cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
D1 dopamine receptor activation is necessary for the induction of sensitization by amphetamine in the ventral tegmental area

Repeated intermittent exposure to amphetamine produces long-term enhancements in the ability of this drug to produce locomotion and increase extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the role played by D1 DA receptors in the production of these changes in response to amphetamine. Rats were preexposed to amphetamine, alone or with a DA receptor antagonist, and tested for sensitization 1–3 weeks after the last drug injection. On the test for sensitization, locomotor (experiments 1 and 2) and NAcc DA (experiment 3) responses of the animals to a systemic amphetamine injection were assessed. In the first experiment, systemic injections of the D1 DA receptor antagonist SCH23390, but not other DA receptor antagonists with greater affinity for D2 DA and 5-HT2 receptors, blocked the development of locomotor sensitization produced by systemic injections of amphetamine. In the second experiment, locomotor sensitization induced by infusion of amphetamine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was blocked when these injections were preceded by systemic injections of SCH23390. Finally, in experiment three, co-injecting SCH23390, but not its inactive enantiomer, with amphetamine into the VTA during preexposure prevented sensitization of the NAcc DA response to this drug. These results indicate that while D2 DA receptor activation is not necessary for the induction of locomotor sensitization to amphetamine, D1 DA receptors located in the VTA play a critical role in the development of sensitized locomotor and NAcc DA response to this drug.
Cone beam computed tomographic measurement of maxillary central incisors to determine prevalence of facial alveolar bone width ≥2 mm.

Background: The initial thickness of maxillary bone has significant impact on the responding level of facial bone and soft tissue after extraction and immediate implant placement. A prevailing notion is that following implant placement in fresh extraction sites, at least 2 mm of facial bone is needed to prevent soft tissue recession, fenestration, and dehiscence. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to measure horizontal width of facial alveolar bone overlying healthy maxillary central incisors and to determine prevalence of bone thickness 32 mm. Materials and Methods: Tomographic data from 101 randomly selected patients were evaluated by two independent observers. Assessments were made of facial bone width at levels 1.0 to 10.0 mm apical to the bone crest. Results: Healthy maxillary central incisors (n = 202) were measured from 101 patient scans. The percent of teeth with facial bone 32 mm at levels 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm from the bone crest was 0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 2.5%, respectively. Overall mean thickness of the bone was 1.05 mm for right and left central incisors combined. The range of individual measurements for all levels was 0 to 5.1 mm. The occurrence of 32 mm thickness bone measurements increased with increasing depth. However, mean widths observed at levels 6 to 10 mm from the crest ranged only 1.0 to 1.3 mm because of apparent fenestration occurrence (0 mm bone) in approximately 12% of teeth. Overall, no significant differences in bone thickness were found between ethnic, gender, age, or scan groups. Conclusions: Using CBCT, occurrences of 32 mm maxillary facial alveolar bone were found on no more than 3% of root surfaces 1.0 to 5.0 mm apical to the bone crest in this sample of maxillary central incisors. The study evidenced prevalence of a thin facial alveolar bone (<2 mm) that may contribute to risk of facial bone fenestration, dehiscence, and soft tissue recession after immediate implant therapy.
Global Treatment Issues for PTSD

Before choosing any of the specific PTSD treatments (detailed in Chaps. 4 and 5), there are a number of general questions to consider. These include timing and priority issues related to treatment (e.g., psychiatric emergency, co-occurring substance use, and situational factors). Other therapeutic considerations include combining different approaches, how to treat PTSD when a comorbid disorder is also present, and the best strategies for very complicated patients. When developing a treatment plan, a major question is whether psychotherapy should focus on the details of the traumatic event itself (e.g., trauma-focused therapy), whether it should focus on here-and-now present-centered issues, or whether it should be primarily supportive in nature. Finally, major personal issues for clinicians treating PTSD are discussed such as therapeutic neutrality, advocacy, secondary traumatization, countertransference, and clinician self-care.
Early and late-phase events after valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical prosthesis in 1200 patients

From May 1982 to August 1991, 1200 patients underwent valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.) valve: 615 men (51 %) and 585 women, mean age 58 years. Preoperatively, 830 patients (69%) were in functional class III or IV. A total of 611 patients (51%) had the aortic valve replaced, 490 (41%) the mitral valve, 2 (0.2%) the tricuspid valve, and 97 (8%) multiple valves. There were 81 hospital deaths (6.8%). Risk factors included older age (p = 0.0001), female gender (p = 0.02), higher preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (p = 0.05), previous cardiac operation (p = 0.003), longer aortic crossclamp time (p = 0.0001), and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (p = 0.0001). Follow-up was 98% complete (3153 patient-years). There were 152 late deaths; 32 (21%) were considered valve-related: six thromboembolism, four valve thrombosis, five anticoagulant-related hemorrhage, eight prosthetic valve endocarditis, one paravalvular leak, and seven sudden death. The 5-year actuarial survival was 75%. Risk factors for late death included older age (p = 0.03), lower preoperative ejection fraction (p = 0.005), longer aortic crossclamp time (p = 0.0001), longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (p = 0.0001), previous cardiac operation (p = 0.02), and higher preoperative functional class (p = 0.0001). Actuarial freedom at 5 years from major thromboembolic events and anticoagulant-related hemorrhage was 97% and 95%, respectively. This value for valve thrombosis was 99%, for reoperation 96%, for prosthetic valve endocarditis 98%, and for paravalvular leak 96%. Actuarial freedom from all valve-related events and valve-related death at 5 years was 74% and 94%, respectively. We conclude that the low incidence of valve-related events and low mortality supports the continued use of the St. Jude Medical valve.
Dissipation of [14C]acetochlor herbicide under anaerobic aquatic conditions in flooded soil microcosms

