cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply to failure of combined costimulatory blockade in animal transplant model

Dharnidharka and colleagues raise an important point. Co-stimulation blockade using anti-CD154 and CTLA4-Ig, albeit remarkably effective in many models, has not proven universally successful in producing permanent engraftment in allograft models. Although the cited work of Larsen and Pearson4 showed universal survival of skin allografts for 50 days, after further observation, only 50% of the recipients in that study experienced permanent engraftment (C. Larsen, personal communication). In skin graft models, subtle differences in the precise source of the skin graft, the source of CTLA4-Ig and differences in the C3H/He substrains are potentially very important in determining outcome. In fact, Larsen and Pearson have just shown in another strain combination that asialo GM1+ CD8+ T cells are essential in co-stimulation blockade-resistant mouse skin allograft rejection7. Several other groups have noted that CD8+ T cells are responsible for co-stimulation blockade resistant rejection in intestinal8 and skin9 allograft models. And our own unpublished observations show that co-stimulation blockade is ineffective in blocking islet allograft rejection in a CD8+ T-cell receptor transgenic model. We know of several other groups that have noted CD8+ T-cell-dependent, co-stimulation blockade resistant allograft rejection. Recall that the expression of the co-stimulatory proteins differs from CD4+ to CD8+ T cells.
Cities and communication: The limits of community☆

Abstract The synthetic idea of an urban communication infrastructure and policy agenda has not entered deeply into political discussions or practice in the USA. It has been blocked by a reluctance to treat cities as deep communities of mutual obligation. This article discusses the role of communication as part of the technical infrastructure of urban life.
The kinetic significance of cell size, I. Variation of cell cycle parameters with size measured at mitosis.

Abstract Using a cell line of human lymphoid cells, the kinetic significance of cell size measured at mitosis has been explored using fraction of labelled mitoses data. It was found that smaller cells tend to have progressively longer generation times. The principal mechanism for this generation time dilation is a progressively protracted G 1 duration as cell size decreases. There is a concomitant, but much slighter increase in S phase duration. G 2 duration remains essentially constant irrespective of cell size.
Non-Universal Soft Susy Breaking, Susy Wimps and Dark Matter

Non-universalities of soft SUSY breaking parameters in the Higgs sector and in the third generation squark sector are discussed. It is found that these non-universalities are strongly coupled at the electroweak scale. Neutralino dark matter relic density and event rates in neutralino nucleus scattering are analysed with the inclusion of these non-universalities. It is found that there exist interesting signatures for the non-universalities specifically in the neutralino mass range \({m_{\tilde x1}} \leq\) 65 GeV. An analysis is also given of the effect of more accurate determinations of Ωh 2 on SUSY dark matter. Such determinations are expected in the next generation of satellite experiments.
Pharmacologically induced preconditioning with diazoxide: a novel approach to brain protection.

Abstract Background . Ischemic preconditioning is an endogenous mechanism whereby brief periods of ischemia render neurons resistant to subsequent lethal insults. This protection appears to alter cellular apoptosis and can be induced by potassium channel openers acting on the inner membrane of the mitochondria (mitoK ATP ). To test the hypothesis that pharmacologic preconditioning could provide neuroprotection, the mitoK ATP opener diazoxide was used in a canine model of brain injury induced by hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). Methods . Seventeen dogs were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cooled to 18°C. After 2 hours of HCA, animals were rewarmed and weaned from CPB. Six dogs received intravenous diazoxide (2.5 mg/kg bolus 15 minutes prior to CPB, then 0.5 mg/min until circulatory arrest, then restarted for the first hour of rewarming). Six animals received vehicle only. Five received diazoxide and the mitoK ATP blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD). Using a modified Pittsburgh Canine Neurological Scoring System (0 = normal, 500=brain death), animals were evaluated every 24 hours for 3 days. The brains were removed and histologic sections of four regions characteristically injured in this model were scored (0 = no injury, 4=infarction) by a neuropathologist in a blinded fashion. Results . Clinical scoring showed marked improvement in the diazoxide group at 48 hours (101 ± 10.5 vs 165 ± 14.8, p p p Conclusions . Pretreatment with diazoxide resulted in significant improvement in both clinical neurologic scores and histopathology in our model of HCA. This suggests that pharmacologic preconditioning with the mitoK ATP channel opener diazoxide may offer effective neuroprotection during HCA.
Effects of apomorphine on punished and unpunished responding in the rat.

