cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered neuropeptide processing in prefrontal cortex of Cpefat/fat mice: implications for neuropeptide discovery

The biosynthesis of most neuropeptides and peptide hormones requires a carboxypeptidase such as carboxypeptidase E, which is inactive in Cpefat/fat mice due to a naturally occurring point mutation. To assess the role of carboxypeptidase E in the processing of peptides in the prefrontal cortex, we used a quantitative peptidomics approach to examine the relative levels of peptides in Cpefat/fat versus wild-type mice. Peptides representing internal fragments of prohormones and other secretory pathway proteins were decreased two- to 10-fold in the Cpefat/fat mouse prefrontal cortex compared with wild-type tissue. Degradation fragments of cytosolic proteins showed no major differences between Cpefat/fat and wild-type mice. Based on this observation, a search strategy for neuropeptides was performed by screening for peptides that decreased in the Cpefat/fat mouse. Altogether, 32 peptides were identified, of which seven have not been previously reported. The novel peptides include fragments of VGF, procholecystokinin and prohormone convertase 2. Interestingly, several of the peptides do not fit with the consensus sites for prohormone convertase 1 and 2, raising the possibility that another endopeptidase is involved with their biosynthesis. Taken together, these findings support the proposal that carboxypeptidase E is the major, but not the only, peptide-processing carboxypeptidase and also demonstrate the feasibility of searching for novel peptides based on their decrease in Cpefat/fat mice.
SUPPORTING ELICITATION AND SPECIFICATION OF SOFTWARE PROPERTIES THROUGH PATTERNS AND COMPOSITE PROPOSITIONS

Prospec is a tool that assists practitioners in the elicitation and specification of system properties. Practitioners are guided by questions, definitions, and graphics. Prospec introduces the use of composite propositions to identify intended behavior when multiple conditions or events are considered. Multiple conditions or events may represent behavior such as sequences, concurrency, and non-determinism and may define the boundaries of scopes or type of patterns. Prospec is built upon the Specification Pattern System. The tool assists the analyst in making informed decisions about aspects of a specification that may have multiple interpretations. The end product of the tool is a formal specification in Future Interval Logic, Linear Temporal Logic, or Meta Event Definition Language.
Tranexamic Acid as Replacement Antifibrinolytic for Aprotinin – An Efficacy and Safety Study

Purpose Aprotinin was the primary anti-fibrinolytic agent used in high risk cardiac surgical procedures including cardiac transplantation, however, was known to increase the risk of death, cardiac, neurologic and renal complications. At the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Tranexamic Acid (TA)was substituted for Aprotinin. The primary goal of this study is to determine whether the replacement antifibrinolyrtic, TA is associated with less post-operative bleeding and complications compared to Aprotinin. Methods and Materials We have reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent orthoptic heart transplantation from June 2006 to December 2010. The following data were collected: (1) pre-operative data: age, gender, ASA status, medications, laboratory test results, coagulopathy and past medical history; (2) intra-operative data: cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross clamp time, warm ischemic time, use of red blood cells on pump, post bypass blood and product transfusion, (3) post-operative data: chest tube drainage in the first 24 hours post-operatively, blood products transfusion requirement, surgical re-explorations, short-term patient survival and cardiac, neurological and renal morbidity. The data is analyzed by Stata 12/IC software. Results A total of 159 patient’s data were reviewed. Sixty eight patients received aprotinin and the rest (n=91) received TA. Groups were smiliar with regards to age, sex and preoperative medications. Chest tube bleeding in the first 24 hours was 1692 + 1958 cc compared to TA group (1433 + 1440 cc). P-value 0.439. Aprotinin group received 2.98 + 4.85 units of red cells compared to 1.79 + 3.18 red cells in TA group (P=0.133). No significant difference in red cell, fresh frozen plasma and platelet transfusion was identified in both the groups.No difference in the incidence of renal, neurologic and 30 day mortality was found between the two groups. Conclusions In conclusion, TA is as effective as Aprotinin and safe to use as antifibrinolytic in patients undergoing heart transplantation.
BIBP3226 inhibits neuropeptide Y and pancreatic polypeptide potentiated neurogenic vasoconstriction.

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) potentiates the contractile response of the rat caudal artery to adrenergic nerve stimulation in-vitro . The NPY Y 1 selective antagonist BIBP3226 ((R)-N 2 -(diphenylacetyl)-N-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-argininamide), inhibited the vascular effects of NPY in rat caudal artery preparations in-vitro (IC 50 = 126 nM). BIBP3226 also inhibited the effects of the selective Y 1 agonist [Leu 31 ,Pro 34 ]NPY and completely abolished the effects of avian pancreatic polypeptide that was shown to be capable of potentiating neurogenic vasoconstriction in this preparation. These effects were reversible and are most likely mediated by the Y 1 receptor subtype since we failed to observe any functional evidence of a Y 2 receptor subtype in rat caudal artery. The caudal artery provides a useful functional assay for pharmacological analysis of NPY and NPY antagonists.
Novel actions of angiotensin II via its renal type-2 (AT(2)) receptor.

