cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise does not increase salivary lymphocytes, monocytes, or granulocytes, but does increase salivary lysozyme.

ABSTRACTAn increase in salivary leukocytes may contribute to the exercise-induced increase in salivary antimicrobial proteins (AMPs). However, exercise-induced changes in salivary leukocytes have not been studied. The purpose of the study was to describe salivary leukocyte changes with exercise. Participants (n = 11, 20.3 ± 0.8 years, 57.2 ± 7.6 ml kg−1 min−1 peak oxygen uptake ((VO) 2peak), 11.1 ± 3.9% body fat) ran for 45 min at 75% of VO2peak. Stimulated saliva (12 mL) was collected pre- and immediately post exercise. Saliva was filtered through a 30 µm filter before analysis of leukocytes (CD45+), granulocytes (CD45+CD15+), monocytes (CD45+CD14+), T-cells (CD45+CD3+), and B-cells (CD45+CD20+) using flow cytometry. Saliva was analysed for Lysozyme (Lys) using ELISA. Exercise did not alter any leukocyte subset. The major constituent of leukocytes pre-exercise were granulocytes (57.9 ± 30.3% compared with monocytes: 5.1 ± 2.7%, T-cells: 17.1 ± 8.9%, B-cells: 12.1 ± 10.2%) (P < 0.05). In a subset of n = ...
Inspiration is Where You Find It

(1961). Inspiration is Where You Find It. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 19-20.
Management of Critical Burn Injuries: Recent Developments.

Background Burn injury and its subsequent multisystem effects are commonly encountered by acute care practitioners. Resuscitation is the major component of initial burn care and must be managed to restore and preserve vital organ function. Later complications of burn injury are dominated by infection. Burn centers are often called to manage problems related to thermal injury, including lightning and electrical injuries. Methods A selected review is provided of key management concepts as well as of recent reports published by the American Burn Association. Results The burn-injured patient is easily and frequently over resuscitated, with ensuing complications that include delayed wound healing and respiratory compromise. A feedback protocol designed to limit the occurrence of excessive resuscitation has been proposed, but no new "gold standard" for resuscitation has replaced the venerated Parkland formula. While new medical therapies have been proposed for patients sustaining inhalation injury, a paradigm-shifting standard of medical therapy has not emerged. Renal failure as a specific contributor to adverse outcome in burns has been reinforced by recent data. Of special problems addressed in burn centers, electrical injuries pose multisystem physiologic challenges and do not fit typical scoring systems. Conclusion Recent reports emphasize the dangers of over resuscitation in the setting of burn injury. No new medical therapy for inhalation injury has been generally adopted, but new standards for description of burn-related infections have been presented. The value of the burn center in care of the problems of electrical exposure, both manmade and natural, is demonstrated in recent reports.
Identifying Parkinson’s Patients: A Functional Gradient Boosting Approach

Parkinson's, a progressive neural disorder, is difficult to identify due to the hidden nature of the symptoms associated. We present a machine learning approach that uses a definite set of features obtained from the Parkinsons Progression Markers Initiative(PPMI) study as input and classifies them into one of two classes: PD(Parkinson's disease) and HC(Healthy Control). As far as we know this is the first work in applying machine learning algorithms for classifying patients with Parkinson's disease with the involvement of domain expert during the feature selection process. We evaluate our approach on 1194 patients acquired from Parkinsons Progression Markers Initiative and show that it achieves a state-of-the-art performance with minimal feature engineering.
Ultra-high aspect ratio titania nanoflakes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Micron sized titania flakes with thickness about 40 nm were used in the titania pastes to assemble dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Using the same deposition method, better particle dispersion of titania flakes resulted in well bonded and integral films comparing to cracking of Degussa P25 nanoparticle films during the evaporation and sintering processes. There are two features of titania flakes which leads to improved conversion efficiency of DSSC: (1) Higher and stronger adsorption of N-719 dyes due to high specific surface area (2) Stronger light scattering of visible light spectrum because of micron scale wide in two dimensions of the flakes. The thickness of the conducting TiO 2 was critical to the IV characteristics of DSSC such as the short-circuit current density (I sc ) and open-circuit voltage (V oc ). Under the same thickness basis, calcined titania flakes provided 5 times higher efficiency than the photoelectrodes consisted of Degussa P25 nanoparticles (7.4% vs. 1.2%).
The Critical Stage — When the Bubble is About to Pop

The standard model of the sequence of events that leads to a banking crisis is that a shock triggers an economic expansion that morphs into an economic boom and then euphoria develops; the prices of securities and real estate increase rapidly, much more rapidly than GDP. Then there is a pause in the pace of these increases in the price of securities. A few savvy or lucky investors sell some of their securities to park their speculative gains in a secure store of value. The slowing of the increases in the prices of securities and real estate may induce a more cautious approach by others. Distress is likely to follow as the prices of securities begin to decline. The pattern is biological in its regularity. A panic is likely and then a crash may follow. Lord Overstone, the leading British banker of the middle of the nineteenth century, saw a similar pattern and was quoted with approval by Walter Bagehot: ‘quiescence, improvement, confidence, prosperity, excitement, overtrading, CONVULSION [sic], pressure, stagnation, ending in aquiesence’.1 Overstone identified five stages of euphoria before the financial crisis, or, in his words, the convulsion.
Bessel-Beam-Generating Integrated Optical Phased Arrays

