cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMR in quantity

I read with interest the excellent article "Materials mapped with NMR" by Attard, Hall, Herron and Duce in the July issue (p41). However, I believe that quantitative magnetic resonance imaging is no longer in its infancy but is rapidly progressing into "toddlerhood". There are a large number of applications that were not mentioned in the article, for instance: the work on drying of corn and gels by J B Litchfield and S R Schmidt at the University of Illinois; the extensive work on suspension rheology, emulsion stability, food structure, lipid crystallisation, drying, freezing and extrusion by myself and co-workers at the University of California, Davis; the studies of suspension rheology by E Fukushima and co-workers at Lovelace Medical Foundation and Sinton and Chow at Lockheed; and the studies in fluid turbulence by K Kose of the Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Japan and D O Keuthe of Duke University.
Role of polythiophenes as electroactive materials

Semiconducting polythiophenes display electroactive properties which make them excellent candidates for applications as electroactive materials. Ability to undergo doping and to switch between different oxidation states allow tuning the chemical and physical properties of polythiophenes. Furthermore, the ability to integrate polythiophenes into copolymers, hybrid composites with metals and inorganic materials make them useful in electronic and biomedical applications. The capability to vary the properties of the final material with low production cost and high processability into thin films makes polythiophenes desirable materials for many applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 3327–3346
A Perspective on Challenges and Prospects for Applying Process Systems Engineering Tools to Fermentation-Based Biorefineries

Unlike traditional chemical and petrochemical processes, Process Systems Engineering (PSE) tools and methods have not been routinely applied for the design, analysis, and optimization of fermentation-based biorefineries. This has greatly limited the ability to analyze these biomass-based processes, thus also limiting the potential profitability of biorefinery processes. This Perspective elucidates the challenges currently hindering the application of traditional PSE tools and methods to fermentation-based biorefineries. The current state of process simulators and mathematical models, the backbone of PSE, as applied to fermentation-based processes are addressed. Further, this contribution includes a proposed framework that can be applied to fermentation-based processes using existing process simulators with an illustrative case study to highlight how imperative PSE tools and methods are to the advancement of biorefineries. Finally, the future needs and prospects for using traditional PSE tools and methods ...
Market Formation and Fixed Income E-Commerce.

The fixed-income markets are enormous, however innovation in this sector has trailed that in the much smaller equities markets. Recently, a number of alternate trading systems (ATS) have been introduced, many of which use the Internet as an enabling infrastructure. Despite the size and impact of these markets, there is a surprising lack of IS research in this field, yet the context provides a potentially fruitful test bed for e-commerce and market formation theory. This work introduces the motivation / ability framework for considering the likelihood of organizations in succeeding at forming fixed-income e-commerce markets, offers a theory-based discussion of the challenges and opportunities for firms seeking to create fixed-income ATS, highlights issues of system ownership, and uses examples to illustrate evolutionary trends.
The Internet as a global public good and the role of governments and multilateral organizations in global internet governance

The Internet presents social and economic attributes of a global public good, requiring governments and multilateral organizations to play central roles in Internet governance. This article examines the Internet as a global public good, identifies the roles of governments and multilateral organizations in global Internet governance, describes the current status of multi-stakeholder governance, and proposes guidelines to improve international cooperation.
Effect of Directional Relations on Milling Chatter Stability and Development of a Stability Index

Abstract This paper analyzes effect of directional relationships on chatter vibrations experienced in peripheral milling process. Based on the directional relationships, a geometry-based chatter stability index (CSI) is proposed to improve chatter stability of the process. It is well-known that chatter stability depends on cutting conditions and tool geometry; whereas it is less known that it also depends strongly on the directional relations between the machining process and the flexible directions of the machine. In this research, these directional factors affecting chatter stability are extracted from process kinematics and dynamically compliant directions of the structure. Three cases are considered and analyzed; namely, 1) if the machine tool/workpiece structure is flexible only in single direction, 2) if it is flexible in two orthogonal directions and finally 3) when those flexible directions are not orthogonal. Tool feed direction is considered to be the optimization parameter to maximize process stability. Overall, this research aims to present new knowledge on the effect of directional relationships for chatter stability and how they can be utilized in a practical manner based on a chatter stability index (CSI) that can be computed from geometry, process kinematics and limited knowledge of machine dynamics.
The emergence of heterogeneity in invasive-dominated grassland: a matter of the scale of detection

