cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of organic carbon in chemically separated pools in reclaimed coal mine soils in Ohio

Abstract Surface mining for coal drastically alters soil properties, destabilizes soil organic carbon (SOC) and depletes SOC pools. Reclamation aims to establish a vegetation cover and replenishment of the SOC pool. Therefore, the objective of this research was to compare the SOC pool, and chemically separated C fractions in 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm depths at four reclaimed sites in southeastern Ohio: (i) Dyes Fork under forest reclaimed in 1956, (ii) Mount Carmel under forest reclaimed in 1973, (iii) Singer under pasture reclaimed in 1962, and (iv) Active Site under pasture reclaimed in 2003. The SOC pool (Mg ha − 1 ) from 0- to 30-cm depth was the highest at Singer (116.2), and progressively smaller at Dyes Fork (52.7), Mount Carmel (31.6) and very low at the Active Site (6.1). Only at Mount Carmel, the SOC concentrations and pool sharply decreased with increase in depth, as is the case in un-disturbed soil profiles. The amount of C preferentially bound to soil minerals in 0- to 30-cm depth was the largest at Singer (29.6 Mg ha − 1 ) and the least at the Active Site (1.9 Mg ha − 1 ), as was indicated by treatment with HF to release mineral-bound SOC. The reclaimed soil at the Singer site stored the largest pool (32.2 Mg ha − 1 ), and those at the Mount Carmel and Active Sites the smallest pool (3.2 and 2.9 Mg ha − 1 , respectively) of non-oxidisable C, as was indicated by treatment with disodium peroxodisulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 8 ). By comparing the oldest (Dyes Fork or Singer) with the newly reclaimed sites (Mount Carmel or Active Site) under same land use, the high potential of reclaimed sites for SOC sequestration was obvious. In particular, pasture may have a high potential for C sequestration in 0- to 30-cm depth. However, specific recommendations of land uses for SOC sequestration in reclaimed sites can be made only after chronosequence studies are done on the entire rooted soil profile including correction for any coal C impurities.
Delayed growth and maturation of astrocytic cultures following exposure to ethanol: electron microscopic observations.

Abstract This investigation examined the effects of ethanol on the morphologic features of cultured rat astrocytes using a treatment paradigm that provided consistent exposure to ethanol at concentration of 0.2%, 0.5%, or 1.0% (w/v). Cultures were assessed between 4 and 8 days in vitro during the logarithmic phase of growth; differences in culture growth, cell profile area and ultrastructural configuration were found. A dose-dependent inhibition of culture growth was observed after 48 and 96 h of ethanol exposure. In control cultures, the consequences of culture growth included the progressive crowding of cells, a concomitant reduction in the cell profile area, and increased cell-cell contact. On culture day 8, electron microscopic examination of control cultures demonstrated a complex stratified cellular layer, the junction of cells by puncta adhaerentia and the acquisition of intermediate filament bundles. In contrast, the impaired growth in ethanol-exposed cultures was associated with the retention of an extensive cell profile area suggesting restrained morphologic development. At the electron microscopic level, ethanol-exposed cultures showed a dose-dependent attenuation in both the depth and complexity of the cell layer. These findings indicated that the growth kinetics and morphologic development of astrocytic cultures are vulnerable to ethanol exposure at moderate and high levels. These findings were attributed to both ethanol cytotoxicity and a deprivation of cellular interaction resulting from the restricted population size.
Requirements Elicitation Through Legacy Mishap Analysis

The archives of mishap investigation reports provide a large database of documented system failures. We present a method that studies human error in these mishaps and quantitatively predicts areas of focus for new system development. Even very novel systems have similarities, either in structure or operation, to legacy systems. Knowing what design induced errors have plagued past human-machine interactions can guide new system requirements generation. This method is demonstrated through its application in a next generation military unmanned aerial system (UAS). For this, the last five years of US Air Force aircraft mishaps are studied using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) and mapped to the domains of human systems integration (HSI).
Linearity of the horizontal component of the electro-oculogram

The horizontal component of the human electro-oculogram was recorded using dry electrodes. The voltages obtained (e) for gaze angles (θ) up to ±60° were analysed to test the relationships e=Eθ and e=Em sin θ. It was found that up to about ±45° the linear and sinusoidal relationships accurately represented the data. For gaze angles greater than ±45°, the sinusoidal relationshlp provided a slightly better fit for the data.
Fluidlike surface-wave behavior of a polymer powder layer atop a dielectric sheet triggered through corona charging-discharging

