cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium solutions to generalized motion by mean curvature

In this paper we consider viscosity equilibria to the mean curvature level set flow with a Dirichlet condition. The main result shows that almost every level set of an equilibrium solution is analytic off of a singular set of Hausdorff dimension at most n − 8 and that these level sets are stationary and stable with respect to the area functional. A key tool developed is a maximum principle for solutions to obstacle problems where the obstacle consists of (viscosity) minimal surfaces. Convergence to equilibrium as t → ∞ is also established for the associated initial-boundary value problem.
Detection using the multifocal electroretinogram of mosaic retinal dysfunction in carriers of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa.

Abstract Purpose To examine whether a mosaic pattern of retinal dysfunction in obligate carriers of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) could be observed in local electroretinographic responses obtained with the multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). Design Prospective observational case series. Participants Five obligate carriers of XLRP (mean age, 53.2 years) were recruited into the study. Methods Examination of each subject included a complete ocular examination, Humphrey visual field, standard full-field electroretinogram (ERG), and mfERG testing. For the mfERG, we used a 103-scaled hexagonal stimulus array that subtended a retinal area of approximately 40° in diameter. The amplitudes and implicit times in each location for the mfERG was compared with the corresponding value determined for a group of normally sighted, age-corrected control subjects. Main outcome measures Mapping of 103 local electroretinographic response amplitudes and implicit times within the central 40° with the multifocal electroretinogram. Results Localized regions of reduced mfERG amplitudes and/or delayed implicit times were found in four of five carriers. In one of these four carriers, a mosaic pattern of mfERG dysfunction was present even in the absence of any clinically apparent retinal changes, retinal sensitivity losses on Humphrey field testing, or abnormal full-field cone ERG responses. However, one carrier with a typical tapetal-like reflex demonstrated no deficit on any functional tests. Conclusions The mfERG demonstrated patchy areas of retinal dysfunction in some carriers of XLRP. This mosaic pattern of dysfunction may be observed in some patients with a normal-appearing fundus, normal psychophysical thresholds, and normal amplitude and implicit time full-field ERG cone responses.
Nanocluster Size-Control and “Magic Number” Investigations. Experimental Tests of the “Living-Metal Polymer” Concept and of Mechanism-Based Size-Control Predictions Leading to the Syntheses of Iridium(0) Nanoclusters Centering about Four Sequential Magic Numbers†

Our recent kinetic and mechanistic studies of the formation of Bu4N+ and P2W15Nb3O629- polyoxoanion-stabilized Ir(0)∼300 nanoclusters led to the elucidation of a new mechanism for nanoclusters synthesized from metal salts under H2: slow, continuous nucleation, rate constant k1, then autocatalytic surface growth, rate constant k2. This mechanism contains four key, previously unverified predictions: (i) that the nanoclusters are “living-metal polymers” and, hence, that a series of increasing size nanoclusters can be synthesized by design; (ii) that the ratio of rates of growth to nucleation, R (=k2[nanocluster active sites]/k1), should correlate with and should be useful to predict the size of new nanoclusters; (iii) that the autocatalytic surface growth should tend to favor so-called “magic-number” size (i.e., closed shell; higher stability) nanoclusters; and, overall, (iv) that it should be possible to prepare, for the first time, a sequential series of nanoclusters centering about the transition metal ...
Benzodiazepine self-administration in humans and laboratory animals – implications for problems of long-term use and abuse

