cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proportion, Type, and Characteristics of Physician Entrepreneurship in Massachusetts.

Importance Although there have been signs of increasing interest in entrepreneurship among physicians as well as claims of a paucity of entrepreneurial activity in health care in general, there is little systematic evidence of the extent, type, and characteristics of entrepreneurship by physicians. Physician involvement in entrepreneurship may result in more innovative and financially successful health care companies. Objective To evaluate the proportion and characteristics of physicians who founded new businesses and the types of businesses that they started. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was conducted by matching all 33 770 physicians holding a Massachusetts medical license in 2017 with the Massachusetts new business registration records from 1960 to 2017 to identify companies founded by physicians. Data were analyzed from September 2017 to December 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures The number of physician-founded companies in Massachusetts and the types of businesses as characterized by the stated purpose at the time of founding. Results Among the 33 770 physicians holding a Massachusetts license in 2017, 13 839 (41.0%) were women and 8029 (23.8%) were international medical graduates; the median year of graduation from medical school was 1994 (interquartile range, 1983-2004). A total of 6494 (19.2%) physicians had founded at least 1 new business, and 831 of the 2448 physicians (33.9%) who graduated from medical school between 1974 and 1978 had founded a business. A total of 9501 companies were founded, of which 6267 (66.0%) were clinical practice, real estate, or practice management companies; 703 companies (7.4%) were in the public interest, including advocacy, public health, and philanthropy; 533 (5.6%) were biotechnology, health care information technology, or medical device companies; and 1759 (18.5%) were other business pursuits. For physician entrepreneurs, the mean (SD) time from medical school graduation to company founding was 20.2 (9.8) years. Regression analysis suggested that female physicians founded companies at lower rates than male physicians (odds ratio [OR], 0.529; 95% CI, 0.494-0.567) and that there was an association between attending a top-10 medical school by National Institutes of Health research funding and starting a clinical practice (OR, 0.687; 95% CI, 0.616-0.766) or biotechnology company (OR, 4.326; 95% CI, 2.951-6.344). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that physicians may be substantially involved in entrepreneurship, although there may be disparities by sex. Facilitation of physician entrepreneurship by policy makers, educators, and institutions may enhance medical innovation and public health.
Dynamic Responsiveness in the U.S. Congress: Evidence from NAFTA

Do incumbent politicians adapt their policy positions in response to changes in public opinion? Existing studies of dynamic responsiveness cannot account for changes in the legislative agenda in Congress over time. We exploit an original dataset on the positions of members of Congress on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) at various points leading up to the November 1993 roll-call vote and generate original estimates of constituency public opinion using multi-level regression and post-stratification (MRP). We track whether legislator positioning responds to changes in constituency opinion. We find no evidence of responsiveness to shifting public opinion on NAFTA. Our findings suggest a deficit of dynamic responsiveness in the United States Congress.
Fasting off "The COVID-19"

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has led to an increase in sedentary lifestyles compounded with the loss of access to public exercise facilities and limited fresh grocery supply. With the multitude of possible diet options available, how do you choose one that works with your lifestyle, financial means, and ultimately proves to be most effective? In this article, we review the medical benefits and challenges of several different types of fasting diets that can be adopted by the general public.
Hydroxyurea treatment and neurocognitive functioning in sickle cell disease from school age to young adulthood

Neurocognitive impairment is common in sickle cell disease (SCD) and is associated with significant functional limitations. In a cross-sectional analysis, we examined the association between hydroxyurea (HU) treatment and neurocognitive functioning from school-age to young adulthood in individuals with SCD. A total of 215 patients with HbSS/HbSβ0 -thalassaemia (71% HU treated) and 149 patients with HbSC/HbSβ+ -thalassaemia (20% HU treated) completed neurocognitive measures at one of four developmental stages: school-age (age 8-9 years), early adolescence (age 12-13 years), late adolescence (age 16-17 years) and young adulthood (ages 19-24 years). For participants with multiple assessments, only the most recent evaluation was included. In multivariable analysis adjusted for social vulnerability, HU treatment and sex, older age was associated with a reduction in overall intelligence quotient (IQ) of 0·55 points per year of life [standard error (SE) = 0·18, false discovery rate adjusted P value (PFDR) = 0.01] for patients with HbSS/HbSβ0 -thalassaemia. Earlier initiation of HU (n = 152) in HbSS/HbSβ0 -thalassaemia was associated with higher scores on neurocognitive measures across most domains, including IQ [estimate (SE) 0·77 (0·25)/year, PFDR = 0·01], after adjusting for social vulnerability, sex and treatment duration. These results support the early use of HU to limit the detrimental neurocognitive effects of SCD, while highlighting the need for additional measures to further mitigate neurocognitive deterioration.
Pharmacist-Prescribed Hormonal Contraception: Does Didactic Hormonal Contraception Education Affect Student Pharmacist Perceptions of This Professional Activity?

