cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring patients' health information communication practices with social network members as a foundation for consumer health IT design.

Abstract Background There is a need to ensure that the growing number of consumer health information technologies designed to support patient engagement account for the larger social context in which health is managed. Basic research on how patients engage this larger social context is needed as a precursor to the development of patient-centered consumer health information technology (IT) solutions. Purpose The purpose of this study was to inform the broader design of consumer health IT by characterizing patients’ existing health information communication practices with their social network members. Methods This qualitative study took place between 2010 and 2012 in a Midwestern city. Eighteen patients with chronic conditions participated in a semi-structured interview that was analyzed using qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistics. Emphasis was placed on recruiting a sample representing diverse cultural groups and including participants of low socioeconomic status. Results Participants’ social networks included a wide range of individuals, spanning biological relatives, divinities, and second-degree relationships. Participants’ rationales for health information communication reflected seven themes: (1) characteristics and circumstances of the person, (2) characteristics and circumstances of the relationship, (3) structure and composition of the social network, (4) content of the message, (5) orientation of the goal, (6) dimensions of the context, and (7) adaptive practices. Conclusions This study demonstrates that patients’ health information communication practices are multidimensional, engaging individuals beyond formal and informal caregivers and driven by characteristics of their personal lives and larger social contexts in addition to their health problem. New models of consumer health IT must be created to better align with the realities of patients’ communication routines.
Relationship between kinetic chain length and radical polymerization rate

In the copolymerization of monomers M1 and M2 which form polymer radicals of chain length n of N1n with electron on a M1 type and N2n with one on a M2 type, it is assumed that the specific rates of termination between N1n and N1n and N1s, N1n and N2s, and N2n and N2s are kα(ns)−a, kβ(ns)−a, and kγ(ns)−a, respectively, where kα, kβ, and kγ are the rate constants of reaction between segment radicals in the respective termination, and a is constant. The relation between kinetic chain length n and polymerization rate Rp is derived as: 1/n = 1/n0 + const. (Rp)A(a), where n0 is the kinetic chain length of the polymer formed by transfer and A (a) is unity (predominance of transfer) and 1/(1–2a) (no transfer). In the copolymerization between methyl methacrylate (M1) and styrene (M2) at 60°C, when Rp → 0, kr12/k12 + kr21/k21 = 5.9× 10−5 is obtained, where kr12 and kr21 are the rate constants of transfer of N1 to M2 and N2 to M1, and k12 and k21 are the rate constants of propagation of N1 to M2 and N2 to M1. In the absence of transfer, the a value is found to be 0.065 ± 0.008, from the relation between n and Rp, regardless of the monomer composition. Such a value is also estimated by setting b = 0.72 in a = 0.153 (2b–1), where b is the constant in the Mark-Houwink equation. Further, the value of kβ is found to be 1.18 × 109l./mole-sec, which is comparable with the diffusion-controlled rate of reaction between small molecules. The rate of reaction between segment radicals is fivefold larger than the polymer-polymer termination when transfer predominates.
Hardy's Inequality for Dirichlet Forms

Abstract We prove an abstract form of Hardy's L2 inequality, in which the Dirichlet integral is replaced by the Dirichlet form of a general symmetric Markov process. A number of examples are provided.
Ab initio computational modeling of loops in G-protein-coupled receptors: lessons from the crystal structure of rhodopsin.

With the help of the crystal struc- ture of rhodopsin an ab initio method has been developed to calculate the three-dimensional struc- ture of the loops that connect the transmembrane helices (TMHs). The goal of this procedure is to calculate the loop structures in other G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) for which only model coordinates of the TMHs are available. To mimic this situation a construct of rhodopsin was used that only includes the experimental coordinates of the TMHs while the rest of the structure, including the terminal domains, has been removed. To calcu- late the structure of the loops a method was de- signed based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulations which use a temperature annealing protocol, and a scaled collective variables (SCV) technique with proper structural constraints. Because only part of the protein is used in the calculations the usual ap- proach of modeling loops, which consists of finding a single, lowest energy conformation of the system, is abandoned because such a single structure may not be a representative member of the native en- semble. Instead, the method was designed to gener- ate structural ensembles from which the single lowest free energy ensemble is identified as repre- sentative of the native folding of the loop. To find the native ensemble a successive series of SCV-MC simulations are carried out to allow the loops to undergo structural changes in a controlled manner. To increase the chances of finding the native funnel for the loop, some of the SCV-MC simulations are carried out at elevated temperatures. The native ensemble can be identified by an MC search starting from any conformation already in the native funnel. The hypothesis is that native structures are trapped in the conformational space because of the high- energy barriers that surround the native funnel. The existence of such ensembles is demonstrated by generating multiple copies of the loops from their crystal structures in rhodopsin and carrying out an extended SCV-MC search. For the extracellular loops e1 and e3, and the intracellular loop i1 that were used in this work, the procedure resulted in dense clusters of structures with C-RMSD 0.5 A. To test the predictive power of the method the crystal structure of each loop was replaced by its extended conformations. For e1 and i1 the procedure identi- fies native clusters with C-RMSD 0.5 A and good structural overlap of the side chains; for e3, two clusters were found with C-RMSD 1.1 A each, but with poor overlap of the side chains. Further search- ing led to a single cluster with lower C-RMSD but higher energy than the two previous clusters. This discrepancy was found to be due to the missing elements in the constructs available from experi- ment for use in the calculations. Because this prob- lem will likely appear whenever parts of the struc- tural information are missing, possible solutions are discussed. Proteins 2006;64:673- 690.
Effects of Salt Concentration on Formation and Dissociation of β-Lactoglobulin/Pectin Complexes

