cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the lethality of inhaled diethyl ether in neonatal and adult rats

When adult and neonatal rats were sacrificed using high concentrations of diethyl ether, adults appeared to die more quickly than neonatal rats under the same conditions. To investigate a possible age-related susceptibility to ether under controlled experimental conditions, adult and neonatal rats were exposed to lethal concentrations of ether vapor in a closed chamber. The median time to death (LT50) for neonatal rats was 5 to 6.5 times the LT50 for adult rats exposed simultaneously. The mean concentration of blood ether at the respective LT50 values was 2.5–3 times greater in neonatal than in adult rats. The resistance of neonatal rats to ether is probably related to a decreased sensitivity of the immature central nervous system to the depressant effects of high concentrations of ether, rather than to a decreased rate of absorption of ether.
Pig Alley and the Gospel According to Luke in Denis Johnson's JESUS’ SON

Denis Johnson draws from a variety of biblical references throughout Jesus’ Son to explore and develop the twin themes of salvation and resurrection. The most crucial, and curious, example of the B...
Biological standard reference materials for the calibration of differential scanning calorimeters: Di-alkylphosphatidylcholine in water suspensions

Abstract The temperatures and enthalpies of the phase transitions of suspensions of di-al-kylphosphatidylcholines in buffered water solutions, prepared and stored under a variety of experimental conditions, were determined in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to evaluate their potential as standard reference materials for the calibration of DSCs. The di-alkylphosphatidylcholine suspensions were 10 mass% 1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), and 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in aqueous buffered solutions at pH 7.0. A subtransition at 8.5° C with an enthalpy of 15.5 kJ mol−1 was observed in the DMPC suspensions after storage of the sample at −5.5° C for 2 days. The profile shape and the temperature and enthalpy values of the subtransition, the pretransition, and the ice peaks of the suspensions depended on the preparation and storage conditions of the samples. A relative standard deviation of 10% was obtained for the enthalpy values of the main transition and a standard deviation of 0.05° C for the main transition temperature. Transition temperatures and enthalpies were also determined for suspensions of 1,2-dioc-tadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dieicosanoyl-,sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and 1,2-di-9-cis-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in buffered water solutions.
Nursing management of enteral tube feedings

Objective: To describe the management practices of nurses when providing care to patients receiving enteral tube feedings. Design: A descriptive study was conducted with use of questionnaires distributed to registered nurses (RNs). Setting: A midwestern university medical center. Sample: A total of 235 questionnaires were distributed to RNs. Two hundred nineteen were considered eligible and 180 were usable. This represents an 82% response. Method: A 43-item questionnaire with a return envelope was placed in the mailbox of RNs. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. Results: (1) Checking the flow rate of enteral feeding: Flow rates were checked between 1 to 4 hours by 70% of the nurses, whereas 16% checked every 8 hours, and the remaining 14% checked every 12 hours or longer. (2) Flushing the enteral tube: Ninety-four percent of respondents indicated they regularly flushed the enteral tube before each feeding (29%), after each feeding (43%), and every 4 hours (59%). The types of irrigants that were used for flushing included tap water, sterile water, and sterile normal saline solution. (3) Method of unclogging obstructed tubes: An irrigant solution is the primary intervention reported by nurses to unclog tubes (94%). The types of solutions reportedly used most frequently were carbonated beverage (81%), sterile water (49%), dissolved papain (46%), and tap water (42%). (4) Checking residuals: Most RNs (95%) reported that they check residuals every 4 hours; of these, 50% stated they discard residuals, and 49% stated that they readminister residuals. In regard to the volume of residual deemed to be excessive, 50% of the respondents stated that an amount greater than or equal to 100 ml is excessive. (5) Administering medications: Flushing the enteral tube with water is reported to be done before (47%) and after (95%) giving medicines. When multiple medicines are given, 38% report flushing the enteral tube between each medication. Conclusion: The findings of this self-report study suggest that practices regarding management of enteral feedings vary widely among nurses.
A reaction to mitochondria in action

In most cells and under most conditions, mitochondria produce the majority of the readily available energy (in the form of ATP) to sustain a myriad of biochemical processes necessary for the survival and proper function of the cell. Excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells, require very high amounts of ATP to maintain and restore the ion gradients across membranes as they experience frequent bouts of depolarization-induced Na+ and Ca2+ influx 1. Oxidative phosphorylation, the chemical process by which a high-energy phosphate bond is added to ADP to produce ATP, is mediated by electron transport chain (ETC) protein complex enzymes associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane (Figure 1). During the electron transport process superoxide anion radical (SO) is produced. Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) converts SO to the more stable and membrane permeable hydrogen peroxide, with the latter being converted to water via the actions of catalase and glutathione peroxidases. However, SO production can also lead to the generation of several highly destructive free radicals including hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite 2. Excessive production and/or reduced detoxification of SO is implicated in the pathogenesis of a range of diseases including cardiovascular disease 3, diabetes 4 and neurodegenerative disorders 5. On the other hand, SO may serve as a signaling molecule that regulates cellular energy metabolism, growth and survival 6.
Effects of crayfish size, orientation, and movement on the reactive distance of largemouth bass foraging in clear and turbid water

