cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problems in the promised land: Status of adult marrow stem cell biology

Long-term engrafting marrow hematopoietic stem cells have been considered to be a quiescent stem cell in G 0 . However, there are contradictory reports on this point in the literature, showing marked variability of results over time and between mice. Furthermore, there are circadian rhythms for stem cells and progenitors. In general, most studies have not taken stochastic variability or circadian rhythms into account. In addition, stem cell purification has represented the present gold standard in stem cell research. However, evidence exists that the stem cell separations leave behind most stem cells and are not random. Thus, purified stem cells may not be representative of the stem cells in the unseparated marrow cell population. The epitope-based purification of stem cells may have misled the stem cell field. Lastly, there are interesting published studies indicating that the irradiated marrow microenvironment might be toxic to marrow stem cells, limiting self-renewal capacity, and that quantitative engraftment occurs in nonablated mice. These considerations suggest that in carrying out stem cell studies, attention needs to be directed to the appropriate number of repeat experiments, to circadian rhythms, to possible purification skewing of results, and to the most appropriate transplant assay model.
Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to prostate secretory protein.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against a highly purified preparation of prostate secretory protein (PSP) isolated from normal seminal plasma. Fifteen antibodies were selected for further evaluation based on their strong reactivity and specificity for PSP. All the MAbs had a specificity for prostate epithelial cells and none reacted to any of a variety of normal tissues as determined by immunoperoxidase staining. Six of the MAbs were selected for further immunohistochemical evaluation based on their ability to recognize different antigenic determinants. Using competitive binding immunoassays, a variety of overlapping specificities were observed with at least 2 distinct epitopes identified. Although some staining variability was noted, the 6 antibodies, in general, gave the same pattern of tissue reactivity. Both the normal prostate and the benign prostate hyperplastic ductal epithelial cells stained intensely, with 78 to 100% and 50-100% of the cells staining, respectively. The number and often the staining intensity of the tumor cells decreased as the tumor became more undifferentiated. Approximately 40 to 100% and 15 to 70% of the tumor cells stained in the moderately-differentiated and well-differentiated carcinoma tissues, respectively, whereas either no staining was observed or less than 20% of the tumor cells stained in the poorly-differentiated and undifferentiated tumors. Most of the metastatic prostate tumors showed either no staining or scattered staining in a few cells (i.e., less than 20%).
Comparing substrate specificity between cytochrome c maturation and cytochrome c heme lyase systems for cytochrome c biogenesis.

Hemes c are characterized by their covalent attachment to a polypeptidevia a widely conserved CXXCH motif. There are multiple biological systems that facilitate hemec biogenesis. System I, the cytochrome c maturation (CCM) system, is found in many bacteria and is commonly employed in the maturation of bacterial cytochromesc in Escherichia coli-based expression systems. System III, cytochrome cheme lyase (CCHL), is an enzyme found in the mitochondria of many eukaryotes and is used for heterologous expression of mitochondrial holocytochromes c. To test CCM specificity, a series of Hydrogenobacter thermophiluscytochrome c552 variants was successfully expressed and matured by the CCM system with CXnCH motifs where n = 1–4, further extending the known substrate flexibility of the CCM system by successful maturation of a bacterial cytochrome c with a novel CXCH motif. Horse cytochrome c variants with both expanded and contracted attachment motifs (n = 1–3) were also tested for expression and maturation by both CCM and CCHL, allowing direct comparison of CCM and CCHL substrate specificities. Successful maturation of horse cytochrome c by CCHL with an extended CXXXCH motif was observed, demonstrating that CCHL shares the ability of CCM to mature hemesc with extended heme attachment motifs. In contrast, two single amino acid mutants were found in horse cytochrome c that severely limit maturation by CCHL, yet were efficiently matured with CCM. These results identify potentially important residues for the substrate recognition of CCHL.
EMG activity within the pharynx during speech production.

Electromyography (EMG) of the superior and middle constrictor muscles was recorded during phonated and whispered productions of the vowels /i/ and /a/ and the stop consonants /p/ and /b/ in VCVCV t...
A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma with 5-Fluorouracil Using Phosphatidyl Choline as a Transepidermal Carrier