The vast majority of the biologic effects of angiotensin II have been considered to be mediated by the subtype-1 (AT1) receptor. The AT2 receptor is expressed to a low degree in most adult cells and tissues, and its function has not been understood. Recent studies, however, have identified novel actions of angiotensin II mediated by the AT2 receptor in the kidney. These AT2 receptor actions have importance in the control of blood pressure and hypertension. The AT2 receptor mediates a renal vasodilator cascade, including generation of bradykinin, nitric oxide, and cyclic GMP. This action of angiotensin II occurs when the renin-angiotensin system is activated, as in sodium depletion. The AT2 receptor also appears to mediate prostaglandin (PG) Fα formation, probably by stimulating conversion of PGE2 to PGFα. The AT2 receptor plays a counter-regulatory vasodilator role opposing the vasoconstrictor actions of angiotensin II. The AT1 and AT2 receptors engage in inter-receptor “cross-talk.” In the absence of the AT2 receptor, sustained angiotensin II pressor and antinatriuretic hypersensitivity occurs, mediated by a deficiency of bradykinin, nitric oxide, and cyclic GMP. The AT2 receptor may play an important role in stimulating pressure natriuresis, but definitive studies are required to resolve this issue. The AT2 receptor mediates several renal actions of angiotensin II, appears to be important in the physiologic regulation of blood pressure, and may be involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension.
The tyranny of gendered spaces – reflections from beyond the gender dichotomy

This article argues critically that the consequences of a binary system of gender norms is experienced as a kind of gender tyranny both for those who transgress gender in their daily lives, but also for those whose lives are lived within such constraints. Feminist geographers and urban theorists have argued that space is gendered and that gendering has profound consequences for women. This article extends this analysis and shows how rigid categorizations of gender fail to include the intersexed and transgendered populations, a small and highly marginalized segment of the wider population. This article uses autoethnographic methods to illustrate the ways that those who transgress gender norms experience a tyranny of gender that shapes nearly every aspect of their public and private lives. The nature of these consequences is explored using citations from the transgender and queer literature as well as the lived experience of this tyranny by the author in a continuum of public to private spaces, including: p...
Partial and total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal and distillers' by-products in diets for pond culture of the freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of partially or completely replacing fish meal with soybean meal and distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for pond-raised freshwater prawns. Juvenile prawns averaging 0.51±0.27 g were stocked into nine 0.02-ha earthen ponds at 39,520/ha. Three isonitrogenous diets (32% crude protein) containing 15, 7.5 or 0% fish meal were fed to prawns in triplicate ponds. A variable percentage of soybean meal and a fixed percentage (40%) of DDGS replaced fish meal. Average yield, survival, individual weight, and feed conversion did not differ significantly ( P n -6, and 20:1 n -9, and decreased concentrations of 14:0, 16:1 n -7, 18:1 n -9, 18:3 n -3, 20:4 n -6, 20:5 n -3, 22:5 n -3 and 22:6 n -3. Results indicate that fish meal can be partially or totally replaced with soybean meal and distillers' by-products in diets for pond production of freshwater prawns in temperate areas.
Adhesion prevention with ancrod released via a tissue-adherent hydrogel

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of ancrod, a fibrinogenolytic protease from Malayan pit viper venom, locally delivered through a photopolymerized biodegradable hydrogel in preventing postoperative adhesions. The experimental model involved ischemic and serosal injury to the uterine horns of rats with measurement of adhesions 7 days after injury. Ancrod was delivered intravenously for 5 days preoperatively through 3 days postoperatively, intraperitoneally for 5 days preoperatively, intraperitoneally for 3 days postoperatively, and locally via the hydrogel formed upon the uterine horns by photopolymerization of an aqueous precursor solution. Systemic defibrinogenation by intravenous administration pre-through postoperatively reduced the extent of adhesions by 63% without dose sensitivity from 5 to 20 units/kg/day. Preoperative defibrinogenation by intraperitoneal administration reduced adhesion extent by up to 57%, while postoperative administration was more effective, reducing adhesions by up to 84% with a dose-dependent response from 5 to 20 units/kg/day. Administration of ancrod by local release from a tissue-adherent hydrogel was more effective than either the hydrogel alone or the same amount of ancrod administered by postoperative intraperitoneal injection. Adhesions were reduced by 82% at a local dose of 10 units/kg, compared to a reduction of 68% due to the barrier properties of the gel alone (P < 0.01) and of 19% due to the same amount of drug given at the time of surgery (P < 0.001). Local delivery of ancrod from a tissue-adherent hydrogel barrier thus provided an efficacious prevention to postoperative adhesions while permitting administration of a low total dose of the protease.
Galanin immunoreactivity in the primate central nervous system.

