cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ Determination of Phase Transformations and Structural Changes During Non-Equilibrium Material Processing

The technique for single sensor differential thermal analysis (SS DTA) that has recently been developed at the Welding Engineering Laboratory of the Ohio State University is described in this paper. The application range of SS DTA is discussed in terms of engineering materials, phase transformations and structural changes, heating and cooling rates, and temperatures.
Quantifying the shifting landscape of B cell immunodominance.

Antibodies to neutralizing epitopes on hemagglutinin exhibit reproducible dynamic immunodominance patterns over time. Early responses target largely the Cb site, followed by Sb dominance and a concomitant rise in the diversity of neutralizing-antibody specificities.
Proteomic Characterization of Nonenzymatic Modifications Induced in Bovine Milk Following Thermal Treatments

Bovine milk and dairy products are heated according to various technological processes to preserve microbiological safety and extend their shelf-life. These treatments induce structural modifications in milk proteins, among which those associated with the Maillard reaction present a relevant significance. In the last decade, various bottom-up proteomic approaches have been used to characterize the modifications induced in model systems and in purified proteins from heated bovine milk samples, including the assignment of the modified amino acids. Similarly, various gel-based and shotgun proteomic approaches have been utilized for the identification and structural characterization of glycation/glycoxidation/oxidation protein targets in various commercial milks. This information is important for milk nutritional, biological, and immunogenic properties, since thermally-modified milk proteins are a large component of the human diet, either directly or as ingredients in other foods. This article provides an updated overview of the proteomic procedures developed for the proteomic characterization of heated milk, emphasizing the limits associated with the concomitant sheer diversity, chemical complexity, and variable abundance of the derivatives to be assayed.
CONGENITAL ERYTHROPOIETIC PROTOPORPHYRIA. II. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.

Abstract Investigations into the pathophysiology of erythropoietic protoporphyria suggest that the basic defect is an inborn error of metabolism resulting in the overproduction of protoporphyrin IX by the bone marrow not in response to a failure of heme synthesis. A method is described for evaluating the in vitro synthesis of protoporphyrin and heme by human bone marrow.
Analysis and modeling of the auditory system dynamics

Abstract Realistic models of the function of the auditory system can now be developed on the basis of experimental data obtained using methods in which noise is used as test signals. Such models can help us examine how the auditory system analyzes complex sounds. In addition to providing more extensive information about the function of the auditory system than pure tone testing, the noise method of studying hearing has the advantage that the test sound is more similar to natural sounds than are pure tones and transient sounds. Using noise as the test sound may also provide more accurate data on signal processing in other sensory neural systems in which extensive signal processing takes place.
Mechanisms of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder involve robust and extensive increases in brain network connectivity

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD); however, little is understood about its mechanisms related to brain network connectivity. We examined connectivity changes from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data pre-to-post-CBT in 43 OCD participants, randomized to receive either 4 weeks of intensive CBT or 4 weeks waitlist followed by 4 weeks of CBT, and 24 healthy controls before and after 4 weeks of no treatment. Network-based-statistic analysis revealed large-magnitude increases in OCD connectivity in eight networks. Strongest increases involved connectivity between the cerebellum and caudate/putamen, and between the cerebellum and dorsolateral/ventrolateral prefrontal cortices. Connectivity increases were associated with increased resistance to compulsions. Mechanisms of CBT may involve enhanced cross-network integration, both within and outside of classical cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical regions; those involving cerebellar to striatal and prefrontal regions may reflect acquisition of new non-compulsive goal-directed behaviors and thought patterns. Our findings have implications for identifying targets for enhancing treatment efficacy and monitoring treatment progress.
Engineering modular polyketide synthases for production of biofuels and industrial chemicals

Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are one of the most profound biosynthetic factories for producing polyketides with diverse structures and biological activities. These enzymes have been historically studied and engineered to make un-natural polyketides for drug discovery, and have also recently been explored for synthesizing biofuels and industrial chemicals due to their versatility and customizability. Here, we review recent advances in the mechanistic understanding and engineering of modular PKSs for producing polyketide-derived chemicals, and provide perspectives on this relatively new application of PKSs.
Smartphones for Teaching Plant Movement

Presented here is a simple teaching lab to illustrate the dynamic qualities of plant movement using smartphones to create movies of gravitropism and circumnutation. Within as little as 90 minutes, students can observe dramatic changes in plant position using the easy-to-grow, simple genetic model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Student assessment revealed that 64 percent of students stated that this lab increased their interest in plants; and interestingly, 46 percent of students showed their movies to individuals who were not associated with the teaching lab, strongly suggesting that this teaching method can be used to propagate interest in plants to individuals in society at large.
The Context of Low Fertility Regimes and Demographic and Societal Change

