cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic Photonic Integrated Circuits for High Speed, High Resolution, Analog to Digital Conversion

Progress in developing high speed ADC's occurs rather slowly - at a resolution increase of 1.8 bits per decade. This slow progress is mostly caused by the inherent jitter in electronic sampling - currently on the order of 250 femtoseconds in the most advanced CMOS circuitry. Advances in femtosecond lasers and laser stabilization have led to the development of sources of ultrafast optical pulse trains that show jitter on the level of a few femtoseconds over the time spans of typical sampling windows and can be made even smaller. The MIT-GHOST (GigaHertz High Resolution Optical Sampling Technology) Project funded under DARPA's Electronic Photonic Integrated Circuit (EPIC) Program is trying to harness the low noise properties of femtosecond laser sources to overcome the electronic bottleneck inherently present in pure electronic sampling systems. Within this program researchers from MIT Lincoln Laboratory and MIT Campus develop integrated optical components and optically enhanced electronic sampling circuits that enable the fabrication of an electronic-photonic A/D converter chip that surpasses currently available technology in speed and resolution and opens up a technology development roadmap for ADC's. This talk will give an overview on the planned activities within this program and the current status on some key devices such as wavelength-tunable filter banks, high-speed modulators, Ge photodetectors, miniature femtosecond-pulse lasers and advanced sampling techniques that are compatible with standard CMOS processing.
Scaling in heavy-fermion systems

Ambient pressure characteristics of heavy-fermion compounds, such as the ratio of the low temperature magnetic susceptibility to the electronic specific heat coefficient γ and a simple relationship between the T2-coefficient of resistivity and γ2, suggest that a single-energy scale T0 dictates the physics of these materials. Such is the case for Kondo-impurity systems to which heavy-fermions are related. We consider the consequences of assuming that the electronic free energy is given by a universal function of T/T0(V) where V is the molar volume. We show that volume-dependent magnetic susceptibility, specific heat and electrical resistivity of some heavy-fermion compounds scale as T/T0(V), at least over a range in pressures and temperatures. A further consequence of the principle assumption is that Gruneisen parameters defined as ∂lnX/∂ln V, where X is some physical property, should be identical for all properties and equal to that determined from electronic contributions to the volume-thermal expansion coefficient and specific heat. In several materials, this equality holds, at least approximately. Although evidence is found for single-energy scaling in heavy-fermion materials, we cannot conclude unambiguously that the basic assumption is correct in detail.
Phase sensitive parametric optical metrology: exploring the limits of three-dimensional optical metrology

There has been much recent work in developing advanced optical metrology applications that use imaging optics for critical dimension measurements, defect detection and for potential use with in-die metrology. Sensitivity to nanometer scale changes has been observed when measuring critical dimensions of sub-wavelength features or when imaging defects below 20 nm using angle-resolved and focus-resolved optical data. However, these methods inherently involve complex imaging optics and analysis of complicated three-dimensional electromagnetic fields. This paper will develop a new approach to enable the rigorous analysis of three-dimensional through-focus optical images. We use rigorous electromagnetic simulation tools and statistical methods to evaluate sensitivities and uncertainties in the measurement of three dimensional layouts encountered in critical dimension, contour metrology and defect inspection.
Interpersonal style, stress, and depression: An examination of transactional and diathesis-stress models.

The present study examines a transactional, interpersonal model of depression in which stress generation (Hammen, 1991) in romantic relationships mediates the association between aspects of interpersonal style (i.e., attachment, dependency, and reassurance seeking) and depressive symptoms. It also examines an alternative, diathesis-stress model in which interpersonal style interacts with romantic stressors in predicting depressive symptoms. These models were tested in a sample of college women, both prospectively over a four-week period, as well as on a day-to-day basis using a daily diary methodology. Overall, there was strong evidence for a transactional, mediation model in which interpersonal style predicted romantic conflict stress, and in turn depressive symptoms. The alternative diathesis-stress model of depression was not supported. These results are interpreted in relation to previous research, and key limitations that should be addressed by future research are discussed.
Effects of Aging and Surfactant Concentration on the Rheology and Droplet Size Distribution of a Nonaqueous Emulsion

Six olive oil-in-glycerin emulsions were prepared wherein ammonia and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMP), in various concentrations, served as saponifying agents. Six-tenths, 2, and 6 rng. ammonia/100 ml. and 2, 6, and 20 mg. AMP/100 ml. were used in making the emulsions. The emulsions were stored at room temperature (25°), and droplet size, rheology, and emulsion stabiliry studied on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 30, and 60. Droplet size, as measured from photographs taken by phase conrrast photomicrography, were inversely related to amine concentration. Growth in droplet size over the period of study was more striking in AMP emulsions than in ammonia emulsions. Rheology studies with the Brookfield LVT viscometer revealed the existence of non-Newtonian pseudoviscous flow. The emulsions were very stable, as indicated by logarithmic graphs of viscosity and time. It is suggested that the data may be extrapolated to predict viscosity over longer time periods.
Developmental expression of proteoglycans in the tectorial and basilar membrane of the gerbil cochlea.

