cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics of soil microorganisms associated with fungicide-dusted caladium seedpieces

Abstract The effects of three fungicidal dusts (captan ; a mixture of benomyl, thiram and streptomycin sulfate; and a mixture of chloroneb, thiram and streptomycin sulfate) on the short-term populations dynamics of fungi and bacteria associated with caladium seedpieces planted in raw muck soil were investigated. Both germinating seedpieces and seedpieces which were decomposing after the removal of eyes were used. To determine microbial populations, dilutions of a comminuted suspension of a seed-piece and surrounding soil were plated on selective media at 0,2,4, 8 and 12 weeks after seedpieces were planted. Addition of seedpieces to soil resulted in increases in populations in the following approximate chronological order: fluorescent Pseudomonas spp, Pythium spp, total bacteria, Fusarium spp and other genera of fungi. Most organisms assayed reached higher populations on decomposing than on germinating seedpieces. The effects of the fungicidal dusts on populations of microorganisms associated with seedpieces were not related to changes in populations that followed incorporation of the dusts into soil without seedpieces. The fungicidal dusts reduced total fungal population increases on germinating, but not on decomposing, seedpieces. Bacterial population increases were similar for all treatments of germinating seedpieces, but were prolonged on decomposing, fungicide-dusted seedpieces, as compared to controls.
Bioavailability calculations for drugs showing simultaneous first-order and capacity-limited elimination kinetics

A method is proposed for determining the bioavailability of drugs whose elimination from a one-compartment body model occurs by one or more apparent first-order processes in parallel with one capacity-limited elimination process. Plasma concentration-time data obtained after intravenous administration of the drugs are necessary to calculate the equation parameters (K1, Km,and Vm)needed to measure the extent of absorption after oral administration and to calculate the absorption rate constant using a modified Wagner-Nelson equation. Using simulated C,tdata,it is shown that the error involved in calculating the fraction of a dose absorbed after oral administration by assuming linear kinetics is a function of the absorption rate constant and the extent of absorption.
Hemorrhage risk after stereotactic radiosurgery of cerebral arteriovenous malformations.

TO ANALYZE THE effect of stereotactic radiosurgery on the hemorrhage rate of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), we reviewed the clinical and angiographic characteristics of 315 patients with AVMs before and after radiosurgery. One hundred ninety-six patients sustained 263 bleeds in 10,939 patient-y
Increasing use of the scapula osteocutaneous free flap.

Objectives To determine the appropriate use of the scapula osteocutaneous free flap (SOFF) and to document donor site morbidity. Study Design Retrospective review and prospective physical therapy evaluation. Methods A computer database of all free flap procedures performed at a single institution was created. Specific clinical and operative details from cases involving a bone flap were extracted from the database. Rates of usage of the various osteocutaneous flaps were compared over four successive 2-year intervals (1992–1999). A single physical therapist performed a structured evaluation of the donor site. Results Overall, 64 bone flap procedures were performed, of which 24 (37.5%) were SOFF procedures. The SOFF utilization has increased from 6.6% to 63.6%, while fibula and iliac crest utilization has fallen significantly. This is in part because of the greater versatility of the SOFF, with the possibility of separate skin paddles and adequate bone length. The mean cutaneous area harvested with the SOFF was 110 cm2 (range, 48–200 cm2) compared with 55.4 cm2 (range, 25–102 cm2) and 77.6 cm2 (range, 50–120 cm2) for the fibula and iliac crest, respectively. Mean bone flap lengths were 8.37, 7.65, and 10.1 cm, respectively, for the SOFF, fibula, and iliac crest. Dual skin paddles were used in 50% of the SOFF procedures versus 2.8% for the fibula flap procedures. There were no significant complications of the donor site in any patient, and there was only one flap failure (4.1%). Related to the SOFF, donor site morbidity was subjectively judged as “mild,” for pain, mobility, and strength. There were no complaints of poor appearance of the donor site. Activities of daily living were judged as “not limited” or “limited a little” in the majority of patients. Objective measurements of range of motion revealed an average reduction of 1° to 12° in five different shoulder functions. Elbow and arm ranges of motion were not limited. Strength was minimally reduced in the shoulder, while the arm and forearm showed no reduction in strength. Conclusions The SOFF is a versatile osteocutaneous free flap that can be used for a multitude of reconstructive problems. This and its relative lack of significant donor site morbidity have caused its use to increase significantly.
Scleromyxedema myopathy: case report and review of the literature

We describe a patient who had scleromyxedema associated with proximal myopathy. The histopathologic and electron microscopic features are presented. In addition, we review the clinical and pathologic features of all 9 previously reported patients with documented scleromyxedema and myopathy. Proximal (pharyngeal) or distal dysphagia (7 of 7 patients), elevated creatine kinase (5 of 8), elevated aldolase (3 of 3), and electromyographically demonstrated myopathy (7 of 7) were usual features. Four patients had muscle biopsies that showed myofibril vacuolar changes, but inflammation was infrequent (2 cases). Our patient responded to oral prednisone and weekly intravenous methotrexate with improvement of the erythroderma, papular rash, and muscle strength.
Detection of CN by degenerate four-wave mixing.

