cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholecystoduodenostomy in the Dog Comparison of Two Techniques

A mucosal apposition technique for cholecystoduodenostomy was compared to the cutting suture technique. The mucosal apposition technique was easier to perform, less traumatic, and produced a significantly larger anastomotic opening than the cutting suture technique. Eleven of 12 dogs returned to normal activity within 5 days after the mucosal apposition technique. Six of 12 dogs required 10 to 21 days after the cutting suture technique before regaining normal activity. Healing was similar for both techniques. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were cultured from the gallbladders of both groups postoperatively. Cholecystograms demonstrated rapid drainage of the biliary system following mucosal apposition. Drainage of the biliary system following the cutting suture technique was slower; gallbladders tended to be irregularly shaped and distended. Gallbladders rapidly filled with contrast material during upper gastrointestinal barium studies following cholecystoduodenostomy by mucosal apposition. Gallbladders filled more slowly and less completely following the cutting suture technique: drainage of refluxed contrast material was delayed in some dogs. Serum enzyme elevations (SGPT, SAP) and subclinical periportal inflammation and fibrosis were found following both techniques. Peripheral circulating eosinophil counts were significantly higher in dogs following the cutting suture technique.
Demyelinating Optic Neuritis in Children

Acute demyelinating optic neuritis in children can occur in isolation or be associated with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, or neuromyelitis optica. Clinical features, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid findings, and long-term prognosis were reviewed in 26 children diagnosed with optic neuritis at the first presentation of demyelinating disease. The risk factors for the subsequent diagnosis of multiple sclerosis were analyzed. The mean duration of follow-up was 6.2 years. To date, 6 children have been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (23%). An abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging, older age, oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid, and elevated immunoglobulin G index were associated with multiple sclerosis outcome. Children with monosymptomatic optic neuritis and an abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging had a higher risk for multiple sclerosis. These children should be monitored closely for the subsequent diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and can be considered for early preventive therapy.
Welfare comparison of trade situations

Abstract This paper applies the compensation principle to compare the welfare levels of a small, many-household open economy in different trade situations. Two types of trade situations, free and restricted trade, and two types of compensation schemes, lump-sum transfers and consumption taxes, are considered and compared. For each type of trade situation, necessary and sufficient welfare-improving conditions are derived when losers are compensated using either lump-sum transfers or consumption taxes. Important differences are noted between the results that are based on compensation and the familiar results based on a well-behaved social utility function.
Bacteriophage P1 cloning system for the isolation, amplification, and recovery of DNA fragments as large as 100 kilobase pairs.

Abstract The development of a bacteriophage P1 cloning system capable of accepting DNA fragments as large as 100 kilobase pairs (kbp) is described. The vectors used in this system contain a P1 packaging site (pac) to package vector and cloned DNA into phage particles, two P1 loxP recombination sites to cyclize the packaged DNA once it has been injected into a strain of Escherichia coli containing the P1 Cre recombinase, a kanr gene to select bacterial clones containing the cyclized DNA, a P1 plasmid replicon to stably maintain that DNA in E. coli at one copy per cell chromosome, and a lac promoter-regulated P1 lytic replicon to amplify the DNA before it is reisolated. An essential feature of the cloning system is a two-stage in vitro packaging reaction that packages vector DNA containing cloned inserts into phage particles that can deliver their DNA to E. coli with near unit efficiency. The packaging reaction can generate 10(5) clones with high molecular weight DNA inserts per microgram of vector DNA. Using NotI fragments from E. coli DNA, it was shown that the system can clone 95- and 100-kbp fragments but not a 106-kbp fragment. Presumably, the combined size of the latter fragment and the vector DNA (13 kbp) exceeds the headful capacity of P1.
Gamma titanium aluminides

The first international symposium on gamma titanium aluminides (ISGTA) was held in conjunction with the TMS `95 Annual Meeting, 13--16 February 1995, Las Vegas, under the sponsorship of the TMS Structural Materials Division--Titanium Committee. The selected papers cover almost the entire aspects of the current gamma technology such as fundamentals, alloy development and design, process development, microstructure and property evaluation, and applications. The current status as well as the future of gamma titanium aluminide alloys are discussed, as an emerging engineering materials technology, including potential/real application areas of cast gamma alloys in turbine engines. The topics on environmental effects include oxidation resistance, coating, hydrogen effects and the effects of oxide scale on mechanical properties. Phase relations and transformations are discussed for alpha-phase decomposition, coarsening of lamellar structures, high temperature phase stability, and solidification. Deformation mechanisms are evaluated to explain the flow stress anomaly behavior. Deformation character, fracture behavior, fatigue and creep are evaluated for the lamellar structure of PST crystals. Advanced methodologies are evaluated for calculating the TiAl phase diagram as well as site preferences of various elements in the gamma phase. Studies on strengthening by solid solution as well as precipitation is reported. Measurements are reported of the solubilitiesmore » of oxygen and carbon as well as of the diffusivity and activation energies for various alloying elements in the gamma phase. Melting processes as well as methods for near-net-shaping are discussed. In summary, these proceedings confirm that gamma alloys are emerging as a new generation of structural materials. One hundred and two papers have been processed separately for inclusion on the data base.« less
Reactivity and Diastereoselectivity in the Thermal and Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Diels−Alder Reactions of N-Sulfinylphosphoramidates1

