cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear spectroscopy: absorption and refraction

We have been developing tools for nonlinear spectroscopy aimed toward the ultimate goal of building a nonlinear spectrophotometer analogous to the ubiquitous linear spectrophotometer where a sample is placed in the instrument, a button is pushed, and the absorption spectrum is obtained sometime later. This paper describes our progress toward this goal, describing many difficulties and complications as well as opportunities. We also show spectroscopic data and analysis of a variety of materials that we have taken with preliminary nonlinear spectroscopic instrumentation we have already developed. One of the more interesting observations obtained along this research path is the realization that linear dispersion theory can also be applied to nonlinear systems when formulated properly such that Kramers-Kronig relations can be used to connect the dispersion of nonlinear refraction to the spectrum of nonlinear absorption. In some circumstances this can be more easily applied to nonlinear systems than to linear systems since the nonlinear absorption spectrum can be limited in wavelength. In addition, we have developed tools that can simultaneously give the spectrum of nonlinear absorption as well as the dispersion of the nonlinear refraction over an octave spectral range from 400nnm to 800 nm, the so called White-Light-Continuum Z-scan. Much of the research on nonlinear optical materials has been a collaborative effort requiring the skills and expertise of organic chemists and materials manufacturers. The goals of this part of the research are to determine predictive structure-property relation capabilities. The database needed for this research makes the nonlinear spectrophotometer a necessity.
Potential-Controlled Adsorption at Chemically Modified Graphite

Abstract The use of some chemically modified graphites for separation is described. Chemically bonded sulfonic acid groups can apparently be added by the use of fuming sulfuric acid.
Introduction: Have hunter-gatherers ever lived in tropical rain forest independently of agriculture?

It has often been assumed that peoples living today as foragers in tropical rain forests are remnants of paleolithic populations that have been subsisting in their forest habitats for millennia and have only recently come into contact with sources of domesticated plants and animals. Independently, the two of us have published articles that challenge this view and propose the hypothesis that hunter- gatherers could never have lived in tropical rain forest without direct or indirect access to cultivated foods. This article serves as an introduction to six articles in this issue of Human Ecology, all devoted to this hypothesis. To provide background for this journal's readers, we summarize here our original articles.
Introduction: Participants and Overview

(1998). Introduction: Participants and Overview. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 1-4.
Ethnic Diversity and Police–Community Relations in Guyana

From its inception during the colonial period, the Guyana Police Force has always been plagued by its inability to reflect the racial and ethnic diversity of the community it is mandated to serve. This shortcoming, combined with the early adoption of a military model of policing, has helped to create a legacy of poor police–community relations which continues to plague the country's security sector. The recent recommendations of the Disciplined Forces Commission (Georgetown, Guyana, 2004) on the subject of ethnic imbalances in the Force and the proper functions of community policing groups are critically reviewed.
Semiotics, Civic Education And The Internet

This essay examines civic education and the representational capacity of the Internet. Of concern is encouraging citizens to think about law and politics as something more than just a zero-sum process and the Internet as a “public forum.” These observations take a semiotic approach to the representational character of the Internet. I recommend alertness and responsiveness to the complexity of public affairs and skepticism about anything else other than provisional and hypothetical social analysis.
Transactional Agents for Pervasive Computing

Pervasive computing enables seamless integration of computing technology into everyday life to make up-to-date information and services proactively available to the users based on their needs and behaviors. We aim to develop a transaction management scheme as a pertinent component for such environment supported by either structured or ad hoc networks. We propose transactional agents for pervasive computing (TAPCO), which utilizes a dynamic hierarchical meta data structure that captures the semantic contents of the underlying heterogeneous data sources. Mobile agents process the transactions collaboratively, to preserve ACID properties without violating local autonomy of the data sources. TAPCO is simulated and compared against decentralized serialization graph testing (DSGT) protocol. The results show that TAPCO outperforms DSGT in several ways. In contrast to DSGT that did not consider local transactions, TAPCO supports both local and global transactions without violating the local autonomy.
Comparative analysis of accounting treatments for derivatives

Abstract This paper provides educators with a classroom example or a self-study tutorial to teach Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133 (FAS 133), Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities. The example can be used in courses such as intermediate or advanced accounting that discuss derivative instruments or investments topics or in a training program that focuses on implementing FAS 133. This teaching material can help students gain technical knowledge of FAS 133. It can also help develop critical thinking skills in analyzing the impact of an accounting standard on a firm's operation. A scenario based on a futures contract used by a natural gas company to hedge price fluctuations of its gas inventory is applied across four cases to show the impact of derivative designation on the accounting treatment and to provide a comparative analysis of the economic results from using different accounting treatments for the derivative. Case 1 and Case 2 demonstrate hedge accounting under FAS 133 by designating the derivative as a fair value hedge and a cash flow hedge, respectively. Case 3 illustrates accounting for a derivative that is not designated as a hedge. Case 4 demonstrates the impact of not entering or using a derivative to mitigate market risk. A downloadable spreadsheet on the author's website can be customized for use in the classroom.
The President's FY 1990 Budget: The Last Act in a Decade of Change

