cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Going Home to Glory: A Memoir of Life with Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961‐1969. By David Eisenhower with Julie Nixon Eisenhower. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010. 323pp.

Going Home to Glory: A Memoir of Life with Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961-1969. By David Eisenhower with Julie Nixon Eisenhower. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010. 323pp. President Eisenhower's public life has been thoroughly examined by historians, political scientists, and military analysts for decades. These accounts have developed a composite of Eisenhower as military general, war hero, and chief executive of the United States. In Going Home to Glory, David Eisenhower's rendering of President Eisenhower's postpresidential life is a unique addition to this body of scholarship and provides special insights into the intricate dynamics of the personal and political demands and burdens of a former president. Going Home to Glory is one in a long line of volumes written by presidential kin, who use their experiences to humanize their father/grandfather and further massage the legacy of the president in focus. David Eisenhower was able to rely on much of the voluminous research performed for his 1986 examination of Eisenhower at War 1943-1945 (Random House, 1991) to further scrutinize the life of President Eisenhower for this book. In addition, the younger Eisenhower supplements the interviews from his earlier research with remembrances from those who were actively involved in the former president's life, as well as his own correspondence with his grandfather. These letters are valuable additions to help the reader better understand President Eisenhower as a political leader, mentor, father, and grandfather. From the opening anecdote of the trip back to Gettysburg on the day of John E Kennedy's inauguration, David Eisenhower draws the picture of a man who wants to enjoy his time out of public life but still has political realities that haunt him. The narrative raises the question of whether a former president can actually exit the political stage permanently and what the role of a former president should be. As the author highlights, President Eisenhower was always kept in the loop by Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, receiving frequent updates on political events affecting the country. However, David Eisenhower also translates the tensions between the Kennedy administration and Eisenhower and his staff over issues such as Eisenhower's request to reclaim his five-star general status, the Bay of Pigs debacle, civil rights, and the space race. The concern of the Eisenhower staff was that the Kennedy administration was trying to undermine the record of President Eisenhower (p. …
Military frameworks: technological know-how and the legitimization of warfare

It is the elusive target of policymakers, ethicists and military strategists: the target of a ‘just war’. Since the advent of precision-guided munitions in the mid-1970s, commentators claimed that surgical-strike technology would advance the cause of jus in bello, ending the longstanding tension between effective military engagement and morality. Today, many policymakers accept that the ethical dilemmas that arise in the ‘fog of war’ can be negotiated by the technical precision of weaponry. This is, at best, only partially accurate. At worst, its misplaced optimism risks numbing the moral sense of strategists and, just as importantly, the sensibilities of the general populace. We argue that the development of precision guided munitions (PGM), stand-off weaponry and military robotics may force policymakers and strategists to experience new ethical tensions with an unprecedented sensitivity and may require them to make specific policy adjustments. In the move toward more quantitative approaches to political...
Host genes related to paneth cells and xenobiotic metabolism are associated with shifts in human ileum-associated microbial composition.

The aim of this study was to integrate human clinical, genotype, mRNA microarray and 16 S rRNA sequence data collected on 84 subjects with ileal Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis or control patients without inflammatory bowel diseases in order to interrogate how host-microbial interactions are perturbed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Ex-vivo ileal mucosal biopsies were collected from the disease unaffected proximal margin of the ileum resected from patients who were undergoing initial intestinal surgery. Both RNA and DNA were extracted from the mucosal biopsy samples. Patients were genotyped for the three major NOD2 variants (Leufs1007, R702W, and G908R) and the ATG16L1T300A variant. Whole human genome mRNA expression profiles were generated using Agilent microarrays. Microbial composition profiles were determined by 454 pyrosequencing of the V3–V5 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16 S rRNA gene. The results of permutation based multivariate analysis of variance and covariance (MANCOVA) support the hypothesis that host mucosal Paneth cell and xenobiotic metabolism genes play an important role in host microbial interactions.
Early assessment of treatment response in patients with AML using [18F]FLT PET imaging

Assessment of treatment response in acute leukemia is routinely performed after therapy via bone marrow biopsy. We investigated the use of positron emission tomography (PET) for early assessment of treatment response in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), using the proliferation marker 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluoro-l-thymidine (FLT). Eight adult AML patients receiving induction chemotherapy underwent whole-body FLT PET/CT scans acquired at different time points during therapy. Patients who entered complete remission (CR) exhibited significantly lower FLT uptake in bone marrow than those patients with resistant disease (RD). In bone marrow, mean and maximum standardized uptake values were 0.8, 3.6 for CR and 1.6, 11.4 for RD, p < 0.001. FLT PET results for CR and RD patients were independent of assessment time point, suggesting that FLT PET scans acquired as early as 2 days after chemotherapy initiation may be predictive of clinical response. This pilot study suggests that FLT PET imaging during induction chemotherapy may serve as an early biomarker of treatment response in AML.
Flexible Creation and Adaptive Execution of Scientific Workflows in Cloud and Grid Environments by Using Web 2.0-Based Electronic Lab Notebook Metaphor

