cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Equal Protection Class-of-One Claim: Olech, Engquist, and the Supreme Court's Misadventure

In two recent cases, the Supreme Court devised a class-of-one equal protection claim. In the first, Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, the Court purported to find support in its equal protection precedents for a claim by a class-of-one where the plaintiff did not allege membership in a class or group. In upholding the claim of a homeowner who alleged that the village had imposed an unequal burden on her when extending the public water supply, the Court ignored a series of equal protection precedents to the contrary and strained to find even two obscure precedents in support of its holding. In addition to this problematic handling of precedent, the Olech decision also generated a practical concern: its potential to turn every squabble over municipal services into a federal constitutional case. In response, the lower federal courts attempted to limit the reach of Olech by requiring a showing of bad faith motivation on the part of class-of-one defendants. These attempts led to confusion and uncertainty.Eight years after Olech, the Supreme Court in Engquist v. Oregon Department of Agriculture revisited the class-of-one claim in a case brought by a government employee who had been terminated. The Engquist Court conceded that there was a problem with an unrestrained interpretation of the Olech holding, but declined the opportunity to reconsider the conceptual underpinnings of the class-of-one claim or to follow the lead of the lower courts by requiring bad faith motivation. Instead, the Court limited Olech by creating an exception for government employment and, more generally, by excepting those forms of government action that involve discretionary decisionmaking. This purported solution to the problem simply added to the class-of-one muddle.
Over the rainbow to translational control.

Structures of the Puf domains from the Drosophila Pum and human Pum1 proteins reveal a novel function for a known structural repeat motif and exciting possibilities for the combinatorial assembly of complexes that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally.
Holography, Fractionalization and Magnetic Fields

Four dimensional gravity with a U(1) gauge field, coupled to various fields in asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetime, provides a rich arena for the holographic study of the strongly coupled (2+1)-dimensional dynamics of finite density matter charged under a global U(1). As a first step in furthering the study of the properties of fractionalized and partially fractionalized degrees of freedom in the strongly coupled theory, we construct electron star solutions at zero temperature in the presence of a background magnetic field. We work in Einstein–Maxwell-dilaton theory. In all cases we construct, the magnetic source is cloaked by an event horizon. A key ingredient of our solutions is our observation that starting with the standard Landau level structure for the density of states, the electron star limits reduce the charge density and energy density to that of the free fermion result. Using this result we construct three types of solution: One has a star in the infra-red with an electrically neutral horizon, another has a star that begins at an electrically charged event horizon, and another has the star begin a finite distance from an electrically charged horizon.
On the maximum true burst correcting capability of primitive Fire codes

Fire codes are cyclic codes generated by the product of two polynomials: a binomial that characterizes the code's guaranteed burst correcting capability and an irreducible polynomial that characterizes the code length. However, the true burst correcting capability of a Fire code may exceed its guaranteed burst correcting capability. The true burst correcting capability of primitive Fire codes, in which the irreducible polynomial is primitive, is studied. In particular, the true burst correcting capability maximized over all primitive Fire codes with a given guaranteed burst correcting capability and a given greatest common divisor of the periods of the two factors of its generator polynomial is considered. It is shown that this maximum is attained by an infinite number of such codes.
Distributed decision fusion using a random access channel

We study a binary decision fusion scheme which employs a common channel for detector-DFC communication. Unlike most parallel fusion schemes, which use a dedicated communication channel between every local detector (LD) and the data fusion center (DFC), our scheme uses a single shared, time-slotted communication link for all LDs to transmit decisions to the DFC. Two window-based methods are presented for managing traffic over this channel. The first allows simultaneous messages to collide. The DFC uses the statistics of the channel states (i.e., the number of successful transmissions, idle slots, and collisions during a specified time period) to make its global decision. The second method uses a simple collision resolution algorithm (CRA), similar to slotted-ALOHA with dynamically updated retransmission probability. With this scheme, the DFC makes its decision based on data transmitted successfully within a specified time window. Over-all performance of the systems are presented and compared. Simple rules are developed for assessing the conditions under which each one of the schemes is preferred.
A Case of Ollier's Disease Associated with Two Intracranial Gliomas

Ollier's disease or multiple enchondromatosis is a deforming dysplastic disease of cartilage involving primarily the metaphyses and diaphyses of long bones. It is only rarely associated with sarcomatous degeneration of the enchondromas or other generalized neoplasms. A related disease, Maffucci's syndrome, is, however, associated with generalized tumors. We present the case of a 29-year-old, albino, black man with Ollier's disease who, as a child, underwent a number of orthopedic procedures for multiple limb deformities and fractures. At age 25, he developed hydrocephalus, progressive cranial nerve palsies, and a large enchondroma of the skull base. He subsequently underwent multiple shunt procedures and two suboccipital craniectomies. Eighteen months later, a brain computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed an intracerebellar mass, which was found to be an anaplastic astrocytoma. Two years later, he developed a right hemiparesis and sensory dysfunction with a diffuse supratentorial mass on CT scan. A stereotactic biopsy showed this to be a similar anaplastic astrocytoma. The literature concerning Ollier's disease is reviewed, and the intracerebral lesions associated with both Ollier's disease and Maffucci's syndrome are examined.
Insurance status influences the rates of reportable quality metrics in brain tumor patients: a nationwide inpatient sample study.

