cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Infections

1. Swetha Pinninti, MD* 2. Catherine Hough-Telford, MD† 3. Sunil Pati, PhD† 4. Suresh Boppana, MD† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center/Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE. 2. †Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. 1. Although most infants with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection are at risk of developing sensorineural hearing loss, 10% to 15% of asymptomatic infants also develop hearing loss and require audiologic screening at regular intervals in the first few years after birth. 2. Unlike with other congenital infections, CMV seropositivity is not protective for fetal transmission. An estimated 75% of infants with cCMV are born in the United States following nonprimary maternal infections. 3. Most individuals with Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis recover with supportive therapy; contrary to common belief, corticosteroid use is not the mainstay of treatment because airway compromise and splenic rupture can be rare complications. After completing this article, the reader should be able to: 1. Recognize routes of acquisition of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the neonatal and postneonatal periods. 2. Recognize differences in presentations of congenital CMV infection, childhood infections, and infections in the immunocompromised individual. 3. Plan the diagnostic evaluation for congenital or acquired CMV infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised children of various ages. 4. Understand management and long-term follow-up plans for infants with congenital CMV infection. 5. Describe the management and treatment of CMV infections in the immunocompromised host. 6. Explain the epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections and identify the clinical features associated with EBV infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised children of various ages. 7. Recognize the potential complications of EBV infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised children of various ages. 8. Plan management of children with uncomplicated infectious mononucleosis. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection and the leading nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). CMV is also a significant cause of morbidity in preterm neonates who acquire infection postnatally …
Variables nutricionales preoperatorias y morbimortalidad en cirugía digestiva oncológica

Resumen Introduccion El objetivo del estudio es comparar las variables nutricionales con la morbimortalidad postoperatoria en cirugia digestiva oncologica. Material y metodo Estudio de cohorte prospectiva de pacientes sometidos a intervenciones quirurgicas por neoplasias malignas digestivas en el Hospital Eduardo Pereira entre octubre de 2012 y febrero de 2014. Se creo una base de datos con el software Filemaker Pro. Para el analisis estadistico se utilizo el programa SPSS 15.0. Se utilizo la prueba t de Student o U de Mann Whitney segun correspondiera y se considero significativo un valor de p Resultados Se estudiaron 182 pacientes con un promedio de edad de 65,7 ± 12,3 anos. Un 54,4% (99) de los pacientes fueron de sexo masculino. La neoplasia mas frecuente fue el cancer de colon en el 35,5% (64). Se presentaron complicaciones en 34,1% (62) de los pacientes, los cuales presentaron menor valor del pliegue tricipital (p Discusion En el presente estudio se hallaron diferencias significativas al comparar algunas variables nutricionales con la morbilidad postoperatoria en cirugia de colon y pancreas.
Damage accumulation of bovine bone under variable amplitude loads.

Abstract Stress fractures, a painful injury, are caused by excessive fatigue in bone. This study on damage accumulation in bone sought to determine if the Palmgren-Miner rule (PMR), a well-known linear damage accumulation hypothesis, is predictive of fatigue failure in bone. An electromagnetic shaker apparatus was constructed to conduct cyclic and variable amplitude tests on bovine bone specimens. Three distinct damage regimes were observed following fracture. Fractures due to a low cyclic amplitude loading appeared ductile ( 4000 μ ϵ ), brittle due to high cyclic amplitude loading (> 9000 μ ϵ ), and a combination of ductile and brittle from mid-range cyclic amplitude loading (6500 –6750 μ ϵ ). Brittle and ductile fracture mechanisms were isolated and mixed, in a controlled way, into variable amplitude loading tests. PMR predictions of cycles to failure consistently over-predicted fatigue life when mixing isolated fracture mechanisms. However, PMR was not proven ineffective when used with a single damage mechanism.
Risks and Benefits of Unrelated Donor Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cells (PBPC) in Children and Adolescents with Acute Leukemia.

Although PBPC is an acceptable alternative to bone marrow (BM) for transplanting children with leukemia, there are no published studies describing outcomes after unrelated donor PBPC transplants. We compared the results of 385 unrelated donor BM transplants that were allele-matched (n=186) or mismatched (n=199) at HLA A, B, C, DRB1 and 110 PBPC transplants that were matched (n=60) or mismatched (n=50) at HLA A, B, C, DRB1 in patients younger than 18 years of age. All patients had acute leukemia and were transplanted in 2000–2006. Median follow up of surviving patients was 2 years in both treatment groups. There were no significant differences in patient and disease characteristics, transplant conditioning regimen, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis and donor-recipient HLA disparity by graft type. Though the early probability of neutrophil recovery (³500/ul) was faster after transplantation of PBPC (31% vs. 10% at day-14, p
Dialectics Denied: Muller, Lysenkoism, and the Fate of Chromosomal Mutation

