cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Offshore Propagating Diurnal Waves

AbstractCharacteristics and dynamics of offshore diurnal waves induced by land–sea differential heating are examined using linear theory. Two types of heating profiles are investigated, namely a shallow heating source confined within an atmospheric boundary layer (BL) and a deep heating source located above the boundary layer.It is demonstrated that a boundary layer top inversion or a more stable layer aloft tends to partially trap diurnal waves in the BL and consequently extend perturbations well offshore. The wave amplitude decays with offshore distance due to BL friction and leakage of energy into the free atmosphere. The dependence of trapped waves on the inversion height and strength, atmosphere stratification, latitude, BL friction, and background winds is investigated. Diurnal waves generated by a deep heating source extending well above the BL are characterized by longer wavelengths, faster propagation, and substantially longer e-folding decay distances than waves induced by a BL source. For the l...
Microstructure and IR transmittance of yttria–magnesia (50:50 vol.%) nano-composites consolidated from agglomerated and ultrasonic horn treated nano-powders

Abstract Yttria–magnesia (50–50 vol.%) nano-powder with large agglomerates was consolidated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), and nano-composite ceramics with densities higher than 97.5% can be obtained at a temperature higher than 1200 °C. The microstructures and IR transmittances of the obtained nano-composite ceramics were characterized. In order to remove the large agglomerates from the original powder, the powder was treated by ultrasonic horn in a solution of ethanol and floated in the ethanol. Then, powder from the top part of the floated solution (treated powder) was collected and consolidated by SPS. The nano-composite ceramics from the treated powder exhibit broader peak and much better value (∼80%) in IR transmittances comparing with that of the original powder because of the small grain sizes (nano-size), homogeneous microstructures and phase distributions of the yttria–magnesia nano-composite ceramics.
An Analysis of Turbulent Motions In and Around a Differentially Forced Density Interface

The Rapid-Distortion-Theory-based analysis proposed by Fernando and Hunt [1] is extended to study the nature of turbulence in and around a density interface sandwiched between turbulent layers with dissimilar properties. It is shown that interfacial motions consist of low-frequency, resonantly excited, nonlinear internal waves and high-frequency, linear internal waves driven by background turbulence. Based on the assumptions that (i) all resonant waves and some nonresonant waves having frequencies close to the resonant frequencies grow rapidly, break, and cause interfacial mixing, (ii) the spectral amplitude of the vertical velocity in the wave-breaking regime is constant, and (iii) kinetic energy is equipartitioned between linear and nonlinear breaking wave regimes, the r.m.s. vertical velocity at the interface and the turbulent kinetic energy flux into the interface are calculated. The migration velocity of the interface is calculated using the additional assumption that the buoyancy flux into a given turbulent layer is a fixed fraction of the turbulent kinetic energy flux supplied to the interface by the same layer. The calculations are found to be in good agreement with the entrainment data obtained in previous laboratory experiments in the parameter regime where the interface is dominated by internal wave dynamics.
Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Calculation of Left Ventricular Mass as Recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography: Correlation With Autopsy and M-Mode Echocardiography

The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) has recommended diastolic area length and truncated ellipsoid methods for estimating left ventricular (LV) mass by two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. The major goals of this retrospective study were to (1) assess the correlation between ASE-recommended 2D and M-mode echo-derived measurements of LV mass, (2) compare the two ASE-recommended 2D echocardiography methods, and (3) compare the echo-derived LV mass with anatomic LV mass. The study included 2D echocardiograms obtained within 30 days of death from 34 patients who subsequently underwent autopsy and 2D echocardiograms of 56 normal subjects. The formula used for measurement of M-mode echo-derived LV mass was LV mass = 0.8 (ASE-cube LV mass) + 0.6 gm. For 2D echo-derived LV mass, the ASE-recommended area length and truncated ellipsoid methods in systole and diastole were used, with and without incorporating the papillary muscles into the myocardial shell. LV mass derived by M-mode echocardiography was comparable to that derived by 2D methods, and it is reasonable to use this technique for normally shaped ventricles. When the papillary muscles were included into the myocardial shell, diastolic 2D methods overestimated autopsy LV mass. Both diastolic area length and truncated ellipsoid methods were comparable to autopsy LV mass. When the papillary muscles were excluded, the systolic area length method showed the best agreement with autopsy LV mass.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy poses physical injury risk to surgeons: analysis of hand technique and standing position

Background This study compares surgical techniques and surgeon’s standing position during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), investigating each with respect to surgeons’ learning, performance, and ergonomics. Little homogeneity exists in LC performance and training. Variations in standing position (side-standing technique vs. between-standing technique) and hand technique (one-handed vs. two-handed) exist.
Role of twinning and slip during compressive deformation of beryllium as a function of strain rate

