cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Case Debate: A New Approach to Case Teaching

This article describes and discusses the "case debate," a variation on case analysis in which the group presents its analysis of an assigned case and answers questions from the professor and class. An overview of the case debate technique is provided, and the technique's advantages and potential problems are discussed. Proposed solutions to the identified problems are presented.
Migration Remittances and Development: A Review of Global Evidence

Globalization makes it possible for immigrants to remain connected with their native countries while residing abroad, thus diminishing their loss of identity and separation from their countries of origin. This paper reviews evidence on how migrants contribute to the economic development of their countries of origin. In addition to describing the state of knowledge regarding flows of people and migrant remittances worldwide, it focuses on the current literature dealing with the development impact of transfers of money, knowledge, and skills by migrants back to their home countries. This article also examines the complex question of the impact of highly skilled migration on labour sending countries.
The integrity of the 25-S ribosomal RNA from Euglena gracilis 87-S ribosomes.

Abstract 1. Ribosomal RNA is isolated from 87-S Euglena gracilis ribosomes under a variety of salt and temperature conditions in order to study the integrity of the 25-S RNA molecule. 2. Both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and zone velocity sedimentation in sucrose gradients are used to monitor the degradation process. 3. In line with earlier reports it was found that Na+ (0.2 M) in the isolation milieu stabilizes the 25-S RNA. 4. The isolated 25-S RNA is readily degraded at 37–45° independent of the ionic conditions used during the isolation procedure. 5. The 20-S RNA is stable under identical conditions. 6. Under mild degradative conditions a novel 23-S RNA is formed. We postulate it to be a distinct degradation product of the 25-S RNA. 7. This 23-S RNA is clearly resolved in the polyacrylamide gel but not necessarily in the sucrose gradient. 8. The 25-S RNA molecule seems to be partly cleaved at selected loci in situ; depending on the isolation conditions the 25-S RNA molecule may undergo further degradation during the deproteinization procedure.
Recording properties of multilayered thin film media

The recording properties of layered film media, including the bit error rate, have been measured for comparison with the results found on single layer film media. This investigation centered on the ability of magnetostatic coupling between layers to affect the magnetic performance in ways other than noise reduction. Multilayered magnetic films were fabricated with interlayer thickness from 25 to 330 AA and with one to six magnetic layers using a CoPtCr alloy on a Cr underlayer. In most tests the single layer media perform better than the multilayer media, but the differences are small and do not appear to influence the error rate significantly. The largest distinguishing feature. is the improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio which comes from two thin layers that are coupled magnetostatically. This leads to an improvement of up to four orders of magnitude in the bit error rate for the bilayer media. Increasing the number of layers gives additional improvement. >
New Directions in Ecological Inference: An Introduction

Book reviewed in this article: Gary King, On A Solution to the Ecological Problem: Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate Data
A Re-Examination of the Link between Stress and Performance

Previous studies have shown that increased stress, as measured by life-change scales, is associated with poor performance. The present study examined the effects of stress on the performance of 86 adult male runners in a half marathon. Subjects responded to a questionnaire from which several independent variables were derived. These variables were entered in a stepwise multiple regression to predict race times. The combination of age, weekly mileage, and number of races previously entered yielded a significant multiple R. However, stress was not significantly related to race times, and subsequent statistical analyses were carried out to explain this lack of significance. It was suggested that the effects of stress on athletic performance may be reduced by physical and psychological variables associated with exercise or that race performance is too well determined by physical variables to be affected by life changes.
Enthalpy-Driven Adsorption of Chain Molecules onto Chemically Heterogeneous Surfaces

Statistical analyses have been employed to develop analytical expressions for the surface coverage of chemically heterogeneous molecules adsorbed with extended-chain conformations onto chemically heterogeneous surfaces such that the single-chain adsorption enthalpy is minimized. Lateral interactions are neglected and a sufficient number of randomly distributed adsorption sites are included on both substrate and adsorbate such that site interactions are assumed to be nonoverlapping but otherwise independent. Good agreement is observed between the theoretical and experimentally determined surface fraction of a cationic polyacrylamide adsorbed from aqueous solution onto both a Nafion® ionomer membrane and numerous nonionic polymeric substrates. The more unique theoretical predictions for such enthalpy-driven adsorption processes are discussed.
The Effect of Oxygen on Adhesion of Thin Copper Films to Silicon Nitride

The effect of oxygen on adhesion and chemistry at interfaces between Cu thin films and SiN x barrier layers on Si substrates was investigated. Films were deposited in an ultra-high-vacuum sputter deposition chamber with good control of oxygen content. Adhesion was measured using a high throughput driver film method. Microstructure and bonding were investigated using transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, respectively, on sample cross sections. For films to which a small amount of oxygen was added during deposition, oxygen segregated to Cu/SiN x interfaces during thermal cycling, where it induced charge transfer and the presence of Cu + interfacial states, and significantly reduced the work of adhesion.
Magnetite nanoparticles for medical MR imaging

