cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parent‐Based Adolescent Sexual Health Interventions And Effect on Communication Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses

CONTEXT Parent-based adolescent sexual health interventions aim to reduce sexual risk behaviors by bolstering parental protective behaviors. Few studies of theory use, methods, applications, delivery and outcomes of parent-based interventions have been conducted. METHODS A systematic search of databases for the period 1998–2013 identified 28 published trials of U.S. parent-based interventions to examine theory use, setting, reach, delivery mode, dose and effects on parent–child communication. Established coding schemes were used to assess use of theory and describe methods employed to achieve behavioral change; intervention effects were explored in meta-analyses. RESULTS Most interventions were conducted with minority parents in group sessions or via self-paced activities; interventions averaged seven hours, and most used theory extensively. Meta-analyses found improvements in sexual health communication: Analysis of 11 controlled trials indicated a medium effect on increasing communication (Cohen's d, 0.5), and analysis of nine trials found a large effect on increasing parental comfort with communication (0.7); effects were positive regardless of delivery mode or intervention dose. Intervention participants were 68% more likely than controls to report increased communication and 75% more likely to report increased comfort. CONCLUSIONS These findings point to gaps in the range of programs examined in published trials—for example, interventions for parents of sexual minority youth, programs for custodial grandparents and faith-based services. Yet they provide support for the effectiveness of parent-based interventions in improving communication. Innovative delivery approaches could extend programs’ reach, and further research on sexual health outcomes would facilitate the meta-analysis of intervention effectiveness in improving adolescent sexual health behaviors.
The T-cell antigen receptor gamma gene: rearrangement and cell lineages

Most adult T cells have a T-cell antigen receptor composed of αs heterodimers in a complex with the CD3 antigen. Immature thymocytes, however, can express CD3-associated heterodimers of a γ chain and another poorly characterized chain ('δ'). Here James Allison and Lewis Lanier suggest that thymocytes can develop along two mutually exclusive ontological pathways, giving rise to T cells that express either αs or γδ heterodimers, but not both or any other heterodimeric combination.
CREB-Binding Protein Modulates Repeat Instability in a Drosophila Model for PolyQ Disease

Although expansion of trinucleotide repeats accounts for over 30 human diseases, mechanisms of repeat instability remain poorly understood. We show that a Drosophila model for the CAG/polyglutamine (polyQ) disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 recapitulates key features of human CAG-repeat instability, including large repeat changes and strong expansion bias. Instability is dramatically enhanced by transcription and modulated by nuclear excision repair and a regulator of DNA repair adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) response element–binding protein (CREB)–binding protein—a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) whose decreased activity contributes to polyQ disease. Pharmacological treatment to normalize acetylation suppressed instability. Thus, toxic consequences of pathogenic polyQ protein may include enhancing repeat instability.
Emerging trends in fee-based information delivery

Fee-based information services in libraries will face many challenges in continuing to offer value-added, cost-effective services to customers daring the opening decade of the new millennium. Some of the challenges are similar to those faced by other library units, but others are unique. Many of these are related to the proliferation of electronic resources and to the "do-it-yourself" approach customers have toward them. Other issues that must be addressed include shifts in client expectations; the demand for new types of information services and products; unresolved intellectual property issues; evolving means of providing access, delivery, and distribution; the need to form innovative partnerships; and the increasing globalization of the customer base.
Rhinoscleroma treated with ciprofloxacin : a case report

Rhinoscleroma, a chronic progressive infection of the nose and associated structures caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, has posed a therapeutic dilemma since its identification in the late 1800s. Although a number of antibiotics have been found to be effective in this relapsing disorder, the lengthy duration of treatment can lead to problems with adverse effects and compliance, especially with the traditional therapies of streptomycin and tetracycline. We report on a patient with extensive nasal rhinoscleroma who achieved pathologic and bacteriologic resolution during treatment with oral ciprofloxacin after previous courses of tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Ciprofloxacin may prove to be useful in the therapy of rhinoscleroma because it is convenient for oral administration, achieves good tissue levels, is concentrated in macrophages, and is generally well tolerated as long-term therapy. As mentioned in a recent review of patients with rhinoscleroma at the Mayo Clinic, the fluoroquinolones deserve further study as potentially highly effective agents for this uncommon but significant infectious condition.
TeO2: solid-state SBS material with exceptionally high gain

We observe very low threshold phase conjugation by stimulated Brillouin scattering in crystalline TeO2. The resulting steady-state gain parameter, 100 cm/GW, is to our knowledge the largest ever reported for a solid-state material.
TEM imaging of clustered Au substitutional impurities in YBa2Cu3O6.9

Evidence for clustering of Au impurity atoms into randomly distributed 1-2 nm rods is presented for YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-{delta}} ({delta} < 0.1) grown by the self-flux technique in Au crucibles. Electron-diffraction patterns show very weak diffuse streaks along 100 and 010, and these streaks persist over several degrees of tilt indicating rod-like defects. Multislice image simulations, including the effect of amorphous carbon, for a variety of defect types are compared to high-resolution images. The model that best fits the experimental data is defects made up of 3-4 unit cell long Au---O vacancy rods along 010 and Au---O interstitial rods along 100. In light of flux-pinning data comparing YBCO crystals with and without Au doping, these defects should be considered as flux-pinning sites in as-grown Au doped crystals.
A modified Glasgow Blatchford Score improves risk stratification in upper gastrointestinal bleed: a prospective comparison of scoring systems.

