cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient outward potassium current, 'Ito', phenotypes in the mammalian left ventricle: underlying molecular, cellular and biophysical mechanisms.

At least two functionally distinct transient outward K+ current (Ito) phenotypes can exist across the free wall of the left ventricle (LV). Based upon their voltage-dependent kinetics of recovery from inactivation, these two phenotypes are designated ‘Ito,fast’ (recovery time constants on the order of tens of milliseconds) and ‘Ito,slow’ (recovery time constants on the order of thousands of milliseconds). Depending upon species, either Ito,fast, Ito,slow or both current phenotypes may be expressed in the LV free wall. The expression gradients of these two Ito phenotypes across the LV free wall are typically heterogeneous and, depending upon species, may consist of functional phenotypic gradients of both Ito,fast and Ito,slow and/or density gradients of either phenotype. We review the present evidence (molecular, biophysical, electrophysiological and pharmacological) for Kv4.2/4.3 α subunits underlying LV Ito,fast and Kv1.4 α subunits underlying LV Ito,slow and speculate upon the potential roles of each of these currents in determining frequency-dependent action potential characteristics of LV subepicardial versus subendocardial myocytes in different species. We also review the possible functional implications of (i) ancillary subunits that regulate Kv1.4 and Kv4.2/4.3 (Kvβ subunits, DPPs), (ii) KChIP2 isoforms, (iii) spider toxin-mediated block of Kv4.2/4.3 (Heteropoda toxins, phrixotoxins), and (iv) potential mechanisms of modulation of Ito,fast and Ito,slow by cellular redox state, [Ca2+]i and kinase-mediated phosphorylation. Ito phenotypic activation and state-dependent gating models and molecular structure–function relationships are also discussed.
The Orbitofrontal Cortex

PART 1: ANATOMY 1. Architectonic structure of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex 2. The orbitofrontal cortex: sulcal and gyral morphology and architecture 3. Connections of the orbital cortex 4. Sequential and parallel circuits for emotional processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex PART 2: FUNCTIONS AND METHODS 5. The neurophysiology and functions of the orbitofrontal cortex 6. The chemical senses 7. Involvement of primate orbitofrontal neurons in reward, uncertainty and learning 8. From associations to expectancies: orbitofrontal cortex as gateway between the limbic system and representational memory 9. A componential analysis of the functions of primate orbitofrontal cortex 10. The role of human orbitofrontal cortex in reward prediction and behavioural choice: insights from neuroimaging 11. Memory processes and the orbitofrontal cortex 12. The role of lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the inhibitory control of emotion 13. Visceral and decision-making functions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex 14. Intracranial electrophysiology of the human orbitofrontal cortex 15. Orbitofrontal cortex activation during functional neuroimaging studies of emotion induction in humans 16. Neurochemical modulation of orbitofrontal cortex function 17. Technical considerations foro BOLD fMRI of the orbitofrontal cortex PART 3: NEUROPSYCHIATRY 18. Neuropsychological assessment of the orbitofrontal cortex 19. The orbitofrontal cortex in drug addiction 20. The orbitofrontal cortex and anxiety disorders 21. The ventral prefrontal cortex in mood disorders 22. Effect of orbitofrontal lesions on mood and aggression 23. Pseudopsychopathy: a perspective from cognitive neuroscience 24. Frontotemporal dementia and the orbitofrontal cortex
Combined multisensor alignment and track filtering on a single platform

A new procedure is introduced which allows the alignment of multiple sensors on a single platform and the successive incorporation of the aligned sensor data into a multisensor tracking filter whose details are also described. It is assumed that the sensors are noncollocated with known separations and that their detection data on correlated tracks is transferred to a central point (i.e., metacenter on a Naval platform) for composite tracking. A least squares algorithm is employed which minimizes the sum of the square deviations of the transferred data at the metacenter. The deviations at the metacenter are in stable or inertial x,y,z coordinates (i.e., East, North, and Zenith), and allowance is made for a rolling and pitching marine platform with a specified heading. For convenience, a reference sensor is selected, with assumed zero biases, and each of the other sensors is aligned to the reference sensor pair-wise using this procedure.
Excitability of the Squid Giant Axon Revisited

Clay, John R. Excitability of the squid giant axon revisited. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 903–913, 1998. The electrical properties of the giant axon from the common squid Loligo pealei have been reexamine...
Cochlear Implants in Five Cases of Auditory Neuropathy: Postoperative Findings and Progress†