This volume focuses on demographic and societal changes in societies experiencing low and very low fertility. In this introductory chapter I provide some demographic context for evaluating and understanding these changes. I discuss in some detail the two major theories and perspectives that best inform the demographic and social dynamics currently underway in low fertility populations. These are the classic theory of demographic transition and the theory of the second demographic transition. The book that follows this introductory chapter contains 11 chapters; four chapters deal with demographic dynamics of fertility, natural decrease, mortality, and international migration. The next four chapters deal with structural changes in societies pertaining to aging, mothering and gender, marital relationships, and marriage and cohabitation. The last three chapters deal with changing social institutions, namely, the family, the political arena, and religion. In all these chapters attention is directed to low fertility societies, and in many of them a major focus is given to the Republic of Korea. In this chapter I summarize briefly each of the chapters.
Levels and consequences of embeddedness among private human service organizations: National survey evidence from child welfare

Strong ties with and dependence on public agencies for service contracts can influence private human service organizations’ operations. Using data from the National Survey of Private Child and Fami...
Visualizing Dynamics of Cell Signaling In Vivo with a Phase Separation-Based Kinase Reporter

Visualizing dynamics of kinase activity in living animals is essential for mechanistic understanding of cell and developmental biology. We describe GFP-based kinase reporters that phase-separate upon kinase activation via multivalent protein-protein interactions, forming intensively fluorescent droplets. Called SPARK (separation of phases-based activity reporter of kinase), these reporters have large dynamic range (fluorescence change), high brightness, fast kinetics, and are reversible. The SPARK-based protein kinase A (PKA) reporter reveals oscillatory dynamics of PKA activities upon G protein-coupled receptor activation. The SPARK-based extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) reporter unveils transient dynamics of ERK activity during tracheal metamorphosis in live Drosophila. Because of intensive brightness and simple signal pattern, SPARKs allow easy examination of kinase signaling in living animals in a qualitative way. The modular design of SPARK will facilitate development of reporters of other kinases.
Improving the state selectivity of field ionization with quantum control

The electron signals from the field ionization of two closely spaced Rydberg states of rubidium-85 are separated using quantum control. In selective field ionization, the state distribution of a collection of Rydberg atoms is measured by ionizing the atoms with a ramped electric field. Generally, atoms in higher energy states ionize at lower fields, so ionized electrons which are detected earlier in time can be correlated with higher energy Rydberg states. However, the resolution of this technique is limited by the Stark effect. As the electric field is increased, the electron encounters numerous avoided Stark level crossings which split the amplitude among many states, thus broadening the time-resolved ionization signal. Previously, a genetic algorithm has been used to control the signal shape of a single Rydberg state. The present work extends this technique to separate the signals from the $34s$ and $33p$ states of rubidium-85, which are overlapped when using a simple field ramp as in selective field ionization.
Energy Adaptive Computing for a Sustainable ICT Ecosystem

The goal of the Energy Adaptive Computing (EAC) paradigm is to go beyond energy efficiency and address more directly the issue of sustainability of Information and Computing Technology (ICT). This is done by attempting to reduce the carbon footprint of the infrastructure via two mechanisms in addition to the intelligent energy management: (a) replacing the wide-spread overdesign of the infrastructure components with rightsizing coupled with smart control to handle occasional overshoot in resource – particularly the energy-requirements, and (b) operation on renewable sources of energy. Renewable energy sources often have variable output and also require intelligent adaptation to the energy envelop. After a brief introduction to EAC and the corresponding challenges, we describe the design and implementation of energy adaptation mechanisms for data centers with potentially multiple tiers of service. Energy adaptation is realized by intelligent allocation of energy at various levels of the hierarchy, migration of virtual machines among servers, and shutting down of over-provisioned servers. We study both single and multi-tier systems, and provide detailed evaluation of the proposed adaptation techniques. It is shown that energy adaptation could substantially reduce the energy consumption and yet provide the required quality of service.
Impedance/Dielectric Spectroscopy of Nanoceramics

With proper attention to experimental design (i.e., electroding, cabling, stray apparatus imittances, etc.) impedance/dielectric spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study the electrical properties of nanoscale electroceramics. This study focuses on bulk non-ferroelectric materials (ZnO, CeO2, TiO2) and their frequency-dependent AC electrical properties, taken from a variety of literature sources. In particular, it is shown how to separate effective grain boundary and grain interior resistivities and also the effective capacitances associated with each region in the microstructure. This is possible even when Nyquist plots (-Z im vs. Z re ) without frequency markers are the only data supplied. A modified brick layer model (BLM) can be used to analyze the impedance/dielectric properties of nanoscale ceramics.
Clinical Microsystems, Part 3. Transformation of Two Hospitals Using Microsystem, Mesosystem, and Macrosystem Strategies

BACKGROUND: Two hospitals-a large, urban academic medical center and a rural, community hospital-have each chosen a similar microsystem-based approach to improvement, customizing the engagement of ...
Knowledge of Concept Prototypes of Students who are Blind or Have Low Vision

In this study, 37 students who were blind or had low vision listed as many members (examples) of 10 categories (concepts) as they could. The prototype order of the examples they listed was scored a...
Impact of Tumor Size on Local Control and Pneumonitis After Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Lung Tumors.