Background.In certain situations, successful topical therapy of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) without the inconvenience, risk, and expense of surgery would be of great value to patients. Placing 5-fluorouracil (FU) in an appropriate carrier may solve these problems. Phosphatidyl choline (PC) penetrates
Baseline hemoglobin concentration and creatinine clearance composite laboratory index improves risk stratification in ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Background Hemoglobin (Hgb) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) are readily-available, routinely-obtained laboratory parameters that predict acute coronary syndrome outcomes. We sought to develop a laboratory index (LI) to predict early mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and determine the additional risk stratification offered by adding the LI to the TIMI Risk Score (TRS) for STEMI. Methods and Results The association between Hgb and CrCl values obtained at hospitalization and 30-day mortality was evaluated in 14,373 STEMI patients undergoing fibrinolysis in Intravenous NPA for the Treatment of Infarcting Myocardium Early II-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction-17 (InTIME II-TIMI 17). Logistic regression models determined the optimal combination of laboratory variables into a LI. Prognostic utility of the LI was validated in 18,427 STEMI patients from Enoxaparin and Thrombolysis Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment (ExTRACT)-TIMI 25. In InTIME II, Hgb levels adj 1.22, 95% CI 1.15-1.29 for each 1 g/dL decrease in Hgb, P adj 1.23, 95% CI 1.17-1.29 for each 10 mL/min decrease in CrCl, P P P P Conclusions The LI is a simple, powerful tool to predict death in STEMI, either separately or with the TRS.
Detection of Abnormal behavior in Dynamic Crowded Gatherings

People gather for parades, sports, musical events, and mass gatherings for pilgrimage at religious places like Mecca, Jerusalem, Vatican, etc. Most often, these mass gatherings lead to crowd disasters. In this research, a new automated algorithm for the Detection of Abnormal behavior in Dynamic Crowded Gatherings (DADCG) is proposed that has reduced processing speed, sensitivity to noise, and improved accuracy. Initially, the temporal features of the scenes are extracted using Motion History Image (MHI) technique. Then the Optical Flow (OF) vectors are calculated for each MHI image using Lucas-Kanade method to obtain the spatial features. This Optical flow image is segmented into four equal-sized blocks. Finally, a two dimensional histogram is generated with motion direction and motion magnitude for each block. Stampede and congestion areas can be detected by comparing the mean value of the histogram of each segmented optical flow image. Based on this result, an alarm may be generated for the security personnel to take appropriate actions.
Uses of examinations in developing countries: Selection, research, and education sector management

Abstract In September 1984, The Chinese government asked if the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank would be interested in assisting the officials in the Ministry of Education to think through some of the policy options in the field of examinations and standardized testing. In response, in April 1985 a meeting was held in Beijing. Attending the meeting were all officials in charge of examinations at the provincial and national levels, technicians and psychometricians in charge of designing examination items, and senior university officials and planners in the Ministry of Education. Attending from outside the country were the chief executive officers of examination agencies in three OECD countries: from the United States, Robert Solomon (ETS); from Japan, Tadashi Hidano (National Center for University Examinations); and from the United Kingdom, John Reddaway (Cambridge University Examination Syndicate); directors of the National Assessment of Educational Progress and the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement; and experts on the examination systems in Sweden, Australia and Kenya. This article summarizes the comments given to the Chinese Government following that meeting. The amount of attention devoted to problems of logistics and economies of scale is perhaps more pertinent to large, heterogeneous nations like China, but many of the comments could be applied to developing countries generally. These comments cover three areas (1) specific testing issues such as aptitude vs achievement tests, multiple choice vs other formats, etc.; (2) management issues within the system of selection such as whether government agencies or universities should make the selection decision, and whether a testing agency should be autonomous from government control; and lastly, (3) the uses of testing to perform necessary research and education sector management functions.
Design considerations for high voltage DC components

The most important point which the authors hope that a reader will take away from this discussion is that an intuitive understanding of how the world works in the context of DC systems (which includes any system with substantial relaxation toward a restively graded state) allows many properties of such a system to be predicted either from first principles, as in the case of a cable, or through a few simple finite element computations (of the AC and DC graded states) in the case of more complex systems. The greatest problem in engineering such systems is that the relevant material properties, especially the field and temperature-dependent conductivity, often are not well known. However the limited range of field over which the conductivity is needed eases measurement. For unfilled systems, the temperature dependence of the conductivity can be measured, the field dependence can be measured, and to first order, the two can be combined without an interaction term, as in (1).
Enhancing back-illuminated performance of astronomical CCDs

Back illuminated CCDs have been the detectors of choice for most astronomical imagers and spectrographs during the past decade. In recent years, we have developed processes to improve the performance of these detectors. Recent work has resulted in improved absolute quantum efficiency (QE), QE stability with temperature, QE stability with environmental contamination, and enhanced near-IR response. We demonstrate that QE near 100% can be achieved which is stable against hydrogen, dewar outgassing, and water contamination. We show that QE decrease with temperature can be eliminated for blue/visible optimized CCDs using a backside passivation layer, and significantly reduced for UV optimized CCDs which require very thin backside films. We also show that a 20% QE increase at 900 nm can be obtained by coating the frontside of back illuminated CCDs with a reflective metal film, without increasing interference fringing.
Temporal and spatial variations in suspended matter in continental shelf and slope waters off the north-eastern United States

