cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simulation Pipeline to Generate Realistic Breast Images for Learning DCE-MRI Reconstruction

Dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) MRI has been increasingly utilized in clinical practice. While machine learning (ML) applications are gaining momentum in MRI reconstruction, the dynamic nature of image acquisition for DCE-MRI limits access to a simultaneously high spatial and temporal resolution ground truth image for supervised ML applications. In this study, we introduced a pipeline to simulate the ground truth DCE-MRI k-space data from real breast perfusion images. Based on physical model and the clinical images, we estimate the perfusion parameters. Treating those as ground truth, we simulated the signal. Using our simulated images, we trained ML reconstruction models. We demonstrate the utility of our simulation pipeline using two ML models and one conventional reconstruction method. Our results suggest that, even though the image quality of the ML reconstructions seem to be very close to the simulated ground truth, the temporal pattern and its kinetic parameters may not be close to the ground truth data.
Onderzoek naar TF-CBT

Steeds weer blijkt dat TF-CBT bij kinderen in de leeftijd van 3–18 jaar tot een verbetering van posttraumatische-stresssymptomen en andere gerelateerde trauma’s leidt. De bewijzen voor de doeltreffendheid van TF-CBT duiden erop dat dit model generaliseerbaar is naar kinderen van verschillende leeftijden, ontwikkelingsniveaus, etnische achtergronden en culturen; naar kinderen die verschillende types trauma hebben meegemaakt, waaronder meervoudige en complexe trauma’s; naar kinderen in uiteenlopende omgevingen; en naar kinderen die TF-CBT in groepsvorm ontvangen, ook van getrainde lekenhulpverleners in landen waar weinig middelen beschikbaar zijn. Ondanks deze successen is er meer onderzoek nodig, bijvoorbeeld naar de beste manier om kinderen met ernstige comorbiditeiten op het gebied van psychische gezondheid te behandelen, en naar optimale verspreidings- en implementatiestrategieen, waardoor effectieve behandelingen als TF-CBT ook bereikbaar worden voor de vele getraumatiseerde kinderen die er op dit moment nog geen toegang toe hebben.
Red Cell-Neutrophil Interactions in the Regulation of Active Oxygen Species and Lipoxygenase Products

Recent evidence indicates that neutrophil eicosanoid metabolism is altered by the presence of another cell type. Possible mechanisms for effecting eicosanoid metabolism in neutrophils by other cell types are related to the capacity of these cell types to incorporate, deactivate or metabolize eicosanoids and their intermediates or provide or scavenge reactants that are utilized by neutrophils.
TU-G-213-03: IEC Subcommittee 62C (Equipment for Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Dosimetry): Recent and Active Projects

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) writes standards that manufacturers of electrical equipment must comply with. Medical electrical equipment, such as medical imaging, radiation therapy, and radiation dosimetry devices, fall under Technical Committee 62. Of particular interest to medical physicists are the standards developed within Subcommittees (SC) 62B, which addresses diagnostic radiological imaging equipment, and 62C, which addresses equipment for radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and dosimetry. For example, a Working Group of SC 62B is responsible for safety and quality assurance standards for CT scanners and a Working Group of SC 62C is responsible for standards that set requirements for dosimetric safety and accuracy of linacs and proton accelerators. IEC standards thus have an impact on every aspect of a medical physicist’s job, including equipment testing, shielding design, room layout, and workflow. Consequently, it is imperative that US medical physicists know about existing standards, as well as have input on those under development or undergoing revision. The structure of the IEC and current standards development work will be described in detail. The presentation will explain how US medical physicists can learn about IEC standards and contribute to their development. Learning Objectives: 1. Learn about the structure of the IEC and the influence that IEC standards have on the design of equipment for radiology and radiation therapy. 2. Learn about the mechanisms by which the US participates in the development and revision of standards. 3. Understand the specific requirements of several standards having direct relevance to diagnostic and radiation therapy physicists.
Clinical Chemistry in Paediatrics

Clinical chemistry in the arena of paediatrics often involves some special concerns which are not commonly encountered in laboratories that perform testing on primarily adult populations. Being aware of these potential problems and the major differences between the two types of laboratories is important. A laboratory with an adult clientele will occasionally encounter specimens from paediatric patients and being conscious of possible issues allows the laboratory to respond correctly when they arise. The purpose of this article is to discuss basic day to day operational issues facing a chemistry laboratory in a paediatric setting, including several topics related to sample volume concerns and their effect on work flow. The article then describes the most noticeable differences in test menu and testing practices found between paediatric and adult institutions. Key Concepts: Paediatric patients have limited blood volume which restricts the sample volumes which are available for testing. Test results from paediatric patients must be interpreted using age- and gender-related reference intervals. Testing for Inborn Errors of Metabolism is commonly performed in-house in paediatric laboratories. Sweat chloride testing is a common test in a paediatric laboratory and is still used to diagnose Cystic Fibrosis. Keywords: paediatric clinical chemistry; sample volume; inborn errors of metabolism testing; sweat chloride; paediatric reference intervals
Dispersion and Property Enhancements in Polyolefin/Soy Flour Biocomposites Prepared via Melt Extrusion Followed by Solid-State Shear Pulverization

