cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concentrations and sources of carbonaceous aerosol in the atmosphere of Summit, Greenland

High-volume PM2.5 samples were collected at Summit, Greenland for approximately six months from late May through December of 2006. Filters were composited and analyzed for source tracer compounds. The individual organic compounds measured at Summit are orders of magnitude smaller than concentrations measured at other sites, including locations representative of remote oceanic, and remote and urban continental aerosol. The measured tracers were used to quantify the contribution of biomass burning (0.6–0.9 ng C m �3 ), vegetative detritus (0.3–0.9 ng C m �3 ), and fossil fuel combustion (0.1– 0.8 ng C m �3 ) sources, 4% of OC total, to atmospheric organic carbon concentrations at the remote location of Summit, Greenland. The unapportioned organic carbon (96%) during the early summer period correlates well with the fraction of water soluble organic carbon, indicating secondary organic aerosol as a large source of organic carbon, supported by the active photochemistry occurring at Summit. To the author’s knowledge, this paper represents the first source apportionment results for the polar free troposphere.
DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF RENAL CELL KILLING AFTER WARM AND COLD ISCHEMIA

Kidneys preserved for transplantation surgery sustain injuries caused by cold ischemia during storage. Additionally, kidneys harvested from non-heart-beating donors encounter the stress of warm ischemia. The aim of this study was to determine the specific cell types losing viability after warm and cold ischemia. In warm ischemia studies, the pedicles of left kidneys of Lewis rats were cross-clamped for up to 90 min. In cold ischemia studies, kidneys were flushed with cold University of Wisconsin solution and stored up to 48 h at 0–1°C. After warm or cold ischemia, kidneys were perfused via the renal arteries with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate (KHB) buffer at 37°C, followed by trypan blue to label the nuclei of nonviable cells. Warm ischemia for 90 min caused renal failure and led to injury of proximal tubular cells, e.g., loss of brush borders, cast formation and trypan blue labeling. Cold ischemia for 48 h also caused renal failure but, unlike warm ischemia, caused trypan blue labeling of glomerular podocy...
Distributed phase shifter with pyrochlore bismuth zinc niobate thin films

A monolithic Ku-band phase shifter employing voltage tunable Bi/sub 1.5/Zn/sub 1.0/Nb/sub 1.5/O/sub 7/ (BZN) thin film parallel plate capacitors is reported. BZN films were deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on single-crystal sapphire substrates. A nine-section distributed coplanar waveguide loaded-line phase-shifter structure was designed. A differential phase shift of 175/spl deg/ was achieved with a maximum insertion loss of 3.5 dB at 15 GHz, giving a figure of merit /spl sim/50/spl deg//dB. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a monolithic tunable microwave circuit using BZN thin films.
Data adaptive signal estimation by singular value decomposition of a data matrix

A new method is presented for estimating the signal component of a noisy record of data. Only a little prior information about the signal is assumed. Specifically, the approximate value of rank of a matrix which is formed from the samples of the signal is assumed to be known or obtainable from singular value decomposition (SVD).
Cross-Cultural Code-Switching: The Psychological Challenges of Adapting Behavior in Foreign Cultural Interactions

Previous research on cultural adaptation has focused on the challenges and outcomes associated with long-term adaptation to a foreign culture. Little has focused on the dynamics of cultural adaptation within single interactions, which are the building blocks of these long-term patterns. I fill this gap by introducing the concept of cross-cultural code-switching and providing an account of the psychological challenges people face in successfully adapting their behavior in foreign cultural interactions.
Motivational interviewing for medication adherence

Abstract Objective To familiarize pharmacists with motivational interviewing as a way to engage patients in discussions about medication adherence. Summary Motivational interviewing is a collaborative, patient-centered communications skill set that can increase behavior change by stimulating a patient's own internal motivation for change. Pharmacists using motivational interviewing can explore factors associated with medication nonadherence, assess patient ambivalence and/or resistance, and educate a patient to promote medication-adherent behaviors. Conclusion Pharmacists can use motivational interviewing to effectively engage patients in a conversation that addresses medication adherence.
A composite stopping rule for multinomial subset selection

The paper studies a sequential procedure R for selecting a random size subset that contains the multinomial cell which has the largest cell probability. The stopping rule of the proposed procedure R is the composite of the stopping rules of curtailed sampling, inverse sampling, Ramsey–Alam sampling, and the truncation of fixed-sample-size procedure. A property on the worst configuration is shown, and it is employed in computing the procedure parameters that guarantee certain probability requirements. Tables of these procedure parameters, the corresponding probability of correct selection, the expected sample size, and the expected subset size are given for comparison.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND GROWTH IN FRAG ARIA VESCA

