cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partisan Dealignment in the American Electorate: Itemizing the Deductions since 1964

According to the SRC-CPS surveys, the proportion of Americans identifying with a political party declined sharply between 1964 and 1976, from approximately 75 percent to 63 percent. In order to cast some light on the reasons for this dealignment, we examine the contributions made by the changing age composition of the electorate, the entry of new voters into the electorate, the party desertion among voters already in the electorate, and the suppression of age gains in partisanship. These four sources are shown to explain close to 100 percent of the aggregate decline from 1964 to 1976, with the single largest contribution made by entry of new voters. Nevertheless our findings indicate that the decline occurred throughout all age cohorts and suggest the potency of dealigning period forces. These forces simply had their strongest effect on those voters with predictably the least resistance, the youngest cohorts.
Particulate-free porous silicon networks for efficient capacitive deionization water desalination

Energy efficient water desalination processes employing low-cost and earth-abundant materials is a critical step to sustainably manage future human needs for clean water resources. Here we demonstrate that porous silicon – a material harnessing earth abundance, cost and environmental/biological compatibility is a candidate material for water desalination. With appropriate surface passivation of the porous silicon material to prevent surface corrosion in aqueous environments, we show that porous silicon templates can enable salt removal in capacitive deionization (CDI) ranging from 0.36% by mass at the onset from fresh to brackish water (10 mM, or 0.06% salinity) to 0.52% in ocean water salt concentrations (500 mM, or ~0.3% salinity). This is on par with reports of most carbon nanomaterial based CDI systems based on particulate electrodes and covers the full salinity range required of a CDI system with a total ocean-to-fresh water required energy input of ~1.45 Wh/L. The use of porous silicon for CDI enables new routes to directly couple water desalination technology with microfluidic systems and photovoltaics that natively use silicon materials, while mitigating adverse effects of water contamination occurring from nanoparticulate-based CDI electrodes.
Epidemic Study on Common Symptoms of Digestive System among Soldiers in the Northeast Warzone

Objective:In order to realize the epidemic distribution of digestive system and take directed protective measures by investigating the symptoms and epidemic distribution features of digestive system among soldiers in the northeast war zone.Methods:To investigate the nature conditions,degree of symptoms,aggravated seasons among 7345 soldiers using questionnaire by stratified cluster sampling.To examine 357 soliders using gastroscope by random cluster ample,summarizing the findings,and statistical treating by SPSS 13.0.Results:The prevalence of solders peptic ulcer(PU) was 17.4%.The incidence of digestive system symptoms(Sc≥5)was 8.4%,the incidence of winter was the max(45.2%),then was summer(28.9%),spring(15.9%) and fall(10.1%).There was statistical significance among digestive system symptoms and marriage,education,duty,arms of the services,profession of solders,rank of solders.Conclusions:Troops should take preventive measures in order to reduce morbidity of digestive system disease because of serious status of solders' digestive system.
Comparative analysis of brain EEG signals generated from the right and left hand while writing

This paper provides a comparative analysis of right handed people and left handed people when they write with both their hands. Two left handed and one right handed subject were asked to write their respective names on a paper using both, their left and right handed, and their brain signals were measured using EEG. Similarly, they were asked to perform simple mathematical calculations using both their hand. The data collected from the EEG from writing with both hands is compared. It is observed that though it is expected that the right brain only would contribute to left handed writing and vice versa, it is not so. When a right handed person writes with his/her left hand, the initial instinct is to go for writing with the right hand. Hence, both parts of the brain are active when a subject writes with the other hand. However, when the activity is repeated, the brain learns to expect to write with the other hand as the activity is repeated and then only the expected part of the brain is active.
Cell-Free Bead-Based Detection of Total and Phosphorylated Proteins in Plasma and Cell Lysates

Frequently direct measurement of proteins or their phosphorylation in intact cells is not possible, for instance, when cells are too few, frozen, or subject to degradation. We have demonstrated that tumor cells pour their DNA, RNA, and protein content into circulation because of turnover and breakdown of cell structures. Proteins in solution most likely circulate as complexes, which protects them from degradation. We describe a cell-free, bead-based method that takes advantage of this phenomenon. Our approach is based on immunoprecipitation of the protein of interest on the surface of beads, followed by detection of the protein or its modification (phosphorylation) using a secondary antibody labeled with phycoerythrin at a 1:1 ratio. Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3, which is mutated in majority of cases of acute myeloid leukemia, is used as an example. This method could be applied to the quantitation of several other proteins without the need for intact cells.
Design and development of an LED-based optical communication system with active alignment control

