cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Solid-State Reactions at the Electrode−Electrolyte Interface on High-Temperature Potentiometric NOx-Gas Sensors

The electrical signal from yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte-based potentiometric gas sensors is dependent on the electrochemical reactivity of the gases around the triple-phase boundary points. However, chemical reactions taking place at these triple-points can influence the performance of gas sensors, typically resulting in reduction of the electrochemical signal. In this paper, the focus is on a NOx sensor using Pt-zeolite Y as the reference electrode and WO3 as the sensing electrode. Significant improvement of NOx sensitivity measured at 600 °C was noted if the sensor assembly was heated to 950 °C as compared to 700 °C. From temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), diffuse reflectance FT-IR (DRIFTS), and chemical reactivity measurements, NOx interaction with YSZ was found to be strong, forming surface nitrates on YSZ and exhibiting high activities toward NOx equilibration. On the contrary, NOx adsorption on heat-treated WO3−YSZ mixtures was found to be weak and the surface was barely active...
Preliminary guidelines for reporting outcome evaluation studies of health promotion and disease prevention programs

Preliminary guidelines are proposed to enhance the interpretability of outcomes in health promotion and disease prevention program evaluations.
On the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. III. Effects of arsenite and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol on coupled phosphorylation in heart mitochondria.

Abstract The effects of arsenite and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), independently and in combination, have been tested on the oxidative phosphorylation system and ATPase activities found in “heavy” beef heart mitochondria. The combined reagent (0.1 m M ) uncoupled the phosphorylation associated with the oxidation of succinate, pyruvatemalate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glutamate. Reversal of the uncoupling could be effected by a tenfold excess of BAL. The ATPase activities were stimulated at low concentrations of the reagent and then were gradually inhibited as the concentration of the reagent was increased. Reversal by excess BAL was demonstrated.
Modulation of anisotropy in electrospun tissue-engineering scaffolds: Analysis of fiber alignment by the fast Fourier transform

We describe the use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) in the measurement of anisotropy in electrospun scaffolds of gelatin as a function of the starting conditions. In electrospinning, fiber alignment and overall scaffold anisotropy can be manipulated by controlling the motion of the collecting mandrel with respect to the source electrospinning solution. By using FFT to assign relative alignment values to an electrospun matrix it is possible to systematically evaluate how different processing variables impact the structure and material properties of a scaffold. Gelatin was suspended at varying concentrations (80, 100, 130, 150 mg/ml) and electrospun from 2,2,2 trifluoroethanol onto rotating mandrels (200-7000 RPM). At each starting concentration, fiber diameter remained constant over a wide range of mandrel RPM. Scaffold anisotropy developed as a function of fiber diameter and mandrel RPM. The induction of varying degrees of anisotropy imparted distinctive material properties to the electrospun scaffolds. The FFT is a rapid method for evaluating fiber alignment in tissue-engineering materials.
Krypton red laser photocoagulation for branch retinal vein occlusion.

Abstract Krypton red (647 nm) laser photocoagulation may offer distinct advantages in the treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), particularly in eyes with extensive intraretinal hemorrhage or in the presence of media opacities such as vitreous hemorrhage or cataract. Twenty-three eyes were followed for a minimum of 6 months (range, 6–38). Of 19 eyes treated for macular edema, 17 (89%) had complete resolution of their edema, one (5%) had reduction of its edema, and one (5%) was unchanged. Of five eyes treated for retinal neovascularization of the disc or retina, all eyes had complete elimination of neovascularization. The authors were unable to demonstrate any statistical correlation between final visual acuity and the following factors: duration of symptoms, cystoid macular edema (CME), degree of paramacular nonperfusion, and contiguous intraretinal hemorrhage extending into the foveal avascular zone (FAZ).
A note on minimizing the expected makespan in flowshops subject to breakdowns

Consider a two machine flow shop and n jobs. The processing time of job j on machine i is equal to the random variable X ij . One of the two machines is subject to breakdown and repair. The objective is to find the schedule that minimizes the expected makespan. Two results are shown. First, if P(X 2j ≥X ij ) = 1 for all j and the random variables X 11 , X 12 ,..., X 1n are likelihood ratio ordered, then the SEPT sequence minimizes the expected makespan when machine 2 is subject to an arbitrary breakdown process ; if P(X ij ≥X 2j ) = 1 and X 21 , X 22 ,...,X 2n are likelihood ratio ordered, then the LEPT sequence minimizes the expected makespan when machine I is subject to an arbitrary breakdown process. A generalization is presented for flow shops with m machines. Second, consider the case where X 1j and X 2j are i.i.d. exponentially distributed with rate λ j . The SEPT sequence minimizes the expected makespan when machine 2 is subject to an arbitrary breakdown process and the LEPT sequence is optimal when machine 1 is subject to an arbitrary breakdown process.
The thermobalance used to measure crosslink density by solvent swell

