cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Analysis of Redistricting: Incumbency – The Elephant in the Room

This paper provides a longitudinal analysis of municipal redistricting from the census of 1980 to the plan developed this year based on the census of 2010. Like many municipalities throughout the nation, El Paso went from at-large to single-member districts in response to the mandate of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The differences were striking. Prior to single-member districts, the Hispanic minority was not represented on the City Council. The change was not automatic. Anglos, as Caucasians are called in West Texas, continued to dominate the City Council when single-member districting was introduced in 1977. In 1982 Mexican Americans attempted to achieve representation related to their 60 percent proportion of the population. The author’s study of redistricting in El Paso inquired into how they succeeded and why the Anglos yielded. It offered a paradigm of how a subordinate group can gain at the expense of the dominant group. Subsequently, there was an ascendancy of Mexican Americans to majority status on the City Council. Thereafter, its focus in redistricting shifted to incumbency.
On Determining the Optimum Replacement Pattern: A Reply

Winder and Trant do not disagree with the technique that I used in determining the optimum replacement when a zero discount rate for time preference is assumed. In fact their discussion of "Situation I: No Time Preference Proper" is more or less a repetition of that contained in my earlier paper plus several ramifications. One ramification that is of special interest is that of expressing the optimum replacement in terms of the marginal value product and marginal factor costs. This might be expressed as,
Assessing Future Expectations of Low-Income Minority Young Men: Survival-Threats and Positive Expectations

Future expectations, a subset of overall orientation, represent youths' most realistic appraisals of future outcomes, and has been demonstrated to be associated with a range of health risk behaviors and wellbeing. The current study extends previous measurement efforts to operationalize and measure future expectations by estimating a multidimensional model of future expectations encompassing both positive and survival-based expectations, and using longitudinal data to test the consistency of these constructs over time. The current work uses data from six waves of the Chicago Youth Development Study (n=338), a sample of African American and Latino young men from low income neighborhoods in an urban center, to test a hypothesized multidimensional structure of future expectations across adolescence. Test retest confirmatory factor analyses from six waves of data covering the mean age range of 12 to 19 years reveal good model fit for the hypothesized multidimensional model of future expectations at each wave. Strong measurement invariance based on race/ethnicity is established for the multidimensional model. Implications for a latent construct approach to future expectations with low-income racial/ethnic minority young men are discussed.
Microstructure, Texture and Inhibitors of the As-Cast and Hot Rolled Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel by Strip Casting

The microstructure and texture evolution of the as-cast and hot rolled grain-oriented silicon steel strips was investigated, and the precipitation of the inhibitors of the hot rolled strips was clarified. The results showed that the microstructure of the as-cast strip was characterized by coarse columnar grains with strong {001} fiber texture. The microstructure of hot rolled strips was composed of ferrite and pearlite and the microstructure was gradually refined with increasing hot rolling reduction. In the hot rolled strips, α and γ fiber textures were enhanced at the expense of initial {001} fiber texture and Goss texture was generated in the surface and sub-surface layer with increasing hot rolling reduction. Besides, a great number of dispersed MnS particles with the size of 20-30nm were observed in the hot rolled strips. These MnS particles could act as the effective inhibitors during the second recrystallization annealing of the grain-oriented silicon steel.
Tuning Energy Levels of Low Bandgap Semi-Random Two Acceptor Copolymers

A series of low bandgap semi-random copolymers incorporating various ratios of two acceptor units—thienothiadiazole and benzothiadiazole—were synthesized by Pd-catalyzed Stille coupling. The polymer films exhibited broad and intense absorption spectra, covering the spectral range from 350 nm up to 1240 nm. The optical bandgaps and HOMO levels of the polymers were calculated from ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements, respectively. By changing the ratio of the two acceptor monomers, the HOMO levels of the polymers were tuned from −4.42 to −5.28 eV and the optical bandgaps were varied from 1.00 to 1.14 eV. The results indicate our approach could be applied to the design and preparation of conjugated polymers with specifically desired energy levels and bandgaps for photovoltaic applications.
Simulating non-Kolomogorov Phase Screens with Finite Inner and Outer Scales

A method for simulating turbulence-corrupted phase screens for the case of non-Kolmogorov power law and finite inner and outer scales is presented. The sub-harmonic approach of Lane [1] is used. Simulated structure functions are compared to theoretical values where possible with excellent agreement. Some simulated propagation examples are also presented.
Outcomes of lung cancers manifesting as nonsolid nodules

