cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of lithium mobility under neutron irradiation

Abstract Understanding compositional and microstructural changes in functional intermetallic coatings is of great importance for fusion energy and nuclear materials applications. Tritium (3H) and lithium (6Li, 7Li) transport within a neutron irradiated target rod employing an aluminide-coated austenitic stainless-steel cladding was investigated using state-of-the-art multimodal imaging. Specifically, a scanning electron microscope augmented with focused ion beam (SEM-FIB) was used to prepare lift-out samples of the irradiated coating for microanalysis. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) was used to acquire atomic-scale information on the coating surface microstructure, morphology, and composition. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine lift-out dimensions nondestructively. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) revealed the presence of carbonaceous species and unexpected lithium isotopic distributions in the irradiated tubing, suggesting light isotope mobility between internal target components during irradiation. SIMS chemical mapping of aluminide coatings at core midplane and lower core locations of the cladding shows that light isotopic (e.g., 3H, 6Li, 7Li) distributions are different in the irradiated coating. Advance correlative imaging results suggest lithium transport during the tritium production process and give new insights into the fundamental transport mechanism within the target during irradiation and non-equilibrium conditions.
Fine pointing of laser beams using laser arrays for applications to CubeSats

A method of fine pointing of laser beams using laser arrays has been developed. The telescope system combines a lens system and a vertical cavity surface emitting laser/photodetector array. It does not use moving parts. In computer simulations, it is applied to CubeSats satellites that use body pointing. Body pointing was used by the Aerospace Corporation for CubeSats in LEO at 450 km in NASA’s Optical Communications and Sensors Demonstration (OCSD) program. Computer simulations of this fine pointing capability have been applied previously to CubeSats in the OCSD program. Computer simulations of this laser pointing are applied to CubeSats in LLO at 100 km. With more accurate pointing, a laser beam with smaller divergence can be used. For the case of the AeroCube-7B vehicle that was used in the OCSD program, computer simulations show, for example, that the divergence of the output beam can be reduced from ∼0.06 deg to 0.014 deg. For the proposed electro-optical system, reaction times to pointing changes and vibrations are on a nanosecond time scale, much faster than those for fine pointing systems that use moving parts, such as fast steering mirrors or that use quad-cell photodetectors to improve the body pointing of the CubeSat.
Broadcasting the Framework: Podcasting in a one-credit information literacy class

St. Ambrose University, where I teach, requires that students take a one-credit graded information literacy course, IL101, geared toward first-year and transfer students and conducted either once a week for sixteen weeks or twice a week for eight. As I prepared for the 2019 school year, I was casting about for new assignments to better demonstrate the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education, looking for real-world applications, which, I find, work well for my students, who often believe that they already know how to conduct research and craft a bibliography.
Entity Linking: Finding Extracted Entities in a Knowledge Base

In the menagerie of tasks for information extraction, entity linking is a new beast that has drawn a lot of attention from NLP practitioners and researchers recently. Entity Linking, also referred to as record linkage or entity resolution, involves aligning a textual mention of a named-entity to an appropriate entry in a knowledge base, which may or may not contain the entity. This has manifold applications ranging from linking patient health records to maintaining personal credit files, prevention of identity crimes, and supporting law enforcement. We discuss the key challenges present in this task and we present a high-performing system that links entities using max-margin ranking. We also summarize recent work in this area and describe several open research problems.
Effects of estrogen and progesterone on the pH of uterine fluid in the cat

Abstract The pH values of uterine fluid and blood were studied in castrated rats treated with either estrogen alone or estrogen in combination with progesterone. There was no significant difference in the pH of uterine fluid between the estrogen-treated group (mean pH: 7.767 ± 0.160) and the group treated with estrogen and progesterone (mean pH: 7.780 ± 0.123). In both groups, however, the uterine fluid was more alkaline than blood. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
The Appalachian Image Reexamined: An Oral History View of Eastern Kentucky

cessiui. Historians were vague; tne people tnemseives reticent in their way. Not until the advent of oral history interviewing, in which mountain residents were encouraged to relate their lives and concerns as a matter of interest to themselves as well as historians, did they begin to be documented more accurately. Through their own conversations the actual picture of mountain life and the mountain temperament has begun to surface. Writers of the post-World War II period were still attempt ing to generalize about these numerous people, spread over a wide geographical area, with the little information available. Many such generalizations have survived and still form the ac cepted image of mountain people today. Within this image are the stereotypes so often detrimental to a clear perception of Ap palachian culture. Recently, as more research material has been collected, it has been argued that mountaineers are not the sim ple characters portrayed by early writers or by the modern meaia. Katner, Appaiacnians nave oeen reveaiea as complex in dividuals who differ as much from each other as do other Amer icans. Addressing these individual differences among moun taineers, one observer comments, "It is as much an error to say that 'all blacks (or all whites, or all city-dwellers, or all farmers
Galileo's Mathematical Language of Nature

