cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hit and run crashes: Knowledge extraction from bicycle involved crashes using first and frugal tree

Abstract Hit and run crash is a punishable offense. In many cases, it involves higher severity levels of the associated roadway users due to the delay of emergency help. For vulnerable road users like pedestrians and bicyclists, this issue is more gruesome. We present an analysis of the effect of crash, geometric, and environmental characteristics on the bicycle-involved hit and run crashes by using six years of Louisiana crash data with an application of fast and frugal tree (FFT) heuristics algorithm. Over 1000 bicycle-involved hit and run crashes occurred in Louisiana out of around 108,000 hit and run crashes during 2010–2015. The fatal bicycle crashes represent 10% of the total fatal hit and run crashes. Additionally, hit and run bicycle crashes represent 22% of total bicycle crashes in Louisiana. In the preliminary analysis, we provided statistical significance test of the key contributing factors for two major groups (bicycle-involved hit and run crashes, and not bicycle-involved hit and run crashes). We divided the complete dataset into two separate datasets: training data for model development, and testing data for performance evaluation. FFT identifies five major cues or variable threshold attributes that contribute significantly in predicting bicycle-involved crashes. These cues include fatal and injury crashes, right angle/turning/head on collisions, city streets/others, intersection, and residential/mixed localities. The balanced accuracy is around 76% for both training and testing data. The current model shows higher sensitivity than other complex and black box machine learning models (e.g., support vector machine, random forest). Findings of our study will provide valuable insights for hit and run bicycle crash reduction in both planning and operation levels.
The Relative Impact of Patient, Physician, and Geographic Factors on Variation in Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Management.

Purpose To evaluate geographic variation and characterize the relative contributions of patient characteristics, physician practice, and geographic region on variation in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) management. Design Retrospective claims-based analysis. Participants Commercially insured patients with incident RRD diagnosed between 2008 and 2016 (12 779 patients). Methods We determined whether patients underwent primary RRD repair within 60 days of diagnosis and identified repair type. We characterized physicians using physician identifier variables and characterized geography by Combined Statistical Areas or Core-Based Statistical Area. We used multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models to evaluate patient-, physician-, and geographic-level variation in whether patients underwent RRD repair and used multilevel mixed effects multinomial models to characterize variation in repair type. For each model, we evaluated patient fixed effects and physician random effects nested within geographic random effects. We estimated intraclass correlation coefficients and variance partition coefficients, respectively, to compare relative contributions of patient, physician, and geography to overall variation. Main Outcome Measures Odds ratios for RRD repair and variation estimates for patient, physician, and geography. Results Most incident RRD patients received treatment within 60 days post-diagnosis. Pars plana vitrectomy was most common (49%), followed by laser barricade (23%), scleral buckle and pneumatic retinopexy (both 11%), and cryotherapy (5%). Physician-level variation showed greater impact on receipt of any treatment than geographic-level variation (estimated variance coefficients of 1.09 and 0.32, respectively). Patient-level characteristics represented approximately 82% of overall variation in receipt of any repair, versus 16% from physician-level and 2% from geographic-level factors. Among RRD patients who underwent repair, estimated variance coefficients were 0.07 for geography and 3.37 for physician. Physician-level factors represented approximately 50% of total variation in repair type, followed by patient-level (49%), and geographic-level (1%) factors. Conclusions Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair decisions are influenced by patient-level and physician-level factors, less so by geographic variation. Patient characteristics account for most of the variation in receipt of repair, and physician practice accounts for most of the variation in choice of procedure. These findings indicate a need for additional studies to understand drivers behind differences in care and clinical outcomes and to identify barriers in access to care.
Gut Microbiome Alterations During HIV/SIV Infection: Implications for HIV Cure

Gut mucosal damage, associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV) infection, is characterized by depletion in CD4+ T cells and persistent immune activation as a result of early epithelial barrier disruption and systemic translocation of microbial products. Unique approaches in studying both HIV infection in human patients and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques have provided critical evidence for the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV/AIDS. While there is vast resemblance between SIV and HIV infection, the development of gut dysbiosis attributed to HIV infection in chronically infected patients has not been consistently reported in SIV infection in the non-human primate model of AIDS, raising concerns for the translatability of gut microbiome studies in rhesus macaques. This review outlines our current understanding of gut microbial signatures across various stages of HIV versus SIV infection, with an emphasis on the impact of microbiome-based therapies in restoring gut mucosal immunity as well as their translational potential to supplement current HIV cure efforts.
Raman, x-ray diffraction, and photoemission measurements on C60 and doped C60 films

