cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piaget's Social Psychology

Piaget's social psychology is not widely discussed among psychologists, partly because much of it is still contained in untranslated French works. In this article I summarize the main lines of Piaget's social psychology and briefly indicate its relation to current theories in social psychology. Rejecting both Durkheim's sociological holism and Tarde's individualism, Piaget advances a sociological relativism (relationalism) in which all social facts are reducible to social relations and these, in turn, are reducible to rules, values and signs. Piaget's theory of social values takes the form of a social exchange theory characterized in an abstract logical way. Piaget claims social exchange requires normative principles of reciprocity and that individual social development results in such an equilibrium because rationality itself is social and based upon social cooperation. These views, in turn, derive from Piaget's orthogenetic views concerning the course of evolution: development can be characterized as an increase in equilibrium manifested both in individual action and in social interaction.
Eccentricities for which ellipsoidal probabilities are good approximations to spherical probabilities

When launching a vehicle with space guidance systems, the error coordinates at mid-course and on the surface of the moon have a multi-variate normal distribution. On the surface of the moon, where the problem is two-dimensional, the probability that the vehicle comes within a distance R of the theoretical point of impact can be well approximated with probabilities over associated ellipses having eccentricities in the interval [0,60, 1.0]. At mid-course, where the problem is three-dimensional, the probability that the vehicle comes within a distance R relative to where it ought to be can be well approximated with probabilities over associated ellipsoids having eccentricities in the interval [0.70, 1.0].
Clinical benefits of a multivariate prediction model for bladder cancer: a decision analytic approach.

BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that multivariate prediction models predict cancer outcomes more accurately than cancer stage; however, the effects of these models on clinical management are unclear. The objective of the current study was to determine whether a previously published multivariate prediction model for bladder cancer (“bladder nomogram”) improved medical decision making when referral for adjuvant chemotherapy was used as a model. METHODS: Data were analyzed from an international cohort study of 4462 patients who underwent cystectomy without chemotherapy from 1969 to 2004. The number of patients eligible for chemotherapy was determined using pathologic stage criteria (lymph node-positive disease or pathologic T3 [pT3] or pT4 tumor classification) and for 3 cutoff levels on the bladder nomogram (10%, 25%, and 70% risk of recurrence with surgery alone). The number of recurrences was calculated by applying a relative risk reduction to the baseline risk among eligible patients. Clinical net benefit was then calculated by combining recurrences and treatments and weighting the latter by a factor related to drug tolerability. RESULTS: A nomogram cutoff outperformed pathologic stage for chemotherapy in every scenario of drug effectiveness and tolerability. For a drug with a relative risk of 0.80, with which clinicians would treat ≤20 patients to prevent 1 recurrence, use of the nomogram was equivalent to a strategy that resulted in 60 fewer chemotherapy treatments per 1000 patients without any increase in recurrence rates. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that referring patients who undergo cystectomy to adjuvant chemotherapy on the basis of a multivariate model is likely to lead to better patient outcomes than the use of pathologic stage. Further research is warranted to evaluate the clinical effects of multivariate prediction models. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in systemic sarcoidosis

The records of 88 patients with systemic sarcoidosis who underwent 2-dimensional echocardiography were reviewed to define the typical echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with clinical evidence of cardiac involvement. Twelve patients (14%) had echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction attributed to cardiac sarcoidosis (segmental hypokinesis in 8 patients and global hypokinesis in 4 patients). A high incidence of congestive heart failure (9 of 12) and conduction system disease (7 of 12) was characteristic of these patients. The remaining 76 patients had normal echocardiograms or abnormalities attributed to nonsarcoid sources. In 8 (11%) of these 76 patients, there were significant clinically unexplained conduction abnormalities likely related to sarcoidosis.
Climatic influences on species: Evidence from the fossil record

The detailed Neogene and Quaternary paleoclimatic reconstructions now available provide a means to test how species respond to environmental change. Paleontologic studies of marine organisms show that climatic change causes evolution (via cladogenesis and anagenesis), ecophenotypic variation, migration, morphologic stasis and extinction. Evolution during climatic change is a rare event relative to the number of climatic cycles that have occurred, but climate-related environmental barriers, usually temperature, may play an important role in the isolation of populations during allopatric speciation.
Differential Reactions to School Bonds, Peers, and Victimization in the Case of Adolescent Substance Use The Moderating Effect of Sex

The present study addresses whether sex moderates the effects of known risk and protective factors for alcohol and drug use. Simultaneously drawing on traditional delinquency theories and feminist theoretical insight, the authors first included product terms in regression equations for the total sample and then estimated separate regression equations for girls and boys to determine the extent to which the theoretical constructs differentially affected their substance use. In a large sample of 8th to 12th graders, stronger effects of peer approval, school bonds, and victimizations were evident in the equations for girls, while peer pressure mattered more for boys. Implications of moderated effects for theoretical and empirical developments are discussed.
Sol-gel derived, air-baked indium and tin oxide films

