cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Low-Frequency Liquidity Measures

I develop new proxies for liquidity as computed from low-frequency (daily) data. Specifically, I develop three new spread proxies based on: (1) price clustering, (2) extending the Roll serial covariance model to include no-trade midpoints, and (3) using daily quoted spread data available for no-trade days only. I introduce multi-factor liquidity proxies (linear combinations of individual liquidity proxies) and show theoretically that they can diversify away some imperfectly correlated measurement error. I test many variations of each new proxy on three performance dimensions using both U.S. and Mexican stock data. For the U.S., I find that on all three performance dimensions the best proxy is a multi-factor liquidity measure composed of the best (or near best) new measures and exploiting all (or most) of the variables available in the U.S. Also, I find that the best multi-factor proxy is statistically significantly better than any of the individual measures. For Mexico in both price-based comparisons and general comparisons, I find on the two correlation-based performance dimensions that the new measures are not the best on an individual basis. However in each of these cases, the best proxy overall is a multi-factor proxy that mixes in the some of the new measures as components. On the prediction error tests, no measure does especially well, but the best performer overall is a multi-factor proxy that mixes in the some of the new measures as components.
Tinnitus Management: The Utilization of a Hybrid Telehealth and In-Person Delivery Model

Telehealth, or the delivery of healthcare services from a distance, has historically been used to provide care to underserved populations and to those unable to visit a healthcare center. During the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic, some providers of tinnitus healthcare services incorporated telehealth into their clinical protocols to allow for continued care for their patients while adhering to social distancing guidelines and safety measures. Bothersome tinnitus can negatively impact one's quality of life. Telehealth has been instrumental in treating this debilitating problem in a time when in-person care has not been easily available. The case of a patient with tinnitus is examined to demonstrate the use of a hybrid delivery model utilizing telehealth and in-person interactions to assess and manage her bothersome tinnitus. In-person services were used for audiological assessments and fitting of treatment devices, while telehealth was utilized for counseling, education, and remote programming of her treatment devices. This combined approach, which has allowed the patient to continue receiving care safely during the pandemic, can be continued for future care. Telehealth offers several advantages to patients and providers alike. While the COVID-19 pandemic will hopefully come to an end, telehealth services for tinnitus management may be here to stay.
Religious/spiritual struggles and psychological distress: A test of three models in a longitudinal study of adults with chronic health conditions

Objective This study tested three conceptual explanatory models that have been theorized to account for the linkages between religious/spiritual (R/S) struggles and psychological distress: the primary model (i.e., R/S struggles lead to psychological distress), the secondary model (i.e., psychological distress leads to R/S struggles), and the complex model (i.e., R/S struggles and psychological distress reciprocally exacerbate each other). Methods Using prospective data from a sample of US adults living with chronic health conditions (n = 302), we performed a cross-lagged panel analysis with three timepoints to test for evidence of potential causal relations between R/S struggles and psychological distress. Results Consistent with the complex conceptual model of R/S struggles, we found evidence of positive reciprocal associations between R/S struggles and psychological distress. Conclusion The findings highlight the importance of attending to the dynamic interplay between R/S struggles and psychological distress when working with adults who have chronic health conditions.
AutoML to Date and Beyond: Challenges and Opportunities

As big data becomes ubiquitous across domains, and more and more stakeholders aspire to make the most of their data, demand for machine learning tools has spurred researchers to explore the possibilities of automated machine learning (AutoML). AutoML tools aim to make machine learning accessible for non-machine learning experts (domain experts), to improve the efficiency of machine learning, and to accelerate machine learning research. But although automation and efficiency are among AutoML’s main selling points, the process still requires human involvement at a number of vital steps, including understanding the attributes of domain-specific data, defining prediction problems, creating a suitable training dataset, and selecting a promising machine learning technique. These steps often require a prolonged back-and-forth that makes this process inefficient for domain experts and data scientists alike and keeps so-called AutoML systems from being truly automatic. In this review article, we introduce a new classification system for AutoML systems, using a seven-tiered schematic to distinguish these systems based on their level of autonomy. We begin by describing what an end-to-end machine learning pipeline actually looks like, and which subtasks of the machine learning pipeline have been automated so far. We highlight those subtasks that are still done manually—generally by a data scientist—and explain how this limits domain experts’ access to machine learning. Next, we introduce our novel level-based taxonomy for AutoML systems and define each level according to the scope of automation support provided. Finally, we lay out a roadmap for the future, pinpointing the research required to further automate the end-to-end machine learning pipeline and discussing important challenges that stand in the way of this ambitious goal.
Wave-Particle Interactions

Note: Magnetospheric studies of the interactions between plasma waves and particles have generally been performed using Gaussian units. To allow the material presented here to be conveniently used in conjunction with other published material on magnetospheric wave-particle interactions, we have not converted equations from the literature into MKS units. Thus all equations in this chapter are in Gaussian units.
Disorders of Phosphate: Hyperphosphatemia