Undergraduate students do not always make a clear distinction between physics and mathematics, particularly early in their studies. We offer a simple historical example and show how it can be used to illustrate some of the important differences and relationships between the two. The example is Galileo's treatment of motion under uniform acceleration, in which he uses geometry instead of algebra to represent quantities such as time and velocity and stresses the need to test the adequacy of the representation by experiment. The general importance of Galileo's work in the history of science and the fact that it is accessible to undergraduates not concentrating their studies in mathematics or the sciences make it particularly suitable for our purposes. In addition to undergraduate courses in physics or mathematics, many of the points we make should be useful in courses in the history and philosophy of science and mathematics.
Absence of aminonucleoside-sensitive steps in the cell cycle of SV40-transformed human fibroblasts.

Puromycin aminonucleoside arrests cultured normal human lung fibroblasts in the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle but permits fibroblasts transformed by the oncogenic virus SV40 to continue their cell-cycle traverse. Aminonucleoside has no detectable effect on the entry of the transformed cells into mitosis but it does accelerate the rate of detachment of these cells from the growth surface. These differences were not due to an altered rate of penetration of the membrane of the transformed cells by amino-nucleoside.
JCMT Observations of CO(3-2) from M82

The inner 500 pc of M82 is a nearby proto-typical starburst region.1 A starburst requires at least three conditions: (i) an adequate supply of gas, (ii) gathering of the gas within the star-burst region, typically ≤ 1 kpc in extent in the nuclear region, and (iii) a triggering mechanism for the onset of star formation throughout the region. It is clearly important to understand the physical conditions of molecular gas in such regions.
On Actor‐Network Theory and landscape

Focusing primarily on the actor – human or nonhuman, individual or group, conscious or unconscious – Actor-Network Theory (ANT) explores the interconnectedness of all things. ANT recognises that all objects and things exhibit consciousness, and through a consciousness, interact heterogeneously in space; the location of the interaction(s), where they are performed homogeneously, is the landscape. If, as ANT promotes, all objects and things exhibit consciousness, then the closer in space they are to one another, the more essential they are to each other. These notions have specific ties to the on-going critique in landscape studies of focusing on rural and local scales, and the continuing debate in human (and physical) geography regarding the necessity of scale itself. Using ANT as a framework, and punctuated with true-life anecdotes, this article wraps the landscape-created-by-nature and the landscape-created-by-human debates into a non-dialectic whole, demonstrating, perhaps provocatively and controversially, that any landscape should be distinctly anti-dialectic and removed from scalar constraints. While ANT remains an often-overlooked and misunderstood technique for studying the landscape, this article’s crux rests in nothing less than attempting to lay the groundwork for using ANT as a practical technique when studying any landscape in any location at any time (and in any related disciplinary field). If indeed, as argued in this paper and as ANT suggests, everything is networked, then scale, specifically when applied to any landscape, becomes irrelevant.
Dermatopathology workforce in the United States: A survey

Background Although several studies have documented an undersupply of dermatologic services in the United States, little is known about the dermatopathology workforce. Objective Objectives included the following: (1) describe the dermatopathology workforce in the United States; (2) identify characteristics associated with academic dermatopathologists; and (3) explore issues surrounding dermatopathology training. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of all Fellows of the American Society of Dermatopathology (ASDP) practicing in the United States and its territories. Results Of 913 ASDP Fellows, 437 (48%) returned a completed questionnaire. Most were male (72%), Caucasian (85%), and had graduated from US/Canadian medical schools (88%). Approximately half (49%) had completed a dermatology residency and a quarter (24%) were in academia. As compared with those in private practice, academic dermatopathologists were more likely to be female ( P = .0028), have a medical degree only ( P = .0197), and earn $300,000 or less annually ( P Limitations Moderate response rate and potential recall bias are limitations. Conclusions This study of the US dermatopathology workforce provides benchmarks for future studies and strategies for workforce planning.
Laryngomalacia and its treatment.

