cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanotechnology, voluntary oversight, and corporate social performance: does company size matter?

In this article, we examine voluntary oversight programs for nanotechnology in the context of corporate social performance (CSP) in order to better understand the drivers, barriers, and forms of company participation in such programs. At the theoretical level, we use the management framework of CSP to understand the voluntary behavior of companies. At the empirical level, we investigate nanotech industry participation in the Environmental Protection Agency’s Nanoscale Materials Stewardship Program (NMSP) as an example of CSP, in order to examine the effects of company characteristics on CSP outcomes. The analysis demonstrates that, on the average, older and larger companies for which nanotech is one of the many business activities demonstrate greater CSP as judged by company actions, declarations, and self-evaluations. Such companies tended to submit more of the requested information to the NMSP, including specific information about health and safety, and to claim fewer of the submitted items as confidential business information. They were also more likely to have on-line statements of generic and nano-specific corporate social responsibility principles, policies, and achievements. The article suggests a need to encourage smaller and younger companies to participate in voluntary oversight programs for nanotechnology and presents options for better design of these programs.
Guniting the lining of steel-casting ladles

In a joint investigation by the Serp i Molot Metallurgical Plant in Moscow and the All-Union Institute of Refractories the advantages were demonstrated of guniting the lining of steel-casting ladles. The first industrial-scale trials showed that guniting results in a significant increase in the durability of the lining and in a decrease in the consumption of ladle brick. In order to extend the practice of guniting steel-casting ladles it will be necessary to organize the production of gunite at specializing establishments of the refractories industry.
EXPRESSION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CANINE CYTOCHROME P450 2D15

Abstract CYP2D15 is the canine ortholog of human CYP2D6, the human CYP2D isoform involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants. Similar to human, canine CYP2D15 is expressed in the liver, with detectable levels in several other tissues. Three different CYP2D15 cDNA clones were obtained by RT-PCR from dog liver RNA. Two clones corresponded to variant full-length CYP2D15 cDNAs (termed CYP2D15 WT2 and CYP2D15 V1); the third was identified as a splicing variant missing exon 3 (termed CYP2D15 V2). Recombinant baculoviruses were constructed containing full-length cDNAs and used to express CYP2D15 WT2 and CYP2D15 V1 inSpodoptera frugiperda(Sf9) cells with expression levels of up to 0.14 nmol/mg cell protein. As with human CYP2D6, the recombinant CYP2D15 enzymes exhibited bufuralol 1′-hydroxylaseand dextromethorphanO-demethylase activities whencoexpressed with rabbit NADPH:P450 oxidoreductase. For bufuralol 1′-hydroxylase, apparentKmvalues were 4.9, 3.7, and 2.5 μM and theVmaxvalues were 0.14, 0.034, and 0.60 nmol/min/mg protein for dog liver microsomes, CYP2D15 WT2, and the variant CYP2D15 V1, respectively. For dextromethorphanO-demethylase, apparentKmvalues were 0.6, 0.6, and 2.0 μM and theVmaxvalues were 0.18, 0.034, and 0.057 nmol/min/mg protein for dog liver microsomes, CYP2D15 WT2, and the variant CYP2D15 V1, respectively. The human CYP2D6-specific inhibitor quinidine and the rat CYP2D1-specific inhibitor quinine were both shown to be inhibitors of bufuralol 1′-hydroxylase activity for dog liver microsomes, CYP2D15 WT2, and the CYP2D15 V1 variant with nearly equal potency. Thus, the dog expresses a CYP2D ortholog possessing enzymatic activities similar to human CYP2D6, but is affected by the inhibitors quinine and quinidine in a manner closer to that of rat CYP2D1.
TRANSFORMATION OF SUGARS IN EXCISED BARLEY SHOOTS

Nelson and Auchincloss (10) working with potato tissue showed that sucrose is synthesized from glucose or fructose rather than from starch as has been supposed by some investigators. That such a conversion occurs in plant metabolism has also been shown by Virtanen and Nordlund (14) in red clover and wheat plants, and more recently by Hartt (3) in detached sugar cane leaves. Since sucrose, consisting of a glucose and fructose molecule, can readily be synthesized from either of these monosaccharides, it may be assumed that such synthesis involves a preliminary conversion of each of these hexose sugars into the other. The fructose component of the sucrose molecule exists in the furanose form (unstable ? form with the five-membered ring) and is different from the six-membered fructose (pyranose configuration) from which it can be synthesized. The plant apparently also possesses a mechanism to render this transformation possible. The fact that sucrose is synthesized when plants are artificially supplied with glucose or fructose can serve indirectly in the study of transformation of other hexoses in the plant into these monosaccharides. If, for example, synthesis of sucrose is observed after supplying the plant with mannose, it could be assumed that a preliminary conversion of the latter into glucose and fructose must take place before the synthesis of sucrose occurs. The hexoses that are known to occur naturally in plants are: d-glucose, d-fructose, d-mannose, and dgalactose ; of these the last two have not been detected in the free state and are found in plants only as units in polysaccharides. If, as it is generally assumed, some form of glucose is the first product of photosynthesis, the plant should possess a mechanism whereby this molecule is transformed into mannose or galactose before the synthesis of the corresponding polysaccharide can be possible. In this investigation, using the infiltration method (8), the following compounds were artificially supplied to barley plants : d-glucose, d-fructose, d-mannose, d-galactose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, 1-arabinose, d-xylose, mannitol, sorbitol, gluconic acid, pyruvic acid, and glyceric aldehyde. The increase of sucrose was observed after certain periods of time to determine the ability of the plant to transform these compounds into glucose or fructose and, if possible, to ascertain the mechanism of this transformation.
Continuous phased culture—A technique for growing, analyzing, and using microbial cells†

