cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Female urethral adenocarcinoma: immunohistochemical evidence of more than 1 tissue of origin.

AbstractPurpose: Urethral adenocarcinoma is a rare malignancy whose origin remains controversial. The monoclonal antibody mAbDas1 (formerly 7E12H12) was developed against a unique colonic epithelial epitope and is reactive in areas of intestinal metaplasia. Recently the antibody was shown to react in cystitis glandularis as well as adenocarcinoma of the bladder, suggesting that cystitis glandularis may be the precursor of bladder adenocarcinoma. We examined urethral adenocarcinomas and benign urethral specimens using mAbDas1 to determine whether it could provide insight into their histogenesis.Materials and Methods: Archival tissue from 12 cases of primary female urethral adenocarcinoma and urethral specimens of inflamed urethral mucosa, urethritis glandularis and transitional cell carcinoma was studied. Immunohistochemical analysis of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded archival tissue was done using the monoclonal antibody mAbDas1. Tumors were also evaluated with a prostate specific antigen (PSA) polyclon...
Digital Controls and Modern Fuel Systems for Marine Prime Movers

Digital controls and modern fuel systems for marine prime movers are beginning to populate the waterways and oceans, but long after industrial facilities recognized their benefits and standardized on them. Additionally, it is somewhat ironic that many marine prime movers, particularly aeroderivative gas turbines, still utilize aircraft or aircraft-derivative hydromechanical controls, yet require significant engine room manning.Digital controls, electrically actuated fuel and air valves, shipboard networks, and CRT-based operator interfaces have all been proven, and are available for every marine prime mover application. It appears to be more of a mindset than anything else preventing the move to electronic controls and modern fuel systems. Additional roadblocks to change may be “comfort with the old stuff”, marine certifications, and high availability of older hardware. As demands for improved efficiency, decreased emissions, and reduced operating expense continue there will be more pressure to upgrade existing older controls and fuel systems, as well as build ships with prime movers equipped with current control technology. A modern electronic control designed for prime movers which interfaces to not only the prime mover, can also provide data to shipboard systems, as well as be configured for satellite links to off-shore facilities.Other advantages of a digital control and modern fuel system include:• Software configurable/dependent• Self-diagnostics and monitoring• Condition-based maintenance• Elimination of hydraulics• Reduced manning requirements• Precise air and fuel metering• Current technologyCopyright © 2000 by ASME
Intimacy of disclosure topics and sex differences in self-disclosure

A 25-item self-disclosure questionnaire with items scaled for intimacy level was given to 32 male and 32 female college students. It was hypothesized that males would report disclosing less than females concerning intimate topics while there would be no sex differences in disclosure on nonintimate topics. The hypothesis was supported by the data. The results demonstrate that scoring self-disclosure scales by summing across all items can mask sex differences in disclosure patterns. Results are interpreted as supporting the assertions of several theorists that males reveal less personal information about themselves than do females.
Elastic properties of two coals

Abstract The elastic finite-element analysis of coal mine openings requires knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the coal, which is best supplied in the form of material stiffness matrices, or their inverse, the compliance matrices. The elastic properties of two different coal types are presented in the form of compliance matrices in this paper. Coal samples from two sources, one in the Pittsburgh seam of Pennsylvania, the other in the Herrin No. 6 seam of Illinois, were tested by two different laboratory methods to determine complete compliance matrices for three-dimensional stress states. The data are analyzed statistically, results obtained for the two coals by different test methods are compared, and possible idealizations for analysis are discussed. It appears that modeling of coal as an orthotropic material is a reasonable engineering approximation. Although the principal compliances are sufficiently similar to suggest isotropic behavior, the shear compliances are much larger than those obtained from the relations for an isotropic elastic material. Evidence is also presented which casts doubt on the applicability of the elastic model for other than monotonic load histories.
Limits of thermal sensation

The sensitivity of thermal receptors and responses is compared with thermal noise in receptor cells and with thermal signals in the environment. It is demonstrated that the most sensitive responses known are far less sensitive than is physically possible but sufficiently sensitive to detect the smallest signals likely to be present in the environment. Expressions for the minimal thermal gradients detectable by organisms moving through them are derived. Thermal fluctuations in a receptor over physiologically relevant times and distances are almost certainly less than 10(-6) degrees C. The most sensitive responses reported in any organism are about a thousand times larger. The thermal gradient present in soil is nearly always greater than 10(-3) degrees C/cm and it is probably higher in other environments. The suggestion that nematodes locate plant roots based on heat production is shown to be unlikely because the gradients produced are smaller than those from other causes. Bacteria, a slime mold, rattlesnakes, and mammals are discussed in addition to nematodes.
REBR: An Innovative, Cost-Effective System for Return of Reentry Data