A metaphor of Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) can be leveraged not only to make the process of creation and editing of scientific workflows easier, but to execute, monitor, and troubleshoot workflows. By using ELN as a metaphor for Scientific Workflow Management System (SWFMS), scientific users can have the familiar user interface it offers with the benefits of SWFMS, such as the ability to automate recording provenance of scientific experiments and to facilitate reproducing of scientific results. Furthermore, Web 2.0 can enhance ELN to make it easier to collaborate and share scientific content by using emerging Web standards. Cloud and Grid environments require that workflows be fault-tolerant and can adapt to changes. ELN, as an underlying storage model for SFWMS, allows necessary flexibility in adapting running workflows both automatically and by users editing ELN to change their workflows.
Regional analysis of D″ velocities from the ray parameters of diffracted P profiles

In examining the slownesses of linear profiles of diffracted P arrivals, we have discerned regional variations in the compressional velocity structure of D″, the base of the mantle. Three methods of determining the slownesses were tested, concluding that the waveform cross-correlation (XC) technique is more reliable over a wide range of epicentral distances than methods involving a linear regression through either the first motion or first peak arrival times. XC slownesses suggest a statistically conservative range in D″ average velocities of 3.1%, and reveal regions of very fast velocities under Asia and the eastern Pacific basin and of very slow velocities under the New Guinea/Solomon Islands region. Slownesses were found to correlate well with the tomographic model V3 of Morelli and Dziewonski [1986], derived from a different technique and data set. Synthetic seismograms were generated using a summation of spheroidal normal modes, and at periods greater than 45 s the diffracted waves show much less variation and are very well modeled by PREM.
On the coverage of public employment schemes for poverty alleviation.

Abstract The cost-effectiveness of public employment as a means of poverty alleviation depends on policy design choices concerning coverage and wage rates. The choice is between schemes which aim for wide coverage at potentially low wages and schemes which ration participation so that more beneficiaries can escape poverty. Conditions are derived for ranking stylized policy alternatives in terms of a broad class of poverty measures. The preferred policy is shown to depend on the budget level, administrative cost, the initial wage distribution, and the policy maker's aversion to poverty. Empirical simulations for Bangladesh data generally support wide coverage for distributionally sensitivity poverty measures but limited coverage for other measures.
Rate distortion analysis of layered video coding by leaky prediction

Leaky prediction layered video coding (LPLC) partially includes the enhancement layer in the motion compensated prediction loop, by using a leaky factor between 0 and 1, to balance the coding efficiency and error resilience performance. In this paper, rate distortion functions are derived for LPLC from rate distortion theory. Closed form expressions are obtained for two scenarios of LPLC, one where the enhancement layer stays intact and the other where the enhancement layer suffers from data rate truncation. The rate distortion performance of LPLC is then evaluated with respect to different choices of the leaky factor, demonstrating that the theoretical analysis well conforms with the operational results.
Carbohydrate isoforms of antithrombin variant N135Q with different heparin affinities.

We have changed one of the carbohydrate-bearing asparagine residues of human antithrombin to glutamine by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed the variant antithrombin, N 135Q, in baby hamster kidney cells. Two isoforms were secreted, both of which had higher affinity for heparin than human plasma α antithrombin. Both forms had normal inhibitory activity toward factor Xa and showed normal heparin acceleration of proteinase inhibition. The mutation resulted in a higher production of the very high affinity form from about 30% to 60% of the total secreted antithrombin. This form should be the most useful for comparison of the effects of other mutations on heparin binding and proteinase inhibition.
A simplified forward gait control for a quadruped walking robot

Presents a simplified forward gait for a quadruped walking robot. The proposed gait is a straight line, periodic, monotonically forward (SLPMF) gait and can easily be used for adaptive gait control, requiring only simple modifications. The authors show that given a support pattern, meaning a polygon generated by connecting the feet positions that are in contact with the ground, only certain sequences of leg movements will generate the SLPMF gait. The authors also introduce a useful method to determine how to preserve stability of a quadruped robot during the motions called for by an SLPMF gait. The authors also discuss the leg design from a hardware standpoint; the design permits independent joint control. >
Mean Length of Utterance before words and grammar: Longitudinal trends and developmental implications of infant vocalizations

This study measured longitudinal change in six parameters of infant utterances (i.e. number of sounds, CV syllables, supraglottal consonants, and repetitions per utterance, temporal duration, and seconds per sound), investigated previously unexplored characteristics of repetition (i.e. number of vowel and CV syllable repetitions per utterance) and analyzed change in vocalizations in relation to age and developmental milestones using multilevel models. Infants (N=18) were videotaped bimonthly during naturalistic and semi-structured activities between 0 ; 3 and the onset of word use (M=11.8 months). Results showed that infant utterances changed in predictable ways both in relation to age and in relation to language milestones (i.e. reduplicated babble onset, word comprehension and word production). Looking at change in relation to the milestones of language development led to new views of babbling, the transition from babbling to first words, and processes that may underlie these transitions.
Synthesis and characterization of iron(llI) chelating analogues of siderophores on organic solid supports

