cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Usability Evaluation of a Clinical Decision Support System for Geriatric ED Pain Treatment

Background: Older adults are at risk for inadequate emergency department (ED) pain care. Unrelieved acute pain is associated with poor outcomes. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) hold promise to improve patient care, but CDSS quality varies widely, particularly when usability evaluation is not employed. Objective: To conduct an iterative usability and redesign process of a novel geriatric abdominal pain care CDSS. We hypothesized this process would result in the creation of more usable and favorable pain care interventions. Methods: Thirteen emergency physicians familiar with the Electronic Health Record (EHR) in use at the study site were recruited. Over a 10-week period, 17 1-hour usability test sessions were conducted across 3 rounds of testing. Participants were given 3 patient scenarios and provided simulated clinical care using the EHR, while interacting with the CDSS interventions. Quantitative System Usability Scores (SUS), favorability scores and qualitative narrative feedback were collected for each session. Using a multi-step review process by an interdisciplinary team, positive and negative usability issues in effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction were considered, prioritized and incorporated in the iterative redesign process of the CDSS. Video analysis was used to determine the appropriateness of the CDS appearances during simulated clinical care. Results: Over the 3 rounds of usability evaluations and subsequent redesign processes, mean SUS progressively improved from 74.8 to 81.2 to 88.9; mean favorability scores improved from 3.23 to 4.29 (1 worst, 5 best). Video analysis revealed that, in the course of the iterative redesign processes, rates of physicians’ acknowledgment of CDS interventions increased, however most rates of desired actions by physicians (such as more frequent pain score updates) decreased. Conclusion: The iterative usability redesign process was instrumental in improving the usability of the CDSS; if implemented in practice, it could improve geriatric pain care. The usability evaluation process led to improved acknowledgement and favorability. Incorporating usability testing when designing CDSS interventions for studies may be effective to enhance clinician use.
Diagnosis and Treatment Value of Duck Criterien on Infective Endocarditis Judged in Children

Objective In order to explore practical values of the revised Duck criteria for diagnosis and treatment of pediatric infective endocarditis(IE).Methods Seventy-three children′s cases diagnosed and treatmented as IE complicated with congenital heart defects in the past 22 years were collected to make retrospective analysis according to the Duck criteria.Results In 73 patients,a definite diagnosis of IE was made in 37 patients(51%),16(43%) of which proved by the pathologic lesions during the operations.Eight patients(22%) met two major criteria,13 patients(35%) met one major and more than 3 minor criteria.36 patients(49%) were diagnosed as possible IE.Forty-five patients(62%) were cured using antibiotic therapy.Sixteen cases(21%) were failure in antibiotic treatment,of whom 16 patients were operated by cutting off the detection of vegetation and repairing the heart malformation.Tweleve cases(17%) were died,one of which was died after the operation.Conclusions IE is still a significant complication of congenital heart disease.Duck criteria is relative rigid in sensitivity,but it is high in specificity.When the vegetation isn′t large enough in shape,revised Duck criteria is difficult to(diagnose) early.The surgery treatment is optimistic.To combine the medicine with surgery can contributed to decrease mortality rate.
Effects of Graded Levels of Vitamin E on Inflammatory Response and Evaluation of Methods of Supplementing Vitamin E on Performance and Health of Beef Steers

Two experiments were conducted evaluating dietary level of vitamin E and methods of delivering vitamin E to beef cattle. In Exp. 1, 16 beef steers were used to examine effects of 0, 285, 570, or 1,140 IU of vitamin E/d per animal on performance, febrile response, and metabolic responses following intranasal exposure to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). In Exp. 2, 120 steer calves were used to evaluate efficacy of three methods of delivering vitamin E on performance and health during a 28-d receiving period. Treatments were an oral drench of vitamin E, a subcutaneous injection of vitamin E, or supplemental vitamin E added to the 70% concentrate diet. No effects (P>0.10) of vitamin E concentration on ADG, BW, DMI, or serum metabolites were observed in Exp. 1. A linear increase (P<0.10) in rectal temperature was detected on d 2 and 3; cattle that received the greatest level of vitamin E had the greatest and most rapid increase in rectal temperature overall (P<0.02). In Exp. 2, no effects of delivery method were evident for ADG, DMI, or gain efficiency. Cattle receiving a drench or injection had a lesser (P<0.13) percentage of morbidity (85% vs 95%) than those receiving dietary vitamin E. Results suggest that supplemental vitamin E may increase the inflammatory response to a viral pathogen and that providing vitamin E by injection or oral drench may be more beneficial than feeding vitamin E.
Logic and Intuition

