cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population-based screening for postpartum depression.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the community prevalence in Olmsted County, Minnesota of elevated scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, a self-report screening tool for postpartum depression. Methods: At the 6-week postpartum visit, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was administered to women who gave birth in Olmsted County between July 28, 1997 and March 28, 1998. Study sites included all ambulatory clinics that provide pregnancy care in the county, and women who missed postpartum visits were contacted by mail. A threshold of 12 or more points on the scale was selected for clinical use; data for scores of ten and above were also examined. Results: Of the 909 Olmsted County women studied (response rate 83.2%), 11.4% (n = 104) had scores of 12 or greater, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 9.4%, 13.5%. The percentage of women with a positive screen increased to 19.8% (n = 180; 95% CI 17.2%, 22.4%) when scores of 10 or higher were included, as has been recommended for screening in primary care settings. Forty-eight or 5.3% of the subjects (95% CI 3.8%, 6.7%) indicated experiencing suicidal ideation during the previous week. Conclusion: More than 11% of women had elevated scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, indicating a high likelihood of postpartum depression and the need for further assessment. The screening process required little extra time and was acceptable to the subjects and clinicians. Screening for postpartum depression is appropriate and feasible for clinical practice and increases the identification of women suffering from this serious, common, and highly treatable disorder.
Adherence of Influenza A Viruses to Group B Streptococci

Previous studies have revealed a similarity between hemadsorption and bacterial adherence to virus-infected cells. This observation led to the question of whether mature virions can interact directly with bacteria in a manner similar to hemagglutination. Thus, hemagglutination inhibition, direct immunofluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy were used to detect adherence of five prototype strains of influenza A virus to 34 strains (five serologic prototypes and 29 isolates from ill infants) of group B Streptococcus. Group B Streptococcus serotypes Ia, Ic, and III appear to possess receptors for the five influenza strains that are sensitive to receptor-destroying enzyme. The results of adherence tests with Streptococcus serotype Ib depended on which bacterial strain was used. Only one virus prototype, Jap/305/57(H2N2), adhered to all of the 34 strains of Streptococcus tested.
The cell model for interstitials in binary substitutional solid solutions

The thermodynamic properties of interstitial solute atoms in a substitutional binary solvent matrix have been derived in terms of the cell model for such solutions. The results pertain to low temperatures where the solute distribution is governed by Fermi-Dirac statistics rather than the Boltzmann distribution usually employed in the high-temperature limit. The thermodynamic functions, calculated by numerical methods, exhibit singularities concomitant to the successive occupation of cells of a given energy level. The relevance of the results to the thermodynamics and kinetics of highly mobile interstitial atoms is discussed.
L-type calcium channel ligands block nicotine-induced signaling to CREB by inhibiting nicotinic receptors

Abstract Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are inhibited by several drugs that are commonly thought to be specific for L-type calcium channels (LTCCs). In neurons, LTCCs are activated by nicotine-induced depolarization to engage downstream signaling events; however, the role of LTCC drug interactions with nAChRs in signaling has not been examined in detail. We investigated the effects of LTCC ligands on nAChR currents and downstream signaling in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. We found that 10 μM nicotine and 40 mM K + both reversibly depolarize SCG neurons to −20 mV, sufficient to activate LTCCs and downstream signaling, including induction of nuclear phospho-CREB (pCREB); this induction was blocked by LTCC antagonists. Interestingly, the effects of LTCC antagonists on nicotine-induced signaling to CREB are not mediated by their actions on LTCCs, but rather via inhibition of nAChRs, which prevents nicotine-induced depolarization. We show that this effect is sufficient to block pCREB induction in neurons expressing an antagonist-insensitive LTCC. Taken together, our data show that, at concentrations typically used to block LTCCs, these antagonists inhibit nAChR currents and downstream signaling. These findings serve as a caution in attributing a role for LTCCs when using these drugs experimentally or therapeutically.
New manufacturing modeling methodology: data driven design and simulation system based on XML