Plant invasions of native ecosystems are one of the main causes of declines in biodiversity via system-simplification. Restoring native biodiversity can be particularly challenging in landscapes where invasive species have become dominant and where a new set of feedbacks reinforce an invaded state and preclude restoration actions. We lack an understanding of the response of invaded systems to landscape-level manipulations to restore pattern and process relationships and how to identify these relationships when they do not appear at the expected scale. To better understand how fire and grazing influence landscape-level heterogeneity in invaded landscapes, we assess the scale at which grazing pressure and seasonality mediate the success of re-introducing a historical disturbance regime, grazing driven by fire (termed pyric herbivory), to an invasive plant-dominated landscape. We manipulated grazing timing and intensity in exotic grass-dominated grasslands managed for landscape heterogeneity with spring fire and grazing. In pastures under patch-burn grazing management, we evaluated the spatial and temporal variability of plant functional groups and vegetation structure among and within patches managed with separate grazing systems: season-long stocking and intensive early stocking. Warm- and cool-season grasses exhibited greater among-patch variability in invasive-plant dominated grassland under intensive early grazing than traditional season-long grazing, but landscape-level heterogeneity, as measured through vegetation structure was minimal and invariable under both levels of grazing pressure, which contrasts findings in native-dominated systems. Moreover, within-patch heterogeneity for these functional groups was detected; contrasting the prediction that among-patch heterogeneity, in mesic grasslands, manifests from within-patch homogeneity. In invaded grasslands, manipulation of grazing pressure as a process that drives heterogeneous vegetation patterns influences native and non-native grass heterogeneity, but not heterogeneity of vegetation structure, within and among patches managed with fire. Fire and grazing-moderated heterogeneity patterns observed in native grass-dominated grasslands likely differ from invasive grass-dominated grasslands with implications for using pyric herbivory in invaded systems.
Conservation genomics illuminates the adaptive uniqueness of North American gray wolves

The resolution of conservation genetic analyses has been limited until recently due to technological and computational challenges associated with genotyping multiple loci at once. In this review, we focus on how the development of high-throughput genotyping methods have enabled conservation genomics studies of wolves in North America. The gray wolf (Canis lupus) historically had a Holarctic distribution across widely varying environments, yet during the early twentieth century many populations declined due to direct persecution and other anthropogenic disturbances. First, we discuss genetic substructure and adaptive uniqueness among genetically and environmentally defined wolf ecotypes. Second, we focus on the new conservation implications revealed by studies having increased genomic resolution of the dynamics of reintroduced and re-established wolves, specifically Mexican and Pacific Northwest wolves. Mexican wolves, a distinct subspecies of North American wolf that inhabit a small area within the southwestern U.S. and Mexico, remain endangered despite decades since a reintroduction program began. How biologists and management agencies use scientific data to define the historical range of Mexican wolves will be critical to future reintroduction efforts. In the Pacific Northwest, admixture occurs between the distinct and declining coastal wolf ecotype and the more abundant reintroduced interior wolves. If coastal wolves obtain protection, then the Pacific Northwest wolves may also warrant protection. Therefore, more precise policies are needed for the management of admixed populations when one source is protected. We recommend that future conservation efforts should provide full protection for distinct ecotypes, support scientifically rigorous definitions of historical range to inform restoration, and enhance the legal status of admixed populations.
Characterization of the interactive effects of labile and recalcitrant organic matter on microbial growth and metabolism

Abstract Geochemical models typically represent organic matter (OM) as consisting of multiple, independent pools of compounds, each accessed by microorganisms at different rates. However, recent findings indicate that organic compounds can interact within microbial metabolisms. The relevance of interactive effects within marine systems is debated and a mechanistic understanding of its complexities, including microbe-substrate relationships, is lacking. As a first step toward uncovering mediating processes, the interactive effects of distinct pools of OM on the growth and respiration of marine bacteria, individual strains and a simple, constructed community of Roseobacter lineage members were tested. Isolates were provided with natural organic matter (NOM) and different concentrations (1, 4, 40, 400 μM-C) and forms of labile organic matter (acetate, casamino acids, tryptone, coumarate). The microbial response to the mixed substrate regimes was assessed using viable counts and respiration in two separate experiments. Two marine bacteria and a six-member constructed community were assayed with these experiments. Both synergistic and antagonistic growth responses were evident for all strains, but all were transient. The specific substrate conditions promoting a response, and the direction of that response, varied amongst species. These findings indicate that the substrate conditions that result in OM interactive effects are both transient and species-specific and thus influenced by both the composition and metabolic potential of a microbial community.
Natural convection heat transfer from a vertical column of finite number of heated circular cylinders immersed in molten solar salt

