cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Species differences in cochlear fatigue related to acoustics of outer and middle ears of guinea pig and chinchilla

After guinea pigs were exposed to octave‐band noise, which in chinchillas produces behavioral threshold shifts of more than 50 dB, as well as significant shifts of cochlear microphonic potentials, only minimal changes in guinea pig cochlear microphonic responses were found. Differences in sensitivity to noise exposure between the two species could be accounted for by four factors. (1) At lower frequencies, the attenuation caused by the closed bulla is important up to frequencies which are higher for guinea pig than for chinchilla. (2) The resonance associated with sound‐pressure transformation from tragus to tympanic membrane is observed at frequencies about an octave higher in the guinea pig than in the chinchilla. (3) Cochlear microphonics with sound pressure measured at the drum and the bulla opened are less sensitive for guinea pig than for chinchilla. (4) Departure from linearity and/or onset of distortion of cochlear microphonics occurs at sound‐pressure levels which are different for guinea pig tha...
Time dependent magnetization and resistivity in DyRh4B4

Abstract Detailed measurements of the magnetization of DyRh 4 B 4 are presented, together with some data for the electrical resistance. Below the magnetic ordering temperature, strong magnetic after effects and a small variation with the time of the resistance in zero field are observed. Both effects are best described by an exponential law, with comparable values of the time constant τ. An activation energy ϵ / k = 1.7 K is obtained from the variation of τ with temperature. This figure apparently corresponds to the reversal of the magnetic moment on a single atom. The magnetic order itself appears to be unstable and its ferromagnetic nature, for a sample in the zero field cooled state, is put into question.
Thinning and broadbanding antenna arrays by unequal spacings

This paper presents a theory for, and a method of designing a thinned or broad-band antenna array by means of unequal spacings. Using the theory of unequally spaced arrays developed by one of the authors, an antenna array can be designed to produce a desired beamwidth and sidelobe level with the average spacing many wavelengths apart. The patterns are expressed in a series of the Anger functions and its sidelobe level is shown to decrease approximately as N^{-0.5}\simN^{-0.4} where N is the total number of elements, and the gain is approximately equal to N . It is also shown that the sidelobe level can be improved by varying the amplitude distribution. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the method.
Tracking River Plumes with Volatile Halocarbon Contaminants: The Niagara River—Lake Ontario Example

The concentrations of six predominant volatile halocarbon contaminants CCl4, total and industrial CHCl3, CHBrCl2, CH2Cl2, CFCl3, and C2Cl4 in epi- and hypolimnetic lake waters are used to demonstrate tributary plumes and nearshore currents on the Lake Ontario/Niagara River example. The relative speed and sensitivity of the analysis for volatile halocarbons provides for a synoptic view of the major currents at the time of sampling. For example, the individual distributions of several contaminants indicate the existence of a Niagara River surface water plume in northerly direction for approximately 8 km into the lake. In contrast, the predominantly east-west isostats of the contaminant concentrations in the hypolimnetic water indicate little direct influence by the Niagara River and show the existence of other contaminant sources in these areas.
Electric field effect on the picosecond fluorescence of Photosystem II and its relation to the energetics and kinetics of primary charge separation

Abstract Across the thylakoid membrane of spinach chloroplasts a diffusion potential of defined magnitude can be created by rapid changes in the KCl concentration. The resulting electric field leads to an increase in the yield of photosystem II (PS II) fluorescence for positive membrane voltages — positive in the inner thylakoid space — and a decrease for negative membrane voltages (Dau and Sauer, 1991, BBA 1098, 49–60). We have how studied this phenomenon by measurement of picosecond fluorescence decay. Based on the kinetic PS II model of Schatz et al. (1988, Biophys. J. 54, 397–405), the fluorescence decays were interpreted in terms of the rate constant of primary charge separation (formation of reaction center cation radical and pheophytin anion radical) primary charge recombination (recombination of primary biradical to chlorophyll singlet state) and secondary charge separation (reduction of primary quinone acceptor). For increasingly positive thylakoid voltages, the results are indicative of a relatively small but significant decrease in the rate constant of primary charge separation (by about 8% per + 100 mV thylakoid voltage) and a much larger increase (by about 50% per + 100 mV) of the rate constant of primary charge recombination. Nevertheless, due to the high sensitivity of the PS II fluorescence yield to changes in the rate constant of primary charge separation, the field-induced increase of fluorescence yield results mainly from the decreased rate constant of primary charge separation, and to a smaller extent (about one third of the increase) from the increased rate constant of charge recombination. The free energy difference of the primary radical pair was found to change by 17 meV per 100 mV thylakoid voltage. The relation between the rate constant of primary charge separation and the free energy difference appears to be linear within the accessible range of free energy changes (−15 meV to +22 meV); the rate constant of primary charge separation increases with increasingly negative free energy differences by 6% per 10 meV. This free energy dependence is compared with model calculations for a sequential two-step and for a super-exchange model of the primary PS II charge separation.
Constant light rearing disrupts compensation to imposed- but not induced-hyperopia and facilitates compensation to imposed myopia in chicks.