Seston in waters of Georges Bank originates primarily from biological production and from resuspension of bottom sediments. The concentrations of suspended matter observed on the central shoals are more influenced by storms than by seasonal changes. Winter storms produce highest concentrations of non-combustible material throughout the water column, and summer storms appear to increase biological production by mixing additional nutrients into the photic zone. On the south-east flank of the bank, in water depths between 80 and 200 in, the concentrations of total suspended matter and non-combustible material show little variation compared with the central shoals, and storm effects are far less noticeable. Highest concentrations (>15 mg 1 −1 ) of suspended matter occur in bottom waters south of Nantucket Island after winter storms and appear to be primarily resuspended bottom sediment. Resuspended sediment is also common in near-bottom waters of the south-western Gulf of Maine, and occasionally near the intersection of the shelf/slope water mass front and the bottom. Seasonal variations were observed in the distribution and species composition of phytoplankton. Coccoliths are predominant on the central bank during the winter, but during the spring and summer they are concentrated on the eastern flank at deeper depths.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE CO-BINDING CLUSTER IN NITROGENASE MOFE PROTEIN BY ENDOR OF 57FE ISOTOPOMERS

The X-ray structure of the nitrogenase MoFe protein has established the organization and architecture of its multimetallic cofactors, the P-cluster (Fe8S7-8) and the FeMo-cofactor (MoFe7S9:homocitrate). Nonetheless, until recently it has not been possible to detect or characterize a substrate or inhibitor interacting with the functioning enzyme. In the present study we have used 57Fe ENDOR to study the CO-inhibited turnover states of a novel suite of 56,57Fe isotopomers of the MoFe protein, including those in which these two clusters are selectively, as well as uniformly, labeled. CO-inhibited MoFe protein exhibits two distinct EPR signals, one under low and another under high CO pressure. The 57Fe measurements, along with an earlier 13C ENDOR study of bound 13CO (Pollock, R. C.; Lee, H. I.; Cameron, L. M.; DeRose, V. J.; Hales, B. J.; Orme-Johnson, W. H.; Hoffman, B. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8686−8687), show that the two EPR signals arise from CO-bound FeMo-cofactor, in one case with one bound CO ...
The Accuracy of Different Methods for Estimating the Standard Error of Correlations Corrected for Range Restriction

A Monte Carlo study was conducted to compare the accuracy of different estimates of the standard error of correlations corrected for restriction in range. It was found that the procedure suggested by P. Bobko and A. Rieck, also derived by N. S. Raju and colleagues, generated the most accurate estimates of the standard error compared to other existing procedures. The study also repeated previous findings that Pearson correlations corrected for restriction in range resulted in more accurate estimates of the population rho than did the restricted correlations, but the accuracy of the approximation of population rho decreased as the selection criterion became higher. Another finding of the study was that the standard error of correlations under range restriction tended to increase as the selection ratios decreased.
Effects of insect herbivory on induced chemical defences and compensation during early plant development in Penstemon virgatus.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The lack of studies assessing the simultaneous expression of tolerance and resistance traits during seedling development and overall seedling defences as compared with adult plants, in general, constitutes a significant research need that can greatly improve our understanding of overall investment in defences during plant ontogeny. METHODS Using two seedling and two juvenile stages of the perennial herb Penstemon virgatus (Plantaginaceae) evaluations were made of (a) patterns of investment in constitutive chemical defences [i.e. iridoid glycosides (IGs)], and (b) simultaneous variation in the short-term ability of seedling and juvenile stages to induce resistance traits, measured as induced chemical defences, or tolerance traits, measured as compensatory re-growth following moderate levels of damage by a specialist insect herbivore. KEY RESULTS Plants were highly defended during most of their transition from seedling to early juvenile stages, reaching a constant approx. 20 % dry weight total IGs. Furthermore, following 30 % above-ground tissue damage, seedlings and juvenile stages were equally able to induce resistance, by raising their IG concentration by approx. 8 %, whereas compensatory re-growth was only achieved at young juvenile but not seedling stages. CONCLUSIONS Two major trends emerged from this study: (1) in contrast to expected and previously observed trends, in this perennial plant species, seedlings seem to be one of the most well-defended stages as compared with adult ones; (2) high levels of constitutive defences did not limit the ability of young developmental stages to induce resistance following damage, although this response may come with a cost (i.e. decreased compensation) in young seedling stages. Hence, as has been previously demonstrated in few other systems, these results points towards an indirect evidence for a trade-off between tolerance and resistance traits at some, but not all, developmental stages; making them often difficult to detect.
EOSINOPHIL RESPONSE TO STRESS IN ASCORBIC ACID PRETREATED MICE

