cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for the cytoplasmic trafficking of signalling proteins involving the hsp90-binding immunophilins and p50cdc37.

Abstract A number of transcription factors and protein kinases involved in signal transduction exist in heterocomplexes with the ubiquitous and essential protein chaperone hsp90. These signalling protein·hsp90 heterocomplexes are assembled by a multiprotein chaperone system comprising hsp90, hsp70, Hop, hsp40, and p23. In the case of transcription factors, the heterocomplexes with hsp90 also contain a high molecular weight immunophilin with tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs, such as FKBP52 or CyP-40. In the case of the protein kinases, the heterocomplexes contain p50cdc37. The immunophilins bind to a single TPR acceptor site on hsp90, and p50cdc37 binds to an adjacent site so that binding is exclusive for p50cdc37 or an immunophilin. Direct interaction of immunophilins with the transcription factors or p50cdc37 with the protein kinases leads to selection of different heterocomplexes after their assembly by a common mechanism. Studies with the glucocorticoid receptor, for which translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus is under hormonal control, suggest that dynamic assembly of the heterocomplexes is required for rapid movement of the receptor through the cytoplasm along cytoskeletal tracts. As for the similar short-range trafficking of vesicles along microtubules, there must be a mechanism for linking the signalling protein solutes to the molecular motors involved in movement. We present here a model in which the immunophilins and p50cdc37 target, respectively, the retrograde or anterograde direction of signalling protein movement by functioning as connectors that link the signalling proteins to the movement machinery.
Unsaturated Zone Arsenic Distribution and Implications for Groundwater Contamination

Arsenic compounds have been applied at the land surface as pesticides in agricultural areas globally. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fate of anthropogenic arsenic applications related to agriculture, using arsenic applications on cotton in the southern High Plains (SHP), Texas, as a case study and examining possible linkages with contamination of the underlying Ogallala aquifer in this region, where 36% of wells exceed the new EPA 10 μg/L standard. Unsaturated zone soil samples were collected from boreholes beneath natural ecosystems (grassland/shrubland) to provide a control (no arsenic application) (5 profiles) and cotton cropland (20 profiles) for analyses of water-extractable arsenic, vanadium, phosphate, chloride, and nitrate. Natural ecosystem profiles have high arsenic concentrations at depth (maximum of 7.2−69.6 μg As/kg dry soil at 5.9−21.4 m depth) that are attributed to a geologic source. Most profiles beneath cotton cropland have high arsenic concentrations within the upper mete...
Rotator Cuff Degeneration Etiology and Pathogenesis

By virtue of its anatomy and function, the rotator cuff is vulnerable to considerable morbidity, often necessitating surgical intervention. How we intervene is governed by our understanding of the pathological mechanisms in cuff disease. These factors can be divided into those extrinsic to the rotator cuff (impingement, demographic factors) and those intrinsic to the cuff (age-related degeneration, hypovascularity, inflammation, and oxidative stress, among others). In an era where biologic interventions are increasingly being investigated, our understanding of these mechanisms is likely to become more important in designing effective new interventions. Here we present a literature review summarizing our current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying rotator cuff degeneration.
Spare the rod: The figure of the dominatrix in the literary canon

The commonly cited maxim, “Spare the rod and spoil the child” is often traced incorrectly back to the biblical book of Proverbs when its point of origin lies instead first in Langland’s Piers Plowman and then, in the highly satirical and sexualized text of Samuel Butler’s Hudibras. Thus, from a religious origin, it has metamorphosed into a woman-man relationship. Indeed to follow the evolution of this phrase is to uncover the extent to which the disciplining impulses of religious rhetoric are eroticized in one Western European literary theme, that of feminine dominance, from the tenth century when the word Dominatrix appeared in the writings of Hroswitha of Gandersheim. The period leading up to the 1650s, when Butler turned the phrase into one line of a heroic iambic couplet in the middle of a stanza on an amorous jaileress, was also a time when medical research on human and animal anatomy and physiology had unravelled the pathways of libido-lifting buttock-beating. Far from demonizing woman the literary image of the whip-wielding mistress did not degrade the female sex but instead apotheosized the dominatrix as a major erotic image of the twentieth century.
Topology Optimization of Heat-Resistant Structures

The standard problem of finding the optimal layout of structural material associated with maximum stiffness is expanded to include consideration of thermal criteria. The problem is posed as a three-phase layout problem where the phases include an insulating or fire retardant material and an unknown distribution of heat sources, in addition to the structural material. The model used is simple, yet results suggest that the introduction of measures to control the temperature in the structure when subjected to significant heat transfer rates can result in layouts that differ substantially from solutions where thermal issues are ignored.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Analysis of Optically Pumped CO(2)Laser.

