cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-temperature dynamics of confined methyl iodide

The rotational tunneling and librational excitations of the one-dimensional quantum rotor, methyl iodide, confined in porous glass monoliths (mean pore diameter of 58 \AA{}) have been investigated using incoherent inelastic neutron scattering. When the pores are completely filled with the solid at low temperatures $(5\mathrm{K}lTl35\mathrm{K}),$ the system exhibits a tunneling spectrum composed of two sets of inelastic peaks: one set at \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5 \ensuremath{\mu}eV and the other at \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 \ensuremath{\mu}eV. Tunneling spectra measured with partially filled pores display peaks at \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.0 \ensuremath{\mu}eV corresponding to tunneling of molecules near the pore walls and show that the peaks at \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5 \ensuremath{\mu}eV in the filled pores, which are similar to bulk solid peaks, can be attributed to molecules in the center of the pore. The lowest-lying librational excitation of the methyl group exhibits behavior consistent with a two-component system with a bulk solidlike librational excitation and a lower-energy librational peak due to the surface molecules. The methyl dynamics are well-described as one-dimensional rotationally hindered rotors, with the core molecules under the influence of a single hindering barrier while the surface molecules experience a distribution of barrier heights. Quantitative estimates of this distribution are presented. Finally, the temperature dependence of the tunneling spectra for both the completely filled and partially filled pores is discussed.
Administration of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Text (MAST) at a student health service.

Abstract “Blood Glucose Control and the Evolution of Diabetic Retinopathy and Albuminuria: A Preliminary Multicenter Trial,” The Kroc Collaborative Study Group. We conducted a prospective multicenter randomized trial to determine both the feasibility of maintaining blood glucose control at differing levels and the effect of improved control on diabetic microangiopathy and albuminuria. Seventy patients with diabetes (low C-peptide level) with nonproliferative retinopathy were randomly assigned to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or unchanged conventional injection treatment. At entry, both groups had similar demographic, clinical, and glycemic characteristics. Over the succeeding eight months, mean 24-hour glucose concentrations (175 ± 9 mg per deciliter) and glycosylated hemoglobin levels (10.0 ± 0.3%) remained elevated during conventional treatment but fell to nearly normal levels (117 ± 6 mg per deciliter and 8.1 ± 0.2%, respectively) with continuous insulin infusion. The frequency of biochemica...
The fallibility of the autopassive transfer test (Cowie)

Abstract 1.1. The skin of an allergic person which fails to react to specific allergen cannot be passively sensitized with his own serum (auto-passive transfer). 2.2. The skin of an allergic person which reacts to specific allergen by direct test shows a 22 per cent drop in positive reactions with auto-passive transfer, indicating some inhibitory rather than enhanced influence.
ANATOMICALLY PRESERVED GLOSSOPTERIS STEMS WITH ATTACHED LEAVES FROM THE CENTRAL TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS, ANTARCTICA.

Stems and buds of Glossopteris skaarensis Pigg and buds of G. schopfii Pigg from the Permian Skaar Ridge locality in the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica demonstrate the first anatomically preserved glossopterids known with stem/leaf attachment. Stems of G. skaarensis are 1-12 mm in diameter ( = 3.1 mm) with a broad pith, poorly defined primary xylem, and a zone of secondary xylem up to 6 mm thick. Pycnoxylic wood conforming to Araucarioxylon Kraus is composed of tracheids with uni- to biseriate oval to hexagonal bordered pits on radial walls, uniseriate rays one to a few cells high, and cupressoid to taxodioid cross-field pitting. Stems have a narrow zone of secondary phloem, aerenchymatous cortex with scattered sclereids, and sometimes a narrow periderm. Two wedge-shaped leaf traces each bifurcate to form four strands in the base of each petiole. Small axillary branches are vascularized by double branch traces that fuse at the margin of the main axis. Buds of G. skaarensis have leaves with narrow lateral laminae and a thickened midrib containing a wide lacuna, delicate vascular strands, and a prominent hypodermis. In contrast, buds of G. schopfii have uniformly thick leaves with prominent, circular vascular bundle sheaths. These anatomical details are used to reconstruct individual types of glossopterid plants, providing new information toward understanding the ecology and evolution of this important group of Permian seed plants.
A comparison of varieties of "second-order" motion.

Abstract Bistable apparent-movement displays were created using four different kinds of “second-order” stimuli in which figures were defined by binocular disparity, spatial phase shifts of periodic luminance distributions, relative motion, and texture-element orientation differences. For each display, characteristics of the local structure of the figures, backgrounds, or both were varied. For each experimental condition, the type of apparent movement seen as a function of interstimulus interval was measured, and it was found that the relationship between perceived apparent movement and interstimulus interval differed across the types of displays viewed. The results suggest that the transformations between first-order stimulus properties and second-order motion may be too complex to imply a single uniform class of second-order motion detectors. Alternative physiological accounts of the results are discussed.
Disturbance of natural vegetation by camping: experimental applications of low-level stress.