The detection of CN, an important intermediate in the nitrogen oxidation chemistry of hydrocarbons, in the B2∑+ –X2∑+ electronic band by degenerate four-wave mixing is reported. The radical source consisted of a H2/O2/N2/C2H2/NO atmospheric-pressure premixed flame. We estimate a detection limit of 3 × 1013 CN molecules/cm3 and a rotational temperature of 920 K. A tilted backward pump beam degenerate four-wave mixing geometry is investigated, and results show an order-of-magnitude increase in the signal-to-noise ratio over the conventional counterpropagating pump beam geometry.
Distinctive Modulatory Effects of Five Human Auxiliary β2 Subunit Splice Variants on L-Type Calcium Channel Gating

Sequence analysis of the human genome permitted cloning of five Ca2+-channel β2 splice variants (β2a–β2e) that differed only in their proximal amino-termini. The functional consequences of such β2-subunit diversity were explored in recombinant L-type channels reconstituted in HEK 293 cells. β2a and β2e targeted autonomously to the plasma membrane, whereas β2b–β2d localized to the cytosol when expressed in HEK 293 cells. The pattern of modulation of L-type channel voltage-dependent inactivation gating correlated with the subcellular localization of the component β2 variant—membrane-bound β2a and β2e subunits conferred slow(er) channel inactivation kinetics and displayed a smaller fraction of channels recovering from inactivation with fast kinetics, compared to β2b–β2d channels. The varying effects of β2 subunits on inactivation gating were accounted for by a quantitative model in which L-type channels reversibly distributed between fast and slow forms of voltage-dependent inactivation—membrane-bound β2 subunits substantially decreased the steady-state fraction of fast inactivating channels. Finally, the β2 variants also had distinctive effects on L-type channel steady-state activation gating, as revealed by differences in the waveforms of tail-activation (G-V) curves, and conferred differing degrees of prepulse facilitation to the channel. Our results predict important physiological consequences arising from subtle changes in Ca2+-channel β2-subunit structure due to alternative splicing and emphasize the utility of splice variants in probing structure-function mechanisms.
Continuous microwave-assisted isoflavone extraction system: design and performance evaluation.

The purpose of this research was to design, test, and optimize a continuous microwave extraction method using temperature and residence time during and after microwave exposure as optimizing parameters for extraction of major isoflavones (genistin, genistein, daidzin, and daidzein) from soy flour. The extraction yield of four isoflavones at different heating temperatures (55 and 73 °C) and extraction times (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 min) were investigated and compared with yields provided by a conventional solvent extraction method. The microwave prototype consisted of multiple, commercially available, batch-type, house-hold microwave units placed on top of each other in series to impart a continuous operation. The optimum parameters for microwave-assisted extraction of isoflavones were 73 °C for 8 min using a 3:1 ethanol-to soy flour ratio. At these parameters, the total yield of isoflavones extracted doubled, while the amount of oil extracted was 12%. Continuous microwave-assisted solvent extraction is a viable method for extraction of soybean isoflavones at relatively short residence times and high throughput.
Exploring the functional complexity of cellular proteins by protein knockout.

Comprehensive dissection of protein functions entails more complicated manipulations than simply eliminating the protein of interest. Established knockdown technologies, such as RNA interference, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, or ribozymes, are limited for specific applications such as modulating protein levels or specific targeting of a posttranslationally modified subpopulation. Here we show that the engineered Skp1, Cullin 1, and F-box-containing βTrCP substrate receptor ubiquitin-proteolytic system, designated protein knockout, could achieve not only total elimination but also rapid and systematic reduction of a given cellular protein. Stable expression of a single engineered βTrCP demonstrated simultaneous and sustained degradation of the entire retinoblastoma family proteins. Furthermore, the engineered βTrCP was capable of selecting hypo- but not hyperphosphorylated forms of retinoblastoma for degradation. The engineered βTrCP has been extensively modified to increase its specificity in substrate selection. This optimized protein-knockout system offers a powerful and versatile proteomic tool to dissect diverse functional properties of cellular proteins in somatic cells.
Thermodynamics of β-Catenin-Ligand Interactions THE ROLES OF THE N- AND C-TERMINAL TAILS IN MODULATING BINDING AFFINITY