Continuous phased growth produces a culture in which most of the cells in the population are in the same stage of their development. The cell, thereby amplified by the size of the synchronous population, may be examined in the phased culture at any desired growth rate. Changes taking place in the cell after the cell cycle, i.e., post-cycle changes, may be examined by a modification of the procedure. Further systematic applications of the method permit a rational approach to problems of cell growth and metabolism. The phasing technique recognizes the cells as the fundamental unit for experimental investigation, and offers a great potential in the analysis of the cell throughout its cycle, a relatively unexploited field in cell physiology and fermentation. Experiments with yeasts and bacteria illustrate some of the applications and progress made so far.
Interfacial photochemistry of retinal proteins

Retinal proteins are membrane-bound protein pigments that contain vitamin A aldehyde (retinal) as the chromophore. They include the visual pigment rhodopsin and four additional ones in the plasma membrane of Halobacterium salinarium (formerly Halobacterium halobium). These proteins maintain a fixed and asymmetric orientation in the membranes, and respond to a light stimulus by generating vectorial charge movement, which can be detected as an electric potential across the membrane or an electric current through the membrane. These phenomena are collectively called the photoelectric effects, which defy a rigorous quantitative treatment by means of either conventional (solution phase) photochemistry or conventional electrophysiology. As an alternative to the mainstream approach, we utilize the analytic tools of electrochemical surface science and electrophysiology to analyze two molecular models of light-induced charge separation and recombination. Being tutorial in nature, this article demands no prior knowledge about the subject. A parsimonious equivalent circuit model is developed. Data obtained from reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin membranes are used to validate the theoretical model and the analytical approach. Data generated and used by critics to refute our approach is shown to actually support it. The present analysis is sufficiently general to be applicable to other pigment-containing membranes, such as the visual photoreceptor membrane and the chlorophyll-based photosynthetic membranes. It provides a coherent description of a wide range of light-induced phenomena associated with various pigment-containing membranes. In contrast, the mainstream approach has been plagued with self-contradictions and paradoxes. Last, but not least, the alternative bioelectrochemical approach also exhibits a predictive power that has hitherto been generally lacking. Comparison of the photoelectric effects is made with regard to bacteriorhodopsin, rhodopsin, and the chlorophyll-based photosynthetic apparatus — in the spirit of reverse engineering (biomimetic science). The technological applications of bacteriorhodopsin as an advanced material for the construction of molecular devices and the implication of the photoelectric behavior of bacteriorhodopsin for solar energy conversion are also discussed.
Albumin Regulates Induction of Peroxisome Proliferator-ActivatedReceptor-γ (PPARγ) by15-Deoxy-Δ12–14-ProstaglandinJ2 in Vitro and May Be an ImportantRegulator of PPARγ Function in Vivo*This work was supported by grants from the NSF (MCB-9513300; to E.C.P. and T.S.S.), the NIH [HD-08567 (to L.L.W.) and HD-30367 (to R.N.T.)], and the Sandler Foundation.

We observed that serum contains a factor(s) that inhibits the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) by 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15dJ2). Ten percent FBS reduces 15dJ2 induction of PPARγ from over 150-fold to less than 15-fold in EP-JEG cells, a stably transfected choriocarcinoma cell line that expresses endogenous PPARγ. By contrast, rosiglitazone, an unrelated pharmacological agonist of PPARγ, is not inhibited by serum in this cell line. We have identified the inhibitory principal in serum as albumin. Serum albumin binds 15dJ2 with a dissociation constant of 870 ± 70 nm, effectively reducing the concentration of 15dJ2 available to PPARγ. Heat treatment of serum abolishes the inhibition, providing a way to test eicosanoid compounds independently of albumin’s inhibitory effect. It is reasonable to assume that 15dJ2 or structurally similar compounds or metabolites are the endogenous activators of PPARγ. Therefore, albumin may be an important regulator of PPARγ function in vivo.
Techniques for the control of chaos