Background In 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was passed to expand health insurance, narrow health care disparities, and improve health care quality in the United States. As part of this initiative, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services are now tracking quality metrics. Objective To analyze the effects of insurance on the incidence of patient safety indicators (PSIs) and hospital-acquired conditions (HACs) using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for patients who have brain tumors. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried for all hospitalizations between 2002 and 2011 involving patients with brain tumors. Because of the confounding age restriction with Medicare, comparisons were made between Medicaid/self-pay and private insurance. To determine which factors contributed to HACs and PSIs, odds ratios were calculated for each risk factor. Logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of payer status on individual PSIs, HACs, and patient outcomes. Results Medicaid/self-pay patients had a higher PSI and HAC incidence compared with private insurance patients. The greater incidence of PSIs and HACs correlated with increased length of stay, worse discharge outcomes, and increased in-hospital mortality. Conclusion Variability exists in the incidence of PSIs and HACs in patients with brain tumors based on insurance status. Controlling for both patient and hospital factors can explain these differences. The cause of these disparities should be studied prospectively to begin the process of improving quality metrics in vulnerable patient populations.
FEEDING FREQUENCY: A FACTOR IN DIETARY PROTEIN UTILIZATION.

SummaryUrinary excretion of urea N15 and the activities of hepatic urea cycle enzymes were measured in rats eating ad libitum and in those pair-force-fed against them. The force-fed animals excreted more of the dietary N15 as urea and exhibited a greater hepatic arginine synthetase activity than their controls with free access to food. The results suggest that there is a limit to the magnitude of the load of dietary protein that an organism can utilize per unit of time period for protein synthetic purposes. When the limit is exceeded, “excess” nitrogen is excreted in the urine as enzymatic reactions adapt themselves to disposing of the nonutilized nitrogen.
The response of the conventional mortgage rate to the federal funds rate: symmetric or asymmetric adjustment?

The momentum threshold autoregressive (MTAR) model of Enders and Siklos (2001) is utilized to examine the response of the 30-year conventional mortgage rate to changes in the federal funds rate in the USA over the period 1971:4 to 2005:10. The results indicate incomplete interest rate pass-through; however, the long-run adjustment process appears to be symmetric rather than asymmetric.
A Chained-Directory Cache Choerence Protocol for Multiprocessors

In this paper, a chained-directory cache coherence protocol for a shared-memory multiprocessor sys tem is proposed, which uses linked lists to store the informa tion for the coherence maintenance. The proposed scheme uses small memory space and has high scalability, and it requires less memory accesses by distributing the coherence maintenance to caches. We evaluated the performance of the proposed scheme, and compared it with those of two other directory-based schemes; the singly-linked list and the fullmap schemes. The analysis shows that the proposed scheme provides better processor utilization and results in less memory contention.
Perturbation of the developing Xenopus retinotectal projection following injections of antibodies against beta1 integrin receptors and N-cadherin

We have examined the function of beta1 integrin receptors and N-cadherin in the development of the Xenopus retinotectal projection. In vivo perturbation experiments were performed by injecting antibodies directed against beta1 integrin receptors and N-cadherin into the embryonic optic pathway. The antibodies were present during the initial development of the retinal projection, when the axons of the ganglion cells are migrating through the optic tract and terminating within the optic tectum. When injected individually, the antibodies were insufficient to cause obvious pathfinding errors. However, when injected together, the antibodies caused specific abnormalities in the development of the retinotectal projection. Pathfinding errors most commonly observed included ectopically projecting axons within the optic tract region, meandering and splaying of axons in the optic tectum, and the induction of prominent ipsilateral projections. IgGs and Fab' fragments of the antibodies produced pathfinding errors; these defects were not observed in animals injected with control antibodies. These in vivo results show that beta1 integrin receptors and N-cadherin have important roles during the development of the visual projection and provide evidence that a balance between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion may be critical for the normal development of the vertebrate visual system.
Patient-Centered Redesign: More Collaborative Clinical Input Into Capital Budget Decisions

As part of a restructuring program at a large, acute care hospital, a new, collaborative form of clinical management called triads has been initiated. Members of these collaborative management teams are being collectively empowered to better enable them to establish a continuously improving, cost-effective clinical service. This article describes the impact of this new structure on the capital budgeting process in changing a centralized, committee-based system of decision making with limited clinical nursing input to one that is increasingly decentralized, interdisciplinary, and focused on patients.
Capital One banks on Six Sigma for strategy execution and culture transformation