A series of iron(III)-selective chelating resins have been modeled after the structural features of the naturally occurring siderophore compounds with hydroxamate, catecholate and salicylate iron binding groups. Amberlite IRC-50 was derivatized via an acid chloride intermediate to produce poly(hydroxamic acid) (IRC-50 PHA/N-H and IRC-50 PHA/N- CH3), poly(catecholate) (IRC-50 PEDA 2,3-DHBAD and IRC-50 PEDA 3,4-DHBA) and poly(salicylate) (IRC-50 PEDA 2-HBAD) chelating resins with enhanced iron(III) binding capacity. The poly(hydroxamic acid) IRC-50 PHA/N-CH3 was produced in 57% yield, the highest conversion yet reported for such derivatizations. This is the first report of a catechol or salicylate derivatization of Amberlite IRC-50. The highest overall iron(III) binding capacities yet reported for poly(hydroxamic acid) modifications of commercially available polymer supports were obtained for IRC-50 PHA/N-H (1.75 mmol Fe/g dry resin) and IRC-50 PHA/N-CH3 (1.52 mmol Fe/g dry resin). IRC-50 PHA/N-H was also found to be an effective iron chelator when tested at ambient environmental conditions. Selectivity for iron- (III) was also determined by measuring Fe3+ binding capacity in the presence of Ca2+. UVVis spectroscopy with photoacoustic detection was used to assign the coordination environment of iron(III) in these chelating resins as bis-(FeL2) and tris-(FeL3) chelates. As an alternative synthetic approach, a poly(amidoxime) (PAO) chelating resin was synthesized by polymerization of appropriate monomers. Comparison between the two synthetic approaches showed that PAO bound a greater amount of iron(III) at flow-through column conditions, while IRC-50 PHA/N-H exhibited a greater iron(III) binding capacity at batch equilibration conditions.
Serotonin 5-HT1B/1D agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in rat and guinea pig striatal membranes

Abstract Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptor ligands were used to assess agonist-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding in rat and guinea pig striatal membranes. The assay contained 45–60 μg protein, 300 μM GDP and 0.1 nM [ 35 S]GTPγS, incubated at 37°C for 20 min. The non-selective agonists 5-HT, 5-CT (5-carboxyamidotryptamine), and L-694,247, and the selective 5-HT 1B receptor agonist CP 93,129 produced concentration-dependent increases in [ 35 S]GTPγS binding in rat striatum, whereas the selective 5-HT 1A receptor agonist R(+)-8-OH-DPAT [R(+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)tetralin] was inactive. Cyanopindolol, a 5-HT 1A/1B receptor antagonist, completely blocked the effect of 5-HT. Methiothepin, yohimbine and cyanopindolol also blocked 5-CT-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding with the following rank order of potency: cyanopindolol ≥ methiothepin >>> yohimbine, consistent with rat 5-HT 1B receptor pharmacology. Neither cyanopindolol nor methiothepin altered basal [ 35 S]GTPγS binding by themselves while yohimbine had weak partial agonist activity. Furthermore, cyanopindolol shifted the 5-CT concentration-response curve rightward, increasing the EC 50 and decreasing the maximal response, but did not affect L-694,247-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding. The ability of cyanopindolol or spiperone (a 5-HT 1A/1D receptor antagonist) to alter CP 93,129-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding was determined. Cyanopindolol produced a rightward shift in the CP 93,129 concentration-response curve, while spiperone had no affect. Finally, in guinea pig striatum and hippocampus, L-694,247 produced a concentration dependent increase in [ 35 S]GTPγS binding. In conclusion, these studies indicate that 5-HT 1B receptor function can be assessed using agonist-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding in rat striatal membranes using CP 93,129, 5-HT or 5-CT, but not L-694,247.
Discretionary Release Decisions of Actual and Mock Parole Board Members: Implications for Community Sentiment and Parole Decision-Making Research

Parole board members (PBMs) decide whether or not to release prisoners on parole. Parole release decisions can have a significant impact on the public so community sentiment is important. This research investigates whether actual PBMs make different release decisions than mock PBMs (college students). Participants decided whether to grant parole to a mock prisoner. Participants listed the factors that influenced their decision and their perceptions of the offender. As compared to mock PBMs, actual PBMs were more likely to deny parole, especially when perceptions of the inmate were controlled. Even so, actual PBMs perceived the prisoner as more likable and credible than mock PBMs. Findings may result from the different experiences, knowledge, and attributions that actual and mock PBMs make. Findings suggest mock PBMs may not be adequate proxies for studying PBM decision-making. When adopting parole guidelines, correction authorities should also take into account factors mock PBMs considered important.
Characterization of autoantigens and autoantibodies by immunoblotting

