
Full-Waveform Terrestrial Lidar Data Classification Using Raw Samples of Digitized Waveform

Full-waveform analysis (FWA) through modeling and decomposition of the digitized echo waveform, measured by a full-waveform (FW) laser scanning system, is typically employed to derive the waveform attributes, including the number of echoes, amplitude and width of each detected echo in the backscattered waveform signal. It has already been shown that such attributes in the feature vector of each measured point can enhance the performance of semantic point cloud segmentation. In this experiment, however, rather than modeling the waveform, the feature vector of each measured target is populated with the raw samples of the waveform related to the target. Random forest classification is used to classify a 3D scene consisting of both natural and man-made targets. The results show that the raw samples of the digitized waveform are discriminative enough to be used as independent features for a multi-class classification task, where, in this experiment, the overall accuracy of 90% was achieved for classifying the $3D$ scene.
[13N] Labeled Tracers, Synthesis and Applications

This article presents a review of the methods of production and yields of 13N and [13N]-labeled compounds, and their use in medicine and other biosciences. New techniques have been developed for the preparation of pure samples of [13N]-NH3, [13N]-NO3 − and [13N]-NO2 − using a recirculating water target. A number of methods have been developed for the enzymatic synthesis of [13N]-labeled amino acids (glutamine, glutamate, asparagine, and citrulline) and the distribution and metabolic fate of many of these have been determined in animals. Some studies in humans have also been performed. Chemical methods have been devised for the synthesis of [13N]-labeled nitroso compounds, biogenic amines, and for cis-platin.
Vein of Galen Malformations: Long-term functional outcome in 6 cases

PURPOSE: Vein of Galen Malformations (VOGMs) are rare congenital arteriovenous fistulas that were previously associated with high mortality and morbidity prior to the advent of endovascular treatment approaches. The long-term functional outcome and quality of life of infants and children treated with these approaches, however, are not well characterized. METHODS: The long-term outcomes of a cohort of pediatric patients treated at University of California at San Francisco from 1986–2013 ( N = 39) for their VOGMs were assessed using a self-report survey-based approach. The Pediatric Quality of life Inventory (PedsQL), the Functional Disability Inventory (FDI) and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) were employed. The results of the surveys were analyzed. RESULTS: We received six surveys from three male and three female patients with a median age of 17.5 years (range 7–22 years). The median length of follow-up since first treatment was 17 years (range 5–19 years). The PedsQL summary scores of the patients in our sample were only slightly lower than norms from healthy controls (78.4 vs. 83.0). The cases in our sample were on an average mildly affected in the domains of physical health, emotional health, social functioning and school functioning. The FDI and WHODAS results revealed that survey respondents had minimal or no disability. CONCLUSION: The long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with VOGM may be good following endovascular treatment. Better long-term follow up is needed, as evidenced by the low rate of survey response.
The best offense is a good defense.

How does a cell employ a lethal toxin against neighboring cells of the same species, yet provide nearly perfect protection for itself? Two new structures offer insights into the nature of interactions between bacterial colicin toxins and the 'immunity' proteins that inhibit their activity.
Modulation Schemes for Single-Laser 100 Gb/s Links: Single-Carrier

We evaluate multicarrier modulation methods for 100 Gb/s single-wavelength data center interconnects. We consider two different orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques: DC-biased OFDM (DC-OFDM) and asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM). We also consider two different techniques for bit loading and power allocation: fixed bit loading with preemphasis and optimized bit loading and power allocation. We first present a semianalytical performance and complexity evaluation of these OFDM methods including the effects of linear filtering, clipping, and quantization. We then include the effects of chromatic dispersion and chirp, as well as intensity and shot noises. Performance is quantified in terms of the required average optical power to achieve a target bit-error probability for a given modulator bandwidth. Complexity is quantified in terms of the resolution and sampling rate required of digital-to-analog (DAC) and analog-to-digital (ADC) converters, as well as the number of signal processing operations required. For each OFDM technique, we adjust the clipping ratio to minimize the optical power requirement. For DC-OFDM, taking into account the DAC frequency response reduces the optical power requirement up to 2 dB. ACO-OFDM is more power efficient and requires lower DAC/ADC resolution than DC-OFDM, but ACO-OFDM requires prohibitively high sampling rates owing to its poor spectral efficiency.