cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liberal Libertarians: Why Libertarianism is a Liberal View

Our contribution in this chapter is to address the argument made by philosopher Samuel Freeman (2001) that libertarianism is not a liberal view. Freeman’s argument is based on the claim that full alienability of property rights is antithetical to liberal political institutions. We address Freeman’s argument by arguing twofold. First, although he derives a logically valid theory of libertarianism, which indeed has illiberal implications, Freeman’s account of libertarianism mistakenly conflates an absolute notion of private property and contract with liberty itself. Second, we argue that private property and freedom of contract are necessary, but not sufficient for a liberal view of libertarianism. Sufficient for a liberal view of libertarianism is a framework of general and universally applicable rules that exhibit neither discrimination nor dominion over individuals before the law, i.e. liberty. The right to private property and contract are normatively laden principles, yet contextual and endogenous to a political framework that gives space to exchange and human flourishing. Ultimately, what Freeman is criticizing is an illiberal view of libertarianism that structures atomistic interaction, one where human interaction is passively based on a logical derivation of the non-aggression axiom. Our account is that libertarianism, properly understood, is a liberal view that structures social interaction, one where human interaction is open-ended and exchange is initiated by individuals’ purposive plans.
Tumor Organoids Fill the Niche

Organoid technologies have significant potential as effective patient avatars. Fujii et al. (2016) and van de Wetering et al. (2015) derive biobanks of colorectal tumor and matching normal organoids and identify associations between tumor subtype, oncogenic drivers, gene-drug interactions, and varying niche requirements for tumor organoid growth, engraftment, and metastasis.
Fermentation substrate and dilution rate interact to affect microbial growth and efficiency.

The effect of dilution rate (D) on carbohydrate, fibrous and nonfibrous, and protein fermentation by ruminal microorganisms was studied using a single-effluent continuous-culture system. The diets of fibrous carbohydrate, nonfibrous carbohydrate, or protein were formulated with soybean hulls (FC), ground corn (NFC), or isolated soy protein (PR) as the primary ingredient, respectively. Six dilution rates (.025, .050, .075, .10, .15, and .20/h of fermenter volume) were used. Digestibilities of DM, OM, and CP for the three diets and of NDF and ADF for the FC diet decreased (P<.001) as D increased, although the response of the digestibility to D varied with diet. Increasing D resulted in an increase in pH (P<.001) and a decrease (P<.001) in ammonia concentration. Daily volatile fatty acid production increased (quadratic; P<.01) for the FC and NFC diets, but decreased (quadratic; P<.001) for the PR diet. Increasing D quadratically increased (P<.001) the molar percentage of acetate and propionate, but quadratically decreased (P<.001) butyrate and valerate for the FC and NFC diets. For the PR diet, the molar percentage of propionate and valerate increased (quadratic; P<.01), whereas acetate and butyrate decreased (linear; P<.001) in response to increasing D. Molar percentage of isobutyrate and isovalerate decreased (P<.01) with increasing D for all three diets. As D increased, daily microbial N production showed quadratic responses with maximum values achieved at .126, .143, and .187/h D for the FC, NFC, and PR diet, respectively. There was a positive correlation between microbial growth efficiency (MOEFF) and D. A quadratic model fit the data of MOEFF as affected by D, and maximum MOEFF of 37.3, 59.6, and 71.4 g of bacterial N/kg OM truly fermented were calculated to be achieved at .177, .314, and .207/h D for the FC, NFC, and PR diet, respectively. Dilution rate significantly influenced the ruminal microbial fermentation of fibrous and nonfibrous carbohydrates and proteins, and was positively related to microbial yield and growth efficiency. In addition, microbial nitrogen composition, and therefore efficiency, was affected by substrate fermented.
Der Reihenfolgeeffekt auf Präferenzen

Some behavioral theories suggest that in case of little prior knowledge and decision uncertainty, preferences are influenced by several context variables like the order of information-processing of the alternatives. Focussing the order-effect and thereby using the theoretical backgrounds of prospect theory and learning theories we can show that in case of low involvement and little knowledge the first alternative benefits solely of being first processed. Two studies were conducted, a conjoint approach as well as an experimental manipulation in a real purchasing situation. The results of both studies confirmed the hypothesis. Practical applications of these findings in marketing and several other business areas are also demonstrated.
Dealing with details in Marrakesh.

Over the next few weeks, two major events will take place—the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change will enter into force on 4 November, and 3 days later, nearly 200 countries will convene in Marrakesh, Morocco, at the 22nd United Nations (UN) Conference of the Parties (COP22) to decide on how to rapidly implement the agreement. Indeed, the agreement's governing body will hold its first meeting during COP22. This swift action to commit and come up with climate action plans is a welcome departure for the international community, and it sends a clear message that success in tackling climate challenges requires more than just a historic political agreement.
Discovery of a novel and potent class of anti-HIV-1 maturation inhibitors with improved virology profile against gag polymorphisms.

