cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of fatigue crack initiation between underfill epoxy and substrate

Delamination between underfill epoxy and a substrate is a critical reliability concern for flip-chip assemblies. Delamination often initiates from multimaterial interface corners, which are sites of elevated stresses, under cyclic loads during testing or operation. Most existing studies of delamination have focused on crack propagation; the presence of an existing crack is assumed, and the conditions under which it will propagate are studied. The related, but different, issue of crack initiation has received far less study. To date, no widely-accepted models of crack initiation from multimaterial interface corners under fatigue loading exist. Here we propose a first step toward establishing such a model. In this study we have used interface corner stress intensities under cyclic loading (/spl Delta/K) to correlate fatigue crack initiation at bimaterial interface corners with different far-field loadings and geometries. Fracture under cyclic loads usually initiates at the interface corner and propagates along an interface. The stress states at the interface corner drives the fatigue crack initiation process. In certain cases, crack initiation can be correlated using a critical value of the stress intensity that exists at the bimaterial interface corner in the context of a linear elastic stress analysis. The stress intensities uniquely characterize the stress state in an annular region surrounding the interface corner with a singular stress field. In order to demonstrate the use of critical stress intensities to correlate fracture initiation, we measured the number of cycles required to initiate a fatigue crack from an epoxy/steel interface corner. The preliminary results suggest that fatigue crack initiation can be correlated with critical values of the stress intensities. Furthermore, the proposed approach to correlate fatigue crack initiation can be coupled with existing approaches to correlate fatigue crack propagation, thus resulting in a tool for complete lifecycle analysis.
THE TIME COURSE OF ANAPHOR RESOLUTION: EFFECTS OF IMPLICIT VERB CAUSALITY AND GENDER

Abstract This paper examines the time course of the use of implicit verb causality and gender agreement information in determining the antecedent of a pronominal anaphor. A crossmodal probe paradigm measured the activation of candidate antecedents at four time points during comprehension. Sentences contained two participants, an implicit causality verb, and a subsequent "because"-clause (e.g., Gary amazed Ellen time after time because he was so talented. ). In Experiment 1, a general advantage for the first-mentioned participant was nullified immediately upon encountering the pronoun if the implicit causality of the verb favored the second participant. Experiment 2 showed that this effect was due to anaphor resolution processes and not priming from the verb. Experiment 3, which deleted the causal conjunction "because" and placed the pronoun in a separate sentence, continued to find an effect of implicit causality. In addition, the first-mentioned advantage was nullified at the pronoun for sentences without a gender contrast. The overall results are consistent with a model of anaphor resolution in which resolution processes are initiated immediately upon encountering the pronoun, but cannot be completed until information becomes available from other processes.
Ciliate ingestion and digestion: flow cytometric measurements and regrowth of a digestion-resistant Campylobacter jejuni.

We measured ingestion and digestion rates of the pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni by a freshwater ciliate Colpoda sp. to determine whether Campylobacter is able to resist protist digestion. Campylobacter and the nonpathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas putida LH1 were labeled with a 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate, which fluoresces in intact and active cells but fades when exposed to low pH environments, such as protistan food vacuoles. Ingestion and digestion rates were measured via flow cytometry as the change in ciliate fluorescence over time, which corresponded to the quantity of intracellular bacteria. The rate of Campylobacter ingestion exceeded the digestion rate. Ciliates retained labeled Campylobacter 5 h after ingestion was stopped. In contrast, ciliates grazing upon P. putida returned to baseline fluorescence within 5 h, indicating that P. putida were completely digested. The ability of intracellular Campylobacter to remain viable after ingestion was tested by sorting individual ciliates and bacterial cells into Campylobacter-selective media. Campylobacter growth occurred in 15% (± 5 SE) of wells seeded with highly fluorescent ciliates, whereas only 4% (± 1) of wells seeded with free-living Campylobacter exhibited growth. A key advantage of this approach is that it is rapid and should be applicable to other phagocytotis studies.
Voltage-dependent calcium channels in skeletal muscle transverse tubules. Measurements of calcium efflux in membrane vesicles.

Abstract Transverse tubule membranes isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle consist mainly of sealed vesicles that are oriented primarily inside out. These membranes contain a high density of binding sites for 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists. The presence of functional voltage-dependent calcium channels in these membranes has been demonstrated by their ability to mediate 45Ca2+ efflux in response to changes in membrane potential. Fluorescence changes of the voltage-sensitive dye, 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine, have shown that transverse tubule vesicles may generate and maintain membrane potentials in response to establishing potassium gradients across the membrane in the presence of valinomycin. A two-step procedure has been developed to measure voltage-dependent calcium fluxes. Vesicles loaded with 45Ca2+ are first diluted into a buffer designed to generate a membrane potential mimicking the resting state of the cell and to reduce the extravesicular Ca2+ to sub-micromolar levels. 45Ca2+ efflux is then measured upon subsequent depolarization. Flux responses are modulated with appropriate pharmacological specificity by 1,4-dihydropyridines and are inhibited by other calcium channel antagonists such as lanthanum and verapamil.
Mean weights of chick embryos correlated with the stages of Hamburger and Hamilton

