cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Bufo boreas connectivity in Yellowstone National Park with landscape genetics

A major objective of ecology is to understand how ecological processes limit population connectivity and species' distributions. By spatially quantifying ecological components driving functional connectivity, we can understand why some locally suitable habitats are unoccupied, resulting in observed discontinuities in distribution. However, estimating connectivity may be difficult due to population stochasticity and violations of assumptions of parametric statistics. To address these issues, we present a novel application of Random Forests to landscape genetic data. We address the effects of three key ecological components on Bufo boreas connectivity in Yellowstone National Park: ecological process, scale, and hierarchical organization. Habitat permeability, topographic morphology, and temperature-moisture regime are all significant ecological processes associated with B. boreas connectivity. Connectivity was influenced by growing-season precipitation, 1988 Yellowstone fires, cover, temperature, impervious surfaces (roads and development), and topographic complexity (56% variation explained). We found that habitat permeability generally operates on fine scales, while topographic morphology and temperature-moisture regime operate across multiple scales, thus demonstrating the importance of cross-scale analysis for ecological interpretation. In a hierarchical analysis, we were able to explain more variation within genetic clusters as identified using Structure (a Bayesian algorithm) (74%; dispersal cover, growing-season precipitation, impervious surfaces) as opposed to between genetic clusters (45%; ridgelines, hot, dry slopes, length of hot season, and annual precipitation). Finally, the analytical methods we developed are powerful and can be applied to any species or system with appropriate landscape and genetic data.
Zeolite to prehnite‐pumpellyite facies metamorphism in the Toa Baja Drill Hole, Puerto Rico

Secondary mineral assemblages in Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Toa Baja drill hole progressively change as a function of depth. Four metamorphic zones are delineated with increasing depth: Caclinoptilolite→heulandite→laumontite→prehnite–purnpellyite zone. The deepest belongs to the prehnite-pumpellyite facies, whereas the three zones at shallower depths (<2350 m) belong to the zeolite facies. Ca-clinoptilolite and heulandite exhibit continuous solid solution with varying Si/Al (2.9–5.2) and Ca/(Ca+Na+K) ratios (0.45–0.89). Pumpellyites are characterized by extensive variation in the Fe/(Fe+Al+Mg) ratio (0.29–0.74) and extreme Fe-enrichment in the laumontite zone. Temperatures estimated from mineral assemblages and fades transitions suggest that the North Coast Basin, Puerto Rico, has been subject to a metamorphic field gradient of ∼50 to 70°C/km.
Ins and outs of dietary phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention

A voluminous number of evidence suggests that an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is a relatively easy and practical strategy to reduce significantly the incidence of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and other aging-related pathologies. This review will critically discuss the applications of chemical and dietary chemoprevention, intending the protecting effects against cancer of chemically synthesized molecules, or phytochemicals present in the regular diet. The length of chemopreventive treatments requires the administration of low doses of chemopreventive agents, to avoid toxic side effects. This poses the question, here discussed, of the bioavailability of these compounds, usually very modest. Another key issue is whether purified phytochemicals have the same protective effects, as do the whole food or mixture of foods in which these compounds are present. These aspects will be analysed at the light of the "antioxidant hypothesis" in cancer prevention and the "combination chemoprevention", both referring to the pleiotropic and synergistic effects of compounds present in the diet. Single molecules may evolve in perfect chemopreventive agents, as in the case of tamoxifen, or generate ambiguity. Resveratrol and quercetin represent two paradoxes, discussed here.
Transitional Behavior of the Geomagnetic Field

Paleomagnetic research efforts concerning field behavior during polarity transitions have significantly increased in number and scope over the past few years. This report attempts to summarize the state of our present knowledge regarding geomagnetic reversal by highlighting recent advances. In addition, possible directions for future work will be explored.
Factors Affecting Liver Fat Accumulation and Liver Hemorrhages Associated with Fatty Liver-Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Chickens

A series of four experiments was conducted with a commercial strain of laying chickens in an attempt to experimentally produce Fatty Liver-Hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). Different dietary energy sources, environmental temperatures and feeding schedules were the experimental variables. Increasing the environmental temperature from 12.2 degrees C. (experiment 1) to 27.8 degrees C. (experiment 2) did not drastically alter total liver fat, 2.7 g. (experiment 1) vs. 2.9 g. (experiment 2) or the incidence of FLHS, 0.0% (experiment 1) vs. 1.0% (experiment 2). Likewise, in experiment 4, changing the environmental temperature from 22.2 degrees C. to 30.6 degrees C. or from 30.6 degrees C. to 22.2 degrees C. did not significantly (P greater than .05) alter total liver fat or liver wet weight. The greatest incidence (50%) of FLHS occurred in birds which were restricted in feed intake and exposed to an environmental temperature of 30.6 degrees C. from 32-36 weeks of age followed by ad libitum feeding at a temperature of 22.2 degrees C. from 36-40 weeks of age. These birds ate 26.8% more feed than the control birds during the ad libitum feeding period. Restricted feed schedules (experiment 3) resulted in significantly (P less than .05) lower 40 week liver wet weights and total fat when applied during the growing (14-20 weeks of age) and early lay (20-28 weeks of age) periods.
Introduction: the evolving role of 24-h oesophageal pH monitoring.