Implementing a highly flexible manufacturing approach, like mass customization manufacturing, demands an integrated design and simulation system. This system must be able to cope with difficult issues such as a high level of product variety, uncertainty in the product demand forecast, and the reconfiguration of manufacturing resources to support the introduction and integration of new manufacturing capabilities. In this paper, a data-driven design and simulation system to support flexible manufacturing is presented. A neutral model of shop information, based on the eXtensible Markup Language, is used to describe the important information about the manufacturing facilities and processes, to configure simulation models and to exchange data between simulation and other manufacturing applications. When demand changes, the simulation model can be quickly modified to perform analysis according to the new demand. Manufacturing capabilities and production processes can be adjusted, layout reconfigured, and resources reassigned according to the analysis results.
CULTURE AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Much of what has been written about substance abuse in recent years opens with vague but alarming statements about how accelerating consumption of psychoactive substances around the world is accompanied by the accelerating occurrence of a host of problems, notably, violent and aggressive crimes and addiction. Such assertions are often treated as self-evident and indisputable, although there is probably no country that has a truly adequate database on the subject of drug use and its consequences. It is widely recognized that different cultural, ethnic, national, and social groups use a host of different forms of alcohol and drugs in many various ways, but remarkably little attention has been paid to some fundamental questions about how substance abuse relates to culture. This article provides an unorthodox introduction to that issue, illustrating how it is simple, complex, well documented, and yet remarkably little analyzed. And all of this, paradoxically, despite the popular view that substance abuse represents a major and rapidly increasing threat to public health and social welfare in many parts of the world. It is only in recent years that the generic word substance has been given a special connotation, in selected contexts, that implies both psychoactive and potentially dangerous . It is beyond the scope of this article to trace the historical etymology of such usage, but it has become so firmly established in the literature on psychiatry and mental health that, in this article, the term substance generally is used as interchangeable with drug . This follows the logic of both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 2 and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), 68,69 where diagnoses of substance abuse disorders are defined and described with supposedly universal and objective criteria, a theme critiqued in this article.
Structural design of a eukaryotic DNA repair polymerase: DNA polymerase β

DNA polymerase beta, the smallest eukaryotic DNA polymerase, is designed to synthesize DNA in short DNA gaps during DNA repair. It is composed of two specialized domains that contribute essential enzymatic activities to base excision repair (BER). Its amino-terminal domain possesses a lyase activity necessary to remove the 5'-deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) intermediate generated during BER. Removal of the dRP moiety is often the rate-limiting step during BER. Failure to remove this group may initiate alternate BER pathways. The larger polymerase domain has nucleotidyl transferase activity. This domain has a modular organization with sub-domains that bind duplex DNA, catalytic metals, and the correct nucleoside triphosphate in a template-dependent manner. X-ray crystal structures of DNA polymerase beta, with and without bound substrates, has inferred that domain, sub-domain, and substrate conformational changes occur upon ligand binding. Many of these conformational changes are distinct from those observed in structures of other DNA polymerases. This review will examine the structural aspects of DNA polymerase beta that facilitate its role in BER.
Fragrance material review on 3-methyl-1-pentanol.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3-methyl-1-pentanol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 3-Methyl-1-pentanol is a member of the fragrance structural group branched chain saturated alcohols. The common characteristic structural elements of the alcohols with saturated branched chain are one hydroxyl group per molecule, and a C 4 to C 12 carbon chain with one or several methyl side chains. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. A safety assessment of the entire branched chain saturated alcohol group will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2010) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all other branched chain saturated alcohols in fragrances.
Photoabsorption near the L I I , I I I Edge of Silicon and Aluminum

The absorption coefficients of Al, Si, and SiO were determined in the extreme uv with high spectral resolution, using synchrotron radiation. A detailed comparison of the ${L}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I},\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$ edge in the metal and in the semiconductor shows important differences. The spikes observed at the edge in Al are at least consistent with the predictions of recent theory. The silicon $L$ threshold shows the expected spin-orbit splitting of the initial states, but the shape just beyond the edge is not in good agreement with the results of one-electron band theory. The ${L}_{I}$ edges are located at 117.4 eV in Al and at 151 eV in Si. Great similarities are noted in the broad structure, 15 or more eV beyond the ${L}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I},\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$ edges in the three materials studied and also in Na and Mg films. It is suggested that electron-hole transitions accompanied by collective excitations are involved.
Effects of clinician behaviors on acceptability of patients' responses in aphasia treatment sessions.

Abstract Records of the content of 40 videotaped samples of aphasia treatment sessions were prepared. These records were analyzed to determine (a) whether certain clinician behaviors and task characteristics are related to the occurrence of patient error responses in speech and language treatment sessions for aphasic individuals, and (b) whether “errors generate errors”; that is, whether error responses tend to occur in clusters rather than being distributed uniformly throughout the treatment session. The results of these analyses indicated that a number of event categories were significantly related to the occurence of unacceptable patient responses. These results suggest that certain clinician behaviors generate patient error responses and also that clinicians tend to respond to patient errors in characteristic ways. An analysis of these results also confirmed that unacceptable patient responses tended to occur in clusters.
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND THE FDA BAN: PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT

In April, 1985, the FDA banned the distribution of pituitary growth hormone (hGH) because of the possibility that it was contaminated by a “slow virus”. All parents of children receiving hGH were notified by mail of the ban and subsequently invited to attend 3 meetings during vhich the ban, hGH, bio-engineered growth hormone (hGH) and the risks were discussed by physicians and psychologists, Approximately 10 months after the ban, we interviewed 32 children (30 males, 2 females, mean age 13.8 ± 2.5 years) and at least one parent about tie psychological impact of it. The mean treatement with hGH for these children was 3.0 ± 2.5 years. All had started on hGH. Results: (1) Parents reported a shift from positive to negative feelings about their children's GH treatment. Children reported a similar but less pronounced shift. (2) All parents reported being well informed about the reason for the tea, but 19% of the children were uninformed by parental choice. (3) Parents and children frequently voiced concern about the possible risk of neurological disease from GH given prior to the ban. Parents also voiced concern about their children not being able to grow tall because GH was banned. Children, too voiced this concern, (4) Most parents stated a concern about the safety of hGH. (5) Despite fears about prior GH treatment and present bGH treatment, all chose bGH therapy. Conclusion: Statural growth is seen as more important than possible risk of therapy. Our policy of immediate, full disclosure with opportunity for interactive discussion was considered beneficial by the parents.
Social validation of assertion strategies for handling aggressive criticism: Evidence for consistency across situations

The present study sought to socially validate a specific and a general assertive strategy for handling aggressive criticism. The specific assertive strategy was based on suggestions in the literature for handling criticism, while the general assertive strategy was based on assertion skills recommended for general use. Sixteen female undergraduates selected by their peers as effective in handling criticism viewed four videotaped vignettes in which a model was aggressively criticized. The model enacted four coping strategies (nonassertive, aggressive, specific assertive, or general assertive) in response to each situation. When the model utilized either the specific assertive or general assertive strategy, the judges perceived her behavior as significantly more effective, appropriate, and likeable than when either the nonassertive or the aggressive strategy was employed. The specific assertive strategy received significantly higher ratings on these measures than the general assertive strategy. These results were consistent across situations. The clinical and research implications of the findings are discussed in light of the limitations of a purely situation-specific approach to assertion training and research.
Genetic structure of the arboreal squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus and Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) in the North American Black Hills

We selected two isolated mammalian populations, the Black Hills northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)) and red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben, 1777)), to elucidate their genetic structure. We trapped both squirrels from 2005 to 2007, in three regions of the Black Hills, differing in geology and vegetation, to collect ear sam- ples for genetic analyses. Microsatellite loci (northern flying (9) and red squirrel (13)) were used to examine genetic struc- ture. Data analyses estimated genetic variability, substructure, and gene flow. Northern flying and red squirrel populations have allelic diversity and observed heterozygosity similar to other isolated populations. Each species shows weak sub- structure from STRUCTURE and GENELAND analyses, suggesting squirrel movements may be inhibited by topography or unsuitable habitat. Recent gene flow estimates from BAYESASS indicate that both species experience some within popula- tion gene flow and red squirrels may be more structured than northern flying squirrels because of lower migration rates. Concordant patterns of genetic structure in northern flying and red squirrels indicate that other species' movements in the Black Hills may be affected by topography and habitat. Because their habitat is isolated in the Black Hills, management practices and conservation measures are recommended to promote viability and survival of each species.
The effects of high and low level cognitive and literacy language arts tasks on motivation and learning in multiability, multicultural classrooms: Developmental studies

Abstract To investigate motivational decline, three similar task-research perspective studies involved a random sample of 52 high, average, non-Learning Disabled (LD) and LD low ability students from 21 third, fourth, and sixth grades. Students were interviewed using understanding. expectancy, and value questions on simple and complex language arts tasks. Quantitative and qualitative data coding at group and individual levels were analyzed for intrinsic, extrinsic, work-avoidant, or combination motivation. As tasks progressed from simple to complex, students progressed towards an intrinsic focus. Foci formed cluster patterns by task type: discrepancies were on assignments that limited creativity. Intrinsic motivation may be more related to task type than developmental, gender, racial, SES, or ability factors.
A Psychology Technician Training Program

This paper is an account of how a small department has met the needs of its region by adding an applied program, but retaining its traditions.
Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of leukemia

MoAb-based therapies are evolving into the first broad-spectrum class of targeted anti-leukemic therapy. Developments in many areas, including computer modeling of receptors and ligands, and increasing sophistication in recombinant technologies may result in a rapid increase in the number and complexity of MoAb's available. We can anticipate an increase in the number of safer conjugates being delivered to leukemia cells. Further understanding of the in vitro mechanisms involved in tumor cell killing by MoAb will be important in maximizing the efficacy of this approach.
Structure of Dense Sodium Di-2-Ethylsulfosuccinate/D2O/Decane Microemulsions

