cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utility of Pneumonotomy in the Treatment of Cavitary Lung Disease

Three patients were judged to be prohibitive operative risks despite the need for urgent drainage of cavitary pulmonary lesions. Cavernostomy was performed in each case, with a satisfactory long-term outcome in two patients. The third patient recovered from his pulmonary insult, but died much later, secondary to an unrelated illness. One patient had a purulent lung abscess due to aspiration, one had atypical tuberculosis resistant to all antibiotics, and the third patient experienced massive hemoptysis from a tuberculous cavity. Two-stage procedures were utilized in the first two patients, while urgent operation in the third patient was facilitated by adhesions from a previous thoracotomy and pleural infection. Care must be taken to minimize endobronchial and pleural contamination by meticulous attention to detail during the performance of percutaneous tube drainage. There are relatively few indications for percutaneous drainage of cavitary pulmonary lesions in this antibiotic era. However, certain clinical situations should prompt consideration for a pneumonotomy. These include a severely septic or debilitated patient who is unresponsive to medical management, the presence of resistant pathogens in a compromised host, and the presence of severe adhesive pleuritis which may prohibit an expeditious thoracotomy and resection for massive hemoptysis.
Finding evidence for comparing medical interventions: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program

Abstract Objective This article discusses search methodology to identify evidence for comparative effectiveness reviews (CERs) as practiced by the Effective Health Care program. Study Design and Setting Review. Results Search methods described attempt to overcome the bias inherent in the publication and distribution of clinical evidence. Bibliographic databases and search strategies are discussed with special emphasis on searching for observational studies and harms data. Other techniques described include the use of key articles, citation tracking, hand searching, and personal communications. Strategies for locating gray literature, such as clinical trial protocols and regulatory information, are described. Search reporting and other practical matters are also discussed. Conclusion Better reporting and further research on search strategies is needed to develop additional evidence-based recommendations.
Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) spermatozoon decondensation in vitro is not compromised by cryopreservation

Natural breeding of giant pandas in captivity is compromised, making artificial insemination and spermatozoa cryopreservation essential for genetic management. This study examined the influence of freeze-thawing on traditional parameters such as motility and spermatozoon functionality, specifically decondensation in vitro. Giant panda spermatozoa were assessed before and after rapid cryopreservation (4 degrees C to -130 degrees C over 2 min) in liquid nitrogen vapour. Spermatozoa pre-incubated in medium for 6 h were co-incubated with cat zonae (2 zonae microL(-1)) for 30 min to effect capacitation and an acrosome reaction. Spermatozoa were then mixed with mature cat oocyte cytoplasm (2 cytoplasm microL(-1)) for 4 h and evaluated for decondensation. Frozen spermatozoa were less motile (P 0.05) in the incidence of decondensation between fresh (4 h, 69.8 +/- 5.9%) and thawed (4 h, 71.5 +/- 4.9%) spermatozoa after exposure to cat oocyte cytoplasm. It is concluded that the 'rapid' method now used to cryopreserve giant panda spermatozoa has little impact on spermatozoon decondensation.
Learning readiness for patient teaching in stroke rehabilitation

Motivation and ability are attributes of learning readiness for patient teaching. Achievement motivation theory includes the assumption that the tendency to succeed in regaining functional losses due to stroke is related to patients' perceptions of how difficult activities will be to accomplish. Ability is assessed using the Functional Independence Measure. A framework is applied to a patient situation demonstrating that the tendency to succeed is greater when striving to achieve goals with an uncertain level of difficulty than when goals are either easy or hard. Implications for nursing and research are described.
Fetal retinae transplanted over tecta of neonatal rats respond to light and evoke patterned neuronal discharges in the host superior colliculus.

Abstract Retinae transplanted from fetal rats mature and make connections with the neonatal host brain through which cells in the host superior colliculus are activated by either electrical or visual stimulation of the retinal transplants.
Complex natural resonance extraction from cross-polarized measured scattering data

Complex natural resonances (CNR) of realistic aircraft models are extracted from both co-polarized and cross-polarized measured scattering data. Two principal points are demonstrated in this paper. First is the fact that natural resonances can be meaningfully utilized using 6.0 to 12.0 GHz data. All previous resonance extraction results used 1.0 to 6.0 GHz data. The above frequencies are model frequencies. The full scale frequencies are in the HF band. Second, it is illustrated that if the co-polarized returns are dominated by specular scattering, then there is considerable merit to using cross-polarized scattering data for resonance extraction. It is shown that resonances extracted from cross-polarized data are much more stable (with respect to target orientation) than resonances obtained using co-polarized data.
Metal interactions within the kidney, gill, and digestive gland of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, following laboratory exposure to cadmium.

