cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulent transport in spatially developing reacting shear layers

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent reacting shear layers with significant heat release and local Reynolds numbers up to 1000 based on the Favre-averaged vorticity thickness was performed. The combustion is simulated by a single-step, second-order reaction with an Arrhenius reaction rate. The transport equations are solved using a low Mach number approximation in which the effects of heat release are accounted for through variable density. Two-dimensional simulations illustrate how growth rate decreases with increasing heat release and how the shear layer is sensitive to reaction rate. A three-dimensional simulation is used to generate data to study in detail how the flame alters the turbulence using budgets of turbulent kinetic energy. The three-dimensional results reveal that turbulent transport and pressure transport have a unique role in the overall energy balance in that they tend to increase kinetic energy near the edges of the layer while decreasing it at the center. Opposite behavior is found for pressure dilatation. Dissiplation and convection everywhere act as sinks for turbulence. The DNS results are compared with the standard k-∈ model for production and turbulent transport. The Boussinnesq approximation with a typical eddy viscosity constant yields the proper profile for production but, in general, overpredicts the peak value. The evaluation also reveals that the dilatation dissipation is small compared with the solenoidal dissipation. The standard gradient-diffusion model for turbulent transport/molecular diffusion is satisfactory when the molecular diffusion is small. The similarity between pressuren transport and turbulent transport suggests that pressure transport could also be modeled using a gradient-diffusion expression.
Mining security events in a distributed agent society

In distributed agent architecture, tasks are performed on multiple computers which are sometimes spread across different locations. While it is important to collect security critical sensory information from the agent society, it is equally important to analyze and report such security events in a precise and useful manner. Data mining techniques are found to be very efficient in the generation of security event profiles. This paper describes the implementation of such a security alert mining tool which generates profiles of security events collected from a large agent society. In particular, our previous work addressed the development of a security console to collect and display alert message (IDMEF) from a Cougaar (agent) society. These messages are then logged in an XML database for further off-line analysis. In our current work, stream mining algorithms are applied for sequencing and generating frequently occurring episodes, and then finding association rules among frequent candidate episodes. This alert miner could profile most prevalent patterns as indications of frequent attacks in a large agent society.
Effects of Fertilization and of Fry Stocking Density on Pond Production of Fingerling Walleye, Stizostedion vitreum

The influence of fertilization and of fry stocking density on production of fingering walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, was evaluated in earthen ponds at North Platte State Fish Hatchery, North Platte, Nebraska. In 1990, five 0.4-ha ponds were fertilized with alfalfa pellets, and five were fertilized with soybean meal; four unfertilized ponds served as controls. All ponds were stocked with D2 (Dl = the day at hatch) walleye fry at 250.000ha. Differences in yield, number of fingerlings harvested, mean length, and mean weight amone treatments were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). In 691, two fertilization schedules (no fertilizer and fertilization with alfalfa pellets) and two fry stocking rates (250.000 and 375,000 fry/ha) were evaluated. Four ponds were used for each treatment. Statistically significant treatment differences were found in yield, number of fingerlings harvested/ha, average length, and average weight. Yield was higher in fertilized ponds compared with yield from unfertilized ponds at b...
Antinociception and cardiovascular responses produced by electrical stimulation in the nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus reticularis ventralis, and the caudal medulla

Abstract In experiment 1, quantitative regional comparisons of the antinociceptive and cardiovascular responses produced by electrical stimulation in the caudal medulla, including regions such as the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), nucleus reticularis ventralis (NRV), nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC), nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (NRPGC), nucleus raphe obscurus (NRO), and medial portions of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), were made in the rat. Electrical stimulation in all of these regions resulted in inhibition of the nociceptive tail-flick reflex, although the threshold intensity for inhibition was greater for sites in NTS compared to many sites ventral to the NTS. Antinociception was generally accompanied by an increase in mean arterial blood pressure, with the exception of sites in the NRO, where depressor responses were evoked by stimulation. Detailed comparisons between the NTS and NRV revealed that greater intensities of electrical stimulation were required to produce antinociception for sites in the NTS as compared to the NRV. There were no significant differences in threshold intensities for antinociception as a function of rostrocaudal subdivisions of the NTS, but the lateral subdivision of the NTS was significantly more efficacious than the medial subdivision. This mediolateral difference within NTS was primarily due to stimulation in medial sites producing overt movements in some animals, probably due to stimulation of adjacent midline nuclei or pathways. Within the NRV, thresholds for inhibition of the tail-flick reflex were greater for sites in the dorsal subdivision as compared to the ventral subdivision, which contains spinopetal projections from the NRM. The slopes of the lines of recruitment for inhibition of the tail-flick reflex at stimulation sites in either the NTS or NRV were both very steep, similar to other forms of antinociception. In experiment 2, the pulse duration of electrical stimulation was varied for sites of stimulation in the lateral NTS and NRV to generate strength-duration curves. This experiment confirmed that stimulation sites in the lateral NTS required greater current intensities to inhibit the tail-flick reflex than sites in the NRV. However, the chronaxies derived from the strength-duration functions for the NTS or NRV were both approximately 170 μsec, indicating that the antinociceptive effects in these regions may not be exclusively due to the stimulation of fibers of passage. These results are discussed in terms of the role of the NTS, NRV, and caudal medulla in the modulation of nociceptive responses and cardiovascular function.
Learning the physics of a scanning tunnelling microscope using a computer program

