cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age and Fitness Differences in the Effects of Posture and Exercise on Information Processing Speed

This experiment sought to determine if posture- and exercise-induced neuro-stimulation influences age differences in reaction (RT) and movement (MT) time, and whether obtained effects varied with physical fitness level. Thirty-six healthy male participants (18 young (19–29 yrs) and 18 old (60–69 yrs), with each group divided into the fit or unfit) performed both simple and two-choice visual reaction time tasks under six arousal/activation conditions: three postural changes (supine, sitting, standing) and three different relative workloads on a cycle ergometer (free pedaling, 20% HRRmax, 40% HRRmax). Consistently, RTs were slower for the older vs. young adults but the elderly performed fastest when Standing than when Sitting or Lying, whereas posture effects were negligible in the young. During exercise SRTs in the young and Old Fit were not greatly influenced by fitness level or arousal/activation condition, but the Old Unfit benefitted from moderate (20% HRRmax) exercise-induced neuromuscular activation ...
The plantation archaeology of the Southeastern Coast

The archaeology of slave settlements is a recent development within historical archaeology but has gained substantial headway during the last few years. Most of the excavations have been in coastal areas of the Southeastern United States, principally in Georgia and South Carolina. Substantive questions about housing, diet, and lifestyle have been examined. Some comparison between planters, overseers, and slaves has been attempted. Until now little of urban Black settlements or piedmont slave settlements have been investigated.
Access Controls, Rights Protection, and Circumvention: Interpreting the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to Preserve Noninfringing Use

Since 1998, the Copyright Act has prohibited the circumvention of technological measures used by copyright owners to protect their digital works. These anti-circumvention provisions can prevent consumers from using works even in ways that do not infringe the owner’s copyright. Bills have been introduced to adjust the balance between technological protection and non-infringing use, but none have made any progress. There have also been numerous academic proposals for change, but all require substantial statutory revisions that seem increasingly unlikely. This Article takes a different approach, focusing not on legislative revision but on judicial mechanisms that can achieve an appropriate balance under current law. It suggests an interpretive approach that can facilitate non-infringing uses without undermining the fundamental purpose of the anti-circumvention provisions.
Dream Interpretation: A Developmental Counseling and Therapy Approach

In counseling sessions, clients often present dreams as material to use in making meaning of their experiences Mental health counselors may benefit from using Ivey 's Developmental Counseling and Therapy (DCT) approach to help clients process dreams, thereby promoting insight and change. A case example demonstrates the use of DCT in dream analysis.
Nuclear phosphoproteins : I. Isolation and characterization of a phosphoprotein fraction from calf thymus nuclei

Abstract A phosphoprotein fraction has been isolated from calf thymus nuclei which contains about 1.3% alkali-labile phosphorus by wt. The enzymatic reaction in which serine and threonine residues in the protein are phosphorylated by the terminal phosphate of ATP (and other nucleoside triphosphates) has been extensively studied in vitro. The purified protein fraction contains endogenous kinase activity, so that protein phosphorylation proceeds without the need for any added enzyme. Radioactive phosphate groups incorporated in this reaction are stable to incubation in a medium containing an excess of unlabeled ATP, indicating that the enzyme activity responsible for the rapid “turnover” of protein-phosphate groups seen in intact nuclei is not an inherent part of the phosphoprotein. The reaction between ATP and the nuclear phosphoprotein is only slightly reversible, making it appear unlikely that this phosphoprotein functions as a high-energy phosphate reservoir or as a high-energy intermediate in oxidative phosphorylation.
Cancer-related depression and potential pharmacologic therapies

Depression in stem-cell transplant and chemotherapy-treated oncology patients has received increased attention in psychooncology research during the past decade. Depression is believed to negatively impact quality of life, long-term psychological adjustment, and survival rates. With the occurrence of depression in oncology patients reaching 15%—2 to 3 times greater than in the general population—improved diagnostic methods are needed, as well as interventions that are both timely and effective (1). Patients and health care providers may be reluctant to initiate therapy, as many of the symptoms can be explained as natural responses to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Physical depressive symptoms (e.g., sleep and appetite disturbances, psychomotor retardation, decreased energy) are common in oncology patients and act as confounders to such early diagnoses. Studies of hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients show that physical limitations peak around 90 days after transplant and improve about 1 year after transplant but do not significantly change throughout the 3- to 5-year full-recovery process. Physical recovery often occurs before emotional stability, yet complete recovery is a slow process that may worsen before improving. Further stem cell study results show that during a 5-year time period, 22% of patients report symptoms consistent with clinical depression, and an additional 31% could be classified as having mild depression (2). There are currently no recommendations concerning the preferred pharmacologic class or dosage to be used in oncology patients. Appropriate strategies for intervention and treatment should include both pharmacological and psychological therapies, much like regimens used in patients with other significant medical problems (1). It is difficult to study the effects of psychopharmacologic agents in oncology patients since full results may be delayed by 6 to 8 weeks. Furthermore, due to inadequate studies representative of the oncology population, dosing of antidepressants must be highly individualized. Practice trends favor screening all oncology patients for depression and providing treatment to a wide spectrum, including patients with depressive disorders and those with clinically diagnosed depression (1). Current pharmacological treatment options mimic therapies utilized in the primary care setting and include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and psychostimulants. Most data are anecdotal from small cohort studies in patients with a variety of malignancies.
Chapter 11: Is There an Alternative to the Block Universe View?

