cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tin(II) Fluoride

[7783-47-3] F2Sn (MW 156.71) InChI = 1S/2FH.Sn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = ANOBYBYXJXCGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-L (Knoevenagel2 and aldol-type3 catalyst; oxidative addition to carbon–halogen bonds;4, 5 stereocontrolled [3 + n] (n = 3, 4, or 5) annulations;6, 8, 9 conversion of allylic phosphonates to allyltin intermediates7) Alternate Name: stannous fluoride. Physical Data: mp 213 °C, 219.5 °C; bp 850 °C; d 4.570 g cm−3. Solubility: v sol water (>30% w/w); sol aq potassium hydroxide, fluoride solutions, mineral acids. Readily dissolves in donor solvents such as acetone, ethyl acetate, or pyridine, forming presumed pyramidal (Ψ-tetrahedral) complexes. Form Supplied in: white, monoclinic crystals; widely available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: slowly hydrolyzes in water to SnO. Converts to SnOF2 upon exposure to air. Stable in aq mineral acids. Aq solutions are readily oxidized (catalyzed by light). Fluoride solutions react with SnF2, providing SnF3− (pK = 10) which absorbs oxygen but does not oxidize. Containers of SnF2 should be stored under a dry, inert atmosphere. LD50 128.4 mg/kg (mouse), 188.2 mg/kg (rat).
Crucial Role of TCRγ Chain Junctional Region in Prenyl Pyrophosphate Antigen Recognition by γδ T Cells

Human γδ T cells recognize prenyl pyrophosphate Ags and their analogues in a Vγ2Vδ2 TCR-dependent manner. Few data are available regarding the TCR structural requirements for recognition of such prenyl pyrophosphate Ags by γδ T cells. Presently, we made chain pair switch, chimeric, and site mutant γδ TCRs and transfected them into TCR− mutant Jurkat T cells to examine the effects of changing the TCRγ junctional region sequences on reactivity to prenyl pyrophosphate Ags. Substitution of the TCRγ junctional region (N and J) sequences from an Ag-reactive TCR with TCRγ junctional region sequences from an Ag-nonreactive TCR abrogated reactivity to the prenyl pyrophosphate Ag isopentenyl pyrophosphate and to its synthetic analogue ethyl pyrophosphate but not to a mycobacterial supernatant containing a mixture of prenyl pyrophosphate Ags. Substitution of only the TCRγ N nucleotide region with that from this Ag-nonreactive TCR destroyed reactivity to isopentenyl pyrophosphate and to the mycobacterial supernatant. Substitution of the entire Vδ2 chain from the Ag-reactive TCR with a Vδ1 chain from an Ag-nonreactive TCR yielded a prenyl pyrophosphate Ag-nonreactive TCR. Thus, using TCR mutagenesis and TCR transfectants, we show that γδ TCR reactivity to prenyl pyrophosphate Ags is dependent upon the junctional region of the TCRγ chain and upon pairing of Vγ2 and Vδ2 TCR chains. These structural requirements of TCRγδ recognition of prenyl pyrophosphates distinguish this reactivity from that of protein superantigens and emphasize the importance of the TCRγ CDR3 loop and adjacent residues.
Measuring the complexity of rule-based expert systems

Abstract Many quantitative metrics have already been proposed to measure software complexity for different applications. A similar but different application of these measurements could also be developed for formal evaluation of expert systems (ES) which have some characteristics in common with conventional software. But they also have many distinct features of their own, for example, the rules employed in an experts system do not directly determine the execution order, instead they represent the expertise for solving problems in a general way, so the meanings implied by rules are different from those implied by conventional statements. In this paper, some problems concerning the complexity measurement of rule-based ES are discussed, they include complexity description, complexity model, criteria for measurement, and the measurement. A new approach to measure rulebase complexity is presented. It takes three factors into account: 1) content of the rulebase; 2) connectivity among the rules; and 3) size of the rulebase. In order to assess the effectiveness of this new approach, the complexity of 21 sample rulebase has been measured. The results show that this new measurement is more accurate than that of the “number of rules” of “Buchanan's solution space complexity”; suggesting that it is a better indicator of the rulebase complexity. Furthermore, the computation model of this measurement exhibits characteristics of being meaningful, reasonable, reliable and cost-effective. Another advantage is that the measurement results could be used as an estimator for maintenance or developed efforts, especially in applications where experimental data are lacking.
Time-Dependent Expression of Arc and Zif268 after Acquisition of Fear Conditioning