The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Simulator is an interactive computer program designed specifically for pedagogical purposes, to enable students to learn how an STM works. The program is not designed to substitute a real STM, but rather to give students an insight into the physics of the STM. The program allows the student to start with any real STM image of a sample, taken elsewhere, observe the cross sectional profile of the sample surface along any direction, and relate it to the measured tunnelling current from the STM's probe tip. While the program does not give any quantitatively useful results pertaining to the specific sample that is being observed, it demonstrates how the concepts of potential energy diagrams, wavefunctions and tunnelling probability can be applied to understand the STM. No knowledge of higher-level mathematics is required to use the program, which is available on the and platforms. The flexibility of the program allows it to be used by students over a range of academic levels. Zusammenfassung. Das Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Simulator ist ein interaktives Computerprogramm, das ausdrucklich fur pedagogical Zwecke entworfen wird, um Studenten zu ermoglichen zu lernen, wie ein STM funktioniert. Das Programm wird entworfen um ein wirkliches STM einzusetzen, aber um Studenten einen Einblick in die Physik des STM zu geben. Das Programm erlaubt, das der Student mit einem wirklichen STM Bild, das anderswo genommen wird, anfangt, das Profil der Probenoberflache entlag irgendeiner Richtung zu beobacgten, um es danumit dem, gemessen Tunnelstrom von der Spitze des STM in Beziehung zu setzu Wahrend das Programm nicht quantitativ nutzlichen Ergebnisse gibt, die die spezifische Probe betreffen, die beobachtet wird, vorfuhrt es ver wie Potentiel Energie Diagramme, Wellen Funktionen, und Tunnelwahrscheinlichkeiten verwendet weden konnen, um STM zu verstehen. Keine Kenntnis hoherer ebener Mathematik wird erfordert, um das Programm zu benutzen. Das Programm lauft auf Windows und Macintosh Plattfromen. Die Flexibilitat des Programms erlaubt, das es von Studenten aller Jahrgauge benutzt wird.
The institutionalization of humanistic psychology

Abstract Some mid‐twentieth century American psychologists angrily voiced their discontent with the monopoly of behaviorism over American psychology. Upon Abraham Maslow's suggestion they referred to themselves as a “third force” psychology (the other forces being behaviorism and psychoanalysis) and founded humanistic psychology. This essay narrates the historical origins of two key institutions of this movement in American psychology: The Association for Humanistic Psychology (AHP) and its Journal of Humanistic Psychology (JHP), and Division of Humanistic Psychology (32) of the American Psychological Association (APA).
A structured framework for the control of industrial manipulators

A framework for the intelligent control of industrial manipulators is described. The control structure that is described is designed to take full advantage of the improved sensing capabilities and more powerful languages that have become, or are now becoming, available. The framework is a hierarchical structure is which the aspects of motion control are isolated in independent layers of the organization. A scheme for control that is nontraditional in orientation is introduced; it is specifically intended to operate in the framework presented. The control scheme is not strictly organized, but rather achieves the same pose in response to both the intended goal and the real-world conditions. Two adjacent layers of the hierarchy are discussed in detail. These layers are capable of providing noncompliant control of a multijointed manipulator. It is indicated where other aspects of intelligent machine control are located in this structure, but there are no details presented regarding their operating specifics such as vision, taction, and collision avoidance.
Dynamic visualization and comparative analysis of multiple collinear genomic data

We have developed a novel tool for visualizing and analyzing multiple collinear genomes. Unlike previous genome browsers and viewers, ours allows for simultaneous and comparative analysis. Our browser is web-based and provides intuitive selection and interactive navigation about features of interest. Dynamic visualizations adjust to scale and data content making analysis at variable resolutions and of multiple data sets more informative. Our tool illustrates genomesequence similarity through a mosaic of intervals representing local phylogeny, subspecific origin, and haplotype identity. Comparative analysis is facilitated through reordering and clustering of tracks, which can vary throughout the genome. In addition, we provide local phylogenetic trees as an alternate visualization to assess local variations. We demonstrate our genome browser for an extensive set of genomic data sets composed of almost 200 distinct mouse strains.
Control of contact in robots and biological systems