Purpose While rearing chicks in constant light (CL) inhibits anterior segment growth, these conditions also induce excessive enlargement of the vitreous chamber. The mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood although it has been speculated that the enlarged vitreous chambers are a product of emmetropization, a compensatory response to the altered anterior segments. We examined the ability of eyes to compensate to defocusing lenses in CL as a direct test of their ability to emmetropize. We also studied recovery responses, i.e. from lens-induced changes in CL as well as CL-induced changes alone or combined with lens-induced changes in eyes returned to normal diurnal lighting (NL).
Laser ionization of noble gases by Coulomb-barrier suppression

Laser ionization of noble gases was studied with a 1.053-μm, 1-psec Nd:glass laser. A systematic scan of intensities from mid-1013 W/cm2 to mid-1016 W/cm2 was performed, resulting in the production of charge states as high as Xe12+. Ionization occurs exclusively in the tunneling regime. We compare experimental ion production rates with those predicted by several different theories. Agreement between experimental ion-production curves and theoretical predictions is good for two theoretical models: (1) an elaboration of the Keldysh tunneling model, developed by Ammosov et al. [ Sov. Phys. JETP64, 1191 ( 1986)] and (2) a much more primitive model, based on Coulomb-barrier suppression, in which tunneling and other quantum-mechanical effects are ignored completely. The success of the more primitive model suggests that a new term, barrier-suppression ionization, rather than tunneling or multiphoton ionization, may be the most appropriate at this wavelength and in this range of intensities.
Wavelength tunability of the surface plasmon resonance of nanosize metal colloids in glass

Abstract It is demonstrated that the wavelength of the surface plasmon resonance of nanosize metal colloids embedded in silica can be changed by the alloying of metal ions using sequential implantation of different metal elements. Cu and Ag ions were sequentially implanted in silica to doses of 6 and 12×1016 ions/cm2. Both Ag- and Cu-rich metal alloy colloids ∼ 20 nm in diameter were formed in the silica matrix. The position of the surface plasmon resonance frequency was shifted to a frequency that depends on the elements implanted and their relative concentrations. These results have implications for the tunability of non-linear optical waveguide devices and switches.
Measuring the Plasticity of Social Approach: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of the PEERS Intervention on EEG Asymmetry in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

This study examined whether the Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS: Social skills for teenagers with developmental and autism spectrum disorders: The PEERS treatment manual, Routledge, New York, 2010a) affected neural function, via EEG asymmetry, in a randomized controlled trial of adolescents with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and a group of typically developing adolescents. Adolescents with ASD in PEERS shifted from right-hemisphere gamma-band EEG asymmetry before PEERS to left-hemisphere EEG asymmetry after PEERS, versus a waitlist ASD group. Left-hemisphere EEG asymmetry was associated with more social contacts and knowledge, and fewer symptoms of autism. Adolescents with ASD in PEERS no longer differed from typically developing adolescents in left-dominant EEG asymmetry at post-test. These findings are discussed via the Modifier Model of Autism (Mundy et al. in Res Pract Persons Severe Disabl 32(2):124, 2007), with emphasis on remediating isolation/withdrawal in ASD.
CD4+ T cell activation in multiple sclerosis☆

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by CD4-enriched T cells from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and normal individuals stimulated with concanavalin A (conA) and/or autologous and allogeneic B lymphoid cell lines (B-LCL) was evaluated 24, 48 and 96 h after stimulation. ConA-stimulated CD4+ cells from MS patients did not produce significantly more IL-2 than normal CD4+ cells. In contrast, autologous B-LCL-induced IL-2 production by MS CD4+ cells significantly (P = 0.026) exceeded that produced by normal CD4+ cells identically stimulated after 24 h in culture. Differences in IL-2 production by CD4+ cells from MS patients reached highest significance using allogeneic B-LCL, whose stimulatory capacity was similar, whether established from normal individuals or MS patients. This increased IL-2 production in response to B-LCL may represent a supranormal response of CD4+ cells from MS patients to class II major histocompatibility (MHC)-associated stimuli. It suggests that the deficiency of suppressor T cell functions postulated to play a role in MS does not arise from a lack of IL-2 induction and might indicate that bursts of IL-2 production could play a role in MS.
The service sector: Challenges and imperatives for research in operations management

Abstract The United States has undergone a transformation from an industrial society to the first postindustrial society. Consequently, the service sector has outstripped manufacturing in its contribution to the GNP and in employment. This paper discusses the challenges and imperatives for research in service operations management (SOM). Service operations have unique characteristics that must be considered in developing research strategies. Recent attempts at evolving a general theory of service organizations are reviewed, and it is suggested that these conceptual models provide a unifying framework for the study of SOM. Research in SOM requires a broad perspective that includes the customer and the interactions with other functional areas. It requires an integration of conventional production concepts with behavioral and marketing considerations.
Nutrient criteria for lakes, ponds, and reservoirs: a Bayesian TREED model approach.