SummaryBackground Several risk scoring systems exist for upper gastrointestinal bleed (UGIB). We hypothesised that a modified Glasgow Blatchford Score (mGBS) that eliminates the subjective components of the GBS might perform as well as current scoring systems. Aim To compare the performance of the mGBS to the most widely reported scoring systems for prediction of clinical outcomes in patients presenting with UGIB. Methods Prospective cohort study from 9/2010 to 9/2011. Accuracy of the mGBS was compared with the full GBS, full Rockall Score (RS) and clinical RS using area under the receiver operating characterstics-curve (AUC). Primary outcome was need for clinical intervention: blood transfusion, endoscopic, radiological or surgical intervention. Secondary outcome was repeat bleeding or mortality. Results One hundred and ninety-nine patients were included. Median age was 56 with 40% women. Thirty-two per cent patients required blood transfusion, 24% endoscopic interventions, 0.5% radiological intervention, 0 surgical interventions, 5% had repeat bleeding and 0.5% mortality. Primary outcome: the mGBS (AUC 0.85) performed as well as the GBS (AUC = 0.86, P = 0.81), and outperformed the full RS (AUC 0.75, P = 0.005) and clinical RS (AUC 0.66, P < 0.0001). Secondary outcome: the mGBS (AUC 0.83) performed as well as the GBS (AUC 0.81, P = 0.38) and full RS (AUC 0.69, and outperformed the clinical RS (AUC 0.59, P = 0.0007). Conclusions The modified Glasgow Blatchford Score performed as well as the full Glasgow Blatchford Score while outperforming both Rockall Scores for prediction of clinical outcomes in American patients with upper gastrointestinal bleed. By eliminating the subjective components of the Glasgow Blatchford Score, the modified Glasgow Blatchford Score may be easier to use and therefore more easily implemented into routine clinical practice.
Citrate metabolism of normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells

T o introduce the subject of this review, we offer the following anecdotal experience. Recently, one of us (L.C.C.) was invited to present a seminar on “prostate citrate metabolism” to a clinical group of urologists, pathologists, and oncologists. I opened the presentation with the question, “Tell me what the major function of the prostate gland in humans is?” It was evident from the response that this was a perplexing question and that no consensus existed regarding the function of the prostate. Finally, I stated that, in our view, the major function of the human prostate gland was to produce and secrete citrate, and that we would provide compelling evidence to support that view. In much the same way, we now ask you, the reader, the same question; and we offer the same view, which this review will establish. The normal human prostate gland, as well as that of many other animals, has the function of producing, accumulating, and ultimately secreting extraordinarily high levels of citrate (Table I>. The glandular secretory epithelial cells are responsible for this unique capability, which does not exist in any other soft tissue cells in the body. The accumulation and secretion of citrate (which we refer to as “net citrate production”) require the existence of unique metabolic relationships associated with citrate metabolism, with major consequences and implications for the intermediary energy metabolism of citrate-producing prostate epithelial cells. (For recent reviews of prostate citrate me-
THE BREEDING BIOLOGY. AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE DOUBLEBANDED COURSER RHZNOPTZLUS AFRZCANUS (TEMMINCK)

Summary In the southwestern part of the Kalahari region, the Double-banded Courser Rhinoptilus africanus is restricted to stony terrain with low vegetation and good visibility. Nests are always exposed, usually on flat ground, less often in hollows or slopes, and seldom on rises. Sixty per cent of nests were among mammal droppings. Nest relief is rapid and occurs every two hours or so; side-throwing of small objects around the nest by the relieved bird is part of the ceremony. Incubation of the single egg takes about 26 days. The newly-hatched chick is weak and is fed exclusively by the parents for the first few days. It can fly at about six weeks of age. Breeding seems to be continuous, regardless of weather and season. The calls, displays, comfort movements and ritualized intention movements are described and analysed as far as possible. Adult coursers are subjected to an intense heat load in summer, and have a number of behavioural heat-loss mechanisms which are described and discussed. R. africanus and Cursorius rufus (both common coursers of the Kalahari) are briefly compared.
Medicare Part D Research and Policy Highlights, 2012: Impact and Insights

Background In the 6 years since the implementation of Medicare Part D in the United States, the program has been reported to improve quality, offer better beneficiary protections, and lower drug costs.
The expanded Lagrangian system for constrained optimization problems

