cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urinary protein and carbohydrate. 3. Age differences in acid mucopolysaccharides in human beings.

Summary1. Urinary acid mucopolysac-charide-glycopeptide fraction and its enzymic digest were fractionated on Dowex 1-X2 column, chloride form. The chemical composition of the eluates was determined. 2. The acid mucopolysaccharide-glycopeptide fraction of normal urine contains a mixture of acid mucopolysaccharide-glycopeptide complexes (70-80%) with a small amount of free acid mucopolysaccharide (20-30%). With increasing age, there were higher percentages of bound acid mucopolysaccharides and less free acid mucopolysaccharides in urine. 3. After enzymic digestion, there was an increase of chondroitin sulfate A or chondroitin sulfate C and a decrease in bound acid mucopolysaccharides in 0.5 M and 1.25 M NaCl eluates. With increasing age, a smaller proportion of the glycopeptides could be digested with a mixture of pronase, trypsin and papain. 4. In normal subjects, 60-90% of acid mucopolysaccharides are equally distributed between the 1.25 M and 1.5 M NaCl fraction. With increasing age, less acid mucopolysa...
Treatment of Infections Due to Gram-Negative Bacilli: A Perspective of Past, Present, and Future

Bacteremia due to gram-negative rods is a disease of the antimicrobial era. Mortality is critically related to the presence of underlying disease and to the appropriateness of therapy. During the last 15 years, survival has significantly improved for patients who have severe underlying disease and who are treated with aminoglycosides and beta-lactam agents possessing antipseudomonal activity. Newer broad-spectrum beta-lactam agents offer considerable therapeutic promise, but clinical results have been disappointing in serious infections caused by Enterobacter and Serratia species and a number of the "nonfermenting" bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A number of major problems exist in interpreting open or comparative clinical trials. Treatment of the critically ill patient with sepsis due to gram-negative bacteria will remain the definitive test of efficacy of any new broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent.
Local Economic Development in the United States and Canada: Institutionalizing Policy Approaches

This article examines local economic development goals and policies in Canada and the United States during a 7year period. The analysis is based on surveys of cities with a population greater than 10,000 in the two countries conducted in 1994 and 2001, allowing for an assessment of the extent of change versus stability in overall approach toward economic development. Economic development priorities in both U.S. and Canadian cities have remained relatively stable, focusing most heavily on traditional economic development strategies. Cities in both countries are tightening their focus on a traditional package of policies and thus appear to be institutionalizing their approaches. Whereas U.S. cities manifest a more passive role for government, Canadian cities reflect a more active role through partnerships that require an active professional staff.
Impacts of road salt runoff on water quality of the chicago, illinois, region

Road salt runoff has heavily impacted the water quality of surface water and groundwater in the Chicago, IL, region. High salt contents in surface water and groundwater pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and to infrastructure and industrial operations. Almost all of the rivers and streams monitored have had significant increases in chloride (Cl − ) and sodium (Na) concentrations since the mid-1970s. Rates of Cl − increase for several of the streams are in excess of 10 mg/L/yr. Concentrations of Cl − and Na are significantly higher during the winter months as a result of direct runoff from freshly salted roadways. In recent years, Cl − and Na concentrations have increased most rapidly in the Fox River Basin west of the Chicago metropolitan area, where land use is rapidly changing from rural to urban. Chloride and Na concentrations are also increasing in shallow aquifers in the Chicago region. Surface waters currently have approximately equimolar concentrations of Cl − and Na, while groundwater impacted by road salt tends to have an excess of Cl − relative to Na, suggesting Na retardation in the subsurface, likely due to cation exchange. A rough estimate of inputs and outputs of Cl − in the Chicago region suggests that most of the road salt applied in a year is removed by surface discharge. However, about 14 percent of the road salt is retained in the subsurface, approximately 50,000 metric tons of NaCl annually, representing a long-term source of Cl − and Na and other associated ions.
Low-molecular-weight polymer–drug conjugates for synergistic anticancer activity of camptothecin and doxorubicin combinations

Background: High-molecular-weight (MW) polymers (>50,000 Da) can be conjugated to chemotherapy drugs in order to improve their tumor accumulation, while low MW polymers ≤10,000 Da are often overlooked due to faster plasma clearance. Small polymers, however, may facilitate deeper tumor penetration. Materials & methods: Here, we investigate the anticancer efficacy of 10 kDa hyaluronic acid or poly(vinyl alcohol) conjugated to synergistic combinations of camptothecin and doxorubicin, with emphasis on chemical linker impacts. Results: Our results emphasize drug hydrolyzability for synergy preservation, and also demonstrate superior cancer cell inhibition with low MW polymer–drug conjugates. Conclusion: This study shows the high therapeutic potential of low MW polymer–drug conjugates for polychemotherapy delivery, and provides further insight into the development of polymer-drug therapeutics.
Reliability Sensitivity Analysis Method of Mechanical Parts Based on Gamma Process Strength Degradation

