cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Detrital Foods and Assimilation of Nitrogen by Coastal Detritivores

Two killifish common in east coast U.S.A. salt marshes,Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede andFundulus heteroclitus Walbaum, differ in their ability to assimilate nitrogen from and grow on detritus.C. variegatus grew on a diet of detritus ofSpartina alterniflora Loisel, whileF. heteroclitus did not. In addition, when the fish were fed15N-labeledS. alterniflora detritus,15N:14N ratios inC. variegatus were higher than were ratios inF. heteroclitus. Therefore, even though both species ingest large amounts of detritus,C. variegatus makes more effective use of this portion of its diet. These dietary differences are corroborated by anatomical differences that suggest thatC. variegatus should make better use of detrital or plant tissues thanF. heteroclitus. In the label experiment, the degree of label in both fish was directly proportional to the degree of label in the food treatments. In previously published experiments designed to compare plant substrate with attached microbes as nitrogen sources for detritivores, %15N incorporated by a polychaete was also directly proportional to %15N in the detrital food. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish between plant substrate and microbes as nitrogen sources for this detritivore.
Short Time Fourier Transform, Integral Wavelet Transform, and Wavelet Functions Associated with Splines

Abstract In this article, we discuss short time Fourier transforms, integral wavelet transforms, and wavelet series expansions associated with spline functions in shift-invariant spaces of B -splines. A recurrence relation formula and the corresponding algorithm about the B -wavelets are also given.
Hexene‐1 polymerization by homogeneous zirconocene and heterogeneous‐supported TiCl3 catalysts

MgCl 2 -supported TiCl 3 catalysts, with and/or without electron donor modifier (internal B i or external B e ), were compared with rac-ethylenebis (indenyl) zirconium dichloride (1) activated with either MAO or the cation forming agent, triphenyl carbenium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate (2), with triethylalumium (TEA). The activities of the heterogeneous catalysts depend on the presence or absence of the Lewis base, were relatively insensitive to the temperature of polymerization, and produce poly(hexene) with molecular weights up to 10 6 . The 1/MAO catalyst has about five times higher activity at 50°C but is almost inactive at -30 o C; the overall activation energy is 12.4 kcal mol -1
Stimulation of microsecond-delayed fluorescence from spinach chloroplasts by uncouplers and by phosphorylation

Abstract Delayed fluorescence, as measured with a laser phosphoroscope, is stimulated not inhibited by uncouplers during the first 100 μs after the light is turned off. This is true only wen uncouplers cause an increase in the rate of electron transport. When ADP and Pi cause an increase in the electron transport rate, microsecond-delayed fluorescence is also increased. Indeed, there is a complex quantitative relationship between the rate of electron transport and the initial intensity of delayed fluorescence under a wide range of conditions. Uncouplers or ADP and Pi also increase the rate of decay of delayed fluorescence so that after about 150 μs they become inhibitory, as already reported by many authors. Microsecond-delayed fluorescence continues to rise with rising light intensities long after the rate of reduction of exogenous acceptor is light-saturated. These observations suggest a correlation of the rate of electron transport both with the intensity of the 5–100 μs-delayed fluorescence and with the rate of decay in the intensity of delayed fluorescence. The data imply that the decrease in intensity of millisecond-delayed fluorescence which has often been noted with uncouplers is probably not due to the elimination of a membrane potential. It seems more likely that the decrease in millisecond-delayed fluorescence is a reflection of the rate of disappearance of some other electron transport-generated condition, a condition which is uncoupler-insensitive. Certainly stimulations of microsecond-delayed fluorescence by electron transport which has been uncoupled by gramicidin suggest that ion gradients are not an essential component of the conditions responsible for delayed fluorescence.
Direct Correlation between Rates of Anaerobic Respiration and Levels of mRNA for Key Respiratory Genes in Geobacter sulfurreducens

The predominance of Geobacter species in environments in which Fe(III) reduction is important has suggested that Fe(III) reduction rates might be estimated in Geobacter-dominated environments by assessing in situ activity with molecular techniques. To determine whether mRNA levels of key respiratory genes might be correlated with respiration rates in Geobacter sulfurreducens, studies were conducted with fumarate as the electron acceptor and acetate as the limiting electron donor in anaerobic continuous cultures. Levels of mRNA for a fumarate reductase gene, frdA, quantified by real-time reverse transcription-PCR were directly correlated with fumarate reduction rates. In similar studies with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor, mRNA levels for omcB, a gene for an outer membrane c-type cytochrome involved in Fe(III) reduction, were positively correlated with Fe(III) reduction rates. Levels of mRNA for frdA and omcB were also positively correlated with fumarate and Fe(III) reduction rates, respectively, when growth was limited by the availability of fumarate or Fe(III), but mRNA levels were higher than in acetate-limited cultures. Levels of mRNA for omcC, which encodes a c-type cytochrome highly similar to OmcB but not necessary for Fe(III) reduction, followed patterns different than those of omcB. This agrees with the previous finding that OmcC is not involved in Fe(III) reduction and suggests that changes in mRNA levels of omcB are related to its role in Fe(III) reduction. These results demonstrate that mRNA levels for respiratory genes might be used to estimate in situ Fe(III) reduction rates in Geobacter-dominated environments but suggest that information on environmental conditions and/or the metabolic state of Geobacter species is also required for accurate rate estimates.
Hypoxia stabilizes GAS6/Axl signaling in metastatic prostate cancer.