When a major shift in strategy propelled Capital One Direct Banking business in a new direction, the organization—arming itself with Six Sigma expertise and capabilities—set out to change its management model, redesign its major business processes, and nurture a culture centered around customer focus and continuous improvement. Three years later, the associates have embraced this new culture of customer focus and a commitment to continuous improvement—all with enviable results to the bottom line. The Direct Banking business has been recognized both internally within Capital One and by external organizations with numerous awards for accomplishing this impressive cultural transformation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel Heuristics for Scalable Community Detection

Community detection has become a fundamental operation in numerous graph-theoretic applications. It is used to reveal natural divisions that exist within real world networks without imposing prior size or cardinality constraints on the set of communities. Despite its potential for application, there is only limited support for community detection on large-scale parallel computers, largely owing to the irregular and inherently sequential nature of the underlying heuristics. In this paper, we present parallelization heuristics for fast community detection using the Louvain method as the serial template. The Louvain method is an iterative heuristic for modularity optimization. Originally developed by Blondel et al. in 2008, the method has become increasingly popular owing to its ability to detect high modularity community partitions in a fast and memory-efficient manner. However, the method is also inherently sequential, thereby limiting its scalability. Here, we observe certain key properties of this method that present challenges for its parallelization, and consequently propose heuristics that are designed to break the sequential barrier. For evaluation purposes, we implemented our heuristics using OpenMP multithreading, and tested them over real world graphs derived from multiple application domains (e.g., internet, citation, biological). Compared to the serial Louvain implementation, our parallel implementation is able to produce community outputs with a higher modularity for most of the inputs tested, in comparable number of iterations, while providing real speedups of up to 8× using 32 threads. In addition, our parallel implementation was able to exhibit weak scaling properties on up to 32 threads.
Structural Consistency and the Deduction of Novel from Existing Attitudes

This experiment examined the reasoning process by which novel attitudes are deduced from existing evaluations. Participants deduced an attitude toward a specific news item (concerning penal reform or sex discrimination) from existing attitudes on more general issues (capital punishment or equal rights for women and men, respectively) by spontaneously accessing the general attitude and generating thoughts about the news items that supported their evaluations on the general issue. Furthermore, participants engaged in this reasoning process only when: (a) their general attitudes were structurally consistent and provided a coherent basis for thinking about the new issue, and (b) the news item was framed to be directly relevant to the broader issue.
Measurement and Treatment of Radiographic Progression in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Lessons Learned from Observational Studies and Clinical Trials

PURPOSE OF REVIEW One of the major goals of treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is to prevent or slow the development of spinal new bone formation. Recent observational studies are compared to results from clinical trials for the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (TNFi) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on radiographic measures of spinal damage.
Numerical modeling of optical coherent transient processes with complex configurations—I. Angled beam geometry

Abstract We present a theoretical model for optical coherent transient (OCT) processes based on Maxwell–Bloch equations for angled beam geometry. This geometry is critical in various OCT applications where the desired coherence outputs need to be spatially separated from the rest of the field. The model takes into account both the local interactions between inhomogeneously broadened two-level atoms and the laser fields, and the field propagation in optically thick media. Under the small-angle condition, the spatial dimensions transversing to the main propagation direction were treated with spatial Fourier transform to make the numerical computations for the practical settings confined within a reasonable time frame. The simulations for analog correlators and continuous processing based on stimulated photon echo have been performed using the simulator developed using the theory.
Social behavior of juvenile rhesus monkeys after amygdalectomy in infancy

Abstract Six 3 1 2 -yr-old rhesus monkeys that had sustained a bilateral amygdalectomy in infancy were paired with 6 intact age-mates, and behaviors were observed immediately and after a 24-hr interval. Amygdaloid animals were submissive to controls, and were hyperactive during all tests, changing rapidly from one behavior to another. Earlier studies with these infant-operated monkeys showed that an abnormal fear of intact age-mates first appeared during the second 6 mo of life. The amygdaloid animals had been hyperactive when by themselves as early as 6 mo of age, but there was no evidence of hyperactivity in social situations during earlier tests. The present paper presents the histology for these infant-operated monkeys, and suggests that behavioral deficits resulting from amygdalectomy in infancy increase in severity with advancing maturation. The aberrations observed by 3 1 2 yr are similar to those observed after amygdalectomy in mature animals.
Senescence from reproduction

We present results from Monte Carlo simulations of a modified “bit-string" model of Penna which show that ageing or senescence may be the result of reproduction over an extended period, as expected from mutation accumulation. This induces an effective form of antagonistic pleiotropy. We also obtain a double maxima in the distribution of the age at which death occurs. These results may be relevant to current theories of ageing.
Learned helplessness: Noncontingent reinforcement in video game performance produces a decrement in performance on a lexical decision task