The uncertainty of the initial strength was described by a random variable,and the evolution process of the strength degradation was regarded as the Gamma process. Then the perturbation method,the fourth moment and Edgeworth series method were used to solve the problem of reliability calculation with random parameters of arbitrary distributions. Matrix differential-based formulas for calculating the reliability sensitivity with respect to the mean and the variance of the random variables was derived based on the matrix differential method. The reliability analysis of the bolts was taken as an example to verify the proposed method. The results showed that the method can effectively solve the problem of the reliability sensitivity of mechanical parts with strength degradation.
Results of treatment of irreducible congenital dislocation of the hip by arthrodesis.

Arthrodesis, in cases of patients with unilateral, irreducible corugenital dislocation, assures the best results as far as pain and fatigue are concerned. The operation should be limited to patients of the lower economic level. Sociologists estimate that a child has one chance in twelve of rising from a low social-economic level to the so-called middleclass level. If such a child must expect to earn his or her living through manuual labor, a painless hip is almost a necessity. In the small series of cases presented, uniformly good results were obtained by arthrodesis. Other clinics have also reported similar results in their small series of cases.
Mechanical Characterization of Paper by Laser Speckle Interferometry

A laser speckle interferometry method applied to the determination of strains in paper is described. We are able to characterize the two-dimensional strain field of the viewed surface for different test configurations (tension, compression). The method is shown to provide detailed strain information all along the stress-strain curve until failure.
Jasmonate-dependent plant defenses mediate soybean thrips and soybean aphid performance on soybean

Insect herbivores from different feeding guilds induce different signaling pathways in plants. In this study, we examined the effects of salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defenses on performance of insect herbivores from two different feeding guilds: cell-content feeders, soybean thrips and phloem feeders, soybean aphids. We used a combination of RT-qPCR analysis and elicitor-induced plant resistance to determine induction of SA and JA signaling pathways and the impact on herbivore performance. In the early interaction between the host plant and the two herbivores, SA and JA signaling seems to occur simultaneously. But overall, soybean thrips induced JA-related marker genes, whereas soybean aphids increased SA and ABA-related marker genes over a 24-h period. Populations of both soybean thrips and soybean aphids were reduced (47 and 25 %, respectively) in methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-pretreated soybean plants. SA treatment has no effect on either herbivore performance. A combination pretreatment of SA and MeJA did not impact soybean thrips population but reduced soybean aphid numbers which was comparable with MeJA treatment. Our data suggest that SA–JA antagonism could be responsible for the effect of hormone pretreatment on thrips performance, but not on aphid performance. By linking plant defense gene expression and elicitor-induced resistance, we were able to pinpoint the role for JA signaling pathway in resistance to two herbivores from different feeding guilds.
Why Nature Uses Radical SAM Enzymes so Widely: Electron Nuclear Double Resonance Studies of Lysine 2,3-Aminomutase Show the 5′-dAdo• “Free Radical” Is Never Free

Lysine 2,3-aminomutase (LAM) is a radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzyme and, like other members of this superfamily, LAM utilizes radical-generating machinery comprising SAM anchored to the unique Fe of a [4Fe-4S] cluster via a classical five-membered N,O chelate ring. Catalysis is initiated by reductive cleavage of the SAM S–C5′ bond, which creates the highly reactive 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical (5′-dAdo•), the same radical generated by homolytic Co–C bond cleavage in B12 radical enzymes. The SAM surrogate S-3′,4′-anhydroadenosyl-l-methionine (anSAM) can replace SAM as a cofactor in the isomerization of l-α-lysine to l-β-lysine by LAM, via the stable allylic anhydroadenosyl radical (anAdo•). Here electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy of the anAdo• radical in the presence of 13C, 2H, and 15N-labeled lysine completes the picture of how the active site of LAM from Clostridium subterminale SB4 “tames” the 5′-dAdo• radical, preventing it from carrying out harmful side reactions: this “fre...
Dual activity of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate on kappa B-dependent gene expression in U937 cells: I. Regulation by the phorbol ester TPA.

