cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical evaluation of work stealing with parallelism feedback

A-STEAL is a provably good adaptive work-stealing thread scheduler that provides parallelism feedback to a multiprocessor job scheduler. A-STEAL uses a simple multiplicative-increase, multiplicative-decrease algorithm to provide continual parallelism feedback to the job scheduler in the form of processor requests. Although jobs scheduled by A-STEAL can be shown theoretically to complete in near-optimal time asymptotically while utilizing at least a constant fraction of the allotted processors, the constants in the analysis leave it open on whether A-STEAL works well in practice. This paper confirms with simulation studies that A-STEAL performs well when scheduling adaptively parallel work-stealing jobs on large-scale multiprocessors. Our studies monitored the behavior of A-STEAL on a simulated multiprocessor system using synthetic workloads. We measured the completion time and waste of A-STEAL on over 2300 job runs using a variety of processor availability profiles. Linear-regression analysis indicates that ASTEAL provides almost perfect linear speedup. In addition, A-STEAL typically wasted less than 20% of the processor cycles allotted to the job. We compared A-STEAL with the ABP algorithm, an adaptive work-stealing thread scheduler developed by Arora, Blumofe, and Plaxton which does not employ parallelism feedback. On moderately to heavily loaded large machines with predetermined availability profiles, A-STEAL typically completed jobs more than twice as quickly, despite being allotted the same or fewer processors on every step, while wasting only 10% of the processor cycles wasted by ABP. We compared the utilization of A-STEAL and ABP when many jobs with varying characteristics are using the same multiprocessor. These experiments provide evidence that A-STEAL consistently provides higher utilization than ABP for a variety of job mixes.
A framework to quantify network resilience and survivability

The significance of resilient communication networks in the modern society is well established. Resilience and survivability mechanisms in current networks are limited and domain specific. Subsequently, the evaluation methods are either qualitative assessments or context-specific metrics. There is a need for rigorous quantitative evaluation of network resilience. We propose a service oriented framework to characterize resilience of networks to a number of faults and challenges at any abstraction level. This dissertation presents methods to quantify the operational state and the expected service of a network using functional metrics. We formalize resilience as transitions of the network state in a two-dimensional state space quantifying network operational characteristics and service parameters. One dimension represents the network as normally operating, partially degraded, or severely degraded. The other dimension represents network service as acceptable, impaired, or unacceptable. Our goal is to initially understand how to characterize network resilience, and ultimately how to guide network design and engineering toward increased resilience. We apply the proposed framework to evaluate the resilience of three ISP backbone network topologies and the topologies generated using a new realistic topology generator. Furthermore, we quantify the resilience of MANETs at multiple layer boundaries. We develop new predictive routing algorithms for weather disruption-tolerant networks, which are shown to be more resilient than the existing protocols. Lastly, we develop a new routing algorithm for highly-mobile ad hoc airborne networking.
PKD prevents H2O2-induced apoptosis via NF-κB and p38 MAPK in RIE-1 cells

Previously, we demonstrated that protein kinase D (PKD) plays a protective role during H(2)O(2)-induced intestinal cell death. Here, we sought to determine whether this effect is mediated by nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Treatment with H(2)O(2) activated NF-kappaB in RIE-1 cells; H(2)O(2) also induced the translocation of NF-kappaB p65 as well as phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha. PKD1 siRNA inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced activation, translocation of NF-kappaB, and phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha. We also found that overexpression of wild type PKD1 attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and its upstream activator, MAPK kinase (MKK) 3/6, whereas the phosphorylation was increased by PKD1 siRNA or kinase-dead PKD1. Phosphorylation of neither extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 nor c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) was altered by PKD1 plasmids or siRNA. Our findings suggest that PKD protects intestinal cells through up-regulation of NF-kappaB and down-regulation of p38 MAPK.
Application of Irreversible Thermodynamics in Finite Viscoelastic Deformations

Abstract : Onsanger's principle of irreversible thermodynamics is applied to viscoelastic bodies subjected to finite deformation. The constitutive equation for small dynamic strains superposed on finite static deformation is used. The state of such deformation is considered as small deviations from an equilibrium reference state, the latter being that of equilibrium state of a material subjected to finite deformation in which the material is maintained for a long time. (Author)
Probing Hurricanes with Stable Isotopes of Rain and Water Vapor

Abstract Rain and water vapor were collected during flights in Hurricanes Olivia (1994), Opal (1995), Marilyn (1995), and Hortense (1995) and analyzed for their stable isotopic concentrations, or ratios, H218O:H2O and HDO:H2O. The spatial patterns and temporal changes of isotope ratios reflect details of a hurricane's structure, evolution, microphysics, and water budget. At all flight levels over the sea (850–475 hPa) the lowest isotope ratios occur in or near regions of stratiform rains between about 50 and 250 km from the eye. Isotope ratios are higher in the eyewall and were particularly high in the crescent-shaped eyewall of Hurricane Opal at a time when no rain was falling over a large area near the storm center. In Hurricane Olivia, isotope ratios decreased from 24 to 25 September after vertical and radial circulation weakened. A two-layer isotope model of a radially symmetric hurricane simulates these features. The low isotope ratios are caused by fractionation in extensive, thick, precipitating cl...
Endoscopically inserted nasobiliary catheters for high dose-rate brachytherapy as part of neoadjuvant therapy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

