cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Habermas on Freud: A response to Lichtman☆

There are at least three ways to respond to Richard Lichtman’s critique of Habermas’ Freud interpretation and the use of psychoanalysis as a prototype of critical social science. One way is to defend Habermas’ interpretation by comparing it with Freud’s own writings; if this comparison proves accurate, one would still have to ask whether Freudian psychoanalysis can serve as the desired prototype. A second way is to argue that Habermas misunderstood Freud and thus misused him in formulating a model of critical self-reflection; this might result in a defense of an alternative interpretation of Freud concerning the very points Habermas had misunderstood, followed by revisions of the prototype. Yet a third strategy, which is the one I shall pursue, is to disregard, for the most part, whether Habermas interpreted Freud correctly, on the assumption that Habermas’ purpose in interpreting and using Freud was to establish the normative foundation of critique and that what we should examine here is whether this foundation is adequate. The measure of adequacy should be the demands of critique itself, not the correctness of Habermas’ Freud interpretation. In taking this strategy, it will be necessary, first, to examine Lichtman’s major criticism of Habermas, as well as Habermas’ indirect response to it published after the text on which Lichtman focuses;t second, to identify why Habermas analyzed Freud to begin with and thereby to clarify why he adopted the interpretation he did; third, to investigate some of Lichtman’s other objections to Habermas, asking what relevance they have to Habermas on-going project. The purposes of this strategy are to understand what the limits are on Habermas’ reconstruction of Freudian psychoanalysis and to evaluate critically whether he has succeeded in developing a normative foundation of critique that is philosophically defensible and practically efficacious, that is, emancipatory. To treat this latter purpose thoroughly would, of course, require more time and space than the format of this commentary will allow. However, at least I shall be able to establish the framework of my response to Lichtman in such a way that it is compatible with Habermas’ interest in social critique, an interest that, judging from Lichtman’s own comments at times, he shares as well. The main thesis of Lichtman’s “critical reflections” is that Habermas is wrong to claim that Freud’s psychoanalysis represents “the only tangible example of a
Charging scheduling with minimal waiting in a network of electric vehicles and charging stations

Environment preservation has become a prominent issue around the world. As traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles have been major contributors of air pollution, electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity. However, due to the limited electricity supply of battery pack, EVs need to be charged frequently and each charge takes long time. This may degrade travel efficiency and driver comfort. To address this issue, this paper aims to minimize charging waiting time through intelligently scheduling charging activities spatially and temporally. A theoretical study has been conducted to formulate the waiting time minimized charging scheduling problem and derive a performance upper bound (i.e., the theoretical lower bound of charging waiting time). Based on the insights discovered from the theoretical analysis, a practical distributed scheme has been proposed. Extensive simulation results verify that the proposed design can achieve a waiting time near the theoretical lower bound.
Is dark silicon useful?: harnessing the four horsemen of the coming dark silicon apocalypse

Due to the breakdown of Dennardian scaling, the percentage of a silicon chip that can switch at full frequency is dropping exponentially with each process generation. This utilization wall forces designers to ensure that, at any point in time, large fractions of their chips are effectively dark or dim silicon, i.e., either idle or significantly underclocked. As exponentially larger fractions of a chip's transistors become dark, silicon area becomes an exponentially cheaper resource relative to power and energy consumption. This shift is driving a new class of architectural techniques that “spend” area to “buy” energy efficiency. All of these techniques seek to introduce new forms of heterogeneity into the computational stack. We envision that ultimately we will see widespread use of specialized architectures that leverage these techniques in order to attain orders-of-magnitude improvements in energy efficiency. However, many of these approaches also suffer from massive increases in complexity. As a result, we will need to look towards developing pervasively specialized architectures that insulate the hardware designer and the programmer from the underlying complexity of such systems. In this paper, I discuss four key approaches — the four horsemen — that have emerged as top contenders for thriving in the dark silicon age. Each class carries with its virtues deep-seated restrictions that requires a careful understanding of the underlying tradeoffs and benefits.
Automated electronic reminders to improve redosing of antibiotics during surgical cases: comparison of two approaches.

