cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman scattering and in-water ocean optical properties.

Inelastic (transpectral) scattering may contribute significantly to the in-water light field. Major mechanisms for inelastic scattering include Raman scattering, which is important in clear ocean waters, and fluorescence from a variety of sources, which may be important in more turbid waters. The Raman cross section for liquid water is found to be 8.2 x 10 to the -30th sq cm/sr molecule, which is in agreement with the lower range of published values. Inelastic scattering has important ramifications for several aspects of marine biooptics, including the determination of in-water spectral absorption, the estimation of clear-water ocean optical properties, and possibly various aspects of algal photobiology.
Use of hypnosis in eating disorders.

Hypnosis is explored as an alternative treatment approach for patients who are amenable to it.
Mitigating routing vulnerabilities in ad hoc networks using reputations

Nodes in mobile ad hoc networks have limited transmission ranges that necessitate multihop communication. Hence the nodes expect their neighbours to relay the packets meant for nodes out of the transmission range of the source. Ad hoc networks are based on the fundamental assumption that if a node promises to relay a packet, it will relay the packet and will not cheat. This assumption becomes invalid when the nodes in the network have contradictory goals. As a result, routing protocols for ad hoc networks become vulnerable to rogue nodes. The reputations of the intermediate nodes, based on their past history of relaying packets, can be used by their neighbours to ensure that the packet will be relayed by the intermediate nodes. This paper introduces a reputation scheme for ad hoc networks that can motivate the intermediate nodes to relay packets. The source performs a route discovery (using Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV)) and finds a set of routes to the destination. Instead of choosing the shortest route to the destination, the source node chooses a path whose next hop node has the highest reputation. This policy, when used recursively, in the presence of 40% rogue nodes, improves the throughput of the system to 65%, from the 22% throughput provided by AODV with same number of rogue nodes. This improvement is obtained at the cost of a higher number of route discoveries with a minimal increase in the average hop length.
Diversification and phylogeographic structure in widespread Azteca plant-ants from the northern Neotropics.

The Neotropical myrmecophytic tree Cordia alliodora hosts symbiotic Azteca ants in most of its widespread range. The taxonomy of the genus Azteca is notoriously difficult, which has frequently obscured species identity in ecological studies. We used sequence data from one mitochondrial and four nuclear loci to infer phylogenetic relationships, patterns of geographic distribution, and timing of diversification for 182 colonies of five C. alliodora-dwelling Azteca species from Mexico to Colombia. All morphological species were recovered as monophyletic, but we identified at least five distinct genetic lineages within the most abundant and specialized species, Azteca pittieri. Mitochondrial and nuclear data were concordant at the species level, but not within species. Divergence time analyses estimated that C. alliodora-dwelling Azteca shared a common ancestor approximately 10‐22 million years ago, prior to the proposed arrival of the host tree in Middle America. Diversification in A. pittieri occurred in the Pleistocene and was not correlated with geographic distance, which suggests limited historical gene flow among geographically restricted populations. This contrasts with the previously reported lack of phylogeographic structure at this spatial scale in the host tree. Climatic niches, and particularly precipitation-related variables, did not overlap between the sites occupied by northern and southern lineages of A. pittieri. Together, these results suggest that restricted gene flow among ant populations may facilitate local adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. Differences in population structure between the ants and their host trees may profoundly affect the evolutionary dynamics of this widespread ant‐plant mutualism.
Simple noncoherent CPM receivers by PAM decomposition and MMSE equalization

Conventional differential detection and energy detection offer poor performances for demodulating continuous phase modulated (CPM) signal because of inherent inter-symbol interference (ISI). Based on the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) decomposition of CPM signal, the binary CPM with any non-integer modulation index can be interpreted as a linear modulation with differentially encoded pseudo-symbols or equivalently as a modulation scheme with two overlapped waveforms to carry information bits. By combining the equalization of ISI with the design of the receiver filters under the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion, the equalized differential detection and equalized energy detection for binary CPM signal demonstrate significant performance improvements while maintaining the same simple receiver structures as the conventional ones. Through theoretical analysis, a closed-form formula is derived to efficiently evaluate the bit error probabilities of the proposed noncoherent receivers. Simulation results using minimum shift keying (MSK) and Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) with BT = 0.5, h = 0.34 are also provided to conform with the performance improvements.
Can We Talk? Feminist Economists in Dialogue with Social Theorists

L'A. pose la question pourquoi il y a si peu d'attention accordee aux ecrits economiques feministes des annees 1990 - nottament sur la discrimination dans le marche du travail ou sur la production des menages - par les theoriciens de la discipline
Estrogen Receptor Cleavage and Plasminogen Activation by Enzymes in Human Breast Tumor Cytosol

