cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOW PEOPLE GET INTO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: STORIES OF CHOICE, COERCION AND "MUDDLING THROUGH" FROM "FIRST-TIMERS"*

Previous work examining how individuals enter mental health treatment comes either from the health services utilization tradition, which implicitly assumes that clients make decisions to seek care, or from the socio-legal perspective, which examines how clients are forced into care. This paper draws from the Network-Episode Model to systematically consider the different social processes through which people come to enter psychiatric treatment by exploring the "stories" told by individuals making their first major contact with the mental health system. We combine the use of qualitative and quantitative methods to examine data from the Indianapolis Network Mental Health Study, a longitudinal study of individuals in treatment at the largest public and voluntary facilities in the city. We analyze detailed self-reports of how they came to use mental health services, classifying these stories as "choice," "coercion," or "muddling through". Using multinomial logit analyses, we examine how factors such as gender, race and diagnosis shape the types of stories that individuals tell. The preliminary results indicate that fewer than half of the stories (45.9%) match the notion of choice underlying the dominant utilization theories. Almost a quarter of respondents (22.9%) report coercion and nearly one-third (31.2%) tell stories that lack a clear agent. Diagnosis and social networks tap differences in how individuals experience entry into care. Individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder or who have larger, closer social networks are more likely to tell stories of coercion. We discuss the theoretical, methodological, and clinical implications of findings drawn from this examination of clients' stories.
Shallow seismic AVO variations related to partial water saturation during a pumping test

This is the published version. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Genetic analysis of the peatmoss Sphagnum cribrosum (Sphagnaceae) indicates independent origins of an extreme infra-specific morphology shift

Within Sphagnum cribrosum, a dioicous aquatic peatmoss, a unique morphological variant (the ‘waveform’), found at only two lakes in North Carolina, has a branching architecture that is extremely differentiated from anything otherwise known in Sphagnum, although the plants are microscopically indistinguishable from S. cribrosum. At one site where the two morphologies co-occur, 60 years of field observations demonstrate the persistence of each morphology, even where the two forms grow intermixed. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment in which waveform and normal plants maintained their divergent morphologies for 8 months. We sampled populations throughout the range and conducted genetic and phylogenetic analyses with microsatellite markers and DNA sequences to investigate the genetic context of the waveform morphology within S. cribrosum. Haplotype networks from DNA sequences showed the two waveform populations are separated by 11 substitutions across three loci. Microsatellite analyses using nonparametric clustering and admixture models also indicated genetic dissimilarity between genotypes with waveform morphology at the two lakes. Both molecular datasets suggest that the waveform morphology had at least two independent origins, despite the proximity of the two lakes where it occurs uniquely. Given the clonal nature of the waveform, it is unlikely to form a cohesive evolutionary lineage deserving of taxonomic status. The analysis also revealed a genetically diverse population in Georgia as the potential source of variation found in all other populations of S. cribrosum. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 137–153.
M3R: increased performance for in-memory Hadoop jobs

Main Memory Map Reduce (M3R) is a new implementation of the Hadoop Map Reduce (HMR) API targeted at online analytics on high mean-time-to-failure clusters. It does not support resilience, and supports only those workloads which can fit into cluster memory. In return, it can run HMR jobs unchanged -- including jobs produced by compilers for higher-level languages such as Pig, Jaql, and SystemML and interactive front-ends like IBM BigSheets -- while providing significantly better performance than the Hadoop engine on several workloads (e.g. 45x on some input sizes for sparse matrix vector multiply). M3R also supports extensions to the HMR API which can enable Map Reduce jobs to run faster on the M3R engine, while not affecting their performance under the Hadoop engine.
Mechanisms of Cadmium Mobility and Accumulation in Indian Mustard

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.), a high biomass crop plant, accumulated substantial amounts of cadmium, with bioaccumulation coefficients (concentration of Cd in dry plant tissue/concentration in solution) of up to 1100 in shoots and 6700 in roots at nonphytotoxic concentrations of Cd (0.1 [mu]g/mL) in solution. This was associated with a rapid accumulation of phytochelatins in the root, where the majority of the Cd was coordinated with sulfur ligands, probably as a Cd-S4 complex, as demonstrated by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. In contrast, Cd moving in the xylem sap was coordinated predominantly with oxygen or nitrogen ligands. Cd concentrations in the xylem sap and the rate of Cd accumulation in the leaves displayed similar saturation kinetics, suggesting that the process of Cd transport from solution through the root and into the xylem is mediated by a saturable transport system(s). However, Cd translocation to the shoot appeared to be driven by transpiration, since ABA dramatically reduced Cd accumulation in leaves. Within leaves, Cd was preferentially accumulated in trichomes on the leaf surface, and this may be a possible detoxification mechanism.
Branched and fenestrated stent grafts for endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms.