Abstract Background: Timely re-dosing of antibiotic for prolonged surgical cases is an important measure in reducing the risk of surgical site infections. For the anesthesia team, which generally administers the antibiotic re-doses, it is difficult to keep track of and remember the exact timing requirements. We explored the efficacy of two types of electronic reminders to aid the anesthesia team in performing timely antibiotic re-doses. Methods: The first electronic reminder was a timer-triggered “blinking button” feature in the Anesthesia Information Management System (AIMS). The second was generated with a real-time decision support system, the Smart Anesthesia Messenger (SAM). The AIMS reminder was applied for the first five months of the study, whereas the SAM reminder was applied for the second five months. A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the reminder messages in improving the antibiotic re-dose success rate. Results: In a total of 940 cases, the anesthesia team was...
ABSORPTIVITY OF SIF4 AT 1027 CM-1 FOR HIGH CONTINUOUS-WAVE LASER POWER

Silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are widely used as sensitizing agents in photochemical experiments in the infrared region of the spectrum. These experiments include chemical vapor deposition, powder formation (for a review see Ref. 1), and kinetics. The energy of the Si-F bond is 610 kJ mol-1, whereas that of the corresponding S-F bond is 300 kJ mol-1. Therefore, SiF4 is expected to be a more versatile sensitizing agent than SF6, since the relatively high Si-F bond energy allows for greater radiative energy input and higher effective reaction temperatures. The high effective temperatures attained with the use of SiF4 (or SF6) necessitate the study of the absorptivities of these materials, since that quantity is known to be temperature dependent. Unfortunately, although some experimental results have been reported for SF6, such data are not generally available for SiF4. Moreover, in the case of laser-excited experiments, there is the potential for photochemical bleaching. Again, such data have been obtained for SF6, but only a limited amount of information is available for SiF4. In this study, we report on the absorptivity as a function of sample pressure (temperature) and as a function the continuous-wave (cw) laser power for conditions typically employed in sensitized infrared-driven chemical processes. It may be readily observed from the presented data that the absorptivity decreases with increasing laser power and that a limiting temperature is reached for increasing sample pressure at a constant laser power.
The Energetic X-Ray Imaging Telescope Experiment (EXITE)

A new position-sensitive scintillation detector (NaI(Tl)), coded mask, and precision pointing system (? 1 arcmin) are being developed for balloon-borne imaging and spectral studies of cosmic x-ray sources in the 20-300 keV band. The scientific objectives of EXITE as well as the general design of the detector, telescope and balloon gondola systems are presented.
Pressure independence of the rotor speed-induced aggregation of DNA.

The rotor speed-dependent aggregation of T4 DNA in the analytical ultracentrifuge is studied in the presence of high pressure generated by compressed nitrogen gas in the cell. The extents of aggregation at various speeds are found to be practically the same in the presence and absence of pressure.
Corporate environmentalism: In search of vision, leadership, and strategy

managers are in transition between a regulatory-driven past and new environmental dynamics. The future will be driven by stakeholder demands for the responsible use of natural and human capital. Understanding this transition and its business implications requires an examination of how we got to the current state, a brutally honest evaluation of where we are today, and re-examination of how environmental departments can add value in the future. Seven essential steps will be necessary to successfully navigate this transition.
Hyperoxic inhibition of newborn rat lung development: protection by deferoxamine.

Abstract Prolonged exposure to hyperoxia markedly inhibits normal lung development (alveolarization and respiratory surface area expansion) in immature animals. Since (a) hyperoxia results in excess hydroxyl radical (OH⋅) formation, (b) (OH⋅) is implicated in O2-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA alterations, and (c) both OH ⋅ formation and its interaction with DNA are Fe++ dependent; chelation of Fe++ should act to protect against pulmonary O2 toxicity and hyperoxic inhibition of lung development. We therefore treated litters of newborn rats with the iron chelator Deferoxamine mesylate (DES) (150 mg/kg/day) during a 10-day exposure to >95% O2. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that compared to the mean airspace size in air control rat pups (Lm = 44.5 μm hyperoxic exposure resulted in a 34% larger mean air space diameter in O2-saline rat lungs (59.5 μm) versus only an 11% enlargement in O2-DES lungs (51.1 μ∗). Lung internal surface area (cm2) per 100-g body weight were air control = 4480, O 2 - saline = 3750 (↓ 20.3%), and O 2 -DES = 4125 ∗ (↓ 7.9%) ( ∗ p versus O 2 -saline group ) . DES-treated animals also had significantly decreased lung conjugated diene levels during hyperoxic exposure and increased lung elastin content (reflective of preserved lung alveolar formation) compared to O2-saline rats. These results indicate that DES treatment substantially ameliorated the inhibitory effects of neonatal hyperoxic exposure on normal lung development.
Effects of sex, age, weight, and heredity on blood pressure in baboons.

