cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Compound Effects of Candidate Race and Racial Resentment in US House Elections

Despite the longstanding underrepresentation of blacks in Congress, political science research has not settled on the cause. While there is increasing evidence that racial attitudes affect vote choice in today's congressional elections, how this effect interacts with the race of the candidates is unknown. This study addresses this debate by analyzing novel survey, census, and candidate data from the Obama era of congressional elections (2010–2016) to test whether racially prejudiced attitudes held by whites decrease their likelihood of supporting black Democratic candidates and Democratic candidates as a whole. In line with theoretical predictions, this paper finds that Democratic House candidates are less likely to receive votes among white voters with strong racial resentment toward blacks, and black Democratic candidates fare even worse. These findings help to explain the persistence of black legislative underrepresentation and contribute to theories of partisan racial realignment.
The Lessons of Lone Pine

Over the past three decades, Lone Pine orders have become a fixture of the mass- tort landscape. Issued in large toxic-tort cases, these case-management orders require claimants to come forward with prima facie injury, exposure, and causation evidence by a date certain — or else face an early and unceremonious dismissal. So far, the orders have been mostly heralded as an inventive and efficient way to streamline and expedite the resolution of complex cases. They are, many believe, an antidote to the assertion of dubious filings. Yet it’s not so simple. This Article identifies and analyzes various drawbacks associated with Lone Pine orders, including their inconsistent application, incompatibility with formal procedural rules, and insistence on using a binary screen to address a question that is, at bottom, insusceptible to a binary resolution. Given these problems, it ultimately concludes that courts ought to scale back their use of this potent procedural device. But that’s just the half of it. Lone Pine orders are not just important because of what they do. They are also important because of where they sit: squarely at the intersection of broader currents that are quietly transforming contemporary civil litigation. These currents include the rapid and seemingly insatiable growth of multidistrict litigation, the durable embrace of managerial judging, the counterrevolution against federal litigation, the ever-more-preliminary disposition of claims, and both the formal and informal customization of procedural mechanisms. Weaving these seemingly disparate currents together, this study offers fresh insights to deepen — and, in places, complicate — our understanding of these profoundly influential phenomena.
Flipping the lens: What we learn from students about success in college

Each year high numbers of young adults enter college to pursue degrees in STEM fields. Supporting access to engineering programs for the next generation includes recognizing the complex learning environments students enter after high school and the role colleges play. This study reached out to current, everyday college students to get their unique perspective on what it takes to be successful. Analysis of the data identified 4 themes and 12 subthemes that can be used to inform retention programs that support student success.
FFP2-mondmasker of chirurgisch mondkapje bij COVID-19.

Het aantal patienten met COVID-19 neemt in rap tempo toe. Bescherming van medisch personeel is van groot belang om de ziekte onder medisch personeel te voorkomen en continuiteit in de zorg te waarborgen. Welk mondkapje heeft dan de voorkeur voor huisartsen: een FFP2-mondmasker of een chirurgisch mondkapje? Er is hiernaar nog geen specifiek onderzoek verricht bij het coronavirus, maar bij kortdurend contact in de eerste lijn lijkt er geen verschil tussen beide te zijn. Daarnaast is het nog onduidelijk of chirurgische mondkapjes vergelijkbare bescherming bieden bij langdurig of meervoudig contact.
Intermediate Choice Lists: How Product Attributes Influence Purchase Likelihood in a Self-Imposed Delay

Abstract Many online retailers enable consumers to postpone a purchase decision by placing a desired item onto an intermediate choice list, such as a wish list or saved-for-later list. This research demonstrates that using a list in this way decreases purchase intent for the wait-listed products, relative to the same choice made without the option to delay the decision. The findings of five experiments show that purchase likelihood is affected by a shift in the importance, or weight, of product attributes. Specifically, the attributes that are weighted more heavily in the decision to place an item on an intermediate choice list are then weighted less heavily in the decision to purchase an item from that list. This shift in attribute weighting suggests that consumers may switch from more noncompensatory to more compensatory decision-making between the initial decision to use an intermediate choice list, and the later decision of whether to purchase the item from the list. This process tends to diminish the importance of the attractive attributes that encouraged consumers to put these items on lists in the first place. These findings have implications for retailers who wish to understand the risks and benefits of wish lists and related tools, and for consumers who desire to reduce impulsive purchases.
The Playful Potential of Shared Mealtime: A Speculative Catalog of Playful Technologies for Day-to-day Social Eating Experiences

In this paper, we present an annotated portfolio of speculative ideas that emerged from a co-design process where we investigated the playful potential of day-to-day mealtime. Our portfolio illustrates the learnings from our participatory engagements: it embodies ours and our participants' ideas of how technology might support increasingly playful and socio-emotionally rich experiences around food. We contribute: (1) a list of play potentials of mealtime-i.e. people's existing playful practices with food-that will point designers towards socio-emotionally desirable play-food experiences; (2) a portfolio of speculative design ideas that illustrate how mealtime technology could help to realize that playful potential; and (3) a discussion of our participants' experiences with and responses to lo-fi prototypes of our ideas. Our work will provoke designers to carefully consider the impact of food-tech innovation on the quality of people's social eating experiences and inspire them to cultivate forms of food-play that are socio-emotionally rich.?
On Black Male Leadership: A Study of Leadership Efficacy, Servant Leadership, and Engagement Mediated by Microaggressions