Smooth penalty functions can be combined with numerical continuation/bifurcation techniques to produce a class of robust and fast algorithms for constrainted optimization problems. The key to the development of these algorithms is the Expanded Lagrangian System which is derived and analyzed in this work. This parameterized system of nonlinear equations contains the penalty path as a solution, provides a smooth homotopy into the first-order necessary conditions, and yields a global optimization technique. Furthermore, the inevitable ill-conditioning present in a sequential optimization algorithm is removed for three penalty methods: the quadratic penalty function for equality constraints, and the logarithmic barrier function (an interior method) and the quadratic loss function (an interior method) for inequality constraints. Although these techniques apply to optimization in general and to linear and nonlinear programming, calculus of variations, optimal control and parameter identification in particular, the development is primarily within the context of nonlinear programming.
Memory bandwidth reservation in the cloud to avoid information leakage in the memory controller

Multiple virtual machines (VMs) are typically co-scheduled on cloud servers. Each VM experiences different latencies when accessing shared resources, based on contention from other VMs. This introduces timing channels between VMs that can be exploited to launch attacks by an untrusted VM. This paper focuses on trying to eliminate the timing channel in the shared memory system. Unlike prior work that implements temporal partitioning, this paper proposes and evaluates bandwidth reservation. We show that while temporal partitioning can degrade performance by 61% in an 8-core platform, bandwidth reservation only degrades performance by under 1% on average.
Dikes vs. diapirs in viscoelastic rock

Geophysical models have traditionally treated diapiric ascent as occurring in purely viscous host rock, and dike intrusion as occurring in purely elastic host rock. Such models are incapable of determining (1) what governs the transition between the two transport mechanisms, (2) the properties of diapirs that ascend via a combination of fracture and flow, and (3) the geologic regimes in which such hybrid behavior might occur. Observations that granitic plutons often intrude along crustal-scale faults suggest that transitional behavior may be important geologically. Here I explore a self-similar solution for a pressurized dike propagating in a linear viscoelastic medium. Dike growth is governed primarily by the ratio of two dimensionless parameters. The first, a measure of the elastic response of the host rock, is (po/G), wherepo is excess magma pressure at the dike entrance andG is elastic stiffness of the host rock. The second, a measure of the viscous response of the host rock, is(ηm/ηr)1/3, whereηm is magma viscosity andηr is host-rock viscosity. For expected values of (po/G) of 10−3 to 10−4, the host rock must be more than 11 to 14 orders of magnitude more viscous than the magma in order to behave as essentially elastic during dike intrusion. Dike thickness:length aspect ratios less than 10−1 require viscosity contrasts in excess of 6 to 8 orders of magnitude. These results indicate that rock will behave elastically during the intrusion of basalt and low-viscosity rhyolite dikes, but that viscous deformation can significantly exceed elastic deformation during intrusion of the most viscous rhyolite dikes into hot rock. Even in the latter case, however, the resulting intrusions appear dike-like. Thus while these results can explain the occurrence of rhyolite dikes with aspect ratios of 10−2 rather than the 10−3 to 10−4 expected for purely elastic host rock, the occurrence of granites in equidimensional plutons cannot be attributed solely to the viscosity contrast between liquid granites and hot rock.
Liberty, utility, and justice: an ethical approach to unwanted pregnancy

Three moral principles provide an ethical basis for the management of unwanted pregnancy. The principle of liberty guarantees a right to freedom of action; the utilitarian principle defines moral rightness by the greatest good for the greatest number; and justice requires that everyone have equitable access to necessary goods and services. Applied to unwanted pregnancy, these principles yield the conclusion that women have a natural right to reproductive freedom, and a social right to family planning and abortion services.
Construction and Instrumentation of Full-Scale Geogrid-Reinforced Flexible Pavement Test Sections

Nine low-volume flexible pavement sections were recently constructed at the Advanced Transportation Research and Engineering Laboratory (ATREL) at the University of Illinois, Urban-Champaign (UIUC). The nine sections were dived into three categories based on the total thickness of the pavement system structure. The first category has 8 inches of aggregate base and 3 inches of hot-mix asphalt (HMA). The three sections in that category differ in aggregate reinforcement: one control and two reinforced with geogrids having different tensile strengths. The second category has a 15 inch pavement structure. Two sections were unreinforced, while one is reinforced with a geogrid. One of the unreinforced sections has a 5 inch HMA and 10 inch aggregate base. The remaining two sections have 12 inch aggregate base and 3 inch HMA. In the first two categories, the reinforcement was placed at the interface of the subgrade and granular base. The third category has a 16 inch aggregate base layer and 3 inch HMA: one control section, one reinforced at 5 inches below the HMA-aggregate interface, and the third is reinforced at the subgrade-aggregate interface as well as at 5 inches below the HMA-aggregate interface. The subgrade California Bearing Ratio (CBR) was maintained at 4% or lower throughout the sections. All pavement sections were instrumented for measuring pavement response to axle and environmental loading. More than 200 instruments were placed during construction. Instruments used include vertical and horizontal LVDTs for deformation measurements, pressure cells for measuring vertical pressures, HMA strain gages for measuring transverse and longitudinal stains at the bottom of the HMA, time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes for measuring subgrade moisture contents, thermocouples for measuring pavement temperature profiles and probes to measure pore-water pressure in the subgrade. Loading response instruments were placed in the center of the land, where the wheel loading was expected; while environmental response instruments were installed at 3-ft from the centerline. Instrument locations were staggered with respect to the pavement profile. The first category was loading using the Accelerated Testing Loading Assembly (ATLAS) at ATREL. 10 kips at 5-mph loading was applied until the pavement sections failed. This paper describes the pavement construction, instrumentation and the experimental program. Preliminary analysis of pavement responses to loading is presented.
Anin VitroModel to Assess Mucosal Immune Function and Bacterial Translocation