Poincare is often called a ‘pre-intuitionist’ or a’ semi-intuitionist’ because he influenced the foundations of intuitionism in the philosophy of mathematics. Intuitionism is a form of constructivism; and constructivism is the general view that mathematical objects (numbers, domains and so on) are mental constructions. That is, it is the view that mathematical objects have no existence independent of the minds of mathematicians. Poincare was certainly a constructivist, but whether or not he can be grouped with the intuitionists needs to be made clear. And this leads to the further question: if he cannot be grouped with the intuitionists, is his ‘constructivism’ coherent and defensible?
Serum interleukin 2 receptor levels in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The clinical significance of interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) concentrations in serum was determined for 344 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Serum levels of IL2R in patients (267 to 80,000 U/mL, median 2,007 U/mL) were significantly higher than normal control values (170 to 738 U/mL, median 347 U/mL) (P less than .0001). Measurements in cases of T cell ALL were lower than in the non-T, non-B cases (P = .02). Among the 264 patients with non-T, non-B ALL, but not in those with T cell disease, higher serum IL2R levels (greater than 2,000 U/mL) were associated with a poorer treatment outcome (P = .04). In a multivariate analysis, serum IL2R level contributed independent prognostic information beyond that conveyed by leukocyte count, race, and age (P = .04). One explanation for these results is that soluble IL2R competes with normal lymphocyte-integrated IL2R for the ligand and thus could suppress host antitumor immunity.
Establishing a Powerful Mentoring Program

There are many entrepreneurs in your universities and in your community who want to start businesses, and many SME’s in your community that want to grow their businesses. Successful startups and growing SMEs create jobs and economic activity, and they are far more likely to succeed when they can draw on the advice and guidance of a group of mentors with proven skill and experience. Over 16 years the mentors in the MIT Venture Mentoring Service have advised about 3500 entrepreneurs in over 2,200 ventures. What we have learned from doing this - and from the entrepreneurs - has developed into a unique model of mentoring that is very effective and sustainable, and it already has been adopted by almost 65 organizations in 17 countries. We would like to share this experience with our GW-October colleagues and discuss the applicability to your organization and your community.
Surface Engineering of Spherical Metal Nanoparticles with Polymers toward Selective Asymmetric Synthesis of Nanobowls and Janus‐Type Dimers

New synthetic methods capable of controlling structural and compositional complexities of asymmetric nanoparticles (NPs) are very challenging but highly desired. A simple and general synthetic approach to designing sophisticated asymmetric NPs by anisotropically patterning the surface of isotropic metallic NPs with amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs) is reported. The selective galvanic replacement and seed-mediated growth of a second metal can be achieved on the exposed surface of metal NPs, resulting in the formation of nanobowls and Janus-type metal–metal dimers, respectively. Using Ag and Au NPs tethered with amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene (PEO-b-PS), anisotropic surface patterning of metallic NPs (e.g., Ag and Au) is shown to be driven by thermodynamical phase segregation of BCP ligands on isotropic metal NPs. Two proof-of-concept experiments are given on, i) synthesis of Au nanobowls by a selective galvanic replacement reaction on Janus-type patched Ag/polymer NPs; and ii) preparation of Au–Pd heterodimers and Au–Au homodimers by a seed-mediated growth on Janus-type patched Au/polymer NPs. The method shows remarkable versatility; and it can be easily handled in aqueous solution. This synthetic strategy stands out as the new methodology to design and synthesis asymmetric metal NPs with sophisticated topologies.
Imaging in Scattering

Experimental results of imaging through densely scattering fog and water are presented using digital holography. Technique allows for time and coherence gating to limit noise from backscattered returns and reconstruct imagery at long attenuation lengths.
Desarrollo de la competencia estratégica oral en español como segunda lengua mediante el Aprendizaje-Servicio en el Bluegrass de Mexington

Se entiende por competencia comunicativa la capacidad que tiene una persona para lograr comunicarse adecuadamente tanto en su lengua materna como en una segunda lengua. El desarrollo de esta habilidad entre los aprendices de lenguas ha sido tema de interes para los estudiosos de la adquisicion de segundas lenguas. Para que su competencia comunicativa sea considerada linguisticamente apta, el hablante debe dominar la competencia gramatical, la competencia sociolinguistica, la competencia discursiva y la competencia estrategica. Aunque estos componentes han sido, hasta el momento, atendidos en varios escenarios de aprendizaje, se observa la falta de atencion que han recibido en contextos de aprendizaje-servicio. Este trabajo, por tanto, se propone ampliar el conocimiento sobre esta linea investigativa, estudiando el desarrollo de la competencia estrategica oral en el aprendizaje del espanol como segunda lengua en un entorno educativo que combina el curriculo academico con el servicio comunitario en un contexto universitario.
AGEISM: COMBATING NEGATIVE PERCEPTIONS OF AGING THROUGH EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING

An influential social construct, ageism is best defined as a set of discriminatory/prejudicial beliefs against people that are “old”. Ageism is more pervasive than sexism or racism and largely understudied. Therefore, the present study aim was to reduce ageism through aging simulation. Adults (n=63; 29.5 ± 12.0 years) were assessed on two occasions, once to perform measures without the aging suit and again at least seven days later in the GERT aging suit (GERontologic test suit). Before and after performing functional fitness measures, participants completed the Aging Semantic Differential Scale (ASD) to determine attitudes toward older adults and assess ageism. ASD composite score represented perspectives on aging; larger composite scores indicating more negative perceptions of aging. Perceptions of older adults were negative before task performance with or without the GERT aging suit, indicated by preliminary ASD scores (77.5 ± 14.9 and 81.2 ± 13.6, respectively). Following functional task performance without the GERT suit, the ASD score slightly decreased (2.2%); however, the change in score was not significant (p=.08). Following older adult task performance in the GERT suit, aging perspectives became significantly more negative (8.5%; p=.01). Results from this study indicate that aging simulation via GERT suit had a significant impact on attitudes toward older adults. Contrary to our hypothesis, aging simulation resulted in greater negative perceptions of older adults. This finding is postulated to be due to the self-reported increased difficulty in functionality when wearing the GERT suit. Therefore, future investigations should incorporate additional psychometric analyses (i.e., empathy) as it relates to ageism following aging simulation.
Monomer Derived Poly(Furfuryl)/BaTiO3 0-3 Nanocomposite Capacitors: Maximization of the Effective Permittivity Through Control at the Interface.

Frequency stable, high permittivity nanocomposite capacitors produced under mild processing conditions offer an attractive replacement to MLCCs derived from conventional ceramic firing. Here, 0–3 nanocomposites were prepared using gel-collection derived barium titanate nanocrystals, suspended in a poly(furfuryl alcohol) matrix, resulting in a stable, high effective permittivity, low loss dielectric. The nanocrystals are produced at 60 °C, emerging as fully crystallized cubic BTO, 8 nm, paraelectric with a highly functional surface that enables both suspension and chemical reaction in organic solvents. The nanocrystals were suspended in furfuryl alcohol inside a uniquely prepared mold, in which volume fraction of nanocrystal filler (νf) could be varied. Polymerization of the matrix in situ at 70–90 °C resulted in a nanocomposite with a higher than anticipated effective permittivity (up to 50, with νf only 0.41, 0.5–2000 kHz), exceptional stability as a function of frequency, and very favorable dissipation ...
Cognition among community-dwelling individuals with spinal cord injury.

Purpose/objective To compare the cognitive profiles of a well-characterized sample of adults with and without spinal cord injury (SCI) using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery NIHTB-CB. Research Method/Design: Participants were 156 community-dwelling individuals with SCI recruited from 3 academic medical centers, and 156 individuals without SCI selected from the NIHTB-CB normative database (N = 312). The main outcome measures were the demographically adjusted NIHTB-CB subtest and composite scores. Results Individuals with and without SCI performed equivalently on the NIHTB-CB crystallized composite score, suggesting comparable premorbid functioning. Individuals with SCI produced lower scores on the NIHTB-CB fluid composite score by an average of 4.5 T-score points (Cohen's d = 0.50; a medium effect size). As a group, individuals with SCI had the most difficulty on tests of processing speed and executive functions, and some difficulty on a test of episodic memory, although effect sizes were small. These differences remained even after accounting for fine motor speed and dexterity. Individuals with tetraplegia produced lower scores than individuals with paraplegia on tests of processing speed and executive functioning. Conclusion/implications Community-dwelling individuals with SCI are at elevated risk of mild cognitive difficulties, particularly on tasks that rely on processing speed and executive functions. The NIHTB-CB is relatively brief, samples important cognitive domains, has good normative data, and is appropriate for some individuals with SCI (those who have functional use of one hand). The battery has standardized accommodations for individuals with minor motor limitations, but timed tests are inaccessible for individuals who are unable to perform rapid button presses. (PsycINFO Database Record
Educação musical e formação de professores: algumas reflexões

O Artigo discorre acerca da formacao de professores de Musica na contemporaneidade, considerando contextos e situacoes diversos. O texto propoe reflexoes envolvendo conceitos como ideias de musica , educacao musical menor e ensino pre-figurativo, entre outros. Dessa feita, a abordagem fundamenta-se teoricamente em ideias e conceitos dos filosofos franceses Gilles Deleuze (19125-1995) e Felix Guattari, do filosofo e pedagogo brasileiro Silvio Gallo (1963-) e do musico e educador alemao Hans-Joachim Koellreutter (1915-2005). Complementando as analises, destacarei, ainda que superficialmente, algumas observacoes e reflexoes acerca de caminhos e possibilidades presentes na formacao dos educadores musicais brasileiros.
Metabolism and Degradation of Porphyrin Biosynthesis Inhibitor Herbicides