The formation and dissociation of β-lactoglobulin/pectin complexes at various sodium chloride concentrations (CNaCl) have been studied by turbidimetric titration. An increase of CNaCl up to 0.1 M shifts the critical pHφ1, which designates the formation of β-lactoglobulin/pectin coacervates, to higher pH values, whereas further increase of CNaCl from 0.1 to 0.8 M decreases pHφ1 values. These salt effects can be explained in terms of a salt-enhanced effect at lower salt concentrations or a salt-reduced effect at higher salt concentrations, respectively. On the other hand, the value of pHφ2, which corresponds to the dissociation of β-lactoglobulin/pectin coacervates, tends to have smaller pH values when CNaCl increases from 0.1 to 0.3 M. No observable pHφ2 values are found at CNaCl higher than 0.3 M. The disappearance of pHφ2 is mainly attributed to the strong self-aggregation capability of β-lactoglobulin at higher CNaCl. The aggregation of β-lactoglobulin at high CNaCl is reversible, as suggested by the at...
Determination of 35S-aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid specific radioactivity in small tissue samples

Rate determination of protein synthesis utilizing tracer amino acid incorporation requires accurate assessment of the specific radioactivity of the labeled precursor aminoacyl-tRNA pool. Previously published methods presumably useful for the measurement of any aminoacyl-tRNA were unsuccessful when applied to (/sup 35/S)methionine, due to the unique chemical properties of this amino acid. Herein we describe modifications of these methods necessary for the measurement of /sup 35/S-aminoacyl-tRNA specific radioactivity from small tissue samples incubated in the presence of (/sup 35/S)methionine. The use of (/sup 35/S)methionine of high specific radioactivity enables analysis of the methionyl-tRNA from less than 100 mg of tissue. Conditions for optimal recovery of /sup 35/S-labeled dansyl-amino acid derivatives are presented and possible applications of this method are discussed.
A physical workstation, body tracking interface, and immersive virtual environment for rehabilitating phantom limb pain

Virtual agency, the perceived intentional initiation of movement by an amputee of his or her phantom limb, can help reduce pain associated with the missing limb. One key aspect of enhancing virtual agency may lie in recreating a realistic residual limb in an immersive virtual environment. The apparatus described herein seeks to track an amputee's residual forearm and virtually render its restored movement. Specifically, magnetic position sensors and surface electromyography signals are used to track the absolute position of the residual forearm and the intentional grasp from the residual muscles. This information is inputted to software that creates the visual rendering. In the X3D virtual environment, the amputee user interacts with balls in a task that involves picking up one of six colored balls and dropping it into a bin. The image is produced by reflecting projected light off of a mirror and onto a tabletop where the user views the virtual environment. Use case studies indicate that this device can successfully detect when a user attempts to grasp his or her hand and provides visual feedback collocating the virtual limb with the missing limb. Thus, this device gives the user a sense of proprioceptive control of his or her phantom limb, enhancing virtual agency, and increasing the likelihood pain relief.
Some MV-optimal group divisible type block designs for comparing a set of test treatments with a set of standard treatments

In this paper, we consider experimental situations in which it is desired to optimally compare t-test treatments to s standard treatments using a block design in which the experimental units are arranged in b blocks of size k. A method is given for generating an MV-optimal block design for such situations and sufficient conditions are derived which can often be used to establish the MV-optimality of reinforced group divisible designs which are often obtained using the process given.
Anterior capsule opacification: correlation of pathologic findings with clinical sequelae.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the degree of anterior capsule opacification (ACO) in human eyes obtained postmortem containing various rigid and foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL) designs and compare the findings with clinical sequelae of capsular shrinkage. Design Comparative autopsy tissue study with clinicopathologic correlations. Materials Three hundred formalin-fixed human eyes containing the following PC-IOL styles were analyzed: (1) one-piece polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) optic-PMMA haptic (n = 50), one-piece silicone-plate IOL, with large (2) or small (3) fixation holes (n = 35), (4) three-piece PMMA optic-Prolene haptic (n = 50), (5) three-piece acrylic optic-PMMA haptic (n = 55), three-piece silicone optic with PMMA (6) or polyimide (7) haptics (n = 30), and (8) three-piece silicone optic-Prolene haptic (n = 80) lenses. Testing The eyes were sectioned in the equatorial plane for gross examination of the capsular bag from a posterior view. The cornea and iris were then excised for evaluation from an anterior view. Main outcome measures ACO was scored in each eye from 0 to IV, according to the degree/area of capsule opacification. Capsulorrhexis size and IOL decentration were measured with calipers. Results The overall differences among the IOL groups regarding the three parameters were significant (ACO score: P P = 0.036; IOL decentration: P = 0.012). Mean ACO scores were highest with the large- and small-hole one-piece silicone-plate lenses (2.543 ± 0.950) and lowest with the three-piece acrylic optic-PMMA haptic lenses (0.600 ± 0.710). Of 10 cases of capsulorrhexis phimosis observed in the study, 7 cases were associated with three-piece silicone optic-Prolene haptic lenses, which also presented the highest mean decentration (0.375 ± 0.601 mm). Conclusions Our results confirm previous histopathologic observations that the rate of ACO is the lowest with acrylic lenses and higher with plate-haptic silicone IOLs. Nevertheless, clinical sequelae of capsular shrinkage are also very important with three-piece silicone optic-Prolene haptic designs. Thus, IOL material and design are significant factors in the development of ACO, but they ultimately also influence the clinical presentation of capsular shrinkage.
Relationship of temperature pattern and serious bacterial infections in infants 4 to 8 weeks old 24 to 48 hours after antibiotic treatment.