Since 2014, select states have allowed pharmacists to prescribe hormonal contraception (HC). This study describes student pharmacists’ perceptions of a pharmacist’s scope of practice, education, and interest, and identifies differences between students who have completed didactic HC content in their professional curriculum versus those who have not. A voluntary online survey was emailed to all students in three Georgia pharmacy schools. Descriptive statistics were reported. Likert square responses were dichotomized, and Chi square testing identified differences between groups. A total of 1256 students were invited, 35% completed the survey, of those 68% had received HC didactic content in their curriculum. Regardless of HC education, most students “agree” or “strongly agree” that pharmacists are adequately educated to prescribe HC (92% vs. 86%, p = 0.05) and prescribing HC is within the pharmacist’s scope of practice (89% vs. 84%, p = 0.12). Although not currently permitted in Georgia, most are interested in prescribing (97% vs. 96%, p = 0.5). Of the students who have received HC didactic content, 87% felt “moderately”, “well”, or “extremely well-educated” regarding HC prescribing clinical skills. Regardless of didactic training, pharmacy students believe pharmacists are prepared to prescribe HC and support pharmacist-prescribed HC as a part of their future professional scope of practice.
NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) SHOCK AND REVERBERATIONS IN PAKISTAN

Nearly a century after the Spanish flu of 1918, the world is confronting reverberations of the pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, labeled as COVID-19. As time passes, there has been a seriou...
Geistige Grundlagen und Wesen der Makedonischen Renaissance

Das hervorstechendste Merkmal der byzantinischen Kunst — im Gegensatz zur abendlandischen — ist ihre Gebundenheit an eine ununterbrochene Tradition, in der zu allen Zeiten das griechische Erbe eine formbildende Kraft blieb. Eben wegen dieser Kontinuierlichkeit haben manche Gelehrte den Gedanken an die Moglichkeit einer Renaissancebewegung in Byzanz nicht aufkommen lassen. Indessen ware es eine einseitige Bewertung der byzantinischen Kunst, sie nur als ein Weiterleben der antiken zu verstehen. Orientalische Einflusse und eine angeborene Neigung, dem christlichen Inhalt eine spirituelle Form zu geben, haben zusammengewirkt und die Herausbildung eines in gewissen Grenzen sich bewegenden abstrakteren Formgefuhls bewirkt, das bald starker bald schwacher vom naturnaheren der Antike abweicht. Im Gegensatz zum lateinischen Abendland bleibt die Korpergestaltung in der byzantinischen Kunst zu allen Zeiten organisch, und was schwankt, ist im wesentlichen der Grad physischer Realitat und die Beziehung des Menschen zu der ihn umgebenden Umwelt. Trotz dieser Einschrankung beginnt fur die Kunst vom Ende des 9. und die des 10. Jahrhunderts, auf Grund eines intensivierten Studiums des klassischen Formengutes, der Begriff einer „Renaissance“ sich einzuburgern, einer Renaissance, die nach der herrschenden Dynastie als die „Makedonische“ bezeichnet wird. Ihre Existenz ist von kunstgeschichtlicher Seite ebenso heftig verteidigt wie bestritten worden, und es scheint uns die Zeit gekommen zu sein, sich uber diese Kontroverse Rechenschaft abzulegen und die Renaissancebewegung, fur deren Existenz wir glauben weitere Evidenz anfuhren zu konnen, in einen breiteren Rahmen hineinzustellen.
On the role of search in generating high-performance blas libraries

A key step in program optimization is the estimation of optimal values for parameters such as tile sizes and loop unrolling factors. Traditional compilers use simple analytical models to compute these values. In contrast, library generators like ATLAS use global search over the space of parameter values by generating programs with many different combinations of parameter values, and running them on the actual hardware to determine which values give the best performance. It is widely believed that traditional model-driven optimization cannot compete with search-based empirical optimization because tractable analytical models cannot capture all the complexities of modern high-performance architectures. This thesis disproves this belief. In this work we replaced the global search engine in ATLAS with a model-driven optimization engine, and measured the relative performance of the code produced by the two systems on a variety of architectures. Our experiments show that model-driven optimization can be surprisingly effective., and can generate code with performance comparable to that of code generated by ATLAS using global search. For improving the code further, we advocate complementing modelling with local search and model refinement. Model-driven optimization needs accurate values of hardware parameters. In this thesis we also describe X-Ray, a robust framework of micro-benchmark for measuring such hardware parameters. X-Ray is designed to be extensible to make it easy to implement new micro-benchmarks. We have developed novel algorithms for measuring hardware parameters commonly used in optimizing software performance, and we have implemented them in X-Ray. We evaluate X-Ray experimentally on traditional workstations and servers as well as on embedded architectures, and show that it produces more accurate and complete results than existing tools.
Die Technik der Transfusion mit konserviertem Blut