Summary form only given. The consequences of dynamic interaction caused by physical contact with objects is discussed. Robotic experience has demonstrated that contact with objects can result in unstable behavior, yet humans contact and manipulate objects with no evidence of contact instability. It is shown that impedance control may be used in a robot or prosthesis to eliminate contact instability. Evidence that a similar approach may be the basis of human motor behavior in comparable tasks is reviewed. A model based on exploitation of apparent neuromuscular impedance is shown to be remarkably competent to reproduce fine details of multi-joint reaching behavior. The implication of this model is that some of the stability properties associated with posture are preserved during movement and may be used to simplify its execution. Experiments in which human subjects held the handle of a manipulandum and performed simple reaching motions to visually presented targets are described. >
Compounding of Sheet Molding Compound

Abstract Sheet molding compound (SMC) is a complex composite of specialty resins to which thickeners, inorganic fillers, fiber reinforcements, catalyst, mold re- lease, and pigment are added. It is produced in sheet form and can be molded by compression, transfer, and thermoset injection methods.
Defenses against charges of artistic failure: Some legal analogies

Lorsqu'un artiste realise une oeuvre sur commande et qu'on l'accuse d'avoir echoue, quel type de defense peut-il adopter? Par deux exemples touchant l'architecture, l'A. reflechit sur l'adoption de l'attitude esthetique et la justification des intentions de l'artiste comme possiblilite de defense
Analysis of Heat Affected Zone During Short Pulse Laser Irradiation of Tumors

The objective of this study is to analyze the heat-affected zone in tissue phantoms containing inhomogeneities and skin tumors in live anaesthetized rats when irradiated with a focused beam from a short pulse laser source. Tumors are simulated with the inhomogeneities embedded inside the tissue phantoms with different combinations of optical and thermo-physical properties with respect to the base tissue matrix. Experiments are also performed on anaesthetized rats with tumorogenic agent injected below and on the skin. The experiments performed demonstrate that short-pulsed laser heating results in a higher peak temperature rise with a lower heat affected zone compared to a continuous wave source. Hyperbolic non-Fourier heat conduction formulation is used to study axial and radial temperature distributions in tissue medium. Experimentally measured temperature profiles match extremely well with the prediction from the non-Fourier model than the Fourier formulation, particularly for time less than the relaxation time of tissues.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Optimal placement of excitations and sensors for verification of large dynamical systems

The computationally difficult problem of the optimal placement of excitations and sensors to maximize the observed measurements is studied within the framework of combinatorial optimization, and is solved numerically using a variation of the simulated annealing heuristic algorithm. Results of numerical experiments including a square plate and a 960 degrees-of-freedom Control of Flexible Structure (COFS) truss structure, are presented. Though the algorithm produces suboptimal solutions, its generality and simplicity allow the treatment of complex dynamical systems which would otherwise be difficult to handle.
Practical, Scalable, High-Throughput Approaches to η3-Pyranyl and η3-Pyridinyl Organometallic Enantiomeric Scaffolds Using the Achmatowicz Reaction

A unified strategy for the high-throughput synthesis of multigram quantities of the η3-oxopyranyl- and η3-oxopyridinylmolybdenum complexes TpMo(CO)2(η3-oxopyranyl) and TpMo(CO)2(η3-oxopyridinyl) is described (Tp = hydridotrispyrazolylborato). The strategy uses the oxa- and aza-Achmatowicz reaction for the preparation of these organometallic enantiomeric scaffolds, in both racemic and high enantiopurity versions.
Nonparametric k-sample tests with panel count data

We study the nonparametric k-sample test problem with panel count data. The asymptotic normality of a smooth functional of the nonparametric maximum pseudolikelihood estimator (Wellner & Zhang, 2000) is established under some mild conditions. We construct a class of easy-to-implement nonparametric tests for comparing mean functions of k populations based on this asymptotic normality. We conduct various simulations to validate and compare the tests. The simulations show that the tests perform quite well and generally have good power to detect differences among the mean functions. The method is illustrated with a real-life example.
Localization of CaMKIIα in rat primary sensory neurons: increase in inflammation

Abstract This study investigates Ca 2+ /calmodulin kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) in primary sensory neurons. Immunohistochemical staining with a CaMKIIα antibody demonstrates 28% of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells are positively stained and have a diameter of 27±2.4 μm (mean±S.D.). Placement of tight ligatures around the sciatic nerve demonstrates a build up of immunoreaction product proximal to the ligatures indicating that CaMKIIα is transported into the peripheral processes of DRG cells. Immunostaining of lumbar dorsal roots at the electron microscopic level demonstrates reaction product in 15.4±2.1% of unmyelinated and 2.4±1.0% of myelinated axons, indicating that CaMKIIα is transported into the central processes of DRG cells. Electron microscopic analysis of normal digital nerves demonstrates CaMKIIα labeling in 3.3±0.3% of unmyelinated and 2.0±1.1% of myelinated cutaneous axons. These percentages increase significantly to 14.1±2.3% for unmyelinated and 5.1±1.4% for myelinated axons 48 h after complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced inflammation of the hindpaw. The data indicate that CaMKIIα is present in small diameter primary sensory neurons, that it is transported into the peripheral and central processes of these cells and may play a role in processing noxious input, particularly in the inflamed state.
On the fate of gas accreting at a low rate on to a black hole