Over the last several years, The Aerospace Corporation in partnership with NASA’s Ames Research Center has developed a prototype for a new system for collecting and returning data collected in the stressing reentry environment. The Reentry Breakup Recorder (REBR), a small, disposable reentry vehicle will collect data on new thermal protection system materials and concepts and on space hardware demise during reentry and return data via a commercially-available communication system. REBR’s light weight and stand-alone design increase the availability of possible launch hosts and decrease substantially the costs of integration onto the host. The approach eliminates substantial costs associated with targeted reentry into instrumented ranges. The attachment of multiple REBR devices, each with different sensor configurations, enables multiple tests during the same launch and reentry. While the device is designed for return of reentry data, it may also be used to prototype “black box” concepts for emerging commercial passenger-carrying space systems, or for cost-effective devices to plant sensors on planetary bodies with atmospheres. The paper provides a status of the device and highlights results of recent proof-of-concept tests.
Visual momentum redux

Over 25 years ago Woods (1984) introduced the concept of visual momentum: the extent to which an interface supports a practitioner in transitioning between various information-seeking activities that are required for understanding and exploring work domains. Increasing visual momentum requires the consideration of a range of ''cognitive couplings'' that span all levels of the interface: between multiple screens, within individual screens, and within a display on a screen. Although the concept has been well received, we believe that its potential to improve the quality of human computer interaction may be under-appreciated. Our purpose in this review is to provide a better understanding of visual momentum: to provide concrete and diverse examples of its successful application, to review empirical findings, to refine and expand the original design techniques that were proposed, and to integrate diverse terms that appear across different research communities.
NUCLEON-NUCLEON TRIPLET-EVEN POTENTIALS

We have found a number of triplet-even potentials that fit the deuteron data, and yield scattering lengths falling within the rather large range of uncertainty of this quantity. The potentials behave at a large distance such as the one-pion exchange potential as required by meson theory. Potentials which fit the deuteron data and obey this asymptotic requirement can make a fairly unique prediction for the deuteron $D$-state probability if the triplet scattering length is accurately known. The phase shifts for our potentials have been calculated at 95, 210, and 310 Mev, and they fall within the range presently allowed by phase-shift analysis of the $n\ensuremath{-}p$ data. The deuteron electromagnetic form factor was computed for some of the potentials, and the scalar nucleon form factor ${{F}_{1}}^{n}+{{F}_{1}}^{p}$ and neutron form factor ${{F}_{1}}^{n}$ deduced from elastic electron-deuteron scattering data in the momentum transfer range $ql~3$ ${\mathrm{f}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This deduction depends, to a high degree of accuracy, only on the well-established one-pion exchange potential tail of the potential, and not on the inner region. We find that ${{F}_{1}}^{n}$ is zero, or very small and negative.
Retention of Rare Earths by Hay Particles Following Incubation in Fresh or Autoclaved Rumen Fluid

Abstract Objectives were to assess the impact of labeling technique, microbial fermentation, and pH on retention of Yb and Ce by bromegrass hay incubated in vitro. Hay was chopped and labeled with Yb or Ce by spray or immersion techniques. One-half of each chopped and labeled hay then was ground. Within marking technique, chopped hay labeled with Yb and ground hay labeled with Ce or chopped hay labeled with Ce and ground hay labeled with Yb were combined and incubated in buffer and fresh or autoclaved rumen fluid. The buffer contained Co and Cr as EDTA complexes. One-half of the flasks were acidified with HCl after incubation. Flask contents were sieved to isolate residual chopped and ground particles. Effluent that passed a .07-mm screen was centrifuged to isolate fine feed and microbial residue and supernatant fractions. Distribution of Yb, Ce, Co, and Cr in all fractions was determined. Retention of Yb and Ce was not affected by marking procedure. Labeled hays incubated in autoclaved rumen fluid retained 65.0 and 51.2% of the initial amounts of Yb and Ce, respectively. Retention of Yb and Ce by hay incubated in fresh rumen fluid was lower than in autoclaved fluid (24.0 and 19.0% for Yb and Ce, respectively). Marker that migrated from the hay was found primarily in the fine feed and microbial residues isolated by centrifugation. Reducing media pH resulted in further elution of marker from labeled hay. The Co-EDTA and Cr-EDTA remained associated primarily with the fluid phase, regardless of pH and incubation media. Results suggest that Yb and Ce did not remain associated with originally labeled feed particles, thus raising serious questions about the suitability of these elements to estimate passage rate of feed from the rumen.
Modeling human hematopoietic and cardiovascular diseases in zebrafish.