Abstract This paper pursues two aims. First, to show that the block universe view, regarding the universe as a timelessly existing four-dimensional world, is the only one that is consistent with special relativity. Second, to argue that special relativity alone can resolve the debate on whether the world is three-dimensional or four-dimensional. The argument advanced in the paper is that if the world were three-dimensional the kinematic consequences of special relativity and more importantly the experiments confirming them would be impossible.
Prenatal and Early‐Life Exposure to High‐Level Diesel Exhaust Particles Leads to Increased Locomotor Activity and Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Abundant evidence indicates that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, limited knowledge is available concerning these contributing factors. An epidemiology study reported a link between increased incidence of autism and living closely to major highways, suggesting a possible role for pollutants from highway traffic. We investigated whether maternal exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) negatively affects fetal development leading to autism-like phenotype in mice. Female mice and their offspring were exposed to DEP during pregnancy and nursing. Adult male offspring were then tested for behaviors reflecting the typical symptoms of ASD patients. Compared to control mice, DEP-exposed offspring exhibited higher locomotor activity, elevated levels of self-grooming in the presence of an unfamiliar mouse, and increased rearing behaviors, which may be relevant to the restricted and repetitive behaviors seen in ASD patients. However, the DEP-exposed mice did not exhibit deficits in social interactions or social communication which are the key features of ASD. These results suggest that early life exposure to DEP could have an impact on mouse development leading to observable changes in animal behaviors. Further studies are needed to reveal other environmental insults and genetic factors that would lead to animal models expressing key phenotypes of the autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res 2013, ●●: ●●–●●. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does illegality breed violence? Drug trafficking and state-sponsored protection rackets

Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement, can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit markets.
The (p, nγ) reaction on 27Al and 28Si

Abstract The reactions 27 Al(p, n γ) 27 Si and 28 Si(p, n γ) 28 P have been studied at E p = 16 and 23 MeV, respectively, with a Ge(Li) detector in coincidence with a neutron detector. In 27 Si, two new γ-tran- sitions were detected and accurate excitation energies were determined. In 28 P, the γ-decay scheme was studied for the first time and new levels were located at 879 and 1602 keV excitation energy. For both nuclei the γ-ray spectra were supplemented by neutron time-of-flight spectra. The excitation energies are compared with those of the analogue nuclei and with the predictions from Coulomb displacement calculations.
Dynamics of temporary negative ion formation in He+ ion neutralization at an Al(1 0 0)/K surface

Spin labelling techniques, specifically the use of electron-spin-polarized He+ ions coupled with measurements of the ejected electron polarization, are used to examine the dynamics of transient He−* (1s 2s2) ion formation at an Al(1 0 0) surface with a submonolayer coverage (Θ=0.15) of potassium. The data show that, contrary to some earlier suggestions, the He−* ions are created by a two-step process in which the incident He+ ions are first neutralized by resonant tunneling of an electron from the surface into the 2s orbital. A second electron is then captured into the 2s orbital to form the He−* ion.
The Origins of Word Processing Software for Personal Computers: 1976-1985

Since Electric Pencil first debuted in 1976, more than 400 other word processing packages have emerged, most fading into oblivion. This article recounts the history of microcomputer word processing software - focuses on three of the earliest word processing software packages, Electric Pencil, EasyWriter, and WordStar, which was the mid-1980s leader in the CP/M, PC-DOS, and MS-DOS operating system environments
Impaired free-operant avoidance behavior following ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in rats☆

Abstract Under each of 3 shock intensities, ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned rats emitted fewer responses and received more shocks than control animals in a lever-pressing free-operant avoidance paradigm. While the performance of the control animals improved across 10 days of testing and within each session, the between- and within-session performance of the lesioned rats, after improving moderately during the first few days of testing, deteriorated as training progressed. Although the response rates of the lesioned animals were relatively unrelated to the different current levels, their shock rates varied inversely with intensity. This resulted from an increase in the frequency of long interresponse times and a reduction in the number of consecutive shocks. Preoperative training substantially improved the avoidance behavior of lesioned animals, but their postoperative performance was nevertheless inferior to their preoperative levels.
Control and modeling of the dielectrophoretic assembly of on-chip nanoparticle wires.