We present results from a study of the vibrational, structural, and electronic properties of three samples; C60 powder, thin films of C60and La-doped C60 We present Raman data for C60 powder subjected to pressures in a diamond anvil cell, ranging from 0.5 to 14.7 GPa. The material undergoes a structural phase transition between 9.1 and 14.7 GPa. Some of the frequencies of the Raman-active modes soften, while others harden with increasing pressure. The x-ray diffraction data show fee crystalline structure in the powder and Ladoped C60 films. The C60 film, however, appears disordered. The electronic valence bands of thin films were measured by photoemission spectroscopy. We observe a higher density of the electronic states in the doped sample.
Sports Participation Correlates With Academic Achievement: Results From a Large Adolescent Sample Within the 2017 U.S. National Youth Risk Behavior Survey:

This study sought to examine associations between (a) sports team participation; (b) lifestyle behaviors (e.g., sleeping, alcohol, and tobacco use); and (c) dietary behaviors with self-reported aca...
Why Focus on Wellbeing

Without a focus on wellbeing at a personal and institutional level, physicians are at risk for loss of health (both physical health and mental wellbeing), loss of relationships, loss of employment and even loss of life. Likewise, healthcare institutions risk loss of employees, income, and reputation due to impaired patient safety and patient satisfaction. On a societal level, focusing on the wellbeing of physicians and other health care providers is important to insure a competent and motivated team to care for those who are ill or injured, both now and for the future.
A Theil Index-Based Countermeasure Against Advanced Vampire Attack in Internet of Things

In the last decade, design, development, and advancement in embedded processing, sensing, and wireless communication have fueled the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT), where various smart devices communicate and cooperate with each other and existing communication systems to achieve the goal of sharing information and coordinating decisions. Meanwhile, IPv6-based Low Power and Lossy Network (LLN), which is a major building block of IoT, has attracted a fair amount of attention for all sorts of IoT applications and deployments. In order to provide IPv6 connectivity to an enormous number of resource-constrained smart devices in IoT environment, an efficient routing protocol for IPv6-based LLNs, also widely known as RPL, has been standardized. However, RPL lacks security protection and is vulnerable to various Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. In this paper, we first present an advanced vampire attack, which is a novel routing layer specific service disruption and resource exhaustion attack, against RPL in IPv6-based LLNs. Then we propose a Theil index-based countermeasure to effectively detect and mitigate advanced vampire attack. The basic idea of the proposed Theil index-based countermeasure is that each node measures the distribution of destination MAC addresses in the received data packets to detect advanced vampire attack. Through experimental study, the effectiveness of the Theil index-based countermeasure is validated, indicating a viable approach against advanced vampire attack in the IoT.
Speeding up particle slowing using shortcuts to adiabaticity

We propose a method for slowing particles by laser fields that potentially has the ability to generate large forces without the associated momentum diffusion that results from the random directions of spontaneously scattered photons. In this method, time-resolved laser pulses with periodically modified detunings address an ultranarrow electronic transition to reduce the particle momentum through repeated absorption and stimulated emission cycles. We implement a shortcut to adiabaticity approach that is based on Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant theory. This affords our scheme the advantages of adiabatic transfer, where there can be an intrinsic insensitivity to the precise strength and detuning characteristics of the applied field, with the advantages of rapid transfer that are necessary for obtaining a short slowing distance. For typical parameters of a thermal oven source that generates a particle beam with a central velocity on the order of meters per second, this could result in slowing the particles to near stationary in less than a millimeter. We compare the slowing scheme to widely implemented slowing techniques that rely on radiation pressure forces and show the advantages that potentially arise when the excited-state decay rate is small. Thus, this scheme is a particularly promising candidate to slow narrow-linewidth systems that lack closed cycling transitions, such as occurs in certain molecules.
Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease Retain Spatiotemporal Gait Control With Music and Metronome Cues

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in spatiotemporal gait measures induced by stepping to the beat of a metronome and to music cues of various frequencies in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Twenty-one participants with Parkinson's disease were instructed to time their steps to a metronome and music cues (at 85%, 100%, and 115% of overground cadence). The authors calculated cadence, cadence accuracy, and step length during each cue condition and an uncued control condition. The music and metronome cues produced comparable results in cadence manipulation, with reduced cadence accuracy noted at slower intended frequencies. Nevertheless, the induced cadence elicited a concomitant alteration in step length. The music and metronome cues produced comparable changes to gait, but suggest that temporal control is more limited at slower frequencies, presumably by the challenge of increasing the step length.
'You Should Want to Change': First-Year, First-Generation Perspectives on Mentoring