Zebrafish have emerged as a useful vertebrate model system in which unbiased large-scale screens have revealed hundreds of mutations affecting vertebrate development. Many zebrafish mutants closely resemble known human disorders, thus providing intriguing prospects for uncovering the genetic basis of human diseases and for the development of pharmacologic agents that inhibit or correct the progression of developmental disorders. The rapid pace of advances in genomic sequencing and map construction, in addition to morpholino targeting and transgenic techniques, have facilitated the identification and analysis of genes associated with zebrafish mutants, thus promoting the development of zebrafish as a model for human disorders. This review aims to illustrate how the zebrafish has been used to identify unknown genes, to assign function to known genes, and to delineate genetic pathways, all contributing valuable leads toward understanding human pathophysiology.
Has surveillance been adequate to detect endemic measles in the United States

Evidence that endemic measles has been eliminated in the United States rests on the performance of the surveillance system. Information from national surveillance data allows us to evaluate the adequacy of national surveillance to detect the circulation of endemic measles. Sources of data include measles report dates, international importation status, and the size of chains of measles transmission. The proportion of chains of measles transmission that can be epidemiologically linked to international importations is high (62%), as would be expected if measles is no longer circulating; the number of imported cases, although lower than estimated expected values, is within a reasonable range of expectation. National surveillance detects even small outbreaks, so larger outbreaks that are the marker for endemic transmission would almost certainly be detected. Few unreported cases of measles are detected when health departments conduct careful investigations in response to reports of an index case. Surveillance appears to be adequate to support the contention that measles is no longer endemic in the United States.
Assessing Energy Efficiency of Fault Tolerance Protocols for HPC Systems

An exascale machine is expected to be delivered in the time frame 2018-2020. Such a machine will be able to tackle some of the hardest computational problems and to extend our understanding of Nature and the universe. However, to make that a reality, the HPC community has to solve a few important challenges. Resilience will become a prominent problem because an exascale machine will experience frequent failures due to the large amount of components it will encompass. Some form of fault tolerance has to be incorporated in the system to maintain the progress rate of applications as high as possible. In parallel, the system will have to be more careful about power management. There are two dimensions of power. First, in a power-limited environment, all the layers of the system have to adhere to that limitation (including the fault tolerance layer). Second, power will be relevant due to energy consumption: an exascale installation will have to pay a large energy bill. It is fundamental to increase our understanding of the energy profile of different fault tolerance schemes. This paper presents an evaluation of three different fault tolerance approaches: checkpoint/restart, message-logging and parallel recovery. Using programs from different programming models, we show parallel recovery is the most energy-efficient solution for an execution with failures. At the same time, parallel recovery is able to finish the execution faster than the other approaches. We explore the behavior of these approaches at extreme scales using an analytical model. At large scale, parallel recovery is predicted to reduce the total execution time of an application by 17% and reduce the energy consumption by 13% when compared to checkpoint/restart.
Incidence and risk factors for gout in white men

Objective. —To identify potentially modifiable risk factors for the development of gout. Design. —Longitudinal cohort study (The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study). Participants. —Of 1337 eligible medical students, 1271 (95%) received a standardized medical examination and questionnaire during medical school. The participants were predominantly male (91%), white (97%), and young (median age, 22 years) at cohort entry. Outcome Measure. —The development of gout. Results. —Sixty cases of gout (47 primary and 13 secondary) were identified among 1216 men; none occurred among 121 women ( P =.01). The cumulative incidence of all gout was 8.6% among men (95% confidence interval, 5.9% to 11.3%). Body mass index at age 35 years ( P =.01), excessive weight gain (>1.88 kg/m 2 ) between cohort entry and age 35 years ( P =.007), and development of hypertension ( P =.004) were significant risk factors for all gout in univariate analysis. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models confirmed the association of body mass index at age 35 years (relative risk [RR] = 1.12; P =.02), excessive weight gain (RR = 2.07; P =.02), and hypertension (RR = 3.26; P =.002) as risk factors for all gout. Hypertension, however, was not a significant risk factor for primary gout. Conclusions. —Obesity, excessive weight gain in young adulthood, and hypertension are risk factors for the development of gout. Prevention of obesity and hypertension may decrease the incidence of and morbidity from gout; studies of weight reduction in the primary and secondary prevention of gout are indicated. ( JAMA . 1991;266:3004-3007)
Effect of Processing Methods and Amino Acid Supplementation on Dietary Utilization of Feather Meal Protein by Chicks

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE keratin proteins have generally been considered to be of little nutritive value because of their chemical structure which makes them insoluble and poorly digestible. Early attempts to use powdered sources of keratin as dietary protein were only slightly successful even when amino acid supplements were provided to offset the deficiencies of these proteins. Routh (1942) reported that powdered chicken feathers, as the sole source of protein for rats, were capable of supporting a moderate growth rate only when supplemented by tryptophan, methionine, histidine and lysine. Balance experiments conducted by Mangold and Dubski (1930) failed to show any digestion of white goose feathers by cats and owls. Thus it appeared that native feather keratin was not only seriously deficient in certain amino acids but was also poorly digestible. The development by Binkley and Vasak (1950) of a method for processing feathers into a friable, high density meal stimulated new…
Biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by dichlorophenol-adapted microorganisms from freshwater, anaerobic sediments