Drug reinforcement may represent the primary behavioral-pharmacological mechanism underlying two types of problematic use of benzodiazepines – recreational abuse by polydrug abusers and inappropriate chronic use by patients. High dose polydrug abuse for the purpose of getting high is readily recognized as a significant social problem. Inappropriate chronic benzodiazepine use is more subtle but relatively common: for anxiolytics, 36% of past-year users (3% of the adult population in the US) report using these drugs for 4 consecutive months or longer. The risks of such long-term use are much better documented than the benefits. This paper provides a current review of various problems that have been identified with the long-term use and the recreational abuse of benzodiazepines, including memory impairment, risk of accidents, falls and hip fractures in the elderly, a withdrawal syndrome, brain damage, overuse in the elderly, overuse by chronic pain patients, overuse by alcoholics and recreational abuse among alcoholics and polydrug abusers. A comprehensive review of the literature on benzodiazepine reinforcing effects in humans and laboratory animals is also provided. Drug self-administration studies in humans and laboratory animals provide models of both types of problematic benzodiazepine use. Recreational abuse of benzodiazepines has been modeled in human research with polydrug abusers and in laboratory animal studies, which show that the reinforcing effect of benzodiazepines is intermediate relative to other sedative compounds and is increased in subjects with histories of previous sedative drug self-administration. The problem of inappropriate long-term use of benzodiazepines by people without histories of drug abuse has been partially modeled in human studies showing that benzodiazepines function as reinforcers in subjects with anxiety, insomnia, and histories of moderate alcohol consumption, and in preclinical studies showing stable, low-rate benzodiazepine self-injection with concurrent physical dependence under conditions of continuous availability. Both human and animal research suggests that the drug history and current behavioral context may be important in the establishment of benzodiazepines as reinforcers. Limited human and animal research provides little support for the common belief that physical dependence enhances benzodiazepine reinforcement.
Abstract 5050: Functional characterization of a newly identified growth regulatory gene SKCG-1 in human kidney cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The mechanism of human kidney cancer development is not completely understood. Recently, we have identified a new growth regulatory gene, SKCG-1 and its expression was found to be decreased or lossed in human Wilms tumor. The objective of this study was to further characterize this gene and determine whether it has growth inhibitory function in human kidney cancer. The role of DNA hypermethylation in the inhibition of SKCG-1 expression in tumorigenic kidney epithelial cells was investigated by 5′-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (demethylating agent) treatment. The role of SKCG-1 in cell growth was tested by both, silencing its expression in normal cells, and overexpressing it in tumorigenic kidney epithelial cells. Reactivation of SKCG-1 transcripts in 5′ Aza-2′-deoxycytidine -treated HEK293 cells as compared to the untreated HEK293 cells suggest the hypermethylation as one of the causes for loss of SKCG-1expression in human kidney cancer cells. Colony formation assay revealed that ectopic expression of SKCG-1 suppresses the growth of tumorigenic HEK293 cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of SKCG-1 in HEK293 resulted in increased cell growth and this was further confirmed by increased DNA synthesis as revealed by Brdu assay. Silencing of SKCG-1 also resulted in increased expression of cell cycle gene CyclinD1 and decreased expression of P53. Immunocytochemical staining of SKCG-1 confirmed its localization in the nuclear membrane. Immunohistochemical staining further confirmed the loss of SKCG-1 expression in human kidney tumors (RCC) and its presence in surrounding normal human kidney tissue. These results suggest that the presence of SKCG-1 inhibits the growth of cancer cells and its absence allows the growth of cancer cells. The findings of this study further support the tumor suppressor role of SKCG-1 in kidney cancer. Therefore, the restoration of SKCG-1 function and its signaling pathway(s) represents a possible therapeutic target in kidney cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5050.
Construction of Combinatorial Chemical Libraries Using a Rapid and Efficient Solid Phase Synthesis Based on a Multicomponent Condensation Reaction

Abstract A 96 member library of acylated dipeptides based on a known anticonvulsant was synthesized utilizing an Ugi four component condensation followed by derivitization through nucleophilic displacement of a Weinreb type amide. The library afforded compounds in reasonable yield and high purity after cleavage from solid support.
Third-generation model for corticosteroid pharmacodynamics: Roles of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA in rat liver

A third-generation pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was proposed for receptor/genemediated corticosteroid effects. The roles of the messenger RNA (mRNA) for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in hepatic GR down-regulation and the mRNA for hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) induction by methylprednisolone (MPL) were examined. Male adrenalectomized Wistar rats received 50 mg/kg MPL iv. Blood and liver samples were collected at various time points for a period of 18 hr. Plasma concentrations of MPL, free hepatic cytosolic GR densities, GR mRNA, TAT mRNA, and TAT activities in liver were determined. Plasma MPL profile was biexponential with a terminal t1/2 of 0.57 hr. Free hepatic GR density rapidly disappeared from cytoplasm after the MPL dose and then slowly returned to about 60% of starting level after 16 hr. Meanwhile, GR mRNA level fell to 45% of baseline within 2 hr postdosing, and remained at that level for at least 18 hr. The GR down-regulation of GR mRNA and protein turnover rate were modeled. The TAT mRNA began to increase at about 2 hr, reached a maximum at about 5 hr, and declined to baseline by 14 hr. TAT induction followed a similar pattern, except the induction was delayed about 0.5 hr. Pharmacodynamic parameters were obtained by fitting seven differential equations in a piecewise fashion. The cascade of corticosteroid steps were modeled by a series of inductions for steroid-receptor-DNA complex, two intermediate transit compartments, TAT mRNA, and TAT activity. Results indicate that GR mRNA and TAT mRNA are major controlling factors for the receptor/gene-mediated effects of corticosteroids.
Transposition of gram-positive transposon Tn916 in Acholeplasma laidlawii and Mycoplasma pulmonis

