cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personal Bankruptcy Costs: Their Relevance and Some Estimates

The paper argues that there is a need for the formal treatment of personal bankruptcy costs in the finance literature. The need arises out of the relevance of such costs to both corporate and personal financing decisions. We show that 1) personal bankruptcy costs (like personal taxes) are relevant to the corporate capital structure problem and that 2) differential bankruptcy costs across corporations and individuals can result in a clientele model of individual investment-borrowing decisions which could lead to institutional arrangements designed to minimize combined bankruptcy costs. Further, we develop a theory of personal bankruptcy and a set of testable hypotheses with regard to their costs. Some preliminary estimates of personal bankruptcy costs are reported which suggest that they are higher than corporate bankruptcy costs. There is also some evidence of economics of scale in personal bankruptcy costs.
A Benign Ulcerating Gastric Mass Presenting as Acute Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage.

Gastrointestinal lipomas are rare, often colonic tumors. The stomach is an unusual site of involvement of lipomas, accounting for less than 5% of all gastrointestinal lipomas and less than 3% of all benign gastric neoplasms. They are usually asymptomatic, and symptoms develop as the tumor grows. Gastric lipomas can present with massive bleeding from an ulcerating tumor and can be life-threatening if left untreated. We present a case of an ulcerating gastric lipoma that presented as an acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The patient was treated with Billroth II procedure and final pathology showed an ulcerating submucosal lipoma. The diagnosis of gastric lipoma is often suspected incidentally on imaging, then confirmed via biopsy. Definitive treatment of large lesions typically requires surgery, however, newer endoscopic techniques are being utilized for resection of these benign tumors.
Therapeutic Advances in the Management of Patients with Advanced RET Fusion-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Screening for activating driver gene alterations at the time of diagnosis is the standard of care for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Activating RET fusions are identified in approximately 1–2% of NSCLCs and have emerged as a targetable driver alteration. Selpercatinib and pralsetinib are RET-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with encouraging efficacy, intracranial activity, and tolerability that we recommend as first-line therapy. As with use of TKIs in other oncogene-addicted NSCLCs, development of acquired resistance is pervasive and should be specifically delineated through use of repeat tissue biopsy with genetic profiling at the time of disease progression. If an actionable resistance mechanism emerges for which there is a candidate targeted therapy, combination inhibition should be considered. Alternatively, or in the absence of such findings, platinum doublet chemotherapy or particularly platinum-pemetrexed therapy with or without bevacizumab demonstrates a moderate effect. We would not recommend the routine use of nonselective multi-targeted TKIs such as cabozantinib and vandetanib, which have modest activity but limited tolerability due to predictable off-target effects. Single-agent immunotherapy has minimal activity in RET fusion-positive NSCLC. The role of combination chemotherapy and immunotherapy requires further study but may be considered, particularly in the presence of an activating KRAS alteration. While further development of novel RET-selective TKIs may address common RET-specific resistance mutations, they will not have activity against off-target, RET-independent resistance mechanisms. This again highlights the importance of serial biopsy and next-generation sequencing for the rational choice of sequential therapy in RET fusion-positive NSCLC.
E-112 Infantile traumatic pericallosal aneurysm: A case report

Background and Importance Traumatic aneurysms are a rare sequelae of non-accidental head trauma in infants. The rate of non-accidental trauma in the pediatric population is increasing, therefore traumatic aneurysms are an important consideration in the evaluation of pediatric patients with abusive head trauma. We report a 4-week-old infant who suffered a traumatic aneurysm arising from the pericallosal artery. Case Presentation A 24 day old infant with no significant past medical or birth history presented with twitching and poor oral intake for one day prior to presentation. The patient was found to have bilateral SDH, multifocal contusions, and traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. NAT workup was remarkable for repeated and prolonged period of abuse. MRA revealed a pericallosal traumatic aneurysm that was treated by means of onyx/coil embolization. Conclusion Traumatic intracranial aneurysms are a rare, but serious sequelae of pediatric abusive trauma. The authors present a case of a pericallosal traumatic aneurysm as a result of abuse that was treated with coil/onyx embolization of the aneurysm and parent artery occlusion. Rates of pediatric abuse are increasing, and as such traumatic intracranial aneurysms will remain a challenging entity to identify and treat. Despite new methods for management of traumatic aneurysms, prognosis remains poor due to the diffuse injury often involved in these patients. Disclosures Z. Hubbard: None. G. Porto: None. S. Al Kasab: None. M. Sattur: None. A. Spiotta: None.
Sanctions, Inducements, and Market Power: Political Economy of International Influence