Abstract The concepts of chaos and its control are reviewed. Both are discussed from an experimental as well as a theoretical viewpoint. Examples are then given of the control of chaos in adiverse set of experimental systems. Current and future applications are discussed.
Gyroscopic-quasielastic fluid systems

Abstract A simple model of gyroscopic-quasielastic fluid behavior in two dimensions is developed in general and is applied, in particular, to a guiding-center plasma under so-called “finite-orbit” conditions. Gyroscopic effects are associated (more or less directly) with a finite angular momentum of gyration, quasielastic effects (more or less indirectly) with differential drifts of guiding centers arising from gradients in the magnetic field. A systematic study is made of transformation properties under so-called “changes of representation”: changes in the definition of what is meant by the “same” fluid element at two successive times, with consequent redefinition of the fluid trajectories. (The requisite condition of invariance under exchange of equivalent elements is presupposed.) It is found that the gyroscopic and quasielastic terms transform covariantly under a change of representation. In particular, by a special choice of the representation, either term can be made to vanish identically.
Toward multi-engine machine translation

Current MT systems, whatever translation method they at present employ, do not reach an optimum output on free text. Our hypothesis for the experiment reported in this paper is that if an MT environment can use the best results from a variety of MT systems working simultaneously on the same text, the overall quality will improve. Using this novel approach to MT in the latest version of the Pangloss MT project, we submit an input text to a battery of machine translation systems (engines), collect their (possibly, incomplete) results in a joint chart-like data structure and select the overall best translation using a set of simple heuristics. This paper describes the simple mechanism we use for combining the findings of the various translation engines.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone binding sites in ovaries of normal cycling and persistent-estrus rats.

The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) binding capacity in ovaries and pituitaries of normal cycling rats at different stages of the estrous cycle and in ovaries of persistent-estrus rats was measured using radioligand-receptor assay (RRA). Persistent estrus was induced either by neonatal administration of testosterone propionate (1.25 mg s.c.) on the second day of life or by a hypothalamic suprachiasmatic frontal cut made with Halasz' knife. All animals were killed during the critical period (1400-1600 h), and GnRH receptor was assayed. GnRH receptor levels in both ovaries and pituitaries changed during the estrous cycle. The total number of ovarian GnRH binding sites was significantly higher in proestrus than in diestrus 1, the stage in which the lowest level was found. When binding sites were expressed in fmol/mg ovary, the highest level was observed in diestrus 2; however, no changes were observed during the estrous cycle when GnRH binding sites were expressed as fmol/mg protein. Changes noted were very similar to those demonstrated in pituitary GnRH receptors in our present and previous experiments. Higher levels of pituitary binding sites were found in diestrus 2 and proestrus than in estrus and diestrus 1. The changes in the GnRH receptor levels were more striking in the pituitary than in the ovaries. It appears that the total number of ovarian GnRH binding sites was not altered in either of the two persistent-estrus groups, but that their concentration was significantly higher (expressed in fmol/mg ovary or fmol/mg protein) than on any day during the estrous cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Factors Influencing Succession: Lessons from Large, Infrequent Natural Disturbances

Disturbance events vary in intensity, size, and frequency, but few opportunities exist to study those that are extreme on more than one of these gradients. This article characterizes successional processes that occur following infrequent disturbance events that are exceptional in their great intensity or large size. The spatial variability in disturbance intensity within large, infrequent disturbances (LIDs) often leads to a heterogeneous pattern of surviving organisms. These surviving organisms dictate much of the initial successional pattern on large disturbances where the opportunities for seeds to disperse into the middle of the disturbance are limited. The traditional distinction between primary and secondary succession is insufficient to capture the tremendous variability in succession following LIDs. Disturbance size influences succession where long-distance colonization by propagules is important. Observations from LIDs suggest the following interrelated hypotheses about trends in succession with increasing distance from seed sources when disturbanceintensity is high: (a) initial densities of organisms will be lower; (b) nucleation processes, in which recovering patches serve as foci for additional colonization and expand spatially, will be more important; (c) competitive sorting will be less important relative to chance arrival in determination of community composition, and (d) community composition will be initially less predictable; and (e) the rate of recovery of community composition will be slower. Prediction of succession following LIDs without considering contingencies such as the abundance, types, and spatial distribution of residuals, and distance to seed sources is likely to be unsuccessful for large portions of the landscape. Abundance and spatial arrangement of survivors and arrival patterns of propagules may be the pivotal factors determining how succession differs between intense disturbances of large and small extent.
Relation of augmented platelet reactivity to the magnitude of distribution of atherosclerosis

