cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The HeLa Documentary Film: An Engaging Writing and Culturally Relevant Assignment on Cell Division and Ethics for Nonscience Majors(†).

Historically black institutions play a pivotal role in educating the next generation of scientists and engineers as well as promoting scientific literacy among all of its students. Students would like to have more culturally relevant assignments that reflect their life experiences as it relates to course content. We used the HeLa documentary film, "The Way of All Flesh Film," as an effective teaching tool in the first survey course of general biology to supplement our discussion on the cell cycle and ethics in scientific studies. Over 90% of our students preferred this additional teaching method compared to a traditional lecture only. Furthermore, the exercise enhanced the students' writing, research, and critical thinking skills through the ethical implications of the film.
Hypertensive-like vascular lesions in a chimpanzee

Abstract Vascular changes identical to those in humans with hypertension are described in a 20-year-old female chimpanzee dying with acute pulmonary edema. Postmortem examination failed to disclose evidence of any of the disorders which are known to produce hypertension in humans or animals. A survey of sections from kidneys of chimpanzees of comparable age indicated that the changes observed in the present animal were not due to age alone. The heart was hypertrophied, and no valvular or other etiology was found at autopsy. The presence of hypertension was not documented during the life of the animal, because serial determinations of the blood pressure were not obtained.
Novel Mutagenic Properties of Abasic Sites inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Abasic sites are particularly important in mutation research because they are frequently the ultimate lesion in chemical mutagenesis, and because they are believed to be a paradigm for non-pairing lesions. Although preferential insertion of dAMP (“A-rule”) opposite the lesion has been observed in almost all previous studies with other organisms, we find that in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the preferred nucleotide is dCMP, suggesting that yeast has a “C-rule”, at least with respect to the vector constructs used. These constructs contained a single abasic site specifically located within a 28 nucleotide single-stranded region in an otherwise duplex vector. Nucleotide insertions were determined by sequence analysis of replicated vectors taken from a random set of yeast transformants. In three different sequence contexts, the frequencies of dCMP and dAMP insertion were 83% and 13%, 62% and 31% and 85% and 8%, respectively. A similar bias in favor of cytosine insertion was found using vectors that were entirely single-stranded. However, a preference for dAMP insertion was found when Escherichia coli , rather than yeast, was transfected with samples of the same gapped duplex vector DNA. Preferential insertion of dCMP is not likely to have arisen by previously proposed mechanisms, but is also unlikely to have occurred by a primer/template misalignment mechanism, in which a nearby template guanine directs the insertion of cytosine. predominant dCMP insertion was observed even when template guanine bases were excluded from a region extending 19 nucleotides 5′, and 13 nucleotides 3′, to the abasic site.
Variation in ultrafiltered and LMW organic matter fluorescence properties under simulated estuarine mixing transects: 2. Mixing with photoexposure

[1] Ultrafiltered and low molecular weight dissolved organic matter (UDOM and LMW-DOM, respectively) fluorescence was studied under simulated estuarine mixing along with moderate photoexposure using Delaware, Chesapeake, and San Francisco Bays (USA) natural organic matter. UDOM was produced by tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFF) from the marine (>33 PSU), mid-estuarine (∼16 PSU), and freshwater (<1 PSU) members. TFF permeates (<1 kDa) were used to create artificial salinity transects nominally ranging from ∼0 to ∼36, with 4 PSU increments. UDOM or permeate (as control) from freshwater and mid-estuary was added to each salinity mix in the artificial transect to determine the impact of mixing behavior on optical properties. Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEMs) spectra were generated for each end-member permeate (LMW fraction) and UDOM through the full artificial mixing transect. Fluorescent properties representing standard-identified peaks, fluorescence ratios and excitation-emission characteristics were assayed as previously reported. However, in this study, each sample was additionally photobleached for three days (nominally) to determine the coupled effect of estuarine mixing and photobleaching on LMW and UDOM fluorescence. Permeates, except Delaware Bay samples, were more bleached at lower salinities (<16). This effect was especially noticeable for mid-estuarine LMW organic material which was highly bleached at low salinities. Humic-type UDOM was generally bleached less at low salinities, maximally at mid-salinities, and less as it mixed toward the ocean end-member. As with mixing alone experiments, the B peak showed virtually no variability in the LMW and UDOMs fraction and was not significantly bleached. The N and T peak behaved similarly to one another and were significantly bleached. PCA and PARAFAC models confirmed trends for individual peaks. A four-dimensional PARAFAC model with pre- and post-bleached as the fourth dimension showed increases in the T peak fluorescence after photobleaching (with some overlap of the B and N peak). Results from this study indicate that coupled mixing and photobleaching can alter CDOM fluorescence in ways which might increase the difficulty in using CDOM as a proxy for DOM in regional carbon cycling biogeochemical models.
Regulation of an Antisense RNA with the Transition of Neonatal to IIb Myosin Heavy Chain during Postnatal Development and Hypothyroidism in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Postnatal development of fast skeletal muscle is characterized by a transition in expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, from primarily neonatal MHC at birth to primarily IIb MHC in adults, in a tightly coordinated manner. These isoforms are encoded by distinct genes, which are separated by ∼17 kb on rat chromosome 10. The neonatal-to-IIb MHC transition is inhibited by a hypothyroid state. We examined RNA products [mRNA, pre-mRNA, and natural antisense transcript (NAT)] of developmental and adult-expressed MHC genes (embryonic, neonatal, I, IIa, IIx, and IIb) at 2, 10, 20, and 40 days after birth in normal and thyroid-deficient rat neonates treated with propylthiouracil. We found that a long noncoding antisense-oriented RNA transcript, termed bII NAT, is transcribed from a site within the IIb-Neo intergenic region and across most of the IIb MHC gene. NATs have previously been shown to mediate transcriptional repression of sense-oriented counterparts. The bII NAT is transcriptionally regulated during postnatal development and in response to hypothyroidism. Evidence for a regulatory mechanism is suggested by an inverse relationship between IIb MHC and bII NAT in normal and hypothyroid-treated muscle. Neonatal MHC transcription is coordinately expressed with bII NAT. A comparative phylogenetic analysis also suggests that bII NAT-mediated regulation has been a conserved trait of placental mammals for most of the eutherian evolutionary history. The evidence in support of the regulatory model implicates long noncoding antisense RNA as a mechanism to coordinate the transition between neonatal and IIb MHC during postnatal development.
Theoretical Performance Comparison of Working Fluids in a Nonequilibrium MHD Generator