A total of 1125 normal chick embryos, representing 25 each of the 45 stages of Hamburger and Hamilton, were removed, fixed in Bouin's solution, stored in 70% ethanol and weighed with a semi-micro analytical balance. Entire blastoderms of stages 1–8 were weighed, whereas only embryos-proper were weighed in stages 9–45. As a consequence, results constituted two groups, each of which showed a geometric rate of growth marked only by minor deviations which were related to specific events of normal growth and development.
Real-time phase resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography using optical Hilbert Transformation

We have developed a novel optical Hilbert transformation for phase-resolved optical Doppler tomographic imaging. Using a resonant scanner in the reference arm of the interferometer and the axial scanning speed of 4 kHz, the frame rate can be as high as 10 Hz for both structural and Doppler blood flow imaging 400 axial scans. The system has high sensitivity for measuring the Doppler frequency shift due to moving red blood cells. Real time images of in vivo blood flow in human skin using this interferometer are presented.
Ultrastructure of malignant histiocytoma arising in the acromion.

Abstract The ultrastructural features of a malignant histiocytoma of the acromial process of the scapula were studied. Material was obtained from two surgical biopsy specimens and an amputation specimen from the tumor. Cells possessing characteristics of histiocytes, fibroblasts, xanthoma cells, and multinucleated giant cells were present throughout the tumor. Smaller numbers of undifferentiated cells and lymphocytes were also observed. Intimate cytoplasmic inter-digitations between adjacent tumor cells were found, and instances of degenerating intracytoplasmic cells, possibly representing phagocytosis, were observed. Specimens stained with periodic acid-Schiff reagent with and without exposure to diastase, examined by light microscopy, showed that numerous cells contained phagocytized material consisting of degenerating cells rather than cytoplasmic glycogen. Intratumor lymphocytes apparently represented an inflammatory reaction to the tumor. The tumor giant cells and xanthoma cells were probably modified histiocytes. Results of the study were compared with previous reports of ultrastructural studies of malignant histiocytoma of soft tissues. Fundamental similarities between such studies and this one suggested that the progenitor cell is a histiocyte, whether arising in bone or in soft tissues, and that the progenitor cell is capable of differentiation in both histiocytic and fibroblastic directions.
High and Selective CO2 Uptake in a Cobalt Adeninate Metal−Organic Framework Exhibiting Pyrimidine- and Amino-Decorated Pores

The synthesis and structure of Co2(ad)2(CO2CH3)2·2DMF·0.5H2O (bio-MOF-11) is described. Pyrimidine and amino groups of adeninate (ad) decorate the pores of the framework. The porosity of this material was studied, and its CO2 and H2 adsorption properties were evaluated. bio-MOF-11 exhibits a high heat of adsorption for CO2 (∼45 kJ/mol), a high CO2 capacity (∼6 mmol/g, 273 K), and exceptional selectivity for CO2 over N2 at 273 K (81:1) and 298 K (75:1).
The effect of surface energy of woven drainage channels in coalescing filters

Abstract The surface energy, or wettability, of the fibers in coalescence filter media controls the performance of coalescing filters. High surface energy fibers capture and hold onto droplets, slowing their movement through the filter and hence increase coalescence between drops. Low surface energy fibers allow drops to slip through the filter with little or no hindrance but do not contribute significantly to the coalescence. In this work we present experimental data on the performance of composite filters made of high surface energy fibers with layers of low surface energy woven mats of fibers as drainage channels. Drainage channels provide pathways for coalesced liquid to rapidly flow out of the filter without compromising with the capture efficiency. Hence the saturation or hold-up of liquid, in the filter decreases. This reduces the pressure drop, and increases the filtration index and filter life. In this paper, filters were fabricated by layering woven and nonwoven polymer fiber drainage channels into non-woven glass fiber filter media. The effect of the presence and geometry of the drainage channels on the filter performance was evaluated. The high surface energy glass fibers provide the desired coalescence while the low surface energy polymer fibers of the drainage channels reduced the filter saturation. The experimental results show that filter media embedded with Teflon® fiber drainage channels at 45° downward angles had the overall best performance.
Empirical scalings of cross-field heat diffusivities in the scrape-off layer of Alcator C-Mod from a 2-D interpretive model