Background and aim: Selected patients with unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma can undergo neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by liver transplantation, which has been shown to improve survival. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and safety of endoscopic transpapillary insertion of nasobiliary tubes (NBTs) and brachytherapy catheters for high dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy as part of this neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Patients and methods: Medical records of patients undergoing biliary brachytherapy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester were reviewed. Patients were treated with curative intent using external beam radiotherapy (4500 cGy), chemotherapy (5-FU or capecitabine), and HDR brachytherapy (930 – 1600 cGy in one to four fractions delivered over 1 – 2 days) prior to planned liver transplantation. Results: Between 2009 and 2013, 40 patients underwent biliary HDR brachytherapy via endoscopically placed NBTs (8.5 – 10 Fr). Patients had a median age of 55 years (range 28 – 68); 25 patients (62.5 %) had primary sclerosing cholangitis. Prior to therapy, 29 patients (72.5 %) had plastic stents, two (5 %) had metal stents, and nine (22.5 %) had no stents. Bilateral NBTs were placed in five patients (12.5 %). NBT/brachytherapy catheter displacement was seen in eight patients (20 %) – five intraprocedure and three post-procedure. A radiotherapy error and NBT kinking each occurred once. Post-procedure adverse events included: cholangitis (n = 5; 12.5 %), severe abdominal pain (n = 3; 7.5 %), duodenopathy (n = 3; 7.5 %), gastropathy (n = 3; 7.5 %), and both duodenopathy and gastropathy (n = 2; 5 %). Conclusion: HDR biliary brachytherapy administered via endoscopically placed NBTs and brachytherapy catheters is technically feasible and appears reasonably safe in selected patients with unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Tests Verify Design for TVA's 500-kv Towers

The structural design criteria for extra-high voltage transmission towers is outlined. Alternate configurations are considered in relation to cost factors. Maximum loading conditions are noted, and the application of maximum, or elastic limit, design is examined. The maximum design formulas are presented with related comments on their application. Full scale tower test results are shown and provide design verification. High strength steel was used where costs were favorable. These considerations are all examined to provide the design parameters for the line at the most economical over-all cost. Tower outlines are shown for the final designs that will be used on the initial lines.
Evaluation of the Spot-CAMP Test for the Rapid Presumptive Identification of Group B Streptococci

A rapid Spot-CAMP test was evaluated for its ability to accurately identify colonies of Streptococcus agalactiae (Lance-field Group B) growing on primary sheep blood agar plates. The test uses a beta-lysin-containing filtrate, which is prepared from a broth culture of Staphylococcus aureus . A drop of betalysin filtrate is applied adjacent to a suspected group B Streptococcus (GBS) colony and the plate is incubated and then examined for a zone of synergistic hemolysis. The Spot-CAMP test demonstrated 100% correlation with both a Standard CAMP procedure and Lancefield serogrouping. The rapid Spot-CAMP test was easy to perform and inexpensive, and could presumptively identify within 30 minutes colonies of GBS growing on primary isolation plates.
Electrophoretic Study of Fresh, Heated, Spray Dried, and Sonicated Egg Yolk

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the influence of physical treatments on electrophoretic behavior of egg yolk components. Disc gel electrophoresis separated fresh egg yolk into eleven distinct fractions on 7% polyacrylamide gel. Heating yolk at 61°C. for 4 minutes did not affect the pattern, but heating at 63° or 65°C. for 4 minutes reduced band intensities. At 65°C., one band was very faint. Spray drying altered several yolk components but no differences were noted between yolk dried in a Buflovak dryer or a Rogers type dryer. Exposure of liquid yolk to ultrasonic energy at a frequency of 10 KHz./sec. for 5 or 10 minutes resulted in two new electrophoretic bands in the same region as that of a diffuse lipoprotein band present in fresh yolk.
Research and Development of Compound Fermented Beverage Glutinous Rice

In this paper,fermented glutinous rice as the main raw material,through orthogonal composite juice ratio and the ratio of food additives carried out key research.Combined with the sensory,chemical,microbiological,nutritional composition,amino acid content analysis,this soft drink is taste comfortable,unique flavor,nutrient-rich fermented glutinous rice beverage.
Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014.

