cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactive ion etching (RIE) control by optical emission endpoint detection in IR focal plane array production

The Microelectronics Manufacturing Science and Technology (MMST) program, a program mutually funded by ARPA, the U.S. Air Force, and Texas Instruments, was recently completed at TI and has had great impact on the fabrication of silicon-based devices. The MMST factory relied heavily on sensors to control processing and increase throughput and yield. It is our intent to utilize this MMST technology for infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) production. Aspects of our program to incorporate MMST technology into IRFPA production are discussed emphasizing the use of automated optical-emission-endpoint detection. Automated optical-emission-endpoint detection was successfully demonstrated on a RIE reactor. Optical emission was used to monitor as well as control our dielectric etch. The operation and application of optical emission endpoint detection for IRFPA fabrication are presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Colloids: a useful boundary.

Soft solids consisting of two bicontinuous, immiscible solvents separated by a tortuous membrane of small solid particles have been predicted as novel reaction media. Experimental demonstration of these materials is possible by careful treatment of the particles' surfaces.
Circadian rhythm of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus

This study was conducted to determine whether the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is characterized by circadian expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In constant darkness, SCN content of both BDNF mRNA and protein oscillated in a circadian fashion. BDNF mRNA and protein levels in the SCN reached peak values during the early subjective day and during the subjective night, respectively. In contrast, the hippocampus showed no sign of circadian rhythmicity in its expression of BDNF mRNA and protein. Since BDNF enhances synaptic transmission in other brain regions, the coincidence between peak expression of BDNF protein in the SCN and the known interval of circadian pacemaker sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light may have some implications for the role of BDNF in the circadian regulation of the SCN pacemaker by photic signals from the retinohypothalamic tract.
Surface Tension Propelled Microboats

The operation of autonomous, liquid-fueled microboats driven by surface tension effects has been demonstrated, including the possibility of controlled steering. Two types of microboat with surface area of 6 × 11 mm2 have been fabricated by a bulk micromachining process and powered by 0.5μl of isopropanol on top of a pool of water. The first microboat design uses a cellulose film to store liquid-fuel and has been able to operate for 10 minutes with a maximum cruising velocity of 7.5cm/sec. The second microboat design uses a direct fueling system by adding a fuel droplet directly and has been able to cruise for about 30 seconds with a maximum velocity of 15cm/sec. A first-order theoretical model was developed that captures the discharging trend of the liquid-fuel and the surface tension effects. Numerical techniques were employed to find out the velocity profile of the microboat and compared with experimental results. Moreover, an onboard steerer has been added and successfully restrained the motion of the microboat into a desired path. When integrated with other microsystems, microboats could be used for future applications such as marine life observations or military surveillance/reconnaissance missions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Optical properties of 3(nπ*) benzophenones in 4, 4'-dibromodiphenylether host crystals

A variety of optical and zero-field optically-detected magnetic resonance (zf ODMR) experiments have been performed on the lowest (nπ*) triplet states of benzophenone (BP-h 10), perdeuterobenzophenone (BP-d 10), and 4,4′-dibromobenzophenone (4,4′-DBBP) in single crystals of 4,4′-dibromodiphenylether (DDE) at temperatures of 1·4 K and above. The data obtained include high resolution phosphorescence, phosphorescence excitation, zf ODMR, amplitude-modulated zf ODMR phosphorescence excitation, and single-sublevel phosphorescence spectra as well as the guest sublevel phosphorescence lifetimes, relative radiative and non-radiative decay constants, intersystem crossing rates, and steady-state populations. At short wavelengths, the guest triplets are also populated via two energy transfer routes (S 0 H → T 1 H ↝ T 1 G and S 0 H → S 1 H ↝ T 1 H ↝ T 1 G); hence, the relative radiative rate constants and intersystem crossing rates of the host 3(ππ*) state sublevels have also been measured. The results are analysed t...
Pregnancy in a patient with an Indiana pouch.

Pregnancy, with vaginal delivery at term, in a patient with a continent urinary diversion is a rare event. Problems during pregnancy associated with each of these reconstructive procedures have been well described. We report a successful birth by vaginal delivery in a patient with an Indiana pouch reservoir. CASE REPORT A 35-year-old female presented for evaluation of incontinence. Medical history was significant for a vesicovaginal fistula secondary to traumatic childbirth in Sierra Leone, Africa, with a failed repair approximately 3 years before presentation. Physical examination revealed a 2.5 cm vesicovaginal fistula extending from the trigone to the distal third of the urethra, with absence of the inferior bladder neck. Excretory urography showed no ureteral involvement. Continent urinary diversion (Indiana pouch) was elected, with the stoma brought to the umbilicus. Approximately 10 months postoperatively the patient became pregnant. During the pregnancy the patient was able to catheterize the reservoir without difficulty and without incontinence. Creatinine remained stable and no evidence of urinary tract obstruction developed. The patient had a normal vaginal delivery without complications. Presently, she is doing well and performs catheterization without difficulty. The child has had normal growth and development. DISCUSSION
Captopril renography in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis and the prediction of improvement with revascularization. The Yale Vascular Center experience.

