cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Gas−Surface Interactions: Reaction of Atomic Oxygen with Chemisorbed Hydrogen on Tungsten

The reaction of gas-phase atomic oxygen with hydrogen atoms chemisorbed on a tungsten surface is studied by means of classical trajectory procedures. Flow of energy between the reaction zone and the bulk solid phase is treated in the generalized Langevin equation approach. Most reactive events occur in small-impact-parameter collisions, in which the incident gas atom undergoes only one impact with the adatom, producing vibrationally excited OH radicals on a subpicosecond scale via the Eley−Rideal mechanism. Short-time calculations show that, in these collisions, the formation of the OH bond and subsequent dissociation of the H−surface bond occur in ∼100 fs. A small fraction of reactive events occurs in a multiple-impact collision, forming a long-lived complex on the surface. As the impact parameter increases, both reaction probability and vibrational excitation decrease, thus producing a population inversion. The dissipation of reaction energy to the heat bath can be adequately described using a 10-atom c...
On Teaching Religion: Essays by Jonathan Z. Smith, edited by Christopher I. Lehrich, Oxford University Press: New York, 2013, viii + 164pp. ISBN 978 0 19 994429 3, US$35.00 (hardback)

There is a refreshing coherence to the series of essays bound in this volume, and handily edited by Christopher Lehrich. Though published as stand-alone pieces over some 30 years, the essays as the...
Double immunogold localization of opsin and actin in the cilium of developing mouse photoreceptors.

A 9 + 0 cilium represents the only connection between the light-sensitive rod outer seggment (ROS)and the visual cell body. Differentiation of a ROS derives from a remodeling of the plasma membrane at the distal end of the cilium. Prior to this event, an actin-rich domain can be demonstrated within the distal cilium using immunocytochemical techniques. This actin is in the filamentous form and is also observed in mature photoreceptors where it has been implicated in ROS disc morphogenesis. In separate studies, the visual pigment protein, opsin, has also been localized to the distal ciliary membrane before disc synthesis begins. For the current report, we have used double label immunoelectron microscopy to investigate the presence of opsin and actin in the cilia of developing mouse photoreceptors during the period preceding ROS differentiation. Initially, we used post-embedding immunolabeling for the localization of both proteins on ultrathin sections of Lowicryl embedded tissues. However, increased sensitivity for the detection of membrane opsin was obtained when the retinas were immersion labeled prior to resin embedment. Although it remains unclear whether the appearance of ciliary opsin and actin are synchronized, the results of this study confirm that opsin and actin are each sequestered within theirrespective ciliary domains prior to the differentiation of an ROS.
Evaluation of metered dose inhaler spray velocities using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA)

Droplet velocity is an important parameter which can significantly influence inhalation drug delivery performance. Together with the droplet size, this parameter determines the efficiency of the deposition of MDI products at different sites within the lungs. In this study, phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) was used to investigate the instantaneous droplet velocity emitted from MDIs as well as the corresponding droplet size distribution. The nine commercial MDI products surveyed showed significantly different droplet velocities, indicating that droplet velocity could be used as a discriminating parameter for in vitro testing of MDI products. The droplet velocity for all tested MDI products decreased when the testing distance was increased from 3 cm to 6 cm from the front of mouthpiece, with CFC formulations showing a larger decrease than HFA formulations. The mean droplet diameters of the nine MDIs were also significantly different from one-another. Droplet size measurements made using PDA (a number-based technique) could not be directly compared to results obtained using laser light scattering measurements (a volume-based technique). This work demonstrates that PDA can provide unique information useful for characterizing MDI aerosol plumes and evaluating MDI drug delivery efficiency. PDA could also aid the evaluation of in vitro equivalence in support of formulation or manufacturing changes and in evaluation of abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) for MDIs.
Virtual world brand experience and its impact on real world purchasing behavior

Using survey data from registered users of the popular virtual world Second Life, this research extends the theory of planned behavior model. In addition to the theory's basic predictors (attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control), the extended model includes virtual world brand experience, self-image congruence and perceived diagnosticity to improve the model's predictive power for explaining how virtual world brand experience affects real world purchase intentions and behavior. The study results show that virtual world brand experience has an impact on real world purchasing intentions and behaviors, and this relationship is moderated by self-image congruence and perceived diagnosticity. When a virtual world brand experience is considered to be helpful for evaluation and is consistent with the consumer's self-concept, the experience is found to have a stronger influence on real world purchase intentions and behavior. Overall, the findings indicate that multichannel effects exist between virtual world brand experiences and real world purchasing decisions.
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of the far western United States. Part I: Washington

The mayfly fauna of Washington consists of 109 species in 38 genera among 12 families. Previous and new data (from 22 major collections) are given for all species and include new state records for 45 of the species, and the first published data for 57 species. In addition, 725 new county records involving 38 of the 39 state counties are given for 91 of the species.
Controlled electrochemical dissolution of hydrothermal and sedimentary pyrite

