cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histologic comparison of the costochondral, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints during growth in Macaca mulatta.

Abstract The costochondral joint (CCJ) is commonly used to replace defective mandibular condyles in children for the restoration of normal temporomandibular (TMJ) growth and function. However, continued and harmonious growth following rib grafting is the exception rather than the rule. This may be due to the differences in the growth characteristics of the costal cartilage and the condyle. A joint that is similar both developmentally and structurally to the TMJ is the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ). The purpose of this study was to describe histologically the SCJ and CCJ during growth in Macaca mulatta and to compare the histomorphologic features with those of the TMJ. Costochondral and sternoclavicular joints were obtained from infant, juvenile, adolescent, and adult Macaca mulatta. The histologic sections were compared with mandibular condyles of the same ages available in our laboratory. The results indicate that the TMJ and SCJ are very similar morphologically throughout the growth period. The clavicular head contained layers of cartilage typical of the mandibular condyle, i.e., articular, prechondroblastic, chondroblastic, hypertrophic, and endochondral ossification layers, at each age during growth. Like those in the condyle, the hypertrophic cartilage cells were arranged in an apparently random, noncolumnar fashion. The CCJ, however, did not resemble the condyle but appeared to be more similar to the growth plate in a long bone epiphysis during growth. The results of this investigation indicate that the SCJ may be more suitable for mandibular condylar replacement than the CCJ.
Determining suitable locations for seed transfer under climate change: a global quantitative method

Changing climate conditions will complicate efforts to match seed sources with the environments to which they are best adapted. Tree species distributions may have to shift to match new environmental conditions, potentially requiring the establishment of some species entirely outside of their current distributions to thrive. Even within the portions of tree species ranges that remain generally suitable for the species, local popu- lations may not be well-adapted to altered local conditions. To assist efforts to restore forests and to maximize forest productivity in the face of climate change, we developed a set of 30,000 quantitatively defined seed transfer ''ecoregions'' across the globe. Reflecting current and future conditions, these were created by combining global maps of potentially important environmental characteristics using a large-scale statistical clustering technique. This approach assigns every 4 km 2 terrestrial raster cell into an ecoregion using non- hierarchical clustering of the cells in multivariate space based on 16 environmental vari- ables. Two cells anywhere on the map with similar combinations of environmental char- acteristics are located near each other in this data space; cells are then classified into relatively homogeneous ecoregion clusters. Using two global circulation models and two emissions scenarios, we next mapped the predicted environmentally equivalent future locations of each ecoregion in 2050 and 2100. We further depicted areas of decreasing environmental similarity to given ecoregions, both in current time and under climate change. This approach could help minimize the risk that trees used for production, res- toration, reforestation, and afforestation are maladapted to their planting sites.
Sustained lower rates of breast cancer in the United States.

We have previously reported that, a sharp decrease in breast cancer incidence rates had occurred in 2003 among women C50 years of age in the United States [1]. This decrease seemed temporally related to a decrease in the use of hormone replacement therapy. In this update (Fig. 1) we report that, this decrease has been maintained into 2005. Comparing incidence from years 2000 through 2002 to years 2003 through 2005 significant decreases of 12.0% (se 0.8) and 7.8% (se 1.0) are seen for women 50–69 and [70 years of age, respectively. No significant decrease occurred in women less than 50. This reanalysis using the most recently released data from SEER [2] shows that, the decrease occurred primarily in ER positive breast cancers, with the rate of ER positive breast cancer in women 50– 69 years of age decreasing 14.5% and ER negative breast cancers decreasing 2.1%. Because the SEER data does not include information about the use of mammography or hormonal therapy by individual patients, we are unable to unambiguously attribute the decrease in breast cancer rates to a decrease in the use of hormonal therapy. However, other epidemiologic studies have reported decreased breast cancer incidence after a decrease in the use of hormone therapy in settings where there were no significant changes in screening mammography, suggesting that a change in screening mammography is unlikely to be the cause of the decrease [3, 4]. The women’s health initiative combined hormone therapy trial recently reported results for women stopping combined therapy, and a clear decrease in breast cancer rates was not seen [5]. Thus, the etiology of the sudden drop in ER positive breast cancer in the general population is unclear, but it has clearly occurred and has been maintained.
Evidence for a calmodulin-activated Ca2+ pump ATPase in dog erythrocytes.