Mercenaria mercenaria were exposed to 0.1 Μg Cd/ml seawater (109Cd + stable carrier) for either (1) periods of 1 hr to 31 days, or (2) a period of 3 days followed by depuration in clean seawater for 2 to 64 days. Cd accumulated at increasing rates in the kidney, but at decreasing rates in all other organs of the clam during the laboratory exposure period. Measurement of total Cd levels confirmed that109Cd was accumulated by the clam tissues and not simply exchanged. The overall rate of Cd accumulation was significantly greater (P 0.05). No loss of Cd or other detectable metals occurred even after 64 days depuration. The degree to which Cd accumulated in the kidney, gill, and digestive gland did not correlate with the concentrations of other metals already present in these organs (except with Zn in the digestive gland). Negative correlations between different metal concentrations were never observed. Comparison of metal interaction patterns between the kidney, gill, and digestive gland indicates that each organ relies on different mechanisms for sequestering metals.
Spindle Checkpoint Protein Dynamics at Kinetochores in Living Cells

Abstract Background: To test current models for how unattached and untense kinetochores prevent Cdc20 activation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) throughout the spindle and the cytoplasm, we used GFP fusions and live-cell imaging to quantify the abundance and dynamics of spindle checkpoint proteins Mad1, Mad2, Bub1, BubR1, Mps1, and Cdc20 at kinetochores during mitosis in living PtK 2 cells. Results: Unattached kinetochores in prometaphase bound on average only a small fraction (estimated at 500–5000 molecules) of the total cellular pool of each spindle checkpoint protein. Measurements of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) showed that GFP-Cdc20 and GFP-BubR1 exhibit biphasic exponential kinetics at unattached kinetochores, with ∼50% displaying very fast kinetics ( t 1/2 of ∼1–3 s) and ∼50% displaying slower kinetics similar to the single exponential kinetics of GFP-Mad2 and GFP-Bub3 ( t 1/2 of 21–23 s). The slower phase of GFP-Cdc20 likely represents complex formation with Mad2 since it was tension insensitive and, unlike the fast phase, it was absent at metaphase kinetochores that lack Mad2 but retain Cdc20 and was absent at unattached prometaphase kinetochores for the Cdc20 derivative GFP-Cdc20 Δ1–167 , which lacks the major Mad2 binding domain but retains kinetochore localization. GFP-Mps1 exhibited single exponential kinetics at unattached kinetochores with a t 1/2 of ∼10 s, whereas most GFP-Mad1 and GFP-Bub1 were much more stable components. Conclusions: Our data support catalytic models of checkpoint activation where Mad1 and Bub1 are mainly resident, Mad2 free of Mad1, BubR1 and Bub3 free of Bub1, Cdc20, and Mps1 dynamically exchange as part of the diffuse wait-anaphase signal; and Mad2 interacts with Cdc20 at unattached kinetochores.
Stem Cell Biotech: Seeking a Piece of the Action

Venture capital groups and big pharma have largely held back from investing in biotech companies focused on regenerative medicine. Will it take a clinical bull's eye to bring venture capitalists and big pharma into the cell therapy arena?
Does vitamin D during pregnancy impact offspring growth and bone

During pregnancy, maternal and fetal Ca demands are met through increased intestinal Ca absorption. Increased Ca absorption may be more dependent on oestrogen's up-regulation of Ca transport genes than on vitamin D status. Numerous studies, however, have found that severe vitamin D deficiency with secondary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy leads to abnormal Ca homoeostasis in the neonate. Some, but not all, studies of maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy find a greater birth weight among infants of mothers with adequate vitamin D status. Observational studies find a higher incidence of small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants among mothers who are vitamin D deficient, but this effect may be modified by genetics. In addition, the effect of vitamin D status on SGA may not be linear, with increased occurrence of SGA at high maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations. Some studies, but not all, also have found that maternal vitamin D status is associated with growth trajectory during the first year of life, although the findings are contradictory. There are recent studies that suggest maternal 25-OHD, or surrogates of vitamin D status, are associated with growth and bone mass later in childhood. These results are not consistent, and blinded randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy with long-term follow-up are needed to determine the benefits, and possible risks, of maternal vitamin D status on offspring growth and bone development. The possibility of adverse outcomes with higher maternal 25-OHD concentrations should be considered and investigated in all ongoing and future studies.
Chemical and biological differentiation of three human breast cancer cell types using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.

We use time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) to image and classify individual cells on the basis of their characteristic mass spectra. Using statistical data reduction on the large data sets generated during TOF-SIMS analysis, similar biological materials can be differentiated on the basis of a combination of small changes in protein expression, metabolic activity and cell structure. We apply this powerful technique to image and differentiate three carcinoma-derived human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, and MDA-MB-231). In homogenized cells, we show the ability to differentiate the cell types as well as cellular compartments (cytosol, nuclear, and membrane). These studies illustrate the capacity of TOF-SIMS to characterize individual cells by chemical composition, which could ultimately be applied to detect and identify single aberrant cells within a normal cell population. Ultimately, we anticipate characterizing rare chemical changes that may provide clues to single cell progr...
Ultrastructure of granulated arteriolar cells (juxtaglomerular cells) in kidney of a fresh and a salt water teleost.