Objectives To review our experiences with some of the preoperative and postoperative findings in five children who were diagnosed with auditory neuropathy and were provided with cochlear implants. We describe changes in auditory function, which enabled these children to have significant improvement in their hearing and communication skills. Study Design Pre- and postoperatively, these children received complete medical examinations at Mayo Clinic, including related consultations in audiology, pediatrics, neurology, medical genetics, otolaryngology, psychology, speech pathology, and radiology. Methods These children typically had additional medical and audiological examinations at more than one medical center. The hearing assessments of these children included appropriate behavioral audiometric techniques, objective measures of middle ear function, acoustic reflex studies, transient (TOAE) or distortion product (DPOAE) otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem responses (ABR), and, in some cases, transtympanic electrocochleography (ECoG). After placement of the internal cochlear implant devices (Nucleus CI24), intraoperatively we measured electrode impedances, visually detected electrical stapedius reflexes (VESR) and neural response telemetry (NRT). These intraoperative objective measures were used to help program the speech processor for each child. Postoperatively, each child has had regular follow-up to assure complete healing of the surgical incision, to assess their general medical conditions, and for speech processor programming. Their hearing and communication skills have been assessed on a regular basis. Postoperatively, we have also repeated electrode impedance measurements, NRT measurements, otoacoustic emissions, and electrical auditory brainstem responses (EABR). We now have 1 year or more follow-up information on the five children. Results The five children implanted at Mayo Clinic Rochester have not had any postoperative medical or cochlear implant device complications. All of the children have shown significant improvements in their sound detection, speech perception abilities and communication skills. All of the children have shown evidence of good NRT results. All but case D (who was not tested) showed evidence of good postoperative EABR results. Otoacoustic emissions typically remained in the non-operated ear but, as expected, they are now absent in the operated ear. Conclusion Our experiences with cochlear implantation for children diagnosed with auditory neuropathy have been very positive. The five children we have implanted have not had any complications postoperatively, and each child has shown improved listening and communication skills that have enabled each child to take advantage of different communication and educational options.
Discrete Fourier transforms when the number of data samples is prime

The discrete Fourier transform of a sequence of N points, where N is a prime number, is shown to be essentially a circular correlation. This can be recognized by rearranging the members of the sequence and the transform according to a rule involving a primitive root of N. This observation permits the discrete Fourier transform to be computed by means of a fast Fourier transform algorithm, with the associated increase in speed, even though N is prime.
Inhibition of spermine biosynthesis and thymidine incorporation in concanavalin a transformed lymphocytes by S-adenosyl-(±)-2-methylmethionine

Summary S-Adenosyl-(±)-2-methylmethionine, an inhibitor of mammalian S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, inhibited the increase in [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation but did not interfere with the rise in [ 3 H]-uridine and [ 3 H]-leucine incorporation induced by concanavalin A in cultured mouse lymphocytes. Polyamine synthesis which increases during lymphocyte proliferation, was also selectively inhibited. Cellular levels of putrescine and spermidine increased despite the presence of the inhibitor but the rise in spermine concentration was blocked. Moreover, 24 hours after the addition of S-adenosyl-(±)-2-methylmethionine and concanavalian A to lymphocyte cultures, a concentration-dependent decrease in both [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation and cellular spermine concentration was observed with dose-dependent increases in the other two polyamines. This is the first study in which selective inhibition of spermine synthesis also blocked DNA synthesis suggesting that this polyamine may participate in the regulation of proliferation in lymphocytes.
gp96 Leads the Way for Toll-like Receptors

The role of the gp96 heat-shock protein in regulating Toll-like-receptor expression is incompletely understood. Yang et al. (2007) generated mice with conditional deficiency of gp96 in macrophages and found that this protein is an important chaperone for all Toll-like receptors that have been tested.
Further validation of the social interest scale: Peer ratings and interpersonal attraction

The research provided additional construct validity for a recently developed measure of Adler's concept of social interest. Social Interest Scale scores correlated positively with amount of liking for new acquaintances after 5 minutes of social interaction. The scale also was related positively ot being liked by others and to peer ratings of social interest. The results supplemented earlier research that showed positive relations between the scale and favorable attitudes toward generalized others, empathy, cooperation, and altruistic behavior.
Interhemispheric propagation time and temporal lobe epileptogenicity

Abstract Long-term subdural electroencephalographic (EEG) recording was performed in a series of patients with medically intractable complex partial seizures to test the hypothesis that ictal interhemispheric propagation time (IHPT) is correlated with temporal lobe epileptogenicity. In 41 patients, the duration from initial subdural EEG seizure onset to the first appearance of subdural EEG epileptic activity in the contralateral hemisphere (IHPT) was measured in seconds and analyzed for a quantitative relationship to temporal lobe seizure interval (frequency −1 ), in hours. A statistically significant, nonlinear correlation between IHPT and seizure interval was found (Arctan y =−0.009 x 2 +0.598 x +75.187, y =IHPT, in seconds, x =seizure interval, in hours, r =0.326, d.f.=39, t =2.15, p
Measurement and modeling of hydrogen vibrational and rotational temperatures in weakly-ionized hydrogen discharges

