cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress and aging induce distinct polyQ protein aggregation states

Many age-related diseases are known to elicit protein misfolding and aggregation. Whereas environmental stressors, such as temperature, oxidative stress, and osmotic stress, can also damage proteins, it is not known whether aging and the environment impact protein folding in the same or different ways. Using polyQ reporters of protein folding in both Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cell culture, we show that osmotic stress, but not other proteotoxic stressors, induces rapid (minutes) cytoplasmic polyQ aggregation. Osmotic stress-induced polyQ aggregates could be distinguished from aging-induced polyQ aggregates based on morphological, biophysical, cell biological, and biochemical criteria, suggesting that they are a unique misfolded-protein species. The insulin-like growth factor signaling mutant daf-2, which inhibits age-induced polyQ aggregation and protects C. elegans from stress, did not prevent the formation of stress-induced polyQ aggregates. However, osmotic stress resistance mutants, which genetically activate the osmotic stress response, strongly inhibited the formation of osmotic polyQ aggregates. Our findings show that in vivo, the same protein can adopt distinct aggregation states depending on the initiating stressor and that stress and aging impact the proteome in related but distinct ways.
Facile and efficient synthesis of C3-symmetric benzoxazine: a novel tri-arm molecular scaffold

Abstract Six novel C3-symmetric benzoxazines (1a–f) were synthesized via a one-pot condensation, in which twelve covalent bonds were formed up to 96% yield. Two X-ray crystal structures confirmed their proposed conformations and showed their potential as a novel tri-arm molecular scaffold.
Structure-Property Relationships in Epitaxial, Low Loss SrTiO 3 Thin Films

Epitaxial thin films of Au/SrTiO 3 (001)/SrRuO 3 heterostructures were deposited by Pulsed Laser Ablation. The thickness of the bottom electrode, SrRuO 3 (SRO) was varied from 500 A to 5000 A, with the aim of studying the dependence of dielectric properties of the STO films on the buffer layer thickness. It would appear that the strains introduced during the high temperature deposition of these films have a profound influence on the dielectric behavior. These effects are observed in the form of peaks in the loss curves. The results of dielectric measurements are correlated to the strain in the films. This paper also reports the results of tunability and these were found to be very encouraging.
Market Intervention Policies for Increasing the Consumption of Nutrients by Low Income Households

This study employs a market equilibrium displacement approach to examine the nutrient consumption effects of market intervention programs such as food subsidies, income transfers, and agricultural input subsidies. The results permit comparison of the direct treasury costs of achieving marginal increases in nutrient intake with alternative programs. When applied to a case study of the food markets and population of Cali, Colombia, it was found that a marginal increase in caloric intake among the poor could be achieved at lowest cost with a consumer subsidy of certain cereals, although black market activity might raise this cost to that of an income subsidy.
Molecular basis for treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours

Abstract Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) is a rare turnour of the gastrointestinal tract that arises from activating mutations in KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα). Imatinib, a molecularly targeted therapy that inhibits the kinase activity of KIT, PDGFRs, ABL, and BCR-ABL, has been shown to be highly efficacious in patients with advanced GIST Most patients with advanced GIST treated with imatinib achieve either a partial response or experience stable disease, and median survival is longer than 3 years in either case. There is a strong correlation between the type of KIT or PDGFRA mutation and the clinical response to imatinib in patients with advanced GIST. In a phase II trial, significantly higher partial response rates were achieved in patients with GISTs harbouring KIT exon 11 mutations than in patients with GISTs harbouring KIT exon 9 mutations or in patients with GISTs exhibiting no detectable KIT or PDGFRA mutations. Resistance to imatinib treatment is a clinical challenge in the management of patients with advanced GIST Many imatinib-resistant GISTs have an associated secondary kinase mutation of KIT or PDGFRA . Continuing research efforts are directed at optimising the use of imatinib in patients with advanced GIST as well as the development of novel treatment approaches to prevent and/or treat imatinib-resistant clones of GIST.
Ribonucleic Acid Control of Steroid Synthesis in Human Adrenals and Testes

The pattern of steroid synthesis in human fetal testes and adrenals was altered by prior exposure, in organ culture of the explants, of one gland to the ribonucleic acid extracted from the other gland. The new pattern reflected the origin of the RNA.
Judgment of temporal duration of area as a function of stimulus configuration

When stimuli consisted of two circles, one smaller than the other, and a compound of these two, the larger circle was judged to be longer in duration than the smaller circle. This tendency was accentuated if the presentation of the larger circle was less frequent. The compound stimulus was not generally judged to be longer in duration than the large circle.
A search for germline APC mutations in early onset colorectal cancer or familial colorectal cancer with normal DNA mismatch repair