Objective: To determine 1) airway outcome of infants with laryngomalacia who do not undergo routine direct laryngoscopy (DL) and bronchoscopy (B), 2) the age at resolution of laryngomalacia, and, 3) outcome of supraglottoplasty as a function of the type of laryngomalacia and the presence of concomitant disease. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: The records of all infants diagnosed with laryngomalacia by flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL) between 1990 and 1998 in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa (Iowa City, IA) were reviewed. The type of laryngomalacia was designated by a new classification scheme (types 1-3) based on the site of supraglottic obstruction and the type of supraglottoplasty indicated, should the patient later require surgical intervention. The log rank test was used to compare age at resolution and outcome between types of laryngomalacia and between infants with isolated laryngomalacia versus those with additional congenital abnormalities and/or severe neurological compromise. Results: The type of laryngomalacia was evident in 48 of the 58 charts reviewed and included type 1 (57%), type 2 (15%), type 3 (13%), or combined types (15%). Twenty percent had severe neurological compromise and/or multiple congenital anomalies. The median time to resolution of stridor in these patients was not significantly delayed when compared with infants who had isolated airway anomalies (36 and 72 wk, respectively, vs. 36 wk for isolated laryngomalacia; P <.4). Time to resolution did not correlate with the type of laryngomalacia. In 22 infants, clinical symptoms or findings suggested a synchronous airway lesion, and direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy were performed. In 11 infants, a second airway lesion was diagnosed (in four cases by FFL and in 7 cases by direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy). Complications did not arise in infants who did not undergo direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. Eleven infants with severe laryngomalacia required surgical intervention. The success of supraglottoplasty did not correlate with the type of laryngomalacia or the presence of other congenital anomalies. Conclusions: Routine direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy as part of the evaluation of laryngomalacia are not warranted. Performing these procedures should be based on clinical and physical evidence of a concomitant airway lesion. In general, laryngomalacia will resolve within the first year of life, even in children with multiple congenital anomalies and/or severe neurological compromise. The proposed classification scheme is advantagous in that it is simple and correlates the site of obstruction with the surgical procedure most likely to effect a cure, should the patient require a supraglottoplasty. Surgical management is necessary in approximately 15% to 20% of affected infants.
Complexes whose boundaries cannot be pushed around

LetKn ? ?n be a triangulatedn-ball. Examples are given to show that unlike in the two-dimensional case, the following hold for alln?3: (1) there are nonconvexKn with no convex simplexwise linear embeddingsKn ? ?n, even though there are strictly convex simplexwise linear embeddings ?Kn ? ?n; (2) there are convexKn, with no spanning simplices, such that not every simplexwise linear embeddingf: ?Kn ? ?n with convex image can be extended to a simplexwise linear embedding ofKn; (3) there are convexKn such that the space of simplexwise linear homeomorphisms ofKn, fixed on ?Kn, is not path connected.
An integrated formulation for selecting the best normal population: The common and unknown variance case

This paper considers an integrated formulation in selecting the best normal means in the case of common and unknown variance. The formulation separates the parameter space into two disjoint parts, the preference zone (PZ) and the indifference zone (IZ). In the PZ we insist on selecting the best for a correct selection (CSi) but in the IZ we define any selected subet to be correct (CS2) if it contains the best population. We find the least favorable configuration (LFC) and the worst configuration (WC) respectively in PZ and in the entire parameter space. We derive formulas for P(CSi|LFC), P(CS2|WC), and the bounds for the expected sample size E(N). We also provide tables for the procedure parameters to implement the proposed procedure. An example is given to illustrate the procedure and the table.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in vivo induces intraneuronal amyloid immunoreactivity in guinea pig hippocampus

Abstract Stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in vitro has been shown to accelerate the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form increased production of non-amyloidogenic secreted APP (sAPP). The mechanism whereby this occurs is not entirely clear but it is presumed to be linked to generation of diacylglycerol and activation of protein kinase C because other neurotransmitter receptors such as m1 and m3 muscarinic receptors, known to be coupled to this second messenger cascade, likewise increase sAPP production. Although it is presumed that a reciprocal relationship exists between the formation of amyloid bβ protein (Aβ) and the production of sAP,. recent evidence suggests alternative processing can occur. Given the fact that much of the observations on APP metabolism have been made in vitro we sought to investigate the effect of metabotropic receptor activation on Aβ in vivo in a species known to contain the same amino acid sequence of Aβ as found in humans. Intrahippocampal injection of the mGluR agonist 1S,3R-ACPD in guinea pigs produced neurodegeneration of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons at 12 h postinjection. Immunocytochemistry of sections from ACPD injected animals using selective antibodies to Aβ revealed the presence of punctate intraneuronal granules in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. These structures appeared to be localized within the nucleus and were particularly prominent in neurons within the region of neurodegeneration. Immunoreactivity was not observed in vehicle injected controls nor in sections from ACPD injected animals stained with preadsorbed antiserum. Aβ immunodetection was correlated with the onset of neurodegeneration since animals evaluated at 1 h and 4 h postinjection lacked both Aβ immunoreactivity as well as neurodegeneration. Evaluation of animals injected with NMDA revealed neurodegeneration but no Aβ immunoreactivity suggesting Aβ formation did not appear to be due to non-selective excitotoxicity. Staining of sections with antibodies directed to various regions of APP demonstrated increased C-terminal APP immunoreactivity in pyramidal neurons in the vicinity of degeneration. These data support recent in vitro studies illustrating that Aβ can be found intracellularly within neurons.
Forests in a Warming World: A Time for New Policies

Forests contain more than twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and process through their metabolism about 1/7 of the atmospheric carbon annually. Deforestation currently is adding carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide at an increasing rate and causing the impoverishment of soils over large areas in the tropics. But deforestation is also occurring in the temperate and boreal forests. In most cases deforestation is the result of national policies. It proceeds in the United States in response to economic pressures and political weakness, even corruption.
Variable Use of African American English across Two Language Sampling Contexts.