Generation of Bessel beams using integrated optical phased arrays is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time. A quasi-Bessel beam with a ∼14mm Bessel length and ∼30 μm FWHM is generated using a splitter-tree-based architecture.
Bacterial Populations in a Biological Nutrient Removal Plant

Research in the area of bacteriological studies of biogical nutrient removal (BNR) systems has emphasized the role of Acinetobacter spp. in phosphorus removal. The present study was undertaken to enumerate, isolate and identify bacterial populations from a BNR/activated sludge system. The most probable numbers (MPN) of volatile fatty acid (VFA) utilizers and denitrifiers were determined. Bacterial populations were isolated from the MPN tubes. Pure cultures of Gram-negative bacteria were identified. Acinetobacter spp. were not the dominant group of bacteria recovered from the system. Bacteria belonging to Aeromonas/Vibrio, coliforms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter groups were recovered both on VFA media and denitrification medium, indicating an overlap in their role. In the system studied, both phosphorus and nitrogen removal was carried out by more than one group of bacteria. 1 Corresponding Address: The U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561. USA
State-of-the-Art, Physically-Based and Statistically-Based Water Quality Modeling

Urban stormwater runoff processes can be subdivided into three major subsystems: (1) overland flow, (2) storage and transport through natural or engineered drainage conduits, and (3) receiving water transport. Successful receiving water quality modeling is highly dependent upon our ability to describe mathematically pollutant accumulation, surface washoff and other transport mechanisms occurring before discharge to the receiving subsystem. Because of the random nature of hydrologic events, it is appropriate to analyze water quality effects within a probabilistic setting: this can be accomplished by long-term simulation with physically-based models, or by statistically-based (e.g., derived distribution) approaches. The probabilistic models are highly dependent on how well the distributions of the original variables can be hypothesized. The physically-based models are highly dependent on the input variable time series, which includes parameters that may have been estimated from available data by statistical procedures.
Functional Connectivity MRI in Autism

Functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) is a technique that examines the synchrony of repeated functional MRI (fMRI) measurements between two or more brain regions. The underlying concept is that even random “noise” in a brain region will get propagated to other connected brain areas and that this will result in synchronized patterns of activation that are specific to functionally connected brain networks. The fcMRI literature in autism has proliferated rapidly, with general, although not uniform evidence of underconnectivity in distributed brain networks in autism. Studies to date are heterogeneous, some using an underlying cognitive task and others not; some examine specific neural pathways and others examine large networks or the entire brain. Abnormalities are most apparent in distributed networks in association cortex, with the default mode network being the most commonly reported abnormal network. Future studies will greatly benefit from data-sharing initiatives such as the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) and National Database for Autism Research (NDAR). Despite lingering methodological concerns, there is reason for optimism that replicable patterns of abnormal brain connectivity may be established in the near future.
S&P 500 Indexers, Delegation Costs, and Liquidity Mechanisms

The largest S&P 500 indexers replicate the index with tracking errors of just several basis points per year. Maintaining such small errors requires a nearly exact-replication strategy and precludes profiting from trading much before or after index changes. A strategy of trading at the open following the announcement of a change, rather than at the change, adds 19.2 basis points more return per year with virtually no added risk, but with substantial tracking errors. This additional return is a measure of the delegation costs in monitoring an indexer through tracking errors. The paper then shows that less than half of indexers always follow an exact-replications strategy, consistent with the hypothesis that they are trying to recoup some of these delegation costs. Further, market mechanisms have evolved that allow some exact-replication indexers to recapture a portion of these costs.
Using futures and option contracts to manage price and quantity risk: A case of corn farmers in central Iowa

The overall objective of this study is to examine the optimal responses of a risk-averse corn producer to price and quantity risks within a framework where both futures and option contracts are available as risk management tools. The corn farmer is selected as a representative decision maker because corn is the most important crop in Iowa;Numerical techniques are used to solve the expected utility maximization problem for the corn producer. In forming his subjective probability distributions about random variables, the farmer is assumed to predicate output which will be sell to cash market at a later date and use futures and put options to hedge against the risk associated with his cash position. To decide the optimal hedging strategy, the farmer also makes predictions on the cash, futures, and option prices prevailing at the end of period. Optimal positions are obtained for three scenarios: (1) the producer considers only futures, (2) the producer considers only put options, (3) the producer considers both futures and put options as risk management tools. Comparative static results regarding the impact of model parameters such as frame size, risk attitudes, price levels, and price variances on the optimal solution are then examined. The access values of futures, options, and futures-and-options added to the producer are computed based on the concept of certainty equivalent;The optimal solution indicates that put options are used not only as for hedging purpose but also as speculative tools. From hedging standpoint, however, the option market offers no additional benefit to the expected utility maximizing producer if futures contracts are already in use;The access values added to the corn producer show that the futures contracts have a greater value to the producer than does the option contracts. The primary factors determining the access value of options are farm size, the variability of prices, and the level of risk aversion.
Chapter 17 – Invasive Species

