cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geodesign parsed: Placing it within the rubric of recognized design theories

Abstract It is neither the “design” portion nor the “geo” part that empower geodesign’s mode of practice and education—it is their combination that facilitates this model of land design and planning. One of the stated features and benefits of geodesign is that it brings together science and design. Inherent in that combining though appears to be the source of confusion. What distinguishes geodesign from design processes that deploy more innovative approaches to GIS? Is it geodesign if GIS workflows are used for decision support? There is a current lack of consistency in assigning the term “geodesign” to projects and practices. The author posits that geodesign engages GIS at several points in a design process including using GIS and relevant scientific data to better evaluate and understand the potential consequences of design alternatives. This article parses out the design portion to clarify what contributions design brings to the process. The intent is to situate the design aspect of geodesign within a lexicon of recognized design theories. The outcome of this analysis reveals core components that comprise a geodesign process. Those form the basis for a proposed Case Study Method in geodesign. A clearer understanding of geodesign as a new model of design practice emerges through this research by placing geodesign within the realm of other design theories and establishing critical dimensions in the form of a Case Study Method. The guidance provided by a Case Study Method approach to organizing and disseminating geodesign projects will help advance future discourse and practices.
Gibberellin movement: Review and new evidence

The movement of the plant growth regulators known as gibberellins through excised organ sections has been investigated using, first, direct bioassays, then radioactively labelled gibberellins, and more recently gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify definitively the compounds in the receiver agar. Of the dozens of gibberellins currently known, the movement of only the biologically very active gibberellins A 1 and A 3 have been studied in detail. In comparison with the well-known polar movement of indolyl-3-acetic acid, gibberellins A 1 and A 3 show little if any polarity of movement in shoot tissues, through which they move at the rate of 1-2 mm/hr, like the cytokinins, abscisic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - all noticeably slower than the 5-7 mm/hr at which indolyl-3-acetic acid moves basipetally through similar shoot sections. However, through root sections these gibberellins do move with polarity, the predominant movement being from the root tip towards the root base. This is the opposite of indolyl-3-acetic acid's predominant polarity through such root sections. The interpretation, based on results with excised transport sections, of gibberellins A 1 and A 3 as mobile and thereby "hormonal" substances is supported by comparison of movement of gibberellins At and As in a species in which both gibberellins are endogenous, and by reports of gibberellin movement when added to intact or grafted plants.
Concentration‐dependent response to pioglitazone in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

SummaryBackground Pioglitazone is a safe and effective option to manage patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, there is marked variability in treatment response. Aim To evaluate the relationship between concentrations of pioglitazone and its active metabolites and treatment outcomes in patients with NASH. Methods Pioglitazone concentrations were measured in patients with NASH treated with pioglitazone 45 mg/day for 18 months; liver biopsy samples were obtained at baseline and after treatment. The primary outcome was a ≥2-point reduction in NAFLD activity score (NAS) with at least one-point improvement in more than one liver histology category and without worsening of fibrosis. A novel marker, the pioglitazone exposure index, was calculated to consider the concentrations of pioglitazone as well as the two active metabolites. Results The response to pioglitazone was concentration-dependent as evidenced by the significant relationship between both pioglitazone concentration and pioglitazone exposure index with changes in NAS (r=.48, P=.0002 and r=.51, P<.0001, respectively), steatosis (r=.41, P=.002 and r=.46, P=.0005), and inflammation (r=.44, P=.0009 and r=.40, P=.0003). The pioglitazone exposure index was also associated with a change in ballooning (P=.04). The pioglitazone exposure index was higher in patients with NASH resolution (2.85±1.38 vs 1.78±1.48, P=.018). A predictive model for the primary outcome was developed that incorporated baseline NAS and pioglitazone exposure index (AUC=0.77). Conclusions This study demonstrates the importance of pioglitazone exposure to variable response in patients with NASH, and indicates potential factors that may identify patients most likely to benefit from chronic pioglitazone treatment.
Infectivity of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Sterilized and Herbicide-Treated Soil

The infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), against larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), was investigated in sterile, nonsterile, and glyphosate-treated soil cores from a stand of bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson. Soil cores were sterilized by high-pressure steam or methyl bromide fumigation. Another set of soil cores was treated with the herbicide, glyphosate. Nematode infectivity was significantly greater in sterile soil than in nonsterile and glyphosate-treated soil on days 3 and 8 after nematode application. No significant differences were detected by day 15 after nematode treatment. Results suggest the presence of a biotic factor(s) that limits the persistence of insect control provided by entomopathogenic nematodes in bentgrass.
Serial Heart Rates, Guideline-Directed Beta Blocker Use, and Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

A single heart rate (HR) measurement may inform future prognosis in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The importance of elevated HR across serial assessment is uncertain, particularly with well-applied guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) with beta blockers (BBs). In this post hoc analysis of 129 patients with chronic HFrEF in sinus rhythm, who had aggressive medication titration over 10.6 months, HR and BB use were assessed at each visit (average of 6 visits per patient). All-cause mortality was assessed. At baseline, 81 subjects (62.8%) had HR ≥70 beats/min; 40 subjects (31.0%) had high HR despite being on ≥50% of GDMT BB dose. At final visit, 30.4% of the subjects still had high HR despite achieving ≥50% target BB dose. There were no significant baseline differences in demographics or BB doses in patients with HR Clinicaltrials.gov NCT#00351390).
The Middle Ear Muscle Reflex in Rat: Developing a Biomarker of Auditory Nerve Degeneration.