Abstract When a film of oil is separated from a ground plate by a slab of insulating dielectric, a scheme of corona precharging followed by passive discharging leads, under favorable conditions, to the creation of a class of circularly expanding wave on oil surface (Lee and Phan [1]). In this experimental work, oil film was substituted by a mm-thick layer of polymer powder ranging from commercially available copier toner to those used in electrostatic coating applications for which grain size is typically below 10 gm. Point-plane corona precharging of up to 30 kV (dc, both polarities) was applied. When passive wire grounding was introduced suddenly, an analogous circular expanding wave was observed on the surface of the powder layer starting at a finite radius. The very sharp wavefront leaves behind a domain of quiescence wherein optical reflectivity appeared radically different from that of the region yet to be affected. Velocity decay set in after some propagation. This report details the apparent wave characteristics, along with the nature of pulsings in the accompanying current. A comparison between this powder-supported wave and a corresponding oil wave is made.
Black and White Photography as Theorizing: Seeing What the Eye Cannot See

This article is part of a panel discussion addressing the sociological relevance of Sebastiao Salgado's work as well as documentary photography in general. 2 .
Exploring Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Disease Management

Self-efficacy is posited in social cognitive theory as fundamental to behavior change. Few health behavior studies have examined self-efficacy prospectively, viewed it as part of a reciprocal behavioral process, or compared self-efficacy beliefs in the same population across different behaviors. This article first discusses self-efficacy in its theoretical context and reviews the available prospective studies. Second, it explores self-efficacy as a predictor of disease management behaviors in 570 older women with heart disease. Although the R2 statistics in each case were modest, the construct is shown to be a statistically significant (p<.05) predictor at both 4 and 12 months postbaseline of several disease management behaviors: using medicine as prescribed, getting adequate exercise, managing stress, and following a recommended diet. Building self-efficacy is likely a reasonable starting point for interventions aiming to enhance heart disease management behaviors of mature female patients.
A new optimal multirate control of linear periodic and time-invariant systems

The optimal multirate design of linear, continuous-time, periodic and time-invariant systems is considered. It is based on solving the continuous linear quadratic regulation (LQR) problem with the control being constrained to a certain piecewise constant feedback. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of the resulting closed-loop system are given. An explicit multirate feedback law that requires the solution of an algebraic discrete Riccati equation is presented. Such control is simple and can be easily implemented by digital computers. When applied to linear time-invariant systems, multirate optimal feedback optimal control provides a satisfactory response even if the state is sampled relatively slowly. Compared to the classical single-rate sampled-data feedback in which the state is always sampled at the same rate, the multirate system can provide a better response with a considerable reduction in the optimal cost. In general, the multirate scheme offers more flexibility in choosing the sampling rates. >
Composing a framework to automate testing of operational Web-based software

Low reliability in Web-based applications can result in detrimental effects for business, government, and consumers as they become increasingly dependent on the Internet for routine operations. A short time to market, large user community, demand for continuous availability, and frequent updates motivate automated, cost-effective testing strategies. To investigate the practical tradeoffs of different automated strategies for key components of the Web-based software testing process, we have designed a framework for Web-based software testing that focuses on scalability and evolving the test suite automatically as the application's operational profile changes. We have developed an initial prototype that not only demonstrates how existing tools can be used together but provides insight into the cost effectiveness of the overall approach. This paper describes the testing framework, discusses the issues in building and reusing tools in an integrated manner, and presents a case study that exemplifies the usability, costs, and scalability of the approach.
DESIGN OF LUNAR AND INTERPLANETARY ASCENT TRAJECTORIES

The near-Earth or "ascent" portion of lunar and interplanetary trajectories is investigated. Of particular interest is the matching of the powered-flight and coasting phases. To achieve a suitable match, consideration of vehicle-related engineering constraints, payload, and geometrical and energy requirements imposed by the extraterrestrial trajectory is essential. The geometrical constraints and trajectory shaping are treated in detail. To satisfy these constraints, direct-ascent and parking-orbit types of trajectories are investigated and compared. Advantages and disadvantages of each are noted. The superiority of the parking-orbit type is illustrated. It is shown that this type has consistently greater pay load capability and provides a convenient method of launch-time delay compensation. Finally, injection locations of Mars and Venus trajectories using parking orbits are mapped.
Optimizing AQP SAW resonators for reduced vibration sensitivity

All Quartz Package (AQP) SAW oscillators with low vibration sensitivity are achievable by minimizing the external stresses that might otherwise be transferred to the AQP SAW device. If these external stresses are at their lowest possible level, then frit geometry becomes a factor in limiting just how low the vibration sensitivity may be. Optimizing the frit geometry often involves trade-offs with the overall AQP SAW device's size requirements. Through the use of finite element modeling, it was determined that the AQP's cover and substrate thicknesses could also be used to improve vibration sensitivity. The model predicted a decrease in vibration sensitivity, with increasing cover thickness, for the vibration sensitivity component, /spl gamma//sub 1/, in a direction normal to the SAW substrate. The model also predicted a degradation in vibration sensitivity with increasing substrate thickness. These results were confirmed experimentally. The other benefit of increased cover thickness was a sizable decrease in the variation of performance among the devices tested. The increased cover thickness decreases the sensitivity of the AQP SAW to variations in the mounting material. The influence of AQP cover thickness on an insufficiently stiffened oscillator was also examined. The results were similar, except that the variation in cover thickness had a more dramatic affect than in the sufficiently stiffened case.
Evaluation and Management of Patients With Isolated Neutropenia

Neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 9 /L, encompasses a wide range of diagnoses, from normal variants to life-threatening acquired and congenital disorders. This review addresses the diagnosis and management of isolated neutropenia, not multiple cytopenias due to splenomegaly, bone marrow replacement, or myelosuppression by chemotherapy or radiation. Laboratory evaluation generally includes repeat complete blood cell counts (CBCs) with differentials and bone marrow examination with cytogenetics. Neutrophil antibody testing may be useful but only in the context of clinical and bone marrow findings. The discovery of genes responsible for congenital neutropenias now permits genetic diagnosis in many cases. Management of severe chronic neutropenia includes commonsense precautions to avoid infection, aggressive treatment of bacterial or fungal infections, and administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Patients with severe chronic neutropenia, particularly those who respond poorly to G-CSF, have a risk of eventually developing myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and require monitoring for this complication, which also can occur without G-CSF therapy. Patients with cyclic, idiopathic, and autoimmune neutropenia have virtually no risk of evolving to MDS or AML. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a curative therapy for congenital neutropenia with MDS/AML or with cytogenetic abnormalities indicating impending conversion.
Ion-Molecule Reactions in the Atmosphere

Efforts to understand the natural radiation chemistry of the earth’s atmosphere have made a major impact on the development of atomic and molecular physics generally and ion molecule chemistry particularly. This has happened in two ways. First, direct observation of atmospheric properties has led to a great deal of knowledge about ion-molecule reactions. For example, Bates and Nicolet (1960) pointed out, prior to the laboratory studies, that O+ ions must have reaction rate constants with O2 and N2 much lower than the Langevin collision rate constant, otherwise the electrons in the ionosphere below 200 km would rapidly disappear after sunset, contrary to observation. Current analyses of detailed atmospheric measurements obtained with satellites are leading to many reaction rate constants not yet measured in the laboratory, as will be described below. Secondly, a great deal of the modern technological development in laboratory ion-neutral reaction kinetics has been directly motivated by an interest in understanding atmospheric ion chemistry, particularly the flowing afterflow and its various spinoff’s which will be referred to elsewhere in these proceedings.
Clinical Implications of Splenium Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Changes

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may show discrete splenium abnormalities; however, the implications of this radiologic finding are unclear. Objective To describe causes, clinical presentations, and prognoses of midline splenium changes evident on MRI. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Teaching hospital. Patients Medical records of 9 patients with MRI-noted splenium changes were studied; 60 additional published cases were accessed. Interventions Sixty-nine cases were reviewed. Main Outcome Measures Clinical and imaging findings, causes, and prognosis. Results Confusion (35 patients), ataxia (25 patients), and recent seizure (23 patients) were common. Causes included alcohol use, infections, hypoglycemia, trauma, salt abnormalities, and seizure. Twenty-eight patients had complete resolution, 23 improved, and 1 died. Diffusion-weighted imaging showed splenium abnormalities the best. Eleven of 12 patients showed decrease in apparent diffusion coefficient. Most improved clinically, as did their subsequent MRI studies. Conclusions Midline splenium changes are commonly seen on MRI diffusion-weighted imaging sequences. Multiple causes can result in splenium changes. Physicians should evaluate for glucose and electrolyte abnormalities, seizure risk, ongoing infectious or parainfectious process, and traumatic causes.
Acetaminophen and zinc phosphide for lethal management of invasive lizards Ctenosaura similis

Reducing populations of invasive lizards through trapping and shooting is feasible in many cases but effective inte- grated management relies on a variety of tools, including toxicants. In Florida, using wild-caught non-native black spiny-tailed iguanas Ctenosaura similis, we screened acetaminophen and zinc phosphide to determine their suitability for effective population management of this prolific invasive species. Of the animals that received acetaminophen, none died except at the highest test dose, 240 mg per lizard, which is not practical for field use. Zinc phosphide produced 100% mortality at dose levels as little as 25 mg per lizard, equivalent to about 0.5% in bait which is lower than currently used in commercial baits for commensal rodent con- trol. We conclude that zinc phosphide has potential as a useful tool for reducing populations of invasive lizards such as the black spiny-tailed iguana provided target-selective delivery methods are developed (Current Zoology 57 (5): 625-629, 2011). Keywords Acetaminophen, Black spiny-tailed iguana, Ctenosaura similis, Florida, Invasive, Zinc phosphide
Throughput evaluation of an asymmetrical FDDI token ring network with multiple classes of traffic

An analytical model is presented to evaluate the throughput of synchronous traffic and asynchronous traffic. This model can be used to evaluate the throughput of individual priority classes and the mean token-cycle time of the network. A method of selecting timers to support integrated synchronous and asynchronous traffic in FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) is presented. Simulations are used to verify the analytical model. Simulation results are also used to examine the variation of the mean message-delay characteristics of various classes. Limitations of the model are outlined. >
Multivisceral intestinal transplantation: surgical pathology.