The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl is over-expressed in a variety of cancers and is known to play a role in proliferation and invasion. Previous data from our lab indicates that Axl and its ligand GAS6 may play a role in establishing metastatic dormancy in the bone marrow microenvironment. In the current study, we found that Axl is highly expressed in metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines PC3 and DU145 and has negligible levels of expression in a non-metastatic cancer cell line LNCaP. Knockdown of Axl in PC3 and DU145 cells resulted in decreased expression of several mesenchymal markers including Snail, Slug, and N-cadherin, and enhanced expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin, suggesting that Axl is involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in PCa cells. The Axl-knockdown PC3 and DU145 cells also displayed decreased in vitro migration and invasion. Interestingly, when PC3 and DU145 cells were treated with GAS6, Axl protein levels were down-regulated. Moreover, CoCl2, a hypoxia mimicking agent, prevented GAS6 mediated down-regulation of Axl in these cell lines. Immunochemical staining of human PCa tissue microarrays demonstrated that Axl, GAS6 and Hif1-α (indicator of hypoxia) were all co-expressed in PCa and in bone metastases, compared to normal tissues. Together, our studies indicate that Axl plays a crucial role in PCa metastasis, and that GAS6 regulates the expression of Axl. Importantly, in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment Axl expression maintained leading to enhanced signaling.
The behaviour, welfare, growth performance and meat quality of pigs housed in a deep-litter, large group housing system compared to a conventional confinement system

The behaviour, welfare, growth performance, and meat quality of deep-litter, large group-housed pigs were compared to pigs raised in a conventional housing system. Castrated males were housed from 9 weeks of age in a conventional housing (15 pigs/pen; 1.0 m 2 /pig) or deep-litter, large group housing system (90 pigs/pen; 1.7 m 2 /pig). Behavioural observations and stress physiology measurements were conducted at 9, 17 and 22 weeks of age. Thewillingness of the pigs to approach a novel object was assessed using a standard novel object test at 22 weeks of age. Pigs in the deep-litter, group housing system spent more time (P < 0.05) standing, locomoting, and interacting with their environment compared with contemporaries housed in the conventional system. At 17 weeks but not at 9 or 22 weeks, pigs in the conventional housing engaged in more (P < 0.05) social interactions than deep-litter housed pigs. Salivary cortisol was higher (P < 0.05) in deep-litter pigs compared to conventional pigs at 9 weeks of age but were similar at 17 and 22 weeks of age. Pigs in the deep-litter, large group system exhibited more exploratory behaviour (P < 0.05) compared to conventionally raised pigs in the novel test. Loins from pigs housed in the deep-litter, large group treatment had lower (P < 0.01) loin pH, more (P < 0.05) purge loss, more glucose in purge (P < 0.05) and were lighter in subjective colour (P < 0.05) than loins from conventionally housed pigs. However, there were no significant differences observed in the objective colour measurements of L * , a * and b * . A trained sensory panel detected no differences in tenderness, juiciness or overall desirability of loins from deep-litter or conventionally housed pigs. In this experiment, housing system modified pig behaviour,
Consistent Estimation for Aggregated GARCH Processes

We study the properties of a quasi-maximum likelihood (QML) for the parameters of a ”weak” GARCH process obtained by contemporaneous aggregation of two independent ”strong” GARCH processes. The inconsistency of the Gaussian quasilikelihood estimator (QMLE) has already been reported by Nijman & Sentana (1996) but has not yet been solved. In this paper we identify the causes of inconsistency of QMLE in the ”weak” GARCH case and compare the performance of QMLE when the innovations are assumed to have Gaussian, Laplace (double exponential) or ®-stable distribution.
ORGANIZATIONAL NORMS AND POLICE DISCRETION.

This essay explores the issues involved in designing public policies. It suggests that those programs not well designed will generate inappropriate expectations for success. This lack of design sophistication may not lead to well-conceived methods for achieving stated objectives. Taking the Low Enforcement Assistance Administration's Community Anti-Crime Program as an example, the paper analyzes the implicit sociological theory which guided the development of this new and important program. The essay concludes by highlighting some of the important contributions the Community Anti-Crime Program can make in the criminal justice policy arena despite its conceptual shortcomings. While design problems may hinder the implementation of programs, they do not necessarily have to cripple them.
Structure and texture filling-in of missing image blocks in wireless transmission and compression applications

An approach for filling-in blocks of missing data in wireless image transmission is presented. When compression algorithms such as JPEG are used as part of the wireless transmission process, images are first tiled into blocks of 8 /spl times/ 8 pixels. When such images are transmitted over fading channels, the effects of noise can destroy entire blocks of the image. Instead of using common retransmission query protocols, we aim to reconstruct the lost data using correlation between the lost block and its neighbors. If the lost block contained structure, it is reconstructed using an image inpainting algorithm, while texture synthesis is used for the textured blocks. The switch between the two schemes is done in a fully automatic fashion based on the surrounding available blocks. The performance of this method is tested for various images and combinations of lost blocks. The viability of this method for image compression, in association with lossy JPEG, is also discussed.
Weak Splittings of Quotients of Drinfeld and Heisenberg Doubles