Abstract A sol-gel derived, transparent, electrically conducting tin-doped In2O3 film system has been developed which only requires air baking. The films approximate the properties of sputtered and hot-sprayed films but are simpler and less expensive to apply by dipping and spinning procedures. Substrate sodium interference was seen to be minimal.
Lovelace: an Ada 95 tutorial

Lovelace is a free interactive tutorial for Ada 95 [RM 95] and is available through the World Wide Web (WWW). This paper describes Lovelace, including basic facts about it, its organization, implementation, user comments, and lessons learned. This paper should be of use to educators considering the use of Lovelace in courses using Ada, users of Lovelace, and educators considering the development of computer-aided instruction programs for the World Wide Web (WWW).
The role of the CD4 receptor versus HIV coreceptors in envelope-mediated apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Abstract We examined the role of CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 in HIV envelope-mediated apoptosis by measuring the response of activated PBMCs to recombinant envelope proteins derived from CXCR4- and CCR5-utilizing viruses. Apoptosis of T cells was assessed by annexin-V staining and TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling. Treatment of CCR5Δ32 homozygote PBMCs with a CCR5-specific envelope induced apoptosis in T cells, demonstrating that envelope–CD4 interactions are sufficient to induce apoptosis. However, a CXCR4-specific envelope induced higher levels of apoptosis than a CCR5-specific envelope, suggesting that envelope-mediated apoptosis can be enhanced by envelope–CXCR4 interactions. We conclude that envelope can induce apoptosis in T cells independently of the coreceptor specificity of a given envelope, or the expression profile of CXCR4 or CCR5 on a target cell. However, envelope–coreceptor interactions, and in particular, envelope–CXCR4 interactions, can contribute to this process.
The quest for stable σ-methane complexes: computational and experimental studies

A series of cationic late transition metal pincer complexes with tridentate, neutral pincer ligands and their corresponding metal methyl complexes have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT). The key calculated quantities of interest for each metal–ligand pair were the energy of the metal methyl hydride relative to the metal σ-methane complex and the methane dissociation enthalpy and free energy. A few promising pincer ligand frameworks emerged as candidates for the syntheses of σ-methane complexes with enhanced thermal stability. The calculational predictions have been tested experimentally, and new iridium and rhodium complexes of a tridentate pincer ligand, 2,6-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinito)-3,5-diphenylpyrazine (N-PONOP) have been prepared as well as a cationic palladium methyl complex with 2,6-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinito)pyridine (PONOP) and subjected to several protonation experiments. Protonation of the (N-PONOP)Ir methyl complex yielded the corresponding five-coordinate iridium(III) methyl hydride cation. Kinetic studies of the C–H bond coupling and reductive elimination have been carried out. Line broadening NMR spectroscopic techniques have been established a barrier of 7.9(1) kcal mol−1 for H–Calkyl bond coupling in the iridium(III) methyl hydride (−100 °C). A protonation of the iridium pincer complexes at the uncoordinated pyrazine-N atom was not achieved.
Preliminary biocompatibility experiment of polymer films for laser-assisted tissue welding.

Background and Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a polymer film for liquid solder strength reinforcement on the short term healing of a wound closed by laser-tissue soldering. Materials and Methods Full thickness incisions created on the dorsum of Sprague–Dawley rats were closed by laser-tissue soldering: albumin solder with Indocyanine Green (ICG) dye was inserted between the incision edges and photothermally coagulated with a diode laser. A poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer film was implanted subcutaneously in the bottom of the incision (controls had no film). Specimens were harvested at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days for breaking strength testing and histological analysis. Results Breaking strengths of the controls at 0 and 14 days were statistically stronger than the specimens with the implanted films (t-test, P < 0.05). A slight difficulty in apposing the wound edges due to the film presence may have contributed to the low acute strengths. Interference with the wound contraction process by the films possibly contributed to the lower breaking strength at 14 days. Wound histology indicated a mild foreign body reaction to the polymer film material. Conclusions The polymer film was well tolerated by the tissue, and the tissue response to the material was consistent with that seen in the literature. The breaking strength differences between control and film-implanted specimens at 0 and 14 days were probably the result of mechanical complications (tissue apposition and wound contraction) due to the presence of the film, and not due to the film material itself. The use of polymer film patches for liquid solder reinforcement and breaking strength enhancement may have certain application specific issues that need to be addressed. Strategies to account for these issues require further research. Lasers Surg. Med. 32:215–223, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of fish size at harvest, initial stocking density and tank lighting conditions on the habituation of pond-reared yellow perch (Perca flavescens) to intensive culture conditions