Most thoracic aortic aneurysms affect the unbranched segment between the subclavian and celiac arteries, and they can be repaired without ischemic complications by using unbranched stent grafts. However, more complicated forms of repair are required when the aneurysm encroaches on the aortic arch or the visceral aorta. Alternative maneuvers for preservation of the branch artery flow include stenting of the branch artery, fenestration of the stent graft, branching of the stent graft, extra-anatomic bypass, or some combination of these. Secure attachment and hemostatic sealing are two basic prerequisites for successful endovascular aneurysm repair. Both require stable, coaxial implantation of a stent graft within nondilated segments of the aorta. Unfortunately, the nondilated segment (neck) between the aneurysm and the vital arteries at both ends of the descending thoracic aorta is often short, angulated, irregular, or conical. Some authors advocate lengthening the implantation site by covering the origins of the subclavian or celiac arteries. Although both are well collateralized, catastrophic ischemic complications can occur, especially when the left vertebral artery is dominant, the internal mammary artery is connected to a coronary artery, or collateral arteries to the anterior spine arise from arteries that are aneurysmal or occluded. Fenestration and branch artery stenting are helpful in the presence of a short angulated neck. Both help to improve the lie of the stent graft by allowing it to be inserted further into nondilated aorta. The effect on the length of the sealing zone is less predictable because, unless the aneurysm emerges from the opposite wall of the aorta, both branch artery stents and fenestrations may serve as routes for type I endoleak into the aneurysm. Aneurysms that involve the aortic arch or visceral aorta can be repaired by entirely endovascular means only if the stent graft has a branch for each branch of the aneurysmal aorta. The branch bridges the gap between the lumen of
EGG RECOGNITION IN YELLOW-BILLED AND BLACK-BILLED MAGPIES IN THE ABSENCE OF INTERSPECIFIC PARASITISM: IMPLICATIONS FOR PARASITE-HOST COEVOLUTION

Abstract Yellow-billed Magpies (Pica nuttalli) ejected 100% of nonmimetic eggs placed in their nests despite such behavior having no detectable present day benefits. They are not currently parasitized, nor is there any evidence of a recently extinct brood parasite. Furthermore, there was no molecular evidence of conspecific parasitism, and Yellow-billed Magpies accepted eight of nine conspecific eggs transferred between nests, so recognition would rarely be of benefit if conspecific parasitism occurred. Thus, we suggest that egg recognition in Yellow-billed Magpies is a plesiomorphic trait, a primitive character inherited from a remote ancestor, its nearest relative, the Black-billed Magpie (Pica pica). The latter suffers from parasitism by Great Spotted Cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) in Eurasia and displays rejection behavior throughout Europe in populations that are allopatric and sympatric with this cuckoo. As would be expected if Yellow-billed Magpies inherited rejection behavior from the Black-billed ...
Network inference through synergistic subnetwork evolution

Study of signaling networks is important for a better understanding of cell behaviors e.g., growth, differentiation, metabolism, proptosis, and gaining deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms of complex diseases. While there have been many successes in developing computational approaches for identifying potential genes and proteins involved in cell signaling, new methods are needed for identifying network structures that depict underlying signal cascading mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a new computational approach for inferring signaling network structures from overlapping gene sets related to the networks. In the proposed approach, a signaling network is represented as a directed graph and is viewed as a union of many active paths representing linear and overlapping chains of signal cascading activities in the network. Gene sets represent the sets of genes participating in active paths without prior knowledge of the order in which genes occur within each path. From a compendium of unordered gene sets, the proposed algorithm reconstructs the underlying network structure through evolution of synergistic active paths. In our context, the extent of edge overlapping among active paths is used to define the synergy present in a network. We evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of its convergence and recovering true active paths by utilizing four gene set compendiums derived from the KEGG database. Evaluation of results demonstrate the ability of the algorithm in reconstructing the underlying networks with high accuracy and precision.
PHOBOS rising at Brookh(e)aven

PHOBOS [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6] is the name of one of currently four experiments (PHOBOS, PHENIX, STAR, BRAHMS) being developed to explore the new regime of heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. At the RHIC facility, which will become operational in 1999, it will be possible to study hadronic matter at energy densities which are an order of magnitude higher than what has been produced in the laboratory before. Au+Au collisions at 200 AGeV center of mass energy may — on a small scale — reveal conditions similar to those which occured in the first few micro-seconds of the creation of the universe. In this regime of extremely high energy densities new phenomena such as the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) are expected to manifest themselves.
MENTAL GROWTH OF NONINSTITUTIONALUED AND INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILDREN WITH DOWN’S SYNDROME

(1983). MENTAL GROWTH OF NONINSTITUTIONALUED AND INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILDREN WITH DOWN’S SYNDROME. The British Journal of Mental Subnormality: Vol. 29, No. 56, pp. 50-56.
Free Energetics and the Role of Water in the Permeation of Methyl Guanidinium across the Bilayer–Water Interface: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations Using Charge Equilibration Potentials