Reductive dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) was investigated in anaerobic sediments by non-adapted microorganisms and by microorganisms adapted to either 2,4- or 3,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). The rate of dechlorination of 2,4-D was increased by adaptation of sediment microorganisms to 2,4-DCP while dechlorination by sediment microorganisms adapted to 3,4-DCP displayed a lag phase similar to non-adapted sediment slurries. Both 2,4- and 3,4-DCP-adapted microorganisms produced 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid by ortho-chlorine removal. Lag phases prior to dechlorination of the initial addition of 2,4,5-T by DCP-adapted sediment microorganisms were comparable to those from non-adapted sediment slurries. However, the rates of dechlorination increased upon subsequent additions of 2,4,5-T. Biodegradation of 2,4,5-T by sediment microorganisms adapted to 2,4- and/ or 3,4-DCP produced 2,5-D as the initial intermediate followed by 3-chlorophenol and phenol indicating a para > ortho > meta order of dechlorination. Dechlorination of 2,4,5-T, by either adapted or non-adapted sediment microorganisms, progressed without detection of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol as an intermediate.
Nitrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nitrogen-15 and proton chemical shifts of methylanilines and methylanilinium ions

Nitrogen and carbon electron densities of the toluidines and xylidines have been recalculated by the INDO method; previously published errors have been corrected. Although the nitrogen-15 chemical shifts of these compounds still display the earlier suggested correlation with σ and total electron densities, the calculated inverse correlation with proton electron densities has been shown to be incorrect. Methyl proton chemical shifts of these compounds display no meaningful correlation with the nitrogen shifts. The nitrogen chemical shifts of the toluidinium and xylidinium ions correlate moderately well with the 13C chemical shifts of the analogous di- and tri-methylbenzenes.
On a low-dimensional model for magnetostriction

Abstract In recent years, a low-dimensional model for thin magnetostrictive actuators that incorporated magneto-elastic coupling, inertial and damping effects, ferromagnetic hysteresis and classical eddy current losses was developed using energy–balance principles by Venkataraman and Krishnaprasad. This model, with the classical Preisach operator representing the hysteretic constitutive relation between the magnetic field and magnetization in the axial direction, proved to be very successful in capturing dynamic hysteresis effects with electrical inputs in the 0–50 Hz range and constant mechanical loading. However, it is well known that for soft ferromagnetic materials there exist excess losses in addition to the classical eddy current losses. In this work, we propose to extend the above mentioned model for a magnetostrictive rod actuator by including excess losses via a nonlinear resistive element in the actuator circuit. We then show existence and uniqueness of solutions for the proposed model for electrical voltage input in the space L 2 ( 0 , T ) ∩ L ∞ ( 0 , T ) and mechanical force input in the space L 2 ( 0 , T ) .
Combination of muon spin relaxation and neutron scattering studies on magnetism

We combine the results from muon spin relaxation (μSR) and neutron scattering measurements performed on the same specimen (or system) of magnetic materials. The example on a spin glassCuMn (5%) shows that the two techniques have complementary time windows for studying dynamic spin fluctuations. In combining the results, one should note that muons and neutrons probe dynamic phenomena with different wavevectors. The results on antiferromagnetic La2CuO4−y illustrate the difference in the spatial range of static spin correlations reflected in the μSR precession frequency and the neutron Bragg peak intensity. With the examples of CeCu2.1Si2, YBa2Cu3Ox and Bi2Sr2YCu2O8+y, we point out that μSR is a superb tool for discovering static magnetic order while neutron scattering is the unique method to determine the spin structure. We emphasize that it is very fruitful to perform μSR and neutron experiments on the same specimen and to compare and combine the results for the better understanding of magnetism of various system.
Theory of neutron scattering from magnetised solid state plasmas

The spin and orbital components of the inelastic neutron cross-section for scattering from a magnetised, degenerate plasma are calculated treating the Coulomb interaction in the RPA. Particular attention is focussed on results for small wavevectors where effects of the magnetic field are most pronounced. It is shown that a collective mode is excited at small wavevectors with a frequency that is the square root of the sum of the squares of the plasmon and cyclotron frequencies.
An evaluation system to enhance patient selection for alopecia-reducing surgery.

background. The author presents an evaluation system that helps optimize the chances of achieving good results with alopecia-reducing procedures. objective. To help hair restoration surgeons select patients properly for alopecia-reducing procedures. methods. Twenty criteria are scrutinized by the hair restoration surgeon during the initial consultation and given a score of one to five. The scores are added together and divided by 20. A patient with a score greater than four is considered a good candidate for alopecia reduction in most cases. results. This evaluation method has significantly decreased the number of patients undergoing alopecia-reducing procedures while helping the author achieve consistently good results. conclusion. An evaluation system is presented that helps determine who is a good candidate for alopecia reduction and who is a poor candidate. This selection technique has helped the author achieve more consistently good results by eliminating poor and borderline candidates.
Teaching practical software maintenance skills in a software engineering course