Gas supplied conservatively to a black hole at rates well below the Eddington rate may not be able to radiate effectively and the net energy flux, including the energy transported by the viscous torque, is likely to be close to zero at all radii. This has the consequence that the gas accretes with positive energy so that it may escape. Accordingly, we propose that only a small fraction of the gas supplied actually falls on to the black hole, and that the binding energy it releases is transported radially outward by the torque so as to drive away the remainder in the form of a wind. This is a generalization of and an alternative to an `ADAF' solution. Some observational implications and possible ways to distinguish these two types of flow are briefly discussed.
Specific interactions in RNA enzyme-substrate complexes

Analysis of crosslinked complexes of M1 RNA, the catalytic RNA subunit of ribonuclease P from Escherichia coli, and transfer RNA precursor substrates has led to the identification of regions in the enzyme and in the substrate that are in close physical proximity to each other. The nucleotide in M1 RNA, residue C92, which participates in a crosslink with the substrate was deleted and the resulting mutant M1 RNA was shown to cleave substrates lacking the 3' terminal CCAUCA sequence at sites several nucleotides away from the normal site of cleavage. The presence or absence of the 3' terminal CCAUCA sequence in transfer RNA precursor substrates markedly affects the way in which these substrates interact with the catalytic RNA in the enzyme-substrate complex. The contacts between wild-type M1 RNA and its substrate are in a region that resembles part of the transfer RNA "E" (exit) site in 23S ribosomal RNA. These data demonstrate that in RNA's with very different cellular functions, there are domains with similar structural and functional properties and that there is a nucleotide in M1 RNA that affects the site of cleavage by the enzyme.
Lack of patient preparation for the postpartum period and patients' satisfaction with their obstetric clinicians.

Objective To assess whether lack of patient preparation for common physical and emotional postpartum symptoms is associated with patient satisfaction with obstetric clinicians. Methods We conducted a telephone survey of 724 postpartum women. Women were interviewed 2 weeks postpartum to assess self-perceived preparation for 11 common physical and emotional postpartum symptoms, overall preparation for the postpartum experience, physical and emotional symptoms, experience with the health care system, satisfaction with clinician, and other factors. The associations of patient satisfaction with preparation, access to care, demographics, and other factors were examined. Results Many women were not prepared to expect common postpartum physical and emotional symptoms. Only 24% of the women surveyed were prepared to expect urinary incontinence, and fewer than half were prepared to expect breastfeeding problems, hair loss, hemorrhoids, large mood swings, and anxiety. Lack of preparation for common physical and emotional symptoms was associated with lower satisfaction with the clinician. After adjusting for demographic factors, having a regular doctor, access, physical and emotional symptom status, and other factors, rating the clinician as excellent was associated with preparation for common physical and emotional symptoms (odds ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.16), more access, and overall preparation for the postpartum experience. Satisfaction with the clinician was associated with return for postpartum visit within 3 months of delivery (P Conclusion Lack of preparation for the postpartum experience, including failure to discuss common physical and emotional symptoms, is associated with reduced patient satisfaction with obstetric clinicians. Level of evidence II.
A Comparison of Fathers' and Mothers' Talk to Toddlers in Low-income Families

The purpose of this study was to provide descriptive information about low-income fathers’ and mothers’ talk to toddlers and to re-examine the bridge hypothesis (Gleason, 1975) in light of current changes in family structure and childcare responsibilities. Thirty-three father–child and mother–child dyads were videotaped during semi-structured free play at home. Fathers’ and mothers’ talk to children did not differ in amount, diversity of vocabulary, or linguistic complexity as measured by mean length of utterance. However, fathers produced more wh-questions and explicit clarification requests, thus presenting more conversational challenges to children. Resident fathers employed more direct forms of prohibitives. Results suggest the need for closer examination of factors related to child-directed speech in varying family configurations.
Experiments with test case prioritization using relevant slices

Software testing and retesting occurs continuously during the software development lifecycle to detect errors as early as possible and to gain confidence that changes to software do not introduce defects. Once developed, test suites are reused and updated frequently, and their sizes grow as software evolves. Due to time and resource constraints, an important goal during regression testing of software is to prioritize the execution of test cases in a suite so as to improve the chances of increasing the rate of fault detection. Prior techniques for test case prioritization are based on the total number of coverage requirements exercised by the test cases. In this paper, we present a new approach to prioritize test cases that takes into account the coverage requirements present in the relevant slices of the outputs of test cases. We have implemented three different heuristics based on our relevant slicing based approach to prioritize test cases and conducted experiments to compare the effectiveness of our techniques with those of the traditional techniques that only account for the total requirement coverage. Our detailed experimental study and results provide interesting insights into the effectiveness of using relevant slices for test case prioritization in terms of ability to achieve high rate of fault detection.
On relations among perceptual and cognitive measures of information processing