Publication data Accepted 12 December 2005 Since the introduction of 24-h pH testing about a half century ago, the procedure has gained general popularity and has established itself as an important tool in evaluating patients with suspected gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). While initially praised as the gold standard for diagnosing GERD, over time the clinical value of the pH test has changed primarily due to the recognition of its inherent limitations. Regardless, the tool provides a unique opportunity to assess the extent of oesophageal acid exposure at different levels of the oesophagus and to determine the relationship between patients’ symptoms and acid reflux events. The role of pH testing in GERD has evolved over the years, the result of the introduction of potent medical antireflux treatment as well as improvement in surgical techniques. Recent studies have shown that the main indications for referrals for pH testing are failure of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy or presurgical evaluation. 2 However, the yield of pH testing in evaluating patients who failed PPI therapy appeared to be very low. The traditional test that utilizes a pH probe has been shown to be poorly tolerated by a subset of patients who are undergoing pH testing. More disconcerting was the effect of the pH probe on patients’ normal daily activities, which may lead to a marked reduction in reflux-provoking activities. However, by miniaturizing the pH test, patients are able to better tolerate the procedure, and longer duration of oesophageal pH measurements can be achieved. The introduction of the wireless pH capsule resulted in resurgence in the popularity of the technique. Furthermore, the easy placement of the pH capsule after an upper endoscopy increased the utilization of the test by community-based gastroenterologists. An important contribution of the pH test is the finding that a significant number of patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) have normal oesophageal acid exposure. Other intraoesophageal stimuli have been suggested to cause heartburn that is not related to an acid reflux event. They include weakly acidic reflux, duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux, and motor events. Visceral hypersensitivity has been suggested as an important underlying mechanism for symptoms in these patients, regardless of the type of stimulus. In this supplement, we address the evolving role of pH testing in GERD with a series of articles by experts in the field. We discuss the value and type of information generated by intragastric vs. intraoesophageal pH testing. Additionally, we evaluate the new position of the pH test with the introduction of novel techniques that can assess non-acid-related reflux events, such as the intraluminal multichannel impedance and the Bilitec. We also discuss potential new indications for the pH test in GERD with the introduction of the wireless pH system; this is because studies have demonstrated that the pH capsule Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
Tourist support for marine protection in Nha Trang, Viet Nam

Environmental planners often propose tourism as a means of financing programmes to protect significant environmental areas. Surveys of tourists can provide useful information about the significance of environmental problems, trade-offs among policy objectives, willingness to pay (WTP) for protection programmes and preferences for different payment mechanisms. In Khanh Hoa Province, the provincial People's Committee, the Ministry of Fisheries and the World Conservation Union are working to implement Viet Nam's first marine protected area (MPA) in Nha Trang Bay. This paper reports the results of a survey of local and other Vietnamese and foreign tourists to islands that will be included in the MPA. The majority of respondents thought rubbish on the beaches, water pollution and vendors on beaches were problems and that the MPA was a good idea. Foreign tourists were significantly more likely to perceive environmental problems than were Vietnamese tourists, and persons who agreed there were environmental probl...
Pineal region tumors: results of radiation therapy and indications for elective spinal irradiation

Abstract Eighteen patients with pineal region tumors seen from November 1960 to November 1978 were reviewed. Thirteen patients treated with radiation therapy received tumor doses in the 4000–5500 rad range. The five year survival and five year disease-free survival were 73 and 63% respectively. Spinal cord metastasis occurred in 2 of 13 (15%) patients. Attempts at salvage radiotherapy for these patients were unsuccessful. Computerized tomography (CT scan provides an excellent method of evaluating the response of pineal region tumors to radiation. Rapid regression of the tumor mass on CT scan reflects the highly radioresponsive nature of germinomas, the tumor type most likely to disseminate throughout the neuraxis. This principle can be exploited to select unbiopsied patients with a high risk of spinal cord metastasis for prophylactic spinal radiation at an early stage of treatment.
The theory of shielded loop resonators

We present a mathematical model for shielded loop resonators. The model implies equivalent circuits for coaxial as well as flat Faraday shielded resonators under both balanced and unbalanced termination conditions. Expressions for impedance derived from the model are shown to agree well with observation using two test experimental resonators in a variety of experimental conditions.
L’idéologie du « topicalisme » thématique dans les romans africains : de Yambo Ouologuem à Calixthe Beyala