Granulated juxtaglomerular cells have been identified in the media of afferent arterioles in the fresh water goldfish and in a marine English sole. Electron microscopy demonstrated the following five types of granules in the modified smooth muscle cells: (1) Small homogeneous granules near the Golgi apparatus; (2) larger homogeneous granules throughout the cytoplasm; (3) granules containing a bundle of hexagonally packed tubules; (4) autophagic vacuoles; and (5) granules containing membranous and granular debris. The granulated juxtaglomerular cells are morphologically similar to mammalian granulated cells and therefore may be the site of renin secretion. They exist with no relation to a distal tubule and hence appear to occupy an interesting position in the evolution of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
IDENTIFICATION OF VIRAL GENES REQUIRED FOR CELL-TO-CELL MOVEMENT OF SOUTHERN BEAN MOSAIC VIRUS

Inoculation of Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) with transcripts synthesized in vitro from a genome-length cDNA clone of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV-C) resulted in a systemic SBMV-C infection of this host. Capped RNA was about five times more infectious than uncapped RNA as determined by a local lesion assay. The SBMV-C cDNA clone was also used for mutagenesis of the four SBMV-C open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1, ORF3, and coat protein (CP) mutants were not infectious in cowpea. Electroporation of cowpea protoplasts with mutant transcripts demonstrated that the ORF1, ORF3, and CP gene products were not required for SBMV-C RNA synthesis, and the ORF1 and ORF3 gene products were not required for SBMV-C assembly. From these results, it was concluded that the ORF1 and ORF3 proteins and the CP are required for SBMV-C cell-to-cell movement. One of the ORF3 mutants pSBMV2-UAA1833 contained a nonsense codon between the predicted -1 ribosomal frameshift site (SBMV-C nucleotides 1796-1802) and a potential ORF3 translation initiation codon at SBMV-C nucleotide 1895. The lack of infectivity of this mutant suggested that ORF3 was expressed by a -1 ribosomal frameshift in ORF2 rather than by initiation of translation at nucleotide 1895.
Gc versus crack velocity in single groove double cantilever beam specimens of polycarbonate

The dependence of Gc on crack velocity in single-groove double cantilever beams (SG DCB) is negligible over the range of crack velocities from 0.2 to 1100 in. min−1. The constancy of Gc appears to reflect a counterbalancing of the rise in yield stress by a decrease in crack opening displacement. The latter occurs through a decrease in the “gauge length” of material engulfed by yielding rather than by a decrease in the ultimate plastic strain in the crack tip plastic zone. The energy of shear lip formation at any crack velocity appears to be accurately estimated from Gc's for SG DCB specimens fractured at low velocity.
Fluvial deposits of Yellowstone tephras: Implications for late Cenozoic history of the Bighorn basin area, Wyoming and Montana

Abstract Several deposits of tephra derived from eruptions in Yellowstone National Park occur in the northern Bighorn basin area of Wyoming and Montana. These tephra deposits are mixed and interbedded with fluvial gravel and sand deposited by several different rivers. The fluvial tephra deposits are used to calculate stream incision rates, to provide insight into drainage histories and Quaternary tectonics, to infer the timing of alluvial erosion-deposition cycles, and to calibrate rates of soil development.
Estimating the Error Rate of a Prediction Rule: Improvement on Cross-Validation

Abstract We construct a prediction rule on the basis of some data, and then wish to estimate the error rate of this rule in classifying future observations. Cross-validation provides a nearly unbiased estimate, using only the original data. Cross-validation turns out to be related closely to the bootstrap estimate of the error rate. This article has two purposes: to understand better the theoretical basis of the prediction problem, and to investigate some related estimators, which seem to offer considerably improved estimation in small samples.
Certain applications of matrices to circuit theory

This paper is intended to show the intimate relationships between the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of certain matrices and some well-known electrical parameters such as propagation constants, characteristic and iterative impedances in single-phase systems, and symmetrical components in polyphase systems whose impedance matrices have circular symmetry. The basic ideas are applied to show how Lucas functions, and the polynomials of Chebyshev and Gegenbauer enter naturally in the discussion of the propagation of potentials and currents along chains of identical and geometrically tapered quadripoles.
Restructuring the bill of material for productivity: A strategic evaluation of product configuration

Abstract Traditional structuring of the bill of material may limit its use in manufacturing applications; however, restructuring the bill permits additional business planning and other applications, though at a cost. This study evaluates methods of bill of material structuring, or more broadly, configuration management. It defines the concept of configuration management, notes traditional and current methods of structuring the bill of material, then reports findings of a study that evaluated bill of material structure. “The bill of material is the Achilles heal of making our factories more competitive”. (Garwood, 1988:45)
Paper Chromatography of Organic Acids