Importance Between 1980 and 2000, the prevalence of obesity increased significantly among adult men and women in the United States; further significant increases were observed through 2003-2004 for men but not women. Subsequent comparisons of data from 2003-2004 with data through 2011-2012 showed no significant increases for men or women. Objective To examine obesity prevalence for 2013-2014 and trends over the decade from 2005 through 2014 adjusting for sex, age, race/Hispanic origin, smoking status, and education. Design, Setting, and Participants Analysis of data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a cross-sectional, nationally representative health examination survey of the US civilian noninstitutionalized population that includes measured weight and height. Exposures Survey period. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30) and class 3 obesity (body mass index ≥40). Results This report is based on data from 2638 adult men (mean age, 46.8 years) and 2817 women (mean age, 48.4 years) from the most recent 2 years (2013-2014) of NHANES and data from 21 013 participants in previous NHANES surveys from 2005 through 2012. For the years 2013-2014, the overall age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 37.7% (95% CI, 35.8%-39.7%); among men, it was 35.0% (95% CI, 32.8%-37.3%); and among women, it was 40.4% (95% CI, 37.6%-43.3%). The corresponding prevalence of class 3 obesity overall was 7.7% (95% CI, 6.2%-9.3%); among men, it was 5.5% (95% CI, 4.0%-7.2%); and among women, it was 9.9% (95% CI, 7.5%-12.3%). Analyses of changes over the decade from 2005 through 2014, adjusted for age, race/Hispanic origin, smoking status, and education, showed significant increasing linear trends among women for overall obesity ( P = .004) and for class 3 obesity ( P = .01) but not among men ( P = .30 for overall obesity; P = .14 for class 3 obesity). Conclusions and Relevance In this nationally representative survey of adults in the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of obesity in 2013-2014 was 35.0% among men and 40.4% among women. The corresponding values for class 3 obesity were 5.5% for men and 9.9% for women. For women, the prevalence of overall obesity and of class 3 obesity showed significant linear trends for increase between 2005 and 2014; there were no significant trends for men. Other studies are needed to determine the reasons for these trends.
A polar ring endows improved specificity to an antibody fragment

Engineering monovalent Fab fragments into bivalent formats like IgGs or F(ab')2 can lead to aggregation presumably because of nonspecific off-target interactions that induce aggregation. In an effort to further understand the molecular determinants of nonspecific interactions for engineered antibodies and natively folded proteins in general, we focused on a synthetic Fab with low nanomolar affinity to histone chaperone Anti-silencing factor 1 (Asf1) that demonstrates off-target binding through low solubility (∼5 mg/mL) in the multivalent F(ab') 2 state. Here, we generated phage display-based shotgun scanning libraries to introduce aspartate as a negative design element into the antibody paratope. The antibody-combining site was amenable to aspartate substitution at numerous positions within the antigen binding loops and one variant, Tyr(L93) Asp/His(L94) Asp/Thr(H100b) Asp, possessed high solubility (>100 mg/ml). Furthermore, the mutations decreased nonspecific interactions measured by column interaction chromatography and ELISA in the multivalent antibody format while maintaining high affinity to the antigen. Structural determination of the antibody-antigen complex revealed that the aspartate-permissive residues formed a polar ring around the structural and functional paratope, recapitulating the canonical feature of naturally occurring protein-protein interactions. This observation may inform future strategies for the design and engineering of molecular recognition.
Parry-Romberg syndrome with contralateral and ipsilateral extremity involvement.

Antecedents: La maladie de Parry-Romberg est une hemiatrophie faciale progressive acquise touchant les tissus sous-cutanes du cuir chevelu et du visage. Liatteinte des membres est rare. Objectif: etudier les difficultes quiil y a ? distinguer la maladie de Parry-Romberg de la sclerodermie lineaire du type i?coup de sabre?i? partir diun cas avec atteinte des membres controlateraux et homolateraux. Methodes: Recherche sur le reseau MEDLINE des cas de maladie de Parry-Romberg avec atteinte des membres controlateraux et etude des resultats. Resultats: Liatteinte des membres controlateraux dans la maladie de Parry-Romberg est rare. Conclusion: Il pourrait siagir du premier cas de maladie de Parry-Romberg signale dans la litterature medicale anglaise avec atteinte des membres controlateraux et homolateraux.
Cancer-Immune Interaction

An abnormally new growth of tissue with cells that grow more rapidly than normal cells and has no physiological function is called a neoplasm or a tumor. The abnormally rapidly growing cells compete with normal cells for space and nutrients. When the new growth is localized, it is called a benign tumor. When a tumor in tissue has reached a size of several millimeters it requires a large supply of nutrients, for otherwise it can no longer grow. Until reaching this stage the tumor is called avascular. Avascular tumors that reached the stage where they require new supply of nutrients try to induce the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and direct their movement toward them. They do so by secreting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and, if successful, the tumors become vascular. As a tumor continues to grow some of its cells may break away and travel to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or the lymph system. Metastatic cancer is a tumor that spread from the original location where it started to other parts of the body. Metastatic cancer is also called malignant cancer, or, briefly, cancer, although people often use the words tumor and cancer interchangeably. Most cancer deaths are due to metastasized cancer.
The Coupling of Collective Cyclotron Excitations and Longitudinal Optic Phonons in Polar Semiconductors