Cet article traite de la polemique sur la qualite du roman africain qui intervient quand on octroie un prix litteraire a une oeuvre, et ce, depuis Rene Maran avec Batouala (1921) jusqu’a Calixthe Beyala avec Les honneurs perdus (1996). Le but consiste a relever les elements discursifs constants et nouveaux de cette polemique. Deux theses se cotoient et essayent de se neutraliser. D’un cote, il y a la notion d’une Afrique immaculee a laquelle on apprend tout grâce aux bequilles epistemologiques offertes par l’Occident. De l’autre cote, on postule une Afrique capable d’inventer ses propres outils pour son expression et sa creativite artistique, quitte a ce qu’elle s’inspire des modeles existants.
Analyzing the dynamics of homicide patterns in Chicago: ESDA and spatial panel approaches

This paper studies the relationship between homicide rate and socioeconomic factors at community area level in Chicago from 1960 to 1995. Most of prior studies of social disorganization theory are based on cross-sectional spatial regression or longitudinal studies. This research integrates space and time in testing social disorganization theory. First, exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) is used to examine dynamic spatial patterns of these indicators. This investigation justifies the estimation of homicide rates across community areas through panel-data models that extend to include spatial lag and spatial error autocorrelation.
Brittle fracture in disordered media: from reservoir rocks to composite solids

Abstract We describe and discuss recent discrete models of brittle fracture in disordered media. By comparing the predictions of these models with the experimental data, we argue that such models can provide a rational explanation and quantitative predictions for many fracture properties of disordered media, ranging from reservoir rocks to composite solids such as polymers, metals and ceramics. These models also provide novel predictions that can be used for characterization of fractured media.
New High Tc Molecule-Based Magnets - Magnetic Behavior of M(TCNE)2·x(CH2Cl2) (M ˭ Mn, Fe)

Abstract We report and review studies of new partially crystalline members of the high-Tc molecule-based magnets family, M(TCNE)2·x(CH2Cl2), (M ˭ Fe, Mn, TCNE ˭ tetracyanoethylene). Remanent magnetization revealed high critical temperatures, Tc = 97 K for M ˭ Fe and 75 K for M ˭ Mn. Hysteresis curves for the Fe compound, for 5 ≤ T ≤ 80 K, have a spin-flop shape, indicating ferrimagnetic behavior. Field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetization reveals magnetic irreversibilities below Tc for both compounds. Static and dynamic scaling analyses of the dc magnetization and ac susceptibility for M ˭ Mn show a transition to a 3D ferrimagnetic state at Tc = 75 K, followed by a reentrant transition, to a spin glass state at Tg = 2.5 K. For M ˭ Fe static scaling analyses are consistent with a high-T transition to a correlated sperimagnet, while below ∼20 K there is a crossover to sperimagnetic behavior.
Effects of dwell time, volume of dialysis fluid, and added accelerators on peritoneal dialysis of urea.

Abstract The effects of variables of procedure in peritoneal dialysis on the urea clearances obtained were evaluated by means of a full factorial experiment. Three levels of each variable (dwell time, dialysis rate constant via additives in the solutions, and dialysis fluid volume) were used in all combinations. Results were subjected to an analysis of variance, which showed each variable to have a significant effect on clearance. Only one two‐factor interaction was found to be significant. The applicability of basic kinetic equations for prediction of urea clearances in peritoneal dialysis was demonstrated by computing clearances for the same conditions as used in the experiment.
A study of lithium ion intercalation induced fracture of silicon particles used as anode material in Li-ion battery

Abstract The fracture of Si particles due to internal stresses formed during the intercalation of lithium ions was described by means of a thermal analogy model and brittle fracture damage parameter. The stresses were calculated following the diffusion equation and equations of elasticity with an appropriate volumetric expansion term. The results were compared with the acoustic emission data from the experiments on electrochemical cycling of Li ion half-cells with silicon electrodes. A good correlation between experiment and prediction was observed. The results of computations with different particle sizes show the existence of a critical size below which fracture during the lithiation is not expected to occur. Such a critical size appears to be within micrometer scale.
Wake up and smell the solar system

The Rosetta spacecraft has been in suspended animation for three years. Will it wake up on time to make its date with a comet, asks Stuart Clark
Environmental determinants of population divergence in life-history traits for an invasive species: climate, seasonality and natural enemies

Invasive species cope with novel environments through both phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change. However, the environmental factors that cause evolutionary divergence in invasive species are poorly understood. We developed predictions for how different life-history traits, and plasticity in those traits, may respond to environmental gradients in seasonal temperatures, season length and natural enemies. We then tested these predictions in four geographic populations of the invasive cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) from North America. We examined the influence of two rearing temperatures (20 and 26.7 °C) on pupal mass, pupal development time, immune function and fecundity. As predicted, development time was shorter and immune function was greater in populations adapted to longer season length. Also, phenotypic plasticity in development time was greater in regions with shorter growing seasons. Populations differed significantly in mean and plasticity of body mass and fecundity, but these differences were not associated with seasonal temperatures or season length. Our study shows that some life-history traits, such as development time and immune function, can evolve rapidly in response to latitudinal variation in season length and natural enemies, whereas others traits did not. Our results also indicate that phenotypic plasticity in development time can also diverge rapidly in response to environmental conditions for some traits.
Mitigating timing based information leakage in shared schedulers