SUMMARY Growth of Fragaria vesca under several conditions of temperature and light was closely related to rates of net photosynthesis calculated for the growing conditions. This suggests that the rate of photosynthetic carbon accumulation is limiting for the overall success of the individual and that metabolic acclimation of net photosynthesis to the environment may be an important adaptation for improving general carbon balance. Growth rate showed differing sensitivity to the five environmental factors investigated; variation in light produced the greatest changes while nutrient levels had little effect. There was good buffering of physiological processes at moderate temperatures with growth reduction pronounced only at temperature extremes. Under all treatments there was a reduction in the proportion of biomass allocated to reproduction as total biomass accumulation became limited. Temperature treatments shifted reproductive allocation from flowering at low temperatures, to vegetative propagation at higher temperatures. Plants were capable of growing vegetatively under the most limiting conditions without reproducing. It is possible, therefore, that natural limits to distribution may coincide with limits to physiological performance and dispersal rather than to the ability of a population to reproduce itself in place.
Narrowing the Narrowing Space

We introduce a framework for managing as a whole the space of a narrowing computation. The aim of our framework is to find a finite representation of an infinite narrowing space. This, in turn, allows us to replace an infinite enumeration of computed answers with an equivalent finite representation. We provide a semidecidable condition for this result. Our framework is intended to be used by implementations of functional logic programming languages. Our approach borrows from the memoization technique used in the implementation of functional languages. Since narrowing adds non-determinism and unifiers to functional evaluation, we develop a new approach based on graphs to memoize the outcome of a goal.
Genetic Mapping of Cell Survival Pathways using Enhanced Retroviral Mutagens.

INTRODUCTION. Apoptosis and survival play a crucial role in mammalian development. However the signaling pathways for survival are much less well understood compared to apoptosis pathways. The mammalian cell survival factors known to date have been largely identified either biochemically or based on genetic studies in other organisms. Efficient and effective genetic methods that allow systematic studies of anti-apoptosis genes in mammalian cells remain to be established.
A Spatio–Temporal Speech Enhancement Technique Based on Generalized Eigenvalue Decomposition

We present a new spatio-temporal algorithm for speech enhancement using microphone arrays. Our technique uses an iterative method for computing the generalized eigenvectors of the multichannel data as measured from the microphone array. Coefficient adaptation is performed using the spatio-temporal correlation coefficient sequences of the observed data. The technique avoids large matrix-vector multiplications and has lower computational resource requirements as compared to competing methods. The technique also does not require a calibrated microphone array and is applicable to a wide variety of noise types, including stationary correlated noise and nonstationary speech-like (e.g., babble) background noise. Application of the method to microphone array data in various environmental settings indicate that the procedure can achieve significant gains in signal-to-interference ratios (SIRs) even in low SIR environments, without introducing musical tone artifacts in the enhanced speech.
Exploration strategies for mobile robots

The problem of programming a robot to carry out a systematic exploration of its environment using realistic sensors is considered. The robot is modeled as a single point moving in a two-dimensional configuration space populated with visually opaque and transparent obstacles. The robot is equipped with proximity sensors, a vision-based recognition system, and a method of odometry, all of which have some uncertainty associated with their measurements. By using visually distinctive configurations of features in the world as natural landmarks, a series of local maps is constructed. The geometrical relationships between mutually visible landmarks are used to build a relational map from this collection of local maps. This representation forms the basis for a systematic exploration algorithm. The approach is implemented in simulation, and results are presented. >
Triage vital signs do not correlate with serum lactate or base deficit, and are less predictive of operative intervention in penetrating trauma patients: a prospective cohort study

Background Triage vital signs are often used to help determine a trauma patient9s haemodynamic status. Recent studies have demonstrated that these may not be very specific in determining major injury. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is any correlation between triage vital signs, base deficit (BD) and lactate, and to determine the odds of operative intervention in penetrating trauma patients. Methods A prospective observational cohort study was undertaken. Baseline vital signs, BD and lactate were recorded in all patients for whom the trauma team was activated. Pearson correlation and coefficient (ρ) were calculated. ORs were calculated. Results 75 patients were enrolled. Pearson correlations and coefficients calculated for lactate to systolic blood pressure were: −0.052 (ρ=0.0011, 95% CI −0.225 to 0.228); lactate and HR: 0.23 (ρ=0.0166, 95% CI −0.211 to 0.242); lactate and RR: 0.23 (ρ=0.054, 95% CI −0.174 to 0.277). BD to systolic blood pressure were: 0.003 (ρ=0.00001, 95% CI −0.229 to 0.224); BD and HR: −0.19 (ρ=0.038, 95% CI −0.399 to 0.038); BD and RR: −0.019 (ρ=0.0004, 95% CI −0.244 to 0.208). Odds of operative intervention were greater in patients with abnormally high lactate, OR 4.17 (95% CI 1.57 to 11), but not for BD, OR 2.53 (95% CI 0.99 to 6.45), or any of the vital signs. Conclusions Triage vital signs have no correlation to lactate or BD levels in penetrating trauma patients. Odds of operative intervention are greater in patients with abnormally high serum lactate levels, but not in those with abnormal triage vital signs or BD.
Diffusion of innovation theory: borrowings, extensions, and modifications from IT researchers