Combining umbrella sampling molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) for unbiasing probabilities, and polarizable charge equilibration force fields, we compute the potential of mean force for the reversible transfer of methyl guanidinium from bulk solution to the center of a model DPPC bilayer. A 5 kcal/mol minimum in the potential of mean force profile for membrane permeation suggests that the analogue will preferentially reside in the headgroup region of the lipid, qualitatively in agreement with previously published results. We find the potential of mean force for permeation to be approximately 28 kcal/mol (relative to the minimum in the headgroups), within the range of values reported for similar types of simulations using fixed-charge force fields. From analysis of the lipid structure, we find that the lipid deformation leads to a substantial destabilizing contribution to the free energy of the methyl guanidinium as it resides in the bilayer center, though th...
DRGs and the Idea of a Just Price

Ostensibly, the DRG prospective payment system represents a modern effort to legislate an enforceable system of just prices. As a practical matter, however, justice is conflated with mere familiarity, and the real goal of DRGs has always been cost containment. Abstract and concrete discussions of the computation of DRG payment schedules illustrate their actual operation.
Direct-effects and after-effects of visuomotor adaptation with one arm on subsequent performance with the other arm

Adapting to a novel sensorimotor condition is generally thought to result in the formation of an internal representation associated with the novel sensorimotor transform. While the presence of afte...
Mindfulness Facets, Social Anxiety, and Drinking to Cope with Social Anxiety: Testing Mediators of Drinking Problems

This cross-sectional study tested social anxiety symptoms, trait mindfulness, and drinking to cope with social anxiety as potential predictors and/or serial mediators of drinking problems. A community-based sample of individuals with co-occurring social anxiety symptoms and alcohol dependence were recruited. Participants (N = 105) completed measures of social anxiety, drinking to cope with social anxiety, and alcohol use and problems. As well, participants completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, which assesses mindfulness facets of accepting without judgment, acting with awareness, not reacting to one’s internal experiences, observing and attending to experiences, and labeling and describing. As predicted, the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and drinking problems was mediated by social anxiety coping motives across each of the models. Further, the relationship between specific mindfulness facets (acting with awareness, accepting without judgment, and describe) and drinking problems was serially mediated by social anxiety symptoms and drinking to cope with social anxiety. This research builds upon existing studies that have largely been conducted with college students to evaluate potential mediators driving drinking problems. Specifically, individuals who are less able to act with awareness, accept without judgment, and describe their internal experiences may experience heightened social anxiety and drinking to cope with that anxiety, which could ultimately result in greater alcohol-related problems.
Turbulent Temperature and Thermal Flux Characteristics in the Wake of a Cylinder

The far wake of a mildly heated cylinder was explored with a new four-wire probe, and temperature was used as a tracer to reveal more of the flow structure. An extensive computer program for digital processing of output signals of the probe was developed. Full nonlinear response equations for the four sensors were solved simultaneously, yielding “true” instantaneous values of three components of velocity and temperature at any point of the turbulent wake. Additional special features are: full instantaneous corrections for free-stream velocity and temperature fluctuations, first-order corrections for D. C. drifts of the signals, complete elimination of all 60 Hz-related noise, instantaneous corrections for the streamwise displacement between the sensors, etc.
Hereditary Essential Tremor

Twenty index patients with hereditary essential tremor, and 93 first degree and 38 more distant relatives were studied at the Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, and Oldchurch Hospital, Romford, UK.
Laser induced defects in silicon solar cells and laser annealing

High power lasers are attractive for low-cost solar cell fabrication. However, laser process can generate crystal lattice defects that would decrease the photovoltaic efficiency. This study examines the effect of long pulsed laser annealing for improving the cell efficiency and results are compared with the short pulsed laser and furnace annealing. Results show that long pulsed laser annealing is effective in increasing the short circuit current for laser processed back-contact solar cells. The short circuit current increases by 1.5 times indicating the removal of defects. Laser annealing would allow widespread use of laser processing method for low-cost solar cell manufacturing.
Evolution of skin grafting for treatment of burns: Reverdin pinch grafting to Tanner mesh grafting and beyond.