We report the diagnostic surgical pathology of two children who underwent multivisceral abdominal transplantation and survived for 1 month and 6 months. There is little relevant literature, and diagnostic criteria for the various clinical possibilities are not established; this is made more complicated by the simultaneous occurrence of more than one process. We based our interpretations on conventional histology, augmented with immunohistology, including HLA staining that distinguished graft from host cells in situ. In some instances functional analysis of T cells propagated from the same biopsies was available and was used to corroborate morphological interpretations. A wide spectrum of changes was encountered. Graft-versus-host disease, a prime concern before surgery, was not seen. Rejection was severe in 1 patient, not present in the other, and both had evidence of lymphoproliferative disease, which was related to Epstein-Barr virus. Bacterial translocation through the gut wall was also a feature in bo...
A Flexible, Syntax Independent Representation (SIR) for System Level Design Models

System Level Design (SLD) is widely seen as a solution for bridging the gap between chip complexity and design productivity of Systems on Chip (SoC). SLD relieves the designer from detailed manual implementation by raising the level of abstraction in design models. There are many different modeling approaches to SLD. With the abundance of design languages and supporting tools, a designer can create a multitude of models of the same system that are difficult to compare and evaluate against each other. Also, it is not unusual for the same system model to comply to specification guidelines in one simulation tool, and exceed them in another. This paper presents an approach to circumvent this problem by describing a design model using a Syntax Independent Representation (SIR). Such representation of the model complies to modeling guidelines shared by various SLD languages but is not restricted by their syntactic compositions. Further, the same structure can represent models on different levels of abstraction. Our multidimensional and multipurpose SIR structure can be projected onto planes of modeling languages including SpecC and SystemC, as demonstrated by experimental results shown in this work.
Encapsulation of Lysozyme in a biodegradable polymer by precipitation with a vapor-over-liquid antisolvent

Lysozyme was encapsulated in biodegradable polymer microspheres which were precipitated from an organic solution by spraying the solution into carbon dioxide. The polymer, either poly-(l-lactide) (l-PLA) or poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PGLA), in dichlo-romethane solution with suspended lysozyme was sprayed into a CO2 vapor phase through a capillary nozzle to form droplets which solidified after falling into a CO2 liquid phase. By delaying precipitation in the vapor phase, the primary particles became sufficiently large, from 5 to 70 µm, such that they could encapsulate the lysozyme. At an optimal temperature of −20 °C, the polymer solution mixed rapidly with CO2, and the precipitated primary particles were sufficiently hard such that agglomeration was markedly reduced compared with higher temperatures. More uniform particles were formed by flowing CO2 at high velocity in a coaxial nozzle to mix the droplets at the CO2 vapor–liquid interface. This process offers a means to produce encapsulated proteins in poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres without earlier limitations of massive polymer agglomeration and limited protein solubility in organic solvents.
Plant cell walls

Cell walls are important features of plant cells that perform a number of essential functions, including providing shape to the many different cell types needed to form the tissues and organs of a plant. Forming the interface between adjacent cells, plant cell walls often play important roles in
Focal bicuculline increases extracellular dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats as measured by in vivo microdialysis

Abstract This study was designed to assess the involvement of GABA A receptors in the regulation of in vivo dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens was measured using intracerebral microdialysis coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC–EC) system in freely moving Sprague–Dawley rats. Bicuculline, a GABA A receptor antagonist, and muscimol, a GABA A receptor agonist, were administered via a dialysis probe into the nucleus accumbens, respectively. The results showed that perfusion with bicuculline at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μM elicited a significant and concentration-dependent increase in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Dopamine levels returned to control values within 40–60 min after the termination of bicuculline perfusion. The increased dopamine produced by perfusion with 100 μM bicuculline was sensitive to sodium channel blockade with tetrodotoxin, and antagonized by co-perfusion with muscimol (25 and 50 μM) in a concentration-related fashion. Perfusion with 25 or 50 μM muscimol alone failed to alter basal levels of dopamine. The results suggest that local application of bicuculline increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens via a receptor-mediated process, and are consistent with the concept that basal dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens is under tonic inhibitory control by GABA A receptors within this structure.
Vibration control via pre-loading

Control of unwanted vibrations in mechanisms is a ubiquitous and long studied problem. A class of such problems occurs in point-to-point motion common to robotics and hard-disk seek motions. A new approach to this class of problems is described which appears to achieve a faster response time than published alternatives with little or no residual vibration.
MODELING AND PRICING LONG- MEMORY IN STOCK MARKET VOLATILITY