This chapter explores the decline of “chromosomal mutation” in both the US and USSR as an important but heretofore unremarked casualty of Lysenkoism. I explore how chromosomal mutations came under fire in both the US and the USSR, despite having previously been accepted as evolutionarily significant types of mutation, as a result of the competing genetic geopolitics of Lysenkoism. As Lysenkoists focused on the phenotype, American geneticists focused on the genotype, and the focus on chromosomes and a level of chromosomal mutation was lost.
Identifying Frequent User Tasks from Application Logs

In the light of continuous growth in log analytics, application logs remain a valuable source to understand and analyze patterns in user behavior. Today, almost every major software company employs analysts to reveal user insights from log data. To understand the tasks and challenges of the analysts, we conducted a background study with a group of analysts from a major software company. A fundamental analytics objective that we recognized through this study involves identifying frequent user tasks from application logs. More specifically, analysts are interested in identifying operation groups that represent meaningful tasks performed by many users inside applications. This is challenging, primarily because of the nature of modern application logs, which are long, noisy and consist of events from high-cardinality set. In this paper, we address these challenges to design a novel frequent pattern ranking technique that extracts frequent user tasks from application logs. Our experimental study shows that our proposed technique significantly outperforms state of the art for real-world data.
Statins as a preventative therapy for venous thromboembolism

The anti-inflammatory effects of statins have likely not been used to their fullest extent, particularly in reducing venous thromboembolic events. Current therapy for thrombotic events hinges on anticoagulation via heparin, warfarin or new oral anticoagulants. Interventional procedures with thrombectomy may also play a critical role. Unfortunately, thrombotic events can occur and recur despite meticulous anticoagulation therapy. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), two complicated and prevalent diseases that can cause chronic disease states such as post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). In 2009 the JUPITER trial demonstrated that rosuvastatin may be effective when dealing with vascular inflammation by providing an anti-inflammatory effect. Multiple subsequent studies have looked at this association with some promising findings. The mechanism of action for statins is not entirely understood but there has been a variety of proposals and subsequent testing of inflammatory biomarkers. Additional prospective trials are needed to confirm the possible benefit of VTE reduction through an anti-inflammatory effect, but if this can be shown then statins may become a safe adjunctive therapy for VTE prevention.
Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Incinerating Listed Wastes from Specific Sources

Pilot-scale incineration testing was conducted at the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Incineration Research Facility to support the development of best demonstrated available technology standards for the treatment of several hazardous wastes from specific sources. This paper summarizes the results of this testing for four of these wastes. The objective was to determine if these four wastes could be incinerated by a well designed, well operated incinerator based on compliance with the hazardous waste incinerator regulations and to characterize the incineration residuals for hazardous constituents. It was found that these wastes could generally be incinerated in compliance with these regulations. However, the mist carryover from the air pollution control device would have to be more effectively controlled to meet the particulate standard for some of these wastes.
The nuclear materials control system: Safeguards - circa 1957

In the late 1950s, the Westinghouse Electric Corporation undertook a nuclear materials control study for the Division of International Affairs of the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The objective of the study was to develop a Nuclear Materials Control System (NMCS) that could be used under the US bilateral agreements or by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Phase I was a system study to determine the requirements for an NMCS for an assumed nuclear fuel complex. This paper summarizes aspects of Phase I studies addressing facility types, measurement points, and instrumentation needs and Phase II studies covering chemistry/chemical engineering, nuclear, special devices, and security devices and techniques. 1 fig.
Cuplike nuclear morphology in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

![Figure][1] A 7-year-old previously healthy girl presented with fever, fatigue, and weight loss for 1 month. Laboratory test revealed normocytic anemia (hemoglobin, 7.1 g/dL), neutropenia (0.17 × 109/L), and 30% small- to medium-sized blasts with frequent (20%) cuplike nuclei (panels A-C,
Polymer Architecture: Does It Influence Shear Stability?

Hyperbranched and linear poly(alkyl methacrylate)s with and without polycaprolactone segments were designed and prepared via a core-first strategy, and then evaluated with respect to their rheology...
Nonsurgical management of a large necrotic nasal tip wound using a viable cryopreserved placental membrane.

