cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconciling multi-jurisdictional legal requirements: A case study in requirements water marking

Companies that own, license, or maintain personal information face a daunting number of privacy and security regulations. Companies are subject to new regulations from one or more governing bodies, when companies introduce new or existing products into a jurisdiction, when regulations change, or when data is transferred across political borders. To address this problem, we developed a framework called “requirements water marking” that business analysts can use to align and reconcile requirements from multiple jurisdictions (municipalities, provinces, nations) to produce a single high or low standard of care. We evaluate the framework in an empirical case study conducted over a subset of U.S. data breach notification laws that require companies to secure their data and notify consumers in the event of data loss or theft. In this study, applying our framework reduced the number of requirements a company must comply with by 76% across 8 jurisdictions. We show how the framework surfaces critical requirements trade-offs and potential regulatory conflicts that companies must address during the reconciliation process. We summarize our results, including surveys of information technology law experts to contextualize our empirical results in legal practice.
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstract Experience with renal transplantation in eight patients with overt diabetes mellitus suggests that renal transplantation from living related donors is not contraindicated as treatment for end-stage nephropathy.
Comments on craving.

This brief commentary addresses a few issues relevant to the conceptualization and assessment of craving. It begins by suggesting the utility of the analogy between craving and hunger, another often-studied subjective experience with presumed motivational significance. It then proceeds to a discussion of procedures for assessing craving, highlighting the limitations of retrospective reports, and the potential utility of real-time measures. Finally, building upon the findings of such real-time measures, it suggests the need to differentiate tonic and phasic craving experiences.
Studies in Red Blood Cell Preservation

The purpose of this study was to examine whether vesiculation of RBC plays a significant role in their rejuvenation. Outdated units of Adsol blood, were divided into two aliquots and incubated with equal volumes of a solution of 100 mM pyruvate and inosine, 103 mM phosphate and 5 mM adenine (PIPA) or 0.9% saline. Following 1 h incubation, vesicles were isolated from the supernatants and quantitated for hemoglobin content. Restoration of RBC ATP, 2,3-DPG, morphology, and osmotic fragility after rejuvenation was satisfactory. The postrejuvenation mean corpuscular volumes (88.2 +/- 6.9 fl) were significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than the prerejuvenation (94.6 +/- 6.8 fl) and control (104.0 +/- 7.3 fl) volumes. The hemoglobin shed in vesicles during rejuvenation was significantly greater than in the saline controls (0.44 +/- 0.31 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.10 mg/dl RBCs; p = 0.026). These data suggest that the decreased MCV following rejuvenation is in part due to membrane loss in exocytic vesiculation.
Faces of emotion in Parkinsons disease: Micro-expressivity and bradykinesia during voluntary facial expressions

In humans, the neural circuitry underlying facial expressions differs, depending on whether facial expressions are spontaneously (i.e., limbic, subcortical) or voluntarily initiated (i.e., frontal cortex). Previous investigators have suggested that the "masked face" of Parkinson's disease involves spontaneous, but not intentional, facial expressions. In contrast, we hypothesized that intentional facial expressions may be slowed (bradykinetic) and involve less movement, in much the same way that other intentional movements are affected by Parkinson's disease. To test this hypothesis, we used sophisticated computer imaging techniques to quantify dynamic facial movement. Relative to controls, Parkinson patients had reduced facial movement (entropy) and were significantly slowed in reaching a peak expression (i.e., bradykinesia). These findings are consistent with the view that the basal ganglia play a role in affecting intentional facial movements. This possibly occurs because of diminished efficiency and/or activation of face representation areas in the frontal cortical regions (i.e., motor, premotor, and supplementary motor area) or because of movement-based suppression secondary to dopaminergic reduction in frontostriatal pathways. Taken together, the characterization of Parkinson's disease as a model system for the neuroanatomic dissociation between voluntary and spontaneous expressions may be unjustified.
Graphene: Across the border

The topological nature of a certain type of grain boundary in polycrystalline graphene may be used to tailor the electrical transport properties.
Darwinism and Human Dignity

James Rachels argued against the possibility of finding some moral capacity in humans that confers upon them a unique dignity. His argument contends that Darwinism challenges such attempts, because Darwinism predicts that any morally valuable capacity able to bestow a unique dignity is likely present to a degree within both humans and non-human animals alike. I make the case, however, that some of Darwin’s own thoughts regarding the nature of conscience provide a springboard for criticising Rachels’s claim here. Using Darwin’s thoughts regarding conscience, I begin the project of grounding a revised account of human dignity in the human tendency to enshrine products of conscience within institutions. Specifically, I argue that this new account of human dignity is partly contingent upon humans creating institutions morally respectful of the values present within non-human nature.
Local correlation-based (“push-pull”) circuitry can account for non-linear summation of stimuli in a model of cat V1