A new class of fractionally integrated GARCH and EGARCH models for characterizing financial market volatility is discussed. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate the reliability of quasi maximum likelihood estimation methods, standard model selection criteria, and residual-based portmanteau diagnostic tests in this context. New empirical evidence suggests that the apparent long-run dependence in U.S. stock market volatility is best described by a mean-reverting fractionally integrated process, so that a shock to the optimal forecast of the future conditional variance dissipate at a slow hyperbolic rate. The asset pricing implications of this finding is illustrated via the implementation of various option pricing formula.
Panorama recovery from noisy UAV surveillance video

This paper proposes an efficient and robust algorithm to recover a panorama from poorly-obtained UAV video frames contaminated with significant noise. In this algorithm, the eigen-space based neighborhood region will be introduced with our novel feature-based random M least-sqaures (RMLS) registration technique. Meanwhile, the corresponding similarity regions will be assigned weights according to the relativity between these neighboring regions. Next, Bayesian multi-frame sampling will be implemented utilizing the homography estimated by the frame registration. Finally, the sub-region in each frame which is applicable to the multi-frame sampling will be stitched utilizing multi-resolution blending.
Model-based alignment and orchestration of heterogeneous homeland security applications enabling composition of system of systems

One of the main challenges for Homeland Security applications is the fact that the different supporting organizations, services, and nations come to the table with existing information technology, supporting established business and organization processes, and using organization-specific data models. This paper shows how to support multi- organization processes with a federation of their heterogeneous IT-solutions based on the alignment and orchestration of applications with regard to the underlying models of those solutions. While processes are orchestrated and aligned top-down, the supporting IT is migrated into a Homeland Security System-of-Systems bottom-up. Web services allow the loose coupling of participating systems and the consistent application of data engineering allows the auto-configuration of data mediation layers. This is made possible by considering first the solutions themselves, and their models (the top-down approach), and only then the application of data engineering to aligning those models (the bottom-up approach).
Loss of Expression of the β Subunit of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Prevents Nitric Oxide–Mediated Inhibition of DNA Synthesis in Smooth Muscle Cells of Old Rats

We compared the effects of NO donors and cGMP analogues on the growth of aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) derived from newborn, adult (aged 3 months), and old (aged 2 years) rats. We found that the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine failed to block DNA synthesis in SMCs from old rats but was effective in SMCs from newborn and adult rats. However, cGMP analogues were inhibitory in all 3 SMC types. We demonstrated that in SMCs from old rats, NO was unable to increase the concentration of intracellular cGMP, suggesting that either cGMP synthesis was defective or cGMP degradation was enhanced. Western blot analysis revealed that SMCs from old rats do not express the beta subunit of soluble guanylyl cyclase. To confirm the importance of this observation in vivo, we balloon-injured the carotid arteries of adult and old rats. Whereas soluble guanylyl cyclase was expressed at the same level in the media of injured vessels and uninjured vessels of both groups, its expression in the intimas of old rats was reduced by 70% compared with intimas from adult animals. Furthermore, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine, an inhibitor of NO synthesis, enhanced the intimal thickening in injured vessels in adult rats but not in old rats. We conclude that the loss of NO responsiveness in aged rats is due to the lack of the beta subunit of soluble guanylyl cyclase, and we speculate that this defect contributes to the enhanced intimal thickening in response to injury in old animals.
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in Impact Evaluation

Abstract It is very important to know how much we can extrapolate from a study's results. This paper examines the issue using data from impact evaluations in development.
Micro, Internal-Combustion Engine Fabrication With 900 µm Deep Features Via DRIE

New results are presented for the development of a micro, internal-combustion engine fabricated in a process that achieves 900 μm deep features via deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). A single-sided 900 μm deep etch process with high mask selectivity is used to generate straight sidewall structures with low sidewall roughness. This research is part of an effort to create a portable, MEMS-based Rotary Engine Power System (MEMS REPS) capable of producing power on the order of milliwatts with an energy density better than that of a conventional battery. The MEMS REPS is based on the planar geometry and self-valving operation of a Wankel engine with an integrated electrical generator. A generator and stator colocated within the engine rotor and housing eliminates the need for any external shafts, couplings, or seals. The rotary internal combustion engine is composed of 5 major comonents: a 900 μm deep rotor with soft magnetic poles and 25 μm wide in-plane cantilever beams which act as apex seals, a 900 μm deep epitrochoid housing with intake and exhaust ports, rear plate with spur gear, a top plate, and a shaft. This configuration was chosen in order to eliminate the effect of beaching during timed DRIE etches and to minimize engine leakage while maximizing spur gear teeth resolution, and simplifying engine fabrication. However, this configuration requires some assembly and optimization of DRIE parameters for each component. The rotor and epitrochoid housing are co-fabricated on the same wafer to minimize deviation in thickness and match etch behavior between mating components. This approach forces the generation of a mask with narrow, deep trenches (to define the cantilever apex seals on the rotors) in proximity to large “tub” etches (to define the engine housing). High etch cycle pressures improved etch selectivity to over 350:1 with respect to oxide and 150:1 to photoresist which is necessary for 900 μm deep features. High pressure also improved sidewall profile of the etched structures. Engine cross-sections show an 8 μm wall deviation on either side of a 250 μm trench through an etch depth of 867 μm. In addition to good sidewall straightness, these etch parameters give a low sidewall roughness through the generation of small size scallops on the sidewalls. However, the side effects of these etch parameters include silicon “grass” at the bottom of the trench, poor etch uniformity across the wafer, and increased effect of aspect ratio dependent etching. Some strategies to overcome these effects are discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Geographic Variation in Flowering Responses to Fire and Season of Clipping in a Fire-Adapted Plant