The metabolism and degradation of herbicides are key factors determining their weed control activity, crop selectivity, environmental fate and safety to non-target organisms. Numerous compounds which inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (i.e. peroxidizing herbicides) have been commercialized or are under development. These compounds span a wide range of use patterns, environmental fate profiles and toxicological properties which result at least in part from their different susceptibilities to plant, animal and microbial metabolism and/or abiotic degradation. In this chapter, we describe the metabolism and degradation of 19 commercialized or candidate peroxidizing herbicides in a number of plant, animal, microbial, soil, water and light systems. These herbicides fall into two subclasses: (1) p-nitro diphenyl ethers, and (2) heterocyclic-substituted benzenes. Data from published reports have been augmented by unpublished results from regulatory studies, when available. As for many large herbicide classes (and the peroxidizing herbicides are one of the largest), susceptibility to metabolism and abiotic degradation is quite dependent on chemical structure, and generalizations about such properties are difficult. For example, some peroxidizing herbicides are relatively recalcitrant to metabolism in plants and rely on soil sorption/placement for crop selectivity. Others are readily metabolized in certain plants and postemergence crop selectivity often results from metabolic inactivation. Similarly, there is wide variability among these herbicides in susceptibility to soil microbial degradation. However, one generalization is that peroxidizing herbicides are subject to the same metabolic transformations as are other agrichemicals including aryl and aliphatic hydroxylation, hydrolysis, deesterification, nitro reduction, O-dealkylation, and conjugation with glutathione as well as multiple secondary conjugation reactions.
Basic Vector/Matrix Computations

Vectors and matrices are useful in representing multivariate data, and they occur naturally in working with linear equations or when expressing linear relationships among objects. Numerical algorithms for a variety of tasks involve matrix and vector arithmetic. An optimization algorithm to find the minimum of a function, for example, may use a vector of approximate first derivatives and a matrix of second derivatives; and a method to solve a differential equation may use a matrix with a few diagonals for computing differences. There are various precise ways of defining vectors and matrices, but we will think of them merely as arrays of numbers, or scalars, on which an algebra is defined.
Resource Types and Fairness Perceptions in Social Dilemmas

The purpose stated by Barry Markovsky and Nick Berigan in this chapter is to link the social dilemmas and justice research areas and SRT. Situations in which individual and collective interests conflict are focused in social dilemma theorizing, while justice situations involve judgments of fairness and responses to perceived unfairness. Studying justice within social dilemma situations allows the authors to examine how perceptions of fairness influence cooperative behavior. By incorporating SRT, they are able to study the nature of different dilemmas, given the social resources that are exchanged, and how social resources impact perceptions of fairness differentially. After translating SRT into exchange models via N-player game theory, Markovsky and Berigan use a justice equation from Markovsky’s (American Sociological Review, 50, 822–839, 1985.) multilevel justice theory to model evaluations of fairness. They conclude by proposing laboratory experiments that incorporate social resources with social dilemmas and justice.
Interpreting the law of the sea ‘regime of islands’: An opportunity for productive US leadership

Abstract This commentary describes an opportunity for clarification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) ‘regime of islands.’ It describes the growing need to authoritatively distinguish between islands, rocks, and artificial islands for the purpose of stabilizing claims to maritime territory. Sea level rise and island building activities in the South China Sea and elsewhere are increasing the pace at which new islands appear and existing islands disappear. This commentary proposes a two-part interpretation of UNCLOS, which (1) freezes the status of islands and rocks, and (2) asserts a practical distinction between ‘islands’ and ‘artificial islands.’ The United States is identified as a possible actor to forward this interpretation, and the benefits for that country and the international community as a whole are reviewed.
Cocaine'omics: Genome-wide and transcriptome-wide analyses provide biological insight into cocaine use and dependence.

We investigated the genetic and molecular architecture of cocaine dependence (CD) and cocaine use by integrating genome-/transcriptome-wide analyses. To prioritize candidates for follow-up investigation, we also sought to translate gene expression findings across species. Using data from the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of CD to date (n = 3176, 74% with CD), we assessed genomic heritability, gene-based associations, and tissue enrichment. We detected a significant single-nucleotide polymorphism heritability of 28% for CD and identified three genes (two loci) underlying this predisposition: the C1qL2 (complement component C1 q like 2), KCTD20 (potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 20), and STK38 (serine/threonine kinase 38) genes. Tissue enrichment analyses indicated robust enrichment in numerous brain regions, including the hippocampus. We used postmortem human hippocampal RNA-sequencing data from previous study (n = 15, seven chronic cocaine users) to follow up genome-wide results and to identify differentially expressed genes/transcripts and gene networks underlying cocaine use. Cross-species analyses utilized hippocampal gene expression from a mouse model of cocaine use. Differentially expressed genes/transcripts in humans were enriched for the genes nominally associated with CD via GWAS (P < 0.05) and for differentially expressed genes in the hippocampus of cocaine-exposed mice. We identified KCTD20 as a central component of a hippocampal gene network strongly associated with human cocaine use, and this gene network was conserved in the mouse hippocampus. We outline a framework to map and translate genome-wide findings onto tissue-specific gene expression, which provided biological insight into cocaine use/dependence.
The synthesis and molecular structures of 2,5-diarylpyrroles, $$[{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{Ar}}_{\text{2}} } ]$$ H (Ar = Ph, 2,4-Xyl)