Objectives The long-term goal of this research is to determine whether the middle ear muscle reflex can be used to predict the number of healthy auditory nerve fibers in hearing-impaired ears. In this study, we develop a high-impedance source and an animal model of the middle ear muscle reflex and explore the influence of signal frequency and level on parameters of the reflex to determine an optimal signal to examine auditory nerve fiber survival. Design A high-impedance source was developed using a hearing aid receiver attached to a 0.06 diameter 10.5-cm length tube. The impedance probe consisted of a microphone probe placed near the tip of a tube coupled to a sound source. The probe was calibrated by inserting it into a syringe of known volumes and impedances. The reflex in the anesthetized rat was measured with elicitor stimuli ranging from 3 to 16 kHz presented at levels ranging from 35 to 100 dB SPL to one ear while the reflex was measured in the opposite ear containing the probe and probe stimulus. Results The amplitude of the reflex increased with elicitor level and was largest at 3 kHz. The lowest threshold was approximately 54 dB SPL for the 3-kHz stimulus. The rate of decay of the reflex was greatest at 16 kHz followed by 10 and 3 kHz. The rate of decay did not change significantly with elicitor signal level for 3 and 16 kHz, but decreased as the level of the 10-kHz elicitor increased. A negative feedback model accounts for the reflex decay by having the strength of feedback dependent on auditory nerve input. The rise time of the reflex varied with frequency and changed with level for the 10- and 16-kHz signals but not significantly for the 3-kHz signal. The latency of the reflex increased with a decrease in elicitor level, and the change in latency with level was largest for the 10-kHz stimulus. Conclusions Because the amplitude of the reflex in rat was largest with an elicitor signal at 3 kHz, had the lowest threshold, and yielded the least amount of decay, this may be the ideal frequency to estimate auditory nerve survival in hearing-impaired ears.
The knowledge of people disappeared during Argentina's military rule

Antonio Ruiz (a pseudonym) is an officer who took part in the Argentine 1976–1983 military rule and disappeared the body of a tortured woman. My aim is to offer an ethnographic account of the embodiment of the knowledge of bodies—the local moral worlds in which the officer Antonio and his wife lived and legitimated state violence by imagining themselves as victims, and Antonio subsequently followed his commander’s order and buried the body of a tortured woman. The armed forces provided soldiers of the armed formal manuals in which political violence was described as an ever-present threat. At home Antonio and his wife exchanged accounts detailing the risk of armed struggle to their fledgling family, with Antonio carrying out commissions of repression as father and husband and not only soldier. The narratives officers constructed and acted upon about themselves as imagined victims linger to this day in contemporary Argentina in the form of the disappeared—the missing thousands who remain unaccounted for, buried in unknown, clandestine graves or drowned alive at sea, with thousands of family members suspended in doubt, unsure where the disappeared might truly be, and whether they live or died.
Imaging Carrier Diffusion in Perovskites with a Diffractive Optic-Based Transient Absorption Microscope

Carrier diffusion is imaged in a perovskite film and crystal using a newly developed transient absorption microscope. Wide-field imaging is combined with a diffractive optic-based beam geometry to conduct 41 transient absorption experiments in parallel in this experimental setup. This configuration allows statistics to be quickly compiled with a 1 kHz laser system. Diffusion coefficients of 0.01 and 0.20 cm2/s are obtained for the methylammonium lead iodide film and crystal, respectively. Our data suggest that the dynamics in the film are dominated by intensity dependence of the carrier lifetimes as opposed to carrier diffusion. The small diffusion coefficients determined in the film are attributed to the presence of grain boundaries.
Newton’s Of the Church: Its Contents and Implications

Sir Isaac Newton’s histories of the primitive church and its corruption are perhaps the least studied documents in the body of his unpublished manuscripts yet they are among the most enlightening for those seeking insight into Newton’s understanding of God, religion, and even science. It will be my goal here to point out how two much debated issues in Newton’s relationship with the church are clarified by these histories: his often criticized decision to remain within the Anglican church; and his attitude toward Latitudinarianism and Deism. In addition, I will adduce an example of a scientific issue on which light may be shed by the church histories, viz., Newton’s debate with Leibniz, which was raging at the time Newton was composing these writings.
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR): Impact on the immune system and potential for future therapeutic modulation