Innovation diffusion theory has been widely applied to the study of information technology (IT) innovations for more than the last decade and has provided insight into the adoption, implementation, infusion, and diffusion of IT innovations. This stream of research has strong potential for contributing both to the development of innovation diffusion theory and to providing pragmatic guidance to practitioners faced with the often difficult task of successfully introducing a new information technology or method to the workplace. Brief summaries are included of the five articles in this special issue of the DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems, which is devoted to information technology adoption, implementation, and diffusion.
Fetal Isoenzyme Expression in Human Tumor Xenografts

It has been shown previously that a human cancer cell line (HeLa TCRC-1) which produces only the Regan isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in culture, elaborates a different isoenzyme form when grown in an animal host. This alteration of isoenzyme expression results in the production of an isoenzyme form referred to as oncoamniotic (FL), since it shares many of the characteristics of the enzyme form produced by the FL amnion cell line. Here we shall report on the alteration of isoenzyme expression in a non-Regan producing cell line heterotransplanted into an immunosuppressed animal host. HeLa TCRC-2 is a cell line cloned for the exclusive production of an isoenzyme form which is most similar to adult bone type alkaline phosphatase. This cell line growing in an animal host produces an additional isoenzyme form which appears to be similar to the amniotic (FL) type. The original non-Regan alkaline phosphatase of this cell line persists, and is co-expressed during in vivo growth. When HeLa TCRC-2 is removed from the animal and placed back into culture, the exclusive production of the adult bone type alkaline phosphatase is restored. The present report indicates the dramatic alterations in gene expression observed when well characterized cultured cells are heterotransplanted into immunosuppressed animals.
Heterochronic Meiotic Misexpression in an Interspecific Yeast Hybrid

Regulatory changes rapidly accumulate between species, and interspecific hybrids often misexpress genes. Hybrid misexpression, expression levels outside the range of both parental species, can result from cis- and trans-acting regulatory changes that interact abnormally in hybrids. Thus, misexpressed genes may contribute to hybrid sterility. However, in the context of a whole organism, misexpre ssion may not result directly fromcis–trans interactions but rather indirectly from differences between hybrid and parental abundance of cell types. Here we eliminate the confounding effects of cell types by examining gene expression in a sterile interspecific yeast hybrid during meiosis. We investigated gene expression of the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. paradoxus, and their hybrid at multiple meiotic stages. Although the hybrid and parents exhibit similar changes in expression levels across meiosis, the hybrid meiotic program occurs earlier than either parent. The timing change produces a heterochronic pattern of misexpression during midmeiosis. Coincident with the timing of misexpression, we find a transition from predominantly trans-acting to cis-acting expression divergence and an increase in the number of opposing cis–trans changes. However, we find no direct relationship between opposing cis– trans changes and misexpression. Contrary to the notion that cis–trans interactions cause misexpression, a heterochronic shift in the normal meiotic gene expression program produces patterns of misexpression in an yeast hybrid. Our results imply that temporal dynamics of single cell types is important to understanding hybrid misexpression and its relationship to cis–trans interactions.
Interrater reliability of neuropsychological diagnoses: a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study.

Abstract This study examined the interrater reliability of neuropsychological diagnoses produced by clinical neuropsychologists across 4 medical centers. These diagnoses were based on evaluations using a comprehensive battery of commonly used neuropsychological test instruments, interview, history and medical chart review. The diagnoses of individual neuropsychologists were compared to those made by members of an external review panel for each patient evaluated. Patients were first diagnosed as showing cognitive impairment versus no cognitive impairment. If a patient was diagnosed as impaired, a specific neuropsychological diagnosis was assigned. The diagnostic classification for cognitive impairment was moderately reliable [kappa = .48 +/- s.e.(kappa) = .062]. The interrater reliability for specific diagnoses was in the fair to good range [kappa = .44 +/- s.e.(kappa) = .029]. These levels of reliability are comparable to those found for other psychiatric and neurologic specialties and for medical diagnoses made by other health care disciplines.
Psychosocial Functioning in Youth with Glycogen Storage Disease Type I