Twenty percent of colorectal cancers (CRCs) arise in people who have a family history of CRC in at least one other relative. Although a fraction of these CRCs are explained by two well-described autosomal dominant syndromes-5% by hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and 1% by familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)-the cause of the remaining 14% of familial aggregates of CRC is unknown. Many cases of HNPCC are due to germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, leading to the tumor phenotype of microsatellite instability (MSI), and most cases of FAP are caused by germline APC mutations. To date, non-FAP familial CRC aggregates have not been evaluated for germline APC mutations. In this study, we examined the involvement of germline APC mutations in 79 individuals with CRC who had early-age onset of their cancer (age G (proline --> proline) in exon 4 was observed. Additionally, four intervening sequence (IVS) alterations were detected: IVS2-53t-->c in 3 cases; IVS4-17ins T in 3 cases; IVS5+32t-->c in 16 cases; and IVS5+33g-->a in 1 case. All appeared to be polymorphisms present in similar proportions in an average-risk population. We conclude that germline APC mutations do not account for familial MSS (stable microsatellite) CRC associated with few synchronous polyps.
Parkinsonism in FMR1 premutation carriers may be indistinguishable from Parkinson disease.

Premutation carriers of repeat expansions in the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene develop kinetic tremor and ataxia or the ‘fragile X associated tremor/ataxia syndrome’ (FXTAS). Affected FMR1 premutation carriers also have parkinsonism, but have not been reported to meet criteria for Parkinson disease. This case series illustrates that some patients who are FMR1 premutation carriers may appear by history and examination to have idiopathic Parkinson disease. Based on previous studies, it is likely that the genetic mutation and parkinsonism are associated. Although screening all PD patients is likely to be low yield, genetic testing of FMR1 in individuals with PD and a family history of fragile X syndrome, autism or developmental delay, or other related FMR1 phenotypes is warranted.
Presence of adequate intravitreal concentrations of daptomycin after systemic intravenous administration in a patient with endogenous endophthalmitis.

Study Objective. To determine whether daptomycin has the potential to be an effective alternative treatment to vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endogenous endophthalmitis by measuring daptomycin penetration into the vitreous humor. Design. Laboratory analysis of serum and intravitreal fluids to quantify the ratio between vitreous humor and serum daptomycin concentrations. Setting. Critical care unit in a university-affiliated tertiary care medical center. Patient. A 53-year-old woman treated with intravenous daptomycin for MRSA bacteremia, endophthalmitis, and pericarditis. Measurements and Main Results. After the first dose of intravenous daptomycin 10 mg/kg was administered to the patient, serum and intravitreal fluids were analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography to determine daptomycin concentrations; pericardial fluid was also analyzed to determine whether adequate levels were present in actively infected tissue. A vitreous concentration of approximately 28% of the serum concentration was achieved. Although therapeutic efficacy could not be assessed in the absence of intraocular cultures, the presence of adequate drug concentrations in the vitreous humor is promising. Ophthalmic infections caused by resistant isolates continue to increase, and effective alternatives to vancomycin, the standard of care, are needed. For endogenous endophthalmitis, these alternative therapies will need to reach therapeutic concentrations in the vitreous humor and adequately penetrate the terminal source of infection. In this analysis, the intravitreal concentration of daptomycin was comparable to concentrations previously reported with vancomycin; thus daptomcyin may be an attractive option when vancomycin therapy fails or is contraindicated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of intravitreal daptomycin concentrations measured in a patient receiving intravenous daptomycin. Conclusion. Adequate concentrations of daptomycin were achieved in the vitreous fluid after a single systemic dose of the drug. Daptomycin may be an effective alternative to vancomycin in patients with ophthalmic infections. Future clinical studies comparing daptomycin with vancomycin in this clinical setting are warranted.
Impaired CD8(+) T cell immunity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation leads to persistent and severe respiratory viral infection.

Abstract Rationale Bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients experience frequent and severe respiratory viral infections (RVIs). However, the immunological mechanisms predisposing to RVIs are uncertain. Therefore, we hypothesized that antiviral T cell immunity is impaired as a consequence of allogeneic BMT, independent of pharmacologic immunosuppression, and is responsible for increased susceptibility to RVI. Methods Bone marrow and splenocytes from C57BL/6(H2b) mice were transplanted into B10.BR(H2k) (Allo) or C57BL/6(H2b) (Syn) recipients. Five weeks after transplantation, recipient mice were inoculated intranasally with mouse parainfluenza virus type 1 (mPIV-1), commonly known as Sendai virus (SeV), and monitored for relevant immunological and disease endpoints. Main results Severe and persistent airway inflammation, epithelial injury, and enhanced mortality are found after viral infection in Allo mice but not in control Syn and non-transplanted mice. In addition, viral clearance is delayed in Allo mice as evidenced by prolonged detection of viral transcripts at Day 15 post-inoculation (p.i.) but not in control mice. In concert with these events, we also detected decreased levels of total and virus-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as increased T cellexpression of inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1), in the lungs of Allo mice at Day 8 p.i. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells from non-transplanted mice recovered from SeV infection into Allo mice at Day 8 p.i. restored normal levels of viral clearance, epithelial repair, and lung inflammation. Conclusions Taken together these results indicate that allogeneic BMT results in more severe RVI based on the failure to develop an appropriate pulmonary CD8+ T cell response, providing an important potential mechanism to target in improving outcomes of RVI after BMT.
First Report of Uromyces acuminatus on Honckenya peploides, the Endangered Seabeach Sandwort.

Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. (Caryophyllaceae), commonly known as seabeach sandwort, is a species of special concern in Connecticut (4). Nearly an entire population of H. peploides in New London County, CT was found to be severely infected by the aecial stage of a rust fungus in June of 2008. Representative plants in the population were infected with aecia on more than 50% of the leaves. Aecia were amphigenous, gregarious, cupulate, pulverulent, yellowish, and erumpent with a hyaline to whitish peridium having a lacerate, somewhat recurved margin. Peridial cells were rhomboidal, 26 to 31 × 25 to 29 μm, smooth to finely verrucose. Aeciospores were globose to ellipsoid, 23.5 to 29 × 20.5 to 22 μm, hyaline to pale yellowish with a verrucose surface and hyaline walls 1.5 to 2 μm thick. Morphological characters corresponded to a reference specimen (BPI 000105) of the aecial stage of Uromyces acuminatus Arthur from Nova Scotia, as well as published descriptions (1,2). Subsequently, telia of U. acuminatus were...
Prolonged multilineage clonal hematopoiesis in a rhesus recipient of CD34 positive cells marked with a RD114 pseudotyped oncoretroviral vector.

Abstract The ability to efficiently transfer a gene into repopulating hematopoietic stem cells would create many therapeutic opportunities. We have evaluated the ability of particles bearing an alternative envelope protein, that of the feline endogenous virus (RD114), to transduce stem cells in a nonhuman primate autologous transplantation model using rhesus macaques. We have previously shown this pseudotyped vector to be superior to the amphotropic vector at transducing cells in umbilical cord blood capable of establishing hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice. Gene transfer efficiency as reflected by the number of genetically modified cells in hematopoietic tissues varied among the five monkeys studied from low levels (
Asymmetric lateral distribution of melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma in the United States

Background A recent report suggested a trend toward more ultraviolet-linked skin cancers arising on the left rather than the right side of the body in the United States. Objective We sought to test whether the reported incidences of two ultraviolet-linked skin cancers, malignant melanoma (MM) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), are statistically significantly greater on the left than the right in the United States. Methods MMs (n = 82,587) and MCCs (n = 2384) occurring on the left or right side of the face, arm, or leg that were reported in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry between 1986 and 2006 were included for analysis. Results MM and MCC were significantly more likely to present on the left than the right (P Limitations National registry data did not provide information regarding sun exposure or driving habits. No equivalent registry data were available for basal or squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions Both melanoma and MCC are significantly more likely to arise on the left than the right, and this effect was most prominent on the arm. Driver-side automobile ultraviolet exposure (approximately 5-fold stronger on the left than right arm) is a likely contributing factor. It may be prudent to remind individuals prone to skin cancer to take appropriate sun precautions when driving in an automobile.
Product aspect identification: Analyzing role of different classifiers

With the rapid advancement of eCommerce, it has become a common trend for customers to write reviews about any product they purchase. For certain popular products, such as cell phones, laptops, tablets, the number of reviews can be hundreds or even thousands, making it difficult for potential customers to identify specific aspect based overview of the product (for example, screen, camera, battery etc). This paper studies different classifiers for aspect identification from unlabeled free-form textual customer reviews. Firstly, a multi-aspect classification is proposed to learn implicit and explicit aspect-related context from the reviews for aspect identification, which does not require any manually labeled training data. Secondly, extensive experiments for analyzing the effectiveness of classifiers and feature selection for aspect identification have also been shown. The results of our experiments on smartphone reviews from Amazon show that Support Vector Machine's accuracy in aspect identification is best, followed by Random Forest and Naive Bayes.
Single-nucleon emission following the absorption of free pions

Abstract The absorption of a free pion by an uncorrelated nucleon in a complex nucleus is considered. The process is treated in terms of perturbation theory and the distortions of the incident and outgoing waves are neglected. Differential and total cross sections for single-nucleon emission from a given shell are presented in the cases of 12C and 16O.
Capillary zone electrophoresis and ion-exchange capillary electrochromatography : analytical tools for probing the Hanford nuclear site environment

Abstract Ion-exchange capillary electrochromatography (IE-CEC) is a relatively new separation technique based on the combination of ion-exchange chromatographic and electrophoretic separation mechanisms. IE-CEC offers both the efficiency of capillary electrophoresis and the selectivity and sample capacity of ion-exchange chromatography. The utility of the method was examined with I − and IO 3 − , which are common constituents of nuclear wastes at Hanford, Washington and other U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) sites, and ReO 4 − , a surrogate for TcO 4 − . The advantages and limitations of IE-CEC relative to capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) are explored. The chief advantages are increased loading capacity and an alternative selectivity to that of CZE, in addition to increased efficiency (relative to conventional ion-exchange chromatography). The run-to-run reproducibility of IE-CEC, however, was found to be a limitation of the technique.
The Sung Views On the Control of Government Clerks