beta-Catenin is a structural component of adherens junctions, where it binds to the cytoplasmic domain of cadherin cell adhesion molecules. beta-Catenin is also a transcriptional coactivator in the Wnt signaling pathway, where it binds to Tcf/Lef family transcription factors. In the absence of a Wnt signal, nonjunctional beta-catenin is present in a multiprotein complex containing the proteins axin and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), both of which bind directly to beta-catenin. The thermodynamics of beta-catenin binding to E-cadherin, Lef-1, APC, axin, and the transcriptional inhibitor ICAT have been determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Most of the interactions showed large, unfavorable entropy changes, consistent with these ligands being natively unstructured in the absence of beta-catenin. Phosphorylation of serine residues present in a sequence motif common to cadherins and APC increased the affinity for beta-catenin 300-700-fold, and surface plasmon resonance measurements revealed that phosphorylation of E-cadherin both enhanced its on rate and decreased its off rate. The effects of the N- and C-terminal "tails" that flank the beta-catenin armadillo repeat domain on ligand binding have also been investigated using constructs lacking one or both tails. Contrary to earlier studies that employed less direct binding assays, the tails did not affect the affinity of beta-catenin for tight ligands such as E-cadherin, Lef-1, and phosphorylated APC. However, the beta-catenin C-terminal tail was found to decrease the affinity for the weaker ligands APC and axin, suggesting that this region may have a regulatory role in beta-catenin degradation.
Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry in a MEMS device

Abstract We present a MEMS-based approach to temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (AC-DSC) for biomolecular characterization. Based on a MEMS device integrating microfluidic handling with highly sensitive thermoelectric detection as well as on-chip AC heating and temperature sensing, we perform, for the first time, MEMS-based AC-DSC detection of liquid biological samples, demonstrated by the measurements of protein unfolding. The specific heat capacity and the melting temperature of the protein during the unfolding process are obtained and found to be consistent with published data. This MEMS AC-DSC approach has potential applications to label-free characterization of biomolecules.
Epithelial Cells in the Hair Follicle Bulge do not Contribute to Epidermal Regeneration after Glucocorticoid-Induced Cutaneous Atrophy

One of the major adverse effects of glucocorticoid therapy is cutaneous atrophy, often followed by the development of resistance to steroids. It is accepted that epithelial stem cells (SCs) located in the hair follicle bulge divide during times of epidermal proliferative need. We determined whether follicular epithelial SCs and their transit amplifying progeny were stimulated to proliferate in response to the chronic application of glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetonide (FA). After first two applications of FA, keratinocyte proliferation in the interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and hair follicles was minimal and resulted in significant epidermal hypoplasia. We observed that a 50% depletion of the interfollicular keratinocyte population triggered a proliferative response. Unexpectedly, less than 2% of the proliferating keratinocytes were located in the bulge region of the hair follicle, whereas 82% were in IFE. It is known that cell desensitization to glucocorticoids is mediated via temporary decrease of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. We found that GR expression was significantly decreased in IFE keratinocytes after each FA treatment. In contrast, many bulge keratinocytes retained GR in the nucleus. Our results indicate that bulge keratinocytes, including follicular SCs, are more sensitive to the antiproliferative effect of glucocorticoids than basal keratinocytes, possibly due to the incomplete process of desensitization.
Factors affecting blame placement for patient assault upon nurses.

(1984). Factors Affecting Blame Placement for Patient Assault Upon Nurses. Issues in Mental Health Nursing: Vol. 6, No. 1-2, pp. 143-161.
Toward a Truly Free Market: a Distributive Perspective on the Role of Government, Taxes, Health Care, Deficits, and More

Toward a Truly Free Market: a Distributive Perspective on the Role of Government, Taxes, Health Care, Deficits, and More John C. Medaille Wilmington, ISI Books, 2009, 282 pp., $26.95 hardcover ISBN...
A high-gain, low-power CMOS op amp using composite cascode stages

This work demonstrates that the composite cascode differential stage, operating in the subthreshold region, can form the basis of a high-gain (110 dB), low-power op amp (27.8 µW). The circuit can be fabricated without adding a compensation capacitance. Advantages of this architecture include high voltage gain, low harmonic distortion, low quiescent current and power, and small chip area. These advantages suggest that this design might be well-suited for low-power instrumentation applications requiring multiple amplifiers as often found in biomedical applications.
Using a Media Centre to Facilitate Team‐Based Learning

Team‐based learning is a relatively new educational approach in which learning occurs in three phases. Team‐based learning is so named because in the third and final phase, students are organized into teams to participate in a classroom team‐based learning session. In the Department of Anesthesiology at Boston University Medical Center, a multi‐purpose Media Centre is used to facilitate the team‐based learning approach. This Media Centre facilitates the creation and study of team‐based learning educational materials distributed through a course website.
Evaluation of the nonverbal reading approach for two 12 to 13-year-old students with ASD

Abstract The ability of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to identify and comprehend text varies across age level and severity of disability. Phonics-based approaches that utilize technology-aided instruction have been used to assist younger students with ASD identify and comprehend text. However, limited research exists on the effectiveness of a phonics-based approach to improve the word identification abilities of older students with ASD. The Nonverbal Reading Approach (NRA) is a method that teaches students with communicative impairments, such as ASD, to identify words by sounding out individual phonemes using internal speech. A multiple probe design across participants combined with an adapted alternating treatment design was used to determine whether or not the NRA would be effective for two 12 to 13-year-old students with ASD. Results indicate that the teacher-led and technology-aided components of the NRA were effective for improving participants’ word identification abilities.
Application of geochemical mapping techniques to a complex Precambrian shield area in Labrador, Canada