Acetochlor degradation was studied under anaerobic conditions representative of conditions in flooded soils. Soil−water microcosms were prepared with a saturated Drummer clay loam and made anaerobic by either glucose pretreatment or N2 sparging. Sparged microcosms consisted of sulfate-amended, unamended, and γ-irradiated microcosms. The microcosms were sampled in triplicate at predetermined time intervals during a 371 day incubation period. Volatile, aqueous, extractable, and bound (unextractable) 14C residues were quantified with liquid scintillation counting and characterized using high-performance liquid radiochromatography (HPLRC) and soil combustion. SO42-, Fe(II), CH4, and pH were monitored. Complete anaerobic degradation of [14C]acetochlor was observed in all viable treatments. The time observed for 50% acetochlor disappearance (DT50) was 10 days for iron-reducing and sulfate-reducing conditions (sulfate-amended), 15 days for iron-reducing conditions (unamended), and 16 days for methanogenic condit...
Probabilistic causality in quantum mechanics

I want to begin by expressing my pleasure at being able to contribute to a symposium in honor of Jack Good. We have known each other more years now than I care to remember. Over this long period I have learned much from his papers and from conversations about many different but related subjects. To make the point more precise for the present talk, about two decades ago when I became seriously interested in probabilistic causality and committed myself to developing a series of lectures on the subject, which were given in the summer of 1966 in Vaasa, Finland, among the few serious publications on the topic I found were Jack’s important earlier papers (Good, 1961/1962). Recently I have commented on some of our points of disagreement about probabilistic causality (Suppes, 1988). On the other hand, our areas of agreement about probabilistic causality certainly exceed the filigree of differences.
Light's Measure: A History of Industrial Photometry to 1909

AbstractA summary history is provided of the development of industrial photometry from its earliest beginnings to 1909. It is shown that the need for photometry paralleled technological changes and competition within the lighting industry. Emphasis is placed on the rarely documented history of photometric concepts and the development of photometric practice that resulted. Finally, a review of the standards of light and photometric instrumentation employed during this period is given.
Comparative sensitivity of 13 species of pathogenic bacteria to seven chemical germicides

Abstract Background: The relative resistance of diverse human bacterial pathogens to commonly used germicidal agents has not been established. Methods: We measured by titration the survival of thirteen different bacteria after exposure to glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, cupris ascorbate, sodium hypochlorite, or phenol. Results: Our comparative experiments allowed classification of the organisms' survival into four groups: (a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus showed the most resistance, (b) Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 showed intermediate resistance, (c) Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella sonnei, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus survived some treatments with chemical agents only in the presence of protecting protein (serum albumin), and (d) Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Bacillus cereus, and Yersinia enterocolitica did not survive any of the treatments applied. Conclusion: We found species that more frequently survived exposure to germicidal agents were also those most comonly reported in association with hospital infections. Our findings suggest that resistance to disinfectants may be more important than pathogenicity in determining the relative prominence of an organism as an agent responsible for nosocomial infections.
A cheap, portable haptic device for a method to relay 2-D texture-enriched graphical information to individuals who are visually impaired

This paper considers the development of a haptic device needed for a method of relaying 2-D texture enriched graphical information. The focus here is on the conversion of the optical, color-based representation of the formatted diagram, which is efficient for storage and distribution, to its haptic texture enriched form. For this, the device has two main components, an RGB color sensor and piezoelectric actuator, mounted in a casing that is wrapped around the finger. The resulting device has a spatial sensitivity (
Systematic Studies of the σ and π Stabilizing Effects in the Nitrosyl-Containing Molecules and Their Isovalent Analogues

The electronic stabilization effect of the substituents on the nitrosyl-containing molecules has been studied by computing the electronic energy change (ΔE) in the isodesmic reactions, R−NO + H2 → ...
Variation of mouse oocyte sensitivity to griseofulvin-induced aneuploidy during the second meiotic division