Abstract Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) has been widely used as an inhibitor of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway. Here, we show that κB-dependent reporter gene expression induced by low concentrations of 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is potentiated by PDTC in the human promonocytic U937 cell line. The stimulatory effect of PDTC on κB-dependent gene expression was shown with a 4 × κB chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct and required an intact κB element in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat (HIV-1 LTR). Unexpectedly, an HIV-1 LTR construct with a mutation of the activator protein 2 (AP-2) binding site located between the two κB elements was unresponsive to the stimulatory effect of PDTC with TPA. The stimulation or inhibition of κB-dependent gene expression was dependent on PDTC pre-treatment and the concentration of TPA. No stimulatory effect on HIV-1 LTR activity was observed with the metal chelator dipyridyl or the anti-oxidant N -acetyl- l -cysteine. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PDTC treatment potentiated κB-dependent gene expression in a manner dependent on the concentration of TPA.
Effect of pulmonary microembolism on arteriovenous shunt flow

The effects of acute pulmonary hypertension on the fraction of cardiac output shunted through pulmonary arteriovenous communications have been studied in dogs as a possible cause of hypoxia following pulmonary embolization. Pulmonary artery pressure was increased twofold and then fourfold above control values by embolization of the pulmonary vascular bed with polystyrene microspheres. Quantitative measurements of arteriovenous shunt were determined from the fraction of 50 μ radioactively labeled microspheres injected into the inferior vena cava which passed through the pulmonary circulation into systemic vascular beds. There was no increase in the fraction of pulmonary blood flow passing through pulmonary arteriovenous connections, 50 μ in diameter or greater, with pulmonary microembolism when FIO2 was 1. There was a small increase in arteriovenous shunt fraction when pulmonary artery pressure was increased with an FIO2 of 0.21. Physiological shunt measured by the oxygen technique did not increase with pulmonary embolism, but total venous admixture rose significantly. Postmortem gravimetric measurements of lung water indicated pulmonary edema. We conclude that anatomic arteriovenous shunt channels have little physiological significance after pulmonary microembolism in the dog lung. The major cause of hypoxia immediately after pulmonary microembolism is ventilation/perfusion imbalance, probably caused by pulmonary edema.
Recasting the Significant: The Transcultural Memory of Alexander von Humboldt’s Visit to Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.

Alexander von Humboldt was internationally known as a world traveler, having collected data and analyzed samples from five of the world’s seven continents. He spoke several languages fluently, and split most of his adult life between the cosmopolitan centers of Berlin and Paris. The great deal of time Humboldt spent in Latin America, along with his staunch belief in human equality, led to his reverence in those countries. Indeed, Humboldt was a world citizen in the truest sense of the word. But what of the United States? What claim can this nation make to the heritage and legacy of the world-exploring baron? A brief stop in Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. at the end of Humboldt’s expedition to the equatorial regions of the Americas seems to suffice. This short stay, along with the Humboldt-Jefferson correspondence, constitutes the great American link in Humboldt studies, a link whose nature and importance has, over the years, received an exaggerated amount of attention from authors writing for an American audience. The following analysis, using the tools of transcultural memory studies, investigates why this relatively insignificant event in a long and storied life assumes an inflated role in current accounts of the life and work of Alexander von Humboldt.
Comments on quanta in the analysis of stimulus control

According to the quantal interpretation of stimulus control, stimulus-response relations are integral “quantal” units that either occur or do not occur—no middle ground is possible. This paper analyzes the theoretical implications of this interpretation and concludes that, at the level of single response units, stimulus-response relations can always be viewed as quantal. The interpretation is, thus, not falsifiable. Empirical work, then, is necessarily interpretable so as to support the interpretation, and research considered relevant to the quantal interpretation is examined in this light. The theory has heuristic value, however, especially for the determination of behavioral units. Several problems common to all theories of stimulus control concerning the identification of stimulus and response classes are also discussed.
Issues in Design and Conduct of Clinical Trials for Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses current designs of clinical trials for cognitive enhancement and cognitive disorders and reviews current regulatory guidelines for cognitive impairment clinical trials where they exist, principally for Alzheimer's Dementia (AD), then the de facto guidelines or trial designs for other syndromes with cognitive impairment including vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and age-associated memory impairment. It addresses clinical trials designs needs to better demonstrate efficacy and effectiveness in cognitive impairment syndromes and in part the controversy over the currently approved cognitive enhancers by demonstrating that, by design, the clinical trials that were the basis for approval of current drugs could not speak to pragmatic effectiveness, utility, or worthiness of the marketed drugs. The chapter further reviews the current and future conduct of clinical trials including prevention trials. It reviews Good Clinical Practice (GCP) from the viewpoint that perceptions of GCP may impair study conduct and international drug development; what is involved in conducting clinical trials of cognitive enhancers, including the sites, sample selection, samples of convenience, monitoring that may lead only to the potential to demonstrate internal validity but not external validity, outcome measures applied to multi-site trials and internationally, the issues of randomization and blinding, and the practical distinctions between Phase II and III trials in this area.
Aluminide Coatings on 304 Stainless Steel

Type 304 stainless steel coupons were aluminized at 650, 750 and 850°C for coating times in the 1-25 hour range via halide activated pack cementation. Mass gains per unit area and coating thicknesses were plotted as a function of time. Empirical rate equations and the corresponding parabolic rate constants were obtained for the kinetics of aluminization for these two metrics, i.e., mass change and thickness of coating. The Vickers micro-hardness values of the coated regions ranged between 700-1114 HV. Coating surface phases were identified using X-ray diffraction analysis as Al5FeNi, Al5Fe, Al86Fe14 and AlFe with one or more absent depending upon coating temperatures and times. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy was utilized to obtain diffusion profiles for aluminum, chromium, nickel and iron.
Introductory Biology of Fusarium moniliforme

