cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of synapses formed with apical dendrites of golgi-impregnated pyramidal cells: Variability in thalamocortical inputs, but consistency in the ratios of asymmetrical to symmetrical synapses

Abstract Five pyramidal cells from the posteromedial barrel subfield of mouse SmI cortex were labeled by Golgi impregnation and then gold-toned and de-impregnated ( Fairen, Peters & Saldanha, 1977 ). Subsequently, 40 to 70 μm-long segments of their apical dendrites occurring in layer IV were graphically reconstructed from serial thin sections to determine the distribution of their synapses. Thalamocortical synapses onto these dendritic segments were identified by lesion-induced degeneration. The synaptic pattern of the pyramidal cell apical dendrites was consistent with previous reports in that most synapses occurred on spines and were asymmetrical and the smaller number of shaft synapses were primarily symmetrical. Some axospinous synapses were formed by degenerating thalamocortical axon terminals. The proportion of thalamocortical synapses onto reconstructed dendritic segments was different for different neurons. For example, thalamocortical axon terminals formed 15% of the synapses involving the spines of the reconstructed segment from a medium superficial layer V pyramidal cell and 10% of the synapses onto portions of the segment from a large layer VI pyramidal cell. In contrast, reconstructed dendritic segments of three other layer VI pyramidal cells formed no more than one thalamocortical synapse. An analysis of the distribution of synapses onto reconstructed dendritic segments revealed that the segments of 3 medium and large pyramidal cells had a ratio of about 12.5 asymmetrical synapses per symmetrical synapse, whereas the segments of 2 small pyramidal cells had ratios of only 6.5 asymmetrical synapses per symmetrical synapse. That these ratios fall into 2 distinct groups suggests that the relative number of asymmetrical and symmetrical synapses is stereotyped within populations of neurons.
Correlation of (Ordovician, Mohawkian) K-bentonites in the upper Mississippi valley using apatite chemistry: implications for stratigraphic interpretation of the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Decorah Formation

Abstract Four Ordovician K-bentonites have been chemically fingerprinted using trace element content of apatite phenocrysts contained within the altered ash layers. Trace element analysis was performed using electron microprobe on individual crystals. The bentonites include the Deicke, Millbrig, Elkport, and Dickeyville beds. These beds lie within the Decorah Formation of the northern Mississippi Valley outcrop area. All four K-bentonite beds are believed to have a Taconic source whereas volcanic ash was transported by wind and deposited in the Ordovician North America epeiric sea. The Decorah is a marine unit, shaly to the north and west and carbonate-rich to the south and east. Thirteen K-bentonite samples were collected from six localities. Only one locality (Dickeyville, WI) contains all four beds in succession. One hundred seventy-one apatite crystals were handpicked and analyzed for major, minor and trace elements using an electron microprobe. Each crystal was analyzed at three to six separate spots to ascertain compositional variation. The most discriminating and diagnostic elements were Mg and Mn; plotting Mg vs. Mn content produces data clusters characteristic for each K-bentonite. Clusters show only minimal change between localities, allowing individual K-bentonites to be identified and used for stratigraphic correlation. Time slices provided by the K-bentonite horizons show that the Decorah Formation is composed of reciprocal wedges (stratigraphic sequences) of shale and carbonate. Shale was deposited in deeper water within the Hollandale Embayment but pinched out southeastward onto the flank of the Wisconsin Dome. Carbonates were formed largely in shoal water on the arch, prograding northwestward and shaling out downramp into the embayment.
Resonance vapor filter-based lidar for aerosol, temperature, and line-of-sight wind measurements

A lidar system capable of simultaneous aerosol, temperature and line-of-sight wind measurements based on a narrowband transmitter at 532 nm and four iodine resonance vapor filters, one used to lock the laser at a precise transmitting frequency and three used in the receiver as frequency discriminator/analyzer, is proposed.
Experimental phase-sensitive cloning

Phase sensitive cloning achieves higher fidelity than the universal cloner by restricting cloning to linear polarization states. The experimental results are presented for two nonorthogonal bases of a weak coherent beam.
Ion transport induced by polycations and its relationship to loose coupling of corn mitochondria.

Treatment of corn mitochondria (Zea mays L., WF9 (Tms) x M14) with polycations (protamine, pancreatic ribonuclease, or polylysine) releases acceptorless respiration if phosphate is present. Concurrently, there is extensive active swelling which is reversed when respiration is uncoupled or stopped. Mersalyl, the phosphate transport inhibitor, blocks both the release of respiration and the active swelling. Diversion of energy into phosphate transport lowers respiratory control and ADP: O ratios. This response is termed "loose coupling" in distinction to "uncoupling" in which energy is made unavailable for either transport or ATP formation. Corn mitochondria as used here are endogenously loose coupled to some extent, and show state 4 respiration linked to active transport.The action of polycations can be partially mimicked by lowering pH of the suspending medium; both give swelling in sucrose medium and increased light absorbancy. Triton X-100, a nonionic detergent, will uncouple and accentuate active swelling, but unlike polycations it will not release state 4 respiration. Calcium ion acts something like polycation in activating phosphate transport and releasing respiration, and polycation appears to block entry of Ca(2+).It is speculated that neutralization of certain negatively charged acid groups on the membranes by polycations increases permeability to solutes and decreases coulombic repulsion of phosphate in approaching transport sites. In consequence, respiration rates and active transport rates increase.
Age and Detection of Retroprocessed Pseudogenes in Murine Rodents

