cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoperiod affects reproductive responsiveness to 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone in house mice.

House mice (Mus musculus) have traditionally been characterized as nonphotoperiodic because reproductive function is unaffected by day length in the laboratory. In the present study, the reproductive responsiveness of CF1 mice to a naturally occurring plant metabolite was assessed in animals that were maintained in either long (16L: 8D) or short (8L: 16D) photoperlods from birth until the end of the study. Males and females were implanted i.p. with either an empty Silastic capsule or one containing 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (6-MBOA) at either 21 or 60 days of age for 3 days. Other 31-day-old mice were implanted with capsules for 8 wk. Three-day exposure to 6-MBOA stimulated uterine growth in short-day, adult females, but did not affect adult females housed in long photoperiods. Short-term treatment with 6-MBOA did not significantly affect reproductive parameters in either long- or short-day peripubertal house mice, or in adult males regardless of photoperiod, nor did exposure to 6-MBOA for 8 wk influence reproduction in males in either photoperiodic condition. However, short-day female mice had significantly reduced ovarian and uterine masses after 8 wk chronic 6-MBOA treatment as compared to long-day animals or mice unexposed to 6-MBOA. Short-day females exposed to 6-MBOA for 8 wk developed a denser pelage compared to long-day mice treated with this compound. Photoperiod-mediated differential responsiveness to 6-MBOA Indicates that female house mice can discriminate long from short days, and these results suggest that the physiological mechanisms for photoperiodic responsiveness remain extant in this species previously characterized as nonphotoperiodic.
Progesterone enhances inhibitory responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells mediated by the GABAA receptor subtype

Previous studies from this laboratory have indicated that the sex steroid progesterone (P) is able to augment inhibitory responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the urethane anesthetized adult female rat. Because both GABAA and GABAB receptors are localized in this CNS area, agonist/antagonists for these receptors were utilized in the present evaluation in order to delineate the specific receptor subtype involved in P-GABA interactions. Systemically administered P was found to augment GABA-mediated inhibition by an average of 80%. Concomitant application of the GABAA blocker, bicuculline, greatly reduced this modulatory effect of the steroid. In contrast, P administration had no effect on baclofen-induced inhibition. These data suggest that P effects on GABA physiology are mediated predominantly at the GABAA receptor.
The Intrathymic Environment

The lymphoid system depends on the thymus to produce specialized lymphocytes. Multipotential stem cells—derived from the yolk sac in embryos (Moore and Owen, 1967) and from bone marrow in adults (Wu et al.,1968)—enter the thymus, proliferate there, and emerge several days later with the distinctive characteristics of thymus-derived cells (T cells). These cells are the chief product of the thymus, which is necessary and sufficient for their production. That the thymus is necessary has been demonstrated most elegantly in “nude” (nu nu) mice, a strain genetically incapable of producing T cells. The thymus in nu nu mice is rudimentary, and it fails to restore thymic function when transplanted into normal thymectomized mice; on the other hand, nu nu mice will produce T cells when grafted with a thymus from a genetically normal mouse (Wortis et al., 1971). That the thymus is sufficient for the production of T cells has been demonstrated by culturing embryonic thymus tissue in vivo in diffusion chambers. After several days, the originally incompetent lymphocytes already present within the embryonic thymus develop the capacity for a graft vs. host response (Ritter, 1971).
The professionalism disconnect: do entering residents identify yet participate in unprofessional behaviors?

Background: Professionalism has been an important tenet of medical education, yet defining it is a challenge. Perceptions of professional behavior may vary by individual, medical specialty, demographic group and institution. Understanding these differences should help institutions better clarify professionalism expectations and provide standards with which to evaluate resident behavior. Methods: Duke University Hospital and Vidant Medical Center/East Carolina University surveyed entering PGY1 residents. Residents were queried on two issues: their perception of the professionalism of 46 specific behaviors related to training and patient care; and their own participation in those specified behaviors. The study reports data analyses for gender and institution based upon survey results in 2009 and 2010. The study received approval by the Institutional Review Boards of both institutions. Results: 76% (375) of 495 PGY1 residents surveyed in 2009 and 2010 responded. A majority of responders rated all 46 specified behaviors as unprofessional, and a majority had either observed or participated in each behavior. For all 46 behaviors, a greater percentage of women rated the behaviors as unprofessional. Men were more likely than women to have participated in behaviors. There were several significant differences in both the perceptions of specified behaviors and in self-reported observation of and/or involvement in those behaviors between institutions. Respondents indicated the most important professionalism issues relevant to medical practice include: respect for colleagues/patients, relationships with pharmaceutical companies, balancing home/work life, and admitting mistakes. They reported that professionalism can best be assessed by peers, patients, observation of non-medical work and timeliness/detail of paperwork. Conclusion: Defining professionalism in measurable terms is a challenge yet critical in order for it to be taught and assessed. Recognition of the differences by gender and institution should allow for tailored teaching and assessment of professionalism so that it is most meaningful. A shared understanding of what constitutes professional behavior is an important first step.
1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide Water-Immiscible Ionic Liquids The Effect of Water on Electrochemical and Physical Properties