Die technische Ausfuhrung der Transfusion mit konserviertem Blut last sich in 3 Phasen einteilen: 1. die Beurteilung der Brauchbarkeit des Blutes, 2. die Vorbereitung der Apparatur und des Empfangers, 3. die eigentliche Infusion des Blutes.
The Linkage Between Folding Cooperativity and Allostery: Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Glutamate Dehydrogenase is a homohexameric enzyme showing complex kinetic and regulatory properties that involve subunit interactions. Our previous work (ref etc) has demonstrated a role for ligand induced changes in conformational flexibility in modulating regulatory effects of the enzyme. We have conducted extensive studies on the effects of nucleotide ligands on the unfolding of the protein by either chemical denaturants (Guanidine Hydrochloride or Urea- followed by fluorescence) or heat (thermal denaturation followed by ellipticity at 222nm). We have developed a quantitative analysis of the cooperativity of the unfolding process using a 4 parameter sigmoidal equation and use it to demonstrate that ligand interactions lead to changes in unfolding cooperativity. Furthermore correlation of the effects of various substrates, cofactors and regulatory ligands on the unfolding process suggest that in general increased flexibility of the protein is related to the ligand producing enhanced activity while decre...
Performance‐based wind evaluation and strengthening of existing tall concrete buildings in the Los Angeles region: dampers, nonlinear time history analysis and structural reliability

SUMMARY This paper presents a methodology in wind design including in a scientific way the benefits of using dampers and of performing a nonlinear dynamic analysis of tall concrete buildings that are being evaluated and strengthened. It is developed for tall buildings in the Los Angeles region but is without geographic bounds. The uses of equations of structural reliability form this scientific basis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing System Reliability Using Censoring Methodology

Suppose that we have a sample of iid systems each consisting of independent components. Let F denote the distribution of system lifelength. Each system is continuously observed until it fails. For every component in each system, either a failure time or a censoring time is recorded. A failure time is recorded if the component fails before or at the time of system failure; otherwise a censoring time is recorded. We introduce a method for finding estimates of F(t) based on the mutual censorship of the component lifelengths inherent in this model. We present limit theorems that enable the construction of confidence intervals in large samples. For small samples, we describe and discuss bootstrap schemes that can be used to implement the method.
Electronic Surveying: Electronic Distance Measurements

Electronic instruments for the precise determination of short distances are well known, but the electronic basis for their operation has never been clearly outlined in a single publication. Details regarding the electronic circuits used in these instruments are reviewed and compared to indicate the similarities and the differences in the various methods of determining distance from a measurement of time. The relation between the travel time and the phase of a periodic signal is indicated. Methods for eliminating electronic zero errors and the use of signals with different frequencies to eliminate ambiguity in the measured distances are described. The effect of atmospheric refraction on the velocity of propagation and different methods for including corrections for atmospheric conditions are reviewed. Relative advantages of microwave and optical systems are compared and recommendations are suggested for an ideal instrument combining the best features of both types.
Translanguaging in a Latin@ Bilingual Community: Negotiations and Mediations in a Dual-Language Classroom.

Considering a Latin@ fifth-grade dual-language classroom (Spanish/English) as a community of practice, this paper explores how a bilingual teacher and her bilingual students, as members of such community, utilize translanguaging (Garcia, 2009) as a learning and teaching tool in social studies and science classes. In this particular classroom, the science curriculum is taught in English, whereas social studies is taught in Spanish. Using sociocultural theories of learning and development (Vygotsky, 1978); “anthropolitical linguistics” (Zentella, 1997); and the Community of Practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991) approach as theoretical frames, we examined and analyzed linguistic instances as they occurred within natural classroom discourse in the two subject-classes. Findings suggest that translanguaging is present within the intersection of a conceptual and pedagogical tool that allows fluidity and movement of the teaching and learning process and maximizes the co-construction of meaning; in doing so, translanguaging identities are being practiced. Some implications for teachers and teacher education programs are presented.
CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells may not be involved in controlling autoimmune arthritis

Accumulating evidence suggests that regulatory T cells play a crucial role in preventing autoimmunity. Recently, a naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ T-cell subset that is anergic and also suppressive has been shown to suppress autoimmunity in several animal models. We used proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) as a study model to investigate the role of the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in autoimmune arthritis. There was no significant change in the percentage of CD4+CD25+ T cells during the immunization period when proteoglycan- or ovalbumin-immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were compared. An adoptive transfer study showed that the CD4+CD25+ T cells did not protect severe combined immunodeficient mice from arthritis when they were cotransferred with splenocytes from arthritic animals. Similarly, depletion of the CD4+CD25+ T cells did not enhance the onset of the disease or disease severity in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Moreover, CD28-deficient mice, which have very few CD4+CD25+ T cells, were highly resistant to PGIA. These findings indicate that the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells may not play a critical role in controlling PGIA.
Hegemonic Masculinity in Hip-Hop Music? Difference in Brand Mention in Rap Music Based on the Rapper's Gender