This paper argues that economics sanctions, whether positive or negative, require market power on the part of the sanctioning state(s) and entail distributional consequences. As a result, sanctions result in the growth of state power and the monitoring and punishing of one's own allies and citizens. Similarly, countermeasures on the part of sanctioned states also entail market power and result in both the growth of state power and unintended as well as intended distributional consequences. The political requisites for both sides imply that democracies have a more difficult time imposing sanctions and autocracies the easiest in adopting countermeasures. Since outcomes are the combined result of sanctions and countermeasures, and given the incentives of sanctioned states in adopting countermeasures, even comprehensive sanctions have differential consequences and result in targeted outcomes and targeted sanctions generate unintended collateral damage.
Wagging, Not Barking: Statutory Definitions

Legislative text is distinguished by the frequency with which it specifies the meaning of the words it employs. More than 25,000 terms are defined in the United States Code alone. In few other contexts is there a perceived need to so carefully and repeatedly clarify meaning. This Article examines the roles played by definitions in a reader's understanding and application of a legislative text; it demonstrates that the effects of defining are not as straightforward as we might assume. The discussion is framed by the distinction between legislation as a communication vehicle and as an instrument of governance. In some cases, definition serves predominantly a communicative purpose; it clarifies the speaker's intent. But at other times the legislative definition empowers; it serves a performative function, investing groups of individuals or instances with rights or obligations. The Article suggests that a better understanding of the effect of definition on a reader's interaction with a text, coupled with an appreciation of the different roles served by definition, will enable legislators to draft more useful definitions and enable interpreters to better apply those definitions.
The importance of odor in nest site selection by a lodger bee, Centris Bicornuta Mocsáry (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the dry forest of Costa Rica

The more common lodger bee occurring in the dry forest of Costa Rica, Centris bicornuta Muscary), has been observed nesting in new nest cavities drilled into wooden blocks placed next to cavities used by another female within 2-3 days. In contrast, new nest cavities placed in similar areas with no nesting Centris nearby were not used for weeks. These observations suggest that the presence of nesting bees may play a role in nest site selection. To confirm our observations, new nest cavities were placed in areas with or without nesting. We found nest initiation in newly placed nest cavities only in areas where bees were actively nesting. To examine the possibility that nesting locations are not unique, we placed new nest cavities in new locations either with (a) a number of completed nest cavities or (b) placed alone. Within three days we only found bees nesting in the newly placed nest cavities in situation "a". The results suggested that odor might be involved. We next compared nesting in new cavities placed alone with cavities contaminated with either (a) nest entrance plug material, (b) nest nectar, (c) nest pollen or (d) a combination of pollen and nectar. Nesting was significantly low in cavities placed next to cavities with nest entrance plug material (a), and high in cavities placed next to cavities "b, c, or d". The results suggest that pollen and /or nectar odor play a role in the location of potential nest sites.
Compliant probe substrates with two-material, air-clad, grating-in-waveguide optical I/O interconnects

A novel, high-density compliant probe substrate with electrical and optical probes is demonstrated. The primary purpose of this probe substrate is to provide a non-damaging, temporary interface between the device-under-test (DUT) and automated test equipment (ATE) during wafer-level testing. The probe substrate would find application for testing a full range of devices with electrical and optical I/O interconnects.
Color hologram generation using a Pancharatnam-Berry phase manipulating metasurface

We propose a new scheme to generate polychromatic holograms by manipulating the Pancharatnam-Berry phase. Using anisotropic transmission characteristics and tuning the resonant wavelengths of nanoslits, multicolor holograms can be produced for arbitrary RGB images.
Interval assignment for periodic transactions in real-time database systems

The problem of assigning execution intervals for periodic transactions in real-time databases is discussed. The object value evolution rate and the importance of the object are used as two factors for deciding transaction periods. Two different objective functions are defined to reflect different system design goals. Algorithms for optimizing each objective function are presented. The principle behind these algorithms is to allow the transactions which have higher weights to be executed more often. It is assumed that systems use the rate monotonic algorithm for scheduling transactions. Many other scheduling algorithms, like the earliest deadline first algorithm can also be used. Some examples using the proposed algorithms are given. >
Multimedia Database Management: Perspectives and Challenges

One of the main requirements of multimedia database systems is that they will need data models more powerful and more versatile than the relational model, without compromising the advantages of the former. The relational data model exhibits limitations in terms of complex object management, indexing and content-based retrieval of video/image data, and facility for handling the spatio-temporal dimensions of objects. To address these issues, we have emphasized two key requirements for multimedia databases: the process of saptio-temporal modeling, and the computational needs for automatic-indexing of spatio-temporal data. We have highlighted various other challenges that need to be tackled before multimedia database management systems become a reality.
Phenomenology and Its Implications for Gifted Studies Research: Investigating the Lebenswelt of Academically Gifted Students Attending an Elementary Magnet School:

A phenomenological investigation of the lebenswelt (life world) of academically gifted students attending an elementary magnet school was conducted. The magnet school is housed in an elementary school that maintains 2 classes per grades 1–6, 1 gifted and 1 heterogeneous. Fifteen gifted students (2 per grades 1–3 and 3 per grades 4–6) participated in phenomenological interviews. The interviews, averaging 50 minutes in length, were recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed via a 6-step thematic analysis process. The social milieu of the school was described by the students as the backdrop for the meaning of the experience of attending the magnet school for gifted students. Four themes emerged across the magnet school experience: Others, Role, Personal Development, and Time. Nuances and characteristics of the themes are reported.
The origin of all cosmic rays : a space-filling mechanism.