This investigation compares the impact of two language sampling elicitation contexts, free play and picture description, on variability in the use of African American English (AAE). Subjects were 65 normally-developing African American 4;4- to 6;3-year-old boys and girls from lower socioeconomic status homes. Comparisons of AAE production in the first 50 C units revealed significant differences by context. Picture descriptions elicited more AAE usage overall, a larger set of AAE types, and took less time. Gender differences in the use of AAE tokens were also apparent, with the boys using significantly more tokens than girls in the free play context. The use of AAE types and tokens was comparable for boys and girls in the picture description context. The advantages of language sampling with pictures to determine dialect usage is discussed.
Do weight concerns hinder smoking cessation efforts

This study examined the hypothesis that weight concerns interfere with smoking cessation efforts. Four hundred fifty-nine women screened for participation in a smoking cessation treatment program completed Stunkard's Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (1981), measures of smoking-specific weight gain concern, and smoking history measures. Success in current cessation efforts was assessed 6 months following treatment. The restraint subscale of the TFEQ was associated with lower baseline level of nicotine dependence, a history of smoking fewer cigarettes, and longer prior periods of successful smoking abstinence. Baseline level of nicotine dependence and treatment group were significant predictors of smoking cessation at 6 months posttreatment. Restraint score was marginally predictive of higher rates of abstinence from smoking at 6 months when baseline level of nicotine dependence and treatment group were controlled. These results do not support the hypothesis that weight concerns interfere with smoking cessation attempts.
Estimated Impacts on Climate Records of Adaptive Strategies for Scheduling Radiosondes

Abstract Possible changes to the North American Atmospheric Observing System that are under discussion include the scheduling of radiosonde launches according to synoptic conditions. The authors estimate biases in long-term monthly mean tropospheric temperature and humidity resulting from reducing the number of radiosonde launches at a site depending on synoptic conditions. The sign and magnitudes of the biases vary considerably with geographic location and sometimes with season. Such biases would contaminate the upper-air climatology and complicate the calculation of climate trends. Approaches for minimizing these biases are explored.
Sound Symbolism in the Languages of Australia

The notion that linguistic forms and meanings are related only by convention and not by any direct relationship between sounds and semantic concepts is a foundational principle of modern linguistics. Though the principle generally holds across the lexicon, systematic exceptions have been identified. These “sound symbolic” forms have been identified in lexical items and linguistic processes in many individual languages. This paper examines sound symbolism in the languages of Australia. We conduct a statistical investigation of the evidence for several common patterns of sound symbolism, using data from a sample of 120 languages. The patterns examined here include the association of meanings denoting “smallness” or “nearness” with front vowels or palatal consonants, and the association of meanings denoting “largeness” or “distance” with back vowels or velar consonants. Our results provide evidence for the expected associations of vowels and consonants with meanings of “smallness” and “proximity” in Australian languages. However, the patterns uncovered in this region are more complicated than predicted. Several sound-meaning relationships are only significant for segments in prominent positions in the word, and the prevailing mapping between vowel quality and magnitude meaning cannot be characterized by a simple link between gradients of magnitude and vowel F2, contrary to the claims of previous studies.
Fetal and adolescent nicotine administration: effects on CNS serotonergic systems