We investigate the fine structure of the symplectic foliations of Poisson homogeneous spaces. Two general results are proved for weak splittings of surjective Poisson submersions from Heisenberg and Drinfeld doubles. The implications of these results are that the torus orbits of symplectic leaves of the quotients can be explicitly realized as Poisson–Dirac submanifolds of the torus orbits of the doubles. The results have a wide range of applications to many families of real and complex Poisson structures on flag varieties. Their torus orbits of leaves recover important families of varieties such as the open Richardson varieties.
Reactivity of Silicates 1. Kinetic Studies of the Hydrolysis of Linear and Cyclic Siloxanes as Models for Defect Structure in Silicates

The kinetics of hydrolysis of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane and di-t-butyldimesitylcyclodisiloxane in tetrahydrofuran solution have been determined and compared to hydrolysis rates of silica defects. In the presence of sufficient excess witer, the first-order rate constant of the cyclotrisiloxine, k= 3.8 × 10−3 min is similar to the rate constant, k = 5.2 × 10−1 min, of the disappearance of the D2 Raman silica defect band it has been proposed to model. Limited hydrolysis rate data for the cyclodisiloxane suggests that it hydrolyzes at least four times faster than does the cyclotrisiloxane. These data are consistent with rate data available for silica crack growth and support the assignment of highly strained siloxane bonds at the crack tip to cyclodisiloxanes. Infrared spectra determined for the cyclodisiloxanes lend further support to this model.
On the controllability of an air hockey puck

In this paper we investigate the controllability of an air hockey puck subject to impulsive inputs, which is a special case of the more general problem of impulsive manipulation of rigid objects. We first formulate the control problem on the three dimensional velocity space of the system and characterize the set of velocities reachable with arbitrary impulsive inputs. In reality, one cannot specify impulsive forces as inputs but rather only the velocities of a striker impacting the puck. Therefore, we refine the characterization to include the case that the impulsive forces act on the puck through an impact with a second object. This characterization then depends on the material properties of the impacting objects. We use the two-dimensional Routh impact model which allows us to characterize the reachable velocities in terms of the coefficients of friction and restitution of the objects.
Managed care: a provider perspective.

Progressive private psychiatric hospitals are moving toward providing a full spectrum of alternative services on and off campus.
Microstructural status of ipsilesional and contralesional corticospinal tract correlates with motor skill in chronic stroke patients

Greater loss in structural integrity of the ipsilesional corticospinal tract (CST) is associated with poorer motor outcome in patients with hemiparetic stroke. Animal models of stroke have demonstrated that structural remodeling of white matter in the ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres is associated with improved motor recovery. Accordingly, motor recovery in patients with stroke may relate to the relative strength of CST degeneration and remodeling. This study examined the relationship between microstructural status of brain white matter tracts, indexed by the fractional anisotropy (FA) metric derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data, and motor skill of the stroke-affected hand in patients with chronic stroke. Voxelwise analysis revealed that motor skill significantly and positively correlated with FA of the ipsilesional and contralesional CST in the patients. Additional voxelwise analyses showed that patients with poorer motor skill had reduced FA of bilateral CST compared to normal control subjects, whereas patients with better motor skill had elevated FA of bilateral CST compared to controls. These findings were confirmed using a DTI-tractography method applied to the CST in both hemispheres. The results of this study suggest that the level of motor skill recovery achieved in patients with hemiparetic stroke relates to microstructural status of the CST in both the ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres, which may reflect the net effect of degeneration and remodeling of bilateral CST.
Quantitative evaluation of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol as a cholecalciferol substitute for broilers

Two experiments were conducted using a corn-soybean meal diet that meets or exceeds the NRC (1984) requirements for all nutrients except cholecalciferol (D3) to determine the effectiveness of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OHD3) as a substitute for D3 in the diet of young broilers. Ross x Ross mixed-sex, 1-d-old chicks were reared in Petersime battery brooders not exposed to ultraviolet light with feed and water supplied ad libitum for 16 d. In Experiment 1, D3 was fed at 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 microg/kg and one source of 1alpha-OHD3-(Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc.; HLR) was fed at 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 microg/kg of diet. In Experiment 2, the D3 was fed at 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 microg and two sources of 1alpha-OHD3-[HLR and Majestic Research Inc. (MRI)] were fed at 0, 0.625, 1.25, and 5 microg/kg of diet. Slope ratio analysis of data from the measurement of 16-d body weight, plasma Ca, rickets, and bone ash indicated bioavailability of the 1alpha-OHD3 as compared to D3 from 1.88 to 21.2. Percentage bone ash gave the most precise values in both experiments. Considering all the data from both experiments, the 1alpha-OHD3 appears to be approximately eight times as effective as D3 for satisfying the requirements of several criteria in two experiments with broiler chickens.
Income Under Female Versus Male Control Hypotheses from a Theory of Gender Stratification and Data from the Third World

This article presents a summary of Blumberg's general theory of gender stratification, which emphasizes relative male/female control of economic resources as a main (although not sole) predictor of a broad array of gender stratification consequences. It also reviews evidence from numerous Third World countries that men and women spend income under their control differently—with women holding back less for themselves and spending more on child nutrition and family “basic human needs.” Thus the data indicate that when women lose control of income, what is affected is not only their relative marital/familial power (and self-esteem) but also family well-being. Moreover, evidence is presented that planned Third World development projects that rely on female labor but don't provide women with a return to that labor also are likely to suffer: Women will attempt to reallocate their efforts to tasks yielding income under their own control. In Africa, where women raise most locally marketed/consumed food and usuall...
Comparison of alendronate vs alendronate plus mechanical loading as prophylaxis for osteoporosis in lung transplant recipients: a pilot study.