Using data on a population of 498 pedigreed baboons, the effects of several covariates, including sex, age, weight, and subspecies, on arterial blood pressures were studied. Females had significantly higher systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure than males. Both systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures increased significantly with increasing weight, and for diastolic pressure, the increase was significantly greater in females than in males. Systolic arterial blood pressure significantly decreased with increasing age and the decrease was larger in males. There were significant differences in arterial blood pressures that corresponded with degree of subspecies admixture. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Early neoplastic progression is complement independent.

Infiltration of leukocytes into premalignant tissue is a common feature of many epithelial neoplasms and is thought to contribute to cancer development. However, the molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms underlying activation of innate host responses to enhanced neoplastic cell proliferation are largely unknown. Considering the importance of the complement system in regulating inflammation during acute pathologic tissue remodeling, we examined the functional significance of complement component 3 (C3) as a regulator of inflammatory cell infiltration and activation during malignant progression by using a transgenic mouse model of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis, e.g., HPV16 mice. Whereas abundant deposition of C3 is a characteristic feature of premalignant hyperplasias and dysplasias coincident with leukocyte infiltration in neoplastic tissue, genetic elimination of C3 neither affects inflammatory cell recruitment toward neoplastic skin nor impacts responding pathways downstream of inflammatory cell activation, e.g., keratinocyte hyperproliferation or angiogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest that complementindependent pathways are critical for leukocyte recruitment into neoplastic tissue and leukocytemediated potentiation of tumorigenesis.
PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY'S RETURN

Kojin Karatani's Structure of World History seeks to rescue the philosophy of history and restore to it the relationship between philosophical reflection and historical practice. This connection is particularly pertinent in Karatani's case since he had earlier worked out the philosophical scaffolding of this monumental study in his book Transcritique: On Kant and Marx, which embarked on a “return to Capital once more to read the potential that has been overlooked.” By juxtaposing Marx to Kant and vice versa to discover the importance of exchange over production, he found what was to become the informing principle of his later philosophy of history. While Karatani's accounting of the structure of world history presumes to recount the passage of the world's history from nomadic societies to the present as a condition to rethink “social formations” from a perspective that recalls the form of a stagist philosophy of history attributed to Marx and Engels, he has abandoned its informing principle of the modes of production. Instead, he offers the perspective of modes of exchange, which means waiving any consideration concerning who owns the means of production: the putative “economic base” underlying superstructural representations like the state, religion, and culture upheld by a vulgate tradition of Marxian historical writing and discounted by bourgeois historiography as deterministic. The decision to shift to modes of exchange means rooting the primary mode of exchange taking place first in nomadic societies, rather than forms of production and archaic communal ownership of land. Although his revised scheme still accords priority to the economic, the putative division between base and superstructures still persists, even though the latter are still produced by the former, which is now the mode of exchange. Whereas Marx privileged commodity exchange as dominant, Karatani places greater emphasis on the earliest mode of exchange, which consists of the “pure gift,” associated with early nomadic social formations and reciprocity practices by clans, and seems to offer nomadic/clan communalism as a model that resembles Marx's own strategic linking of the surviving Russian commune and contemporary capitalism. The point to this project is to transcend the hegemonic trinity of capital, nation, and state and satisfy a desire to share with other globalists a vision that aims to overcome the defects of capitalism and the nation-state and the failure of a Marxian expectation that nation-states will simply wither away with the final surpassing of capitalism. To this end, Karatani's appeal to Kant offers to inject a moral element absent in the merely economic structure of history that will thus provide the promise of “world peace,” which ultimately requires an abolition of the nation-state as a condition for realizing a “simultaneous bourgeois revolution” that would finally overcome state and capital and establish a world federation.
Decentralized Reconfiguration for Power Systems Using Multi Agent System