There is a need for one mechanism to accelerate cosmic rays universally over the full energy spectrum, isotropically, and space filling. The current view is a theory based upon a series of mechanisms, patched to fit various spectral regions with a mechanism for the origin of the UHCRs still in doubt. We suggest that the reconnection of force-free magnetic fields produced by the twisting of all imbedded magnetic flux by the vorticity motion of all accretion or condensations both within the Galaxy as well as the metagalaxy is the universal mechanism. This leads to the acceleration of all cosmic rays with both total energy and individual energies up to the highest observed of 3×1020 ev and predicting an upper limit of 1023 ev. There are three primary, and we believe compelling reasons for adopting this different view of the origin of CRs. (1) The energy source is space filling and isotropic, thereby avoiding any anisotropy’s due to single sources, e.g., supernovae remnants and AGN. (2) The galactic and particularly the extragalactic energy source is sufficient to supply the full energy of a universal galactic and extragalactic spectrum of 1060 to 1061 ergs sufficient to avoid the GZK cut-off. (3) Efficient Eparallel acceleration from reconnection of force-free fields is well observed in the laboratory whereas collisionless shock acceleration still eludes laboratory confirmation.
Links Between Exposure to Violence and HIV-Infection: Implications for Substance Abuse Treatment with Women

Abstract Among women, a history of exposure to violence is associated with both an increased likelihood of substance use and an increased risk of HIV-infection. Thus substance use and other behaviors which can affect the risk of HIV exposure are often influenced by the psychosocial sequelae of violent victimization. Because these issues are interrelated, mental health interventions focused on any one of these issues in isolation may be less effective than an integrated approach. The current paper reviews the extant literature on these topics and proposes that treatment of women substance users must address the relationships between psychological trauma and increased HIV-risk behaviors and that attention to substance abuse and psychological trauma are necessary foci of services to HIV-infected women.
Genetic relationships among the oral streptococci.

Genetic relationships and species limits among the oral streptococci were determined by an analysis of electrophoretically demonstrable variation in 16 metabolic enzymes. Fifty isolates represented 40 electrophoretic types, among which the mean genetic diversity per locus was 0.857. Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase was not detected in isolates of the sanguis species complex, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were absent in species of the mutans complex. Clustering from a matrix of Gower9s coefficient of genetic similarity placed the 40 electrophoretic types in 10 well-defined groups corresponding to the Streptococcus species S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. cricetus, S. rattus, S. ferus, S. oralis (mitior), two distinct assemblages of S. sanguis strains, and two subdivisions of "S. milleri." The assignments of isolates to these groups were the same as those indicated by DNA hybridization experiments, and the coefficient of correlation between genetic distance estimated by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and genetic similarity indexed by DNA hybridization was -0.897 (P less than 0.001) for 50 pairwise combinations of isolates. S. ferus, which is widely believed to be a member of the mutans complex, was shown to be phylogenetically closer to species of the sanguis complex.
Retrospective Voting in Presidential Primaries

Though retrospectiveperformance evaluations are now widely appreciated as a major influence on voting in general elections, their influence in presidentialprimaries has rarely been noticed. U sing exit polls conducted by major media organizations over the last nine election cycles, this article shows that retrospective voting is an important, indeed dominant, factor in two types of situations: when an incumbent president is running for reelection, and when an incumbent vice president is seeking to become his party's next presidential candidate. Thisfinding, inturn, helps explain two significant institutional features of the contemporary presidential nomination process: why most recent presidents have been renominated without much difficulty, and why the vice presidency has become such a good launching pad for presidential candidacies. How do voters make reasonably intelligent voting decisions, given that most of them are not terribly interested in politics, follow it only intermittently, and therefore do not have a great deal of information about the candidates and their issue positions? Political scientists have developed a number of answers to this question, but perhaps the most commonly invoked is the notion of retrospective voting. According to this theory, voters are less concerned with a candidate's or party's promises about future policy than with their past performance in office, particularly their success or failure in achieving such hard, tangible outcomes as peace and prosperity. Whereas information about campaign promises is costly to acquire and difficult to evaluate, most citizens develop relatively solid perceptions about the performance of an incumbent officeholder or administration simply by going about their normal lives and paying a minimal amount of attention to the news. The body of scholarly work bearing out the general theory of retrospective voting is, by now, quite large. The two most influential statements are V. O. Key's The Responsible
Design of Epitaxial CdTe Solar Cells on InSb Substrates