The importance of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) on intestinal barrier function has gained increasing acceptance. However, due to the complexity of the intestinal microenvironment, the relative role of secretory IgA (sIgA) in mucosal defense has been difficult to study in vivo. Polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells expressing the complementary DNA (cDNA) for the polymeric Ig receptor were grown as monolayers in an in vitro two-chamber cell culture system to study the impact of sIgA on bacterial translocation (BT). Polymeric sIgA or media alone was added to the apical chambers of cell monolayers followed by apical inoculation with bacteria. The basal compartment was sampled at timed intervals thereafter to determine BT. Bacterial passage across the MDCK epithelial cell monolayers occurred in a time and bacterial inoculum concentration gradient. Addition of sIgA led to significant reductions in BT across the epithelial cell monolayers. This is a useful model for further investigation on the role of sIgA in intestinal barrier function.
Pachycephalosaur paleoneurology (Archosauria: Ornithischia)

ABSTRACT Pachycephalosaur endocranial casts display a distinctive suite of traits that include large divergent olfactory bulbs, large olfactory nerves, short thick olfactory tracts, a moderately expanded cerebrum not separated from optic lobes and cerebellum dorsally, steep cranial flexure, and reduced pontine flexure. The cerebrum, olfactory tract, and olfactory lobes are located in the broad interorbital space between widely set eyes. Endocast length displays negative allometry relative to frontoparietal length, both in ontogeny and between genera of different size within the group. Reduction of the pontine flexure is the result of ventral rotation of the occiput and is most likely associated with reorganization of the skull for head butting. The partial endocast of Yaverlandia does not display typical pachycephalosaur endocranial anatomy, making its membership in the group questionable.
New Sorbents for Desulfurization by π-Complexation: Thiophene/Benzene Adsorption

New sorbents for the desulfurization of liquid fuels were developed using π-complexation. Vapor-phase adsorption isotherms were investigated to understand the interaction between benzene/thiophene and various kinds of sorbents, including Ag−Y, Cu−Y, Na−Y, H−USY, Na−ZSM-5, activated carbon, and modified activated alumina. Compared to Na−Y, Cu−Y and Ag−Y adsorbed significantly larger amounts of both thiophene and benzene at low pressures, as a result of π-complexation with Cu+ and Ag+. Molecular orbital calculations confirmed that the relative strengths of π-complexation lie in the order thiophene > benzene and Cu+ > Ag+. The experimental heats of adsorption for π-complexation are in excellent agreement with theoretical molecular orbital predictions. Na−ZSM-5 and activated carbon could also adsorb small amounts of thiophene and benzene at low pressures. The sorbent capacities for thiophene at the low pressure of 2.3 × 10-5 atm were 0.92 molecule/Cu+ and 0.42 molecule/Ag+ and followed the order Cu−Y and Ag−Y...
Percutaneous internal ureteral stent placement: review of technical issues and solutions in 50 consecutive cases

Fifty consecutive percutaneous ureteral stent placements in 40 patients over 2 1/2 years were reviewed. Thirty-seven of 50 cases were performed following failed retrograde stenting. Antegrade stenting failed in 2/37 (5%) cases of malignant obstruction, and 4/13 (31%) cases of benign ureteral disease. Causes of failure and common technical problems included poor angulation of the percutaneous track, tortuous dilated ureters, tight obstructions, wedging of stent assembly components due to high resistance, and difficulty in positioning of the proximal pigtail. Helpful technical modifications included mid-pole rather than lower pole calyceal access, urinary decompression prior to stenting, and the routine use of a peel-away sheath (success rate 23/24 placements with sheath vs 21/26 without sheath). Stent patency rates were 95% at 3 months and 54% at 6 months. With attention to technique and appropriate modifications, success rate of percutaneous stenting remained high in this series despite the large number of cases referred after retrograde stenting had failed.
Performance and Byproduct Analysis of Coal Gas Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

The direct electrochemical oxidation of coal gas was studied by pyrolyzing a sample of Ohio #5 coal in flowing Ar at 700, 800, 900, and 950 °C and transporting the resulting gaseous products to a C...
HIV infection at home and in the workplace.