Ascorbic acid treatmentL of animals exposed to cold, and enhances the survival of animals prevents the adrenal hypertrophy typicalexposed to this stressor (Dugal and Therien, 1949). It was observed that ascorbic acid pretreatment prevented the eosinopenia and the depletion of adrenal cholesterol typical of acute epinephrin stress (Bacchus and Toompas, 1951). This paper reports data which indicate that ascorbic acid prevents the eosinophil response to epinephrin, but not to corticotrophin. Male albino mice were used in these experiments. Groups I and III consisted of mice which received pretreatment with ascorbic acid 12 hours prior to being stressed. The ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, injectable, Roche) was administered intraperitoneally at the dosage of 88 mg./100 g. in a single injection. Control animals in Groups II and IV received similar intraperitoneal injections of 0.85% saline. Twelve hours after the pretreatment, all mice of Group I (11 mice) and III (5) received single subcutaneous injections of epin...
Multi-class appointments in individualized healthcare: Analysis for scheduling rules

In this paper, we consider the problem of scheduling patients for visits at a cancer infusion room throughout a regular day. We suggest the use of high and low patient acuity indicators to account for punctuality and service uncertainties in the scheduling process. These supportive classifications can be used easily by schedulers to allow more efficient, individualized service. Based on patient acuity data and clinical observations, we propose two intuitive though somewhat conflicting scheduling guidelines on a qualitative basis and argue their benefits. We make use of analogies with standard queueing theory and strings of interconnected dynamic systems to introduce two separate surrogate problems allowing analysis of the effects resulting from our scheduling rules on the operation of the infusion room.
Regenerative Therapy Prevents Heart Failure Progression in Dyssynchronous Nonischemic Narrow QRS Cardiomyopathy.

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy using bi‐ventricular pacing is proven effective in the management of heart failure (HF) with a wide QRS‐complex. In the absence of QRS prolongation, however, device‐based resynchronization is reported unsuitable. As an alternative, the present study tests a regenerative cell‐based approach in the setting of narrow QRS‐complex HF. Methods and Results Progressive cardiac dyssynchrony was provoked in a chronic transgenic model of stress‐triggered dilated cardiomyopathy. In contrast to rampant end‐stage disease afflicting untreated cohorts, stem cell intervention early in disease, characterized by mechanical dyssynchrony and a narrow QRS‐complex, aborted progressive dyssynchronous HF and prevented QRS widening. Stem cell‐treated hearts acquired coordinated ventricular contraction and relaxation supporting systolic and diastolic performance. Rescue of contractile dynamics was underpinned by a halted left ventricular dilatation, limited hypertrophy, and reduced fibrosis. Reverse remodeling reflected a restored cardiomyopathic proteome, enforced at systems level through correction of the pathological molecular landscape and nullified adverse cardiac outcomes. Cell therapy of a dyssynchrony‐prone cardiomyopathic cohort translated prospectively into improved exercise capacity and prolonged survivorship. Conclusions In narrow QRS HF, a regenerative approach demonstrated functional and structural benefit, introducing the prospect of device‐autonomous resynchronization therapy for refractory disease.
Effective electrostatic charge of coagulation factor X in solution and on phospholipid membranes: Implications for activation mechanisms and structure-function relationships of the Gla domain

Electrostatic interactions during activation of coagulation factor X were analysed by comparing eects of ionic strength on reaction rates with predictions of classical electrostatic theory. Geometrical correlations were investigated using alpha-shapebased computations on the crystal structure of Ca‐fragment 1 of prothrombin. The ionic strength of the reaction environment was controlled with dierent univalent salts including NaCl, KCl, CsCl, LiCl, NaI, NaBr and KI. Reactions were assembled in three dierent environments: aqueous phase, cell membranes and synthetic TF}PS}PC (tissue factor relipidated in 30% phosphatidylserine, 70% phosphatidylcholine) vesicles. Reaction rates were measured at pH 7‐2, 4 mM CaCl # and 33 ∞C, using chromogenic substrate to follow factor Xa generation. Rates decreased with increasing concentration of univalent salt, and
GIMADS diagnostics allocation process