The operating characteristics of an optically pumped CO2 laser are analyzed by a mathematical procedure that treats the transport of the pumping radiation according to the method of Milne. Simple expressions are obtained for laser power output and efficiency vs such operating parameters as initial pressure, species concentrations, output mirror transmittance, linewidth of the pumping radiation, and cavity dimensions. Optimum power output efficiencies appear to be comparable with those of electrical discharge and chemically pumped CO2 lasers.
INQUIRY-BASED LABORATORY COURSE IMPROVES STUDENTS' ABILITY TO DESIGN EXPERIMENTS AND INTERPRET DATA

We redesigned our intermediate-level organismal physiology laboratory course to center on student-designed experiments in plant and human physiology. Our primary goals were to improve the ability o...
Commentary: At the Center of Decision Making in Mental Health Services and Interventions Research: Patients, Clinicians, or Relationships?

Wills and Holmes-Rovner (2006) highlight the fact that despite growing interest in the role of patient preferences and shared decision making with clinicians in the general health services research community, relatively little is known about the impact of these preferences and processes on actual decisions, service delivery engagement, or intervention outcomes in the mental health field. This commentary expands on three important points raised in Wills and Holmes-Rovner's article: (a) the need for more and better research on values assessment, (b) contextual factors in the decision-making process, and (c) the measurement of patient preferences regarding their level of involvement in decision making.
The inadvertent creation of a neocolonial culture: A study of western sojourners in India

Abstract Field work and structured interviews with 139 foreign sojourners in India were analyzed to describe the socialization of aliens into their role. Attitude scales measuring favorability toward the host country and people were also examined in relation to the respondent's occupational status and elapsed time in India. The results from the field work and interviews suggest that the privileges and high status accorded many Western visitors may contribute to the visitors' derogation of their hosts, a process which is often subtle but unmistakable. The visitors appear to become socialized into the world of aliens rather than the world of their hosts. The higher the visitor's status and the longer the elapsed time in India, the more pronounced these patterns appear. While the correlational nature of the study makes it impossible to determine whether persons with initially unfavorable attitudes are selected into the high status positions or whether the positions themselves create such attitudes, it appears reasonable to conclude that there would be less derogation and alienation if the lures of status and money were removed; persons would be neither selected nor influenced by such factors.
Bcl-2 expression is associated with improved prognosis in patients with distal colorectal adenocarcinomas.

Several recent studies have suggested that the anatomic location of the tumor and ethnicity of the patient should be considered in the evaluation of prognostic markers of colorectal neoplasia. The phenotypic expression of Bcl-2 has been reported to be a useful prognostic marker in colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC). However, its prognostic importance in CRCs based on their anatomic location and on the ethnicity of the patients has not been reported. Therefore, we evaluated Bcl-2 expression by immunohistochemistry in CRCs collected from 107 African-American and 149 Caucasian patients from a southern U.S. population. In univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, Bcl-2 expression was associated with better overall survival of both African-American (log-rank, p = 0.040) and Caucasian (log-rank, p = 0.032) patients with distal but not with proximal CRCs. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, when the pathologic features of tumors were not included, the expression of Bcl-2 was associated with better survival in either ethnic patient populations with distal CRCs after adjusting for other confounding variables and p53(nac) status; however, it was not significant in either race when tumor stage was included in multivariate analyses. Thus, these studies suggest that the expression of Bcl-2 in CRCs is a valuable indicator of good prognosis in either race when CRCs are located in the distal colorectum. Also, these studies suggest that the expression of Bcl-2 is useful in determining prognosis before pathologic-clinical staging and it can aid in selection of treatment after evaluation of diagnostic biopsy specimens of patients with distal colorectal adenocarcinomas.
Malignancy, mortality, and medicosurgical management of Clostridium septicum infection.

Background. Necrotizing Clostridium septicum infections (CSI) have a strong association with malignancy or immunosuppression. To clarify this relationship and determine how it impacted mortality, the experience with CSI at a single institution was reviewed. Methods. Records of all patients admitted to our hospital with culture proven clostridial infection from 1966 through 1993 were reviewed. Results. Among patients presenting with clinical gas gangrene, 281 had culture proven clostridial infection and 32 (11.4%) had CSI. The mortality among CSI patients was 56%, whereas 26% of all patients with clostridial infections died (p=0.001). An associated malignancy was found in 50% of patients with CSI, whereas this was seen in only 11% of patients with other clostridial infections (p=0.0001 for CSI versus clostridial infection overall). The remaining patients with spontaneous CSI all had evidence of immunosuppression. Conclusions. The high mortality and likelihood of associated malignancy or hematologic disease underscore the importance of a high index of suspicion and the need to search for and treat associated conditions in all patients with CSI.
Spectroscopy of Galaxies in the Bootes Void

