cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating a Creole Estate in early nineteenth-century Russian America

AbstractIn Russian America, creoles were the offspring of Russian men and Native women. This article argues that the creation of a creole estate in the early nineteenth century by the Russian-American Company (RAC) and the Russian government had two main goals: to create a non-taxable estate that would serve the RAC rather than the state and to spread the Russian way of life. Rather than envisioning Russian workers for the RAC as culture bearers, the RAC and the state expected creoles to bring together experience of local conditions with knowledge of Russian traditions, culture and language, which was fostered by the expectation that all creoles would be educated by the company. Using a wide variety of archival sources from the 1810s and 1820s, the article examines the origin of the creole estate as an attempt to create a new orderly, monogamous, and productive Russian civilization in the New World.
Combination chemotherapy with carboplatin and docetaxel in the treatment of cancers of the ovary and fallopian tube and primary carcinoma of the peritoneum.

PURPOSE: Standard chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer currently includes a platinum agent (usually carboplatin) and paclitaxel. Because docetaxel is an active agent in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, it is relevant to evaluate both the toxicity and efficacy of the combination of carboplatin and docetaxel in this clinical setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Gynecologic Oncology Program of the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center conducted a phase II trial of carboplatin (area under the concentration-versus-time curve of 6) and docetaxel (60 mg/m2), delivered every 3 weeks for six courses, in patients with ovarian and fallopian tube cancers and primary carcinoma of the peritoneum who had either received no prior chemotherapy or had experienced a treatment-free interval of greater than 2 years before developing disease recurrence. RESULTS: Fifty patients (median age, 57 years; range, 44 to 81 years) entered the trial (47 had had no prior chemotherapy). Our toxicity findings included the following: g...
Observed frequency and intensity of tropical precipitation from instantaneous estimates

[1] Negative societal impacts can result from intense individual downpours, the accumulation of rainfall over a day or more, or a combination of these. Accumulation is reasonably well captured by daily reporting rain gauges, but rainfall intensity is not. Ten years of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) are used to describe the spatial and seasonal distributions of instantaneous rainfall intensity with an emphasis on how these differ from the distributions of mean daily accumulation. Over tropical land, the rainy season, when rainfall is most frequent, does not coincide with the highest mean intensity. Rather, intensity peaks just before the rainy season. This offset is most obvious in the pre-onset and post-onset months in monsoon regions and it is also evident in equatorial regions without a well-defined dry and rainy season. Most seasonal variations in rainfall intensity can be explained as parallel variations in the occurrence of convective, relative to stratiform, precipitation. However, regional differences in rainfall intensity are related to differences in the intensity of convection itself. Compared with seasonal changes in intensity over land, variations in convective precipitation fraction over tropical oceans are trivial, and the modest seasonal changes in the intensity of rainfall parallel those of frequency. These findings suggest that studies of precipitation extremes under global warming should (1) explicitly tackle the question of changes in the intensity of rainfall separately from changes in daily rainfall accumulation and (2) consider the different qualities of extreme precipitation events over ocean and over land.
Biomechanics of Lymph Transport

While lymphatics were probably observed by members of ancient schools, the first documented description of lymphatics in the dog mesentery is by the Italian Asellius in 1622. About 1652 the Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck at the University of Uppsala and independently the Danish anatomist Thomas Bartholin gave the first descriptions of lymphatics as a unidirectional transport system which carries fluid from the interstitial tissue compartment via a network of lymphatic conduits and nodes to the thoracic ducts and back into the venous circulation (Grotte, 1979). In addition to interstitial fluid, the lymphatics carry colloid particles of different sources as well as blood cells, such as lymphocytes. With the exception of the brain, virtually all organs have lymphatics. Man generates several liters of lymph fluid every day. While the flow rates in individual lymphatics are low compared with flow rates in the vascular system, the amount of fluid being transported by each lymphatic is still large. Even relative short interruption of the lymph flows lead to rapid swelling of lymphatics and the interstitial space. In spite of a colorful research history older than three hundred years, no consensus has been reached to explain the mechanism(s) by which interstitial fluid is carried into the terminal endings of the lymphatics and by which lymph fluid is retained and transported inside the initial lymphatics. Once lymphatic fluid reaches the contractile segments of the lymphatic system, fluid propulsion is achieved by peristaltic smooth muscle contractions and lymphatic valves to prevent reflow. While many aspects of peristaltic lymph pumping have been explored, the mechanism of lymph formation and transport in regions without lymphatic smooth muscle is, however, without even the most basic understanding. It will be the focus of the present discussion.
Note on the decay of the new nucleide Cr56

Abstract Cr 56 has been identified and was found to decay with a 5.94 min half-life. A 1.5-MeV β -group and a 26-, 83-keV γ -ray cascade were observed in this decay.
Remarks on the m = 1 flute mode☆

Abstract I will sketch 30 years of research on the flute instability in 30 min. I will attempt to present a broad view of what is underlying the m = 1 flute mode and flutelike instabilities and try to sketch the physics basis for these instabilities.
Patterning strategy for low-K 1 lithography