Estrogen receptors in cytoplasmic extracts of breast tumors from more than 40 patients were separately analyzed by gel filtration and/or ultracentrifugation under diverse conditions. Resultant patterns are presented for specimens from 11 women with infiltrating duct carcinoma and are representative of results obtained in all samples of sufficient size and receptor content (∼40 fmol/mg cytosol protein) for accurate determination of hydrodynamic parameters. Estradiol-binding components of intracellular origin were distinguished from the serum contaminant, sex hormone-binding globulin, by their high affinity for diethylstilbestrol and negligible affinity for 5α-dihydrotestosterone. The predominant molecular forms of the receptors, but not the steroid specificity, varied dramatically with experimental factors, including the duration of the fractionation procedure, ionic strength, and the presence of protease inhibitors, particularly the bacterial tripeptides N-acetyl- and N-propionyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-dl-argi...
A Study of the Effects of Spatially Varying Fluxes on Cloud Formation and Boundary Layer Properties Using Data from the Southern Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed

Abstract Measurements from the Southern Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed site, which is situated in Oklahoma and Kansas and extends over an area approximately 300 km × 350 km in extent, are combined with results from a three-dimensional mesoscale model to study the sensitivity of boundary layer properties to spatially varying surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. Four cloud parameterization schemes are used to estimate the fractional cloudiness expected over the site on three case study days with settled weather conditions during the summer of 1994. Comparisons between observations and model predictions show good qualitative agreement. Although local responses to varying surface fluxes can be found, the replacement of the spatially varying surface conditions with uniform ones makes little difference in the simulated cloud cover or the vertical profiles of potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio when these are averaged over the full site. Spatial variations in the ambient meteorology ...
Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Gamma, Ptpγ, Regulates Hematopoietic Differentiation

Murine embryonic stem (ES) cells have been a useful model system for the study of various aspects of hematopoietic differentiation. Because we had observed a sharp peak of expression of the receptor tyrosine phosphatase gamma (Ptpγ) gene between 14 and 18 days of ES-derived embryoid body differentiation, we investigated the effect of perturbation of expression of the Ptpγ gene on ES cell differentiation, first by analyzing the effect of Ptpγ overexpression. The murine full-length Ptpγ cDNA in an expression vector was transfected into ES-D3 cells and stably transfected clones were isolated. Ptpγ was expressed as an approximately 230-kD cell surface protein, and differentiating ES clones that overexpressed Ptpγ gave rise to a normal number of hematopoietic colonies, approximately 1 CFU per 100 cells. There was, however, a significant increase of expression of early hematopoietic markers in colonies from Ptpγ overexpressing ES cells. To confirm that the pertubation of hematopoietic differentiation was a result of Ptpγ overexpression, we isolated ES stem cell clones expressing Ptpγ antisense constructs and assayed embryoid bodies for the presence of hematopoietic precursors. We observed a complete absence of methylcellulose colonies, indicating absence of hematopoietic lineages. Results of these experiments point to an essential role for Ptpγ in hematopoietic differentiation.
Abstract 126: Gemcitabine enhances therapeutic effect of tamoxifen on cholangiocarcinoma

Gemcitabine enhances therapeutic effect of tamoxifen on cholangiocarcinoma Gu Jing, Amy N Turk, Yong Sun, Pritish Pawar, Yabing Chen, Jay M McDonald Cholangiocarcinoma is a highly malignant tumor with limited therapeutic options. We and others have reported that regulation of apoptosis of cancer cells is a promising avenue for cholangiocarcinoma therapy. Previous reports from our group have demonstrated that tamoxifen (TMX), as a calmodulin antagonist, induces apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells via a mechanism related to Fas-death receptor mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway (Clin Cancer Res, 2009: 15, 1288-96). The present studies determined whether gemcitabine (GMT), an inducer of intrinsic apoptotic signals, might enhancethe efficacy of tamoxifen therapy on cholangiocarcinoma. Nude mice xenograft model was utilized for in vivo cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenesis, as we previously reported. Tamoxifen (15mg/kg) and gemcitabine (120mg/kg) were administrated by intraperitoneal injection. The effect of tamoxifen and gemcitabine on cholangiocarcinoma cell apoptosis in vitro was determined by annexin V staining and flow cytometry analysis and downstream signaling events assessed by Western blotting.. Consistent with our previous reports, we observed that tumorigenesis of cholangiocarcinoma in nude mice was inhibited by tamoxifen by 59%, compared with control group (tumor size, control=1014±295 mm 3 , and TMX=416±63mm 3 , n=6, p=0.01). Importantly, gemcitabine was found to further enhance the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenesis by 54% (tumor size, GMT+TMX=228±38 mm 3 , n=6, p In aggregation, we have demonstrated that gemcitabine enhanced the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenesis in nude mice. Gemcitabine and tamoxifen synergistically induce apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells, which may be attributed to activation of distinct apoptosis signals by tamoxifen and gemcitabine. Our studies provide in vivo evidence and molecular insight to support the use of tamoxifen and gemcitabine in combination as an effective therapy for cholangiocarcinoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 126.
Characterizing the Distribution of Space Charge in Poled Polymer Films