Sh Faisal 14.00 Sh Faisal 14.00 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} Sh Faisal 14.00 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has been demonstrated to provide excellent local control in several malignancies. Recent reports have suggested that this ablative dose may impact disease outside of the radiated area. Furthermore, these studies have implicated immune modulation as the primary mechanism of disease response outside the irradiated area. More specifically, T-cell stimulation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulation following high dose irradiation have been suggested as the responsible components of this phenomenon. In addition, the “abscopal effect” may play a role in disease response outside of the radiated area. We review the current literature regarding the effects of ablative radiation therapy, the potential for immune modulation from it, and the mechanisms of the distant effects it elicits. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
Fluorinated porphyrins and corroles: Synthesis, electrochemistry, and applications

Fluorination alters the electronic structure of aromatic systems in a predictable manner, and these effects can be exploited in the design of aromatic, macrocyclic ligand systems for a variety of applications. Equally important is that ring fluorination has an exceptionally modest steric effect. Thus, fluorination permits electronic effects to be severed from structural changes that confound interpretations of other substituent effect studies. Here the preparation, physical properties, and applications of fluorinated and perfluoroalkylated porphyrins and corroles are briefly reviewed. Special attention is given to the preparation of the most useful fluorinated heterocyclic building blocks underlie most of the synthetic approaches to these macrocycles. Among the predictable changes fluorination engenders in the properties of these aromatic, tetrapyrrole ligands, the most commonly exploited in applications are: (1) an increase in oxidative stability, and (2) a decrease in ring nitrogen basicity that is reflected in more Lewis-acidic, electron-deficient chelated metal ions.
Emesis and refusal of feed in swine associated with Gibberella zeae-infected corn.

Abstract In 1965, 28 northern Indiana counties reported refusal of corn by swine. Samples consistently yielded high numbers of kernels infected with Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum) . “Red streak” was common in the corn, but did not contribute to refusal of feed. Water and methanol extracts of the corn contained an emetic substance, presumed to be a metabolite of G. zeae , effective on oral or parenteral administration. Extracts from 35 g of infected corn were adjusted to 100 ml and the volumes required to cause emesis in pigs calculated. Oral doses were 1.28–4.55 ml per kg, intraperitoneal doses were 1.74–2.02 ml per kg, and intravenous doses were 0.59–0.83 ml per kg of body weight. Emesis was independent of refusal in experimental pigs which suggests that unrelated substances caused the 2 effects. Uterine hypertrophy did not occur when 16 samples of infected corn were fed to immature female laboratory animals. Therefore, it is proposed that 3 distinct active metabolites are produced by G. zeae; one anabolic and causing uterine hypertrophy, one with emetic activity, and one causing refusal to consume infected feed.
The Capacity of Uncoded Storage Constrained PIR

Private information retrieval (PIR) allows a user to retrieve a desired message out of $K$ possible messages from $N$ databases (DBs) without revealing the identity of the desired message. In this work, we consider the problem of PIR from uncoded storage constrained DBs. Each DB has a storage capacity of $\mu KL$ bits, where $L$ is the size of each message in bits, and $\mu\in[1/N,\ 1]$ is the normalized storage. In the storage constrained PIR problem, there are two key challenges: a) construction of communication efficient schemes through storage content design at each DB that allow download efficient PIR; and b characterizing the optimal download cost via information-theoretic lower bounds. The novel aspect of this work is to characterize the optimum download cost of PIR with storage constrained DBs for any value of storage. In particular, for any $(N,\ K)$ , we show that the optimal tradeoff between storage $(\mu)$ and the download cost $(D(\mu))$ is given by the lower convex hull of the pairs $(\frac{t}{N}(1+\frac{1}{t}+\frac{1}{t^{2}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{t^{K-1}}))$ for $t$ = 1,2, …, N. The main contribution of this paper is the converse proof, i.e., obtaining lower bounds on the download cost for PIR as a function of the available storage.
Wave module field evaluations between the NDBC’s SCOOP on modified 3-m foam hulls and nearby operational systems

The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) has developed an advanced Self-Contained Ocean Observing Payload (SCOOP) that reflects technological improvements in instrumentation, power consumption, and communications. These SCOOP systems are deployed on existing NDBC hulls that are modified to accommodate the SCOOP payload, reducing superstructure area and elevating the wave sensors above the waterline. Field evaluation comparisons provide a suitable overlap period for old and new systems to assess the impact of the changing system to present applications and on long-term records. Comparison results between the new SCOOP wave systems on modified 3-m foam hull types and two types of operational wave systems are described here. Overall, small biases between the three SCOOP systems deployed on modified 3-m foam hulls and their operational counterparts show that the new systems are in good agreement. Observed variance in the systems is likely due to spatial effects of the comparative buoy locations. Next steps involve further analysis of spectral data.
An Investigation of the Effects of Layer Architecture on Tensile Damage Mechanisms in a Silicon Carbide (SiC) Fiber-Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composite