Moore's law has been guiding the semiconductor industry for four decades. Lithography is the key enabler to keep the industry on the technology treadmill. Lithographers have been facing unprecedented challenges during last five years to keep the technology on the technology treadmill by developing various kinds of resolution enhancement techniques (RETs). In low K1 regime, co-optimization of design, layout mask, OPC, lithography and etching is the primary strategy to deliver a production-worthy patterning solution. Optical shrink is not a trivial task anymore. Intel always pursues parallel patterning techniques based on the dual exposure wavelength patterning strategy. While EUVL is the preferred patterning solution for 32nm node, 193nm immersion lithography with super high NA illumination is one of the parallel patterning strategies. The effects of polarization at super high NA illumination on mask technology, such as lens reduction ratio, blank absorber thickness and image imbalance correction, and restriction on design layout are addressed in this paper. Contact patterning is extremely challenging at low K1. Contact shape factor (circularity) which impacts the design rule will be discussed in this paper. Explosion of data file size and mask write time, stringent mask CD control and mask defect disposition are direct consequences of low-K1/high-MEEF (Mask Error Enhancement Factor) lithography. Mask makers alone cannot resolve the challenges in a cost effective manner. A seamless integration solution is a must.
A yeast TDP-43 proteinopathy model: Exploring the molecular determinants of TDP-43 aggregation and cellular toxicity

Protein misfolding is intimately associated with devastating human neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's. Although disparate in their pathophysiology, many of these disorders share a common theme, manifested in the accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates in the brain. Recently, the major disease protein found in the pathological inclusions of two of these diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontal temporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U), was identified as the 43-kDa TAR-DNA-binding protein (TDP-43), providing a molecular link between them. TDP-43 is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein that undergoes a pathological conversion to an aggregated cytoplasmic localization in affected regions of the nervous system. Whether TDP-43 itself can convey toxicity and whether its abnormal aggregation is a cause or consequence of pathogenesis remain unknown. We report a yeast model to define mechanisms governing TDP-43 subcellular localization and aggregation. Remarkably, this simple model recapitulates several salient features of human TDP-43 proteinopathies, including conversion from nuclear localization to cytoplasmic aggregation. We establish a connection between this aggregation and toxicity. The pathological features of TDP-43 are distinct from those of yeast models of other protein-misfolding diseases, such as polyglutamine. This suggests that the yeast model reveals specific aspects of the underlying biology of the disease protein rather than general cellular stresses associated with accumulating misfolded proteins. This work provides a mechanistic framework for investigating the toxicity of TDP-43 aggregation relevant to human disease and establishes a manipulable, high-throughput model for discovering potential therapeutic strategies.
The Role of the N-P Interaction in Microscopic Calculations of Collective Motion

A topic of longstanding interest in nuclear structure theory has been the microscopic theory of collective nuclear behavior. There is now a large body of evidence that nuclear shell-model calculations1 can reproduce rotational behavior which is observed in light nuclei, particularly in the sd shell. In the last few years, there has been great interest in the so-called interacting boson model2 (IBM), which has been able to describe both rotational and vibrational behavior in medium and heavy nuclei,. As I’ll discuss further below, the IBM is a truncation scheme for shell-model calculations. An intrinsic assumption of the model is that the shell model is capable of describing observed collective phenomena. One question then is what are the key ingredients in a shell-model calculation which lead to rotational features? There have been several papers3–7 in recent years on this question, and in most of them, it is suggested that the neutron-proton interaction plays a decisive role in shell-model descriptions of rotational behavior. It is the purpose of this talk to summarize these arguments on the importance of n-p interaction.
Penetration and effectiveness of prophylactic fluoroquinolones in experimental methicillin-sensitive or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus anterior chamber infections.

Purpose To determine the effectiveness of moxifloxacin and besifloxacin prophylactic therapy for experimental Staphylococcus aureus infections originating in the rabbit anterior chamber. Setting Microbiology Department, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of moxifloxacin 0.5% and besifloxacin 0.6% for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were determined. Eyes were treated with moxifloxacin, a moxifloxacin alternative formulation 0.5%, or besifloxacin (45 μL) 30 minutes or 60 minutes before anterior chamber infection (106 colony-forming units [CFUs]). Aqueous humor was removed 30 minutes after infection for quantification of antibiotic and bacteria. Results The MIC for both organisms was 0.06 μg/mL for moxifloxacin and 0.03 μg/mL for besifloxacin. In MSSA infections, the untreated eyes contained 5.18 log CFU/mL, which was similar to besifloxacin-treated eyes with either treatment (P≥.1091). Eyes treated with moxifloxacin or moxifloxacin alternative formulation contained significantly fewer CFUs than untreated controls or besifloxacin-treated eyes with either treatment (P≤.0020). The aqueous humor in eyes treated with moxifloxacin or moxifloxacin alternative formulation contained significantly more drug than besifloxacin-treated eyes at both prophylactic time points (P≤.0012). In MRSA infections, the untreated eyes contained 4.91 log CFU/mL, which was similar to besifloxacin-treated eyes with either treatment (P≥.5830). Eyes treated with moxifloxacin or moxifloxacin alternative formulation contained significantly fewer CFUs than untreated controls or besifloxacin-treated eyes at both prophylactic time points (P≤.0008). Conclusions Moxifloxacin had greater in vivo effectiveness against MSSA and MRSA than besifloxacin. The aqueous antibiotic concentrations suggest limited penetration by besifloxacin, accounting for its lack of effectiveness. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Sequencing the dihedral groups D 4 k

