cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability identification and classification via text mining bug databases

As critical and sensitive systems increasingly rely on complex software systems, identifying software vulnerabilities is becoming increasingly important. It has been suggested in previous work that some bugs are only identified as vulnerabilities long after the bug has been made public. These bugs are known as Hidden Impact Bugs (HIBs). This paper presents a hidden impact bug identification methodology by means of text mining bug databases. The presented methodology utilizes the textual description of the bug report for extracting textual information. The text mining process extracts syntactical information of the bug reports and compresses the information for easier manipulation. The compressed information is then utilized to generate a feature vector that is presented to a classifier. The proposed methodology was tested on Linux vulnerabilities that were discovered in the time period from 2006 to 2011. Three different classifiers were tested and 28% to 88% of the hidden impact bugs were identified correctly by using the textual information from the bug descriptions alone. Further analysis of the Bayesian detection rate showed the applicability of the presented method according to the requirements of a development team.
Decision-Rule Solutions for Data Mining with Missing Values

A method is presented to induce decision rules from data with missing values where (a) the format of the rules is no different than rules for data without missing values and (b) no special features are specified to prepare the the original data or to apply the induced rules. This method generates compact Disjunctive Normal Form (DNF) rules. Each class has an equal number of unweighted rules. A new example is classified by applying all rules and assigning the example to the class with the most satisfied rules. Disjuncts in rules are naturally overlapping. When combined with voted solutions, the inherent redundancy is enhanced. We provide experimental evidence that this transparent approach to classification can yield strong results for data mining with missing values.
Analysis of Caspase Activation During Apoptosis

This unit describes three methods for the detection of caspase activation as cells undergo apoptosis. Simple and relatively quantitative enzymatic assays are provided using suitable substrates. Because the various low-molecular-weight substrates available for these assays are not selective, however, the assays do not accurately distinguish between various caspases. Immunoblotting is described for following the activation of specific caspases. When coupled with subcellular fractionation, this method can provide large amounts of temporal and spatial information about caspase activation. Finally, affinity labeling protocols are provided for detecting active caspases in whole-cell lysates or subcellular fractions.
Inhibition of paclitaxel-resistant MCF-7 RAg cell growth by Vernonia amygdalina extract

B49 The aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina (V.A.), a plant native to Nigeria, has been shown to inhibit growth of various cancer cell types without harmful side effects. Since drug resistance is a major obstacle for successful anticancer therapy, combined treatment regimens which 1) render the desired anti-cancerous effects, obtain synergistic effects, and 3) allow significant dose reductions of both drugs are desirable. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of exposure to V.A., ethanol, or a combination of V.A. and ethanol, on doxorubicin or paclitaxel-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7 RAg) breast cancer cell growth. MCF-7 RAg cells were cultured and exposed to 100ug/ml or 300ug/ml of V.A., with either 0.3% or 3% ethanol, or a combination and cell number was determined after exposure for at the 24hr, 48hr, 72hr or 7d time points. Results indicate that treatment with V.A. extract alone led to a 30 fold decrease in cell count at each of the timepoints, and 0.3% ethanol exposure alone was stimulatory at the 7d timepoint by 50 fold. Interestingly, the most noticeable effects were observed following combined exposure at the 72 hr and 7d timepoints. Following 72 hr exposure, combined treatment led to a 30 fold decrease in the cell count compared to the effects observed following either V.A. only treatment or 0.3% ethanolonly treatment. Additionally, following 7d exposure, combined led to a 50 fold decrease in cell count compared to the effect observed following V.A. only treatment, and a 70 fold decrease in cell count compared to the stimulatory effect observed following 0.3% ethanolonly treatment. In that combined exposure led to enhanced inhibition, these findings indicate that V.A. treatment reverses the ethanol-induced stimulatory response in paclitaxel-sensitive human cancer cell growth, and shows that V.A. inhibits the growth of MCF-7 RAg cells in culture. Perhaps V.A. may be a useful agent against breast tumor cells which survive chemotherapy with taxol.Key Words: Vernonia amygdalina extract, anti-carcinogens, ethanol, drug resistance, and paclitaxel.Acknowledgments: This research was financially supported in part through the NIH-Project EXPORT Grant No. 5P20MD000534-02, the NIH-EARDA grant, Grant No. 1G11HDO46519-01, and through the NIH/RCMI-CEH at JSU, Grant No. 1G12RR13459. Special thanks to Dr. Ernest Izevbigie for the V. A. extract, and Dr. Mandip Sachdeva, Florida A & M University, for the MCF-7 RAg cells, both of which were provided as generous gifts.
Walking Away Hurt, Walking Around Scared: A Cluster Analysis of Violence Exposure Among Young Black Males

Using a person-centered approach, we examine phenomenological variations in exposure to violence for Black males and describe risk and protective factors associated with patterns of violence exposu...
Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness Predict Excessive Reassurance Seeking Among Clinical Outpatients

