cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy combinations overcome resistance to bispecific T cell engager treatment in T cell–cold solid tumors

Therapeutic approaches are needed to promote T cell-mediated destruction of poorly immunogenic, "cold" tumors typically associated with minimal response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) molecules induce redirected lysis of cancer cells by polyclonal T cells and have demonstrated promising clinical activity against solid tumors in some patients. However, little is understood about the key factors that govern clinical responses to these therapies. Using an immunocompetent mouse model expressing a humanized CD3e chain (huCD3e mice) and BiTE molecules directed against mouse CD19, mouse CLDN18.2, or human EPCAM antigens, we investigated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and immune correlates associated with BiTE efficacy across multiple syngeneic solid-tumor models. These studies demonstrated that pretreatment tumor-associated T cell density is a critical determinant of response to BiTE therapy, identified CD8+ T cells as important targets and mediators of BiTE activity, and revealed an antagonistic role for CD4+ T cells in BiTE efficacy. We also identified therapeutic combinations, including ICB and 4-1BB agonism, that synergized with BiTE treatment in poorly T cell-infiltrated, immunotherapy-refractory tumors. In these models, BiTE efficacy was dependent on local expansion of tumor-associated CD8+ T cells, rather than their recruitment from circulation. Our findings highlight the relative contributions of baseline T cell infiltration, local T cell proliferation, and peripheral T cell trafficking for BiTE molecule-mediated efficacy, identify combination strategies capable of overcoming resistance to BiTE therapy, and have clinical relevance for the development of BiTE and other T cell engager therapies.
Solution-Processed P-type Copper Gallium Oxide as a Back Buffer Layer for CdTe Solar Cells

Here, we report the solution-based synthesis of CuGaOX thin film, and its optimization for application as a back buffer layer in CdS/CdTe solar cells. The CuGaOX composition was optimized for best results by varying copper source concentration and annealing time post spin-coating. Minority carrier lifetimes and device parameters were recorded. For glass-side illumination, the best cell exhibited an improved efficiency of 14.6% mainly due to a significant increase in V OC (V OC = 863 mV, FF = 74.4%, J SC = 22.7 mA/cm2) compared to the standard device (Cu/Au back contact) best cell efficiency of 13.0% (V OC = 818 mV, FF = 75.9%, J SC = 21.0 mA/cm2).
Association of the Heme-Controlled eIF-2α Kinase with Spectrin-Derived Peptides

Translational control of mammalian protein synthesis frequently occurs at the level of peptide initiation. One control system in particular has been intensively studied during the last decade. It involves phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the smallest subunit (α-subunit) of initiation factor 2, eIF-2. Two different substrate-specific protein kinases are recognized that can carry out this phosphorylation and thereby cause inhibition of protein synthesis. Both occur in inactive form in mammalian cells [1,2]. One of the kinases is induced by interferon and activated by double-stranded RNA. The other is activated under conditions of heme deficiency and is known as the heme-controlled repressor (HCR) kinase.
The Decline and Possible Demise of Personality Psychology: Personalities Without Families

This chapter argues that personality as a multidimensional construct is difficult to define and therefore to evaluate. As an invented construct, the Self has been used as a synonym for personality (Corr and Matthews 2009; Curtis 1991; Millon 2012). Furthermore, at least in the past, personality seemed to develop in a vacuum of relationships, where intrapsychic and non-relational constructs, such as, for instance, self-esteem, have achieved a cultural and scientific hegemony. Finally, the paramount influence of context has been acknowledged with a recognition of relationships among human beings is what matters in one’s choice of Identity. As Eysenck (1986) questioned whether personality study could ever be scientific, he answered his own question by suggesting that more empirical and experimental research will eventually serve as a foundation for the scientific approach to personality psychology. Even earlier than Eysenck, Dahlstrom (1972) decried the primitive state of what he called the “science of personology.” He reviewed in great detail continuities and discontinuities in traits and types, classifications (“taxonomics”) and dimensional scales as well as the decline of classic typologies in functional and dysfunctional descriptors.
Being Strategically Integrative in Real World Negotiation