Abstract Background Skin grafting is the current standard care in the treatment of full thickness burns. It was first described around 1500 BC but the vast majority of advancements have been achieved over the past 200 years. Methods An extensive literature review was conducted on Pubmed, Medline and Google Scholar researching the evolution of skin grafting techniques. The authors concentrated on the major landmarks of skin grafting and also provide an overview of ongoing research efforts in this field. Results The major innovations of skin grafting include Reverdin pinch grafting, Ollier grafting, Thiersch grafting, Wolfe grafting, Padgett dermatome and modifications, Meek-wall microdermatome and Tanner mesh grafting. A brief description of the usage, advantages and limitations of each technique is included in the manuscript. Conclusions Skin grafting technique have evolved significantly over past 200 years from Reverdin pinch grafting to modern day meshed skin grafts using powered dermatome. Increasing the expansion ratio and improving the cosmetic and functional outcome are the main focus of ongoing skin grafting research and emerging techniques (such as Integra®, Recell®, Xpansion®) are showing promise.
Two-color laser absorption near 5 μm for temperature and nitric oxide sensing in high-temperature gases

Abstract An infrared laser-absorption technique for in situ temperature and nitric oxide species sensing in high-temperature gases is presented. A pair of quantum cascade lasers in the mid-infrared near 5 μm were utilized to probe rovibrational transitions in nitric oxide's fundamental band. The line parameters of the selected transitions, including line strengths and collision broadening coefficients of nitric oxide with argon and nitrogen, were evaluated during controlled room-temperature static cell experiments and high-temperature shock tube experiments at temperatures between 1000 and 3000 K, and pressures between 1 and 5 atm. These studies provided new insights into the temperature dependence of nitric oxide collision broadening, highlighting the inadequacies of the power law over a broad temperature range. With an accurate spectroscopic model over a broad temperature range, the quantitative two-color temperature sensing strategy was demonstrated in non-reactive shock tube experiments from 1000 to 3000 K to validate thermometry and during a nitric oxide formation experiment near 1700 K and 4 atm to highlight capability for temporally-resolved species measurements at MHz rates. The technique has applicability for sensing in a broad range of flow fields that involve high-temperature air.
Effects of Role-Play for Problem-Solving Skills and Engagement in Online Forums

The body of research found that it is difficult to improve the quality of an online discussion experience because of the affordances and the limitations of asynchronous online communication technologies (An et al., Comput Educ 53: 749–760, 2009; Bachner, Cases on critical and qualitative perspectives in online higher education. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2014; Dennen and Wieland, Dis Educ 28(3): 281–297, 2007; Rourke and Kanuka, J Dis Educ 23(1): 19–48, 2009; Thomas, J Comput Assist Learn 18: 351–366, 2002). To address this issue, this study investigated an instructional strategy to increase engagement using a collaborative role-play online discussion where students assumed different roles. This study aimed to assess the quality of interaction by means of the Interaction Analysis Model (IAM) for examining social construction of knowledge and of learning experiences of teachers during computer conferencing designed to learn problem-solving skills. Two major models guided the study: Problem Solving Approach Model (Branford and Stein, The IDEAL problem solver: A guide for improving thinking, learning, and creativity. New York, NY: Freeman, 1993) and Interaction Analysis Model (IAM) for Computer-Mediated Communication rooted in social constructivist theory (Gunawardena et al., J Educ Comput Res 17(4): 397–431, 1997). After analyzing the progress of the discussion transcripts, this study found that the role-play discussion constructed better knowledge socially and improved higher mental operation. The threaded discussion postings from four structured online debates showed that the algorithmic format of problem-solving steps promoted and were closely interrelated to five phases of IAM. The study also found that this problem-solving exercise through computer-mediated communication helped teachers be equipped with a frame of reference to the problems, which resulted in helping teachers to establish boundaries, name problems, form opinions, and uncover solutions (Entman, J Commun 43(4): 51–58, 1993; Goffman, Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. London: Harper and Row, 1974). This study will benefit online instructors as well as instructional designers who strive to find ways to make online discussion engaging.
Textured Dialogues: A Community Project about Immigrants' Multimodal Perspectives on the Meaning of Education

With greater diversification of American society comes a need to forge intercultural connections that will promote and support effective education services for immigrant families. The intercultural...
Canagliflozin in Type 1 Diabetes: A Case Series of Patient Outcomes in a Diabetes Clinic.

Canagliflozin is a member of the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor class and is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in patients with type 2 diabetes as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control. Canagliflozin works by inhibiting SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubules, causing a reduction of filtered glucose reabsorption, lowering of the renal threshold for glucose, and increasing urinary glucose excretion (1). The American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2017 (2) and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology (AACE/ACE) (3) recommend SGLT2 inhibitors as add-on to metformin for patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled after 3 months of metformin use. The ADA lists the SGLT2 inhibitors as investigational agents for patients with type 1 diabetes because of the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Despite concerns for DKA in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with an SGLT2 inhibitor, a clinical review by an expert panel found that DKA occurred infrequently and recommended no change to their labeling (4). Although SGLT2 inhibitors are not FDA-approved for use in patients with type 1 diabetes, providers have prescribed these agents for off-label use in this patient population. Glycemic variability may be problematic in patients with type 1 diabetes; therefore, adding an SGLT2 inhibitor can assist in not only improving glycemic control but also reducing glycemic fluctuations. Although adding an SGLT2 inhibitor to insulin may increase the risk of hypoglycemia, the potential to reduce the need for increasing insulin doses may moderate this effect. Patients with type 1 diabetes uncontrolled with insulin therapy who are overweight/obese and have hypertension may benefit from the addition of an SGLT2 inhibitor because these medications help to lower A1C values and can reduce both weight and blood pressure. Several studies have …
Freeze-fracture studies of interendothelial junctions in the angle of the human eye.

Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine the structure and complexity of the intercellular junctions between trabecular endothelial cells and Schlemm's canal endothelial (SCE) cells as they exist in the normal human eye. Despite the probable relevance of these junctions to aqueous outflow, examination of these junctions has been limited to monkey eyes. Methods. Human eyes (<24 hours after death) were fixed by immersion in modified Karnovsky's fluid. Radially oriented tissue-chopper sections (190 μm) were trimmed to contain only the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, and a narrow strip of the sclera. Specimens were processed for conventional electron microscopy and freeze-fracture. Replicas were produced in a freeze-fracture apparatus operated at -115°C and 10 -7 torr. Thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Micrographs were taken on a transmission electron microscope. Results. The trabecular endothelial cells were joined by gap junctions and short discontinuous junctional strands that partitioned predominantly with P-face. The strand pattern varied from short and isolated undulating strands to radiating arrays of short junctional strands. No continuous zonulae occludentes were observed. The SCE cells were joined by continuous tight junctions (tj) composed of discontinuous strands that rarely branched or anastomosed. The tj strands fractured preferentially with the E-face, where they were positioned at the bases of shallow valleys. On the P-face, a complementary system of shallow ridges was observed with few particles at their crests. Often, only a single continuous strand was present for long distances, with occasional short discontinuous strands running parallel to the single strand. Less often, short lengths of remarkably complex junctions, which occasionally branched or anastomosed, were also encountered. When more than one strand was present, numerous free endings and transjunctional pathways, described in monkey eyes as slit-pores, were evident. Conclusion. The overall structure of the junctions between endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal in the human eye was more complex, and thus less permeable, than that reported in the monkey eye. The role of slit-pores and other junctions of SCE and trabecular endothelial cells will require further investigation under conditions of flow and in glaucoma to determine if these junctions change in a manner that might influence outflow resistance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1379-1389.
Bonding in Wood Composites

To form an adhesive bond between wood fibers there must be flow to bring components in proximity, adhesion across an interface and cure of the adhesive. Because wood fibers are porous and adsorptive and are a heterogeneous mix of polymers and oligomers, we seldom can isolate these actions. Thus, I have chosen to consider the entire bonding process, not merely adhesion. In fact, experience suggests that adhesion alone is seldom the reason for bond failure in wood composites.
Pill mills, occupational offending, and situational crime prevention: a framework for analyzing offender behavior and adaptation

The national problem with the misuse of opioid pain relievers is fueled by overly lax and illegal overprescribing practices. In the state of Florida, so-called “pill mills” are clinics in which physicians prescribe opioids for non-existent or exaggerated pain, often with profit as a motivation, thus making such prescribing a criminal enterprise. This study draws from in-depth interviews with police officers in Florida to examine this practice. The analysis contextualizes illegal prescribing as a form of occupational offending and applies a situational crime prevention (SCP) framework. However, instead of viewing SCP from the lens of crime prevention, this study analyzes the ways in which offenders capitalized upon opportunities to thwart investigations and place obstacles in the paths of police and prosecutors. The results add to the literature by highlighting the processes by which offenders manipulate their social and physical environments to mitigate risks and maximize rewards. The findings also speak to the ongoing problem of criminal law enforcement against occupational offending.
Knowledge-based collaborative engineering of pipe networks in the upstream and downstream petroleum industry

This paper describes an approach to the development of a framework for the automation of the detailed engineering cycle based on the integration of concurrent and collaborative engineering models with knowledge-based engineering. The framework is illustrated by the example of pipe networks design and stress and flexibility analysis in the upstream or downstream petroleum industry. Engineering tools are integrated with a Multi-Agent System for helping stress analysis engineers to identify whether a given pipe arrangement can cope with weight, thermal and pressure stress at safe operation levels and suggesting available solutions on pipeline layout and support distribution based on historical cases. Overall, the system architecture is discussed and implementation details are provided.
Synthesis of N-alkoxytrihydroxypiperidine analogs of allopyranose

Abstract Tandem reductive cyclization of O-alkyl oximes provides an efficient method for the preparation of N-alkoxytrihydroxypiperidine analogs of allopyranose as potential glycosidase inhibitors.
Physical conditions for UO formation in laser-produced uranium plumes