Suspensions of metallic nanoparticles in water were assembled via the action of an alternating electric field (dielectrophoresis) into wires of micrometer thickness. Two modes of microwire assembly, one through the bulk of the suspension and one as half-cylinders on the glass surface between the electrodes, were identified. The operating conditions responsible for the two assembly modes were recognized. The control of the process parameters allows making, for example, straight single connectors or massively parallel arrays of microwires on the surface of the chip, which can be extracted in dry form. The microwire assembly process was modeled using finite element electrostatic calculations. The direction of growth can be guided by introducing conductive islands or particles in the suspension. The experiments, supported by electrostatic calculations, show that the wires grow in the direction of highest field intensity, “automatically” making electrical connections to the objects between the electrodes. The ...
Human dimensions indicators of coastal ecosystem services: A hierarchical perspective

Abstract Coastal resource management revolves around defining the dynamic between people and the marine and coastal resources they use and depend upon for a large range of goods and services. The process of defining that dynamic is iterative and must account not only for changing natural resource conditions but also for changing social conditions. Decision-making therefore happens within a context of a social system that includes differing levels of capacity, commitment, economics, political mandates and pressures, and cultural and traditional frameworks. The aim of this paper is to introduce a hierarchical approach in which the large number of variables needed to measure the complex, numerous and abstract social concepts used to evaluate the delivery of ecosystem services can be aggregated into smaller sets of indicators, which can ultimately be aggregated into a single report card. These variables and indicators can identify and describe non-economic human dimensions societal benefits derived as ecosystem services that are readily collected, that can identify changes over time, and are appropriate to specific coastal regions. The identified indicators would capture changes in the delivery of overall ecosystem services impacted by, or that will impact, changes in particular sets of environmental characteristics that are valued by society at large.
Soft Maps Between Surfaces

The problem of mapping between two non-isometric surfaces admits ambiguities on both local and global scales. For instance, symmetries can make it possible for multiple maps to be equally acceptable, and stretching, slippage, and compression introduce difficulties deciding exactly where each point should go. Since most algorithms for point-to-point or even sparse mapping struggle to resolve these ambiguities, in this paper we introduce soft maps, a probabilistic relaxation of point-to-point correspondence that explicitly incorporates ambiguities in the mapping process. In addition to explaining a continuous theory of soft maps, we show how they can be represented using probability matrices and computed for given pairs of surfaces through a convex optimization explicitly trading off between continuity, conformity to geometric descriptors, and spread. Given that our correspondences are encoded in matrix form, we also illustrate how low-rank approximation and other linear algebraic tools can be used to analyze, simplify, and represent both individual and collections of soft maps. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of flooding dates and disposals of rice straw on crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), culture in rice fields.

Abstract To assess the effects of flooding dates and different disposals of rice straw on crayfish culture in rice fields, 18 earthen ponds were randomly assigned to six treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement; two flooding dates: early flooding (20 September 1978) and late flooding (15 October 1978), by three types of rice straw disposals: aerobic (baled), anaerobic (disked), partially aerobic (standing) decomposition of rice straw. The average crayfish production in early-flooded ponds (1183 kg/ha) did not differ significantly from that in late-flooded ponds (1127 kg/ha). Significant differences (P Von Bertalanffy's growth model revealed that all crayfish in early-flooed ponds attained an average maximum length (l∞) and Brody's growth coefficient (k) of 92.2 mm and 0.055, respectively, whereas all crayfish in late-flooded ponds had an l∞ and k of 82.7 mm and 0.090. Crayfish in disked ponds showed the poorest growth of all treatments. Late-flooded ponds had a higher population density than early-flooded ponds. Among rice straw disposals, the population density was highest in baled ponds, followed by standing and disked ponds. The harvestable crayfish sizes (total length > 75 mm) in decreasing order were: 19.4 g, from standing ponds; 18.3 g, from baled ponds; and 17.0 g, from disked ponds. Rice straw decomposed fastest in baled ponds, followed by standing ponds and disked ponds, with average weight losses of 77.1%, 66.6%, and 48.9%, respectively, after 5 months of decomposition. The C : N ratio of rice straw at flooding was 57. It took 4 months for the C : N ratio to drop below 17 for rice straw in baled and standing ponds. The average C : N ratio of rice straw in disked ponds was 23 after 5 months of decomposition. Eighteen weeks after flooding, early-flooded ponds had a higher periphyton biomass (337 g/m2) than late-flooded ponds (216 g/m2). The periphyton biomass was highest in standing ponds (358 g/m2), followed by baled ponds (333 g/m2) and disked ponds (307 g/m2).
Gas-phase cleavage of PTC-derivatized electrosprayed tryptic peptides in an FT-ICR trapped-ion cell: mass-based protein identification without liquid chromatographic separation