Contingent subjects played a video game involving their firing a missle at an erratically moving target and receiving true feedback whenever they scored hits and misses. Noncontingent subjects played the same game but were yoked to contingent subjects, so that they received the same pattern of “hits” or “misses” as their yoked cohorts, independently of their own true accuracy. This was accomplished by having the target speed up or slow down to produce the required “hits” or “misses,” without the subjects’ becoming suspicious that the feedback was noncontingent. Control subjects were told that, because the machine was not working properly, they could not play the game. All subjects then completed the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) and were then presented with a lexical decision task. Ninety-two strings of letters were presented one at a time, and the subjects had to indicate as quickly as possible whether or not each was a word. Subjects then filled out a questionnaire assessing their feelings of helplessness, attributions, etc. Noncontingent subjects performed significantly more poorly on the lexical decision task than did the contingent or control subjects, who did not differ from each other. The control group showed less hostility than did the other two groups on the MAACL, but aside from that, none of the mood or cognitive measures differentiated the groups. Learned helplessness was thus demonstrated independently of the cognitive processes usually adduced to explain it.
Dutch disease and policy adjustments to the oil boom: A comparative study of Indonesia and Mexico

Abstract Dutch disease and, more recently, resource curse thesis have been critical issues for development of resource abundant economies. This paper attempts a comparison between Indonesia and Mexico in their policy adjustments to the oil boom with special reference to the Dutch disease. There exists a striking contrast, especially in their fiscal, foreign borrowing, and exchange rate policies, and confirms the conventional understanding that a booming government should be conservative, as was the case in Indonesia, in its macroeconomic management to avoid the Dutch disease. Equally significant, investment use of oil revenues to strengthen the tradable sector is another factor responsible for Indonesian success. Mexico provides a clear-cut example of the resource curse thesis, but Indonesia is an exception.
Long G Tails at Both Ends of Human Chromosomes Suggest a C Strand Degradation Mechanism for Telomere Shortening

The chromosomes of lower eukaryotes have short telomeric 3' extensions. Using a primer-extension/nick-translation technique and nondenaturing hybridization, we find long 3' G-rich tails at human chromosome ends in mortal primary fibroblasts, umbilical vein endothelial cells, and leukocytes, as well as in immortalized fibroblasts. For all cells tested, >80% of the telomeres have long G-rich overhangs, averaging 130-210 bases in length, in disagreement with the conventional model for incomplete lagging-strand replication, which predicts overhangs on 50% of the chromosome ends. The observed G tails must exist during most of the cell cycle and probably result from degradation of both chromosome ends. The average lengths of the G tails are quantitatively consistent with the observed rates of human chromosome shortening.
Regeneration of sialic acid on the surface of Chinese hamster cells in culture. II. Incorporation of radioactivity from glucosamine-1-14C.

Cultured Chinese hamster cells incorporated radioactivity from glucosamine-1-14C into surface sialic acid and into trypsin-removable material distinct from the surface sialoglycans. Cells prelabeled with glucosamine-1-14C and then transferred to medium containing unlabeled glucosamine progressively lost counts to the medium for many hours. Such chase experiments suggested a more rapid turnover of trypsinremovable material than of surface-bound sialic acid. Further studies of the regeneration of surface sialic acid showed that the actinomycin D-resistant portion of the process involved emergence of an intracellular precursor onto the cell surface. An earlier portion of the process was inhibited by actinomycin D, and at least three steps were inhibited by puromycin or cycloheximide.
Contribution of the hyperpolarization‐activated current to the resting membrane potential of rat nodose sensory neurons

1. The voltage- and time-dependent characteristics of the hyperpolarization-activated current (IH) and its contribution to the resting membrane potential of neonatal rat nodose sensory neurons were investigated using the whole-cell tight seal method of voltage and current clamp recording. 2. IH was found in all neonatal nodose neurons in vitro, contrary to previous reports where its presence was particular for A-type neurons. We used the presence of both tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium currents to distinguish C- from A-type neurons (TTX-S only). We obtained further support for the presence of IH in C-type neurons with experiments in which IH was demonstrated in a subset of neurons sensitive to capsaicin. 3. In both groups IH activated at potentials negative to -50 mV, developed slowly with time and was inhibited by 1-5 mM extracellular caesium. At -120 mV, IH activated with a fast time constant of 73 +/- 3 ms in A-type neurons and 163 +/- 37 ms in C-type neurons (P 0.05). 5. During current clamp recording IH caused time-dependent rectification in response to hyperpolarizing current injections from the resting membrane potential. CsCl abolished the rectification and hyperpolarized the resting potential of A-type neurons from -55 +/- 3 mV to -61 +/- 4 mV and C-type neurons from -62 +/- 2 mV to -71 +/- 3 mV. Taken together, the results in these studies indicate that IH contributes to the resting membrane potential in all nodose neurons.
Identification of fungi associated with municipal compost using DNA-based techniques