The typical one-semester software engineering course is normally geared towards new software development. Unfortunately, most new computer science graduates do not find themselves in a position where they are developing new software but instead in a position where they are maintaining an existing product. This paper describes some current practical software maintenance approaches which can be taught as a part of a software engineering course.
Release of Glutamate Decarboxylase-65 into the Circulation by Injured Pancreatic Islet β-Cells

The enzyme glutamate decarboxylase-65 (GAD65) is a major autoantigen in autoimmune diabetes. The mechanism whereby autoreactivity to GAD65, an intracellular protein, is triggered is unknown, and it is possible that immunoreactive GAD65 is released by injured pancreatic islet β-cells. There is a great need for methods by which to detect and monitor ongoing islet injury. If GAD65 were released and, furthermore, were able to reach the circulation, it could function as a marker of β-cell injury. Here, a novel GAD65 plasma immunoassay is used to test the hypotheses that β-cell injury induces GAD65 discharge in vivo and that discharged GAD65 reaches the bloodstream. Plasma GAD65 levels were determined in rats treated with alloxan, and with diabetogenic and low, subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin. β-Cell injury resulted in GAD65 release into the circulation in a dose-dependent manner, and low-dose streptozotocin resulted in a more gradual increase in plasma GAD65 levels than did diabetogenic doses. Plasma G...
Filtering And Enhancement Based On Properties Of Human Perception

We have developed over the past few years new linear filtering methods for images which incorporate the use of properties of human vision in design. These methods apply to noise removal, image enhancement and image restoration. One interesting extension of our work is to the use of the anisotropy of vision to achieve better visual quality. In this paper we propose combining several of these processing tasks at once, by taking advantage of visual perception and of the image content information that can be estimated directly from the image. We present a brief overview of the image filtering techniques using properties of vision that we have developed and discuss the basis on which several processing tasks can be combined for the same image. We discuss briefly the approach taken to the implementation of such multistep algorithms on dedicated pipeline image processors.
Avian sympathetic cardiac fibers and their cells of origin: anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics.

The sympathetic cardiac innervation of the pigeon was investigated to describe certain anatomical and physiological properties of the cardiac nerve fibers and their postganglionic cells of origin. The compound action potential of the right cardiac nerve has two major components, one conducting at 2.0–5.6 m/sec with no chronotropic effect on the heart and the other conducting at 0.4–2.0 m/sec with a cardioacceleratory effect. Postganglionic neurons responding antidromically to cardiac nerve stimulation were then studied in ganglion 14 which contains most cells of origin of the cardiac fibers. These neurons have refractory periods of approximately 4 msec, following frequencies of< 4Hz, and axons conducting at 0.4–2.0 m/sec; this conduction velocity range corresponds to the slower compound action potential component. Electron microscopy of the cardiac nerve revealed unmyelinated fibers ranging in diameter from 0.2 to 1.2 μm and a population of myelinated fibers 1.0–3.6 μm in diameter. The unmyelinated fibers account for the slower compound action potential component and are largely postganglionic cardioaccelerator axons. The myelinated fibers account for the faster compound action potential component which has no chronotropic effect and is not reflected in postganglionic antidromic latencies; it is suggested that these myelinated fibers are cardiac sympathetic afferents. This study thus establishes electrophysiological criteria for identifying cardiac postganglionic neurons and describes the anatomical basis of these criteria.
Involvement of sphingolipids metabolites in cellular proliferation modulated by ganglioside GM1

The B subunit of cholera toxin, which binds specifically to ganglioside GM1, is mitogenic for quiescent Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Recently, sphingolipids metabolites, ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate, have been implicated as second messengers in cell growth regulation and differentiation. In this paper, we examined the possibility that interaction of the B subunit with membrane GM1 leads to alterations in metabolism of glycosphingolipids and that increased levels of sphingolipids metabolites may mediate the biological effects of the B subunit. While the B subunit did not induce a change in the level of ceramide or sphingosine, the level of sphingosine-1-phosphate was rapidly and transiently increased. The B subunit also transiently activated cytosolic sphingosine kinase activity, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of the primary hydroxyl group of sphingosine to produce sphingosine-1-phosphate. To determine whether the increase in sphingosine-1-phosphate level plays a role in B subunit-induced mitogenicity, we used a competitive inhibitor of sphingosine kinase, D,L-threo-dihydrosphingosine. D,L-threo-Dihydrosphingosine not only inhibited B subunit-induced DNA synthesis by 26%, it also reduced its ability to stimulate, DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor AP-1. This sphingosine kinase inhibitor also inhibited B subunit-induced increases in the activity of cell cycle-regulated, cyclin-dependent serine/threonine threonine kinases, cdk2 and p34cdc2. These findings suggest that sphingosine-1-phosphate may play a role in the signal transduction pathways activated by binding of the B subunit to endogenous ganglioside GM1.
Technology, theory and learning

