cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF TRAVEL RELATED VARIABLES ON TRAVEL EXPENDITURES FOR SPORT TOURISTS

The focus of this study was to identify the travel motivations that best predict expenditures on travel related variables for active sport tourists traveling to play golf. The targeted sample for this study was golfers from the United States who had traveled to play golf within the last two years. Regression analysis was used in the study to investigate the relationships between social psychological motives for tourism travel variables on the different categories of travel expenditures. Regression analysis revealed that overall, personal seeking (ps) motives were the most influential in explaining tourism expenditures with regards to travel related variables. This study's results illustrated that motivations for travel and travel expenditures are moderately connected and could be useful for understanding active sport tourists' travel expenditures, as well as having practical implications for sport marketers, sport organizations, and sport facilities.
State Projects and Indigenous Mobilization in Late Twentieth Century Mexico

Review of: MUNOZ, Maria L.O. Stand Up and Fight: Participatory Indigenismo, Populism, and Mobilization in Mexico, 1970-1984. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016.
A nonlinear second derivative method with a variable step-size based on continued fractions for singular initial value problems

We propose a nonlinear one-step second derivative method (NSDM) with a variable step-size implementation based on continued fractions for the numerical solution of singular initial value problems (IVPs). The singular IVPs typically originate from models in Mathematical Biology which are represented by reaction diffusion partial differential equations (PDEs). These PDEs are then discretized in space through finite difference methods to yield a system of ordinary differential equations with singular behavior associated with finite time blow-up. We are motivated by the fact that numerical methods based on polynomial approximation perform poorly in the proximity of a singular point when applied to singular IVPs. Therefore, a continuous method based on a finite continued fraction approximation is derived and used to obtain the NSDM. The NSDM is implemented in a self-starting mode and in a predictor-corrector mode, equipped with a variable step-size implementation. The superiority of the NSDM over standard meth...
Crossroads of Freedom: Slaves and Freed People in Bahia, Brazil, 1870–1910: Fraga, Walter Durham: Duke University Press 344 pp., $26.95, ISBN 978-0-8223-6090-2 Publication Date: May 2016

As translator and editor, Mary Ann Mahony has made available to English-language readers Crossroads of Freedom (original Portuguese edition entitled Encruzilhadas da liberdade: Historias de escravo...
A method for volumetric retinal tissue oxygen tension imaging.

PURPOSE Inadequate retinal oxygenation occurs in many vision-threatening retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, retinal vascular occlusions, and age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, techniques that assess retinal oxygenation are necessary to understand retinal physiology in health and disease. The purpose of the current study is to report a method for the three-dimensional (3D) imaging of retinal tissue oxygen tension (tPO2) in rats. METHODS Imaging was performed in Long Evans pigmented rats under systemic normoxia (N = 6) or hypoxia (N = 3). A vertical laser line was horizontally scanned on the retina and a series of optical section phase-delayed phosphorescence images were acquired. From these images, phosphorescence volumes at each phase delay were constructed and a 3D retinal tPO2 volume was generated. Retinal tPO2 volumes were quantitatively analyzed by generating retinal depth profiles of mean tPO2 (MtPO2) and the spatial variation of tPO2 (SVtPO2). The effects of systemic condition (normoxia/hypoxia) and retinal depth on MtPO2 and SVtPO2 were determined by mixed linear model. RESULTS Each 3D retinal tPO2 volume was approximately 500 × 750 × 200 μm (horizontal × vertical × depth) and consisted of 45 en face tPO2 images through the retinal depth. MtPO2 at the chorioretinal interface was significantly correlated with systemic arterial oxygen tension (P = 0.007; N = 9). There were significant effects of both systemic condition and retinal depth on MtPO2 and SVtPO2, such that both were lower under hypoxia than normoxia and higher in the outer retina than inner retina (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION For the first time, 3D imaging of retinal tPO2 was demonstrated, with potential future application for assessment of physiological alterations in animal models of retinal diseases.
Structural component composition for system-level models

There are many frameworks for high-level modeling of system-on-chip architectures. Most offer a virtual-to-concrete architecture paradigm and a trade-off in efficiency vs. convenience. We present a framework that implements a split-programming model to provide a composition environment with a type abstraction, close to a "box-and-arrow" specification style. From an abstract specification of component interconnections, a structural type inference is used to produce architectures that can be simulated. We highlight the importance of reflection and introspection to provide component type abstraction. We show the structural type resolution problem to be NP-complete, present a heuristic to solve it and conclude with a packet switch example.
Self-Expandable Metal Stents: Transluminal Stents