To enhance diagnosis and predict improvement in blood pressure control following surgery or renal angioplasty in patients with hypertension and renal artery stenosis (RAS), we employed captopril renography in 113 clinically selected patients, all of whom had renal angiography to verify the diagnosis. Criteria for normal captopril renograms were established from an initial cohort of 23 hypertensive patients with normal angiograms who had been judged to be at high risk for RAS using the same clinical criteria. Renal revascularization or nephrectomy was performed in 45 patients and the success of the procedure was determined in the 40 patients for whom 3-month follow-up was available. In these 113 patients, 58 (51%) had RAS. Captopril renography was 91% sensitive and 87% specific in identifying or excluding RAS. Diagnostic utility was preserved in those patients with renal insufficiency (serum creatinine equal to or greater than 1.5 mg/dL) (n = 46). Scintigraphic abnormalities induced by captopril were strongly associated with cure or improvement in blood pressure control following revascularization or nephrectomy (16 of 19), while the lack of captopril-induced change was associated with failure of such intervention (17 of 21) (P = .0001). We conclude that captopril renography is sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of RAS in a clinically selected high-risk group of hypertensives, and that the test accurately predicts the success or failure of therapeutic intervention.
Amoeboid movement anchored by eupodia, new actin-rich knobby feet in Dictyostelium.

To date, protrusion of pseudopodia has been considered to be primarily responsible for translocation of free-living amoebae and leukocytes of higher organisms. Although there is little question that the pseudopodium plays an important role, little attention has been given to the cortical structures that are responsible for cell-substratum anchorage in amoeboid movement. Here, we report on a new knobby foot-like structure in amoebae of a cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. These feet, each about 1 μm in diameter, appear transiently in multiple units at the base of certain pseudopodia where the amoeba contacts a partially deformable substrate. The feet were discovered, and their spatial and temporal behavior relative to pseudopodial anchorage and invasive locomotion were observed, by examining Dictyostelium amoebae using a DIC video microscope providing an 0.3 μm depth of field. Key evidence for the anchoring role of the knobby feet was obtained by investigating amoebae, flattened in a specially devised observation chamber, and attracted by chemotaxis towards 3',5' cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The cAMP was released by highly localized, pulsed UV-microbeam irradiation of caged cAMP. We show by indirect immunofluorescence that the knobby feet contain a high concentration of filamentous (F-) actin, myoB (a member of Dictyostelium myosin-I family), and α-actinin (an actin-binding protein). Interestingly, myoB exhibits a circular disposition around each foot. Neither myosin-II (conventional myosin) nor the 269 kD protein, which has been recently identified as a talin homologue of Dictyostelium [Kreitmeier et al., 1995: J. Cell Biol. 129:179–188], are concentrated at the feet. We propose that the knobby feet provide anchorage to the substratum needed by lamellipodia to exert projectile forces for invading narrow spaces or otherwise for a flattened amoeba to secure itself to the deformable substratum. Some forms of adhesion plaques in higher organisms such as “podosomes” or “invadopodia” may perform functions similar to the knobby feet, but appear to differ in life time, cytoskeletal organization and composition. We have named the knobby foot “eupodium.” Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 36:339–354, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clock tree synthesis with data-path sensitivity matching

This paper investigates methods for minimizing the impact of process variation on clock skew using buffer and wire sizing. While most papers on clock trees ignore data-path circuit variations and most papers on data-path circuit optimization disregard clock tree variation, we consider both. Using both clock and data-path variations together, we present a novel sensitivity-matching algorithm that allows clock tree skews to be intentionally correlated with data-path sensitivities to ameliorate timing violations due to variation. Our statistical tuning shows an improvement in terms of expected clock skew and clock skew variation over previously published robust algorithms.
Language impairment in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a hierarchical decline?

Objective:Progressive memory impairment is the primary cognitive feature of Alzheimer's disease. Systematic attention to progressive language impairment is under-appreciated. The purpose of this article is to apply the semiotic language framework to organize the disparate findings on language impairment in DAT.Method:The semiotic system is hierarchical, going from simple to more complex units of language, with the hierarchical ranks of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics. This language hierarchy is used as an organizing tool to provide a context for the discrete data on language decline in DAT. Studies relating to language impairment in DAT were identified through an exhaustive computerized search (Medline and Psych Info Database) of available literature spanning the last forty years in which 615 references were examined. Papers were selected for review if reference were made to any one or more of the language parameters of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, or to any components or indicators ...
Reduced Transformer Insulation

THE DEVELOPMENT of the Thyrite (registered trade mark) Magne-Valve station-type lightning arrester with its improved lightning protective characteristics made it possible to reduce power transformer BIL by two insulation classes under certain conditions. This was the culmination of a 5-year program which had three objectives: (1) to obtain service experience with the new arresters used with high-voltage two-step-down transformers; (2) to get additional information on switching surges occurring in service, and their effect on strength of transformer insulation; and (3) to study the long-time steady-state strength of transformer insulation.
Characterization of NbN films and tunnel junctions

