cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative Constancy of Advertising Spending A Cross-National Examination of Advertising Expenditures and Their Determinants

This study empirically examines the principle of relative constancy (PRC) across more than 70 nations over time (1991-2001). Focusing on the relationship between advertising spending and national e...
SELF‐DEFENSE, INNOCENT AGGRESSORS, AND THE DUTY OF MARTYRDOM

On the traditional doctrine of self-defense, defensive force is permissible not only against Culpable Aggressors but against Innocent Aggressors as well (for example, psychotic aggressors). Some moral philosophers have recently challenged this view, arguing that one may not harm innocent attackers because morality requires culpability as an essential condition of being liable to defensive force. This essay examines and rejects this challenge as both a violation of common sense and as insufficiently grounded in convincing reasons from moral theory.
The relationship of serum immunoglobulin E, allergy skin tests, and smoking to respiratory disorders☆

Abstract In this study of a general population sample in Tucson, Ariz., smokers showed higher levels of serum IgE despite having a lower rate of allergy skin-test reactivity to common aeroallergens than nonsmokers. The prevalence of rhinitis was closely related to the level of serum IgE in atopic subjects regardless of smoking habits. In nonatopic smokers, elevated IgE levels were not associated with high rhinitis rates. However, high IgE levels in nonatopic smokers were related to increased rates of diagnosed asthma, wheeze, and chronic cough and/or sputum (CS). These relationships were especially striking in subjects over the age of 54. In older nonatopic smokers, reported prevalences of "chronic bronchitis" and of functional impairment also increased in relation to the level of serum IgE. Reduced ventilatory function showed this relationship to IgE only when accompanied by CS. It is suggested that the excess IgE related to smoking is qualitatively different than that found in subjects reacting to aeroallergens, is not important in the pathogenesis of upper respiratory tract disease, but may play a role in the development of some lower respiratory tract disorders.
How can insights from conversation analysis be directly applied to teaching L2 pragmatics

This paper revisits the question of why pragmatics should be taught in the foreign language classroom and demonstrates how this can be achieved effectively with materials informed by conversation analysis (CA). Since findings in CA describe systematic action sequences underlying verbal activities that display cross-cultural variation, they capture pragmatics in its most natural locus: the conversational encounter. It will furthermore be demonstrated that L2 learners may benefit from instruction with CA-based materials with the ability to anticipate, interpret and produce, socio-pragmatically appropriate verbal behaviour in the target language. CA-based materials thus provide a rich resource for language teachers based on solid empirical evidence, and effectively enable L2 learners to engage in cross-culturally variable language behaviour inside and outside of class.
On the porosity observed in the Kirkendall effect

Abstract An attempt is made to interpret the formation of voids in the Kirkendall experiment in terms of preceding analyses of vacancy diffusion. In particular, use is made of the viewpoint that the presence of voids is related to a super-concentration of vacancies in some region of the diffusion zone. It is pointed out that the expressions obtained for the vacancy current in preceding papers permit the derivation of relations governing the superconcentration, when amplified with the introduction of appropriate concepts and parameters. It is concluded that the maximum excess concentration of vacancies is achieved in one edge of the diffusion zone when the time required for a vacancy to drift through this zone is equal to the lifetime of the vacancy and that the superconcentration of vacancies could achieve values of about 2 in the cases in which void formation has been observed, if earlier formation of voids actually does not limit the attainable supersaturation. Studies of the formation of voids in a number of couples, such as Cu-Ni, Cu-Zn, Cu-Al and Ag-Au make it possible, with suitable assumptions, to estimate the lifetime of a vacancy in this system. A value of about 1011 jumps is obtained if it is assumed that the observed voids are able to grow only when the superconcentration is near the maximum
Auroral dissociation of molecular oxygen in the polar mesosphere

As has been shown by Kellogg, one of the most effective mechanisms for heating of the polar mesosphere during polar night is the exothermic association of atomic oxygen intensified by the large-scale subsidence of the upper polar atmosphere in winter. Since photodissociation is no longer predominant in the polar regions in winter, the contribution of auroral particles to the dissociation of molecular oxygen is estimated, assuming the atmospheric composition given by Johnson. It is shown that the maximum rate coefficient is of the order of 10−8 (cm3 sec)−1 for protons and electrons of energy spectrum E−n dE, where n≥3, and that the height of maximum dissociation is around 90 km. Consequently, the rate of corpuscular dissociation of oxygen molecules in the upper mesosphere during strong auroral activities is comparable with that of photodissociations, which is mostly due to the Schumann-Runge continuum of solar ultraviolet radiations.
The relative associations of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity with glycemic status and incident glycemic progression in migrant Asian Indians in the United States: the MASALA study.