Abstract An experimental and theoretical investigation was carried out to study the strain rate dependent plastic response of beryllium over a wide range of applied compression strain rates, 10 −4 –10 4 /s. At each rate, the evolution of flow stress and the final texture with deformation was obtained from a non-textured hot-pressed (HP) sample and a textured rolled sheet. The rolled sheet material was compressed in both the in-plane (IP) and through-thickness (TT) direction for comparison. The twin volume fraction was determined from the change in texture. The activity of twinning was strongly dependent on strain rate in the IP and HP samples. We applied a multi-scale constitutive model for hexagonal close packed polycrystals that accounts for crystallographic slip and twinning on individual systems in each crystal, as well as twin reorientation. Rate effects enter the calculations only through thermally activated dislocation glide on the active slip modes. The importance of this study is that it points to the necessity of using a crystallographic model based on microstructure evolution to understand the role played by plastic anisotropy, slip–slip competition, and slip–twin competition, in the mechanical response of HCP aggregates. The model reproduces the observed flow curves and texture evolution for all tests with a unique single crystal set of parameters.
Blunt Body in Hypersonic Electromagnetic Flow Field

A combined experimental and computational effort has been devoted to investigate the interaction of a plasma countere ow jet and magnetoaerodynamic blunt-body phenomenon in hypersonic streams. The weakly ionized, countere ow jet generated by a plasma torch has a vibrionic temperature of 4400 K, an electron temperature around 20,000 K, and electron number density greater than 3 £10 12 /cm 3 . Ata e xed injection stagnation pressure, theplasmainjection actually increasesdrag abovethat oftheroom-temperatureaircounterpart dueto a decreased mass e ow rate at the elevated temperature. However, at the identical mass e ow rate, the plasma injection reveals a greater drag reduction than the room-temperature air jet. It was found that the drag reduction is mostly derived from the viscous‐ inviscid interaction of the countere ow jet and thermal energy deposition. For the magnetoaerodynamic blunt-body experiment, the electromagnetic effect by an applied magnetic e eld from the blunt body is detectable, but its quantie cation remains elusive.
An Improved Context-Free Recognizer

A new algorithm for recognizing and parsing arbitrary context-free languages is presented, and several new results are given on the computational complexity of these problems. The new algorithm is of both practical and theoretical interest. It is conceptually simple and allows a variety of efficient implementations, which are worked out in detail. Two versions are given which run in faster than cubic time. Surprisingly close connections between the Cocke-Kasami-Younger and Earley algorithms are established which reveal that the two algorithms are “almost” identical.
Entanglement creation in circuit QED via Landau–Zener sweeps

Abstract A qubit may undergo Landau–Zener transitions due to its coupling to one or several quantum harmonic oscillators. We show that for a qubit coupled to one oscillator, Landau–Zener transitions can be used for single-photon generation and for the controllable creation of qubit–oscillator entanglement, with state-of-the-art circuit QED as a promising realization. Moreover, for a qubit coupled to two cavities, we show that Landau–Zener sweeps of the qubit are well suited for the robust creation of entangled cavity states, in particular symmetric Bell states, with the qubit acting as the entanglement mediator. At the heart of our proposals lies the calculation of the exact Landau–Zener transition probability for the qubit, by summing all orders of the corresponding series in time-dependent perturbation theory. This transition probability emerges to be independent of the oscillator frequencies, both inside and outside the regime where a rotating-wave approximation is valid.
An introduction to object-oriented programming through Turbo Pascal

This paper presents three introductory concepts of object-oriented programming: encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. The specific implementation for these concepts and other terms presented, is the language Turbo Pascal (5.5 or later). The examples illustrated have been successfully used as the first part of an introductory object-oriented programming class.
Deformation characteristics of a clayey interbed during fluid injection

Surface deformation due to fluid withdrawal has long been observed at the surface above aquifers and oil reservoirs. Uplift associated with fluid injection has also been observed. Although the processes of subsidence and uplift are reversible in a poroelastic setting, the presence of clayey interbeds can result in ground deformation behavior non-reversible because of their low permeability and nonlinear behavior. In this investigation a Cam clay model is used in conjunction with a poroelastic model to simulate the presence of a laterally extensive lens-shaped clayey interbed in a sandstone aquifer during fluid injection. Spatial and temporal changes associated with this interbed during aquifer pressurization are captured and can be clearly differentiated from the deformation of the surrounding poroelastic aquifer formation. Results for pore pressures and ground surface deformation patterns can be categorized into three distinct time intervals: an early time interval where the aquifer is pressurized but not the interbed leading to a lower region above the interbed; an intermediate time interval in which the interbed pressures slowly increase, approaching the pressure of the adjacent aquifer, leading to a potentially large surface uplift above the interbed; and a late time interval in which pressure equilibration is achieved between the interbed and aquifer and a highly non-symmetrical irregular surface deformation pattern results, which may be higher or lower than the background depending on the interbed characteristics. Reservoir configuration is found to be an important factor influencing ground deformation behavior, with more obvious deformation always occurring in a laterally confined aquifer as opposed to a laterally infinite aquifer.
The Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction between oxygen and CO on Rh