Content analysis of the top 50 hip hop songs from Billboard's Year-End Charts from 2008 to 2011, for a total analysis of 200 songs, was conducted for this study. Using Hegemonic Masculinity to guide our theoretical perspective, songs were coded for multiple items including gender of rapper(s), number of brand mentions and kinds of products mentioned. Results revealed that there are significant differences in the number of products and brands mentioned based on the gender of the artists, especially important when paired with the finding that women are significantly underrepresented in hip hop music. Songs performed by male artists had a significantly higher number of brands mentioned than did songs by female singers. Researchers also found differences in the types of products mentioned in hip hop music based on the gender of singers. Male singers mentioned brands and products in the categories of vehicles, alcohol, fashion, and entertainment categories while female artists mentioned more brands and product...
Multiattribute modeling analysis of the effects of a low blood alcohol level on pilot performance

Multiattribute modeling procedures were used to evaluate the flight performance of pilots who completed a simulator flight under 0 and 0.04% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) conditions. The flight involved VOR tracking, vectoring, traffic avoidance, and descent. Flight instructors' judgments were used to develop a multiattribute model of flight performance that permitted evaluation of the effects of alcohol on overall flight performance, as well as on task segment and performance aspect components of the flight. Alcohol was found to have a significant deleterious effect on overall pilot performance and on some of the task segments. The multiattribute modeling approach was found to be useful in providing a task analysis function that permitted alcohol effects to be evaluated in a manner that reflected pilot concentration on some aspects of the flight task at the expense of others.
Evaluating pollution control: The case of São Paulo, Brazil

This article is on the alarming pollution in Sao Paulo and how a selective approach must be adopted to reduce it. It recommends regulating industrial location rather than establishing policies that directly limit growth in production as a means to improve environmental quality.
Vascular and Capillary Endothelium

The endothelium is a monolayer of cells that line the inner lumen of all blood vessels. Endothelial cells respond to both mechanical forces created by blood flow and stimulatory molecules within the blood by producing vasoactive molecules that control vessel tone, thrombosis, and leukocyte adhesion. The healthy endothelium creates a nonthrombogenic surface, but when stimulated by injury, endothelial cells can produce cytokine or chemokine activators of the coagulation cascade or an inflammatory response. Vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and sickle cell disease involve alterations of the function of the endothelium in which the cells promote vasoconstriction and a prothrombotic and proinflammatory state. While endothelial cells have the capacity to proliferate, endothelial progenitor cells derived from bone marrow and circulating in blood have the potential to regenerate injured regions of endothelium. These progenitor cells provide a new source of endothelium that may delay the onset of atherosclerosis and be used to generate new blood vessels. Keywords: endothelium; vasodilation; thrombosis; shear stress; atherosclerosis; endothelial progenitor cells; vascular grafts; microarray
Cerumen phenotype and proliferative epithelium in breast fluids of U.S.-born vs. immigrant Asian women: A possible genetic-environmental interaction

To determine whether a genetic-environmental interaction exists between the breast, a modified apocrine gland, its secretions, and the genetic polymorphic phenotypes of wet and dry cerumen, we examined nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) for proliferative disease in 172 U.S.-born and immigrant Chinese and Japanese women. Cytologic evidence of proliferative epithelial cells (benign hyperplasia and/or atypical hyperplasia) was found in the NAF of 36 women (20.9%). A significantly higher incidence of proliferative epithelial cells was present in the NAF of U.S.-born than in immigrant Asian women (28.6% vs. 16.5%) (p = 0.05). A higher proportion of U.S.-born Asian women with wet cerumen than women with dry cerumen had proliferative epithelial cells in NAF: 39.3% vs. 20.0% (p = 0.08). No significant difference in NAF proliferative cells was found between immigrant women with wet and dry cerumen: 15.8% vs. 17.3%; p = 0.50. A strong association of proliferative epithelial cells and cerumen phenotype was found in parous U.S.-born women (wet = 47.6% vs. dry = 16.0%; p = 0.002). No significant association with wet and dry cerumen phenotype was found in parous immigrant women (wet = 12.2% vs. dry = 20%). These findings support the hypothesis that an apocrine genetic polymorphic trait differentially influences susceptibility of the breast to proliferative disease in Asian women born in environments presumed to be of high risk for breast cancer compared to women from low risk environments.
Comparing pasture C sequestration estimates from eddy covariance and soil cores