Abstract A new class of betulin-derived α-keto amides was identified as HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. Through lead optimization, GSK8999 was identified with IC50 values of 17 nM, 23 nM, 25 nM, and 8 nM for wild type, Q369H, V370A, and T371A respectively. When tested in a panel of 62 HIV-1 isolates covering a diversity of CA-SP1 genotypes including A, AE, B, C, and G using a PBMC based assay, GSK8999 was potent against 57 of 62 isolates demonstrating an improvement over the first generation maturation inhibitor BVM. The data disclosed here also demonstrated that the new α-keto amide GSK8999 has a mechanism of action consistent with inhibition of the proteolytic cleavage of CA-SP1.
Water resources of Kakheti and ecological problems

Abstract Water is an essential life-sustaining resource whose existence and availability for human being can not be overestimated. Rapid socio-economic development over the past several decades in the world, adverse effects of human activities on natural ecosystems, seriously threaten fragile landscape ecology and water resources. All these problems that are observed in today's world didn't pass round Georgia too. The article provides an overview of the present-day condition of Kakheti water resources, one of the important regions of Georgia, and highlights all related negative aspects and issues.
Global Extensible Open Power Manager: A Vehicle for HPC Community Collaboration on Co-Designed Energy Management Solutions

The power scaling challenge associated with Exascale systems is a well-known issue. In this work, we introduce the Global Extensible Open Power Manager (GEOPM): a tree-hierarchical, open source runtime framework we are contributing to the HPC community to foster increased collaboration and accelerated progress toward software-hardware co-designed energy management solutions that address Exascale power challenges and improve performance and energy efficiency in current systems. Through its plugin extensible architecture, GEOPM enables rapid prototyping of new energy management strategies. Different plugins can be tailored to the specific performance or energy efficiency priorities of each HPC center. To demonstrate the potential of the framework, this work develops an example plugin for GEOPM. This power rebalancing plugin targets power-capped systems and improves efficiency by minimizing job time-to-solution within a power budget. Our results demonstrate up to 30% improvements in the time-to-solution of CORAL system procurement benchmarks on a Xeon Phi cluster.
Electron screening and its effects on Big-Bang nucleosynthesis

We study the effects of electron screening on nuclear reaction rates occurring during the big-bang nucleosynthesis epoch. The sensitivity of the predicted elemental abundances on electron screening is studied in detail. It is shown that electron screening does not produce noticeable results in the abundances unless the traditional Debye-H¨ uckel model for the treatment of electron screening in stellar environments is enhanced by several orders of magnitude. This work rules out electron screening as a relevant ingredient to big-bang nucleosynthesis, confirming a previous study [see Itoh et al.,Astrophys. J. 488, 507 (1997)] and ruling out exotic possibilities for the treatment of screening beyond the mean-field theoretical approach.
Droughts, floods, and farming at Quebrada Tacahuay from late prehispanic to colonial times

We describe diachronic evidence of moisture reduction and its consequences for coastal irrigation, agriculture, and settlement at Quebrada Tacahuay, a large drainage south of the Osmore River in far southern Peru. These observations are the first for a drainage of this size and for one with occupation spanning over 12,000 years for southern Peru. Following several millennia of occupation by coastal foragers, farming populations settled the lower elevations of the drainage. Our analysis indicates that agricultural production was well developed in the fourteenth century prior to a previously documented, catastrophic El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) flood that took place sometime during the early-fourteenth century. Later in the fifteenth century the Inca conquest of the region and establishment of a coastal tambo and village was accompanied by agricultural expansion and the creation of new terraces. Subsequent Spanish colonization took place during the Little Ice Age and a period of increased coastal moi...
"This Other Method": The Dynamics of NMR in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been and continues to be one of the most widely spread research techniques in the physical and life sciences, including medicine, since the technique’s invention in 1945. There is no basis, however, to account for a linear success story. Although NMR was used for decades in biochemistry and molecular biology, it had not contributed substantially to solving the big scientific problems in these areas. The goal set by its early proponents—to find out about the dynamics and functions of large biomolecules—was not successfully tackled until the 1980s, when new technology became available. Much of the pre-1980s history of NMR is arguably a history of the dependence of NMR on a rival method, x-ray crystallography. In this paper I will discuss the epistemic and social processes that made the continuation of NMR as a dependent research method possible, perhaps even inevitable. Following a comparison of x-ray crystallography and NMR in the structural elucidation of large biomolecules, the paper analyzes three examples of the practices of biochemical and biomedical research using NMR from the 1950s to the 1970s in the United States: first is a fundamental, almost reductionist approach with a basis in physics and goals in technology; second, a pragmatic one with a strong bent toward biological problems; and third, a methods-oriented program, involving issues of the former two and proving the most fruitful in the long term. This essay is part of a special issue entitled THE BONDS OF HISTORY edited by Anita Guerrini.
The teaching commons: peer financial education handout assignment