Abstract Transient flash desorption spectra arising from coadsorbed CO and O on polycrystalline Rh wire are analyzed in terms of a bimolecular reaction between CO(a) and O(a) to produce CO 2 (g) by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood path. An activation energy which decreases with increasing oxygen coverage is found to adequately describe the data but cannot be unambiguously distinguished from other models in which the activation energy increases with CO coverage or in which the orders in oxygen and carbon monoxide coverage depart from unity. Phenomenological descriptions in terms of separate domains of carbon monoxide and oxygen are discussed. Comparison of the rates of CO 2 production in the presence and absence of gas phase CO indicates that the entire rate can be adequately described by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood path in which the activation energy decreases with oxygen coverage.
Good Fathering: Father and Son Perceptions of What It Means to Be a Good Father

The present article details two exploratory studies on the nature of fatherhood and on the behavioral and psychological characteristics that define a good father. In the first study, 374 adult men who were fathers of at least one child responded to an open-ended question regarding the attributes of a good father. Inductive analyses of their responses yielded a 20-item list of referents. The second study involved 99 pairs of fathers and adolescent or young adult sons who responded to the same question. Their responses were coded along the same dimensions and were compared within dyads and with the results from the first study. Implications for future study on fatherchild relationships are discussed.
Synthesis of LiCoO2 cathodes by an oxidation reaction in solution and their electrochemical properties

Abstract Layered LiCoO2 was synthesized by an oxidation of Co2+ ions in aqueous solutions by lithium peroxide in the presence of excess lithium hydroxide, followed by firing at 400–900°C. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wet-chemical analysis. Although single phase Li1+xCo1−xO2 samples with a Li/Co ratio > 1 could be obtained at lower firing temperatures, they were metastable and transformed to the stoichiometric LiCoO2 with a Li/Co ratio of 1.0 at higher firing temperatures (T ≈ 900°C). The samples fired at low temperatures (T ≤ 700°C) exhibited lower capacity and poor electrochemical cyclability in the lithium cells, due to a disordering of the Li+ and Co3+ ions, and poor crystallinity. On the other hand, the samples fired at 900°C exhibited a capacity as high as 150 mAh/g in the voltage range 4.3–3.3 V, with excellent cyclability due to good cation ordering and crystallinity.
A visual method for determining variable importance in an artificial neural network model: An empirical benchmark study

Although artificial neural networks (ANNs) are an established marketing support tool, they are criticised for their inability to explain their results. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a visual approach to ANN variable interpretation. Scanner data are used to build a well-known choice model, first as a multinomial logit and secondly as an ANN. Response elasticity graphs are then built for each ANN model variable. These graphs are used to interpret the model variables and are benchmarked against the t-statistics of the logit. The results suggest that modellers using this visual ANN approach can obtain a result that aids in variable interpretation and possibly provides a richer understanding of model behaviour than a standard statistical methodology.
Parent-child interactions and child outcomes as related to gender of alcoholic parent.

Abstract Parents and children from alcoholic and non-alcoholic families (N=137) were compared in regard to quality of interactions (using the Marital Interaction Coding System), child outcomes (using the Child Behavior Checklist), and the possible moderating effects of parenting behavior on child outcomes. Alcoholic families were subdivided by gender (father-alcoholic, mother-alcoholic, both parents alcholic) to assess for the effect that gender of alcoholic parent has on parent-child interactions and child outcomes. Results indicated that dual and mother-only alcoholic families exhibited the most impaired interactions, although child problem behavior was not significantly different across the three groups containing one or two alcoholic parents. Furthermore, father's behavior (both alcoholic fathers and those married to an alcoholic), as compared to mother's behavior, most clearly moderated child outcomes. The possible protective effect of having a non-alcoholic mother was also indicated. Results are discussed in regard to the negative and positive effects that parents from alcoholic households can have on children.
Schwann cell caveolin-1 expression increases during myelination and decreases after axotomy.

The caveolins are a family of related proteins that form the structural framework of caveolae. They have been implicated in the regulation of signal transduction, cell cycle control, and cellular transport processes, particularly cholesterol trafficking. Caveolin-1 is expressed by a variety of cell types, including Schwann cells, although its expression is greatest in differentiated cell types, such as endothelial cells and adipocytes. In the present work, we characterize caveolin-1 expression both during rat sciatic nerve development and after axotomy. Schwann cells express little caveolin-1 on postnatal days 1 and 6. By P30, myelinating Schwann cells express caveolin-1, which is localized in the outer/abaxonal myelin membranes as well as intracellularly. After axotomy, Schwann cell caveolin-1 expression in the distal nerve stump decreases as Schwann cells revert to a premyelinating (p75-positive) phenotype; residual caveolin-1 within the nerve largely localizes to myelin debris and infiltrating macrophages. We speculate that caveolin-1 plays a role in the biology of myelinating Schwann cells.
Zero-dimensional energy balance modelling of the CTX spheromak experiment