Reconstruction of the nasal tip is challenging due to the highly contoured topography and the limited nearby tissue reservoirs. Nasal reconstruction requires complex multi‐staged surgical procedures with replacement of damaged structures by the autologous full‐thickness flaps or split‐thickness skin grafts.1 Reestablishing the tissue triangle is difficult due to poor blood supply and the potential for large scars.1, 2 Depending on the procedure, some full‐thickness nose flaps are performed in two stages involved a transfer with possible debulking and/or a potential for surgical revision 6‐12 months later, once the repaired tissue at the surgical site has been matured.3, 4 Partial or split‐thickness skin grafts are a less favorable option as differences in tissue thickness and pigmentation or secondary contraction of meshed grafts may result in poor esthetic appearance.5 Alternative treatment for poor surgical candidates, patients unwilling to undergo staged surgical reconstruction of the face, or cases in which autologous nasal grafts have already failed is usually limited to wound closure by secondary intention.5, 6 However, the full‐thickness nasal tip defects do not heal well under second intention resulting in visible large scars prone to postoperative scar depression. Here authors present a nonsurgical alternative approach for closure of a large full‐thickness nasal tip wound using a viable cryopreserved placental membrane (vCPM), a commercially available tissue allograft. This case describes a young female patient with significant facial disfigurement secondary to a large nonmalignant necrotic lesion that destroyed the dermal and subcutaneous soft tissues of the nasal tip, leaving osseocartilaginous structures exposed. The patient was referred to a plastic surgeon to do a nasal tip reconstruction, but she was unwilling to undergo a staged surgical procedure and instead selected to receive outpatient applications of a viable cryopreserved placental membrane. Augmentation of wound closure by secondary intention with two applications of vCPM resulted in re‐establishment of the nasal tip with normal esthetic contour.
Emergence of Endocytosis-Dependent mGlu1 LTD at Nucleus Accumbens Synapses After Withdrawal From Cocaine Self-Administration

Extended-access cocaine self-administration induces a progressive intensification of cue-induced drug craving during withdrawal termed "incubation of cocaine craving". Rats evaluated after >1 month of withdrawal (when incubation of craving is robust) display alterations in excitatory synapses onto medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), including elevated levels of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPAR) and a transition from group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) mGlu5- to mGlu1-mediated synaptic depression. It is important to further characterize the emergent form of mGlu1-mediated synaptic depression because it has been demonstrated that mGlu1 stimulation, by normalizing CP-AMPAR transmission, reduces cue-induced cocaine craving. In the present study, we conducted whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in NAc core MSNs, comparing rats that underwent >35 days of withdrawal from cocaine self-administration to control rats that had self-administered saline. Bath application of the nonselective group I mGluR agonist dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) produced a transient mGlu5-mediated synaptic depression in saline controls, whereas a persistent mGlu1-mediated synaptic depression emerged in cocaine rats. This form of long-term depression (LTD) was abolished by the inclusion of dynamin inhibitory peptide (DIP) in the recording electrode, indicating that it is mediated by removal of CP-AMPARs through a dynamin-dependent endocytosis mechanism. We further showed that CP-AMPAR endocytosis is normally coupled to the PICK1-mediated insertion of Ca2+-impermeable AMPARs (CI-AMPAR). Interestingly, this coupling is not obligatory because disruption of PICK1-mediated CI-AMPAR insertion with pep2-EVKI spared mGlu1-mediated CP-AMPAR endocytosis. Collectively, these results reveal similarities but also differences from mGlu1-LTD observed in other brain regions, and further our understanding of a form of plasticity that may be targeted to reduce cue-induced craving for cocaine and methamphetamine.
Assessments of Research Competencies for Clinical Investigators: A Systematic Review

Although there is extensive research literature on clinical skill competencies and the use of competency-based frameworks for clinical research, the appropriate methods to assess these competencies are not as well understood. Our goal in this systematic literature review is to identify, compare, and critique assessments of clinical research competencies. Articles were included in this review if they examined clinical investigators or clinical investigators in training, focused on research-based skills, and included some form of assessment of research-based competencies. A total of 76 articles were identified as part of the initial search; 16 met the criteria for inclusion. Two types of assessments of clinical research competence were identified: subjective self-assessments (n = 13) and objective tests (n = 6). These assessments covered a wide range of competencies, but there were no competency domains common to all. Most assessments had limited validation. Training was consistently associated with self-assessed competence but had little relationship to objective measures of competence. In contrast, experience was consistently associated with objectively assessed competence but not with self-assessed competence. These findings have important implications for those interested in assessing medical education programs. We describe a recommended standard for validity for assessments used for the purposes of summative program assessment.
m 6 A-binding YTHDF proteins promote stress granule formation

Diverse RNAs and RNA-binding proteins form phase-separated, membraneless granules in cells under stress conditions. However, the role of the prevalent mRNA methylation, m6A, and its binding proteins in stress granule (SG) assembly remain unclear. Here, we show that m6A-modified mRNAs are enriched in SGs, and that m6A-binding YTHDF proteins are critical for SG formation. Depletion of YTHDF1/3 inhibits SG formation and recruitment of mRNAs to SGs. Both the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region and the C-terminal m6A-binding YTH domain of YTHDF proteins are important for SG formation. Super-resolution imaging further reveals that YTHDF proteins appear to be in a super-saturated state, forming clusters that often reside in the periphery of or at the junctions between SG core clusters, and potentially promote SG formation by reducing the activation energy barrier and critical size for SG condensate formation. Our results suggest a new function of the m6A-binding YTHDF proteins in regulating SG formation.
The spleen as an unlikely source of red blood cells during activity in fishes.