Abstract Aims We assessed the relative associations of β-cell dysfunction and insulin sensitivity with baseline glycemic status and incident glycemic progression among Asian Indians in the United States. Methods A 5-sample oral glucose tolerance test was obtained at baseline. Normoglycemia, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were defined by ADA criteria. The Matsuda Index (ISIM) estimated insulin sensitivity, and the Disposition Index (DIo) estimated β-cell function. Visceral fat was measured by abdominal CT. After 2.5 years, participants underwent a 2-sample oral glucose tolerance test. Standardized polytomous logistic regression was used to examine associations with prevalent and incident glycemia. Results Mean age was 57 ± 8 years and BMI 26.1 ± 4.6 kg/m2. Log ISIM and log DIo were associated with prediabetes and T2DM after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, family history of diabetes, hypertension, and smoking. After adjusting for visceral fat, only DIo remained associated with prediabetes (OR per SD 0.17, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.41) and T2DM (OR 0.003, 95% CI: 0.0001, 0.03). Incidence rates (per 1,000 person-years) were: normoglycemia to IGT: 82.0, 95% CI (40, 150); to IFG: 8.4, 95% CI (0, 41); to T2DM: 8.6, 95% CI (0, 42); IGT to T2DM: 55.0, 95% CI (17, 132); IFG to T2DM: 64.0, 95% CI (3, 316). The interaction between sex and the change in waist circumference (OR 1.8, per SD 95% CI: 1.22, 2.70) and the change in log HOMA-β (OR 0.37, per SD 95% CI: 0.17, 0.81) were associated with glycemic progression. Conclusions The association of DIo with baseline glycemia after accounting for visceral fat as well as the association of the change in log HOMA-β with incident glycemic progression implies innate β-cell susceptibility in Asian Indians for glucose intolerance or dysglycemia.
Diabetes prevention program: a lesson in translation

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most rapidly increasing chronic illnesses worldwide. The great personal and societal costs of this illness have heightened interest in prevention of T2D through lifestyle change programs. Weight loss and increased physical activity demonstrate high potential for prevention, particularly in high-risk individuals.
Insights from the study of animals lacking functional estrogen receptor

Estrogen hormones produce physiological actions within a variety of target sites in the body and during development by activating a specific receptor protein. Hormone responsiveness for the estrogen receptor protein was investigated at different stages of development with the use of gene knockout techniques because no natural genetic mutants have been described. A mutant mouse line without a functional estrogen receptor was created and is being used to assess estrogen responsiveness. Both sexes of these mutant animals are infertile and show a variety of phenotypic changes, some of which are associated with the gonads, mammary glands, reproductive tracts, and skeletal tissues.
Management of the arterial puncture site.

With more complex interventional procedures, such as intracoronary stent placement, there is a higher incidence of procedural related peripheral vascular complications including pseudoaneurysm and hemorrhage. In these procedures, the amount of anticoagulation as well as the use of thrombolytic agents intraprocedurally increases the risk of complication. Meticulous care during vascular access, careful use and monitoring of anticoagulation, and patient selection are helpful in reducing the risk. Newer vascular hemostatic devices utilizing biodegradable collagen plugs might be of advantage since they allow early sheath removal without interrupting anticoagulation and, therefore, early ambulation. However, it remains to be determined, whether these devices are effective in reducing complications, duration of bed rest and hospitalization, or improvement of stent patency. Newer designs, e.g., coated or biodegradable stents, or different deployment strategies might reduce the need of anticoagulation and lower the risk of peripheral vascular complications.
Localization Algorithm using Expected Hop Progress in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel localization algorithm using expected hop progress (LAEP) to predict the positions of sensor nodes in WSNs. Our algorithm is based on a hop progress analytical model for a given network topology. By deriving relationship between node connectivity and expectedhop hop progress from the model, the distance between any two nodes can be accurately computed. As the distance estimation is a key issue in positioning system of WSNs, our expected-hop progress based localization algorithm also achieves reasonable performance in anchor-based WSNs with very few anchors. In addition, we considered the impact of deterministic anchor placement on the algorithm performance when the sensors are random deployed. Both grid and triangular placement of anchor nodes have been examined in this paper. Simulation results are seen to be in good agreement with the theoretical analysis and substantiate the validity of our proposed scheme LAEP.
Contemporary mass spectrometry for the direct detection of enzyme intermediates

The field of enzymology has long used small-molecule mass spectrometry. However, the direct interrogation of covalent and non-covalent intermediates by large-molecule mass spectrometry of enzymes or large peptide substrates is illuminating an increasingly diverse array of chemistries used in nature. Recent advances now allow improved detection of several modifications formed at sub-stoichiometric levels on the same polypeptide, and elucidation of intermediate dynamics with low millisecond temporal resolution. Highlighting recent applications in both ribosomal and non-ribosomal biosynthesis of natural products, along with acetyl transferases, sulfonucleotide reducatases, and PEP-utilizing enzymes, the utility of small- and large-molecule mass spectrometry to reveal enzyme intermediates and illuminate mechanism is described briefly. From ever more complex mixtures, mass spectrometry continues to evolve into a key technology for a larger number of today's enzymologists.
Reorganization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) structures and conformations to alter properties