The effects of griseofulvin (GF) treatment during the second meiotic division of oogenesis were investigated by cytogenetic analysis of mouse one-cell (1-Cl) zygotes. After determining the duration of fertilization and the second meiotic division, 1500 mg/kg GF were administered to superovulated mice at 10, 12 or 14 h after human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) injection. The results showed that GF reduced the frequencies of fertilized oocytes (P < 0.01) and of 1-Cl zygotes that reached the first mitotic metaphase stage (P < 0.001). Aneuploidy was induced regardless of the moment of treatment, but the various treatment times were associated with statistically different (P < 0.05) levels of hyperdiploidy. The maximum frequency of hyperdiploidy (39.6%) occurred when GF was given 10 h after HCG. Polyploid 1-Cl zygotes were significantly induced only at the 10 and 12 h treatment times and their level never exceeded 1.8% of fertilized oocytes. GF also induced abnormalities of chromosome condensation along with centromeric chromosome associations. These results support the conclusion that GF treatment during the second meiotic division induced aneuploidy, polyploidy, and reduced rates of fertilization and zygotic development. Also, the time of chemical treatment influenced the frequencies of these effects.
Focal adhesion kinase is essential for costamerogenesis in cultured skeletal muscle cells.

Abstract A central question in muscle biology is how costameres are formed and become aligned with underlying myofibrils in mature tissues. Costameres are composed of focal adhesion proteins, including vinculin and paxillin, and anchor myofibril Z-bands to the sarcolemma. In the present study, we investigated the process of costamere formation (“costamerogenesis”) in differentiating primary mouse myoblasts. Using vinculin and paxillin as costameric markers, we found that two additional focal adhesion components, α5β1 integrin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), are associated with costameres. We have characterized costamerogenesis as occurring in three distinct stages based on the organizational pattern of these costameric proteins. We show that both costamerogenesis and myofibrillogenesis are initiated at sites of membrane contacts with the extracellular matrix and that their maturation is tightly coupled. To test the importance of FAK signaling in these processes, we analyzed cells expressing a dominant negative form of FAK (dnFAK). When cells expressing dnFAK were induced to differentiate, both costamerogenesis and myofibrillogenesis were disrupted although the expression of constituent proteins was not inhibited. Likewise, inhibiting FAK activity by reducing FAK levels using an siRNA approach also resulted in an inhibition of costamerogenesis and myofibrillogenesis. The relationship between costamere and myofibril formation was tested further by treating myotube cultures with potassium or tetrodotoxin to block contraction and disrupt myofibril organization. This also resulted in inhibition of costamere maturation. We present a model of costamerogenesis whereby signaling through FAK is essential for both normal costamerogenesis and normal myofibrillogenesis which are tightly coupled during skeletal myogenesis.
Stack protection in packet processing systems

Network security is a critical aspect of Internet operations. Most network security research has focused on protecting end-systems from hacking and denial-of-service attacks. In our work, we address hacking attacks on the network infrastructure itself. In particular, we explore data plane stack smashing attacks that have demonstrated successfully on network processor systems. We explore their use in the context of software routers that are implemented on top of general-purpose processor and operating systems. We discuss how such attacks can be adapted to these router systems and how stack protection mechanisms can be used as defense. We show experimental results that demonstrate the effectiveness of these stack protection mechanisms.
The classification of children's knowledge: Development on the balance-scale and inclined-plane tasks

R.S. Siegler (1981, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46 C2, Serial No. 189) has shown that performance on several Piagetian tasks is governed by similar rule structures. The purpose of the first study was to extend his analysis to the inclined-plane task, replicate his original observations about development on the balance-scale task, and determine the consistency in children's rule usage across tasks. We found that Siegler's (1981) binary decision representations adequately characterized development on these tasks, and there was fair correspondence of rule classifications across tasks. An alternative classification procedure, used to diagnose the rules of children who failed our original classification criteria, showed that most of these children's performance patterns were very similar to Siegler's rule patterns. In the second experiment, we improved the diagnosticity of our rule-assessment protocol in light of F. Wilkening and N. H. Anderson's (1982, Psychological Bulletin, 92, 215-237) criticisms, and observed that many Rule III children's predictions were associated with those of integration rules on both tasks. Despite these methodological improvements, many children, especially 5- to 7-year-olds, evidenced use of centration and lexicographic strategies, suggesting that these classifications are not simply an artifact of problem sampling. Some of the problems associated with the classification of children's knowledge are discussed.
Localization of cholesterol in peripheral nerve: USE of [3H] digitonin for electron microscopic autoradiography

Tritiated digitonin of high specific activity has been incorporated into fixation of adult rat sciatic nerve. Electron microscope autoradiograms developed four to thirteen days after coating indicate highest concentration of label over or near myelin sheaths. Label is observed over areas of reasonable myelin preservation as well as in areas of artifact and membrane disruption. The technique is suggested for use as a means of fairly specific localization of free cholesterol in tissues. In addition, the activity of the isotope used permits visualization of autoradiograms after short exposure times.
Cross‐linguistic interpretation of duration.