We investigate the physical properties of a sample of 26 galaxies in the Bootes void and classify these galaxies based on the emission lines in their spectra. Fourteen galaxies are classified as H II galaxies with properties similar to field H II galaxies. Two of these galaxies, 1432+5302 and 1507+4554, are extreme starburst galaxies. Approximately half of the galaxies with measurable Hα+[N II] emission have elevated rates of star formation. Analysis of the galaxy continua suggests that approximately one-third of the void galaxies have large populations of blue stars. Stellar absorption features from metals in more than half the galaxies in the sample indicate the presence of late-type stars. Emission lines are detected from the H I galaxy 1517+3949 for the first time. Two systems, 1510+4727 and 1517+3956, are identified as closely interacting galaxy pairs, bringing the total number of known galaxy pairs in the void to four. The galaxy 1458+4944 is a LINER, making at least five AGNs in the void. Classifications of eight galaxies in the sample remain unknown. The galaxies in the Bootes void are similar to field emission-line galaxies with respect to stellar populations, emission-line properties, fraction of AGN and fraction of galaxy pairs. This result is inconsistent with some models of galaxy formation in low-density environments.
Convergence in multiple neutron scattering correction in plate geometry targets

Abstract In an elastic neutron scattering experiment, a Monte Carlo analytical method for multiple scattering correction, applied to plate geometry targets, is shown to yield rapidly converging results in three iterations.
Seasonal Employment, Seasonal Unemployment and Unemployment Compensation: The Case of the Tourist Industry of the Greek Islands

Abstract. A theoretical and empirical investigation of the employment opportunities generated in the tourist industry of the Greek islands, this study supports the conventional thesis that unemployment is not necessarily produced by seasonal employment. Unemployment following a period of seasonal employment may be voluntary or involuntary. Some employees choose seasonal occupations because they pay more. Others do so because seasonal occupations suit their non-market activities during their off-peak season(s), or they may lack any other occupational alternatives. Any unemployment compensation policy designed to smooth out the seasonal nature of employment in industries such as tourism may accentuate the unemployment problem.
β-Adrenergic Blockers as Antiarrhythmic and Antifibrillatory Compounds: An Overview

Beta-Adrenergic blockers have a wide spectrum of action for controlling cardiac arrhythmias that is larger than initially thought. Data from the past several decades indicate that, as an antiarrhythmic class, beta-blockers remain among the very few pharmacologic agents that reduce the incidence of sudden cardiac death, prolong survival, and ameliorate symptoms caused by arrhythmias in patients with cardiac disease. As a class of compounds, beta-blockers have a fundamental pharmacologic property that attenuates the effects of competitive adrenergic receptors. However, the net clinical effects of the different beta-receptor blockers may vary quantitatively because of variations in associated intrinsic sympathomimetic agonism and in their intrinsic potency for binding to beta-receptors. These individual compounds also differ in their selectivity for beta(1)- and beta(2)-receptors. Metoprolol is a beta(1)-selective blocker, whereas carvedilol is a nonselective beta(1)- and beta(2)-blocker, an antioxidant, and has a propensity to inhibit alpha(1)-receptors and endothelin. Evolving data from controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials suggest that there are clinically significant differences among this class of drugs. Recent evidence also suggests that the antiarrhythmic actions of certain beta-receptor blockers such as carvedilol and metoprolol extend beyond the ventricular tissue to encompass atrial cells and help maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation, especially in combination with potent antifibrillatory agents such as amiodarone. This introduction provides a current perspective on these newer developments in the understanding of the antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory actions of beta-blockers.
Hydrosol deposition in granular beds

Abstract Hydrosol deposition in granular beds was studied analytically using trajectory calculations incorporating a surface adhesion model, and the assumption that the surface potentials of hydrosols and filter grains were not uniform. Results of the analysis were compared with available experimental data.
The α1a-Adrenergic Receptor Occupies Membrane Rafts with Its G Protein Effectors but Internalizes via Clathrin-coated Pits

The α1a-adrenergic receptor (α1aAR) occupies intracellular and plasma membranes in both native and heterologous expression systems. Based on multiple independent lines of evidence, we demonstrate the α1aAR at the cell surface occupies membrane rafts but exits from rafts following stimulation. In non-detergent raft preparations, basal α1aAR is present in low density membrane rafts and colocalizes with its G protein effectors on density gradients. Raft disruption by cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin eliminates these light rafts. To confirm the presence of the α1aAR in plasma membrane rafts, fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements were used to demonstrate colocalization of surface receptor and the raft marker, cholera toxin B. This colocalization was largely lost following α1aAR stimulation with phenylephrine. Similarly, receptor stimulation causes exit of the α1aAR from light rafts within 3-10 min in contrast to the G proteins, which largely remain in light rafts. Importantly, this delayed exit of the α1aAR suggests acute receptor signaling and desensitization occur entirely within rafts. Interestingly, both confocal analysis and measurement of surface α1aAR levels indicate modest receptor internalization during the 10 min following stimulation, suggesting most of the receptor has entered non-raft plasma membrane. Nevertheless, activation does increase the rate of receptor internalization as does disruption of rafts with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, suggesting raft exit enables internalization. Confocal analysis of surface-labeled hemagglutinin-α1aAR reveals that basal and stimulated receptor occupies clathrin pits in fixed cells consistent with previous indirect evidence. The evidence presented here strongly suggests the α1aAR is a lipid raft protein under basal conditions and implies agonist-mediated signaling occurs from rafts.
Studies of the fatty acid requirements of Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker)