This article examines the budget requests of Presidents Reagan and Bush for fiscal year 1990, and how the federal budget has changed during the decade of the 1980s. The author concludes that the federal budget has become less controllable, as the priorities and composition of federal expenditures have shifted during the Reagan years. While the Reagan and Bush budgets do not differ significantly, the manner in which they were constructed does. The effort of President Bush to define his budgetary version of a “kinder, gentler” America may be more illusory than real. The author also traces the change in federal assistance to state and local governments, concluding that, apart from transfer payments, the federal role has markedly declined.
Arachidonic acid inhibits Cl secretion in cultures of dog tracheal epithelium.

Abstract We studied the effects of arachidonic acid (AA) on Cl secretion across primary cultures of dog tracheal epithelium. Cell sheets showed mean values for baseline short-circuit current (I sc ) and transepithelial resistance of 33.8 μ A / cm 2 and 360 Ω. cm 2 ( n =44). AA (5 × 10 −5 M ) added to both sides increased I sc by 27.8 ±5.2 μ A/cm 2 (mean±SE, n=8), and elevated intracellular cAMP levels. In the presence of 5 × 10 −6 M of both indomethacin (INDO) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) (inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, respectively), AA reduced Isc by 4.4 ± 0.6 μ A/cm 2 (n=10) without changing cAMP. Both INDO and NDGA were necessary to abolish the Isc increase in response to AA. The effects of AA on Isc were unaffected by amiloride. In the presence of INDO and NDGA, isoproterenol (ISO) raised cAMP and increased Isc by 27.6 ± 4.3 (transient) and 12.8 ± 3.2 μ A/cm 2 (sustained) (n=9). With AA present as well as INDO and NDGA, the transient and sustained responses to ISO were significantly reduced to 13.2 ± 2.4 and 3.9 ± 0.8 μ A/cm 2 (n=10), respectively; the increase in cAMP was unaltered. AA approximately halved baseline efflux of 125 I from confluent cell sheets in high K medium and reduced the isoproterenol-induced increase in efflux to 20% of control. These data are consistent with the reported inhibitory effect of AA on apical membrane chloride channels.
Transcriptional Integration of TLR2 and TLR4 Signaling at the NCoR Derepression Checkpoint

Activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) leads to derepression and subsequent activation of inflammatory response genes that play essential roles in innate and acquired immunity. Derepression requires signal-dependent turnover of the nuclear receptor corepressor NCoR from target promoters, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report that TLR4 uses NFkappaB to deliver IKKepsilon to target promoters that contain "integrated circuits" of kappaB and AP-1 sites, resulting in local phosphorylation of c-Jun and subsequent NCoR clearance. In contrast, TLR2 signaling leads to rapid activation of CaMKII and phosphorylation of the TBLR1 component of NCoR complexes, bypassing the requirement for c-Jun phosphorylation and enabling NCoR clearance from promoters lacking integrated kappaB elements. Intriguingly, the IKKvarepsilon-dependent clearance pathway is sensitive to transrepression by liver X receptors, while the CaMKII-dependent pathway is not. These findings reveal mechanisms for integration of TLR, calcium, and nuclear receptor signaling pathways that underlie pathogen-specific responses and disease-specific programs of inflammation.
Distribution of motor unit force in human extensor digitorum assessed by spike-triggered averaging and intraneural microstimulation.

A peculiar aspect of the muscular organization of the human hand is that the main flexors and extensors of the fingers are muscles that each give rise to four parallel tendons that insert on all th...
Mediated Electrocatalysis with Polyanthraquinone-Functionalized Monolayer-Protected Clusters

This paper describes the reduction of 1,1-dinitrocyclohexane by electrogenerated anthraquinone radical anions that are ligated to monolayer-protected gold clusters. Each cluster bears multiple (ca....
Attractiveness as a result of having certain personality traits

One hundred forty-four undergraduates ranked five persons described by four adjectives, some persons being described by more favorable and some by less favorable adjectives. Half of the questionnaires merely presented the adjectives in an impersonal way; the other half presented the adjectives as personal self-references made by the individuals in question. Favorable vs unfavorable adjectives produced a large effect (F = 788.83, df = 4/568, p >.001). Personal vs impersonal presentation had no apparent effect (F =.94, df = 4/258, n.s.). The results suggest a simple technique for increasing popularity and, possibly, self-esteem.
Implications of bioretention basin spatial arrangements on stormwater recharge and groundwater mounding.