Previous work in several laboratories revealed little or no Ca2+ pump ATPase activity and little or no activation of the ATPase by calmodulin (CaM) in membranes isolated from dog red blood cells (RBCs). In the present work, intact RBCs from dogs were exposed to the ionophore, A23 187, in the presence of Ca2+. A rapid, apparently first order, loss of ATP occurred under these conditions. The first order rate constant was 0.0944 min-', or approximately 47% of that found in human RBCs under the same conditions. The anti-CaM drug, trifluoperazine, inhibited the loss of ATP and the Ca2+ activation curve of ATP loss in intact cells resembled that observed for CaM-activated Ca2+ pump ATPase in isolated human membranes. Taken together, these data are consistent with the interpretation that the dog RBC membrane contains a CaM-activated Ca2+ pump ATPase. 0 1986 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.
Implementing and checking timing constraints in real-time programs

Abstract This paper discusses how the timing constraints, which represent the timimg characteristics that computations in a real-time system must satisfy, are implemented in Flex . An implementation scheme of these timing constraints is presented. We also discuss briefly the interactions between constraints and the consistency checking to be conducted at the compile time.
WARNING LABELS AND ACCIDENT DATA

Accident data can be examined to assess the effectiveness of warning labels. In three separate analyses - involving vehicle handling, safety belt usage, and young children in bunk beds - we did not...
Knowledge maps for managing Web‐based business

Knowledge management has recently received considerable attention in the Web‐based business community. This paper discusses the key concepts of human‐computer interaction in knowledge development, and identifies new challenges of knowledge management for Web‐based business. Based on theories of knowledge representations and semantic networks, this paper proposes a structure of knowledge maps for knowledge management in the Web‐based business environment. An example of knowledge maps for online auctions is used to illustrate the application of the proposed structure of knowledge maps.
Characterization of the Vimentin Intermediate Filament Network on Substrates of Varying Stiffness

Cells, in vivo, generally live in environments that are much softer (∼kPa stiffness) than tissue culture plastic or glass on which they are usually studied (∼GPa stiffness). While the response of the microtubule and the actin cytoskeletal networks to substrate stiffness has been previously studied, the response of the vimentin intermediate filament network to changing substrate stiffness is not known. When cells are grown on different stiffness polyacrylamide gels, there is no change in the total amount of vimentin protein. However, there is a significant change in the amount of vimentin protein that can be extracted by Triton-X 100 when the cells are grown on substrates of physiological stiffness. In human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultured on glass, less than 5% of the vimentin is in the soluble pool. On substrates of physiological stiffness, the amount of soluble vimentin responds in a biphasic manner. The amount of soluble vimentin increases as stiffness decreases to a peak of about 65% soluble pool in cells cultured on a 5 kPa substrate. The amount of soluble vimentin then decreases again as substrate stiffness decreases to 0.2 kPa. This phenomenon appears dependent on contractility, as on stiff gels treated with blebbistatin or cytochalasin D the soluble vimentin pool increases and there is no change in soluble vimentin on 5 kPa gels. In addition, cells grown in a confluent monolayer on a 5 kPa gel show a significant decrease in the soluble pool. These observations can help to elucidate the function of the vimentin network, and suggest that in vivo cells maintain a much larger pool of dynamic vimentin than is seen under standard tissue culture conditions.
Chemically induced processes evidencing Raman gain

The highly selective Na3 + X (Cl,Br,I) reactions have been shown to create a continuous electronic population inversion based on the chemical pumping of Na2. Optical gain through stimulated emission has been demonstrated in regions close to 527, 492, and 460 nm ((alpha) equals 8 X 10-3 cm-1 for an individual rotational level at -527 nm). A device has ben constructed with a focus to increasing amplifier gain length and amplifying medium concentration based on the controlled intersection of supersonically expanded sodium and halogen atom sheaths. The interaction forms an extended reaction-amplification zone centered on-axis in an optical cavity, thus facilitating the conversion of the observed amplifiers to chemical laser oscillators. Initial results with this upscaled device, where the sodium metal expanded in both pure and seeded supersonic expansion is intersected by a bromine atom flow, provide the first example of chemically enhanced Raman scattering. Unique Raman signals are induced by and correlate with emission from the Na D-line components formed in the chemical reaction zone primarily as a result of Na2 + Br yields Na* + NaBr reaction, cannot be readily generated by light scattering due to an external light source, and appear to be enhanced by the environment of the reaction zone itself. The Na D-line emitters interact with cooled sodium dimers in a resonance Raman scattering process, for which computer simulations suggest a scattering linewidth, (Gamma) -4 cm-1. These results suggest an unusually fast resonance Raman scattering process which appears to be chemically enhanced. The results of initial double pass gain measurements suggest that a stimulated Raman process, similar to that associated with optically pumped alkali dimer lasers, has been observed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative Mass Production of Hydrotaea aenescens (Diptera: Muscidae)

A covered oviposition device was developed that allows collection of large numbers of Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (formerly Ophyra aenescens ) eggs. Eggs can be measured and known numbers added to larval rearing medium so this beneficial fly can be reared quantitatively for the first time. With the use of quantitative rearing techniques and a new diet consisting of 5 parts Gainesville house fly diet and 1 part meat and bone meal, H. aenescens can be mass-reared easily for biological control studies.
A multipurpose laboratory package for 0S/8 BASIC