Results of preliminary calculations are presented, based upon the theory of magnetically induced ionization, which indicate the relative performances of various systems under consideration for use in such nonequilibrium MHD power generators. All the alkali metal vapors and various seeded gas systems are considered. The flow is one-dimensional steady state with constant Mach number. The electrodes within the generator are assumed to be perfectly segmented. Because of much smaller elastic electron collision cross sections in hydrogen, helium, argon, and mercury, as compared to that of the alkali metals, the magnetic fields necessary to create the same power density are generally much lower in the former group as compared to equivalent systems in the latter group. A comparison of the alkali metal systems shows that the decrease in the ionization potential of the heavier elements is greatly overshadowed by the increase in atomic weight and especially by the increase in electron-neutral cross section. However, considering vapor pressure and dimer formation, potassium appears to be the best choice among the alkali metals as an MHD working fluid. Nonequilibrium potassium MHD generators, using only the phenomena of magnetically induced ionization, will probably require magnetic fields near 100 kgauss to produce power densities near 1 kw/cm.
Effects of Ozone and Water Stress on Canopy Temperature, Water Use, and Water Use Efficiency of Alfalfa

Ozone (O/sub 3/) and soil water deficit are two environmental stresses that significantly affect the growth and yield of alfalfa. However, little is known of the responses of field-grown alfalfa to O/sub 3/, and the effects of the interaction between O/sub 3/ and water stress on canopy temperature and water relations of alfalfa have not been previously reported. Water use, rate of soil-water depletion, or depth of effective rooting zone were not affected by O/sub 3/, whereas water stress significantly reduced all three. Water-use efficiency was significantly reduced by O/sub 3/. The effects of O/sub 3/ on WUE were attributed to premature senescence and abscission of older alfalfa leaves.
Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data

This comparison of morphological and neutral genetic variation in 10 human populations was designed to test a neutral hypothesis of cranial evolution in living and recent humans and to explain deviations from neutrality where detected. Overall, among-population differences in extant Homo sapiens cranial morphology are proportional to among-population differences in neutral molecular characteristics. For most of the populations studied, cranial morphology varies among regions in a manner consistent with neutral expectations. Removal of the effects of shared population history and structure by using the partial Mantel's test, however, does not remove the correlation between some aspects of cranial morphology and a measure of coldness of climate. The excess differentiation is most apparent in those population comparisons that involve a Siberian population living in an extremely cold environment. This finding suggests the action of natural selection, associated with regional variation in temperature, leading to among-population differentiation in excess of neutral expectations for some cranial dimensions. Those dimensions reflect the breadth of the skull, cranial vault size and shape, and aspects of nasal morphology. Although morphology for most of the world appears to vary among populations in accordance with neutral expectations in the context of population structure and history, morphology of the Siberian population appears to have undergone adaptation by natural selection.
Ingestion of a Mixed Meal Does Not Affect the Metabolic Clearance Rate of Biosynthetic Human C-Peptide*