Identifying optimal fire regimes for a given species requires monitoring its responses to different fire regimes. This study examined the effects of fire during the lightning season and clipping in different seasons on the induction of flowering in a fire-adapted species, Pityopsis graminifolia, in two different fire-dependent ecosystems (oak forest edges in north Mississippi and longleaf pine savannas in south Mississippi). The two ecosystems differed in the frequency of lightning (higher in south Mississippi) and the timing of peak drought conditions during the lightning season (earlier in south Mississippi). Flowering was induced by prescribed fires during the lightning season in both regions. Flowering was greater in unburned controls in north Mississippi than in south Mississippi. These differences persisted in a common grass-dominated environment in the greenhouse, suggesting a genetically-based bet-hedging strategy with respect to fire-induced flowering in north Mississippi. Flowering of both varieties responded better to clipping during peak drought periods during the lightning season than to clipping treatments at other times of the year, but the causes of such seasonal differences (be they genetic or environmental) remain unresolved at this time and require further investigation.
Ghana: Meeting the Challenge of Accelerated and Shared Growth

The volume provides a synthesis of a World Bank's three-volume, comprehensive retrospective a broad diagnostic of Ghana’s growth and poverty reduction. It reviews Ghana's recent record of growth and poverty reduction and simulates the achievments of key millenium development goals (MDGs) in the future.
Intermediate Representation (IR)

Code optimizations play an important role inside a compiler. ILDJIT provides an intermediate representation (IR) to use for optimizing the code. After a brief description of this language, both its instructions set and its data types are introduced. Finally, an API provided by ILDJIT to use for transforming the code is described.
Measuring and Modeling the Web

The last couple of decades have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the World Wide Web. The Web has now become a ubiquitous channel for information sharing and dissemination. This has created a whole new set of research challenges. This thesis describes several research contributions in an endeavor towards a better understanding of the Web. We focus on two major topics: (1) measuring the size of the Web and indexable web; (2) modeling the Web and social networks using webgraph models. In the first part of this thesis, we address the problem of estimating the sizes of the Web and indexable web. This problem has drawn keen research interests in recent years. The term "Web size" refers to the number of webpages on the Web. However, part of the Web is rarely accessed or has very low quality, so often researchers are more interested in a quantity called "indexable web" size. Indexable web refers to the subset of webpages that are indexed by major search engines, which defines an important subset of the Web that is most easily accessible to human users. The index size of a search engine is also an important indicator of search engine performance. In recent years there has been much speculation about the sizes of the indexes of major search engines with Google, Yahoo and MSN Search vying for top spot. The question of which search engine provides the most coverage is thus of public interest and there networks' access control policy affects the complexity of attack under Power Law Random Graph model, and confirm the analytical results with simulation on real social networks.
Topologically associated domains enriched for lineage-specific genes reveal expression-dependent nuclear topologies during myogenesis

The linear distribution of genes across chromosomes and the spatial localization of genes within the nucleus are related to their transcriptional regulation. The mechanistic consequences of linear gene order, and how it may relate to the functional output of genome organization, remain to be fully resolved, however. Here we tested the relationship between linear and 3D organization of gene regulation during myogenesis. Our analysis has identified a subset of topologically associated domains (TADs) that are significantly enriched for muscle-specific genes. These lineage-enriched TADs demonstrate an expression-dependent pattern of nuclear organization that influences the positioning of adjacent nonenriched TADs. Therefore, lineage-enriched TADs inform cell-specific genome organization during myogenesis. The reduction of allelic spatial distance of one of these domains, which contains Myogenin, correlates with reduced transcriptional variability, identifying a potential role for lineage-specific nuclear topology. Using a fusion-based strategy to decouple mitosis and myotube formation, we demonstrate that the cell-specific topology of syncytial nuclei is dependent on cell division. We propose that the effects of linear and spatial organization of gene loci on gene regulation are linked through TAD architecture, and that mitosis is critical for establishing nuclear topologies during cellular differentiation.
The Long-Term Corrosion Test Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

The long-term corrosion test facility (LTCTF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) consisted of 22 vessels that housed more than 7,000 corrosion test specimens from carbon steels to highly corrosion resistant materials such Alloy 22 and Ti Grade 7. The specimens from LTCTF range from standard weight-loss coupons to U-bend specimens for testing susceptibility to environmentally assisted cracking. Each vessel contained approximately 1000 liters of concentrated brines at 60 C or 90 C. The LTCTF started its operations in late 1996. The thousands of specimens from the LTCTF were removed in August-September 2006. The specimens are being catalogued and stored for future characterization. Previously removed specimens (e.g. 1 and 5 years) are also archived for further studies.
Increased avidity of antibody for Baltimore 1957 strains of Asian influenza virus (P-Q-R variation).