The extensive use of clerks (ii)--principally the clerical scribes (shu-li) and broadly all kinds of miscellaneous clercks (hsii-lu)-has been a striking characteristic of the Chinese government particularly since the Sung period. In the rigidly structured society, the clerks were a unique substratum between the two broad socio-political classes, the officials and the people 1). They worked for the government as a servile group and often had to suffer humiliating punishment when they displeased the officials. Most of them were prevented by specific segregating regulations from moving up into the officialdom. Usually, the clerks were not even allowed to take the civil service examination which was
“COOLING OUT” REVISITED: SOME EVIDENCE FROM SURVEY RESEARCH

Community colleges have been criticized for lowering the educational aspirations of their students. This paper suggests that this contention is subject to serious measurement errors. Evidence is presented from several surveys.
Women in the Marketplace: Petty Commerce in Peru

Conceptualizing women workers in the tertiary sector of Third World economies poses certain problems. Researchers disagree as to the class position, productive activity and political consciousness characteristic of these workers. Focusing on women in small-scale commerce, a growing population in the cities of many underdeveloped areas, this paper questions some commonly held views and suggests a need to refine our analysis of women in the distributive trades and the services. As one effort in this direction, the results of research on marketers in a provincial city in Peru are presented to show that while there is some ambiguity in the class status of market women owing to the various forms of their participation in the capitalist economy, they may be termed productive workers with evident potential for mobilization.
Symptom triggers in an adolescent asthma population

Abstract Rationale Triggers of asthma symptoms in adolescents and trigger awareness by their parent/guardians (P/G) have not been formally evaluated. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in 162 adolescents with asthma, recruited through the Baltimore City Schools and surrounding counties. Subjects underwent several evaluations including a questionnaire querying for asthma triggers and skin testing. The P/G independently responded to the same questionnaire. Results The most common triggers identified by the adolescents were: exercise 89%, colds/flu 83%, dust 71%, weather changes 71%, emotions 63%, grass 52%, cats 48%, cold air 47%, irritants 45% and dogs 35%. Foods were the most unusual triggers (e.g. milk 9%, seafood 8%, peanuts 3%). For the two most common triggers reported by the adolescents, concordance with the P/Gs' report was good (exercise 71%, colds/flu 70% concordance). However, concordance for dust, emotions, grass, cats, cold air, irritants, and dogs was rather poor ( Conclusion A) Exercise and colds/flu are the most common reported triggers of asthma in adolescents and are recognized well by both patients and their P/Gs. B) With the exception of cat, allergic triggers identified by the adolescent or the PG frequently do not have a biologic basis.
Characteristics of teachers' conversations about teaching mean, median, and mode

Abstract The study analyzed a conversation among a group of teachers responsible for teaching the concepts of mean, median, and mode. After reading an article describing some specific student difficulties in learning the concepts, teachers were asked to discuss how the teaching of the concepts could be improved. Several claims pertinent to improving teaching practice were offered. Claims focused on the appropriate age at which to introduce statistical concepts, the influence of the state-prescribed curriculum on teaching practice, content-specific teaching strategies, and content-independent teaching strategies. Teachers' claims were discussed in terms of points of departure and agreement with existing empirical research.
Chemical weathering in central iceland: an analog of pre-silurian weathering.

The rate of chemical weathering in central Iceland is two to three times more rapid in areas with plant cover than in barren areas. This relatively small difference in chemical weathering rates suggests that atmospheric CO 2 , pressures no greater than five times the present value were needed to sustain present-day rates of chemical weathering before the development of higher land plants in the Silurian.
The Average Workweek of Capital in Manufacturing, 1952–1984

Abstract This article revises and updates through 1984 an annual and quarterly series originally constructed from 1952–1968 on the average workweek of capital in manufacturing. The series provides estimates of the input of capital services into production and uses data on production-worker employment, shift patterns, and weekly working hours to estimate the number of hours that the capital stock is operated each week. The updated series indicates that the capital stock is working longer and the hours of operation are more cyclically variable than in the earlier period. Shift work is found to be an important source of variation in the hours of operation. The findings imply a change in the relationship of the capital stock to manufacturing production.
Axisymmetric buckling and growth of a circular delamination in a compressed laminate

Abstract The energy-release rate associated with uniform-expansion growth of a circular delamination in a compressively loaded laminate is obtained by means of the M -integral. An iterative procedure based on the fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration formula is used to generate a family of nondimensionalized postbuckling solutions of von Karman's nonlinear plate theory. These solutions determine the change of the energy-release rate with the growth of a circular thin-film or midplane delamination, which in turn determines the stability characteristics of growth.
Markovian Models for Investigating Failure and Repair Characteristics of Production Systems

Abstract This paper presents a Markov chain approach for investigating the steady-state production capability of manufacturing systems in terms of specified reliability and maintainability characteristics. Three general classes of models are developed. The first model considers a system with only elements which cause the system to immediately shut down when the first failure happens; the second model considers a system with only elements which cannot be repaired while other elements are functioning; the third model considers a system with only elements which can be repaired while other elements are in operation.
Separation of interfering compounds in the determination of tocopherol in milk.