Abstract Temperate pastures in the Northeast USA are highly productive and could act as significant sinks for soil organic carbon (SOC). However, soils under mature pastures are often considered to have reached equilibrium such that no further sequestration of SOC is expected. This study quantified changes in pasture SOC over nine years using micrometeorological (eddy covariance) measurements of net changes in ecosystem C and direct measurements of changes in SOC (soil cores). Eddy covariance estimates of C flux were made both with and without corrections for sensor self-heating. Change in SOC as measured by the soil core method was non-significant for the Low-N pasture (19 ± 105 g C m −2 yr −1 , P = 0.89). However, a significant loss of −504 ± 91 g C m −2 yr −1 ( P = 0.01) occurred for the High-N pasture with the amount lost increasing with depth in the soil profile. Eddy covariance measurements without the self-heating correction differed only slightly between pastures with a net flux of −9 and −20 g C m −2 yr −1 for the Low- and High-N pastures, respectively. Applying the sensor self-heating correction to the eddy covariance data increased the estimated loss of ecosystem C by 94 g m −2 yr −1 for the Low-N and 102 g m −2 yr −1 for the High-N pasture. Both soil cores and eddy covariance suggest that the Low-N pasture was C neutral over the nine years of the study. A large amount of C was lost from deep in the soil profile from the High-N pasture which could not be explained by fluxes measured with the eddy covariance system. Comparison of eddy covariance and soil core data was not useful for determining the appropriateness of using the sensor self-heating correction at this location.
Neuroinflammation in the aging down syndrome brain; lessons from Alzheimer's disease.

Down syndrome (DS) is the most genetic cause of mental retardation and is caused by the triplication of chromosome 21. In addition to the disabilities caused early in life, DS is also noted as causing Alzheimer's-disease-like pathological changes in the brain, leading to 50–70% of DS patients showing dementia by 60–70 years of age. Inflammation is a complex process that has a key role to play in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. There is relatively little understood about inflammation in the DS brain and how the genetics of DS may alter this inflammatory response and change the course of disease in the DS brain. The goal of this review is to highlight our current understanding of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease and predict how inflammation may affect the pathology of the DS brain based on this information and the known genetic changes that occur due to triplication of chromosome 21.
PROTEIN PRODUCTION BY SUCCESSIVE GROWTH OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS AND LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS ON COMBINED FOOD WASTES1

A process was developed for simultaneous utilization of several food wastes and production of single cell protein by successive growth of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus. A collagen-derived substrate, starch, and cheese whey represented food wastes. Growth of B. subtilis on combined wastes yielded a biomass of 3.6 g/l and significantly modified the medium. Other bacilli also had similar potential for altering the original material. After fortification with cheese whey, the modified medium was used for growth of L. acidophilus as a second stage biomass production. Optimal growth conditions were determined. The feasibility of the process will be dependent upon increasing L. acidophilus biomass yields.
Comparative effectiveness of ceftriaxone in combination with a macrolide compared with ceftriaxone alone for pediatric patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.

Background:Guidelines for management of community-acquired pneumonia recommend empiric therapy with a macrolide and beta-lactam when infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a significant consideration. Evidence to support this recommendation is limited. We sought to determine the effectiveness of ce
Equations of state: Maxwell and Van Der Waals revisited—The prediction of the volumetric properties of pure gases

A six-parameter equation of state is derived from fundamental relationships of thermodynamics. The proposed equation is applied to the prediction of PVT data over the entire experimental range for several gases which are representative of many molecular types including polar, non-polar and strongly associated compounds. A comparison is also given with the Lee—Kessler method. The possibility of correlating both the liquid and the supercritical range with the same set of parameters is shown for the data for 13 fluids.
Wiggler-enhanced electron cyclotron autoresonance maser

Abstract The Doppler-shift dominated electron cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) is an attractive source of high-power, coherent microwave radiation; it has favourable frequency scaling with electron beam energy, along with the potential for high efficiency. However, one concern has been that the gain, which decreases as ω / k → c , might be too small for practical purposes. It is suggested here that imposing a transverse helical wiggler onto the background solenoidal magnetic field can significantly enhance both the gain and efficiency of the CARM. The wiggler induces an energy-dependent perturbation in the electron orbit, which can be exploited to inhibit parasitic electron autoresonant acceleration. Results from computer simulations using 3-D waveguide particle codes are presented.
Sensitive, solid-phase assay of proteolytic activity

Abstract Insolubilized, radioodinated proteins are used as substrates for the assay of proteolytic activity. Trypsin hydrolysis of Sepharose-bound 125I-labeled casein, hemoglobin, immunoglobulin G, and bovine serum albumin (specific activities of 1–10 μCi/μg) is described to illustrate the sensitivity and applicability of this procedure. Over the course of a 5-min assay period, the activity of 0.1–5 μg of trypsin/ml is quantitated. Since 50 μl is used as the assay sample, this procedure is capable of detecting the equivalent of 5 ng of trypsin.
Constellation-X spectroscopy x-ray telescope optical assembly pathfinder image error budget and performance prediction