In Korean, intervocalic [l] is realized as tap ([tal]/[tar‐i] ‘moon/moon+nom’). In English loanwords, however, intervocalic /l/ is generally adapted as a geminate lateral ([sollo] ‘solo’ but [sara] ‘Sarah’). We present evidence from event‐related potentials supporting an analysis in which Korean listeners perceive intervocalic single [l] (illegal in Korean) as geminate [ll], reinterpreting the English [r‐l] contrast in terms of the Korean [r‐ll] contrast ([dari] ‘bridge’, [dalli] ‘differently’). Korean and English participants heard two sets of oddball paradigms, [ele‐elle] and [ene‐enne]. In both cases, the acoustic difference is the same, 48 versus 98 msec. However, the nasal pair represents a cross‐category contrast in Korean ([kanan] ‘poverty’, [kannan] ‘newborn’) while the lateral pair represents a noncontrastive difference. Consistent with studies showing a stronger mismatch negativity (MMN) to cross‐category changes than to within‐category changes, Korean listeners displayed a significantly larger ...
Assembly of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor THE FIRST TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAINS OF TRUNCATED α AND δ SUBUNITS ARE REQUIRED FOR HETERODIMER FORMATION IN VIVO

Abstract To investigate the mechanism of assembly of the mouse muscle acetylcholine receptor, we have expressed truncated N-terminal fragments of the α and δ subunits in COS cells and have examined their ability to fold, to associate into heterodimers, and to form a ligand-binding site. Truncated fragments of the α subunit that include all, part, or none of the first transmembrane domain (M1) folded to acquire α-bungarotoxin binding activity. Neither the full-length α subunit nor any of the fragments were expressed on the cell surface, although the shortest folded fragment lacking a transmembrane domain was secreted into the medium. When coexpressed with the δ subunit, the α subunit fragment possessing M1 formed a heterodimer containing a ligand-binding site, but shorter fragments, which lack transmembrane segments, did not associate with the δ subunit. N-terminal δ subunit fragments gave similar results. An N-terminal δ subunit fragment that contains M1 associated with the α subunit to form a heterodimer, while a fragment lacking M1 did not. These results show that a complete M1 domain is necessary for association of truncated N-terminal α and δ subunits into a heterodimer with high affinity ligand binding activity.
Expression of two S-ribonucleases of Petunia inflata using baculovirus expression system.

Summary We have previously shown that three Petunia inflata S-proteins, products of the multiallelic S-gene of the self-incompatibility system, are ribonucleases. Here we report the expression of cDNAs for two of these S-proteins using the baculovirus expression system. S2- and S3-proteins were found in both supernatants and lysates of Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses. Both recombinant S-proteins contained glycosylated (25 kD) and nonglycosylated (23 kD) forms. Recombinant S2- and S3-proteins were purified from insect cell cultures, and the amino-terminal sequences determined from glycosylated S2- and S3-proteins indicated that the leader peptide encoded by each cDNA was correctly removed. Both glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms of S2- and S3-proteins exhibited ribonuclease activity.
Pivotal role of VASP in Arp2/3 complex–mediated actin nucleation, actin branch-formation, and Listeria monocytogenes motility

The Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein mediates actin-based motility by recruiting and stimulating the Arp2/3 complex. In vitro, the actin monomer-binding region of ActA is critical for stimulating Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation; however, this region is dispensable for actin-based motility in cells. Here, we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) recruitment by ActA can bypass defects in actin monomer-binding. Furthermore, purified VASP enhances the actin-nucleating activity of wild-type ActA and the Arp2/3 complex while also reducing the frequency of actin branch formation. These data suggest that ActA stimulates the Arp2/3 complex by both VASP-dependent and -independent mechanisms that generate distinct populations of actin filaments in the comet tails of L. monocytogenes. The ability of VASP to contribute to actin filament nucleation and to regulate actin filament architecture highlights the central role of VASP in actin-based motility.
The role of the carbon skeleton of lysine in the biosynthesis of hemoglobin.

Abstract 1. 1. It has been shown that lysine-ϵ-C 14 , led to a dog, contributes significantly to the biosynthesis of the protoporphyrin IX in erythrocyte hemoglobin. 2. 2. The C 14 -activity of such hemoglobin protoporphyrin was found to be localized largely in carbon atoms C -10 and D -10 as ascertained by isolation of the two carbon atoms in question by means of the Schmidt reaction. 3. 3. A comparison of the specific millimolar C 14 -activities of protoporphyrin IX, and of glutamic and aspartic acids isolated from erythrocyte globin, suggests that the conversion of the carbon skeleton of lysine to the afore-mentioned metabolites occurs without preceding fragmentation through a five carbon intermediary metabolite which may be identical with α-ketoglutarate.
Application of fuzzy logic for technology mapping of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)

Technology mapping for FPGAs with complex logic blocks is performed by a fuzzy logic system. A solution is constructed by a successive augmentation algorithm that employs fuzzy logic on all decision steps to balance multiple factors influencing choices. Rules are dynamically adapted when results of partial and completed mapping are compared with the stated goals for area and timing.
The Mediterranean Islamic Slave Trade Out of Africa: A Tentative Census

(1992). The Mediterranean Islamic slave trade out of Africa: A tentative census. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 214-248.
Survey on the Teaching of Italian in the Central Great Lakes States

and general indexes of anthologies and of texts. Luis Alberto Musso Ambrossi has produced two useful works: Bibliograffa uruguaya sobre Brasil (Montevideo: Instituto de Cultura Uruguayo-Brasileiro, 1967), which is valuable from a comparative literature point of view; and Ensayo de una bibliograffa uruguaya correspondiente a la segunda mitad del siglo XIX (Montevideo: Centro de Estudios del Pasado Uruguayo, 1967), which covers a seminal period in Uruguayan letters. Venezuela. The Escuela de Biblioteconomia
Do Campaign Contributions and Lobbying Expenditures by Firms Create “Political” Capital?