Neutral hydrogen molecule vibrational and rotational temperatures are measured using visible spectroscopy in two weakly-ionized, steady-state laboratory plasmas: a dc reflex-arc discharge and a rf etcher plasma. The rotational temperature in these experiments is found to be of order 5x less than the vibrational temperature, indicating that rotational internal energy should not be neglected if accurate neutral modeling of these plasmas is desired. A 0-D, steady-state model is developed which predicts measured ro-vibrational level populations within a factor of 10 or better and the overall vibrational and rotational temperatures within a factor of 2. In the plasma conditions studied here (electron density 10 8 < n e < 10 13 cm -3 , electron temperature 2 < T e < 10eV), direct electron-impact excitation appears to be the dominant ro-vibrational heating mechanism, while wall collisions provide the dominant cooling mechanism.
On Wave Propagation Mechanisms in a Dielectric Rod Array

Wave propagation mechanisms in a lossy dielectric rod array are examined using full-wave simulation and homogenization theory. Both approaches show that a slab mode and an air mode propagate in the structure with different phase velocities. The propagation constants, attenuation constants, and field distributions of these two dominant mechanisms are extracted from simulation data and compared to those found from homogenization theory.
A Factor Analysis of a Drug Questionnaire.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factorial composition of 55 characteristics of 5,981 subjects. These characteristics were assessed by a self-report inventory containing 55 items pertaining to drug use and alleged related areas of drug use. The significance of using the factor analysis technique is primarily to improve the interpretability of the instrument through a procedure of reducing the 55 interdependent characteristics (items) to a more manageable and meaningful number.
Sedimentary charcoal as an indicator of late-Holocene drought in the Sierra Nevada, California, and its relevance to the future

A Holocene record of climate, fire and vegetation regimes was reconstructed for Siesta Lake, Yosemite National Park, California, using fossil pollen and charcoal from lake sediments. These reconstructions were generated to provide a long-term perspective on drought in the Sierra Nevada. The sedimentary record is in agreement with other long-term records of climate and vegetation from the Sierra Nevada, and the records of climate and fire for the last c. 1000 years are in agreement with tree-ring and hydrological studies. This correspondence suggests that sedimentary charcoal and pollen are reliable indicators of change in climate, vegetation and fire frequency through time. The fire frequencies associated with the droughts of the ‘Mediaeval Warm Period’ are only half as great as those recorded during the early-Holocene insolation maximum. Model results suggest that the temperature increases associated with the insolation maximum are a good analogue for those expected with global warming. If this is the ca...
Neurons in monkey visual area V2 encode combinations of orientations.

Contours and textures are important attributes of object surfaces, and are often described by combinations of local orientations in visual images. To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying contour and texture processing, we examined receptive field (RF) structures of neurons in visual area V2 of the macaque monkey for encoding combinations of orientations. By measuring orientation tuning at several locations within the classical RF, we found that a majority (70%) of V2 neurons have similar orientation tuning throughout the RF. However, many others have RFs containing subregions tuned to different orientations, most commonly about 90° apart. By measuring interactions between two positions within the RF, we found that approximately one-third of neurons show inhibitory interactions that make them selective for combinations of orientations. These results indicate that V2 neurons could play an important role in analyzing contours and textures and could provide useful cues for surface segmentation.
Numerical Investigation of Worn Labyrinth Seals

The objective of this study was to develop a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based methodology to obtain the flow characteristics of worn and unworn labyrinth seals which will be applicable over a wide range of seal geometries. In this paper, we present a process to analyze worn and unworn seals with honeycomb lands using the CFX suite of software. Honeycomb structure poses an additional challenge due to disparate length scales. This was addressed by using separate meshes for the honeycomb and the seal tooth and by connecting them with a generalized grid interface in CFX. The challenges involved in modeling worn seals and an approach for quality meshing of the same was discussed. Comparisons were made with the test data from seals with unworn honeycomb lands. The leakages for the worn seals were also analyzed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Reconstitution of the sodium-calcium exchanger from cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles

Abstract The Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger was extracted from cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles and reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles by a cholate-dialysis method. Reconstitution was attempted with different phospholipids. Phosphatidylcholine alone was ineffective, whereas phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (1 : 1, w/w) showed high activity, but a significant Ca 2+ uptake in the absence of Na + gradient. Optimal reconstitution was obtained with a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine (9:1, mol/mol). The reconstituted proteoliposomes showed an ouabain-sensitive (Na + + K + )-ATPase activity and a Na + -Ca 2+ exchange with a specific activity comparable to that of the original vesicles. The specificity toward Na + was also recovered. A partial purification of the exchanger was obtained by the method of transport-specificity fractionation (Goldin, S.M. and Rhoden, V. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 2575–2583). When proteoliposomes were reconstituted with sodium oxalate inside and incubated with calcium in the presence of an outwardly directed Na + gradient, the vesicles containing the Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger specifically accumulated calcium which precipitated inside as calcium oxalate. The resulting increase in density allowed separation of the protcoliposomes containing the Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger from the rest of the vesicles on a sucrose density gradient.
The local structure of tangent G-vector fields