Mycoplasma genetics has been limited by a lack of genetic tools such as selectable markers, methods to transfer DNA, and suitable vectors for cloning. Studies were undertaken to examine the potential of using the streptococcal transposon Tn916 as a mycoplasma genetic tool. The Escherichia coli plasmid pAM120, which contains Tn916, was transformed into Acholeplasma laidlawii and Mycoplasma pulmonis. Transposition of Tn916 into the mycoplasma chromosome apparently occurred by an excision-insertion mechanism. This example shows that newly introduced DNA from other bacteria can be successfully expressed in mycoplasma and that Tn916 should serve as a powerful genetic tool for the study of mycoplasmas.
Cholecystokinin receptor positivity in children with chronic acalculous gallbladder dysfunction: a pilot study to investigate the etiology of chronic acalculous gallbladder dysfunction

Abstract Background The etiology of chronic acalculous gallbladder dysfunction (CAGD) is unknown. However, cholecystectomy is being performed as treatment, based on gallbladder (GB) ejection fraction studies. The aim of this study was to examine the pathology and immunohistology of GBs from children with CAGD. Methods Children with a diagnosis of CAGD were identified. Control patients had their GB removed for nonbiliary indications. Immunoperoxidase staining was performed using rabbit antihuman cholecystokinin receptor (CCK-R) antibody. The pathologist was blinded to the study and controls. Results Fifteen children were evaluated: 6 children with CAGD and 9 controls. All children with CAGD had abnormal cholecystokinin-stimulated nuclear imaging. Ejection fractions ranged from 8% to 30%. All patients reported resolution of symptoms on follow-up at 6 months. Histopathology of the GB was normal for both the controls and children with CAGD. Both control and CAGD GBs demonstrated positive staining for CCK-R in the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle. Mucosal epithelial staining was only observed in 5 of 6 of GBs of children with CAGD. In the sixth GB, the epithelium was too necrotic to assess. Conclusions In this pilot study, expression of CCK-Rs in the epithelial cells is noted in children with CAGD compared with controls. The significance of this finding requires further investigation.
Stochastic analysis of fractional brownian motions

In this article some of the important ideas in ordinary stochastic analysis are applied to fractional Brownian motions (fBm's). First we give a simple and elementary proof of the fact that any fBm has zero quadratic variation. This fact leads to the non-semimartingale structure of fBm's. Another consequence is that we can integrate (in probability) the functionals of fBm's with fBm differentials. With the same integrator, we then develop the L2 integration theory of bounded sure processes based on of K. Bichteler's integral extension theory. Finally, we investigate the corresponding stochastic differential equations with fractional Brownian noise
ac Stark shifts for cesium and their effect on ionization line shapes

The influence of ac Stark shifts on the three-photon ionization of cesium in a moderate-intensity laser beam is investigated. The ionization process involves a two-photon resonance with the $8d$ fine-structure levels. The work consists of two related parts. In the first part, atomic parameters, such as the two-photon Rabi rate and the ac Stark shift, are calculated in the nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock approximation. In the second part, the atomic parameters thus obtained are used as coefficients in a system of coupled differential equations representing the time evolution of the density matrix. Ionization line shapes are generated for a transform-limited pulsed laser of moderate intensity with a single-mode transverse structure. As the time history of the intensity profile is varied from square to smooth, the ionization line shape becomes asymmetric due to the time dependence of the ac Stark shift. The effects of varying the spatial intensity distribution of the laser light to include transverse centering and longitudinal focusing are also studied.
On the use of the method of wave images to introduce students to acoustics.

A previous paper [Ginsberg, 2006, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 1954–1960] extended the d’Alembert solution of the one-dimensional wave equation to semi-infinite and finite length waveguides. The concept uses images of incident waves in order to describe reflection phenomena. Each image is algebraically related to an incident wave when the restriction to purely resistive terminations is met. The present paper extends the previous treatment from initial value problems to situations in which the particle velocity at a termination is specified. The discussion emphasizes the use of hand-drawn sketches as a method that will allow students at all levels to understand the basic processes of wave propagation and reflection. The number and complexity of the wave images is enhanced in a bounded waveguide, so simple numerical algorithms for evaluating the response of such systems also are discussed. The wave image technique is applied to a sequence of increasingly complicated systems. Suggestions are given regarding what...
Osmotic adaptation of mouse lymphoblasts

Abstract 1. 1. Osmotic adaptation in a tissue-cultured mammalian cell, the L5178-Y mouse lymphoblast, has been studied by means of an electronic cell counter coupled with a pulse-height analyzer system. 2. 2. It was found that these cells first swell and then ultimately return to normal size in various dilutions of medium. Also, cells remain viable after the temporary shock of these dilutions. 3. 3. An empirical equation has been computer-fitted to the data. A permeability constant for water has been obtained, 0.83 ± 0.05 μ 3 per min per μ 2 of cell surface per atm difference in osmotic pressure, which checks closely with other cells with the same surface-to-volume ratio of 0.55 μ −1 . Possible explanations for the swelling and shrinking phenomenon are offered.
Consideration of digitization precision when building local coordinate axes for a foot model.