The [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of N-sulfinylphosphoramidates, prepared from the corresponding phosphoramidates by treatment with N-(chlorosulfinyl)imidazole, and 1,3-cyclohexadiene were found to be diastereoselective in the absence (>90:10) and presence (>95:5) of Lewis acid. The sulfur configuration of the major adduct from the cycloaddition reaction has been established unambiguously by X-ray crystallography. The use of Lewis acids improved the diastereoselectivity and yield, as well as shortened reaction times. Based on the intermediacy of a tin chelate, and the absence of phosphoryl secondary orbital interactions, a mechanism for the cycloaddition reactions is discussed.
Phospholipid-diacylglycerol complexes regulate colipase adsorption to monolayers

Monomolecular films of a 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and any of several non-phospholipids, like diacylglycerols and free fatty acids, inhibit the initial rate of adsorption of a...
Formation of binaries from triple systems.

Abstract The dynamical behavior of three masses moving under their mutual gravitational attraction in a plane is investigated by a systematic series of numerical experiments. It is shown that in 73% of the cases, a triple system disintegrates in less than 150 time units (corresponding to about 150 crossing times), and a binary is formed with the third star that escapes at hyperbolic velocity. The average time for disintegration is of the order of 109 years for triple stellar systems, as well as for triple galaxies. The statistics of the escaping masses show that the escaping mass is usually, but not always, the smallest in the system. A simple equation, giving the balance between the negative energy stored in the binary and the positive energy necessary for escape, explains the results qualitatively.
210 - Organic electrosorption as a probe of water structure in the inner layer: implications about the effect of the electric field on water structure at charged biological interfaces

Abstract On the basis of a new theory of organic electrosorption at the metal solution interface in which the inner (compact) layer is treated as a two-component non-electrolyte solution, called the surface3solution, it was found that the excess electrochemical Gibbs free energy of mixing of the inner layer and the activities of the adsorbed organic compound and of the adsorbed water show surprisingly strong similarities to the same parameters for the bulk aqueous solutions. On this basis it is proposed that, depending on the electric field at the surface, the water in the inner layer may retain a remnant of its bulk-like structure, which is characterized by extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding. It is shown that the limiting value at infinite dilution in the inner layer of the activity coefficient of the adsorbed organic compound can serve as an indicator of the water structure in the inner layer. Possible implications of these findings for the charged biological interface are indicated.
Correct and Incorrect Error Specifications in Statistical Cost Models

A functional form often employed in cost-estimating relationships is Y = otYP, where Y and X are the cost and predictor variables, respectively, and a and (3 are parameters to be estimated from empirical data. Logarithmic transformation of either side of this intrinsically linear relationship leads to 7* a* + fL¥*, with the asterisks denoting logs. What typically happens in practice is that ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is applied to a set of observations on Y* and X*, generating estimates of a* and p. From a statistical point of view, however, justification of this process requires the presence of a multiplicative random error term in the untransformed model. In addition, the multiplicative structure gives rise to variance in cost that changes systematically with X. If the error term is additive, the variance in cost will be constant, but the parameters in that model must be estimated by nonlinear least squares (NLS) applied to the untransformed variables. In general, OLS and NLS lead to different parameter estimates and different cost predictions, and frequently analysts are unsure as to which method is correct. This paper reports on a Monte Carlo study of the accuracy of each estimation method under correct and incorrect error specifications. The multi-predictor model that serves as the basis of the study is representative of models with which cost analysts frequently deal. Results suggest that OLS, applied to the logs of the variables, may be the preferred method under either specification, provided the estimate of a is properly developed. This finding, however, is applicable strictly to the issue of parameter estimation. Accuracy of cost prediction requires further analysis.
Probing ultrafast dynamics of electrons and holes in graphene

Using pump-probe techniques, we study the ultrafast relaxation dynamics of photoexcited carriers in graphene. We find an initial fast relaxation transient (70-120 fs), followed by a slower relaxation process (0.4-1.7 ps). We relate the measured time scales to carrier-carrier and carrier-phonon intraband and interband scattering processes and also to crystal disorder in the material.
Analog CMOS Design for Optical Coherence Tomography Signal Detection and Processing

A CMOS circuit was designed and fabricated for optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal detection and processing. The circuit includes a photoreceiver, differential gain stage and lock-in amplifier based demodulator. The photoreceiver consists of a CMOS photodetector and low noise differential transimpedance amplifier which converts the optical interference signal into a voltage. The differential gain stage further amplifies the signal. The in-phase and quadrature channels of the lock-in amplifier each include an analog mixer and switched-capacitor low-pass filter with an external mixer reference signal. The interferogram envelope and phase can be extracted with this configuration, enabling Doppler OCT measurements. A sensitivity of -80 dB is achieved with faithful reproduction of the interferometric signal envelope. A sample image of finger tip is presented.
Description of a formal clinical pathology on-call simulation workshop in preparing pathology residents to address common after-hours phone calls.