Abstract Apomorphine has been reported to increase shock-suppressed drinking, which suggests that it might have antianxiety activity. Because some drugs that increase shock-suppressed drinking are not active in other punishment procedures, the effects of apomorphine on punished and unpunished responding maintained by a multiple fixed-interval, fixed-interval schedule of food presentation were studied in rats. At doses from 3.125 to 100 μg/kg, apomorphine failed to increase punished or unpunished responding. In contrast, pentobarbital produced large increases in punished responding maintained by a fixed-interval schedule of food presentation.
1,2-Benzothiaborolide: A New Heteroaromatic Analogue of Indenyl

The reaction of 2-methylbenzenethiol with 2 equiv of BuLi followed by (i-Pr)2NBCl2 affords 2,3-dihydro-2-(diisopropylamino)-1,2-benzothiaborole (10), which can be deprotonated by t-BuLi to form lithium 2-(diisopropylamino)-1,2-benzothiaborolide (3). The benzothiaborolide was converted to the Cp*ZrCl2 complex 11 and the Cp*Ru complex 12, in which the thiaborolide ring is η5-coordinated to Ru.
Interaction of molluscs and foreign substances: The morphology and behavior of hemolymph cells of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in vitro☆

Hemolymph cells of Crassostrea virginica have been studied in the living state with apochromatic and brightfield-phase contrast microscopy and in the fixed and stained state with brightfield and Nomarski optics. Cells of two size populations have been recognized. The large cells are of two classes: granulocytes and fibrocytes. Granulocytes commonly include mixtures of acidophilic, basophilic, and refractile granules and are believed to be of one general type. Fibrocytes are subcategorized as being of the primary and secondary types, with the first enclosing lobate nuclei and the second enclosing spherical or ovoid nuclei. The small cells, designated as hyalinocytes, are either agranular or slightly granular. The behavior of each type of cell in vitro is described. The cytoplasm of granulocytes becomes distinctly separated into agranular ectoplasm and granular endoplasm upon standing; furthermore, semirigid “rays” extend from the endoplasm to the cell periphery. Ectoplasmic fans connect the “rays”. Fibrocytes characteristically produce elongate pseudopods. Hyalinocytes are capable of producing filopods or lobopods but do not spread like granulocytes. With the characterization of the types of cells present in C. virginica hemolymph, it is now possible to study the constituents and roles of each in their reactions to foreign substances.
Hydrating peptides using a sprouting technique

A scheme for generating water coordinates, whose proton orientations are random, and simultaneously generating side chain coordinates of peptides, preparatory to studying solvation of peptides using molecular dynamics schemes is presented in an X-PLOR context. Examples from the Integrin and Tropomyosin systems are used to illustrate the procedure. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Valuation effects of international listings

Abstract This study examines the risk/return performance of a sample of U.S. firms which have their securities dually listed on the New York Stock Exchange and on either the London or Tokyo exchanges. The evidence indicates that stock prices generally react positively (though statistically insignificant) to the international listings. However, the findings reject the hypothesis that dual listing of a security on a foreign capital market is accompanied by a significant change in its risk behavior.
A Survey of Current and Future Perceived Multi‐National Corporation Manufacturing Training Needs in Tianjin, China (T.E.D.A.)

The purpose of this study was to survey current and perceived future employer-provided training practices among MNC [multi-national corporations] manufacturing companies in the Tianjin Economic Development Area (T.E.D.A.) of China. The study bifurcated the data into two areas: all firms and only firms with a structured formal training program in place. A face-to-face interview was administered to HR personnel and trainers in the “top eighty” manufacturing MNCs in T.E.D.A. as designated by the T.E.D.A. administrative government in March 2000. A total of 56 interviews were obtained for a sampling margin of error of +/- 5. Data analysis revealed that overall the workforces in T.E.D.A employed 350 people or less, were largely youthful, and growing slowly. All employees had 11 to 15 years of formal education. A majority of firms conducted training needs assessments, gave skilled workers more training than unskilled, and earmarked 60% of the training budget for outsourcing. The quality perception of outsource training available in T.E.D.A. was mediocre. Management, technical skills, QC [quality control], and sales training accounted for 67% of the current training need. In three years, they were still perceived to be accounting for the same amounts, but among well-correlated training departments, QC training was expected to decrease 2%, while in firms without a structured training program, sales training was expected to increase 2%. Trainers did not perceive employee turnover as a training problem. ROI [return on investment] perception on training was greater than 6%.
256*256 hybrid HgCdTe infrared focal plane arrays

Hybrid HgCdTe 256*256 focal plane arrays have been developed to meet the sensitivity, resolution, and field-of-view requirements of high-performance medium-wavelength infrared (MWIR) imaging systems. The detector arrays for these hybrids are fabricated on substrates that reduce or eliminate the thermal expansion mismatch to the silicon readout circuit. The readouts are foundry-processed CMOS switched-FET circuits that have charge capacities greater than 10/sup 7/ electrons and a single video output capable of 20-MHz data rates. The high quantum efficiency, tunable absorption wavelength, and broad operating temperature range of these large HgCdTe staring focal plane arrays give them significant advantages over competing sensors. The mature Producible Alternative to CdTe for Epitaxy-1 (PACE-1) technology, using sapphire detector substrates, has demonstrated 256*256 MWIR arrays with mean laboratory noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of 9 mK for a 4.9- mu m cutoff wavelength, 40- mu m pixel size, and 80-K operating temperature. RMS detector response nonuniformities are less than 4%, and pixel yields are greater than 99%. The newly developed PACE-3 process uses silicon for the detector substrate to eliminate completely the thermal mismatch with the silicon readout circuit. It has the potential for similar performance in even larger array sizes. A 640*480 hybrid array is under development. >
805-1 Theophylline Reverses Myocardial Infarction-Related Brady and Tachy Arrhythmias: Role of Adenosine