Abstract A two-dimensional steady-state natural convection heat transfer from a vertical column consisting of 2–10 tightly packed isothermally heated horizontal circular cylinders submerged into molten solar salt was investigated numerically by using the finite volume method. Although laminar natural convection from a vertical column of multiple horizontal cylinders has been investigated in previous studies (Chouikh et al., 1999; Sparrow and Niethammer, 1981; Bejan et al., 1995; Sadeghipour and Asheghi, 1994; Corcione, 2005; Ashjaee and Yousefi, 2007; Tokura et al., 1983; Hannani et al., 2002; Kitamura et al., 2016), there are very few studies that considered natural convection heat transfer from circular cylinders immersed in molten solar salt (Lu et al., 2016, 2013; Brosseau et al., 2004). The results of the study show that Rayleigh number and longitudinal cylinder spacing SL have a significant effect on flow and heat transfer in the cylinder column. Using the correlations proposed for natural convection heat transfer from a vertical column of N circular cylinders in air or water would result in large errors in predicting heat transfer for a vertical column of cylinders in molten solar salt. Thus, correlations for the steady-state average Nusselt number Nu ‾ D , N for the column of N circular cylinders, where N was varied from 2 to 10, and for individual cylinders in the column Nu ‾ D , i are proposed as functions of the Rayleigh number (range 104–107) and dimensionless longitudinal cylinder spacing (SL/D). New correlations developed specifically for molten salt are needed to improve heat exchanger design for solar heating and heat storage technology, nuclear reactor safety, and waste heat recovery applications.
A Step Towards Hadoop Dynamic Scaling

Many application portals successfully manage to scale elastically in order to provide a stable response time by integrating on-demand cloud resources. This is more challenging for applications that have to manage a dynamic configuration. Our paper investigates the question: under what circumstances (if any) dynamically adding more nodes to the Hadoop computation will result in performance improvement On one hand, if we add more nodes to a Hadoop computation, the computation will potentially finish faster since more computational power will be brought to bear on the problem. On the other hand, ensuring that we can use those nodes effectively may require data redistribution, thus creating additional overhead which may obviate any performance advantages. In this paper, we identified the container allocation as a key factor that affects Hadoop performance. Moreover, to mitigate the overhead, we describe and evaluate three methods for data redistribution in this use case and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
325 THE EFFECTS OF EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA ON LABOR.

Purpose The regional anesthetic technique of epidural anesthesia provides one of the most effective methods of relieving pain during labor. This technique is not without controversy, however. Many believe that neuraxial analgesia such as this may slow labor and increases the incidence of cesarean and instrumental delivery. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation is to identify consensus within the literature to provide more clear recommendations to providers and patients, as well as identify areas of controversy in which further study may be necessary. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed, including 22 studies and reviews. Summary All authors considered in this review agree that epidural anesthesia provides the best pain blockade but may increase the need for oxytocin augmentation. Most agree that epidural anesthesia does not increase the rate of cesarean delivery, instrumental/operative vaginal delivery, or difficult delivery. The majority of authors agree that epidural anesthesia is associated with prolongation of the second phase of labor but cite mixed results regarding the first phase. Conclusions The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists currently recommends that the decision to use epidural anesthesia should be based on patients9 wishes and other factors, including parity, not a standard amount of cervical dilation. This review of the literature may serve to help summarize the evidence and elucidate some of these factors for informed decision making by patients and practitioners. Further study may be necessary to account for pain as a confounding variable.
Coupling of the Spacelike and Timelike Wave Functions at Infinite Momentum

It is shown, using the $E(2)$ basis for the unitary representations of $SL(2, C)$, that the spacelike and time-like solutions to the Abers-Grodsky-Norton wave equation do not decouple at infinite momentum. It is concluded that this equation cannot be used to saturate the (isospin-factored) algebra of currents.
Anticoagulation Options for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Induced Coagulopathy

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is evolving, coagulopathy induced by the disease and its severe complications are raising concerns in the medical community. Because coagulopathy caused by COVID-19 has been difficult to control, it is important to have a better understanding of what therapies have been studied thus far and what therapies have demonstrated better outcomes for hospitalized patients. This review is focused on literature, research, and expert clinical judgments published in 2020 with a few references to articles published earlier. The review introduces the interim guidelines of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) for management of COVID-19-induced coagulopathy, discusses the efficacy of these guidelines in clinical settings, and summarizes the response of the scientific community to these guidelines and their clinical implications. Due to the failure of patients to respond to the prophylactic doses of heparin recommended by ISTH, higher doses of heparin may be necessary to achieve adequate anticoagulation. Patients' resistance to prophylactic doses of heparin could be due to low levels of anti-thrombin and high levels of fibrinogen, which would reinforce the use of therapeutic doses of heparin in the early stages of hospitalization. The review also compares low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) as anticoagulant choices for COVID-19 patients. Given the complications specific to COVID-19, UFH may be a better choice of anticoagulant. Outpatient anticoagulation options are also reviewed. Changing qualified patients from vitamin K antagonists (VKA) to direct-acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC) for the convenience of less frequent monitoring may be appropriate. New anticoagulant, nafamostat, used in Japan is also discussed as a possible potentiate for heparin therapy.
Varicella-Zoster as a Cause of Aseptic Meningitis in an Immunocompetent Young Patient With Skin Rash.