In this work, we study information leakage in timing side channels that arise in the context of shared event schedulers. Consider two processes, one of them an innocuous process (referred to as Alice) and the other a malicious one (referred to as Bob), using a common scheduler to process their jobs. Based on when his jobs get processed, Bob wishes to learn about the pattern (size and timing) of jobs of Alice. Depending on the context, knowledge of this pattern could have serious implications on Alice's privacy and security. For instance, shared routers can reveal traffic patterns, shared memory access can reveal cloud usage patterns, and suchlike. We present a formal framework to study the information leakage in shared resource schedulers using the pattern estimation error as a performance metric. In this framework, a uniform upper bound is derived to benchmark different scheduling policies. The first-come-first-serve scheduling policy is analyzed, and shown to leak significant information when the scheduler is loaded heavily. To mitigate the timing information leakage, we propose an “Accumulate-and-Serve” policy which trades in privacy for a higher delay. The policy is analyzed under the proposed framework and is shown to leak minimum information to the attacker, and is shown to have comparatively lower delay than a fixed scheduler that preemptively assigns service times irrespective of traffic patterns.
Impacts of reduced sea ice on winter Arctic atmospheric circulation, precipitation, and temperature

[1] Changes predicted by the Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3) in winter Arctic atmospheric circulation, precipitation, and temperature due to projected reductions in sea ice are investigated from a synoptic climatology perspective using the self-organizing map (SOM) technique. A decrease in 1000 hPa geopotential height (Z1000) over Alaska and northern North America is found to be a result of an increase in frequency of patterns with low pressure over much of the Arctic basin. Over Alaska in particular, a deepening of Aleutian lows is also found to contribute to lower Z1000 in this region. With reduced sea ice, Z1000 increases over Siberia and is found to be the result of increases in the frequency of strong high-pressure ridges. Increases over the Greenland and Norwegian Seas are found to be the result of decreases in frequency of strong Icelandic low cyclones. Large increases in precipitation across the Arctic are found to be primarily due to thermodynamic changes, such as increased moisture in the atmosphere, rather than changes in the frequency of cyclones. Temperature changes for the winter season are found to be due almost equally to diabatic heating and changes in temperature advection.
Liquid sodium intrusion into porous U-10Zr nuclear fuel by “differential capillarity”

Abstract The intrusion of liquid sodium into sintered U-10 wt% Zr with open gas-filled pores was studied using specimens with ~ 30% open porosity, and an average pore diameter of 2 μm to simulate the open porosity of irradiated nuclear fuels. Sodium intrusion tests were conducted at 150 and 400°C and 0.24 to 5.62 MPa, and intrusion volumes were determined from weight gain measurements. Sodium extrusion from pressurized pores was also measured. Essentially complete gas release and sodium intrusion were obtained. To rationalize this result, a model for intrusion of a wetting liquid and gas-release is developed based on capillary attraction into small spores and gas release from larger pores, a mechanism we call “differential capillarity”. The results are in quantitative agreement with the model. To further test the model, two fully-dense specimens made of brass and U-10Zr alloy with drilled holes were intruded at low pressure by dioctyl phthalate at 20°C and sodium at 400°C, respectively. The results were again consistent with the differential capillarity model.
The Lome Sugar Protocol: Increased Dependency for Fiji and Other ACP States

To many, the 1975 Lome Convention between the European Eco? nomic Community (EEC) and 46 countries of Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific1 (the ACP states) represents the most "progressive" response to date of the developed nations to the demands of the less developed, as expressed in the North-South dialogue. Supporters of the accord hailed it as an important first step in the building of a "New International Economic Order" (NIEO), wherein the great differences in wealth between the developed countries (DCs) and the less developed countries (LDCs) would diminish. These sentiments are concisely expressed in the Convention's preamble: . . .to establish, on the basis of complete equality between part? ners, close and continuing cooperation in a spirit of interna? tional solidarity... a new model for relations between devel? oped and developing countries, compatible with the aspirations of the international community towards a more just and more balanced economic order. [Official Journal of the European Communities] The Lome Convention provides for vast and unprecedented interven? tion in the conduct of trade between the EEC and the ACP states. This
Electronic structure of Bi 2 X 3 (X=S, Se, T) compounds: Comparison of theoretical calculations with photoemission studies