Abstract The method includes isolation of milk lipids by extracting a milk-ethanol-HCl mixture with hexane, chromatographing the extract on alumina to remove interfering compounds, and determining the tocopherol by a modified Emmerie-Engel reaction. Results illustrate the influence of selected experimental variables on the separation of interfering compounds from tocopherol and the recovery of tocopherol, and compare analyses by the new method and the two described previously.
Summary of minimal-total-processing-time drum and disk scheduling disciplines

This article investigates the application of minimal-total-processing-time (MTPT) scheduling disciplines to rotating storage units when random arrival of requests is allowed. Fixed-head drum and moving-head disk storage units are considered and particular emphasis is placed on the relative merits of the MTPT scheduling discipline with respect to the shortest-latency-time-first (SLTF) scheduling discipline. The results of the simulation studies presented show that neither scheduling discipline is unconditionally superior to the other. For most fixed-head drum applications the SLTF discipline is preferable to MTPT, but for intra-cylinder disk scheduling the MTPT discipline offers a distinct advantage over the SLTF discipline. An implementation of the MTPT scheduling discipline is discussed and the computational requirements of the algorithm are shown to be comparable to SLTF algorithms. In both cases, the sorting procedure is the most time consuming phase of the algorithm.
An integrable equation associated with e6(1)

Abstract In this Letter we present the simplest integrable equation which can be associated with e 6 ( 1 ) . Equations associated with the exceptional affine Lie algebras appear to be missing from many of the current classification schemes for integrable equations.
Development of an Interferometric Encoder for High Resolution Angular Measurements

lhis report demonstrates the use of a grating in a lateral heterodyne interferometer to make high resolution angular measurements at high speed. Depending on choice of grating, various range, resolution, and speed tradeoffs can be made. Details of two systems will be shown which use gratings with a pitch of 25 microns and 2 microns. The system using a 25 micron grating can track a 20 cm. shaft at 25 rad/sec with 284 nanoradian resolution, and the 2 micron system the same shaft at 2 rad/sec and 36 nanoradian resolution.
Special aspects of diffusion in thin films

Abstract We have attempted to identify and describe a number of factors which may cause diffusion in thin films to differ from the ordinary diffusion which occurs in bulk specimens at elevated temperatures. These factors are enumerated and discussed in turn, with reference to experiment wherever possible.
Hormonal implants: contraception for a new century.

Subdermal implants are contraceptive systems that release low, stable amounts of synthetic progestins from Silastic or other materials for periods of months to several years. Unlike other hormonal delivery systems, they do not cause unnecessary peaks in pro9estin levels and do not use estrogens, and thus their health risks are minimal. Norplant has been studied more extensively than any other subdermal contraceptive implant. More than 60,000 women have participated in clinical trials which demonstrated that this approach is one of the most effective reversible contraceptive methods available 1 % pregnancy a rate in 5-Year users). The implant also reduces the incidence of ectopic pregnancy to a level much below noncontraceptive users and about equivalent to TCu380A intrauterine device users. Exposure to the sustained, low dose of levonorgestrel delivered by Norplant has shown only minor metabolic changes. Side effects are minor but often bothersome, causing so me discontinuation of the method. First-year continuation rates range from 76/ t0 9/ 0%. Fertility return after discontinuation is prompt. Difficulty, in removal of the implant capsules by the less experienced practitioner has motivated researchers to develop systems that are easier to use, less obvious under the skin, and biodegradable. The Norplant 2 system is faster, easier, and less painful to insert and remove. Implants under investigation release desogestrel and other progestins; Capronor and subdermal norethindrone pellets are biodegradable systems.
Negative expectations and self-evaluations in dysphoria.

In a sample of female college students, dysphoric and “intermittently’ dysphoric subjects, in comparison to nondysphoric subjects, were expected to perform more poorly on a game requiring eye-hand coordination. Actual performance showed no differences between these three groups. Following performance, relative to nondysphoric subjects, dysphoric and intermittently dysphoric subjects evaluated their performance more negatively. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive theories of depression and recent research. Implications for future research are suggested.
A solid-state deuterium NMR and sum-frequency generation study of the side-chain dynamics of peptides adsorbed onto surfaces.

