cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High spatial resolution fluorescence imagery for optimized pest management within a Huanglongbing-infected citrus grove

Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, has significantly decreased citrus production all over the world. The disease management currently depends on the efficient application and adequate distribution of insecticides to reduce the density of the disease vector, the Asian citrus psyllid. Here, we use a novel fluorescent-based method to evaluate insecticide distribution in an HLB-infected citrus grove in Florida. Specifically, we evaluated six different locations within citrus trees, the top and bottom sides of leaves, the effect of application approach (tractor vs airplane), and different application rates. We found that despite the insecticide distribution being highly variable among the different locations within a tree, the top of the leaves received an average increase of 21 times more than the bottom of the leaves. Application by tractor also resulted in a 4- to 87-fold increase in insecticide coverage compared to aerial application, depending on the location in the tree and side of leaf. When taken into context regarding the type of insecticide that is applied (systemic vs contact), these results can be used to optimize a pest management strategy to effectively target psyllids and other pests while minimizing the time and money spent on insecticide application and reducing risk to the environment.
Adult Education at Biological Field Stations: Building Capacity for Science Learning

An understanding of science concepts is important for living in modern society. Supporting adults’ science learning can be particularly challenging because most adults no longer attend formal educa...
The Ovidian Heroine as Author: Reading like a virgin: Phaedra and Ariadne

“Alors elle se rappela les heroines des livres qu'elle avait lu, et la legion lyrique de ces femmes adulteres se mit a chanter dans sa memoire avec des voix de soeurs qui la charmaient. Elle devenait elle-meme comme une partie veritable de ces imaginations et realisait la longue reverie de sa jeunesse, en se considerant dans ce type d'amoureuse qu'elle avait tant envie.” (Flaubert, Madame Bovary ) Through a discussion of the ways the women of Phaedra's family affect her view of the world, this chapter examines Phaedra's relationship to her stepson Hippolytus and to her husband Theseus. Like Phyllis in Chapter 1, Phaedra looks to a woman whose story is similar to her own, and bases her assessment of similarity on genetic relationship (in both cases, to Ariadne). In Phyllis' case, the family connection is only potential, but Ariadne is Phaedra's sister, and her story has formed an indelible impression on Phaedra, especially given that both women have a relationship with Theseus in common. At the same time, to most readers, the stories of Ariadne and Theseus and of Phaedra and Hippolytus share few similarities. Yet, as we shall see, Phaedra alters her own story to fit into the mold of Ariadne, and also borrows key details from her mother Pasiphae's story. Ariadne's authority does not stop here, for she is also a powerful influence on other women of the Heroides ; in fact Heroides 10 explicitly establishes her text as authoritative in matters of abandonment.
Islamic finance in the global economy

Acknowledgements A Note on Transliteration and Dates Abbreviations Introduction: Islamic Finance in the Global Economy 1 Islamic Finance in Theory and Practice 2 Islam, Economics and Finance 3 Riba, Gharar, and the Moral Economy of Islam in Historical and Comparative Perspective 4 The Evolution of Modern Islamic Finance 5 Islamic Finance and the Global Political Economy 6 Country Differences 7 Financial Products and Instruments 8 Strategic, Managerial and Cultural Issues 9 Economic Issues: Islamic Finance and Development 10 Regulatory Issues and Challenges: Global Norms and Religious Constraints 11 Islamic Finance and Politics: Guilt by Association 12 Religious Issues and Challenges: Defining Islam and Interpreting the Shariah Glossary Index
E-Commerce Recommendation Applications

i>Recommender systems are being used by an ever-increasing number of E-commerce sites to help consumers find products to purchase. What started as a novelty has turned into a serious business tool. Recommender systems use product knowledge—either hand-coded knowledge provided by experts or “mined” knowledge learned from the behavior of consumers—to guide consumers through the often-overwhelming task of locating products they will like. In this article we present an explanation of how recommender systems are related to some traditional database analysis techniques. We examine how recommender systems help E-commerce sites increase sales and analyze the recommender systems at six market-leading sites. Based on these examples, we create a taxonomy of recommender systems, including the inputs required from the consumers, the additional knowledge required from the database, the ways the recommendations are presented to consumers, the technologies used to create the recommendations, and the level of personalization of the recommendations. We identify five commonly used E-commerce recommender application models, describe several open research problems in the field of recommender systems, and examine privacy implications of recommender systems technology.
Laparoscopic-assisted microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: safety and efficacy in comparison with radiofrequency ablation.