Retroprocessed pseudogenes, calmodulin II (ψ1, ψ2, and ψ3 CALMII), ψα-tubulin, π-glutathione S-transferase (ψπ-GST) from rat, lactic acid dehydrogenase (ψ LDH) from mouse, and heat shock protein 60 chaperonin (ψ HSP60) from Chinese hamster, were examined for their presence in these species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pseudogenes of these murine rodents were detected by PCR only in those species in which the genes were originally identified, suggesting that the selected pseudogene of one species arose too recently to be detected in the genomes of the other rodent species. The calculated ages of the rodent pseudogenes ranged from 1.7 Myr (ψα-tubulin) to 7.5 Myr (ψ3 CALMII) when employing a homologous functional gene of the taxon as a reference in the relative rate test with the mouse or rat as the outgroup. Given the high rate of divergence of the genes of rodents relative to other species, selection of an outgroup with similar mutation rates seems warranted. To justify further the conclusion that the selected pseudogenes were indeed retroprocessed after these three taxa diverged, the presence of the pseudogenes in the genome of different rat species was examined. The existence of ψ3 CALMII and ψα-tubulin pseudogenes of Rattus norvegicus among species belonging to Rattus sensu stricto is evidence for the common ancestry of this group.
Galectins: novel anti-inflammatory drug targets

Galectins are a protein family defined by their affinity for beta-galactosides and consensus sequences. They are pleiotropic regulators involved in a multitude of functions, both in and out of the cell. Extracellularly, they have the potential to bind to various surface receptors on a variety of cell types as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, thus causing cell activation or apoptosis, modulating cell adhesion and inducing cell migration. Intracellularly, they can regulate cell growth, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Galectins are either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Some, such as galectin-1, may be employed as anti-inflammatory agents, while others, such as galectin-3, are evidently suitable targets for anti-inflammatory drugs. The extracellular functions of galectins involve their lectin-carbohydrate interactions and thus their carbohydrate ligands or mimetics would be suitable inhibitors. While the intracellular functions of galectins do not appear to engage lectin-carbohydrate interactions, the carbohydrate-binding sites of these proteins may still be involved. Therefore, the same inhibitors may be used regardless of whether intracellular or extracellular galectins are to be targeted.
Differential distribution of lymphocytes and accessory cells in mouse Peyer's patches

The aim of this immunohistologic study was to determine how lymphocytes and accessory cells associated with antigen processing are distributed in the domes of Peyer's patches. Monoclonal antibodies against mouse B cells (anti-B220), T cells (anti-Thy-1.2), T helper cells (anti-L3T4), T cytotoxic/suppressor cells (anti-Lyt-2), macrophages (anti-Mac-1), and Ia+ cells (anti-I-Ad) were applied to cryostat sections of mouse Peyer's patches and visualized with peroxidase-conjugated avidin-biotin complexes (ABC). The subepithelial dome, the dome epithelium, and the follicle crypt epithelium were each surveyed for cells labeled with these antibodies. Each region had a characteristic and nonrandom distribution of labeled cells. In the subepithelial dome, B cells, T helper cells, macrophages, and Ia + accessory cells formed a cellular meshwork between follicle and the dome epithelium. T cytotoxic/suppressor cells were sparse beneath the epithelium. In the dome epithelium, solitary and paired lymphocytes occurred both above and below the level of epithelial cell nuclei. B cells predominated, and both T helper cells and T cytotoxic/suppressor cells were present. B cells sometimes aggregated in small clusters. Macrophages were rarely observed in the epithelium. The distribution of cells in the dome epithelium was distinctly different from non–Peyer's patch intestine where T cytotoxic/suppressor cells predominated and B cells were few in number. Although lymphocytes were usually absent in crypts outside Peyer's patches, in follicle crypts B cells and T cells were seen but not Ia + accessory cells or macrophages. Most of the T cells in the crypt epithelium were T cytotoxic/suppressor cells. These characteristic distributions in Peyer's patch domes and crypts are consistent with current hypotheses that antigen processing takes place in follicle domes and that specific lymphocytes may participate in fine regulation of stem cell differentiation in follicle crypts.
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated signaling in the supraoptic nucleus involves activation of a nitric oxide-dependent pathway.