Extant research suggests mentoring programs rarely address mentee predispositions prior to developmental relationships, while first-year and first-generation college students greatly benefit from these types of relationships. To explore mentee predispositions, this study examines first-year, first-generation college mentees’ (n=7) perceptions of mentorship and their own “mentorability,” or, their willingness and readiness to be mentored. Mentees in the study were all students of color who attend a large, Predominantly-White Southern institution. From the data, several themes emerged pertinent to “mentorability”: mentees felt it was their responsibility to be open-minded and actively listen to their mentor, mentees often saw their mentor as an inspiration for their future college success, and mentees urged that patience with themselves and their mentor was key to a successful developmental relationship. In addition to mentee predispositions, mentees also shared that building friendships with their mentor outside of an academic context was important, and that their mentors often served as a cultural guide of the campus and university structure, helping them navigate their early college years as a first-generation student of color. Finally, mentees expressed their reliance on their mentor as a source of motivation and persistence through their first year, often claiming they would not be as successful or would not continue to enroll at their institution if not for their mentor. Ultimately, this work produced a number of suggestions for future research, including further discussions with students of color and first-generation students in addition to new and experienced mentors and examining how mentors define their mentees’ “mentorability.”
Advancing the Measurement of Authoritarianism

Popular support for ethnocentric, nationalistic politicians, parties, and policies around the world has renewed interest in authoritarianism. Measured by people’s preferences for certain desirable qualities in children, scholars have identified relationships between it and support for right wing populist parties and the ideas they champion. But despite authoritarianism’s unique ability to explain present political dynamics, scholars have devoted too little attention to this operationalization’s measurement properties. We address these and other issues here. We demonstrate that (1) the childrearing measure taps authoritarianism, (2) it is exogenous to a wide range of political attitudes, (3) its temporal stability is consistent with its conceptualization as a personality adaptation and (4) adding new items to the existing set improves our ability to measure authoritarianism. We thus provide scholars with a measure that better explains political opinions, which should allow future work to better identify when, how, and among whom authoritarianism explains political thinking.
Grey into Green: A Pentecostal Contribution to Ecological Hermeneutics

When Lynn White, Jr., published his provocative article, “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis,” in the journal Science in 1967,[1] the environmental movement in the United States was in its early stages, and went largely unaddressed by Christians. To many Christians in the United States, the media images of the movement looked too much like the larger countercultural movements, with longhaired young people speaking out against governmental inaction and corporate disregard for the wellbeing of the natural world. These people were deemed un-American and the movement they represented might be summarily dismissed. But then White’s article laid the bulk of the responsibility for the ecological crisis squarely on Christianity. He argued that biblical passages such as Genesis 1:26–28 had been interpreted throughout Christian history as a warrant to exploit the natural world for human expediency and thriving. Coming from a historian by training, White’s charges carried weight among a secular audience that had little exposure to the resources of historic Christianity. However, once White’s charges were published, they caught the attention of several Christian thinkers who set out on a quest to defend Christianity from these charges. Here was born a concerted effort to develop a Christian ecotheology. Secondarily, the seeds were planted that would eventuate in a branch of biblical interpretation known as ecological hermeneutics. The present essay will highlight key moments in the development of ecological hermeneutics for the purpose of identifying a possible contribution from another hermeneutical quest, the development of a distinctive Pentecostal hermeneutic. Both endeavors have generated considerable momentum in their quests, with voices contributing from quite varied global audiences. No attempt will be made here to provide exhaustive historical analyses of these hermeneutical ventures, nor will there be any attempt to identify all of the various expressions of these hermeneutics. Rather, the focus will be to conduct a sort of conversation between two contributors to their respective quests. Representing ecological hermeneutics will be Australian Norman Habel, considered by many the father of ecological hermeneutics, while representing Pentecostal hermeneutics will be American Chris Green, one of the leading voices in Pentecostal theology today. To begin, we will look briefly at the development of ecological hermeneutics and Norman Habel’s distinctive contribution to it.
Adaptive Comparative Judgment and Psychological Safety in Accounting Education

Traditional Accounting curricula include instruction on the preparation of audit documentation, however, experiential instruction for students on the process of review-both as a reviewer and reviewee-is often scarce or missing. This study investigated a classroom intervention that engaged undergraduate students in peer-review activities to gauge how peer review and feedback impacted student performance and their perceptions of being able to engage in interpersonal risks. Using a case-method approach, students developed audit workpapers that were later peer-reviewed through a digital system utilizing adaptive comparative judgment (ACJ). Students’ achievement scores were collected, and students also completed a pre/post survey on psychological safety. Our results indicate that student psychological safety increased over the course of the semester; however, the peer review process through ACJ did not significantly improve student performance within the class. The students responded positively to the intervention as an engaging learning process and effective in teaching real-world skills. Thus, this intervention provides an example of how peer review activities could enhance the learning experience for students.
Prospective pilot study protocol evaluating the safety and feasibility of robot-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy (RNSM).