Abstract Fungi are important in terrestrial decay processes. However, fungi associated with organic decay during composting are still not well known. In this study culture-independent methods were used to identify fungi associated with composting organic municipal wastes to gain a better understanding of the diversity of fungi associated with this process. Fungal communities from 0, 210, and 410 day-old compost samples were assessed with DNA fingerprinting using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and by the analysis of DNA sequences from rDNA clone libraries. From 207 rDNA sequences, 82 fungal OTU’s were detected. A disproportionate number of yeast sequences were detected in Day 0 clone libraries, including the human pathogens Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei (Saccharomycetales). Basidiomycetes accounted for over half of the clones from the Day 210 sample. Clones of Cercophora and Neurospora species accounted for most of the fungal clones of the Day 410 sample. No Zygomycetes or Aspergillus species were detected in this study. These findings call for a reassessment of long held views about the organisms involved in the composting of organic municipal wastes.
Prediction of death and myocardial infarction by radionuclide angiocardiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease

Abstract The prognostic value of radionuclide angiocardiography was examined in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Nine hundred and eight patients who underwent rest and exercise radionuclide angiocardiography without subsequent cardiac catheterization were followed for a median of 4.6 years. Fifty-two cardiovascular deaths and 28 nonfatal myocardial infarctions occurred during the follow-up period. Thirty-nine radionuclide angiocardiographic and clinical variables were analyzed in association with the end points of cardiovascular death, total cardiac events and death from all causes using the Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier survival estimates. Univariable analysis identified the exercise ejection fraction as the best predictor of cardiovascular death (chi-square = 82), total cardiac events (chi-square = 84) and death from all causes (chi-square = 66). A small subset of patients (n = 45) with an exercise ejection fraction
Potential uses of the Rorschach in the selection of police officers

This article discusses the potential uses of the Rorschach Comprehensive System in the preemployment screening of police officers. The Rorschach has, up to now, been little used for this purpose. However, numerous articles in the current literature suggest that the Rorschach may be useful in selecting police officers in conjunction with more traditional psychological screening techniques. The general characteristics of the Rorschach that make it potentially acceptable for such use are discussed, as well as specific characteristics and variables of the Comprehensive System that may be useful to psychologists for police selection. Potential avenues for future research that may ultimately lead to the use of the Rorschach for the pre-employment screening of police officers are also included.
Quantification of Protein-Polymer Interactions by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to quantitate surface-protein binding interactions is explored using the peptide-porcine insulin and a variety of commercially available polymers. We show that a standard-additions plot of porcine-insulin surface concentration versus porcine-insulin MALDI ion signal is linear over a range of surface concentrations from 100 ng/cm2 to 800 ng/cm2. Further, similar to previous studies, we demonstrate that the positive x-intercepts of these standard-additions plots correlate with the polymer-porcine insulin retention affinities as established using 125I-labeled-porcine insulin. Additional novel studies demonstrate that the polymer-porcine insulin retention affinities determined from the standard-additions plots are independent of both the MALDI matrix and the desorption/ionization wavelength. Finally, it is shown that the polymer-porcine-insulin adsorption affinity can be established by measuring the porcine-insulin MALDI ion sign...
Bovine satellite I DNA consists of repetitive units 1,400 base pairs in length

Bovine satellite I DNA was shown by its susceptibility to cleavage by restriction endonucleases to consist of direct tandem repeats 1,400 base pairs in length. Renaturation kinetics indicate that this repeat is itself internally repetitious. These data argue in favour of a DNA replication mechanism for the evolution of this satellite.
Theophylline and Mucociliary Clearance

Abnormal mucociliary transport is improvement by the action of theophylline, and this effect can be attributed to several mechanisms. The drug may directly and indirectly mediate the increase in the secretory output of bronchial glands, and this effect is enhanced by the vagal gastropulmonary reflex which is stimulated by the irritant action of theophylline on the stomach. Theophylline can increase the transepithelial secretion of fluid into the respiratory tract lumen by stimulating the chloride pump which is controlled by cyclic AMP. Ciliary motility is stimulated by theophylline; most of this effect is confined to the proximal part of the respiratory tree. However, much of the improvement in mucociliary clearance may be a consequence of the bronchodilation induced by theophylline, since the improved airway patency is generally a prerequisite for enhanced mucokinesis. Nevertheless, the multiple sites of action of theophylline in the respiratory tract suggests that this drug should be considered to be of significant value in any disorder characterized by mucostasis.
Parameterizing the Height of the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Abstract A critical assessment is made of the various diagnostic relations for the height of the nocturnal boundary layer, as well as of their past comparisons with experimental data. The parametric relations involving the characteristics of the whole boundary layer are found to be less satisfactory than those involving only the surface layer variables. The latter are tested against the Cubauw tower data for the selected winter periods when the mixed-layer height h was measured directly with an acoustic sounder. It is found that h has rather poor correlation with the height ho to which the effect of surface cooling extends. Its correlation with hu, the height of the maximum in wind speed, is fair (r ≈ 0.5) during strong stability conditions, but poor in slight to moderate stability conditions. Better correlations (r ≈ 0.7) are obtained with u*/f, (u*L/f)1/2 and Deardorff's (1972b) interpolation formula where u* is the friction velocity, L is the Obukhov length and f the Coriolis parameter. The parametric ...
Interactions among the three structural motifs of the C-terminal region of human thrombospondin-2.