Memory consolidation requires transcription and translation of new protein. Arc, an effector immediate early gene, and zif268, a regulatory transcription factor, have been implicated in synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. This study explored the temporal expression profiles of these proteins in the rat hippocampus following fear conditioning. We observed a time-dependent increase of Arc protein in the dorsal hippocampus 30-to-90-minute post training, returning to basal levels at 4 h. Zif268 protein levels, however, gradually increased at 30-minute post training before peaking in expression at 60 minute. The timing of hippocampal Arc and zif268 expression coincides with the critical period for protein synthesis-dependent memory consolidation following fear conditioning. However, the expression of Arc protein appears to be driven by context exploration, whereas, zif268 expression may be more specifically related to associative learning. These findings suggest that altered Arc and zif268 expression are related to neural plasticity during the formation of fear memory.
Effects of Government Program Payments on Farm Portfolio Diversification

The substitution of capital for labor promotes specialization and results in larger farms capturing size economies. Conversely, when production is labor intensive, farms tend to be smaller and more diversified. Robison and Barry concluded that specialization leads to significant economies of scale that must be expected in order to offset the risk reduction advantage of diversification. In diversifying, the farm sacrifices economies of scale, but tends to stabilize returns at a lower level with the benefit of reduced risk. White and Irwin found that there may exist linkages between size and outputspecialization in United States agriculture. In addition, Pope and Prescott concluded, from a survey of crop farms in California, that as farm firms become wealthier, farms place less emphasis on diversification. While management expertise and many technological advances tend to favor specialization, income uncertainty due to yield and price variability may favor diversification. Such diversification may be viewed as a portfolio investment problem including investment in onfarm enterprise activities and investments off the farm in stock and other financial securities. Government acreage reduction programs also complicate decisions about the ideal farmenterprise activity mix and its relationship to offfarm investments. Further, adjustments in the remainder of the farm portfolio given the availability of government acreage reduction program participation, are not well understood. These issues motivate an analysis of farm versus off-farm asset investment strategies, and the impact of government acreage reduction program payments on risk-efficient investment portfolios.
Photoacoustic overtone spectroscopy of M(CH3)4 compounds (M = C, Si, Ge, Sn)

Abstract The gas-phase fundamental and overtone (υ = 1–7) spectra of the CH stretching modes of the series M(CH 3 ) 4 (M = C, Si, Ge, Sn) have been recorded using intracavity photoacoustic laser spectroscopy as well as standard infrared techniques. Absorption cross sections have been obtained for υ = 5 and 6 of the series. The change in frequency of the transitions and the mass-dependent changes in linewidth are interpreted in terms of a local mode description of vibrational overtones.
Prevalence of interstitial cystitis in young women.

Abstract Objectives Traditional epidemiologic studies have significantly underestimated interstitial cystitis (IC) prevalence because they surveyed populations for diagnosed cases rather than screening for IC symptoms and evaluating suspected cases. Our earlier data have suggested that IC affects almost 25% of women. To test this hypothesis, we used a validated IC symptom questionnaire and intravesical potassium sensitivity testing (PST), history, and physical examination to determine the prevalence of IC in a fixed population of young women. Methods All female members of the University of California, San Diego, third-year medical student class were asked to complete the Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) scale. All those scoring 7 or greater were asked to undergo clinical evaluation, including urinalysis, urine culture, and PST. Results Of 52 potential subjects, 49 (median age 26 years) completed the PUF scale. Of the 49, 15 (30.6%) scored 7 or greater; 5 of those 15 volunteered for PST. All 5 had negative urinalysis findings and were PST positive, for a 10% (5 of 52) rate of positive voluntary PST in the medical student population. All 15 subjects with PUF scores of 7 or greater reported being sexually active. Dyspareunia was present in 13 (87%) of the 15 women, including all 5 PST-positive subjects. Conclusions We identified probable IC in 30.6% and documented IC in a minimum of 10% of the female medical students. These data suggest the estimate of IC prevalence in the United States should be vastly increased from approximately 1.5 million to perhaps 25 to 30 million women and that IC is highly prevalent in young women. Screening for IC-specific symptoms is a useful method for identifying undiagnosed IC cases.
On the doppler effect to the wavelet-based radar waveform

Previously we have presented that by using a wavelet-based waveform called Chirp-Z, sidelobes in the range detection can be significantly reduced. In this paper, we describe the use of the wavelet-based waveform in velocity detection by the Doppler frequency. We have compared the results with conventional waveform using linear frequency modulation (LFM) for both range and velocity detections. Analysis and simulation results have shown that the wavelet-based waveforms achieve higher resolution in velocity as well as range detections than LFM. Further study shows that the wavelet-based waveform can be applied in SAR to acquire images of higher resolution.
Pairwise differences under a general model of population subdivision

A number of different migration and isolation models of population subdivision have been studied. In this paper I analyse a general model of two populations derived from a common ancestral population at some time in the past. The two populations may exchange migrants, but they may also be completely isolated from each other. I derive the expectation and variance of the number of differences between two sequences sampled from the two populations. These are then compared to the corresponding results from two other much-used models: equilibrium migration and complete isolation.
Multiplexing Embedded Nitinol Actuators to Obtain Increased Bandwidth in Structural Control