Previously undisturbed sites in four different vegetation types were camped on for one night and for four nights. Changes in vegetation cover and vegetation height were measured after camping and one year later. Results are presented separately for different campsite zones—parts of the site where campers slept, cooked meals, and stored their packs. Just one night of camping was sufficient to cause evident impact in all four vegetation types, although the amount of impact varied significantly between zones and between vegetation types. Vegetation impact on campsites used four nights was generally less than twice as severe as impact on the sites used one night. The effects of camping on vegetation were also predicted for 12 other vegetation types on the basis of vegetational responses to experimental trampling. These results suggest that impact can almost always be minimized by confining camping to a small number of campsites instead of dispersing use across many campsites.
The tailored network: an approach to the use of COBOL in a time-sharing data base system

COBOL is the principal language for programming OASIS Tailored Networks and in this capacity assumes a key role in OASIS Stanford's On-line Administrative Information System. In this article we discuss the operation, design, and Programming of tailored networks and attempt to show how the OASIS network mechanism supports COBOL as a programming language for on-line applications. The network mechanism, in conjunction with the OASIS service routines, enables the accomplishment of both general and tailored data management processes and the containment of several simultaneously running terminal support programs within limited memory.
Panniculectomy to facilitate gynecologic surgery in morbidly obese women.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether abdominal panniculectomy done in conjunction with pelvic surgery in morbidly obese women is safe and useful. Methods: Twenty morbidly obese women had excision of large abdominal panniculi in conjunction with pelvic surgery at New Hanover Regional Medical Center between November 1994 and September 1998. Panniculectomy was to improve surgical exposure and to decrease the incidence of wound necrosis, infection, and dehiscence among those high-risk women who all had chronic intertrigo in the skin folds under their panni. Results: The women were 38–65 years old (mean 51 years) and weighed 202–475 pounds (mean 305 pounds). Their body mass indices were 35–76 (mean 51.5). Three women had superficial partial wound dehiscence, which was treated successfully with office debridement. There were no pulmonary emboli or operative deaths. Conclusion: Abdominal panniculectomy is safe and useful in morbidly obese women.
Identifying audio clips with RARE

In this paper, we describe RARE (Robust Audio Recognition Engine): a system for identifying audio streams and files. RARE can be used in a variety of applications: from enhancing the consumer listening experience to cleaning large audio databases. RARE was designed with two key qualities in mind: robustness to distortion of the audio, and lookup speed. RARE identifies audio clips in a stream against a database of 1/4 million songs in real time using approximately 10% CPU on an 850 MHz P3, and with a measured false positive rate of 1.5x10-8 per clip, per database entry, at a false negative rate of 0.2% per clip. We demo RARE in real-time on a stream and on distorted files.
Femorofemoral arterial bypass : Subcutaneous or preperitoneal

A salutary, long-term result, using preperitoneal placement in a patient transferred after repeated failure of subcutaneous prosthetic femorofemoral bypass, prompted a review of this procedure by the authors. From 1972 to 1996, 61 men and 1 woman, aged 28 to 80 years, received 67 initial or redo interpositions for unilateral, predominately-sinistral ischemia, 45% being operated on as emergencies. They were considered unfit for the preferred direct transabdominal reconstruction under general anesthesia because of cardiopulmonary comorbidity. Follow up, extending to 20 years, was complete in 93.5%. Operative mortality was 6.6%, all from cardiogenic shock after atherothromboembolism secondary to transfemoral intraaortic balloon pulsation after myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Most bypasses were subcutaneous; however, 17% were preperitoneal. The author's cumulative initial patency was similar for those operated on with primary (23) and postaortofemoral bypass graft (post-AFBG) (29) ischemia. Preperitoneal placement (10) was associated with better primary prosthetic patency and less infection than subcutaneous (42) insertion.
Strychnine effects on the sensory response patterns of reticular formation neurons.

Abstract Strychnine (ST) administration results in enhanced responses of reticular formation neurons of the cat to visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli. Neurons in the bulbar reticular formation (BRF) also exhibited ST-induced spike-bursting which coincides with the onset of 10–20 Hz high amplitude rhythmic discharge in the lower brain stem often obscuring sensory response enhancement. Mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) neurons showed enhanced sensory responsiveness at higher doses of ST but rarely showed spike-bursting. The rhythmic discharge in the EEG of BRF and spike-bursting in BRF neurons was not observed in animals with spinal cord transection suggesting that this bursting activity is due to the action of ST on the spinal cord. The enhancement of sensory responses may be due in part to reversal of repetition-induced response attenuation (habituation) mechanisms in RF neurons. The ST-induced enhancement of RF neuronal responses to sensory stimuli is similar to that reported previously with pentylenetetrazol. These findings extend the concept that enhancement of RF responses to sensory stimuli may be indicative of a general neuronal action of convulsant agents which may be important in sensory-induced seizures.
Differential effects of proglumide on mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine function