Electrochemically controlled pyrite dissolution was performed with three pyrite materials from different geological origins under mixed potential and high overpotential conditions. Both solid electrodes and C paste electrodes of powdered pyrite were used. The rate of pyrite dissolution increased with applied positive potential and was strongly affected by temperature. Current density measurements over the applied potential range successfully described the rate of pyrite dissolution of each pyrite electrode. Controlled dissolution performed under mixed potential conditions on the solid electrodes successfully reflected the same pyrite reactivity and dissolution rate order as in batch reactor dissolution studies with the same pyrite materials. Therefore, the relative reactivity of different pyrite materials can be determined through current density measurements on their solid electrodes under mixed potential conditions. This technique could be a useful tool to compare rapidly the relative reactivity for different pyrite materials. In contrast, electrochemically controlled dissolution studies with C paste electrodes constructed with fine-grained pyrite and paraffin/graphite mixture did not result in accurate ranking of pyrite samples by dissolution rate.
An experiment-based algorithm for predicting the partitioning of unfolded peptides into phosphatidylcholine bilayer interfaces.

Knowing the partitioning free energy of unfolded polypeptides into membrane interfaces is necessary for understanding membrane protein stability and for designing antimicrobial and other peptides. Experiment-based whole-residue free-energy (hydropathy) scales for amino acids in unfolded peptides, derived from the partitioning of host−guest pentapeptides (Ac-WLXLL) into the interfaces of phosphatidylcholine bilayers and into n-octanol, have been determined by W. C. Wimley, S. H. White, and colleagues [(1996) Nat. Struc. Biol. 3, 842; Wimley, W. C. et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 5109]. These scales offer the possibility of computing absolute partitioning free energies of unfolded peptides given only their amino acid sequences. However, the scales are incomplete, because partitioning free energies of N- and C-terminal groups are missing. To complete the scales, we have measured the pH-dependent partitioning of the host−guest pentapeptide variants AcWL-X-LL-NH2 and WL-X-LL-NH2 (X = G or W) into palmitoyloleoy...
Structural models of complex information sources

Abstract Structural models of both animate and inanimate complex information sources are discussed. Citation graphs, document association graphs, author networks, bibliographic coupling networks and some other types of such structural models are defined in such a manner that each graph of these categories of models can be obtained from other graphs by a well-defined transformation procedure. Various properties and applications of these structural models are described and analyzed.
Selective inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) implicate a constitutive isoform of NOS in the regulation of interleukin-1-induced ACTH secretion in rats.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) exists in at least three distinct isoforms: an inducible NOS (NOS II), and two forms which are constitutively expressed—brain NOS (NOS I) and endothelial NOS (NOS III). We have previously shown that the NOS inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), markedly potentiates and prolongs the increase in plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) concentrations produced by the intravenous injection of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the rat. However, the mechanism of action of L-NAME is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects on IL-1β-induced ACTH secretion in the rat, of several NOS inhibitors, whose selectivity for the different NOS isoforms has been well characterized, and which lack the muscarinic receptor antagonist properties that have been reported for L-NAME. Subcutaneous (sc) pretreatment with L-NAME (50–300 μmol/kg) produced the expected pronounced exacerbation of the ACTH response to IL-1β. This effect was mimicked by NG-nitro-L-arginine, which preferentially inhibits constitutive forms of NOS. In contrast, aminoguanidine, a selective inducible NOS inhibitor at doses up to 3×1.8 mmol/kg, was without effect, suggesting that it is a constitutive form of NOS that regulates the ACTH response to IL-1β. Selective inhibition of brain NOS using either 7-nitro-indazole (administered intraperitoneally) or L-NAME (administered intracerebroventricularly) did not significantly alter ACTH concentrations after IL-1β. Collectively, these data indicate that NO restrains the ACTH response to IL-1β, and that the NO responsible for this effect is generated by a constitutive, most probably endothelial, isoform of NOS.
Social class disparities in health and education: Reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior.

The literature on social class disparities in health and education contains 2 underlying, yet often opposed, models of behavior: the individual model and the structural model. These models refer to largely unacknowledged assumptions about the sources of human behavior that are foundational to research and interventions. Our review and theoretical integration proposes that, in contrast to how the 2 models are typically represented, they are not opposed, but instead they are complementary sets of understandings that inform and extend each other. Further, we elaborate the theoretical rationale and predictions for a third model: the sociocultural self model of behavior. This model incorporates and extends key tenets of the individual and structural models. First, the sociocultural self model conceptualizes individual characteristics (e.g., skills) and structural conditions (e.g., access to resources) as interdependent forces that mutually constitute each other and that are best understood together. Second, the sociocultural self model recognizes that both individual characteristics and structural conditions indirectly influence behavior through the selves that emerge in the situation. These selves are malleable psychological states that are a product of the ongoing mutual constitution of individuals and structures and serve to guide people's behavior by systematically shaping how people construe situations. The theoretical foundation of the sociocultural self model lays the groundwork for a more complete understanding of behavior and provides new tools for developing interventions that will reduce social class disparities in health and education. The model predicts that intervention efforts will be more effective at producing sustained behavior change when (a) current selves are congruent, rather than incongruent, with the desired behavior and (b) individual characteristics and structural conditions provide ongoing support for the selves that are necessary to support the desired behavior.
Molecular dynamics of collision cascades with composite pair-many-body potentials.