A wide variety of applications of shape memory alloys is seen in devices where the response required of them is essentially quasi-static. At the same time, the high damping intrinsic to the alloys known as "quiet metals," such as Nitinol, have led to their use as passive distributed dampers. However, it is generally felt that the frequency response of SMA actuators is too slow to permit their use for structural control where they need to supply a time-dependent force at the natural frequency of a structure.In many applications the response time of SMA actuators is ultimately limited by heat transfer. Typically, very rapid heating can be achieved but the time needed for cooling is long compared to the vibratory period of typical mechanical or civil structures. A unique approach has been found suitable to overcome this inherent limitation. The approach is based on using several Nitinol wires as actuators in parallel and energizing subsets of these during successive cycles of structural motion, effectively t...
The entropy rate admissibility criterion for solutions of hyperbolic conservation laws

The entropy rate admissibility criterion for solutions of hyperbolic conservation laws is numerically analyzed. The following admissibility criterion for solutions of hyperbolic conservation laws is proposed: a weak solution is admissible if the total entropy decays with the highest possible rate. The equivalence of this criterion and viscosity criterion is established for the single equation and the system of equations of one dimensional nonlinear elasticity.
Timing of liver transplantation in biliary atresia-results in 71 children managed by a multidisciplinary team

Abstract Background Kasai portoenterostomy (KP) remains the initial surgical therapy for biliary atresia (BA). Liver transplantation (LTx) is offered after a failed KP or if KP is not feasible. The timing of LTx in these children is not well established. We attempted to define factors that may help choose the optimal timing for LTx in children with BA managed by a multidisciplinary team including a pediatric surgeon, hepatologist, and liver transplant surgeon. Methods Records of children who underwent LTx for BA at our institution between January 1998 and December 2006 were reviewed. Clinical data such as pre-LTx pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) score, location of KP, and outcome were evaluated. Results Seventy one children underwent 77 liver transplants for BA at an average age of 25 months (range, 3-216 months). Sixty-one had a previous KP, 30 at our institution. Ten had LTx without KP. The overall patient survival was 94.4% and overall graft survival was 87% at median follow-up of 58 months (range, 6-111 months). Four patients died, 1 because of vascular thrombosis despite repeat LTx, 1 because of fungal infection after LTx, and 2 because of causes unrelated to LTx. Six children required retransplantation. Living donor liver transplantation was performed in 32 of these children with 91% patient and graft survival. Fifty-three children had a PELD score of 10 or higher with patient and graft survivals of 92% and 86%, respectively. Eighteen children had a PELD score of less than 10 with patient and graft survivals of 100%. For the 30 children who underwent KP at our institution, the median age at LTx was 9 months (range, 3-168 months), and patient and graft survival were both 93%. Conclusions Outcome of LTx for BA is excellent. Children with higher PELD scores (≥10) at LTx may have worse outcome. Children with a PELD score of less than 10 survived with their original grafts. In children with BA, the PELD score should be monitored and may help stratify patients for eventual LTx. When a child with BA is deemed a candidate for LTx, the PELD score should be determined. A PELD score that approaches 10 should trigger discussion of LTx and living donor liver transplantation with the family.
The Mouse Insulin-like Growth Factor II/Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate (IGF-II/MPR) Receptor Gene: Molecular Cloning and Genomic Organization

Abstract The mammalian insulin-like growth factor II/cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (IGF-II/MPR) is a multifunctional protein that binds both IGF-II and ligands containing a mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker through distinct high-affinity sites. This receptor plays an integral part in lysosomal enzyme transport, has a potential role in growth factor maturation and clearance, and may mediate IGF-II-activated signal transduction through a G-protein-coupled mechanism. Recent studies have shown that production of IGF-II/MPR mRNA and protein begins in the mouse embryo soon after fertilization and have demonstrated that the receptor gene is on mouse chromosome 17 and is maternally imprinted. In this paper, we report the cloning and characterization of the mouse IGF-II/MPR gene. The gene is 93 kb long, is composed of 48 exons, and codes for a predicted protein of 2482 amino acids. The extracellular part of the receptor is encoded by exons 1-46, with each of 15 related repeating motifs being determined by parts of 3-5 exons. A single fibronectin type II-like element is found in exon 39. The transmembrane portion of the receptor also is encoded by exon 46, and the cytoplasmic region by exons 46-48. The positions of exon-intron splice junctions are conserved between several of the repeats in the IGF-II/MPR and the homologous extracellular region of the gene for the other known lysosomal sorting receptor, the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor. The gene duplications that gave rise to the modern IGF-II/MPR probably occurred before the divergence of mammals, since there is more extensive protein sequence conservation between receptors from different species than between any pair of repeating motifs within a single receptor.
Additional Procedures Performed During Elective Colon Surgery and Their Adverse Impact on Postoperative Outcomes