Abstract A micro-technique for rapid measurement of solvent swell of crosslinked polymers is described. Crosslink density by solvent swell provides a useful physical parameter (it is equivalent to Young's modulus). But even more important, it is often the only means of monitoring extent of cure or degradation of thermosets and elastomers. An additional benefit of this method is the measurement of the soluble fraction, i.e. that portion of the polymer not bound to the network. The uniqueness of this method eliminates evaporation from the sample so that small, thin samples, which equilibrate rapidly, can be used. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers, ranging in crosslink density from 7 to 35 × 10−5 moles/cc and in sol fraction from 1 to 4%, were studied in hexane and toluene. A Perkin-Elmer TGS-2 thermogravimetric system was used. The critical measurement was the weight of polymer swollen with solvent, which was performed in a solvent-saturated environment. Repeated measurements on several samples demonstrated the method to be precise; comparison with a conventional technique showed it to be highly accurate. A direct correlation was established between swelling data and Young's modulus.
Room temperature multi-wavelength operation in Er:YAlO3

Room temperature, multi-wavelength operation in 2% doped Er:YAlO 3 under flashlamp excitation is reported. Lasing occurred predominantly at 1.6625 mm and 1.6725 mm with the emission at the two wavelengths being orthogonally polarized. The use and orientation of an intracavity polarizer dictates the lasing wavelength in the laser. Temporal analysis of the two laser wavelengths shows that the onset of lasing at the two wavelengths is separated by ~14 ms with lasing at the 1.6625 mm wavelength occurring first. The 14 ms delay suggests that the 1.6625 mm emission is due to lasing on the 4 S 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 transition (4-level), while the 1.6725 mm emission is due to cascaded lasing on the 4 I 13/2 → 4 I 15/2 transition (3-level). Using a rotating mirror Q-switch, ~80 ns pulses at 10 mJ/pulse were generated. The wavelength of the Q-switched emission was determined to be at 1.6625 mm.
Human Effects of Enhanced Privacy Management Models

We enhance existing and introduce new social network privacy management models and we measure their human effects. First, we introduce a mechanism using proven clustering techniques that assists users in grouping their friends for traditional group-based policy management approaches. We found measurable agreement between clusters and user-defined relationship groups. Second, we introduce a new privacy management model that leverages users' memory and opinion of their friends (called example friends) to set policies for other similar friends. Finally, we explore different techniques that aid users in selecting example friends. We found that by associating policy temples with example friends (versus group labels), users author policies more efficiently and have improved perceptions over traditional group-based policy management approaches. In addition, our results show that privacy management models can be further enhanced by utilizing user privacy sentiment for mass customization. By detecting user privacy sentiment (i.e., an unconcerned user, a pragmatist or a fundamentalist), privacy management models can be automatically tailored specific to the privacy sentiment and needs of the user.
Geology, structure, and tectonics of the Pajarito fault zone in the Española basin of the Rio Grande rift, New Mexico

The Pajarito fault zone forms the western border of the Velarde graben, the presently active, central subbasin of the Espanola basin section of the Rio Grande rift in north-central New Mexico. The fault zone is a north-northeast-trending zone of predominantly down-to-the-east faults that cut Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks along the eastern flank of the Jemez Mountains. Where the fault zone cuts the 1.1-m.y.-old Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff, it has produced a steep, 50- to 100-m-high fault scarp. The total displacement across the fault zone during its 5-m.y. history is between 200 and 600 m. Rates of displacement for the time periods 0–5, 0–1.1, and 1.1–5 m.y. ago range from 0.02 to 0.136 mm/yr. Abrupt facies changes between older volcanics and volcaniclastic sediments of the Jemez Mountains appear to have controlled the local position, trend, and character of the Pajarito fault zone. The fault zone bows and/or steps eastward where two large volcanic complexes are present but is found farther west in between and at either end of the volcanic complexes. One complex was sufficiently massive to interfere with the development of the Velarde graben. Slickensides on mesoscopic faults in the Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff indicate that the Pajarito fault zone has undergone extension in two directions during the past 1.1 m.y., approximately parallel and perpendicular to the local trend of the fault zone. These directions indicate that the Pajarito fault zone has reoriented the regional minimum and intermediate stress directions to perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the local trend of the fault zone, and that both minimum and intermediate stress directions are tensional. A tectonic history for the Pajarito fault zone area of the Espanola basin begins with relatively stable accumulation of prerift and synrift sediments from Eocene to Oligocene time. Sedimentation concomitant with faulting, unrelated to the Pajarito fault zone, filled deep central depressions within the Espanola basin. This faulting ceased prior to the end of the filling of the basin, around 10 m.y. ago in the local area. Jemez Mountain volcanism began about this time, before movement along the western-margin border faults of the Espanola basin caused west-tilting of old volcanics and sediments, about 7.5 m.y. ago. Volcanism continued under relatively stable conditions until ∼5 m.y. ago. At this time, the Pajarito fault zone and Velarde graben formed. Faulting has continued to the present, localized along this central subbasin.
Regulatory Policymaking in the American States: A Review of Theories and Evidence