Nanotechnology has given scientists new tools for the development of advanced materials for the detection and diagnosis of disease. Iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in particular have been extensively investigated as novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents due to a combination of favorable superparamagnetic properties, biodegradability, and surface properties of easy modification for improved in vivo kinetics and multifunctionality. This review discusses the basics of MR imaging, the origin of SPION's unique magnetic properties, recent developments in MRI acquisition methods for detection of SPIONs, synthesis and post-synthesis processes that improve SPION's imaging characteristics, and an outlook on the translational potential of SPIONs.
'Ce qui est Coupé Repousse': Jean Genet, Hélène Cixous, the Wound, and the Poetics of Omission

This article explores the thematic and structural significance of the figure of the wound to Jean Genet’s Pompes funebres (1947) and Helene Cixous’s Souffles (1975). With reference to the differences between editions of Pompes funebres and through a detailed genetic study of the hitherto unexamined manuscripts of Souffles (Cixous’s direct response to Genet’s novel), the article demonstrates how (self-)censorship becomes constitutive of narrative as such — of its deconstruction and its reconfiguration. By revealing how the later drafts of Cixous’s book operate to conceal its poignant autobiographical origin, and playing with the author’s ambiguous assertion that ‘Ce qui est coupe repousse’, the article exposes omission as a productive textual strategy.
Thermal Effects in Cellulose Pyrolysis: Relationship to Char Formation Processes

The thermochemistry of cellulose pyrolysis has been studied by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally, the vapor pressure and heat of vaporization of levoglucosan have been determined by an effusion method. The cellulose pyrolysis has been carried out under inert gas at heating rates from 0.1 to 60 K/min. The main cellulose thermal degradation pathway is endothermic, in the absence of mass transfer limitations that promote char formation. The endothermicity is estimated to be about 538 J/g of volatiles evolved. It is concluded that this endothermicity mainly reflects a latent heat requirement for vaporizing the primary tar decomposition products. Pyrolysis can be driven in the exothermic direction by char-forming processes that compete with tar-forming processes. The formation of char is estimated to be exothermic to the extent of about 2 kJ/g of char formed. Low heating rates, in concert with mass transfer limitations, serve to drive the pyrolysis ...
The evidence for astrocytes as a target for central noradrenergic activity: expression of adrenergic receptors.

Abstract Our recognition and understanding of adrenergic receptor expression by astrocytes and their cultured counterparts, astroglia, has occurred primarily over the past 2 decades. The advances in our knowledge have come about largely through the advent of new techniques with which to study neurotransmitter receptors, coupled with improvements in our ability to isolate, purify, and identify this central nervous system (CNS) cell type. The development of pharmacological tools such as second messenger assays, iodinated ligands, autoradiography, and intracellular electrophysiological recordings, paralleled that of cultured clonal cell lines of glial origin, purified astroglial primary cultures, isolations of astrocytes from adult tissues, and immunocytochemical staining for the astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). As these techniques were combined and applied to the study of astrocyte pharmacology, our understanding of adrenergic receptor expression by these cells deepened. This review is an account of how these events have shaped our understanding of astrocytic adrenergic receptor expression.
Heats of reaction of pyrotechnic compositions containing potassium chlorate

Abstract The heats of reaction of a number of mixtures containing potassium chlorate and lactose have been determined. It has been shown that when there is excess potassium chlorate in the mixture these results can be explained theoretically using Eqs. (1) and (2). KC 10 3 + C 12 H 22 O 13 − H 2 O→8 KC 1+12 CO 2 +12 H 2 O, KC 10 3 → KC 1+ 3 20 2 . When there is excess lactose present, the results can be correlated with theory using Eqs. (1), (3), and (4) C 12 H 22 O 11 · H 2 O→12 C +12 H 2 O , C + H 2 O→ CO + H 2 . Reaction (4) does not go to completion when there is less than 55% potassium chlorate in the mixture. The heats of reaction of mixtures of potassium chlorate with various organic compounds which can be used as fuels were also determined. It was found that, with two exceptions, there was little variation in the heat of reaction, so that this property cannot be the sole criterion when selecting a fuel. The heats of reaction of a few typical vaporizing compositions are given.
Quantification of tryptamine in brain using high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The concentration of endogenously formed tryptamine in central nervous system tissue was determined after extraction into ethyl acetate, purification on a weak cation-exchange resin and analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. Final chromatographic separation of this indoleamine was achieved using a μBondapak C 18 reversed-phase column under isocratic conditions. Using this method, the concentration of tryptamine in the whole brain of normal rats was found to be 0.60 ± 0.06 ng/g of tissue, while pretreatment with dl-p -chlorophenylalanine, trnylcypromine and l -tryptophan increased the concentration to 96.7 ± 21.9 ng/g.
Computer Integration for Robotic Masonry