Major questions have been raised concerning an individual's risk for contracting HIV infection when they come into contact with a patient who has AIDS in the home and/or workplace. Specific concerns are addressed and guidelines are reviewed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Advanced Metal Substrate Technology for Large Engine Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Systems

In the coming years non-road and locomotive diesel engine exhaust gas emissions will become regulated by EPA Tier4 legislation. The stringent emission limits of Tier 4 will require the use of aftertreatment technology currently being used in on-road applications. Based on the potentially large displacements of these engines, the aftertreatment systems will be large and expensive. The flow restriction that is added by the aftertreatment system will result in additional engine pumping work and lower fuel efficiency. The high durability requirements that are demanded of the aftertreatment systems is another factor that needs to be considered. Technologies that reduce complexity, size and cost of the aftertreatment system and minimize incremental fuel consumption are needed. Metal substrate technology offers a number of solutions for the challenges in meeting Tier 4 legislation. The substrates can be used for oxidation catalysts, selective catalytic reduction and slip catalysts depending on what kind of coating is applied to them. The thin wall technology that metal substrates can offer, even at coarse cell densities and lack of required retention mat for system integration provides more open frontal area, leading to lower flow restriction and lower fuel consumption. When designing a modular exhaust system, the shape flexibility will allow for denser packaging of the catalysts. This maximizes the amount of available cross-sectional area, leading to a most compact exhaust system and again better fuel efficiency. Large diameter catalysts can be manufactured in one piece, rather than being joined together from several pieces. A more robust substrate is the outcome.© 2011 ASME
LDA measurements of merging flows in a symmetric curved junction model

A model symmetric junction is used to simulate steady expiratory flow in the upper part of human central airways. Velocity profiles were measured with a two color, two component laser Doppler anemometer at three Reynolds number levels of 518, 1036 and 2089. The test section is a symmetric junction of constant cross-sectional area with a branching angle of 70 degrees. The inlet flow rate into the two bronchi was the same for all Reynolds numbers studied. Results show that in the junction plane, velocity profiles in the bronchi are skewed towards the inner walls. In the trachea, the biconcave shape of the profile (i.e., a dip at the center of the profile) just downstream of the carina is rapidly transformed into a velocity spike. In a plane transverse to the junction plane, parabolic velocity distribution was conserved through the daughter branches. In the parent tube, following merging, the transverse profiles become flat as the flow proceeds downstream of the junction point. Further downstream towards the termination of the trunk of the junction the velocity profile develops a defect at the center. The velocity defect, nonetheless, is confined to a small region only in the vicinity of the centerline. Strong secondary helical motion is chiefly responsible for this type of velocity field in the junction.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Declarative and visual debugging in Eclipse

We present a declarative and visual debugging environment for Eclipse called JIVE.1 Traditional debugging is procedural in that a programmer must proceed step-by-step and object-by-object in order to uncover the cause of an error. In contrast, we present a declarative approach to debugging consisting of a flexible set of queries over a program's execution history as well as over individual runtime states. This runtime information is depicted in a visual manner during program execution in order to aid the debugging process. The current state of execution is depicted through an enhanced object diagram, and the history of execution is depicted by a sequence diagram. Our methodology makes use of these diagrams as a means of formulating queries and reporting results in a visual manner. It also supports revisiting past runtime states, either through reverse stepping of the program or through queries that report information from past states. Eclipse serves as an ideal framework for implementing JIVE since, like the JIVE architecture, it makes crucial use of the Java Platform Debugging Architecture (JPDA). This paper presents details of the JIVE architecture and its integration into Eclipse.
Analysis of developmental potentials of dental pulp in vitro using GFP transgenes.

Structured Abstract Authors – Balic A, Mina M Background – In recent years there has been increasing progress in identifying stem cells from adult tissues and their potential application for tooth replacement/regeneration. Our previous in vivo studies show that pOBCol3.6GFP and pOBCol2.3GFP transgenic animals provide a unique model to gain insight into progenitor/stem cells in the dental pulp capable of giving rise to odontoblasts. Objectives – To characterize the behavior of dental pulp cells derived from pOBCol3.6GFP animals in vitro. Experimental design – Primary cultures were established from the coronal portions of the pulps isolated first molars from 5-day-old pOBCol3.6GFP heterozygous mice and grown for 21 days. In these cultures proliferation, clonogenic capacity, activation of 3.6-GFP and mineralization were examined. Results – Our observations show that dental pulp cells derived from 3.6-GFP contain a population of proliferative, clonogenic cells with the ability to mineralize. We also show the stage specific activation/upregulation of 3.6-GFP in primary cultures derived from dental pulp. In these cultures, expression of Col1a1-3.6-GFP occurs prior to the appearance of mineralized nodules and is unregulated in mineralized nodules. Conclusions – Col1a1-GFP transgenes appear to fulfill many of the requirements of a marker gene for cell lineage studies in intact tooth and primary cultures derived from dental pulp.
The "invisible caregiver": multicaregiving among diabetic African-American grandmothers.