Hypophosphatemia is defined as serum [Pi] < 2.5 mg/dL. Patients receiving mannitol develop pseudohypophosphatemia, which is caused by the binding of mannitol to the molybdate used to determine the serum [Pi]. Hypophosphatemia can be severe (serum [Pi] < 1.0 mg/dL), moderate (serum [Pi] 1.0–1.9 mg/dL), or mild (serum [Pi] 2.0–2.5 mg/dL). Severe hypophosphatemia can occur in patients with prolonged use of antacids, such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, or calcium carbonate or acetate. Moderate hypophosphatemia may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Hypophosphatemia is rather uncommon in the general population. However, the incidence of hypophosphatemia in hospitalized patients with sepsis, chronic alcoholism, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is high. Patients with trauma also have high incidence of hypophosphatemia. The causes are varied, but can be conveniently grouped under four categories.
What You Saw Is What You Want: Using Cases to Seed Information Retrieval

This paper presents a hybrid case-based reasoning (CBR) and information retrieval (IR) system, called SPIRE, that both retrieves documents from a full-text document corpus and from within individual documents, and locates passages likely to contain information about important problem-solving features of cases. SPIRE uses two case-bases, one containing past precedents, and one containing excerpts from past case texts. Both are used by SPIRE to automatically generate queries, which are then run by the INQUERY full-text retrieval engine on a large text collection in the case of document retrieval and on individual text documents for passage retrieval.
Energy efficient intrusion detection in camera sensor networks

The problem we address in this paper is how to detect an intruder moving through a polygonal space that is equipped with a camera sensor network. We propose a probabilistic sensor tasking algorithm in which cameras sense the environment independently of one another, thus reducing the communication overhead. Since constant monitoring is prohibitively expensive with complex sensors such as cameras, the amount of sensing done is also minimized. To be effective, a minimum detection probability must be guaranteed by the system over all possible paths through the space. The straightforward approach of enumerating all such paths is intractable, since there is generally an infinite number of potential paths. Using a geometric decomposition of the space, we lowerbound the detection probability over all paths using a small number of linear constraints. The camera tasking is computed for set of example layouts and shows large performance gains with our probabilistic scheme over both constant monitoring as well as over a deterministic heuristic.
A Re-Analysis of the X-ray Spectrum of HR 1099 and Its Implications for Coronal Abundances

We have analyzed archival X-ray spectra of the RS CVn binary system HR 1099 in an attempt to see if we can obtain a consistent picture of the state of the X-ray emitting plasma. We have modeled six spectra obtained by the Exosat ME and LE telescopes, two spectra obtained by the Einstein SSS and MPC instruments, as well as a more recent ROSAT PSPC spectrum. We find that these spectra are in general poorly fitted by solar-abundance Raymond and Smith or Mewe and Kaastra thermal plasma models, and that no simple combination of these models significantly improves these fits: the observed continuum is too strong relative to the line features. We find acceptable fits for thermal models with two or more components in which the heavy elements are depleted by a factor of 2 to 4 relative to their solar photospheric values. These results are consistent with those obtained from the analysis of higher-resolution EUVE and ASCA spectra of active binary and single stars. We discuss the implications of these findings on ongoing analyses of the EUV spectra of HR 1099 and other RS CVn binaries.
Pediatric Tape: Accuracy and Medication Delivery in the National Park Service.

Author(s): Campagne, Danielle D.; Young, Megann; Stroh, Geoff; Wheeler, Jedediah | Abstract: Introduction: The objective is to evaluate the accuracy of medication dosing and the time to medication administration in the prehospital setting using a novel length-based pediatric emergency resuscitation tape.Methods: This study was a two-period, two-treatment crossover trial using simulated pediatric patients in the prehospital setting. Each participant was presented with two emergent scenarios; participants were randomized to which case they encountered first, and to which case used the National Park Service (NPS) emergency medical services (EMS) length-based pediatric emergency resuscitation tape. In the control (without tape) case, providers used standard methods to determine medication dosing (e.g. asking parents to estimate the patient’s weight); in the intervention (with tape) case, they used the NPS EMS length-based pediatric emergency resuscitation tape. Each scenario required dosing two medications (Case 1 [febrile seizure] required midazolam and acetaminophen; Case 2 [anaphylactic reaction] required epinephrine and diphenhydramine). Twenty NPS EMS providers, trained at the Parkmedic/Advanced Emergency Medical Technician level, served as study participants.Results: The only medication errors that occurred were in the control (no tape) group (without tape: 5 vs. with tape: 0, p=0.024). Time to determination of medication dose was significantly shorter in the intervention (with tape) group than the control (without tape) group, for three of the four medications used. In case 1, time to both midazolam and acetaminophen was significantly faster in the intervention (with tape) group (midazolam: 8.3 vs. 28.9 seconds, p=0.005; acetaminophen: 28.6 seconds vs. 50.6 seconds, p=0.036). In case 2, time to epinephrine did not differ (23.3 seconds vs. 22.9 seconds, p=0.96), while time to diphenhydramine was significantly shorter in the intervention (with tape) group (13 seconds vs. 37.5 seconds, pl0.05).Conclusion: Use of a length-based pediatric emergency resuscitation tape in the prehospital setting was associated with significantly fewer dosing errors and faster time-to-medication administration in simulated pediatric emergencies. Further research in a clinical field setting to prospectively confirm these findings is needed.
Constraint-induced movement therapy and massed practice.