Invasive species are animals or plants that are nonnative to the region that were introduced by human intervention. Invasive species are animals and plants introduced by human activities as follows: (1) accidentally as “stowaways” on ships (rats and mice) and planes (brown tree snakes) or following escape from captivity (e.g., gray squirrels in the United Kingdom) or thoughtlessly released (e.g., pet Burmese pythons released into the Everglades in the USA); (2) deliberately introduced for esthetics (e.g., starlings), as game species (e.g., deer), for biological control, or for fur; and (3) as populations of feral domestic animals (e.g., camels, cats, dogs/dingos, donkeys, horses, and rabbits). Invasive mammals have a severe impact on the environment. Free-roaming, unowned, and feral cats impact the environment, killing, for instance, 12.3 billion mammals and 2.4 billion birds in the contiguous 48 States of the USA. Damage from dingos and other wild dogs in Australia is reported to be A$48.5 million per year while those from rabbits is estimated at A$206 million per year. Excluding the damage they create as pests, rodents have a dramatic effect on the environment with island habitats that are important breeding sites for seabirds being especially vulnerable to rats. Mitigation programs have been implemented in over 400 islands. It was assumed that the introduction of house mice had little significant effect on ecosystems and particularly birds breeding, but mice have been observed killing and eating chicks of Tristan albatrosses and Atlantic petrels. The gray squirrel is the second most damaging introduced species in the British Isles (after the Norway rat). Gray squirrels have also out-competed the native red squirrel in much of the United Kingdom leading to the decline and replacement of the latter. Wild pigs are responsible for $0.8 billion dollars per year in losses and damages in the USA. Feral donkeys (5 million) and horses (400,000) are another source of damage. Birds are also damaging invasive species. For example, about a hundred European starlings were introduced to the USA and today there are about 200 million starlings across the country. Losses and damages from feral pigeons in the USA are estimated at $1.1 billion dollars per year. Burmese pythons in the Everglades of Florida are decimating wildlife with bobcats, raccoons, and rabbit populations decreased by, respectively, 87.5, 99.3, and 100%. The brown tree snake grew from a female stowaway on a plane to a population of over 2 million in 1980. Electrical system damage alone is estimated at $1.7 billion per year. There are also amphibian (Cane toad), aquatic (e.g., sea lamprey, alewife, zebra mussel, and quagga mussel), and insect invasive species; the latter including Africanized or killer bees.
Censure, Sanction, and the Moral Psychology of Resentment and Punitiveness

The problems besetting criminal justice in the U.S. involve two forms of de-moralization. One form concerns the ways in which the society seems to have become increasingly punitive in response to crime. The second form of de-moralization concerns ways in which the agential capacities of many prisoners have been eroded and damaged by the conditions of incarceration that they are forced to endure. Many critics of contemporary criminal justice in the U.S. argue that the liberal state and the retributivism that is widely endorsed are the source of these morally troubling phenomena. While recognizing that the two forms of de-moralization—which are mutually reinforcing—are indeed deeply troubling, Jonathan Jacobs argues that (1) there is a morally proper role for resentment and for retributivist considerations in regard to criminal sanction, that (2) in fact, their morally proper role can help sustain the civility of civil society, and that (3) the explanation of this includes a vital role for liberal principles and values. The liberal polity, associated notions of desert and resentment, and retributivist considerations as such, are not the source of the problems. Indeed, addressing the corruptions of them is the soundest approach to resolving them.
Sexual Behavior in Adolescence

If the shortest and post parsimonious definition of mental health is the capacity to love and to work, adolescence is the period of life during which those capacities are being forged. If young adulthood provides the opportunity for the fine tuning of these capacities and skills, the gross tuning of these capacities takes place during adolescence. The ability to love includes being able to function fully as a sexual being. The issues surrounding this developmental aspect of personality are addressed in this chapter, as are the special problems in medical care created by these issues.
Mosaic Mutant Analysis Identifies PDGFRα/PDGFRβ as Negative Regulators of Adipogenesis