Abstract We introduce a notion of equivariant index in order to describe the behavior of tangent G -vector fields on smooth G -manifolds near isolated zeros. Our methods result in a calculation of the monoid of G -homotopy classes of self-maps of the unit sphere S ( V ) in a real orthogonal (finite dimensional) G -module V , this being the unstable analogue of a classical result of Segal. During the course of our calculation, we prove general position results on tangent G -vector fields and obtain canonical local structures for such fields.
The determination of mercury in fish

Abstract An acid digestion method followed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the determination of mercury in fish is described. Sample portions are weighed into partial reflux tubes and digested with a H2SO4/HNO3 mixture. Hydrogen peroxide is added to facilitate complete destruction of organic matter. Sample digestion is performed using a Technico™ BD‐40 Block Digestor held at 265°C for up to 75 min. After digestion KMnO, is added to insure complete oxidation of Hg to Hg(II). Good precision and accuracy are observed based on replicate analyses of NBS reference materials and also spikes of CH3Hgcl solution added to fish tissue homogenates. The detection limit is 0.01 μg Hg/g fish tissue. The concentrations of Hg in fish collected from Wisconsin vaters have generally decreased since 1970 after a Hg discharge control program was initiated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
Macromolecular Crowding as a Regulator of Gene Transcription

Studies of macromolecular crowding have shown its important effects on molecular transport and interactions in living cells. Less clear is the effect of crowding when its influence is incorporated into a complex network of interactions. Here, we explore the effects of crowding in the cell nucleus on a model of gene transcription as a network of reactions involving transcription factors, RNA polymerases, and DNA binding sites for these proteins. The novelty of our approach is that we determine the effects of crowding on the rates of these reactions using Brownian dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations, allowing us to integrate molecular-scale information, such as the shapes and sizes of each molecular species, into the rate equations of the model. The steady-state cytoplasmic mRNA concentration shows several regimes with qualitatively different dependences on the volume fraction, ϕ, of crowding agents in the nucleus, including a broad range of parameter values where it depends nonmonotonically on ϕ, with maximum mRNA production occurring at a physiologically relevant value. The extent of this crowding dependence can be modulated by a variety of means, suggesting that the transcriptional output of a gene can be regulated jointly by the local level of macromolecular crowding in the nucleus, together with the local concentrations of polymerases and DNA-binding proteins, as well as other properties of the gene’s physical environment.
Nature of the underlying heart disease affects survival in pediatric patients undergoing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Objective To describe the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in acute resuscitation after cardiac arrest in pediatric patients with heart disease, with reference to patient selection and predictors of outcome. Methods A retrospective medical record review was performed of all patients aged ≤21 years with heart disease who had undergone ECMO for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) at Texas Children's Hospital from January 2005 to December 2012. The most recent Pediatric Overall Performance Category score was determined from the patients' medical records. Results During the study period, 62 episodes of ECPR occurred in 59 patients, with 27 (46%) surviving to hospital discharge and 25 (43%) alive at the most recent follow-up visit. The overall survival to discharge for patients with myocardial failure (myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, or after transplantation) and structural heart disease was similar (40% vs 50%, P = .6). No patient with restrictive cardiomyopathy survived; 1 patient (13%) in ECPR group after late cardiac graft failure survived to discharge. Survival to discharge was greater for patients who were intubated (70%) at cardiac arrest ( P = .001). The presence of pre-existing acute kidney injury at cardiac arrest (62%) was associated with greater mortality ( P = .059). A Pediatric Overall Performance Category score of ≤2 (indicating good neurologic performance) was present in 68% of the survivors; 7 patients (87%) with a score >2 had abnormal imaging findings ( P = .01). Conclusions ECPR was associated with modest survival in pediatric patients with heart disease; however, this was associated in part with the underlying disease and pre-existing comorbidities, including the presence of acute kidney injury.
Mapping and Comparison of Quantitative Trait Loci for Oleic Acid Seed Content in Two Segregating Soybean Populations