The appearance and distribution of specific proteoglycans (PGs) was assessed during development and maturation of the tectorial (TM) and basilar membranes (BM) in the gerbil cochlea. At birth, monoclonal antibodies against keratan sulfate (KSPG) and chondroitin 4- or 6-sulfate (4S CSPG, 6S CSPG) reacted with the upper fibrous layer of the TM with staining for anti-KSPG predominating. Reactivity for 4S CSPG remained constant whereas that for 6S CSPG increased through day 20 when it exceeded that of 4S CSPG. The region of Kollikers organ near the developing tunnel of Corti stained positively with all three PG antibodies from birth through day 8. In contrast, cells in the developing inner spiral sulcus lacked immunoreactive KSPG but expressed CSPG. PGs were first detectable in the BM of the basal turn at day 8 and increased to near adult levels by 16 days after birth. Anti-KSPG again showed the strongest staining with labeling density for 4S and 6S CSPG being about equal at maturity. Staining with all three antibodies was localized along the margins of the BM. Reactivity of the TM and BM in the upper turns lagged behind that of the basal turns by 24-48 h. Our results show that the TM is relatively mature at birth, needing only minor changes in its PG content to reach adult levels. In contrast, the BM showed a marked increase in its content of PGs during a period corresponding to the onset and rapid development of auditory function.
Maternal salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and primary oral infection of infants

Streptococcus mutans was detected in 38 of 156 infants harbouring 6–8 primary incisor teeth. The salivary level of Strep. mutans was determined for each of the 156 mothers of the infant subjects. The difference in the distribution of the salivary levels of Strep. mutans within the maternal populations of infected versus non-infected infants was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). In addition, the frequency of infant infection (0.58) was approximately nine times greater when maternal salivary levels of the organism exceeded 105 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml relative to the frequency of infant infection (0.06) observed when maternal salivary reservoirs were less than or equal to 103 CFU/ml.
Properties of multilayer transparent conducting oxide films

Abstract Multilayered transparent conducting oxide (TCO) film structures have been designed and fabricated to achieve both high conductivity and high transmittance in the visible spectrum. Double-layered TCO structures consisting of Sn-doped CdO and Sn-doped CdIn2O4, Cd-rich Cd2SnO4, or Ga-doped ZnO are discussed. By optimizing the thickness of the individual layers and the doping levels within those layers, an effective conductivity of 20 600 S/cm and an average transmittance larger than 85% in the 400–700 nm range have been achieved for films epitaxially grown on MgO substrates. Bi-layer films consisting of Sn-doped CdO and Ga-doped ZnO have also been deposited on plastic substrates at room temperature with resistivities of ∼1×10−4 Ω cm and an average transmittance of 80–85% in the visible range. These properties are attractive for future TCO applications.
Carrier-Mediated Transport of Chloride Across the Blood-Brain Barrier

36Cl concentrations in each of eight brain regions and in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined 30 min after the intravenous injection of 36Cl in dialyzed-nephrectomized rats with plasma Cl concentrations between 14 and 120 mumol X ml-1. CSF 36Cl exceeded 36Cl concentrations in brain extracellular fluid. The calculated blood-to-brain transfer constants for Cl, kCl, ranged from 1.8 X 10(-5) S-1 at the parietal cortex to 3.8 X 10(-5) S-1 at the thalamus-hypothalamus. kCl fell by 42-62% when mean plasma [Cl] was elevated from 16 to 114 mumol X ml-1. Brain uptake of [14C]mannitol or of 22Na was independent of plasma [Cl], but 22Na influx into CSF fell when plasma [Cl] was reduced. Cl flux into brain and CSF could be represented by Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics, where, for the parietal cortex, Km = 43 mumol X ml-1 and Vmax = 2.5 X 10(-3) mumol X S-1 X g-1, and for CSF Km = 68 mumol X ml-1. At least 80% of 36Cl influx into the parietal cortex was calculated to occur at the cerebrovascular endothelium, whereas the remainder was derived from tracer that first entered CSF. The CSF contribution was greater at brain regions adjacent to cerebral ventricles. The results show that Cl transport at the cerebrovascular endothelium as well as at the choroid plexus epithelium is a saturable concentration-dependent process, and that the CSF is a significant intermediate pathway for Cl passage from blood to brain.
Structural health monitoring of shear waves in aluminum plates

In this research, the acoustic emissions from simulated crack growth and incremental crack growth in a cyclically loaded aluminum panel were detected by acoustic emission sensors. One of these sensors was comprised of an array of thin strips of piezoelectric material bonded to the specimen and electrically connected. The geometry of these sensor strip arrays and their orientation to the fracture site enabled the sensors to capture the shear component of the acoustic emission waveform. Cyclical loading was used to grow the crack, allowing sensor performance to be assessed in comparison to bonded and resonant sensors. The detection of the shear wave is of particular interest as the shear component of fretting events is often small, providing a possible means of discriminating between critical events (crack propagation) and sources of minimal concern (fretting). Shear modes were detected in the acoustic emissions from both the simulated crack growth and the crack growth due to cyclical loading.
Evidence for biosynthesis of preproinsulin in gut of rat.