Properties of NbN films and NbN/MgO/NbN tunnel junctions are discussed. NbN junctions are being developed for use in high-frequency, superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) quasiparticle mixers. To properly design mixer circuits, junction and film properties need to be characterized. The specific capacitance of NbN/MgO/NbN junctions has been measured as a function of the product of the normal-state resistance and the junction area (R/sub n/A), and it is found to vary by more than a factor of two (35-85 fF/ mu m/sup 2/) over the range of R/sub n/A measured (1000-50 Omega mu m/sup 2/). This variation is important because the specific capacitance determines the RC speed of the tunnel junction at a given R/sub n/A value. The magnetic penetration depth of NbN films deposited under different conditions is also measured. The magnetic penetration depth affects the design of microstrip line used in RF tuning circuits. Control of the magnetic penetration depth is necessary to fabricate reproducible tuning circuits. Additionally, the critical current uniformity for arrays of 100 junctions has been measured. Junction uniformity will affect the design of focal-plane arrays of SIS mixers. Finally, the relevance of these measurements to the design of Josephson electronics is discussed.
E6^E7, a Novel Splice Isoform Protein of Human Papillomavirus 16, Stabilizes Viral E6 and E7 Oncoproteins via HSP90 and GRP78

ABSTRACT Transcripts of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6 and E7 oncogenes undergo alternative RNA splicing to produce multiple splice isoforms. However, the importance of these splice isoforms is poorly understood. Here we report a critical role of E6^E7, a novel isoform containing the 41 N-terminal amino acid (aa) residues of E6 and the 38 C-terminal aa residues of E7, in the regulation of E6 and E7 stability. Through mass spectrometric analysis, we identified that HSP90 and GRP78, which are frequently upregulated in cervical cancer tissues, are two E6^E7-interacting proteins responsible for the stability and function of E6^E7, E6, and E7. Although GRP78 and HSP90 do not bind each other, GRP78, but not HSP90, interacts with E6 and E7. E6^E7 protein, in addition to self-binding, interacts with E6 and E7 in the presence of GRP78 and HSP90, leading to the stabilization of E6 and E7 by prolonging the half-life of each protein. Knocking down E6^E7 expression in HPV16-positive CaSki cells by a splice junction-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) destabilizes E6 and E7 and prevents cell growth. The same is true for the cells with a GRP78 knockdown or in the presence of an HSP90 inhibitor. Moreover, mapping and alignment analyses for splicing elements in 36 alpha-HPVs (α-HPVs) suggest the possible expression of E6^E7 mostly by other oncogenic or possibly oncogenic α-HPVs (HPV18, -30, -31, -39, -42, -45, -56, -59, -70, and -73). HPV18 E6^E7 is detectable in HPV18-positive HeLa cells and HPV18-infected raft tissues. All together, our data indicate that viral E6^E7 and cellular GRP78 or HSP90 might be novel targets for cervical cancer therapy. IMPORTANCE HPV16 is the most prevalent HPV genotype, being responsible for 60% of invasive cervical cancer cases worldwide. What makes HPV16 so potent in the development of cervical cancer remains a mystery. We discovered in this study that, besides producing two well-known oncoproteins, E6 and E7, seen in other high-risk HPVs, HPV16 produces E6^E7, a novel splice isoform of E6 and E7. E6^E7, in addition to self-interacting, binds cellular chaperone proteins, HSP90 and GRP78, and viral E6 and E7 to increase the steady-state levels and half-lives of viral oncoproteins, leading to cell proliferation. The splicing cis elements in the regulation of HPV16 E6^E7 production are highly conserved in 11 oncogenic or possibly oncogenic HPVs, and we confirmed the production of HPV18 E6^E7 in HPV18-infected cells. This study provides new insight into the mechanism of splicing, the interplay between different products of the polycistronic viral message, and the role of the host chaperones as they function.
Uplifting and Overturning of Equipment Anchored to a Base Foundation

Abstract This paper concentrates on the rocking response of rigid equipment anchored on a foundation base with plan dimensions that are larger than the footprint of the equipment. With this configuration there are two distinct capacities to resist uplift and eventual overturning: (a) the equipment engages the base foundation into rocking motion, and (b) the restrainers fracture and the equipment subsequently rocks atop its foundation base. This study examines both moderate uplift (serviceability level) and overturning (ultimate state—failure). It is first shown that for specific equipment/base configurations, the high strength restrainers used in practice are sufficient to engage the foundation base into rocking motion for a wide range of recorded earthquake motions. Subsequently, the study uncovers that for earthquakes with long distinguishable pulses, the margin between exceeding the serviceability level of uplift and achieving overturning is minimal. None of the strong motions used in this study is cap...
NNAL Exposure by Race and Menthol Cigarette Use among U.S. Smokers