Introduction Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) can be performed for the treatment of breast cancer and risk reduction, but total mammary glandular excision in NSM can be technically challenging. Minimally invasive robot-assisted NSM (RNSM) has the potential to improve the ergonomic challenges of open NSM. Recent studies in RNSM demonstrate the feasibility and safety of the procedure, but this technique is still novel in the USA. Methods and analysis This is a single-arm prospective pilot study to determine the safety, efficacy and potential risks of RNSM. Up to 12 RNSM will be performed to assess the safety and feasibility of the procedure. Routine follow-up visits and study assessments will occur at 14 days, 30 days, 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months. The primary outcome is to assess the feasibility of removing the breast gland en bloc using the RNSM technique. To assess safety, postoperative complication information will be collected. Secondary outcomes include defining benefits and challenges of RNSM for both surgeons and patients using surveys, as well as defining the breast and nipple-areolar complex sensation recovery following RNSM. Mainly, descriptive analysis will be used to report the findings. Ethics and dissemination The RNSM protocol was reviewed and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration using the Investigational Device Exemption mechanism (reference number G200096). In addition, the protocol was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04537312) and approved by The Ohio State University Institutional Review Board, reference number 2020C0094 (18 August 2020). The results of this study will be distributed through peer-reviewed journals and presented at surgical conferences. Trial registration number NCT04537312.
Effects of selected insecticide formulations, phased application and colony management strategies on honey bee mortality in processing sweetcorn

SUMMARYThese studies were undertaken to evaluate different strategies for reducing losses of honey bees (Apis mellifera) due to the use of insecticides in commercial sweetcorn (Zea mays) production fields. The strategies were: (1), insecticide application timed to avoid peak flowering periods in sweetcorn; (2), insecticide formulation, including carbofuran, encapsulated methyl parathion, permethrin and a tank mix of car- baryl plus parathion; (3), the use of pollen traps to prevent contaminated pollen coming into the hive; and (4), feeding (engorgement) of colonies with sugar syrup immediately following insecticide application to reduce honey bee foraging. Timing of insecticide applications was ineffective and a practical impossibility. Bee mortality was less with permethrin than with the other materials tested. Pollen traps and colony feeding may reduce bee mortality under some circumstances; however, these strategies proved unreliable and further study is needed. The data show that bees foraging on ragw...
Chapter 13 Internal migration in developing countries

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some of the principal contributions addressing three spheres related to migration: theory, empirical evidence and policy experience, focusing on the more recent literature. The chapter discusses the causes of migration-earnings opportunities and job search, information and financing, family strategies and the contextual setting, and displaced persons; and the economic consequences of internal migration—the direct and indirect effects of rural emigration on rural production, the overall effects on national product in the light of various market pathologies, and the consequences for income inequality. The understanding of factors determining the urban component of those earnings differentials remains poor. Efficiency wage stories now dominate the world of theory, but little evidence has been compiled either in favor of or in contradiction of these ideas. But, there are major policy areas, touching more or less directly upon migration, where almost no systematic empirical knowledge has yet been amassed.
Appendix: A Nonparametric Approach to Modeling Choice with Limited Data

This document presents supporting materials for the following publication:Farias, Jagabathula and Shah (2012), 'A Nonparametric Approach to Modeling Choice with Limited Data,' Management Science, Articles in Advance, pp. 1-18.Choice models are today ubiquitous across a range of applications in operations and marketing. Real world implementations of many of these models face the formidable stumbling block of simply identifying the 'right' model of choice to use. Since models of choice are inherently high dimensional objects, the typical approach to dealing with this problem is positing, a-priori, a parametric model that one believes adequately captures choice behavior. This approach can be substantially sub-optimal in scenarios where one cares about using the choice model learned to make fine-grained predictions; one must contend with the risks of mis-specification and over/under-fitting. Thus motivated, we visit the following problem: For a 'generic' model of consumer choice (namely, distributions over preference lists) and a limited amount of data on how consumers actually make decisions (such as marginal information about these distributions), how may one predict revenues from offering a particular assortment of choices? An outcome of our investigation is a non-parametric approach in which the data automatically selects the 'right' choice model for revenue predictions. The approach is practical. Using a data set consisting of automobile sales transaction data from a major US automaker, our method demonstrates a 20% improvement in prediction accuracy over state-of-the art benchmark models, which can result in a 10% increase in revenues from optimizing the offer set. We also address a number of theoretical issues, among them a qualitative examination of the choice models implicitly learned by the approach. We believe that this paper takes a step towards 'automating' the crucial task of choice model selection.
Investigational Methods for Peroxisomal Disorders

