cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonionizing method of locating the apical constriction (minor foramen) in root canals

Abstract The electronic method was evaluated as to its accuracy when used to determine the position of the apical constriction (minor foramen) in root canals. There were 39 vital and 8 nonvital teeth for a total of 47 specimens from 22 patients. The specimens were prepared with a Buehler Isomet bone saw to a thickness of 500 μm. Distances were measured and recorded with the use of a Bioquant II image analysis system. The electronic method appeared to measure a mean value of 0.2 mm coronal to the cementodentinal junction in 47 canals where the apex locator was set at a reference setting of 40. When a frequency curve was plotted, it showed that the probability of being within 0.76 mm (1 SD) of the cementodentinal junction was 68%. This appears to correlate to where Kuttler indicated the minor constriction to be located. These devices seem to offer a unique method to locate the apical constriction and thus to ensure proper working length while reducing ionizing radiation.
Above- and below-ground characteristics associated with wind toppling in a young Populus plantation

Damage from a dormant-season windstorm in a 3-year-old Populus research trial differed among four clones and three spacings and between monoclonal and polyclonal plots. Clonal differences in susceptibility to toppling (or leaning) were associated with both above- and below-ground characteristics. Susceptible clones had less taper in the lower stem and more weight in branches on the upper stem. The most susceptible clone also had the most above-ground biomass per unit of cross-sectional root area. The other susceptible clone had the least root system development in the windward quadrants. Wind toppling was least at the closest spacing. Apparently, mutual support was more important than individual tree characteristics from which the most damage would be expected at the closest spacing. Differences between paired trees of the same clone and spacing which did or did not topple were primarily associated with distribution of root systems by compass quadrant or depth. At the closest spacing where crown sway would have been minimized, trees which did not topple had greater cross-sectional root area in the windward direction than trees which did topple. At the widest spacing where crown sway would have been greatest, windfirm trees had greater cross-sectional root area than non-windfirm trees in both the windward and leeward directions. Toppling was reduced in polyclonal plots; this reduction may have been the result of more rapid stand differentiation in the polyclonal plots or reduction in the “domino effect” by inclusion of more windfirm clones in the mixture.
Second-line therapy of ovarian cancer with Paclitaxel administered by both the intravenous and intraperitoneal routes: rationale and case reports.

Abstract Background. A strong rationale can be proposed to support the delivery of paclitaxel by both the intravenous and the intraperitoneal routes in the management of ovarian cancer. This includes efforts to increase the concentration and duration of exposure of this cycle-specific agent within the body compartment (regional therapy) and a desire to optimize delivery of drug to tumor by capillary flow (systemic therapy). Case reports. Two patients cared for in the Gynecologic Cancer Program of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation provided an opportunity to explore, in a preliminary manner, the feasibility and toxicity of this unique approach. Both patients demonstrated reasonable tolerance of the dual-route management strategy. Conclusion. In a carefully selected patient population, the administration of paclitaxel both systemically and regionally is a rational management strategy. Randomized controlled clinical trials will be required to determine if this approach is superior to standard intravenous drug delivery.
Clonal analysis of human astrocytomas

Clonal analysis of many human cancers have generally confirmed that they are monoclonal. Although astrocytic neoplasms are the most frequently occuring primary tumors in the central nervous system, their clonal composition has not been systematically studied. In this report, the clonal composition of 22 human astrocytomas of all histological grades (2 well-differentiated astrocytomas, 3 anaplastic astrocytomas and 17 glioblastoma multiforme) was determined by analysis of the pattern of X-chromosome inactivation. Leukocyte and non-tumor brain DNA were used as controls. In addition, specimens from different parts of four glioblastoma multiforme were analyzed to determine whether remote areas of the same tumor had the same clonal composition. Eighteen of nineteen informative astrocytomas had a monoclonal pattern of X-chromosome inactivation; one glioblastoma multiforme had loss of heterozygosity on the X chromosome. Specimens from different areas of the same tumor all had identical patterns of X-chromosome inactivation. Leukocytes and non-tumor brain used as controls uniformly had a polyclonal pattern of X-chromosome inactivation.
Cassia-cinnamomum: Teaching Food, Nutrition and Culture through the Context of a Prolific Spice