A set of BASIC-callable assembler routines are described that support experimental programming on the PDP-8/e laboratory computer. The package includes both general-purpose laboratory utilities (e.g., for timing delays, sensing and controlling switches, etc.) and specialized functions to facilitate elementary signal processing operations. System performance is evaluated in terms of timing accuracy, optimal sampling rates, and transportability to other laboratories.
Angular Discriminant Analysis for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Hyperspectral imagery consists of hundreds or thousands of densely sampled spectral bands. The resulting spectral information can provide unique spectral “signatures” of different materials present in a scene, which makes hyperspectral imagery especially suitable for classification problems. To fully and effectively exploit discriminative information in such images, dimensionality reduction is typically undertaken as a preprocessing before classification. Different from traditional dimensionality reduction methods, we propose angular discriminant analysis (ADA), which seeks to find a subspace that best separates classes in an angular sense—specifically, one that minimizes the ratio of between-class inner product to within-class inner product of data samples on a unit hypersphere in the resulting subspace. In this paper, we also propose local angular discriminant analysis (LADA), which preserves the locality of data in the projected space through an affinity matrix, while angularly separating different class samples. ADA and LADA are particularly useful for classifiers that rely on angular distance, such as the cosine angle distance based nearest neighbor-based classifier and sparse representation-based classifier, in which the sparse representation coefficients are learned via orthogonal matching pursuit. We also show that ADA and LADA can be easily extended to their kernelized variants by invoking the kernel trick. Experimental results based on benchmarking hyperspectral datasets show that our proposed methods are greatly beneficial as a dimensionality reduction preprocessing to the popular classifiers.
The use of RFID for traffic management

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a globally accepted technology, which has a great success in the area of supply chain management and particularly inventory management. Businesses benefit from this cost efficient opportunity to scan and track inventories. The tracking of items with RFID devices is applied in a variety of areas, such as retailing, healthcare and traffic management. Traffic congestions in metropolitan areas have developed to a major problem in many countries all over the world. They have a negative impact on the economy, the environment and the overall quality of life. The purpose of this article is to discover the use of RFID technology to manage traffic congestions and to reduce the negative impact on the economy. RFID devices would give the opportunity to control the traffic in real-time and to gather valuable information about the development and the sources of congestions. Bottlenecks could be detected early and infrastructure could be aligned accordingly. Further research is suggested to achieve a well-discovered solution, developed globally by experts.
Quantitative light microscopy of combined perfusion and freezing processes.

SUMMARY The rational design of cryopreservation protocols for living tissues demands an understanding of the mechanisms of mass transport between cells and their environment throughout the entire process. We have developed a new microscope stage to enable a specimen to be viewed continuously during a preservation protocol, including the addition and removal of cryoprotective additives and freezing and thawing. The specimen is contained in a sealed chamber having inlet and outlet ports for admitting and collecting perfusate solution, the entire volume of which may be exchanged with a time constant of 1–5 s, depending on the solution viscosity. The temperature of the active area of the stage is regulated by the standard techniques of convection cryo-microscopy over a range in excess of 50 to — 100°C. A series of experiments has been performed on this system to measure the osmotic behaviour of rat pancreas islets during the addition and removal of dimethyl sulphoxide at temperatures between 25 and — 10°C. The technique involves mounting a single islet onto the low-temperature stage so that it is constrained from lateral movement by a specially sized mesh. Both the system temperature and chemical composition are monitored and controlled simultaneously and independently; as a consequence, virtually any defined cryopreservation protocol may be imposed on the specimen. For making permeability measurements, the bathing medium of the specimen may be changed very rapidly to produce a defined osmotic stress. Alternatively, the specimen may be subcooled to a specific and fixed subzero temperature, at which point ice is nucleated in the extracellular medium, creating a near instantaneous change in composition. The temporal alteration in specimen size is monitored by video microscopy and quantified by computer vision analysis methods. One of several mass transfer models is fitted to the data to estimate the membrane permeability based on the assumption of either transport dominated by the movement of water or simultaneous coupled flows of water and cryoprotective agent.
Extracting interesting related context-dependent concepts from social media streams using temporal distributions

To enable the interactive exploration of large social media datasets we exploit the temporal distributions of word n-grams within the message stream to discover “interesting” concepts, determine “relatedness” between concepts, and find representative examples for display. We present a new algorithm for context-dependent “interestingness” using the coefficient of variation of the temporal distribution, apply the well-known technique of Pearson's Correlation to tweets using equi-height histogramming to determine correlation, and employ an asymmetric variant for computing “relatedness” to encourage exploration. We further introduce techniques using interestingness, correlation, and relatedness to automatically discover concepts and select preferred word N-grams for display. These techniques are demonstrated on an 800,000 tweet dataset from the Academy Awards.
Investigating the world's rich and powerful: Education, cognitive ability, and sex differences