Abstract Lake sediment and water geochemical data from a complex area of the Canadian shield in Labrador, Canada, display spatial variation patterns that can be linked to bedrock geology. Composite variables derived by R-mode factor analysis are effective in discriminating large-scale lithotectonic divisions, but single-element raw or residual data (corrected for effects of lake depth, Fe, Mn and LOI) provide better resolution of smaller-scale features and major tectonic boundaries. Archean high-grade gneiss regions are typified by high pH and Ni, coupled with depletion of U and F. This signature is developed most strongly over mafic igneous rocks, but is present also over Archean granitoid orthogneisses. Archean crust affected by Proterozoic structural and thermal reworking retains a high Ni signature, but is not depleted in U and F. An Early Proterozoic belt of felsic intrusive and extrusive rocks is defined by enrichment in F, U, Mo, Pb and Zn. Single-element variations suggest large-scale zonation of the belt, with the strongest enrichment over blocks interpreted to represent high crustal levels. Prominent geochemical boundaries coincide with major faults within this belt. High-grade metamorphic terranes comprising Early to Middle Proterozoic crust affected by the 1.0-Ga Grenville Orogeny show low geochemical relief, and are characterized by strong depletion in incompatible elements. In addition to reflecting the dominant rock types in each domain, some of these patterns may be related to the age, erosion level and orogenic history of the crust. For example, the Archean signature may reflect fundamental contrasts in the compositions of Archean and Proterozoic crust, suggested also by lithogeochemical and petrogenetic studies. Geochemical zonation over Early Proterozoic igneous rocks may be a function of crustal level, with the most differentiated granites, volcanic rocks and hydrothermal mineralization present in the uppermost levels of the belt. Depletion of incompatible elements over both Archean and Proterozoic high-grade metamorphic rocks may reflect expulsion of these elements by dehydration and anatexis.
Quartz Contents of Pelagic Sediments of the Pacific Ocean

The quartz contents of pelagic clays from the Eastern Pacific Ocean show a marked latitudinal dependence with a maximum around 30°N. Present evidence indicates that the quartz is mainly transported to the deposits through the atmosphere and that the observed distribution is probably related to the latitudinal values of the atmospheric wind fluxes and exposed arid land areas. A number of sediments display a distinct change in quartz content with depth. In all cases there is a marked decrease going from the recent to the older strata. It is suggested that the changes indicate a major climatic change that occured sometime during the Late Tertiary. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1958.tb01995.x
295. Effects of Sustained Anti-Angiogenic Gene Therapy in Multi-Stage Prostate Cancer in TRAMP Mice

Anti-angiogenic gene therapy is a rational alternative for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis and holds greater promise as an adjuvant therapy. Since this form of therapy targets tumor vasculature and not tumor cells directly, for sustained tumoristatic effects, stable expression of anti-angiogenic factors at a therapeutic level needs to be maintained. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated stable expression of angiostatin and endostatin during early and late stages of prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice. Cohorts of 8 week- old and 18 week-old male TRAMP mice received either no virus or 1.2 |[times]| 1011 genomic particles of rAAV encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) or mouse endostatin plus angiostatin by intramuscular (i.m.) injection. The effects of therapy were determined by periodic immunohistochemical analyses of the prostate for apoptotic index, endothelial cell growth and tumor proliferation. The levels of endostatin and angiostatin in systemic circulation were measured by ELISA and survival index was recorded as the endpoint.
Electro-mechanical anisotropy of phosphorene

The applied uniaxial stress can break the original symmetry of a material, providing an experimentally feasible way to alter material properties. Here, we explore the effects of uniaxial stress along an arbitrary direction on mechanical and electronic properties of phosphorene, showing the enhancement of inherent anisotropy. Basic physical quantities including Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, band gap, and effective carrier masses under external stress are all computed from first principles using density functional theory, while the final results are presented in compact analytical forms.
Measurement and analysis of dynamic instabilities in fluid-heated two-phase flow

Dynamic, density wave, stability experiments were performed using high-pressure boiling water and liquid heating. Liquid sodium at temperatures up to 500°C provided heat to boil water at pressures of 7–16 MPa and mass fluxes of 170–800 kg m−2 s−1. Water flowed inside a vertical tube, with a heated length of 13 m, and exited superheated in all tests. Special attention was given to the test procedure used to approach instability, and stability thresholds were determined. Experimental results were compared with predictions from the DYNAM computer code and two recent correlation equations. One of the equations was successfully modified to predict the experimental results well.
Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation and phylogeography of Neotropic pumas (Puma concolor)