Abstract The modulation of simple cell responses to low-temporal-frequency stimuli is suppressed by the superposition of high-temporal-frequency stimuli, while the modulation of the cell response to high-temporal-frequency stimuli is enhanced by superposition of low-temporal-frequency stimuli (Exp. Brain Res. 45 (1982) 456). Here, we show that correlation-based circuitry can account for these non-linear response properties. Our model predicts that the mean input to simple cells follows the tuning of the LGN, peaking at higher temporal frequencies than the cortical response. This increased mean input at higher frequencies, which is converted to net inhibition by the model circuit, is critical for explaining the superposition results.
In search of the missing carbon sink : a model of terrestrial biospheric response to land-use change and atmospheric CO2

Estimates of the net exchange of carbon between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere may be too large because the models of carbon release from changes in land use do not allow for enhanced carbon assimilation by the terrestrial biosphere in response to increasing atmospheric CO 2 . We address this deficiency with a model of terrestrial biosphere that includes both ecosystem response to land-use perturbation and vegetation response to atmospheric CO 2 . Model inputs specify the areas affected by land-use change since 1700. The carbon dynamics of the affected areas are described by an area distribution function for vegetation carbon density and a compartment model of carbon in vegetation, litter, and soil. Vegetation growth is modeled as the difference between net primary production (NPP) and mortality. NPP, the net flux of carbon from atmosphere to vegetation, is a logistic function of vegetation carbon density. The response of NPP to atmospheric CO 2 is modeled with three response functions: a logarithmic, a rectangular-hyperbolic, and a response function derived from a biochemical model of C 3 photosynthesis. The response functions are parameterized by ecosystem type with data from CO 2 exposure experiments. Elevated CO 2 affects the NPP of both undisturbed and recovering ecosystems. We use the model to test the hypothesis that the CO 2 enhancement of terrestrial NPP explains the historical missing carbon sink of the global carbon cycle budget. Our estimates of the biosphere's CO 2 enhanced carbon flux are much smaller than the reconstructed missing carbon sink. We conclude that our model results do not support the hypothesis. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.47.issue4.9.x
Glomerular Diseases Associated With Cancer, Chemotherapy, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Many solid and hematological malignancies have been associated with different glomerular diseases. Several case reports and case series of cancer-associated glomerular diseases have shown that treating the cancer may lead to resolution of the glomerular process. Hence, knowledge and approach to cancer-associated glomerular diseases is important for both the caring nephrologists and the cancer specialists. While membranous nephropathy has been classically associated with solid malignancies, minimal change disease has been commonly described with hematologic malignancies, especially non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is increasingly being recognized to be associated with chronic hematologic malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In this article, we review various cancer-associated glomerular diseases and their pathogenesis as well as principles of treatment. In addition, we also review glomerular diseases seen after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Elevated plasma adrenocorticotropin concentration as evidence of limited adrenocortical reserve in patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy

Adrenal insufficiency occurs in approximately two thirds of patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy. Its development may precede or follow the onset of neurological disease. To define the sensitivity of various tests of adrenal cortical function, we reviewed adrenocortical function tests in 28 patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy who had normal ACTH stimulation tests at the time of enrollment into an ongoing dietary study. Endocrine studies performed at 6-month intervals included a conventional ACTH stimulation test, plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations, and 24-h urinary cortisol and aldosterone excretion rates. Eleven patients (39%) developed an elevated plasma ACTH concentration after a median follow-up of 3 yr. Their 24-h urinary cortisol and plasma basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations were all normal. The mean basal cortisol level tended to be lower in patients who had increased plasma ACTH levels than in patients who maintained a normal plasma ACTH concentration during the study period (40...
Are Rab proteins the link between Golgi organization and membrane trafficking

The fundamental separation of Golgi function between subcompartments termed cisternae is conserved across all eukaryotes. Likewise, Rab proteins, small GTPases of the Ras superfamily, are putative common coordinators of Golgi organization and protein transport. However, despite sequence conservation, e.g., Rab6 and Ypt6 are conserved proteins between humans and yeast, the fundamental organization of the organelle can vary profoundly. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Golgi cisternae are physically separated from one another, while in mammalian cells, the cisternae are stacked one upon the other. Moreover, in mammalian cells, many Golgi stacks are typically linked together to generate a ribbon structure. Do evolutionarily conserved Rab proteins regulate secretory membrane trafficking and diverse Golgi organization in a common manner? In mammalian cells, some Golgi-associated Rab proteins function in coordination of protein transport and maintenance of Golgi organization. These include Rab6, Rab33B, Rab1, Rab2, Rab18, and Rab43. In yeast, these include Ypt1, Ypt32, and Ypt6. Here, based on evidence from both yeast and mammalian cells, we speculate on the essential role of Rab proteins in Golgi organization and protein transport.
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Higher Manganese Silicide Nanostructures

Higher manganese silicide, Mn15Si26, nanostructures were grown using CVD using a coordination compound precursor. These nanostructures exhibit p-type semiconducting behavior. They also exhibit a nonzero magnetic moment even at room temperature and the magnetic transition temperature appears to be near 330 K.
Secretion of testosterone in anesthetized dogs.