An empirical, composite interatomic potential is developed to describe interaction of energetic particles by pair potentials at high energies and many-body potentials at low energies. Molecular-dynamics studies of low-energy collision cascades are performed. The displacement threshold surface in copper is investigated and compared to experimental data. Our computer simulations show good agreement with the experimental results of King and Benedek at 10 K.
Isolation of heat-stable glucocerebrosidase activators from the spleens of three variants of Gaucher's disease.

Abstract Heat-stable glycoprotein activator substances which stimulate the activity of human liver glucocerebroside:β-glucosidase have been purified extensively from the spleens of five patients representing the clinical extremes of Gaucher's disease ranging from the acute neuropathic form (type 2) to the adult, chronic nonneuropathic form (type 1). Each preparation of Gaucher factor chromatographed as a single coincident peak of protein and activator activity on Sephadex G-150 and each electrophoresed as a single protein band of molecular weight approximately 10,000–12,000 on disc gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. With the exception of one preparation, which contained 7.1% carbohydrate, the activator substances contained approximately 17% carbohydrate. The various factors have similar, but not identical, amino acid compositions and are rich in acidic and hydrophobic amino acids. The yield of activator substance ranged from 12.9 to 27.4 mg of protein per 100 g wet wt of tissue, with the highest and lowest yields being obtained from the spleens of two patients with the intermediate form of Gaucher's disease. The amount of glucocerebroside:β-glucosidase-stimulating activity obtained from the spleens of adult and infantile patients was similar. In addition, the purified heat-stable factors from the Gaucher spleens were capable of stimulating the hydrolysis of the galactose-containing ganglioside, G M1 , by a partially purified preparation of human liver β-galactosidase. This study documents the presence of a factor that will stimulate the activity of glucocerebroside:β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase in Gaucher spleens but fails to indicate any correlation between the concentration or activity of the stimulatory substances and the extent of pathology or age of onset of the disease; the spleens of patients with the more severe forms of Gaucher's disease do not contain the lowest amounts of stimulatory activity.
Counselors' Attitudes toward Homosexuality: A Selective Review of the Literature.

A selective review of counselors' and psychotherapists' attitudes toward homosexuality is presented. Analysis of the patterns emerging from published survey literature reveals considerable division and contradiction in the attitudes reported. The author proposes the source of such inconsistency to be the mixed messages mental health personnel receive from their professional organizations, which affirm gay self-determination, and society-at-large, which is generally gay-negating. Recommendations are offered for practitioners working with homosexual clients.
On optimal tapering of FET chains in high-speed CMOS circuits

Transistor tapering is a technique applied to optimize the geometries of CMOS transistors in high-performance circuit design with a view to minimizing the delay of a FET network. Currently, in a long FET network where MOS devices are stacked over one another to form a series chain network, the dimensions of the transistors are decreased from the bottom transistor to the top transistor in a manner where the width of transistors is tapered linearly or exponentially. However, it has not been mathematically proved whether either of these tapering schemes yields optimal results in terms of minimization of switching delays of the network. We rigorously analyze MOS circuits consisting of long FET chains under the widely used Elmore delay model and derive the optimality of transistor tapering by employing variational calculus. We demonstrate that neither linear nor exponential tapering alone minimizes the discharge time of the FET chain. Instead, a composition of exponential and constant tapering actually optimizes the delay of the network. Both analytical and simulation results are always consistent.
Potential application of visible passive imaging polarimetry in the discrimination of real targets and decoys

There have been renewed interests in utilizing imaging polarimetry in target detection and discrimination. A greater demand is the need for a sensor capable of discriminating between real military targets and decoys in the battlefield deployments. This paper demonstrates the potential application of passive visible imaging polarimetry in discriminating real targets from identical (same paint type, surface structure, and color) decoys, based on their composite materials. Target material made of steel is compared to three different decoy materials (wood, ceramic, and cardboard) are considered in this study.
The influence of socioeconomic factors on gender disparities in lower extremity bypass.