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) is prevalent as a co-transmitter in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. The effect of proglumide, a CCK-8 antagonist, on two acute and one chronic behavioral models of dopamine function was tested. First, haloperidol was used to inhibit stereotypies induced by apomorphine in rats. Pre-administration of proglumide significantly shifted the haloperidol dose response curve to the left. Second, rats were injected in the left caudate nucleus with kainic acid. Three weeks later, haloperidol was used to inhibit apomorphine-induced circling. Pre-administration of proglumide had no effect on this haloperidol dose response curve. Third, either proglumide, haloperidol, or combined treatment was administered to rats for 2 weeks. In proglumide-treated animals, a significant increase in 3H-spiperone binding sites in the nucleus accumbens was observed.
An efficient closed-form approach to the design of linear-phase FIR digital filters with variable-bandwidth characteristics

This paper deals with the design of variable-bandwidth linear-phase FIR digital filters. Such filters are implemented as a linear combination of fixed-coefficient linear-phase filters and the variable bandwidth characteristics are provided by a tuning parameter embedded in the filter structure. These filters are designed in a least-square sense by formulating an error function reflecting the difference between the desired variable bandwidth filter and the practical filter represented as a linear combination of fixed-coefficient filters in a quadratic form. The filter coefficients are obtained by solving a system of linear equations comprising of a block-symmetric positive-definite matrix in which each block is a Toeplitz-plus-Hankel matrix. Consequently, a significant reduction in computational complexity can be achieved in obtaining the entries of this matrix. Moreover, closed-form expressions are provided for both the block-symmetric matrix as well as the vector involved in the system of linear equations.
Effects of physical workload on cognitive task performance and situation awareness

Sixteen participants performed a military operations simulation directing loading of helicopters to weight capacity within an allotted timeframe and subject to a set of decision rules. The participants stood, walked or jogged on a treadmill while performing the simulated cognitive task. Task performance was measured in terms of helicopter loading rate and accuracy. Situation awareness (SA) was measured using a simulation freeze technique and SA queries. Subjective workload was measured using the NASA-TLX. Results indicated a general trend of decreasing SA with increasing physical workload for perceptual knowledge, comprehension and overall SA. Results also revealed higher subjective workload during jogging than during the walking and standing conditions. However, the physical workload manipulations did not appear to affect cognitive task performance. This study has practical implications for defining physical and cognitive workloads in specific dynamic, complex work environments to support operator SA and...
The Use of Varying High-Confusion versus Low-Confusion Sequences to Teach Letter Discrimination.

Within Gibson's framework of teaching children to discriminate the distinctive features of letters, 28 preschool children were trained in letter discrimination using three different types of matching-to-sample alternatives: (1) high-confusion alternatives; (2) low-confusion alternatives; or (3) a sequence of low-, middle-, and high-confusion alternatives. On posttest 1, given after a criterion of two consecutive errorless training days, only the high-confusion and sequence groups significantly improved over their pretest scores as compared with the no-treatment control group. On posttest 2, however, given after a standard number of 20 training days, the performance of all three training groups, including low-confusion, was superior to the control group; no differences were found among the three training groups. The implications of these and other findings for letter discrimination training were discussed.
Generalized Model Selection for Unsupervised Learning in High Dimensions

We describe a Bayesian approach to model selection in unsupervised learning that determines both the feature set and the number of clusters. We then evaluate this scheme (based on marginal likelihood) and one based on cross-validated likelihood. For the Bayesian scheme we derive a closed-form solution of the marginal likelihood by assuming appropriate forms of the likelihood function and prior. Extensive experiments compare these approaches and all results are verified by comparison against ground truth. In these experiments the Bayesian scheme using our objective function gave better results than cross-validation.
Fabrication of Integrated Vertical Mirror Surfaces and Transparent Window for Packaging MEMS Devices

A scheme for creating metal-coated vertical mirrors in silicon, along with an integrated transparent package lid for assembling, packaging, and testing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices is presented. Deep reaction ion etching (DRIE) method described here reduces the loading effect and maintains a uniform etch rate resulting in highly vertical structures. A novel self-masking lithography and liftoff process was developed to ensure that the vertical mirrors undergo uniform metallization while leaving a transparent window for optical probing. Front side of a Si wafer was shallow-etched using DRIE to define an eventual optical window. This surface was then anodically bonded to a Pyrex wafer. Backside Si was then patterned to define thin channels around the optical window. These channels were vertically etched using DRIE, after which the unattached portions of the window region were removed. Negative photoresist was spun on the remaining vertical structures and the stack was exposed from the Pyrex side using Si structures as a self-mask. Subsequent metal sputtering and liftoff results in the metallized top and mirror sidewalls while leaving a clear window. These integrated mirrors and lids are then bonded to the active MEMS mirrors. Various processes and results are illustrated with an example of packaged corner cube retroreflectors (CCRs)
The effect of body composition and gender on cardiac awareness.