We examine the relation between a firm’s campaign contributions and lobbying expenditures and its Tobin’s q. We follow other studies that use q to measure the value of the firm’s intangible capital (e.g., the value of advertising, R&D, or environmental performance). Researchers have found a positive and significant relation between intangible assets and q. If political capital exists, it is an intangible asset. However, we find little relation between q and political contributions, suggesting that campaign contributions may not have long term effects on political markets. This is consistent with the view that contributions are done by firms as a response to a short term opportunity not as a way of building long-term political capital.
Comparison of plasma source with synchrotron source in the Center for X-ray Lithography

The characteristics of sources for x-ray lithography are analyzed in terms of image formation. In particular, laser-induced plasma and synchrotron radiation sources are compared. New design considerations are presented for both types of sources, and we show that both can be good x-ray lithography sources in terms of image formation.
The HPV vaccine: framing the arguments FOR and AGAINST mandatory vaccination of all middle school girls

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus responsible for cervical cancer, is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection in the United States. A vaccine was approved in 2006 that is effective in preventing the types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. Proposals for routine and mandatory HPV vaccination of girls have become sources of controversy for parents of school-aged youth, legislators, members of the medical community, and the public at large. Methods: The purpose of this article was to articulate the arguments used by advocates who either oppose or endorse routine, mandatory administration of the vaccine to school-aged girls, thereby assisting school health personnel in being effective participants in framing the relevant issues. Results: Controversy is grounded in moral, religious, political, economic, and sociocultural arguments including whether concerns that the vaccine increases sexual risk taking, sends mixed messages about abstaining from sexual intercourse, usurps parental authority, and increases the potential for development of new health disparities are offset by the value of administering a cost-effective, age-appropriate public health measure targeting a life-threatening problem. Conclusions: Careful consideration of the medical evidence and public health implications is critical but understanding the context of the debate is no less important to the task of responding to public concerns. School health personnel have a role in the discussion about HPV immunization. Being able to articulate the arguments presented herein can help authorities’ responsiveness to parents and community groups as the dialogue about this particular health issue evolves further.
A comparison of two techniques for analyzing neuronal interspike intervals: Autocorrelation and relative interval coding

Abstract Only two theoretical approaches for serial order analysis of spike trains seem to be practical and to preserve a degree of the sequential ordering of the intervals. We herein compared these approaches, employing the two common techniques for autocorrelation and a group of relative interval coding techniques, using 4 short, idealized trains of spike intervals. The relative interval coding approach seemed to be more sensitive for accurately specifying and analyzing serial order. The autocorrelation methods create ambiguity because of inherent “partitioning” effects in the computation and because the interrelations among peaks in the correlogram can be deceptive.
Oyster reef restoration: effect of alternative substrates on oyster recruitment and nekton habitat use

Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in Gulf of Mexico estuaries create complex reefs and provide important habitat for fish and crustaceans. Oyster reefs have suffered historic losses due to overharvest, disease, and degraded water quality, and recent efforts have focused on restoring reefs to benefit nekton populations. Oyster shell is the preferred substrate for oyster reef restoration, but as a consequence of its limited supply, a variety of alternative substrates are being used. We used field experiments to quantify the effects of substrate type (concrete, porcelain, limestone, river rock, and oyster shell) on oyster recruitment, growth, and nekton habitat use in St. Charles Bay, TX. After 4 months, oyster spat recruitment density, nekton density and community structure were similar across substrate types—and analogous to those on natural reefs—but differed from samples collected on bare sediment. To determine refuge value of the alternative substrates, we tested mud crab (Panopeidae) prey mortality with and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) or blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) predators. Prey mortality was similar across substrate types for both predators, and was significantly lower than no substrate and bare sand controls. Alternative substrates can provide important structural materials to support the development of oyster populations and nekton assemblages, and may be used to promote sustainable management of oyster reef resources via restoration.
Interface state density measurements in gated p-i-n silicon nanowires as a function of the nanowire diameter

Gate-all-around p-i-n silicon nanowires (NW) diodes with effective nanowire diameter from 15 nm down to 4 nm (±1.3 nm) were fabricated to enable interface state density (N it ) measurements using the charge pumping (CP) method. The N it of the NWs was also measured by the conductance method and was in good agreement with the CP method. The linear relation between the CP current and the pulse frequency was not maintained in the smallest diameter NWs. The dependency on the pulse rise and fall times was also investigated and is correlated to the lifetime of the traps. The impact of the cylindrical geometry on the measured CP current is discussed.
Disproportionation and Structural Changes of Tetraarylethylene Donors upon Successive Oxidation to Cation Radicals and to Dications