Brady and tachyarrhythmias often complicate the early management of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Endogenously released adenosine (ADO) from ischemic cardiac cells has been proposed as a potential mediator of these arrhythmias. In order to test this hypothesis, theophylline (THEO), a competitive ADO receptor antagonist, was administered to nine patients who developed sustained or hemodynamically significant brady or tachyarrhythmias immediately following an acute inferior MI. Methods Once such an arrhythmia was detected, continuous ECG monitoring was begun. THEO was then administered i.v. at a rate of 100 mg/min until the arrhythmia resolved or a maximum of 250 mg THEO was infused. Patients were then monitored for 24 hours for recurrent arrhythmias. Results Bradyarrhythmias were detected in 5 patients (3 with 3° AV block, 2 with 2° AV block). Tachyarrhythmias were detected in four patients (2 with atrial fibrillation, 2 with accelerated idioventricular rhythm). All patients converted to normal sinus rhythm within five minutes of the administration of THEO (178 ± 57 mg). No recurrent arrhythmia occurred in the follow-up period. Conclusions Many of the brady and tachyarrhythmias which occur early after inferior MI are ADO-mediated. ADO receptor antagonism appears effective in converting these arrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm and may be considered as primary therapy.
Demon Voltammetry and Analysis software: Analysis of cocaine-induced alterations in dopamine signaling using multiple kinetic measures

The fast sampling rates of fast scan cyclic voltammetry make it a favorable method for measuring changes in brain monoamine release and uptake kinetics in slice, anesthetized, and freely moving preparations. The most common analysis technique for evaluating changes in dopamine signaling uses well-established Michaelis-Menten kinetic methods that can accurately model dopamine release and uptake parameters across multiple experimental conditions. Nevertheless, over the years, many researchers have turned to other measures to estimate changes in dopamine release and uptake, yet to our knowledge no systematic comparison amongst these measures has been conducted. To address this lack of uniformity in kinetic analyses, we have created the Demon Voltammetry and Analysis software suite, which is freely available to academic and non-profit institutions. Here we present an explanation of the Demon Voltammetry acquisition and analysis features, and demonstrate its utility for acquiring voltammetric data under in vitro, in vivo anesthetized, and freely moving conditions. Additionally, the software was used to compare the sensitivity of multiple kinetic measures of release and uptake to cocaine-induced changes in electrically evoked dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens core slices. Specifically, we examined and compared tau, full width at half height, half-life, T₂₀, T₈₀, slope, peak height, calibrated peak dopamine concentration, and area under the curve to the well-characterized Michaelis-Menten parameters, dopamine per pulse, maximal uptake rate, and apparent affinity. Based on observed results we recommend tau for measuring dopamine uptake and calibrated peak dopamine concentration for measuring dopamine release.
Electroweak radiative corrections with an effective lagrangian: Four-fermions processes

We present a new, more concise method for computing and organizing electroweak radiative corrections, based on an effective lagrangian and incorporating a large class of diagrams into a few simple running couplings without use of truncated renormalization group approximations. We apply this technique to the case of four-fermion processes. Special emphasis is placed on the effects of heavy particles on low-energy physics and how such phenomena can be classified and measured in the new generation of precision electroweak experiments - in particular, experiments with polarized e− beams at the SLC and LEP.
Space Telescope moving target tracking

This paper formulates a Space Telescope (ST) moving target tracking algorithm and evaluates a practical implementation. The algorithm is shown to be satisfactory for tracking such moving objects as the moons of Mars.
Lymphoid tissue in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina

This report presents light microscopic descriptions of lymphoid organs and aggregates in the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina. The thymus and spleen were found to be similar to those of other ectothermic vertebrates. Certain gut associated lymphoid aggregates suggest the presence of reptilian equivalents of tonsils, Peyer's patches and the avian bursa of Fabricius. Lymphoid aggregates located in the axillary and inguinal regions were apparent for the first time in an ectothermic vertebrate. These are of particular interest since they may represent ancestors of true lymph nodes in analogous locations in mammals. It is concluded that the snapping turtle is not deficient in lymphoid tissue, although there is a conspicuous absence of typical germinal centers, characteristic of mammalian organs.
Conformal barycenters and the Douady-Earle extension—a discrete dynamical approach

