cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinocerebellar engeneration with parkinsonian features: A clinical and pathological report

A 20-year-old patient had spinocerebellar degeneration and parkinsonian tremor that improved with L-dopa treatment. Postmortem examination revealed posterior column atrophy in the spinal cord and severe degeneration in the substantia nigra. Atrophic changes were noted in deep cerebellar nuclei and superior cerebellar peduncles. This study confirms the relationships between clinical parkinsonism, substantia nigra atrophy, and the therapeutic effect of L-dopa.
Non-linear theories of beams and plates accounting for moderate rotations and material length scales

Abstract The primary objective of this paper is to formulate the governing equations of shear deformable beams and plates that account for moderate rotations and microstructural material length scales. This is done using two different approaches: (1) a modified von Karman non-linear theory with modified couple stress model and (2) a gradient elasticity theory of fully constrained finitely deforming hyperelastic cosserat continuum where the directors are constrained to rotate with the body rotation. Such theories would be useful in determining the response of elastic continua, for example, consisting of embedded stiff short fibers or inclusions and that accounts for certain longer range interactions. Unlike a conventional approach based on postulating additional balance laws or ad hoc addition of terms to the strain energy functional, the approaches presented here extend existing ideas to thermodynamically consistent models. Two major ideas introduced are: (1) inclusion of the same order terms in the strain–displacement relations as those in the conventional von Karman non-linear strains and (2) the use of the polar decomposition theorem as a constraint and a representation for finite rotations in terms of displacement gradients for large deformation beam and plate theories. Classical couple stress theory is recovered for small strains from the ideas expressed in (1) and (2). As a part of this development, an overview of Eringen׳s non-local, Mindlin׳s modified couple stress theory, and the gradient elasticity theory of Srinivasa–Reddy is presented.
Analysis of linear channel codes with continuous code space

Linear analog coding, or, transformation through linear analog matrices, exhibits interesting relation to space-time codes and modulation diversity, and finds useful application in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). This paper analyzes analog codes, establishes their performance limits in terms of the mean square error (MSE), and identifies the best practices. Two optimal detectors, linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) detector and maximum likelihood (ML) detector, are developed and analyzed, and their performance lower bounds are computed, respectively. It is shown that LMMSE decoder generally outperforms ML decoders (under the MSE criterion), but the gain diminishes as the signal-to-noise ratio increases. It is further shown that the choice of the analog code (i.e. the analog matrix) makes a considerable difference under ML detection, but not so much under LMMSE detection. Finally, the unitary codes, an important class of analog codes whose subsets form discrete cosine transform (DCT) codes, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) codes, BCH analog codes and Reed-Solomon analog codes, are established as the best class of linear analog codes, as they achieve both bounds simultaneously.
Respiratory tract pathogens isolated from patients hospitalized with suspected pneumonia: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 1997)

Thirty-seven sentinel hospitals (29 in the United States [US]; eight in Canada) collected bacterial isolates from hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of these pathogens were determined to more than 60 agents (40 reported) using the reference broth microdilution method described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The five most frequently recorded species among the 2757 isolates collected during the study were (no. tested/%): Staphylococcus aureus (632/22.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (498/18. 1%), Haemophilus influenzae (284/10.3%), Klebsiella spp. (240/8.7%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (213/7.7%). There was a significant difference in the susceptibility to antimicrobials between the US and Canada for S. aureus to oxacillin (50.1% versus 93.8% susceptible, respectively), gentamicin (78.7% versus 97.8%), and fluoroquinolones (49.5 to 53.0% versus 89.8 to 94.9%). Amikacin (92. 8% susceptible) was the most active antimicrobial agent against P. aeruginosa, and meropenem was the most potent beta-lactam. Against H. influenzae, most drugs retained a high level of activity, whilst against the S. pneumoniae, only the newer fluoroquinolones (gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin) remained highly effective in vitro. Only two antimicrobial agents (imipenem and meropenem) were >99% active against the Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. isolated in this survey (possess extended spectrum beta-lactamases or hyperproduction of Amp C cephalosporins); cefepime (95.6-100.0% susceptible) was significantly more active than other cephalosporins tested. Clonal, epidemic outbreaks of multiply resistant strains were very rare in monitored hospitals. In conclusion, important differences exist between the US and Canada in the susceptibility patterns of some respiratory tract pathogens to commonly used antimicrobial agents with Canadian strains generally being more susceptible to currently available antimicrobial agents.
Mapping the evolution of racially mixed and segregated neighborhoods in Chicago

The Chicago metropolitan region consists of a spatially complex mosaic of neighborhoods, in which measures of racial and ethnic composition vary dramatically. Understanding these patterns and their evolution has been hindered by ambiguities in the use of terms like ‘diverse’ or ‘segregated’, which are often posited as opposite ends of a one-dimensional scale. Using a new taxonomy of neighborhood composition, we have mapped the evolving patterns of Chicago's neighborhoods in 1990, 2000, and 2010, and tabulated census tracts that have undergone transitions or remained stable. Looking beyond the Chicago metropolitan area, we have developed an interactive atlas of similar maps for states and metropolitan areas across the United States.
Management of injuries to the auricle