The validity of C-peptide as a peripheral marker of insulin secretion during different physiological conditions depends on the demonstration that C-peptide clearance is constant under these circumstances. Recently biosynthetic human C-peptide, identical in structure to pancreatic human C-peptide, became available for use in human subjects. The present study was undertaken to determine if the metabolic clearance of C-peptide was altered by ingestion of a mixed meal. Eight insulindependent diabetic patients received constant iv infusions of biosynthetic human C-peptide which raised the plasma C-peptide concentration to a level of 3.8 ± 0.2 (±SEM) pmol/ml. The MCR of C-peptide was 4.5 ± 0.3 ml/kg -min. After steady state levels of C-peptide had been reached, each patient consumed a 530 calorie mixed meal. The plasma glucose concentration increased from a baseline value of 104.5 ± 4.8 mg/dl to a 336 ± 10 mg/dl 150 min later. This change in plasma glucose was not associated with a significant alteration in the...
Landslide mobility and hazards: implications of the 2014 Oso disaster

Abstract Landslides reflect landscape instability that evolves over meteorological and geological timescales, and they also pose threats to people, property, and the environment. The severity of these threats depends largely on landslide speed and travel distance, which are collectively described as landslide “mobility”. To investigate causes and effects of mobility, we focus on a disastrous landslide that occurred on 22 March 2014 near Oso, Washington, USA, following a long period of abnormally wet weather. The landslide's impacts were severe because its mobility exceeded that of prior historical landslides at the site, and also exceeded that of comparable landslides elsewhere. The ∼ 8 × 10 6 m 3 landslide originated on a gently sloping (
Analysis of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry data for discovery of peptide and glycan biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma.

This paper presents computational methods to analyze MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry data for quantitative comparison of peptides and glycans in serum. The methods are applied to identify candidate biomarkers in serum samples of 203 participants from Egypt; 73 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases, 52 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) consisting of cirrhosis and fibrosis cases, and 78 population controls. Two complementary sample preparation methods were applied prior to generating mass spectra: (1) low molecular weight (LMW) enrichment of each serum sample was carried out for MALDI-TOF quantification of peptides, and (2) glycans were enzymatically released from proteins in each serum sample and permethylated for MALDI-TOF quantification of glycans. A peak selection algorithm was applied to identify the most useful peptide and glycan peaks for accurate detection of HCC cases from high-risk population of patients with CLD. In addition to global peaks selected by the whole population based approach, wher...
Crystal structure, receptor binding, and gene regulation of 2- and 4-nitroestradiols

Abstract Crystal structures of 2-nitroestradiol and 4-nitroestradiol showed two different molecular conformations for each compound. The crystal structure of 4-nitroestradiol, as well as that of 4-nitroestrone-3-methyl ether, displayed a nitro group in which the oxygens were perpendicular to the aromatic ring and were thus nonconjugating. On the other hand, the nitro-oxygens in 2-nitroestradiol were periplanar, with the aromatic ring permitting conjugation. This latter structure bound to estrogen receptor with 1/1000th the affinity of estradiol and was inefficient in gene stimulation. 4-Nitroestradiol possessed a relative binding affinity 40-fold greater than that of the 2-nitro derivative and actively induced responsive genes at a concentration of 10−8 M. Whereas binding affinity can be explained primarily by polar groups and skeletal structure, gene induction may be linked to electronic induction in ring A that causes a requisite electronegative isopotential around the molecule. This electronegative characteristic also produces conformational changes in the alicyclic backbone of the estrogen, specially ring B, which could interfere with the molecular fit of the nitroestradiols with estrogen receptor.
Thyroid hormone deiodinases in purified primary glial cell cultures

Iodothyronine metabolism was studied in neuroglial cells prepared from neonatal rat cerebri. Astrocytes account for nearly all of the deiodinase activity in mixed glial cell cultures. The predominant pathway is 5-deiodination, which closely resembles the enzyme activity in homogenates of cerebral cortex. Astrocytes cultured in serum-free chemically defined medium show a gradual decrease in 5-deiodination and an increase in 5′-deiodination. Exposure of cells to triiodothyronine partially reverses these changes. Thus, astrocytes contain enzymes for both major deiodinative pathways and may play a role in the regulation of thyroid hormone levels in the brain.
The Master of Animals: A Study in the Symbolism of Ultimacy in Primitive Religion

NE OF the most significant vistas of scholarship to open in the history of religions in recent decades is that concerning the High-God which has been developed by way of a critique of the theory of primordial monotheism (Urmonotheismus) offered by Wilhelm Schmidt upon the basis of the work of Andrew Lang.' A second vista, first brought to the attention of the scholarly world by the work of Friedrich and Zelenin, concerns the divine or semi-divine being, commonly known as the Master of Animals, who is primarily associated with hunting culture. Since hunting culture (in the broadest sense, including food-collection) may be taken to represent the primordial form through which the human spirit first found expression, it is only natural that there should be various attempts to relate the phenomenon of the Master of Animals to the HighGod. Such, indeed, is the purpose of this article, which is concerned to gather together historical material in behalf of phenomenological study leading, it is hoped, to understanding. Specifically, I wish to inquire into the relation of the Master of Animals to the religious symbolism of ultimacy.
Long-Range Surface-Plasma Waves on Very Thin Metal Films