Peer educators are a common sight on college campuses and peer financial education has been found effective. The Peer Financial Education Handout Assignment combines peer education and financial literacy education. Students develop a two-page informational handout on a personal finance topic that matters to them at their current stage of life. This is in keeping with the concepts of 'personalised' and 'just-in-time' education. Students present their handout to classmates and then share the handout with the general college community by staffing informational tables. The peer education feature of the assignment heightens the general education aspect of the work in the course, enriching the personal finance content with general skills. Student learning outcomes addressed by this assignment are: 1) learning to analyse and critically evaluate ideas, arguments, and points of view; 2) gaining factual knowledge; 3) developing skill in expressing oneself orally and in writing.
Isolation of 12-(S)-hepe from the red marine alga murrayella periclados and revision of structure of an acyclic icosanoid from laurencia hybrida. Implications to the biosynthesis of the marine prostanoid hybridalactone

The tropical red marine alga Murrayella periclados is a rich source of the physiologically-potent icosanoid 12-(S)-HEPE, previously only reported from animal tissues and cells. Comparison of our data with that for a reported hydroxyicosapentaenoic acid from the related seaweed Laurencia hybrida leads us to reassign the latter structure to 12-HEPE. Because 12-(S)-HEPE was hypothesized as a likely intermediate in the biosynthesis of hybridalactone, an unusual marine prostanoid from L. hybrida, its isolation from this and related seaweeds provides additional support of a lipoxygenase pathway to prostanoids in marine organisms.
Immune response to human cytomegalovirus infection.

The purpose of this article is to review immune responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV) which may be initiated or guided by specific gene products of the virus. In light of the clinical importance of CMV as a pathogen, increasing efforts are being made to understand the immune response to CMV and how it relates to protection from severe clinical disease. The genome of CMV is 230 kilobases and has the capacity to code for aproximately 200 proteins, each of which may be subject to posttranslational modification by cleavage, phosphorylation, glycosylation, or sulfation. The spectrum of proteins is therefore complex, but our understanding of the immunologic structure of CMV has improved greatly in the past few years, largely as a result of the application of monoclonal antibodies and recombinant DNA technology to the problems of gene and protein identification. The rational design of a subunit CMV vaccine is dependent upon progress in studies of both the virology and immunology of CMV. In this review, I will first summarize what is currently known about the protein structure of human CMV. In that section I will focus on those proteins and glycoproteins that have either been characterized according to function or have been localized to a specific area within the genome. The formidable task of grouping the CMV gene products that have been described to date has been accomplished in a recent review by Landini and Michelson (1988). Second I will describe the general patterns of immune responsivity to CMV. I will emphasize the human immune responses which have been associated with protection or are thought to be important for containment of virus infection. However, studies in animal models or with non-human CMV strains will be discussed where appropriate. Immune responses which can be stimulated with defined viral proteins will be described.
On Interpolation Problems in the Complex Right Half Plane

In this paper, an application of the commutant lifting theorem, is used to solve some mixed H 2 and H ∞ Sarason type problems for continuous time systems. A solution is presented that solves the H ∞ problem and a H 2 bound is obtained as a by product of our analysis. In contrast to the discrete time problem in [8], an additional weight is introduced on the H 2 norm that occurs naturally from the construction a certain shift operator in H 2 . The theory is developed to include the irrational case, and state space formulas are provided for a certain rational Nehari problem.
Measurement and Analysis of Gravity in Boreholes

Small variations in the vertical component of gravity (gv have been found to be of considerable use in geophysical exploration. The phenomenon of interest to conventional exploration geophysics is the variation of gv with position on the surface. Two-dimensional contour maps of this variation are usually prepared. The change in gv caused by a buried mass will, of course, be greatest directly above the mass, but will vary with the horizontal distance between the mass and the measuring point. This variation can be used to attempt to locate and describe the mass. Surface gravimetry is typically used to locate buried faults, domes and other structures of interest to the exploration geophysicist, and a vast literature exists describing the method.
Villains and Heroes

The world is full of ordinary people who see things and make judgments according to standards defined by their local culture.
Spotlight on the Linx™ Reflux Management System for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: evidence and research