While acoustic modems have long been the dominant wireless communication method for underwater applications, they incur high cost and large power, and can only deliver low data rates. Recently, light-emitting diode (LED)-based optical communication has emerged as a promising approach to low-power, high-rate data transfer underwater over short-to-medium distances. However, LED-based communication relies on a close-to-line-of-sight link between the transmitter and the receiver, which presents significant challenges in its underwater robotic applications, where the underlying robots undergo constant motions due to propulsion and/or disturbances. In this paper we propose a novel and compact LED-based communication system with active alignment control, which maintains the communication link despite the underlying platform movement. Details on the system design and implementation are provided. The prototype is able to communicate at 115,200 bps over at least 23 m in swimming pool tests. Experiments involving a stationary transmitter and a mobile receiver mounted on a terrestrial robot are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the alignment maintenance system. In particular, it is shown that, for a communication distance of 3 m, the data loss under active alignment control is 9.9% at the transmission rate of 115,200 bps, when the robot orientation varies ±60°, while in comparison, the data loss is 56.2% in the absence of alignment control.
ASTER-Based Vegetation Map to Improve Soil Modeling in Remote Areas

Soil scientists are using spectral data from vegetation to help predict soils for the North Cascades National Park (NCNP) Complex in Washington State, USA. Vegetation is a proxy indicator for the soil forming factors organisms and climate. Two objectives of this research are: (1) can spectral remote sensing data be used to accurately map vegetation in the NCNP; and (2) are soil characteristics and properties significantly correlated with vegetation cover? We characterized soil profiles and vegetation cover at 70 sites within the 30,000 ha Thunder Creek Watershed (TCW) in the summer of 2007. These ground truth locations were used to manually interpret 1 m resolution National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) color photography and classify 700 randomly selected validation locations as coniferous forest, shrub, meadow, heather, rock and snow. We applied Spectral Angle Mapper (ENVI version 4.3, ITT Visual Information Solutions; Boulder, CO) to July, 2007 ASTER data to classify vegetation cover for the TCW, with 3600 ground truth pixels and the 700 NAIP photograph pixels employed for calibration and validation respectively. This classification yielded an overall accuracy of 67% with coniferous forest having a producer’s and user’s accuracies of 84 and 91% respectively.
Fault-tolerant operation of multilevel diode-clamped converters for a device open-circuit fault

This paper presents fault-tolerant operation strategies for a grid-connected three-level diode-clamped converter system. The proposed fault-tolerant control method enables continuous operation under device open-circuit failure conditions. The location of the faulty components is considered as identified. The fault-tolerant scheme is developed based on the inherent redundant voltage vectors in a three-level (3L) diode-clamped converter (DCC). By selecting an appropriate switching pattern, 3L-DCC can manage rated power with sinusoidal currents during faulty states. Therefore, the proposed solution requires no additional hardware and complex calculations. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed concept and confirm good fault handing capabilities.
A high order semi-Lagrangian discontinuous Galerkin method for Vlasov–Poisson simulations without operator splitting

Abstract In this paper, we develop a high order semi-Lagrangian (SL) discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for nonlinear Vlasov–Poisson (VP) simulations without operator splitting. In particular, we combine two recently developed novel techniques: one is the high order non-splitting SLDG transport method (Cai et al. (2017) [4] ), and the other is the high order characteristics tracing technique proposed in Qiu and Russo (2017) [29] . The proposed method with up to third order accuracy in both space and time is locally mass conservative, free of splitting error, positivity-preserving, stable and robust for large time stepping size. The SLDG VP solver is applied to classic benchmark test problems such as Landau damping and two-stream instabilities for VP simulations. Efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed scheme is extensively tested. Tremendous CPU savings are shown by comparisons between the proposed SL DG scheme and the classical Runge–Kutta DG method.
In small skin abscesses, clindamycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole after incision and drainage increased cures.

Source Citation Daum RS, Miller LG, Immergluck L, et al; DMID 07-0051 Team. A placebo-controlled trial of antibiotics for smaller skin abscesses. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:2545-55. 28657870
A cellular mechanism for age-induced itch

It is well known that aging is accompanied by the death of specific cell types that function as sensors of outside signals and that this cell death leads to deficits in our ability to detect these signals. For example, age-associated loss of sensory hair cells and/or spiral ganglia neurons in the inner ear leads to progressive hearing loss, particularly of high frequencies ( 1 ). Similarly, death of photoreceptors in the retina of the eye is a key aspect of the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision impairment in individuals older than 60 years of age ( 2 ). On page 530 of this issue, Feng et al. ( 3 ) identify an unusual link between age-related loss of a sensory cell type and aberrant sensory processing: During aging, the loss of specialized skin cells called Merkel cells results in alloknesis, the pathological sensation of itch in response to innocuous mechanical stimuli.
RUNX1 suppresses breast cancer stemness and tumor growth

Recent studies have revealed that mutations in the transcription factor Runx1 are prevalent in breast tumors. Yet, how loss of Runx1 contributes to breast cancer (BCa) remains unresolved. We demonstrate for the first time that Runx1 represses the breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) phenotype and consequently, functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. Runx1 ectopic expression in MCF10AT1 and MCF10CA1a BCa cells reduces (60%) migration, invasion and in vivo tumor growth in mouse mammary fat pad (P
Isolation and characterization of two cyclin-like cDNAs from Arabidopsis.