To the Editor: Van der Lee and coworkers 1 reported that Constraint-Induced Movement (CI) therapy, compared with bimanual neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT), results in clinically insignificant improvements in the function of the more-impaired arm of persons with chronic stroke. This small effect stands in contrast to the very large improvements in real-world arm use obtained with CI therapy in 3 published studies2 3 4 (effect sizes 1.9 to 2.8, Motor Activity Log (MAL);2 5 large effect size 0.8),6 an as-yet-unpublished placebo-controlled study from our laboratory (effect size 2.5, MAL),7 8 2 conference presentations,9 10 and pilot studies from 6 laboratories involved in a national clinical trial of CI therapy with patients with subacute stroke (E. Taub, S. Wolf, C. Winstein, C. Giuliani, D. Good, K. Light, C. Kulkulka, D. Nichols, unpublished data, 1998). Van der Lee et al did not obtain a large treatment effect with their experimental group because the intensity of the therapy provided was inadequate and the subjects selected did not have a large enough deficit before treatment to show substantial benefits from therapy. In addition, we argue that the CI therapy group did not show significantly greater improvement than the bimanual NDT group because this group does not present an appropriate comparison. In this laboratory, primary attention in CI therapy administration is given to training patients on a massed practice basis.2 7 8 Patients perform repetitive, behaviorally relevant arm movements with short intertrial and intertask rest periods for 6 to 7 hours daily for at least 2 consecutive weeks. Supervision is provided by a therapist on a continuous, one-on-one basis to ensure intensive practice.11 12 Van der Lee et al1 indicate that their experimental patients were treated in groups of 4 by 1 or 2 therapists and that tasks …
Aggressive therapy for patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma and synchronous brain-only oligometastatic disease is associated with long-term survival.

Objectives Optimal therapy for patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) presenting with synchronous brain-only oligometastases (SBO) is not well defined. We sought to analyze the effect of differing therapeutic paradigms in this subpopulation.
Endogenous Sex Steroids and Bone Mineral Density in Older Women and Men: The Rancho Bernardo Study

This study examines the associations between endogenous sex steroids and bone mineral density (BMD), using data from a geographically defined cohort in Rancho Bernardo, California. Participants were community-dwelling women and men aged 50-89 years who took part in a study of endogenous sex steroid measurement between 1984-1987 and who had BMD measured in 1988-1991. Those taking corticosteroids or estrogen at the time of sex steroid determination were excluded. The main study outcomes were BMD of the ultradistal radius, midshaft radius, lumbar spine, and total hip by sex steroid level, adjusted for age, body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, leisure exercise, use of thiazides, thyroid hormones, and former estrogen use (women only). At the time of the hormone measurements, the mean age of the 457 women was 72.1 years and that of the 534 men was 68.6 years. A statistically significant positive relation was seen between bioavailable estradiol and BMD at all sites in women and men. Total estradiol was significantly associated with BMD at all sites in women and at all but the ultradistal radius in men. Estrone had a global effect on BMD in women and was not measured in men. Higher bioavailable (but not total) testosterone levels were associated with higher BMD of the ultradistal radius, spine, and hip in men and the ultradistal radius in women. Dehydroepiandrosterone was positively associated with BMD of the midradius, spine, and hip in women and was not associated with BMD at any site in men. Of the sex steroids tested, bioavailable estrogen was most strongly associated with BMD in both women and men. We conclude that endogenous sex steroid levels are significantly related to bone density in older women and men. Individual variation in age-related bone loss may be partially accounted for by alterations in sex steroid levels with aging. Further study to elucidate safe environmental and medical methods to maintain optimal sex steroid levels in old age is needed.
Adolescent nicotine dependence symptom profiles and risk for future daily smoking