Abstract We develop regional-scale eutrophication models for lakes, ponds, and reservoirs to investigate the link between nutrients and chlorophyll-a. The Bayesian TREED (BTREED) model approach allows association of multiple environmental stressors with biological responses, and quantification of uncertainty sources in the empirical water quality model. Nutrient data for lakes, ponds, and reservoirs across the United States were obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Nutrient Criteria Database. The nutrient data consist of measurements for both stressor variables (such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus), and response variables (such as chlorophyll-a), used in the BTREED model. Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) posterior exploration guides a stochastic search through a rich suite of candidate trees toward models that better fit the data. The Bayes factor provides a goodness of fit criterion for comparison of resultant models. We randomly split the data into training and test sets; the training data were used in model estimation, and the test data were used to evaluate out-of-sample predictive performance of the model. An average relative efficiency of 1.02 between the training and test data for the four highest log-likelihood models suggests good out-of-sample predictive performance. Reduced model uncertainty relative to over-parameterized alternative models makes the BTREED models useful for nutrient criteria development, providing the link between nutrient stressors and meaningful eutrophication response.
Biodegradable polymer film reinforcement of an indocyanine green‐doped liquid albumin solder for laser‐assisted incision closure

Background and Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether solid material reinforcement of a liquid albumin solder coagulum could improve the cohesive strength of the solder and, thus, the ultimate breaking strength of the incision repair in vitro. Study Design/Materials and Methods A 50%(w/v) bovine serum albumin solder with 0.5 or 2.5 mg/ml indocyanine green (ICG) dye was used to repair an incision in bovine aorta. The solder was coagulated with an 806-nm continuous wave diode laser. A 50-μm-thick poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) film was used to reinforce the solder (the controls had solder but no reinforcement). Acute breaking strengths were measured, and the data were analyzed by Student's t-test. Results Observations of the failure modes indicate cohesive strength reinforcement of the test specimens vs. the controls. The 2.5 mg/ml ICG reinforced solder was stronger than the controls without reinforcement (P < 0.05) for all laser powers tested. There was no difference between the test specimens and the controls with 0.5 mg/ml ICG solder for low laser powers, but at higher laser powers, the reinforced solder was stronger than the controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion Reinforcement of liquid albumin solders in laser-assisted incision repair seems to have advantages in terms of acute breaking strength over conventional methods that do not reinforce the cohesive strength of the solder. Lasers Surg. Med. 27:73–81, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reduced toxicity with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT): an update on the whole abdominopelvic radiation therapy (WAP-RT) experience.

Purpose Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare malignancy typically involving the peritoneum in young men. Whole abdominopelvic radiation therapy (WAP-RT) using conventional 2-dimensional (2D) radiation therapy (RT) is used to address local recurrence but has been limited by toxicity. Our objectives were to assess the benefit of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) on toxicity and to update the largest series on radiation for DSRCT. Methods and Materials The records of 31 patients with DSRCT treated with WAP-RT (22 with 2D-RT and 9 with IMRT) between 1992 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. All received multi-agent chemotherapy and maximal surgical debulking followed by 30 Gy of WAP-RT. A further focal boost of 12 to 24 Gy was used in 12 cases. Boost RT and autologous stem cell transplantation were nearly exclusive to patients treated with 2D-RT. Toxicities were assessed with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Dosimetric analysis compared IMRT and simulated 2D-RT dose distributions. Results Of 31 patients, 30 completed WAP-RT, with a median follow-up after RT of 19 months. Acute toxicity was reduced with IMRT versus 2D-RT: P =.04 for gastrointestinal toxicity of grade 2 or higher (33% vs 77%); P =.02 for grade 4 hematologic toxicity (33% vs 86%); P =.01 for rates of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; and P =.04 for rates of platelet transfusion. Post treatment red blood cell and platelet transfusion rates were also reduced ( P =.01). IMRT improved target homogeneity ([D05-D95]/D05 of 21% vs 46%) and resulted in a 21% mean bone dose reduction. Small bowel obstruction was the most common late toxicity (23% overall). Updated 3-year overall survival and progression-free survival rates were 50% and 24%, respectively. Overall survival was associated with distant metastasis at diagnosis on multivariate analysis. Most failures remained intraperitoneal (88%). Conclusions IMRT for consolidative WAP-RT in DSRCT improves hematologic toxicity in particular. Although the long-term efficacy of current treatment options remains disappointing, the improved therapeutic index of IMRT may aid in generalizing its use and allowing the addition of novel approaches such as intraperitoneal immunotherapy.
On Soot Inception in Nonpremixed Flames and the Effects of Flame Structure