While most studies of the determinants of regulatory policymaking have concentrated on national-level issues, state-level regulatory politics represent a productive opportunity to examine the efficacy of competing theories of the regulatory process over variable political, economic, and demographic conditions. In this article we discuss the significance of state-level regulation to broader theoretical understandings of policy-making. We review a broad set of recent empirical work in the context of three models of policymaking: principal-agent theory, Gormley's salience and complexity model, and Lowry's dimensions of federalism model. The relative effectiveness of the three approaches in explaining the dynamics of political controls or influences over state-level regulation is assessed in order to point to future theoretic directions for the field. We conclude by suggesting the need for a greater integration of incentive-based and issues-based explanations of regulatory policy choices in the states.
Low-dose FK506 after contralateral C7 transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve using two different tubes: A study in rats

The purpose of this project was to study the effect of a subimmunosuppressive dose of FK506 (0.7 mg/kg per day) on nerve regeneration along a long nerve gap (4 cm), using the contralateral C7 nerve root transfer model for musculocutaneous nerve neurotization. Two types of tubes were applied to the nerve gap: a polycaprolactone tube and a collagen tube. Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 5). A polycaprolactone was used in groups 1 and 3 and a collagen tube in groups 2 and 4. Groups 1 and 2 were daily administered a subimmunosuppressive dose of FK506. Animals were euthanized on day 30. Evaluation consisted of behavioral assessment, needle electromyography studies, biceps muscle weight measurements, and qualitative and quantitative morphometry. Groups 1 and 2 showed higher mean values for fiber counts, axon diameters, myelin thickness and myelin area in C7, better functional evaluation results, and higher biceps weight left to right ratio than groups 3 and 4. There was no evidence of reinnervation potentials, and there were no axons detectable inside the tube lumen in any of the study groups. The present study demonstrated that there was nonsignificant improvement of the functional recovery, after systemic administration of a low dose of FK506. This was attributed to 3 factors: length of nerve gap; duration of follow up; and dose of FK506. However, FK506-treated animals tended to be in a more advanced stage of nerve regeneration compared with the control groups.
International Practice Experiences in Pharmacy Education

Objectives. To identify reasons for inclusion of international practice experiences in pharmacy curricula and to understand the related structure, benefits, and challenges related to the programs. Methods. A convenience sample of 20 colleges and schools of pharmacy in the United States with international pharmacy education programs was used. Telephone interviews were conducted by 2 study investigators. Results. University values and strategic planning were among key driving forces in the development of programs. Global awareness and cultural competency requirements added impetus to program development. Participants’ advice for creating an international practice experience program included an emphasis on the value of working with university health professions programs and established travel programs. Conclusion. Despite challenges, colleges and schools of pharmacy value the importance of international pharmacy education for pharmacy students as it increases global awareness of health needs and cultural competencies.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Polyelectrolyte-Wrapped Gold Nanoparticles in Colloidal Suspension.

The rapidly expanding field of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has helped fuel an intense interest in noble metal nanoparticle synthesis. An in-suspension approach for quantifying SERS enhancement and relating that enhancement to a spontaneous Raman equivalent signal is described. Gold nanoparticles of various shapes were wrapped with polyelectrolyte multilayers that trapped Raman reporter molecules at defined distances from the metal core. Electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS) on digested samples was employed to measure the average number of bound Raman reporter molecules per gold nanoparticle, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure the average number of gold atoms per nanoparticle. Using these data, SERS signal intensity was compared to a spontaneous Raman calibration curve to compute a spontaneous Raman equivalent factor. Three different geometries of gold nanoparticles (cubes, spheres, and trisoctahedra) were synth...
Selection and evaluation of the immunogenicity of protective antigen mutants as anthrax vaccine candidates

Protective antigen (PA) is a central component of anthrax toxin and a major antigen in anthrax vaccines. However, the use of native PA as a vaccine is not optimal. If administered to people who have been freshly exposed to anthrax, PA may actually aid in anthrax toxin formation and thus may pose a serious safety concern for postexposure vaccination applications. A non-functional PA mutant may be a much safer alternative. To identify an improved anthrax vaccine antigen, we examined four non-functional mutants of PA, each being impaired in a critical step of the cellular intoxication pathway of PA. These mutants were Rec(-) (unable to bind PA-receptors), SSSR (resistant to activation by furin), Oligo(-) (unable to form oligomers), and DNI (Dominant Negative Inhibitory, unable to form endosomal transmembrane pores). When tested in mice and after three doses of immunization, all four mutants were highly potent in eliciting PA-specific, toxin-neutralizing antibodies, with immunogenicity increasing in the order of PA<Rec(-)<SSSR<Oligo(-)<DNI. While the differences between Rec(-) or SSSR and PA were small and not statistically significant, DNI and Oligo(-) were significantly more immunogenic than wild-type PA. One year after immunization and compared with PA-immunized mice, DNI-immunized mice maintained significantly higher levels of anti-PA IgG with correspondingly higher titers of toxin-neutralizing activity. In contrast, Oligo(-)-immunized mice had high levels of anti-PA IgG but lower titers of toxin-neutralizing activity, suggesting that Oligo(-) mutation sites may overlap with critical protective epitopes of PA. Our study demonstrates that PA-based vaccines could be improved both in terms of safety and efficacy by strategic mutations that not only render PA non-functional but also simultaneously enhance its immunogenic potency. Recombinant PA mutants, particularly DNI, hold great promise as better and safer antigens than wild-type PA for use in postexposure vaccination.
Fabrication of Ultrathin ZrO<sub.2 Nanofibers by Electrospinning