2,5-Di(2,4-xylyl)pyrrole, $$[{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5 - Xy1}}_{\text{2}} } ]$$ H, has been synthesized by reaction of the diketone [XylC(O)CH2]2 with NH4OAc in AcOH; the diketone itself is obtained by condensation of XylC(O)Me with XylC(O)CH2Br in the presence of Ti(OPri)4. The molecular structures of both $$[{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5 - Ph}}_{\text{2}} } ]$$ H and $$[{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5 - Xy1}}_{\text{2}} } ]$$ H have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, thereby demonstrating that an ortho methyl substituent increases the dihedral angle between the aryl and pyrrolyl groups from 14.5° in $$[{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5 - Ph}}_{\text{2}} } ]$$ H to 24.1° in $$[{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5 - Xy1}}_{\text{2}} } ]$$ H.
Variance-Aware Optimal Power Flow: Addressing the Tradeoff Between Cost, Security, and Variability

Recent work has studied modifications to DC optimal power flow (DC-OPF) computations so as to better account for risk arising as a result of stochastic variation in the output of renewable sources. Typically such modifications rely on mathematical constructs, such as chance-constraints, that can still yield convex formulations. However, numerical simulations show that the computed policies can translate into power flow patterns with high variance. We introduce a number of convex variants of OPF that tradeoff variance and cost minimization, describe practical algorithms for the solution of such problems, and present numerical experiments.
Micro-optical Tandem Luminescent Solar Concentrator

We propose a design for a concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) module with features that can capture both direct and diffuse sunlight. This approach uses a luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) sheet that includes quantum dots, and a tailored optical coating that enhances concentration and delivery of sunlight to the micro-PV cells. In addition, the light not captured by the quantum dots impinges on a tandem solar cell beneath the LSC sheet. The design of the LSC focuses on lowering the number of expensive micro-PV cells needed within the concentrator waveguide, thus reducing system costs while maintaining high efficiency. The design also allows the module to be effective without a tracking system, making it attractive to all PV markets.
Functions and Regulation of Erythrocyte Equlibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (ENT1) in Acute Hypoxia Mediated Tissue Injury

Using a nonbiased high throughput metabolomic screen, coupled with genetic and pharmacological approaches, recent studies demonstrated that excessive adenosine signaling through the A2B adenosine receptor triggers sickling by induction of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), an erythroid specific metabolite that induces O 2 release from hemoglobin. Adenosine is a signaling nucleoside that elicits numerous physiological and pathological effects by engaging membrane receptors. Notably, equlibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) on erythrocytes have been long speculated to regulate extracellular adenosine concentrations under hypoxic conditions. Thus, we hypothesize that ENT is likely a key molecule responsible for elevated circulating adenosine levels and protects tissues from hypoxia induced injury. To test this hypothesis, we first conducted in vivo Carbon-14 labeled adenosine (C14-Ado) injection and in vitro functional C14-Ado uptake assays. We found that erythrocyte plays a key role in regulation of circulating adenosine. We then conducted western blot analysis to compare expression profiles of ENTs on erythrocyte. We found that ENT1 is the major ENT expressed on both mouse and human erythrocytes. Using genetic approach, we successfully generated an erythrocyte ENT1 knockout mouse model. Using this genetic model and pharmacological approach combined with in vivo C14-Ado injection and in vitro C14-Ado uptake assay, we demonstrated that ENT1 1) is the major adenosine transporter in erythrocyte and 2) erythrocyte is the major cell type involved in regulating circulating adenosine levels through ENT1’s function. Using erythrocyte ENT1 knockout mouse model, we found that, during acute hypoxia treatment, the loss of erythrocyte ENT1 can cause faster increase in circulating adenosine level, subsequently promoting 2,3-BPG production, triggering oxygen release, and protecting acute hypoxia-mediated tissue injury. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that hypoxia regulates ENT1 activity through adenosine-ADORA2B-PKA signaling pathway. Overall, our studies demonstrate that 1) ENT1 is a major adenosine transporter expressed by erythrocytes and erythrocytes are the major cell type responsible for regulating circulating adenosine. 2) Hypoxia regulates ENT1 activity through adenosine-ADORA2B-PKA signaling pathway. 3) Inhibition or deletion of erythrocyte ENT1 results in enhanced adenosine-mediated 2,3-BPG induction and hemoglobin deoxygenation in RBCs when hypoxia is encountered. Thus, our findings suggest that erythrocyte ENT1 and ADORA2B are novel targets to prevent hypoxia-mediated tissue injury. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Chest Wall and Diaphragm

The chest wall and diaphragm support the lungs and the physiologic motion of active breathing. The chest wall consists of the bones and cartilage of the thoracic cage, skin and subcutaneous tissue, muscles, nerves, and vessels. The diaphragm is a large dome-shaped skeletal muscle between the thoracic and abdominal compartments, which has numerous points of attachment to the body wall and skeleton.
High-Order Overset Flux Reconstruction Method for Dynamic Moving Grids

Overset meshes have a unique advantage in handling moving boundary problems as remeshing is often unnecessary. Recently, overset Cartesian and strand meshes were used successfully to compute comple...
Significant Improvement of Somatic Symptom Disorder With Brief Psychoeducational Intervention by PMHNP in Primary Care.