Abstract Purpose Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is commonly used to treat primary or oligometastatic malignancies in the lung, but most of the available data that describe the safety and efficacy of SBRT are for smaller tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tumor size, among other factors, on local control (LC) and radiation pneumonitis (RP) in patients who received lung SBRT. Methods and materials This retrospective study included 144 patients with 100 primary (57.1%) and 75 metastatic (42.9%) lung tumors treated with SBRT between 2012 and 2018. Measurements of tumor size, treatment volume, histology, and radiation dose were evaluated for association with LC. Additional factors evaluated for association with the development of symptomatic RP included volume of the lung, heart, and central airway exposed to relevant doses of radiation. Results The median follow-up time was 15.0 months (interquartile range, 8.0-26.0 months). LC rates at 12 and 24 months posttreatment were 95.1% and 92.7%, respectively. LC at 1 year was higher for tumors 5 cm in diameter (98.2% vs 79.8%, respectively; P Conclusions A larger tumor size and smaller PTV-to-GTV ratio was associated with local recurrence of lung tumors treated with SBRT, but ipsilateral lung doses were most associated with symptomatic RP.
Dynamic Comparison of Current Ballistocardiographic Methods Part I: Artefacts in the Dynamically Simple Ballistocardiographic Methods

This paper will be presented in three parts, appearing in successive issues of Circulation. In Part I certain force artefacts arising from the method of supporting the body, are compared with the "true" cardiovascular forces. This is done for the methods of Burger, v. Wittern, Dock-Taubman, Smith and Walker. These are approximately single-mass systems in which platform effects prove negligible or absent; so that at the lower ballistocardiographic frequencies, the internal driving forces on the body are opposed by relatively simple constraints. At this stage also, we will examine the complementary meanings of displacement, velocity and acceleration records. The same record (e.g. "body displacement") can have various physical meanings, depending on what aspect of cardiovascular dynamics the reader wishes to refer to. If, however, resonance occurs in the spectrum (direct-body methods), it is shown why no clear physical meaning applies to any of the records: displacement, velocity, or acceleration. In Part II we show experimentally that a similar analysis in terms of two masses applies fairly well to the bed methods. This analysis shows how the platforms of Starr, Nickerson, Burger and v. Wittern affect the errors over a wider BCG frequency band. Principles and methods for minimizing these errors will be examined. In Part III we examine the validity of the standard assumptions of ballistocardiography, employed in Parts I and II. Using ballistocardiographic records taken with and without beds, and subtracting the effects of the supports under the usual assumption, we show that mechanical errors still remain. Constraints to ground as stiff as the direct-body and Starr supports seem to excite more errors of body complexity than do the softer supports of Nickerson and Burger or v. Wittern, beyond the obvious distortions from resonance. Conclusions are drawn about the direction of progress toward more informative and reliable BCG records.
Adnominal Adjectival Classes in Korean

This chapter introduces major adnominal adjectival classes in Korean, focusing on their basic morpho-syntactic and semantic properties. In so doing, we take the first step in describing how Korean encodes various types of adnominal meaning in comparison to more well-studied languages like English and Spanish. It will be shown that the major adnominal adjectival classes in Korean form a hierarchy in terms of their relative degree of morpho-syntactic complexity and this goes hand in hand with how nominal or verbal they are. In addition, full-fledged RCs are shown to play a major role in “compensating for” the absence of a prototypical Adjective class in Korean. The chapter closes by discussing how the semantic behavior of Korean adjectival classes uncovered here provides empirical support for Partee’s (2009a, b) claim that all “normal” adjectives are subsective and there is something truly special about modal adjectives both syntactically and semantically.
D-INTERPOLATION OF VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS

Dimensional interpolation is used to approximate the configuration space integrals required in the computation of higher-order hard sphere virial coefficients. Simple analytic results can be obtained at D=0, D=1, and D→∞; the smooth and generic dimension-dependence of the integrals enables one to interpolate reasonably accurate D=3 values (rms error 1%) from the dimensional limit results. The interpolated integrals can be used either on their own, or in conjunction with an integral equation approximation which sums some subset of the required integrals exactly (such as the hypernetted-chain or Percus-Yevick methods); the combination methods are invariably better than either dimensional interpolation or integral equations alone. Interpolation-corrected Percus-Yevick values can be computed quite easily at arbitrary order; however, errors in higher-order values are probably still quite large at the current level of calculation. Geometric perspectives suggested by the dimensional scaling treatment are stressed throughout.
Cast near-eutectic Al-12.5 wt.% Ce alloy with high coarsening and creep resistance