Abstract To investigate who becomes a member of the global elite, three groups were examined: the world's billionaires (N = 1426), most powerful people (N = 231) according to Forbes magazine, and World Economic Forum (Davos) attendees (N = 2624). All groups were highly educated and cognitively able: roughly 34% of billionaires, 31% of self-made billionaires, 71% of powerful males, 58% of powerful females, and 55% of Davos participants attended elite schools worldwide. Among billionaires and Davos attendees, many majored in business and STEM. In the U.S., top 1% ability individuals were highly overrepresented: 45 times (base rate expectations) among billionaires, 56 times among powerful females, 85 times among powerful males, and 64 times among Davos participants. Many powerful people and Davos attendees resided in the U.S. Education and ability level differences were found across countries and sectors in which billionaires and Davos attendees resided. Even within the top 0.0000001% of wealth, higher education and ability were associated with higher net worth, even within self-made and non-self-made billionaires, but not within China and Russia. Females were underrepresented among all groups, especially among self-made billionaires. These global elites were largely drawn from the academically gifted, with many likely in the top 1% of ability. The clustering of brains, wealth, and power may have important implications.
Octreotide promotes gallbladder absorption in prairie dogs: a potential cause of gallstones.

Abstract Background/Aims Gallstone formation during octreotide administration has been causally linked to increased biliary concentrations of calcium, protein, and total lipids, all purported prolithogenic factors. These changes may be caused by octreotide-induced gallbladder stasis or a direct effect of octreotide on gallbladder absorption. We tested the hypothesis that octreotide stimulates gallbladder ion and water transport. Methods Prairie dog gallbladders were mounted in Ussing chambers and bathed in oxygenated Ringer's solution. Electrophysiological parameters were recorded, and unidirectional Na + , Cl − , and H 2 O fluxes were measured before and after serosal exposure to 50 nmol/L octreotide. Results Octreotide exposure caused a significant decrease in transepithelial short-circuit current and potential difference and an increase in tissue resistance compared with baseline. These alterations in electrophysiological parameters coincided with changes in ion transport. Octreotide stimulated net Na + and H 2 O absorption and converted the gallbladder from a state of Cl − secretion to one of Cl − absorption by increasing mucosal to serosal fluxes. Octreotide effects on ion transport were blocked by 4,4′-diisothiocynostilbene2,2′-disulfonic acid and amiloride and reversed by theophylline. Conclusions Octreotide may promote gallstone formation by inducing gallbladder stasis and by directly increasing gallbladder absorption, which may act synergistically to increase the concentration of prolithogenic factors in bile and to facilitate nucleation and stone growth.
Structural Properties of the Creatine-Kinase Active Site Studied by Chromophoric-Reagent Labelling

The environment of the active site of creatine kinase has been investigated by means of three chromophoric reagents: 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, 2-methoxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide and 2-(dansylamino)ethyl monophosphate. 1 The first two reagents are incorporated at the essential thiol groups. The effect of pH on the spectra of the 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl-labelled creatine kinase suggests that this reagent lies inside the active site near an ionized residue, while the 2-methoxy-5-nitrobenzyl group is apparently exposed to the medium. Conformational changes induced by the binding of different ligands, including nucleotide substrates or anions, produce only perturbations of the 2-hydroxy-5-nitro-benzyl chromophore. 2 The 2-(dansylamino)ethyl monophosphate (which is really an analogue of the nucleotide substrate) interacts with the nucleotide site of creatine and arginine kinases in a relatively hydrophobic environment.
Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate partially reverses QRS prolongation due to flecainide in rats.

Hypertonic (1M) sodium bicarbonate can partially reverse the cardiac toxicity of some Class IA antiarrhythmic agents, presumably by antagonizing sodium channel inhibition. We studied the effects of 1M sodium bicarbonate on toxicity due to the Class IC drug flecainide. Anesthetized rats received i.v. loading and maintenance doses of flecainide to produce QRS prolongation of 76% that was stable over the 60 min study period. 20 min after the start of the maintenance infusion, groups of 8 rats received an i.v. infusion of 1M sodium bicarbonate (6 meq/kg) or an equal volume of 0.9% saline. QRS prolongation was reduced by 1M sodium bicarbonate but not only 0.9% saline (% change -12.2 +/- 10.0 v. +3.0 +/- 2.7, p = 0.001). Expressed as a percent of the flecainide-induced QRS prolongation, bicarbonate reduced this prolongation by 26.5%. The improvement in QRS duration persisted until sacrifice 30 min later. Compared to controls, the bicarbonate group had a significantly higher blood pH (7.55 +/- 0.06 v. 7.44 +/- 0.05) and serum sodium concentration (149 +/- 5 v. 137 +/- 2 meq/l). Serum flecainide concentrations were similar. These data suggest that 1M sodium bicarbonate can partially reverse flecainide-induced conduction delay in rats. This effect may be due to changes in the extracellular pH and sodium concentration. 1M sodium bicarbonate may be useful in assessing the role of sodium channel inhibition in mediating the toxicity of flecainide or other Class IC drugs.
Herbicides, glyphosate resistance and acute mammalian toxicity: simulating an environmental effect of glyphosate-resistant weeds in the USA.