Cyclins are key regulators of a family of protein kinases called cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). Specific cyclins interact with specific Cdks to regulate the different transition points in the cell cycle. Six mitotic-like cyclins have previously been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using polymerase chain reaction amplified cyclin-box sequences as probes, two new cyclin cDNAs are isolated from Arabidopsis. The deduced amino acid sequences of the isolated cDNAs (Arath;CycB1;3 and Arath;CycB1;4) show the highest sequence similarity with mitotic cyclins. Arath;CycB1;3 is most homologous to the plant CycB1group cyclins and contains a conserved motif that is typical of this group. Arath;CycB1;4, while homologous to Arath;CycB1;2, has some features that make it different from other known mitotic-like cyclins. These data suggest the presence of several distinct cyclins of CycB1 group in Arabidopsis. Analysis of expression of three members of CycB1 group (Arath;CycB1;2, Arath;CycB1;3 and Arath;CycB1;4) in different tissues by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers corresponding to unique regions of their cDNAs shows that they are differentially expressed in different tissues.
On the Well-posedness of the Dirichlet Problem in Certain Classes of Nontangentially Accessible Domains

We prove that if Ω ⊂ ℝ n is a bounded NTA domain (in the sense of Jerison and Kenig) with an Ahlfors regular boundary, and which satisfies a uniform exterior ball condition, then the Dirichlet problem $$ \Delta u = 0 in \Omega , u|_{\partial \Omega } = f \in L^p (\partial \Omega , d\sigma ), $$ (1) , has a unique solution for any p ∈ (1,∞). This solution satisfies natural nontangential maximal function estimates and can be represented as $$ u(y) = - \int_{\partial \Omega } {\partial _{\nu (x)} G(x,y)f(x) d\sigma (x),} y \in \Omega . $$ (1) . Above, ν denotes the outward unit normal to Ω and G(·,·) stands for the Green function associated with Ω.
P67: Role of oxidative stress-induced caveolin-1 S-nitrosylation, ubiquitination, and degradation in endothelial cell dedifferentiation and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Cav1 −/− mice develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) which is dependent on eNOS since inhibition or deletion of eNOS abrogates the PAH phenotype. Here, we tested the hypothesis that inflammatory signaling/oxidative stress induces Cav-1 degradation, and that in presence of reduced Cav-1 expression, eNOS hyperactivation promotes endothelial cell dedifferentiation, disorganized postnatal angiogenesis, and vaso-occlusive disease in the lung. In freshly-isolated IPAH patient-derived lung endothelial cells, we observed reduced Cav-1 expression and eNOS hyperphosphorylation. In cultured control human lung endothelial cells, TNF alpaha-induced NO production and S -nitrosylation (SNO) of Cav-1 cysteine 156 was associated with increased Src activity and destabilization of Cav-1 oligomeric chains that could be blocked by the eNOS inhibitor l -NAME or Src inhibitor PP2. Furthermore, Cav-1 SNO was associated with reduced Cav-1 expression following prolonged (72 h) stimulation with TNF alpha or the NO donor DetaNONOate. Moreover, mass spectrometry revealed K86 in the caveolin scaffold domain as a site of Cav-1 ubiquitination (Ub). Thus, these data suggest that Cav-1 SNO at C156 induces Src-dependent Cav-1 phosphorylation at Y14, destabilization of Cav1 oligomers, and Ub of K86 leading to Cav-1 degradation. Furthermore, Cultured Cav1 −/− ECs were observed to be hyperproliferative and dysfunctional in their ability to generate lumenized vessels in Matrigel plugs in vitro and in vivo. The defect in angiogenesis observed in Cav1 −/− ECs was shown to be due to hyperactive eNOS-mediated disruption of endothelial cell–cell junctions and cell contact-dependent Notch signaling. eNOS-dependent peroxynitrite production and resultant Akt and Src hyperactivation in Cav1 −/− ECs not only prevented nuclear Notch signaling, it resulted in increased nuclear beta-catenin signaling that was associated with an “all tip-cell” phenotype. Rescue of Cav-1 null cells with Cav-1 cDNA and in Cav1 −/− × eNOS −/− double knockout ECs, Notch activation and angiogenesis were restored. Therefore, oxidative stress-induced Cav-1 degradation and eNOS hyperactivation-mediated endothelial cell dedifferentiation may play an important role in vaso-occlusive pulmonary vascular disease. Disclosure Nothing to disclose.
AI’s social sciences deficit