This paper presents the results of recent studies of the effects of layer architecture (±45° and 0/±45°) on deformation and cracking phenomena in Ti-15-3/SCS-6 (SiC) composites. Deformation and cracking phenomena were elucidated by microscopic observations during incremental loading to failure. The initial damage occurred early via debonding between the fibers and the predominantly TiC reaction layer. This was followed by a complex sequence of damage that included: matrix cracking, sub-grain formation, stress-induced alpha phase precipitation, microvoid nucleation and coalescence, fiber fracture and catastrophic failure. Fracture in the [±45°]2s composite occurred by shear mechanisms. However, an axial failure mode was observed in the [0±45°2s composite. The composite strengths are compared with empirical estimates obtained from the Tsai–Hill criterion.
Cooperative Relative Pose Estimation to Aid Landing of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle on a Moving Platform

In this paper, we develop a method to estimate the relative position and relative heading of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) attempting to land on a moving platform using range-only measurements under GPS-denied conditions. Landing problems typically require precise estimation of relative position and heading, the proposed solution estimates relative pose between the platform (in this case a ship deck) and the landing multirotor. Vision-based landing techniques although accurate will fail under hostile weather conditions with the lack of Global Positioning System (GPS). This formulation investigates the effect on estimation quality when a single vehicle attempts to land using measurements from the ship only versus a team of multirotors assisting a vehicle to land on the ship. A multi-vehicle simulator has been developed in MATLAB/Simulink that facilitates testing our approaches. The simulation results clearly demonstrate the advantage of using a team for assisted landing rather than alone vehicle performing relative pose estimation using a limited range measurements.
Working with the Police: a Positive Outlook from a National Sample of Probation and Parole Officers

Formal police–probation/parole partnerships were popularized in the early 1990s, many modeled after the perceived success of Boston’s Operation Night Light. Yet, funding dissipated in the 2000s and little research was completed. This study represents the first national survey of frontline probation/parole officers concerning the prevalence of partnerships with the police, their support for partnerships, and an examination of factors that influence that support. Findings reveal that many partnerships exist informally and very few report the lack of any partnership with the police. Indeed, these results confirm that working with the police is an integral function of community supervision work, especially in regard to information sharing.
More Frequent Premature Antibiotic Discontinuations and Acute Kidney Injury in the Outpatient Setting With Vancomycin Compared to Daptomycin.

Vancomycin and daptomycin are often used in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for gram-positive coverage. Vancomycin's narrow therapeutic window poses challenges. We retrospectively assessed acute kidney injury (AKI) and other adverse drug events in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy patients receiving vancomycin or daptomycin at home after hospital discharge. Among 191 patients included, AKI was the most common adverse drug event. Early antibiotic discontinuation and AKI were more frequent in the vancomycin group. Vancomycin use (odds ratio [OR], 4.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-20.51); p = 0.04], female sex (OR, 3.28; 95%CI, 1.41-7.67; P < .01), and longer hospitalization (OR, 1.06; 95%CI, 1.01-1.11; P = .02] independently predicted moderate-to-severe AKI. In the vancomycin group, trough concentrations increased after discharge, and were higher in female compared to male patients, and in those who developed moderate-to-severe AKI compared to those who did not. Female sex (OR, 8.37; 95%CI, 2.35-29.82; P < .01) and higher concentrations (OR, 1.12; 95%CI, 1.05-1.19; P < .01) predicted moderate-to-severe AKI in patients receiving vancomycin. In conclusion, premature antibiotic discontinuations and nephrotoxicity are more frequent in patients treated at home with vancomycin compared to daptomycin. Among patients receiving vancomycin, plasma concentrations increased after hospital discharge and predicted moderate-to-severe AKI. Women had higher vancomycin concentrations and higher risk for AKI.
Chinese Investment in the US and the EU is Declining –for Similar Reasons

Since peaking in 2016, Chinese outward investment, primarily to the US but also to the European Union (EU), has declined dramatically, especially in response to changes in China's domestic rules for capital outflow. Concern over growing Chinese influence in other economies, the ascendant role of a Communist Party‐led government in Beijing and the possible security implications of Chinese dominance in the high‐tech sector have put Chinese outward investment under international scrutiny. This paper analyzes the recent trends in Chinese investment in the US and the EU and reviews recent political and regulatory changes both have adopted toward Chinese inward investment. It also explores the emerging transatlantic difference in the regulatory response to the Chinese information technology firm, Huawei. Concerned about national security and as part of the ongoing broader trade friction with China, the US has cracked down far harder on the company than the EU.
CrossConnect: A Cross Registration Tool