The Constellation-X mission is a follow-on to the current Chandra and XMM missions. It will place in orbit an array of four X-ray telescopes that will work in unison, having a substantial increase in effective area, energy resolution, and energy bandpass over current missions. To accomplish these ambitious increases new optics technologies must be exploited. The primary instrument for the mission is the Spectroscopy X-Ray Telescope (SXT), which covers the 0.21 to 10 keV band with a combination of two x-ray detectors: a reflection grating spectrometer with CCD readout and a micro-calorimeter. Mission requirements are an effective area of 15,000 cm2 near 1 keV and a 15 arc-sec (HPD) image resolution with a goal of 5 arc-sec. The Constellation-X SXT uses a segmented design with lightweight replicated optics. A technology development program is being pursued with the intent of demonstrating technical readiness prior to the program new start. Key elements of the program include the replication of the optical elements, assembly and alignment of the optics into a complete mirror assembly and demonstration of production techniques needed for fabrication of multiple units. These elements will be demonstrated in a series of engineering development and prototype optical assemblies which are increasingly flight-like. In this paper we present an image angular resolution error budgets for the SXT and for the Optical Assembly Pathfinder #2 (OAP2), the first of engineering development units intended to be tested in x-rays. We describe OAP2 image error sources and performance analyses made to assess error sensitivities. Finally we present an overall prediction of as-tested imaging performance in the x-ray test facility.
Eye movements in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Purpose of reviewThe aim of this paper is to review the literature on eye-movement abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Eye-movement testing is a non-invasive quantitative approach for evaluating brain systems across the age spectrum. It thus provides a promising methodology f
Structure determination and spectral assignment by pulsed polarization transfer via long-range 1H13C couplings

On montre qu'une version modifiee des experiences INEPT est une methode sensible et simple pour determiner par transfert de polarisation, les couplages 1 H- 13 C a longue distance
THEORY OF IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES IN A PLASMA--DERIVATION OF A CONVERGENT KINETIC EQUATION FROM THE GENERALIZED MASTER EQUATION

ABS>The theory of irreversible processes in plasmas is rigorously developed from the cluster formulation of the exact generalized Master equation. This equation is a timedependent analog of the equilibrium virial expansion, and the development of the theory of nonequilibrium plasmas is found to parallel that or the well-known theory of equilibrium plasmas in a direct and simple way. A convergent kinetic equation for homogeneous plasmas is then derived which includes the effects of close collisions as well as long-range collisions and is exact to first order in the density---in the asymptotic limit of long times. The distingaishing feature of this kinetic equation is that it converges for the Coulomb potential. No arbitrary cutoffs or screened potentials are required to make it converge. The divergence of previous kinetic equations is directly attributed to the neglect of significant close collision terms (such equations are not exact to first order in the density). The method of derivation is quite general and the extension of the convergent kinetic equation to short times (non- Markoffian kinetic equation) as well as to general order in the density is indicated. (auth)
Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: the good and bad sides of the response to stress.

TRESS IS A CONDITION of human existence and a factor in the expression of disease. A broader view of stress is that it is not just the dramatic stressful events that exact their toll but rather the many events of daily life that elevate activities of physiological systems so as to cause some measure of wear and tear. This wear and tear is called “allostatic load,” and it reflects the impact not only of life experiences that are stressful, but also of genetic constitution; individual habits reflecting items such as diet, exercise, and substance abuse; and developmental experiences that set life-long patterns of behavior and physiological reactivity. 1 Thus, lifestyle is as important a factor in allostatic load as are the experiences that we classify as stressful, and the effects of allostatic load on body shape, size and function are often gradual and almost imperceptible as they develop over months and years. In many cases, the physiological and behavioral aspects of lifestyle and stress interact with each other, such as when we grab a bag of potato chips or smoke a cigarette while experiencing psychological stress due to an important event or deadline. Allostasis, a term coined by Sterling and Eyer 2 means literally “achieving stability, ie, homeostasis, through change.” It reflects the active process of coping physiologically and behaviorally with challenges to the individual. Hormones associated with allostasis and allostatic load protect the body in the shortrun and promote adaptation, but in the long run allostatic load causes changes in the body that lead to disease. These hormones include the so-called “stress hormones” of the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex, the catecholamines, and glucocorticoids. However, many other cellular mediators in tissues, such as excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, as well as other circulating hormones, show similar patterns of promoting short-term adaptation but promoting pathophysiology if they are overproduced or not properly regulated. This general principle can be illustrated for the immune system and brain. Acute stress actually enhances the ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens and it does so by facilitating the “trafficking” of immune cells to tissue where they are needed. Adrenal steroids and catecholamines act as mediators of this trafficking, in addition to their role in enhancing the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response.3-5 In
What counts as a science and discipline in library and information science

Purpose – The convergence of librarianship and information science to form library and information science (LIS) is seen as a recent phenomenon, with the term “information science” originally focused on the application of computers to library operations and services. LIS as a science and multidisciplinary field applies the practice and perspective of information with the aim of answering important questions related to the activities of a target group. As a science, LIS is more than a collection of facts to be memorised or techniques to be mastered but is instead an inquiry carried out by people who raise questions for which answers are unknown and who have gained confidence in their ability to reach conclusions, albeit tentative ones, through research, experiment and careful thought sharpened by the open criticism of others. What is described here is a dynamic and changing field of study called LIS which differs from Cronin ' s (2004) conclusion that library science or LIS is neither a science nor a disci...
Studies of an Unneutral Electron Cloud in the CFIA