To create less harmful technologies and ignite positive social change, AI engineers need to enlist ideas and expertise from a broad range of social science disciplines, including those embracing qualitative methods, say Mona Sloane and Emanuel Moss.
Occupational health practices among dental care professionals before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a substantial burden on dental care professionals. While dentistry is known as one of the most exposed and high-risk professions, dental care professionals are indeed at even greater risk. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, occupational health practices, personal protective equipment usage, and mental stressors during COVID-19 pandemic among dental care professionals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental care professionals who were subscribers to a dental hygiene journal using a self-administered online survey (nâ=â1047 respondents). Cross-tabulations were performed to determine differences in the responses to the statements related to different domains. RESULTS: COVID-19 impacted the healthy work-life balance (pâ< â0.001) and caused sleeping difficulty among the respondents (pâ< â0.001). Moreover, a lower response on changing respirators and gloves for each patient compared with before viral pandemic was observed (pâ< â0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing training on infection control, occupational health practices, and PPE usage can prevent the transmission of COVID-19 among dental care professionals and the public. Lack of adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) is a burden for applying occupational health practices in dental clinics and present a risk to the public. COVID-19 may contribute to developing psychological stress and disrupt healthy work-life balance among dental professionals.
Within-AUD outpatient treatment heavy drinking transitions and associations with long-term outcomes.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine whether changes in heavy drinking occurring within alcohol treatment predict long-term functioning. Method Latent profile analyses were conducted using data from Project MATCH and COMBINE. Observed changes in heavy and nonheavy drinking within consecutive 2-week periods over the respective treatment durations were characterized for each participant and were used to identify latent profiles. Results Both data sets revealed 6 profiles: (1) continuous “remission” (nonheavy drinking); (2) transition from heavy drinking (“relapse”) to remission; (3) mostly remission, limited relapse; (4) numerous short transitions between relapse and remission; (5) transition to relapse; and (6) continuous relapse. Profiles 1 and 2 had the best long-term outcomes, Profiles 5 and 6 had the worst, and Profiles 3 and 4 fell between these groups. Within-treatment patterns of heavy drinking and nonheavy drinking were also associated with post-treatment patterns of relapse and remission. Conclusions Patterns of transition between episodes that respectively include heavy and nonheavy drinking predict long-term alcohol use and psychosocial outcomes and seem essential for clinicians to discuss with their patients. Relapses during outpatient treatment do not necessarily indicate treatment failure, provided they are relatively brief and/or infrequent. In addition, some individuals can and do change from transition patterns of heavy drinking within treatment that are predictive of poorer long-term functioning to transition patterns that predict better functioning within the first year post-treatment.
Poly [Azoalkylene-N, N’-Dioxides], 2. α-4-Nitroisopropylidenebicyclohexyl-ω-Nitropoly [Azo-1, 4-Cyclohexyleneisopropylidene-1, 4-Cyclohexylene-N, N’-Dioxide] and α-4-Nitrobicyclohexyl-ω-Nitropoly [Azo-4, 4’-Bicyclohexylene-N, N’-Dioxide]

Simple nitroso groups when attached to carbon show a distinctive tendency towards dimerization.
SU-E-T-794: Validation of the MCNPX Monte Carlo Model of the Ocular Beam Line at the Proton Therapy Center Houston

Purpose: The PTCH is preparing the ocular proton beam nozzle for clinical use. Currently commissioning measurements are being performed using films, diodes and ionization chambers. In parallel, a Monte Carlo model of the beam line was created for integration into the automated Monte Carlo treatment plan computation system, MC 2. This work aims to compare Monte Carlo predictions to measured proton doses in order to validate the Monte Carlo model. Methods: A complete model of the double scattering ocular beam line has been created and is capable of simulating proton beams with a comprehensive set of beam modifying devices, including eleven different range modulator wheels. Simulations of doses in water were scored and compare to ion chamber measurements of depth doses, lateral dose profiles extracted from half beam block exposures of films, and diode measurements of lateral penumbrae at various depths. Results: All comparison resulted in an average relative entrance dose difference of less than 3% and peak dose difference of less than 2%. All range differences were smaller than 0.2 mm. The differences in the lateral beam profiles were smaller than 0.2 mm, and the differences in the penumbrae were all smaller than 0.4%. Conclusion: All available data shows excellent agreement of simulations and measurements. More measurements will have to be performed in order to completely and systematically validate the model. Besides simulating and measuring PDDs and lateral profiles of all remaining range modulator wheels, the absolute dosimetry factors in terms of number of source protons per monitor unit have to be determined.
RELATIVE PRICE VARIABILITY AND INFLATION

Abstract Using Italian data from 1954 to 1983, it is found that relative price variability and inflation are positively correlated only during the 1970s and the early 1980s, when their relationship appears to be largely induced by movements in the oil price, rather than by aggregate demand shocks. This result is consistent with the findings of Fischer, 1981 , Fischer, 1982 for the U.S. and Germany (although, in contrast to the evidence for these two countries, no relationship can be detected between unexpected inflation and relative price variability). Furthermore, the comparison between the three countries provides substantial support for the hypothesis — tentatively advanced by Fischer (1982) — that the correlation between relative price variability and inflation is enhanced by monetary accommodation of real shocks. There is also evidence that in Italy both variables have been considerably affected by exchange rate movements.
Branched Chain Amino Acid Aminotransferase IV. KINETICS OF THE TRANSAMINATION REACTIONS