We present a case of aseptic meningitis due to Varicella-Zoster infection in an immunocompetent patient. Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox disease in children, teens, and young adults. Typically, it runs its course and stays dormant in nerve tissue, which can get reactivated in elderly, immunocompromised patients. Frequently, reactivation results in the painful dermatomal rash of herpes zoster, but in sporadic cases, it can cause meningitis or encephalitis in the immunocompromised population. Our case demonstrates a healthy immunocompetent adult male who presented with headache, fever, mild neck stiffness, and painless right-sided abdominal skin rash and was later diagnosed with VZV meningitis via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We are reporting this case due to its rarity, and the challenging nature of its diagnosis and treatment. In the hospital, he was treated with IV acyclovir for three days and discharged home on 14 days of oral valacyclovir. Our case demonstrates the importance of having a high degree of suspicion, even if the presentation is unexpected and atypical.
Essentialism and Exclusion: Racism in Cancer Risk Prediction Models.

Cancer risk prediction models have the potential to revolutionize the science and practice of cancer prevention and control by identifying the likelihood that a patient will: develop cancer at some point in the future; likely experience more benefit than harm from a given intervention; and survive their cancer for a certain number of years. The ability of risk prediction models to produce estimates that are valid and reliable for people from diverse socio-demographic backgrounds-and consequently their utility for broadening the reach of precision medicine to marginalized populations-depends on ensuring that the risk factors included in the model are represented as thoroughly and as accurately as possible. However, cancer risk prediction models created in the United States have a critical limitation whose origins stem from the country's earliest days: they either erroneously treat the social construct of race as an immutable biological factor (ie, they "essentialize" race), or they exclude from the model those socio-contextual factors that are associated with both race and health outcomes. Models that essentialize race and/or exclude socio-contextual factors sometimes incorporate "race corrections" that adjust a patient's risk estimate up or down based on their race. This commentary discusses the origins of race corrections, potential flaws with such corrections, and strategies for developing cohorts for developing risk prediction models that do not essentialize race or exclude key socio-contextual factors. Such models will help move the science of cancer prevention and control towards its goal of eliminating cancer disparities and achieving health equity.
Association of modality of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy with survival outcomes for stage IIIA/IIIB and IIIC endometrial cancers

Objectives: Although adjuvant therapy with radiation (RT) or chemotherapy (CT) is recommended for advanced endometrial cancer, prior studies have not defined which modality of adjuvant therapy is most effective for advanced node-negative versus node-positive disease. This study investigates the impact of various adjuvant therapies on overall survival (OS) for patients with Stage IIIA/IIIB and IIIC endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: The SEER-Medicare database was used to identify patients with stage III endometrioid EC who underwent primary hysterectomy from 2005-2015, with Medicare claims data through 2016. Cases of stage IIIA/B and IIIC disease were analyzed separately. Demographic data, adjuvant therapy modality and sequence, and pathologic findings were collected. ‘Simplified Treatment Classification’ was defined by collapsing all modalities of combined CT/RT. ‘Treatment Sequence Specified’ maintained separate groups of sequence specifications. Descriptive analyses followed by Kaplan-Meier curves, Cox multivariable modeling, and pairwise comparisons with Bonferonni corrections were used to assess 5-year OS by treatment modality. Results: 2,045 patients were identified (n=1046 IIIA/B; n=977 IIIC). RT alone (33%) followed by CT alone (18%) were most commonly used in stage IIIA/B (33%); whereas CT alone (29%) and combination CT-RT (26%) were most common for stage IIIC. Treatment with RT alone decreased significantly for both groups after 2008 (42.32% to 20.25% for IIIA/B, 34.31% to 10.56% for IIIC, p 0.05 all). However, both CT alone and concurrent CT/RT were associated with improved survival compared to use of RT alone for IIIA/IIIB (CT HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.45, 0.81, p 0.05). Download : Download high-res image (141KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: In stage IIIA/B, both concurrent CT/RT and CT alone conferred improved survival compared to RT alone. In contrast for IIIC, concurrent CT/RT conferred improved survival over RT alone, whereas CT alone did not. For both IIIA/IIIB and IIIC, pairwise comparisons did not show improvement of using combination CT-RT over CT alone. There did not appear to be a clear difference in pattern of efficacy of various CT or RT regimens between node positive (IIIC) versus node negative (IIIA/B) advanced stage endometrioid adenocarcinomas.
SAS* use in data editing