Background The initial approach to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) management typically involves lifestyle modification and medical therapy utilizing acid reducing agents such as histamine blockers and proton pump inhibitors. In severe cases refractory to such treatments, surgical therapy may be indicated. The gold standard for surgical treatment of GERD is the laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. In recent years, a new technique known as magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) has been developed using the Linx™ Reflux Management System. This is an implantable ring of magnetic beads that is placed around the esophagus at the gastroesophageal junction to restore lower esophageal integrity. The aim of this review is to discuss the current literature regarding indications, surgical technique, efficacy, and complications of MSA using the Linx device. Methods A standardized literature search was performed yielding 367 abstracts. After elimination due to duplicates between databases and irrelevance, 96 articles remained. The information found to be significant and non-redundant was included in this review. Conclusion After several years of clinical application, the Linx device has been shown to not only be effective for the management of GERD but also be as effective as fundoplication. With respect to safety, the most common complication of MSA is dysphagia. This often resolved without intervention, but esophageal dilation or device explanation are occasionally necessary. Not fully appreciated in earlier reviews, erosion of the device into the esophagus appears to be the most significant complication of the device after extended follow-up. While very rare, the potentially severe consequences of this phenomenon suggest that the device should be used with some restraint and that patients should be made aware of this potential morbidity. Fortunately, in the few cases of device erosion described in the literature reviewed, the Linx device was easily and safely removed.
Opportunities for Atomic Layer Deposition in Emerging Energy Technologies

The demand for new and more efficient energy technologies has motivated the need to design and construct materials at the nanoscale. Because it allows for the synthesis of materials with atomic-level control over nanostructure and composition, atomic layer deposition (ALD) will play an important role in the realization of precise nanoscale design. In this Perspective, we highlight successful uses of ALD toward improving the performance of materials for energy capture, storage, and consumption. We identify five roles that ALD can play in the synthesis and study of energy technologies: fabrication of active materials, modification of surface properties, deposition of barrier and encapsulation layers, synthesis of intricate nanostructures, and elucidation of fundamental material–property relations. Moreover, we offer our perspective on how ALD will fit into the future study, design, and fabrication of nanomaterials for sustainable energy technologies.
Ricoeur on Truth in Religious Discourse: A Reclamation

The fields of comparative theology and interreligious dialogue have largely presupposed the possibility of interreligious learning, but there have been few attempts to provide a philosophical framework for such learning. Utilizing the philosophical hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur, I argue that evaluations of religious truth should be understood holistically and contextually. In interreligious engagements, tensions are created in and questions are raised for one's own worldview. If one proceeds to imaginatively enter into another's worldview and finds resources there that enable one to alleviate those tensions and answer those questions, as well as make sense of one's reality in a broad way, then one may properly deem such beliefs to be true. Interreligious learning is thus construed as the recognition of truth that enables one to productively orient oneself to reality. The result is a provisional philosophical framework for understanding religious truth and interreligious learning.
The deadly diffusion of lethal technologies

At first glance, Power to the People by Audrey Kurth Cronin might be just another entry in a long line of works devoted to technological fearmongering and dire threat inflation . Cronin9s warning about technological diffusion and its likely impact on terrorism, however, should not be classified alongside those earlier contributions. Rather than broadly faulting emergent lethal technologies, she makes a very focused and compelling case for attending to the threats posed by open-source "off-the-shelf " technologies that are affordable and easily operated, and are easily weaponized (3D-printed guns and the arming of inexpensive hobby drones are two relevant examples).
Expanding the Orthopaedic Pipeline: The B.O.N.E.S. Initiative.

Objective Although the number of female medical school graduates has dramatically increased over the last decades, Orthopaedic surgery continues to struggle in attracting women and under-represented minorities to the field. Potential barriers include limited exposure during medical school and the scarcity of female mentors. We hypothesized that a structured, low-cost, workshop for medical students allowing exposure to orthopaedic surgery would increase students’ interest in the field. Our primary outcome was the perceived satisfaction with the program and the number of students who subsequently expressed an interest in pursuing a career in orthopaedic surgery. Our secondary outcome was the number of student participants who subsequently matched in orthopaedic surgery. Design Combining female faculty from surrounding hospitals, we developed a free half-day program including skills workshops and panel discussions for women medical students in the region. Participants were asked to complete an anonymous survey grading their satisfaction with the utility of the information presented, the comfort level in interacting with faculty and how the experience may have impacted their potential interest in orthopaedic surgery. Eligible participants were contacted by email to determine their ultimate career choices and match results. Furthermore, participants were followed over time to determine how many chose and matched into an orthopaedic surgery residency. Setting The workshop took place in Boston at the Harvard Medical School affiliated hospitals. Participants Student participants were invited from all New England allopathic and osteopathic medical schools. Faculty participants included staff, residents and fellows from the Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program. Results Over 3 years, 155 female medical students participated in the program and 97% found it useful. Among 59 students who have since become eligible for the match, 22 matched into an orthopaedic surgery residency. Eight of 36 (22%) match eligible first and second year participants matched in orthopaedic surgery while 14 of 23 (61%) match eligible third and fourth year student attendees successfully matched in orthopaedic surgery programs. Conclusions Taking advantage of local resources, we demonstrated that outreach is effective in enhancing students’ interest in the field. We encourage as many programs as possible to consider similar initiatives.
Fixed Polarity Pascal Transforms with Symbolic Computer Algebra Applications

