cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-Stage Adult Laryngotracheal Reconstruction Without Stenting†

Objectives/Hypothesis: To present the indications, surgical technique, and results of single-stage laryngotracheal reconstruction (SSLTR) without stenting for laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) in adults. Various open surgical techniques have been previously described for LTS in adults; however, these techniques usually involve placement of intraluminal stents. The practice of early extubation without stenting is common for pediatric SSLTR. The success of this technique in the pediatric population has led to a trial of the same technique in selected cases of adult LTS. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on 15 patients with glottic, subglottic, or tracheal stenosis or a combination of these, who underwent SSLTR with composite nasal septal grafts or costal cartilage grafts without stenting. Results: All patients were extubated or decannulated 1 to 7 days after surgery. Three of the 15 patients had no further procedures. Three patients had a second SSLTR to repair stenosis at a different level with no further difficulties. Eight patients had additional endoscopic airway procedures after extubation or decannulation, and one patient died in the immediate postoperative period. All 14 surviving patients are decannulated and well at the time of writing. Conclusion: For LTS in selected adult cases, SSLTR without stenting is a viable option. Indications, surgical technique, and complications are presented.
The penultimate rotamer library.

All published rotamer libraries contain some rotamers that exhibit impossible inter- nal atomic overlaps if built in ideal geometry with all hydrogen atoms. Removal of uncertain residues (mainly those with B-factors >40 or van der Waals overlaps >0.4 A) greatly improves the clustering of rotamer populations. Asn, Gln, or His side chains additionally benefit from flipping of their planar terminal groups when required by atomic overlaps or H-bonding. Sensitivity to skew and to the bound- aries of x angle bins is avoided by using modes rather than traditional mean values. Rotamer defini- tions are listed both as the modal values and in a preferred version that maximizes common atoms between related rotamers. The resulting library shows significant differences from previous ones, differences validated by considering the likelihood of systematic misfitting of models to electron den- sity maps and by plotting changes in rotamer fre- quency with B-factor. Few rotamers now show atomic overlaps in ideal geometry; those overlaps are relatively small and can be understood in terms of bond angle distortions compensated by favorable interactions. The new library covers 94.5% of ex- amples in the highest quality protein data with 153 rotamers and can make a significant contribution to improving the accuracy of new structures. Proteins 2000;40:389 - 408. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Safety of paranasal sinus surgery in patients with cystic fibrosis

Objective: Document the safety of paranasal sinus surgery in cystic fibrosis patients and review the changing trends in paranasal sinus surgery in the cystic fibrosis population. Study Design: Retrospective review. Materials and Methods: Chart review of cystic fibrosis patients who underwent paranasal sinus surgery from 1955 to 1997. Results: Indications for surgery included chronic sinusitis, nasal obstruction, purulent rhinorrhea, head pain, and pyocele. Average duration of anesthesia was 2.1 hours. The complication rate from general anesthesia was zero. Excessive bleeding and significant hypoxia did not occur. Conclusions : Paranasal sinus surgery and general anesthesia can be safely performed in cystic fibrosis patients. The indications for paranasal sinus surgery are changing from symptomatic nasal obstruction to pre-lung transplantation care. Today, treatment has evolved to include placement of sinus catheters for direct topical instillation of antibiotics and consideration of maxillary and frontal sinus obliteration.
Inversion methods in helioseismology and solar tomography (

Abstract Basic methods by which the internal structure and dynamics of the Sun can be inferred from observed frequencies of solar oscillations and acoustic travel times are discussed. The methods for inverting the oscillation frequencies are based on a variational formulation of the adiabatic eigenvalue problem for a star. The inversion technique formulated in terms of linear integral constraints provides estimates of localized averages of properties of the solar structure, such as density and sound speed, helium abundance in the convection zone for a given equation of state, and, in addition, the estimates for the internal rotation rate. The method of inverting acoustic travel times employs a geometrical ray approximation and provides 3D images of solar convective cells, active regions and sunspots. The information about the global and local structures and flow velocities in the solar interior is important for understanding solar evolution and mechanisms of solar activity. The high-resolution helioseismology projects from space provide a tremendous amount of data, the interpretation of which is increasingly challenging and requires the development of efficient inversion methods and algorithms.
How "Natives" Think: About Captain Cook, For Example

When Western scholars write about non-Western societies, do they inevitably perpetuate the myths of European imperialism? Can they ever articulate the meanings and logics of non-Western peoples? Who has the right to speak for whom? Questions such as these are debated in this text. Marshall Sahlins addresses these issues head on, while building a case for the ability of anthropologists working in the Western tradition to understand other cultures. In recent years, these questions have arisen in debates over the death and deification of Captain James Cook on Hawaii Island in 1779. Did the Hawaiians truly receive Cook as a manifestation of their own god Lono? Or were they too pragmatic, too worldly-wise to accept the foreigner as a god? Moreover, can a "non-native" scholar give voice to a "native" point of view? This volume seeks to go far beyond specialized debates about the alleged superiority of Western traditions. The culmination of Sahlins's ethnohistorical research on Hawaii, is a reaffirmation for understanding difference.
Spectroscopy of BeAl 2 O 4 :Cr 3+ with application to high-temperature sensing