Abstract Background Some contend that gender differences in outcomes after lower extremity bypass (LEB) for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) relate to socioeconomic factors (SEFs). Here, we evaluate these disparities with attention to clinically relevant yet understudied SEF. Methods A retrospective cohort study of patients aged >50 y with PAD undergoing LEB was performed using data from Pennsylvania Health care and Cost Containment Council (2003–2011). Multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed to evaluate the association between gender and outcomes with adjustment for potential confounders including SEF such as income, insurance provider, distance to hospital, and race. Generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for hospital clustering. Independent models were developed to examine death or serious morbidity (DSM) and failure-to-rescue (FTR). Results Of 4202 patients identified, 1510 (36%) were women. SEF differed by gender. DSM was more frequent in women (15.6% versus 12.2%; P = 0.002). There was no association between gender and FTR in univariate analysis ( P = 0.49). SEFs were associated with DSM and FTR. After adjustment for potential confounders including SEF, women remained more likely to experience DSM (odds ratio = 1.28; P = 0.01). There remained no significant association between gender and FTR on independent modeling (odds ratio = 0.49; P = 0.11). Conclusions Women undergoing LEB in the state of Pennsylvania are at increased risk of poor outcomes, which is not completely explained by SEF. Quality of postoperative care does not appear to be different between gender as there was no difference in FTR. To improve these outcomes, efforts should be made to increase awareness of PAD and promote screening among high-risk women to ensure timely diagnosis and referral.
A methodology for evaluating test coverage criteria of high levelPetri nets

High level Petri nets have been extensively used for modeling concurrent systems; however, their strong expressive power reduces their ability to be easily analyzed. Currently there are few effective formal analysis techniques to support the validation of high level Petri nets. The executable nature of high level Petri nets means that during validation they can be analyzed using test criteria defined on the net model. Recently, theoretical test adequacy coverage criteria for concurrent systems using high level Petri nets have been proposed. However, determining the applicability of these test adequacy criteria has not yet been undertaken. In this paper, we present an approach for evaluating the proposed test adequacy criteria for high level Petri nets through experimentation. In our experiments we use the simulation functionality of the model checker SPIN to analyze various test coverage criteria on high level Petri nets.
The Cdk and PCNA domains on p21Cip1 both function to inhibit G1/S progression during hyperoxia

This study investigates molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle arrest when cells are exposed to high levels of oxygen (hyperoxia). Hyperoxia has previously been shown to increase expression of ...
Toddler activity intensity during indoor free-play: stand and watch.

Abstract Objective Movement patterns among toddlers (16–36 months) differ from other early developmental periods; toddlers practice coordination, balance, and control. Toddler care environments may afford repetition of these emerging skills. This study examined intensity and type of movements during free-play indoors in child care among toddlers. Methods A convenience sample (n, 41; mean, 26.5 months) was observed for intensity of physical activity (PA), motor activity type, activity context, and teacher prompts in center-based care using a modified version of the Observational System for Recording Physical Activity for Children–Preschool. Results The most frequent PA intensity level was sedentary with limb movement. No significant gender differences emerged. Standing, sitting/squatting, and walking were the most frequent activity types. Dominant activity contexts included fine motor manipulative, self-care, and onlooking. Logistic regression results indicated that onlooking significantly decreased the odds of moderate to vigorous PA. Teachers offered few prompts to increase PA. Conclusions and Implications Toddlers demonstrate predominantly sedentary behaviors during free-play. Further observational research across the entire day is warranted to accurately assess intensity and teacher's support for moderate to vigorous PA.
Design, manufacture and analysis of a thermoplastic composite frame structure for mass transit

Thin-walled composite sub-elements possess excellent properties, including high specific strength, lightweight, internal torque and moment resistance which offer opportunities for applications in mass transit and ground transportation. In the present work, an open section thin-walled thermoplastic composite frame segment (sub-element) of a mass transit bus was designed, analyzed and manufactured to replace a conventional metal-based design. Three cross-section configurations, rectangular, V-shape and rounded C-shape, were considered, and different lamina stacking sequences, (0/90)6, [±45/(0/90)2]s, and [±45/(0/90)]3 were compared. Carbon fiber/polyphenylene sulphide (carbon/PPS) was the material choice, and single diaphragm forming (SDF) process was adopted to manufacture the frame segment. In-plane compression testing was conducted on the manufactured carbon/PPS composite frame to validate the finite element analysis results. A successful design concept to manufacture strategy of the open thin-walled carbon/PPS thermoplastic composite frame segment was demonstrated. � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Scaling of Strength of Metal-Composite Joints—Part II: Interface Fracture Analysis