The solid-state morphologies, structures, and chain conformations of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) have been reorganized/altered from those normally produced by solution and melt processing. This has been achieved by two distinct methods: (1) formation of a crystalline inclusion compound (IC) between guest PET and host γ-cylodextrin (γ-CD), followed by removal of the host γ-CD and coalescence of the guest PET (c-PET) and (2) rapid precipitation of PET from a warm trifluoracetic acid solution into a large excess of rapidly stirred acetone (p-PET). Our prior observations (FTIR, NMR, DSC, X-ray) demonstrated that c-PET processed in this manner has a morphology, structure, and non-crystalline chain conformations that are quite distinct from those of as-received PET (asr-PET). Where possible to compare, here we find that c- and p-PETs behave very similarly, but very distinctly from asr-PET. The reorganized c- and p-PETs were found to be repeatedly rapidly crystallizable from the melt with a high level of crystallinity, and in their non-crystalline regions to have tightly packed chains predominantly adopting highly extended kink conformations, which evidence no glass-transition behavior. What is most unusual and somewhat puzzling is that their contrasting structures, morphologies, conformations, and thermal responses were observed to be independent of melt annealing, and persisted even after holding both samples above Tm for extended periods (hours). p-PET, which can be produced in larger quantities than c-PET, was utilized to measure additional macroscopic properties, such as melt viscosities, densities, and the stress-strain and thermal shrinkage of melt-pressed films, for comparison to those of asr-PET. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 735–746, 2007
The Relationship of Certain Variables to Church-Sect Typology among College Students

(1962). The Relationship of Certain Variables to Church-Sect Typology among College Students. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 29-32.
Measuring properties of interfacial and bulk water regions in a reverse micelle with IR spectroscopy: a volumetric analysis of the inhomogeneously broadened OH band.

Abstract The water OH stretching band (3000–3600 cm −1 ) was analyzed for absorption contributions from the respective bulk and interfacial water regions of a reverse micelle. This analysis was performed by correlating volume changes of these regions to changes in the OH band absorption as the micelle radius grows. The volumetric analysis is based on the well established expanding core–shell model for AOT reverse micelles and yields the dimensions of the water regions and their individual spectral responses in the OH band. The interfacial shell thickness was determined to be 0.45 nm for AOT reverse micelles in i -octane. It was found that each water region absorbs at most frequencies in the OH band; however, absorption on the red side of the OH band is dominated by bulk water, while absorption on the blue side is dominated by interfacial water. The bulk spectral response was found to be more similar to pure water, while the interfacial spectrum is strongly blue-shifted reflecting the weaker hydrogen bonding in this region. AOT reverse micelles with radii in the range 2–4 nm conformed well to the volumetric model. However, it was found that determination of the bulk water spectral response is particularly sensitive to uncertainty in the micelle radius.
The Normalcy of Crime: From Durkheim to Evolutionary Ecology

A troublesome but generally ignored paradox characterizes contemporary sociological explanations of crime causation. Although many sociologists interpret crime as if it were pathological or aberrant and thus “abnormal” behavior, most simultaneously embrace Durkheim's famous dictum of crime as “normal” behavior. A review of Durkheim's theory of crime causation reveals that it is burdened by several serious logical flaws. And ironically, despite his reputation for propagating a purely sociological explanation of crime, Durkheim resorts ultimately to individual characteristics, rather than social facts, in order to identify the root causes of crime. Contemporary evolutionary game theory affords an alternative explanation of the normalcy of much crime without suffering the deficiencies of the classical Durkheimian approach. The authors' evolutionary ecological-based theory explains the incidence of “expropriative” crime as a by-product of normal patterns of social organization and processes of social interact...
VACUOLIZATION OF THE BASOPHIL CELLS OF THE PITUITARY BODY (PARS DISTALIS) IN RELATION TO AGE, MENSTRUATION, AND THYROIDISM

THE PRESENT STUDY was undertaken primarily to determine whether or not there is any cyclic variation in vacuolisation of the basophil cells of the pars distalis of the human pituitary body. The same cytoplasmic constituent was also considered in tissues from small groups of cases representing pregnancy, the menopause, senility and diseases of the thyroid gland. The study was entirely objective and, as far as the material permitted, quantitative. As is the case with other cytologic details, most available references to vacuolization concern laboratory animals. Severinghaus-reviews of the literature (1, 2, 3) indicate that a persistent augmentation of vacuoles is associated with castration, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The basophil cells of castrated or thyroidectomized rats are greatly increased in number and contain prominent vacuoles, some of which are so large that a type of ‘signet ring’ cell, with nucleus and cytoplasm pushed to one side, is formed. Similar, but not so extreme, vacuolization oc...
Early Surgical Treatment of Burns of the Conjunctiva