A zero-dimensional time-dependent energy balance model is used to explore the energy loss mechanisms of the CTX spheromak experiment at Los Alamos National Laboratory. A coupled set of model equations representing electron, ion, neutral, and impurity particle balance, electron and ion temperature, and magnetic field decay, are solved from initial values and the results compared to the time behaviour of experimentally measured average densities, temperature, and magnetic field. The energy balance model considers all the major atomic physics processes, especially the effects of radiation from a non-equilibrium distribution of impurity charge states evolving in time. The model includes the effects of a strong neutral-particle source which replaces by ionization the plasma being lost by a short particle confinement time. The neutral source is required in experiments to prevent the sudden termination of the discharge associated with low densities. A major new conclusion is that all the data from resistively decaying spheromaks can be effectively modelled, when the flux loss effects of a resistive flux conserver are also included, using plasma resistivity increased by a factor of 3.2 ? 0.6 over the Spitzer-H?rm value evaluated with the volume-average temperature. This factor appears to be constant for all discharges at all times. The analysis has determined that the power density associated with the particle replacement is the most important loss in the warm, non-radiation-dominated CTX spheromaks.
Design of a solution crystal growth crystallizer with a versatile electronic reciprocal motion control for a crystals holder

A description of a modified crystallizer for growing large crystals from solutions along with the design of a versatile electronic reciprocating control system to change and reciprocate the motor speed containing the seed holding rod for solution growth crystallizer is presented. In this system, rotation rate and number of revolutions in the clockwise and counter clockwise direction can be adjusted as and when desired. This electronic system alleviates the problem of jerky motion of seed holder during reciprocation as in earlier mechanical systems. Good quality crystals of important nonlinear optical materials such as Methyl-(2,4-dintropheny)-aminopropanoate: 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA:MAP), L-Arginine Phosphate (LAP) L-Histidine tetrafluoroborate (LHFB), L-Arginine tetrafluoroborate (LAFB) and others have been successfully grown using this system. The complete crystallization apparatus along with electronic circuit can be easily fabricated with readily available components by graduate and undergraduate students. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fruits and seeds of the brandon lignite. I. Vitaceae

Abstract Investigation of the fruits and seeds of the Tertiary Brandon Lignite (Vermont, United States) is renewed with a consideration here of the Vitaceae of the deposit. An analysis of vitaceous seeds in general is followed by a discussion of the Brandon forms. After a review of the literature and examination of 99 species from 10 genera of Vitaceae, 4 new and one previously described species in 2 genera are defined. These display a close geographic affinity with the floras of eastern Asia and southeastern North America, indicating a considerably warmer climate than presently exists in central Vermont. A correlation is postulated between the relative abundance of certain seed species in the deposit and their modern dispersal mechanisms. Diagnostic features for the description of vitaceous seeds are proposed.
Collaborative Craft Capabilities: The Bodyhood of Shared Skills

AbstractWith the rise of the Internet, skills, patterns, and ideas are being shared more widely among people engaged in the crafts, which seems to break with some of the underlying assumptions about the lone genius craftsman. Much discourse about craft has been focused on the hands of the artisan, or the “tacit” knowledge used by the maker, but as crafters collaborate in a larger extent some other perspectives could be of use, especially since the surrounding environment seems to take a more active involvement in the production than the mere maker. Increasing Internet prevalence has made this even more obvious, as do-it-yourself instruction and the sharing of skills are abundant in craft forums online, blurring the borders between influences, makers, and situated modes of production. This article examines some concepts and metaphors by which some of the potentials of craft collaborations could be understood. Combining theories of cognition from super-organisms like ant colonies and their “bodyhood” with t...
Catalyst bed dilution for improving catalyst wetting in laboratory trickle‐bed reactors

The catalyst bed dilution technique has found rather widespread applications as a means of producing reliable and reproducible results for successful scale-up and scale-down when testing commercially used catalyst particle sizes and alternative feedstocks in small-scale laboratory trickle-bed reactors. In such small-diameter laboratory units when the catalyst used in commercial units is employed as the only packing, low liquid velocities lead to incomplete catalyst utilization due to incomplete external catalyst wetting, liquid maldistribution, and wall effects. Diluting the bed with fines is recommended to remedy these shortcomings. The effect of the bed dilution with fines on catalyst wetting efficiency, pressure drop, and liquid holdup are quantified. At atmospheric pressure, fines improve the catalyst wetting efficiency by increasing both the pressure drop and liquid holdup. At high-pressure operation, wetting efficiency improves further, whereas pressure drop increases and liquid holdup decreases. In a highly diluted bed (e.g., 2 or more volume fines/1 volume catalyst) the improvement in catalyst wetting efficiency is about the same as that achieved in a bed packed according to our recommended procedure, which is based on filling the voidage of the original bed with fines.
A study of the occurrence of normal Rh-negative infants born to sensitized Rh-negative women