Flexible endoscopic interventions have historically been limited to the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. The linear array echoendoscope, which enables real-time ultrasound visualization of a tool pushed out of the accessory channel, extends the reach of endoscopic intervention to targets outside of the gut wall. With the echoendoscope positioned within the gastrointestinal tract, endoscopic ultrasonography creates a platform to perform various transluminal interventions using coaxial tools already familiar to the flexible endoscopist. One of these tools is the self-expandable metal stent (SEMS). This chapter reviews recent applications of SEMS for transluminal therapy. These include pseudocyst drainage (cystenterostomy), gallbladder drainage (cholecystenterostomy), bile duct drainage (bilio-enterostomy), and gastrojejunostomy.
Pigmented Lesions of the Nail Apparatus

Biopsy of the nail unit is often undertaken for the evaluation of irregular pigmentation, especially longitudinal melanonychia (pigmented bands). There are a variety of barriers to arriving at a diagnostic conclusion, however. The nail plate covers the source of the pigmentation. Clinical cues can thus be misleading. There may be a lack of familiarity with nail anatomy and biopsy techniques on the part of the clinician. Suboptimal specimens may thus result. Many pathologists also lack familiarity with normal nail unit histology and pathology, and many pathology laboratories lack experience with respect to handling of these specimens, which often contain both delicate tissue and a hard nail plate, leading to technical shortcomings.
An Object Management System for Office Applications

The field of data processing has traditionally been concerned with data intensive applications. That is, the complexity of the data in these applications dominates the complexity of the processes. A program that prints a report listing the outstanding accounts receivable is relatively simple compared to the structure of the general accounting data of the firm.
Comparing Performance Attribution Linking Methods: An Empirical Study

A number of methods have been developed to link single-period arithmetic attribution results. We present the first institutional portfolio empirical study comparing the most referenced methods for producing additive multiperiod attributes from their single-period counterparts. While our findings suggest the methods typically produce similar results, we find a pattern in the way the methods’ results relate to one another. We find the Modified Frongello Method and Carino Method to produce nearly identical results, the Frongello and Carino methods to cluster and the Naive and Menchero methods to be outliers.
Adams Operations and the Brown-Gersten-Quillen Spectral Sequence

By means of Adams operations in algebraic K-theory we study the order of differentials in the Brown-Gersten-Quillen spectral sequence for a scheme.
The Unfortunate Story Exercise: Recognizing a Diversity of Student Experience

Writing and telling an unfortunate story at the beginning of law school not only acts as an ice-breaker in a new setting for students and professors, but also provides the professor with crucial information about students' communication abilities and a diversity of life experience.
Algunas Precisiones Sobre el Término Anticipado del Procedimiento de Evaluación Ambiental (Some Considerations About the Early Termination of the Environmental Assessment Procedure)

Spanish Abstract: La Ley N° 19.300 consagra el termino anticipado del procedimiento de evaluacion ambiental por falta de “informacion relevante y esencial” del respectivo Estudio o Declaracion de Impacto Ambiental. Este trabajo analiza criticamente una serie de aspectos organicos y procedimentales en torno a esta figura. En particular, se examinan sus supuestos de procedencia, el organo competente para la declaracion, el procedimiento aplicable, y el sistema recursivo. Este articulo finaliza demostrando que la “informacion relevante y esencial” constituye un estandar minimo del contenido con que el instrumento debe contar. Por lo mismo, el termino anticipado debe ser utilizado por la autoridad como una medida de ultima ratio al interior del procedimiento de evaluacion. English Abstract: Law No. 19,300 establishes the early termination of the environmental procedure based on the absence of “relevant and essential information” of the respective Environmental Impact Study or Statement. This Article critically examines several organic and procedural aspects related to this mechanism: causes for early termination, the proper authority, the procedure and the applicable recursive system. This Article ends by demonstrating that “relevant and essential information” is the minimum standard for the Environmental Assessment Instruments’ content. Therefore, early termination should only be used by authorities as a last resort in the environmental procedure.
An Examination of Adult Women’s Sleep Quality and Sleep Routines in Relation to Pet Ownership and Bedsharing

ABSTRACTPeople in many parts of the world commonly share their beds not only with human partners but also with dogs and cats. Self-report and actigraphy data have shown that sleeping with an adult human partner has both positive and negative impacts on human sleep, but there has been little exploration of the impacts that pets have on human sleep quality. We collected survey data online from 962 adult women living in the United States to investigate relationships between pet ownership and human sleep. Fifty-five percent of participants shared their bed with at least one dog and 31% with at least one cat. In addition, 57% of participants shared their bed with a human partner. Our findings did not show a strong relationship between pet ownership status or bedsharing conditions and sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), although according to this measure, a high percentage of study participants did experience sleep quality deficits. It is possible that pet ownership contribut...
Interleukin-22 promotes tumor angiogenesis