The fixed polarity forms of the Reed-Muller (RM) transform exist in 2n different polarities. The integer-valued Pascal transform is related to the binary-valued RM transform through the Sierpinski fractal, calculated by performing the modulo-2 operation on Pascal’s triangle, as it appears in the lower triangular portion of the positive-polarity RM transform. We generalize the relationship between the fixed-polarity forms of the RM transform and introduce associated forms of the Pascal transform that are characterized by a polarity value allowing for a family of fixed-polarity Pascal (FPP) transform matrices to be defined. We observe and prove several properties of the FPP transforms and their inverses. An application of FPP transforms in the area of symbolic computer algebra that enables very fast decomposition of real-valued polynomials as weighted sums of different binomials raised to a power as compared to manual symbolic manipulation is described. The decomposition weights can be considered to be the inverse FPP spectrum with respect to a real-valued polynomial since they are computed using one of the linear orthogonal FPP transformation matrices.
Coexisting attractors in the context of cross-scale population dynamics: measles in London as a case study.

Patterns of measles infection in large urban populations have long been considered the paradigm of synchronized nonlinear dynamics. Indeed, recurrent epidemics appear approximately mass-action desp...
Coinage metal metallacycles involving a fluorinated 3,5-diarylpyrazolate

Copper(I) and silver(I) pyrazolate complexes {[3,5-(3,5-(CF3)2Ph)2Pz]Cu}3 and {[3,5-(3,5-(CF3)2Ph)2Pz]Ag}3 have been synthesized using the fluorinated 3,5-(diaryl)pyrazole 3,5-(3,5-(CF3)2Ph)2PzH and copper(I) oxide and silver(I) oxide, respectively. The gold(I) analog was obtained from a reaction between Au(THT)Cl and [3,5-(3,5-(CF3)2Ph)2Pz]H/NaH. The X-ray crystal structures show that the coinage metal complexes {[3,5-(3,5-(CF3)2Ph)2Pz]M}3 (M = Cu, Ag, Au) are trinuclear in the solid state. They feature distorted nine-membered M3N6 metallacyclic cores. The M–N distances follow Cu < Au < Ag, which is the trend expected from covalent radii of the corresponding coinage metal ions. The 3,5-(3,5-(CF3)2Ph)2PzH forms hydrogen bonded trimers in the solid state that are further organized by π-stacking between aryl rings. Solid samples of {[3,5-(3,5-(CF3)2Ph)2Pz]M}3 display blue photoluminescence. The copper complex {[3,5-(3,5-(CF3)2Ph)2Pz]Cu}3 is an excellent catalyst for mediating azide–alkyne cycloaddition chemistry.
Food Insecurity and Obesity in US Adolescents: A Population-Based Analysis.

Background: Food insecurity and obesity are significant problems affecting adolescents. There is a paucity of recent data examining this relationship. This study utilizes a recent nationally repres...
Epidemiology and Retrospective Analysis in Extrapulmonary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.

Objectives We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas (EPNECs) to explore the distribution and overall outcomes by different regimens and their primary sites. Setting We reviewed the outcomes of one of the largest data sets of patients with extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas (EPSCCs) identified at Allegheny General Hospital located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Participants Patients diagnosed with grade 3 EPNECs were retrospectively identified. Primary endpoint and epidemiology: Overall survival (OS) with different treatment regimens was the primary endpoint. Also, epidemiological factors such as risk factors, race, family history of cancer, and associated comorbidities were recorded. Results OS was 16 months in seven patients who received cisplatin/etoposide chemotherapy and 8.5 months in seven patients with carboplatin/etoposide chemotherapy. The commonest primary site was the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Smoking history association was observed to be 50%. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) patients had significantly better OS. Simultaneously, an extensive form of disease pattern was also noticed in 94.4% of the patients. Significantly, neutropenic sepsis was observed in 71.4% of the patients who were treated with cisplatin/etoposide combination. Conclusion EPNECs demonstrated a low response rate to chemotherapy and high rates of distant metastases. Conclusively, brain metastases were rare.
Compression Screw Fixation of Lunate Fracture: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background Isolated traumatic lunate fractures without other surgical carpal bone or ligamentous injuries are extremely rare, with few published reports available to guide management. Lunate fracture management is controversial, and depends on concurrent injuries of adjacent carpal bones, ligaments, risk of ischemia, and displacement. Case Description A 48-year-old right hand dominant man suffered a crush injury to the left hand caught between a forklift and a metal shelf. Radiographs and computed tomography imaging of the left hand and wrist were significant for a displaced Teisen IV fracture of the lunate. A dorsal ligament sparing approach was utilized to access, reduce, and fixate the fracture using a headless compression screw. After immobilization and rehab, at 9 months after initial injury, the patient was back to work on full duty without restriction and pleased with the results of his treatment. Literature Review A literature review of lunate fracture compression screw fixation was performed and revealed a total of three reports indicating successful treatment of fractures, with patients returning to full activity. Clinical Relevance Lunate fractures are rare, often missed, and treating these injuries can be challenging, particularly in the setting of acute trauma. Based on our limited experience, we believe that open reduction and internal fixation of isolated Teisen IV lunate fractures with a headless compression screw is a viable treatment modality with satisfactory outcomes.
The Development of Mnemonic and Mnemotechnical Functions