A finite group is sequenceable if its elements can be listed in such a way that the partial products are distinct. The sequenceability of several classes of groups has previously been investigated. In particular, it has been shown 5] that the dihedral groups Dn = (?,?vb?? = ?2 = 1, ?? = ??1?>, are sequenceable for n ? 0 mod 4. In this note we show that D4k are sequenceable for k ? 4.
Measurements of electromagnetic bias at Ku and C bands

The electromagnetic (EM) bias epsilon is an error present in radar altimetry of the ocean surface due to nonuniform reflection with surface displacement. The electromagnetic bias is defined as the difference in height between the mean reflecting surface and the mean sea surface. A knowledge of the electromagnetic bias is required for reducing errors in mean sea level measurements by satellite radar altimeters. Direct measurements of the EM bias at 14 GHz (Ku band) and 5 GHz (C band) were made from an oil production platform in the Gulf of Mexico over a 6-month period during 1989 and 1990. A total of 1280 hours of usable data was collected. During the experiment the significant wave height (SWH) varied from 0.6 to 3.2 m; the wind speed at 25 m above the surface varied from 0.1 to 14.3 m/s; the Ku band bias varied from -1.0 to -13.8 cm, or from -1.6% to -5.3% of the SWH; and the C band bias varied from -0.4 to -19.9 cm, or from -0.6% to -6.3% of the SWH. The biases has mean values of -3.7% and -3.6% of SWH with standard deviations of the variability about the mean of 0.7% and 1.0% of the SWH for Ku and C bands, respectively. We found a nonlinear relationship between dimensionless bias (bias/SWH) and wind speed at both low and high wind speeds. For wind speeds less than 3-4 m/s but less than 10 m/s, both biases were found to increase linearly with wind speed. For wind speeds greater than 11-12 m/s, the C band bias reaches a maximum. The Ku band bias reaches a maximum and then begins to decrease for wind speeds greater than 9-10 m/s.
Influence of bleed water reabsorption on cement paste autogenous deformation

The effects of bleed water reabsorption and subsequent early age expansion on observed autogenous deformation are investigated in this research. Bleeding was induced by varying superplasticizer and shrinkage-reducing admixture dosages and by increasing the water-to-cement ratio. This research revealed that significant early age expansion occurs with increasing chemical admixture dosages and higher water-to-cement ratios, as expected, due to increasing bleeding of those samples. When samples were rotated, negligible early age expansion was observed. Thus, bleed water reabsorption is shown to be the primary mechanism causing initial expansion in sealed autogenous deformation samples. Thermal dilation and ettringite growth appear to have a minimal influence on the observed expansion. Rotating the samples during setting eliminates the potential for bleed water reabsorption and is recommended for all autogenous deformation testing.
Venom-spraying behavior of the scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus (Arachnida: Buthidae)

Abstract Many animals use chemical squirting or spraying behavior as a defensive response. Some members of the scorpion genus Parabuthus (family Buthidae) can spray their venom. We examined the stimulus control and characteristics of venom spraying by Parabuthus transvaalicus to better understand the behavioral context for its use. Venom spraying occurred mostly, but not always, when the metasoma (tail) was contacted (usually grasped by forceps), and was absent during stinging-like thrusts of the metasoma apart from contact. Scorpions were significantly more likely to spray when contact was also accompanied by airborne stimuli. Sprays happened almost instantaneously following grasping by forceps (median = 0.23 s) as a brief (0.07–0.30 s, mean = 0.18 s), fine stream (
Patient and Hospital Characteristics Related to In-Hospital Mortality after Lung Cancer Resection*

Several recent reports from academic centers have documented very low postoperative mortality after lung cancer surgery. However, generalizing these studies to community hospitals is potentially limited by reporting bias. From California hospital discharge abstracts, we identified 12,439 adults who underwent pulmonary resection for lung or bronchial tumors between January 1983 and December 1986. In-hospital mortality was 3.8 percent after wedge resection, 3.7 percent after segmental resection, 4.2 percent after lobectomy, and 11.6 percent after pneumonectomy. In multivariate regression models, the significant predictors of in-hospital death included age 60 years or more, male gender, extended resection, chronic lung or heart disease, diabetes and hospital volume. High-volume hospitals experienced better outcomes than low-volume hospitals, although unmeasured severity of illness may be a confounder. The overall mortality in this community-based sample exceeds that reported by selected centers and provides a better foundation for advising patients.
Effect of Beta-blocker therapy on survival in patients with severe mitral regurgitation and normal left ventricular ejection fraction.