Glucagon and other pancreatic peptides are made in the gut, but there is little evidence for the formation of insulin. The demonstration of insulin receptors on the mucosa of gut epithelium suggests that there may be an autocrine or paracrine role for insulin made in the gut. Such insulin may control cell division, the secretion of other peptides from the same or neighboring cells, or motility and absorption. To search for the ability of the gut to make insulin, sections of freshly excised segments of rat gut were treated with an antiserum against porcine insulin. Intracellular immunore-activity appeared in glandular cells in the stomach and colon but not in the small intestine. Preproinsulin mRNA was detected in similar cells in the stomach and colon by in situ hybridization, using specific oligonucleotide probes. Rat preproinsulin 1 and 2 mRNAs were transcribed by reverse transcriptase to the corresponding cDNAs, which were then amplified by polymerase chain reaction, utilizing specific oligonucleotide primers. Restriction analysis confirmed the identity of rat preproinsulin 1 and 2 mRNA in the colon and rat preproinsulin 1 mRNA in the stomach. Neither was found in the small intestine. Base sequences of the cDNAs were identical to the coding regions of pancreatic rat preproinsulin 1 and 2 messages. These observations are strong evidence for the synthesis of preproinsulin in the gut of the rat.
Agonistic and sexual behavior of the xanthid crab,Neopanope sayi

The social behavior ofNeopanope sayi is more complicated than that usually reported for totally aquatic brachyurans. Ritualized visual displays, especially the Lateral Merus, are important in agonistic encounters. Fights are rare. During sexual interactions stereotyped periodic movements immediately after the male grabs the female may be responsible for species, sexual, and mate discrimination. Behavior prior to the Grab resembles advanced agonistic encounters, which may explain why males almost always copulate with females smaller than themselves. Females mate while in the hard stages of the molt cycle and sometimes when ovigerous.
Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia and attentional dysfunction: adults with schizophrenia, ADHD, and a normal comparison group.

Abstract Background: Smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) abnormalities are found in schizophrenia. These deficits often are explained in the context of the attentional and inhibitory deficits central to schizophrenia psychopathology. It remains unclear, however, whether these attention-associated eye movement abnormalities are specific to schizophrenia or are a nonspecific expression of attentional deficits found in many psychiatric disorders. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an alternative disorder with chronic attentional and inhibitory dysfunction. Thus, a comparison of SPEM in adult schizophrenia and adult ADHD will help assess the specificity question. Methods: SPEM is recorded during a 16.7° per second constant velocity task in 17 adults with ADHD, 49 adults with schizophrenia, and 37 normal adults; all groups included individuals between ages 25–50 years. Results: Smooth pursuit gain and the frequency of anticipatory and leading saccades are worse in schizophrenic subjects, with normal and ADHD subjects showing no differences on these variables. Conclusions: Many attention-associated SPEM abnormalities are not present in most subjects with ADHD, supporting the specificity of these findings to the attentional deficits seen in schizophrenia.
Incidence and implications of false-negative sweat test reports in patients with cystic fibrosis

It is well known that false-positive sweat tests occur commonly, but since a positive test should always be repeated, such an error is likely to be discovered. False-negative results, however, are more difficult to detect and are generally assumed to be much less frequent than false-positive results. Diagnostic delay caused by false-negative reports may lead to substantial morbidity. Review of the medical records of 147 unselected patients with cystic fibrosis followed in our center revealed that 17 (12%) initially had one or more sweat tests that were falsely negative (or were so reported or interpreted). In seven patients, there was diagnostic delay with adverse clinical consequences. Many factors may contribute to the incidence of false-negative sweat tests, and negative results must not be accepted as definitively excluding cystic fibrosis if the clinical syndrome is otherwise suggestive.
Statistical Inference for Non-linear Models involving Ordinary Differential Equations

