cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Listening to Students, Negotiating Beliefs: Preparing Teachers for Urban Classrooms.

AbstractLearning to teach in urban schools is difficult, particularly when prospective teachers come from different racial, ethnic and/or class backgrounds than their students. The task of urban-focused teacher education programs is to prepare prospective teachers to learn and enact practices that enable them to teach successfully in under-resourced districts that offer both opportunities and constraints. In this article, we report on a 2-year ethnographic study designed to investigate how new teachers enacted a listening stance in teaching that was introduced in their preparation program. Taking a listening stance implies entering a classroom with questions as well as answers, knowledge as well as a clear sense of the limitations of that knowledge (e.g., Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 1999; Lytle & Cochran-Smith, 1992; Schultz, 2003). The article focuses on how four teachers attempted to adopt a listening stance in their classroom practice, while also responding to the constraints of the standardized curriculum ...
A visible and infrared study of the eclipsing dwarf nova OY Carinae – I. The visible eclipses of the central object

On presente quatre courbes de lumiere de cette binaire cataclysmique a courte periode. Ces courbes montrent que la naine rouge eclipse a la fois son compagnon naine blanche et le disque d'accretion et la tache chaude ayant leur origine dans des materiaux transferes de la naine rouge a la naine blanche
Strain-Induced Recrystallization of Tial

Transmission electron microscope investigation of extruded and rolled XD™ titanium aluminide sheet has shown the development of recrystallized TiAl regions adjacent to grains which exhibit submicron scale TiAl twins. Detailed diffraction analysis confirmed that the TiAl twins were separated by a layer of Ti 3 Al. This is consistent with previous observations of the microstructure of extruded XD™ titanium aluminide. In the extruded material, however, the scale of the twins was larger, but the extent of the recrystallized region was smaller. The evidence suggests that the recrystallization of the TiAl regions may result from the impingement of twins from adjacent grains.
Photovoltaics III: Concentrators: Focusing the sun's rays, using cheap, long-lived optics, will be exploited in direct sunlight regions

Considers photovoltaic concentrating systems, indicating the problems inherent in their use which are, namely, ensuring that the systems are reliable and long-lived and reducing the costs of the optical and tracking components. The author also presents the US Department of Energy's cost goals for concentrating systems and indicates the progress made towards reaching these goals. Performance characteristics of operating systems are presented.
High incidence of penicillin resistance among α-hemolytic streptococci isolated from the blood of children with cancer☆

Abstract Objectives: To survey the susceptibility profiles to several β-lactam antibiotics and to identify factors related to resistance among blood isolates of α-hemolytic streptococci (AHS) obtained from children with cancer. Study Design: All pediatric oncology patients with AHS bacteremia occurring from January 1996 through June 1999 at one cancer center were identified. Isolates were categorized based on the minimum inhibitory concentration as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to several β-lactam antibiotics. Demographics and potential factors related to antibiotic resistance were obtained from the medical record. Results: Thirty-eight AHS isolates were obtained from 33 patients. Penicillin susceptibility testing revealed that only 8 (21%) isolates were susceptible, 16 (42%) were intermediate, and 14 (37%) were resistant. All 14 of the penicillin-resistant isolates were also resistant to the 3 cephalosporins tested. Ceftriaxone and ceftazidime were the most active cephalosporins. Antibiotic resistance correlated with the recent use of systemic antibiotics, number of prior infectious episodes, and species type. Conclusions: Blood culture isolates of AHS obtained from children with cancer are frequently resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. These results indicate that clinically relevant AHS isolates should be tested for antibiotic susceptibility and that β-lactam antibiotics may not be optimal empiric therapy for fever and neutropenia in children with cancer who have a high risk of AHS infections. (J Pediatr 2002;140:20-6)
Thermodynamic and Circulation Characteristics, of Winter Monsoon Tropical Mesoscale Convection

Abstract During the December 1978 field phase of the International Winter Monsoon Experiment (Winter MONEX), a regular diurnal cycle of deep convective activity occurred over the South China Sea immediately to the north of Borneo. The convection was initiated during the late night hours by convergence of the low-level northeast monsoon flow with the land breeze along Borneo's north coast. The precipitation feature that developed was characterized during its mature stage by a nearly continuous stratiform cloud, referred to here as a mesoscale anvil, of ∼ 100–500 km dimension extending from the mid-troposphere (∼5 km) to near the tropopause (∼ 17 km). Using rawinsonde data from the sounding network, thermodynamic and Circulation characteristics of the convection are documented. Mesoscale upward motion is found to within the anvils, with a MCSOMC downdraft below producing a warm, dry region over a lame area just above the boundary layer. Air flow relative to the anvil on both its leading and trailing edges i...
So Little Source, So Much Sink: Requirements for Afterdepolarizations to Propagate in Tissue