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] produces 29.4% of the world's edible vegetable oil. An important determinant of the nutritional value and the oxidative stability of soybean oil is the oleic acid content. Elevation of the oleate content levels leads to the improvement of soybean oil quality. However, our knowledge of the genetic factors underlying oleate variation in soybean seeds remains incomplete, hampering the use of marker-assisted selection in soybean breeding programs. We used a whole-genome scan approach to identify oleate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a soybean population segregating for oleic acid content and a cognate segregating population to confirm oleate QTL. A novel oleate QTL with moderate effects was revealed on linkage group F in the proximity of the simple sequence repeat marker sat_309, which was confirmed in both populations across all environments tested. Furthermore, this study verified the existence of an oleate QTL with moderate effects in the proximity of FAD2-1B isoform on linkage group I, which interacted epistatically with the oleate QTL on linkage group F. Oleate QTLs with moderate effects were also detected on linkage groups A2 and N only in one of the populations under study. Minor QTLs on linkage groups E, L, A1, and D2 confirmed previous mapping studies for oleate content in soybean.
An Inventory-Theoretic Approach to School District Cash Management:

Working capital management is an important aspect of school district financial management. In this analysis, two models of cash flow manage ment derived from inventory control theory are compared with the heuristic approach employed by an illustrative school district. The models offer a means for optimizing the revenue school districts receive from the investment of excess funds. The model also has the potential for reducing district costs in cash flow management.
Comparison of Three Techniques for Rapid Determination of Strontium in Soils and Vegetation

Abstract Instrumental epithermal neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and instrumental thermal neutron activation analysis were compared to determine which technique produced best Sr data in the most expeditious fashion. Irradiation with epithermal neutrons was found to be the best method.
Generating virtual camera compositions

This paper describes work in progress to automatically generate camera shots featuring the composition techniques of expert photographers. This effort builds upon an automated camera planner that computes a shot satisfying a given set of constraints. In this prior work, users manually specify the set of constraints and the numeric parameters for each. A typical two subject shot can be described by eleven constraints involving sixty numeric parameters. This work aims to develop a high-level interface to automatically generate such constraint sets. Photographic composition techniques such as composition in depth can be realized by automatically constructing appropriate sets of camera constraints then submitting them to a constraint solver.
Reexamining efficient rent-seeking in laboratory markets

Given Millner and Pratt's (1989) finding of behavior inconsistent with theory, we reexamine efficient rent-seeking in experimental markets. We show that (a) when r = 3, no Nash equilibrium exists and therefore behavior has no theoretical benchmark to judge consistency, and (b) when r = 1, with a new experimental design utilizing an explicit expected payoff matrix, rent-seeking behavior is consistent with both Nash equilibrium and dissipation hypotheses.
Finding Meaning in the Doctor–Patient Relationship

The doctor's gaze is a very small saving in the calculated exchanges of a liberal world …—Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic In their insightful critique of the doctor–patient relationship (DPR) in ...
Prediction of Hydrogen Adsorption Properties in Expanded Graphite Model and in Nanoporous Carbon

This paper calculates that the theoretical hydrogen uptake in nanoporous carbons is close to 0.5 wt % at 298 K and 5 MPa, higher than most reported values in activated carbons. The isosteric heats of adsorption for nanoporous carbons and for an expanded graphite model are between 14 and 18 kJ/mol, close to the suitable energy range for practical hydrogen storage (15-40 kJ/mol). Over the density ranges examined, total hydrogen adsorption can be improved by increasing the volume available for adsorption in amorphous carbons. These calculations are performed by using an efficient and accurate method. This method can reproduce previous, more computational intensive calculations in the expanded graphite model yet is readily applicable to more complex geometries. The limitations of this method are discussed carefully; under conditions given above, these limitations are minimal.
The subtypes of major depression in a twin registry

Abstract Objective: The subtypes of major depression (MD) remain incompletely understood. While there is consensus about the existence of MD with ‘typical’ vegetative features, further data are required to evaluate the existence of MD with atypical features. Method: Assessment of MD symptomatology in year prior to interview was available in 6846 individual twins from a population-based twin registry. The nine ‘A’ criteria for DSM-IV MD were unpacked so that the nature of sleep disturbance, appetite and weight changes, and motoric alterations were recorded. Latent class analysis was used to create an empirical typology of MD. Results: Seven latent classes appeared to provide the best representation of the data. The most severe of these classes had interpretable profiles corresponding to typical MD, atypical MD, and ‘minor’ but seemingly important depressive states. These classes were generally more deviant than a comparison group for nearly all available validators. There tended to be a gradient with the typical class being most extreme, minor depressive classes the least extreme, and the atypical class having an intermediate position. Conclusions: Our findings support the existence of atypical depression as a phenomenological subtype of MD. Besides the differences in symptom patterns, there are many more similarities than differences across a range of external validators. Similar to other reports, we found evidence of the importance and morbidity of depressive symptomatology that does not meet the DSM-IV MD thresholds.
From the Looks of Things Assessing Perceptions of Organizational Dissenters