The extent of luminal involvement of atherosclerotic vascular disease and platelet reactivity portend subsequent cardiovascular events. This study was designed to determine whether platelet reactivity correlates with the extent of the territorial distribution of vascular disease. Blood was obtained from 130 patients who had known atherosclerotic vascular disease categorized as being in > or =1 of the following territories: coronary artery disease (CAD; n = 89), cerebrovascular disease (n = 36), and peripheral arterial disease (n = 61). Platelet reactivity, i.e., the activation of platelets in response to a low concentration of adenosine diphosphate (0.2 micromol/L), was measured using flow cytometry. Patients with vascular disease in >1 territory compared with those with disease in only 1 territory had greater platelet reactivity with respect to P-selectin expression (p = 0.01). The percentages of platelets expressing P-selectin (mean +/- SD) were 6.4 +/- 4.2 in patients who had involvement of 1 territory (n = 88), 10.0 +/- 6.8 in those who had involvement of 2 territories (n = 28), and 10.1 +/- 9.9 in those who had involvement of 3 territories (n = 14). Patients who had CAD and diabetes mellitus had greater P-selectin expression than did those who had CAD without diabetes (p <0.02 for interaction). Thus, platelet reactivity is greater in patients who have more extensive territorial distribution of atherosclerotic vascular disease and in those who have CAD and diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, patients who have more widely distributed vascular disease are likely to derive particular benefit from antiplatelet regimens that suppress platelet function to a greater extent.
Applications of square-root information filtering and smoothing in spacecraft orbit determination

The JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) orbit determination software system is a set of computer programs developed for the primary purpose of determining the flight path of deep-space mission spacecraft in NASA's planetary program and highly elliptical orbiting spacecraft in Earth orbit. The filtering processes available within the JPL orbit determination software are discussed, and several examples are presented. In particular, solutions obtained by the square root information filter (SRIF) using Bierman's estimation subroutine library (ESL) are discussed and compared with the solutions obtained by the singular value decomposition (SVD) technique. It is concluded that the SRIF filtering and smoothing algorithms are efficient and numerically stable for well-conditioned systems. The use of Bierman's ESL simplifies the task of maintaining the orbit determination software by providing efficient, tested filtering tools. For solving a large well-conditioned system (rank >120), SRIF is approximately four times faster than SVD; however, for solving an ill-conditioned system, SVD is recommended. >
Chronic l-Dopa Decreases Serotonin Neurons in a Subregion of the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus

l-Dopa (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is the precursor to dopamine and has become the mainstay therapeutic treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Chronic l-dopa is administered to recover motor function in Parkinson’s disease patients. However, drug efficacy decreases over time, and debilitating side effects occur, such as dyskinesia and mood disturbances. The therapeutic effect and some of the side effects of l-dopa have been credited to its effect on serotonin (5-HT) neurons. Given these findings, it was hypothesized that chronic l-dopa treatment decreases 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and the content of 5-HT in forebrain regions in a manner that is mediated by oxidative stress. Rats were treated chronically with l-dopa (6 mg/kg; twice daily) for 10 days. Results indicated that the number of 5-HT neurons was significantly decreased in the DRN after l-dopa treatment compared with vehicle. This effect was more pronounced in the caudal-extent of the dorsal DRN, a subregion found to have a significantly higher increase in the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine ratio in response to acute l-dopa treatment. Furthermore, pretreatment with ascorbic acid (400 mg/kg) or deprenyl (2 mg/kg) prevented the l-dopa–induced decreases in 5-HT neurons. In addition, 5-HT content was decreased significantly in the DRN and prefrontal cortex by l-dopa treatment, effects that were prevented by ascorbic acid pretreatment. Taken together, these data illustrate that chronic l-dopa causes a 5-HT neuron loss and the depletion of 5-HT content in a subregion of the DRN as well as in the frontal cortex through an oxidative-stress mechanism.
Relative Effects of Biotic and Abiotic Processes: A Test of the Biotic–Abiotic Constraining Hypothesis as Applied to Cutthroat Trout

Abstract The Biotic–Abiotic Constraining Hypothesis (BACH) suggests that biotic interactions can have an overriding negative influence on a fish species, even when abiotic conditions are suitable. The abundance of a fish species is predicted to be largely regulated by abiotic habitat characteristics when densities of predators or competitors are low. However, when predator or competitor densities are high, the abundance of the fish species is suppressed by biotic interactions regardless of environmental conditions. We used data from the Salt River basin (Idaho–Wyoming) to investigate whether the BACH could be used to explain patterns in the density of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii across a watershed. Using a combination of principal components and nonlinear multiple-regression analyses, we determined that the BACH was useful for explaining patterns in cutthroat trout density. When brown trout Salmo trutta and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis densities were low, cutthroat trout density was highly v...
Sustainability and Competitive Advantage: An Empirical Study of Value Creation