The ProblemDr. Martin Luther King Jr, and other Black men (and women) successfully used servant leadership to advance U.S. civil rights. Yet, the value of these leadership practices among Black men...
Prescription Drug Misuse in Late Adulthood An Empirical Examination of Competing Explanations

Prescription drug misuse is a public health problem, and older adults are at high risk. The underlying factors associated with this problem in late adulthood are not well understood. Using cross-sectional data from telephone interviews with individuals aged 60 years and older in Arizona and Florida (N = 2,000), this study tests whether hypotheses derived from general strain and low self-control theories are supported while investigating misusing prescription medication. Results from the regression analyses reveal that the association between poor health (conceptualized as a strain) and misusing prescription drugs (conceptualized as criminal coping) is partially explained by depressive symptoms (conceptualized as negative emotionality). The link between problem drinking and prescription drug misuse is fully attenuated when low self-control is included in the model. The results confirm that both theories provide insight into this public health problem and that treatment strategies should target the underlyi...
Effects of two isometric routines on strength, size, and endurance in exercised and nonexercised arms.

Abstract In essence, this study was directed toward three specific concerns: (a) comparative effects of two isometric exercise patterns relative to static strength, muscular endurance, and size; (b) cross-education effect of two isometric routines; and (c) specificity of change in strength and muscular endurance as noted by comparison of measures taken at the exercise position and a second position. One pattern of exercise consisted of 3 6-second bouts, whereas the second involved 20 6-second bouts. The exercise consisted of elbow flexion from 170 degree angle, and was performed on alternate days, 3 times weekly for 6 weeks. Statistical analysis revealed no difference among the one control and two exercise groups (representing a total N of 29), while t-ratios of change within each exercise group showed some significant differences. Evidence suggests that the protracted pattern was more beneficial than the short routine in fostering development of muscle strength, endurance, and size. However, further inve...
Cytotoxicity as an indicator for transport mechanism: evidence that murine bone marrow progenitor cells lack a high-affinity leucine carrier that transports melphalan in murine L1210 leukemia cells.

Cytotoxicity of melphalan to murine L1210 leukemia cells was reduced to a limiting maximum value of 50% by 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2- carboxylic acid (BCH), indicating that cytotoxicity is partially dependent on drug uptake by system L. L-Leucine, but not alpha- aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), completely reduced the remaining 50% of drug cytotoxicity. These results contrast with those obtained with a sensitive host tissue, the bone marow progenitor cells of the white cell series (CFU-C), in that a high-affinity leucine transport system corresponding to system L was not identified.
Brief Report: Methotrexate Prevents Wear Particle-Induced Inflammatory Osteolysis in Mice Via Activation of Adenosine A2A Receptor

Objective Adenosine, acting at the A2A receptor, mediates the antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate (MTX) in models of inflammation. We previously reported that A2A receptor ligation diminishes wear particle–driven osteolysis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MTX treatment could prevent bone resorption caused by inflammatory osteolysis. Methods C57BL/6 mice (6–8 weeks old) received intraperitoneal injections of 1 mg/kg MTX (n = 20) or 0.9% saline (n = 10), starting 2 weeks prior to surgical implantation of 3 mg of wear particles (ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene [UHMWPE] particles). The MTX-treated mice received daily injections of vehicle or ZM241385 at the surgical site until they were killed, 14 days later. XenoLight RediJect Bone Probe 680 was injected intravenously, and fluorescence analysis of the calvaria using an IVIS imaging system was performed to assess bone formation. Micro–computed tomography (micro-CT) and immunostaining for osteoclast and osteoblast markers were performed. Results Implantation of wear particles induced bone pitting and thinning, as shown by micro-CT. MTX treatment markedly reduced osteolysis, and this effect was abrogated by treatment with the A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385. Implantation of UHMWPE reduced new bone formation, and MTX treatment restored new bone formation, an effect that was completely reversed by treatment with ZM241385. Histologic examination of particle-exposed calvariae demonstrated that MTX prevented accumulation of an inflammatory infiltrate at the site of particle implantation, increased the number of osteoblasts, and reduced the number of osteoclasts at the site of inflammation, an effect that was reversed by treatment with ZM241385. Conclusion MTX reduces inflammatory osteolysis indirectly via stimulation of A2A receptor and may represent a novel approach to enhance orthopedic implant survival, delaying or eliminating the need for revision arthroplasty surgery.
Discovering a Descriptive Taxonomy of Attributes of Exemplary School Library Websites