Background:Patients with somatic symptom disorders (SSD) are prevalent in primary care, urgent care, and emergency rooms and present with reduced quality of life, increased disability, and suicidal...
On the equipartition of thermal and non-thermal energy in clusters of galaxies

Clusters of galaxies are revealing themselves as powerful sources of non thermal radiation in a wide range of wavelengths. In order to account for these multifrequency observations equipartition of cosmic rays (CRs) with the thermal gas in clusters of galaxies is often invoked. This condition might suggest a dynamical role played by cosmic rays in the virialization of these large scale structures and is now testable through gamma ray observations. We show here, in the specific case of the Coma and Virgo clusters, for which upper limits on the gamma ray emission exist, that equipartition implies gamma ray fluxes that are close or even in excess of the EGRET limit, depending on the adopted model of CR injection. We use this bound to limit the validity of the equipartition condition. We also show that, contrary to what claimed in previous calculations, the equipartition assumption implies gamma ray fluxes in the TeV range which can be detectable even by currently operating gamma ray observatories if the injection cosmic ray spectrum is flatter than $E^{-2.4}$.
Training Data Leakage Analysis in Language Models

Recent advances in neural network based language models lead to successful deployments of such models, improving user experience in various applications. It has been demonstrated that strong performance of language models comes along with the ability to memorize rare training samples, which poses serious privacy threats in case the model is trained on confidential user content. In this work, we introduce a methodology that investigates identifying the user content in the training data that could be leaked under a strong and realistic threat model. We propose two metrics to quantify user-level data leakage by measuring a model's ability to produce unique sentence fragments within training data. Our metrics further enable comparing different models trained on the same data in terms of privacy. We demonstrate our approach through extensive numerical studies on both RNN and Transformer based models. We further illustrate how the proposed metrics can be utilized to investigate the efficacy of mitigations like differentially private training or API hardening.
Sequential sampling from memory underlies action selection during abstract decision making

Abstract The process of deciding what a sensory stimulus is and how to act on that decision seem distinct, yet they appear to be coupled at the neural level. Neurons in the parietal cortex of monkeys represent both the integration of evidence toward a decision and the behavior used to report the decision. This raises the possibility that monkeys evaluate sensory percepts in terms of their motor affordances rather than their abstract identity. It is not clear how monkeys can evaluate sensory percepts when unaware of the motor actions they bear upon. We investigated this by training monkeys to make perceptual decisions about the direction of motion in a noisy random-dot display. They learned to associate leftward and rightward with two colors, and to select from a pair of colored targets, which were displayed after the motion at unpredictable locations. Surprisingly we found that monkeys postpone decision formation until the pertinent motor actions are revealed. Neurons in parietal cortex represent the accumulation of evidence sampled from short term memory of the motion display. The findings demonstrate that abstract decisions are framed in terms of their motor affordances and highlight the capacity for integration of evidence from memory.
Lessons from a co-design team on supporting student motivation in middle school science classrooms

Decades of motivation research have yielded a set of Motivation Design Principles (MDPs) that can be leveraged to support the development of student motivation and engagement in the classroom. This...
Focus Attracts Attachment.

There is growing evidence that pitch accents as well as prosodic boundaries can affect syntactic attachment. But is this an effect of their perceptual salience (the Salience Hypothesis), or is it b...
Regulating Commission-Based Financial Advice: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Do limitations on commissions paid to financial advisers reduce prices of financial products and stimulate investment? I examine these questions by estimating the causal effects of regulating commissions for mutual fund distribution. I exploit the unique institutional setting in Israel and the 2013 policy change when the government reduced commissions differently for different fund types. The reform led to a major decline in fund expense ratios and a consequent increase in fund flows. Funds with price-sensitive investors experienced a 35% larger inflows. I interpret these results as investor response to price competition fostered by a reduction in distribution costs.
An Optimal Parallel Algorithm for Channel-Assignment

The channel-assignment problem is central to the integrated circuit fabrication process. Given a two-sided printed circuit board, the problem is to make n pairs of components electrically equivalent. The connections are made using two vertical runs along with a horizontal one. Each horizontal run lies in a channel. The problem is to minimize the total number of channels used. We propose a cost-optimal parallel algorithm to solve this problem, running in O(log n) time and using O(n) processors in the EREW-PRAM model of computation.
Improvement of Trichoderma and Gliocladium by Genetic Manipulation

Biocontrol is a needed technique in plant disease management, because of the public concern regarding use of chemical pesticides. Several factors must be considered when developing biocontrol systems for commercial use.
Undegraded intake protein supplementation: II. Effects on plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations in periparturient beef cows fed low-quality hay during gestation and lactation.