Secretion of testosterone in spermatic vein blood has been investigated in anesthetized dogs. Over a 120-min observation period, the rate of secretion declined in the “stressed” animal. The administration of beef ACTH or synthetic vasopressin did not influence testosterone production in the dog. Administration of ICSH(LH) resulted in a prompt increase in testosterone secretion, and in one dog receiving C14-acetate by the spermatic artery an increased incorporation of C14 into testosterone was found following LH administration intra-arterially. Since an FSH preparation containing a small amount of LH also will increase the secretion of testosterone when given intravenously, it is likely that a synergism exists between ICSH(LH) and FSH with regard to their immediate effect on the interstitial cell.
Two-Phase Flow: Theory and Applications

1. Review of Single-Phase Flow 1.1 Basic Fluid Flow Concepts 1.2 Flow Field Descriptions 1.3 Conservation Laws 1.4 Turbulence 1.5 Solution Techniques 1.6 Homework Problem Assignments 2. Basic Concepts of Two-Phase Flow Theory 2.1 Flow Regime Classifications and Modeling Approaches 2.2 Dispersed Flow Definitions, Phase Properties and Phase Coupling 2.3 Mass, Momentum and Heat Transfer 2.4 Statistical Descriptions 2.5 Highlights of Industrial Dispersed Flows 2.6 Homework Problem Assignments 3. Derivations of Two-Phase Flow Modelling Equations 3.1 Averaging Techniques and Constitutive Equations 3.2 Mixture Models 3.3 Separated Flow Models 3.4 Problem Assignments 4. Analyses and Solutions of Basic Two-Phase Flow Problems 4.1 Numerical Solution Tools 4.2 Mixture Flow Applications 4.3 Particle Trajectory Dynamics 4.4 Two-Fluid Model Applications 4.5 Project Assignments 5. Selected Case Studies 5.1 Mathematical Modeling, Computer Simulation and Virtual Prototyping 5.2 Quasi-Homogeneous Equilibrium Flows (EULER) 5.3 Separated Flows 1: Fluid Particle Models (EULER_Lagrange) 5.4 Separated Flows 2: Two-Fluid Models (EULER-EULER) Appendicies
On discounted subfair primitive casino

As is well known, in a subfair primitive casino a gambler with an initial fortune f, 0<f<1, desiring to reach 1 (his goal) should play boldly since there is no other strategy that can provide him with a higher utility (the probability of reaching his goal). Now suppose the game is modified by adding a discount factor which is used to motivate the gambler to recognize the time value of his goal and complete the game as quickly as is reasonably consistent with reaching his goal. Then one would intuitively suspect that again the bold play would be optimal. We will show in this paper that for certain subfair or fair primitive casinos the bold play is always optimal regardless of the discount factor; however, for some subfair or fair primitive casinos, there exist some discount factors for which the bold play is no longer optimal.
Bubble Oscillations of Large Amplitude

A new equation is derived for large amplitude forced radial oscillations of a bubble in an incident sound field. It includes the effects of acoustic radiation, as in Keller and Kolodner’s equation, and the effects of viscosity and surface tension, as in the modified Rayleigh equation due to Plesset, Noltingk and Neppiras, and Poritsky. The free and forced periodic solutions are computed numerically. For large bubbles, such as underwater explosion bubbles, the free oscillations agree with those obtained by Keller and Kolodner. For small bubbles, such as cavitation bubbles, with small or intermediate forcing amplitudes, the results agree with those calculated by Lauterborn from the modified Rayleigh equation of Plesset et al. For large forcing amplitudes that equation yielded unsatisfactory results whereas the new equation yields quite satisfactory ones.
The flankers task and response competition: A useful tool for investigating a variety of cognitive problems

Abstract Research has shown that the reaction-time interference produced by the flankers task arises, at least in large part, from the incipient activation of competing responses. The response competition paradigm has made valuable contributions to evaluating continuous flow versus discrete stage models of information processing as well as understanding cortical evoked potentials. The paradigm has been used to map the visual attentional field as a function of task demands and has also been found useful in the study of memory. It offers promise in studies of cognitive categorization and has provided insights into the “fast same effect” on same-different judgements on comparison tasks. It is currently being applied to the study of disjunctive comparisons.
Quantifying Quality: What Can the U.S. News and World Report Rankings Tell us About the Quality of Higher Education?