Epitaxial CdTe has been shown by others to have a radiative recombination rate approaching unity, high carrier concentration, and low defect density. It has, therefore, become an attractive candidate for high-efficiency solar cells, perhaps becoming competitive with GaAs. The choice of substrate is a key design feature for epitaxial CdTe solar cells, and several possibilities (CdTe, Si, GaAs, and InSb) have been investigated by others. All have challenges, and these have generally been addressed through the addition of intermediate layers between the substrate and CdTe absorber. InSb is an attractive substrate choice for CdTe devices, because it has a close lattice match with CdTe, it has low resistivity, and it is easy to contact. However, the valence-band alignment between InSb and p-type CdTe, which can both impede hole current and enhance forward electron current, is not favorable. Three strategies to address the band-offset problem are investigated by numerical simulation: heavy doping of the back part of the CdTe layer, incorporation of an intermediate CdMgTe or CdZnTe layer, and the formation of an InSb tunnel junction. Each of these strategies is predicted to be helpful for higher cell performance, but a combination of the first two should be most effective.
Effect of Low Field Magnetic Annealing on the Viscoleastic Behavior of a Structural Epoxy

In this study the effect of moderate magnetic fields on the microstructure of a structural epoxy system was investigated. The changes in the microstructure have been investigated quantitatively using wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) and pole figure analysis. The mechanical properties (modulus, hardness) of the epoxy were probed using nanoindentation. Using the continuous complex compliance analysis, the effect of the low magnetic fields on the viscoelastic properties of the epoxy was investigated. The phase lag angle was measured for both neat and magnetically annealed polymer. The results of this investigation reveal that under low magnetic fields both the quasi-static mechanical properties together with the viscoelastic behavior of the epoxy have been improved.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Coasean bargaining with symmetric delay costs

Abstract Delay costs play a role in Coasean bargaining over environmental conflicts when an injunction restricts actions until a settlement is reached. Results from the lab suggest that efficiency remained relatively robust to discrete and increasing marginal delay costs, but declined significantly with nonincreasing marginal delay costs. Bargainers appear to deal with probability and consequences separately rather than in combination as maintained by expected utility theory, and as such, neglect ends over means. How the distribution of wealth is best organized depends on perspective: constrained self-interest best organizes behavior if expected utility is maintained; pure self-interest dominates if we acknowledge the probability–consequence heuristic.
Alluvion and cascade: fast data dissemination schemes in multihop wireless networks

Common information dissemination through multihop broadcasting is a key application in many wireless network operations. In all such applications the data transmission rate of broadcast plays a vital role in determining network performance. In this paper we propose two schemes for maximizing the broadcast rate in case of static wireless networks. Our two novel deterministic heuristic approaches, Alluvion and Cascade, effectively solve the problem. Both these algorithms are based on the idea of formation of spanning(broadcast) trees and then using a pipelined TDMA scheme to find the transmission rate. Alluvion, on an average performs significantly better than existing approaches like Deluge by atleast 80 percent which in turn proves the efficiency of our heuristic. Cascade, on the other hand performs better than Alluvion for small networks and can push upto 125 percent improvement over Deluge.
Donor-specific HLA-DQ antibodies may contribute to poor graft outcome after renal transplantation

Increasing evidence suggests a detrimental effect of donor-specific antibodies directed against the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B, and -DR loci on renal allograft outcomes. Limited data exist on the impact of de novo HLA-DQ antibodies. Over a 3-year period, we prospectively monitored 347 renal transplant recipients without pre-transplant donor-specific antibodies for their development de novo . After 26 months of follow-up, 62 patients developed donor-specific antibodies, of which 48 had a HLA-DQ antibody either alone (33 patients) or in combination with an HLA-A, -B, or -DR antibody (15 patients). Only 14 patients developed a donor-specific HLA-A, -B, or -DR antibody without a HLA-DQ antibody present. Acute rejection occurred in 21% of the HLA-DQ–only patients, insignificant when compared with 11% of patients without donor-specific antibodies. At the last follow-up, the mean serum creatinine and the fraction of patients with proteinuria were significantly higher in those that developed only HLA-DQ than those without antibodies. The 3-year graft survival was significantly worse when HLA-DQ antibodies were combined with non-DQ antibodies (52%) compared with HLA-DQ alone, non-DQ antibodies alone, or no antibodies (92–94%). Thus, our prospective monitoring study found that donor-specific HLA-DQ antibodies were the most common type detected and these antibodies may contribute to inferior graft outcomes. Ongoing surveillance is necessary to determine the long-term outcome of patients developing HLA-DQ donor-specific antibodies.
The Relationship of Purpose in Life to Coping Strategies and Time since the Death of a Significant Other.