This descriptive study examines effective online school library practice. A Delphi panel selected a sample of 10 exemplary sites and helped to create two research tools--taxonomies designed to analyze the features and characteristics of school library Websites. Using the expert-identified sites as a sample, a content analysis was conducted to systematically identify site features and characteristics. Anne Clyde's longitudinal content analysis of school library Websites was used as a baseline to examine trends in practice; in addition, the national guidelines document, Information Power: Building Partnerships for Learning, was examined to explore ways in which the traditional mission and roles of school library programs are currently translated online. Results indicated great variation in depth and coverage even among Websites considered exemplary. Sites in the sample are growing more interactive and student-centered, using blogs as supplemental communication strategies. Nevertheless, even these exemplary sites were slow to adopt the advances in technology to meet the learning needs and interests of young adult users. Ideally the study's findings will contribute to understanding of state-of-the-art and will serve to identify trends, as well as serving as a guide to practitioners in planning, developing, and maintaining school library Websites.
Pyruvoyl-Dependent Arginine Decarboxylase from Methanococcus jannaschii: Crystal Structures of the Self-Cleaved and S53A Proenzyme Forms

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of pyruvoyl-dependent arginine decarboxylase from Methanococcus jannaschii was determined at 1.4 A resolution. The pyruvoyl group of arginine decarboxylase is generated by an autocatalytic internal serinolysis reaction at Ser53 in the proenzyme resulting in two polypeptide chains. The structure of the nonprocessing S53A mutant was also determined. The active site of the processed enzyme unexpectedly contained the reaction product agmatine. The crystal structure confirms that arginine decarboxylase is a homotrimer. The protomer fold is a four-layer αββα sandwich with topology similar to pyruvoyl-dependent histidine decarboxylase. Highly conserved residues Asn47, Ser52, Ser53, Ile54, and Glu109 are proposed to play roles in the self-processing reaction. Agmatine binding residues include the C terminus of the β chain (Ser52) from one protomer and the Asp35 side chain and the Gly44 and Val46 carbonyl oxygen atoms from an adjacent protomer. Glu109 is proposed to play a catalytic role in the decarboxylation reaction.
Thickness Indirect Measurement Method for Direct Pulling Pilot Cold Rolling Mill

Pilot cold rolling mill is the important tool for the cold rolling process researching and new steel grade development. According to the design of the new type direct pulling pilot cold rolling mill, based on the mass flow constant principle, strip exit thickness indirect measurement method is studied. During rolling, strip entry and exit speed can be calculated accurately according to the measured value of two sides’ clamps movement. Data filtering treatment is adopted and program flow chart is designed. Based on the material entry thickness measured manually, exit thickness of all passes can be measured indirectly. This thickness indirect measurement method has been applied successfully on the new type pilot cold rolling mill, and the measurement results show that this method has a good accuracy.
The scatterometer for DIRBE

A scatterometer for monitoring the performance degradation of an infrared instrument in the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) due to contamination of the primary mirror is described. The scatterometer monitors the scattered light from an off-axis internal source to provide a measure of the integrity of the optical system. Preliminary results indicate that the measured BRDF of the primary mirror is two orders of magnitude worse than the specification, and thus may be unacceptable.
Orphanage alumni: How they have done and how they evaluate their experience

Critics of long-term institutional stays for children charge that such stays damage children emotionally, intellectually, and behaviorally. This article reports the findings of the first large survey of middle-aged and older adults who several decades ago spent a significant portion of their childhoods in institutions that provided long-term care for disadvantaged children—“orphanages.” The study covers the survey responses of nearly 1,600 alumni from nine homes in the South and Midwest. The general conclusion drawn from the survey responses stands in sharp contrast to conventional professional opinion: As a group, the “orphans” have outpaced their counterparts in the general population by significant margins on practically all social and economic measures covered, not the least of which are education, income, and attitude toward life.
Lymphoma Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in the Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems Cohort

Background. Lymphoma incidence is increased among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals soon after antiretroviral therapy (ART), perhaps due to unmasking immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Clinical characteristics and survival for unmasking lymphoma IRIS have not been described. Methods. We studied lymphoma patients in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) from 1996 until 2011. Unmasking lymphoma IRIS was defined as lymphoma within 6 months after ART accompanied by a ≥0.5 log10 copies/mL HIV RNA reduction. Differences in presentation and survival were examined between IRIS and non-IRIS cases. Results. Of 482 lymphoma patients, 56 (12%) met criteria for unmasking lymphoma IRIS. Of these, 12 (21%) had Hodgkin lymphoma, 22 (39%) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 5 (9%) Burkitt lymphoma, 10 (18%) primary central nervous system lymphoma, and 7 (13%) other non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Median CD4 cell count at lymphoma diagnosis among IRIS cases was 173 cells/µL (interquartile range, 73–302), and 48% had suppressed HIV RNA <400 copies/mL. IRIS cases were similar overall to non-IRIS cases in histologic distribution and clinical characteristics, excepting more frequent hepatitis B and C (30% vs 19%, P = .05), and lower HIV RNA at lymphoma diagnosis resulting from the IRIS case definition. Overall survival at 5 years was similar between IRIS (49%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 37%–64%) and non-IRIS (44%; 95% CI, 39%–50%), although increased early mortality was suggested among IRIS cases. Conclusions. In a large HIV-associated lymphoma cohort, 12% of patients met a uniformly applied unmasking lymphoma IRIS case definition. Detailed studies of lymphoma IRIS might identify immunologic mechanisms of lymphoma control.
A Framework for Uncertainty Quantification in Nonlinear Multi-Body System Dynamics