Introduction Researchers have recently suggested that nicotine and carcinogen exposure as measured by biomarkers such as cotinine and NNAL (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol) does not vary with cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) among Black smokers. Researchers have also suggested that nicotine exposure does not differ between menthol and nonmenthol smokers. In this study, we examine NNAL exposure for U.S. smokers by race, CPD, and menthol cigarette use. Methods We analyzed urinary NNAL concentrations for more than 1500 everyday smokers participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007-2010. For purposes of comparison, we also analyzed serum cotinine concentrations for these smokers. We used linear regression analysis to estimate mean biomarker concentrations by CPD and race/ethnicity group and to examine the association between biomarker concentrations and menthol cigarette use by race/ethnicity group, controlling for other demographic and smoking characteristics. Results Biomarker concentrations increased with CPD for White, Black, and Hispanic smokers although NNAL concentrations leveled off for Black smokers at lower CPD levels compared with other smokers. Mean NNAL concentrations were lower among menthol smokers compared with nonmenthol smokers among smokers overall (β = -0.165, p = .032) and White smokers (β = -0.207, p = .048). Conclusions We find evidence in national health survey data that nicotine and carcinogen exposure generally increases with CPD across race/ethnicity groups although the pattern of NNAL exposure differs by race/ethnicity group at high CPD levels. We also find evidence of differences in NNAL exposure for menthol smokers compared with nonmenthol smokers among smokers overall and White smokers.
Xenon microdischarge at 300-800 torr: laser spectroscopy of Xe/sub 2/ a/sup 3//spl Sigma//sub u//sup +/(1/sub u/,0/sub u//sup -/)

Spatially uniform microdischarges in Xe at pressures of 300-800 torr have been produced in a 90-/spl mu/m gap between 1.5-mm-diameter tungsten rods (plasma volume of /spl sim/160 /spl mu/L), and applied to the laser spectroscopy of the Xe/sub 2/ excimer. Calculations and spectral simulations indicate that the gas temperature in the plasma reaches 900 K for a steady-state current density of 0.23 A-cm/sup -2/. Laser-induced, fluorescence suppression spectroscopy in the afterglow of the crow-barred discharge reveals well-developed vibrational bands in the 680-800-nm region tentatively attributed to 5(1/sub g/)/spl larr/a/sup 3//spl Sigma//sub u//sup +/(1/sub u/,0/sub u//sup -/) transitions of Xe/sub 2/.
Molecular characterization of a cloned dolphin mitochondrial genome

DNA clones have been isolated that span the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the dolphin,Cephalorhynchus commersonii. Hybridization experiments with purified primate mtDNA probes have established that there is close resemblance in the general organization of the dolphin mt genome and the terrestrial mammalian mt genomes. Sequences covering 2381 bp of the dolphin mt genome from the major noncoding region, three tRNA genes, and parts of the genes encoding cytochrome b, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3), and 16S rRNA have been compared with corresponding regions from other mammalian genomes. There is a general tendency throughout the sequenced regions for greater similarity between dolphin and bovine mt genomes than between dolphin and rodent or human mt genomes.
Compact Low-Power Impedance-to-Digital Converter for Sensor Array Microsystems

With the rapid progress in CMOS compatible microfabrication of biosensors, there is an emerging need to miniaturize biosensor arrays onto the surface of silicon chips that acquire and process sensor data, permitting improved sensitivity, cost and throughput. In this paper, a low power circuit that extracts and digitizes sensor impedance information is presented. Composed of a novel multiplying integrator and a unique bidirectional counter/shifter, the circuit shares resources for impedance extraction and digitization to maximize hardware efficiency. The extremely compact size of the circuit enables the implementation of sensor array microsystems with simultaneous multi-channel readout. Fabricated in 0.5 mum CMOS, the circuit consumes 6 muW at 3 V and occupies only 0.06 mm2, permitting over 100 readout channels within a 3 times 3 mm die. Circuit performance has been verified with a biosensor for gramicidin ion channel embedded in a tethered bilayer lipid membrane.
Stress and coping behaviors of substance-abusing mothers

purpose. To examine parenting stress and coping behaviors in substance-abusing and non-substance-abusing mothers. design. A comparative descriptive design. setting. Pediatric primary care clinic. participants. Low-income, predominantly African-American mothers (N = 60) of young children recruited from a pediatric primary care clinic. Thirty mothers were known substance abusers and 30 had no known history of substance abuse. main outcome measures. Parenting Stress Index/Short Form (PSI/SF) and Child Protective Service (CPS) validation of abuse or neglect. results. Substance-abusing mothers scored significantly higher than comparison mothers on total stress and the three subscales of the PSI/SF: parent-child dysfunctional interaction, difficult child, and parental distress. Forty-seven percent of substance-abusing mothers scored in the clinical range on total stress compared with only 3.3% of non-substance-abusing mothers. Proportionately more substance-abusing mothers than comparisons demonstrated maladaptive parenting behaviors as evidenced by CPS-confirmed abuse or neglect of their youngest child. conclusions. Substance-abusing mothers of young children are at increased risk for increased levels of stress and maladaptive coping behaviors. Substance-abusing mothers need support and monitoring in the parenting role and referrals to substance-abuse and parenting programs.
Identification of an N-acetylglucosamine transporter that mediates hyphal induction in Candida albicans.