GLYCONIC acids, glycaric acids and glycuronic acids and certain related hydroxy acids show a marked tendency to produce streaked spots on paper chromatograms. This may be eliminated by incorporating in the developing solvent certain organic acids such as formic acid or acetic acid1 to suppress ionization of the carboxyl group. The developing solvents incorporating formic or acetic acid vary in composition with time, due to slow esterification of the acid when an alcohol is present; for this reason R F values are variable. Moreover, the number of suitable acidic developing solvents is limited. In order to be able to use any developing solvent for the separation of acids, we have coated the filter paper with alginic acid. Whatman No. 1 filter paper is dipped into a 1 per cent aqueous ammonium alginate solution and after removing the excess of this solution the paper is dipped into N hydrochloric acid which causes precipitation of alginic acid. The paper so treated is washed with water or ethanol to remove excess hydrochloric acid and allowed to dry in the air.
The Development and Current Status of Market Mechanisms in United States Postsecondary Education.

Market forces are powerful in U.S. postsecondary education. Such forces were employed when the first postsecondary institutions were established in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and many present day forms can be traced to these early beginnings. Over recent years public university revenue shares in block-grants from state governments have declined, thereby destabilizing the institutions. The universities have compensated by increasing shares from grant and contracting organizations and from students. The end result has been that expenditure shares for instruction have declined while shares for research and for administration have increased. Internally, these changes in “resource dependencies” have lead to the redistribution of internal university power, loss of “community”, and ever-higher charges to students.
On the resurfacing of Ganymede by liquid–water volcanism

Abstract A long-popular model for producing Ganymede's bright terrain involves flooding of low-lying graben with liquid water, slush, or warm, soft ice. The model suffers from major problems, however, including the absence of obvious near-surface heat sources, the negative buoyancy of liquid water, and the lack of a mechanism for confining the flows to graben floors. We present new models for cryovolcanic resurfacing to overcome these difficulties. Tidal heating within an ancient Laplace-like orbital resonance (Showman and Malhotra 1997, Icarus 127, 93; Showman et al., 1997, Icarus 129, 367) provides a plausible heat source and could allow partial melting to occur as shallow as 5–10 km depth. Our favored mechanism for delivering this water to the surface invokes the fact that topography—such as a global set of graben—causes subsurface pressure gradients that can pump water or slush upward onto the floors of topographic lows (graben) despite the negative buoyancy of the liquid. These eruptions can occur only within the topographic lows; furthermore, as the low areas become full, the pressure gradients disappear and the resurfacing ceases. This provides an explanation for the observed straight dark-bright terrain boundaries: water cannot overflow the graben, so resurfacing rarely embays craters or other rough topography. Pure liquid water can be pumped to the surface from only 5–10 km depth, but macroscopic bodies of slush ascending within fractures can reach the surface from much greater depths due to the smaller negative buoyancy of slush. A challenge for these models is the short predicted gravitational relaxation timescale of topographic features at high heat flows; the resurfacing must occur before the graben topography disappears. We also evaluate alternate resurfacing mechanisms, such as pumping of liquid water to the surface by thermal expansion stresses and buoyant rise of water through a silicate-contaminated crust that is denser than liquid water, and conclude that they are unlikely to explain Ganymede's bright terrain.
Reaction of tetrahydrobiopterin with superoxide: EPR-kinetic analysis and characterization of the pteridine radical

It has been shown that BH(4) ameliorates endothelial dysfunction associated with conditions such as hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes. This effect has been proposed to be due to a superoxide scavenging activity of BH(4). To examine this possibility we determined the rate constant for the reaction between BH(4) and superoxide using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping competition experiments with 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO). We calculated a rate constant for the reaction between BH(4) and superoxide of 3.9 +/- 0.2 x 10(5) M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7.4 and room temperature. This result suggests that superoxide scavenging by BH(4) is not a major reaction in vivo. HPLC product analysis showed that 7,8-BH(2) and pterin are the stable products generated from the reaction. The formation of BH(4) cation radical (BH(4)(*+)) was demonstrated by direct EPR only under acidic conditions. Isotopic substitution experiments demonstrated that the BH(4)(*+) is mainly delocalized on the pyrazine ring of BH(4). In parallel experiments, we investigated the effect of ascorbate on 7,8-BH(2) reduction and eNOS activity. We demonstrated that ascorbate does not reduce 7,8-BH(2) to BH(4), nor does it stimulate nitric oxide release from eNOS incubated with 7,8-BH(2). In conclusion, it is likely that BH(4)-dependent inhibition of superoxide formation from eNOS is the mechanism that better explains the antioxidant effects of BH(4) in the vasculature.
The Effect of Salts and Co-Solvents on the Cytochrome c Folding Pathway within a Sol-gel Glass