This paper outlines a methodology for determining the statistics associated with the time evolution of a nonlinear multi-body dynamic system operated under input uncertainty. The focus is on the dynamics of ground vehicle systems in environments characterized by multiple sources of uncertainty: road topography, friction coefficient at the road/tire interface and aerodynamic force loading. Drawing on parametric maximum likelihood estimation, the methodology outlined is general and can be applied to systematically study the impact of sources of uncertainty characterized herein by random processes. The proposed framework is demonstrated through a study that characterizes the uncertainty induced in the loading of the lower control arm of an SUV type vehicle by uncertainty associated with road topography.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Site-directed enzyme inactivation studies of 3-aminopyridine 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide

Abstract 3-Aminopyridine 1, N 6 -ethenoadenine dinucleotide (ϵ-AAD) was prepared from 3-aminopyridine and ϵ-NAD via the pyridine base exchange reaction catalyzed by purified Bungarus fasciatus venom NAD glycohydrolase. ϵ-AAD exhibited a fluorescence spectrum characteristic of the presence of the two fluorescing heterocyclic bases. ϵ-AAD was diazotized in nitrous acid and the resulting diazonium derivative was coupled with N -(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine to form an azodye. Diazotized ϵ-AAD retained the fluorescence characteristics of the ethenoadenine moiety. Selective binding of ϵ-AAD to several dehydrogenases and NAD glycohydrolases was demonstrated through competitive inhibition studies. Diazotized ϵ-AAD rapidly and irreversibly inactivated yeast alcohol dehydrogenase at pH 7.0. The enzyme was protected from inactivation by the presence of NAD. Analysis of the fluorescing ethenoadenine moiety covalently attached to the inactivated dehydrogenase demonstrated the presence of 4 mol of ϵ-AAD bound per mole of enzyme (one per catalytic subunit). Fluorescence titration of the inactivated dehydrogenase by fluorescein mercuric acetate revealed the loss of four sulfhydryl groups per mole of enzyme during the inactivation process.
TGF-β signaling is required for maintenance of retinal ganglion cell differentiation and survival

Abstract Purpose. To determine the role of TGF-β1 in the maintenance of retinal ganglion cell line (RGC-5) differentiation and integrity. Methods. RGC-5 cells were differentiated in media conditioned by human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells (HNPE) for 4 days before treatment with TGF-β1 for 24 h. Cells were examined for morphological changes and harvested for western blot and real-time PCR analysis. For study of apoptosis, differentiated RGC-5 cells were grown in serum-free medium for 24 h in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 and collected for Annexin V/Propidium iodide FACs analysis. The role of MAPK pathways in TGF-β1-dependent signaling was determined by treatment with specific inhibitors of ERK, JNK and p38. Results. Differentiation of RGC-5 cells in HNPE-conditioned media (CM) increased the neural cell markers, Brn-3c, NF-160, Thy1.2, Tau and PGP9.5. Treatment with TGF-β1 significantly increased the length of neurites extended by differentiated RGC-5s, concomitant with increased expression of NF-160 and PGP9.5, but not Brn-3c, Thy1.2 or Tau. TGF-β1 also decreased RGC-5 cell apoptosis in serum-free medium. p38 phosphorylation, but not smad2/3, JNK or ERK phosphorylation, was increased in TGF-β1 treated cells. Specific inhibition of p38 signaling reversed TGF-β1 induced neurite growth. Conclusions. These findings demonstrate the induction of RGC-5 cell differentiation by HNPE-derived CM and illustrate a role for TGF-β1 in maintaining RGC-5 cell survival and promoting neurite outgrowth through p38 MAPK.
The F-domain of estrogen receptor-alpha inhibits ligand induced receptor dimerization.

Abstract The role of the carboxyl terminal F-domain of estrogen receptor (ERα) is uncertain, but evidence suggests that this region may impart internal restraint on ER dimerization in the presence of 17β-estradiol (E2). To identify the C-terminal residues affecting human ERα activation, we created a series of deletions and examined E2 induced receptor dimerization and transactivation. Deletion of the final 24 C-terminal amino acids of the F-domain (Δ7b) yielded a fivefold increase in dimerization, when compared to wild type (wt) ERα in the presence of 2 nM E2, utilizing a yeast two-hybrid assay. This increase in dimerization is similar to that observed when the entire F-domain was deleted. Measurement of mutant:mutant homodimer formation yielded similar increases compared to mutant:wt interactions. Interestingly, a point mutation at the C-terminus (mut 3) showed increases in dimerization comparable to that of Δ7b in the presence of nanomolar amounts of E2. However, at sub-nanomolar levels of E2, mut 3 behaved similarly to wt ERα, whereas Δ7b maintained striking increases in dimerization. Determination of E2 binding affinity (Kd) constants revealed only marginal differences for wt and F-domain mutants, suggesting that the F-domain affects dimerization directly. We also observed enhanced interaction of F domain mutants with p160 family coactivator SRC1. Finally, transcriptional regulation of estrogen responsive reporters, 2XERE-LacZ and 3XERE-Luc in yeast and mammalian cells, respectively, reflected the increased propensity for dimerization by F domain mutants. Together, these data indicate that the C-terminal amino acids of ERα are critical for attenuation of E2 induced receptor dimerization and transcriptional activity.
Surface of the rooster spermatozoon changes in passing through the Wolffian duct