Trauma to the auricle is common because of its prominent and exposed position. The auricle is functionally, structurally, and esthetically a key component of the face. Auricular reconstruction, because of its intricate structure and complex form, is a challenging and daunting task for the surgeon. Although ear reconstruction was first referred to in the ancient medical epic from India, the Susrutu Sumhita, in which a cheek flap was described to replace the missing lobule, it has been over the past 50 years that significant advances have been made in this field.’ Diffenbach, Gilles, Tanzer, Converse, and Brent, among others, are associated with making significant contributions to ear reconstruction.’ With the exception of a few case reports, there is minimal discussion of this topic in the oral and maxillofacial surgery literature. The purpose of this article is to discuss the currently accepted therapy for the evaluation and treatment of the injured auricle.
A simplified buffer capacity model for sanitary landfill leachate

Abstract An initial simplified buffer capacity model for landfill leachate is postulated and compared to that of two different leachate samples from the same landfill. This equilibrium model is based on the products of anaerobic decomposition. The number of species is reduced by considering all organic acids as acetic acid. This simplification reduces the number and complexity of chemical analyses required to measure the species, and also, lessens the calculations involved. The model predicts maximum buffer capacity pH within a ΔpH = 0.35, and underpredicts the magnitude by 16%.
Spray casting of steel strip: Process analysis

Near-net shape manufacturing (NNSM) of thin steel sections by spray casting eliminates casting as a separate step with attendant improved microstructures and properties and significant energy savings. The process involves atomization of a stream of liquid metal and deposition of droplets in the generated spray on a moving substrate at mass flow rates of 0.25 to 2.5 kg/s. In this paper, NNSM of steel strip by the Osprey spray casting process is investigated by combining numerical simulation and experiments. Critical input parameters for the computation are quantified utilizing existing state-of-the-art mathematical models and specific experiments. Numerical computation of the consolidation of the spray at the substrate during manufacture of thin sections is conducted using bothcontinuum anddiscrete event (“splat solidification”) approaches to predict: (1) variation of strip thickness in the transverse dimension and (2) isotherms and cooling rates across the strip thickness. Predicted geometries of the strip simulated by the continuum model are in good agreement with measurements. Predicted isotherms in narrow strip by the continuum approach are in reasonable agreement with thermocouple measurements for intermediate thicknesses (2 to 5 mm), and the observed microstructure is consistent with predicted cooling rates. The discrete event model predicts significantly higher cooling rates than the continuum model in the basal portion of the strip. This is consistent with the observed grain size in thin strip (<l-mm thick) and in the basal portion of thick strip. Beyond a threshold thickness, however, the discrete event model confirms the formation and persistence of a partially liquid layer at the growing surface of the deposit with an attendant decrease in the cooling rate. The influence of critical parameters on “splat solidification” is analyzed and assessed.
Ceramic capacitor failures in nitrogen lasers: a solution.

A method is presented for eliminating the mechanical stress associated with thermal changes that leads to capacitor failure.
Imaging Spectrometry for Earth Remote Sensing

Imaging spectrometry, a new technique for the remote sensing of the earth, is now technically feasible from aircraft and spacecraft. The initial results show that remote, direct identification of surface materials on a picture-element basis can be accomplished by proper sampling of absorption features in the reflectance spectrum. The airborne and spaceborne sensors are capable of acquiring images simultaneously in 100 to 200 contiguous spectral bands. The ability to acquire laboratory-like spectra remotely is a major advance in remote sensing capability. Concomitant advances in computer technology for the reduction and storage of such potentially massive data sets are at hand, and new analytic techniques are being developed to extract the full information content of the data. The emphasis on the deterministic approach to multispectral data analysis as opposed to the statistical approaches used in the past should stimulate the development of new digital image-processing methodologies.
Routine myocardial revascularization with the radial artery: a multicenter experience.

Background Current literature documents use of the radial artery (RA) for myocardial revascularization only as an alternative conduit in cases where the saphenous veins have been previously harvested or are unsuitable for use. Large-scale routine clinical use of the RA as the conduit of choice has not been reported. Methods This prospective study evaluated the harvest of the RA from 933 patients and the subsequent use of the conduit as a preferred coronary artery bypass graft second only to the left internal thoracic artery in 930 of these patients. Results Unilateral RA harvest was performed in 786 patients and 147 patients had bilateral RA harvest. A total of 1080 RAs were harvested; 214 (19.8%) originated from the dominant forearm. There was a mean of 3.30+/-0.93 grafts per patient of which 2.43+/-0.83 were arterial grafts. The mean number of RA grafts was 1.43+/-0.53. Operative mortality was 2.3% with none due to the RA graft(s). There was no ischemia nor motor dysfunction in the operated hands. Thirty-two (3.4%) patients experienced transient thenar dysesthesia that resolved in 1 day to 6 weeks. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that routine total or near total arterial myocardial revascularization may be achieved safely and effectively with the use of one or both RAs in conjunction with the internal thoracic artery.
ANISOTROPY IN THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SINGLE-CRYSTAL Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x