Pumas occupy the largest latitudinal range of any New World terrestrial mammal. Human population growth and associated habitat reduction has reduced their North American range by nearly two-thirds, but the impact of human expansion in Central and South America on puma populations is not clear. We examined mitochondrial DNA diversity of pumas across the majority of their range, with a focus on Central and South America. Four mitochondrial gene regions (1140 base pairs) revealed 16 unique haplotypes differentiating pumas into three geographic groupings: North America, Central America and South America. These groups were highly differentiated as indicated by significant pairwise FST values. North American samples were genetically homogenous compared to Central and South American samples, and South American pumas were the most diverse and ancestral. These findings support an earlier hypothesis that North America was recolonized by founding pumas from Central and South America.
Splitting Mobility and Communication in Boxed Ambients

Stemming from our previous work on BACI, a boxed ambient calculus with communication in- terfaces, we define a new calculus that further enhances communication mechanisms and mobility control by introducing multiple communication ports, access control lists, and port hiding. The development of the calculus is mainly focused on three objectives: separation of concerns between mobility and communication, fine-grained controls, and locality. Communication primi- tives use ports to establish communication channels between ambients, while ambient names are only used for mobility. In order to achieve a better control over mobility, the calculus includes co-capabilities a la Safe Ambients, but with the addition of access control lists. These lists contain the names of the ambients that are allowed to enter or exit the ambient with that co-capability. The resulting calculus not only provides more flexibility and expressiveness than Boxed Ambients, but also enables simpler implementations using more powerful constructs for communication and mobility. We establish the basic meta-theory of the calculus by providing rules for type safety and showing that typing is preserved during execution.
Group B Streptococcus Infection Activates Nuclear Factor Kappa B in Human Cord Blood Monocytes † 928

Group B Streptococcus Infection Activates Nuclear Factor Kappa B in Human Cord Blood Monocytes † 928
Share repurchases and firm performance:: new evidence on the agency costs of free cash flow

Abstract In this paper we examine tender offer share repurchases to differentiate between the information signaling and free cash flow hypotheses. Previous work in this area has focused on announcement period returns. While we also examine announcement returns, our primary emphasis is on operating performance changes surrounding repurchases. We argue that the information contained in changes in operating performance, and its determinants, enables us to differentiate between the two hypotheses. Our primary finding is that operating performance following repurchases improves only in low-growth firms, and that these gains are generated by more efficient utilization of assets, and asset sales, rather than improved growth opportunities. Thus, repurchases do not appear to be pure financial transactions meant to change the firm's capital structure but are part of a restructuring package meant to shrink the assets of the firm. This evidence leads us to conclude that the positive investor reaction to repurchases is best explained by the free cash flow hypothesis.
An Efficient Approach to Surface-Initiated Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Cyclooctadiene

Surface-initiated ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclooctadiene (COD), a low ring-strain olefin, is reported for the first time. Polymerization was carried out in the vapor phase, which is advantageous compared to conventional solution methods in terms of minimizing chain transfer by reducing polymer chain mobility at the vapor/solid interface. Attachments of a norbornenyl-containing silane and a Grubbs catalyst to silicon substrates were carried out before samples were exposed to COD vapor. The thickness of grafted 1,4-polybutadiene films was controlled by reaction time and reached ∼40 nm after 7 h. The polymer films were further chemically modified to afford a new polymer, head-to-head poly(vinyl alcohol).
Room-temperature micro-photonic bolometer based on dielectric optical resonators

In this paper we present a room-temperature micro-photonic bolometer that is based on the whispering gallery mode of dielectric resonator (WGM). The sensing element is a hollow micro-spherical optical polymeric resonator. The hollow resonator is filled with a fluid (gas or liquid) that has a large thermal expansion. When an incoming radiation impinges on the resonator is absorbed by the absorbing fluid leading to a thermal expansion of the micro-resonator. The thermal expansion induces changes in the morphology of the resonator (size and index of refraction), that in turn lead to a shift of the optical resonances (WGM). The optical resonances are typically excited using a single mode optical fiber. The preliminary analysis presented in this paper, shows that these sensors can measure energies of the order of 0.1J/m2.
The End of the Cold War as a Hard Case for Ideas

The articles in this special issue of the journal succeeded in meeting the core objective set out in the introduction: to refine, deepen, and extend previous studies of the role of ideas in the end of the Cold War. In particular, they confront more forthrightly than past studies a major challenge of studying ideas in this case; namely, that ideas, material incentives, and policy all covaried. Two other important problems for those seeking to establish an independent role for ideas remain to be addressed in future studies. Facing those problems as squarely as the contributors to this issue have faced the covariation problem will yield major benefits for the study of ideas in this case and in international relations more generally.
Effect of knowledge of set size on search termination in long-term memory

Ss were asked to list all the states whose names began with the letter “M” or “N.” One group was told how many state names actually belonged to each set, while the other group was not told. The informed group worked at the task twice as long as the uninformed group and retrieved significantly more state names. The results were related to the problem of specifying quitting rules in recall.
Split dual Dyer-Lashof operations