Biocomposites of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) with 5–40 wt% soy flour (SF) are produced by two-step single-screw extrusion (SSE) followed by solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP). The SSE-SSSP approach overcomes limitations with melt mixing, e.g poor SF dispersion and degradation, and limitations with single-step SSSP. Microscopy shows that SF is well dispersed in SSE-SSSP composites but agglomerated and degraded in melt-mixed composites. The SSE-SSSP composites exhibit major improvements in Young's modulus relative to neat polymer, including 74 and 43% increases in 80/20 wt% LDPE/SF and 95/5 wt% PP/SF composites, respectively. Relative to neat polymer, SSE-SSSP composites exhibit the largest improvements in Young's modulus and best tensile strengths reported for polyolefin/SF composites. Crystallization and viscosity are only slightly affected by SF in the composites. At 20% and higher mass loss, char can result in greater thermo-oxidative stability of 80/20 wt% polyolefin/SF composites relative to neat polymer.
Mechanism of initiation of atrial flutter in humans: site of unidirectional block and direction of rotation.

Abstract Objectives. Using a standardized induction protocol, we investigated the mechanism of initiation of atrial flutter, before ablation, to determine the site of initiating unidirectional block and to test the hypothesis that the direction of rotation of atrial flutter depends on the pacing site from which it initiates. Background. The high recurrence rate of atrial flutter after presumed successful ablation may be due to difficulty in reinduction after termination. In addition, induction of clockwise flutter is currently of unknown clinical importance. Methods. Ten patients with documented typical flutter were studied before ablation. A standard protocol consisting of single and double extrastimuli followed by burst pacing was performed from four sites in the right atrium (high and low trabeculated and smooth right atrium) to assess efficacy at inducing atrial flutter. A 20-pole halo catheter placed around the tricuspid annulus and a decapole catheter placed in the coronary sinus were used for mapping during initiation to determine type of flutter induced and the site of unidirectional block during initiation. Results. Atrial flutter was induced in 52 (6.2%) of 838 attempted inductions. Of these, 33 were counterclockwise and 20 were clockwise. Of the 20 inductions resulting in clockwise flutter, 18 were from the trabeculated right atrium, whereas all the counterclockwise inductions were from the smooth right atrium. In all but the two inductions, the site of unidirectional block was identified between the os of the coronary sinus and the low lateral right atrium for both counterclockwise and clockwise flutter, in the same isthmus at which ablation is targeted. Conclusions. Even in patients with clinical counterclockwise flutter, clockwise flutter is frequently induced before ablation and is dependent on the site of induction: Pacing from the smooth right atrium induces counterclockwise flutter, whereas pacing from the trabeculated right atrium induces clockwise flutter. The site of the unidirectional block during the initiation of either form of flutter is in the low right atrium isthmus. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:376–84)
Cav2 channels mediate low and high voltage‐activated calcium currents in Drosophila motoneurons

Key points • Neurons in the brain express a diversity of ion channels to impart specialized functional properties. • At least three distinct voltage gated calcium channel gene families are known, each of which is thought to produce calcium channels with unique properties, which in turn, differently affect neuronal function. • Here we use a genetic model system to determine which genes are responsible for the calcium currents in an identified motoneuron. • Surprisingly, the same ion channel gene encodes two distinct currents with fundamentally different properties, and the data also suggest that the normal function of this calcium channel gene is affected by the expression of another one. • The results provide insights into the relationship between gene expression and ionic currents, and thus, into the regulation of normal neuronal function. Abstract Different blends of membrane currents underlie distinct functions of neurons in the brain. A major step towards understanding neuronal function, therefore, is to identify the genes that encode different ionic currents. This study combined in situ patch clamp recordings of somatodendritic calcium currents in an identified adult Drosophila motoneuron with targeted genetic manipulation. Voltage clamp recordings revealed transient low voltage-activated (LVA) currents with activation between –60 mV and –70 mV as well as high voltage-activated (HVA) current with an activation voltage around –30 mV. LVA could be fully inactivated by prepulses to –50 mV and was partially amiloride sensitive. Recordings from newly generated mutant flies demonstrated that DmαG (Cav3 homolog) encoded the amiloride-sensitive portion of the transient LVA calcium current. We further demonstrated that the Cav2 homolog, Dmca1A, mediated the amiloride-insensitive component of LVA current. This novel role of Cav2 channels was substantiated by patch clamp recordings from conditional mutants, RNAi knock-downs, and following Dmca1A overexpression. In addition, we show that Dmca1A underlies the HVA somatodendritic calcium currents in vivo. Therefore, the Drosophila Cav2 homolog, Dmca1A, underlies HVA and LVA somatodendritic calcium currents in the same neuron. Interestingly, DmαG is required for regulating LVA and HVA derived from Dmca1A in vivo. In summary, each vertebrate gene family for voltage-gated calcium channels is represented by a single gene in Drosophila, namely Dmca1D (Cav1), Dmca1A (Cav2) and DmαG (Cav3), but the commonly held view that LVA calcium currents are usually mediated by Cav3 rather than Cav2 channels may require reconsideration.
Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. XVI. Electrophoretic properties of the products of in vivo and in vitro mitochondrial protein synthesis.