Abstract Groups of age-0 pond-reared yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) fingerlings were harvested and habituated to intensive culture conditions and formulated feeds under various treatment regimes. The habituation intervals for the different fish groups lasted from 19 to 51 days, until the number of dead fish recovered daily for each group became insignificant and all remaining fish were actively feeding. End points measured included (1) habituation, defined as the percentage of fish that survived the transition to intensive culture conditions; (2) starvation, defined as the percentage of fish that died and were recovered; and (3) cannibalism, defined as the percentage of fish that could not be accounted for at the end of the habituation intervals. The habituation of perch harvested at mean total lengths (TLs) of 16.9, 32.5, or 42.6 mm did not differ (53.3 ± 5.5, 68.3 ± 6.3, and 55.7 ± 4.5%, respectively), but habituation occurred faster and over a shorter interval in smaller perch. Perch harvested at 16.9 mm TL grew to a larger ultimate size than those harvested at 42.6 mm TL. Fingerlings harvested at 16–20 mm TL and initially stocked into 750-l tanks at 13.7 fish/l had improved habituation (53.3 ± 5.5%) and reduced cannibalism (20.3 ± 11.0%) compared to those stocked at 37.4 fish/l (28.0 ± 3.2 and 50.5 ± 3.2%, respectively). Perch reared using internal tank lighting had improved habituation compared to those reared overhead lighting (54.5 ± 3.2 vs. 42.7 ± 2.2%). Our results show that pond-reared perch fingerlings can be successfully habituated to intensive culture conditions at a mean size as small as 16.9 mm TL, and that fingerling production can be greatly improved by using a strategy of early pond harvest in combination with appropriate tank stocking densities and internal tank lighting.
Determinants of police growth in Phoenix, 1950–1988

Many explanations (e.g., rising crime) have been advanced for understanding the nature of police growth. Most often cross-sectional analyses have been employed to test the validity of these perspectives. Only three studies have examined police growth using an individual city and longitudinal data. Two of these studies focused on Chicago, the third on Detroit. This research examines the determinants of police growth in Phoenix, Arizona from 1950 through 1988. The primary objective is to test three competing theories of police growth: public choice, conflict, and organizational constraints. We employed ordinary least square (OLS) procedures to assess the determinants of two forms of police growth: police officers per 1,000 population and police expenditures per 100,000 population. Overall the findings support all three perspectives, though we derived the strongest and most consistent explanations from the conflict and organizational constraints perspectives.
Functional failure of patent femorodistal in situ grafts

We have treated several patients who required major, proximal extremity amputations despite a patent infrainguinal in situ saphenous vein bypass graft. To determine those factors predisposing to such paradoxical limb loss, we studied a group of 45 patients who underwent 48 in situ, femorodistal bypass grafts for tissue necrosis and who maintained a patent graft throughout the perioperative period. Within this cohort, we compared two distinct subgroups: Group I, whose limbs (n = 8) ultimately required a major proximal amputation; Group II, whose limbs (n = 40) emerged with a viable foot and did not require a major amputation. There was no significant difference in the incidence of diabetes, renal failure, smoking, or postoperative ankle/brachial index between the two groups. The presence of gangrene (88% vs 45%), invasive sepsis (63% vs 23%), and combined gangrene and sepsis (63% vs 18%) was significantly (p < 0.05) more prevalent in Group I versus Group II. Forty-three percent of patients with both gangrene and foot sepsis required a major proximal amputation despite a patent graft. Such patients are at high risk for limb loss even if they undergo successful revascularization.
Spikelet Characteristics and Midge Predation of Hermaphroditic Genotypes of Big Bluestem

Frequencies of sessile spikelets containing diapausing larvae of the bluestem seed midge were greater for hermaphroditic than andromonoecious genotypes. Mature sessile spikelets of hermaphroditic genotypes were more frequently infested by larvae than pedicellate spikelets, and no larvae were found in pedicellate spikelets of andromonoecious genotypes. The bisexual pedicellate spikelet trait increased total spikelet caryopses set in the presence of the bluestem seed midge and thus may have potential for improving seed yields
Kinetics of restricted solid-on-solid models of film growth

We consider the kinetics of irreversible film growth in solid-on-solid models with various restrictions on the adsorption (or growth) sites. We show how the master equations for the probabilities of subconfigurations of filled sites can be analyzed exactly to obtain coverages and spatial correlations for the first several layers. These provide an efficient framework for analysis of the early-stage growth kinetics, and indicate rapid attainment of asymptotic behavior. We illustrate the (1+1)- and (2+1)-dimensional cases for the simplest restricted solid-on-solid condition, and various modifications.
A passive lithium hydride based hydrogen generator for low power fuel cells for long-duration sensor networks