BACKGROUND: With the emergence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, the environmental consequences of alternatives to GR technology are of increasing importance. A well-known acute mammalian toxicity measure, the LD50 dose for rats, is used to assess one potential environmental impact of the loss of GR technology. A new dataset with this index is used to estimate and simulate the effects for corn, soybeans and cotton. RESULTS: With conventional tillage it is found that the use of GR seeds reduces the number of LD50 doses applied per hectare by 17–98% depending on crop. With no-till, the use of GR seeds reduces LD50 doses only in corn. If farmers switch to conventional seeds because of GR weeds but maintain the same tillage practice, the present simulations suggest that LD50 doses could increase by as much as 100 LD50 doses per hectare in soybeans, and 500 LD50 doses per hectare in cotton, or 11.4 and 19.8% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to use field-level data to assess GR technology with a mammalian toxicity environmental indicator. It has been found that GR crops have a positive environmental effect, and that alternatives to GR technology increase toxicity. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Portraits of caregivers of end-stage dementia patients receiving hospice care.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how caregivers respond to the end stages of dementia with the assistance from hospice. Data were collected from 27 family caregivers over the course of 10 months, with each caregiver being interviewed up to 4 times during the time that the patient received hospice care. Chart review data were also collected. Four distinct caregiver portraits emerged: (a) disengaged, (b) questioning, (c) all-consumed, and (d) reconciled. Caregivers in each portrait differed in how they responded to the impending death of the care recipient, the disease progression, and hospice care. Recognizing the differences in the ways that caregivers respond to the final stages of the disease will assist hospice and other providers in best meeting the needs of the caregivers.
Monitoring of CdTe atomic layer epitaxy using in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry

Atomic layer epitaxy or ALE has proven to be useful for the growth of epitaxial layers of high uniformity, good quality, and well-controlled thickness. In this study, we have carried out in-situ monitoring during the atmospheric pressure ALE of CdTe on GaAs (100) substrates using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The susceptor temperature, reactant partial pressures, as well as the flow and flush duration for each precursor are crucial process variables for ALE growth. Growth was carried out for 20–25 cycles under different sets of these process conditions during the experiment and in-situ SE was used to verify the presence of layer-by-layer growth, which enabled the quick determination of the process window. We observed ALE growth of CdTe at 300°C, supporting the explanation that the growth of CdTe occurs via a surface catalyzed decomposition of the Te precursor di-isopropyltelluride (DIPTe). Investigation of ALE mode growth behavior for different susceptor temperatures and DIPTe flush times indicated that the growth was limited by competition between desorption and reaction of the adsorbed DIPTe species on the Cd terminated surface.
The core electron binding energies of oxygen difluoride

All of the oxygen Is binding energies which have been reported for oxygencontaining compounds are lower than that of molecular oxygen**. In all of the oxygen compounds which have been studied, the oxygen atoms are bonded to less electronegative atoms and are probably negatively charged. In this study, we have determined the oxygen 1s and fluorine 1s binding energies of gaseous OF1, in which the oxygen atom is believed to be positively charged’. These data and the 1s binding energies of 0, and F, (ref. 3) can be used with the point-charge potential equation’ to calculate the atomic charges of OF,. One can also use the data, with the equivalent cores approximation4’ 5 to calculate the heat of formation of the gaseous F$ ion.
Issues in Benchmarking Human Reliability Analysis Methods: A Literature Review

There is a diversity of human reliability analysis (HRA) methods available for use in assessing human performance within probabilistic risk assessments (PRA). Due to the significant differences in the methods, including the scope, approach, and underlying models, there is a need for an empirical comparison investigating the validity and reliability of the methods. To accomplish this empirical comparison, a benchmarking study comparing and evaluating HRA methods in assessing operator performance in simulator experiments is currently underway. In order to account for as many effects as possible in the construction of this benchmarking study, a literature review was conducted, reviewing past benchmarking studies in the areas of psychology and risk assessment. A number of lessons learned through these studies is presented in order to aid in the design of future HRA benchmarking endeavors.
The measurement of anxiety.