This paper seeks to fill a gap in existing literature by testing whether sustainable companies are able to compete effectively in terms of financial performance and attractiveness to investors. Our sample consists of firms appearing in the Innovest 'Global 100' rankings released annually at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Our empirical results indicate that sustainable companies do not significantly underperform the stock market as a whole, and are viewed as highly competitive within their industries. We provide a theoretical basis for these results by linking classic corporate strategy and competitive advantage theories to the performance of sustainable enterprises.
Regulation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene expression and release in LNCaP prostate cancer by antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Background Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the best tumor marker for diagnosis and prognosis of prostatic carcinoma. The secretion of PSA from LNCaP human prostate cancer cells is influenced by acute stimuli such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and chronic stimuli like androgens. Methods To study the regulation of basal and VIP/GHRH or androgen-stimulated secretion from LNCaP cells, we used a superfusion system, which allowed us to simultaneously measure PSA gene expression, PSA secretion, and cAMP release from the same cancer cells. LNCaP cancer cells were also implanted orthotopically into nude mice. Results VIP (30 pM–3 nM), GHRH (3 nM–300 nM), and dihydrotestosterone (100 nM) induced a significant increase in PSA gene expression, PSA secretion, and cAMP release. The dose and time-dependent effects of peptides were manifested only in the presence of androgens. At the end of continuous stimulation of cells with 1 nM VIP for 2 hr, large amounts of stored immunoreactive PSA still remained in the cells. Adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin (FSK), significantly increased PSA secretion and gene expression, and potassium, which causes nonspecific depolarization of membranes, augmented gene expression, and secretion of PSA, but did not influence cAMP release. This suggests that PSA secretion is regulated by cAMP-dependent as well as cAMP-independent pathways. In superfusion system, stimulatory effects of VIP and GHRH on PSA secretion were inhibited by VIP antagonist JV-1-53, and less by GHRH antagonist JV-1-38. In cell cultures, JV-1-38 had a stronger inhibitory effect on proliferation, indicating an involvement of the recently discovered tumoral GHRH receptors in this process. In nude mice, with orthotopically implanted LNCaP cancer cells, GHRH antagonist JV-1-38 alone or androgen ablation by castration had no effect on tumor growth and PSA levels. However, castration combined with treatment with GHRH antagonist, significantly decreased tumor growth and PSA secretion. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the secretion of PSA is regulated rather than constitutive, contrary to previous reports. In addition, the effect of GHRH and VIP antagonists on PSA secretion from prostate cancer cells is not correlated with their antiproliferative action. Prostate 48:188–199, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Variation-aware routing for FPGAs

Chip design in the nanometer regime is becoming increasingly difficult due to process variations. ASIC designers have adopted statistical optimization techniques to mitigate the effects of variations. The FPGA community on the other hand, has only recently started focussing on the effects of variations. This paper presents a comparative study of the impact of variations on designs mapped to FPGAs and ASICs to get a measure of the severity of the problem in both the FPGA and ASIC domains. We also propose a variation aware router that reduces the yield loss by 7.61X, or the circuit delay by 3.95% for the same yield for the MCNC benchmarks.
Advances in Fetal Cardiac Imaging

During the past 25 years, two-dimensional imaging of the fetal heart has evolved into a sophisticated and widely practiced clinical tool, but most heart disease still goes undetected until sometime after birth, despite routine fetal ultrasound evaluations. Over the next 25 years, tremendous advances in fetal cardiac imaging, including three-dimensional imaging, promise to revolutionize both the prenatal detection and diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Image resolution continues to improve year after year, allowing earlier (10-15 week) visualization of the fetal heart, as well as the detection of subtle valvar abnormalities that may progress to serious forms of ventricular hypoplasia at term. However, fetal cardiac imaging remains constrained by limited sonographic windows. To improve the prenatal detection of congenital heart disease, outflow tracts are increasingly included along with the routine screening four-chamber view. However, while the four-chamber view resides within a single plane, lending itself to tomographic evaluation with two-dimensional ultrasound, the outflow tracts (and most forms of congenital heart disease) do not reside within a single plane. For these and other reasons, three-dimensional imaging of the fetal heart ultimately may improve the detection of outflow tract abnormalities, and facilitate comprehension of complex forms of congenital heart disease. Finally, other imaging modalities, including but not limited to Doppler tissue imaging and magnetic resonance imaging, continue to evolve and to complement two- and three-dimensional sonographic imaging of the fetal heart. As a result of these ongoing advances in the prenatal detection and assessment of congenital heart disease, these are exciting and glorious times for the field of fetal cardiac imaging.
Numerical studies of two-dimensional Faraday oscillations of inviscid fluids