Galanin-immunoreactive profiles were localized within the monkey and human central nervous system. In the monkey telencephalon, galanin-immunoreactive perikarya were seen within the anterior olfactory nucleus, basal forebrain, endopiriform nucleus, hippocampus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The caudate nucleus and putamen contained galanin-immunoreactive perikarya whereas the nucleus accumbens displayed only galanin-immunoreactive fibers. In the diencephalon, galanin-immunoreactive profiles were seen within the medial preoptic area, periventricular, suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, and arcuate nuclei as well as the lateral hypothalamic area. Within the thalamus, only galanin-immunoreactive fibers were seen within the midline paraventricular, reuniens, and rhomboid nuclei. In the mesencephalon, scattered galanin-immunoreactive fibers were seen in the periaquaductal gray, ventral tegmental area, and midbrain reticular formation. In the metencephalon, galanin-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the medial vestibular nucleus and nucleus prepositus. In the myelencephalon, galanin-immunoreactive perikarya were seen within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and hypoglossal nucleus. Dense collections of galanin-immunoreactive fibers were found in the spinal descending tract of V, nucleus of the tractus solitarius, and dorsal motor nucleus of X. Galanin immunoreactivity was also observed within all circumventricular organs. Spinal anterior horn neurons expressed galanin immunoreactivity, and immunopositive fibers were seen within the tract of Lissauer and the substantia gelatinosa. Although the distribution of galanin immunoreactivity was generally similar between monkeys and humans, there were a few striking exceptions. The human supraoptic nucleus contained galanin-immunoreactive neurons, whereas the monkey supraoptic nucleus displayed only immunopositive fibers. Similarly, galanin-immunoreactive perikarya and fibers were seen in the human locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus, whereas in monkeys these regions contained only fibers. These data demonstrate a widespread distribution of galanin-containing profiles in primates, suggesting that galanin may modulate cognitive, sensory, motor, and autonomic processes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enamel Dissolution by Various Food Acidulants in a Sorbitol Candy

The carboxylic acids used as food acidulants were evaluated for their effect on enamel dissolution in vitro. In water, the potential of the food acids to demineralize enamel was directly proportional to their acidity. However, in a sorbitol candy, the amount of enamel dissolution was correlated with the potential of the acids to chelate calcium.
The round robin site assessment method: A new approach to wind energy site assessment

Abstract Portability is one of the many potential advantages of utilizing ground-based measurement devices such as SODARs and LIDARs instead of meteorological towers for wind resource assessment. This paper investigates the use of a monitoring strategy that leverages the portability of ground-based devices, dubbed the “round robin site assessment method.” The premise is to measure the wind resource at multiple sites in a single year using a single portable device, but to discontinuously distribute the measurement time at each site over the whole year, so that the total measurement period comprises smaller segments of measured data. This measured data set is then utilized in the measure-correlate-predict (MCP) process to predict the long-term wind resource at the site. This method aims to increase the number of sites assessed in a single year, without the sacrifice in accuracy and precision that usually accompanies shorter measurement periods. The performance of the round robin site assessment method was compared to the standard method, in which the measured data are continuous. The results demonstrate that the round robin site assessment method is an effective monitoring strategy that improves the accuracy and reduces the uncertainty of MCP predictions for measurement periods less than 1 year. In fact, the round robin site assessment method compares favorably to the accuracy and uncertainty of a full year of resource assessment. While there are some tradeoffs to be made by using the round robin site assessment method, it is potentially a very useful strategy for wind resource assessment.
Synergistic Physician and Patient Behavioral Interventions as Management Strategy for Effective Population-Based Hypertension Control

Svetkey LP, Pollak KI, Yancy WS Jr., et al.: HypertensionImprovement Project: randomized trial of quality improve-ment for physicians and lifestyle modification for patients.Hypertension 2009, 54:1226–1233.Rating†Of importance.IntroductionEffective hypertension management is still a clinicalchallenge. The prevalence of hypertension continues torise in the western world, despite awareness of its seriouscardiovascular consequences [1]. Adequate blood pressure(BP) control is of clear public health importance, butrecent reports indicate that as many as two thirds of thosebeing treated for hypertension in the United States donot have BP under proper control [2]. To address thisimportant public health issue, a large study evaluating theefficacy of a nonconventional, two-level (patient andphysician) management strategy for hypertension man-agement was timely.AimsUsing a large, prospective, and randomized community-based trial, the Hypertension Improvement Project (HIP)recently reported their findings on the comparative effec-tiveness of 1) physician intervention, 2) patient interven-tion, or 3) the combination of such interventions [3].MethodsPublished in the journal Hypertension in November 2009,the HIP study demonstrated differences in BP-loweringeffects between patient intervention, physician intervention,and combined interventions. The patient-intervention strategyconsisted of 20 weekly group sessions over 6 months,conducted by experienced behavioral personnel. The focusof the intervention was the use of motivational interviewingtechniques to assist patients toward weight loss if overweight,to increase awareness of dietary approaches to controlling BP(with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH]dietary pattern [4]), to increase moderate-to-vigorous physicalactivity, and to reduce sodium intake and moderate alcoholintake. Additionally, the patient intervention aimed toencourage adherence to the antihypertensive medicationregimen. In short, this patient-intervention regimen wasdesigned to “promote frequent self-monitoring, feedback,goal setting, and social support and used motivationalinterviewing techniques” [3].The physician intervention strategy consisted of twotraining modules for the clinicians: one addressed theSeventh Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detec-tion, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure(JNC-7) guidelines [5], and the second addressed lifestylemodification for BP control. Additionally, each physician in
Gene expression profiles of mouse aorta and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells differ widely, yet show common responses to dioxin exposure.