Abstract It was found that Argyrotaenia velutinana grew well on meridic diets containing linseed oil. The addition of this oil to the meridic diet promoted larval growth, decreased mortality at the time of pupation, and increased the normal emergence of adults from the pupae. With suboptimal quantities of linseed oil adults emerged with the wing and body scales lacking. The active substance in linseed oil was found to be linoleic acid; linolenic acid had approximately the same effect as linoleic acid. Stearic, palmitic, oleic, and methyl arachidonic acids did not influence survival of this insect. The effect of a number of vegetable oils on scale condition and emergence of adults was dependent on the linoleic and linolenic acid content of the oils. Fatty acid analysis of pupae obtained from diets differing in essential fatty acid content showed that these fatty acids were not present in pupae reared on diets lacking these substances. The essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome of the adult resulting from the larvae feeding on fat-deficient diets was eliminated when last instar larvae were permitted to feed on a diet adequate in essential fatty acids.
Spin and isospin effects in elastic P-4He scattering near 1 GeV☆

The coupled-channel method for multiple scattering is employed to describe the p- /sup 4/He elastic-scattering data for a proton laboratory energy of 1.03 GeV. Particular attention is paid to the double spin-flip, double isospin-flip, double spin-isospin flip and to the effects of isobar excitation of the incident proton. It is found that the presently available data is consistent with either the excitation and deexcitation of the proton to an isobar by the /sup 4/He nucleus or the presence of relatively large double spin-flip nucleon--nucleon amplitudes. The physical difference between these two hypothesis is discussed.
Removal of Intra-abdominal Visceral Adipose Tissue Improves Glucose Tolerance in Rats: Role of Hepatic Triglyceride Storage

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong link between increased visceral fat and metabolic syndrome. In rodents, removal of intra-abdominal but non-visceral fat improves insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, though previous studies make an imprecise comparison to human physiology because actual visceral fat was not removed. We hypothesize that nutrient release from visceral adipose tissue may have greater consequences on metabolic regulation than nutrient release from non-visceral adipose depots since the latter drains into systemic but not portal circulation. To assess this we surgically decreased visceral white adipose tissue (~0.5 g VWATx) and compared the effects to removal of non-visceral epididymal fat (~4 g; EWATx), combination removal of visceral and non-visceral fat (~4.5 g; EWATx/VWATx) and sham-operated controls, in chow-fed rats. At 8 weeks after surgery, only the groups with visceral fat removed had a significantly improved glucose tolerance, although 8 times more fat was removed in EWATx compared with VWATx. This suggests that mechanisms controlling glucose metabolism are relatively more sensitive to reductions in visceral adipose tissue mass. Groups with visceral fat removed also had significantly decreased hepatic lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and triglyceride content compared with controls, while carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1A) was decreased in all fat-removal groups. In a preliminary experiment, we assessed the opposite hypothesis; i.e., we transplanted excess visceral fat from a donor rat to the visceral cavity (omentum and mesentery), which drains into the hepatic portal vein, of a recipient rat but observed no major metabolic effect. Overall, our results indicate surgical removal of intra-abdominal fat improves glucose tolerance through mechanism that may be mediated by reductions in liver triglyceride.
Expanding the Foundation for Personalized Medicine: Implications and Challenges for Dentistry

Personalized medicine aims to individualize care based on a person’s unique genetic, environmental, and clinical profile. Dentists and physicians have long recognized variations between and among patients, and have customized care based on each individual’s health history, environment, and behavior. However, the sequencing of the human genome in 2003 and breakthroughs in regenerative medicine, imaging, and computer science redefined “personalized medicine” as clinical care that takes advantage of new molecular tools to facilitate highly precise health care based on an individual’s unique genomic and molecular characteristics. Major investments in science bring a new urgency toward realizing the promise of personalized medicine; yet, many challenges stand in the way. In this article, we present an overview of the opportunities and challenges that influence the oral health community’s full participation in personalized medicine. We highlight selected research advances that are solidifying the foundation of ...
PML‐RARA fusion resulting from a cryptic insertion of RARA gene into PML gene without the reciprocal RARA‐PML fusion: clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization and prognosis

We describe a case of acute promyelocytic leukemia in a 61-yr-old woman with a cryptic insertion of RARA gene into PML gene. Using a combination of cytogenetic and molecular methods, we confirmed the insertion and presence of the PML-RARA transcript and lack of the reciprocal RARA-PML transcript. Although such cryptic insertions leading to a PML-RARA fusion have been previously reported, we show that such variant insertions, based on our case, appear to have the same prognostic significance as the classical t(15;17)(q22;q21).
Toward recreating colon cancer in human organoids.