The purpose of this study was to examine how people perceive employee dissenters. Respondents, who were full-time working adults from various organizations, received questionnaires that contained a scenario depicting a fictitious organizational character engaging in either articulated or latent dissent. Participants then provided their perceptions of the dissenter depicted in the scenario via a set of other-report indexes. Results indicated that respondents perceived articulated and latent dissenters differently. Respondents perceived articulated dissenters to be less verbally aggressive and less argumentative, more identified with their organizations, and more satisfied employees than latent dissenters. In addition, articulated dissenters, compared with latent dissenters, were seen as employees who have better relationships with their supervisors, as employees who see management as more open to employee input, and as employees who exercise more influence in their organizations.
See applications run and throughput jump: The case for redundant computing in HPC

For future parallel-computing systems with as few as twenty-thousand nodes we propose redundant computing to reduce the number of application interrupts. The frequency of faults in exascale systems will be so high that traditional checkpoint/restart methods will break down. Applications will experience interruptions so often that they will spend more time restarting and recovering lost work, than computing the solution. We show that redundant computation at large scale can be cost effective and allows applications to complete their work in significantly less wall-clock time. On truly large systems, redundant computing can increase system throughput by an order of magnitude.
Mitochondrial DNA Evidence and Evolution in Varanoidea (Squamata)

Varanoidea is a monophyletic group of anguimorph lizards, comprising the New World helodermatids, the Bornean earless monitor Lanthanotus borneensis, and the Old World monitors (Varanus). I use mitochondrial DNA sequences and extensive taxonomic sampling to test alternative hypotheses of varanoid relationships. The most parsimonious hypothesis confirms the monophyly of Varanoidea (Heloderma, Lanthanotus, and Varanus) and Varanus, as well as the sister-taxon relationship of Varanus and Lanthanotus. The relationships among Varanus species differ in several respects from previous hypotheses. Three major lineages are recognized within Varanus: an African clade basal to the rest of the group, an Indo-Asian clade, and an Indo-Australian clade. Within the last lineage, the endemic Australian dwarf monitors (Odatria) form a clade sister to the large Australian monitors (the gouldii group). Tests of the effects of rate heterogeneity and homoplasy demonstrate that putative process partitions of data are largely congruent with one another and contribute positive support to the overall hypothesis.
Acanthocephalan infection probably associated with cockroach exposure in an infant with failure-to-thrive

Abstract A 18-month-old infant presented for evaluation of failure-to-thrive, associated with a rare helminthic infection after probable exposure to cockroaches. Stool studies revealed a parasitic worm of the phylum Acanthocephala and in the family of Moniliformidae. Moniliformis , a genus of this group of worms, rarely causes intestinal disease in humans. Our patient's poor weight velocity improved slowly following clearance of stool ova and adult worms, possibly after treatment with nitazoxanide.
The haven-ratio and the percolation problem in β-alumina

Abstract The correlation factor for tracer diffusion has been calculated both in the ensemble average and in the time average utilizing the pair approximation of the Path Probability method. Values of the correlation factor calculated by the random walk theory correspond to those in the time average. If the time average value for tracer diffusion coefficient and the ensemble average value for ionic conductivity are used for physical reasons, their ratio or the Haven ratio HR shows a sudden dip as the percolation limit is approached. The temperature dependence of HR observed in Na-β-Alumina and Ag-β-Alumina can be explained well in terms of the above concept.
Genetic control of resistance to clinical EAE accompanied by histological symptoms.

The susceptibility of rats to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin basic protein (MBP) was studied in a variety of genetic crosses. Rats were evaluated according to weight loss, neurological symptoms, and histological criteria. The results demonstrate that three different types of genes are involved in susceptibility. AnRTI-linked gene is necessary but not sufficient for full expression of EAE induced by MBP in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Additional genes are required for the occurrence of histological EAE, but a full-blown inflammatory reaction is not sufficient for the expression of clinical EAE. A third type of gene, which can be demonstrated in appropriate crosses, is required for the consistent expression of clinical symptoms. Dominant genes for resistance to clinical symptoms were transferred to the Lewis (LEW) background from the BN.B1 strain through two generations of backcrossing. Thus, there are genetically controlled mechanisms involved in the neurological expression of EAE which are independent of the inflammatory reaction as observed in central nervous system (CNS) histology.
Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of aleglitazar for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with high cardiovascular risk.