A simplified three-step model of soot inception has been employed with high activation energy asymptotics to study soot inception in nonpremixed counterflow systems with emphasis on understanding the effects of hydrodynamics and transport. The resulting scheme yields three zones: (1) a fuel oxidation zone wherein the fuel and oxidizer react to form product as well as a radical R, (e.g., H), (2) a soot/precursor formation zone where the radical R reacts with fuel to form "soot/precursor" S, and (3) a soot/precursor consumption zone where S reacts with the oxidizer to form product. The kinetic scheme, although greatly simplified, allows the coupling between soot inception and flame structure to be assessed. The results yield flame temperature, flame location, and a soot/precursor index S(sub I) as functions of Damkohler number for S formation. The soot/precursor index indicates the amount of S at the boundary of the formation region. The flame temperature indirectly indicates the total amount of S integrated over the formation region because as S is formed less heat release is available. The results show that unlike oxidation reactions, an extinction turning-point behavior does not exist for soot. Instead, the total amount of S slowly decreases with decreasing Damkohler number (increasing strain rate), which is consistent with counterflow flame experiments. When the Lewis number of the radical is decreased from unity, the total S reduces due to reduced residence time for the radical in the soot formation region. Similarly, when the Lewis number of the soot/precursor is increased from unity the amount of S increases for all Damkohler numbers. In addition to studying fuel-air (low stoichiometric mixture fraction) flames, the air-side nitrogen was substituted into the fuel, yielding diluted fuel-oxygen (high stoichiometric mixture fraction) flames with the same flame temperature as the fuel - air flames. The relative flame locations were different however, and, consistent with counterflow flame experiments, this difference was found to dramatically reduce the total amount of S generated because the change in stoichiometric mixture fraction affects residence times, temperatures and concentrations in the soot/precursor formation and consumption zones. Furthermore, while the soot/precursor consumption reaction had a negligible effect on the soot process for fuel-air flames it was very important to diluted fuel - oxygen flames.
Aging skeletal muscle: response to exercise.

The mass of many weight-bearing muscles declines in old rats, secondary to the atrophy of fibers, particularly of type IIb, with relatively little loss of muscle fibers during most of the adult life span. In humans, muscle atrophy is the result of a combination of progressive fiber loss and fiber atrophy. In both species, the proportion of histochemically determined fiber types is relatively stable across the adult portion of the life span. The loss of strength in old age is predominantly accounted for by reduced muscle mass in humans and rats. Resistance training leads to increased muscle mass and strength in old humans and rats, primarily by increasing fiber CSA. Muscle capillarity is unchanged in old rats but decreases in old dogs. Apparently, capillarity declines in truly sedentary older people. Endurance training enhances capillarity, and old rats and humans can attain levels of capillarity comparable to their active young counterparts, even when performing considerably less exercise. Blood flow during contractile activity is reduced in male rats and humans but not in old female rats or dogs. Oxidative capacity declines in many muscles of sedentary old rats and humans. With endurance training, old individuals from both species attain levels of muscle oxidative capacity quite similar to those in identically training young individuals. Muscle insulin-stimulated glucose transport is enhanced in rats after a bout of exercise, regardless of age. Endurance training elevates muscle GLUT-4 levels in young and middle-aged, but not old, rats, perhaps because the old rats trained at slower treadmill speeds. Middle-aged (47-62 yr) men and women can substantially increase muscle GLUT-4 with relatively brief (12-14 wk) endurance training; older humans (> 70-80 yr) have not been studied. Endurance training leads to reduced LDH activity without altering PFK or phosphorylase in old rats and humans. Muscle glycogen depletion, CP depletion, and lactate accumulation during contractile activity are exaggerated in old rats, apparently secondary to reduced muscle oxidative capacity and blood flow. Resting muscle glycogen concentration is diminished in older humans, probably in part because of a more sedentary lifestyle. Although several months of endurance training raises muscle glycogen concentration in older people, it does not restore it to youthful levels. Endurance training can greatly improve endurance in old age, at least in part by the same mechanism originally described in youth, i.e., an increase in muscle oxidative capacity, which contributes to reduced glycogen depletion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Sub-micron resolution surface plasmon resonance imaging enabled by nanohole arrays with surrounding Bragg mirrors for enhanced sensitivity and isolation.

We present nanohole arrays in thin gold films as sub-micron resolution surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging pixels in a microarray format. With SPR imaging, the resolution is not limited by diffraction, but by the propagation of surface plasmon waves to adjacent sensing areas, or nanohole arrays, causing unwanted interference. For ultimate scalability, several issues need to be addressed, including: (1) as several nanohole arrays are brought close to each other, surface plasmon interference introduces large sources of error; and (2) as the size of the nanohole array is reduced, i.e. fewer holes, detection sensitivity suffers. To address these scalability issues, we surround each biosensing pixel (a 3-by-3 nanohole array) with plasmonic Bragg mirrors, blocking interference between adjacent SPR sensing pixels for high-density packing, while maintaining the sensitivity of a 50× larger footprint pixel (a 16-by-16 nanohole array). We measure real-time, label-free streptavidin–biotin binding kinetics with a microarray of 600 sub-micron biosensing pixels at a packing density of more than 107 per cm2.
Pulse wave imaging of the human carotid artery: an in vivo feasibility study

