cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative dermal toxicity of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and diisopropylcarbodiimide in rodents.

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) are two representative chemicals in the carbodiimide class of chemicals used in industry as stabilizing agents. There is a potential of dermal exposure to these agents in chemical, pharmaceutical and recombinant DNA industries. The National Toxicology Program conducted a number of animal studies to characterize toxicity and carcinogenicity of DIC and DCC. Dermal administration of DCC and DIC in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for 90-days induced skin irritation at the site of application in a dose-dependent manner. Microscopically, dose-dependent increases in epidermal hyperplasia and chronic inflammation were observed. We further evaluated the effects of dermal exposure of DCC and DIC in p53 haploinsufficient and Tg.AC mouse models. Results revealed the skin as the primary target of DCC and DIC exposure as indicated by dose – dependent skin lesions (hyperplasia, inflammation and necrosis). DCC induced squamous cell papillomas in Tg.AC mice but ...
Use characteristics and mode choice behavior of electric bike users in China

In 2005, 10 million electric bikes were produced in China. Strong domestic sales are projected for coming years, raising concerns about the sustainability and potential regulation of this fairly new mode. Policy makers are wrestling with developing policy on electric bikes with little information about who uses them, why they are used, and what factors influence electric bike travel. This paper probes these questions by surveying electric bike usage in two large Chinese cities, Kunming and Shanghai. Demographic comparisons are made between the different modes and cities as well as differences in travel patterns. Electric bike users are found to travel considerably more than bicycle users. Also, most electric bike users would travel by bus if electric bikes were unavailable. This suggests that electric bikes are less of a transitional mode between human-powered bikes and full-blown automobile ownership, and more an affordable, higher quality mobility option to public transport.
Polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR/DGGE)‐based detection of clonal T‐cell receptor γ gene rearrangements in paraffin‐embedded cutaneous biopsies in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoproliferative diseases*

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based amplification of T-cell receptor (TCR)-gamma genes is a novel technique that can detect a clone of T cells comprising less than 1% of the total T cells in a lymphoid infiltrate. Besides greater sensitivity than Southern blotting, this technique can be performed with smaller quantities of lower molecular weight genomic DNA as template. We retrospectively analyzed 12 paraffin-embedded biopsies of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), 1 case suspicious for CTCL, 1 case of granulomatous slack skin, and 8 cases of inflammatory skin diseases to determine if PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis can detect TCR-gamma gene rearrangements on paraffin-embedded specimens. We were able to amplify Vgamma1-8 TCR sequences in each case and detected a dominant clone in 9 of 12 cases of CTCL and in granulomatous slack skin. We analyzed Vgamma9 sequences in 9 cases of CTCL and detected a dominant clone in 4 cases. This study demonstrates that PCR-DGGE can easily be applied retrospectively to cutaneous biopsies of lymphoproliferative diseases when fresh tissue is not available.
Colonial Sexism 101? Anthropological Teachings About Women

Images of “Third World” women fill the media: battered victims of starvation, with too many children, hidden behind burqas. Images of “Third World” businesswomen, female politicians, or academics are rare, as is the use of the “other” woman as a model. This attitude has a long history in Western thought, ranging from classical and medieval travel accounts about strange monsters and “bad” women, to the diaries and travel accounts of Western women engaged in colonizing the non- European world, and to contemporary media blips from Afghanistan and Iraq. The imagination of “other” women as powerless, dependent, or unfeminine may also be taught through academic textbooks in cultural anthropology, the only science dedicated to expand the knowledge of human diversity. This article explores how undergraduate students conceptualize the meaning of “Third World” woman and how three widely used textbooks used in undergraduate education could affect students’ attitude through the ways in which they represent non-Wester...
Trabecular bone strain changes associated with cartilage defects in the proximal and distal tibia

Intraarticular fractures with cartilage defects can lead to post-traumatic arthritis (PTA). The purpose of this study was to determine how cartilage defects affect load transmission through subchondral trabecular bone in human cadaveric knees and ankles to further understand the pathomechanics of PTA. We created full-thickness cartilage defects in the meniscectomized proximal tibia and distal tibia and measured changes in trabecular bone strain using Texture Correlation. Texture Correlation compares high quality digital images made from contact radiographs of unloaded samples to images of the same sample under load to measure trabecular bone strain. Cartilage defects caused trabecular bone strain to decrease in the proximal tibia and increase in the distal tibia. The column of bone directly beneath the defect in the tibial plateau had the most significant reduction in strain. In the distal tibia, strain near the jointline and in the anterior third had the most significant increases in strain. The distal tibia had greater strain changes with small defects. The clinical course of intraarticular fractures of the proximal and distal tibia are markedly different. We postulate that disturbances in load transmission through the subchondral bone caused by cartilage defects may be important mechanical determinants of PTA.
Paramyosin from arthropod cross-striated muscle