The Douady-Earle extension produces a homeomorphism of a disk from a homeomorphism of its bounding circle. It is based on a center of mass computation at the center and is extended to the disk by naturality. Quasiconformal homeomorphisms are the extensions of quasisymmetric ones. There are several approaches to the numerical computation of the extension defined by a redistribution of mass. The algorithms of Abikoff-Ye and Milnor turn out to be the same —even in the more general situation of nontrivial probability measures on the unit circle. The numerical computation uses measures with finite support; in that case, the iterator has rational square. We obtain an easy approach to the proof of the validity of the algorithm and to its calculation. New proofs and additional properties of the computation of the barycenter and the extension are also presented.
Consumer nationalism and corporate reputation management in the global era

Purpose – Drawing on an interdisciplinary scholarship, this study seeks to explore and explain the nature and characteristics of the emerging phenomenon of “consumer nationalism” and its critical impact on corporate reputation in the global marketplace.Design/methodology/approach – The paper sets out to define the concept of consumer nationalism and then formulate an analytical framework of consumer nationalism dynamics that provides a deeper, more precise understanding of the various elements at play in a consumer nationalism crisis and the process by which multinational businesses and their corporate reputation might be affected by such nationalistic advocacy. Based on the proposed model, the paper identifies and discusses management options to protect and maintain corporate reputation in the event of consumer nationalistic outbursts. In conclusion, the paper outlines general recommendations for pursuing public/corporate diplomacy and for proactively managing consumers' perception of brands' national as...
Faculty Perceptions of Adult Learners in College Classrooms

Abstract The number of nontraditional students on college and university campuses continues to increase. Therefore, faculty members need to become aware of issues regarding adult learners in the college classroom. Interviews were conducted with faculty at a large community college and a four-year public university in south central Texas. This study focused on faculty members’ perceptions of adult learners in the college classroom, their preparation for teaching in higher education and for teaching adult students in particular, and the strategies they found to be effective for teaching adults. Three themes were identified, including conceptions of adult learners, faculty preparation for college teaching, and teaching adults.
Neuromuscular synaptic transmission in Limulus polyphemus--II. Release of amino acid putative transmitters from the neuromuscular preparation.

Abstract 1. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was used to assay the release of putative amino acid transmitters from the Limulus neuromuscular preparation. 2. Motor axon stimulation increased the concentrations of aspartate, glutamate and eight other amino acids in fluid bathing the neuromuscular preparation. 3. Pentobarbital, which attenuates the excitatory postsynaptic potential of Limulus muscle, was used to block both synaptic activation of muscle fibers and any amino acid release that may have resulted from this activation. Stimulus-induced release of glutamate and five other amino acids was blocked by pentobarbital, while release of aspartate and three other amino acids was unaffected; a result which suggests that the latter group of aroino acids was released presynaptically. Aspartate is the only physiologically active compound in this group. Consideration is given both to the difficulties involved in interpreting sites of amino acid release and to the problem of using pentobarbital as a presumed postsynaptic antagonist. 4. The evidence concerning the relative merits of either aspartate or glutamate as the natural excitatory transmitter at the Limulus neuromuscular junction is discussed.
Ebb-tidal jets: A model of suspended sediment and mass transport at tidal inlets

Abstract Mass transport by turbulent jets issuing from tidal inlets is investigated through a model that includes lateral mixing and entrainment, bottom friction, bathymetric changes, settling rate of particles (size), possible deposition/erosion at the bottom and ambient currents and concentrations. The bottom frictional jet becomes diluted more slowly than a classical jet. A non-vanishing concentration may result offshore and a maximum may occur in the core. The concentration of a jet on a sloping bottom decreases more rapidly due to increased dilution by entraiment. The effects of bottom friction and bottom slope compete in determining the jet concentration. Deposition to the bottom occurs within the jet mainly on both sides of the centre-line, and at lower rates on the centre-line. Erosion or deposition may occur at the jet core depending on the inlet flow conditions. In the case of erosion at the core, the material extracted is deposited on the margins and the offshore areas. Sorting of the sediments is expected, with coarser materials mainly deposited in the marginal areas, while the finer sediments are more uniformly distributed and jetted further off-shore. The main features of the model are verified through a limited set of observations. The qualitative agreement is enhanced for micro- and meso-tidal inlets that are dominated by tidal hydraulics.
Fragment generation, survival, and attachment of Dictyota spp. at Conch Reef in the Florida Keys, USA

During the past decade, the relative abundance of the brown macroalgae Dictyota spp. has been high in the Florida Keys. Recent studies have shown that members of this genus successfully reproduce via vegetative fragmentation. To investigate the importance of fragmentation on the reef community, this study examined: (1) the degree of epiphytism on benthic organisms, (2) the rate of fragment production through fish foraging activities, (3) the likelihood of fragment entanglement, and (4) the fragment attachment and success rate. It was found that reef fish contributed substantially to the fragment pool; furthermore, most fish-produced fragments produced rhizoids and attached to sand grains within 24 h in the field. Fragments of Dictyota spp. most commonly became entangled around and then attached themselves to the green alga Halimeda tuna, and other Dictyota spp. These results suggest that vegetative fragmentation of Dictyota spp. plays an important role in the changing community structure on the Florida Keys reef tract.
Infrared Space Observatory Photometric Search of Main-Sequence Stars for Vega-Type Systems