(1959). The Measurement of Anxiety. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 189-203.
Magnetohydrodynamic Riemann problem and the structure of the magnetic reconnection layer

We present a complete solution for a set of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Riemann problems in which the upstream and downstream states have the same total pressure, and in which the normal component of the magnetic field is very small. These solutions are pertinent to subfast flows in the earth's magnetic tail and near the magnetopause. In a coplanar situation a family of solutions exists that depend on two parameters as well as on dissapation mechanisms. In the parallel case the transverse magnetic field either does not change direction or changes the direction twice by involving two intermediate shocks. In the antiparallel case an intermediate shock is always required, except when the solution consists of two switch-off shocks. In a noncoplanar case the solution is not self-similar as a function of x/t, but continues to evolve. At early times the evolution is similar to the coplanar case. In general two time-dependent intermediate shocks are required to rotate the magnetic fields. The velocity shear has a strong effect on the Riemann solution. In some cases no Riemann solution can exist because of the cavitation caused by the slow refraction waves. The calculated magnetopause structure resembles the observed structure for northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). However, for southward IMF, the MHD result shows the existence of a depletion layer, which is not supported by observations. We also show that on the magnetosheath side, the Walen relation, which is exact for a rotational discontinuity, can also be well satisfied by a slow shock, an intermediate shock, or the head of a slow rarefaction wave.
Alcoholic drinking topography as a function of solitary versus social context

Abstract Thirty chronic alcoholics were asked to drink equivalent amounts of preferred alcoholic beverage in both group and individual contexts. Each subject participated in three group drinking sessions and three individual drinking sessions in a within-subject randomized sequence. The results showed that topographical and quantitative characteristics of drinking behavior did not significantly differ as a function of social context.
Use of image intensification for mass transfer studies in liquid-liquid systems

Abstract An experimental method based on electro-optical image intensification of radiotracer compounds coupled with low-light-level photography was developed for concentration measurements of an organic solute in an aqueous phase. Experimental concentration profiles as a function of time were obtained in the aqueous phase of the water/ethyl acetate and water/isobutanol partially miscible systems. The results obtained for both liquid systems suggest the presence of interfacial activity and microconvection in the region close to the interface. In addition, the relationship between the solute concentration in the aqueous phase and the time elapsed since the contacting of the phases showed an oscillatory behavior with a period of 50–60 min.
Effects of the prostacyclin products, 6-keto prostaglandin E1 and 6-keto prostaglandin F1α, on bone resorption in vitro

Previous studies have suggested that prostacyclin (PGI2) can stimulate bone resorption in vitro. However, this effect required repeated administration, perhaps because PGI2 is rapidly degraded or converted to other products, including 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha (6K-PGF1 alpha) and possibly 6-keto prostaglandin E1 (6K-PGE1). We therefore tested the ability of 6K-PGF1 alpha and 6K-PGE1 to stimulate bone resorption as measured by the release of previously incorporated 45Ca from 19-day fetal rat long bone cultures and compared their effects with those of PGE1 and PGF1 alpha. As reported previously, PGE1 was the most potent of the monoenoic prostanoids. PGF1 alpha was somewhat less potent. Of the PGI2 products 6K-PGE1 was an effective stimulator, but less potent than PGE1 or PGF1 alpha. Thus, the potency ratios were approximately 100:10:1 for PGE1, PGF1 alpha and 6K-PGE1. In contrast, 6K-PGF1 alpha did not produce a maximal resorptive response and its effects were not dose-related. We conclude that 6K-PGE1 is an effective stimulator of bone resorption in vitro, while 6K-PGE1 alpha is only a partial agonist. The formation of these compounds might account for some of the effects of PGI2 reported previously.
Unsteady rotor aerodynamics at low inflow and its effect on flutter.

A comprehensive flutter analysis has been developed utilizing compressible unsteady aerodynamics for a helicopter rotor at a low inflow condition. The rotor is treated as a nonuniform rotating beam with finite bending and torsional stiffness. The unsteady aerodynamic representation incorporates the effects of spanwise variations in Mach number and reduced frequency by applying available two-dimensional theories in a strip theory fashion. The results are characterized by an oscillation of the apparent aerodynamic damping with decreasing frequency ratio (oscillation frequency/rotational frequency) which suggests a new flutter criteria for rotors. These results are correlated with available experimental data.
The placenta in the litigation process.

The placenta accurately reflects many important prenatal events. It is therefore important that it be examined. This is especially useful in cases of possible future litigation, the &#x201C;bad-baby cases.” There is much experience now that pathologic findings in the placenta often have a decisive role in the accurate disposition of legal cases. This presentation describes the examination of the placenta and provides a brief review of the nature of placental lesions that most often impact cases of alleged malpractice.
Lessons Learned From Residential Experience With Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems for Combined Heat and Power