Condensed phase protein sequencing typically relies on N-terminal labeling with phenylisothiocyanate ("Edman" reagent), followed by cleavage of the N-terminal amino acid. Similar Edman degradation has been observed in the gas phase by collision-activated dissociation of the N-terminal phenyl thiocarbamoyl protonated peptide [1] to yield complementary b1 and y(n-1) fragments, identifying the N-terminal amino acid. By use of infrared multiphoton (rather than collisional) activation, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (rather than quadrupole) mass analysis, we extend the method to direct analysis of a mixture of tryptic peptides. We validate the approach with bradykinin as a test peptide, and go on to analyze a mixture of 25 peptides produced by tryptic digestion of apomyoglobin. A b1+ ion is observed for three of the Edman-derivatized peptides, thereby identifying their N-terminal amino-acids. Search of the SWISS-PROT database gave a single hit (myoglobin, from the correct biological species), based on accurate-mass FT-ICR MS for as few as one Edman-derivatized tryptic peptide. The method is robust-it succeeds even with partial tryptic digestion, partial Edman derivatization, and partial MS/MS IRMPD cleavage. Improved efficiency and automation should be straightforward.
SPOROCYTIC CONTROL OF SPORE WALL PATTERN IN LIVERWORTS

Extracellular material preferentially deposited in the sporocyte wall during meiotic prophase serves as an exine precursor in development of the distinctively patterned spore exines of the liverworts Haplomitrium hookerii and Pallavicinia lyellii. This unusual occurrence of prepatterning of the exine in prophasic sporocytes provides clear structural evidence that control of wall patterning is an integral part of a genetic program triggered in the sporocyte and, at least in some cases, does not depend upon genetic transcription in the haploid nucleus following meiosis. POLLEN GRAINS of seed plants and spores of the archegoniate land plants are encased by
The geomorphology of Sugar Loaf Mound: Prehistoric cemeteries and the formation of loess cones in the lower Wabash Valley

Burial mounds found on bluff crests in the Midwest United States overlap in scale with conical shaped Peoria Loess hills along the valley margins of the lower Wabash River. Coring of Sugar Loaf Mound, a feature thought to be an artificial mound for some 200 years, indicates that it is a 9 m eolian feature that contains prehistoric human remains. Analysis indicates that a sharp-edged till ridge resulted in a zone of eolian sand and silt accumulation forming both a climbing and a perched dune. A streamline body resulted. Grain-size analysis indicates a bimodal population, suggesting a dust suspension from an outwash source and a local saltation sand source, with a time transgressive shift in dominance. Three other loess cones of comparable scale, shape, lithostratigraphy, and landscape position that were also used as late prehistoric cemeteries indicate a similar pattern of both formation and prehistoric mortuary use in the lower Wabash valley. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nutrition and Dietary Supplements in Motor Neuron Disease

Compromised nutrition leading to weight loss is a common and significant problem in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient population. The benefit of aggressive and early nutritional therapy can profoundly influence the disease course, quality of life, and survival. This article reviews the role of nutrition, both as sustenance and treatment for patients who have ALS. Self-medication with dietary supplements has become increasingly popular within this patient population. Despite their popularity, the efficacy of these compounds has been largely unsupported by formal clinical trials. Available data will be highlighted to provide a basis upon which to advise patients requesting guidance.
Use of Leaf Wetness and Temperature to Time Fungicide Applications to Control Botrytis Fruit Rot of Strawberry in Florida

Anthracnose fruit rot (AFR), caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, is a major disease of strawberry in Florida and is generally controlled by weekly fungicide applications. More than 20 applications may be made during the growing season, most commonly using captan and the quinone-outside inhibitors. Field experiments were conducted for three seasons on a susceptible and a partially resistant cultivar to evaluate the effectiveness of timing fungicide applications for managing AFR based on a previously published model by Wilson and associates that uses leaf wetness duration and temperature to predict fruit infection by C. acutatum under controlled conditions. For most treatments, rules were established where captan was applied when the predicted proportion of fruit infected (INF) from the model exceeded 0.15 and pyraclostrobin was applied when INF exceeded 0.5. For one model-timed treatment where captan and pyraclostrobin were applied before symptoms first appeared in the field, disease control was as good as the treatment where calendar weekly applications were made and the model-timed treatment utilized 47% fewer sprays. In treatments where fungicide application began after symptom appearance, the number of applications was reduced further but disease control was 40% less effective. Model-timed fungicide treatments that included pyraclostrobin gave better control than the treatments using captan alone. The model relating leaf wetness and temperature to predict AFR infection can be used effectively in a disease-forecasting system to time fungicide treatments and greatly reduce the number of applications without loss of disease control or yield.
Chronic haloperidol, but not clozapine, produces altered oral movements and increased extracellular glutamate in rats.