Many negotiation texts and trainings urge parties to focus on “win-win” and integrative solutions; however, they provide precious little advice on just how to do that. Most of the advice given is general in nature: e.g., “listen,” “ask questions,” or “share information.” However, while this is good advice, it might not specify what we should listen for, what questions should we ask or what information is particularly important and helpful to integrative negotiation. Such advice is usually left undetailed - and many other moves negotiators can make while implementing an integrative approach are left unmentioned. Practically speaking - how might we go about taking a fixed-pie, distributive-seeming situation, and turn it into an opportunity for greater gain through expanding the pie? Finally, little distinction is made between interest-based negotiation (which focuses on parties sharing information regarding their interests and seeking solutions that satisfy both) and integrative negotiation (which focuses on helping parties to learn where value can be discovered and created, and enabling them to achieve deals of the highest possible value to them). Once this distinction has been deepened, it makes sense that they each need a different toolbox. There will be significant tool-overlap of course, but as the mindset is different, so too will the tools.In this short piece, I summarize (and illustrate with my own own commentary and examples) some of the recommendations for strategically implementing the approach of integrative negotiation, provided by Leigh Thompson in Chapter 4 of her book The Mind and Heart of the Negotiator. This should provide teachers and trainers with a convenient teaching resource to supplement classroom activities on this topic.
The Technique Element in Law

In giving accounts of the nature of law, legal philosophers have, in the fashion of scientists, broken law down into elements, such as legal authority, legal rules, moral aspects of law, and law's coercive features. In the vast literature of legal philosophy, all these elements have been subjected to intensive and illuminating analysis. But the "technique element in law"2 remains neglected to this day. How does law do what it does? Does the law's methodology consist merely of criminal and civil techniques? Professor Hans Kelsen is one of the few legal philosophers interested in these questions, and his essay, The Law As a Specific Social Technique,3 is a classic on the subject. That essay, which I first read several years ago, initially inspired me to think about these questions. It is especially fitting, then, that the thoughts I offer as a kind of progress report should appear in a special issue of the California Law Review honoring Professor Kelsen.
The Effect of Mortgage Rate Buydowns on Housing Prices

The model developed in this paper analyzes the effect of builder-financed FHA-VA mortgage subsidies or buydowns on the price of housing. Hedonic pricing equations are estimated for a locationally and qualitatively uniform sample of new tract development homes. The explanatory variables are vectors of physical and financial characteristics. The latter include a continuous variable for discount points paid by builders which is indicative of the magnitude of prepaid finance charges. The results indicate that a substantial portion of mortgage subsidy costs are shifted to buyers in the form of inflated housing prices.
Programmable Logic Application Notes

This column will be provided each quarter as a source for reliability, radiation results, NASA capabilities, and other information on programmable logic devices and related applications. This quarter's column will include some announcements and some recent radiation test results and evaluations of interest. Specifically, the following topics will be covered: the Military and Aerospace Applications of Programmable Devices and Technologies Conference to be held at GSFC in September, 1998, proton test results, and some total dose results.
The role of Toll-like receptor 2 in macrophage activation (1125.3)

The role of Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) in macrophage activation Kyeong Ran Jang1,2, John C. Gensel2, 1APS Undergraduate Summer Research Fellow; 2Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center; Depar...
Antihypertensive therapy reduces myogenic tone and increases the resting diameter of cerebral penetrating arterioles in hypertensive rats (1070.3)

Hypertension impairs neurovascular coupling, possibly by altering the structure and function of cerebral penetrating arterioles (PenA). We hypothesized that an antihypertensive therapy (AhT) would ...
Normative Characterization in Biological and Cognitive Explanations

Normative characterization is a commonplace feature of biological and cognitive explanation. Such lan- guage seems to commit the biological and cognitive sciences to the existence of natural norms, but it is also difficult to understand how such normativity fits into a natural world of physical causes and forces. I propose to map normativity onto systems stabilized by counteractive constraints. Such a mapping, I believe, can explain normativity’s causal-explanatory role in biological and cognitive inquiry. The common approach in the literature is to derive an account of natural normativity by way of a particular theory of function. I avoid that approach here and attempt to address directly the sort of physical systems that might satisfy naturalizing criteria for normativity. This has the advantages, I think, of allowing an account of normativity without first having to decide the correct theory of function as well as allowing for the theoretical possibility that normative and functional explanation might come apart within empirical explanation.
Competition among loblolly pine trees: Does genetic variability of the trees in a stand matter?

Abstract The intensity of intraspecific competition among trees in a stand was compared for seed origin versus clonal origin stands of loblolly pine using tree size-based competition indices. A method that uses maximum likelihood with simulated annealing (MLSA) and one that uses discrete radii with simple correlation coefficients (DRSC) were applied and their results compared to stand level observable effects of competition. DRSC was found to give estimates of competitor search radii that were reasonable and in line with observable stand level effects of intraspecific competition. MLSA appeared to overestimate the optimum competitor search radius, had the potential to give estimates of the competitor search radius that were not unique, and was generally not conclusive on which genetic variety had the most intense level of competition among trees in its stand. The DRSC approach provides a simple alternative to MLSA where the assumptions behind MLSA do not hold or where it may not be easy for them to be checked. A comparison of competitor search radii in the different genetic variety stands and the observable stand level effects of competition did not find evidence to support the hypothesis that greater genetic uniformity among trees in loblolly pine stands would result in more intense intraspecific competition among the trees in the stand.
Enhanced replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in a homogeneous subpopulation of MA-104 cell line