Fusarium moniliforme is a name that has been applied to any of six biological species (or mating populations) that share the teleomorph (sexual stage) Gibberella fujikuroi. Two of these six biological species, termed “A” and “D”, are known to produce fumonisin mycotoxins. Strains from the “A” biological species grow as endophytes on maize and often comprise 90+% of the Fusarium isolates recovered from healthy maize seed. It is possible to distinguish all six biological species using sexual fertility and isozymes. Other attributes, such as morphological characters and sequences from the ribosomal DNA internally transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) region, can be used to identify some, but not all, of the biological species. Within a biological species, genetic variability and population structure can be assessed with anonymous RFLPs and tests of vegetative compatibility. The “A” biological species is genetically diverse, and the sexual cycle appears to be important in the life cycle of field populations of this organism in the United States.
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY ISSUES OF INTERFAITH GROUPS

Community psychologists are interested in community-based organizations that work to address community issues. To extend research in this area, we use k-means cluster analysis with a sample of 81 interfaith groups from across the United States to understand what types of issues they work on in their local communities. We demonstrate three typologies of how groups work on explicitly religious and/or more general social issues (i.e., religious and social issues, social but not religious issues, religious but not social issues). Moreover, we show typologies differ on group characteristics such as religious and racial diversity, the degree of religious and community information sharing at meetings, and the extent groups sponsor events or organize protests. Overall, this study furthers an understanding of the different ways interfaith groups contribute to community change efforts by working on distinct sets of issues in their community. Limitations and directions for future research and collaboration are discussed.
Bacterial Endophytes of Perennial Crops for Management of Plant Disease

Bacterial endophytes have long been investigated for their beneficial effects on plants, such as plant growth promotion, increased mineral uptake, providing biologically fixed nitrogen, suppressing plant diseases, and induction of plant defense cascades. While the use of beneficial endophytes to mange plant diseases of annual and biannual crops has been researched and reviewed for some time now, far less work has focused on utilizing bacterial endophytes in perennial crops. Recent studies on the microbial communities of cacao, citrus, apple, spruce, and popular trees, among others, have demonstrated that perennial crops are home to a diverse community of endophytic bacteria. We summarize the present knowledge of biological control modes of action and use of bacterial endophytes for management of diseases in perennial crops. We also summarize the use of new molecular technologies, such as pyrosequencing and QPCR, to gain a better understanding on the interaction between plant hosts, pathogens, and bacterial endophytes.
The Power of Sustainability: The Story of Kent, Ohio

Abstract This is the story of Kent, Ohio, a small college town in Northeast Ohio, and its transformation from a “downtrodden” community to a place that is vibrant, attractive, and engaged. In 2002, the city undertook the update of its comprehensive plan, based on a shared vision and process that incorporated principles of sustainability. The process of developing the plan, including the partnerships that formed, the engagement of community residents in defining Kent's future, and the emergence of local leadership that believed in the residents' desires, formed the catalyst that transformed Kent. The City of Kent, located in Northeast Ohio, with a population of 28,904 (2015 census estimate), is the largest city in Portage County. Portage is considered to be primarily rural, with only 3% of the population living in cities. Portage is part of the larger Cleveland–Akron–Canton Ohio Combined Statistical Area, the largest metropolitan region in the state of Ohio. Kent is 77 miles from Cleveland, representing a 54-min drive on the interstate highway. The Cuyahoga River runs through Kent's downtown on its way to emptying into Lake Erie in Cleveland. Kent's governance is a Council–Mayor–City Manager arrangement. The Council and Mayor are elected, and the City Manager is appointed. The City Manager is the top administrator and decision maker, whereas the Mayor's position is largely ceremonial. Kent State University's (KSU's) current student population at the Kent, Ohio main campus is over 30,000, only slightly greater than the city's population. KSU was created in 1909 after a fire destroyed the city's main employer. In response, a small group of community leaders formed the Kent Board of Trade and, within their first year, successfully competed with 20 other Northeast Ohio communities to become the location for the state's newest educational institution, Kent Teacher's College. In the words of sustainability, “the decisions we make today will affect generations to come.” Such was the case with what was to become the KSU, now the largest state university in Ohio next to The Ohio State University. Kent's economy, as well as that of Northeast Ohio, was traditionally based on manufacturing, much of it tied to the automobile industry. Beginning in the mid-20th century, declines in manufacturing and supportive transportation networks as well as the post–World War II growth of KSU propelled the university to the status of the largest employer.
Pathways impacted by genomic alterations in pulmonary carcinoid tumors