Objective To assess the quality of life and psychosocial functioning among pediatric patients with Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD) types Ia and Ib. Methods Thirty-one youth with GSD types Ia and Ib and 42 healthy controls participated. Quality of life ratings from the GSD types Ia and Ib sample were compared with a previously reported clinical comparison sample. Children completed measures of quality of life, loneliness, family functioning, and sibling relationship quality (e.g., warmth, conflict). Parents completed measures of parental distress, parenting stress, child adaptive behavior, and child emotional and behavioral functioning. Results Quality of life was generally lower in youth with GSD relative to healthy controls but similar to those with a chronic illness. Children with GSD were rated as having more internalizing symptoms, social problems, and lower independent functioning relative to healthy controls. Parents reported greater distress and parenting stress relative to healthy controls. Conclusions The presence of GSD types Ia and Ib are associated with reduced quality of life and independent functioning, and elevated levels of internalizing distress and parental stress relative to healthy peers. Relative to their children, parents generally reported that their child was more impaired, which suggests the need for multiple informants during assessment and active parental involvement during psychological treatment. These points should be kept in mind when assessing and treating youth with this disease and their families as psychological interventions that target areas of concern (e.g., adherence, coping with having a chronic disease) may be helpful for improving child and family outcomes.
It's All Your Fault: Kenneth Burke, Symbolic Action, and the Assigning of Guilt and Blame to Women

This article uses Kenneth Burke's concept of agency and, more specifically, the dialectic tension between symbolic action (SA) and nonsymbolic motion (NSM) to investigate two contemporary social controversies: obesity and sexual assault. We argue that situations involving loss of control over the body can be felt as symbolic acts and important failures requiring rhetorical solutions. The issues of obesity and sexual assault both embody linguistic choices that oppress and control women's perceptions of agency and their ability to free themselves from guilt and shame. Through our analysis of representative narratives surrounding the “sins” of appetite and desire, we reveal how the concept of agency underlies and vexes debates over obesity and acquaintance rape and complicates the allocation of blame.
Origin and Evolution of the Venus-Adonis System: A Retrograde Gravitational Capture Model

The Earth is the only habitable planet that we know of at present. Thus, we naturally tend to define a habitable zone based on what we know about our planet. In most discussions of the concept of a “habitable zone”, the Earth’s Moon is not even mentioned. In this treatment, I am going to demonstrate that a large natural satellite can have a dramatic, really critical, effect on the habitability of a planet.
Rhetorical Expectations and Self-Fashioning in Cicero's Speech for P. Sulla, §§18–19

Pro Sulla §§18–19 demonstrates a tactic of self-depiction unique in Cicero9s speeches; the orator represents an internal dialogue in which his natural kindness towards the Catilinarian Autronius is overcome by arguments that his audience can recognize as the prosecutor9s stock tactics of emotional amplification prescribed in De Inventione . By ostentatiously persuading himself to sternness with the stock appeals designed to persuade a normative audience, the orator can justify his actions against the Catilinarians while asserting that his essential nature is kind and compassionate. This tactic is both essential for Cicero9s persuasive strategy and useful for his broader self-depiction for the reading audience of the speech.
Transfer Bond Test Used to Predict Transfer Length of Concrete Railroad Ties

A study was conducted at Kansas State University to determine the correlation between tensioned-wire pullout tests and the corresponding transfer lengths in prestressed concrete railroad ties. Five different 5.32-mm-diameter pre-stressing wires were selected to be used on this project based on previous testing conducted at Kansas State University (KSU). The wires were tested to simulate the transfer-length bond.The transfer-length bond test involved tensioning each of the wires to 75% of their ultimate capacity, casting concrete around each wire and then de-tensioning the wire when the concrete had reached 4,500 psi. End-slip and force measurements were recorded on both sides of the specimen as the wire was de-tensioned.Transfer bond data was used to investigate the transfer length that each wire type would expect to see in a concrete railroad tie. Prisms with each wire type were cast and the transfer length was measured for each type of wire. Prism measurements were used along with the transfer bond data to correlate a relation between the transfer bond test and the transfer lengths of the prisms.© 2013 ASME
Overestimate of Fibrosis by FIBROSpect® II in African Americans Complicates the Management of their Chronic Hepatitis C

Background: Evaluation of advanced fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is used to facilitate decisions on treatment strategy and to initiate additional screening measures. Unfortunately, most studies have predominately Caucasian (Cau) patients and may not be as relevant for African Americans (AA). Aims: This study specifically addresses the issue of defining minimal vs. significant fibrosis in African Americans (AA) with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) using noninvasive assays. Methods: All patients (n = 319) seen between 1 January 2008 and 30 June 2013 for whom a FibroSpect II® (FSII) assay was performed and had data for calculation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) platelet ratio index (APRI) and Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) were identified using the medical records. Results: When liver biopsy score and FSII assay results for the AA patients with CHC were compared, 31% of AA had advanced FSII fibrosis scores (F2-F4) despite a biopsy score of F0-F1. In contrast, 10% of Cau over-scored. The AA false positive rate was 14% for APRI and 34% for FIB-4. Combining FSII with either APRI (7% false positive) or FIB-4 (10% false positive) improved the false positive rate in AA to 7% (FSII + APRI) and 10% (FSII + FIB-4) but reduced the sensitivity for significant fibrosis. Conclusions: The FSII assay overestimates fibrosis in AA and should be used with caution since these patients may not have significant fibrosis. If the APRI or FIB-4 assay is combined with the FSII assay, minimal fibrosis in AA can be defined without subjecting the patients to a subsequent biopsy.
Research of the overvoltage under the way of monopolar operation in ±660 kV DC power transmission system