Objective The current study aimed to investigate whether perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness (i.e., suicide risk factors) were associated with excessive reassurance seeking (a behavior linked to rejection). It was predicted that perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness would predict higher levels of excessive reassurance seeking, controlling for depressive symptoms and global functioning. Method A cross-sectional sample of 415 clinical outpatients (62% female; mean age = 28) was examined. Results Perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness significantly predicted excessive reassurance seeking, controlling for depressive symptoms and global functioning. Conclusions Perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness predicted excessive reassurance seeking, suggesting that it would be beneficial for clinicians to assess for and target excessive reassurance seeking among individuals experiencing perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness so that excessive reassurance seeking does not elicit interpersonal rejection.
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN’s) are a unique type of polyblend, synthesized by swelling a crosslinked polymer (I) with a second monomer (II), together with crosslinking and activating agents, and polymerizing monomer II in situ (Sperling, 1974–1975 ; Sperling and Friedman, 1969). The term IPN was adopted because, in the limiting case of high compatibility between crosslinked polymers I and II, both networks could be visualized as being interpenetrating and continuous throughout the entire macroscopic sample.* As with other types of polyblends, if components I and II consist of chemically distinct polymers, incompatibility and some degree of phase separation usually result (Sperling, 1974–1975; Sperling and Friedman, 1969; Sperling et al., 1970a,b,c; 1971). Even under these conditions, the two components remain intimately mixed, the phase domain dimensions being on the order of hundreds of angstroms. If one polymer is elastomeric and one polymer is plastic at the use temperature, the combination tends to behave synergistically, and either reinforced rubber or impact-resistant plastics result, depending upon which phase predominates (Curtius et al., 1972; Sperling and Mihalakis, 1973; Sperling et al., 1971; Huelck et al., 1972). Among the other kinds of polymer blends discussed in this monograph, the graft-type copolymers are the ones most closely related to the IPN’s.
Dyslexia: Implications for diagnosis and treatment

I have indicated the relationship between a variety of developmental language problems, speech problems, as well as reading and writing problems. It is important for those working with dyslexic students to recognize the possibility of reinforcement by associating one faulty language skill with other language skills perhaps less poorly developed. In making the diagnosis of dyslexia, which is not always easy, it is well to know the family background. And to illustrate this, I have cited a number of clinical case histories.
Studies on an abnormally sharpened elution peak observed in counter-current chromatography

Abstract Counter-current chromatography (CCC) of the bromoacetylation product of 3,3',5-triiodo- l -thyronine (T3) produced by unusually sharp peak for the desired product, N-bromoacetyl T3 (BrAcT3). A series of experiments revealed that bromoacetic acid, probably present as a side reaction product in the sample solution, was responsible. This compound repressed the ionization of the carboxyl group of BrAcT3 forcing it into the less polar stationary phase until the bromoacetic acid had eluted completely from the apparatus. At this point, the sudden increase of pH and consequent ionization of the BrAcT3 allowed the ammonium salt of the latter to enter the more polar moving phase where it eluted rapidlt from the column as a sharp peak. The same phenomenon was observed in the CYC fractionation of the series of indole auxins where addition of trifluoroacetic acid to the sample caused peak sharpening by the same process. The phenomenon recalls pH gradient elution and isoelectric foccusing except that the substance responsible for the pH range here is added along with the sample in one bolus forming a sharp pH gradient at its trailing edge. As with gradient elution, the technique is of practical interest since it permits collection of the eluting compounds with increased detectability in fewer fractions. The technique can also enhance separation of compounds whose partition coefficients differ with a change in pH.
MESAM 4: An Ambulatory Device for the Detection of Patients at Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS)

A validation study was performed on the MESAM 4, a digital recording device developed to monitor oxygen saturation, heart rate (HR), snoring, and body position in order to screen subjects for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). MESAM 4 recordings were scored with the computer-based automatic scoring system provided with the equipment. Nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) and MESAM 4 recordings were run simultaneously on 56 subjects presenting with any type of sleep complaint, including those secondary to OSAS. Patients were assigned to one room by hospital administration and were monitored consecutively. The polygraphic equipment and MESAM 4 equipment were placed on the subjects by separate teams. Records of PSG and MESAM 4 were analyzed in double-blind fashion. With the MESAM 4 computerized analysis, three indices based on SaO 2 (ODI), on heart rate (HVI), and on snoring (ISI) were obtained, and the number of abnormal respiratory events occurring during the time selected for analysis (TAT) were determined. Polysomnographic records were scored by 30-s epochs following the American Sleep Disorders Association standards for sleep states and stages and for sleep-related events, including sleep apneas, hypopneas, and periodic leg movements. Following independent scoring, 26 subjects were identified with OSAS by PSG, while MESAM 4 identified 25 subjects with OSAS using oxygen algorithm; all had a respiratory disturbance index ≥10 with PSG. Results of each polysomnogram and each MESAM 4 analysis were compared. With the polysomnogram used as a standard, the degree of error for each variable with the MESAM 4 was calculated. Specificity and sensitivity of the most accurate index of the MESAM 4, the ODI, were 97 percent and 92 percent, respectively. The other two indices, HVI and ISI, were less accurate: specificity and sensitivity were 32 percent and 58 percent for HVI and 27 percent and 96 percent for ISI. Nevertheless, a combination of all three indices (ODI, HVI, ISI) would have prevented the two false-positive cases we observed. The results of this validation study show that MESAM 4 can be helpful to general practitioners, clinicians, and epidemiologists as a low-cost screening device for subjects with OSAS and habitual snoring.
FATIGUE-LIFE EVALUATION OF STEEL POST STRUCTURES. I: BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS

Changeable message sign (CMS) structures are cantilever, interverted L-shaped structural com- ponents that are used to transmit information on road conditions to the driving public. The high-cycle fatigue failure of one CMS structure in southern California led to a detailed analytical and experimental study of CMS structures. In this paper key data from field studies are presented together with results of finite-element studies of CMS structural components. A companion paper documents the results of the experimental program and presents recommendations for future CMS construction. Analysis of field data shows mechanical damping in CMS structures to be approximately 0.5% of critical in the first two modes and that galloping instability was probably the cause of failure of the CMS structure. Finite-element models were developed for one as-built post, one gusset-retrofitted post, and different conduit hole geometries. The finite-element analysis showed that there were high stress concentrations around the conduit holes in all cases, that conduit hole geometry appears to play only a small role in the value of maximum stress, and that the gussets served to reduce the longitudinal and von Mises stresses at the post-baseplate weldment but not around the conduit hole where the gussets created stress risers at the gusset tip.
The Effects of Cirrhosis on Trauma Outcomes: An Analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank

Introduction A number of small retrospective studies have shown that cirrhosis is associated with increased mortality and poor outcomes in trauma. While these studies have provided useful insight into the management of this unique group of patients, their clinical utility has been limited by very small sample size. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cirrhosis and clinical outcomes using a much larger cohort of trauma patients than has previously been reported. Methods Data were obtained from the National Trauma Data Bank from 1994 to 2005. Of the 884,700 patients who met inclusion criteria, 0.11% had a known diagnosis of cirrhosis ( n = 956). Information regarding demographics, injury severity, preexisting comorbidities, and presence or absence of laparotomy was collected. Primary outcome measures were mortality and pulmonary, hematologic, infectious, and cardiac complications. Age, injury severity, comorbidities, and laparotomy status were analyzed as independent variables using logistic regression. Results The overall mortality rate for patients with cirrhosis was more than four times higher than patients without cirrhosis (17.7% versus 4.4%, P P P Discussion Cirrhosis is a strong predictor of poor outcome in trauma patients, regardless of age, injury severity, or number of comorbidities, especially among those requiring trauma-related laparotomies. Furthermore, TRISS fails to accurately predict survival in this group of patients. This study is the largest of its kind and is powered to detect statistically significant differences for a wide variety of outcomes while controlling for potential confounders. We have confirmed many trends previously seen in smaller studies and provided new information regarding the frequency and proportions of complications seen in this unique population.
rac-[2,2′-Bis(1-ethyl­benzimidazol-2-yl-κN3)­bi­phenyl]­di­chloro­nickel(II)

The title compound, [NiCl2(C30H26N4)], is a monoclinic (purple) racemic polymorph of a previously reported orthorhombic (blue) form of the same compound. The complex exhibits pseudo-tetrahedral coordination geometry around the nickel(II) metal center. This geometry is enforced by the geometrically constraining ligand 2,2′-bis(1-ethyl­benzimidazol-2-yl)­bi­phenyl.
Are Megacities Sustainable

Increasing numbers of people are moving to cities, causing urban populations to expand. In 1900, only 13% of the world’s people lived in cities, but by 2000, the percentage had increased to 47%. Soon, over 50% of the world’s people will live in cities. Several questions arise related to this movement: (1) How rapidly are people moving to cities? (2) What are the benefits to having a larger urban population? (3) What are the detriments of such a move? (4) Are city folks taking major risks compared with people living in rural areas? (5) If so, what are these risks, and how can they be avoided? Recently, B.R. Gurjar (The Financial Express, 44, p. 6, 2005) published an article entitled “Mega Cities: City-States of the Future.” In this article, he points out that cities contribute enormously to a nation’s economy provided that they can manufacture or otherwise generate products that are of global value. In fact, some cities specialize in just one or a few commercial products, say, automobiles, computers, or drugs, so that the people of that city depend on a relatively small number of industrial enterprises for jobs. Moreover, the primary product produced by a particular urban population may result from the presence of a single company, and its presence in that city reflects the decisions of just a few executives. Decisions to hire, fire, maintain or close a facility can therefore be made on short notice even though they affect the lives of thousands. Gurjar defines a megacity as one that has a population of over 10,000,000. While there were only two megacities in 1950, New York and Tokyo, with populations of 12.4 and 11.3 million, respectively, we now have 20 such urban centers worldwide with populations sometimes exceeding 20,000,000. This tremendous rise results both from astronomical global birth over death rates and from the migration of rural populations to the cities. Let’s examine these two primary causes in more detail. Every day, there are over 200,000 more people on Earth than the day before; 200,000 is the minimal number of births over deaths worldwide in a single day! Moreover, about 1% of the world’s rural population moves from the country to the cities every two years. This amounts to an average increase in the urban population of roughly 15 million people per year, due solely to migration. Urban fertility rates, generally lower than rural fertility rates, but nevertheless appreciable, particularly in third world countries, plus the tremendous influx of people from the country, accounts for the rise in the urban population. In contrast to country life, cities depend on extensive infrastructural support systems. These provide food, water, energy, transportation, lodging, information transfer, recreation and other necessities. The sudden loss of a city’s infrastructure due to a Water Air Soil Pollut (2007) 178:1–3 DOI 10.1007/s11270-006-9206-y
The PPARδ agonist GW0742 inhibits neuroinflammation, but does not restore neurogenesis or prevent early delayed hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment after whole-brain irradiation