The electrochemical and physical properties of a class of 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium (C n mim) bis(perfuoroalkylsulfonyl)imide room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) is reported. By varying the chain length on the cation (n = 6, 8, and 10) and the perfluorinated carbon chains of the imide anions, -CF 3 (BMSI) to -CF 2 CF 3 (BETI), the effect on water content, viscosity, conductivity, and potential window has been examined. The water content of the RTILs, both ambient and water-equilibrated, varies linearly with the imidazolium alkyl chain length. The viscosities of the water-equilibrated BMSI- and BETI-based RTILs were accurately calculated using a linear combination of the viscosity of water and the ambient RTILs. The conductivities for this series ranges from 2.9 mS/cm (C 6 mimBMSI) to 0.92 mS/cm (C 10 mimBETI) and were accurately estimated based on the viscosity, density, and molecular weight. The potential windows of the ambient RTILs are 4.3 and 4.9 V for the BMSI and BETI salts, respectively. The window is reduced to 3.9 and 4.3 V upon equilibration with water. The reversible electrochemistry of ferrocene (ΔE P = 70 mV) and decamethylferrocene (ΔE p = 63 mV) has been measured in water-equilibrated imide-based RTILs with as much as 23 mol% H 2 O.
Gut instinct: rifaximin for the prevention of hepatic encephalopathy.

Hepatic encephalopathy is a chronically debilitating complication of hepatic cirrhosis. The efficacy of rifaximin, a minimally absorbed antibiotic, is well documented in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy, but its efficacy for prevention of the disease has not been established. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned 299 patients who were in remission from recurrent hepatic encephalopathy resulting from chronic liver disease to receive either rifaximin, at a dose of 550 mg twice daily (140 patients), or placebo (159 patients) for 6 months. The primary efficacy end point was the time to the first breakthrough episode of hepatic encephalopathy. The key secondary end point was the time to the first hospitalization involving hepatic encephalopathy. RESULTS: Rifaximin significantly reduced the risk of an episode of hepatic encephalopathy as compared with placebo, over a 6-month period (hazard ratio with rifaximin, 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28 to 0.64; P<0.001). A breakthrough episode of hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 22.1% of patients in the rifaximin group, as compared with 45.9% of patients in the placebo group. A total of 13.6% of the patients in the rifaximin group had a hospitalization involving hepatic encephalopathy, as compared with 22.6% of patients in the placebo group, for a hazard ratio of 0.50 (95% CI, 0.29 to 0.87; P = 0.01). More than 90% of patients received concomitant lactulose therapy. The incidence of adverse events reported during the study was similar in the two groups, as was the incidence of serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Over a 6-month period, treatment with rifaximin maintained remission from hepatic encephalopathy more effectively than did placebo. Rifaximin treatment also significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization involving hepatic encephalopathy.
Some Current Research in Decoding Theory

Two central problems of coding for noisy channels are: 1.) Find high-performance codes 2.) Devise efficient but practical decoding methods.
Preoperative pain management decisions impact outcome after total knee arthroplasty-implications for opiate use: commentary on an article by Michael G. Zywiel, MD, et al.: "Chronic opioid use prior to total knee arthroplasty".

This Level-III retrospective comparative study, entitled “Chronic opioid use prior to total knee arthroplasty,” is a very timely and relevant analysis for primary-care physicians who refer patients in need of joint arthroplasty, surgeons caring for patients who are undergoing joint arthroplasty, and third parties seeking to better understand and predict variability in outcome. With the increased focus on outcomes and value in medicine, the hypothesis that the use of chronic pain medication prior to surgery is an independent risk factor for a less favorable outcome after an orthopaedic procedure is one that needs to be tested and understood. The major conclusion of this analysis is that preoperative narcotic usage may portend diminished success of total knee arthroplasty at a minimum of two years after surgery. While this paper certainly does not provide the final answers to questions about the appropriate role for opioid pain …
Genome Sequence of a Urease-Positive Campylobacter lari Strain.