Two different cell populations, high- (MARC-145) and low-permissive cell clones (L-1) to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, were derived from MA-104 cell line (parent cell: P) by cell cloning. Maximum virus yields in MARC-145, P, and L-1 cell clones were 108.5, 103.5, and 102.5 tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50)/0.1 ml, respectively. The MARC-145 cell clone supported replication of all 11 different porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates that were tested. These results indicated that the MARC-145 cells will be useful for PRRS virus replication.
Patellofemoral malalignment in adolescents. Computerized tomographic assessment with or without quadriceps contraction

Twenty-seven adolescents with anterior knee pain with or without patellar instability were studied by comput erized tomography to detect patellofemoral malalign ment. The examination was performed with and without quadriceps contraction with the knee flexed to 15°. Con gruence angle, patellar tilt angle, sulcus angle, and trochlear depth were measured. This investigation showed the well-known types of patellofemoral mal alignment with quadriceps relaxed (tilted, lateralized, lateralized, and tilted patella) and, in 52% of cases, re vealed changes in type and severity with quadriceps contraction (in 41 %, lateralization and tilting were mark edly more evident; in 11 %, the type of malalignment changed). The results demonstrate that, in addition to assessment with quadriceps relaxed, computerized to mography with quadriceps contraction is a useful ad junct to diagnose and define the type of malalignment in particularly difficult circumstances.
Thermosensitive regulation of D-serine deaminase synthesis in a mutant of Escherichia coli K 12

A mutant strain of Escherichia coli K 12 is described, which exhibits thermosensitive regulation of D-serine deaminase synthesis. The mutant is distinct in its physiological properties from iTL and iTSS mutants of the lac systems, although it has elements of similarity with both. A model is presented to explain its properties.
Measurement of myocardial blood flow with positron emission tomography: Correction for count spillover and partial volume effects

We previously demonstrated that regional myocardial blood flow can be obtained with H"2^1^5O using a one-compartment model when the input function and tissue tracer concentration are measured directly. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a quantitative imaging technique that permits assessment of the concentration of positron-emitting radiotracers within the body. However, because of the limited spatial resolution of the current generation of tomographs, measurement of tracer concentration in the heart with PET are subject to errors due to partial volume effects (underestimation of tracer concentration when imaging an object small with respect to the resolution of the tomograph) and count spillover (contamination of activity from one region to an adjacent one). Correction for these errors are based on the assumptions that the point spread function (the reconstructed response to a point of activity) of the imaging device in one dimension is Gaussian and that the activity in the blood pool and tissue are uniformly distributed. After experimental validation that the point spread function approximates a normal distribution, analytical profiles were obtained by convolving a cylinder (representing blood pool) and an annulus (representing tissue) of uniform activity with the Gaussian point spread function. These profiles were compared with PET reconstructions of a heart phantom. The correlation was excellent. Integration of the profiles were then used to derive regional recovery coefficients and spillover fractions. Subsequently, after bolus administration of H"2^1^5O in eight dogs, myocardial blood flow was estimated non-invasively with PET using values of the input function and tissue radiotracer concentration corrected with the algorithm developed. Results correlated closely with flow values obtained with radiolabeled microspheres. The data suggest that quantitative estimates of radiotracer concentration can be obtained with PET when appropriate corrections for count recovery and spillover are employed, and that regional myocardial blood flow can be quantitated non-invasively.
Alcohol interventions in a trauma center as a means of reducing the risk of injury recurrence