We read with interest the paper by [Brijs et al. (2020)][1] regarding the ‘blood-boosting’ properties apparently exhibited by the Antarctic notothenioid fish ( Pagothenia borchgrevinki ). Although the data provide additional insights into the physiology of an extreme cold-adapted fish, we
Pressure Transfer Functions for Interfacial Fluids Problems

We make a consistent derivation, from the governing equations, of the pressure transfer function in the small-amplitude Stokes wave regime and the hydrostatic approximation in the small-amplitude solitary water wave regime, in the presence of a background shear flow. The results agree with the well-known formulae in the zero vorticity case, but they incorporate the effects of vorticity through solutions to the Rayleigh equation. We extend the results to permit continuous density stratification and to internal waves between two constant-density fluids. Several examples are discussed.
“Mtoto Wa Nyoka Ni Nyoka,” The Child of a Snake is a Snake: A Narrative Analysis of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Perpetration of Interpersonal Violence Among Men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania:

Childhood exposure to adversity, including abuse and neglect, is consistently found to be a predictor of intimate partner violence (IPV) and peer violence (PV) perpetration in adulthood. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively examine factors that may facilitate or impede the use of violence among those who have been exposed to adversity early in life. We are particularly interested in protective experiences or environments for these participants. The qualitative data were analyzed through thematic coding and narrative analysis of participant life histories.We found three salient themes: (a) parental acceptance and early attachment is protective for coping with stress with intimate partners in adulthood; (b) certain key life turning points can provide a protective context against violent behavior in adulthood; and (c) poverty in adulthood compromises one's ability to cope with stress and anger in adulthood.Our findings contextualize the different factors that may affect the behavior of perpetration of interpersonal violence among high-risk men in Dar es Salaam who have been exposed to adversity in childhood. These findings provide important information on the risk and protective factors for interpersonal violence spanning from childhood to adulthood. This study highlights the importance of child development interventions in this situation, both for the primary prevention of child adversity and for promoting resilience and mitigating the effects of childhood adversity that put men at risk for perpetration of interpersonal violence in adulthood.
Cation Distribution in Spinel Ferrite Nanocrystals: Characterization, Impact on their Physical Properties, and Opportunities for Synthetic Control.

Metal oxide materials that adopt the spinel crystal structure, such as metal ferrites (MFe2O4), present tetrahedral (A) and octahedral [B] sublattice sites surrounded by oxygen anions that provide a relatively weak crystal-field splitting. The formula of a metal ferrite material is most precisely described as (M1-xFex)[MxFe2-x]O4, where the parentheses and square brackets denote the tetrahedral and octahedral sites, respectively, and x is the inversion parameter quantifying the distribution of M2+ and Fe3+ cations among these sites. The electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of spinel ferrites all depend on the magnitude of x, which, in turn, depends on the relative sizes of the cations, their charge, and the relative crystal-field stabilization afforded by tetrahedral or octahedral coordination. Compared to bulk spinel ferrites, the large surface-area-to-volume ratio of spinel ferrite nanocrystals provides additional structural degrees of freedom that enable access to a broader range of x values. Achieving synthetic control over the degree of inversion in addition to the size and shape is critical to tuning the properties of spinel ferrite nanocrystals. In this Forum Article, we review physical inorganic methods used to quantify x in spinel ferrite nanocrystals, describe how the electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of these nanocrystals depend on x, and discuss emerging strategies for achieving synthetic control over this parameter.
Post-translational modifications within tau paired helical filament nucleating motifs perturb microtubule interactions and oligomer formation.

Post-translationally modified tau is the primary component of tau neurofibrillary tangles, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Post-translational modifications within the tau microtubule binding domain (MBD), which encompasses two hexapeptide motifs that act as critical nucleating regions for tau aggregation, can potentially modulate tau aggregation as well as interactions with microtubules (MTs) and membranes. Here we characterize the effects of a recently discovered tau PTM, lysine succinylation, on tau-tubulin interactions, and compare these to the effects of two previously reported MBD modifications, lysine acetylation and tyrosine phosphorylation. As generation of site-specific PTMs in proteins is challenging, we used short synthetic peptides to quantify the effects on tubulin binding of three site-specific PTMs located within the PHF6* (residues 275-280) and PHF6 (residues 306-311) hexapeptide motifs: K280 acetylation, Y310 phosphorylation and K311 succinylation. We compared these effects to those observed for MBD PTM-mimetic point mutations K280Q, Y310E and K311E. Finally, we evaluated the effects of these PTM-mimetic mutations on MBD membrane binding and membrane-induced fibril and oligomer formation. We found that all three PTMs perturb tau MT binding, with Y310 phosphorylation exerting the strongest effect. PTM mimetic mutations partially recapitulated the effects of the PTMs on MT binding and also disrupted tau membrane binding and membrane induced oligomer and fibril formation. These results imply that these PTMs, including the novel and AD-specific succinylation of tau K311, may influence both the physiological and pathological interactions of tau and thus represent targets for therapeutic intervention.
Maximizing Efficiency in Two-step Solar-thermochemical Fuel Production