Abstract The size distribution of the proteins synthesized by isolated HeLa cell mitochondria has been analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared to that of the in vivo products of mitochondrial protein synthesis. The electrophoretic pattern of the mitochondrial proteins labeled in vitro with [ 3 H]leucine has a group of partially resolved components migrating in the region corresponding to 12,000 to 25,000 molecular weight, and another group, more abundant, in the range from 40,000 to 55,000 molecular weight. This pattern is very similar, after a two-hour incubation of mitochondria, to that of the proteins labeled in vivo in a 30-minute [ 3 H]leucine pulse.
Hierarchical planning for multi-contact non-prehensile manipulation

Manipulation planning involves planning the combined motion of objects in the environment as well as the robot motions to achieve them. In this paper, we explore a hierarchical approach to planning sequences of non-prehensile and prehensile actions. We subdivide the planning problem into three stages (object contacts, object poses and robot contacts) and thereby reduce the size of search space that is explored. We show that this approach is more efficient than earlier strategies that search in the combined robot-object configuration space directly.
Trends in laparoscopy

A review of 76 reports covers laparoscopy in its history applications methods gynecologic indications accompanying procedures contraindications and complications. Greater detail is given for blood gas studies the uses in the case of salpingitis tubal pregnancy sterility malformations and biopsy of cul-de-sac fluid and cysts. The technique and the appearance through the laparoscope are illustrated in 19 figures.
Connected in a small world: Rapid integration of heterogenous biology resources

Timely access to the most up to date versions of resources, such as data and software, is of paramount importance for researchers in an active field like Biology. We introduce a grid enabled biological data and software collection portal architecture, SALSA (a Scalable Simple Architecture), that is tailored towards fast integration of new computational resources made available by ever faster advancing and diversifying research in this area. We identify two models that guide the design of SALSA: heterogeneous database model and network growth model with preferential attachment. SALSA recognizes the challenges that are noted by the previous research on heterogeneous database model inherent in biological database resources; these resources are autonomously managed and lack a common database schema. SALSA is also guided by a model for the growth of the portal’s collection (of data and associated software to process this data) from previous research on related collections (e.g. citation networks and software package dependencies). This model suggests that in the presence of components that have a higher likelihood of gaining new connections (e.g., popular resources such as BLAST or FASTA sequences), the relationships between components tend to organize in a small-world scale-free network. The growth model helps the portal developers identify important hub components that emerge by taking part in increasing number of tasks as the portal grows. In order to effectively improve the overall user experience, developers can direct expensive development efforts (e.g., query optimization, user interface, documentation, etc.) to hub components, rather than to specialized components that have a lesser likelihood of developing to become hubs. In this paper we discuss a grid enabled web portal implementation that is built to contain a growing collection of biological data and software to process this data. The implementation that we present is a realization of Scalable Simple Architecture (SALSA) that strives to rapidly integrate newly published components into the existing collection in a sustainable fashion. Notably, this implementation uses flexibility of XML for component management, XSL for web user interface, SRB and MCAT for large data storage.
6 A Reassessment of Water and Soil Resources in the Flatlands of the Northern Maya Lowlands

Often characterized as a low, flat, limestone shelf with thin soils and restricted water resources, the northern lowlands are now proving to have supported high population levels and complex social development from the earliest Preclassic times through the Postclassic, though striking differences in developmental trajectories exist. The karstic plain of the north-central portion of the Yucatan Peninsula is characterized by the presence of dry depressions or rejolladas with wells, cenotes, and caves with water. The spatial distribution of these hydrological features played a key role in the occupation of the region since the Late Preclassic period, while the archaeological data suggest population growth during the eighth and ninth centuries C.E., reaching its peak in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Various agricultural technologies provided adaptations to the resource base, while the general settlement history may be linked to the dynamics of water-table fluctuations and resulting suitability of the wetlands for subsistence production.
Potential and limitations of energy-transfer processes in pulsed and cw dye laser mixtures: comparison of theory and experiments.