TH17 cells play important yet complex roles in cancer development and progression. We previously reported that TH17 cells and IL-17 mediate resistance to anti-VEGF therapy by inducing recruitment of immunosuppressive and proangiogenic myeloid cells to the tumor microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate that IL-22, a key effector cytokine expressed by TH17 cells, directly acts on endothelial cells to promote tumor angiogenesis. IL-22 induces endothelial cell proliferation, survival, and chemotaxis in vitro and neovascularization in an ex vivo mouse choroid explant model. Blockade of IL-22, with a neutralizing antibody, significantly inhibits tumor growth associated with reduced microvascular density. No synergistic effect of IL-22 with VEGF was observed. These results identify IL-22 as a potential therapeutic target for blocking tumor angiogenesis.
Unusual liver pathology associated with xanthomatosis and jaundice. Report of a case.

A 56-year-old man developed insidious progressive jaundice with xanthomatosis. The laboratory findings indicated biliary obstruction but the biliary outflow tract was patent. Serial biopsies and postmortem examination of the liver revealed the centrilobular deposition of collagen-like material. The resemblance of the clinical picture to primary biliary cirrhosis and the possibile relationship of hepatic changes to cardiac failure are discussed, but the etiology of the findings in this case is unknown.
Unexpected Findings: Anastomotic “Donut” Problems – Incomplete or Missing Donuts with a Negative Leak Test

Unexpected findings are not infrequently encountered, either intraoperatively or in the postoperative settings. Stapled anastomoses are common, but unfortunately, they don’t always come out the way you want. A positive air leak is one thing, but this chapter will discuss options for the case of incomplete or missing donuts following a stapled anastomosis and a negative air leak test.
Spinal and afferent PKC signaling mechanisms that mediate chronic pain in sickle cell disease

Pain is the most characteristic feature of sickle cell disease (SCD). Patients with SCD live with unpredictable, recurrent episodes of acute painful crisis, as well as chronic unremitting pain throughout their lifetime. While most of the research and medical efforts have focused on treating vaso-occlusion crisis and acute pain, chronic pain remains a significant challenge faced by patients and physicians. Emerging evidence from human and animal studies has suggested the presence of a neuropathic component in SCD pain. New knowledge on the neurobiology of chronic pain in SCD has significant implications in unraveling the underlying mechanisms. This review focuses on the recent advances on the role of protein kinase C or PKC in promoting and maintaining chronic pain conditions. With a highlight of a specific PKC isoform, PKCδ, we aim to propose PKC as an essential regulator of chronic pain in SCD, which may ultimately lead to innovative therapeutic strategies for treating this devastating life-long problem in patients with SCD.
Microwave Packaging for Superconducting Qubits

Over the past two decades, the performance of superconducting quantum circuits has tremendously improved. The progress of superconducting qubits enabled a new industry branch to emerge from global technology enterprises to quantum computing startups. Here, an overview of superconducting quantum circuit microwave control is presented. Furthermore, we discuss one of the persistent engineering challenges in the field—how to control the electromagnetic environment of increasingly complex superconducting circuits such that they are simultaneously protected and efficiently controllable.
IMMIGRANT WAGE GROWTH IN THE UNITED STATES: THE ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL UPGRADING

Immigrants to the United States routinely take jobs below their skill qualifications because of barriers to entering occupations. We use a structural model of immigrant job choice to quantify the benefits of potential policies to promote entry into suitable occupations. We estimate the model using longitudinal labor market data on immigrants to the United States. Our counterfactual results show that eliminating barriers to occupational entry would lead to only a small earnings increase for the average immigrant in our sample, but a substantial earnings increase for the most highly skilled immigrants.
Dual Nature of Orbits of the Divide-or-Choose 2 Rule: A Quadratic Collatz-type Recursion

We obtain a complete characterization of all orbits of a quadratic Collatz-type recursion called the divide-or-choose-2 rule. Each orbit either ends in a cycle whose period depends on the initial value or it goes to infinity. We specify which initial values generate periodic orbits, and also show that all other initial values generate orbits that go to infinity.
Actigraphy-based parameter tuning process for adaptive notch filter and circadian phase shift estimation

We report herein the application of an adaptive notch filter (ANF) algorithm to minute-by-minute actigraphy data to estimate the continuous circadian phase of eight healthy adults. As the adaptatio...
Social Corporate Governance