Abstract 1. 1. Paramyosin was isolated and purified from acetone powders and fresh cross-striated muscle of Limulus polyphemus, the horseshoe crab. The purified protein exhibited a single peak in the ultracentrifuge and a single band in disc-gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Limulus paramyosin contained a high content a Asp and Glu comparable to other paramyosins and from optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism measurements appeared to be about 80% α-helical. 3. 3. Only the PI 2 5 and DIII forms of paracrystals have been obtained but these gave a major repeat pattern averaging 726 A; comparable Mercenaria mercenaria paracrystals gave, in our hands, a major period of 723 A. 4. 4. An intrinsic viscosity of 1·99 and 2·38 dl/g for Mercenaria and paramyosins, respectively, indicates different sized molecules. This agrees with the differences in S20,w0 for the two, 3·40 and 4·07 S, Mercenaria and Limulus respectively, as well as with the different molecular weights, 208,000 Daltons (Mercenaria) and 284,000 Daltons (Limulus) determined by extrapolation of Archibald and meniscus electrophoresis of the two different paramyosins previously incubated in 8 M urea also indicate a larger chain weight for the Limulus paramyosin than for the Mercenaria.
Meta‐analysis comparing the persuasiveness of one‐sided and two‐sided messages

A meta‐analysis comparing the persuasiveness of one‐sided and two‐sided messages was conducted. Based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model it was hypothesized that audience favorability would moderate the effectiveness of the messages. However, the Discounting Hypothesis predicted increased persuasiveness for the two‐sided message. The analysis indicated the existence of two types of operationalizations for two‐sided messages (refutational and nonrefutational). The results demonstrate that a two‐sided message with refutation is more persuasive than a one‐sided message while a one‐sided message is more persuasive than a two‐sided message without refutation. The findings are inconsistent with the ELM but consistent with the Discounting Hypothesis.
Calmodulin Binds to the Cytoplasmic Domain of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme and Regulates Its Phosphorylation and Cleavage Secretion

The rate of cleavage secretion of the enzymatically active ectodomain of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein and by the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C. Here, we report that both calmodulin inhibitor (CaMI) and calmodulin kinase inhibitor could also enhance cleavage secretion of ACE. This effect was accompanied by the dissociation of calmodulin from a specific region within the cytoplasmic domain of ACE to which it had been bound. The same domain of ACE was phosphorylated, and both CaMI and PMA caused dephosphorylation of ACE as well. Mass spectrometric and mutational analyses identified Ser730 as the only phosphorylated residue in the cytoplasmic domain of ACE. The Ser730 → Ala mutant of ACE was not phosphorylated, but it still bound calmodulin, and its cleavage secretion was enhanced by both CaMI and PMA. Similarly, when Ser730 was replaced by the phosphoserine mimetic, Asp, cleavage secretion of the resultant mutant remained susceptible to the enhancing effect of CaMI and PMA. These results demonstrate that, although CaMI and PMA can enhance both cleavage secretion of ACE and its dephosphorylation, the two effects are not mutually interdependent.
A fine structure study of venom gland cells in globiferous pedicellariae from Stronglocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson)

Cells in secretory glands of globiferous pedicellariae from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) were studied with the electron microscope and subjected to preliminary light microscopic, histochemical analysis. Specimens for electron microscopic observation were fixed with chilled 2% glutaraldehyde in sea water postfixed in cold 1.33% osmic acid, and embedded in Araldite 502 epoxy resin Samples for histochemical analysis were fixed in the same manner, and then embedded in n-butylmethacrylate. Secretory cells line and fill partially bifurcated, muscular gland sacs located peripherally on each of three jaw elements comprising the pedicellarial head. Cells from venom glands are typically mucoid in appearance, possessing small volumes of basally displaced, vesiculated cytoplasm and an extensive system of vacuoles dominating the apical nine-tenths of each cell. These vacuoles enclose ground substances of various densities and staining affinities. Despite their extensive vacuolation, gland cells contain numerous cytomembrane complexes indicating metabolic activity just prior to fixation. Deciduous endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, large vacuoles, and various species of vesicles associated with these membrane systems are found in spatial proximity which indicates an apparent biosynthetic association. Preliminary histochemical tests on sections embedded in acrylic plastic indicate vacuolar products may consist of protein and nonsulfated acid mucosubstances. Gland cells are probably holocrine in function, releasing their vacuolar complement upon constriction of the muscular gland sac. There is no evidence indicating delivery of non-membrane bounded, granular secretion to an acellular lumen within the gland sac.
Enthalpy change measurements of a mixed refrigerant in a microcryogenic cooler in steady and pulsating flow regimes