Abstract Stormwater bioretention basin recharge has the potential to raise the watertable and adversely impact subsurface infrastructure, undermining the benefits of naturalizing the urban water cycle. This research examined how groundwater mounding responded to three spatial arrangements of bioretention basins, from separated units to clustered units to single units, and changes in hydraulic conductivity, storm intensity, and antecedent recharge, for 28 sub-watersheds in an 8-ha Syracuse, New York, sewershed with 43% impervious cover. Bioretention basin volumetric capacities were designed for a 24-h duration 2-yr return interval rainfall event. MODFLOW simulations with hydraulic conductivity at 1 cm h−1 predicted an increase in median groundwater mounding from 0.28 m to 0.72 m when separation distances were reduced from equally distributed to single units. In sag points, however mounding exceeded 1 m. By setting hydraulic conductivity to 0.01 cm h−1, a worst case scenario, median mounding was greater than 1 m for all spatial designs, in all locations. Groundwater mound overlap was identified for spatial arrangements where intersecting streets created superposition, and greater mounding was observed at corner-situated bioretention basins. After 30 years of recharge, the steady state watertable had risen by 1.1 m, and subsequent storm event mounding could interfere with subsurface infrastructure in approximately 20% of the watershed, localized in the floodplain. This study recommends an expanded investigation of long-term watertable adjustment, possibly followed by removal of some floodplain infrastructure or designs to enhance watertable tolerance.
Application of continuous incisional infusion of local anesthetic after major pediatric urological surgery: Prospective randomized controlled trial

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to determine efficacy of continuous incisional infusion of local anesthetic, ON-Q® pain relief system (Kimberly-Clark, Georgia), in improving postoperative pain, reducing narcotic requirement, and shortening recovery time after major pediatric urological surgery. Material and methods Prospective open-labeled randomized controlled trial comparing the ON-Q® pain relief system to standard of care pain management. Pain was assessed by nurses using the Visual Analog Scale or the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Scale depending on the child's age. Information regarding analgesic consumption and recovery parameters such as temperature, start of oral nutrition, and length of hospitalization were prospectively collected. Results Patient's demographic, clinical, and surgical characteristics were similar in both groups. The ON-Q® group experienced significantly lower scores of maximal daily pain episodes compared to the control on the day of surgery (1.9±1.8 vs. 4.2±2.2 p=0.009) and first postoperative day (2.28±3.2 vs. 5.47±2.45 p=0.004). Mean number of narcotic doses was significantly lower in treatment group compared to control [Total (2.21 vs. 4.6 p=0.02), POD0 (0.7 vs. 1.7 p=0.02) and POD1 (1.3 vs. 2.8 p=0.04)]. Conclusion The ON-Q® system is a viable option for postoperative pain management in children undergoing urological surgeries. This technology significantly decreases the amount of maximal pain, and the need for systemic narcotic consumption.
Bis-tetradentate complexes of Cd(ii) and Hg(ii) with N8 coordination: structural and NMR comparisons.

Tripodal N4 ligands tris[(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl]amine (L1), bis[(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl][(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine (L2) and [(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-bis-[(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine (L3) were used to prepare five new [ML2](ClO4)2 (M = Cd(II), Hg(II)) complexes. All complexes had N8 metal coordination and a trans-bicapped octahedral structure as determined by X-ray crystallography. Metal–nitrogen bond distances generally decreased in the order M–Namine > M–Npyridyl > M–Nimidazoyl, and the perchlorates were well separated from the metal ions. Variable temperature solution state 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed conditions for slow intramolecular reorganization were more readily accessible for the Cd(II) complexes than for the Hg(II) complexes. Both protons of imidazoyl ring ligand components had large, comparable J(199Hg1H) despite sizable differences in nuclear separation.
Trends in Northern California Population-Based Regional Perinatal HIV Exposure and Infection, 1990-1995

Trends in Northern California Population-Based Regional Perinatal HIV Exposure and Infection, 1990-1995
Petrology and tectonic significance of augen gneiss from a belt of Mississippian granitoids in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, east-central Alaska

An approximately east-west-trending belt of porphyritic peraluminous granitoids, metamorphosed and deformed to augen gneiss, is exposed for 400 km across the Yukon-Tanana terrane. This belt consists of compositionally, texturally, and isotopically similar, concordant intrusions of augen gneiss in the Big Delta, Eagle, and Tanacross quadrangles of east-central Alaska, in the Fiftymile batholith of west-central Yukon Territory, and in two batholiths in the offset part of the Yukon-Tanana terrane northeast of the Tintina fault in southeastern Yukon Territory. Chemical analyses of augen gneiss from widely separated localities within the Big Delta intrusion suggest that the various samples are related by crystal fractionation. Comparison of major- and trace-element data from concordant layers of augen-poor gneiss and aplitic gneiss with similar data from adjacent augen gneiss suggests that the layers represent co-magmatic sills of more highly differentiated filter-pressed melt. Similarities between elemental abundances, particularly those of rare-earth elements, in augen gneiss from the large bodies in the Big Delta, Eagle, and Tanacross quadrangles, Alaska, and southeastern Yukon Territory suggest a common origin for these bodies. The peraluminous composition of the gneiss, its high initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio and high Th concentration indicate that the augen gneiss protolith contains a large component of crustal material. Geochronologic studies of augen gneiss in east-central Alaska and southeastern Yukon Territory indicate a Mississippian intrusive age and an early Proterozoic age for the crustal component. The augen gneiss bodies were intruded late in a middle Paleozoic volcanic-plutonic episode, and they may represent a deeply eroded continental magmatic arc. Regional amphibolite-facies metamorphism and mylonitization may have occurred late during the tectonic episode that resulted in intrusion of the porphyritic granitoid protoliths.
Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramatically lower than previously predicted.

