cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The necessity of the early use of antibiotics in treatment of mass casualties from ionizing radiation

Dear Editors, In a major disaster, the usual period during which successful recovery of the seriously injured may occur is the first 72 hours. Trapped injured victims without fluids and support care who survive over 72 hours are the exception. In the event of a nuclear explosion, the survivors of the blast and flash burns are likely to be also victims of the effects of ionizing radiation. At Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the radiation victims who survived the initial nuclear blast were in the thousands and were able to reach some type of support service; though many died later (36,000 died after the third day) (Oughterson and Warren, 1956). With the availability of antibiotics and marrow replacement, most of these radiation victims could be rescued (Ende and Azzam, 2011, Ende et al., 2001). However, the timing of administration of antibiotics and marrow replacement is critical. In patients with hematological malignancies who have been treated with whole body-irradiation, there is a period of time before the transplanted marrow recovers. Currently, in the clinical situation, these patients are treated, prior to radiation therapy, with broad spectrum antibiotics, antifungal and antiviral compounds. The recovery period is more rapid with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched bone marrow than with human umbilical cord blood. However, with the use of human umbilical cord blood, engraftment occurs even with poorly matched HLA cord blood and there is less graft-versus-host disease. Following exposure to lethal and supra-lethal absorbed doses of radiation, the period of time during which the immune system would be partially functional is significantly shortened. With variable degrees, patients even with minor external physical injuries and infection, but with a severely compromised immune system, may die of septicemia. Our ongoing laboratory studies indicate that from a practical viewpoint, appropriate antibiotics should be administered, as soon as possible, to all suspected mass casualties of a nuclear explosion (i.e. individuals with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea). The emergency medical staff may have at least 24 hours or longer to administer cord blood, if antibiotics are administered shortly after a potentially lethal radiation exposure. We propose that the early use of broad spectrum antibiotics should be integrated in any plan for the treatment of mass casualties from radiation exposure. There are possible negative effects associated with the use of antibiotics. However, in a large population, these effects are insignificant compared to the number of individuals who could be saved from infection. An immune-compromised status resulting from irradiation is potentially life-threatening and would outweigh any risk of antibiotic therapy. In the recent cholera epidemic in Haiti, the use of antibiotics was anticipated to avert 8,000 – 10,000 cases out of a projected total of 779,000 affected individuals, and save 900 – 2,000 lives (Andrews and Basu, 2011).
Action detection using multiple spatial-temporal interest point features

This paper considers the problem of detecting actions from cluttered videos. Compared with the classical action recognition problem, this paper aims to estimate not only the scene category of a given video sequence, but also the spatial-temporal locations of the action instances. In recent years, many feature extraction schemes have been designed to describe various aspects of actions. However, due to the difficulty of action detection, e.g., the cluttered background and potential occlusions, a single type of features cannot solve the action detection problems perfectly in cluttered videos. In this paper, we attack the detection problem by combining multiple Spatial-Temporal Interest Point (STIP) features, which detect salient patches in the video domain, and describe these patches by feature of local regions. The difficulty of combining multiple STIP features for action detection is two folds: First, the number of salient patches detected by different STIP methods varies across different salient patches. How to combine such features is not considered by existing fusion methods [13] [5]. Second, the detection in the videos should be efficient, which excludes many slow machine learning algorithms. To handle these two difficulties, we propose a new approach which combines Gaussian Mixture Model with Branch-and-Bound search to efficiently locate the action of interest. We build a new challenging dataset for our action detection task, and our algorithm obtains impressive results. On classical KTH dataset, our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
What's in a Name? A Multiracial Investigation of the Role of Occupational Stereotypes in Selection Decisions

New York UniversityBertrand & Mullainathan (2002) found evidence that race-typed names can have asignificant influence on the evaluation of re´sume´s. The current study expanded ontheir research by manipulating both the race (Asian American, Black, Hispanic,White) and quality of the re´sume´ (high, low), and by considering occupationalstereotypes as an explanatory mechanism. White male participants (N5155) read afictitious re´sume´, evaluated the applicant, and judged his suitability for jobs. Theresults revealed that Asian American individuals were evaluated highly for high-status jobs, regardless of their re´sume´quality. White and Hispanic applicants bothbenefited from a high-quality re´sume´, but Black applicants were evaluated nega-tively, even with strong credentials. Results of mediation analyses demonstratedthat occupational stereotypes accounted for the relationship between race andevaluations of applicants.
Field Supervisor Behaviour and Officer on Duty Personal Business

Police patrol officers generally operate with little direct supervision of their work activities, enabling them to abuse their unassigned patrol time by engaging in personal business actions. The p...
Six different roles for crossover inhibition in the retina: Correcting the nonlinearities of synaptic transmission