Abstract A new 2-D interpretive code for the tokamak edge plasma, EDGEFIT, has been developed. It infers the anomalous cross-field heat diffusivity, χ , in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of Alcator C-Mod from the experimental data solving the heat conduction equation in the real magnetic geometry. Measurements of temperature from the Langmuir probes on the divertor target plates are used for setting up the boundary conditions. Cross-field diffusivities are found by matching the cross-field temperature profiles measured by a fast-scanning Langmuir probe (FSP). The separatrix values of the extracted heat diffusivity, χ 0 , are statistically investigated for a large number of Alcator C-Mod discharges. No correlation between χ 0 , on one hand, and plasma temperature on separatrix, magnetic field strength and the safety factor, on the other hand, has been found although parameters vary significantly in the investigated data set (20–80 eV for the separatrix temperature, 2.8–7.9 Tesla for the toroidal field, 3.0–7.4 for the safety factor). However it has been found that χ 0 values have a weak but noticeable trend to get smaller as the midplane neutral pressure, the divertor pressure and the separatrix plasma density grow. The most significant factor found to affect χ 0 is a bypass neutral gas leak existing in the Alcator C-Mod divertor. It appears that χ 0 is smaller by a factor of 3 on an average when the bypass leak is closed. This can be possibly due to a perturbation of plasma temperature at the FSP location caused by the flow of neutral gas associated with the bypass, or a systematic error in the FSP measurements.
Depressive Symptoms and Conversational Self-Focus in Adolescents' Friendships

This multi-method, longitudinal study considered the interplay among depressive symptoms, aversive interpersonal behavior, and interpersonal rejection in early and middle adolescents’ friendships. In particular, the study examined a newly identified interpersonal process, conversational self-focus (i.e., the tendency to redirect conversations about problems to focus on the self). Traditional interpersonal theories of depression suggest that individuals with depressive symptoms engage in aversive behaviors (such as conversational self-focus) and are rejected by others. However, in the current study, not all adolescents with depressive symptoms engaged in conversational self-focus and were rejected by friends. Instead, conversational self-focus moderated prospective relations of depressive symptoms and later friendship problems such that only adolescents with depressive symptoms who engaged in conversational self-focus were rejected by friends. These findings are consistent with current conceptualizations of the development of psychopathology that highlight heterogeneity among youth who share similar symptoms and the possibility of multifinality of outcomes.
Heterogeneity of amino acid transport activity in the avian small intestine

Abstract 1. 1. The absorption of leucine into the small intestine of the domestic fowl was studied by a tissue-accumulation procedure. 2. 2. Leucine transport rates were found to cluster about discrete values when many individual chickens from a variety of strains were surveyed. 3. 3. The basis for such differences in transport activity is discussed.
Fracture mechanics description of fracture mirror formation in single crystals

The formation of microbranching and macrobranching in brittle materials has been proposed to occur at a constant stress intensity and strain intensity. The strain intensity and stress intensity criteria are basically the same in their approach and have been shown to be predictive for isotropic materials. A fracture energy criterion can be proposed based on the energy balance approach of Griffith and related to those two criteria. This latter approach is also valid to describe the formation of branching in isotropic materials. The critical test for determining the validity of a criterion for branching is in anisotropic materials. In order to distinguish between the criteria, single crystal Si was fractured and the fracture surfaces were analyzed. In this study, the fracture energy criterion is shown to best describe the formation of microbranching and macrobranching in anisotropic materials. The energy of formation of the mirror-mist boundary is the same in two different orientations: {100} and {110} tensile surface on the {110} fracture plane.
The Internal Mammary Artery and Vein as Recipient Vessels for Microvascular Breast Reconstruction: Are We Burning a Future Bridge?

Clinical applications for the internal mammary artery include use as an arterial conduit for coronary revascularization and as a recipient artery for microvascular reconstruction of the breast. This study was completed in an attempt to resolve the controversy over which indication should have priority. Five hundred twenty women with breast cancer who underwent breast reconstruction were reviewed. Of these, 240 were 50 years of age or more and were evaluated for cardiac disease. Three components were studied that included analysis of factors related to cardiac function (prior cardiac surgery, specific cardiac disorders, and cardiac medications), analysis of risk factors related to cardiac disease (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco use), and analysis of factors related to the reconstruction (selection of recipient vessels, type of reconstruction). The women were stratified based on age-50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, and older than 70 years-to analyze trends based on advancing age. Results demonstrated that the incidence of coronary artery disease was 2 in 240 women (0.8%) and that the incidence of factors related to cardiac function and the incidence of risk factors related to cardiac disease appear to increase with advancing age. The internal mammary vessels were used in 35 of 114 free tissue transfers with no adverse sequelae. No woman in whom the internal mammary artery was used has developed coronary artery disease. The 2 women with coronary artery disease were reconstructed with implants. Based on the results of this study, the author thinks that use of the internal mammary artery as a recipient vessel for microvascular reconstruction of the breast is justified. Options for future coronary revascularization would include the opposite internal mammary artery when available, a saphenous vein graft, or angioplasty.
RIch-context Unit Selection (RUS) approach to high quality TTS