This experiment investigates the previously reported relationship between body composition and cardiac awareness. Four groups, containing 20 subjects each, were formed using estimates of percent body fat (%BF) obtained using skinfold measures. The four groups were lean males, non-lean males, lean females, and non-lean females. “Lean” was defined as 15%BF or below in young males, 17%BF or below in older males, 21%BF or below in young females, and 23%BF or below in older females. Subjects were tested while seated in a recliner chair using 50 Whitehead-type discrimination trials. Subjects were asked to discriminate true from false feedback provided in 10-s trials. True feedback was defined as a .1-s light flash occurring 128 ms following each R-spike, and false feedback was defined as a flash occurring 384 ms after the R-spike. Heart period and respiration were recorded continuously. A 2(Genders) × 2(Body Composition Groups: Lean, Non-lean) ANOVA of discrimination scores revealed a main effect for body composition (p<.0001), but no gender main or interaction effects. One-group t-tests revealed that the lean male and female groups both demonstrated discrimination at greater than chance level, but the non-lean groups did not. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of the previously reported gender effect, and their possible contribution in understanding the mechanisms and mediation of cardiac awareness.
Morphometric architecture of the most taxon‐rich species in the U.S. flora: Astragalus lentiginosus (Fabaceae)

 Premise of the study : The study of infra-taxa has historically been considered the study of incipient species. Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex Hooker (Fabaceae) is the most taxonomically diverse species in the U. S. fl ora. To gain insight into the nature of infra-taxa, I ask whether an optimal number of groups exists within A. lentiginosus , whether the varieties represent discrete entities, and whether morphological diversity within A. lentiginosus can be explained by climate.  Methods : Morphometric measurement was made on herbarium specimens. Seasonality was inferred by fi sine waves to climatic data. Statistical clustering, ordination, and multiple regression analyses were employed to test hypotheses.  Key results : K -means clustering resulted in no clear optimal number of groups within the species. Principal components analysis demonstrated that taxa occupy contiguous regions of morphospace but do not form distinct clusters. Multiple regression demonstrated signifi cant relations among morphology and climatic parameters, which are generally stronger than geographic relations.  Conclusions : The bewildering amount of diversity contained within A. lentiginosus begs for decomposition, yet its clinal nature precludes it from division into discrete groups. As a species, A. lentiginosus exists as an array of populations in a delicate balance between homogenizing forces, such as gene fl ow and retention of ancestral characters, and diversifying forces, such as local adaptation and drift. The effect of these forces has become evident in the phenotype of A. lentiginosus , resulting in more infra-taxa than any other species in the U. S. fl ora, but has failed to fracture this group into distinct entities.
Carrier-population dynamics in group III-nitride quantum well laser structures

Semiconductor lasers based on wide-bandgap group-III nitrides are interesting for several reasons. One is the numerous applications for blue-green and ultraviolet light sources. Another is the uncertainty in the physical processes governing laser behavior. An important process is the dynamics of the carrier distributions, because it pertains to the efficiency of populating the lasing states.
Does religious cognition really down-regulate hand grip endurance in men? A failure to replicate☆

article i nfo Wesoughttoperformanexactreplicationofapreviouslypublishedexperimentthatindicatedthatreligiouscog- nition (manipulated via an implicit religious prime)reduced hand-grip enduranceinmen but not inwomen. We randomly assigned 168 female and 159 male undergraduate students to either a task in which they completed scrambled sentences interspersed with words that had religious meanings or a comparable task with words that had no consistent meaning. We did not find an interaction between condition and sex: Men who received the religious prime did not perform any worse on the hand-grip endurance task than did their peers who com- pleted the control task. We did, however, find a sex difference in hand-grip endurance (favoring men), but this sex difference was not found in the original experiment. We explored potential explanations for this failure to replicate, including the possibility that different experimenters (who were ignorant of participants' condition as- signments) produced different results by affecting participants' motivation in different ways. These latter analy- ses revealed that some experimenters produced larger sex differences than others did.
Soviet Perceptions of U.S. “Positions-of-Strength” Diplomacy in the 1970s

Soviet political scholars have argued that, since 1970, it has become impossible for the United States to pursue a “positions-of-strength” foreign policy effectively. These analysts feel that in the past, the U.S. has relied heavily on projecting its military strength in diplomatic affairs, and that changes in the international political and economic order now prevent the continuation of this policy. A study of the positions-ofstrength issue in Soviet scholarly journals reveals that Soviet scholars do not agree on how the United States will react to this development. While the majority contends that the U.S. will try to regain its ability to pursue positions-of-strength diplomacy, a significant minority believes that the time is right for a deepening of Soviet-American cooperation. Although the prospects for cooperation appear less promising at present than they did during 1972–1975, the study shows a general softening on the subject of cooperation since 1970.
Ever since Klekowski: testing a set of radical hypotheses revives the genetics of ferns and lycophytes.