Adipocyte progenitors (APs) express platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), PDGFRα and PDGFRβ. Elevated PDGFRα signaling inhibits adipogenesis and promotes fibrosis; however, the function of PDGFRs in APs remains unclear. We combined lineage tracing and functional analyses in a sequential dual-recombinase approach that creates mosaic Pdgfr mutant cells by Cre/lox recombination with a linked Flp/frt reporter to track individual cell fates. Using mosaic lineage labeling, we show that adipocytes are derived from the Pdgfra lineage during postnatal growth and adulthood. In contrast, adipocytes are only derived from the mosaic Pdgfrb lineage during postnatal growth. Functionally, postnatal mosaic deletion of PDGFRα enhances adipogenesis and adult deletion enhances β3-adrenergic-receptor-induced beige adipocyte formation. Mosaic deletion of PDGFRβ also enhances white, brown, and beige adipogenesis. These data show that both PDGFRs are cell-autonomous inhibitors of adipocyte differentiation and implicate downregulation of PDGF signaling as a critical event in the transition from AP to adipocyte.
Unraveling the origin of the “Turn-On” effect of Al-MIL-53-NO 2 during H 2 S detection

Nitro-functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), such as Al-MIL-53-NO2, have been widely used in quantitative hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detection based on the “turn-on” effect, where fluorescence enhancements were observed upon contact with H2S. This was believed to be caused by the fact that the electron-withdrawing –NO2 groups in the initial non-luminescent MOFs were reduced to electron-donating –NH2 groups in the sensing process. However, since most H2S detection is conducted in a suspension system consisting of MOFs and solvents, it is still unclear whether these –NH2 groups are on MOFs or in the liquid. Using Al-MIL-53-NO2 as a model MOF, this work aims to answer this question. Specifically, the supernatant and undissolved particles separated from the Al-MIL-53-NO2 suspensions after being exposed to H2S were analyzed systematically. The results showed that it is the free BDC-NH2 (2-aminobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid) in the solution rather than the formation of Al-MIL-53-NH2 that really caused the fluorescence enhancement. In particular, the formed BDC-NH2 was reduced from the shedded BDC-NO2 (2-nitrobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid) during the decomposition of Al-MIL-53-NO2, which was attacked by OH− in the NaHS solution. We anticipate that this work will offer new ways of tracing fluorophores for MOF-based sensing applications in aqueous systems.
Membrane Insertion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis EsxA in Cultured Lung Epithelial Cells

EsxA has long been recognized as an important virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that plays an essential role in Mtb cytosolic translocation presumably by penetrating phagosomal membranes with its acidic pH-dependent membrane permeabilizing activity (MPA). However, current data suggest that the observed cytolytic activity of EsxA at neutral pH is due to contamination of ASB-14, a detergent used in EsxA protein purification, and the role of EsxA MPA in Mtb cytosolic translocation is also questionable. Here, we have obtained evidence that it is ASB-14, not EsxA that causes cytolysis at neutral pH. Quantitative liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry showed that even after gel filtration, dialysis, or passing through detergent removal column, the remaining ASB-14 in the EsxA protein solution was still at a concentration enough to kill cultured lung epithelial cells. When treated with trypsin or proteinase K, the digested EsxA protein solution with ASB-14 was still cytotoxic. Interestingly, however, we have found that the exogenously added EsxA is endocytosed into lung epithelial cells and inserts into the host membranes within acidic subcellular compartments, which can be blocked by cytochalasin D and bafilomycin A. It is for the first time EsxA is found to insert into the host membranes within acidic subcellular compartments.
Quantitative 129Xe MRI detects early impairment of gas-exchange in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension.

Hyperpolarized 129Xe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is capable of regional mapping of pulmonary gas-exchange and has found application in a wide range of pulmonary disorders in humans and animal model analogs. This study is the first application of 129Xe MRI to the monocrotaline rat model of pulmonary hypertension. Such models of preclinical pulmonary hypertension, a disease of the pulmonary vasculature that results in right heart failure and death, are usually assessed with invasive procedures such as right heart catheterization and histopathology. The work here adapted from protocols from clinical 129Xe MRI to enable preclinical imaging of rat models of pulmonary hypertension on a Bruker 7 T scanner. 129Xe spectroscopy and gas-exchange imaging showed reduced 129Xe uptake by red blood cells early in the progression of the disease, and at a later time point was accompanied by increased uptake by barrier tissues, edema, and ventilation defects—all of which are salient characteristics of the monocrotaline model. Imaging results were validated by H&E histology, which showed evidence of remodeling of arterioles. This proof-of-concept study has demonstrated that hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI has strong potential to be used to non-invasively monitor the progression of pulmonary hypertension in preclinical models and potentially to also assess response to therapy.
Is Li/Graphite Half-Cell Suitable for Evaluating Lithiation Rate Capability of Graphite Electrode?