Corporate directors, like most people, are social creatures, and their social networks affect their decisions. But directors’ social networks remain both understudied and under-theorized by scholars and inconsistently addressed by courts. This Article comprehensively examines the importance of director networks to corporate governance for the first time. Using qualitative and quantitative data, the Article uncovers the importance of director networks to corporate governance and the implications that network theory poses for the study of corporate law. In doing so, the Article tackles an understudied corner of corporate decision-making at a critical time, when directors have an outsized influence over their companies and in many cases, the United States economy as a whole. This Article builds on a robust literature in corporate governance and decision-making. Much of the existing scholarship has focused on whether directors—especially “busy directors” who serve on multiple boards—are meeting investors’ and regulators’ expectations. However, the literature overlooks an important aspect of busyness, that when directors serve on multiple boards, they also build a social network that extends beyond the companies they serve, spanning several degrees of separation. This Article shows how these broader connections affect corporate governance and discusses the legal implications of what it terms as “Social Corporate Governance.” This Article makes three contributions to the literature. First, the Article identifies the significance of network theory to contemporary corporate governance discourse and develops a theoretical framework to better account for directors’ service on multiple boards. Second, it empirically examines the direct impact that director networks have on the governance of public firms. It does so through an original data set that reveals some of the positive effects that director networks have on companies’ governance and further demonstrates how network analysis adds important insights to existing empirical studies regarding director service on multiple boards, at times significantly altering their results. Finally, the Article suggests that the current discourse by regulators, institutional investors, and academics may underestimate the importance that director networks have for companies. The Article then suggests several policy reforms to address these findings.
Measuring Efficiency in Redistricting

There has been a recent surge in work on measuring partisan bias in single-member (SMD) redistricting plans. A classic SMD gerrymander is “efficient”: it “cracks” a party’s supporters so they barely lose many seats, and “packs” the remainder in a few seats that the party wins by large margins. This essay classifies these new metrics and proposes a simple principle for evaluating each metric as a gauge of this efficiency. It finds that only methods that measure the packing and cracking directly through the counting of wasted votes can serve as consistent measures of the concept. Indeed, measures of symmetry in the seats-votes curve not only fail to consistently measure efficiency, but suffer from internal contradictions in certain circumstances. Further examination of the wasted votes measures reveals that only a modified version of the “efficiency gap” — a measure active in ongoing litigation — can serve as a measure of efficiency under a wide range of electoral circumstances. Among the rest, there is considerable variation in their ability serve as appropriate measures of the concept.
Improving the Sustainability of Circuits by Using Honey Gate in Transistors for Printing Electronics

This paper reports the fabrication of flexible logic gates using printed field effect transistors made by Graphene as semiconductor and honey as the gate material. PMOS transistors were made with Graphene and then analyzed to find the voltage characteristics and best operation mode. The PMOS transistors showed a good slew rate. Details of design and fabrication were studied and reported. The PMOS circuits included Inverters, AND logic, and OR logic. The logic gate performance was compatible to the circuit simulation observed by transistor models. These new logic gates have applications in biomedical interfacing and wearable electronics.
Modified Therapeutic Communities for Dual Disorders

The pervasive use of drugs in the general population, and the clearly established relationship between drug abuse and psychological disorder underscore the importance of diagnoses and treatment in both the mental health and drug abuse services system. Therapeutic Communities (TCs) have evolved a potent model for modifying drug abuse behavior and reducing psychological symptoms. Its success has been most evident with the primary substance abuser with personality disorder. However, the TC has much to offer the increasing numbers and various types of individuals who manifest their dysfunctionality both through drug use and psychological maladjustment.
Prediction of Broadband Shock-Associated Noise Including Propagation Effects Originating NASA

An acoustic analogy is developed based on the Euler equations for broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) that directly incorporates the vector Green s function of the linearized Euler equations and a steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solution (SRANS) to describe the mean flow. The vector Green s function allows the BBSAN propagation through the jet shear layer to be determined. The large-scale coherent turbulence is modeled by two-point second order velocity cross-correlations. Turbulent length and time scales are related to the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate. An adjoint vector Green s function solver is implemented to determine the vector Green s function based on a locally parallel mean flow at different streamwise locations. The newly developed acoustic analogy can be simplified to one that uses the Green s function associated with the Helmholtz equation, which is consistent with a previous formulation by the authors. A large number of predictions are generated using three different nozzles over a wide range of fully-expanded jet Mach numbers and jet stagnation temperatures. These predictions are compared with experimental data from multiple jet noise experimental facilities. In addition, two models for the so-called fine-scale mixing noise are included in the comparisons. Improved BBSAN predictions are obtained relative to other models that do not include propagation effects.
Intrapartum fever: A preliminary study