This is a comprehensive review and re-analysis of available literature to assess the outcome of lung cancer presenting as nonsolid nodules (NSNs), a more indolent form of cancer. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for articles reporting on CT-detected lung cancers manifesting as NSNs published in English on or before July 17, 2015. Only studies including clinicopathologic data, lung cancer-specific survival, or overall survival were included. Data extraction was performed by three independent reviewers using prespecified criteria. Twenty-four articles from 5 countries met criteria and they included 704 subjects with 712 lung cancers manifesting as NSNs. Each article reported from 2 to 100 lung cancer cases with a median follow up of 18-51 months. All NSNs were Stage I adenocarcinoma without pathologic nodal involvement upon resection, except for one case in which the NSN progressed to become part-solid nodule after 6 years of follow-up. The five-year lung cancer-specific survival rate was 100%. These findings suggest an indolent course for lung cancers manifesting as NSNs.
Information service business for industrial chain in agriculture

Aiming at the actual situation and needs of agricultural industry in China,this paper analyzed the business processes of every aspect for industrial chain of agriculture,carried out correlation analysis of the agricultural industry,proposed some important role and advices for information services business in agricultural industrial chain.
Case report: Traumatic unilateral testicular rupture

Introduction Testicular trauma is classified aetiologically as blunt, penetrating or degloving. Blunt testicular trauma, caused by interpersonal violence, sporting injuries and RTAs account for the majority of cases, typically affecting males aged 15–40 [1]. Approximately 98.5% of blunt trauma resulted in unilateral testicular injury; about 12–15% involving cyclists or motorcyclists (Cass and Luxenberg, 1988) [2].
Maturation and fertilization of morphologically immature human oocytes in a program of in vitro fertilization.

Oocytes of varying stages of maturity were aspirated from follicles primed with either human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or a combination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), hMG and hCG. Of the aspirated oocytes from 44cycles, 74 were considered to be immature by virtue of morphologic characteristics of the oocytes and the degree of intercellular expansion of the associated cumular and membrana granulosa cells. After incubation periods of 22 to 35hours in a Ham's F-10-based culture medium, these immature oocytes were inseminated with sperm donated by the patient's husband. Ultimately, 44 conceptuses were transferred to the respective uteri, of 30 patients. Eight pregnancies were established as a result of these 30 transfers, two of which resulted from the transfer of only developed immature oocytes.
A clinical approach to exercise during pregnancy.

Our knowledge is limited and there are serious theoretic concerns about combining a vigorous exercise regimen with pregnancy. The outcome data available, however, suggest that a healthy woman may begin or maintain a regular exercise regimen during pregnancy with benefit and without adversely affecting the course and outcome of the pregnancy. The data also suggest that the clear difference between theoretic concern and observed outcome is best explained by the hypothesis that the physiologic adaptations to exercise and to pregnancy are complimentary and feto-protective. Although the upper level of safe performance is not established, it appears that the otherwise healthy mother-to-be can obtain the benefits of a regular exercise regimen without undue risk to the embryo and fetus. The exact regimen can be flexible and individualized, provided that both the exercise and the pregnancy are monitored. In February 1994, a new set of guidelines for exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period was published by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. These guidelines are more liberal than those mentioned previously. Interested parties should write to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 409 12th Street S.W., Washington, DC 20024-2188 and ask for technical bulletin no. 189.
Landscapes of Complementary and Alternative Health

Complementary and alternative health practices have, in terms of the numbers of people involved, gradually moved from the margins to the mainstream of contemporary cultures of health (Ruggie 2004). This flourishing of non-biomedical approaches to health, specifically since the 1970s, hides a complex past that remains important for making sense of the holistic health field today. A lack of state support, together with scientific marginality, mark both the past and the present of alternative health practices. The holistic health arena is not, however, shaped solely in relation to the rise of institutionalized biomedicine, and by the accompanying processes of marginalization. The complementary health scene also draws from historical ideas around health and healing that together with the continuing institutional marginality paint a complicated picture about the appeal and legitimacy of alternative and complementary health practices.
Differential Regulation of Self-reactive CD4+ T Cells in Cervical Lymph Nodes and Central Nervous System during Viral Encephalomyelitis.

Viral infections have long been implicated as triggers of autoimmune diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating disorder. Epitope spreading, molecular mimicry, cryptic antigen and bystander activation have been implicated as mechanisms responsible for activating self-reactive (SR) immune cells, ultimately leading to organ-specific autoimmune disease. Taking advantage of coronavirus JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) induced demyelination, this study demonstrates that the host also mounts counteractive measures to specifically limit expansion of endogenous SR T cells. In this model, immune mediated demyelination is associated with induction of SR T cells after viral control. However, their decline during persisting infection, despite ongoing demyelination, suggests an active control mechanism. Antigen-specific IL-10 secreting CD4+ T cells (Tr1) and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), both known to control autoimmunity and induced following JHMV infection, were assessed for their relative in vivo suppressive function of SR T cells. Ablation of Foxp3+ Tregs in chronically infected DEREG mice significantly increased SR CD4+ T cells within cervical lymph nodes (CLN), albeit without affecting their numbers or activation within the CNS compared to controls. In contrast, infected IL-27 receptor deficient (IL-27R-/-) mice, characterized by a drastic reduction of Tr1 cells, revealed that SR CD4+ T cells in CLN remained unchanged, but were specifically increased within the CNS. These results suggest that distinct regulatory T cell subsets limit SR T cells in the draining lymph nodes and CNS to maximize suppression of SR T cell mediated autoimmune pathology. The JHMV model is thus valuable to decipher tissue specific mechanisms preventing autoimmunity.
Left subclavian artery injury: Is there still a role for trap door incision in the minimally invasive Era?