From the earliest to modern times, cinnamon and its close relative cassia have offered a palette of social and physiological properties marking group identity or exclusivity while providing health benefits. Rather than looking at cinnamon as an isolated ingredient, we suggest a study strategy that encompasses the historical, literary, social, symbolic, culinary and nutritive applications of the spice that can be integrated into a variety of nutrition, food management and cultural courses. This is a plan in progress. Lectures, readings and assignments on cinnamon will be injected into courses over time to ease transition and to make ongoing modifications. The overall objective is to help food and nutrition students develop a well-rounded understanding of what food means to people by exploring a spice that has been integrated into a variety of cuisines and is presently under investigation for its health-giving properties.
A decade of seasonal dynamics and co-occurrences within freshwater bacterioplankton communities from eutrophic Lake Mendota, WI, USA

With an unprecedented decade-long time series from a temperate eutrophic lake, we analyzed bacterial and environmental co-occurrence networks to gain insight into seasonal dynamics at the community level. We found that (1) bacterial co-occurrence networks were non-random, (2) season explained the network complexity and (3) co-occurrence network complexity was negatively correlated with the underlying community diversity across different seasons. Network complexity was not related to the variance of associated environmental factors. Temperature and productivity may drive changes in diversity across seasons in temperate aquatic systems, much as they control diversity across latitude. While the implications of bacterioplankton network structure on ecosystem function are still largely unknown, network analysis, in conjunction with traditional multivariate techniques, continues to increase our understanding of bacterioplankton temporal dynamics.
Model of flexural fatigue damage accumulation for cortical bone

Analytical models that predict modulus degradation in cortical bone subjected to uniaxial fatigue loading in tension and compression are presented. On the basis of experimental observations, damage was modeled as self-limiting for tension but not for compression. These mechanistic uniaxial damage models were then developed into a model for flexural fatigue of cortical bone based on laminated beam theory. The unknown coefficients in the uniaxial damage models were obtained by successfully fitting the resulting equations to uniaxial fatigue data from the literature on human cortical bone in tension and compression. Then, the predictions of the flexural model for the behavior of human cortical bone were compared with experimental results from a small but independent set of specimens tested at three different ranges of load in our laboratory. The behavior of the modulus degradation curves and the flexural fatigue lives of the specimens were in excellent agreement with the predictions of the model.
Land surface response to precipitation events using MODIS and NEXRAD data

We have developed a wavelet-based information theoretic approach to examine the interaction between precipitation (PPT) forcing events and the land surface response. Combining Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) PPT with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation (NDVI) and surface temperature (T s) data over the Missouri Basin in the north-central USA, we are able to address the spatial and temporal fluctuations surrounding the hydrometeorology of grassland ecosystems. Information theory metrics of entropy and mutual information content are combined with a wavelet multi-resolution analysis to examine to what extent the observed PPT signal directly determines the spatial distribution of the land surface temperature and vegetation and how this relationship varies with spatial scale. Results indicate that (1) there is a reduction in the temporal variance of the wavelet coefficients as the signal is transferred from the PPT into the surface temperature and finally the vegetation signal, (2) there are significant correlations as a function of spatial resolution between PPT-NDVI and PPT-T s signals which generally increase with spatial resolution, while there is little correlation between the NDVI and T s signals as a function of resolution, and (3) the scale-wise entropy and the mutual information content of the signals increase for all fields as the spatial resolution increases. This provides a methodology for determining the relative impact of regional climatology and local land-atmosphere interactions as a function of spatial scale.
Atmospheric trace gas trends at Palmer station, Antarctica: 1982-1985

Measurements of CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CH3CCl3 CCl4 and N2O at Palmer Station, Antarctica (64°46′S, 64°04′W) from February 4, 1982 to November 30, 1985 are reported. For the week beginning January 1, 1984, the averages of the hourly measurements were 199.6 ppt for CFCl3, 329.0 ppt for CF2Cl2, 124.2 ppt for CH3CCl3, 150.2 ppt for CCl4, and 301.3 ppb for N2O. The mixing ratios increased at an annual rate of 5.87% y−1 for CFCl3, 5.45% y−1 for CF2Cl2, 5.31% y−1 for CH3CCl3, 1.29% y−1 for CCl4, and 0.24% y−1 for N2O.
Nurturing Faculty-Student Dialogue, Deep Learning and Creativity through Journal Writing Exercises

One of the most difficult endeavors in the engineering curriculum is encouraging students to develop creative, independent thought and a deep level of understanding. To achieve these results, we incorporate journal writing exercises into the curriculum of a core chemical engineering course, ChE 363 (Unit Operations II: Separations) at the University of Texas at Austin. Students receive weekly prompts to develop analogies or thought experiments to describe fundamental concepts prior to discussion in lecture. This motivates students to learn material independently and deeply as they are required to link concepts to common life experiences. The instructor identifies three to five of the most creative and accurate analogies and presents them to the class. The class votes for the “best” one, which earns the student extra credit. The journal writing exercises promote dialogue between the instructor and the students, generating in-class discussions that often extend well beyond the scope of the journal prompt.
Concanavalin A-mediated affinity film for Treponema pallidum