The effect of the size of hybrid metal-composite joint on its nominal strength, experimentally demonstrated in the preceding paper (part I), is modeled mathematically. Fracture initiation from a reentrant corner at the interface of a metallic bar and a fiber composite laminate sheet is analyzed. The fracture process zone (or cohesive zone) at the corner is approximated as an equivalent sharp crack according to the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The asymptotic singular stress and displacement fields surrounding the corner tip and the tip of an interface crack emanating from the corner tip are calculated by means of complex potentials. The singularity exponents of both fields are generally complex. Since the real part of the stress singularity exponent for the corner tip is not -1/2, as required for finiteness of the energy flux into the tip, the interface crack propagation criterion is based on the singular field of the interface crack considered to be embedded in a more remote singular near-tip field of the corner from which, in turn, the boundaries are remote. The large-size asymptotic size effect on the nominal strength of the hybrid joint is derived from the LEFM considering the interface crack length to be much smaller than the structure size. The deviation from LEFM due to finiteness of the interface crack length, along with the small-size asymptotic condition of quasiplastic strength, allows an approximate general size effect law for hybrid joints to be derived via asymptotic matching. This law fits closely the experimental results reported in the preceding paper. Numerical validation according to the cohesive crack model is relegated to a forthcoming paper.
Nonparametric Estimation of Large Auctions with Risk Averse Bidders

This article studies the robustness of Guerre et al.'s (2000) two-step nonparametric estimation procedure in a first-price, sealed-bid auction with n (n ≫ 1) risk averse bidders. Based on an asymptotic approximation with precision of order O(n −2) of the intractable equilibrium bidding function, we establish the uniform consistency with rates of convergence of Guerre et al.'s (2000) two-step nonparametric estimator in the presence of risk aversion. Monte Carlo experiments show that the two-step nonparametric estimator performs reasonably well with a moderate number of bidders such as six.
Tangled Up In Red: Intertwining of the Heme and Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biogenesis Pathways

A large-scale computational and genetic analysis study by Nilsson et al. (2009) has identified five genes that coexpress with heme biosynthetic enzymes and are required for normal heme synthesis. Several are implicated in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, and malfunction of these genes may repress heme synthesis by activating the IRE/IRP posttranscriptional regulatory system.
CO2 abdominal insufflation pretreatment increases survival after a lipopolysaccharide-contaminated laparotomy.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)-pneumoperitoneum is known to favorably modify the systemic immune response during laparoscopic surgery. The presented studies were designed to determine whether treating animals with CO2 abdominal insufflation before undergoing a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-contaminated laparotomy would serve as “shock prophylaxis” and thus improve survival and attenuate cytokine production. Rats were randomized into five groups: CO2-pneumoperitoneum, helium-pneumoperitoneum, anesthesia control, laparotomy/LPS control, and LPS only control. Animals in the first four groups all received a laparotomy and a lethal dose of LPS. Immediately preceding their laparotomy, animals in the pneumoperitoneum groups received a 30-minute pretreatment of abdominal insufflation with either CO2 or helium. The anesthesia control group received a 30-minute pretreatment of isoflurane. Animal mortality was then recorded during the ensuing 72 hours. Subsequently, a similar protocol was repeated for measurements of cytokines. CO2-pneumoperitoneum increased survival at 48 hours compared with LPS control (P<.05), and decreased interleukin-6 plasma levels at 2 hours (P<.05). Abdominal insufflation with CO2 before the performance of a laparotomy contaminated with endotoxin increases survival and attenuates interleukin-6. The beneficial immune-modulating effects of CO2-pneumoperitoneum endure after abdominal insufflation. CO2-pneumoperitoneum pretreatment may improve outcomes among patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery who are at high risk for abdominal fecal contamination.
Relationship between the increased sensitivity of heat injured Clostridium perfringens spores to surface active antibiotics and to sodium chloride and sodium nitrite.

Spores of Clostridium perfringens NCTC 8798 became increasingly sensitive to inhibition by sodium chloride, sodium nitrite and a mixture of polymyxin and neomycin when heated at 70–100°C. That the increased sensitivity to each agent was caused by the same cellular damage was suggested by: (1) the temperature coefficients for induction of cellular damage leading to increased sensitivity to all three agents were the same; (2) in the absence of the agents, the spores regained resistance to all three at about the same time and in each case in the presence of cell wall-, protein- and DNA-synthesis inhibitors; (3) combinations of the agents were generally no more inhibitory to the heated spores than were the individual agents.
Measurements of the viscosities of saturated and compressed liquid normal butane and isobutane

The shear viscosity coefficients of saturated and compressed liquid normal butane and isobutane have been measured with the torsional piezoelectric crystal method at temperatures beween 115 and 300 K and at pressures to 30 MPa. The measurements have been correlated with a modified Hildebrand equation. The experimental error is estimated to be smaller than 3%. The measurements of normal butane and isobutane have been compared with a global extended corresponding states model and with each other. Differences between measured and calculated viscosities are discussed.
Adaptation of POPE and STEVENS method for rapid assessment of proteolytic enzymes activity and protein hydrolysis intensity in raw materials of marine origin