The dispersion equation of injected surface-plasma waves that propagate on thin metal films has been solved as a function of the film thickness, and splitting of the modes into two branches is observed. For one branch the imaginary part of the propagation constant goes to zero as the thickness of the metal decreases. Reflectivity calculations agree with this result, which predicts that one can obtain propagation distances that are more than 1 order of magnitude larger than observed before.
Inhibition of interleukin 2 production and expression of the interleukin 2 receptor by plasma from acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients

Plasmas from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC) patients were screened for their ability to inhibit mitogen-induced proliferation of normal human lymphocytes. Plasmas from 67% of the individuals examined contained significant suppressive activity. Additional studies on the mechanism of action of the plasma inhibitor demonstrated that it functions as a nonlymphotoxic inhibitor of interleukin 2 production by stimulated human lymphocytes, and that this activity is accompanied by suppression of expression of the cell surface receptor for interleukin 2. A more detailed understanding of the action of this activity may aid in the design of therapy to minimize the contribution of this agent to the immune anergy observed in these patients.
Lignin Pyrolysis Components and Upgrading—Technology Review

Biomass pyrolysis oil has been reported as a potential renewable biofuel precursor. Although several review articles focusing on lignocellulose pyrolysis can be found, the one that particularly focus on lignin pyrolysis is still not available in literature. Lignin is the second most abundant biomass component and the primary renewable aromatic resource in nature. The pyrolysis chemistry and mechanism of lignin are significantly different from pyrolysis of cellulose or entire biomass. Therefore, different from other review articles in the field, this review particularly focuses on the recent developments in lignin pyrolysis chemistry, mechanism, catalysts, and the upgrading of the bio-oil from lignin pyrolysis. Although bio-oil production from pyrolysis of biomass has been proven on commercial scale and is a very promising option for production of renewable chemicals and fuels, there are still several drawbacks that have not been solved. The components of biomass pyrolysis oils are very complicated and related to the properties of bio-oil. In this review article, the details about pyrolysis oil components particularly those from lignin pyrolysis processes will be discussed first. Due to the poor physical and chemical property, the lignin pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded before usage. The most common method of upgrading bio-oil is hydrotreating. Catalysts have been widely used in petroleum industry for pyrolysis bio-oil upgrading. In this review paper, the mechanism of the hydrodeoxygenation reaction between the model compounds and catalysts will be discussed and the effects of the reaction condition will be summarized.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. 43. Investigation of Oxalate Oxidation and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence across the Liquid−Liquid Interface†

To treat the problem of oxalate oxidation in an aqueous phase by a Ru(III) species (mediator) generated in an immiscible nonaqueous phase (benzonitrile) at a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM tip), the theory of the feedback mode of the SECM is extended to include both finite heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) kinetics at the substrate and homogeneous decomposition of the mediator. As for the classical electrochemical (EC) scheme, a zone diagram is constructed showing pure ET heterogeneous kinetic control, pure homogeneous kinetic (C) control (insulating behavior), and mixed EC kinetic control. The model allows interpretation of the anomalous approach curves obtained for oxalate oxidation by a ruthenium(III) coordination complex at the benzonitrile (BN)−water interface and allows calculation of the rate constant for the ET at the liquid−liquid interface. Attempts are made to relate these rates to the homogeneous rate constant in terms of Marcus theory. The second ET (oxidation of CO2•-) at the l...
Separation of a Cirrus Layer and Broken Cumulus Clouds in Multispectral Images

We introduce a methodology for separating reflective layers of clouds in Earth remote sensing images. We propose a single-channel layer separation framework and extend it to multispectral layer separation. Efficient alternating minimization and fast operator-splitting methods are used to solve minimization problems. Specifically, we apply our methodology to separate strongly stratified and optically thin upper (cirrus) clouds from optically thick lower convective (cumulus) clouds in atmospheric imagery approximated as additive contributions to the observed signal. After setting up synthetic “truth” scenarios, we evaluate the accuracy of the two-layer separation results while varying the effective opaqueness of each of two types of cloud. We show that multispectral cloud layer separation is consistently more accurate than channel-by-channel cloud layer separation.
Theoretical study of ammonia oxidation on platinum clusters – Adsorption of intermediate nitrogen dimer molecules

Abstract Density Functional Theory calculations with the hybrid B3LYP functional and the LANL2DZ and 6-311++g** basis sets were used to calculate the adsorption energies, geometries and vibration modes of N2Hz (z = 0–4) molecules on a cluster of 20 platinum atoms. Based on calculated binding energies, the trans conformations of N2H4 and N2H2 were predicted to adsorb with one nitrogen in contact with the cluster; N2H3 and N2H radicals adsorb with both nitrogen atoms in contact with the catalyst; while N2 was not found to adsorb to any appreciable degree. Calculated frequencies showed N–N bond stretching frequency occurs at 913 cm−1 and 953 cm−1 for N2H4 and N2H3, respectively and is blueshifted to 1603 cm−1 and 1631 cm−1 for N2H and N2H2, respectively. This trend suggests that the formation of this bond could indicate the presence of these species during ammonia oxidation as a shift from 900 to 1600 cm−1 is expected when the single bond becomes a double bond. Finally, this study combined with earlier studies predicts the following trend for the adsorption energies of species formed: N2
Fundamental Issues and Recent Advancements in Analysis of Aircraft Brake Natural Convective Cooling