Recent research on adolescent smokers suggests that there are important differences in the types of nicotine dependence (ND) symptoms that emerge and different patterns of ND symptoms. The purpose of this study was to use data from the longitudinal Social and Emotional Contexts of Adolescent Smoking Patterns Study to identify latent subgroups of adolescent experimental and nondaily smokers varying in number and types of endorsed ND symptoms. Profiles were identified using baseline level of smoking, individual patterns of ND symptoms and other ND risk factors. Discrete time survival analysis was used to examine profile differences in probability of becoming daily smokers 48 months later. Four distinct subgroups of smokers with different patterns of smoking behavior, ND symptoms, and alcohol and other substance use emerged. Heavier smoking adolescents with high symptom endorsement, particularly the need to smoke in the morning, were most likely to become daily smokers 48 months later. A subgroup of social smokers had high smoking exposure and symptom endorsement (except need to smoke in the morning), and high levels of other substance use. Despite lower rates of smoking frequency and quantity compared to the heavier smoking class, 36% of these adolescents smoked daily by 48 months, with a steeper decline in survival rates compared to other lighter smoking classes. Morning smoking symptoms and symptoms prioritizing smoking (i.e., choosing to spend money on cigarettes instead of lunch or smoking when ill or where smoking is forbidden) might quickly identify adolescent non-daily smokers with more severe dependence and higher risk for daily smoking. A focus on skills for avoiding social situations involving use of alcohol and other drugs and reducing peer smoking influences may be an important focus for reducing smoking and other substance use among social smokers.
Chip Formation in Anisotropic Rock

Chip Formation in Anisotropic Rock In a series of previous papers it was shown that the fracture of brittle materials such as rock subjected to a globally compressive stress field is accompanied by the formation of microdamage regions. Quantitative descriptions of these regions exist for isotropic materials. In the present paper the theory is extended to brittle materials which exhibit anisotropic fracture behavior due to the presence of a preferred prefracture flaw distribution. Results are computed for three orientations of a given flaw distribution and compared with some existing theoretical and experimental isotropic results. A new type of chip formation, not found in the isotropic case, involving multiple initiation sites, is predicted.
Increased expression of the B lymphocyte receptor for transferrin is stimulated by in vivo crosslinking of cell surface IgD

Expression of a receptor for the serum protein transferrin has been shown to be a characteristic of several cell lineages and increased transferrin receptor (TFR) expression to reflect cellular activation. In vitro studies of human B lymphocytes stimulated with antibodies to IgM have demonstrated that these cells have the ability to express TFR and that increased B-cell TFR expression is seen first sometime after these cells enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle. It also has been shown that TFR expression is necessary for proliferation to occur and may be regulated by a factor produced by mitogen-activated T lymphocytes. To examine expression of TFR by activated B lymphocytes in vivo, and to determine the kinetics of induction of TFR expression, we have studied the effects of injecting mice with an affinity-purified goat antibody to mouse IgD (GaM delta) on TFR expression. This antibody previously has been shown to activate polyclonally mouse splenic B cells in vivo in a T-independent fashion. Results show that there is a small but definite quantity of TFR on resting splenocytes, at 24 hr after injection nearly all B cells but not T cells express increased amounts of TFR, TFR is increased to nearly the same extent in congenitally athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice as in their normal nu/+ littermates and therefore GaM delta-induced increased B lymphocyte TFR expression is relatively T independent, TFR expression increases as early as 3 hr after injection of 800 micrograms of GaM delta and increases steadily until it peaks 24-48 hr later, and TFR expression in GaM delta-injected mice increases concomitantly with surface Ia antigen and cell size.
Stroke and Chest Pain in Young People With Migraine

Background.—Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular complications in migraineurs may be part of the migraine process and also consequent to triptan treatment Aim.—To determine the frequency, subtypes and associations of migraine-associated stroke and angina in young people (18–49 years). Methods.—Patients were derived from a tertiary referral migraine and stroke registry. Migraine-associated stroke was classified according to the four groups described by Welch and by the TOAST etiological stroke classification. A clinical description of angina during a migraine attack was required for the diagnosis of cardiac migraine without concomitant triptan or other vasoactive medications Results.—Of the young patients with stroke (349/1316; 26.5%), there were 30 (30/349; 8.6%) who had migraine at the time of stroke when categorized by the Welch classification type II to IV (type II n = 5, type III n = 2, type IV n = 3). Comparison of type I (n = 20) versus types II–IV (n = 10) showed significant difference (P= .03). Topographically the lesions were distributed into the partial anterior circulation (n = 8) and posterior circulation (n = 2) (P= .04). Comparison of anterior and posterior circulation territories of infarction indicated significant difference (n = 26/30 and 4/30; P= .01). The stroke etiological subtypes included cardiogenic (n = 5), atherogenic (n = 15), other (n = 5), and unknown (n = 5), with none diagnosed with small-vessel cerebrovascular disease. Traditional stroke mechanistic entities (cardiac and atherogenic) differed significantly in comparison to the other and unknown categories P= .05. Cardiovascular patients with angina during a migraine attack (n = 9/1040; 0.9%), included IHS subtypes; migraine without aura (n = 4), migraine with aura (n = 4), and complicated migraine (n = 1). One patient required cardiac catheterization on account of significant ECG changes, with documented, reversible vasospasm. Conclusion.—(i) Migraine-induced stroke remains controversial, with only two probable cases of type Welch III A+B in a large registry. (ii) Cardiac migraine may be a distinct entity requiring careful differentiation from triptan-induced chest pain.
A new approach for adding browser functionality