Characterization of absorption, emission, and temperature-dependent luminescent features is of significant interest for the development of optical temperature sensors and photonic devices. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive study to evaluate the orientation axis-dependent absorption and emission cross sections of Cr(3+) ions in BeAl(2)O(4). In addition, we present new data for the temperature-dependent Stark-level energies for alexandrite. Laser-induced temperature-dependent luminescence data from 300-520K on the R-line transitions are presented for application to high-temperature sensing.
Structural and functional changes of the cingulate gyrus following traumatic brain injury: relation to attention and executive skills.

Impairments of attention and executive functions are common sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The anterior cingulate is implicated in conflict-related task performance, such as the Stroop, and is susceptible to TBI-related injury due to its frontal location and proximity to the rough surface of the falx cerebri. We investigated the relationship between cingulate cortex volume and performance on tasks of selective attention and cognitive flexibility (single-trial Stroop and Auditory Consonant Trigrams [ACT]). Participants consisted of 12 adults with severe TBI and 18 controls. T1-weighted volumetric MRI data were analyzed using automated cortical reconstruction, segmentation, parcellation, and volume measurement. Cortical volume reductions were prominent bilaterally in frontal, temporal, and inferior parietal regions. Specific regional reduction of the cingulate cortex was observed only for cortical volume of right caudal anterior cingulate (cACC). The TBI group performed significantly worse than control participants on the Stroop and ACT tasks. Findings suggest that atrophy of the right cACC may contribute to reduced performance on executive function tasks, such as the Stroop and ACT, although this is likely but one node of an extensive brain network involved in these cognitive processes. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1-12). Language: en
RaTiONaliTy RESTOREd: aN iNTROduCTiON TO ThE SpECial iSSuE

Psychological science has been passing judgment on the rationality of ordinary people. Zajonc (1999) reviewed the ebb and flow of these judgments over the twentieth century. Of 33 influential social psychologists, he classified 23 as irrationalists and seven as rationalists, while remaining undecided on three. The lack of consensus on an issue as central as rationality suggests “a schism in our conceptions about the basic nature of the individual [and a difference in] a major premise about rationality of behavior” (pp. 201-202). Rationalists believe that human behavior involves “voluntary and willful reason,” whereas irrational behavior is guided by “forces of nature and biological dispositions, often unconscious and uncontrollable” (p. 202). During the early stage of the cognitive revolution, ordinary people were cast as naive but basically competent social scientists. When making inferences, they were thought to form hypotheses and gather relevant data before making predictions, drawing conclusions, and revising beliefs. As anomalies with respect to this model began to crop up, the assumption of irrationality returned, and research turned to the detection of ever more errors, illusions, and fallacies. Drawing on Tversky and Kahneman’s (1974) work on heuristics and biases, Nisbett and Ross (1980) summarized the evidence of the time, suggesting that the multitude of effects could be attributed to the operation of a few nonrational habits of mind. The promise of the irrationalist paradigm was that the study of errors and biases would ultimately shed light on how the mind solves many of the problems before it. This promise has not been fulfilled. Instead, the list of irrationalities grew longer. Krueger and Funder (2004) compiled a nonexhaustive list of 42 biases (from “asymmetric insight illusion” to “vulnerability bias”), and a recent check of Wikipedia’s (2009) List of Cognitive Biases yielded 38 decision-making and behavioral biases, 32 biases in probability and belief, 23 social biases, and seven memory errors. For those hungry for more, the site provides 14 see-also links (e.g., list of fallacies, self-deception). Trade books raising the specter of irrationality sell well. Brafman and Brafman’s (2008) Sway: The Irresistible Pull of Irrational Behavior was listed with
A Boolean neural network approach for the traveling salesman problem

It is shown that the Boolean-neural network can be used to solve NP-complete problems. The problem under consideration is the traveling salesman problem. The Boolean neural network has been modified to include the iterative procedure for solving combinatorial optimization problems. An architecture that utilizes this modified Boolean neural network (MBNN) is proposed for solving this problem. The simulation results have been found to be comparable to the simulated annealing algorithm (SAA), which is used as a test base. The MBNN implementation involves low hardware complexity, good noise immunity, and fast circuitry. This is very important in real-time systems and commercial job scheduling applications. >
Noun-verb ambiguity in chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia

Abstract This study investigated noun–verb retrieval patterns of 30 adults with chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia and 67 typical adults, to determine if schizophrenia affected nouns (associated with temporal lobe function) differently from verbs (associated with frontal lobe function). Stimuli were homophonic homographic homonyms, balanced according to frequency of occurrence, where N > V, N Learning outcomes: Readers will be introduced to (a) evidence of noun-verb organization in the brain; (b) evidence of ambiguous noun-verb preference to differentiate the language of schizophrenia from the language of typical adults; and (c) evidence of ambiguous noun-verb preference to differentiate the language of schizophrenia from fluent aphasia.
III. Religion and Politics in Modern Burma

ONE of the most important problems which independent Burma faces is how to establish a basis for constructive cooperation between politics and religion in meeting the needs of the new state. The youthful political leaders who dominated the immediate post-war period, were for the most part, disdainful of religion, and enamoured of Socialist or Communist ideas. They were acutely conscious of their country's relative backwardness in terms of education, health, and economic development, and wanted to move forward rapidly with their modernizing program and social reforms. They were by the same token impatient of popular apathy and resistance, which were strongly reinforced by religious traditionalism. The viewpoint of the influential Buddhist monastic community (Sangha) was poles removed from that of the sophisticated radicals. The traditionalist lore of the Buddhist teachers (Sayadaws) was pre-scientific, obscurantist in terms of modern learning, and unrelated to technological needs. The Sangha, furthermore, at the end of the war, was itself rent by factionalism and demoralized by its heavy involvement over the preceding quarter of a century in political matters which were not properly the concern of the monks. In between these extreme groups and occupying a potentially mediating position, stood a small educated intelligentsia, including members of the pre-war British-selected civil and educational services, who unfortunately lacked political influence. Thoughtful members of this latter group recognized the need for appropriating political and technological contributions from the West. They possessed at the same time some insight into the ethical and spiritual values of Buddhism divorced from the excess baggage of traditionalism. The need to revitalize social and religious sanctions for responsible public conduct was evident to all serious-minded Burmans who contemplated the demoralized situation prevailing at the end of the war. Thus the editor of The Tribune of Rangoon (November 24, 1950) urged Burmsas to undertake self-examination to see whether they had not largely abandoned the Buddhist injunctions to cultivate kindness and consideration and to free their minds
Spleen and splenic vessel preserving distal pancreatectomy for bifocal PNET in a young patient with MEN1

Background MEN1 patients requiring resection of neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) are frequently young, active patients in whom a minimal access approach minimizes perioperative morbidity and splenic preservation decreases the risk of post-splenectomy sepsis. Laparoscopic spleen preserving distal pancreatectomy can be performed with removal (Warshaw’s technique) or preservation of the splenic vessels, the later having a higher rate of successful splenic preservation.
Tightening the Ties that Bind - Defending a Contractarian Approach to Business Ethics

This reply to Professor Shaw discusses the issue of hypernorms and clarifies other elements of Integrative Social Contract Theory ISCT). It emphasizes that ISCT requires decision-makers to assess carefully the strength and clarity of local norms and to search for hypernorms that are relevant to the specific decision at hand. The conclusion offers the hope that further discussion of the book, Ties That Bind, will bear more practical and intellectual fruit.
Use of chemical shift encoded magnetic resonance imaging (CSE-MRI) for high resolution fat-suppressed imaging of the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses.

Purpose In the era of increasingly complex surgical techniques for peripheral nerve repair, there is a need for high spatial resolution imaging of the neural plexuses in the body. We describe our experience with chemical shift encoded MRI and its implications for patient management.
Second messenger and protein phosphorylation mechanisms underlying opiate addiction: studies in the rat locus coeruleus.

We have studied the role of second messenger and protein phosphorylation pathways in mediating changes in neuronal function associated with opiate addiction in the rat locus coeruleus. We have found that chronic opiates increase levels of the G-protein subunits Giα and Goα, adenylate cyclase, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and a number of phosphoproteins (including tyrosine hydroxylase) in this brain region. Electrophysiological data have provided direct support for the view that this up-regulation of the cyclic AMP system contributes to opiate tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal exhibited by these neurons. As the adaptations in G-proteins and the cyclic AMP system appear to occur at least in part at the level of gene expression, current efforts are aimed at identifying the mechanisms, at the molecular level, by which opiates regulate the expression of these intracellular messenger proteins in the locus coeruleus. These studies will lead to an improved understanding of the biochemical basis of opiate addiction.
“There’s More Thinking to Decide”: How the Childfree Decide Not to Parent

The processes by which women and men decide not to have or rear children are lengthy and complex. Analysis of data from qualitative interviews with 21 women and 10 men reveals two primary themes in...
Interoperable End-To-End Space Communications Architectures Using CCSDS Building Blocks

End-to-end space communication architectures must connect system elements that may be in space, on the ground in mission operations centers, or are shared assets such as ground communications stations. End-to-end connectivity involves space communications over RF links, but also cross support services, terrestrial network circuits, and a variety of application layer protocols for commanding, telemetry, and mission operations. CCSDS has developed a large suite of interoperable, and cross-supportable, protocols for these purposes. Each of these defines a specific “layer” of functionality, such as: RF modulation, space link error coding, cross support frame delivery, or network layer routing. CCSDS has recently published a Space Communication Cross Support Architecture Requirements Document (SCCS-ARD) that describes how many of these standards fit together and how they are intended to be used. This paper provides an overview of this document, presented so as to explain the concepts so that others may use them. These concepts will be described from several key viewpoints.
Forensic Analysis of Explosives by LC/MS.