Colleges of the Fenway (CoF) is a joint effort of five neighboring Boston-based colleges in the Fenway area. Cross registration enables students of the CoF to register for courses offered in the other institutions. However, current search functions of the crossregistration system lack key features, such as searching by number of credits, categories of classes, or searching by a specific school. In order to offer these features, we propose a new user-friendly website named CrossConnect. CrossConnect uses the Bootstrap framework and responsive Ajax library to connect and query the course databases across all CoF institutions. CrossConnect allows students to perform enhanced queries and provides a user-friendly search interface.
Dynamical Fermionization in One-Dimensional Spinor Quantum Gases

Dynamical fermionization refers to the phenomenon in Tonks-Girardeau gases where, upon release from harmonic confinement, the gases' momentum density profile evolves asymptotically to that of an ideal Fermi gas in the initial trap. This phenomenon has been demonstrated theoretically in hardcore and anyonic Tonks-Girardeau gases and was recently experimentally observed in a strongly interacting Bose gas. We extend this study to a one-dimensional spinor gas of arbitrary spin in the strongly interacting regime and analytically prove that the total momentum distribution after the harmonic trap is turned off approaches that of a spinless ideal Fermi gas, while the asymptotic momentum distribution of each spin component takes the same shape of the initial real space density profile of that spin component. Our work demonstrates the rich physics arising from the interplay between the spin and the charge degrees of freedom in a spinor system.
Multi-attribute machine learning analysis for weak BSR detection in the Pegasus Basin, Offshore New Zealand

Gas hydrates that exist in the subsurface are often difficult to detect with reflection seismic data if the seismic data lacks a strong bottom simulating reflection (BSR). In these cases, the imaging and detection of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) becomes particularly difficult, as hydrate detection relies heavily on the BSR, gas chimneys, or pockmarks on the seafloor. To address and improve upon these imaging complications, an unsupervised machine learning multi-attribute analysis is performed on 2D seismic data in the Pegasus Basin in New Zealand where the BSR is not continuously or clearly imaged. Rock physics analysis has demonstrated that the inclusion of methane gas hydrates in the pore space results in a slightly increasing amplitude at the base of the gas hydrate zone, regardless of the fluid (brine or gas) in the pore space below the hydrates. This increasing amplitude is quite weak and can be masked by noise. In the scenarios where a strong seismic impedance difference is lacking, a BSR is not typically observed in the seismic data, even though gas hydrates do exist in the subsurface. To enhance the detection of the presence of gas hydrates, a multi-attribute analysis is performed with a series of seismic attributes that can detect the minute changes in the seismic waveform due to the presence of gas hydrates. The successful attributes are those that are sensitive to attenuation, frequency, and small amplitude anomalies.
Nanocatalysts in electrosynthesis

Summary Electrosynthesis is to use electricity to drive chemical reactions for chemical synthesis and is potentially a green approach to fuel and energy sustainability. Nanostructured catalysts play an important role in promoting electrochemical reactions under green chemistry conditions. This perspective first provides a brief tutorial on electrosynthesis and the roles the nanocatalysts play in the synthesis. It then outlines the common strategies used to develop nanocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction, CO2 reduction reaction, and biomass upgrading. The perspective further summarizes the current methodologies that have been developed for scaling-up synthesis of nanocatalysts, which will be essential for the electrosynthesis to become a viable industry approach.
Summary of Crowd Out Theory and Accommodative Monetary Policy Theory (Chapters 4–5)

This chapter summarizes the crowd out and loanable funds theory Chapters ( 4– 6). It also summarizes Chapters ( 7– 9) which analyze the mechanics of implementing accommodative monetary policy, and how successful it has been. It concludes that until, quantitative easing, it was not very successful.
Deficits in the Functional Muscle-Bone Unit in Youths with Fontan Physiology.

Objective To determine whether dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a clinically available tool, mirrors the magnitude of deficits in trabecular and cortical bone mineral density (BMD) demonstrated on peripheral quantitative computed tomography in youth with Fontan physiology. Study design We aimed to describe DXA-derived BMD at multiple sites and to investigate the relationship between BMD and leg lean mass, a surrogate for skeletal muscle loading. Subjects with Fontan (n = 46; aged 5-20 years) underwent DXA in a cross-sectional study of growth and bone and muscle health as described previously. Data from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study were used to calculate age-, sex-, and race-specific BMD z-scores of the whole body, lumbar spine, hip, femoral neck, distal one-third radius, ultradistal radius, and leg lean mass z-score (LLMZ). Results Fontan BMD z-scores were significantly lower than reference at all sites—whole body, −0.34 ± 0.85 (P = .01); spine, −0.41 ± 0.96 (P = .008); hip, −0.75 ± 1.1 (P Conclusions Patients with Fontan have marked deficits in both cortical (hip, distal one-third radius) and trabecular (lumbar spine, femoral neck, ultradistal radius) BMD. Lower LLMZ is associated with lower BMD and may reflect inadequate skeletal muscle loading. Interventions to increase muscle mass may improve bone accrual.
Responsiveness and Inter-Rater Reliability of the Pulse Volume Recording Upstroke Ratio (PVRr).