Laboratory experiments were performed in clear and turbid water to determine the effects of prey size, orientation, and movement on the reactive distance of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) when feeding on crayfish (Procambarus acutus). In clear water, the reactive distance increased linearly with an increase in prey size, and prey movement resulted in a significant increase in the reactive distance. Prey orientation (head-on versus perpendicular) did not change the reactive distances. In moderately turbid water, the reactive distance did not increase with increased prey size, and prey movement did not result in any changes in the reactive distance. The absence of any effects of prey orientation in clear water or prey movement in turbid water is inconsistent with results from studies using different species (primarily planktivorous fish). I propose that largemouth bass change their foraging tactics as prey visibility changes. When prey are highly visible (low turbidity), predators attack (react) only after prey recognition, which is based on multiple cues such as prey size (length, width) and movement. When prey are less visible (high turbidity), predators attack immediately upon initial prey sighting, which does not depend on prey size or movement.
Statistics for special q, t-kostka polynomials

Kirillov and Reshetikhin introduced rigged configurations as a new way to calculate the entries KA,U(t) of the Kostka matrix. Macdonald defined the two-parameter Kostka matrix whose entries KA, (q, t) generalize KA,,(t) . We use rigged configurations and a formula of Stembridge to provide a combinatorial interpretation of KA,u(q, t) in the case where p is a partition with no more than two columns. In particular, we show that in this case, KA,u(q, t) has nonnegative coefficients.
Literature survey: the current state of knowledge in modeling the AIDS epidemic

The epidemic of HIV infection and AIDS is still growing and has been steadily rising in the national rankings of causes of death. The composition of the AIDS population is changing both in geographic area and risk group. The changing behavior of the epidemic necessitates our better understanding of the disease and the ways of intervention. One of the tools to facilitate this task is by the use of modeling the natural history of the epidemic. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive literature survey of knowledge in modeling the AIDS epidemic and the pertinent intervention policies. Some information on older or more obscure papers was obtained from previous literature surveys compiled by various authors listed in the references portion of this paper. As a conclusion to the report, different avenues for further research are addressed.
Nitrate regulation of anaerobic respiratory gene expression in Escherichia coli

Synthesis of most anaerobic respiratory pathways is subject to dual regulation by anaerobiosis and nitrate. Anaerobic induction is mediated by the FNR protein. Dual interacting two-component regulatory systems mediate nitrate induction and repression. The response regulator protein NARL binds DNA to control nitrate induction and repression of genes encoding nitrate respiration enzymes and alternate anaerobic respiratory enzymes, respectively. The homologous protein NARP controls nitrite induction of at least two operons. Nitrate and nitrite signalling are both mediated by the homologous sensor proteins NARX and NARQ. Recent mutational analyses have defined a heptamer sequence necessary for specific DNA binding by the NARL protein. These heptamers are located at different positions in the control regions of different operons. The NARL protein-binding sites in the narG (nitrate reductase) and narK (nitrate-nitrite antiporter) operon control regions are located approximately 200bp upstream of the transcription initiation site. The integration host factor (IHF) greatly stimulates nitrate induction of these operons, indicating that a specific DNA loop brings NARL protein, bound at the upstream region, into the proximity of the promoter for transcription activation. Other NARL protein-dependent opersons do not require IHF for nitrate induction, and the arrangement of NARL heptamer sequences in these control regions is quite different. This complexity of signal transduction pathways, coupled with the diversity of control region architecture, combine to provide many interesting areas for future investigation. An additional challenge is to determine how or if the FNR and NARL proteins interact to mediate dual positive control of transcription initiation.
Two-layer film as a laser soldering biomaterial.