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), combining good separation characteristics with highly specific and sensitive detection, is the method of choice for forensic trace analysis of explosives. Principles of operation and instrumentation of several LC/MS interface/ionization modes are described. Among the various LC/MS interfaces and ionization modes, electrospray ionization (ESI)-LC/MS in the negative-ion mode was found to be the most suitable for analysis and identification of trace amounts of explosives. Characteristic electrospray ions of explosives are mainly adduct and [M - H]- ions. Detection limits in ESI-LC/MS of the investigated explosives were found to be in the pg range.
Listeriolysin O-Based Latex Agglutination Test for the Rapid Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Foods.

A latex agglutination-based test for the rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods was developed. An antilisteriolysin O (LLO) monoclonal antibody (HID5E12D7; IgG2b) covalently bound to polystyrene amidine-modified latex beads was used in a slide agglutination assay. The latex reagent detected 0.1 ng/ml of LLO in phosphate-buffered saline plus bovine serum albumin. It reacted with culture supernatants of L. monocytogenes but not with other Listeria species or Streptococcus groups A through G. The listeriolysin O latex agglutination assay (LLOLAT) was applied to 24-h and 48-h USDA primary enrichment cultures of 208 food samples obtained from refrigerators of listeriosis patients enrolled in a study to determine the role of foods in sporadic listeriosis. Of 19 samples positive by cultural techniques, 17 were positive by the LLOLAT. Cultures with low (<0.3 CFU/g) levels of L. monocytogenes were positive in the LLOLAT. No cross-reactivity occurred when using a heterogeneous monoclonal antibody. The LLOLAT is a sensitive, specific and rapid test and may be useful for screening foods for L. monocytogenes .
The role of aggregation in the measurement of IT-related organizational innovation

The extent of organizational innovation with information technology, an important construct in the IT innovation literature, has been measured in many different ways. Some measures have a narrow focus while others aggregate innovative behaviors across a set of innovations or stages in the assimilation lifecycle. There appear to be some significant tradeoffs involving aggregation: more aggregated measures can be more robust and generalizable and can promote stronger predictive validity, while less aggregated measures allow more context-specific investigations and can preserve clearer theoretical interpretations. This article begins with a conceptual analysis that identifies the circumstances when these tradeoffs are most likely to favor aggregated measures. It is found that aggregation should be favorable when: (1) the researcher's interest is in general innovation or a model that generalizes to a class of innovations, (2) antecedents have effects in the same direction in all assimilation stages, (3) characteristics of organizations can be treated as constant across the innovations in the study, (4) characteristics of innovations can not be treated as constant across organizations in the study, (5) the set of innovations being aggregated includes substitutes or moderate complements, and (6) sources of noise in the measurement of innovation may be present. The article then presents an empirical study using data on the adoption of software process technologies by 608 U.S. based corporations. This study-which had circumstances quite favorable to aggregation- found that aggregating across three innovations within a technology class more than doubled the variance explained compared to single innovation models. Aggregating across assimilation stages also had a slight positive effect on predictive validity. Taken together, these results provide initial confirmation of the conclusions from the conceptual analysis regarding the circumstances favoring aggregation.
Observations of An Antillean Crested Hummingbird ( Orthorhyncus cristatus ) attacking Saddled Anoles ( Anolis stratulus )

I observed an Antillean Crested Hummingbird ( Orthorhyncus cristatus ) attacking saddled anoles ( Anolis stratulus ) in apparent nest defense on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands in 2006. The threat of anoles to humming-birds in unknown, but they are apparently perceived as a threat by some hummingbirds. En el 2006, observe un Colibri Crestado Antillano ( Orthorhyncus cristatus ) atacando un lagarto ( Anolis stratulus ) en aparente defensa de su nido en la isla Guana, en Islas Virgenes Britanicas. Los ataques de los lagartos de este genero a colibries son desconocidos, pero aparentemente son percibidos por estas aves como una amenaza. J’ai observe un Colibri huppe ( Orthorhyncus cristatus ) attaquant des Anolis ( Anolis stratulus ) dans un comportement de defense apparente du nid a Guana Island, Iles Vierges britanniques en 2006. Le danger des anolis pour les colibris n’est pas connu, mais ils sont apparemment percus comme une menace par certains colibris.
Finance as an Industrial Science