As part of a one-year Department of Defense demonstration project, proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems have been installed at three residences to provide electrical power and waste heat for domestic hot water and space heating. The 5 kW-capacity fuel cells operate on reformed natural gas. These systems operate at preset levels providing power to the residence and to the utility grid. During grid outages, the residential power source is disconnected from the grid and the fuel cell system operates in standby mode to provide power to critical loads in the residence. This paper describes lessons learned from installation and operation of these fuel cell systems in existing residences. Issues associated with installation of a fuel cell system for combined heat and power focus primarily on fuel cell siting, plumbing external to the fuel cell unit required to support heat recovery, and line connections between the fuel cell unit and the home interior for natural gas, water, electricity, and communications. Operational considerations of the fuel cell system are linked to heat recovery system design and conditions required for adequate flow of natural gas, air, water, and system communications. Based on actual experience with these systems in a residential setting, proper system design, component installation, and sustainment of required flows are essential for the fuel cell system to provide reliable power and waste heat.© 2004 ASME
On the role of visual rate information in phonetic perception

It is well established that listeners process segmentally relevant properties of the speech signal in relation to the rate at which the speech was produced. We investigated whether the critical rate information for this effect is limited to the auditory modality or, alternatively, whether visual rate information provided by the talker’s face also plays a role. Audio-visual syllables were created by pairing tokens from a moderate-rate, auditory /bi/-/pi/ series with visual tokens of /bi/ or /pi/ produced at a faster or slower rate of speech; these visual tokens provided information about speaking rate, but could not themselves be identified correctly as /bi/ or /pi/. Each audiovisual pairing produced the phenomenal experience of a single, unified syllable, /bi/ or /pi/, spoken at a single rate of speech. The change in visual rate information across the syllables influenced the judged rate of the audio-visual syllables and, more importantly, affected their identification as /bi/ or /pi/. These results indicate that visual information about speaking rate is relevant to the perception of voicing and, more generally, suggest that the mechanisms underlying rate-dependent speech processing have a bimodal (or amodal) component.
Continuum modelling of damage in ceramic matrix composites

Abstract A continuum model for determining mechanical response of ceramic matrix composites with damage is presented. The mechanisms of damage considered are those observed in unidirectionally fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites, viz. matrix cracking, fiber/matrix interfacial slip and fiber/matrix debonding. Four basic configurations of distributed damage at the microscopic level are treated: matrix cracks only, matrix cracks in conjunction with interfacial slip, debonds only and matrix cracks in conjunction with debonds. The elementary damage entities, i.e. cracks, debonds and slipped surfaces, are represented by second-order tensors which are regarded as internal variables. Using a thermodynamics based formulation of constitutive relationships with internal variables, the stress-strain-damage relationships are derived. Specific expressions are given for changes in the engineering elastic moduli in terms of the densities of damage entities for sparsely distributed damage.
A Thermal Instability in the Laser-Driven Melting and Recrystallization of Thin Silicon Films on Glass Substrates

This paper develops a conductive heat transfer stability theory for the laser-driven melting and recrystallization of thin silicon films deposited on conductive (glass) substrates. The important parameters are: laser power, laser intensity distribution, and beam scanning speed. Basic state temperature distributions are obtained for straight phase boundaries. These calculated temperature distributions show the origin of instability. A linear perturbation analysis is used to obtain the leading order corrections to the basic-state-temperature fields. The perturbation time rate of growth, as a function of the disturbance wavelength, is then predicted.
The flow past a fixed sphere in a slowly rotating viscous fluid

In a recent paper [1], the flow on a stationary sphere immersed in a slowly-rotating viscous fluid was studied by the singular perturbation technique valid for small Taylor numberT. An extension of the analytic perturbation solution up to the first power inT is presented in this paper to allow motion of the rotating fluid past a non-rotating stationary sphere with a constant velocity. The stream-lines are plotted in an axial plane for flow past the (fixed) sphere in the rotating fluid. It is found that a reverse flow occurs in the neighborhood of the forward stagnation point and it is accompanied by a forward separation bubble, such as observed by Maxworthy [2] and theoretically calculated by Miles [3].
High risk neurological gait syndrome and vascular dementia

We defined a 'high-risk neurological gait' (HRNG) syndrome based on presence of any one of hemiparetic, frontal, and unsteady gaits, and examined its validity to predict vascular dementia (VD) over 3 and 5 years in 399 nondemented older adults, age 75 and over. Cox analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for VD adjusted for potential confounders. At baseline, 54 subjects had HRNG. 14 subjects developed VD over 3 years and 25 by 5 years. HRNG predicted risk of VD within the first three (HR 3.3, 95% CI 1.8-5.9) and five years (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.7-4.2). Including executive dysfunction (Digit symbol scores <16) improved validity; subjects with HRNG and executive dysfunction (HR 12.5, 95% CI 5.5-28.4) or either (HR 5.9, 95% CI 3.6-9.7) had higher risk of VD over five years. Diagnosing HRNG is a clinically relevant approach to identifying older adults at high risk of VD over short intervals.
Structure of a bacterial microcompartment shell protein bound to a cobalamin cofactor

The EutL shell protein is a key component of the ethanolamine-utilization microcompartment, which serves to compartmentalize ethanolamine degradation in diverse bacteria. The apparent function of this shell protein is to facilitate the selective diffusion of large cofactor molecules between the cytoplasm and the lumen of the microcompartment. While EutL is implicated in molecular-transport phenomena, the details of its function, including the identity of its transport substrate, remain unknown. Here, the 2.1 A resolution X-ray crystal structure of a EutL shell protein bound to cobalamin (vitamin B12) is presented and the potential relevance of the observed protein–ligand interaction is briefly discussed. This work represents the first structure of a bacterial microcompartment shell protein bound to a potentially relevant cofactor molecule.
"Self-referral"--what's at stake?