How early (EADs) and delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) overcome electrotonic source-sink mismatches in tissue to trigger premature ventricular complexes remains incompletely understood. To study this question, we used a rabbit ventricular action potential model to simulate tissues in which a central area of contiguous myocytes susceptible to EADs or DADs was surrounded by unsusceptible tissue. In 1D tissue with normal longitudinal conduction velocity (0.55 m/s), the numbers of contiguous susceptible myocytes required for an EAD and a barely suprathreshold DAD to trigger a propagating action potential were 70 and 80, respectively. In 2D tissue, these numbers increased to 6940 and 7854, and in 3D tissue to 696,910 and 817,280. These numbers were significantly decreased by reduced gap junction conductance, simulated fibrosis, reduced repolarization reserve and heart failure electrical remodeling. In conclusion, the source-sink mismatch in well-coupled cardiac tissue powerfully protects the heart from arrhythmias due to sporadic afterdepolarizations. Structural and electrophysiological remodeling decrease these numbers significantly but still require synchronization mechanisms for EADs and DADs to overcome the robust protective effects of source-sink mismatch.
Electrical and mechanical properties of oriented poly(3-alkylthiophenes): 2. Effect of side-chain length

The mechanical and electrical properties of solution-processed poly(3-alkylthiophenes) with alkyl side-chain lengths of 6, 8 and 12 carbon atoms are discussed. Tensile drawing at elevated temperatures yielded oriented materials with moderately increased mechanical properties. A simple model accounting for defects in the regiospecificity, i.e. head-to-tail versus head-to-head or tail-to-tail monomer coupling, is introduced, in addition to side-chain dilution, to account for the low moduli of undoped samples. Doping with FeCl3 · 6H2O led to significant enhancement of the mechanical properties of the drawn samples, as well as to high electrical conductivity. As was previously found for other conducting polymer systems, strong correlations were observed between mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. The conductivity was found to scale linearly with tenacity, independent of side-chain length.
Response of the human eye to spatially sinusoidal gratings at various exposure durations

Abstract The shapes of human spatial contrast sensitivity functions for sinusoidal luminance patterns are strongly dependent upon exposure duration, exhibiting a linear low frequency decline of threshold for long exposures and no decline for brief exposures. This result confirms earlier work with square-wave patterns but conflicts with some sine-wave experiments. The results can be interpreted as indicating that narrow-band spatial channels at low spatial frequencies are approximately equal in sensitivity when temporal properties of the mechanisms are taken into account. They also have bearing upon models for the Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet phenomenon.
Luminance, Hue, And Saturation Processing Of Digital Color Images

Much of the work done in digital enhancement and image restoration has been limited in application to black and white images. The extension to color image processing is not trivial. Most workers agree that processing should take place in a three-dimensional space whose dimensions reflect the visual attributes of luminance, hue, and saturation. Different schemes have been developed over the years for expressing these attributes in terms of the well known red, green, and blue primaries (RGB) components. In this paper we first discuss our choice of color space for computer image enhancement. Our strategy for processing is to display each attribute as a black and white digital image; each attribute is then processed independently to achieve the desired enhancement. Contrast and sharpness enhancement techniques are discussed. The computer processing algorithms are restricted to those which preserve the natural appearance of the scene.
Altered ryanodine receptor of canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum and its underlying mechanism in endotoxin shock.

Effects of endotoxin administration on ryanodine receptor in canine cardiac junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were studied. The results show that the Bmax for [3H]ryanodine binding to cardiac junctional SR was decreased by 25% (8 ± 0.38 vs 6 ± 0.41 pmole/mg protein for control and endotoxic, respectively; (P < 0.01) while the kd (13.7 ± 1 nM for control vs 13.2 ± 2 nM for endotoxic) was unaffected 4 hr following endotoxin administration. Ca2+ activated [3H]ryanodine binding in both groups sigmoidally but the Vmax for Ca2+ activation was decreased by 24% (P < 0.05) while the S0.5 and the Hill coefficient values remained unchanged after endotoxin injection. Caffeine, ATP, and AMP-PCP activated while calmodulin, SKF-525A, ruthenium red, and Mg2+ inhibited [3H]ryanodine binding in both groups but the A0.5 (concentration requires for half-maximum activation) and the I50 (concentration requires for half-maximum inhibition) for the above-mentioned activators and inhibitors, respectively, were unaffected during endotoxin shock. Digestion of cardiac SR isolated from control dogs with phospholipase A2 inhibited [3H]ryanodine binding and the inhibition was reversed completely by the addition of phosphatidylserine. Addition of phosphatidylserine to cardiac SR isolated from endotoxic dogs stimulated [3H]ryanodine binding and the stimulation represents a complete reversal of the inhibition caused by endotoxin administration. Based on these findings together with previous observation that phospholipase A2 activity is activated during endotoxin shock, it is concluded that endotoxin administration decreases the number of ryanodine receptor in canine cardiac junctional SR and the decrease in ryanodine receptor is associated with a mechanism involving a modification of membrane lipid microenvironment in response to phospholipase A2 activation.
Readability and behavior modification texts: Cross-comparisons and comments