There have been three periods of significant discovery in the exploration of fern and lycophyte genetics. First, during the 1930s, Andersson-Kotto conducted crossing studies on ferns. The publication of Manton's magnum opus on fern chromosomes in 1950 stimulated the second. The third emerged from Klekowski's 1973 American Journal of Botany publication that posed hypotheses linking breeding system dynamics and polyploid genetic architecture. Although Klekowski's assertions (predominant inbreeding and active polyploid genomes) were not supported, his hypotheses served as the impetus for improving our knowledge of the evolutionary mechanisms of ferns and lycophytes. It is now understood that (1) homosporous vascular plants are genetically diploid at high chromosome numbers and (2) both heterosporous and homosporous plants store and release genetic variation through a similar range of breeding systems. However, the seeming paradox of diploid genetic expression in homosporous vascular plants with high chromosome numbers remains unresolved. Ongoing and future research should include (1) more studies of gametophyte biology to elucidate the range and frequency of different breeding systems; (2) genomic analyses and new research on the mechanisms controlling bivalent formation to help discover how and why homosporous plant chromosomes appear so structurally stable; (3) considering whether the frequency of allopolyploidy in lineages can help explain why some are highly polyploid; and (4) chromosome painting studies to identify the dynamics of chromosome behavior in homosporous vascular plants. These open questions and continuing investigations demonstrate the longstanding impact of Klekowski's stimulating contribution.
Individual, family, social, and cultural predictors of depressed mood in former soviet immigrant couples

Gender differences in predictors of depression for married couples from the former Soviet Union were examined in a cross-sectional, descriptive analysis. Data were collected during a longitudinal study of post-migration health and adaptation. The sample included 308 men and women (154 couples), ages 40�79, who had lived in the US for an average of 6 years. Generativity, marital satisfaction and communication, social support, immigration challenges, and alienation were independent predictors of depressed mood. A gender interaction was found for generativity, indicating that diminished opportunities to guide the next generation and be productive members of society may have been more depressing for women. Interventions should attend to gender differences in developmental needs, reduce immigration-related challenges, and strengthen family and social support.
CD8+ and CD4+ cytotoxic T cell escape mutations precede breakthrough SIVmac239 viremia in an elite controller.

Background Virus-specific T cells are critical components in the containment of immunodeficiency virus infections. While the protective role of CD8+ T cells is well established by studies of CD8+ T cell-mediated viral escape, it remains unknown if CD4+ T cells can also impose sufficient selective pressure on replicating virus to drive the emergence of high-frequency escape variants. Identifying a high frequency CD4+ T cell driven escape mutation would provide compelling evidence of direct immunological pressure mediated by these cells.
Value of brominated fluorocarbons for the radiographic diagnosis of small- bowel obstruction: Comparison with other contrast agents in rats

The disadvantages of water-soluble gastrointestinal contrast agents include high osmolality, contrast dilution, and severe toxicity if aspirated. Perfluorocarbons are nontoxic in the lung and peritoneal cavity. Because perfluorocarbons are immiscible with water, they have no osmotic effect and cannot be diluted. Because these properties offer theoretical advantages over traditional gastrointestinal contrast agents, we compared two perfluorocarbons with barium and ionic and nonionic iodinated contrast material in a rat model of small-bowel obstruction.Twelve groups of six rats each had ligation of the terminal ileum (obstruction model) or of the terminal ileum and mesenteric artery (obstruction with ischemia model). Each rat received 3 ml of barium, meglumine sodium diatrizoate, iohexol, neat perfluorooctyl bromide, neat perfluorohexyl bromide, or saline (control animals). Contrast media were given at the recommended concentrations, and their progression was evaluated on serial radiographs by an observer w...
An analysis of Social StoriesTM research using an evidence‐based practice model

The number of Social StoriesTM studies and reviews has increased in recent years, yet concerns regarding quality and effect sizes continue to be expressed. With the emphasis on evidence-based practices (EBPs) for the education and treatment of people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), this issue becomes of paramount importance as professionals and parents attempt to select interventions for the people with ASD in their care. The current study makes a unique contribution in its use of an extensive EBP evaluation model to examine 33 single-subject studies across 13 peer-reviewed journals, a 12-year period, and a wide range of grouping variables. Using the Mayton, Wheeler, Menendez and Zhang (2010) EBP evaluation protocol, studies were investigated in terms of eight quality indicators comprised 23 operationally defined standards. Studies included in this analysis met the following criteria: (1) they were intervention studies using single-subject research designs; (2) they included only participants with disorders on the autism spectrum; and (3) the primary intervention was the use of a Social Story. Findings included on- or above-standard acceptability in EBP indicators related to important aspects of dependent variables within studies and below-standard acceptability in indicators related to both internal and external validity of studies.
Feasibility Analysis of an Add-On Roof System for Standard Shipping Containers