Early retinal studies categorized ganglion cell behavior as either linear or nonlinear and rectifying as represented by the familiar X- and Y-type ganglion cells in cat. Nonlinear behavior is in large part a consequence of the rectifying nonlinearities inherent in synaptic transmission. These nonlinear signals underlie many special functions in retinal processing, including motion detection, motion in motion, and local edge detection. But linear behavior is also required for some visual processing tasks. For these tasks, the inherently nonlinear signals are "linearized" by "crossover inhibition." Linearization utilizes a circuitry whereby nonlinear ON inhibition adds with nonlinear OFF excitation or ON excitation adds with OFF inhibition to generate a more linear postsynaptic voltage response. Crossover inhibition has now been measured in most bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Functionally crossover inhibition enhances edge detection, allows ganglion cells to recognize luminance-neutral patterns with their receptive fields, permits ganglion cells to distinguish contrast from luminance, and maintains a more constant conductance during the light response. In some cases, crossover extends the operating range of cone-driven OFF ganglion cells into the scotopic levels. Crossover inhibition is also found in neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus and V1.
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy A Family Affair

Has referral for genetic evaluation of inherited cardiomyopathies and arrhythmias become a routine part of your clinical practice yet? After several decades of molecular genetic research into the causes of inherited forms of heart disease, the field of cardiovascular genetics is rapidly growing. The pace of progress has accelerated even further in the setting of remarkable technologies that have lowered the costs and increased the speed with which gene sequencing can be performed. Two articles in the curent issue of Circulation point out both the benefits and challenges that are inherent in this evolving new era of genetic characterization as applied to arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C), with particular attention to how this condition runs in families.1,2 Articles see p 2690 and 2701 The largest published series to date arises from a Dutch team of investigators. Cox et al1 present the genetic and phenotypic aspects of 149 ARVD/C probands, along with several important novel pieces of information. They emphasize the importance of family member evaluations by characterization of an additional 302 individuals at risk of inheriting a genetic predisposition to ARVD/C. Among 282 family members who were without any symptoms, 42 (15%) were diagnosed with ARVD/C, facilitating empirical treatment and close follow-up in an attempt to prevent life-threatening manifestations. They highlight the high prevalence of prolongation of the terminal activation duration on ECGs among family members with desmosome gene mutations. Their data help to clarify prior reports of 3 gene variants that were previously considered pathogenic, but now should be considered nonpathogenic. Notably, they included in their methods a technique called multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification to identify large insertions, deletions, or gene rearrangements that would not be picked up with traditional DNA sequencing.3 Although rare, 3 of the 149 probands (2%) had such a mutation …
A polyurethane cuffed endotracheal tube is associated with decreased rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of a polyurethane-cuffed endotracheal tube would result in a decrease in ventilator-associated pneumonia rate. Materials and Methods We replaced conventional endotracheal tube with a polyurethane-cuff endotracheal tube (Microcuff, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Rosewell, Ga) in all adult mechanically ventilated patients throughout our large academic hospital from July 2007 to June 2008. We retrospectively compared the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia before, during, and after the intervention year by interrupted time-series analysis. Results Ventilator-associated pneumonia rates decreased from 5.3 per 1000 ventilator days before the use of the polyurethane-cuffed endotracheal tube to 2.8 per 1000 ventilator days during the intervention year ( P = .0138). During the first 3 months after return to conventional tubes, the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was 3.5/1000 ventilator days. Use of the polyurethane-cuffed endotracheal tube was associated with an incidence risk ratio of ventilator-associated pneumonia of 0.572 (95% confidence interval, 0.340-0.963). In statistical regression analysis controlling for other possible alterations in the hospital environment, as measured by rate of tracheostomy-ventilator-associated pneumonia, the incidence risk ratio of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients intubated with polyurethane-cuffed endotracheal tube was 0.565 ( P = .032; 95% confidence interval, 0.335-0.953). Conclusions Use of a polyurethane-cuffed endotracheal tube was associated with a significant decrease in the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in our study.
Shubac: a searchable P2P network utilizing dynamic paths for client/server anonymity

A general approach to achieve anonymity on P2P networks is to construct an indirect path between client and server for each data transfer. The indirection, together with randomness in the selection of intermediate nodes, provides a guarantee of anonymity to some extent. It, however, comes at the cost of a large communication overhead. In this paper, we present Shubac, a searchable, anonymous peer to peer (P2P) overlay network. It implements a flexible dynamic path approach that shrinks paths in size to reduce overhead and delays and meanwhile reconfigures paths dynamically throughout a communication to maintain a high level of privacy. This dynamic path approach enables Shubac to make a good tradeoff between anonymity and efficiency.
Average latitudinal variation in ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface.