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate a measure of the responsiveness and reliability of the pulse volume recording upstroke ratio (PVRr). A database of 389 subjects undergoing lower extremity revascularization was analyzed. Subjects were included in the analysis if they had undergone pedal radiographs, had PVRs performed pre- and postlower extremity revascularization, and had regular pulsatile digital waveforms with a pressure recording on both PVRs. The responsiveness of the PVRr was assessed by means of the postoperative percent change in comparison to the digital pressures. A statistically significant negative correlation was observed (Pearson -0.421; p = .007) indicating that as digital pressures increased, the PVRr decreased. Further, measurement of the reliability of the PVRr was performed on a selection of 10 recordings by 2 residents and 3 board-certified surgeons. The observed intraclass correlation coefficient of measurements was 0.960. Results of this investigation provide evidence in support of the responsiveness and inter-rater reliability in the calculation of the pulse volume recording upstroke ratio.
Neuroradiologic Imaging of Neurologic and Neuro-Ophthalmic Complications of Coronavirus-19 Infection.

Background To review the literature and provide a summary of COVID-19-related neurologic and neuro-ophthalmic complications. Methods The currently available literature was reviewed on PubMed and Google Scholar using the following keywords for searches: CNS, Neuro-Ophthalmology, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, optic neuritis, pseudotumor cerebri, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), meningitis, encephalitis, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, and Guillain-Barre and Miller Fisher syndromes. Results Neuroradiologic findings of neurologic and neuro-ophthalmologic complications in relationship to COVID-19 infection were reviewed. Afferent visual pathway-related disorders with relevant imaging manifestations included fundus nodules on MRI, papilledema and pseudotumor cerebri syndrome, optic neuritis, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, vascular injury with thromboembolism and infarct, leukoencephalopathy, gray matter hypoxic injury, hemorrhage, infectious meningitis/encephalitis, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, and PRES. Efferent visual pathway-related complications with relevant imaging manifestations were also reviewed, including orbital abnormalities, cranial neuropathy, Guillain-Barre and Miller Fisher syndromes, and nystagmus and other eye movement abnormalities related to rhombencephalitis. Conclusion COVID-19 can cause central and peripheral nervous system disease, including along both the afferent and efferent components of visual axis. Manifestations of disease and long-term sequela continue to be studied and described. Familiarity with the wide variety of neurologic, ophthalmic, and neuroradiologic presentations can promote prompt and appropriate treatment and continue building a framework to understand the underlying mechanism of disease.
Introduction to Tomographic Anatomy

The position of the abdominal viscera and cardiac chambers can usually be determined confidently by noninvasive ultrasound. Variations from normal should be described in a sequential fashion. Abdominal and retroperitoneal organs easiest to evaluate include the liver, stomach, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, and spleen (see Chapter 2).
Synaptic and functional organization of vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways.

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the central connections of the individual semicircular canals subserving the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The three pathways relaying the reflex are the median longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), the brachium conjunctivum (BC), and the ascending tract of Deiters' (ATD). The VOR reflex originates in the anterior and posterior semicircular canals. The MLF contains the axons of the relay neurons for the inhibitory pathways from the anterior and posterior canals and the excitatory pathways from the posterior canals to the ocular motoneurons. The BC contains the axons of the relay neurons for the excitatory pathway from the anterior canal to the IIIrd nucleus. The important limb of the vestibulo-ocular reflex traveling through the BC should not be ignored simply because the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex is abolished by MLF lesions. The horizontal VOR originates in the bilateral horizontal semicircular canals. The disynaptic excitatory pathway, from the ipsilateral horizontal canal to the medial rectus motoneurons is relayed via the ATD. The chapter reviews the disynaptic excitatory and inhibitory input to abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons.
General Nutrient and Energy Requirements

The number of species whose nutritional requirements are known with any precision is relatively few. Of the mammals only about a dozen species have been studied out of a total of over 5000; the situation with birds is worse.
Design of microspectrometers

We review several spectrometer designs that use adaptive space-variance to reduce the total collected data and increase information content. We show a conceptual diagram of a simple space-variant spectrometer with adjustable dispersion. The spectrometer is used in imaging mode to disperse a complete line of object points simultaneously in the output plane. The MEMS mirrors in the input plane are designed to change the light path through the spectrometer on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
Characterization of Corroded Reinforced Steel Bars by Active Microwave Thermography

