cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of composition of vinyl copolymers by infrared

Copolymers of soybean vinyl ether with each of six low alkyl vinyl ethers have been investigated in the infrared. The ether band in the 1100 cm−1 region has been found useful in determining the composition of copolymers. The composition of copolymers has been determined at a fixed frequency of 1100 cm.−1 and at the absorption maximum in the region of 1100 cm.−1. Determination may be accomplished with equal success at the absorption maximum in this region if the material being incorporated absorbs at a frequency not too far removed from 1100 cm.−1. This would be the preferred method if using a recording instrument.
Child and family factors associated with teacher‐reported behavior problems in young children of substance abusers

Background We examined child and family factors associated with teacher-reported behavior problems in 79 children of substance abusers (COSAs). Method Using regression models, we examined the impact of four family risk factors, cumulatively and individually, on children's behavior and explored children's engagement of adults as a protective factor. Results More than half (55%) of children had clinically elevated behavior problems. Cumulative family risks were associated with increased problems, whereas the presence of a father in the home and the child's ability to engage adults were protective. Conclusions These findings may help explain the variation in behavioral outcomes of COSAs.
The complexity of membership for deterministic growing context-sensitive grammars ∗

In this note, we present an interesting P-complete problem concerning growing context-sensitive grammars, a proper subclass of the context-sensitive grammars. We show that uniform membership for forward deterministic growing context-sensitive grammars is P-complete. As a consequence, we obtain a simple proof for the NP-completeness of the uniform membership problem for growing context- sensitive grammars.
Exploring irrigation behavior at Delta, Utah using hidden Markov models

Abstract In on-demand irrigation systems, canal operators divert water from rivers to be delivered to the fields after receiving a water order from a farmer. These water orders are the result of a farmer's decision to irrigate. If farmers’ irrigation decisions could be better anticipated, it might be possible to improve canal operations using improved future short-term water demand estimates. The importance of how farmers make these irrigation decisions, however, is often overlooked because of their high variability and unpredictable nature. A hidden Markov model (HMM) was built to analyze irrigation decision behavior of farmers and make forecasts of their future decisions. The model inputs were relatively easily measured, or estimated, biophysical data, including such factors (i.e., those variables which are believed to affect irrigation decision-making) as cumulative evapotranspiration, depletion, soil stress coefficient, and canal flows. Irrigation decision series were the hidden states for the model. The paper evaluates data from the Canal B region of the Lower Sevier River Basin, near Delta, Utah. The main crops of the region are alfalfa, barley, and corn. A portion of the data was used to build and test the model capability to explore that factor and the level at which the farmer takes the decision to irrigate for future irrigation events. It was found that the farmers cannot be classified into certain classes based on their irrigation decisions, but varies in their behavior from irrigation-to-irrigation across all years and crops. The factors and the level selected can be adequately used to explore the future irrigation decisions in the short term. HMMs can be used as a tool to analyze what factor and, subsequently, what level of that factor the farmer most likely based the irrigation decision on. This was possible only when the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of model parameters were known based on the historical evidence. The study shows that the HMM is a capable tool to study irrigation behavior which is not a memory-less process.
Seeing beyond the average cell: branching process models of cell proliferation, differentiation, and death during mouse brain development

We develop a family of branching process models to study cerebral cortical development at the level of individual neural stem and progenitor cells (NS/PCs) and the neurons they produce. Population-level data about “the average NS/PC” is incorporated as constraints for exploring (i) heterogeneity in the proliferative neural cell types and (ii) variability in daughter cell fate decision making. Preliminary studies demonstrate this variability, generate testable hypotheses about heterogeneity, and motivate new experiments moving forward.
Lymphography in early prostatic cancer.

Abstract This study deals with 16 cases of prostatic carcinoma in which lymphographic techniques were applied. The method proved useful for early recognition of lymph node involvement thus guiding the surgeon into using the most appropriate surgical approach.
Tell Me Sweet (And Not-So-Sweet) Little Lies: Deception in Romantic Relationships

Deception undoubtedly plays a complex role in romantic relationships. While honesty and openness are desirable traits among romantic partners, partners may nonetheless use deception in order to meet personal or relational goals. This study provides a richer understanding of the extent to which deception is used in romantic relationships and the common motives for deceiving partners. The diary-based, qualitative responses of 67 participants were examined for instances of, and reasons for, deception. Results revealed the nuanced and sometimes contradictory nature of deception in romantic relationships as participants reported that they use deception as a means to maintain the relationship, to manage face needs, to negotiate dialectical tensions, and to establish relational control, and also that they perceive deception to function in both positive and negative ways.
A Log N and Period Amplifier Utilizing Statistical Fluctuation Signals from a Neutron Detector

A novel approach to the logarithmic measurement of neutron level and period in a nuclear reactor is described, in which the statistical fluctuations in the output of a neutron detector are utilized rather than the individual pulses or the d-c component. This approach is shown to overcome some of the limitations that are inherent in the usual log n and period amplifier systems. A system using a fission chamber as detector and all solid-state circuitry is shown which covers a six-decade range of neutron level between the limits of 103 and 1010 nv without the need for low level d-c amplification.
Adenocarcinoma of the right breast and osteogenic sarcoma of the right third rib in a patient who did not receive postoperative radiation.

Double malignancies of the thorax involving a breast, the lungs, a rib, the skull and other distant areas are sometimes difficult to diagnose and evaluate when the patient is alive and treatment programs are being administered. This report illustrates some of the difficulties in diagnosis encountered by us.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES IN RHEUMATIC FEVER I. THE "PHASE" REACTION AND THE DETECTION OF AUTOANTIBODIES IN THE RHEUMATIC STATE

1. An attempt was made to repeat and extend various tests which have been presumed to demonstrate specific antigens and antibodies in rheumatic fever. 2. The "phase reaction" appears to be an inconstant phenomenon probably related to a colloidal abnormality of the serum, rather than to a specific antigen-antibody system. 3. No specific autoantibodies to human tissue extracts were demonstrable by complement fixation or by the collodion particle technique. Variable results were noted with the same test sera on different occasions, and positive reactions with control tissues and control sera were observed. 4. The possibility should be considered that autoantibodies are not necessarily specific for rheumatic fever but may be manifestations of the occurrence of a type of reaction similar to a biologically false positive Wassermann reaction.
A model of sporting event tourism as economic development

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a moderated model of sport tourism as an economic development generator from a destination marketing perspective. The model takes into account the differing roles of sport tourism segments on the relationship between motivators of sport tourism and destinations outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual paper presents a framework for explaining the differential impact of factors that influence sport tourism based on the tourist segment attracted to the destination.Findings – The proposed model, supported by extant literature, presents sport tourist types as moderating a variety of influencing factors that determine sport tourists’ interest in visiting a destination and the resulting economic impact on a destination.Practical implications – Practical implications are discussed for managing and marketing destination‐specific factors to appeal to different segments of the sport tourism market in order to maximize the economic impact of sport touri...
Precursors to Pancreatic Cancer

Infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is believed to arise from morphologically distinct noninvasive precursor lesions. These precursors include the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, the mucinous cystic neoplasm, and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms are grossly visible mucin-producing epithelial neoplasms that arise in the main pancreatic duct or one of its branches. The cysts of mucinous cystic neoplasms do not communicate with the major pancreatic ducts, and these neoplasms are characterized by a distinct ovarian-type stroma. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a microscopic lesion. This article focuses on the clinical significance of these three important precursor lesions, with emphasis on their clinical manifestations, detection, and treatment.
A microcomputer decision support system for the total-productivity model (TPM)

Abstract The Total Productivity Model (TPM), developed by Sumanth in 1979, has been applied to a number of situations involving manufacturing as well as service-oriented operations. The diversity of applications on the one hand, and the flexibility of usage of the microcomputers on the other hand, have helped to focus the need for a micro-computer based Decision Support System (DSS). This paper presents such a system using the Macintosh Computer. This DSS is a highly interactive, menu-driven program that can provide on-the screen capabilities of individual operational units as well as the firm that comprises of them. The system has several convenient features to assess the “PRODUCTIVITY- ORIENTED PROFITABILITY” of any type companies/organizations. The system logic and flow chart, data input and output formats, and sensitivity analysis will be shown and discussed in the paper. A balanced critique will be offered to view the system in a proper perspective with respect to structural elements of the Decision Support System.
Microparticle, nanoparticle, and stem cell-based oxygen carriers as advanced blood substitutes

Here, we discuss recent advances in the development of artificial red blood cell (RBC) substitutes, illustrating lessons learned from initial attempts using perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions and acellular hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs). We also highlight novel oxygen-containing microparticles, nanoparticles, and stem cell-derived RBC products, with emphasis on improvements in biocompatibility and oxygen delivery. In addition, we envision future developments for the rational design of advanced blood substitutes that aim to address unmet clinical needs.
Repair of lip lacerations.

1. Linda S. Parlin, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery* 1. 2. *University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY Lacerations of the lip are a common injury seen in a pediatrician’s office. Obtaining an optimal long-term result depends on following basic surgical principles of wound repair. When repairing a lip laceration, the goal is to have what surgeons call a “tidy wound,” that is, a wound that has minimal associated tissue damage. Areas of devitalized or crushed tissue will have an increased inflammatory response, which will result in increased scar formation. The nature of the injury is the most important determinant of this. A sharp injury will result in minimal tissue damage outside the immediate zone of injury; a blunt or crushing injury will result in a much larger zone of injury to the tissues, even if the length of the laceration is the same. Gentle handling of the tissue is important, particularly in a laceration that has irregular margins or multiple or stellate flaps because any additional injury produced by crushing with forceps or instruments can lead to increased scarring. The first step in the evaluation of lip laceration is to determine the extent …
DECREASING GLYCOLYSIS INCREASES SENSITIVITY TO MITOCHONDRIAL INHIBITION IN PRIMARY CULTURES OF RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULE CELLS

We have previously shown that shaking the culture plates (SHAKE) of rabbit renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC) to maintain adequate aeration increased aerobic metabolism and decreased the induction of glycolysis compared to RPTC cultured under standard conditions (STILL). However, glycolysis in SHAKE RPTC remained elevated compared to glycolysis in proximal tubules in vivo. In the present study the contribution of culture medium sugar composition and concentration to glycolytic metabolism was assessed in RPTC. SHAKE and STILL RPTC cultured in 5 mM glucose contained lactate levels equivalent to the respective SHAKE and STILL RPTC cultured in standard culture medium which contains 17.5 mM glucose. Similarly, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was unchanged by lowering the medium glucose concentration. Substituting 5 mM galactose for 5 mM glucose in the culture medium significantly reduced the lactate content of both SHAKE and STILL RPTC but had no effect on lactate dehydrogenase activity. Cell growth was equivalent under all culture conditions. Sensitivity to mitochondrial inhibition was determined for each culture condition by measuring cell death after exposure to the respiratory inhibitor antimycin A. The results showed a hierarchy of sensitivity to antimycin A (5 mM galactose SHAKE >5 mM glucose SHAKE >17.5 mM glucose SHAKE = 17.5 mM glucose STILL), which was generally inversely correlated with the level of glycolysis as measured by lactate content (17.5 mM glucose STILL >17.5 mM glucose SHAKE = 5 mM glucose SHAKE >5 mM galactose SHAKE).
Combination adriamycin and radiation therapy for locally advanced carcinoma of the thyroid gland

Abstract We have devised a new treatment regimen consisting of combination adriamycin and radiation therapy for the treatment of locally advanced differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland. The regimen consists of a once weekly administration of low dose adriamycin (10 mg/ m2) and radiation therapy. The radiation therapy is carried out with a fractional dose of 200 rad per treatment, five times per week, for 5 1 2 weeks. Since 1979, eight patients underwent the combination treatment regimen and seven out of eight achieved complete tumor regression in the primary treated area. There was no disproportionately enhanced normal tissue morbidity seen with this approach.
Progress in measuring the performance of baseball and softball bats

The performance of baseball and softball bats has improved markedly over the past four decades. This has motivated many associations to develop test methods and measures to regulate bat performance. The present study reviews the progress of laboratory bat performance tests. The test involves an initially stationary bat that is allowed to recoil after being impacted by a ball. Bat performance was shown to be insensitive to changes in the way the bat was supported and sensitive to the rebound ball and bat speed. The rebound ball and bat speeds were in turn influenced by air turbulence and bat vibration, respectively. The common technique of normalizing the bat–ball coefficient of restitution (COR), by dividing it by the ball COR, was shown to overcorrect by more than the original effect of ball COR. Normalizing bat performance for the effect of ball weight, on the other hand, reduced its effect on bat performance. Measuring bat performance in the laboratory at impact speeds representative of play conditions had only a small effect on the relative performance between bats, but improved the correlation with field results. While laboratory bat performance tests are complex and experimentally challenging, they are robust and repeatable. © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd
Containment versus escalation: The trajectory of couples’ conversational complaints

This study was designed to analyze couples’ complaint episodes. Rather than focusing on single act‐to‐act sequences, this analysis focused on lengthier interactions of four to approximately 70 turns. This microanalysis revealed that during conflict couples typically enact one of six complaint episodes: passed (ignoring the complaint), refocused (changing the focus of the complaint), mitigated (downgrading the severity of the complaint), responsive (validating the partner's complaint), unresponsive (denying the validity of the partner's complaint), or escalated (expanding the topic and hostility level of the complaint interaction). It was also determined that satisfied couples were three times more likely to engage in passed, refocused, mitigated and responsive episodes while dissatisfied and mixed couples were twice as likely to engage in unresponsive or escalated episodes.
A comparison of line transect versus linear percentage sampling for evaluating stony coral (Scleractinia and Milleporina) community similarity and area coverage on reefs of the central Bahamas

Three methods of evaluating stony coral communities were used on selected reefs in the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park (24°22′N, 77°30′W) in the central Bahamas. Shallow reefs (< 4 meters depth) were selected from aerial surveys based on size, location, and physical setting, and grouped into three community types: (1) channel patch reefs, (2) soft-coral-sponge patch reefs and (3) fringing reefs. Three survey techniques used to evaluate the stony coral communities were a) species presence and absence lists, b) linear percentage and c) line transects using 1 mx1 m grids. Data collected from these survey methods was used to calculate coral colony density, species area coverage, and species diversity based on colony number and based on linear (cm) coral cover. The linear percentage sampling was considered too convervative in determining distribution patterns of a reef community; this technique takes into account the massive reef framework species such asM. annularis. The line transect technique can account for both colony number and area coverage, thus is a better method for characterizing reef communities. Sample size considerations are discussed for future applications of survey techniques for ground-truthing digital images of small, shallow reef communities.
High Water Regime Can Reduce Ammonia Volatilization from Soils under Potato Production

Abstract This research was conducted with Biscayne marl soil and Krome gravelly loam from Florida and Quincy fine sand and Warden silt loam from Washington to determine ammonia (NH3) volatilization at various temperature and soil water regimes. Potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], or urea were applied to the soil at a rate of 75 kg N ha−1. Soil water regime was maintained at either 20% or 80% of field capacity (FC) and incubated at 11, 20, or 29°C, which represented the minimum, average, and maximum temperatures, respectively, during the potato growing season in Washington. Results indicated that the ammonia volatilization rate at 20% FC soil water regime was two‐ to three‐fold greater than that at 80% FC. The cumulative volatilization loss over 28 days was up to 25.7%. Results of this study demonstrated that ammonia volatilization was accelerated at low soil water regimes.
The shaking dance of honey bee workers: Evidence for age discrimination

Abstract The shaking dance or dorso-ventral abdominal vibration (D-VAV) of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is described and studied. Observations were made of shaking dances performed by colour marked bees of known age. Of the 4949 observations, 41·2 per cent were performed alone, 44·8 per cent were on one other bee, and 15 per cent were on more than one bee. Less than 4 per cent of the one-on-one shaking dances were performed on bees older than the shaker. Films of eleven shaking dances showed that the average duration of a shaking dance is 1·2 s, and the mean number of vibrations per shaking dance is 19·7.
Age alters dopaminergic responses to estradiol

Abstract Young (3–5 months) and middle-aged (17–19 months) ovariectomized rats were treated with estradiol benzoate for three days and striatal dopaminergic function was assessed behaviorally (circling in response to apomorphine) and neurochemically (binding of [ 3 H]spiroperiodoly striatal membranes). The results suggest that striatal dopaminergic function may respond differently to estrogen in older animals compared to younger animals.
Mapping the universe in three dimensions

The determination of the three-dimensional layout of galaxies is critical to our understanding of the evolution of galaxies and the structures in which they lie, to our determination of the fundamental parameters of cosmology, and to our understanding of both the past and future histories of the universe at large. The mapping of the large scale structure in the universe via the determination of galaxy red shifts (Doppler shifts) is a rapidly growing industry thanks to technological developments in detectors and spectrometers at radio and optical wavelengths. First-order application of the red shift-distance relation (Hubble’s law) allows the analysis of the large-scale distribution of galaxies on scales of hundreds of megaparsecs. Locally, the large-scale structure is very complex but the overall topology is not yet clear. Comparison of the observed red shifts with ones expected on the basis of other distance estimates allows mapping of the gravitational field and the underlying total density distribution. The next decade holds great promise for our understanding of the character of large-scale structure and its origin.
Regulation of the V-ATPase in kidney epithelial cells: dual role in acid–base homeostasis and vesicle trafficking

The proton-pumping V-ATPase is a complex, multi-subunit enzyme that is highly expressed in the plasma membranes of some epithelial cells in the kidney, including collecting duct intercalated cells. It is also located on the limiting membranes of intracellular organelles in the degradative and secretory pathways of all cells. Different isoforms of some V-ATPase subunits are involved in the targeting of the proton pump to its various intracellular locations, where it functions in transporting protons out of the cell across the plasma membrane or acidifying intracellular compartments. The former process plays a critical role in proton secretion by the kidney and regulates systemic acid–base status whereas the latter process is central to intracellular vesicle trafficking, membrane recycling and the degradative pathway in cells. We will focus our discussion on two cell types in the kidney: (1) intercalated cells, in which proton secretion is controlled by shuttling V-ATPase complexes back and forth between the plasma membrane and highly-specialized intracellular vesicles, and (2) proximal tubule cells, in which the endocytotic pathway that retrieves proteins from the glomerular ultrafiltrate requires V-ATPase-dependent acidification of post-endocytotic vesicles. The regulation of both of these activities depends upon the ability of cells to monitor the pH and/or bicarbonate content of their extracellular environment and intracellular compartments. Recent information about these pH-sensing mechanisms, which include the role of the V-ATPase itself as a pH sensor and the soluble adenylyl cyclase as a bicarbonate sensor, will be addressed in this review.
Prognostic Significance of Pretreatment Serum Cytokines in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma

Purpose: Although the International Prognostic Score (IPS) is the gold standard for risk-stratifying patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), these criteria do not accurately predict outcome. As cytokines are critically involved in driving cHL, we tested whether pretreatment serum cytokine levels could provide additional prognostic information. Experimental Design: Thirty cytokines were measured in pretreatment serum from 140 patients with cHL and compared with 50 nonlymphoma controls. Patients were followed for event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS), and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association of individual cytokines and the cytokine profiles with outcome via unadjusted and IPS-adjusted HR. Results: Twelve cytokines (EGF, bFGF, G-CSF, HGF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-2R, IP-10, MIG, TNF-α, and VEGF) were significantly ( P P = 0.002) and interleukin (IL)-6 ( P Conclusions: Elevated pretreatment serum cytokines are associated with increased disease relapse and inferior survival in cHL. Thus, the pretreatment cytokine profile, particularly serum levels of IL-6 and IL-2R, may be used to identify patients with cHL at high risk for early-disease relapse. Clin Cancer Res; 19(24); 6812–9. ©2013 AACR .
Human frontal cortex: an MRI-based parcellation method.

The frontal lobe is not a single anatomical and functional brain region. Several lines of research have demonstrated that particular subregions within the frontal lobe are associated with specific motor and cognitive functions in the human being. Our main purpose is to develop a magnetic resonance image (MRI)-based parcellation method of the frontal lobe that permits us to explore plausible abnormalities in functionally relevant frontal subregions in brain illnesses. We describe a procedure using MRI for subdividing the entire frontal cortex into 11 subregions: supplementary motor area (SMA), rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (r-ACiG), caudal anterior cingulate gyrus (c-ACiG), superior cingulate gyrus (SCiG), medial frontal cortex (MFC), straight gyrus (SG), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), precentral gyrus (PCG), superior frontal gyrus (SFG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Our method posits to conserve the topographic uniqueness of individual brains and is based on our ability to visualize both the three-dimensional (3D) rendered brain and the three orthogonal planes simultaneously. The reliability study for gray matter volume and surface area of each subregion was performed on a set of 10 MR scans by two raters. The intraclass R coefficients for gray matter volume of each subregion ranged between 0.86 and 0.99. We describe here a reproducible and reliable topography-based parcellation method of the frontal lobe that will allow us to use new approaches to understand the role of particular frontal cortical subregions in schizophrenia and other brain illnesses.
A novel approach to tricuspid valve replacement: the upside down stentless aortic bioprosthesis.

Background Tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) is a rarely needed operation. Choices between mechanical and biological prosthesis still generate controversy. We present our initial clinical experience with a stentless aortic root placed inverted in the tricuspid annulus. Methods Between August 2000 and September 2003, TVR for severe tricuspid insufficiency was performed in 8 patients. Indications were infective endocarditis (7) and iatrogenic damage (1). Mean age was 42.2 years old (20 to 58 years old). Five patients were male and 3 patients had a concomitant procedure (mitral valvuloplasty, coronary bypass grafting, and aortic valve replacement). A stentless aortic root, size 27 mm (n = 5) or 29 mm (n = 3) was placed inverted in the tricuspid position after the valsalva sinuses were scalloped. Interrupted 4-0 polypropylene sutures were used between the tricuspid valve annulus and the sewing ring. The struts equivalent on the stentless valve were anchored to the septal, anterior and posteroinferior wall of the right ventricle using 5-0 PTFE pledgeted sutures. Results Hospital survival was 100% and mean hospital stay was 12.5 days (3 to 18 days). Intraoperative and follow-up echocardiograms revealed no stenosis or insufficiency. Mean follow-up was 17.2 months (1–38 months). There were 3 late deaths due to continued IV drug use (n = 2) and end-stage renal failure (n = 1). Conclusions This is a novel surgical alternative for a very high risk population. Potential advantages over current options include minimization of blood contact with nonbiological surfaces, preservation of annular motion, freedom from anticoagulation, and a theoretical lower rate of calcification.
Synchronous leaf production and herbivory in juveniles of Gustavia superba.

Synchronous leaf production has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce herbivore damage to young leaves by satiating herbivores. To test this hypothesis, I measured leaf production, leaf survivorship, and herbivore damage on juveniles of Gustavia superba (H.B.K.) Berg (Lecythidaceae), in two sites in Central Panama. Leaves were produced throughout the year, but there were peaks in leaf production at the beginning of the wet scason. Plants that produced leaves synchronously with conspecifics received significantly less damage than plants that produced leaves out of synchrony, and high levels of leaf damage were correlated with shorter leaf lifetimes. These data suggest that plant phenology can influence risks of herbivory.
Ultraproducts of C*-algebras

We initiate a general study of ultraproducts of C*-algebras, including topics on representations, homomorphisms, isomorphisms, positive linear maps and their ultraproducts. We partially settle a question of D. McDuff by proving, for a finite von Neumann algebra with a separable predual, that the continuum hypothesis implies the isomorphism of all of its tracial ultrapowers with respect to different free ultrafilters on the natural numbers. The analog for C*-ultrapowers of separable C*-algebras is equivalent to the continuum hypothesis. We also prove a finite local reflexivity theorem for operator spaces that implies that the second dual of a C*-algebra can be embedded in some ultra-power of the algebra using a completely positive completely isometric map.
Toxicity and teratogenicity of food additive chemicals in the developing chicken embryo.

Abstract The toxicity of 80 chemicals which have food additive use has been investigated by their administration to developing chicken embryos. Four test conditions were used: injection via the air cell and via the yolk: and at two times, preincubation (0 hr) and 96 hr. For each condition, at least 100 embryos per dose level were treated at a minimum of five dose levels. Appropriate groups of vehicle controls and untreated controls were included in all experiments. LD50 values were determined for each test condition. All embryos and hatched chicks were examined grossly for any abnormalities in development, both functional and structural. All abnormalities were tabulated and compared with values for the vehicle controls to determine teratogenicity. Organic and inorganic chemicals were tested, including gums and flavoring agents. Levels tested ranged from 0.50 to 75 mg/egg; the maximum volume injected was 100 μl. In some cases, test levels were low because of the inability to find a nontoxic solvent for the test chemical. No especially toxic compounds were found among those tested. A range of LD50 values was found, however, as was expected in the diverse group of chemicals tested. The investigation of the teratogenicity of these chemicals revealed that 10 of the 80 produced significant numbers of abnormal birds under one or more of the test conditions. Results indicate that the chicken embryo test is capable of demonstrating the teratogenic potential of compounds; it is selective and does not respond nonspecifically to any agent introduced during development. For this reason, the test may be useful for screening large numbers of compounds to identify those that should be subjected to more rigorous evaluation.
Tumor oximetry: demonstration of an enhanced dynamic mapping procedure using fluorine-19 echo planar magnetic resonance imaging in the Dunning prostate R3327-AT1 rat tumor.

Abstract Purpose: We have developed an enhanced approach to measuring regional oxygen tension (pO 2 ) dynamics in tumors. The technique is demonstrated in a group of 8 Dunning prostate rat tumors (R3327-AT1) with respect to respiratory challenge. Methods and Materials: Hexafluorobenzene was injected directly into the tumors of anesthetized rats. 19 F nuclear magnetic resonance echo planar imaging relaxometry was performed to obtain maps of regional tumor oxygenation under baseline conditions and when the inhaled gas was changed to oxygen or carbogen. Results: Sequential pO 2 maps required 8 min, with a typical precision of 1–3 torr at 30–100 individual regions across a tumor. When rats breathed 33% oxygen, distinct heterogeneity was observed for baseline oxygenation in each tumor with pO 2 values ranging from hypoxic to greater than 100 torr. Larger tumors showed significantly lower baseline pO 2 . Respiratory challenge with oxygen or carbogen produced significant increases in tumor oxygenation with a close correlation between the response to each gas at individual locations. Regions of both small and large tumors responded to respiratory challenge, but the rate was generally much faster in initially well-oxygenated regions. Conclusions: Regional pO 2 was assessed quantitatively and the response of multiple individual tumor regions observed simultaneously with respect to interventions.
PARAMETERIZATION STRATEGY FOR OPTIMIZATION OF SHAPE MORPHING COMPLIANT MECHANISMS USING LOAD PATH REPRESENTATION

The distributed compliance and smooth deformation field of compliant mechanisms provide a viable means to achieve shape morphing in many systems, such as flexible antenna reflectors and morphing aircraft wings. We previously developed a systematic synthesis approach to design shape morphing compliant mechanisms using Genetic Algorithm (GA). However, the design variable definition, in fact, allows the generation of invalid designs (disconnected structures) within the GA. In this research, we developed a load path representation to include the structure connectivity information into the design variables, thus improving the GA efficiency. The number of design variables is also independent of the number of elements in the finite element model that is used to solve for the structural deformation. The shape morphing synthesis approach, incorporating this path representation, is demonstrated through two examples, followed by discussions on further refinements.
Processing‐property relationships in compression molding of sheet molding compounds

An experimental investigation was conducted into establishing relationships between the processing variables and the mechanical properties of compression-molded parts of sheet molding compounds (SMC). Emphasis was placed on investigating the effects on the tensile properties, impact strength, and dynamic mechanical properties of composite specimens, of low-profile additives, and of treating glass fibers (for reinforcement) with sizing chemicals. The processing variables investigated were cure time, mold temperature, and mold pressure. It was found that: (1) An optimum cure time and mold temperature exist for achieving molded SMC composites of the greatest tensile and impact strengths; (2) Of the four different types of low-profile thermoplastic additives employed, the poly(vinyl acetate) modified with acrylic acid gives rise to molded SMC composites having the greatest tensile and impact strengths; (3) An optimum cure time and mold temperature exist for achieving the highest glass-transition (Tg) of the low-profile additive; (4) The values of cure time and mold temperature that have yielded the greatest tensile and impact strengths also yield molded specimens having the highest Tg of the low-profile additive.
Measurement of temperature and liquid viscosity using wireless magneto-acoustic/magneto-optical sensors

Remote query magneto-acoustic and magneto-optical sensors are used to measure liquid temperature, viscosity and density. Sensors comprising magnetoelastic Metglas(R) 2826MB thick-films, alloy composition Fe/sub 40/Ni/sub 38/Mo/sub 4/B/sub 18/, oscillate in response to an externally applied, time-varying magnetic field. The sensor oscillations are strongest at the characteristic mechanical resonant frequency of the sensor. Depending upon the physical geometry and surface roughness of the magnetoelastic films, the mechanical sensor-vibrations launch an acoustic wave that can be detected remotely using a hydrophone or microphone. Furthermore, the sensor oscillations act to modulate the intensity of a laser beam reflected from the sensor surface. The sensor vibrations were optically monitored using a photo detector placed in the path of a laser beam back-scattered off the sensor ribbon. Using a Fast Fourier Transform, the signal obtained in the time-domain from acoustical or optical detectors is converted into the frequency-domain from which the resonant frequency of the sensor is determined. The resonant frequency shifts linearly with temperature and, when immersed in a liquid, with the frictional damping forces associated with liquid viscosity and density, thus allowing a remote measurement of temperature and liquid viscosity.
Managing Incidental Findings on Abdominal and Pelvic CT and MRI, Part 1: White Paper of the ACR Incidental Findings Committee II on Adnexal Findings

This white paper describes adnexal (ovarian and paraovarian) incidental findings found on CT and MRI in nonpregnant postmenarchal patients in whom no adnexal disorder is clinically known or suspected. This represents the first of 4 such papers from the ACR Incidental Findings Committee II, which used a consensus method based on repeated reviews and revisions and a collective review and interpretation of relevant literature. Recommendations for the management of incidental adnexal findings are organized into 4 main categories: benign-appearing cysts, probably benign cysts, adnexal masses with characteristic features, and all other adnexal masses, with pathways on the basis of patient menstrual status or age (when last menstrual period is unknown). A table and flowchart are provided for reference.
Multisite time-series studies versus cohort studies: methods, findings, and policy implications

Time-series and cohort studies of air pollution on human health have advanced greatly our understanding of the effects of air pollution on health since the earliest studies. Availability of large national databases and progress in computational tools and statistical methods have made possible the estimation of national average pollution effects and the exploration of potential sources of heterogeneity in the effects of air pollution across countries or regions. Interpretation of the findings needs to account for several challenges, including confounding and the resolution of seemingly conflicting results from time-series and cohort studies. This article presents an overview of the time-series and cohort studies' approaches for estimating the relative risk of mortality from particulate air pollution and discusses the statistical issues and challenges inherent in each of these studies. We also discuss policy relevant summaries in air pollution epidemiology, approaches for estimating the impact of particulate matter on mortality from time-series and cohort studies, and research opportunities under the National Medicare Cohort Study (NMCS).
The Professional Burglar: A Case Study

Corrections is the term presently given to describe the formal societal response to illegal behavior. The term itself connotes and suggests that illegal behavior can be "corrected" in some waY. In order for this to be a meaningful assumption, there must be understanding and knowledge of the behavior to be corrected. It is, therefore, necessary to examine closely the various tjpes of illegal behavior that society is attempting to "correct". The study of corrections involves an examination of both the behavior that is to be "corrected," the methods devised to do so, and the relationship that exists between the two. Pursuing these multiple objectives was the purpose of inviting a professional burglar to appear before a college class in corrections (Kennesaw College, October 3, 1977). This paper will examine his comments and responses to that class. The first section of the paper will be devoted to a general examination, drawn from the information in the general criminaljustice literature, of burglary and oft...
A multi-century ice-core perspective on 20th-century climate change with new contributions from high-Arctic and Greenland (PARCA) cores

A global collection of high temporally resolved ice-core-derived d 18 O records is examined to assess whether the proxy records are consistent with contemporaneous observed temperature variations in their respective regions. This is prerequisite to using the older parts of the proxy (d 18 O) records to assess whether 20th-century temperatures remain within the range of longer-term natural variability. Excluding the high plateaus in East and West Antarctica where 20th-century temperatures show modest cooling, the ice-core records from other regions suggest modest to strong 20th-century warming. The recent warming over Greenland has been modest and spatially variable. The 20th-century warming over both the Barents Sea region and the Tibetan Plateau now falls well outside the range of prior longer-term temperature variability. Similarly, over the South American Andes and the Antarctic Peninsula the recent warming exceeds the long-term mean for the last 1000 and 500 years, respectively. The ice fields in these regions are in danger of being compromised or lost if the present warming trend in these regions persists.
A Content Analysis of Military Commander Messages About Tobacco and Other Health Issues in Military Installation Newspapers: What Do Military Commanders Say About Tobacco?

ABSTRACTMilitary installation newspapers are a primary means used by military commanders to communicate information about topics important to military personnel including leadership, training issues, installation events, safety concerns, and vital health issues. We conducted a content analysis of military commanders’ messages about health issues that were published in online military installation newspapers/newsfeeds. We identified a total of 75 publicly accessible installation newspapers/newsfeeds with commanders’ messages (n = 39 Air Force, n = 19 Army, n = 7 Navy, n = 1 Marine, and n = 9 Joint Bases). Commander messages published from January 2012 to December 2012 were collected, screened, and coded. Coder inter-rater reliability was 98.9%. Among the 2,479 coded commanders’ messages, 132 (5.3%) addressed a health topic as the primary focus. There were no significant differences between service branches in the percentage of health-oriented messages (χ2 = 5.019, p = 0.285). The most commonly addressed he...
Conjugation: the Major Metabolic Pathway of 14C-difluhenzuron in the Boll Weevil

The metabolic fate of 14C-diflubenzuron was studied after it was injected into Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman. Four days posttreatment, recovery of 14C was 57.7% from treated weevils and 25% from the excreta. In the weevil, 57.3% of the 14C were recovered as unchanged diflubenzuron while 0.4% was recovered as conjugates. In the excreta, ca. 2% each of diflubenzuron and 2,6-difluorobenzamide were found and the remainder was conjugates. The total amount of conjugates was ca. 18.7%. Percentages were calculated on the basis of the total injected amount. The conjugates consist of 3 or more compounds, all of which were immediately excreted as very polar compounds. Upon acid hydrolysis, radioactive moieties from the conjugates were identified as N [[(4-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide and N -[[(4-chlorophenyl)amino ]carbonyl]-2,6-difluoro-3-hydroxybenzamide, plus 2 unknowns.
Managing Multiple UAVs through a Timeline Display

Network-centric operations, in which both automated and human entities are linked in order to leverage information superiority, will bring increases in available information sources, volume of information and operational tempo, placing higher cognitive demands on operators. In the future vision of allowing a single operator to control multiple unmanned vehicles (which could be on land, in the air, or under water), it is not well understood how operators will manage multiple vehicles, what kind of decision support can compliment operators, and how human cognitive limitations will impact overall system effectiveness. To this end, this paper presents the results of an experiment in which an operator simultaneously managed four highly autonomous UAVs executing an air tasking order, with the overall goal of destroying a predetermined set of targets within a limited time period. The primary factors under investigation were different levels of automation from manual to management-by-exception represented in a timeline, as well as different levels of replanning which are needed in time-sensitive targeting scenarios. Increasing levels of automation can reduce workload but they can also result in situation awareness degradation as well as automation bias. Results demonstrate that operators became fixated on the need to globally optimize their schedules and did not adequately weigh uncertainty in their decisions. This fixation significantly degraded operator performance to the point that operators without any decision support performed better than those with probabilistic prediction information and the ability to negotiate potential outcomes.
Reactivity of (C5Me5)3LaLx Complexes: Synthesis of a Tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Complex with Two Additional Ligands, (C5Me5)3La(NCCMe3)2

The limits of steric crowding in tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complexes have been expanded by isolation of the first compound with this ligand set and two additional ligands, (C5Me5)3ML2. This result was obtained in a study of the effect of added ligands on the reactivity of sterically crowded (C5Me5)3La, 1. Although neither THF nor Ph3PO formed crystallographically characterizable (C5Me5)3LaLx complexes with 1, these (C5Me5)3La/Lx mixtures displayed enhanced reactivity compared to 1 with substrates such as C8H8 and CO2. Attempts to use adamantyl azide, AdN3, to make (C5Me5)3LaLx complexes led to the first example of azide insertion into a metal cyclopentadienyl linkage to generate (C5Me5)2La[η2-(N,N′)-(C5Me5)NN′N′′Ad](N3Ad). Addition of Me3CCN to 1 produced the first crystallographically characterized (C5Me5)3ML2 complex, (C5Me5)3La(NCCMe3)2.
Resolving Shame in Group Psychotherapy

This article addresses shame and the defenses against shame in group psychotherapy. The experience of shame involves the activation of devalued and devaluing introjects, either of which can be externalized through projection or projective identification resulting in the manifestation of contempt and envy. This article will examine ways to identify, understand, and manage these defenses in order to help resolve shame. The resolution of shame involves experiencing and verbalizing the profound sense of inadequacy associated with shame without resorting to splitting or receiving the anticipated rejection and condemnation from self and others.