Nicotine is a neuroteratogen that targets synaptic function during critical developmental stages and recent studies indicate that CNS vulnerability extends into adolescence, the time that smoking typically commences. We administered nicotine to pregnant or adolescent rats via continuous minipump infusions, using dose rates that replicate the plasma nicotine levels found in smokers. Fetal nicotine exposure (gestational days 4-21) decreased the cerebrocortical binding of paroxetine (PXT), a marker for the serotonin (5HT) transporter, likely indicative of a decrease in nerve terminals in that region; the effect lasted into adulthood. There was a corresponding increase in PXT binding in the midbrain/brainstem, the region containing the 5HT cell bodies that project to the cerebral cortex, a pattern typical of reactive sprouting in response to nerve terminal damage. After adolescent nicotine treatment (postnatal days 30-47), PXT binding was reduced in the hippocampus and striatum instead of the cerebral cortex, again accompanied by increased binding in the midbrain and brainstem; the patterns of effects within each region were gender-selective, although both males and females displayed abnormalities. Superimposed on this overall effect, there were transient increases in PXT binding, likely due to acute stimulant effects of nicotine. We also assessed 5HT presynaptic activity (5HIAA/5HT ratio). Withdrawal from adolescent nicotine treatment led to suppression of activity in the cerebral cortex and activation in the midbrain. These results indicate that both fetal and adolescent nicotine exposure elicit apparent damage to 5HT projections with reactive increases in regions containing 5HT cell bodies. Long-term changes in 5HT innervation and/or synaptic activity may play a role in the subsequent development of depression in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy or in adolescent smokers.
Multi-frequency S2FTIR PA spectral depth profiling by use of sinusoidal phase modulation and harmonic demodulation up to 2250 Hz (10th harmonic)

Multi-frequency phase modulation for step-scan Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (S2FTIR PAS) is demonstrated using a single frequency sinusoidal modulation of the interferometer movable mirror with modulation amplitude 5.2 λHe-Ne. A digital signal processing (DSP) lock-in amplifier is used to demodulate the photoacoustic response at the fundamental phase modulation frequency and its harmonic frequencies. Because the phase modulation is sinusoidal and of the appropriate amplitude, all the even and odd harmonics (up to the 10th harmonic) can be detected with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Applications of this multi-frequency phase modulation approach for photoacoustic depth profiling are demonstrated by the study of a simple two-layered polymer sample. The sampling depth multiplexing advantage (as compared to that obtained with other types of phase modulation) is clearly demonstrated with the analysis of the phase and magnitude of signals at the fundamental frequency and all the harmonic frequencies. This is the first report of using the sinusoidal phase modulation method to easily obtain multi-frequency and high-frequency light modulation for FTIR PAS depth profiling. Although these data have been obtained sequentially, it would be possible (with considerable economy of time) to obtain them simultaneously by use of the internal digital signal processing capability of the instrument.
Coupled energy-drift and force-balance equations for high-field hot-carrier transport

Coupled energy-drift and force-balance equations that contain a frictional force for the center-of-mass motion of electrons are derived for hot-electron transport under a strong dc electric field. The frictional force is found to be related to the net rate of phonon emission, which takes away the momentum of a phonon from an electron during each phonon-emission event. The net rate of phonon emission is determined by the Boltzmann scattering equation, which depends on the distribution of electrons interacting with phonons. The work done by the frictional force is included into the energy-drift equation for the electron-relative scattering motion and is found to increase the thermal energy of the electrons. The importance of the hot-electron effect in the energy-drift term under a strong dc field is demonstrated in reducing the field-dependent drift velocity and mobility. The Doppler shift in the energy conservation of scattering electrons interacting with impurities and phonons is found to lead to an anisotropic distribution of electrons in the momentum space along the field direction. The importance of this anisotropic distribution is demonstrated through a comparison with the isotropic energy-balance equation, from which we find that defining a state-independent electron temperature becomes impossible. To the leading order, the energy-drift equation is linearized with a distribution function by expanding it into a Fokker-Planck-type equation, along with the expansions of both the force-balance equation and the Boltzmann scattering equation for hot phonons.
Robust SCUC Considering Continuous/Discrete Uncertainties and Quick-Start Units: A Two-Stage Robust Optimization With Mixed-Integer Recourse

This paper presents a comprehensive two-stage robust security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) approach, which minimizes the operation cost of the base case while guaranteeing that the robust solution can be adaptively and securely adjusted in response to continuous load and wind uncertainty intervals as well as discrete $N-K$ generation and transmission contingency security criteria. In addition, corrective capabilities of both non-quick-start and quick-start units are rigorously formulated. Specifically, unit commitment of quick-start units is adaptively adjusted in the recourse stage for satisfying security constraints under various uncertainties, which introduces mixed-integer recourse to the proposed two-stage robust SCUC model. The proposed model is solved by the combination of modified Benders decomposition (BD) method and column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm, which decompose the original problem into a master UC problem for the base case and security checking subproblems for uncertainties. Numerical case studies on the modified IEEE 118-bus system illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed robust SCUC approach. Although the modified BD does not provide the tightest lower bound and may not guarantee the global optimality, robustness performance tests indicate that a reasonable threshold on the violation of security checking subproblems would guarantee good enough solutions from engineering point of view.
Surface reaction and transport in mixed conductors with electrochemically-active surfaces: a 2-D numerical study of ceria

