cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convection in Ordered and Disordered Porous Layers

Abstract In this chapter we investigate buoyancy-driven convection in a horizontal fluid-saturated porous medium. Our particular focus is on the discrepancy that can exist between theoretical results and the results from laboratory experiments. When one conducts laboratory experiments then there exist a number of competing criteria that make the design of the ideal laboratory experiment difficult. The compromises one must make in building the media result in media that are spatially inhomogeneous except in cases of specially constructed systems. These heterogeneities create the rounding of the heat transfer curve in the neighborhood of convection onset, convection wave-pattern pinning, and in some cases, media in which no-flow (conductive) state cannot exist for any nonzero destabilizing temperature gradient.
When Limiting Factors aren’t: Lessons from Land Crabs

Marine animals invading the intertidal zone face a number of potentially stressful or lethal physical factors (e.g. extreme temperatures, desiccation). As physiological ecologists, we have set out to investigate the various sorts of mechanisms by which animals cope with intertidal and supratidal existence, and our research has a larger physiological emphasis than most other programs represented in this symposium. However, many of the adaptations for coping with the challenges of the physical environment are behavioral, instead of (or in addition to) physiological. In this paper we discuss how the concept of physical “limiting factors” has been used to elucidate the coping mechanisms of a series of intertidal and terrestrial crabs. Two types of behavioral adaptation are included in the discussion: 1) behaviors which contribute to homeostasis during stress and might be considered part of physiological mechanisms (e.g., behaviors for taking up water); and 2) behaviors which remove the animal from stressful microenvironments (e.g., selection of specific microhabitats, locomotion, behavioral range limitation).
Foreign Investment: Direct

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as the ownership of assets in one country by the resident of another country. Studies explaining the upsurge of FDI in the post-World War II era focused on US multinationals and their worldwide operations in manufacturing industries. As a result, initial theoretical discussions emphasized the behavior of firms belonging to oligopolistic industries. The growth of FDI from Japan and the newly industrializing nations, as well as FDI in service industries, called for an eclectic approach toward explaining the dynamics of FDI. Other studies on FDI emphasize the location patterns of FDI within a host country and the nature of the impact of FDI on financial markets, technology, employment, competitiveness, and trade.
Stoneworkers’ Approaches to Replicating Prismatic Blades

The title of this chapter alludes to articles by Don Crabtree ( 1966, 1968 ) on the replication of Folsom points and Mesoamerican prismatic blades. I evaluate Crabtree’s contributions in light of subsequent experiments in making pressure and percussion blades, with special attention to Mesoamerican blades.
Synthesis of [18F]-fluoro-3'-deoxy-3'-L-fluorothymidine (FLT) in a fully automated modular system

1427 Objectives FLT is a promising PET biomarker for assessing cell proliferation in tumor. The overall yield of FLT was previously reported to be 5-25% with kryptofix 2.2.2 (K222) in CH3CN or DMSO. The yield was increased substantially when tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate (TBAHCO3) and t-butanol were used instead. The multifunctional and fully automated Modular-Lab (Eckert & Ziegler; Berlin, Germany) consists of small individual operation modules which can be easily assembled, exchanged or expanded to fulfill the specific synthesis needs. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate this system by synthesizing FLT with these two methods. The quality of FLT was further assessed in mice with microPET imaging. Methods FLT was synthesized based on the methods published by Martin et al. (2002) using K222 and Lee et al. (2007) using TBAHCO3. 20 mg of precursor (3-N-Boc-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-3′-O-nosyl-thymidine) was used in both methods. The overall yield was calculated by % (collected activity from HPLC)/(Initial activity) and the radiochemical yield by TLC. In vivo biodistribution of FLT was examined using microPET imaging in nude mice subcutaneously xenografted with the human lung cancer cell lines, A549 and HTB177 (n=5). Results The overall yields and the radiochemical yields were 20±5% and 44±14% for the K222 method (n=9) and 16±4% and 35±15% for the TBAHCO3 method (n=6) respectively. The yields were not statistically different between these two methods (p>0.05). The total synthesis time was about 100 min for either method. MicroPET imaging in mice demonstrated predominant accumulation of FLT in tumors and distinct localization of FLT in other normal organs having rapid cell division rate such as the bone marrow, which is consistent with the literature. Conclusions FLT was successfully and reproducibly synthesized with the fully automated Modular-Lab system using two different published methods with no significant difference in yields. Thus either method can be used to synthesize FLT for routine microPET imaging. Further refinement on the automation can possibly improve the yields
Measurement of Posterior Acoustic Stone Shadow on Ultrasound Is a Learnable Skill for Inexperienced Users to Improve Accuracy of Stone Sizing

Abstract Introduction: Studies suggest that the width of the acoustic shadow on ultrasound (US) more accurately reflects true stone size than the stone width in US images. We evaluated the need for...
Rescue of collapsed replication forks is dependent on NSMCE2 to prevent mitotic DNA damage

