cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of prostaglandin A1-induced heat shock protein expression in isolated cardiomyocytes.

Abstract Prostaglandins of the A-type (PGAs) induce heat shock protein (HSP) synthesis in a wide variety of mammalian cells resulting in protection against cellular stresses. The effect of PGAs on HSP-induction in cardiac myocytes is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of PGA1on HSP synthesis in adult rat cardiac myocytes. After 24 h of treatment, HSP72 was significantly increased 2.9-, 5.6- and 5.0-fold by PGA1used at concentrations of 10, 20 or 40μ g/ml, respectively (P
An Encounter-Based Analysis of the Nature of Teaching and Learning in a 3rd-Year Medical School Clerkship

Background: Much of medical education has shifted from the hospital to ambulatory settings where each student works with a preceptor. Purpose: Our objectives were to describe the nature of community-based learning and to explore how learning experiences vary by type of health care visit. Methods: This prospective study used both paper- and computer-based documentation systems to collect information on student-patient-preceptor encounters. A consecutive sample of 3rd-year medical students contributed data on 1 full clinical day each week as they rotated through a required 8-week family medicine clerkship. The main measures of interest included patient age, gender, health care visit type (acute, acute exacerbation of chronic, chronic, and health maintenance), method of learning in history taking and physical examinations (observing preceptor, being observed by preceptor, performing unobserved, or working jointly with preceptor), content of physical examinations, amount of preceptor feedback, and preceptor t...
Update on acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery

Objectives To review the current state of clinical practice and discuss recent advances in the diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the context of cardiac surgery. Methods A review of the published data pertaining to AKI in the setting of cardiac surgery and cardiothoracic surgical critical care medicine was conducted, and the relevant data were synthesized from appropriate interventional and observational study reports. Results Significant advances have occurred in the diagnosis of AKI, and consensus has been reported on a system of diagnosis using the serum creatinine and urine output. New biomarkers of injury and function are available that are likely to improve the interval to diagnosis of AKI after cardiac surgery. The adverse effect on outcome of small changes in serum creatinine is appreciated. Novel prevention and rescue therapies are now entering phase I and II studies. Urinary alkalinization was effective in a phase II blinded clinical trial and is now the subject of a multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of cardiac surgery patients. Conclusions In 2011, the field of AKI could be emerging from a period of stagnation that has lasted more than 2 decades. The failure to translate successful animal model interventions to the clinic might have resulted from delays in diagnosis that might now be avoidable with the advent of novel diagnostic biomarkers.
Multi-projection fluorescence optical tomography using a handheld-probe-based optical imager: phantom studies.

A handheld-probe-based optical imager has recently been developed toward three-dimensional tomography. In this study, the improvement of target depth recovery was demonstrated using a multi-projection technique on large slab phantoms using 0.45 cc fluorescing target(s) (with 1∶0 contrast ratio) of 1.5 to 2.5 cm deep. Tomographic results using single- and multi- (here dual) projection measurements (with and without a priori information of target location) were compared. In all experimental cases, the use of multi-projection measurements along with a priori information recovered target depth and location closer to their true values, demonstrating its applicability for clinical translation.
Alternative strategies in assuring blood safety: An Overview

Assuring transfusion safety is an essential element of health care in all countries, requiring government commitment, national policy and a legal framework. Fundamental safety strategies include selection of low risk donors, Good Manufacturing Practices in preparation of blood components, and appropriate clinical use including avoidance of unnecessary transfusions. Hemovigilance, including surveillance for known adverse events and sentinel reporting of unexpected adverse events, enhances safety through benchmarking to promote best practices and by enabling rapid responses to new threats. Preventing transmission of infectious diseases is a principal safety concern. Selection of low risk donors includes use of screening questions to elicit risk factors known to be associated with transmissible infections. Laboratory testing for specific infectious disease markers is an established strategy for interdicting contaminated donations. The sensitivity, specificity, and operational convenience of laboratory testing have improved over time and newer technologies are imminent. Donor screening and laboratory testing, while highly effective in reducing risk, cannot eliminate all risk from known agents and must be developed de novo to address emerging infections. In contrast, pathogen reduction technologies offer the possibility for robust inactivation of a broad spectrum of blood transmissible agents and provide an added safeguard against newly emerging infectious threats of most types. Current pathogen reduction methods also inactivate leukocytes, adding safety benefits similar to leukocyte removal and product irradiation. However, to date, concerns about the safety and efficacy of cellular blood components treated by pathogen reduction have prevented approval of these technologies in the U.S. and Canada. FDA is promoting clinical and basic scientific studies to clarify these issues and would consider alternative approaches to assuring blood safety if pathogen reduction technologies are proven to be safe and effective.
Pathologic femur fractures after limb-sparing treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas

Local control for sarcomas of the long bones includes limb sparing surgery and radiotherapy. While effective, there are potential complications. Patients treated for a soft tissue sarcoma of the thigh with limb-sparing surgery and radiation therapy between 1986 and 2000 at the University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center (n = 89) were identified. Demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics were abstracted from the medical record. Univariate analysis was conducted to identify significant risk factors for fracture. Survivors (58% male), median age of 50 (7–88) years, reported 8 (9%) fractures at a median of 7.3 (0.8–21.9) years from diagnosis after a median of 6300 (2000–7020) cGy of radiation. All fractures occurred within the previous radiation field, after no trauma. Three of the 8 (37.5%) had delayed union, 2 (25%) nonunion healing. Significant risk factors included periosteal stripping (p = 0.006), anterior compartment location (p = 0.022), and having 100% of the femoral circumference irradiated (p = 0.018). Taking into account time to fracture using Kaplan Meier and log rank tests, these same predictors were identified. Older age, female sex, use of chemotherapy, and timing of radiation were not predictive of femoral fracture. Anterior tumor location, periosteal stripping, and radiation to 100% of the femur circumference are associated with femoral fracture. These patients require long-term monitoring and may warrant prophylactic intramedullary pinning or other protective measures. Survivors of soft tissue sarcomas of the femur may be at risk for the development of femur fractures and warrant close observation.
Exposure Matching Of Polychromatic Exposure Systems

It has been a long-standing goal of lithography engineers to match their exposure systems, using an independent monitor, such that a single exposure setting would deliver an identical effect to photoresist from any of their machines at any time. This is a relatively trivial issue for monochromatic systems, since both the photoresist and the detector system are unaffected by spectral sensitivities. However, the problem becomes more complex in the case of polychromatic systems such as the Perkin-Elmer aligner or the Ultratech Stepper. This paper outlines some of the considerations in pursuing this goal, and describes the implementation of such a system in a manufacturing facility utilizing polychromatic wafer stepper systems.
Stem structure and its bearing on the systematics of Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae)

STERN, W. L., PRIDGEON, A. M. & LUER, C. A., 1985. Stem structure and its bearing on the systematics of Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae). Pleurothallids comprise a subtribe of numerous orchids consisting of mostly diminutive New World epiphytes. The cauline system involves a branching rhizome bearing unifoliate ramicauls. The inflorescence usually originates from an adaxial invagination toward the apex of the ramicaul. Two or more cycles of vascular bundles traverse the ramicaul; typically, there is an outer, branching series of smaller strands and an inner, non-branching series of larger strands. In the ultimate internode subtending the leaf the smaller, outer bundles migrate between the larger, inner bundles and become aggregated in the medullary region. They bend adaxially to vascularize the inflorescence. The leaf is articulated at an abscission layer to the prolongated apex of the ramicaul more or less distal to the cauline invagination. In some pleurothallids, a cauline annulus appears at the insertion of the inflorescence and cither below or at the attachment of the leaf to the apex of the ramicaul. Anatomical studies show that the annulus is the external manifestation of an intercalary meristem. Except for Pleurothallis, genera are consistent in having or lacking an annulus. Genera with two pollinia either possess or lack the annulus; those with four to eight pollinia always lack the annulus. It is suggested that the intercalary meristem is a derived characteristic providing survival value and a selective advantage to those pleurothallids in which it occurs. Presence of the intercalary meristem is correlated with other structural features considered to represent specializations.
Tactile working length determination for root canal therapy in underserved settings.

DESIGN Multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial in a rural underserved African setting. INTERVENTION The technical and electrical infrastructure still remains unstable in Gambia. Therefore, block randomisation was chosen. Patients included in 2010 were treated according to the original BRT method with tactile working length determination, whereas patients included in 2011 were treated with radiographic working length control. During the latter study period and the 24-month evaluation, a generator was provided to ensure sufficient power supply to run a radiographic unit. OUTCOME MEASURE The primary end point was the apical extension score of the radiographic quality parameter of root canal fillings. The secondary radiographic end point was the periapical index, and the secondary clinical end point was tooth tender to percussion. The safety end point was tooth loss as a consequence of endodontic failure. RESULTS BRT with tactile working length determination compared with standard radiographic working length control did not significantly differ in terms of radiographic and clinical outcomes after 24 months. The apical extension of the root canal fillings and the periapical anatomic structures showed no significant differences according to radiographic analyses (P = 0.5). Corresponding results were found in clinical aspects of tooth tender to percussion (P = 0.6) and tooth loss (P = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this randomised controlled trial it was shown that tactile working length determination in BRT resulted in comparable treatment outcomes in radiographic and clinical aspects compared with standard endodontic treatment with radiographic working length determination. Tactile working length determination turned out to be an accurate method in BRT.
Seismic Performance of PR Frames in Mid-America Earthquake Region