Tabulated values are presented for ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface as a function of wavelength, latitude, and season, for clear sky and seasonally and latitudinally averaged ozone amounts. These tabulations can be combined with any biological sensitivity function in order to obtain the seasonal and latitudinal variation of the corresponding effective doses. The integrated dosages, based on the erythemal sensitivity curve and on the Robertson-Berger sunburn-meter sensitivity curve, have also been calculated, and these are found to vary with latitude and season in very nearly the same way as 307 and 314 nm radiation, respectively.
Pollen control and spatial and temporal adjustment in evaluation of kernel composition of maize inbreds

Maize (Zea mays L) pollen can have an immediate effect on kernel oil, protein, and starch concentration, and evaluation of kernel composition is often done with self pollination. Procedures for adjusting for spatial or temporal variation have not been studied for kernel composition traits in maize. Our objectives were to (i) characterize the effect of pollen control on protein, oil, and starch concentrations in maize inbreds, (ii) determine the impact of open and self pollination on relative ranking of inbreds, and (iii) determine if spatial or temporal adjustments are useful for kernel composition when plants are open pollinated. Thirty inbreds were evaluated for kernel protein, oil, and starch concentrations in open- and self-pollinated treatments at two planting dates in St. Paul, MN in summer 2011. The inbreds differed significantly for oil, protein, and starch concentrations. However, pollination treatment was not significant for oil, protein, or starch concentration. Simple correlations and rank correlations between open- and self-pollinated treatments were high for oil (0.93), protein (0.83 - 0.85), and starch (0.73 - 0.82) concentrations. Neither spatial nor temporal adjustments improved estimates of open- pollinated kernel composition over unadjusted, open-pollinated means. Overall, our results suggested that when relative performance of inbreds is more important than absolute concentrations, maize inbreds can be evaluated for oil, protein, and starch concentrations without the pollen source confounding differences among entries.
Night shift work at specific age ranges and chronic disease risk factors

Objectives We examined the association of night shift work history and age when night shift work was performed with cancer and cardiovascular disease risk factors among 54 724 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) II. Methods We calculated age-adjusted and socioeconomic status-adjusted means and percentages for cancer and cardiovascular risk factors in 2009 across categories of night shift work history. We used multivariable-adjusted logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for key risk factors among 54 724 participants (72% ever shift workers). We further examined these associations by age (20–25, 26–35, 36–45 and 46+ years) at which shift work was performed. Results Ever night shift workers had increased odds of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 ; OR=1.37, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.43); higher caffeine intake (≥131 mg/day; OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.22) and total calorie intake (≥1715 kcal/day; OR=1.09, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.13); current smoking (OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.42); and shorter sleep durations (≤7 h of sleep/day; OR=1.19, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.24) compared to never night shift workers. These estimates varied depending on age at which night work was performed, with a suggestion that night shift work before age 25 was associated with fewer risk factors compared to night shift work at older ages. Conclusions Our results indicate that night shift work may contribute to an adverse chronic disease risk profile, and that risk factors may vary depending on the age at which night shift work was performed.
Borehole inclinometer monument for millimeter horizontal geodetic control accuracy

A geodetic monument is described whose horizontal position may be monitored relative to points 30 m deep to an accuracy of 0.5 mm, and to points more than 2 km to a potential accuracy of 2 mm. The monument incorporates a 7 cm diameter borehole lining equipped with orthogonal alignment grooves that guide a portable inclinometer during measurements. The inclinometer is raised incrementally from the base of the hole to measure the tilt of contiguous 0.5-m-long segments of the borehole prior to geodetic occupation. Integrating the results yields a measure of the surface monument's position. Random errors increase with the square root of the number of downhole measurements N as 0.03 √N mm (N=2d for d-m-deep hole). Systematic errors are approximately 0.02% of the lateral offset of the base of the hole relative to the surface monument. Unlike previous monuments the inclinometer-based system permits surface and subsurface instability to be characterized, and the effectiveness of the monument to be monitored.
Epidemiological and ethical consiluations on trials with immunotherapy in pre-type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.

Epidemiological and ethical consiluations on trials with immunotherapy in pre-type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
Gastric pressures in pigs during eating and drinking

Abstract Pressures were measured with miniature transducers positioned within the gastric lumen of six young pigs, 20–40 kg, eating and drinking operantly. The pigs were free to move about, lie down, sleep, eat, and drink without disturbance. 1) At the end of 4–5-h fasts (with no drinking), mean pressure within the stomach was 12 cm H 2 O, then rose during 22-min eating bouts to 22 cm H 2 O. 2) At the end of 16–18-h periods of food and water deprivation, intragastric pressure was 9 cm H 2 O. When water was drunk, pressures rose only to 13 cm H 2 O, then fell. When food was then eaten, pressures rose during 29-min meals to 22 cm H 2 O. 3) During spontaneous eating and drinking, intermeal pressures were maintained at 22–25 cm H 2 O, fell by 4–5 cm H 2 O just as eating or drinking began, then rose slowly, but only to the preingestive pressure level by the end of the bout. These results indicate that during spontaneous eating and drinking, gastric distention per se plays a smaller direct role in causing satiety than it does during meals ingested after a period of food deprivation.
Excitation of atoms passing through a TEM 00 Gaussian laser beam at relativistic velocities