The folding reaction of ferric cytochrome c (cyt c) was examined in the presence of several salts and co-solvents in both solution and within porous silica sol-gel glasses to characterize the conformational changes that cyt c can undergo if constrained to remain in a compact state. The sol-gel pores restrict protein motions to a volume slightly larger than the native state. Unfolding was induced by changing pH and addition of guanidine. The populations of four species characterized by their heme ligation were determined using UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy: the native HM state (His18/Met80), the partially folded HW (His18/water) and HH (His18/His33) intermediates, and the 5C (water) unfolded state. In solution, the native HM state unfolds primarily into the HH species, while in the gel the HW species is formed preferentially. This indicates that the steric constraints within the gel pores hinder some backbone motions. We and others have previously shown that the water solvating the protein within the gel pores is more ordered than bulk water, leading to a decreased hydrophobic effect. Here we present the effects of several salts and co-solvents on the folding pathway of cyt c. We find that addition of some, but not all, salts and co-solvents can alter both the folding kinetics and which conformations are accessed by the protein. The results are discussed in the context of molten globule folding models and the Hofmeister ranking of chaotropic agents.
Effects of objective self-awareness on attribution of causality

Two experiments were conducted to test the proposition that attribution of causality will be determined by the focus of attention. In Expt I Ss responded to 10 hypothetical situations, each presenting the possibility that either the S or someone else might be the cause of a negative consequence. After each situation was presented, the S was asked to estimate in percentages the extent to which he was causal in bringing about the negative consequence. In order to reduce experimentally the degree of attention focused toward the self, approximately half of the Ss were required to engage in a motor activity while replying to the questions. The procedure of Expt II differed from the first in two respects: (1) There were five hypothetical situations with positive consequences as well as five with negative consequences, and (2) for approximately half of the Ss a stimulus was introduced that would direct their attention to themselves, rather than to the environment. The results of both experiments indicated that attribution of causality to the self was greater when attention was focused on the self, and in the second experiment it was found that this effect operates independently of whether the consequences are good or bad.
Physical bounds on absorption and scattering for cloaked sensors

We derive and discuss general physical bounds on the electromagnetic scattering and absorption of passive structures. Our theory, based on passivity and power conservation, quantifies the minimum and maximum allowed scattering for an object that absorbs a given level of power. We show that there is a fundamental tradeoff between absorption and overall scattering suppression for each scattering harmonic, providing a tool to quantify the performance of furtive sensors, regardless of the applied principle for scattering suppression. We illustrate these fundamental limitations with examples of light scattering from absorbing plasmonic nanoparticles and loaded dipole antennas, envisioning applications to the design of cloaked sensors and absorbers with maximized absorption efficiency.
A short form of the interpersonal style inventory (ISI)

The study (N = 303) developed an abbreviated form of the Interpersonal Style Inventory that requires only 20 to 25 minutes to administer. By regression analysis it was shown that the first 150 items can provide reliable estimates of the 15 full-scale scores, which are based on 300 items.
Preoperative Evaluation of Pineal Tumors

The role of the neurosurgeon is critical for initiating preoperative evaluation and care for pineal region tumors. Preoperative evaluation of pineal region tumor can be simplified into a checklist: (1) evaluation for emergent surgical intervention due to symptomatic obstructive hydrocephalus or mass effect; (2) development of a focused differential after acquisition of craniospinal MRI, serum and cerebrospinal fluid oncoprotein levels, and cerebrospinal fluid cytology; and (3) decision on whether a biopsy, surgical resection, or both are necessary. Subsequent biopsy or surgical resection is the first step of tumor management and leads to coordination of consultation with medical and radiation oncology.
Feedlot veterinarians' moral and instrumental beliefs regarding antimicrobial use in feedlot cattle

This cross-sectional survey research study examined the role moral beliefs play in predicting behavioural beliefs and attitudes and the role that subjective norms play in predicting moral beliefs. Using a self-administered questionnaire, one hundred and three feedlot veterinarians completed measures of behavioural beliefs, referent others, perceived constraints and moral beliefs regarding recommendations to use antimicrobials in four situations (i.e. acutely sick cattle, chronically sick cattle, at-risk cattle and high-risk cattle). Regression analysis and F-tests indicate moral beliefs as contributing significant increases in R2 to models predicting behavioural beliefs regarding antimicrobial use in each situation. In addition, subjective norms contribute a significant increase in R2 in models predicting moral beliefs in each of the four situations. The results indicate the effects of moral beliefs on behavioural beliefs are somewhat contingent on the condition; that is the level of risk associated with treating cattle with antimicrobials, the level of risk of not doing so, and the effectiveness of the antimicrobial in situations such as acute illness or being at-risk of illness. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerogram evidence for southward rupture propagation on the Imperial Fault during the October 15, 1979 earthquake

The 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake caused the Imperial fault to rupture 10 to 15 km southeast of the epicenter, in addition to the well documented rupture to the northwest. This is established from the properties of the initial S-wave arrival at strong-motion stations in Mexico at the southern end of the rupture zone. First, the amplitude of this S—velocity pulse is larger at stations 10 to 15 km southeast of the epicenter than at those within 2 km of the epicenter. Second, the pulse shapes and polarizations at three stations south of the epicenter are consistent with southeastward propagation. Third, travel time considerations rule out contributions to these pulses from faulting originating more than 4 km northwest of the epicenter.
Open Reduction of Geriatric Acetabulum Fractures Using a Stoppa Exposure