The surgical approach to the management of subclavian artery injuries is usually guided by the location and clinical presentation. With the advent of endovascular surgery, many surgeons are likely to have limited experience with the trap door approach sometimes necessary for control and repair of proximal left subclavian artery (LSA) injuries due to their relative rarity. A 69-year-old male sustained a left lower neck stab wound 3 weeks before his presentation with a pulsatile left supraclavicular swelling, weak radial pulse, and upper extremity weakness. Duplex ultrasound scan revealed a pseudoaneurysm confirmed on computed tomography angiogram and shown to be fed from the LSA. The patient successfully underwent elective open surgical repair of the injury located in the first portion of the subclavian artery through a trap door approach. Although the injury might have been treated minimally invasively with endovascular repair, this technique is currently not available in Nigeria and most Sub-Saharan African countries. Surgery remains the only treatment option for these types of injuries in low-resource countries. Surgeons involved in the management of vascular injuries should, therefore, be conversant with all surgical approaches, including the trap door incision which should be part of their armamentarium.
Analysis of prior malignancies in patients with cholangiocarcinoma.

305Background: Cholangiocarcinomas account for approximately 3% of gastrointestinal tumors. Our aim was to analyze types of prior malignancies in patients (pts) with cholangiocarcinoma, with a spec...
Sunscreens: An Update

Sunscreens have been widely used by the general public for their photoprotective properties, including prevention of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging and management of photodermatoses. It is important to emphasize to consumers the necessity of broad-spectrum protection, with coverage of both ultraviolet A (320-400 nm) and ultraviolet B (290-320 nm) radiation. This review discusses the benefits of sunscreen, different ultraviolet filters, sunscreen regulations and controversies, the importance of broad-spectrum protection, issues of photostability and formulation, and patient education and compliance.
Mind Perception in Humanoid Agents has Negative Effects on Cognitive Processing

When interacting with other entities, we make inferences about their internal states using our own minds as models (i.e., mentalizing). This process relies on the rapid, automatic perception of a mind. In two experiments, we investigate whether these automatic processes of mind perception are impaired when interacting with agents that are not easily classified as human or robot. We hypothesized that an agent falling on the category boundary between human and non-human (i.e., a humanoid) would be difficult to categorize and that this ambiguity would result in increased cognitive load. In Experiment 1, participants rated agents with varying degrees of humanness in terms of their ability to have internal states. The humanoid agent was perceived as categorically ambiguous, as evidenced by the intermediate ratings of internal states. In Experiment 2, participants categorized each agent as human or non-human in a forced-choice task. The humanoid agent produced less consensus and longer reaction times, indicatin...
The Journal Team: Editors and Publishers Working Together

Abstract As academic physicians and scientists progress along their professional career paths, they publish their research, become known in their fields of study, and are often asked to assume editorial roles on journals that publish their articles. Active engagement in scholarly publications is an important part of an academic career and includes several different roles and responsibilities. This chapter presents information about the various journal editorial roles that may be available to academic physicians and scientists as they engage in scholarly publishing. In addition, the roles and responsibilities of the journal publisher are discussed as they pertain to the editorial team.
Rage Against the Machine: Berkeley 1964 and the Birth of the Free Speech Movement

This article examines the origins and contributions of the Freedom of Speech Movement ( FSM ) at the University of California, Berkeley (September-December 1964) that led to widespread social activism on other college and university campuses throughout the US . This article highlights the role of Mario Savio and other participants in the FSM while linking these efforts to the civil rights movements of the late 1950s and early 1960s. The essence of the FSM and its contribution to social activism by middle-class college and university students can be seen in the primary sources provided by Free Speech Movement Digital Archives.
Foreword: Competitiveness of the ASEAN Countries: Corporate and Regulatory Drivers

The BRICs, leading home countries among emerging markets, face a steep learning curve to meet the internationalization challenge, the host country challenge and the home country challenge. Each challenge requires an in-depth understanding of outward FDI and policy implications related to these challenges.
Water-Compression Gating of Nanopore Transport