The wind moment frame (WMF) method has been and continues to be widely utilized in the central and eastern United States, resulting in a very large population of structures having been designed without a rigorous analysis with respect to lateral loads. The primary objectives of this paper are to determine whether moment-resisting frames designed by the WMF method are adequate to handle the increased demand on lateral resistance made by modern seismic codes, and to evaluate and compare the seismic performance of existing and new moment-resisting steel frames with partially restrained (PR) connections. Three prototype frames were designed and analyzed utilizing synthetic ground motions for the Mid-America region. The seismic performance of these PR frames was evaluated in accordance with FEMA 273/356 criteria. In addition, studies were conducted on the confidence level of the performance results to take into account the uncertainties and randomness inevitably involved. This analysis and evaluation found that all PR frames designed in this study satisfied the selected performance objective with 99% confidence level for the global performance limit. Thus, the seismic performance of the PR frames in the Mid-America region will be satisfactory even under large ground motions.
Design and characteristics of n-channel insulated-gate field-effect transistors

An n-channel insulated-gate field-effect transistor technology established at IBM Research has served as the basis for further development leading to FET memory. Designs and characteristics of experimental devices of 500 and 1000 A gate insulator thicknesses are presented, with particular attention to the effects of source-drain spacing.
Investigation of the Chemistry of Oxygen Delignification of Low Kappa Softwood Kraft Pulp using an Organic/Inorganic Chemical Selectivity System

Abstract Oxygen delignification (OD) of low kappa softwood kraft pulp was examined in two steps without inter‐stage washing as part of an overall program to evaluate the efficiency of a selectivity enhancement system consisting of phenol and magnesium sulfate. Black liquor carryover in the reaction system did not substantially affect delignification and the selectivity of these OD reactions. The residual lignins from both the original pulp and oxygen‐delignified pulp with and without the phenol/MgSO4 selectivity enhancement system were prepared and characterized using NMR spectroscopy. The effluent lignins after oxygen delignification were also prepared and characterized. The lignin characterizations provided the basis for the rationalization of the selectivity observed. A significant finding of this study was that the phenol/MgSO4 system in the oxygen delignification reaction appeared to hinder phenolic guaiacyl unit condensation. It also appeared to enrich the levels of p‐hydroxyphenyls in the residual ...
Neural-network-based two-loop control of robotic manipulators including actuator dynamics in task space

A neural-network-based motion controller in task space is presented in this paper. The proposed controller is addressed as a two-loop cascade control scheme. The outer loop is given by kinematic control in the task space. It provides a joint velocity reference signal to the inner one. The inner loop implements a velocity servo loop at the robot joint level. A radial basis function network (RBFN) is integrated with proportional-integral (PI) control to construct a velocity tracking control scheme for the inner loop. Finally, a prototype technology based control system is designed for a robotic manipulator. The proposed control scheme is applied to the robotic manipulator. Experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed control scheme by comparing it with other control strategies.
Critical Reflection as a Framework for Transformative Learning in Teacher Education.

This paper presents a framework for critical reflection that teacher educators can employ to analyze prospective teachers’ reflection and support their transformative learning. The author argues that teacher educators should not only pay attention to the cognitive processes of prospective teachers (how they reflect), but also the content of their thinking (what they reflect on), the goals of their thinking (why they reflect), and how their thinking influences their teaching practice in the classroom (what transformative learning they experience). The paper provides implications for both teacher education and teacher research.
Sex in the flesh.

Abstract This response to Michael Stolberg argues that the occasional piece of evidence for sexual dimorphism in Renaissance anatomy does no damage to what I had earlier called the “one‐sex model.” There are three reasons for this: a considerable amount of such evidence had long been available; stray observations do not discredit worldviews; and new supporting evidence for the one‐sex model was also available. Moreover, illustrations in the purportedly paradigm‐altering texts in fact support the old model. Since there was no radical change during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the reasons offered by Stolberg for why it happened then are moot. The view that biology grounded two sexes (the two‐sex model) replaced the view that it reflected imperfectly an underlying metaphysical truth (the one‐sex model) as part of the epistemological revolution of the Enlightenment.
Oxygen isotope fractionation in stratospheric CO2

A new cryogenic collection system has been flown on board a balloon gondola to obtain separate samples of ozone and carbon dioxide without entrapping major atmospheric gases. Precision laboratory isotopic analysis of CO2 samples collected between 26 and 35.5 km show a mass-independent enrichment in both O-17 and O-18 of about 11 per mil above tropospheric values. Ozone enrichment in its heavy isotopes was 9 to 16 percent in O3-50 and 8 to 11 percent in O3-49, respectively (Schueler et al., 1990). A mechanism to explain the isotope enrichment in CO2 has been recently proposed by Yung et al. (1991). The model is based on the isotope exchange between CO2 and O3 via O(1D), resulting in a transfer of the ozone isotope enrichment to carbon dioxide. Predicted enrichment and measured values agree well.
Usability evaluation of an automated mission repair mechanism for mobile robot mission specification