In the context of nonlinear fixed effect modeling, it is common to describe the relationship between a response variable and a set of explanatory variables by a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). More often such a system of ODEs does not have any analytical closed form solution, making parameter estimation for these models quite challenging and computationally very demanding. Two new methods based on Euler’s approximation are proposed to obtain an approximate likelihood that is analytically tractable and thus making parameter estimation computationally less demanding than other competing methods. These methods are illustrated using a data on growth colonies of paramecium aurelium and simulation studies are presented to compare the performances of these new methods to other established methods in the literature.
Delayed contrast enhancement CMR imaging in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A 55 year-old male presented after being successfully resuscitated from an out of hospital arrest secondary to sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. On transport to the hospital, occasional premature ventricular contractions were noted by the paramedics on the telemetric monitor. On arrival, the patient was afebrile, normotensive, with a normal heart rate. The cardiorespiratory examination was unremarkable. The cell blood count, electrolytes, coagulation parameters, urinalysis, cardiac enzymes and chest radiography were noncontributory. The ECG demonstrated deep T wave inversion in leads V1–V4 with no evidence of ischemia. The patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography that confirmed apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), with no significant intracavitary gradient. Subsequent cardiac cathertization demonstrated normal coronaries. Cardiac cine-MRI technique demonstrated hypertrophy of the left ventricular myocardium of the midand apical levels confirming the diagnosis (Fig. 1, Panels A and B). T2-weighted images in the short axis view of the left ventricle demonstrated focal areas of hyperintense signal in the anteroseptal and inferoseptal segments of the basal and mid-ventricular levels, repre-
A review of toxicity from topical salicylic acid preparations

Topical salicylic acid is often used in dermatologic conditions because of its keratolytic, bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and photoprotective properties. The bioavailability of salicylic acid differs depending on the vehicle used and pH of transcellular fluids. Although rare, salicylic acid toxicity (salicylism) can occur from topical application. Physicians should be mindful of the potential for salicylism or even death from topically applied salicylic acid.
Pricing early exercise contracts in incomplete markets

We present a utility-based methodology for the valuation of early exercise contracts in incomplete markets. Incompleteness stems from nontraded assets on which the contracts are written. This methodology takes into account the individual’s attitude towards risk and yields nonlinear pricing rules. The early exercise indifference prices solve a quasilinear variational inequality with an obstacle term. They are also shown to satisfy an optimal stopping problem with criterion given by their European indifference price counterpart. A class of numerical schemes are developed for the variational inequalities and a general approach for solving numerically nonlinear equations arising in incomplete markets is discussed.
Deuterium re-emission from 304LN stainless steel

Abstract Deuterium re-emission measurements have been conducted on 304LN stainless steel implanted cyclicly with 10 keV D+ or D+3 at temperatures from 35 to 95°C. Re-emission during implantation was more rapid at the higher temperatures, but slowed markedly for the higher-energy implantations. The data are consistent with a model involving diffusion in the presence of trapping sites with a recombination boundary condition. Detrapping from an ≲- 0.8 eV radiation damage trap appears to be the rate limiting step for release in the temperature range of 35 to 65°C. Molecular recombination becomes important for implantation temperatures ≳95°C. The model is applied to wall reemission calculations for tokamaks such as TFTR.
Signed digraphs as a mathematical model for environmental policy development

Abstract The increasing importance of public policymaking with respect to energy and the environment is evident. Thus the processes of policy development and its relationship to environmental research have become more important to the research community. Since it appears that future policy will become more dependent on research results and hence strengthening this relationship, it seems appropriate to focus attention on research methodologies that provide preliminary results with respect to alternative policies. These results may precede expensive computer simulations which are often developed to aid in the understanding of environmental problems. In particular, it would seem that signed digraphs offer an approach which is simple in concept, qualitative in nature and yet provides a representation for problems in a framework which makes it easy to envision an array of potential alternative environmental policy directions which can then be investigated further by more sophisticated methods.
Manipulating a neutrino spectrum to maximize the physics potential from a low-energy β beam

Proposed low-energy {beta}-beam facilities would be capable of producing intense beams of neutrinos (antineutrinos) with well-defined spectra. We present analytic expressions and numerical results that accurately show how the total neutrino flux reaching the detector depends on the geometry of the source and the detector. Several authors have proposed measurements which require using different flux shapes. We show that detectors of different sizes and shapes will receive neutrino fluxes with different spectral shapes and that the spectral shape will also be different in different regions of the same detector. Our findings also show that for certain measurements, systematic uncertainties and run time can be reduced.
Statistical assessment of fish behavior from split-beam hydro-acoustic sampling