On the basis of the basic data of Ningdong to Shandong ±660 kV DC power transmission system monopolar operation in Ningxia Power Grid in 2010,applying Advanced Digital Power Simulator System(ADPSS),establishes the partial electro-magnetic transient model including DC power transmission project,through the electromechanical and electromagnetic hybrid simulation calculates,studies when system appears AC and DC failures,the voltage situation of each backbone point,the power varying situation of the main transmission line,the varying situation of DC system voltage and DC line power,emphatically analyzes the situation of overvoltage near DC area.
FAILURE ANALYSIS FOR THE CASING

According to the data casing failure from oilfield, and casing failure as top event, the fault tree of the casing was established in the paper, the model included 47 different essential events. By analyzing the fault tree of casing, 27 one-order minimum cut sets, 29 two-order minimum cut sets and 1 four-order minimum cut sets of the fault tree were obtained. The casing failure is collapse, fracture and serious corrosion, finally the paper presents some measures of improving reliability of the casing.
Expenditure Problems in Intergovernmental Fiscal Relationship

The essence of intergovernmental fiscal relationship, judging from expenditure viewpoints, is how to define and classify intergovernmental affair rights. This issue is of internal complexity due to the difference from economic system, developing level, political institution and historical culture, and is reflected in diversity of gross and structural expenditure. This paper tries to draws a general conclusion by studying above factors, so as to get a better understanding of intergovernmental fiscal relationship.
Abstract 2915: Penfluridol suppresses glioblastoma tumor growth by inhibiting sonic hedgehog signaling

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common brain tumor with poor survival rate. The main obstacle in the treatment of glioblastoma patients is the presence of blood brain barrier, which restricts the movement of the drugs to reach the brain. Penfluridol (PF) is known to cross blood brain barrier and is a clinically approved drug for schizophrenia patients. It is demonstrated and established by us that penfluridol suppresses the growth of metastasized breast cancer cells in brain giving us the rationale to evaluate it against glioblastoma (Alok Ranjan, Parul Gupta and Sanjay Srivastava, Cancer Research 2015). Penfluridol significantly reduced the viability of U87-MG, T98G and U251 MG glioblastoma cells with an IC50 of 6μM, 5.5μM and 9μM respectively after 24 h of treatment and induced apoptosis as exhibited by FITC/Annexin assay and cleavage of caspase 3 as well as PARP. It has been shown that GLI1, a transcription factor belonging to sonic hedgehog signaling is overexpressed in GBM and responsible for tumor progression. Our results demonstrated that penfluridol treatment reduced the expression of GLI1 in U87MG, T98G and U251 MG cells in concentration-dependent manner. In addition, overexpression of MGMT, a DNA repair enzyme has been linked to temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in GBM therapy. Combination of PF and TMZ induced more apoptosis and reduced the expression of GLI1 and MGMT as compared to PF or TMZ treatment alone. Our results further demonstrated that oral administration of PF inhibited the growth of GBM tumors by 66% and 72% in subcutaneous and intracranial GBM tumor model respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue and western blot analysis of tumor lysate indicated down regulation of GLI1, MGMT and increase in cleavage of caspase 3, confirming in vitro finding. Apoptosis induction effect of PF treatment in tumor tissues was further confirmed by Tunel staining. Taken together, these results indicate that overall GBM tumor growth suppression by penfluridol was associated with inhibition of Gli1 and induction of apoptosis Citation Format: Alok Ranjan, Sanjay K. Srivastava. Penfluridol suppresses glioblastoma tumor growth by inhibiting sonic hedgehog signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2915.
E-Selectin and SDF-1 regulate metastatic trafficking of breast cancer cells within the bone

E-selectin is a key mediator of breast cancer cell (BCC) metastatic entry into the bone and stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is a critical molecular anchor for BCCs within discrete pro-dormancy bone marrow (BM) niches. Small-molecule inhibitors blocked metastatic entry and mobilized established disease from BM, suggesting a new treatment strategy to prevent breast cancer relapse.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Long-Term Stroke Risk After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background:Recent studies suggest that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for subsequent ischemic stroke, even years after the initial insult. The mechanisms of the association remain un...
Defects in Copper Indium Aluminum Diselenide Films and their Impact on Photovoltaic Device Performance

The electronic properties of polycrystalline CuIn1-xAlxSe2 (CIAS) films, which are incorporated as the absorber layer in photovoltaic devices, have been studied to better understand limitations on device performance. These studies have shown that compared to lower Al content films and to CuIn1-yGaySe2films, films with x ≥ 0.29 are relatively intrinsic, spatially nonuniform, and have broader bandtails characterized by much higher Urbach energies. This indicates that the CIAS films with x ≥ 0.29 are significantly more disordered than lower Al content CIAS or corresponding CIGS films, which likely negatively impacts the resulting photovoltaic device performance.
Reshaping Derivatives Markets: The Post-2008 Ambition