A heightened awareness of the importance of natural convective cooling as a driving factor in design and thermal management of aircraft braking systems has emerged in recent years. As a result, increased attention is being devoted to understanding the buoyancy-driven flo and heat transfer occurring within the complex air passageways formed by the wheel and brake components, including the interaction of the internal and external flow fields. Through application of contemporary computational methods in conjunction with thorough experimentation, robust numerical simulations of these three-dimensional processes have been developed and validated. This has provided insight into the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the flow and yielded the tools necessary for efficient optimization of the cooling process to improve overall thermal performance. In the present work, a brief overview of aircraft brake thermal considerations and formulation of the convection cooling problem are provided. This is followed by a review of studies of natural convection within closed and open-ended annuli and the closely related investigation of inboard and outboard subdomains of the braking system
Intake of tuna or other broiled or baked fish versus fried fish and cardiac structure, function, and hemodynamics.

Fish intake is associated with improved cardiovascular health, including a lower risk of arrhythmic death, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure. However, the physiologic effects that may produce these cardiovascular benefits are not well-established. We investigated the cross-sectional associations between a usual dietary intake of fish during the previous year and cardiac structure, function, and hemodynamics as determined by physical examination and 2-dimensional, Doppler, and M-mode transthoracic echocardiography among 5,073 older adults enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study. On multivariate-adjusted analyses, consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish was associated with a lower heart rate (p
Effects of physiological and synthetic IAP antagonism on c-IAP-dependent signaling

Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins 1 and 2 (c-IAP1/2) have central roles in signal transduction mediated by numerous receptors that participate in inflammatory and immune responses. In certain pathways, such as activation of NF-κB, their degradation is a major regulatory event and is physiologically induced by activation of receptors. In addition, a number of synthetic compounds have been developed that also target the c-IAPs and induce their degradation. However, the extent of a synthetic IAP antagonist's ability to mirror the transcriptional program by a physiological signal remains unclear. Here we take a systems approach to compare the transcriptional programs triggered by activation of CD30, a well-characterized receptor previously shown to induce the degradation of the c-IAPs, to SM-164, a synthetic IAP antagonist that specifically triggers c-IAP degradation. Employing a technique that allows the specific analysis of newly transcribed RNA, we have generated comparative transcriptome profiles for CD30 activation and SM-164 treatment. Analysis of these profiles revealed that the genes regulated by each stimulus were not completely shared, indicating novel functions of IAP antagonists and consequences of c-IAP1/2 degradation. The data identified a role for c-IAP1/2 in the regulation of the ribosome and protein synthesis, which was subsequently confirmed by biological assays. These findings expand our knowledge of the roles of c-IAP1/2 in signaling and provide insight into the mechanism of synthetic IAP antagonists, furthering our understanding of their therapeutic potential.
Ultrafast Excited State Relaxation Dynamics of Branched Donor-π-Acceptor Chromophore: Evidence of a Charge-Delocalized State

Excited-state dynamics and complete transient absorption features of the trimer tris-4,4‘,4‘ ‘-(4-nitrophenyleethynyl)triphenylamine and the monomer 4-N,N-(dimethylamino)-4‘-nitrotolane have been obtained from femtosecond pump−probe spectroscopy. The measurements are carried out to understand the mechanism behind enhanced two-photon absorption cross-sections of branched systems over their linear counterparts. Absorption and emission transition dipole moments of monomer and trimer in toluene have suggested that the emitting state of trimer is different from the monomer and probably is arising from the charge-delocalized C3 symmetry state. Ultrafast transient absorption measurements on these molecules have spectroscopically validated the presence of an initial electron delocalized state with the C3 symmetry state in the trimer molecule. The results have shown that there is a slower rate of internal conversion from the C3 symmetry state to intramolecular charge transfer of trimer suggesting a barrier between...
The Role of Witnessing Violence, Peer Provocation, Family Support, and Parenting Practices in the Aggressive Behavior of Rural Adolescents