Abstract Purpose To explore the multicaregiving roles African-American grandmothers assume while self-managing their diabetes. Design & methods This longitudinal, qualitative pilot study explored the challenges of self-managing diabetes among six African-American caregiving grandmothers. Data were collected at 5 times points across 18 months. Content analysis, guided by the Adaptive Leadership framework, was conducted using data matrices to facilitate within-case and cross-case analyses. Results Although participants initially stated they cared only for grandchildren, all had additional caregiving responsibilities. Four themes emerged which illustrated how African-American caregiving grandmothers put the care of dependent children, extended family and community before themselves. Using the Adaptive Leadership framework, technical and adaptive challenges arising from multicaregiving were described as barriers to diabetes self-management. Implications When assisting these women to self-manage their diabetes, clinicians must assess challenges arising from multicaregiving. This might require developing collaborative work relationships with the client to develop meaningful and attainable goals.
Application of Real Rock Pore-throat Statistics to a Regular Pore Network Model

This work reports the application of real rock statistical data to a previously developed regular pore network model in an attempt to produce an accurate simulation tool with low computational overhead. A core plug from the St. Peter Sandstone formation in Indiana was scanned with a high resolution micro CT scanner. The pore-throat statistics of the three-dimensional reconstructed rock were extracted and the distribution of the pore-throat sizes was applied to the regular pore network model. In order to keep the equivalent model regular, only the throat area or the throat radius was varied. Ten realizations of randomly distributed throat sizes were generated to simulate the drainage process and relative permeability was calculated and compared with the experimentally determined values of the original rock sample. The numerical and experimental procedures are explained in detail and the performance of the model in relation to the experimental data is discussed and analyzed. Petrophysical properties such as relative permeability are important in many applied fields such as production of petroleum fluids, enhanced oil recovery, carbon dioxide sequestration, ground water flow, etc. Relative permeability data are used for a wide range of conventional reservoir engineering calculations and in numerical reservoir simulation. Two-phase oil watermore » relative permeability data are generated on the same core plug from both pore network model and experimental procedure. The shape and size of the relative permeability curves were compared and analyzed and good match has been observed for wetting phase relative permeability but for non-wetting phase, simulation results were found to be deviated from the experimental ones. Efforts to determine petrophysical properties of rocks using numerical techniques are to eliminate the necessity of regular core analysis, which can be time consuming and expensive. So a numerical technique is expected to be fast and to produce reliable results. In applied engineering, sometimes quick result with reasonable accuracy is acceptable than the more time consuming results. Present work is an effort to check the accuracy and validity of a previously developed pore network model for obtaining important petrophysical properties of rocks based on cutting-sized sample data. Introduction« less
Scattering of light and the color of atmospheric hazes

Abstract The effects of light scattering on the color of atmospheric hazes are examined in detail using CIE chromaticity analysis. A model atmosphere is assumed so that Mie theory can be used to calculate the scattering and extinction properties of the particles. Numerous graphs demonstrate the effects that variations in viewing angle, refractive index of the particles, and size distribution of the particles have on the color. Although these calculations are useful in a qualitative sense, the analysis shows that it is unwise to draw quantitative conclusions about the color of a haze when these conclusions are based solely on calculations. This is because of the assumptions inherent in the model and also because of inaccurate knowledge of the refractive index and size distribution.
Beam Pathlength Multiplication

The reflected beam pattern within a beam path multiplier (BPM) formed by two roof reflectors is described in detail. Multiple reflections produced by both translation and rotation of the ridge of one reflector with respect to, the other are described in a Cartesian tensor formulation. Equations are derived that describe the spatial distribution of the reflected beams in a BPM of this type under static and dynamic conditions.
Acoustic impedance measurements of transverse and longitudinal sound in superfluid3He

We report on simultaneous acoustic impedance measurements of transverse and longitudinal sound at 61 MHz and pressures of 15.6, 10.5, and 8.0 bar.
Origin of Magnetic Fields in White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars

THE origin of magnetic fields in degenerate matter is an interesting question at present because of the discovery of large magnetic fields in some white dwarfs1, 2 and because of the even higher fields of the order of the critical magnetic field Bc≡(m2c3/eh)=4.4×l013 G that are thought to exist in pulsars (accepting the rotating neutron star theory3). An equally intriguing question is why some—but not all4—white dwarfs are magnetic. The fact that some supernovae do not have associated pulsars might also lead one to speculate that perhaps the collapse of all supernovae does indeed result in a neutron star, but that all neutron stars are not magnetic.
Acute Right Varicocele: A Clue to Congenital Vascular Anomaly

Workup of acute unilateral right varicocele should encompass imaging to look for abdominal and retroperitoneal pathology, as well as congenital vascular anomalies. Management of the acute symptomatic varicocele due to upstream venous thrombosis should be primarily medical, with initiation of anticoagulation and early involvement of our hematology colleagues.
Modulation of the agonist activity of antisteroids by a novel cis-acting element.