Background The need for additional procedures during a segmental elective colectomy is considered to lead to increased postoperative morbidity, but there have been few data that have validated and quantified this risk.
Investigation of pre-dressing time for ELID grinding technique

Abstract The grinding wheel topography and the macroscopic wheel shape generated by truing and dressing are one of the major concerns of the manufacturers of high accuracy component parts. Decreasing the dressing time is always desirable as it may reduce the processing time and production costs. A new dressing technique—electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID)—has attracted special interest recently because eliminates the conventional dressing times while it increases the ground surface quality. The primary purpose of the ELID is the generation or regeneration on the desired topography of the grinding wheel that is necessary for assuring the quality of the finished part. Excellent smooth surfaces can be achieved with the use of extremely fine abrasives. This paper presents the results of a theoretical and experimental study of the pre-dressing time for an ELID setup applied to a CNC surface-grinding machine. The theoretical analysis of the pre-dressing time was completed based on the fundamental electrochemical laws. The model of Hong and James concerning the electric field or current density distribution around a diamond particle embedded in a metal anode during ELID was employed. In parallel, a predictive model of the pre-dressing time values was built on the basis of recorded experimental data. Good correlation of the predicted values given by the theoretical and the experimental model was found. An optimization of the pre-dressing time for the considered case was performed in order to improve the efficiency and productivity of the process.
Interpretation of association signals and identification of causal variants from genome-wide association studies.

GWAS have been successful in identifying disease susceptibility loci, but it remains a challenge to pinpoint the causal variants in subsequent fine-mapping studies. A conventional fine-mapping effort starts by sequencing dozens of randomly selected samples at susceptibility loci to discover candidate variants, which are then placed on custom arrays or used in imputation algorithms to find the causal variants. We propose that one or several rare or low-frequency causal variants can hitchhike the same common tag SNP, so causal variants may not be easily unveiled by conventional efforts. Here, we first demonstrate that the true effect size and proportion of variance explained by a collection of rare causal variants can be underestimated by a common tag SNP, thereby accounting for some of the “missing heritability” in GWAS. We then describe a case-selection approach based on phasing long-range haplotypes and sequencing cases predicted to harbor causal variants. We compare this approach with conventional strategies on a simulated data set, and we demonstrate its advantages when multiple causal variants are present. We also evaluate this approach in a GWAS on hearing loss, where the most common causal variant has a minor allele frequency (MAF) of 1.3% in the general population and 8.2% in 329 cases. With our case-selection approach, it is present in 88% of the 32 selected cases (MAF = 66%), so sequencing a subset of these cases can readily reveal the causal allele. Our results suggest that thinking beyond common variants is essential in interpreting GWAS signals and identifying causal variants.
A comparison of soot size and charge distributions from ethane, ethylene, acetylene, and benzene/ethylene premixed flames

Abstract The size and electrical charge distributions of soot particles generated in rich premixed flames are examined using a nano-differential mobility analyzer (nDMA). The aim is to investigate how these distributions vary with the choice of fuel, diluent, and flame gas velocity. The measured soot size distributions are typically bimodal. The dynamics of the upper size mode is qualitatively independent of the fuel. At increasing heights above the burner this mode increases in diameter and volume fraction, but decreases in number concentration, as expected from surface growth and coagulation. At about 6 mm above the burner a small fraction of the particles,
Process control sensor development for the automation of single-wafer processors

A review of the progress in the selection and development of appropriate process control sensors for single wafer processor automation will be presented. Categories of sensors will be defmed and their use in process control described. Issues surrounding the development of key sensors will be discussed.
The adjoint alternative for matrix operators

Abstract The following inverse problem is considered: given a matrix B of rank r, does there exist a matrix A such that B=T(A)= adjoint (A) where the classical adjoint operation is intended? Conditions are determined on the rank of B which decides whether or not B lies in the range of the matrix adjoint operator.
A laboratory study of producing docosahexaenoic acid from biodiesel-waste glycerol by microalgal fermentation

Crude glycerol is the primary by-product in the biodiesel industry, which is too costly to be purified into to higher quality products used in the health and cosmetics industries. This work investigated the potential of using the crude glycerol to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) through fermentation of the microalga Schizochytrium limacinum. The results showed that crude glycerol supported alga growth and DHA production, with 75–100 g/L concentration being the optimal range. Among other medium and environmental factors influencing DHA production, temperature, trace metal (PI) solution concentration, ammonium acetate, and NH4Cl had significant effects (P < 0.1). Their optimal values were determined 30 mL/L of PI, 0.04 g/L of NH4Cl, 1.0 g/L of ammonium acetate, and 19.2 °C. A highest DHA yield of 4.91 g/L with 22.1 g/L cell dry weight was obtained. The results suggested that biodiesel-derived crude glycerol is a promising feedstock for production of DHA from heterotrophic algal culture.
Pregnancy and atherosclerosis