In this paper we address the problem of browser extensibility, needed to support the evolving nature of the web. Standards for supporting multimedia content by browsers are constantly updated, extended and introduced while the browser support is left behind.We present a novel approach to add browser support for content adhering to a new standard. Only a small set of requirements needs to be implemented as part of the browser's software, the rest is accounted by client-side code.Client-side code has the advantage that it can account for missing functionality with no changes to the browser, thus making it more dynamic, easier to implement, and enabling third-party developers to contribute. At the same time, it is risk-free for users accessing other content types. On the downside, client-side code suffers from degraded performance and potentially introduces security concerns.
Follow-up study of a multidisciplinary pain center

Abstract Numerous multidisciplinary pain centers have been established to evaluate and manage chronic pain patients. Only a few studies, however, have been reported on the efficacy of these centers in reaching and maintaining planned treatment goals after treatment. To evaluate a medical as well as behavioral treatment program, 95 chronic pain patients who had attended a pain center completed and returned mailed questionnaires. The patients averaged nine months posttreatment, and patients who responded to the questionnaire were found to be reliably representative of all patients who attended the pain center. A significant number of patients reported returning to work, reducing medications and increasing activity at follow-up. Further, the patients reported lower pain intensity levels and less interference with activities compared with pretreatment levels. No differences were noted between patients receiving compensation and those who were not receiving compensation for their pain.
Bush dog urine-marking: Its role in pair formation and maintenance

Abstract The urine-marking behaviour of captive, paired male and female bush dogs, Speothos venaticus , was investigated during pair formation and maintenance. Urine-marking frequencies decreased as pair members became familiar, but urine-marking remained an important aspect of the bush dog's precopulatory display. Paired females exhibited a handstand posture, as well as several other urine-marking behaviours less often or never shown by males. The onset of urine-marking occurred later in female versus male juveniles living in the family group. Behavioural responses suggest that bush dogs can discriminate between male and female urine and that female handstanding may serve as a visual signal in sexual recognition. Sexual differences in urine-marking behaviours are interpreted in relation to intrasexual competition for the high level of parental care exhibited by males in this monogamous species.
Protein Folding across the Cell Cycle

The mammalian cell cycle is the biological pathway through which cells grow and divide. During this physically dramatic process the cell doubles in size, duplicates its genetic material, dissolves its nucleus, and ultimately divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. Due in part to the fundamental role of cell cycle abnormalities to cancer pathogenesis, cell cycle research remains a very active topic in the literature. Yet, there is a comparatively very little work exploring the influence of the cell cycle on protein biophysics. Considering the immense intracellular physical changes the cell undergoes during the cell cycle as well as the established sensitivity of protein folding to the intracellular environment, we aim to determine the in vivo protein folding trends as the cell progresses through the stages of the cell cycle. With Fast Relaxation Imaging (FReI), a fluorescence microscopy system for measuring in vivo protein folding, we explore the temperature induced folding thermodynamics and kinetics of a FRET-labeled model protein, yeast phosphoglycerate-kinase (PGK), in living U2OS cells arrested in the prometaphase stage of mitosis and the G1 stage of interphase. We see that PGK is more stable in mitotic cells compared to interphase cells, suggesting that the protein folding environment significantly changes as the cell progresses through the cell cycle.
Treasures of the Great Temple

Treasures of the Great Temple. Eduardo Matos Moctezuma and Michel Zabe (translated by Richard Lindley). La Jolla: Alto Publishing, 1990. 180 pp. $39.95 (cloth). ISBN 0-9625399-6-1.
Redox behavior of melanins: direct electrochemistry of dihydroxyindole-melanin and its Cu and Zn adducts.

Abstract Synthetic melanin films, formed on electrode surfaces by oxidative polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole solution, were used to directly measure the chromophore’s redox reactivity. Films on optically transparent indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes allow correlation of spectral changes with electrochemical potential. Spectroelectrochemical titrations show an initial reversible transformation that is ascribed to formation of a unique quinone-imine chromophore. The apparent E 1/2 for maximum quinone-imine formation is ∼125 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) but at potentials higher than 100 mV, an irreversible bleaching is evident. Correlation of the current with the monomer concentration implies that only one in six monomers is oxidized to the quinone-imine before the irreversible bleaching occurs. Films pretreated with CuCl 2 and Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 show elevated quinone-imine absorbances, even under reducing conditions, indicating a preferential stabilization of this state by coordination to the metals.
Generalized electronic susceptibility and charge-density waves in 1 T − T a S 2 and 1 T − T a Se 2

Generalized susceptibilities, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{0}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$, have been obtained for the $1T$ polymorphs of both Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ and Ta${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ from their Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker band structures. Peaks are found which correspond to the charge-density-wave (CDW) nesting vectors found by Wilson, Di Salvo, and Mahajan and appear to confirm the role of electronically driven instabilities as the origin of the observed CDW in these metals.
Preferential Flow and Segregation of Porewater Solutes in Wetland Sediment