NSMCE2 is an E3 SUMO ligase and a subunit of the SMC5/6 complex that associates with the replication fork and protects against genomic instability. Here, we study the fate of collapsed replication forks generated by prolonged hydroxyurea treatment in human NSMCE2-deficient cells. Double strand breaks accumulate during rescue by converging forks in normal cells but not in NSMCE2-deficient cells. Un-rescued forks persist into mitosis, leading to increased mitotic DNA damage. Excess RAD51 accumulates and persists at collapsed forks in NSMCE2-deficient cells, possibly due to lack of BLM recruitment to stalled forks. Despite failure of BLM to accumulate at stalled forks, NSMCE2-deficient cells exhibit lower levels of hydroxyurea-induced sister chromatid exchange. In cells deficient in both NSMCE2 and BLM, hydroxyurea-induced double strand breaks and sister chromatid exchange resembled levels found in NSCME2-deficient cells. We conclude that the rescue of collapsed forks by converging forks is dependent on NSMCE2.
How Can We Peri-procedurally Evaluate Transcatheter Heart Valve Thrombosis Risk?

Objectives: hrombosis in transcatheter heart valves (THVs) is of increasing clinical concern due to valve deterioration and thromboembolism risks. The thrombus originates in the neo-sinus, the regi...
Torsemide versus furosemide and intermediate-term outcomes in patients with heart failure: an updated meta-analysis.

AimsLoop diuretics have become a mainstay of chronic heart failure management. Furosemide and torsemide are the two most common loop diuretics; nevertheless, there is inconsistent evidence regarding the optimal choice of loop diuretic with respect to clinical outcomes.MethodsMedline and Cochrane Dat
Passionate and Underpaid: An Afternoon with Seminal Rock Music Journalists Michael Lydon and Wayne Robins

When history, passion, and rock music converge, expect something very interesting to happen. On 14 February 2019, Michael Lydon and Wayne Robins sat down in a public interview forum and shared stor...
Properties of the Number of Iterations of a Feasible Solutions Algorithm

In recent years, statistical analyses, algorithms, and modeling have been constrained due to computational complexity. Further, the added complexity of relationships among response and explanatory variables, such as higher-order interaction effects, makes identifying predictors using standard statistical techniques difficult. These difficulties are only exacerbated in the case of small sample sizes in some studies. Recent analyses have targeted the identification of interaction effects in big data, but the development of methods to identify higher-order interaction effects has been limited by computational concerns. One recently studied method is the feasible solutions algorithm (FSA), a fast, flexible method that aims to find a set of statistically optimal models via a stochastic search algorithm. Although FSA has shown promise, its current limits include that the user must choose the number of times to run the algorithm. Here, we provide statistical guidance for this number of iterations by deriving a lower bound on the probability of obtaining the statistically optimal model in a number of iterations of FSA. For example, when considering a two-way interaction model, if you would like the probability of obtaining the statistically optimal solution to be at least 80%, then you would need to choose the number of random starts of FSA to be 40% of the number of possible explanatory variables in your data set. The performance of this bound is then tested on both simulated and real data. This work allows FSA users to make statistically informed choices about FSA that can improve data analysis techniques.
Steady state performance of a nonlinear vibration absorber on vibration reduction of a harmonically forced oscillator

In this paper, the periodic steady-state responses of a nonlinear vibration absorber are investigated using the general harmonically balanced method. The periodic steady-state responses are presented via the frequency-amplitude curves. The bifurcation and stability are investigated through the eigenvalue analysis of a developed dynamical system of coefficients of the finite Fourier series. Numerical simulations of stable symmetric and asymmetric periodic steady-state responses are completed. The harmonic amplitude spectrums show harmonic effects on steady-state periodic motions, and the corresponding accuracy of approximate analytical solutions can be prescribed specifically.
Uniqueness of Laryngeal Nerve Injury Following Heart Transplantation

Purpose The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after heart transplantation has not been well studied. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury manifests as absent or impaired vocal cord mobility causing dysphonia. Few studies have evaluated this type of nerve injury with research assessing this topic in cardiac surgery mostly limited to aortic, coronary bypass, and valvular surgery. Identifying the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after heart transplantation is important for both physicians and patients in order to more accurately detail the complications associated with this major surgery. Methods This study was a retrospective chart review performed on 972 consecutive adult patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation between 2010-2019. This was a single center study at a large quaternary care institution. Chart review consisted of examining Cardiology and Otolaryngology notes. Key words (dysphonia, hoarse, vocal cord, laryngeal, otolaryngology) were used to search through each patient's electronic health record to identify the presence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Patients that had prior recurrent laryngeal nerve injury were not counted as positive results. Results 29 of 972 (2.9 %) patients developed new recurrent laryngeal nerve injury diagnosed as vocal cord paralysis or paresis, confirmed with laryngoscopy. 20 of 29 (68.9 %) injuries were left-sided. Patients developed new onset dysphonia almost immediately after heart transplantation. 18 of 29 (62.1 %) were diagnosed within 2 weeks following heart transplant. 5 of 29 (17.2 %) patients required vocal cord injection. Other patients were managed with a combination of laryngeal adduction exercises, soft liquid diet, and surveillance. Conclusion Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is a possible adverse outcome following orthotopic heart transplantation. The development of dysphonia should be monitored, and its appearance may warrant laryngoscopic evaluation to assess vocal cord mobility. This study is one of the first to document the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in this specific type of cardiac surgery. Further studies are needed to more thoroughly evaluate complications of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, such as potential reversibility of damage and time to reversibility.
Boys in the Booth: The Impact of Announcer Gender on Audience Demand:

This study provides an experiment to examine whether announcer gender impacts audience demand. With special attention to literature detailing the role of women in sports, sports economics, as well ...
Electronic Networking Comes to the University: Factors that Influence Adoption among Faculty.

AbstractThis study benchmarks the introduction of an emerging organizational technology into a university: computer network systems. Although it has been argued that gender and age differences predict network usage, the researchers observe that their significance is diminished when educational field is considered. Based on a sample comparing business faculty with their counterparts in science and engineering within a mid-sized university, most of the hypotheses are confirmed. Younger faculty use the networks more, take advantage of a fuller variety of options, and express greater feelings of expertise. Males, however, do not use the network more than females. When educational field is considered, neither gender nor age have much explanatory power, and it is clear that business school faculty are not making optimal use of the potential of computer networks.
Postoperative Physician Phone Calls as a Method to Decrease Urgent Care and Emergency Department Returns After Ambulatory General Surgery

Unplanned returns after ambulatory surgery pose a burden to patients and health care providers alike. We hypothesized that a postoperative phone call by a physician would decrease avoidable returns to urgent care (UC) or the emergency department (ED) in the week after anorectal (AR), laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), inguinal hernia repair (IHR), and umbilical hernia repair (UHR) operations. A retrospective analysis from 1/2011 to 12/2015 across 14 Kaiser hospitals was conducted to determine baseline UC/ED return rates of patients pre-call. Between 10/2017 and 06/2019, physicians placed phone calls to patients within postoperative days (PODs) 1-4. The cohorts were compared using chi-squared analysis with significance determined at P < .05. In total, 276 patients received a call, with the majority placed on PODs 1-3. There were no statistically significant differences in return rates between the pre- and post-call groups. All of the AR, 50.0% of LC, 66.7% of IHR, and 50.0% of UHR patients returned prior to phone call placement. Our data indicate that a physician phone call does not help in decreasing UC/ED returns. However, it is noteworthy that many of the returns occurred pre-call placement. Future directions should be aimed at placing earlier postoperative phone calls.
Low-resistance GaN tunnel homojunctions with 150 kA/cm2 current and repeatable negative differential resistance

We report GaN n++/p++ interband tunnel junctions with repeatable negative differential resistance and low resistance. Reverse and forward tunneling current densities were observed to increase as Si and Mg doping concentrations were increased. Hysteresis-free, bidirectional negative differential resistance was observed at room temperature from these junctions at a forward voltage ∼1.6 V. Thermionic PN junctions with GaN homojunction tunnel contact to the p-layer exhibited forward current density of 150 kA/cm2 at 7.6 V, with a low series device resistance of 1 × 10−5 Ω cm2.
Stability and Duality in {\mathcal{N}\,{=}\,2} Supergravity

The BPS-spectrum is known to change when moduli cross a wall of marginal stability. This paper tests the compatibility of wall-crossing with S-duality and electric-magnetic duality for \({\mathcal{N}=2}\) supergravity. To this end, the BPS-spectrum of D4-D2-D0 branes is analyzed in the large volume limit of Calabi-Yau moduli space. Partition functions are presented, which capture the stability of BPS-states corresponding to two constituents with primitive charges and supported on very ample divisors in a compact Calabi-Yau. These functions are “mock modular invariant” and therefore confirm S-duality. Furthermore, wall-crossing preserves electric-magnetic duality, but is shown to break the “spectral flow” symmetry of the \({\mathcal{N}=(4,0)}\) CFT, which captures the degrees of freedom of a single constituent.
Hardware-assisted Detection of Malware in Automotive-Based Systems