Abstract Rats administered chronic haloperidol or clozapine in their drinking water for 6 months were monitored for changes in oral movements using a computerized video analysis system. Haloperidol-treated animals exhibited late onset increases in small amplitude oral movements and an increase in the percentage of oral movements in the 1–2 Hz range, accompanied by a decrease in oral movements in the higher frequency range (> 6 Hz) as determined by fast fourier analysis. In contrast, clozapine-treated rats showed a decrease in medium-sized amplitude oral movements, but did not demonstrate significant changes in the distribution of oral movements across frequencies. Extracellular concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the ventrolateral striatum were then assessed by intracranial microdialysis during oral drug administration and 3 days after drug withdrawal. Extracellular GABA and glutamate levels were not significantly different between groups during drug administration. However, 3 days after drug withdrawal, there was a significant increase in glutamate in the haloperidol-treated rats. No changes were noted for glutamate levels in clozapine-treated rats or for GABA levels in either group following withdrawal. These results confirm the atypical profile of clozapine in an animal model of tardive dyskinesia and suggest that alterations in striatal glutamatergic function follow typical, but not atypical, antipsychotic drug administration.
Focusing of Proteins in a Horseshoe Microchannel

Ampholyte based isoelectric focusing (IEF) simulation was conducted to study dispersion of proteins in a horseshoe microchannel. Four model proteins (pls = 6.49, 7.1, 7.93 and 8.6) are focused in a 1 cm long horseshoe channel under an electric field of 300 V/cm. The pH gradient is formed in the presence of 25 biprotic carrier ampholytes (ΔpK = 3.0) within a pH range of 6 to 9. The proteins are focused at 380 sec in a nominal electric field of 300 V/cm. Our numerical results show that the band dispersions of a protein are large during the marching stage, but the dispersions are significantly reduced when the double peaks start to merge. This rearrangement of spreading band is very unique compared to linear electrokinetic phenomena (capillary electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis or electroosmosis) and is independent of channel position and channel shape. Hence, one can perform IEF in complex geometries without incorporating hyperturns.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
An Endogenous Digitalis-Factor Derived from the Adrenal Gland: Studies of Adrenocortical Tumor Cells*

The present studies demonstrate that the murine adrenocortical tumor cell line Y-1 releases a digoxin-like immunoreactive material into both serum-supplemented nutrient medium and minimal Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium. Release of pregnenolone into minimal medium from these cells was consistently inhibited by addition of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage inhibitor aminoglutethimide. However, release of digoxin-like immunoreactivity (DLI) was not similarly affected. To exclude the possibility that DLI could be accounted for by cross-reaction with another known adrenal steroid, aminoglutethimide inhibition was accompanied by inhibition of 17 alpha-hydroxylase with SU-10603 and inhibition of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with cyanoketone. Once again, pregnenolone release was effectively inhibited, but no similar pattern of inhibition of DLI release was observed. Increasing the time of the incubation periods from 1 to 2 h did not change the pattern of secretion of pregnenolone or DLI. HPLC analysis of DLI released over prolonged culture periods into serum-supplemented nutrient medium showed high levels of DLI in a single major and several adjacent peaks. Analysis of the ability of extracts of Y-1-conditioned medium to compete with tritiated ouabain for binding to erythrocytes indicates that conditioned medium contained highly enriched levels of ouabain-like activity. On HPLC analysis, the distribution of this activity showed partial correlation with the distribution of DLI. These observations indicate that Y-1 cells produce and release significant quantities of a material with cardiac glycoside-like properties reflected in the cross-reactivity with antidigoxin antibodies and the ability to compete with ouabain for binding to erythrocytes. In substantiation of previous findings in chopped adrenal cultures, the cardiac glycoside-like activity does not appear to result from cholesterol side-chain cleavage or pregnenolone production, since inhibition of side-chain cleavage as well as subsequent 17 alpha-hydroxylation and 3 beta-dehydrogenation did not result in consistent inhibition of DLI release.
Antecedent Confinement and Detour Learning in Turtles

Pre-trial confinement of turtles seriously interferes with optimal learning of an escape pattern in a detour situation. Post-trial confinement, on the other hand, fails to affect the learning progress as compared with that of controls given no confinement experience. The continued improvement of Ss given consistent pre-trial confinement suggests that the turtles eventually habituate to the aversive antecedent conditions. Results support the explanation of the induced performance deficit as interference by the persistence of response patterns established during the confinement period.
Some aspects of a theory of advice: The management of an instructional developer-client, evaluator-client, relationship