Background and Objectives A two-layer solder was developed to weld at low laser intensity and to provide a new method of measuring solder-tissue temperature. Study Design/Materials and Methods A film solder consisted of a white layer (bovine serum albumin (BSA) and distilled water) and a black layer (BSA, carbon black (CB), and distilled water). This two-layer solder was used with a diode laser to weld sections of dog small intestine (λ = 810 nm, power = 200 ± 20 mW, radiation dose = 18 ± 1 J/mg). Sections of intestine were welded only with one-layer black solders as control group. The temperature difference between the external solder surface and the tissue-solder interface was evaluated during welding. Results The two-layer solder performed welds as strong as the one-layer solder (∼0.12 N) but with less laser intensity on the black layer. The temperature difference between the external surface of the solder and the solder-tissue interface was significantly less for the two-layer solder than for the one-layer solder (∼6°C and ∼15°C, respectively; P < 0.05). Conclusions The two-layer solder appeared to be more efficient at soldering biomaterials than the one-layer solder. Furthermore, the heat diffusion from the black midplane of the two-layer solder decreased the difference in temperature recorded on the solder external surface and on the solder-tissue interface. Lasers Surg. Med. 25:250–256, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Comparative Analysis: The Impact Of Non-Operating Revenues On Financial Viability Of Urban And Rural Hospitals

Fifty New York hospitals, 25 urban facilities and 25 rural facilities, were chosen at random for analysis. They were examined to determine whether non-operating revenue – contributions, gifts, grants (as defined by IRS, Form 990) – plays an important role in fiscal viability . Three years of data, 2005 – 2007, for each hospital was selected, and several financial variables were used to construct a fiscal viability index. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a positive difference in the fiscal health of hospitals when the hospitals can solicit more income from non-healthcare/non-operating activities in the form of outside gifts and grants. Another main purpose of this study was to determine which hospital sector, if any – urban vs. rural – is more dependent upon non-operating revenues for their fiscal viability.
Talk of work: transatlantic divergences in justifications for hard work among French, Norwegian, and American professionals

This article approaches work talk, a neglected but vital object of sociological inquiry, as a possible key to unlocking the mystery of the contemporary work ethic as it appears among male professionals living and working in the United States and Western Europe. This analytical task is carried out through a close examination of the contrasting rhetorics, scripts, and vocabularies anchoring French, Norwegian, and American forms of hard work talk. This comparative exercise capitalizes on material from over one hundred in-depth interviews with comparable French, Norwegian, and American male business professionals working in finance, law, consulting, engineering and other professional fields. Scrutinizing the scripts that members of these three groups use to address their motives for working hard in demanding jobs, this article maps a legitimation divide between the American respondents and their French and Norwegian counterparts. The hard work commentaries of the French and Norwegian respondents feature script repertoires that focus exclusively on the stimulating and enriching character of their work activities. By contrast, the commentaries of the American respondents incorporate overachievement scripts addressing both the extrinsic rewards of work and the personality traits that make hard work a natural expression of personality. These hard work commentaries invoke career success and moneymaking as inducements to hard work. But they also invoke personality traits such as drive and the innate aversion to leisure. This transatlantic divide reflects the greater cultural resonance of self-realization in the two European contexts and the fact that the French and Norwegians have embraced a more Maslowian approach to working life. As I argue in the article’s conclusion, these transatlantic differences in script repertoires can be viewed as the product of the societally specific cultural configurations at work in the three countries. Such cultural configurations define what it means—in terms of status and authenticity—to work hard in a remunerative and rewarding job.
Gadolinium-enhanced MRI of tumors of the head and neck.

High-resolution computed tomographic (CT) scanning and, more recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have provided more accurate evaluation of the extent of head and neck neoplasms. With increasing experience, better methodology is being developed to improve imaging accuracy. We present a series of patients with clinically proven neoplasms of the oropharynx and larynx, evaluated by MR using T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and post-gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA T1-weighted imaged
VLSI design of a bus arbitration module for the 68000 series of microprocessors

Modern computer systems often are designed around a bus architecture. This, of course eliminates the need for complete point-to-point interconnection of all the devices attached to the bus. The major hurdle to this system is in resolving the conflicts that arise when more than one device wants to use the bus to communicate at a time. The job of resolving such conflicts is left to bus arbitration circuitry. A system designer using the MC68000 family is in some luck. This series of microprocessors has a limited set of lines built in to allow for external circuitry to request and receive the bus from the processor. However, having given up the bus the processor does nothing to decide who receives the bus next. This is left to external arbitration circuitry. This paper describes a VLSI chip designed to perform bus arbitration for the Motorola MC68000 series of microprocessors. With such a module, several devices (such as DMA, I/O controllers, and multiple microprocessors) can share a single bus while our device handles all bus conflicts using a priority scheme. The device is flexible, programmable, and compatible with the MC68000 family's bus architecture and their support chips. >
Establishing a Clinical Research Council in Home Health and Hospice

This project focused on the development of a clinical research council in a home health and hospice organization. Strengths of establishing a council included enhanced use of evidence-based practice, an increase in cross-discipline collaboration, and recruitment and retention. Council members evaluated their learning needs to establish a research education program. An organizational evaluation reviewed library and institutional review board access, system research departments, internal policies, electronic database, and clinical tools. Planning for sustainability included developing an organizing framework, creating community collaborations, and establishing a research pathway.
Proactive Research: Where Art Thou?