The spectral distribution seen by an atom crossing a monochromatic Gaussian TEM00 beam with a relativistic speed normal to the direction of propagation of the beam is shown to be independent of the distance between the atom’s path and the position of the beam’s minimum waist. The dependence of the transition probability on the beam coordinates is also given. Finally, it is shown that the spectral width can be viewed as being due to the angular distribution of the plane waves of which the Gaussian TEM00 beam is composed.
Blind primary colorant spectral separation combining ICA and POCS non-negative matrix factorization

Traditional printing technologies use metamerism to match color between original objects and reproduced images under certain lighting constraints. These techniques become unsatisfactory for applications demanding high color accuracy where lighting conditions are subject to change, for example, artwork reproduction. Therefore, it is desirable to reproduce the image using colorants whose spectrum is closest to the original print. To estimate the original object primary colorant spectrum, we propose a blind spectral separation algorithm by combining independent component analysis (ICA) and non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF). Our experimental results show a satisfactory match between the original and the estimated primaries' spectrums.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEXUALLY VIOLENT RAP MUSIC ON ATTITUDES OF MEN WITH LITTLE PRIOR EXPOSURE

This article is among the first to focus on commercially available, sexually violent rap music, so-called “gangsta” rap (GR) and its influence on attitudes toward women. Collegiate males with little experience with GR were exposed to GR music, lyrics, both, or neither. Thus the effect of GR music and lyrics were isolated from each other and from acculturation to GR. Collapsing across all attitude measures, neither lyrics alone nor lyrics with music resulted in significantly more negative attitudes toward women than music-only or no-treatment control conditions. Participants in the lyrics conditions had significantly greater adversarial sexual beliefs than no-lyrics participants, however.
Imaging of neurocysticercosis.

Cysticercosis is a disease transmitted by the ingestion of the eggs of the worm Taenia solium. It is the most common parasitic disease in humans and its incidence is not increased in patients with AIDS. 1 In addition, cysticercosis is rapidly becoming the most important cause of acquired epilepsy throughout the world. Although in the past, cysticercosis occurred mostly in third-world countries, its distribution is now worldwide, reflecting changes in immigration. The most important aspects in the management of patients with cysticercosis are the availability of CT and MRI for its diagnosis and follow-up, the availability of serodiagnostic assays that help to confirm the diagnosis, and introduction of specific antiparasitic agents. 2 The enthusiastic use of brain imaging and serologic studies have lead to a dramatic increase in the estimated numbers of affected individuals.
Radiating gravitational collapse with shear viscosity

A model is proposed of a collapsing radiating star consisting of an isotropic fluid with shear viscosity undergoing radial heat flow with outgoing radiation. The pressure of the star, at the beginning of the collapse, is isotropic but owing to the presence of the shear viscosity the pressure becomes more and more anisotropic. The behaviour of the density, pressure, mass, luminosity and the effective adiabatic index is analysed. Our work is compared to the case of a collapsing shearing fluid of a previous model, for a star with 6 M⊙.
Orientation and lateral mobility of insoluble Tempo amphiphiles at the air/water interface

Abstract The lateral diffusion constants of two water insoluble redox surfactants, 4-alkaneamide derivatives of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidynyloxy radical (C n Tempo where n = 14 or 18) were measured using 2D voltammetry with 500 μm long line electrodes positioned in the plane of the air/water interface. In order to extend these measurements into a region of low surface concentrations, we first examined the line micro-band electrodes as well as the stability of the Tempo surfactants on the water surface. Only C 18 Tempo proved to be sufficiently insoluble in water to form stable monolayer films over sufficiently long periods of time to assure reproducible measurements in the range of mean molecular areas (MMA) of 50–750 A 2 /molecule. In this range, its diffusion constant increases linearly with MMA. At MMA of ca. 450 A 2 /molecule, this dependence becomes significantly weaker suggesting proximity of a plateau region with a D of ca. 1.5 × 10 −5 cm 2 /s. The orientation of C 18 Tempo on the water surface in a compressed monolayer at 52 A 2 /molecule was determined by X-ray reflectivity using a synchrotron source. Only the amide group of C 18 Tempo appears to be immersed in the aqueous subphase while the alkane chain and the piperidine ring are located above the water surface pointing upwards.
Structural degradation of acrylic bone cements due to in vivo and simulated aging.