Experimental modeling of cancer typically uses in vitro culture of transformed cell lines or in vivo animal models. A new study using CRISPR-Cas9 to engineer oncogenic mutations into three-dimensional human colon organoid cultures yields insights into colorectal cancer tumorigenesis.
Influence of aerosol cloud height on the change in the atmospheric radiation balance due to aerosols.

Abstract A radiative-convective atmospheric model for 35°N latitude in April is used to demonstrate the influence of aerosol cloud height on the change in the atmospheric radiation balance and temperature profile due to aerosols. Three different aerosol optical densities (0.065, 0.325 and 0.650) are considered as well as three mean aerosol cloud heights, corresponding to pressures of 958, 418 and 41.5 mb. In all cases considered, the surface temperature difference due to aerosols ranges between −3 and +0.4°K, with small magnitudes corresponding either to high aerosol clouds or to high surface albedo. The effect of surface albedo ωs is included by considering ωs, values of 0.07, 0.3 and 0.6. Aerosols at all heights produce two opposing effects in the atmosphere: 1. (1) they reduce the magnitude of the total radiative cooling of the atmosphere, resulting in an effective “heating” at the earth's surface, 2. (2) they increase the “reflectivity” of the earth-atmosphere system to solar radiation and thus reduce the amount of solar energy absorbed resulting in an effective “cooling” at the earth's surface. Effect (1) apparently results from a “trapping” of the radiation by the aerosol and the absorption of this radiation by O3, H2O and CO2. A low-lying aerosol with an optical density ten times the present background value, when situated over a surface such as water (ωs = 0.07) causes a 1.5 per cent decrease in the radiative cooling of the atmosphere relative to the present cooling rate. (The effect due to a low-lying aerosol having the background optical density τ = 0.065 was found to be negligible.) Accompanying the 1.5 per cent “heating” effect was a 3.8 per cent decrease in solar flux absorbed in the earth-atmosphere system. The combined heating and cooling produces a surface temperature difference of −3°K. For aerosols near the surface and over a reflecting surface such as snow (ωs = 0.6) an aerosol optical density ten times the present background value produces a ~ 0.7 per cent decrease in the present value of the radiative cooling of the atmosphere. Accompanying this “heating” effect is a negligible decrease in the solar radiation flux absorbed in the earth-atmosphere system. The combined effect in this case results in a surface temperature increase of 0.4°K.
Wherehoo and Periscope: a time & place server and tangible browser for the real world

Periscope is a browsing device for exploring Internet-based representations of the physical world along time and location axes. By manipulating a digitally-augmented view camera, users find media and web pages "located" at the real places they represent, relative to the current time, the real-world location of the Periscope device, and the on-camera controls for range, search radius and time window. Periscope's world view comes from queries of the Wherehoo server, a time-and-place storage system. Wherehoo supports embedded systems, human-exploration-assisting software agents, and other time- and location-based systems that query the physical world or record temporally- and spatially-situated data for use by others.
Stimulation of the DNA-dependent Protein Kinase by RNA Polymerase II Transcriptional Activator Proteins (∗)

The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) phosphorylates RNA polymerase II and a number of transcription factors. We now show that the activity of DNA-PK is directly stimulated by certain transcriptional activator proteins, including the human heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) and a transcriptionally active N-terminal 147 amino acid GAL4 derivative. Stimulation of DNA-PK activity required specific sequences in the activator proteins outside the minimal DNA binding domains. The stimulation of DNA-PK activity also required DNA and was greater with DNA containing relevant activator binding sites. Comparison of different HSF binding fragments showed that optimal stimulation occurred when two HSF binding sites were present. Stimulation with HSF and GAL4 was synergistic with Ku protein, another regulator of DNA-PK activity. DNA-PK is tightly associated with the transcriptional template, and an increase in its activity could potentially influence transcription through the phosphorylation of proteins associated with the transcription complex.
A Study of Medical Students and Physicians Referred for Learning Disabilities.