Abstract N -Methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) microinjection (1 mM, 0.2 μl) into the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) stimulated heart rate in urethane-anaesthetized rats. This effect was inhibited by coinjection of a competitive blocker of NMDA receptors, CPP (20 nmol) or by pretreatment with a sympathetic ganglionic blocker, chlorisondamine chloride (5 mg/kg i.p.), but not by prior hypophysectomy. Furthermore, the cardioexcitatory effect of intra-SON NMDA was inhibited by prior intra-SON injection of a competitive blocker of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, N G -nitro- L -arginine methyl ester (40 nmol) or a blocker of the soluble guanylate cyclase, Methylene blue (20 nmol), and was mimicked by intra-SON injection of a calcium ionophore, A23187 (10 nmol), which stimulates NO production by raising intracellular free calcium levels. Finally, intra-SON microinjection of a membrane-permeating cGMP analog, 8-bromo-cGMP (20 nmol) stimulated heart rate in urethane-anaesthetized rats. The results point to a functional link between a sympathetically mediated cardiophysiological effect of NMDA receptor stimulation in the SON and activation of the NO/cGMP signal transduction pathway.
A collaborative quality improvement intervention was effective for promoting use of surfactant therapy in preterm infants.

Horbar JD, Carpenter JH, Buzas J, et al . Collaborative quality improvement to promote evidence based surfactant for preterm infants: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ 2004;329:1004. Q Is a multifaceted quality improvement intervention based on 4 key habits (change, evidence-based practice, systems thinking, and collaborative learning) effective for promoting use of surfactant therapy in preterm infants? ### ![Graphic][1] Design: cluster randomised controlled trial. ### ![Graphic][2] Allocation: concealed. ### ![Graphic][3] Blinding: unclear. ### ![Graphic][4] Follow up period: until discharge from hospital. ### ![Graphic][5] Setting: 114 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in North America. ### ![Graphic][6] Patients: 6182 preterm infants (23–29 wks gestation, birth weights 401–1500 g) who did not have major birth defects. ### ![Graphic][7] Intervention: 57 NICUs were allocated to a multifaceted, collaborative, quality improvement intervention involving audit and feedback, an interactive training workshop based on 4 key habits (change, evidence-based practice, systems thinking, and collaborative learning) and ongoing faculty support (intervention NICUs, 3332 patients). 57 NICUs were allocated to receive centre specific confidential … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif
Information theoretic fault detection

In this paper we propose a novel method of fault detection based on a clustering algorithm developed in the information theoretic framework. A mathematical formulation for a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system is developed to identify the most informative signals for the fault detection using mutual information (MI) as the measure of correlation among various measurements on the system. This is a model-independent approach for the fault detection. The effectiveness of the proposed method is successfully demonstrated by employing MI-based algorithm to isolate various faults in 16-cylinder diesel engine in the form of distinct clusters.
Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History

Explanatory notes Abbreviations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Prometheus in reverse, 1855-1876 2. Awaiting developments, 1876-1906 3. Production and folklore, 1876-1910 4. The reason why, 1904-1923 5. A jump in the dark, 1923-1940 6. The battle for rubber, 1940-1945 7. Administrative discontinuities, 1946-1961 8. Complete perplexity, 1961-1972 9. Economically guaranteed, 1973-1986 Conclusion Appendix Notes Glossary Index.
A low power architecture for embedded perception

Recognizing speech, gestures, and visual features are important interface capabilities for future embedded mobile systems. Unfortunately, the real-time performance requirements of complex perception applications cannot be met by current embedded processors and often even exceed the performance of high performance microprocessors whose energy consumption far exceeds embedded energy budgets. Though custom ASICs provide a solution to this problem, they incur expensive and lengthy design cycles and are inflexible. This paper introduces a VLIW perception processor which uses a combination of clustered function units, compiler controlled dataflow and compiler controlled clock-gating in conjunction with a scratch-pad memory system to achieve high performance for perceptual algorithms at low energy consumption. The architecture is evaluated using ten benchmark applications taken from complex speech and visual feature recognition, security, and signal processing domains. The energy-delay product of a 0.13μ implementation of this architecture is compared against ASICs and general purpose processors. Using a combination of Spice simulations and real processor power measurements, we show that the cluster running at 1 GHz clock frequency outperforms a 2.4 GHz Pentium 4 by a factor of 1.75 while simultaneously achieving 159 times better energy delay product than a low power Intel XScale embedded processor.
Event ordering in a shared memory distributed system

Past research has concentrated on ordering events in a system where processes communicate through messages. The authors look at issues in ordering events in a distributed system based on shared objects that interact via remote procedure calls (RPCs). They derive clock conditions for ordering operations on an object and provide clock maintenance schemes for time-stamping execution events. An object clock is associated with every shared object for clock exchange among processes. A clock maintenance algorithm is incrementally presented for objects where operations are atomic and an algorithm is described for large-grained objects where operations are nested and non-atomic. >
An intelligent system for identifying and integrating non-local objects in federated database systems

Support for interoperability among autonomous, heterogeneous database systems is emerging as a key information management problem for the 1990s. A key challenge for achieving interoperability among multiple database systems is to provide capabilities to allow information units and resources to be flexibly and dynamically combined and interconnected while at the same time, preserve the investment in and autonomy of each existing system. This research specifically focuses on two key aspects of this: (1) how to discover the location and content of relevant, non-local information units, and (2) how to identify and resolve the semantic heterogeneity that exists between related information in different database components. We demonstrate and evaluate our approach using the remote-exchange experimental prototype system, which supports information sharing and exchange from the above perspective. >
Continuity and change in the evaluation of ideal and acceptable body sizes across a wide age span.