We investigate the oxidation of uranium (U) species, the physical conditions leading to uranium monoxide (UO) formation and the interplay between plume hydrodynamics and plasma chemistry in a laser-produced U plasma. Plasmas are produced by ablation of metallic U using nanosecond laser pulses. An ambient gas environment with varying oxygen partial pressures in 100 Torr inert Ar gas is used for controlling the plasma oxidation chemistry. Optical emission spectroscopic analysis of U atomic and monoxide species shows a reduction in the emission intensity and persistence with increasing oxygen partial pressure. Spectral modelling is used for identifying the physical conditions in the plasma that favor UO formation. The optimal temperature for UO formation is found to be in the temperature range of ∼1500-5000 K. The spectrally integrated and spectrally filtered (monochromatic) imaging of U atomic and molecular species reveals the evolutionary paths of various species in the plasma. Our results also highlight that oxidation in U plasmas predominantly occurs at the cooler periphery and is delayed with respect to plasma formation, and the dissipation of molecular species strongly depends on oxygen partial pressure.
Racial Innocence: Law, Social Science, and the Unknowing of Racism in the US Carceral State

Racial innocence is the practice of securing blamelessness for the death-dealing realities of racial capitalism. This article reviews the legal, social scientific, and reformist mechanisms that mai...
Moderately High Tenofovir Diphosphate in Dried Blood Spots Indicates Drug Resistance in Viremic Persons Living with HIV

Background:Tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBS) is a strong predictor of viral suppression in persons living with HIV (PLWH). Its association with antiretroviral therapy (ART) ...
Optimal measures, nonzero projections, and irreducible representations

Abstract This brief note considers the problem of maximizing the probability of detection for a finite number of mixed quantum states. It is shown that for linearly independent density matrices, an optimal measure that is simple and unique contains nonzero operators that are orthogonal projections on subspaces associated to irreducible representations (irreps) of a finite-dimensional Hilbert space.
Blood lipid markers are associated with hippocampal viscoelastic properties and memory in humans.

Age-related memory loss shares similar risk factors as cardiometabolic diseases including elevated serum triglycerides (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and reduced high-density...
Understanding the inflationary process in the GCC region: The cases of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait

After two decades of impressive success in maintaining price stability, inflationary pressures have emerged since 2003 in all the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with the oil boom putting the control of inflation at the top of the agenda for policymakers in the region. Some have blamed these pressures mainly on the peg to the weakening US dollar, others on global shocks related to high food prices, local supply shortages related to rent, and demand shocks induced by large fiscal spending and an expansionary monetary stance imported from the US through the dollar peg. Accordingly, the remedies proposed include revaluation or adopting a more flexible exchange rate regime in order to gain monetary policy independence, higher subsidies, addressing supply bottlenecks, and containing government expenditures.
Price versus Non‐Price Performance Measures in Optimal CEO Compensation Contracts

We empirically examine standard agency predictions about how performance measures are optimally weighted to provide CEO incentives. Consistent with prior empirical research, we document that the relative weight on price and non‐price performance measures in CEO cash pay is a decreasing function of the relative variances. Agency theory speaks to the weights in total compensation (annual total pay and changes in the CEO's equity portfolio value), however, and we document that very little of CEOs' total incentives come from cash pay. We also document that variation in the relative weight on price and non‐price performance measures in CEO total compensation is an increasing function of the relative variances. The conflicting results using total compensation indicate that existing findings on cash pay cannot be interpreted as evidence supporting standard agency predictions. Based on our results, we suggest approaches for future research on performance measure use in CEO total compensation.
Platelet Transfusion and Outcomes of Preterm Infants: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND Prophylactic platelet transfusion has been adopted as a ubiquitous practice in management of thrombocytopenia in preterm infants to reduce the risk of bleeding. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to report the prevalence of platelet transfusion among preterm infants with thrombocytopenia and to assess the association of platelet transfusion with mortality and morbidity in this population. METHODS A cross-sectional study that utilized National Inpatient Sample for the years 2000-2017 was conducted. All preterm infants delivered nationally with birth weight (BW) <1,500 g or gestational age <32 weeks were included. Analyses were repeated after stratifying the population into 2 BW subcategories <1,000 g and 1,000-1,499 g. Logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounding variables. RESULTS The study included 1,780,299 infants; of them, 22,609 (1.27%) were diagnosed with thrombocytopenia and 5,134 (22.7%) received platelet transfusion. Platelet transfusion was associated with significant increase in mortality (24.8 vs. 13.8%), retinopathy of prematurity (22.3 vs. 19.2%), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (18.3 vs. 10.1%), median length of hospital stays (51 vs. 47 days), and cost of hospitalization (USD 298,204 vs. USD 219,760). Increased mortality was noted in <1,000-g infants (aOR = 1.96, CI: 1.76-2.18, p < 0.001) and 1,000-1,499-g infants (aOR = 2.02, CI: 1.62-2.53, p < 0.001). Platelet transfusion increased over the years in infants with BW <1,000 g (p = 0.001) and in infants with BW 1,000-1,499 g (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Platelet transfusion is associated with increased mortality and comorbidities in premature infants. There is a trend for increased utilization of platelet transfusions over the study period.
Kernel Deformed Exponential Families for Sparse Continuous Attention.