Much work has been reported recently on the coupling of longitudinal optic phonons and free-carrier collective excitations in degenerate polar semiconductors in the absence (1–6,12) as well as in the presence (7–11) of a magnetic field. The coupling takes place via “macroscopic” longitudinal electric fields, producing the combined normal modes of the system which are strong admixtures of the two excitations. We shall briefly review the simpler case of no magnetic field, for which theories and experiments are more extensive, in order to illustrate the general feature of the problem. The theory of the coupling is based upon the assumption that the polariza-bility of the free carriers in the random phase approximation and that of the polar ions contribute additively to make up the total dielectric constant. The q-dependent complex dielectric function derived by Lindhard (13), or its approximation (2), is invoked to describe the former, and the polar lattice dielectric constant derived by Born and Huang (14) the latter. Free longitudinal oscillations will then occur in the system whenever the conditions are such that the total dielectric constant equals zero. The above procedure is particularly simple in the long-wavelength limit q ≈ 0.
Improving first case start times using Lean in an academic medical center.

Abstract Background Lean is a process improvement strategy that can improve efficiency of the perioperative process. The purpose of this study was to identify etiologies of late surgery start times, implement Lean interventions, and analyze their effects. Methods A retrospective review of all first-start surgery cases was performed. Lean was implemented in May 2015, and cases 7 months before and after implementation were analyzed. Results A total of 4,492 first-start cases were included; 2,181 were pre-Lean and 2,311 were post-Lean. The post-Lean group had significantly higher on-time starts than the pre-Lean group (69.0% vs 57.0%, P Conclusions Modifying preoperative tasks using Lean methods can improve operating room efficiency and increase on-time starts.
Anaerobic Digestion Modelling

Abstract Anaerobic digestion is a well-established technology for stabilization and conversion of various organic wastes into bioenergy. Typical sources of organic wastes suitable for anaerobic digestion are mainly from municipal, agricultural and industrial producers. Because anaerobic digestion is such a complex process, mathematical modelling could assist in providing better understanding, design, optimization and prediction of the performance of anaerobic digesters. State-of-the-art models have been developed to simulate the methane yield improvement, reactor stability enhancement, operational issue identification and waste codigestion in anaerobic digestion systems. In this chapter, a summary of existing anaerobic digestion models is presented. These models were derived for describing substrates characteristics, rate-limiting conditions, process inhibition, operating conditions, methane potential and production rate, liquid–gas interface mass transfer, as well as the application of computational fluid dynamics. A discussion with regard to their different assumptions, structures, applications and limitations is included. Modelling procedure adopted in the course of model structure selection, parameter estimation and model validation methods is also described. Finally, future work identifying the research needs in modelling anaerobic digestion is proposed. The intent of the authors of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental concepts used in anaerobic digestion modelling and to provide ideas for further research work.
Minimally Invasive Approaches for Surgical Management of Primary Liver Cancers

The benefits of minimally invasive approaches in oncologic surgery are increasingly recognized, and laparoscopic liver surgery has become increasingly widespread. In light of the complexity and technical challenges of hepatobiliary procedures, robotic approaches are also employed. The utility, safety, and oncologic integrity of these methods in the management of primary liver cancers are reported. PubMed was used to search the medical literature for studies and articles pertaining to laparoscopic and robotic liver surgery. Studies that particularly addressed hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma were identified and reviewed. Laparoscopic liver surgery, including for major resections, has been shown to be safe in experienced hands without any compromise of oncologic outcomes for either hepatocellular carcinoma or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Some studies show improved clinical outcomes including shorter hospital stays and lower complication rates when compared to open surgery, particularly for patients with cirrhosis. Robotic liver surgeries seem to have equally acceptable clinical outcomes; however, there is limited data regarding oncologic integrity and considerable additional expense. Laparoscopic and robotic liver resections are both feasible and safe for the management of primary liver tumors. Future studies should aim to clarify specific indications and optimize applications of these approaches.
On Making Data Actionable: How Activists Use Imperfect Data to Foster Social Change for Human Rights Violations in Mexico

In this paper, we examine how activist organizations, focused on human rights violations (HRVs) in Mexico, obtain and translate data to produce actionable insight for social change. Through interviews with 15 participants working in think tanks, human rights centers, non-governmental organizations, and nonprofit organizations, we identified two key data challenges that impact their work: absent and conflicting data. We then describe how these nonprofits try to understand these issues by building alliances to address specific, detrimental knowledge and data gaps. Next, we articulate how these activists use data to work towards social change by informing citizens, requesting action, and building capacity. Lastly, we propose recommendations on how to design for HRVs-focused data practices, focusing on issues related to addressing technology and infrastructure constraints, designing for safety, and supporting community data collection and dissemination.
Traditions in Sociology