Electric field-driven motion of biomolecules is a process essential to many analytics methods, in particular, to nanopore sensing, where a transient reduction of nanopore ionic current indicates the passage of a biomolecule through the nanopore. However, before any molecule can be examined by a nanopore, the molecule must first enter the nanopore from the solution. Previously, the rate of capture by a nanopore was found to increase with the strength of the applied electric field. Here, we theoretically show that, in the case of narrow pores in graphene membranes, increasing the strength of the electric field can not only decrease the rate of capture, but also repel biomolecules from the nanopore. As the strong electric field polarizes water near and within the nanopore, the high gradient of the field also produces a strong dielectrophoretic force that compresses the water. The pressure difference caused by the sharp water density gradient produces a hydrostatic force that repels DNA or proteins from the nanopore, preventing, in certain conditions, their capture. We show that such local compression of fluid can regulate the transport of biomolecules through nanoscale passages in the absence of physical gates and sort proteins according to their phosphorylated states.
Gender in the Digital Age: Women’s Participation in Designing Social Software

Women’s participation in social network activities may be an essential condition for its maintenance. This article aims at presenting gender issues and their connection to information technology environment. In order to know what are the gender differences that should be considered in designing a Social Software, the process of creating a social network in the Web is discussed from a female perspective. Testimonies of various social actors and residents of a lower medium class peripheral neighborhood in the city of Campinas, Brazil, the Vila Uniao, involved in the e-Cidadania project is analyzed making references to the paths chosen by the women during the design process, in the pursuit of technological knowledge required for this activity.
Bacterial Community Composition and Activity

Microorganisms, particularly bacteria, constitute the largest numerical population in most aquatic environments and are often the most metabolically active aquatic organisms. The short generation time and great physiological capacity of bacteria as a group enable them to survive and flourish in environments that are inhospitable to other organisms. Indeed, bacterial activity can alter an aquatic environment thereby affecting the ability of the environment to maintain nonmicrobial populations. Often bacterial activity renders recalcitrant materials more palatable or less noxious, thus improving the environment for other organisms. Petroleum in general represents a form of organic pollution that may have adverse effects on aquatic habitats. In the marine environment, microorganisms are the major biotic factors responsible for recycling petroleum (LaRock and Severance, 1973; Walker and Colwell, 1974). Therefore, any comprehensive study of the effects of petroleum on the aquatic biosphere should include a study of bacterial adaptation to petroleum pollution.
Inhibitory effect of white wine on gastric myoelectrical activity and the role of vagal tone.

Although extensively investigated throughout the gastrointestinal tract, the influence of alcohol on gastric motility is still unclear. Our aim was to investigate the effect of wine on gastric myoelectrical activity and vagal activity. Ten healthy subjects were studied in two sessions with the electrogastrogram (EGG) for 30 min at baseline, 30 min after ingesting the test liquid [white wine (12.5% alcohol) or matched juice], and 60 min after a standard test meal. Spectral analysis was performed to compute EGG parameters and their postprandial changes. The vagal activity was assessed based on spectral analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) signal derived from the ECG recording. White wine preload significantly diminished the postprandial increase in EGG dominant power compared to juice preload (1.16 ± 1.57 vs 5.48 ± 1.01 dB, P < 0.001). A significant decrease in vagal activity was observed after wine (23.40 ± 4.30 vs 17.43 ± 3.40%, P < 0.005), which remained unchanged after the test meal (23.40 ± 4.30 vs 16.77 ± 4.40%, P < 0.05). This decrease was not noted in the juice session. A correlation was established between changes after wine consumption in EGG dominant power and in the percentage of the vagal activity (r = 0.89, P < 0.05). In conclusion, white wine preload inhibits the postprandial EGG dominant power, suggesting a possible inhibition of postprandial gastric contractions. This effect may be associated with diminished vagal activity.
Generating, Compiling and Executing Bytecode Programs

The generation of CIL programs—input of ILDJIT—is an important step of the compilation process described inside this book. This chapter describes how to generate CIL code by using available tools, such as Mono and GCC4CLI. Moreover, compilation processes available in ILDJIT are described including both static and dynamic compilations.
Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and ethnicity.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have become major public health challenges around the world. Both DM and CVD are leading causes of death and disability in developed nations. Recent data indicate that with rapidly rising rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome globally, both
A High-Throughput Screen Identifies DYRK1A Inhibitor ID-8 that Stimulates Human Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cell Proliferation.