Sediment macropores (with effective diameters larger than 100 μm) comprise 11% of the bulk sediment volume in a tidal freshwater wetland vegetated withPeltandra virginica. In order to determine effects of macroporous sediment structure on solute transport, we conducted a solute tracer experiment in the sediment. The effective transport volume (θeff, the volume of sediment through which solute was transported normalized to sediment bulk volume) was 0.15 cm3 cm−3, which is considerably smaller than the total pore space that is potentially available for transport (porosity of sediment is 0.63 cm3 cm−3). A mean transport time of 13 d was required to flush preferential flow paths inPeltandra hummocks; hydrologic turnover of the volumetrically dominant matrix pores (0.53 cm3 cm−3) was apparently much slower. Based on porewater sampler design and hydrological principles, we suggest that N2-purged tension solution samplers and diffusion equilibrators preferentially sample porewater from macropore and matrix domains, respectively. Dissolved ammonium and orthophosphate concentrations were three-fold higher in matrix pores compared to macropores, which is consistent with our finding that more rapid hydrological flushing occurred in macropores compared to matrix pores. Further evaluation of porewater sampler designs in macroporous sediment is needed to improve studies of hydrologic transport and biogeochemical cycling in wetlands.
Carbon-13 NMR of fluorinated compounds using wide-band fluorine decoupling☆

Abstract Fluorine-decoupled 13C NMR spectra for a number of perfluorinated organic compounds are reported and discussed. The spectra were obtained with a Bruker HFX-90 spectrometer using a modified probe and a decoupler producing up to 50 W of noise-modulated radio frequency power. Multiple decoupling of widely spaced 19F resonances is complicated by large Bloch-Siegert shifts but these can be compensated for empirically.
Stereoscopic display for design visualization

Abstract Two experiments were performed to rank different types of display formats in terms of geometric information conveyed and perceived realism of objects. Display types tested were wireframe, wireframe with hidden lines removed (HLR), shaded solid, orthogonal views, stereoscopic wireframe, stereoscopic HLR and stereoscopic shaded solid. Prior to the running of the experiments a review of the current literature on stereoscopic rendering and display was conducted to provide guidelines for the creation of the stereoscopic images. The results of the geometric information experiment indicated that the orthogonal views display was judged inferior to both the non-stereo and stereo pictorial presentation displays and that the stereo displays were judged superior to the non-stereo ones. Individual preferences among subjects, however, varied widely. The results of the realism experiment were that the flat shaded stereo, HLR stereo and the flat shaded display types were judged to be equivalent and most realistic. The wireframe stereo, HLR and wireframe displays were judged to be equivalent and less realistic. The orthogonal views display was judged overwhelmingly to be the least realistic.
Detection of Pathogen Transmission in Neonatal Nurseries Using DNA Markers as Surrogate Indicators † 1452

Detection of Pathogen Transmission in Neonatal Nurseries Using DNA Markers as Surrogate Indicators † 1452
Dipolar cycloaddition of cyclic rhodium carbenoids to digonal carbon. Synthesis of isoeuparin

Abstract Diazocyclohexanediones undergo dipolar cycloadditions with substituted acetylenes to provide 2-substituted tetrahydrobenzofuran-4-ones and with allenes to provide 2(H)-3-methylenedihydrofuranones.
3D optical coherence tomography super pixel with machine classifier analysis for glaucoma detection

Current standard quantitative 3D spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) analyses of various ocular diseases is limited in detecting structural damage at early pathologic stages. This is mostly because only a small fraction of the 3D data is used in the current method of quantifying the structure of interest. This paper presents a novel SD-OCT data analysis technique, taking full advantage of the 3D dataset. The proposed algorithm uses machine classifier to analyze SD-OCT images after grouping adjacent pixels into super pixel in order to detect glaucomatous damage. A 3D SD-OCT image is first converted into a 2D feature map and partitioned into over a hundred super pixels. Machine classifier analysis using boosting algorithm is performed on super pixel features. One hundred and ninety-two 3D OCT images of the optic nerve head region were tested. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) was computed to evaluate the glaucoma discrimination performance of the algorithm and compare it to the commercial software output. The AUC of normal vs glaucoma suspect eyes using the proposed method was statistically significantly higher than the current method (0.855 and 0.707, respectively, p=0.031). This new method has the potential to improve early detection of glaucomatous structural damages.
Anti-Immunoglobulin E Therapy