Traditions not only involve the authority of the past but also how present actors construct and assess these traditions. Like in other fields, then, traditions are always to some degree ‘invented’ and recast. A basic tradition of intellectuals stemming from the ‘antitradition tradition’ of modernity of the Enlightenmentprovided a now discarded dichotomization of ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’; more recent conceptualization emphasizes the complementary aspect of these two. As an emergent sociological historiography, representing the development of sociology in terms of one or a few major traditions has become a more analytically challenging approach than earlier listings of individual names, single topics, or philosophical orientations. Sociological perspectives on traditions differ on how these are categorized, on the level of analysis, and on the figures included in some or other traditions. One focus of debate is whether the development of sociology is anchored in a single overarching framework, a sort of ‘mission statement,’ or in multiple ones. Accounts of ‘the Great Tradition’ and kinds of less inclusive or comprehensive traditions (‘little traditions’) are discussed.
When Do They Become Satiated? An Examination of the Relationships Among Winery Tourists' Satisfaction, Repeat Visits and Revisit Intentions

Abstract Based on the tenets of hedonic adaptation, this study examines the inverted U-shaped relationship between tourists’ repeat visits and revisit intentions at a historic winery in Spain, as well as the moderating influence of satisfaction. Additionally, the effects of visitors’ socio-demographic characteristics and winery attributes on satisfaction are also assessed. Results suggest that after a certain number of repeat visits, the revisit intentions of winery tourists start to diminish significantly. Moreover, in comparison to tourists that have low satisfaction, it takes a higher number of repeat visits for highly satisfied tourists’ revisit intentions to start decreasing. Regarding the winery, two different attributes (i.e. winery tour/wine tasting, overall ambiance) impacted visitors’ satisfaction. Likewise, participants’ age, gender and country of residence also affected satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in detail.
War and Social Distress

Though it is possible to think of war in terms of purely objective aims, as the continuation of diplomacy by other means, as Clausewitz’s famous phrase has it, “War is inconceivable without a clearly defined image of the enemy.” States at war may justify their strategic interests with rationales derived from current social and historical conditions. But the sheer aggressiveness of war, the use of unlimited force in the pursuit of those strategic objectives, both requires and engenders a deep-seated sense of enmity between participants. A battlefield without enemies cannot exist.1
A Sense of Direction: The Phenomenon of the Authentic Artistic Choice

Phillip, a young man of 18, confined to a psychiatric hospital because it is believed he murdered another youth at the age of 13, sits in a neck brace due to self-inflicted injuries sustained in his violent, hallucinatory reenactment of the abuse his father wreaked upon him. His mother, Clora, visits and offers to share a cigarette, a social ritual that allows them to connect when words do not reach across the divide between them. Getting ready to depart, she says, “One last puff”(Farrell 2001: p. 49). She raises the cigarette to his lips. He takes a drag. Clora starts to pull the cigarette away. Phillip reaches up to grasp her hand, closes his eyes and brings the cigarette back to his lips.
Reconstructing Modernisation Inclusive and Sustainable

The central aim of this chapter is to explore the three most recent influential development paradigm shifts to reconstruct a country’s modernisation process, shifts that are aggressive globalisation forces, normative sustainable development ideas, and radical technological changes. The reconstruction effort is made with a particular focus on the Technology-Development-Inequality nexus. A critical review of various modernisation theories is therefore conducted with particular regard to the context of developing economies. Through theoretical integration, the chapter concludes that the developmental path would largely be underpinned by a society’s own distinctive endogenous process that is grounded in the complexities of the concept of sustainability and technological innovation, especially new inequality dynamics in which economic, social, and environmental dimensions are all interacting with one another.
Washington principals’ perceptions of their professional development needs for the spike of English learners

ABSTRACTThis article reports on a mixed-methods study of Washington state principal professional development (PD) needs focused on supporting English learner (EL) students. With a growing number of EL students, a heterogeneous group that represents a variety of language, cultures, and experiences, it is imperative to understand what principals need as they drive change and set the tone for teachers and their schools. Twenty-three principals were surveyed using the English Language Learner Program Survey. A subsample of seven principals was also interviewed to explore areas of need. Descriptive analysis of survey results revealed differentiated instruction, family and community involvement strategies, and culturally responsive teaching as the top three areas of PD needs. Thematic analysis of follow-up interview data illustrated the many challenges principals face, such as limited resources and the school climate, when serving EL students. These trends have informative implications for school site leadershi...
Shock capturing for discontinuous Galerkin methods with application to predicting heat transfer in hypersonic flows

Abstract This study is concerned with predicting surface heat transfer in viscous hypersonic flows using high-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods. Currently, finite-volume (FV) schemes are most commonly employed for computing flows in which surface heat transfer is a target quantity; however, these schemes suffer from large sensitivities to a variety of factors, such as the inviscid flux function and the computational mesh. High-order DG methods offer advantages that can mitigate these sensitivities. As such, a simple and robust shock capturing method is developed for DG schemes. The method combines intraelement variations for shock detection with smooth artificial viscosity (AV) for shock stabilization. A parametric study is performed to evaluate the effects of AV on the solution. The shock capturing method is employed to accurately compute double Mach reflection and viscous hypersonic flows over a circular half-cylinder and a double cone, the latter of which involves a complex flow topology with multiple shock interactions and flow separation. Results show this methodology to be significantly less sensitive than FV schemes to mesh topology and inviscid flux function. Furthermore, quantitative comparisons with state-of-the-art FV calculations from an error vs. cost perspective are provided.
2204 Characterizing specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators and synthesis pathways in veterans with peripheral artery disease