In this letter, we present a preliminary study on fabrication of ZrO2 nanofibers by electrospinning a sol-gel precursor solution with subsequent calcination process. The resultant nanofibers have an average diameter less than 40 nm and can be produced uniformly and repeatedly. Nanofibers with diameter as small as 13 nm were obtained. EDS and TEM study of the nanofibers were performed and nano-sized zirconia crystals were observed in an amorphous fiber matrix. We also found that fiber diameter was independent of PVP concentration in the range of this study.
First branchial cleft cyst: A rare presentation with mesotympanic extension

Summary A 2-year-old girl presented with a left middle ear cholesteatoma. A CT scan showed a mass in the left middle ear starting from the mesotympanum extending through a bony canal defect into the parapharyngeal space, deep to the facial nerve and ending in the submandibular region. The patient underwent surgical excision of the first branchial cleft cyst by superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve dissection and mastoidectomy with middle ear exploration. This case illustrates a rare presentation of a first branchial cleft cyst with histologic and anatomical features of both types of Work's classification of brachial cleft anomalies.
An evaluation of type A and B alcoholics

Evaluations of 1539 alcohol-dependent subjects (including 512 women) were carried out in an attempt to replicate the Type A/B dichotomy suggested by Babor et al. (1992). The subjects are participants in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), and each was evaluated using a face-to-face structured interview. Following the procedure of Babor et al. (1992), data were used to create 17 domains, and a k-means clustering method was invoked to generate a two-cluster solution. Thirty-one per cent of the males and 25% of the females fell into the Type B group, with overall R2 of 0.22 and 0.24 for males and females, respectively. The scores in each of the 17 domains and the analyses of the clinical characteristics for Type A and B subjects were, in general, consistent with the earlier onset and more severe course for Type B men and women. The ability of the domains to identify subgroups of alcoholics remained robust even after the exclusion of alcohol dependent subjects with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and those with an onset of alcohol dependence before age 25 years. The present analyses suggest that five of the 17 domains might be especially useful in identifying Type A and B groups.
Content Analysis, Semiotics, and Social Semiotics for Cartographic Analysis: Interpreting Geospatial Representations

Several mutually informing methods for analyzing cartographic and geospatial images are presented and illustrated in this work. First, an apparently objective method, content analysis, is applied to a collection of corporate annual reports' geospatial imagery resulting in a categorization and description of those images. Then a traditional semiotic analysis is conducted on the same data done by experts who describe and express out of their personal expertise and intuitive insights the meaning of signs contained in the imagery. Subsequently, a user/viewer epistemological and ontological framework called sense-making is discussed and combined with semiotic processes enabling social semiotics. Sense-making permits map users to present their point of view providing a method to go beyond the experts' traditional semiotic interpretations. These user/viewer based interpretations incorporate postmodern meanings from the various users of signs exposed by the corporate annual reports' geospatial imagery.
Visualization of electron correlation in ground states of He and H

Abstract For the ground states of He and H − , conditional probability densities d ( r 2 ,θ 12 r 1 ) for finding two electrons in different relative positions have been calculated for several wavefunctions including simple one-configuration wavefunctions and Hylleraas—Kinoshita type functions. The calculations, including graphing, were all carried out on a desktop computing calculator.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Measure of Cerebral Metabolism: Effects of Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation

UNLABELLED Fears of central nervous system dysfunction from acute hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity with hypertonic saline resuscitation are often cited. We used high-energy phosphate nuclear magnetic resonance to investigate resuscitation effects on cerebral metabolism. Rats were instrumented for hemodynamic monitoring and fluid infusion and a phosphorus surface coil placed on their skulls. After shimming, baseline spectra were obtained. Animals were then bled for one hour to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 45 mm Hg, followed by resuscitation for one hour to a MAP of 75 mm Hg with lactated Ringer's (LR, n = 17) or 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS, n = 25). Spectra were obtained again and analyzed for the ratio of high-energy phosphocreatine (PCr) to low-energy inorganic phosphate (Pi). Intracellular hydrogen ion concentration [H+] was calculated from the PCr/Pi shift. [table: see text] CONCLUSIONS (1) Hypertonic saline results in a decreased intracellular pH compared with LR without associated changes in high-energy phosphate metabolism. (2) Decreases in pH may be the result of cell dehydration rather than metabolic dysfunction.
Vasopressin innervation of sexually dimorphic structures of the gerbil forebrain under various hormonal conditions.