In today’s economy, rising energy costs are constantly forcing exploration into more cost effective energy solutions. With the high heat index of locations, such as Iraq and Afghanistan, the cost of cooling the working space of armed service personnel is extremely high. The Center for Industrial Research Applications (CIRA) at West Virginia University (WVU) is focused on finding a solution to this problem. The Modular Heat Roof (MHR) project is focused on supplying the military shelters with a cost-effective way to reduce the moderate to high heat loads. Research on military shelters and their energy aspects will be conducted to establish a baseline model. This study indicates that a potential 40% reduction in heat load can be realized providing as much as $5m in energy savings for those military containers currently in use in the Middle East.
Shared Risks and Research Dilemmas on a Peace Brigades International Team in Sri Lanka

Peace Brigades International (PBI) is a nongovernmental organization that provides nonviolent protective accompaniment in situations of severe political violence for local activists under threat. PBI team members function as unarmed bodyguards, attempting to deter violence by their presence or to document it and raise the costs to the transgressors if the deterrence fails. Blending ethnographic research of PBI with simultaneous service on a PBI team in Sri Lanka created a host of ethical quandaries and dilemmas. This article explains and analyzes some of these problems, including the use of politically sensitive research material, participation in team meetings and team decisions with life-threatening consequences for others, the acceptance of a salary from the organization under study, and embracing or refusing risks as a participant observer/team member who had more than one agenda.
Single-Surgeon Experience With Robot-Assisted Ureteroneocystostomy for Distal Ureteral Pathologies in Adults

Author(s): Lee, Ziho; Sehgal, Shailen; Llukani, Elton; Reilly, Christopher; Doumanian, Leo; Mydlo, Jack; Lee, David Inkoo; Eun, Daniel Dong-In | Abstract: PurposeTo demonstrate our technical approach for robot-assisted ureteroneocystostomy (R-UNC) for benign and malignant distal ureteral pathologies.Materials and methodsBetween January 2009 and January 2013, a total of 10 patients underwent R-UNC in the distal ureter by a single surgeon. Indications for R-UNC were as follows: idiopathic (3), fistula (2), iatrogenic (2), malignancy (2), and chronic vesicoureteral reflux (1).ResultsTension-free anastomosis was attained in all 10 R-UNC procedures. A psoas hitch was performed in 6/10 cases (60%). Intravesical and extravesical reimplantations were completed in 5/10 (50%) and 5/10 cases (50%), respectively. A nonrefluxing ureter was constructed in 2/10 cases (20%). The patients' mean age was 52.9±16.6 years, their mean body mass index was 30.8±6.3 kg/m(2), the mean operative time was 211.7±69.3 minutes, mean estimated blood loss was 102.5±110.8 mL, and mean length of stay was 2.8±2.3 days. There were no intraoperative complications. There was one Clavien-Dindo grade I and one Clavien-Dindo grade II postoperative complication. The mean postoperative follow-up duration was 28.5±15.5 months. Two patients had recurrence of ureteral strictures at 3 months postoperatively and were managed successfully with balloon dilation.ConclusionsOur technique for R-UNC demonstrates good perioperative outcomes. However, underlying periureteral inflammation and pelvic adhesions may predispose patients for stricture recurrence after R-UNC.
Design and Fabricate Neckwear to Improve the Elderly Patients’ Medical Compliance

According to the estimation of the US National Council for Patient Information and Education, there is millions of prescription written each year, but only half of them are correctly followed by patients. Non-compliance with medicine prescription will result in higher medical cost, more hospitalizations, more complicated pill dosage, and even a threat to life. In order to improve elderly people’s medical compliance, a new approach that utilizes microelectronics technology in wearable neckwear has been proposed. The sensors in the neckwear are able to detect whether the user has actually taken the pill and which pills the user has taken. During the design iteration, elderly participants’ medication related behavioral data and their opinions towards the neckwear reminder concept were first gathered by interviews. The result has demonstrated that wearable neckwear seemed to be a potential solution to improve elderly people’s medication compliance. Then a set of physical (non-functional) prototypes was created based on the initial survey input. Usability testing was conducted in order to measure elderly people’s preferences in relation to shape, comfort, desirability, ease of use and other factors. This paper documented the development of this prototype and focused on the design challenges that have been encountered, and how the problems have been solved.
Photonics in nanotechnology