Abstract Fever during labor may be due to dehydration, extragenital disease, or birth canal infection. The last is diagnosed by excluding the other two, or by the discharge of foul material from the tract. The primary lesion in infections of the genital tract is an amnionitis (placentitis) which subjects both the mother and the child to serious sequelae. In the mother, puerperal infection frequently develops and may be fatal, while aspiration pneumonia and septicemia by direct extension into the placental vessels constitute the chief risks to the child. In this series of 187 febrile labors, 129 presented evidence of birth canal infection alone or in combination with an extragenital factor. In the latter group, eight mothers and sixty-one infants died, mortality rates of 6.2 per cent and 46.9 per cent, respectively. Dehydration fever was followed by no maternal or fetal deaths, but pyrexia of extragenital origin (no evidence of uterine infection) led to a maternal death rate of 36.8 per cent and a fetal mortality rate of 42.2 per cent. Treatment of dehydration fever and of extragenital diseases followed usual lines. On the other hand, therapy of intrapartum birth canal infections has been significantly and favorably altered by recognition of the dangers involved and by the use of the newer antibiotics, the sulfonamides, and penicillin, prophylactically and curatively.
Revised structure of a catecholamide spermidine siderophore

Abstract Evidence has been found for the presence of an oxazoline ring in a siderophore from Paracoccus denitrificans . This requires revision of the previously assigned structure for this compound.
A query scope agent for flood search routing protocols

Flood-search on-demand routing has received considerable interest for its application to mobile ad hoc networks. To alleviate the effects of flooding the network with control packets to discover a route, the concept of an expanding ring search (ERS) has been proposed elsewhere for reducing the packet transmission overhead of the route discovery process. Essentially, ERS consists of incrementally increasing the allowable hop radius of the flood search until a route to the target node is returned. However, ERS incurs additional latency to successfully complete the route discovery procedure. This paper presents a query scope agent (QSA) that assists in the selection of an appropriate ERS. The QSA accepts as input, from the user or network application, a maximum allowable value for route discovery delay. The QSA then estimates network parameter values to determine an ERS approach that satisfies the delay requirement while reducing expected packet transmission overhead. Simulation results show that it successfully achieves this objective. Further, the QSA incurs little communication and computation overhead, and operates in a distributed and asynchronous fashion.
Library Instruction for Freshman English: A Multi-Year Assessment of Student Learning

Objective – The objective of this study was twofold: 1) to assess the effectiveness of curriculum changes made from the 2009 freshman English library instruction curriculum to the 2010 curriculum at Loyola Marymount University (LMU); and 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of library instruction delivered via a “blended” combination of face-to-face and online instruction versus online instruction alone. Methods – An experimental design compared random samples of student scores from 2009 and 2010 worksheets to determine the effects of a new curriculum on student learning. A second experiment examined the effect of delivery method on student learning by comparing scores from a group of students receiving only online instruction against a group receiving blended instruction. Results – The first component of the study, which compared scores between 2009 and 2010 to examine the effects of the curriculum revisions, had mixed results. Students scored a significantly higher mean in 2010 on completing and correctly listing book citation components than in 2009, but a significantly lower mean on constructing a research question. There was a significant difference in the distribution of scores for understanding differences between information found on the Internet versus through the Library that was better in 2010 than 2009, but worse for narrowing a broad research topic. For the study that examined computer aided instruction, the group of students receiving only computer-assisted instruction did significantly better overall than the group receiving blended instruction. When separate tests were run for each skill, two particular skills, generating keywords and completing book citation and location elements, resulted in a significantly higher mean. Conclusions – The comparison of scores between 2009 and 2010 were mixed, but the evaluation process helped us identify continued problems in the teaching materials to address in the next cycle of revisions. The second part of the study supports the idea that computer-assisted instruction is equally or more effective than blended instruction.
Alterations in the structure of new and old forms of simian virus 40 large T antigen (T) defined by age-dependent epitope changes: new T is the same as ATPase-active T.

Abstract The reactivity of simian virus 40 large T antigen labeled under pulse-chase conditions towards 22 antibodies was measured. Changes in epitope reactivity occurred in several domains of T as it matured, defining major structural alterations that distinguished mature from new molecules. New T reacted best with the same antibodies that bind and inhibit ATPase-active T. These antibodies thus can distinguish new T as a distinct structural and functional form.
Anterior left ventricular wall echoes in coronary artery disease. Linear scanning with a single element transducer.