In the age of Internet-of-Things (IoT), automobiles have become heavily integrated and reliant on computerized components for system functionality. Modern vehicles have many Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that control ignition timing, suspension control, and transmission shifting. The Engine Control Module (ECM) is generally recognized as one of the most essential components owing to its functionality of regulating air and fuel input to the engine. Consequently, automotive security is an emerging problem that will only escalate as vehicles integrate more computerized components in conjunction with wireless system connectivity. Attackers that successfully gain access to important vehicular components and compromise existing functionality can induce a plethora of malevolent activities. With the evolution and exponential proliferation of Malware, identifying malicious entities is critical for maintaining proper system performance. Traditional anti-virus software is inadequate against complex Malware, which has engendered a push towards Hardware-assisted Malware Detection (HMDs) using Hardware Performance Counters (HPCs). HPCs are special purpose registers that track low-level micro-architectural events. In this paper, we propose using Machine Learning models trained on HPC data to identify malicious entities in the ECM. Our experimental results determine that the proposed ML-based models can successfully identify malicious actions in an automotive system with a classification accuracy of up to 96.7%.
Pruning Neural Networks with Interpolative Decompositions

We introduce a principled approach to neural network pruning that casts the problem as a structured low-rank matrix approximation. Our method uses a novel application of a matrix factorization technique called the interpolative decomposition to approximate the activation output of a network layer. This technique selects neurons or channels in the layer and propagates a corrective interpolation matrix to the next layer, resulting in a dense, pruned network with minimal degradation before fine tuning. We demonstrate how to prune a neural network by first building a set of primitives to prune a single fully connected or convolution layer and then composing these primitives to prune deep multi-layer networks. Theoretical guarantees are provided for pruning a single hidden layer fully connected network. Pruning with interpolative decompositions achieves strong empirical results compared to the state-of-the-art on multiple applications from one and two hidden layer networks on Fashion MNIST to VGG and ResNets on CIFAR-10. Notably, we achieve an accuracy of 93.62 $\pm$ 0.36% using VGG-16 on CIFAR-10, with a 51% FLOPS reduction. This gains 0.02% from the full-sized model.
The mechanism of oxidative addition of Pd(0) to Si-H bonds: electronic effects, reaction mechanism, and hydrosilylation.

The oxidative addition of Pd to Si–H bonds is a crucial step in a variety of catalytic applications, and many aspects of this reaction are poorly understood. One important yet underexplored aspect is the electronic effect of silane substituents on reactivity. Herein we describe a systematic investigation of the formation of silyl palladium hydride complexes as a function of silane identity, focusing on electronic influence of the silanes. Using [(μ-dcpe)Pd]2 (dcpe = dicyclohexyl(phosphino)ethane) and tertiary silanes, data show that equilibrium strongly favours products formed from electron-deficient silanes, and is fully dynamic with respect to both temperature and product distribution. A notable kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 1.21 is observed with H/DSiPhMe2 at 233 K, and the reaction is shown to be 0.5th order in [(μ-dcpe)Pd]2 and 1st order in silane. Formed complexes exhibit temperature-dependent intramolecular H/Si ligand exchange on the NMR timescale, allowing determination of the energetic barrier to reversible oxidative addition. Taken together, these results give unique insight into the individual steps of oxidative addition and suggest the initial formation of a σ-complex intermediate to be rate-limiting. The insight gained from these mechanistic studies was applied to hydrosilylation of alkynes, which shows parallel trends in the effect of the silanes' substituents. Importantly, this work highlights the relevance of in-depth mechanistic studies of fundamental steps to catalysis.
Supporting Young Children’s Development of Executive Function Through Early Mathematics:

Early childhood teachers face competing instructional priorities to support specific academic skills and general skills that underlie learning, such as executive function (EF) skills that allow chi...
The filamentous Pseudomonas phage Pf disrupts airway basal cell proliferation

Filamentous phages made by Pseudomonas (Pa) spontaneously organize polymers into crystalline structures and function as a scaffold in Pa biofilms. We have detected the phage Pf in high levels in sputum from Pa infected Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients. The presence of Pf phage in CF sputum we find associated with chronic Pa infection, detriments in lung function, and resistance to antibiotics. We hypothesize that Pf can also affect cellular repair mechanisms in the airway. To test this we isolated basal cells from respiratory samples obtained from healthy donors. Cells were seeded onto collagen coated 96-well plates and allowed to attach overnight. We then added to the wells Pf phage at MOIs of log 3, log 5 or log 7, or control media or a mix of Pf and LPS (1 μg/mL) to emulate Pa infection conditions. Cells were then incubated at 37oC and 5% CO2 and monitored by live imaging with phase contrast for 72 hours using the Incucyte system (Sartorius Lab Instruments, Goettingen). Images were analyzed for cell number and confluence following manufacturer recommendations. We find that after the first 24 hours, there is a dose dependent and significant effect of Pf decreasing proliferation compared to the control conditions. There was also an additive effect of LPS, with the combination of Pf log 7 and LPS basically halting any proliferation. In a separate set of experiments, we seeded cells onto collagen coated coverslips and after allowing the cells to attach overnight exposed them to log 7 fluorescently tagged Pf. Fluorescent microscopy revealed intracellular presence of Pf. We are conducting further experiments with cells from CF donors and other phages, as well as interrogating potential mechanisms involved.
Coordinated Punishment Does Not Proliferate When Defectors Can Also Punish Cooperators