Background Osteoporosis is known to complicate outcomes after lung transplantation (Tx). Methods To determine the efficacy of bisphosphonate therapy combined with the osteogenic stimulus of mechanical loading, 30 lung transplant recipients (LTRs) were randomly assigned either to alendronate (10 mg/day; n = 10), alendronate (10 mg/day) + resistance exercise ( n = 10) or to a control group ( n = 10). Alendronate was initiated at 7 days after Tx. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and 2 and 8 months after Tx. Resistance training was initiated at 2 months after Tx and consisted of lumbar extension exercise performed 1 day/week for 6 months. Results Lumbar BMD decreased significantly to below pre-transplant baseline at 2 months after Tx in controls (−12.5 ± 2.1%), but not in the alendronate (1.5 ± 1.2%) or alendronate + training (1.5 ± 0.9%) groups. At 8 months after Tx, lumbar BMD in controls was 14.1 ± 3.9% below baseline ( p ≤ 0.05), but was 1.4 ± 1.1% above baseline in alendronate recipients ( p ≥ 0.05). The alendronate + training group showed a significantly increased lumbar BMD with values 10.8 ± 2.3% greater than before Tx. Conclusions These results suggest that resistance exercise plus alendronate is more effective than alendronate alone in restoring BMD. Anti-osteoporosis therapy in LTRs should include both an anti-resorptive agent and an osteogenic stimulus, such as mechanical loading.
High-dose statin before percutaneous coronary intervention lowers risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction and 30-day major cardiac adverse events.

Commentary on: G Patti, CP Cannon, SA Murphy, et al.. Clinical benefit of statin pretreatment in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a collaborative patient-level meta-analysis of 13 randomized studies. Circulation2011;123:1622–32.
Evaluation of Direct Effects of an Insecticide on Gray Treefrogs: Laboratory and Field Trials

ing mountains of China. Folia Primatologica 71: 375–386. LONG, K. I. 2001. Spatio-temporal interactions among male and female long-nosed potoroos, Potorous tridactylus (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea): mating system implications. Australian Journal Zoology 49:17–26. LOVEI, G., I. A. N. STRINGER, C. D. DEVINE, AND M. CARTELLIERI. 1997. Harmonic radar—a method using inexpensive tags to study invertebrate movement on land. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21: 187–193. MANSCANZONI, D., AND H. WALLIN. 1986. The harmonic radar: a new method of tracing insects in the field. Ecological Entomology 11:387–390. MATTHEWS, K. R., AND K. L. POPE. 1999. A telemetric study of the movement patterns and habitat use of Rana muscosa, the mountain yellow-legged frog, in a high-elevation basin in Kings Canyon National Park, California. Journal of Herpetology 33:615–624. MICHARD, D., A. ANCEL, J. GENDNER, J. LAGE, Y. LE MAHO, T. ZONE, L. GANGLOFF, A. SCHIERRER, K. STRUYF, AND W. GERARD. 1994. Non-invasive bird tagging. Nature 376:649–650. OSBORNE, J. L., S. J. CLARK, R. J. MORRIS, I. H. WILLIAMS, J. R. RILEY, A. D. SMITH, D. R. REYNOLDS, AND A. S. EDWARDS. 1999. A landscape-scale study of bumble bee foraging range and consistency, using harmonic radar. Journal of Applied Ecology 36:519–533. RICHARDS, S. J., U. SINSCH, AND R. ALFORD. 1994. Radio tracking. In W. R. Heyer, M. A. Donnelly, R. W. McDiarmid, L. C. Heyek, and M. S. Foster. (eds.), Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Amphibians, pp. 155–158. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. RILEY, J. R., P. VALEUR, A. D. SMITH, D. R. REYNOLDS, G. M. POPPY, AND C. LOFTSTEAD. 1996. Harmonic radar as a means of tracking the pheremone-finding and pheremone-following flight of male moths. Journal of Insect Behavior 11:287–296. RODRIGUES, F. H. G., AND E. L. A. MONTERIO. 2000. Home range and activity patterns of pampas deer in Emas National Park. Journal of Mammology 81: 1136–1142. ROLAND, J., G. MCKINNON, C. BACKHOUSE, AND P. D. TAYLOR. 1996. Even smaller radar tags in insects. Nature 381:120. STOUFFER JR., R. H., J. E. GATES, C. H. HOCUTT, AND J. R. STAUFFER JR. 1983. Surgical implantation of a transmitter package for radio-tracking endangered hell-benders. Wildlife Society Bulletin 11:384–386. TURCHIN, P. 1991. Translating foraging movements in heterogeneous environments into the spatial distribution of foragers. Ecology 72:1253–1266. VAN NULAND, G. J., AND P. F. H. CLAUS. 1981. The development of a radio-tracking system for anuran species. Amphibia-Reptilia 2:17–116.
Mechanism of Rep-Mediated Adeno-Associated Virus Origin Nicking