Instructional development and evaluation are essentially concerned with the giving and taking of advice, and, for this reason, a great deal of what is accomplished depends upon the quality of the client-consultant relationship. Creating and nurturing such a relationship, which is essential to effectiveness, demands a special set of skills. Most developers and evaluators have usually developed these as a result of their long experience. Fortunately, these relationship skills can be more quickly acquired, for effectiveness involves learning the competencies that comes from getting the right things done in terms of client-consultant expectations. This paper examines the special nature of the client-instructional developer, client-evaluator, relationship within the broader and more general context of a theory of advice. An analysis is made of the differing sets of assumptions and expectations that may underlie the relationship, for which three common models are recognized. The discussion then continues with a description of seven successive phases through which a relationship can typically pass, a cycle which runs parallel to the cycle of task-oriented activities more usually recognized. Both cycles, relationship-oriented and task-oriented, need to be managed in such a way that the two on-going sets of activity are as compatible as possible. After considering a number of general factors that contribute overall to effective relationships, the paper concludes with the assertion that effectiveness seems to be a product of how the relationship is actually viewed.
A note on the interference of two collinear cracks in a cylindrical shell

A simple interference problem in shells is evaluated and the results are compared with the obtained data for flat plates. A pressurized shallow cylindrical shell containing two collinear axial through cracks of equal lengths is investigated. It is found that as the size of the net ligament between the two cracks approaches zero, the stress intensity factors at the inner crack tips go to infinity, and the factors at the outer tips approach values that correspond to a single crack except that they are twice as long.
From battered children to family violence: What lessons should we learn?

Child abuse is an ancient problem but one that has grown alarmingly in the United States in the last few decades. Once the problem of child abuse was recognized in the 1960s, mandatory reporting was instituted to develop public health mechanisms for intervention. But the approaches taken then were inadequate, and as sexual abuse of children was acknowledged, social service agencies gradually devolved from providing help to simply investigating, a trend that has contributed to the present emergency situation. Proper knowledge of how best to treat and prevent child abuse is scarce; this makes it harder to base an educational program in family violence on sound evidence. Also, public awareness of child abuse is far ahead of efforts to intervene and prevent it. Neither federal nor state laws have clear policies about what child protection strategies should be, which inhibits professionals who are attempting to deal with the problem. National guidelines and resources are needed, although efforts to solve the problem are best approached on a local level. Any teaching program on child abuse should discuss the policy alternatives, and any group that is helping children and their families must agree on a policy to guide its work. The author maintains that the child protection system should be run not by county or state governments but by the private and public health care system because this system has greater financial resources, has a tradition of scientific inquiry, and is still perceived as a "helping" system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Language: en
Nonlinear magnetic behavior of five high-spin ferric heme compounds

Abstract Using a crystal field model and generalized expressions for magnetic properties, the magnetization, susceptibilities, and effective magnetic moments of a series of high-spin heme compounds whose zero-field characteristics are known have been calculated as a function of both magnetic field strength and temperature. None of the usual assumptions limiting the applicability of the calculation to high temperatures, small magnetic fields and noninteracting magnetic states have been made. From this study the conditions under which the magnetic moments of high-spin ferric heme compounds are significantly field-dependent have been determined, the observed magnetic saturation of these compounds at high fields has been explained, and the results of these calculations have been used to compare with experimental results recently obtained for the variation of magnetization and magnetic moments with field and temperature in five related ferric heme compounds.
Rendering Global Criminal Law an Instrument of Power: Pragmatic Legalism and Global Tribunals

Although supporters of global tribunals are often depicted as “judicial romantics,” they generally agree that the legal process should adapt to national interests and power politics. Hence, they defend a historical pattern of selective justice whereby influential states have shaped the legal process for political ends and the trials have targeted individuals from regimes defeated in war or otherwise out of favor with influential states. I label this perspective pragmatic legalism. It holds that adapting the legal process to the political concerns of great powers and influential local actors is necessary for enabling a desirable legal order to take shape. This article argues that rather than rescue legalism from idealistic irrelevancy, the pragmatic-legalist approach endorses a global legal order crippled by political distortions. To develop this critique, I challenge the pragmatic-legalist defense of the post-WWII tribunals—which established the enterprise—and the ongoing International Criminal Tribunal f...
An empirical investigation into user navigation of digital video using the VCR-like control set