Finance cannot become a rigorous science (in the Popperian or Lakatosian sense), however it can still operate as an “industrial science”. This article describes the scientific method by which industrial finance discovers through experimentation, and avoids false discoveries.
Metaplastic Breast Cancer Treatment and Outcomes in 2500 Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of a National Oncology Database

Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is characterized by chemoresistance and hematogenous spread. We sought to identify factors associated with improved MBC outcomes and increased likelihood of MBC diagnosis. Women ≥ 18 years of age with stage I–III MBC and non-MBC diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 were identified in the National Cancer Data Base. Kaplan–Meier and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations with overall survival (OS). Multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with MBC diagnosis. Overall, 2451 MBC and 568,057 non-MBC patients were included; 70.3% of MBC vs. 11.3% of non-MBC patients were triple negative (p < 0.001). Five-year OS was reduced among MBC vs. non-MBC patients for the entire cohort (72.7 vs. 87.5%) and among triple-negative patients (71.1 vs. 77.8%; both p < 0.001). In MBC, triple-negative (vs. luminal) subtype was not associated with worse OS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88–1.54, p = 0.28). Compared with non-MBC patients, MBC patients were more likely to receive mastectomy (59.0 vs. 44.9%), chemotherapy (74.1 vs. 43.1%), and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND; 35.2 vs. 32.2%, all p ≤ 0.001). MBC patients more frequently had negative ALND (pN0) than non-MBC patients (20.0 vs. 10.6%, p < 0.001). Among MBC patients, chemotherapy (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53–0.89, p = 0.004) and radiotherapy (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.39–0.69, p < 0.001) were associated with improved survival, while ALND was associated with decreased survival (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06–1.77, p = 0.02). MBC patients had worse survival than non-MBC patients, independent of receptor status, suggesting that MBC may confer an additional survival disadvantage. Multimodal therapy was associated with improved outcomes, but ALND was not and may be overutilized in MBC.
Velocity-based Collision Detection

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a simple method for speeding up collision detection between moving polyhedra. An inexpensive test based on the relative velocities of points will determine that a polygon cannot possibly be in collision. By applying the test to all polygons in an object, one can eliminate on average half of the candidate polygons. The algorithm is used as a preprocessing step to reduce the work of the full collision test, which generally requires computationally expensive operations such as polygon intersection. The technique can be employed when objects are in close proximity and applies to both convex and non-convex polyhedra. The procedure is based on the intuitive principle that at any instant, roughly half of the polygons on a moving object will be facing in the general direction of motion, and the other half will be facing away. When considering the possibility of collision between pairs of objects, the polygons on one object that face backward in their relative direction of motion cannot collide with the other object. A dot product between the polygon normal and the relative velocity of a point in the polygon tests if that point is moving in a direction that could allow it to collide.
The Experience of the Rape Victim in the Courtroom

Every weekday, in criminal courts throughout the United States, literally thousands of people are involved in the trial of criminal cases. Yet, most victims of sexual assault have had no previous contact with the criminal justice system. Suddenly they find themselves participants in a process in which they understand neither the rules nor the roles of the other participants. The entire environment is intimidating, and the fact that in most jurisdictions the vast majority of participants are male may add to the victim’s apprehension and discomfort.
Objectively Measuring Observer Attention in Severe Thyroid‐Associated Orbitopathy: A 3D Study

OBJECTIVE Measure the attentional distraction of facial deformity related to severe thyroid-associated orbitopathy using three-dimensional (3D) images and eye-tracking technology. METHODS Observers recruited at an academic tertiary referral center viewed 3D facial images of patients with severe thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) and controls without TAO. An infrared eye-tracking monitor recorded their eye movements and fixations in real time. Multivariate Hotelling's analysis, followed by planned posthypothesis testing, was used to compare fixation durations for predefined regions of interest, including the eyes, nose, mouth, central triangle, and remaining face without the central triangle between severe TAO patients and controls. RESULTS One hundred sixteen observers (mean age 26.4 years, 51% female) successfully completed the eye-tracking experiment. The majority of their attention was directed toward the central triangle (eyes, nose, mouth). On multivariate analysis, there were significant differences in the distribution of attention between control and severe TAO faces (T2 = 49.37; F(5,922) = 9.8314, P < 0.0001). On planned posthypothesis testing, observers attended significantly more to the eyes (0.77 seconds, P < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51, 1.03 seconds) and less to the nose (-0.42 seconds, P < 0.0001, 95% CI, -0.23, -0.62 seconds) in severe TAO patients. There was no significant difference in time spent on the mouth, the total time spent on the central triangle, or time spent in the remaining face between the two groups. CONCLUSION Severe TAO distracted observer attention toward the eyes compared to control patients. These data lend insight into how TAO may alter observers' perceptions of these patients. Future studies should investigate how these changes in observer gaze patterns may reflect the social perception of TAO patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 129:1250-1254, 2019.
In-ear and on-body measurements of impulse-noise exposure