The single-stranded adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) genome is flanked by terminal repeats (TRs) that fold back on themselves to form hairpinned structures. During AAV DNA replication, the TRs are nicked by the virus-encoded Rep proteins at the terminal resolution site (trs). This origin function apparently requires three sequence elements, the Rep binding element (RBE), a small palindrome that comprises a single tip of an internal hairpin within the TR (RBE'), and the trs. Previously, we determined the sequences at the trs required for Rep-mediated cleavage and demonstrated that the trs endonuclease reaction occurs in two discrete steps. In the first step, the Rep DNA helicase activity unwinds the TR, thereby extruding a stem-loop structure at the trs. In the second step, Rep transesterification activity cleaves the trs. Here we investigate the contribution of the RBE and RBE' during this process. Our data indicate that Rep is tethered to the RBE in a specific orientation during trs nicking. This orientation appears to align Rep on the AAV TR, allowing specific nucleotide contacts with the RBE' and directing nicking to the trs. Accordingly, alterations in the polarity or position of the RBE relative to the trs greatly inhibit Rep nicking. Substitutions within the RBE' also reduce Rep specific activity, but to a lesser extent. Interestingly, Rep interactions with the RBE and RBE' during nicking seem to be functionally distinct. Rep contacts with the RBE appear necessary for both the DNA helicase and trs cleavage steps of the endonuclease reaction. On the other hand, RBE' contacts seem to be required primarily for TR unwinding and formation of the trs stem-loop structure, not cleavage. Together, these results suggest a model of Rep interaction with the AAV TR during origin nicking through a tripartite cleavage signal comprised of the RBE, the RBE', and the trs.
An asymmetric stream communication system

Input and output are often viewed as complementary operations, and it is certainly true that the direction of data flow during input is the reverse of that during output. However, in a conventional operating system, the direction of control flow is the same for both input and output: the program plays the active role, while the operating system transput primitives are always passive. Thus there are four primitive transput operations, not two: the corresponding pairs are passive input and active output, and active input and passive output. This paper explores the implications of this idea in the context of an object oriented operating system.This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. MCS-8004111. Computing equipment and technical support are provided in part under a cooperative research agreement with Digital Equipment Corporation.
Regulation of laboratory-developed diagnostic assays: Where we are

Technological advancements have made diagnostic assays very powerful and valuable tools for disease diagnosis. Diagnostic assays are used for a wide range of applications: diagnosis and prognosis o...
Isolation and characterization of rice R genes: evidence for distinct evolutionary paths in rice and maize.

R and B genes and their homologues encode basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional activators that regulate the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in flowering plants. In maize, R/B genes comprise a very small gene family whose organization reflects the unique evolutionary history and genome architecture of maize. To know whether the organization of the R gene family could provide information about the origins of the distantly related grass rice, we characterized members of the R gene family from rice Oryza sativa. Despite being a true diploid, O. sativa has at least two R genes. An active homologue (Ra) with extensive homology with other R genes is located at a position on chromosome 4 previously shown to be in synteny with regions of maize chromosomes 2 and 10 that contain the B and R loci, respectively. A second rice R gene (Rb) of undetermined function was identified on chromosome 1 and found to be present only in rice species with AA genomes. All non-AA species have but one R gene that is Ra-like. These data suggest that the common ancestor shared by maize and rice had a single R gene and that the small R gene families of grasses have arisen recently and independently.
Extended Nash Equilibria of Nonmonetized Noncooperative Games on Preordered Sets

A noncooperative game is said to be nonmonetized if the ranges of the utilities (payoffs) of the players are preordered sets. In this paper, we examine some nonmonetized noncooperative games in which both of the collection of strategies and the ranges of the utilities for the players are preordered sets. Then, we spread the concept of extended Nash equilibria of noncooperative games from posets to preordered sets. By applying some fixed point theorems on preordered sets and by using the order preserving property of the utilities, we prove an existence theorem of extended Nash equilibria for nonmonetized noncooperative games.
PHOSPHORUS RETENTION AND SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN RESTORED AND NATURAL FRESHWATER WETLANDS