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to advocate for a broader discussion of potential needs for better communication and theory in the areas of technological adoption, management and application in libraries and information centers.Design/methodology/approach – From personal readings, reflection, experience and the insights of others in the field, the paper considers movements in the larger library and information science (LIS) theoretical literature and its potential application to technology issues.Findings – Numerous areas of potential future research and action in the field are identified to stimulate further discussion and efforts.Originality/value – Although these newer theoretical discussions have stimulated research and reflection in the few, few discussions have been made in the information technology arena, an area ripe for such consideration.
Electrolyte diffusion in water-alcohol mixtures

Diffusion coefficients have been measured conductimetrically at 25°C for dilute electrolytes in the following systems: potassium chloride-methanol (40% by weight)-water; hydrochloric acid-methanol (10, 20 and 40%)-water; and potassium chloride-t-butanol (9.54 and 17.80%)-water. The results are correctly described by theory based on pseudo-binary electrolyte diffusion. Electrolyte activity coefficients were derived from the diffusion data. The activity coefficients for hydrochloric acid agree well with precise emf results. Ion association and departures from pseudo-binary behavior are examined as sources of error.
Halomethyl-metal compounds LXXVII. An organomercury route to tetrafluoroethylidene

Phenyl(1-bromo-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)mercury has been prepared by reaction of phenylmercuric chloride and 1-bromo-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane with sodium methoxide in THF at -35°. This mercurial readily transferred CF3CF to carbenophiles at 155°. With olefins good yiels of gem-fluoro(trifluoromethyl) cyclopropanes were obtained and with triethylsilane Si insertion gave Et3SiCHFCF3. On reaction with thiobenzophenone, the intermediate thurane underwent loss of sulfur to give Ph2CCFCF3. A similar observation was made in the reactions of PhHgCFBrCO2Et with thiobenzophenone and thiofluorenone. Phenyl(1-bromo-1,2,2,-trifluoro-2-ethoxyethyl)mercury also was prepared, but this compound did not exhibit divalent carbon transfer reactivity.
The Tip Temperatures of Freely Growing High-Purity Succinonitrile Dendrites

Abstract The tip temperatures of “freely” growing, high-purity succinonitrile dendrites have been estimated here using the Ivantsov solution and space shuttle dendritic growth data. The estimated tip temperatures are found to be significantly higher than the currently accepted equilibrium melting point of succinonitrile (58.083°C or 331.24 K), for a large majority of these experiments. Because a solid cannot grow above its melting point, it is suggested that this discrepancy is due to dendritic side-branching effects that should be included, in a systematic manner, in the analysis of the growth data. The earth-based dendritic growth data reveal the same discrepancies.
Everyday Thinking of College Students and Their Parents and Students' Simulations of Each Parent's Thinking

Each parent and 42 male and 76 female undergraduates separately completed Epstein and Meier's 1989 Constructive Thinking Inventory. Students also simulated each parent's inventory responses, generally depicting parental everyday thinking as more constructive than their own but less constructive than parents' actual responses and overestimating parental Naive Optimism and Categorical Thinking. On measures of Emotional Coping, Constructive Thinking, and Categorical Thinking, women scored below men, perhaps reflecting men's less concern about how others view them. Sons, but not daughters, significantly underestimated their mothers' Constructive Thinking. These and parallel father-related discrepancies correlated positively with student-reported conflict with either parent. Student-parent correlations were largely gender-concordant. Additional variables seem likely to influence the intergenerational transmission of everyday thinking.
A Sequential Tensile Method for Rapid Characterization of Extreme-value Behavior in Microfabricated Materials

A high-throughput sequential tensile test method has been developed to characterize the fracture strength distribution of microfabricated polycrystalline silicon, the primary structural material used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The resulting dataset of over 1,000 microtensile tests reveals subtle extreme-value behavior in the tails of the distribution, demonstrating that the common two-parameter Weibull distribution is inferior to a three-parameter Weibull model. The results suggest the existence of a cut-off or threshold stress (1.446 GPa for this particular material) below which tensile failure will not occur. The existence of a cut-off stress suggests that the material’s flaw size distribution and toughness distribution are both also bounded. From an application perspective, the cut-off stress provides a statistically-sound basis for reliable design. While the sequential method is demonstrated here for tensile strength distributions in polycrystalline silicon MEMS, the technique could be extended to a wide range of mechanical tests (bending strength, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, creep, etc.) for both microsystem and conventional materials.
Chronotropic Effects of Ouabain and Heart Rate on Canine Atrium in Vivo