This study presents descriptive data on 86 medical students and physicians, referred for testing to determine the presence and type of learning problems. The major results indicate that most subjects had either a learning disability or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Twenty-one subjects had a reading learning disability (LD); 21 subjects had a potential visual/spatial learning problem; 10 subjects had ADHD; 15 subjects had both a reading disability and ADHD; and 19 subjects had no detectable problem. Subtest analysis or WAIS-R scores indicated that sequential information processing may be the major difficulty for this sample.
In Situ–Produced 7‐Chlorokynurenate Has Different Effects on Evoked Responses in Rats with Limbic Epilepsy in Comparison to Naive Controls

Summary: Purpose: Uncontrolled epilepsy remains a significant health concern and requires new approaches to therapy. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade has been considered, but the adverse cognitive and behavioral effects of conventional NMDA-receptor antagonists have prevented the development of clinically useful compounds. An alternative approach may be the blockade of the glycine coagonist (“glycineB”) site of the NMDA receptor. Methods: As a first step in the exploration of this approach, we examined the effect of 4-chloro-kynurenine (4-Cl-KYN), which is converted by astrocytes to the potent NMDA glycine-site antagonist 7-chloro-kynurenic acid (7-Cl-KYNA), on the in vivo epileptiform evoked potentials in the CA1 region of rats with chronic limbic epilepsy (CLE). 4-Cl-KYN (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to naive and epileptic rats. Evoked potentials were induced in area CA1 of the hippocampus by electrical stimulation of the midline region of the thalamus. Simultaneous microdialysis was performed in the contralateral hippocampus to determine the extracellular levels of 7-Cl-KYNA over the course of the experiment. Results: Administration of 4-Cl-KYN caused a significant reduction in the amplitude of the population spike and in the number of population spikes in epileptic animals (p < 0.01) but had no effect on the evoked response in naive rats. In contrast, 4-Cl-KYN significantly altered the paired response in naive animals (p < 0.01), but had no significant effect on this parameter in epileptic animals. The levels of 7-Cl-KYNA measured achieved known pharmacologically effective concentrations and paralleled the observed physiological effects. Conclusions: The use of glial cells for the neosynthesis and local delivery of neuroactive compounds may be a viable strategy for the treatment of limbic epilepsy. These results also underscore the unique pharmacology of neurons in epilepsy.
Morphogenesis in Selaginella: II. Auxin Transport in the Root (Rhizophore)

The rhizophore of Selaginella willdenovii Baker develops from the ventral angle meristem. The morphological nature of this organ has been in dispute. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain physiological evidence to support the contention that the rhizophore is a root and not a shoot. This was accomplished by studying the movement of 3H-indoleacetic acid and 14C-indoleacetic acid in Selaginella rhizophores. In 6-millimeter tissue segments, twice as much radioactivity accumulated in acropetal receivers as in basipetal. During 1 hour of transport in intact roots auxin traveled twice as far in the acropetal direction as basipetal. A significant amount of radioactivity transported in the tissue was found to co-chromatograph with cold indoleacetic acid. Decarboxylation accounted for 10% loss of activity from donors. The data provide sufficient physiological evidence that this organ is morphogenetically a root.
Work-safety tension, perceived risk, and worker injuries: A meso-mediational model

INTRODUCTION: Work-safety tension arises when workers perceive that working safely is at odds with effectively doing their jobs. We proposed that workers' perceptions of work-safety tension would be associated with higher levels of perceived risk, which would, in turn, relate to worker injuries on the job. METHOD: Grocery store workers (n=600) completed an online survey and organizational worker injury reports were obtained for a two-year period following the survey. Survey results were linked to subsequent worker injuries using hierarchical generalized linear modeling. RESULTS: We found support for the proposed meso-mediation model: department work-safety tension predicted subsequent worker injuries, partially through an association with workers' risk perceptions. CONCLUSIONS: Safety researchers and consultants and organizational leaders should look beyond typically-examined safety climate constructs, such as management commitment to safety, and pay particular attention to workers' perceptions of work-safety tension. Language: en
A microcomputer-based system for auditory evoked potentials

We have been using a microprocessor/microcomputer-based system which affords flexibility in the recording of neuroaudiologic and neurophysiologic data. To date, we have used it to record auditory sensory and neural events. Data such as spontaneous oto-acoustic emissions, evoked oto-acoustic emissions, compound action potentials, and auditory brain-stem responses can be recorded, displayed and analysed. The system hardware is configured from commercially available and 'off-the-shelf' components. The software which directs stimulus generation, data recording, data display and analysis is all written in compiled BASIC or C. A hard-disk organizational scheme has also been developed to permit ease in categorizing, storing, and using in-house or commercially available systems, utility and applications software.
Research Grants: Who Pays the Overhead?