Widespread solar fuel production depends on its economic viability, largely driven by the solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency. Herein, the material and energy requirements in two-step solar-thermochemical cyclesare considered.The need for advanced redox active materials is demonstrated, by considering the oxide mass flow requirements at a large scale. Two approaches are also identified for maximizing the efficiency: optimizing reaction temperatures, and minimizing the pressure in the thermal reduction step by staged thermal reduction. The results show that each approach individually, and especially the two in conjunction, result in significant efficiency gains.
Global patterns of connectivity and isolation of populations of forest bird species in the late Pleistocene

Aim Species’ distributional responses to cool periods in the Pleistocene appear to have been diverse, but patterns of response are poorly known globally, and the nature of distributional responses to interglacial conditions remains largely unknown. The aim of this contribution is to assess distributional responses of forest bird species to Last Interglacial (LIG) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions within nine forest regions world-wide, to test whether different regions experienced consistently different types of distributional responses. Location Global. Methods We use ecological niche modelling approaches under an assumption of ecological niche conservatism to assess degrees of fragmentation of species distributions through the LIG–LGM–present transitions. Models trained under present-day conditions were transferred to Pleistocene conditions, and fragmentation of potential distributional areas was assessed using FragStats. Results Our results showed four regions to have greater fragmentation at LGM than at LIG or at present; three showed greater connectivity at LGM; and two were equivocal. Main conclusions Our results suggest that the world is a patchwork of regions in which forest species experienced either consistently greater or consistently lesser population subdivision during the alternating cool and warm periods that characterized the Pleistocene. Speciation timing and dynamics should differ dramatically among major regions and biomes if these periods of connection and disjunction translate into speciation opportunity.
Chapter 6 Growth and survival of postsettlement sea urchins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the growth and survival of postsettlement sea urchins. Growth in echinoids means change in mass, diameter, and shape of the testes, which requires the expansion, calcification, and production of soft tissues. Skeletal growth is based on cellular processes that result in both shape changes during growth and rates of diameter change. Various forces that determine shape during growth have been explored in earlier studies, but shape seems best described as a response to forces generated by skeletal weight. Different skeletal elements of echinoids from a wide range of habitats are analyzed by using X-ray diffraction. Echinoid skeletons consist of ossicles that include spines, elements of Aristotle's lantern, and plates of the test that are attached to each other by small projections and collagen threads. Growth is by calcification around individual plates and the addition of new plates at the aboral ends of the ambulacral and interambulacral rows. Ossicles are calcite that contains various amounts of magnesium and are constructed as a fenestrated stereom that varies in porosity and construction. The resorption of calcite appears to be a general phenomenon in echinoids.
Farm price responsiveness and the choice of functional form

Abstract The estimated responsiveness of farmers to changes in the prices of output or inputs is in general very sensitive to the econometric model used. Using cross-section survey data for farms in marginal rice-growing districts in West Malaysia price elasticities based on estimated input demand equations derived from a quadratic restricted profit function were found to be superior to those derived from translog or Cobb-Douglas production functions or from a translog restricted profit function. The Cobb-Douglas production function is restrictive and should be used sparingly. Restricted profit functions are only believable if the available price data are of high quality.
Decision-Making and Adult Protective Services Workers: Identifying Critical Factors

ABSTRACT The decision-making process of Adult Protective Service (APS) workers is under-explored in the field of elder abuse. Yet, it is critical in assuring the protection of elders from physical abuse. This article identifies 10 major critical factors used by APS workers in New Hampshire when intervening in substantiated cases of elder physical abuse. The qualitative methodological framework utilized a literature review, two focus groups, 15 individual face-to-face interviews, and a modified Delphi method of analysis. The findings identify the strengths and flaws in the decisional process and suggest considerations for further study.
Genetic cutaneous disorders with gynecologic tumors

Abstract The paper will present a brief reference to reports in the literature and a discussion of 2 hereditary autosomal dominant cutaneous lesions that have asociated pathology of the reproductive system. The first is a case presentation of basal cell nevi syndrome and multiple ovarian fibromas, and the second is cutaneous leiomyoma associated with leiomyosarcoma of the uterus and hypernephroma.
In Search of Simplicity: A Self-Organizing Multi-Source Multicast Overlay