Tests of visual information processing and verbal information processing were administered to 178 Ss. Intercorrelations showed low positive relationships between two sets of two cognitive measures each, the Sentence Completion Test (Schroder, Driver, & Streufert, 1967) and the Interpersonal Topical Inventory (Tuckman, 1965), and the Interpersonal Topical Inventory and the Polarity Scale (1965), and a high negative correlation between preference for highly complex and for moderately complex visual stimuli. Factor analysis showed three reliable major factors. There was little evidence for a relationship between perceptual and cognitive processing characteristics, which indicates some danger for general theorists.
Bursts as a unit of neural information: making unreliable synapses reliable.

Several lines of evidence indicate that brief ( < 25 ms) bursts of high-frequency firing have special importance in brain function. Recent work shows that many central synapses are surprisingly unreliable at signaling the arrival of single presynaptic action potentials to the postsynaptic neuron. However, bursts are reliably signaled because transmitter release is facilitated. Thus, these synapses can be viewed as filters that transmit bursts, but filter out single spikes. Bursts appear to have a special role in synaptic plasticity and information processing. In the hippocampus, a single burst can produce long-term synaptic modifications. In brain structures whose computational role is known, action potentials that arrive in bursts provide more-precise information than action potentials that arrive singly. These results, and the requirement for multiple inputs to fire a cell suggest that the best stimulus for exciting a cell (that is, a neural code) is coincident bursts. Trends Neurosci. (1997) 20, 38–43
Money, expectations and the existence of a temporary equilibrium

If money and financial assets are to be integrated into general equilibrium theory, it is apparent that the classical Arrow-Debreu framework must be modified. As long as all trading takes place essentially at some initial point in time, with each individual subject only to a present value budget constraint, there is no place in the system for money, either as a medium of exchange or as a store of value, even if uncertainty about future states of the world is introduced as in Debreu [2], for example. It is natural then to consider an economy with sequential trading, and the appropriate Walrasian equilibrium concept becomes the Hicksian temporary equilibrium. This framework underlies the analysis of Patinkin [11] and has been formally developed by several authors, including Grandmont [4], Green [6], Sondermann [12] and Stigum [13, 14]. Clower [1] has pointed out that the classical budget constraint used in neo-Walrasian monetary theory, with money appearing symmetrically with consumption goods, is an inadequate representation of the trading opportunities available to an individual in a monetary economy. Being analytically indistinguishable from other commodities, money plays no essential role in the exchange process. Clower proposed a dichotomized budget constraint to characterize money expenditure and money income; the expenditure constraint requires that the cost of an individual's purchases in a given period does not exceed his initial cash balance. Grandmont and Younes [5] introduced into the Walrasian framework a modification of Clower's expenditure constraint, allowing an individual trader to have access to a fraction of the total proceeds from his sales in the current period. However, their proof of existence of a temporary monetary equilibrium (hereafter TME) does not cover the case where the fraction is zero (Clower's specification). They also employ the very restrictive assumption of " tight expectations " (see below, Section 3), an assumption which has been standard in previous proofs of existence of a TME. (See, for example, Grandmont [4] and Sondermann [12].) It rules out expectations with unitary elasticity and so the case where current prices are expected to hold in the future (as in Patinkin [11]). In this paper it is shown that, if the actual " Clower" constraint is used to introduce into the Walrasian model the requirement that money be used as the medium of exchange, it is possible to demonstrate the existence of a TME with a much weaker restriction on expectations. More precisely, it is shown that the class of price expectations consistent with the existence of a TME includes expectations with elasticity up to and including unity. If the expenditure constraint is added to the basic Patinkin model we can establish the existence of a short-run equilibrium in that model, subject to a mild condition on initial endowments expressing the desirability of an intertemporal transfer of wealth. In economic terms, the problem is to establish the existence of an equilibrium in which
The Role of Website Features in Creating Loyalty: The Mediating Effect of Commitment

This study integrates shopping value dimensions and consumersâ€™ commitment to a theoretical model to understand consumer loyalty to e-shopping. E-commerce is established as an efficient sales platform for travel and hospitality vendors. However, extant literature found that it is difficult to attract new customers and retain existing customers in e-commerce. This paper investigates the antecedents of customer loyalty in e-commerce. An online survey with (n=520) was conducted with randomly selected US consumers. A structural equation model reveals that hedonic and utilitarian shopping values determine affective and calculative commitment of e-shoppers which in turn influence consumersâ€™ loyalty towards e-shopping. This study contributes to the present literature and provides important implication towards e-tailers and website developers. It is important to fulfill e-shoppersâ€™ hedonic and utilitarian needs to gain e-loyalty. Web based hospitality service offerings should provide a convenient and pleasing online environment to gain consumer e-loyalty.
Interdependence of measures in Pavlovian conditioned freezing