Peroxisomes play an important role in cellular metabolism. Defects in peroxisome assembly or of a single peroxisomal pathway are associated with a wide variety of inherited disorders, including X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Zellweger spectrum disorders, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, and Refsum disease. A group of peroxisome-specific biomarkers has been shown to be characteristic of specific defects. Patients with defects in peroxisome fatty acid beta-oxidation accumulate very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), patients with defects in plasmalogen synthesis are deficient in erythrocyte membrane plasmalogens, and patients with mislocalized pipecolic acid oxidase accumulate pipecolic acid in body fluids. This unit describes three protocols that can be used to measure plasma VLCFA, erythrocyte plasmalogens, and plasma or urine pipecolic acid by capillary gas chromatography (GC) or GC-mass spectrometry. These techniques can be used to identify the majority of patients with known neurogenetic peroxisome disorders.
Self narratives: True and false.

Human beings exist through time, just as everything else does: One thing happens after another. But unlike anything else, people remember what happened to them – some of it, anyway. This is a remarkable achievement. The remarkable thing is not just that past events influence the present (which happens in all biological systems) but that they are explicitly reconstructed by the person who experienced them. By definition, such reconstructions are examples of episodic memory. If the remembered event seems to have played a significant part in the life of the rememberer, it becomes an example of autobiographical memory and may form part of a life narrative. Life narratives are significant because they are one way of defining the self. This book has two goals: to explore the relations between remembering and the self, and to see those relations in proper perspective. Life narratives are often described as if they were the chief or even the only ingredient of the self: “They [life narratives] are the basis of personal identity and self-understanding and they provide answers to the question ‘Who am I?’ ” (Polkinghorne, 1991, p. 136). This claim goes too far: Self-knowledge depends on perception, conceptualization, and private experience as well as narrative (Neisser, 1988). Self-narratives are a basis but not the basis of identity. It is appropriate, then, that the present volume is only one of a series devoted to self-knowledge and the self. An earlier book (Neisser, 1993a) was concerned with ecological and interpersonal perception; the self-concept will be considered in a subsequent volume. However important those other sources of self-knowledge may be, they are not our focus here.
Adaptation in bacterial flagellar and motility systems: from regulon members to ‘foraging’-like behavior in E. coli

Bacterial flagellar motility and chemotaxis help cells to reach the most favorable environments and to successfully compete with other micro-organisms in response to external stimuli. Escherichia coli is a motile gram-negative bacterium, and the flagellar regulon in E. coli is controlled by a master regulator FlhDC as well as a second regulator, flagellum-specific sigma factor, σF. To define the physiological role of these two regulators, we carried out transcription profiling experiments to identify, on a genome-wide basis, genes under the control of these two regulators. In addition, the synchronized pattern of increasing CRP activity causing increasing FlhDC expression with decreasing carbon source quality, together with the apparent coupling of motility activity with the activation of motility and chemotaxis genes in poor quality carbon sources, highlights the importance of CRP activation in allowing E. coli to devote progressively more of its limited reserves to search out better conditions. In adaptation to a variety of carbon sources, the motile bacteria carry out tactical responses by increasing flagellar operation but restricting costly flagellar synthesis, indicating its capability of strategically using the precious energy in nutrient-poor environments for maximizing survival.
Physical chemistry of intestinal absorption of biliary cholesterol in mice

Although many putative sterol transporters influencing cholesterol absorption and physical–chemical factors affecting dietary cholesterol absorption have been extensively investigated, it is still unclear how biliary cholesterol contributes to the regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption. We studied whether the gallbladder can modulate the microaggregates of cholesterol carriers, which may in turn influence the intestinal absorption of biliary cholesterol. Supersaturated, crystallized, or micellar model biles were delivered via a duodenal catheter to conscious, freely moving C57L mice daily for 2 days. Intestinal uptake and absorption of biliary cholesterol and its fecal excretion, as well as expression levels of intestinal sterol transporters, were analyzed. Cholesterol uptake and absorption by the enterocyte were dramatically reduced in mice treated with crystallized biles compared with supersaturated biles. This correlated with the higher cumulative radioactivity of cholesterol recovered in the feces at 24 hours. Such findings were absent with the added reference compound sitostanol. After removing cholesterol crystals from crystallized biles, micellar biles showed essentially identical effects on intestinal absorption but with lower fecal cholesterol excretion compared with the original samples containing crystals. Expression levels of the jejunal Abcg5 (ATP-binding cassette transporter G5) and Abcg8, but not Npc1l1 (Niemann-Pick C1 like 1), were significantly increased by supersaturated biles compared with crystallized biles. Conclusion: Different physical forms of biliary cholesterol dramatically determine intestinal uptake and absorption of cholesterol. Solid plate-like cholesterol monohydrate crystals in bile are probably not absorbed and are totally excreted in feces from the body. The gallbladder may have a role in regulating cholesterol homeostasis by modulating the physical forms of biliary cholesterol. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Corín Tellado y el discurso popular