The artificial amphiphilic peptide LKα14 adopts a helical structure at interfaces, with opposite orientation of its leucine (L, hydrophobic) and lysine (K, hydrophilic) side chains. When peptides are adsorbed onto surfaces, different residue side chains necessarily have different proximities to the surface, depending on both their position in the helix and the composition of the surface itself. Deuterating the individual leucine residues (isopropyl-d7) permits the use of solid-state deuterium NMR spectroscopy as a site-specific probe of side-chain dynamics. In conjunction with sum-frequency generation as a probe of the peptide-binding face, we demonstrate that the mobility of specific leucine side chains at the interface is quantifiable in terms of their surface proximity.
Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies for Chronic Central Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) result in a devastating loss of function below the level of the lesion in which there are variable motor recoveries. In the majority of cases, chronic central neuropathic pain (CCNP) syndromes develop several months to years after injury. Unfortunately, the study of chronic pain after SCI has been neglected in the past due in part to the lack of good animal models but also largely due to the clinically held dogma that CCNP is not a real phenomenon based on described pathophysiological mechanisms. The purpose of this article is to offer standardized terminology of pain, insight into animal modeling issues of CCNP, descriptions of current clinical therapies, and discussion of the pathophysiological mechanisms that provide the substrate for CCNP that will lead to innovative new therapies. This information will give health care professionals insight for the care of SCI individuals and will be generalizable to many other CCNP syndromes.
Transcendental institutionalism and global justice

In The Idea of Justice (2009), Amartya Sen distinguishes between ‘transcendental institutional’ approaches to justice and ‘realization-focused comparisons,’ rejecting the former and recommending the latter as a normative approach to global justice. I argue that Sen’s project fails for three principal reasons. First, he misdiagnoses the problem with accounts that he refers to as transcendental-institutionalist. The problem is not with these kinds of accounts per se, but with particular features of prominent approaches. Second, Sen’s realization-focus does not account well for the value of institutions of global justice. And even Sen agrees that reforms to institutions are urgently needed. And third, the distinction between transcendentalism and comparative approaches is implausible. I close by suggesting a strategy for an alternative institutionalist approach that can offer the kind of guidance for reforming the global order that Sen rightly takes as urgent.
Partial multidimensional grid generation method for efficient calculation of nuclear wavefunctions

A partial multidimensional grid generation method for the efficient calculation of nuclear wavefunctions is presented. This method substantially decreases the number of potential energy calculations by avoiding this calculation for grid points with high potential energy. The application of this method to the calculation of three-dimensional hydrogen nuclear wavefunctions for hydride transfer in the enzyme liver alcohol dehydrogenase is presented. The results indicate that the partial multidimensional grid generation method is nearly as accurate as and significantly faster than the standard full grid method.
Stress response and drug metabolism in mice

A modified stress model was studied to investigate the relationship between the stress response and drug metabolism in mice. Stress was induced in male CD-1 mice by a daily i.p. injection of hypertonic (1.5 M) saline for up to 3 days, whereas control animals received isotonic (0.15 M) saline. Two hours after receiving the saline injection on the first, second, and third day, animals were euthanized, and serum corticosterone (CORT) and liver aminopyrine N-demethylase (AD) and aniline hydroxylase (AH) activities were determined. To detect any effect of osmotic stimulation, a second control group was given 1.5 M saline as drinking water. There was no difference in CORT levels, AD activity, or AH activity between untreated animals and 0.15 M saline treatment. Intra-peritoneal injection of 1.5 M saline markedly increased serum CORT concentrations compared to 0.15 M saline regardless of the duration of the treatment. Injection of 1.5 M saline also decreased both hepatic enzyme activities each time point. Osmotic stimulation alone by hypertonic drinking water had no significant effect on CORT levels, AD activity, or AH activity. In another series of experiments, intact, sham-operated, and adrenalectomized mice were exposed to the stress model. Injected hypertonic saline decreased AD and AH activities in intact and sham-operated animals compared to isotonic saline-treated animals but both enzyme activities were reduced after adrenalectomy regardless of saline treatment used. In conclusion, a suitable model was established to study the interactions between the stress response and the hepatic drug metabolism in mice.
On the path of an inert object impinged on one side by a Brownian particle

A Brownian particle on R impinges at t = 0 on an inertial mass which is free to move but cannot be passed. We assume that for all t≥ 0 the total transfer of momentum by time t is a constant K times the local time that the two objects are in contact by time t. It is proved that, for each K > 0 and initial velocity V(0) of the inertial mass, there is, on the natural filtered probability space of a Brownian motion, a unique (in law) process describing the path of such a mass. If V(t) denotes its velocity, the law of V(-1)(t) is obtained explicitly for V(0) = 0, and its properties are examined.
Differing Effects of Glycerin on Anaerobic Co-digestion of Mixed Substrates in Bench-Scale Assays and Sub Pilot-Scale Reactors