Accurate quantification of noise exposure in military environments is challenging due to movement of listeners and noise sources, spectral and temporal noise characteristics, and varied use of hearing protection. This study evaluates a wearable recording device designed to measure on-body and in-ear noise exposure, specifically in an environment with significant impulse noise resulting from firearms. A commercial audio recorder was augmented to obtain simultaneous measurements inside the ear canal behind an integrated hearing protector, and near the outer ear. Validation measurements, conducted with an acoustic test fixture and shock tube, indicated high impulse peak insertion loss with a proper fit of the integrated hearing protector. The recording devices were worn by five subjects during a live-fire data collection at Marine Corps Base Quantico where Marines fired semi-automatic rifles. The field test demonstrated the successful measurement of high-level impulse waveforms with the on-body and in-ear recording system. Dual channels allowed for instantaneous fit estimates for the hearing protection component, and the device worked as intended in terms of hearing protection and noise dosimetry. Accurate measurements of noise exposure and hearing protector fit should improve the ability to model and assess the risks of noise-induced hearing loss.
Executive turnovers in sub-Saharan Africa:

We use competing risks duration analysis to examine the role of ethnicity and governance institutions in executive turnovers of power in 47 sub-Saharan African countries between 1960 and 2008. Usin...
Reactions to antipneumococcal rabbit serum: XIV. Two cases of mild reversed passive anaphylaxis

Summary 1. Two cases of pneumococcal pneumonia had mild, reversed, passive anaphylaxis from small doses of antiserum. Each had an excess of circulating polysaccharide. 2. Effective hyposensitization is described. 3. Antiserum should be given slowly and in small increments when circulating polysaccharide is present. Therapeutic doses of antiserum should not be given until the circulating polysaccharide has been neutralized by the small increments of antiserum.
Rotational Raman spectrum of cyclopropane

Abstract The pure rotational Raman spectrum of cyclopropane was observed up to J = 43. We have taken into account the effects of the unresolved K structure of the lines by assigning an effective value of K to the center of each unresolved line. Methods are developed for calculating effective K values for each value of J that allow a simultaneous fit to the R -and S -branch lines. The rotational constants of cyclopropane derived from this research are, in wavenumber units (cm −1 ); B 0 = 0.6702 8 , D J = 1.0 × 10 −6 , and D JK = −1.3 × 10 −6 . We have also tested the validity of the method by using it with recent Raman data for BF 3 .
RE-EXAMINATION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYTOCHROME USING HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT PREPARATIONS

Two recent discoveries have led to the necessity for re-examining the basic properties of the phytochrome molecule in vitro . First, Gardner demonstrated that high-molecular-weight phytochrome (large phytochrome) is unusually susceptible to proteolysis, yielding a chromopeptide (small phytochrome), which is resistant to further degradation. Second, Pike and Briggs reported that etiolated oat shoots yield a relatively high protease activity in crude extracts, explaining why purified oat phytochrome was always degraded. All available biochemical evidence indicates that large phytochrome is the native molecule and that small phytochrome is either not present in vivo or is present only in small amounts. This conclusion is based largely on observations that small phytochrome is detected in crude extracts only in proportion to the amount of proteolysis that takes place in vitro . Thus, many calculations that utilize the results of photochemical and absorption measurements on oat phytochrome in vitro may need to be reconsidered. This chapter analyzes the re-examination of photochemical properties and absorption characteristics of phytochrome using high-molecular-weight preparations.
Realigning the MBA: Competency-Based Management Education and Assurance of Learning Goals

In this paper, we trace important curriculum misalignments and the need for greater relevance and accountability in management education. We then describe the architecture of a competency-based MBA...
The association of depression stigma with barriers to seeking mental health care: a cross-sectional analysis.

Background: Stigma is one of several barriers to seeking mental health care. However, few studies have examined how stigma relates to other common barriers (e.g. attitudes about treatment, cost, ti...
Gas temperature and boundary layer thickness measurements of an inert mixture using filtered broadband natural emission of species at Rapid Compression Machine conditions (Part II)

Abstract Our understanding of the combustion process is hindered by the boundary layer at the optical access. To be detected by the camera, the infrared emission of the mixture (or the laser) should pass the boundary layer at the window of the combustion system. Regardless of the type of experimental techniques used (either the laser or natural emission of the species), part of the emission could be absorbed by the boundary layer due to its low temperature. Hence, the measured data includes some uncertainty and errors due to the boundary-layer absorption and its thickness (it reduces the optical length), which have not yet been quantified due to the unavailability of the boundary layer thickness, especially during a transient process such as engine compression stroke. A new methodology was used to measure the gas mixture temperature and boundary layer thickness using the Rapid Compression Machine (RCM). The methodology is based on filtering and measuring the infrared natural emission of the species at two different band-pass wavelength ranges. The new methodology was applied to measure the gas temperature and boundary layer thickness by measuring the filtered infrared emission of methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at two compressed gas pressures and two compressed gas temperatures in this work. The measured and modeled gas temperatures were compared during the post compression. An excellent agreement within 1% between the measured and modeled gas temperatures were reached at all of the studied conditions.
Development and implementation of a bachelor of science degree in green chemistry