Objectives: Residents take clinical pathology call beginning in the second year of residency. However, this additional responsibility often causes anxiety in residents who may have had only limited contact with laboratory sections they will be covering on call. We set out to improve the practical knowledge and comfort of the residents before taking clinical pathology call. Methods: A scenario-based simulation-style workshop was developed to acquaint residents with the common issues that arise, and guide them through acquiring the necessary data and developing an action plan. A nine-question survey was given before and after the workshop to determine if the workshop improved their comfort level with taking call. Results: Of the nine questions, the six questions dealing with clinical pathology laboratory section–specific knowledge showed that residents were less anxious and more confident about taking call after the workshop.
Longitudinal impact of a collaborative care model on employment outcomes in bipolar disorder

Abstract Background Few treatments are available to directly address employment or work functioning among individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) and currently available treatment models have not been evaluated to examine their impact employment outcomes. We examined impact of affective symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) on longitudinal employment outcomes in a community-based sample of individuals with bipolar disorder who completed the Life Goals-Collaborative Care (LG-CC) intervention. Methods Participants (N=178) were assessed based on HRQoL, employment status, affective symptoms (depressive/manic), and work hours at baseline, 6-, 12- and 24-months after initiation of LG-CC. Frequency of LG-CC sessions and number of care-manager contacts also were ascertained. Results At baseline, 21% were employed, 29.5% were unemployed, and 49.6% were on disability. Improvement in affective symptoms was seen over the 24-month period, but not in HRQoL. Lower depression symptoms, but not mania, at baseline predicted greater likelihood of employment status in 24-months. Degree of LG-CC participation was associated with a reduced likelihood of becoming disabled/unemployed and increased number of hours worked in 24-months. Limitations The study was originally designed to compare implementation strategies and not the effectiveness of LG-CC on employment outcomes. Further, it was unclear whether improvement in work functioning were personal goals of the participants of this study. Conclusions Fewer depressive symptoms were associated with positive employment outcomes over time. Collaborative Care Models that are already implemented by existing providers that focus on management of affective symptoms show promise in positively impacting employment outcomes.
Seeds to Success: tough business decisions in a non‐profit environment

Purpose – Seeds to Success naturally grown gourmet salad greens, a product recognized for superior freshness, flavor, and quality, placed a community non‐profit organization in a position where high demand and limited production capacity became a major obstacle at a time when this nonprofit was facing tough decisions. The purpose of this paper is to present this example as a teaching case. The case also represents an example of the funding plight facing many community organizations and how social entrepreneurship can lead to creative solutions.Design/methodology/approach – The information presented in this case is the result of years of participation and observation within the featured organization along with the cooperation of its employees, participants, and volunteers.Findings – The analysis and discussion of facts and events presented are in the hands of the readers and the findings can be many.Originality/value – This case can be of value for courses of many disciplines, as well as to serve as an exa...
Regional and specialty variations in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis

Objectives/Hypothesis: To identify regional and specialty differences in the medical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis of a national database. Methods: Ambulatory visits for CRS were extracted from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) for years 2005 to 2006. Medication utilization associated with CRS (antibiotics, antihistamines, nasal steroids, and oral steroids) was tabulated for medication class and individual drug. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine variations in medication class and specific drug utilization by U.S. geographic region and physician specialty, specifically primary care physicians (PCP) versus otolaryngologists (ORL). Results: Among an estimated 36.2 ± 0.3 million visits for CRS (mean age, 36.8 ± 1.4 years; 60.1 ± 1.9% female), the ratio of PCP to ORL visits was 10:1. The percent of clinician visits with prescriptions for antibiotics (47.3 ± 3.0% of overall visits), nasal steroids (10.8 ± 1.4%) and oral steroids (2.8 ± 0.7%) did not vary significantly by geographic region (P = .79,.66, and.34, respectively). Antihistamines were prescribed significantly more often in the South (15.3 ± 3.4% of visits vs. 11.3 ± 1.8% nationally, P = .04). PCPs were significantly more likely to prescribe antibiotics compared to ORLs (53.3 ± 2.9% vs. 27.4 ± 4.2%, respectively, P < .001) and less likely to prescribe both nasal steroids (9.7 ± 1.5% vs. 17.5 ± 2.8%, P = .01) and oral steroids (2.3 ± 0.7% vs. 6.6 ± 2.0%, P = .01). Significant differences existed for specific drugs prescribed according to specialty. Conclusions: There are significant variations in the outpatient medical treatment of CRS according to geography and specialty. This study highlights the need for evidence-based medical treatment protocols for CRS.
Functional loss of p21/Waf-1 in a case of benign canine multicentric melanoma