This study investigated whether points digitized for the purpose of embedding coordinate systems into the foot accurately represented the orientation of the bone described. Eight complete data sets were collected from 9 adult cadaver specimens. Palpable landmarks defined 5 segments to include the calcaneus, navicular, medial cuneiform, first metatarsal, and hallux. With use of the Flock of Birds electromagnetic motion tracking device, a single examiner digitized a minimum of 3 points for each segment. Coordinate definitions followed the right-hand rule, with left-sided data converted to right-sided equivalency. Local axes were created where X projected approximately forward, Y upward, and Z laterally. Matrix transformation computations calculated the angular precision in degrees between coordinates built from points digitized pre- and post-dissection of surface tissues covering bone. The condition of post-dissection was considered the criterion standard for comparison. Change about the X-axis represented the angular precision of the coordinate in the frontal anatomical plane; Y-axis in the transverse plane; Z-axis in the sagittal plane. The calcaneus and navicular coordinate axes changed by an average of <3° across conditions. Mean coordinate angulation of the cuneiform X, Y, Z axes changed by 6.0°, 4.6°, 11.9°, respectively. Change in coordinate angulation was largest for the X-axis at the first metatarsal (48.6°) and hallux (36.5°). A two-way repeated measures ANOVA found a significant interaction between the axis and segment (F=8.87, P=0.00). Tukey post-hoc comparisons indicated the change in coordinate angulation at the X-axis for the cuneiform, metatarsal, and hallux to be significantly different (P <0.05) from the calcaneus and navicular. The X-axis of the first metatarsal and hallux was different from all other axis-segment combinations except for the Z-axis of the cuneiform. Differences in locating landmarks reduced angular precision of the coordinate axes most in the smallest foot segments where points digitized were located close together. We can recommend the proposed landmarks for the calcaneus and navicular segments, but kinematics determined about the coordinate axes for the small sized medial cuneiform, and the long (X) axis for the first metatarsal and hallux have excessive error.
Simulation-based designs for accelerated life tests

Abstract In this paper we present a Bayesian decision theoretic approach to the design of accelerated life tests (ALT). We discuss computational issues regarding the evaluation of expectation and optimization steps in the solution of the decision problem. We illustrate how Monte Carlo methods can be used in preposterior analysis to find optimal designs and how the required computational effort can be avoided by using curve-fitting techniques. In so doing, we adopt the recent Monte-Carlo-based approaches of Muller and Parmigiani (1995. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 90, 503–510) and Muller (2000. Bayesian Statistics 6, forthcoming) to develop optimal Bayesian designs. These approaches facilitate the preposterior analysis by replacing it with a sequence of scatter plot smoothing/regression techniques and optimization of the corresponding fitted surfaces. We present our development by considering single and multiple-point fixed, as well as, sequential design problems when the underlying life model is exponential, and illustrate the implementation of our approach with some examples.
A Drafting Course for Practicing Engineers

Graphical communication has traditionally been a basic part of the mechanical engineer’s education. The production and reading of drawings have long been considered an attribute of ‘literate’ engineers. Today, that assumption is under attack, as is the very definition of a drafting course. Typical questions include “Why should we teach pencil/paper drawing in an AutoCAD age?” “Why not just teach solids modeling and forget the old-fashioned stuff?” At Mercer University we teach in the sophomore year a single two-semester-hour laboratory course containing three modules: pencil-and-paper drawing, computer-aided drawing, and solids modeling. The course attempts to balance the presentation and mastery of traditional descriptive geometry principles and skills with the need to prepare engineers for practice. The goal in each module is to teach enough skill to provide a base for experience and future learning in both course work and professional practice. The approach in each module is to start with the basic skills of that particular method, and progress to the production of working and assembly drawings. Rationale and learning objectives for the course are presented, as well as representative examples of assignments and projects.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The Effect of Cook‐Off on the Bulk Permeability of a Plastic Bonded Explosive

Plastic bonded explosives when exposed to prolonged heating environments undergo a variety of changes that affect their bulk chemical, thermophysical, and mechanical properties. During slow heating conditions, referred to as cook-off, the thermal behavior of the polymeric binder plays an important role in the transformations of these composite energetic materials. The recently introduced Darcian flow hypothesis for PBX-9501 implies that, during preignition, temperature gradients will lead to pressure gradients which in turn will drive convection of decomposition gases throughout the explosive, thus affecting ignition time and location. Here, we focus on the cook-off behavior of PBX-9501 and investigate its effects on bulk permeability to gases produced as a result of thermal decomposition. The concept of Darcian convection through porous media is defined and illustrated in detail by the derivation of the governing equations for a permeameter. Based on a systematic analysis involving: 1) our current understanding about binder behavior as a function of temperature, 2) the physics of the gas permeameter apparatus, 3) the concept of liquid drainage by gas, and 4) the experimental record of four permeameter experiments with cooked PBX-9501, we conclude that samples heated up to 186 °C were not permeable in the Darcy-flow sense.
Structural complexity in carbonatite liquid at high pressures