A two-dimensional, small-bias model has been developed for describing transport through a mixed ionic and electronic conductor (MIEC) with electrochemically-active surfaces, a system of particular relevance to solid oxide fuel cells. Utilizing the h-adaptive finite-element method, we solve the electrochemical potential and flux for both ionic and electronic species in the MIEC, taking the transport properties of Sm0.15Ce0.85O1.925−δ (SDC15). In addition to the ionic flux that flows between the two sides of the cell, there are two types of electronic fluxes: (1) cross-plane current that flows in the same general direction as the ionic current, and (2) in-plane current that flows between the catalytically-active MIEC surface and the metal current collectors. From an evaluation of these fluxes, the macroscopic interfacial resistance is decomposed into an electrochemical reaction resistance and an electron diffusion-drift resistance, the latter associated with the in-plane electronic current. Analysis of the experimental data for the interfacial resistance for hydrogen electro-oxidation on SDC15 having either Pt or Au current collectors (W. Lai and S. M. Haile, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2005, 88, 2979–2997; W. C. Chueh, W. Lai and S. M. Haile, Solid State Ionics, 2008, 179, 1036–1041) indicates that surface reaction rather than electron migration is the overall rate-limiting step, and suggests furthermore that the surface reaction rate, which has not been directly measured in the literature, scales with . The penetration depth for the in-plane electronic current is estimated at 0.6 μm for the experimental conditions of interest to SDC15, and is found to attain a value as high as 4 μm within the broader range of computational conditions.
Pride and Punishment: On the Social History of Criminal Sanctions

The punishment of crime has a fascinating history, to which the four volumes we will consider in this review add much detail and some explanation. The most sweeping of these accounts is Michel Foucault's analysis of the birth of the prison in France.' Foucault notes that something very important in the history of crime and punishment occurred in Western capitalist societies when the public punishment of the criminal body gave way to the more private punishment of the criminal mind. There is no substitute for Foucault's graphic reconstruction of how torturous the former punishments could be. Thus,
Maternity Leave Policies: A Comparison Between Children's Hospitals And Fortune 500 Companies. † 586

Maternity Leave Policies: A Comparison Between Children's Hospitals And Fortune 500 Companies. † 586
Simulation of Cryogenics Cavitation

Cavitation in cryogenic fluids was simulated on a NACA0015 hydrofoil in a closed-loop facility filled with a perfluorinated ketone that exhibits a strong thermodynamic effect at ambient conditions. Static pressures were measured at seven locations along the hydrofoil chord and along the wall of the test section. Images were collected using both a laser sheet and diffused light to investigate dynamics of the flow. Speeds up to 7.5 m/s and temperatures up to 40°C showed the formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in regimes ranging from incipient cavitation to supercavitation. Effects of velocity, cavitation number and temperature were studied. Cavitation was observed before static pressure dropped to saturation pressure. Pressure and frequency analysis of this phenomenon is described below.
Tenancy in the North Central States

The tenancy problem one of many phases, 710. — Characterization of the North Central States, 712. — Relation of tenancy to value of land, by states, 714. — The same by groups of counties, 717. — Influenced by size of farms, 719. — By type of farming, 720. — Tenancy and the corn belt, 723. — Extensive and intensive farming, 724. — Summary, 728.
Compiling Dynamic Data Structures in Python to Enable the Use of Multi-core and Many-core Libraries

Programmer productivity considerations are increasing the popularity of interpreted languages like Python. At the same time, for applications where performance is important, these languages clearly lack even on uniprocessors. In addition, the use of dynamic data structures in a language like Python makes it very hard to use emerging libraries for enabling the execution on multi-core and many-core architectures. This paper presents a framework for compiling Python to use multi-core and many-core libraries. The key component of our framework involves a suite of algorithms for replacing dynamic and/or nested data structures by arrays, while minimizing unnecessary data copying costs. This involves a novel use of an existing partial redundancy elimination algorithm, development of a new demand-driven interprocedural partial redundancy algorithm, a data flow formulation for determining that the contents of the data structure are of the same type, and a linearization algorithm. We have evaluated our framework using data mining and two linear algebra applications written in pure Python. The key observations were: 1) the code generated by our framework is only 10\% to 20\% slower compared to the hand-written C code that invokes the same libraries, 2) our optimizations turn out to be significant for improving the performance in most cases, and 3) we outperform interpreted Python and the C++ code generated by an existing tool by one to two orders of magnitude.
The Relation Among Targets’ R&D Activities, Acquirers’ Returns, and In‐Process R&D in the US