Regional trauma centers were developed 25 years ago in response to studies showing that 40% of deaths from injuries in the United States could have been prevented if the patient had been treated in a facility with special expertise in treating injuries. 1 With the advent of regional trauma systems, the preventable death rate has now been reduced to <2% to 3%; therefore, future decreases in the trauma death rate are not likely to occur as a result of improvements in the delivery of care. 2 Nearly half of all trauma deaths occur at the scene; these also are not responsive to improvements in care. 3,4 Future significant decreases in the death rate for injuries, therefore, depend primarily on progress in injury prevention. By far the most common underlying causes of injuries in the United States are alcohol abuse and dependence. 5,6 Studies repeatedly demonstrate that approximately 50% of patients admitted to a trauma center are under the influence of alcohol, and the mean blood alcohol concentration of such patients is 187 mg/dl, nearly twice the legal level for driving in most states. 7,8 When questionnaires such as the Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (SMAST) are administered to trauma patients, as many as 44% test positive for chronic alcohol abuse. 9,10 Alcoholism plays such a significant role in trauma that efforts to reduce the risk of injuries or their recurrence are unlikely to be successful if it remains untreated. In the past several years, there has been increasing interest in the use of brief, motivational interventions designed to assist patients with alcohol abuse or mild symptoms of alcohol dependency to reduce or eliminate their alcohol consumption. A series of randomized trials conducted in a variety of health care settings have demonstrated a significant reduction in alcohol consumption with the use of brief interventions in appropriately targeted populations. 11–13 Addressing alcohol problems in trauma centers is currently not routine. Only 19% of trauma centers routinely measure blood alcohol concentrations on injured patients, and <15% formally assess patients for an alcohol use disorder using screening questionnaires; the provision of alcohol counseling as a routine component of trauma care is even rarer. 14 Preliminary data suggest that a recent life-threatening injury increases the receptivity of patients toward alcohol counseling. 15–19 We hypothesized that alcohol interventions, coupled with trauma center admission, would significantly reduce alcohol consumption and decrease the risk of reinjury. We report the first prospective, randomized, controlled trial on the use of alcohol interventions in a level 1 trauma center as a means of injury prevention.
Evidence that the transmembrane biogenesis of aquaporin 1 is cotranslational in intact mammalian cells.

Most polytopic membrane proteins are believed to integrate into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cotranslationally. However, recent studies with Xenopusoocytes and dog pancreatic microsomes have suggested that this is not the case for human aquaporin 1 (AQP1). These experiments indicate that membrane-spanning segments (MSSs) 2 and 4 of AQP1 do not integrate into the membrane cotranslationally so that this protein initially adopts a four MSS topology. A later maturation event involving a 180-degree rotation of MSS 3 from an Nlum/Ccyt to an Ncyt/Clum orientation and the concomitant integration of MSSs 2 and 4 into the membrane results in the final six MSS topology. Here we examine the biogenesis of AQP1 in the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293T. To do this, we constructed an expression vector for a fusion protein consisting of the enhanced green fluorescent protein followed by an insertion site for AQP1 sequences and a C-terminal glycosylation tag. We then transiently transfected HEK-293T cells with this vector containing the AQP1 sequence truncated after each MSS. Glycosylation of the C-terminal tag was used to monitor its location relative to the ER lumen and consequently the membrane integration and orientation of successive MSSs. In contrast to previous studies our results indicate that AQP1 integrates into the ER membrane cotranslationally in intact HEK-293T cells.
You're a Winner: An Exploratory Study of the Influence of Exposure on Teachers' Awareness of Media Literacy

Pre-service teachers who use the Internet both for course preparation and student resources need to be aware of and also help their future students understand the influences under which the Internet operates. In this paper, the authors explore pre-service teachers' awareness of Internet hegemonies and investigate whether and how this awareness changes after a classroom lesson, activity, and practice focused on media literacy. Qualitative methods were chosen to deeply explore the teacher education students' ideas about, perceptions of, and process for considering the issues raised. Seventy teacher education students participated, and the data indicate that even brief exposure to media literacy principles might make a difference in the ways that teachers perceive and use computer-based media. Implications and suggestions for teacher education are noted and proposals for further research included.
Infrared optical constants of coal slags - Dependence on chemical composition

The results of an experimental study of the infrared optical constants of coal slags are presented. The real and imaginary parts of the refractive index were determined from transmittance and reflectance measurements carried out on thin polished glassy slag wafers at room temperature from visible wavelengths to 13 jun. The dependence of the optical constants on slag chemical composition was investigated, and correlations were developed based on the measured data to allow estimation of the optical constants as a function of wavelength and composition. HE presence of mineral matter in coal has several conse- quences for radiative heat transfer in coal combustion systems. The fly-ash particles dispersed in the combustion gases may absorb, emit, and scatter radiation, with possibly signifi- cant effects on heat transfer.1'2 Also, the slag layers formed on the walls alter the wall radiative properties. To estimate the effects of either fly ash or slag layers (which may be semitransparent3) on radiative heat transfer, one needs data on the complex refractive index m = n — ik of the ash/slag at infrared wavelengths. For calculations of radiant emission by the fly ash, the imaginary part k of the refractive index is of particular importance. At present, the available data on the optical constants (i.e., n and k) are fairly sparse and uncertain, particularly on k. Although there have been several reported measurements of n and k for fly ash,4'9 in each case, experimen- tal problems were encountered that appear to have significantly affected the measured values. The earliest reported optical constants for fly ash by Willis4 were later shown by Gupta and Wall10 to be in error from the use of incorrect data-reduction procedures. Similarly, the experimental technique used by Volz5 to measure k for fly ash was later shown by Toon et al.11 to be inapplicable for particles in the size range of fly-ash particles as a result of neglect of scattering. Lowe et al.6 and Gupta and Wall8 measured k for fly ash in situ in an operating pulverized coal utility boiler. In both studies, however, the measured values were biased by the presence of up to 10% residual carbon in the ash at the measure- ment location.8 Co wen et al.7 found similar effects of residual carbon in their measurements of k on sampled submicron ash. Finally, Wyatt9 has reported optical constants for fly-ash par- ticles at a wavelength of 0.6328 jLim, measured using a single- particle light-scattering technique. A later sensitivity analysis of the technique by Marx,12 however, concluded that the method cannot be used reliably to measure k for values below 0.01 (which is greater than the values reported by Wyatt) although it can be used to measure n accurately. In light of the problems encountered in the studies to date, it is clear that there is a need for improved data on the optical constants of fly ash in the infrared. Unfortunately, consider-
A Rapid Method for Enkephalin Analysis in Tissues by Capillary Electrophoresis