[1] The structure of a carbonatite liquid is examined using Raman spectroscopy at simultaneous high pressures and temperatures. At a pressure of 1.6 GPa and ∼700°C, the carbonatite shows marked structural differences from crystalline carbonates. The symmetric stretching vibration of the carbonate group shows clearly that two different carbonate group environments are present in the liquid: a weak vibration is observed near 1070 cm−1 and a stronger peak near 970 cm−1. Of these two peaks, the one with lower amplitude is indicative of normal, symmetric carbonate units (with partial double C-O bonds), while the higher amplitude feature is associated with single-bonded C-O units, and thus highly distorted, yet structurally discrete, carbonate units. This diversity of structural environments is likely associated with the high affinity of incompatible elements, such as the rare earths, for carbonatite liquids. These structural observations provide a microscopic rationale for the dramatic difference in element partitioning between carbonatite and silicate liquids.
Disulfide reduction abolishes tissue factor cofactor function.

Background Tissue factor (TF), an in vivo initiator of blood coagulation, is a transmembrane protein and has two disulfides in the extracellular domain. The integrity of one cysteine pair, Cys186–Cys209, has been hypothesized to be essential for an allosteric “decryption” phenomenon, presumably regulating TF procoagulant function, which has been the subject of a lengthy debate. The conclusions of published studies on this subject are based on indirect evidences obtained by the use of reagents with potentially oxidizing/reducing properties.
Short-term induction and long-term suppression of HPV16 oncogene silencing by RNA interference in cervical cancer cells

RNA interference-mediated gene silencing has the potential to block gene expression. A synthetic double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) based on a sequence motif of 21 nucleotides from human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6E7 bicistronic RNA was found to be a potent siRNA that suppresses expression of both the E6 and E7 oncogenes in HPV16+ CaSki and SiHa cells. When stably expressed as a short hairpin RNA in these cells, however, siRNA silencing of E6 and E7 expression was efficient only at early cell passages, but became inefficient with increased cell passages despite the continued expression of the siRNA at the same level. The loss of the siRNA function was duplicable in stable p53 siRNA cells, but not in stable lamin A/C siRNA cells, suggesting that it is gene selective. The cells resistant to siRNA function retained normal siRNA processing, duplex unwinding and degradation of the unwound sense strand and RNA-induced silencing complex formation, suggesting that loss of the siRNA function occurred at a later step. Surprisingly, the siRNA-resistant cells were found to express notably a cytoplasmic protein of approximately 50 kDa that specifically and characteristically interacted with the unwound, antisense strand E7 siRNA. Altogether, our data indicate that a potent siRNA targeting to an essential or regulatory gene might induce a cell to develop siRNA-suppressive function.
Clean Agent Suppression of Energized Electrical Equipment Fires

The NFPA 2001 standard on the use of clean agents for the suppression of fires arose from the phase-out of Halon 1301. Standard methods exists for specifying the amount of clean agent required for Class A and Class B fires, but the recommendation for Class C fires (those involving energized electrical equipment) defaults to the Class A values. While this may be appropriate for some Class C fires, there is concern that higher agent concentration may be necessary if energy is added to the fire by the electrical source. A number of test methods have been proposed to determine the amount of agent required to suppress fires in energized electrical equipment; however, there has been no broad agreement on a test method to include in NFPA 2001 for Class C fires. Further, some of the test methods suggest that the current recommended total flooding concentration is sufficient, while others suggest that higher concentrations may be necessary for some fires. This report reviews the role of energy augmentation in the suppression of fires over condensed phase materials. A test protocol is suggested which can quantify the effects of added energy on the suppression process.
A Proof of Concept Study for Analyzing Hazmat Transportation Risks in an All-Hazards Environment

Events such as the World Trade Center attacks, Hurricane Katrina, and the Minneapolis bridge collapse have affected society's perception of the risks affecting our lives. It has also led to the realization that a more systematic and holistic approach to risk management is needed, one that takes into consideration natural hazards, man made accidents, and intentional acts in a single context. This article discusses the early stage development of an all-hazards risk management (AHRM) approach designed to achieve this objective, taking hazardous materials transportation risk into consideration. Utilizing established assessment methods and data sources, relevant risks are expressed in monetary terms, creating a consistent basis from which one can identify those risks that warrant priority attention. An early stage application is presented, one involving an assessment of truck transportation of hazardous materials and earthquakes as two risks threatening several areas within the State of Tennessee, to illustrate the viability of implementing an AHRM approach.
Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol on acute bowel ischemia in the rat