This 25-year review of published research in Family Relations and Journal of Marriage and the Family found 91 articles that were generally related to family financial topics. Of that total, only three articles dealt specifically with family financial management. We offer several suggestions for areas of research that address the needs of practitioners, including specific recommendations for prevention and intervention.
Head direction cells: properties and functional significance

The strong signal carried by head direction cells in the postsubiculum complements the positional signal carried by hippocampal place cells; together, the directional and positional signals provide the information necessary to permit rats to generate and carry out intelligent, efficient solutions to spatial problems. Our opinion is that the hippocampal positional system acts as a cognitive map and that the role of the directional system is to put the map into register with the environment. In this way, paths found using the map can be properly executed. Head direction cells have recently been discovered in parts of the thalamus reciprocally connected with the postsubiculum; such cells provide important clues to the organization of the directional system.
An Overview of the Mechanical Properties of FeAl

This paper presents an overview of the mechanical properties of the iron aluminide FeAl. Both the strength and ductility depend on a variety of parameters, including vacancy concentration, the environment (principally water vapor), alloy stoichiometry, temperature and grain size. The effects of alloying elements, particularly boron, are also briefly discussed. The review emphasizes how much of our current understanding of the strength and ductility of iron aluminides emanated from the discovery of the importance of both water vapor and thermal vacancies on these properties.
Metastatic malignant melanoma manifesting as an intracardiac mass.

Abstract Introduction Antemortem diagnoses of intracardiac metastases are uncommon. Metastatic melanoma shows a propensity for cardiac involvement, but cardiac involvement by melanoma is rarely identified clinically due to a paucity of cardiac symptoms. Methods The surgical pathology files of Mayo Clinic were searched for cases of metastatic melanoma presenting or manifesting as an intracardiac mass. The lesions were evaluated pathologically for diagnoses. Clinical information was obtained by chart review. Results Seven patients, four female and three male (age 31 to 79 years), were identified. No patient had a history of metastatic melanoma. All patients presented with dyspnea and symptoms of outflow obstruction. Echocardiography or CT revealed an intracardiac mass (four atrial, three ventricular). Six cases involved the right side of the heart and one involved the left ventricle. Five of the seven patients had a history of malignant melanoma, but none had a history of metastases when they presented with cardiac symptoms. In four cases, the history of primary melanoma was remote, occurring 7, 9, 13, and 28 years prior to the discovery of their cardiac mass. One patient had no history of melanoma, and no primary melanoma was ever identified. One patient had a history of a benign melanocytic lesion biopsied 2 years before, but retrospective review showed malignant melanoma. Conclusions Melanoma is known to have an unpredictable and prolonged course. Neoplastic involvement of the heart should be considered in patients with cardiac symptoms when a documented malignancy exists, no matter how remote.
Identification of Magnetic Anomalies from Basement, Intrasedimentary Faults and Salt Domes and Basement Structural Interpretation Enhance Prospectiveness for Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Gas Exploration in the Sabine Uplift Area Of Texas and Louisiana: Example from Black Lake Gasfield Area, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana

Aeromagnetic surveying in the Greater Sabine Uplift Area of East Texas and Northwest Louisiana measures anomalies corresponding to basement intrusions, basement structure blocks, intrabasement faults and salt domes. Observed anomalies vary in frequency, shape and amplitude in response to size, shape and depth of magnetization variations associated with specific geologic bodies. A combination of spectral decomposition using matched Wiener filtering (Spector and Grant, 1970 and Phillips, 2001) and vertical and horizontal gradient computation helps to qualitatively identify locations and relative depths of basement and intra-sedimentary fault anomalies. Werner Deconvolution depth estimation applied to the aeromagnetic profiles helped produce a magnetic basement structure contour map.
Modeling spiral wound membrane modules for the pervaporative removal of volatile organic compounds from water

Abstract A model was developed to simulate the performance of spiral wound membrane modules for the pervaporative removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water. Differential mass and momentum balances were solved simultaneously by numerical integration to model both feed and permeate streams. With input of the initial feed concentration, the feed side mass transfer coefficient, and physical parameters to describe the membrane and the module, the model predicted the permeate pressure and velocity, the composition and average molecular weight of the permeate, the total and component fluxes, and the feed concentration, all as a function of the position in the module. Dimensionless groups that characterize the physical properties of the VOC and the design and operating parameters of the membrane and module were varied to demonstrate their effect on the overall module performance, which relates directly to process economics. The results showed that assuming the permeate pressure drop to be negligible may lead to a significant overestimation of the module performance. Permeate flow in spiral wound and hollow fiber modules is similar, and equations are provided for both.
Using the mathematics literature

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Parental Work Schedules and Children's Cognitive Trajectories