SummaryAsian influenza A viruses isolated during the Baltimore epidemic in Oct. 1957 were in the R phase of the P-Q-R variation although indistinguishable antigenically from the Q phase prototype v...
Critical evidence that vagal stimulation does not release gastrin.

ConclusionsThe failure of vagally denervated canine gastric pouches to secrete acid in response to intense vagal stimulation of the main stomach constitutes critical evidence that vagal stimulation does not release gastrin.
PERSPECTIVE: THE THEORIES OF FISHER AND WRIGHT IN THE CONTEXT OF METAPOPULATIONS: WHEN NATURE DOES MANY SMALL EXPERIMENTS.

We critically review the two major theories of adaptive evolution developed early in this century, Wright's shifting balance theory and Fisher's large population size theory, in light of novel findings from field observations, laboratory experiments, and theoretical research conducted over the past 15 years. Ecological studies of metapopulations have established that the processes of local extinction and colonization of demes are relatively common in natural populations of many species and theoretical population genetic models have shown that these ecological processes have genetic consequences within and among local demes. Within demes, random genetic drift converts nonadditive genetic variance into additive genetic variance, increasing, rather than limiting, the potential for adaptation to local environments. For this reason, the genetic differences that arise by drift among demes, can be augmented by local selection. The resulting adaptive differences in gene combinations potentially contribute to the genetic origin of new species. These and other recent findings were not discussed by either Wright or Fisher. For example, although Wright emphasized epistatic genetic variance, he did not discuss the conversion process. Similarly, Fisher did not discuss how the average additive effect of a gene varies among demes across a metapopulation whenever there is epistasis. We discuss the implications of such recent findings for the Wright-Fisher controversy and identify some critical open questions that require additional empirical and theoretical study.
A Review of the Nearctic Genera of the Tribe Mesoleiini with Descriptions of two New Genera and a Revision of the Nearctic Species of Perilissus and Labrossyta (Hymenoptera—Ichneumonidae)

The tribe Mesoleiini in the Nearctic region contains 15 genera which previously have been placed principally in the tribes Tryphonini and Mesoleptini of the subfamily Tryphoninae by Ashmead (1900) [1][1] and in the tribe Mesoleptini of the subfamily Tryphoninae by Schmiedeknecht (1911‒27) [2][2]. Townes (1945) [3][3] has segregated the Mesoleiinae as a subfamily distinct from the Tryphoninae and has placed in it seven tribes, one of which he has designated the Mesoleiini. Townes' classification is followed in this paper; the genera he placed in the Mesoleiini are the ones included here. Most of the genera and species treated in this paper were previously revised by Davis in 1897. [4][4] [1]: #fn-1 [2]: #fn-2 [3]: #fn-3 [4]: #fn-4
Before the Movies: American Magic-Lantern Entertainment and the Nation’s First Great Screen Artist, Joseph Boggs Beale

Before the Movies is a lusciously illustrated reference book – the result of more than three decades by Terry and Deborah Borton of recreating magic lantern (or, “stereopticon”) shows and collectin...
Pervasive Citizenship through #SenseCommons

This essay proposes that the rise of sentient cities inaugurates an era of pervasive citizenship wherein individual citizens function as wearable devices for a collective body. To understand what rhetorical practices are available in this problematic, the essay proceeds in three parts. First, it surveys how information systems help determine rhetoric through and as a kind of systems theory. Second, the essay traces how technologies and techniques that form individual bodies are now emerging at larger scales and shape collective bodies. Through several examples, the essay shows how these multipartner ventures to install data collection sensors in cities are informing a new problematic that we term #SenseCommons. Third, the project offers extradisciplinary resources for rhetorically navigating today’s increasingly pervasive information spaces. Ultimately, this essay proposes that the emergence of sentient cities introduces a system of continuous rhetoric whose primary function is not to persuade but to inform.
Spätergebnisse nach Versorgung von Gefäßverletzungen / Long-Term Results After Surgery Following Vascular Trauma