Much effort has been put into improving the temporal stability of electric field-induced chromophore alignment in molecularly doped or functionalized polymers for second order nonlinear optical device applications. Characterization of the alignment decay in electric field-poled films is complicated by charge injection during poling. In order to optimize poling schemes and to accurately determine the orientational mobility of the chromophores it is necessary to develop methods to measure the spatial extent and time-dependence of any residual fields in the polymer films. Such Measurements will also be important for the development of polymer-based electro-optic devices, and in fact for any guided wave application in these materials since the residual field may induce a spatial dependence in the refractive index.
Measurement of heat transfer in micro-bridge heater

For the design of thermal sensor, heat transfer in a micro-bridge heater should be revealed. The power input is measured as a function of temperature rise both in air and in vacuum to separate the heat transfer through air. The ratio of the transfer through air to the other transfer is investigated as a function of the heating area. The result indicates that the transfer through air is proportional to the area, and the transfer though air on the beams is separated.
A telehealth approach to conducting clinical swallowing evaluations in children with cerebral palsy

Abstract Background Accurate and timely evaluation of dysphagia in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is critical. For children with limited access to quality healthcare, telehealth is an option; however, its reliability needs to be investigated. Aim To test the reliability of an asynchronous telehealth model for evaluating dysphagia in children with CP using a standardized clinical assessment. Methods and procedures Nineteen children (age range 6.9–17.5) were assessed at three mealtimes via the Dysphagia Disorder Survey (DDS) by three clinicians (face-to-face evaluations). Mealtimes were video-recorded to allow asynchronous evaluations by a remote clinician who also completed approximately 1/3 of face-to-face evaluations. Agreement was tested on DDS variables and dysphagia severity. Outcomes and results Results revealed substantial to excellent agreement between face-to-face and remote assessments by the same rater (78–100%, K W = 0.64–1) on all, but two variables (oral transport and oral pharyngeal swallow) and by different raters (69–89%, K W = 0.6–0.86) on all but one variable (orienting). For dysphagia severity, intrarater agreement was excellent (100%, K W = 1); interrater agreement was substantial (85%; K W = 0.76). Conclusions and implications Asynchronous clinical swallowing evaluations using standardized tools have acceptable levels of agreement with face-to-face evaluations, and can be an alternative for children with limited access to expert swallowing care.
Re-use of commercial microfluidics chips for DNA, RNA, and protein electrophoresis

Microfluidics chip technology is a powerful and convenient alternative to agarose gels and PAGE, but costs can be high due to certain chips being non-reusable. Here we describe a method to regenerate, re-use, and store Agilent DNA, RNA, and protein electrophoresis chips designed for use in the Bioanalyzer 2100. By washing the sample wells and displacing the old gel matrix with new gel-dye mix, we have run samples on the same chip up to ten times with negligible loss of signal quality. Chips whose wells were loaded with buffer or water were stored successfully for one week before re-use.
Residential Environment for Outdoor Play Among Children in Latino Farmworker Families.

Child health and development benefit from physical activity. This analysis describes the residential play environment for children aged 2–4 years in farmworker families, their parent-reported levels of play and media time, and the association of residential environment with play and media time. Mothers with a child aged 2–4 years in farmworker families (n = 248) completed interviews over 2 years. Outcome measures were daily outdoor play time and media time. Measures of the residential environment included physical and social components. The mean min/day for outdoor play was 81.8 (SD 57.3) at baseline, 111.4 (SD 90.1) at year 1 follow-up, and 103.6 (SD 76.2) at year 2 follow-up. The mean media min/day at baseline was 83.8 (SD 64.3), 93.7 (SD 80.3) min/day at year 1 follow-up, and 59.9 min/day (SD (45.6) at year 2 follow-up. One additional person per bedroom was associated with 6 fewer min/day with media. The addition of each age appropriate toy was associated with an additional 12.3 min/day of outdoor play. An additional type of inappropriate media was associated with 6.8 more min/day with media. These results suggest changes to the residential environment to improve physical activity among children in Latino farmworker families.
Rethinking Honor in the Republican Family: Fin-de-Siècle Divorce Suits