Objective Continuity and change in the evaluation of ideal and acceptable body sizes across a wide subject age span were examined. Method Ratings of ideal and socially acceptable body sizes were elicited from 303 children, 427 adolescents, 261 young adults, and 326 middle-age adults. Line drawing arrays of babies, children, young adults, middle-age, and older adults were portrayed, ranging in size from very thin to very obese. Results All subject groups selected, in all arrays, similar ideal body sizes, rated sizes in the midrange of fatness as socially acceptable, and were least accepting of very thin and obese body sizes. Tolerance for body size variations increased with subject age. Discussion Continuity throughout a wide subject age span was observed in evaluations of body sizes. However, adults were more accepting of body size variations than younger subjects, especially children. Implications of endorsing midrange body sizes for the fashion industry are discussed. © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 28: 90–100, 2000.
Syntax based error concealment

Abstract An error resilience technique for MPEG2 compressed video is introduced. Errors are located in the compressed domain using a parity check, and then are corrected using residual redundancy in the compressed video stream. This redundancy is in the form of the MPEG syntax and in spatial smoothness. Performance is comparable to a standard Reed–Solomon (RS) code for BERs up to 10 −5 . Complexity is estimated to be better for these BERs.
Introduction: The Roman Foundations of the Law of Nations

Where did the writers of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and early eighteenth centuries seek the legal maxims and methods, the principles governing treaties or embassies or jurisdiction or property, and the broader ideas of justice in the inception, fighting, and conclusion of war, which they built into a law of nations of enduring importance? To a considerable extent, they looked to Roman law, Roman debates about the justifications of Rome’s wars and imperial expansion, and a rich tradition of ius naturae and ius gentium deriving from Greco-Roman and early Christian sources. This book brings together a set of fresh perspectives exploring the significance and implications of the use made of Roman legal concepts, and of Roman just war theory and imperial practice, by early modern European writers who shaped lasting approaches to natural law and the law of nations.
Trends in Partial and Radical Nephrectomy: An Analysis of Case Logs from Certifying Urologists

Purpose: Surgical treatment options for renal masses include radical vs partial nephrectomy and the open vs laparoscopic approach. Using American Board of Urology (ABU) case log data, we investigated contemporary trends in these treatment options, and how surgeon and practice characteristics may influence these trends.Materials and Methods: Annualized case log data for nephrectomy were obtained from the ABU for all urologists certifying or recertifying from 2002 to 2010. We evaluated trends in nephrectomy use. Logistic regression was used to evaluate surgeon and practice characteristics as predictors of partial and laparoscopic procedures.Results: From the 3,852 case logs submitted by nonpediatric urologists we analyzed a total of 48,384 nephrectomies. From 2002 to 2010 the proportion of annual nephrectomies performed as open radical nephrectomy gradually decreased from 54% to 29%. During the same period, there was a moderate gradual increase in laparoscopic radical nephrectomies (from 30% to 39%). The pr...
A Cross-National Study of Teachers' Attributional Patterns:

This cross-national study examined patterns in teachers' attributional responses to outcomes of students with and without learning disabilities. Teachers from elementary schools in California (n = 97) and Guatemala City (n = 59) participated in the study. Using written vignettes, eight hypothetical male students were described, four identified as learning disabled (LD), and four as non-learning disabled (non-LD). Teachers were to assume each child had just taken a typical classroom test and failed. Vignettes provided three types of information: a statement of student ability (high or low), typical effort (high or low), and disability status (LD or non-LD). Three types of teacher responses were examined: evaluative feedback (reward or punishment), emotional reactions (anger and pity), and expectations of future failure. Cross-national patterns of significant difference in teacher responses on the basis of student ability and effort and responses to the students with and without learning disabilities were f...
Scattering by an infinite array of thin dielectric sheets

By replacing each dielectric sheet in an infinite array of thin dielectric sheets by an infinitely thin polarization current sheet, a solution for the scattering of plane waves by such an array is obtained. The simplified periodic boundary value problem is rigorously solved by using bilateral Laplace transforms. Numerical results obtained compare favorably with those obtained by the Rayleigh-Ritz method.
Otolith Ocular Reflex Function of the Tangential Nucleus in Teleost Fish