In the case here reported the tissue burned by chlorinated lime was immediately removed, and mucous membrane from the lip used to replate it. Speedy healing and excellent result followed. This plan is advocated for cases in which there is danger of infiltration of the cornea.
Gastroretentive Delivery Systems: A Mini Review

Various attempts have been made to develop gastroretentive delivery systems. For example, floating, swelling, mucoadhesive, and high-density systems have been developed to increase gastric retention time of the dosage forms. It is known that differences in gastric physiology, such as, gastric pH, and motility exhibit both intra- as well as inter-subject variability demonstrating significant impact on gastric retention time and drug delivery behavior. Nevertheless, some floating devices have shown promising results. In this paper, the gastric physiology and the reported intragastric delivery systems have briefly been presented.
Anthropology and epidemiology on drugs: the challenges of cross- methodological and theoretical dialogue

Many of the principal public health strategies for preventing HIV and substance use among injectors at the turn of the 21st century */such as needle exchange, rinsing syringes with bleach, distributing condoms, and prescribing methadone */were implemented with little knowledge of how, why, and even if they worked. Epidemiological researchers often document bizarre associations between behaviours, demographics and serostatus. From a pragmatic practical perspective epidemiologists might be able to collect and crunch statistics more effectively if they did not exclude from their design and their analysis the larger political economic contexts, cultural meanings, and explanatory dynamics for the socially taboo behaviours surrounding addiction and infection that their protocols attempt to document. Drawing on over a dozen years of participant-observation with street-based injectors, I discuss the practical dialogue, I engaged in with four epidemiological research projects that have documented unexpected dynamics requiring clarification: (1) dramatically disproportionate HCV seroconversion among young women injectors; (2) high HIV seroconversion rates among Canadian cocaine injectors who patronise needle exchange; (3) low HIV seroconversion among homeless heroin addicts in San Francisco who regularly engage in risky injection practices; and (4) unenthusiastic acceptance of heroin prescription by long-term street addicts in Switzerland. Quantitative and qualitative researchers concerned with the social suffering of street-based drug users have a great deal to offer one another. They both hav et o overcome their dogmatic methodological and theoretical blinders to address how social power relations propagate illness in identifiable patterns across vulnerable populations. The theoretical insights of Foucault, Bourdieu, Marx and Mauss */if not of postmodernism */might have practical applications on the street. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Identification of a wheat (Triticum aestivum) cell line lacking a specific divalent cation requirement.

A wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cell line, derived from anther culture of an F1 hybrid, has exogenous Ca2+, to that of calcium-dependent cells grown on complete medium. The calcium-independent cell line has been grown in the absence of Ca2+ for more than 1.5 years. The cell line grew at a rate similar to that on complete medium for up to 12 weeks, if supplied with any one of the divalent cations, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ or Co2+, but declined and appeared necrotic when all 6 of these were removed from the medium. The calcium-independence trait, while identified in tissue culture, was also observed in germinated immature embryos of the same hybrid and one of its parental inbred lines.
Post Fusion Structure of the Transmembrane Domain of the Ebola Virus Surface Glycoprotein

Ebola virus (Ebov) is an enveloped virus causing hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates with extremely high fatality rates. Fusion occurs when the virus reaches the endosomal compartment where the surface glycoprotein (GP) undergoes proteolytic cleavage and rearrangement. In this study we focus on the role of the transmembrane (TM) and membrane proximal (MPER) domains of Ebov GP in the fusion process. NMR spectroscopy was performed on a construct comprising Ebov TM and MPER (residues 632-676) to investigate its structure and role in fusion. Solution NMR studies show that the structure is composed of two helices. A dynamic N-terminal region (residues 632-642) is followed by a short MPER helix residing on the surface of the membrane (residues 643-651), a turn (residues 652-657), and the TM helix (residues 658-676). HSQC spectra of Ebov TM/MPER at pre- and post-fusion pH were similar suggesting a pH-independent role of this domain in fusion. Titration experiments revealed a binding site between the FL and TM domains at pH 5.5. The binding site is rich in aromatic residues on the TM (WTGW) and FL (YWTTQD) side. Liposome fusion assays showed that lipid mixing was enhanced when the liposomes contained Ebov TM/MPER. Taken together, we conclude that the Ebov TM/MPER and FL domains cooperate in fusion, but that only the FL structure [see refs. 1 and 2] responds to pH in this process.1. Gregory et al. PNAS (2011) 108:11211-11216.2. Gregory et al. J. Virol. (2014) 88:6636-6649.
Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy after hemodialysis.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of visual loss from posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) after hemodialysis. Design Observational case report. Methods Neuro-ophthalmic examination, neuro-imaging including computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and orbits, and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the neck and cerebral vasculature, as well as electrophysiologic testing including electroretinogram (ERG) and visually evoked response (VER) were performed. Results Acute onset of painless bilateral no light perception vision with absent pupillary response to light and normal funduscopic examination occurred shortly after completion of hemodialysis. Computed tomography scan and MRA results were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging scan showed small vessel ischemic white matter changes. Electroretinogram results were normal and the VER was unrecordable. Conclusions Visual loss after hemodialysis is a rare complication and is associated with anemia and hypotensive events. The visual loss is usually a result of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. We were unable to find another instance in the literature of visual loss after hemodialysis resulting from PION.
The cell monolayer trajectory from the system state point of view