Despite Ly’s failure to convince the French public of the virtues of political spinsterhood, her self-portrayal as an “honest woman” whom Casale and Massat had wrongfully insulted won her a great deal of acclaim. As discussed in Chapter 1, this was partly due to the more positive reception of the “new woman” and the feminist movement after the turn of the century. But many of the heightened national anxieties analyzed in Chapter 2 played a critical role in allowing women to co-opt the sexual insult and turn it back onto their attackers. The widely perceived demographic crises of the fin de siecle led medical authorities and popular commentators to invest new fears in the vieille fille stereotype, but they also raised suspicion over sterile or “degenerate” forms of male behavior. As a study of prewar divorce suits demonstrates, female litigants and male judges used honor in the courtroom to censure men for neglecting their emotional and personal obligations to the family as well as their reproductive duties to the nation. Just as numerous commentators defended Ly as an honorable jeune fille who meted out public justice to a man who had failed in his professional responsibilities, divorce petitioners and republican magistrates after 1884 seized on the stereotype of the “wronged wife” to punish men publicly for ignoring their private duties in the family. This chapter and the following one explore how potential divorcees and separated women deployed strategies of familial honor in the civil courts and in the civic forum of the National Assembly. They attempted to redefine the public and private relations between the sexes and to enact new forms of symbolic citizenship. Like Ly, these individuals chose the malleable economy of honor and shame as the best framework within which they could dispute women’s lack of autonomy in the Republic.
Comparing range evolution in two western Plethodon salamanders: glacial refugia, competition, ecological niches, and spatial sorting

Aim Plethodon dunni and P. vehiculum are sister species with widely overlapping ranges, yet the distribution of P. vehiculum extends almost 400 km farther north than its sister species. We explore Pleistocene refugial structure, competition, physiological tolerances and dispersal ability as contributing factors to the range difference between these two species. Location The Pacific Northwest of North America, including Oregon, Washington and British Columbia – the full range of both species. Methods We used genetic, environmental and morphological data to test hypotheses that explain this range difference. Genetic data were used to explore range expansion dynamics and population structure. Species distributional models were used to compare current niches to mid-Holocene and Pleistocene distributions. Morphological data were used to assess phenotypic differences between the species and test for evidence of spatial sorting. Results Both species underwent rapid range expansions since the Pleistocene and share similar population structure. Species distributional models are different in distribution at all times periods between species. The species are significantly different in all morphological measurements taken. Only P. vehiculum shows evidence of spatial sorting. Main conclusions Physiological tolerance and dispersal ability best explain the distributional difference between these species. Spatial sorting most likely plays a key role in the range expansion of P. vehiculum.
Thick Rectangular Plates on an Elastic Foundation

The governing equations and their solutions for the bending of thick rectangular plates resting on elastic foundations are presented using the theory of plates developed by Eric Reissner. An examin...
Logging: Gaining access to the inner workings of your TPS

This paper describes an enhanced test system software architecture that includes a general use facility for passing test program data from an executing test program set (TPS) to one or more support applications running in parallel with the TPS. These support applications may include tools to assist the TPS developer in debugging the TPS, characterizing the unit under test, archiving test results data, and other applications that a test organization may find relevant and helpful. The same test system software architecture can also be used by instrument vendors in the design and implementation of the debugging tools that accompany their instrument drivers and other software. The paper also includes a description of a possible implementation of such an architecture, and demonstrates how it can be used to simplify the development of multiple and diverse types of support applications with little to no impact on the development of the TPS itself.
A new non-capacitive method of determining surface charge densities using floating field ring devices

A new method has been developed for determining surface charge densities that is based on the dependence with surface charge of the potential of floating field rings in reversed biased planar structures. This method is most attractive for determining charge densities on semiconductor surfaces that are passivated with materials for which it is difficult or impossible to make the standard capacitive measurements. These include the passivants commonly used on power devices, such as glasses and silicon rubber. A feature of the technique is that the surface charge is determined over the depletion region in actual devices after all processing is completed. The experimental technique used is first to measure the floating field ring potential as a function of the applied reverse bias between the anode and cathode. The value of surface charges is obtained by calculating the dependence of the field ring potential on the applied voltage and then varying the surface charge until good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is obtained.
Abstract A17: Abiraterone metabolism and a novel therapeutic strategy for castration resistant prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United States. Abiraterone (abi) is approved by the FDA for treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, ~30% of patients have limited or no response to abi. The underlying mechanism of resistance is elusive in these cases, and the best treatment plan for such patients is not clear. Thus we sought to determine a potential mechanism of resistance by analyzing abi metabolism. We found that abi undergoes metabolism catalyzed by steroidogenic enzymes. Abi is converted sequentially to delta-4-abi (D4A), then undergoes C5 reduction to produce several metabolites, including 5α-abi and 5 other metabolites. D4A has more potent anti-tumor activity than abi itself because it inhibits multiple enzymes and antagonizes the androgen receptor (AR) directly. D4A inhibits cell proliferation and xenograft growth better than Abi. However, 5α-Abi has more limited effects on steroidogenic enzymes and is a modest AR agonist, which might promote abi resistance. We suggest that abi metabolism could be a biomarker for abi response, and patients with limited or no response to abi might have less D4A or more 5α-Abi. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dutasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor, suppresses the conversion from D4A to 5α-Abi in both prostate cancer cell lines and patients, which might enhance the clinical response to abi. Taken together, these data reveal a novel metabolic pathway of abi that can be exploited for treatment, specifically as a biomarker. It is achievable in clinic to fine tune abi metabolism to obtain greater concentrations of D4A, the most potent anti-tumor abi metabolite, in patients by supplementing abi treatment with dutasteride. Citation Format: Zhenfei Li, Mohammad Alyamani, Jianneng Li, Mary-Ellen Taplin, Nima Sharifi. Abiraterone metabolism and a novel therapeutic strategy for castration resistant prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A17.
Radiation-induced increases in PARP1 activity to predict for long-term radiosensitization by PARP1 inhibition in preclinical breast cancer models.