Positive chronotropic effects from the combination of ouabain administration and rapid stimulation were sought in the atrium and ventricle of ten anesthetized vagotomized dogs with intact atrioventricular conduction during the infusion of ouabain (1 µg/kg min -1 ) until the onset of ventricular tachycardia. Sinus rhythm was interrupted every minute by 15 seconds of atrial pacing at either 150 or 200 beats/min. Positive chronotropic effects were recognized immediately after pacing as (1) early ventricular escape beats during vagal stimulation, (2) early atrial escape beats during vagal stimulation, or (3) blunting of the normal postpacing atrial depression. Positive chronotropic effects were rate dependent in both chambers, but they were seen less often in the atrium than in the ventricle. Early ventricular escape beats occurred in all ten dogs at a pacing rate of 200 beats/min when 69 ± 12% of the dose of ouabain required to induce ventricular tachycardia had been administered. They occurred in six of ten dogs at 150 beats/min after infusion of 81 ± 6% of the dose of ouabain which induces tachycardia. Early atrial escape beats did not occur when the hearts were paced at 150 beats/min. However, they appeared in three of ten dogs paced at 200 beats/min after infusion of 93 ± 5% of the dose of ouabain which induces tachycardia. Blunting of the normal postpacing atrial depression occurred in six of ten dogs at both 150 and 200 beats/ min at 100 ± 4% and 89 ± 5%, respectively, of the dose of ouabain required to induce ventricular tachycardia. Six additional dogs with heart block were paced at an atrial rate of 250 beats/min to facilitate positive chronotropic effects in the atrium with simultaneous ventricular pacing at 60 beats/min to delay the onset of positive chronotropic effects in the ventricle. This procedure allowed more consistent and relatively earlier detection of atrial positive chronotropic effects. In these experiments, early atrial escape beats occurred in five dogs after infusion of 80 ± 3% of the dose of ouabain required to induce ventricular tachycardia, and blunting of the normal postpacing atrial depression occurred in all six dogs after 78 ± 3% of the tachycardia-inducing dose of ouabain had been infused. It was concluded that toxic doses of ouabain induce positive chronotropic effects in the atrium of intact dogs. The effects occur later than do similar effects in the ventricle. Moreover, the positive chronotropic effects are heart rate dependent in both chambers and can be studied by atrial-ventricular; differential rate experiments.
Attribute preferences and the non-metropolitan migration decision.

Interviews with recent migrants to several small non-metropolitan places elicited attributes of ideal, origin and chosen settlements. Their responses permitted construction of simple measures or valuations of economic, social, individual and environmental aspects of ideal, origin and destination. From these it was possible to evaluate the critical components of the migration decision, to estimate tradeoffs between economic and non-economic benefits, and to distinguish between probable movers and non-movers. Methods used included content analysis of lengthy recorded interviews, variance-covariance analysis of responses and logit analysis to distinguish movers and non-movers. The majority of respondents were characterized as very negative about life in the cities, where most had moved from, and as positive about both the social and environmental characteristics of their new communities. Economic concerns were of lesser significance to the migrants than expected.
Organogenesis in callus from shoot apices of Pisum sativum

Shoot formation was observed in callus from apical cells of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Century). Shoot apices from 4-day-old plants were macerated and the resulting cell masses grown on agar media. The callus formation and shoot production occurred within 4 to 6 weeks in defined media containing 0.2 to 5.0 μM benzyladenine and 1 μM naphthaleneacetic acid. While most callus produced one or more shoots at high frequency, root formation did not occur regularly. Plants obtained by these procedures were grown to maturity producing flowers and pods.
Evaluating Child and Family Demonstration Initiatives: Lessons from the Comprehensive Child Development Program.

Abstract The Comprehensive Child Development Program (CCDP) was a demonstration project designed to test a specific model of service delivery for young children and families in poverty. Following the evaluation’s failure to show strong impacts, early intervention has come under fire from opponents in the popular literature and in Congress. We conclude that shortcomings in both implementation and evaluation contributed to the failure to demonstrate effectiveness. Lessons learned from the CCDP are articulated, addressing the roles of demonstration projects and their evaluations, the problems associated with evaluating programs early in their implementation, the importance of assuring appropriate treatment quantity and quality, and the judicious use and interpretation of large-scale randomized evaluations.
Providing clinicians and patients with actual prognosis: cancer in the context of competing causes of death.

Background To isolate progress against cancer from changes in competing causes of death, population cancer registries have traditionally reported cancer prognosis (net measures). But clinicians and cancer patients generally want to understand actual prognosis (crude measures): the chance of surviving, dying from the specific cancer and from competing causes of death in a given time period.
Characterization of T9-T10 spinal neurons with duodenal input and modulation by gastric electrical stimulation in rats.