Abstract The feasibility and usefulness of obtaining anterior left ventricular wall echoes were studied using a linear cardiac scan with a single element tranducer and M mode recordings. One hundred four patients were examined: 50 with acute myocardial infarction and 54 who underwent left ventricular angiography and coronary cineangiography for evaluation of chest pain. Of the 54 patients with cardiac catheterization studies, 11 had no evidence of cardiac disease, 42 had 50 percent or greater obstruction in one or more of the three major coronary arteries and one had aortic insufficiency. Anterior left ventricular wall echo motion toward the transducer or absence of motion during ejection was called abnormal, and motion away from the transducer during ejection was interpreted as normal. Abnormal motion was seen in four of four patients with an isolated lesion of the anterior descending coronary artery, in one of three with an isolated lesion of the right coronary artery and in neither of two with an isolated lesion of the left circumflex artery. Of the 20 patients with obstructive coronary artery disease by arteriography and abnormal left ventricular wall echo motion, 18 had obstruction of the left anterior descending artery with or without other disease. Correlation of the anterior left ventricular echograms with the left ventricular angiograms was poor, with agreement in only 66 percent (33 of 50) of cases. Twenty-five of 26 patients with acute infarction and abnormal anterior left ventricular wall echo motion had electrocardiographic changes indicative of anterior or lateral wall infarction, or both. Twenty-five of 34 patients with electrocardiographic changes indicative of anterior wall infarction had an abnormal anterior wall motion echo. This study shows that obtaining the anterior left ventricular wall echo is feasible and useful in patients with coronary artery disease since abnormal anterior left ventricular wall motion is closely associated with anterior wall ischemia or infarction in these patients.
Hydrological parameter estimations from a conservative tracer test with variable-density effects at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site

[1] Reliable predictions of groundwater flow and solute transport require an estimation of the detailed distribution of the parameters (e.g., hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity) controlling these processes. However, such parameters are difficult to estimate because of the inaccessibility and complexity of the subsurface. In this regard, developments in parameter estimation techniques and investigations of field experiments are still challenging and necessary to improve our understanding and the prediction of hydrological processes. Here we analyze a conservative tracer test conducted at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site in 2001 in a heterogeneous unconfined fluvial aquifer. Some relevant characteristics of this test include: variable-density (sinking) effects because of the injection concentration of the bromide tracer, the relatively small size of the experiment, and the availability of various sources of geophysical and hydrological information. The information contained in this experiment is evaluated through several parameter estimation approaches, including a grid-search-based strategy, stochastic simulation of hydrological property distributions, and deterministic inversion using regularization and pilot-point techniques. Doing this allows us to investigate hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity distributions and to compare the effects of assumptions from several methods and parameterizations. Our results provide new insights into the understanding of variable-density transport processes and the hydrological relevance of incorporating various sources of information in parameter estimation approaches. Among others, the variable-density effect and the effective porosity distribution, as well as their coupling with the hydraulic conductivity structure, are seen to be significant in the transport process. The results also show that assumed prior information can strongly influence the estimated distributions of hydrological properties.
Bacteriological survey of raw beef patties produced at establishments under federal inspection.

At the time of manufacture, 76% of 74 sets of raw beef patties collected in 42 federally inspected establishments had aerobic plate counts of 1,000,000 or fewer/g; 84% contained 100 or fewer coliforms/g; 92% contained 100 or fewer Escherichia coli/g; and 85% contained 100 or fewer Staphylococcus aureus/g (geometric means of 10 patties/set). Salmonellae were isolated from only three (0.4%) of 735 beef patties.
Devoir d'obéissance, obligation de résistance: lorsqu'une ursuline s'oppose à l'autorité masculine au dix-septième siècle

AbstractMarie Guyart dite de l'Incarnation, une religieuse tourangelle a l'origine de la fondation du couvent des ursulines de Quebec en 1639, s'oppose, peu apres son arrivee, a des peres jesuites missionnaires responsables de la bonne marche du couvent. En effet, elle a appris que deux d'entre eux avaient essaye de modifier, sans consultation aucune, les reglements de l'etablissement reposant sur un amalgame des statuts des deux maisons d'origine (Paris et Bordeaux). Un peu plus d'une quinzaine d'annees plus tard, c'est le vicaire apostolique nouvellement nomme, Mgr de Montmorency-Laval, qui va chercher a effectuer une meme modification des statuts du couvent. Nous allons, dans cette etude, analyser la difficulte pour la superieure ursuline de s'opposer a l'autorite religieuse masculine, et le dechirement interieur que cette opposition fait naitre en elle. Ce dechirement interieur fait cependant rapidement place, chez la religieuse, a une obligation de resister, ainsi qu'elle decrit son attitude dans sa ...
Phase diagram for the Ashkin-Teller model in three dimensions

High- and low-temperature series, Monte Carlo simulations, mean-field calculations, and renormalization-group ideas are used to analyze the behavior of the Ashkin-Teller model in three dimensions. The data generated by series and Monte Carlo methods in the neighborhood of the decoupling point are consistent with the renormalization-group conclusion that this system cannot show a line of continuously varying exponents. Thus the phase diagram for the $d=3$ system is quite different from that in $d=2$. Indeed a new phase (not seen in $d=2$) is observed, one in which the system spontaneously breaks its natural symmetry between its two kinds of Ising spins. A variety of continuous transitions are observed and explained in terms of an analysis which is fully consonant with renormalization-group concepts.
Self-stimulation in the frontal cortex of rattus norvegicus