Chronic volume overload from chronic severe mitral regurgitation (MR) results in neuroendocrine activation similar to the heart failure syndrome despite normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). Hence, the hypothesis that β-blocker (BB) therapy may have a beneficial effect in these patients was tested using a large observational cohort. Our echocardiographic database was searched for patients with severe MR and normal LVEF. Full chart reviews were conducted for clinical and pharmacologic data. Survival was analyzed as a function of BB therapy. The search produced 895 patients aged 68 ± 17 years, 44% men, with LVEF 66 ± 7%. Of these, 32% were on BB therapy. Use of a BB was associated with a significantly decreased mortality hazard of 0.62 (95% confidence interval 0.46 to 0.83, p = 0.002), which was unchanged after adjusting for age, gender, LVEF, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiac valve surgery. The independent beneficial effect of BBs was seen in patients with or without coronary artery disease, those with or without hypertension, and patients managed both medically and surgically. In conclusion, use of BB therapy was associated with a significant independent survival benefit in patients with chronic severe MR with normal LVEF. This benefit was seen in patients with or without coronary artery disease, as well as patients managed both medically and surgically. Use of BBs in patients with severe MR despite normal LVEF is suggested.
Role of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (Lag-3) in conventional and regulatory T cell function in allogeneic transplantation.

Lag-3 has emerged as an important molecule in T cell biology. We investigated the role of Lag-3 in conventional T cell (Tcon) and regulatory T cell (Treg) function in murine GVHD with the hypothesis that Lag-3 engagement diminishes alloreactive T cell responses after bone marrow transplantation. We demonstrate that Lag-3 deficient Tcon (Lag-3−/− Tcon) induce significantly more severe GVHD than wild type (WT) Tcon and that the absence of Lag-3 on CD4 but not CD8 T cells is responsible for exacerbating GVHD. Lag-3−/− Tcon exhibited increased activation and proliferation as indicated by CFSE and bioluminescence imaging analyses and higher levels of activation markers such as CD69, CD107a, granzyme B, and Ki-67 as well as production of IL-10 and IFN-g early after transplantation. Lag-3−/− Tcon were less responsive to suppression by WT Treg as compared to WT Tcon. The absence of Lag-3, however, did not impair Treg function as both Lag-3−/− and WT Treg equally suppress the proliferation of Tcon in vitro and in vivo and protect against GVHD. Further, we demonstrate that allogeneic Treg acquire recipient MHC class II molecules through a process termed trogocytosis. As MHC class II is a ligand for Lag-3, we propose a novel suppression mechanism employed by Treg involving the acquisition of host MHC-II followed by the engagement of Lag-3 on T cells. These studies demonstrate for the first time the biologic function of Lag-3 expression on conventional and regulatory T cells in GVHD and identify Lag-3 as an important regulatory molecule involved in alloreactive T cell proliferation and activation after bone marrow transplantation.
Fast and parallel mapping algorithms for irregular problems

In this paper we develop simple index-based graph-partitioning techniques. We show that our methods are very fast and provide good-quality mappings. We also show that they are easily parallelizable. These properties make them useful for the parallelization of a number of irregular and adaptive applications.
Reduction of 5-p-anilinoadamantan-2-one. A reinvestigation

Abstract Revised data are reported which show that π-donor p -substituents in a phenyl ring located in the 5-position of adamantanone can moderate its ability m affect face selection, but cannot reverse it as claimed earlier.
Gold in natural water: A method of determination by solvent extraction and electrothermal atomization

A method has been developed using electrothermal atomization to effectively determine the amount of gold in natural water within the nanogram range. The method has four basic steps: (1) evaporating a 1-L sample; (2) putting it in hydrobromic acid-bromine solution; (3) extracting the sample with methyl-isobutyl-ketone; and (4) determining the amount of gold using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The limit of detection is 0.001 μg gold per liter. Results from three studies indicate, respectively, that the method is precise, effective, and free of interference. Specifically, a precision study indicates that the method has a relative standard deviation of 16–18%; a recovery study indicates that the method recovers gold at an average of 93%; and an interference study indicates that the interference effects are eliminated with solvent extraction and background correction techniques. Application of the method to water samples collected from 41 sites throughout the Western United States and Alaska shows a gold concentration range of < 0.001 to 0.036 μg gold per liter, with an average of 0.005 μg/L.
A robust general phase retrieval method for medical applications

From medical imaging perspective the robustness of a phase retrieval method is of critical importance. In this presentation we compare the robustness of two general phase retrieval methods, namely the transport of intensity equation inversion (TIE-inversion) method and the attenuation partition based (AP-based) method. We showed that the TIE-inversion method, regardless if being assisted with the Tikhonov regularization, failed to retrieve the phase maps in two experimental studies. The failure exposes this method's weakness as being unstable against the noise. In contrast, the sample phase maps are retrieved successfully by using the AP-based method. The stark performance differences of the two methods are rooted in their different techniques dealing with the singularity problem. This comparison shows that the robust AP-based phase retrieval method will be superior to the TIE-inversion method for medical imaging applications where radiation doses are stringently limited.
Numerical analysis of the influence of residual stresses on crack closure in rings