Purpose: Pulmonary carcinoid tumors account for up to 5% of all lung malignancies in adults, comprise 30% of all carcinoid malignancies, and are defined histologically as typical carcinoid (TC) and atypical carcinoid (AC) tumors. The role of specific genomic alterations in the pathogenesis of pulmonary carcinoid tumors remains poorly understood. We sought to identify genomic alterations and pathways that are deregulated in these tumors to find novel therapeutic targets for pulmonary carcinoid tumors.Experimental Design: We performed integrated genomic analysis of carcinoid tumors comprising whole genome and exome sequencing, mRNA expression profiling and SNP genotyping of specimens from normal lung, TC and AC, and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) to fully represent the lung neuroendocrine tumor spectrum.Results: Analysis of sequencing data found recurrent mutations in cancer genes including ATP1A2, CNNM1, MACF1, RAB38, NF1, RAD51C, TAF1L, EPHB2, POLR3B, and AGFG1 The mutated genes are involved in biological processes including cellular metabolism, cell division cycle, cell death, apoptosis, and immune regulation. The top most significantly mutated genes were TMEM41B, DEFB127, WDYHV1, and TBPL1 Pathway analysis of significantly mutated and cancer driver genes implicated MAPK/ERK and amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) pathways whereas analysis of CNV and gene expression data suggested deregulation of the NF-κB and MAPK/ERK pathways. The mutation signature was predominantly C>T and T>C transitions with a minor contribution of T>G transversions.Conclusions: This study identified mutated genes affecting cancer relevant pathways and biological processes that could provide opportunities for developing targeted therapies for pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 24(7); 1691-704. ©2018 AACR.
Ice Caves in the USA

Abstract Ice caves of the USA are limited in number and size for several reasons. The lower 48 states are located at relatively low latitudes compared to most other well-known karst areas, such as Europe; and known karst areas of Alaska are most abundant at low altitudes near sea level. Also, the highest peaks in mountainous regions are composed mainly of intrusive igneous rocks, which contain few significant caves. Many of the highest mountain systems occupy semiarid climates. Volcanic rocks of the Hawaiian Islands contain only a few known ice caves scattered at high altitudes. Most ice caves in the USA are located in the Northern and Central Rocky Mountains at moderate altitudes of 2000–3000 m. A few are also scattered in lava caves in the western states, as far south as New Mexico, where ice accumulates in caves with limited air circulation. In the far northeastern states a few talus caves contain small ice bodies. Because of the small number and scattered distribution of American ice caves, studies of the topic are few. Most records show a declining volume of ice in caves in the USA.
Effect of counter-ion on packing and crystal density of 5,5'-(3,3'-bi[1,2,4-oxa-diazole]-5,5'-di-yl)bis-(1H-tetra-zol-1-olate) with five different cations.

In energetic materials, the crystal density is an important parameter that affects the performance of the material. When making ionic energetic materials, the choice of counter-ion can have detrimental or beneficial effects on the packing, and therefore the density, of the resulting energetic crystal. Presented herein are a series of five ionic energetic crystals, all containing the dianion 5,5′-(3,3′-bi[1,2,4-oxa­diazole]-5,5′-di­yl)bis­(1H-tetra­zol-1-olate), with the following cations: hydrazinium (1) (2N2H5+·C6N12O42−), hydroxyl­ammonium (2) 2NH4O+·C6N12O42− [Pagoria et al.. (2017). Chem. Heterocycl. Compd, 53, 760–778; included for comparison], di­methyl­ammonium (3) (2C2H8N+·C6N12O42−), 5-amino-1H-tetra­zol-4-ium (4) (2CH4N5+·C6N12O42−·4H2O), and amino­guanidinium (5) (2CH7N4+·C6N12O42−). Both the supra­molecular inter­actions and the sterics of the cation play a role in the density of the resulting crystals, which range from 1.544 to 1.873 Mg m−1. In 5, the tetra­zolate ring is disordered over two positions [occupancy ratio 0.907 (5):0.093 (5)] due to a 180° rotation in the terminal tetra­zole rings.
Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Novel Treatment Strategies

Electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) was initially clinically approved for the adjunctive treatment of medically refractory seizures in 1997. In 2005, the FDA expanded its approval of VNS for treatment of chronic recurrent depression. Both therapeutic indications require surgical implantation of an electrical pulse generator. Obvious disadvantages to this approach include the high cost and invasive nature of surgery with potential risks of pain, bleeding, and infection. Moreover, replacement of the pulse generator battery is necessary approximately every 5–10 years. Recent innovations in electrical nerve stimulation, however, may facilitate introduction of novel approaches that avoid these limitations. In this chapter, we explore the role of non-invasive, transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS). It is important to note that non-invasive or tVNS is currently under investigation in the United States and is not FDA approved.
Safety profile of atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD.

Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that is being developed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Atomoxetine will be the first nonstimulant medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of ADHD. Throughout the testing phases, more than 2000 children and adolescents have been exposed to atomoxetine in clinical trials, with both the number of exposures and the length of exposure time increasing. Serious adverse events have not been clearly associated with the drug, and there have been few discontinuations due to adverse events. The most common drug-related event reported in trials has been decreased appetite and an initial period of weight loss followed by an apparently normal rate of weight gain. These events tend to appear early in the course of treatment with atomoxetine and then decline. Atomoxetine has also been associated with mild increases in blood pressure and pulse that plateau during treatment and resolve upon discontinuation. There have been no effects seen on the QT interval, and the cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism of patients seems to have little effect on safety or tolerability of the drug. This article will review the data from completed and ongoing clinical trials available at the time the New Drug Application was submitted to the FDA. Described are serious adverse events, discontinuations, and treatment-emergent adverse events. Specifically, cardiac effects and effects on weight, height, and metabolism that are related to treatment of ADHD with atomoxetine in children and adolescents are discussed.
Image Compression via Self-Error-Correcting Two-Dimensional Coding

A major problem of the predictive source coding of images is the inevitable fact that errors often propagate and destroy large portions of the reconstructed image. While this occurs for all source coding techniques, including information reducing but synchronous DPCM, it is particularly troublesome for information preserving, asynchronous, predictive techniques. There have been many efforts to deal with this problem, including, as often employed in facsimile coding, dividing the image into segments that are alternatively source encoded and then uncompressed so that significant distortions can be limited to only one segment. All such efforts cause a reduction of the efficiency of the code. This chapter explores the possibility of an efficient source coding technique that is self-error-correcting.
Bone Remodeling and Calcium Metabolism

Bones are constantly dissolved by osteoclasts and remineralized by osteoblasts in response to mechanical forces. Osteoclasts possess an acidic compartment and pass demineralized bone products to the periosteum (Sect. 1). They develop in stress-induced bony microcracks and are activated by differentiation factors secreted by osteoblasts, especially after menopause. Menopausal osteoporosis is controlled by drugs that are a stable form of pyrophosphate (bisphosphonate) or cathepsin K inhibitors (Sect. 2). The calcium ion concentration of blood is raised by parathyroid hormone and a vitamin D derivative called calcitriol. Parathyroid hormone causes kidneys to excrete phosphate, retain calcium, and activate calcitriol production (Sect. 3). Calcitriol induces calcium transporter proteins in osteoclasts and intestinal epithelium, where they move calcium from bone or diet into blood (Sect. 4). The chapter concludes with a discussion of calcitonin which lowers blood calcium concentrations by reversing parathyroid hormone effects on the kidney and inhibiting osteoclast activity (Sect. 5).
Tuning Hadoop Map Slot Value Using CPU Metric

Hadoop is a widely used open source mapreduce framework. Its performance is critical because it increases the usefulness of products and services for a large number of companies who have adopted Hadoop for their business purposes. One of the configuration parameters that influences the resource allocation and thus the performance of a Hadoop application is map slot value (MSV). MSV determines the number of map tasks that run concurrently on a node. For a given architecture, a Hadoop application has an MSV for which its performance is best. Furthermore, there is not a single map slot value that is best for all applications. A Hadoop application’s performance suffers when MSV is not the best. Therefore, knowing the best MSV is important for an application. In this work, we find a low-overhead method to predict the best MSV using a new Hadoop counter that measures per-map task CPU utilization. Our experiments on a variety of Hadoop applications show that using a single MSV for all applications results in performance degradation up to 132 % when compared to using the best MSV for each application.
Sisyphus’s Boulder: Consciousness and the limits of the knowable

Consciousness lies at the core of being human. Therefore, to understand ourselves, we need a theory of consciousness. In Sisyphus's Boulder , Eric Dietrich and Valerie Hardcastle argue that we will never get such a theory because consciousness has an essential property that prevents it from ever being explained. Consequently, philosophical debates over materialism and dualism are a waste of time. Scientific explanations of consciousness fare no better. Scientists do study consciousness, and such investigations will continue to grow and advance. However, none of them will ever reveal what consciousness is. In addition, given the centrality of consciousness in philosophy, Dietrich and Hardcastle claim that philosophy itself needs to change. That the central problems of philosophy persist is actually a profound epistemic fact about humans. Philosophy, then, is a limit to what humans can understand. (Series A)
Organizational identity in acculturation in cross-border acquisitions: Implications for HRD practitioners in global M&A

The purpose of this study is to explore the role of organizational identity in acculturation, or organizational culture development, between the acquired and the acquiring organizations during a cr...
Diogenes, circa 1986 Ψαχνω για ενα τιμιo ανϑρoπo