The ecology of mosquito vectors and malaria parasites affect the incidence, seasonal transmission and geographical range of malaria. Most malaria models to date assume constant or linear responses of mosquito and parasite life-history traits to temperature, predicting optimal transmission at 31 °C. These models are at odds with field observations of transmission dating back nearly a century. We build a model with more realistic ecological assumptions about the thermal physiology of insects. Our model, which includes empirically derived nonlinear thermal responses, predicts optimal malaria transmission at 25 ° C( 6°C lower than previous models). Moreover, the model predicts that transmission decreases dramatically at temperatures > 28 °C, altering predictions about how climate change will affect malaria. A large data set on malaria transmission risk in Africa validates both the 25 °C optimum and the decline above 28 °C. Using these more accurate nonlinear thermal-response models will aid in understanding the effects of current and future temperature regimes on disease transmission.
Association of Objectively Measured Physical Activity With Cardiovascular Risk in Mobility‐limited Older Adults

Background Data are sparse regarding the impacts of habitual physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior on cardiovascular (CV) risk in older adults with mobility limitations. Methods and Results This study examined the baseline, cross‐sectional association between CV risk and objectively measured PA among participants in the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) study. The relationship between accelerometry measures and predicted 10‐year Hard Coronary Heart Disease (HCHD) risk was modeled by using linear regression, stratified according to CVD history. Participants (n=1170, 79±5 years) spent 642±111 min/day in sedentary behavior (ie, 0.05). However, a significant interaction was observed between sex and count frequency ( P =0.036) for those without CVD, as counts per minute was related to HCHD risk in women (β=−0.94, −1.48 to −0.41; P <0.001) but not in men (β=−0.14, −0.59 to 0.88; P =0.704). Conclusions Daily time spent being sedentary is positively associated with predicted 10‐year HCHD risk among mobility‐limited older adults. Duration, but not intensity (ie, mean counts/min), of daily PA is inversely associated with HCHD risk score in this population—although the association for intensity may be sex specific among persons without CVD. Clinical Trial Registration URL: [www.clinicaltrials.gov][1] Unique identifier: [NCT01072500][2] [1]: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT01072500&atom=%2Fahaoa%2F4%2F2%2Fe001288.atom
Magazine or journal—what is the difference? The role of the monitoring editor

Scientific communication, career advancement, and funding decisions are all dependent on research publications. The way manuscripts are handled by high-visibility, professionally edited magazines differs from the way academic journals evaluate manuscripts, using active scientists as monitoring editors. In this essay, I discuss the benefits that come with the involvement of active scientists. I enumerate the decisions a monitoring editor has to make, and how he or she goes about making them. Finally, I indicate ways in which authors can help to make the process a smoother and more positive experience.
Mechanisms for adsorption of organic bases on hydrated smectite surfaces

Mechanisms by which organic bases are adsorbed on hydrated smectite surfaces were investigated. Three Ca-saturated reference smectites (Otay, SPV, and Panther Creek) were dispersed in distilled water containing 5 μmol of pyridine or 3-butylpyridine. The pH was adjusted to between 7.5 and 3 using 0.01 M HCl. After a 2-h equilibration, the amount of pyridine or 3-butylpyridine adsorbed on the clay and the amount of Ca desorbed from the clay were determined. Negligible amounts of pyridine were adsorbed by the Ca-smectites in the neutral systems (pH > 7); however, most of the added pyridine was adsorbed on the smectites in the acidified systems (pH < 5). Equivalent amounts of Ca 2+ were desorbed from the clays, indicating that pyridine was adsorbed as a protonated species by cation exchange. By contrast, 40 to 90% of added 3-butylpyridine was adsorbed on the smectites at neutral pHs, whereas only small amounts of Ca 2+ were desorbed. The results suggest that 3-butylpyridine is initially retained by hydrophobic bonding between the alkyl side chain of the molecule and hydrophobic nanosites located between the charge sites on smectite surfaces. Surface acidity catalyzed protonation 1 to 1.5 pH units above the pK a of the bases.
Explaining Pay Disparities between Top Executives and Nonexecutive Employees: A Relative Bargaining Power Approach