Study objective: A new management approach to selected febrile infants 4 to 8 weeks old evaluated for possible sepsis is outpatient ceftriaxone therapy, with subsequent re-evaluation 24 to 48 hours after presentation. This study assessed whether the temperature profile of such infants during the 24- to 48-hour period after treatment distinguished those with from those without serious bacterial infections (SBIs). Design: Prospective, descriptive clinical study. Participants: One hundred sixty-one febrile infants 4 to 8 weeks old. Setting: An urban pediatric emergency department and hospital. Measurements and main results: All infants underwent a sepsis evaluation (lumbar puncture, CBC/blood culture, and urinalysis/urine culture) and were hospitalized for at least 48 hours. Temperatures were measured on presentation and then every four hours during hospitalization. All infants received parenteral third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic therapy, and none received antipyretic medication unless fever was documented.. Fever (rectal temperature of more than 38.0 C) was documented during the 24- to 48-hour period after presentation in 28 infants (17.6%) — one of a total of 18 infants (5.6%) with SBI and 27 of a total of 143 infants (19%) without SBI (∞, more than .2; power, .30). All bacterial isolates in cases of SBI were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics. All repeat blood and urine cultures that were performed in infants with bacteremia or urinary tract infections, respectively, were negative 24 hours after presentation. Conclusion: Infants 4 to 8 weeks old who remain febrile during the 24 to 48-hour period after presentation and initiation of parenteral antibiotic therapy are less likely to have SBI. This study did not have sufficient power for this difference to be statistically significant.
Pentecostal Presidency? The Lagos-Ibadan ‘Theocratic Class’ & the Muslim ‘Other’

This paper analyses the politics of regime legitimacy through the instrumentality of religious discourse purveyed through a putative Christian ‘theocratic class’ surrounding the Obasanjo presidency in Nigeria. Though the emphasis is on Western Nigerian Christian discourse because of its undeniable influence in the polity since 1999, it incorporates Muslim and northern Nigerian religious discourse in so far as it is seen as constituting the significant discursive ‘Other’ with which the predominantly Christian geopolitical south has historically been in contention. The paper contends that the ‘Pentecostalisation’ of governance has raised the stakes as far as the struggle to define the Nigerian public sphere is concerned, further politicising religion, even as lip service continues to be paid to the secularity of the Nigerian state.
September 11, 2001: Remember Forgetting

In History, Memory, Forgetting, Paul Ricoeur speaks about the paradox of memory that appears as "an excess of memory here, and an excess of forgetting elsewhere, to say nothing of the influence of commemorations and abuses of memory—and of forgetting." In this essay, I reflect on this paradox and, in particular, on what needs to be forgotten in popular imaginaries as the very condition for commemorating it. My intent is to show how dominant narratives about "9/11" enable abuses of memory and what is lost in the process. Although I don't offer a determinate conclusion, my point is to suggest that what we lose is a fuller awareness of ourselves and others.
Inflammatory cytokines induce intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA synthesis and protein secretion by human retinal pigment epithelial cell cultures.