The distribution of vasopressin-immunoreactive fibers in the forebrain of male and female gerbils was studied, focusing on the lateral septum and the sexually dimorphic area (SDA) found at the border between the medial preoptic area and the anterior hypothalamus. To study hormonal influences on the densities of these fibers, some animals of each sex were gonadectomized or gonadectomized and given testosterone. Others were given sham operations. High densities of vasopressin-immunoreactive fibers were found in the lateral septum. In the SDA, the densities of these fibers varied considerably. Many were found in the medial half of the medial SDA, but few in the lateral SDA. Vasopressin-immunoreactive fibers were also sparse in the lateral half of the medial SDA, except for a dense cluster in the SDA pars compacta of males. Similar but smaller clusters were seen in the same location in females although the SDA pars compacta could not be detected in Nissl-stained sections from the female brains. Fiber densities in two areas, the lateral septum and the lateral SDA, were sensitive to gonadal steroids. In both cases, castration reduced fiber density and testosterone enhanced it. In addition, fiber densities in two areas, the lateral septum and the medial SDA, were sexually dimorphic. In each case, fiber density was greater in males. There was no hormonal effect, however, on the fiber densities in the medial SDA. The fact that the fiber plexuses in the lateral septum and the medial SDA respond differently to gonadal steroids suggests that they arise from different cells and possibly from different areas of the brain. The vasopressin-immunoreactive fibers in the lateral septum probably come from steroid-sensitive vasopressin neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Those in the medial SDA may originate in the dorsal aspect of the suprachiasmatic nucleus where vasopressin-immunoreactive cell bodies were seen. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Didanosine causes sensory neuropathy in an HIV/AIDS animal model: impaired mitochondrial and neurotrophic factor gene expression

Antiretroviral toxic neuropathy (ATN) has become a common peripheral neuropathy among HIV/AIDS patients, for which the underlying pathogenesis is uncertain. Indeed, no models exist for ATN that assess the interaction between retroviral infection and antiretroviral therapy. Herein, we developed ex vivo and in vivo models of ATN induced by didanosine (ddI) following infection by the lentivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), permitting us to address the working hypothesis that ddI mediates ATN through mitochondrial injury in neurons. We investigated neuronal morphology, neurobehavioural testing, viral load, mitochondrial and neurotrophic factor gene expression after ddI treatment of FIV-infected and uninfected animals or dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures. ddI caused concentration-dependent neuronal injury in cultured feline DRGs (P < 0.05), together with reduced viral replication and diminished expression of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene (mtCOX I) and the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Indeed, BDNF treatment reversed neuronal injury caused by FIV infection in the presence or absence of ddI exposure (P < 0.05). In vivo FIV infection revealed delays in withdrawal latency to a noxious stimulus, which were exacerbated by ddI treatment. Epidermal density of nerve endings was reduced after FIV infection (P < 0.05), especially with ddI treatment. Although viral replication in blood was suppressed in ddI-treated animals (P < 0.05), ddI had a limited effect on viral abundance in DRGs of the same animals. ddI decreased mtCOX I expression in DRG neurons of FIV-infected animals (P < 0.05). BDNF expression was downregulated by ddI in DRG Schwann cells following FIV infection. Thus, ddI treatment during FIV infection resulted in additive pathogenic effects contributing to the development of ATN, which was associated with mitochondrial injury on neurons and reduced BDNF production by Schwann cells in DRGs, highlighting the convergent pathogenic effects that antiretroviral drugs might have in patients with HIV infection.
Nanocrystalline aluminum and iron: Mechanical behavior at quasi-static and high strain rates, and constitutive modeling

Abstract The responses of nanocrystalline aluminum powder of different grain sizes, prepared by ball milling and consolidated into bulk specimens by hot pressing, were determined under quasi-static and dynamic compression. The experiments demonstrated that the reduction in grain size resulted in several-fold increase in hardness and strength; the responses of nanocrystalline aluminum was found to be strain-rate-dependent. Using these measurements, Khan, Huang and Liang (KHL) viscoplastic model was modified by including a bi-linear Hall–Petch type relation to correlate with the response of nanocrystalline aluminum, including the variation of work hardening with grain size. The modified constitutive equation gives results very close to the experimental observations on nanocrystalline aluminum. In addition, the response of nanocrystalline iron, previously published, was also correlated with proposed model. Both correlations of strain-rate-dependent responses for different grain sizes were in good agreement with the experimental results over a wide range of grain sizes (micrometer to nanometer) and strain rates.
Deep spallation of medium mass isotopes by protons.