Abstract Microcryogenic coolers (MCCs) are useful to a number of small electronic devices which require low cooling power. The cooling power of microcryogenic coolers operating with mixed refrigerants in a Joule–Thomson (J–T) cycle can be calculated based on enthalpy change for the mixture, but it has been observed that cooling power depends on flow regime. This article demonstrates a method to measure the isothermal enthalpy change in a mixture undergoing J–T expansion in an MCC for different flow regimes. The enthalpy change for a mixture undergoing steady flow is an order of magnitude below that calculated, whereas the enthalpy change for the mixture undergoing pulsating flow agrees with the calculations below a certain temperature, and is over-predicted above that temperature. For steady flow, an analysis of component separation within the mixture due to annular flow shows good agreement with measured data, and for pulsating flow, the discrepancy is likely due to periods of liquid slug flow interrupted by periods of annular flow.
Evaluation of the spatial accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging-based stereotactic target localization for gamma knife radiosurgery of functional disorders.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to determine the impact of geometric distortions on the spatial accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided stereotactic localization for gamma knife functional radiosurgery. METHOD: The spatial accuracy of MRI was evaluated by comparing stereotactic coordinates of intracranial targets, external fiducials, and anatomic structures defined by computed tomographic and MRI studies of the Radionics skull phantom (Radionics, Inc., Burlington, MA), the Rando head phantom, and 11 patients who underwent gamma knife functional radiosurgery. The distortion in MRI was assessed from computed tomographic and MRI fusion studies for these patients, as well as from MRI studies acquired by swapping the direction of the magnetic field gradients for five patients who underwent gamma knife radiosurgery and three patients who underwent MRI-guided frameless surgery. A follow-up program to compare the location of the created lesion with the intended target complemented the analysis. RESULTS: The average difference between computed tomographic and MRI stereotactic coordinates of external fiducials, intracranial targets, and anatomic landmarks was of the order of 1 pixel size (0.9 × 0.9 × 1 mm 3 ) along the x, y, and z axes. The average linear scaling along these axes as determined by fusion studies was approximately 0.8% and consistent with a single pixel. The follow-up studies, available for seven patients, revealed good agreement between the location of the created lesion and the intended target. CONCLUSION: The spatial accuracy of an MRI-based localization system can be comparable to computed tomography-based localization with the added benefit of MRI resolution. Both machine- and object-related MRI distortions can be reduced to an acceptable level with contemporary scanners, optimized scanning sequences, and distortion-resistant stereotactic instruments.
Beyond Great Walls: Environment, Identity, and Development on the Chinese Grasslands of Inner Mongolia.

Beyond Great Walls: Environment, Identity, and Development on the Chinese Grasslands of Inner Mongolia. Dee Mack Williams. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. xi. 251 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
Thin film PV manufacturing: Materials costs and their optimization

Abstract Thin film PV technologies face a number of hurdles as they advance towards low-cost goals that would make them competitive with traditional sources of electricity. The US Department of Energy cost goal for thin films is about $0.33/Wp, which corresponds to module efficiencies of about 15% and module manufacturing costs of about $50/m2. Past papers have provided a framework for examining thin film efficiencies and manufacturing costs, especially those costs for equipment, labor, materials, utilities, and others. Although materials costs appear to be a large fraction of the total, we have not yet broken them down in enough detail to seek significant improvement. In the future, with more mature thin film production, materials costs such as those from semiconductor layers, contacts, pottants, substrates, and electrical interconnection will dominate total module cost. This paper (1) breaks down the materials costs into two broad categories (active and inactive materials) and then (2) investigates the issues associated with reducing their costs much below today's levels. Materials will likely be such an overwhelming cost-driver for mature manufacturing of thin film PV that issues associated with their optimization should be examined as soon as possible in order to meet the DOE long-term goals for PV module costs.
Cardiovascular disease: the new epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa:

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is now facing a double burden of disease where patients are suffering from non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, along with the burden of the current hu...
In the Archives: History and Politics

In 2002, the Mexican government declassified a massive collection of intelligence reports. A new transparency law, the Ley Federal de Transparencia y Acceso a la Informacion Publica Gubernamental, ...
Parallel solution of large-scale free surface viscoelastic flows via sparse approximate inverse preconditioning

Abstract Though computational techniques for two-dimensional viscoelastic free surface flows are well developed, three-dimensional flows continue to present significant computational challenges. Fully coupled free surface flow models lead to nonlinear systems whose steady states can be found via Newton’s method. Each Newton iteration requires the solution of a large, sparse linear system, for which memory and computational demands suggest the application of an iterative method, rather than the sparse direct methods widely used for two dimensional simulations. The Jacobian matrix of this system is often ill-conditioned, resulting in unacceptably slow convergence of the linear solver; hence preconditioning is essential. We propose a variant sparse approximate inverse preconditioner for the Jacobian matrix that allows for the solution of problems involving more than a million degrees of freedom in challenging parameter regimes. Construction of this preconditioner requires the solution of small least squares problems that can be simply parallelized on a distributed memory machine. The performance and scalability of this preconditioner with the GMRES solver are investigated for two- and three-dimensional free surface flows on both structured and unstructured meshes in the presence and absence of viscoelasticity. The results suggest that this preconditioner is an extremely promising candidate for solving large-scale steady viscoelastic flows with free surfaces.
EFFECTS OF THE SECOND LANGUAGE ON THE FIRST