Mutations of tumor suppressor genes remove mechanisms that normally arrest proliferation of transformed cells, resulting in tumor formation. The p53 gene product functions as a tumor suppressor that induces p21/Waf-1, the 21-kDa product of the waf-1/cip-1/mda-6 gene. p21/Waf-1 is a pan-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that arrests cell cycle progression under a variety of circumstances. We examined tissues from a dog with multiple primary pigmented proliferative lesions (benign, multicentric melanoma consisting of three distinct dermal lesions and a matrical cyst) for p21/Waf-1 and p53 expression by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. p21/Waf-1 and p-53 proteins were undetectable in the tumor cells and in the cyst but were present in adjacent normal tissues. Abundant cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4), a protein related functionally to p21/Waf-1, also was present in the cyst. A somatic mutation of the waf-1 gene or of the p53 gene may have resulted in the loss of p21/Waf-1 expression in a common precursor of pigment-producing cells from the affected dog. Furthermore, this functional loss of p21/Waf-1 may play an important role in the genesis of canine benign melanoma.
The Concept of Meaning and its Role in Understanding Language: Notes and Discussions

:Many writers have expressed scepticism about the explanatory power of transformational generative grammar, but little of this scepticism has been aimed towards formal semantics for natural languages. To a large extent, this neglect is a consequence, not of widespread agreement, but of a lack of clarity, about the aims of philosophers and linguists who construct these semantic theories. Here I hope to make clear a sense in which these theories are explanatory. In short, I argue that the importance and legitimacy of semantics rests on its contribution to epistemology. First, I argue that what distinguishes someone who understands a language from someone who does not is not any linguistic or non-linguistic behavior but rather the capacity to acquire certain justified beliefs upon hearing another's utterances. It is this justificatory element which is the chief mark of understanding. Second, I argue that in order for someone to have this capacity to acquire certain justified beliefs he must have knowledge of the meanings (and not the truth conditions) of the sentences in question.
Conductivity-Dependent Flow Field-Flow Fractionation of Fulvic and Humic Acid Aggregates

Fulvic (FAs) and humic acids (HAs) are chemically fascinating. In water, they have a strong propensity to aggregate, but this research reveals that tendency is regulated by ionic strength. In the environment, conductivity extremes occur naturally—freshwater to seawater—warranting consideration at low and high values. The flow field flow fractionation (flow FFF) of FAs and HAs is observed to be concentration dependent in low ionic strength solutions whereas the corresponding flow FFF fractograms in high ionic strength solutions are concentration independent. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) also reveals insight into the conductivity-dependent behavior of humic substances (HSs). Four particle size ranges for FAs and humic acid aggregates are examined: (1) 100 µm. Representative components of the different size ranges are observed to dynamically coexist in solution. The character of the various aggregates observed—such as random-extended-coiled macromolecules, hydrogels, supramolecular, and micellar—as influenced by electrolytic conductivity, is discussed. The disaggregation/aggregation of HSs is proposed to be a dynamic equilibrium process for which the rate of aggregate formation is controlled by the electrolytic conductivity of the solution.
Improving accuracy of multiple sequence alignment algorithms based on alignment of neighboring residues

While most of the recent improvements in multiple sequence alignment accuracy are due to better use of vertical information, which include the incorporation of consistency-based pairwise alignments and the use of profile alignments, we observe that it is possible to further improve accuracy by taking into account alignment of neighboring residues when aligning two residues, thus making better use of horizontal information. By modifying existing multiple alignment algorithms to make use of horizontal information, we show that this strategy is able to consistently improve over existing algorithms on a few sets of benchmark alignments that are commonly used to measure alignment accuracy, and the average improvements in accuracy can be as much as 1–3% on protein sequence alignment and 5–10% on DNA/RNA sequence alignment. Unlike previous algorithms, consistent average improvements can be obtained across all identity levels.
Oscillographic Study of Electron Tube Characteristics

A special oscillograph is used to record simultaneously the plate current and the grid current of an electron tube. By superposing a slow audio frequency variation of voltage on the regularly increasing grid voltage during the photographing of the oscillogram, corresponding audio frequency variations are produced in the plate current, the amplitudes of which are proportional to the amplification of the tube at that setting. Detector action can similarly be studied by applying a rising radio frequency voltage to the grid, and periodically interrupting it at a low audio frequency. The study of tubes containing gas, and the recording of kinks in their characteristics is particularly facilitated by the use of the apparatus described.
Measuring stigma among abortion providers: assessing the Abortion Provider Stigma Survey instrument.