Abstract Critical field and critical current density measurements performed on single crystals of Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7- x demonstrate that its superconducting properties are those of a conventional superconductor with uniaxial ansiotropy. The high temperature upper critical field anisotropy is temperature independent except very near T c , and in the best crystal had a value of 7:1. The anisotropy in the critical current density is larger than this, particularly at high fields and high temperatures. The critical field data is generally well described by anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau theory which is used to calculate the coherence lengths and other parameters describing the superconductivity.
Enzymatic characterization of a phenylalanine auxotroph of the Blue-Green bacterium Synechococcus cedrorum

A phenylalanine-requiring strain of the unicellular blue-green bacterium Synechococcus cedrorum was isolated by means of penicillin enrichment following mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine. Assays of pertinent enzymes indicated that prephenate dehydratase activity was absent in the mutant.
Non-hodgkin's lymphoma phenotyping: Problems in the use of heterologous and monoclonal antibodies☆

Cell suspensions or frozen sections of lymph node biopsies from 32 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were studied for sheep erythrocyte (E)-binding under three conditions (Estandard, EAET, Egravity), Fc and C receptors, immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain class and reactivity with heterologous antisera to T cells (T-LCL), HLA-D (Ia-like) and common acute lymphocytic leukemia (c-ALL) antigens. Selected B and T cell lymphomas were also tested for reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies OKT 3, OKT 4, OKT 6, OKT 8, OKT 11A, Leu-1, Leu-2a, Leu-3a, Leu-4 and Leu-7. There were 26 B and 6 T lymphomas. Most B lymphomas were mu+ (81%), kappa+ (77%) and 31% were mu+ delta+. One of the T lymphomas arose in a patient with antecedent follicular small-cleaved (B) cell lymphoma. The most accurate marker for characterizing the immunologic phenotype in NHL was the clonal excess of kappa+ or lambda+ cells. Neither Estandard, EAET, Egravity or T-LCL were consistently reliable as sole reagents in identifying T-cell lymphomas, their individual scores often being lower than those of monoclonal pan-T cell reagents. HLA-D (Ia-like) antigen was noted in 89% of B and 50% of T lymphomas. The corresponding values for c-ALL antigen were 12 and 33%, respectively. The comparative scores in T-lymphomas between OKT 4 and Leu-3a for "helper-inducer" (HE) cells and OKT 8 and Leu-2a for "suppressor-cytotoxic" (SU) cells were not uniformly consistent. Four T lymphomas had a mixed HE/SU cell phenotype, one was HE, and another SU. Anti-T reactivity was detected in the neoplastic follicles of six of seven follicular lymphomas. The percentage of anti-T reactive cells within positive neoplastic follicles was usually small (5-15%) and of the same order as that noted within reactive lymphoid follicles (5-30%). High numbers (50-100%) of cells from five small lymphocytic B, three diffuse small cleaved cell B and six T cell lymphomas were also positive with one or more anti-T reagents, suggesting the presence of cross-reactive antigens that make phenotyping of lymphomas with monoclonal antibodies problematic. Reactivity with the monoclonal antibody Leu-7 (HNK-1), a putative NK-specific reagent, was seen in one of five B and three of five T lymphomas.
On the upper bound of the probability of error of a linear pattern classifier for probabilistic pattern classes

Given a set of sample patterns for two pattern classes, some simple expressions for the upper bound of the probability of error for a linear pattern classifier and the optimal linear discriminant function minimizing the upper bound are obtained. Using these results, if the tolerable probability of error of classifying patterns in the two pattern classes is not smaller than this upper bound, not only a linear pattern classifier is known to be feasible, but also a satisfactory linear discriminant function is given. The results presented here are independent of the probability distribution of the patterns in the pattern classes. For some special cases, a smaller upper bound is found.
Sigmoidoscopic examinations with rigid and flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopes in the surgeon's office: a comparative prospective study of effectiveness in 1,012 cases.

The results obtained from 1,012 examinations in an on-going, cooperative study indicate that the overall yield provided by use of the flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope is 3.2 times greater than that of examinations with the rigid sigmoidoscope. More than twice (2.4 times) the number of polyps and more than three times the number of cancers were detected with the flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope. Experienced endoscopists can perform an examinaton with the flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope expeditiously in the office with minimal patient preparation, a high level of patient and physician acceptance, and relative safety when the usual mandatory colonoscopic precautions and guidelines are obeyed. The extraordinary advantages demonstrated by this study warrant wide clinical application of the flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope. We strongly recommend provision be made for appropriate training of physicians in the use of the instrument.
Sea floor bathymetry trackline surface fitting without visible artifacts using ODETLAP