Introduction: In preliminary clinical studies, aleglitazar, a new dual PPAR-α–γ agonist, has been demonstrated to improve hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review will provide up-to-date information on the clinical safety and efficacy of aleglitazar, which is currently under Phase III clinical investigation for reduction of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and recent acute coronary syndrome. Areas covered: A PubMed literature search (January 1950 to February 2011) was conducted using the following search terms: aleglitazar, PPAR, PPAR α agonist, PPAR γ agonist and PPAR α/γ agonist. Additional articles were gathered using reference lists from sources obtained from the original literature search. This review summarizes available information pertaining to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical studies and safety/tolerability of aleglitazar. The effects of this new drug are compared and contrasted with those of fibrates (PPAR-α agonists)...
The Impact of Sampling Method on Maximum Entropy Species Distribution Modeling for Bats

As species distribution modeling (SDM) becomes more commonly incorporated into ecological studies, there is a need to address how the use of different sampling techniques for assessing the presence of a species can impact the final models produced. Over a four-year period, we sampled for the presence of bats throughout North Dakota via mist netting (physical capture) and ultrasonic acoustic monitoring. We used maximum-entropy modeling to develop habitat suitability maps for each study species using physical capture data, acoustic data and both detection techniques combined. We evaluated the amount of niche overlap between maps to determine how sampling technique impacted the final SDMs and which technique was best for modeling SDMs for each species. We found variation among species in the amount of overlap between SDMs, ranging from pronounced differences (33.9% overlap; Myotis septentrionalis) to highly similar models (80.4% overlap; Myotis lucifugus). Our findings show that acoustic detection results in...
Gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) control with ground-based hydraulic applications of Gypchek, in vitro-produced virus, and Bacillus thuringiensis

Gypchek, a registered microbial insecticide for aerial and ground-based application against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., was field-tested in 1996 and 1997 at 2 doses (1011 and 1012 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per 379 liters (100 gallons) ) and with and without a sunscreen. An in vitro-produced strain of gypsy moth virus was tested in 1997 at the 1O11-PIB dose; however, the effective dose was lower because in vitro-produced PIBs contained 5-fold fewer virions than Gypchek PIBs. Treatments were applied to overstory oak, Quercus spp., trees with a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer. Larval mortality was significantly greater, and larval density was significantly lower, on trees treated with both Cypchek and in vitro-produced virus than on untreated trees.
One-pot Synthesis of Lactams Using Domino Reactions: Combination of Schmidt Reaction with Sakurai and Aldol Reactions

A series of domino reactions in which the intramolecular Schmidt reaction is combined with either a Sakurai reaction, an aldol reaction, or both is reported. The Sakurai reaction of an allylsilane with an azido-containing enone under Lewis acidic conditions followed by protonation of the resulting titanium enolate species allowed for a subsequent intramolecular Schmidt reaction. Alternatively, the intermediate titanium enolate could undergo an aldol reaction followed by the intramolecular Schmidt reaction to form lactam products with multiple stereogenic centers. The stereochemical features of the titanium enolate aldol reaction with several 3-azidoaldehyde substrates during this domino process is discussed.
Nanoscale conductive niobium oxides made through low temperature phase transformation for electrocatalyst support

We report an effective approach to synthesize nanoscale Nb2O5 coated on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and transform it at low temperatures to the conductive form of NbO2. The latter, when used as a Pt electrocatalyst support, shows significant enhancement in catalyst activity and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Direct phase transformation of Nb2O5 to NbO2 often requires temperatures above 1000 °C. Here we show that this can be achieved at a much lower temperature (e.g. 700 °C) if the niobium oxide is first activated with carbon. Low temperature processing allows retaining nanostructures of the oxide without sintering, keeping its high surface areas needed for being a catalyst support. We further show that Pt supported on the conductive oxides on CNTs has two times higher mass activity for the ORR than on bare CNTs. The electrochemical stability of Pt was also outstanding, with only ca. 5% loss in electrochemical surface areas and insignificant reduction in half-wave potential in ORR after 5000 potential cycles.
On stability questions for pendulum-type equations

Die Losungen θ(t) der Differentialgleichung $$\frac{{d^2 \theta }}{{dt^2 }} + f(\theta ,\alpha )\frac{{d\theta }}{{dt}} = g(\theta )$$ werden untersucht, worinf(θ+2τ, α)=f(θ, α),g(θ+2т)=g(θ),g(θ) einfache Nullstellen besitzt undf(θ, α) fur positive α negative Werte annehmen kann. Bedingungen werden angegeben, fur welche jede Losung beschrankt bleibt, wennt→+∞ und sich asymptotisch einer periodischen Losung annahert; diese periodische Losung kann auch eine Konstante sein oder die Periode+∞ haben. Bei engeren Bedingungen gilt fur jede Losung θ(t), dass $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } \theta (t) = \theta _0 ,$$ wo θ0 eine endliche Konstante ist. Schliesslich wird ein Beispiel aus der Elektrotechnik angefuhrt, welches allen diesen Bedingungen genugt.
Emergency drills in a pediatric residency training program

A variety of common pediatric emergencies were created in anesthetized cats to provide pediatric house officers and practicing physicians with an opportunity to refine diagnostic and management skills in a controlled environment under supervision. We describe the format of the animal model drill, outline protocols for simulating pediatric critical care emergencies, and present preliminary evaluation data from a continuing medical education workshop and from house staff drills regarding the efficacy of the program.
A Buffer System for Ophthalmic Solutions of Sodium Sulfonamides