This Chapter looks back at the 2008 crisis, and at the destructive forces which, combined together, drastically amplified a dynamic of excess lending and excess leverage to bring down the global financial system and cause the worst economic crisis since 1929. Among them were the opacity and complexity of OTC derivatives. At the G20, or through major reforms like those in the US and in the EU, world leaders posed the foundation of a new market framework with the ambition to de-risk, stabilize and make derivatives markets transparent. Seven years through, with much of this agenda implemented, the chapter reviews the unfinished part, the unintended consequences and the new systemic threats.
Validation Study of Image-Based Fractional Flow Reserve During Coronary Angiography.

Background—Fractional flow reserve (FFR), an index of the hemodynamic severity of coronary stenoses, is derived from invasive measurements and requires a pressure-monitoring guidewire and hyperemic...
Synthetic Biology: Immunotherapy by Design

Cellular immunotherapy holds great promise for the treatment of human disease. Clinical evidence suggests that T cell immunotherapies have the potential to combat cancers that evade traditional immunotherapy. Despite promising results, adverse effects leading to fatalities have left scientists seeking tighter control over these therapies, which is reflected in the growing body of synthetic biology literature focused on developing tightly controlled, context-independent parts. In addition, researchers are adapting these tools for other uses, such as for the treatment of autoimmune disease, HIV infection, and fungal interactions. We review this body of work and devote special attention to approaches that may lend themselves to the development of an “ideal” therapy: one that is safe, efficient, and easy to manufacture. We conclude with a look toward the future of immunotherapy: how synthetic biology can shift the paradigm from the treatment of disease to a focus on wellness and human health as a whole. Expec...
Distinct Electron Conductance Regimes in Bacterial Decaheme Cytochromes

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 gains energy by extracellular electron transfer to solid surfaces. They employ c-type cytochromes in two Mtr transmembrane complexes, forming a multiheme wire for electron transport across the cellular outer membrane. We investigated electron- and hole-transfer mechanisms in the external terminal of the two complexes, MtrC and MtrF. Comparison of computed redox potentials with previous voltammetry experiments in distinct environments (isolated and electrode-bound conditions of PFV or in vivo) suggests that these systems function in different regimes depending on the environment. Analysis of redox potential shifts in different regimes indicates strong coupling between the hemes via an interplay between direct Coulomb and indirect interactions through local structural reorganization. The latter results in the screening of Coulomb interactions and explains poor correlation of the strength of the heme-to-heme interactions with the distance between the hemes.
Planning for water quality in OH: What role(s) for planners?

Abstract The Clean Water Act of 1972 requires states to develop total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for surface waters not expected to comply with water quality standards after controls have been put in place to address point sources of pollution, typically from business and industry. These TMDLs have gained attention as nonpoint sources of water pollution are increasingly recognized as intractable challenge by localities and their states (Hoornbeek et al., 2013). Planning at a watershed geographic scale has been promoted by the U.S. EPA to address both the scientific and community based challenges faced in addressing TMDL levels. Studies have focused on the breadth of watershed groups participation, on watershed group membership typologies, on watershed plan development, as well as on implementation of plan recommendations (see, e.g., Hardy and Koontz, 2008 ; Koontz and Johnson, 2004; Hoornbeek et al., 2013). However, the role these planning efforts play within community based comprehensive planning, as well as the inclusion of planners in the watershed planning efforts, remains unclear. This paper uses the state of Ohio as a case study to explore the role of planning and planners with respect to nonpoint source water quality mitigation, specifically related to the Section 319 grant related funding, through watershed planning efforts. Section 319 directed watershed planning are focused on TMDL guidelines to combat nonpoint source pollution levels. Addressing water quality at the watershed planning level in Ohio is a multidimensional and complex process involving multiple stakeholders at every level of government, public and private planning entities, as well as educational institutions and the nonprofit sector. There have been at least eight watershed related planning processes in the state since the start of this century, including Section 319 and the Balanced Growth Program which also requires a watershed based plan. This paper examines interview data with state level watershed entities and survey data from Ohio planners. These sources provide insight into state watershed action plan processes and the involvement of planners in water quality protection in general and watershed level planning activities in particular. The paper begins with a discussion of the complex watershed planning setting in Ohio. It moves into the results of the survey and interviews to understand the role of planners in this environment. The paper concludes with an assessment of the potential policy implications of the results and directions for future research. The results of this paper are important to ongoing efforts to improve and protect surface water quality in the U.S.
[Electrical infusion pump for patient-controlled analgesia]