In teleost fish, the tangential nucleus can be identified as a compact, separate cell group lying ventral to the VIIIth nerve near the middle of the vestibular complex. Morphological analysis of larval and adult hindbrains utilizing biocytin and fluorescent tracers showed the tangential nucleus to be located entirely within rhombomeric segment 5 with all axons projecting into the contralateral MLF. Combined single-cell electrophysiology and morphology in alert goldfish found three classes of neurons whose physiological sensitivity could be readily correlated with rotational axes about either the anterior (45 degrees), posterior (135 degrees), or horizontal (vertical axis) semicircular canals. Tangential neurons could be distinguised from those in semicircular-canal specific subnuclei by an irregular, spontaneous background of 10-15 sp/s and sustained static sensitivity after +/- 4 degrees head displacements. Each axis-specific tangential subtype terminated appropriately onto oculomotor subnuclei responsible for either vertical, torsional, or horizontal eye movements and, in a few cases, axon collaterals descended in the MLF toward the spinal cord. We hypothesize, therefore, that the tangential nucleus consists of 3 axis-specific phenotypes that process gravitoinertial signals largely responsible for controlling oculomotor function, but that also in part, maintain body posture.
Hedging and Income Stability: Concepts, Implications, and an Example

The variability in prices often of concern to producers is that which occurs after a production decision has been made but before the commodity can be marketed. A portfolio-type analysis is used to formalize this problem and describe the role futures markets can perform in facilitating the management of this risk. Data from the egg market are used to illustrate hedging opportunities for an egg producer. The results show that hedging a substantial percentage of expected production can significantly reduce a producer's exposure to the risk. Additionally, a total hedging scheme performed nearly as well as an optimal scheme.
Effects of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor on Antifungal Activity of Mononuclear Phagocytes against Aspergillus fumigatus

The effects of recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) on antifungal activity of human monocytes (MNC), MNC-derived macrophages (MDM), and rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) against Aspergillus fumigatus were studied. MNC-induced hyphal damage was augmented by incubation with M-CSF (P = .027); PAM-induced hyphal damage was moderately enhanced by M-CSF (P = .046). Phagocytosis of Aspergillus conidia by MDM and PAM was strongly enhanced by M-CSF (P < .01). MNC pretreated with M-CSF exhibited enhanced superoxide anion production in response to PMA (P = .026). This effect was not associated with increased levels of mRNA transcripts of the components of NADPH oxidase, the enzyme responsible for superoxide anion production. M-CSF augments antifungal activity of mononuclear phagocytes against both conidia and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus partly by enhancement of oxidation-dependent mechanisms and may have an important immunomodulatory role in prevention and treatment of invasive aspergillosis in leukopenic patients.
A note on the determinants of long-run aggregate state productivity growth

We use data envelopment analysis to estimate state-level productivity and then use the pooled mean group approach to investigate its long-run determinants. Results indicate that human capital, infrastructure, energy shocks, a diverse mix of industries and states with large urban populations are associated with higher long-run aggregate state productivity growth, while unionisation has no long-run effects.
The Nonsocial Behavior of Young Kpelle Children and the Acquisition of Sex Roles

Further evidence of the close relationship between aspects of child training and behavior and later adult economic role suggested by previous researchers is presented. An analysis of the nonsocial behavior of 20 Liberian Kpelle 1-to-6-year-olds and the responses of adults to that behavior as these relate to the acquisition of sex roles are included. Nonsocial behavior is behavior that is individual, self-initiated, and egocentric. The methods of systematic behavior observation and coding developed by the Whitings are described and were employed. Because of the greater importance of women than men in Kpelle subsistence activities, girls become more self-reliant and responsible than boys at an earlier age. The nonsocial behavior of boys reflected their greater free time and lack of responsibilities. The responses of adults were inconclusive, but consistent with the findings on children's behavior.
An evaluation of the association between vehicle type and the source and severity of pedestrian injuries

To evaluate the effect of vehicle type (passenger vehicle vs. light truck vehicle) on crash trajectory and on the consequent source and severity of pedestrian injury, we analyzed data from the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS), conducted by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) from 1994 to 1998. While 62% of the adults in PV (passenger vehicle)-related crashes were carried by the vehicle, such pedestrian-vehicle interaction was observed only in 28% of LTV (light truck vehicle)-adult crashes. Being thrown forward or knocked down were the most common (65%) type of pedestrian-vehicle interactions for LTV-adult crashes. For children, 93% of those struck by LTVs and 46% of those struck by PVs were thrown forward or knocked down. For adults, LTVs were more likely than PVs to cause thorax (37% vs. 20%) and abdomen injuries (33% vs. 18%). For children, LTVs were more likely than PVs to cause injuries to the upper extremity (71% vs. 56%) and abdomen (14% vs. 8%). For adults struck by PVs the most common sources of injury were windshield for head injuries (63%), hood surface for thorax (67%), abdomen (58%), spine (30%), and upper extremity (36%) injuries, and bumper for the lower extremity injuries (60%). The leading causes of injury for adult-LTV crashes were ground for head (39%) and upper extremity (37%) injuries, hood edge for thorax (48%) and abdomen (56%) injuries, hood surface for spine injuries (36%), and bumper for lower extremity injuries (45%). For child-PV crashes, ground was the most common source of face (37%) abdomen (83%), spine (43%), and upper extremity injuries (54%). For children hit by LTVs, 52% of face, 67% of abdomen, 100% of spine, and 60% of upper extremity injuries were attributed to ground contacts. Altogether, the major sources of injury were hood surface and windshield for PV-pedestrian crashes and hood surface and hood edge for LTV-pedestrian crashes. Changes in design, such as altering the geometry and stiffness of front-end structures, might be associated with considerable decrease in the frequency and severity of pedestrian injury.
A national profile of the health care experiences and family impact of autism spectrum disorder among children in the United States, 2005–2006.