: Computers are essential in the development of robotic systems for construction. The introduction of such systems creates many challenges to researchers, equipment manufacturers, and users alike. This paper presents a new initiative to study critical issues related to the establishment of a robotic masonry system. In particular, the paper discusses three major problem areas: (1) design automation, (2) automated mortar application, and (3) adaptive control of brick placement. The data presented have been generated using standard PC computers which control and integrate design tools with real-time machinery and sensory devices.
Climatic influences on fire regimes in ponderosa pine forests of the Zuni Mountains, NM, USA

Abstract We characterized fire history and examined climate–fire relationships in dry ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) forests in the Zuni Mountains of northwestern New Mexico. Our findings indicate that the historical wildfire regime for the study area was typified by high-frequency, low-severity surface fires. Climate–wildfire relationships were assessed using both Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) and Bivariate Event Analysis (BEA). SEA revealed that interannual variability of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was a strong driver of widespread wildfires; wetter conditions often occurred one to two years prior to fire and were followed by drought during the fire year. BEA revealed statistically significant relationships only in the case of extreme PDSI events and widespread wildfire in the year of fire ( t = 0). No relationship was found between either the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) or the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and widespread fire occurrence, signifying that shorter-term (i.e. interannual) oscillations between wet and dry conditions, rather than longer-term climatic variability, were historically most conducive to fire. Contextualizing these findings under ongoing climate and land-use change is challenging. Full restoration to historical conditions may be neither possible nor desired, but targeted efforts to promote a frequent, low-severity wildfire regime are generally consistent with our understanding of historical fire activity in this forest type and may foster ecological, economic, and/or societal goals.
The chemistry of the group V metal carbonyls V. The preparation of derivatives of tetracarbonyl-[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]vanadium(0)☆

Abstract Convenient synthesis of HV(CO) 4 [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH 2 ] 2 , IV(CO) 4 [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH 2 ] 2 , and V(CO) 4 [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH 2 ] 2 from [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 N] {V(CO) 4 [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH 2 ] 2 } are described. The chemistry of the new hydrido and iodo derivatives is discussed in relationship to the parent carbonyl and other derivatives of vanadium hexacarbonyl.
Automated probabilistic segmentation of tumors from CT data using spatial and intensity properties

This paper presents a probabilistic segmentation process developed using the selection process from the Simulated Annealing optimization algorithm as a foundation. This process allows pixels to be segmented based on a probability selection process. An automated seed and search region selection processes multiple image slices automatically as an object's size, shape, and location changes between subsequent slices. Apart from the first slice in the dataset, where the user manually selects the seed and search region for segmentation, the method performs automatically for all other slices. From the test cases, the automated seed selection process was efficient in searching for new seed locations, as the object changed size, location, and orientation in each slice of the study. Segmentation results from both algorithms showed success in segmenting the tumor from nine of the ten CT datasets with less than 17% false positive errors and seven test cases with less than 20% false negative errors. Statistical testing of the results showed a high repeatability factor, with low values of inter- and intra-user variability. Furthermore, the method requires information from only a two-dimensional image data at a time to accommodate performance on a regular personal computer.
Plain patellofemoral radiographs

Abstract Plain radiographs of the patellofemoral joint can show patellar location, bone shape, trabecular pattern, and articular space thickness. With stress application, stability can be measured. Radiographs may be obtained in the lateral, anterior-posterior, oblique or axial projections, with or without weight-bearing, with or without muscle contraction, with or without stress application to the ligaments, and with the knee in varying degrees of flexion. In addition to trabecular pattern, the lateral radiograph can reveal patellar subluxation, height, or trochlear dysplasia. The axial view is rarely useful until 30° of knee flexion and then may show joint space loss, patellar shift or tilt, and trochlear geometry. Stress radiographs may be required to show how far the patella can be displaced from the trochlea with a given force, and thus, it may be the most accurate method of determining patellar instability. Weight-bearing films may be necessary to show loss of joint space.
CUS2, a Yeast Homolog of Human Tat-SF1, Rescues Function of Misfolded U2 through an Unusual RNA Recognition Motif