Exposure to environmental toxicants may play a role in the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease. Many environmental agents, such as dioxin, are risk factors for atherosclerosis because they may exacerbate an underlying disease by altering gene expression patterns. Expression profiling of vascular tissues allows the simutaneous analysis of thousands of genes and may provide predictive information particularly useful in early disease stages. Often, however, in vivo experiments are unfeasible for material or ethical reasons, and data from cultured cells must be used instead, even though it may not be known whether cultured cells and live tissues share common global responses to the same toxicant. In a search for gene responsive to dioxin exposure, we used oligonucleotide microarrays with DNA sequences from 13,433 genes to compare global gene expression profiles of C57BL/6 mice aortas with cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of the same mice. Aorta segments and vSMCs differed in the expression of more than 4500 genes, many showing expression differences greater than 1000-fold. Integration of microarray data into Gene Ontology Project annotations showed that many of the genes differentially expressed belonged to the same biological process or metabolic pathway. Notwithstanding these results, a subset of 35 genes responded in the same fashion to dioxin exposure in both systems. Genes in this subset encoded phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes, signal transduction kinases and phosphatases, and proteins involved in DNA repair and the cell cycle. We conclude that vSMCS may be useful aorta surrogates to study early gene expression responses to dioxin exposure, provided that analyses focus on this subset of genes.
Dissent in the Baltic republics: Characteristics and consequences

(1979). Dissent in the Baltic republics: Characteristics and consequences. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 309-319.
Numerical study of the onset of chaos in coupled resonators

A linear decrease in the 'second laser threshold' is found when two lasers are optically coupled in the bad cavity limit. The coupled lasers are modeled as on-resonance, single mode, homogeneously broadened lasers. In-phase coupling does not cause lasers operating in the good cavity limit to operate chaotically and may make such lasers more stable. The authors observed that out-of-phase coupling of lasers in the good cavity limit can lead to self-pulsing and limit cycles.
A damaged evolution model for strain fatigue of ductile metals

This paper, based on Lemaitre's potential of dissipation, derives a damaged evolution model for strain fatigue of ductile metals. Then the equation of fatigue-life prediction and the criterion of cumulative fatigue damage are deduced. Experiments for steel were conducted and the experiment data agreed with the model excellently. Thus the model can predict the damaged evolution during the strain fatigue process.
The effect of environment on grain boundary internal friction in an Al5% Mg alloy

Abstract We have found that the grain boundary damping peak shifts (in temperature) as the environment is changed from ‘vacuum’ to air. The shift is reversible, i.e., peak in vacuum can be restored to the peak in air by annealing in air, and vice versa. Also the activation energy associated with the damping peak was found to be lower in air than in vacuum. Our explanation is that internal oxidation of a solute impurity into second phase particles produces the shift in the internal friction peak, because particles influence the sliding resistance of the boundary. Tentative thermodynamic calculations indicate that internal oxidation of copper may have caused this effect in the present alloy.
Bilateral giant retinal tears in a pediatric patient with leukemia inhibitory factor receptor deficiency (Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome).

PURPOSE To describe a case of retinal detachment in a patient with Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome. METHODS This report is a retrospective observational case report. The patient's demographics include age, gender, and race, as well as visual acuity, ophthalmic examination, and surgical intervention were extracted from the medical record. For immunohistochemistry studies, a sample of normal human retina from an enucleated specimen was obtained from the Pathology laboratory. A leukemia inhibitory factor receptor/CD118 antibody was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. RESULTS A 13-year-old Hispanic boy with known history of Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome (confirmed by genetic testing) presented with bilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachments secondary to bilateral giant retinal tears. He underwent multiple surgical repairs in both eyes, resulting in successful reattachment in the right eye and an intractable closed funnel detachment in the left eye. CONCLUSION This is the first case of vitreoretinal pathology reported in Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome. Using immunohistochemistry staining, the authors found ubiquitous expression of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor protein in the normal human retina. They hypothesize that leukemia inhibitory factor receptor mutation may cause intrinsic weakness of the neurosensory retina predisposing it to injury.
An attitudinal evaluation of hospitals: A determinant attribute and market segmentation study

There has been increasing interest in the application of marketing knowledge to non-traditional fields of endeavour. This paper outlines how the determinant attribute approach to attitude measurement can be used as the basis for segmenting a hospital's market of potential patients. Based on a telephone survey of a stratified random sample of potential patients several distinct market segments were found. The conclusion was drawn that if maximum patient satisfaction was desired it would be necessary to have various types of hospitals in any given geographical area.
Cannabinoid and cannabinoid-like receptors in microglia, astrocytes, and astrocytomas