Since their first appearance in 1983, the U.S. News and World Report rankings of colleges and graduate schools have generated much discussion and debate, from some declaring them among the best rankings ever published to others describing them as shallow, inaccurate, and even dangerous. The research presented here addresses two of the most common criticisms of the methodology used to produce these rankings. In particular, this study answers the following questions: What is the extent of change in U.S. News' ranking formulas across years and what are the implications for interpreting shifts in a school's rank over time? How precise is the overall score that U.S. News uses to rank schools and what are the implications for assigning schools to discrete ranks? Findings confirm critic's concerns in each of these areas, particularly in relation to the ranking of graduate schools of education. Based on these results, five recommendations are made for improving the interpretability and usefulness of the rankings.
In vitro mechanisms of chemopotentiation by tone-burst ultrasound

We investigated in vitro enhancement of cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents by tone-burst ultrasound. Survival of CHO cell exposed to chemotherapeutic agents in culture medium was determined with and without insonation (1.62 and 0.29 MHz, 10% duty cycle). Insonations up to 0.4 MPa peak pressure (5 kW/m2 spatial and temporal average) occurred in the middle of 1 h drug exposures. Cytotoxicity in ultrasound control groups was never observed. Ultrasound increased the clonogenic cytotoxicity of adriamycin (p = 0.00027 by paired t test) and diaziquone but not of cisplatin or mitomycin C. Potentiation of adriamycin depended on exposure time and tone-burst frequency. .OH production in water occurred at intensities as low as 0.4 kW/m2, but did not increase with added adriamycin. Ultrasound did not affect membrane fluidity, but moderately increased cellular adriamycin accumulation, possibly explaining the observed drug potentiation.
Limited Literacy and Mortality in the Elderly: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study

BACKGROUND: While limited literacy is common and its prevalence increases with age, no prospective study has assessed whether limited literacy is associated with mortality in older adults.
Special session: engaging mathematical reasoning exercises

SIGCSE has for a long time nourished an audience excited about teaching mathematical reasoning principles across the curriculum through the Math Thinking Birds-of-a-Feather session and panels on mathematical reasoning. While these forums are useful for discussing reasoning topics, they do not provide a consistent venue for sharing math-reasoning activities to be used in the classroom. Therefore, SIGCSE attendees interested in math thinking have routinely wished for a place for discussing engaging math reasoning examples and assignments. Providing such a forum is the purpose of this session. The exercises and assignments will help faculty find ways to incorporate mathematical reasoning in CS1, CS2, data structures and algorithms, discrete math, and software engineering courses.
A Viewpoint Invariant, Sparsely Registered, Patch Based, Face Verifier

Sparsely registering a face (i.e., locating 2---3 fiducial points) is considered a much easier task than densely registering one; especially with varying viewpoints. Unfortunately, the converse tends to be true for the task of viewpoint-invariant face verification; the more registration points one has the better the performance. In this paper we present a novel approach to viewpoint invariant face verification which we refer to as the "patch-whole" algorithm. The algorithm is able to obtain good verification performance with sparsely registered faces. Good performance is achieved by not assuming any alignment between gallery and probe view faces, but instead trying to learn the joint likelihood functions for faces of similar and dissimilar identities. Generalization is encouraged by factorizing the joint gallery and probe appearance likelihood, for each class, into an ensemble of "patch-whole" likelihoods. We make an additional contribution in this paper by reviewing existing approaches to viewpoint-invariant face verification and demonstrating how most of them fall into one of two categories; namely viewpoint-generative or viewpoint-discriminative. This categorization is instructive as it enables us to compare our "patch-whole" algorithm to other paradigms in viewpoint-invariant face verification and also gives deeper insights into why the algorithm performs so well.
Evaluation of stainless steel cathodes and a bicarbonate buffer for hydrogen production in microbial electrolysis cells using a new method for measuring gas production

Abstract Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are often examined for hydrogen production using non-sustainable phosphate buffered solutions (PBS), although carbonate buffers have been shown to work in other bioelectrochemical systems with a platinum (Pt) catalyst. Stainless steel (SS) has been shown to be an effective catalyst for hydrogen evolution in MECs, but it has not been tested with carbonate buffers. We evaluated the combined using of SS cathodes and a bicarbonate buffer (BBS) at the applied voltages of 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 V using a new inexpensive method for measuring gas production called the gas bag method (GBM). This method achieved an average error of only 5.0% based on adding known volumes of gas to the bag. Using the GBM, hydrogen production with SS and a BBS was 26.6 ± 1.8 mL which compared well to 26.4 ± 2.8 mL using Pt and BBS, and 26.8 ± 2.5 mL with a Pt cathode and PBS. Electrical energy efficiency was highest with a SS cathode and BBS at 159 ± 17%, compared to 126 ± 14% for the Pt cathode and BBS, and 134 ± 17% for a Pt cathode and PBS. The main disadvantage of the SS was a lower gas production rate of 1.1 ± 0.3 m3 H2-m−3 d−1 with BBS and 1.2 ± 0.3 m3 H2-m−3 d−1 with PBS, compared to 1.7 ± 0.4 m3 H2-m−3 d−1 with Pt and PBS. These results show that the GBM is an effective new method for measuring gas production of anaerobic gas production processes, and that SS and bicarbonate buffers can be used to effectively produce hydrogen in MECs.
Sexuality, schooling, and teacher identity formation: A critical pedagogy for teacher education

Abstract Offering an alternative to normative teacher education that excludes meaningful sexuality and gender education from its curriculum, this article presents a critical teacher education multicultural curriculum based in the United States that included an autoethnographic narrative assignment as reflective space for teacher candidates to consider their identities as shaped by lived experiences with gender and sexuality. Using a categorical analysis of a cohort of 38 teacher candidate autoethnographies, discussed are insights revealed about their lived histories. Patterns included gender identification, heteronormativity, patriarchy, sex education, schooling experiences, teacher complicity, and teacher identity effects and sense of agency along with implications for educating future teachers.
Synovial cell sarcoma of the vulva: multimodality treatment incorporating preoperative external-beam radiation, hemivulvectomy, flap reconstruction, interstitial brachytherapy, and chemotherapy.