Background The death of epithelial cells in the proximal tubules is thought to be the primary cause of AKI, but epithelial cells that survive kidney injury have a remarkable ability to proliferate. Because proximal tubular epithelial cells play a predominant role in kidney regeneration after damage, a potential approach to treat AKI is to discover regenerative therapeutics capable of stimulating proliferation of these cells. Methods We conducted a high-throughput phenotypic screen using 1902 biologically active compounds to identify new molecules that promote proliferation of primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells in vitro . Results The primary screen identified 129 compounds that stimulated tubular epithelial cell proliferation. A secondary screen against these compounds over a range of four doses confirmed that eight resulted in a significant increase in cell number and incorporation of the modified thymidine analog EdU (indicating actively proliferating cells), compared with control conditions. These eight compounds also stimulated tubular cell proliferation in vitro after damage induced by hypoxia, cadmium chloride, cyclosporin A, or polymyxin B. ID-8, an inhibitor of dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), was the top candidate identified as having a robust proproliferative effect in two-dimensional culture models as well as a microphysiologic, three-dimensional cell culture system. Target engagement and genetic knockdown studies and RNA sequencing confirmed binding of ID-8 to DYRK1A and upregulation of cyclins and other cell cycle regulators, leading to epithelial cell proliferation. Conclusions We have identified a potential first-in-class compound that stimulates human kidney tubular epithelial cell proliferation after acute damage in vitro .
Highly water-dispersible and antibacterial magnetic clay nanotubes functionalized with polyelectrolyte brushes: high adsorption capacity and selectivity toward heparin in batch and continuous system

Heparin sodium, a widely used anticoagulant, is commercially extracted from porcine intestinal mucosa in a partially-purified form. The difficulty in selective isolation and purification of heparin at high concentration from the digestion mixture is currently a major challenge in the production of this important drug. In this work, we report a novel highly water-dispersible macromolecular architecture of polymeric quaternary ammonium polyelectrolyte grafted from magnetic halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as a low-cost, biocompatible, widely available, and tubular support with chemically active external and internal surfaces for selective and efficient heparin capture with linear structure. Polymer brushes of (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (APTMAC), a striking cationic acrylamido monomer, were grafted in three different lengths from the surface of modified HNTs with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (HNTs@Fe). A higher recovery efficiency of heparin, both in terms of the recovery rate and the capacity, was found for HNTs@Fe–PAPTMAC compared to the Amberlite as a commercially available resin that is widely used for heparin recovery in industries. The mechanism of heparin adsorption onto the functional quaternary ammonium groups of APTMAC was considered by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and zeta potential techniques, and the results confirmed the strong electrostatic interaction between the sulfate groups of heparin and the functional groups of PAPTMAC. The HNTs@Fe–PAPTMAC could be successfully recovered utilizing saturated NaCl and reprocessed for recovery of heparin without considerable loss in adsorption capacity after six cycles. HNTs@Fe–PAPTMAC can selectively adsorb heparin from a real sample consisting of heparin digested from porcine intestinal mucosa. Examination of the effect of HNTs@Fe–PAPTMAC in aqueous suspension on bacterial culture reveals that HAPTMAC exerts dose-dependent inhibition upon a Gram positive strain at relatively low concentrations, with complete inhibition seen as low as 20 μg mL−1. The results confirmed that HNTs@Fe–PAPTMAC have the potential to be utilized as a low-cost, environmentally friendly, efficient, and selective adsorbent towards recovery of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa.
Two infants with bilateral renal agenesis who were bridged by chronic peritoneal dialysis to kidney transplantation.

Bilateral renal agenesis is associated with severe oligohydramnios and was considered incompatible with postnatal life due to severe pulmonary hypoplasia. The use of renal replacement therapy was limited by significant morbidity and mortality associated with dialysis in very young infants with major pulmonary pathology. In the United States, there is a tremendous controversy about whether or not the use of prenatal amniotic fluid infusions provides a benefit to fetuses with bilateral renal agenesis. One of the critical issues identified is that there are, as yet, no children reported who had achieved long-term survival. Previous reports all indicated these children died shortly after birth or after unsuccessful peritoneal dialysis. We present two infants with a prenatal diagnosis of bilateral renal agenesis whose mothers elected to undergo prenatal amnioinfusions. One was born at 28 weeks with a birthweight of 1230 g and the other born at 34 weeks with a birthweight of 1940 g. We present the details of both cases, with initial management on chronic peritoneal dialysis, which started shortly after birth, as a bridge to living related kidney transplants.
Technical efficiency and factors affecting rice production in tidal lowlands of South Sumatra province Indonesia

Rice has been the staple food for most Indonesians, so the rice consumption in Indonesia is considerably high. Rice is cultivated in many agroecosystems, including tidal lowlands. Some tidal lowlands are considered suitable for rice cultivation. Therefore, tidal lowlands may support food security in Indonesia. However, productivity remains a problem in which inputs are not used efficiently. This study aims to determine the technical efficiency and identify factors affecting rice production in tidal lowlands of South Sumatra, one of main rice barns in Indonesia. A survey was conducted by interviewing 93 farmers in Telang Rejo Village. A data envelopment analysis (DEA) with output-oriented and variable returns to scale (VRS) approach was applied to measure technical efficiency score from each farm observed. An ordinary least square (OLS) regression with a Cobb-Douglass production function approach was employed to analyse the factors affecting rice production in tidal lowlands of South Sumatra, Indonesia. The results showed that majority of rice farms in the tidal lowlands of South Sumatra Indonesia were inefficient. There were 44 rice farms (47.31%) that were efficient, 5 rice farms (5.38%) that were inefficient under increasing returns to scale and 44 rice farms (47.31%) that were inefficient under decreasing returns to scale. The inputs, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilisers, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides had positive significant influences on rice production in the tidal lowlands of South Sumatra, Indonesia.
Chemical Characterization and Sensory Relationships of Beef M. longissimus lumborum and M. gluteus medius Steaks After Retail Display in Various Packaging Environments