ABSTRACT Campylobacter lari is frequently isolated from shore birds and can cause illness in humans. Here, we report the draft whole-genome sequence of a urease-positive strain of C. lari that was isolated in estuarial water on the coast of Delaware, USA.
Personality traits predict the developmental course of externalizing: a four-wave longitudinal study spanning age 17 to age 29

The objective of the present study was to determine whether and how personality predicts the developmental course of externalizing problems, including antisocial behavior and substance dependence. In a large, population-based longitudinal study (N = 1,252), the 11 personality traits assessed by the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire were measured at age 17, and DSM diagnoses of adult antisocial behavior, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence were obtained at ages 17, 20, 24, and 29. We fit a quadratic multiple indicator latent growth model where the three diagnoses loaded onto an externalizing factor. This model fit the data well, and externalizing increased until it started to decline at age 24. High aggression and low control were the most significant predictors of the development of externalizing, with aggression playing a significant role in the development of externalizing across the 12-year time span, and control predicting the development from age 17 to 24. The findings highlight the importance of considering the developmental course of externalizing in the context of personality and suggest that the specific personality traits of aggression and control might be targeted in externalizing prevention and intervention programs.
Ecological Effects of Biochar on the Structure and Function of Stream Benthic Communities.

The introduction of biochar, activated carbon, and other carbonaceous materials to aquatic ecosystems significantly reduces the toxicity and bioavailability of contaminants. However, previous studies have shown that these materials can have negative effects on aquatic organisms. We conducted field and mesocosm experiments to test the hypothesis that biochar altered the structure and function of stream benthic communities. After 30 d in the field, colonization by stoneflies (Plecoptera) was significantly lower in trays containing biochar compared to the results from the controls. In stream mesocosms, biochar increased macroinvertebrate drift and significantly reduced community metabolism. However, most measures of community composition showed little variation among biochar treatments, and significant responses were limited to a single stonefly species (Capnia confusa). When benthic communities were simultaneously exposed to biochar and Cu, effects were primarily associated with metal exposure. Because it i...
Electrochemical Corrosion of Ultra-high Strength Carbon Steel in Alkaline Brines Containing Hydrogen Sulfide

Abstract Electrochemical corrosion of ultra-high strength carbon steel UD-165 was investigated using in-situ electrochemical techniques in H2S-containing alkaline brines (5 wt% NaCl; pH 7.9, 10.7, and 12.4) with four H2S partial pressures (pH2S) from 0 to 69 kPa at 85 °C. The effects of pH and pH2S were studied in terms of corrosion rate (CR), reaction mechanism, and corrosion products considering the Fe dissolution reactions with HCO3−(aq), OH−(aq), and HS−(aq). While CR generally decreased at higher pH and increased at higher pH2S, both accelerating and inhibiting effects of H2S on CR were observed. High CR at pH 10.7 correlated with a high ratio of HS−(aq) to the total concentration of reactive anions. The corrosion products changed from iron carbonate and sulfides to iron oxides as the pH increased. Sulfur was detected mostly in the inner layer of corrosion products at pH 7.9.
The Advantage of Using Measles Vaccines Cultured on Human Diploid Cells in Children Allergic to Egg

Forty-one children with history of egg-allergy were classified according to the history of clinical reaction to egg into three grades to study the association between clinical signs and symptoms of egg allergy and measles vaccine skin tests. A skin prick test with whole egg with a positive and negative control was first done, followed by an intradermal test of 1: 10 dilution of measles vaccine. A significant association was found between the clinical grading and the strength of reaction to egg skin prick test (p = 0.008); also a significant relation was found between the intradermal measles skin test and the egg skin prick test (p = 0.03). Eight children with a positive measles intradermal test were given measles vaccine cultured on human diploid cells (Moraten Berna)
Quadratic regularization design for 3D cylindrical PET

Statistical methods for tomographic image reconstruction lead to improved spatial resolution and noise properties in PET. Penalized-likelihood (PL) image reconstruction methods involve maximizing an objective function that is based on the log-likelihood of the sinogram measurements and on a roughness penalty function to control noise. In emission tomography, PL methods (and MAP methods) based on conventional quadratic regularization functions lead to nonuniform and anisotropic spatial resolution, even for idealized shift-invariant imaging systems. We have previously addressed this problem for parallel-beam 2D emission tomography, and for fan-beam 2D transmission tomography by designing data-dependent, shift-variant regularizers that improve resolution uniformity and isotropy, even for idealized shift-invariant imaging systems. This paper extends those methods to 3D cylindrical PET, using an analytical design approach that is numerically efficient.
Raising the Alarmone: Within-Host Evolution of Antibiotic-Tolerant Enterococcus faecium .