Abstract This study investigates the creep behavior of a cast, coarse-grained Al-12.5 wt.% Ce (Al-2.7 at.% Ce) alloy, consisting of an eutectic microstructure (α-Al with ~11 vol.% submicron Al11Ce3 “Chinese script” platelets) with ~3 vol.% primary, micron-scale Al11Ce3 plates. Upon aging at 322 °C for 8 weeks or at 400 °C for 12 weeks, the microhardness of the alloy remains unchanged, demonstrating excellent coarsening resistance of the strengthening Al11Ce3 phase. In addition, no coarsening of Al11Ce3 is observed metallographically after 3 weeks under compressive loads of 13–70 MPa at 260–350 °C. When tested to failure under a constant tensile stress of 23 MPa at 300 °C, the alloy shows primary, secondary and tertiary creep regimes, and fails after 19 days at 17% tensile strain, demonstrating both high creep ductility and high creep resistance. Under compressive and tensile creep conditions, the alloy exhibits high apparent stress exponents (n = 9–11), which translate into threshold stresses for dislocation creep of 34, 22, and 14 MPa at 260, 300 and 350 °C, respectively. The creep resistance of Al-12.5 wt.% Ce is higher than that of Al-Sc-Zr-based alloys (with ~0.3 vol.% of coherent nanoprecipitates) and similar to cast, eutectic Al-6 wt.% Ni (with ~11 vol.% of incoherent Al3Ni micro-fibers). For as-cast grain sizes of 2–3 mm, Al-12.5 wt.% Ce exhibits a transition from dislocation creep to diffusional creep at strain rates of ~10−7 s−1, with a threshold stress of 19 MPa in compression at 260 °C and 5 MPa in tension at 300 °C.
The relationships between social capital and concerns for climate change with increasing wildfire risks in rural communities in Central Oregon

Though a global issue, climate change adaptation necessitates local action. For many rural communities, challenges to available capital, infrastructure and knowledge systems need to be identified to adequately address climate change adaptability. In this study, social capital and information networks are examined as local adaptation strategies to mitigate specific risks and vulnerabilities to wildfire. We examine survey data collected from 683 owner-occupied rural central Oregon households, where localized climate change manifestations present risks to residents through increased wildfire occurrence and severity. Results indicate that social network ties to professionals knowledgeable on climate change and/or wildfires have no statistical impact on perceptions of climate change or associated local risks. Such social network ties are, however, mediated by a social capital measure of governmental trust for climate change. Results also indicate residents with higher perceptions of adaptation capacity to mobilize for collective action had greater concern for localized risks while residents with higher views of community solidarity had less concern. Clarifying these relationships adds to our understanding of social networks, community level social capital, and concerns for generalized climate change versus localized manifestations of risk as adaptation strategies for forested rural communities.
Hot-carrier dynamics in catalysis

Nanoscale materials that contain metallic components can be designed to have excellent light-harvesting capabilities, and can also be used to direct the flow of energy from incident photons into small molecules at or near the surface of metal nanoparticles. One promising route for energy flow is through so-called hot charge carriers, which are optically excited on metal nanoparticles and subsequently transferred to molecules/materials that share an interface with the metal. This article provides an overview of the fundamentals of hot-carrier generation and transfer, discusses both theoretical and experimental means for interrogating these processes, and discusses several potential societally important applications of hot-carrier-driven chemistry to solar fuels and sustainable chemistry.
HIV Testing Among Latino Emerging Adults: Examining Associations with Familism Support, Nativity, and Gender.

Research examining factors associated with low uptake of HIV testing among Latino emerging adults is scarce. Thus, this study examined the association between familism support and lifetime history of HIV testing among Latino emerging adults, and whether nativity status and gender moderated this association. A cross-sectional online survey of 157 Latino emerging adults aged 18–25 years living in Arizona and Florida was conducted and data were analyzed using robust Poisson regression models. Results indicated that 59.9% of participants reported a lifetime history of HIV testing. Higher familism support was associated with a decreased prevalence of lifetime history of HIV testing (aPR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68– 0.95). Nativity status moderated the association between familism support and lifetime history of HIV testing, with this negative association, only found among immigrants (aPR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.28–0.74). Gender did not moderate this association. Familism support plays a role in HIV testing behaviors, and thus should be considered when developing programs to increase HIV testing among Latinos.
Understanding the thermally activated charge transport in NaPbmSbQm+2 (Q = S, Se, Te) thermoelectrics: weak dielectric screening leads to grain boundary dominated charge carrier scattering