The paper describes an adaptation of the POPE and STEVENS method for a rapid assessment of proteolytic enzymes activity and protein hydrolysis intensity in raw materials of a marine origin. The adaptation involves substituting the titration by a fast colorimetric technique. A statistical treatment applied to the data supplied by the POPE and STEVENS method and by the modified one proved their total equivalency. Because of its accuracy, the modified method may be applied to routine assays.
In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients

Extracts of Echinacea purpurea and Panax ginseng were evaluated for their capacity to stimulate cellular immune function by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal individuals and patients with either the chronic fatigue syndrome or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PBMC isolated on a Ficoll-hypaque density gradient were tested in the presence or absence of varying concentrations of each extract for natural killer (NK) cell activity versus K562 cells and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against human herpesvirus 6 infected H9 cells. Both echinacea and ginseng, at concentrations > or = 0.1 or 10 micrograms/kg, respectively, significantly enhanced NK-function of all groups. Similarly, the addition of either herb significantly increased ADCC of PBMC from all subject groups. Thus, extracts of Echinacea purpurea and Panax ginseng enhance cellular immune function of PBMC both from normal individuals and patients with depressed cellular immunity.
The generalized Cantor distribution and its corresponding inverse distribution

Building on ideas and concepts introduced by Lad, Taylor and Hosking, a generalized Cantor distribution and a corresponding skew generalized Cantor distribution are developed and analyzed. Associated inverse distributions are also introduced. In some cases method of moment estimation is shown to be readily implemented.
ON THE COMPLETENESS OF THE ANALYSIS OF THIRD AND FOURTH SPECTRA OF THE IRON GROUP, AND THE SPECTRA OF EARLY B STARS

Abstract The spectroscopic analysis of normal, early B stars requires a sound atomic data base, especially for the third and fourth spectra of the iron-group elements. We review the present status of the term analyses of third and fourth spectra of vanadium-nickel as of the Sugar-Corliss compilation. Incompleteness of the analyses of the third spectra is typically evident about halfway to the first ionization limit. The fourth spectra are less well known. For Fe, Co, and Ni IV, only the lowest three configurations have been located. Copernicus spectra described by Rogerson and his coworkers have been studied in detail. We conclude that present atomic data is approaching a sufficient degree of completeness to allow a realistic analysis of the satellite ultraviolet of the “normal” star. Without analytical work of the last decade, the analysis of the UV spectrum of this star would have been hopeless.
Ventilation and metabolic rate of young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to sublethal environmental pH

Differences between ventilatory response and metabolic rates of young rainbow trout tested within the sublethal range of pH 6 to pH 9 were observed using a flowing water respirometer. The oxygen consumption was monitored at swimming speeds of 12 cm/sec and 24 cm/sec. The oxygen consumption rates at 24 cm/sec and pH 6 (423 mg/kg-hr) and pH 9 (367 mg/kg-hr) were considerably higher than those determined near neutrality (328 mg/kg-hr). Ventilation rate increased to either side of neutrality, but significantly fewer respiratory reversals, or "coughs," were observed at pH 6 and a greater number at pH 9 than occurred at pH 7 and 8 or in untested fish. The respiratory-cough response is shown to be pH-dependent in rainbow trout and may therefore not be as reliable an indication of pollutant-caused stress in studies where the experimental pH has not been specified or controlled.
HLA-related heterogeneity in seasonal patterns of diagnosis in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes

HLA type, time of year of diagnosis, and age at diagnosis were studied in 52 new cases of Type 1 diabetes in Seattle, Washington. Diagnosis was found to be seasonal in diabetic patients positive for DR3 (p 0.13). Cases who were DR3-negative did not show significant seasonality of diagnosis (p>0.5). However, when age at diagnosis was adjusted for, a seasonal effect was found in the DR3-negative group (p<0.006), with older cases favouring a spring onset and younger cases favouring an autumn onset. Thus, DR3-positive cases showed a seasonal diagnosis pattern that did not depend on age, while DR3-negative cases showed an age-dependent seasonal pattern. These differences may reflect the predominance of different aetiological mechanisms in these two genetic groups.
Identification and preparation of single phase 90 K oxide superconductor and structural determination by lattice imaging

Abstract We have investigated various compositions of Ba-Y-Cu-O, resulting in the preparation of single phase 90 K superconducting material of composition (Ba 0.67 Y 0.33 )CuO 3− δ and the identification of the structure of this superconducting phase by lattice imaging as a layered perovskite. The single phase material had a resistive transition with a midpoint at 92 K and a 1.3 K width (10%–90%) as well as a sharp low-field (H = 0.01 Oe) susceptibility transition.
Pliocene Intrusions in the Gunung Bijih (Ertsberg) Mining District, Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Major- and Trace-Element Chemistry