Abstract We have compared the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in women dying while pregnant with those in women dying accidentally. For this study we used arteries from autopsied persons in geographically distinct human populations. These specimens were prepared and evaluated using standardized techniques and formed part of the material collected for the International Atherosclerosis Project. There were no consistent differences in mean extent of fatty streak involvement between pregnancy and accidental cases. In the pooled cases from geographic locations with high and medium levels of atherosclerotic lesion involvement, pregnant women aged 25–34 years had significantly more abdominal aortic fatty streaks than non-pregnant women who died in accidents. No significant differences in aortic fatty streaks were detected in the younger and older pregnant and non-pregnant women nor in those women from location-race groups with low levels of atherosclerosis. Pregnant women in the 35–44 year age group, on the average, had significantly less fatty streaks in the left anterior descending coronary than non-pregnant women. Significant differences in raised atherosclerotic lesions (fibrous plaques, complicated and calcified lesions) were neither expected nor found in either the abdominal aorta or left anterior descending coronary artery. Despite the paucity of significant differences and inconsistent differences, the results suggest that pregnancy may have some relation to the extent of fatty streak involvement in certain age groups, arterial segments, and selected populations.
Grassroots sociology and the future of the discipline

It has become a truism to say that the sociological enterprise is in disarray. The sociological niche is neither self-evident nor safe. Given the problems facing sociology, it is imperative that the discipline begins to plan to protect is assets and to project its capabitlities into the twenty-first century. State sociological assocations could be major components of such a plan. The state sociological association is, however, a largely unknown entity. The present study presents the result of a survey of the officers of state assocations to determine the demographic makeup of their membership, concerns addressed by their associations and their strategies for dealing with these concerns. The findings suggest that state socioclogical associations are in an excellent position to build community in the discipline by breaking down the lines of stratification separating the organizational levels of the sociological enterprise and the different needs of our academic and applied endeavors.
Conformation-driven and semiquinone-gated proton-pump mechanism in the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I).

Abstract A novel mechanism for proton/electron transfer is proposed for NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) based on the following findings: (1) EPR signals of the protein-bound fast-relaxing semiquinone anion radicals (abbreviated as Q Nf - ) are observable only in the presence of proton-transmembrane electrochemical potential; (2) Iron–sulfur cluster N2 and Q Nf - are directly spin-coupled; and (3) The projection of the interspin vector extends only 5 A along the membrane normal [Yano, T., Dunham, W.R. and Ohnishi, T. (2005) Biochemistry, 44, 1744–1754]. We propose that the proton pump is operated by redox-driven conformational changes of the quinone binding protein. In the input state, semiquinone is reduced to quinol, acquiring two protons from the N (matrix) side of the mitochondrial inner membrane and an electron from the low potential (NADH) side of the respiratory chain. A conformational change brings the protons into position for release at the P (inter-membrane space) side of the membrane via a proton-well. Concomitantly, an electron is donated to the quinone pool at the high potential side of the coupling site. The system then returns to the original state to repeat the cycle. This hypothesis provides a useful frame work for further investigation of the mechanism of proton translocation in complex I.
The photodynamic action of bilirubin on erythrocytes.

Erythrocyte suspensions exposed to bilirubin in concentrations that frequently occur during neonatal life are hemolyzed when irradiated with fluorescent light. The hemolysis is preceded by membrane damage that is reflected by a loss of erythrocyte potassium and a reduction in membrane ATPase activity. The initiation of the cation loss requires the simultaneous presence of molecular oxygen and light and therefore involves a photodynamic action of bilirubin. The development of anemia associated with phototherapy may be a consequence of an in vivo photosensitized hemolysis.
Stimulated Raman measurements of the hyperfine structure in Yii

Stimulated Raman spectroscopy has been used in a fast ion beam to measure the hyperfine structure in the 4{ital d}{sup 2} configuration of Y II. A simple theory is provided for the line shape of the coherent two-photon transition which gives a transit-time limited linewidth of 0.9/{ital T}, comparable to the resolution of the laser--radio-frequency double-resonance technique. The hyperfine structure is compared with a multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculation and with that of the homologous Sc II ion. This comparison confirms the role of core polarization as a significant factor in the hyperfine structure of these ions.
Women's Occupations and Local Labor Markets: 1950 to 1980

Using published 1950-1980 census data for a random sample of 50 large US labor markets the authors examine effects of male/female supply characteristics and female demand characteristics on womens access to the labor market generally and to specific white collar occupations. The authors find general support for their hypotheses although the strength of the model varies among specific occupational categories. The hypotheses about the effects of womens supply characteristics the supply of men and demand factors were fairly well supported when they looked at womens share of jobs. More women with family responsibilities (as measured by marital distribution) meant that women had a smaller proportion of jobs overall with this effect decreasing over time. A higher percentage of women with high school diplomas meant a larger work force share for women with this effect increasing over time. Relatively more men in the population decreased womens share of jobs although the effect of the sex ratio has been declining. Where more men are unemployed women had a larger share of employment with this effect being stable over these decades. A larger part of the employed population in government increased womens share as did a southern location. This increase in the effect of percentage of the employed in manufacturing seems to reflect growth of high-tech industries which employ more women.
Neural network control for a fire-fighting robot