Spallation systematics have been extended into the deep spallation mass region. Production cross sections of scandium radioisotopes from 0.8 GeV protons on [sup 89]Y, [sup 92,96,100]Mo, and [sup 130]Te targets were measured and the cross sections were used to generate isobaric yield curves at [ital A][sub [ital p]]=47. In the latter target, this corresponds to a mass loss of [gt]80 nucleons. At [similar to]10 MeV/nucleon and for products outside the multifragmentation region, this is an extreme manifestation of the spallation process. The results prove to fit smooth extrapolations from trends developed in earlier work on less deep spallation. The influence of target composition is still evident even from [sup 130]Te, in contrast to expectations, based on evaporation considerations, that this so-called memory effect would wash out.
MR of cervical lymph nodes: Comparison of fast spin-echo and conventional spin-echo T2W scans

Purpose : In order to explore the utility of fast spin-echo techniques in the neck, 50 consecutive conventional spin-echo (CSE) long TR examinations were compared with 50 consecutive fast spin-echo (FSE) long TR scans for cervical lymph nodes. Materials and Methods : Standard CSE examinations used parameters of 2200/80/1 (TR/TE/excitations), 256×128 matrix, 5 mm thick with interslice gaps between 1 and 2.5 mm. FSE studies were employed with TR of 4000/80/2, 256×192 matrix, fat suppression and 5 mm contiguous slices. Standard T1-weighted examinations and clinical correlation were used as proof of nodal presence. Results : Overall vascular flow artefacts, patient motion artefacts, and image quality were comparable between the two techniques. Lymph node detectability was superior with FSE scans ( P Conclusion : FSE is a competitive technique to CSE images in the neck, yielding similar quality images with higher resolution, reduced scan time, and improved lymph node detectability.
Dynamics of major ions in some permanent and semi-permanent saline systems

1. Seasonal changes in major ions were investigated and compared in three semi-permanent (0.5 meter maximum depth) and two permanent lakes (1.5 meter maximum depth) in southern British Columbia, Canada. 2. Rapid evaporation rates cause drastic physical changes in the semi-permanent habitats with late summer condition represented by the concentrated solutions limited to scattered pockets throughout the basin. 3. These changes create extreme osmotic stress on organisms inhabiting the systems with late summer solutions at least 10-fold higher than the spring solutions. 4. Short-lived vertical density gradients are formed in the early spring, even in systems with maximum depth of 50 cm, by the dilute runoff water forming a layer on top of the concentrated solutions already in the system. Stable density gradients form in late summer stagnant waters in permanent systems. 5. Seasonal shifts of cations particularly Na and Mg, were observed in the semi-permanent habitats with sodium dominant systems in the spring changing to magnesium dominant systems in the fall. 6. The significance of these cation shifts on the biota are discussed with particular reference to a filamentous green alga Ctenocladus circinnatus Borzi.
The nucleotide base composition of ribonucleic acid from several microbial species

Abstract The nucleotide base compositions of alkali digests of various microbial RNA components have been measured by an isotope dilution technique and column chromatography. All bacterial samples for analysis were taken during the exponential growth of cultures in a simple chemically defined medium. The total trichloroacetic acid-precipitable RNA, the 30-S, 50-S and 70-S ribonucleoprotein particles, and the soluble RNA have been measured in each of five bacterial species. The corresponding fractions in yeast have also been analyzed. In addition, the base composition of the rapidly labeled 14-S RNA fraction has been measured after short periods of 32 P incorporation into bacteria. Only in this fraction has any consistent correlation between RNA composition and the DNA composition of the bacterial species been found.
Silicone polymer chemical vapor sensors fabricated by direct polymer patterning on substrate technique (DPPOST)

Abstract Soft polymeric materials have proven to provide a host of new capabilities for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). However, the direct patterning of soft polymeric materials on substrates is not as developed as those found in photolithographic technologies for MEMS. This paper demonstrates the patterning of fully aligned soft polymeric materials, such as the room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone, on glass or silicon substrates using the direct polymer patterning on substrate technique (DPPOST). The patterned polymer line width of ∼10 μm has been achieved using this technique. By utilizing this newly developed fabrication technology, single and array elements of silicone–carbon black polymeric chemical vapor sensor has been fabricated and tested for the intended application in electronic nose systems. The sensors have been shown to be sensitive to common solvents such as acetone, methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol. Simple noise measurement experiments also show the insensitivity of the sensor noise to the chemical vapor concentrations.
Hepatitis C virus coinfection and the risk of cardiovascular disease among HIV‐infected patients

Background Among HIV-infected patients, hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is associated with lower cholesterol levels, but it remains unclear how it affects cardiovascular outcomes. Methods We performed logistic regression to evaluate acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) events by HCV status among HIV-infected US veterans in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era (1996–2004). We then performed survival analyses to evaluate incident AMI and CVD, exploring antiretroviral therapy (ART) as a time-dependent variable. Results A total of 19 424 HIV-infected patients [31.6% of whom were HCV-coinfected (HIV/HCV)] contributed 76 376 patient-years of follow-up. HCV coinfection was associated with lower rates of hypercholesterolaemia (18.0% in HIV/HCV vs. 30.7% in HIV-only patients; P<0.001), but higher rates of hypertension (43.8%vs. 35.6%; P<0.0001), type 2 diabetes mellitus (16.2%vs. 11.1%; P<0.0001) and smoking (36.7%vs. 24.7%; P=0.009). Rates of AMI and CVD were significantly higher among HIV/HCV than HIV-only patients: 4.19 vs. 3.36 events/1000 patient-years, respectively (P<0.001), for AMI; and 12.47 vs. 11.12 events/1000 patient-years, respectively (P<0.001), for CVD. When analyses were controlled for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, age and duration of ART, hazard ratios (HRs) among those with HIV/HCV (vs. HIV only) were 1.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.61; P=0.072] for AMI and 1.20 (CI 1.04–1.38; P=0.013) for CVD. Hypertension (HR 2.05; P<0.001), greater age (HR 1.79; P<0.001) and longer duration (cumulative years) of antiretroviral use (HR 1.12; P=0.0411) were also associated with increased risk of AMI in the adjusted model. Conclusions In the HAART era, HCV coinfection was associated with a significantly increased risk of CVD and a trend towards an increased risk of AMI among HIV-infected patients.
Continuous-time simulation of metal cutting on a lathe