In the Collective Focusing Ion Accelerator (CFIA) scheme, a non-neutral electron cloud is trapped in a multiple mirror toroidal magnetic field. The electrons' radial electrostatic field serves to confine and focus an accelerated ion beam. The ion beam, with a density up to 10% that of the electrons', is accelerated by an induced toroidal electric field. The induced toroidal electric field, however, is not strong enough to overcome the mirror force acting on the electrons. This scheme enables the construction of a very small radius accelerator in the GeV range. As a first stage in the development of the CFIA, it is necessary to demonstrate trapping and stability of a non-neutral electron cloud over a long time (a few msec). It is also necessary to show that the electron cloud remains confined to the mirror cells when an accelerating toroidal electric field is applied. 5 refs.
Measuring the simultaneous effects of hypoxia and deformation on ATP release from erythrocytes

It is known that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released from red blood cells (RBCs) due to various forms of stimulation such as deformation, pharmacological stimuli, and hypoxia. To date, these various stimuli have been investigated individually. Here, we have combined a microflow system capable of initiating deformation-induced release of ATP from the RBCs at various levels of hypoxia as measured by percent oxygen saturation in the RBC sample. When values of ATP released from deformation and hypoxia are compared to values of ATP release due to hypoxia alone, the relationship between the two stimuli can be deduced. Measurement of RBC-derived ATP with the well-known chemiluminescence assay employing luciferin/luciferase indicates that RBCs deoxygenated for 4 min released 1.84 +/- 0.075 microM ATP. The largest decrease in oxygen saturation was found to be between 0 s (66.3% O(2) saturation) and 15 s (22.3% O(2) saturation). RBCs deoxygenated to a 22.3% O(2) saturation released 0.374 +/- 0.011 microM ATP when pumped through the microflow system. This value is an increase from 0.281 +/- 0.007 microM ATP in the presence of flow alone. The ATP release after exposure to hypoxia at 22.3% O(2) saturation was 0.381 +/- 0.014 microM ATP, a value statistically equivalent to that of hypoxia and flow combined. These data suggest that, at an oxygen saturation point of around 25.0% or above, deformation contributes to ATP release from the RBC; however, beyond this saturation point, the ATP release is largely due to hypoxia.
The specificity of reactive synaptogenesis: A comparative study in the adult rat hippocampal formation

The CA1 region of the hippocampus in the mature rat is shown to possess the capacity to form new synapses following a lesion of either the commissural afferents, which removes 41% of the synaptic input to stratum radiatum, or commissural and associational afferents, which destroys 74% of the synaptic input. With both types of lesion, extensive reinnervation occurs without obvious changes in lamination of afferent fibers and without accompanying changes in the acetylcholinesterase-(AChE) staining pattern. This is in contrast to what is known to occur in the hippocampal dentate gyrus following an ipsilateral entorhinal lesion where afferent lamination is reordered and where AChE-staining intensifies. A comparison between the disparate patterns of reinnervation in these closely related structures affords the opportunity to examine some of the specific factors that may regulate synaptic readjustments in brain.
Insertional mutagenesis in zebrafish.

Insertional mutagenesis is a method for identifying genes essential for a given biological process by using the integration of DNA as the mutagen, thereby facilitating the cloning of the mutated gene. The use of retrovirus-mediated insertional mutagenesis in zebrafish has led to the mutation and rapid identification of hundreds of genes required for embryonic development and cell viability and growth, revealing the diversity of gene products required for the development of this vertebrate. Here, I will review the methodology of this approach and the results to date, as well as other potential ways to use insertional mutagenesis for genetic screens.
Implementation of randomize-then-combine constructed hash function

Hash functions, such as SHA (secure hash algorithm) and MD (message digest) families that are built upon Merkle-Damgard construction, suffer many attacks due to the iterative nature of block-by-block message processing. Chum and Zhang [4] proposed a new hash function construction that takes advantage of the randomize-then-combine technique, which was used in the incremental hash functions, to the iterative hash function. In this paper, we implement such hash construction in three ways distinguished by their corresponding padding methods. We conduct the experiment in parallel multi-threaded programming settings. The results show that the speed of proposed hash function is no worse than SHA1.
Influence of Prior Antiretroviral Experience on Adherence and Responses to New Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Regimens

ABSTRACT The impact of prior antiretroviral experience on adherence and clinical outcomes in patients initiating a new highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen is not well defined. We p...
The relationship between plate velocity and trench viscosity in Newtonian and power‐law subduction calculations