Background. Vulvar synovial cell sarcomas are rare, with only four previously published cases in the literature. Traditionally, the primary management for these tumors has been surgery alone. Case. We report a case of a large vulvar synovial cell sarcoma in a 50-year-old woman treated with comprehensive combined multimodality management, including preoperative intensity-modulated radiation therapy, radical hemivulvectomy, flap reconstruction, interstitial low-dose-rate brachytherapy boost, and adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion. Based on this case and the limited data in the literature, multimodality treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma of the vulva may optimize local control and minimize toxicity while preserving sexual function.
Chronic Social Stress and Ethanol Increase Expression of KLF11, a Cell Death Mediator, in Rat Brain.

Major depressive disorder and alcoholism are significant health burdens that can affect executive functioning, cognitive ability, job responsibilities, and personal relationships. Studies in animal models related to depression or alcoholism reveal that the expression of Kruppel-like factor 11 (KLF11, also called TIEG2) is elevated in frontal cortex, which suggests that KLF11 may play a role in stress- or ethanol-induced psychiatric conditions. KLF11 is a transcriptional activator of monoamine oxidase A and B, but also serves other functions in cell cycle regulation and apoptotic cell death. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was used to quantify intensity of nuclear KLF11, combined with an unbiased stereological approach to assess nuclei in fronto-limbic, limbic, and other brain regions of rats exposed chronically to social defeat or ethanol. KLF11 immunoreactivity was increased significantly in the medial prefrontal cortex, frontal cortex, and hippocampus of both stressed rats and rats fed ethanol. However, expression of KLF11 protein was not significantly affected in the thalamus, hypothalamus, or amygdala in either treatment group compared to respective control rats. Triple-label immunofluorescence revealed that KLF11 protein was localized in nuclei of neurons and astrocytes. KLF11 was also co-localized with the immunoreactivity of cleaved caspase-3. In addition, Western blot analysis revealed a significant reduction in anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-xL, but an increase of caspase-3 expression in the frontal cortex of ethanol-treated rats compared to ethanol-preferring controls. Thus, KLF11 protein is up-regulated following chronic exposure to stress or ethanol in a region-specific manner and may contribute to pro-apoptotic signaling in ethanol-treated rats. Further investigation into the KLF11 signaling cascade as a mechanism for neurotoxicity and cell death in depression and alcoholism may provide novel pharmacological targets to lessen brain damage and maximize neuroprotection in these disorders.
A magnetized coaxial source facility for the generation of energetic plasma flows

The design features and characterization of a new magnetized coaxial plasma source facility for the generation of energetic plasma stream flows are presented. Careful, yet simple design of a low-inductance ( or approximately=130 kA) pulses to the plasma source with fast rise ( approximately 26 mu s). This allows for the production and acceleration of dense ( approximately 2*1015 cm-3), high-quality (10-40 eV), self-field plasmas to approximately 105 m s-1. We are then afforded the laboratory study of plasma streams with a wide variety of applications including, but not limited to, advanced thrusters for electric propulsion, astrophysical jets, critical ionization velocity, magnetic fusion, large-scale plasma etching and deposition, etc. Comparison to an ideal MHD model is made indicating reasonably good agreement in these self-field discharges, while elucidating the advantages of strong applied magnetization to provide nozzling in a magnetically constricted flow.
Hospital-Physician Collaboration: Landscape of Economic Integration and Impact on Clinical Integration

Context: Hospital-physician relationships (HPRs) are an important area of academic research, given their impact on hospitals’ financial success. HPRs also are at the center of several federal policy proposals such as gain sharing, bundled payments, and pay-for-performance (P4P). Methods:ThisarticleanalyzestheHPRsthatfocusontheeconomicintegration of hospitals and physicians and the goals that HPRs are designed to achieve. It then reviews the literature on the impact of HPRs on cost, quality, and clinical integration. Findings: The goals of the two parties in HPRs overlap only partly, and their primary aim is not reducing cost or improving quality. The evidence base for the impact of many models of economic integration is either weak or nonexistent, with only a few models of economic integration having robust effects. The relationship between economic and clinical integration also is weak and inconsistent. There are several possible reasons for this weak linkage and many barriers to further integration between hospitals and physicians. Conclusions: Successful HPRs may require better financial conditions for physicians, internal changes to clinical operations, application of behavioral skills to the management of HPRs, changes in how providers are paid, and systemic changes encompassing several types of integration simultaneously.
Some approaches to knowledge acquistion