Abstract: Using a sample of 129 mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in the US between publicly traded acquirers and targets in research and development (R&D) intensive industries over the period of 1994-2004 and a size- and industry-matched sample, we examine the relation among targets’ R&D activities, the probability of acquirers’ writing-off in-process R&D (IPRD), and acquirers’ returns around the time of M&A announcements. We find that firms acquiring targets with higher R&D investments tend to write off some of the acquired R&D assets upon the completion of the M&As. We also find that the median cumulative abnormal return during the three days around M&A announcements for acquirers with subsequent IPRD write-offs is −2.73% while the return for acquirers without IPRD write-offs is −0.60%. This suggests that acquirers’ stock returns around M&A announcements are much lower when investors expect acquirers to expense IPRD. The results are consistent with our conjecture that acquirers tend to write-off IPRD when they acquire overvalued targets. We also find that IPRD write-offs do not increase earnings or stock returns of acquirers after M&As, which is inconsistent with an earnings management hypothesis.
Managing Dyslipidemia in Older Adults1

OBJECTIVES: To summarize and critically review clinical trial data regarding dyslipidemia as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and the efficacy and safety of lipid-lowering interventions in older adults. Based on these data, clinical recommendations for diagnosing and managing dyslipidemia in older adults are provided. METHODS: Peer-reviewed journal articles were identified by a MEDLINE search and a review of journal article references. Studies that were performed exclusively in subjects older than 65 years or that included a large subgroup of older adults were included. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated low density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels are independent risk factors for CHD events in patients aged older than 65 years. Older adults have a higher risk of mortality attributable to hypercholesterolemia. Diet and lipid-lowering medications safely and effectively lower cholesterol levels in this age group. Exercise increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and decreases triglyceride levels. If accompanied by weight loss, exercise may reduce low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels. Improving lipid levels in older adults with CHD decreases the risk of future coronary events by up to 45%, and significant effects on outcome measures may be observed within 2 years of the initiation of therapy. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:1458–1465, 1999.
Microfractures in rocks from two geothermal areas

Abstract Core samples from the Dunes, California, and Raft River, Idaho, geothermal areas show diagenesis superimposed on episodic fracturing and fracture sealing. The minerals that fill fractures show significant temporal variations. Sealed fractures can act as barriers to fluid flow. Sealed fractures often mark boundaries between regions of significantly different physical properties. The fracture porosities measured on several samples are less than 0.1%. This low value indicates that fractures are effectively sealed or that fracturing is confined to the relatively few large fractures visible within the samples. Fracture sealing and low fracture porosity imply that only the most recently formed fractures are open to fluids.
Implicit rule formation in symbolic computation

Abstract To facilitate symbolic computation in certain areas of applied mathematics, using Mathematica, 1 we give interrelated names to identities and corresponding transformation rules. This has let us write procedures to form the rules automatically, once names that conform to a particular simple style have been assigned to the identities. We have used the methodology in applications to quantum chemistry, robot kinematics and other topics, and explain it here by reference to examples that use elementary functions and special functions of mathematical physics. We think it is of interest beyond the specifics of Mathematica usage.
The stress and spalling behavior of the oxide scale formed on polycrystalline Ni3Al

Abstract The residual stress in the oxide scale formed on polycrystalline Ni3Al in air in the range of 900–1200°C was determined at room temperature using optical fluorescence piezospectroscopy. The stress was found to be almost independent of time or temperature of oxidation. In contrast, the spalling behavior was strongly dependent on the oxidation temperature, not occurring below 1100°C and profusely at 1200°C. In the intermediate temperature regime (∼ 1100°C), spallation of the oxide scale occurred preferentially in the vicinity of grain boundaries in the Ni3Al. This is attributed to a buckling instability driven by the residual thermal mismatch stress and induced by both void formation and a non-planar interface structure resulting from preferential diffusion along the Ni3Al grain boundaries.
Antioxidant survey to assess antagonism to redox stress using a prokaryotic and an eukaryotic system

Using a prokaryote (Escherichia coli) and a metazoa-resembling eukaryote (Ochromonas danica), we surveyed antioxidants which might overcome redox stress imposed by menadione sodium bisulphite (MD) and buthionine sulphoximine (BSO). BSO oxidant stress was evident only in O. danica; MD oxidant stress was evident in both organisms. Glutathione, its precursors, e.g. cysteine, homocysteine, and 2-oxo-4-thiazolidine carboxylic acid, and red blood cells, emerged as prime antioxidants for relieving BSO and MD oxidant stress. BSO and MD oxidant activity and antioxidant-annulling effect in O. danica were judged comparable to those found in animal cells whereas the results E. coli were not entirely equivalent. The O. danica system emerged as a practical, rapid, and useful system for pinpointing oxidant stressors and antioxidants, and shows promise for studies with mammalian systems.
Use of sublimation for template removal from menthol templated mesoporous organosilica prepared via sol–gel process