Fluid secreted by the rooster Wolffian duct contains several proteins separable on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels. Antibodies against these fluid components were obtained by immunizing rabbits, and the IgG fraction was then purified. As judged by indirect immunofluorescence, purified IgG against rooster duct fluid did not bind to any testicular spermatozoa. However, it bound distinctly to the whole surface of spermatozoa from the initial (epididymal) region and more intensely to all spermatozoa from the mid- and terminal regions of the Wolffian duct of the rooster, though not at all to mature duck or pigeon spermatozoa. Thus, in the rooster, as in therian mammals, the surface of the spermatozoon clearly acquires specific components secreted by the Wolffian duct. It should not be assumed that such surface change in rooster spermatozoa is entirely comparable, in a functional sense, to that undergone by mammalian spermatozoa, in which this seems directly related to fertilizing ability. Unlike those of mammals, rooster spermatozoa do not seem to require capacitation, and some spermatozoa in the testis already are competent to fertilize. Components acquired in the Wolffian duct by the rooster spermatozoon may bear on other aspects, perhaps sperm transport and/or survival in the female.
Diamond synthesis in a low-pressure flat flame

Abstract A low-pressure flat flame burner was constructed and used to grow diamond films on silicon and molybdenum substrates in oxygen-acetylene flames at 40 Torr. Both isolated, well faceted diamond particles and continuous films covering the entire substrate (12 cm2) were grown. Nucleation was found to be significantly enhanced by altering the flame conditions initially, thereby depositing a thin, non-diamond carbon layer onto the silicon substrates. This procedure was required to grow continuous films. Flame simulations were carried out, and explain why the flame stoichiometry required for diamond growth at low pressure differs significantly from that required at atmospheric pressure.
An on-line replication strategy to increase availability in Data Grids

Data is typically replicated in a Data Grid to improve the job response time and data availability. Strategies for data replication in a Data Grid have previously been proposed, but they typically assume unlimited storage for replicas. In this paper, we address the system-wide data availability problem assuming limited replica storage. We describe two new metrics to evaluate the reliability of the system, and propose an on-line optimizer algorithm that can Minimize the Data Missing Rate (MinDmr) in order to maximize the data availability. Based on MinDmr, we develop four optimizers associated with four different file access prediction functions. Simulation results utilizing the OptorSim show our MinDmr strategies achieve better performance overall than other strategies in terms of the goal of data availability using the two new metrics.
A Micro Procedure for Fast Typing of the Genetic Variants of Phosphoglucomutase

A fast, sensitive, and specific micro procedure for the determination of the genetic variants of phosphoglucomutase from red blood cell hemolysates is described. Cellulose acetate is used as the supporting medium for electrophoresis. A multiple sample applicator places up to eight samples on the membrane in one operation. Following electrophoresis, the cellulose acetate membrane is inverted onto a precast gel containing a reaction mixture which yields an insoluble colored end product on incubation at 37°C. The whole procedure, including electrophoresis and staining, is complete in 6o–8o minutes. The resolution of the various isoenzymes is adequate and permits ready discrimination of the three common genetic types of phosphoglucomutase, namely types 1, 2–1 and 2.
Confronting energy poverty behind the bamboo curtain: A review of challenges and solutions for Myanmar (Burma)

In Myanmar (Burma), only 13% of the country's population has access to electricity, and almost 95% depends on solid fuels such as wood and rice husks for cooking and heating. This review discusses four sets of energy poverty and access challenges in Myanmar related to poverty and subsistence needs, conflicting priorities, lack of resources, and policy fragmentation. Planners in Myanmar, however, can utilize a variety of mechanisms to overcome these challenges. They can offer financing and micro-financing for woodlots, nurseries, and renewable energy equipment. They can create community mobilization funds to promote women's empowerment and offer skills training. They can implement education and awareness campaigns for households and private sector entrepreneurs, and decentralize energy access programs to communities themselves. The government can promote public private partnerships for larger, grid-connected wind farms, large-scale hydroelectric dams, geothermal power plants, biomass power plants, waste-to-energy facilities, and liquid biofuel manufacturing facilities. Planners can harmonize regulatory authority for energy access to a single agency, establish national technology standards to ensure technical quality, and construct maintenance and training centers to ensure communities care for energy equipment.
Perception of Temperature on Oral and Facial Skin

The intensity of sensations of warmth and cold was measured psychophysically at 12 loci on the face and in the mouth in 20 human subjects. Significant differences were found among areas in the relative sensitivity to both cooling and warming, although the range of sensitivities was greater for warming than for cooling. Except for the vermilion lip and the tongue tip, oral regions were significantly less sensitive to warming than were facial regions. No such difference was found for cooling. The most posterior location tested on the hard palate, for example, exhibited a suprathreshold sensitivity to cooling that equaled or surpassed that of most locations on the face. The tongue tip and vermilion lip possessed relatively high sensitivity to both warming and cooling, with the former locus emerging as the most thermally sensitive oral area so far tested.
Dual ion-channel regulation by cyclic GMP and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase.