Knowledge acquisition is not a single, monolithic problem for AI. There are many ways to approach the topic in order to understand issues and design useful tools for constructing knowledge-based systems. Several of those approaches are being explored in the Knowledge Systems Laboratory (KSL) at Stanford.
Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Variable Friction Between Nanoregions in Conventional and Crosslinked UHMWPE

Recently, highly crosslinked UHMWPE components have been promoted for their high abrasive wear resistance over conventional UHMWPE (PE) in total joint replacement (TJR) prostheses to minimize osteolysis and consequent implant loosening. This study was aimed at investigating the role of friction gradients induced by localized coefficients of friction at both crystalline and amorphous nanoregions in PE, and crystalline and crosslinked nanoregions in crosslinked UHMWPE (XPE), in submicron wear debris generation. An abrasive wear study performed on both XPE and PE using atomic force microscopy (AFM) illustrated that the onset of plastic deformation for XPE occurred at a normal load that was approximately 3 times higher when compared to PE. Coefficients of friction (mu d) of 0.2, 0.35, and 0.61, experimentally derived using AFM, were used as representative mu d for crystalline, amorphous, and crosslinked nanoregions, respectively, in a numerical Hertzian model. An increase in mu (0.2 +/- 0.02, 0.35 +/- 0.01 and 0.6 +/- 0.04) was observed with a decrease in crystallinity and storage modulus at 22 degrees C. Using the Hertzian contact model, it was observed that variability in friction between nanoregions contributed to higher magnitude stresses for XPE (0.2 to 0.61; maximum sigma eff = 2.8) compared to PE (0.2 to 0.35; maximum sigma eff = 1.1) over a negligible thickness of the interfacial zone (IZ) between nanoregions. The experimentally observed increase in abrasive wear resistance of XPE could be attributed to an increase in the thickness of the interfacial zone between nanoregions with mu changing gradually from crystalline to crosslinked nanoregions, a situation that may not be observed with PE. This would cause a decrease in the friction gradient and resulting stresses thereby agreeing with the observed experimental higher abrasive wear resistance for XPE. However, in both PE and XPE, the presence of stress concentrations over a period of time could lead to irreversible damage of the material eventually generating submicron wear debris. Hence, semicrystalline, inhomogenous UHMWPE with several nanoregions (amorphous and crystalline) would be at a disadvantage for bearing application in terms of abrasive wear resistance compared to UHMWPE with relatively lower number of nanoregions and crosslinked nanoregions.
Differential Translatability in Vitro of Multiple Messenger RNAs Encoding the β-Subunit of Mouse Thyrotropin

The mouse TSHβ gene contains two start sites of transcription and exhibits alternative splicing among its first three exons, which encode 5′-untranslated mRNA sequences. Expression of the mouse TSHβ gene, therefore, gives rise to multiple mRNAs, each with a unique 5′-untranslated region. We have determined the relative translational efficiencies of these mRNAs in vitro, and we demonstrate that one of them directs the synthesis of a novel TSHβ presubunit. The four TSHβ mRNAs that are expressed from the down-stream transcription start site (TSS2) and the major mRNA derived from the up-stream start site (TSS1) were transcribed in vitro and translated in reticulocyte lysates and wheat germ extracts. The mRNA from TSS1 gave a novel TSHβ presubunit due to initiation of translation at an upstream AUG unique to this mRNA. The novel presubunit contained a 17-amino acid NH2-terminal extension sequence, compared to the normal TSHβ presubunit, which is encoded by each of the mRNAs from TSS2. Despite the fact that the...
Antimicrobial hydrogels formed by crosslinking polyallylamine with aldaric acid derivatives

Aqueous dispersions (0.1 wt %) of hydrogels 1 and 5—formed by crosslinking polyallylamine hydrochloride (MW 60,000) with aldaric acid derivatives, diethyl L-tartrate and N,N′-bis(methoxycarbonylmethyl)-D-glucaramide, respectively—exhibited complete (log 5) kill within 4 h of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans suspended in culture medium. This antimicrobial activity was much higher than that of uncrosslinked polyallylamine (1 wt % killed only 75% of E. coli in 24 h). When dispersed at 10 and 100 ppm, hydrogel 5 displayed complete (log 5) kill of E. coli within 30–60 and 15 min, respectively. Hydrogels 1 and 5 were active against S. aureus and Salmonella choleraesuis dried on hard stainless steel surfaces and accelerated the deaths of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and C. albicans in a model skin cream formulation. A 0.8% aqueous dispersion of hydrogel 5 was also effective as a hand sanitizer, killing 99.7% of Serratia marcescens on human hands within 5 min. Hydrogels 1 and 5 caused no dermal irritation or allergic contact sensitization under the conditions of a human repeat insult patch test. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Stereo-random synthesis of highly functionalized proline analogues by azomethine cycloaddition