Abstract In the fall of 2018, the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Michigan-Flint officially introduced a bachelor of science in green chemistry. We will describe the process we took from a basic idea to a fully-fledged program. Over this same time period, our department underwent many significant changes and challenges that both helped and hindered the process. We will detail these events and how we were able to access the additional support we needed to confidently launch a full degree program in green chemistry.
Data‐Driven Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Using Loss Adaptive Dipole Inversion (LADI)

BACKGROUND Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) uses prior information to reconstruct maps, but prior information may not show pathology and introduce inconsistencies with susceptibility maps, degrade image quality and inadvertently smoothing image features. PURPOSE To develop a local field data-driven QSM reconstruction that does not depend on spatial edge prior information. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. SUBJECTS, ANIMAL MODELS A dataset from 2016 ISMRM QSM Challenge, 11 patients with glioblastoma, a patient with microbleeds and porcine heart. SEQUENCE/FIELD STRENGTH 3D gradient echo sequence on 3T and 7T scanners. ASSESSMENT Accuracy was compared to Calculation of Susceptibility through Multiple Orientation Sampling (COSMOS), and several published techniques using region of interest (ROI) measurements, root-mean-squared error (RMSE), structural similarity index metric (SSIM), and high-frequency error norm (HFEN). Numerical ranking and semiquantitative image grading was performed by three expert observers to assess overall image quality (IQ) and image sharpness (IS). STATISTICAL TESTS Bland-Altman, Friedman test, and Conover multiple comparisons. RESULTS Loss adaptive dipole inversion (LADI) (β = 0.82, R2 = 0.96), morphology-enabled dipole inversion (MEDI) (β = 0.91, R2 = 0.97), and fast nonlinear susceptibility inversion (FANSI) (β = 0.81, R2 = 0.98) had excellent correlation with COSMOS and no bias was detected (bias = 0.006 ± 0.014, P < 0.05). In glioblastoma patients, LADI showed consistently better performance (IQGrade = 2.6 ± 0.4, ISGrade = 2.6 ± 0.3, IQRank = 3.5 ± 0.4, ISRank = 3.9 ± 0.2) compared with MEDI (IQGrade = 2.1 ± 0.3, ISGrade = 2 ± 0.5, IQRank = 2.4 ± 0.5, ISRank = 2.8 ± 0.2) and FANSI (IQGrade = 2.2 ± 0.5, ISGrade = 2 ± 0.4, IQRank = 2.8 ± 0.3, ISRank = 2.1 ± 0.2). Dark artifact visible near the infarcted region in MEDI (InfMEDI = -0.27 ± 0.06 ppm) was better mitigated by FANSI (InfFANSI-TGV = -0.17 ± 0.05 ppm) and LADI (InfLADI = -0.18 ± 0.05 ppm). CONCLUSION For neuroimaging applications, LADI preserved image sharpness and fine features in glioblastoma and microbleed patients. LADI performed better at mitigating artifacts in cardiac QSM. EVIDENCE LEVEL 4 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:823-835.
Temporal and spatial temperature modelling for understanding pulsed laser induced solution based nanomanufacturing.

Recently pulsed laser showed great potential in targeted synthesis in solution based nanomanufacturing, realizing high precision and accuracy in space, time and energy input. The unique temperature history induced by pulsed laser is indispensable to understand the related fundamentals and to realize the precision control of deposition. In this study a heat transfer model was developed and applied to predict the temporal evolution and the spatial distribution of pulsed laser induced temperature change across the reaction sites. Chemically deposited ZnO crystals were studied as an example, showing the relationships among laser parameters and heating conditions, and deposited crystal characteristics. Peak temperature and heat accumulation induced by pulsed laser were found to affect deposited crystal number density and size. The nucleation number density distribution was found correlated with spatial temperature distribution and inversely proportional to crystal size. The presented heat transfer model is a crucial tool to understand crystallization fundamentals and it is essential for facilitating pulsed laser as a new tool for research, design, manufacturing and control.
Central Bank of the Future