We obtained 3.6-20 μm photometry of 38 bright [IRAS Fν(12 μm) > 0.7 Jy] main-sequence stars with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Observations were conducted with the ISOPHOT instrument, in the single-pointing photometry mode, through filters at 3.6, 11.5, and 20.0 μm. We searched for excess (Vega-type) emission from dust at temperatures 100 K, located at ~1-60 AU from the stars. We thus sampled dust at warm, terrestrial material temperatures and at cool (~100 K) temperatures of possible Kuiper Belt-type regions in these systems. We detected 20 μm excesses from ~14% of our sources, but we did not detect 11.5 μm excesses from any of them. We present single-temperature blackbody models of the location and density of dust emission around 10 stars, two of them (29 Cyg and Gl 816) with excesses newly reported here. We make a thorough comparison of ISO and IRAS data on our target stars and propose a new calibration procedure for ISOPHOT staring measurements at 3.6, 11.5, and 20 μm.
Specific Polymorphisms in Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 3 Core Protein Associated with Intracellular Lipid Accumulation

Background Steatosis is a common histological finding and a poor prognostic indicator in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In HCV genotype 3–infected patients, the etiology of steatosis appears to be closely correlated with unknown viral factors that increase intracellular lipid levels. We hypothesize that specific sequence polymorphisms in HCV genotype 3 core protein may be associated with hepatic intracellular lipid accumulation.
Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas.

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.
Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fraction by Echocardiography

Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction were determined by biplane angiocardiography and echocardiography in 27 patients suspected of having heart disease. Angiographic volumes were calculated by the area-length method and echocardiographic volumes, from the left ventricular dimension of the echograms. The angiographic minor diameter and the semilength correlated significantly with the echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions in diastole and systole. Left ventricular size over a wide range compared favorably by each technique, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.97 for end-diastolic volume (range by angiography 80-585 ml, see ± 27.76), r = 0.97 for end-systolic volume (range by angiography 24-485 ml, see ± 23.64), r = 0.83 for total left ventricular stroke volume (range by angiography 35-229 ml, see ± 25.45), and r = 0.80 for left ventricular ejection fraction (range by angiography 0.18-0.70, see ± 0.09). These data indicate that left ventricul...
WNK4 regulates the balance between renal NaCl reabsorption and K + secretion

A key question in systems biology is how diverse physiologic processes are integrated to produce global homeostasis1. Genetic analysis can contribute by identifying genes that perturb this integration. One system orchestrates renal NaCl and K+ flux to achieve homeostasis of blood pressure and serum K+ concentration (refs. 2,3). Positional cloning implicated the serine-threonine kinase WNK4 in this process4; clustered mutations in PRKWNK4, encoding WNK4, cause hypertension and hyperkalemia (pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, PHAII5) by altering renal NaCl and K+ handling. Wild-type WNK4 inhibits the renal Na-Cl cotransporter (NCCT); mutations that cause PHAII relieve this inhibition6. This explains the hypertension of PHAII but does not account for the hyperkalemia. By expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we show that WNK4 also inhibits the renal K+ channel ROMK. This inhibition is independent of WNK4 kinase activity and is mediated by clathrin-dependent endocytosis of ROMK, mechanisms distinct from those that characterize WNK4 inhibition of NCCT. Most notably, the same mutations in PRKWNK4 that relieve NCCT inhibition markedly increase inhibition of ROMK. These findings establish WNK4 as a multifunctional regulator of diverse ion transporters; moreover, they explain the pathophysiology of PHAII. They also identify WNK4 as a molecular switch that can vary the balance between NaCl reabsorption and K+ secretion to maintain integrated homeostasis.
The role of binding ligand in toxic hybrid proteins: a comparison of EGF-ricin, EGF-ricin A-chain, and ricin.

Abstract To analyze the influence of ricin B-chain on (i) the toxicity of hybrid-protein conjugates, (ii) the rate of cellular uptake of conjugates, and (iii) the rate at which ricin A-chain (RTA) is delivered to the cytoplasm, we have constructed toxic hybrid proteins consisting of epidermal growth factor (EGF) coupled in disulfide linkage either to ricin or to RTA. EGF-ricin is no more toxic on A431 cells than EGF-RTA. The two conjugates demonstrate similar kinetics of cellular uptake (defined as antibody irreversible toxicity). EGF-RTA and EGF-ricin, like ricin, required a 2– 2 1 2 hour period at 37° before the onset of protein synthesis inhibition occured. Our results suggest that (i) RTA determines the processes which carry it, either in conjugate or toxin, from the plasma membrane binding site to the cytoplasm following endocytosis, and (ii) the ricin B chain is not required for these processes.
Ovarian antibodies in disorders of ovarian function