We sought to examine the health care experiences of children with autism spectrum disorder and the impact of autism spectrum disorder on the family and to assess whether having a medical home is associated with less family impact.
Ethical And Social Responsibility In Global Marketing: An Evaluation Of Corporate Commitment To Stakeholders

Over the past few years, globalization of markets and business organizations has increased the number of entrepreneurs and corporate executives involved in international and multinational joint ventures and strategic alliances. Others are interested in direct investments in foreign markets in an attempt to extend domestic operations, increase profit margins, and expand market shares. While these strategic business initiatives and efforts are increasingly attractive because of their potential benefits, organizations competing in global markets have to face up to the realities of committing to appropriate ethical standards and social responsibility in cross-cultural and international contexts of business. This paper analyzes the importance of maintaining a high level of ethics in a global marketplace in order to compete successfully and to sustain consumer loyalty. Studies indicate that domestic or local conditions and expectations vary in global marketing environments because of cultural differences and values; therefore, it is critically important to adopt an ethical approach that is consistent with global business practice that can enhance credibility, corporate image, and give a competitive advantage.
Simulation of Multifluid Multiphase Flows with AUSM+-up Scheme

An accurate and robust method is proposed for the simulation of two dimensional compressible multifluid flows. Our method incorporates the AUSM+-up scheme and the stratified flow model to discretize compressible single-pressure multifluid equations. This method satisfies the pressure-undisturbed condition and can capture the moving discontinuities accurately. It’s also able to compute a very strong shock wave propagating across the gas-liquid interface. Two test problems, including the shock-bubble interaction problem and the shock-water column interaction problem, will be demonstrated in this paper.
Balancing Company Policies And Employee Needs: A Human Resource Management Case Study

An HRM case dealing with problems encountered as employee lifestyles conflict with organizational necessity. Discussion concerns how the case is used to exhibit the alignment between HRM and business strategy.
Can discrete joint action be synergistic? Studying the stabilization of interpersonal hand coordination.

The human perceptual-motor system is tightly coupled to the physical and informational dynamics of a task environment. These dynamics operate to constrain the high-dimensional order of the human movement system into low-dimensional, task-specific synergies—functional groupings of structural elements that are temporarily constrained to act as a single coordinated unit. The aim of the current study was to determine whether synergistic processes operate when coacting individuals coordinate to perform a discrete joint-action task. Pairs of participants sat next to each other and each used 1 arm to complete a pointer-to-target task. Using the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis for the first time in a discrete joint action, the structure of joint-angle variance was examined to determine whether there was synergistic organization of the degrees of freedom employed at the interpersonal or intrapersonal levels. The results revealed that the motor actions performed by coactors were synergistically organized at both the interpersonal and intrapersonal levels. More importantly, however, the interpersonal synergy was found to be significantly stronger than the intrapersonal synergies. Accordingly, the results provide clear evidence that coacting individuals can become temporarily organized to form single synergistic 2-person systems during performance of a discrete joint action.
A fault-tolerant hardware architecture for robust wearable heart rate monitoring

This paper presents a fault-tolerant hardware architecture for robust wearable heart rate monitoring. The proposed architecture is designed for fusion of the heart rates estimated from both electrocardiogram (ECG) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) signals, with small hardware footprint and low energy consumption. It benefits from the following unique features: (1) an optimized heart beat (peak) detection algorithm that can be dynamically configured for either ECG or ABP analysis, resulting in about 38% reduction of the hardware footprint, (2) coarse-grained reconfigurable functional units (FUs) that can be programmed for different processing flows, and (3) a low overhead fault detection and recovery unit that enables dynamic recovery from transient hardware faults in the FUs. Both FPGA and ASIC prototypes of the proposed hardware have achieved much better performance and energy efficiency compared to an Android implementation of the same algorithm, and can recover from transient faults with low resource (~15%) and energy (~34%) overheads and no (0%) performance impact.
Experimental explanation of the formation mechanism of surface mound-structures by femtosecond laser on polycrystalline Ni60Nb40

Femtosecond laser surface processing (FLSP) is an emerging technique for creating functionalized surfaces with specialized properties, such as broadband optical absorption or superhydrophobicity/superhydrophilicity. It has been demonstrated in the past that FLSP can be used to form two distinct classes of mound-like, self-organized micro/nanostructures on the surfaces of various metals. Here, the formation mechanisms of below surface growth (BSG) and above surface growth (ASG) mounds on polycrystalline Ni60Nb40 are studied. Cross-sectional imaging of these mounds by focused ion beam milling and subsequent scanning electron microscopy revealed evidence of the unique formation processes for each class of microstructure. BSG-mound formation during FLSP did not alter the microstructure of the base material, indicating preferential valley ablation as the primary formation mechanism. For ASG-mounds, the microstructure at the peaks of the mounds was clearly different from the base material. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that hydrodynamic melting of the surface occurred during FLSP under ASG-mound forming conditions. Thus, there is a clear difference in the formation mechanisms of ASG- and BSG-mounds during FLSP.
Determining Nanoparticle Size in Real Time by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering in a Microscale Flow System