This paper describes a usability study designed to assess ease of use, user satisfaction, and performance of a mobile robot mission specification system. The software under consideration, MissionLab, allows users to specify a robot mission as well as compile it, execute it, and control the robot in real-time. In this work, a new automated mission repair mechanism that aids users in correcting faulty missions was added to the system. This mechanism was compared to an older version in order to better inform the development process, and set a direction for future improvements in usability.
Extracellular microtubules. The origin, structure, and attachment of flagellar hairs in Fucus and Ascophyllum antherozoids.

Mastigonemes (Flimmer) from the sperm of Ascophyllum and Fucus were found to consist of a tripartite structure—a ca. 2000-A tapered basal region, a closed microtubular shaft, and a group of terminal filaments. Each of these regions appears to be constructed of globular subunits with a center-to-center distance of about 45 A. The mastigoneme microtubule is of smaller diameter (170–190 A) than cytoplasmic microtubules in these or other plant cells. During the initial stages of flagellar ontogeny, structures similar to mastigonemes (presumptive mastigonemes) are found within membrane-limited sacs in the cytoplasm or within the perinuclear space. Mastigonemes at this time are generally not found on the flagellar surface. Later, when the anterior flagellum acquires mastigonemes, the presumptive mastigonemes are absent from the cytoplasm. The regularity of attachment of mastigonemes to the flagellar surface suggests that specific attachment sites are constructed on the plasma membrane during flagellar ontogeny. No evidence for penetration of the mastigoneme through the plasma membrane was obtained. The origin and structure of mastigonemes are discussed in relation to reports of the origin and structure of other microtubular systems.
Complementary reciprocity theorems in electromagnetic theory

Two complementary reciprocity theorems are derived that are distinct from the reciprocity theorems of Rayleigh-Carson and Lorentz. An application of one of the theorems to a radiation problem is given. A one-dimensional version of the theorems is introduced first by using transmission lines as the models to illustrate some of the key concepts in the theory. >
Onshore–offshore trends in community structural attributes: death assemblages from the shallow continental shelf of Texas

Abstract Death assemblages were compared at three sites on the inner continental shelf of Texas using the community attributes of taxon richness, taxonomic composition, habitat tiers, and feeding guilds, by means of three descriptor variables, numerical abundance, paleoproduction (biomass-at-death), and paleoingestion (lifetime ingestion, a measure of energy flow). Each death assemblage was compared to the co-occurring life assemblage and to six other death assemblages covering a transect from the estuary to the continental slope. Analysis of death assemblage composition is increased by at least a factor of two if fragments are included. In each of these nine assemblages on the bay-to-slope transect, the whole-shell component of the assemblage was adequate for a thorough analysis of community guild, tier, and taxon structure. The assemblage types were each unique in a combination of key abundance, paleoproduction and paleoingestion-derived community attributes. At least as important, however, were the resemblances between certain assemblages. All shelf and heterotrophic slope assemblages were characterized by predator dominance of paleoingestion. Deposit feeders and chemoautotrophs increased in importance numerically offshore, but not when evaluated by energy flow. All offshore assemblages were characterized by 40% or more of the individuals being infaunal. On the whole, tier structure was more variable than guild structure within habitat. On the whole, paleoingestion was more variable than numerical abundance or paleoproduction within habitat, probably because of the reliance of paleoingestion on long-lived taxa that are normally relatively rare. Greatest similarity was seen in paleoguild structure (a simplified guild structure) within and between habitat. Using paleoguild structure significantly limited the discrimination of assemblage types. The relative proportion of predators in the shelf and slope heterotrophic assemblages was striking. Comparing predator lifetime ingestion with prey lifetime production reveals that the slope cold-seep assemblages and bay assemblages have a large surplus of primary consumers, whereas the normal slope assemblage and the three inner shelf assemblages are overrepresented by predators. Assuming that the proportions of predator and prey indicate the relative importance of non-preservable prey, non-preservable prey were relatively more abundant on the shelf and slope, and, in fact, nonpreservable species contributed about 90% of the individuals to the life assemblage at the three inner shelf sites.
Diffusion of TiO2 probe particles through a poly(ethylene oxide) melt

Quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) spectroscopy was for the first time used to measure the mutual diffusion coefficient Dm of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles of 0,37 μm and 0,31 μm diameters in a poly(ethylene oxide) melt (weight-average mol. wt. 7 500) between 85 °C and 160 °C. Dm exhibits a strong dependence on the temperature. The effective shear imposed by diffusing particles on the polymer melt was estimated through a comparison of the viscosity obtained by a cone-and-plate viscometer with the microviscosity calculated from the diffusion coefficients and hydrodynamic radii of the particles through the Stokes-Einstein equation. The rate of shear found was ≥ 104 · s−1.
J-dominance under plane strain fully plastic conditions: the edge crack panel subject to combined tension and bending

Full field plane-strain solutions are obtained for a semi-infinite crack aligned perpendicularly to the free-edge of a semi-infinite half space where the ligament is subject to arbitrary combinations of tension and bending. The material behavior is described by the incompressible fully plastic pure-power-law deformation theory relation. The question of J-dominance of the crack-tip region is addressed by comparing the full field finite element solutions with the Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren singularity fields. These comparisons show that the region of agreement is strongly dependent on the relative amount of bending to tension. In the vicinity of pure bending, the zone of J-dominance is a significant fraction of the ligament, and the size of the zone does not depend on hardening behavior. In the vicinity of pure stretch, the zone of J-dominance is substantially smaller and depends strongly on hardening characteristics. Size requirements which are necessary to ensure J characterization of the near-tip fields of cracked bodies subject to combined tension and bending are discussed.
Epistemological barriers to radical behaviorism

The historian and philosopher of science Gaston Bachelard proposed the concept of epistemological barriers to describe the intellectual challenges encountered by scientists in their work. In order to embrace novel ways of approaching a problem in science, scientists must overcome barriers or obstacles posed by their prior views. For example, Einsteinian physics presents scientists with claims that space is curved and that time and space are on the same continuum. We utilize Bachelard's concept of epistemological barriers to describe the differences between the intellectual journeys students pursuing advanced studies face when attempting to accept cognitive psychology or radical behaviorism. We contend that the folk psychological beliefs that students typically hold when entering these studies pose less challenge to cognitive psychology than to radical behaviorism. We also suggest that these barriers may also partly be involved in the problematic exegesis that has plagued radical behaviorism. In close, we offer some suggestions for dealing with these epistemological barriers.
The Changing Landscape of Noninvasive Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit.

Traditionally, endotracheal intubation has been used as a treatment for patients with respiratory failure who require mechanical ventilation. Although intubation can be life saving, it is also associated with significant morbidity.1 Immunocompromised patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure are at particularly high risk; these patients often require high levels of ventilatory support (ie, positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP] and fractions of inspired oxygen [Fio2]). Intubated patients usually require sedative medications, analgesic agents, or both and are at risk for many complications seen in the intensive care unit (ICU), such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, ICU-acquired weakness,2 venous thromboembolism,3 delirium, and cognitive dysfunction.4 As such, these patients typically have a high associated mortality, estimated at approximately 50%.5
Torsade de pointes

The polymorphic ventricular tachycardia torsade de pointes can occur in the congenital long QT syndromes or as a consequence of therapy with QT-prolonging drugs. The latter can include not only antiarrhythmic drugs such as quinidine, but also a number of drugs which are not usually considered to have major cardiovascular effects: these include nonsedating antihistamines, such as terfenadine; antibiotics such as erythromycin; and neuroleptics such as thioridazine. The electrocardiographic hallmark of both the congenital and acquired forms of the long QT syndrome is marked QT(U) lability, particularly as a function of heart rate. The underlying mechanism is thought to be triggered activity arising as a consequence of early afterdepolarizations. An understanding of the basic mechanism has led to an understanding of the effective forms of therapy, which include maneuvers to include the heart rate (pacing, isoproterenol) as well as maneuvers which may not necessarily alter the QT interval but may prevent the arrhythmia (magnesium, beta blockers). Intensive study of the clinical features and basic mechanisms underlying torsade de pointes has led to the definition of a new mechanism for cardiac arrhythmias; understanding such mechanisms may ultimately lead to the development of safer antiarrhythmic therapy.
Using Final Deadlines Strategically in Negotiation

Many practitioner-oriented negotiation texts advise negotiators who are under time pressure to keep their final deadlines secret, especially if they are in a weak position. While this advice is consistent with intuition, recent research on the effects of revealing deadlines in negotiation has proven it to be incorrect. This is a useful lesson for students of negotiation, who often find themselves under time pressure at the bargaining table. The article discusses ways in which this lesson can be successfully taught in the classroom. In doing so, the present work reviews prior studies that investigated the effects of revealing final deadlines on negotiation outcomes and explains why negotiators mistakenly believe they ought to keep their deadlines secret.
Simulation of Gaussian Random Fields With One Derivative