Recent studies have appeared which contain readability analyses on various behavior modification texts. The present paper provides comparisons between the studies and points out the methodological considerations in the determination of readability. Brief instructive comments are also given to assist those who might be making similar readability analyses in the future.
Recent Advances in Laser Remote Sensing

Current terrestrial and hydrographic laser remote sensing research and applications are briefly reviewed. New progress in airborne oceanic lidar instrumentation and applications is then highlighted. Topics include a discussion of the unique role of airborne active-passive (laser-solar) correlation spectroscopy methods in oceanic radiative transfer studies and satellite ocean color algorithm development. Based on a perceived need for high resolution laser-induced resonance Raman and atomic emission spectra of oceanic constituents, future airborne lidar transmitter and receiver configurations are suggested.
Stimulation-Evoked Increases in Cytosolic [Ca2+] in Mouse Motor Nerve Terminals Are Limited by Mitochondrial Uptake and Are Temperature-Dependent

Increases in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] evoked by trains of action potentials (20-100 Hz) were recorded from mouse and lizard motor nerve terminals filled with a low-affinity fluorescent indicator, Oregon Green BAPTA 5N. In mouse terminals at near-physiological temperatures (30-38 degrees C), trains of action potentials at 25-100 Hz elicited increases in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] that stabilized at plateau levels that increased with stimulation frequency. Depolarization of mitochondria with carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) or antimycin A1 caused cytosolic [Ca(2+)] to rise to much higher levels during stimulation. Thus, mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake contributes importantly to limiting the rise of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] during repetitive stimulation. In mouse terminals, the stimulation-induced increase in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] was highly temperature-dependent over the range 18-38 degrees C, with greater increases at lower temperatures. At the lower temperatures, application of CCCP continued to depolarize mitochondria but produced a much smaller increase in the cytosolic [Ca(2+)] transient evoked by repetitive stimulation. This result suggests that the larger amplitude of the stimulation-induced cytosolic [Ca(2+)] transient at lower temperatures was attributable in part to reduced mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake. In contrast, the stimulation-induced increases in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] measured in lizard motor terminals showed little or no temperature-dependence over the range 18-33 degrees C.
Lumbosacral lipomyelomeningocele with anomalous osseous limb in a 3-month-old female

A patient with lipomyelomeningocele (known in utero) presented for MRI characterization prior to surgical procedure at three months of age. Cross-sectional imaging revealed a spinal dysraphism of the lower lumbar spine, with a posterior spinal defect spanning L4 to S2 subcutaneous fat intrusion, and distal spinal cord extrusion. An osseous excrescence was also appreciated, articulating with the left iliac bone. This case demonstrates the youngest known lipomyelomeningocele with accessory limb and the abnormal growth of multiple tissue types at the site of spinal dysraphism—a potential consequence of dedifferentiated cell proliferation originating from a secondary neural tube defect or rachipagus parasitic twinning.
Morphometric and time lapse analyses of rapid-onset neurites stimulated by cycloheximide in NG108-15 cells.

Abstract We previously reported that the laminin-induced outgrowth of neurites in the first 4 hr after plating (‘rapid-onset neurites’) is markedly stimulated by inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis, including cycloheximide, puromycin and actinomycin D. Our original interpretation of this finding was that inhibiting protein synthesis led to metabolic changes in the cell which converged upon the intracellular pathway used by laminin to stimulate neurite formation. Alternatively, Preston et al. (1987, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 5247–5251) suggested that cycloheximide acts by inhibiting neurite retraction. In order to resolve these conflicting interpretations, we decided to re-examine the effects of cycloheximide using time lapse analyses of NG108-15 cells grown on laminin, together with morphometric analyses of cultures fixed at 1.5 or 3 hr after plating. Cycloheximide was found to cause both an increase in neurite initiation within the first 1.5 hr after plating, and a decrease in the occurrence of neurite retractions between 1 and 3 hr. Investigators should be aware of the effects of biosynthetic inhibitors on neurite growth, since these agents are employed widely in studies of cultured neural cells, particularly those involving receptor metabolism and phenotypic differentiation.
Acquired toxoplasmic retinitis in an immunosuppressed patient: diagnosis by transvitreal fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

Background Acquired multifocal white retinal lesions in an immunosuppressed patient are diagnostically challenging.
Linking microbial community composition and soil processes in a California annual grassland and mixed-conifer forest