Pavlovian conditioned freezing is an intensively utilized paradigm that has become a standard model of memory and cognition. Despite its widespread use, the interdependence among each measure commonly reported in fear conditioning studies has not been described. Using mice, we examine the relationship of each common freezing measure (Training Baseline, Post-Shock freezing, Contextual Fear, Tone Baseline, and Tone Fear), as well as baseline locomotor activity measures, to better understand the significance of each. Of particular interest, Post-Shock freezing appears to be a good measure of immediate contextual memory. In contrast, Tone Baseline freezing, as typically measured in a novel context, appears to be contaminated with multiple sources of fear. Finally, Contextual and Tone Fear show a weak interdependence.
Scanning electron microscopy of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pretarsus

Abstract The pretarsus of the honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (all castes) was examined with light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is a 7-part structure, consisting of (from distal to proximal) ungues, arcus, arolium, planta, manubrium, unguitractor and tarsomere 5. A detailed study of these structures is of great interest, based on the behavior facilitated by it, and because it is likely an area for the ingress of pesticides. Following a description of overall topographical fine structure, a scheme has been developed for the functional morphology of the pretarsus. Particular attention has been paid to the pretarsal setae and cuticular relief of the plantar surfaces of the pretarsal sclerites. Based on our findings a series of pedal mechanisms are suggested that include the sensory (chemo- and mechano-) functions of the tarsal setae. The latter's afferent information drives effector deployment of the 7-component foot as these sequentially contact the substratum.
The Creation and Use of Open Educational Resources in Christian Higher Education

Open educational resources (OERs) represent a new frontier in eduction. There are several examples of individuals and institutions providing open educational resources; this openness is also specifically manifest in the field of Christian higher education. Different levels are discussed in which OERs can be “open” and the implications of these levels when creating OERs. Common motivations and obstacles to creating OERs are also discussed. A particularly significant issue regarding openness concerns copyright issues. Finally, discussed are copyright implications both in terms of reusing resources others have made (resources that may or may not be copyrighted), and using Creative Commons licenses to license OERs so as to give the desired level of copyright protection. Although OERs are not appropriate in all situations, they can be an important part of improving pedagogy and increasing access to education.
Synchronicity and Group Ability to Autonomously Cluster Brainstorming Ideas

This article presents an exploratory examination of the impact of synchronicity and quantity of brainstorming ideas on the ability of a group to autonomously cluster brainstorming ideas. Groups were tasked with clustering brainstorming ideas through the use of a group support system (GSS) tool. The tool allowed each participant to create and modify categories to which individual brainstorming ideas could be aligned. No explicit means of coordination were available; each participant worked autonomously to cluster the brainstorming ideas. The results indicated that the groups working synchronously displayed improved performance and satisfaction ratings. Likewise, groups categorizing the smallest quantity of brainstorming ideas performed better than the larger quantities.
Effective Thermal Conductivity of High Porosity Open Cell Nickel Foam

The effective thermal conductivity of high-porosity open cell nickel foam samples was measured over a wide range of temperatures and pressures using a standard steady-state technique. The samples, measuring 23.8 mm, 18.7 mm, and 13.6 mm in thickness, were constructed with layers of 1.7 mm thick foam with a porosity of 0.968. Tests were conducted with the specimens subjected to temperature differences of 100 to 1000 K across the thickness and at environmental pressures of 10(exp -4) to 750 mm Hg. All test were conducted in a gaseous nitrogen environment. A one-dimensional finite volume numerical model was developed to model combined radiation/conduction heat transfer in the foam. The radiation heat transfer was modeled using the two-flux approximation. Solid and gas conduction were modeled using standard techniques for high porosity media. A parameter estimation technique was used in conjunction with the measured and predicted thermal conductivities at pressures of 10(exp -4) and 750 mm Hg to determine the extinction coefficient, albedo of scattering, and weighting factors for modeling the conduction thermal conductivity. The measured and predicted conductivities over the intermediate pressure values differed by 13%.
Extraction of U(VI), Th(IV), Am(III) and Eu(III) by bis para-octylphenyl phosphoric acid in benzene diluent