1. Background SAS is a statistical analysis system written by SAS Institute of Cary, North Carolina, United States of America. It is a statistical analysis language that allows users to analyze data without need of extensive EDP training. SAS has the power of a 4th Generation Programming Language. There are interfaces from SAS to various data bases, including DB2 and Oracle. "Many relational databases allow the definition of views on the tables managed by the database. SAS/ ACCESS software can be used to process these views and retrieve the DBMS data for use in the SAS system." [9J SAS runs on a wide range of operating systems (UNIX, MVS, CMS, VMS, PRIMOS, AOS/VS, OS/2, MS-DOS, PC DOS, VSE, and Macintosh-1MP interactive statistical analysis only). The most obvious applications of statistical analysis packages to data editing are for statistical and macro editing and for outlier detection. SAS is well suited for these purposes. SAS is easy to use for simple within-record [IJ editing, yet powerful enough to use as a programming language for building generalized data-editing systems.
High-speed low-chirp semiconductor lasers

Publisher Summary The use of quantum wells and quantum dots for the active region of lasers leads to lower induced chirp when they are directly modulated, permitting direct laser modulation that can save the cost of separate external modulators. This chapter provides a comparison of InAlGaAs with InGaAsP long-wavelength quantum-well lasers in terms of high-speed performance and extraction of important parameters such as gain, differential gain, photon lifetime, temperature dependence, and chirp. DC characteristics and high-speed direct modulation of quantum-well lasers are presented with a comparison among theoretical models. Insights into novel quantum-dot lasers for high-speed operation provide a comparison between p-type doping and tunneling injection for broadband operation. In the optical component market for telecom and datacom applications, cost reduction is a driving force for technology innovations. As a result, directly modulated semiconductor lasers operating in multi-Gb/s optical communication systems have become the technology of choice for local area and metropolitan networks. They reduce component complexity and implementation cost, eliminating the need for a modulator.
The Effects of Microstructure on the Fracture Energy of Hot Pressed MgO

The fracture energy of brittle materials can be defined as the energy absorbed during the extension of a crack over a unit area of surface formed during the fracture process1. Measurements of fracture energy for polycrystalline ceramic materials have resulted in a wide range of reported values for the same material. This is due to some extent to the method used for measurement1–3, however, more important is the strong dependence of fracture energy on such microstructural variations as grain size4–9 and porosity2,6.
Semantic priming in Alzheimer's disease: Meta-analysis and theoretical evaluation.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses semantic priming in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The lexical priming paradigm has frequently been used as a tool for assessing the intactness of semantic memory in AD. In this paradigm, the effect of the related context on reaction time (RT) to pronounce a word or recognize a word (in a mixed list of word and nonword targets) is measured. The reduction in target RT produced by a preceding related context word (related prime) compared to an unrelated context word (unrelated prime) is known as the “semantic priming effect.” The chapter presents a critical review of the theory and methods relevant to research on lexical, semantic priming in AD compared to elderly normal (EN) subjects. It also presents several types of meta-analyses on the data from all available AD–EN semantic priming experiments. AD hyperpriming is attentionally based, coinciding with the disproportionate slowing in RT that occurs in controlled but not automatic priming paradigms.
Embryonic divergence of oligodendrocyte and astrocyte lineages in developing rat cerebrum

Oligodendrocyte and astrocyte lineages were traced in rat forebrain sections using single- and double-label immunoperoxidase and indirect immunofluorescent techniques. Antibodies were directed against antigenic markers, the expressions of which overlapped in time: GD3 ganglioside in immature neuroectodermal cells; vimentin in radial glia; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in astrocytes; and carbonic anhydrase (CA) and galactocerebroside (GC) in oligodendrocytes. A histochemical stain for iron was also used as a marker of oligodendrocytes. Small cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ) were stained with anti-GD3 but not with the other antibodies. By 16 d of gestation (E16), the SVZ generated large, round cells and thick, process-bearing cells that were GD3+/CA+/iron+. These cells then appeared in the cingulum and, with time, increased in numbers and extended thick processes as they filled the subcortical white matter. These cells eventually lost their reactivity to anti-GD3 but became GC+/CA+ with processes extending to myelin sheaths. At E15 radial glia were stained with the anti-vimentin antibody but were negative for GFAP. At birth, only the vimentin+ radial glia midline between the 2 ventricles were GFAP+, but with time more vimentin+ cells became GFAP+. By 7 d of postnatal age all the vimentin+ cells were GFAP+ and had converged predominately on the cingulum. With time these cells condensed and took on characteristic shapes of astrocytes. The embryonic separation of the oligodendrocyte and the astrocyte lineage is supported by four pieces of evidence: (1) GD3+ cells were double labeled with anti-CA, and then went on to become GC+; (2) vimentin+ and GFAP+ cells were not also GD3+; (3) ultrastructural localization of anti-GD3 was confined to cells with characteristics consistent with developing oligodendrocytes; and (4) the shapes of GD3+, CA+, GC+, or iron+ cells did not resemble those of the vimentin+ or GFAP+ cells.
Privacy preserving composition of government web services