Geriatric acetabular fractures pose unique challenges to the orthopedic trauma surgeon. A common insufficiency fracture pattern includes femoral head medialization through quadrilateral plate fracture. Adequate reduction and fixation of this unstable fracture pattern can be quite difficult. The Stoppa exposure, however, allows for excellent access to the intrapelvic portion of acetabulum. Fracture of the medialized quadrilateral plate can be directly reduced and buttressed with internal fixation using an infrapectineal plate. This technique is heralded for the limited dissection and surgical morbidity compared with traditional acetabular exposures/techniques. However, this approach limits access to the anterior or posterior columns of the acetabulum, and surgical pitfalls include the potential for neurovascular and bladder injury.
Radioprotectant combinations spare radiation-induced damage to the physis more than fractionation alone.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine if fractionation and individual or combinations of radioprotectants could minimize damage to physeal longitudinal growth in an animal model to any greater extent than fractionation alone.Materials and methods: Sixty-three weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into seven equal groups. Five groups received a total 25 Gy radiation exposure in three equal fractions to the right knee with the left as non-irradiated control. For each group, pentoxifylline, misoprostol, and amifostine were given individually and amifostine was also given in combination with each of the other drugs prior to the radiation fractions. One group each received 25 Gy in one or three fractions without radioprotection. At six weeks, limb lengths and histomorphometry were assessed.Results: The single fraction of 25 Gy caused a mean tibial length discrepancy of 24.4%. Fractionation decreased this to 18.8% (p < 0.001). Beyond fractionation alone, the mean femoral length discrepanci...
Response of Differentiated Human Airway Epithelia to Alcohol Exposure and Klebsiella Pneumoniae Challenge.

Alcohol abuse has been associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary infection. It is not fully defined how alcohol contributes to the host defense compromise. Here primary human airway epithelial cells were cultured at an air-liquid interface to form a differentiated and polarized epithelium. This unique culture model allowed us to closely mimic lung infection in the context of alcohol abuse by basolateral alcohol exposure and apical live bacterial challenge. Application of clinically relevant concentrations of alcohol for 24 h did not significantly alter epithelial integrity or barrier function. When apically challenged with viable Klebsiella pneumoniae, the cultured epithelia had an enhanced tightness which was unaffected by alcohol. Further, alcohol enhanced apical bacterial growth, but not bacterial binding to the cells. The cultured epithelium in the absence of any treatment or stimulation had a base-level IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. Apical bacterial challenge significantly elevated the basolateral secretion of inflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and TNF-α. However, alcohol suppressed the observed cytokine burst in response to infection. Addition of adenosine receptor agonists negated the suppression of IL-6 and TNF-α. Thus, acute alcohol alters the epithelial cytokine response to infection, which can be partially mitigated by adenosine receptor agonists.
Potent mutagenicity of 3-methylindole requires pulmonary cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation: A comparison to the prototype cigarette smoke mutagens B(a)P and NNK

3-Methylindole (3MI) is a preferential pneumotoxicant found in cigarette smoke. A number of lung-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes, including 1A1, 2F1, and 2A13, catalyze the metabolism of 3MI to reactive intermediates that fragment DNA, measured with the Comet assay to assess DNA damage, in a cytochrome P450-dependent manner in primary normal human lung cells in culture, but the mutagenesis of 3MI has been controversial. In the present study, the mutagenic potential of 3MI was compared to the prototypical cigarette smoke carcinogens benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). 3MI, B(a)P, and NNK were incubated with the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98, which is known to detect the most common subtype of cigarette smoke-induced mutagenicity, frameshift mutations in DNA, and with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, which detects base pair substitution mutants, with five sources of P450-mediated bioactivation: rat liver S9, human lung microsomes, recombinant CYP2A13, purified CYP2F3, and recombinant CYP1A1. Only B(a)P was mutagenic in TA100, and it was bioactivated by human lung microsomes and rat liver S9 sources of P450s. However, with the TA98 strain, CYP1A1, CYP2A13, CYP2F3, and human lung microsomes bioactivated 3MI to highly mutagenic intermediates, whereas neither human nor rat liver S9 subcellular fractions formed mutagenic intermediates from 3MI. Quantitative Western blot analysis verified that all three respiratory enzymes were present in human lung microsomes in widely varying amounts. These results indicate that metabolism of 3MI by human lung-expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes but not hepatic P450s elicits equivalent or higher mutagenicity than the prototype cigarette smoke mutagens B(a)P and NNK and indicates that 3MI is a likely human pulmonary carcinogen.
AGU Union Fellows Elected for 2014

The Union Fellows Selection Committee is proud to present the 2014 class of AGU Fellows. Established in 1962, the Fellows program recognizes AGU members who have attained acknowledged eminence in the Earth and space sciences as valued by their peers and vetted by a Union-wide committee of Fellows. Primary criteria for evaluation in scientific eminence are a major breakthrough or discovery, paradigm shift, or sustained impact.
Peripheral blood progenitor cell product contains Th1-biased noninvariant CD1d-reactive natural killer T cells: implications for posttransplant survival.