This study examined the influence of witnessing violence, peer provocation, family support, and parenting practices (monitoring and discipline) on aggression. Participants were 1,196 ninth graders at nine schools in poor, predominantly agricultural, rural communities who completed measures of these variables. Witnessing violence, peer provocation, low levels of family support, and poor parenting practices were each related to higher frequencies of aggression. Witnessing violence and peer provocation partially mediated relations between parenting and aggression, such that students who reported high levels of appropriate parenting reported lower levels of witnessing violence and peer provocation. These were, in turn, related to lower levels of aggression. The relation between family support and aggression was also mediated by peer provocation, though the Degrees of mediation was not as strong as for parenting. Both parenting and family support moderated the relation between witnessing violence and aggression such that this relation was stronger among adolescents who reported low family support or high levels of poor parenting. Neither parenting nor family support moderated the relation between peer provocation and aggression. Overall, parenting practices had a stronger influence on aggression than did family support. Results were generally consistent across gender. These findings have important implications for intervention efforts.
Design of Univac®-LARC system: I

This talk is a progress report and in many respects a final report on the Univac® --- LARC system which has been developed by Remington Rand Univac. It is a companion not only to another talk on LARC design being given at this time but with an earlier talk given three years ago to the EJCC in New York.
The over/underpricing of initial public offerings

This article shows that lawsuit avoidance motivation can lead entrepreneurs to overprice, as well as underprice, initial public offerings of equity. The article simplifies the lawsuit avoidance argument by addressing the entrepreneur's acceptable probability of lawsuit predicated on the loss of reputation capital, in lieu of the explicit offering revenue/litigation cost trade-off previously treated in the literature. The model yields offering price regimes which include rational cases of overpricing and correct pricing, as well as underpricing, and comparative statics results for the relationship of the optimal offering price with project size, project risk, investors' litigiousness, and the entrepreneur's acceptable probability of lawsuit. The article argues that existing empirical evidence previously used to refute the lawsuit avoidance hypothesis supports the hypothesis in the context of the model.
Cytochrome oxidase patches and Meynert cells in monkey visual cortex.

Abstract In area 17 of Macaco mulatto large Meynert cells have their cell bodies located in the vicinity of the border between layers V and VI. When the distribution of these cell bodies is plotted in the tangential plane they are found not to be randomly distributed, but arranged in a sheet such that they outline holes or gaps. In sections of area 17 reacted for cytochrome oxidase, which indicates the relative level of metabolic activity in neurons and neuropil, Meynert cell bodies are clearly visible as large highly reactive neurons against a background of much lower reactivity. In reconstructions it is apparent that the holes or gaps in their distribution pattern lie beneath the high cytochrome oxidase reactive patches or blobs in layer II/III. In other words, the Meynert cell bodies lie predominantly beneath the low cytochrome oxidase reactive interpatch regions of layer II/III. On the basis of what is known about the functional connections of neurons in area 17 it is suggested that this arrangement of Meynert cells indicates that they are involved in the detection of movement in the visual field, a suggestion that is supported by the known projections of the Meynert cells to the superior colliculus and cortical area V5.
A new asymmetric screen-film combination for conventional chest radiography: evaluation in 50 patients.

A new asymmetric screen-film combination for conventional chest radiography was evaluated by four thoracic radiologists.Fifty chest radiographs obtained with a new asymmetric screen-film combination were compared with radiographs obtained in the same patients during the same breath-hold with a conventional system. Patients referred from the oncology service were studied because of the increased prevalence of abnormal findings on chest radiographs in this population. The differences in the quality of the images were assessed by four chest radiologists who used a direct-comparison technique. Eleven anatomic shadows that are normal on chest radiographs were assessed. Fifty abnormal findings also were compared.The image quality of the new asymmetric screen-film combination was judged to be superior to that of the conventional system for normal anatomy and abnormal findings (p < or = .003).The new asymmetric film consistently showed more clinically useful detail in the mediastinum and in the lung projected ove...
Coulomb interactions and the effect of compensating lens aberration in projection electron-beam systems

Studies show that Coulomb interactions in the crossover region contribute significantly to the beam blur on the wafer at high beam currents. We increased the crossover size using a pair of compensating lens aberrations. Up to a 20% spot size reduction has been achieved at 20 (mu) A beam current and 1.5 mR convergence angle in simulation. We further compare interbeamlet electron interactions with intra-beamlet electron interactions in the column for different column configurations. Results also show that the stochastic blur due to Coulomb interactions from different beamlets can be combined on a root mean square basis. This result has been used to evaluate and compare the blur contribution from the stochastic interaction and space charge effect.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sieving the positive integers by large primes

Let Q be a set of primes having relative density δ among the primes, with 0<δ<1, and let ψ(x,y,Q) be the number of positive integers ≤x that have no prime factors from Q exceeding y. We prove that if y→∞, then ψ(x,y,Q)∼xpδ(u), where u = (logx)(logy), and ϱδ is the continuous solution of the differential delay equation up′δ(u) = −δϱδ(u−1), ϱδ(u) = 1, 0≤u≤1. This generalizes work by Dickman, de Bruijn, and Hildebrand, who considered the case where Q consists of all primes (and δ = 1).
Light and Electron Microscopic Analysis of Tattoos Treated by Q-Switched Ruby Laser