The sugar N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) plays an important role in nutrient sensing and cellular regulation in a wide range of organisms from bacteria to humans. In the fungal pathogen Candida albic...
Comparative Analysis of Customer Response to Online Traffic Information in Two Cities: Los Angeles, California, and Seattle, Washington

A comparative analysis was performed of customer response to online traffic information in the Los Angeles, California, and Seattle, Washington, regions. A voluntary, online survey was administered to users of the Travel Advisory News Network and SmarTraveler websites in Los Angeles, and a similar survey was performed on the Washington State Department of Transportation Traffic Conditions website. This comparative study finds that the demographic profile of users is similar in the two regions: users tend to be male, well educated, upper income, employed, and 26 to 45 years of age. Users in both samples were also more technologically savvy than the general population. Despite these similarities, the data also reveal that location matters, as customers in Los Angeles experience significantly longer commutes and greater congestion and volatility in traffic conditions. While customers in both regions gave positive assessments of the traffic websites, Seattle respondents were more enthusiastic. On several dime...
Study of molecular deformation mechanisms in the glassy state. I. Temperature effect on stress-birefringence and strain-birefringence responses of poly(methyl methacrylate)

In order to gain better understanding of the molecular deformation processes occurring in poly-(methyl methacrylate), a series of studies was carried out in uniaxial tension on the simultaneous stress and birefringence response in both constant-strain-rate and stress relaxation experiments. The former covered the temperature range −120 to 75°C and the latter 0 to 90°C. Three deformation mechanisms, i.e., (i) change in intermolecular distance, (ii) distortion of the conformation of the COOCH3 group from its thermal equilibrium state, and (iii) orientation of main-chain segments, are invoked to interpret the experimental results. It is concluded that, in the temperature range from −120 to 75°C and possibly at higher temperatures as well, the polymer chains deform in the small-strain region by an orientation of those chain segments having lower potential-energy barriers to conformational changes and straining those chain segments having higher potential-energy barriers. Subsequent chain orientation of the already strained segments occur in the higher strain regions. Changes in intermolecular distances occur over the entire temperature range from −120 to 90°C, but their magnitude decreases gradually as the temperature increases from −40 to 40°C and then decreases sharply for temperatures above 40°C. Strain-induced distortion of the conformation of the COOCH3 group may involve only rotation of the OCH3 group around the CO bond rather than rotation of the entire ester group itself.
US Adult Attitudes and Practices Regarding Smoking Restrictions and Child Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Changes in the Social Climate From 2000–2001

Objective. A substantial proportion of homes and automobiles serve as settings for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and many public settings that children frequent are still not smoke-free. Tobacco control efforts are attempting to increase smoking bans. The objective of this study was to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of smokers and nonsmokers regarding smoking bans and child ETS exposure in multiple public and private settings and to report changes from 2000–2001. Methods. Cross-sectional data from the annual Social Climate Survey of Tobacco Control were analyzed for changes in knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding tobacco. These data were collected via automated, random-digit-dialing telephone surveys that were conducted in the summers of 2000 and 2001. The samples were weighted by race and gender to be representative of the US population. Results. Response rates for eligible adults actually contacted were 1501 (75%) of 1876 in 2000 and 3002 (84%) of 3566 in 2001. The majority of adults, both smokers and nonsmokers, support smoking bans in a wide variety of places. The percentage of all respondents reporting the presence of smoking bans in several public and private places increased from 2000–2001: the household (69%–74%), in the presence of children (84%–88%), convenience stores (68%–74%), fast-food restaurants (52%–58%), and non-fast-food restaurants (25%–28%). Support for smoking bans also increased in shopping malls (71%–75%), fast-food restaurants (77%–80%), and indoor sporting events (78%–80%). There were no significant changes in support for smoking bans in convenience stores, restaurants, or outdoor parks. Adults’ knowledge of the harm caused by tobacco was unchanged, with the vast majority of adults recognizing the dangers of exposure to ETS from parental smoking (95%) and exposure to ETS in cars (77%). Conclusions. Small improvements in adult attitudes and practices regarding children’s ETS exposure occurred from 2000–2001. However, a significant number of adults in the United States still report ignorance of the harmful effects of child ETS exposure, and there was no improvement in reported knowledge in this 1-year period. In contrast, a growing majority of smokers and nonsmokers favor restrictions on smoking in public settings, suggesting that states and communities have public support for broad public smoking restriction policies. There are significant roles that pediatricians can play in preventing children’s ETS exposure, through both patient and family education and by moving smoking restriction policies forward on their community’s agenda.
Titration and quantification of open and closed Lewis acid sites in Sn-Beta zeolites that catalyze glucose isomerization