This paper presents a Rich-context Unit Selection (RUS) approach to high quality speech synthesis. Based upon our previous work on rich context modeling, we use the corresponding parametric HMMs to represent waveform units and form a “sausage-like” lattice. A prune-and-search procedure is proposed, in which Kullback-Leibler divergence is adopted to select potential candidate units, and normalized cross-correlation is used as the final objective measure to search for the optimal unit path. The maximum cross-correlation criterion provides the optimal concatenation between successive units, in terms of spectral similarity, phase continuity and best connecting timing instants. Subjectively, both preference and MOS tests were conducted to compare RUS with our current Weight-table based Unit Selection (WUS) synthesis. Experimental results show that the voice quality of synthesized speech is significantly improved by RUS over the conventional WUS.
Migration Traumatic Experiences and Refugee Distress: Implications for Social Work Practice

Each step of the refugee migratory journey has its own unique characteristics and mental health consequences, which require much attention from social work service providers. In an effort to provide quality service delivery for refugees, their premigration, migration and post-migration traumatic experiences need to be examined and understood beyond current narrow formulations. Integrating the concepts derived from refugee trauma and psychological distress literature, the author presents in this paper group-based interventions grounded in cultural competency, spirituality and strengths which will enable social workers to provide efficient service delivery and adopt a leadership role among service providers as advocates for refugees.
SPECTRAL AND ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF CYCLOTRON RADIATION EMITTED BY COLLIDING PARTICLES

An attempt is made to describe the cyclotron radiation of colliding particles in close analogy to optical theory of line formation. If the velocities are small compared with the velocity of light and the collision frequency is not too high, simple expressions are derived for the frequency and angular distribution of the radiation in terms of the basic physical properties of the plasma, such as temperature, density, and collision parameters.
Probabilistic analysis of power tower systems to achieve SunShot goals

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) SunShot goal seeks to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for solar energy technologies to $0.06/kWh. A number of cost and technical performance targets for various concentrating solar power (CSP) components have been issued by the DOE to meet the SunShot goals for CSP. This paper presents probabilistic analyses of the LCOE for a 100 MWe power tower system with inherent cost and performance uncertainties. Previous results show that while CSP systems are likely to meet the cost target necessary to compete broadly in U.S. markets, there is a very low probability of reaching an LCOE of $0.06/kWh if parameter uncertainty distributions are used that range from current cost and performance values to the current DOE targets. This work investigates additional parameter distributions using new cost and technical targets to determine performance and cost scenarios for power tower systems that yield finite probabilities of achieving $0.06/kWh. Starting with the “baseline” uncertainty distributions, the minimum (or maximum) value for each uncertain parameter was “improved” by ∼50% and ∼75%. Results show that the probability of achieving an LCOE of $0.06/kWh increases to 15% and 46%, respectively, with these new cost and technical targets.
ON BABIES AND BATHWATER: ADDRESSING THE PROBLEMS OF IDENTIFICATION OF LEARNING DISABILITIES

In this article, we review problems in identification of learning disabilities and consider proposed alternatives to present procedures. We argue that no proposed alternative meets all the necessary criteria for identification of learning disabilities, and that radically altering or eliminating current conceptualizations of learning disabilities may amount to "throwing the baby out with the bathwater." We conclude that the major problems of identifi- cation of learning disabilities — including overidentification, vari- ability, and specificity — can be eliminated by increasing specificity and consistency of state criteria and strict adherence to identification criteria on the local implementation level. Finally, we argue that scarce special education funds should not be employed to address the problems of general education.
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: Management Update

Osteoporosis due to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) for inflammatory disorders continues to be a common problem. Well-distributed guidelines have provided evidence-based recommendations for management, yet many patients have little attention paid to their increased fracture risk. The purpose of this article is to discuss how new treatments for GIOP may improve overall management. Intravenous zoledronic acid (ZA), an antiresorptive agent, and teriparatide (TPT), which stimulates osteoblasts, have received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for treating GIOP. ZA is appealing because one 15-min infusion covers the patient for a year and potentially will increase the proportion of GIOP patients who are treated. TPT makes physiologic sense because GIOP is mostly due to decreased osteoblast function, and TPT stimulates osteoblasts. Although there is only one small published study in humans with GIOP, denosumab is a potentially useful antiresorptive agent, if it is approved by the FDA. The efficacy and safety of these medications in GIOP are discussed.
Charge trajectory optimization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles for energy cost reduction and battery health enhancement

This paper examines the problem of optimizing the charge trajectory of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), defined as the timing and rate with which the PHEV obtains electricity from the power grid. Two objectives are considered in this optimization. First, we minimize the total cost of fuel and electricity consumed by the PHEV over a 24-hour naturalistic drive cycle. We predict this cost using a previously-developed stochastic optimal PHEV power management strategy. Second, we also minimize total battery health degradation over the course of the 24-hour cycle. This degradation is predicted using an electrochemistry-based model of anode-side resistive film formation in Li-ion batteries. The paper shows that these two objectives are conflicting, and trades them off using a non-dominated sort genetic algorithm, NSGA-II. As a result, a Pareto front of optimal PHEV charge trajectories is obtained. The effects of electricity price and trip schedule on the Pareto front are analyzed and discussed.
Cryogenic power generation