Precise in situ measurements are becoming more important as we seek to identify and harness the unique properties of novel nanomaterials, yet key challenges remain in determining structures with current analytical approaches. We report here an in situ multitechnique approach that permits the real-time measurement of the sizes of nanoparticles in flowing solutions. A series of ligand-stabilized Au nanoparticle standards (dCORE = 0.8−5 nm) was analyzed by simultaneous small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and UV−vis spectroscopy in a microscale flow system. A specially designed observation cell provided access to both measurements at an identical location in the flow system and allowed for the correlation of SAXS and TEM analyses. Comparison of flow-based UV−vis data to those obtained ex situ provided a bridge between in situ SAXS and ex situ TEM measurements. Average core size from both techniques matched closely for each sample, while polydispersity values from SAXS measurements were smaller than those from...
Properties of Fr-like Th 3 + from rf spectroscopy of high- L Th 2 + Rydberg ions

Relative positions of twenty $n=28$ Rydberg levels of Th${}^{2+}$ with $L=9$, 10, 11, and 12 were determined with sub-MHz precision using the rf-RESIS (resonant excitation Stark ionization spectroscopy) technique. The pattern of binding energies was analyzed with the effective potential model, modified to account for significant nonadiabatic effects. The analysis yielded measurements of several properties of the Fr-like Th${}^{3+}$ core ion, including the quadrupole moment, $Q=0.5931$(14) a.u.; hexadecapole moment, \ensuremath{\Pi} $=$ \ensuremath{-}0.69(28) a.u.; $g$ factor, ${g}_{J}=1.24$(48); scalar and tensor dipole polarizabilities, \ensuremath{\alpha}${}_{D}$${}_{,0}=15.224$(33) a.u. and \ensuremath{\alpha}${}_{D}$${}_{,2}$ $=$ \ensuremath{-}5.30(11) a.u.; scalar quadrupole polarizability, \ensuremath{\alpha}${}_{Q}$${}_{,0}=60$(15) a.u.; and the reduced dipole and octupole matrix elements connecting the ground 5$f$ ${}^{2}$${F}_{5/2}$ level with the low-lying 6$d$ ${}^{2}$${D}_{3/2}$ level, $|{\ensuremath{\langle}}^{2}{F}_{5/2}||{\mathrm{M}}^{[1]}|{|}^{2}{D}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rangle}|=1.436(2)$ a.u. and $|{\ensuremath{\langle}}^{2}{F}_{5/2}||{\mathrm{M}}^{[3]}|{|}^{2}{D}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rangle}|=3.3(1.1)$ a.u. The measured properties are compared with theoretical predictions.
Transport and Incorporation of Labeled Compounds in Experimental Phenylketonuric Rats

SummaryIn hyperphenylalaninemia induced by daily injections of phenylalanine to growing rats, the entry of α-methyl-D-glucose or glucose into the brain is not hindered. Thus, defective utilization of glucose due to high levels of phenylalanine and its metabolites appears to be the reason for its reduced incorporation into lipids and proteins. On the other hand, decreased incorporation into proteins of amino acids such as glutamic acid and leucine appears to be due to the poor uptake by the brain of these amino acids.
Study of turbulent flame propagation and surface characteristics at large Reynolds numbers

A new high temperature, high Reynolds number, flow reactor coupled counterflow edge flame burner has been developed providing a wellde fined flow geometry and fuel/oxidizer reactivity to explore the flame regimes experienced in high speed engines. The turbulent flow characteristics of the new burner have been quantified using hot wire anemometry and methane/air flames at bulk Reynolds numbers exceeding 30,000 have been achieved. Planar laser induced fluorescence measurements for OH have been performed on the highly turbulent methane/air flames providing an accurate description of the flame surface leading to determination of turbulent burning velocities and flame surface densities. The measured CH 4/air turbulent flame speeds agree well with previously reported turbulent flame speed correlations derived from different burner/flame geometries. These preliminary data provide a foundation from which to pursue an understanding of the complex turbulent/chemistry behavior that occur in many practical high speed engines.
Two quasi-particle levels in136Ba and the decay of136Cs

The decay of 13-day136Cs has been studied using high-resolution Ge(Li) detectors. Several low-intensity gamma rays were observed for the first time. New levels have been deduced in136Ba at energies of 2356.7 and 2372.7 keV.
Perform-ML: performance optimized machine learning by platform and content aware customization