The C-terminal regions of thrombospondins (TSPs) contain three elements, EGF-like modules (E), a series of Ca 2+ -binding repeats (Ca), and a C-terminal sequence (G). We have looked for interactions among these elements in four recombinant proteins based on human TSP-2: E3CaG-2, CaG-2, E3Ca-2, and Ca-2. When bound Ca 2+ was assayed by atomic absorption spectroscopy or an equilibrium dialysis protocol in which Ca 2+ was removed from the proteins prior to equilibrium dialysis, E3CaG-2 bound 22-27 Ca 2+ , CaG-2 bound 17-20 Ca 2+ , and E3Ca-2 and Ca-2 bound 14-20 Ca 2+ . Approximately 10 of the bound Ca 2+ in E3CaG-2 were exchangeable. The far UV circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of Ca 2+ - replete E3CaG-2 contained a strong negative band at 203 nm attributable to Ca and a less intense negative band at 218 nm attributable to Ca and G. Chelation of Ca 2+ with EDTA shifted the 203 nm band of all four proteins and the 218 nm band of E3CaG-2 and CaG-2 to less negative positions. The apparent EC50 for the far UV CD transition was 0.22 mM Ca 2+ for all proteins, indicating that Ca 2+ binding to Ca is primarily responsible for the CD change. Near UV CD and intrinsic fluorescence revealed that the tryptophan residues in G are sensitive to changes in Ca 2+ . Differential scanning calorimetry of the proteins in 2m M Ca 2+ showed that E3CaG-2 melts with two transitions, 44-51 °C and 75-83 °C. The lower transition required G, while the higher transition required Ca. Both transitions were stabilized in constructs containing E3. These results indicate that E3, Ca, and G function as a complex structural unit, and that the structures of both Ca and G are influenced by the presence or absence of Ca 2+ .
Self-regulated strategy development instruction for writing an opinion essay: Effects for six students with emotional/behavior disorders

A multiple-probe across-subjects design was used to examine persuasive writing performance of six 2nd- through 5th- grade students with emotional/behavior disorders (EBD). Students’ writing was evaluated before and after self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) instruction for the POW (Pick my idea, Organize my notes, Write and say more) + TREE (Topic sentence, Reasons – three or more, Ending, Examine) strategy. Students’ essays written during and immediately after instruction indicated that the students had learned to write independently a persuasive essay with five parts. Generalization and maintenance performance, however, varied across students and appeared to be associated with behavior as opposed to the inability to transfer or remember the strategy.
Serum prostate-antigen levels in patients with benign prosttic hypertrophy treated with leuprolide

We studied serum prostate-specific antigen levels in 12 men with benign prostatic hypertrophy treated with a long-acting GnRH analogue, leuprolide, 1 mg (0.2 mL) sc. daily for six months. The average decrease in prostate size measured by ultrasound was 45 percent after six months with concomitant improvement in the obstructive symptoms of prostatism. There was a steady decline in serum PSA levels which paralleled the decrease in prostate size. One patient who discontinued treatment after six months demonstrated both a regrowth of his prostate and a rise in serum PSA levels to pretreatment levels four months post-discontinuation of treatment. We conclude that treatment with a GnRH analogue caused reversible involution of prostatic epithelial cells with parallel effects on serum PSA levels. Consideration of the initial prostate size together with the serum PSA levels can help predict the response to medical castration in men with BPH.
Transfer of satellite rainfall error from gaged to ungaged locations: How realistic will it be for the Global Precipitation Mission?