Time-lapse microscopic movies are being increasingly utilized for understanding the derivation of cell states and predicting cell future. Often, fluorescence and other types of labeling are not available or desirable, and cell state-definitions based on observable structures must be used. We present the methodology for cell behavior recognition and prediction based on the short term cell recurrent behavior analysis. This approach has theoretical justification in non-linear dynamics theory. The methodology is based on the general stochastic systems theory which allows us to define the cell states, trajectory and the system itself. We introduce the usage of a novel image content descriptor based on information contribution (gain) by each image point for the cell state characterization as the first step. The linkage between the method and the general system theory is presented as a general frame for cell behavior interpretation. We also discuss extended cell description, system theory and methodology for future development. This methodology may be used for many practical purposes, ranging from advanced, medically relevant, precise cell culture diagnostics to very utilitarian cell recognition in a noisy or uneven image background. In addition, the results are theoretically justified.
Health promotion and the knowledge-attitude-behavior continuum.

Influencing health behavior through informational campaigns, followed by the expectation of attitude change and subsequent desired behavior changes, is examined. Prior literature in this area indicates that the correlations between information level and overt behavior or between attitude and overt behavior are generally positive though low. Two major approaches to improving the relationships between knowledge, attitude, and behavior are discussed: the approach taken by M. Fishbein and his associates, which argues for the use of measures of behavior intention rather than generalized attitudes, and the approach of W.J. McGuire and other proponents of an information-processing model, which argues that moving between the elements of the knowledge-attitude-behavior continuum demands processing time on the part of individuals and attention to a set of elements within a communication matrix. The five central elements of the communication process--source, message, channel, receiver, destination--and the independent variables involved are examined. The information-processing model is seen as particularly appropriate to health promotion campaigns and is recommended for further careful study in health promotion situations.
Pressure dependence of the electrical resistivity of the filled skutterudites LnFe4Sb12 (Ln = Ce, Yb)

We report the pressure dependence of the electrical resistivity of two filled skutterudite compounds YbFe4 Sb12 and CeFe4 Sb12 from 1.2 K up to room temperature and under applied pressures up to 17 kbar. Both YbFe4 Sb12 and CeFe4 Sb12 show a rapid decrease of at ~50 K and ~100 K, respectively, which is caused by the onset of coherent scattering of electrons from the rare-earth sublattice. The resistivity curves can be collapsed onto the ambient pressure curve using a single scaling temperature T 0 , indicating that a single characteristic energy dominates the transport properties. For CeFe4 Sb12 , T 0 is found to increase with pressure, while the opposite behaviour is observed for YbFe4 Sb12 . The pressure dependence of as well as the change of T 0 are similar to the findings for a number of other intermediate-valence and heavy-fermion systems.
Extraction and characterization of lignin from different biomass resources

Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass has been acknowledged for potential use to produce chemicals and biomaterials. Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer with cellulose being number one, making up to 10–25% of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin is a three-dimensional, highly cross-linked macromolecule composed of three types of substituted phenols, which include: coniferyl, sinapyl, and p-coumaryl alcohols by enzymatic polymerization, yielding a vast number of functional groups and linkages. There is a wide range of lignin sources available, including: jute, hemp, cotton, and wood pulp. Hence, the lignin's physical and chemical behavior will be different with respect to the original source and extraction method used. The objective of this research is to extract lignin from nonwood cellulosic biomass (Wheat straw, Pine straw, Alfalfa, Kenaf, and Flax fiber) by formic acid treatment followed by peroxyformic acid treatment for the potential use as a partial replacement for the phenol precursor in resole phenolic systems. Isolated lignins were purified to remove impurities and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis to compare thermal properties and chemical composition. It was found that lignin obtained from alfalfa provided the greatest yield of the various sources. Enthalpy measurements were higher for lignin from flax fiber and alfalfa at 190.57 and 160.90 J/g, respectively. The source of lignin samples was seen to affect the thermal properties. Overall, lignin extracted from wheat straw had the greatest thermal stability followed very closely by that obtained from flax fiber.
Sublaminar organization of the mouse olfactory bulb nerve layer.

Olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons coalesce to form the olfactory nerve (ON) and then grow from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb (OB), enter the olfactory nerve layer (ONL), reorganize extensively, and innervate specific glomeruli. Within the ON and ONL a population of glial cells, the olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), surround OSN axon fascicles. To better understand the relationship between OECs and axon fascicles in the ONL of the adult mouse, we used confocal microscopy and antibodies to the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75 (p75), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and S-100 to identify glia. Antibodies to olfactory marker protein (OMP) and neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) were used to identify OSN axons. Electron microscopy characterized the ONL ultrastructure. We found that glial processes were not uniformly distributed in the ONL of the mouse. The p75(+) OEC processes were restricted to the ON and the outer ONL sublamina, and oriented parallel to the plane of the OB layers. In the inner ONL NPY(+) OEC-like processes were seen. GFAP(+) processes were restricted to the inner ONL sublamina, the ONL/GL boundary, and the GL, where they delineated loosely aggregated axon fascicles that entered the glomeruli obliquely. S-100(+) processes and somata were distributed throughout the ONL; the outer and inner ONL were equivalent in their S-100 staining. Ultrastructural studies showed that, although OECs could be identified in both the outer and inner ONL, in the latter, their relationship to bundles of OEC axons appeared less orderly than seen in the outer ONL. Our data demonstrate a differential organization of the ONL that could subserve distinct functions; axon extension may occur predominantly in the outermost ONL, whereas glomerular targeting occurs in the inner sublamina of the ONL.
Synthesis and regulation of extracellular β (1–3) glucanase and protease by cytophaga sp. In batch and continuous culture

Lytic enzyme systems with the ability to break whole cells of yeast are a mixture of several enzymes and virtually all contain beta(1-3)glucanases and some protease. It appears that the presence of these two enzyme activities is necessary to break the two layers of the rigid cell wall. The enzyme system of Cytophaga NCIB 9497 has a high activity towards the walls of yeast and also of bacteria. This article describes the production of this extracellular lytic enzyme system in batch and continuous culture-it was found to be inducible. The synthesis and regulation of the two main constituent enzymes, beta(1-3)glucanase and protease, have been investigated. The synthesis of beta(1-3)glucanase is regulated by bothinduction (by an unknown inducer) and catabolite repression. Highbeta(1-3)glucanase activities were obtained in continuous culture at low dilution rates over a narrow range (0.05-0.10 h(-1)), and there is evidence of the presence of more than one glucanase enzyme. Proteolytic activity appears subject to catabolite repression and made up of the activities of more than one protease enzyme. Productivity and enzyme concentration were increased several fold in continuous culture when compared to batch culture.
Platelet Aggregation during and after Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Effect of Two Different Cardiotomy Filters

Patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with a membrane oxygenator were studied to determine the effects of two cardiotomy filters on platelet number and function. A Dacron wool filter removed significantly more microemboli than a 40 mu X 40 mu pore-mesh filter. Postoperatively, there were fewer platelets and a lower total volume of platelets in patients who had a Dacron wool filter in the extracorporeal circuit. However, the volume of adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregates was nearly identical in the two patient groups (p greater than 0.1). The study documents an increased number of circulating platelets after pore-mesh filtration, and suggests that the microaggregates reinfused during pore-mesh filtration represent aggregated platelets that dissociate and subsequently circulate in the patient but do not function.
Induction and formation ofCochliobolus sativus appressoria

GerminatingCochliobolus sativus spores were induced to form appressoria on a variety of artificial surfaces, including replicas of the barley leaf surface. Evidence was obtained for the involvement of chemical and topographic signals during induction of appressorium formation inC. sativus. Germ tube thigmotropism was also observed in vitro. Ultrastructure relevant to appressorium formation was observed, including the germ tube apex, apical swelling of the germ tube apex prior to appressorium formation, the appressorium with associated septation and the penetration peg. Cytochemical probes applied to germlings at the electron microscope level failed to detect α-D-mannan, α-D-glucan, β-D-galactan, D-glcNAc or D-galNAc polymers in the extracellular mucilage associated with the fungal germlings. The ultrastructure of hyphal apices from germlings grown under different nutritional conditions differed with respect to Spitzenkorper morphology, apex shape and in the quantity of associated extracellular mucilage. Experimental findings are discussed relative to current understanding of appressorium induction in more extensively studied systems.
Small‐scale plasma irregularities produced during electron attachment chemical releases

In situ measurements of small-scale plasma density irregularities made during sounding rocket experiments that released electron attachment materials into the ionosphere are presented. A 2D electrostatic simulation model that includes attachment chemistry is used to study the source and evolution of these irregularities. The simulation shows (1) that large electron flow velocity shears develop on the boundary of the electron depletion and (2) these shears drive a plasma instability that is the likely source of the irregularities.
Cognitive styles: links with perfectionistic thinking