Previous work has shown an association between mothers' nonstandard work schedules and children's well-being. We built on this research by examining the relationship between parental shift work and children's reading and math trajectories from age 5/6 to 13/14. Using data (N=7,105) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and growth curve modeling, we found that children's math and reading trajectories were related to parents' type of nonstandard shifts (i.e., evening, night, or variable). We found that having a mother who worked more years at a night shift was associated with lower reading scores, having a mother work more years at evening or night shifts was associated with reduced math trajectories, and having a father work more years at an evening shift was associated with reduced math scores. Mediation tests suggest that eating meals together, parental knowledge about children's whereabouts, and certain after-school activities might help explain these results.
Lava lake level as a gauge of magma reservoir pressure and eruptive hazard

Forecasting volcanic activity relies fundamentally on tracking magma pressure through the use of proxies, such as ground surface deformation and earthquake rates. Lava lakes at open-vent basaltic volcanoes provide a window into the uppermost magma system for gauging reservoir pressure changes more directly. At Kīlauea Volcano (Hawai‘i, USA) the surface height of the summit lava lake in Halema‘uma‘u Crater fluctuates with surface deformation over short (hours to days) and long (weeks to months) time scales. This correlation implies that the lake behaves as a simple piezometer of the subsurface magma reservoir. Changes in lava level and summit deformation scale with (and shortly precede) changes in eruption rate from Kīlauea’s East Rift Zone, indicating that summit lava level can be used for short-term forecasting of rift zone activity and associated hazards at Kīlauea.
Application of Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) to the Identification of Natural Products in Psilocybe Cyanescens

Abstract Temperature profiling of MIKE spectra allows identification of protonated psilocin in the presence of other compounds with the same mass. The use of multiple ionizing methods to give ions (M+H)+, (M+ML4)+, and M is shown to assist in determining the molecular weights of new natural products. Structural information is obtained from the MIKE spectra. All these determinations can be made on the intact mushroom or its simple alcoholic extracts.
Dietary trans fatty acids: review of recent human studies and food industry responses.

Dietary trans FA at sufficiently high levels have been found to increase low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and decrease high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (and thus to increase the ratio of LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol) compared with diets high in cis monounsaturated FA or PUFA. The dietary levels of trans FA at which these effects are easily measured are around 4% of energy or higher to increase LDL-cholesterol and around 5 to 6% of energy or higher to decrease HDL-cholesterol, compared with essentially trans-free control diets. Very limited data at lower levels of intake (less than 4% of energy) are available. Most health professional organizations and some govemments now recommend reduced consumption of foods containing trans FA, and effective January 1, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires the labeling of the amounts of trans FA fer serving in packaged foods. In response, the food industry is working on ways to eliminate or greatly reduce trans FA in food products. Current efforts focus on four technological options: (i) modification of the hydrogenation process, (ii) use of interesterification, (iii) use of fractions high in solids from natural oils, and (iv) use of trait-enhanced oils. Challenges to the food industry in replacing trans FA in foods are to develop formulation options that provide equivalent functionality, are economically feasible, and do not greatly increase saturated FA content.
Phenomenological Theory of the Hall Effect in Insulators

It is shown that in noncubic solids the ``Hall mobilities'' derived from Hall voltage and Hall current measurements are not identical. Their relation together with a consistency test for the measured ``Hall mobilities'' are obtained for orthorhombic symmetry. The observed quantities in Hall effect measurements on insulators are influenced by the presence of a space charge in the solid. The electromagnetic field equations are solved inside a cuboid of an orthorhombic solid by a Green function method. The results are used to relate the observed Hall voltage in the four‐point‐probe technique and the observed Hall current in the split‐back‐electrode technique to the fundamental parameters governing the Hall effect, for space‐charge‐limited currents under various trapping conditions. The corresponding relation for Ohmic conduction is also given. The advantages of using the Hall current method for insulators rather than the Hall voltage method are stressed.
World Biofuels Assessment; Worldwide Biomass Potential: Technology Characterizations (Milestone Report)

Milestone report prepared by NREL to estimate the worldwide potential to produce and transport ethanol and other biofuels.
A 21-Gb/s, 0.96-pJ/bit serial receiver with non-50% duty-cycle clocking 1-tap decision feedback equalizer in 65nm CMOS

This paper reports a power-efficient equalizing receiver designed for multi-data rate serial link applications. It includes a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE) and a halfrate 1-tap speculative decision feedback equalizer (DFE). The proposed StrongArm latch-based DFE adopts a novel non-50% duty-cycle clocking scheme to achieve 20% higher speed compared with the conventional 50% duty-cycle clocking scheme solution. Implemented in a 65nm CMOS process with only regular threshold voltage transistors, the prototype receiver can operate up to 21Gb/s over a 25dB loss channel. At 21Gb/s, it consumes 20.08mW (0.96pJ/bit) power from a 1V supply.
On-chip automatic tuning of filters