The dynamics of two-dimensional standing periodic waves at the interface between two inviscid fluids with different densities, subject to monochromatic oscillations normal to the unperturbed interface, is studied under normal- and low-gravity conditions. The motion is simulated over an extended period of time, or up to the point where the interface intersects itself or the curvature becomes very large, using two numerical methods: a boundary-integral method that is applicable when the density of one fluid is negligible compared to that of the other, and a vortex-sheet method that is applicable to the more general case of arbitrary densities. The numerical procedure for the boundary-integral formulation uses a global isoparametric parametrization based on cubic splines, whereas the numerical method for the vortex-sheet formulation uses a local boundary-element parametrization based on circular arcs. Viscous dissipation is simulated by means of a phenomenological damping coefficient added to the Bernoulli equation or to the evolution equation for the strength of the vortex sheet. A comparative study reveals that the boundary-integral method is generally more accurate for simulating the motion over an extended period of time, but the vortex-sheet formulation is significantly more efficient. In the limit of small deformations, the numerical results are in excellent agreement with those predicted by the linear model expressed by Mathieu's equation, and are consistent with the predictions of the Floquet stability analysis. Nonlinear effects for non-infinitesimal amplitudes are manifested in several ways: deviation from the predictions of Mathieu's equation, especially at the extremes of the interfacial oscillation; growth of harmonic waves with wavenumbers in the unstable regimes of the Mathieu stability diagram; formation of complex interfacial structures including paired travelling waves; entrainment and mixing by ejection of droplets from one fluid into the other; and the temporal period tripling observed recently by Jiang et al. (1998). Case studies show that the surface tension, density ratio, and magnitude of forcing play a significant role in determining the dynamics of the developing interfacial patterns.
Event History Methods

of events is of equal substantive importance, whether it is the dissolu-tion of a government’s cabinet (e.g., King et al. 1990; Warwick 1992; Diermeier and Stevenson 1999), the presence of international military disputes (Jones et al. 1996; Werner 2000; King and Zeng 2001), contributions by political action committees (Box-Steffensmeier et al. 2005), or as we will examine in this paper, when a voter makes up his/her mind in an election campaign. Examining when an event occurs provides additional information and may lead to new insights into the event and process under study. Event history – or survival analysis – is the tool of choice when political scientists find that the answer to “why” necessitates an answer to “when.”
Computer program for central axis dose calculations for high energy photons.

(1977). Computer Program for Central Axis Dose Calculations for High Energy Photons. Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology: Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 427-432.
Drosophila projectin: a look at protein structure and sarcomeric assembly.

The large projectin protein is found in all Drosophila muscles; however, it shows a dual sarcomeric localization depending on the muscle type. In larval and adult synchronous muscles, projectin is found localized over the A-band. Initial in vitro binding assays indicate interactions of several projectin regions with themselves and myosin heavy chain. These interactions might be critical for the assembly of projectin over the myosin filament during embryonic myofibrillogenesis and larval growth. On the other hand, projectin localizes over the I-Z-I region in indirect flight muscles. Correspondingly, projectin is found in association with forming Z-bands during pupation and colocalizes with α-actinin and kettin.
NoTel: Stop Talking (B)

Todd Thompson, an equity researcher at Strategic Investment (SI), is using his Friday train ride home to work on his earnings model for a FirstCall note. He checks in with his client, Charles Buron, to run his estimate and get some feedback. He has developed a good working relationship with Buron, an investor-relations manager at NoTel. Buron cuts the call short and warns Thompson that one of his firm's institutional salespeople has leaked the model numbers to his clients. Even more disturbing is that SI is going to put out an earnings model at a much lower figure than the company expects. Thompson needs guidance from Buron. If he comes out with a note that contradicts NoTel's model, it could create a stir in the investment community. Thompson's contact at NoTel has always provided guidance, but that relationship has been compromised by the information Thompson's institutional colleague has leaked to Vanguard and TRI-CREF. Moreover, Thompson has been invited to present his model to the client's brass on Wednesday. He needs the feedback from Buron. Thompson has to decide what his next step should be. This case offers an opportunity to discuss problems and issues surrounding managing communications and client relationships. See also the A case, "NoTel: Speak to Me (A)" (UVA-BC-0150).
An Aggression Stimulating Substance in the Cockroach, Periplaneta americana

An aggression stimulating substance has been found on water vials from cages of adult Periplaneta americana prevented from direct contact with their feces by hardware cloth platforms. This substance affects some individuals in colonies of mixed ages, and causes universal aggressive responses followed by even dispersion over the floor of the cage in homogeneously aged adults grouped for a few weeks. Repeated exposure to this substance prevented development of a response to sex attractant in adult males grouped from metamorphosis.
Abstract 1173: AKT-mTOR pathway mediates mutant p53 gain-of-function by inhibiting autophagy