Background Thermal ablation techniques are increasingly important in the search for improved locoregional therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis. This study reports the largest US series using laparoscopic-assisted microwave ablation (Lap-MWA) with a 915-MHz generator for HCC and compares it with a contemporary laparoscopic-assisted radiofrequency ablation (Lap-RFA) experience. Methods Thirty-five patients with HCC underwent laparoscopic-assisted ablation utilizing either MWA or RFA. Medical records, radiographic imaging, and histology were reviewed and outcomes analyzed. Results Twenty-two patients underwent Lap-RFA (27 tumors) and 13 received Lap-MWA (15 tumors). Average ablation volumes were similar for Lap-RFA and Lap-MWA at 23.43 and 28.99 cm3, respectively (=0.69). Average operative times for Lap-RFA were 149 ± 35 min versus 112 ± 40 min with Lap-RFA (P = 0.004). Mean follow-up was 19 months in the Lap-RFA group: 50% alive without evidence of disease, 9% alive with disease, 36% deceased and 5% lost to follow-up. Mean follow-up in the Lap-MWA group was 7 months: 54% alive without evidence of disease, 31% alive with disease and 15% deceased. Conclusion Lap-MWA is a safe and efficacious locoregional therapy for HCC which achieves outcomes comparable to Lap-RFA. Shorter operative times were realized with this modality and complete coagulative necrosis was confirmed histologically on explanted livers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:822–829. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age-Related Changes in Neuronal and Glial Enzyme Activities

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the age-related changes in neuronal and glial enzyme activities. It also discusses the central nervous system (CNS) development and aging at a cellular level. It reviews one aspect of the cellular function, namely, changes in the activities of neural enzymes. The CNS contains numerous types of neuronal cells and glial cells that play an important role in the integration of neural activity. Various CNS areas attain maturity at different times and aging is characterized by variable patterns in individual CNS areas. It might be inferred, therefore, that such regional differences reflect changes in the proportions of specific cell types constituting individual brain regions. Certain enzymes are known to be involved in specific biochemical processes unique to either neurons or glial cells and therefore, they can be used as indices for the presence of these cell types. This chapter discusses neural enzymes from two points of view: (1) as functional cellular entities and (2) as markers for specific cell types.
Logistics considerations for a human mission to Mars

Throughout the history of mankind, humans have ventured beyond their home base and source of support, and explored the unknown. Humans are again poised to venture beyond their home base of Earth. This venture will rival the journeys of the early explorers especially in terms of mission duration and isolation from sources of supply and assistance. This next journey may be to Mars. The NASA Human Mars Mission (HMM) presents a multitude of technological challenges that must be addressed in order to safely send and return a crew to Mars. Once the manned phase of the mission is committed to launch, orbital mechanics will drive the crew to be away from Earth for a minimum of two years. There will be no re-supply and only a limited mass and volume allotment for logistics materials. The crew will have limited resources and capabilities available to them to maintain and repair the flight vehicle and the surface systems. Logistics will be one of the more significant challenges the program must investigate, research, and eventually overcome. The program must provide for the long-term logistics supportability of vehicle systems and associated hardware where supply from Earth is non-existence. The crew will be asked to perform tasks normally not required of "today's" astronauts. Much like the early explorers, the crew must be able to handle all situations autonomously. This logistics challenge can be met by developing robust, redundant systems and by incorporating creative logistics solutions into the flight vehicle and surface system designs early in the program.
A high voltage gain modular multilevel DC-DC converter

This Paper presents a new modular multilevel converter (MMC) concept to achieve high ratio DC-DC power conversion purpose. This converter can be deployed in High-voltage direct current (HVDC) system, or it can be used as a Solid-state Transformer (SST). The proposed converter is flexible, reliable and it possesses scalability and simplicity. The conversion ratio can be regulated by the phase-shifted control, without any hardware modification. Using the MMC concept, this converter can be implemented with lower voltage rating switching devices instead of much higher voltage rating switches, which is usually unavailable. Two kinds of submodules are outlined for building the MMC. By utilizing inductance distributed on wire/trace and equivalent series inductance (ESL) of the capacitors, no inductors are needed to build the converter. Resonant operation between wire/trace inductance, ESL of capacitors and submodule capacitors assists the converter work under ZCS mode for higher efficiency. The operation principle as well as simulation results of a 20kW converter are presented in this paper.
Efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water for sanitization of cutting boards used in the preparation of foods

Abstract The effectiveness of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) to sanitize cutting boards used for food preparation was investigated. Cutting boards made of hardwood and bamboo were inoculated with Escherichia coli K12 and Listeria innocua, dried for 1 h, washed, rinsed and sanitized with NEW, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution, or tap water (control). After each washing protocol, surviving bacterial populations were determined. Results showed that both NEW and NaClO sanitizing solutions produced similar levels of bacterial reductions. In manual washing, the population reductions by NEW and NaClO were 3.4 and 3.6 log10 CFU/100 cm2 for E. coli, and 4.1 and 3.9 log10 CFU/100 cm2 for L. innocua, respectively. In the automatic washing, the reductions by NEW and NaClO were 4.0 and 4.0 log10 CFU/100 cm2 for E. coli, and 4.2 and 3.6 log10 CFU/100 cm2 for L. innocua, respectively. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in surviving bacteria counts when comparing board material types.
Reduction of the concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2α, and thromboxane B2 in cultured rat hepatocytes treated with the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate

Abstract Several hypolipidemic drugs, plasticizers and other chemicals induce peroxisome proliferation and hepatic tumors in rodents, but the mechanism by which they induce tumors is not fully understood. Their carcinogenic activity may be related to alterations in gene expression, such as induction of peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes or of the cytochrome P450 4A family. These enzymes metabolize lipids, including eicosanoids and their precursor fatty acids. Because eicosanoids likely play a role in the carcinogenic process, alterations in their concentration by xenobiotics may be important in their carcinogenic or promoting activities. In this study we used isolated hepatocytes to study if peroxisome proliferators alter the metabolism of prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (Tx). Isolated rat hepatocytes were cultured for 4 days with 2 concentrations of ciprofibrate (CIP): 100 and 400 μM. Fatty acyl CoA oxidase activities of the 100 and 400 μM CIP treatment groups at the end of the experiment were increased 5.3 and 9.6 times, respectively. TxB 2 and PGF 2α concentrations in cultures treated with CIP were significantly lower than the control at days 3 and 4, whereas a lower concentration of PGE 2 was seen at day 4 only. These studies show that PG and Tx concentrations in cultured hepatocytes are lowered by the peroxisome proliferator CIP.
Mechanism of pressure-induced martensitic phase transformations: A molecular-dynamics study.

The pressure-induced martensitic transformation from bcc to hcp iron has been studied in great detail with synchrotron radiation and diamond-anvil cells. The mechanism of the transformation has been postulated to be associated with a sliding of parallel bcc (110) planes combined with a contraction along the [001] direction; the (110) planes becoming the close-packed planes of the hcp structure. The synchrotron experiments support this picture of the transformation. We carry out the computer experiment of pressure-loading a bcc crystal to induce this transformation using molecular dynamics. We present the detailed microscopic motion of the particles during the transformation and show that the mechanism mentioned above for the transformation is confirmed for two different potentials and for two different particle numbers. The reverse transformation shows hysteresis, as is experimentally observed. For the two potentials which give the transformation we find that the final structure is often a close-packed polytype. We never observed a fcc crystal as the final structure. For another potential the final state was a defective crystal with no obvious resemblance to a close-packed structure. Most of our simulations were started by applying pressure to a low-temperature bcc crystal. A study of the sliding of the bcc (110) planes relative to each other suggests that the hcp structure is the preferred structure at low enough temperatures in pressure-induced bcc-to-close-packed structural transformations. For both potentials that give successful transformations the final structure is hcp at low enough temperature. In the phase diagram for iron the hcp structure is the low-temperature structure obtained by compressing bcc iron.
Optical analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction

The fluorescent dyes FM1-43 and RH414 label motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling. This allows optical monitoring of vesicle recycling in living nerve terminals to determine how recycled vesicles reenter the vesicle pool. The results suggest that recycled vesicles mix with the pool morphologically and functionally. One complete cycle of release of transmitter, recycling of a vesicle, and rerelease of transmitter appears to take about 1 minute.
Special-valued l-groups and Abelian covers

This paper presents a new and independent proof of the theorem (proven first by Kopytov and Gurchenkov [7] and again by Reilly [10]) that covers of the Abelian l-variety are either representable or are Scrimger covers. The proof in this paper is based upon the l-Cauchy constructions of Ball [1]; once these are applied to the problem, the proof becomes elementary.
Contractor renormalization group technology and exact Hamiltonian real-space renormalization group transformations.

The contractor renormalization group method, a new approach to solving Hamiltonian lattice systems, is presented. The method defines a systematic and nonperturbative means of implementing Kadanoff-Wilson real-space renormalization group transformations using cluster expansion and contraction techniques. We illustrate the approach and demonstrate its effectiveness using scalar field theory, the Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain, and the anisotropic Ising chain. Future applications to the Hubbard and $t\ensuremath{-}J$ models and lattice gauge theory are discussed.
Stem Cell RNA Epigenetics: M6Arking Your Territory

Modifications of mRNAs can have a profound effect on cellular function and differentiation. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Batista et al. (2014) describe fundamental parameters of N6-methyl-adenosine modification of mRNAs in embryonic stem cells and provide strong evidence that modification plays a role in exit from pluripotency toward differentiation.
The dipole picture of high energy scattering, the BFKL equation and many gluon compound states

Abstract The relationship and equivalence between the BFKL and dipole equation kernels are investigated by means of explicit calculations in light-cone perturbation theory. A dipole equation, equivalent to the usual equation, for interactions between four reggeized gluons is given in the large N c limit. The leading trajectory of the four-gluon system is bounded by 2α p − 1 with α p the BFKL pomeron intercept.
Vibration characteristics of the HPOTP (High-Pressure Oxygen Turbopump) of the SSME (Space Shuttle Main Engine)