The widening pay gap between corporate executives and rank-and-file workers has attracted much attention in the United States, but the sources of the pay gap have not been systematically examined. In this paper, I use a relative bargaining power approach to explore the sources of pay disparity between executives and nonexecutive employees in the United States. I argue that the bargaining power of labor affects executive compensation, nonexecutive compensation, and the executive-worker pay gap and that this effect is moderated by the characteristics of the chief executive officers (CEOs) who implement organizational policies. An analysis of 185 US firms provides evidence that labor’s bargaining power reduces the pay gap between executives and nonexecutive employees. This effect is mainly through the unions’ impact on executive compensation. The results also suggest that labor’s effect of narrowing the gap becomes weaker when the CEO has a finance background or when the CEO was recruited from outside the company rather than being promoted from within. These findings shed new light on our understanding of the linkage between firm-level dynamics and the rise in income inequality.
Growth characteristics of Bartonella henselae in a novel liquid medium: primary isolation, growth-phase-dependent phage induction, and metabolic studies.

Bartonella henselae is a zoonotic pathogen that usually causes a self-limiting infection in immunocompetent individuals but often causes potentially life-threatening infections, such as bacillary angiomatosis, in immunocompromised patients. Both diagnosis of infection and research into the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis have been hindered by the absence of a suitable liquid growth medium. It has been difficult to isolate B. henselae directly from the blood of infected humans or animals or to grow the bacteria in liquid culture media under laboratory conditions. Therefore, we have developed a liquid growth medium that supports reproducible in vitro growth (3-h doubling time and a growth yield of approximately 5 10 8 CFU/ml) and permits the isolation of B. henselae from the blood of infected cats. During the development of this medium, we observed that B. henselae did not derive carbon and energy from the catabolism of glucose, which is consistent with genome nucleotide sequence data suggesting an incomplete glycolytic pathway. Of interest, B. henselae depleted amino acids from the culture medium and accumulated ammonia in the medium, an indicator of amino acid catabolism. Analysis of the culture medium throughout the growth cycle revealed that oxygen was consumed and carbon dioxide was generated, suggesting that amino acids were catabolized in a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-dependent mechanism. Additionally, phage particles were detected in the culture supernatants of stationary-phase B. henselae, but not in mid-logarithmic-phase culture supernatants. Enzymatic assays of whole-cell lysates revealed that B. henselae has a complete TCA cycle. Taken together, these data suggest B. henselae may catabolize amino acids but not glucose to derive carbon and energy from its host. Furthermore, the newly developed culture medium should improve isolation of B. henselae and basic research into the pathogenesis of the bacterium.
Models of Disability: Implications for the Counseling Profession

Because of the increasing number of people with disabilities, counselors of all specialties and theoretical orientations will be called on to provide services to clients with disabilities. The authors present a brief overview of 4 major models of disability to provide an introduction to the varying definitions and causal and responsibility attributions of disability. Viewing the client with a disability as an individual with multiple identities, roles, functions, and environments facilitates the counseling process.
Volcanic calderas delineate biogeographic provinces among Yellowstone thermophiles.

Summary It has been suggested that the distribution of microorganisms should be cosmopolitan because of their enormous capacity for dispersal. However, recent studies have revealed that geographically isolated microbial populations do exist. Geographic distance as a barrier to dispersal is most often invoked to explain these distributions. Here we show that unique and diverse sequences of the bacterial genus Sulfurihydrogenibium exist in Yellowstone thermal springs, indicating that these sites are geographically isolated. Although there was no correlation with geographic distance or the associated geochemistry of the springs, there was a strong historical signal. We found that the Yellowstone calderas, remnants of prehistoric volcanic eruptions, delineate biogeographical provinces for the Sulfurihydrogenibium within Yellowstone (c 2 : 9.7, P = 0.002). The pattern of distribution that we have detected suggests that major geological events in the past 2 million years explain more of the variation in sequence diversity in this system than do contemporary factors such as habitat or geographic distance. These findings highlight the importance of historical legacies in determining contemporarymicrobialdistributionsandsuggestthatthe same factors that determine the biogeography of macroorganisms are also evident among bacteria.
Elder Specialists: Psychosocial Aspects of Medical Education in Geriatric Care

This paper describes an Elder Specialist Program developed by one school of medicine to sensitize medical students to geriatric psychosocial issues. Elder Specialists participate in panel discussions as part of each geriatric session. As an alternative to traditional senior mentoring programs, the Elder Specialist Program provides all students a consistent experience and enlightens students to the heterogeneity of the older adult population. Cost of the Elder Specialist Program is minimal. Without exception, the Elder Specialist component of each geriatric session has been rated by students as the highest. Measures of attitudes toward older adults are showing a positive trend.
Spatial differences in corneal electroretinogram potentials measured in rat with a contact lens electrode array.

Purpose It has been known for several decades that the magnitude of the corneal electroretinogram (ERG) varies with position on the eye surface, especially in the presence of focal or asymmetric stimuli or retinal lesions. However, this phenomenon has not been well-characterized using simultaneous measurements at multiple locations on the cornea. This work provides the first characterization of spatial differences in the ERG across the rat cornea.
Comparative evaluation of artificial ventricles in the United States.