Abstract The kinetics of transamination reactions catalyzed by pig heart "branched chain amino acid" aminotransferase was investigated. The activation of aged preparations by 2-mercaptoethanol, previously noted, was associated with increases in both the maximum velocity and enzyme-substrate affinities. This implies a protein conformational change. The sharp pH optimum observed with standard assay conditions reflects a change in the rate-limiting half-reaction from that of leucine with the phosphopyridoxal form of the enzyme to that of α-ketoglutarate with the phosphopyridoxamine form as the pH is raised. Whereas nonpolar monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids which are substrate analogues both inhibited strongly at the optimum pH of 8.3, only the monocarboxylic acids were effective at higher pH values. The kinetics of the reaction of l-leucine with α-ketoglutarate could be adequately described by a binary rate equation as would be expected for a transamination reaction. Exchange transamination reactions between homologous amino acid keto acid substrate pairs were also shown and found to proceed at rates comparable to that observed with leucine and α-ketoglutarate.
The interpretation of XUV solar radiation.

Solar ultraviolet and X-radiation arriving at the Earth is emitted mainly by highly-charged ions in the outer layers of the Sun, where departures from thermodynamic equilibrium are extreme. Hence the diagnosis of physical conditions from spectral intensities entails the use of accurate cross sections for a variety of physical processes governing the excitation and ionization of emitting ions. Now that the full potential of satellites for solar data acquisition has begun to be realized, the need for atomic data of all kinds is more acute than ever before.
Female Smokers Have Increased Postoperative Narcotic Requirements

This study investigated the influence of tobacco use on postoperative narcotic requirements of female patients following pelvic surgery. The history of tobacco use was taken by telephone survey, and the amount of postoperative narcotic used was obtained from a retrospective review of the patients' hospital charts. Postoperative narcotic use for patients who never smoked was 10.9 mg/12 hr (n = 83, S.E. = 0.5), for former smokers was 13.0 mg/12 hr (n = 33, S.E. = 0.8) and for current smokers was 13.1 mg/12 hr (n = 53, S.E. = 0.7). Patients who never smoked used significantly less narcotic than former smokers (p = .02) or current smokers (p = .007). There was no difference between current and former smokers. Patients who have smoked required more narcotic for postoperative pain control. This effect was equally strong for former as for current smokers.
Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. Ricardo A. Godoy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 274 pp.
Synthèse de l'hydroxy‐3β‐méthano‐22,23‐nor‐24‐cholestène‐5 pour comparaison avec le cystostérol

Synthesis of 22,23-methano-24-nor-cholest-5-en-3β-ol and comparison with cystosterol 22,23-Methano-24-nor-cholest-5-en-3β-ol, a novel cyclopropane-containing sterol was synthesized from stigmasterol and found to be different from the isomeric, naturally occurring marine sterol cystosterol.
Parity-violating α-decay of the 3.56 MeV Jπ, T = 0+, 1 state of 6Li

Abstract We study the parity-violating α + d decay of the lowest 0 + state of 6 Li in a microscopic three-cluster model. The initial bound and the final scattering states are described consistently within the same model. The parity-violating decay width is calculated in perturbation theory using the parity-nonconserving nucleon-nucleon interaction of Desplanques, Donoghue and Holstein (DDH). We find that the decay width is sensitive to dynamical degrees of freedom which are beyond the α + p + n model, for example, α excitation and breakup. In our full model, which contains breathing excitations of the α particle and 3 H+ 3 He rearrangement, the parity-nonconserving decay width is Γ αd pnc = 3.97 × 10 −9 eV, using the DDH weak coupling constants.
Interaction of Salt, pH, and Temperature on the Growth and Survival of Salmonellae in Ground Pork

The interaction of temperature, pH, and NaCl concentration on the growth and survival of several strains of salmonellae has been determined in broth and ground pork. Growth of 23 strains occurred in broth at 30 C over a wide range of pH-NaCl combinations; at 10 C, growth was limited to only a few combinations. Cultures which would not grow at 10 C because of the pH-NaCl effect survived for long periods, however. In contrast, cultures which would not grow at 30 C remained viable for only a short time. Results in fresh ground pork were in close agreement with the broth studies. Salmonellae would not grow in ground pork stored at 4 C but would grow in pork containing 3.5% salt stored at 10 C. Salmonellae grew competitively with the natural background flora at 10 C even when the salmonellae constituted less than 5% of the initial flora, and the background flora would grow at a lower temperature than the salmonellae. The data show that, whereas decreasing temperatures increase the inhibitory effects of pH and NaCl, they decrease the lethal effects.
A 13C-NMR study of the microstructure of polyphenylacetylenes prepared with MoCl5 and WCl6