Brain tumor patients often develop cognitive impairment months to years after partial or fractionated whole-brain irradiation (WBI). Studies suggest that neuroinflammation and decreased hippocampal neurogenesis contribute to the pathogenesis of radiation-induced brain injury. In this study, we determined if the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ agonist GW0742 can prevent radiation-induced brain injury in C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT) and PPARδ knockout (KO) mice. Dietary GW0742 prevented the acute increase in IL-1β mRNA and ERK phosphorylation measured at 3h after a single 10-Gy dose of WBI; it also prevented the increase in the number of activated hippocampal microglia 1 week after WBI. In contrast, dietary GW074 failed to prevent the radiation-induced decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis determined 2 months after WBI in WT mice or to mitigate their hippocampal-dependent spatial memory impairment measured 3 months after WBI using the Barnes maze task. PPARδ KO mice exhibited defects including decreased numbers of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus/hilus of the hippocampus and a failure to exhibit a radiation-induced increase in activated hippocampal microglia. Interestingly, the number of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus/hilus was reduced in WT mice, but not in PPARδ KO mice 2 months after WBI. These results demonstrate that, although dietary GW0742 prevents the increase in inflammatory markers and hippocampal microglial activation in WT mice after WBI, it does not restore hippocampal neurogenesis or prevent early delayed hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment after WBI. Thus, the exact relationship between radiation-induced neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and cognitive impairment remains elusive.
Using a Portable Personal Web Server to Increase Students' Research and Communication Efficiency

Abstract Today's college students need innovative ways to help them work more efficiently in this competitive world. This article describes how educators can teach students to create portable personal Web servers to increase their efficiency in learning, research, and communication, thereby enhancing productivity. A step-by-step approach is presented with examples to guide students in creating their portable personal Web servers within 50 minutes. Implications of the project are discussed, and methods for improving Web authoring skills are suggested.
KFERQ Sequence in Ribonuclease A-mediated Cytotoxicity

Onconase(ONC) is an amphibian ribonuclease that is in clinical trials as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. ONC is a homolog of ribonuclease A (RNase A). RNase A can be made toxic to cancer cells by replacing Gly(88) with an arginine residue, thereby enabling the enzyme to evade the endogenous cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI). Unlike ONC, RNase A contains a KFERQ sequence (residues 7-11), which signals for lysosomal degradation. Here, substitution of Arg(10) of the KFERQ sequence has no effect on either the cytotoxicity of G88R RNase A or its affinity for RI. In contrast, K7A/G88R RNase A is nearly 10-fold more cytotoxic than G88R RNase A and has more than 10-fold less affinity for RI. Up-regulation of the KFERQ-mediated lysosomal degradation pathway has no effect on the cytotoxicity of these ribonucleases. Thus, KFERQ-mediated degradation does not limit the cytotoxicity of RNase A variants. Moreover, only two amino acid substitutions (K7A and G88R) are shown to endow RNase A with cytotoxic activity that is nearly equal to that of ONC.
The influence of gaseous ionization and spark discharge on fibrous insulating materials and on Mica

It has been suspected for a long time that gaseous ionization in air layers and pockets inside of composite insulation results in deterioration and shortening of the life of the insulation. Experiments described in the paper show that within a very short time fibrous insulation exposed to such ionization rapidly loses its mechanical and electrical properties. Mica is shown to be practically immune from this type of deterioration. The outer paper wrappers of the armature bars of high-voltage generators frequently show after operation, the presence of numerous small holes in those portions within the slot. These holes apparently do not penetrate beyond the first layer of mica. Experiments are performed indicating that these holes are due to the slow oxidation of the most vulnerable fibers in the insulation, due to the presence of ionization of the air layer between tooth and coil side. The experiments indicate methods for limiting the volume and extent of such pitting. The influence of ionization and spark discharge on mica is studied qualitatively in some detail, and the results indicate that mica is practically immune from uniform layers of ionization in a thin air film. The most dangerous condition for mica is a spark discharge playing over its surface. Such sparks fasten on any surface flaws, leading to splintering and ultimate breakdown. The worst condition for mica is the presence of an isolated discharge point on one side in relation to a fairly wide conducting area on the other side of the insulation containing the mica. Under such circumstances mica is completely disintegrated within a short time at voltages in the neighborhood of 40 kilovolts with air gaps in the neighborhood of a 0.5 millimeter.
Differential Effects of Pentoxifylline and Interleukin-10 on Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase by Murine Macrophages