A cooperative, comparative evaluation of nine artificial ventricles was performed on two standardized mock circulations. The ventricles included five air-driven diaphragm types, three sack types and a mechanically driven type. The slopes of the ventricular output curves varied from 0.04 to 0.88 at 0 to 5 Torr filling pressure and the maximum ventricular output varied from 3.8 to 11.9 liters/ min at 100 Torr outflow pressure. All ventricles had decreased output with increased outflow pressures (70 to 130 Torr). Hetnolysis index ratio (HI test/HI std) for HI std = 0.024 ±.005 (± 1 SD) g/100 liters (N = 12), was +21.5 and +6.9 for a Dacron cloth and fibril heart, respectively, +2.0 to +2. 86 for three sack ventricles, and +3.2 for a smooth diaphragm ventricle. The mechanical ventricle with a sinusoidal driving waveform and smooth surface had the lowest hemolysis, HI = 0.008 ± 0.003 (±1 SD) (N = 6). Sack ventricles caused marked hemolysis if the walls touched during systole. Ventricular dimensions varied: wei...
2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography uptake in a giant adrenal myelolipoma.

Abstract Incidental adrenal lesions found on anatomic imaging are not uncommon. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging is highly accurate in the differentiation of benign from malignant adrenal lesions, both in patients with proven malignancy and with adrenal lesions detected incidentally. A 60-year-old white female with a history of lower mid-back pain underwent computerized tomography (CT) imaging that identified a 15-cm complex mass within the left adrenal gland with soft tissue, cystic, and adipose components. FDG-PET imaging showed significant hypermetabolic activity within portions of the mass with central photopenia suggesting a malignant lesion with central necrosis. Surgical excision and pathological examination, however, revealed a benign adrenal myelolipoma with extensive adenomatous and hematopoietic elements. Prior reports of adrenal myelolipoma evaluated with FDG-PET imaging have described no significant FDG uptake within these benign tumors. This case is an unusual example of histologically proven benign adrenal myelolipoma that was hypermetabolic on FDG-PET imaging. Correlation of pathologic and imaging findings demonstrated that the hypodense regions on CT were hypometabolic on FDG-PET and corresponded to cystic necrosis and adipose elements, whereas the adenomatous and hematopoietic elements were hypermetabolic.(Mol Imag Biol 2002;4:355–358)
Effective entropies and data compression

Abstract In this paper, we introduce the formal definition of the concept of the ( C 1, C 2)-effective entropy of a language, where C 1, C 2 are complexity classes. The ( C 1, C 2)-effective entropy of a language L is used to measure how much a string x of length ≤n in L can be compressed to a string y by a C 1 algorithm so that given y, x can be recovered by a C 2 algorithm. We also relate this concept to issues in data compression. The main results are: (1) The SCj-effective entropy of a 2O(logn)-sparse regular language is equal its abosolute entropy, i.e., it is optimal; (2) the (DET, SC(j))-effective entropy of a 2O(logn)-sparse, 2O(logn)-ambiguous linear context-free language is, up to a constant factor, equal its absolute entropy (DET denotes the class of problems which are NC(1)-reducible to computing the determinants of integer matrices); and (3) the (NC(2), P)-effective entropy of a 2O(logn)-sparse, 2O(logn)-ambiguous context-free language is, up to a constant factor, equal its absolute entropy.
Dynamic characteristics and human perception of vibration aboard a military propeller aircraft

Abstract This study investigated the dynamic characteristics and human perception of higher-frequency multi-axis vibration associated with a military propeller aircraft environment. Triaxial accelerations were measured at the interfaces between the occupant and aircraft seat surface (seat pan and seat back) to evaluate and compare the effects of the aircraft seat fitted with different cushions. While all cushions showed a significant reduction in the X -axis seat pan vibration as compared to the original operational seat cushion at the blade passage frequency (BPF∼73.5 Hz), the associated accelerations remained significantly higher than the floor input accelerations. Transmissibility data confirmed these seat system characteristics at higher frequencies. A body region perception survey suggested that the subjects were most sensitive to the BPF component of the operational exposure. In contrast, the weighted acceleration levels (ISO 2631-1: 1997) suggested that the subjects would perceive the highest vibration in the vertical ( Z ) direction at the seat pan with substantial contributions in the X direction from the seat back, particularly at the propeller rotation frequency (PRF∼18.5 Hz). The overall Vibration Total Value (ISO 2631-1: 1997) suggested that the operational exposures would be perceived as being “not uncomfortable” to “a little uncomfortable.” Relevance to industry Effective multi-axis vibration mitigation strategies depend on the relationships between the location, direction, and level of vibration entering the occupant and human perception of the exposure. Current human exposure guidelines may not optimally reflect these relationships for assessing higher-frequency propeller aircraft work environments and should be applied with caution.
One-Cycle Controlled Unified Power Quality Conditioner For Load Side Voltage Sag Compensation