This paper focuses on developing an efficient fuel storage and release method for hydrogen using lithium hydride hydrolysis for use in PEM fuel cells for low power sensor network modules over long durations. Lithium hydride has high hydrogen storage density and achieves up to 95e100% yield. It is shown to extract water vapor freely from the air to generate hydrogen and has a theoretical fuel specific energy of up to 4900 Wh/kg. A critical challenge is how to package lithium hydride to achieve reaction completion. Experiments here show that thick layers of lithium hydride nearly chokes the reaction due to buildup of lithium hydroxide impeding water transport and preventing reaction completion. A model has been developed that describes this lithium hydride hydrolysis behavior. The model accurately predicts the performance of an experimental system than ran for 1400 h and consists of a passive lithium hydride hydrogen generator and PEM fuel cells. These results offer important design guidelines to enable reaction completion and build long-duration
Paths and the geometry of l'Hôpital's Rule

In this short note is presented an easy and instructive proof of l'Hopital's Rule in both the 0/0 and ∞/ ∞ cases, obtained by translating the theorem into a simple geometric statement about paths in the plane.
Corecognition of DNA and a methylated histone tail by the MSL3 chromodomain

MSL3 resides in the MSL (male-specific lethal) complex, which upregulates transcription by spreading the histone H4 Lys16 (H4K16) acetyl mark. We discovered a DNA-dependent interaction of MSL3 chromodomain with the H4K20 monomethyl mark. The structure of a ternary complex shows that the DNA minor groove accommodates the histone H4 tail, and monomethyllysine inserts in a four-residue aromatic cage in MSL3. H4K16 acetylation antagonizes MSL3 binding, suggesting that MSL function is regulated by a combination of post-translational modifications.
ACCEPTANCE VERSUS CHANGE INTERVENTIONS IN BEHAVIORAL COUPLE THERAPY: IMPACT ON COUPLES' IN‐SESSION COMMUNICATION

Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCi'J attempts to improve Traditional Behavioral Couple Therapy by incolporating an emphasis on promoting acceptance into i%Vs emphasis on behavioral change. This study examined changes in couples' communication over the coulse of IBCT and TBBCT. Early, middle, and late sessions were coded to measure couples' communication of acceptance. Results showed that IBCT couples Rxpressed more nonblaming descrptions of problems and more soft emotions than i%CT couples during late stages of therapy. IBCT couples significantly increased their nonblaming description of problems and significantly decreased their expressions of hard emotions and their problematic communication over time. Results supporzt the hypothesis that structural differences between the therapies affect initial leuek of emotional
The oxygen cost of breathing in man: Effects of altitude, training, and race

The oxygen cost of breathing was determined by an open-circuit method with voluntary hyperventilation over a wide range of volumes. In 11 lowland residents the oxygen cost (ml/1 STPD) of extra ventilation (BTPS) was 3.3 ml/1 at sea level and 2.1 ml/1 after 16 days at 4000 m; the corresponding cost for ventilation STPD was 4.2 ml/1 at altitude and 4.1 ml/1 at sea level. In acclimatized persons at altitude, including both native Indian and European residents, the cost of breathing varied from 2.5 to 3.7 ml/1. On the average, the cost of breathing for acclimatized subjects was 3.1 ml/1 (BTPS), only slightly lower (5 to 10%) than that for lowlanders at sea level. This relatively higher cost with acclimatization, though still lower than at sea level, may reflect pulmonary congestion concomitant with altitude sojourn. Group differences in the cost of breathing could not be ascribed to athletic training, racial background, or permanent altitude residence, nor was there a difference of cost during quiet seated hyperventilation versus cost during free wheel bicycle pedalling. Individual, group, altitude, and acclimatizational differences in the cost of breathing could affect oxygen intake at rest and work, as well as the regulation of ventilation.
Translational‐rotational coupling parameters for mutual diffusion in N‐octane

The infinite dilution diffusion coefficients of methane, ethane, n-propane, n-pentane, n-heptane, n-decane, n-dodecane, and n-tetradecane have been measured in n-octane using the Taylor dispersion technique in the temperature range 304-435 at 1.72 x 10/sup 6/ N/m/sup 2/. Using the framework of the rough hard sphere theory, the values of the translational-rotational coupling parameter have been determined for each solute-solvent pair at each temperature. The coupling parameter was found to be independent of temperature over the entire temperature range of the experiments performed and it has the same value for solutes ranging from n-pentane to n-tetradecane. A calculation scheme is presented for accurate determination of infinite dilution diffusion coefficients for a wide range of solutes in n-octane at a wide temperature range.
Research commentary-evaluating educational programs in pediatric nursing: translating research outcomes to improve practice.