EFFECTS OF THE SECOND LANGUAGE ON THE FIRST. Vivian Cook (Ed.). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2003. Pp. viii + 268. 35.95 paper.This volume represents the first attempt to assemble studies of the effects of the second language (L2) on the first (L1). Underlying the design of the book is Cook's (1991) notion of multicompetence, which refers to knowledge of two or more languages in one mind. From various perspectives and to varying depths, the authors bring evidence to bear on the conceptualization that the L1 of an L2 user is not encapsulated but susceptible to the L2 influence.
Composition of the Earth

New estimates of solar composition, compared to earlier measurements, are enriched in Fe and Ca relative to Mg, Al, and Si. The Fe/Si and Ca/Al atomic ratios are 30 to 40 percent higher than chondritic values. These changes necessitate a revision in the cosmic abundances and in the composition of the nebula from which the planets accreted (which have been based on chondritic values). These new values imply that the mantle could contain about 15 weight percent FeO and more CaMgSi_2O_6 than has been supposed. Geophysical data are consistent with a dense, FeO-rich lower mantle and a CaMgSi_2O_6 (diopside)-rich transition region. FeO contents of 13 to 18 weight percent appear to be typical of the mantles of bodies in the inner solar system. The oldest komatiites (high-temperature MgO-rich magmas) have a similar chemistry to the derived mantle. These results favor a chemically zoned mantle.
The current impact of entry-level associate and baccalaureate degree education on the diversity of respiratory therapists.

INTRODUCTION: Transitioning from an associate degree to a baccalaureate degree for respiratory therapists has been suggested as a new entry-level educational standard. One potential risk for this change is that it may limit the diversity of potential applicants for entry-level education. A diverse workforce is important to achieve the goal of reducing healthcare disparities. This study evaluated characteristics of therapists who completed associate and baccalaureate degree entry-level education. METHODS: A secondary analysis of data collected from the 2009 AARC Respiratory Therapist Human Resource Survey explored relationships between the choice of entry-level associate or baccalaureate education and variables of gender, race, salary, career advancement, and job satisfaction. RESULTS: There were no differences between therapists with entry-level associate and baccalaureate degrees in gender, race, number of additional healthcare credentials, numbers of life support credentials, wages, delivering respiratory care by protocol, and job satisfaction. There were significantly higher percentages of advanced academic degrees, desire to pursue a higher academic degree, registered respiratory therapist credentials, total National Board for Respiratory Care credentials, and leadership roles for therapists with baccalaureate entry-level degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Current entry-level associate and baccalaureate degree graduates have similar gender and race proportions. This finding challenges concerns that an entry-level baccalaureate degree would decrease the diversity of the respiratory therapist workforce.
Neutron scattering studies of the structure and dynamics of methane absorbed on MgO(100) surfaces

Abstract Although neutrons are not normally viewed as surface-sensitive probes, elastic and high-resolution inelastic neutron scattering (INS) techniques are surprisingly effective ways to investigate the structural and dynamical properties of films adsorbed on solid surfaces. In fact, in cases where the adsorption takes place on crystalline powder samples with large surface-to-volume ratios and with highly uniform surfaces, neutron data can yield remarkably detailed pictures of gas–solid interactions. As an illustration of the power of this approach we will describe here what has been learned with neutrons about the structure and rotational dynamics of methane films adsorbed on MgO(1 0 0) surfaces. Since the sensitivity of such investigations is largely determined by the quality of the adsorbates employed we will also briefly describe how the MgO powders used in these studies were prepared and characterized. Elastic neutron diffraction data show that at low temperatures solid methane films on MgO surfaces exhibit a layer-by-layer growth pattern essentially identical to the growth of the (1 0 0) face of the bulk solid. It is not possible, however, to determine from the diffraction data how the molecules are oriented relative to the MgO surface plane. Interestingly, questions relating to the orientational order of the molecules can be addressed by studying low-temperature rotational tunneling in monolayer methane films with high-resolution INS. Unlike the simple, two-line tunneling spectrum observed in bulk methane, the monolayer film produces a more structured spectrum which, when analyzed, is found to be only consistent with a dipod-down configuration of the molecules (C2v axis normal to surface plane). We have been able to follow the evolution of the tunneling spectrum as the film builds progressively, layer-by-layer, from one-to-six layers. Strong indication of a crossover from 2D–3D behavior are seen.
Stochastic retinal mechanisms of light adaptation and gain control