Overhead (indirect cost) rates reimburse universities for the indirect expenses of faculty research, but raise the cost to agencies supporting that research. This study examines a sample of US universities between 1984 and finds that a 1% increase in the indirect cost rate led to a decrease in the number and amount of awards to faculty amounting to about 0.5% (for National Science Foundation (NSF) awards) and 0.2% (for Public Health Service (PHS) awards). Indirect cost revenue rose by appoximately 0.28% on NSF awards and 0.75% on PHS awards. Increases in the rate hurt awards to faculty at high-quality schools more than at low-quality schools.
The value of qualitative approaches in the examination of Black male student athletes.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the value added by qualitative research methods in the examination of Black male student athletes’ experiences and campus climates at National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the United States. A comprehensive review of the sport and higher education literature was conducted to identify exemplar qualitative studies. In an effort to address epistemological racism in the sport education literature, these race-based studies incorporated qualitative approaches to better understand the unique challenges facing Black male student athletes at Division I PWIs. Specifically, these studies examined the impact of the campus climates on Black male student athletes’ holistic experiences, perceptions and attitudes. Qualitative approaches such as focus groups, individual interviews, photo/visual elicitation, participant observations and narrative inquiries are highlighted. The quality of each study was analysed using the follo...
Promotion of Vascular Patency in Dermal Burns with Ibuprofen

Differences in the vascular response to burn and freeze injuries were investigated as a model for defining the mechanism and cause of vascular occlusion in rats after dermal burns. Concentrations of thromboxane and prostacyclin in wound fluid were elevated in both types of trauma. However, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin failed to promote vascular patency in burn-injured animals. However, the systemic administration of ibuprofen and imidazole led to increased vascular patency. Ibuprofen promoted vascular patency even when given six hours after burn trauma. These studies indicate that ibuprofen and imidazole promote vascular patency by fostering fibrinolysis rather than by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis and release.
The excretion of free catecholamines by newborn infants.

ABSTRACT As an initial study of the role of catecholamines in neonatal adjustments, the excretion of free norepinephrine and epinephrine was determined in the urine of normal newborn infants, ranging in age from 5 to 233 hours at the start of the collection period. The 24-hour excretion of norepinephrine varied from 0.57 to 3.30 μg. and that of epinephrine varied from 0 to 0.77 μg. The percentage of norepinephrine, when related to total catecholamines, ranged between 70.8 and 100, except for 1 infant in whom no norepinephrine was recovered. An estimation was made of the ability of the newborn to metabolize parenterally injected epinephrine, by noting the percentage of a subcutaneously injected dose of epinephrine recovered in the ensuing twenty-four hours, using the mean excretion of epinephrine by normal controls as the baseline value. From 0 to 1.8 per cent of the injected dose of epinephrine was recovered in twenty-four hours, an amount quantitatively similar to that found in adults by other investigat...
Cadaveric results of an accelerometer based, extramedullary navigation system for the tibial resection in total knee arthroplasty

Abstract Introduction In total knee arthroplasty, the accuracy and precision of the tibial resection must be improved. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and time associated with the use of an accelerometer based, extramedullary surgical navigation system for performing the tibial resection. Materials and methods Four orthopedic surgeons performed a tibial resection utilizing the KneeAlign™ system, each on five separate, cadaveric tibiae. Each surgeon was assigned a preoperative “target” of varus/valgus alignment and posterior slope prior to each resection. The alignment of each resection was measured using both plain radiographs and computed tomography, along with the time required to use the device. Results Regarding coronal alignment, the mean absolute difference between the preoperative “target” and tibial resection alignment was 0.77° ± 0.64° using plain radiograph, and 0.68° ± 0.46° using CT scan measurements. Regarding the posterior slope, the mean absolute difference between the preoperative “target” and the tibial resection was 1.06° ± 0.59° using plain radiograph, and 0.70° ± 0.47° using CT scan measurements. The time to use the KneeAlign™ for the fifth specimen was less than 300 s for all four orthopedic surgeons in this study. Discussion This cadaveric study demonstrates that the KneeAlign™ system is able to accurately align the tibial resection in both the coronal and sagittal planes. Level of evidence Cadaveric study.
Optimizing empirical antimicrobial therapy for infection due to gram-negative pathogens in the intensive care unit: utility of a combination antibiogram.

Objective. To determine whether the use of dual antimicrobial therapy based on the results of a combination antibiotic susceptibility report (antibiogram) increases the likelihood of selecting adequate empirical coverage in critically ill patients with infection due to potentially resistant gram‐negative pathogens. Design. Retrospective data analysis. Setting. Urban academic medical center. Methods. An analysis of culture results and susceptibility data from intensive care unit patients determined by the clinical microbiology laboratory was performed. The proportion of 5 common gram‐negative pathogens susceptible to monotherapy with 1 of 3 antipseudomonal antibiotics (piperacillin‐tazobactam, ceftazidime, or imipenem) was compared with the proportion susceptible to each of these 3 “backbone” agents plus 1 of 4 additional antimicrobial agents used in combination. Results. More than 5,000 clinical isolates were examined. When all isolates recovered during the entire study period were included, the addition ...
Bioluminescence of Marine Dinoflagellates : I. An underwater photometer for day and night measurements.