High quality, artifact-free fitting a bathymetry (sea-floor) surface to very unevenly spaced depth data from ship tracklines is possible with ODETLAP (Overdetermined Laplacian Partial Differential Equation). The problem is that many data points, but with imprecise values, can be collected along and near the ships, e.g., with Multibeam Bathymetry, but there are no data between the tracklines, which may be a considerable distance apart. The numerous artifacts of previous surface fitting algorithms were so totally unacceptable that even Photoshop has been used to smooth them. In contrast, the implementation of this version of ODETLAP generates surfaces that do not exhibit artifacts even when displayed with techniques that highlight minor slope irregularities, which is, in the authors' opinion, the most appropriate evaluation metric. Since the data is imprecise, ODETLAP's surface approximates, rather than interpolates, the data. ODETLAP can trade off smoothness and accuracy to capture the small features that are not artifacts. This extension to ODETLAP is a variable smoothness parameter so that points distant from a known depth are smoothed differently from points close to a known depth. The broader implication is that ODETLAP is a very powerful algorithm with many applications. The Matlab implementation is freely available for nonprofit research and education.
One site is enough. Catalytic water oxidation by [Ru(tpy)(bpm)(OH2)]2+ and [Ru(tpy)(bpz)(OH2)]2+.

Water oxidation is a key reaction in natural photosynthesis and in many schemes for artificial photosynthesis. Although metal complexes capable of oxidizing water based on Ru, Mn, and Ir are known, a significant question is whether or not dimeric or higher order structures are required for water oxidation. We report here single-site catalytic water oxidation by the monomeric complexes [Ru(tpy)(bpm)(OH2)]2+ and [Ru(tpy)(bpz)(OH2)]2+ (tpy is 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine; bpm is 2,2′-bipyrimidine; bpz is 2,2′-bipyrazine) by a well-defined mechanism involving RuV═O.
Ultrasonic monitoring of dislocations during fatigue of pearlitic rail steel

Abstract A computer-controlled narrowband ultrasonic pulser/receiver system was used to determine changes in the coefficient of attenuation and the acoustic velocity, with high precision, in pearlitic steel specimens during cyclic tensile fatigue. The specimens were interrogated through the fatigue-damaged zone in a direction normal to the loading and parallel to the crack formation planes, using shear wave bursts at 5 MHz. Attenuation and velocity are found to be sensitive to stress accumulation and dislocation pileup, but appear to be unaffected by the onset and growth of microcracks. Using the Granato and Lucke dislocation damping theory, the change in the coefficient of attenuation and the acoustic velocity was used to derive the relative change in dislocation density and loop length. The change these four parameters experience is more pronounced during the early stages of fatigue, when dislocations are mobile, than during the more advanced stages of fatigue. As fatigue damage accumulates, dislocations begin to multiply, tangle up and their mobility diminishes progressively. Consequently, the rate at which these four parameters change decreases with the diminishing mobility of dislocations.
EFFECTS OF LEAF-WATER SUPPLEMENTATION UPON POST-INGESTIVE NUTRITIONAL INDICES OF FORB-, SHRUB-, VINE-, AND TREE-FEEDING LEPIDOPTERA

Unless leaf-water content is maintained near the saturation level of excised leaves via high humidities and leaf-water supplementation via the petiole, larval growth is suppressed. In 87 paired feeding experiments involving sixteen species of Lepidoptera, the effects on larval growth of leaves with, and without, leaf-water supplementation were compared. Suppressive effects upon the efficiencies of larval growth were observed for larvae fed leaves without water supplementation. These effects were more pronounced for tree leaf-feeders than for forb leaf-feeders. RESUME EFFETS D'UN APPORT EN EAU FOLIAIRE SUR L'INDICE ALIMENTAIRE APRES INGESTION DE CHENILLES DE LEPIDOPTERES CONSOMMATRICES DE PLANTES HERBACEES, DARBUSTES, DE VIGNE ET D'ARBRES La croissance des chenilles est supprimee quand la teneur en eau des feuilles coupees n'est pas maintenue proche de la saturation grâce a une humidite ambiante elevee et grâce a un apport d'eau supplementaire par le petiole. La comparaison des effets sur le developpement larvaire de 16 especes de Lepidopteres avec ou sans apport supplementaire d'eau foliaire a ete effectuee au cours de 87 experiences. L'absence d'apport supplementaire d'eau affecte la croissance des chenilles alimentees sur feuilles. Les effets les plus marques s'observent sur l'avant dernier stade et sont plus nets sur les chenilles consommant les feuilles d'arbres que sur celles consommant les plantes herbacees. L'E.C.D. (efficacite de conversion de la biomasse digeree) subit la reduction la plus nette, particulierement chez les chenilles consommatrices de feuilles d'arbres. La teneur en eau de ces dernieres est faible meme quand elles sont saturees. La croissance des chenilles observee dans ces experiences laisse supposer que les feuilles d'arbres, avec une teneur a saturation de 50% a 75% d'eau, ne permettent pas le taux de croissance des chenilles des plantes herbacees dont la teneur en eau est de 80% a 95%. Un apport supplementaire en eau pour les feuilles d'arbres peut empecher la combustion superflue de biomasse assimilee et d'energie pour l'eau metabolique, ainsi que toutes les tentatives pour mesurer les depenses respiratoires liees au degre de specialisation alimentaire larvaire ou les possibilites de detoxification devraient comprendre un apport supplementaire d'eau pour maintenir la saturation des feuilles coupees. Meme alors, l'efficacite des conversions de biomasse vegetale, d'energie et d'azote pendant la croissance larvaire depend fortement des disponibilites, pour les larves, des differentes plantes-hotes, en eau foliaire.
The Depth-Dependent Current and Wave Interaction Equations: A Revision