Under appropriate experimental conditions, the threshold intensity of a visual stimulus varies as the square-root of the background illuminance. This square-root law has been observed in both psychophysical threshold experiments and in measurements of the thresholds of individual ganglion cells. A signal detection theory developed in the 1940s by H. L. de Vries and A. Rose, and since elaborated by H. B. Barlow and others, explains the square-root law on the basis of 'noise' due to fluctuations in the number of photon absorptions per unit area and unit time at the cornea. An alternative account of the square-root law - and also other threshold-vs-intensity slopes - is founded on the assumption of physiological gain control (W. A. H. Rushton, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) B 162, 20-46, 1965; W. S. Geisler, J. Physiol. (London) 312, 165-179, 1979). In this paper, a neural model of light adaptation and gain control is described that shows how these two accounts of the square-root law can be reconciled by a stochastic gain control mechanism whose gain depends on the photon fluctuation level. The process by which spikes are generated in a ganglion cell is modeled in terms of a stochastic integrate-and-fire mechanism; this model is used to quantitatively fit toad retinal ganglion cell threshold data. A psychophysical model is then outlined showing how a statistical observer could analyze the ganglion cell spike trains generated by 'signal' and 'noise' trials in order to statistically discriminate the two conditions. The model is also shown to account for some dynamic aspects of ganglion cell responses, including ON- and OFF-responses. The neural light adaptation model predicts that - under the proper conditions - brightness matching judgments will also be subject to a square-root law. Experimental tests of the model under superthreshold conditions are proposed.
Primary Unilateral Pulmonary Hypoplasia: Neonate through Early Childhood — Case Report, Radiographic Diagnosis and Review of the Literature

Unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia is a rare cause of respiratory distress in the neonate. It is usually secondary to other causes such as diaphragmatic hernia. We present a case of a newborn with primary hypoplasia of the right upper lobe who was later found to also have tracheobronchomalacia. We describe the clinical course through early childhood.
LA LUNA CHE UCCIDE: L'ESPRESSIONISMO DI “LA GUARDIA ALLA LUNA” DI MASSIMO BONTEMPELLI:

Oggetto d'analisi del saggio di Cracolici 蠩l dramma di Massimo Bontempelli "La guardia alla luna", che 蠵no dei primi esempi teatrali che dimostrano di aver assimilato la polemica futurista contro il romanticismo. Tuttavia, Cracolici, precisa che la linea drammaturgia in cui si inserisce il testo teatrale di Bontempelli non 蠰ropriamente conforme a quella del futurismo, quanto piuttosto a quella dell'espressionismo storico. Il saggio evidenzia una soluzione di compromesso tra critica al romanticismo, da un lato, e fascino simbolista, dall'altro, dimostrando che nella scrittura drammatica l'uso di uno stile diverso da quello futurista ne pregiudica di fatto tanto le istanze critiche quanto quelle militanti.
SARS CoV Main Proteinase: The Monomer−Dimer Equilibrium Dissociation Constant

The SARS coronavirus main proteinase (SARS CoV main proteinase) is required for the replication of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV), the virus that causes SARS. One function of the enzyme is to process viral polyproteins. The active form of the SARS CoV main proteinase is a homodimer. In the literature, estimates of the monomer-dimer equilibrium dissociation constant, KD, have varied more than 65,0000-fold, from <1 nM to more than 200 microM. Because of these discrepancies and because compounds that interfere with activation of the enzyme by dimerization may be potential antiviral agents, we investigated the monomer-dimer equilibrium by three different techniques: small-angle X-ray scattering, chemical cross-linking, and enzyme kinetics. Analysis of small-angle X-ray scattering data from a series of measurements at different SARS CoV main proteinase concentrations yielded KD values of 5.8 +/- 0.8 microM (obtained from the entire scattering curve), 6.5 +/- 2.2 microM (obtained from the radii of gyration), and 6.8 +/- 1.5 microM (obtained from the forward scattering). The KD from chemical cross-linking was 12.7 +/- 1.1 microM, and from enzyme kinetics, it was 5.2 +/- 0.4 microM. While each of these three techniques can present different, potential limitations, they all yielded similar KD values.
Oxidation kinetics and mechanisms of trihalomethanes by Fenton's reagent

Abstract Oxidation kinetics and mechanisms of four trihalomethanes (THMs) commonly found in chlorinated drinking water by Fenton's reagent were investigated. All the experiments were carried out in air-tight and well-mixed batch reactors in which no headspace was allowed in order to minimize volatilization of any THM during reaction. The optimum dosages of H 2 O 2 and Fe 2+ in the oxidation of bromoform was 3.7-1.9 m m for all the initial concentrations at pH 3.5. The maximum bromoform degradations of 85, 78 and 65% at 3 min were achieved for bromoform concentrations of 295, 98.3 and 49.2 μg/l, respectively. The pseudo-first-order oxidation constants of THMs increase with the increasing number of bromine atoms present in a THM molecule, with bromoform being oxidized the fastest and bromodichloromethane being oxidized the slowest. No oxidative degradation of chloroform was oberved, because the losses in chloroform concentration during the oxidation experiments are the same as what was observed in control experiments. Experiments conducted on the THM mixtures gave similar results in terms of extent of observed oxidative degradation, the amount of THM oxidized increased with increasing initial organic concentrations. The oxidation rate constants for each THM in the mixture also increased as the number of bromine atoms present in a THM molecule increased, with bromoform exhibiting the fastest kinetic rates and bromodichloromethane exhibiting the slowest kinetic rates.
Improvements in Comparmental Modeling in Distillation