This paper is intended to distill the discussion of the June 2019 Central Bank of the Future Roundtable held at the University of Michigan’s Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. The goal of the Roundtable was to consider new ideas that could better facilitate Central Bank innovation to support financial inclusion. With the increasing prevalence of digital currencies (fiat and non-fiat), financial data, digital payments, and technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, it is important for Central Banks to consider their role in mitigating threats to consumer protection, financial inclusion, and the global economy while also leveraging and promoting technology to foster financial and economic inclusion. This paper presents an overview of the discussion relating to these goals. Attendees participated in the conversation under the Chatham House Rule. Therefore, the ideas outlined below are not attributed or attributable to any one participant. The sections below represent short summaries of ideas presented during the conversation. The views expressed in this paper are not those of the authors. Rather, the authors of this paper have synthesized and reordered the conversation in order to summarize the discussion among the Roundtable participants.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control in Dynamic Covalent Synthesis

In recent years, dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) has seen the synthesis of increasingly complex cyclooligomers, polymers, and diverse compound libraries. The reversible formation of covalent bonds characteristic of DCC reactions favors thermodynamic product distributions for simple unitopic reactions; however, kinetic effects are increasingly influential in reactions of multitopic precursors. In this review, we explore the interplay between thermodynamic and kinetic considerations when planning a DCC synthesis. Computational models, typically based on reaction thermodynamics, have aided in predicting DCC reaction outcomes with moderate success. A clear direction for the field is to develop more robust computational tools informed by thermodynamic and kinetic driving forces that can predict product distributions in DCC reactions.
THE LINER NOTES DIGITIZATION PROJECT: PROVIDING USERS WITH CULTURAL, HISTORICAL, AND CRITICAL MUSIC INFORMATION

Digitizing cultural information is a complex endeavor. Not only do users expect to have access to primary information like digital music files; it is also becoming more important for digital systems to provide contextual information for the primary artifacts contained within. The Liner Notes Markup Language (LNML) was developed to provide an XML vocabulary for encoding complex contextual documents that include an album’s packaging, informational notes and inserts, liners, and album labels. This paper describes the development of the LNML framework, its major structural elements and functions, and some of the more pressing problems related to usability and purpose. The current LNML model is based on the examination and encoding of fifty albums from the 80s Rock genre. We are currently encoding fifty additional Jazz albums, which will provide data to augment and strengthen the model. Development of the LNML is ongoing, with plans to examine Classical and World Music examples to further augment the model. 1. DIGITIZING CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION
Online daters’ sexually explicit media consumption and imagined interactions

Abstract Individuals oftentimes turn to interpersonal and mass media content to cope and satisfy their sexual needs in absence of offline interpersonal connection. Online dating platforms enable virtual and physical connections between users. The literature on imagined interactions suggests that people may play out these interpersonal scenarios in their minds; however, it is less clear the role sexually explicit media exposure and sexual mediated interactions may serve in facilitating imagined interactions. We conducted a survey to examine U.S. online daters’ relationship preferences, sexually explicit media consumption practices (pornography and sexting), and imagined interactions with potential mates focusing on three primary functions: catharsis, compensation, and sexual fantasy. Results indicate that participants exclusively seeking casual, short-term relationships via online dating platforms were significantly more likely to view pornographic content online and sext with others compared to those interested in romance. We also found that both forms of sexually explicit media were positively related to experiencing imagined interactions for catharsis and sexual fantasy. Implications for research on imagined interactions and online dating are discussed, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Analysis of the impedance spectra of short conductive fiber-reinforced composites

The presence of small amounts of short conductive fibers in a composite of finite matrix conductivity results in the subdivision of the one matrix impedance arc into two separate low and high frequency arcs in the complex impedance plane. These features are attributable to a “frequency-switchable” interfacial impedance on the fiber surfaces, rendering them insulating at DC and low AC frequencies, but conducting at intermediate frequencies. A combination of physical simulations (single wires in tap water) and pixel-based computer modeling was employed to investigate the roles of fiber pull-out, debonding, and orientation on the impedance response of fiber-reinforced composites. The ratio of the low frequency arc size to the overall DC resistance (γ-parameter) is sensitive to pull-out and/or debonding, especially when a fiber just barely makes contact with the matrix. The γ-parameter is also quite sensitive to fiber orientation with respect to the direction of the applied field. Ramifications for the characterization of cement, ceramic, and polymer matrix composites are discussed.
Effectiveness of Monetary Policy in Japan 1990-2010

This paper is an empirical investigation of effectiveness of monetary policy in Japan from 1990 - 2010 using vector autoregression analysis. Previous study of Mihira and Sugihara has been used for the static model as well as structural identification for examination of validity of interest rate targeting and reserve targeting policy. Impulse responses and variance decompositions provide evidence about period of effectiveness of monetary policy. An increase in interest spread decreases production, reserves and share prices as well as production prices. An increase in reserves decreases production, prices, and share prices. Interest rates tend to give results in accordance with economic theory. Overall it can be concluded that monetary innovation has short run effects and the state of economy will return to pre-innovation levels by 10th quarter after innovation.
Teacher Education and the Ideology of Social Control.

This paper examines the relationship between teacher education and the ideology of social control. It does this by looking at the dialectical tension that exists between teacher-education programs ...