Li plating on graphite anode is known to be one of the bottlenecks for fast charge of Li-ion batteries and a Li/graphite half-cell has been often used to determine lithiation rate capability of the graphite electrode. In this work, a three-electrode Li/graphite cell with a graphite loading of 3.72 mg cm−2 is used to simultaneously record the cell's voltage and graphite's potential during the Li/graphite cell is lithiated at different current rates. It is surprisingly found that the polarization of a Li/graphite cell is dominated by the Li counter electrode, and that the lithiation capacity of graphite is centered in a narrow potential range between 0.068 V and 0.200 V vs Li/Li+. Impedance analysis reveals that the former is because the Li counter electrode has much larger charge-transfer resistance compared with the graphite electrode. As such, over-potential of the Li counter electrode can readily drive the potential of graphite to negative, leading to Li plating, even at moderate lithiation rates. The results of this work indicate that the lithiation rate capability of graphite determined from a Li/graphite half-cell is largely undervalued, and that an alternative technique is needed for accurate determination of the lithiation rate capability of graphite electrode.
Efficiency of Supply Chain Contracts in the Presence of Gray Markets

Supply chain contracting and coordination has been extensively studied and yet the focus has mostly been on the incentive distortion due to each party’s profit maximization behavior and has not considered potential externalities that could exacerbate or change the incentive structure between parties. Based on this observation and our own experience, we analyze one such factor, domestic gray markets, and explore how it affects the supply chain performance and the emerging equilibrium. For that, we consider a supply chain with one manufacturer and several authorized retailers that face uncertain demand and a domestic gray market. While a gray market provides an opportunity for these retailers to sell their excess inventory, it also is a threat to their demand. We first characterize the emerging equilibrium. We determine how this equilibrium changes with respect to the perceived quality of the gray market product, the wholesale price charged by the manufacturer and the heterogeneity of the consumer valuation. Comparing a decentralized and centralized system, we show that a wholesale pricing contract is quite efficient and "almost" coordinating in a gray market environment. We also propose a new contract -- partial buy-back -- that results in perfect coordination and hence can be considered by managers searching for solutions in industries where domestic gray market is a common problem. We then question the robustness of several well-known supply chain contracts. We find out that the simple wholesale pricing contract is indeed quite robust to the presence of domestic gray markets so much so that, surprisingly, manufacturers can be even better off. Analyzing other supply chain contracts studied earlier in the literature, we show that their performance starts to vary and argue that some of these other contracts may not be as robust under domestic gray markets.
Teaching Video Neuroimages: Ictal Unilateral Eye Blinking in Temporal Lobe Seizures: An Illustrative Video Case.

A 6-year-old girl presented with several months of intermittent “bad smells” and “bad thoughts” and one prior episode where she was found unresponsive, making strange noises, with urinary incontinence, and left Todd paralysis. At current presentation, she had her typical aura, followed by staring and lip smacking and this time by rhythmic right eye blinking and right hand automatisms (video 1). Postictal EEG showed focal right posterior quadrant slowing (figure). Unilateral blinking is a rare ictal phenomenon usually associated with an ipsilateral frontotemporal seizure focus,1,2 which in this case is right-hemispheric. The patient's MRI was normal and the seizures were controlled by oxcarbazepine.
A Special Section of the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management

I am excited to introduce Volume 40, issues 3 and 4 of the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (JOBM). To accommodate a special section, we are combining issues 3 and 4 of this volume. Th...
Association of Sonic Hedgehog with the extracellular matrix requires its zinc-coordination fold

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has a catalytic cleft characteristic for zinc metallopeptidases and has significant sequence similarities with some bacterial peptidoglycan metallopeptidases defining a subgroup within the M15A family that, besides having the characteristic zinc coordination domain, can bind two calcium ions. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components in animals include heparan-sulfate proteoglycans, which are analogs of bacterial peptidoglycan and thus potentially involved in the extracellular distribution of Shh. We found that the zinc-coordination fold of Shh is required for its association with ECM as well as for non-cell autonomous signaling. Association with the ECM requires the presence of at least 0.1 microM zinc and is prevented by mutations affecting critical conserved catalytical residues as well as extracellular calcium. Our results demonstrate that the zinc-coordination fold is required for ECM-association and suggest that the putative intrinsic peptidase activity of Shh is required for non-cell autonomous signaling.
Utilizing Digital Advocacy in Community Organizing: Lessons Learned from Organizing in Virtual Spaces to Promote Worker Rights and Economic Justice

This article discusses the usefulness and challenges associated with utilizing social media technologies in the context of community organizing practice, often referred to as digital advocacy. We ground the analysis of digital advocacy in the context of a recent organizing effort undertaken by social work academics, grass roots organizers, and allies to support the boycott of Hyatt Hotels in San Antonio, Texas, by marginalized hotel workers and labor unions through advocating that the Society for Social Work Research relocate their 2014 conference from the Grand Hyatt, San Antonio, and to work toward better conference planning procedures in the future.
Chapter 52 Labor: Decisions, Contracts and Organization