The authors investigated the relationship of experienced purpose in life to strategies used to cope with a loss resulting from death and the amount of time since the loss. Forty undergraduates who had suffered the death of a significant other completed an information sheet, the Purpose in Life Test, and the revised Ways of Coping Checklist. People who experienced low purpose in life reported using more emotion-focused coping strategies than did individuals with high purpose. These results are linked to the literature on emotion-focused coping and depression and are discussed in terms of the assessment and preventive treatment of bereaved clients.
DRM {and, or, vs.} the law

The main purpose of DRM is not to prevent copyright infringement but to change consumer expectations about what they are entitled to do with digital content.
Tumor evolution in response to chemotherapy: Phenotype versus genotype

In this issue of Cell Reports , Almendro et al. report one of the first comprehensive studies on the intratumor heterogeneity of cell phenotypes and genotypes before and after chemotherapy in breast cancer. These data challenge the concept of genetic population bottlenecks and suggest that cellular phenotypes play an important role in developing resistance to therapy.
Metabolism of plasmalogen III. Relative reactivities of acyl and alkenyl derivatives of glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine

Abstract 1. (1) The alkenyl ether derivatives of phospholipids (plasmalogens) react at slower rates than the acyl analogs in several enzyme-catalyzed reactions. 2. (2) Alkenylglycerol-3-phosphorylcholine is essentially inert as a substrate for acyl-CoA: phospholipid acyltransf erase. This result suggests that in vivo the 2-acyl substituent may be present before the alkenyl ether group is formed in the molecule. 3. (3) Alkenyl acylglycerol 3-phosphorylcholine is essentially inert as a substrate for cabbage phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4.). This lack of reactivity allows a convenient separation of alkenyl acylglycerol 3-phosphorylcholine from its diacyl analog in naturally occurring mixtures.
β-Nerve Growth Factor in Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortical Synaptosomes. Measurement by Competitive Radioimmunoassay and Bioassay

ABSTRACT. The existence of β-nerve growth factor (βNGF) in mouse cerebral cortical synaptosomal extracts was assessed using a newly developed radioimmunoasay and by bioassay. Displacement curves of labeled βNGF in the radioimmunoassay by synaptosomal extracts were parallel to the βNGF standard curves. In contrast, both mitochondrial and nonsynaptosomal extracts produced displacement curves in the βNGF radioimmunoassay which were nonparallel to standard βNGF. Intraventricular injections of purified βNGF in amounts 5 and 100 ng/mouse (six to 120 times that of whole brain βNGF concentrations) did not alter the endogenous synaptosomal βNGF concentrations. Synaptosomal extracts contained βNGF in relatively higher concentrations than the extracts of whole brain or cerebral cortex. Synaptosomal βNGF levels undergo a developmental change. The βNGF concentrations were highest in synaptosomal extracts of 12-day-old mouse cerebral cortex (the youngest age studied), and levels decreased with increasing age. Synaptosomal extracts of 12-day-old mouse cerebral cortex produced neurite outgrowth in the pheochromocytoma cell line 12 bioassay system and this response was completely inhibited by βNGF antibodies. In the pheochromocytoma cell line 12 cell bioassay, synaptosomal extracts also caused cell-cell aggregation which was unaffected by βNGF antibodies. These results provide evidence for the existence of βNGF in relatively high concentration in nerve terminals of mouse cerebral cortex.
Social support among African Americans with heart failure: is there a role for community health advisors?

Abstract Objective The study had 2 objectives: (1) to gather the observations of community health advisors (CHAs) on the role of social support in the lives of African Americans; and (2) to develop a lay support intervention framework, on the basis of the existing literature and observations of CHAs, depicting how social support may address the needs of African American patients with heart failure. Methods Qualitative data were collected in semistructured interviews among 15 CHAs working in African American communities in Birmingham, Alabama. Results Prominent themes included the challenge of meeting clients' overlapping health care and general life needs, the variation in social support received from family and friends, and the opportunities for CHAs to provide multiple types of social support to clients. CHAs also believed that their support activities could be implemented among populations with heart failure. Conclusion The experience of CHAs with social support can inform a potential framework of a lay support intervention among African Americans with heart failure.
Atypical fibrous histiocytoma of the skin and subcutis in childhood and adolescence