We explored the psychometric properties of 15 survey questions that assessed abortion providers’ perceptions of stigma and its impact on providers’ professional and personal lives referred to as the Abortion Provider Stigma Survey (APSS). We administered the survey to a sample of abortion providers recruited for the Providers’ Share Workshop (N = 55). We then completed analyses using Stata SE/12.0. Exploratory factor analysis, which resulted in 13 retained items and identified three subscales: disclosure management, resistance and resilience, and discrimination. Stigma was salient in abortion provider’s lives: they identified difficulties surrounding disclosure (66%) and felt unappreciated by society (89%). Simultaneously, workers felt they made a positive contribution to society (92%) and took pride in their work (98%). Paired t-test analyses of the pre- and post-Workshop APSS scores showed no changes in the total score. However, the Disclosure Management subscale scores were significantly lower (indicat...
Listeria monocytogenes L Forms I. Induction, Maintenance, and Biological Characteristics

L forms were induced from 15 of 16 strains of Listeria monocytogenes on penicillin gradient plates incubated under aerobic conditions. The culture medium for maintenance of these L forms must contain an electrolyte in a concentration of 1% or sucrose in a concentration of 10%. The electrolytes NaCl, KCl, or MgSO(4) were used in both induction and maintenance media. Induction of L forms occurred more rapidly on media containing KCl. Listeria L forms had the same fermentation reactions as the parent bacterium. The L-form growth in liquid medium was slow, not extensive, and appeared as clumps on the bottom of culture tubes. The morphology of Listeria L forms was similar to that reported for other bacterial L forms. The L forms derived from strain 10403, serotype 1, were stable after two or more passages on penicillin media. They did not revert to the bacterial form after 40 subcultures on penicillin-free media. Some L-form colonies derived from strain 10403 did revert to the bacterial form when transferred directly from induction plates to penicillin-free media. Studies of the growth characteristics for L forms derived from strain 10403 gave the following results: an optimal temperature of 30 C, high electrolyte or sucrose concentration necessary for induction and maintenance, and no requirement for serum.
Post-human humanitarian law: the law of war in the age of robotic warfare

This Review Essay surveys the recent literature on the tensions between of autonomy and accountability in robotic warfare. Four books, taken together, suggest an original account of fundamental changes taking place in the field of IHL: P.W. Singer’s book Wired for War: the Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century (2009), William H. Boothby’s Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict (2009), Armin Krishnan’s Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons (2009), and Ronald Arkin’s Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots (2009). This Review Essay argues that from the point of view of IHL the concern is not the introduction of robots into the battlefield, but the gradual removal of humans. In this way the issue of weapon autonomy marks a paradigmatic shift from the so-called “humanization” of IHL to possible post-human concerns.
How Hackers Think: A Study of Cybersecurity Experts and Their Mental Models

Hackers account for enormous costs associated with computer intrusion in a world increasingly reliant on computer and Internet-based technologies. Within the hacker community, there are “good” hackers called white hat hackers and “bad” hackers called black hat hackers. Essentially, one identifies ways to protect information systems while the other identifies ways to exploit those information systems. Regardless of what type of hacker a person is, identifying system weaknesses requires logical reasoning and the ability to systematically think through possible actions, alternatives, and potential conclusions. This combination of reasoning and systematic thinking implies the use of mental models. Hacking is a cognitive activity that requires exceptional technical and reasoning abilities. In this domain, a mental model can be thought of as a hacker’s internal representation of the components and operating rules of an extremely complex software and hardware system. Mental models help hackers describe, explain, and predict system attributes and behaviors. The literature is filled with analyses of motives and incentives to engage in hacking but lacks in explaining how hackers actually process knowledge and/or think about systems. It is the intent of this research to address this gap by analyzing how hackers identify and solve problems, make inferences as to reach decisions and implement solutions.
Institutional Capacity Analysis of CBOs for Basic Service Delivery at the Grassroots Level in Nepal

Community based organisations are uniquely positioned to deliver the basic services and implement the community development activities at the grassroots in Nepal. The development of community based organisations at on the one hand enables the effective service delivery. On the other hand, it enhances community governance system, an approach of shifting government to governance. This study is based on institutional analysis of grassroots level organizations based on primary and secondary information sources. One hundred and ten different grassroots level organization survey, forty four key informants interview, and three focus group discussion, however the result shows there was a weak to moderate (WAI=0.64) capacity shows they were facing institutional crises, both within and external to their functions. Nevertheless, the empirical evidence indicates that many CBO groups were more committed to bolster the members as agents of change so that they developed many institutional norms, rules and values. Following the discussion of results, this study has also made some recommendations regarding the efficient service delivery.
Long-Term FX Strategies in 2008