CB1 and CB2 receptors are activated by a plethora of cannabinoid compounds, be they endogenously-produced, plant-derived or synthetic. These receptors are expressed by microglia, astrocytes and astrocytomas, and their activation regulates these cells' differentiation, functions and viability. Recent studies show that glial cells also express cannabinoid-like receptors, and that their activation regulates different cell functions, but also control cell viability. This review summarizes this evidence, and discusses how selective compounds targeting cannabinoid-like receptors constitute promising therapeutics to manage neuroinflammation and eradicate malignant astrocytomas. Importantly, the selective targeting of cannabinoid-like receptors should provide therapeutic relieve without inducing the typical psychotropic effects and possible addictive properties associated with the use of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychotropic ingredient produced by the plant Cannabis sativa.
Variation in the HLA-G Promoter Region Influences Miscarriage Rates

The HLA-G gene is primarily expressed in placental cells that invade the maternal decidua during pregnancy. This gene encodes multiple isoforms that fulfill a variety of functions at the maternal-fetal interface throughout gestation. Recently, a null allele for the most abundant HLA-G isoform was associated with recurrent miscarriage in two independent studies, suggesting that reduced levels of the HLA-G1 protein may compromise successful pregnancy. We initiated the present study to determine whether other polymorphisms that could affect expression levels of HLA-G were associated with fetal loss in women participating in a 15-year prospective study of pregnancy outcome. We genotyped these subjects for 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 1,300 bp upstream of exon 1, 13 of which were identified as part of this study, as well as for an insertion/deletion (in/del) polymorphism in the 3′ untranslated region. The 18 SNPs defined eight unique haplotypes. One polymorphism, −725C/G, was associated with fetal loss, with an increased risk for miscarriage in couples in which both partners carried the −725G allele, compared with couples not carrying this allele (odds ratio 2.76, 95% confidence interval 1.08–7.09; P=.035). Further, the G at nucleotide −725 creates a CpG dinucleotide, and we demonstrate that this CpG site is methylated on −725G alleles. Overall, this study identified extraordinary levels of variation in the 5′-upstream regulatory region of HLA-G and provides evidence for an association between a promoter-region SNP and fetal loss rates, further attesting to the novel features and critical role of this gene in pregnancy.
Phylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora species based on ribosomal ITS I DNA sequence analysis with emphasis on Waterhouse groups V and VI

Phylogenetic relationships among Phytophthora species were investigated by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region I of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit. The extensive collection of isolates included taxa from all six morphological groups recognized by Waterhouse (1963) including molecular groups previously identified using isozymes and mtDNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Similar to previous studies, the inferred relationships indicated that molecular groups of P. cryptogea}drechslerilike and P. megasperma-like taxa are polyphyletic. Morphological groups V and VI, which are dierentiated by the presence of amphigynous or paragynous antheridia, are not monophyletic: species of the two groups are interspersed in the tree. Species with papillate and semi-papillate sporangia (groups I‐IV) clustered together and this cluster was distinct from those of species with nonpapillate sporangia. There was no congruence between the mode of antheridial attachment, sporangial caducity, or homo- or heterothallic habit and the molecular grouping of the species. Our study provides evidence that the antheridial position together with homo- or heterothallic habit does not reflect phylogenetic relationships within Phytophthora. Consequently, confirming studies done previously (Cooke & Duncan 1997), this study provides evidence that the morphological characters used in Phytophthora taxonomy are of limited value for deducing phylogenetic relationships, because they exhibit convergent evolution.
Birkhoff periodic orbits for twist maps with the graph intersection property

In this paper we show that Birkhoff periodic orbits actually exist for arbitrary monotone twist maps satisfying the graph intersection property.
Hip Strength in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes is Associated With Age at Onset of Diabetes

We investigated the association of age at onset of type 1 diabetes with areal bone mineral density (aBMD), estimates of bone strength, and outer diameter. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), aBMD, axial strength (cross-sectional area [CSA]), bending strength (section modulus [SM]), and outer diameter at the narrow neck, intertrochanter, and shaft of the proximal femur were determined for 60 adults. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine if the DXA-based measures of bone were related to age at onset and if this relationship differed by gender. Age at onset, gender, and the interaction of age at onset by gender were included in the ANCOVA models along with current age, duration, height, lean soft tissue mass, and hemoglobin A1c as covariates. In the adjusted models with CSA, SM, or outer diameter as the dependent variable, age at onset (p<0.01) and gender (p<0.0001) were significant with no interaction. For shaft aBMD, there was a significant age at onset by gender interaction (p=0.0285), where an earlier onset was associated with lower aBMD in the femoral shaft of females but not males. The findings suggest that an earlier onset of type 1 diabetes is associated with lower measures of bone strength and outer diameter.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF VOID GROWTH NEAR A BLUNTING CRACK TIP