Abstract The stress intensity factors which result when an axially cracked ring containing residual stresses is subjected to an external load have been calculated using a numerical method. When partial crack closure occurs, it has been taken into account. The computations show that residual stresses can cause both cracking problems in service and scatter in experimental data. The method uses a finite-element procedure that is similar to those used with contact problems to provide the basis for a numerical solution. The procedure can be applied to any geometrical configuration that can be analyzed with the finite-element method.
Correlation between magnetic splitting and magnetic moment for 3d transition metals

Abstract The exchange splitting of the 3d states near the Fermi level is found to be approximately proportional to the local magnetic moment in 3d transition metals, with a proportionality constant of 1 eV μ B . This correlation is found from available experimental results and local density calculations. It holds not only for ferromagnets, but also for antiferromagnets, spin glasses, and for the free atoms.
Annual Summary of Vital Statistics—1991

Vital statistics for selected countries are presented and summarized. Among the findings the author notes that for the United States "between 1990 and 1991 provisional data show that the infant mortality rate decreased again from 9.1 to 8.9 a decline of 2% in contrast to the 7% decline from 1989 to 1990. Birth death and marriage rates were also lower but the divorce rate stayed at about the same level as in 1990. Natural increase in population excess of births over deaths was less than 2 million 4% less than the increase in 1990....Some 12.5 million births less that 9% of the world total took place in countries with under-5 mortality rates of less than 20 per 1000. At the other end of the scale 42% of the worlds births occurred in countries with under-5 mortality rates of more than 140 per 1000. The median under-5 mortality rate for those countries in 1990 was 189 per 1000 meaning that almost 20% of the infants born alive in these countries died before their fifth birthday." (EXCERPT)
Matching spatial property rights fisheries with scales of fish dispersal

Regulation of fisheries using spatial property rights can alleviate competition for high-value patches that hinders economic efficiency in quota-based, rights-based, and open-access management programs. However, efficiency gains erode when delineation of spatial rights constitutes incomplete ownership of the resource, thereby degrading its local value and promoting overexploitation. Incomplete ownership may be particularly prevalent in the spatial management of mobile fishery species. We developed a game-theoretic bioeconomic model of spatial property rights representing territorial user rights fisheries (TURF) management of nearshore marine fish and invertebrate species with mobile adult and larval life history stages. Strategic responses by fisheries in neighboring management units result in overexploitation of the stock and reduced yields for each fishery compared with those attainable without resource mobility or with coordination or sole control in fishing effort. High dispersal potential of the larval stage, a common trait among nearshore fishery species, coupled with scaling of management units to only capture adult mobility, a common characteristic of many nearshore TURF programs, in particular substantially reduced stock levels and yields. In a case study of hypothetical TURF programs of nearshore fish and invertebrate species, management units needed to be tens of kilometers in alongshore length to minimize larval export and generate reasonable returns to fisheries. Cooperation and quota regulations represent solutions to the problem that need to be quantified in cost and integrated into the determination of the acceptability of spatial property rights management of fisheries.
Media-Government-Public: Coalitions and Oppositions

Triangles, famously, describe coalitions and oppositions. It may be useful to think of the news as a triangle of relations among M, G and P, that is, among Media, Government (or Establishment), and People. Thus, “routine news” is typically initiated by G, resulting in a coalition with M. “Investigative reporting” of accidents and scandals is initiated by M, and aims for a coalition with P in opposition to G. Similarly, a “revolutionary scenario” is initiated by P against G, seeking to enlist M. A “disaster” scenario introduces a subversive agent S, aiming to undermine the system, but tempting M into a hate-love relationship.
Recent Advances in the Theory and Practice of Displacement Chromatography

Abstract Displacement chromatography has been shown to be a powerful technique for the simultaneous concentration and purification of biomolecules. Despite its distinct advantages, the displacement mode of chromatography has remained a relatively unknown technique. This is rapidly changing, however, as evidenced by the increasing number of papers on displacement chromatography in the literature and presentations at major conferences during the past few years. Much of this work has been reviewed by Frenz and Horvathl. In fact, there has been a quiet revolution in the perception of the preparative chromatographic community with respect to displacement chromatography. In this report, we will present some of the more recent advances, post 1987, in the theory and practice of the technique. Theoretical work on ideal and non-ideal displacement chromatography will be presented as will experimental work on the displacement purification of biomolecules on a variety of stationary phase materials. Preliminary work on...
The specificity of the sulfur amino acid requirement of Tetrahymena geleii.