Noninvasive quantification of regional arterial stiffness, such as measurement of the pulse wave velocity (PWV), has been shown to be of high clinical importance. Pulse wave imaging (PWI) has been previously developed by our group to visualize the propagation of the pulse wave along the aorta and to estimate the regional PWV. The objective of this paper is to determine the feasibility of PWI in the human carotid artery in vivo. The left common carotid arteries of eight (n = 8) healthy volunteers (male, age 27 + 4 years old) were scanned in a long-axis view, with a 10-MHz linear-array transducer. The beam density of the scan was reduced to 16 beams within an imaging width of 38 mm. The frame rate of ultrasound imaging was therefore increased to 1127 Hz at an image depth of 25 mm. The RF ultrasound signals were then acquired at a sampling rate of 40 MHz and used to estimate the velocity of the arterial wall using a 1-D cross-correlation-based speckle tracking method. The sequence of the wall velocity images at different times depicts the propagation of the pulse wave in the carotid artery from the proximal to distal sides. The regional PWV was estimated from the spatiotemporal variation of the wall velocities and ranged from 4.0 to 5.2 m/s in eight (n = 8) normal subjects, in agreement with findings reported in the literature. PWI was thus proven feasible in the human carotid artery, and may be proven useful for detecting vascular disease through mapping the pulse wave and estimating the regional PWV in the carotid artery.
Correlation Technique for Measurements of Beam Emittance and Energy Spread

Abstract When a beam of charged particles passes through a lattice with bending magnets, then mixing of the relative longitudinal positions of particles can take place. This mixing is caused by the energy spread of beam particles and by the spread of the particle betatron coordinates and angles, and has the effect of changing the time structure of the fields radiated by the beam at different points of its trajectory. It is shown in the paper that by measuring the correlation function of the radiation fields at two points of the beam trajectory, one can determine the beam emittance and the beam energy spread. A detailed analysis of this diagnostic technique with a few illustrative examples is provided. A method of intensity correlation has been proposed for a case when two radiation points are separated by a long distance and intersecting of two radiation fields in the same detector is difficult.
Susceptibility of the house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), to the entomogenous nematodes Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri (Steinernematidae), and Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Heterorhabditidae).

The infectivity of the nematodes Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri , and Heterorhabditis heliothidis for the larval, pupal, adult stages of the house fly were evaluated under different habitat conditions. Second- and 3rd-instar larvae and adult flies were highly susceptible to S. feltiae and H. heliothidis when hosts were confined in petri dishes containing nematode-treated filter paper. Larvae were not susceptible to S. glaseri , and pupae within puparia were refractory to infection by all 3 species. When 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae were exposed to nematodes in rearing medium, S. feltiae caused higher mortality (55–61%) than H. heliothidis (11–26%) at the highest dosage of 5,000 nematodes per host. Both S. feltiae and H. heliothidis were more infective for 3rd-instar larvae (21–29%) than for 2nd-instar larvae (2–6%) at this dosage in poultry manure. When adult flies were offered S. feltiae suspensions in a 5% sucrose bait on cotton balls, mortality ranged from 53 to 67% at dose rates ranging from 1,000 to 100,000 nematodes per milliliter of bait.
The Moral Foundations of International Criminal Law

Books under review in this essay: Crimes Against Humanity: A Normative Account by Larry May. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 328 pp. $30.99, Paperback. War Crimes and Just War by La...
The relevance of HED lasers to astrophysics

Abstract The role of high energy density (HED) lasers in astrophysics is reviewed, emphasizing connections with laser physics experiments and inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Careful validation of astrophysical methods, by laboratory experiment, by critical comparison of numerical and analytical methods, and by observation are necessary for the development of simulation methods with reliable predictive capability. Recent results from hydrodynamic simulations of stellar evolution, HED laser experiments, and computer simulations will be discussed, and related to stellar evolution and supernovae.
Virtual heritage: technology in the service of culture

From the Coliseum in Rome to the verdant landscape of the Loire Valley, the world's cultural heritage has withstood the text of time. Today though, the pace of progress --- from urban sprawl to pollution, neglect, conflict, and even tourism --- threatens these landmarks of our past at an ever-increasing pace. In recent years, rapid advances in digital technologies, from 3D graphics, to multimedia, and virtual reality, have given heritage new hope: from archaeology to architecture, emerging digital tools offer promise in documenting, analyzing, and disseminating culture. Using examples from a decade of research at the University of California at Berkeley, and highlights from the 7th Int'l Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia (VSMM), we will explore the problems and potential of emerging documentation tools, representation and modeling aids, and presentation technologies.Despite the promise, more often than not, those responsible for recording, preserving, and teaching about culture have not been part of this digital revolution. Coupled with this, early 'digital heritage' failed to live up to expectations, whether due to limited tools, questionable research, or lack of visual realism. VAST and other gatherings are beginning to bridge researchers and practitioners, from government to academia, and archaeology to computer science. Using the Virtual Heritage Network and recent international media workshops with UNESCO as examples, we will explore the need for, and potential of, global cross-disciplinary collaboration. From the now obliterated Buddhist statues at Bamiyan, Afghanistan, to Minoru Yamasaki's Twin Towers in New York, we owe it to future generations to harness our digital tools to preserve and protect the world's cultural legacy.
Arterial compliance variation throughout the cardiac cycle