This study examined the associations positive and negative perfectionism have with multiple cognitive processes including constructive thinking, emotional, behavioral, and ruminative coping and categorical thinking and stereotyping. The view taken in this study is that there is an essential distinction between positive and negative perfectionists. Results indicated that negative perfectionists were poor constructive thinkers and exhibited maladaptive coping in reaction to stress. Positive perfectionists were found to engage problems actively and to be conscientious. However they may preferentially react behaviorally rather than emotionally, and they were not as creative and free thinking as expected. Positive perfectionists endorsed positive stereotypes and negative perfectionists endorsed only negative ones.
Effect of Relative Humidity on OH Uptake by Surfaces of Atmospheric Importance

An experimental study of the dependence of the OH uptake coefficient gamma OH over a relative humidity of 0-48% was carried out at 100 Torr and room temperature, using a differential bead-filled flow tube coupled to a high-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer. Various organic (paraffin wax, pyrene, glutaric acid, and soot) and inorganic (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2SO4, and sea salt) surfaces served as proxies for tropospheric aerosols. A virtual cylindrical flow tube approximation and a surface coating dilution technique were successfully employed in the study, which included measurements of high radical uptake with an initial probability of near unity. For inorganic salts, the effect of water vapor, enhancement or inhibition of gamma OH, was found to be dependent on the blocking of anions and changes in surface pH. Although OH uptake by NaCl, the major component of sea-salt aerosols, is weakly dependent on water vapor, it is enhanced by a factor of approximately 2 for MgCl2 and determines the net relative humidity dependence of the radical uptake on sea salt, which is enhanced by a factor of approximately 4. For the organic surfaces studied, the enhancement effect of a factor 4 was also observed only for a hydrophilic organic surface, namely, glutaric acid. Results of the uptake studies suggest that the effect of relative humidity is important and should be accounted for in atmospheric modeling of tropospheric aerosol chemistry.
Distortion of body image among elite female dancers.

To examine body image and possible distortion of body image among elite female dancers 10 members of a professional ballet company rated both current and ideal body shape. In addition, an objective...
Loss profiles: a quality of service measure in mobile computing

With rapid technological advances being made in the area of wireless communications it is expected that, in the near future, mobile users will be able to access a wide variety of services that will be made available over future high-speed networks. The quality of these services in the high-speed network domain can be specified in terms of several QOS parameters. In this paper we identify a new QOS parameter for the mobile environment, called loss profiles, that ensures graceful degradation of service (for applications that can tolerate loss) in situations where user demands exceed the network's capacity to satisfy them. A new transport sub-layer is proposed that efficiently implements this new QOS parameter. We also show how this protocol can be easily incorporated into existing proposals for high-speed network transport layer protocols and into the MPEG-2 Transport System.
Thermally induced stresses and rapid temperature changes in teeth.

The central theme of this paper revolves about an attempt to provide information and ideas that might be useful to persons interested in cryogenic dental procedures. However, a broad spectrum of thermal properties is also considered. For convenience a summary table is given for pertinent thermal and mechanical properties of dental materials. A point demonstrated is that observations which are of direct empirical utility to dentists often can be enhanced in value if viewed in terms of simple analytical models. For example, a tooth can be expected to be somewhere between a sphere and a long rod in its cooling or heating characteristics. The importance of the thermal diffusivity rather than thermal conductivity in transient phenomena is discussed. Some graphical techniques that circumvent mathematical difficulties are developed in detail. An isolated extracted tooth in contact with a coolant approaches to within 98% of its final temperature in less than 1 min but in the jaw, in contact with a cold (or hot) probe, the equilibration will take much longer. Thermally generated stresses, either due to differences in expansivities of the dentin and enamel or to large temperature gradients across a single component, can be quite large (comparable to the reported tensile strength, 9.3 MN/m2 for enamel) at cryogenic temperatures. Our observations and analysis make us believe that the reported strength of 9.3 MN/m2 is too low by at least an order of magnitude.
Low carbohydrate diets improve atherogenic dyslipidemia even in the absence of weight loss

Because of its effect on insulin, carbohydrate restriction is one of the obvious dietary choices for weight reduction and diabetes. Such interventions generally lead to higher levels of dietary fat than official recommendations and have long been criticized because of potential effects on cardiovascular risk although many literature reports have shown that they are actually protective even in the absence of weight loss. A recent report of Krauss et al. (AJCN, 2006) separates the effects of weight loss and carbohydrate restriction. They clearly confirm that carbohydrate restriction leads to an improvement in atherogenic lipid states in the absence of weight loss or in the presence of higher saturated fat. In distinction, low fat diets seem to require weight loss for effective improvement in atherogenic dyslipidemia.
Managing human resources in North America: current issues and new directions for research