We have in this chapter presented the main ideas that have been proposed in the literature for the tuning of integrated continuous-time filters. To minimise interference problems, master-slave schemes are used most often. Although first-order master stages have been employed, typically, second-order filters or oscillators are used because they can be matched more reliably to second-order slave filter stages. Even for that case, matching of much better than 1 percent between master and slaves on a chip is difficult to maintain. This problem increases at higher frequencies when parasitic components become more important. Whether the master-slave technique or a direct tuning method is used in cases where the filter has periodic inactive periods, it is helpful for better matching and tracking that a filter architecture is chosen that has many identical circuit blocks. The tuning algorithm will be simpler and the control circuitry smaller, less noisy and less power-hungry DFT is a well understood and accepted requirement in integrated circuits, i.e. an IC is 'designed for test'. Analogously, it is crucial for success that an integrated analogue filter is 'designed for tuning'. The filter topologies must be tunable, must be insensitive to parasitics, and be constructed with well matched circuit blocks. The unavoidable overhead penalty for tuning will then be minimised.
Current status of immunization against anthrax: old vaccines may be here to stay for a while.

Anthrax vaccination has become a ‘hot’ topic. On the one hand, fears that Iraq holds secret caches of anthrax-based weaponry, that other countries may be developing or may have developed similar devices, or that hard-line groups may make their own anthrax-based devices for bioterrorist attacks have focused official attention on the need for means of protection, principally, though, for the military. On the other hand, the unsolved issues of the Gulf War illnesses have left elements of doubt in the minds of some as to the possible role of anthrax (among other) vaccines in this syndrome, and have drawn attention to the shortage of pre-clinical, clinical, pharmacological and safety data on the existing UK and US anthrax vaccines. In the middle are those hotly debating the US and Canadian policies of mandatory anthrax immunization for military personnel or, in the case of the UK policy of voluntary immunization, simply voting with their feet. Compounding matters have been the publicized failures of the US vaccine production facility and the less publicized UK problems of supply. Meanwhile, those in genuine at-risk occupations are left unsure whether, if they can get the vaccine at all, they really want it. Despite two decades of elegant science aimed at formulating alternative vaccines to overcome all the problems of efficacy, safety and supply, such an alternative is at least five years away, and the current status is that we must live with the old vaccines or not vaccinate.
Effect of Hormones of Anterior Pituitary on Thyroid Gland in the Guinea-Pig.:

In former investigations Loeb1,3 and Loeb and Kaplan2 have shown that feeding of tablets of anterior pituitary substance (Armour & Co.) prevents, in the guinea pig, compensatory hypertrophy which otherwise occurs in many cases after the greater part of the thyroid has been extirpated. H. A. McCordock4 through feeding of these tablets prevented the marked cell proliferation which occurs in the guinea pig after administration of potassium iodide. There are also prevented the slight changes in colloid and in the size of the acinus cells caused by iodine. These experiments proved that in Armour's Anterior Pituitary preparation there is present a substance which prevents growth processes (hypertrophy and hyperplasia) in the thyroid of the guinea pig.However, in larvae of amphibia, it has been shown that removal of the anterior pituitary may cause atrophic changes in the thyroid gland (B. M. Allen,5 P. E. Smith6) or, conversely, that injection of acid extracts of anterior pituitary may stimulate the thyroid gla...
Active recombinant Tol2 transposase for gene transfer and gene discovery applications

The revolutionary concept of “jumping genes” was conceived by McClintock in the late 1940s while studying the Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) system in maize. Transposable elements (TEs) represent the most abundant component of many eukaryotic genomes. Mobile elements are a driving force of eukaryotic genome evolution. McClintock’s Ac, the autonomous element of the Ac/Ds system, together with hobo from Drosophila and Tam3 from snapdragon define an ancient and diverse DNA transposon superfamily named hAT. Other members of the hAT superfamily include the insect element Hermes and Tol2 from medaka. In recent years, genetic tools derived from the ‘cut’ and ‘paste’ Tol2 DNA transposon have been widely used for genomic manipulation in zebrafish, mammals and in cells in vitro. We report the purification of a functional recombinant Tol2 protein from E.coli. We demonstrate here that following microinjection using a zebrafish embryo test system, purified Tol2 transposase protein readily catalyzes gene transfer in both somatic and germline tissues in vivo. We show that purified Tol2 transposase can promote both in vitro cutting and pasting in a defined system lacking other cellular factors. Notably, our analysis of Tol2 transposition in vitro reveals that the target site preference observed for Tol2 in complex host genomes is maintained using a simpler target plasmid test system, indicating that the primary sequence might encode intrinsic cues for transposon integration. This active Tol2 protein is an important new tool for diverse applications including gene discovery and molecular medicine, as well as for the biochemical analysis of transposition and regulation of hAT transposon/genome interactions. The measurable but comparatively modest insertion site selection bias noted for Tol2 is largely determined by the primary sequence encoded in the target sequence as assessed through studying Tol2 protein-mediated transposition in a cell-free system.
Medical commencement oaths: shards of a fractured myth, or seeds of hope against a dispiriting future?