Statistical methods are presented for using echo-traces from split-beam hydro-acoustic sampling to quantitatively assess fish behavior in response to a stimulus. The data presented are from a 2002 study designed to assess the response of free-ranging, lake-resident fish, primarily kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), to high intensity strobe lights. The study was conducted in the Forebay of Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Northern Washington State. The lights were deployed immediately upstream from hydroelectric turbine intakes, in a region of approximately 50 m depth, which is exposed to alternate periods of high and low flows over a 24-h power generation cycle. The study design included five down-looking split-beam transducers positioned in a line at incremental distances upstream from the strobe lights, and a 3-level treatment applied in randomized pseudo-replicate blocks. The fundamental sampling units (fish-tracks) were analyzed by transducer position and treatment level using odds-ratios estimated from log-linear models. Fish-track direction of movement was analyzed using circular probability distributions. Both analyses are depicted graphically. Study results suggest the lights and light frame both increased fish activity in the vicinity of the light frame that could be interpreted as attraction. Increased fish activity associated with the strobe lights was most notable at night and during periods of low flow; increased fish activity associated with the strobe light frame was most notable during periods of higher flow. The lights induced notable bimodality in the angular distributions of the fish tracks suggesting further induced changes in behavior associated with the lights. Statistical summaries are presented along with statistical inferences supporting interpretations and conclusions on fish behavior.
Intermolecular interactions between pairs of electronically excited molecules; evidence for “bicimer” formation in 1,1-di-α-naphthylmethane

Abstract We present here what we believe to be the first observation of the dimeric species which is formed by the association of two electronically excited aromatic molecules.
CUTANEOUS WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS : CLINICAL, HISTOPATHOLOGIC, AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF THIRTY PATIENTS

Background: Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic disease characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis. Its cutaneous manifestations vary. Objective: We reviewed and characterized the clinical, pathologic, and immunopathologic features of the specific cutaneous manifestations of WG and investigated the sensitivity and the specificity of anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (c-ANCA) in the cutaneous manifestations of this disease. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 244 cases of WG observed between 1988 and 1992. Results: Skin involvement occurred in 14% of the patients and was more frequent in generalized WG. Skin lesions may be an early premonitory sign of renal disease. Necrotizing ulcerations resembling pyoderma gangrenosum were not uncommon. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis was the most common cutaneous pathologic pattern. Findings of c-ANCA were positive in 81% of patients with cutaneous WG. Conclusion: Skin involvement usually occurred at presentation with generalized disease. c-ANCA is a valuable adjunct to diagnosis and follow-up of WG.
Chu's Limit and Switched Electrically Small Antennas

This paper addresses a fundamental issue regarding electrically small antennas. It is well known that electrically small antennas suffers the fundamental limit of high Q and can not be used for broadband radiation in conventional cases. However, it is found that by integrating high-speed switch devices on the antenna, the bandwidth limit on the radiation can be overcome. This is because the high-Q value associated with electrically small antennas no longer limits the bandwidth of radiation in such a time-varying system.
Hydrogeologic Constraints on Yucatan's Development.

The Republic of Mexico has an ambitious and effective national water program. The Secretaria de Recursos Hidraulicos (SRH), whose director has cabinet rank in the federal government, is one of the most professionally distinguished government agencies of its kind in the Americas. Resources for the Future, Inc., has been assisting the World Bank with a water planning study which the Bank is undertaking jointly with the Mexican government. The study is intended to provide guidelines for the development of government policies and projects designed to bring about the most efficient use of Mexico's water resources. However, to date, their study has not been directed toward the growing problems of the northern Yucataan Peninsula which are discussed here. LeGrand (13) suggested that man has inherited a harsh environment in carbonate terranes. In the case of the northern Yucatan Peninsula, the physical environment creates a set of hydrogeologic constraints to future economic and social development. Planning for intermediate and long-range land use on the peninsula must be related directly to the limited and fragile groundwater source. Continued contamination will make future aquifer management a difficult challenge for federal, state, and territorial agencies. We conclude that any strategy for long-range land use in the study area should include establishment of a regional aquifermonitoring network for long-term measurements of key hydrogeologic parameters, including precipitation, evapotranspiration, water table elevations, and water quality. Information from this network would flow into a central facility for storage, interpretation, and analysis. At present the SRH is collecting some of these data. Expansion of the existing program to provide sound information for regional planning will greatly benefit present as well as future generations. If such a program is implemented, it will represent a model for regional planning in other tropical and subtropical karstic terrains.
Plasma display panel MgO thin film properties and their modification by low energy ion bombardment

Abstract This paper contributes to a phenomenological understanding of the low energy ion bombardment induced changes of MgO thin films inside plasma display panels. SEM (scanning electron microscope) and optical photography are utilized to delineate local MgO changes such as densification and stress reversal at the operated gas panel cell site. MgO surface transformation is shown to be influenced by the presence of contaminants, surface topography, ion current and panel operating time. The implications of some of these with respect to panel operation are discussed. MgO thin film growth behaviour using electron-beam deposition and MgO film properties are dealt with in order to understand better the observed surface changes.
Child nutrition and armed conflicts in Iraq.

The nutritional statuses of 723 children aged 0-5 years were assessed cross-sectionally. The majority of children were aged 0-36 months. Subjects were attending maternal and child health clinics in Basrah city for routine immunizations six months after the end of the Gulf War. 8% were found to be wasted mainly in the 12-24 month age category while 24% were stunted. Levels of stunting and low weight-for-age were significantly higher among children of low socioeconomic households. The authors also note the decline in nutritional status of children compared to findings from an earlier nutritional survey in the area and recommend that their health and nutritional status be monitored.
Understanding noun phrases

One view of sentence comprehension is that word meanings are retrieved independently and then combined; another view is that the retrieved meanings for words are context dependent and thus different in different sentences. To examine retrieval of a noun's meaning in the context of an adjective, spoken sentences were probed with a picture. Subjects were instructed to respond positively if the picture illustrated a noun in the sentence (e.g., house ), regardless of other information in the sentence ( burning house ) or in the picture. Even when the probe appeared immediately after an adjective—noun pair, an atypical picture incorporating the adjective was responded to more rapidly than a more typical picture. The results suggest that a noun's meaning is retrieved in conjunction with the adjective, not independently, when the phrase describes a familiar conception such as a burning house.
Current concepts of local excision of epidermoid carcinoma of the anus.

Knowledge of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal and perianal area is incomplete. The rarity of the disease, differences of opinion and variability of criteria used in investigations cause confusion.
Multiscale geometric wavelets for the analysis of point clouds

Data sets are often modeled as point clouds in ℝD, for D large. It is often assumed that the data has some interesting low-dimensional structure, for example that of a d-dimensional manifold M, with d much smaller than D. When M is simply a linear subspace, one may exploit this assumption for encoding efficiently the data by projecting onto a dictionary of d vectors in ℝD (for example found by SVD), at a cost (d + n)D for n data points. When M is nonlinear, there are no “explicit” constructions of dictionaries that achieve a similar efficiency: typically one uses either random dictionaries, or dictionaries obtained by black-box optimization. In this paper we construct data-dependent multiscale dictionaries that aim at efficient encoding and manipulating of the data. Their construction is fast, and so are the algorithms to map data points to dictionary coefficients and vice versa. In addition, data points are guaranteed to have a sparse representation in terms of the dictionary. We think of dictionaries as the analogue of wavelets, but for approximating point clouds rather than functions.
Learning from Big Health Care Data

Two key applications of big health care data are generating knowledge about treatment effectiveness and predicting outcomes. Though the analytic tools exist, our health care system hasn't been able to use them to create an ongoing learning-and-improvement process.
Model-Based Inquiry and School Science: Creating Connections

Much has been made in recent years of inquiry approaches to science education and the promise of such instruction to alleviate some of the ills of science education, yet in some ways this construct is still unclear to many in the field. In this paper we explore one view of inquiry in science that is based on the development, use, assessment, and revision of models and related explanations. Because modeling plays a central role in scientific inquiry it should be a prominent feature of students’ science education. We present a framework based on this view that can serve as a guide to curriculum development and instructional decision-making with the goal of creating classroom environments that mirror important aspects of scientific practice. Specifically, the framework allows us to emphasize that scientists: engage in inquiry other than controlled experiments, use existing models in their inquiries, engage in inquiry that leads to revised models, use models to construct explanations, use models to unify their understanding, and engage in argumentation. Here, we discuss how these practices can be incorporated into science classrooms and illustrate that discussion with examples from our research classrooms.
The Newmark Integration Method for Simulation of Multibody Systems: Analytical Considerations

When simulating the behavior of a mechanical system, the time evolution of the generalized coordinates used to represent the configuration of the model is computed as the solution of a combined set of ordinary differential and algebraic equations (DAEs). There are several ways in which the numerical solution of the resulting index 3 DAE problem can be approached. The most well-known and time-honored algorithms are the direct discretization approach, and the state-space reduction approach, respectively. In the latter, the problem is reduced to a minimal set of potentially new generalized coordinates in which the problem assumes the form of a pure second order set of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE). This approach is very accurate, but computationally intensive, especially when dealing with large mechanical systems that contain flexible parts, stiff components, and contact/impact. The direct discretization approach is less but nevertheless sufficiently accurate yet significantly faster, and it is the approach that is considered in this paper. In the context of direct discretization methods, approaches based on the Backward Differentiation Formulas (BDF) have been the traditional choice for more than 20 years. This paper proposes a new approach in which BDF methods are replaced by the Newmark formulas. Local convergence analysis is carried out for the proposed method, and step-size control, error estimation, and nonlinear system solution related issues are discussed in detail. A series of two simple models are used to validate the method. The global convergence analysis and a computational-efficiency comparison with the most widely used numerical integrator available in the MSC.ADAMS commercial simulation package are forthcoming. The new method has been implemented successfully for industrial strength Dynamic Analysis simulations in the 2005 version of the MSC.ADAMS software and used very effectively for the simulation of systems with more than 15,000 differential-algebraic equations.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A pilot study of a structured interview addressing sexual function in men with schizophrenia