For each admissible monomial of Dyer-Lashof operations QI, we define a corresponding natural function QI:TH∗(X)→H∗(ΩnΣnX), called a Dyer-Lashof splitting. For every homogeneous class x in H∗(X), a Dyer-Lashof splitting QI determines a canonical element y in H∗(ΩnϵnX) so that y is connected to x by the dual homomorphism to the operation QI. The sum of the images of all the admissible Dyer-Lashof splittings contains a complete set of algebra generators for H∗(ΩnΣnX).
Esophageal Lung With Cardiac Abnormalities

This report concerns the 11th case of esophageal lung and the first described with complex congenital heart disease. Although rare, it may be suspected clinically in the newborn period. Esophageal lung is differentiated from pulmonary sequestration by its arterial supply, extent of pulmonary involvement, and esophageal origin of the involved main stem bronchus.
Metagenomic investigation of microbes and viruses in patients with jaw osteonecrosis associated with bisphosphonate therapy

Objective The goal of this preliminary study was to use metagenomic approaches to investigate the taxonomic diversity of microorganisms in patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). Study Design Samples of saliva for planktonic microbial analysis and biofilm cultivation were collected from 10 patients (5 with BRONJ and 5 non-BRONJ control subjects) who met all ascertainment criteria. Prophage induction experiments—16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and 454 pyrosequencing—and epifluorescent microscopy were performed for characterization and enumeration of microbes and viruses. Results Three phyla of microbes—Proteobacteria (70%), Firmicutes (26.9%), and Actinobacteria (1.95%)—dominated all BRONJ samples and accounted for almost 99% of the total data. Viral abundance was ∼1 order of magnitude greater than microbial cell abundance and comprised mainly phage viruses. Conclusions Individuals with jaw osteonecrosis harbored different microbial assemblages than nonaffected patients, and in general viral abundance and prophage induction increased with biofilm formation, suggesting that biofilm formation encouraged lysogenic interactions between viruses and microbial hosts and may contribute to pathogenicity.
A real-time virtual delivery system for photon radiotherapy delivery monitoring

Purpose: Treatment delivery monitoring is important for radiotherapy, which enables catching dosimetric error at the earliest possible opportunity. This project develops a virtual delivery system to monitor the dose delivery process of photon radiotherapy in real-time using GPU-based Monte Carlo (MC) method. Methods : The simulation process consists of 3 parallel CPU threads. A thread T1 is responsible for communication with a linac, which acquires a set of linac status parameters, e.g. gantry angles, MLC configurations, and beam MUs every 20 ms. Since linac vendors currently do not offer interface to acquire data in real time, we mimic this process by fetching information from a linac dynalog file at the set frequency. Instantaneous beam fluence map (FM) is calculated based. A FM buffer is also created in T1 and the instantaneous FM is accumulated to it. This process continues, until a ready signal is received from thread T2 on which an in-house developed MC dose engine executes on GPU. At that moment, the accumulated FM is transferred to T2 for dose calculations, and the FM buffer in T1 is cleared. Once the dose calculation finishes, the resulting 3D dose distribution is directed to thread T3, which displays it in three orthogonal planes in color wash overlaid on the CT image. This process continues to monitor the 3D dose distribution in real-time. Results: An IMRT and a VMAT cases used in our patient-specific QA are studied. Maximum dose differences between our system and treatment planning system are 0.98% and 1.58% for the IMRT and VMAT cases, respectively. The update frequency is >10Hz and the relative uncertainty level is 2%. Conclusion : By embedding a GPU-based MC code in a novel data/work flow, it is possible to achieve real-time MC dose calculations to monitor delivery process. ------------------------------ Cite this article as: Shi F, Gu X, Graves YJ, Jiang S, Jia X. A real-time virtual delivery system for photon radiotherapy delivery monitoring. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2(2):020222. DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0202.22
WIYN Open Cluster Study. VI. Interpretive Models of Light-Element Depletion from M67 Subgiants

We present evolutionary models of subgiant stars in M67 that follow the surface abundances of lithium and beryllium. These models include a number of physical processes that have been proposed as explanations for the main-sequence depletion of lithium in the Hyades. We use the observed lithium abundance as a function of temperature in M67 subgiants and the correlation between lithium and beryllium depletion to distinguish between these models. We find that constant main-sequence mass loss and diffusion are strongly ruled out as viable mechanisms for light-element depletion in main-sequence stars. Rotationally induced mixing is strongly supported by the lithium- and beryllium-depletion correlation observed in Population I field F stars; such mixing is also consistent with the lithium abundances observed in M67 subgiants, although we discuss some possible complications.
Sooting Behavior of Gaseous Hydrocarbon Diffusion Flames and the Influence of Additives