A screen for suppressors of a U2 snRNA mutation identified CUS2, an atypical member of the RNA recognition motif (RRM) family of RNA binding proteins. CUS2 protein is associated with U2 RNA in splicing extracts and interacts with PRP11, a subunit of the conserved splicing factor SF3a. Absence of CUS2 renders certain U2 RNA folding mutants lethal, arguing that a normal activity of CUS2 is to help refold U2 into a structure favorable for its binding to SF3b and SF3a prior to spliceosome assembly. Both CUS2 function in vivo and the in vitro RNA binding activity of CUS2 are disrupted by mutation of the first RRM, suggesting that rescue of misfolded U2 involves the direct binding of CUS2. Human Tat-SF1, reported to stimulate Tat-specific, transactivating region-dependent human immunodeficiency virus transcription in vitro, is structurally similar to CUS2. Anti-Tat-SF1 antibodies coimmunoprecipitate SF3a66 (SAP62), the human homolog of PRP11, suggesting that Tat-SF1 has a parallel function in splicing in human cells.
Molecular Dynamics Prediction of the Thermal Resistance of Solid-Solid Interfaces in Superlattices

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to predict the thermal resistance of solid-solid interfaces in crystalline superlattices using a new Green-Kubo formula. The materials on both sides of the interfaces studied are modeled with the LennardJones potential and are only differentiated by their masses. To obtain the interface thermal resistance, a correlation length in the bulk materials is first obtained, which approaches a systemsize independent value for larger systems. The interface thermal resistance is found to initially increase as the layer length is increased, and then to decrease as the phonon transport shifts from a regime dominated by ballistic transport to one dominated by diffusive transport.
Dual-retrieval processes in free and associative recall.

Recent dual-retrieval accounts of free recall postulate that a memory target can be recalled either by directly accessing its verbatim trace or by reconstructing it from semantic or other relational information. We introduce a simple paradigm, derived from the classic Estes RTT procedure, that separates direct access from reconstruction and that separates reconstruction from a metacognitive judgment process that authorizes reconstructed targets for output. Results are reported from four experiments, two that applied the paradigm to free recall and two that extended it to associative recall. The principal findings were that (a) direct access was enhanced by manipulations that made targets' surface forms easier to process or that focused recall on individual targets, (b) reconstruction was enhanced by manipulations that made targets' meaning content easier to process or that focused recall on groups of targets, and (c) such manipulations produced single dissociations, double dissociations, and reversed associations between direct access, reconstruction, and metacognitive judgment. We discuss how this paradigm might be exploited to unify dual-retrieval conceptions of recall and recognition.
BuildingDepot: an extensible and distributed architecture for building data storage, access and sharing

Enabled by various sensing and data networking devices, modern buildings are beginning to generate extraordinary amounts of sensory data. The organization and availability of this data is currently a challenge, especially for researchers who seek to devise intelligent data-driven methods for energy efficient use of building systems. Most current solutions tend to be ad-hoc and proprietary, and thus do not support mechanisms for easy data acess and sharing. In this paper we present BuildingDepot, an extensible and distributed system for building-related data with scalable data storage, ease of data access, fine-grained data sharing and access control as first class design principles. We focus on the overall architecture and highlight how our own experiences running multiple building deployments have shaped our design decisions. We have implemented a prototype of BuildingDepot, along with connectors to several standard energy management systems, showing how it enables enterprises to incrementally deploy the system as well as Get and Put data into BuildingDepot using a REST-style API. We have released it as open source software to the building research community.
Multiple Antenna Broadcast Channels With Shape Feedback and Limited Feedback

In this paper, we consider two different models of partial channel state information at the base station transmitter (CSIT) for multiple antenna broadcast channels: 1) the shape feedback model where the normalized channel vector of each user is available at the base station and 2) the limited feedback model where each user quantizes its channel vector according to a rotated codebook that is optimal in the sense of mean squared error and feeds back the codeword index. This paper is focused on characterizing the sum rate performance of both zero-forcing dirty paper coding (ZFDPC) systems and channel inversion (CI) systems under the given two partial CSIT models. Intuitively speaking, a system with shape feedback loses the sum rate gain of adaptive power allocation. However, shape feedback still provides enough channel knowledge for ZFDPC and CI to approach their own optimal throughput in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. As for limited feedback, we derive sum rate bounds for both signaling schemes and link their throughput performance to some basic properties of the quantization codebook. Interestingly, we find that limited feedback employing a fixed codebook leads to a sum rate ceiling for both schemes for asymptotically high SNR.
Storage access support for soft real-time applications

Most research on QoS-aware storage has focused on the use of QoS-aware disk schedulers. However, the increasing intelligence and autonomy of modern disk drives have made fine-grained external disk scheduling difficult. As this trend continues, providing QoS-aware storage through external disk schedulers may become infeasible in the future. In this paper, we present a coarse-grained approach to storage bandwidth management that does not rely on external disk schedulers. The goal is to provide better storage access support for storage-bound soft real-time applications. Our approach gives priority to disk requests generated by soft real-time applications by controlling the rate that best-effort disk requests may be dispatched.
Analysis of timing jitter in bandpass sigma-delta modulators