Abstract Even though there is substantial work on adaptive control within the body of modern control theory, there have been few reductions of parameter adaptive control to actual machine tools on the shop floor. It has been suggested that the primary impediments to such application are the lack of mathematical models of manufacturing processes in forms appropriate to the control problem, and the lack of in-process sensing techniques that would be complementary to such models. This paper describes one step in a sequence of research efforts that is intended to lead to the adaptive control of unattended machine tools. Numerical parameters are used to evaluate coefficients of a previously developed state space model of semi-orthogonal metal cutting on a lathe. An advanced continuous simulation language (ACSL) program is presented.
Theoretical and practical aspects of real-time Fourier imaging

This paper reports the theoretical and experimental sensitivity of Fourier imaging (Fl) and the Fourier imaging system (FIS)'' respectively. The theory based on scalar diffraction which specifies these sensitivities is presented and discussed. Specifically the theoretical sensitivity of the Fl technique at a wavelength of 633 nm is determined to be 0. 003 nm while the experimental sensitivity of the FIS is approximately 15 nm. Both of these figures utilize a one-dimensional 1-pm rectangular diffraction structure for their calculation.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-speed counter-current chromatographic separation of biflavanoids from Garcinia kola seeds

Abstract Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) known in commerce as “bitter kola” is used extensively in Nigeria and Ghana for the treatment of coughs, mouth infection, liver disorders and antidote for arrow poisons. In our studies extracts of seed displayed appreciable activity against several selected microorganisms. To identify the antimicrobial compounds and study other biological effects of G. kola and its constituents, we have separated the constituents of the ethyl acetate extract of defatted seeds by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Using this technique with the solvent system n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:4:2.5:2.5, upper phase as the stationary phase and the lower phase as the mobile phase), the ethyl acetate extract provided seven products. Four of these have been characterized as 3–8 linked biflavanoids, kolaflavanone, GB-1, GB-1a and GB-2 by spectral data.
An angiogenic inhibitor, cyclic RGDfV, attenuates MPTP-induced dopamine neuron toxicity

We previously demonstrated that several dopamine (DA) neurotoxins produced punctate areas of FITC-labeled albumin (FITC-LA) leakage in the substantia nigra and striatum suggesting blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Further, this leakage was co-localized with αvβ3 integrin up-regulation, a marker for angiogenesis. This suggested that the FITC-LA leakage might have been a result of angiogenesis. To assess the possible role of angiogenesis in DA neuron loss, we treated mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and on the following day treated with cyRGDfV, a cyclic peptide that binds to integrin αvβ3 and prevents angiogenesis. Post-treatment for 3 days (b.i.d.) with cyRGDfV blocked the MPTP-induced upregulation of integrin β3 immunoreactivity (a marker for angiogenesis), leakage of FITC-LA into brain parenchyma (a marker for BBB disruption) as well as the down regulation of Zona Occludin-1 (ZO-1; a marker for tight junction integrity). In addition, cyRGDfV also completely prevented tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cell loss (a marker for DA neurons) and markedly attenuated the up-regulation of activated microglia (Iba1 cell counts and morphology). These data suggest that cyRGDfV, and perhaps other anti-angiogenic drugs, are neuroprotective following acute MPTP treatment and may suggest that compensatory angiogenesis and BBB dysfunction may contribute to inflammation and DA neuron loss.
The impact of Depression-era Homeowners’ Loan Corporation lending in Greater Cleveland, Ohio

In this paper, I build on previous historical studies that have analyzed the lending activities of the Homeowners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), a New Deal agency established in 1933 to mitigate the national mortgage foreclosure crisis caused by the economic fallout of the Great Depression. I investigate whether discriminatory lending practices took place in Greater Cleveland, Ohio. I also examine a second question related to the contemporaneous impact of HOLC lending: did lending actually decrease Depression-era foreclosure rates in areas of significant lending activity? Census tract-level ordinary least squares, two-stage least squares, and spatial regression models are estimated to answer these questions. While studies of the HOLC in other cities (including Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Chicago) have attempted to assess the possibility of discriminatory lending outcomes, their findings have remained inconclusive. In addition, previous studies have not assessed the HOLC’s practical success, especi...
Expediting the formulation development process with the aid of automated dissolution in analytical research and development.