7 [1] In this study, we investigate the fundamental open 8 question facing the satellite rainfall data community today 9 If ‘‘error’’ is defined on the basis of independent ground 10 validation (GV) rainfall data, how are these error metrics 11 estimated for a satellite rainfall data product without the 12 need for much extensive GV data? Using a six-year database 13 of high resolution (0.25 degree and 3 hourly) satellite rainfall 14 data over the United States and an optimal spatial 15 interpolation method (ordinary kriging), we demonstrate 16 that certain error metrics (such as bias and probability of 17 detection) are more amenable for ‘transfer’ from gaged to 18 ungaged locations than others. Our findings also indicate that 19 a continuously-calibrated and regionalized error transfer 20 scheme is technically feasible within the neighborhood of a 21 gagedregion ifmoreresearchiscarriedouton theroleplayed 22 by different interpolation methods and the temporal structure 23 of error. Citation: Tang, L., and F. Hossain (2009), Transfer of 24 satellite rainfall error from gaged to ungaged locations: How 25 realistic will it be for the Global Precipitation Mission?, Geophys. 26 Res. Lett., 36, LXXXXX, doi:10.1029/2009GL037965.
MUC1-C oncoprotein as a target in breast cancer: activation of signaling pathways and therapeutic approaches

Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a heterodimeric protein formed by two subunits that is aberrantly overexpressed in human breast cancer and other cancers. Historically, much of the early work on MUC1 focused on the shed mucin subunit. However, more recent studies have been directed at the transmembrane MUC1-C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) that functions as an oncoprotein. MUC1-C interacts with EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), ErbB2 and other receptor tyrosine kinases at the cell membrane and contributes to activation of the PI3KAKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. MUC1-C also localizes to the nucleus where it activates the Wnt/β-catenin, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and NF (nuclear factor)-κB RelA pathways. These findings and the demonstration that MUC1-C is a druggable target have provided the experimental basis for designing agents that block MUC1-C function. Notably, inhibitors of the MUC1-C subunit have been developed that directly block its oncogenic function and induce death of breast cancer cells in vitro and in xenograft models. On the basis of these findings, a first-in-class MUC1-C inhibitor has entered phase I evaluation as a potential agent for the treatment of patients with breast cancers who express this oncoprotein.
Available pharmacological treatments for anorexia nervosa

Currently, no medications are approved by the FDA for the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). However, there are several promising pharmacological targets. Treatment includes a weight restoration and a weight maintenance phase and different pharmacological treatments may be useful in one phase, but not the other. Although cyproheptadine has some modest benefit during the weight restoration phase, it is not widely used. Fluoxetine administered during the weight maintenance phase decreases relapse rate. The medications currently being most widely studied are the atypical antipsychotics, particularly olanzapine. Emerging evidence suggests that some AN patients have psychotic symptoms that may respond to antipsychotic agents. There are promising case reports and open-label studies of the atypical antipsychotics, but as yet, no randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies have been reported. Additional novel treatment approaches are urgently needed for this group of severely ill patients who have a high premature mortality rate.
Phylogeny and biogeography of paradoxical frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pseudae) inferred from 12S and 16S mitochondrial DNA.

We used mitochondrial DNA sequences of 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of the nine species of South American aquatic hylids known as paradoxical frogs. Pseudis minuta and P. cardosoi form the sister-group to a clade comprising Lysapsus and the remaining Pseudis. We suggest the resurrection of Podonectes, including P. minutus and P. cardosoi, to avoid the nonmonophyly of Pseudis. Some doubt is cast on the species status of P. cardosoi. Lysapsus limellum, P. bolbodactyla, and P. paradoxa each may comprise more than one species, but lack of comprehensive geographic and morphological appraisals precludes taxonomic changes. Biogeographic implications of the phylogeny are discussed. The correlation between hydrographic basins and Pseudis species is not fully supported, and a recent contact between Amazon populations in eastern Bolivia and western Brazil (Rondonia) and Parana basin populations in the Pantanal is suggested. A dispersal-vicariance analysis showed that major diversification of Pseudis and Lysapsus species occurred in the Brazilian Shield, and that the presence of P. paradoxa and L. limellum in the Amazon and Parana basins is due to recent dispersals. Evidence suggests a vicariant event, most likely caused by Miocene marine introgressions, as the cause for the restricted distribution of L. laevis in the Guiana Shield.
A Survey of the Types of Data Collected by Transition Teachers

We conducted a survey to determine the types and frequency of student performance, consumer satisfaction, and post-school outcome data collected by teachers in transition classrooms. A 29-item ques...
Intramolecular Photocycloaddition of Unsaturated Isoquinuclidines. Synthesis of 2-Azatetracyclo[4.0.0.4,907,10]decanes and 3-Azatetracyclo[6.1.1.0.2,705,9]decanes

2-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-enes bearing an endo alkenyl substituent were synthesized by Diels−Alder addition of methyl vinyl ketone to a 1,6-dihydropyridine derived from methyl nicotinate. Although 1,5-dienes with this skeleton were unreactive under thermal conditions, they were photochemically reactive. Irradiation of these dienes through a Corex filter resulted in intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition to give “parallel” and “crossed” photoadducts along with small amounts of a hexahydroisoquinoline. The latter is thought to represent leakage of a diradical intermediate responsible for the parallel photoadduct. The new 2-azatetracyclo[4.4.0.0.4,907,10]decane and 3-azatetracyclo[6.1.1.0.2,705,9]decane structures formed in the photochemical reactions are thermally stable.
Postoperative 30-day mortality in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer: development of a prognostic model using administrative claims data