Abstract Methods to quantify framework Lewis acidic Sn4+ sites in zeolite Beta (Sn-Beta) with four Lewis base titrants (pyridine, deuterated acetonitrile, n-propylamine, ammonia) were developed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy or temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Integrated molar extinction coefficients (E, cm μmol−1) were measured for IR bands of pyridine adsorbed to Lewis acidic Sn sites (E(1450 cm−1) = 1.42 ± 0.30) and of CD3CN adsorbed to open (E(2316 cm−1) = 1.04 ± 0.22) and closed (E(2308 cm−1) = 2.04 ± 0.43) Sn sites, and differ from analogous E values for Lewis acidic Al sites by up to 3.6×. TPD of Sn-Beta samples after saturation with NH3 or n-propylamine (NPA) and purging to remove physisorbed species also enabled quantification of Lewis acid sites, which is seldom performed despite analogous methods that use such titrants to quantify Bronsted sites in solid acids. These four Lewis bases titrated Lewis acidic Sn sites with equimolar stoichiometry and counted similar numbers of Sn sites on low-defect Sn-Beta samples synthesized in fluoride media (Sn-Beta-F) with high Sn content (Si/Sn 175) or high defect Sn-Beta samples prepared via post-synthetic insertion of Sn atoms into framework vacancy defects of dealuminated Beta zeolites (Sn-Beta-OH). Molar ratios of open-to-closed Sn sites varied widely (0.29–1.64) among the eight Sn-Beta samples studied here. Open Sn sites have been proposed as the dominant active sites for aqueous-phase glucose–fructose isomerization via intramolecular 1,2-hydride shift, consistent with successive poisoning of Sn-Beta samples with pyridine prior to measurement of initial glucose isomerization rates that suppressed reactivity at pyridine uptakes similar to the number of open Sn sites counted ex-situ by CD3CN. Measured first-order glucose isomerization rate constants in water (per open Sn, 373 K), which reflect free energy differences between isomerization transition states and two coordinated water molecules at Sn sites, were ∼50× higher on hydrophobic Sn-Beta-F than on hydrophilic Sn-Beta-OH zeolites. The characterization methods reported herein enable normalization of initial glucose isomerization turnover rates on Sn-Beta zeolites by their number of open Sn sites, as required prior to interpreting the catalytic consequences of structural heterogeneities introduced by differences in sample preparation or treatment history.
Current density and ohmic resistance distribution in the land-channel direction of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Abstract A highly instrumented segmented cell is designed to measure current density and ohmic resistance distribution in the land-channel direction of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell at resolution of 350 μm. A customized catalyst coated membrane with an active area of 9 mm 2 is prepared, and a printed-circuit board technique is introduced to ease fabrication of segmented anode and to adapt design to any flow arrangement. Design of segmented cell is validated by electrochemical pumping of hydrogen from anode to cathode. Current density and ohmic resistance distribution are measured in two wet conditions (at 40 °C and 60 °C) and a dry condition at 60 °C. In all cases a strong correlation between current generation and ohmic resistance distribution is observed. Outcomes from these experiments revealed that the water distribution has a strong effect on the local current generation and ohmic resistance. In wet condition ohmic resistance is uniform but current generation found to be non-uniform because of the non-uniform liquid water distribution. In dry condition, on the other hand, non-uniform water generation resulted in both uneven current generation and ohmic resistance.
Accurate Identification of Zootermopsis Species (Isoptera: Termopsidae) Based on a Mandibular Character of Nonsoldier Castes

A mandibular character, shape and position of the subsidiary tooth of all nonsoldier castes, enables precise identification of the three currently recognized species of the North American termite genus Zootermopsis Emerson. Use of this character resolves the problems of discriminating Z. angusticollis (Hagen) and Z. nevadensis (Hagen) based on previously described, often ambiguous, characters of soldier or imago morphology. Species may now be identified using immatures and pseudergates, which are abundant in colonies throughout the year.
The Movement of Mobility Edges in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

Internal photoemission of both electrons and holes is used to investigate the movement of the mobility edges in high quality intrinsic, undoped hy-drogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) with temperature and electrical field. The electron mobility edge is found to move up in energy by ~40meV between 298K and 120K. On the other hand, the hole mobility edge remains essentially unchanged between 298K and 160K. The injection (and collection) of photoemitted holes is less efficient than that for electrons and in the films studied could not be measured below 160K.
Sources and Outcomes of Stress in Organizational Settings: Toward the Development of a Structural Model

An integrated structural model of stress in organizations was developed and tested through path analysis. Results provided qualified support for the causal assumptions underlying the model. Role fr...
Groundwater flow in an ‘underfit’ carbonate aquifer in a semiarid climate: application of environmental tracers to the Salt Basin, New Mexico (USA)