It is essential to evaluate the outcomes of educational interventions through research and translate research outcomes into pediatric nursing practice to improve the health and well-being of children, parents, and their families. EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS FOR children, parents, and families are critical for improving the health of children and their families, as well as improving pediatric nursing practice (Christian, 2010a). Health education involves promoting health by teaching about healthy lifestyle behaviors and changing unhealthy behaviors (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008). Yet, it is essential to evaluate the learning outcomes of educational interventions to determine whether programs are effective in promoting an increase in knowledge and behavior change. Moreover, best practices identified in clinical experiences, evaluated and tested through research, and translated into practice provide essential evidence for improving the quality of pediatric nursing practice (Christian, 2010b). Evaluation of the effectiveness of theory-based interventions determines the intended impact of the program on targeted outcomes, as well as the possible unintended consequences of the intervention in real-world settings, resulting in the development of new knowledge (Glascow & Linnan, 2008; Rohrbach, Grana, Sussman, & Valente, 2006). Educational interventions focus on teaching children about health promotion, health prevention, and self-care, as well as how to manage their chronic illness and/or physical disability. A fundamental element of pediatric nursing practice is the education of parents and families about health, illness, and child development (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2009). Indeed, educational interventions for parents and families provide teaching about health promotion, the child's condition and how to manage care, role modeling, and anticipatory guidance (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003). Parent and family educational interventions focus on
Soft x-ray microscopy - a powerful analytical tool to image magnetism down to fundamental length and times scales

The magnetic properties of low dimensional solid state matter is of the utmost interest both scientifically as well as technologically. In addition to the charge of the electron which is the base for current electronics, by taking into account the spin degree of freedom in future spintronics applications open a new avenue. Progress towards a better physical understanding of the mechanism and principles involved as well as potential applications of nanomagnetic devices can only be achieved with advanced analytical tools. Soft X-ray microscopy providing a spatial resolution towards 10nm, a time resolution currently in the sub-ns regime and inherent elemental sensitivity is a very promising technique for that. This article reviews the recent achievements of magnetic soft X-ray microscopy by selected examples of spin torque phenomena, stochastical behavior on the nanoscale and spin dynamics in magnetic nanopatterns. The future potential with regard to addressing fundamental magnetic length and time scales, e.g. imaging fsec spin dynamics at upcoming X-ray sources is pointed out.
A Cosmochemical View of Cosmic Rays and Solar Particles

The composition of cosmic rays and solar particles is reviewed with emphasis on the question of whether they are representative samples of Galactic and solar matter. The composition of solar particles changes with energy and from flare to flare. A strong excess of heavy elements at energies below a few MeV/nuc decreases with energy, and at energies above ~15 MeV/nuc the composition of solar particles resembles that of galactic cosmic rays somewhat better than that of the solar atmosphere. The elements Ne through Pb have remarkably similar abundances in cosmic ray sources and in the matter of the solar system. The lighter elements are depleted in cosmic rays, whereas U and Th may be enriched or not, depending on whether the meteoritic or solar abundance of Th is used. Two prototype sources of cosmic rays are considered: gas with solar system composition but enriched in elements with Z 8 during acceleration and emission (by analogy with solar particle emission), and highly evolved matter enriched in r-process elements such as U, Th and transuranic elements. The energy-dependence of cosmic ray composition suggests that both sources may contribute at different energies.
Fungus-Induced Biochemical Changes in Peanut Plants and Their Effect on Development of Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera Exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae

Abstract In choice tests, beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua, larvae feed preferentially on leaves from peanut plants, Arachis hypogaea L., previously infected by the white mold fungus, Sclerotium rolfsii Saccodes (mitosporic fungi) (Cardoza et al. 2002). In this study we determined that third instar BAW caterpillars allowed to feed on S. rolfsii-infected plants had significantly higher survival, produced significantly heavier pupae, and had shorter time to pupation than those allowed to feed on healthy plants. Leaf tissue from white mold infected peanut plants contained similar levels of soluble and insoluble protein, but significantly higher levels of soluble sugars. In addition, white mold-infected plants had significantly lower starch content and total soluble phenolics compared with leaves from healthy plants. Levels of jasmonic acid were similar in plants attacked by either the fungus or BAW, but were significantly higher in plants that were infected by the fungus and then fed on by BAW. Salicyl...
Graph notation for arrays

A graph-theoretical notation for array concatenation represents arrays as bubbles with arms sticking out, each arm with a specified number of "'fingers". Bubbles with one arm are vectors, with two arms matrices, etc. Arrays can only hold hands, i.e., "contract" along a given pair of arms, if the arms have the same number of fingers. There are three array concatenations: outer product, contraction, and direct sum. Special arrays are the unit vectors and the diagonal array, which is the branching point of several arms. Outer products and contractions are independent of the order in which they are performed and distributive with respect to the direct sum. Examples are given where this notation clarifies mathematical proofs.
BC Patient Safety & Quality Council: using network and social movement theory to improve healthcare