Arterial compliance is known to be pressure-dependent, but its variation within any given cardiac cycle has not been clearly illustrated. We reported first such evaluation by incorporating a nonlinear compliance in the form of C(P) = a exp(bP) substituting for the linear compliance in a three element modified windkessel model of the systemic arterial system. Results show that C(P) varies continuously with time throughout the cardiac cycle, reaching a minimum at end-systole. C(P) altered significantly with increasing or decreasing blood pressure.
Emergence of the biochemical genetics and molecular biology of photosynthetic bacteria

Abstract The nonsulfur purple photosynthetic bacteria display a remarkable collection of metabolic capabilities, notably in regard to alternative mechanisms of energy conversion. Recent genetic investigations of these organisms provide new approaches to the study of bioenergetic mechanisms, N 2 fixation and related biochemical processes, and membrane synthesis and function.
Residual cytotoxicity and granzyme K expression in granzyme A-deficient cytotoxic lymphocytes.

Cytotoxic lymphocytes contain granules that have the ability to induce apoptosis in susceptible target cells. The granule contents include perforin, a pore-forming molecule, and several granzymes, including A and B, which are the most abundant serine proteases in these granules. Granzyme B-deficient cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have a severe defect in their ability to rapidly induce apoptosis in their targets, but have an intact late cytotoxicity pathway that is in part perforin-dependent. In this report, we have created mice that are deficient for granzyme A and characterized their phenotype. These mice have normal growth and development and normal lymphocyte development, activation, and proliferation. Granzyme A-deficient CTL have a small but reproducible defect in their ability to induce 51Cr and125I-UdR release from susceptible allogeneic target cells. Since other granzyme A-like tryptases could potentially account for the residual cytotoxicity in granzyme A-deficient CTL, we cloned the murine granzyme K gene, which is linked to granzyme A in humans, and proved that it is also tightly linked with murine granzyme A. The murine granzyme K gene (which encodes a tryptase similar to granzyme A) is expressed at much lower levels than granzyme A in CTL and LAK cells, but its expression is unaltered in granzyme A−/− mice. The minimal cytotoxic defect in granzyme A−/− CTL could be due to the existence of an intact, functional early killing pathway (granzyme B dependent), or to the persistent expression of additional granzyme tryptases like granzyme K.
Unusual expression of CD94 on CD8+ TCR-αβ T cells in infectious mononucleosis

Abstract Infectious mononucleosis, caused by primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, is usually a benign, self-limited lymphoproliferative disorder. We report a case of a 21-year-old woman who presented with fever, sore throat, severe neutropenia, and absolute lymphocytosis with atypical lymphocytes. In situ hybridization for EBV-encoded small RNA performed on the marrow aspirate clot specimen demonstrated scattered positive cells. EBV serology was compatible with primary infection. Flow cytometry immunophenotypic studies performed on aspirate material revealed a profoundly expanded population of CD8 + T-cell receptor (TCR)- αβ T cells with uniform expression of CD94. No evidence of a monoclonal T-cell population was found as assessed by V β use with flow cytometry and by TCR γ -chain gene rearrangement using a polymerase chain reaction method. Uniform expression of CD94 in an exuberant reactive proliferation of CD8 + TCR- αβ T cells in infectious mononucleosis has not been reported previously, and combined with atypical morphology might be misinterpreted as a malignant neoplasm.
Stachyose and mannitol transport in olive (Olea europaea L.)

Source leaves of Olea europea L. (olive) were photosynthetically labelled with 14CO2 and then transferred to 20 mM EDTA solutions to allow exudation of phloem sap. Label in phloem sap was recovered predominantly as stachyose (50–60% of the total label) while only small amounts of label were recovered in the sugar alcohol mannitol (less than 5%). In contrast, in leaf tissues stachyose accounted for only 5% of the total leaf label while mannitol accounted for 30%. Vacuum-infiltration of exuding leaves with 1 mM p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid had no effect on subsequent exudation or on the distribution of label in stachyose or mannitol in either leaf tissues or phloem exudates. In contrast, a similar treatment inhibited the uptake of exogenously supplied [14C]stachyose and [14C]sucrose into leaf discs. Following short-term pulse-chase experiments with 14CO2 (15s pulse, 5 s-20 min chase), sucrose, mannitol and galactinol were rapidly labelled within the first 2 min following the pulse. Stachyose and raffinose, on the other hand, were not appreciably labelled until 10 min after the pulse. Taken together, the data indicate that phloem loading of raffinose oligosaccharides or of mannitol may not require an apoplastic step. Additionally, it appears that there may be a spatial separation of the synthesis of these sugars within the leaf, with mannitol synthesis occurring within the photosynthetic mesophyll tissues and raffinose oligosaccharide synthesis occurring closer to, and probably within, the minor veins.
Information security management: firewall selection -- factors surrounding the selection and implementation of a firewall system for an organization