Multicast communication primitives have broad utility as building blocks for distributed applications. The challenge is to create and maintain the distributed structures that support these primitives while accounting for volatile end nodes and variable network characteristics. Most solutions proposed to date rely on complex algorithms or global information, thus limiting the scale of deployments and acceptance outside the academic realm. This article introduces a low-complexity, self organizing solution for maintaining multicast trees, that we refer to as UMM (Unstructured Multi-source Multicast). UMM uses traditional distributed systems techniques: layering, soft-state, and passive data collection to adapt to the dynamics of the physical network and maintain data dissemination trees. The result is a simple, adaptive system with lower overheads than more complex alternatives. We have implemented UMM and evaluated it on a 100-node PlanetLab testbed and on up to 1024-node emulated ModelNet networks Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate UMM's low overhead, efficient network usage compared to alternative solutions, and ability to quickly adapt to network changes and to recover from failures.
Zernike wavefront sensor modeling development for LOWFS on WFIRST-AFTA

WFIRST-AFTA design makes use of an existing 2.4m telescope for direct imaging of exoplanets. To maintain the high contrast needed for the coronagraph, wavefront error (WFE) of the optical system needs to be continuously sensed and controlled. Low Order Wavefront Sensing (LOWFS) uses the rejected starlight from an immediate focal plane to sense wavefront changes (mostly thermally induced low order WFE) by combining the LOWFS mask (a phase plate located at the small center region with reflective layer) with the starlight rejection masks, i.e. Hybrid Lyot Coronagraph (HLC)’s occulter or Shaped Pupil Coronagraph (SPC)’s field stop. Zernike wavefront sensor (ZWFS) measures phase via the phase-contrast method and is known to be photon noise optimal for measuring low order aberrations. Recently, ZWFS was selected as the baseline LOWFS technology on WFIST/AFTA for its good sensitivity, accuracy, and its easy integration with the starlight rejection mask. In this paper, we review the theory of ZWFS operation, describe the ZWFS algorithm development, and summarize various numerical sensitivity studies on the sensor performance. In the end, the predicted sensor performance on SPC and HLC configurations are presented.
Mouse primordial germ cells lacking beta1 integrins enter the germline but fail to migrate normally to the gonads.

Primordial germ cells are the founder cells of the gametes. They are set aside at the initial stages of gastrulation in mammals, become embedded in the hind-gut endoderm, then actively migrate to the sites of gonad formation. The molecular basis of this migration is poorly understood. Here we sought to determine if members of the integrin family of cell surface receptors are required for primordial germ cell migration, as integrins have been implicated in the migration of several other motile cell types. We have established a line of mice which express green fluorescent protein in germline cells that has enabled us to efficiently purify primordial germ cells at different stages by flow cytometry. We have catalogued the spectrum of integrin subunit expression by primordial germ cells during and after migration, using flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. Through analysis of integrin beta1(−/−)-->wild-type chimeras, we show that embryonic cells lacking beta1 integrins can enter the germline. However, integrin beta1(−/−) primordial germ cells do not colonize the gonad efficiently. Embryos with targeted deletion of integrin subunit alpha3, alpha6, or alphaV show no major defects in primordial germ cell migration. These results demonstrate a role for beta1-containing integrins in the development of the germline, although an equivalent role for * integrin subunit(s) has yet to be established.
Identifying Codes on Directed De Bruijn Graphs

Abstract For a directed graph G with the vertex set V ( G ) , a t -identifying code is a subset S ⊆ V ( G ) with the property that for each vertex v ∈ V ( G ) the set of vertices of S reachable from v by a directed path of length at most t is both non-empty and unique. A graph is called t -identifiable if there exists a t -identifying code. This paper shows that the de Bruijn graph B → ( d , n ) is t -identifiable if and only if n ≥ 2 t − 1 . It is also shown that a t -identifying code for t -identifiable de Bruijn graphs must contain at least d n − 1 ( d − 1 ) vertices, and constructions are given to show that this lower bound is achievable when n ≥ 2 t . Further a (possibly) non-optimal construction is given when n = 2 t − 1 . Additionally, with respect to B → ( d , n ) we provide upper and lower bounds on the size of a minimum t -dominating set (a subset with the property that every vertex is at distance at most t from the subset), that the minimum size of a directed resolving set (a subset with the property that every vertex of the graph can be distinguished by its directed distances to vertices of S ) is d n − 1 ( d − 1 ) , and that if d > n the minimum size of a determining set (a subset S with the property that the only automorphism that fixes S pointwise is the trivial automorphism) is d − 1 n .
Phenotypic Variation Within Histocompatibility-Defined Clones of Marine Sponges