Enterococci are ancient commensal bacteria that recently emerged as leading causes of antibiotic-resistant, hospital-acquired infection. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) epitomize why drug-resistant enterococcal infections are a problem: VRE readily colonize the antibiotic-perturbed gastrointestinal (GI) tract where they amplify to large numbers, and from there, they infect other body sites, including the bloodstream, urinary tract, and surgical wounds. VRE are resistant to many antimicrobials and host defenses, which facilitates establishment at the site of infection and confounds therapeutic clearance. Having evolved to colonize the GI tract, VRE are comparatively ill adapted to the human bloodstream. A recent study by Honsa and colleagues (E. S. Honsa et al., mBio 8:e02124-16, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02124-16) found that a strain of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium evolved antibiotic tolerance within the bloodstream of an immunocompromised host by activating the stringent response through mutation of relA Precisely how VRE colonize and infect and the selective pressures that led to the outgrowth of relA mutants are the subjects of ongoing research.
Hamon, Raeann R. (Ed.). INTERNATIONAL FAMILY STUDIES: DEVELOPING CURRICULA AND TEACHING TOOLS

Hamon, Raeann R. (Ed.). INTERNATIONAL FAMILY STUDIES: DEVELOPING CURRICULA AND TEACHING TOOLS. Binghamton, New York: The Haworth Press, Inc., 2006.This edited volume is a comprehensive look at a number of ways to internationalize family science curricula, from models of teaching in a global content to a variety of teaching tools suitable for use in classroom or community education settings. Each of the 13 articles is unique in focus, loosely coupled around the incorporation of international themes in family science curricula. Part of the rationale for this volume of articles is that the internationalization and incorporation of multiculturalism in family science programs and universities is marginal at best. Building cultural competency in students means helping them become more culturally aware, learn about other cultures, and develop skills to interact with individuals from other cultures. University instructors have found that undergraduate students in the U.S. are typically politically naive about family life and family policies, particularly in non- Western counties.Several articles reflect on the importance of direct cross-cultural experience for both students and faculty members. One article describes a cultural transformation that American students experienced during international study tours: from cultural smugness to overload and insecurity to personal reflection and finally, adaptation. Another article recommends home stays (even just one week in duration), ethnographic fieldwork, or international service projects as pedagogical strategies. Home stays provide the opportunity to participate in family life in a host culture. For family studies students, cultural immersion provides an opportunity to examine their assumptions about cultural differences, resulting in changes in attitudes and behavior.Faculty members who participated in international exchanges report that their instruction and curricula are enriched by direct exposure to families in different cultural contexts. One article describes partnering to develop a university family studies program in Latin America.Teaching methods that are recommended include a circular role-play; small group presentations; and electronic portfolios. The circular role-play is a technique in which a brief family scenario is described verbally, and students react from the perspective of the role of a parent or an adolescent in a small circle of six to eight students. Every student begins by playing the role of a parent, and writes a parental reaction to the situation. …
Treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with favorable histologies: preliminary results of a prospective trial

From July 1971 to August 1975, 63 previously untreated patients with stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with favorable histologies were prospectively randomized to three treatment programs: cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone alone (CVP); split course CVP and total lymphoid irradiation (CVP-TLI); or single alkylating agent (SA) therapy. More than 95% of all patients responded to therapy, and pathologically documented complete remissions were achieved in 78.3% of CV, 65% OF CVP-TLI, and 55% of SA patients (p greater greater than 0.2). The actuarial probability of obtaining a complete remission was the same (greater than 80%) for SA patients as it was for those receiving CV or CVP-TLI, but the time required to achieve a complete remission was more prolonged for SA patients (up to 40 mo). Only six (14.3%) complete responders have relapsed; the others have remained relapse-free for periods of 1–35 mo. There have been no statistically significant differences noted among the groups in terms of the probability of disease-free survival or survival, and 82.7% of all patients are alive at 30 mo (84.6% CVP, 73% CVP-TLI, and 90% sa). all three treatment programs have thus been highly effective in achieving excellent responses and prolonged disease-free survivals in patients with stage IV non-Hodgkins lymphomas with favorable histologies. Over the 4-yr period of study, single agent therapy has been associated with as good or better overall survival when compared to the more aggressive treatment programs (CVP and CVP-TLI).
Prevalence and characteristics of inhalational and dermal palytoxin exposures reported to the National Poison Data System in the U.S.