Many thermoelectric materials feature irregular electrical conductivity with thermally activated transport below ∼600 K and metallic behavior at high temperatures, despite possessing degenerate carrier concentrations. The suppression of the electrical conductivity ultimately degrades the thermoelectric performance on the cold side and limits the device energy conversion efficiency. As such, establishing the origin of the low temperature scattering and developing strategies to mitigate its effect are paramount issues. To date, the correct microscopic description of the low temperature carrier scattering remains an open issue, and there is little work addressing why some thermoelectric materials are more susceptible to the deleterious behavior. Here, we use the promising thermoelectric alloys of PbQ and NaSbQ2 (Q = S, Se, Te) as model systems to address these concerns. We directly show the thermally activated transport stems from the scattering of charge carriers by the grain boundaries (GBs), and that the expected metallic electrical conductivity is recovered by preparing large grained samples with reduced densities of GBs. We furthermore study the electrical properties NaPbmSbSem+2 as a function of NaSbSe2 fraction, as well as those of the chalcogenide analogues, PbTe–NaSbTe2 and PbS–NaSbS2, and demonstrate that the strength of GB scattering can be understood by utilizing simple chemical principles. By considering the polarizability of the host atoms, we directly relate the magnitude of GB scattering to the relative degree of charge carrier screening in each material, and demonstrate that GB scattering is strongest in the ionic NaSbQ2-rich compounds and weakest in more polarizable PbQ-rich phases. We finally show how these chemical arguments elegantly explain the strong GB scattering in numerous other thermoelectric materials. By uniting the deleterious charge transport properties exhibited by many different compounds into a common picture, we discuss how our work gives design principles for proper microstructure engineering in emerging thermoelectric materials.
Multi-Input Functional Encryption.

We introduce the problem of Multi-Input Functional Encryption, where a secret key SKf can correspond to an n-ary function f that takes multiple ciphertexts as input. Multi-input functional encryption is a general tool for computing on encrypting data which allows for mining aggregate information from several different data sources (rather than just a single source as in single input functional encryption). We show wide applications of this primitive to running SQL queries over encrypted database, non-interactive differentially private data release, delegation of computation, etc. We formulate both indistinguishability-based and simulation-based definitions of security for this notion, and show close connections with indistinguishability and virtual black-box definitions of obfuscation. Assuming indistinguishability obfuscation for circuits, we present constructions achieving indistinguishability security for a large class of settings. We show how to modify this construction to achieve simulation-based security as well, in those settings where simulation security is possible. Assuming differing-inputs obfuscation [Barak et al., FOCS’01], we also provide a construction with similar security guarantees as above, but where the keys and ciphertexts are compact. ∗MIT and Weizmann. shafi@csail.mit.edu †Microsoft Research, India. vipul@microsoft.com ‡Boston University and MIT. abhishek@csail.mit.edu §UCLA. sahai@cs.ucla.edu
Clinical analysis of four cases of infantile cholestasis hepatitis caused by Hitlin protein deficiency

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations, laboratory features, methods of diagnosis and treatment and prognosis outcome of intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency(NICCD). Methods Four patients in two months ages diagnosed as NICCD were investigated from February 2014 to December 2014 in the Children's Hospital of Wuhan.The diagnosis and treatment and prognosis were analyzes. Results All patients were in hospital due to the skin with yellow dye admission.The direct bilirubin elevated anomalies associated with different levels of blood lipid, blood ammonia and lactate metabolism were characterized by liver function tests.The hot spot of NICCD SLC25A13 gene mutations in the regional common mutations IVS13+ 1G/A, 1638ins23, IVS11+ 1G/A, 851del4, S225X, 1800ins1, R605X, IVS6+ 5G>A were detected by genscaning and genotyping.Genotyping of SLC25A13 gene in 4 cases were 1638ins23 and 851del4 two heterozygous mutations, 851del4 homozygous mutation, 851del4 heterozygous mutation, and IVS6+ 5G>A heterozygous mutation, respectively.So these patients were confirmed as NICCD.The patients were cured by anti-infective and gallbladder back yellow symptomatic treatments.The liver function, blood ammonia, lactic acid and blood lipid were exanimated at the time of admission, 1 weeks and 2 weeks after admission, respectively.The results indicated that the treatment effect were good.The liver function were restored to normal after two weeks of outpatient. Conclusion The diagnosis of NICCD needs a comprehensive analysis of clinical, biochemical, metabolic genomics, imaging and pathology.SLC25A13 gene analysis is the reliable basis for the diagnosis of the disease.It is the key for NICCD to diagnose early.It is important to distinguish bile deposition caused by biliary atresia and other related diseases from NICCD.The diet early replacement is good for the prognosis. Key words: Intrahepatic cholestasis; Hitlin protein deficiency; SLC25A13 gene; Jaundice
Morbilliform Rash: An Uncommon Herald of SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus first detected in Wuhan, China in 2019 after an outbreak of flu-like illness. The disease came to be known as the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). It has spread quickly, spanning many countries, and has become a global pandemic. As this is a novel virus, its varied manifestations and symptomatology are coming to light daily. Although most threatening to the respiratory system, this virus has the propensity to affect multiple organ systems quickly leading to multi-organ dysfunction. Many dermatologic manifestations have been reported with no clear pattern. Most data have been anecdotal. Here we present a 78-year-old male who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with no usual symptoms that would alert one of the possibilities of COVID-19. He did, however, have a diffuse morbilliform rash most notable on the trunk and back. He went on to develop fever thereafter but did not develop any respiratory complications. The rash was short-lived and was treated with topical steroids and oral antihistamines. It is important to know and report new findings of novel diseases not only for diagnosis and treatment but also to place appropriate isolation precautions and containment. Rash may be the initial and sometimes the only manifestation of COVID-19.
Examining Health and Wealth Correlates of Perceived Financial Vulnerability: A Normative Study.