Detection and characterization of corrosion on steel is important in the transportation and infrastructure industries. Many nondestructive testing (NDT) methods have been applied to this inspection need. To overcome the existing limitations of traditional NDT methods, integrated NDT techniques have also been developed. To this end, the integration of microwave and thermography, referred to as active microwave thermography (AMT), is proposed as a potential NDT tool for detection and characterization of corrosion on steel bars. This method utilizes microwave energy to provide heat excitation. Subsequently, a thermal camera is used to monitor the thermal surface profile. This paper presents preliminary simulations and measurements of AMT as a potential method for corrosion detection and characterization.
Rumen Propionate and Blood Glucose Kinetics in Growing Cattle Fed Isoenergetic Diets

The relationship between rumen propionate production and blood glucose kinetics was examined in four rumen-fistulated Holstein steers fed isoenergetic amounts of 80/20 (G) and 30/70 (R) grain/chopped alfalfa hay diets at 2-hour intervals. Single-injection rumen propionate and blood glucose kinetics were determined in consecutive 4-hour periods by using [6-3H]glucose intravenously then [1-14C]propionate intraruminally. Rumen propionate specific activity was determined after isolation and quantitation by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Average rumen propionate production rates and pool sizes were 441 g/day and 32.0 g when diet R was fed but increased to 510 g/day (P less than 0.05) and 36.5 g (P less than 0.10), respectively, when diet G was fed. Propionate production as related to digestible energy (DE) intake, averaged 0.56 mole/Mcal DE for R and 0.64 mole/Mcal DE for G. Rumen propionate turnover times were similar for both diets. Despite differences in propionate availability, there were no significant dietary differences in glucose kinetic parameters. Average glucose pool sizes and irreversible losses were 27.0 g and 585 g/day for R and 27.0 g and 582 g/day for G.
Inhibition of Experimental Vasospasm in Rats With the Periadventitial Administration of Ibuprofen Using Controlled-Release Polymers

Background and Purpose—The chronic phase of vasospasm after an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage may be mediated in part by early leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits expression of certain cell adhesion molecules and therefore disrupts leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Its systemic administration, however, has dose-limiting side effects. We evaluated the effect of the periadventitial delivery of ibuprofen using controlled-release polymers in the rat femoral artery model of chronic posthemorrhagic vasospasm. Methods—Before the animal studies, the release pharmacokinetics of the ibuprofen-loaded ethylene–vinyl acetate polymers were determined in vitro. Subsequently, the femoral arteries (n=266) of Fischer 344 rats (n=133) were enclosed in latex pouches bilaterally. In the toxicity study (n=15 rats), the animals were randomized into 5 dose groups in which 0%-, 10%-, 20%-, 30%-, or 50%-loaded ibuprofen polymers were evaluated. In the efficacy s...
The development of hippocampal cellular assemblies.

The proper assembly of a cohort of distinct cell types is a prerequisite for building a functional hippocampus. In this review, we describe the major molecular events of the developmental program leading to the cellular construction of the hippocampus. Data from rodent studies are used here to elaborate on our understanding of these processes. WIREs Dev Biol 2014, 3:165–177. doi: 10.1002/wdev.127 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
A COMPARISON OF POSTMIGRATION AND MIGRATION-COUPLED MISMATCH CORRECTION MECHANISMS FOR BRANCH MIGRATION-MEDIATED GENE CONVERSION

We examine several models for nonreciprocal recombination based on the formation of heteroduplex DNA by bidirectional branch migration. We show that the consistency of genetic maps resulting from postmigration mismatch correction is disrupted by the presence of a favored site for initiation of strand exchange, with local inversion of the genetic and physical maps a predicted consequence. We also examine models that allow mismatch correction to take place concurrently with the process of strand exchange and show that the genetic maps resulting from such migration-coupled conversions are substantially free of the anomalies expected of postmigration conversions.
Assessing Children's Blood Pressure—Considerations of Age and Body Size: The Muscatine Study

Blood pressure was assessed in 4,207 children, aged 5 to 18 years, examined in the schools of Muscatine, Iowa during 1981. Overall, 69.9% of the age-sex-specific quintiles and height-sex-specific quintiles of systolic blood pressure were identical. In only 1.0% of children did these quintiles differ by more than one. Children whose blood pressure was in the highest quintile for both age and height were more obese than their peers. Those whose blood pressure was high for age but not for height were proportionately taller and heavier than their age peers. Children whose blood pressure was high for height but not for age were older, shorter, and lighter. Thus, having precocious levels of blood pressure for age during childhood is associated with excessive body weight or precocious height, whereas having high blood pressure for height but not for age is associated with being short for age. The latter suggests that age may be a factor independent of height and weight affecting blood pressure level in childhood. These relationships of body size and age to blood pressure must be considered when evaluating children's blood pressure levels in the clinical setting, and a technique for doing so is presented.
Estimate of the aerodynamic roughness parameters over an incomplete canopy cover of cotton