Abstract A rapid method for the determination of the pentapeptide, met enkephalin, in samples of rat retina is described. The method uses ultrafiltration as a sample preparation followed by free solution capillary electrophoresis with detection at 210 nm. The method is rapid with an analysis time of less than 10 minutes.
Delaying visually guided saccades by microstimulation of macaque V1: spatial properties of delay fields

Electrical microstimulation of macaque primary visual cortex (area V1) is known to delay the execution of saccadic eye movements made to a punctate visual target placed into the receptive field of the stimulated neurons. We examined the spatial extent of this delay effect, which we call a delay field, by placing a 0.2� visual target at various locations relative to the receptive field of the stimulated neurons and by stimulating different sites within the operculum of V1. A 100-ms train of stimulation consisting of current pulses at or less than 100 lA was delivered immediately before monkeys generated a saccadic eye movement to the visual target. The region of tissue activated was within 0.5 mm from the electrode tip. The depth of stimulation for a given site ranged from 0.9 to 2.0 mm below the cortical surface. The location of the receptive fields of the stimulated neurons ranged from 1.8 to 4.4� of eccentricity from the center of gaze. Within this range, the size of the delay field increased from 0.1 to 0.55� of visual angle. The shape of the field was roughly circular. The size of the delay field increased as the stimulation site was located further from the foveal representation of V1. These results are consistent with the finding that phosphenes evoked by electrical stimulation of human V1 are circular and increase in size as the stimulating electrode is placed more distant from the foveal representation of V1.
Analysis of communication schemes for Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

With the introduction of the smart grid, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has become an important element in the modern power system. The successful implementation of AMI is dependent on its communication scheme that provides reliable two-way communications. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of possible AMI communication network infrastructures based on real-world smart grid projects, and analyze their advantages and disadvantages. The most promising AMI communication scheme is then recommended, which is a hybrid version of WiMAX and fiber optic. The recommended solution is simulated in OPNET using the case study of a small-scale AMI network. Network performance is then evaluated based on smart metering system requirements specified in IEEE Std 2030-2011.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Calf Muscle Localization

Although diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) usually occurs in the lymph nodes, approximately 30–40% of the time it can have an extranodal site of involvement and it can arise in nearly every body site such as intestine, bone, breast, liver, skin, lung, and central nervous system. Muscle involvement of DLBCL is especially uncommon, comprising 0.5% of extranodal NHL. We report a case of a 72-year-old man with extranodal DLBCL of a unique manifestation in the calf muscle, involving predominantly the gastrocnemius muscle. The patient achieved complete response and remained free of local recurrence or metastasis following diagnosis.
Augmented Lagrangian with Variable Splitting for Faster Non-Cartesian ${\rm L}_{1}$ -SPIRiT MR Image Reconstruction

SPIRiT (iterative self-consistent parallel imaging reconstruction), and its sparsity-regularized variant L1-SPIRiT, are compatible with both Cartesian and non-Cartesian magnetic resonance imaging sampling trajectories. However, the non-Cartesian framework is more expensive computationally, involving a nonuniform Fourier transform with a nontrivial Gram matrix. We propose a novel implementation of the regularized reconstruction problem using variable splitting, alternating minimization of the augmented Lagrangian, and careful preconditioning. Our new method based on the alternating direction method of multipliers converges much faster than existing methods because of the preconditioners' heightened effectiveness. We demonstrate such rapid convergence substantially improves image quality for a fixed computation time. Our framework is a step forward towards rapid non-Cartesian L1-SPIRiT reconstructions.
Fuzzy logic for embedded control solutions

Abstract Many excellent and informative books and papers have been written on the subject of fuzzy logic and its applications. For the most part, emphasis has been placed either on the underlying mathematical theory of fuzzy sets [1], or on providing a study into the ‘glamorous’ applications where it has been used [2]. This technical report provides a compromise of both areas, in order to give practising engineers a theoretical background of fuzzy logic along with an understanding of its role in today's electronics industry, and what all the fuss is about.
Effects of acceptor particle size on the efflux of cellular free cholesterol.