To investigate the potential role of microbial community composition in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling, we transplanted soil cores between a grassland and a conifer ecosystem in the Sierra Nevada California and measured soil process rates (N-mineralization, nitrous oxide and carbondioxide flux, nitrification potential), soil water and temperature, and microbial community parameters (PLFA and substrate utilization profiles) over a 2 year period. Our goal was to assess whether microbial community composition could be related to soil process rates independent of soil temperature and water content. We performed multiple regression analyses using microbial community parameters and soil water and temperature as X-variables and soil process rates and inorganic N concentrations as Y-variables. We found that field soil temperature had the strongest relationship with CO2 production and soil NH4+ concentration, while microbial community characteristics correlated with N2O production, nitrification potential, gross N-mineralization, and soil NO3− concentration, independent of environmentalcontrollers. We observed a relationship between specific components of the microbial community (as determined by PLFA) and soil processes,particularly processes tightly linked to microbial phylogeny (e.g. nitrification). The most apparent change in microbial community composition in response to the 2 year transplant was a change in relative abundance of fungi (there was only one significant change in PLFA biomarkers for bacteria during 2 years). The relationship between microbial community composition and soil processes suggests that prediction of ecosystem response to environmental change may be improved by recognizing and accounting for changes in microbial community composition and physiological ecology.
The heavy metal ions Ag+ and Hg2+ trigger calcium release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract Heavy metal ions have been shown to induce Ca2+ release from skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by binding to free sulfhydryl groups on a Ca2+ channel protein and are now examined in cardiac SR. Ag+ and Hg2+ (at 10–25 μ m ) induced Ca2+ release from isolated canine cardiac SR vesicles whereas Ni2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ had no effect at up to 200 μ m . Ag2+-induced Ca2+ release was measured in the presence of modulators of SR Ca2+ release was compared to Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and was found to have the following characteristics, (i) Ag+-induced Ca2+ release was dependent on free [Mg2+], such that rates of efflux from actively loaded SR vesicles increased by 40% in 0.2 to 1.0 m m Mg2+ and decreased by 50% from 1.0 to 10.0 m m Mg2+. (ii) Ruthenium red (2–20 μ m ) and tetracaine (0.2–1.0 m m ), known inhibitors of SR Ca2+ release, inhibited Ag+-induced Ca2+ release, (iii) Adenine nucleotides such as cAMP (0.25–2.0 m m ) enhanced Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, and stimulated Ag+-induced Ca2+ release. (iv) Low Ag+ to SR protein ratios (5–50 nmol Ag+/mg protein) stimulated Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity in Triton X-100-uncoupled SR vesicles. (v) At higher ratios of Ag+ to SR proteins (50–250 nmol Ag+/mg protein), the rate of Ca2+ efflux declined and Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity decreased gradually, up to a maximum of 50% inhibition, (vi) Ag+ stimulated Ca2+ efflux from passively loaded SR vesicles (i.e., in the absence of ATP and functional Ca2+ pumps), indicating a site of action distinct from the SR Ca2+ pump. Thus, at low Ag2+ to SR protein ratios, Ag2+ is very selective for the Ca2+ release channel. At higher ratios, this selectivity declines as Ag+ also inhibits the activity of Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase pumps. Ag+ most likely binds to one or more sulfhydryl sites “on” or “adjacent” to the physiological Ca2+ release channel in cardiac SR to induce Ca2+ release.
The covariance of the number of renewals in a fixed time and the ensuing excess life

The covariance of the number of renewals in a fixed time N t and the ensuing excess life time Y t is derived using matrix-analytic methods for the stationary PH-renewal process. Specific results for the Erlang and hyperexponential processes are provided to illustrate the ease of computation. Properties concerning the sign and the behavior of the covariance as t→∞ are provided throughout. Parameter estimation for renewal processes which cannot be fully observed serves as the motivation for our derivations. These statistical applications as well as links to estimation for service time distributions in queues shed light on the type of problems for which the covariance is useful.
Global customerization of markets has arrived

Abstract Trade liberalization, expanding global markets, and technology proliferation have increased the importance of product variety, speed, and flexibility in building and sustaining competitive advantage. For many organizations, global competition is no longer on the horizon; it has arrived. A customer base with generic needs is a fading scenario. This competitive challenge requires that organizations confront the need for a fundamental change in the way products and services are designed, produced, and delivered to customers. Customers want a total customer value package that extends beyond the basic product into bundles of experiences and outcomes. Some futurists believe that tomorrow's business environment will find firms selling relationships rather than products.
On the Complexity of Dualization of Monotone Disjunctive Normal Forms

We show that the duality of a pair of monotone disjunctive normal forms of sizencan be tested inno(logn)time.
Polio eradication was an ideological project

In the 1980s, why was polio, with its rather small mortality rate, chosen for a worldwide “eradication” campaign, when other infectious diseases such as measles, pneumonia, and diarrhoea causing infections each killed millions of children a year? It had little to do with the priorities of most developing countries where polio was endemic. It was more to do with the ideology of a small number of powerful and well placed players in global public health who were dedicated to the concept of so called eradication as perhaps the major tool for international public health.1 Many of these people had been involved in the successful campaign to eradicate smallpox. However, after that great achievement near consensus had formed in public health circles that primary healthcare (including routine immunisation) rather than vertical eradication campaigns should be the focus of global and national efforts. It looked as though smallpox would be the first and last human disease to be eradicated. Those who I would call “eradicationists” had to find a disease that could be quickly …
Tarsiers, adapids and the integrity of Strepsirhini