Summary In the presence of a limited amount of methionine, the following compounds were found to substitute for cystine in promoting the growth of Tetrahymena geleii W, a protozoon: various forms of cystine, homocystine, cysteine, and homocysteine; l -cystathionine, l -lanthionine, and glutathione. The d -forms of cystine and homocystine, formyl- l -cystine, djenkolic acid, and sodium thioglycolate were among the compounds that were unable to substitute for cystine in its sparing action on methionine. Although Tetrahymena is similar to the rat in its ability to utilize most of the above-named compounds only if a limited amount of methionine is present, its sulfur amino acid metabolism differs sharply from that of the rat in that it is unable to synthesize methionine from homocysteine even though a methyl donor and vitamin B 12 are present. The route of conversion of homocysteine to cysteine by Tetrahymena probably occurs through the formation of l -cystathionine.
A Restructured Collaborative Student Teaching Experience to Prepare Teachers for Inclusion

Abstract This project was designed to provide training and experience in the processes of professional collaboration and the use of instructional support strategies for educators who serve exceptional or at-risk students in inclusive classrooms. Crossing the disciplines of special education and general education, the project training and experiences addressed the professional development of student teachers, practicing teachers, and university faculty with relation to inclusive practices for students. The project consisted of several components: cross visitations between special education and general education classrooms, written reflective journals, and a course on strategies for instructional support. One option for implementing instructional support strategies was a co-teaching experience. Another option was developing and providing instructional support for individual students in inclusive general education classrooms. All constituents reported that they benefitted from the collaboration and experienc...
The possible combinatory effects of acute consumption of caffeine, creatine, and amino acids on the improvement of anaerobic running performance in humans

Preexercise nutritional investigations have recently become a popular avenue of examining the interaction of multiple ingredients on exercise and training methods. The critical velocity (CV) test is used to quantify the relationship between total running distance and time to exhaustion (TTE), yielding aerobic (CV) and anaerobic parameters (anaerobic running capacity [ARC]). The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that a preexercise supplement containing caffeine, creatine, and amino acids (Game Time; Corr-Jen Laboratories Inc, Aurora, CO) would positively impact CV and ARC in college-aged men and women. In a single-blind crossover design, 10 participants consumed the preexercise supplement (ACT) or placebo (PL) before each testing session. Each participant completed runs to exhaustion on a treadmill at 110%, 90% (day 1), and 105% and 100% (day 2) of the peak velocity (PV) determined from a graded exercise test. The ACT elicited a 10.8% higher ARC (P = .02) compared with the PL, whereas no difference was found in CV (0.6%, P = .38). The TTE was greater for the ACT than the PL at 110% (ACT = 125.7 ± 9.6 seconds, PL = 117.3 ± 12.6 seconds), 105% (ACT = 156.9 ± 11.0 seconds, PL = 143.8 ± 12.9 seconds), and 100% PV (ACT = 185.7 ± 10.7 seconds, PL = 169.7 ± 12.8 seconds) (P = .01-.04); but there was no difference for the TTE at 90% PV (ACT = 353.5 ± 52.7 seconds, PL = 332.7 ± 54.0 seconds) (P = .08). These findings suggest that the acute ingestion of this preexercise supplement may be an effective strategy for improving anaerobic performance, but appears to have no effect on aerobic power.
Systematic desensitization as a component for treatment of alopecia areata: a case study.

Systematic desensitization and relaxation were employed to examine their effects on hair growth in a 20-yr.-old male with a 4-yr. history of alopecia areata. Six bald scalp patches were photographed over 6 mo.; 2 ordered hierarchies involving interpersonal and compulsive themes were presented in 8 treatment sessions. Results indicated nearly complete hair regrowth over the 6 mo., with no new appearances of bald patches. Both rate and duration of growth exceeded that reported in dermatological literature, suggesting that autonomic activity associated with anxiety and nervousness are correlated with physiological changes precipitating hair loss.
Synthesis and Self-Association Behavior of Poly(bis(2-(2- methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene)-b-Poly(propylene glycol) Triblock Copolymers

Amphilic triblock copolymers with varying ratios of hydrophilic poly(bis (methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene) (MEEP) and relatively hydrophobic poly(propyl- ene glycol) (PPG) blocks were synthesized via the controlled cationic-induced living polymerization of a phosphoranimine (Cl3P¼ ¼NSiMe3) at ambient temperature. A PPG block can function as either a classical hydrophobic block or a less hydrophobic component by varying the nature of a phosphazene block. The aqueous phase behav- ior of MEEP-PPG-MEEP block copolymers was investigated using fluorescence tech- niques, TEM, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The critical micelle concentrations (cmcs) of MEEP-PPG-MEEP block copolymers were determined to be in the range of 3.7-16.8 mg/L. The mean diameters of MEEP-PPG-MEEP polymeric micelles, meas- ured by DLS, were between 31 and 44 nm. The equilibrium constants of pyrene in these micelles ranged from 4.7 � 10 4 to 9.6 � 10 4 . V
SNR N49 in the LMC: X-ray emission from multi-phase shock and neutron star