The effect of clock jitter on the dynamic range of discrete-time (DT) and continuous-time (CT) sigma-delta modulators is addressed. It is shown that clock jitter in DT modulators mixes with the input signal, while for CT modulators, the jitter mixes with the out-of-band quantization error and elevates the passband noise. The signal-to-noise ratio of CT modulators is shown to be more susceptible to clock jitter than their DT counterparts. Analytical and simulation results are provided.
Estrogen and stroke: A balanced analysis

Aging women sustain a large burden for stroke, an observation frequently overlooked in our popularized view of cancer as the killer of women. Accordingly, potential benefits and hazards of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are of increasing interest to female patients at risk for stroke and cerebrovascular disease. Estrogen has been particularly well studied in animal and cell injury models of cerebral ischemia with nearly uniform favorable results, ie, cell salvage from ischemic death pathways. Nevertheless, our ability to translate these favorable data from the bench into positive clinical trials has been quite limited. Furthermore, recent data from large, randomized, clinical trials question the use of HRT for either the primary or secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke. This review will evaluate experimental and clinical evidence for estrogen’s efficacy, or lack thereof, and mechanisms of action in cerebral ischemia and stroke. Animal studies clearly indicate that biologic sex and endogenous sex steroids influence experimental stroke outcome. Histological damage is less in female animals than in age-matched males after focal cerebral ischemia, and the source of this protection is linked to female reproductive steroids.1–3 Furthermore, emerging data suggest that molecular mechanisms of ischemic damage may not necessarily impact identically in male and female brains. For example, ischemic outcome in transgenic mouse strains can be sex-dependent, even when the deleted (or overexpressed) gene is not linked to reproduction.4 Estrogen has been widely shown to acutely protect brain from experimental stroke.5–8 These observations have been consistent across animal models, breeder source, and genetic strain, including strains with genetic hypertension or diabetes. Estrogen treatment to physiologically relevant plasma levels improves histological, physiological, and behavioral outcomes after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, global forebrain ischemia, photothrombotic injury, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Preischemic estrogen treatment …
Minimal tumor volume may provide additional prognostic information in good performance patients after radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES The significance of tumor volume (TV) as a predictor of biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy (RP) remains debatable. TV determinants can also entail significant time and cost. Estimating TVs using an asymmetric categorical classification system provides an economical alternative to determining this parameter. We evaluated the prognostic value of an estimated TV in patients undergoing RP in predicting for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and pathologic features of 865 patients who underwent RP at our institution from 1991 to 1999. The TV, PSA level, final Gleason score, percentage of positive biopsy cores, and clinical stage were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis to determine their association with biochemical failure. Patients were also stratified according to PSA level (less than versus greater than 10 ng/mL), Gleason score (less than versus greater than 7), and clinical T stage (Stage T1c or better versus worse than Stage T1c) to analyze the prognostic significance of TV in this subpopulation of patients. RESULTS Of our 865 evaluable patients, 124 (14.3%) had progression to biochemical failure at a mean follow-up of 60 months. The TV was significantly associated with biochemical failure on univariate analysis (P = 0.024). In the low-risk patients (PSA level less than 10 ng/mL, Gleason score less than 7, and clinical Stage T1c or better), a minimal TV was associated with a lower risk of biochemical failure on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 3.68, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS In RP patients with favorable clinical and pathologic characteristics, a minimal TV was associated with a decreased risk of biochemical failure. In carefully selected patients, the estimated TV might provide additional prognostic information for risk stratification for PSA progression and biochemical failure.
Scalable key management algorithms for location-based services

Secure media broadcast over the Internet poses unique security challenges. One important problem for public broadcast location-based services (LBS) is to enforce access control on a large number of subscribers. In such a system, a user typically subscribes to an LBS for a time interval (a, b) and a spatial region (xbi, ybi, xtr,ytr) according to a 3-dimensional spatial-temporal authorization model. In this paper, we argue that current approaches to access control using key management protocols are not scalable. Our proposal, STauth, minimizes the number of keys that needs to be distributed and is thus scalable to a large number of subscribers and the dimensionality of the authorization model. We also demonstrate applications of our algorithm to quantified-temporal access control (using V and 3 quantifications) and partial-order tree-based authorization models. We describe two implementations of our key management protocols on two diverse platforms: a broadcast service operating on top of a publish/subscribe infrastructure and an extension to the Google Maps API to support quality (resolution)-based access control. We analytically and experimentally show the performance and scalability benefits of our approach over traditional key management approaches.
A Life-course Perspective on Adolescents’ Attitudes to Police: DARE, Delinquency, and Residential Segregation