The person responsible for global allocation for a large pension fund had been asked by the board of directors in April 2008 for an assessment on whether she thinks the dollar would appreciate or depreciate over the next five to ten years. She has heard mostly negative views about path of the dollar over the long term, and former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan’s suggestion that the Gulf States, and others, should de-link from the U.S. dollar as a way to contain inflationary pressures. Currently, the fund is 60% in dollar-based assets and 40% in foreign markets. The dollar’s sharp decline against a broad array of currencies, central banks diversifying reserves away from dollars, and some OPEC members invoicing oil-sales currencies in other than dollars are discouraging news. She considers whether to increase the foreign weighting and, because the dollar has overshot its "long-term value," whether it is now more likely to appreciate than depreciate, and finally whether the fund should use the recent dollar pessimism as an opportunity to take profits on its foreign positions and increase the weighting on the now relatively cheap U.S. securities.
What Is A Person And How Can We Be Sure? A Paradigm Case Formulation

A Paradigm Case Formulation (PCF) of Persons is developed that allows competent judges to identify areas of agreement and disagreement regarding where they draw a line on what is to be included as a person. The paradigm case is described as a linguistically competent individual able to engage in Deliberate Action in a Dramaturgical Pattern. Specific attention is given to the ability of paradigm case persons to employ Hedonic, Prudent, Aesthetic and Ethical perspectives in choosing their Deliberate Actions and Social Practices.
Optimal labeling of antibody with fluorescein isothiocyanate.

SummaryA modification of a previously described procedure for controlled labeling of serum proteins with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is described. Specimens of serum globulin from several species of animals were conjugated with varying concentrations of FITC to determine whether each serum had an optimal FITC:protein ratio for conjugation. Twenty milligrams of FITC/g of protein were found to be near optimal for all sera conjugated under the conditions described. As this FITC concentration was exceeded, titers of nonspecific staining of FL cells increased faster than those of specific staining. The levels of nonspecific staining were low when conjugates were prepared with FITC concentrations of 20 mg or less. The advantage of this method of labeling is its rapidity and simplicity. With globulins of moderate to high antibody titer no special treatment of the conjugate is required to remove the highly labeled proteins.
Accelerating the adoption of high-value primary care--a new provider type under Medicare?

To accelerate delivery-system changes, Medicare could adopt a new provider category, the Advanced Primary Care Practice, with its own eligibility standards and accountability for performance on patient outcomes, care, and resource use, linked to a new payment approach.
Breakdown of the Single-Exchange Approximation in Third-Order Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory

We report third-order symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) calculations for several dimers whose intermolecular interactions are dominated by induction. We demonstrate that the single-exchange approxi- mation (SEA) employed to derive the third-order exchange−induction correc- tion (Eexch−ind (30) ) fails to quench the attractive nature of the third-order induction (Eind ), leading to one-dimensional potential curves that become attractive rather than repulsive at short intermolecular separations. A scaling equation for Eexch−ind (30) , based on an exact formula for the first-order exchange correction, is introduced to approximate exchange effects beyond the SEA, and qualitatively correct potential energy curves that include third-order induction are thereby obtained. For induction-dominated systems, our results indicate that a "hybrid" SAPT approach, in which a dimer Hartree−Fock calculation is performed in order to obtain a correction for higher-order induction, is necessary not only to obtain quantitative binding energies but also to obtain qualitatively correct potential energy surfaces. These results underscore the need to develop higher-order exchange− induction formulas that go beyond the SEA.
Factors Influencing Erosion of a Cohesive River Bank

The sinuous channel of Watts Branch in Montgomery County, Maryland, traverses a grassy meadow nearly devoid of trees. The creek has a drainage area of four square miles and the river bank is composed primarily of cohesive silt. Resurveys of cross sections during the five years 1953-1957 have revealed as much as seven feet of lateral erosion. Over the past two years, additional measurements of the amount of erosion around rows of steel pins driven horizontally into the bank have been made at frequent intervals. These observations indicate several combinations of factors primarily responsible for the progressive recession. Approximately 85 percent of the observed erosion occurred during the winter months of December, January, February, and March. A thickness of as much as 0.4 feet of sediment was eroded from the bank at specific points in a period of several hours during which a bankfull flow attacked banks which had previously been thoroughly wetted. Erosion was most severe at the water surface. Little or no erosion was observed during the summer despite the occurrence of the highest flood on record in July, 1956. Second in erosion effectiveness were cold periods during which wet banks, frost action, and low rises in stage combined to produce 0.6 foot of erosion in six weeks during the winter of 1955-56. Significant erosion also resulted from the combination of moist banks and low rises in stage. Lastly, crystallization of ice and subsequent thawing, without benefit of changes in stage, also produced some erosion as did flashy summer floods even on hard, dry banks. Inasmuch as such summer floods constitute the rare and “catastrophic” events on small drainage basins in this region, present observations suggest that the cumulative effect of more moderate climatic conditions on this process of erosion exceeds the effect of rarer events of much greater magnitude. This preliminary analysis of several factors responsible for erosion of the cohesive river bank indicates that there is perhaps a crude correlation between precipitation and erosion during selected intervals of time. Precipitation exerts an affect both through increasing discharge in the channel and by increasing the moisture in the bank. Frost action acts similarly both to hold moisture in the soil and to comminute surface material, thus preparing it for erosion.
Print-to-Print: Printer-Enabled Out-of-Cleanroom Multiobject Microprinting Method