The compartmental modeling technique has recently been developed as a method to reduce the order of the dynamic model required to simulate staged separation processes. This paper identifies the critical specifications in the compartmental modeling approach in order to assure reasonable accuracy with sufficient savings in computational time when compared with the full order dynamic model. The importance of the algebraic structure (how the static material balance envelope is drawn) has not been reported by previous investigators.
Notes on activity of Parícutin volcano during December, 1945

The Volcano continued quiet during the first week of December, but thereafter was fairly active, The eruption-cloud was white to light gray, fairly narrow, rising in cauliflower puffs to a height of 300–400 meters above the crater, then spreading horizontally in a long dust-plume, usually northeastward. Considerable noise accompanied emission of the cloud, and showers of small incandescent stones were fairly continuous. Because the angle of the vent was slightly inclined much of the time, many of the stones fell on the flanks of the cone, especially on the southeast. The eruptions became gradually quieter toward the end of the month.
Changes in the ultrastructure of salivary gland cytoplasm in Sciara ocellaris (Comstock, 1882) due to microsporidian infection

Abstract The effects of infection by a microsporidian, Thelohania sp., on the ultrastructure of the cytoplasm of salivary gland cells in Sciara ocellaris were investigated. Cytoplasm of uninfected cells contains a dense ribosomal population studding large condensations of lamellar and vesicular endoplasmic reticulum, numerous scattered Golgi areas, and typical metazoan mitochondria. In infected cells of salivary glands the ultrastructural integrity of the cytoplasm is profoundly changed due to depletion of ribosomes, disarrangement of endoplasmic reticulum, and to decrease in size and increase in number of mitochondria. The overall electron opacity of the infected cytoplasm is decreased due to a decrease in ribosomal population and to formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles. The implications of the various features observed in both normal and infected cells are discussed, and possible suggestions are made regarding alteration of the metabolic functions due to infection.
Distribution of risk factors for hearing loss: Implications for evaluating risk of occupational noise-induced hearing loss

This paper presents an analysis of hearing threshold levels among 2066 white male workers employed in various U.S. industries studied in the 1968–72 NIOSH Occupational Noise and Hearing Survey (ONHS). The distribution of hearing threshold levels (HTL) is examined in relation to various risk factors (age, prior occupational noise, medical conditions) for hearing loss among a population of noise exposed and control (low noise-exposed) industrial workers. Previous analyses of a subset of these data from the ONHS focused on 1172 highly “screened” workers. An additional 894 male workers (609 noise-exposed and 285 controls), who were excluded for various reasons (i.e., nonoccupational noise exposure, otologic or medical conditions affecting hearing, prior occupational noise exposure) have been added to examine hearing loss in an unscreened population. Data are analyzed by age, duration of exposure, and sound level (8-h TWA) by individual test frequency. Results indicate that hearing threshold levels are higher among unscreened noise-exposed and control workers relative to screened workers. Analysis of risk factors such as nonoccupational noise exposure, medical conditions, and type of industry among unscreened controls indicated that these factors were not significantly associated with increased mean HTLs or risk of material impairment over and above what is expected due to age. Age-specific mean hearing threshold levels (and percentiles of the distribution) among the unscreened ONHS control population may be used as a comparison population of low-noise exposed white male industrial workers for evaluating the effectiveness of hearing conservation programs for workers less than 55 years of age. To make valid inferences regarding occupational noise-induced hearing loss, it is important to use hearing data from reference (control) populations that are similar with respect to the degree of subject screening, type of work force (blue vs white collar), and the distribution of other risk factors for hearing loss.
Follow-up of Families of Neonates in Whom Life Support Was Withdrawn

Grieving patterns and psychosocial functioning were studied in 20 families who had participated in a decision-making conference regarding withdrawal of support of their newborn in the neonatal intensive care unit and for whom the life support had been withdrawn. Prolonged grieving was reported by one father and pathologic grieving by one grandmother. In the majority of families, grieving patterns and psychosocial functioning were similar to those of other families whose newborns have died.
Genetic risk: the new frontier for the duty to warn*

Mental health professionals usually think of the “duty to warn” in the context of mental illness. However, two state appellate courts have endorsed a duty to warn when children of a patient may be at risk genetically for acquiring the disease of their parents. In these cases, the courts held that a physician's legal obligations extended beyond his or her patient to the patient's children. This article discusses these cases, as well as issues regarding implementation of such a duty and the implications for the physician–patient relationship in a health care environment that will be dominated increasingly by genetics issues. The article concludes that it is premature to apply a duty to warn to the treatment of mental illness and to concerns regarding future criminal behavior. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Synthetic Aperture Phase Measurement System Using A Metering Rod Bridge With Corner Cubes