The microstructure of polyphenylacetylenes prepared with MoCl5 and WCl6 catalysts in several solvents was studied by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Use of 13{1H} INEPT (insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer) experiment aids the resonance assignments of cis, trans and cyclohexadiene structural units. The NMR spectral data confirm our previous findings regarding the roles of isomerization prior to double bond formation and thermal isomerization after double bond formation in the mechanism responsible for the control of polymer microstructure and molecular weight.
Thoughts on the structure of alkylsilane monolayers

Cross-polymerization in alkylsilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has been thought to be an essential ingredient of their stability. For alkylsilane SAMS at full coverage, it is shown here that cross-polymerization cannot occur due to steric effects. Thus, to form dense, fully covered monolayers, cross-polymerization must be avoided. Such monolayers should be as stable as alkanethiol SAMs, which also do not cross-polymerize. The structure of the headgroup plays a limiting role in possible monolayer structures. Due to large steric hindrances, the dimethylmonochlorosilanes cannot cover a silica surface with a density equal to the density of surface hydroxyls. In contrast, the trichlorosilanes can achieve such densities. To satisfy the steric constraints, the aliphatic tails must form a herringbone structure.
Tobacco Smoking Among Incarcerated Individuals: A Review of the Nature of the Problem and What is Being Done in Response

Smoking is a major health problem, however the issue is even more pronounced among those incarcerated in prisons, where smoking rates are often three times that of the general population. While effective treatments have been demonstrated in the tobacco literature, research examining treatment within prisons is limited in scope. This article reviews the existing literature evaluating the extent of this problem, its demonstrated effects, and the responses by health care and correctional authorities. Overall, this problem is far reaching, and while there is trend toward curbing smoking within institutions, a great need for empirically-grounded treatments and prevention programs remains.
Clinical evaluation of trimethidinium methosulfate

Abstract Trimethidinium methosulfate, a new vasodilator drug which acts through its ganglionic blocking effect and through central action, was tested in twenty patients with hypertension for an average period of nine months. Trimethidinium methosulfate produced a significant response in 85 per cent of the cases, 55 per cent becoming normotensive. The reduction in the average blood pressure levels was 57 mm. Hg systolic and 27 mm. Hg diastolic. Since most of the patients had been treated previously with pentapyrrolidinium it was possible to compare the two drugs. Trimethidinium methosulfate showed a better and more consistent hypertensive effect, greater and more rapid reduction in severity index, and although side effects were more frequent, they were less severe and more easily controlled. Comparison of the results with trimethidinium with those reported in the literature for pentapyrrolidinium and mecamylamine shows the control of blood pressure to be at least as good or better and the side effects to be less severe and more manageable.
Involvement of Protein Kinase C-Dependent Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase p44/42 Signaling Pathway for Cross-Talk between Estradiol and Transforming Growth Factor-β3 in Increasing Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Folliculostellate Cells

We have recently shown that TGF-β3, in the presence of estradiol, increases the release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from folliculostellate (FS) cells in the pituitary. We determined the interactive effects of TGF-β3 and estradiol on bFGF production and release from FS cells, and the role of the MAPK pathway in TGF-β3 and estradiol interaction. We found that TGF-β3 and estradiol alone moderately increased cell content and release of bFGF from FS cells; but together, they markedly increased the peptide. Estradiol and TGF-β3 alone moderately activated MAPK p44/42; together they produced marked activation of MAPK p44/42. Pretreatment of FS cells with an MAPK kinase 1/2 inhibitor or with protein kinase C inhibitors suppressed the activation of MAPK p44/42, bFGF release, and protein level increases, all of which were induced by TGF-β3 and estradiol. Estradiol and TGF-β3, either alone or in combination, increased the levels of active Ras. Furthermore, bFGF induction by TGF-β3 and estradiol was block...
Monoclonal antibodies with sequence specific affinity for a stem - loop structure in DNA

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against an oligonucleotide with a stem-loop structure ( 1 ). Antibody 41H7 binds the oligonucleotide hapten with a dissociation constant of 2.0 x 10 −6 M. The antibody shows sequence specificity in its binding, as it shows no detectable binding to a sequence ( 12 ) which differed from the hapten by only three bases in the loop. Additionally, a change of ten base pairs in the stem portion of the sequence ( 13 ) led to a four-fold reduction in the antibody affinity. These results indicate that antibody 41H7 mainly recognizes the single stranded region of hapten 1 , and that antibody recognition of the double stranded stem occurs to a lesser extent.
Clean fluid fuels from coal and wastes

There are many processes under development to help at least partially to replenish our fast-fading supplies of natural gas and oil with new supplies of clean fuel. Commercially available processes, however, are limited. Some processes will certainly be discarded as research continues and newer processes are developed. A more vigorous effort in research and development, requiring greater expenditures of both money and manpower, will determine the direction needed and the more desirable processes.
The power of organizational storytelling: a management development perspective