Micropatterning techniques have gained growing interests from a broad range of engineering and biology researches as it realizes the high-throughput and highly quantitative investigations on miniature biological objects (e.g., cells and bacteria) by spatially defined micropatterns. However, most of the existing techniques rely on expensive instruments or intensive cleanroom access which may not be easy to be utilized in a regular biological laboratory. Here, we present the detailed procedures of a simple versatile microprinting process, referred to as Print-to-Print (P2P), to form multiobject micropatterns for potential biological applications. Only a solid-phase printer and custom-made superhydrophobic (SH) films are utilized for the printing and no thermal or chemical treatment is involved during the entire printing process. Moreover, the noncontact nature of droplet transferring and printing steps can be highly advantageous for sensitive biological uses. By the P2P process, a minimal feature resolution of 229 ± 17 μm has been successfully achieved. What's more, this approach has been applied to form micropatterning on various commonly used substrates in biology as well as multiobject co-patterns. In addition, the SH substrates have also been demonstrated to be reusable.
An efficient counter electrode material for dye-sensitized solar cells—flower-structured 1T metallic phase MoS2

Nanostructured 1T metallic phase MoS2 is a rapidly rising star in electrical materials. However, 1T metallic MoS2 has not been explored for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this communication, we report that a flower-structured 1T metallic phase MoS2 film was directly grown onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting glass as a DSSC counter electrode (CE). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the DSSC with the 1T metallic MoS2 CE exhibited an excellent power conversion efficiency of 7.08%, which is 3 times larger than that (1.72%) of the DSSC with 2H phase MoS2.
Opiate treatment in the criminal justice system: a review of crimesolutions.gov evidence rated programs

As drug control policy reform trends toward marijuana decriminalization, focus will shift to opiate enforcement which, in turn, accentuates substance abuse treatment. While the national offender reentry movement has effected widespread implementation of programming for co-occurring substance abuse and mental health disorders, the practice of Medicated Assisted Treatment (MAT) is nonstandard throughout the criminal justice system despite its evidence based status. This paper observes MAT delivered within and by the criminal justice system as indicated by evidence rated programs and practices listed in the national criminal justice evidence based registry crimesolutions.gov. Observation of these programs’ treatment orientation, client populations, delivery settings, and operational status inform discussion for additional MAT implementation and program registry augmentation.
Pressure-Facilitated CSF Flow Across the Arachnoid Membrane

The role of the arachnoid as a barrier to the exchange of high molecular weight substances between the CSF and dura has been considered and examined using electron microscopic and ultrastructural HRP histochemical techniques. (Nabeshima 1971, Nabeshima et al. 1975) The meningeal barrier to protein transfer has been shown by these investigators to exist at the Arachnoid Barrier Layer (ABL) located within the multiple layers of arachnoid cells forming the arachnoid membrane between the dura and subarachnoid space. HRP, introduced into CSF, easily passes through the inner arachnoid layer adjacent to the subarachnoid space but is prevented from passing further through the arachnoid membrane into the dura by an extensive and continuous system of tight junctions joining the arachnoid cells and processes of the ABL (Nabeshima 1971).
Effects of long-term nutrient additions on Arctic tundra, stream, and lake ecosystems: beyond NPP

Primary producers form the base of food webs but also affect other ecosystem characteristics, such as habitat structure, light availability, and microclimate. Here, we examine changes caused by 5-30+ years of nutrient addition and resulting increases in net primary productivity (NPP) in tundra, streams, and lakes in northern Alaska. The Arctic provides an important opportunity to examine how ecosystems characterized by low diversity and low productivity respond to release from nutrient limitation. We review how responses of algae and plants affect light availability, perennial biotic structures available for consumers, oxygen levels, and temperature. Sometimes, responses were similar across all three ecosystems; e.g., increased NPP significantly reduced light to the substrate following fertilization. Perennial biotic structures increased in tundra and streams but not in lakes, and provided important new habitat niches for consumers as well as other producers. Oxygen and temperature responses also differed. Life history traits (e.g., longevity) of the primary producers along with the fate of detritus drove the responses and recovery. As global change persists and nutrients become more available in the Arctic and elsewhere, incorporating these factors as response variables will enable better prediction of ecosystem changes and feedbacks in this biome and others.
Critical Qualitative Inquiry