A comprehensive energy-transfer dye laser (ETDL) simulation model and the premise on which it is based are examined and reviewed. The model permits theoretical predictions of the total transfer efficiency and hence identification of the appropriate mechanisms that are responsible for energy transfer as well as predicting fluorescence spectra of dye mixtures. Using concentration regimes that are generally applicable to laser action, we also show that the model is capable of predicting gain line shapes (and hence tunability) for pulsed ETDL’s. An extension of the model also predicts the gain spectrum of cw laser-pumped ETDL’s as a function of donor and acceptor concentrations, their spectral data, energy-transfer parameters, pump power and wavelength, and dimensions of the active region. Model simulation results are checked against experimental results for pulsed and cw ETDL’s with laser outputs in the visible and near-IR spectral regions. The results lead to a better and more detailed understanding of ETDL mechanisms and the role that the triplet states play in these mechanisms.
Speed Dependence, Takeoff and Stiction of a New Class of Gas Bearing Sliders

While searching for a less-speed-sensitive programmable air bearing slider, the author noted that the primary reason for the sluggish takeoff and large dependence of fly height on speed is the very common 10 mrad taper. This taper is found on many sliders in the railed, taper/flat class. A single, plane wedge bearing operating at a large bearing number and a pitch angle considerably below that which gives maximum lift does not suffer from such speed sensitivity. The “inlet throttled” condition of the bearing inlet fixes the mass flux into the bearing gap. Because a single pad of this type has poor pitch stability, the author placed two of these pads in a tandem configuration, and abandoned rails. The result defines a new air bearing class, called Tango, which has front and rear pads, each having inlet throttled leading edges. Some members of this class offer takeoff velocities equalling and even improving more-complex designs using subambient pressure. In addition, numerical and hardware experiments have ...
The accumulation of gases on an upper floor during fire buildup

Full-scale tests with rapidly developing and slowly developing fires were conducted in an effort to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of death by toxic gases in building fires.
Neuroprotective effects of estradiol in middle-aged female rats.

Estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and decreases the risk and/or severity of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and stroke. Furthermore, estradiol exerts neuroprotective effects in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of brain injury. We have previously shown that physiological levels of estradiol attenuate ischemic brain injury in young female rats. However, neurodegenerative events occur more frequently in elderly women who are chronically hypoestrogenic. Therefore, we investigated whether aging rats remain responsive to the neuroprotective actions of estradiol. Young (3–4 months) and middle-aged (9–12 months) rats were ovariectomized and treated for 1 week with estradiol before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Regional cerebral blood flow was monitored in some animals at the time of injury. Brains were collected 24 h after MCAO and infarct volume was analyzed. Our data demonstrate that in both young and aging rats, lo...
Photographic versus autoradiographic portrayal of dental structure.

In this study, biologic hard tissue (tooth) has been made radioactive in vitro by its immersion in a solution of radioisotope. Autoradiograms made from such specimens have shown differential uptake in different regions of the specimen. Such differential uptake is related at least in part to the porosity of the region. Through comparison of the autoradiogram with the photographic image of the stained and of the unstained tooth surface, information of value can be deduced relating to the structure and the properties of the hard tissue and of its various components. Soft β-emitting isotopes serve to portray surface characteristics of the specimen, whereas hard β-emitters or γ-emitters serve to portray as well the deeper substance of the specimen. These in vitro techniques offer valuable supplementary information to that provided by the usual histopathologic procedure. The illustrations direct attention to the manner in which the tooth structure changes posteruptively, and the presumed relationship of such changes to the resistance of the tooth to caries.
Dietary Soy Phytoestrogens Effects on Retinal Thickness in Rats

Abstract Naturally occurring estrogen-like molecules in plants (phytoestrogens), present via soy, in animal diets are known to alter brain morphology and reproductive endocrine parameters. This study characterized dietary phytoestrogens' effect on retinal thickness in male and female Long-Evans rats. Experiment 1a and 1b: upon arrival (50 day-old) animals received either a phytoestrogen-rich diet (containing 600 μg phytoestrogen/g diet; referred to as Phyto-600) or a diet low in phytoestrogens (Phyto-free). Males remained on these diets until 140 days of age (females until 160 days of age). In both sexes a significant (but opposite) diet difference in retinal thickness was identified. Male Phyto-600 and female Phyto-free animals had significantly greater retinal thickness compared to Phyto-free males and Phyto-600 females, respectively. Experiment 2: male or female rats were raised from conception on either the Phyto-600 or Phyto-free diet until sacrifice at 75 days of age. Consistent with experiment 1, m...
Conceptual models of treatment for co-occurring substance use

A century ago, Henri Poincare pointed out that scientists have agendas that drive research, and later Thomas Kuhn famously described how models of interpreting scientific data sometimes change dram...
Functional Overlap of tRNA Nucleotidyltransferase, Poly(A) Polymerase I, and Polynucleotide Phosphorylase