Immunoblotting has proven to be one of the most useful methods for detection of antibodies and partial characterization of proteins that are antigenic in the autoimmune diseases. The basic physicochemical characteristics (size and charge) of most of the major autoantigens have now been described. By combining various electrophoretic techniques with immunoblotting, a number of new applications have been reported. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to fingerprint autoantigens and detect post-translational modifications. Composite gel electrophoresis resolved ribonucleprotein complexes and was also used to analyze IgA, IgM autoantibodies and to determine the composition of cryoglobulins. Autoantibody heterogeneity was analyzed by isoelectric focusing. In some studies, the subclass, idiotype, or antigen binding specificity of autoantibodies could be determined by immunoblotting procedures. Coupled with improvements in antigen purity (synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins) and wider availability of monospecific antibodies, immunoblotting will continue to be a versatile tool in basic and clinical research in autoimmunity.
Effects of electrical countershock on serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme activity.

Abstract Total and MB serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity levels were measured serially in 30 patients treated with direct current electrical countershock, 17 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 25 normal subjects. In addition, serial determinations of total and MB CPK in serum were performed in 11 closed chest anesthetized dogs subjected to 10 repetitive countershocks at 15 second intervals with a delivered energy of 240 joules per countershock. Less than 4 milli-international units (mlU)/ml of MB CPK was found in the serum of normal subjects. Patients with myocardial infarction whose elevated total CPK levels were comparable with those of patients treated with cardioversion had a substantial rise in MB CPK activity, with peak values averaging 39 ± 6 mlU/ml (mean ± standard error). Fifteen of the 30 patients treated with countershock had elevated total CPK activity that peaked within 4 hours. In this group, MM CPK elevations accounted for the overall rise in CPK activity. In two patients, modest elevations of MB CPK (11 and 13 mlU/ml, respectively) were observed after cardioversion. In all 11 dogs total CPK increased after countershock, peaking to 1,888 ± 410 mlU/ml within 6 hours. Six dogs had increased MB CPK activity (52 ± 6 mlU/ml) and myocardial necrosis demonstrable histologically 4 days later. The results indicate that (1) myocardial damage in dogs produced by intense, repetitive countershock is associated with increased serum MB CPK; and (2) countershock as conventionally used in patients does not generally produce myocardial damage and serum MB CPK elevation. Although release of MB CPK into serum occasionally occurs after countershock, perhaps reflecting myocardial damage, the elevations appear to be modest. Thus, electrical countershock does not obscure the diagnosis of myocardial infarction or impair quantitative assessment of the extent of myocardial damage based on analysis of serum MB CPK activity.
Augmented and Magnetically-Aligned Type I Collagen-GAG Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects over 27 million Americans, causing an annual economic burden of over $300 million [1]. Left untreated, local cartilage defects promote cartilage degeneration and serve as a target for clinical and research based interventions [2]. While current treatments have limited success and result in recurring symptoms [3], tissue engineering solutions are promising for cartilage repair.© 2013 ASME
An Examination of Budgetary Inefficiency in Education Using Data Envelopment Analysis

The generally weak association between educational spending and performance is a source of ongoing debate. This study examined size, type and source of educational operating expenditures as potential explanators of this weak relationship. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and publicly available input-output performance metrics, budgetary efficiency was measured across school districts. Budgetary inefficiency was found to be significantly and positively associated with (1) budget size (2) administrative overhead and (3) local revenue accountability. These findings offer a partial explanation for the weak relationship traditionally found between educational spending inputs and performance outcomes. The results are suggestive of how school districts might improve their budgetary goal setting, performance auditing and resource allocation practices.
PP4 and PP2A regulate Hedgehog signaling by controlling Smo and Ci phosphorylation

The seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) and Zn-finger transcription factor Ci/Gli are crucial components in Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction that mediates a variety of processes in animal development. In Drosophila, multiple kinases have been identified to regulate Hh signaling by phosphorylating Smo and Ci; however, the phosphatase(s) involved remain obscured. Using an in vivo RNAi screen, we identified PP4 and PP2A as phosphatases that influence Hh signaling by regulating Smo and Ci, respectively. RNAi knockdown of PP4, but not of PP2A, elevates Smo phosphorylation and accumulation, leading to increased Hh signaling activity. Deletion of a PP4-interaction domain (amino acids 626-678) in Smo promotes Smo phosphorylation and signaling activity. We further find that PP4 regulates the Hh-induced Smo cell-surface accumulation. Mechanistically, we show that Hh downregulates Smo-PP4 interaction that is mediated by Cos2. We also provide evidence that PP2A is a Ci phosphatase. Inactivating PP2A regulatory subunit (Wdb) by RNAi or by loss-of-function mutation downregulates, whereas overexpressing regulatory subunit upregulates, the level and thus signaling activity of full-length Ci. Furthermore, we find that Wdb counteracts kinases to prevent Ci phosphorylation. Finally, we have obtained evidence that Wdb attenuates Ci processing probably by dephosphorylating Ci. Taken together, our results suggest that PP4 and PP2A are two phosphatases that act at different positions of the Hh signaling cascade.
Pb speciation versus TCLP release in army firing range soils