What are the key issues confronting the call for a new critical inquiry? How to create a new family of terms for a new critical inquiry, terms slip and slide, fall over one another: critical embodied, transformative, dialogic, reflexive, participatory, emancipatory, narratives of resistance, plateaus, planes of composition, Deleuze, Guattari, assemblages, affect, nomadic inquiry, rhizomatic, love, loss, praxis writing as a way of being in the world. Writing framed around acts of activism and resistance. How do we move forward?
13. Marvell’s to His Coy Misress, 41-46

(1969). 13. Marvell’s to His Coy Misress, 41-46. The Explicator: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 20-21.
Millimeter-wave radio bundling for reliable transmission in multi-section fiber-wireless mobile fronthaul

We propose a reconfigurable millimeter-wave radio bundling method to improve system efficiency and transmission reliability in multi-section fiber-wireless mobile fronthaul. A multi-point multi-section experiment demonstrates improved signal quality and reliability.
The Dynamics of Resource Tenure in West Africa

Introduction I UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF LAND TENURE Land tenure, resource access & decentralisation in Ghana - Customary land tenure regimes in north-western Cameroon - Shifting tradition: forest resource tenure in Ghana - Forest tenure & access to forest resources in Cameroon - Land rights, land use dynamics & policy in periurban Tamale, Ghana - Behind the norms: women's access to land in Ghana - Land availability & the land tenure regime in rural Benin - Access to agricultural & pastoral resources in Nigeria II RECOGNISING LOCAL RIGHTS - NEW APPROACHES Co-management: a participatory approach to sustainable forest management - Piloting the rural land use plan in Benin - The role of the land commissions in natural resource management in Niger III LINKING LOCAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEMS Tenure problems in pastoral land use management - The role & limitations of the land commissions in Niger - Decentralised management of renewable natural resources in Mali - Land tenure & pastoral resources in northern Yatenga, Burkina Faso - Land taxes & charges in Senegal - Compulsory acquisition of land in Ghana: the 1992 constitution: opening new vistas? - Bibliography - Index
Current Guidelines for Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Surgical Wounds

Appropriately administered antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the incidence of surgical wound infection. Prophylaxis is uniformly recommended for all clean-contaminated, contaminated and dirty procedures. It is considered optional for most clean procedures, although it may be indicated for certain patients and clean procedures that fulfill specific risk criteria. Timing of antibiotic administration is critical to efficacy. The first dose should always be given before the procedure, preferably within 30 minutes before incision. Readministration at one to two half-lives of the antibiotic is recommended for the duration of the procedure. In general, postoperative administration is not recommended. Antibiotic selection is influenced by the organism most commonly causing wound infection in the specific procedure and by the relative costs of available agents. In certain gastrointestinal procedures, oral and intravenous administration of agents with activity against gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria is warranted, as well as mechanical preparation of the bowel. Cefazolin provides adequate coverage for most other types of procedures.
Driving with Hemianopia V: Do Individuals with Hemianopia Spontaneously Adapt Their Gaze Scanning to Differing Hazard Detection Demands?

PURPOSE We investigated whether people with homonymous hemianopia (HH) were able to spontaneously (without training or instructions) adapt their blind-side scan magnitudes in response to differing scanning requirements for detection of pedestrians in a driving simulator when differing cues about pedestrian eccentricities and movement behaviors were available in the seeing hemifield. METHODS Twelve HH participants completed two sessions in a driving simulator pressing the horn when they detected a pedestrian. Stationary pedestrians outside the driving lane were presented in one session and approaching pedestrians on a collision course in the other. Gaze data were analyzed for pedestrians initially appearing at approximately 14° in the blind hemifield. No instructions were given regarding scanning. RESULTS After appearing, the stationary pedestrians' eccentricity increased rapidly to a median of 31° after 2.5 seconds, requiring increasingly larger blind-side gaze scans for detection, while the approaching pedestrians' eccentricity remained constant at approximately 14°, requiring a more moderate scan (∼14°) for detection. Although median scan magnitudes did not differ between the two conditions (approaching: 14° [IQR 9°-15°]; stationary: 13° [IQR 9°-20°]; P = 0.43), three participants showed evidence of adapting (increasing) their blind-side scan magnitudes in the stationary condition. CONCLUSIONS Three participants (25%) appeared to be able to apply voluntary cognitive control to modify their blind-side gaze scanning in response to the differing scanning requirements of the two conditions without explicit training. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Our results suggest that only a minority of people with hemianopia are likely to be able to spontaneously adapt their blind-side scanning in response to rapidly changing and unpredictable situations in on-road driving.