Repair of the 3′-terminal -CCA sequence of tRNA generally requires the action of the enzyme tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. However, in Escherichia coli in the absence of this enzyme, a decreased level of tRNA end repair continues. To ascertain the enzymes responsible for this residual repair, mutant strains were constructed lacking tRNA nucleotidyltransferase and other enzymes potentially involved in the process, poly(A) polymerase I and polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase). Strains lacking tRNA nucleotidyltransferase and either one of the other enzymes displayed decreased growth rates and increased levels of defective tRNA compared with the single cca mutant. Triple mutants lacking all three enzymes grew very slowly, had even more defective tRNA, and were devoid of activity incorporating AMP into tRNA-C-C. Overexpression of poly(A) polymerase I, but not PNPase, partially compensated for the absence of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. These data show that poly(A) polymerase I and PNPase participate in the end repair process and are required to maintain functional tRNA levels when tRNA nucleotidyltransferase is absent.
Quantitative comparison of bidirectional and optimal associative memories for background prediction of spectra

Abstract Quantitative comparisons of a bidirectional associative memory (BAM), a modified BAM and an optimal associative memory (OAM) neural network are presented for background prediction of infrared (IR) spectra. These memories were evaluated using 2 cm −1 resolution IR spectra. The efficacies of these methods were quantitatively evaluated using root mean square prediction errors of 100% transmittance lines. In all cases, the OAM performed superiorly to the BAMs. The OAM has no retrieval error, because it stores patterns that are orthogonal. Binary encoding of spectra is advocated for BAMs, because the stored patterns are approximately orthogonal. Once the number of grids is large enough to differentiate stored spectra, the dependence on the number of resolution elements disappears. The OAM is a technique that can be applied to any type of data as long as two conditions are satisfied: the background spectra and the sample spectra must have points of intersection and the signal variations in the sample need to be different from the background variations.
Effective contaminant detection networks in uncertain groundwater flow fields.

A mass transport simulation model tested seven contaminant detection-monitoring networks under a 40° range of groundwater flow directions. Each monitoring network contained five wells located 40 m from a rectangular landfill. The 40-m distance (lag) was measured in different directions, depending upon the strategy used to design a particular monitoring network. Lagging the wells parallel to the central flow path was more effective than alternative design strategies. Other strategies allowed higher percentages of leaks to migrate between monitoring wells. Results of this study suggest that centrally lagged groundwater monitoring networks perform most effectively in uncertain groundwater-flow fields.
Synthesis of phenanthro[b]thiophenes

All isomers of the parent phenanthro[b]thiophenes, namely, phenanthro[1,2-b]thiophene, phenanthro-[2,1-b]thiophene, phenanthro[2,3-b]thiophene, phenanthro[3,4-b]thiophene, phenanthro[3,4-b]thiophene, phenanthro[4,3-b]thiophene and phenanthro[9,10-b]thiophene have been synthesized.
Solidification/stabilization of Cr(VI) with cement: Leachability and XRD analyses

Abstract The leachability of Cr(VI) from solidified Cr(VI)–Portland cement mixtures cured for 28 days were investigated. Cr(VI) was solidified with Type I Portland cement at concentrations of 0.5%, 2%, and 5% (based on K2CrO4) by weight of the cement. The addition of Cr(VI) increased the initial and final setting times of cement. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study indicates that Cr(VI) inhibits cement hydration process by reacting with Ca2+ during the hydration of cement, which was also supported by increased setting times. Increasing the Cr(VI) content in the cement reduced the compressive strength of the solidified cement. The leachability of Cr(VI) during the toxicity characteristics leaching procedures (TCLP) test was dependent on the initial Cr(VI) concentration and the leaching time. The treatment efficiency of cement was independent of the initial Cr(VI) concentration. The reaction products and crystalline phases were identified using the XRD. One of the reaction products identified was CaCrO4. An empirical relationship was developed to predict the leaching of Cr(VI). Based on this relationship, the treatable amount should be limited to K2CrO4/cement ratio of 0.2% to meet the TCLP limit of 5 mg/l.
Stark components of 4F3/2, 4I9/2 and 4I11/2 manifold energy levels and effects of temperature on the laser transition of Nd3+ in YVO4

Abstract The Stark components of the 4 F 3/2 , 4 I 9/2 and 4 I 11/2 manifolds have been characterized using the fluorescence spectra for the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 and 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 11/2 transitions of Nd 3+ in YVO 4 laser host. The thermal effects on the width and position of the popular laser line at 1061.7 nm (R 1 → Y 1 ) of the inter-Stark transition within the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 11/2 intermanifold transition of Nd 3+ :YVO 4 have also been investigated. As the temperature is increased the line width of this transition is found to increase and the spectral line shifts toward the longer wavelength. The experimental results of the temperature-dependent width and shift of the 1061.7 nm line are explained using the phonon–ion interaction theory which assumes the Debye model for phonons in crystalline solids.
Distribution of neu (c-erbB-2) protein in human skin.