Information security management is an important part of any given organization and it mainly involves ensuring that the data and company information is secure [5]. This paper starts by defining firewall architectures and then progresses in to the factors surrounding the selection and implementation of a firewall system in organizations. In addition to that, the paper has also discussed what firewalls can/cannot do and misconceptions about firewalls. The paper has also discussed firewall management, its challenges and further outlined some best practices that organizations should consider when managing firewall systems and it finally ends with a conclusion.
Self‐interaction chromatography: a novel screening method for rational protein crystallization

The osmotic second virial coefficient, B22, has become the quantity most widely used in developing a rational understanding of protein crystallization. In this work a novel method of measuring B22 using self-interaction chromatography (SIC) is presented that is at least an order of magnitude more efficient than traditional characterization methods, such as static light scattering. It is shown that SIC measurements of second virial coefficients for BSA are in quantitative agreement with static light scattering results. The measured virial coefficient for both BSA and myoglobin reveal a surprisingly narrow range of concentrations of ammonium sulfate that promote weakly attractive interactions that are optimal for crystallization. Using the virial coefficient information, myoglobin crystals were obtained by ultracentrifugal crystallization in a rational and rapid manner.
Combustion CVD of magnesium spinel and nickel spinel

Combustion chemical vapor deposition (combustion CVD) is being developed to deposit magnesium spinel, MgAl 2 O 4 , and nickel spinel, NiAl 2 O 4 , onto silica substrates. A possible use of the magnesium spinel is as an overlayer on thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) used in the hot sections of gas turbines. The deposition of nickel spinel is being developed to explore its role in the thermomechanical spallation of TBCs. Combustion CVD uses a flame to provide the heat for the chemical reactions and the medium for the deposition of the ceramic film. Combustion CVD is performed in the open atmosphere and requires relatively little capital investment compared to conventional CVD processes. Precursors of Mg naphthenate and Al acetylacetonate dissolved in toluene were used to successfully deposit MgAl 2 O 4 with the face centered cubic spinel crystal lattice. Ni acetylacetonate and Al acetylacetonate, dissolved in toluene, were used to deposit NiAl 2 O 4 , with the face centered cubic spinel crystal lattice. Total metal ion concentrations in the flammable solutions ranged from 0.002 to 0.004 M. Flame temperatures at the surface of the substrate during deposition were approximately 1100°C. Dense, nodular films up to 1 μm thick were produced at deposition rates of 1.2 to 2.0 μm/h. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) dark-field imaging indicates that projected grain sizes range from 8 nm to 88 nm. Electron diffraction performed with TEM verifies the spinel crystal structure and quantitative EDS shows weight percents of the constituent elements close to the stoichiometric values.
Effects of Pressure on Coal Pyrolysis and Char Morphology

A better understanding of high-pressure coal pyrolysis is needed to design advanced coal gasification combined-cycle systems. High-temperature, high-heating-rate, and high-pressure pyrolysis experi...
Trichomonas vaginalis Polymerase Chain Reaction Compared with Standard Diagnostic and Therapeutic Protocols for Detection and Treatment of Vaginal Trichomoniasis

Wet preparation has limited sensitivity for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection. An observational study of 337 women was conducted to evaluate a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for TV. The sensitivities of wet preparation and TV culture were 52% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41-62) and 78% (95% CI, 69-86), respectively. TV PCR had a sensitivity of 84% (95% CI, 75-90) and a specificity of 94% (95% CI, 90-97). Metronidazole was provided to 67 (69%) of 97 women with TV because of TV on wet preparation, exposure to TV, or a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis or pelvic inflammatory disease; however, if TV PCR had been used for diagnosis, 81 (84%) of 97 women with TV would have been treated (P=.02). TV is significantly undertreated using standard algorithms for metronidazole therapy. Given the association of trichomoniasis with perinatal morbidity and HIV transmission, women in high-risk groups may benefit from TV PCR.
Cancer-Related Intrusive Thoughts Predict Behavioral Symptoms Following Breast Cancer Treatment

Objective—Behavioral symptoms are common in breast cancer survivors, including disturbances in energy, sleep, and mood, though few risk factors for these negative outcomes have been identified. Our study examined intrusive thoughts as a predictor of lingering symptoms in breast cancer survivors in the year following treatment. Method—Data come from the Moving Beyond Cancer psychoeducational intervention trial, aimed at easing the transition from patient to survivor. Women (n = 558) completed psychosocial questionnaires within 4 weeks posttreatment and again 2, 6, and 12 months later. We examined intrusive thoughts about cancer at the baseline assessment as a predictor of fatigue, sleep problems, pain, breast cancer-specific symptoms, depressive symptoms, negative affect, and quality of life using growth curve modeling, controlling for study condition and other covariates. Results—Intrusive thoughts were associated with higher levels of all symptoms at baseline and at the 12-month assessment. Intrusive thoughts also influenced the trajectory of pain, depressive symptoms, negative affect, and physical functioning over time; women with higher intrusions at baseline started worse and improved over time, whereas those with lower intrusions remained at a constant, lower level over time. Intrusions were not associated with the trajectory of fatigue, sleep, breast cancer-specific symptoms, or mental functioning; women with higher intrusions at baseline started worse and remained worse over time.
Perturbations in Stellar Paths