Abstract The multifaceted narrative of the novel by Corin Tellado, “Peculiares confidencias,” denies its easy interpretations and the attitudes of scorn and contempt with which her critics have approached it. The purpose of my study is to confront these attitudes by revealing the complexity of its structure due, in great part, to a combination of many discourses, among which the popular would be the most prominent.
Primary decompositions of three-generated ideals

Let I be a 3-generated ideal of height 2 in a RLR (R, m, k) of dimension d ≥ 3 and J be its unmixed part, i.e. the intersection of all the primary components of I of height 2. In this paper, we will deduce the result of Huneke and Ulrich that if J is Cohen-Macaulay, i.e. pdRR/J = 2, then depth R/I ≥ d − 3 from a general and more elementary setting. For the next case that pdRR/J = 3, we show that for p ϵ Min(J/I), pe n I:J and pe is not contained in any p-primary component of I for e < (h + 1)(h − 3)2(h − 2) where h = htp. Also, a negative answer is given to the question of Huneke whether depth R/I ≥ depth R/J − 1 if depth R/J ≥ 2.
Recruitment of the human Cdt1 replication licensing protein by the loop domain of Hec1 is required for stable kinetochore microtubule attachment

The replication origin licensing factor Cdt1 is now demonstrated to function at the kinetochore in mitosis. Cook, Salmon and colleagues show that Cdt1 binds to the loop domain of Hec1 in the Ndc80 kinetochore complex and stabilizes kinetochore–microtubule attachment.
Alkanephosphonates on Hafnium-Modified Gold: A New Class of Self-Assembled Organic Monolayers

A new method for assembling organic monolayers on gold is reported that employs hafnium ions as linkers between a phosphonate headgroup and the gold surface. Monolayers of octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) formed on gold substrates that had been pretreated with hafnium oxychloride are representative of this new class of organic thin films. The monolayers are dense enough to completely block assembly of alkanethiols and resist displacement by alkanethiols. The composition and structure of the monolayers were investigated by contact angle goniometry, XPS, PM-IRRAS, and TOF-SIMS. From these studies, it was determined that this assembly strategy leads to the formation of ODPA monolayers similar in quality to those typically formed on metal oxide substrates. The assembly method allows for the ready generation of patterned surfaces that can be easily prepared by first patterning hafnium on the gold surface followed by alkanephosphonate assembly. Using the bifunctional (thiol-phosphonate) 2-mercaptoethylphosphonic acid (2-MEPA), we show that this new assembly chemistry is compatible with gold-thiol chemistry and use TOF-SIMS to show that the molecule attaches through the phosphonate functionality in the patterned region and through the thiol in the bare gold regions. These results demonstrate the possibility of functionalizing metal substrates with monolayers typically formed on metal oxide surfaces and show that hafnium-gold chemistry is complementary and orthogonal to well-established gold-thiol assembly strategies.
TARGET LIPID LEVELS AND CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE PROGRESSION

Data on the relationship between target lipid levels and risk of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) progression among relatively low risk multiethnic population are scant. The cohort (N=5,705) was derived from the limited access dataset of the Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis obtained from
Strategic debt: evidence in manufacturing

Abstract Despite a recent set of theoretical papers illustrating that debt can be effectively used to gain a strategic position in the output market, the use of strategic debt has received little empirical attention. In this paper, I show that manufacturing firms increase debt as demand uncertainty grows, but reduce debt as costs become more uncertain. This evidence supports the use of strategic debt and price competition in manufacturing.
Taking a Person-Centered Approach to Understanding Sexual Expression among Long-term Care Residents: Theoretical Perspectives and Research Challenges

Sexual activity among older adults tends to be an uncomfortable and unaddressed topic, especially within long-term care settings where caregiver responses to sexual expression ranges from acceptance to isolation and eviction (Reingold and Burros 2004). Previous definitions of sexual expression have incorporated a broad range of behaviors including sexual intercourse, solo and partnered masturbation, oral sex, personal grooming, touch, and displays of affection, companionship, and romance (DeLamater and Karraker 2009; Hajjar and Kamel 2003a, b). Inconsistencies in responses to such behaviors cause concern regarding legal and ethical boundaries and responsibilities, and raise questions regarding whether thwarting sexual expression is a violation of residents’ rights (Black et al. 2005). Given the toll on residents, caregivers, and family members, sexual expression in residential and care settings poses significant policy implications. In this paper, we suggest a theoretical perspective and identify gaps in the empirical research which must be addressed in order to support institutional strategies and ultimately, consistent and ethical caregiver responses to sexual expression among older adults in long-term care settings. Extrapolating from this specific application, discussion focuses on future directions for research and policy work related to the field of sexuality among older adults.
Intracranial inverting papilloma.