Nongenetic phenotypic variation can be identified by its occurrence within genetically uniform clones. A histocompatibility bioassay of clonal identity was used to ascertain the extent of phenotypic variation within natural clones of two species of marine sponges. Multiple morphological forms of the sponge Aplysina fistularis were found to occur within single clones, indicating a nongenetic polymorphism. In contrast, a genetic basis is suggested for a polymorphism of Aplysina cauliformis; within single clones of this species, individuals were uniform in color and morphology.
Pacemaker-Mediated Tachycardia Initiated by Coincident P-Wave Undersensing and Ventricular Blanking Period

Pacemaker-mediated tachycardias (PMT) have received much recent attention. We describe the course and treatment of a 60-year-old man with an AV universal (DDD) pacemaker who developed a pacemaker-mediated tachycardia. The tachycardia was initiated by the coincidence of an unsensed P-wave, a QRS that was also not sensed due to the ventricular blanking period, and a short right ventricular myocardial effective refractory period. Treatment consisted of reprogramming the atrial sensitivity of the device. Physicians should be aware of the potential for the ventricular blanking period to participate in the initiation of pacemaker mediated tachycardias.
Spectrum and energy levels of five-times ionized tantalum (Ta vi)

The spectrum of Ta vi produced with a sliding-spark discharge was photographed in the region of ~200–2000 A utilizing grazing-incidence and normal-incidence spectrographs. A system of seventy excited energy levels was deduced from 228 spectral lines. These arise from excitations out of both the 4f and 5p closed shells of the 4f145s25p6 ground configuration, giving the observed configurations 4f13nl with nl = 5d, 6s, 6p, 6d, 7s and 5p5nl with nl = 5d, 6s, 6p. Radial integrals were fitted for all of these configurations. A value of 785 130 ± 400 cm−1 for the ionization energy was derived. A graph of lowest excited levels of 4f135d and 5p55d from Lu iv to Re viii predicts the crossing of these configurations after W vii.
Challenges in the emulation of large scale software defined networks

Researchers and practitioners alike have long relied upon emulation to evaluate the performance of networked applications and protocols without tying up production infrastructure or committing to expensive hardware purchases. As software defined networks (SDN) become more prevalent, it is increasingly useful to be able to accurately emulate their behavior. Tools like Mininet-HiFi have demonstrated the viability of small-scale SDN emulation, but emulated network size is limited by the hardware resources of a single machine. Unfortunately, there are many SDN applications that can only be evaluated meaningfully at scale.Traditionally, researchers have overcome similar challenges by scaling the capacity of the network links, the emulated workload, or both. We observe that shrinking a network arbitrarily to fit into a fixed set of emulation resources has fundamental limitations that impact the fidelity of results, especially in the context of SDN. In particular, we demonstrate cases where emulation yields false positives---poor network behavior that manifests only in emulation---and false negatives, where a real deployment would suffer issues not apparent in emulation. We discuss strategies that might be used to combat these effects and their limitations.
Evolution and the economic approach to human behavior

Abstract Sociobiology and economics have both been hailed as comprehensive approaches to human behavior. The main objective of this paper is to show that the relationship between these two disciplines is not a competing but rather a complementary one. For this purpose, a model is developed that combines the two efficiency-promoting mechanisms that are exploited in sociobiology and economics, to wit, natural selection and rational choice, respectively. It is argued that individual preferences or utility functions are formed in an evolutionary process that relies both on genetic and cultural transmission. Human behavior is then explained in terms of rational utility maximization subject to the prevailing constraints.
Electroconvective Instability with a Stabilizing Temperature Gradient. I. Theory

A uniform vertical electric field produces an instability in a poorly conducting liquid subject to a vertical temperature gradient. A gradient in conductivity resulting from the temperature gradient causes free charge to accumulate in the fluid when an electric field is applied. For the cases considered, the gradient in dielectric constant can be neglected with the significant electric force being that due to the free charge. The threshold conditions for the instability are predicted using linear perturbation theory. Approximations are made which allow the equations with space‐varying coefficients to be solved. The analysis shows that, for liquids with short or moderate electrical relaxation times, the electric field causes the internal gravity wave propagating downward to become unstable.
Effectiveness of ultra-violet radiation units in the bactericidal treatment of seawater