1025 Background: Sustained locoregional (LR) control of breast cancer (BCa) is a significant issue for patients with inflammatory disease or chest wall recurrences. Inhibition of poly(adenosine dip...
Directed motion of vortices and annihilation of vortex-antivortex pairs in finite-gap superconductors via hot-lattice routes

Abstract Using finite gap, time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equations, generalized to include non-thermal phonons, we report numerical simulations of vortex nucleation, propagation, and annihilation in thin, finite strips of magnetic-impurity free, perfectly homogeneous superconductors. When a steady electric current passes through the strip with either surface defects or nonequilibrium phonon sources (e.g., local “hotspots”), periodic vortex generation and annihilation is observed even in the absence of external magnetic fields. Local pulses of electric field are produced upon annihilation. The injected phonon lines steer the vortices during their motion within the strip, potentially allowing control of the annihilation site.
Estimation of common subspace order across multiple datasets: Application to multi-subject fMRI data

The success of many joint blind source separation techniques is dependent upon accurate estimation of the common signal subspace order across multiple datasets. This has stimulated the development of techniques to estimate the number of common signals across two datasets, in particular, a method that uses information theoretic criteria using the canonical correlation coefficients in the likelihood formulation and a method based upon a two stage procedure, principal component analysis and canonical correlation analysis. However, these methods are limited to two datasets. In this paper, we propose a method based on multiset canonical correlation analysis followed by knee point detection (MCCA-KPD) to estimate the common subspace order across more than two datasets. We present a detailed comparison of the order estimation methods using simulated examples as well as real functional magnetic resonance imaging data. We demonstrate the superior performance of MCCA-KPD in terms of estimating the true common subspace order across multiple datasets.
Synaptic integration by electro-diffusion in dendritic spines

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the electrodiffusion model based on the Nernst–Planck equation to dendritic spines. This model provides a unified framework for the computation of both the membrane potentials and the intracellular ionic concentrations during synaptic activation. A modified cable model that is a better approximation to the electrodiffusion model than the standard cable model and is less demanding computationally has also been developed. Extracellular ionic concentrations were constant to simplify the calculations. Cl− shunting inhibition on spines cannot be effective regardless of how large the synaptic conductance changes are and the shunting inhibition is significantly more effective when it is on the dendritic shaft on-path to the cell body. The main effect of a limited extracellular space is on the Nernst potential of Na+ and this would reduce the peak response of the postsynaptic potential by about 6% at the spine head.
Evaluation of NMME temperature and precipitation bias and forecast skill for South Asia

Systematic error and forecast skill for temperature and precipitation in two regions of Southern Asia are investigated using hindcasts initialized May 1 from the North American Multi-Model Ensemble. We focus on two contiguous but geographically and dynamically diverse regions: the Extended Indian Monsoon Rainfall (70–100E, 10–30 N) and the nearby mountainous area of Pakistan and Afghanistan (60–75E, 23–39 N). Forecast skill is assessed using the Sign test framework, a rigorous statistical method that can be applied to non-Gaussian variables such as precipitation and to different ensemble sizes without introducing bias. We find that models show significant systematic error in both precipitation and temperature for both regions. The multi-model ensemble mean (MMEM) consistently yields the lowest systematic error and the highest forecast skill for both regions and variables. However, we also find that the MMEM consistently provides a statistically significant increase in skill over climatology only in the first month of the forecast. While the MMEM tends to provide higher overall skill than climatology later in the forecast, the differences are not significant at the 95% level. We also find that MMEMs constructed with a relatively small number of ensemble members per model can equal or outperform MMEMs constructed with more members in skill. This suggests some ensemble members either provide no contribution to overall skill or even detract from it.
How nonprofit organizations responded to the effects of the Great Recession in the US

This paper examines how US nonprofits responded to the Great Recession of 2008-09. Using an extensive panel data set from the National Center for Charitable Statistics it shows that nonprofits in t...
Safety on the slopes: ski versus snowboard injuries in children treated at United States trauma centers.