ATRIAL natriuretic peptide, acting through its second messenger guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), suppresses Na+ absorption across the renal inner-medullary collecting duct and increases urinary Na+ excretion. Patch clamp studies show that cGMP reduces Na+ absorption by inhibiting an amiloride-sensitive cation channel in the apical membrane. We have now examined, using the patch clamp technique, the molecular mechanisms of cGMP inhibition. Cyclic GMP directly and specifically reduced the probability of a single channel being open (open probability, Po) by 39% (inhibition constant, Ki = 7.6 x 10−7 M) by a phos-phorylation-independent mechanism. Cyclic GMP also inhibited the channel by activating cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGMP-kinase). Exogenous cGMP-kinase completely inhibited the channel by a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. Activation of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein by GTP-γ-S blocked cGMP-kinase inhibition of the channel. By contrast, cGMP-kinase inhibition of Po was completely reversed by GTP-γ-S. Taken together with the results of a previous study showing that a G protein activates the cation channel, these data indicate that cGMP-kinase and a G protein sequentially regulate the cation channel. Our results show that atrial natriuretic peptide, acting through cGMP, inhibits Na+ absorption across the inner-medullary collecting duct by a dual mechanism, and that cGMP-kinase inhibits the channel by a pathway involving a G protein.
Oral carcinoma and multiplicity of carcinomas.

Abstract A study of 116 patients, each of whom had one intraoral carcinoma, as of June, 1962, was undertaken. The histologic characteristics of the oral lesions were graded according to criteria previously described. 5 The clinical charts were investigated for the occurrence of other malignant lesions in this patient group. Of the fifty-three patients in the study population alive in June, 1962, it was found that twenty-four (45 per cent) had oral lesions described as “early carcinoma.” There were five patients in the group who had another extraoral carcinoma. Sixty patients had died by June, 1962. There were nineteen (32 per cent) who had oral lesions described as “early carcinoma” and fourteen patients who had at least one extraoral carcinoma. Three patients were lost to follow-up, but one was known to have an extraoral carcinoma. Twenty patients had a total of twenty-four extraoral malignant lesions. Approximately equal numbers of systemic and coincidental multiple primary carcinomas were found.
The Potential of U.S

J.M. KIMBLE, LINDA S. HEATH, RICHARD A. BIRDSEY, and R. LAL (ed.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 2002. Hardback, 429 p. $159.95. ISBN 1-56670-583-5. This book on forest soils is the third in a series, with the first two books focusing on the potential of U.S. cropland and grazing lands to sequester C.
Mixed width-integrals of convex bodies

The mixed width-integrals are defined and shown to have properties similar to those of the mixed volumes of Minkowski. An inequality is established for the mixed width-integrals analogous to the Fenchel-Aleksandrov inequality for the mixed volumes. An isoperimetric inequality (involving the mixed width-integrals) is presented which generalizes an inequality recently obtained by Chakerian and Heil. Strengthened versions of this general inequality are obtained by introducing indexed mixed width-integrals. This leads to an isoperimetric inequality similar to Busemann’s inequality involving concurrent cross-sections of convex bodies.
Enhancement of the recoilless fraction in R2Fe10Co4Si2 (R = Gd, Er, Y) offstoichiometric compounds after hydrogenation

Samples of R2Fe10Co4Si2 (R=Gd, Er and Y) solid solutions were prepared by arc melting and exposed to hydrogenation. Characterization of hydrogenation effects was done using Mossbauer spectroscopy. The values of the magnetic hyperfine fields corresponding to the four inequivalent lattice sites were found to increase after hydrogenation in all offstoichiometric compounds investigated. Slight changes in the relative site occupancies were observed. Transmission Mossbauer spectra were also recorded for absorbers consisting of the intermetallic and the stainless steel etalon. The recoilless fraction was derived from these spectra using the method developed by us. Our study is the first to evidence that the recoilless fraction is enhanced after hydrogenation.
The Effect of Massachusetts' Health Reform on Employer-Sponsored Insurance Premiums.