A series of soil parameter and mineralogical investigative techniques were applied to assess the Pb speciation in four US Army firing range soils that presented significantly different Pb leaching regimes and soil characteristics. Soil gradation tests were complemented by total chemical analyses, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Rietveld quantification, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The bulk geotechnical, mineralogical and chemical analyses pointed to two possible Pb retention mechanisms: precipitation as lead carbonate and sorption in the case of fine-grained soils. Lead speciation and mobility was further investigated by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and sequential extraction test (SET). As the TCLP Pb concentrations did not necessarily reflect the total Pb analysis of the soils, the Pb leachability ratio (TCLP/total) was found to be controlled by soil mineralogy and its response to changes in system pH. Geochemical modeling, using Visual MINTEQ, was employed to evaluate the mechanisms that controlled the observed TCLP Pb leaching behavior. It was found that lead carbonate precipitation/dissolution reactions controlled Pb TCLP leachability in all soils, while sorptive phenomena did not seem to play a role even in the case of fine-grained soils. More specifically, TCLP Pb leachability was controlled by the pH, the available Pb and the available carbonate in solution. This indicates that geochemical modeling strongly complimented TCLP Pb analyses. Thus, geochemical modeling is an important assessment tool to evaluate the magnitude of site-specific Pb-related environmental problems in firing range soils. Carbonation reactions, involving metallic Pb, that occur during the SET obscure its ability to reliably ascertain Pb speciation. More specifically, SET lumps the extractable Pb into predetermined phase categories that may not be truly representative of the actual soil mineralogy or dominant forms of Pb in the soil. A thorough geotechnical, mineralogical and chemical investigation of firing range soils, complemented by geochemical modeling, was therefore found to be a more reliable approach to evaluate Pb speciation and TCLP release in firing range soils.
An experimental study of impingement-ion-production mechanisms

A simple model for the production of ions that impinge on and sputter erode the accelerator grid of an ion thruster is presented. Charge-exchange and electron-impact ion production processes are considered, but experimental results show the charge-exchange process dominates. Additional experimental results show the effects of changes in thruster operating conditions on the length of the region from which these ions are drawn upstream into the grid. Results which show erosion patterns and indicate molybdenum accelerator grids erode more rapidly than graphite ones are also presented.
The birth of capabilities: market entry and the importance of pre-history

We analyze the birth of capabilities and resources within organizations and within industries, and their historical antecedents, at the time of market entry. We find a consistent theme: the greater the similarity between pre-entry firm resources and the required resources in an industry, the greater the likelihood that a firm will enter that particular industry, and the greater the likelihood that the firm will survive and prosper. In addition, resource gaps affect the likelihood, speed and mode of entry.
Use of Maximal Sterile Barriers during Central Venous Catheter Insertion: Clinical and Economic Outcomes

BACKGROUND We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis to determine the effect of maximal sterile barriers (MSBs) on reducing central venous catheter (CVC)--related infections. Use of MSBs when placing CVCs may reduce the risk of infections but is more cumbersome, time-consuming, and expensive than other techniques. METHODS We developed a decision analytic model in which a patient could have a CVC placed with either an MSB or a less stringent technique. We calculated total direct medical costs and the incidences of catheter-related bloodstream infections, catheter colonization, and death. RESULTS Use of MSBs lowered costs (from 621 dollars to 369 dollars per catheter insertion) and decreased the incidences of catheter-related bloodstream infections (from 5.3% to 2.8%), catheter colonization with local infection (from 5.5% to 2.9%) and death (from 0.8% to 0.4%). MSBs improved patient safety throughout all sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Use of MSBs during CVC insertion likely lowers medical costs and decreases the incidences of catheter colonization, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and death. Cost savings were found over a wide range of clinical and economic assumptions, suggesting that MSBs should be routinely used when CVCs are inserted.
Plasma levels of tetrahydrobiopterin and folate in major depression

Plasma levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and the related pterin folate were concurrently measured in 20 pairs of depressed patients and age-matched controls. The mean values of plasma BH4 in depressed patients was significantly elevated to a level about 150% of that found in the controls. Folate levels were not different between groups. These findings emphasize that BH4, a required cofactor in the biosynthesis of catecholamines and indolamines, is altered in depression.
On Providing Non-uniform Scheduling Guarantees in a Wireless Network