The authors have observed 15 examples of a distinctive fibrohistiocytic lesion in children and adolescents which they chose to designate as "atypical fibrous histiocytoma" (AFH). Patient ages ranged from 1 to 19 years (mean 9.3 yr.). Only two cases were encountered in the first year of life, but 7 were seen in children under the age of 10 yr. The anatomic distribution of AFH showed a tendency for a truncal origin (66%), and none was located in the skin of the face, neck, or scalp. Tumor sizes ranged from 1 to 3 cm, and one-third were 2 cm or greater in maximum dimension. Histologically, AFH was characterized by a multinodular, dermal or dermal-subcuticular proliferation of spindle cells, with tapered, cytologically bland nuclei. However, nucleocytoplasmic ratios were increased when compared with those of normal fibroblasts. Nuclear chromatin was dispersed or vesicular; nucleoli were seen in a minority of cases, but mitotic activity was regularly present. Admixed giant cells were present but infrequent, cellularity was dense, and a storiform growth pattern was consistently seen. Mean followup in this group of cases averaged 75 mo. Seven patients (47%) had tumor recurrences after initial excision; in two of these, tissue margins had been free of involvement. The authors conclude that AFH of childhood is analogous to a lesion that has previously been reported as "benign fibrous histiocytoma" in adults. Complete excision and regular postoperative surveillance are recommended for these tumors.
Metal loaded scintillator solutions

Abstract The scintillation efficiency of various scintillating solutions containing hydrocarbon soluble salts of cadmium, lead, bismuth, uranium, and iron was compared. The directions for the preparation of the salts are given. The pulses obtained from cesium-137 were compared by means of a pulse height analyser.
Clastic depositional systems and sequences: Applications to reservoir prediction, delineation, and characterization

The use of sand facies models to guide exploration and development in sandstone reservoirs began in the 1960s with pioneering work on modern and ancient sediments by numerous petroleum company research labs. In the 1970s, facies models were integrated, using concepts of natural systems developed by physical geographers, into depositional systems — 3-D assemblages of sedimentary facies deposited in a family of related environments.
Bone tissue growth enhancement by calcium phosphate coatings on porous titanium alloys: The effect of shielding metal dissolution product

Abstract The possible mechanism of minimization of prosthesis-derived bone growth inhibitors by shielding of the metal and the reduction, if not elimination, of the associated metal dissolution was investigated. Titanium, aluminium and vanadium release rates were determined in vitro for Ti alloy specimens both with and without a calcium phosphate coating. Ti orderly oriented wire mesh (OOWM) porous coatings on Ti-6AI-4V substrates were used as the metal specimens. Half of the specimens were coated with a 75 μm calcium phosphate ceramic (CPC coating). Seven reference (OOWM) and seven coated (OOWM-CPC) specimens were immersed and placed along with seven control solutions for various periods in an incubator maintained at 37°C and 5% CO2 — air atmosphere. Whereas the reference solutions showed a Ti release increasing as a function of time, the solutions that had the CPC-coated specimens contained no measurable amounts of titanium. The AI in solution around the CPC-coated specimens was significantly greater than the concentration around non-coated specimens. The AI, however, did not increase significantly with time, at least up to 4 wk immersion. The ceramic coating had a small beneficial effect on V concentration. In the absence of a significant adverse effect of Ti on local bone tissue formation, we focus on the AI data of our study. The possible adverse effect of this element is well documented. The calcium phosphate coating produced a significant increase of biological fixation, yet at the same time a greater AI release into solution, calling into question the value of CPC coating in shielding adverse metal passive dissolution to enhance bone growth.
USCAP Specialty Conference: Case 1-Type I Pleuropulmonary Blastoma

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) was defined in 1988 by Manivel et al. in a series describing 11 intrathoracic pulmonary neoplasms in young children. The PPB is a unique peripheral pulmonary or pleural-based tumor of childhood that is characterized in its earliest form as a bland-appearing multiloculated cyst with small foci of tumor cells and in later forms as mixed and predominantly primitive, overtly malignant neoplasms. Prior to the introduction of the PPB as a distinct entity, this tumor had been reported in the literature as pulmonary blastoma, sarcoma arising in mesenchymal cystic hamartoma, embryonal sarcoma, malignant mesenchymoma, primary pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma arising in congenital adenomatoid malformation or bronchogenic cyst. Over the past 15 years, PPB has come to be recognized in centers around the world. With the establishment of the Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Registry by Jack Priest, MD, and colleagues, there has been improved understanding of this rare pediatric neoplasm.
Electromagnetic mass revisited

Examples of uniformly moving charge distributions that possess conserved electromagnetic stress tensors are exhibited. These constitute stable systems with covariantly characterized electromagnetic mass. This note, on a topic to which Paul Dirac made a significant contribution in 1938, is dedicated to him for his 80th birthday.
Is service priority useful in networks