AbstractThis is a revision of a previous paper dealing with three-dimensional wave-current interactions. It is shown that the continuity and momentum equations in the absence of surface waves can include waves after the addition of three-dimensional radiation stress terms, a fairly simple alteration for numerical ocean circulation models. The velocity that varies on time and space scales, which are large compared to inverse wave frequency and wavenumber, is denoted by uα and, by convention, is called the “current.” The Stokes drift is labeled uSα and the mean velocity is Uα ≡ uα + uSα. When vertically integrated, the results here are in agreement with past literature.Surface wind stress is empirical, but transfer of the stress into the water column is a function derived in this paper. The wave energy equation is derived, and terms such as the advective wave velocity are weighted vertical integrals of the mean velocity. The wave action equation is not an appropriate substitute for the wave energy equation ...
Testing the push and pull factors

Boynton, Linda L. 1986 The Effects of Tourism on Amish Quilting Design. Annals of Tourism Research 13:451-465. Cohen, Erik 1988 Authenticity and Commoditization in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 15:371-386. Ladki, Said M. 1993 An Evaluation of Tourists’ Experiences in Rural Northern West Virginia. In Proceedings of The Society of Travel and Tourism Educators Annual Conference, pp. 90-102. Nelson, Don 1990 Destination Appalachia: Opportunities for Rural Tourism. Presented at the Regional Workshop on Tourism Development, Pipestem State Park West Virginia (a USDA publication). Raitz, Karl B., and Richard Ulack 1984 Appalachia: A Regional Geography. Boulder: Westview Press. Ulack, Richard, and Karl Raitz 1981 Appalachia: A Comparison of the Cognitive and Appalachian Regional Commission Regions. Southeastern Geographer 21:40-53. Wahe, A. H. 1993 Tourism and Traditional People: Forging Equitable Strategies. Journal of Travel Research 32 : 1419. Whisnant, David E. 1980 Modernizing the Mountaineer: People, Power, and Planning in Appalachia. New York: Burt Franklin Company.
Effect of a salmon diet on the distribution of plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in normolipidemic adult men.

The effects of n−3 fatty acids on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins have usually been studied in humans after feeding of purified fish oil. This study describes the effect of a natural diet, containing salmon as the source of n−3 fatty acids, on these parameters as compared to a diet very low in n−3 fatty acids. The subjects were nine normolipidemic, healthy males who were confined to a nutrition suite for 100 days. During the first 20 days of the study the participants were given a stabilization diet consisting of 55% carbohydrates, 15% protein, and 30% fat. The n−3 content of this diet was less than 1%, and it contained no 20- or 22-carbon n−3 fatty acids. After the stabilization period the men were split into two groups, one group continued on the stabilization diet while the other received the salmon diet that contained approximately 2.1 energy percent (En%) of calories from 20- and 22-carbon n−3 fatty acids. Both diets contained equal amounts of n−6 fatty acids. This regime continued for 40 days, then the two groups switched diets for the remainder of the study. Plasma triglycerides were lowered significantly (p<0.01) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly elevated (p<0.01) after the men consumed the salmon diet for 40 days. The very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were lowered, but the trend did not reach statistical significance during the intervention period. The total plasma cholesterol, total low density lipoprotein (LDL) and the total high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were not influenced by the salmon diet. Within the HDL fraction, however, the larger HDL2 subfractions were significantly elevated (p<0.002), and the smaller, more dense HDL3 was lowered (p<0.002) by the salmon diet. These significant changes were detected by analytic ultracentrifugation and confirmed by gradient gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the apolipoproteins (apo) AI, AII, B, and E, and Lp(a) indicated only significant lowering of apoAI, consistent with the increased HDL2, which is higher in cholesterol but lower in the major HDL apolipoprotein, apoAI. Thus, the purported beneficial cardiovascular effects of consumption of n−3 fatty acids by humans may, in part, be attributable to changes in the HDL distribution,i.e., the lowering of the more dense HDL3 and the elevation of the larger, less dense HDL2.
Cellular Distribution of Serum α-Foetoprotein in Organs of the Foetal Rat

THE mammalian foetus synthesizes a serum α-globulin, called α-foetoprotein, which is not found in the adult of the species1–7. Although interspecies structural differences among the α-foetoproteins have been noted4–7, the protein of each species appears to be a homologue of foetuin, or bovine α-foetoprotein5,7. Synthesis of serum α-foetoprotein has been shown to occur in the liver in both the rat foetus8,9 and the human embryo9, and in the yolk sac of the rat9. The cells responsible for this synthesis are not known, however, and it has been suggested that the haematopoietic tissue of the liver may be the site of synthesis8. In the present investigation, the cellular distribution of α-foetoprotein in organs of the rat foetus was investigated by means of the fluorescent antibody method.
Detection of increased local excitatory circuits in the hippocampus during epileptogenesis using focal flash photolysis of caged glutamate