Significant research effort has been directed towards the design and performance analysis of imperfect scheduling policies for wireless networks. These imperfect schedulers are of interest despite being sub-optimal, as they allow for more tractable implementation at the expense of some loss in performance. However much of this prior work takes a uniform scaling approach to analyzing scheduling performance, whereby the performance of a scheduling policy is characterized in terms of a single scalar quantity, the efficiency-ratio. While suitable for characterizing worst-case performance, this approach limits one's ability to understand the different extents of performance degradation that may be experienced by different links in a network. Such an understanding is very valuable when average performance is of greater interest than the worst-case, or when certain links are more important than others. Furthermore, once one approaches scheduler design with non-uniform performance guarantees in mind, one finds that simple modifications to well-known scheduling algorithms can yield substantially improved non-uniform scaling results compared to the original algorithms. In this paper, we make a comprehensive case for adopting such an approach by presenting non-uniform scaling results for a set of algorithms that are variants of well-known algorithms from the class of maximal schedulers.
Diallel analysis of fusarium head blight resistance in soft red winter wheat

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, the causative agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), is an economically important pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Breeding FHB resistant wheat requires knowledge of the underlying genetic control of FHB resistance. While soft red winter (SRW) wheat breeders have begun to characterize germplasm for resistance, little information is available on the value of cultivars as parents in breeding for FHB resistance. Two diallel series of crosses, each involving nine SRW parents, were evaluated in both the greenhouse and field near Lexington, KY. The progeny and parents from the diallels were point inoculated with F. graminearum in both environments. FHB severity, deoxynivalenol (DON) level, and kernel damage were recorded. FHB severity ranged from 4.9 to 84.3% in the greenhouse and from 16.4 to 86.7% in the field. Significant general and specific combining ability effects were observed in both diallels in both environments. The nature of the resistance varied with diallel and with screening environment. On the basis of ratios of variance components, resistance in diallel 1 depended primarily on additive genetic effects, while in diallel 2 in the field dominance effects prevailed. Correlations between the greenhouse and field screening environments were low (0.36 in diallel 1 and 0.14 in diallel 2). Genotype × environment interactions were highly significant and due almost exclusively to rank change interactions. These results do not support indirect selection in a greenhouse environment for resistance expressed in the field.
Performance of marking techniques in the field and laboratory for Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

A reliable marking technique was needed for a mark-release-recapture experiment with adults of Diabrotica speciosa (Germar). Four marking techniques, acrylic paint (spattered or brushed on the surface of the insect); and fluorescent pigments (dusted on surfaces or mixed with diet to produce an ingested marker), were tested. Fluorescent pigment durability for the dusting and ingested techniques was evaluated for laboratory conditions and under simulated field conditions. The impact of the techniques on beetle survival was also assessed. Both acrylic paint techniques caused mobility problems in the beetles, and neither technique lasted for more than 48 h. Both fluorescent pigment techniques were more reliable, but the dusting technique showed a significantly higher mortality than the control, and duration variations between laboratory and field conditions. Use of fluorescent pigments added to the diet was the most reliable technique. This technique allowed the manipulation of the marking period, and provided reliable timing of marker persistence in the field.
How effective is endoscopic therapy in the treatment of patients with early esophageal cancer

Endoscopic therapy is increasingly used to treat high-grade dysplasia and/or early mucosal adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett's esophagus. However, no randomized controlled trials have directly compared the efficacy of endoscopic therapy and traditional surgical approaches. This commentary discusses the findings of a retrospective, population-based study by Das et al. that demonstrates the effectiveness of endoscopic resection and/or endoscopic ablation in the treatment of early esophageal cancer. This study used data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database of the National Cancer Institute to compare cancer-free survival in patients with early esophageal cancer who were either treated with endoscopic therapy (n = 99) or surgical resection (n = 643). Analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model did not reveal a difference in esophageal cancer-specific mortality between the two groups. These results, therefore, support the use of endoscopic therapy in the treatment of early-stage esophageal cancer.
Liver Cholesterol Mobilization in Mice as Effected by Dietary β-Sitosterol and Cholic Acid.∗

Summary1. Cholic acid prevents mobilization of elevated liver cholesterol. 2. β-sitosterol did not increase rate of mobilization of accumulated mouse liver cholesterol. 3. β-sitosterol reduces in large measure the effect of cholic acid on liver cholesterol mobilization.
Linear pyrolysis of polymethylmethacrylate during combustion.