The core of our research in digital government is the development of techniques to efficiently access government services and databases. As a case study, we use social and welfare services within Indiana's Family and Social Services Administration (FSSA). The FSSA is composed of dozens of autonomous and geographically distant departments. Each department provides several rehabilitation programs to help disadvantaged citizens. It also contains a myriad of databases that store government and citizens information. We propose a framework that enables uniform access to a large number of government services and databases. A Web-based prototype called WebDG (Web Digital Government) has been implemented. The main features of WebDG are the following:
Mixed-mode strain-energy-release rate effects on edge delamination of composites

Unnotched graphite/epoxy laminates, designed to delaminate at the edges under static and cyclic tensile loads, were tested and analyzed. The specimen stacking sequences were chosen so that the total strain-energy-release rate, G, for edge delamination was identical for all three layups. However, each layup had different percentages of crack-opening and shear-mode strain-energy-release rates, G sub 1 and G sub 2, respectively. Results with composites made from T300 graphite fibers and 5208 epoxy, a brittle resin, indicated that only G sub 1 contributed to delamination onset under static loading. However, results with composites made from C6000 fibers and H205 epoxy, a tougher resin, indicated that the total F governed the onset of edge delaminations under cyclic loads. In addition, for both materials, the threshold level of G for delamination onset in fatigue was significantly less than the critical G sub c measured in static tests. Futhermore, although the C6000/H205 material had a much higher static G sub c than T300/5208, its fatigue resistance was only slightly better. A series of mixed-mode tests, like the ones in this study, may be needed to evaluate toughened-resin composites developed for highly strained composite structures subjected to cyclic loads.
Physician depression and suicide: a shared responsibility

Issue: Although the exact number is often disputed, it has been reported that approximately 300 to 400 physicians in the United States take their own lives annually. Despite calls from key interest groups for prevention and treatment protocols of physician suicide, little systematic change has taken place. Evidence: Research on suicide risk factors among physicians has expanded. Increasing reports are surfacing that highlight suicidal ideation and depression in medical school, residency training, and later professional practice. Implications: The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the problem of physician suicide with an emphasis on the role of medical education. Multiple accreditation bodies should be involved to effect a change in physician suicide prevalence. Thirty years have demonstrated that without mandates, large-scale change will not occur. We adapted some of the 2012 National Strategy for Suicide Prevention goals to medical education as a guide.
Multidisciplinary guidelines for the care of late preterm infants. Introduction.

The Steering Committee members disclosed no relevant financial relationships that might create a conflict of interest in the development of the Multidisciplinary Guidelines for the Care of Late Preterm Infants. The development of the guidelines and funding for this supplement were supported through sponsorships from Philips Mother & Child Care and GE Healthcare Maternal-Infant Care. These organizations had no input or editing rights to the content included in the guidelines.
Assessing the Economics of Dengue: Results from a Systematic Review of the Literature and Expert Survey

The economics of dengue is complex and multifaceted. We performed a systematic review of the literature to provide a critical overview of the issues related to dengue economics research and to form a background with which to address the question of cost. Three literature databases were searched [PubMed, Embase and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS)], covering a period from 1980 to 2013, to identify papers meeting preset inclusion criteria. Studies were reviewed for methodological quality on the basis of a quality checklist developed for this purpose. An expert survey was designed to identify priority areas in dengue economics research and to identify gaps between the methodology and actual practice. Survey responses were combined with the literature review findings to determine stakeholder priorities in dengue economics research. The review identified over 700 papers. Forty-two of these papers met the selection criteria. The studies that were reviewed presented results from 32 dengue-endemic countries, underscoring the importance of dengue as a global public health problem. Cost analyses were the most common, with 21 papers, followed by nine cost-effectiveness analyses and seven cost-of-illness studies, indicating a relatively strong mix of methodologies. Dengue annual overall costs (in 2010 values) ranged from US$13.5 million (in Nicaragua) to $56 million (in Malaysia), showing cost variations across countries. Little consistency exists in the way costs were estimated and dengue interventions evaluated, making generalizations around costs difficult. The current evidence suggests that dengue costs are substantial because of the cost of hospital care and lost earnings. Further research in this area will broaden our understanding of the true economic impact of dengue.
Three- and four-particle transfer strengths to states in /sup 15/N

The 9.155, 9.83, and 10.69 MeV states in $^{15}\mathrm{N}$ are found to have large cross sections in both three- and four-particle transfer reactions from a study of the $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{7}\mathrm{Li}$,$\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\gamma}$), $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{6}\mathrm{Li}$,$^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{\gamma}$), and $^{11}\mathrm{B}$($^{7}\mathrm{Li}$,$t\ensuremath{\gamma}$) reactions at ${E}_{\mathrm{Li}}=28, 34,\mathrm{and} 28$ MeV, respectively. These results are in disagreement with simple cluster model arguments. Doppler shift attenuation measurements of the lifetimes of the $^{15}\mathrm{N}$ states show that neither the weak-coupling shell model nor the cluster model accurately predicts the electromagnetic decay strengths in $^{15}\mathrm{N}$.
CWRU multiwire proportional counter readout system