Circulant embedding provides a fast and exact algorithm for simulating stationary Gaussian random fields on grids. However, the method tends to work poorly for differentiable processes with correlation ranges comparable to the size of the simulation domain. This work describes an algorithm for simulating differentiable stationary Gaussian processes, with the focus on processes possessing exactly one derivative. The algorithm works by first simulating a filtered version of the process using circulant embedding and then recovering the original process from the filtered version. This recovery step is the slowest part of the computation, requiring many solutions of large systems of linear equations. Preconditioned conjugate gradient provides a viable method for obtaining essentially exact solutions to these linear equations. The memory requirements are linear in the number of simulation points and if more than one simulation under a model is needed, subsequent simulations are much faster than the first. The a...
Greeks, Jews, and Lutherans in the Middle Half of Acts

Krister Stendahl taught his American students in many ways, none more important than by compelling to us to look at the way we look at the ancient texts. For a Lutheran trying to understand the Greek-speaking Jews of the Roman Empire, two of his hermeneutical reminders were fundamental. The first was the warning not to play "Galilee"' or "Bibleland"2 or "First-Century Semite"3 with the sacred texts. The second reflects a more complex problem, and more specifically Lutheran: the anti-Jewish elements in Christian theology and exegesis. Stendahl identifies one form of this anti-Judaism as particularly Protestant and peculiarly Lutheran: the theological model of "Law and Gospel." He describes the problem as follows:
Modification of the mixed lymphocyte reaction for pharmacokinetic assessment of immunosuppresive activity in human plasma

Abstract A modification of the two-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) for the assessment of immunosuppressive activity in human plasma is proposed. Adding 50% of plasma instead of 10% to micro MLC increases the sensitivity and decreases the variability of the system used for pharmacodynamic analysis of prednisoloneand azathioprine combined with prednisolone. Harvesting the cultures on Day 3 augments the area under the inhibition time curve when compared with Day 5 and reduces the variability of the response of the MLCs. The method provides a time dependent measure of immunosuppression which may be correlated with pharmacokinetic parameters.
A synovial sarcoma-specific preoperative nomogram supports a survival benefit to ifosfamide-based chemotherapy and improves risk stratification for patients.

Purpose: To identify prognostic factors related to outcome in 255 patients with synovial sarcoma and to construct a preoperative nomogram to predict the risk of disease-specific death. Design: Between July 1982 and June 2006, 301 patients underwent treatment at our institution for primary synovial sarcoma of all anatomic sites and 255 patients with localized disease at presentation were resected with curative intent. Data were collected prospectively and analyzed retrospectively. Results: Five-, 10-, and 15-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 72%, 60%, and 53%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed size and primary tumor site as the only independent adverse predictors of disease-specific death. A nomogram based on preoperative data for surgical patients not receiving anthracycline-ifosfamide (AI) chemotherapy ( n = 196) estimates 3- and 5-year DSS with a concordance index of 77.3%. For the first 3 years following diagnosis, the observed DSS for patients treated with AI chemotherapy ( n = 59) was greater than that predicted by the preoperative nomogram based on patients not receiving AI chemotherapy. SYT-SSX fusion transcript data were available for 132 patients. Multivariate analysis of this subset showed that SYT-SSX1 fusion type was predictive of early, but not late, distant recurrence. Conclusion: Size and location govern prognosis in primary synovial sarcoma resected with curative intent. A nomogram based on preoperative variables provides individualized patient survival estimates and shows an early survival benefit to chemotherapy that may dissipate over time. This nomogram may improve decision-making with regards to selecting patients most likely to benefit from neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy.
Does Foreign Investment Harm the Air We Breathe and the Water We Drink? A Cross-National Study of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Organic Water Pollution in Less-Developed Countries, 1975 to 2000

This research investigates the extent to which the transnational organization of production in the context of foreign investment dependence affects the environment in less developed countries. Drawing from the theory of foreign investment dependence, the author tests two hypotheses: (a) Foreign investment dependence in the manufacturing sector is positively associated with carbon dioxide emissions in less developed countries, and (b) foreign investment dependence in the manufacturing sector is positively associated with the emission of organic water pollutants in less developed countries. Findings for the ordinary least squares fixed effects panel regression analyses confirm both hypotheses, providing support for the theory. Other results correspond with prior research in the political-economic and structural human ecology traditions.
Use of TaqMan Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR for Rapid Detection, Quantification, and Typing of Norovirus

Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most commonly identified cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis. We evaluated and optimized NoV-specific TaqMan real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays for the rapid detection and typing of NoV strains belonging to genogroups GI and GII and adapted them to the LightCycler platform. We expanded the detection ability of the assays by developing an assay that detects the GIV NoV strain. The assays were validated with 92 clinical samples and 33 water samples from confirmed NoV outbreaks and suspected NoV contamination cases. The assays detected NoV RNA in all of the clinical specimens previously confirmed positive by conventional RT-PCR and sequencing. Additionally, the TaqMan assays successfully detected NoV RNA in water samples containing low viral concentrations and inhibitors of RT and/or PCR, whereas the conventional method with region B primers required dilution of the inhibitors. By means of serially diluted NoV T7 RNA transcripts, a potential detection limit of <10 transcript copies per reaction mixture was observed with the GII assay and a potential detection limit of <100 transcript copies per reaction mixture was observed with the GI assay. These results and the ability to detect virus in water that was negative by RT-PCR demonstrate the higher sensitivity of the TaqMan assay compared with that of a conventional RT-PCR assay. The TaqMan methods dramatically decrease the turnaround time by eliminating post-PCR processing. These assays have proven useful in assisting scientists in public health and diagnostic laboratories report findings quickly to outbreak management teams.
Exploring the relationship between physical health, depressive symptoms, and depression diagnoses in Hispanic dementia caregivers

Objectives: The present study examined the relationship between self-reported physical health, depressive symptoms, and the occurrence of depression diagnosis in Hispanic female dementia caregivers. Participants: Participants were 89 Hispanic female dementia caregivers. Design: This study used a cross-sectional design. Baseline depression and physical health data were collected from participants enrolled in the ‘Reducing Stress in Hispanic Anglo Dementia Caregivers’ study sponsored by the National Institute on Aging. Measurements: Physical health was assessed using the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 (SF-36), a one-item self-report health rating, body mass index, and the presence or history of self-reported physical illness. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale (CES-D). The occurrence of depression diagnosis was assessed using the Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID). Analysis: Multiple linear and logistic regression analysis wa...
Id1 regulation of cellular senescence through transcriptional repression of p16/Ink4a

The Id family of helix–loop–helix (HLH) transcriptional regulatory proteins does not possess a basic DNA-binding domain and functions as a negative regulator of basic HLH transcription factors. Id proteins coordinate cell growth and differentiation pathways within mammalian cells and have been shown to regulate G1-S cell-cycle transitions. Although much recent data has implicated Id1 in playing a critical role in modulating cellular senescence, no direct genetic evidence has been reported to substantiate such work. Here we show that Id1-null primary mouse embryo fibroblasts undergo premature senescence despite normal growth profiles at early passage. These cells possess increased expression of the tumor-suppressor protein p16/Ink4a but not p19/ARF, and have decreased cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 2 and cdk4 kinase activity. We also show that Id1 is able to directly inhibit p16/Ink4a but not p19/ARF promoter activity via its HLH domain, and that Id1inhibits transcriptional activation at E-boxes within the p16/Ink4a promoter. Our data provide, to our knowledge, the first genetic evidence for a role for Id1 as an inhibitor of cellular senescence and suggest that Id1 functions to delay cellular senescence through repression of p16/Ink4a. Because epigenetic and genetic abrogation of p16/Ink4a function has been implicated in the evolution of several human malignancies, we propose that transcriptional regulation of p16/Ink4a may also provide a mechanism for the dysregulation of normal cellular growth controls during the evolution of human malignancies.
A Failure Reveals Success: A Comparative Analysis of Environmental Education, Education for Sustainable Development, and Industrial Ecology Education

Although environmental education and education for sustainable development have become well-established areas of scholarship and practice, there has not been a similar development focused on “industrial ecology education.” A review of the historical context and guiding philosophies for each of these areas ?nds many similarities, as well as key differences. Environmental education traces its modern roots to the idealism of the 1960s and 1970s. It has focused mostly on improving environmental conditions. Education for sustainable development arose along with international concerns about social justice. It has emphasized general education as well as education about sustainability as necessary to ensure human prosperity. Industrial ecology, in its contemporary form, evolved as an applied approach to address environmental concerns and to meet sustainability goals. It has developed into a diverse, multifaceted approach to address the complexity inherent in industrial society. Education focused on industrial ecology remains decentralized, with core principles and tools being integrated into existing disciplinary programs as well as development of industrial-ecology–speci?c curricula. These efforts have not coalesced into a formalized, industrial ecology education. Rather than re?ecting a shortcoming, this potentially offers a more robust method for applying industrial ecology principles and tools widely.
ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF FEDERAL RESERVE BEHAVIOR