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMM) surface linear pyrolysis produced by intense surface heating has been studied experimentally. Surface heating was produced by means of a nearby flame established between emerging pyrolysis-product vapors and an impinging jet of oxygen and nitrogen. Surface regression rates between 0.08 and 0.32 mm/sec were achieved by varying the oxygen impingement rate. Very small thermocouples (15/x) embedded in the specimens yielded subsurface temperature distributions. Interpretation of these indicated that: 1) a thin liquidlike transition region existed on the PMM surface; 2) the correlation of regression rate with temperature at the interface between the solidlike and liquidlike regions is generally consistent with regression rate-"surface temperature" data from "hot-plate" pyrolysis data of others; 3) the correlation of regression rate with temperature at the interface between the liquidlike region and vapor phase was less consistent with that of others, but was consistent with a correlation of regression rate with our optically measured surface temperature. The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly with regard to analysis of linear pyrolysis data obtained by other techniques. It is concluded that the linear pyrolysis of PMM is sufficiently complex to preclude unambiguous, detailed interpretation on the basis of currently available information.
The Future of Psychoses as Seen from the History of its Evolution

Reflecting on the history of psychoses reveals several trends in psychiatry’s approach to this difficult disease. The field initially took a symptom-based categorical approach in the 18th to the early19th century; in the late 19th century, Kraepelin unified diverse categories into the unitary concept of dementia praecox, and separated it from manic depressive insanity. While this distinction has persisted ever since, the last 5 decades witnessed a focus on operationalizing symptomatic criteria continuing into the current Diagnostic and Statistical manual (DSM) classification. While reliability has improved somewhat, the question of validity of the psychosis diagnosis remains elusive. Recent approaches attempt to investigate disease dimensions across diagnoses, characterize heritable biomarkers, and identify translational domains of psychopathology across molecular, cellular, circuit, and behavioral units of analyses. Such efforts may help deconstruct current symptom-based phenotypes and allow reconstruction of disease constructs that may better map to etiology, pathophysiology and treatment response. Studying the history of the concept of psychosis affords a unique vantage point to better understand the challenges associated with this current thinking and how such may guide today’s work in creating tomorrow’s new definition of psychoses, probably better grounded in neuroscience.
Laboratory calibration of the W.M. Keck Observatory Adaptive Optics Facility

The Keck AO system is nearing completion and is nearly ready for system integration in the optics laboratory at Keck Headquarters. because of the ambitious scientific objectives of this project, the AO system is quite complex in design. The optics bench alone has 33 motion control axes, and potentially 6 image planes. Calibration will play a major role in making the AO system function as planned. We have identified approximately 35 separate calibration procedures that will be needed to be performed during the integration phase in the laboratory. Many of these procedures are quite straightforward. Other calibrations are quite involved and are mini 'research projects' in themselves. It is this last category that will be discussed in this paper.
Multigrid Calculation of Steady, Viscous Flow in a Triangular Cavity

Lid-driven recirculating flow in a triangular cavity is simulated at different Reynolds numbers, using a multigrid solution procedure for the Navier-Stokes equations discretized on triangular grids. The discretization uses a control volume methodology, with linear internodal variation of the flow variables. The use of the multigrid technique provides rapid and grid-independent rates of convergence. Richardson extrapolation is used to obtain accurate representations of the flow field for all reported Reynolds numbers. The most significant feature of the flow is the occurrence of a sequence of eddies of rapidly decreasing intensity towards the stationary lower corner of the cavity. Streamtraces of the eddies, contours of vorticity, and plots of the centerline velocity and pressure are presented, The solution at low Reynolds numbers is compared with the analytical results of Moffat.
Electroosmotic pumps for microflow analysis

With rapid development in microflow analysis, electroosmotic pumps are receiving increasing attention. Compared to other micropumps, electroosmotic pumps have several unique features. For example, they are bi-directional, can generate constant and pulse-free flows with flow rates well suited to microanalytical systems, and can be readily integrated with lab-on-chip devices. The magnitude and the direction of flow of an electroosmotic pump can be changed instantly. In addition, electroosmotic pumps have no moving parts. In this article, we discuss common features, introduce fabrication technologies and highlight applications of electroosmotic pumps.
Racial/ethnic socialization and identity development in black families: The role of parent and youth reports

Racial/ethnic (R/E) socialization is widely practiced in R/E minority families. However, only recently have models been developed to understand how parents' R/E socialization messages influence adolescent development. The primary goal of the present study was to clarify and extend existing work on R/E socialization in African American (Black) families by distinguishing between parent and youth reports of parents' R/E socialization messages and examining the extent to which adolescents and their parents agree about these socialization messages. In addition, we tested a theoretical model in which parent-reported R/E socialization messages have an indirect effect on the development of youth R/E identity through youth reports of their parents' R/E socialization messages. Using a combination of open- and close-ended data from a longitudinal study of self-identified Black adolescents and their parents, we found statistically significant parent-youth agreement about whether parents send both general R/E socialization messages and, for daughters, specific R/E socialization messages. R/E socialization messages focused on promoting cultural pride and history were associated positively with R/E identity development, whereas messages focused on preparing youth for discrimination tended to be unrelated to R/E identity development. The results largely supported the hypothesis that parent reports of parents' R/E socialization messages are related indirectly to the development of adolescent R/E identity via youth reports of parents' R/E socialization messages.
A convenient method for preparative peptide separation.