A wavefront control concept has been developed for piston phase matching of an array of subaperture telescopes such as might be used as a pointer for laser power transmission or for an astronomical telescope. Deep within the optical system, an absolute distance inter-ferometer injects a diagnostic beam into the main beam train. The diagnostic beam is divided into smaller beams which propagate through the subaperture beam trains and exit out of the subaperture telescopes. A metering rod is placed so as to bridge the outgoing diagnostic beams from adjacent subaperture telescopes. If a series of small retro-reflecting corner cubes are attached to the metering rod, these retro-reflectors will return these wavefront samples back through the beam train to the absolute distance interferometer where the samples from one subaperture are compared indirectly to those from the adjacent subaperture through a common reference beam. The absolute distance interferometer is a two wavelength digital heterodyne interferometer. The absolute distance interferometer measures absolute phase, thus establishing the absolute optical path length (OPL) between the inter-ferometer and corner cubes. Differences in beam path are then adjusted to any required zero or non-zero value by optical trombones and an adaptive mirror incorporated in the beam path. Testing for colinearity of the reference corner cubes on the metering rod eliminates errors due to metering rod misalignment.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Effects of Halogen Exposure on the Photoluminescence of Porous Silicon

Interaction of I 2 vapor with luminescent porous silicon (PS) results in a mixed hydrogen/iodine terminated surface. The photoluminescence (PL) of PS is completely quenched upon I 2 exposure. Excess iodine can be removed by pumping on the PS for several hours, resulting in partial recovery of the original PL spectrum. Exposing the hydrogen/iodine terminated PS to air results in the accelerated growth of an oxide layer and increased PL. The adsorption of iodine is postulated to induce surface traps that are responsible for the luminescence quenching observed.
Division on the Internet

In their Policy Forum “Bridging the racial divide on the Internet” (17 Apr., p. [390][1]), Donna L. Hoffman and Thomas P. Novak present data on computer access and use as well as purchase intentions among white and black Americans. They find that overall, blacks are less likely to own computers
Ella Evolving: Cinderella Stories and the Construction of Gender-Appropriate Behavior

This article considers the cultural messages embedded in the patriarchal canon of fairy tales and their implications for the construction of gender-appropriate behavior. The characteristics of feminist re-visions of fairy tales are discussed, and studies that explore the importance of access to alternative discourses in order for children to challenge dominant ideology are reviewed. Finally, four versions of Cinderella are analyzed, considering if and how they provide children with alternative positions to occupy.
Acute Impact of Moderate-Intensity and Vigorous-Intensity Exercise Bouts on Daily Physical Activity Energy Expenditure in Postmenopausal Women

This study determined whether performing a single moderate- or vigorous-intensity exercise bout impacts daily physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE, by accelerometer). Overweight/obese postmenopausal women underwent a 5-month caloric restriction and moderate- (n = 18) or vigorous-intensity (n = 18) center-based aerobic exercise intervention. During the last month of intervention, in women performing moderate-intensity exercise, PAEE on days with exercise (577.7 ± 219.7 kcal·d−1) was higher (P = .011) than on days without exercise (450.7 ± 140.5 kcal·d−1); however, the difference (127.0 ± 188.1 kcal·d−1) was much lower than the energy expended during exercise. In women performing vigorous-intensity exercise, PAEE on days with exercise (450.6 ± 153.6 kcal·d−1) was lower (P = .047) than on days without exercise (519.2 ± 127.4 kcal·d−1). Thus, women expended more energy on physical activities outside of prescribed exercise on days they did NOT perform center-based exercise, especially if the prescribed exercise was of a higher intensity.
Vertical cross-spectra of horizontal velocity components at the Boulder observatory

Cross-spectra between horizontal wind components at different levels of the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) tower lead to the following conclusions: (1) Davenport's hypothesis is satisfied that coherence decays exponentially with the ratio of vertical separation to horizontal wave length, at least to very small values of coherence. (2) The decay coefficients increase with z/L for z/L < 0.5. For larger stabilities, irregular fluctuations with periods of order 10–20 min have considerable vertical coherence. Results at BAO are quite consistent with those elsewhere. (3) Eddy slopes in vertical planes increase with wind shear up to a point where the slope (horizontal delay over vertical separation) is just above 2. Beyond that point, the systematic increase of slopes with shear ceases. Since wind shear decreases upward, slopes tend to decrease upward. Slopes for lateral components are significantly larger than those for u-components.
Implicit Multifunctional Nonlinear Regression Analysis

The least squares estimation of parameters in algebraically implicit, nonlinear, multiple response models having only one ezperimentally accessible response variable is treated within the context of a Gauss–Newton—Newton iteration. The algorithm, derived through application of the implicit function theorem to the model, is sufficiently general to cover Bayesian estimation of parameters for multiresponse data.
Is Gd-DTPA required for routine cranial MR imaging?