Freshly extracted Treponema pallidum bound to glass cover slips preexposed to specific lectins, permitting biological testing in the absence of complex tissue fluids. Images
Experimental Visualization of Temperature Fields and Measurement of Heat Transfer Enhancement in Electronic System Models

An experimental investigation of laminar fluid flow and heat transfer in a two-dimensional electronic system model, a channel with grooves, is presented. The plane wall of the channel was maintained at ambient temperature whereas the grooved wall was heated and maintained at a uniform temperature. Results were obtained for Reynolds numbers in the range from 620 to 1937. One possibility to improve the heat transfer in this physical situation is to induce fluiddynamic instabilities in the channel flow. The influence of fluiddynamic instabilities on the temperature fields and the heat transfer in communicating channels was investigated. The unsteady temperature fields were analysed and heat transfer and pressure drop data presented for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The measurements were performed using the technique of holographic interferometry. In the paper, the potential of visualization techniques which allow heat transfer measurements in complex two and three dimensional situations, such as electronic cooling applications, are discussed.
Signal modulation via interfacial processes in molecular optoelectronic devices

A simple experiment that permits photoelectric signals originating from interfacial proton exchange to be identified is reported. Although this component of the photosignal can be selectively eliminated by denaturation by prolonged drying in air, another component that is attributed to intramolecular charge displacement remains apparently intact. A light-controlled surface potential associated with an interfacial proton transfer process is suggested as a possible switching mechanism in visual phototransduction. >
The diet of Chesapeake Bay striped bass in the late 1950s

The diet of Chesapeake Bay striped bass, (Morone saxatilis) Walbaum, based on unpublished stomach content data from 916 fish collected between 1955 and 1959 was described. The diet in the late 1950s, quantified using an index of relative importance (IRI), was dominated by Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus Latrobe. Atlantic menhaden (66%) and bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli Valenciennes, (19%) had the highest IRI value overall. Small striped bass (<600 mm total length) ate predominantly bay anchovy (IRI = 67%). Large striped bass (≥ 600 mm total length) ate predominantly Atlantic menhaden (IRI = 93%). Since 1990 small striped bass rely more on invertebrate prey and larger fish now rely more on small pelagic prey, such as bay anchovy and 0-age clupeids. Analysis of historical data using current techniques provided a valuable tool for comparison to help in understanding the current striped bass predator–prey relationship in Chesapeake Bay.
Testing Exports Underinvoicing Under a Dual Exchange Rate Regime: Evidence for Brazilian Exports

The paper uses an expected utility model to explain exports underinvoicing under a dual exchange rate regime. Econometric estimation is done using an Error Correction Model (ECM). The hypotheses of export price and quantity underinvoicing are tested and the model confirms the former but not the latter. Using the estimated ECM, consistent estimates of capital flight due to price underinvoicing are calculated. The sample lower bound of the hard currency "loss" due to the existence of a dual exchange rate regime is US$ 13.9 billion, sufficient to repurchase a large portion of the Brazilian external debt at today's market value.
Research experience for undergraduates at Iowa State University

Undergraduate students' involvement in a research project at Iowa State University is reported. The undergraduate project dealt with the application of the transient energy function (TEF) method to a large power pool in the Midwest. The project aimed at involving some advanced undergraduate students in realistic and meaningful electrical power engineering research and to give them a sample of the challenging problems available in the area of computer-aided power system analysis. >
1-G human factors for optimal processing and operability of constellation Ground Systems

In the early stages of the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD), during the transition from the Orbital Space Plane Project (OSP) Program to the Constellation Program, the requirements for 1-G (Earth gravity) human factors were not well-defined. Since that time, the requirements have been defined at different levels of maturity for Flight Hardware/Software, Ground Support Systems (GSS) and Ground Support Equipment (GSE). Effectively all areas are leveraging human factors for optimizing ground processing of Flight Hardware. This paper gives an overview of these areas; within the outer-mold-line of the Flight Hardware, at the Ground Systems to Flight Systems interface, and the design of the GSS and GSE leading up to the Flight Systems Interface. The major focus of this paper is on the current requirements and processes for infusing human factors into the designs of GSS and GSE. This paper aims to explain to the human factors practitioner how human factors were infused into a large program with an existing culture that does not have human factors listed separately in the work breakdown structure (WBS). This paper also aims to educate the Constellation Program (CxP) about the importance of human factors in ground processing and launch operations of launch vehicles.
Increasing the throughput of an adaptive router in network-on-chip (NoC)