The abilities of pentoxifylline and recombinant interleukin-10 (rIL-10) to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were compared. Pentoxifylline consistently inhibited the accumulation of both TNF and iNOS in a dose-dependent manner whether the stimulus was bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma), or LPS plus rIFN-gamma. Similarly, rIL-10 consistently reduced TNF production by cells stimulated with LPS, rIFN-gamma, or LPS plus rIFN-gamma. However, rIL-10 weakly inhibited LPS-induced iNOS production but failed to block (and often augmented) rIFN-gamma-induced iNOS production. Combinations of pentoxifylline and rIL-10 led to additive or synergistic inhibition of TNF but not iNOS production; in fact, rIL-10 appeared to interfere with the ability of pentoxifylline to block iNOS accumulation. These data suggest that combinations of antiinflammatory agents may have unanticipated effects on inflammatory mediator production.
Electrostatic complexes of mitomycin C with nucleic acids and polyanions.

Abstract Reductively activated mitomycin C exhibits strong, non-covalent electrostatic binding to polyanions such as polyvinylsulfate and polyphosphate. The protonated C-2 amino group generated by the reduction is most likely responsible for this type of interaction. At moderate drug and salt concentrations only covalent binding to nucleic acids is observable. This is shown to be guanine-specific in DNA for the first time, as well as in synthetic polyribo- and polydeoxyribonucleotides at 10–20 times higher binding levels than previously tested. At higher mitomycin C concentration, however, strong non-covalent electrostatic binding to nucleic acids also occurs, resulting in a binding ratio up to 1 mol drug bound per mol mononucleotide, although this non-specific binding is relatively inhibited compared to polyvinylsulfate. Salts also have an inhibitory effect on the non-specific binding to nucleic acids. A series of mitomycin derivatives were compared for their binding and crosslinking abilities using DNA as substrate, with the following results: (a) the presence of a basic nitrogen funtion at C-2 promotes binding, both covalent and electrostatic, presumably by kinetically facilitating the approach between positively charged nitrogen and DNA. (b) The aziridine ring is the major covalent binding site, indispensable for crosslinking and determines the guanine-specificity of the binding.
Thorium(IV) and Uranium(IV) Ketimide Complexes Prepared by Nitrile Insertion into Actinide−Alkyl and −Aryl Bonds

Migratory insertion of benzonitrile into both An-C bonds of the bis(alkyl) and bis(aryl) complexes (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 AnR 2 yields the actinide ketimido complexes (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 An[-N=C(Ph)(R)] 2 (where An = Th, R = Ph, CH 2 Ph, CH 3 ;An = U, R = CH 2 Ph, CH 3 ) and provides a versatile method for the construction of electronically and sterically diverse ketimide ligands. The Th(IV) compounds represent the first examples of thorium ketimide complexes. The uranium complexes are surprisingly unreactive, and both the uranium and thorium bis(ketimido) complexes display unusual electronic structure properties. The combined chemical and physical properties of these complexes suggest a higher An-N bond order due to significant ligand-to-metal π-bonding in the actinide ketimido interactions and indicate that the f-electrons in mid-valent organouranium complexes might be far more involved in chemical bonding and reactivity than previously thought. We also report herein the structures of the known thorium and uranium complexes (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 Th(CH 2 Ph) 2 , (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 ThMe 2 , (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 U-(CH 2 Ph) 2 , and (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 UMe 2 .
Fetal body composition.

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to highlight recent developments in the evaluation of fetal growth, focusing on the determination of fetal body composition. The ultimate goal of this area of investigation is to improve predictions of perinatal morbidity and mortality beyond that achieved employing estimated fetal weight as the primary discriminator of the risk associated with abnormal fetal growth. Recent findings Several validated techniques have emerged which appear capable of quantifying fetal lean body mass and fat mass. Preliminary investigations suggest that these body composition parameters do distinguish, with a higher degree of precision than estimates of fetal weight alone, clinical influences that contribute to abnormal fetal growth. Studies linking estimates of fetal body composition to improved prediction of perinatal morbidity and mortality are currently limited. Summary Quantitative estimates of fetal body composition can currently be achieved with recently developed and validated ultrasound tools. Their utility for the improved prediction of perinatal morbidity and mortality has not yet been rigorously examined.
Field Criteria Used in Determining the Vigor of Seed Corn (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Drying Injury