Abstract The ac superconducting generator may well be the first large-scale commercial application of superconductivity. In part, this is because the anticipated advantages should occur at power generation levels of today (∼ 1000 MVA ), rather than at future power levels. Recent definitive feasibility studies indicate that among the advantages to be accrued will be reduced size and weight, higher efficiency, lower capital cost, and greater system stability. This machine, unlike the conventional one, has the potential for generation at transmission line voltages, eliminating the expensive step-up transformer. Consideration is also given to a cryoresistive generator, and to a superconducting stored field generator.
A high-resolution infrared study of disilane in the region 2000–5000 cm−1

Abstract Two perpendicular bands were resolved in the region 2000–5000 cm−1 and the analyses of these bands are reported. The combination difference-sum method of analysis is employed. Values are obtained for the rotational constants A′, B′, ζ, and the band centers ν0. The band centers of the two resolved bands are found to be at 2169.42 cm−1 and 4256.36 cm−1. The values of the Coriolis coupling constants obtained from these bands are +0.005 and −0.009, respectively.
THE INTEGRATION OF MACRO AND MICRO DATA FOR THE HOUSEHOLD SECTOR1

National accounts in their present form do not serve very well as a framework for microdata, largely because of differing concepts and coverage in the macro and micro data. This article identifies the differences in sectoring and the handling of imputations and attributions between macro and micro data, and then proposes a form of presentation of the macro accounts that will facilitate their integration. Data for the United States in 1980 are used as an illustrative example. The final section explores the consequences of the proposed alterations in the macro accounts for the analysis of saving and investment and the accumulation and distribution of wealth, using U.S. data for the period since 1947. The article concludes that the proposed alterations do lead to new analytical insights, and further, that in their present form the national accounts are both misleading and inadequate.
The psychological categorization of foods and non-foods: A preliminary taxonomy of food rejections

The problem of how humans come to define food is investigated by examining the full range of substances rejected as food in one subculture. College students answered questions about their attitudes and reactions to rejected substances. Patterns of attitudes emerged which suggested the existence of at least three different psychological types of rejections: (1) distaste: rejection primarily because of taste, smell, or texture; (2) danger: rejection primarily because of fear of bodily harm; and (3) disgust: a strong affect-laden rejection based primarily on the idea of what something is or knowledge of its origin. Disgusting substances in trace amounts usually can render an acceptable food unacceptable and are almost always animal products. We propose the existence of a fourth category of affectively neutral rejections also based primarily on ideational grounds.
Linear regular sets

The purpose of this paper is to give a characterization of the sets of words accepted by finite linear automata. Since every linear automaton is isomorphic to a parallel product of a nilpotent linear automaton and a nonsingular linear automaton, our characterization is presented for these two classes of automata.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in rat plasma: Possible indicators of central dopaminergic activity

The concentration of dopamine (DA) metabolites (free and conjugated) was measured in plasma and brain regions of rats by the mass spectrometric method of selected ion monitoring. Experimental treatments which altered the function of central dopamine neurons also induced concomitant changes in plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). Stimulation of the nigrostriatal pathway increased plasma DOPAC and HVA whereas lesion of the pathway decreased plasma metabolites. Several drug treatments induced parallel changes in brain and plasma concentrations of DA metabolites. It is suggested that changes in the concentration of DOPAC and HVA in rat brain are reflected by parallel changes in plasma. No conjugated forms of DOPAC and HVA were found in plasma and brain tissue of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).
Prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia studied with MRI.

Abstract Objective : To study the prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), a midline developmental anomaly, in patients with schizophrenia. Methods : Three-millimeter coronal T1 weighted MRI images of 43 normal controls and 73 patients with schizophrenia were examined. The images were resampled into 1-mm slices and CSP was measured by the number of slices in which it appeared. Results : Patients had significantly higher incidence of CSP (Fisher's exact test 0.042; one-sided). Eighteen (41.9%) of the controls and 44 (60.3%) of patients had a CSP, and one of 46 controls and three of 73 patients had a large CSP of six slices or more. There was no relationship between the presence or size of CSP and regional brain volumes or volumes of hippocampus–amygdala complex, caudate, superior temporal gyrus or ventricular CSF. Conclusion : Higher incidence of CSP may reflect a neurodevelopmental disturbance in schizophrenia.
Use of a multimedia DVD for Physical Chemistry: analysis of its effectiveness for teaching content and applications to current research and its impact on student views of physical chemistry