Small-angle neutron scattering is used to investigate the structure of single-phase AOT (sodium di-2-ethylsulfosuccinate)/${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O/decane microemulsions containing equal volumes of water and oil and a variable concentration of surfactant. Each scattered-neutron spectrum exhibits a pronounced interaction peak. As the volume fraction of AOT is increased from 0.18 to 0.42, the peak position shifts to larger values of $Q$, and the peak height diminishes. The spectra are consistent with an ordered droplet phase, as opposed to a bicontinuous structure.
Enteric neurogenesis by neural crest-derived branchial arch mesenchymal cells

We have previously described a monoclonal antibody (E/C8) that recognizes an avian-specific epitope present in a variety of embryonic cells, including some cultured neural crest cells, both central and peripheral neurones in vivo, and apparently non-neuronal neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells of the posterior (third and fourth) branchial arches. The branchial arches are transient embryonic structures that serve as the lateral and ventral walls of the primitive pharynx of vertebrates and are contiguous with the developing gut. We report here that E/C8-positive mesenchymal cells of the arches can develop into neurones spontaneously in culture, or can migrate into aneural guts with which they are co-cultured and form enteric ganglia. In contrast, these cells do not develop into melanocytes--another derivative of the neural crest--in various permissive conditions. These results demonstrate that the mesenchymal cells of the posterior branchial arches are a developmentally restricted population of neural crest-derived cells, and some may serve as precursors for neurones of the enteric nervous system.
Toward Novel Hybrid Biomass, Coal, and Natural Gas Processes for Satisfying Current Transportation Fuel Demands, 2: Simultaneous Heat and Power Integration

This paper, which is the second of a series of papers, presents an approach for the generation of a novel heat exchange and power recovery network (HEPN) for use with any large-scale process. A thr...
Parallel processing on the transputer using OCCAM

Abstract The novel architecture features of the Transputer and its instruction set are examined. Results of two short benchmark programs are provided to compare this architecture with those of more conventional microprocessors. A brief description of the parallel processing primitives provided by the occam programming language is presented. Emphasis is placed on the unique architectural support provided for parallel processing and process communication.
47. Immune recovery from pregnancy across the postpartum: Ex vivo cytokine synthesis and dysphoric moods

Pregnancy is associated with marked immunological changes that may extend into the postpartum and may be associated with postpartum moods. Little is known about the trajectory of postpartum immunological changes and the potential effects of such changes on mood. Mood, stress, and a panel of immune measures were collected in 89 healthy women evaluated 7 times over the first 6 postpartum months. The Profile of Mood States and the Perceived Stress scale were used, and blood was collected in the a.m. and diluted in RPMI-1640 with 1 μg/ml LPS and 1 μg/ml PHA, incubated for 16 h, and then culture supernatants were measured by Luminex multiplexing for concentrations of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-6. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein were measured by ELISA. Dysphoric moods generally declined across the postpartum. Supernatant levels of IFN-gamma and IL-2 showed a lowest level at week one and gradually increased over the postpartum, suggesting a return of Th-1 immunity. CRP and IL-6 were highest at the week one, returning to normal by month 6, suggesting a gradual decrease in inflammation. There were significant relationships with depressive mood and ex vivo cytokine production across time. These data show unique postpartum immunological processes that may play a role in postpartum mood disturbances.
Slotting allowances: a time series analysis of aggregate effects over three decades

Slotting fees and related discounts are important but controversial mechanisms for obtaining shelf space in marketing channels for consumer packaged goods. The theoretical field is divided between the efficient market and the market power schools of thought. Results from empirical studies and analytical models point in different directions. This paper analyzes trends in key macro economic variables to see if the patterns are more consistent with an underlying market efficiency model vs. a market power one. The data span 30+ years and focus on retailers in the marketing channel for food and kindred products. The variables studied include new product introductions, retail selling area, consumer price indices, profitability, cost of goods sold and selling expenditures. Efficient market explanations do not fare well in the analyses in comparison with market power explanations for practically all the variables studied. The paper conlcudes with recommendations for regulators and retail management.
Induction of metallothionein by cadmium-metallothionein in rat liver: a proposed mechanism.

Abstract Distribution of Cd to various organs following iv administration of CdCl 2 (3.5 mg Cd/kg) resulted in more than 43% of total tissue Cd accumulating in the liver. In contrast, after CdMT administration (0.5 mg Cd/kg), only 1% of the Cd was found in liver. Rats administered CdCl 2 (1.0 mg Cd/kg) had hepatic MT values 30-fold greater than controls and a hepatic Cd concentration of 17 μg/g. In comparison, rats treated with CdMT (0.4 mg Cd/kg) had hepatic MT concentrations 7-fold greater than controls and a hepatic Cd concentration of 0.80 μg/g. However, when hepatic MT levels were normalized to tissue Cd concentrations, induction of MT by CdMT was 5-fold greater than by CdCl 2 . Northern and slot-blot analyses of mRNA showed that both CdCl 2 and CdMT coordinately increased MT mRNA. These data suggest that both CdMT and CdCl 2 increase hepatic MT by similar mechanisms. A dose-response increase in MT produced by CdCl 2 indicated a biphasic response, with low doses producing relatively more hepatic MT than higher doses. In addition, the amount of MT produced per unit Cd after CdMT treatment was similar to those observed after low doses of CdCl 2 in the dose-response experiment. These data provide strong evidence to support the conclusion that the apparent potency of CdMT observed here and in previous studies is most likely due to the small amount of Cd distributed to the liver, which is relatively more effective in inducing MT than are higher concentrations.
Barium Abundances in Extremely Metal-poor Stars