The Salt Basin is a semiarid hydrologically closed drainage basin in southern New Mexico, USA. The aquifers in the basin consist largely of Permian limestone and dolomite. Groundwater flows from the high elevations (∼2,500 m) of the Sacramento Mountains south into the Salt Lakes, which are saline playas. The aquifer is ‘underfit’ in the sense that depths to groundwater are great (∼300 m), implying that the aquifer could transmit much more water than it does. In this study, it is speculated that this characteristic is a result of a geologically recent reduction in recharge due to warming and drying at the end of the last glacial period. Water use is currently limited, but the basin has been proposed for large-scale groundwater extraction and export projects. Wells in the basin are of limited utility for hydraulic testing; therefore, the study focused on environmental tracers (major-ion geochemistry, stable isotopes of O, H, and C, and 14C dating) for basin analysis. The groundwater evolves from a Ca–HCO3 type water into a Ca–Mg (Na) – HCO3–Mg (Cl) water as it flows toward the center of the basin due to dedolomitization driven by gypsum dissolution. Carbon-14 ages corrected for dedolomitization ranged from less than 1,000 years in the recharge area to 19,000 years near the basin center. Stable isotopes are consistent with the presence of glacial-period recharge that is much less evaporated than modern. This supports the hypothesis that the underfit nature of the aquifer is a result of a geologically recent reduction in recharge.
Effects in vivo of purified recombinant human activin and erythropoietin in mice.

Activin has been shown to act in vitro as an erythroid specific enhancing activity for erythropoietin (epo)-stimulated erythroid (BFU-E) and multipotential (CFU-GEMM) progenitor cells. To evaluate effects in vivo, purified recombinant activin-A and epo were administered s.c. to hypertransfused polycythemic mice for analysis of iron (59Fe) uptake, and to previously untreated mice for effects on reticulocyte release and proliferation of bone marrow (BM) and spleen (Spl) hematopoietic progenitors (CFU-GEMM, BFU-E, CFU-GM) and BM stem (CFU-S) cells. Activin alone had no effect in polycythemic BDF1 mice, but synergised with epo to significantly enhance 59Fe-incorporation into erythrocytes. In untreated C3H/HeJ mice, a single dose of activin enhanced reticulocyte release in 24 h to the level seen with epo. Activin plus epo did not further enhance reticulocyte release. Reticulocyte release was still apparent at day 4 in mice given epo twice a day for 3 days, but not in mice given activin twice a day for 3 days. Activin or epo each significantly enhanced the percent cells in S-phase of BM and Spl CFU-GEMM, BFU-E and CFU-GM in C3H/HeJ, W/Wv and Sl/Sld mice and BM CFU-S in BDF1 mice. The combination of epo plus activin did not further enhance proliferation. These results demonstrate activin's erythropoietic enhancing activities in vivo, and also activin and epo induction of enhanced proliferation of non-erythroid, as well as erythroid progenitors.
Contractile Mechanisms in Skeletal Muscle

This chapter begins with the structure of skeletal muscle, identifying A-bands, I-bands, Z-disk, H-zone, and M-line. It describes the structure of the thick and thin filaments and how they give rise to the cross-striations observed histologically. It shows how the overlap of the thick and thin filaments causes the length dependence of force generation and constitutes the sliding filament hypothesis for force generation. It describes the giant protein titin and nebulin and shows how cross-bridge cycling consumes ATP and generates force or shortening. It explains how difference in myosin causes different cross-bridge kinetics that in turn determines fast- and slow-twitch fiber types. Lastly, it considers how force is transmitted out of the muscle through the cytoskeleton.
Management of Significant Hemobilia: Hepatic Artery Embolization or Stenting?

Hemobilia is a rare but potentially life-threatening cause of upper gastrointestinal bleed. Most common causes include iatrogenic injury and trauma with pseudoaneurysm the most common anomaly identified. Therapeutic options include surgery, arterial embolization, or biliary stenting. Based on the etiology of hemobilia, endoscopic or percutaneous biliary covered stenting can be considered to tamponade the source of hemorrhage. However, in the majority of cases, angiography is required to identify and, ultimately, treat the source of bleeding with arterial embolization. Both arterial embolization and biliary stenting are effective, relatively safe, and cost efficient approaches to treatment of hemobilia which can be used based on the etiology of hemorrhage.
Clinical potential of engineered cationic antimicrobial peptides against drug resistant biofilms

Biofilms are involved in the pathogenesis of 80% of microbial infections in humans [1]. This prevalence is of major clinical importance as microbial populations growing in biofilms are far more tol...
A novel approach to integrating three dimensional carbon nanostructures with electronic circuitry

Summary form only given. The controlled synthesis of three dimensional carbon nanostructures, such as nanotubes and nanofibers, has been extensively studied and described. The process typically involves a chemical vapor deposition at high temperatures to catalyze three dimensional growth. The harsh growth conditions are a limiting factor for applications that require the synthesis of carbon nanostructures on existing electronic circuitry. We report on a novel method for integrating three dimensional carbon nanostructures, produced in high temperature processes, with CMOS circuitry
Development of a platelet adhesion transport equation for a computational thrombosis model