Abstract Twenty physically healthy men with schizophrenia responded to a 15-item questionnaire inquiring about their usual and their present (on medications) sexual functioning. Two summary measures of present impairment (the average of items 7–13 that detail the patients' specific complaints of impairment, and item 15, the interviewer's global judgement of impairment) were significantly correlated with each other and with the differences between usual and present reported frequencies of erection and masturbation. More severe impairment on these summary measures was significantly associated with greater biological evidence of dopamine blockade (more severe extrapyramidal side effects and higher serum prolactin levels).
Rate of dimuon production from neutrinos and antineutrinos at high energy

We present data on dimuon-production rates from neutrinos and antineutrinos in the energy range 45-205 GeV. The measurements were made using the Fermilab narrow-band beam. At higher energies (> or approx. = 100 GeV), the dimuon-production rates relative to single-muon production for events within our kinematic cuts are about 1%. The numbers are consistent with calculations of Glawshow-Iliopoulos-Maiani (four-quark) models and do not require the introduction of additional quarks.
Influence of tropical convection on the Southern Hemisphere ozone maximum during the winter to spring transition

[1] During the Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter a zonally asymmetric maximum in column ozone develops south of Australia, which amplifies from August through October. This ozone maximum lies in the band 50–60°S and extends from the southern Indian Ocean to the eastern Pacific. It is proposed that the location of the ozone maximum is due to the geographical distribution of outflow from tropical convection in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), which is concentrated over the southern Indian Ocean. This southward flow of tropical air creates subtropical anticyclones in the UTLS and provides the angular momentum for the entrance to the Australian westerly jet. The ozone-rich troughs in synoptic waves breaking on the jet contribute to the monthly mean ozone maximum poleward of the jet. As Indonesian convection contracts zonally and shifts eastward during SH spring, so do the Australian jet and ozone maximum. In addition, extratropical planetary waves become more active from August through October. Convective outflow surges lead to amplification of subtropical anticyclones, which often extend into the lower stratosphere and merge with stalling planetary wave ridges. Amplification of these ozone-rich ridges over the high-latitude South Pacific contributes to the eastward shift of the ozone maximum. The UTLS over the southern Indian Ocean appears to be a sensitive region where tropical convection can influence extratropical planetary waves via excitation of subtropical anticyclones and propagation of Rossby wave activity through the connecting westerly waveguide.
Design and Development of Novel 2-D Oligomers for Electroactive Device Application†

Four novel two-dimensional conjugated poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV)-based molecules have been synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for use in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). These novel molecules all contain a tetra-substituted central phenyl ring, but the length, chemical structure, and placement of the arms is varied in order to tailor their hole and electron transport properties. The materials are all solution-processible, maintain conjugation through the arms and central core, and exhibit evidence of two- and possibly three-dimensional charge delocalization. The first molecule contains four phenylenevinylene arms with solubilizing octyloxy-substituted units. Two of the molecules have two phenylenevinylene arms and two oxadiazole arms that are placed ortho or para with respect to each other. The fourth molecule contains four cyano-phenylenevinylene arms with solubilizing octyloxy groups at the ends of each arm. As a class these molecules all have large Stokes shifts in films, although the propensi...
Analysis of measured photon returns from sodium beacons

We describe an approach to the computation of photon returns from mesospheric sodium beacons excited by laser pulse trains and discuss as specific examples the required numbers of photons for adaptive-optical compensation of atmospheric turbulence. Computed photon return signals are compared with reported measurements for pulses that are long, short, or comparable to the D2 radiative lifetime (16 ns). Analytical approximations in good agreement with the numerical computations are derived. The results are consistent with experimental data for the different pulse durations.
Anabaptism and the Reformation: Another Look

It has by and large been characteristic of the current resurgence of Anabaptist studies to understand the Anabaptist movement as an integral part of the Reformation. Thus the two terms presently used to designate the framework of the radical dissent of the 16th century— Roland H. Bainton's now classic “Left Wing” and, more recently, George H. Williams' “Radical Reformation”—suggest a positive relationship with the mainstream Reformation. There is widespread consensus among scholars, particularly in America, that Anabaptism concurred with the Reformation on the major points of Protestant doctrine and dissented merely on secondary issues, such as baptism, the church, or political authority, around which centered indeed most of the theological polemics between the Anabaptists and the Reformers.
Departures from the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertston-Walker Cosmological Model in an Inhomogeneous Universe: A Numerical Examination

While the use of numerical general relativity for modeling astrophysical phenomena and compact objects is commonplace, the application to cosmological scenarios is only just beginning. Here, we examine the expansion of a spacetime using the Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura formalism of numerical relativity in synchronous gauge. This work represents the first numerical cosmological study that is fully relativistic, nonlinear, and without symmetry. The universe that emerges exhibits an average Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) behavior; however, this universe also exhibits locally inhomogeneous expansion beyond that expected in linear perturbation theory around a FLRW background.
Richard goldschmidt and the crossing-over controversy