New, improved, barium abundances for 33 extremely metal-poor halo stars from the 1995 sample of McWilliam et al. have been computed. The mean [Ba/Eu] ratio for stars with [Fe/H] ≤ -2.4 is -0.69 ± 0.06 dex, consistent with pure r-process nucleosynthesis within the measurement uncertainties. Although the [Sr/Fe] and [Ba/Fe] abundance ratios span a range of 2.6 dex, the mean values are approximately constant with [Fe/H]. This is consistent with a model of chemical evolution in which the parent clouds were enriched by small numbers of supernova events. In this model, the decreasing heavy-element dispersion with increasing [Fe/H] is simply due to the averaging of element yields from many supernovae at higher [Fe/H]; however, it is necessary to increase the number of extremely metal-poor stars known in order to confirm this picture. In addition to the random Sr component from the r-process, the [Sr/Ba] ratios indicate that there is a second, also random, source of Sr from an as yet unidentified nucleosynthesis site.
Electronic structure and magnetism of Ni(100) films: Self-consistent local-orbital calculations

The electronic structure of three- and five-plane films of ferromagnetic Ni(100) has been computed self-consistently, with the use of an atomic-orbital basis. A surface-state band obtained for the five-plane film corresponds to surface-sensitive bands observed recently in angle-resolved photoemission measurements. Both films have a work function of 5.0 eV and an enhanced surface magnetization (ESM) compared with that of the inner planes, which have essentially the bulk magnetization. The contributions of dehybridization and band narrowing to ESM are assessed by repeating the calculations with $\mathrm{sp}\ensuremath{-}d$ matrix elements omitted. Also, while the occupancy of the nominal $d$ bands decreases at the surface, their $d$ character increases; cancellation of these effects explains why the $d$-orbital occupation number is nearly independent of the coordination. On the other hand, a definite surface charge transfer from $p$ to $s$ orbitals is observed in the calculations. We also studied Ni(100) monolayers with lattice spacings 10% smaller, and 20% larger, than the bulk spacing. In these systems also, the magnetization increases as the atomic limit is approached, while the number of $d$ electrons is nearly constant.
An approach to incorporate linkage disequilibrium structure into genomic association analysis

In this study, we propose to use the principal component analysis (PCA) and regression model to incorporate linkage disequilibrium (LD) in genomic association data analysis. To accommodate LD in genomic data and reduce multiple testing, we suggest performing PCA and extracting the PCA score to capture the variation of genomic data, after which regression analysis is used to assess the association of the disease with the principal component score. An empirical analysis result shows that both genotype-based correlation matrix and haplotype-based LD matrix can produce similar results for PCA. Principal component score seems to be more powerful in detecting genetic association because the principal component score is quantitatively measured and may be able to capture the effect of multiple loci.
Effects of clamping design on the ballistic impact response of soft body armor

Abstract The effects of clamping on the ballistic impact performance of non-backed woven aramid fabrics is studied by considering several clamping configurations including 4-sided, 2-sided, circular, diamond, and corner-clamped frames. V 50 velocities were estimated through several deterministic finite element impact simulations at varying impact velocities. Impacts occurring both directly on a yarn and the inter-yarn gap were considered. The different clamping configurations resulted in different fabric deformation, failure, and energy dissipating mechanisms. The circular frame resulted in the highest fabric V 50 velocity. The V 50 velocities were often sensitive to the precise projectile impact location relative to the principal yarns. Impact tests with fabrics clamped using four corner plates showed tearing at the corners. Fabrics clamped at their four corner points showed distinct deformation and failure mechanisms over three impact velocity regimes.
Thermodynamic analysis of two-stage heat treatment in TRIP steels