The BC Patient Safety & Quality Council has a mandate to bring health system stakeholders together in a collaborative partnership to improve quality of care. Our experience has demonstrated the value of networks to provide a forum for individuals to “think like a system,” considering the perspectives of others in addressing system issues. This transition from silo-based thinking is important as we move to improve the quality of care at the pace that is required.
Capuchin cognitive ecology: cooperation based on projected returns

Stable cooperation requires that each party's pay-offs exceed those available through individual action. The present experimental study on brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) investigated if decisions about cooperation are (a) guided by the amount of competition expected to follow the cooperation, and (b) made instantaneously or only after a period of familiarization. Pairs of adult monkeys were presented with a mutualistic cooperative task with variable opportunities for resource monopolization (clumped versus dispersed rewards), and partner relationships (kin versus nonkin). After pre-training, each pair of monkeys (N=11) was subjected to six tests, consisting of 15 2 min trials each, with rewards available to both parties. Clumped reward distribution had an immediate negative effect on cooperation: this effect was visible right from the start, and remained visible even if clumped trials alternated with dispersed trials. The drop in cooperation was far more dramatic for nonkin than kin, which was explained by the tendency of dominant nonkin to claim more than half of the rewards under the clumped condition. The immediacy of responses suggests a decision-making process based on predicted outcome of cooperation. Decisions about cooperation thus take into account both the opportunity for and the likelihood of subsequent competition over the spoils.
Building blocks for reform: achieving universal coverage with private and public group health insurance.

This paper presents a framework for universal health insurance that builds on the current U.S. mixed private-public system by expanding group coverage through private markets and publicly sponsored insurance. This Building Blocks approach includes a new national insurance “connector” that offers small businesses and individuals a structured choice of a Medicare-like public option and private plans. Other features include an individual mandate, required employer contributions, Medicaid/State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) expansion, and tax credits to assure affordability. The paper estimates coverage and costs, and assesses the approach. Our findings indicate that the framework could reach near-universal coverage with little net increase in national health spending.
Hadronic modes and quark properties in the quark-gluon plasma

Based on interaction potentials between a heavy quark and antiquark as extracted from recent QCD lattice calculations, we set up a Brueckner-type many-body scheme to study the properties of light (anti-) quarks in a quark-gluon plasma at moderate temperatures, $T\ensuremath{\simeq}$ 1--2 ${T}_{c}$. The quark-antiquark T matrix, including both color-singlet and color-octet channels, and corresponding quark self-energies and spectral functions are calculated self-consistently. The repulsive octet potential induces quasiparticle masses of up to 150 MeV, whereas the attractive color-singlet part generates resonance structures in the $q\text{\ensuremath{-}}\overline{q}$ T matrix, which in turn lead to quasiparticle widths of ~200 MeV. This corresponds to scattering rates of ~1 fm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and may reflect liquid-like properties of the system.
Linking Protein Mass with Function via Organismal Massome Networks

With the human genome sequenced, attention has been shifting to proteins and their function. Several technologies including mass spectrometry and gel electrophoresis have traditionally been used to study proteins. These technologies rely on proteins' masses to characterize and/or identify them. Once identified, the discovered proteins' are often analyzed for their functional relevance. In this paper, we present an alternative approach to studying protein function directly, based on protein mass. By analyzing proteins with similar mass ranges (bins), we discovered that certain biological functions are associated with specific mass bins more frequently than would be expected by chance. Biological functional classes found in this manner could be seen across the three examined organisms: human, worm and fly. We found no sequence-based homology across significant mass-function proteins in the three different organisms. This investigation leads to useful property that the mass-based biological functional classes are preserved across the organisms. Thus, this paper describes a potential constraint for evolution of similar function based on mass constraints. Finally, this work yields a roadmap for experimental design for functional exploration of proteomes in mass-based technologies such as gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.
African swine fever virus NL gene is not required for virus virulence

Previously, we described a highly conserved nonessential African swine fever virus (ASFV) right variable region gene, NL. Deletion of NL from the European pathogenic isolate E70 resulted in almost complete attenuation of the virus in domestic swine. To study gene function further, NL gene deletion mutants were constructed from two pathogenic African ASFV isolates, Malawi Lil-20/1 (Mal) and Pretoriuskop/96/4 (Pr4). Unexpectedly, both Mal (Mal-deltaNL) and PR4 (Pr4deltaNL) null mutants remained highly virulent when inoculated in swine. Mal-deltaNL exhibited a disease and virulence phenotype indistinguishable from its revertant, Mal-NLR, which caused 100% mortality. Mortality among Pr4deltaNL-infected animals was also high; however, a significant delay in onset of fever and viraemia and in time to death was observed. These data indicate that NL gene function is not required for ASFV virulence and that other yet-to-be identified viral determinants perform significant virulence functions in these African field isolates.
Volume and Surface-Enhanced Volume Negative Ion Sources