Abstract Seventy-one women with various menstrual disorders but without evidence of known autoimmune disease were examined serologically for ovarian antibodies. Test serum, diluted 1:5, was reacted with sections of rabbit ovary and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled anti-human immunoglobulin. The tissue was then examined microscopically for fluorescence. Sixteen of the test sera reacted with the theca interna of ovarian follicles. None of the positive sera reacted with human adrenal and human and rabbit testis. Positive sera were found in subjects without ovarian failure. Indeed, two subjects with ovulatory cycles had positive sera. None of the sera of eight subjects with ovarian failure gave a positive response. The sera of two subjects were strongly positive at dilutions of 1:20 and 1:50, respectively. These subjects were carefully examined for other endocrinopathies but none was found. This study did not demonstrate a relationship between ovarian antibodies and antibodies to other steroid-producing tissues or to ovarian function.
Multimers of a suppressor transfer RNA: Supporting evidence for alternate conformations of the anticodon loop region☆

Abstract Multimeric aggregates of tyrosine suppressor tRNA have been identified. The formation of multimers requires a high concentration of tRNA, as is formed in an electrophoretic moving boundary, and a specific anticodon sequence. A simple model is presented where the anticodon loop, in an hf configuration (Crick et al. , 1976) interacts with the CCA stem of another tyrosine suppressor tRNA molecule.
Face gender recognition in developmental prosopagnosia: Evidence for holistic processing and use of configural information

Face identification deficits in developmental prosopagnosics (DPs) have been thought to be due to general difficulties with processing configural face information and integrating configural and parts information into a coherent whole (holistic processing). Gender recognition provides a further opportunity to more fully examine this issue as this ability may be intact in DPs and it has been shown to depend on processing configural information and holistic processing in neurotypical individuals. In the present study we first determined that, indeed, gender discrimination performance was similar in DPs and controls. Second, we found that inversion and scrambling (which we propose measures holistic processing and sensitivity to configural information, respectively) produced comparable deficits in DPs and controls, suggesting that both groups use holistic processing and configural information to recognize gender. This indicates that holistic processing and using configural face information are not general impa...
Approximate Likelihood Estimation of Divergence Time Range Using a Coalescent-based Model

We present an estimation of divergence time-range based on a coalescent model. This model sum the probability of coalescent trees, taking into account the effect of incomplete lineage sorting. Maximum likelihood estimate based on this model has been computed previously; however, a formula for divergence time-range estimate or confidence interval has never been presented for this model as the expression of the likelihood makes this estimation difficult to compute. Our formula for the divergence time-range estimate can be readily coded into a program. We did not use a simulation or resampling-based approach and therefore our method is fast and less computationally intensive. We demonstrate that our method is much faster and as accurate as a simulation-based approach.
Cationic grafting of norbornadiene, indene, and 1,3-cyclohexadiene from PVC

The synthesis of three novel graft copolymers consisting of a PVC backbone fitted with polynorbornadiene (PNbd), polyindene (PInd), polycyclohexadiene (PCHD) branches, i.e., PVC-g-PNbd, PVC-g-PInd, and PVC-g-PCHD, is described. The synthesis strategy was to initiate the grafting of norbornadiene (Nbd), indene (Ind), and 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) by a PVC containing ∼ 1.6 active (tertary and allylic) chlorines in conjunction with Et 2 AlCl. The products were characterized by solvent fractionation, molecular weight determination, Tg, and NMR spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the grafting was investigated in the 20 to -50 °C range.
Black public colleges and universities: A Review of Institutional Options

In the 19 states and the District of Columbia that have Black public colleges and universities, Black students have been admitted to previously all-White colleges and universities, and White students have enrolled in historically Black institutions (HBIs) in increasing numbers.' In Table 1, the Fall 1984 totals and racial composition of enrollment at the 38 publicly supported 4-year HBOs in these states are shown. These changes have led to considerable uncertainty about the educational role of Black public colleges and universities, an uncertainty that is exceedingly serious and potentially fatal in an era of demographic decline and heightened interinstitutional competition for students. The purpose of this article is to outline some of the prospects and problems involved in three principal directions an HBI may take or has taken in redefining its mission to serve students effectively and to create a secure niche for itself in its state system of higher education. A public HBI's alternatives include emphasizing one or more of the following functions, which imply corresponding institutional models:
Hydroxylation-induced surface stability of AnO2 (An=U, Np, Pu) from first-principles

Abstract The relative stabilities of clean and hydroxylated surfaces of three actinide dioxides (AnO 2 , An = U, Np, Pu) have been investigated using first-principles methods within the DFT + U framework. In the case of the clean surfaces, the calculated surface energies are consistently the lowest for the (111) surface for all three AnO 2 compositions, followed by the (110) and (100) surface energies. In the case of UO 2 , for instance, the calculated surface energies are 0.78, 1.05, and 1.47 J/m 2 for the (111), (110), and (100) surfaces, respectively, reinforcing the well-established surface energy trend for metal-dioxides: (111) 2 systems. In the case of UO 2 the water adsorption energy on the (100) surface (− 1.34 J/m 2 ) is almost four times higher than the adsorption energy on the (111) surface (− 0.35 J/m 2 ), and almost twice as large as the adsorption energy on the (110) surface (− 0.77 J/m 2 ). Similar trend in the adsorption energies is observed for both NpO 2 and PuO 2 . As a result, the relative stability of the hydroxylated AnO 2 (An = U, Np, Pu) surfaces changes to (100)
Cerebrospinal fluid lithium: Passive transfer kinetics