Abstract Supernova remnant N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud has been observed with the Chandra X-ray Observatory . The superb angular resolution of the Chandra images resolves the diffuse filaments and knots across the remnant as well as the point source, the X-ray counterpart of soft γ-ray repeater SGR 0526-66. We detect metal-rich ejecta beyond the main shock boundary in the southwest of the remnant, which appear to be the supernova explosion fragments ejected from the progenitor star. The X-ray spectral features of N49 suggest that the post-shock regions in the east might have been reheated by the reverse shock off the dense clouds, while the blast wave shock front has decelerated as it propagates into the clouds. The X-ray spectrum of the detected point source can be described with a power law ( Γ ∼3), This confirms the conclusive detection of the X-ray counterpart of SGR 0526-66 in the quiescent state.
Complications of care in a medical intensive care unit

Objective:To determine the frequency and nature of complications of care in the medical intensive care unit (MICU). Design:Prospective, observational study. Setting:Seven-bed MICU in a teaching and referral VA hospital. Patients:295 consecutive patients admitted to the MICU during a ten-month study period. Interventions:None. Measurements and main results:Forty-two patients (14%, 95% confidence interval 13%, 16%) experienced one or more complications during their MICU stays. Compared with other MICU patients, those experiencing complications tended to be older (mean age ± SD: 63.6±10.1 years vs 59.3±14.0 years, p<0.02) and more acutely ill (mean Acute Physiology Score ± SD: 18.3±8.0 vs 12.5±8.0, p=0.0001). These patients also had significantly longer MICU lengths of stay (mean ± SD: 12.3±14.7 days vs 3.1±4 days, p<0.0001) and higher hospital mortality rates (67% vs 27%, p<0.001). The 67% mortality rate among patients with complications significantly exceeded the expected mortality rate of 46% (calculated from the APACHE risk equation). Conclusion:Complications of care in the MICU are not rare and may independently contribute to in-hospital mortality. The potential for complications must be recognized when considering ICU care.
Identification of a development-specific promoter of Myxococcus xanthus☆

Abstract In the chromosome of Myxococcus xanthus, two homologous genes for protein S, a development-specific protein, are tandemly repeated with a 1.4 × 103 base-pair sequence between the two genes. Two synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides were used as specific probes for individual transcripts from the upstream gene 1 and the downstream gene 2, respectively. The gene 2 transcript was detected only during developmental growth, while the gene 1 transcript was not detected during developmental or vegetative growth. The major initiation site for the gene 2 transcription was determined to be 51 bases upstream of the initiation codon for gene 2. The development-specific promoter of gene 2 was identified; it shows some homologies to the Escherichia coli promoter structures.
Buoyant densities of natural and synthetic DNA's in CsCl and Cs2SO4 considered as sequence‐dependent properties

The buoyant densities of natural and synthetic DNA's can be accurately interrelated if second-neighbor influences are taken into account. We derive the following expressions, based partly on the buoyant densities of six synthetic DNA's, for the buoyant densities ρ (g/cm3) of DNA's having random sequences. In CsCl, and in Cs2SO4, . In these equations, HG is the mole fraction of G : C base pairs in the DNA and the buoyant densities are calculated relative to densities for E. coli DNA of 1.703 and 1.426 (g/cm3) in CsCl and Cs2SO4, respectively.
Changes in intestinal glucose transport over the lifespan of the rat.

Abstract Age-related changes in intestinal glucose absorption were studied using everted intestinal sacs and brush border membrane vesicles prepared from male F344 rats. Glucose uptake by everted intestinal sacs was greatest in young (2–3-month-old) as compared with adult (12–14-month-old) and old (24-month-old) rats. The greatest decrease in glucose uptake occurred between 2 and 12 months. The addition of phloridzin reduced glucose uptake to similar levels in all age groups, suggesting that the age-related change was in the carrier-mediated component of glucose transport. In order to localize the site of decreased carrier-mediated glucose transport, experiments were performed using brush border membrane vesicles. Vesicular glucose uptake in the presence of Na was significantly greater in vesicles prepared from 2-month-old rats (133 ± 18 pmol/mg/s), compared with those prepared from 12-month-old rats (82 ± 13 pmol/mg/s). Kinetic studies performed under non-equilibrium conditions demonstrated that the major effect of age was on the Na-dependent component of the brush border transport system. There was a reduction in the V max from 335 ± 37 pmol/mg/s in the young to 217 ± 22 pmol/mg/s in the adult, but there was no change in the K m . Isotope exchange studies performed under equilibrium conditions confirmed a decrease in the activity of the glucose transporter with age. No age-related changes in Na uptake by brush border membrane vesicles were observed. These findings suggest that a decrease in the number and/or activity of Na-linked glucose carriers may account for the decrease in intestinal glucose transport with age.
Multiple-objective programming with polynomial objectives and constraints

Abstract An approach to solving multiple-objective programming problems with polynomial objectives and polynomial constraints is developed. The notions of pre-efficient solution and local efficient solution are investigated relative to the single-objective problem of Benson. Illustrative examples are presented in which the solutions are obtained by means of homotopy continuation.
Biophysical Characteristics of the Pig Kidney Na+/Glucose Cotransporter SGLT2 Reveal a Common Mechanism for SGLT1 and SGLT2