In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient mechanism to increase the throughput of an adaptive router in Network-on-Chip (NoC). One of the most serious disadvantages of fully adaptive wormhole routers is its performance degradation due to the routing decision time. The key idea to overcome this shortcoming is the use of different clocks in a head flit and body flits, because the body flits can be forwarded immediately and the FIFO usually operates faster than route decision logic in an adaptive router. The major contributions of this paper are: 1) a proposal of a simple and efficient mechanism to improve the performance of fully adaptive wormhole routers, 2) a quantitative evaluation of the proposed mechanism showing that the proposed one can support higher throughput than a conventional one, and 3) an evaluation of hardware overhead for the proposed router. In summary, the proposed clock boosting mechanism enhances the throughput of the original adaptive router by increasing the accepted load and decreasing the average latency in the region of effective bandwidth.
Restricted Feeding of Broiler Breeders

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of various feed restriction programs during the growing and laying periods on body weight, egg production, fertility, and hatchability. In the first experiment, Cobb color-sexed broiler breeders were fed one of three grower programs (full feed, skip-a-day, or low protein) from 8 to 24 weeks of age. Two layer programs (full feed and restricted) were fed from 24 to 67 weeks of age. Overall the skip-a-day grower treatment gave the best results of the programs tested. This treatment resulted in the significantly lowest body weights, greatest delay in sexual maturity, and highest egg production and fertility. The restricted layer treatment resulted in lower body weight, delayed sexual maturity, lower egg production during the colder months, and higher fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs. In the second experiment, Cobb color-sexed broiler breeders were fed one of three skip-a-day grower treatments (control or breeder's recommendations, control minus 10%, control minus 20%) from 8 to 24 weeks of age. Two layer programs (full feed and restricted) were fed from 24 to 51 weeks of age. Overall, the control minus 20% treatment resulted in significantly delayed sexual maturity and significantly decreased body weight. The restricted layer treatment also significantly delayed sexual maturity and decreased body weight.
Economic Theories of Low-Wage Work

This article examines economic theories of the low-wage labor market to increase understanding of economic inequality and poverty in the United States, particularly related to the labor market. On the one hand, neoclassical, labor monopsony, and Harris-Todaro models explain how minimum wage policies are related to supply and demand of labor, human capital, employment, and unemployment. On the other hand, the efficiency wage model, the dual labor market theory, and technology development and globalization account for the causes of the wage differentials. This article includes a conceptual map that illustrates the interrelationships between these economic theories of low-wage work.
RAFT polymerization of styrenic-based phosphonium monomers and a new family of well-defined statistical and block polyampholytes

We describe herein the first example of the controlled reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical homo- and copolymerization of phosphonium-based styrenic monomers mediated with a trithiocarbonate-based RAFT chain transfer agent (CTA) directly in aqueous media. In the case of homopolymer syntheses the polymerizations proceed in a controlled fashion yielding materials with predetermined molecular characteristics as evidenced from the narrow molecular mass distributions (MMD) and the excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimentally determined molecular masses (MM). We also demonstrate the controlled nature of the homopolymerization of 4-vinylbenzoic acid with the same CTA in DMSO. We subsequently prepared both statistical and block copolymers from the phosphonium/4-vinylbenzoic acid monomers to yield the first examples of polyampholytes in which the cationic functional group is a quaternary phosphonium species. We show that the kinetic characteristics of the statistical copolymerizations are different from the homopolymerizations and proceed, generally, at a significantly faster rate although there appears to be a composition dependence on the rate. Given the inherent problems in characterizing such polyampholytic copolymers via aqueous size exclusion chromatography we have qualitatively proved their successful formation via FTIR spectroscopy. Finally, in a preliminary experiment we qualitatively demonstrate the ability of such pH-responsive block copolymers to undergo supramolecular self-assembly. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2468–2483, 2007
Presynaptic Neural Information Processing

The potential for presynaptic information processing within the arbor of a single axon will be discussed in this paper. Current knowledge about the activity dependence of the firing threshold, the conditions required for conduction failure, and the similarity of nodes along a single axon will be reviewed. An electronic circuit model for a site of low conduction safety in an axon will be presented. In response to single frequency stimulation the electronic circuit acts as a lowpass filter.
Is the Magnet a Better Crystal Ball for Predicting Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is undoubtedly of great benefit to many heart failure patients with widened QRS and depressed ejection fraction ([1–3][1]). The pathological feature that appears to be a large reason for response to CRT is correction of abnormalities of timing in regional
A soothing MSC-based ulcer treatment