Acrylic bone cement is the primary load-bearing material used for the attachment of orthopedic devices to adjoining bone. Degradation of acrylic-based cements in vivo results in a loss of structural integrity of the bone-cement-prosthesis interface and limits the longevity of cemented orthopedic implants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of in vivo aging on the structure of the acrylic bone cement and to develop an in vitro artificial aging protocol that mimics the observed degradation. Three sets of retrievals are examined in this study: Palacos® brand cement retrieved from hip replacements, and Simplex® brand cement retrieved from both hip and knee replacement surgeries. In vitro aging is performed using oxidative and acidic environments on three acrylic-based cements: Palacos®, Simplex®, and CORE®. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to examine the evolution of molecular weight and chemical species within the acrylic cements due to both in vivo and simulated aging. GPC analysis indicates that molecular weight is degraded in the hip retrievals but not in the knee retrievals. Artificial aging in an oxidative environment best reproduces this degradation mechanism. FTIR analysis indicates that there exists a chemical evolution within the cement due to in vivo and in vitro aging. These findings are consistent with scission-based degradation schemes in the cement. Based on the results of this study, a pathway for structural degradation of acrylic bone cement is proposed. The findings from this investigation have broad applicability to acrylic-based cements and may provide guidance for the development of new bone cements that resist degradation in the body. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 65A: 126–135, 2003
Information Searches: A Two-Dimensional Approach for ERP Acquisition Decision:

Based on an extensive study that involved the cases of four different organizations, this paper presents a discussion of the information search which affected the acquisition process for an enterprise resource planning (ERP) solution.
Fabrication and Microwave Characterization of 3-D Printed Transmission Lines

3-D printing is enabling next generation manufacturing of RF and microwave circuits but little work has been done to demonstrate the true potential of this approach. This study shows that transmission lines fabricated using 3-D printing equipment are comparable in performance to traditionally-made versions. Basic transmission line parameters such as characteristic impedance, effective dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and conductor loss are modeled and measured for a variety of materials and types of transmission lines at frequencies up to 10 GHz. Data are given for use in future 3-D printed RF designs.
Hypermutation of DPYD Deregulates Pyrimidine Metabolism and Promotes Malignant Progression.

New strategies are needed to diagnose and target human melanoma. To this end, genomic analyses was performed to assess somatic mutations and gene expression signatures using a large cohort of human skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project to identify critical differences between primary and metastatic tumors. Interestingly, pyrimidine metabolism is one of the major pathways to be significantly enriched and deregulated at the transcriptional level in melanoma progression. In addition, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase ( DPYD ) and other important pyrimidine-related genes: DPYS , AK9 , CAD , CANT1 , ENTPD1 , NME6 , NT5C1A , POLE , POLQ , POLR3B , PRIM2 , REV3L , and UPP2 are significantly enriched in somatic mutations relative to the background mutation rate. Structural analysis of the DPYD protein dimer reveals a potential hotspot of recurring somatic mutations in the ligand-binding sites as well as the interfaces of protein domains that mediated electron transfer. Somatic mutations of DPYD are associated with upregulation of pyrimidine degradation, nucleotide synthesis, and nucleic acid processing while salvage and nucleotide conversion is downregulated in TCGA SKCM. Implications: At a systems biology level, somatic mutations of DPYD cause a switch in pyrimidine metabolism and promote gene expression of pyrimidine enzymes toward malignant progression. Mol Cancer Res; 14(2); 196–206. ©2015 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 125][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/14/125?iss=2
Impact of War on Population Trends in Virginia

creased in most rural communities. Physicians, dentists, and nurses have migrated to the armed forces, to industrial areas, and to cities. 8. Intra-group dependence has increased in rural areas generally. Farmers are borrowing more equipment, swapping more labor than before the war. 9. The war situation has improved town-country relationships. In many rural communities townspeople have been given considerable credit for helping to relieve acute labor shortages created by an outmigration of people in the most effective working ages. 10. There is little to indicate that rural recreational patterns have been altered a great deal. The drain of voung people out of rural communities seems to be forcing rural youth to come into the towns more in order to associate with persons in their own age group. 11. Farmers generally are thinking about the postwar situation. Possibilities for employment of returning soldiers and war workers is the paramount consideration.
Salomon Bochner on Charles S. Peirce II

(1975). Salomon Bochner on Charles S. Peirce II. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 478-481.
Quantifying Flexibility in Tradespace Exploration: Value Weighted Filtered Outdegree

Tradespace exploration as a conceptual design tool provides the ability to examine thousands of system designs. Comparing these designs within the tradespace can reveal performance trends based on design choices. Varying the environment in which the system is evaluated adds another layer of complexity on the analysis. Incorporating time and changing contexts in the conceptual design allows engineers to consider 'ilities', or time-dependent system performance characteristics. Flexibility, the ability to dynamically change the system to mitigate risk or take advantage of opportunity, is difficult to assess within static snapshots of tradespaces. Flexibility is valuable in the presence of future uncertainty, so conceptual analysis should also consider future context changes on the system. A metric to identify valuably flexible designs in a tradespace, Value Weighted Filtered Outdegree, is presented and applied to a satellite radar case application. The metric is able to identify design in the tradespace that would not have been identified with existing tradespace analysis metrics.
Using Shock Tube to Calibrate the Dynamic Performance of Side Mounted Using Pressure sensor