Abstract Introduction Palytoxin, produced by unicellular microalgae, is one of the most potent toxins known. Human exposure results most prominently through oral, dermal, and inhalational contact. There is no current data on the prevalence of cases in the United States. Methods This study reviewed human inhalational and dermal exposures to palytoxin via records from the National Poison Data System from 2000 to 2014. Results There were 171 cases reported, the majority occurred at a residence and experienced minor respiratory or dermal symptoms and recovered without any major sequelae or fatalities. Ten patients required admission to an intensive care unit. Conclusion The incidence of palytoxin exposure is low but significant symptoms can occur.
Blood conservation: Preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative blood management options

Abstract Perioperative blood loss during elective total joint arthroplasty (TJA) can be significant, traditionally resulting in high blood transfusion rates. However, due to the risks and costs of allogeneic blood transfusion, the focus in contemporary TJA has been on strategies to minimize perioperative blood loss. While a multimodal approach is paramount in elective TJA, three main factors have contributed dramatically to the reduced allogeneic blood transfusion rates: (1) preoperative assessment and treatment of anemia, (2) expanded use of antifibrinolytics, particularly tranexamic acid (TXA), and (3) a restrictive transfusion strategy postoperatively.
Study of Vertebrate Communication — Its Cognitive Implications

Study of communication in animals involves two directions of cognitive implication: cognitive assumptions of the investigator affect how social interaction is perceived and described, hence the selection of fact, formulation of question, cast of explanation; accounts of communication behavior may premise inference to cognitive capacities in the animals observed. Examples of the latter include how an animal’s sensory capacities and perceptual selectivities imply bounds to its experience and knowledge; how memory is reflected in the statics and dynamics of social interaction; how observations of the use of signals have been interpreted as support for various conceptions of animal communication, which include expression of emotion, of behavioral tendency, and of semantic sense. Some examples imply intention; others involve aesthetic considerations. General conclusions are that vertebrate communication comprises more diversity in form, function, and underlying cognitive correlates than has been traditionally supposed; and that the kind of mentality inferable from communication behavior of animals compares to the human roughly in accord with phylogenetic affinity and the degree of similarity in social life.
Common Neuroradiological Procedures

Neurosurgical conditions and emergencies frequently rely on neuroradiology to provide diagnostic information about a patient. The neuroradiology subspecialty provides and interprets CT, MRI, Ultrasound, and X-ray services that provide critical information for patient care and subsequent treatment. In this chapter we will describe the common procedures that are done, why they are ordered and what they are like from a patient perspective.
Induction of differentiation of human myeloid leukemias: surface changes probed with monoclonal antibodies

The surface changes occurring in three acute myeloid leukemia cell lines (HL60, ML3, and KG1) induced to differentiate by a variety of agents (dimethylsulfoxide, retinoic acid, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate, and factors present in lymphocyte conditioned medium) were probed using monoclonal antibodies that are differentiation stage- and lineage-specific. In all cases, the differentiated phenotype was defective and varied with the inducing agent and the cell line used. HL60 proved to be the most sensitive to the effect of the inducers. Retinoic acid was better than DMSO, and TPA was better than the medium factors in the ability to induce granulocytic and monocytic differentiation, respectively, in HL60 cells. These findings indicate that the differentiation block in acute myeloid leukemias is heterogeneous and that each cell line has different phenotypic characteristics that are responsible for the extent of differentiation obtained with a given inducer. These results also suggest that the extent of the differentiation response in vitro may be improved by the use of more suitable inducers for each specific leukemic line.
Continent Diversion: QOL of Orthotopic Diversion vs. Ileal Conduit

The attendant requirement of urinary diversion following radical cystectomy results in several functional consequences that impact health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in bladder cancer patients managed with surgery. While significant developments in urinary reconstruction have increased the availability of several different forms of continent diversion, the majority of cystectomy patients still receive an incontinent urinary reconstruction. Many surgeons argue, that improved techniques have resulted in reduced complications from continent urinary diversion, and that these types of reconstruction offer better functional and health-related quality of life outcomes compared to incontinent diversion. Certainly, this premise holds intuitive validity; however, this has not been demonstrated reliably to date.
Applications of Remote Sensing Technology and Information Systems to Coastal Zone Management

Much of the responsibility for natural resource management, particularly for coastal zone management, lies with local, state, and regional agencies in the United States. Remote sensing data have the potential of making a major contribution to these management efforts. However, few of these agencies have the technical manpower and facilities necessary to make use of existing remote sensing data in formulating management plans and decisions. A data base management system capable of producing remote sensing information products useable within existing agencies must take into account the agencies’ hierarchy of information format requirements and programming sophistication. Specific components of such a data base management system should include consistent geo-referencing, a relational data base manager integrated with a “query by example” system, a natural language interface, and a “context script”.
Augmented Latent Dirichlet Allocation (Lda) Topic Model with Gaussian Mixture Topics

Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) is a statistical model that is often used to discover topics or themes in a large collection of documents. In the LDA model, topics are modeled as discrete distributions over a finite vocabulary of words. The LDA is also a popular choice to model other datasets spanning a discrete domain, such as population genetics and social networks. However, in order to model data spanning a continuous domain with the LDA, discrete approximations of the data need to be made. These discrete approximations to continuous data can lead to loss of information and may not represent the true structure of the underlying data. We present an augmented version of the LDA topic model, where topics are represented using Gaussian mixture models (GMMs), which are multi-modal distributions spanning a continuous domain. This augmentation of the LDA topic model with Gaussian mixture topics is denoted by the GMM-LDA model. We use Gibbs sampling to infer model parameters. We demonstrate the utility of the GMM-LDA model by applying it to the problem of clustering sleep states in electroencephalography (EEG) data. Results are presented demonstrating superior clustering performance with our GMM-LDA algorithm compared to the standard LDA and other clustering algorithms.
Chilling Effects on Shoot Emergence and Subsequent Growth in Hosta

Abstract Two hosta cultivars, ‘Francee’ and ‘Frances Williams’, were chilled for 0 to 16 weeks at 4C (39F) prior to forcing in a heated greenhouse. As chilling duration increased, times to shoot em...
Mississippi Initiative 26: Personhood and the Criminalization of Intentional and Unintentional Acts by Pregnant Women

The intent of Initiative 26 is to criminalize abortion in the State of Mississippi by defining life — and rights of citizenship — as beginning at fertilization. Other possible outcomes include criminal charges against pregnant women accused of harming fetuses and increases in the prison population from newly incarcerated women. Such a trend is already observable in Alabama. There the state prosecutes pregnant women who test positive for drugs while at the hospital, even if they are giving birth to apparently healthy newborns.Initiative 26, however, will not grant the state permission to pursue such prosecutions. In Mississippi, the state currently does not have the authority to prosecute a pregnant woman for actions, intentional or unintentional, that are harmful to her unborn child. If Initiative 26 passes, the state still will not have the direct authority to criminally prosecute a mother for harm to the fetus, because the initiative only changes the definition of person within the limited scope of the Mississippi Bill of Rights. The definition of person for all other statutes, including statutes defining crimes, will not be altered.Notably, this lack of authority for criminal prosecutions may be of little significance. The State of Mississippi is currently prosecuting pregnant women for unintentional, harmful acts toward a fetus, with or without any statutory basis. Already, the courts are challenged with determining whether the state may prosecute pregnant women on behalf of the unborn child. Initiative 26 only heightens the possible statutory confusion. Ultimately, politics may influence the end result more than a strict interpretation of the law. In the cautionary words of National Advocates for Pregnant Women on the potential impact of Initiative 26: “Never before have rights been given to a new class of people while taking away the rights of others.” If the rules of statutory interpretation are carelessly disregarded, that day may indeed come.
Pre-transplant hypomethylating agents do not influence post-transplant survival in myelodysplastic syndrome.

Information on the use of hypomethylating agents (HMAs) as a pre-transplant cytoreductive therapy in MDS is limited. We retrospectively evaluated outcomes of 172 adult MDS patients, who underwent a...
Linking Cause and Effect

Much of what environmental professionals do relies on identifying the cause of a particular environmental problem so that appropriate solutions can be identified and implemented. While establishing a solid cause–effect relationships is challenging, using a comprehensive confluence-of-evidence approach, backed up by scientific theory and experimental studies, it is possible to conclude and justify the presence of a causal relationship. In this chapter we outline the key components necessary to build the necessary confluence of evidence to link cause and effect.
Correction to: Wind-induced vibration of structural cables

The following sentence and both references are incorrectly included in the original article.
HBV Infection Prevention During Hemodialysis Outside the Dedicated Renal Unit: Issues and Implications in the Acute Care Setting

Background Hemodialysis (HD) patients are at increased risk for contracting hepatitis B (HBV). Special precautions, including patient, staff and equipment segregation, are observed while HBV positive patients undergo dialysis, because standard precautions alone are insufficient to protect patients and staff from HBV exposure during dialysis. Renal staff are familiar with HBV dialysis precautions; however non-renal healthcare teams may not be aware of the need for precautions during dialysis treatments, including continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Methods Existing policies were reviewed and an extensive literature review was performed, including an attempt to identify guidance for HBV dialysis precautions during CRRT. The Inpatient Renal and Infection Prevention & Control teams collaborated on developing policy to address HBV positive patients receiving CRRT or intermittent HD in settings other than a dedicated renal unit and strategies for educating non-renal healthcare personnel. Results No institutional policies addressed HBV dialysis precautions for the CRRT population, and no guidance for HBV infection prevention during CRRT was identified in the literature. A new Clinical Practice Policy was developed to ensure compliance with national regulations in all locations and modalities of renal replacement therapy, including CRRT. House-wide standards and education for HBV dialysis isolation were developed and implemented for non-renal staff. Barriers identified and addressed included how to identify patients requiring HBV dialysis precautions (including HBV serology testing and HBV vaccination workflows), how to apply infection prevention precautions for HBV positive patients receiving CRRT, and how to communicate need for HBV dialysis precautions outside of the renal unit to non-renal healthcare personnel. Conclusions HBV dialysis precautions may be inconsistently applied to inpatient settings other than the renal unit, particularly to patients receiving CRRT. Policy development and educational efforts are required to ensure measures to prevent HBV transmission are extended to all hospitalized patients undergoing intermittent HD or CRRT.
Digital Labor Market Inequality and the Decline of IT Exceptionalism