Summary: Purpose: Local synaptic circuits, particularly recurrent excitation, are hypothesized to contribute to the generation and synchronization of epileptiform activity. The present study tested whether local excitatory circuits in the hippocampus are increased in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy, and thus may contribute to epileptic seizures. Methods: Rats were given hourly injections of kainic acid to induce status epilepticus, which led to chronic epilepsy with spontaneous recurrent seizures. Whole-cell recording was performed in hippocampal slices, and focal flash photolysis of caged glutamate was used to detect local excitatory circuits. Results: In the dentate gyrus of rats with kainate-induced epilepsy and mossy fiber sprouting, focal stimulations with caged glutamate at many different sites in the granule cell layer consistently evoked repetitive excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in normal medium and prolonged bursts of action potentials in bicuculline; these responses were not observed in similarly treated slices from control rats. In CA1, focal flash photolysis of caged glutamate in stratum pyramidale revealed significantly more excitatory connections between CA1 pyramidal cells in rats with kainate-induced epilepsy than saline-treated control animals. Conclusion: Focal flash photolysis of caged glutamate revealed that new local excitatory circuits are formed in both the dentate gyrus and CA1 area of rats with kainate-induced epilepsy, which supports the hypothesis that the progressive formation of new local excitatory circuits occurs in many locations during epileptogenesis.
Fuel-Optimal Bank-Angle Control for Lunar-Return Aerocapture

Aerocapture is defined as the deceleration of a spacecraft due to drag produced on it by a planet's atmosphere such that the vehicle is captured into orbit about the planet. This is accomplished by varying the direction of the vehicle's lift vector through bank-angle modulation. This paper examines the application of four optimal-control approaches to aerocapture. The first is a minimization of a pseudo fuel cost function, which yields continuous controls. The second is bang-bang control, which minimizes the time associated with bank-angle modulation. Next, an absolute fuel function is minimized, which results in controls in the form of impulses. A fourth approach is a modification to impulsive control, where impulses are approximated by pulses of finite duration. All of the approaches are applied to a single-pass aerocapture problem. The modified impulsive-control approach is applied to a two-pass aerocapture scenario. Recommendations on the practical implementation of these control approaches in the presence of vehicle and atmospheric uncertainties are given. c E(t)
A semi-empirical approach to thermal and composition transients inside vaporizing fuel droplets

A simple, semi-empirical model of thermal and composition transients inside droplets is compared with experimental data and with a more detailed model. The semi-empirical model, which lumps the effects of internal circulation into effective thermal and mass diffusivities, is viewed as a possible practical alternative to the prohibitively complex nature of most transient droplet models. A Hill's vortex mixing model due to Tong & Sirignano for vaporizing multicomponent droplets at high gas phase Reynolds numbers is found to be well represented for the cases studied by increasing the molecular diffusivities by a factor of 2.25, while a significantly larger factor is found to best fit available high Reynolds number experimental data. This suggests that more extensive mixing occurred in the experiments than the Tong & Sirignano model would otherwise predict.
Poverty in Bangladesh: Measurement, decomposition and intertemporal comparison

This article, using the methodology developed by Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke to measure and decompose poverty, provides estimates of the levels of poverty in rural and urban areas in Bangladesh. It investigates in the context of Bangladesh, the most powerful effect of poverty in terms of a shortfall in food for daily calorie intake by the poor. It provides intertemporal comparison of poverty and its decomposition among subgroups. It also makes comparisons between the results obtained in this study with those currently available. The results of the study show a significant improvement in poverty situations in rural areas from 1982 to 1986. The article also discusses the policy implications of its findings.
The contact stabilization activated sludge process—oxygen utilization, sludge production and efficiency

Abstract A kinetic model of the contact stabilization process has been developed and experimentally verified with the aid of bench-scale activated sludge units treating domestic sewage. The model provides information on the relationship between the design parameters (process loading, temperature, residence time distribution) and process performance (sludge, production, oxygen uptake, COD-removal, organic nitrogen conversion, nitrification and effluent suspended solids). An oxygen equivalence mass balance equation, which is applicable to all activated sludge process modifications is proposed and may be used in the design and operation of these processes.
The influence of relative humidity on polyarylate hydrolysis

The influence of relative humidity (RH), between 55 and 100%, on the rate of hydrolytic degradation of polyarylate was investigated at 100 o C. The equilibrium water sorption in weight percent C x , was determinated to be C x =0.0043×(RH) 12 . For specimens 0.32 cm thick, it takes about 24 h to reach 0.9 C x at 100 O C. The decrease in molecular weight (M x ) due to the hydrolytic attack of water was linear with time, suggesting a zero-order process with respect to M x . The rate of decrease was found to be proportional to C x . A 30% decrease in M x was observed after 21 days at 55% RH and 100 o C and, at that point, the material has become brittle
A puzzle about beneficence

In this article I raise a puzzle about beneficence and attempt to solve it. The puzzle I raise has been neglected, and I believe its resolution teaches us something important about the nature of beneficence. The principle of beneficence I end up formulating is not meant to be final a fully adequate principle will have to solve other puzzles as well. But I think any adequate principle will have to incorporate the central idea of the one I propose.
Asbestos-induced pleural fibrosis and impaired lung function.