Attention mechanisms take an expectation of a data representation with respect to probability weights. This creates summary statistics that focus on important features. Recently, (Martins et al. 2020, 2021) proposed continuous attention mechanisms, focusing on unimodal attention densities from the exponential and deformed exponential families: the latter has sparse support. (Farinhas et al. 2021) extended this to use Gaussian mixture attention densities, which are a flexible class with dense support. In this paper, we extend this to two general flexible classes: kernel exponential families and our new sparse counterpart kernel deformed exponential families. Theoretically, we show new existence results for both kernel exponential and deformed exponential families, and that the deformed case has similar approximation capabilities to kernel exponential families. Experiments show that kernel deformed exponential families can attend to multiple compact regions of the data domain.
RODEO: An algorithm and Google Earth Engine application for river discharge retrieval from Landsat

Abstract Satellite remote sensing of river discharge (RSQ) algorithms provide a useful source of observations to supplement river gauge records. RSQ algorithms have existed for over a decade yet their widespread use has been impeded by a lack of operational usability and quantitative characterization of uncertainty. Here we present RODEO, an algorithm for estimating river discharge using Landsat observations in near-real time. RODEO is validated with 456 gauges (median Kling-Gupta efficiency = 0.3) and uses a novel quantile rating curve technique that pairs Landsat river widths with discharge estimates from a global hydrologic model. RODEO also characterizes the uncertainty of RSQ estimates (estimated root-mean-square error = +7%), enabling RSQ retrievals to be used for data assimilation into hydrologic models. With the goal of expanding the RSQ user base, the RODEO algorithm is implemented as a freely available, off-the-shelf cloud-based Google Earth Engine application that provides RSQ estimates across North America from 1984-present.
Progress on agent coordination with cooperative auctions

Auctions are promising decentralized methods for teams of agents to allocate and re-allocate tasks among themselves in dynamic, partially known and time-constrained domains with positive or negative synergies among tasks. Auction-based coordination systems are easy to understand, simple to implement and broadly applicable. They promise to be efficient both in communication (since agents communicate only essential summary information) and in computation (since agents compute their bids in parallel). Artificial intelligence research has explored auction-based coordination systems since the early work on contract networks (Smith 1980), mostly from an experimental perspective. This overview paper describes our recent progress towards creating a framework for the design and analysis of cooperative auctions for agent coordination.
TNF-α Is a Positive Regulatory Factor for Human Vγ2Vδ2 T Cells

Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in human peripheral blood recognize phosphoantigen and play important roles in host defense and immunoregulation. The TCR is required for Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses to phosphoantigen, but less is known about soluble or cell-associated costimulatory molecules. In this study, we show that human Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses to phosphoantigen, including activation, proliferation, cytokine production, and tumor cell cytotoxicity, require TNF-α binding to its receptor, with a preference for TNFR2. Because stimulated Vγ2Vδ2 cells also produce TNF-α, this may be a positive control mechanism to sustain the response. Impaired proliferation in the presence of TNF-α or TNFR blocking agents was partially rescued by a TLR2 agonist, Pam3Cys. Our studies demonstrate that TNF-α plays a critical role in regulating human Vγ2Vδ2 T cell immune responses.
EFFECTS OF MEAN PRESSURE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A FILLED ELASTOMER

The rheological behavior of an elastomer composed of a polyurethane rubber filled with granular potassium chloride is studied on the basis of a series of compression tests with superimposed hydrostatic pressure. It is suggested that behavior may be approximated by a linear anelastic response for relatively small strains until a marked change in structure occurs, and that further deformation involves shear-dependent dilatation which is strongly influenced by mean pressure. Theories are suggested which describe the experimentally observed behavior.
The latency-related gene of bovine herpesvirus-1 can inhibit the ability of bICP0 to activate productive infection.

Transfection of bovine cells with bovine herpesvirus-1 genomic DNA yields low levels of infectious virus. Cotransfection with the bICP0 gene enhances productive infection and virus yield because bICP0 can activate viral gene expression. Since the latency-related (LR) gene overlaps and is antisense to bICP0, the effects of LR gene products on productive infection were tested. The intact LR gene inhibited productive infection in a dose-dependent fashion but LR protein expression was not required. Further studies indicated that LR gene sequences near the 3′ terminus of the LR RNA are necessary for inhibiting productive infection. When cotransfected with the bICP0 gene, the LR gene inhibited bICP0 RNA and protein expression in transiently transfected cells. Taken together, these results suggest that abundant LR RNA expression in sensory neurons is one factor that has the potential to inhibit productive infection and consequently promote the establishment and maintenance of latency.
The Meaning and Measurement of User Satisfaction: A Multigroup Invariance Analysis of the End-User Computing Satisfaction Instrument