Abstract The sooting behavior of laminar diffusion flames were altered by addition of diluents to the fuel flow. Fuel additives which decrease the sooting tendency had an effectiveness in order of their molar specific heat capacity; helium exhibited some exaggerated trends, probably due to its high thermal diffusivity. The effect of water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide in reducing the tendency to soot was purely thermal with no observable chemical interaction. Trace amounts of oxidizers and halogenated compounds increased the sooting tendency substantially. Results from tests with blended fuels and fuel-hydrogen nitrogen mixtures in which the C/H ratio and temperature were controlled revealed that C/H ratio was not a dominant parameter in the sooting tendency. These results and temperature measurements provided evidence that the sooting behavior of a diffusion flame is controlled by the initial fuel pyrolysis which is dominated by the flame temperature and the field it causes. Since accurate ca...
Stability of W1/O/W2 multiple emulsions: Influence of ripening and interfacial interactions

Abstract Both theoretical and experimental approaches to the stability of W 1 /O/W 2 multiple emulsions are developed. The theoretical approach emphasizes the role of Ostwald ripening in countering stability in W/O emulsions, and discusses the addition of an oil-insoluble solute to the inner water phase of the system in order to prevent this mechanism. The approach assumes complete stability of the W 1 /O/W 2 interfacial films. The oil-insoluble solute is shown to stabilize both the first W 1 /O emulsion and the inner water droplets at the O/W 2 interface. The experimental approach shows that the presence of an electrolyte in W 1 is necessary for the stability of a multiple emulsion. The behavior of W 1 /O/W 2 systems containing cetyldimethicone copolyol as low HLB emulsifier and either SDS or betaine (cocamidopropylbetaine) as high HLB emulsifiers is experimentally observed by video-microscopy. The observed variation in structures leads us to consider three possible factors influencing the stability of W 1 /O/W 2 : (1) Laplace and osmotic effects between the two aqueous phases; (2) the interactions between the low and high HLB emulsifiers at the O/W 2 interface; and (3) polymeric thickener–hydrophilic emulsifier interactions in the outer phase (W 2 ).
Crystal structure of the D85S mutant of bacteriorhodopsin: model of an O-like photocycle intermediate.

Abstract Crystal structures are reported for the D85S and D85S/F219L mutants of the light-driven proton/hydroxyl-pump bacteriorhodopsin. These mutants crystallize in the orthorhombic C 222 1 spacegroup, and provide the first demonstration that monoolein-based cubic lipid phase crystallization can support the growth of well-diffracting crystals in non-hexagonal spacegroups. Both structures exhibit similar and substantial differences relative to wild-type bacteriorhodopsin, suggesting that they represent inherent features resulting from neutralization of the Schiff base counterion Asp85. We argue that these structures provide a model for the last photocycle intermediate (O) of bacteriorhodopsin, in which Asp85 is protonated, the proton release group is deprotonated, and the retinal has reisomerized to all- trans . Unlike for the M and N photointermediates, where structural changes occur mainly on the cytoplasmic side, here the large-scale changes are confined to the extracellular side. As in the M intermediate, the side-chain of Arg82 is in a downward configuration, and in addition, a π-cloud hydrogen bond forms between Trp189 NE1 and Trp138. On the cytoplasmic side, there is increased hydration near the surface, suggesting how Asp96 might communicate with the bulk during the rise of the O intermediate.
Ultrastructure of commissural neurons of the hilar region in the hippocampal dentate gyrus

Previous studies have described the polymorph neurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus at the light microscopic level and have indicated that many of those neurons are the cells of origin for both ipsilateral associational and commissural projections to the dentate gyrus. Because previous studies have not described the ultrastructural characteristics of the hilar neurons, we identified these features of the commissural neurons in the hilus. The method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was utilized with a silver staining technique for HRP intensification. Two populations of labeled commissural neurons were observed in electron microscopic preparations of the contralateral hilus. One type consisted of cells with somata that exhibited round or oval nuclei with no intranuclear inclusions and formed symmetric axosomatic synapses. The main dendrites of those neurons were thick and tapering. In contrast, the other type of labeled neuronal soma had infolded nuclei containing intranuclear rods or sheets, displayed both symmetric and asymmetric axosomatic synapses, and had dendrites that were less thick and generally aspinous. In those same preparations, labeled commissural axon terminals formed synapses with dendrites and dendritic spines in the hilus and molecular layer and with somata in the granule cell layer. From the results of this study it appears that there are two distinct populations of commissural hilar neurons: one type resembles the morphology of the spiny CA3 pyramidal neuron, a type of excitatory projection cell, and the other type is similar to the dentate gyrus basket cell, a local circuit neuron associated with GABAergic inhibition. This latter cell type provides further support for the notion that some commissural neurons are inhibitory.
Complete Duplication of Collecting System in a Horseshoe Kidney Presenting with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: Report of an Exceedingly Rare Congenital Anomaly and Review of Literature