Background and Objectives Age-associated financial vulnerability was introduced because it was increasingly recognized that cognitively intact older adults experienced changes that rendered them financially vulnerable. In this study, we attempt to apply the construct of Age-Associated Financial Vulnerability to a measure of Perceived Financial Vulnerability and whether this perceived vulnerability is predicted by risk factors from the 4 categorical domains used to define Age-Associated Financial Vulnerability's impact. Research Design and Methods This study was part of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) survey in 2018. The survey contained 7 experimental module items of Perceived Financial Vulnerability. One thousand three hundred fourteen participants completed the Perceived Financial Vulnerability measure. The sample was drawn from Waves 13 and 14 of the HRS (2016 and 2018, respectively). The measurement of Perceived Financial Vulnerability was developed on the basis of 7 questions assessing financial awareness and psychological vulnerability items regarding personal finance that were included in the 2018 HRS data collection. Predictors included measures of cognition, function/health, depression, and wealth. Predictor measures from 2016 were regressed on 2018 Perceived Financial Vulnerability scores. Results Six items of Perceived Financial Vulnerability had psychometric properties acceptable for a new measure. Responses revealed variability in Perceived Financial Vulnerability. Overall, 18% of variance was accounted for and measures from cognition, depression, assets, and functional abilities were all unique and significant predictors. Discussion and Implications This study represents both a conceptual and empirical contribution to our understanding of older adult's perceptions of financial vulnerability. The high levels of Perceived Financial Vulnerability found in this normative sample underscore the importance of context in understanding people's economic behaviors. For instance, more than one half of the sample indicated that they wished they had someone to talk to about their finances. This desire to talk with others is normative and yet often underappreciated.
Analyzing Sensor-Based Individual and Population Behavior Patterns via Inverse Reinforcement Learning.

Digital markers of behavior can be continuously created, in everyday settings, using time series data collected by ambient sensors. The goal of this work was to perform individual- and population-level behavior analysis from such time series sensor data. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm—Resident Relative Entropy-Inverse Reinforcement Learning (RRE-IRL)—to perform an analysis of a single smart home resident or a group of residents, using inverse reinforcement learning. By employing this method, we learnt an individual’s behavioral routine preferences. We then analyzed daily routines for an individual and for eight smart home residents grouped by health diagnoses. We observed that the behavioral routine preferences changed over time. Specifically, the probability that the observed behavior was the same at the beginning of data collection as it was at the end (months later) was lower for residents experiencing cognitive decline than for cognitively healthy residents. When comparing aggregated behavior between groups of residents from the two diagnosis groups, the behavioral difference was even greater. Furthermore, the behavior preferences were used by a random forest classifier to predict a resident’s cognitive health diagnosis, with an accuracy of 0.84.
Intermittent Cough and Hemoptysis With Tree-in-Bud Opacities on Imaging.