Storytelling is a powerful tool that evokes visual images and heightened emotions. Business leaders who can tell a good story have tremendous impact. Presents a model and examples of organizational storytelling, discusses the use of stories in management development, and outlines ways to enhance managers’ storytelling skills.
Effects of a first-order chemical reaction on turbulent mass transfer

Abstract The effects of a first-order chemical reaction on turbulent mass transfer from a wall are investigated using a Lagrangian method that involves the numerical solution for the flow field in conjunction with the tracking of mass markers released from the wall. The markers react according to a Poisson distribution that is correlated to the reaction rate constant. The method allows studying a range of Schmidt number fluids and a range of Damkohler numbers. The behavior of a continuous line source of the reactant, and the behavior of the dissolution of the reactant from the wall are examined. It is found that the mass transfer coefficient increases dramatically when a first-order reaction occurs. A correlation between the mass transfer coefficient and the Damkohler number is proposed for both low and high Schmidt numbers. The fundamental reason for the change in the mass transfer properties is that each marker is affected by different parts of the turbulence velocity field depending on the Schmidt and Damkohler numbers.
A Hadamard-type lower bound for symmetric diagonally dominant positive matrices

Abstract We prove a new lower-bound form of Hadamard's inequality for the determinant of diagonally dominant positive matrices.
A preliminary empirical test of a cusp catastrophe model in the social sciences

While much interest has been stirred by the apparent face validity of certain catastrophe theory models to describe social situations (see, for example, the entire September 1978 issue til Behavioral Science; Zeeman, 1977; Starobin, 1976; Brown, 1977; Fung, 1980), to date not much empirical testing of such models has been accomplished. For the most part, the lone exception is Zeeman's (1977) examination of prison disturbances. This paper presents the results of a set of preliminary tests of a collective bargaining model which uses the cusp catastrophe. As such, the paper deals with the group level of living systems.
Instantaneous three-dimensional flow visualization of a supersonic mixing layer

An imaging technique capable of time-resolved, three-dimensional visualizations of compressible flows is described and applied to a supersonic mixing layer. The three-dimensional planar imaging system uses a custom high-speed camera to acquire 10 successive planar images through the mixing layer at a rate of 107 frames per second. Mixed fluid in the layer is visualized by Mie scattering of a laser light sheet from condensed alcohol droplets. After collection, the planar images are corrected for distortions and stacked to form data volumes. Comparative visualizations at low and moderate convective Mach numbers (M c = 0.43 and 0.62) are used to examine the effects of compressibility on large-scale structure in mixing layers. The visualizations graphically reveal the shift from two-dimensional spanwise rollers to three-dimensional structure, such as oblique and V-shaped bands, with increasing compressibility. Additionally, direct comparison between the high- and low-speed edges of the mixing layer shows the high-speed interface to be smoother than its lowspeed counterpart.
Abstract A85: Mutant P53 as a potential target of chemopreventive isothiocyanates.

Studies in animals and humans support isothiocyanates (ITCs) as a promising class of cancer chemopreventive agents. It is believed that apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest are important mechanisms underlying their chemopreventive effects. While several signaling pathways have been shown to be associated with their activities, little is known about the molecular targets of ITCs until recent years. Evidence obtained in this study supports a role of mutant p53 as a potential target of ITCs. We showed ITCs can selectively deplete mutant p53, but not the wild type, in various human cancer cells in a structure-dependent manner, as phenethyl ITC (PEITC) and benyl ITC (BITC) are potent mutant p53 depletors, whereas sulforaphane (SFN) is not. The SAR studies showed 2,2-diphenyl ITC, a synthetic compound, is the most potent mutant p53 depletor. We found the potencies of depletion coincide with their mutant p53 binding affinities, providing circumstantial evidence for a mechanism involving its direct binding by ITCs. The depletion of mutant p53 in cells by ITCs appears to involve protein aggregation. Nine pairs of isogenic cells with mutant p53 and shRNA knockdown were generated. Overall, cells with mutant p53 appear to grow faster than the corresponding cells with mutant p53 knockdown, consistent with its role in gain-of-function. However, no significant difference was noted in PEITC-induced apoptosis between the cell pairs examined so far, suggesting targets other than mutant p53 in these cancer cells may also be involved. DNA array studies using PEITC-treated SW480 colon cancer cells provide potential new lead targets. Furthermore, the role of mutant p53 depletion in preventing lung carcinogenesis by ITCs is also examined in mutant p53 transgenic animal models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A85.
Molecular phylogeny of dogwood anthracnose fungus (Discula destructiva) and the Diaporthales