Voltage quality is an important factor of the power quality of distribution systems, while voltage sags/dips are the most common voltage quality problems. Voltage sags/dips may originate both from the source side and the load side. Without proper regulation, utility customers connected to the same bus could be disturbed. This paper studies the load side voltage sags caused by the resistive load disturbance and the current source type disturbance. The one-cycle controlled unified power quality conditioner (OCC-UPQC) can effectively compensate both the load side and the source side voltage sags under the resistive load disturbance. When the current source type disturbance is experienced, the load side voltage shows more significant improvement than the source side. The OCC-UPQC features constant switching frequency, simple circuitry, fast transient response, high precision, and excellent stability. The compensation strategies for load side voltage sags are analyzed and verified to be effective by experiments
Pronouncing new words aloud during the silent reading of text enhances fifth graders’ memory for vocabulary words and their spellings

An experiment with random assignment examined the effectiveness of a strategy to learn unfamiliar English vocabulary words during text reading. Lower socioeconomic status, language minority fifth graders (M = 10 years, 7 months; n = 62) silently read eight passages each focused on an unknown multi-syllabic word that was underlined, embedded in a meaningful context, defined, depicted, and repeated three times. Students were grouped by word reading ability, matched into pairs, and randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In the strategy condition, students orally pronounced the underlined words during silent reading. In the control condition, students penciled a check if they had seen the underlined words before but did not say the words aloud. Results of ANOVAs showed that the oral strategy enhanced vocabulary learning (ps < .01), with poorer readers showing bigger effect sizes than better readers in remembering pronunciation-meaning associations and spellings of the words. In a second experiment, 32 fifth graders from the same school described the strategies they use when encountering unfamiliar words in context. Better readers reported more word-level strategies whereas poorer readers reported more text-based strategies. Our explanation is that application of the word-level strategy of decoding new words aloud strengthened connections between spellings, pronunciations, and meanings in memory compared to silent reading of new words, particularly among poor readers who were less skilled and less likely to use this strategy unless instructed to do so.
Framing the Issue: Religion, Secular Ethics and the Case of Animal Rights Mobilization

This article addresses social movement framing, generally, and within contemporary animal rights movements specifically by conducting focus group analyses of a non-activist population. This contrasts with previous studies of recruitment that have examined the conversion process retroactively, culling data from those already involved in a cause. By soliciting the thoughts of non-activists, the efficacy of recruitment efforts and resonance of movement frames can be gauged through the reactions of those whom the movement is attempting to reach: the uninitiated. Ultimately, the question is raised: is it preferable to get noticed in a negative way or not at all? The findings constitute a cautionary tale for social movement organizations that employ incendiary language or images in their recruitment efforts.
Experimental oiling of sanderlings (Calidris alba): Behavior and weight changes

We applied fresh and weathered oil from the Anitra oil spill to the belly feathers of experimental sanderlings ( Calidris alba) to simulate 20% plumage oiling, whereas controls were stroked with clean swabs only. We tested the null hypotheses that there were no differences in behavior following oiling and that there were no differences in weight gain or loss in control and experimental birds. Control sanderlings showed no differences in behavior before and after oiling, but oiled birds spent significantly less time resting and more time bathing and preening. Significant differences in weight and behavior were observed between the control and oiled birds. Following oiling, the sanderlings preened vigorously, spreading the oil so that they appeared to have oiling rates of 30%. Thereafter, the percentage of their plumage that was oiled decreased steadily over the next 2 weeks, but the birds never appeared completely free of oil.
An Axiomatic Framework for Result Diversification

Informally speaking, diversification of search results refers to a trade-off between relevance and diversity in the set of results. In this article, we present a unifying framework for search result diversification using the axiomatic approach. The characterization provided by the axiomatic framework can help design and compare diversification systems, and we illustrate this using several examples. We also show that several diversification objectives can be reduced to the combinatorial optimization problem of facility dispersion. This reduction results in algorithms with provable guarantees for a number of well-known diversification objectives.
Rescuing aging space physics data sets

Enormous amounts of valuable data have been collected from the rocket and spacecraft missions conducted by NASA and other federal agencies over the past 35 years, as well as from collaborations with groundbased experiments and international space missions. What do we now do with all these perishable data? Many of the NASA data sets have been archived in the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. Most of the data sets from spacecraft operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are archived in the National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder, Colo., and other data sets are archived at various regional data centers. Yet there are undoubtedly many data sets that reside with the instrument's principal investigators or associate researchers at various universities, colleges, and aerospace laboratories—data that are not now included in the national archiving effort. Many of these data sets include highly reduced, value-added data, which required significant resources to acquire and reduce.
Myers-Briggs Type Inventory Preferences of Pharmacy Students and Practitioners

The Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI) preferences were obtained for students in 10 classes at four different schools of pharmacy in the United States (N = 832), and for a sample of practicing pharmacists (N = 170). It was found that, except for three isolated instances, the MBTIpersonalitypreferences of all students studied were statistically similar. The MBTI preferences of students were statistically similar to those of practicing pharmacists on the Extravert/Introvert and Sensing/ Intuitive preferences. They differed on the Thinking/Feeling preferences in that more students had the feeling (people oriented) preference, and on the Judging/Perceiving preferences in that more students had a perceiving (adaptable, open) preference. Analyzing pharmacy students and students in other health care professions, it was seen that students appeared to self-select into the various professions. Data also shows that student selection of specific curricular options offered inprofessional programs can be correlated to ...
Peripheral administration of urocortin suppresses operant responding for food reward.

Abstract The effects of peripheral systemic administration of urocortin on operant responding to obtain food were investigated using three separate concentrations. The drug was administered intraparitoneally at a concentration of 10 μg/ml/Kg, 5 μg/ml/Kg, and 0 μg/ml/Kg suspended in saline at a volume of 1 ml/Kg to Sprague-Dawley rats fifteen minutes prior to being exposed to an operant bar press task. Eleven subjects were used, each receiving a single injection of each concentration on separate days with the order of treatment counterbalanced. The results indicated that the administration of urocortin in a dose dependent manner reduced responding of food deprived subjects for a food reward in a thirty minute session. These data indicated that the peripheral administration of urocortin reduced the motivation of food deprived subjects to respond.
Social Group Patterns and Associations of Nonmigratory Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Michigan

Abstract We investigated the annual pattern of elk (Cervus elaphus) social group sizes and associations in Michigan's nonmigratory herd. Group observations were used to determine social group sizes and patterns throughout the year. Social group associations of individual elk were determined from 31 cow and 20 bull elk equipped with radio-collars. Bull and cow elk differed in their probabilities of belonging to single sex or mixed groups in 6 of 7 biological periods. Bull-only groups were small (mean = 1.3–2.7) and constant in size annually, while cow-calf (mean = 1.6–9.6) and mixed (mean = 5.2–35.1) groups were larger and varied in size throughout the year. Annual grouping patterns in Michigan were similar to grouping patterns observed for western North American elk herds. In contrast to other sedentary herds in stabilized habitats, elk in Michigan showed little annual (mean coefficients of association = 0.16) or seasonal (mean coefficients of association = 0.07–0.32) cohesion in social group membership, ...
Decomposing Trends in Inequality in Earnings into Forecastable and Uncertain Components.

A substantial empirical literature documents the rise in wage inequality in the American economy. It is silent on whether the increase in inequality is due to components of earnings that are predictable by agents or whether it is due to greater uncertainty facing them. These two sources of variability have different consequences for both aggregate and individual welfare. Using data on two cohorts of American males, we find that a large component of the rise in inequality for less skilled workers is due to uncertainty. For skilled workers, the rise is less pronounced.
Two dimensional nanoflow liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry of proteins extracted from rice leaves and roots

In this chapter we present a detailed protocol for the large-scale identification of proteins present in rice leaf and root tissue samples using 2D liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of protein extracts. This is performed using biphasic (strong cation exchange/reversed phase) columns with integral electrospray emitters operating at nanoliter flow rates, a technique known by the acronym Mudpit (for multidimensional protein identification technique). The protocol involves harvesting of leaves and roots from rice plants, preparing protein extracts from the harvested tissues, preparing proteolytic digests of the extracted proteins, making a biphasic capillary column with an integral electrospray emitter, performing two-dimensional chromatographic separation of peptides with data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry, and the use of database searching of the acquired tandem mass spectra to identify peptides and proteins. This protocol is adaptable for use with a wide variety of plant materials and can be used to identify large numbers of proteins present in a specific tissue, organ, organelle, or other subcellular fraction. In addition to the detailed protocol, we also present the results of a representative experiment showing the identification of more than 1000 distinct proteins from rice leaf and root samples in two Mupdit experiments.
The thin sedimentary layer of the Sonoran Embayment

Five earthquakes from the Gulf of California, recorded at the John W. Kidd Memorial Seismological Observatory of The University of Texas at El Paso, are analyzed to estimate the thickness of the sedimentary layer of the Sonoran Embayment located southwest of El Paso, Texas and bounded on the western extremity by the Sierra Madre Occidental. The seismograms are digitized at 1 2 -sec intervals and filtered in the time domain with a Parzen lag window to regenerate the fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves. Arrival times of these short-period surface waves are reduced to the time required to propagate through the Sonoran Embayment. The data are studied by Savarensky's method and by spectral analysis to yield group-velocity dispersion values. The results of the two distinct methods agree well. Theoretically obtained dispersion curves, in which the indexing parameter is layer thickness, are fitted to the velocity dispersion points. It is found that the sedimentary layer of the Sonoran Embayment is 2 to 3 km thick.