Abstract Retinal inflammatory diseases in man are associated with an upregulation in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM–1) in cells within the retina and with an increase in soluble ICAM–1 within the vitreous. These studies suggest that this protein may contribute to immunopathological processes within the eye. The effects of inflammatory mediators on the regulation of the expression and secretion of ICAM–1 by human retinal pigment epithe-lial cell cultures (HRPE) were investigated in order to identify the possible source of soluble ICAM–1 and the conditions which enhance its production. Immunofluorescence studies on TNF–α and/or IFN–γ treated HRPE cells demonstrated cellular expression of ICAM–1 which was predominantly localized to intercellular junctions. Moreover, treatment of HRPE for 24 h with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF–/) (10 ng/ml), interferon gamma (IFN–γ) (500 u/ml), interleukin 1 alpha (IL–1α) (10 ng/ml) and IL–1β (10 ng/ml) results in the secretion of ICAM–1, ranging from 9 to 13 ng per 10 6 cells. IFN–γ acts synergistically with (TNF–α) and IL–1 in the secretion of ICAM–1 by HRPE. Only 1.75 ng of soluble ICAM–1 was detected in untreated HRPE cells. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL–6, IFN–α or TGF–β did not exhibit any influence on ICAM–1 secretion by these cells. Northern blot analysis reveals an increased expression of ICAM–1 mRNA in HRPE stimulated with IFN–g, TNF–α or IL–1 for 24 h. In untreated cells, ICAM–1 mRNA is not detectable. There is a progressive increase in ICAM–1 mRNA levels in cytokine-treated HRPE, that reaches steady state by 12 h. Furthermore, a close correlation is noted between ICAM–1 mRNA levels and the secretion of ICAM–1 protein, suggesting regulation at the level of gene transcription. ICAM–1 secretion by RPE might actively participate in the immune reactions in the retina, by recruiting and activating lymphocytes, and contribute to the immunopathological processes in inflammatory diseases.
Long-term outcome of enoximone therapy in patients with refractory heart failure

Few options are available for patients with severe heart failure that is unresponsive to therapy with digoxin, diuretics, and vasodilators. The clinical responses and predictors of survival were studied in 41 consecutive patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV heart failure during long-term oral enoximone therapy (mean dose 232 +/- 15 mg/day). The mean age was 60 +/- 1 years, and the initial left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.19 +/- 0.01. The cause of heart failure was either coronary artery disease (n = 23) or dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 18). Symptomatic improvement occurred in the majority (83%) of patients; 24% improved two or more NYHA classes. Although the 12-month mortality rate for the entire group was high (54 +/- 8%), a subgroup of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy achieved a sustained benefit with a decrease in symptoms > 1 NYHA class, fewer hospitalizations, and a survival rate at 24 months of 60%. Multivariate analysis identified the cause of heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction, and clinical improvement within 60 days of enoximone therapy as predictors of a favorable long-term outcome. The presence of coronary artery disease was most predictive of early mortality (p 18 months compared to 66% of those with dilated cardiomyopathy. Median survival rates were 132 +/- 31 and 921 +/- 214 days (p < 0.001) for the coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy populations, respectively. Oral enoximone can provide symptomatic improvement and a palliative option for the majority of patients with refractory heart failure resulting from cardiomyopathy.
Interactions of H2 and NH3 with Mo(100) and Mo(100)−c(2×2)N surfaces

Abstract The interactions of H2 and NH3 with Mo(100) and Mo(100)-c(2 × 2)N surfaces were studied using temperature programmed desorption and Auger electron spectroscopies. For a clean Mo(100) surface, the initial sticking coefficient is 1.0 and the maximum adsorption capacity is 2.0 ML. On the nitrided surface, the sticking coefficient decreases to 0.4 and the maximum capacity decreases to 0.5 ML. The initial sticking coefficient for NH3 on Mo(100) is 0.36, and the saturation adsorption capacity is 0.6 ML. Nitriding the surface reduces the initial sticking coefficient to 0.24 and the saturation capacity to 0.35 ML. Temperature programmed desorption studies show that adsorbed NH3 undergoes desorption and concurrent decomposition, the extent of decomposition being much less significant on the Mo(100)-c(2 × 2)N than on the Mo(100) surface. D2/NH3 coadsorption studies reveal that NH3 decomposition proceeds via a stepwise dehydrogenation process.
Peptide loop-closure kinetics from microsecond molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent.

End-to-end contact formation rates of several peptides were recently measured by tryptophan triplet quenching (Lapidus et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97, 7220). Motivated by these experiments, we study loop-closure kinetics for two peptides of different lengths, Cys-(Ala-Gly-Gln)n-Trp (n = 1, 2), in multiple all-atom explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations with different initial conditions and force fields. In 150 simulations of approximately 20 ns each, we collect data covering 1.0 and 0.8 μs for the penta-peptide simulated with the AMBER and CHARMM force fields, respectively, and about 0.5 μs each with the two force fields for the octa-peptide. These extensive simulations allow us to analyze the dynamics of peptides in the unfolded state with atomic resolution, thus probing early events in protein folding, and to compare molecular dynamics simulations directly with experiment. The calculated lifetimes of the tryptophan triplet state are in the range of 50−100 ns, in agreement with ex...
Effects of diflubenzuron and tunicamycin on N-acetylglucosaminyl transferases in prepupae of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans)

Tunicamycin, an antibiotic, and diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator, were tested to determine their effects on N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase fromS. calcitrans prepupae. Diflubenzuron had no effect, but tunicamycin inhibited the transfer of GlcNAc-1-P from UDP-GlcNAc to dolicholmonophosphate with an I50 of 1.5–4 ng/ml.
Response of isozymes to torpor in the rat, Eptesicus fuscus