Short-pulse laser exposures can be used to alter pigmented structures in tissue by selective photothermolysis. Potential mechanisms of human tattoo pigment lightening with Q-switched ruby laser were explored by light and electron microscopy. Significant variation existed between and within tattoos. Electron microscopy of untreated tattoos revealed membrane-bound pigment granules, predominantly within fibroblasts and macrophages, and occasionally in mast cells. These granules contained pigment particles ranging from 2-in diameter. Immediately after exposure, dose-related injury was observed in cells containing pigment. Some pigment particles were smaller and lamellated. At fluences greater than or equal to 3 J/cm2, dermal vacuoles and homogenization of collagen bundles immediately adjacent to extracellular pigment were occasionally observed. A brisk neutrophilic infiltrate was apparent by 24 h. Eleven days later, the pigment was again intracellular. Half of the biopsies at 150 d revealed a mild persistent lymphocytic infiltrate. There was no fibrosis except for one case of clinical scarring. These findings confirm that short-pulse radiation can be used to selectively disrupt cells containing tattoo pigments. The physial alteration of pigment granules, redistribution, and elimination appear to account for clinical lightening of the tattoos.
Combining x-ray and optical spectroscopies in the study of dilute semiconductor nanoparticle composites

We discuss a methodology for the cooperative analysis of optical and x-ray spectroscopies to deduce the thermophysical properties of dilute suspensions of semiconductor nanoparticles in a wide band gap host. X-ray spectroscopy is used to determine concentration and bonding of selected elements. Resonant Raman spectroscopy establishes limits on composition and strain in particles. Analysis of optical absorption, with constraints provided by x-ray and Raman measurements, yields the particle size distribution and concentration. As an example of this approach, we study borosilicate glasses doped with ∼0.1 wt% CdS and heat treated to produce nanoparticles.
Slow dynamics in atomic-force microscopy

A temporal-hybrid molecular simulation method is proposed to simulate the slow-scanning dynamics of a cantilever in the atomic-force microscope (AFM). The method is compared with classical molecular-dynamics simulation in which energy modes between the cantilever and the atomic substrate are coupled. For a large-mass cantilever in AFM with a resonant frequency far less than the atomic-vibration frequencies, the hybrid results show regular stick-slip or smooth friction dissipation depending on the cantilever spring constants, as observed in AFM experiments.
Trends in the U.S. Food-Processing Industry: Implications for Modeling and Policy Analysis in a Dynamic Interactive Environment

The evolving changes in demand, industry structure, and technology evident in the U.S. food-processing industry, identified in this session by Connor, Heien, Kinsey, and Wills and Sanderson and Schweigert have significant implications for agricultural economic analysis. It is evident that the food-processing industry is increasingly dynamic, interacts extensively with the farm and consumer sectors, is being integrated into nonagricultural industries, and continues to expand its international dimensions. Equally important as these trends in shaping the future are constraints imposed by microand macropolicies. Given industry dynamics and complex policy interactions, it is likely that traditional static competitive models for evaluating firm and industry performance may be inappropriate. This paper examines the implications of industry dynamics for economic analysis of the food-processing industry and develops a framework of the interactive policy environment in which the industry operates. Within this framework, implications of some key policy variables are explored to suggest their importance to empirical models.
Tunable-optical-filter-based white-light interferometry for sensing.

We describe tunable-optical-filter-based white-light interferometry for sensor interrogation. By introducing a tunable optical filter into a white-light interferometry system, one can interrogate an interferometer with either quadrature demodulation or spectral-domain detection at low cost. To demonstrate the feasibility of effectively demodulating various types of interferometric sensor, experiments have been performed using an extrinsic Fabry–Perot tunable filter to interrogate two extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometric temperature sensors and a diaphragm-based pressure sensor.
Local infusion balloon angioplasty to obviate restenosis compared with conventional balloon angioplasty in an experimental model of atherosclerosis

Balloon angioplasty is an accepted treatment for arterial obstruction; however, a substantial percentage of initially successfully treated lesions recur in the first 4 to 6 months. There is increasing interest in local treatment of lesions undergoing angioplasty to prevent restenosis, and an infusion catheter has been developed for this purpose. This study compared infusion balloon angioplasty by means of saline solution with conventional balloon angioplasty in atherosclerotic iliac arteries of 18 cholesterol-fed New Zealand white rabbits. Values for minimum stenosis diameter assessed angiographically immediately after maximum infusion balloon angioplasty (2.1 ± 0.6 mm) and after conventional balloon angioplasty (2.3 ± 0.3 mm, p = NS) were similar. In follow-up studies up to 5 weeks after angioplasty, the angiographic minimum stenosis diameter remained similar in the two treatment groups, but the histologically assessed intimal area was greater after infusion angioplasty (1.54 ± 0.92 mm vs 1.02 ± 0.75 mm in conventionally treated arteries, p = 0.0001). Infusion balloon angioplasty merits further evaluation as a treatment strategy for the simultaneous dilatation of atherosclerotic lesions with delivery of therapeutic agents to minimize restenosis.
Dynamics of Fast and Slow Inhibition from Cerebellar Golgi Cells Allow Flexible Control of Synaptic Integration