The neu (c-erbB-2) gene encodes a transmembrane protein with tyrosine kinase activity that appears to be a growth factor receptor. An antibody was generated by immunization of rabbits with a synthetic polypeptide that was based on an internal sequence at the carboxy terminus of the molecule. This antibody was used to survey the expression of neu in human skin by immunohistochemistry. Significant protein was found in the squamous cell layer of the surface epidermis, in squamous cell carcinomas, in the external root sheath of hair follicles, and in eccrine gland secretory cells; it was poorly expressed in the basal cell layer and in basal cell carcinomas. Increased neu expression appears to be associated with the differentiation of keratinocytes.
Synthesis of compounds related to anti-hemorrhagic vitamin K. IV. α-naphthol as a starting material for the preparation of 2-methyl-1-hydroxy-4-amino-naphthalene hydrochloride or vitamin K5†

2-Methyl-1-hydroxy-4-amino-naphthalene hydrochloride, a water-soluble form of vitamin K, was synthesized in the laboratory from α-naphthol as the starting material.
Comparing the adaptive landscape across trait types: larger QTL effect size in traits under biotic selection

In a spatially and temporally variable adaptive landscape, mutations operating in opposite directions and mutations of large effect should be commonly fixed due to the shifting locations of phenotypic optima. Similarly, an adaptive landscape with multiple phenotypic optima and deep valleys of low fitness between peaks will favor mutations of large effect. Traits under biotic selection should experience a more spatially and temporally variable adaptive landscape with more phenotypic optima than that experienced by traits under abiotic selection. To test this hypothesis, we assemble information from QTL mapping studies conducted in plants, comparing effect directions and effect sizes of detected QTL controlling traits putatively under abiotic selection to those controlling traits putatively under biotic selection. We find no differences in the fraction of antagonistic QTL in traits under abiotic and biotic selection, suggesting similar consistency in selection pressure on these two types of traits. However, we find that QTL controlling traits under biotic selection have a larger effect size than those under abiotic selection, supporting our hypothesis that QTL of large effect are more commonly detected in traits under biotic selection than in traits under abiotic selection. For traits under both abiotic and biotic selection, we find a large number of QTL of large effect, with 10.7% of all QTLs detected controlling more than 20% of the variance in phenotype. These results suggest that mutations of large effect are more common in adaptive landscapes strongly determined by biotic forces, but that these types of adaptive landscapes do not result in a higher fraction of mutations acting in opposite directions. The high number of QTL of large effect detected shows that QTL of large effect are more common than predicted by the infinitesimal model of genetic adaptation.
An efficient algorithm for chemical fingerprinting

In this paper, we present and analyze a constructive polynomial-time algorithm that helps in solving the problem of comparing FT-ICR data to theoretical compounds. A brute-force approach to solving the problem is exponential in its worst-case. Our algorithm serves as the backbone of a more general interactive software tool for chemical fingerprinting which is to be developed in a subsequent paper. A preliminary algorithm analysis shows that our approach is efficient for most commercial applications involving the general problem of determining combinations of elements that satisfy a set of prescribed constraints.
The competitive allocation process is informationally efficient uniquely

Abstract This paper establishes that the competitive allocation process is the only informationally decentralized mechanism for exchange environments which (i) achieves Pareto optimal allocations; (ii) gives each consumer an allocation which is, according to his preferences, at least as good as his endowment; (iii) satisfies certain regularity conditions; and (iv) has a message space of the smallest dimension necessary to satisfy (i–iii).
A product differentiation model with outside goods and price bargaining

Abstract A Nash bargaining solution rather than a monopolistic take-it-or-leave-it pricing rule is adopted in a circular product differentiation model. Equilibrium always exists. Although comparative statics in the competitive equilibrium are similar to those in Salop (1979), the perverse result of kinked equilibrium vanishes. The market produces the socially optimum number of varieties.
Agronomic and environmental impacts of phosphorus fertilization of low input bahiagrass systems in Florida