Through theoretical analysis and experimental results, the problems when the pressure sensor is mounted on the side of the shock tube to calibrate its dynamic performance are presented, and the way using shock tube to calibrate the pressure sensor when it is mounted on the side in application is given.
Poch@ Methodological (Re)appropriation for Resistance: Poch@ Past

Chapter3 outlines the theoretical and methodological framework that explains the resistance to colonial narratives that subjugate Latin@s in the U.S. Poch@ artists (re)appropriate rhetoric and symbols that frame Latin@s as culturally deficient according to colonial standards. Emma Perez’s theory of the decolonial imaginary provides a framework for how artist reveal the possibilities for resistance outside of dominant colonial narratives. In addition, the rascuache methodology that Guillermo Gomez-Pena identifies reveals how the use of the pejorative term “pocho” serves as an appropriation that challenges deficiency-based colonial narratives. Gomez-Pena resists deficit rhetoric by re-claiming the trope of poch@ and by challenging the outdated colonial binary paradigm, evidenced by the naming of his troupe La Pocha Nostra and a character Pocho-Dos.
Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease to Aid Drug Discovery and Development

Publisher Summary Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common, age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Two events have impacted significantly the discovery and development approaches for novel therapeutics for PD: (a) the discovery of disease-causing mutations in multiple genes and (b) an emerging appreciation that the pathophysiology and associated symptoms of PD are more widespread than those resulting from the progressive loss of the nigrostriatal dopamine projections. Specifically, there has been an emergence of new animal models based on genetic etiology of familial PD and hence a renewed focus on using the new animal models to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at slowing the progression of the disease as well as treating non-motor symptoms of PD. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of the PD research with a special emphasis on animal models that can help therapeutic discovery and development. It focuses on the animal models of disease pathophysiology and resultant symptoms. It presents a summary on the clinical syndrome and current therapies of PD to set the context for the discussion to follow on commonly used animal models, their phenotypes and how they correlate/reproduce disease pathophysiology or specific symptoms of PD. It also addresses the specific utility of animal models in drug discovery and development, paying attention to current challenges or gaps that hinder discovery and development of drugs addressing the unmet medical needs of PD patients. Additionally, the chapter offers some suggestions on the utility of classical animal models as well as emerging models to address these gaps and facilitate development of therapeutic interventions.
The transition from intra to extra-uterine life in late preterm infant: a single-center study

Infants born at 34 to 36 weeks of gestation (late preterm) are at greater risk for adverse outcomes than those born at 37 weeks of gestation or later. Aim of this paper is to examine risk factors for late preterm births and to investigate the complications of the transition period in late preterm infants (LPIs). All consecutive late preterm deliveries, excluded stillbirths, were included. Maternal and neonatal data, need for delivery room resuscitative procedures, temperature at birth (T1) and two hours after the admission (T2) were analyzed in all LPIs stratified by Gestational Age (GA) and divided into three groups (34, 35 and 36 weeks). Two hundred seventy-six LPIs were analyzed. Pregnancy complications were present in 72 mothers (26.1 %), more frequently at 34 weeks of gestation respect to 35 and 36 weeks (p = 0.008, p = 0.006 respectively). Forty seven LPIs (17.1 %) needed for any resuscitation and 37 (13.4 %) were ventilated at birth. LPIs at 34 weeks were significantly more likely to receive ventilation respect to those at 35 and 36. At T1 the mean temperature resulted lower at 34 weeks respect to 36 weeks (p = 0.03). At T2 respect to T1, the rate of normothermic neonates increased at 35 and 36 weeks (p = 0.003, p = 0.005, respectively). Hypoglicemia rate was similar among the groups; 66.7 % of hypoglicemic neonates were hypothermic at T1. The rate of respiratory diseases and NICU admission decreased with increasing GA. Higher number of neonates ventilated at birth developed respiratory disorders respect to those unventilated (40.5 % vs 8.4 %; p < 0.001). Transition period in LPIs may become critical, as resuscitation strategies can be required and heat loss can occur. LPIs, especially at 34 gestational weeks, are higher-risk group needing adequate and targeted management at birth.
Lung Cancer Among Asian Americans

Among Asian-American men and women, lung cancer is the second most commonly occurring cancer and primary cause of cancer-related mortality. Collectively, Asian-American men and women have a lower incidence rate of lung cancer than their non-Hispanic white counterparts. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in incidence rates across Asian-American subgroups, some of whom experience increasing rates of lung cancer and/or rates similar to non-Hispanic Whites. Active cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer; cigarette smoking may be influenced by education, acculturation, and access to health care. Among never smokers, Asian-American women experience a higher risk of lung cancer in comparison to Asian-American men and non-Hispanic white women; and additional risk factors such as indoor- and outdoor air pollution, passive smoking, and lifestyle factors should be considered. In order to aid in disease prevention and improve survival through early stage diagnosis, further work towards understanding risk factors in never smokers as well as identifying at-risk individuals in this growing US population are needed.
A Program of Tests and Measurements for the Public Schools