A group of small, hypabyssal Pliocene intrusions are associated with Cu-Au ore deposits in the Gunung Bijih (Ertsberg) Mining District of Irian Jaya (western New Guinea), Indonesia. Several skarn orebodies (GB, GBT, Dom, and Big Gossan) are located around the margins of the Ertsberg Intrusion. All but the Big Gossan deposit are related genetically to the Ertsberg Intrusion, at least in terms of calc-silicate formation. The supergiant Grasberg porphyry copper deposit is hosted in and related to the first two stages of intrusions in the Grasberg Complex. The intrusions are intermediate in composition, and can be divided into a high-K suite of latite to trachydacite and minor trachyte, and a low-K suite of andesite and dacite. All intrusions are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and have Nb and Ti depletions. The low-K suite tends to have higher La/Th and Ba/Th ratios than the high-K suite. Chemical variation in the Ertsberg Intrusion is largely the result of in situ fractional crystallization...
Robot-assisted Guitar Hero for finger rehabilitation after stroke

This paper describes the design and testing of a robotic device for finger therapy after stroke: FINGER (Finger Individuating Grasp Exercise Robot). FINGER makes use of stacked single degree-of-freedom mechanisms to assist subjects in moving individual fingers in a naturalistic grasping pattern through much of their full range of motion. The device has a high bandwidth of control (-3dB at approximately 8 Hz) and is backdriveable. These characteristics make it capable of assisting in grasping tasks that require precise timing. We therefore used FINGER to assist individuals with a stroke (n= 8) and without impairment (n= 4) in playing a game similar to Guitar Hero©. The subjects attempted to move their fingers to target positions at times specified by notes that were graphically streamed to popular music. We show here that by automatically adjusting the robot gains, it is possible to use FINGER to modulate the subject's success rate at the game, across a range of impairment levels. Modulating success rates did not alter the stroke subject's effort, although the unimpaired subjects exerted more force when they were made less successful. We also present a novel measure of finger individuation that can be assessed as individuals play Guitar Hero with FINGER. The results demonstrate the ability of FINGER to provide controlled levels of assistance during an engaging computer game, and to quantify finger individuation after stroke.
Virtual management of radiology examinations in the virtual radiology environment using common object request broker architecture services

In the Department of Defense (DoD), US Army Medical Command is now embarking on an extremely exciting new project—creating a virtual radiology environment (VRE) for the management of radiology examinations. The business of radiology in the military is therefore being reengineered on several fronts by the VRE Project. In the VRE Project, a set of intelligent agent algorithms determine where examinations are to routed for reading bases on a knowledge base of the entire VRE. The set of algorithms, called the Meta-Manager, is hierarchical and uses object-based communications between medical treatment facilities (MTFs) and medical centers that have digital imaging network picture archiving and communications systems (DIN-PACS) networks. The communications is based on use of common object request broker architecture (CORBA) objects and services to send patient demographics and examination images from DIN-PACS networks in the MTFs to the DIN-PACS networks at the medical centers for diagnosis. The Meta-Manager is also responsible for updating the diagnosis at the originating MTF. CORBA services are used to perform secure message communications between DIN-PACS nodes in the VRE network. The Meta-Manager has a fail-safe architecture that allows the master Meta-Manager function to float to regional Meta-Manager sites in case of server failure. A prototype of the CORBA-based Meta-Manager is being developed by the University of Arizona’s Computer Engineering Research Laboratory using the unified modeling language (UML) as a design tool. The prototype will implement the main functions described in the Meta-Manager design specification. The results of this project are expected to reengineer the process of radiology in the military and have extensions to commercial radiology environments.
Structure Factor and Direct Correlation Function for a Classical Hard Sphere Fluid

Calculations are reported here of the structure factor S(k) and the direct correlation function C(k) = 1 - S -1 for a classical hard sphere fluid. Exact results are presented to order of the cube in the density ρ and are compared with the results of the various approximate theories, namely the Born-Green, the Percus-Yevick, and the hyperchain. The results have the general character of the observed scattering from liquid argon, though some corrections are required to account for the form of the interaction beyond the hard core.
Host-dependent variation of bluetongue virus neutralization.

To determine if neutralizing epitopes of Bluetongue virus (BTV) 17 are host dependent, e.g., that monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to Bluetongue virus 17 (BTV 17) differ in their ability to neutralize BTV infectivity in insect versus mammalian cells, a panel of neutralizing mAb was developed. The relative neutralizing titer of eight mAb for BTV 17 infectivity in mammalian versus insect target cells was determined. Four mAb differed in their relative neutralization titer when assayed on mammalian target cells as compared to insect target cells. These findings suggest that different epitopes involved in neutralization might be important in virus infectivity and neutralization in mammalian versus insect target cells. To determine which viral protein(s) these mAb bind, the specificity of the mAb was determined by radioimmunoprecipitations. Five BTV 17 neutralizing mAb bound to the major outer coat protein P2, a 98-kDa protein, whereas the BTV protein(s) bound by the other three neutralizing mAb could not be determined. The potential role of the two BTV outer coat proteins in infection of mammalian and insect host cells is discussed.
‘Library as Laboratory’: Online Pathfinders and the Humanities Graduate Student