Abstract Purpose Skiing and snowboarding are popular winter sports. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in injury patterns and severity between children participating in these sports treated at trauma centers in the United States. Methods Ski and snowboard injuries in children Results We identified 1613 injured snowboarders and 1655 skiers. Snowboarders were older (12 vs. 11 years, p Conclusion Many children are treated at United States trauma centers for ski and snowboard injuries. One in 10 is severely injured. Different injury patterns between sports can be used to tailor prevention efforts. However, avoiding head injury and improving helmet use should be a priority for all children on the slopes. Level of Evidence III Type of study Prognostic
Shedding light on the complexity of enterprise routing design: A case study

Enterprise networks often have complex routing designs as a result to meet a variety of requirements such as resiliency and routing policies. The high complexity in the routing design makes the networks hard to operate and migrate. However, currently there is little work on exposing or analyzing this design complexity. This paper seeks to fill this gap. Using an illustrative example, we begin by breaking down the challenges of routing design along two structural dimensions: policy groups and routing instances and discussing the complexity resulted from each dimension in details. We then use a case study of an operational enterprise network to reveal the fundamental complexity in enterprise routing design, and to connect the design complexity to the design requirements. By contrasting two different routing designs used for the same network, We expose important sources of complexity. We then present an important design principle for complexity-aware top-down enterprise routing design. We believe this study is a step forward in the direction of network complexity research, and will shed new insight in understanding and potentially reducing network management complexity.
Die Wirtschaft als Ort der Wertschöpfung

Der Dialog uber ethische Aspekte des Wirtschaftens laβt sich nicht unabhangig von anderen Einflusbereichen, wie Politik, Technik und Bildung, fuhren. Der Zusammenhang zwischen diesen Bereichen wird schon aus folgenden Kurzdefinitionen sichtbar: Die Ethik bemuht sich um die Vorgabe und Begrundung von Zielen (z.B. Existenzsicherung und -verwirklichung) Die Politik trifft eine Auswahl aus dem Ziele(uber)angebot und fixiert die Rahmenbedingungen zu ihrer Verwirklichung Die Technik bietet Mittel zur Erreichung der Ziele Die Wirtschaft trifft eine Auswahl aus diesen Mitteln und leistet die „Wertschopfung“ Die Bildung vermittelt all das Wissen und die Fahigkeiten, die fur die ubrigen Bereiche und daruber hinaus fur die Existenzentfaltung der Menschen notig bzw. hilfreich sind
Phase I Reservoir Development—Redrilling and Flow Testing

In early 1977, the condition of the two deep boreholes at Fenton Hill was as follows: The GT-2 borehole had been drilled to a depth of 9,619 ft (2,832 m) and a 7 5/8-in. scab liner had been placed and cemented from 8,973 ft to 9,581 ft, leaving a 38-ft “rat hole” below the liner (see Fig. 3.12). The EE-1 borehole had been drilled to a depth of 10,053 ft (3,064 m) and cased from 9,599 ft to the surface with a composite casing string (999 ft of 7 5/8-in. casing from 9,599 to 8,600 ft, and 8 5/8-in. casing above 8,600 ft—see Fig. 3.26).
Medical Student Perceptions of 24-Hour Call

Objective To assess the medical student perception and experience of a 24-hour call requirement, and to learn if improvements can be made to improve the 24-hour call requirement. Design Medical students completing their required surgical clerkship over 1 academic year at our institution were surveyed prior to their clerkship and on the last week of clerkship regarding their perceptions and experience with 24-hour call. Setting This study was performed at the University of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, a medical school and tertiary medical center. Participants Two hundred one medical students were given the option to complete an anonymous survey before and after their required surgical clerkship. Results Response rate for the preclerkship survey was 70% (n = 140) and 58% (n = 117) for the postclerkship survey. The mean age of respondents was 26 years, and the majority of students were in their third year of medical school. After completing the clerkship, students interested in surgery more often agreed the 24-hour call requirement should remain (51% versus 31%, p = 0.01). Students rotating at a Level I Trauma Center were also more likely to agree the call requirement should remain (59% versus 33%, p = 0.008). Medical students generally had less concerns (mental health, fatigue, mistakes, and grade performance) related to 24-hour call after completion of the clerkship. Concerns about the effect of 24-hour call on study schedule remained high in both pre and postclerkship groups. Conclusions Medical students have concerns about the experience prior to the clerkship that diminished by its completion. To improve medical student perceptions and overall experience of 24-hour call, frequency of shifts could be limited and the 24-hour call requirement sites could be shifted to Level I Trauma Centers.
Rollover risk and managerial cost adjustment decisions