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) actively counter proinflammatory cascades. A deficit of SPMs is one possible mechanism through which inflammation leads to the development of atherosclerotic disease. The purpose of this study is to characterize the profiles of intermediates of SPM synthesis pathways and end-product SPMs in the plasma of patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A cross-sectional sample of 52 patients with PAD was recruited at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PAD was defined as the presence of claudication symptoms and an ankle-brachial index <0.9, or a history of revascularization for claudication. Patients were excluded if they were taking immunosuppressive medications, had a severe acute illness (infection, surgery, illness, critical limb ischemia) within the last 30 days, or had severe hepatic, renal, or nonvascular inflammatory disease. Intermediates of SPM synthesis pathways and end-product SPMs were measured in plasma samples of patients by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The average age of the cohort was 69±6.3 and patient comorbidities reflected common comorbidities associated with PAD (hypertension 96%, hyperlipidemia 87%, diabetes mellitus 42%, coronary artery disease 34%). Rutherford categories, measurements of PAD symptom severity, ranged from 0 to III (0 10%, I 40%, II 27%, III 23%). Three EPA products were measured: 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), resolvin E1 (RvE1), and resolvin E2 (RvE2). 18-HEPE, an intermediate of SPM synthesis, was detectable in the plasma of every patient (median: 105 pg/mL, IQR: 54.9–195), whereas the SPM end-products, RvE1 and RvE2, were only detectable in 6 and 10 patients, respectively. In total, 7 DHA products were measured: 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (14-HDHA), 17-HDHA, resolvin D1 (RvD1), resolvin D2 (RvD2), protectin D1, protectin DX, and maresin 1. The intermediates 14-HDHA (median: 6546 pg/mL, IQR: 3329–12061) and 17-HDHA (median: 644 pg/mL, IQR: 340–1056) were detectable in the plasma of every patient. However, the end-products RvD1, RvD2, protectin D1, protecin DX, and maresin 1 were identified in less than half of the cohort. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We report the presence of several intermediates of SPM synthesis pathways (18-HEPE, 14-HDHA, and 17-HDHA) in every patient but the presence of SPM end-products in only a limited portion of the cohort. These results suggest that some patients with PAD may have a deficit of SPMs. Further investigation is required to better understand the role of SPMs and mediators of resolution of inflammation in PAD.
Postdivorce Coparenting Relationships and Parent–Youth Relationships: Are Repartnership and Parent–Youth Contact Moderators?:

Using data from 392 divorced mothers and fathers, living in the United States, with a child between 10 and 18 years old, we first identified three types of postdivorce coparenting relationships (co...
Cognitive propositions and semantic values

In recent work, Scott Soames has declared that we need a new conception of propositions to overcome critical objections to traditional theories of semantics and propositional attitudes. Proposition...
Antipredator Behavior: Aggressive and Distraction Displays of Shorebirds

All organisms face two major tasks: survival and successful reproduction. For the most part, survival depends on obtaining adequate food and on avoiding predation. Similarly, successful reproduction involves obtaining suitable mates and breeding areas, providing adequate food for the young (or leading them to it), and protecting them from predators. Such care requires appropriate habitat and nest site selection, efficient foraging, vigilance and appropriate response to the threat of predation. A preliminary list of categories of antipredator behavior is presented in Table I.
VALIDITY OF HAND-HELD DYNAMOMETRY IN MEASURING QUADRICEPS STRENGTH AND RATE OF TORQUE DEVELOPMENT.