Lithium is an effective therapeutic agent for the manic phase of manic-depressive disease. This experimental study was undertaken to investigate aspects of Li+ CSF physiology. In in vitro experiments, rabbit choroid plexus did not concentrate lithium contained within the artificial CSF used as the incubation medium. In contrast, iodide was concentrated. In in vivo canine ventriculo-cisternal perfusion studies, lithium was cleared from artificial CSF at a rate similar to that of creatinine and significantly slower than Rose Bengal. The data suggest that bulk flow and simple diffusion account for at least a majority of lithium's clearance from CSF, and that a discrete regulatory mechanism which regulates the CSF lithium level is not present.
Fourier transform carbon-13 NMR spectra of ampyrone and aminopyrine

The natural abundance 13C-NMR spectra of ampyrone and aminopyrine were obtained using the pulse Fourier transform technique. The chemical shifts were assigned with the help of the chemical shift theory, multiplicity generated in single-frequency off-resonance decoupled spectra, relaxation time, and comparison with structurally related compounds.
Prototype development of golf wear for mature women

Today, there are approximately 5,466,000 adult women golfers. Although the population of women participating in golfing is tremendous, a needs assessment, especially for mature female golfers who are 55 and older, has not been explored by many researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to conduct a needs assessment and (2) to develop prototype golf wear for the mature female golfer. Problem-based design research was fully funded by Cotton Incorporated and focused on prototype development. To find the specific golf wear problems to be solved, the focus group interviews were conducted with women between the ages of 59 and 71, recruited from golf and country clubs in the northwest USA. To mirror apparel industry practice, students worked in teams. The design process was thoroughly considered by the students to develop prototypes of mature female golf wear that met the needs and wants of mature female golfers.
Dose, volume, and function relationships in parotid salivary glands following conformal and intensity-modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer

Abstract Purpose: To determine the relationships between the three-dimensional dose distributions in parotid glands and their saliva production, and to find the doses and irradiated volumes that permit preservation of the salivary flow following irradiation (RT). Methods and Materials: Eighty-eight patients with head and neck cancer irradiated with parotid-sparing conformal and multisegmental intensity modulation techniques between March 1994 and August 1997 participated in the study. The mean dose and the partial volumes receiving specified doses were determined for each gland from dose–volume histograms (DVHs). Nonstimulated and stimulated saliva flow rates were selectively measured from each parotid gland before RT and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the completion of RT. The data were fit using a generalized linear model and the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model of Lyman-Kutcher. In the latter model, a "severe complication" was defined as salivary flow rate reduced to ≤25% pre-RT flow at 12 months. Results: Saliva flow rates data were available for 152 parotid glands. Glands receiving a mean dose below or equal to a threshold (24 Gy for the unstimulated and 26 Gy for the stimulated saliva) showed substantial preservation of the flow rates following RT and continued to improve over time (to median 76% and 114% of pre-RT for the unstimulated and stimulated flow rates, respectively, at 12 months). In contrast, most glands receiving a mean dose higher than the threshold produced little saliva with no recovery over time. The output was not found to decrease as mean dose increased, as long as the threshold dose was not reached. Similarly, partial volume thresholds were found: 67%, 45%, and 24% gland volumes receiving more than 15 Gy, 30 Gy, and 45 Gy, respectively. The partial volume thresholds correlated highly with the mean dose and did not add significantly to a model predicting the saliva flow rate from the mean dose and the time since RT. The NTCP model parameters were found to be TD 50 (the tolerance dose for 50% complications rate for whole organ irradiated uniformly) = 28.4 Gy, n (volume dependence parameter) = 1, and m (the slope of the dose/response relationship) = 0.18. Clinical factors including age, gender, pre-RT surgery, chemotherapy, and certain medical conditions were not found to be significantly associated with the salivary flow rates. Medications (diuretics, antidepressants, and narcotics) were found to adversely affect the unstimulated but not the stimulated flow rates. Conclusions: Dose/volume/function relationships in the parotid glands are characterized by dose and volume thresholds, steep dose/response relationships when the thresholds are reached, and a maximal volume dependence parameter in the NTCP model. A parotid gland mean dose of ≤26 Gy should be a planning goal if substantial sparing of the gland function is desired.
Hypopituitarism after irradiation in children

Abstract Nine children were referred to the University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, for growth evaluation. Each had received conventional radiation doses to the head for tumors not involving the hypothalamus or pituitary, and demonstrated clinical and laboratory evidence of hormonal deficiencies several years after treatment. Six had significant height retardation. Growth hormone deficiency was documented in all by lack of response to provocative insulin, arginine, and/or l-dopa stimulation. ACTH function was evaluated by plasma cortisol response to insulin hypoglycemia in 7; one had a subnormal response. Plasma gonadotropins were measured after lutenizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in 7 patients; only one had an abnormal response for age and stage of sexual maturation. Foresight in treatment planning and careful follow-up of patients receiving irradiation to the head is critical, since hypothalamic-pituitary deficiencies which may occur insidiously over many years, can largely be compensated.
Effect of pregnancy on heart rate/oxygen consumption calibration curves.