H- volume sources and, especially, caesiated H- volume sources are important ion sources for generating high-intensity proton beams, which then in turn generate large quantities of other particles. This chapter discusses the physics and technology of the volume production and the caesium-enhanced (surface) production of H- ions. Starting with Bacal's discovery of the H- volume production, the chapter briefly recounts the development of some H- sources, which capitalized on this process to significantly increase the production of H- beams. Another significant increase was achieved in the 1990s by adding caesiated surfaces to supplement the volume-produced ions with surface-produced ions, as illustrated with other H- sources. Finally, the focus turns to some of the experience gained when such a source was successfully ramped up in H- output and in duty factor to support the generation of 1 MW proton beams for the Spallation Neutron Source.
Recombination does not hinder formation or detection of ecological species of Synechococcus inhabiting a hot spring cyanobacterial mat

Recent studies of bacterial speciation have claimed to support the biological species concept—that reduced recombination is required for bacterial populations to diverge into species. This conclusion has been reached from the discovery that ecologically distinct clades show lower rates of recombination than that which occurs among closest relatives. However, these previous studies did not attempt to determine whether the more-rapidly recombining close relatives within the clades studied may also have diversified ecologically, without benefit of sexual isolation. Here we have measured the impact of recombination on ecological diversification within and between two ecologically distinct clades (A and B´) of Synechococcus in a hot spring microbial mat in Yellowstone National Park, using a cultivation-free, multi-locus approach. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries were constructed from mat samples collected at 60°C and 65°C. Analysis of multiple linked loci near Synechococcus 16S rRNA genes showed little evidence of recombination between the A and B´ lineages, but a record of recombination was apparent within each lineage. Recombination and mutation rates within each lineage were of similar magnitude, but recombination had a somewhat greater impact on sequence diversity than mutation, as also seen in many other bacteria and archaea. Despite recombination within the A and B´ lineages, there was evidence of ecological diversification within each lineage. The algorithm Ecotype Simulation identified sequence clusters consistent with ecologically distinct populations (ecotypes), and several hypothesized ecotypes were distinct in their habitat associations and in their adaptations to different microenvironments. We conclude that sexual isolation is more likely to follow ecological divergence than to precede it. Thus, an ecology-based model of speciation appears more appropriate than the biological species concept for bacterial and archaeal diversification.
Amantadine Small-Particle Aerosol: Generation and Delivery to Man:

SummaryAn aerosol generator suitable for administration of a small-particle aerosol of amantadine for treatment of influenza A infection in man is described. As currently operated, the usual daily recommended oral dose of amantadine of 120 to 200 mg can be given in 8 to 10 hr of inhalation of the aerosol. Limited clinical study indicates the safety and probable efficacy of this method of treatment.
Controlling Charge Separation and Recombination Rates in CdSe/ZnS Type I Core−Shell Quantum Dots by Shell Thicknesses

Type I core/shell quantum dots (QDs) have been shown to improve the stability and conversion efficiency of QD-sensitized solar cells compared to core only QDs. To understand how the shell thickness affects the solar cell performance, its effects on interfacial charge separation and recombination kinetics are investigated. These kinetics are measured in CdSe/ZnS type I core/shell QDs adsorbed with anthroquinone molecules (as electron acceptor) by time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. We show that the charge separation and recombination rates decrease exponentially with the shell thickness (d), k(d) = k0e−βd, with exponential decay factors β of 0.35 ± 0.03 per A and 0.91 ± 0.14 per A, respectively. Model calculations show that these trends can be attributed to the exponential decrease of the 1S electron and hole densities at the QD surface with the shell thickness. The much steeper decrease in charge recombination rate results from a larger hole effective mass (than electron) in the ZnS shell. Th...
Investigation of Turbulent Wedge Spreading Mechanism with Comparison to Turbulent Spots

We investigate the physics of turbulent wedge spreading in a nominally zero pressure gradient boundary layer over a flat wall using incompressible spectral DNS and an immersed boundary method. Turbulent wedges are simulated over both physical and unphysical surfaces to identify the important factors leading to wedge spreading and turbulence regeneration. We examined both instantaneous as well as time averaged turbulent wedge flow. We find that there are low speed streaks that remain stationary in time near the outer edge of the wedge. It is plausible that turbulent wedge spreading stems from a succession of such streaks due to instabilities introduced by the streak immediately preceding it upstream.
Apontando para a lua: ensinando e aprendendo sem resistência

Teachers often embrace narratives in which students' resistance to our teaching marks repression of the truths delivered by our learned selves. In students' counter-narratives, the tale of resistance can morph into one about principled refusal of powerful figures trying to force them into stances not their own. Both stories have strong temporal dimensions in which closure, even if it comes decades later, reveals that one party or the other was indeed influenced and changed, whether or not that change was evident at semester's end. My interest here is in how to question premature closure and how to work instead within the suspended liminal time of knowing/not knowing for teacher and student.
Percutaneous Antegrade Ablation of Posterior Urethral Valves in Premature or Underweight Term Neonates: An Alternative to Primary Vesicostomy

We describe a new technique for posterior urethral valve ablation that was performed easily and successfully in 2 male newborns. Convalescence was uneventful and both patients have thrived postoperatively. The technical details and advantages of this approach are outlined and discussed.
Carotid Web: Appearance at MR Angiography.