Nanotechnology, the use of the unique characteristics of nanoscale structures in a wide variety of physical systems, is widely recognized as an important emerging scientific and technological arena. Indeed almost every aspect of the scientific enterprise is being impacted by developments in nanotechnology. This presentation will overview two aspects of photonics in nanotechnology: the use of photons in nanofabrication, and the implications of nanofabricated materials for photonic devices and systems. In fabrication, optical technology continues as the dominant manufacturing paradigm for integrated circuits, even for scales as small as the 45-nm half-pitch node. The possibilities of extending deep-UV optical lithography even further, and of the advent of new optical techniques such as Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) will be covered in this symposium. Nanostructures in photonics include such diverse subjects as quantum dot semiconductor materials for sources and detectors; 1-, 2-, and 3-D photonic crystal materials for waveguides and laser cavities; nanoscale epitaxy as a new paradigm in crystal growth; and composite materials for negative index and plasmonics. Steven R. J. Brueck is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Professor of Physics and Astronomy and Director of the Center for High Technology Materials at the University of New Mexico. Prior to joining the University of New Mexico in 1985, Dr. Brueck was a staff member in the Quantum Electronics Group at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Professor Brueck’s current research interests are in nanoscale optical lithography – both with liquid immersion and with nonlinear extensions analogous to frequency doubling in the time domain, and in a wide variety of applications of this fabrication technology. These include: photonic crystal resonators and waveguides, infrared metamaterials for negative index, nanoscale fluidics for biological separations, and directed self-assembly for extensions of fabrication to the sub-nanometer regime.
Fast and energy efficient optical switches and modulators based on photonic crystals

Nanophotonic devices have been employed to demonstrate efficient all-optical and electro-optical switching at the control energies even below 1fJ, and speeds that could exceed 10GHz.
Cultures of Learning in Effective High Schools

Purpose: Research indicates that a culture of learning is a key factor in building high schools that foster academic achievement in all students. Yet less is known about which elements of a culture of learning differentiate schools with higher levels of academic performance. To fill this gap, this comparative case study examined the cultures of learning among adults and students in two highly effective high schools and two less effective high schools with similar demographics in a single large, urban school district. Research Method: Using 135 interviews and focus groups with administrators, teachers, and students across four case study schools, the authors analyzed the extent to which various elements of a culture of learning was present within and across schools. Findings: Effective high schools had stronger cultures of learning with distinct structures and practices that distinguished them from the less effective schools. These included frequent opportunities for formal collaboration, shared goals cent...
2D SWIR image sensor with extended wavelength cutoff of 2.5 μm on InP/InGaAs epitaxial wafers with graded buffer layers

Two-dimensional photo detector arrays with a cutoff wavelength of 2.5 μm were fabricated on InP/InGaAs epitaxial wafers with graded buffer layers in a 320x256 geometry on a 12.5μm pitch. Novel growth and fabrication techniques were employed to fabricate these arrays and optimize the performance. The dark current of the detector was investigated for a wide range of temperatures. The fabricated detector array was mated with a ROIC and packaged with a multi-stage TEC and investigated further at the FPA level. The effect of the graded buffer layers on the sensor performance was investigated and the results were compared to other methods used to develop and fabricate 2D image sensors on extended wavelength materials.
Use of optical catheters for diagnostic office laparoscopy.

OBJECTIVE : To evaluate several small optical catheters (1.8-mm outer diameter) developed to allow access to the pelvic cavity for laparoscopic diagnosis in the operating room and in an office setting. STUDY DESIGN : Thirty-six procedures are reported, 20 performed in the operating room so that proper placement could be monitored and ensured, and the findings were compared with those obtained with a standard, 10-mm laparoscope. The remaining 16 procedures were performed in an office setting. The patients were women who were candidates for second-look laparoscopy, had pelvic pain and no physical findings, or were evaluated for possible tubal anastomosis. CONCLUSION : The small, rigid catheter, with its excellent optics, provided a clear view of the pelvis without the need for general anesthesia and associated costs. The procedure was performed easily and successfully with a local anesthetic and with minimal discomfort for the patient.
The Political Roots of Racial Tracking in American Criminal Justice

The race problem in the American criminal justice system persists because we enable it. The tendency of liberals to point a finger at law enforcement, racial conservatives, the War on Drugs, is misguided. Black as well as white voters, Democrat as much as Republican lawmakers, President Obama as much as Reagan, both Congress and the Supreme Court alike; all are implicated. We all are 'The Man'. Whether the problem is defined in terms of blacks' overrepresentation in prisons or in terms of the disproportional use of deadly police force against blacks, not enough of us demand that something be done. The Political Roots of Racial Tracking in American Criminal Justice is the story of how the race problem in criminal justice is continually enabled in the national crime policy process, and why.
Focus on Inclusive Education: Evaluating Apps for Students With Disabilities: Supporting Academic Access and Success

Once controversial (Cuban, 2001), computers are now considered a mainstay in PK-12 education in the United States. Now, more and more, schools are moving away from computers in favor of more mobile...
Coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention in complex coronary artery disease: looking beyond clinical end-points.