General agreement does not exist regarding the influence of seed corn (Zea mays L.) vigor on subsequent crop performance. Studies were conducted to determine the characters through which seed corn vigor is expressed, how long the influence persists and the relationship among the characters identified. Seeds of two corn hybrids A632 X (H99 X H95) and B73 X (H99 X H95), dried at 35 °C and 50 °C were grown in the field in each of 2 years and in the growth chamber in Ames, Iowa. A complete range of growth parameters was measured in the laboratory and growth chamber and field. Of these parameters, emergence, emergence rate, plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter at 4 and 6 weeks and penultimate leaf length and width were characters found to be influenced by seed vigor. As the plants matured, the influence of seed vigor decreased. Positive and negative relationships were found to exist between some of the characters influenced by seed vigor. However, seed vigor had no influence on yield.
Methods of Demonstrating Article and Journal Impact

Faculty members preparing their dossiers typically need to demonstrate the impact of that portion of their research that has appeared in the journal literature. This article describes several methods of demonstrating article and journal impact. An article's impact can be shown by counting the number of citations it has received and by comparing that total to the number of citations received by other articles in the same volume. Journal impact can be demonstrated using the journal impact factor computed by ISI Thomson Research or the journal's acceptance rate. Journal prestige can also be demonstrated with the use of published lists from various sources, including research studies in the literature. A sample article is used as a case study to illustrate each method.
Verrucous Carcinoma, Then and Now

Abstract The salient clinical and pathological features of verrucous carcinoma, as first described by Ackerman in 1948, are reviewed. Two case reports are presented. The first concerns a personal experience with a patient who had five surgical procedures for multifocal oral verrucous carcinoma and remains alive and well 28 years after her initial treatment. The second report highlights the remarkable story of President Grover Cleveland’s secret surgery for verrucous carcinoma of the palate in 1893. Current concepts about the management of this uncommon tumor are reviewed, as well as some recent investigations that deal with its etiology.
A pelagic ecosystem model calibrated with BATS data

Mechanistic models of ocean ecosystem dynamics are of fundamental importance to understanding and predicting the role of marine ecosystems in the oceanic uptake of carbon. In this paper, a new pelagic ecosystem model that is descended from the model of Fasham et al. (Journal of Marine Research, 99 (1990) 591–639) (FDM model) is presented. During model development, the FDM model was first simplified to reduce the number of variables unconstrained by data and to reduce the number of parameters to be estimated. Many alternative simplified model formulations were tested in an attempt to fit 1988–1991 Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) data. The model presented here incorporates the changes found to be important. (i) A feature of the FDM physics that gives rise to a troublesome fall bloom was replaced. (ii) A biodiversity effect was added: the addition of larger algal and detrital size classes as phytoplankton and detrital biomasses increase. (iii) A phytoplankton physiological effect was also added: the adjustment of the chlorophyll-to-nitrogen ratio by phytoplankton in response to light and nutrient availabilities. The new model has only four state variables and a total of 11 biological parameters; yet it fits the average annual cycle in BATS data better than the FDM model. The new model also responds reasonably well to interannual variability in physical forcing. Based on the justification for changes (i)--(iii) from empirical studies and the success of this simple model at fitting BATS data, it is argued that these changes may be generally important. It is also shown that two alternative assumptions about ammonium concentrations lead to very different model calibrations, emphasizing the need for time series data on ammonium.
Epidemiology of neonatal enterovirus infection

During a typical enterovirus season in Rochester, New York, none of 666 neonates or 629 mothers were found to be excreting nonpolio enteroviruses within 1 day of delivery. No enteroviruses were isolated from weekly cultures of the 23 infants who died or remained hospitalized during the first month of life. After discharge, culture specimens were obtained in 586 infants at one to four weekly home visits until 1 month of age. The incidence of acquisition of nonpolio enterovirus infection was 12.8%, and the overall prevalence of enterovirus excretion was 5.3%. Risk of virus infection was associated only with lower socioeconomic status (P
The concentrations of metabolites of glucose in rat adipose tissue cells in vitro

Abstract 1. 1. The concentrations of pyruvate, lactate, citrate, glutamate, aspartate, and malate, were measured in rat epididymal fat cells after incubation with 5 mM glucose and insulin and compared with changes in the rate of fatty acid synthesis. 2. 2. Fasting the rats for 72 h prior to incubation of the adipose tissue cells caused an increase in the concentration of pyruvate and a decrease in the levels of citrate and lactate. Fasting for 72 h followed by 72 h refeeding caused an increase in the lactate, citrate and aspartate concentrations in the isolated cells as well as an eight to ten-fold increase in fatty acid synthesis. Glutamate could not be detected in isolated cells under any dietary condition. The findings in the present paper are contrasted with our earlier observations on the effect of dietary regulation of lipogenesis on epididymal fat pads frozen in situ .
Parietal Lobe Abscess After Routine Periodontal Recall Therapy. Report of a Case

This paper reports on a case of a 70-year-old physician diagnosed with a parietal lobe abscess following such treatment. After stereotactic biopsy and drainage and a 6– week course of intravenous antibiotic treatment, the patient recovered with minimal neurologic deficits. Although brain abscesses are not commonly encountered in practice, clinicians must be aware of the potential virulence of the anerobic components of the periodontal pocket and the possibility of resulting systemic infection, which can produce a life-threatening situation. J Periodontol 1990; 61:243–247.
Carbon dioxide glaciers on Mars: Products of recent low obliquity epochs (?)