The Na+-dependent, low affinity glucose transporter SGLT2 cloned from pig kidney is 76% identical (at the amino acid level) to its high affinity homologue SGLT1. Using two-microelectrode voltage clamp, we have characterized the presteady-state and steady-state kinetics of SGLT2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The kinetic properties of the steady-state sugar-evoked currents as a function of external Na+ and alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (alphaMG) concentrations were consistent with an ordered, simultaneous transport model in which Na+ binds first. Na+ binding was voltage-dependent and saturated with hyperpolarizing voltages. Phlorizin was a potent inhibitor of the sugar-evoked currents (KiPz approximately 10 microM) and blocked an inward Na+ current in the absence of sugar. SGLT2 exhibited Na+-dependent presteady-state currents with time constants 3-7 ms. Charge movements were described by Boltzmann relations with apparent valence approximately 1 and maximal charge transfer approximately 11 nC, and were reduced by the addition of sugar or phlorizin. The differences between SGLT1 and SGLT2 were that (i) the apparent affinity constant (K0.5) for alphaMG (approximately 3 mM) was an order of magnitude higher for SGLT2; (ii) SGLT2 excluded galactose, suggesting discrete sugar binding; (iii) K0.5 for Na+ was lower in SGLT2; and (iv) the Hill coefficient for Na+ was 1 for SGLT2 but 2 for SGLT1. Simulations of the six-state kinetic model previously proposed for SGLT1 indicated that many of the kinetic properties observed in SGLT2 are expected by simply reducing the Na+/glucose coupling from 2 to 1.
Simulation of a Turbulent Polymer Solution Flow Over a Flat Plate

A non-Newtonian fluid Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) tool is developed to predict the reduction of turbulent skin friction drag observed when the fluid is a dilute polymer solution. Results obtained with this tool are to be used to develop a Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) design tool that will allow the design of ship hulls and other external bodies that benefit in a predictable way from polymer-induced drag reduction. The FENE-P dumbbell model for viscoelastic fluids is used to provide the non-Newtonian stresses. The approach is tested with a turbulent flat-plate boundary layer case (Reδ* = 1000). The inflow data is generated by a recycling method extended to include the polymer stresses. Results are presented for a coarse grid case in which the turbulence is not completely resolved and consist primarily of comparisons between Newtonian and polymer ocean turbulence characteristics, such as turbulence intensity and velocity profiles. Although the predicted drag is lower for the polymer solution case, it is not as significant as experimental observation. This discrepancy is attributed to the coarseness of the simulation.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
NMR evidence against covalent attachment of an aldehyde ‘transition-state’ analogue to α-chymotrypsin

Abstract Proton NMR studies on the binding of trans-cinnamaldehyde to α-chymotrypsin indicates that the free aldehyde form of the “transition-state” analogue is complexed to the enzyme. Specifically, the aldehyde porton chemical shift does not change in the presence of enzyme, ruling out binding as the hydrate or hemiacetal. However, line broadening effects are observed, confirming fast to intermediate chemical exchange.
Memory for unique personal events: The roommate study

Memory for naturally occurring episodic events was measured along with memory for the date of occurrence of those events. The effect of rehearsal was also measured. Participants in the experiment recorded unique personal events for themselves and their roommates for a semester (data were collected for approximately 14 weeks). They also rated the memorability of the events at the time the events were recorded. The roommates were unaware that they were to be tested on the events until approximately I week before the memory test. Accuracy in dating events decreased at the rate of roughly 1 day every week of the retention interval. Events rated as memorable were encoded better than events rated as unmemorable but were forgotten at the same rate. Increasing rehearsal decreased the rate of forgetting the events. Although the recorders selected the events to be recorded and knew they were to be tested on those events, they did not differ from their roommates on any of the memory measures
A Gnostic Amulet

The writer has in his possession a small octagonal amulet of a lavender or greyish stone, which is engraved on six sides and which is stated on reliable authority to have come from Samsun in Pontus, near the ancient town of Amisus. Height, 0.015 m.; length, 0.03 m.; thickness, 0.007 m. Height of Letters, 0.002 m.
Drug-induced liver injury: what was new in 2013?

Introduction: The year 2013 continued to highlight numerous aspects of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), with new information communicated via > 1500 publications. New reports of DILI were described and FDA warnings and alerts were issued for a number of products, emphasizing the risks related to hepatotoxicity.Areas covered: We provide a summary of the year's published reports of new causes of DILI, along with reviews and reports of established hepatotoxins, new and expanded DILI registries and the continuing emphasis placed on genetic and other risk factors. Several new analyses of data generated from the US DILI Network are included.Expert opinion: The clinical usefulness of pharmacogenetic testing remains to be determined; the number of patients who must be tested is large and the overall risk of DILI is quite small. The role that dose and hepatic metabolism play in causing idiosyncratic DILI was reviewed; daily doses > 50 – 100 mg of medications with high lipophilicity appear to be most predictive of...
Seismic Tests of Adobe Walls

Abstract The object of this investigation was to study the stability of adobe walls during earthquakes. Nine earthquake simulation tests were made to investigate the influence of the following vari...