Attention is given to rotor dynamic problems that have been encountered and eliminated in the course of Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) development, as well as continuing, subsynchronous problems which are being encountered in the development of a 109-percent power level engine. The basic model for the SSME's High Pressure Oxygen Turbopump (HPOTP) encompasses a structural dynamic model for the rotor and housing, and component models for the liquid and gas seals, turbine clearance excitation forces, and impeller diffuser forces. Linear model results are used to examine the synchronous response and stability characteristics of the HPOTP, with attention to bearing load and stability problems associated with the second critical speed. Differences between linear and nonlinear model results are discussed and explained in terms of simple models. Simulation results indicate that while synchronous bearing loads can be reduced, subsynchronous motion is not eliminated by seal modifications.
An efficient multicast approach in an ATM switching network for multimedia applications

This paper presents routing and multicast algorithms for an ATM switching system constructed with the Bene? network, and evaluates the performance of this system using multicast traffic models. The switch can be used for multimedia applications. Unlike most switching networks, in which there is normally one path from a given input port of network to any output port, in the Bene? topology there are several alternative paths. This topology is used in this paper to construct a routing network and a copy network of an ATM switching system. Each network uses shared buffers at its switch elements.
PRACTICAL METHODS OF EXTREME VALUE ESTIMATION BASED ON MEASURED TIME SERIES FOR OCEAN SYSTEMS

Abstract Three practical methods for computing the expected maxima of Gaussian time series for ocean system analysis are developed. These methods utilize Pierce's sample scaling concept to overcome the maxima counting and correlation difficulties, but minimize the associated complexity and uncertainties. The first (Direct) method removes the dependence on the envelope for maxima estimation of the time series by directly operating on the time series itself. The second (Poisson clumping) employs the notion of sample scaling factor, but requires neither computing the envelope nor segmenting. The third (Log-fit) is a simple logarithm curve fitting, using the slowly varying, logarithmic growth property of the expected maximum. The accuracy and computational efficiency of these methods are examined. The Direct method and the Poisson clumping method are found to have comparable accuracy. Employment of the envelope does not improve the accuracy of the estimate in practice. Hence, the Direct method and the Poisson clumping method should be preferred. The Poisson clumping method is more efficient than both the Direct method and Pierce's method because of its straightforwardness in implementation. The Log-fit method is the simplest to implement, and computationally the most efficient. Its accuracy is acceptable for many engineering preliminary designs.
Penguins, fur seals, and fishing: prey requirements and potential competition in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

Antarctic and sub-Antarctic seabirds, marine mammals, and human fisheries concentrate their forag- ing eAorts on a single species, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Because these predators may have a significant eAect on krill abundance, we estimated the energy and prey requirements of Adelie (Pygoscelis adeliae), chin- strap (Pygoscelis antarctica), and gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) penguins and female Antarctic fur seals (Arc- tocephalus gazella) breeding on the South Shetland Is- lands, Antarctica and compared these estimates with catch statistics from the Antarctic krill fishery. Published data on field metabolic rate, population size, diet, prey energy content, and metabolic eAciency were used to estimate prey requirements of these breeding, adult, land-based predators and their dependent oAspring. Due to their large population size, chinstrap penguins were the most significant krill predators during the period examined, consuming an estimated 7.8 · 10 8 kg krill, followed by Adelie penguins (3.1 · 10 7 kg), gentoo penguins (1.2 · 10 7 kg), and Antarctic fur seals (3.6 · 10 6 kg). Total consumption of all land-based predators on the South Shetland Islands was estimated at 8.3 · 10 8 kg krill. The commercial krill fishery harvest in the South Shetland Island region (1.0 · 10 8 kg) was approximately 12% of this. Commercial harvest coin- cides seasonally and spatially with peak penguin and fur seal prey demands, and may aAect prey availability to penguins and fur seals. This diAers from the conclusions of Ichii et al. who asserted that the potential for com- petition between South Shetland predators and the commercial krill fishery is low.
ELECTRODYNAMIC QUANTIZATION PROCESS

Abstract Recently a quantum theory of the free Maxwell field was given that avoided discussion of nonphysical photons. The extension to include the interaction with electrons is given in this paper. This approach leads to a formulation equivalent to the gauge-independent theory of Belinfante and Lomont. A complete discussion of the integrals of motion is given, including their connections with displacement operators.
Relationships between Age, Body Weight, and Yield of Dairy Cows

Summary Comparisons were made of the relative effects of age and weight on yield. Yield components studied were milk, milk fat, total solids, fat-corrected milk (FCM), solidsnot-fat, protein, and lactose. There were 216, 305-day lactation periods of Holstein, Jersey, and Guernsey cows maintained as one experiment station herd. On an intra-breed basis FCM yield increased 570 lb/100lb. in weight (significant), but when the effects of age were removed the increase was 236lb. (not significant). Similarly, milk fat changes were 22lb. (significant) and 9lb. (not significant). On an intra-breed basis the relationship between yield and age was more than two times as important as weight as determined by the standard partial regression coefficients. Breeds for the various comparisons were strikingly different. Effects of weight on yield are interpreted too highly if differences due to breed and age are not removed.
Larval Specialization and Phenotypic Variation in Arctopsyche Grandis (Trichoptera: Hydrospsychidae)