After a 30 minute period of superior mesenteric artery occlusion in adult rats, there was a significant decrease in peritoneal inflammatory reaction, ileus, peritoneal adhesion formation, and histologically proved bowel wall necrosis in animals given intravenous dimethyl sulfoxide at the end of the ischemic period. In contrast, control rats given normal saline solution intravenously demonstrated severe inflammatory reaction, ileus, hemorrhagic peritoneal fluid, extensive adhesion formation, and areas of bowel wall necrosis. Intravenous glycerol did not have the beneficial effect seen with dimethyl sulfoxide. Neither compound was effective when given intraperitoneally. We conclude that intravenous dimethyl sulfoxide has a significant protective effect in rats with acute intestinal ischemia due to the superior mesenteric artery occlusion in the rat.
Practical Adaptations of Cognitive Processing Therapy with Bosnian Refugees: Implications for Adapting Practice to a Multicultural Clientele

Abstract Recent findings suggest that established psychological treatments for PTSD are effective for diverse populations, including war refugees who have experienced multiple and severe losses, deprivations, hardships, and atrocities. Treating non-English-speaking traumatized refugees requires the clinician to overcome linguistic and various cultural dissimilarities with clients that complicate effective engagement. Examples of clinical adaptations for Bosnian clients are presented along with a discussion of the client’s and therapist’s relationship to the larger service delivery system.
Animal models of restenosis.

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is a widely used technique for recanalizing arteries that are occluded by atherosclerotic plaque, but its usefulness is limited by the occurrence ofrestenosis in a high proportion of patients. The development of new therapies for this currently intractable problem will be facilitated by the use of animal models of restenosis that are predictive of drug efficacy in humans. Two approaches for improving predictivity can be identified. In the first of these, the goal is to maximize the anatomical and procedural resemblance of the model to humans. The second approach seeks to maximize the pathophysiological and molecular biological resemblance of the model to humans. Tangible progress is being made toward the first goal, but lack of understanding of the basic biology of human restenosis is hampering progress toward the second.
The α and β subunits of lamb kidney Na,K-ATPase are both glycoproteins.

Abstract We have determined the carbohydrate compositions of the protein components of lamb kidney Na,K-ATPase. The α subunit contains a total of about 16 monosaccharide residues per mol of protein, while the β subunit contains about 36 residues per mol. The γ protein, a proteolipid associated with the Na,K-ATPase, contains only traces of carbohydrate. A comparison of our results with those of others shows considerable variability in the carbohydrate compositions of α and β subunits from different species.
1220–1280-nm Optically Pumped InAs Quantum Dot-Based Vertical External-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser

We report an InAs quantum dot-based optically pumped vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL), with a continuously variable emission wavelength from 1220 to 1280 nm through the use of epitaxial gradient across the wafer. We demonstrate the performance of two designs of this VECSEL. The first design, 4 × 3, makes use of a resonant periodic gain structure where three dot-in-a-well (DWELL) layers are located at the antinode of the E-field standing wave, with a total of four sets being used. The second design, 12 × 1, makes use of a single DWELL layer per antinode which is repeated 12 times for the same total of 12 DWELL layers. We demonstrate the lasing performance of the two structures as a function of distance from the center of the wafer and use known radial composition gradients in the molecular beam epitaxy reactor to achieve 50 nm continuous wavelength variation in the 4 × 3 structure and 60 nm in the 12 × 1 structure. We also demonstrate that the performance of the 12 × 1 structure is significantly improved compared to the 4 × 3 structure for all measured laser parameters, possibly due to increased pump absorption in the former structure's thicker barriers.
The Causes of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran

Marx, the prophet of revolution, may no longer haunt conservative politicians, but Marx, the theorist of revolution, continues to both attract and arouse social scientists. In the words of one student of politics, the social sciences, especially political sociology, can be described as a ‘century-long dialogue with Karl Marx.’ And as one prominent historian of ideas has aptly stated, Marx can properly be called the midwife of twentieth-century social thought, ‘for in the process of discarding what they had found invalid in Marxism and explaining what aspects of it had proved helpful, the innovators of the late nineteenth century took their first steps towards constructing a more general theory of social reality.’ For example, Emile Durkheim developed the paradigm of ‘mechanical and organic solidarity’ to counter the theory of class struggle. Vilfred Pareto and Gaetano Mosca stressed the dichotomy between ruling elites and ruled masses to supplant the concept of socioeconomic classes. Robert Michels formulated the ‘iron law of oligarchy’ to warn that popular organizations, such as the Social Democratic Parties, would bring in not the era of democratic socialism but the autocracy of bureaucratic socialists.’ And Max Weber, of course, devoted much of his career to showing that the dynamics of class conflict should be studied concomitantly with the heavy weights of conservative ideologies, traditional religions, ethnic castes, and bureaucratic institutions.
Axial period of fibrinogen and fibrin.