Objective Bone marrow (BM) Th1 populations can contribute to graft-vs-leukemia responses. Granulocyte/granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF)–mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) have become widely accepted alternatives to BM transplantation. T cells coexpressing natural killer cell proteins (NKT) include a CD1d-reactive subset that influences immunity by rapidly producing large amounts of Th1 and/or Th2 cytokines dependent upon microenvironment and disease. There are two types of CD1d-reactive NKT. iNKT express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor-α. Other noninvariant CD1d-reactive NKT from BM and liver produce large amounts of interleukin-4 or interferon-γ, respectively, and within the intestine can be biased in either direction. Recent data suggests that NKT might contribute to clinical benefits of PBPC. Materials and Methods To address these issues, we phenotypically and functionally studied PBPC NKT. Results Similarly to BM, NKT-like cells were common in allogeneic and autologous PBPC, there were relatively few classical iNKT, but high CD1d-reactivity concentrated in NKT fractions. Significantly, PBPC CD1d-reactive cells were relatively Th1-biased and their presence was associated with better prognosis. Granulocyte CSF treatment of BM to yield PBPC in vivo as well as in vitro Th2-polarizes conventional T cells and iNKT. However, granulocyte CSF treatment of BM in vitro produced Th1-biased NKT, providing a mechanism for opposite polarization of NKT from BM vs PBPC. Conclusions These results suggest distinct Th1 CD1d-reactive NKT cells could stimulate anti-tumor responses from those previously described, which can suppress graft-vs-host disease.
Renormalization group and string amplitudes

Abstract We define β-functions for open-string tachyons away from the perturbative fixed point. We show that solutions of the renormalization-group fixed-point equations generate open-string scattering amplitudes.
From Eisenhower to Bush: Perceptions of candidates and parties

Abstract The American Voter [Campbell, A., Converse, P.E., Miller, W.E., Stokes, D.E., 1960. The American Voter. Wiley & Sons, New York] put the perception of candidates and parties on the map of electoral inquiry. To explain a voter's choice, it proposed to probe the affectively loaded views of politics in a voter's mind, with candidates being located closest to the point of decision in the “funnel of causality.” The American Voter did so with a set of open-ended questions about the good and bad points of political parties and presidential candidates. Our analysis of the 2000 and 2004 elections, reported in The American Voter Revisited [Lewis-Beck, M.S., Jacoby, W.G., Norpoth, H., Weisberg, H.F., 2008. The American Voter Revisited. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor], confirms the utility of the open-ended survey method to come to grips with the key attitudes shaping the voting decision. The following compares perceptions of candidates and parties in 1952 and 2004, as reported by The American Voter and The American Voter Revisited. The critical imprint of perceptions of the candidates' personal attributes is unmistakable in both elections.
The Los Alamos accelerator control system database: A generic instrumentation interface

Abstract Controlling experimental-physics applications requires a control system that can be quickly integrated and easily modified. One aspect of the control system is the interface to the instrumentation. An instrumentation set has been chosen to implement the basic functions needed to monitor and control these applications. A data-driven interface to this instrumentation set provides the required quick integration of the control system. This type of interface is limited by its built-in capabilities. Therefore, these capabilities must provide an adequate range of functions to be of any use. The data-driven interface must support the instrumentation range required, the events on which to read or control the instrumentation and a method for manipulating the data to calculate terms or close control loops. The database for the Los Alamos Accelerator Control System addresses these requirements.
TEST OF THE HEMISPHERIC RULE OF MAGNETIC HELICITY IN THE SUN USING THE HELIOSEISMIC AND MAGNETIC IMAGER (HMI) DATA

Magnetic twist in solar active regions (ARs) has been found to have a hemispheric preference in sign (hemisphere rule): negative in the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern. The preference reported in previous studies ranges greatly, from ~ 58% to 82%. In this study, we examine this hemispheric preference using vector magnetic field data taken by Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager and find that 75% ± 7% of 151 ARs studied obey the hemisphere rule, well within the preference range in previous studies. If the sample is divided into two groups—ARs having magnetic twist and writhe of the same sign and having opposite signs—the strength of the hemispheric preference differs substantially: 64% ± 11% for the former group and 87% ± 8% for the latter. This difference becomes even more significant in a sub-sample of 82 ARs having a simple bipole magnetic configuration: 56% ± 16% for the ARs having the same signs of twist and writhe, and 93% with lower and upper confidence bounds of 80% and 98% for the ARs having the opposite signs. The error reported here is a 95% confidence interval. This may suggest that, prior to emergence of magnetic tubes, either the sign of twist does not have a hemispheric preference or the twist is relatively weak.
Efficient estimation of temperature distribution, heat storage, thermocline migration and vertical eddy conductivities in stratified lakes