Abstract Although strepsirhine primates can be described by their narial configuration, this and most other definable features are probably primitive retentions; only the development of a grooming claw of the second pedal digit and of a toothcomb (the latter of which has been lost in Daubentonia ) emerge as potential apomorphies of the group. Within this assemblage lemurids, Lepilemur , the indriids, and Daubentonia can be argued to constitute a monophyletic group whose relationships cladistically are in the sequence listed; Lemuridae and Indriidae can themselves be delineated as monophyletic groups. The remaining strepsirhine primates—the cheirogaleids, galagids, and lorisids—also appear to constitute a definable clade, with the former group representing the sister taxon of the latter two families; cach family can be united on the basis of distinct synapomorphies. Although there are features—especially of the ear region—which present themselves as potentially reflective of the sister relationship of Tarsius + Anthropoidea, other characters, including the possession of the grooming claw, are suggestive of an alternative scheme: Tarsius may be the sister of the extant lorisiform group, thereby reconstituting, albeit in a novel form, the primate suborder Prosimii. It also appears that fossil “tarsioids” may in fact be more closely related to the extant lorisiforms than to Tarsius . A reconsideration of the so-called fossil lemurs, the adapids, leads to the conclusion that Adapis -like primates are a clade apart from Pelycodus, Notharctus, Smilodectes and their most immediate relatives, and may themselves constitute a clade that is related as the primitive sister to all other “prosimians” by virtue of the development of the so-called free intrabullar tympanic ring.
Meta-analysis of the association between ecstasy use and risky sexual behavior

Abstract A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to examine the association between ecstasy use and risky sexual behavior. Analysis of 17 studies revealed a small to moderate sized effect (mean weighted r = 0.211, 95% CI: 0.085–0.336). Random-effects homogeneity testing was non-significant, thus formal moderator analyses were not performed. Moreover, numerical and visual diagnostics suggested that publication bias was not a concern. It is hoped that the present meta-analytic findings and recommendations will encourage investigators to broaden their research methodologies and will stimulate new insights into the association between ecstasy use and risky sexual behavior.
Analysis of a MIMO Outdoor Channel With Hybrid EM-Based Modeling

We consider the effects of the local scatterers, the number of antennas, the mobile position, and the signal-to-noise ratio on the performance of a multi-antenna system via electromagnetic-based modeling. The urban microcell scenario is adopted and simulated using a hybrid electromagnetic model to obtain the channel matrix. Comparisons with the measurement-based spatial channel model (SCM) at frequency 2 GHz are made. We show that the channel condition improves as the multipath richness enhances. This also improves the capacity, which becomes more pronounced as the number of antennas increases. Our discussions show that the SCM does not reflect the actual system performance in some scenarios.
European Archival Resources for the Study of California Catholic History

Many of the giants of American Catholicism were born in Europe and this is seen rather strikingly in the case of the American period of Roman Catholicism in California, which period dates from 1850. When, on December 6 of that year, a young Dominican friar, newly consecrated in Rome as Bishop of Monterey, arrived through the Golden Gate in San Francisco, he brought with him strong European traditions and background.
Experimental Verification of Conformational Variation of Human Fatty Acid Synthase as Predicted by Normal Mode Analysis

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a 550 kDa homodimeric enzyme with multiple functional and structural domains. Normal mode analysis of a previously determined 19 A structure of FAS suggested that this enzyme might assume different conformational states with several distinct hinge movements. We have used a simultaneous multiple-model refinement method to search for the presence of the structural conformers from the electron images of FAS. We have demonstrated that the resulting models observed in the electron images are consistent with the predicted conformational changes. This technique demonstrates the potential of the combination of normal mode analysis with multiple model refinement to elucidate the multiple conformations of flexible proteins. Since each of these structures is based on a more homogeneous particle set, this technique has the potential, provided that sufficient references are used, to improve the resolution of the final reconstructions of single particles from electron cryomicroscopy.
Global and Regional Sea Surface Temperature Trends

Individual sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are calculated using a satellite-based climatology and observations from the World Ocean Atlas 1994(WOA94) and the Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) to characterize global and regional changes in ocean surface temperature since 1942. For each of these datasets, anomaly trends are computed using a new method that groups individual anomalies into climatological temperature classes. These temperature class anomaly trends are compared with trends estimated using a technique representative of previous studies based on 58 latitude‐longitude bins. Global linear trends in the data-rich period between 1960 and 1990 calculated from the WOA94 data are found to be 0.14 86 0.048C decade21 for the temperature class approach and 0.13 86 0.048C decade21 for the 58 bin approach. The corresponding results for the COADS data are 0.10 86 0.038C and 0.09 86 0.038C decade21. These trends are not statistically different at the 95% confidence level. Additionally, they agree closely with both SST and land‐air temperature trends estimated from results reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The similarity between the COADS trends and the trends calculated from the WOA94 dataset provides confirmation of previous SST trend studies, which are based almost exclusively on volunteer observing ship datasets like COADS. Regional linear trends reveal a nonuniformity in the SST rates between 1945‐70 and 1970‐95. Intensified warming during the later period is observed in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the North Atlantic subtropical convergence, and in the vicinity of the Kuroshio extension. Also, despite close agreement globally, localized differences between COADS and WOA94 trends are observed.
Relationship Between Production and Stayability in Holstein Cattle