Several decades of expansion in digital communications, web commerce, and online distribution have altered regional IT labor market returns in the United States. IT occupations experienced similar wage growth as STEM occupations involving IT-related work activities, and wage inequality rose across locations and within MSAs. Supply side characteristics especially agglomeration and skilled labor pooling contributed to regional variation in IT wages since 2005. The size distribution of establishments in IT-using services industries increasingly drove IT wage inequality after 2012. While market concentration contributed to wage premiums across locations, establishment count contributed to within-MSA wage spread.
Cytokines, JAK-STAT Signaling and Radiation-Induced DNA Repair in Solid Tumors: Novel Opportunities for Radiation Therapy

A number of solid tumors are treated with radiation therapy (RT) as a curative modality. At the same time, for certain types of cancers the applicable doses of RT are not high enough to result in a successful eradication of cancer cells. This is often caused by limited pharmacological tools and strategies to selectively sensitize tumors to RT while simultaneously sparing normal tissues from RT. We present an outline of a novel strategy for RT sensitization of solid tumors utilizing Jak inhibitors. Here, recently published pre-clinical data are reviewed which demonstrate the promising role of Jak inhibition in sensitization of tumors to RT. A wide number of currently approved Jak inhibitors for non-malignant conditions are summarized including Jak inhibitors currently in clinical development. Finally, intersection between Jak/Stat and the levels of serum cytokines are presented and discussed as they relate to susceptibility to RT.
The politics of decarbonization: Examining conservative partisanship and differential support for climate change science and renewable energy in Utah

Abstract Public opinion about climate change is sharply polarized in the U.S., where Republicans and political conservatives are significantly more likely to doubt the threat and severity of global climate change than Democrats and liberals. However, opinion polls have consistently shown that support for renewable energy – an essential climate mitigation strategy – is far more widespread across the U.S. public and is significantly less politically polarizing. We examine the role of partisanship and partisan identity in individuals’ stances toward climate change, renewable energy, and policy using a mixed methods approach including survey data (n = 1508) and semi-structured interviews of political conservatives (n = 26). We find that while political divisions exist for climate change views and renewable energy usage and policy support, partisanship was significantly less important for renewable energy support. Our interview data reveal that many, but not all, aspects of renewable energy are compatible with conservative political identity, while far fewer aspects of climate change are acceptable across the political spectrum. This study has implications for engendering public support for renewable energy development amongst conservatives and suggests that the less renewable energy is discursively and politically linked to climate mitigation, the broader support its expansion will have.
A Synthetic Biology Approach Using Engineered Bacteria to Detect Perfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Contamination in Water.

Introduction Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic compounds used industrially for a wide variety of applications. These PFAS compounds are very stable and persist in the environment. The PFAS contamination is a growing health issue as these compounds have been reported to impact human health and have been detected in both domestic and global water sources. Contaminated water found on military bases poses a potentially serious health concern for active duty military, their families, and the surrounding communities. Previous detection methods for PFAS in contaminated water samples require expensive and time-consuming testing protocols that limit the ability to detect this important global pollutant. The main objective of this work was to develop a novel detection system that utilizes a biological reporter and engineered bacteria as a way to rapidly and efficiently detect PFAS contamination. Materials and methods The United States Air Force Academy International Genetically Engineered Machine team is genetically engineering Rhodococcus jostii strain RHA1 to contain novel DNA sequences composed of a propane 2-monooxygenase alpha (prmA) promoter and monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP). The prmA promoter is activated in the presence of PFAS and transcribes the mRFP reporter. Results The recombinant R. jostii containing the prmA promoter and mRFP reporter respond to exposure of PFAS by activating gene expression of the mRFP. At 100 µM of perfluorooctanoic acid, the mRFP expression was increased 3-fold (qRT-PCR). Rhodococcus jostii without exposure to PFAS compounds had no mRFP expression. Conclusions This novel detection system represents a synthetic biology approach to more efficiently detect PFAS in contaminated samples. With further refinement and modifications, a similar system could be readily deployed in the field around the world to detect this critical pollutant.
Transmission Systems with Over-Compounded Voltages

A usual method of calculating a transmission line with transformers, in which the voltage is held constant at both ends by synchronous condensers, is to use the circle diagram method. It is often advisable to use ``over-compounded'' voltage instead of constant voltage; that is, to increase the voltage as the load increases. Methods of calculation are given in this paper for two cases, first with over-compounded generator voltage and constant receiver voltage, in which case the diagram is a circle, and second, with over-compounded voltage at both generator and receiver, in which case the diagram is an ellipse. Examples are given and the diagrams are shown in Fig. 2. A short discussion is given of the advantages and limitations of using over-compounded voltage.
Veteran peer suicide prevention: A community-based peer prevention model.