Life history, trophic dynamics, abundance, and microdistribution of Arctopsyche grandis (Banks) were investigated in the Flathead River Basin, Montana. Two morphologically and ecologically distinct larvae (Type I, with a head stripe; and Type II, without a head stripe) were found throughout the drainage except in lower order streams. Type II larvae grew more rapidly and attained a larger size in final instar than Type I larvae. In areas where A. grandis biomass was greatest, Type I larvae were > 10 times as abundant as Type II larvae. Type II larvae selected microhabitats char- acterized by larger interstitial spaces; Type I larvae were more common in tightly compacted sub- strata. Food items consumed by both larval phenotypes varied between sites, indicating a natural variability in the environment. Significant differences in foods ingested were also observed between larval types within particular riverine locations, suggesting phenotypic differentiation in food habits. Larvae of both phenotypes were reared in laboratory streams. Type I were both male and female, but all Type II were female. We concluded that the presence of Type II larvae increased resource utilization and species fitness.
Comparison of the electromechanical effects in wet and dry bone

Abstract It has been proposed that the electromechanical properties of bone influence bone remodeling processes. In dry bone the electromechanical effect is known to be due to the piezoelectric behavior of collagen. However, there has been some question whether the stress induced voltages observed in wet bone are due to a piezoelectric effect. Evidence is presented which indicates that the magnitude of the signals observed in bent wet bone are several orders of magnitude larger than one would expect from a piezoelectric effect. This result, along with other experimental observations, implies that the electromechanical effect observed in wet bone is not a piezoelectric effect. Therefore it is suggested that two different mechanisms are responsible for the electromechanical effects in wet and dry bone.
Photosynthetic characteristics of temperature-sensitive-high fluorescence mutants of the blue-green alga, Synechococcus cedrorum

Abstract A preliminary characterization of 8 temperature-sensitive, high-fluorescent mutants of the blue-green alga Synechococcus cedrorum is presented. The mutants can be placed into three broad classes based primarily on fluorescence induction kinetics. Class 1 mutants have an increased variable fluorescence, grow less than 50% as fast as wild-type, but show few other photosyntetically-related changes. Mutants in class 2 are morphological growth mutants. They divide very poorly at 40°C, but are similar to the wild-type in pigment composition and fluorescence kinetics. Class 3 is composed of mutants that are characterized by very high fluorescence and a smaller relative proportion of variable fluorescence. Mutants in this class have perturbed photosynthetic rates and variations in the low temperature fluorescence spectra. One of these mutants is also a distinct temperature-sensitive pigment mutation and has a high phycocyanin to chlorophyll ration when grown at 40°C. All of the mutants display specific alterations in their membrane protein composition when grown at the high temperature.
Active loan portfolio management through the use of credit derivatives

The purpose of this article, which is based on a recent presentation by Paul Van der Maas, is to give the reader a brief overview of common credit derivatives, the size and scope of their markets and their role in structured credit products. The case study uses as a reference a current deal that Bank of America has structured using credit derivatives.
Calcium Homeostasis and Cone Signaling Are Regulated by Interactions between Calcium Stores and Plasma Membrane Ion Channels

Calcium is a messenger ion that controls all aspects of cone photoreceptor function, including synaptic release. The dynamic range of the cone output extends beyond the activation threshold for voltage-operated calcium entry, suggesting another calcium influx mechanism operates in cones hyperpolarized by light. We have used optical imaging and whole-cell voltage clamp to measure the contribution of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) to Ca2+ homeostasis and its role in regulation of neurotransmission at cone synapses. Mn2+ quenching of Fura-2 revealed sustained divalent cation entry in hyperpolarized cones. Ca2+ influx into cone inner segments was potentiated by hyperpolarization, facilitated by depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores, unaffected by pharmacological manipulation of voltage-operated or cyclic nucleotide-gated Ca2+ channels and suppressed by lanthanides, 2-APB, MRS 1845 and SKF 96365. However, cation influx through store-operated channels crossed the threshold for activation of voltage-operated Ca2+ entry in a subset of cones, indicating that the operating range of inner segment signals is set by interactions between store- and voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. Exposure to MRS 1845 resulted in ∼40% reduction of light-evoked postsynaptic currents in photopic horizontal cells without affecting the light responses or voltage-operated Ca2+ currents in simultaneously recorded cones. The spatial pattern of store-operated calcium entry in cones matched immunolocalization of the store-operated sensor STIM1. These findings show that store-operated channels regulate spatial and temporal properties of Ca2+ homeostasis in vertebrate cones and demonstrate their role in generation of sustained excitatory signals across the first retinal synapse.
Re-engineering silicon: Si-Ge heterojunction bipolar technology

Thanks to refined techniques of material growth, circuits based on Si-Ge devices have made their way to market and bode especially well for wireless communications. The author reviews material properties, HBT technologies and circuit applications. >
Self-Monitoring Effects on Articulation Carryover in School-Age Children

The purpose of this study was to field-test a treatment strategy for bringing about articulation carryover in school-age children. Subjects were 8 elementary school students who misarticulated /s/ ...
A rapid miniaturized solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique for secreted immunoglobulins, employing microtiter plates, antibody bound to polyacrylamide beads, and filter strip harvesting.