To assess the clinical significance of asbestos-induced pleural fibrosis, we evaluated the relationship between radiographic evidence of pleural fibrosis and spirometric values in 1,211 sheet metal workers. Of those with pleural fibrosis (n = 334), 78% had circumscribed plaques and 22% had diffuse pleural thickening involving the costophrenic angle. Factors that were found to be associated with the presence and type of pleural fibrosis included increased age (p < 0.001), more years in the trade (p < 0.0001), more years since first exposure to asbestos (p < 0.0001), more pack-years of cigarette smoking (p < 0.01), and the presence and degree of interstitial fibrosis (p < 0.0001). After controlling for these potential confounders (age, years in the trade, latency, pack-years of smoking, and ILO profusion category), linear multivariate regression models demonstrated that both circumscribed plaques (p = 0.007) and diffuse pleural thickening (p = 0.008) were independently associated with decrements in FVC but ...
The economic burden of all-terrain vehicle related adult deaths in the U.S. workplace, 2003-2006.

The objective of this study was to estimate the societal economic burden associated with work-related ATV fatalities among civilian persons more than 17 years of age in the U.S. from 2003 through 2006. ATV death data were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ annual Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Costs were estimated using a model employing a cost-of-illness method developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. From 2003 to 2006, a total of 129 work-related ATV deaths occurred among persons more than 17 years of age in the U.S., nearly doubling from 20 deaths in 2003 to 39 deaths in 2006. The collective lifetime cost of the deaths was $103.6 million (M), with a four-year mean of $803,100 and a four-year median of $772,100. Decedents age 35 to 54 years accounted for one-third of the deaths (n = 41) at a cost of $50.1 M. Montana had the most deaths (13). Fifty-two percent of the deaths were overturns costing $48.3 M. Eighty-four (65%) of the deaths were workers in agricultural production at a cost of $62.3 M. Short-term investment in prevention measures, such as training and helmets for workers, could provide lasting dividends by preventing work-related ATV deaths and reducing their economic impact.
Towards a Model of the Tau-Tubulin Complex

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein which functions to maintain microtubule stability as well as promote microtubule polymerization in the axons of neurons. Its self-association and deposition as neurofibrillary tangles is also one of the primary pathological features of Alzheimer's disease and a broad array of other neurodegenerative disorders. We previously showed that altered interactions between tau and tubulin heterodimers are associated with impaired microtubule polymerization and that the interaction between tau and soluble tubulin may play an important role in both tau function and dysfunction. However, a detailed description of the tau-tubulin complex is lacking. This is in part due to the challenges associated with characterizing this complex, in particular the highly dynamic character of the intrinsically disordered tau as well its ability to accelerate tubulin polymerization. Here, we studied the interaction between tau and tubulin heterodimers using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and acrylodan fluorescence which allow us to propose a detailed model of the complex. Our results provide insight into differential roles of the individual microtubule binding repeats in mediating the tau-tubulin interaction and further illuminate the mechanism by which tau promotes tubulin polymerization.
Evaluation of In Vivo Mutagenicity of Low-Dose Methylene Chloride in Mice

Methylene chloride, a widely used industrial solvent, has been shown to be mutagenic by in vitro tests. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo mutagenicity. Groups of 20 Swiss-Webster (S/W) male mice were injected subcutaneously three times/week with 5 ml/kg of 5% vol/vol or 10% vol/vol solution of methylene chloride in corn oil for 4 weeks, followed by 1 week of no treatment. Other groups of 20 S/W male mice were exposed to airflow of 10 L/min carrying 100, 150, or 200 ppm of methylene chloride daily for 2 hr/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Each study contained appropriate negative controls. Mating was started 1 week later for the injection group and 2 days later for the inhalation group. Each male mouse was mated with a S/W virgin adult female. The mating was allowed to continue for 2 weeks. Presence of a vaginal plug was taken as a sign of successful mating and was designated as day 0 of gestation. On day 17, the females were killed, and the fetuses were removed and processed. Male mice were kill...
HLA ( A-B-C and - DRB1 ) alleles and brain MRI changes in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study