Die Ergebnisse nach Gefasverletzung werden wesentlich durch den Verlauf der Akutphase bestimmt. In der fruhen postoperativen Phase tritt eine hohere Ver-schlusrate auf. Der Rekonstruktion von Venenverletzungen kommt eine zunehmend grosere Bedeutung zu, sofern die Begleitverletzungen dies erlauben. Einfache Rekonstruktionen tiefer Venen zeigen im Vergleich zu komplexen eine hohere Durchgangigkeitsrate. Im Langzeitverlauf kann durch sekundare (spontane) Rekanalisation die Patency erhoht werden. Nach Arterienverletzungen liegt eine sehr gute Durchgangigkeit von meist uber 90% im Langzeitverlauf vor, Amputationen infolge arterieller Durchblutungsstorungen bleiben die Ausnahme. Langzeitergebnisse der endovaskularen Therapien liegen nur in Einzelfallen vor.
Griffithsin: An Antiviral Lectin with Outstanding Therapeutic Potential.

Griffithsin (GRFT), an algae-derived lectin, is one of the most potent viral entry inhibitors discovered to date. It is currently being developed as a microbicide with broad-spectrum activity against several enveloped viruses. GRFT can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at picomolar concentrations, surpassing the ability of most anti-HIV agents. The potential to inhibit other viruses as well as parasites has also been demonstrated. Griffithsin’s antiviral activity stems from its ability to bind terminal mannoses present in high-mannose oligosaccharides and crosslink these glycans on the surface of the viral envelope glycoproteins. Here, we review structural and biochemical studies that established mode of action and facilitated construction of GRFT analogs, mechanisms that may lead to resistance, and in vitro and pre-clinical results that support the therapeutic potential of this lectin.
LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACT: Clinical characteristics of four endophenotypic clusters of smokers with preserved lung function

Background: Smokers has been clustered into COPD and non-COPD clusters (Li, ATS 2016). Smokers with preserved lung function may have COPD symptoms, exacerbations, and usage of respiratory medicine (Woodruff, NEJM 2016, 374:1811-21). Objectives: We aim to compare clinical characteristics of four clusters mainly composed of smokers with preserved lung function. Methods: Clinical characteristics were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and chi-square test. Results: C1 consists of resistant smokers with normal lung function, early emphysema, lower HCU and inhaled steroid (ICS) use, and lower symptom scores. C2 consists of heavy smokers with normal lung function, early emphysema, higher HCU and ICS use, and higher blood neutrophils. C3 has normal lung function, no emphysema, and lower HCU and ICS use. C4 has lower lung function, no emphysema, higher HCU and ICS use, higher “label” of asthma, higher inflammation, and higher symptom scores. Conclusions: Four distinct endophenotypic clusters mainly composed of smokers with preserved lung function have been identified. This study supports heterogeneity of smokers and indicates the distinction between smokers with preserved lung function and COPD is not as simple as measuring spirometry alone .
The internationalization of the public-affairs function in U.S. multinational enterprises : Organization and management

Researching the organization and management of international public affairs (IPA) in the then-new multinational enterprises (MNEs) started in the 1960s. At first, IPA studies kept fairly good pace ...
Patterns of Transition Experience for Parents Going Home from Hospital with their Infant after First Stage Surgery for Complex Congenital Heart Disease

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore parents' experiences of one specific timepoint in their infant's journey: the transition from hospital to home, following the first stage of their infant's cardiac surgery for complex congenital heart disease. Design and Methods A prospective longitudinal mixed methods study, underpinned with Middle Range Transition Theory (Meleis, Sawyer, Im, Hilfinger Messias, & Schumacher, 2000). Face to face and telephone interviews were conducted and self-report forms completed by parents at four-time points: before discharge (T0), 2 weeks after discharge (T1), 8 weeks after discharge (T2) and after stage two surgery (T3). Interviews were transcribed verbatim before inductive thematic analysis. Results Parents were recruited over a 15-month period from 2013 to 2015. Twelve mothers and 4 fathers took part. The infants had functionally univentricular heart (left n = 10, right n = 1) and a systemic shunt dependent lesion, tetralogy of Fallot (n = 1). Dynamic constructivist and constructionist social processes occurred for all parents, involving physical, physiological, psychological and cognitive elements within four ‘patterns of experience’, two of which ‘safety and security’ and ‘love and support’ are presented in this paper. Implications Parental support is essential; parents need to be engaged in discharge planning process and given the opportunity to express their needs to ensure that discharge care is truly patient and family centered. Conclusions Transition from hospital to home was complex and multi-faceted, with unanticipated physical and emotional transitions superimposed upon those that were expected.
Teaching undergraduate simulation: 4 questions for 4 experienced instructors

This paper and the corresponding panel session focus on teaching undergraduate industrial engineering/operations research-related simulation courses. The format brings together four experienced instructors to discuss four questions involving the structure and topic outlines of courses, print and software teaching materials used, and general teaching methods/philosophy. The hope is to provide some experience-based teaching information for new and soon-to-be instructors and to generate discussion with the simulation education community.