Nutrient (e.g., phosphorus) retention is an important function of wetlands that can improve water quality. We examined soil physical and chemical characteristics and phosphorus (P) sorption capacities in three recently restored herbaceous wetlands (RWs) on previously cultivated soils and three adjacent natural forested wetlands (NWs) on Kent Island, Maryland, USA. Our objective was to compare P retention in these two wetland types. As hypothesized, NW soils differed fundamentally in soil chemistry and had significantly higher total organic carbon (TOC) contents than RW soils (5.7 6 1.7% vs. 1.2 6 0.1%, respectively, p , 0.05). A number of soil properties (bulk density, pH, labile organic and microbial P, total N, and total N: total P ratios) differed between natural and restored wetlands, as expected from the differences in TOC. Concentrations of pyrophosphate-extractable (organically-bound) Al (Al p) were an order of magnitude larger in NW than in RW soils (2099.1 6 365.5 vs. 767.0 6 194.7 kg/ha, respectively). Although past studies have suggested that higher concentrations of organically-bound Al can enhance P sorption, P-sorption capacities were significantly greater in the RW soils, likely due to differences in soil chemistry. In the RWs, 15 soil chemical parameters were significantly correlated with P sorption (based on single factor regression), in- cluding residual Al, oxalate-extractable Al and Fe, clay, HCl-extractable Fe and pyrophosphate-extractable Fe (r 2 5 0.90, 0.89, 0.87, 0.85, 0.83 and 0.82, respectively). In contrast, P sorption in the NWs was correlated only with Alp (r 2 5 0.68). As restored wetland soils are likely in transition from a non-hydric to a hydric state, they should be reevaluated periodically to determine the ultimate effects of this transition on their capacity to retain P.
A Two-Factor Theory of the Warm-Up Effect in Jumping Performance

Abstract Eighty girls aged 16 were divided into four subgroups and given 1, 2, 4 or 6 min. of stool stepping as a warm-up exercise preceding a six-trial vertical jump test. A test-retest balanced order design was used to exclude the practice effect. It was found that 1 or 2 min. of warm-up improved performance approximately 20 percent, while 4 min. had no effect, and 6 min. impaired performance 27 percent. The results agreed with the predictions of an a priori mathematical model that postulated a slow but large exponential fatigue effect, and a faster but smaller exponential warm-up effect that improved performance. The difference between these two factors was the net improvement from warm-up.
MEASUREMENT OF THE 2$sup 2$S/sub 1/2/--2$sup -2$P/sub 3/2/ INTERVAL IN ATOMIC HYDROGEN.

An experiment is described in which the two transitions $\ensuremath{\alpha}a({m}_{J}=+\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+\frac{3}{2})$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}b({m}_{J}=+\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+\frac{1}{2})$ were employed to measure the interval ${(\ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{-}\mathcal{S})}_{\mathrm{H}}$. Hydrogen atoms in the metastable state are produced by bombarding molecular hydrogen with electrons within a waveguide in a magnetic field. An rf electric field in the guide induces electric dipole transitions from this state to the $2P$ states, and the 1216-\AA{} radiation produced in the decay of the $2P$ state is detected. The frequency of the rf field is held constant, and the magnetic sublevels of the states involved are tuned by varying the magnetic field. When the resonance condition is met, the intensity of 1216-\AA{} light increases. Precision measurements of signal versus magnetic field are fitted by least squares to a line-shape formula described in detail. Potential sources of systematic error and experimental searches for them are described. Small shifts are detected upon changing the electron-beam current and gas pressure, and an extrapolation is made to remove them. The weighted average of results from the two transitions is ${(\ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{-}\mathcal{S})}_{\mathrm{H}}=9911.377(26)$ MHz. A comparison is made with other recent experiments which have measured the same interval.
Role of cytoskeleton in shear stress-induced endothelial nitric oxide production

To study the role of the cytoskeleton in mechanochemical transduction, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to cytoskeleton-disrupting or -stabilizing agents, and the flow-induced pr...
Ability of Lupus Erythematosus Serum to Inactivate Bacteriophage φX174 Surviving Treatment with Specific Rabbit Antibody.

SummaryAfter 4 to 10 hours of incubation, essentially all the surviving phage in the ⊘X 174 phage-anti-phage system was sensitive to further inactivation by several sera from patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) but they were not sensitive to the enzymatic action of DNase. Phage not previously incubated with specific antiserum was resistant to LE serum and DNase. A hypothesis involving infectious nucleic acid as the underlying mechanism for this behavior is presented.
The Economic and Social World of Italian Renaissance Maiolica

Italian maiolica has a long history extending back into the Middle Ages. That history recounts a slow evolutionary process, with its main themes being: first, the importation of tin-glazed pottery from the Islamic world in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, which has survived primarily as architectural decoration (the bacini inserted into church facades); secondly, the development of the local production of ceramics with lead glazes and then improved tin glazes and with modest painted and incised decoration; thirdly, the diffusion of that production, presumably from Sicily and southern Italy, throughout the rest of the peninsula; and, finally, beginning in the later fourteenth century, the elevation of the quality of production to the level of a veritable art form. Our knowledge of this history has been amply expanded in the last few years by an extraordinary amount of very solid research conducted into the subject by medieval archaeologists and by ceramic scholars—many of the latter talented amateurs who work on their own local traditions in Italy; and this lively interest has had reverberations in both the museum world and the art market.
Lawrence, Lofton, and Reasoned Judgment: On Who Can Adopt and Why

This symposium article discusses Lofton v. Secretary of the Department of Children and Family Services, an Eleventh Circuit decision upholding Florida's gay adoption ban. Lofton was noteworthy, in part, for its utterly implausible reading of Lawrence v. Texas. The Court could easily have reversed Lofton without expanding current law. However, it instead denied certiorari, leaving open whether Fourteenth Amendment equal protection and due process guarantees are less robust than they were before Lawrence. It is unclear what the Court will say when it finally does hear a case implicating the issues raised in Lofton, although it may well be that the decision will be broader than a Lofton decision would have been, making opponents of equal rights for sexual minorities rue the day that the Court denied certiorari in Lofton.
Survival Difference of AML Patients Receiving HLA Matched Sibling Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplants (ABMT) Correlates with HLA-Cw Ligand Groups for Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors (KIRs).