Gastrointestinal ulceration, a complication of chronic NSAID use, radiation therapy, or inflammatory bowel disease, is a painful problem for patients. Understanding the molecular pathophysiology of gastrointestinal ulceration and applying this knowledge to the development of new therapeutic approaches is an active area of research. Manieri and colleagues shed light on the molecular underpinnings of ulcer formation and apply mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in a mouse model of this disorder. Using the prostaglandin-deficient mouse (Ptgs2–/–) as a model of penetrating ulcer formation—that is, ulcers that penetrate the muscularis propria—these authors demonstrated extensive necrosis of the colon mucosa and underlying muscle after biopsies were taken. They were able to ameliorate the damage to the colon by treating the mice with stable prostaglandin-I2 (PGI2) analogs. Taking colon biopsies from Ptgir–/– mice lacking the receptor for PGI2 also resulted in extensive colon muscle injury, further supporting a role for PGI2 in minimizing muscle wall damage. When the researchers analyzed the ulcer beds in the Ptgs2–/– and Ptgir–/– mice, they observed a lack of CD31+ endothelial cells, suggesting that reduced angiogenesis may be a key driver of penetrating ulcer formation. When the authors stained the wound sites for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), they saw fewer VEGF+ cells in the Ptgs2–/– and Ptgir–/– mice compared with wild-type animals, further suggesting that impaired angiogenesis contributed to ulceration. Moreover, suppression of angiogenesis in wild-type mice using tivozanib (a VEGF receptor antagonist) resulted in colon smooth muscle necrosis after biopsy injury. The team then injected mouse colon MSCs, showing increased expression of VEGF, into the ulcerated colonic submucosa of Ptgir–/– mice and found that the MSCs migrated to the ulcer beds. Notably, the MSCs rescued the muscle necrosis phenotype. These early results represent a soothing treatment prospect for patients battling gastrointestinal ulceration. N. A. Manieri et al ., Mucosally transplanted mesenchymal stem cells stimulate intestinal healing by promoting angiogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 10.1172/JCI81423 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/81423
Abstract LB-16: Breast cancer risk in association with occupational exposure to organic solvents.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Background : Organic solvents are widely used in occupational settings as adhesives, degreasing agents and cleaning products, and in the production of plastics and textiles. Several solvents have been recognized as human carcinogens; however, there is limited data on solvent exposure and the risk of breast cancer. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer among women enrolled in the Sister Study. Methods : The Sister Study is a prospective cohort of over 50,000 US and Puerto Rican women aged 35-74 with a family history of breast cancer; enrollment and completion of baseline questionnaires occurred between 2004 and 2009. This analysis includes 47,763 women who reported working outside the home. We categorized occupational solvent exposure using baseline data on self-reported use of solvents on each job held for 12 months or longer. Women were followed for breast cancer incidence through 2012. Cox regression analyses were performed, adjusting for established breast cancer risk factors, including parity and age at first birth. Preliminary Results : A total of 1,596 women were diagnosed with invasive or in situ breast cancer during follow-up. Overall, there was no increased risk of breast cancer associated with lifetime use or duration of exposure to solvents (HR: 0.93, 95%CI: 0.79-1.09, p trend = 0.26). Among parous women, those who worked with solvents for five or more years prior to their first birth had an increased risk of breast cancer compared to women who never worked with solvents (HR: 2.12, 95%CI: 0.94-4.80, p trend = 0.02). Among all women, an increased risk was seen for solvent-exposed assemblers and fabricators (HR: 2.28, 95%CI: 1.13-4.57), and non-significantly elevated risks were noted among solvent-exposed cooks and nurses. Conclusions : These findings suggest that occupational exposure to organic solvents prior to first birth, a critical period of breast tissue differentiation, may result in increased vulnerability for breast cancer. Our results also give some indication of increased risks for solvent-exposed women in production, service and healthcare occupations. Future studies on solvent-related breast cancer risk should focus on exposure time window and types of organic solvents used across different occupational settings. Citation Format: Christine Ekenga, Christine G. Parks, Aimee A. D'Aloisio, Lisa A. DeRoo, Dale P. Sandler. Breast cancer risk in association with occupational exposure to organic solvents. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-16. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-16
Territorial Behavior Characteristics in Gerbils