Abstract We have developed a solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique, which allows a large number of samples to be assayed, while minimizing amounts of reagents and technician time. The assay is run in microtiter plates, which results in improved organization, shorter assay set-up time and advantageous miniaturization. On the first day only 3 reagents are required: sample or standard, a 125I-labeled antigen, and an antibody attached to a polyacrylamide bead. After an overnight incubation period, the assay is harvested using a commercial microharvesting apparatus (24 samples/2 min) and placed directly into a gamma counter for counting. In the present study, we have developed the assay to measure secreted IgG, IgM and IgA, and we have compared our results with those of a standard radioimmunoassay technique. This rapid, simple, economical approach should be applicable to the radioimmunoassay of other substances as well.
Choosing the travel schedule for a tunnel kiln hearth

We compiled a calculation program for thermoelastic stress in goods being fired and in all of the kiln, bearing in mind the heat exchange between them, enabling a choice to be made in the parameters for the hearth movement from the heat resistance conditions of the goods.
Hydrodynamic theory of transport in doped graphene

We study nonlinear dc transport in graphene using a hydrodynamic approach and conclude that in clean samples the drift velocity saturates at a weakly density-dependent value ${v}_{sat}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{7}\text{ }\text{cm}/\text{s}$. We show that saturation results from the interactions between graphene's Dirac quasiparticles and both acoustic and optical phonons. Saturation is accompanied by substantial electron heating and is not reached at realistic driving fields in moderately or strongly disordered samples. We find that it is essential to account for interactions among graphene's Dirac quasiparticles, which increase the linear-response resistivity at high temperatures or low densities.
Late-Life Psychosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Psychosis is one of the most common conditions in later life with a lifetime risk of 23 %. Despite its high prevalence, late-onset psychosis remains a diagnostic and treatment dilemma. There are no reliable pathognomonic signs to distinguish primary or secondary psychosis. Primary psychosis is a diagnosis of exclusion and the clinician must rule out secondary causes. Approximately 60 % of older patients with newly incident psychosis have a secondary psychosis. In this article, we review current, evidence-based diagnostic and treatment approaches for this heterogeneous condition, emphasizing a thorough evaluation for the “six d’s” of late-life psychosis (delirium, disease, drugs dementia, depression, delusions). Treatment is geared towards the specific cause of psychosis and tailored based on comorbid conditions. Frequently, environmental and psychosocial interventions are first-line treatments with the judicious use of pharmacotherapy as needed. There is an enormous gap between the prevalence of psychotic disorders in older adults and the availability of evidence-based treatment. The dramatic growth in the elderly population over the first half of this century creates a compelling need to address this gap.
Molecular identification and population dynamics of two species of Pemphigus (Homoptera: Pemphidae) on cabbage

The poplar petiole gall aphid, Pemphigus populitransversus Riley, has been one of the major pests on cruciferous vegetable in the Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas since the late 1940s. It normally migrates from poplar trees to cruciferous vegetables in the fall, and migrates back to the trees in early spring of the coming year. Some root-feeding aphids were found on cruciferous vegetables in late spring and early summer in 1998 and the following years. Those aphids have been identified as Pemphigus obesinymphae Moran. This discovery completely changed the current knowledge about the root-feeding aphids on cruciferous vegetables in the LRGV. Due to their small size, morphological and feeding similarities between P. populitransversus and P. obesinymphae, their identification and distinction are difficult. In this study, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were used to distinguish these two species over a period of time when the two species occurred together, or separately, in cabbage fields. The two species occurred on cabbage at different times of the year, and overlapped from October to June. From May to October, both species migrated to their primary hosts. The apterous aphids found on cabbage in winter contained mainly P. obesinymphae, whereas in early spring more apterous P. populitransversus were recovered. The root-feeding aphids would feed on cabbage plants as long as this host was available even during the hot, dry summer in the LRGV, although their populations were generally low. Both RAPD and AFLP techniques were efficient in discriminating the two species that showed obviously genetic variability. These molecular techniques confirmed the existence of the two aphid species in apterous samples collected from the soil in cabbage fields in the LRGV, and the results performed by RAPD were confirmed by AFLP. Furthermore, the results suggest that RAPD technique was a better choice despite its reproducibility problem, as it was less time-consuming and required less technology, labor and expense than AFLP.
Life in the Bricks