Abstract A chromatographic system has been developed for the separation of peptides on a preparative scale. The principle of the method is to use the peptide bond absorbance in the 200–250 nm wavelength range as the basis for the peptide detection, and therefore to use only inorganic buffers that are transparent at these low wavelengths. Chromatography on phosphocellulose and on triethylaminoethyl-(TEAE-)cellulose leading to complete separation of the tryptic peptides of oxidized pancreatic ribonuclease is reported as an illustration of the method. The new system, which can be used both rapidly and conveniently and with simple equipment, appears to have broad applicability to peptide separation.
Facial nerve morbidity following parotid surgery for benign disease : the Cleveland Clinic Foundation experience

Standard surgical management for benign tumors of the parotid gland requires either superficial, subtotal, or total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve. Although this approach is effective in minimizing recurrence, the resultant facial nerve morbidity is seldom addressed. Two hundred fifty-six consecutive patients who underwent parotid surgery for benign neoplasia at this institution in the past 15 years are reviewed, with attention to postoperative facial nerve function. Immediate dysfunction was frequently encountered (46.1%), but permanent dysfunction was uncommon (3.9%). The incidence of long-term dysfunction may be higher in revision cases and when an extended (total or subtotal) parotidectomy is performed.
Novel heterotrimeric kinesin-related protein purified from sea urchin eggs

KINESIN heavy chain and kinesin-related polypeptides (KRPs) comprise a family of motor proteins with diverse intracellular transport functions1–7. Using pan-kinesin peptide antibodies that react with these proteins8,9, we haven previously purified from sea urchin eggs a trimeric microtubule-binding and bundling protein, KRP(85/95) (ref. 8) comprising subunits of Mr115,000 (115K), 95K and 85K. We report here that kinesin-related genes encode the 85K and 95K subunits, and that the protein can be immunoprecipitated from cytosol as a trimeric complex using an 85K monoclonal antibody. We also find that purified KRP(85/95) directs movements towards the 'plus' ends of microtubules. To our knowledge, this protein is the first kinesin-related motor to be purified from its natural host cell in a native multimeric state.
Childhood risk factors for alcohol abuse and psychological distress among adult lesbians

Objective This study examined the relationships between childhood and family background variables, including sexual and physical abuse, and subsequent alcohol abuse and psychological distress in adult lesbians.
Current Status of Research in Teaching and Learning Evolution: II. Pedagogical Issues

This is the second of two articles that address recent scholarship about teaching and learning about evolution. This second review seeks to summarize this state of affairs and address the implications of this work for the classroom by addressing four basic questions: (1) What is evolution?/What components of the theory are important at the introductory level? (2) Why do students and members of the public at large need to understand evolution? (3) What makes evolution difficult to teach and learn? and (4) What promising instructional approaches have been developed and tested? The paper will also focus on concerns about both the research designs and the measures used in this work. Based on this review, I will then propose a set of pedagogical implications and recommendations for the classroom instructor and call for studies to address specific gaps identified.
Effects of urotensin I on the isolated dorsal aorta of the chukar, Alectoris graeca.

Abstract The effects of purified urotensin I (UI) from the Catostomus urophysis on arterial blood vessels were examined using isolated dorsal aortic strips from a bird, the chukar, Alectoris graeca. UI at concentrations greater than 1 mU/ml produced dose-dependent relaxation. The same effect was more clearly evident in aortic strips contracted by norepinephrine beforehand. The relaxation following UI was not inhibited by propranolol (10−6M) or atropine (10−6M), which markedly reduced the relaxation induced by isoproterenol or acetylcholine, respectively. The dose-dependent contractile response to norepinephrine was not significantly affected by UI, whereas it was competitively blocked by phentolamine (10−7, 10−6M). Arginine vasotocin (AVT) at low concentrations (0.1 to 1.0 ng/ml) caused relaxation in 50% of the preparations and slight contraction in the other preparations; at higher concentrations AVT caused contraction in all preparations. In comparison with the response to UI, AVT-induced relaxation developed rapidly. UI at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mU/ml also elicited relaxation of the strips contracted by AVT. These results suggest that UI-induced aortic relaxation is not mediated through adrenergic or cholinergic receptors, and that it is unlikely that UI and AVT act by similar mechanisms.
Rate constants for the electrode reactions of some quinones in aprotic media at platinum, gold and mercury electrodes

Apparent values of heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants for reduction of 1,4-benzoquinone in DMF at platinum, gold and mercury electrodes have been measured by cyclic voltammetry and found to be much larger than reported earlier. Results were also obtained for benzoquinone in acetonitrile and for the reduction of 1,4-naphthoquinone, 9,10-anthraquinone and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone in DMF at mercury. The apparent rate constants for all the quinones with the various metals and solvents employed fall in the range of 0.1–1.3 cm s−1 which is only slightly lower than the values typically found for simple electron transfer reactions in nonaqueous solvents.