Abstract Menthol templated vinyl-functionalized organosilica materials were prepared by acid catalyzed hydrolytic sol–gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate and vinyltriethoxysilane. The menthol template was removed by sublimation under vacuum, leading to the formation of a mesoporous organosilica material. This work presents a solventless, low temperature method of extraction of template from mesoporous materials. For the first time, sublimation was demonstrated to be an effective means of template removal to generate a mesoporous material. A comparison of sublimation and solvent extraction as template removal methods is also presented.
The genus Nicotiana : A source of resistance to diseases of cultivated tobacco

Nicotiana tabacum L., cultivated tobacco, is one of 65 species in the genusNicotiana. Over the past 30 years, varying numbers of the species have been included in tests of resistance to tobacco diseases by research workers in tobacco-producing areas throughout the world. This report summarizes these investigations in tabular form and discusses methods whereby interspecific transfer of disease resistance may be accomplished.
Dynamic Elastic-Axis Shifting: An Important Enhancement of Piezoelectric Postbuckled Precompressed Actuators

A new actuator arrangement that is designed to protect postbuckled precompressed elements is presented. This actuator arrangement uses through-the-thickness dynamic elastic-axis shifting to protect the convex face of postbuckled precompressed bending actuators at high curvatures, which is important, as postbuckled precompressed elements have been shown to possess simultaneous blocked force and deflection-level increases up to four times those of conventional piezoelectric actuators. This innovation allows this new generation of high-performance piezoelectric actuators to be more robust and less sensitive to tensile failure and depoling on the convex face. As the curvature increases, the elastic axis of the element is shifted dynamically from the center of the laminate through the thickness toward or beyond the convex face of the actuator core, thereby relieving the convex face from tensile loads and effectively stiffening the entire laminate. This dynamic elastic-axis shifting is achieved by adding a facing sheet to the laminate that only carries tensile loads at high curvatures. A silicone spacer between the facing sheet and the actuator element increases the moment of inertia of the facing sheet and increases the effectiveness of the facing sheet. This paper presents an investigation into the effects of the facing-sheet/spacer arrangement on the postbuckled precompressed performance. Analytical models are presented that predict the end rotation at which facing-sheet engagement occurs. Experimental tests were done on a variety of spacer and facing-sheet geometries, demonstrating the dynamic elastic-axis shifting principle for each of the configurations. Deflection testing of dynamic elastic-axis-shifting modified postbuckled precompressed beams was carried out through end rotations in excess of 10° on 10-cm-long piezoelectric benders with good correlation between theory and experiment. It is shown that with a weight penalty of only 12% with respect to the baseline actuator element, the robustness of the postbuckled precompressed beam actuator elements can be significantly increased.
Evaluation of ciladopa hydrochloride as a potential anti-parkinson drug

Abstract The effects of the putative dopamine agonist, ciladopa hydrochloride (AY 27,110), a non-ergot compound, were investigated in animal models of dopaminergic activity to evaluate its possible role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Ciladopa induced stereotyped behavior in both rats and guinea pigs. Unlike apomorphine, however, ciladopa did not produce a maximum behavioral response, i.e. stereotyped gnawing. Pretreatment with haloperidol and sulpiride blocked the effects induced by ciladopa. Pretreatment with reserpine and α-methyl-p-tyrosine did not alter the behavioral effects of ciladopa. Ciladopa caused contralateral rotation in rats with unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Ciladopa induced vomiting in dogs. Small doses of ciladopa decreased locomotor activity in rats, an effect presumably mediated by presynaptic autoreceptors. The chronic injection of both subthreshold and suprathreshold doses of ciladopa failed to induce behavioral supersensitivity. Ciladopa binds to D-2 dopamine receptors in the mammalian caudate nucleus. These data indicate that ciladopa can cause stimulation of central dopaminergic receptors and that the drug is a partial dopamine agonist with direct-acting properties. Ciladopa differs from other available dopaminergic drugs and may possess therapeutic advantages for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
The effects of post-fabrication annealing on the mechanical properties of freestanding nanoporous gold structures

The elastic modulus, residual stress and porosity of nanoporous gold are reported for freestanding microfabricated beams and blanket films on substrates. After fabrication, the nanoporous samples were annealed at various temperatures (up to 400 °C) to induce changes in porosity and mechanical properties. The porosity of the samples was characterized by digital processing of scanning electron microscopy images; mechanical properties were measured using combinations of freestanding beam deflection, wafer curvature and nanoindentation. The relative density of all sample geometries increased as the annealing temperature was increased. However, the evolution of the average pore size (with annealing) depended on the geometry, and hence on the boundary conditions, of the specimen. Differences in porosity evolution were reflected in the mechanical property measurements: while the elastic modulus and residual stress generally increased with increasing annealing temperature (due to densification), pore coalescence in films on substrates leads to the most dramatic changes.