Bench-scale methods such as Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) assays and Anaerobic Toxicity Assays (ATAs) are useful tools in evaluating potential feedstocks for anaerobic digestion. The BMP method provides a preliminary indication of substrate biodegradability and methane production, while the ATAs provide an indication of substrate toxicity to anaerobic microbial consortia. Previous research using small (<20 L) reactors indicated that co-digestion of manures with small amounts of glycerin (ca. 1 – 2 %) can double methane production, but toxicity can result if glycerin exceeds 2% (volumetric basis). This paper investigated the relationship between bench-scale methods (BMPs and ATAs) and sub pilot-scale digester results, using glycerin as a test substrate mixed with a baseline feedstock (beef manure, corn processing wastewater, lagoon liquid, and short-fiber cardboard). The batch-fed, stirred ATAs indicated that glycerin was toxic to methane production at all inclusion levels. The batch-fed, stirred BMPs indicated no significant difference between methane production in the 0.0%to 4.0% addition levels; however at 8.0% addition, methane production tripled. The continuously fed, non-stirred, plug-flow sub pilot-scale reactors indicated toxicity effects in the 2.0% and 4.0% glycerin mixtures and no difference from the control in the 1.0% glycerin mixture. These results demonstrate the variations in scale performance of glycerin as a co-substrate and identify some serious challenges in extrapolating bench-scale assays to large-scale performance of mixed-waste anaerobic digestion systems.
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease presenting as optic neuritis

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a granulomatous multisystem inflammatory disorder that classically affects the uvea, inner ear, meninges, and skin. We report three patients who presented with initial findings suggestive of bilateral optic neuritis requiring CSF analysis and brain images. None of these patients had extraocular changes. Fluorescein angiography of the retina led to the diagnosis of VKH disease in all patients. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease should be included in differential diagnosis of bilateral optic neuritis, even when extraocular manifestations of the disease are absent. In such cases, fluorescein angiography will aid diagnosis.
Ontogeny of Suckling Mechanisms in Opossums (Didelphis virginiana)

Although adult mammals have several different mechanisms for drinking liquids, relatively little is known about the variation in mechanisms used by infants for suckling and how the mechanics of suckling change as a function of ontogeny. We examined suckling in infant opossums, animals that as adults use a lapping mechanism to drink. The youngest infants (45 days old) used a suction, pumping mechanism, based on dorsal/ventral tongue movements, similar to what has been documented in infant primates and pigs. However, slightly older infants (66 days old), when removed from their mother, used a lapping or licking mechanism that is closer to the anterior/posterior tongue movements that adult opossums use during drinking. Littermates remaining with the mother continued to use the pumping mechanism observed in the youngest animals. These older animals lacked teeth and were not physiologically mature enough to live independently of their mothers. We conclude that the neural controls for two distinct feeding mechanisms exist simultaneously in infant opossums and that the change from a suckling, infantile motor pattern to an adult lapping one is not strictly a temporal change.
Osteoblast Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis): Modulation by Growth Factors and Cytokines

Once osteoblasts have completed their bone-forming function, they are either entrapped in bone matrix and become osteocytes or remain on the surface as lining cells. Nonetheless, 50-70% of the osteoblasts initially present at the remodeling site cannot be accounted for after enumeration of lining cells and osteocytes. We hypothesized that the missing osteoblasts die by apoptosis and that growth factors and cytokines produced in the bone microenvironment influence this process. We report that murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells underwent apoptosis following removal of serum, or addition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as indicated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-nick end labeling and DNA fragmentation studies. Transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-type cytokines had antiapoptotic effects because they were able to counteract the effect of serum starvation or TNF. In addition, anti-Fas antibody stimulated apoptosis of human osteoblastic MG-63 cells and IL-6-type cytokines prevented these changes. The induction of apoptosis in MG-63 cells was associated with an increase in the ratio of the proapoptotic protein bax to the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2, and oncostatin M prevented this change. Examination of undecalcified sections of murine cancellous bone revealed the presence of apoptotic cells, identified as osteoblasts by their proximity to osteoid seams and their juxtaposition to cuboidal osteoblasts. Assuming an osteoblast life span of 300 h and a prevalence of apoptosis of 0.6%, we calculated that the fraction that undergo this process in vivo can indeed account for the missing osteoblasts. These findings establish that osteoblasts undergo apoptosis and strongly suggest that the process can be modulated by growth factors and cytokines produced in the bone microenvironment.
Tying, franchising, and gasoline service stations

Abstract An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Conference on Franchise Contracting, Organization, and Regulation, Michigan Business School. I am indebted to the conference participants, and particularly to G. Frank Mathewson, for helpful suggestions. I also received perceptive comments from the conference organizers, Francine Lafontaine and Scott Masten. I have benefited from discussions of the subject matter of this paper with Tasneem Chipty, James Delaney, Robert Fenili, Tom Hogarty, Robert Lande, Jim Peck, and Anthony Robinson. None of the above should be implicated in the conclusions put forth below.
Preprocessing inputs for adaptive critic control