We propose Perform-ML, the first Machine Learning (ML) framework for analysis of massive and dense data which customizes the algorithm to the underlying platform for the purpose of achieving optimized resource efficiency. Perform-ML creates a performance model quantifying the computational cost of iterative analysis algorithms on a pertinent platform in terms of FLOPs, communication, and memory, which characterize runtime, storage, and energy. The core of Perform-ML is a novel parametric data projection algorithm, called Elastic Dictionary (ExD), that enables versatile and sparse representations of the data which can help in minimizing performance cost. We show that Perform-ML can achieve the optimal performance objective, according to our cost model, by platform aware tuning of the ExD parameters. An accompanying API ensures automated applicability of Perform-ML to various algorithms, datasets, and platforms. Proof-of-concept evaluations of massive and dense data on different platforms demonstrate more than an order of magnitude improvements in performance compared to the state of the art, within guaranteed user-defined error bounds.
Gemfibrozil, food and drug administration‐approved lipid‐lowering drug, increases longevity in mouse model of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the Cln2 gene that leads to deficiency or loss of function of the tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) enzyme. TPP1 deficiency is known to cause the accumulation of autofluoroscent lipid-protein pigments in brain. Similar to other neurodegenerative disorders, LINCL is also associated with neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Despite investigations, no effective therapy is currently available for LINCL. Therefore, we administered gemfibrozil (gem), an food and drug administration (FDA)-approved lipid-lowering drug, which has been shown to stimulate lysosomal biogenesis and induce anti-inflammation, orally, at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg body wt/day to Cln2(-/-) mice. We observed that gem-fed Cln2(-/-) mice lived longer by more than 10 weeks and had better motor activity compared to vehicle (0.1% Methyl cellulose) treatment. Gem treatment lowered the burden of storage materials, increased anti-inflammatory factors like SOCS3 and IL-1Ra, up-regulated anti-apoptotic molecule like phospho-Bad, and reduced neuronal apoptosis in the brain of Cln2(-/-) mice. Collectively, this study reinforces a neuroprotective role of gem that may be of therapeutic interest in improving the quality of life in LINCL patients.
Optical Spectra and Radio Properties of Quasars

Relations between observed optical and radio properties can, in principie, constrain the geometry and physical conditions of the broad-line regions in quasars and active nuclei. Osterbrock and colleagues (see this symposium) and J.E. Steiner (preprint) have noted differences between Hα/Hβ, [OIII]/Hβ and optical Fe II emission for Seyfert 1 galaxies, broad-line radio galaxies (BLRG’s) and quasars. Stockman et al. (1979) discovered a tendency for optical continuum polarization angles for quasars to be aligned with the direction of the outer radio lobes. Setti and Woltjer (1977) and Miley and Miller (1979) noted that the quasars with strongest Fe II are among the most compact radio sources (e.g. 3C 48, 0736+01, 1510–08), and Miley and Miller also note that the distribution of line widths is narrower for the more compact than for extended radio sources.
The Quranic Exegesis, Reformism, and Women in Twentieth Century Indonesia

The paper examines the process of idea formation and intellectual roots of al-Manār reform in the field of tafsīr and the transmission of its ideas through the tafsīr work of Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah, also known as Hamka (d.1981). It argues that Hamka internalized al-Manār reform in his writings, particularly in his seminal exegetical work, Tafsir al-Azhar. This paper studies Hamka’s interpretation of the Qur’anic verses and passages related to women, such as: equality in marriage and divorce, gender equality, polygamy, and modesty. Hamka exhibited originality and creativity within a Southeast Asian context in interpreting these verses related to women’s issues. His writing also synthesized and manifested the symbiotic links between past exegetical approaches and modern ones. The result was an interpretation of the Quran that speaks to the Southeast Asian indigenous Muslim culture, while being firmly rooted within the Islamic intellectual tradition and modernist reform. DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v24i3.5187
TX-CNN: Detecting tuberculosis in chest X-ray images using convolutional neural network

In Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), efforts to eliminate the Tuberculosis (TB) epidemic are challenged by the persistent social inequalities in health, the limited number of local healthcare professionals, and the weak healthcare infrastructure found in resource-poor settings. The modern development of computer techniques has accelerated the TB diagnosis process. In this paper, we propose a novel method using Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) to deal with unbalanced, less-category X-ray images. Our method improves the accuracy for classifying multiple TB manifestations by a large margin. We explore the effectiveness and efficiency of shuffle sampling with cross-validation in training the network and find its outstanding effect in medical images classification. We achieve an 85.68% classification accuracy in a large TB image dataset, surpassing any state-of-art classification accuracy in this area. Our methods and results show a promising path for more accurate and faster TB diagnosis in LMICs healthcare facilities.
Evaluation of Low-income Housing in the United States of America: A Case Study - Implications for Future Design

ABSTRACT In the sixty year history of publicly sponsored low-income housing in the U.S.A., failures have received more attention that successes. Ample analysis has been made of the failures. This paper focuses on a successful project in Cincinnati, Park Town, which was conceived 30 years ago as a cooperative housing venture, in which private and public initiatives were combined to allow residents to gain equity ownership. An important contributor to the success of the project is sensitive design. Residence involvement in the governance of the community and a steady maintenance program are also important. An evaluation–after three decades–provides lessons for the design and management of future low-income projects. It also indicates that factory produced mass housing can be sensitive and humane.