Abstract The amount of agonist activity displayed by the antiglucocorticoid dexamethasone mesylate (Dex-Mes) for the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) in rat hepatoma cells is greater than for glutamine synthetase and varies over a period of weeks. This variation, which has been reproduced over a period of 40 h by changing the density of the cells, suggests the involvement of a trans -acting factor. The target of this proposed trans -acting factor has now been localized to the region between −3.9 to −2.9 of the rat TAT gene from experiments with cells that were stably transfected with hybrid TAT/CAT constructs. Deletion experiments with transiently transfected TAT/tk promoter/CAT constructs revealed that this entire activity could be conveyed by a 21 bp sequence of the TAT gene. Gel shift experiments support the binding of a factor(s) to this 21 bp sequence. Thus the activity of the antagonist Dex-Mes is relatively independent of steroid structure and is largely determined by the further interactions of a trans -acting factor with the cis -acting sequence. We call this novel sequence a glucocorticoid modulatory element. A model is advanced which accounts for almost all of the results concerning TAT induction by glucocorticoids. This same model may also be useful in explaining why the amount of agonist activity of most antisteroids varies, even for different genes within the same cell.
Thermodynamic characterization of electromagnetic fields

Abstract A systematic treatment of the thermodynamic properties of electromagnetic fields is presented. Many potential difficulties are avoided by using the pre-existing electric and magnetic fields as thermodynamic variables. Four sets of thermodynamic functions of state may be defined, all of which are interrelated by Legendre transformations, and 96 Maxwell relations may be derived. The functions of state expressed in terms of the pre-existing electromagnetic field variables are then used to determine how the various thermodynamic quantities of interest vary with the applied fields. The analysis points to the need for carefully redefining the pressure when dealing with magnetic fields rather than magnetization as the fundamental independent variable.
ATPase activity and superprecipitation of skeletal muscle actomyosin of frog and rabbit: Effect of temperature on calcium sensitivity

Abstract 1. 1. In the presence of Mg 2+ , but not Ca 2+ , the activation energy of rabbit skeletal actomyosin ATPase was constant from 0 to 40°C. With the addition of a trace amount of Ca 2+ , the activation energy was reduced by almost a factor of three at temperatures greater than 20°C. 2. 2. For frog skeletal actomyosin ATPase the activation energy decreased by a factor of two at temperatures greater than 15°C. This reduction in activation energy occurred both in the presence and absence of Ca 2+ and, therefore, did not require the binding of Ca 2+ to troponin, as was the case for rabbit actomyosin. 3. 3. At temperatures greater than 15°C there was a progressive reduction in the Ca 2+ requirement for actomyosin superprecipitation. In the presence of 1 mM MgATP as substrate the Ca 2+ sensitivity of frog actomyosin was eliminated at 30–35°C while that of rabbit actomyosin was eliminated at 40–45°C. 4. 4. A simple model to explain the effect of temperature on Ca 2+ sensitivity is proposed and the implication of these findings for the mechanical behavior of muscle is considered.
Oxidation of acetaminophen to its toxic quinone imine and nontoxic catechol metabolites by baculovirus-expressed and purified human cytochromes P450 2E1 and 2A6

Acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used analgesic and antipyretic agent, is bioactivated by cytochromes P450 to cause severe hepatotoxicity. APAP is oxidized by two pathways to form a toxic intermediate, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), and a nontoxic catechol metabolite, 3-hydroxy-APAP (3-OH-APAP). We investigated the role of P450 2E1 and 2A6 in APAP oxidation by using baculovirus-expressed and highly purified forms of human P450 2E1 and 2A6. An electrochemical HPLC assay was developed to quantify both oxidative metabolites simultaneously. For the first time, it was demonstrated that human P450 2E1 selectively oxidized APAP to NAPQI (assayed as its glutathione conjugate, GS-APAP), whereas human P450 2A6 selectively oxidized APAP to 3-OH-APAP. At 1 mM APAP, the relative ratio for the formation of GS-APAP vs 3-OH-APAP with human P450 2E1 was approximately 6:1, whereas the ratio with human P450 2A6 was 1:3. Apparent Km and Vmax values for the formation of GS-APAP by human P450 2E1 were 1.3 mM and 6.9 nmol/min/nmol of P450, respectively, whereas they were 4.6 mM and 7.9 nmol/min/nmol of P450 for P450 2A6. Apparent Km and Vmax values for the formation of 3-OH-APAP by human P450 2E1 were 4.0 mM and 2.5 nmol/min/nmol of P450, respectively, whereas they were 2.2 mM and 14.2 nmol/min/nmol of P450, respectively, for P450 2A6. Thus, although at toxic doses of APAP P450 2E1 is the more efficient catalyst for the formation of the toxic metabolite NAPQI, P450 2A6 also can contribute significantly to NAPQI production.
ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION OF THE ALVEOLAR SUBPHASE IN ANESTHETIZED RABBITS