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a conceptual model of community-based veteran peer suicide prevention. Method We conducted a qualitative study in which semi-structured interviews were followed by three focus groups. Participants (n = 17) were chosen from community-based organizations who had peers working on veteran suicide prevention; the sample included veteran peers, non-peers, program managers, and community stakeholders. Interview data were analyzed thematically and inductively to identify key components and subcomponents of veteran peer suicide prevention. A draft model was shared with each focus group to elicit feedback and refine key concepts. Results A conceptual model containing nine components and twenty-six subcomponents was developed. Participants emphasized key organizational, relational, and practical elements needed to achieve positive outcomes. In addition, they described critical contextual and cultural factors that impacted veteran peers' ability to prevent suicide and promote overall wellness. Conclusions Community-based veteran peer efforts are a promising public health approach to preventing veteran suicide. Provided veteran peers are supported and fully allowed to contribute, these efforts can complement existing clinic-based efforts. Future research on community-based veteran peer suicide prevention should document a range of outcomes (e.g., clinical, wellness, financial) and allow for considerable flexibility in peer approaches.
A Game-Theoretic Approach to Self-Stabilization with Selfish Agents.

Self-stabilization is an excellent approach for adding fault tolerance to a distributed multi-agent system. However, two properties of self-stabilization theory, convergence and closure, may not be satisfied if agents are selfish. To guarantee convergence, we formulate the problem as a stochastic Bayesian game and introduce probabilistic self-stabilization to adjust the probabilities of rules with behavior strategies. This satisfies agents' self-interests such that no agent deviates the rules. To guarantee closure in the presence of selfish agents, we propose fault-containment as a method to constrain legitimate configurations of the self-stabilizing system to be Nash equilibria. We also assume selfish agents as capable of performing unauthorized actions at any time, which threatens both properties, and present a stepwise solution to handle it. As a case study, we consider the problem of distributed clustering and propose five self-stabilizing algorithms for forming clusters. Simulation results show that our algorithms react correctly to rule deviations and outperform comparable schemes in terms of fairness and stabilization time.
Inhibiting Signposts: F. Scott Fitzgerald and Authorial Anxiety

This chapter maps the authorial anxiety that F. Scott Fitzgerald dealt with for most of his career. The table of contents to his story collection, Tales of the Jazz Age (1922), written as a series of mini-prefaces to each story in the collection, peddled the image of Scott the celebrity hobbyist rather than Fitzgerald the serious writer, while the introduction to the Modern Library edition of The Great Gatsby (1934) and unpublished foreword to Taps at Reveille (1935) highlight Fitzgerald’s desire to be recognized as a craftsman and his doubts that he ever would. The table of contents, the introduction, and the foreword amplify the anxiety of a writer at odds with himself, his artistic choices, and, eventually, his own talent.
Molybdenum Hydride and Dihydride Complexes Bearing Diphosphine Ligands with a Pendant Amine: Formation of Complexes With Bound Amines

CpMo(CO)(PNP)H complexes (PNP = (R2PCH2)2NMe, R = Et or Ph) were synthesized by displacement of two CO ligands of CpMo(CO)3H by the PNP ligand; these complexes were characterized by IR and variable temperature 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. CpMo(CO)(PNP)H complexes are formed as mixture of cis- and trans-isomers. The structures of both cis-CpMo(CO)(PEtNMePEt)H and trans-CpMo(CO)(PPhNMePPh)H were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical oxidation of CpMo(CO)(PEtNMePEt)H and CpMo(CO)(PPhNMePPh)H in CH3CN are both irreversible at slow scan rates and quasireversible at higher scan rates, with E1/2 = −0.36 V (vs Cp2Fe+/0) for CpMo(CO)(PEtNMePEt)H and E1/2 = −0.18 V for CpMo(CO)(PPhNMePPh)H. Hydride abstraction from CpMo(CO)(PNP)H with [Ph3C]+[A]− (A = B(C6F5)4 or BArF4; [ArF = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]) afforded “tuck-in” [CpMo(CO)(κ3-PNP)]+ complexes that feature the amine bound to the metal. Displacement of the κ3 Mo–N bond by CD3CN gives [CpMo(CO)(PNP)(CD3CN)]+. The kinetics of th...