Abstract Large deformation finite element analysis has been used to study the near crack tip growth of long cylindrical holes aligned parallel to the plane of a mode I plane strain crack. The near crack tip stress and deformation fields are analyzed. The results show that the holes are pulled towards the crack tip and change their shape to approximately elliptical with the major axis radial to the crack. They also grow faster directly ahead of the crack than at an angle to the crack plane. Several crack-hole coalescence criteria are discussed and estimates for the conditions for fracture initiation are given and compared with experimental results. The range of estimates now available from finite element calculations coincides quite well with the range of experimental data for materials containing inclusions which are only loosely bonded to the matrix.
Pf1, a Novel PHD Zinc Finger Protein That Links the TLE Corepressor to the mSin3A-Histone Deacetylase Complex

The mSin3A-histone deacetylase corepressor is a multiprotein complex that is recruited by DNA binding transcriptional repressors. Sin3 has four paired amphipathic alpha helices (PAH1 to -4) that are protein-protein interaction motifs and is the scaffold upon which the complex assembles. We identified a novel mSin3A-interacting protein that has two plant homeodomain (PHD) zinc fingers we term Pf1, for PHD factor one. Pf1 associates with mSin3A in vivo and recruits the mSin3A complex to repress transcription when fused to the DNA binding domain of Gal4. Pf1 interacts with Sin3 through two independent Sin3 interaction domains (SIDs), Pf1SID1 and Pf1SID2. Pf1SID1 binds PAH2, while Pf1SID2 binds PAH1. Pf1SID1 has sequence and structural similarity to the well-characterized 13-amino-acid SID of the Mad bHLHZip repressor. Pf1SID2 does not have sequence similarity with either Mad SID or Pf1SID1 and therefore represents a novel Sin3 binding domain. Mutations in a minimal fragment of Pf1 that encompasses Pf1SID1 inhibited mSin3A binding yet only slightly impaired repression when targeted to DNA, implying that Pf1 might interact with other corepressors. We show that Pf1 interacts with a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila Groucho corepressor, transducin-like enhancer (TLE). Pf1 binds TLE in an mSin3A-independent manner and recruits functional TLE complexes to repress transcription. These findings suggest that Pf1 may serve to bridge two global transcription networks, mSin3A and TLE.
Physiological studies on pea tendrils. V. Membrane changes and water movement associated with contact coiling.

The coiling of excised pea tendrils in response to mechanical stimulation is accompanied by an increased efflux from their cut bases of electrolytes and label from previously absorbed (14)C-acetate and (14)C-sucrose. The major excreted cation is H(+); H(+) loss is potentiated by pretreatment with benzoic acid, which also leaves the tendrils during coiling.Label from previously absorbed tritiated water is excreted during coiling, mainly from the ventral side of the tendril, which contracts in the initial phase of coiling. Such label does not pass from the ventral to the dorsal side. Similarities between this and other rapidly moving systems in plants are surveyed and a hypothesis to explain turgor movements is advanced.
Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life

The concept of indexical order is introduced, necessary to any empirical investigation of the inherently dialectical facts of indexicality. Indexical order is central to analyzing how semiotic agents access macro-sociological plane categories and concepts as values in the indexable realm of the micro-contextual. Through such access their relational identities are presupposed and creatively (trans)formed in interaction. We work through several classic examples of indexicality well-known in the literature of sociolinguistics, the clarification of which can be enhanced by using the concept of indexical order, viz., ‘T/V’ deference-indexicality, speech levels, indexically significant variation in phonetics informed by a standard phonological register. We conclude with an analysis of identity-commoditizing indexical overlays such as the American English register here dubbed ‘‘oinoglossia,’’ ‘wine talk’. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Redox potential characterization and soil greenhouse gas concentration across a hydrological gradient in a Gulf coast forest.

Soil redox potential (Eh), concentrations of oxygen (O2) and three greenhouse gases (CO2 ,C H 4, and N2O) were measured in the soil profile of a coastal forest at ridge, transition, and swamp across a hydrological gradient. The results delineated a distinct boundary in soil Eh and O2 concentration between the ridge and swamp with essentially no overlap between the two locations. Critical soil Eh to initiate significant CH4 production under this field conditions was about +300 mV, much higher than in the homogenous soils (about � 150 mV). The strength of CH4 source to the atmosphere was strong for the swamp, minor for the transition, and negligible or even negative (consumption) for the ridge. Maximum N2O concentration in the soils was found at about Eh +250 mV, and the soil N2O emission was estimated to account for less than 4% for the ridge and transition, and almost negligible for the swamp in the cumulative global warming potential (GWP) of these three gases. The dynamic nature of this study site in response to water table fluctuations across a hydrological gradient makes it an ideal model of impact of future sea level rise to coastal ecosystems. Soil carbon (C) sequestration potential due to increasing soil water content upon sea level rise and subsidence in this coastal forest was likely limited and temporal, and at the expense of increasing soil CH4 production and emission. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
On the Semivalues and the Least Square Values Average Per Capita Formulas and Relationships