The importance of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in atopic disorders such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis is well established. Elevation of total serum IgE is typically found in many atopic patients, and in predisposed individuals, allergen-specific IgE is produced. The availability of humanized monoclonal antibodies against IgE has provided a new therapeutic option and tool to explore the role IgE in allergic diseases and the effects of inhibiting IgE itself. Omalizumab is a humanized, monoclonal antibody that recognizes and binds to the Fc portion of the IgE molecule. Administration of omalizumab results in a rapid and substantial decrease in free IgE in serum. Consequently, the activity of cell populations involved in allergic inflammation, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and antigen-presenting cells, is affected as well. Clinically, anti-IgE therapy has already been proven to be useful in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms of action of anti-IgE therapy as well as its efficacy in the treatment of allergic diseases, especially asthma. Considerations regarding dosing and safety of omalizumab will be addressed as well.
The Effect of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Psychoemotional Disorders on Symptomatic and Quality-of-Life Outcomes of Antireflux Surgery

Psychoemotional disorders (PED) and chronic pain syndromes (CPS) are common problems. Many patients with these disorders also suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is unclear how PED/CPS affect outcomes of antireflux surgery; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if PED/CPS adversely affects the results of surgical therapy for GERD. All patients referred for surgical therapy for GERD completed both the GERD-HRQL symptom severity instrument and the SF-36 generic quality-of-life instrument prior to surgery. To be candidates for surgery, patients must have symptomatic GERD and objective evidence of pathologic reflux by upper endoscopy, esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring. Patients underwent either laparoscopic or open Nissen or Toupet fundoplication. Six to 24 months postoperatively, patients were evaluated for satisfaction and quality-of-life. Ninety-three percent of control patients compared to 25% of PED/CPS patients were satisfied with surgery (P < 0.001). Dissatisfaction in PED/CPS patients was generally due to persistent or new somatic complaints. Median total GERD-HRQL scores improved for both groups, although postoperative scores were worse in the PED/CPS group. PED/CPS patients had significantly worse SF-36 scores both preoperatively and postoperatively compared to control patients. SF-36 scores improved in four of eight domains in control patients and none in the PED/CPS patients. In conclusion, PED/CPS patients are generally dissatisfied with antireflux surgery. Although some patients do benefit from surgery, careful patient selection is required.
Stability of ammonia in the primitive terrestrial atmosphere

The rate at which ammonia would have been destroyed in the earth's atmosphere under assumed NH3 mixing ratio conditions of 10 to the -8th to 0.0001 is calculated by a one-dimensional photochemical model, and the destruction rates are compared with possible biotic and abiotic ammonia sources. It is found that, while the mixing ratio of 10 to the -8th needed for the evolution of life could have been maintained by abiotic sources, the value of 0.00001 needed for the production of significant greenhouse warming could not have been sustained abiotically. The increase of atmospheric ammonia due to biological activities during the Archean is also considered lower than the level required for the generation of measurable thermal effects.
Picking up soft 3D objects with two fingers

This paper describes a simple strategy for a robot hand to grasp and lift a deformable 3D object resting on a table. Inspired by the human hand grasping, the strategy employs two rigid hemispherical fingers to first squeeze the object until a secure grip is achieved under contact friction, and then translate vertically upward. During the squeeze, a lift test is repeatedly conducted to determine if the maximum hypothetical liftable weight of the object reaches its real weight. Actual lifting follows when the test is passed. The object’s deformation and configuration of contact with the fingers and the plane are tracked using the finite element method (FEM) in an eventdriven manner, based on varying contact displacements induced by the finger movements. The gravitational force acting on the object is accounted for. Slips inside the contact regions are determined from solving quadratic systems. Experiment has been conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy for this sensorless grasping approach.
Cytopathology of mesenchymal chondrosarcomas: a report and comparison of four patients.

BACKGROUND Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MC) is an infrequent neoplasm, representing approximately 1% of all chondrosarcomas. Cytologic descriptions of MCs have been confined to rare case reports. In the current report, the authors describe their experience with the cytologic features of four MCs: two primary tumors and two metastatic lesions. METHODS Four patients were diagnosed with MC at the authors' institution from 1994 to 2002. Three of four patients underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy as part of their diagnosis; in the fourth patient, imprint cytology was performed. Each tumor also received histologic confirmation. RESULTS The patients studied included three females and one male. In three patients, the tumor presented initially as a soft tissue mass; whereas, in the remaining patient, the MC presented in the tibia. FNA results demonstrated small, oval-to-spindled cells with high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios. Cells occurred singly and in clumps in a background of basophilic extracellular matrix. Histologic examination of each lesion demonstrated biphasic tumors, including focal areas of relatively mature cartilage formation as well as a small cell population. CONCLUSIONS MC is a rare soft tissue tumor that occurs frequently in extraskeletal locations. FNA of these tumors can be diagnostic if the tumor is sampled appropriately and of critical features, such as the background extracellular matrix, are recognized. Given the propensity of these tumors to metastasize and the poor prognosis of patients with MC, early identification by FNA biopsy may allow earlier, more aggressive interventions. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2003;99:211–6. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Friction and lubrication in bulk metal-forming processes