In recent years electronic structures of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ and related materials have been studied theoretically through ab initio band-structure calculations and experimentally through photoemission experiments, but to the best of our knowledge, a detailed comparison between experiment and theory has not been attempted so far. In this paper we discuss the density of states (DOS) of the narrow-gap semiconductors ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{X}_{3}$ $(X=\mathrm{S},\mathrm{Se},\mathrm{Te})$ obtained within density-functional theory. While several electronic structure calculations for ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ have been reported in the literature, there have been no published calculations for ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ or ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}\mathrm{Se}.$ Recent photoemission and inverse-photoemission measurements in these systems, performed by four separate groups (including our photoemission measurements of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}),$ allows for a comparison of the general features of the calculated DOS for both valence- and conduction-band states with photoemission and inverse-photoemission spectra. The agreement between the positions of the prominent peaks in the calculated DOS and photoemission spectra continues to improve with better energy resolution in the experiment.
Cytomegalovirus antibody in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients detected by enzyme immunoassay

By means of enzyme immunoassay techniques to detect the presence of antibody to cytomegalovirus, the cerebrospinal fluid of 178 patients with schizophrenia, 17 patients with bipolar disorders, and 11 other psychiatric patients was compared with that of 79 neurological patients and 41 normal control subjects. The cerebrospinal fluid of 20 of the schizophrenic patients and 3 of the patients with bipolar disorders showed significant increases in immunoglobulin M antibody to cytomegalovirus; no difference was found in patients on or off psychotropic medications.
Next Steps in Quasi-Axisymmetric Stellarator Research

The quasi-axisymmetric (QA) stellarator, a 3-D magnetic configuration with close connections to tokamaks, offers solutions for a steady state, disruption-free fusion system. A new experimental facility, QUASAR, provides a rapid approach to the next step in QA development, an integrated experimental test of its physics properties, taking advantage of the designs, fabricated components, and detailed assembly plans developed for the NCSX project. A scenario is presented for constructing the QUASAR facility for physics research operations starting in 2019. Operating in deuterium, such a facility would investigate the scale-up in size and pulse length from QUASAR, while a suitably equipped version operating in deuterium-tritium (DT) could address fusion nuclear missions. New QA optimization strategies, aimed at improved engineering attractiveness, would also be tested.
Heteroaromatic variation in amorphous 1,6-methano[10]annulene-based charge-transporting organic semiconductors

π-Conjugated 1,6-methano[10]annulene-diketopyrrolopyrrole copolymers containing thiophene and/or furan rings were synthesized to determine the tolerance of heteroaromatic composition for amorphous semiconductors. Thiophene and furan were incorporated within the conjugated main chain adjacent to the annulene and diketopyrrolopyrrole comonomers to influence the optoelectronic properties of the highly disordered bulk materials. All polymers synthesized were shown to be amorphous by differential scanning calorimetry despite the relatively low alkyl chain substitution. The furan-containing copolymers showed higher energy bandgaps (HOMO–LUMO gaps) than the thiophene-based polymers, but increasing furan substitution resulted in higher hole mobilities: values ranged from 1.6 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 for all-thiophene polymers to 7.0 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 for all-furan polymers. AFM images reveal that the furan containing polymers form higher-quality films upon solution processing, a consequence of the higher solubility of the furan-based polymers. These results add to the growing literature precedent illustrating the value of furan as a component of both semicrystalline and now amorphous conjugated polymers.
Isolation of a potential antitumor fraction from Rumex hymenosepalus.

Extracts of Rumex hymenosepalus have shown antitumor activity against the Sarcoma 180 and Walker 256 test systems of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center, Bethesda, Md. The extracts have been fractionated by means of solvent extraction and paper chromatography into two distinct fractions. The partial characterization of these fractions is described, including the characterization of leucocyanidin as one of the constituents and the identification of benzoic acid as a hydrolysis product of a polyphenolic ester.
Effect of intrathecal injection of melanotropic-lipolytic peptides on the concentration of 3',5' cyclic adenosine monophosphate in cerebrospinal fluid.

Rabbits were anesthetized with urethane, and the concentration of 3′,5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured before and after injection into the cisterna magna of the following biologically active peptides and amines: adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH), choroid plexus peptide IIF, arginine vasopressin, oxytocin, glucagon, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and acetylcholine. Only epinephrine and the lipolytic-melanotropic peptides ACTH, β-MSH, and IIF influenced cAMP. Five to 500 μg ACTH caused a 3 to 10× increase in cAMP within 30 min; the concentration of nucleotide returned to baseline within 60–90 min after 5 or 50 μg, and remained elevated for at least 120 min after 500 μg. Effects of the same magnitude and tempo as those caused by 5 to 500 μg ACTH were produced by .1 to 10 μg β-MSH and 5 to 500 μg IIF. Epinephrine at doses of 5 to 500 μg caused rises in cAMP of similar degree as the same dose of ACTH or peptide IIF, but the...
The diphenylamine test on leukemic sera

Alle leukamischen Kranken hatten einen hohen Diphenylamin (DPA)-Index. Falls das mikroskopische Blutbild keine sichere Aufklarung gibt, kann der DPA-Index zur diagnostischen Unterscheidung zwischen Pseudoleukamie und echter Leukamie angewendet werden.
Isomer-Selective Study of the OH Initiated Oxidation of Isoprene in the Presence of O2 and NO. I. The Minor Inner OH-Addition Channel