Volatile compounds, carbonyls, non-heme iron, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in both raw and cooked beef samples to determine the effects of muscle and packaging type on beef flavor development. All paired strip loins and top sirloin butts were packaged under vacuum and aged for 14 d postmortem. After initial aging, all subprimals were fabricated to produce M. gluteus medius (GM) or M. longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks. At 14 d postmortem, steaks were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 package types: high-oxygen modified atmosphere lidded trays (80% O2/20% CO2 [“HIOX”]), carbon monoxide modified atmosphere lidded trays (0.4% CO/30% CO2/69.6% N2 [“CO”]), rollstock (forming and non-forming films [“ROLL”]), vacuum packaging without retail display (“VAC”), and traditional overwrap (“OW”) remained under vacuum prior to retail display. Steaks were stored in darkness an additional 7 d prior to display. At 21 d postmortem, HIOX, OW, CO, and ROLL packages were displayed for 48 h under continuous fluorescent lighting, while VAC steaks remained in dark storage. Packaging and muscle type impacted (P 0.05) cooked-steak TBARS. The GM possessed greater (P 0.05) on carbonyl and non-heme iron content although these analyses differed among muscles (P < 0.05), with the GM being greater (P < 0.05) than the LL. These results indicate that the development of lipid oxidation that occurs during storage and display was muscle and packaging specific. Therefore, to maintain flavor, quality packaging systems should be selected on a muscle-specific basis.
Relationships of catch-per-unit-effort metrics with abundance vary depending on sampling method and population trajectory

Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) is often used to monitor wildlife populations and to develop statistical population models. Animals caught and released are often not included in CPUE metrics and their inclusion may create more accurate indices of abundance. We used 21 years of detailed harvest records for bobcat (Lynx rufus) in Wisconsin, U.S.A., to calculate CPUE and 'actual CPUE' (ACPUE; including animals caught and released) from bobcat hunters and trappers. We calibrated these metrics to an independent estimate of bobcat abundance and attempted to create simple but effective models to estimate CPUE and ACPUE using harvest success data (i.e., bobcats harvested/available permits). CPUE showed virtually no relationship with bobcat abundance across all years, but both CPUE and ACPUE had stronger, non-linear, and negative relationships with abundance during the periods when the population was decreasing. Annual harvest success strongly predicted composite ACPUE and CPUE from hunters and trappers and hunter ACPUE and CPUE but was a poorer predictor of trapper ACPUE and CPUE. The non-linear, and sometimes weak, relationships with bobcat abundance likely reflect the increasing selectivity of bobcat hunters for trophy animals. Studies calibrating per-unit-effort metrics against abundance should account for population trajectories and different harvest methods (e.g., hunting and trapping). Our results also highlight the potential for estimating per-unit-effort metrics from relatively simple and inexpensive data sources and we encourage additional research into the use of per-unit-effort metrics for population estimation.
ApoE isoform-specific differences in behavior and cognition associated with subchronic MPTP exposure

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized clinically by progressive motor dysfunction; overt parkinsonism is often preceded by prodromal symptoms including disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle. Up to 80% of patients with PD also develop dementia. In humans, there are three major apolipoprotein E isoforms: E2, E3, and E4. Increased rate of dementia in PD may be associated with E4 isoform. To better understand prodromal changes associated with E4, we exposed young (3-5 mo) male and female mice expressing E3 or E4 via targeted replacement to a subchronic dosage of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We hypothesized that E4 mice would be more susceptible to MPTP-related behavioral and cognitive changes. MPTP-treated E4 mice explored novel objects longer than genotype-matched saline-treated mice. In contrast, saline-treated E3 mice preferentially explored the novel object whereas MPTP-treated E3 mice did not and showed impaired object recognition. MPTP treatment altered swim speed of E4, but not E3, mice in the water maze compared to controls. Thus, E4 carriage may influence the preclinical symptoms associated with PD. Increased efforts are warranted to study early time points in this disease model.
The hippocampus is critical for spatial relational attention