In this study, a new multimedia learning tool for physical chemistry was implemented in a class setting, and students’ attitudes and learning gains examined. The Physical Chemistry in Practice (PCIP) DVD contains multimedia modules that provide an in-depth description of the research of eight different scientists. Each module contains a documentary style video program of the researcher and their laboratory, HTML-based background information about the topic, problems for students to work on, and links to related information. The DVD was implemented in a physical chemistry laboratory course where students worked through a module on surface- enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Data was collected in the form of pre- and post-tests of content knowledge and surveys about attitudes and academic career choices. Students showed statistically significant learning gains after using the DVD and showed an increase in their recognition of the applications of physical chemistry to real problems. Students also showed an increased interest in further study of physical chemistry. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 2007, 8 (3), 308- 326.]
Review essay/self‐defense theory

Suzanne Uniacke, Permissible Killing: The Self‐Defense Justification of Homicide Cambridge University Press, 1994, 231 pp.
Podophyllum toxicity: a report of a fatal case and a review of the literature.

AbstractA 59-yr-old male ingested 10 g of podophyllum in a fatal suicide attempt. Previously unreported nuclear and cytoplasmic changes were observed in circulating leukocytes. Symptoms did not occur until 10 h after ingestion with loss of reflexes, coma, and a marked lactic acidosis. Despite hemoperfusion, the patient expired 39 h after ingestion. The literature on podophyllum toxicity is reviewed.Podophyllum is commonly used in the topical treatment of warts and condylomata. Systemic toxicity may result from either topical exposure or ingestion of this alkaloid. The toxicity of podophyllum is multisystemic with characteristic neurologic manifestations. A case is reported.
Complex aortic valve surgery for endocarditis using the beating-heart technique.

ObjectiveSurgical outcomes of aortic valve surgery for endocarditis are poor. Postoperative deterioration of left ventricular (LV) function may contribute to this process. To enhance preservation o...
Authenticated Dictionaries: Real-World Costs and Trade-Offs

Authenticated dictionaries are a widely discussed paradigm to enable verifiable integrity for data storage on untrusted servers, such as today’s widely used “cloud computing” resources, allowing a server to provide a “proof,” typically in the form of a slice through a cryptographic data structure, that the results of any given query are the correct answer, including that the absence of a query result is correct. Persistent authenticated dictionaries (PADs) further allow queries against older versions of the structure. This research presents implementations of a variety of different PAD algorithms, some based on Merkle tree-style data structures and others based on individually signed “tuple” statements (with and without RSA accumulators). We present system throughput benchmarks, indicating costs in terms of time, storage, and bandwidth as well as considering how much money would be required given standard cloud computing costs. We conclude that Merkle tree PADs are preferable in cases with frequent updates, while tuple-based PADs are preferable with higher query rates. For Merkle tree PADs, red-black trees outperform treaps and skiplists. Applying Sarnak-Tarjan’s versioned node strategy, with a cache of old hashes at every node, to red-black trees yields the fastest Merkle tree PAD implementation, notably using half the memory of the more commonly used mutation-free path copying strategy. For tuple PADs, although we designed and implemented an algorithm using RSA accumulators that offers constant update size, constant storage per update, constant proof size, and sublinear computation per update, we found that RSA accumulators are so expensive that they are never worthwhile. We find that other optimizations in the literature for tuple PADs are more cost-effective.
Characterization of vitellin protein in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

In mites, vitellogenin synthesis, regulation and uptake by the oocytes as vitellin remain practically unknown. Although a partial sequence of the gene is now available, no previous studies have been conducted that describe the native vitellin protein in mites. The objective of this study was to characterize vitellin in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. The native twospotted spider mite vitellin migrated as a single major band with a molecular weight of 476+/-14.5 kDa as compared to 590+/-25.5 kDa for vitellin from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. However, isoelectric focusing analysis of native spider mite vitellin showed five bands with pI values slightly acidic to neutral (pH 5.8, 6.2, 6.7, 7.0 and 7.2), as is the case for insect and tick vitellins. Reducing conditions (SDS-PAGE) also revealed multiple subunits ranging from 290.9 to 3.6 kDa and was similar to that found in D. variabilis. Spider mite vitellin weakly bound lipids and carbohydrates compared to the tick. Unlike D. variabilis, the spider mite egg yolk protein does not bind heme. The significance of non-heme binding in mites is discussed.
Magnesium Sulfate for Preeclampsia

For centuries, practitioners of midwifery have feared the occurrence of convulsions during pregnancy because they carried a particularly grave prognosis for both mother and fetus. In 17th-century P...
Injury of nigral neurons exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: a tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemical study in monkey.