Generic Integrated Maintenance Diagnostics (GIMADS) is a US Air Force and industry cooperative program whose prime objective is to develop and institutionalize a system-engineering, time-phased process for integrated diagnostics that meets the operational needs of the weapon system. The authors address some of the current approaches to tailoring the diagnostic requirements and then allocating them to equipment in a manner in which the design engineer can understand what is needed without being restricted as to how it is to be integrated into the total design. Consideration is also given to the verification of diagnostic design requirements and the maturation process. The GIMADS approach assures total diagnostic coverage at each design level and provides the optimum partitioning of embedded and external diagnostic equipment. The diagnostic allocation process also specifies the optimum diagnostic mix and requirements to assure that operational, safety, and maintenance needs are met. A proper design results in minimal life-cycle costs while meeting the operational and mission requirements. >
FDTD simulation of a microwave amplifier

This paper presents the application of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method to microwave circuits. An amplifier with a three-terminal active device is analyzed. The active device is replaced with equivalent current sources to integrate with FDTD simulation. The simulation results are compared with measured data and show good agreement. >
A finite-difference method for the third-order simplified wave equation: assessment and application

A finite-difference method for coding the third-order simplified one-way wave equation is analyzed and assessed for application to two-dimensional waveguide structures. The general formulation for the simplified one-way wave equations based on the expansion of the eigenvalue equation is briefly discussed. The stability criteria of the finite-difference schemes are analyzed by applying the von Neumann method. Numerical dissipation is studied by calculating the power attenuation along the propagation direction. Finally, the EM wave propagation and scattering in the small and medium size open-ended parallel-plate waveguide cavities are calculated by using the method, and are compared with modal solutions. >
Array detectors in astronomy

Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have become extremely important detectors for the entire astronomical community. We discuss their properties in relation to astronomical imaging and spectroscopy. We also consider some of the improvements we hope to see to further their use in astronomy and other scientific fields. These include larger area detectors and mosaics of detectors with flat and stable packaging, antireflection coatings on back illuminated devices, and extremely low read noise for spectroscopic applications. We discuss some of our research into these areas.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the price of mediation

We study the relationship between the social cost of correlated equilibria and the social cost of Nash equilibria. In contrast to previous work focusing on the possible benefits of a benevolent mediator, we define and bound the Price of Mediation (PoM): the ratio of the cost of the worst correlated equilibrium to the cost of the worst Nash. We observe that in practice, the heuristics used for mediation are frequently non-optimal, and from an economic perspective mediators may be inept or self-interested. Recent results on computation of equilibria also motivate our work.We consider the Price of Mediation for general games with small numbers of players and pure strategies. For games with two players each having two pure strategies we prove a tight bound of two on the PoM. For larger games (either more players, or more pure strategies per player, or both) we show that the PoM can be unbounded.Most of our results focus on symmetric congestion games (also known as load balancing games). We show that for general convex cost functions, the PoM can grow exponentially in the number of players. We prove that PoM is one for linear costs and at most a small constant (but can be larger than one) for concave costs. For polynomial cost functions, we prove bounds on the PoM which are exponential in the degree.
Chapter 3 Control of the Metabolic Flow in Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis: Regulation of Expression and Activity of Enzymes in the Mg Branch of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis

The complex regulation, metabolism and physiology of the Mg branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis have developed into an attractive research area. Any change in plant development as well as in growth and environmental conditions provokes changes in metabolic activities of chlorophyll synthesis including de novo synthesis of proteins and cofactors, as well as protein modification and degradation. Transcriptional and different posttranslational control mechanisms have been reported for chlorophyll synthesis, which underscore the need for a very dynamic and flexible regulatory system. In the following paragraphs the enzymes of the Mg branch and their unique catalytic reactions are introduced. The control of expression and posttranslational modification of enzymes, the association of enzymes with cofactors and other compounds and the assembly into protein complexes as well as the activation mechanisms of these enzymes will be surveyed. Furthermore, the review discusses particular regulatory incentives originating from the Mg branch to be advantageous for the entire tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway and, hence, for chloroplast development. It also comments on the significant gaps in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of the Mg branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis.
Sonar and the Fourth Dimension

Summary THIS PAPER discusses the uses and operating principles of sonar, and describes several types of fleet sonar equipment in current use. Fundamentals of transducer design are outlined, including a discussion of the three types of active elements. Directional and range characteristics of underwater sound propagation are analyzed, and an illustrative problem presents actual calculations of sonar characteristics for a typical system.
Iron and zinc exploitation during bacterial pathogenesis