Several subspecies of human high density lipoprotein (HDL) have been shown to exist, and particle size is one parameter that can be used to distinguish them. Recently, a small HDL subspecies has been described that may be a particularly efficient acceptor of peripheral cell unesterified (free) cholesterol (FC). To address the effects of particle size on the ability of HDL to remove FC from cells, homogeneous, well defined HDL particles were reconstituted (rHDL) that varied in particle diameter within the size range of human HDL particles (7-13 nm). The abilities of each of these particles to remove cellular FC from mouse L-cells and rat Fu5AH hepatoma cells were compared on the basis of their phospholipid (PL) content as well as on a per particle basis. The effect of particle size was also examined using small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) of 25 nm in diameter and large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) of 70-180 nm in diameter. The SUV were prepared by sonication, and the LUVs were prepared by extrusion techniques. The FC efflux efficiency of these particles (in order of decreasing efficiency) was: rHDL > SUV > LUV when compared on the basis of acceptor PL content across a range of concentrations (i.e. at a given PL concentration for these three acceptor classes, smaller particles were more efficient). The FC efflux differences between the rHDL and the vesicles were not due to the absence of apolipoprotein in the vesicles. No difference was detected among the rHDL of varying size, nor was a difference detected among the LUVs of varying size when compared on the basis of PL content. When the FC efflux data for rHDL and LUVs were normalized on the basis of the number of acceptor particles present at a given PL concentration, a correlation was found between acceptor particle radius and the ability to accept cellular FC with larger particles being the most efficient. However, the dependence of the rate of FC efflux on acceptor particle size was not quantitatively the same within the rHDL and LUV classes of acceptor particles. The dependence of FC efflux on acceptor particle size may reflect differing abilities of the variously sized acceptor particles to access the region very close to the cell plasma membrane where most of the FC removal is expected to occur.
Study of Species and Instars of Larval Heliothis Parasitized by Microplitis croceipes

The corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.), and H. subflexa (Guenee) were tried and found to be suitable hosts for Microplitis crocepes (Cresson). Other species tried were found unsuitable either for oviposition or development of the parasite. Given a choice of instars of H. zea , the parasite attacked the 3rd instar most efficiently. However, all instars up to the 5th were equally suitable for development of the parasite once oviposition occurred. Variations in the growth of H. zea larvae parasitized in different instars were examined.
Calcium Activation of the Ca-ATPase Enhances Conformational Heterogeneity between Nucleotide Binding and Phosphorylation Domains†

High-resolution crystal structures obtained in two conformations of the Ca-ATPase suggest that a large-scale rigid-body domain reorientation of approximately 50 involving the nucleotide-binding (N) domain is required to permit the transfer of the -phosphoryl group of ATP to Asp351 in the phosphorylation (P) domain during coupled calcium transport. However, variability observed in the orientation of the N-domain relative to the P-domain in both different crystal structures of the Ca-ATPase following calcium activation, and structures of other P-type ATPases, suggests the presence of conformational heterogeneity in solution which may be modulated by contact interactions within the crystal. Therefore, to address the extent of conformational heterogeneity between these domains in solution, we have used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to measure the spatial separation and conformational heterogeneity between donor (i.e., 5-[[2-[(iodoacetyl)amino]ethyl]amino] naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid) and acceptor (i.e., fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate) chromophores covalently bound to the P- and N-domains, respectively, within the Ca-ATPase stabilized in different enzymatic states associated with the transport cycle. In comparison to the unliganded enzyme, the spatial separation and conformational heterogeneity between these domains is unaffected by enzyme phosphorylation. However, calcium-activation results in a 3.4 increase in the average spatial separation, which increases from 29.4 to 32.8 , in good agreementmore » with the high-resolution structures where these sites are respectively separated by 31.6 (1 IWO.pdb) and 35.9 (1EUL.pdb). Thus, the crystal structures accurately reflect the average solution structures of the Ca-ATPase. However, there is substantial conformational heterogeneity for all enzyme states measured, indicating that formation of catalytically important transition states involves a subpopulation of enzyme intermediates. These results suggest that the approximation of cytoplasmic domains accompanying calcium transport, as observed from crystal structures, occurs in solution within the context of large amplitude domain motions important for catalysis. These domain motions permit substrate (ATP) access and product (ADP) egress, and enhance the probability of a productive juxtaposition of the -phosphoryl moiety of ATP with Asp351 on the phosphosphorylation domain to facilitate enzyme phosphorylation and calcium transport.« less
EPR study of β-methylene proton magnetic inequivalence in monomeric addition radicals derived from mono- and 1,1′-disubstituted ethylenes with chiral and non-chiral substituents