(1935). A Program of Tests and Measurements for the Public Schools. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 6, No. 8, pp. 18-61.
The Employer of Last Resort for a ‘Capital-Poor’ Economy

‘Capital-rich’ economies typically experience Keynesian unemployment, which an ELR program can offset with expenditure that has a multiplier effect. ‘Capital-poor’ economies normally suffer from Marxian unemployment, which an ELR can counter-act with expenditure, first having a multiplier impact, but subsequently developing an accelerator effect, and building up productive capacity.
Model selection in Bayesian framework to identify the best WorldView-2 based vegetation index in predicting green biomass of salt marshes in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Coastal wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems globally but have experienced dramatic degradation and loss within the past several decades. Vegetation biomass of coastal wetlands is not ...
Human Pegivirus infection and lymphoma risk and prognosis: a North American study.

We evaluated the association of Human Pegivirus (HPgV) viraemia with risk of developing lymphoma, overall and by major subtypes. Because this virus has also been associated with better prognosis in the setting of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus, we further assessed the association of HPgV with prognosis. We used risk factor data and banked plasma samples from 2094 lymphoma cases newly diagnosed between 2002 and 2009 and 1572 frequency-matched controls. Plasma samples were tested for HPgV RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and those with RNA concentrations <5000 genome equivalents/ml were confirmed using nested RT-PCR methods. To assess the role of HPgV in lymphoma prognosis, we used 2948 cases from a cohort study of newly diagnosed lymphoma patients (included all cases from the case-control study). There was a positive association of HPgV viraemia with risk of lymphoma overall (Odds ratio = 2·14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·63-2·80; P < 0·0001), and for all major subtypes except Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, and this was not confounded by other lymphoma risk factors. In contrast, there was no association of HPgV viraemia with event-free survival (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1·00; 95% CI 0·85-1·18) or overall survival (HR = 0·97; 95% CI 0·79-1·20) for lymphoma overall, or any of the subtypes. These data support the hypothesis for a role of HPgV in the aetiology of multiple lymphoma subtypes.
Electromagnetic and Weak Currents in Nuclei

These lectures are focussed on the basic formalism used in descriptions of electromagnetic and weak interactions with nuclei. As other speakers, whose lectures are published in these same Summer School proceedings, have emphasized the connections of this basic formalism to analyses of experimental data (particularly, I. Sick for discussions of electron scattering and E. G. Adelberger for weak interaction processes), no further attempt has been made to illustrate the ideas presented here with detailed examples. Additional illustrations can be found in the primary source material used in preparing these lectures.1–5 Moreover, since the underlying particle physics description of the electroweak interaction is discussed in these Summer School proceedings by D. Atkinson, this will largely be taken as given in developing the formalism for application to nuclear physics (see also Ref. 5).
Redundant Implementations of Algebraic Machines

This chapter extends the algebraic approach of Chapter 3 in order to provide fault tolerance to group and semigroup machines. The discussion characterizes redundant implementations using algebraic homomorphisms and demonstrates that for a particular error-correcting scheme there exist many possible redundant implementations, each potentially offering different fault coverage [Had-jicostis, 1999]. The fault model assumes that the error detecting/correcting mechanism is fault-free and considers faults that cause the redundant machine to transition to an incorrect state. Explicit connections to hardware implementations and hardware faults are addressed in Chapter 5 for linear time-invariant dynamic systems (implemented using delay, adder and gain elements) and in Chapter 6 for linear finite-state machines (implemented using XOR gates and flip-flops). The issue of faults in the error corrector is studied in Chapter 7. Related work appeared in the context of providing fault tolerance to arbitrary finite-state machines via external monitoring mechanisms [Iyengar and Kinney, 1985; Leveugle and Saucier, 1990; Parekhji et al., 1991; Robinson and Shen, 1992; Leveugle et al., 1994; Parekhji et al., 1995]. This work, however, was not formulated in an algebraic setting and does not make use of algebraic properties and structure.
When 2 × 4 is meaningful: the N400 and P300 reveal operand format effects in multiplication verification