PIVARNIK, J. M., A. D. STEIN, and J. M. RIVERA. Effect of pregnancy on heart rate/oxygen consumption calibration curves. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 750–755, 2002.PurposeThe purpose of this investigation was to determine heart rate (HR)/oxygen consumption (O2) calibration curves for
Induction of IgA Circulating Immune Complexes after Wheat Feeding in Dermatitis Herpetiformis Patients

Dermatitis herpetiformis is a disorder characterized by deposition of IgA in the dermal papillae and an associated gluten-sensitive enteropathy which is frequently asymptomatic. However, the pathogenic relationship between wheat products and the skin disease is poorly understood. The present study was designed to assess the short-term response of IgA and IgG circulating immune complexes to oral ingestion of wheat and nonwheat dietary protein. Five patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and 5 normal controls were fed whole wheat and serum was collected every 30mm. After 5hr, a gluten-free meal was given and serum was collected hourly for 5 more hours. IgA circulating immune complexes and IgG circulating immune complexes were measured using the Raji cell immunoradiometric assay. Patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, as a group, developed a significant elevation of IgA circulating immune complex levels, but not IgG circulating immune complex levels, after wheat ingestion. Normals, as a group, failed to develop a significant elevation of (either IgA or IgG circulating immune complexes after wheat ingestion. Induction of IgA circulating immune complexes was demonstrated in 5 of 5 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, including 2 patients with previously normal levels of IgA circulating immune complexes. These results indicate that: (1) elevation of igA circulating immune complexes can be induced in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis with previously normal levels, (2) IgA circulating immune complex levels are related to a factor known to alter disease activity, namely wheat ingestion, and (3) the immune complex response is characteristic for IgA in a disease felt to be IgA mediated. These results support the hypothesis that IgA circulating immune complexes play a biologically significant role in the immunopathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis.
Evaluation of the 1-point quadrature approximation in QMOM for combined aerosol growth laws

This work examines the applicability of various assumptions in implementation of the quadrature method of moments (QMOM) for solving problems in aerosol science involving simultaneous nucleation, surface growth and coagulation. The problem of aerosol growth and coagulation in a box and the problem of vapor condensation in a nozzle are reworked using quadrature method of moments. QMOM uses Gaussian quadrature to evaluate integrals appearing in the moment equations and therefore does not require any assumptions on the form of the size distribution function, the growth laws and coagulation kernels. Results are compared with calculations which assume a lognormal size distribution. The conditions for which one, two and higher quadrature points can be used in the quadrature formula and the issues regarding the accuracy are considered for combined aerosol nucleation, growth and coagulation processes. Results show that for these problems, the simplest 1-point quadrature scheme gives accuracy comparable with the lognormal calculations while using two and higher point quadrature gives highly accurate results. Some difficulties associated with the QMOM are discussed and some insights are provided.
Sample size considerations in observational health care quality studies.

A common objective in health care quality studies involves measuring and comparing the quality of care delivered to cohorts of patients by different health care providers. The data used for inference involve observations on units grouped within clusters, such as patients treated within hospitals. Unlike cluster randomization trials where often clusters are randomized to interventions to learn about individuals, the target of inference in health quality studies is the cluster. Furthermore, randomization is often not performed and the resulting biases may invalidate standard tests. In this paper, we discuss approaches to sample size determination in the design of observational health quality studies when the outcome is binary. Methods for calculating sample size using marginal models are briefly reviewed, but the focus is on hierarchical binomial models. Sample size in unbalanced clusters and stratified designs are characterized. We draw upon the experiences that have arisen from a study funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality involving assessment of quality of care for patients with cardiovascular disease. If researchers are interested in comparing clusters, hierarchical models are preferred.
The Effect of Continuing Education Participation on Outcomes of Male and Female Agricultural Workers in the USA.

Job training and employment assistance programs aim to assist migrant and seasonal farmworkers and their dependents locate steady employment and develop job skills. This study investigates effects of educational programs on wages, annual time allocations, and poverty of male and female farmworkers and their families using regression analysis in comparison to propensity score matching. Continuing education participation is found to be associated with higher wages, though variation across program types is large and magnitudes across genders matter. Program participation is positively related to work weeks, and negatively related to weeks abroad and to poverty incidence.