Summary 1. Thirty instances of normal Rh negative infants born to sensitized Rh-negative mothers were studied. 2. Small amounts of Rh antibodies (2+ or less) occurring inconsistently in ante-partum tests were regarded as nonspecific and of no significance. 3. The tests for Rh sensitization showed appreciable amounts of Rh antibodies to be consistently present in the sera of 17 Rh-negative women who subsequently bore Rh-negative infants. In seven instances the ante-partum antibody titer increased in intensity and in ten instances the antibody titer remained constant. 4. All women in whom the antibody titers were consistently present (Group I) showed evidences of a high degree of Rh immunization in terms of the amount and type of antibody present, and in some instances by having previously borne an erythroblastotic infant. 5. The only basis for the prediction of an Rh-negative infant to be borne of a sensitized Rh-negative woman is first, the determination of the Hr status of the husband, and second, the trend of the maternal ante partum Rh antibody titer. If the husband is heterozygous (Rhrh) and the titer remains constant, the baby will likely be Rh negative; however, some highly immunized Rh negative women may actually demonstrate a rising Rh antibody titer and still bear an Rh-negative infant.
Random-walk simulation of diffusion-controlled processes among static traps

We present computer-simulation results for the trapping rate (rate constant) k associated with diffusion-controlled reactions among identical, static spherical traps distributed with an arbitrary degree of impenetrability using a Pearson random-walk algorithm. We specifically consider the penetrable-concentric-shell model in which each trap of diameter \ensuremath{\sigma} is composed of a mutually impenetrable core of diameter \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sigma}, encompassed by a perfectly penetrable shell of thickness (1-\ensuremath{\lambda})\ensuremath{\sigma}/2: \ensuremath{\lambda}=0 corresponding to randomly centered or ``fully penetrable'' traps and \ensuremath{\lambda}=1 corresponding to totally impenetrable traps. Trapping rates are calculated accurately from the random-walk algorithm at the extreme limits of \ensuremath{\lambda} (\ensuremath{\lambda}=0 and 1) and at an intermediate value (\ensuremath{\lambda}=0.8), for a wide range of trap densities. Our simulation procedure has a relatively fast execution time. It is found that k increases with increasing impenetrability at fixed trap concentration. These ``exact'' data are compared with previous theories for the trapping rate. Although a good approximate theory exists for the fully-penetrable-trap case, there are no currently available theories that can provide good estimates of the trapping rate for a moderate to high density of traps with nonzero hard cores (\ensuremath{\lambda}g0).
Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in olfactory bulb cultures : selective inhibition of depolarization-induced increase by endogenous opioids

Abstract Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by second messenger pathway activators was examined in rat olfactory bulb cell cultures. The number of TH-immunoreactive neurons was increased 2–3-fold by 36 h treatments with forskolin (Fsk, 10 −6 M) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 10 −7 M), but was not significantly increased by a depolarizing concentration of KCl (45 mM). In contrast, KCl increased media [Met 5 ]enkephalin (ME) immunoreactivity 2-fold in these cultures, equivalent to stimulation with Fsk or PMA. The possibility was examined that ME or another opioid produced by the cultures selectively inhibited the TH response to KCl. Pretreatment with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (10 −6 M) greatly increased the number of TH-immunoreactive neurons observed in response to KCl treatment, but had no effect on basal or Fsk-stimulated TH immunostaining, nor on basal or stimulated ME release. The increase in TH-immunoreactivity observed with combined KCl plus naloxone treatment was prevented by pretreating the cultures with the calcium channel blocker nimodipine (10 −6 M), which had no effect on Fsk stimulation or basal TH immunostaining. These data suggest that endogenous opioids selectively inhibit KCl-stimulated Ca 2+ entry and thus TH induction in olfactory bulb cell cultures. These cultures offer a simple model system for further study of TH regulation in dopaminergic neurons.
Performance Models of Timestamp-Ordering Concurrency Control Algorithms in Distributed Databases

A distributed database (DDB) consists of copies of data files (usually redundant) geographically distributed and managed on a computer network. One important problem in DDB research is that of concurrency control. This paper develops a performance model of timestamp-ordering concurrency control algorithms in a DDB. The performance model consists of five components: input data collection, transaction processing model, communication subnetwork model, conflict model, and performance measures estimation. In this paper we describe the conflict model in detail. We first determine the probability of transaction restarts, the probability of transaction blocking, and the delay due to blocking for the basic timestamp-ordering algorithm. We then develop conflict models for variations of the basic algorithm. These conflict models are illustrated by numerical examples.
Nuclear export signal located within the DNA‐binding domain of the STAT1transcription factor