To erase the principles of the medical oath entirely from our consciousness would be to make medicine no more than a commercial, industrial or proletarian enterprise.
Modalities of Managerialism: The “Double Bind” of Normative and Instrumental Nonprofit Management Imperatives:

Nonprofit managers are influenced by managerial logics that guide their everyday understandings, decisions, and behaviors. This article identifies, conceptualizes, and examines these logics through the lens of institutional theory, which implies a distinction between normative and instrumental modalities of nonprofit managerialism. These modalities are contrasted across seven domains of nonprofit management—portfolio management, organizational growth and capacity-building, fundraising, collaboration and competition, effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability—generating insights for managers, scholars, and society at large. Specifically, the framework identifies contradictory managerial imperatives that can create a “double bind” for practitioners, provides a mechanism for organizing and positioning nonprofit management scholarship, and raises fundamental questions about the attainability of nonprofit missions and the function of the nonprofit sector in society.
A synthesis and comparative evaluation of factors influencing the effectiveness of drainage water management

Viable large-scale crop production in the United States requires artificial drainage in humid and poorly drained agricultural regions. Excess water removal is generally achieved by installing tile drains that export water to open ditches that eventually flow into streams. Drainage water management (DWM) is a conservation practice that allows farmers to artificially raise the outlet elevation of a field’s drain tile and can reduce nutrient loss during wet periods by storing more water in the field. We intended to assess the effectiveness of DWM to reduce drainage discharge and nutrient loads and additionally identify predictor variables that influence DWM effectiveness. We compared managed (i.e., DWM) and free draining records using paired t-tests, and identified factors associated with DWM effectiveness using a multiple linear regression approach. T-test results indicated that DWM was highly effective in reducing drainage water discharge and nutrient losses via drain tiles as tile discharge volumes were reduced on average 46%, while tile nitrate loads were reduced by 48%. In addition, total phosphorus and dissolved reactive phosphorus loads were reduced by 55% and 57%, respectively. Based on regression results, we found that several aspects of farm and tile drain management were associated with DWM effectiveness, while site specific landscape characteristics were less likely to predict effectiveness. While DWM is effective as a conservation practice to reduce discharges of water and nutrients from drain tiles, we also identified several knowledge gaps. Future research should investigate effects of DWM on water and nutrients lost in other pathways such as surface runoff, preferential flow, groundwater recharge and biological uptake, and also focus more attention on phosphorus as there is a paucity of research on this topic.
Blood-brain barrier models derived from individual patients: a new frontier: An Editorial Highlight on 'An isogenic blood-brain barrier model comprising brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells'

Read the highlighted article 'An isogenic blood-brain barrier model comprising brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells' on page 874.
Achieving blood pressure targets for prolonged cardiovascular health: a historical perspective.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Hypertension is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its successful control leads to a decrease or prevention of these complications.Areas covered: Over the years the Joint National Committees and the American Heart Association have issued guidelines regarding the treatment of hypertension. Those of 2003 and 2007 respectively, have recommended reduction of blood pressure (BP) to < 140/90 mmHg for uncomplicated hypertension and to < 130/80 mmHg for hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus, CKD, or CAD. Since stricter controls of BP, especially of the systolic BP (SBP) to < 120 mmHg did not provide additional cardiovascular (CV) benefits, except for stroke, the national committees in 2014 and 2015 issued new guidelines recommending more relaxed BP control based on recent studies. However, the recent publication of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) has challenged these guidelines by ...
The Business of Slavery and the Rise of American Capitalism, 1815–1860. By Calvin Schermerhorn. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015. Pp. xi, 336. $65.00.)