Hereford x Angus cows (n = 36; initial wt 568+/-59 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of undegradable intake protein (UIP) supplementation on plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations. Treatments were control (unsupplemented) or one of three protein supplements. Supplements were fed at 1.3 kg DM/d and included UIP at low, medium, or high levels (53, 223, or 412 g UIP/kg supplement DM, respectively). Supplements were formulated to be isocaloric (1.77 Mcal NEm/kg) and to contain equal amounts of degradable intake protein (DIP; 211 g DIP/kg supplement DM). Prairie hay (5.8% CP) was offered for ad libitum consumption. Jugular blood samples were collected daily from each cow during six 7-d collection periods (corresponding to mo 7, 8, and 9 of gestation and to mo 1, 2, and 3 of lactation). Plasma glucose concentrations were similar between control and supplemented cows during mo 2 and 3 of lactation; however, the low UIP treatment group had consistently higher plasma glucose (P< or =.02) than cows fed medium or high UIP supplements during gestation and the last month of lactation. During gestation, cows fed the high UIP supplement had higher (P< or =.08) plasma glucose than cows fed the medium UIP supplement. During gestation, plasma insulin concentration was increased (P = .01) by supplementation; insulin also increased (P<.01; mo 8 and 9) as supplemental UIP increased. During lactation, plasma insulin was greater (P = .01) in supplemented than in control cows. During mo 2 and 3 of lactation, insulin was lower (P< or =.04) in cows fed low UIP supplement compared with cows fed medium or high UIP supplements. Growth hormone concentration was higher (P< or =.03) in control cows than in supplemented cows in all periods measured except mo 7 of gestation. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were higher (P< or =.03) in control cows than in supplemented cows in all periods measured except the 1st mo of lactation. These data are interpreted to suggest that protein supplementation and level of UIP can alter plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites in gestating and lactating beef cows consuming low-quality hay.
Quantifying perfusion-related energy losses during magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound

The focused ultrasound power required for successful ablation of uterine fibroid tissue varies substantially between patients and within single treatments.[1,2] Fibroids with high signal intensity in pretreatment T2-weighted MR images have been shown to require increased power to achieve adequate temperature elevation for ablation;[2,4] thus, T2-weighted signal intensity has been suggested as a predictor of MRgFUS treatment response.[2,3] Physiologically, the high intensity of T2-weighted MR images of uterine fibroids may represent vascularization, fluid-rich tissues, or degeneration.[4,6] By quantifying perfusion-related energy losses (Qb) during MRgFUS treatments, this study is the first step in linking perfusion-related energy losses with MR perfusion imaging. This knowledge could be used to improve biothermal modeling of MRgFUS fibroid treatments and as a potential independent predictor of treatment response and outcome.
Adaptive realization of the phase transform for time delay estimation

This paper introduces two recursive realizations of the Phase Transform (PHAT) processor for time delay estimation (TDE), using a simple one-pole lowpass filter and the least mean square (LMS) adaptive filter, respectively. It is shown that these adaptive methods are very effective in reducing the effect of interfering tonals. The performances of these methods are compared with those of other existing adaptive TDE algorithms via computer simulations.
Observing with Large Telescopes

There are several comet observation projects which one can carry out with a large telescope (aperture larger than 0.30 m or 12 in.). For example, one can use a large telescope to record spectra of a comet, or to make polarization measurements of the coma. One can determine also when the coma first forms and dissipates, along with other information which may yield clues to a comet’s age. He or she may be able to measure the brightness of the bare nucleus or carry out several of the projects described in the previous chapter. In this chapter, I will describe several observing projects which may be carried out with large telescopes, namely, ­spectroscopy, radio studies, photometry of comets and lightcurves, photometry of the bare nucleus, polarization measurements, searching for new comets, recovery of periodic comets and measuring the opacity of comets.
Brain-machine interfaces — The core of the human intranet

Some of most compelling application domains of the IoT and Swarm concepts [1] relate to how humans interact with the world around it and the cyberworld beyond, as well as their fellow human beings and themselves. While the proliferation of communication and data processing devices has profoundly changed our interaction patterns, nothing has profoundly changed our means of processing inputs (sensory) and outputs (actuation). Many of these interactions are still funneled through a limited set of means (such as displays, headphones, keyboards, touch panels) integrated in a single device. The Swarm has the potential to change all of this. Consider the evolution of the smartphone. Over the past decade, it has continuously been accumulating extra functionality in terms of connectivity options and sensory capabilities. Yet, trying to integrate all of these into a single device limits both the user experience as well as the application scope. This motivates the various efforts on disaggregating the phone into an ensemble set of separate but connected components, such as watches, bangles, glasses, contact lenses, earpods, and other wearable devices. In this scenario, which we have dubbed the unPad [2], the personal communication device no longer is a single entity, but becomes a collection of devices aggregated in true Swarm fashion in an organic and opportunistic way. Some of those components may be carried on the person, while others could provided by the augmented environment around us. Given the very broad diversity of sensory and actuation interfaces offered by advanced technology, these unPads would offer an experience that is substantially richer than what our five natural senses and traditional motor functions (speech, motion) can offer. The potential is huge — think empowered humans in an enhanced world.
Phosphoglucomutase. VI. Purification and properties of phosphoglucomutases from human muscle.