The DIOGENES methodology produces designs for fault-tolerant VLSI processor arrays in two stages: First, the desired array is viewed as an undirected graph and is embedded in a book; then, the book embedding is converted to an efficient fault-tolerant layout of the array. We survey here work on both stages of the methodology, highlighting recent progress and pointing out remaining challenges.
Regeneration of Sciatic Nerve Across 15mm Gap by Use of a Polymeric Template

A porous biodegradable collagen-glycosaminoglycan bridge induced regeneration of myelinated and unmyelinated axons over large distances (15 mm) between the severed ends of the adult rat sciatic nerve. The newly formed strand of nerve tissue was well vascularized and sheathed in connective tissue 6 weeks following implantation of the polymeric guide. Nerve tissue did not grow in the absence of the polymeric guide.
Airflow Obstruction Categorization Methods and Mortality

Rationale: Current guidelines recommend using forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) % predicted to categorize the severity of airflow obstruction. There are limitations to using FEV1 % predic...
Study of Oak Ridge soils using BONCAT-FACS-Seq reveals that a large fraction of the soil microbiome is active

Author(s): Couradeau, Estelle; Sasse, Joelle; Goudeau, Danielle; Nath, Nandita; Hazen, Terry; Bowen, Benjamin; Malmstrom, Rex; Northen, Trent | Abstract: Abstract The ability to link soil microbial diversity to soil processes requires technologies that differentiate active subpopulations of microbes from so-called relic DNA and dormant cells. Measures of microbial activity based on various techniques including DNA labelling have suggested that most cells in soils are inactive, a fact that has been difficult to reconcile with observed high levels of bulk soil activities. We hypothesized that measures of in situ DNA synthesis may be missing the soil microbes that are metabolically active but not replicating, and we therefore applied BONCAT (Bioorthogonal Non Canonical Amino Acid Tagging) i.e. a proxy for activity that does not rely on cell division, to measure translationally active cells in soils. We compared the active population of two soil depths from Oak Ridge (TN) incubated under the same conditions for up to seven days. Depending on the soil, a maximum of 25 – 70% of the cells were active, accounting for 3-4 million cells per gram of soil type, which is an order of magnitude higher than previous estimates. The BONCAT positive cell fraction was recovered by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and identified by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. The diversity of the active fraction was a selected subset of the bulk soil community. Excitingly, some of the same members of the community were recruited at both depths independently from their abundance rank. On average, 86% of sequence reads recovered from the active community shared g97% sequence similarity with cultured isolates from the field site. Our observations are in line with a recent report that, of the few taxa that are both abundant and ubiquitous in soil, 45% are also cultured – and indeed some of these ubiquitous microorganisms were found to be translationally active. The use of BONCAT on soil microbiomes provides evidence that a large portion of the soil microbes can be active simultaneously. We conclude that BONCAT coupled to FACS and sequencing is effective for interrogating the active fraction of soil microbiomes in situ and provides new perspectives to link metabolic capacity to overall soil ecological traits and processes.
Working memory revived in older adults by synchronizing rhythmic brain circuits.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2019 May ; 22(5): 820–827. doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0371-x.
Enantioselective Markovnikov Addition of Carbamates to Allylic Alcohols for the Construction of α-Secondary and α-Tertiary Amines.

Herein we describe the development of a Pd-catalyzed enantioselective Markovnikov addition of carbamates to allylic alcohols for the construction of α-tertiary and α-secondary amines. The reaction affords a range of β-amino alcohols, after reduction of the aldehyde in situ, which contain a variety of functional groups in moderate yields and moderate to good enantioselectivities. These products can be readily oxidized to β-amino acids, valuable building blocks for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. Mechanistic studies indicate that the C–N bond formation occurs via a syn amino-palladation mechanism, an insight which may guide future reaction development given the limited number of enantioselective syntheses of α-tertiary amines.
Cultivating a rural lens: successful approaches to developing regional transportation corridors through professional capacity building

Abstract This chapter introduces workforce, planning, and operational challenges unique to rural areas, and highlights successful practices for developing integrated regional and multistate transportation corridors. Case studies are presented, which underscore the importance of incorporating workforce development into all regional transportation development initiatives. Sustained promotion of professional peer-to-peer networks that facilitate technology transfer and professional capacity building is shown to provide opportunities for multijurisdictional communication and collaboration, two critical components in advancing regional corridor development projects. By integrating research, scalability, and professional development into all projects, local and state agencies can help create the framework for long-term collaboration and coordination between multiple agencies and stakeholders, as well as the staff competencies necessary to achieve regional transportation system improvements.
Effect of an additional neurosurgical resident on procedure length, operating room time, estimated blood loss, and post-operative length-of-stay

Introduction: Neurosurgical residency training is costly, with expenses largely borne by the academic institutions that train residents. One expense is increased operative duration, which leads to ...
State-Level Immigrant Prenatal Health Care Policy and Inequities in Health Insurance Among Children in Mixed-Status Families

Children in immigrant families are twice as likely to be uninsured as their counterparts, and states may influence these inequities by facilitating or restricting immigrant families’ access to cove...
Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on School Performance of Non-Hispanic White Youth.