Large-scale cooperation, or the willingness of individuals to incur costs in order to help others, is a defining trait of the human species. However, cooperation poses a theoretical puzzle: since it is individually costly to cooperate, it seems that natural selection should favor non-cooperation (defection). Recently, it has been proposed that coordinated, collective punishment by cooperators of defectors can allow cooperation to invade a population of defectors. Here, we address the fact that in this previous analysis, coordinated punishment was only available to cooperators; defectors had no ability to punish cooperators (i.e. antisocial punishment was not possible). In other models, the inclusion of antisocial punishment has been shown to undermine the ability of punishment to promote cooperation. Thus we examine the effect of allowing coordinated antisocial punishment on the emergence of cooperation. Our results suggest that punishment confers no competitive advantage when it is a strategy available to both cooperators and defectors. While coordinated prosocial punishers can invade a population of non-punishing defectors, they cannot invade a population of coordinated antisocial punishers. These results question the conclusion that coordinated punishment played a central role in the evolution of human cooperation, and highlight the importance of not arbitrarily excluding antisocial punishment strategies from evolutionary models.
Effect of Soy Products on Methotrexate Toxicity in Rats

Several experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various soy products on methotrexate (MTX) toxicity. Products tested included soybean meal, soybean concentrate, soybean isolate and soybean fiber, which were provided as replacements for casein or cornstarch in a semipurified diet. Soybean meal and soybean concentrate offered the greatest protection, completely alleviating MTX-induced anorexia and diarrhea when included as the sole protein source and fed 14 d prior to and 7 d following intraperitoneal MTX injection at 20 mg/kg body weight. Positive responses also were observed with soybean isolate and soybean fiber. Histological examination of the small intestine of MTX-injected animals revealed that soybean concentrate and soybean isolate prevented the necrosis observed in animals fed the casein-based semipurified diet. Methotrexate levels in plasma were similar for animals fed semipurified diets in which protein was supplied by casein, soybean concentrate or soybean isolate. Thus, altered plasma MTX levels did not explain the differences among protein sources in ameliorating MTX-induced anorexia and gut toxicity. White blood cell counts were depressed by MTX in animals fed all diets.
A platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) deficiency in healthy blood donors: Naka- platelets lack detectable GPIV (CD36)

It has recently been shown that the Naka antigen, which is absent in 3% to 11% of Japanese blood donors, is expressed on platelet glycoprotein IV (GPIV; CD36) (Tomiyama et al, BLOOD, 75:684, 1990). In the present studies, flow cytometry was used to distinguish differences in the reactivity of Naka+ and Naka- platelets with both OKM5, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope on GPIV, and with polyclonal anti-GPIV antibody. OKM5 was also used to screen 871 platelet concentrates prepared from healthy US blood donors. Three of these showed markedly deficient binding of 125I-OKM5 or an incidence of 0.34%. Two of these donors were re-accessed and showed less than 1% binding of 125I-OKM5 as compared with 10,300 +/- 1,500 binding sites per platelet in controls (n = 4). Platelets from these two US donors were radiolabeled (125I, 3H) and compared with control platelets and with platelets from Japanese Naka+ and Naka- donors by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, protein blots, immunoprecipitation, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. GPIV could not be detected by any of these techniques in the Naka- platelets nor in the donors whose platelets showed deficient binding of OKM5. These results suggest that GPIV functions as an isoantigen rather than an alloantigen in immunizing Naka- platelet recipients. This is the first report of the absence of a major platelet membrane GP in healthy blood donors.
A comparison of numerical schemes on triangular and quadrilateral meshes

Finite volume solution procedures for Euler equations have been extensively studied when applied to quadrilateral meshes. Many methods such as mesh adaptation and multi-grid have been developed which make these procedures efficient and highly accurate. Recently, great interest has been focussed on the development and use of unstructured triangular meshes. One of the advantages of these meshes is that they offer great flexibility in the generation of meshes around extremely complex geometries. The other advantage is that in adaptive mesh refinement the mesh always remains an unstructured triangular mesh, and so no modifications of the basic flow algorithm are required. However, a certain amount of doubt exists in the computational fluid dynamics community concerning the performance of triangular mesh solution schemes; in particular a recent paper by Roe [1] proved that the local truncation error is only first order on very irregular meshes. Giles [2] argues, however, that these triangular schemes can still be globally second order accurate. The goal of this study is to address this question of how well a given computational method can perform on a triangular mesh as compared to the more commonly used quadrilateral meshes. In particular, two node-based finite volume schemes will be examined: the node-based quadrilateral cell Jameson scheme [3] which has been modified for triangular meshes by Mavriplis and Jameson [4], and the quadrilateral cell Lax-Wendroff method developed by Ni [5] which has been modified by Lindquist for use on triangular meshes [6]. Care has been taken to keep the triangular and quadrilateral versions of a scheme similar to provide a fair basis for comparison.
Pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Clinical, radiographic, and pathologic manifestations

Pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma related to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has not been well characterized. To define the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of this entity, 11 autopsy-proved cases of pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma were reviewed. The most common clinical symptoms were dyspnea and cough, but hemoptysis and stridor were also found. Nodular infiltrates and pleural effusions were the most commonly found radiographic abnormalities. Pulmonary function tests were sensitive in detecting the pulmonary abnormalities due to Kaposi's sarcoma. A low diffusion capacity, lack of arterial desaturation with exercise, and obstruction to airflow were suggestive of pulmonary involvement with this malignancy. Although endobronchial Kaposi's sarcoma was visualized at bronchoscopy as cherry-red, slightly raised lesions, bronchial biopsy specimens always showed no abnormalities. Transbronchial brushings and biopsy specimens and analysis of pleural fluid were also not helpful in establishing a diagnosis. In the seven subjects with extensive parenchymal Kaposi's sarcoma at autopsy, the pleura was always involved. Eight subjects had involvement of the tracheobronchial tree. In all of the subjects, pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma was a significant cause of morbidity, and in three of 11 subjects (27 percent) it was the direct cause of death.
Evolving concepts of cortical radial and areal specification.

Abstract The fundamental principles of cortical organizaiton and its development, postulated by Santiago Ramon y Cajal at the turn of the century, based on his exquisite observations and ingenious interpretation of neuronal assemblies impregnated with the Golgi method, are being expanded with the application of advanced methods of anatomy, molecular biology and genetics. In this chapter, I will focus on the concept of columnar organizaiton and areal specifications of the cerebral cortex that has served as a useful framework for understanding its developmental as well as its function as an evolving organ of thought.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND TOXIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MOUSE-VIRULENT AND MOUSE-AVIRULENT CANDIDA ALBICANS.

Isenberg, Henry D. (Long Island Jewish Hospital, New Hyde Park, N.Y.), Jona Allerhand, James I. Berkman, and Dorothy Goldberg. Immunological and toxic differences between mouse-virulent and mouse-avirulent Candida albicans. J. Bacteriol. 86:1010–1018. 1963.—The differences between mouse-avirulent and -virulent strains of Candida albicans reside at least in part in cell surface materials which can be extracted with solvents such as ethanolethyl ether and phenol. These extracts are complex haptens which behave like endotoxins in mice and rabbits. Antibodies produced against intact and extracted cells show some strain specificity in agglutination and precipitin reactions, but underline primarily the differences between the virulent and avirulent variants. The chemical constitution of the extracted complex haptens suggests that the toxic or virulent principles are polysaccharide in nature and that the avirulent strain substitutes fats and lipids for some polysaccharides on their cell surface.
Influence of Fuel Drop Size and Combustor Operating Conditions on Pollutant Emissions

Tests are conducted in a tubular, gas-turbine type combuster, containing a 15 cm diameter combustion liner. The fuel injector comprises a circular array of 36 ''microscopic'' plain-jet airblast atomizers which is incorporated into a perforated plate flameholder. Standard instrumentation and sampling techniques are used to measure pollutant emissions over wide ranges of mean fuel drop size. The fuel employed is diesel oil (DF2). The results obtained demonstrate the effects of variations in fuel drop size and combustor operating conditions on the emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen,and particulates.
Retinal melatonin production: Role of proteasomal proteolysis in circadian and photic control of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase

PURPOSE. Dynamic day–night changes in melatonin synthesis are regulated by changes in the activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase [AA-NAT]). Similarly, a light-induced decrease in AA-NAT activity at night rapidly suppresses melatonin synthesis. The purpose of the current study was to test the hypothesis that in vivo changes of AA-NAT activity in chicken retina homogenates parallel changes in AA-NAT protein. This led to examination of the role of proteasomal proteolysis in the regulation of retinal AA-NAT activity and protein levels. METHODS. Chickens, entrained to a 12-hour light–12-hour dark cycle, were assessed under various lighting conditions, in some cases after in vivo intravitreal administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide or lactacystin, an inhibitor of the 20S proteasome. Tissue homogenates were prepared, AANAT enzyme activity was measured, and immunoreactive protein was estimated by Western blot using an anti-chicken AANAT1-21 serum. RESULTS. The abundance of AA-NAT protein in both the retina and pineal gland exhibited a daily rhythm that was statistically indistinguishable from that of AA-NAT’s activity measured in tissue homogenates. Acute exposure to light at night rapidly decreased AA-NAT protein and activity in a parallel fashion. Administration of cycloheximide at night decreased retinal AA-NAT activity in darkness and enhanced the effect of light. The light-evoked suppression of retinal AA-NAT protein and activity was blocked by intravitreal injection of lactacystin, which also was found to increase AA-NAT activity, either at night or during the daytime. CONCLUSIONS. AA-NAT activity measured in tissue homogenates reflects the steady state level of enzyme protein. AA-NAT protein in the retina turns over rapidly, reflecting a balance of de novo synthesis and proteasomal proteolysis. The suppressive effects of light at night are due primarily to enhanced AA-NAT proteolysis. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:564 –572)
Communities and Hierarchies: Structure in the Practice of Science and Technology