Latent signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) reside in the cytoplasm but rapidly accumulate in the nucleus following cytokine stimulation. Nuclear accumulation requires specific tyrosine phosphorylation and STAT dimerization. The presence of STATs in the nucleus is transient, however, and within hours the STATs reappear in the cytoplasm. Results indicate that STAT1 can be dephosphorylated in the nucleus and actively exported by the chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) export receptor. CRM1 recognizes a specific amino acid sequence located within the DNA‐binding domain of STAT1. This region shares sequence and functional properties of characterized nuclear export signals. The location of this sequence within STAT1 suggests that it is not accessible to CRM1 when STAT1 is bound to DNA. Evidence is presented to support a model in which STAT1 is tyrosine dephosphorylated in the nucleus and dissociates from DNA, allowing recognition by CRM1 and nuclear export. The regulated export of STAT1 may contribute to silencing of the signal pathway and/or to re‐establish STAT1 in the cytoplasm to monitor activity of receptor–kinase signals.
A continuous electroelution method for the recovery of DNA restriction enzyme fragments.

Bacterial restriction enzymes are deoxyribonucleases which cleave double-stranded DNA at specific sites and produce unique, high molecular-weight fragments. These enzymes provide a most powerful tool for studying the structure and function of DNA. The principal method for separation of the DNA fragments is electrophoresis through acrylamide or agarose gels. However, when fragments are to be isolated for further analysis, continuous elution from long cylindrical gels allows maximum separation and recovery.
Microstructures of parylene-N thin films and the effect on copper diffusion

Using scanning electron microscopy, the microstructure of annealed N-type parylene films on silicon substrate was observed and compared to the asdeposited film. The diffusion of copper through the parylene-N film was studied and correlated to the microstructure. A web-like microstructure was observed on annealing parylene-N to a temperature of 300°C and higher. This microstructure differed from the as-deposited homogeneous and continuous structure at room temperature. The web-like structure observed is proposed to be a fibrillar crystalline structure embedded in an amorphous matrix. X-ray diffraction studies supported this view and showed that the crystalline structure was thes phase. Also, when the film was annealed at 300 and 350°C, a thin continuous layer was formed at the surface of the web-like parylene-N film. In contrast, no such thin layer was observed when the annealing was performed with a copper overlayer. Based on this observation, a two-stage annealing process was carried out to reduce the copper diffusion into parylene-N, preannealing, before copper deposition and post-annealing after copper deposition. The results, as judged from Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy indicate that the thermal stability for copper diffusion into parylene-N films can be increased by 50°C (from 300 to 350°C) using pre-annealing. Experimental data shows that a minimum pre-anneal temperature of 250°C for 1 h is required for this purpose.
Estimation of the isotope effect on the lattice thermal conductivity of group IV and group III-V semiconductors

The isotope effect on the lattice thermal conductivity for group IV and group III-V semiconductors is calculated using the Debye-Callaway model modified to include both transverse and longitudinal phonon modes explicitly. The frequency and temperature dependences of the normal and umklapp phonon-scattering rates are kept the same for all compounds. The model requires as adjustable parameters only the longitudinal and transverse phonon Gr\"uneisen constants and the effective sample diameter. The model can quantitatively account for the observed isotope effect in diamond and germanium but not in silicon. The magnitude of the isotope effect is predicted for silicon carbide, boron nitride, and gallium nitride. In the case of boron nitride the predicted increase in the room-temperature thermal conductivity with isotopic enrichment is in excess of 100%. Finally, a more general method of estimating normal phonon-scattering rate coefficients for other types of solids is presented.
Phase Equilibria in System CaO‐CO2‐H2O and Related Systems, with Implications for Crystal Growth of Calcite and Apatite

Conditions for crystallization of calcite from melts in the presence of a vapor or gaseous phase are reviewed to provide possible guidelines for growth of calcite. Phase equilibrium data for the system CaO-CO_2 show that to precipitate calcite from molten CaCO_3 the temperature must be above 1230° C and excess CO2 must be present at pressures greater than 39.5 bars. Phase equilibrium data for the system CaO-CO_2-H_2O show that calcite can be precipitated from melts at 650°C in the presence of an aqueous vapor phase at 10 bars or more. Crystallization can be induced either by introducing temperature variations, or by changing the composition of the coexisting aqueous vapor phase under isobaric, isothermal conditions. The system CaO-MgO-CO_2-H_2O is used to show that doped calcite crystals, Ca_xR_(1-x)CO_3, could be precipitated, with precisely controlled compositions, from melts in the system CaO-RO-CO_2-H_2O. Apatite phase relations are also presented.
Finite element consolidation analysis of embankments