Thrombosis is a significant issue for cardiovascular device development and use. While thrombosis models are available, very few are device-related and none have been thoroughly validated experimentally. Here, we introduce a surface adherent platelet transport equation into a continuum model to account for the biomaterial interface/blood interaction. Using a rotating disc system and polyurethane-urea material, we characterize steady and pulsatile flow fields using laser Doppler velocimetry. In vitro measurements of platelet adhesion are used in combination with the LDV data to provide further experimental validation. The rotating disc system is computationally studied using the device-induced thrombosis model with the surface platelet adherent transport equation. The results indicate that the flow field is in excellent agreement to the experimental LDV data and that the platelet adhesion simulations are in good agreement with the in vitro platelet data. These results provide good evidence that this transport equation can be used to express the relationship between blood and a biomaterial if the correct platelet adhesion characteristics are known for the biomaterial. Further validation is necessary with other materials.
Hip-Hop Citizens: Arts-Based, Culturally Sustaining Civic Engagement Pedagogy

Amid concerns about the decreasing political engagement of young people, scholars and policy makers have begun discussing the “civic achievement gap,” disparities in civic capacity between low-income students and Students of Color and their White, wealthier counterparts. While this scholarship raises important issues, it often relies on a narrow view of civic engagement, downplaying alternative forms of civic activity and the variability of civic life across contexts. This can lead to deficit-based models of civic education that bypass the opportunity to tap into the many less-visible ways youth, particularly those from low-income Communities of Color, are already engaged in civic life. In this article, Paul J. Kuttner offers as an alternative approach, youth cultural organizing, which engages young people in catalyzing change in their communities through the arts and other forms of cultural expression, drawing on shared cultural resources. He presents a theoretical framework for this culturally sustainin...
Jost Hermand and Frank Trommler, Die Kultur der Weimarer Republik.John Willett, Art and Politics in the Weimar Period. The New Sobriety 1917–1933: Munich: Nymphenburger, 1978.New York: Pantheon, 1978.

(1980). Jost Hermand and Frank Trommler, Die Kultur der Weimarer Republik.John Willett, Art and Politics in the Weimar Period. The New Sobriety 1917–1933. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 34-37.
Dimensionless numbers in additive manufacturing

The effects of many process variables and alloy properties on the structure and properties of additively manufactured parts are examined using four dimensionless numbers. The structure and properties of components made from 316 Stainless steel, Ti-6Al-4V, and Inconel 718 powders for various dimensionless heat inputs, Peclet numbers, Marangoni numbers, and Fourier numbers are studied. Temperature fields, cooling rates, solidification parameters, lack of fusion defects, and thermal strains are examined using a well-tested three-dimensional transient heat transfer and fluid flow model. The results show that lack of fusion defects in the fabricated parts can be minimized by strengthening interlayer bonding using high values of dimensionless heat input. The formation of harmful intermetallics such as laves phases in Inconel 718 can be suppressed using low heat input that results in a small molten pool, a steep temperature gradient, and a fast cooling rate. Improved interlayer bonding can be achieved at high Ma...
Neurologic Follow-Up of 12 Colorado Children with Acute Flaccid Myelitis at One Year (S10.004)

Objective: Describe long-term functional, neurodiagnostic, and psychosocial outcomes of children with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Background: In 2014, we described a cluster of 12 children in Colorado with AFM associated with enterovirus D68. Long-term outcomes of this condition are unknown. Design/Methods: Children were assessed every three months for one year or until clinical resolution. Assessments included neurologic examination, MRI, electromyography/nerve conduction studies (EMG/NCS), functional extremity measures (Assisting Hand Assessment, Mallet Grading System, Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale), and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) questionnaires. Results: Eight of 12 children reached the study endpoint; four were lost to follow-up. All eight were most affected in proximal muscles, which showed minimal to no improvement (<1/5 Medical Research Council (MRC) Scale change) and significant atrophy at one year. Distal muscle groups showed significant improvement (average of 2/5 MRC Scale change) in all, with return to full strength in 2 of 8 (25[percnt]). Cranial nerve dysfunction improved in all, and resolved in 2 of 5 (40[percnt]). Progressive functional improvement was noted in 4 of 5 (80[percnt]) at six and twelve months. Persistent limitations due to pain were reported in 2 of 8 (25[percnt]) at one year. Depressive symptoms were reported in 3 of 8 (37[percnt]). Repeat MRI was performed in 7 children an average of 7 months after onset and showed complete/near-complete resolution of spinal cord lesions and nerve root enhancement in all but one child. Repeat EMG/NCS was performed on 5 children an average of 8 months after onset and showed ongoing denervation and chronic re-innervation in four children with persistent deficits. Conclusions: At one-year follow-up, children with AFM had persistent weakness but demonstrated functional gains up to one year after onset. EMG is associated with persistent deficits, whereas imaging normalized. AFM has significant long-term functional and psychosocial impact on affected children. Disclosure: Dr. Ludke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Messacar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maloney has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carry has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kenyon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lindwall has nothing to disclose. Dr. Oleszek has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tyler has received personal compensation for activities with PML Consortium, Lpath Inc., Genentech, Inc., Pfizer Inc., and QuantiaMD. Dr. Dominguez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schreiner has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec and MSAA as a consultant.