Background A hand-held dynamometer (HHD) offers a reliable and valid method to quantify quadriceps strength in a clinical environment. While measures of peak strength provide functional insights, most daily activities are performed quickly and do not require maximum strength. Rate of torque development (RTD) measures better reflect both the demands of daily activity and athletic movements. The capacity to obtain RTD measures in clinical settings is possible with an HHD, but the validity of RTD measures has not been quantified. Hypothesis/Purpose To determine the validity of an HHD to measure quadriceps isometric strength metrics compared to isometric strength measures obtained on an isokinetic dynamometer. It was hypothesized that the HHD would be a valid measure of peak torque and RTD at all time intervals when compared to the isokinetic dynamometer. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Twenty healthy participants (12 male, 8 female) (age = 23.7 ± 2.9 years, height = 174.6 ± 10.1 cm, mass = 76.4 ± 15.9 kg, and Tegner = 6.7 ± 1.2) performed maximum isometric quadriceps contractions on an isokinetic dynamometer and with an HHD. Outcome measures included quadriceps peak torque and RTD at three intervals (0-100, 0-250 ms, and average). Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to determine relationships between devices. Bland-Altman Plots with Limits of Agreement (LOA) calculations were used to quantify systematic bias between measurement techniques. Results There was a significant correlation between the isokinetic dynamometer and the HHD for peak torque (p<.001, r = .894) and all RTD measurements (p<.002, r = .807; ρ = .502-.604). Bland-Altman plot LOA indicated the HHD overestimated peak torque values (19.4 ± 53.2 Nm) and underestimated all RTD measurements (-55.2 ± 190.7 Nm/s to -265.2 ± 402.6 Nm/s). Conclusion These results show it is possible to obtain valid measures of quadriceps peak torque and late RTD using an HHD. Measures of early RTD and RTDAvg obtained with an HHD were more variable and should be viewed with caution. Level of Evidence Diagnostic, Level 3.
Creating a Synthetic Clinical Trial: Comparative Effectiveness Analyses Using an Electronic Medical Record

PURPOSEElectronic medical records (EMRs) are a vast resource of potentially mineable data that can be used to complement and extend clinical trials. Extracting and analyzing EMR data are impeded by...
Let's Teach Them About Ratio.

IN THE Second Report of the Post War Commission is a recommended ob jective for junior high school mathema tics: to understand ratio.1 One of the present writers called attention2 to the need for definition of scope and specificity in the objective. Neither the commission nor the writer need have worried. Little attention has been paid to the recommen dations of either. Yet the need for accept ance of the clarified objective is even greater now than when it was first stated. The best opportunity for developing un derstanding of ratio in a relevant setting is to be found in the study of percentage. Historically this has been an important topic in the curriculum of the upper grades. Although emphasis on it has di minished in recent years, this is contrary to social trends, since percent is becoming an important part of the language in both juvenile and adult activities. Literature dealing with recreation and sports, as well as social and economic projects such as urban renewal, pollution control, and even civil rights is filled with statistics and graphs that presuppose understanding of percent. Thus study of percentage prob lems is not only relevant socially but can be profitable mathematically if it is dealt
Cardiac MRI and Fibrosis Quantification

Left atrial fibrosis plays an important role in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. Left atrial ablation is an effective and increasingly used strategy to restore and maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) MRI and custom image analysis software have been used to visualize and quantify preablation atrial fibrosis and postablation scar and new fibrosis formation. This article reviews technical aspects of imaging atrial fibrosis/scar by LGE-MRI; use of atrial fibrosis and scar in predicting outcomes; applications of LGE-MRI to assess ablation lesions and optimize ablation parameters while avoiding collateral damage.
Evaluation of the Risks and Benefits of Computed Tomography Urography for Assessment of Gross Hematuria.

Abstract Objective To model the risk of radiation-induced malignancy from computed tomography urography (CTU) in evaluation of gross hematuria and contrast this with the benefits of urinary tract cancer detection when compared to renal ultrasound. Methods A PUBMED-based literature search was performed to identify model inputs. Estimates of radiation-induced malignancy rates were obtained from the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII report with dose extrapolation using the linear no-threshold model. Results Male gender and age over 50 years were associated with a relative risk of upper tract malignancy of 2.04 and 2.95, respectively. The risk of upper tract malignancy missed by renal ultrasound ranged from 0.055% in females under 50 to 0.51% in males over 50. Risk of CTU-induced malignancy with associated loss of life expectancy ranged from 0.25% and 0.027 years in females under 50 to 0.08% and 0.0054 years in males over 50. For CTU to be superior to renal ultrasound, an undiagnosed upper tract malignancy would have to carry a loss of life expectancy of 49.2 years in females under 50, 13.4 years in males under 50, 2.6 years in females over 50, and 1.1 years in males over 50. Conclusion In low-risk patients, CTU for evaluation of gross hematuria may carry a significant risk of radiation-induced secondary malignancy relative to the diagnostic benefit offered over renal ultrasound
Effects of Natal Dispersal and Density-Dependence on Connectivity Patterns and Population Dynamics in a Migratory Network