X-RAY diffraction was first applied to the analysis of blood clotting by Bailey, Astbury and Rudall1. The apparent persistence of the α-type wide-angle X-ray diagram when fibrinogen is converted to fibrin led these investigators to conclude that “fibrinogen is no other than an insoluble modification of fibrin without any fundamental change in molecular plan”.
How Will Personalized Medicine Impact the Practice of Gastroenterology

I exchange for a drop of saliva and as little as $299, consumers can access predictions about their future health ased on DNA sequence variations occurring throughout their enome. Tantalizing. But is this the personalized medicine that ealth care providers and patients envision as the future pracice of medicine? Personalized medicine uses information about an individul’s genes, proteins, and environment to inform health care ecisions that could improve clinical outcome. This notion of ersonalized medicine appears attainable with the recent seuencing of the entire human genome (Human Genome Projct), the publication of HapMap (a catalogue of common single ucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] linked to traits and disorers), and technological advances conferring the ability to rapdly analyze an individual’s genome. Genomic sequencing proides the most comprehensive genetic information about an ndividual because it detects all types of genetic variations and utations, but currently is impractical in clinical care because omplete genome sequencing and analysis could cost as much s $68,500, at least according to one company (it cost $350,000 n 2007).1 Most direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing companies instead use state-of-the-art microarray technology to rapidly identify SNPs that generate a less complete snapshot of an individual’s genetic variations. Although specific SNPs themselves generally are not believed to be responsible for causing a trait or disorder, their presence may be used to predict a genetic predisposition to certain traits. After analyzing an individual’s DNA, a DTC company can provide the consumer with a list of predictions (or relative risks) of specific disorders, based on more than 1000 DNA variants already linked to specific diseases or traits in the published literature. For-profit companies claim they can make predictions about the likelihood of developing a multitude of disorders or traits, ranging from esophageal cancer to baldness. The Genetics and Public Policy Center has compiled a list of the companies and the traits and disorders each claims to detect.2 One company maintains it can identify the “inherited and endowed inborn talents of a child from the genetic makeup of his/her DNA” (Map My Gene, Singapore; www.mapmygene.
The epidemiology of LAV/HTLV-III in Africa

Historique de l'infection par le HTLV3. Ampleur du probleme, epidemiologie descriptive, modes de transmission, interaction avec les maladies endemiques, prevention
The effect of stimulus duration on frequency-response functions in the Pacinian (P) channel.

Psychophysical experiments on human observers and physiological measurements on Pacinian corpuscles (PCs) isolated from cat mesentery were performed to explain certain discrepancies in the psychophysical—physiological model (Bolanowski et al., 1988) for the sense of touch in the vibrotactle Pacinian (P) channel. The model was based on correlations among the psychophysical frequency response obtained on human glabrous skin and physiological frequency-response functions measured on two PC preparations: PC fibers innervating human glabrous skin (Johansson et al., 1982) and PCs isolated from cat mesentery. The three frequency-response functions were qualitatively similar. However, the low-frequency slope for the human PC fibers differed from the slopes for the psychophysical and cat mesentery PC functions by being 3 dB/octave less steep. This discrepancy can be explained theoretically by differences in methodology involving the effect of stimulus duration and the property of temporal summation known to exist ...
Calibration of Numerical Model Output Using Nonparametric Spatial Density Functions

The evaluation of physically based computer models for air quality applications is crucial to assist in control strategy selection. Selecting the wrong control strategy has costly economic and social consequences. The objective comparison of the means and variances of modeled air pollution concentrations with the ones obtained from observed field data is the common approach for the assessment of model performance. One drawback of this strategy is that it fails to calibrate properly the tails of the modeled air pollution distribution. Improving the ability of these numerical models to characterize high pollution events is of critical interest for air quality management.
The electron microscopy of developing bacteriophage. III. Techniques to visualize developing forms.

Abstract Three methods of specimen preparation are described to supplement those already used in the electron microscopy of bacteriophage-diseased bacteria. Preparations that reveal all the contents of a broth culture can be made by pouring onto an agar plate and taking a pseudo replica from its surface. Unflattened bacterial residues can be studied by dehydration and final suspension in amyl acetate for deposition on formvar-covered grids. The contents of bacteriophage-infected, unflattened bacterial residues can be clearly seen in sections cut through a mass of such residues. Examples are shown of preparations made in these ways and some of the new information they give is pointed out.
Pressure measurements during injection of corticosteroids: in vivo studies.