Abstract A procedure has been described for the purification of two phosphoglucomutases from human muscle. Although their general catalytic properties are similar, human phosphoglucomutase I is far more resistant than phosphoglucomutase II to inhibition by urea and by Be++. These enzymes differ significantly from each other and from the two rabbit enzymes in total amino acid composition, fingerprint maps obtained with tryptic digests, and immunological properties. However, the amino acid composition of the tryptic peptide containing the active serine, obtained from human phosphoglucomutase I resembles that from rabbit and flounder phosphoglucomutase I.
Adaptation of the theory of superconductivity to the behavior of oxides

An adaptation of the conventional theory to high-temperature superconductors is proposed. Excitation of electrons from below the Fermi surface to above the Fermi surface (according to Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer) is replaced by excitation from a filled energy band into an empty one. The energy bands are constructed from two-dimensional Bloch functions in neighboring layers of the oxide lattices.
Sensitivity analysis using parallel ODE solvers and automatic differentiation in C: SensPVODE and ADIC

PVODE is a high-performance ordinary differential equation solver for the types of initial value problems (IVPs) that arise in large-scale computational simulations. Often, one wants to compute sensitivities with respect to certain parameters in the IVP. We discuss the use of automatic differentiation (AD) to compute these sensitivities in the context of PVODE. Results on a simple test problem indicate that the use of AD-generated derivative code can reduce the time to solution over finite difference approximations.
Effects of the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on islet-cell responsiveness

Collagenase-isolated rat islets were labelled for 2 h in myo-[2-3H]inositol solution supplemented with 2.75 mM-glucose. The phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 0.1 or 1 microM) was also present in some experiments. After labelling, islets were washed and then perifused in 2.75 mM-glucose to establish basal [3H]inositol-efflux and insulin-secretory rates. Subsequently, the responses of these islets to stimulation with various agonists were assessed. Inositol phosphate accumulation was measured at the termination of the perifusion. In separate experiments, the cellular location of protein kinase C (PKC) after PMA pretreatment was measured by quantitative immunoblotting of membrane and cytosolic fractions. The following observations were made. (1) Labelling in 0.1-1 microM-PMA had no deleterious effect on total [3H]inositol incorporation during the 2 h labelling period. However, islets labelled for 2 h in 1 microM-PMA were unable to respond, in terms of increases in insulin release, to a 1 microM-PMA stimulus during the subsequent perifusion. (2) As compared with the responses of control islets labelled in 2.75 mM-glucose alone, islets labelled in the additional presence of 1 microM-PMA displayed a significant impairment in phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, but an enhancement of both first-and second-phase insulin secretion, in response to subsequent 20 mM-glucose stimulation. (3) Decreasing extracellular Ca2+ level to 0.1 mM and including the Ca(2+)-channel antagonist nitrendipine (0.5 microM) along with 1 microM-PMA during the [3H]inositol-labelling period did not alter the response of the islets to the subsequent addition of 20 mM-glucose. Glucose-induced PI hydrolysis was still inhibited and 20 mM-glucose-induced insulin release was still enhanced. (4) A markedly amplified and sustained insulin-secretory response to 200 microM-tolbutamide in the presence of 2.75 mM-glucose was also obtained from 1 microM-PMA-pretreated islets. This contrasts sharply with the small and transient response to tolbutamide noted in control islets. (5) When present only during the perifusion phase of the experiments, nitrendipine (0.5 microM) abolished the amplified insulin-secretory responses to both 20 mM-glucose and 200 microM-tolbutamide noted in PMA-pretreated islets. (6) Prior labelling in 1 microM-PMA dramatically amplified the insulinotropic effect of 25 mM-K+ or 5 microM-A23187 stimulation. The amplified insulin-secretory response to K+, but not to A23187, was abolished by inclusion of nitrendipine during the perifusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Progress and Challenges in Quantifying Water Quality and Ecosystem Responses from Agricultural, Forestry, and Bioenergy Landscapes

Global development of the biofuel sector is pro- ceeding rapidly. Biofuel feedstock continues to be produced from a variety of agricultural and forestry resources. Large- scale feedstock production for biofuels could change the land- scape structure and affect water quantity, water quality, and ecosystem services in positive or negative ways. With rapid advancements in computation technologies and science, field- and watershed-scale models have become a vital tool for quantifying water quality and ecosystem responses to bioenergy landscape and management practices. This paper presents a brief review of the development and application of field- and watershed-scale models in quantifying water quality and management practices and then discusses a num- ber of critical issues associated with applying these models. In conclusion, the paper identifies specific areas that need im- provement and new capabilities for currently used models and addresses challenges in enhancing existing models or devel- oping more sophisticated new models.