Electrical infusion pumps (pump) were featured with the focus on patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). The specification and functional aspects of four types of PCA pumps were briefly summarized and listed in two tables. The clinical application of these PCA pumps should benefit both patients and medical staffs. For the successful introduction of PCA pumps into clinical practice, a medical team must be organized, where not only anesthesiologists but also nurses, pharmacists, medical electronic engineers and surgeons are expected to participate.
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Membrane Proteins: The Scrapie Prion Protein

Publisher Summary This chapter describes matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of the scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). PrPSc is a GPI-anchored membrane sialoglycoprotein encoded by a chromosomal gene and is implicated in the development of a unique group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases, including several human diseases, scrapie of sheep, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy of cattle. PrpSc is derived from a normal cellular isoform (PrPC) by an unidentified posttranslational event that causes physical changes and alters the location of PrP in the cell. PrPSc is more resistant to proteolysis, and after limited digestion by proteinase-K, an N-terminally truncated form accumulates. In a study described in the chapter, extensive peptide mapping of PrPSc was carried out using enzyme digestion. The study also included HPLC separation of the resulting peptides followed by amino acid analysis, Edman sequencing, and mass spectrometry. Mass spectra were obtained on a laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometer constructed at the Rockefeller University. The molecular mass of deglycosylated but not delipidated PrPSc was measured as 25,540 Da, approximately 150–200 Da higher than anticipated.
A Booster Intervention in a Connecticut Correctional Institution: A Pilot Study

This pilot study examines the effectiveness of a 4-session booster treatment intervention for offenders with mental illness in a correctional setting prior to transition to the community. This was a quantitative self-controlled case series design study. The twenty consenting female offenders in a correctional setting were non-randomly assigned to four groups of five members. Three repeated measures of data collection using two surveys occurred at baseline, pretest and posttest. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. This pilot study provides preliminary support for the effectiveness of a booster intervention in correctional institutions in bolstering and reinforcing previously learned self-care behaviors. Results revealed that the change in self-care behaviors observed was small yet potentially clinically meaningful. Not only did the booster intervention reinforce self-care behaviors, but also the brevity of the intervention supported treatment adherence. A booster intervention is clinical significant because it can maximize skills, reinforce knowledge, sustain treatment engagement and assist with transition to the community while supporting treatment completion.
Brief Introduction to Cushing’s Syndrome and Disease

Harvey Cushing’s classic monograph, The Basophil Adenomas of the Pituitary Body and Their Clinical Manifestations, was published in 1932. However, he first described a patient with this disease in 1912, characterizing it as a peculiar polyglandular syndrome including painful obesity, hypertrichosis, and amenorrhea, with overdevelopment of secondary sexual characteristics. At that time, he noted that, “whether these symptoms were chiefly attributable to disordered pituitary, adrenal, pineal or ovarian influences was uncertain.” Cushing’s description of the disease included all of those physical features which today we recognize as being classical. It is also of interest that a follow-up of the patient over a period of 22 years following the onset of the disease noted her to be in “reasonably good health, though some of the stigmata of her malady still persist.”
Vascular effects of a single bout of electronic cigarette use.

Electronic cigarettes (EC) are commonly marketed as a safe alternative to traditional tobacco cigarettes (TC), but recent studies have observed adverse effects on vascular functions from EC vapours similar to those observed from TC. Currently, it is not clear if differing levels of nicotine and compounds from heating in e-cigarettes influence vascular functions. Sixteen young, apparently healthy tobacco product naive participants were studied. Each participant underwent three separate "vaping" trials with menthol-flavoured quit smoking aid, electronically heated menthol-flavoured EC with 0% or 5.4% nicotine. During each visit, measurements were performed at baseline, immediately post, 1, and 2 h post-EC exposure. There were no significant changes in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, endothelial function (via flow-mediated dilation), and arterial stiffness (via cardio-ankle vascular index) throughout the experiments. In conclusion, vaping electronic cigarettes did not produce acute and persistent effects on subclinical vascular functions over the course of a 2-h trial in young, healthy, tobacco product naive participants.
Interpreting the Findings From the Recent PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibody Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials

The recent development of monoclonal antibodies targeted to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), e.g. PCSK9 inhibitors has revolutionized the landscape of lipid management. Many clinical trials assessing this class have demonstrated remarkable and consistent reductions in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Moreover, the GLAGOV trial demonstrated the efficacy of evolocumab, when added to statin therapy, in reducing the progression of atherosclerosis measured by serial intravascular ultrasound, with the first suggestion of continued benefit down to LDL-C levels of 0.5 mmol/L (20 mg/dL). This trial was followed by the FOURIER Cardiovascular Outcomes trial in more than 27,000 patients with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) where evolocumab reduced the primary endpoint of atherosclerotic events by 15%, without significant safety differences between treatment groups. Furthermore, subgroup analyses suggested greater benefits seen in those with longer exposure to evolocumab recent acute coronary syndrome, multiple myocardial infarctions, multivessel coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, as well as the subgroup who achieved very low low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels of below 0.3 mmol/L (10 mg/dL). Moreover, the EBBINGHAUS substudy demonstrated no differences in objectively measured cognitive function between treatment groups. The SPIRE 2 trial evaluating bococizumab in high-risk patients with baseline LDL-C >=2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) demonstrated significant atherosclerotic risk reduction, but the trial and further development of the drug was prematurely discontinued due to substantial attenuation of the LDL-C effect over time due to the development of neutralizing antibodies. Finally, the ODYSSEY Cardiovascular Outcomes trial testing alirocumab in subjects with recent (<1 year) acute coronary syndrome demonstrated a 15% relative risk reduction in the primary composite outcome, as well as a significant reduction in total mortality. Greater benefits were noted in those whose LDL-C at baseline was 2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) or greater. These trials collectively demonstrate the added efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors over moderate and high-intensity statin therapy for unprecedented low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol reduction and incremental ASCVD risk reduction.
Residential and commercial sector energy efficiency

Abstract The residential and commercial sectors are key components of local and regional economies. (The International Energy Agency uses the word “services” instead of “commercial” but represents the same or similar entities.) They are where people live and work, congregate for school and social activities, house governments, as well as seek care for medical services and religious functions. Buildings are perhaps the most obvious and tangible feature of the residential and commercial sectors. They are relied upon to provide shelter from the outside elements, and to provide energy related needs, such as thermal comfort, illumination, communication, refrigeration, and even varied forms of entertainment. The desire to improve efficiency within these structures stems mostly from optimizing the energy conversions used to satisfy these tasks. Along with industry and transportation, the residential and commercial sectors are classified as end-use sectors, utilizing large amounts of fuels and electricity to service many basic human needs. As noted in Chapter 6, annual energy consumption from these two sectors is fast approaching 90 quad (~95 EJ).
An Intelligent Children Healthcare System by Using Ensemble Technique

Health is one of the most essential aspects of human life, as a sound health is the source of all contentment. Childhood obesity and malnutrition are one of the major healthcare problems regarding children. Such a crisis can cause several diseases and death in the long run. We have strongly felt the need for an infallible system to safeguard our children users. To establish our idea, we proposed a framework by implementing the notion of the Internet of Things (IoT), where a child’s mental and physical health state can be tracked and necessary steps can be taken with the help of parents and health tutors. In our system, we set up a communication medium among children, health tutors, and parents. Various features like activity tracking, geolocation, and fitness programs are installed within the system. After recording the data from our child users, we compared our data with Bagging and AdaBoost algorithms.
Ferrosomes are iron storage organelles formed by broadly conserved gene clusters in bacteria and archaea

Cellular iron homeostasis is vital and maintained through tight regulation of iron import, efflux, storage, and detoxification. The most common modes of iron storage employ proteinaceous compartments that are composed of ferritin or related proteins. While lipid-bounded iron compartments have also been described, the basis for their formation and function remains unknown. Here, we focus on one such compartment, the ferrosome, which had been previously observed in the anaerobic bacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus. We identify three ferrosome-associated (Fez) proteins, encoded by a putative operon, that are associated with and responsible for forming ferrosomes in D. magneticus. Fez proteins include FezB, a P1B-6-ATPase found in phylogenetically and metabolically diverse species of bacteria and archaea with anaerobic lifestyles. In the majority of these species, two to ten genes define a cluster that encodes FezB. We show that two other species, Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Shewanella putrefaciens, make ferrosomes in anaerobic conditions through the action of their six-gene fez operon. Additionally, we find that the S. putrefaciens fez operon is sufficient for ferrosome formation in Escherichia coli. Using S. putrefaciens as a model, we find that ferrosomes likely play a role in the anaerobic adaptation to iron starvation. Overall, this work establishes ferrosomes as a new class of lipid-bounded iron storage organelles and sets the stage for studying ferrosome formation and structure in diverse microorganisms.
Contributions of episodic memory to novel word learning

Abstract Multiple theories predict that word learning is intimately linked to episodic memory, at least in the early phases of learning. However, it is unclear to what degree this link reflects more domain-specific (i.e., those dedicated to language or the lexicon) or more domain-general episodic memory processes that operate outside of language. One way to address this possibility is by using a behavioral individual differences design. This study examined whether behavioral individual differences in episodic memory abilities predicted adult word learning abilities. If behavioral performance in a nonlinguistic episodic memory task is predictive of behavioral performance in word learning, then it is likely that they share a common underlying nonlinguistic, memory-based mechanism. The results revealed that individual differences in episodic memory abilities predicted word learning abilities shortly after learning but not two days later. These behavioral results are consistent with prior neuropsychological observations (e.g., in amnesia: Kensinger, Ullman, & Corkin, 2001) as well as with theories positing a shift in reliance in lexical development from episodic memory to a distributed neocortical memory system after a period of sleep (e.g., Davis & Gaskell, 2009).