Background. Inverting papillomas usually originate from the lateral wall of the nose and sporadically from the ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid, or frontal sinuses. Intracranial extension and dural penetration is rare and often associated with recurrent disease that has degenerated into squamous cell carcinoma. A case of inverting papilloma with dural penetration in the absence of malignant degeneration has prompted an investigation into the incidence and treatment of dural invasion by benign inverting papilloma. Methods. A literature search revealed 1468 cases of inverting papilloma. A detailed analysis was performed to obtain data on the incidence of intracranial invasion. Results. Of the 1468 cases, 5 were noted to be associated with intracranial extension without histologic evidence of malignancy (0.34%). Treatment consisted of surgery alone in 3, radiotherapy in 1, and combined therapy in the last patient. Dural invasion was documented histopathologically in one case. Conclusion. Intracranial extension and dural penetration of benign inverting papilloma is extremely rare, and a uniform treatment plan has not been established. Further investigation is necessary in the pathophysiology and management of intracranial inverting papilloma.
Recent advances in site-directed spin labeling of proteins

Site-directed spin labeling of proteins is experiencing a phase of rapid technical evolution, application and evaluation. New strategies have been introduced for determining membrane protein topography, electrostatic potentials, the orientation of proteins at membrane surfaces and inter-residue distances. New applications include studies of beta strands, structure mapping using spin-spin interactions, domain motions in soluble proteins and extensive structural analysis of a number of membrane and soluble proteins.
Bilateral Optic Disc Swelling: Differential Diagnosis and Approach to Investigation

Purpose To define bilateral optic disc swelling and the differential and approach to investigation Methods Case based learning, evidence based medicine, practice based learning and systems based practice Results Common things are common Neuroimaging followed by lumbar puncture is standard Most cases are pseudotumor cerebri Conclusion A systematic approach to bilateral disc edema will allow the clinician to diagnose and treat bilateral disc edema appropriately
Counterbalancing ambient interference on thermal conductivity tests for energy piles

Abstract Thermal conductivity tests on Energy Piles suffer from ambient interference on the recorded fluid temperatures. Such interference is observed as sudden fluid temperature increases or stabilizations which require advanced data processing techniques for reliable estimates of the effective ground thermal conductivity. This paper presents a modified testing procedure to eliminate the ambient interference observed in thermal conductivity tests for short ground heat exchangers including Energy Piles. The proposed testing technique relies on counterbalancing the ambient interference when heating the circulating fluid. Supported with a full-scale field experiment on an Energy Pile, the proposed testing technique showed a successful elimination of the ambient interference and an accurate estimate of the ground thermal conductivity using the simple infinite line source (ILS) model. Further, the estimated ground thermal conductivity is independent of the number of hours included in the data processing which offers the potential to reduce the testing duration and consequently the associated testing costs.
Nativity, human capital, and government employment ☆

Abstract Immigrants, like native minorities, are often attracted to government jobs. The chief attractions are the standard of living provided by such jobs and perceptions that discrimination and the threat of layoffs are moderated in the government sector. These perceptions often derive from family- and ethnic-based interpersonal networks that are replete with favorable accounts of working in the public sector. Network members who hold government jobs advise others on how to pursue similar jobs. Despite the high human capital requirements of most government jobs, and that foreign-earned credentials and experience are often devalued in the host society, interviews reveal that immigrants from various societies and backgrounds are motivated to seek work in the public sector. Analyses of census data, moreover, indicate that immigrants are more likely than natives to apply human capital toward gaining government jobs. Other worker characteristics specific to immigrants, such as learning to speak English and becoming a naturalized citizen, also strongly associate with government employment. Overall, possessing a strong basket of human capital and related attributes increases the probability that immigrants work in the public sector by a factor of six. These findings are consistent with recent theorizing ( Alba and Nee, 2003 ) that explains how the combination of individual initiative, social networks, and the application of non-discriminatory employment practices enables immigrants to establish themselves in the economic mainstream.
Dry Etching of Ta-Si-N Diffusion Barrier Material in Cf4+02 Gas Mixtures