The purpose of the model proposed here for technology was and is historical; that is, it is intended to be utilitarian and heuristic rather than definitive or ‘clean’. It grew out of work on turbine systems, specifically turbojets, in which I found conventional explanations of invention inadequate: the turbojet is neither the product of unique genius nor a simple-minded ‘new combination of old ideas’. I therefore developed an ‘ideal-typical’ model for the structure of technological practice, and for technological change. I use ‘ideal-typical’ in its Weberian sense: an artificial construct intended to portray the essential relations among conjectured entities, the purpose of which is to illuminate rather than to replicate ‘social reality’.1 The goal is not comprehensive or finished theory, but rather the beginning of secure historical understanding.
Reduction of Euler Lagrange problems for constrained variational problems and relation with optimal control problems

Considers the relation between the optimal control problem and the classical calculus of variations problem with constraints. Some variational problems concerning control systems modeled on a state space of dimension n may be attacked by either formulation. The Pontryagin maximum principle gives rise to necessary conditions formulated in terms of a system of 2n Hamiltonian equations, while the Euler-Lagrange equations describing the necessary conditions in the classical calculus of variations formulation give rise to more equations. Clearly, in this case, the classical Legendre condition does not link the two formulations. The authors describe a technique to reduce the Euler-Lagrange equations to a system of 2n equations and describe the transformation which links the resulting system with the corresponding Hamiltonian equations. The authors describe some examples in detail and specifically address the situation where the equations describing the necessary conditions may be reduced due to the presence of symmetries. >
Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Salmonella and the Utility of Perfloxacin Disk Diffusion

Fluoroquinolone resistance is a serious and increasingly common problem in Salmonella. Two companion studies in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology (E. Deak, R. Skov, J. A. Hindler, and R. M. Humphries, J Clin Microbiol 53:3405-3410, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01393-15; R. Skov, E. Matuschek, M. Sjolund-Karlsson, J. Ahman, A. Petersen, M. Stegger, M. Torpdahl, and G. Kahlmeter, J Clin Microbiol 53:3411-3417, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01287-15) provide data to support the use of pefloxacin disk diffusion as a convenient and inexpensive surrogate laboratory method to detect fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella when the direct measurement of fluoroquinolone MICs is not feasible [corrected]. Recently updated CLSI and EUCAST susceptibility breakpoints will help to optimize clinical outcomes and reduce the likelihood of emergent resistance.
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates development of bovine embryos during the fourth cell cycle

In vitro produced, 2-cell bovine embryos were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with various combinations of growth factors to test the hypothesis that these polypeptide factors are able to signal preimplantation development. The developmental arrest that occurs during the 8-cell stage with typical culture methods might be relieved by a growth factor-dependent mechanism that would stimulate expression of the embryonic genome, thereby mimicking events that occur in vivo in the oviduct during the fourth cell cycle (8- to 16-cell stage). Subsequently, other growth factors might promote compaction and blastulation, processes which normally occur in the uterus. The effects of growth factors on early embryos were evaluated using phase contrast microscopy to monitor progression to the 8-cell stage, completion and duration of the fourth cell cycle, and blastocyst formation. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) promoted development beyond the 16-cell stage in 39.1% of the 2-cell embryos examined in all experiments. The duration of the fourth cell cycle among these embryos was approximately 26 hours. During development after the 16-cell stage, PDGF reduced the proportion of embryos bastulating from 12.7% to 5.8%; in contrast, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), acting during the same developmental time period, increased the proportion of embryos blastulating from 8.6% to 40.6%. These results, using serum-free medium, indicated that PDGF signalled completion of the fourth cell cycle. TGF alpha, and perhaps basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), promoted blastulation of 16-cell embryos during subsequent culture.
Compromise and attraction effects in food choice

Food choices are being implicated as a key driver in the rising rates of obesity, as well as associated with other health problems that impact both individuals and society as a whole (Cawley and Meyerhoefer). Calorie listings, whether provided on menus or packaged goods, increase consumer's awareness of the calories in potential food choices and, as a result, make consumers more likely to evaluate a product relative to others in the choice set based on this attribute (e.g. choosing a higher or lower calorie option). In this research, we explore whether the provision of calorie information, when presented in the context of other food options, will result in (1) compromise effects, whereby individuals select intermediate (or middle) options in a choice set, and (2) attraction effects, whereby individuals gravitate towards items that are similar to others but also dominate these items in the choice set. In two experimental studies we find evidence for the compromise effect and the attraction effect. These findings extend work demonstrating that the context in which food decisions occur can impact choice, and builds on existing knowledge regarding the consequences of providing calorie information for food items. Although most work has shown that making calories salient has a beneficial impact on the accuracy of consumer calorie estimates and food choice, in this work we show that the compromise and attraction effects – two well-established findings in decision-making literature – can actually shift consumers to either higher or lower calorie options. This carries important implications for consumers making choices in information-rich choice environments.
Systems biology from a yeast omics perspective