Abstract We assess the development economics of on-farm employment with an eye toward policy implications. What do we know and what additional research is needed? The older tradition of labor market dualism and some of the more modern research are seen to share a characteristic of misplaced exogeneity, and calls for asset redistribution and institutional regulation may need to be tempered by more fundamental explanations. Understanding labor contracts as a facilitator of specialization on the farm and in the larger economy is key. Integrating the wedge model of farm behavior with agency-cost explanations of organization will provide a powerful analytical tool. Ultimately, a general equilibrium view with endogenous institutions will deepen our understanding of why total costs of coordination increase even as turnover costs per worker decline and how public policy can facilitate that cooperation.
School Consolidations and Teacher Incentive Contracts

We construct an agency-based model of incentive contracting within the education system. We use this framework to evaluate first-best, second-best, and pooling contracts under a variety of assumptions germane to the consolidation of elementary and secondary schools. By introducing a monitoring technology, an auditor, which serves as liaison between the principal (superintendent) and the agent (teacher), information constraints induced by school consolidations can be alleviated. Using this framework, we consider various policy issues such as how and where teacher incentive contracts might succeed, what may cause incentive contracts to fail, and how to determine optimal school size.
The Kuratowski-Ulam Theorem

Fubini’s theorem has a category analogue. In its general formulation, this theorem was proved in 1932 by Kuratowski and Ulam [18, p. 222].
Oxide growth stress measurements and relaxation mechanisms for alumina scales grown on FeCrAlY: Oxide growth stress measurements and relaxation mechanisms

Early-stage tensile stress evolution in α-Al2O3 scales during oxidation of FeCrAlY at 1000, 1050, 1100, and 1200 °C was monitored in situ by use of synchrotron radiation. Tensile stress development as a function of oxidation temperature indicated a dynamic interplay between stress generation and relaxation. An analysis of the time dependence of the data indicated that the observed relaxation of the initial tensile stress in the oxide scales at 1100 and 1200°C is dominated by creep in the α-Al2O3. A thin layer of a (Fe,Cr,Al) oxide was observed at the oxide-gas interface, consistent with a mechanism whereby the conversion of (Fe,Cr,Al)2O3 to α-Al2O3 produces an initial tensile stress in the alumina scale.
Effect of hypohydration on gastric emptying and intestinal absorption during exercise

Dehydration and hyperthermia may impair gastric emptying (GE) during exercise; the effect of these alterations on intestinal water flux (WF) is unknown. Thus the purpose of this study was to determ...
Effects of alcohol on peripheral vision as a function of attention.

Twelve males were tested under a control and two alcohol treatments in a perimeter apparatus used for testing peripheral vision. They were required to fixate either on a steady-state central fixati...
Effect of Dietary Fiber on Lipids and Glucose Tolerance of Healthy Young Men

Epidemiologic evidence supports a protective effect of dietary fiber against diabetes (Trowell 1974), obesity (Trowell 1975), and coronary artery disease (Trowell 1972). However, the diet of peoples consuming large amounts of fiber is likely to differ in other important respects, i.e., to be high in carbohydrate, low in fat and cholesterol, and low in sugars. The effect of dietary fiber must be examined in the context of these other variables. Since other chapters in this book deal with the effect of fiber on diabetes (Anderson, Chapter 14) and lipids (Story and Kelley, Chapter 20), these will be only briefly discussed here. The chief emphasis will be on the effect of diet on glucose tolerance of normal young men. Young women appear to be immune to some of the effects of very high carbohydrate diets (Reiser et al., 1979a). Our own studies have therefore been confined to young men.
The 19th Annual AARC New Horizons Symposium: Integrating Evidence-Based Respiratory Care Into Clinical Practice

All of us learned lots of facts in our preclinical education. In our clinical rotations we learned from local experts. Although we may not have appreciated it at the time, the title “expert” was usually based as much on status and charisma as it was on knowledge. After completing our formal education, the practice for many of us became largely anecdotal. The pressures of our lives overwhelm our desire and ability to read the peer-reviewed literature. Eventually, we may let our memberships in professional organizations lapse. At first we feel a little guilty, but we realized long ago that we had stopped reading the professional journals that came as part of those memberships. Every now and again we hear about some important new study, but we quickly reject its findings as an unnecessary intrusion into our comfortable practice. We become comfortable basing our practice on short-term physiologic findings (eg, blood gas values) and never stop to consider whether our practice might contribute in some way to long-term harm to our patients. This paragraph describes what evidence-based medicine is not. So you think you know someone who really knows the evidence. He (or she) supports or rejects every aspect of respiratory care with emotional fervor. When challenged he is quick to inform others of best practice using rationalsounding arguments and pithy references to the literature, including experimental animal studies conducted by the world’s leading authorities. Listening to him, there seems to be no question unanswered— he’s even aware of studies that have been completed but not yet published that further prove his arguments. He is unhesitant to provide a directive for any clinical situation. He seems to have a reference to support anything he says. Moreover, he is constantly looking for additional proof to further support his biases, which are cleverly concealed with references to the peerreviewed literature. This paragraph also describes what evidence-based medicine is not.
Short term feedback regulation of cAMP in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Role of PDE4D3 phosphodiesterase activation.

Together with a transient accumulation of intracellular cAMP, thyrotropin (TSH) stimulation of the FRTL-5 thyroid cell induces phosphorylation and activation of a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4D3). Here we have investigated the impact of PDE4D3 activation on hormone responsiveness. Stimulation of FRTL-5 cells with TSH caused an increase in PDE activity within 3 min, with a maximal stimulation reached after 5 min. Preincubation with the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 or (R p)-cAMPS, but not with the inactive isomer H85, blocked this activation. Preincubation with PKA inhibitors also blocked the shift in mobility of the PDE4D3 protein. Under these conditions, H89, but not H85, potentiated the cAMP accumulation induced by TSH. Incubation of FRTL-5 cells with the PKA activator 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine-cAMP caused an increase in PDE activity and a decrease in the endogenous cAMP, confirming the presence of a PKA-PDE feedback loop. MA-10 Leydig tumor cells stably transfected with either a wild type PDE4D3 or a PDE4D3 with mutations in the PKA phosphorylation sites showed an increase in PDE activity when compared with control cells. Human choriogonadotropin or Bt2cAMP treatment induced a stimulation of PDE activity in cells transfected with wild type PDE4D3, whereas the activation was absent in mutant- and control-transfected cells. The increase in cAMP accumulation elicited by human choriogonadotropin was reduced in cells transfected with the wild type PDE4D3, but not in cells transfected with the mutant PDE. Rolipram, a specific inhibitor of PDE4, restored the cAMP accumulation in the PDE4D3-transfected cells. These data provide evidence that a rapid activation of PDE4D3 is one of the mechanisms determining the intensity of the cAMP signal.
USING DEMOGRAPHY AND MOVEMENT BEHAVIOR TO PREDICT RANGE EXPANSION OF THE SOUTHERN SEA OTTER

In addition to forecasting population growth, basic demographic data combined with movement data provide a means for predicting rates of range expansion. Quantitative models of range expansion have rarely been applied to large vertebrates, although such tools could be useful for restoration and management of many threatened but recovering populations. Using the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) as a case study, we utilized integro-difference equations in combination with a stage-structured projection matrix that incorporated spatial variation in dispersal and demography to make forecasts of population recovery and range recolonization. In addition to these basic predictions, we emphasize how to make these modeling predictions useful in a management context through the inclusion of parameter uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Our models resulted in hind-cast (1989-2003) predictions of net population growth and range expansion that closely matched observed patterns. We next made projections of future range expansion and population growth, incorporating uncertainty in all model parameters, and explored the sensitivity of model predictions to variation in spatially explicit survival and dispersal rates. The predicted rate of southward range expansion (median = 5.2 km/yr) was sensitive to both dispersal and survival rates; elasticity analysis indicated that changes in adult survival would have the greatest potential effect on the rate of range expansion, while perturbation analysis showed that variation in subadult dispersal contributed most to variance in model predictions. Variation in survival and dispersal of females at the south end of the range contributed most of the variance in predicted southward range expansion. Our approach provides guidance for the acquisition of further data and a means of forecasting the consequence of specific management actions. Similar methods could aid in the management of other recovering populations.
Simultaneous determination of hydroxylamine and cyanide in formulations containing pralidoxime salts by flow injection

A flow injection method is described for the simultaneous determination of cyanide and hydroxylamine which are known decomposition products of formulations containing pralidoxime salts used in the treatment of anticholinesterase poisoning. By using the diffusion of HCN from the carrier stream followed by amperometric detection, high selectivity and sensitivity and a wide dynamic range can be achieved. Hydroxylamine is determined by its oxidation with iodine to nitrite which can then be determined colorimetrically. The gas diffusion unit effectively acts as a stream splitter for the two analytes allowing their simultaneous determination from a single sample injection. The performance of the system and its applicability to thermally stressed pralidoxime solutions are described.
A continual spectrophotometric determination of ammonia-producing systems

Abstract A continual spectrophotometric assay for urease is developed which depends upon the catalytic action of ammonia on a particular peroxidation reaction. In principle it appears applicable to other amidases.
A finite element method parametric study of the dynamic response of the human brain with different cerebrospinal fluid constitutive properties.

AbstractA major role for the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is to provide effective damping against sudden intracranial brain motions during dynamic head impact. This paper examines the roles of CSF pro...
A generic dynamic-mapping wrapper for open hypertext system support of analytical applications

Hypertext should augment everyday analytical applications with supplemental navigation, structuring and annotative features. Because analytical applications generate their screen contents in real time, hypertext constructs and navigation paths must be generated and mapped in real time. We are developing a hypertext engine that provides dynamic mapping automatically for any anal ytical application. We propose a standard, generic open hypertext system (OHS) wrapper for back-end or storage-level components that dynamically generate their contents (e.g., the analytical applications). The wrapper automatically maps hypertext constructs-nodes, links and anchors—to application contents, (The storage-level wrapper itself creates hypertext constructs instead of the users.) The hypertext engine delivers supplemental hypertext functionality based on these mappings. Furthermore, by providing a standard format and a set of guidelines, we are providing a standard protocol or systematic approach for exchanging information between an OHS and any analytical application. This adds to the work in the OHS community on developing a standard protocol for passing information among OHS and integrated applications.
Risk factors for low birth weight infants of Hispanic, African American, and White women in Bexar County, Texas.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the risk factors in women who delivered an infant of low birth weight (LBW, 2,500 g in a large metropolitan county (Bexar) in South Texas. DESIGN: An exploratory case comparison design was used to identify factors related to LBW outcomes in women receiving prenatal care. SAMPLE: The cases were obtained from community hospitals. A stratified random sample was selected from a population of 38,064 infant births, of which 2,910 were identified as LBW. The final sample size was N=321 ( or=2,500 g, n=170). MEASUREMENTS: Dependent variable of infant birth weight; independent variables of maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, education, smoking, prior pregnancy history, timing of and number of prenatal visits, prepregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy, and past medical history and medical problems during pregnancy. RESULTS: Independent variables found to be predictive of LBW in this study included maternal race/ethnicity, timing of first prenatal visit, number of prenatal visits, prior pregnancy history, and maternal weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed previous findings that African American women are at a higher risk for LBW deliveries and demonstrated that Anglo and Hispanic women have similar rates of LBW deliveries.
Cyclic peptides containing tryptophan and arginine as Src kinase inhibitors

A number of cyclic and linear peptides containing various combinations of amino acids were evaluated for their Src kinase inhibitory potency. Among all the peptides, cyclic decapeptide C[RW]5 containing alternative arginine (R) and tryptophan (W) residues was found to be the most potent Src kinase inhibitor. C[RW]5 showed higher inhibitory activity (IC50=2.8 μM) than C[KW]5, L(KW)5, C[RW]4, and C[RW]3 with IC50 values of 46.9, 69.1, 21.5, and 25.0 μM, respectively, as determined in a fluorescence intensity-based assay. Thus, the cyclic nature, the presence of arginine, ring size, and the number of amino acids in the structure of the peptide were found to be critical in Src kinase inhibitory potency. The IC50 value of C[RW]5 was found to be 0.8 μM in a radioactive assay using [γ-(32)P]-ATP and polyE4Y as the substrate. C[RW]5 was a noncompetitive Src kinase inhibitor, showing approximately fourfold more selectivity towards Src than Abl.
Human-computer interaction in information retrieval: nature and manifestations of feedback

Abstract This study develops a theoretical framework for expressing the nature of feedback as a critical process in interactive information retrieval (IR). Feedback concepts from cybernetics and social sciences perspectives are used to develop a concept of informational feedback applicable to IR. Models from human-computer interaction and interactive IR are then adapted as a framework for studying the manifestations of feedback in IR. An informational feedback loop is defined as a unit of measure for IR feedback. Results are then presented from an empirical study of real-life interactions between users, professional mediators (information specialists) and an IR system ‘computer’. Data are presented involving 885 feedback loops classified in five categories. In conclusion we present a connection between the theoretical framework and empirical observations and provide a number of pragmatic and research suggestions.
Radiochemical separation of gold by amalgam exchange

Abstract A rapid and simple method for the radiochemical separation of gold after neutron activation. The technique is based on treatment with a dilute indium-gold amalgam, both chemical reduction and isotopic exchange being involved. The counting efficiency for 198 Au in small volumes of the amalgam is good. Few interferences occur and the method is applicable to clays, rocks, salts and metals. The possibility of determining silver, platinum and palladium by a similar method is mentioned.
The adjoint of a linear functional differential equation and boundary value problems

In the theory of linear functional differential equations (FDEs), the adjoint equation has played a prominent if sometimes mysterious role. It appears in the decomposition theory for linear autonomous equations [l] and for those with periodic right hand sides [2], and is also used in linear boundary value problems [3]. It is involved in the representation of soIutions [4] and thence in control theory [5] and stability [6]. The adjoint theory has been developed in conscious analogy with the treatment for ordinary differential equations, but the methods required are so peculiar to FDEs that the analogy has been unsatisfactory. There is another approach to this subject, namely, the adjoint theory of functional analysis [7]. This will be our model. We can then obtain many of the above results in a simpler, more satisfying way, under more general conditions. The connection with the usual adjoint theory will be clear when we calculate the bilinear form of that theory (Eqs. (3.12), (3.13)). The following is based on the author’s doctoral dissertation [8] written under the direction of Jack K. Hale at Brown University. Some changes in notation have been made in order to avoid certain pseudoproblems of [8].
Unitarization of Schur representations of a partially ordered set associated with Ẽ7

We prove that every Schur representation of a partially ordered set associated with graph Ẽ 7 can be unitarized with some character.