Ancient bacteria originated from metal-rich environments. Billions of years of evolution directed these tiny single cell creatures to exploit the versatile properties of metals in catalyzing chemical reactions and biological responses. The result is an entire metallome of proteins that use metal co-factors to facilitate key cellular process that range from the production of energy to the replication of DNA. Two key metals in this regard are iron and zinc, both abundant on Earth but not readily accessible in a human host. Instead, pathogenic bacteria must employ clever ways to acquire these metals. In this review we describe the many elegant ways these bacteria mine, regulate, and craft the use of two key metals (iron and zinc) to build a virulence arsenal that challenges even the most sophisticated immune response.
Projecting the soft-tissue outcome of surgical and orthodontic manipulation of the maxillofacial skeleton

A simple method is presented for developing one-to-one composite soft-tissue and radiographic patient images. Their use in diagnosis, treatment planning, and prediction of the outcome of surgical and orthodontic manipulations of the facial hard tissues to effect soft tissue change is discussed. Complementing cephalometric analysis and model surgery, this technique uses a 35 mm, slide, acetate tracing paper, a pencil, and a series of integumentary changes which follow rearrangements of the underlying skeleton, including the dentition, maxillae, zygomas, and nose. The pretreatment images is traced from a projected 35 mm, slide, which is sized to the cephalometric tracing to obtain a "life-sized" representation of the face. The image is then redrawn, adjusting the dysmorphic parts to the unchanged part of the face to effect balance of the profile and restore normal contours. This recreated image is used then as an objective to which the treatment planning is directed and through which it is commonly seen that the restoration of functional and esthetic balance is a mutually supportive goal. The projected image is of value to the clinician in formulating his treatment goal, but it is more valuable in the visible expression that it gives to his mental image of the ideal outcome. Moreover, it can be readily shared with the patient, who often better appreciates the changes in contours, which he sees daily, than the commonly employed profiles of cephalometric prediction, which are basically foreign to him. The technique is discussed, as are the ratios of hard-to-soft-tissue change, with case reports for demonstration.
Bayesian analysis of the ordered probit model with endogenous selection

This paper presents a Bayesian analysis of an ordered probit model with endogenous selection. The model can be applied when analyzing ordered outcomes that depend on endogenous covariates that are discrete choice indicators modeled by a multinomial probit model. The model is illustrated by analyzing the effects of different types of medical insurance plans on the level of hospital utilization, allowing for potential endogeneity of insurance status. The estimation is performed using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to approximate the posterior distribution of the parameters in the model.
Ten Time-Saving Tips for Undergraduate Research Mentors

Undergraduate research experiences can be extremely valuable for students, but can also be very time-consuming for mentors. A series of surveys were administered to plant biologists during the last 4 years to understand the perspectives of mentors on training undergraduate and high school student researchers. The survey responses provided a wealth of ideas about how to save time and increase lab productivity while training student researchers. We have synthesized the practical advice from more than 900 survey responses to suggest the following 10 tips for undergraduate research mentors: design a simple project with clear goals, provide hands-on supervision, ensure good communication and explanations, involve students early, sign a student-mentor contract, maintain well-written protocols, establish student research communities, capitalize on inexperience, create a template file for student posters, and increase retention.
The Vehicle Dynamic Load Indentification under the Excitation of Random Road Surface

In this paper, inverse pseudo excitation method for vehicle dynamic load identification is used. When the vehicle is in stationary random vibration, the vehicle dynamic load spectrum recognition problem is solved by using the deterministic method. The auto-PSD and cross-PSD of vehicle vibration response is known. Base on the reversing the power spectrum of road excitation, Vehicle dynamic load PSD is obtained. The results show that, Inverse pseudo excitation method for solving the vehicle dynamic load spectrum has good solution accuracy, put forward new ideas and methods for vehicle engineering practice, and has broad application prospects.
Teaching Writing to Elementary Students in Grades 4–6: A National Survey