Portable light-baffled underwater photometers have been designed for the measurement of dinoflagellate bioluminescence by day and night. Maximal light emission is obtained by mechanical stimulation in a defined volume. The pump which stimulates the dinoflagellates also constantly replenishes the sample volume so that continuous measurements are possible. Evidence for both diurnal variation and vertical migration is presented. Using luminous bacteria for calibration a single dinoflagellate has been found to emit of the order of 1010 light quanta per flash. The technique suggests that large scale mapping of bioluminescence is feasible.
Complement-induced regulatory T cells suppress T-cell responses but allow for dendritic-cell maturation

Concurrent activation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) and complement regulator CD46 on human CD4+ T lymphocytes induces Tr1-like regulatory T cells that suppress through IL-10 secretion bystander T-cell proliferation. Here we show that, despite their IL-10 production, CD46-induced T-regulatory T cells (Tregs) do not suppress the activation/maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). DC maturation by complement/CD46-induced Tregs is mediated through simultaneous secretion of GM-CSF and soluble CD40L, factors favoring DC differentiation and reversing inhibitory effects of IL-10. Thus, CD46-induced Tregs produce a distinct cytokine profile that inhibits T-cell responses but leaves DC activation unimpaired. Such “DC-sparing” Tregs could be desirable at host/environment interfaces such as the gastrointestinal tract where their specific cytokine profile provides a mechanism that ensures unresponsiveness to commensal bacteria while maintaining reactivity to invading pathogens.
Construction of Rules, Accountability and Moral Identity by High-Functioning Children with Autism

This article explores how high-functioning children with autism navigate in the social world, specifically how they orient in the realm of norms and standards. In particular, this investigation focuses on rule violations episodes and sheds light on how these children account for their (mis)conduct and position themselves in the moral framework. This analysis shows that high-functioning children with autism can actively engage in discourse about norms and transgressions in an initiatory capacity, thereby displaying a mastery of social rules as a guide for appropriate conduct and interpretation of others’ behavior. Furthermore, this article argues that these social skills are linked with the ability to operate with sequentially based understandings: Prior courses of action constitute for the autistic children the fundamental source for reaching an understanding of the normative mechanics of everyday life, and subsequently for constructing their own lines of conduct and themselves as moral agents.
Lipid classes of selected anatomical structures from the portuguese man-of-war Physalia physalis

Abstract 1. 1. The total lipids and principal lipid classes of six distinct anatomical portions of Physalia physalis were determined. 2. 2. The principal total body store of lipids was in the gastrozooids. 3. 3. Cholesterol accounted for 4% of the dry weight of the saccus and 2% of the gas gland. 4. 4. Although present at a very low level, cholesterol was detected in the gastrovascular fluid for the first time.
Antibodies to and elevations of beta 2 microglobulin in the serum of ankylosing spondylitis patients

Antibodies to beta 2 microglobulin are found in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and are important in the lymphocytotoxic reactions of sera from such patients. In this study, beta 2 microglobulin antibodies were measured with the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with purified beta 2 microglobulin antigen and peroxidase-labeled anti-human IgG or IgM. IgG antibodies to beta 2 microglobulin were found in 68% of 22 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. This incidence was higher than the 5% in 80 controls (P less than 0.01) and similar to the 71% incidence found in 35 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Eleven (27%) of 41 patients with rheumatoid arthritis had elevated levels of antibodies to beta 2 microglobulin (P less than 0.01). The mean antibody levels expressed in enzyme units were 0.125 for patients with ankylosing spondylitis, 0.157 for those with systemic lupus erythematosus, 0.101 for those with rheumatoid arthritis, and 0.067 for controls. IgM anti-beta 2 microglobulin was not significantly different from controls. A competitive binding assay with enzyme-labeled beta 2 microglobulin was used to determine serum beta 2 microglobulin. These values were also found to be elevated in 48% of patients in all 3 disease categories (P less than 0.01). Beta 2 microglobulin antibodies and serum beta 2 microglobulin did not correlate with each other, renal diseases or antinuclear antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, with rheumatoid factor or severity of articular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, or with peripheral arthritis or iritis in those with ankylosing spondylitis. Although antibodies to beta 2 microglobulin might reflect a general disturbance of immune regulation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, their presence in those with ankylosing spondylitis, a disease closely associated with a specific HLA allotype and not usually associated with formation of autoantibody, suggests that they might play a role in the pathogenesis of the latter disease.