The stepwise (one-electron) chemical oxidation of the tetraphenylethylene donor and its substituted analogues (D) can be carried out by electron exchange with aromatic cations or antimony(V) oxidants to selectively afford the cation radical (D+•) initially and then the dication (D2+). The ready interchange of the latter establishes the facile disproportionation (i.e., 2D+• ⇌ D2+ + D) that was originally examined by only transient electrochemical techniques. The successful isolations of the crystalline salts of the tetraanisylethylene cation radical (1+•) as well as the tetraanisylethylene dication (12+) allow X-ray diffraction analysis (for the first time) to quantify the serial changes in the molecular structure upon successive oxidations. Five structural parameters (d, l, θ, φ, and q) are identified as quantitative measures of changes in bond (CαCβ, Cαanisyl) lengths, dihedral (CαCβ)/torsional (anisyl) angles, and quinoidal (anisyl) distortion attendant upon the removal of first one-electron and then an...
Can a four‐dimensional model of occupational commitment help to explain intent to leave one's occupation?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test whether a four‐dimensional model of occupational commitment could help to help explain intent to leave one's occupation.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 2,032 massage therapists and bodywork practitioners completed an on‐line survey measuring occupational commitment, intent to leave occupation, job satisfaction, job perception, and personal variables. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses.Findings – Controlling for personal and then job‐related variables, general job satisfaction was a significant negative correlate of intent to leave the occupation beyond these variables. Controlling for personal, job‐related and job satisfaction, three of the four occupational commitment dimensions, affective, accumulated costs, and limited alternatives, were each significant negative correlates of intent to leave. Normative commitment was not a significant correlate. After controlling for lower‐order interactions, a four‐way interac...
Noble gases in E-chondrites

The combination of noble gas data for 12 E-chondrites with literature data shows K-Ar ages greater than 4 AE for 14 out of 18 meteorites, while U, Th-He ages are often shorter. Cosmic ray exposure ages are found to differ systematically between types E4 and E6, with the respective, below-16 Myr and above-30 Myr values implying that the E-chondrite parent body predominantly contains a single petrologic type on the 1 km scale of individual impacts in contrast to the mixed parent bodies of the ordinary chondrites. Amounts of planetary gas in E4-E6 chondrites fall in the range for ordinary chondrites of types 4-6, but fail to correlate with petrologic type or volatile trace element contents, in contrast to the ordinary chondrites. Analyses of mineral separates show that the planetary gases are concentrated in an HFand HCl-insoluble mineral, similar to phase Q. The subsolar gases are located in an HCl- and HNO3-resistant phase.
High magnitude hepatic cytochrome P-450 induction by an N-substituted imidazole antimycotic, clotrimazole.

Abstract A 4-fold induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 following 3 days of treatment of rats with clotrimazole (75mg/kg), a potent monooxygenase inhibitor, greatly exceeded that evident from similar phenobarbital and dexamethasone treatment. The clotrimazole-induced microsomes exhibited a pattern of monooxygenase activities similar to that seen in microsomes from both phenobarbital- and dexamethasone-treated animals. Precautions were necessary to determine both monooxygenase activities and the full amount of cytochrome P-450 present in microsomes because of interference by residual clotrimazole in the microsomes.
Pricing options on securities with discontinuous returns

Abstract We consider a financial market where the asset prices are driven by a multidimensional Brownian motion processs and a multidimensional point process of random jumps admitting stochastic intensity. Using the equivalent martingale measure approach, we construct hedging portfolios for European and American contingent claims. We also present a valuation equation that must be satisfied by any derivative security and can be solved numerically to obtain option prices.
Sleep-site fidelity in two Puerto Rican lizards

Abstract Observations on the sleep behaviour of the brown anole, Anolis gundlachi , and the crested anole, Anolis cristatellus , were conducted at two ecologically distinct sites on the island of Puerto Rico. Lizards returned nightly to specific sleep locations, and for at least 5 consecutive nights, up to 98% returned to within 1 m of their initial night's sleep site. Additionally, 55% of the A. gundlachi and 21% of the A. cristatellus returned to within 10 cm of the original night's sleep site. Daytime activity ranges were significantly greater than nightly variation in sleep-site location. Additional data were collected on (1) sleep posture and body dimensional plane (2) sleep-site height, and (3) the type of vegetation used for sleep sites (e.g. broad leafed plants versus narrow leafed plants etc.). Lizards selected sleep sites in proportion to the plant type available in the respective habitat. Sleep-site height was positively correlated with lizard size, and the modal pattern of sleep posture included a snout direction toward the stem of the leaf and the head above or aligned with the horizontal body plane. The consistent selection of a site near the previous night's location suggests that lizards have reserved a specific area of their home range for sleep. A survey of nocturnal predators and observations of a predatory event on a lizard displaced from its sleep site suggest that immobilization on the foliage surface is an adaptive strategy for avoiding predation.
Studies of ACTH Antibodies and Their Reactions with Inactive Analogues of ACTH