Objectives: Describe the developmental trajectory of perceptions of the police by youth as they transition from adolescence to young adulthood.Method:A longitudinal experiment to evaluate the impact of the D.A.R.E. program (N = 1,773). Latent variable growth modeling was used.Results:A dramatic decline in the favorable attitudes of youth toward the police begins in about seventh grade. More negative perceptions of police are associated with minority racial status, negative experiences with officers, involvement in the delinquent subculture, and greater expressions of skewed legal norms. There is a long-term positive effect of D.A.R.E. on attitudes toward the police, particularly for African American youth.Conclusion:The study highlights the importance of theorizing about perceptions of the police from a life course perspective. Findings raise new policy questions about the long-term impact of school-based programs, such as D.A.R.E., and the role of multiple reference groups in the formation of minorities’...
Maximum-likelihood acoustic source localization: Experimental results

In this paper, we show several experimental acoustic source localization results using the maximum-likelihood parametric method. A direct localization is obtained when the sound source is placed inside the convex hull of the array. In the far-field case, we demonstrate the localization via the cross bearing from several widely separated arrays. In the case of two sources, an alternating projection procedure is applied to the ML method to estimate the two DOA's from the observed data. The ML algorithm is shown to be effective in locating sound sources of various types, e.g., vehicle, music, and even white noise.
Con: whole blood transfusions are not useful in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Abstract Data supporting fresh whole blood transfusion or fresh component therapy are nonblinded, and although both are conceptually attractive, neither can be considered proven. Recent blinded studies reflect fresh blood ineffectiveness. Larger, blinded, randomized trials will need to be performed. Proven methods of blood conservation' 19, 20 as well as standardized criteria for transfusion of blood components21 will more effectively decrease homologous blood transfusion. Transfusion of fresh or banked whole blood, or its components, has yet to be shown to decrease the usage of homologous blood products.
Effects of Postconditioning on Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis During the Recovery Phase After Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Background and Purpose—Postconditioning may be a clinically feasible way to protect the brain after a stroke. However, its effects during the recovery phase post stroke remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we examine the hypothesis that ischemic postconditioning amplifies neurogenesis and angiogenesis during stroke recovery. Methods—Male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 100-minute transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or postconditioning (100-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion plus 10-minute reperfusion plus 10-minute reocclusion). After 2 weeks, infarct volumes, behavioral outcomes, and immunohistochemical markers of neurogenesis and angiogenesis were quantified. Results—Postconditioning significantly reduced infarction and improved neurological outcomes. Concomitantly, brains subjected to postconditioning showed an increase in doublecortin/BrdU and collagen-IV/Ki67-positive cells. Conclusions—These results suggest that therapeutic effects of postconditioning may involve the promoti...
Micromechanical Strength Modeling and Investigation of Stitch Density Effects on 3D Orthogonal Composites

A 3D orthogonal woven S2-glass composite is investigated using finite element micromechanics to characterize the stiffness and the strength. The methods are applied to a targeted parametric investigation of the effects of stitch density on strength properties and potential benefits of through-thickness reinforcement, such as resistance to transverse shear and delamination, with some consequent loss of in-plane properties. Direct modeling of the exact microstructure from scanning electron microscope visualization provides a precise knowledge of the mechanics and the failure modes of the microstructure under various loading conditions. Modeling results are verified by comparison to experimental data. In-plane stiffness and strength are predicted with 90% or better accuracy. Transverse shear stiffness was less well predicted, but strength was still predicted within 86% accuracy.
Genomic analysis of the differential response to experimental infection with porcine circovirus 2b.

Summary Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent of a group of associated diseases (PCVAD) that affect production efficiency and can lead to mortality. Using different crossbred lines of pigs, we analyzed host genetic variation of viral load, immune response and weight change following experimental infection with a PCV2b strain (n = 386). Pigs expressed variation in the magnitude and initiation of viremia and immune response recorded weekly until 28 days post-infection. A higher viral load was correlated with weight gain (r = −0.26, P < 0.0001) and presence of PCV2-specific antibodies (IgM, r = 0.26–0.34, P < 0.0001; IgG, r = 0.17–0.20, P < 0.01). In genome-wide association analyses of the responses at different time points, the proportions of phenotypic variation explained by combined effects of 56 433 SNPs were 34.8–59.4% for viremia, 10.1–59.5% for antibody response and 5.6–14.9% for weight change. Relationships between genomic prediction of overall viral load and weight gain during the first weeks of challenge were negative (−0.21 and −0.24 respectively, P < 0.0001). Individuals that carried more favorable alleles across three SNPs on SSC9 (0.60 Mb) and SSC12 (6.8 and 18.2 Mb) partially explained this relationship, having lower viral load (P < 0.0001); lower viremia at day 14 (P < 0.0001), day 21 (P < 0.01) and day 28 (P < 0.05) and greater overall average daily gain during infection (ADGi; P < 0.01), ADGi at week 3 (P < 0.001) and week 4 (P < 0.01). These additive genetic relationships could lead to molecular solutions to improve animal health and reduce production costs.
The Other Group G Streptococcus: Increased Detection of Streptococcus canis Ulcer Infections in Dog Owners