Dogwood anthracnose, caused by Discula destructiva Redlin (1991), is a disease of several native dogwood species in North America. A teleomorph has not been found since the first reports of this dis- ease in the 1970s, although the conidial state sug- gested a relationship to diaporthalean species. Phy- logenetic analyses based on nuclear small subunit rDNA sequences of 47 perithecial ascomycetes placed D. destructiva into the Diaporthales with high boot- strap support. A phylogeny of 20 diaporthalean spe- cies based on large subunit rDNA inferred three ma- jor clades in the Diaporthales. Discula destructiva and four other Discula species formed a clade with Pla- giostoma euphorbiae, Gnomonia padicola, G. setacea, Pleuroceras pleurostylum, Linospora capreae, Amphipor- the castanea, Apioplagiostoma aceriferum, Melanconis marginalis, and Apiosporopsis carpinea. Its sister group included Cryphonectria parasitica, Cryptodiaporthe cor- ni, Endothia eugeniae, Valsa ambiens subspecies leu- costomoides, and Apiognomonia supraseptata. Diaporthe phaseolorum formed a distinct basal branch. A primer pair (RPB2-P2F and RPB2-P3R) was developed to am- plify a part of the gene encoding the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) based on pub- lished pyrenomycete sequences. The RPB2 phyloge- ny supported the close relationship of D. destructiva and the diaporthalean species. Characters of pigmen- tation and anamorph agree with the phylogeny to some extent and emphasize the importance of ana- morphs and pigmentation in the taxonomy of the Diaporthales. Family concepts based on perithecium position, ascus persistence, and ascospore morphol- ogy were rejected, and a new phylogenetic classifica- tion is needed.
Plant uptake of MBOCA [4,4′-methylene-bis (2-chloroaniline)]

[14C]-MBOCA was absorbed by cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), bean (Phaseoh's vulgaris L.), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves, but did not move beyond the absorption point. Radio autographs of bean, sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and carrot (Daucus carrota L.) plants exposed to [14C]-MBOCA via hydroponic culture showed considerable radioactivity associated with the roots with only limited translocation of [14C] into upper plant parts. Bean and cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) plants grown in [14C]-MBOCA amended soil translocated virtually no [14C] into aerial parts, but again considerable radioactivity was found on roots. Radioactivity could not be rinsed off roots with water or acetone, and a small amount of radioactivity was observed in the xylem-phloem layer of the carrot root.
The effect of milk fat, the ratio of casein to water, and temperature on the viscoelastic properties of rennet casein gels

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of milk fat, the ratio of casein to water, and temperature on the viscoelastic properties of a model system for cheese based on dried rennet casein power. Casein gels were formed by mixing rennet casein, butter (as a source of milk fat), water, and some minor ingredients at 0.89, 0.58, and 0.38 ratios of casein to water; milk fat was added at 0, 12, and 24% at each ratio. Strain sweep, frequency sweep, melting behavior, and stress relaxation were used to characterize the viscoelastic properties of casein gels. The addition of milk fat reduced the linear viscoelastic region of casein gels. The complex modulus increased as milk fat content increased at temperatures ≤20°C, decreased at temperatures ≥30°C, and increased at all temperatures as the ratio of casein to water increased. Any particular value for the complex modulus could be obtained by a number of different combinations of the milk fat content, the ratio of casein to water, and temperature. The casein gels showed three distinctive zones of viscoelastic behavior over a temperature range of 5 to 70°C: rubbery solid, transition, and melt. The melting temperature and relaxation time of the casein gels increased as the ratio of casein to water increased; milk fat content had less effect on these gel properties. The casein matrix alone (0% added milk fat) showed a gradual softening with temperature starting at about 10°C. Thus, these composite gels represent a rather unique system by which the dispersed filler phase (milk fat) melts over the same temperature range as the underlying polymer matrix dissociates.
The measurement of wind‐ and moisture‐gradients over a reservoir

For several years the Soil Conservation Service has been working toward the development of a method for determining the evaporation from land- or water-surfaces. The method employs wind- and moisture-gradients in measuring the water-vapor transport from the surface to the atmosphere.
Short-term visual and auditory memory disorders after parietal and frontal lobe damage.

Summary An attempt was made to assess the role of the parietal lobe in the mediation of short-term visual and auditory memory processes. Patients with parietal or anterior damage (left or right hemisphere) were compared on tests of short-term visual (geometric patterns, single consonants, consonant trigrams) and auditory (single consonants, consonant trigrams) memory as well as a visual learning task. To separate registration from memory deficits, the Peterson and Peterson technique was used to assess the memory decay function between zero and 18 sec. Both right hemisphere groups evidenced more severe memory deficits on the visual (verbal and patterned material) than on the auditory tasks. In contrast, the left parietal patients had memory deficits on both visual (verbal and patterned stimuli) and auditory tasks while the left frontal group revealed registration, but not memory, deficits for verbal material presented either visually or auditorily. These results are interpreted as supporting the notion that the right hemisphere, especially the parietal region, is involved in the processing of visual information, both verbal and patterned, while the left hemisphere is concerned with verbal material irrespective of sensory modality.