Abstract Records from 97,555 first daughters of 1,487 Holstein sires in artificial insemination were used to estimate components of variance and covariance of first lactation milk and fat production and stayability to 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 mo of age. Henderson's Method 3 was used with a model including fixed herd-year-season and genetic group effects and random sire within group and residual effects. Heritabilities for milk and fat production and 36-, 48-, 60-, 72-, and 84-mo stayability were .31, .30, .02, .04, .05, .05, and .05. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between milk production and stayability ranged from .47 to .65 and from .17 to .27. Adjusting components of variance of stayability to account for the correlation with milk reduced heritability of stayability by 35%. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between stay-abilities to different ages ranged from .71 to 1.00 and from .18 to .73.
Improving child survival through vitamin A supplementation.

Fine tuning the dose and delivery mechanism could further improve outcomes Worldwide, nearly 8.8 million children die each year before they reach their 5th birthday.1 More than two thirds die from infectious diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malaria. Although these are sobering figures, childhood mortality has been substantially reduced over the past decade partly as a result of the expansion of child survival interventions to prevent and treat major causes of childhood mortality. In the linked systematic review and meta-analysis (doi:10.1136/bmj.d5094), Mayo-Wilson and colleagues assess the effects of vitamin A supplementation on mortality and morbidity in children 6 months to 5 years of age . 2 Routine preventive treatment of all children 6-59 months of age with high dose vitamin A supplements is a core intervention to improve child survival supported by Unicef, the World Health Organization, governments, and donors in areas of high mortality and endemic vitamin A deficiency. Capsules are now distributed biannually in at least 60 countries, with average annual coverage rates nearing 80%.3 Initially launched as an initiative to prevent xerophthalmic blindness, universal vitamin A supplementation was expanded as a life saving intervention mainly on the basis of meta-analyses that showed average reductions in …
Evolution of HIV-1 in an HLA-B*57-Positive Patient during Virologic Escape

Elite suppressors maintain normal CD4 + T cell counts and viral loads of <50 copies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA per milliliter of plasma without antiviral therapy. We report here a case of virologic escape in a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*57-positive patient shortly after seroconversion. This escape was associated with the development of mutations in 2 HLA-B*57-restricted CD8 + T cell Gag epitopes, reversion of the drug-resistance mutation M184V, and reversion of a novel polymorphism in Vpu. The present study suggests that control of viral replication in elite suppressors may be due to HIV-1-specific CD8 + T cells and, in some cases, mutations that have subtle effects on viral fitness.
InVerS: An Incremental Verification System with Circuit Similarity Metrics and Error Visualization

Dramatic increases in design complexity and advances in IC manufacturing technology affect all aspects of circuit performance and functional correctness. As interconnect increasingly dominates delay and power at the latest technology nodes, much effort is invested in physical synthesis optimizations, posing great challenges in validating the correctness of such optimizations. Common design methodology delays the verification of physical synthesis transformations until the completion of the design phase. However, this approach is not sustainable because the isolation of potential errors becomes extremely challenging in current complex design efforts. In addition, the lack of interoperability between verification and debugging tools greatly limits engineers' productivity. Since the design's functional correctness should not be compromised, considerable resources are dedicated to checking an ensuring correctness at the expense of improving other aspects of design quality. To address these challenges, the paper proposed a fast incremental verification system for physical synthesis optimizations, InVerS, which includes capabilities for error detection, diagnosis, and visualization. This system helps engineers to discover errors earlier, simplifies error isolation and correction, thus reducing verification effort and enabling more aggressive optimizations to improve performance
CAE and case studies applied to teaching digital systems design

A two-semester, senior-level course sequence has been developed which gives students theoretical and hands-on experience in the design of custom digital hardware and custom embedded microprocessor systems using current computer-aided design tools and techniques. A year-long class project guides students through the design of a complete digital system. Current topics related to digital systems design and implementation are presented in lectures using major parts of the project as case studies illustrating key concepts. A dedicated laboratory centered on four UNIX workstations gives students practical experience. Laboratory assignments involve using an integrated computer-aided engineering (CAE) environment for creating, simulating, and documenting designs related to the class project. Further reinforcement occurs as students implement parts of their design and gain skills in troubleshooting. >
Emotion Regulation Feeding Practices Link Parents’ Emotional Eating to Children’s Emotional Eating: A Moderated Mediation Study