"Self-referral" is the term used to describe a physician's referral of patients to an outside facility in which he or she has a financial interest but no professional responsibility. This practice has become particularly prevalent in certain parts of the country, where for-profit imaging centers, diagnostic laboratories, home health care services, radiotherapy centers, physiotherapy units, and other free-standing facilities have been soliciting investments by physicians who can refer patients to them. Self-referral is a prime example of the current and growing encroachment of commercialism on medical practice. The contentious and emotional debate that has been waged over this issue reflects . . .
Decay of remanent polarization in ferroelectric films using polarization-dependent photovoltages

Abstract Following polarization reversal, the strength of photovoltaic currents from lead-based perovskite film capacitors shows a dependence on time. An initial photovoltaic current decays rapidly to an almost steady-state current, which then decays slowly. We use a nonswitching surface layer model to explain remanent-polarization-dependent photovoltaic outputs in terms of photocarrier-generated screening of an incompletely compensated depolarization field within the film bulk. The rapid decrease in the initial photovoltaic current (photovoltaic transient) is explained as resulting from a change in the potential distribution within the film. The initial distribution results when charges compensating polarization are confined to the electrodes; the final distribution results when compensating charges occupy defect states within the volume of the surface layers. The slow decay in the steady photovoltaic current is explained as the result of changes in the potential distribution resulting from a slow decay ...
Gastric and extragastric leiomyoblastomas: clinicopathologic study of 44 cases.

Forty-four cases of leiomyoblastomas are presented and their clinicopathologic characteristics discussed. Most of the tumors were located in the stomach (26 cases). Biologic behavior correlated with the duration of symptoms, anatomic location, and the size of the tumor. Prognosis cannot be predicted with certainty on the basis of histologic characteristics. Thirty-eight per cent of the gastric and 55% of the extragastric tumors proved fatal. Treatment of choice depends on location and extent of disease but, in general, ought to be similar to that of leiomyosarcoma.
Mechanism of Allosteric Regulation of the Rod cGMP Phosphodiesterase Activity by the Helical Domain of Transducin α Subunit

The G protein α subunit (Gα) is composed of two distinct folding domains: a GTP-binding Ras-like domain and an α helical domain (HD). We have recently reported that the helical domain (HDt) of the vertebrate visual transducin α subunit (Gαt) synergizes activation of retinal cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) by activated Gαt (Liu, W., and Northup, J. K., (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.95, 12878–12883). Here, we examine the molecular basis for this HD-based signaling regulation, and we provide a new model for the activation of the target effector. The HD proteins derived from visual transducin or taste gustducin α subunits, but no other Gα HD proteins, each attenuate the PDE catalytic core (Pαβ) and synergize Gαt stimulation of the holoPDE (Pαβγ2) with similar apparent affinities. The data from studies of both HDt-mediated attenuation and stimulation indicate that the HDt and the PDE inhibitory subunit (Pγ) interact with PDE at independent sites and that Pαβ contains the binding sites for HD. The saturation of both processes by HDt displays positive cooperativity with Hill coefficients of 1.5 for the attenuation of Pαβ activity and 2.1 for synergism of holoPDE activation. Our data suggest the that Gαt-HDtregulates PDE by allosterically decreasing the affinity of Pαβ for Pγ and thus simultaneously facilitating the interaction of the activated Gαt-Ras-like domain with Pγ. Thus, we propose a new model for the high efficiency of PDE activation as well as deactivation, and, overall, a novel mechanism for controlling fidelity, sensitivity, and efficacy of G protein signaling.
Turbulent Flow of Molten Steel in Thin Slab Continuous Casting Mold

The quality of continuously casting steel is greatly influenced by turbulent flow in the mold. Understanding the unsteady flow structures in this process is an important step in avoiding failures and decreasing defects. The cassette filter function is used to deal with unsteady Navier-Stokes equation, and then the turbulent flows in the thin slab continuous casting processes are simulated with the large eddy simulation (LES) method with the Smagorinsky sub-grid scale model. Characteristics of the unsteady turbulent flow in the thin slab continuous casting processes are exhibited. The turbulent asymmetric distribution was revealed even the nozzle in the centre position. And the vortices are located at the low velocity side adjacent to the nozzle.