This exploratory study was to understand the inborn territorial traits of gerbils. Employing Keeton's ( 1 ) definition, a territory was defined as an area defended by one member of a species against intrusion by other members. Because gerbils continue to exhibit wild behavior in the laboratory, two females, A and B, who were totally unfamiliar with one another and differentiated by a stain of a green food coloring on gerbil A's head, were selected to participate in three sessions. Gerbils were placed in plastic holding cages between sessions. The experimental cage was thoroughly washed and wood chips were placed on the floor. Food and water were provided in the experimental cage. In Session I, Gerbil A's oil, secreted from the sebaceous glands on her chest, was used as the marker for ownership of a territory. With a sterile cotton swab, some of her marker oils were transferred to the walls and wood chips of a man-made nest which was constructed by pushing the chips aside to make a depression. In the same cage, another nest was constructed, but this was not marked with oil and served as a control. Gerbil A was placed in the cage. At first she exhibited "random escape-behavior patterns," i.e., she wandered around the cage, searching for an escape. The animal was observed to stay near the pre-marked nest longer than any other part of the cage. After approximately one and a half hours, Gerbil A settled down into the pre-marked nest and fell asleep. In short, the gerbil stayed in her own territory. Gerbil A was then returned to her holding cage and the experimental cage was washed in preparation for Session 11. In Session 11, the cage was set up exactly the same way as in Session I. This time, Gerbil B was placed in the cage and observed. Her behavior was similar to that of Gerbil A. The major difference was that she stayed away from the nest marked with Gerbil A's oils. Instead, she made her own nest and fell asleep tftere. She seemed to have made her own territory nest and kept away from another's territory. In Session 111, both gerbils were placed in the cage with Gerbil A's oils. They attacked each other. Gerbil B controlled the cage for approximately an hour. Soon after, Gerbil A ferociously attacked Gerbil B and took over the marked nest by thumpingsqueaking behavior. Both gerbils were hurt but A remained in control of the cage. It appears that own marker oils identified Gerbil A's territory, respected by Gerbil B when each was alone. In the cage together A fought to defend her remarked territory.
Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis in a Case of Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

The nephropathology associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis has been commonly related to compression of the ureters and hydronephrosis. This assumption has been made without the use of immunofluorescent microscopy and electron microscopy. The authors studied renal tissue from a patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis by light microscopy, immunofluorescent microscopy and electron microscopy. In addition to the gross and microscopic changes of obstructive nephropathy, histologic findings of glomerular immunecomplex deposition were also present. It is postulated that in some cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis, destruction may be mediated by both obstructive and immunologic processes.
Using AirspaceAnalyzer to Efficiently Provide Spacing to Aircraft across Multiple Sectors

airspaceAnalyzer, a simulation developed by The MITRE Corporation’s Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD), measures sector complexity. It does so by simulating Air Traffic Control (ATC) services to aircraft. That is, airspaceAnalyzer automatically separates, sequences, spaces, and provides proper sector exit strategy for aircraft. It measures sector complexity not simply by looking at problems (e.g., counting aircraft, conflicts, transitions), but quantifying the effort required to resolve them—e.g., in terms of cumulative maneuver magnitude.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

Background After decades of decreasing incidence, the number of new tuberculosis cases started to rise again in the mid-1980s and continues to be a major public health problem in the United States. The incidence of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis is increasing among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Objective To review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, drug therapy, patients' nonadherence to prescribed treatment, and nursing issues related to the care of persons dually infected with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus. Methods Fifty references addressing important issues in tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus were identified by searching the Medline data base and bibliographies of relevant articles. Discussion Tuberculosis is a communicable infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is curable and preventable but generally fatal if undiagnosed and untreated. People with human immunodeficiency virus infection are at higher risk for reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection and for developing life-threatening tuberculosis. Specific nursing interventions are formulated to guide practice when caring for HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis. Future nursing research needs are suggested. Conclusions An understanding of the complexity of the care involved will enhance the clinical management of tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients and lead to a decline in the appearance of new drug-resistant tuberculosis strains.
Monitoring of Food-borne Pathogens in Ya'an in 2011

Objective To understand the major pathogens in food-borne illness caused by food contamination in Ya'an ctiy and to improve capabilities of detection,early warning and control of food-borne illness in Ya'an.Methods According to Workbook of Monitoring Food-borne Pathogens in 2011(Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety,Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention),9 kinds of food were detected.Results A total of 180 samples included in 9 kinds(20 samples for each kind) were detected.Coliforms were found in following 8 kinds of food:cooked meat,frozen cooked rice products,ready-to-eat fermented soy products,infant formula powder and infant corn-based complementary food,cakes and biscuits,cold dishes,fresh fruit and vegetable juices,rice noodles,Liangpi,noodles and boxed meal.The detection rates were respectively 25%,20%,60%,10%,30%,50%,40% and 20%.The detection rates of mold in frozen of cooked rice products,pastries and cookies were 100%;staphylococcus aureus in fresh fruit and vegetable juices,5%;monocytogenes listeria monocytogenes in frozen cooked rice products,5%.Salmonella,Escherichia coli O157,Shigella,Enterobacter sakazakii,Bacillus cereus bacteria were not found in all the samples.Conclusion The sanitary situations of bulks or self-made direct-eat food,such as ready-to-eat fermented soy products,cold dishes,fresh fruit and vegetable juices,frozen cooked rice products,cakes and biscuits are not optimistic.The supervision and regulation of such kinds of food should be strengthened to secure food consumption.
ADVANCEMENTS IN OPEN GEOSPATIAL STANDARDS FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING FROM OGC