We report the first isomeric-selective study of the dominant isomeric pathway in the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene in the presence of O2 and NO using the laser photolysis−laser induced fluorescence (LP−LIF) technique. The photolysis of monodeuterated/nondeuterated 2-iodo-2-methylbut-3-en-1-ol results exclusively in the dominant OH−isoprene addition product, providing important insight into the oxidation mechanism. On the basis of kinetic analysis of OH cycling experiments, we have determined the rate constant for O2 addition to the hydroxyalkyl radical to be 1.0−0.5+1.7 × 10−12 cm3 s−1, and we find a value of 8.1−2.3+3.4 × 10−12 cm3 s−1 for the overall reaction rate constant of the resulting hydroxyperoxy radical with NO. We also report the first clear experimental evidence of the (E) form of the δ-hydroxyalkoxy channel through isotopic labeling experiments and quantify its branching ratio to be (10 ± 3)%. This puts a rigorous upper limit on the branching of the (E)-δ-hydroxyalkoxy radical channel. S...
Is Opportunity Knocking?: Low-Income Students’ Perceptions of College and Financial Aid

This research study attempts to answer questions regarding how low-income students hear about college and financial aid information and what the impact of this information is on their college opportunity. Findings from a student survey of 11th and 12th graders in seven Southern California low-income high schools illustrate that low-income students make sense of this information within their school culture, perceptions of college affordability, and family backgrounds. Results suggest that college- and financial aid-related information as a means to create college opportunity is not having the impact it should for low-income students.
Optimality Principle in Respiratory Control

A classical dilemma in the physiological control of human respiration is that the increase in respiratory ventilation during muscular exercise is normally sustained despite little increase in the intensities of chemical stimulation to breathing. To account for this phenomenon, it has recently been suggested that the control law governing the ventilatory output may be an optimization rather than reflex process; the response in effect being set by the balance between the chemical drive to breathe and the natural tendency to reduce the work of breathing (Poon, C.S., in Modelling and Control of Breathing, Elsevier, 1983). The purpose of this paper is to extend the previous approach to include a general analysis of both respiratory ventilation and pattern responses to CO 2 inhalation and exercise. The results suggest that, under the optimality hypothesis, a consistent prediction of all respiratory responses is possible.
Safety and Security in Discretionary Travel Decision Making: Focus on Active Travel Mode and Destination Choice

Considerations of whether a travel alternative (e.g., mode, destination) affords a traveler an acceptable level of safety from traffic collisions and personal security from crime may be especially important for active modes of walking and bicycling. Although theory suggests that safety and security influence nonmotorized travel decision making, empirical evidence to support these hypotheses is inconclusive. In addition to measurement limitations and data constraints, safety and security concerns are often inadequately distinguished. This study advances knowledge in this area by analyzing objective safety and security measures within a mode-destination choice context. Discretionary trips from a Portland, Oregon, household travel survey were analyzed with a joint mode-destination choice multinomial logit model. Some measures of traffic safety—more comfortable facilities, sidewalks, traffic signals, and traffic calming installations—were positively associated with walking and bicycling. Measures of a lack of...
Ammonia regulation of phosphate-activated glutaminase displays regional variation and impairment in the brain of aged rats.

The regulation of PAG by ammonia in whole brain (Sprague-Dawley) and regional (Fischer-344) synaptosomal preparations from adult and aged animals was assessed. Whole brain synaptosomal preparations from both age groups displayed a significant decrease in PAG activity with increasing ammonium chloride concentrations, however, the aged rats exhibited a significant attenuation in ammonia-induced PAG inhibition. PAG activity measured in synaptosomes prepared from the striatum (STR), temporal cortex (TCX) and hippocampus (HIPP) was also inhibited by ammonium chloride. The STR showed the greatest degree of ammonia-induced PAG inhibition (55%) followed by the HIPP (30–35%) and the TCX (25–30%). This reduction in PAG activity was significantly attenuated in STR from aged rats at ammonium chloride concentrations greater than 50 μM and in the TCX, PAG activity was significantly attenuated in the aged rats at ammonia concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mM. Ammonia regulation of PAG activity in the HIPP appeared to be unaffected by age. Ammonium chloride concentrations up to 5 mM had no effect on GLU release from cortical slices, although GLN efflux was significantly enhanced. These findings suggest that isozymes of PAG may exist in different brain regions based on their differential sensitivity to ammonia. The attenuation of ammonia-induced PAG inhibition seen in aged rats may have deleterious effects in the aged brain.
Single-dose rituximab for recurrent glomerulonephritis post-renal transplant.