Abstract 1. 1. Homogenates of seven tissues and serum from torpid and nontorpid big brown bats ( Eptesicus fuscus ) were separated by starch gel and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. 2. 2. Tissue specificity, individual variation and the effects of torpor were studied in the patterns of total protein, hemoglobin, myoglobin and nine enzymes. 3. 3. The most characteristics response observed were shifts in lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of nonflight skeletal muscles towads increased proportions of LDH-5. This response is presumably a shift toward a more anaerobic metabolism but was conspicuously absent in the highly aerobic (LDH-1) pectoral and heart muscles. 4. 4. Isozyme patterns of other enzymes were refractory to changes during torpor.
Incorporation of Simethicone into Syrupy or Clear Base Liquid Orals

AbstractThe objective of this project was to incorporate simethicone in a syrupy or clear base liquid oral.Best results were obtained when a commercially available emulsion concentrate was stabilized with Carbopol® resins. The use of 0.2% neutralized Carbopol® resin in combination with glycerin and propylene glycol produced a very stable formulation which did not show any separation or creaming for the duration of the studies.
Circulation Research : Reflections on the Founding Editor, Carl J. Wiggers

The opportunity provided me by Dr Marban, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of Circulation Research , to reflect on my early contacts with the journal, naturally brings to mind 1953, the year of its founding. It was an exciting time for cardiovascular research. The United States had largely recovered from the trauma of World War II, and an internal enemy, cardiovascular disease, had replaced the external enemies as the greatest threat to the nation. The National Heart (now the National Heart, Lung, and Blood) Institute had recently been established, and the American Heart Association had been reorganized to sharpen its focus on scientific activities. Substantial financial support for cardiovascular research and training was becoming available for the first time, and a variety of technologies that had been developed or perfected during the war were being applied to the study of the heart and circulation. The American Heart Association, which had published Circulation since 1950 (and before that, the American Heart Journal ), foresaw the expansion of cardiovascular research and wisely established the first journal devoted entirely to this subject. At the time, physiology was the unchallenged “queen” of the cardiovascular sciences, and Carl J. Wiggers, the unchallenged “king” of cardiovascular physiology. He was the obvious choice to be the founding editor of Circulation Research , and the Heart Association was fortunate that he was stepping down from the chairmanship of Physiology at the (then) Western Reserve University Medical School and could devote his considerable energies, intellect, and prestige to this activity. Circulation Research became established rapidly as a prestigious scientific journal, and soon branched out from cardiovascular physiology to embrace biochemistry, pharmacology, anatomy, biophysics, and other basic science disciplines related to the heart and circulation. Certainly, in the early 1950s, there was no shortage of high-quality journals of physiology, …
Biopsy-proven vancomycin-associated interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis

Fewer than ten biopsy-proven case reports exist on vancomycin-associated interstitial nephritis (VAIN) and vancomycin-associated acute tubular necrosis (VAATN). Among these, several are confounded by the use of other potentially offending drugs. We report a case of isolated VAIN/VAATN in a patient on no other potentially nephrotoxic agents other than vancomycin. The patient received intravenous vancomycin for coagulase-negative staphylococcus bacteremia. Her baseline serum creatinine of 0.9 mg/dL increased to 9.6 mg/dL after 1 week of therapy during which vancomycin levels peaked at 141 μg/mL. Renal biopsy revealed acute interstitial nephritis with lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltrate and acute tubular necrosis. Upon discontinuation of vancomycin and administration of prednisone complete renal recovery ensued over a period of 4 weeks.
Feed intake and digestion by Holstein steer calves consuming bermudagrass or ryegrass-wheat hay and supplemented with alfalfa, corn or monensin

Effects of supplementing with legume and/or grain or monensin on intake and digestion by Holstein steer calves fed warm or cool season grass hay (bermudagrass or ryegrass-wheat) were determined. In Experiment 1, eight steers (140 kg body weight (BW)), in two simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares, were fed bermudagrass (72% neutral detergent fiber, NDF) or ryegrass-wheat hay (59% NDF) ad libitum and no supplement (BG and RIV treatments) or approximately 0.5% BW of ground alfalfa hay (BG-A and RW-A treatments), 1.0% BW of ground corn (BG-C and RW-C treatments) or both once daily (BG-AC and RW-AC treatments). Supplement treatments affected organic matter (OM) intake differently with each forage (2.97 kg day−1, 3.35 kg day−1, 4.05 kg day−1, 4.07 kg day−1, 4.07 kg day−1, 4.28 kg day−1 and 4.54 kg day−1 for BG, BG-A, BG-C, BG-AC, RW, RW-A, RW-C and RW-AC, respectively; SE = 0.11). Total tract NDF digestibility was 63.2%, 62.3%, 61.1%, 59.7%, 68.9%, 67.3%, 60.9% and 54.2% (SE = 3.0) for BG, BG-A, BG-C, BG-AC, RW, RW-A, RW-C and RW-AC, respectively (greater with than without supplementation and for alfalfa and corn given together vs. alone; P < 0.05). Supplementation with alfalfa or corn alone increased digestible OM intake with bermudagrass but not with ryegrass-wheat; offering alfalfa and corn together increased digestible OM intake with both forages as compared with corn alone (1.72 kg day−1, 2.01 kg day−1, 2.57 kg day−1, 2.74 kg day−1, 2.71 kg day−1, 2.71 kg day−1, 2.77 kg day−1 and 3.02 kg day−1 for BG, BG-A, BG-C, BG-AC, RW, RW-A, RW-C and RW-AC, respectively; SE = 0.13). In another experiment (4 × 4 Latin square), four steers (228 kg BW) were fed bermudagrass (75% NDF) or orchardgrass (64% NDF) hay ad libitum with 0.5% BW of ground corn and 0 or 200 mg of monensin. Neither intake nor digestibility were significantly affected by monensin, but monensin tended to depress both measures with bermudagrass. Characteristics of forages such as those unique to cool and warm season grasses can affect changes in feed intake and digestion with supplementation.
Time history-based excitation in the dynamic characterization of automotive elastomers