Abstract The reactivity of NK cells and some T cell populations is regulated by the interaction of KIRs with target cell HLA class I molecules. KIR interactions have been suggested to influence outcomes of haploidentical and HLA-identical allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants, particularly for AML patients. We analyzed the KIR ligand phenotypes of 60 AML patients who received HLA-identical sibling myeloablative ABMT from 4/9/97-11/5/03. The median age was 45 yrs (range 8–62). At the time of transplant 24 patients (40%) were in CR. All patients received a busulfan/cyclophosphamide-based preparative regimen and all received bone marrow (T-cell replete) as their stem cell source. Patient HLA KIR ligands were categorized as: 1) HLA-Cw groups C1/C1, C2/C2, C1/C2; 2) HLA-Bw4 (+ or −); 3) HLA-A3 or A11 (+ or −) (as reviewed in Farag et al Blood 100:1935, 2002). Recursive partitioning analysis for post-transplant time-related outcomes (acute GVHD, grade 3/4 acute GVHD, chronic GVHD, extensive chronic GVHD, freedom from relapse and survival) was performed for each KIR ligand group. Patients with C1/C1 or C2/C2 (n=26) had improved survival compared to the C1/C2 group (n=34) (median survival 43.5 months vs. 5.8 months, respectively, p=0.018), as shown below: Download : Download high-res image (157KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure This survival difference was associated with more relapse in the C1/C2 group (p=0.048), but not with incidence or severity of acute or chronic GVHD, age, infection or pretransplant disease status. There were 26/34 (76%) deaths in the C1/C2 group with 15 (58%) due to relapse as compared to 13/26 (50%) deaths in the C1/C1 + C2/C2 group where 4/13 (31%) were due to relapse. The median follow up of survivors was 36.3 mos (range 7.8–72.4 mos). No significant differences in outcomes were observed when patients were analyzed for the presence or absence of HLA-Bw4 or A3/11. The majority of patients had KIR genotyping performed for those KIRs with established HLA ligands. Among those tested there were no cases in which the donor did not have at least one inhibitory KIR gene specific for a Cw ligand present in the patient or donor. This may suggest that KIR expression at the cellular level rather than KIR genotype alone should be investigated. In conclusion, AML patients undergoing matched sibling donor ABMT who were heterozygous for HLA-Cw KIR ligand groups (C1/C2) had reduced survival compared to patients homozygous for these groups. The higher relapse rate observed in the heterozygous ligand group may suggest a less effective graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) response. Since C1/C2 heterozygotes have a greater opportunity to engage inhibitory KIRs than do C1 or C2 homozygotes, they may more effectively inhibit KIR-positive NK and T cell populations involved in GVL responses.
Extracellular matrix type modulates cell migration on mechanical gradients.

Abstract Extracellular matrix composition and stiffness are known to be critical determinants of cell behavior, modulating processes including differentiation, traction generation, and migration. Recent studies have demonstrated that the ECM composition can modulate how cells migrate in response to gradients in environmental stiffness, altering a cell's ability to undergo durotaxis. These observations were limited to single varieties of extracellular matrix, but typically cells are exposed to environments containing complex mixtures of extracellular matrix proteins. Here, we investigate migration of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts on mechanical gradients coated with one or more type of extracellular matrix protein. Our results show that NIH 3T3 fibroblasts exhibit durotaxis on fibronectin-coated mechanical gradients but not on those coated with laminin, demonstrating that extracellular matrix type can act as a regulator of cell response to mechanical gradients. Interestingly, NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were also observed to migrate randomly on gradients coated with a mixture of both fibronectin and laminin, suggesting that there may be a complex interplay in the cellular response to mechanical gradients in the presence of multiple extracellular matrix signals. These findings indicate that specific composition of available adhesion ligands is a critical determinant of a cell's migratory response to mechanical gradients.
SentiHeros at SemEval-2017 Task 5: An application of Sentiment Analysis on Financial Tweets.

Sentiment analysis is the process of identifying the opinion expressed in text. Recently it has been used to study behavioral finance, and in particular the effect of opinions and emotions on economic or financial decisions. SemEval-2017 task 5 focuses on the financial market as the domain for sentiment analysis of text; specifically, task 5, subtask 1 focuses on financial tweets about stock symbols. In this paper, we describe a machine learning classifier for binary classification of financial tweets. We used natural language processing techniques and the random forest algorithm to train our model, and tuned it for the training dataset of Task 5, subtask 1. Our system achieves the 7th rank on the leaderboard of the task.
Silk Road Nexus