Abstract The construction of earth embankments may lead to the development of excess pore pressures in foundation and embankment soils. The ability to predict the development and dissipation of these pore pressures is important in assessing the performance of such structures. This paper describes a finite element analysis method that allows the prediction of the behaviour of embankments including stress-deformation and consolidation behaviour. The application of the method is demonstrated through application to a reinforced embankment on peat and clay and to a high rockfill dam.
Cutting Edge: Lipid Raft Integrity Affects the Efficiency of MHC Class I Tetramer Binding and Cell Surface TCR Arrangement on CD8+ T Cells

Physically distinct cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich plasma membrane microdomains, so-called lipid rafts, have been recognized to play an important regulatory role in various cellular processes, from membrane trafficking to signal transduction, in a number of cell types. We report here that the ability of TCR on activated, functional CD8+ T lymphocytes to efficiently bind MHC class I tetramer complexes is dependent on the integrity of lipid rafts on the T lymphocyte membrane. We further provide evidence that TCR interact (associate) with lipid raft elements on the T cell surface before receptor engagement and that the topological arrangement of TCR on the cell surface is likewise influenced by lipid raft integrity.
Efficacy, Safety, and Medication Errors Associated with the Use of Inhaled Epoprostenol for Adults with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND:Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a type of hypoxic respiratory failure that results from ventilation and perfusion mismatching. Inhaled epoprostenol induces relaxation of smooth muscle in pulmonary vasculature, leading to improved oxygenation.OBJECTIVE:To determine if the use of inhaled epoprostenol produced a 10% or greater increase in the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) in ARDS patients and to review adverse events and medication errors.METHODS:An observational chart review was performed based on a report generated from the electronic medical record system. Patients who received at least 1 dose of inhaled epoprostenol from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2010, at any hospital within the Florida Hospital Health System were considered for inclusion. Demographics, dose, duration of therapy, adverse effects, medication errors, and outcomes data were collected.RESULTS:Sixteen patients were included in the study. Oxygenation im...
ANALYTICAL MODELING OF FORCE SYSTEM IN BALL-END MILLING

Abstract This paper establishes ah analytical expression for dynamic cutting forces involved in machining with multiflute ball-end cutters. The expression is given in explicit terms of cutting parameters, tool-workpiece geometry, and machining configuration. A model of this nature can assist in the planning of machining operations, the design of machine tool components, the optimization of cutting parameters, and the monitoring/control of process parameters. The concept involved in this model is the mathematical characterization of the cutter-workpiece interaction in terms of the chip width density function in an angular convolution form. This characterization allows the dynamic cutting forces to be algebraically represented in the frequency domain. The analytical development of the model is discussed and the experimental verification presented.
Fungal inflammatory masses masquerading as colorectal cancer: a case report.

Background Non malignant invasive tumors of the colon and rectum are very rare. Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis can present as a mass lesion mimicking colorectal cancer.
Xunzi on Moral Expertise

This paper is about two proposals endorsed by Xunzi. The first is that there is such a thing as a moral expert, whose moral advice we should adopt even when we cannot appreciate for ourselves the considerations in favor of it. The second is that certain political authorities should be treated as moral experts. I identify three fundamental questions about moral expertise that contemporary philosophy has yet to address in depth, explicate Xunzi’s answers to them, and then give an account of politically authorized moral expertise as Xunzi understands it. The three questions at the heart of this study are these: how should we distinguish between knowing the correct course of action on another’s authority and knowing it for oneself? What exactly are the underlying considerations that the expert grasps and the novice does not? Who are the experts and in what spheres of life can they legitimately claim expertise?
Public/private partnerships: a Trojan horse for higher education?

Partnering with private industry is presented as a sensible solution to some faculties at institutions of higher education during the current economic downturn. The authors discuss the historic context for increased efficiencies and provide descriptions of how two institutions responded to the prospect of “collaborating” with a corporation. In one case, a partnership forged without faculty consent resulted in dramatic changes in curriculum, class size, course delivery, and instructor authority. In a second case, a proposed partnership, championed by the central administration, was shown to be detrimental to program quality, institutional reputation, and faculty autonomy, and was soundly defeated.
Retention of Phytochemicals in Fresh and Processed Broccoli

Our objective was to determine whether steam blanching, storage and preparation affected concentrations of sulforaphane (SF), sulforaphane nitrile (SFN), cyanohydroxybutene (CHB), iberin (I) or iberin nitrile (IN) in fresh and frozen broccoli. Broccoli (var. “Arcadia”) was grown in St. Charles, IL over three seasons. Samples were steam blanched (2 min at 93 ± 5°C) within 24h of harvest, frozen and stored at −20°C up to 90 days, and fresh broccoli was stored at 4°C up to 21 days. Samples were analyzed uncooked or microwave cooked. SF, SFN, I, IN and CHB were determined by GC in dichloromethane extracts from lyophilized samples. Rates of loss for CHB and SF were similar during storage of fresh broccoli. Blanching, storage, and microwave cooking decreased (p < 0.01) concentrations of each compound in fresh and frozen broccoli.
Vulnerabilities in Anonymous Credential Systems