The type of lubrication regime which occurs in a metal forming operation has a strong influence on the frictional conditions as well as on other important factors such as product surf ace finish and tooling wear rate. The characteristics of the different types of regimes which can occur are reviewed, together with what is known about their incidence in drawing, extrusion, rolling, and upsetting operations. In the light of this information it is evident that the commonly used methods of characterizing friction can often lead to erroneous results. Suggestions for improved methods of characterizing friction are made.
Identification with Aggression vs. Turning Against the Self: An Empirical Study of Turn-of-the- Century European Jewish Humor

Self-directed demeaning ethnic humor is hypothesized to represent either a means of self-deprecation or a stance of disidentifying with one’s own group of origin. Compendia of published Yiddish humor were examined to empirically test competing conceptualizations of Jewish wit. Results are analyzed in the context of the social milieu of the publication samples.
New applications and devices for quantum frequency conversion

We review recent experiments demonstrating quantum frequency conversion (QFC) of single photon states of light and discuss perspectives for combining QFC with temporal wavepacket shaping. Progress in developing nanophotonic geometries for QFC is also presented.
The defectiveness of Mill Hill 2, a carcinoma-inducing avian oncovirus

Abstract The avian carcinoma virus Mill Hill 2 (MH2) transforms fibroblasts and macrophages in tissue culture. It is defective in replication and dependent on a helper virus, MH2 AV, for the production of infectious progeny. MH2 AV contains both subgroup C and A envelope determinants; its helper functions are required by MH2 in the env, pol, and probably also the gag genes. The defects of MH2 can be complemented only by helper viruses of the chicken leukosis group, further suggesting that MH2 is defective in gag or pol , or both. MH2 transformed nonproducer cells synthesize an aberrant viral polyprotein of 100,000 daltons. This MH2p100 carries antigenic determinants of the gag protein p27, but not of the env protein gp85. It is not cleaved into smaller, functional proteins and is not glycosylated.
Conversations with Ishmael Reed

As a fiercely independent thinker, Ishmael Reed, author of Mumbo Jumbo, Flight to Canada, Reckless Eyeballing, and other works of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, is often in conflict with the culture that appears to have a compulsive need to cage its artists and intellectuals in worn-out cliches and labels. As a writer who experiments in many forms and genres, and one who embraces postmodernism rather than protest and naturalism, Reed defies popular conceptions of what American writers, particularly black American male writers, should be or do. In this collection of candid interviews, Reed discusses how critics, especially from the northeastern establishment have consistently marginalized African American writers by placing them in the ""either-or thing of Christianity and Communism."" As he does in his writing, Reed uses invective, satire, and humor to show how those people judging American literature ""have made no attempt to understand recent American writing."" Bruce Dick is a professor English and African American studies at Appalachian State University. Amritjit Singh is a professor of English at Rhode Island College and co-editor of Postcolonial Theory and the United States, published by University Press of Mississippi in 2000.
Hypersonic Lee Surface Flow Phenomena over a Space Shuttle

Leeward surface pressure and heat-transfer, flow separation, flowfield, and oil flow patterns of a space shuttle model are investigated experimentally at 0° 0°. Inviscid supersonic flow theory over an equivalent body geometry also agrees approximately with the profile measurements of the flowfield on the leeward plane of symmetry.
Aberrant Mineralization of Connective Tissues in a Mouse Model of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: Systemic and Local Regulatory Factors

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene, but the cellular and molecular events leading to aberrant mineralization of soft tissues are unknown. To characterize the mineralization process, we examined a PXE animal model, the Abcc6−/− mouse, with respect to specific proteins serving as inhibitors of mineralization. The levels of calcium and phosphate in serum of these mice were normal, but the Abcc6−/− serum had less ability to prevent the mineral deposition induced by inorganic phosphate in a cell culture system. Addition of fetuin-A to the culture system prevented the mineralization. The calcium × phosphate product was markedly elevated in the mineralized vibrissae of Abcc6−/− mice, an early biomarker of the mineralization process, consistent with histopathologic findings. Levels of fetuin-A were slightly decreased in Abcc6−/− serum, and positive immunostaining for matrix-gla-protein (MGP), fetuin-A, and ankylosis protein (Ank) as well as alkaline phosphatase activity were strongly associated with the mineralization process. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the genes for MGP and Ank were expressed locally in vibrissae, whereas fetuin-A was expressed highly in the liver. These data suggest that the deposition of the bone-associated proteins spatially coincides with mineralization and actively regulates this process locally and systemically.
Inventory, transportation, service quality and the location of distribution centers

Abstract A crucial question in the design of efficient logistics systems is the identification of locations for distribution centers (DCs). However, the optimization of these location decisions requires careful attention to the inherent trade-offs among facility costs, inventory costs, transportation costs, and customer responsiveness. This paper presents a modeling approach that provides such an integrated view, and illustrates how it works in the context of a specific example involving the distribution of finished vehicles by an automotive manufacturer.