In Cleveland, the poorest children live in public housing projects called the bricks. The culture of the people there, along with some misguided public policy, has hindered efforts to reform the mathematics curriculum in Cleveland's intermediate-level schools. Students were poorly prepared for school, and their local culture was in conflict with teachers and school authorities. Teachers' efforts to change their curriculum from a textbook-dependent approach to an emphasis on problem solving were unsuccessful also because of their fears of being fired, their not wanting to appear ignorant to their students, and the high rate of student absenteeism. To make public schools integrated with the community and conducive to curriculum reform, they should cooperate with local religious and social organizations for the educational benefit of people in local cultures.
ARE WE READY FOR PANDEMIC INFLUENZA

During the past year, the public has become keenly aware of the threat of emerging infectious diseases with the global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the continuing threat of bioterrorism, the proliferation of West Nile virus, and the discovery of human cases of monkeypox in the United States. At the same time, an old foe has again raised its head, reminding us that our worst nightmare may not be a new one. In 2003, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus, including the H5N1 and H7N7 subtypes, again crossed from birds to humans and caused fatal disease. Direct avian-to-human influenza transmission was unknown before 1997. Have we responded to these threats by better preparing for emerging disease agents, or are we continuing to act only as crises arise? Here we consider progress to date in preparedness for an influenza pandemic and review what remains to be done. We conclude by prioritizing the remaining needs and exploring the reasons for our current lack of preparedness for an influenza pandemic.
Comparative pharmacological effects on visual cortical neurons in monocularly deprived cats

Monocularly deprived (MD) cats show a loss of responsiveness to visual stimulation of the deprived eye among visual cortical neurons. Several lines of evidence suggest that this effect involves, at least in part, a suppression of deprived eye input, possibly mediated by GABA inhibition. In order to better understand the nature of this suppression we have evaluated the effectiveness of different types of disinhibitory and excitatory agents to reverse the effects of MD. We investigated bicuculline (a GABA antagonist); picrotoxin (a GABA antagonist with a different mechanism of action from bicuculline); strychnine (a glycine antagonist); ammonium ion (a blocker of membrane chloride channels); physostigmine (a cholinesterase inhibitor); and naloxone (an opiate antagonist and also a GABA antagonist). All drugs were given intravenously. Bicuculline restored binocularity to 50% of the visual cortical neurons tested and naloxone to 36%. With both drugs, receptive fields of the normal eye tended to lose specificity. The emergent deprived eye receptive fields were usually similar to those of the normal eye after drug administration. Ammonium ion produced binocular responses in 27% of neurons tested, but receptive fields were grossly abnormal; moreover, ammonium infusion tended to depress neuronal responsiveness. All other drugs tested failed to restore binocularity. These experiments lend further credence to the hypothesis that GABA inhibition contributes to the cortical effects of MD, since only drugs with GABA antagonistic action were effective in restoring neuronal responsiveness to the deprived eye.
Applicability of adsorption equations to argon, nitrogen and volatile organic compound adsorption onto activated carbon

Abstract This research evaluates adsorption equations for argon, nitrogen, and volatile organic compound adsorption onto several commercially available activated carbons that represented a broad range of pore volume character, from predominantly microporous to predominantly mesoporous. For all these carbons, both the recently introduced (Paulson PD, Cannon FS, submitted to Carbon) Modified Freundlich equation and the Dubinin–Astakhov equation accurately characterized adsorption behavior in the relative pressure range of 1.0×10−5 to 0.1 for argon adsorption onto six different activated carbons and for nitrogen adsorption onto two different activated carbons. In particular, the Modified Freundlich equation offered a slightly better fit to the experimental data for mesoporous carbons in the full relative pressure range, and to all activated carbons in the relative pressure range of 10−2.5 to 0.1. Micromeritics’ density functional analysis software further used this argon and nitrogen adsorption data to characterize these activated carbons by their pore volume distribution. The Modified Freundlich’s v0MF term correlated best to the cumulative pore volume up to 60 A and the Dubinin–Astakhov’s v0DA term correlated best to the cumulative pore volume up to 30 A as determined via density functional theory. In addition, the research herein identified a consistency in the adsorption behavior of methylisobutylketone, m-xylene, and argon at their respective boiling points.
Enterprise Transformation using a Simulation of Enterprise Architecture

Enterprises exhibit a high degree of behavioral complexity that can be attributed to their architecture—the fundamental design of their strategy, organization, processes, and systems. Over the years, practitioners have developed various enterprise architecture frameworks to help manage structural complexity through careful decomposition, but these frameworks do not aid dynamic, behavioral analysis of the enterprise. Enterprise architecture frameworks can be extended with simulation modeling to provide enterprisewide dynamic analysis to better understand how changes to an enterprises’ architecture influence the range of behaviors it is capable of producing. This article motivates and develops an approach for performing this analysis. This approach (a) is supported by a case study of its application to a major transformation effort in a midsized aerospace enterprise and (b) demonstrates how simulation modeling can support enterprise transformation efforts.
An algebra of Soviet power : elite circulation in the Belorussian Republic, 1966-86