Case Presentation A 44-year-old man with hyperthyroidism and no smoking history presented to his internist with 5 months of intermittent cough and hemoptysis. The patient’s family history was remarkable only for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in his father. He had a history of a 25-day exposure to a home renovation at work 2 years prior to presentation. He was treated with oral clarithromycin with no improvement in his symptoms. A chest radiograph showed bilateral nodular opacities with a left lower lobar consolidative opacity ( Fig 1 A, 1 B); the patient underwent CT scanning of the chest, which showed areas of nodular infiltration in the lower lobes with tree-in-bud-like opacities. He was referred to a pulmonologist.
Norm proximity and optimal social comparisons for energy conservation behavior

Abstract Bottom-up solutions targeting individual energy conservation behaviors can play an important role in mitigating climate change and other environmental problems. Information interventions using social comparisons have proven generally effective at improving conservation behaviors, yet are largely suboptimal and sometimes fail when not adequately designed for their specific context. Environmental managers and policy makers need guidance on behavioral intervention design to maximize effectiveness. This article reports the results of a randomized control trial field experiment that used social comparisons to influence individual electricity conservation behaviors in a unique experimental setting with homogeneous residential units and no economic incentive for subjects to conserve. Two treatment groups receiving information feedback with different social comparison reference points exhibited an average treatment effect of 6 % relative to a control group that did not receive feedback. Moreover, treated subjects whose baseline behavior was more proximate to their relevant comparison group norm exhibited stronger response to the treatment (greater than 10 %) than treated subjects whose baseline behavior was more distant from the relevant norm. These results demonstrate that individuals may be more responsive to social norms when provided with a relevant norm that is more proximate to their baseline behavior. Our findings have important practical implications for optimal design and implementation of behavioral interventions to improve environmental management and achieve energy policy goals.
The Affordable Care Act and the New Economics of Part-Time Work

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) imposes several types of incentives that will affect work schedules. The largest of them are (1) an explicit penalty on employers who do not offer coverage to their full-time employees; (2) an implicit tax on full-time employment, stemming from the fact that full-time employees at employers that offer affordable coverage are ineligible to receive subsidies on the law's new health insurance exchanges; and (3) an implicit tax on earnings, stemming from the provisions of the law that give lower subsidies to those with higher incomes. The labor market will likely adjust to the various new costs by reducing weekly employment per person by about 3%. The tax incentives will push some workers to work more hours per week (for the weeks that they are on a payroll), and others to work fewer. According to the model presented in this paper, the ACA's incentives and ultimately its behavioral effects will vary substantially across groups, with the elderly experiencing hardly any new incentives and female workers being most likely to cut their work schedules to 29 hours per week.
The Distributive Impacts of Nudnik-based Activism

In Theory of the Nudnik: The Future of Consumer Activism and What We Can Do to Stop It, Professors Yonathan Arbel and Roy Shapira propose that nudnik customers should be lauded for acting as engines of market discipline. According to Arbel and Shapira, nudnik consumers typically generate significant social benefits. Through their complaints, nudniks often draw attention to seller misconduct. By imposing reputational costs on sellers, nudniks may complement, and sometimes even replace, regulatory sanctions. As presented by the authors, nudnik consumers can prompt sellers to enhance their quality of service for all consumers, consequently increasing consumer welfare. This response seeks to complicate the theory by addressing the missing distributional dimension. Namely, it suggests that nudnik-based activism (and sellers’ responses to it) may not affect all consumers alike. The response addresses three main distributional concerns arising from the “Theory of the Nudnik.” First, as the authors acknowledge, due to technological advances, sellers are increasingly able to target nudniks before they speak out. As a result, sellers often treat nudniks more favorably than they do non-complainers. Empirical evidence suggests that it is often the upper-class, better educated customers who feel entitled enough to complain. As a result, a nudnik-based segmentation of consumers would likely yield regressive distributional outcomes. Second, to the extent that nudniks do manage to make their dissatisfaction public, it is important to identify who benefits from this reputational information. Here, there is reason to believe that higher income, better educated customers are likely to disproportionately obtain access, and consequently benefit from the informational spillovers that nudniks generate. Third, if firms change their behavior as a response to nudnik complaints, the question arises as to whether these changes benefit most other consumers, or mainly cater to the preferences of nudnik consumers. If nudnik-driven changes cater to nudniks’ preferences, nudnik consumers’ demographic traits again matter greatly from a distributional perspective.
Third Party Interaction in the Medical Context: Code-switching and Control

The purpose of this paper is to examine the micro-interactional co-construction of power within Spanish language concordant medical consultations in California involving a third party family member. Findings indicate the third party instigates code-switching to English on the part of medical providers, a language that the patient does not understand, rendering the patient a non-participant in the medical consultation. In these consultations involving a third party family member, monolingual Spanish-speaking patients are stripped of control in ways that are similar to other powerless groups in medical consultations. Implications include the need to further examine how micro-level interactions reproduce societal ideologies and shape policy on the ground.
Help-Seeking as a Managerial Tool for Improving Industrial Salesperson’s Job Satisfaction and Job Performance