Abstract The hippocampus is traditionally considered to be a system that is specialized for long-term memory. Recent work has challenged this notion by demonstrating that this region can contribute to many domains of cognition beyond long-term memory, including perception and attention. One potential reason why the hippocampus contributes broadly to cognition is that it contains relational representations — representations of muli-dimensional features of experience — that are useful in many different cognitive domains. Here, we explore the hypothesis that the hippocampus plays a critical role in attention via its relational representations. We compared human participants with hippocampal damage to healthy age- and education-matched individuals on attention tasks that varied in the type and amount of relational processing required. On each trial, participants viewed two images (rooms with paintings). On room relational trials, they judged whether the rooms had the same spatial layout from a different perspective. On art relational trials, they judged whether the paintings could have been painted by the same artist. Control trials placed fewer demands on relational processing: Participants simply had to detect identical paintings or rooms. Patients with hippocampal damage were significantly impaired on the room relational task. Selective hippocampal lesions had comparable effects to more extensive medial temporal lobe damage, suggesting that the hippocampus itself plays a critical role in spatial relational attention. This work provides further evidence that the hippocampus plays a ubiquitous role in cognition by virtue of its relational representations, and highlights that spatial relations may be particularly important. Significance statement The human hippocampus is primarily studied for its role in long-term memory, but recent work suggests that it may contribute broadly to many aspects of cognition. Here, we test whether the hippocampus plays a critical role in visual attention by virtue of its flexible relational and spatial representations. Patients with hippocampal damage were significantly impaired on a task that required attention to spatial relations. These results highlight the ubiquity of hippocampal contributions to cognition, including online visual attention.
A Posterior Rotational Flap Technique Using Distraction Osteogenesis for Unilateral Lambdoid Craniosynostosis.

Introduction The craniofacial asymmetry seen in unilateral lambdoid craniosynostosis may not be effectively treated by posterior cranial vault remodeling, endoscopic suturectomy, and helmet therapy, or suturectomy and distraction osteogenesis alone due to limitations in soft-tissue envelope expansion and relapse of the deformity. The authors report a series of unilateral lambdoid craniosynostosis patients treated with a posterior rotational cranial-flap technique using internal distraction osteogenesis. Methods Posterior cranial vault reconstruction combined with internal distraction was used, aided by preoperative virtual surgical planning. An in situ posterior rotational flap osteotomy was utilized to maximize dural preservation. Primary outcome measures included age-adjusted volume change and age-adjusted percent volume change per mm distraction. Distraction characteristics and perioperative characteristics were also assessed. Results A total of 5 patients were identified. Mean predistraction intracranial volume was 1087.5 cc (SD = 202.3 cc) and mean postdistraction included intracranial volume was 1266.1cc (SD = 131.8cc). Mean age-adjusted percent included intracranial volume change was 14.1% (SD = 9.6%), and mean percent intracranial volume change per mm distraction was 0.43%/mm distraction (SD = 0.37%/mm distraction). One patient developed a distractor site infection postoperatively that was treated successfully with oral antibiotics. All patients had a Whitaker score of 1 at one year follow up. Conclusions Posterior cranial vault remodeling using osteogenesis and a rotational cranial flap technique with dural preservation can be effectively used to maximize bone flap viability and limit postoperative relapse in patients with unilateral lambdoid craniosynostosis. Long term analysis as well as comparison to open techniques will need to be interrogated.
Pyrazole Scaffold Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease Treatment (2011–2020)

The remarkable prevalence of pyrazole scaffolds in a versatile array of bioactive molecules ranging from apixaban, an anticoagulant used to treat and prevent blood clots and stroke, to bixafen, a pyrazole-carboxamide fungicide used to control diseases of rapeseed and cereal plants, has encouraged both medicinal and organic chemists to explore new methods in developing pyrazole-containing compounds for different applications. Although numerous synthetic strategies have been developed in the last 10 years, there has not been a comprehensive overview of synthesis and the implication of recent advances for treating neurodegenerative disease. This review first presents the advances in pyrazole scaffold synthesis and their functionalization that have been published during the last decade (2011–2020). We then narrow the focus to the application of these strategies in the development of therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD).
A CMOS Multi-Modal Electrochemical and Impedance Cellular Sensing Array for Massively Paralleled Exoelectrogen Screening