An investigation has been made to determine whether a chemical incompatibility exists between the sulfonamides and borate buffers, since these sulfonamide salts in concentrations of 5% are not soluble at pH 8.6. The results of the study indicate that the salts of sulfadiazine and sulfathiazole are not incompatible with borate buffers. At a pH of 8.6, it was found that only about 2% concentration of sodium sulfathiazole and 1% concentration of sodium sulfadiazine may be attained in any buffer, regardless of chemical species, whereas buffers which provide a higher pH are required for 5% solutions of these sulfonamides. A formula for a buffer is suggested to replace the previously used vehicle of pH 8.6. Solutions of sodium sulfonamides are subject to color changes and mold growth during shelf life, and the use of certain stabilizers to overcome these features is discussed.
The Tailored Practice of Hobbies and Its Implication for the Design of Interest-Driven Learning Environments

This article seeks to sharpen current conceptualizations of interests and engaged participation, and to derive lessons for the design of interest-driven science learning environments (formal and informal). The empirical basis of the research is a set of ethnographic records of two communities of amateur astronomers, as well as the details of astronomers' instantiations of the hobby. Hobbies are paradigmatic examples of interest-driven practices and thus they offer an excellent window into truly interest-related phenomena and processes. The analysis and data collection followed a grounded theoretical process, which I describe in two parts. First, I comb through the data iteratively and present a theory of persistent engagement in a hobby practice. Based on this theoretical sketch, I then explain how individuals' persistent, interest-based pursuit of amateur astronomy is made possible by 4 structural and process features of the practice, which together afford individuals the ability to continuously tailor t...
Structural Indicators of Electronic Interaction in the 1,1‘,5,5‘-Tetramethyl-6,6‘-dioxo- 3,3‘-biverdazyl Diradical

The diradical 1,1‘,5,5‘-tetramethyl-6,6‘-dioxo-3,3‘-biverdazyl, 6, crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell with a = 4.224(1), b = 17.378(2), c = 7.529(1) A, β = 96.02(1)°, space group P21/c (No. 14). The crystal structure of 6 shows local D2h symmetry. ESR measurements in a frozen chloroform solution indicate that isolated 6 has a singlet ground state with a triplet excited state 760 cm-1 (0.094 eV) above the ground state with zero-field splitting parameters D = 0.038 cm-1 and E = 0.0016 cm-1. Semiempirical calculations (AM-1) suggest that 6 is twisted in solution. Crystalline 6 shows a temperature-activated ESR signal with no features characteristic of an isolated triplet. Strong intermolecular π-stacking interactions prevent the analysis of this temperature activation in terms of intermolecular and intramolecular exchange parameters.
STEP BY STEP PROOFS AND SMALL GROUPS IN FIRST COURSES IN ALGEBRA AND ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT Mathematics majors often have problems with the proofs that occur in first courses in algebra or analysis. This article presents a two-part approach to proofs, involving the selective use of both step by step proofs and small group work, that has been successful in several different settings. Both the approach and how it can be implemented are discussed in some detail. Examples illustrating how this two-part approach can be used in first courses in abstract algebra, linear algebra, and real analysis are given, as is a rationale for its use.
Characterization of a novel ferredoxin with N-terminal extension from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824

A gene (CAC2657) encoding a ferredoxin (EFR1) from the strictly anaerobic soil bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The ferredoxin gene encodes a polypeptide of 27 kDa that incorporates 2[4Fe-4S] clusters. An extended N-terminal region of 187 amino acid (aa) residues precedes ferredoxin domain. The EFR1 expressed in E. coli is a trimeric protein. The iron and sulfur content of the reconstituted protein agrees with that expected of a trimeric form of the protein. The ferredoxin domain of EFR1 is closely related to ferredoxin of C. pasteurianum; and can be fitted to the X-ray crystal structure with a root mean square deviation of 0.62 As for the Calpha atoms of the generated 3D simulation model. In cultures of C. acetobutylicum the efr1 gene shows higher relative expression on induction with Trinitrotoluene (TNT) compared to that from uninduced control cultures.
Culturally Appropriate Context: Unlocking the Potential of Response to Intervention for English Language Learners

The number of young children whose home language is not English continues to increase every year in the United States. Challenges for English language learners (ELL) involve low academic achievement related to low expectations and inappropriate instruction, and inappropriate assessment instruments or procedures resulting in overrepresentation of ELL students in higher incidence disabilities. In addition, the lack of effective instructional strategies for teaching ELL students often lead to behavioral problems and poor social interaction skills. The purpose of this article is to examine the learning context of young ELLs relative to culturally and linguistically responsive intervention. Components and potentials of response to intervention model were investigated. Essential factors involved in culturally and linguistically responsive intervention were identified. Finally, challenges in preparing culturally appropriate context were discussed.