Systems biology represents a paradigm shift from the study of individual genes, proteins or other components to that of the analysis of entire pathways, cellular, developmental, or organismal processes. Large scale studies, primarily initiated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have allowed the identification and characterization of components on an unprecedented level. Large scale interaction, transcription factor binding and phosphorylation data have enabled the elucidation of global regulatory networks. These studies have helped provide an understanding of cellular pathways and processes at a global and systems level.
Femtosecond transillumination tomography in thick tissues

We describe diffuse-light time-gated imaging with transillumination optical coherence tomography. Submillimeter-resolution imaging of objects hidden in thick biological tissue is achieved in cases in which ballistic light is absent by selecting only the early-arriving coherent portion of the diffuse transmitted light. By using a femtosecond laser as a high-power low-coherence light source, we perform high-sensitivity (130-dB dynamic range) optical gating with interferometric heterodyne detection. The dependence of image resolution on coherent photon arrival time is investigated in model scattering media.
What Does Effective Teaching Look Like? Profession-Centric Perceptions of Effective Teaching in Pharmacy and Nursing Education

INTRODUCTION Much of the published literature surrounding teaching effectiveness is based on student perspectives. Explicit standards for what constitutes effective teaching in health professions education do not currently exist. Best practices for training and evaluation in teaching effectiveness could be better addressed with detail from expertbased sources. OBJECTIVE This study sought to identify elements of effective teaching by gathering perceptions of exemplary educators. In addition, profession-centric differences in perceptions of effective teaching were also evaluated. METHODS An iterative consensus-building method was used to gather the perceptions of nursing and pharmacy educators regarding effective teaching. Individual semi-structured interviews were initially used to gather example items within four pre-defined categories: effective methods, ineffective methods, active learning methods, and effective traits. These example items were then collated into an electronic survey that was then administered to the same participants to be rated on a numerical scale. RESULTS Ten educators from nursing and pharmacy participated in this study. Based on the participants’ rankings of the collated lists, a high level of consensus was observed for many items in each of the four categories. With other items, wide variability in ratings was also seen. Further analysis by discipline subgroups revealed patterns of item ranking that appear to be profession-centric. CONCLUSION Exemplary nursing and pharmacy educators revealed consensus regarding perceptions of certain elements of effective teaching. The results also suggested some elements where profession-centric perceptions exist. These results could be incorporated into best practices for effective teaching training and interprofessional teaching design.
Tribo-mechanical etching of structural ceramic materials during lubricated severe sliding contact

Abstract An unusual phenomenon has been observed in the contact area on the surfaces of three structural ceramic materials that were subjected to severe lubricated sliding contact with hardened steel. Silicon carbide, alumina, and partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) were slid against a carburized 4620 steel ring in a block-on-ring test rig lubricated with polyalphaolefin synthetic oil. A step-loading protocol was used for the scuffing test. At the conclusion of the tests, the outline of grains and phases in the contact area of the ceramic materials was clearly visible, as if the surface had been etched. This behavior, what we have termed “tribo-mechanical etching,” is attributed to different mechanisms, including anisotropic mechanical and thermal deformation of each grain (SiC and Al2O3) and the phases (PSZ) in the ceramic material during severe sliding contact. Because of the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal structure of the SiC and Al2O3 grains, they exhibit anisotropic mechanical and thermal behavior. Another possible mechanism for revealing the grain outlines includes uneven/unequal transfer of metal into different ceramic grains as a result of differences in the surface energy of each grain.
Seedling growth strategies and seed size effects in fourteen oak species native to different soil moisture habitats

Seedling growth and morphology are thought to reflect evolutionary responses to habitat or influences of seed size. To test these hypotheses, we selected fourteen species of North American oaks differing in soil moisture habitat preference and seed size. Seedlings were grown for 1 – 2 years with abundant soil water and moderate soil nutrition in pots placed outdoors and in a common garden. Oak species native to xeric environments produced the smallest seedlings. Oaks from hydric soils had more shoot weight per unit of root weight and more height per unit of total plant weight than did mesic or xeric oaks. Essentially no differences in leaf area per unit of total plant weight were detected. Species with thinner and larger individual leaves tended to produce larger seedlings. Within species, seed size was generally unrelated to seedling growth, although results may have been complicated by uncontrolled genotypic variability. However, when species were compared, those with larger mean seed size produced larger seedlings. Root/shoot allometry, height growth and leaf thickness in the tested species may reflect evolutionary responses to soil moisture and flooding. Although seed size influenced seedling growth, no clear relationship between seed size and soil moisture habitat was found.