Rollover risk is the risk that a firm may not be able to refinance its debt when it becomes due. We investigate whether managers’ resource adjustment decisions are influenced by rollover risk and find that cost stickiness is decreasing in rollover risk. Additionally, the negative relationship between rollover risk and cost stickiness is stronger for firms with higher financial constraints and fewer financing sources. These results suggest that, when faced with elevated rollover risk, managers are willing to forego the benefits from a sticky cost behaviour. Finally, the use of an alternative firm‐specific measure of cost stickiness corroborates our main finding.
Final compilation of photometry of Uranus and Neptune, 1972–2016.

Abstract Photometric observations of Uranus and Neptune made each year since 1972 at Lowell Observatory in the b (472 nm) and y (551 nm) filters of the Stromgren photometric system recorded the mainly seasonal variations of disk-integrated albedos of these objects. The measurements predate Voyager and Hubble Telescope multi-wavelength imaging and overlap more than a decade of ground-based adaptive optics near-IR imaging. This paper is a final archive and brief summarizing discussion of observations through 2016 and includes electronic tables of 360 observations of Uranus and 433 observations of Neptune.
Somos pero no somos iguales/We Are But We Are Not the Same: Unpacking Latinx Indigeneity and the Implications for Urban Schools:

Applying several critical race theories as analytical frameworks, the authors present and analyze counterstories of Indigenous Latinx students attending an urban high school in a “new Latinx diaspo...
Obstetrics and Gynecology and Family Medicine Residents' Training and Knowledge on Emergency Contraception

Abstract Background: Emergency contraception (EC) has the potential to play a vital role in preventing unintended pregnancies after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure. Residenc...
Who's the real expert here? Pedigree's unique bias on trust between human and automated advisers

Abstract Objective We assessed the effects of source type bias (human or automation) on adviser trust in a dual adviser decision-making task. Background Source type and reliability's effects on adviser trust have been studied in a dual-adviser context, but the influence of pedigree (perceived expertise) across source types lacked robust investigation. As situations with two decision-aids of uneven pedigree can easily arise, it is critical to understand how operators are biased towards a decision-aid of a certain source type and pedigree. Method A decision-making task similar to the paradigm of Convoy Leader (Lyons and Stokes, 2012) was given to participants, where a military convoy route had to be selected in the presence of IEDs and insurgent activity. We measured behavioral reliance and trust attitudes. Pedigree was manipulated via controlled adviser descriptions, in a manner consistent with past investigations (Madhavan and Wiegmann, 2007a). Results We found a trust bias towards the human adviser, reversed only when there is a far greater pedigree in the automated adviser. Trust attitudes were also strongly indicative of reliance behaviors. Conclusion Pedigree is a strong influencer of trust in a decision-aid and biased towards human advisers. Trust is highly predictive of reliance decisions. Application System designers must take care with how “expert” automation is portrayed, particularly if it is used in conjunction with other human advisers (e.g.: conflicting advice from air-traffic control and an onboard system).
THE EFFECT OF AN ANTI-GRAVITY TREADMILL ON RUNNING CADENCE.

Background Running cadence, or step rate, is often measured in running gait analysis and manipulated in gait retraining. A lower body positive pressure treadmill, or anti-gravity treadmill, allows users to walk/run in a reduced gravity environment. Purpose The primary purpose of this study was to determine how natural running cadence is affected by running on an anti-gravity treadmill compared to a standard treadmill in a healthy, active population. The secondary purpose was to determine if natural and increased cadence is affected by amount of body weight support. Study Design Cross-sectional study (convenience sample). Methods Thirty participants were recruited to run on an anti-gravity treadmill (AlterG Anti-Gravity TreadmillTM M320) at their pre-determined, self-selected, comfortable treadmill speed. Cadence was recorded at nine randomized bodyweight conditions, ranging from 100% of body weight to 20% of body weight, in 10% increments. An additional nine participants were recruited to try to replicate their natural, standard treadmill cadence, as well as increase it by 5% and 10%, while on an anti-gravity treadmill with the same randomized body weight conditions. Results Thirty participants, 19 females and 11 males, mean age 27.3 years (range, 22-45), completed Part 1 of the study protocol, while nine additional participants (2 females and 7 males) with a mean age of 29.6 years old (range, 25-40 years) completed Part 2 of the protocol. There was a significant effect of natural running cadence on the anti-gravity treadmill at reduced body weight percentages (p<.01). Post-hoc t-tests revealed that every 10% bodyweight interval was significantly lower than the previous 10% interval (p<.01) on the anti-gravity treadmill, with cadence decreases ranging from 1.5%-3.5% between intervals. Seven of the nine (77.8%) participants in Part 2 were able to replicate and increase their cadence at all body weight levels on the anti-gravity treadmill. Conclusions Decreasing bodyweight level on an anti-gravity treadmill yields a significant and linear decrease in running cadence when performed at a self-selected, moderate intensity pace. Further, the vast majority of participants were able to successfully replicate and increase cadence at all levels of bodyweight percentage.
Perceived Motivators, Barriers and Intervention Strategies Related to Weight Loss After Childbirth Among WIC Participants in Southern California:

Purpose:To explore perceived motivators and barriers to weight loss after childbirth and ideas for postpartum weight loss interventions among participants of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Prog...
How Recessions Have Affected Household Net Worth, 1990-2017: Uneven Experiences by Wealth Quantile

The asset composition of wealth can explain the uneven impact of recessions on household net worth.
Modelling and estimation of nonlinear quantile regression with clustered data.

Abstract In regression applications, the presence of nonlinearity and correlation among observations offer computational challenges not only in traditional settings such as least squares regression, but also (and especially) when the objective function is nonsmooth as in the case of quantile regression. Methods are developed for the modelling and estimation of nonlinear conditional quantile functions when data are clustered within two-level nested designs. The proposed estimation algorithm is a blend of a smoothing algorithm for quantile regression and a second order Laplacian approximation for nonlinear mixed models. This optimization approach has the appealing advantage of reducing the original nonsmooth problem to an approximated L 2 problem. While the estimation algorithm is iterative, the objective function to be optimized has a simple analytic form. The proposed methods are assessed through a simulation study and two applications, one in pharmacokinetics and one related to growth curve modelling in agriculture.
Development of new brain metastases in triple negative breast cancer.

Brain metastases are common in patients with breast cancer, and those with triple negative status have an even higher risk. Triple negative status is currently not considered when managing brain metastases. To determine whether triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients with brain metastases have a higher burden of intracranial disease and whether WBRT has a survival benefit in this cohort of patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with 85 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. 25% of patients had TNBC. 95% of the patients in this study received SRS and 48% received WBRT. The average number of new brain metastases from time of initial brain imaging to radiation therapy was 0.67 ± 1.1 in the non-TNBC status patients and 2.6 ± 3.7 in the triple negative status patients (p = 0.001). A cox proportional hazards model showed that WBRT does not significantly affect overall survival in patients with TNBC (HR 1.48; 95% CI 0.47–4.67; p = 0.50). Our findings highlight the highly aggressive intracranial nature of TNBC. The rate of new brain metastasis formation is higher in TNBC patients compared to non-TNBC patients. Furthermore, there is no survival benefit for WBRT in TNBC patients. These findings are relevant for clinicians planning brain radiation for TNBC patients as they may find more brain metastases at the time of brain radiation than they anticipated based on initial brain imaging.
Equivalent volume and comovement

Abstract We introduce a new indicator of relative liquidity, equivalent volume (EV), based on the amount of a stock traded indirectly through its inclusion in ETFs. We hypothesize that the EV of an ETF component stock is related to its comovement with other component stocks through the relative liquidity channel under trading caused by arbitrage. Using daily ETF holdings and several comovement estimators, we find that a one-unit increase in daily equivalent volume is associated with increase in comovement ranging from 1.1% to 27.6%. Our findings contribute to the literature on trading volume, liquidity and comovement by relating arbitrage-induced trading pressure to the underlying stock comovement.
Visual FUDGE: Form Understanding via Dynamic Graph Editing

We address the problem of form understanding: finding text entities and the relationships/links between them in form images. The proposed FUDGE model formulates this problem on a graph of text elements (the vertices) and uses a Graph Convolutional Network to predict changes to the graph. The initial vertices are detected text lines and do not necessarily correspond to the final text entities, which can span multiple lines. Also, initial edges contain many false-positive relationships. FUDGE edits the graph structure by combining text segments (graph vertices) and pruning edges in an iterative fashion to obtain the final text entities and relationships. While recent work in this area has focused on leveraging large-scale pre-trained Language Models (LM), FUDGE achieves almost the same level of entity linking performance on the FUNSD dataset by learning only visual features from the (small) provided training set. FUDGE can be applied on forms where text recognition is difficult (e.g. degraded or historical forms) and on forms in resource-poor languages where pre-training such LMs is challenging. FUDGE is state-of-the-art on the historical NAF dataset.