Although user satisfaction is widely used by researchers and practitioners to evaluate information system success, important issues related to its meaning and measurement across population subgroups have not been adequately resolved. To be most useful in decision-making, instruments like end-user computing satisfaction (EUCS), which are designed to evaluate system success, should be robust. That is, they should enable comparisons by providing equivalent measurement across diverse samples that represent the variety of conditions or population subgroups present in organizations. Using a sample of 1,166 responses, the EUCS instrument is tested for measurement invariance across four dimensions--respondent positions, types of application, hardware platforms, and modes of development. While the results suggest that the meaning of user satisfaction is context sensitive and differs across population subgroups, the 12 measurement items are invariant across all four dimensions. The 12-item summed scale enables researchers or practitioners to compare EUCS scores across the instrument's originally intended universe of applicability.
Silica-supported sulfated zirconia: a new effectiveacid solid for etherification

Silica-supported sulfated zirconia exhibits a comparable and even higher ether production than a reference acid resin (Amberlyst 15) giving an ether yield of 30% at 50% conversion.
Ten years later: a single hospital experience with malignancy in HIV/AIDS.

Background and Objective We present our experience in the era of HAART with 5,112 patients having HIV infection or AIDS, treated between 2002 and 2006 in our hospital, 182 of whom had malignancies (3.56%). We compared our findings to those from a similar cohort of patients studied 10 years earlier. Methods The charts were reviewed and data was electronically collected as in our 1993–1998 study. Similar statistical analyses were performed in both studies and the results were compared. Results For the current study the average patient age increased by 9 years. A decrease in AIDS-defining cancers (ADC), from 63.6% to 37.3% and a higher incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC), 62.7 as opposed to 37.9% was found. No decrease in the incidence of non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma (NHL) was noted. There was an increase in the number of opportunistic infections notably hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Conclusions HIV/AIDS patients on HAART are older, have lower rates of AIDS related Kaposi's sarcoma and a higher incidence of NADCs than did patients in the early HAART era. No decrease in the proportion of NHL was observed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:282–286. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Targeting of genes to the liver with glycoprotein carriers

Abstract Several techniques are available to deliver foreign genes to cells in vitro. These techniques have offered valuable insights into gene regulation and expression. Many of these methods, however, have limited in vivo potential for clinical gene therapy because they compromise cell viability or cannot be targeted to desired cell types. Strategies with high potential for use in gene therapy need to satisfy several criteria: (1) use of a stable vector for the foreign DNA, (2) efficient expression of foreign DNA in host cells, and (3) a means to target a desired cell type or organ. Hepatocytes are attractive targets for gene therapy because of their large number, rich blood supply and important role in intermediary metabolism. Hepatocytes have also been found to have specific cell surface receptors that can be utilized for targeted delivery of foreign DNA. This article discusses in vitro and in vivo methods of targeted delivery and expression of foreign genes in hepatocytes with emphasis on those techniques with potential for clinical gene therapy. Methods to enhance and prolong foreign gene expression such as the use of the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine, endosomal disruption by adenovirus and influenza virus hemagglutinin HA-2 subunit, and partial hepatectomy, which has been found to augment foreign gene expression, are covered. Finally, the use of ligand-based systems to target sense and antisense DNA in gene therapy to correct metabolic disorders and the targeted delivery of protective agents to the liver are addressed.
Role of high density lipoproteins in the lecithincholesterol acyltransferase activity with sonicated lecithin-cholesterol dispersions as substrate

Abstract 1. 1. When sonicated dispersions of lecithin and cholesterol mixtures were incubated with residual protein fraction of d > 1.21 g/cm 3 , the maximal level of cholesterol esterification was obtained at a lecithin/cholesterol molar ratio of approximately 3. However, this relationship between the extent of esterification and the molar ratio was valid only at low concentrations of residual protein fraction. 2. 2. The extent of cholesterol esterification was progressively enhanced by the addition of increasing amounts of high density lipoprotein, d 1.063–1.210 g/cm 3 (HDL), high density lipoprotein, d 1.125–1.210 g/cm 3 (HDL 3 ), or apo-HDL 3 . These lipoproteins or apo lipoprotein, however, inhibited the esterification at higher concentrations. Furthermore, their optimal concentrations shifted as a function of the amount of lecithin added to the incubation medium in the form of lecithin-cholesterol dispersions. The weight ratio of lecithin to HDL 3 protein for maximal esterification was computed to be 3.7–4.2. 3. 3. When HDL 3 was acylated by acetic anhydride or succinic anhydride, the stimulatory effect of HDL 3 on the esterification was no longer observed. The modified HDL 3 preparations exerted inhibitory effects at all concentrations. It was apparent that the presence of positive charges on native HDL 3 is essential for the stimulatory effect of the lipoproteins. 4. 4. The interrelationship among the molar ratio of lecithin to cholesterol in the dispersions, HDL 3 concentrations, and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity was discussed.