The development of drugs in the generic pharmaceutical industry is a highly competitive arena of companies vying for few drug products that are coming off patent. Companies that have been successful in this arena are those that have met or surpassed the critical timeline associated with trial formulation development, analytical method development, and submission batch manufacturing and testing. Barr Laboratories Inc., has been successful in the generic pharmaceutical industry for several reasons, one of which includes automation. The analytical research and development at Barr has employed the use of automated dissolution early in the lifecycle of a potential product. This approach has dramatically reduced the time to market on average for a number of products. The key to this approach is the network infrastructure of the formulation and analytical research and development departments. At Barr, the cooperative ability to work and communicate together has driven the departments to streamline and matrix their work efforts and optimize resources and time. The discussion will reference how Barr has been successful with automation and gives a case study of products that have moved with rapid pace through the development cycle
Fuzzy relations on rings and groups

Abstract Let S be any nonempty set. A fuzzy relation on S is a fuzzy subset of S × S. In this paper we study fuzzy relations on rings and groups. In particular we show that if μ and σ are fuzzy left (right) ideals of a ring R, then μ × σ is a fuzzy left (right) ideal of R × R and conversely if μ × σ is a fuzzy left (right) ideal of R × R, then either μ or σ is a fuzzy left (right) ideal of R. An example is given to show that if μ × σ is a fuzzy left (right) ideal of R × R, then μ and σ both need not be fuzzy left (right) ideals of R. An example is also given to show that if μ is a fuzzy left (right) ideal of R × R, then σμ, the weakest fuzzy subset of R on which μ is a fuzzy relation, need not be a fuzzy left (right) ideal of R. We obtain similar results for groups. We also show that certain results of Bhattacharya and Mukherjee (1985) are not true.
An optimum rankine power cycle for the lithium-cooled TITAN-I reversed-field-pinch reactor

A thermal power cycle for the TITAN-I fusion reactor is presented. TITAN is a compact, high-power-density (neutron Wall loading of 18 MW/m2) reactor based on the reversed-field-pinch (RFP) confinement concept. TITAN-I incorporates a fusion power core design with liquid lithium as the coolant and breeder, and vanadium alloy (V-3Ti-1Si) as the structural material. The total thermal power of TITAN-I is 2918 MWt. Of this total thermal power, 736 MWt is removed by the first-wall coolant, 29 MWt by the divertor coolant and the remaining 2153 MWt by the blanket coolant. The inlet temperature of the primary coolant is 320 °C. The exit temperatures are 440 °C, 540 °C and 700 °C for the first-wall, divertor and blanket coolants, respectively. Coolants from the first wall and divertor are mixed upon exit which gives the first-wall/divertor mixed exit temperature of 442 °C. The blanket coolant is kept separate. The coolant flow rates in the first-wall, divertor and blanket circuits are 1464, 31 and 1352 kg/ s, respectively. Liquid lithium is also chosen as the secondary coolant in the intermediate heat exchangers. Several power cycle modifications are considered. The selected power cycle has two components — one for the conversion of the thermal power in the first-wall and divertor coolants, and the other for conversion of the thermal power in the blanket coolant which is at much higher thermal potential. The power cycle for the first wall and divertor is a non-reheat, superheat Rankine cycle with 4 stages of regenerative feed-water heating. The pressure and temperature of the throttle steam are 10.7 MPa and 396 °C, respectively. This results in a gross thermal efficiency of 37.3%. The power cycle for blanket is a Rankine cycle with 2-stage reheat and 7 stages of regenerative feed-water heating. The throttle steam conditions are 565.6 °C and 21.4 MPa. The gross thermal efficiency for this cycle is 46.5%. The overall gross thermal efficiency of the lithium-cooled TITAN reactor is 44%. All the power cycle analyses are done by the code PRESTO developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States.
“The kids really fit”;: Rock text and rock practice in Bill Haley's Rock Around the Clock

(1994). “The kids really fit”;: Rock text and rock practice in Bill Haley's Rock Around the Clock. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 57-75.
Re-Weighted Functional Estimation of Diffusion Models

Nonparametric methods attract substantial attention recently in estimating the continuous-time diffusion models, and among them, the local linear method is especially appealing and becomes the common choice for practitioners. Despite its obvious merits compared to other smoothing methods, the local linear method is unsatisfactory for the diffusion (or volatility) function estimation since it may produce negative results and thus lead to insensible inference in practice. We demonstrate this using monthly data of the three-month Treasury bill rate and show that it is particularly true for the low values of interest rates. To overcome this problem, we extend the weighted bootstrap methods of Hall and Presnell (1999) to the estimation of the diffusion coefficient. The new estimator preserves appealing bias properties of the local linear diffusion estimator and is guaranteed to be positive in finite samples. A limit theory is developed under mild requirements of the data generating mechanism without assuming stationarity or ergodicity.