Throughout the brain, multiple interneuron types influence distinct aspects of synaptic processing. Interneuron diversity can thereby promote differential firing from neurons receiving common excitation. In contrast, Golgi cells are the sole interneurons regulating granule cell spiking evoked by mossy fibers, thereby gating inputs to the cerebellar cortex. Here, we examine how this single interneuron class modifies activity in its targets. We find that GABA(A)-mediated transmission at unitary Golgi cell --> granule cell synapses consists of varying contributions of fast synaptic currents and sustained inhibition. Fast IPSCs depress and slow IPSCs gradually build during high-frequency Golgi cell activity. Consequently, fast and slow inhibition differentially influence granule cell spike timing during persistent mossy fiber input. Furthermore, slow inhibition reduces the gain of the mossy fiber --> granule cell input-output curve, while fast inhibition increases the threshold. Thus, a lack of interneuron diversity need not prevent flexible inhibitory control of synaptic processing.
Macroeconomic effects of anticipated devaluations with informal financial markets

Abstract The paper analyzes the macroeconomic effects of devaluation in a general equilibrium model of a developing country in which controls on interest rates and foreign exchange restrictions lead to the emergence of informal financial markets. The complexity of the model precludes an analytical treatment. A simulation approach, based on parameters derived from estimates in the existing literature, is used to explore how the existence of informal financial markets causes the effects of an official devaluation to be felt before the devaluation itself occurs.
The effect of anhydrous strong acids on ribonuclease and lysozyme.

Abstract Ribonuclease and lysozyme may be dissolved and recovered from various anhydrous acid media indistinguishable in certain physical and enzymatic properties from the original, provided the temperature is kept low and the time of exposure reasonably short. With higher temperatures and longer times, inactivation occurs. Ultracentrifugal data on recovered material have been obtained and the ninhydrin color yield per mole of protein measured. Model experiments on disulfide linkages indicate strongly that such bonds are stable in hydrogen fluoride solution. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that inactivation is probably associated with the splitting of a small number of peptide bonds without causing a decrease in molecular weight but leading to an increase in hydrodynamic volume.
MEKK4 Signaling Regulates Filamin Expression and Neuronal Migration

Periventricular heterotopia (PVH) is a congenital malformation of human cerebral cortex frequently associated with Filamin-A (FLN-A) mutations but the pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that the MEKK4 (MAP3K4) pathway is involved in Fln-A regulation and PVH formation. MEKK4(-/-) mice developed PVH associated with breaches in the neuroependymal lining which were largely comprised of neurons that failed to reach the cortical plate. RNA interference (RNAi) targeting MEKK4 also impaired neuronal migration. Expression of Fln was elevated in MEKK4(-/-) forebrain, most notably near sites of failed neuronal migration. Importantly, recombinant MKK4 protein precipitated a complex containing MEKK4 and Fln-A, and MKK4 mediated signaling between MEKK4 and Fln-A, suggesting that MKK4 may bridge these molecules during development. Finally, we showed that wild-type FLN-A overexpression inhibited neuronal migration. Collectively, our results demonstrate a link between MEKK4 and Fln-A that impacts neuronal migration initiation and provides insight into the pathogenesis of human PVH.
Device-to-device collaboration through distributed storage

Video is the main driver for the inexorable increase in wireless data traffic. In this paper we analyze a new architecture in which device-to-device (D2D) communications is used to drastically increase the capacity of cellular networks for video transmission. Users cache popular video files and - after receiving requests from other users - serve these requests via D2D localized transmissions; the short range of the D2D transmission enables frequency reuse within the cell. We analyze the scaling behavior of the throughput with the number of devices per cell. The user content request statistics, as well as the caching distribution, are modeled by a Zipf distribution with parameters γ r and γ c , respectively. For the practically important case γ r c > 1, we derive a closed form expression for the scaling behavior of the number of D2D links that coexist without interference. Our analysis relies on a novel Poisson approximation result for wireless networks obtained through the Chen-Stein Method.
Dummett's intuitionism is not strict finitism

Michael Dummett's anti-realism is founded on the semantics of natural language which, he argues, can only be satisfactorily given in mathematics by intuitionism. It has been objected that an analog of Dummett's argument will collapse intuitionism into strict finitism. My purpose in this paper is to refute this objection, which I argue Dummett does not successfully do. I link the coherence of strict finitism to a view of confirmation — that our actual practical abilities cannot confirm we know what would happen if we could compute impracticably vast problems. But to state his case, the strict finitists have to suppose that we grasp the truth conditions of sentences we can't actually decide. This comprehension must be practically demonstrable, or the analogy with Dummett's argument fails. So, our actual abilities must be capable of confirming that we know what would be the case if actually undecidable sentences were true, contradicting the view of confirmation. I end by considering objections.