Past research suggests an association between parents’ and children’s emotional eating, but research has yet to examine mechanisms underlying this association. Objective The current study examined whether feeding for emotion regulation mediates the association between parents’ and children’s emotional eating, and whether this association is moderated by children’s self-regulation in eating. Method 95 parents reported on their own and their children’s emotional eating, their children’s self-regulation in eating, as well as their feeding practices. Results Findings revealed that feeding for emotion regulation mediated the association between parents’ and children’s emotional eating when children’s self-regulation in eating was low, but not when selfregulation in eating was high. Conclusion The current findings demonstrate the complexity of the link between parents’ and children’s emotional eating, suggesting practitioners should consider both feeding practices and children’s self-regulation in eating when designing intervention programs.
Nicht ganz unbeteiligt: der Einfluss von Olefinen auf übergangsmetallkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen

Olefine und Alkine sind in der Ubergangsmetallkatalyse in vielfaltiger Art vertreten, ob als Teil des Substrats oder des Katalysators oder als Additiv. Wahrend der Einfluss von Metallen und Liganden relativ gut verstanden ist, wird der von Olefinen allgemein unterschatzt, obwohl zahlreiche Beispiele bekannt sind, in denen Olefine durch Steigerung der Aktivitat, Stabilitat oder Selektivitat den Ausgang einer Reaktion beeinflussen. Dieser Aufsatz gibt eine Ubersicht uber die Wechselwirkung von Olefinen mit Ubergangsmetallen und liefert Beispiele dafur, wie Olefine das Ergebnis von katalytischen Reaktionen, insbesondere Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen, beeinflussen. Er sollte damit die Grundlage fur ein besseres Verstandnis des Einflusses von Olefinen und Alkinen in ubergangsmetallkatalysierten Reaktionen und fur dessen Nutzung bieten.
Novel bio-inspired smart control for hazard mitigation of civil structures

In this paper, a new bio-inspired controller is proposed for vibration mitigation of smart structures subjected to ground disturbances (i.e. earthquakes). The control system is developed through the integration of a brain emotional learning (BEL) algorithm with a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller and a semiactive inversion (Inv) algorithm. The BEL algorithm is based on the neurologically inspired computational model of the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid BEL–PID–Inv control algorithm, a seismically excited building structure equipped with a magnetorheological (MR) damper is investigated. The performance of the proposed hybrid BEL–PID–Inv control algorithm is compared with that of passive, PID, linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG), and BEL control systems. In the simulation, the robustness of the hybrid BEL–PID–Inv control algorithm in the presence of modeling uncertainties as well as external disturbances is investigated. It is shown that the proposed hybrid BEL–PID–Inv control algorithm is effective in improving the dynamic responses of seismically excited building structure–MR damper systems.
Relations among depressive symptoms, electrocardiographic hypertrophy, and cardiac events in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome patients

Aims:Cardiac outcomes after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are worse in patients with depression, but identifying which depressed patients are at increased risk, and by what means, remains difficult.Methods and results:We analyzed inpatient electrocardiograms (ECGs) from 955 patients admitted with non-ST elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS) in the Prescription Use, Lifestyle, and Stress Evaluation (PULSE) study. Patients with QRS duration ⩾120 ms or whose rhythm was not normal sinus were excluded (sample size=769). Depressive symptoms were measured by Beck Depression Inventory score ⩾10. ECG markers included Cornell product-left ventricular hypertrophy (CP-LVH) and strain pattern in the lateral leads. In multivariable logistic regression models, depressive symptoms were associated with increased odds of CP-LVH, ECG-strain, and the combination of the two (odds ratios 1.74–2.33, p values <0.01). The combination of both CP-LVH and ECG-strain was predictive of one-year risk of myocardial infarction (MI) or death among pat...
Are Some Words Better Left Unpublished?: Precedent and the Role of Unpublished Decisions

The practice of unpublished decisions and their precedential value causes much controversy. The practice of unpublished opinions creates a solution for how to deal effectively with heavy caseloads. Electronic databases make unpublished decisions readily available, which removes any secrecy that critics fear. Unpublished opinions are treated in one of three ways by the courts. In addition, three pragmatic issues are created by allowing opinions to go unpublished: 1) the availability of these decisions, 2) the quality of the reasoning in unpublished decisions, and 3) the treatment of unpublished opinions as precedent.
Engineering Frontier Energy Levels in Donor–Acceptor Fluoren-9-ylidene Malononitriles versus Fluorenones

Donor–acceptor molecules incorporating fluoren-9-ylidene malononitrile acceptor units conjugated to trimethoxystyrene and/or diarylamine donor units were synthesized, and their electronic spectral properties and electrochemical behaviors were evaluated by comparison to those of the analogous fluorenones. Frontier energy level and optical transition energy trends are explained based on a quantitative, modular donor–acceptor interaction model. A connectivity effect on absorption transition moment strength is also described.
Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Hospitalized Patients, Subsequent Use in Primary Care, and Physicians' Opinions About Acid-Suppressive Therapy.