Arithmetic problems share many surface-level features with typical sentences. They assert information about the world, and readers can evaluate this information for sensibility by consulting their memories as the statement unfolds. When people encounter the solution to the problem 3 × 4, the brain elicits a robust ERP effect as a function of answer expectancy (12 being the expected completion; 15 being unexpected). Initially, this was labeled an N400 effect, implying that semantic memory had been accessed. Subsequent work suggested instead that the effect was driven by a target P300 to the correct solutions. The current study manipulates operand format to differentially promote access to language-based semantic representations of arithmetic. Operands were presented either as spoken number words or as sequential Arabic numerals. The critical solution was always an Arabic numeral. In Experiment 1, the correctness of solutions preceded by spoken operands modulated N400 amplitude, whereas solutions preceded by Arabic numerals elicited a P300 for correct problems. In Experiment 2, using only spoken operands, the delay between the second operand and the Arabic numeral solution was manipulated to determine if additional processing time would result in a P300. With a longer delay, an earlier N400 and no distinct P300 were observed. In brief, highly familiar digit operands promoted target detection, whereas spoken numbers promoted semantic level processing-even when solution format itself was held constant. This provides evidence that the brain can process arithmetic fact information at different levels of representational meaningfulness as a function of symbolic format.
Spatial distribution of water level impacting back-barrier bays

Abstract. Water level in semi-enclosed bays, landward of barrier islands, is mainly driven by offshore sea level fluctuations that are modulated by bay geometry and bathymetry, causing spatial variability in the ensuing response (transfer). Local wind setup can have a complementary role that depends on wind speed, fetch, and relative orientation of the wind direction and the bay. Bay area and inlet geometry and bathymetry primarily regulate the magnitude of the transfer between open ocean and bay. Tides and short-period offshore oscillations are more damped in the bays than longer-lasting offshore fluctuations, such as a storm surge and sea level rise. We compare observed and modeled water levels at stations in a mid-Atlantic bay (Barnegat Bay) with offshore water level proxies. Observed water levels in Barnegat Bay are compared and combined with model results from the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system to evaluate the spatial structure of the water level transfer. Analytical models based on the dimensional characteristics of the bay are used to combine the observed data and the numerical model results in a physically consistent approach. Model water level transfers match observed values at locations inside the bay in the storm frequency band (transfers ranging from 50 %–100 %) and tidal frequencies (10 %–55 %). The contribution of frequency-dependent local setup caused by wind acting along the bay is also considered. The wind setup effect can be comparable in magnitude to the offshore transfer forcing during intense storms. The approach provides transfer estimates for locations inside the bay where observations were not available, resulting in a complete spatial characterization. An extension of the methodology that takes advantage of the ADCIRC tidal database for the east coast of the United States allows for the expansion of the approach to other bay systems. Detailed spatial estimates of water level transfer can inform decisions on inlet management and contribute to the assessment of current and future flooding hazard in back-barrier bays and along mainland shorelines.
The Spectrum of Hepatic Involvement in Patients With Telomere Disease

Loss-of-function mutations in genes that encode for components of the telomere repair complex cause accelerated telomere shortening. Hepatic involvement has been recognized as a cause of morbidity in telomere diseases, but very few studies have characterized the nature and extent of liver involvement in affected patients. We report the prevalence and characteristics of liver involvement in a large cohort of patients with telomere disease evaluated serially at the National Institutes of Health. One hundred twenty-one patients with known or suspected telomere disease were screened; 40 patients with liver involvement were included in the current study. Median follow-up was 2.4 years. Data were collected regarding their demographic information, laboratory analysis, imaging, and histopathology. Forty patients (40% of the cohort) with a median age of 42 years were found to have liver involvement. Liver enzyme elevation was cholestatic in pattern; 8 (21%) had drug-related enzyme elevations. The most common imaging finding was increased hepatic echogenicity on ultrasound in 39% (9) of patients, followed by hepatomegaly in 26% (6). Biopsies were infrequent because of risk associated with thrombocytopenia, but in 6 patients, there were varying findings: nodular regenerative hyperplasia, steatohepatitis, hemosiderosis, cholestasis, and cirrhosis with hepatic steatosis. Almost half the cohort had pulmonary diffusion abnormalities, and 25% died during the follow-up period. Conclusion: In patients with telomere disease, hepatic involvement is common and can present in diverse ways, including elevated liver enzymes as well as histopathologic and imaging abnormalities. Liver disease has important implications for morbidity and mortality in patients with telomere disease.
Arterial Access and Intermediate Catheters: Procedural and Technical Considerations

Proper arterial access is a crucial first step to perform a prompt and safe mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Every neurointerventionalist must be able to secure intraarterial access to perform MT. In some cases, when femoral access is not feasible, alternate arterial access such as radial or direct carotid puncture may be performed. Another key element of MT is to obtain adequate support through intermediate catheters. Complex aortic arches and difficult supra-aortic vasculature may complicate access to intracranial vessel. In these circumstances, triaxial systems may be needed. Finally, appropriate closure should be performed in order to avoid potential postoperative complications such as arterial dissection/thrombosis and local hematoma. In this chapter, we provide a procedural and technical review of arterial access, including alternative access routes, as well as a review of current intermediate catheters and closure devices.