This special issue of the International Journal of Human Resource Management is dedicated to current issues and future research directions related to HRM in North America. The special issue can be ...
An editorial on replication studies and scaling up efforts

This editorial calls for the submission of replication studies, meta-analyses, and reports of large-scale impact studies to any section of ETR&D.
Toward diffraction-limited lightweight x-ray optics for astronomy

Five characteristics determine the utility of an x-ray optics technology for astronomy: (1) angular resolution, (2) field of view, (3) energy bandwidth, (4) mass per unit photon collecting area, and (5) production cost per unit photon collecting area. These five desired characteristics are always in conflict with each other. As a result, every past, current, and future x-ray telescope represents an astronomically useful compromise of these five characteristics. In this paper, we outline and report the proof of concept of a new approach of using single-crystal silicon to make lightweight x-ray optics. This approach combines the grinding polishing process, which is capable of making diffraction-limited optics of any kind, with the stress-free nature of single-crystal silicon, which enables post-fabrication light-weighting without distortion. As such this technology has the potential of making diffraction-limited lightweight x-ray optics for future astronomical missions, achieving unprecedented performance without incurring prohibitive mass and cost increase.
No-smoking policies and their outcomes on U.S. beaches.

ARIZA, E. and LEATHERMAN, S.P., 2012. No-smoking policies and their outcomes on U.S. beaches. Journal of Coastal Research, 28(1A), 143–147. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Beach litter is harmful and costly in many ways, and the number one form of litter on U.S. beaches is cigarette butts. Campaigns for smokeless beaches have been based largely on environment and aesthetics, but health and economic factors are also important. Beach tourism is often the most important source of revenue for coastal communities, and surveys have shown that the foremost requirements for beachgoers are clean sand and clean water. The present paper introduces a study of the smoking bans adopted so far on some U.S. beaches. www.JCRonline.org
Optimal primary coil size for wireless power telemetry to medical implants

A retinal prosthesis telemetry system is examined, and several methods are explored to optimize the size of the external primary telemetry coil to maximize the wireless delivery of power to an implanted secondary coil of constrained size. A simplified version of the Biot-Savart Law is used to give a first-pass optimal primary coil size for a small secondary coil. Numerical integration is then used to improve the optimization for larger secondary coils, and this calculation is repeated across a range of secondary coil radii. Finally, the effects of eye rotation angle are explored, with the future goal of expanding the optimization techniques to cover the predicted range of angular eye excursions.
Theorizing Social Justice Ambiguities in an Era of Neoliberalism: The Case of Postapartheid South Africa

In this essay, Sharon Subreenduth explores how social justice policies have both global–local and historical dynamics and maintains that, as a result, dominant Western models of social justice limit engagement with alternative modes of understanding social justice in non-Western locations. She uses the South African experience as a case study for examining the complexities of social justice policy in the context of the decolonizing efforts that undergird national policy in South Africa as it simultaneously negotiates neoliberal globalizing dynamics. The essay specifically analyzes the neoliberal concept of choice and how it figures within the discourse and practice of race and education within society. Moving beyond binaries, Subreenduth highlights the murky areas of social justice and articulates what they tell us about meta-analysis, narrative, resistance, complicities, infiltration, and the neoliberal il/logic of local–global histories.
The antenna array pattern synthesis problem as a discrete convex optimization problem in the presense of errors

Antenna arrays are becoming increasingly important as wireless systems are moving to higher frequencies and implementation in CMOS. Advanced CMOS wireless systems leverage the vast computation resources available in the technology, and so simple digital phase shifters are preferred. This introduces significant quantization errors in the antenna pattern. Also, the constraint for equal paths from the phase shifters to the antenna elements is relaxed, introducing further errors. Both of these error sources are mitigated allowing the problem to finally be cast as a convex optimization problem over a discrete-valued domain.
Phase I Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of the Oral, Small-Molecule Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1/2 Inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) in Patients With Advanced Cancers

Purpose To assess the tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) in patients with advanced cancer. Patients and Methods In part A, patients received escalating doses to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD). In both parts, blood samples were collected to assess PK and PD parameters. In part B, patients were stratified by cancer type (melanoma v other) and randomly assigned to receive the MTD or 50% MTD. Biopsies were collected to determine inhibition of ERK phosphorylation, Ki-67 expression, and BRAF, KRAS, and NRAS mutations. Results Fifty-seven patients were enrolled. MTD in part A was 200 mg bid, but this dose was discontinued in part B because of toxicity. The 50% MTD (100 mg bid) was well tolerated. Rash was the most frequent and dose-limiting toxicity. Most other adverse events were grade 1 or 2. The PKs were less than dose proportional, with a median half-life of approximately 8 hours...