Abstract Six monkeys treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine developed a Parkinsonian syndrome (rigidity, akinesia, flexed posture and tremor). In both high and low dose groups, neurons in the substantia nigra were selectively damaged. At high dose levels, nigral neurons were severely damaged, but because the monkeys died, the evolution of the pathology could not be studied. At low dose levels, some nigral neurons survived, and a significant number of these nerve cells showed reductions in the immunoreactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase. Axonal pathology was conspicuous in the nigrostriatal pathway. Loss of the immunoreactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase in perikarya may represent a retrograde axonal reaction, a potentially reversible response. The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model should prove useful for investigating abnormalities occurring as a consequence of dysfunction of the nigrostriatal system, for examining processes associated with repair of damaged neuronal systems, and for developing and testing therapeutic approaches designed to prevent or ameliorate the Parkinsonian syndrome.
The Langerhans cell

Langerhans cells (LCs) function as the most peripheral outpost of the immune system. Although first identified in the skin, these cells probably originate in the bone marrow and migrate actively between the epidermis and the lymph nodes. They appear to play a critical role in immune surveillance and the development of contact allergy. The importance of these findings in the pathogenesis of cutaneous malignancy is discussed.
Prolactin and hysterectomy delay rather than prevent the critical need for LH (LH dependency) in the luteotrophic process of the rat.

AbstractThe corpus luteum (CL) of the pseudopregnant rat normally becomes dependent on LH by Day 9 for the maintenance of progesterone production. The effects of hysterectomy or treatment with prolactin on the development of LH dependency by rat corpora lutea (CL) was studied by subjecting rats to one of the following procedures: hysterectomy before the induction of pseudopregnancy (“chronic hysterectomy”); hysterectomy on Day 2 of pseudopregnancy; hysterectomy on Day 5 of pseudopregnancy, combined with prolactin treatment by homotransplantation of a single donor pituitary on Days 2 or 5; hysterectomy on Day 2 of pseudopregnancy combined with homotransplantation of one or four pituitaries on Day 2. In each of these conditions, treatment with an antiserum to LH (LHAS) on Day 9 does not result in luteolysis (5). However, treatment with LHAS on Day 12 was able to cause luteolysis. Early hysterectomy and prolactin, therefore, act similarly to delay rather than prevent the dependency of the rat's corpora lutea...
Method for the separation of uranium(IV) and (VI) oxidation states in natural waters

Abstract A low-pressure cation-exchange method has been developed for separating U(IV) and U(VI) in natural, high carbonate waters. Uranium(IV)/(VI) solutions were prepared in 0.125 M H2C2O40.25 M HNO3, equilibrated with a N2 atmosphere, applied to a Dowex AG 50W-X8 cation-exchange resin, and eluted with 0.125 M H2C2O40.25 M HNO3. Uranium(IV) eluted in four 10-ml fractions whereas U(VI) eluted within 9 to 19 10-ml fractions. Additional U(IV)/U(VI) separations were done on solutions containing known concentrations of PO43−, Ca2+, Na+, Cl−, SO42−, CO32−, and F−. Interferences with U(VI) elution were observed at 0.05 M Ca2+.
Burning-rate enhancement of organic diazide propellants - Dihalide addition and pressure elevation

Following the recent development of a class of organic diazides as high-energy-density, high-burning-rate fuels, an experimental investigation on the combustion, vaporization, and microexplosion of droplets of these organic diazides and their mixtures with alkyl halides at atmospheric and elevated pressures has been conducted in an effort to further enhance their high-burning-rate characteristics. Results show that the addition of small quantities of alkyl dihalides leads to significant advancements in the state of droplet microexplosion, regardless of the halogen substituent and its relative volatility, that increasing pressure dramatically increases the droplet gasification rate
Travel, Tourism, and Cultural Identity in Mariana Starke’s Letters from Italy (1800) and Goethe’s Italienische Reise (1816–17)

AbstractAround 1800, the travel narrative bifurcated into two distinct traditions: the first-person travel essay or travel memoir and the travel guidebook. The article compares Goethe’s Italian Journey and Mariana Starke’s Letters from Italy as two texts that have shaped the discourse on how travel differs from tourism, how sights should be seen, and what accounts for an authentic travel experience. The article shows how both writers created the ‘edited’ tour that no longer focused on everything that could be seen. Starke created a truncated, but unified body of knowledge for her readers that became the blueprint for future guidebooks, while Goethe defined a unified mode of perception that still defines the travel memoir today.
Biomechanical, Perceptual, and Cognitive Factors Involved in Maintaining Postural Control While Standing or Walking on Non-Moving and Moving Surfaces: A Literature Review

Postural control has been defined as “regulating the body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation.” How the body achieves postural control depends, in part, on the environment. A person navigating a non-moving surface (e.g. hallway, stairway, or step ladder) will process information and will employ different strategies to maintain postural control than someone who is standing or walking on a moving surface (e.g., forklifts, personal transportation systems, escalators, and moving walkways). In both environments, sensory, cognitive, and motor control systems contribute to postural control. The musculoskeletal system uses muscle activation and joint positioning to control the body’s alignment and muscle tone. The biomechanics of postural control rely on information that the musculoskeletal system receives from sensory systems including the vestibular system, which is generally implicated in behaviors requiring balance control, as well as the somatosensory and visual systems. Furthermore, sensory information from these and other systems can be enhanced by cognitive processes, such as attention. The ability to maintain postural control while standing or walking is critical in preventing falls on both non-moving and moving surfaces. This review focuses on moving surfaces and includes a discussion of the biomechanical, perceptual, and cognitive factors responsible for postural control.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Transmission disequilibrium studies of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene (HTR2A) in autism.