It has been possible to produce neutralizing antibodies to human ACTH, porcine ACTH and synthetic α1–24ACTH. These antibodies are gamma globulins. Their in vitro reaction with ACTH does not require complement. Neutralization of ACTH occurs at both 4 and 37 C. The antibody-ACTH complexes are acid dissociable. Antibodies that neutralized human pituitary ACTH also neutralized circulating plasma ACTH from patients with Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and the “ectopic ACTH syndrome.” Utilizing certain antisera that discriminated between human and porcine ACTH, it was shown that human tumor (ectopic) ACTH was immunologically closer to human pituitary ACTH than to porcine pituitary ACTH. The reactions of ACTH antibodies with certain inactive fragments of ACTH (α11–24ACTH and αp 26–39ACTH) have been construed to suggest that the human and porcine hormones are structurally more similar in their middle portions than in their C-terminal portions. Such reactions also provide evidence that the structural requirem...
Photodesorption of weakly bound molecules

Abstract A recently reported lineshape function which specifically applies to the problem of one-photon photodesorption is used to perform model calculations. The expected efficiency and timescale for such a process is obtained. Molecules physisorbed on solid surfaces may desorb when vibrational energy from laser excitation leaks into the surface-adsorbate bond. Using phenomenological rate constants for desorption, quenching and dephasing mechanisms, a simple expression for surface coverage as a function of laser and molecular parameters is obtained. Analogy is drawn to the vibrational predissociation of Van der Waals molecules, to which this model has been previously applied. Sample experimental sytems are examined and calculations are made to explore the feasibility and range of the photodesorption technique. Observable effects are calculated, even for low-power laser parameters and fast quenching rates. Conversely, the lineshape formula provides a method for extracting desorption and quenching rates from experimental data. Extension of the model to other systems is discussed.
High-Geometrical-Accuracy Embroidery Process for Textile Antennas With Fine Details

An embroidery process with high geometrical accuracy is presented for antennas with fine details. Previous embroidery processes employed thicker threads, leading to resolution not better than 1 mm. Therefore, fine details (e.g., sharp corners) could not be realized, and geometrical accuracy was low, viz. $ > 1~\hbox{mm}$ . To overcome these limitations, in this letter we: 1) employ much thinner E-fibers to enable the “printing” of sharp corners, and 2) increase embroidery density to boost surface conductivity. Two Liberator E-fibers were tested: 1) 40-strand ( ${\hbox{diameter}} = 0.27~\hbox{mm}$ ), and 2) 20-strand ( ${\hbox{diameter}} = 0.22~\hbox{mm}$ ). Embroidery density was optimized using double-layer stitching of 7 threads/mm. To validate our embroidery approach, we fabricated and tested a dipole antenna with intricate details operating at 2.4 GHz. This design could not be formerly “printed” on textiles. Both E-fiber (40/20-strand) prototypes exhibited excellent performance, comparable to that of copper antennas. The achieved geometrical accuracy was $\sim 0.3~\hbox{mm}$ (viz. 3 times better).
Ion impact desorption and hydrogen release

Abstract Desorption cross sections have been measured for the removal of deuterium from stainless steel by hydrogen ion impact. Using hydrogen ions with energies similar to those in the charge-exchange neutral flux striking the first-wall in tokamaks, the desorption cross section was determined for substrate temperatures
Transferrin Receptor Targeted Lipopolyplexes for Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotide G3139 in a Murine K562 Xenograft Model

Purpose Transferrin (Tf) conjugated lipopolyplexes (LPs) carrying G3139, an antisense oligonucleotide for Bcl-2, were synthesized and evaluated in Tf receptor positive K562 erythroleukemia cells and then in a murine K562 xenograft model.
SURGICAL THERAPY FOR ABNORMALITIES OF THE URINARY SPHINCTER IN THE FEMALE1

SUMMARY In the female the urinary sphincter is synonymous with the proximal three-fourths of urethra and is a tubular structure with a wall composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue. The efficiency of the tube as a sphincter varies directly with the length of intact urethra. Most cases of non-neurogenic urinary incontinence are due to a decrease in length of intact urinary sphincter. The shortened sphincter may be caused by a drooping of the urethra in the erect position, a defect in the wall of the urethra or by a defective urethra which droops. Treatment incorporates restoration of normal length to the involved urethra by anterior urethropexy, excision of the urethral defect or by a combination of the two procedures. Posterior buttressing of the urethra and urethrocystopexies which do not lengthen the urethra are inadequate, unphysiological procedures for restoring urinary continence.
Effects of Convective Processes on GCM Simulations of the Madden-Julian Oscillation