There has been an almost explosive growth in digital video in recent years. The convention for enabling users to navigate digital video is the Video Cassette Recorder-like (VCR-like) control set, which is dictated by the proliferation of media players that embody it, including Windows Media Player and QuickTime. However, there is a dearth of research seeking to understand how users relate to this control set and how useful it actually is in practice. This paper details our empirical investigation of the issue. A digital video navigation system with a VCR-like control set was developed and subsequently used by a large sample of users (n=200), who were required to complete a number of goal-directed navigational tasks. Each user's navigational activity was tracked and recorded automatically by the system. Analysis of the navigational data revealed a range of results concerning how the VCR-like control set both enhanced and limited the user's ability to locate sequences of interest, including a number of searching and browsing strategies that were exploited by the users.
Lipid mediators in epithelial cell-cell interactions

Epithelial cells which line mucosal surfaces (e.g. lung, intestine) play a central role in the coordination of the inflammatory response. In both the healthy and diseased mucosa, epithelia lie anatomically positioned in close proximity to a number of other cell types, including leukocytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and vascular endothelia. This complex architecture supports a unique microenvironment for biochemical cell-cell crosstalk. Our previous studies and work by others have elucidated lipid mediator signaling networks emanating from epithelial cell-cell interactive pathways, and have defined a number of targets for development of effective therapeutics. This short review will focus on recently defined pathways of lipid mediator function in the mucosa, particularly with regard to the role of the epithelium.
Interpretations of Voltammetry in the Striatum Based on Chromatography of Striatal Dialysate

Abstract A comparison is made of chronoamperometric data recorded from the striatum and chromatographic data obtained from extracellular striatal perfusate. Three specific cases are considered: the initial sampling period in which a decline in the observed oxidation current occurs; the effect of haloperidol, a dopamine receptor blocker; and the effect of amphetamine. The perfusate is analyzed for ascorbic acid (AA), the dopamine metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Using the relative response of these compounds at a carbon epoxy or carbon paste electrode, and the relative concentration of each in the extracellular fluid, the expected changes in oxidation currents for the three cases mentioned above are calculated. It is shown that the decline in oxidation current during the initial sampling period is due primarily to a decrease in ascorbic acid. It is also shown that different electroactive components ...
Operative Management of Brachial Plexus Injuries and Tumors

Summary: The objective of this review is to contribute information that improves surgical outcomes and to provide management guidelines for various lesions of the brachial plexus. This review was based on the analysis of 1,019 cases of brachial plexus injuries, entrapment, and tumors that were surgically treated at Louisiana State University Medical Center between 1968 and 1998. We describe surgical outcomes of 859 cases, excluding 160 thoracic outlet syndrome cases. Mechanisms of injury included 509 stretch injuries, 118 gunshot wounds (GSWs), 71 lacerations, and 161 neural sheath tumors. Functional outcomes after surgical repair are encouraging. A functional recovery of grade 3 or better was seen in 87% of the stretch injury cases having lesions in continuity, 71% of those repaired with sutures, and 53% of those that underwent graft repairs. In the GSW group, 129 of 202 of the injured plexus elements that had suffered complete loss recovered to grade 3 or better levels. In comparison, 85 of the 91 lesions with incomplete loss of function eventually recovered. Of the lacerating injuries that were repaired, more than 65% of the elements recovered to a grade 3 or better level. Of the 161 neural sheath tumors arising from brachial plexus, most schwannomas and solitary neurofibromas were resected without significant deficits. These surgical results suggest that surgical exploration and repair of brachial plexus lesions are technically feasible and may obtain favorable outcomes if patients are selected appropriately. This review provides management guidelines that may enhance functional outcomes of brachial plexus surgery.
Measurement issues in curve-shift analysis of apomorphine effects on rewarding brain stimulation

The direct dopamine agonist apomorphine has been reported to reduce the rewarding efficacy of lateral hypothalamic (LH) self-stimulation. This effect has been claimed to support the notion that dopamine mediates the rewarding effects of LH self-stimulation. Using a standard rate-frequency curve-shift paradigm with ascending order of frequency presentation, we also found that apomorphine (0.1-0.8 mg/kg, SC) appeared to decrease LH self-stimulation reward. These apparent rightward curve shifts were exacerbated by shortening the test duration, which also produced a number of sessions in which the subjects did not respond at all. When the presentation order of stimulation frequencies was reversed, apomorphine did not produce large reward decreases. These results suggest that the previously reported effects of apomorphine on LH self-stimulation were the result of artifact, perhaps related to apomorphine-induced stereotypical behavior combined with rapid pharmacological recovery.
Estimating the Total Number of Marked Fish Present in a Catch

Abstract The simple ratio estimate of the total number of marked fish present in a catch is described and the variance estimates discussed. A maximum likelihood estimate of the total number of marks present in a catch is derived which combines both marks found in samples and marks voluntarily returned from the non-sampled portion of the catch. The use of this estimate is illustrated with data from the salmon sport fishery in Puget Sound.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Inhibits Chondrocytic Growth through Induction of p21 and Subsequent Inactivation of Cyclin E-Cdk2