Phosphorus management in low input bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) systems represents a major challenge of agronomic and environmental importance. Concerns over agricultural P transport to surface waters have prompted several revisions in the P fertilizer recommendations for bahiagrass in Florida. This study evaluated the effects of revised P fertilizer recommendations on forage dry matter yield (DMY) and nutritive value and the potential impacts on water quality in bahiagrass pastures growing on a Spodosol. Treatments consisted of the factorial combination of three N rates (0, 56, and 112 kg N ha−1) and four P rates (0, 5, 10, and 20 kg P ha−1), replicated three times and applied annually in May of 2007 and 2008. Forage was harvested at 28-d intervals and DMY, tissue P and crude protein concentration, and P uptake were measured. To monitor P leaching potential, suction cup lysimeters were installed at 15-, 30-, 60-, 90-, and 150-cm depths. In 2007, bahiagrass DMY was not affected by P; however, in 2008 there was a linear increase in DMY from 6.9 to 8.2 Mg ha−1 as P rate increased. In both years, tissue P increased linearly from 2.1 to 2.5 g kg−1 as P rates increased from 0 to 20 kg P ha−1. Similarly, P uptake increased from 14 kg P ha−1 for the control to 19 kg P ha−1 for the treatment receiving 20 kg P ha−1. During the 2-year study, P fertilization had no impact on soil Mehlich-1, water-extractable P, and leachate P concentrations. Leachate P concentrations at the 15- and 30-cm depths varied seasonally (from 0.05 to 0.85 mg P l−1), with greater spikes occurring during periods of high water table conditions. Current P fertilization recommendation can increase bahiagrass DMY with no adverse impacts on water quality.
Conflict Management Trajectories in Militarized Interstate Disputes: A Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Foundations†

When multiple third parties intervene diplomatically in the same dispute, are their interventions interdependent? Although theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that they are, most conflict management research fails to theorize about and model this interdependence directly. The current project breaks with this tradition by advancing the new concept of a conflict management trajectory—the idea that conflict management efforts evolve over the course of a conflict and successive efforts inform one another. After discussing the rationale for and theoretical foundations underlying trajectories, I construct these trajectories empirically, summarize and discuss some of their characteristics, and create a typology to describe and organize them. In the process, I demonstrate that trajectories possess properties that clearly differentiate them from isolated interventions (the alternative) and display numerous general patterns. Each of these, in turn, suggests that trajectories deserve greater study as we seek to integrate and expand our understanding of international conflict management.
An empirical study of cryptographic misuse in android applications

Developers use cryptographic APIs in Android with the intent of securing data such as passwords and personal information on mobile devices. In this paper, we ask whether developers use the cryptographic APIs in a fashion that provides typical cryptographic notions of security, e.g., IND-CPA security. We develop program analysis techniques to automatically check programs on the Google Play marketplace, and find that 10.327 out of 11,748 applications that use cryptographic APIs -- 88% overall -- make at least one mistake. These numbers show that applications do not use cryptographic APIs in a fashion that maximizes overall security. We then suggest specific remediations based on our analysis towards improving overall cryptographic security in Android applications.
Fusion of Electrospun Mats

Electrospinning has become a popular technique investigated for tissue engineering applications. Electrospinning is unique because it is capable of producing small fibers (diameters ranging from several nanometers to several microns) in a nonwoven mat, which is similar to the architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within tissues [1]. The microenvironment of the cells should be analogous to that of native tissue so that cellular growth and function are improved.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A synopsis of the land mobile engineering committee activities

I believe that a relatively few realize the important part the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) plays in establishing industry standards. Nor do many recognize its continuous struggle to influence appropriate frequency allocations to satisfy our immediate and future needs. Actually, much of the progress and stature of the electronics industry as we know it today is due to the quiet but determined efforts of EIA.
Computed tomography colonography: emerging evidence to further support clinical effectiveness.

Purpose of review Computed tomography colonography (CTC) continues to mature and evolve as a noninvasive imaging test of the large intestine. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the recent and emerging data that further supports the clinical effectiveness of CTC. Recent findings The diagnostic performance of CTC for detecting colorectal polyps and masses is well established, but its precise clinical role is yet to be determined. Recent data on test performance, patient acceptance, and study technique may help to clarify the role of CTC and accelerate its clinical implementation. Summary Recent advances and refinements in CTC should help to clarify and expand its clinical role, both as a screening and diagnostic test. High patient acceptance for CTC could lead to increased adherence rates. Ultimately, the complementary nature of CTC and optical colonoscopy should result in improved patient care.
Comments on "A theory of the Hooge parameters of solid-state devices"

Handel's "quantum theory of 1/f noise" (Q.T.) was developed in the above paper in an ambitious attempt to explain the ubiquity of 1/f noise [1]-[3]. The theory has been used to derive the Hooge equation [4], which in turn has been used for many years now in analyses of experimental data (e.g., [5], [6]). The purpose of this comment is to point out serious flaws in Q.T. and to list recent empirical results which are not explained by the Hooge formula or any of its revisions.
Liquid Household Bleach Ingestion in Children: A Retrospective Review†

Current literature and some standard reference textbooks fail to adequately delineate the management of liquid household bleach (sodium hypochlorite) as different from other caustic agents. A literature review and retrospective study were conducted to focus attention on the clinical course and the low potential for development of long-term sequelae secondary to liquid household bleach ingestion in children. The records of 19 patients were reviewed. The mean age of children ingesting bleach was 24 months. Most children obtained the liquid from an open container such as a cup. There were no short- or long-term sequelae. We introduce an algorithm for the management of accidental ingestion of liquid household bleach in children. We conclude that in the United States accidental bleach ingestion in children is usually associated with a benign clinical course and usually does not require hospitalization, corticosteroids, or antibiotics unless there is severe dysphagia or signs of significant injury. Esophagoscopy may not be necessary, but fiberoptic examination of the pharynx and larynx should be included in the assessment of these children.
Effect of Ribavirin on Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection

Ribavirin (1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), a new synthetic nucleoside, inhibited murine cytomegalovirus in cell culture. This was shown by the inhibition of viral cytopathic effect and plaque formation, as well as reduction in the yield of virus. Despite this in vitro antiviral effect, ribavirin did not protect mice from mortality produced by a high inoculum of cytomegalovirus. When a lower inoculum was used to initiate a chronic infection, the administration of ribavirin for 9 days had no effect on the titer of cytomegalovirus in the salivary gland, kidney, liver, and spleen. Thus, ribavirin was ineffective in the treatment of both acute and chronic murine cytomegalovirus infections.
Relative carcinogenic effects of different mammography techniques.

Comparisons of different mammography techniques can be significantly altered by assumptions about the relevant measures for carcinogenic effects in mammography at low doses. Using a combination of recent data available from the literature, a study has been made of the significance of various assumptions concerning both the appropriate measures for carcinogenesis in mammography and the shape of the dose–effects relationship. It is found that for techniques typical of current reduced‐dose mammography systems, the comparison of the relative carcinogenic effects of the techniques is significantly affected by both the measures that are used and the shape of the dose–effects relationship.
Profibrinolytic, Antithrombotic, and Antiinflammatory Effects of an Insulin-Sensitizing Strategy in Patients in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Trial

Background—Effects were compared in patients in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) trial of 2 mechanistically different strategies for treatment of hyperglycemia, insulin-sensitizing and insulin-providing strategies, on biomarker profiles reflecting the balance between fibrinolysis and thrombosis and the intensity of inflammation implicated in diabetic vasculopathy. Methods and Results—A total of 2368 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and clinically stable, angiographically documented coronary artery disease were randomized to treatment with 1 of the 2 strategies and followed for an average of 5 years. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 antigen and activity, tissue plasminogen activator antigen, fibrinogen, D-dimer, C-reactive protein, insulin, and hemoglobin A1c were assayed in blood samples acquired at baseline and at 12 regular intervals throughout the follow-up interval. Higher baseline D-dimer, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein portended a poor progn...
An octree partition of unity method (OctPUM) with enrichments for multiscale modeling of heterogeneous media

In this paper we present some enrichment techniques for the modeling of heterogeneous media in the presence of singularities such as cracks which overcome long-standing problems associated with the assumption of local periodicity in traditional asymptotic homogenization methods. An octree partition of unity method (OctPUM) is developed to solve the macroscopic problem. In this technique the geometry is discretized using hierarchical data structures known as quadtrees and octrees in two- and three-dimensions, respectively and the approximation functions, generated using the partition of unity approach, are compactly supported on n-dimensional cubes. OctPUM is in-between finite elements and meshfree methods in character and is computationally more efficient than pure meshfree techniques. Solutions near crack tips may be obtained without excessive local refinements using localized enrichment functions. In order to compute the microscopic fields near the crack edge within the macroscale computations, a structural enrichment-based homogenization method is introduced in which the approximation space of the OctPUM at the macroscopic scale is enriched by functions generated at the microscopic scale using the asymptotic homogenization technique. Several example problems in one- and two-dimensional analysis, including one involving realistic microstructures, are solved to demonstrate the effectiveness of the enrichment strategies.
Enhancing the efficacy of antidepressants with psychotherapy

Even after optimal treatment with and response to antidepressant medications during acute treatment of major depressive disorder, residual symptoms are common. Patients with residual symptoms are at increased risk of relapse and recurrence. Research suggests that psychotherapy may play an important role in enhancing the effects of antidepressant drug therapy and improving patients' long-term prognosis. Psychotherapy targets specific symptoms associated with relapse (e.g., guilt, hopelessness, negativity, low self-esteem) that antidepressants may not, reduces residual symptoms (e.g., irritability), improves coping skills for long-term disease management and promotes sustained, healthy cognitive changes. In addition, neuroimaging data suggest that psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy target different primary sites of the cortical-limbic pathway with differential top-down and bottom-up effects, resulting in modulation of critical common targets and facilitation of disease remission. The use of adjunctive psychotherapy in the acute phase of depression treatment appears to provide only a modest increase in response rates, although combined pharmaco-psychotherapy may prevent or delay relapse. Simultaneous application of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy during the maintenance phase does not consistently provide a clear advantage over maintenance pharmacotherapy. In contrast, sequential use of psychotherapy after induction of remission with acute antidepressant drug therapy may confer a better long-term prognosis in terms of preventing relapse or recurrence and, for some patients, may be a viable alternative to maintenance medication therapy.