Abstract Three localized sets of small arcuate ridges associated with slopes in the northern polar area of Mars (∼70°N latitude) are morphologically similar to sets of drop moraines left by episodes of advance and retreat of cold-based glaciers. Comparison with other glacial features on Mars shows that these features differ in important aspects from those associated with water–ice flow. Instead, we interpret these features to be due to perennial accumulation and flow of solid carbon dioxide during recent periods of very low spin-axis obliquity.
Crosslayer survivable mapping in Overlay-IP-WDM networks

Survivability is a critical requirement for reliable services in any network. As the Internet moves towards a three layer architecture consisting of Overlay on top of IP on top of WDM-based networks incorporating the interaction between and among network layers is crucial for efficient and effective implementation of survivability. This paper highlights the challenges of providing survivability in three-layer networks and develops a novel approach crosslayer survivable mapping to offer such survivability in an efficient way. We investigate the impacts of overlay network dependency on lower layer network layout in terms of the capacity allocated to overlay paths. The results demonstrate the impact due to layer dependency that it is more severe than initially anticipated making it clear that single layer network design is inadequate to assure service guarantees and efficient capacity allocation.
Predicting Cinefluorographic Measures of Velopharyngeal Opening from Lateral Still X-Ray Films

The purpose of this project was to estimate how well one can predict measures of velopharyngeal opening during cinefluorographic films from measures taken from single-exposure, still, x-ray films. ...
Robust SERS Substrates Generated by Coupling a Bottom-Up Approach and Atomic Layer Deposition

This paper reports on the development of a novel thermally stable surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. Specifically, these substrates can withstand high temperatures in air for an extended period of time without the loss of their enhancement capabilities. To accomplish this, we utilized a bottom-up approach, where the polyol reduction process was used to synthesize silver nanowires (NW) that were roughly 90 nm wide to act as the SERS active moiety. Subsequently, the NW were deposited onto a glass substrate and then coated with a thin protective layer of Al2O3 via atomic layer deposition (ALD). After heating these SERS substrates at 400°C for 24 h in air, it was found that the coated samples maintained a significant enhancement of the Raman signal, with further heating resulting in effectively no change in the SERS spectrum. The stability imbued by the ALD coating stems from limiting surface oxidation along with impeding aggregation that occurs at the higher temperature, which would otherwis...
Semiquantitative proteomic analysis of rat forebrain postsynaptic density fractions by mass spectrometry

The postsynaptic density (PSD) of central excitatory synapses plays a key role in postsynaptic signal transduction and contains a high concentration of glutamate receptors and associated scaffold and signaling proteins. We report here a comprehensive analysis of purified PSD fractions by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We identified 374 different proteins that copurified with the PSD structure and discovered thirteen phosphorylated sites from eight proteins. These proteins were classified into numerous functional groups, implying that the signaling pathways in the PSD are complex and diverse. Furthermore, using quantitative mass spectrometry, we measured the molar concentration and relative stoichiometries of a number of glutamate receptor subunits and scaffold proteins in the postsynaptic density. Thus this proteomic study reveals crucial information about molecular abundance as well as molecular diversity in the PSD, and provides a basis for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of synaptic function and plasticity.
Takotsubo syndrome due to 4-fluoroamphetamine.

To the Editor: The paper of Al-Abri et al.1 published online ahead of print on October 28, 2014, in the Journal, about the 18-year-old man who suffered from Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), after taking 4...
Analysis of reflectance difference spectra of Si(001)(2×1):As/Sb surfaces

Abstract We compute the surface dielectric function anisotropy (SDA) and reflectance-difference (RD) spectra of Si(001)(2×1):As/Sb surfaces. The calculations are based on the local density approximation (LDA) scheme and utilize a novel set of basis functions, which are the products of plane waves in the surface planes and localized Gaussian functions in the direction normal to the surface. We identify and interpret the SDA and RD spectra in terms of interband transitions, and find that these transitions are mainly related to the electronic surface bands and surface-induced bands. Considering that the calculations based on the LDA of density functional theory (DFT) usually underestimate the band gaps for semiconductors, we make the many-body self-energy correction by shifting the related energy bands and then calculate the dielectric function anisotropy and reflectance difference spectra. We also take into consideration the excitonic and local field effects with a contact-potential model. The final fitted result for Si(001)(2×1):As surface is in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.
The Federal Reserve System and the Credit Crisis