Abstract An electronic system is described which translates pulses from individual wires of multiwire proportional counters into binary addresses indicating the location of the wires in the chambers. The system combines a fast (
Model building on Calabi-Yau manifolds

Abstract An analysis of the conditions needed for a general Tian-Yau CP3 × CP3/Z3 Calabi-Yau compactification of the heterotic string to reduce to the Standard Model at low energies is given. A model independent analysis shows that in general these conditions imply the existence of four new neutral light particles. The conditions on the Yukawa couplings for the existence of a light pair of Higgs doublets is given.
Picking Your Tick: Toward a New Theory of Stock Splits

Thanks to stock splits, the average nominal share price has been amazingly stable in the United States. The average NYSE share price has fluctuated within the $30 to $40 range since the late 1930s—a period in which most consumer prices have increased by a factor of 10 and the S&P index has risen over 1,500%. Why has this nominal price been so stable when every other price has increased so much? And why do typical stock prices vary so greatly among different countries? For example, the median nominal stock price ranges from about $2 in Hong Kong and $7 in the U.K., to $103 in France and over $600 in Switzerland. The author's recent research suggests that typical stock prices vary across countries in ways that reflect primarily differences in how markets in each country set their “tick” rules—the rules governing the minimum price variation that can occur in a stock (in the U.S., for example, the tick was recently reduced from $1/8 to $1/16). Companies, on average, appear to respond to the resulting differences in tick size by adjusting the number of their shares outstanding so that the tick size relative to the nominal share price remains relatively constant. In fact, a tick size equal to about 25 basis points of the median share price “appears to be a universal norm” across global markets. This article explores how and why a company might wish to affect the relative tick size for its stock by splitting—and, in so doing, it suggests a “new theory” of stock splits. The theory also suggests that the optimal tick size for any given company will vary according to its size, visibility, and riskiness.
The neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of general anaesthesia associated with acute hypoxia and acute hypercapnia

Serial crossover experiments were performed on large trained male dogs who were moderately deeply anaesthetized for 90 minutes at two to three weekly intervals with thiopental, Innovar, diethyl ether, chloroform, trichlorethylene, fluroxene, halothane, halothane-ether azeotrope, and methoxyflurane. In one series, they were rendered hypoxic by mechanical ventilation with a 10 per cent oxygen mixture and, in the other, respiratory acidosis was induced by the addition of 7.5 per cent CO2 to the gas mixture. Blood assays of histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, and nor-epinephrine were performed at the beginning and end of each experiment, together with estimations of blood pH, PaCo2, Pa02, SaO2, haematocrit, blood water, lactate, pyruvate, blood sugar, serum potassium, and serum inorganic phosphorus. Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, E.C.G., pulmonary ventilation, and urine output were monitored throughout. Statistical analysis of the results led to the following conclusions : 1. The changes in neuroendocrine substances were quite variable and no clear-cut pattern emerged. Changes in the catecholamine levels did not correlate with changes in the other variables measured. 2. The blood sugar was uniformly raised, particularly in the hypercapnic animals. 3. Serum potassium was uniformly depressed. 4. Serum inorganic phosphorus rose with hypercapnia but fell with hypoxia. 5. Whole blood lactate, pyruvate, excess lactate, and L/P ratio tended to rise, more in the hypoxic dogs and maximally with diethyl ether. 6. Hypercapnia tended to produce hypotension and bradycardia except with diethyl ether, while hypoxaemia led to variable effects on the blood pressure and an over-all tachycardia except with Innovar and halothane.
Bridging social change through mythic regeneration

As social conditions change, a community's symbolism must likewise shift to account for that change within the central image of the culture. Mythic speech is one form of rhetoric which works to sustain a cultural persona in times of social evolution. National myths are regenerated during social change so that they sustain the ethos of a nation, yet evolve to encompass the changing social conditions. This essay explores the rhetorical process of mythic regeneration. The final years of the nineteenth century provide the moment of cultural upheaval, while Russell Conwell's “Acres of Diamonds” provides the mythic exemplar for rhetorical analysis.
The Role of Early Open Lung Biopsy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

Abstract Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis has increased in incidence within the population of patients receiving cytotoxic and immunosuppressive therapy. During the last seven years 12 patients with this fulminant disease have been encountered. Results of diagnosis and therapy are presented and discussed. Early open lung biopsy and the initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy are stressed.
Flexible registration of human motion data with parameterized motion models