A key question in the definition of new services for the Internet is whether to provide a single class of relaxed real-time service or multiple levels differentiated by their delay characteristics. In that context we pose the question: is service priority useful in networks? We argue that, contrary to some of our earlier work, to properly address this question one cannot just consider raw network-centric performance numbers, such as the delay distribution. Rather, one must incorporate two new elements into the analysis: the utility functions of the applications (how application performance depends on network service), and the adaptive nature of applications (how applications react to changing network service). This last point is especially crucial; modern Internet applications are designed to tolerate a wide range of network service quality, and they do so by adapting to the current network conditions. Most previous investigations of network performance have neglected to include this adaptive behavior.In this paper we present an analysis of service priority in the context of audio applications embodying these two elements: utility functions and adaptation. Our investigation is far from conclusive. The definitive answer to the question depends on many factors that are outside the scope of this paper and are, at present, unknowable, such as the burstiness of future Internet traffic and the relative offered loads of best-effort and real-time applications. Despite these shortcomings, our analysis illustrates this new approach to evaluating network design decisions, and sheds some light on the properties of adaptive applications.
IMG/M 4 version of the integrated metagenome comparative analysis system.

IMG/M (http://img.jgi.doe.gov/m) provides support for comparative analysis of microbial community aggregate genomes (metagenomes) in the context of a comprehensive set of reference genomes from all three domains of life, as well as plasmids, viruses and genome fragments. IMG/M’s data content and analytical tools have expanded continuously since its first version was released in 2007. Since the last report published in the 2012 NAR Database Issue, IMG/M’s database architecture, annotation and data integration pipelines and analysis tools have been extended to copewith the rapid growth in the number and size of metagenome data sets handled by the system. IMG/M data marts provide support for the analysis of publicly available genomes, expert review of metagenome annotations (IMG/M ER: http://img.jgi.doe.gov/mer) and Human Microbiome Project (HMP)-specific metagenome samples (IMG/M HMP: http://img.jgi.doe.gov/imgm_hmp).
Extraction of helium from individual interplanetary dust particles by step-heating

Fragments from 20 individual particles, collected in the earth's stratosphere and believed to be interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), were subjected to step-heating to see if differences in the release pattern for He-4 could be observed which might provide clues to the origin of the particles. Comparisons were made to the release pattern for 18 individual lunar surface grains heated in the same manner. Twelve of the IDP fragments contained an appreciable amount of He-4, 50 percent of which was released by the time the particles were heated to approximately 630 C. For the 18 individual lunar grains, the corresponding average temperature was 660 C. The He-3/He-4 ratios found for these fragments agreed well with those found for deep Pacific magnetic fines believed to be of extraterrestrial origin, and were comparable to those which have been observed for the solar wind and lunar surface soil grains. Four of the IDP fragments contained appreciably less He-4, and this was released at a higher temperature. The remaining four fragments had too little He-4 to permit a determination. From Flynn's analyses of the problem of the heating of IDPs in their descent in the atmosphere, the present results suggest that the parent IDPs of the 12 particles which contained an appreciable amount of He-4 suffered very little heating in their descent and are likely of asteroidal origin, although one cannot rule out the possibility that at least some of them had a cometary origin and entered the earth's atmosphere at a grazing angle.
Element levels in snakes in South Carolina: differences between a control site and exposed site on the Savannah River site.

Levels of 18 elements, including lead, mercury, selenium, and uranium, were examined in three species of snakes from an exposed and reference site on the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina. We tested the hypotheses that there were no differences as a function of species, and there were no difference between the exposed and control site for blood and muscle (tail) samples for banded water snake (Nerodia fasciata), brown water snake (N. taxispilota) and cottonmouth (Akistrodon piscivorous). The banded water snakes collected were significantly smaller than the other two species. For blood, there were significant species differences only for barium, copper, selenium, uranium and zinc, while for muscle tissue there were significant interspecific differences in aluminum, arsenic, barium, cobalt, cesium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, manganese, strontium, vanadium and zinc, suggesting that muscle tissue in the tail is a better indicator of potential interspecific differences. It is also easier logistically to collect tail tissue than blood. Where one species had significantly higher levels than the other species in muscle tissue levels, cottonmouth had higherlevels of five elements (aluminum, cobalt, lead, mercury, vanadium), brown water snake had two (lead, strontium), and banded water snake had only barium. There were few significant differences between the control and reference site for levels of blood, but several for muscle tissue. All three species had significantly higher levels of arsenic and manganese at Tim's Branch than the reference site, and nickel and uranium were significantly higher for banded watersnake and cottonmouth, the larger species. Individuals with high exposure of one element were exposed to high levels of other elements.
Uncoded image transmission in cognitive radio systems