SUMMARY This article explores how online pathfinders can best meet the information needs of graduate students and foster advanced research. The article reviews the literature on pathfinders, including the historic characteristics of print pathfinders, and the recommendations that have emerged for online pathfinder content. The article explores the information needs of humanities graduate students in general terms, and specifically examines extant online pathfinders in the field of art history. The article concludes with recommendations for the content of online pathfinders aimed at the humanities graduate student audience.
Coverage analysis of cooperative broadcast in wireless networks

Cooperative broadcast aims to deliver a source message to the whole network by means of collaborating nodes. Critical parameters that influence the broadcast performance include source/relay transmission powers and the decoding threshold (the minimum SNR required to decode a transmission). We study the effect of these parameters on the number of nodes reached by cooperative broadcast. In particular, we show a phase transition behavior: if the decoding threshold is below a critical value, the message is delivered to the whole network. Otherwise, only a fraction of the nodes are reached proportional to the source transmit power. Our approach is based on the idea of continuum approximation, which yields closed-form expressions accurate when the network density is high.
Inversion of reflection data for layered media: a review of exact methods

Summary. This paper is a summary of known exact methods for inferring the acoustical impedance of a horizontally layered medium from its reflection response to a vertical sound signal. It includes reviews of linear and nonlinear methods in the time and frequency domains.
Identification and characterization of the human XIST gene promoter: implications for models of X chromosome inactivation

The XIST gene in both humans and mice is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome and is required for X chromosome inactivation to occur early in development. In order to understand transcriptional regulation of the XIST gene, we have identified and characterized the human XIST promoter and two repeated DNA elements that modulate promoter activity. As determined by reporter gene constructs, the XIST minimal promoter is constitutively active at high levels in human male and female cell lines and in transgenic mice. We demonstrate that this promoter activity is dependent in vitro upon binding of the common transcription factors SP1, YY1 and TBP. We further identify two cis -acting repeated DNA sequences that influence reporter gene activity. First, DNA fragments containing a set of highly conserved repeats located within the 5'-end of XIST stimulate reporter activity 3-fold in transiently transfected cell lines. Second, a 450 bp alternating purine-pyrimidine repeat located 25 kb upstream of the XIST promoter partially suppresses promoter activity by approximately 70% in transient transfection assays. These results indicate that the XIST promoter is constitutively active and that critical steps in the X inactivation process must involve silencing of XIST on the active X chromosome by factors that interact with and/or recognize sequences located outside the minimal promoter.
Timing recovery for adaptive decision feedback equalization of the magnetic storage channel

Synchronization and timing recovery techniques for adaptive decision feedback equalization of the magnetic storage channel are presented. Only a symbol-rate implementation of the equalizer is considered, since the intent is to operate at speeds as high as possible, given a specific chip technology. In the present case, accurate timing recovery is critical, as the finite-length decision feedback equalizer performance can degrade by 2 to 3 dB with poor sampling-phase choice. A synchronization technique incorporating a
Controlling Type-I Error of the McDonald-Kreitman Test in Genomewide Scans for Selection on Noncoding DNA

Departures from the assumption of homogenously interdigitated neutral and putatively selected sites in the McDonald–Kreitman test can lead to false rejections of the neutral model in the presence of intermediate levels of recombination. This problem is exacerbated by small sample sizes, nonequilibrium demography, recombination rate variation, and in comparisons involving more recently diverged species. I propose that establishing significance levels by coalescent simulation with recombination can improve the fidelity of the test in genomewide scans for selection on noncoding DNA.
Duplicate Packet Detection for Multicast: Methods, Analysis, and Relative Performance

In many wireless multihop networks multicast is the dominant form of communication. In these networks, devices cannot depend on existing techniques to make forwarding decisions about the multihop multicast packets. Instead, devices must maintain state about packets that have already been forwarded to ensure they are not forwarded again. This procedure is known as duplicate packet detection (DPD). There are multiple solutions to this problem that follow the same general guidelines, but these solutions vary significantly in the resources consumed. This paper analyzes the various resources tradeoffs between the two most common approaches; a sequence number based approach (S-DPD) and an assisted hash based approach (H-DPD). This paper shows that S-DPD is superior or equal to H-DPD in terms of DPD state maintenance, energy consumption, and delay.
Identification of Learning Disabilities: Implications of Proposed DSM-5 Criteria for School-Based Assessment

This article examines the recommended eligibility determination for learning disabilities (LD) in both the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act and the proposed changes in diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5. The focus is on the inclusion of the criterion of responsiveness to intervention (RTI) and the implications for practice of school psychologists and general and special education teachers. The research base on RTI for diagnostic purposes is examined, and considerations of changing roles for clinicians and school-based practitioners are discussed.