Abstract In this work, we present a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the two-stage heat treatment (intercritical annealing (IA) and banite isothermal transformation (BIT)) necessary to stabilize retained austenite in transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) assisted steels. Through a set of experiments on alloys with nominal composition Fe–0.32C–1.42Mn–1.56Si (wt.%), we monitored the evolution of the volume fraction of retained austenite at room temperature as a function of the IA and BIT temperatures. We also investigated the thermodynamic limit for the bainitic transformation during BIT under the displacive (partitionless) transformation assumption. The fraction of retained austenite at the end of the two-stage heat treatment was calculated by taking into account the corresponding start of the martensitic transformation ( T Ms ). Comparisons with experiments suggest good qualitative agreement in the fraction of retained austenite when considering the effect of the IA temperature. On the other hand, the analysis of the effect of BIT on the amount of retained austenite showed qualitative disagreement with the observations. To further analyze this discrepancy, we utilize a modified thermodynamic analysis with empirical observations as input, and conclude that the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium at IA is not valid at lower IA temperatures. Moreover, the unexpected high carbon enrichment in retained austenite indicates the importance of the kinetic effects. We conclude that the thermodynamic limit for the bainitic transformation can be used at least to provide a lower bound to the expected fraction of retained austenite under specific IA + BIT treatment schedules.
Manifestations of the hyperadrenergic state after acute brain injury.

Purpose of reviewHyperadrenergic activity leading to autonomic dysfunction after acute brain injury is an underrecognized, yet important source of complications following a variety of neurologic injuries. Autonomic dysfunction may prolong ICU stay and increase healthcare costs driven by extensive di
Can (and Should) We Construct an Evolutionary Psychological Theory of Institutions

This article considers the question of whether, as a number of scholars have suggested, we can (or should) develop a theory of institutions from the perspective of evolutionary psychology (EP), construed broadly. To do so, the article reviews EP's core explanatory strategy and the main claims that have been made by proponents of an EP institutional theory, focusing on arguments about (1) welfare states and (2) “honor cultures” and the institutions associated with them. On the one hand, the article argues, there are both logical and empirical problems with current efforts to develop EP theories of these institutional domains. On the other hand, sociology's relative absence from the development of such theories contributes to these problems, and sociologists can learn from EP. Above all, insights drawn from EP may help us to construct better accounts of various institutions’ micro-foundations. To this end, collaboration and exchange between EP scholars and sociologists is called for, and some suggestions are made about how this might be done most fruitfully.
Racializing Regime Politics

This article considers in what ways Clarence Stone’s urban regime paradigm is a useful framework for analyzing African American politics in cities. The article begins with a critical appraisal by J...
Relativistic electrons from solar flares

Observations of interplanetary relativistic electrons from several solar-flare events monitored through 1964 to mid-1967 are presented. These are the first direct spectral measurements and time histories, made outside the magnetosphere, of solar-flare electrons having relativistic velocities. The 3- to 12-MeV electrons detected have kinetic energies about two orders of magnitude higher than those solar electrons previously studied in space, and measurements of both the time histories and energy spectra for a number of events in the present solar cycle were carried out. These measurements of interplanetary electrons are also directly compared with solar X-ray data and with measurements of related interplanetary solar protons.
Production of swainsonine by fungal endophytes of locoweed.

Consumption of locoweeds, legumes endemic in arid western USA, has long been associated with locoism, a disease of ruminant animals. To explore the relationship between fungi associated with locoweed and locoweed toxicity, 11 locoweed populations from various sites in New Mexico were assessed for endophytic fungi. Endophytes were isolated from the leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of eight populations of the toxic locoweeds Astragalus mollissimus, Oxytropis lambertii, and O. sericea. Fungal cultures grew very slowly and sporadically produced subcylindrical conidia with very dark transverse septa. All cultured endophytes produced the alkaloid swainsonine, which causes locoism. Endophyte-infected locoweed populations produced swainsonine, and the swainsonine level of endophyte strains in vitro was highly correlated with the swainsonine level of their host plant populations. The rDNA ITS from mycelia from four endophyte isolates and β-tubulin encoding regions from mycelia of 18 fungal endophyte isolates were amplified using PCR and the nucleic acid sequences were analyzed. The nucleic acid sequences of the β-tubulin encoding regions were essentially identical among all the endophytes regardless of plant genus and locations. Morphological evidence and sequence analysis of the ITS region suggest that the endophytes are most closely related to Embellisia. However, with the paucity of Embellisia species represented in sequence databases, precise taxonomic placement will await further study.
A continuation approach for solving large-residual nonlinear least squares problems

This paper is concerned with the solution of the nonlinear least squares problem. A continuation method is used to develop a new framework for the model trust region approach for solving nonlinear least squares problems. This framework gives a motivation for the direct selection of the trust region parameter. It also provides a natural safeguard for trust region methods and leads to a very robust algorithm.A class of algorithms based on the continuation method will be presented. In addition, the implementa tion details for one member of the new class will be examined. The convergence and descent properties of this algorithm will also be discussed. Numerical evidence will be given showing that the new algorithms are competitive with existing model trust region algorithms. For large-residual problems or problems in which a good initial starting guess is not available, the performance of the new algorithm is very promising.
Testing and quality insurance during the construction of the SVXII silicon detector