β-Hemolytic Lancefield group G Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus canis cannot be distinguished when only Lancefield typing is performed. Phenotypic testing and 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified S. canis associated with ulcer infections in dog owners. Because S. canis may be incorrectly identified (published biochemical descriptions are inconsistent), there may be an underestimation of the true number of infections. Identification of group G streptococci to the species level could have epidemiological and clinical implications.
Sensor Fusion and Civil Infrastructure Systems Monitoring: A Valuation Algebras Analysis of Output Data

This paper proposes the use of valuation algebra as a tool for sensor fusion in civil infrastructural monitoring. The valuation algebra provides a framework for representing knowledge of sensor data and drawing inferences under uncertainty. The solution is based on Shenoy-Shafer architecture and uses binary join tree and local computational method for the calculation of the marginals. The use of binary tree reduces the amount of multiplication needed to calculate the marginals. The approach is Illustrated using an example for pavement condition monitoring.
ADDITIVE VARIATION MAINTAINED UNDER STABILIZING SELECTION: A TWO-LOCUS MODEL OF PLEIOTROPY FOR TWO QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS

A model with two diallelic loci controlling two additive quantitative characters is suggested. One of the loci has a similar effect on both characters, whereas the second locus has an antagonistic effect on the two characters. Both characters experience direct stabilizing selection. The model yields a stable polymorphic state, with both characters maintaining genetic variation. The genetic correlation between the characters at the equilibrium is zero, in spite of the pleiotropic effects of the loci controlling them.
New Mexican and Central American Ephemeroptera Records, with First Species Checklists for Mexican States

ABSTRACT Twenty-three Ephemeroptera species are reported variously from four Central American countries (Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama) and nine Mexican states (Chiapas, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi) for the first time. Campsurus decoloratus, Fallceon nikitai, and Tricorythodes explicatus are reported from Central America for the first time. Allenhyphes vescus is reported from southern Mexico for the first time, and second ever records are given for Choroterpes ungulus (Durango), and Leptohyphes priapus (Panama). Published record based checklists for the 28 Mexican states with reported mayflies are provided. The greatest diversity is found in Vera Cruz followed in order by Chihuahua, Chiapas, Tamaulipas, Neuvo Leon and Queretaro. Baetis magnus, Callibaetis pictus, Camelobaeitidus mexicanum, Fallceon quilleri, Neochoroterpes Oklahoma, Thraulodes brunneus, Traverella albertana and Vacupernius packeri are among the most commonly encountered mayf...
A pattern-based automated approach to building energy model calibration

Building model calibration is critical in bringing simulated energy use closer to the actual consumption. This paper presents a novel, automated model calibration approach that uses logic linking parameter tuning with bias pattern recognition to overcome some of the disadvantages associated with traditional calibration processes. The pattern-based process contains four key steps: (1) running the original pre-calibrated energy model to obtain monthly simulated electricity and gas use; (2) establishing a pattern bias, either Universal or Seasonal Bias, by comparing load shape patterns of simulated and actual monthly energy use; (3) using programmed logic to select which parameter to tune first based on bias pattern, weather and input parameter interactions; and (4) automatically tuning the calibration parameters and checking the progress using pattern-fit criteria. The automated calibration algorithm was implemented in the Commercial Building Energy Saver, a web-based building energy retrofit analysis toolkit. The proof of success of the methodology was demonstrated using a case study of an office building located in San Francisco. The case study inputs included the monthly electricity bill, monthly gas bill, original building model and weather data with outputs resulting in a calibrated model that more closely matched that of the actual building energy use profile. The novelty of the developed calibration methodology lies in linking parameter tuning with the underlying logic associated with bias pattern identification. Although there are some limitations to this approach, the pattern-based automated calibration methodology can be universally adopted as an alternative to manual or hierarchical calibration approaches.
Folate Receptor Targeting Probes for Two-Photon Fluorescence Bioimaging

Two approaches to design folic acid conjugates for specific intracellular uptake against folate receptor-over expressing cancer cells are reported along with two-photon fluorescence microscopy imaging of HeLa cells demonstrated their uptake and folate receptor binding.
Simultaneous reconstruction of PET-to-CT registration and emission activity: A simulation study