In the area of memory, psychology has long ago learned to distinguish between two basic lines—the natural and the cultural—which we have tried to trace over the whole course of our research.
Stimulus-Response Compatibility Principles: Data, Theory, and Application

STIMULUS-RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY AND SELECTION OF ACTION: BASIC CONCEPTSIntroductionClassic StudiesTerminology and DistinctionsTechniques for Studying S-R CompatibilityModels for S-R Compatibility EffectsChapter SummaryFACTORS IN ADDITION TO S-R COMPATIBILITY THAT AFFECT RESPONSE-SELECTION EFFICIENCYIntroductionThe Speed-Accuracy TradeoffUncertainty and Number of AlternativesResponse-Precuing EffectsSequential EffectsInfluence of Practice on Set-Size Effects and Sequence LearningChapter SummaryBASIC STIMULUS-RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY EFFECTSIntroductionSpatial Stimuli and ResponsesVerbal and Nonverbal S-R ModesOther Element-Level S-R Compatibility EffectsChapter SummaryCORRESPONDENCE OF IRRELEVANT STIMULUS INFORMATION AND RESPONSES: THE SIMON EFFECTIntroductionSpatial Stimuli and ResponsesSimon-Type Effects for Other Stimulus and Response DimensionsChapter SummaryS-R COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS FOR MULTIDIMENSIONAL STIMULUS AND RESPONSE SETSIntroductionTwo-Dimensional Nonspatial Stimuli Mapped to Keypress ResponsesThe Right-Left Prevalence Effect for Two-Dimensional Spatial Stimuli and ResponsesSimon Effects for Two-Dimensional Spatial Stimuli and ResponsesStatic and Dynamic DimensionsJudgment and Decision-MakingChapter SummaryREVERSING THE SIMON EFFECT FOR IRRELEVANT LOCATIONIntroductionThe Hedge and Marsh ReversalManipulating Percentages of Corresponding and Noncorresponding TrialsEffects of Intermixed Location-Relevant MappingsTransfer from a Prior Spatial Mapping to the Simon TaskChapter SummaryCONSEQUENCES OF MIXED MAPPINGS AND TASKSIntroductionMixing Compatible and Incompatible Mappings in Spatial Choice TasksMixing Nonspatial S-R MappingsAccounts for Elimination of the S-R Compatibility Effect with Mixed MappingsMixing Location-Relevant and -Irrelevant Trials: The S-R Compatibility EffectAccounts for the Elimination of SRC Effects with Mixed Location-Relevant and -Irrelevant TrialsComparison of Mixed Mappings and Trial TypesA Negative Correspondence Effect for Masked StimuliChapter SummaryCOMPATIBILITY EFFECTS FOR ORTHOGONAL DIMENSIONSIntroductionUp-Right/Down-Left Mapping AdvantageInfluences of Hand, Hand Posture, and Response Eccentricity on Orthogonal S-R CompatibilityCorrespondence of Asymmetric Codes as a General Principle of Binary-Choice ReactionsTasks with More than Two AlternativesChapter SummaryPOPULATION STEREOTYPES FOR DIRECTION OF MOTION AND COLOR, WORD, AND PICTURE ASSOCIATIONSIntroductionLinear Display Indicators and their Relations to ControlsRotary Displays and their ControlsOther Population StereotypesChapter SummarySTIMULUS-RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS IN DUAL-TASK PERFORMANCEIntroductionThe PRP Effect and the Central Bottleneck ModelSimon Effects for Irrelevant Stimulus LocationConsistency of MappingsCrosstalk between TasksC
The Mirror Fusion Test Facility: An Intermediate Device to a Mirror Fusion Reactor

The Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF-B) now under construction at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory represents more than an order-of-magnitude step from earlier magnetic-mirror experiments to...
Role of mycelium and extracellular protein in the biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was studied in batch systems. In experiments with mycelial suspension, the degradation of 2,4,6-TCP was found to occur in the absence of ligninase. Chloride ion was recovered in nearly stoichiometric amounts at the end of the process. The microorganism did not retain its degradation ability for more than 6 days under substrate-deficient conditions. Neither the mycelium nor the extracellular protein alone could degrade 2,4,6-TCP; both were required for complete degradation to occur. In experiments in which 2,4,6-TCP was exposed to the culture supernatant separated from its mycelium, negligible degradation was obtained and no chloride ion was recovered. No degradation was observed even when the supernatant was supplemented with hydrogen peroxide as a possible cosubstrate. In experiments performed with washed mycelium separated from its supernatant, no degradation took place until the mycelium released additional extracellular protein 5 to 6 h into the incubation. Additions of washed mycelium separated from its supernatant to active cultures also produced an increase in the rate of degradation in correspondence with the protein release. The protein release was independent of the presence of 2,4,6-TCP. The addition of cycloheximide to inhibit the synthesis of de novo proteins completely suppressed the release of protein by the mycelium and resulted in no 2,4,6-TCP degradation. Additions of culture supernatants containing a high concentration of extracellular protein to active cultures produced an increase in the rate of 2,4,6-TCP degradation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Big Data Bioinformatics

Recent technological advances allow for high throughput profiling of biological systems in a cost-efficient manner. The low cost of data generation is leading us to the "big data" era. The availability of big data provides unprecedented opportunities but also raises new challenges for data mining and analysis. In this review, we introduce key concepts in the analysis of big data, including both "machine learning" algorithms as well as "unsupervised" and "supervised" examples of each. We note packages for the R programming language that are available to perform machine learning analyses. In addition to programming based solutions, we review webservers that allow users with limited or no programming background to perform these analyses on large data compendia.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION PROBLEMS

In analyzing real problems using the classical theory of one-dimensional consolidation it is necessary to make a number of simplifying assumptions, the effects of which cannot be determined easily. The nature of these errors is studied by comparing classical analyses with finite difference analyses that take into account time-dependent loading, large strains, nonlinear stress strain properties, effective-stress dependent properties, hysteresis, settlement dependent submergence, layered soil deposits, and other such phenomena. Finally, classical and finite difference analyses were compared for four field problems ranging from settlement of embankments over stiff and soft clays to consolidation of waste slimes. Although the consolidation times, predicted using classical and finite difference methods, sometimes differed by a factor of ten, it was found that a number of simple adjustments to classical analyses improved correlations significantly, and many of remaining errors tended to counterbalance each other. In many cases uncertainties in soil properties may introduce errors as large as those in the corrected classical theory.
Inhibition of Axonal Growth by Brefeldin A in Hippocampal Neurons in Culture

The outgrowth of neuronal processes involves a great increase in the surface area of the cell. The supply of membrane material necessarily must be coordinated with the demands for neurite growth. The selective growth of only one or two neurites at any given time during the development of polarity raises the possibility that the production of materials by the soma is limiting for growth ([Dotti and Banker, 1987][1]; [Dotti et al., 1988][2]; [Goslin and Banker, 1990][3]). To examine the role of the availability of membrane components during the development of polarity and axonal elongation, we treated neurons with brefeldin A, an antibiotic that disrupts the trafficking of vesicles from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane. Treatment with brefeldin A (1 μg/ml) inhibited axonal growth within 0.5 hr; in unpolarized cells it prevented the formation of an axon. These results indicate that the availability of membrane components of Golgi-derived vesicles is required for axonal growth and hence the development of polarity. Inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis also blocked axonal growth and the development of polarity, but over a much slower time course. This suggests that the full complement of proteins and mRNAs required for the initial development of polarity is present for several hours before polarity is actually established. [1]: #ref-18 [2]: #ref-19 [3]: #ref-25
'Economic Crisis and the Rise of Judicial Elections and Judicial Review': Article Text

Almost ninety percent of state judges today face some kind of popular election. This peculiar institution emerged in a sudden burst from 1846 to 1853, when twenty states adopted judicial elections. The modern perception is that judicial elections, then and now, weaken judges and the rule of law. Indeed, some critics of judicial power in the early republic supported judicial elections for precisely those reasons, but instead, they focused on other more direct attacks on the courts.Judicial elections swept the country in the late 1840s and 1850s and the key was a new movement to limit legislative power, to increase judicial power, and to strengthen judicial review. Over time, judicial appointments had become more a tool of party patronage and cronyism. Legislative overspending on internal improvements and an economic depression in the early 1840s together had plunged the states into crippling debt. A wave of nineteen states called constitutional conventions from 1844 to 1853, and in addition to direct limits on legislative power, these conventions adopted judicial elections. Many delegates stated that their purpose was to strengthen the separation of powers and to empower courts to use judicial review.The reformers got results: elected judges in the 1850s struck down many more state laws than their appointed predecessors had in any other decade. These elected judges played a role in the shift from active state involvement in economic growth to laissez-faire constitutionalism. Oddly, the first generation of elected judges were the first to justify judicial review in countermajoritarian terms, in the defense of individual and minority rights against abusive majorities and the “evils” of democracy. This Article concludes with lessons about judicial independence and democracy from this story.The appendices, including the full list of state cases of judicial review from 1780 to 1865, are on SSRN at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1542870
A computerized intervention to promote colorectal cancer screening for underserved populations: Theoretical background and algorithm development