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its receptor (FGFR) are thought to be negative regulators of chondrocytic growth, as exemplified by achondroplasia and related chondrodysplasias, which are caused by constitutively active mutations in FGFR3. To understand the growth-inhibitory mechanisms of FGF, we analyzed the effects of FGF2 on cell cycle-regulating molecules in chondrocytes. FGF2 dramatically inhibited proliferation of rat chondrosarcoma (RCS) cells and arrested their cell cycle at the G1 phase. FGF2 increased p21 expression in RCS cells, which assembled with the cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes, although the expression of neither cyclin E nor Cdk2 increased. In addition, the kinase activity of immunoprecipitated cyclin E or Cdk2, assessed with retinoblastoma protein (pRb) as substrate, was dramatically reduced by FGF-2. Moreover, FGF2 shifted pRb to its underphosphorylated, active form in RCS cells. FGF2 not only induced p21 protein expression in proliferating chondrocytes in mouse fetal limbs cultured in vitro but also decreased their proliferation as assessed by the expression of histone H4 mRNA, a marker for cells in S phase. Furthermore, inhibitory effects of FGF2 on chondrocytic proliferation were partially reduced in p21-null limbs, compared with those in wild-type limbs in vitro. Taken together, FGF's growth inhibitory effects of chondrocytes appear to be mediated at least partially through p21 induction and the subsequent inactivation of cyclin E-Cdk2 and activation of pRb.
Structural dependencies of many-body optical gain with piezoelectric field effects in wurtzite GaN/AlGaN quantum well lasers

ABSTRACT The many-body optical gain with piezoelectric field effects in wurtzite GaN/Al,Gai_N quantum-well lasers isinvestigated as a function of compressive strain and well thickness. Our self-consistent (SC) model, which solvesself-consistently the band structure with the piezoelectric field, shows that the peak gain gradually decreases withincreasing compressive strain at a fixed carrier density. On the other hand, a flat-band (FB) model ignoring thepiezoelectric field shows an increase of the peak gain with compressive strain. This means that quantum-well (QW)lasers with a larger strain does not improve the laser gain due to the large strain-induced piezoelectric field in the well and it is important to use the self-consistent model to account for the piezoelectric field effects. For a fixed strain in the well using an aluminum mole fraction x = 0.2 in the barriers, our models show that, at a given carrier density,optical gain increases with well thickness until 3.5 nm, then remains almost constant. It indicates an optimum wellwidth for optical gain.Keywords: Piezoelectric field, many-body, optical gain, wurtzite, quantum-well, GaN/AIGaN
Natural Semantics: Why Natural Deduction is Intuitionistic

: In this paper investigates how natural deduction rules define connective meaning by presenting a new method for reading semantical conditions from rules called natural semantics. Natural semantics explains why the natural deduction rules are profoundly intuitionistic. Rules for conjunction, implication, disjunction and equivalence all express intuitionistic rather than classical truth conditions. Furthermore, standard rules for negation violate essential conservation requirements for having a natural semantics. The standard rules simply do not assign a meaning to the negation sign. Intuitionistic negation fares much better. Not only do the intuitionistic rules have a natural semantics, that semantics amounts to familiar intuitionistic truth conditions. We will make use of these results to argue that intuitionistic connectives, rather than standard ones have a better claim to being the truly logical connectives.
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and tumor marker expression in non-small cell lung cancer.

Objective The best current noninvasive surrogate for tumor biology is fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG–PET). Both FDG–PET maximal standardized uptake values and selected tumor markers have been shown to correlate with stage, nodal disease, and survival in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there are limited data correlating FDG–PET with tumor markers. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of tumor marker expression with FDG–PET maximal standardized uptake values in NSCLC. Methods FDG–PET maximal standardized uptake values were calculated in patients with NSCLC (n = 149). No patient had induction chemoradiotherapy. Intraoperative NSCLC tissue was obtained and tissue microarrays were created. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for 5 known NSCLC tumor markers (glucose transporter 1, p53, cyclin D1, epidermal growth factor receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor). Each tumor marker was assessed independently by two pathologists using common grading criteria. Subgroup analysis based on histologic characteristics and regional nodal status was performed. Results FDG–PET correlated with T classification ( P P = .002), and greatest tumor dimension ( P P P = .04) in adenocarcinoma. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression correlated with maximal standardized uptake values without predilection for histologic subtype ( P = .004). Conclusion FDG–PET maximal standardized uptake values correlate with an increased expression of glucose transporter 1 and p53 in lung adenocarcinoma, but not squamous cell cancer. Future studies attempting to correlate FDG–PET with tumor biology will need to consider the effect of different tumor histologic types.