IN THIS STUDY, we derive alternative linear decision rules for the Federal Reserve and obtain estimates of the parameters of these rules. The basic assumptions are: (1) that the Federal Reserve acts as if it minimizes a quadratic loss function in certain variables and (2) that the Federal Reserve possesses a model of the economy. To obtain the alternative decision rules, we can either (a) hold (1) constant and vary (2), or (b) hold (2) constant and vary (1). For example, given a quadratic loss function, we derive decision rules conditional on differing views of the economic structure. To accomplish this we use the concept of an intermediate financial variable (e.g., free reserves or total reserves). It is assumed that the Federal Reserve acts through this intermediate variable to affect the variables in its loss function. By assuming different intermediate financial variables and different lag structures we obtain alternative models of the economic structure. The assumed loss function is minimized with respect to a policy instrument subject to the alternative models. The resulting functions are linear decision rules-each conditional on an assumed model. The results suggest that, in each model, operations to stabilize financial markets (defensive operations) were dominant. Evidence is offered that the Federal Reserve has, since 1959, responded to the balance-of-payments problem while providing for growth in real income (dynamic operations). A clear choice of "the" intermediate financial variable used by the Federal Reserve in the 1952-65 period cannot be made; several are equally plausible.
Complete Genome Sequence of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Myophage Matisse

ABSTRACT Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of nosocomial infections in the United States. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, phages targeting K. pneumoniae may be a useful alternative against this pathogen. Here, we announce the complete genome of K. pneumoniae pseudo-T-even myophage Matisse and describe its features.
Environmental Perception and Cognition in Rural Contexts

The emergence of environmental psychology over the last fifteen years has revitalized an interest in the analysis of the larger ecological context in connection with human behavior. In that time many avenues have been explored, but none has been more fervently pursued than that of environmental perception and cognition. The popularity, and perhaps centrality, of this substantive domain is easily explained. As Ittelson (1973b) has observed, the study of perceptual-cognitive processes has been considered central to an understanding of behavior since psychology’s inception, for it is through those processes that we come to know and comprehend our surroundings. Furthermore, it is upon that comprehension that behavioral adaptation is predicated. Inasmuch as a rural psychology is concerned with a comprehensive understanding of behavior in a specific environmental context, an examination of the manner in which individuals respond to it via their cognitive-perceptual capacities is of clear interest.
Response to Comments on "Slow adaptation in the face of rapid warming leads to collapse of the Gulf of Maine cod fishery".

Palmer et al. and Swain et al. suggest that our “extra mortality” time series is spurious. In response, we show that including temperature-dependent mortality improves abundance estimates and that warming waters reduce growth rates in Gulf of Maine cod. Far from being spurious, temperature effects on this stock are clear, and continuing to ignore them puts the stock in jeopardy.
Research Progress of Energy Storage Technology in Power System

Power storage technology serves to cut the peak and fill valley,regulate the power frequency,improve the stability,and raise the utilization coefficient of the grid in the power system.This paper introduces various types of storage technology such as pumped hydropower,flywheel electricity storage technology,compressed air energy storage,sodium sulfur(NaS) battery,lithium ion(Liion),Flow Battery Technology,and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.The development trend and the different applications of storage technology in the power system are also summarized.
Distribution, Composition and Exclusion: How School Segregation Impacts Racist Disciplinary Patterns

This paper investigates a broad two-pronged social problem: the persistent segregation and fragmentation of school districts alongside the disproportionate application of school discipline to students of color. Previous work suggests many factors within schools that contribute to the unequal application of school discipline. We use hierarchical linear modeling to move beyond this immediate school context and ask how broader social processes, specifically multiple forms of school segregation, impact the disproportionate discipline administered to black students in secondary schools. Results demonstrate that schools located in more segregated districts tend to have lower racial disparities in suspensions for black students, thus painting a complex picture of the consequences of segregated schooling for students of color. The findings suggest that racial inequality can arise in many guises and that efforts to create racially integrated schools do not release districts from other important work related to racial equity. Integrated school districts should be even more concerned with creating policies and practices to raise awareness of and reduce racial disparities, specifically in school discipline.
Deterministic Models of Peak-load Pricing

Our purpose in this chapter is to set out the basic peak-load model as originated by Boiteux (1949) and Steiner (1957), and developed by Hirshleifer (1958) and Williamson (1966). Such problems arise when a utility’s product is economically non-storable and demand fluctuates over time. Under these circumstances non-uniform utilisation of capacity can result. Thus using a ‘peak-load pricing’ policy to discourage consumption in peak periods and encourage off-peak consumption can improve such utilisation. The evaluation of the trade-off between utilisation gains and consumer welfare is the central issue of peak-load pricing theory. We will not provide rigorous proofs for most of these results but simply sketch their development. (Rigorous proofs may be obtained in Crew and Kleindorfer (1979a), which is referenced in detail throughout.) In Section 3.1 we present the Boiteux-Steiner-Hirshleifer contributions for the simplest cases of equal-length periods and independent demands. In Sections 3.2 through 3.4 we examine the problems of diverse technology, interdependent and time-varying demand. Section 3.5 concerns profit maximisation, second-best and other issues.