This paper presents an efficient model-based approach for automatic human motion registration, which builds temporal correspondences between structurally similar but distinctive motion examples. The key idea of the model-based registration process is to construct a parameterized motion model from a set of preregistered motion examples. With such a model, we can register an input motion with the parameterized motion model by continuously deforming the model to best match the input motion. We formulate the registration process in a gradient-based nonlinear optimization framework by minimizing an objective function that measures differences between the input motion and deforming motion. We also develop a multi-resolution optimization process to efficiently estimate the model parameters as well as the temporal correspondences between the input motion and deforming motion. We demonstrate the performance of our approach by testing the algorithm on difficult motion sequences and comparing with alternative approaches.
Componentwise uniform equiconvergence of expansions in root vector functions of the Dirac operator with the trigonometric expansion

We consider the one-dimensional Dirac operator on a finite interval G = (a, b). We analyze the uniform componentwise equiconvergence of expansions in root vector functions of this operator with the trigonometric Fourier series on a compact set. Theorems on the componentwise equiconvergence on a compact set and the componentwise localization principle are proved.
Medical assessment for health advocacy and practical strategies for exercise initiation

The universal caution to consult your family doctor before beginning an exercise program creates an image of exercise as potentially harmful. Moreover, insistence on extensive screening prior to exercise is both unrealistic and often inappropriate for the older adult. Recasting the role of the physician as a physical activity advocate rather than as a gatekeeper is recommended for incorporation into guidelines for exercise screening. A geriatric assessment focusing on identification of specific parameters predictive of disablement risk can be incorporated into the exercise prescription as a guide for initiating exercise. The purpose of this article is to: (1) review the role of the primary care physician in screening and advocating exercise; (2) examine objectively the risk of exercise among older adults and place these risks in context with current screening guidelines with a particular emphasis on the exercise test; and (3) examine how key concepts derived from epidemiologic studies of disability can be distilled into practical guidelines for exercise therapy. We provide an overview of relevant literature related to screening and initiating exercise. Key challenges are highlighted and discussed. Suggestions for changes in policy are recommended. Given the apparent discordance between screening guidelines for the older adult and risk of adverse events, and between existing recommendations for physical activity and epidemiologic studies of disability, an evidence-based approach is recommended to review and revise screening and prescribing practices.
Effects of phosphate deficiency on assimilate partitioning in barley seedlings

Abstract Photosynthesis and assimilate partitioning were measured in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings raised from seed with mineral nutrient solution containing either 0 or 1 mmolar orthophosphate (P i ). Carbon assimilation rates and leaf extension rates were inhibited about 40% by low P i treatment. Starch and sucrose levels were similar in P i -depleted compared to control leaves during most of the photoperiod. These results indicated that low P i treatment inhibited carbon export from the primary leaf. Acid extractable P i decreased about 60% in P i -depleted barley leaves after a dark to light transition. In similar experiments with control barley and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves acid extractable P i decreased about 25% and 15%, respectively. These findings provided preliminary evidence for a diurnal variation in leaf P i content. Photosynthetic intermediate levels were lower and extractable enzyme activities were the same or higher in low P i compared to control leaves. These observations suggested that photosynthetic intermediate pools turnover more quickly in low P i than in P i -sufficient leaves.
Parametric studies on pulsed near ultraviolet frequency tripled Nd:YAG laser micromachining of sapphire and silicon

Abstract The use of a near ultraviolet Nd:YAG laser for rapid micromachining of sapphire and silicon has been systematically investigated. Cutting, marking and surface ablation of both materials have been produced by direct writing using a high-speed x–y galvanomechanical beam positioner. Machining results such as ablation rate and efficiency are discussed. The results show that the quality and efficiency of the laser machining depend on several factors, including focus length, beam feed rate (cutting speed) and the pulse repetition rate. The surface morphology and ablation rate indicate that the laser ablation process of sapphire could be a mixed photothermal and photochemical process, while that of silicon appears be dominated by a photothermal process when using a near UV nanosecond pulses.
Interactivity in Prosodic Representations in Children.

The aim of this study was to determine, using speech error and articulatory analyses, whether the binary distinction between iambs and trochees should be extended to include additional prosodic sub-categories. Adults, children who are normally developing, and children with specific language impairment (SLI) participated. Children with SLI were included because they exhibit prosodic and motor deficits. Children, especially those with SLI, showed the expected increase in omission errors in weak initial syllables. Movement patterning analyses revealed that speakers produced differentiated articulatory templates beyond the broad categories of iamb and trochee. Finally, weak-weak prosodic sequences that crossed word boundaries showed increased articulatory variability when compared with strong-weak alternations. The binary distinction between iamb and trochee may be insufficient, with additional systematic prosodic sub-categories evident, even in young children with SLI. Findings support increased interactivity in language processing.