Intralesional injection of corticosteroids is an effective treatment for capillary hemangiomas. Complications include embolisation of corticosteroid particles into the ocular circulation resulting in permanent loss of vision. This research is aimed at developing an injection cannula and monitoring system to prevent such inadvertent embolisation. A cannula has been designed to simultaneously estimate the pressure at its tip and the flow rate during injection. The estimation technique has previously been validated using an in vitro model. In this study, the cannula was tested in vivo with canine liver at injection flow rates of 2.5 to 21 ml min−1. The pressure generated in the tissue during injection was calculated using the technique developed. This was compared with direct in situ pressure measurements made with a coaxial outer cannula. The mean calculated pressure was seen to be linearly related to the mean measured pressure with a slope of 0.97, correlation coefficient of 0.99 and standard error of 2.74 mmHg. Similar trends were observed between the maximum calculated and maximum measured injection pressure: slope=1.0, r=0.99 and standard error=5.54 mmHg. The estimation of the mean and maximum pressure from the cannula and monitoring system was accurate in canine liver. High pressures close to 250 mmHg were generated in tissues during injection.
Fast three-dimensional laser scanning using acousto-optic deflectors

A scheme for fast three-dimensional laser scanning using acousto-optic deflectors is proposed and demonstrated. By employing counter-propagating acoustic waves that are both chirped and offset in their frequencies, it is possible to simultaneously scan both in the axial and lateral directions. This scheme also has the added benefit of inherently compensating for spatial dispersion when ultra-fast laser pulses are used in acousto-optic multi-photon microscopy.
The Indiscriminate State of Social Class Measurement

Two frequently used composite indices of social class, the Hollingshead Two Factor index and the Duncan SEI, are critically analyzed, both conceptually and methodologically, using data secured from two national samples. Although both indices are based on occupation, comparison of their scores shows several types of work are differentially evaluated. The findings suggest that the Duncan SEI suffers from weaknesses which undermine its usefulness, while the Hollingshead index requires updating. Thus there is a need for a valid index based on the theoretical distinction between class and status, and adapted to current structural realities. Although social class is often a critical factor in sociological research, either as a major analytic variable or as a principal control, there is no measure of class generally agreed upon or utilized by American sociologists. An informal survey of articles from 1963 through 1968 in the American Sociological Review, for example, reveals that many researchers evaluated socioeconomic distinctions by a single blue-collar/ white-collar, or middle-class/ working-class dichotomy. Others made various groupings of census occupation categories. Another type of analysis developed some contrived index, often combining income, rent, education or occupational levels on an ad hoc basis. The two most frequently utilized composite indices were (1) the Hollingshead Two Factor Index, which appeared six times in its original form and made five additional appearances in a modified form, and (2) the Duncan Socio-Economic Index (SEI), which turned up ten times. This variety is at least partly a consequence of the fuzzy conceptualization of class which has plagued the discipline. The Marxian view that class position is a function of relation to the means of production has been rejected as * Revision of papers read at the annual meeting of the Ohio Valley Sociological Society, South Bend, Indiana, April 1967, and the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Boston, Massachusetts, August 1968. Project supported by RSA RD-1726-P-68-63. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.151 on Thu, 07 Jul 2016 05:01:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Interorganizational information systems in vertical markets

Interorganizational information systems, i.e., systems spanning more than a single organization, are proliferating as companies become aware of the potential of these systems to affect interorganizational interactions in terms of economic efficiency and strategic manipulation. This new technology can have far-reaching impacts on the structure of entire industries. The article identifies two types of interorganizational information systems, information links and electronic markets. It studies the implications of information links for the coordination of individual organizations with their customers and their suppliers, and the implications of electronic market systems for the efficiency and competition in vertical markets. The strategic significance of the above implications is addressed, and potential long-term impacts on the structure of markets, industries and organizations are discussed. >
Evidence for two distinct mechanisms of neurogenesis and cellular pattern formation in regenerated goldfish retinas.

After its destruction by intraocular injection of ouabain, the goldfish retina regenerates, but little is known about the histogenesis of the new tissue, including the structure and formation of regenerated cell mosaic patterns. In an effort to determine how retinal cells are generated and spatially organized within retina regenerated after ouabain injection, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical techniques were combined with computational analyses of two-dimensional spatial patterns of identified neurons. Labeling with specific opsin riboprobes revealed two distinct cone patterns in the ouabain-injected eyes, each of which was different from the relatively orderly cone patterns of native retina. Central, regenerated regions had sparse aggregates of cones, and a relatively lower density of each cone type. Peripheral regions of experimental retina, likely derived from the circumferential germinal zone, had high densities of all cone types, each of which tended to be distributed randomly. The spatial patterns of inner retinal neurons in experimental eyes were also disorganized with respect to native retina. These results indicate that although some aspects of retinal regeneration resemble normal retinal development and growth, ouabain-induced regeneration does not produce well-organized mosaics of neurons, indicating a failure of the developmental interactions needed for proper pattern formation, which in turn could compromise visual recovery. Furthermore, the distinct cone patterns in different regions of experimental retina support the hypothesis that new goldfish retina arises via two spatially and cellularly distinct mechanisms after exposure to ouabain. J. Comp. Neurol. 431: 363–381, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: cone; photoreceptor; development; spatial pattern analysis; cone mosaic