The paper discusses the development of an associative, neural network as an on-line algorithm to train and control a fire-fighting robot. Learning is externally supervised with encoded target actions. The robot acquires basic navigation skills as well as the ability to detect a fire and to extinguish it.
Traffic signal optimization using Ant Colony Algorithm

Traffic signal control is an effective way to improve the efficiency of traffic networks and reduce users' delays. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a meta-heuristic algorithm based on the behavior of ant colonies searching for food. ACO has successfully been employed to solve many complicated combinatorial optimization problems and its stochastic and decentralized nature fits well with traffic networks. This research investigates the application of the ant colony algorithm to minimize user delay at traffic intersections. Various ACO algorithms are discussed and a rolling horizon approach is also employed to achieve real-time adaptive control. Computer simulation results show that this new approach outperforms conventional fully actuated control, especially under the condition of high traffic demand.
Model-independent analysis of experimental baryon magnetic moments

Strong disagreement between experimental hyperon magnetic moments and simple model predictions is exhibited in the function $R(p,{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+},\ensuremath{\Xi})=3\frac{({\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}})}{({\ensuremath{\mu}}_{{\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{{\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{0}})}=2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8$, an order of magnitude larger than the broken-SU(6) prediction 0.34. This is shown to imply quenching of contributions of nonstrange quarks in strange-baryon magnetic moments, relative to contributions in the nucleon. The model-independent analysis includes SU(6)-symmetry breaking, configuration mixing, relativistic corrections, and quark-diquark correlations.
The DEAD-box RNA helicase Vasa functions in embryonic mitotic progression in the sea urchin

Vasa is a broadly conserved ATP-dependent RNA helicase that functions in the germ line of organisms from cnidarians to mammals. Curiously, Vasa is also present in the somatic cells of many animals and functions as a regulator of multipotent cells. Here, we report a mitotic function of Vasa revealed in the sea urchin embryo. We found that Vasa protein is present in all blastomeres of the early embryo and that its abundance oscillates with the cell cycle. Vasa associates with the spindle and the separating sister chromatids at metaphase, and then quickly disappears after telophase. Inhibition of Vasa protein synthesis interferes with proper chromosome segregation, arrests cells at M-phase, and delays overall cell cycle progression. Cdk activity is necessary for the proper localization of Vasa, implying that Vasa is involved in the cyclin-dependent cell cycle network, and Vasa is required for the efficient translation of cyclinB mRNA. Our results suggest an evolutionarily conserved role of Vasa that is independent of its function in germ line determination.
Gamma Ray Dosage and Mutation Breeding in St. Augustinegrass

Stolon pieces of St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] were irradiated with gamma rays in an attempt to cause mutations. A practical dosage for most genotypes was 4,500 fads. This dosage caused considerable (50%) growth retardation and a mean survival of about 40% of single-node cuttings. However, ‘Bitterblue’ and another accession were entirely killed at 4,000 rads. At 4,500 rads, up to 7% recognizable mutants of accession FA-243 were obtained. This proportion resulted when irradiated cuttings were propagated clonally and observed for 1.5 years in replicated microplots. In addition, to morphological variants, a chimeral anthocyanin change was noticed. From this chimera arose a stable genotype with green stolons and white stigmas, whereas the source genotype (FA-243) had red stolons and purple stigmas. Associated reduction in fertility from 56 to 0.6% suggested that the mutation arose as a small chromosome deletion. Mutation breeding is effective in improving St. Augustinegrass when easily recognizable variants are needed.
Dielectric properties of cottage cheese and surface treatment using microwaves

Abstract This research determines the dielectric properties of cottage cheese and explores the application of microwave treatment to reduce surface spoilage microorganisms, extending the shelf-life of cottage cheese in sealed plastic containers. Dielectric properties of cottage cheese of 0, 2 and 4% fat content were measured at temperatures between 5 and 65 °C. The penetration depths of microwaves of 2450 and 915 MHz were estimated to be between 1.2 and 3.2 cm. Microwaves were then used to treat the surface of the cheese in containers shielded on the sides and the bottom. Temperature distribution followed an exponential decay along the depth, as described by a model derived from Lambert's law. Microbiological, sensory and pH analyses of samples after treatment and 1–4 weeks after storage at 3 °C showed that microwave surface treatment could contribute to extending the shelf-life of cottage cheese, but further studies are necessary to identify optimum conditions that would maintain appearance and texture.
Medical causes of seizures