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has been suggested as a therapy for patients with gastric motility disorders or morbid obesity. However, it is unclear whether GES also affects intestinal sensory and motor functions. Furthermore, little is known about intraspinal visceroreceptive transmission and processing for duodenal afferent information. The aims of this study were to characterize responses of thoracic spinal neurons to duodenal distension, to determine the afferent pathway and to examine the effects of GES on activity of these neurons. Extracellular potentials of single T9-T10 spinal neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized, paralyzed, ventilated male rats (n=19). Graded duodenal distension (DD, 0.2-0.6 ml, 20 s) was produced by water inflation of a latex balloon surgically placed into the duodenum. One pair of platinum electrodes (1.0-1.5 cm apart) was sutured onto the serosal surface of the lesser curvature of the stomach. GES with four sets of parameters was applied for one minute: GES-A (6 mA, 0.3 ms, 40 Hz, 2 s on, 3 s off), GES-B (6 mA, 0.3 ms, 14 Hz, 0.1 s on, 5 s off), GES-C (6 mA, 3 ms, 40 Hz, 2 s on, 3 s off) and GES-D (6 mA, 200 ms, 12 pulses/min). Results showed that 33/117 (28%) spinal neurons responded to noxious DD (0.4 ml, 20 s). Of these, 7 (6%) neurons had low-threshold responses to DD ( or=0.4 ml). DD-responsive spinal neurons were encountered more frequently in deeper (depth: 0.3-1.2 mm) than in superficial laminae (depth: <0.3 mm) of the dorsal horn (24/67 vs. 9/50, P<0.05). DD excited all 9 superficial neurons. In contrast, 20 deeper neurons were excited and 4 neurons were inhibited by DD. Activity of DD-responsive neurons was affected more frequently with GES-C (13/15, 87%) than GES-A (6/16, 38%), -B (3/15, 20%) and -D (5/14, 36%) (P<0.01). Bilateral cervical vagotomy did not significantly alter the effects of DD and GES on 5/5 neurons. Resiniferatoxin (2.0 microg/kg, i.v.), an ultrapotent agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1), abolished DD responses and GES effects on all neurons examined in vagotomized rats. Additionally, 29/33 (88%) DD-responsive neurons received inputs from somatic receptive fields on the back, flank and medial/lateral abdominal areas. It was concluded that GES mainly exerted an excitatory effect on T9-T10 spinal neurons with duodenal input transmitted by sympathetic afferent fibers expressing TRPV1; spinal neuronal responses to GES were strengthened with an increased pulse width and/or frequency of stimulation; T9-T10 spinal neurons processed input from the duodenum and might mediate effects of GES on duodenal sensation and motility.
Father and child reunion

A study in this issue finds that laboratory strains of male mice can recognize their offspring as adults if given the chance to interact with infant pups. This recognition requires prolactin-mediated adult neurogenesis in the male parent's olfactory bulb and hippocampus.
Creep behavior of Nextel™720/alumina–mullite ceramic composite with ±45° fiber orientation at 1200 °C ☆

Abstract The tensile creep behavior of an oxide–oxide continuous fiber ceramic composite with ±45° fiber orientation was investigated at 1200 °C in laboratory air, in steam and in argon. The composite consists of a porous alumina–mullite matrix reinforced with laminated, woven mullite/alumina (Nextel™720) fibers, has no interface between the fiber and matrix, and relies on the porous matrix for flaw tolerance. The tensile stress–strain behavior was investigated and the tensile properties measured at 1200 °C. The elastic modulus was 38.6 GPa and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was 37 MPa. Tensile creep behavior was examined for creep stresses in the 13–32 MPa range. Primary and secondary creep regimes were observed in all tests. Creep run-out (set to 100 h) was achieved in all test environments for creep stress levels ≤20 MPa. At creep stresses >20 MPa, creep performance was best in laboratory air and worst in steam. The presence of either steam or argon accelerated creep rates and significantly reduced creep life. Composite microstructure, as well as damage and failure mechanisms were investigated. Matrix degradation appears to be the cause of early failures in argon and in steam.
Subjective Learning Discounts Test Type: Evidence from an Associative Learning and Transfer Task

We evaluated the extent to which memory test format and test transfer influence the dynamics of metacognitive judgments. Participants completed two study-test phases for paired-associates, with or without transferring test type, in one of four conditions: (1) recognition then recall, (2) recall then recognition, (3) recognition throughout, or (4) recall throughout. Global judgments were made prestudy, poststudy, and posttest for each phase; judgments of learning (JOLs) following item study were also collected. Results suggest that metacognitive judgment accuracy varies substantially by memory test type. Whereas underconfidence in JOLs and global predictions increases with recall practice (Koriat's underconfidence-with-practice effect), underconfidence decreases with recognition practice. Moreover, performance changes when transferring test type were not fully anticipated by pretest judgments.
Effect of Low-Level Radiation on the Low Temperature Acoustic Behavior of a-SiO~2

We report on the mechanical behavior of an $a\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}{\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ 84 kHz torsional oscillator operated between $100\ensuremath{\ge}T\ensuremath{\ge}1.0\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mK}$. Below 10 mK we observed well-differentiated transient responses which we attribute to the interaction with low-level background radiation ($\ensuremath{\gamma}$ quanta and cosmic ray $\ensuremath{\mu}$) and which can be modeled in terms of a change in the spring constant.