Different input excitation approaches to measure the dynamic stiffness and damping properties of two automotive elastomer mounts were investigated in this research. The traditional methods of dynamic characterization of elastomers are based largely on sinusoidal input excitation where discrete frequency sine wave signals at specified amplitudes are used to excite an elastomer sample in a step-sine sweep fashion. This method is straightforward in its signal processing and can easily be performed with a wide variety of available test equipment. However, many questions remain unanswered with respect to the behaviour of an elastomer during broadband frequency excitation. This paper examines how various other types of excitation affect the dynamic characterization results. These excitation inputs include continuous sine sweep (chirp), shaped random, and acquired road profile data. Use of the broadband data types is expected to provide a more accurate representation of conditions seen in the field, while helping to eliminate much of the interpolation that is inherent with the classic discrete step-sine technique. This paper elaborates on the use of time histories to facilitate broadband excitation, as well as to provide a description of accurate digital signal post-processing methods recommended for the various types of input.
Exploration with live stereoscopic 3D video in mixed reality environments

This paper describes an integrated system for the real time acquisition, streaming, and display of stereoscopic 3D video in mixed reality environments. These mixed reality environments combine real-time stereoscopic video with rendered 3D environments composed of sampled and modeled 3D data from actual landscapes or structures. While live video itself is an important part of exploration, reconnaissance, and documentation, the ability to overlay this video with existing models can significantly add to the context for analysis and decision making. We describe the components of a high- resolution stereoscopic video streaming system integrated with a virtual reality visualization system viewed on high-resolution stereoscopic 3D display walls. The 3D display wall provides a field of view for visualization which is able to exceed the field of view of the human visual system, allowing for a more immersive and natural experiences, and far extending the visual canvas provided by a stereoscopic video stream. We demonstrate a live stereoscopic video feed streamed to a visualization wall and mixed in real-time with a virtual model of that location and present several different usage scenarios exploring how this new visualization technique would be beneficial.
LY294002 inhibits glucocorticoid-induced COX-2 gene expression in cardiomyocytes through a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-independent mechanism

Glucocorticoids induce COX-2 expression in rat cardiomyocytes. While investigating whether phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) plays a role in corticosterone (CT)-induced COX-2, we found that LY294002 (LY29) but not wortmannin (WM) attenuates CT from inducing COX-2 gene expression. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of p85 subunit of PI3K failed to inhibit CT from inducing COX-2 expression. CT did not activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway whereas LY29 and WM decreased the activity of PI3K. LY303511 (LY30), a structural analogue and a negative control for PI3K inhibitory activity of LY29, also suppressed COX-2 induction. These data suggest PI3K-independent mechanisms in regulating CT-induced COX-2 expression. LY29 and LY30 do not inhibit glucocorticoid receptor transactivity. Both compounds have been reported to inhibit Casein Kinase 2 activity and modulate potassium and calcium levels independent of PI3K, while LY29 has been reported to inhibit mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), and DNA-dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PK). Inhibitor of Casein Kinase 2 (CK2), mTOR or DNA-PK failed to prevent CT from inducing COX-2 expression. Tetraethylammonium (TEA), a potassium channel blocker, and nimodipine, a calcium channel blocker, both attenuated CT from inducing COX-2 gene expression. CT was found to increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, which can be inhibited by LY29, TEA or nimodipine. These data suggest a possible role of calcium instead of PI3K in CT-induced COX-2 expression in cardiomyocytes.
Interpretation, Dialogue, and Friendship: On the Remainder of C ommunity

Etude du probleme de la distance historique et du deplacement depuis les origines lie a la transmission du concept de tradition et aux effets de la detraditionnalisation dans la pensee moderne. Soulevant la question de la legitimation des anciens systemes (Aristote, Hobbes) et celle du lien entre l'hermeneutique et la communaute, l'A. montre que la conception de l'interpretation, du dialogue et de l'amitie chez Heidegger et Gadamer ouvre la voie a une approche narrative de la tradition fondee sur la fragmentation de la rationalite et le probleme de la verite
Dietary Sodium Intake and Urinary Dopamine and Sodium Excretion During the Course of Blood Pressure Development in DAHL Salt-Sensitive and Salt-Resistant Rats