Highly substituted proline analogues were synthesized on Wang-resin bearing bisprotected histidine as starting material. The proline analogues (1,5-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2-carboxylic acid) were generated by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with maleimides, thus creating a library of maximum stereochemical diversity. Every compound set with the same empirical formula can theoretically consist of four diastereomers and can be tested in biological assays as mixture. Additionally different methods for the acylation of the proline nitrogen were evaluated.
Dysfunctional γδ T Cells Contribute to Impaired Keratinocyte Homeostasis in Mouse Models of Obesity

Skin complications and chronic non-healing wounds are common in obesity, metabolic disease, and type 2 diabetes. Epidermal γδ T cells normally produce keratinocyte growth factors, participate in wound repair, and are necessary for keratinocyte homeostasis. We have determined that in γδ T cell-deficient mice, there are reduced numbers of keratinocytes and the epidermis exhibits a flattened, thinner structure with fewer basal keratinocytes. This is important in obesity, where skin-resident γδ T cells are reduced and rendered dysfunctional. Similar to γδ T cell-deficient mice, keratinocytes are reduced and the epidermal structure is altered in two obese mouse models. Even in regions where γδ T cells are present, there are fewer keratinocytes in obese mice, indicating that dysfunctional γδ T cells are unable to regulate keratinocyte homeostasis. The impact of absent or impaired γδ T cells on epidermal structure is exacerbated in obesity as E-cadherin localization and expression are additionally altered. These studies reveal that γδ T cells are unable to regulate keratinocyte homeostasis in obesity and that the obese environment further impairs skin structure by altering cell–cell adhesion. Together, impaired keratinocyte homeostasis and epidermal barrier function through direct and indirect mechanisms result in susceptibility to skin complications, chronic wounds, and infection.
Decreased sniffing behavior in rats following septal lesions

Sniffing behavior directed toward a localized source of conspecific urine was examined in rats with septal lesions. The lesions significantly reduced both the number and duration of sniffing bouts directed toward this source of stimulation. These results suggest that septal lesions alter behavioral responsiveness to olfactory stimuli.
VFe3S4 Single and Double Cubane Clusters : Synthesis, Structures, and Dependence of Redox Potentials and Electron Distribution on Ligation and Heterometal

Both vanadium and molybdenum cofactor clusters are found in nitrogenase. In biomimetic research, many fewer heterometal MFe3S4 cubane-type clusters have been synthesized with M = V than with M = Mo because of the well-established structural relationship of the latter to the molybdenum coordination unit in the enzyme. In this work, a series of single cubane and edge-bridged double cubane clusters containing the cores [VFe3(μ3-S)4]2+ and [V2Fe6(μ3-S)6(μ4-S)2]2+ have been prepared by ligand substitution of the phosphine clusters [(Tp)VFe3S4(PEt3)3]1+ and [(Tp)2V2Fe6S8(PEt3)4]. The single cubanes [(Tp)VFe3S4L3]2− and double cubanes [(Tp)2V2Fe6S8L4]4− (L = F−, N3−, CN−, PhS−) are shown by X-ray structures to have trigonal symmetry and centrosymmetry, respectively. Single cubanes form the three-member electron transfer series [(Tp)VFe3S4L3]3−,2−,1−. The ligand dependence of redox potentials and electron distribution in cluster cores as sensed by 57Fe isomer shifts (δ) have been determined. Comparison of these r...
Global stability in Lotka-Volterra systems with diffusion

Sufficient conditions for global stability inn-species Lotka-Volterra systems with diffusion are derived. Both continuous environments with 0-flux boundary conditions and environments consisting of discrete patches are considered.
Influence of parasitism on thermal resistance of the mud-flat snail, Nassarius obsoleta say

Abstract The upper lethal thermal limits were determined for parasitized and nonparasitized Nassarius obsoleta. The snails with heavy larval trematode infections were less resistant to thermal stress than those snails which were uninfected.
Synthesis of cyclic hydroxamic acids through -NOH insertion of ketones.

Treatment of cyclobutanone or cyclopentanone with N-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide under basic conditions yields the ring-expanded cyclic hydroxamic acid in 18−69% yield. Reactions of substituted cyclobutanones give ring expanded products where the −NOH group regio- and stereoselectively inserts to the more substituted position. This expansion likely proceeds through a mechanism that includes addition of the N-anion of N-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide to the ketone and a C-nitroso intermediate that rearranges to the final product.
Automated infrared scanning in Cray Y-MP production

Thermal stress of an integrated circuit (IC) has a direct effect on the reliability of the computer system. Cray Research, Inc., designer and manufacturer of large scale general purpose supercomputers, is currenfly screening all Cray Y-MP modules for thermal stress to increase the reliability of this product. The requirements for thermal screening in our production environment consisted of minimizing cost, decreasing production time and maintenance, and providing a testing procedure that would not require using highly trained personneL The commercially available equipment evaluated did not meet all of these criteria. The infrared (IR) scanning tester developed by Cray Research provides accurate measurements of IC case temperatures and automated analysis capabilities with a minimum of operator intervention or evaluation. The tester employs an Inframetrics Model 600 IR Imaging Radiometer that is controlled by a personal computer system and can be operated with a minimal amount of training by any production worker. The computer also controls and monitors various tester functions such as cycling the power supplies and monitoring the current draw of the module. The IR scanning capabilities provided by this system have been an invaluable tool in the production process. The JR scanning tester has also been useful for performing various thermal experiments throughout the company, as well as providing a thermal record of each Cray YMP module produced. This paper describes the design and operation of the IR scanning tester and provides algorithms for remote operation of an Inframetrics Model 600 JR Imaging Radiometer.
Volcanism not shocking enough for K/T stresses, study says