The relationship between oceanic trench viscosity and oceanic plate velocity is studied using a Newtonian rheology by varying the viscosity at the trench. The plate velocity is a function of the trench viscosity for fixed Rayleigh number and plate/slab viscosity. Slab velocities for non-Newtonian rheology calculations are significantly different from slab velocities from Newtonian rheology calculations at the same effective Rayleigh number. Both models give reasonable strain rates for the slab when compared with estimates of seismic strain rate. Non-Newtonian rheology eliminates the need for imposed weak zones and provides a self-consistent fluid dynamical mechanism for subduction in numerical convection models.
851 RIBOFLAVIN-RESPONSIVE (RR) MULTIPLE ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENATION DISORDERS (MAD)

RR inborn errors of fatty acid metabolism have been recently identified (Ped. Res. 16, 801 (1982); J. Peds. 103, 394 (1983). Fibroblasts from the first patient described with a clinically RR mild MAD variant oxidized [1-14C]octanoate (OCT) at 35% of control after culture for 2 weeks in R-free MEM but at 75% of control after culture in 2 mg/L R. This patient's cells oxidized [1-14C]butyrate (BUT) at 19% of control after culture in R-free MEM and at 72% of control after culture in 2 mg/L R. Assay of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and electron-transferring flavoprotein in this patient's R-supplemented and -depleted cells and mitochondria have not yet distinguished between FAD-synthesis/transport or FAD-apoenzyme binding defects. Mitochondrial 14C-FAD content was normal after culture of this patient's cells in 8nM 14C-R for 24 hours, similar to Dr. E. Christensen's results in cell homogenates (personal communication). Further studies on this RR-MAD patient are in progress. In other experiments, cells from 2 patients with severe MAD variants (Clin. Chim. Acta 66,227 (1976); Helv. Fed. Acta 38,9 (1983)) were also RR in vitro, oxidizing BUT and OCT at 4% and 23% of control, respectively, after culture in R-free MEM and at 16% and 38% of control after culture in 2mg/L R. Since all MAD lines studied here are RR in vitro, careful trials of R supplementation in vivo are justified in suspected MAD patients.
Solar simulator air mass zero calibration method

A method of AM0 solar simulator calibration is demonstrated that does not rely on balloon or similar solar cell reference standards [5]. This work presents the development of a new tool for calibrating a solar simulator and measuring solar cell performance using a real-time diode array spectroradiometer calibrated with an absolute irradiance standard, the ASTM-E-490 solar spectrum, and spectral response curves. An in-house developed software application acquires data, convolves the measured simulator spectrum with the spectral response curves in two wavelength bands, and reports measurement and calculation results allowing solar simulator irradiance adjustment for AM0 matching. Various calibration scenarios will be reported, with comparisons between primary and secondary calibration standards, and the spectroradiometric calibration.
Social Behavior in a Team of Autonomous Sensors

Probabilities of physical attack are often determined by various environmental factors. As the environment changes, the probability of attack associated with an area changes. In such dynamic environments, autonomous sensors are potentially useful to optimally cover regions that have high probabilities of attack. We present results from agent-based simulations, in which autonomous sensors "forage" a space to find areas with high attack probabilities. Simple heuristics often resulted in optimal coverage of the attack regions, without a centralized control. By varying how quickly sensors respond to a threat, we can encourage some sensors to cover some areas, and others to hang back and defend different areas, allowing them to distribute optimally as a team. The idea of making team members hang back may seem counterintuitive. In fact, people often converge all at once to respond to an immediate threat. Our results show that it is useful to have some agents remain behind, in case the environment changes.
Ethane ocean on Titan

It is proposed that Saturn's satellite Titan is covered by an ocean one to several kilometers deep consisting mainly of ethane. If the ocean is in thermodynamic equilibrium with an atmosphere of 3 percent (mole fraction) methane, then its composition is roughly 70 percent ethane, 25 percent methane, and 5 percent nitrogen. Photochemical models predict that ethane is the dominant end product of methane photolysis so that the evolving ocean is both the source and sink for continuing photolysis. The coexisting atmosphere is compatible with Voyager data.
Dependence of equilibrium stacking fault width in fcc metals on the γ-surface

A phase field dislocation dynamics model that can model widely extended dislocations is presented. Through application of this model, we investigate the dependence of equilibrium stacking fault width (SFW) on the material γ-surface in fcc metals. This phase field model includes a direct energetic dependence on a parametrization of the entire γ-surface, which is directly informed by density functional theory. A wide range of materials are investigated and include both very low stacking fault energy (SFE) materials, such as silver, and high SFE materials, such as palladium. Additionally, analysis shows that by accounting for the unstable stacking fault energy, γU, we can better describe the material dependence of the equilibrium SFW rather than using only the intrinsic SFE, γI. Specifically, we see a direct dependence of the stable SFW between partial dislocations on the energy difference (γU − γI), which describes the energy barrier that partial dislocations must overcome in order to widen the stacking fault.