Abstract Four commercially available ultra-violet (u.v.) radiation units (A, B, C, D) and a specially designed u.v. radiation unit (Kelly-Purdy) were tested for their effectiveness in the bactericidal treatment of seawater to be used in controlled shellfish purification systems. The bactericidal effectiveness of a unit was based on its absolute ability to produce a seawater equivalent to coliform bacterial standards for potable water and its relative ability to reduce the bacterial content of the seawater, as measured by reduction in fecal coliform bacteria and bacteria enumerated by the 35°C and 20°C plate count methods. Units A, B, C and D were the immersed lamp type in which the water to be treated was in direct contact with u.v. radiation lamps; A and C were equipped with “hot” cathode, high intensity lamps (135 μW cm −2 at 1 m) and B and D with “cold” cathode, low intensity lamps (73 μW cm −2 at 1 m). The Kelly-Purdy unit, built specifically for seawater treatment, was equipped with u.v. lamps of intermediate intensity (85 μW cm −2 at 1 m) suspended above the water. Results of the study demonstrated that although units A, B, C and D could be used to treat seawater, all four were affected adversely by turbidity. Units A and C were least affected by turbidity and thus most readily adaptable for seawater treatment. Under most turbidity conditions units B and D would require an efficient filtration system. Tests indicated that the four commercial units would require installation of flow regulation devices, and changes in the lamp compartment to permit rapid disassembly for lamp cleansing and metering of u.v. radiation intensity. The Kelly-Purdy unit produced a bacterially acceptable seawater under most turbidity conditions, but was affected adversely by the higher turbidities (> 80 Jackson Turbidity Units), indicating the need for a filtration system or the establishment of precise flow rate curves for turbidities above the critical level.
Use of kinect depth data and Growing Neural Gas for gesture based robot control

Recognition of human gestures is an active area of research integral to the development of intuitive human-machine interfaces for ubiquitous computing and assistive robotics. In particular, such systems are key to effective environmental designs which facilitate aging in place. Typically, gesture recognition takes the form of template matching in which the human participant is expected to emulate a choreographed motion as prescribed by the researchers. The robotic response is then a one-to-one mapping of the template classification to a library of distinct responses. In this paper, we explore a recognition scheme based on the Growing Neural Gas (GNG) algorithm which places no initial constraints on the user to perform gestures in a specific way. Skeletal depth data collected using the Microsoft Kinect sensor is clustered by GNG and used to refine a robotic response associated with the selected GNG reference node. We envision a supervised learning paradigm similar to the training of a service animal in which the response of the robot is seen to converge upon the user's desired response by taking user feedback into account. This paper presents initial results which show that GNG effectively differentiates between gestured commands and that, using automated (policy based) feedback, the system provides improved responses over time.
Word association and verbal analogy problems

Previous attempts to identify verbal analogy problems that can be solved on the basis of word association did not take account of the possibility that assocations to a word are different when that word is in the context of other words than when it is presented alone. The various parts of 25 verbal analogy problems were presented, individually and in combinations, to Ss with instructions to choose responses on the basis of word associations. Ss receiving all three of the stimulus parts of the analogy problems chose answers that completed the corresponding problems significantly more often than Ss given only one of the stimulus parts. This result, and other factors, led to the conclusion that it is not possible to eliminate totally the word association bias of verbal analogy problems.
Update on the treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's).

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s) (GPA), formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis, is a systemic vasculitis characterized by involvement of the upper airways, lungs, and kidneys. GPA shares many features with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), so much so that recent trials have included both vasculitides. This article focuses on GPA only, as complete management includes modalities that are unique to this disease. The current treatment of GPA is stratified based on severity. For those patients who have active but non-severe GPA and do not have contraindications, methotrexate and glucocorticoids can induce and maintain remission. For patients with severe disease, options include glucocorticoids combined with either cyclophosphamide or rituximab. When cyclophosphamide is used, it is given for 3 to 6 months, after which time it is stopped and switched to methotrexate or azathioprine for remission maintenance. In randomized trials, rituximab was found to be as effective as cyclophosphamide to induce remission of severe active GPA. Given the recency of experience with rituximab, there remain a number of questions regarding relapse rate, use of repeat courses, long-term toxicity, and combination with maintenance agents. Until these questions are answered, the choice of whether to use cyclophosphamide or rituximab must be decided between the patient and physician. For patients with relapsing disease who have had prior cyclophosphamide exposure, rituximab is an excellent option. In newly diagnosed patients, the extensive experience with cyclophosphamide and its side effect profile must be weighed against these factors with rituximab. There has been limited experience with rituximab in patients with alveolar hemorrhage requiring mechanical ventilation or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis requiring dialysis, as these patients were excluded from the largest randomized trial. Until such data become available, cyclophosphamide remains the agent with which there has been the greatest experience for efficacy in these settings.
Replies to Eriksson, Martin and Moore

I reply to the main criticisms and suggestions for further clarification made by the contributors to this symposium on my book, Self-Expression. These replies are organized into the following sections: (1) What's in the name?, (2) Showing, expressing and indicating, (3) Expressing and signaling, (4) Perceiving emotions, (5) Voluntary/involuntary, (6) Expression and handicaps, (7) Expression and aesthetics, and (8) Looking ahead.