152 Objectives In CT-based PET attenuation correction (AC), spatial mismatch caused by body, respiratory and cardiac motions can lead to image artifacts and quantitative errors. In contract to MLAA[1] and MLACF[2] that simultaneously estimate activity and attenuation without CT, a simultaneous Maximum Likelihood reconstruction of the Transformation between PET and CT images and Activity (MLTA) which uses the transformed CT for less noisy AC, was developed and evaluated with a 2D simulation study. Methods The algorithm assumes that PET-CT mismatch can be described by a transformation T. Parameters of T were estimated simultaneously with the emission image by maximizing the log likelihood. Activity image and parameters of T are updated alternately by EM and gradient descent, respectively, until convergence.. A 2D simulation was performed using one slice of an abdomen PET/CT of an 18F-FPDTBZ pancreas study acquired on the mCT, which were visually perfectly matched. For evaluation, the CT was translated 16mm towards left, 16mm towards up and rotated 10° in plane to produce a relatively large, and known rigid mismatch before usage in the simulation. The form of T was chosen to be a rigid transformation matrix containing 3 variables (Δx, Δy, Δθ). Both non-TOF and TOF-data with noise were simulated to evaluate MLTA (~0.5M counts). Results MLTA has similar characteristics to MLAA, i.e., that it performs poorly on non-TOF data and converges with TOF data [1][3]. MLTA of TOF data (4 T updates) results in satisfactory activity image with more uniform uptake in liver and higher uptake in pancreas, and a small bias in spatial alignment of 1.0 and -0.4 mm in Δx and Δy, 1° in Δθ. Conclusions This study suggests that the MLTA algorithm is a promising approach to remove the PET-to-CT mismatch with TOF data and without the full estimation of the attenuation in image/projection space compared to MLAA and MLACF. Additional work is required to extend its usage to fully 3D reconstruction, low-counts, and to non-rigid transformations.
Meaningfulness of colors

Ten colors and 10 color words were scaled for meaningfulness by means of Noble’s m and a’ scale. The most frequent verbal responses to colors and color words were also collected.
Stabilization of cucurbituril/guest assemblies via long-range Coulombic and CH···O interactions.

Cucurbit[n]urils (CB[n], n = 6–8) interact strongly with metal-bound 4′-substituted terpyridine ligands (M = Fe(II) and Ir(III)) via CH···O hydrogen bonding, despite significant separation between the positive metallic cation and the carbonylated rim of CB[n], and the location of the latter in the second coordination sphere of the metal ion. While water has been shown to mediate interactions between cations and CB[n]s in some assemblies, mediation by organic ligands is unprecedented. The recognition process is driven by the contrasted combination of extremely favorable binding enthalpies (up to 20.2 kcal/mol) and very unfavorable entropic components (as low as −10.2 kcal/mol). Dynamic oligomers were prepared in the presence of CB[8], which acts as a “soft”, noncovalent linker between metal/terpyridine complexes, and interconnects two 4′-substituents inside its cavity. Social self-sorting between CB[8] and metal/terpyridine complexes bearing 4′-(2-naphthyl) and 4′-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl) substituents w...
Job Lock, Work, and Psychological Well-being in the United States

The purpose of the present study was to examine job lock in relation to well-being among workers in the U.S. Job lock refers to a circumstance in which a worker would like to retire or stop working altogether, but perceives that they cannot due to needing the income, and/or health insurance. Prior to examining job lock as a potential predictor of life satisfaction we first investigated the construct validity of job lock. Results from a sample of N=308 workers obtained via MTurk indicated that job lock due to financial need was more strongly associated with continuance and affective organizational commitment and job satisfaction compared to health insurance job lock. Job lock due to health insurance needs was related to a dimension of career entrenchment. We then tested hypotheses regarding the relation between job lock at T1 and life satisfaction at T2, two years later. Specifically, we hypothesized that perceptions of job lock would be negatively related to life satisfaction. Using two independent samples from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we found that both types of job lock were highly prevalent among workers age 62-65. Job lock due to money was significantly associated with lower life satisfaction 2 years later. The findings for job lock due to health insurance were mixed across the two samples. This study was an important first step toward examining the relation between job lock, an economic concept, in relation to workers' job attitudes and well-being.
Learning What to Want: Data-Driven Microfoundations

We have developed a method for directly learning relative preferences from histories of comparison information without an intermediate utility computation. Our method infers preferences that are rational in a psychological sense, where agent choices result from Bayesian inference of what to do from observable inputs. We further characterize conditions wherein it is appropriate for modelers to describe relative preferences as scalar utilities, and illustrate the importance of option availability in supplying auxiliary information by explaining all major categories of context effects, as well as predicting novel context effects. Applying our theory to predicting choices under uncertainty leads to good fits with empirical data and endogenous explanations for a number of economic behaviors. By retrieving economic rationality as a special case of psychologically rational preference formation, this work clarifies theoretical connections between economic and psychological definitions of rationality.
Pharmacogenetic Tests in Psychiatry: From Fear to Failure to Hype.

In a recent editorial, Dr Shader1 warned psychiatrists of the risk of being pill doctors, psychiatrists who draw blood to get biomarkers but do not want to talk to their patients. As a psychiatrist, my first reaction was to be grateful to Dr Shader for correcting us. My next thoughts were, “We live