Purpose To develop a prognostic model to predict 30-day mortality following colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare-linked data and to assess whether race/ethnicity, neighborhood, and hospital characteristics influence model performance.
Key factors in the regulation of fetal and postnatal leydig cell development

The primary function of testicular Leydig cells is the production of androgens to promote sexual differentiation in the fetus, secondary sexual maturation at puberty, and spermatogenesis in the adult. The fetal and postnatal (adult) populations of Leydig cells differ morphologically and have distinct profiles of gene expression. As postnatal Leydig cells differentiate, they transition through three discrete maturational stages characterized by decreasing proliferative rate and increasing testosterone biosynthetic capacity. In this review, we discuss the development of both fetal and postnatal Leydig cells and review the regulation of this process by some of the key hormones and growth factors.
Disclosure, leaks, and slips: Issues and strategies for prohibiting employee communication

Abstract Both popular and social science literature are replete with recommendations for enhancing communication effectiveness, typically defined as improving the clarity and impact of the spoken and written word. However, managing internal organizational processes and external market competitiveness often requires a different communication strategy, specifically silence and non-disclosure, while adhering to statutory regulations. This article summarizes the rationale for communication prohibitions, highlights counter forces mitigating their intended effects, and offers recommendations for successful implementation. The three major counter forces are: employee motivation and perception, changing socio-cultural norms, and organizational structures reflecting virtual teams and project teams. The eight recommendations for combating these forces are subsumed under one of two categories: creating an organizational culture supporting prohibitions, and executing the prohibitions with a minimum of employee resistance. In summary, employees charged with maintaining secrecy and adhering to non-disclosure prohibitions must view those restrictions as reasonable, warranted, equitable, and legal.
Interaction of aminonucleoside-8-14C with subcellular fractions of rat kidney cortex

Abstract 1. Utilizing equilibrium dialysis procedures, aminonucleoside-8- 14 C was found to interact or bind quite generally with nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal and cytoplasmic fractions isolated by equilibrium fractionation of normal rat kidney cortex. The finding that the nephrotogenic agent also binds to purified serum albumin indicates that the binding is non-specific. 2. Interaction of aminonucleoside-8- 14 C with subcellular fractions, isolated by equilibrium fractionation of kidney cortex of rats sacrificed during the course of induction of the nephrotic syndrome with the drug and terminal treatment with aminonucleoside-8- 14 C, confirms the general nature of the binding. 3. Interaction of aminonucleoside-8- 14 C with cell membrane fractions, isolated from kidney cortex of rats sacrificed during the course of induction of aminonucleoside nephrosis, further confirms the general nature of the binding phenomena.
Hepatopathy following irradiation and adriamycin

This report describes two cases of hepatopathy following irradiation and adriamycin at doses and volumes of irradiation ordinarily considered within the tolerance of hepatic function. In one case fatal hepatopathy followed 2400 rad/17 fractions/28 days to the entire liver with preceding and concurrent adriamycin. In the second case moderate clinical changes occurred after treatment in which much of the right lobe of the liver was shielded following 2500 rad/23 fractions/32 days with adriamycin administered before, during, and after irradiation. The locally enhancing effects of adriamycin on hepatic tolerance to irradiation are discussed.
Fertilisation of the Common Speedwell

IF Mr. Ransom will refer again to my letter, he will see that it was written in order to draw attention to the adaptation of the flower for cross-fertilisation, and not especially to the fact that Diptera in settling upon it, draw down the stamens. This latter, if we consider the close attention paid of late years to the commoner European wild flowers, has in all probability been frequently observed before. As I have not seen Schenck's handbook, I would be glad if Mr. Ransom will quote the passage to which he refers. On looking at my note-book I find that not only V. officinalis, but also V. Chamaedrys and V. Beccabunga are shown as fertilised in the same manner. May I suggest that the separation of the stamens, and the difference of inclination between stamens and pistil, have been brought about in order to prevent self-fertilisation? The looseness of the corolla would then, in such a flower as V. Chamaedrys, bring the anthers to a level with the stigma when an insect alighted upon it, and would thus promote cross-fertilisation. From want of more extended observations, however, I could not say what would happen in the case of a proterogynous species, or of such a flower as V. spicata. In reply to Mr. Ransom, I may add that I have no. where stated V. officinalis to possess larger flowers than V. hederaefolia, and that Mr. Darwin (“Cross and Self-fertilisation,” p. 369), in a brief reference to the genus, simply states that V. agrestis is self-fertilising, and mentions species of Syrphidae as visiting the flowers of V. hederaefolia and V. officinalis.
Bioprinting: Functional droplet networks.

Tissue-mimicking printed networks of droplets separated by lipid bilayers that can be functionalized with membrane proteins are able to spontaneously fold and transmit electrical currents along predefined paths.