The Silk Road across the Middle East to China has been established and interconnected for millennia, with Afghanistan as a focal-point nexus of multiple routes. Roads and highways that had descended from the rough caravan tracks of antiquity were established in the twentieth century, paved in the midcentury, and rebuilt recently following extensive destruction in the prior decades of war. Railroads were deliberately excluded during nineteenth and twentieth centuries because of long-held fears of their use in foreign invasions. Now however, a new railroad has been built south to Mazari Sharif, with plans to extend it on south to Kabul and elsewhere throughout the country. Small oil and gas pipelines have been built several times in the past and resurgent plans are to transport gas by pipeline from Turkmenistan across Afghanistan to Pakistan, and perhaps India. The electrical power grid, air transport, airports, and critical Afghan Air Force are all in extensive development.
Construction of All Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Trees on the Hanan Grid

Given a set of pins, a Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree (RSMT) connects the pins using only rectilinear edges with the minimum wirelength. RSMT construction is heavily used at various design steps such as floorplanning, placement, routing, and interconnect estimation and optimization, so fast algorithms to construct RSMTs have been developed for many years. However, RSMT construction is an NP-hard problem, so even a fast RSMT construction algorithm such as GeoSteiner [7] is too slow to use in electronic design automation (EDA) tools. FLUTE, a lookup-table-based RSMT construction algorithm, builds and uses a routing topology database to quickly construct RSMTs[5]. However, FLUTE outputs only one RSMT for a given set of pin locations. In this paper, we develop an algorithm to build a database of all RSMTs on the Hanan grid for up to nine pins. The database will be able to help minimize routing congestion and maximize the routability in the design of modern very-large-scale integration layouts.
High-resolution Seismic Evidence for Multiple Glaciation across the Southwest Iceland Shelf

Geophysical and lithological data collected from the southwest margin of Iceland provide clear evidence of multiple glaciations across the shelf, many of which reached the shelf-slope break. These paleo-ice sheets delivered much glacial sediment to the slope facing Denmark Strait. A large moraine some 20 to 100 m in height lies at the shelf break due west of Latra Bank. The moraine may mark the Late Weichselian extent of the western Iceland ice, although a single date from a 50-cm gravity core collected from the seaward side of the moraine provided an age of 35,650 ± 560 14C BP. Retreat of this ice sheet appears to have been rapid, except for a minor pause when the ice sheet terminus approached the coastline. A marine reservoir-corrected basal date of 12,705 ± 85 14C BP was obtained from a 17-m giant piston core collected in Jokuldjup (a shelf trough) which sampled glacial marine sediments close to underlying ice-contact sediment. Because this date is very close to the age of shells near the marine limit ...
Satellite detection of cover crops and their effects on crop yield in the Midwestern United States

The practice of planting winter cover crops has seen renewed interest as a solution to environmental issues with the modern maize- and soybean-dominated row crop production system of the US Midwest. We examine whether cover cropping patterns can be assessed at scale using publicly available satellite data, creating a classifier with 91.5% accuracy (.68 kappa). We then use this classifier to examine spatial and temporal trends in cover crop occurrence on maize and soybean fields in the Midwest since 2008, finding that despite increased talk about and funding for cover crops as well as a 94% increase in cover crop acres planted from 2008–2016, increases in winter vegetation have been more modest. Finally, we combine cover cropping with satellite-predicted yields, finding that cover crops are associated with low relative maize and soybean production and poor soil quality, consistent with farmers adopting the practice on fields most in need of purported cover crop benefits. When controlling for invariant soil quality using a panel regression model, we find modest benefits of cover cropping, with average yield increases of 0.65% for maize and 0.35% for soybean. Given these slight impacts on yields, greater incentives or reduced costs of implementation are needed to increase adoption of this practice for the majority of maize and soybean acres in the US.
Epistemological Luddism: Reinvigorating a Concept for Action in 21st Century Sociotechnical Struggles

Explicitly dismantling or decommissioning existing sociotechnical systems seems to be unimaginable both within dominant public imaginaries and in academic thought. Indeed, ‘gee whiz’ journalistic n...
More Frequent Flooding in Louisiana: Climatic Variability?

Climatic events associated with the Louisiana floods of 1982–1983 are analyzed in the context of the long-term climatic regime of the region. Regional flooding between 1973 and 1983 has been the greatest and highest of record, but can these same objectives be applied to the climatic events responsible for these floods?
Examining the Social Effects of Habit Behaviors Exhibited by Individuals with Mental Retardation

This study examined social perceptions of and the social impairment experienced by individuals with mental retardation who exhibit various habit behaviors. In addition, we evaluated the reliability and validity of the Social Acceptance Scale (SAS). In experiment 1, 108 college students were randomly assigned to one of four habit conditions (motor tic, vocal tic, trichotillomania, and fingernail biting). In each condition, participants viewed videotapes of two male and two female actors with mental retardation who each exhibited one of two scenarios (habit vs. no habit in a job interview situation). Participants rated the social acceptability of the actors using the SAS and made a decision to hire or not hire the actor. Results varied across habit conditions. Males and females who engaged in fingernail biting or trichotillomania were seen as less socially acceptable, and individuals with these behaviors were less likely to be hired for the job than those who did not exhibit these behaviors. In addition, males who exhibited motor and vocal tics were viewed as less socially acceptable than males who did not exhibit motor or vocal tics. Results from experiments 2 and 3 indicated that the SAS has good predictive and concurrent validity as well as good test–retest reliability, and that the SAS is a useful measure for determining a person's social acceptance. Implications of these studies are discussed.