Objectives Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) is not indicated in most hospitalized patients. This study determined the prevalence of the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and histamine receptor 2 blockers (H2B) in hospitalized patients, continued PPI/H2B use after discharge, and physicians' opinions about SUP. Methods A retrospective electronic chart review, as well as a national survey of residents and faculty in primary care residency programs to determine the appropriateness of SUP. Results Of 753 charts reviewed, 332 hospitalized patients with outpatient follow-up were included; 303 of them had either PPI or H2B ordered during hospitalization, but only 120 patients had an indication for SUP. Stepwise logistic regression results showed patients with a history of PPI/H2B use were 16.6 times more likely to receive SUP (odds ratio 16.6; 95% confidence interval 2.2-124.7). In addition, a PPI/H2B indication also significantly predicted SUP use (odds ratio 5.1; 95% confidence interval 1.2-22.2). A total of 171 completed surveys were received: 73% residents and 27% faculty. Only 24% reported being aware of SUP guidelines; 17% reported using electronic health record order set suggestions for SUP. Conclusions More than 90% of hospitalized patients received SUP; less than half of them had an indication for needing SUP. A large number of patients discharged on PPI/H2B continued to receive it in the outpatient setting at 6 months follow-up. Only 24% of physicians reported using SUP based on guidelines. Physician education and evidence-based validation of electronic health record order sets are potential areas for improvement.
Investigating Detect-and-Avoid Surveillance Performance for Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Most unmanned aircraft systems will be required to be equipped with a detect-and-avoid system that is capable of maintaining appropriate separation from other aircraft to operate in the National Airspace System. A surveillance system is one of the critical components of detect-and-avoid systems in order to predict potential conicts with adequate lead time to remain \well clear" of other aircraft. The performance requirements of surveillance systems to detect and track intruder aircraft will depend on the encounter geometries that unmanned aircraft are expected to have with other aircraft in the airspace. In this study, a database of unmitigated encounters between unmanned aircraft and conventional manned aircraft operating under visual ight rules is created without maneuvering any aircraft to mitigate the risk of a separation violation. The encounter database is built through fasttime simulation of a large number of unmanned aircraft conducting various missions in the presence of historical visual ight rules trac as recorded from live airspace operations. Analysis of the resulting encounter geometries suggests how the overall safety and performance of a surveillance system may relate to surveillance parameters such as surveillance range, horizontal and vertical elds or regard. This paper proposed and investigated potential safety and performance metrics for evaluating the performance of a surveillance system, such as the ratio of undetected and late-detected separation violations, and the time to violation at rst detection for given sets of surveillance parameters. These example metrics demonstrate the utility of the database of encounters created in this work. It is expected that this database will be useful in the derivation of surveillance system requirements for detect-and-avoid systems.
Well-being of individuals with late-deafness.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between disability factors and psychosocial outcomes in a sample of individuals with acquired hearing loss, specifically late-deafness (loss after age 12). METHOD Participants (N = 277) completed the following measures at a single point in time: the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults, the Reactions to Impairment and Disability Inventory, the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, the Psychological Well-Being scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was conducted to determine whether coping style mediated the relationships between disability factors (i.e., age of onset, perceived severity of disability, and perceived adaptation to disability) and psychological well-being. RESULTS Emotion-focused coping partially mediated the relationships between perceived severity of hearing loss and psychological well-being, and between perceived adaptation to disability and psychological well-being (B = -.36), and problem-focused coping partially mediated the relationship between perceived adaptation to disability and psychological well-being (B = .49). The model was a good fit for these data (comparative fit index and incremental fit index = .94; Tucker-Lewis index = .92; root mean square error of approximation = .09). CONCLUSION Perceived adaptation to disability and perceived severity of disability acted as direct predictors of psychological well-being, and as indirect predictors through their relationship with coping. Implications for the process of adaptation and counseling for individuals with acquired hearing loss are discussed.
Comment on Charles Sellers's The Market Revolution and William Gienapp's “The Myth of Class in Jacksonian America”

While William Gienapp pushes some points further than I would, most of what he writes about Charles Sellers's The Market Revolution is well taken. For even a distinguished senior historian, present attitudes and ideologies generate the taxonomy into which the past is inserted. This is unfortunate because there is so much in Sellers's book that is incisive and instructive, particularly to someone who is not a political historian. No one to my knowledge has integrated the social and political history of the Jackson era with the story of the unmistakable “market revolution” that occurred in such a detailed, generally consistent, and enjoyable fashion.
Two Hundred Years of Progress in the Practice of Midwifery

No specialty shows better than obstetrics the tremendous progress that has been made in medicine in the past 200 years. This review describes the progress in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of pregnancy during the past two centuries.