Background: Educational outcomes of youth are a function of a wide range of factors including parental education level. This effect, however, is shown to be smaller for Black, Hispanic, and Asian American youth, a pattern called Marginalized Diminished Returns (MDRs). It is, however, unknown if it is race/ethnicity or other conditions associated with race/ethnicity (e.g. neighborhood quality) which reduces the returns of parental education for youth. Aim: To explore whether MDRs are only due to race/ethnicity or neighborhood quality, we compared the association between parental education level and adolescents’ school performance based on neighborhood quality. Methods: This cross-sectional study used wave 1 of the Add Health study, an ongoing nationally representative cohort, 1994-2019. Participants included 893 Non-Hispanic White adolescents between the ages of 12 and 21 years. The independent variable was parental education level. Age, grade, gender, and parental marital status of the parents were the covariates. The dependent variable was cumulative school grades in Math, English, History, and Science. Linear regression models were used for data analysis. Results: Overall, worse neighborhood quality was associated with a worse school performance, however, higher parental education level was not associated with better youth school performance in the pooled sample. We found a statistically significant interaction between parental education level and neighborhood quality suggesting that the association between parental education and youth school performance is smaller in poor neighborhoods. Conclusions: While high level of parental education level is a salient determinant of education outcomes for adolescents, this effect may be weaker in worse neighborhoods. The result suggests that MDRs may not be due to race/ethnicity but contextual factors that commonly covary with race/ethnicity. These contextual factors may include segregation, concentration of poverty, and other social and physical disorders in the neighborhoods.
How Does the Mind Render Streaming Experience as Events

Events-the experiences we think we are having and recall having had-are constructed; they are not what actually occurs. What occurs is ongoing dynamic, multidimensional, sensory flow, which is somehow transformed via psychological processes into structured, describable, memorable units of experience. But what is the nature of the redescription processes that fluently render dynamic sensory streams as event representations? How do such processes cope with the ubiquitous novelty and variability that characterize sensory experience? How are event-rendering skills acquired and how do event representations change with development? This review considers emerging answers to these questions, beginning with evidence that an implicit tendency to monitor predictability structure via statistical learning is key to event rendering. That is, one way that the experience of bounded events (e.g., actions within behavior, words within speech) arises is with the detection of "troughs" in sensory predictability. Interestingly, such troughs in predictability are often predictable; these regions of predictable-unpredictability provide articulation points to demarcate one event from another in representations derived from the actual streaming information. In our information-optimization account, a fluent event-processor predicts such troughs and selectively attends to them-while suppressing attention to other regions-as sensory streams unfold. In this way, usage of attentional resources is optimized for efficient sampling of the most relevant, information-rich portions of the unfolding flow of sensation. Such findings point to the development of event-processing fluency-whether in action, language, or other domains-depending crucially on rapid and continual cognitive reorganization. As knowledge of predictability grows, attention is adaptively redeployed. Accordingly, event experiences undergo continuous alteration.
Seeking to Understand the Impact of Collaboration on Intercultural Communication Apprehension

To assess the impact of collaboration on intercultural communication apprehension (ICA), this mixed-methods study compared ICA levels of 41 domestic and international undergraduates who participated in collaborative activities with 79 students in a control group. International student participants came from a variety of countries, while the majority of domestic students were White. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine if there were differences in Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension scores across time between the experimental and control groups. The co-instructors of the collaborative group were also interviewed. Quantitative results indicate no significant differences in ICA levels due to the collaboration. Interview data reveal the potential for collaboration to reduce ICA and for in-group bias and lack of motivation to act as barriers in reducing ICA.
A Socio-Technical Approach for Resilient Connected Transportation Systems in Smart Cities

Connected transportation systems in smart cities can be regarded as Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSSs) or Socio-Technical Systems (STSs) due to the presence of connectivity and complex interaction between human and technological infrastructure. Safety and security are essential requirements for such transportation CPSS. Specifically, resilience against cyber-attacks is crucial to address the vulnerabilities of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) within the infrastructure. In this work, we explore a cyber-attack detection paradigm that leverages the socio-technical nature of such transportation CPSS. Essentially, we exploit the redundancies between physical signals (received from vehicle and infrastructure sensors) and social signals (received from consumers' mobile devices and social media) to detect cyber-attack occurrences. The proposed scheme is developed combining system and control theoretic tools and natural language processing techniques. A case study of a vehicular platoon is considered on which extensive simulation studies have been performed. Such simulation results under different types of cyber-attacks illustrate the promising nature of the proposed approach.