Objective: The aim of this exploratory study was to assess factors deemed by patients as "important" as they planned and considered undergoing colorectal cancer CRC screening, and to use this data to design a computer-delivered intervention to promote screening. Methods: Fifty participants 50 years or older, not up-to-date with current recommended CRC screening guidelines, were recruited from a primary care clinic. A semi-structured interview focused on aspects of preparing for colorectal cancer screening was administered; after transcription, researchers used triangulation and consensus to identify relevant themes and concepts. Results: Four main themes were identified that dealt with issues important for both FOBT and colonoscopy planning: personal concerns, reminders, communication with healthcare providers and obtaining test results. FOBT specific themes included: sample collection and return. For colonoscopy screening, themes included: scheduling, intervention questions, colonoscopy preparation, and transportation. These can be classified as barrier, process and accessory themes. The developed computer-administered implementation intentions algorithm addressed all the identified concerns in a planned and sequential manner, in order to facilitate planning for CRC screening. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that appropriate reminders, explanations of procedures, and patient understanding of temporary life disruptions, help patients develop and accept a detailed screening plan.
Una aproximación a la lírica de Paul Celan

espanolEs necesario precisar en que sentido se habla de silencio en la obra de Celan. Si por un lado puede decirse que su lirica es una replica a la imposibilidad de la poesia despues de Auschwitz (Adorno) y que se alza en el marco de la aniquilacion de la guerra y el nazismo que arraso tambien al lenguaje (Steiner), es de modo dialectico como esta alusion al silencio, nunca positiva y facticamente determinable, puede ser explorada, segun las lineas de tension contrapuestas que atraviesan la lirica de Celan. EnglishIt is necessary to specify in which sense the concept “Silence” is to be used in Celan’s poetry. If on one hand it can be said that his Lyric is an answer to Adorno’s impossibility of poetry after Auschwitz, and that it arose in the frame of the annihilation of war and Nazism that also devastated language (Steiner), on the other hand, it is in a dialectical way that this allusion to Silence, neither positively nor factically determinable, could be explored, according to the opposing tension lines that go across Celan’s Lyric.
Asystole to cross-clamp period predicts development of biliary complications in liver transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors

Summary This study sought to determine the procurement factors that lead to development of intrahepatic bile duct strictures (ITBS) and overall biliary complications in recipients of donation after cardiac death (DCD) liver grafts. Detailed information for different time points during procurement (withdrawal of support; SBP < 50 mmHg; oxygen saturation <30%; mandatory wait period; asystole; incision; aortic cross clamp) and their association with the development of ITBS and overall biliary complications were examined using logistic regression. Two hundred and fifteen liver transplants using DCD donors were performed between 1998 and 2010 at Mayo Clinic Florida. Of all the time periods during procurement, only asystole-cross clamp period was significantly different between patients with ITBS versus no ITBS (P = 0.048) and between the patients who had overall biliary complications versus no biliary complications (P = 0.047). On multivariate analysis, only asystole-cross clamp period was significant predictor for development of ITBS (P = 0.015) and development of overall biliary complications (P = 0.029). Hemodynamic changes in the agonal period did not emerge as risk factors. The results of the study raise the possibility of utilizing asystole-cross-clamp period in place of or in conjunction with donor warm ischemia time in determining viability or quality of liver grafts.
Age-related increased susceptibility of male Fischer 344 rats to acetaminophen nephrotoxicity.

Abstract Male Fischer 344 rats classified as young (2–4 months), middle-aged (12–14 months) and aged (22–25 months) received 300, 600 or 800 mg/kg acetaminophen (APAP) intraperitoneally and were sacrified 24 hr later. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and urinary glucose and osmolality were determined. In addition, kidneys were evaluated for histopathological changes. APAP did not affect osmolality or BUN concentrations and failed to produce lesions after any dose in young rats. Osmolality was decreased 40% and 50% in middle-aged and aged rats, respectively, after 800 mg/kg APAP. Glucosuria was prominent in aged rats after the 600 and 800 mg/kg doses were administered, while middle-aged rats showed little glucosuria after these doses. BUN concentrations were elevated 89% and 183% in middle-aged and aged rats, respectively, given 600 mg/kg APAP; after 800 mg/kg, BUN concentrations were elevated approximately four-fold in both age groups. Pathological evaluations showed a greater incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in aged kidneys compared to kidneys of middle-aged rats after 600 mg/kg, while the two older groups exhibited similar, more severe ATN after 800 mg/kg APAP. These data suggest an age-related increased susceptibility of male Fisher 344 rats to APAP nephrotoxicity.