The choice of optimal revascularization techniques for complex coronary artery disease (CAD), either unprotected left main (UPLM) or multi-vessel disease (MVD), has been a matter of debate for the last two decades. Initially, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated a significant mortality benefit of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) over medical therapy in patients with complex CAD (1). However, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with balloon angioplasty alone or bare metal stent (BMS) was limited by higher rates of adverse events due to restenosis when compared to CABG (2). Since then, PCI has evolved in both stent technology and delivery techniques, and drug eluting stents (DES) have been shown to decrease risk of revascularization compared with BMS (3). Therefore, further research has focused on comparing PCI using DES versus CABG for patients with complex CAD.
4 – Category Ic Cyclizations

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the category Ic indole synthesis involves cyclization of α-anilino aldehydes or ketones under the influence of protonic or Lewis acids. The most successful examples involved alkylation of anilines with 7-haloacetoacetic esters or amides. For example, heating N-substituted anilines with ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetate followed by cyclization with ZnCl2 gave indole-3-acetate ester. 2-Benzyloxy-6-bromo-4-nitro-N-(2-propenyl) aniline (5.82 g, 16 mmol), tetra-n –butylammonium bromide (5.16 g, 16 mmol) and Et3N (4.05g, 40 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (15 ml). Palladium acetate (72 mg, 2 mol %) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, filtered through Celite, washed with water, 5% HC1 and brine, dried and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in CH2Cl2 and filtered through silica to remove colloidal palladium. Evaporation of the eluate gave the product (4.32 g) in 96% yield. Category Ic cyclizations involve formation of the C3–C3a bond and require aniline derivatives with a nitrogen substituent appropriate for such reaction. Some, but not all, such cyclizations also require an o-substituent, frequently halogen.
Incorporating a Safety Index into Pathfinding

Travelers around the world are concerned with choosing not only the quickest route from one point to another but also the safest route. Traffic safety has always been a major public concern, and traffic safety performance should be constantly evaluated so that both reactive and proactive countermeasures can help reduce crashes. This study developed a methodology for incorporating safety aspects into travelers’ pathfinding process. The safe pathfinding process included two main parts: a route-specific safety hazard index and a route-finding algorithm that considered both travel time and safety. The ratio of the deceleration rate to avoid a crash to the maximum available deceleration rate was chosen as the proxy for traffic safety. The safety hazard index was formulated by using the collision mechanism along the roadway segment and at the intersection. Motorist-specific information (e.g., vehicle type, age, pavement condition) was also included in the safety index model so that a traveler’s individual needs...
Public attitudes toward the presence and management of bats roosting in buildings in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Southeastern United States

Abstract In the human dimensions of wildlife management, evaluating stakeholder perceptions of target species helps inform effective conservation efforts. Stakeholder perceptions are invaluable when managing taxa like bats, which may have historically negative cultural preconceptions. However, insectivorous bats provide critical ecosystem services in North America through agricultural insect pest control, and many of these species are threatened by white-nose syndrome (WNS), a disease caused by an invasive fungal pathogen. In Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM), the most visited National Park in the United States (USA), bats are regularly observed roosting in historical buildings by visitors and park employees during summer. As a result, natural and cultural resource managers seek to ensure public safety and protect historical structures while minimizing impacts on bats, especially in light of declines in bat populations as a result of WNS. However, managers lacked information on visitor perceptions of bats and support for potential management action regarding the taxon. From June to August 2016, we surveyed 420 park visitors at three sites in the Cades Cove area of GRSM on their attitudes toward bats, perception of threats to and ecosystem services provided by bats, and support for management of bats. Most respondents supported management action to protect bats in buildings in Cades Cove during summer (76%). Standardized parameter estimates from a multiple linear regression developed with survey data indicated that attitudes toward bats and perception of threats to bats had the greatest effects on support for bat management. Wildlife management and conservation agencies seeking to further cultivate support for management of bats roosting in public spaces may apply these results in the design of tailored programming and outreach materials.
Regionally discriminative multivariate statistical mapping

Statistical mapping of normative or pathological changes in the brain is of utmost importance for our understanding of its structure and function. Mass-univariate as well as multivariate pattern analysis techniques have been proposed to map group differences in neuroimaging studies. However, these methods often suffer from low sensitivity and specificity, as well as high computational cost. To address these limitations, we introduce a novel multivariate statistical framework, termed MIDAS, aiming to efficiently produce highly sensitive and specific statistical brain maps. MIDAS utilizes localized discriminative learning to produce a statistic whose significance can be assessed by analytic approximation of permutation testing. Discriminative learning allows for finding the optimal adaptive filtering of the image for group analysis. The null distribution of the resulting statistic is analytically approximated, which provides computational efficiency. MIDAS is extensively validated using simulated atrophy on structural magnetic resonance images of 200 healthy subjects. Furthermore, the applicability of MIDAS to clinical studies is confirmed by applying it to an Alzheimer's disease (AD) dataset (ADNI) comprising 199 AD patients and 230 controls.