Migratory species can be visualized as spatial networks with nodes representing regions and the populations that seasonally occupy them and links between seasonal subpopulations representing migratory connectivity. Connectivity is often regarded as a static property of a migratory network and visualized to evaluate the vulnerability of migratory populations to changes in specific regions. However if the network itself is a dynamical system, its connectivity can be an output of the system that may be changed by perturbations to the network. I constructed a regulated, tripartite network population model with breeding, winter, and migration route nodes that also includes natal dispersal and in which connectivity goes to a dynamical equilibrium. I investigated how natal dispersal as well as the relative regulation in different seasons affects connectivity patterns and the responses of the network population to simulated habitat loss. I found that when the population is primarily regulated by availability of habitat in only one season and natal dispersal was geographically constrained, connectivity patterns were unsymmetrical with weak (diffuse) connectivity from the non-regulating to regulating season and stronger connectivity in the other direction. Less-constrained natal dispersal always resulted in weak connectivity throughout. The overall magnitude of declines caused by habitat loss was determined by relative regulation and generally was not affected by natal dispersal although it was possible, with high natal dispersal, for loss of low-quality nodes in a non-regulating season to cause increases in network population size since the low-quality nodes were acting as an ecological trap. Although we expect that localness (i.e., the extent to which declines resulting from local winter habitat loss was concentrated in a small breeding area versus spread across a larger area) should be predicted by connectivity, localness was in fact hugely variable and affected by both regulation and natal dispersal and generally quite difficult to predict from the connectivity pattern. In summary, the complexity of the system meant that visualization of a network by itself, without knowledge of the underlying processes causing connectivity patterns, often does not provide a good indication of the vulnerability of the network or individual node populations to habitat loss.
Complex cobalt silicates and germanates crystallizing in a porous three-dimensional framework structure

Four new cesium-containing cobalt oxide complexes were reported. Cs(Co0.5Si0.5)SiO4 (1), Cs1.29(5)Co0.69(5)Ge1.81(5)O5 (2), and its ordered analogue Cs2CoGe4O10 (3) were synthesized using a mixed CsCl–CsF flux at 850 °C or 900 °C. The structure of (1) closely resembles that of known zeolite and feldspar structures, and (1) crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric monoclinic space group Im with lattice parameters of a = 8.9926(4) A, b = 5.4599(2) A, c = 9.3958(6) A, and β = 91.5928(18)°. Complexes (2) and (3) crystallize in the same new structure with a highly porous three-dimensional framework in the tetragonal space group I with lattice parameters of a = 7.4239(14) A and c = 13.169(3) A for (2) and a = 7.3540(6) A and c = 13.1122(11) A for (3). The formation of (2) vs. (3) can be controlled based on slight variations in the quantities of the starting materials. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal ion exchange of (1) in a molten RbNO3 bath resulted in 14% Cs exchange with Rb, affording the composition Cs0.86Rb0.14(Co0.5Si0.5)SiO4 (4). First-principles density functional theory calculations were performed to elucidate the electronic and magnetic properties and stabilities of (1) and (3) at 0 K.
Free-Space Characterization of Radar Absorbing Non-Magnetic Materials in the W-Band

In this paper, a time gated free-space measurement setup for characterizing radar absorbing non-magnetic materials at W-band is presented. The measurement setup uses a pair of horn lens antennas and a two micrometer precise positioning fixture that allows the use of thru, reflect, and line (TRL) calibration technique for the error corrections. The measurements are performed using a network analyzer with the millimeter wave frequency extenders to provide four S-parameters over the W-band. The implemented extraction method provides the correct complex permittivity values of the samples. Excellent agreement is achieved between the calculated and measured S-parameters of the samples.
9 – MONEY AND THE BANKING SYSTEM

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the operation of banking/finance system and reviews the determinants of the money supply. It also describes the influence of money on prices, employment, output, and other economic variables. To many economists, analyzing the determinants of national income without considering money is like playing football without a quarter back. Although the majority assign a lesser role to money, almost all economists believe that money, and, therefore, monetary policy, matter a great deal. Money makes the world go around. Although this is an exaggeration, money is an important cog in the wheel that makes trade goes around. Without money, everyday exchange would be both tedious and costly. Money today is issued and controlled by governments, but the use of money arose thousands of years ago not because of government decree but because money simplified exchange. Money performs three basic functions: (1) it serves as a medium of exchange; (2) it serves as an accounting unit; and (3) it is used as a store value. The chapter further discusses the business of banking. Banks are in business to make a profit. They provide checking- and savings-account services to their customers. However, interest-earning investments are the major source of income for most banks. Banks use a sizable share of both their demand and time deposits for interest-earning purposes—primarily the extension of loans and the undertaking of financial investments.
Dependence of the wake recovery downstream of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine on its dynamic solidity

Abstract The momentum recovery downstream of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) is analyzed as a function of its dynamic solidity, modified changing both the number of blades and the rotational speed of the turbine. Computations were carried out using Large-Eddy Simulations (LES), coupled with an Immersed-Boundary (IB) methodology. The streamwise increase of the momentum deficit in the near wake was found dominated by negative cross-stream advection, due to wake expansion, and especially negative pressure transport. Both of them were found larger at higher values of dynamic solidity. Downstream of the near wake region, the instability of the shear layers at both edges of the wake produced a substantial change of the wake topology and balance across momentum transport terms. The collapse of the shear layers into the wake core promoted wake recovery, via both positive cross-stream advection and turbulent transport. The destabilization of the wake system occurred earlier at larger values of dynamic solidity, producing this way a faster wake recovery, in spite of larger values of momentum deficit within the near wake. The switch to the wake of a bluff body was characterized by an increase of the energy at frequencies lower than that of the blades passage.