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Nearly half of human cancers harbor p53 mutations, which are predominantly through missense mutations that result in accumulation of mutant p53 proteins in cancer cells. Persistent evidence supports that the mutant p53 proteins not only lose tumor suppressor activity, but also acquire gain-of-function abilities to promote carcinogenesis, metastasis, tumor recurrence and chemoresistance. Indeed, knock-in mouse models bearing the mutant p53R172H (equivalent to human R175H mutation) at physiological level in vivo display gain-of-function phenotypes, such as enhanced cell transformation potentials and tumor metastasis. However, the molecular mechanism of mutated p53R172H conferring gain-of-function remains poorly understood. In this study, utilizing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and lung adenocarcinoma cells (93-1) derived from p53R172H knock-in mice, we observed that AKT was preferentially activated in p53R172H mutant cells over p53-deficient cells. This activation of AKT allows p53R172H mutant cells to bypass contact inhibition, grow in an anchorage-independent manner and form tumors after subcutaneous injection into SCID mice. In contrast, expression of dominant negative AKT or shRNA-mediated AKT knockdown in p53R172H mutant cells inhibited colony formation in soft-agar and suppressed tumor growth in mouse xenograft tumor model. To directly dissect the essential role of AKT in p53R172H mutant-initiated tumorigenesis in vivo, we bred AKT1 knockout mice to p53R172H mutant knock-in mice. Loss of AKT1 significantly reduced the incidence of tumor development and extended the life span from around 3 months in AKT1-proficient and p53R172H mutant mice (AKT1+/+; p53R172H/R172H) to about 12 months in AKT1-deficient and p53R172H mutant mice (AKT1−/−; p53R172H/R172H). To understand how the activated AKT conferred mutant p53 gain-of-function, we demonstrated that p53R172H mutant activated AKT-mTOR signaling pathway that led to an inhibition of autophagy both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, induction of autophagy in p53R172H mutant lung cancer cells through suppressing AKT-mTOR pathway pharmacologically by the dual kinase inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 treatment or genetically by RNAi-mediated knockdown of mTOR dramatically inhibited p53R172H mutant-induced colony formation in soft agar and tumor growth in SCID mice. Our results support that AKT plays a crucial role in mediating mutant p53 gain-of-function phenotypes in vivo through the inhibition of autophagy by the activated AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. These findings provide the proof-of-principle that targeting the AKT-mTOR-autophagy pathway might have promising therapeutic benefits for cancer patients carrying such p53 mutations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1173. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1173
Closely Stacked Oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s: Effect of π-Stacking on the Electronic Properties of Conjugated Chromophores

In this work, a bicyclo[4.4.1]undecane scaffold is used to hold oligo(phenylene ethynylene) units in a cofacially stacked arrangement along the entire length of the conjugated units. We study the impact that the resulting strong interchain interactions have on the photophysical properties. The length of the individual oligomer branches was varied from three to five rings to investigate the effect of conjugation on the electronic properties of the stacked segments. Absorption and fluorescence spectra were recorded and compared to those of the corresponding unstacked analogues. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations were carried out and helped to rationalize the low-energy features present in the fluorescence spectra of the stacked systems. The calculations indicate that the low-energy emissions are due to the presence of excimer-like states. The stronger intensity of the low-energy fluorescence band observed in the five-ring stacked system compared to the three-ring analogue is attributed to...
An Extension of CEB Elastic-Plastic Contact Model

Three dimensional elastic-plastic contact of two nominally flat rough surfaces is by developing the equations governing the shoulder-shoulder contact of asperities based on the Chang, Etsion and Bogy (CEB) model of contact in which volume conservation is assumed in the plastic flow regime. Shoulder-shoulder asperity contact yields a slanted contact force consisting of both tangential (parallel to mean plane) and normal components. Each force component comprises elastic and elastic-plastic parts. Statistical summation of normal force components leads to the derivation of the normal contact force for the elastic-plastic contact akin to the CEB model. Half-plane tangential force due to elastic-plastic contact is derived through the statistical summation of tangential force component along an arbitrary tangential direction.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The science of multiteam systems: A review and future research agenda.