Recent evidence from our laboratory indicated that certain portions of medial cortex in the rat frontal cortex supported self-stimulation. In an attempt to confirm this finding and to explore the possibility that other regions of frontal cortex support self-stimulation, small fine-wire bipolar electrodes were placed throughout the frontal pole in each of 101 adult albino rats. Two regions of the frontal cortex supported self-stimulation. One region, described by us previously, was located in the medial wall of the telencephalon and is typically labeled pregenual or medial cortex. The other region was the sulcal cortex on the dorsal lip of the rhinal sulcus. This region, to our knowledge, has not previously been implicated as an anatomical region which supports self-stimulation.
Corrosion of austenitic alloys in high temperature supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract Corrosion of three austenitic alloys, 316SS and 310SS and Alloy 800H in supercritical CO 2 at 650 °C and 20 MPa for 3000 h is studied. The corrosion performance of them was evaluated by weight change measurements, and the surface oxide layers were characterized and identified by SEM, XRD and XPS. Alloy 800H exhibited the best corrosion resistance followed by 310SS and 316SS. The oxidation of Alloy 800H and 310SS followed a diffusion controlled parabolic growth law. 316SS exhibited a higher oxide growth rate with more pronounced oxide spallation. Carburized regions were observed underneath the oxide layers and appeared to promote oxide spallation.
Some Fundamentals and Methods for Hyperspectral Image Data Analysis

Multispectral image data has been a key data type for land observational remote sensing from aircraft and spacecraft since the 1960’s 1 . Sensor technology was a primary limiting factor for many years for this method, as sensors such as Landsat could only collect data in four to seven spectral bands at once. In the last few years, advances in sensor technology have made possible the collection of such image data in as many as several hundred spectral bands at once. In this paper, some results obtained in the study of data analysis methods for such high dimensional data will be overviewed. They show that such data have substantially increased potential for deriving more detailed and more accurate information, but to achieve it, the primary limiting factor has become the precision with which a user can specify the analysis classes of interest. Some methods and procedures for mitigating this limitation in practical circumstances will be described. Though multispectral technology has been an important topic to Earth observational remote sensing for some years, it no doubt has substantial applicability in many other disciplines.
Effect of Feed Location on the Performance of Single-Stage Membrane Permeators

Abstract The effect of feed location on the performance of single-stage membrane permeators was determined based on the minimum unit compressor load (recycle ratio). Since certain feed locations correspond to several well-known permeator configurations (e.g., simple recycle permeator, continous membrane column), it is possible to characterize the relative performance of these configurations for separating binary gas mixtures. For separations involving oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, it was found that the location of feed introduction was related to the apparent difficulty of separation. For binary seprations of low to moderate difficulty, the optimum feed location was at a dimensionless axial distance of 0.6 to 0.75 from the top of the column. This feed location corresponded to the continuous membrane column configuration. For difficult separations, the optimum feed location was at the top of the column which corresponded to the simple recycle permeator. Based on this study, the simple recycle perme...
Visual short-term memory for sequential arrays

The capacity of visual short-term memory (VSTM) for a single visual display has been investigated in past research, but VSTM for multiple sequential arrays has been explored only recently. In this study, we investigate the capacity of VSTM across two sequential arrays separated by a variable stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). VSTM for spatial locations (Experiment 1), colors (Experiments 2–4), orientations (Experiments 3 and 4), and conjunction of color and orientation (Experiment 4) were tested, with the SOA across the two sequential arrays varying from 100 to 1,500 msec. We find that VSTM for the trailing array is much better than VSTM for the leading array, but when averaged across the two arrays VSTM has a constant capacity independent of the SOA. We suggest that multiple displays compete for retention in VSTM and that separating information into two temporally discrete groups does not enhance the overall capacity of VSTM.
Association between TNF-α and TGF-β genotypes in infants and parental history of allergic rhinitis and asthma

Abstract The development and expression of allergic rhinitis and asthma may be influenced by the elaboration of specific cytokines. Cytokine genotypes moderate illness severity in a variety of inflammatory disorders. Cytokine genotyping was performed on 124 infants (85% white, 57% male) to determine whether specific cytokine genotypes are associated with a parental history of allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. DNA was extracted from buccal brushings and assayed for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 genotypes using polymerase chain reaction–sequence specific primer technology. Outcomes consisted of parental history of allergy and asthma, and results were evaluated by logistic regression. TNF-α and TGF-β genotypes were related to maternal and/or paternal history of allergic rhinitis and asthma, respectively. The frequencies of the genotype associated with high production of TNF-α were 41% versus 18% in infants with and without a parental history of allergic rhinitis, respectively ( p p
Effect of tricyanoaminopropene on the amnesic effect of electroconvulsive shock