Sputtered Ta36Si14N50 amorphous diffusion barrier layers were reactive ion etched in CF4+02 plasmas. Etch rate varied with gas composition, with 15 percent 02 concentration producing maximum etch rate. Etch rates increased with both pressure and power. Etching proceeded only after an initial delay time which was dependent upon gas composition and applied power. The delay time was probably caused by the presence of a surface native oxide which must first be removed before etching can commence. Auger electron spectroscopy measurements showed the native oxide to be approximately 2 nm thick on as-grown samples, and indicate that near-surface stoichiometry is maintained on etched samples.
Computational complexity of roots of real functions

An attempt is made to give a more accurate classification of the computational complexity of roots of real functions. Attention is focused on the simplest types of functions, namely, one-to-one and k-to-one functions, and the complexity of their roots is characterized in terms of relations between discrete complexity classes, such as LOGSPACE, P, UP, and NP. >
Role of Mathematical Population Geneticists in the Evolutionary Synthesis of the 1930’s and 40’s

The role played by exact mathematics in the development of science is often controversial. When Isaac Newton published his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Robert Hooke immediately responded that Newton had merely explored the mathematical consequences of Hooke’s own idea of the inverse square law of gravitational attraction. To this accusation, Newton angrily replied: Mathematicians, who find out, settle, and do all the business, must content themselves with being nothing but dry calculators and drudges; and another, who does nothing but pretend and grasp at all things, must carry away all the invention.2
Making the most of new instrumentation

The paper presents the view that new instrumentation needs to fuel, but also serve rather than dominate, development of theory in periglacial geomorphology. The variety of periglacial environments, the variable nature of the spatial and temporal signals within periglacial environments, and the scale limitations inherent to instrumental investigations, all combine to focus attention on small-scale geomorphological investigations. Integration of such findings, that is scale-linkage, is a difficult, but essential, task that requires development of rigorous theory which is unlikely to be directly informed by the results of instrumental studies alone. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The flexible use of inductive and geometric spatial categories

The present study examined the flexibility with which people can adopt different category schemes in the spatial domain. In a location memory task, participants viewed and estimated the locations of four kinds of objects that were spatially grouped by object identity. This identity-based arrangement was either congruent or incongruent with the perceptually based, geometric categories that have been reported in previous research. Four experiments examined the conditions under which these different category schemes are used to inform estimates of locations. The results showed that use of identity information depended on the number of objects to be remembered during a trial: When one or two objects were remembered at a time, only geometric categories affected estimates, but when four objects were to be remembered, both geometric categories and identity groupings affected estimates. As memory load increases, participants rely on additional sources to inform their estimates of location.
The efficacy of breast MRI in predicting breast conservation therapy

Background Breast conservation therapy (BCT) has equal efficacy compared to mastectomy in treating breast cancer. Accurate pre-operative measurement of tumor size can limit re-excision procedures. Breast MRI may improve pre-operative evaluation of extent of disease. Objective To examine the correlation of extent of disease on breast MRI with pathologic data to determine the utility of breast MRI in surgical planning of BCT. Methods We retrospectively reviewed our prospective database of women undergoing breast MRI. We identified 115 women with breast cancer who underwent a breast MRI and a surgical resection from 2000 to 2003. We compared patients with high-grade tumors (HG, n = 40) to patients with low grade (LG, n = 75). Results The size of the tumor on MRI correlated with the pathologic size for HG tumors (HG R = 0.76 vs. LG R = 0.45, P = 0.033). Mastectomy was performed in 53 patients. In 10 patients with LG tumors, the MRI findings overestimated their disease. In 11 out of 115 patients the primary tumor or a second tumor was only seen by MRI. Conclusion Breast MRI does change surgical management by detecting additional malignancies. Breast MRI is accurate in staging extent of disease in the breast in patients with HG tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:220–225. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Emission Behavior of Fluorescently Labeled Silver Nanoshell: Enhanced Self-Quenching by Metal Nanostructure.

Labeled silica beads with an average diameter of 100 nm were synthesized by incorporating with 20−600 μM Ru(bpy)32+ complexes. Silver shells were deposited on the beads layer-by-layer with the shell thickness of 5−50 nm. The emission band became narrower and the intensity was enhanced depending on the shell thickness. Self-quenching of the probe was observed at high concentration. Poisson statistics were employed to analyze self-quenching of the fluorophores. The estimated quenching distance was extended from 6 to 16 nm with shell growth from 0 to 50 nm. Moreover, the silver shells were also labeled with Rhodamine 6G. Fluorescence enhancement and reduced lifetime were also observed for silver-silica shell containing R6G. We found that by adjustment of probe concentration and silver shell thickness, a Ru(bpy)32+-labeled particle could be 600 times brighter than an isolated Ru(bpy)32+ molecule. We expect labeled metal core−shell structures can become useful probes for high sensitivity and/or single particle...