Abstract Weak temporal variability in tropical climates such as the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is one of major deficiencies in general circulation models (GCMs). The uncertainties in the representation of convection and cloud processes are responsible for these deficiencies. With the improvement made to the convection scheme, the Iowa State University (ISU) GCM, which is based on a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model, is able to simulate many features of MJO as revealed by observations. In this study, four 10-yr (1979–88) ISU GCM simulations with observed sea surface temperatures are analyzed and compared to examine the effects of the revised convection closure, convection trigger condition, and convective momentum transport (CMT) on the MJO simulations. The modifications made in the convection scheme improve the simulations of amplitude, spatial distribution, eastward propagation, and horizontal and vertical structures, especially for the coherent feature of eastward-propagating convection a...
Integrating sensory integration

Abstract The Second Annual Multisensory Research Conference, Tarrytown, NY, USA, 6–7 October 2000.
Beyond D-luciferin: Expanding the Scope of Bioluminescence Imaging in vivo

The light-emitting chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme firefly luciferase is widely used for noninvasive imaging in live mice. However, photon emission from the luciferase is crucially dependent on the chemical properties of its substrate, D-luciferin. In this review, we describe recent work to replace the natural luciferase substrate with synthetic analogs that extend the scope of bioluminescence imaging.
Deactivation of alumina supported and unsupported PdO methane oxidation catalyst: the effect of water on sulfate poisoning

Abstract This study presents results for water and SO 2 deactivation of unsupported PdO during methane combustion. Results of IR studies on alumina, unsupported PdO, and a 6 wt.% Pd/alumina catalyst are also presented. For methane combustion using Pd supported on alumina, SO 2 in dry gas causes both inhibition and deactivation for methane oxidation. Activity studies at 733 and 793 K indicate that activity loss was greater and occurs more rapidly when both water and SO 2 are present. For unsupported PdO, exposure to SO 2 causes irreversible and rapid deactivation in both dry and wet environments. In situ IR studies demonstrate that for PdO supported on alumina the formation of PdSO 4 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , and surface aluminum sulfate occur more rapidly when both SO 2 and water are present. Palladium sulfate is also observed for unsupported PdO, and X-ray diffraction of deactivated catalysts indicates the presence of Pd 0 , even though reactions were conducted in excess oxygen. It is proposed that under dry conditions the alumina surface scavenges SO 2 , slowing the formation of PdSO 4 . When water is present SO 2 is displaced from the alumina surface and spillover of SO 2 from PdO to the alumina is inhibited leading to a higher rate of formation of PdSO 4 . A process whereby sulfation of the PdO particle surface and reduction of the particle core to Pd 0 can occur is proposed.
Promotion of purine nucleotide binding to thymidylate synthase by a potent folate analogue inhibitor, 1843U89.

Abstract A folate analogue, 1843U89 (U89), with potential as a chemotherapeutic agent due to its potent and specific inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS; EC 2.1.1.45), greatly enhances not only the binding of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) and dUMP to Escherichia coli TS but also that of dGMP, GMP, dIMP, and IMP. Guanine nucleotide binding was first detected by CD analysis, which revealed a unique spectrum for the TS-dGMP-U89 ternary complex. The quantitative binding of dGMP relative to GMP, FdUMP, and dUMP was determined in the presence and absence of U89 by ultrafiltration analysis, which revealed that although the binding of GMP and dGMP could not be detected in the absence of U89 both were bound in its presence. The Kd for dGMP was about the same as that for dUMP and FdUMP, with binding of the latter two nucleotides being increased by two orders of magnitude by U89. An explanation for the binding of dGMP was provided by x-ray diffraction studies that revealed an extensive stacking interaction between the guanine of dGMP and the benzoquinazoline ring of U89 and hydrogen bonds similar to those involved in dUMP binding. In addition, binding energy was provided through a water molecule that formed hydrogen bonds to both N7 of dGMP and the hydroxyl of Tyr-94. Accommodation of the larger dGMP molecule was accomplished through a distortion of the active site and a shift of the deoxyribose moiety to a new position. These rearrangements also enabled the binding of GMP to occur by creating a pocket for the ribose 2' hydroxyl group, overcoming the normal TS discrimination against nucleotides containing the 2' hydroxyl.
Herpes simplex virus keratitis in children.

Abstract Purpose To describe the spectrum and recurrence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis in children and adolescents. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Twenty-three patients younger than age 16 years were diagnosed with HSV keratitis at one institution. Results All children presented with dendritic or punctate epithelial keratitis, and stromal keratitis occurred concurrently with epithelial keratitis in 14 patients (61%). Six patients (26%) had bilateral HSV keratitis. Eleven patients (48%) developed recurrent HSV keratitis at a median of 15 months after the first documented episode. Amblyopia occurred in three children. Conclusion Children with herpetic keratitis may have bilateral ocular involvement and are at risk for recurrent keratitis and amblyopia.
State-of-the-science symposium on postacute rehabilitation: setting a research agenda and developing an evidence base for practice and public policy executive summary.

Purpose The Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Measuring Rehabilitation Outcomes and Effectiveness along with academic, professional, provider, and accreditor organizations sponsored a ...