In this paper, it is shown that both the Semivalues and the Least Square Values of cooperative transferable utilities games can be expressed in terms of n2 averages of values of the characteristic function of the game, by means of what we call the Average per capita formulas. Moreover, like the case of the Shapley value earlier considered, the terms of the formulas can be computed in parallel, and an algorithm is derived. From these results, it follows that each of the two values mentioned above are Shapley values of games easily obtained from the given game, and this fact gives another computational opportunity, as soon as the computation of the Shapley value is efficiently done.
Evidence for Pre- to Postsynaptic Mismatch of the Cardiac Sympathetic Nervous System in Ischemic Congestive Heart Failure

Pre- and postsynaptic cardiac sympathetic function is altered in ischemic congestive heart failure (CHF). Whether there is a presynaptic-to-postsynaptic mismatch or whether mismatch is related to adverse cardiac events is unknown. Methods: In 13 patients with ischemic CHF and 25 aged-matched healthy volunteers, presynaptic function was measured by PET of 11 Cmeta-hydroxyephedrine ( 11 C-mHED), a norepinephrine (NE) analog.Postsynapticfunction, b-adrenergicreceptor(BAR)density (B9max), was measured by imaging 11 C-CGP12177. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured by imaging 15 O-water. Each heart was analyzed both globally and regionally, excluding infarcted regions, and a mismatch score, defined as the ratio of B9 to NE uptake (PSnt), was used to indicate mismatch of post- and presynaptic function. Results: Global and regional MBF was not different between CHF and healthy subjects. The global measure of PSnt was lower in CHF (0.32 6 0.34) than that in healthy subjects (0.81 6 0.33, P , 0.0001) and in all 12 regions. Global B9tended to be lower in CHF than that in healthy subjects (10.0 66.4 pmol/mL vs. 13.4 64.2,P 50.056)and in all 12 regions. The global mismatch score (B9max:PSnt) in CHF patients was significantly greater than that in healthy subjects (50.3 6 50.7 vs. 19.3 6 9.7, P 5 0.005) and also greater in 11 of 12 regions. After 1.5 y of follow-up, 4 individuals had an adverse outcome (CHF death, new or recurrent sudden death, or progressive CHF leading to transplantation). Three of the 4 had mismatch scores . 3 times that of the healthy subjects or the CHF patients without an adverse outcome. Conclusion: Mismatch between pre- and postsynaptic left ventricular sympathetic function is present in patients with severe CHF and may be more marked in those with adverse outcomes.
Cost Effectiveness of the Instrumentalism in Occupational Therapy (IOT) Conceptual Model as a Guide for Intervention with Adolescents with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders (EBD)

The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of using the Instrumentalism in Occupational Therapy (IOT) conceptual practice model as a guide for intervention to assist teenagers with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) transition successfully into adulthood. The cost effectiveness analysis was based on a project involving 15 teenagers treated by the first author and a colleague in a Day Treatment Center in a small town in northeast Pennsylvania. The analysis revealed that the cost of intervention per positive effect realized per teenager was US$162.88. Further research is indicated to determine how this effect translates into monetary benefits.
Non-Parametric Bayesian Dictionary Learning for Sparse Image Representations

Non-parametric Bayesian techniques are considered for learning dictionaries for sparse image representations, with applications in denoising, inpainting and compressive sensing (CS). The beta process is employed as a prior for learning the dictionary, and this non-parametric method naturally infers an appropriate dictionary size. The Dirichlet process and a probit stick-breaking process are also considered to exploit structure within an image. The proposed method can learn a sparse dictionary in situ; training images may be exploited if available, but they are not required. Further, the noise variance need not be known, and can be non-stationary. Another virtue of the proposed method is that sequential inference can be readily employed, thereby allowing scaling to large images. Several example results are presented, using both Gibbs and variational Bayesian inference, with comparisons to other state-of-the-art approaches.
Consumer voices: adoption of residential energy‐efficient practices

The purpose of this research is to identify constraining variables that may impinge on adopting energy-efficient practices, materials, equipment and technology in households. The intent is to uncover relationships of attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and other resource constraints to: (1) existing housing adaptations and adjustments for energy efficiency; and (2) more efficient use of energy in homes. A second objective is to identify existing practices used to reduce energy use and the adaptations made to the existing structure, materials, equipment and technology for energy efficiency as well as their intentions to make future adaptations. Constraint variables include knowledge of existing energy-efficient practices and technology; economic constraints (household income, cost as a problem, financial need and existing energy costs); obstacles to making changes (lack of information, assistance, time, cooperation, trained persons and the condition of home); and demographic variables (age, education level and urban/rural). Attitude and belief constraints include measures of felt responsibility for energy use-related actions that impact the natural resources and environment, and measures of concern. These constraints may impinge on or contribute to making energy-efficient changes in residential households. Questionnaires were mailed to a random stratified sample of 800 households in Nebraska (US state) in April and May of 2008, resulting in a 29% return rate. The analysis indicates that the research produced information about constraining factors that impact the existing energy-efficiency levels of households. The use of energy-efficient equipment and technology, and behaviour practices that reduce energy use are related to those barriers. However, residential energy use and behaviour change result from a range of psychological and contextual influences on behaviour. Behaviour is often inconsistent with attitudes because of the presence of various constraining factors that preclude consistency with behaviour. Educational programmes have a challenging task if they are to alter attitudes and norms to overcome situational constraints. It may be more fruitful to educate and to remove the constraints impinging on those who already have a positive attitude about the need to increase energy efficiency for whatever reason.
Particularism in health care: challenging the authority of the aggregate