Abstract A random sample of elementary teachers in grades 4–6 from across the United States were surveyed about their writing practices. Their responses raised concerns about the quality of writing instruction in upper-elementary grades. Almost two-thirds of the teachers reported that the teacher education courses they took in college provided them with little preparation to teach writing. They also reported that they teach writing for only 15 minutes a day and their students spend just 25 minutes a day writing texts of paragraph length or longer. The writing activities they mostly assigned involved writing-to-learn activities, but other important types of writing like persuasive writing, writing to inform, writing to describe, and research reports were assigned infrequently. Teachers reported using a wide range of evidenced-based instructional practices, but most of these practices were used infrequently. They make a variety of different types of adaptations for weaker writers, and most of these adaptati...
ML264, A Novel Small-Molecule Compound That Potently Inhibits Growth of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in Western civilization. Studies have shown that colorectal cancer arises as a consequence of the modification of genes that regulate important cellular functions. Deregulation of the WNT and RAS/MAPK/PI3K signaling pathways has been shown to be important in the early stages of colorectal cancer development and progression. Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in the proliferating intestinal crypt epithelial cells. Previously, we showed that KLF5 is a mediator of RAS/MAPK and WNT signaling pathways under homeostatic conditions and that it promotes their tumorigenic functions during the development and progression of intestinal adenomas. Recently, using an ultrahigh-throughput screening approach we identified a number of novel small molecules that have the potential to provide therapeutic benefits for colorectal cancer by targeting KLF5 expression. In the current study, we show that an improved analogue of one of these screening hits, ML264, potently inhibits proliferation of colorectal cancer cells in vitro through modifications of the cell-cycle profile. Moreover, in an established xenograft mouse model of colon cancer, we demonstrate that ML264 efficiently inhibits growth of the tumor within 5 days of treatment. We show that this effect is caused by a significant reduction in proliferation and that ML264 potently inhibits the expression of KLF5 and EGR1, a transcriptional activator of KLF5. These findings demonstrate that ML264, or an analogue, may hold a promise as a novel therapeutic agent to curb the development and progression of colorectal cancer.
Microbial keratitis: a community eye health approach.

Author(s): Keenan, Jeremy; Lietman, Thomas; O'Brien, KS; Lietman, TM; Keenan, JD; Whitcher, JP
A Hybrid Approach to Valuing American Parisian Options

We propose a methodology that combines simulation and lattice methods to value American Parisian knock-in and knock-out options. Our methodology uses the observation that once the Parisian condition is met, the exercise strategy of a knock-in option is identical to that of a plain vanilla option. For Parisian knock-outs, early exercise decisions can be based on exercise boundaries of two standard options on the same asset - one with the same strike and maturity as the Parisian option and the other with a strike price equal to the price threshold and maturity equal to the time threshold of the Parisian option.
Ethnicity in Ghanaian politics

The word ""ethnicity"" used in the context of this essay refers to human groups that have certain important cultural characteristics in common, and inhabit a defined geographical region. The common cultural characteristics include, but are not limited to language (or dialects of a language); systems of traditional political authority; religion; legal and judicial practices; traditional land use and occupation; marriage, and family organization. The purpose of this paper is then to illustrate how such readily-identifiable ethnic groups in Ghana (frequently referred to as ""tribes"" in the African context), have exhibited what can be called ""group consciousness"" in political behaviour. The word ""tribe"" will however not be used for the simple reason that it has no exact meaning. The word is also heavily pejorative to Western ears and minds, readily conjuring up hosts of negative mental images.
A Prolific Catalyst for Selective Conversion of Neat Glycerol to Lactic Acid

We report the synthesis and reactivity of a very robust iridium catalyst for glycerol to lactate conversion. The high reactivity and selectivity of this catalyst enable a sequence for the conversion of biodiesel waste stream to lactide monomers for the preparation of poly(lactic acid). Furthermore, experimental data collected with this system provide a general understanding of its reactive mechanism.
Hereditary differences in serum proteins of normal mice.

SummaryIn a study of the serum proteins of 7 mouse strains, it was established that there were inherent differences in the electro-phoretic patterns and in the amount of total serum protein. A distinct β-globulin component was found in only one, E, of the strains. The hybrid progeny of this strain also had this globulin component in their serum. This indicates that the protein is probably determined by a dominant gene (or genes).
Leucoptera spartifoliella, an Introduced Enemy of Scotch Broom in the Western United States

The first attempt to control Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius Link, by the use of insects was made in 1960, with the introduction of a stem and twig borer, Leucoptera spartifoliella Hubner, from Europe. Additional introductions were made in 1961. Establishment occurred in all 6 release sites. An additional release was made in 1962. Accidentally introduced populations of unknown age and origin also occur at Tacoma, Washington, in extreme northwestern California, and at 2 locations in the San Francisco Bay Area. At Tacoma, Wash., and Crescent City, Calif., L. spartifoliella is attacked by its native European parasite, Tetrastichus evonymellae (Bouche). L. spartifoliella has one generation annually and overwinters in the larval stage in mines on the twigs and succulent stems of Scotch broom. Pupation begins in late March and egg laying is completed by late July. Larvae are nearly half grown by late October. Larval activity causes the twigs to be weakened or to die. Heavily attacked shrubs become covered with dead wood and produce about half the amount of seeds of unattacked plants.
Low-Energy Theorem for γ+γ-->π+π+π