In their article entitled “Carotid Webs and Recurrent Ischemic Strokes in the Era of CT Angiography,” Choi et al[1][1] described the prevalence, demographics, clinical presentation, imaging features, histopathology, and stroke risk associated with carotid webs. We read this thorough review with
The Essential Features of a Human Development Strategy

Human development is the ultimate objective of economic development. It is also a means — we shall argue, the best means available — for promoting development. Viewed as an end in itself rather than a means, human development is about enriching human lives. Material enrichment — producing a larger volume of goods and services — may contribute to this but it is not the same thing. Indeed it is by now widely understood that there is no one-to-one correspondence between material enrichment (measured, say, by gross national product per head) and the enrichment of human lives (measured, say, by the human development index). The human development approach thus implies the dethronement of national product as the primary indicator of the level of development.
Kinetics of Adsorption/Adsorbate Coverages

The measurement of the kinetics of adsorption and the absolute saturation coverage of an adsorbate on a single crystal is basic to our understanding of surface chemistry. While relative surface coverages , compared to the saturation coverage, are fairly easy to measure using various surface spectroscopies, the measurement of the absolute coverage and the absolute sticking coefficient are more difficult.
Pulsed Eddy-Current Measurements of Corrosion-Induced Metal Loss: Theory and Experiment

Corrosion is one of the most important factors limiting life-extension of aircraft in both commercial and military fleets. Non-destructive methods for characterizing damage caused by hidden corrosion in layered structures such as aircraft lap-splices are, consequently, a high priority for commercial airlines and the Department of Defense. A considerable effort is underway to develop new eddy-current techniques for detecting and characterizing hidden corrosion. Eddy-currents have the advantage of penetrating into subsurface layers and therefore being sensitive to their condition, whether or not the layers are mechanically bonded. In contrast, ultrasonic techniques require a mechanical bond between layers for the ultrasonic energy to penetrate to the second or third layers. Both time-domain [1,2] (pulsed) and frequency-domain [3,4] (continuous wave) methods are under development.
Sustainable Processes With Supercritical Fluids

Supercritical fluids (SCFs) possess unique tunability of the physical and transport properties for developing resource-efficient technologies characterized by process intensification, high product selectivity, and facile separation steps. During the last three decades, several novel SCF-based technologies that admit one or more of these attributes have been demonstrated at the laboratory or pilot-plant scales for producing fuels and chemicals. In this context, emerging feedstocks such as biomass are particularly well suited for processing in supercritical water. In addition, novel nanomaterials with unique functional properties have been developed using SCFs (such as supercritical CO 2 for pharmaceutical compounds or supercritical water for inorganic nanomaterials) with applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and electronics industries. Economic and LCA analyses during the early stages of process development are essential to rationally evaluate/guide the scale-up and commercialization of SCF processes for specific product targets.
Studies utilizing the portable electromagnetic ballistocardiograph. II. The ballistocardiogram as a means of determining nicotine sensitivity.

Persons who have failed to habituate to the cardiovascular effects of nicotine will demonstrate changes in their ballistocardiogram after smoking. These ballistocardiographic changes produced by smoking are of more abnormal quality and are found more frequently in patients with coronary artery and hypertensive heart disease than in normal subjects. The ballistocardiograph provides an accurate objective means of determining whether nicotine has a deleterious effect upon the myocardial function of a patient. In a significant proportion of patients with heart disease who demonstrated an abnormal ballistocardiographic response to smoking, clinical improvement was obtained after a period of tobacco abstention.
Progression from an Inflammatory to a Fibrostenotic Phenotype in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Previous studies have suggested that eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) progresses from chronic inflammation to fibrostenosis. However, natural history data illustrating this progression in individual patients are lacking. Here, we present 6 patients who progressed from an inflammatory to a fibrostenotic phenotype of EoE in the absence of treatment. At the time of diagnosis, none of the patients had significant evidence of fibrostenosis, but they did have other inflammatory findings of EoE such as edema, linear furrows, or exudates. After being lost to follow-up and treatment for an average of 7.8 ± 2.0 years, strictures (n = 5; 83%) or a small-caliber esophagus (n = 4; 67%) were present in a majority of the patients, and the majority required esophageal dilation. These cases confirm that EoE can progress from an inflammation-only phenotype to a fibrostenotic phenotype in certain patients.