We report the fifth case in the English literature of a horseshoe kidney with a complete ureteral duplication. Our case is unique in that the previous four cases occurred in the presence of a ureterocele, whereas our patient lacked this anomaly. Further, our patient was managed conservatively, whereas the previous four patients were managed with surgery.
Personal and Family Health in Rural Areas of Kentucky With and Without Mountaintop Coal Mining

Purpose This study investigates health disparities for adults residing in a mountaintop coal mining area of Appalachian Kentucky. Mountaintop mining areas are characterized by severe economic disadvantage and by mining-related environmental hazards. Methods A community-based participatory research study was implemented to collect information from residents on health conditions and symptoms for themselves and other household members in a rural mountaintop mining area compared to a rural nonmining area of eastern Kentucky. A door-to-door health interview collected data from 952 adults. Data were analyzed using prevalence rate ratio models. Findings Adjusting for covariates, significantly poorer health conditions were observed in the mountaintop mining community on: self-rated health status, illness symptoms across multiple organ systems, lifetime and current asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hypertension. Respondents in mountaintop mining communities were also significantly more likely to report that household members had experienced serious illness, or had died from cancer in the past 5 years. Significant differences were not observed for self-reported cancer, angina, or stroke, although differences in cardiovascular symptoms and household cancer were reported. Conclusions Efforts to reduce longstanding health problems in Appalachia must focus on mountaintop mining portions of the region, and should seek to eliminate socioeconomic and environmental disparities.
Inattentive Achievement: The Challenges and Opportunities of Learning With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Inattention and disruptive behaviors are complex symptoms experienced in childhood and result in multilevel dysfunction. In this issue of the Journal, Sayal et al. 1 examine how increasing levels of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and oppositional-defiant behaviors starting at 7 years of age affect academic achievement at 16 years. This study contributes to established research demonstrating that symptoms associated with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavioral disorders can negatively affect long-term academic outcomes. 2-4 Such negative outcomes are not limited to poor grades but extend to poor reading and mathematics standardized test scores, increased grade retention, and, ultimately, decreased rates of high school graduation and postsecondary education. 5 The study by Sayal et al. was conducted in a large community-based sample of 11,640 youth in Great Britain, where scores on a national General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examination define academic achievement outcomes at 16 years of age. They found an inverse linear association between inattention symptoms and GCSE scores. Among boys, those with ADHD had a more than 2-fold increased likelihood of not achieving 5 good GCSE scores compared with those without ADHD. Inattention at 7 years of age showed the strongest and most consistent association with outcomes at 16 years. Nevertheless, in boys, oppositional-defiant behaviors also were independently associated with worse outcomes, and disruptive behavioral disorders, including oppositional-defiant and/or persistent rule-breaking behaviors, were associated with lower GCSE scores. Collectively, these findings parallel those described in other longitudinal outcome studies 4,5 that suggest that ADHD and disruptive behavioral disorders are associated with worse academic outcomes. This has important implications for policy and allocation of educational resources for youth with these conditions. Conceptual models of ADHD that embrace its heteroge
Impact of the "Planning to be Active" leisure time physical exercise program on rural high school students.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of a Social Cognitive Theory-based intervention designed to increase the frequency of leisure time planned moderate and vigorous physical exercise among rural high school students attending physical education class. Methods Students in treatment and comparison groups were exposed to an activity-based physical education curricula. The treatment group received eight behavioral skill-building lessons integrated into the existing curriculum. Results The Social Cognitive Theory-based educational treatment increased levels of moderate physical exercise occurring outside the classroom. Conclusions This study demonstrated an impact on adolescent leisure time moderate physical exercise using classroom instruction. The intervention was most effective with students who were previously sedentary. The curricular approaches used to promote regular moderate exercise may be useful for sedentary adolescents.
ReShare: An Operational Ontology Framework for Research Modeling, Combining and Sharing

Scientists always face difficulties dealing with disjointed information. There is a need for a standardized and robust way to represent and exchange knowledge. Ontology has been widely used for this purpose. However, since research involves semantics and operations, we need to conceptualize both of them. In this article, we propose ReShare to provide a solution for this problem. Maximizing utilization while preserving the semantics is one of the main challenges when the heterogeneous knowledge is combined. Therefore, operational annotations were designed to allow generic object modeling, binding and representation. Furthermore, a test bed is developed and preliminary results are presented to show the usefulness and robustness of our approach.
Electron Transfer between Cytochrome c and Cytochome c Peroxidase in Single Crystals

Cytochrome c (Cc) and cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) form an important redox pair for understanding interprotein electron transfer (ET). Measurements of ET rates from photoexcited CcP substituted with Zn porphyrin to either yeast Fe(III)Cc or horse Fe(III)Cc in crystals reveal that the molecular associations found in the respective crystal structures determine solution reactivity. Similar forward rates for yeast isozyme-1 Cc (yCc) and yCc homologue horse Cc (hCc), despite different orientations relative to CcP, suggest small-amplitude conformational gating of ET even in the crystalline state; faster back ET in the yCc compared to the hCc complex agrees with the relative coupling between redox sites predicted by the structures.