Background/Aims: Post-renal transplant recurrent glomerulonephritis (GN) contributes to allograft loss. Rituximab treatment has been used in a multidose strategy
Green-Networks: Integrating Alternative Circulation Systems into Post-industrial Cities

Many post-industrial cities are infused with ready-made spaces for non-vehicular circulation in the form of webs of linear voids that often result from industrial era infrastructure. There have been many successful conversions of individual linear easements into greenways, although attempting to craft continuous green-networks from these residual spaces is often problematic. This paper considers how designers and planners might start to reconcile the aspirations of the green-network as a model and an idea with the actual opportunities on the ground as typically found in post-industrial cities. Central to the discussion is an extension of Robert Searns' greenway generational rubric, whereby the present generation of greenways is described as complete webs to rival the grey infrastructure of the incumbent city fabric. Within this framework, the paper elaborates on a number of themes: (1) how effective green-networks are at influencing urban form; (2) the green-network as a counterbalance to the city; (3) sp...
Small‐scale electrochemical cleaning of molybdenum to improve spotwelding characteristics

Electrochemical cleaning of molybdenum immediately prior to spotwelding has been found to improve adherence of both tungsten and tantalum to molybdenum. Normally electrochemical cleaning is accomplished by immersion in a large bath. We have had excellent results cleaning a small area under a single drop of cleaning solution immediately prior to spotwelding.
Nutritional Regulation of Epigenetic Changes

The “Nutritional Regulation of Epigenetic Changes” Symposium was held in San Diego on April 25 in conjunction with the 2012 Annual Meetings of the American Society of Nutrition. The symposium was co-chaired by Drs. Romagnolo and Ziegler. In his opening remarks, Dr. Zeigler highlighted salient aspects of epigenetic regulation, i.e., the study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms include changes in expression and interactions of noncoding RNA with target mRNA, histone modifications, and DNA methylation at CpG islands.
Assessing and Enhancing Generalization and Social Validity of Social-Skills Interventions with Children and Adolescents

Generalization and social validity are necessary aspects of any applied behavior analytic endeavor. They are especially critical to social-sldlls training research and practice. Investigators have demonstrated the effectiveness of various leaming theory-based interventions in teaching social skills to and increasing peer interactions of children with and without disabilities. However, development of a technology for reliably transferring these changes across different situations or ensuring their persistence over time has proven to be more problematic. From both a conceptual and empirical standpoint, this article reviews progress in and barriers to assessing and enhancing generality of social behavior change and its relationship to social validity. If progress is to be made, then it will be necessary to (a) distinguish between generalization and generality in developing and evaluating social-skills interventions; (b) expand the concept of social validity to give more emphasis to objective measurement of s...
Embryotoxic effects of chlorobutanol in cultured mouse embryos

Chlorobutanol (CB) is a commonly used preservative which is added to numerous pharmaceutical preparations, and it is the active ingredient in certain oral sedatives and topical anesthetics. Chlorobutanol has demonstrated adverse effects in adult tissues, but CB has not been previously investigated for its effect on the developing whole embryo. The method of whole-embryo culture was used in this study to expose mouse embryos during two stages of organogenesis to CB at final concentrations of 0 (control), 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 micrograms/ml. Embryos were evaluated for heart rate (HR), malformations, and somite number, and embryos and visceral yolk sacs (VYSs) were assayed for total protein content as a measure of overall growth. Neurulating (3-6 somite) embryos were malformed and growth retarded by exposure to CB concentrations > or = 25 micrograms/ml, with decreased VYS growth at > or = 50 micrograms/ml and decreased HR at > or = 100 micrograms/ml CB. Early limb-bud stage (20-25 somite) embryos were malformed at CB concentrations > or = 50 micrograms/ml and growth retarded at > or = 100 micrograms/ml, with decreased VYS growth at 200 micrograms/ml and decreased HR at > or = 100 micrograms/ml CB. Thus, CB produces dysmorphogenesis in mouse embryos in vitro, and neurulating embryos are somewhat less sensitive than early limb-bud stage embryos. The concentrations of CB that interfere with normal embryonic development are within the range of human blood levels measured following multiple doses of CB. Preparations containing CB should be used with caution during pregnancy, particularly when repeated dosing may allow accumulation of CB to potentially embryotoxic levels.
Viscosities and Molar Volumes of Some Specially Selected Liquid Mixtures at 298.15 K

Abstract Reliable viscosities and molar volumes are reported for some binary and ternary liquid mixtures containing carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, benzene, toluene and pyridine. Similarities are observed in the shapes of the viscosity and vapor pressure curves for the binary systems. Systems exhibiting linear vapor pressure vs. mole fraction curves also exhibit, with some exceptions, linear viscosity vs. mole fraction curves. Maxima and minima found for some systems on the vapor pressure vs. mole fraction curves are often observed on the viscosity vs. mole fraction curves. This is especially true for systems containing species close in viscosity values. The viscosity vs. mole fraction data for the binary systems are well correlated with a modified Katti-Heric equation. One ternary constant, in addition to the respective binary system constants, predicts the viscosities of ternary systems well.
Size and shape of biomaterial wear debris