We show the following:(i)In existing anonymous credential revocation systems, the revocation authority can link the transactions of any user in a subset T of users in O(log|T|) fake failed sessions. (ii)A concern about the DLREP-I anonymous credentials system described in [Stefan Brands: Rethinking public key infrastructure and Digital Certificates; The MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, London England. ISBN 0-262-02491-8] and [Stefan Brands: A Technical Overview of Digital Credentials; February 2002 (was a white paper in credentica.com)].
The natural history of type 1A diabetes

We can now predict the development of Type 1A (Immune Mediated) diabetes primarily through the determination of four biochemically characterized islet autoantibodies [insulin, GAD65, IA-2 (ICA512) and (Znt8)]. Prediction is possible because beta-cell destruction is chronically progressive and very slow in most, but not all individuals. We can also prevent type 1A diabetes in animal models and a major goal is the prevention of type 1A diabetes in man with multiple clinical trials underway.
Multidisciplinary Management of Locally Advanced SCCHN: Optimizing Treatment Outcomes

The management of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (LA-SCCHN) is highly complex. Data from recent clinical trials have altered the treatment landscape by refining the use of existing therapies, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and providing new treatment options, such as cetuximab. Selecting the most appropriate treatment for an individual patient requires a multidisciplinary approach and careful assessment of the relative advantages and disadvantages of each treatment approach. Surgery is highly effective but can have debilitating long-term consequences. Chemoradiation and altered fractionation radiation therapy are more effective than conventional radiation therapy, but also more toxic; as a consequence of toxicity, suboptimal delivery of radiation may diminish, in practice, the efficacy observed in clinical trials of these strategies. Cetuximab plus radiation therapy is more effective than radiation alone and does not substantially increase radiation-related toxicity, or affect the delivery of planned radiotherapy. However, whether cetuximab plus radiation therapy is similar in efficacy to chemoradiation is unknown at this time. Ideally, multidisciplinary teams weigh all these factors when making individual treatment decisions. Data from current trials will help further optimize multimodality treatment for LA-SCCHN.
Treatment of malignant pleural effusion: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background Patients with malignant pleural effusion (MPE) have varied expected survival and treatment options. We studied the relative cost-effectiveness of various interventions. Methods Decision analysis was used to compare repeated thoracentesis (RT), tunneled pleural catheter (TPC), bedside pleurodesis (BP), and thoracoscopic pleurodesis (TP). Outcomes and utility data were obtained from institutional data and review of literature. Medicare allowable charges were used to ensure uniformity. Base case analysis was performed for two scenarios: expected survival of 3 months and expected survival of 12 months. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was estimated as the cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained over the patient's remaining lifetime. Results Under base case analysis for 3-month survival, RT was the least expensive treatment ($4,946) and provided the fewest utilities (0.112 quality-adjusted life-years). The cost of therapy for the other options was TPC $6,450, BP $11,224, and TP $18,604. Tunneled pleural catheter dominated both pleurodesis arms, namely, TPC was both less expensive and more effective. The ICER for TPC over RT was $49,978. The ICER was sensitive to complications and ability to achieve pleural sclerosis with TPC. Under base case analysis for 12-month survival, BP was the least expensive treatment ($13,057) and provided 0.59 quality-adjusted life-years. The cost of treatment for the other options was TPC $13,224, TP $19,074, and RT $21,377. Bedside pleurodesis dominated TPC and thoracentesis. Thoracoscopic pleurodesis was more effective than BP but the ICER for TP over BP was greater than $250,000. Conclusions Using decision analysis, TPC is the preferred treatment for patients with malignant pleural effusion and limited survival; BP is the most cost-effective treatment for patients with more prolonged expected survival.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Early Pubertal Timing as a Predictor of Psychosocial Changes in Adolescent Girls With and Without Spina Bifida

Objective A longitudinal comparison of adolescent girls with and without spina bifida (SB), regarding the effects of early pubertal timing on girls' depressive symptoms, mother-daughter conflict, and emotional distancing. Methods 62 mother-daughter dyads (31 with SB and 31 without) reported on psychosocial outcomes at 5 time points (ages 8/9 to 16/17 years). Results A pubertal timingSB status interaction pre- dicted emotional distancing (T2), conflict (T2, T5), and depressive symptoms (T4), such that early maturing girls without SB reported the greatest increase in each outcome. Main effects of pubertal timing predicted emo- tional distancing (T4), conflict (T4), and depressive symptoms (T2, T3, T5). Findings were not always consis- tent across reporters, assessments of pubertal timing, and time-points. Conclusions Although early maturing girls in both groups may experience greater psychosocial difficulties, early maturing girls without SB may be most at-risk. The somewhat reduced impact of early pubertal timing in girls with SB is discussed.