Help-seeking could be a useful tool for salespeople to reduce job stress. A conceptual framework is developed that discusses some antecedents, consequences, and moderators of the help-seeking behavior of industrial salespeople. It is suggested that the help-seeking and help-provision perspective may contribute to broaden the scope of sales coping research.
A Greedy Algorithm for Optimal Recombination

Let Σ be an alphabet and Σn denote the collection of all sequences of length n over Σ. For any s1 = ajaj+1 . . . an+s2 = b1b2 . . . bj bj+1 . . . bn ∈ Σn, a recombination of s1 and s2 at position j is defined as an operation that crosses s1 and s2 at position j and generates t1 = a1a2 . . . ajbj+1 . . . bn and t2 = b1b2 . . . bjaj+1 . . . an. Denote A and S two collections of sequences. In this paper, we discuss generating A from S by a series of recombinations in minimum number of steps. We present a greedy algorithm for finding the optimal recombination evolutionary history from S to any tree A of sequences when |S| = 2.
An Introduction to Constitutional Interpretation

The United States Supreme Court uses six principal methodologies in interpreting the Constitution: text, history, structure of government, natural law, precedent, and superrationalism. Superrationalism refers to balancing, means-ends examination and means examination. This piece explains the methodologies and gives copious examples of their use from the cases, ending with the 2000-2001 Term. Its audience is really the student in the first-year course, and it is intended to assist the student understand better the dynamics of the process of judicial review.
Physicochemical Characterization of Solidification Agents Used and Products Formed with Radioactive Wastes at LWR Nuclear Power Plants

The radioactive wastes (radwastes) routinely generated onsite at light-water-cooled nuclear reactor (LWR) power plants comprise the largest volume of radwastes generated annually in the commercial nuclear fuel cycle, mill tailings excepted. In this consideration, spent fuel is not categorized as waste. The principal wastes considered here are the evaporator concentrates, filter sludges, and spent ion exchange resins that are derived from cleanup of the liquid streams recirculating within or being discharged from LWR plants. From 1975 through 1977, the annual thermal power output from LWRs in the United States was close to 6 × 108 MWhr, and the accompanying average annual waste volume shipped to licensed shallow land burial sites was approximately 3 × 104 m3, as shown in Figures 1 and 2 (1). Until now, most filter sludges and spent resins have merely been dewatered but were not incorporated into a solid matrix, as will be required by future regulations. The introduction of solidification agents to immobilize these sludges and resins can increase the volume of these wastes by a factor of slightly over 1 to greater than 2, depending on the binder chosen.
Adaptive Color-Image Embeddings for Database Navigation

We present a novel approach to the problem of navigating through a database of color images for the purpose of image retrieval. We endow the database with a metric for the color distributions of the images. We then use multi-dimensional scaling techniques to embed a group of images as points in a two-dimensional Euclidean space so that their distances reflect image dissimilarities as well as possible. Such geometric embeddings allow the user to perceive the dominant axes of variation in the displayed image group, and form a mental picture of the database contents. Furthermore, since these embeddings group similar images together, away from dissimilar ones, the user can refine the query in a perceptually intuitive way. By iterating this process, the user can quickly navigate to the portion of the image space of interest.
Block versus nonblock trading patterns

We investigate the relationship between the number of block (≥20,000 shares) and nonblock (<5,000 shares) trades over the trading day and across exchanges. In general, for each day of the week, the ratio increases from the first to the second period, declines through the period ending at 3:30 p.m., and increases for the last 30-minute period. Periods with increased small trading activity experience a more than proportionate increase in block trades. Differences across exchanges in the intraday pattern of block trades in relation to smaller trades are reported.
Selection of Respiratory Mutants of Neurospora crassa

Abstract A method is described that permits the isolation of mutants that are defective in mitochondrial respiration. The techniques of inositol-less death and overlay with 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride are utilized to select for mutant colonies. Colonies that survive inositol-less death and fail to reduce the tetrazolium dye are then tested polarographically for cyanide-sensitive respiration. A preliminary characterization of three mutants obtained by this method is presented. The mutants have been characterized by their cyanide-sensitive respiration rate, growth rate, the state III respiration rate of isolated mitochondria, inhibition of the respiration of isolated mitochondria by cyanide and antimycin A, and cytochrome spectra. All of the mutants described differ from the parent strain in some of these aspects.
The Equilibrium of Hydrolytic Deamination of Cytidine and N4-Methylcytidine

The equilibrium of hydrolytic deamination of cytidine to uridine and ammonia has been investigated in the presence of bacterial cytidine deaminase. At pH 7.0 and ionic strength 2.0, the apparent free energy of deamination of cytidine is -5.8 kcal per mole at 25°. N4-Methylcytidine is thermodynamically more stable to hydrolysis than cytidine, and cytidine deaminase catalyzes its formation in appreciable yield from uridine and methylamine at alkaline pH.