Abstract Preliminary results reported in this paper constitute the first step in an effort to explore the role of artificial neural networks (ANN) in maintaining the stability of dynamic systems. In particular, the goal is to understand the control mechanism necessary to maintain the postural stability of a musculoskeletal model of a human. In view of the speculation that the olive nucleus in the brainstem acts as an adaptive critic for the descending motor control, we chose to investigate the adaptive critic algorithm. The adaptive critic is a reinforcement learning technique which utilizes qualitative feedback, instead of quantitative feedback as in supervised learning; or no feedback at all as in self-organizing systems. The use of the adaptive critic to control a dynamic system, such as a cart-pole system, has been demonstrated by a number of investigators including Widrow, Gupta, and Maitra (1973); Barto, Sutton, and Anderson (1983); and Anderson (1989). Barto quantized the state variables before processing them in the adaptive critic network. Anderson's approach essentially replaces the quantizer with an ANN. In this paper, Anderson's method is modified by incorporating into the control loop what Klassen and Pao refer to as the Functional Link Outerproduct (FLO) in place of Anderson's ANN. The FLO expands the original input space by including higher order terms. This stratagem, while simplifying the structure, also improves the learning rate of the network. While Anderson's algorithm, when implemented as a controller, generalizes its control much better than Barto's algorithm, it takes much longer to train. The FLO, on the other hand, provides improved generalization over Barto's algorithm without the large increase in training time. The long-term goal of this project is to explore the utility of these ideas in controlling human posture.
Fabrication of Discrete Nanosized Cobalt Particles Encapsulated Inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) with encapsulated nanosized cobalt particles have been synthesized by a facile and scalable method. In this approach, SWNT were filled with a cobalt acetylacetonate solution in dichloromethane by ultrasonication. In a second step, exposure to hydrogen at different temperatures released discrete cobalt particles of controllable size inside the SWNT cavity. The SWNT-Co particles systems were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis.
History of the social sciences.

Comme prolegomene a toute historiographie future des sciences sociales, l’auteur soutient que le sujet ne saurait etre traite comme la somme des developpements paralleles dans des disciplines separees, dont les etats anterieurs ne sont consideres que relativement a leur etat actuel. Les chercheurs seraient mieux inspires de concevoir leur sujet comme un ensemble de questions sur le role historique de la systematisation et de l’institutionnalisation des connaissances sur l’homme en societe. Des travaux portant sur des aspects plus particuliers de cette problematique globale seraient sans doute plus prometteurs que des histoires internes a chaque discipline destinees aux specialistes de l’histoire actuelle.
The role of tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide on the phase determination and electrical properties of γ-MnOOH synthesized by hydrothermal

g-MnOOH was synthesized by hydrothermal method at low temperature in the presence of tetraethyl ammonium wx wx hydroxide TAH . The phase of the final product was observed to be sensitive for the concentration of TAH . g-MnOOH appeared as a pure and single phase, for the concentration range from 0.1 to 0.5 mole with respect to Mn. The powder prepared was found to have fiber morphology with a high surface area of 71.8 m 2 rg. Thermal and chemical analysis of wx g-MnOOH have been made by TGArDTA, FTIR and DCP. This study indicates that the concentration of TAH affects the conductivity of the powder. The conductivity was explained in terms of the phase obtained in the final product after hydrothermal treatment. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A new method for similarity indexing of market basket data

In recent years, many data mining methods have been proposed for finding useful and structured information from market basket data. The association rule model was recently proposed in order to discover useful patterns and dependencies in such data. This paper discusses a method for indexing market basket data efficiently for similarity search. The technique is likely to be very useful in applications which utilize the similarity in customer buying behavior in order to make peer recommendations. We propose an index called the signature table, which is very flexible in supporting a wide range of similarity functions. The construction of the index structure is independent of the similarity function, which can be specified at query time. The resulting similarity search algorithm shows excellent scalability with increasing memory availability and database size.
Measurement of glomerular filtration rate via urinary clearance of inulin and plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate and exogenous creatinine in dogs

Objective—To compare glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured via urinary clearance of inulin (UCI) with plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate (99mTc-pentetate) and creatinine in dogs. Animals—6 healthy Beagles and 18 Beagles with reduced renal function. Procedure—13 blood samples were obtained between 5 and 600 minutes after IV bolus injections of 99mTc-pentetate and creatinine. Plasma clearance of 99mTc-pentetate was computed on the basis of 1, 2, or 13 samples, and plasma clearance of creatinine was computed on the basis of 2, 5, or 13 samples. During plasma clearance procedures, constant IV infusion of carboxyl carbon 14 inulin was begun and UCI was determined in urine collected from 90 to 120, 120 to 180, and 180 to 240 minutes. Clearance procedures were repeated in 12 dogs to evaluate reproducibility of results. Results—Significant association between UCI and plasma clearance was determined via all methods. However, plasma clearances were moderately to markedly different from UCI, dependi...