The Federal Reserve System struggled to maintain order in U.S. credit markets as rapid declines in home prices led to huge write-downs in the value of mortgage-backed securities held by financial institutions. The Fed could have taken a number of steps—in the mortgage market or through broader regulatory actions—to either preempt or mitigate the impact of this market disruption. Broader regulatory actions—in the mortgage market, of risk taking by financial institutions, or in the form of actions to limit the contagion of crisis—imply fundamental changes at the Fed. The network of actors with a stake in broader regulatory action is powerful and highly resistant to regulatory scrutiny. The statutory mission of the Fed—especially its commitment to stable prices—could be jeopardized by a broad and explicit mandate to provide liquidity to a wide range of vulnerable financial institutions.
A qualitative multi-criteria, multi stakeholder decision making tool for sustainable waste management

Environmental sustainability is a concept, a vision for business, government, and the society, a goal to be achieved, and a strategy to guide and organise efforts toward more sustainable economic development. This paper proposes environmental management and sustainability strategic tools and techniques to facilitate stakeholder agreement, practical viability, and achievable efficiencies in pollution prevention, cleaner production, and life cycle sustainability assessment. This paper’s contribution to achieving sustainability goals and objectives is a qualitative multi-criteria and multi-stakeholder model to assess a portfolio of options for reducing environmental waste resulting from economic activities. The proposed model and its application for managing tobacco industry post-consumer waste demonstrate how challenges in integrating sustainability into business and government decision-making (economic, ecological-environmental and social) can be minimised to achieve strategic sustainability by incorporating multiple alternatives, viewpoints, and stakeholder perspectives.
Multiple diffraction of massive fanout optical interconnects based on multiplexed waveguide holograms

ABSTRACT Experimental results of 1 -to-2 intra-plane and of 1 -to-32 inter-plane v-shaped fanouts are delineated. Coupling efficiencies of 48% for surface-normal and of 45% for near-surface-normal inter-plane fanout beams are theoreticallyand experimentally confirmed. The influence of the angular fluctuation of adevice having two multiplexed waveguide holograms with film thickness of 1 5 jtm and index modulation of 0.04 is studied. The angle between the twograting vectors is determined to be less than 26° to keep the near-surface- normal fanout beams. INTRODUCTION Optical interconnects are of choice to replace conventional electricalinterconnects in high-speed multi-processor digital computers[1-3] whereelectrical interconnects face such fundamental limits as clock skew, RLC(resistance, inductance, and capacitance) time delay, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) effect.Recently polymer-based integrated photonic circuit elements have beenemployed for a myriad of applications in optically interconnected systems due
Cotton evapotranspiration under field conditions with CO2 enrichment and variable soil moisture regimes

The CO2 concentration of the atmosphere is predicted to double by the next century, and this is expected to increase significantly the growth and yield of many important agricultural crops. One consequence of larger and more vigorous plants may be increased crop evapotranspiration (ET) and irrigation water requirements. The objective of this work was to determine ET of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. ‘Deltapine 77’) grown under ambient (about 370 μmol mol−1) and enriched (550 μmol mol−1) CO2 concentrations for both well-watered and water-stress irrigation managements. Studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 within a large, drip-irrigated cotton field in central Arizona. Cotton ET was measured during the growing seasons using a soil water balance, based on neutron gauge soil water measurements. ET, for periods from 7 to 14 days, was not significantly different between ambient and enriched CO2 treatments at the 0.05 probability level, and the total seasonal ET for the CO2 treatments varied by 2% or less in either year. However, water-stress treatments, which were initiated on 3 July (day of year (DOY) 184) in 1990 and on 20 May (DOY 128) in 1991, had significantly lower (P < 0.05) ET than well-watered treatments starting at the end of July in 1990 and in early July in 1991 when the plants were about 75–90 days old. The result that CO2 enrichment to 550 μmol mol−1 did not significantly change the ET of cotton was consistent with the results of co-investigators who measured ET in the same experiments using stem flow gauges and an energy balance. This result implies that irrigation water use would not have to be increased to produce cotton in a future high-CO2 world. However, if a concomitant change in climate occurs, such as global warming, cotton evapotranspiration may change in response to the changed weather condition.
Embedded-circuit and RIS meta-substrates for novel antenna designs

Antenna miniaturization with enhanced radiation performance is a contemporary problem with application in RF and wireless systems. The substrate and ground plane of the antenna play a very important role in achieving the desired antenna characteristics. The focus in this paper is to present the application of two types of meta-substrates for novel antenna designs, namely, embedded-circuit meta-material (ECM) and reactive impedance surface (RIS) substrates. ECM provides a way to fabricate an /spl epsiv/-/spl mu/ substrate, and allows antenna miniaturization with relatively high bandwidth and efficiency. Also, a novel compact RIS as the ground plane for a dual-band E-shaped patch/slot antennna is proposed, to reduce th interaction of the antenna with its ground and design a miniaturized wideband antenna system.