Several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles have been postulated to influence the susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as its clinical/radiological course. In this longitudinal observation, we further explored the impact of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I/II alleles on MS outcomes, and we tested the hypothesis that HLA DRB1*1501 might uncover different strata of MS subjects harboring distinct MHC allele associations with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures. Five hundred eighteen MS patients with two-digit HLA typing and at least one brain MRI were recruited for the study. T2-weighted hyperintense lesion volume (T2LV) and brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) were acquired at each time point. The association between allele count and MRI values was determined using linear regression modeling controlling for age, disease duration and gender. Analyses were also stratified by the presence/absence of HLA DRB1*1501. HLA DRB1*04 was associated with higher T2LV (P=0.006); after stratification, its significance remained only in the presence of HLA DRB1*1501 (P=0.012). The negative effect of HLA DRB1*14 on T2LV was exerted in DRB1*1501-negative group (P=0.012). Longitudinal analysis showed that HLA DRB1*10 was significantly protective on T2LV accrual in the presence of HLA DRB1*1501 (P=0.002). Although the majority of our results did not withstand multiple comparison correction, the differential impact of several HLA alleles in the presence/absence of HLA DRB1*1501 suggests that they may interact in determining the different phenotypic expressions of MS.
Behavior-dependent Routing: Responding to Anomalies with Automated Low-cost Measures

As cyber attacks on enterprise systems and critical infrastructure increase in prevalence and severity, persistent presence of adversaries in these systems is a common theme. While there are many efforts and tools focused on locating and removing adversaries from cyber systems, there is an increasing need for automated, steerable response that happens in attack-relevant time scales-an active cyber defense. The research presented here describes design and implementation of a system (SEQUESTOR) to achieve a form of active defense at the network layer by using the output of multiple behavior models to drive differential routing of traffic through a core network. This approach is based on two assertions: 1) methods for detecting behavior that are inconsistent with a user's past are a proxy for compromised systems or credentials, but are subject to high rate of false positives; and 2) automatically changing the logical route taken by future traffic emanating from the potentially compromised system provides a means for graded response that makes is possible to balance the cost of false positive with the risk of allowing the behavior to continue. The presented system is a framework that combines behavior models in a modular way and allows for future models and responses to be incorporated. Ultimately, this is a model for how real-time situational awareness technologies can be coupled to automated responses as well as supporting steerable responses that provide decision support to human operators.
The Competition Between National Brands and Store Brands: Models, Insights, Implications and Future Research Directions

The Competition between National Brands and Store Brands: Models, Insights, Implications, and Future Research Directions
Observations of transport of bacterial-like microspheres through beach sand

Abstract Often, there is an order of magnitude more fecal indicator bacteria (enterococci) in beach sand than in nearby water. Consequently, sand is considered a reservoir for these bacteria, potentially contributing to poor water quality, and raising questions regarding the human health risks associated with sand exposure. An integral aspect of the distribution and persistence of sand-associated enterococci is the transport of bacteria introduced into the beach environment. Here, plastic microspheres are used as a proxy to examine the wave-induced movement of bacterial-like particles through sand on an ocean beach. Laboratory tests suggest microspheres and bacteria move similarly through sand columns, and have qualitatively similar short-term adsorption-to-sand behavior. Microspheres buried ~0.05 m below the sand surface on an ocean beach moved rapidly [ O (10 −3 ) m/s] away from their initial location, both vertically into the ground water below the sand and horizontally seaward within the sediment matrix in response to waves running up the beach face and percolating through the sand.
Roman Ingarden's review of the Second Edition of Husserl'sLogical Investigations

L'A. presente sa propre traduction du texte polonais de R. Ingarden qui critique la seconde edition des «Recherches logiques» de Husserl, et vehicule de facon indirecte le mecontentement de l'etudiant envers le retour de son professeur a l'idealisme transcendantal
Navigating with VFH: a strategy to avoid traps

The IGVC Navigation Challenge course configuration has evolved in complexity to a point where use of a simple reactive local navigation algorithm presents problems in course completion. A commonly used local navigation algorithm, the Vector Field Histogram (VFH), is relatively fast and thus suitable when computational capabilities on a robot are limited. One of the attendant disadvantages of this algorithm is that a robot can get trapped when attempting to get past a concave obstacle structure. The Navigation Challenge course now has several such structures, including some that partially surround waypoints. Elaborate heuristics are needed to make VFH viable in such a situation and their tuning is arduous. An alternate approach that avoids the use of heuristics is to combine a dynamic path planning algorithm with VFH. In this work, the D*Lite path planning algorithm is used to provide VFH with intermediate goals, which the latter then uses as stepping stones to its final destination. Results from simulation studies as well as field deployment are used to illustrate the benefits of using the local navigator in conjunction with a path planner.
Reduction of Enzyme Dosage by Oxygen Delignification and Mechanical Refining for Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Green Liquor-Pretreated Hardwood

In this study, a strategy to reduce enzyme dosage is evaluated by applying two post-treatments, oxygen delignification and mechanical refining. The sugar conversion for GL12 substrates was increased from 51.5% to 77.9% with post-treatments at the enzyme dosage of 10 FPU. When the amount of enzyme was reduced to 5 FPU with post-treatments, the conversion of 71.8% was obtained, which was significant higher than the conversion without any post-treatment using 10 FPU (51.5%). This clearly demonstrates the benefit of post-treatments that allows more than 50% of enzyme reduction at the same level of enzymatic conversion. Enzyme-accessible surface area and pore volume were evaluated by Simons' staining and DSC thermoporometry methods, and strong correlations were found with the sugar conversion.