Recent studies have suggested that dopamine (DA) formed within the kidney may play an important role in promoting sodium excretion, and that renal production and excretion of DA is determined by dietary sodium intake. Inasmuch as increased sodium consumption produces hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats but not in Dahl salt-resistant (DR) rats, the present study was designed to examine the relationship between sodium consumption and urinary excretion of DA in these rats. DS and DR rats were placed on either high sodium chloride (8%) or low sodium chloride (0.4%) diets at 4 weeks of age and their systolic blood pressure (SBP), urine volume, urinary sodium and catecholamine excretion were measured once every week for the next 4 weeks. High sodium chloride diet increased SBP in DS rats at 6 weeks of age and SBP continued to rise until they were 8 weeks old. The SBP of DR rats did not reach hypertensive levels when they were given high sodium chloride diet. The SBP of DS rats on low sodium chloride diet was significantly higher than DR rats on the same diet. The urinary DA excretion increased with age in all four groups of rats and was similar when they were 8 weeks old. However, both DS and DR rats on high sodium chloride diet excreted greater amounts of sodium and had increased urine volume compared to the DS and DR rats on low sodium chloride diet. There were no significant differences in urinary NE or E excretion in these four groups of rats. Kidney levels of DA and NE were significantly lower in DS compared to DR rats on high sodium chloride diet. These results show that although there are no differences in urinary DA excretion between rats on low and high sodium intake, both DS and DR rats on high sodium chloride diet are able to exhibit a natriuretic response. The DS rats eliminate sodium at the expense of an elevated SBP whereas DR rats stay normotensive. Therefore, it appears that alterations in mechanisms controlling renal vascular resistance rather than sodium excretion are responsible for the development of hypertension in DS rats.
318 The effect of radiation on cell cycle progression and its relation with radiosensitivity

Ionizing radiation can block cell cycle progression of mammalian cells in G2, at the restriction point (in Gl) or during initiation of DNA synthesis (Gl/S). These checkpoints are thought to facilitate the repair of lesions that would otherwise result in chromosome mutations and possible aberrant cell growth or cell death. Abnormalities in the pathways of checkpoint control in yeast and higher eukaryots have been found to affect the sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. In mammalian cells cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases are key proteins in the mechanisms of cell cycle control. Radiation can decrease the expression of cyclin B or prevent dephosphorylation of the cdc2 kinase and thereby inactivate the MPF complex and arrest cells at the G2/M border. In addition radiation can induce p53 expression and subsequent induction of p21 which will inhibit cyclin D and E/CDK complexes and arrest cells in Gl. Analogies of these mechanisms have been found in yeast where the relevance of checkpoints is now investigated.
Next-Generation in Situ Hybridization Chain Reaction: Higher Gain, Lower Cost, Greater Durability

Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) provides multiplexed, isothermal, enzyme-free, molecular signal amplification in diverse settings. Within intact vertebrate embryos, where signal-to-background is at a premium, HCR in situ amplification enables simultaneous mapping of multiple target mRNAs, addressing a longstanding challenge in the biological sciences. With this approach, RNA probes complementary to mRNA targets trigger chain reactions in which metastable fluorophore-labeled RNA hairpins self-assemble into tethered fluorescent amplification polymers. The properties of HCR lead to straightforward multiplexing, deep sample penetration, high signal-to-background, and sharp subcellular signal localization within fixed whole-mount zebrafish embryos, a standard model system for the study of vertebrate development. However, RNA reagents are expensive and vulnerable to enzymatic degradation. Moreover, the stringent hybridization conditions used to destabilize nonspecific hairpin binding also reduce the energeti...
Friction/Vibration Coupling Due to Viscoelastic Interaction of Rough Surfaces of Two Disks in Frictional Contact

Approximate equations describing contact of rough surfaces are implemented in the equations of motion for frictional interaction of two disks in relative rotational motion. The approximate equations are nonlinear functions of the relative axial position of the two disks and provide coupling between their compressive and rotary motion. A set of two coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations is obtained. The mathematical formulation propounded in this paper connects the tribological events at micron-scale and the macroscopic scale vibration response of the two-disk system. This is accomplished by a visco-elastic account of interaction at the micron scale, its statistical quantification through the approximate analytical representation of the statistical expectation of contact force and the introduction of the contact force into the macro-scale dynamics of the two-disk system. Steady-state analysis of the system supports observed behavior of many mechanical systems with friction. It is shown that, as a result of coupling of the macro-system’s dynamics and contact, there are combinations of parameters at the microand macro-scale that yield negative slope in friction force/sliding speed, a well known source of dynamic instability. This results in an effective negative damping that tends to reduce with decrease in the normal load and/or increase in structural damping of the system.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
High resolution T2-weighted imaging of the human brain using surface coils and an analytical reception profile correction.