Abstract A literature review of wear debris is presented. Included are debris retrieved at revision of total joint replacement and at autopsy, as well as debris produced in vitro in wear testers and joint simulators or otherwise fabricated for biological experiments. Observations of wear debris in vivo and in vitro are classified in tabular form according to material type, origin, size, shape and color. Polymer particles, most commonly ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), exhibit the largest size range and appear as granules, splinters or flakes, while ceramic particles possess the smallest size range and have a granular structure. Metal particles seen in vivo and in vitro, whether from cobaltchromium alloys or, less frequently, other alloys, form granular or needle-like shapes and generally are smaller than polymer particles but larger than ceramic particles. Particles generated in joint simulators resemble the size and shape of in vivo wear particles from total joint replacement (TJR) retrieved at revision or autopsy. However, particles prepared in vitro, whether in simulators or by other means, do not consistently resemble wear debris particles from TJR.
Japanese Building Design and Construction Technologies

A brief overview of Japan's building design and construction industry is provided, and the technologies commonly used by it are outlined. The influence on the construction industry exerted by the largest and most influential design and construction firms in Japan is described. The striking technological capabilities of these “comprehensive constructors” are outlined, including their building design and construction methods, and research and development efforts. Specific examples of design, construction, manufacture, and maintenance technologies are described in detail. The relationship between the Japanese construction industry's overall organization and the technological methods it develops and employs is discussed. Relationships between corporate organization and technological strategies are also outlined. The use of technology in the Japanese and American construction industries is compared in terms of industry organization, corporate structure, design and construction techniques, and research methods....
Accuracy of Sampling Procedures for Estimating Lactation Yields: A Review

Abstract Sixty research reports dealing with the estimation of lactation yields from samples taken at various intervals were reviewed. In general, these reports showed that the average error in lactation yields is primarily a function of the length of the interval between tests. The variation in errors in milk yield (s ≅ 2.7%) from monthly sampling for a 24-hr period appeared lower than those for fat per cent (s ≅ 3.5%) or milk fat yield (s ≅ 5.0%) from the same testing scheme. Actual distributions of errors showed that at least 90% of milk yields estimated from a single day's yield once a month are within ±5% of true production. Errors in milk yields computed from bimonthly samples are about 30% greater than those based on monthly tests. Yet, evidence clearly shows that accurate cow ranking and progeny testing can be based on samples taken as much as two months apart. Research on other proposed sampling plans was also reviewed and discussed.
Integrated Analysis of Drug-Induced Gene Expression Profiles Predicts Novel hERG Inhibitors

Growing evidence suggests that drugs interact with diverse molecular targets mediating both therapeutic and toxic effects. Prediction of these complex interactions from chemical structures alone remains challenging, as compounds with different structures may possess similar toxicity profiles. In contrast, predictions based on systems-level measurements of drug effect may reveal pharmacologic similarities not evident from structure or known therapeutic indications. Here we utilized drug-induced transcriptional responses in the Connectivity Map (CMap) to discover such similarities among diverse antagonists of the human ether-a-go-go related (hERG) potassium channel, a common target of promiscuous inhibition by small molecules. Analysis of transcriptional profiles generated in three independent cell lines revealed clusters enriched for hERG inhibitors annotated using a database of experimental measurements (hERGcentral) and clinical indications. As a validation, we experimentally identified novel hERG inhibitors among the unannotated drugs in these enriched clusters, suggesting transcriptional responses may serve as predictive surrogates of cardiotoxicity complementing existing functional assays.
A Streptavidin−Protein Cage Janus Particle for Polarized Targeting and Modular Functionalization

The incorporation of Janus particles into the repertoire of nanoscale building blocks adds a new level of control to supramolecular assembly. Here we demonstrate the potential for using toposelective modification to assemble new types of targeting nanoplatforms by docking the universal coupling protein, streptavidin (StAv), onto a restricted region of the surface of a small protein cage. The resulting StAv-functionalized Janus particles have the potential to be used to control the orientation of the nanoplatforms targeted to a cell surface. In addition, the StAv−biotin couple provides an ideal molecular adaptor for extending asymmetric (polarized) supramolecular assembly. To demonstrate this potential application, StAv-functionalized nanoplatforms were coupled to a biotinylated monoclonal antibody and used to target a microbial pathogen.
Observations of grain boundary structure in zinc

Abstract We present calculations of dislocation spacing for grain boundaries in zinc and show that the spacings may be large enough to be resolved in transmission electron microscopy even at extreme deviations from ideal coincidence misorientations. This effect is a result of the need for the dislocation arrays to accommodate slight differences between the ideal and actual axial ratios in addition to the difference between the ideal and actual misorientations. The importance of the axial ratio accommodation in determining the dislocation structure is tested by observing grain boundaries at different temperatures, where the actual ratios differ. It is shown that the energy change of the dislocation arrays with varying temperature is sufficient to drive transformations of the interfacial structure.