We use the hypothesis of the partially conserved axial-vector current (PCAC) to show that the matrix elements for $\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ vanish in the soft-${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ limit. This, combined with photon gauge invariance, implies low-energy theorems relating these matrix elements to the matrix elements for $\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. Since the magnitude of the former is determined by the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ lifetime, while the ratio of the latter to the former is determined in a model-independent way by isospin and low-energy-theorem arguments, a model-independent prediction for the $\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\pi}$ amplitude can be given. Our results agree with those of Aviv, Hari Dass, and Sawyer in the neutral case, but not in the charged case. We give a diagrammatic and effective-Lagrangian interpretation of our formulas which explains the discrepancy.
Another Proof of Chebysheff's Inequality

(1989). Another Proof of Chebysheff's Inequality. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 141-142.
Homogenization of material properties in additively manufactured structures

Additive manufacturing transforms material into three-dimensional parts incrementally, layer by layer or path by path. Subject to the build direction and machine resolution, an additively manufactured part deviates from its design model in terms of both geometry and mechanical performance. In particular, the material inside the fabricated part often exhibits spatially varying material distribution (heterogeneity) and direction dependent behavior (anisotropy), indicating that the design model is no longer a suitable surrogate to consistently estimate the mechanical performance of the printed component.We propose a new two-stage approach to modeling and estimating effective elastic properties of parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. First, we construct an implicit representation of an effective mesoscale geometry-material model of the printed structure that captures the details of the particular process and published material information. This representation of mesoscale geometry and material of the printed structure is then homogenized at macro scale through a solution of an integral equation formulated using Green's function. We show that the integral equation can be converted into a system of linear equations that is symmetric and positive definite and can be solved efficiently using conjugate gradient method and Fourier transform. The computed homogenized properties are validated by both finite element method and experiment results. The proposed two-stage approach can be used to estimate other effective material properties in a variety of additive manufacturing processes, whenever a similar effective mesoscale geometry-material model can be constructed. A two-stage approach estimates effective elastic properties in additive manufacturing.Implicit geometric model is combined with measured material property information.Mesoscale geometry-material model is computationally homogenized at macroscale.Efficient homogenization relies on integral equation formulated using Green function.Conjugate gradient is used to solve the symmetric and positive definite linear system.
Hypertension can be treated effectively without increasing the cost of care.

There is little reason to believe that patients with hypertension cannot be treated effectively without increasing the cost of care. 1 Yet costs in the United States continue to increase. It is of interest to review some of the reasons for this and to emphasize that the management of hypertension has been successfully carried out over the past 20-30 years without the use of expensive technology or complicated treatment programs. 2 This is an important message to non industrialized nations that are starting hypertension treatment programs. Hypertension costs can be controlled by : (1) limiting the complexities of the initial evaluation, avoiding the temptation to employ technologies which have not been shown to improve outcome, and (2) by selecting therapy based on data that have been collected over the past 20 years, and not on the latest promotional efforts. 3 In addition, there is evidence that limiting physician visits to 2, 3 or at the most 4 per year is adequate to control the majority of hypertensive patients after initial blood pressure control is obtained - another important factor in the cost of care ($). There is no evidence that a more expensive approach to management will improve outcome compared to a less costly approach.
The Myth of the Lernaean Hydra

The Hydra monster lurking beneath the waters of the Halcyon Lake of ancient Lerna, which figured as one of the heroic exploits of Hercules in Greek mythology, was credited with attributes of toxicity and curative regenerative abilities, offering a remarkable prototype for the freshwater invertebrate polyp that resembles its appearance and bears its name in scientific nomenclature. The resemblance, however, is fortuitous since the animal’s characteristics are not observable to the unaided eye and it was unknown to the Classical world. The mythical Hydra was a zoomorphism of a psychoactive drug that figured in the very ancient Mystery rites that were still being enacted at the sacred lake well into Roman times, when the original offering of human victims was replaced by initiatory experiences of spiritual transcendence.
Development of a wide tuning range MEMS tunable capacitor for wireless communication systems

We present results on the development of a novel micromachined parallel-plate tunable capacitor with a wide tuning range. Different from conventional two-parallel-plate tunable capacitors, this novel tunable capacitor consists of one suspended top plate and two fixed bottom plates. One of the two fixed plates and the top plate form a variable capacitor, where as the other fixed plate and the top plate are used to provide electrostatic actuation for capacitance tuning. For the fabricated prototype tunable capacitors, a maximum controllable tuning range of 69.8% has been achieved experimentally, exceeding the theoretical tuning range limit (50%) of conventional two-parallel-plate tunable capacitors. This novel tunable capacitor also exhibits very low return loss (<0.6 dB between 45 MHz and 10 GHz). Its fabrication process is completely compatible with the existing standard IC fabrication technology, which makes it useful in integrated wireless communication systems.