Using rapid-mixing, continuous-flow TiCl3-based techniques at 25°C monomeric addition radicals of general formula ·CX(Y)CH2C*HR1R2, where R1 and R2 are different groups, neither being H, so that C* is a chiral center, were characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance. These species were generated by adding ·CH(CH3)OH, CH(CH3)OCH2CH3,.CH(CH3)OC(O)H,.CH(CH3)OC(O)CH3 and radicals in turn to each of the monomers, of general structure CX(Y)CH2, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, tert-butyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methacrylonitrile, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid and but-3-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid. Similar reactions of carbon-centered radicals with vinyl fluoride and 1,1-difluoroethylene did not yield detectable levels of the expected addition radicals. In every addition radical observed, the splittings of the β-CH2 protons were found to be unequal and the size of this inequivalence varied qualitatively with the bulkiness of X, Y, R1 and R2. Similar measurements on monomeric addition radicals of general formula.CX(Y)CH2Z, where Z is achiral, generated in turn from the same monomers by adding.OH,.NH2 and, showed no evidence for the β-CH2 proton splittings to be unequal. These results demonstrate the importance of an awareness of chirality effects in interpreting EPR spectra of monomeric and polymeric addition radicals of mono- and 1,1′-disubstituted ethylenes.
“How They Ignore Our Rights as American Citizens”: Puerto Rican Migrants and the Politics of Citizenship in the New Deal Era

In the spring of 1936, following a spate of political violence amid Nationalist agitation in Puerto Rico, US Senator Millard Tydings proposed a bill granting the island independence from the US. Many Puerto Ricans had been pushing for independence since the US takeover in 1898, but the Tydings bill did not represent a concession to those demands. Rather, its impossibly punitive terms—involving the end of all New Deal federal assistance programs, the quick implementation of a full US tariff on Puerto Rican goods, and the withdrawal of all US government infrastructure and military within six months—advertised it as a quick fix to the political embarrassment due to Puerto Ricans’ intensifying anti-American sentiment.
Exciting Minds to Make them Shine: An Undergraduate Hands-On Training Program in Biophysics

The limited application of luminescence spectroscopy in directly monitoring foods and pharmaceuticals can be attributed to two causes: a) most useful fluorophores are either toxic, expensive, have limited availability or selective solubility, and b) detailed photophysical characterization of edible fluorophores is limited.We have attempted to fill this void with an educational program that involves student-led research by undergraduates. This hands-on training program focuses on photophysically characterizing and cataloging generally-recognized-as-safe (GRAS) chromophores normally present in or routinely added to foods. This program creates a database of edible fluorescent and/or phosphorescent probes while also identifying potential applications of the probes as intrinsic sensors of quality and safety in foods and pharmaceuticals. These objectives require a full integration and understanding of biophysical concepts from formation of excited electronic states and transfer of excitation energy within biophysical systems to the effect of physical state of biological materials on photophysical responses.Within this program ∼15 compounds have been tested and characterized in the last few years by a team of >15 undergraduates working individually and collaboratively. The involvement of such a large pool of undergraduate students enables the testing of a broad set of potential chromophores while also providing training in biophysical research methods and techniques to a group of potential scientists. This project additionally promotes mentoring skills among the collaborating graduate students and senior undergraduates. The results of this project have been used to inform and successfully obtain federal grant funding. We believe this program serves as a useful platform for introducing biophysics research to undergraduates. The strategies that have been developed during its implementation can be extrapolated to teach biophysical concepts in other areas.
Type I protein kinase C isozyme in the visual-information-processing pathway of monkey brain.

Previously using PKC isozyme-specific antibodies for immunoblot analysis, we demonstrated the heterogeneous distribution of PKC isozymes in various regions of monkey and rat brains and that type I PKC was most abundant in cerebellum, hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex (Huang et al.: J Biol Chem 262:15714–15720, 1987). Using these antibodies, we have also demonstrated that type I, II, and III PKC are products of PKC genes γ, β, and α, respectively (Huang et al.: Biochem Biophys Res Commun 149:946–952, 1987). By immunocytochemical analysis, type I PKC-specific antibody showed strong reactivity in various types of neuron in hippocampal formation, amygdala, cerebellum, and neocortex. In hippocampal formation, granule cells of dentate gyrus and pyramidal cells of hippocampus were heavily stained. By immunoblot analysis, relative levels of PKC isozymes in several areas of monkey cerebral cortex involved in the visual information processing and storage were determined. Both type II and III PKCs appeared to be evenly distributed and at moderate levels, type I PKC formed a gradient of increasing concentration rostral along the cerebral cortex of occipital to temporal and then to the limbic areas. Neurobehavioral studies have demonstrated that the neocortical and limbic areas of the anterior and medial temporal regions participate more directly than the striate, prestriate, and posterior temporal regions in the storage of visual representations and that both hippocampus and amygdala are important in the memory formation. As type I PKC is present at high levels in hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior temporal lobe, we predict that the type I protein kinase C may participate in the plastic changes important for mnemonic function.
Correlation of two-dimensional echocardiography and pathologic findings in porcine valve dysfunction

Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in porcine valve dysfunction were compared with pathologic findings in 10 patients (12 valves). Three specific echocardiographic findings were identified in patients with regurgitant lesions: prolapse, fracture and flail leaflets. Prolapse was associated pathologically with thinning of the leaflets, longitudinal tears close to the ring margin and acid mucopolysaccharide accumulation. Valve fracture was seen with and without prolapse and was accompanied pathologically by small pinpoint perforations or tears of the leaflet. A flail leaflet was seen with a linear tear of the free margin and was associated with calcific deposits. Mild degrees of fracture seen pathologically were missed on the echocardiographic study in five patients. Thickening or calcification, when present in moderate or severe amounts, was correctly identified by echocardiography. When all abnormal features were considered collectively, two-dimensional echocardiography correctly identified at least one of them in all patients. Therefore, two-dimensional echocardiography may prove useful in assessing the source of valvular regurgitation in patients with bioprosthetic valves.
Correction for lanoix et Al., novel regimens identified in mice for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Volume 58, no. 4, p. [2316–2321][1], 2014. Page 2318, Table 2: In the first row under the column heading “Wk 8,” the text should read “rBCG30, 2.62 ± 0.4; H37Rv, 4.78 ± 0.73 (5).” Page 2318, right column, line 30, to page 3219, left column, line 3: The four complete sentences in this
The Synthesis and Investigation of Some Ethylene bis‐Dithiocarbamate Esters as Fungicides *

Some esters of ethylene bis‐dithiocarbamic acid were synthesized by condensation of disodium ethylene bis‐dithiocarbamate with the desired alkyl halide. These compounds were screened for antimycotic activity against five fungi pathogenic to man. A comparison of their activity to that of undecylenic acid was made. The diallyl ester was superior to undecylenic acid in the case of each organism. The bis‐2‐hydroxyethyl, bis‐3‐hydroxypropyl and the di‐n‐propyl esters approximated the action of undecylenic acid against several of the organisms.
Grain growth inhibition by porosity

Abstract A model of pore or other second phase inhibited grain growth has been developed based on shape independent stereologically measurable parameters such as pore surface area and the degree of pore/grain boundary contact. The model prediction of a linear relationship between pore surface area and the inverse of the grain size was observed experimentally with sintered copper, tungsten, Al 2 O 3 and UO 2 . The model also quantifies the conditions for pore controlled grain growth and pore separation in terms of the pore and grain boundary mobilities and grain boundary curvature and provides a means for quantifying pore mobility from grain growth studies on porous and dense materials.
The effects of posture, duration, and force on pinching frequency

A laboratory experiment was conducted utilizing the psychophysical approach to establish the maximum acceptable frequency (MAF) for a pinching task. The type of pinch used was the lateral pinch. The psychophysically adjusted pinching frequency was determined by the method of adjustment for each of 18 combinations of wrist posture, force, and duration. Twelve healthy males served as subjects. The results indicated that the MAF was significantly reduced as the angle of wrist flexion, pinching force, and task duration increased. This decrease was exponential, not linear. These results were supported by the EMG analysis and the ratings of perceived exertion and body discomfort. The upper limit for mean intensity in this study was 12.7%. If the criteria for acceptability can be defined in terms of the absence of EMG signs of fatigue and low subjective ratings, then the tasks involving 23 maximum wrist flexion, 50% MVC, and/or 7 second task duration were not acceptable. These results are similar to those found in other studies involving different types of hand/wrist work. Relevance to industry The results of this study will be useful in determining acceptable or alternative job designs for many hand/wrist tasks which involve pinching.
Ergodic Theory of the Earthquake Flow

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of the earthquake flow defined by Thurston on the bundle PMg of geodesic measured laminations. This flow is a natural generalization of twisting along simple closed geodesics. We discuss the relationship between the Teichmuller horocycle flow on the bundle QMg of holomorphic quadratic differentials, and the earthquake flow. In fact, the basic ergodic properties of the Teichmuller horocycle flow are better understood [17]. In this paper, we show: