cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing the Status Quo: The 100 Most-Disruptive Papers in Urology?

Abstract Objective To identify key papers in urology using a novel bibliometric index called the disruption score. Methods A PubMed search was conducted to identify papers published in Journal of Urology, European Urology, Urology, Urologic Oncology, Journal of Endourology, and BJU International, Nature Reviews Urology. Selected urology papers published in other medical journals were also included. Using a validated dataset of disruption scores for all papers published in 1954-2014, the top 100 most-disruptive urology papers, as well as the top 100 most-cited papers, were identified. Comparisons between both lists and across journals were investigated. Results A total of 72,623 published articles were included. Journal of Urology had the most articles in the most-disruptive papers list (n = 69) followed by BJU International (n = 16). New England Journal of Medicine had the most papers in the most-cited papers list (n = 26) followed by Journal of Urology (n = 23). Only 7 papers were common to both the most-disruptive papers and most-cited papers lists. Oncology was highly represented among the most-cited papers (n = 60), whereas the most-disruptive papers included a broader representation of urology. The most common study design among the most disruptive papers was small case-series/case reports, whereas the most common study design among the most-cited papers was randomized controlled trials. Conclusion The disruption score identified landmark papers in urology that have introduced innovative ideas. Disruption score captures a unique profile of scientific impact that may be used in combination with other bibliometric indices to identify scholarly achievements in urology.
Atrial fibrillation in the athlete: Case report and a contemporary appraisal

Abstract Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent sustained arrhythmia affecting up to 1% of the world's population. The overwhelming majority of patients with AF have concomitant structural heart disease and comorbidities, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus. One out of ten AF patients has no substantial comorbidities and has been traditionally termed “lone AF”. Paradoxically, there exists an association of highintensity endurance exercises and AF. Case 43-year-old competitive cyclist and cross-country skier with no known cardiac comorbidities who presented with multiple episodes of dyspnea and palpitations. He was found to have exercise-induced AF without structural heart abnormalities. Discussion This case highlights the clinical diversity of AF in athletes. In this review, we delve into the specifics of the pathophysiology and clinical features of AF in athletes. We then review the key points in managing AF in athletes, including medical therapy and catheter ablation. Conclusion AF in the athletes is incompletely understood due to a lack of prospective study volume. There exist some crucial pathophysiological differences between AF in athletes and AF in older patients with structural heart disease. Treating physicians must be aware of the nuances of management of AF in athletes, including the concepts of detraining, medical therapy options, and ablation.
Metacognitive Beliefs Predict Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Outcome in Children with Anxiety Disorders

This study presents the first test of dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs as a predictor of anxiety symptom severity in youths following cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). N = 46 clinic-referred youths ages 6–16 years (M = 9.24, SD = 1.97) with anxiety disorders completed questionnaires on metacognitive beliefs and anxiety severity at CBT pretreatment and post-treatment. Overall metacognitive beliefs and all 5 subdimensions were significantly associated with anxiety severity at pretreatment. Metacognitive beliefs at pretreatment significantly predicted anxiety severity at post-treatment, and this predictive effect was moderated by age. In children under age 9 years, higher metacognitive beliefs predicted higher anxiety symptom severity at post-treatment. Changes in overall metacognitive beliefs, negative beliefs, and superstitious beliefs were significantly associated with changes in anxiety severity. Dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs, including heightened awareness of and focus on worries, portend a poorer CBT outcome in children with anxiety disorders. These findings support the promise of dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs for informing selection or tailoring of treatment.
Good Psychiatric Management for Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder

Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is a prevalent personality disorder that frequently presents in health care settings with other psychiatric comorbidities. However, no OCPD treatment guidelines for a general mental health clinician have been proposed. This review summarizes current, clinically relevant knowledge about OCPD and introduces a pragmatic and accessible treatment model: Good Psychiatric Management (GPM) for OCPD. GPM for OCPD offers clinicians a straightforward framework for understanding and treating OCPD patients, informed by eight principles: (1) diagnostic disclosure with assessment of the effect of perfectionism and rigidity on occupational and social life, (2) psychoeducation regarding the role of over-reliance on overcontrol as a core mechanism of instability, (3) focus on life outside of treatment as a grounds for personal growth, (4) use of corrective experiences to dispel rigidly held beliefs and promote more flexible personality functioning, (5) managing comorbidities, (6) use of multimodal treatments, (7) managing safety using general suicide risk assessment, and (8) conservative pharmacological management. Guided by up-to-date knowledge about OCPD, an accessible OCPD conceptualization, and GPM’s eight principles, the generalist mental health clinician can help their patient to build a meaningful life beyond OCPD symptoms.
Risks and Benefits of Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

Patients with an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator (ICD) may receive frequent shocks or antitachycardia pacing for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia despite suppressive drug therapy. Antitachycardia pacing is often well-tolerated but not always effective. High voltage cardioversion is usually painful and may cause severe, disabling anxiety for some patients. Therefore, catheter ablation is an important adjunct to medical therapy for patients with structural heart disease who have frequent shocks for episodes of ventricular tachycardia. In 56‐100% of selected patients, hemodynamically-tolerated monomorphic ventricular tachycardia can be successfully ablated with radiofrequency energy and standard mapping techniques [1‐6]. Herein we review the indications, benefits and risks of radiofrequency ablation of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia for patients with structural heart disease and an ICD. Willems et al. [4] published the first series of patients with catheter ablation of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia as an adjunct to ICD therapy. Among 6 patients, 5 had monomorphic ventricular tachycardia originating in a healed myocardial scar related to coronary artery disease and the other patient had bundle branch reentry. Four of 6 patients had incessant monomorphic ventricular tachycardia at the time of the procedure and the remaining 2 had frequent ICD shocks. The monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in all patients was successfully ablated, but 2 of 6 patients continued to have relatively frequent ICD shocks during the follow-up period.
Chapter 25 Sea urchin roe cuisine

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sea-urchin roe cuisine. Sea-urchin roe is eaten most simply raw on bread with lemon. Today, many think of eating sea-urchin roe in the Japanese manner as sushi. However, the Japanese have a variety of ways of preparing sea urchins, such as Uni no Kanten . Yukio Agatsuma has provided recipes of traditional Japanese methods for preparing sea urchins for eating. Echizen Uni is from Fukui Prefecture and uses Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus . The roe are removed from the testes, washed in seawater, drained, sprinkled with salt, and placed in wooden casks. Shimonoseki Uni from Yamaguchi Prefecture also uses H. pulcherrimus . Strongylocentrotus nudus is used in Kaiyaki Uni from Iwate Prefecture. The traditional preparations of Paracentrotus lividus are found in Provence. An oursinado is eaten with bread or potatoes, as a soup base, or as a creme d’oursin served with fish. It is prepared by mashing roe in a mortar and pestle and adding olive oil little by little to make a mayonnaise.
CHAPTER 1 – The Evolution of Mammalian Platelets

The mammalian platelet is derived from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, the only polyploid hematopoietic cell. Polyploid megakaryocytes and their progeny, nonnucleated platelets, are found only in mammals. In all other animal species, cells involved in hemostasis and blood coagulation are nucleated. The nucleated cells primarily involved in nonmammalian, vertebrate hemostasis are designated thrombocytes to distinguish them from nonnucleated platelets.
AzCam: A Windows-Based CCD/CMOS Client/Server Data Acquisition System

AzCam is a software package developed to utilize a common architecture for the characterization of CCD and CMOS imagers in both laboratory and astronomical observatory environments. It follows a standard client/server model in which the server runs on a PC under the Microsoft Windows operating system to allow easy integration with the many CMOS imager cameras.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry to monitor nutritional status.

There exists an imperative to monitor changes in body composition in all dialysis patients on a regular basis to avoid overt malnutrition. In this regard, the absolute measurement of the fat-free m...
The Biobehavioral Family Model: Close relationships and allostatic load

Abstract Rationale This study tested the inclusion of allostatic load as an expansion of the biobehavioral reactivity measurement in the Biobehavioral Family Model (BBFM). The BBFM is a biopsychosocial approach to health which proposes biobehavioral reactivity (anxiety and depression) mediates the relationship between family emotional climate and disease activity. Methods Data for this study included a subsample of n = 1255 single and married, English-speaking adult participants (57% female, M age = 56 years) from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS II), a nationally representative epidemiological study of health and aging in the United States. Participants completed self-reported measures of family and marital functioning, anxiety and depression (biobehavioral reactivity), number of chronic health conditions, number of prescribed medications, and a biological protocol in which the following indices were obtained: cardiovascular functioning, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activity, inflammation, lipid/fat metabolism, and glucose metabolism. Results Structural equation modeling indicated good fit of the data to the hypothesized family model (χ 2 = 125.13 p = .00, SRMR = .03, CFI = .96, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .04) and hypothesized couple model (χ2 = 132.67, p = .00, SRMR = .04, CFI = .95, TLI = .93, RMSEA = .04). Negative family interactions predicted biobehavioral reactivity for anxiety and depression and allostatic load; however couple interactions predicted only depression and anxiety measures of biobehavioral reactivity. Conclusion Findings suggest the importance of incorporating physiological data in measuring biobehavioral reactivity as a predicting factor in the overall BBFM model.
Mechanistic studies of the role of a conserved histidine in a mammalian polyamine oxidase.

Abstract Polyamine oxidases are peroxisomal flavoproteins that catalyze the oxidation of an endo carbon nitrogen bond of N1-acetylspermine in the catabolism of polyamines. While no structure has been reported for a mammalian polyamine oxidase, sequence alignments of polyamine oxidizing flavoproteins identify a conserved histidine residue. Based on the structure of a yeast polyamine oxidase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fms1, this residue has been proposed to hydrogen bond to the reactive nitrogen in the polyamine substrate. The corresponding histidine in mouse polyamine oxidase, His64, has been mutated to glutamine, asparagine, and alanine to determine if this residue plays a similar role in the mammalian enzymes. The kinetics of the mutant enzymes were examined with N1-acetylspermine and the slow substrates spermine and N,N′-dibenzyl-1,4-diaminobutane. On average the mutations result in a decrease of ∼15-fold in the rate constant for amine oxidation. Rapid-reaction kinetic analyses established that amine oxidation is rate-limiting with spermine as substrate for the wild-type and mutant enzymes and for the H64N enzyme with N1-acetylspermine as substrate. The k cat / K O 2 value was unaffected by the mutations with N1-acetylspermine as substrate, but decreased ∼55-fold with the two slower substrates. The results are consistent with this residue assisting in properly positioning the amine substrate for oxidation.
Comparable ascertainment of newly-diagnosed atrial fibrillation using active cohort follow-up versus surveillance of centers for medicare and medicaid services in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.

Objective Increasingly, epidemiologic studies use administrative data to identify atrial fibrillation (AF). Capture of incident AF is not well documented. We examined incidence rates and concordance of AF diagnosis based on active cohort follow-up versus surveillance of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Methods Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort participants without prevalent AF enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare, with inpatient and outpatient coverage, for at least 12 continuous months between 1991 and 2009 were included. In active Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study follow-up, annual telephone calls captured hospitalizations and deaths with incident AF diagnosis codes. For Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data, incident AF was defined by billed inpatient and outpatient diagnoses. Results Of 10,134 eligible cohort participants, 738 developed AF according to both Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data; an additional 93 and 288 incident cases were identified using only Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data, respectively. Incidence rates per 1,000 person-years were 10.8 (95% confidence interval: 10.1–11.6) and 13.6 (95% confidence interval: 12.8–14.4) in Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, respectively; agreement was 96%; kappa was 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.75–0.80). Earlier AF ascertainment by one system versus the other was not associated with any cardiovascular disease risk factors, after accounting for sociodemographic factors. Additional Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services events did not alter observed associations between risk factors and AF. Conclusion Among fee-for-service enrollees, AF incidence rates were slightly lower for active cohort follow-up than for Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services surveillance, because the latter included outpatient atrial fibrillation. Concordance was high and combining the two approaches could provide a more complete picture of newly-diagnosed AF.
Risk factors for HIV-seropositivity among women in rural villages of Cameroon, 2000–2001

Purpose We report on risk factors for HIV seroprevalent infection in women in 73 rural villages in Cameroon. While epidemiological studies of women in Sub-Saharan Africa have identified single marital status and age 15–24 years as risk factors for HIV-seropositivity, the intranational geography of HIV has received little attention in most African countries. Methods The HIV1/2 rapid assay, standard ELISA, and Western blot were used to determine the prevalence of HIV antibodies in 73 rural villages located in 6 of the 10 provinces of Cameroon, Africa during 2000–2001. Information regarding demographic data and risk factors was obtained using structured questionnaires during face-to-face interviews. Results Odds ratios (ORs) significantly different from the null value of 1.0 were associated with: (a) age, with 25–39 years old women at risk of HIV-seropositivity compared to 15–24 year old women (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.24–2.70); (b) education, (OR for women with a primary school education = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.24–3.04), compared to illiterate women; and (c) marital status (OR for married women compared to single women = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.30–0.66). In addition, significant odds ratios for HIV-seropositivity were associated with the geographic location of the villages. After adjustment for other variables (OR per degree increase in latitude = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.06–0.55; OR per degree increase in longitude = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.39–0.84, OR for the interaction between latitude and longitude = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.05–1.28) indicating decreased risk with increasing distance from Cameroon's Atlantic coastline, and with increasing distance from the equator. Conclusion Our findings thus suggest geographic patterns of HIV-seroprevalence, the knowledge of which may be helpful in targeting treatment and prevention activities in that country.
A Unique Thyroid Hormone Response Element in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Long Terminal Repeat That Overlaps the Sp1 Binding Sites

Long terminal repeat (LTR) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 is activated by thyroid hormone (T3) receptor α (T3Rα) in the absence of ligand. Addition of T3 reverses this effect. This activity is mediated by a high affinity T3 response element (T3RE) within the HIV-1 LTR, termed the HIV-T3RE (bases −74 to −50), which coincides with the Sp1 element as demonstrated by mobility shift, DNaseI footprinting, and methylation interference analyses. HIV-T3RE mediates ligand-independent activation of transcription by T3Rα when linked to a heterologous promoter. In addition, the viral transactivator Tat synergizes with T3Rα to activate the HIV-1 LTR in the absence of T3, which is relieved in its presence. These findings have implications for the possible control of HIV-1 LTR activity by T3.
Longitudinal mixing in packed beds

Abstract Longitudinal mixing properties were investigated for a water stream flowing through 2 in. and 4 in. tubes packed with 1·3, 3·0 and 3·2 mm spheres over the Reynolds number range 3 to 4500. The method of injecting a step function of salt solution through a simulated plane source was used, coupled with electrical conductivity measurements with very small probes. This method is not limited by the assumption of a flat velocity profile. The statistical model proposed by E instein is tested and found to be applicable over the entire range of all variables studied. The results are reported in terms of an eddy diffusivity as a function of hydraulic radius and line velocity which are proposed as the characteristic length and velocity terms. The observed eddy diffusivities are somewhat lower than those of other investigators who used radially integrated rather than point measurements of the breakthrough curve. It is shown that the integrated results are too high due to a non-flat velocity profile.
Prevalence, isotype, and functionality of antiheparin-platelet factor 4 antibodies in patients treated with heparin and clinically suspected for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The pathogenic role of IgG.

Abstract Antibodies to heparin–platelet factor 4 (PF4) complexes have been observed in patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) syndrome. These antibodies may be of various isotypes and differ with respect to their ability to activate platelets/endothelial cells. This study determined the isotypes and functionality of antiheparin–platelet factor 4 (AHPF4) antibodies in 111 patients treated with heparin and clinically suspected for HIT. In this patient population, 50% had detectable AHPF4 cumulative IgA, IgG, and IgM (determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA), but only 35% was positive when tested with the 14 C-serotonin release assay (SRA). Using antihuman Ig specific for different isotypes, we found that 50% of the 111 samples was positive for IgG, 45% for IgM, and 37% for IgA. In 50 normal human serum (NHS) samples, only two were positive for IgG, but 33 were positive for IgM, indicating a potential humoral response to the heparin–PF4 complex prior to heparin administration. Patients that were ELISA + for AHPF4 antibody titer were subdivided into SRA-positive (+) and SRA-negative (−) groups. The SRA + group had a mean ELISA optical density (OD) for AHPF4 IgA/IgG/IgM of 2.1, while the SRA − group had a mean OD of 0.8 ( P + group had greater mean OD values for all three individual isotypes. Using flow cytometry, we determined the ability of different patient samples to activate platelets. Samples that contained IgG and were SRA + activated platelets (as measured by microparticle generation and P-selectin expression) in the presence of therapeutic concentrations of heparin. NHS and samples containing IgA and/or IgM that were SRA − were not able to produce microparticles nor were they able to increase expression of P-selectin. Together, these data indicate that IgG is the principal mediator of platelet activation in patients with HIT, with IgA and IgM playing a less significant role in the pathophysiology of this syndrome.
Effects of exogenous growth hormone on skeletal muscle of young female rats

We examined the effects of exogenous growth hormone (GH) treatment on the soleus and rectus femoris muscles of young female rats. Rat GH (1.8 IU/mg) was administered for 3 weeks by subcutaneous injection, twice a day, at doses of 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/day during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd week, respectively. Final body weight, as well as wet and dry weight, of the soleus and rectus femoris muscles were significantly greater in the GH-treated group, compared to controls. Muscle weight to body weight ratios did not differ between the two groups. The fiber type composition of the soleus muscle was determined by histochemical staining for myosin ATPase activity. No statistically significant difference was found between the GH-treated and the control groups in the percentages of fiber types. However, GH treatment significantly increased the cross-sectional area of type II fibers of the soleus muscle. These results suggest that, in young female rats, acceleration of body weight gain by homologous GH administration is accompanied by a proportional hypertrophy of skeletal muscle mass. Increased muscle mass is due to hypertrophy of muscle fibers. Type II muscle fibers appear to be more sensitive to GH stimulation.
Is the future of unionism in cyberspace

V. Conclusions Cyber technology has been proposed as the panacea for the troubled Old Unionism, the expansion of the New Unionism, and to promote the political power of the Labor Movement. In furtherance of those objectives, the AFL-CIO created a web site on December 1, 2000, workingfamilies.com. The site is intended to provide 17 million union members and retirees access to the Internet; the Federation also offers them computers at low cost. The AFL-CIO’s web is intended to link the union’s members to each other, offer discussion forums, chat rooms, and e-mail networks which will allow workers to talk to each other regularly and mobilize their workplaces and communities for causes endorsed by the Federation (World Future Society, February, 2000). The new service is an extension of the Union Privilege Benefit Programs set up by the Federation during the 1980s as a way of reversing the unions’ faltering membership. Those programs include reduced attorney fees, lower cost life and accident insurance, participation in a motor-club, car-repair, and travel-club services, a Walt Disney World Hotel Discount, a parents’ college advisor, reduced cost for educational books and software, mortgage and real estate advice, and a dental program. The original package was offered to nonmembers for a small fee who become "associate members." It was hoped that the associate participants would become full members. A number of affiliated unions adopted similar programs. In 1995, the Federation added a credit card issued by Household International and for which it received $75 million each year for five years ending in 2000. The card has no annual fee and low monthly interest charges. How the Federation spent these sums is unknown.
Geranoyl-CoA carboxylase: a novel biotin-containing enzyme in plants.

Abstract Geranoyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.4) is a biotin-containing enzyme previously described in two genera of bacteria. Here we report the presence of geranoyl-CoA carboxylase in kingdom Plantae. Geranoyl-CoA carboxylase was purified 180-fold from maize leaves. The enzyme has a biotin-containing subunit of 122 kDa. The pH optimum for activity is 8.3. The apparentKmvalues for the substrates geranoyl-CoA, bicarbonate, and ATP are 64 ± 5 μM, 0.58 ± 0.04 mM, and 8.4 ± 0.4 μM, respectively. Subcellular fractionations indicate that geranoyl-CoA carboxylase is located in plastids. Geranoyl-CoA carboxylase activity is ubiquitous in organs of monocots and dicots and varies with development. We postulate that geranoyl-CoA carboxylase plays an important role in isoprenoid catabolism in plants, in a pathway analogous to that shown inPsuedomonassp. In plants, this catabolic pathway would require the interaction of at least three subcellular compartments (plastids, microbodies, and mitochondria) and two biotin-containing enzymes, geranoyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase.
The evolving role of the pathologist in the management of lung cancer

Major advances in pathology, molecular biology, patient diagnosis and care, as well as the advent of personalized therapy, have resulted in a greatly increased role for the pathologist, who has emerged as a key member of the lung cancer management team. A new multidisciplinary, clinically relevant classification of pulmonary adenocarcinoma has resulted in a paradigm shift in how we view and practice lung cancer pathology. In the future, the role of the pathologist will continue to grow and become fully integrated with clinical care.
Detecting changes during pregnancy with Raman spectroscopy

Preterm labor is the second leading cause of neonatal mortality and leads to a myriad of complications like delayed development and cerebral palsy. Currently, there is no way to accurately predict preterm labor, making its prevention and treatment virtually impossible. While there are some at-risk patients, over half of all preterm births do not fall into any high-risk category. This study seeks to predict and prevent preterm labor by using Raman spectroscopy to detect changes in the cervix during pregnancy. Since Raman spectroscopy has been used to detect cancers in vivo in organs like the cervix and skin, it follows that spectra will change over the course of pregnancy. Previous studies have shown that fluorescence decreased during pregnancy and increased during post-partum exams to pre-pregnancy levels. We believe significant changes will occur in the Raman spectra obtained during the course of pregnancy. In this study, Raman spectra from the cervix of pregnant mice will be acquired. Specific changes that occur due to cervical softening or changes in hormonal levels will be observed to understand the changes that occur before and after labor in the cervix.
The preparation and geminal molecular structure of the compound N3P3Br4(NH2)2

1,1-Diamido-3,3,5,5-tetrabromocyclotriphosphonitrile, N3P3Br4(NH2)2, was prepared by allowing the trimeric bromide, N3P3Br6, to react with ammonia in diethyl ether. The compound was characterized by i.r. spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy indicated a geminal molecular structure. The molecular structure of the compound N3P3Br4(NH2)2 was compared with that of the corresponding chloride to determine whether the same substitution pattern is followed in its formation.
Notes on the ecology of thermophilic archaebacteria

Summary Natural thermal habitats in which thermophilic Archaebacteria are found are widespread in both terrestrial and marine environments. This paper gives a brief discussion of these environments and summarizes the distribution of known thermophilic archaebacteria.
Incorporation of C1402 into Organic Compounds by Cell-free Extracts of Autotrophically Grown Hydrogenomonas sp.

SummaryCell-free extracts from auto-trophically grown Hydrogenomonas, in the presence of NaHC14O3 and certain organic acids, are capable of performing the following reactions: 1) To incorporate C14 into malic acid, in the presence of TPNH or DPNH, pyruvic acid, and Mn++ ions; the same is accomplished when malic acid plus TPN or DPN instead of the reduced forms of the coenzymes are used in the above reaction mixtures. 2) To incorporate C14 into the beta-carboxyl group of oxalacetic acid when NaHC14O3 is incubated with pyruvic acid, Mn++ ions, and oxalacetic acid; ATP is required for this reaction. 3) To incorporate C14 into isocitric acid when NaHC14O3 is incubated with alpha-ketoglutaric acid, Mn++ ions, TPNH, or with isocitric acid and TPN in place of TPNH. Cell-free extracts of heterotrophically grown Hydrogenomonas, like the extracts from autotrophically grown cells, are able to accomplish the same reactions.
Prenatal detection of trisomy 9 mosaicism

Chromosomal mosaicism in amniotic fluid cells poses a serious dilemma in prenatal diagnosis since the observation may represent: (1) pseudomosaicism--an inconsequential tissue culture artefact; or (2) true mosaicism--occurring in approximately 0.20 per cent of amniocenteses with a significant impact on pregnancy outcome. Mosaicism for trisomy 9 was observed in an amniotic fluid specimen obtained for advanced maternal age with two cell lines [46,XX (46 per cent)/47,XX, +9 (54 per cent)] present in each of four culture flasks. Since more than 75 per cent of newborns with trisomy 9 mosaicism have complex cardiac malformations, a fetal echocardiogram was obtained at 20 weeks' gestation and interpreted as normal. A fetal blood sample (22 weeks' gestation) disclosed only a single trisomy 9 cell among the 100 metaphases analysed. However, a second fetal echocardiogram performed at the time of blood sampling suggested a non-specific cardiac anomaly. Fetal autopsy following elective pregnancy termination revealed several malformations including severe micrognathia, persistence of the left superior vena cava, and skeletal anomalies. Cytogenetic studies of cell cultures derived from several fetal tissues demonstrated trisomy 9 ranging from 12 to 24 per cent.
Nitrate in the ground water of Texas

Ground water in many parts of Texas contains nitrate in excess of 20 ppm (parts per million) as NO3. About 3,000 of the 20,000 nitrate determinations made of water from wells in Texas showed more than 20 ppm of nitrate. The public water supplies of 27 Texas towns and cities contained more than 50 ppm of nitrate. Recent medical research indicates that methemoglobinemia or infant cyanosis (“blue babies”) may be caused by nitrate in water used in formula mixtures. Most of the high nitrate in ground water is found in wells less than 200 ft deep and mainly in water from late Tertiary and Quaternary formations; however, high nitrate was found in water from all kinds of rocks of all ages. The presence of high nitrate in ground water appears to be unrelated to rainfall, geography, or cultivation. A hypothesis of bacterial origin of the high nitrate is supported by strong evidence but is weakened by the presence of the correspondingly high content of associated salts. The disappearance of nitrate at depth presents additional problems.
Chronic administration of benzodiazepines—V. Rapid onset of behavioral and neurochemical alterations after discontinuation of alprazolam

Abstract Discontinuation of chronic treatment with alprazolam may cause a characteristic clinical syndrome. To assess the basis of this syndrome, mice were treated with alprazolam, 2 mg/kg, for 7 days, a regimen associated with the development of tolerance and downregulation of receptors. Effects on motor activity and the binding and function of GABA receptors were evaluated 1, 2, 4 and 7 days after discontinuation. Motor activity was similar to controls 1 day after cessation of alprazolam, increased from days 2 to 4 after-alprazolam, and returned to control values by 7 days. The binding of benzodiazepines in vivo and in vitro was increased in the cortex 2 and 4 days after alprazolam and in the hypothalamus at 4 days after alprazolam. Binding returned to control values in all areas by 7 days. Binding at the chloride channel, using [ 35 S ]t- butylbicyclophosphorothionate , was not significantly altered after discontinuation. Muscimol-stimulated uptake of [36Cl−] in cortical synaptoneurosomes was increased at 4 days after alprazolam, compared to days 1, 2 and 7. Thus, behavioral and neurochemical alterations was associated with the discontinuation of alprazolam. These alterations were qualitatively similar to those observed following discontinuation of lorazepam but occurred more rapidly and with differing regional specificity.
Peak dynamic force in human gait

Abstract Studies were made of the forces generated at heel stroke in human gait using both force plates having a high resonant frequencies (capable of picking up high frequency components in the contact force) as well as a force transducer inserted into the heel of the shoe of the subjects. The output traces were analyzed for the existence of high frequency impulsive loads during a normal walking cycle. The effect of the complicance of the foot and floor was studied with the force transducers. The results showed that during normal human gait the lower limb is subjected to a high frequency impulsive load at heel strike. The severity of this impulse varied with the individual, the velocity and angle with which the limb aproached the ground and the compliance of the two materials coming in contact at heel strike. The magnitude of this peak force varied from 0.5 to 1.25 times body weight and its frequency components from 10 to 75 Hz.
Euclidean proof of the Goldstone Theorem

The Goldstone theorem in the formulation ofKastler,Robinson, andSwieca is proven in the framework of Euclidean quantum field theory. One utilizes that Schwinger functions have the cluster property in all directions.
Limitations to Teaching Children 2 + 2 = 4: Typical Arithmetic Problems Can Hinder Learning of Mathematical Equivalence

Do typical arithmetic problems hinder learning of mathematical equivalence? Second and third graders (7–9 years old; N= 80) received lessons on mathematical equivalence either with or without typical arithmetic problems (e.g., 15 + 13 = 28 vs. 28 = 28, respectively). Children then solved math equivalence problems (e.g., 3 + 9 + 5 = 6 + __), switched lesson conditions, and solved math equivalence problems again. Correct solutions were less common following instruction with typical arithmetic problems. In a supplemental experiment, fifth graders (10–11 years old; N= 19) gave fewer correct solutions after a brief intervention on mathematical equivalence that included typical arithmetic problems. Results suggest that learning is hindered when lessons activate inappropriate existing knowledge.
DFA, EIA, PCR, LCR AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES: WHAT TESTS SHOULD BE USED FOR DIAGNOSIS OF CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS?

For many years, isolation in tissue culture (TC) was considered the test of choice for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Non-culture tests, such as direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) which detected chlamydial antigens in clinical specimens, made chlamydia diagnostic tests more widely available. DFA and EIA were less sensitive than TC and had some false positive results which compromised our ability to use these tests in low prevalence settings. Direct nucleic acid probes are available, but do not appear to be more sensitive than EIA. It was only with the introduction of amplified DNA tests [polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligase chain reaction (LCR)] that non-culture tests became available that were actually more sensitive than TC. Unfortunately these tests are also more expensive than the antigen detection methods. Until there is a fairly sophisticated cost benefit analysis or a change in the pricing of these tests, it seems obvious that TC will remain, the best choice where medical/legal implications are important, DFA will probably remain a widely used tests for laboratories that process relatively small numbers of specimens and EIAs will play a role where cost is major factor and large numbers of specimens require bulk processing. Where they are affordable, the amplified DNA tests are to be preferred as they are far more sensitive than these other non-culture tests.
Using geographic information systems to compare municipal, county, and commercial parks data.

INTRODUCTION Parks are an integral part of a favorable built environment, and several studies have found a positive association between a favorable built environment and physical activity. Parks data are available to researchers from various sources; however, the accuracy of data sources in representing parks is unknown. This study compared secondary parks data obtained from a commercial vendor with data from municipal/county government records, all of which were verified by using Internet searches, telephone inquiries, or on-the-ground audits. METHODS We studied large metropolitan areas in 3 states: North Carolina (1,837 sq mi), Maryland (1,351 sq mi), and New York (260 sq mi). We collected information on park land area (shapefiles) from municipal/county governments from 2009 through 2012 and from a commercial source in 2010. RESULTS Commercial parks data did not include 31.1% (119/383, 20.3 sq mi) of North Carolina, 42.9% (187/436, 21.8 sq mi) of Maryland, and 71.7% (640/892, 13.5 sq mi) of New York parks that we found and verified from municipal/county sources. Municipal/county data did not include 15.7% (60/383, 9.9 sq mi) of North Carolina parks, 27.5% (120/436, 74.6) of Maryland parks, and 9.0% (80/892, 6.3 sq mi) of New York parks that we found and verified from commercial sources. CONCLUSION In this study, the combination of commercial and municipal/county data sources that were verified provided the most complete and accurate shapefile. The quality of secondary sources of parks data should be checked prior to use and, if needed, methods incorporated to improve the capture of parks.
An investigation of nonresponse bias in medical student assessment of instruction

Nonresponse bias in medical students' ratings of basic science instructors was studied by comparing the responses of initial respondents with those obtained through follow-up procedures. Three discriminant analyses were used to compare two groups of students' ratings using the six items on the instructor rating form as variables. It was concluded that these medical students' assessments of basic science instruction showed no significant bias from failure to obtain responses from all students. The results provide some evidence for allowing basic science instructors to have more confidence in the representativeness of student feedback on instruction provided by respondents. Studies to generalize these findings to other higher education populations are suggested.
Radiographic criteria of meatal and distal urethral stenosis Pre- and postoperative study

Abstract On oblique cystourethrographic studies a jet-like exiting stream in boys, a poorly developed or absent fossa navicularis in both sexes, and a dilated posterior urethra in girls proved to be generally reliable guides to meatal and distal urethral stenosis. A critical comment on misconceptions about the distal urethra in girls and a new concept on its function are offered.
Personality influences responses to inequity and contrast in chimpanzees

Several species besides humans respond negatively to inequity (i.e. receiving a less preferred outcome as compared to a social partner). Among primates, the taxon for which inequity responses have been most comprehensively studied, there are large individual differences in responses that have, thus far, not been well explained by demographic features such as sex, rank and age. Recent evidence shows that individuals' personalities are important in explaining differences in behavioural outcomes in other contexts. Thus, in the current study, we explored whether personality was associated with chimpanzees' responses to both inequity and contrast (i.e. receiving less than anticipated). Chimpanzees were paired with multiple members of their social groups. These pairs alternated trading a token to receive food rewards that either differed from what their partner received (inequity condition) or from what was initially offered (contrast condition) and we compared their responses to a control in which both subjects were offered and received the same reward for trading the token. We predicted that both personality and the quality and length of the pairs' relationship would influence subjects' reactions to unequal outcomes, as measured by their refusal to exchange tokens. The quality of subjects' relationships, based on a weighted average of grooming, contact and proximity, did not correlate with refusals to exchange, whereas pairs that had lived together longer were less likely to refuse in the contrast condition than were pairs that had lived together for less time. Considering personality, some of the dimensions influenced responses to both inequity and contrast similarly, but the more ‘social’ personality dimensions (‘extraversion’ and ‘agreeableness’) were more strongly correlated with sensitivity to inequity. These results highlight the importance of considering individual differences, including personality, when evaluating responses in cognitive and behavioural tests.
Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration in diagnosing solid pseudopapillary tumor

Background: Solid pseudopapillary tumors are rare pancreatic tumors. Accurate preoperative diagnosis helps in planning of the surgery. Aim: This study was to evaluate accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration and immunohistochemistry in diagnosing solid pseudopapillary tumors. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed by reviewing medical records to identify patients treated for solid pseudopapillary tumors over a 5-year period. Patients who were noted to have pancreatic lesions by computer tomography abdomen underwent endoscopic ultrasound. Fine needle aspiration was obtained from each of these lesions and subjected to immunohistochemistry. Results: Five patients were identified. Endoscopic ultrasound was able to identify the pancreatic lesions in all five patients noted in computer tomography abdomen. Solid pseudopapillary tumors were diagnosed by immunohistochemistry. All five patients underwent surgery and the resected lesions confirmed solid pseudopapillary tumors in 80% patients. Conclusion: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration has a higher degree of accuracy in diagnosing solid pseudopapillary tumors.
A survey of security issues in office computation and the application of secure computing models to office systems

With the proliferation of office information systems (OIS) into almost every area of industry and government, it is important to design systems that offer a guarantee of privacy and security to their users. The same solutions and research pertaining to traditional data-processing environments cannot, in most cases, be applied directly to the OIS envitonment. Many OIS do not provide the hardware/software controls necessary to protect information from anyone who gains physical access to the system. Furthermore, users of an OIS cannot be expected to possess a clear understanding of the system, its operating characteristics, or even the implication of interconnecting component devices. This paper examines the typical OIS environment with a view toward the provision of a secure operating architecture. Important security problems faced by OIS are enumerated and explained. We argue that the OIS environment presents a different problem to solve in a security sense from when working with a traditional nondistributed system. Existing solutions found in large scale operating systems and networks cannot simply be scaled down and moved to an OIS, if for no other reason than the architecture's inability to support locks and multiple system states. An architecture of both software and hardware controls must be built for this new environment using concepts from large scale operating systems but recognizing the limitations and constraints of OIS. While we emphasize the security issues, we look at alternative technologies that can be combined to provide a solution.
Excimer—monomer emission in alkylbenzenesulfonate dispersions: Effect of the surfactant structure on aggregation

Abstract Aqueous micellar dispersions of several alkylbenzenesulfonates (xφC12 and xφC16) where x = 1, 2, 3 ... and indicates the position of the phenyl group (φ) along the alkyl chain were prepared and examined for fluorescence emission from the benzene residues. Quantitative measurements of the intensities of the monomer and excimer contributions to the fluorescence spectrum as a function of surfactant concentration, when normalized to unit absorbance showed two linear regimes. The break point between the two occurred at a critical micellar concentration (CMC) defined by conductivity and surface tension measurements. Evidence for premicellar aggregates, at surfactant concentrations well below the CMC, was demonstrated. The CMC was related to a transition in the range of aggregation size distribution. The aggregation number was shown to depend on the surfactant structure. For a series of isomers, the aggregation number decreases when the sulfonate benzene group is moved from one end to the center of the aliphatic alkyl chain. This tendency was related to the (hydrophobic/lipophilic) balance of the surfactant.
An anti-k (anti-Cellano) serum with the properties of a complete saline agglutinin.

Summary A serum is reported which has anti-k (anti-Cellano) specificity and is active as a saline agglutinin at temperatures ranging from 4° to 37° C. and can be blocked by an incomplete anti-k serum. Its specific reactivity has been used to demonstrate variations in the Kell blood factor system. The antibody titer in the donor of this serum has remained unchanged during the 21 months in which it has been followed. Resume Description d'un serum contenant anti-k (anti-Cellano) en forme d'agglutinine complete, active a des temperatures allant de 4° a 37° et capable d'etre bloquee par un anti-k incomplet. A l'aide de ce serum un echantillon de sang fut trouve qui represente peut-etre une nouvelle variante dans le systeme Kell. Le titre de l'anti-k dans ce serum n'a point varie pendant les 21 mois que le donneur etait en observation. Zusammenfassung Es wird uber ein Serum berichtet, welches Anti-k (Anti-Cellano) -Antikorper enthielt, die im NaCl-Milieu von 4°- 37°C wirksam waren und die durch Zusatz von inkompletten Anti-k-Antikorpern spezifisch blockiert werden konnten. Es gelang mit Hilfe dieses Serums, bei einer Blutprobe eine atypische Reaktion zu erfassen, die moglicherweise auf einer bisher unbekannten Kell-Variante beruht. Der Titer dieses Antikorpers blieb beim betreffenden Spender uber 21 Monate konstant.