Abstract. The necessity of open standards for effective sharing and use of remote sensing continues to receive increasing emphasis in policies of agencies and projects around the world. Coordination on the development of open standards for geospatial information is a vital step to insure that the technical standards are ready to support the policy objectives. The mission of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is to advance development and use of international standards and supporting services that promote geospatial interoperability. To accomplish this mission, OGC serves as the global forum for the collaboration of geospatial data / solution providers and users. Photogrammetry and remote sensing are sources of the largest and most complex geospatial information. Some of the most mature OGC standards for remote sensing include the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standards, the Web Coverage Service (WCS) suite of standards, encodings such as NetCDF, GMLJP2 and GeoPackage, and the soon to be approved Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) standard. In collaboration with ISPRS, OGC working with government, research and industrial organizations continue to advance the state of geospatial standards for full use of photogrammetry and remote sensing.
Rules and repertoires, rituals and tricks of the trade: social and informational aspects to cognitive and representational development

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses social and informational aspects to cognitive and representational development. On any occasion, performance is a selection from a repertoire of behaviors. Age and experience can expand or constrict the repertoire, although expansion is the usual case during childhood. Age and experience also alter the sense of the right behavior for the right occasion. A good match can be difficult to achieve if it calls for an unknown rule or for juggling more rules and conditions than an individual can manage. A good match can also be difficult to achieve when some particular behaviors are given the status of rituals; they can be used indiscriminately, without regard for the particular occasion, or they can be called right and wrong in a highly restrictive way. In a Brunswickian sense, the match is made difficult in one case by a very high probability that the behavior selected can be the same for every occasion and, in the other case, by a very low probability that performance can be exactly on target.
Perceptual and Chemical Analyses of Methods to Remove Fish Odor

Methods for removal of trimethylamine, the main molecule responsible for the foul odor associated with seafood, were tested from two perspectives. Perception trials revealed that a common hand soap and corn starch were effective at reducing the fishy odor resulting from trimethylamine, while a soap specially formulated to remove fish order was not effective. Quantitative chemical analysis of the amount of trimethylamine persisting after washing revealed that corn starch, hand soap, and a soap specially formulated to remove fish odor were not more effective than water alone. Taken together, these results reinforce the importance of conducting both perceptual and chemical analyses, while also calling into question what the best proxy for human skin is in these types of studies.
Genetic predisposition to melanoma

Malignant melanoma is a rare, often fatal form of skin cancer with a complex multigenic etiology. The incidence of melanoma is increasing at an alarming rate. A number of heritable factors contribute to a patient's overall melanoma risk, including response to ultraviolet light, nevus number, and pigmentation characteristics, such as eye and hair color. Approximately 5%-10% of melanoma cases are familial, yet the majority of familial cases lack identifiable germ-line mutations in known susceptibility genes. Additionally, most familial melanomas lack germ-line mutations in genes that are commonly mutated in sporadic melanoma. Candidate and systematic genome-wide association studies have led to an improved understanding of the risk factors for melanoma and the identification of susceptibility genes. In this review, we provide an overview of the major risk factors and known genes implicated in familial melanoma susceptibility.
A quantum macro assembler

We present a low-level software building block intended to be used to implement higher-level programming models atop quantum annealers such as the D-Wave 2X™. By analogy to a macro assembler for conventional architectures, our quantum macro assembler enables a programmer to express computations symbolically and without regard to the specifics of the underlying hardware. We demonstrate that the quantum macro assembler can be useful in its own right as a programming interface despite providing only a minimal level of hardware abstraction.
Multiple rewards have asymmetric effects on learning in bumblebees