Abstract Wind speed and temperature data at five levels were used to estimate the roughness length, z om , and displacement height, d o , for a sparsely covered cotton field with an average plant height of 32 cm and 1-m width furrows ∼ 16 cm in depth. Five near-neutral cases produced an estimate of z om = 0.066 m ( ± 0.043) and d o = 0.31 m ( ± 0.20) . In terms of obstacle height, h (i.e., furrows and plants), this yields z om /h⋍0.14 and d o /h⋍0.65 . Confidence in the estimates of the roughness parameters was obtained with a comparison of the sensible heat flux, H , determined by K-theory relationships for gradients of wind speed and temperature in the surface layer and by measurements using the eddy correlation technique. The root mean square error was ∼ 30 W m −2 between the two methods.
Pulsed field gradient NMR investigation of molecular mobility of trimethoxymethane in NAFION membranes

Molecular mobility of water and trimethoxymethane (TMM) in NAFION membranes of two different equivalent weights (EW), 1100 and 1500, were investigated.
Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is independent of the Bloom's syndrome DNA helicase

Immunoglobulin gene somatic mutation leads to antibody affinity maturation through the introduction of multiple point mutations in the antigen binding site. No genes have as yet been identified that participate in this process. Bloom's syndrome (BS) is a chromosomal breakage disorder with a mutator phenotype. Most affected individuals exhibit an immunodeficiency of undetermined aetiology. The gene for this disorder, BLM, has recently been identified as a DNA helicase. If this gene were to play a role in immunoglobulin mutation, then people with BS may lack normally mutated antibodies. Since germ-line, non-mutated immunoglobulin genes generally produce low affinity antibodies, impaired helicase activity might be manifested as the immunodeficiency found in BS. Therefore, we asked whether BLM is specifically involved in immunoglobulin hypermutation. Sequences of immunoglobulin variable (V) regions were analysed from small unsorted blood samples obtained from BS individuals and compared with germ-line sequences. BS V regions displayed the normal distribution of mutations, indicating that the defect in BS is not related to the mechanism of somatic mutation. These data strongly argue against BLM being involved in this process. The genetic approach to identifying the genes involved in immunoglobulin mutation will require further studies of DNA repair- and immunodeficient individuals.
Proline 96 of the Copper Ligand Loop of Amicyanin Regulates Electron Transfer from Methylamine Dehydrogenase by Positioning Other Residues at the Protein−Protein Interface

Amicyanin is a type 1 copper protein that serves as an electron acceptor for methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH). The site of interaction with MADH is a “hydrophobic patch” of amino acid residues including those that comprise a “ligand loop” that provides three of the four copper ligands. Three prolines are present in this region. Pro94 of the ligand loop was previously shown to strongly influence the redox potential of amicyanin but not affinity for MADH or mechanism of electron transfer (ET). In this study Pro96 of the ligand loop was mutated. P96A and P96G mutations did not affect the spectroscopic or redox properties of amicyanin but increased the Kd for complex formation with MADH and altered the kinetic mechanism for the interprotein ET reaction. Values of reorganization energy (λ) and electronic coupling (HAB) for the ET reaction with MADH were both increased by the mutation, indicating that the true ET reaction observed with native amicyanin was now gated by or coupled to a reconfiguration of the pro...
Long-range propagation of surface plasmons in a thin metallic film deposited on an anisotropic photonic crystal

This article discusses long-range propagation of surface plasmons in a thin metallic film deposited on an anisotropic photonic crystal.
Transtornos afetivos: pesquisa e perspectivas para o futuro

Important new areas of basic and clinical research that attempt to elucidate the etiology and pathophysiology of mood disorders are briefly summarized. Particular emphasis is given to research that may contribute to the development of new therapeutic interventions for these disorders. Perspectives for development in these areas are briefly discussed, and future directions are suggested.
On-line MRI monitored noninvasive ultrasound surgery

In this study the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect tissue necrosis induced by focussed ultrasound beams was investigated. It was shown that the sonications can be done in the magnet and mat the lesions are visible immediately after the sonications with increasing image contrast as a function of time. These results showed that MRI can be used to direct and monitor on-line noninvasive ultrasound surgery. This may have a major impact in future patient treatments.
On direct and indirect scattering approaches for the homogenization of particulate composites

Theoretical formalisms for the homogenization of particulate composites are identified as following either the direct scattering approach (DSA) or the indirect scattering approach (ISA). Both approaches can take inclusion size dependence and distribution statistics into account. However, the DSA is generally limited to media with direction-independent constitutive properties and inclusions with simple shapes, but the ISA is not hobbled in this manner. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 25: 53–56, 2000.