SUMMARY 1. Factorial designs were used to investigate the spatial and temporal components of temperature sampling error in two medium-sized (maximum fetch = 9 and 11 km; maximum depth = 24 and 70m) Wisconsin lakes (Mendota and Green). Sampling designs were then optimized for estimating temperature distributions, thermocline migration, lake heat content, and vertical eddy conductivities in these and similar stratified lakes. 2. Errors were at a minimum for: (i) isotherms positioned 1/3 - 1/2 of the way down through the seasonal thermocline; (ii) at lake stations located near the node of the principal internal seiche; (iii) after an extended interval of low windpower. If seven spatially distributed lake stations were sampled n1, n2 times during the two low-power intervals bracketing a weather front, and the rime delay between revisits was randomized with respect to the period of the uninodal temperature seiches, the resulting standard error (cm) in ΔZ17 (depth of 17° isotherm; an unbiased, minimum-variance estimator for main thermocline migration) was (144/n1+ 144/n2)1/2. If n1=n2= 2 ‘revisits’, the resulting CV (coefficient of variation) was 5–10% for ΔZ17 accompanying major individual cold fronts in early summer. 3. When estimating Kz, the vertical eddy conductivity, the most important component of error relates to ΔHz, the change in heat content below depth z. The error in ΔHz is minimized in the same manner as for lake-mean isotherm depth. Using the Mendota sampling design described above, the RMS error in ΔHz decreases from ∼90 cal cm−2 in the upper metalimnion to ∼35calcm−2 near the base of the metalimnion. For seven take stations, and n1= n2= 2, Kz can be estimated with a CV ∼10% bracketing a single major cold front. The CV decreases approximately as ΔHz−1, hence is roughly proportional to Δt−1 or to (cumuiative windpower)−1.
Dielectronic recombination rates to the n = 3 singly excited states: The neon sequence

Abstract In this work we present the state-specific dielectronic recombination rate coefficients to the n = 3 single excited state of Ar IX, Ti XIII, Fe XVII and Se XXV. Results presented involve detailed calculations of radiative and autoionization rates to ground as well as excited states of the recombining ions. Coefficients of least-squares polynomial fits to the calculated data are also provided for temperature range 0.01–5.0 keV.
Montgomery reduction with even modulus

The modular multiplication and exponentiation algorithms based on the Montgomery reduction technique require that the modulus be an odd integer. It is shown that, with the help of the Chinese remainder theorem, the Montgomery reduction algorithm can be used to efficiently perform these modular arithmetic operations with respect to an even modulus. >
“Religion, Nationality, or Politics: Catholicism in the Russian Empire, 1863–1905”:

Focusing primarily on official sources, this essay examines perceptions of Catholicism and Catholics from the 1860s. Throughout this period, the Russian government almost instinctively understood “Catholic” and “Polish” as synonyms, even when it explicitly denied doing so. This conflation of religious and ethnic categories colored official policies toward other Catholics such as Belarusians and Lithuanians who ostensibly were potential allies against the Poles. Even measures such as the attempt to introduce Russian into Belarusian Catholic churches foundered in part on officialdom's profound distrust for Catholicism. This essay is a contribution to our understanding of religious and national categories in late Imperial Russia and also to the study of russification in this period.
Rapid divergence of social signal coloration across the White Sands ecotone for three lizard species under strong natural selection

Animal social signals are important for population recognition, communication, and mate choice. Although natural selection often favours cryptic coloration, sexual selection can underlie patterns of coloration that function in interor intrasexual communication. We compared social signal coloration of three lizard species across a substrate colour ecotone in New Mexico. These species exhibit cryptic blanched dorsal coloration on the gypsum dunes of White Sands and dark coloration on the surrounding desert soils. We detected corresponding population divergence in colour used for intra- (Aspidoscelis inornata, Sceloporus undulatus) or inter- (Holbrookia maculata) sexual signalling. Although the magnitude and direction of change in coloration varied among taxa, differences in hue and chroma accounted for more variation in social coloration than for dorsal coloration. The relative conspicuousness of social signals also varied across the ecotone. We discuss the possibilities that divergent signalling colours in this system are the result of: (1) stochastic processes, (2) direct selection, and/or (3) a correlated response to natural selection on dorsal coloration. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 243–255.
A distributed medium access control scheme for a large network of wireless routers

The throughput of a large network of wireless routers critically depends on the design of distributed medium access control (MAC). In this paper, a distributed MAC scheme called opportunistic synchronous array method (SAM) is presented and analyzed. The opportunistic SAM combines multiuser diversity and interference suppression in a distributed fashion. Depending on the choice of two control parameters, the opportunistic SAM may reduce to three specializations: multiuser SAM, switching SAM or deterministic SAM. The network throughput of the opportunistic SAM is analyzed, and its throughput gain over its specializations is illustrated.