ONE of the basic tenets linking the Mendelian laws to the chromosomal theory of heredity was the assumption of “crossing over.” On the basis of F. A. Jannsen's description of the “physical twisting or inter-twining that occurred between paired homologous chromosomes during the early stages of
Family Treatment of Chronic Illness in a Child: Mutual Developmental Problems

Development has only recently been thought of as a continuum, both in children and adults, throughout the entire life cycle (Erikson, 1963). There have been a number of papers which recognize that parenthood is an important developmental phase, not previously discussed until Theresa Benedek (1959) and others pointed out that adult development is especially affected by marriage and parenthood, and that failures in development are important issues to be examined in the treatment of adults. It has been our experience, in working with disorganized families, that one of the major obstacles in helping a family towards more integrative behavior is the failure in development in both parents. This failure is threatened as each of their children begins to develop and approach a more successful resolution of developmental tasks than one or the other or both of the parents have yet experienced. Often such developmental attainments in the children are, in part, due to the greater maturity of one parent or a special interest in a child by a teacher or another adult in the child’s life (Berlin, 1979; Anthony, 1973; Anthony and Benedek, 1970).
Columbia and Challenger: organizational failure at NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)—as the global leader in all areas of spaceflight and space science— is a unique organization in terms of size, mission, constraints, complexity and motivations. NASA’s flagship endeavor—human spaceflight—is extremely risky and one of the most complicated tasks undertaken by man. It is well accepted that the tragic destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger on 28 January 1986 was the result of organizational failure. The surprising disintegration of the Space Shuttle Columbia in February 2003—nearly 17 years to the day after Challenger—was a shocking reminder of how seemingly innocuous details play important roles in risky systems and organizations. NASA as an organization has changed considerably over the 42 years of its existence. If it is serious about minimizing failure and promoting its mission, perhaps the most intense period of organizational change lies in its immediate future. This paper outlines some of the critical features of NASA’s organization and organizational change, namely path dependence and ‘‘normalization of deviance’’. Subsequently, it reviews the rationale behind calling the Challenger tragedy an organizational failure. Finally, it argues that the recent Columbia accident displays characteristics of organizational failure and proposes recommendations for the future. r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Identification of novel, exosite-binding matrix metalloproteinase-13 inhibitor scaffolds

Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) has been implicated as the protease responsible for collagen degradation in cartilage during osteoarthritis (OA). Compounds that inhibit the metalloproteinase at the Zn binding site typically lack specificity among MMP family members. Analogs of the low-micromolar lead MMP-13 inhibitor 4, discovered through high-throughput screening, were synthesized to investigate structure-activity relationships in this inhibitor series. Systematic modifications of 4 led to the discovery of MMP-13 inhibitors 20 and 24 which are more selective than 4 against other MMPs. Compound 20 is also approximately fivefold more potent as an MMP-13 inhibitor than the original HTS-derived lead compound 4.
Bleeding Hosts and their Contact Relics in Late Medieval Northern Germany

About 100 cases of bleeding host miracles have been reported for Germany between 1300 and 1550. Received opinion asserts that these are Bavarian and overwhelmingly anti-Semitic. In fact there are a number of northern German cases, not all of them anti-Jewish libels. In several of these cases not only the miraculous hosts but also objects associated with them were displayed in churches, and some of the associated objects (cooking pots, nails, etc.) survived the Reformation, during which the hosts themselves were destroyed. Exploring several cases in which such associated objects figured prominently, this article suggests a number of reasons why they survived, and argues that their survival sheds light on the late medieval desire for, and ambivalence about, ‘holy matter.’
Mexican American children's ethnic identity, understanding of ethnic prejudice, and parental ethnic socialization

Mexican American children in Grades 2 (n = 22) and 6 (n = 25) were interviewed about their understanding of ethnic prejudice and were administered two indices of ethnic identity (ethnic knowledge and ethnic behavior). Most of the children (n = 19) were third generation or later (no parent or grandparent born in Mexico), but 11 had at least one parent born in Mexico. Parents of the children were administered acculturation and ethnic socialization measures. Study results suggested that (a) parental ethnic socialization about ethnic discrimination was associated with children’s development of ethnic knowledge, (b) low levels of parental acculturation to Anglo norms were associated with children performing ethnic behaviors, and (c) children’s advanced understanding of ethnic prejudice was associated with high levels of ethnic knowledge and higher grade levels. These results support and extend Bernal, Knight, Garza, Ocampo, and Cota’s multifaceted model of ethnic identity: One aspect of ethnic identity (i.e., ...