Seizures are commonly encountered in patients who do not have epilepsy. Factors that may provoke such seizures include organ failure, electrolyte imbalance, medication and medication withdrawal, and hypersensitive encephalopathy. There is usually one underlying cause, which may be reversible in some patients. A full assessment should be done to rule out primary neurological disease. Treatment of seizures in medically ill patients is aimed at correction of the underlying cause with appropriate short-term anticonvulsant medication. Phenytoin is ineffective in the management of seizures secondary to alcohol withdrawal, and in those due to theophylline or isoniazid toxicity. Control of blood pressure is important in patients with renal failure and seizures. Non-convulsive status epilepticus should be considered in any patient with confusion or coma of unclear cause, and electroencephalography should be done at the earliest opportunity. Most ill patients with secondary seizures do not have epilepsy, and this should be explained to patients and their families. Only those patients with recurrent seizures and uncorrectable predisposing factors need long-term treatment with anticonvulsant medication.
Determining the optimal method for proteinuria detection in chronic spinal cord injury.

A retrospective analysis. The objective of this study is to determine whether dipstick protein analysis (DSP) or random urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) are accurate in predicting clinical proteinuria in the chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) population. A retrospective analysis was performed in 219 veterans with SCI, comparing DSP and 24-h urine protein excretion. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values (PV) and receiver–operator characteristic (ROC) curves of DSP in predicting clinical proteinuria were calculated with and without correction for specific gravity (SG). A prospective study was also performed in 62 SCI patients, comparing the UPC and 24-h urines. Sensitivity, specificity, PV and ROC curves of UPC in predicting clinical proteinuria were calculated. Any level of positive DSP had high specificity, but low sensitivity, for detecting the presence of clinical proteinuria. ROC curves of DSP for identifying clinical proteinuria yielded area under the curve of 0.749 (95% confidence interval 0.699–0.794), and adjustment for SG did not significantly improve accuracy. A UPC of 0.8 was specific with a high positive PV. A UPC between 0.3–0.8 had an intermediate sensitivity and specificity. Urine collections of 24-h are still needed in the chronic SCI population for accurate detection of clinically significant proteinuria. DSP may not reliably detect low-grade clinical proteinuria, whereas a UPC below 0.3 may be used to rule out clinical range proteinuria.
Effects of Alternative Wing Structural Concepts on High Speed Civil transport Life Cycle Costs

Presented at the 37th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, April 15-17, 1996.
Application of the Rayleigh-Schrödinger Perturbation Theory to the Hydrogen Atom

The motion of a single electron in the electrostatic field of a nucleus is treated by the Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation method, the whole electrostatic potential being considered as the “perturbation.” The contribution of the first approximation to the energy vanishes. The second approximation gives a finite ionization energy which is, however, incorrect numerically. The first approximation also vanishes for potentials ~r −n with 0 1, and is infinite for n < 1.
Adaptation of mouse leukemic cells (L5178Y) to anisotonic media: I. Cell volume regulation☆

Abstract Mouse lymphoma cells (L5178Y) exposed to hypertonic media for 1 h behave as osmometers, but in hypotonic media, after initial swelling, they shrink back to normal volume and maintain it for long periods of time. The lower limit of osmolarity at which this “volume adaptation” will occur lies between 140 and 185 mosM. The “volume adaptation” is associated with a loss of cellular K+ probably due to a transient increase in K+ permeability and to loss of associated anions and osmotically obliged water. Partial dissipation of the large gradient of K+ between cells and medium by pre-exposure to ouabain or to K+-free medium results in a diminished capacity to adapt. After the shrinking phase is completed, a new steady state is established with a reduced cellular K+ content, normal Na+, normal K+-permeability, and a reduced activity of the Na+ − K+ transport system. When adapted cells are returned to normal medium, an initial shrinking is followed by a re-swelling to normal size, associated with a gain in K+ content, presumably due to the return to normal activity of the Na+ − K+ transport system.
Chromium distribution in subcellular components between fresh and starved subsurface bacterial consortium

The distribution of chromium in subcellular components was examined with a fresh and starved denitrifying consortium by performing Cr+6 equilibration and cell fractionation tests. The cell wall fraction of 50 day starved cells adsorbed approximately 100% more chromium than did the cell wall fraction in fresh cells. The soluble fraction of 50 day old cells showed less affinity for chromium than fresh cells.
An animation system for biomechanical analysis of leg motion and predicting injuries during cycling

Abstract The focus of this work is to analyse the data available from the training sessions of Olympic cyclists. Pedal forces and torques were measured at key anatomical landmarks placed on the legs. Using this data, we developed an interactive animation system depicting only the lower legs. The animation system also estimates the rotation of the tibia. The rotation of the tibia is believed to be directly related to knee injuries, which is most common among cyclists. We have developed several measures for predicting knee injuries and preventing them. To visualize and compare the motion of both legs, a variety of motion graphs have been provided. These graphs were used for evaluating and comparing the pedaling effectiveness of cyclists.
Building a web of support for caregivers of persons with stroke.

Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the United States, with a cost of $30 billion annually. Most persons with stroke return home after initial treatment and are cared for by family members. Few researchers, however, have focused on Web-based interventions to strengthen caregivers’ efforts. This article describes the development of Caring∼Web©, an online, in-home intervention of support for caregivers of persons with stroke. Through specifically designed Web pages, caregivers are able to ask questions of a nurse specialist and rehabilitation team, discuss issues with other caregivers and the nurse via email, and obtain educational information on stroke.
Speech competence of children vulnerable to psychopathology.

Verbal productivity and cohesion and reference patterns of children of schizophrenics (N=23), unipolars (N=43), bipolars (N=38), and normals (N=53) were assessed using the Rochester and Martin (1979) evaluation system. Children of all offspring groups could be discriminated from one another, with children of schizophrenics showing the most deviant speech performance across all dependent measures. Children of schizophrenics were less verbally productive and had poorer patterns of cohesion between ideas than children of normals. In addition, they produced more unclear and ambiguous references to previously mentioned ideas than did children of normals. The consistency of deviance and performance on specific dependent variables in these children at risk for schizophrenia was similar to the speech performance of thought-disordered schizophrenics. Possible explanations for these similarities were discussed and evaluated.
Healthy patients who perceive poor health: why are they worried sick?

ABSTRACT Objective To explore characteristics of patients who are physically healthy but who perceive poor health by investigating the hypothesis that mental health problems, financial strain, and deficiencies in social support underlie why these patients are "worried sick." Methods Three hundred forty-eight continuity patients in 2 rural primary care practices were administered the PRIME-MD, the MOS SF-36, a health-related worry (1-item, 5-point) scale, the MOS social support survey, and perceived economic strain instruments. The patient's physician rated physical health on a 10-point scale. Health care utilization was defined as the number of office visits and total office and laboratory charges for 6 months before and after the interview date. Results Two hundred thirty-seven patients (group A) scored in the upper and middle terciles on the MOS health perceptions scale. One hundred eleven patients scored in the lower tercile on health perceptions: 59 (group B) were rated as having good physical health (physical health rating > 6) and 52 (group C) as having poor health (rating ≤ 6). The "worried sick" patients (group B) resembled Group A with regard to physical health, but resembled the sick (group C) with regard to all MOS functional scales, prevalence of mental health diagnoses, and worry. Social support was similar across groups. Only 1 of 3 measures of economic strain was less in group A than Band C. Conclusions Our measures of mental health problems, financial strain, and deficiencies in social support accounted only in part for the differences among the three groups. Other explanations of why some are "worried sick" require study, such as other life stressors and personality traits.
The effects of fluometuron on the ultrastructural development, chlorophyll accumulation and photosynthetic competence in developing velvetleaf seedlings

Abstract Velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti L.) seedlings were germinated in the presence of 0, 5, 10 or 80 μg/ml 1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro- m -tolyl)urea (fluometuron). The development of chloroplasts in the mesophyll tissue of the cotyledons was examined with the electron microscope and correlated with the accumulation of chlorophyll and the attainment of photosynthetic competence in 2- to 7-day-old seedlings. The formation of prolamellar bodies and their subsequent transformations into primary thylakoids were not prevented by fluometuron. However, membrane fusion into normal grana was altered by treatments containing this herbicide. Increasing the concentration of fluometuron reduced the number and length of stroma lamellae and promoted more elongate grana with fewer compartments. In addition to these structural changes, the seedlings treated with 5 μg/ml fluometuron accumulated only 50% of the chlorophyll that was present in the controls but remained green until necrosis developed. At 10 μg/ml, the seedlings exhibited a 75% reduction in chlorophyll content and became photobleached by the seventh day and treatment with 80 μg/ml resulted in only a trace of chlorophyll in the cotyledons and the albinistic appearance of seedlings. Net photosynthesis was completely inhibited by all treatments containing fluometuron. These observations indicate that in addition to being a Hill reaction inhibitor, fluometuron treatment directly alters the normal development of internal chloroplast membranes.
A search for the lowest-energy conformer of interstellar glycine

The first search for the lowest-energy conformation of interstellar glycine has been carried out. An emission line has been detected in Sgr B2 which is coincident in frequency with the J(K-K+) = 14(1, 14)-13(1, 13) transition of conformer I glycine; while the carrier of the observed line is uncertain, no other frequency-coincident species are known, and hence glycine cannot be ruled out. Several previously unidentified lines have been identified as methyl formate. Evidence for the existence of the elusive interstellar ethylene oxide, the only reported interstellar ring-structure molecule, is discussed.