Mice were pretreated with either tricyanoaminopropene or saline for 3 days prior to being given a single conditioning trial to establish a passive avoidance response. The training trial was followed by a single electroconvulsive shock. When tested for retention of the conditioned response 24 hrs following training, a characteristic retrograde amnesia was demonstrated in control animals, whereas experimental mice showed a significantly high degree of retention. Analysis of brain tissue from various sites, in mice treated under comparable conditions, indicated a significant elevation of levels of ribonucleic acid in the drug-treated animals, as compared with controls. The effect of ECS on RNA concentration was seen generally as a reduction, and specifically as a reduction in the magnitude of RNA concentration differences above base levels observed in non-convulsed animals. The data suggest that an acceleration of RNA synthesis with TCAP serves to facilitate memory trace formation.
Invoking Human Rights and Transnational Activism in Racial Justice Struggles at Home: US Antiracist Activists and the UN Committee to Eliminate Racial Discrimination

In February 2008, over 120 members of US civil society representing a range of domestic non-governmental organizations attended a United Nations hearing regarding the US government's compliance with the International Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Racial Discrimination. In this article, I analyze a distinct form of transnational activism that requires US racial justice activists to identify human rights standards and principles upon which to build their assertions of racial injustice, necessitating a fluency in the language of human rights and the ability to negotiate and lobby with members of a UN committee.
Flats and the flat torus theorem in systolic spaces

We develop the theory of minimal surfaces in systolic complexes, which is a powerful tool in studying systolic complexes. We prove that flat minimal surfaces in a systolic complex are almost isometrically embedded and introduce a local condition for flat surfaces which implies minimality. We also prove that minimal surfaces are stable under small deformations of their boundaries. 20F65, 20F67; 53C21
Collaborative authoring, evolution, and personalization for a "transdisciplinary" textbook

This article is a case study about a book titled The Discipline of Organizing, which proposes a transdisciplinary synthesis of ideas from library and information science, computer science, informatics, cognitive science, business, and other disciplines that "intentionally arrange collections of resources to enable interactions with them." This case study discusses the interrelationships between the transdisciplinary goal for the book, the process of collaborative authoring required to write it, the novel architecture of the book's content, and the innovative reading experiences in print and ebook formats that are enabled. The idea that a new discipline is contextualized by more specific concepts and methods inevitably led to a collaboratively-authored book whose design embodies this intellectual architecture. The book's content is organized as a transdisciplinary core with supplemental content identified by discipline. This content model creates a "family of books" with thousands of siblings, any of which can be published in print or as an ebook by filtering on the disciplinary attributes. This "design-time" customization has been extended to enable "reading-time" personalization for ebook formats. In addition, the rich semantic markup that enables customization and personalization is fodder for further experimentation about "smart textbooks" that can be continuously made smarter by dynamic discovery and inclusion of content.
Models for Architectural Power and Power Grid Noise Analysis on Data Bus

The transition activity on a data bus is a time series that determines power consumption on this data bus. The average values of power consumption and power grid voltage drop are proportional to average value of transition activity, i.e., transition probability. The fluctuation of power grid voltage drop appears as noise on power grid and its strength is determined by the second order statistics of transition activity, i.e., variance, auto-correlation function or power spectrum. In this paper, for the first time, simple accurate models for estimating variance and power spectrum of transition activity are proposed. The proposed models are based on linearly modeling spatial-time correlation of bit-level transition activity and result in low computational complexity but very good estimation accuracy. In addition, the dual bit type (DBT) [1, 2] model for estimating average transition activity was further developed. The previous DBT model was made complete with the equation derived in this paper for computing transition probability beyond breakpoint BP1. Besides DSP computational architecture and algorithm designs, the proposed simple models are of great significance for power grid noise decoupling and chip floor-planning.
Industry parallel interconnection agreements

Abstract Prior analyses of interconnection in networks have emphasized vertical issues e.g. between local telephone companies and interexchange service providers. We consider here horizontal interconnection agreements. Such agreements among competitors to set a fee to use a standard can lead to monopoly pricing, through fees equal to the margin between the monopoly price and marginal cost. Industry parallel interconnection agreements among local telephone companies have similar effects. Profits from these fees could be competed away in attracting subscribers. With more general conjectural variations, incentives for anticompetitive interconnection fee agreements persist. Regulatory oversight could be valuable even absent monopoly or incumbency advantages.
The Nguzo Saba as a Foundation for African American College Student Development Theory

Because educators at predominantly White institutions have historically relied upon a body of knowledge that supports and reinforces Euroamerican values, they often prove unsuccessful in responding to the educational and cultural needs of African American students. Black students at predominantly White institutions are taught and evaluated from an Anglo-Saxon perspective. (McEwen et al., 1996, p. 217)