The alveolar epithelium secretes an aqueous fluid, the subphase (AS), into its lumen that may have a number of important effects on surfactant function and that might reflect in its composition some mechanisms by which the alveolar epithelium contributes to control of lung water. Other studies have documented in vitro effects of electrolytes on surfactant function and active transport of ions with associated water fluxes by other respiratory epithelia. Therefore, we undertook a direct study of the ionic composition of the AS. Rabbits were anesthetized and connected to a respirator with a tracheal cannula. The exposed right upper lobe was restrained, and alveoli visible through the pleura were punctured with microelectrodes selective for Na+ , K+, Ca++ and C1−, and with a non-selective KCl electrode. In the AS, Na+ = 135 ± 5 meq/L (mean ± SD, n = 5), K+ = 7.3 ± 0.7 (n = 5), Ca++ = 3.2 ± 0.4 (n = 5) and C1− = 103 ± 5 (n = 19). The alveolopleural potential difference (PD) was -3.5 ± 0.8 mV (lumen negative, n = 34). Only alveolar K+ was different from its serum concentration (p<0.001). Thus, we have evidence that there is little or no active transport of C1− and that there might be active exchange of Na+/K+ that is not explained by the PD. Such a mechanism might be associated with a flux of water from the alveolar lumen and might explain in part the small volume of water in the AS. Finally, the alveolar Ca++ is much higher than that found in fetal lung liquid. This higher Ca++ facilitates surfactant spreading (B.J. Benson, etal, in press).
Abstract 113: The TCGA proneural subtype predicts improved clinical outcome for low-grade oligodendrogliomas

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The Cancer Genome Atlas Project (TCGA) has produced a wide array of omic data on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors, and has resulted in several works on the molecular subtyping of GBM tumors. Despite its richness, the TCGA dataset currently contains very limited data for low-grade gliomas and progressive GBMs, preventing analysis of progression models and prognostic biomarker discovery for these tumor types. A complementary dataset, the NCI Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT), includes a collection of samples for low-grade and progressive gliomas. This data contains some paired tumors that progressed to GBM and like TCGA, includes pathological and survival information. Our in silico study of low-grade and progressive gliomas has leveraged this complementary data to examine the progression of low-grade gliomas to GBM. The REMBRANDT dataset includes 176 samples with survival outcome data, including 101 grade IV GBM, 32 astrocytomas, and 43 oligodendrogliomas. Of the astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, there are 31 grade II samples and 31 grade III samples, with the remainder lacking grade data. We have investigated the gene expression profiles of the REMBRANDT samples to compare them to the established classes from TCGA and other studies. Candidate prognostic biomarkers have been identified to predict the progression of low-grade gliomas. We have found that the TCGA Proneural subtype predicts improved clinical outcome for low-grade oligodendrogliomas, with significantly better survival among all 176 low and high-grade samples (log rank test p = 1.27e-08). Moreover, analysis of 62 grade II and grade III samples determined that the Proneural class still has significantly better outcome (p= 0.0033). Further sub-analysis to control for oligodendrogliomas and grade, found that grade III oligodendrogliomas with the Proneural signature still had significantly improved survival (p < 0.05, n = 12). Stratification using the signatures developed by Li et al that define six oligodendrioma and glioma subtypes demonstrated that the OA subclass had significantly better survival (log rank test p = 9.14e-08). However, these signatures were not significant in multivariate analysis after controlling for grade and disease subtype. Thus, the gene expression patterns identified in the TCGA analysis of GMB has intrinsic prognostic value for low-grade oligondendriomas, and likely represents important differences in tumor biology with implications for treatment and therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 113.
Volatility Forecasting and Microstructure Noise

It is common practice to use the sum of frequently sampled squared returns to estimate volatility, yielding so called realized volatility. Unfortunately, returns are contaminated by market microstructure noise. Several noise-corrected realized volatility measures have been proposed. We assess to what extend correction for microstructure noise improves forecasting future volatility using the MIxed DAta Sampling (MIDAS) framework. We start by studying the population properties of predictions using various realized volatility measures. We do this in a general regression setting and with both i.i.d. as well as depend microstructure noise. Next we study optimal sampling issues theoretically, when the objective is forecasting and microstructure noise contaminates realized volatility. For the volatility measures constructed using five-minute returns, microstructure corrections tend to reduce predictability. The subsampling and averaging class of estimators (Zhang, Mykland, and Ait-Sahalia 2005) predicts volatility the best at this frequency. In particular, a new power variation estimator constructed by averaging over subsamples has the best performance. This result reinforces earlier findings of (Ghysels, Santa-Clara, and Valkanov 2006) and Forsberg and Ghysels (2004). Finally, the volatility dynamics are more complicated for one-minute returns and the results are not that clear-cut. Moreover, when we study optimal sampling empirically, we find its implementation hampered by the requirement to estimate fourth order moments.
Magnetic relaxation and the lower critical fields in a Y-Ba-Cu-O crystal

We report a low-temperature study of magnetic relaxation for fields $30 \mathrm{Oe}\ensuremath{\le}H\ensuremath{\le}30 \mathrm{kOe}$ applied along the principal axes of a Y-Ba-Cu-O crystal. The lower critical fields are identified by the onset of relaxation at 900 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 100 Oe and 250 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 50 Oe for $\mathbf{H}\ensuremath{\parallel}\mathbf{c}$ and $\mathbf{H}\ensuremath{\perp}\mathbf{c}$, respectively. The field dependence of the relaxation rates above the critical fields is interpreted with a thermally activated flux creep model.
Magnetoplasma equilibria with geometry of double-inverse-pinch

Equilibrium solutions, which represent configurations of a magnetoplasma with the geometry of double-inverse-pinch, are presented.