Gadopentetate dimeglumine (gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid [DTPA]) was administered prospectively to 500 consecutive children and adults referred for routine cranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging over a 4-month period. Pre- and postcontrast images were blindly and independently interpreted by two experienced neuroradiologists. Specific criteria were provided to the readers to define objectively when contrast material enhancement (or lack thereof) would be considered "radiologically helpful." Contrast-enhancing lesions were observed in 99 cases (20%). In only 15 cases (3%) did Gd-DTPA permit detection of lesions not also apparent on the precontrast studies. Contrast enhancement was considered radiologically helpful in 74 of the 99 cases. Lack of enhancement was considered helpful in 112 of the 500 cases (22%). Factors that may indicate increased usefulness of Gd-DTPA include increased patient age, definite lesion seen at computed tomography or precontrast MR imaging, prior craniotomy for tu...
Phosphorescence lifetime analysis with a quadratic programming algorithm for determining quencher distributions in heterogeneous systems

A new method for analysis of phosphorescence lifetime distributions in heterogeneous systems has been developed. This method is based on decomposition of the data vector to a linearly independent set of exponentials and uses quadratic programming principles for x2 minimization. Solution of the resulting algorithm requires a finite number of calculations (it is not iterative) and is computationally fast and robust. The algorithm has been tested on various simulated decays and for analysis of phosphorescence measurements of experimental systems with descrete distributions of lifetimes. Critical analysis of the effect of signal-to-noise on the resolving capability of the algorithm is presented. This technique is recommended for resolution of the distributions of quencher concentration in heterogeneous samples, of which oxygen distributions in tissue is an important example. Phosphors of practical importance for biological oxygen measurements: Pd-meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (PdTCPP) and Pd-meso-porphyrin (PdMP) have been used to provide experimental test of the algorithm.
Processing of Facial Blends of Emotion: Support for Right Hemisphere Cognitive Aging

Clinical research on facial emotions has focused primarily on differences between right and left hemiface. Social psychology, however, has suggested that differences between upper versus lower facial displays may be more important, especially during social interactions. We demonstrated previously that upper facial displays are perceived preferentially by the right hemisphere, while lower facial displays are perceived preferentially by the left hemisphere. A marginal age-related effect was observed. The current research expands our original cohort to include 26 elderly individuals over age 62. Fifty-six, strongly right-handed, healthy, adult volunteers were tested tachistoscopically by flashing randomized facial displays of emotion to the right and left visual fields. The stimuli consisted of line drawings displaying various combinations of emotions on the upper and lower face. The subjects were tested under two conditions: without attend instruction and with instructions to attend to the upper face. Based on linear regression and discriminant analyses modeling age, subject performance could be divided into two distinct groups: Young ( 62 years). Without attend instructions, both groups robustly identified the emotion displayed on the lower face, regardless of visual field presentation. With instructions to attend to the upper face, the Old group demonstrated a markedly decreased ability to identify upper facial displays, compared to the Young group. The most significant difference was noted in the left visual field/right hemisphere. Our results demonstrate a significant decline in the processing of upper facial emotions by the right hemisphere in older individuals, thus providing partial support for the right hemisphere hypothesis of cognitive aging. The decreased ability to perceive upper facial displays coupled with age-related deficits in processing affective prosody may well cause impaired psychosocial competency in the elderly.
Induction of plant volatiles by herbivores with different feeding habits and the effects of induced defenses on host-plant selection by thrips

Induced plant responses to attack by chewing insects have been intensively studied, but little is known about plant responses to nonchewing insects or to attack by multiple herbivores with different feeding habits. We examined volatile emissions by tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, in response to feeding by the piercing–sucking insect western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, the chewing herbivore Heliothis virescens, and both herbivores simultaneously. In addition, we examined the effects of herbivore-induced plant defenses on host-plant selection by WFT. Plants responded to thrips feeding by consistently releasing five compounds. Simultaneous feeding by WFT and H. virescens elicited the same 11 compounds emitted in response to caterpillar feeding alone; however, two compounds, α-humulene and caryophyllene oxide, were produced in greater amounts in response to simultaneous herbivory. In choice tests, thrips consistently preferred uninduced plants over all other treatments and preferred plants damaged by caterpillars and those treated with caterpillar saliva over those treated with caterpillar regurgitant. The results are consistent with a previous finding that caterpillar regurgitant induces the release of significantly more volatile nicotine than plants damaged by caterpillars or plants treated with caterpillar saliva. A repellent effect of nicotine on WFT was confirmed by encircling unwounded plants with septa releasing volatile nicotine. Our results provide the first direct evidence that thrips feeding induces volatile responses and indicates that simultaneous herbivory by insects with different feeding habits can alter volatile emissions. In addition, the findings demonstrate that induced plant responses influence host-plant selection by WFT and suggest that the induction of volatile nicotine may play a role in this process.