High spatial resolution T2-weighted MR images of the human brain were obtained at 1.5 T. An optimized fast spin-echo (FSE) sequence and 1.5 g/cm gradients were used to obtain T2-weighted images in 4 to 9 minutes with an in-plane resolution of .27 mm and slice thicknesses from 1.5 to 3 mm. Phased arrays of surface coils were used as receivers, providing increased sensitivity but image intensities dependent on the reception profile of the coils. This image nonuniformity was removed by analyzing the data with a theoretical intensity correction algorithm developed in this laboratory. The FSE sequences, the specialized phased arrays of surface coils, and the intensity correction algorithm allowed improved visualization of nerves within the inner auditory canals and surface anatomy of the cerebral cortex. It is expected that this technique will be useful for clinical applications that require high resolution imaging of small, superficial structures of the brain.
An analysis of an HMM-based attack on the substitution cipher with error-prone ciphertext

The classic simple substitution cipher is an elementary cipher for which many automated ciphertext-only attack algorithms have been developed. The reliable performance of these algorithms is, however, conditioned on obtaining an error-free version of the ciphertext. Although cryptosystems are designed according to Kerckhoffs's assumption, i.e., the security of the cipher resides only in the secret key, the existence of practical physical-layer security codes may provide a vehicle to restricting attackers to error-prone ciphertext, and thus enhance cryptographic secrecy by means of natural phenomena in a noisy channel. This additional layer of security, however, must be quantified to understand the possible boons to multilayer security solutions with secrecy coding at the physical layer. This paper provides an experimental analysis of the behavior of an HMM-based substitution cipher attack to quantify the enhancement in security when errors occur as the ciphertext passes through a discrete memoryless symmetric channel. Results indicate that a bound on the performance of the attack can be directly linked to the mutual information between the inputs and outputs of the channel. Rough linear approximations to the high-end performance of the attack are also presented.
Scattering of sound waves by a compressible vortex

Scattering of plane sound waves by a compressible vortex is investigated by direct computation of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. Nonreflecting boundary conditions are utilized, and their accuracy is established by comparing results on different sized domains. Scattered waves are directly measured from the computations. The resulting amplitude and directivity pattern of the scattered waves is discussed, and compared to various theoretical predictions. For compact vortices (zero circulation), the scattered waves directly computed are in good agreement with predictions based on an acoustic analogy. Strong scattering at about + or - 30 degrees from the direction of incident wave propagation is observed. Back scattering is an order of magnitude smaller than forward scattering. For vortices with finite circulation refraction of the sound by the mean flow field outside the vortex core is found to be important in determining the amplitude and directivity of the scattered wave field.
Obscene words and the law

This paper asks whether the criminal law can have any legitimate concern with obscene language. At most, such a concern could be justified by the need to protect auditors from offense, since it is not plausible to think of exposure to dirty words as harmful or inherently immoral. A distinction is drawn between “bare utterance and instant offense,” on the one hand, and offensive nuisance and harassment, on the other. Only when obscene language is used to harass can it properly be made criminal. Finally, I criticize in some detail judicial reasoning in the case of F.C.C. v. Pacifica Foundation, and conclude that obscene language on the public media is not properly subject to governmental regulation, whether- by criminal law or otherwise. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A9102008 00002
Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity using Piezocone Penetration Test

An elastoplastic, finite-strain, coupled theory of mixtures in an updated Lagrangian reference frame is applied to the piezocone penetration test to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the soil ...
Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Background. Over the past three decades significant advances have been made in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. Despite an increasing incidence of breast cancer, mortality has undergone a gradual decline. This decline in mortality is likely due to numerous factors, including earlier stage at diagnosis, advances in local therapy, and advances in the systemic treatment of breast cancer. This article reviews the background and implementation of the current use of chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting. Methods. The authors reviewed data from published randomized trials and meta-analyses to analyze the rationale behind the current use of systemic chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting. Recent data regarding the use of taxanes as well as neoadjuvant chemotherapy is also presented. Conclusions. Numerous randomized trials and the data obtained from the Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group confirm that both pre- and postmenopausal women benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Anthracycline-containing regimens are superior to those not containing anthracycline, and should be incorporated into the care of most patients with operable breast cancer. The decision to use chemotherapy should be based upon the potential benefits and theoretical risks associated with therapy and individualized for each patient.
S-Thiolation and Irreversible Oxidation of Sulfhydryls on Carbonic Anhydrase III During Oxidative Stress: A Method for Studying Protein Modification in Intact Cells and Tissues

S-thiolation of carbonic anhydrase III (CA III) in cultured rat hepatocytes under oxidative stress was studied by immunodetection on nitrocellulose blots of isoelectrofocusing gels. In cells treated with menadione, three S-thiolated forms of CA III were detected, whereas only two forms were observed in hepatocytes treated with t-butyl hydroperoxide. Two "nonreducible" oxidized forms of CA III were also detected on nitrocellulose blots. These forms increased with the amount of stress and were the only modified forms of CA III in buthionine sulfoxide-treated hepatocytes containing 10-fold less glutathione than control hepatocytes. These experiments support the concept that S-thiolation protects CA III from irreversible oxidation during oxidative stress. Partly and fully S-thiolated forms of CA III were easily detected in both male and female hepatocytes by the immunoblotting method, although female cells contained 15-fold less CA III than did male liver. S-thiolated forms of CA III were also detected in rat skeletal muscle and heart showing the utility of this method for determining the effect of oxidative stress on specific S-thiolatable protein in several tissues in vivo.