In this paper, we use publicly available data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - Insurance Component (MEPS-IC) to investigate the effect of Massachusetts’ health reform plan on employer-sponsored insurance premiums. We tabulate premium growth for private-sector employers in Massachusetts and the United States as a whole for 2004 – 2008. We estimate the effect of the plan as the difference in premium growth between Massachusetts and the United States between 2006 and 2008—that is, before versus after the plan—over and above the difference in premium growth for 2004 to 2006. We find that health reform in Massachusetts increased single-coverage employer-sponsored insurance premiums by about 6 percent, or $262. Although our research design has important limitations, it does suggest that policy makers should be concerned about the consequences of health reform for the cost of private insurance.
Dissociative photoionization study of neopentane: a path to an accurate heat of formation of the t-butyl ion, t-butyl iodide, and t-butyl hydroperoxide.

The dissociation dynamics of energy selected neopentane, t-butyl iodide, and t-butyl hydroperoxide ions have been investigated by threshold photoelectron−photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) spectrometry...
Back-Tracking and Forward-Gazing: Marking the Dimensions of Graduate Core Curricula in Rhetoric and Composition

The discipline of rhetoric and composition is experiencing a change in its core curricula as graduate programs are replacing a traditional set of core courses with a more customizable, elective plan of study that focuses on specializations. Graduate student dissertations predict the flow and direction of the field, determining curricular change. Programs are also being responsive to a trend in the listing of specialist positions in the MLA JIL. The 2000 and 2008 Rhetoric Review surveys of graduate curricula as well as the authors' most recent survey results reveal a change in values from general to more specialist curricula.
Radiative Corrections. I. High-Energy Bremsstrahlung and Pair Production

The radiative corrections to the high-energy bremsstrahlung and pair-production spectra are calculated in the Weizs\"acker-Williams approximation. Results for the soft-photon radiative correction to the spectra are given, and for the case of pair production the soft-plus-hard-photon radiative correction is also obtained. The radiative correction to the total pair-production cross section is found to be practically independent of the photon energy and of the atomic number of the target material. Comparison with available experimental data shows essential agreement within the relatively wide experimental limits.
Characterization of IdLNF1-Specific T Cell Clones from the (NZB × SWR)F1 Murine Model for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abstract A family of nephritogenic antibodies bearing an idiotype, IdLNF1, has been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune glomerulonephritis in the (NZB × SWR)F1 hybrid, SNF1. Previously, we have reported that a significant shift in the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ IdLNF1-specific T lymphocytes, in favor of CD4+IdLNF1-specific T cells, occurred at 20 to 24 weeks of age in the SNF1 and correlated with an increase in serum IdLNF1+ IgG and deposition of IdLNF1 Ig in the kidney glomeruli. Six IdLNF1-specific CD3+CD4+CD8- T cells clones have been derived from 22-week-old SNF1 mice. All six proliferated in response to Con A and anti-CD3. Three of the clones reacted with monoclonal antibody for Vβ8.1,8.2: B3, B5, and TA5 and proliferated specifically in response to IdLNF1 Ig in an Ia-restricted manner. The other three clones, A1, B6, and D2, reacted with anti-Vβ17a+ monoclonal antibody and appeared to be nut Ia-restricted. T cell clones B6, D2, and TA5 promoted the production of very high levels of IdLNF1+ IgG by SNF1 B cells in vitro, while B3 and B5 induced the production of only low levels. Interestingly, clone A1 did not induce any IdLNF1+ Ig production. Furthermore, these T cell clones did not induce the production of anti-DNA antibody by SNF1 B cells.
Pressure dependences of the elastic constants of semiconducting Nb O 2 at 296 K

The pressure dependences of the elastic-stiffiness moduli of Nb${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ at 296 K have been obtained by measuring the velocities of ultrasonic waves as a function of hydrostatic pressure to 5 kbar. Most modes stiffen with pressure. However, those involving ${C}_{Q{S}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ and ${C}_{66}$ soften. Using the pressure dependences of the elastic constants of Nb${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, we find anomalous contributions to the temperature dependences of ${C}_{44}$ and ${C}_{66}$ due to dilatational effects. The behavior of acoustic modes in semiconducting Nb${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is compared with that of corresponding modes in pseudoisomorphic crystals. These results suggest the possibility of a high-pressure monoclinic phase of Nb${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and, more generally, that structures with edge-shared anion octahedra may be intrinsically unstable.
SECOND THOUGHTS ABOUT EXPERT POLITICAL JUDGMENT: REPLY TO THE SYMPOSIUM

Imagine devoting years of arduous study to master the intricacies of a subject-and years more of hard labor applying and refining your knowledge in your chosen profession. You secure a steady incom...
Specification of biaxial orientation in amorphous and crystalline polymers

The fundamental concepts for specifying orientation in amorphous and crystalline polymers are reviewed. A new set of orientation factors is proposed to represent the second moments of biaxial orientation. The factors are defined both for the chain axis and for three crystallographic axes of an orthorhombic (or pseudo-orthorhombic) crystal structure. The orientation factors are defined in terms of the angles between the crystallographic axes and Cartesian coordinate reference axes defining the machine, transverse and thickness directions of films. This makes the orientation factors symmetric with respect to the machine and transverse directions unlike the Stein-Nomura-Kawai orientation factors which are defined in terms of Euler's angles. A graphical procedure for representing the state of orientation as a point inside an isoceles triangle is described. Methods of measuring the orientation factors are also reviewed. The paper concludes with examples of the application of these concepts to orientation in amorphous polystyrene films fabricated in our laboratories and to crystalline polyethylene samples discussed in the literature.
Mode II delamination toughness of stitched graphite/epoxy textile composites