Given the complexities of today’s workplace, organizations and agencies are progressively turning toward interdependent systems comprised of teams, or multiteam systems (MTSs), to accomplish multifaceted tasks in challenging environments. Subsequently, MTSs have grown in popularity in group and team research, spanning a breath of disciplines (psychology, organizational behavior, human factors, communication, and medicine). In this review, our goal is to highlight the existing research across a range of disciplines regarding MTSs that serves to answer the question, “What do we know about MTSs?” while also developing a future research agenda aimed at answering the question, “Where does our research need to go to better understand MTSs?” We specifically highlight the current trends, dynamics, and methodological issues in MTSs to further build the foundation for improving MTS effectiveness.
IMPROVED MODEL FOR COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY

Expressway construction in karst developing area,which need exact information of karst.Cross-well seismic computerized tomography is a geophysical exploration method,which use seismic wave to explore the media between wells.It can provide high resolution image of the target.LTI and SIRT are widely used in computerized tomography,improved model method for computerized tomography which's based on that.It consider that a better initial model can improve the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm,and the distribution of residual error in SIRT can also improve the result of inversion.In some degree,the method improve the result by the numerical modeling experiment.
The effects of liquid ventilation on alveolar type II cells in MAS model of rats

Objective: To observe the effects of liquid ventilation on MAS in rats.Methods: The rats model of MAS was constructed.Alveolar type Ⅱ cells were separated and cultured.The effects of liquid ventilation on MAS were studied through comparing the groups' difference on the photo of electron microscope and the proportions of apoptosis.Results: the morphological damage of positive group was lighter than that of negative group,and the rate of apoptosis of positive group was lower than that of negative group.Conclusion: liquid ventilation can inhibit apoptosis of alveolar type Ⅱ cells in MAS model of rats,and reduce the damage of tissue.
Percutaneous management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma

Conservative (nephron-sparing) surgery for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper tract generally has entailed variations of partial nephrectomy or open pyelotomy with excision and fulguration of tumor. We report on a patient in whom percutaneous technology was used successfully to manage transitional cell carcinoma of the lower infundibulum after other treatment options had been exhausted.
Schwannomas of the Sellar and Parasellar Region

Schwannomas are typically benign neoplasms arising from the Schwann cells of peripheral and cranial nerves. The most common intracranial nerves of origin are the eighth, fifth, and seventh cranial nerves, followed by the other cranial nerves.
Interpersonal Attraction and Attitude Similarity: A Communication-Based Assessment

Critically reviewing and synthesizing a century’s worth of accumulated research, this chapter demonstrates that there is little evidence to support the generally held “scientific” belief that attitude similarity increases attraction. To the contrary, the great preponderance of evidence indicates that attitude similarity is not a motivating force in most types and stages of relationships. Explanations for the development of this erroneous belief are suggested and the theoretical attempts to reinterpret the research literature are examined. Influences of, and on, communication are featured throughout the chapter. The chapter concludes with an examination of several key communication issues arising from this iconoclastic perspective.
Experimental evidence that clay inhibits bacterial decomposers: Implications for preservation of organic fossils

Exceptionally preserved organic fossils are commonly associated with clay-rich horizons or directly with clay minerals. It has been posited that interactions between clay minerals and organic tissues inhibit enzymatic reactions or protect carcasses in such a way that decay is impeded. However, interactions between clay minerals and the biological agents of decay, especially bacteria, may be at least as important to preservation potential. Here we show that clays of particle size <2 μm in suspensions exceeding 10 mg/ml in concentration inhibit the growth of Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea , a marine heterotrophic bacterium involved in the decay of marine animals. Such clay-microbe interactions can contribute to exceptional preservation, and specific examples may play a role in shaping the distribution of Konservat-Lagerstatten through time.
How Can We Identify Copers

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is common after ACL injury, particularly in young, active individuals. However, after ACL reconstruction not all athletes will return to sport and these individuals are at a high risk for a second ACL injury and osteoarthritis. This chapter will discuss the screening algorithms available to evaluate athletes shortly after ACL injury and help determine who are good candidates to pursue nonoperative management and return to sport. Further, research has shown that with extended physical therapy following an ACL injury, many athletes can return to their prior level of sports without ACL reconstruction. With recent evidence that outcomes after operative and nonoperative ACL injury management do not necessarily favor surgery, the authors recommend that athletes undergo physical therapy and screening following ACL injury in order to determine if they may be a candidate for nonoperative management, as the decision to pursue nonoperative management is reversible, but ACL reconstruction is final.
On driver gaze estimation: Explorations and fusion of geometric and data driven approaches

Gaze direction is important in a number of applications such as active safety and driver's activity monitoring. However, there are challenges in estimating gaze robustly in real world driving situations. While performance of personalized gaze estimation models has improved significantly, performance improvement of universal gaze estimation is lagging behind; one reason being, learning based methods do not exploit the physical constraints of the car. In this paper, we propose a system to estimate driver's gaze from head and eye cues projected on a multi-plane geometrical environment and a system which fuses the geometric with data driven learning method. Evaluations are conducted on naturalistic driving data containing different drivers in different vehicles in order to test the generalization of the methods. Systematic evaluations on this data set are presented for the proposed geometric based gaze estimation method and geometric plus learning based hybrid gaze estimation framework, where exploiting the geometrical constraints of the car shows promising results of generalization.