In their natural environments, most animals must learn about multiple kinds of rewards, both within and across contexts. Despite this, the majority of research on animal learning involves a single reward type. For example, bees are an important model system for the study of cognition and its ecological consequences, but nearly all research to date on their learning concerns a single reward, nectar (carbohydrates), even though foragers often simultaneously collect pollen (protein). Features of learning under more ecologically realistic conditions involving multiple reward types are thus largely unexplored. To address this gap, we compared performance on a colour-learning task when floral surrogates offered bumblebees, Bombus impatiens, a single type of floral reward versus multiple, nutritionally distinct rewards. In one experiment, bees learned a floral association with nectar either alone or while simultaneously collecting pollen. In a reciprocal experiment, bees learned a floral association with pollen either alone or while simultaneously collecting nectar. Bees that collected pollen while learning about nectar did not suffer any detriment to learning which flower colour offered nectar. However, this was not the case for the reciprocal task: collecting nectar impaired bees' ability to learn and remember associations between floral colour and pollen. Our findings offer new insight into how bees learn in relation to ecologically realistic rewards and how cognitive constraints may shape their behaviour under ecologically realistic foraging scenarios.
Ag nanowire coated reduced graphene oxide/n-silicon Schottky junction based solar cell

It is shown that a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.25% can be obtained through coating reduced graphene oxide/n-silicon (rGO/Si) solar cell with silver nanowires (Ag NWs) and subsequently GO. rGO/Si solar cells were obtained through one step spin coating of GO on patterned n-silicon wafer followed by thermal annealing in an inert environment. Ag NWs were employed to reduce the sheet resistance of obtained rGO by passivating the contact resistance between rGO flakes. GO has been used both as a dopant as well as an antireflection coating layer for Ag NWs coated rGO film.
VR Environment for the Study of Collocated Interaction Between Small UAVs and Humans

Two issues that are crucial to the integration of flying robotic systems into human populated environments include: how humans perceive autonomous flying robots, and how to design and control flying robots to improve the level of comfort and perceived safety for collocated others. This work represents a comprehensive virtual reality test environment to explore scripted and unscripted interactions with flying robots. We employ a multimethod approach by incorporating behavioral measures, self-report questionnaires, and physiological data to characterize human arousal during a variety of predetermined and real-time scenarios in both indoor and outdoor environments. By combining complementary methodological techniques, we can converge on a data-driven model of social etiquette for flying robots; this model can then be reparametrized in terms of planning and control solutions to govern the robot’s behavior in a real-world context.
Adding value by degree: a case study

Recent years have seen an increase interest in measuring the value that Universities and Colleges are adding to their students and several approaches have emerged to calculate this. This paper uses a known methodology to measure value added in higher education. We use this method to measure value added of the different business degrees within Richmond University. Our approach recognises the data limitations and the inherent problems of using grade point average (GPA) in the value-added calculation but provides a first step in exploring progression and differentiation of the different business degrees. A general finding at the University is that, in GPA terms, less quantitative degrees register a higher value added than the more quantitative degrees on offer.
Humanitarian Visual Culture Curriculum: An Action Research Study Summary Report

This dissertation aims to find the most intellectually responsible way to address the idea of humanitarianism in/through art education. I argue for creating a reverential condition in which to study atrocious images. I suggest that art education can have a unique role to address spectatorship of suffering in order to open humanitarian space in an educational setting. The key implications are: 1) art education can be an important site for social justice, civic engagement, and world peace and 2) art educators can take the initiative to coalesce around pressing global issues through an integrated curriculum. In this report, I highlight the research objectives, rationale, and significance of this study.
Role of scintillation scanning in diagnosis of renal tumors.

An evaluation was made of scintillation scanning in 18 patients suspected of having renal tumors. Neohydrin-Hg/sup 203/ was used in a single intravenous injection of 100 mu C. The method did not differentiate between tumors and cysts, and tumors which did not appreciably replace functioning renal tissue could not be detected. In spite of these limitations, it is of value when used in conjunction with routine excretory urography. (BBB)
An Alternative Ligand-Independent Pathway for Activation of Steroid Receptors

Publisher Summary Classical steroid hormones such as estrogens, progestins, androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids act via binding to specific intracellular receptors. These receptors are DNA-binding transcription factors, which, in turn, regulate the amount of mRNA transcripts emanating from target genes. The cognate aporeceptors for steroid hormones are usually found in a complex with heat shock proteins before ligand-dependent activation. Ligand binds and induces an allosteric conformational change in the receptor, which causes heat shock proteins to be shed, and facilitates dimerization of the receptors. Pharmacologic inhibition of cellular phosphatases could enhance ligand-dependent activation of the chicken progesterone receptor (cPR). Also, inhibition of cellular kinases can dampen ligand-dependent activation of cPR. The steroid receptor pathway can be activated alternatively from the membrane via pathway convergence, but the average cell responses are likely to be more complicated.