Abstract Effects of through-thickness stitching on Mode II delamination toughness (G IIc ) of graphite/epoxy uniweave textile laminates have been investigated by performing end-notched flexure tests. Different stitch yarns and stitch densities were considered. The crack propagation in stitched laminates was observed to be gradual and steady, unlike in the unstitched laminates where it was sudden. New methods of evaluating the effective or apparent critical strain-energy release rate for stitched laminates are presented. Stitching results in an excellent improvement in G IIc The apparent G IIc was 5 to 15 times that of the unstitched laminates, depending on the stitching parameters. There appears to be an optimum stitch density at which the toughness will be a maximum. The critical strain-energy release rate increases with increase in crack length as more and more stitches bridge the delamination.
Amphibian acoustico-lateralis efferents.

Efferent spikes were recorded from the nerves supplying the papilla amphibiorum, ampullae, and lateral-line neuromasts of the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus). Increased efferent activity was associated with rotatory, vibratory, and tactile stimulation and gill movements. In a single experiment it was possible to record efferents from the nerve to the papilla basilaris of a leopard frog (Rana pipiens). The function of acoustico-lateralis efferents is not restricted to or closely associated with a single habit, habitat, phylogenetic group, or acoustico lateralis receptor. It seems likely that all acoustico-lateralis receptors in all vertebrates receive efferent input.
The economics of energy efficiency: insights from voluntary participation programs

Abstract This paper reviews experience with two programs sponsored by the US Environmental Protection Agency — the Green Lights and Energy Star Office Products programs — that promote the adoption of energy-efficient technologies through voluntary agreements with private sector firms. The evidence suggests that Green Lights has induced firms to make investments in cost-saving lighting systems that firms failed to exploit prior to the program's implementation. Energy Star Office Products, in contrast, has led suppliers of computers and electronic equipment to substantially improve the energy efficiency of their products in ways that confer net cost savings on equipment users. The paper argues that the success of these programs is based on their ability to reduce market failures related to problems of imperfect information and bounded rationality that impair the effectiveness of both intra-firm organization and the coordination between equipment suppliers and their customers. Given the nature of the technologies in question, these programs should have little effect on the demand for energy services so that energy efficiency improvements should lead to one-to-one reductions in the level of energy use.
Changes in spontaneous otoacoustic emissions produced by acoustic stimulation of the contralateral ear.

Abstract Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) were measured in human ear canals before, during and after presentation of tonal stimuli to the contralateral ear. Stimuli were presented in 1 8 octave steps from 2 octaves below to 1 octave above the SOAE frequency at sound levels below the observed contralateral acoustic reflex threshold. For certain conditions there was an abrupt upward frequency shift at stimulus onset. For a fixed level the effect was frequency selective; the maximum frequency shift was obtained with tones approximately 1 2 octave below the SOAE. SOAE amplitude usually decreased but in some cases increased or remained unchanged. When amplitude changes were observed, the maximum shifts were observed for tones at or near the SOAE frequency. Changes in SOAEs were not observed for stimulus levels below 60 dB SPL. The effect is believed to be mediated by medial efferent neurons of the uncrossed olivocochlear bundle which arise in the medial region of the superior olivary complex and terminate on outer hair cells (OHCs). These results support those models which attribute SOAE generation to OHCs, and are indicative of an efferent influence on cochlear mechanics. A simple model is presented that proposes that efferent activity alters the tuning of the emission generator by causing changes in OHC membrane conductance.
MORTALITY FROM MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION BEFORE AND AFTER ESTABLISHMENT OF A CORONARY CARE UNIT

In a study involving 657 patients, a retrospective comparison was made of the mortality rates for myocardial infarction during respective one-year periods, before and after the establishment of a coronary care unit in the hospital. No significant changes were observed. The mortality rates for patients with myocardial infarction admitted to the coronary care unit for the initial portion of their hospital stay were not significantly different from the mortality rates for patients admitted directly to the general medical service during the same year. Salvage of cardiac-arrest patients in the coronary care unit was much higher than in the general medical wards. This factor alone would justify the establishment of these special units.
Impact of dynamical and stochastic processes on the predictability of ENSO

Large ensembles of prediction experiments were conducted using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model consisting of a reduced gravity ocean and a simple atmospheric feedback model. By varying the coupling strength we maneuver the system through a wide range of dynamical regimes, i.e., stable, unstable and chaotic regimes, in the presence of various stochastic forcing. The analysis of the time evolution of the ensembles suggests that the stochastic forcing has a considerably larger impact on ENSO predictions on short lead times up to about nine months than the nonlinear dynamics. However, at longer lead times the effect of chaotic dynamics is reflected in the time evolution of the ensembles.