Abstract The SVXII project for the CDF Run II silicon tracker is completed. A total of 180 ladders have been installed resulting in 400,000 readout channels. The project has already been described in all of its components. Ladder fabrication was completed within eight months. Production peaks up to 15 ladders a week were achieved but delivery of components limited the average rate to 32 modules a month. This paper gives an overview of the ladder assembly process and describes the procedures and results of the electrical testing. An overall description of the quality of the final detector delivered to the CDF experiment is also presented.
The effect of recaging into groups or into isolation on the pituitary adrenal response to immobilization of different age groups of C57BL/6J mice.

Abstract Although there is evidence which suggests that age and social environment are significant variables in all experiments dealing with stress in intact animals, there is relatively little information available on the manner in which these variables interact to influence the pituitary adrenal response to stress. Inbred mice of strain, C57BL/6J, of 3 different age groups (49, 255 and 720 days) were subjected to a brief immobilization stress 24 hours subsequent to regrouping them 1, 2 or 4 per cage. Plasma corticosterone concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay prior to and 15 minutes after immobilization or 60 minutes after treatment with ACTH. It was found that preimmobilization levels of corticosterone and increments in corticosterone in response to ACTH treatment were smaller in 255 day than in 49 or 720 day old mice and that preimmobilization corticosterone levels of control and recaged 49 and 255 day old mice were similar. In 49 day old mice, recaging increased the immobilization evoked increment in corticosterone, but in 255 and 720 day old mice recaging in groups or pairs did not change the immobilization evoked response. However, recaging of 720 day old mice in isolation resulted in a decrease in the immobilization evoked increment. Therefore, it appears that the act of transfer itself increased the pituitary adrenal function in the 49 day old mice while, in the oldest mice, isolation itself reduced pituitary adrenal activity. Finally, it appears that in the 255 day old mice, recaging is only a minor stress since after 24 hours′ there is no evidence of elevated steroid levels.
2-O-Acetyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-6-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-d-glucopyranosyl chloride as a d-glycosyl donor

Abstract 2- O -Acetyl-3,4-di- O -benzyl-6- O -( tert -butyldiphenylsilyl)- d -glucopyranosyl chloride, prepared from 6- O -( tert -butyldiphenylsilyl)-1,2- O -(1-ethoxyethylidene)-α- d -glucopyranose in two steps, was treated separately with allyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, and benzyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di- O -benzyl-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranoside, to give the corresponding allyl and cyclohexyl glycosides, and benzyl 2-acetamido-4- O -[2- O -acetyl-3,4-di- O -benzyl-6- O -( tert -butyldiphenylsilyl)-α- and -β- d -glucopyranosyl]-3,6-di- O -benzyl-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranoside, respectively. The yields and relative proportions of the α- and β- d anomers in the products depended on the conditions of the condensation reaction.
What is a "health disparity"?

With the launch of Healthy People 2010 in January 2000, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) committed the nation to an overarching goal, to “eliminate health disparities.” Like the preceding Healthy People 2000 initiative, Healthy People 2010 outlines a comprehensive disease prevention and health promotion agenda. Although this goal has met with considerable support throughout the nation, upon further examination, it is clear that the term “health disparity” has been used with a number of very different meanings. Since the scope of the eliminating disparities goal for the DHHS Imitative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health is narrower than that of Healthy People 2010, discussion of the two goals in the same context can lead to confusion.
Genetic testing for Alzheimer disease. Practical and ethical issues.

The dissection of the heterogeneous genetics of the Alzheimer diseases (ADs) is currently more advanced than in any other common disease. Not only are 3 uncommon autosomal dominant mutation loci identified, but universally inherited susceptibility polymorphisms associated with risk and age of onset distributions for familial and "sporadic" AD are also confirmed. The utility of testing for mutations of the amyloid precursor protein and the presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 genes conforms to strategies in common use for rare mutations. The selection of patients with very early-onset AD, especially those with family histories of the disease, will increase the possibility of diagnosis. All testing should be performed using recommended counseling procedures. Apolipoprotein E ( ApoE ) susceptibility polymorphisms are genetic risk factors but do not allow prediction of the age of onset of AD for cognitively normal individuals. Recent large, collaborative studies have found that when ApoE genotyping is used sequentially in diagnosis following criteria-based evaluations, the specificity of early diagnosis is significantly increased. For patients clinically diagnosed with AD who carried an ApoE e4 allele, the positive predictive value was 94% and 97% in 2 multicenter collaborative series. The utility of ApoE genotyping is reviewed and recommendations for early use in diagnosis are explained. There are ethical, social, actuarial, and legal problems currently associated with genetic testing and these concerns are also discussed.
Body Image and Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Among University Students