Abstract The extraction of U(VI) from both chloride and nitrate aqueous phases and of Th(IV), Am(III) and Eu(III) from a chloride aqueous phase by bis para-octylphenyl phosphoric acid, [ p -(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenyl O] 2 PO(OH), HDOoP, in benzene as carrier diluent has been studied as a function of the concentration of HDOoP in the organic phase and of the concentration of H + in the aqueous phase. The distribution ratios, K , of the tracer-level metallic ions were determined by radiometric techniques. From 1.00 F (NaCl + HCl) and from 1.00 F (NaNO 3 + HNO 3 ), the extraction of U(VI) is represented as: UO 2A 2+ +2( HY ) 2o ⇄ UO 2 (H 2 Y 4 ) O +2H A + where (HY) 2 represents the dimer of HDOoP, the subscripts A and O refer, respectively, to mutually equilibrated aqueous and organic phases, and the formulation of the extracted species is empirical—not intended to imply any specific structure. Similarly, from 1.00 F (NaCl + HCl) the extraction of Th(IV) and of Am(III) and Eu(III) is represented respectively as: TH A 4+ +3( HY ) 2O ⇄Th(H 2 Y 6 ) O +4H A + M A 3+ +3( HY ) 2O ⇄M(H 3 Y 6 ) O +3H A + the formulation of the extracted species, again, being empirical. It is suggested that logical formulations of the U(VI), Th(IV) and M(III) extracted species are: UO 2 (HY 2 ) 2 , Th(Y) 2 (HY 2 ) 2 and M(HY 2 ) 3 . Th3 expressions for the extraction of UO 2 2+ , of Th 4+ and of Am 3+ and Eu 3+ , in terms of extraction parameters, from an aqueous phase of constant ionic strength, 1.00 μ, are: UO 2 2+ :K=K s F 2 /[H + ] 2 Th 4+ :K=K s F 3 /[H - ] 4 Am 3+ , Eu 3+ :K=K s F 3 /[H + ] 3 where K S is a constant characteristic of the system, F the concentration in formality units of HDOoP in the equilibrated organic phase, and [H + ] the concentration of hydrogen ion in the equilibrated aqueous phase. A comparison of the K S values calculated for the system currently reported with those of selected previously reported examples of the same generic LLE (liquid-liquid extraction) system shows a wide variation in K S values for Th(IV), the overall range exceeding 10 14 , and a relatively small variation in K S values for U(VI) the overall range being only 2.5 × 10 2 . In the specific example of the generic LLE system generalized as: ( X 1 )( X 2 ) PO(OH) in carrier diluent versus aqueous mineral acid currently reported, the ratio of K S values favors Th(IV) over U(VI) by a factor of 2 × 10 5 , whereas in an example of this generic system previously reported by us the ratio of K S values favors U(VI) over Th(IV) by a factor approximating 5 × 10 6 . Consequently, regardless of which of the two, U(VI) and Th(IV), is the minor component, a system may be employed in which the minor component is preferentially extracted and the major component reports to the aqueous phase.
Quark confinement and vortices in massive gauge-invariant QCD

Abstract Massive gauge-invariant QCD can support vortices (analogous to Nielsen-Olesen strings) of nearly finite classical action per unit area (there is a logarithmic short-distance singularity which is of little consequence). These vortices lead, in analogy to Abelian lattice-gauge theories, to confinement of fractionally charged quarks and color screening for gluons. In this paper, we make some qualitative remarks about the (Minkowski-space) dynamics which follows from this sort of confinement, studying not only q q processes but also qqq processes. For the latter, the effective long-range vortex-induced interaction is approximately described as a sum of two-body potentials each of half the strength of the q q potential (just as for the asymptotically free short-distance potentials), and linearly rising non-relativistically. There is an essential two-dimensionality about the confinement process which suppresses what would be the transverse degrees of freedom of strings joining quarks. A fully relativistic dynamics is given which is amenable to a simple phenomenological joining of long- and short-distance effects, with a running coupling constant such that g2(k) ∼ k−2 for small k. Spin-dependent potentials have no linearly-rising parts, and there are no strong Van der Waals forces. Little is said about gluon dynamics, except to point out the existence of rather massive hadronic glueballs and of (classically singular) instanton-like solutions which are screened at large distances.
A visit from the Candy Witch: factors influencing young children's belief in a novel fantastical being

Factors hypothesized to affect beliefs in fantastical beings were examined by introducing children to a novel fantastical entity, the Candy Witch. Results revealed that among older preschoolers, children who were visited by the Candy Witch exhibited stronger beliefs in the Candy Witch than did those who were not. Among children who were visited, older children had stronger beliefs than did younger children. Among children who were not visited, those with a high Fantasy Orientation believed more strongly than did those with a low Fantasy Orientation. Belief remained high one year later. At both time points, the number of other fantastical beings in which a child believed was significantly related to belief in the Candy Witch.
Positive Youth Development A View of the Issues

The positive youth development (PYD) perspective is a strength-based conception of adolescence. Derived from developmental systems theory, the perspective stressed that PYD emerges when the potential plasticity of human development is aligned with developmental assets. The research reported in this special issue, which is derived from collaborations among multiple university and community-based laboratories, reflects and extends past theory and research by documenting empirically (a) the usefulness of applying this strength-based view of adolescent development within diverse youth and communities; (b) the adequacy of conceptualizing PYD through Five Cs (competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring); (c) the individual and ecological developmental assets associated with PYD; and (d) implications for community programs and social policies pertinent to youth.
Hippocampus segmentation using a stable maximum likelihood classifier ensemble algorithm