With the sesquicentennial of emancipation, historians have seen a resurgence of scholarship that explores the relationship between slavery and capitalism. Calvin Schermerhorn's new book adds to thi...
142 Epidemiology of work-related falls

Statement of Purpose Falls are the second leading cause of work-related injuries in the United States. In 2015, falls represented nearly 17% of all fatal work-related injuries and roughly 27% of all lost work-day nonfatal injuries. The purpose of this analysis is to examine falls across surveillance systems which will inform prevention efforts. Methods/Approach We examined data from three national occupational injury surveillance systems to describe the burden of fatal and non-fatal work-related fall injuries across demographic, work, and injury characteristics. Falls were categorised into two major event types: falls on the same level (slips or trips), and falls to a lower level (falls from an elevated surface). Results From 1992 to 2014, the rate of fatal work-related falls has averaged 5.3 fatalities per 1,000,000 workers (annual average range 4.6–6.0) with rates increasing recently to 5.6. Nonfatal, lost work-day injuries have decreased from 49.0 per 10 000 full-time workers in 1992 to 26.4 in 2014. Falls involving hospital emergency department treatment have only modestly (not significantly) decreased from 38.0 (95% CI Â ±3.3) per 10 000 workers in 2003 to 31.1 (95% CI Â ±5.8) in 2014. Falls to a lower level, although less common, accounted for 86% of fatal falls compared to roughly 30% of both nonfatal lost work-day and ED-treated fall injuries. Conclusions The rate of fall injuries among US-workers remains high despite numerous prevention strategies, standards, policies, and engineering controls to prevent falls and protect against injury during a fall. Significance/Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science Work-related fall injuries represented over $16 billion in direct costs in 2014 among US-workers. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is partnering with several stakeholders to raise awareness, evaluate fall prevention programs, and ultimately reduce work-related fall injuries, especially among workers at highest risk.
miR-15a regulation of endothelial radiation sensitivity in colorectal cancer.

709Background: Radiation dose escalation causes significant changes within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance tumor cell death including altered microRNA (miR) levels. Among endothelial mi...
Staying Alive: TV News Facebook Posts, Perceived Credibility, and Engagement Intent:

Facebook drives more traffic to news websites than any other site and is the most used social platform in the journalistic process, elevating the importance of what organizations post there. Centra...
Pathways to delinquent and sex offending behavior: The role of childhood adversity and environmental context in a treatment sample of male adolescents.

Abstract Background Exposure to greater Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) has been associated with increased likelihood of general and sex offending behaviors. However, few studies consider both the impact of varied ACE exposures and other early experiences on pathways to offending behaviors in adolescents who have engaged in sexually abusive behaviors. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ACEs and sexual boundary problems within the home on the development of delinquent and sexually abusive behavior. Participants & setting Data were collected from archival records of male adolescents (N = 285) who had received treatment for sexually abusive behavior at a youth facility. Methods This study investigated the effects of individual adverse experiences on delinquent nonsexual and sexually abusive behaviors through structural equation modeling. Results Structural equation modeling revealed a three-factor model for ACEs. Direction and significance of paths between ACEs and the onset, persistence, and nature of maladaptive behaviors differed. Household dysfunction was related to an earlier onset (β = 1.19, p = 0.013) and more persistent nonsexual delinquent offending (β = 1.05, p = 0.048) and contact sexual offending (β = 1.19, p = 0.010). Conversely, sexual abuse and exposure to sexual boundary problems were associated with an earlier onset of sexually abusive behavior (β = −1.08, p = 0.038) as well as indicators of adolescent-onset (β = −1.30, p = 0.002), less persistent (β = −1.53, p = 0.001), and nonviolent (β = −1.89, p = 0.001) delinquency. Conclusions Findings suggest variations in ACE exposures differentially influence the onset, severity, and persistence of delinquent and sexually abusive behaviors among these youths.
Forging Monumental Memories in the Early Twelfth Century

Two important groups of twelfth-century Italian thrones, a Roman group with circular back and lion supports, and a southern group with pedimented back, have posed problems of dating and interpretation in part because they were created to appear older than they were. Long ago Emile Bertaux characterised the throne from Monte Sant’Angelo as “un faux en marbre”. More recently Francesco Gandolfo has shown the mixture of spolia and back-dated inscriptions in the Roman group, and Pina Belli d’Elia has argued that the throne at S. Nicola in Bari is not as old as its inscription claims. Such works were created as documents inscribing memories of the past, but improving upon the historical record, in effect forgeries. They should be considered at least on one level as analogous to the many forged charters and other documents so particularly characteristic of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
Photoprotection of the Skin with Vitamins C and E: Antioxidants and Synergies

Sunscreen alone is not sufficient to provide optimal protection from ultraviolet-induced and other environmental free-radical damage to the skin. The antioxidants vitamins C and E have been extensively researched and proven to protect the skin against photodamage (sunburn, tanning, photoaging, precancers, cancer). When formulated correctly and at a high enough concentration, vitamins C and E are more protective when applied topically to the skin than if taken orally. An effective formulation requires the natural molecular form of the antioxidant (the nonesterified, active isomer) in a composition that maintains stability and delivers enough active antioxidant to the deep layers of the skin: Vitamin C must be ascorbic acid, optimally at a concentration of 15–20%; and vitamin E must be d-α-tocopherol, optimally at a concentration of 2–5%.