List of figures and tables Preface Acknowledgements 1. Method, model and historical background 2. Hierarchy, mobility and a stratified model 3. Centralization as a determinant of elite circulation 4. The regional structure of elite circulation 5. The structure of patronage affiliations 6. Does faction make a difference? 7. Political succession 8. Conclusions, implications and the question of levels Appendices Notes Index.
Photoreactions of ethanol and MTBE on metal oxide particles in the troposphere

Abstract Ethanol (EtOH) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) are finding increasing use as fuel additives because of governmental mandates, and the relative merits of each have therefore become the focus of intense debate. The ultimate fate of fugitive emissions of these species forms one aspect of this controversy, because EtOH has been implicated in reductions in air quality, while MTBE has been linked to human illness. Both species have been shown to photoreact rapidly on fly ash particles in urban atmospheres. This work reports kinetic studies as well as detailed surface and bulk characterizations of fly ash by XRD, XPS, and SEM/EDA. The active phases in fly ash are probably Fe and Ti oxides. Addition of water to the reactant gas in some cases more than doubled the reaction rate of EtOH, but hardly affected that rate of MTBE. To gain insight into the respective roles of Fe, Ti, and alkali metals, kinetics were also measured over alkali-modified TiO2 (anatase). Addition of Na or Ca oxides shifted the reaction product of EtOH from total oxidation (CO2) to partial oxidation (acetaldehyde).
Use of Melting Point Surface Coatings for Local Convection Heat Transfer Measurements in Rectangular Channel Flows With 90-deg Turns

Determination, a l'aide de revetements de surface a point de fusion precis, pour la determination des repartitions des nombres de Nusselt locaux pour le transfert de chaleur locaux dans des coudes a 90° de conduites rectangulaires
Energy proportional datacenter networks

Numerous studies have shown that datacenter computers rarely operate at full utilization, leading to a number of proposals for creating servers that are energy proportional with respect to the computation that they are performing. In this paper, we show that as servers themselves become more energy proportional, the datacenter network can become a significant fraction (up to 50%) of cluster power. In this paper we propose several ways to design a high-performance datacenter network whose power consumption is more proportional to the amount of traffic it is moving -- that is, we propose energy proportional datacenter networks. We first show that a flattened butterfly topology itself is inherently more power efficient than the other commonly proposed topology for high-performance datacenter networks. We then exploit the characteristics of modern plesiochronous links to adjust their power and performance envelopes dynamically. Using a network simulator, driven by both synthetic workloads and production datacenter traces, we characterize and understand design tradeoffs, and demonstrate an 85% reduction in power --- which approaches the ideal energy-proportionality of the network. Our results also demonstrate two challenges for the designers of future network switches: 1) We show that there is a significant power advantage to having independent control of each unidirectional channel comprising a network link, since many traffic patterns show very asymmetric use, and 2) system designers should work to optimize the high-speed channel designs to be more energy efficient by choosing optimal data rate and equalization technology. Given these assumptions, we demonstrate that energy proportional datacenter communication is indeed possible.
Data storage and organization for a general-access x-ray image archive

Medical radiographs and associated data collected as part of a nationwide health survey in the U.S. are digitized and stored in an electronic archive accessible over the Internet. This paper describes the prototype system developed for the archiving of the data and the client software to enable a broad range of end users to access the archive, retrieve text and image data, display the data and manipulate the images.
A Time-Domain, Finite-Volume Treatment for the Maxwell Equations

ABSTRACT For computation of electromagnetic scattering from layered objects, the differential form of the time-domain Maxwell's equations are first cast in a conservation form and then solved using a finite-volume discretization procedure derived from proven Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods 1 . The formulation accounts for any variations in the material properties (time, space, and frequency dependent), and can handle thin resistive sheets and lossy coatings by positioning them at finite-volume cell boundaries. The time-domain approach handles both continuous wave (single frequency) and pulse (broadband frequency) incident excitation. Arbitrarily shaped objects are modeled by using a body-fitted coordinate transformation. For treatment of complex internal/external structures with many material layers, a multizone framework with ability to handle any type of zonal boundary conditions (perfectly conducting, flux through, zero flux, periodic, nonreflecting outer boundary, resistive card, and lossy ...
Iterative use of direct matrix updates - Connectivity and convergence

In this paper, optimal matrix adjustment was examined with a focus on connectivity and its preservation. To accomplish this, techniques which do not preserve the sparsity pattern were applied in an iterative approach that forces the preservation of the zero/nonzero pattern of the original stiffness matrix. This approach showed impressive results for locating damaged truss members. In addition, this approach also provides understanding of optimal updates in general.