We develop a new algorithm to segment the hippocampus from MR images. Our method uses a new classifier ensemble algorithm to correct segmentation errors produced by a multi-atlas based segmentation method. Our classifier ensemble algorithm searches for the maximum likelihood solution via gradient ascent optimization. Compared to the additive regression based algorithm, LogitBoost, our algorithm avoids the numerical instability problem. Experiments on a hippocampus segmentation problem using the ADNI data show that our algorithm consistently converges faster and generalizes better than AdaBoost.
Formulation of a model for automating infection surveillance: algorithmic detection of central-line associated bloodstream infection

Objective To formulate a model for translating manual infection control surveillance methods to automated, algorithmic approaches. Design We propose a model for creating electronic surveillance algorithms by translating existing manual surveillance practices into automated electronic methods. Our model suggests that three dimensions of expert knowledge be consulted: clinical, surveillance, and informatics. Once collected, knowledge should be applied through a process of conceptualization, synthesis, programming, and testing. Results We applied our framework to central vascular catheter associated bloodstream infection surveillance, a major healthcare performance outcome measure. We found that despite major barriers such as differences in availability of structured data, in types of databases used and in semantic representation of clinical terms, bloodstream infection detection algorithms could be deployed at four very diverse medical centers. Conclusions We present a framework that translates existing practice—manual infection detection—to an automated process for surveillance. Our experience details barriers and solutions discovered during development of electronic surveillance for central vascular catheter associated bloodstream infections at four hospitals in a variety of data environments. Moving electronic surveillance to the next level—availability at a majority of acute care hospitals nationwide—would be hastened by the incorporation of necessary data elements, vocabularies and standards into commercially available electronic health records.
DeerKBS: a knowledge-based system for white-tailed deer management

Abstract Recognizing that wildlife managers are facing many challenges (e.g. increased numbers and involvement of stakeholders) and decisions must be made on conflicting expectations and limited data, we developed a knowledge-based system for white-tailed deer management (DeerKBS) to assist wildlife managers in making informed decisions. This system employed wildlife managers’ expertise and knowledge, and standardized decision-making procedures for management. A ‘top down’ technique was used to divide the task of deer management decision-making process into four subtasks: (1) deer population evaluation, (2) deer habitat evaluation, (3) social carrying capacity evaluation, and (4) environmental evaluation. Each subtask was represented by a decision tree, developed and tested separately. The ‘top-down’ technique offers the flexibility to include more information when available. DeerKBS is an effective communication tool for presenting the decision-making process to stakeholders, and an educational tool to help users understand the complexity of the management decision-making process.
Taking candy from a robot: Speed features and candy accessibility predict human response

In our experiment, two autonomously moving costumed robots visit 256 offices during a ‘reverse’ trick-or-treating task close to Halloween. Our behavioral data supports the idea that people interpret a robot's non-verbal cues, as the robots' costuming and baskets of candy seem to have communicated an implicit offer of candy. In fact, one third of our detection instances occurred during robot transit, i.e., while the robots were making no verbal offer. We find that candy accessibility dominates any social influence of robot orientation and that robot speed influences both whether people will interrupt a robot in transit (slow more interruptible) and whether they will respond to its verbal offer (fast more salient).
Relationship Between Planar and All-Surface Rate Constants for Drugs Formulated in Nondisintegrating Cylindrical Slow-Release Tablets

The release of drug through the planar surface of a nondisintegrating tablet with an insoluble matrix has been described mathematically using the Higuchi release rate constant (kH). The release of drug through a similar all-surface tablet has been described by using a cubic equation and the all-surface rate constant (kr). Using sodium salicylate and quinidine sulfate as model drugs, the relationship between kH and kr was verified for cylindrical slow-release tablets. Accordingly, the rate constant obtained from a single exposed planar surface can be used to predict the rate constant (kr) when all surfaces of the tablet are exposed to dissolution fluid.
Simultaneous compaction and factorization of sparse image motion matrices

Matrices that collect the image coordinates of point features tracked through video --- one column per feature --- have often low rank, either exactly or approximately. This observation has led to many matrix factorization methods for 3D reconstruction, motion segmentation, or regularization of feature trajectories. However, temporary occlusions, image noise, and variations in lighting, pose, or object geometry often confound trackers. A feature that reappears after a temporary tracking failure --- whatever the cause --- is regarded as a new feature by typical tracking systems, resulting in very sparse matrices with many columns and rendering factorization problematic. We propose a method to simultaneously factor and compact such a matrix by merging groups of columns that correspond to the same feature into single columns. This combination of compaction and factorization makes trackers more resilient to changes in appearance and short occlusions. Preliminary experiments show that imputation of missing matrix entries --- and therefore matrix factorization --- becomes significantly more reliable as a result. Clean column merging also required us to develop a history-sensitive feature reinitialization method we call feature snapping that aligns merged feature trajectory segments precisely to each other.