In health care, particularism asserts the primacy of the individual case. Moral particularists, such as Jonsen and Toulmin, reject deduction from universal moral principles and instead seek warrants for action from the multiple sources unique to a given patient. Another kind of health care particularism, here referred to as the knowledge of particulars, is offered as a corrective to evidence-based medicine (EBM), its influence on health care practice and policy, and specifically to EBM's reliance on the aggregate. This paper describes the knowledge of particulars and identifies strategies for its legitimation in health care policy and practice. First, the paper documents the ascendancy of the aggregate through EBM's definition of 'what works' in health care. Second, it delineates the limits of health care knowledge based on the analysis of aggregates, not only for the care of individual patients but for the formulation of policies about patient care. Third, the paper analyses prominent rejections of the particular in contemporary health policy discourse and relates them to larger political purposes. Finally, it depicts the knowledge of particulars as the basis for clinical prudence and offers three potential strategies for promoting particularism as essential to high-quality care.
Climate Change and Cultural Survival in the Arctic: People of the Whales and Muktuk Politics

AbstractThis article explores the interface of climate change and society in a circumpolar context, particularly experienced among the Inupiaq people (Inupiat) of Arctic Alaska. The Inupiat call themselves the “People of the Whales,” and their physical and spiritual survival is based on their cultural relationship with bowhead whales. Historically the broader indigenous identity, spawned through their activism, has served to connect disparate communities and helped revitalize cultural traditions. Indigenous Arctic organizations such as the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) and the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC) are currently building upon a strong success record of their past to confront the environmental problems of their future. Employing what the author calls muktuk politics—a culturally salient reference to the bowhead whale skin and the underlying blubber—the Inupiaq have revitalized their cultural identity by participating in international debates on climate change, whaling, and human righ...
Probabilistic analysis of some bin-packing problems

We analyze the average-case behaviour of the Next-Fit algorithm for bin-packing, and obtain closed-form expressions for distributions of interest. Our analysis is based on a novel technique of partitioning the interval (0, 1) suitably and then formulating the problem as a matrix-differential equation. We compare our analytic results with previously known simulation results and show that there is an excellent agreement between the two. We also explain a certain empirically observed anomaly in the behaviour of the algorithm. Finally we establish that asymptotically perfect packing is possible when input items are drawn from a monotonically decreasing density function.
Brief Report: Social Risk Factors Predict Cigarette Smoking Progression Among Adolescents with Asthma

Objective To compare smoking progression in adolescents with and without asthma and to compare their psychosocial risk factors. Methods Participants were 1,507 adolescents with asthma and 1,507 healthy matched controls from Waves I and II of the Add Health Project assessed at baseline and again 1 to 2 years later at follow-up. Three levels of smoking progression (defined as smoking more frequently and/or intensely over time) were identified: (a) Late Experimenters (never smokers at baseline, ever smokers at follow-up), (b) Early Experimenters (ever smokers at baseline, current/current frequent smokers at follow-up), and (c) Early Smokers (current smokers at baseline, current frequent smokers at follow-up). Results Twenty percent of adolescents experienced progression in their smoking behavior; those with and without asthma were equally likely to progress. Among adolescents who progressed, 37% were Late Experimenters, 42% were Early Experimenters, and 21% were Early Smokers. Exposure to friends who smoked was a consistent and powerful social risk factor for smoking progression among adolescents with asthma-more so than among adolescents without asthma. This effect was intensified among Late Experimenters by the presence of a positive history of parent smoking. Conclusions Findings underscore the importance of addressing cigarette smoking behavior and its social risk factors among adolescents with asthma in both clinical and public health contexts, during early adolescence, and through research on this topic.
Mixed nitrosyl/phosphinidene and nitrene/phosphinidene clusters of ruthenium

Reaction of the aminophosphinidene complex [Ru5(CO)15(μ4-PNPri2)] 1 with [PPN][NO2] (PPN = Ph3PNPPh3) led to the mixed nitrosyl/phosphinidene cluster complex [PPN][Ru5(CO)13(μ-NO)(μ4-PNPri2)] 2 which is transformed into the novel nitrene/phosphinidene cluster [Ru5(CO)10(μ-CO)2(μ3-CO)(μ4-NH)(μ3-PNPri2)] 3via treatment with triflic acid.