It is a pleasure for me to partake in the activities of this Institute. I am primarily an observing astronomer with his two feet on the ground, so to speak. In my chosen field of (photographic) astrometry, mathematics and celestial mechanics play a role on a very elementary level, compared with that characteristic of the lectures of this Institute. It is, therefore, a comfort and a pleasure to recall my personal contacts with persons whose names have frequently been mentioned here: Ernest W. Brown, the “man of the moon” of the Yale Observatory, an outstanding figure at meetings of the Astronomical Society half a century ago and Carl Siegel, long-time member of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, whose lecture on the Dreierstoss (triple collision) I remember for its outstanding clarity and lucidity. I must add that ultimate-ultimate celestial mechanician, Albert Einstein, with whom I never entered into scientific discussion, but whom I joined in a chambermusic evening in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, on June 5, 1938. There we were: Arnold Dresden, piano; Einstein, violin; my brother Jaap, violoncello; and myself, viola (see my articles in the Astronomische Nachrichten (1979), 300, 273; and in l’Astronomie (1981), 95, 285).
A NEW CLASSIFICATION FOR THE ORGANIC COMPONENTS OF KEROGEN: DISCUSSION

Massoud and Kinghorn (1985) have proposed a classification for the organic components of kerogen. Their classification is not new, but rather is a modification of that of Bujak et al. (1977). The formation of insoluble organic matter (kerogen) is connected with the complex interplay of organic matter transport and removal from its life habitat, the Eh-condition of the depositional system, and the effect of fungal or bacterial degradation. Because any kerogen classification must deal with this complex process and the influence of maturation at later stages, it is obvious that controversies will arise among different organic petrologists at different points of observation. Alternative views on several aspects of this paper are therefore presented.
Unified Understanding of RF Remote Probing

Recent research has examined several novel radio frequency (RF) remote probing techniques. These new results are joined with the prior art leading to a unified understanding of RF remote probing that articulates the fundamental principles involved and allows extension to the analysis of additional “new” RF probing techniques. Two significant aspects in RF probing are emphasized: 1) information, coding, and signal theory considerations are identified as these establish bounds on probe performance against a specific information task and 2) building upon the well-known radar equation, the object cross section is generalized to be an interaction term describing a much broader range of interactions than simply reflection. These results are significant in enabling the rapid analysis and evaluation of “new” RF sensing techniques proposed to accomplish a variety of functions in the detection and identification of both natural and manmade objects.
Female mouse germ cells form synchronously dividing cysts

Oocytes from many invertebrates initiate development within distinctive cysts of interconnected cells, which are formed through synchronous divisions of a progenitor cell. Recently, processes underlying cyst formation have been extensively characterized at the molecular level in Drosophila. Defects in this process cause sterility in female flies. Early female mouse germ cells are organized as cell clusters as well, but it is uncertain whether these groups are similar to the cysts of invertebrates. We find that mouse germ cells are connected by intercellular bridges in the ovaries of 11.5 to 17.5 days postcoitum embryos; microtubules and organelles have been observed within these bridges. Confocal microscopy shows that cells within mouse clusters divide synchronously and frequently correspond in number to powers of two. Thus, female mouse germ cell clusters exhibit key characteristics of invertebrate germline cysts indicating that the process of germline cyst formation is conserved in the mouse.
Mechanical Properties of Feather and Down Fibers Part I: Measurements at 65% RH and 70° F

The elastic moduli of European goose feather barbs and down filaments have been measured at 70° F. and at 65% RH and various pressures of dry air. These latter meas urements at various dry-air pressures have been made to estimate the effects of air- damping on vibroscopic determinations of several fiber properties, have indicated the air-damping effects to be significant but relatively small, and are described in detail in Part II of these papers [6]. A detailed series of measurements has been made at 65% RH and 70° F. of the extensional properties, the bending modulus, and the torsional modulus. The breaking extension is about the same for all the different materials studied, but for the other extensional properties—such as elastic modulus—the properties of the feather barbs are greater than those of the down filaments, and generally the properties of the vane barbs (straight) are greater than those of the fluff barbs (curly). A similar finding holds for the corresponding cross-sectional areas. As in the case of the exten sional properties, the bending and torsional moduli of the feather barbs are greater than those of the down filaments, and vane feather barbs exhibit larger moduli than do fluff barbs. The significance and limitations of these measurements are discussed.