Recent discoveries have supported the theory that a massive asteroid hit the Earth some 65 m.y.a. at the time of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary. Many scientists contend, however, that the geologic evidence could also be the result of explosive volcanic eruptions. New laboratory studies, presented in the July 6 issue of Geophysical Research Letters, contest that claim and reveal that volcanic eruptions are not powerful enough to produce the geologic features associated with the K/T boundary.
Postecdysial cuticle alteration in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: Synchronous changes in glycoproteins and mineral nucleation

In order to investigate the control of the onset of postecdysial mineralization of the cuticle of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, EDTA-soluble proteins and glycoproteins were analyzed at short intervals after ecdysis by SDS-PAGE. Gels were either stained with silver, blotted to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and stained with periodic acid/Schiff reagent (PAS), or blotted to nitrocellulose membranes and probed with a variety of lectins [particularly the mannose-binding lectins concanavalin A(Con A) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)]. Pieces of cuticle were also tested for their ability to nucleate calcite in vitro. A major change occurred in the biochemistry of the cuticle between 1 and 3 hr after ecdysis. This change, which we term the post-ecdysial cuticle alteration (PECA), involved 1) loss of a major 66 kDa glycoprotein band, 2) decrease in Con A binding by a 79 kDa protein band, 3) complete loss of PAS-reactivity of both 66 and 79 kDa proteins, 4)gain in Con A affinity of an existing band at 73 kDa, and 5) an increase in the intrinsic ability of cell-free cuticle pieces to mineralize, as measured by the in vitro calcite crystal nucleation assay. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energies of a Kinked Crack Line

This article finds the energy of slightly kinked crack fronts in order to find the rate at which thermal fluctuations cause cracks to creep in three-dimensional settings.
Protection of stripped enamel surfaces with topical fluoride applications.

Abstract Sections of forty-two teeth were used to study the effect of topical fluoride applications on the decalcification rate of enamel surfaces stripped in a manner suggested for orthodontic purposes. The enamel treated with a single application of fluoride had a significantly lower rate of decalcification for the first 96 hours of exposure to lactate buffer. The limited depth of protection of the fluoride suggests that continued protection of stripped surfaces should be sought by regularly scheduled treatment of the enamel with fluoride derived from concentrated topical solutions and regular use of a fluoride-containing dentifrice.
A central limit theorem for functions of a Markov chain with applications to shifts

A sufficient condition is developed for partial sums of a function of a stationary, ergodic Markov chain to be asymptotically normal. For Bernoulli and Lebesgue shifts, the condition may be related to the Fourier coefficients of the given function; and the latter condition is shown to be satisfied by most square integrable functions in the case of Bernoulli shifts.
Probabilistic Effectiveness Methodology: A holistic approach on risk assessment of nuclear smuggling

The Probabilistic Effectiveness Methodology (PEM) is a simulation tool with a holistic approach to risk assessment of nuclear smuggling. PEM simulates valid representations of threat motivation, capabilities, and intent, threat transportation pathways (air, land, and sea), the performance of detector architectures, and individual detector performance associated with preventive radiological and nuclear detection. Further, it analyses from a Red/Adversary perspective, gaps, seams and vulnerabilities of the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture (GNDA). This paper presents the different PEM components and illustrates (through use of notional data) several examples of how PEM can support the decision making process for GNDA problems.
To die or grow: Parkinson's disease and cancer.

Epidemiological evidence suggests a reduced incidence of many common types of non-smoking-related cancers in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Genes that underlie familial forms of PD are often abnormally expressed in cancer, owing to their differential regulation or mutation. Functional studies implicate these genes in maintenance of the cell cycle, in some cases through interaction in the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Variation in genes associated with familial-linked PD could therefore modify susceptibility to both cancer and PD, implying some degree of overlap in the underlying biochemical dysfunction. When considering the normal function of these PD-linked genes in the periphery and their potential role in cancer, further emphasis might be placed on protein handling relating to cell-cycle control in the etiology of PD.
A universe of projections: may Plato be right?

Abstract A deterministic geometric procedure, yielding a multitude of interesting patterns as projections of simple multifractal measures supported by the graphs of fractal interpolating functions, is reviewed. It is shown, via a variety of examples, that such patterns encompass the intricate data sets gathered in a host of geophysical applications over one, two, and three dimensions, including both irregular and crystal-like sets. This suggests that a compact framework for complexity may one day be unraveled via these ideas and their extensions, in consonance with Plato’s notions in his famous allegory of the cave.