Hyperserotonemia in autism is one of the longest-standing biochemical findings in a psychiatric disorder. This well-replicated finding and subsequent studies of platelet serotonin receptors in autism indicate that the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) on chromosome 13q is a primary candidate gene in autism. Converging data from recent genome screens also implicates the genomic region containing HTR2A. Based on these lines of evidence, the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) was used to assess transmission disequilibrium between autism and haplotypes of three polymorphisms, including the promoter -1438 G/A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in perfect linkage disequilibrium with the 102 T/C SNP in previous studies, a newly identified SNP in intron 1 near exon 2, and the SNP responsible for the His452Tyr amino acid change in exon 3. Because expression studies have shown HTR2A to be polymorphically imprinted in the brain, secondary analyses were split into maternal and paternal transmissions. No evidence was found for unequal transmission of haplotypes; however, power analysis reveals low power to detect a parent-of-origin effect in this sample size.
Study of proton diffusion in NH+4 - H3O+ beta” -alumina using a pulsed, field-gradient NMR method

Abstract Diffusion of protons in single crystals of the fast protonic conductor NH + 4 -H 3 O + beta” alumina (nominal composition: (NH + 4 ) 1.00 (H 3 O + ) 0.85 Al 10.15 O 17 ) has been investigated over the temperature range 336–451 K with the aid of a pulsed, field-gradient NMR technique. The temperature-dependence of the proton diffusion coefficient, D 1 H , is given by: D 1 H (cm 2 s −1 )=(6.756 + 2.077 − 1.588 )x 10 −5 exp -(0.202 ± 0.009 eV/kT) Comparison is made between these diffusion results and protonic conductivities measured within the same temperature range on the identical crystals used in the diffusion experiments. Implications of these results are briefly discussed in terms of possible mechanistic processes for proton motion in this and related compounds.
The promise of copper lowering therapy with tetrathiomolybdate in the cure of cancer and in the treatment of inflammatory disease

Tetrathiomolybdate (TM) is a unique anticopper drug developed for the treatment of the neurologic presentation of Wilson's disease, for which it is excellent. Since it was known copper was required for angiogenesis, TM was tested on mouse cancer models to see if it would inhibit tumor growth based on an antiangiogenic effect. TM was extremely effective in these models, but all the tumors in the models started small in size - micrometastatic in size. Later, TM was tested in numerous human cancer trials, where it showed only modest effects. However, the mouse lesson of efficacy against micro disease was forgotten - all the trials were against bulky, advanced cancer. Now, the mouse evidence is coming back to life. Three groups are curing, or having major efficacy of TM, against advanced human cancers, heretofore virtually incurable, particularly if the cancer has been reduced to no evidence of disease (NED) status by conventional therapy. In that situation, where the remaining disease is micrometastatic, TM therapy appears to be curative. We have designed and initiated a study of TM in canine osteosarcoma at the micrometastatic phase to help put these findings on a firm scientific basis. TM also has major anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting copper dependent cytokines involved in inflammation. This anti-inflammatory effect may be involved in TM's anticancer effect because cancers, as they advance, attract inflammatory cells that provide a plethora of additional proangiogenic agents.
The pine Pschi4 promoter directs wound-induced transcription

Abstract Mechanical wounding stimulates the accumulation of Pschi4 transcripts (encoding a putative extracellular chitinase) in pine trees. To gain insight into the transcriptional regulatory region(s) in this gymnosperm defense gene, the 5′-flanking region of Pschi4 was fused to the uid A reporter gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS), and the construct was functionally tested for transient expression in onion and pine cells. As little as 200 bp of the upstream sequence was sufficient to promote activated transcription and nearly maximum levels of transient expression in onion cells. Similar results were obtained in bombarded pine cells, although maximum expression appeared to require the entire 4.5 kb of upstream sequence. Having defined potential regulatory regions in the 5′ flanking region of Pschi4 in transient assays, the pine promoter- uid A fusions were functionally tested in stably transformed tobacco plants. As little as 200 bp of the upstream sequence was sufficient to direct wound-inducible transcription. Furthermore, particle bombardment was sufficient to stimulate transgene expression in the transgenic tobacco, indicating that bombardment per se leads to wound responses in vivo. Taken as a whole, our data demonstrate that a gymnosperm promoter can recruit a wound-regulated signal transduction pathway in angiosperms. This suggests that the downstream components of wound signaling pathways are functionally conserved across broad taxonomic groups.