Background: Body image, one’s perception of personal physical appearance, can be positive or negative, leading to body satisfaction or body dissatisfaction. Body satisfaction and dissatisfaction affect individuals of all ages and have the potential to impact lifestyle choices. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between body image and healthy lifestyle behaviors. Participants: Undergraduate students at a state university in the southeastern United States. Methods: An email was sent, providing a link to an online survey that included: demographic, body image, and screen time questions; the Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity tool; and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Results: 1,056 usable surveys were returned. The participants were primarily Caucasian females (75%) who were college juniors or seniors (65.5%). The majority (71%) indicated they were satisfied with their body, although many (60.3%) wanted to alter it. Most (65.1%) had a normal BMI. Only 23.3% meet physical activity guidelines. Healthy lifestyle behaviors were engaged in “sometimes” and “often, but not routinely.” Body image was correlated with healthy lifestyle behaviors. Conclusions: Programs and resources focusing on promotion of positive body image, appropriate physical activity, and healthy eating behaviors should be the norm on college campuses.
The role of acidosis in the etiology of pulmonary emphysema.

SummaryThe object of this experiment was to evaluate the role of acidosis in the etiology of pulmonary emphysema. Piglets were fed a diet of NH4Cl and acetazolamide for 6 weeks to induce a chronic metabolic and respiratory acidosis.
Tribological Behavior of High Density Polyethylene Nanocomposites With Silane Treated Carbon Nanofibers

New applications of carbon-based materials have been continuously developed in recent years. Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) with silane coatings were added into high density polyethylene (HDPE) to improve the tribological properties of the nanocomposite material for biomedical applications. The nanocomposites were fabricated with various weight percentages of carbon nanofibers (0.5%, 1%, 3%) that were treated with different silane coating thicknesses (2.8nm, 46nm) through melt-mixing and compressive processing. The wear and friction tests were performed on a pin-on-disc tribometer under phosphate buffered saline lubricated condition. Compared with the pure HDPE, the friction coefficients of the nanocomposites were reduced dramatically and their wear resistance properties were also improved. Micro-hardness measurements of the nanocomposites were carried out and CNFs were found to be capable of improving the material’s micro-hardness effectively. The effects of concentration and silane coating thickness of CNFs on the tribological properties of the resulting nanocomposites were analyzed and the wear mechanism of the CNF/HDPE nanocomposites was discussed.© 2011 ASME
Acute Fibrinopurulent Blepharitis and Conjunctivitis Associated with Staphylococcus hyicus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus sp. in Chickens and Turkeys:

Multiple outbreaks of acute severe fibrinopurulent lesions of the eyelids occurred in chickens and turkeys. Lesions began as tiny foci of epidermal necrosis and ulceration and spread to involve the entire eyelid. Scabs overlying the epidermis contained large gram-positive cocci; lesser numbers of small cocci and gram-negative bacilli were in more superficial areas. Staphylococcus hyicus was isolated from birds in all stages of the disease. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp. were isolated only during severe stages; no anaerobic bacterial pathogens were isolated. Vasculitis and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates in deep layers of the dermis suggested that a staphylococcal toxin may have been involved. The disease was not reproduced by scarifying S. hyicus onto the eyelids or by intravenous inoculation of retrovirus-infected chickens.
Contemporary Comparative Politics An Inventory and Assessment

This article assesses the contemporary state of the art in comparative politics, using as its empirical base a content analysis of articles appearing in Comparative Politics and Comparative Political Studies between 1968 and 1981. Primary attention is focused on the questions of comparative scope, parochialism, and substantive concern.
Performance of 6-month-old Asian American infants on the Movement Assessment of Infants

The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of Asian American infants on the Movement Assessment of Infants (MAI). The sample consisted of 30 full-term 6-month-old Asian American infan...
Color Flow Detection of Vein of Galen Malformation in Utero

A vein of Galen malformation in an arteriovenous malformation that may cause a variety of cardiovascular and neurologic sequalae. Color flow Doppler is an accurate and fast method of diagnosing a vein of Galen malformation in utero. Early detection may improve the prognosis for these infants.
Passive laser-fiber alignment by index method

A method for packaging a laser-fiber module was explored in which the critical laser-fiber alignment is carried out not with the usual active means, i.e., with the laser activated, but by a passive method based on the registration principles of photolithography. The method relies on an index scheme in which fiducial marks are lithographically placed on the laser chip and on a fiber carrier. At 850 nm, using the index technique with cleaved multimode fibers, it was possible to achieve the same laser-fiber coupling efficiency as attained by active alignment; with cleaved single-mode fibers about 80% of the active-alignment coupling efficiency was achieved. >