In this paper, we consider robust uncoded image transmission in cognitive radio systems, where the secondary user initially performs channel sensing with possible sensing errors in the form of false alarms and miss detections, and then sends image data to the secondary receiver with two power levels depending on the sensing decisions (e.g., idle or busy). It is assumed that two dimensional (2-D) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is applied to the image and the resulting DCT coefficients are directly transmitted through the wireless channel under sensing uncertainty. At the secondary receiver, DCT coefficients are first estimated via linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) or MMSE estimation, then the received image is reconstructed. In this setting, the optimal power levels that minimize the mean squared error (MSE) of LMMSE estimation are obtained subject to average transmit power and average interference power constraints. Also, a low-complexity power control algorithm is proposed. The impact of imperfect sensing decisions and power constraints on the performance of uncoded image transmission in cognitive radio systems is analyzed through simulations. In addition, the performances of estimating DCT coefficient by using MMSE and LMMSE are compared.
Sub-diffraction imaging of resonant scattering labels using polarization spectro-tomography

We propose and experimentally realize a far-field imaging technique, polarization spectro-tomography, capable of detecting small resonant objects (quantum dots, plasmonic nanorods) on the surface of a plasmonic nanosphere. The technique is based on Fano interference.
Carcinoma arising in an epiphrenic esophageal diverticulum.

A patient with a squamous cell carcinoma arising in an epiphrenic diverticulum is presented. This is an unusual occurrence which was suggested from the esophagram. This case is even more unusual than the few previously reported cases, in that the carcinoma appears to involve the mouth of the diverticulum without destruction of the adjacent esophageal wall. A review of the English language literature is presented.
Introducing a cognitive methodology for the automated detection of connotative meaning in text

Pilot results are used to illustrate the potential of an integrated multi-disciplinary approach to semantic text analysis that combines cognitive-oriented human subject experimentation with Machine Learning (ML) based Natural Language Processing (NLP). The goal of this work is to automate the recognition of connotative meaning in text using a range of linguistic and non-linguistic features. This methodology combines human evaluations of text with automated processing of text in order to address social, cognitive and linguistic aspects of connotative meaning. The design of this study places the human in the loop at the point of identifying the degree of connotation present within a given text, rather than at the point of expert linguistic analysis. Findings from the pilot study show that consensus between human subjects regarding the presence of connotative meaning in text can be achieved, that the degree of connotation present in a given text can be described on a continuum, and that a system can be implemented to recognize extreme cases of connotation (or its opposite, denotation). The protocol used in this pilot study was run using a relatively modest number of human evaluators and set of data. Based on the extensibility of methodology and the promising findings described here, the reliability of the data used to train the ML system can be easily improved by increasing the size of both the human subject sample and the data set.
1370 Fellow patients—their significance for hospitalized cancer patients

The reason for this study was to investigate how hospitalized cancer patients perceive, and are influenced by, the physical and social environment in the hospital. Using a grounded theory framework and a qualitative methodological approach, 21 patients were interviewed as open-mindedly as possible. The interviews were taped, transcribed and a continuous comparative analysis of the data was made. One of the issues raised most frequently by the patients was their relationship with their fellow patients. This issue was subsequently chosen as the main focus for the study. Three different topics regarding the fellow patients were emphasized by the patients; (1) their effect on the patient's own attitude to their illness (2) their interpersonal significance (3) their importance as an environmental factor Fellow patients appeared to be important with regard to providing information about the illness, treatment and anticipated reactions. Moreover how the cancer developed in fellow patients had an impact on the patient's hopes regarding their own illness. Fellow patients, more than anyone else, appeared to be able to really understand the patient's situation. They also provided support and friendship. The cost, however, may be bereavement when fellow patients die. Acknowledgement of fellow patients’ significance for, and their impact on, hospitalized cancer patients should lead to changes in the planning and organization of the care provided in cancer wards.
Reactions of CN+ and C2N+ ions

Abstract The rate coefficients and product-ion distributions have been measured at near-thermal energies for reactions of CN + and C 2 N + with a number of neutral molecules using the ICR technique. Multiple reaction channels were observed including charge transfer, H-atom abstraction and dehydrogenation. The C 2 N + structural isomer studied in these reactions may be CCN + instead of CNC + .
Effects of acute and chronic nicotine on responses maintained by primary and conditioned reinforcers in rats.

Abstract There is growing recognition that nonnicotine factors, such as the sensory stimuli associated with smoking, can play a critical role in the maintenance of cigarette smoking. However, little is known about the effects of nicotine on responding maintained by these stimuli, which are assumed to be conditioned reinforcers. The authors used an animal model to examine the acute and chronic effects of nicotine on responses maintained by food and conditioned reinforcers (i.e., lights) and responses in the absence of programmed consequences (i.e., extinction). During the acute phase, 4 male rats received 5 doses of subcutaneous nicotine. One dose of nicotine was then administered for a minimum of 60 days. Food-maintained and extinction responses did not significantly increase during the acute phase; however, food-maintained responses did increase during the chronic phase. Relative to vehicle, intermediate doses increased responses maintained by conditioned reinforcers during both phases. The results suggest that nicotine enhances responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers and possibly by food.