The paper presents a 256-pixel CMOS sensor array with in-pixel dual electrochemical and impedance detection modalities for rapid, multi-dimensional characterization of exoelectrogens. The CMOS IC has 16 parallel readout channels, allowing it to perform multiple measurements with a high throughput and enable the chip to handle different samples simultaneously. The chip contains a total of 2 × 256 working electrodes of size 44 μm × 52 μm, along with 16 reference electrodes of dimensions 56 μm × 399 μm and 32 counter electrodes of dimensions 399 μm × 106 μm, which together facilitate the high resolution screening of the test samples. The chip was fabricated in a standard 130nm BiCMOS process. The on-chip electrodes are subjected to additional fabrication processes, including a critical Al-etch step that ensures the excellent biocompatibility and long-term reliability of the CMOS sensor array in bio-environment. The electrochemical sensing modality is verified by detecting the electroactive analyte NaFeEDTA and the exoelectrogenic Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria, illustrating the chip's ability to quantify the generated electrochemical current and distinguish between different analyte concentrations. The impedance measurements with the HEK-293 cancer cells cultured on-chip successfully capture the cell-to-surface adhesion information between the electrodes and the cancer cells. The reported CMOS sensor array outperforms the conventional discrete setups for exoelectrogen characterization in terms of spatial resolution and speed, which demonstrates the chip's potential to radically accelerate synthetic biology engineering.
Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract Hemolysis, vaso-occlusion, and ischemia reperfusion represent the clinical hallmarks of sickle cell disease (SCD). Renal involvement occurs commonly in SCD. Its manifestations range from the near universal findings of hyposthenuria to various tubular and glomerular functional and anatomical abnormalities—commonly referred to as sickle cell nephropathy. With increasing longevity of SCD patients, overt chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease have increasingly been observed. Possible risk factors or genetic modifiers are associated with the development and/or progression of CKD. Preventive measures and therapeutic options have been developed.
Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Percutaneous Management Using Ablation, Brachytherapy, Intra-arterial Chemotherapy, and Intra-tumoral Immunotherapy

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive neoplasms, bearing a terrible prognosis. Stage III tumors, also known as locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), are unresectable, and current palliative chemotherapy regimens have only modestly improved survival in these patients. At this stage of disease, interventional techniques may be of value and further prolong life. The aim of this review was to explore current literature on locoregional percutaneous management for LAPC. Locoregional percutaneous interventional techniques such as ablation, brachytherapy, and intra-arterial chemotherapy possess cytoreductive abilities and have the potential to increase survival. In addition, recent research demonstrates the immunomodulatory capacities of these treatments. This immune response may be leveraged by combining the interventional techniques with intra-tumoral immunotherapy, possibly creating a durable anti-tumor effect. This multimodality treatment approach is currently being examined in several ongoing clinical trials. The use of certain interventional techniques appears to improve survival in LAPC patients and may work synergistically when combined with immunotherapy. However, definitive conclusions can only be made when large prospective (randomized controlled) trials confirm these results.
A fast link between face perception and memory in the temporal pole

The question of how the brain recognizes the faces of familiar individuals has been important throughout the history of neuroscience. Cells linking visual processing to person memory have been proposed but not found. Here, we report the discovery of such cells through recordings from an area in the macaque temporal pole identified with functional magnetic resonance imaging. These cells responded to faces that were personally familiar. They responded nonlinearly to stepwise changes in face visibility and detail and holistically to face parts, reflecting key signatures of familiar face recognition. They discriminated between familiar identities, as fast as a general face identity area. The discovery of these cells establishes a new pathway for the fast recognition of familiar individuals.
P213 Identification of Trichomonas vaginalis 5-nitroimidazole resistance targets to inform future drug development

Background Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. 5-nitroimidazoles (i.e., metronidazole [MTZ] and tinidazole) are the only FDA-approved medications. Resistance to 5- nitroimidazoles has been observed in 5–10% of cases, but may be rising. MTZ was first introduced in the early 1960s to treat T. vaginalis infections, and resistance to MTZ developed rapidly within a couple of years. This observation suggests that the potential for MTZ resistance is likely encoded in the genome of T. vaginalis. We aimed to analyze gene-expression patterns of MTZ-resistant and MTZ-sensitive T. vaginalis isolates to gain insight into resistance mechanisms. Methods T. vaginalis isolates (4 MTZ-resistant [minimal lethal concentration; MLC > 50µg/ml] and 4 MTZ-sensitive [MLC Results RNAseq identified DEGs in MTZ-resistant vs. sensitive isolates. DEGs from MTZ-resistant isolates included those involved in metabolic pathways relevant to 5-nitroimidazole resistance such as energy production, drug activation, and oxygen-scavenging. Other DEGs included those encoding transcription factors, ribosomal proteins, and other metabolic enzymes. RT-qPCR experiments confirmed reduced expression of genes encoding ferredoxin (Fdx) and flavin reductase 1 (FR1) in MTZ-resistant T. vaginalis isolates as compared to MTZ-sensitive isolates. Conclusion In this study, we identified several DEGs in T. vaginalis isolates resistant to MTZ. Further studies with large number of isolates representing a broad range of MTZ-susceptibility patterns are needed to identify genes that may represent new targets for future drug development.
Color Evoked Potentials: Cortical and Subcortical Elements

In our work with responses to colored stimuli it was possible to identify specific components of the evoked waveforms as being related to three basic processes tentatively referred to as red, green and blue processes. This was achieved by selectively sensitizing the eyes with light which was passed through a variety of limited spectrum filters while presenting flashes obtained with standard red, green and blue filters.