In this paper, the authors propose a multiagent system based methodology for power system reconfiguration. In the multiagent system, each agent represents one major component in the power system, such as generators, breakers, and loads. Each agent only communicates with its immediate neighboring agents making the agent system work in a completely decentralized manner. The authors also setup a simulation platform for testing the proposed the reconfiguration methodology. In the simulation platform, the MAS is implemented in Java agent development framework and the power system is implemented in real time digital simulator. The simulation results show that the proposed reconfiguration approach is effective and promising.
A Model of Auction Contracts with Liquidated Damages

Abstract This paper develops an auction model in which the winning bidder has an opportunity to cancel the transaction and pay damages to the seller. In the event of a default on the auction contract, the winning bidder pays liquidated damages or loses a posted deposit. When renegotiation is possible, increasing the deposit has no effect on the seller′s payoff unless the seller has some bargaining power and exogenously receives some information about the winning bidder. Under these conditions the seller′s payoff is decreasing in the level of the deposit. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: D44.
ONTOGENETIC CHANGES IN BUOYANCY, BREAKING STRENGTH, EXTENSIBILITY, AND REPRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT IN A DRIFTING MACROALGA TURBINARIA ORNATA (PHAEOPHYTA)1

Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh is a tropical alga that disperses by detached, reproductively mature floating fronds. Material properties (breaking stress, breaking extension), buoyancy, and the proportion of reproductive tissue per frond were measured for juvenile, adult, and old fronds of T. ornata. Correlations between these factors indicate that as fronds age and become more reproductively mature, the tissue in their stipes (where they break) becomes weaker, more brittle, and the overall buoyancy of the frond increases. Measurement of drag force experienced by fronds from each ontogenetic stage allowed calculation of the environmental stress factor (ESF), which indicates the likelihood of detachment of a frond in the flow environment of its habitat. The ESF for fronds of each ontogenetic stage predicted that reproductively mature fronds (adult and old) break more readily than immature (juvenile) fronds. Increased proportions of reproductively mature fronds in floating rafts following storms compared with the proportion of mature fronds attached to the substratum support the ESF predictions. This combination of ontogenetic changes in material properties, buoyancy, and reproductive maturity in combination with the life history of T. ornata may contribute to the dispersal of this alga throughout French Polynesia.
Genetic Characterization of Fungi Isolated from the Environmental Swabs collected from a Compounding Center Known to Cause Multistate Meningitis Outbreak in United States Using ITS Sequencing

A multistate fungal meningitis outbreak started in September of 2012 which spread in 20 states of the United States. The outbreak has been fatal so far, and has affected 751 individuals with 64 deaths among those who received contaminated spinal injections manufactured by a Compounding Center located in Massachusetts. In a preliminary study, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigated the outbreak in collaboration with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), state and local health departments, and identified four fungal and several bacterial contaminations in the recalled unopened injection vials. This follow-up study was carried out to assess DNA sequencing of the ITS1 region of rRNA gene for rapid identification of fungal pathogens during public health outbreak investigations. A total of 26 environmental swabs were collected from several locations at the manufacturing premises of the Compounding Center known to have caused the outbreak. The swab samples were initially examined by conventional microbiologic protocols and a wide range of fungal species were recovered. Species-identification of these microorganisms was accomplished by nucleotide sequencing of ITS1 region of rRNA gene. Analysis of data confirmed 14 additional fungal species in the swabs analyzed.
Studies of chromatin from normal and crown gall tumor tissue cultures of tobacco

The Tm, the DNA: histone: residual protein ratios, RNA-polymerase activity and template activity of chromatin from normal and bacteria-free crown gall tumor tissue cultures of tobacco (cv. Wisconsin 38) were very similar. Template activity of unsheared chromatin, which was about one-tenth that of DNA, was nearly doubled on shearing. In comparison with normal tissue, the tumor tissue was much lower in soluble and chromatin-associated RNase, DNase and protease activity. The amounts of lysine-rich (FI), moderately lysinerich (FII) and arginine-rich (FIII) histone fractions, respectively, were 92, 5·3 and 2·8% for the normal tissue, and 87, 10·2 and 2·9% for the tumor tissue. No significant differences between normal and tumor tissue were noted in the amino acid composition of the histone or non-histone protein fractions. It is suggested that cellular transformation by crown gall bacteria may not involve derepression of the host genome. The integration of the bacterial genome into the host genome (demonstrated elsewhere) could confer on the host cell the ability to produce auxin, cytokinin and other limiting factors, and thus transform it into a tumor cell.
Effect Of Environmental Conditions Upon Tyrosinase Activity In Glomerella Cingulata

PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS with Glomerella cingulata have established that tyrosinase activity first appears in plate culture about 120 hr. after inoculation and that its formation is probably adaptive in nature (Sussman and Markert, 1953). On the other hand, cytochrome oxidase activity is present at all times in the organism and in roughly equivalent quantities. In an earlier investigation (Markert, 1950) it was noted that the amount of tyrosinase in the mycelium of Glomerella varies with the conditions of nutrition, aeration, and temperature under which the mycelium is grown. More recently, other workers have called attention to the importance of temperature (Horowitz and Shen, 1952) in the formation of tyrosinase in Neurospora, and in the formation of other fungous enzymes (Fries, 1953). The following experiments were designed, therefore, to explore the effects of these factors and others upon tyrosinase formation in Glomerella. METHODS.-The organism used in these experiments was the standard type (A1B13) of Glomerella cingulata which is a conidiating double mutant from the wild type. Surface cultures were grown from mass conidial inoculum, usually on 30 ml. of agar medium in Petri dishes, and incubated at 200C. until harvested. Where divergence from these techniques occurred, mention will be made before the results are presented. The "complete" Neurosporac medium (Ryan, 1950) was used, except where otherwise noted. Mycelia were harvested and handled as described by Sussman and Markert (1953). Enzyme extracts were made by grinding the weighed mycelial mats in 1/15 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 with a glass homogenizer. The "brei" was centrifuged at 100 X g for 15 min. after which the supernatant fluid was collected and used. Tyrosinase activity was determined colorimetrically by the method of Markert (1950) as modified (Sussman and Markert, 1953) to employ a Beckman spectrophotometer. In this investigation the model DU was used in place of the model B. The reaction mixture consisted of 1 ml. of 0.02 M DL-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), 0.1 ml. of the enzyme preparation, and 1.5 ml of 1/15 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.5. In certain instances, less enzyme was used because of the preparation's high activity; when this was done, enough buffer was added to bring the total volume to 3.0 ml. The substrate was added at zero time and readings were made at 480 mln at 10-sec. intervals. The change in
Bedside Imaging of Intracranial Hemorrhage in the Neonate Using Light: Comparison with Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Bedside Imaging of Intracranial Hemorrhage in the Neonate Using Light: Comparison with Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Expedient Environmentalism Opposition to Coal Surface Mining in Appalachia and the United Mine Workers of America, 1945-1975

Environmental historians have only just begun to incorporate the ideas and efforts of American workers and farmers into their narratives. According to the still-prevailing interpretation of environmental politics, conservationism was a movement of elite experts, and modern environmentalism a product of the post-World War II suburban middle class. Samuel P. Hays has argued that conservationism emerged at the turn of the century as the result of efforts by government officials and scientists to manage natural resources more efficiently. Environmentalism, on the other hand, developed in the years after World War II as a result of new interest in quality-of-life issues, expanding material affluence, increased leisure time, and rising levels of education, all of which brought new values into politics. These concerns and values were rooted in middle-class suburbia, and to the extent that others also demonstrated an environmental sensibility, the environmental concerns "worked their way from the middle levels of society outward."' A few scholars have initiated a revisionist critique of the narrative outlined by Hays as part of a larger effort to bring social divisions, conflict, and equity into the field of environmental history. They have revealed that farmers and workers formulated their own versions of conservationism and environmentalism, grounded in their experiences tilling fields and working in factories. Andrew Hurley, Robert Gottlieb, and Richard Judd argue that the movements of elites and the middle class had resonance and spread outward because farmers and working people were already thinking ecologically or in terms of aesthetics, and because they lived close to the land or endured urban pollution and workplace hazards. A few historians also have concentrated specifically on the environmentalism of organized labor and further broadened our understanding of the origins of environmentalism beyond the white, suburban middle class. Most importantly, their work has challenged the idea that an inherent conflict exists between the interests of unions and environmentalists. Scott Dewey, Rosemary Feurer, and Robert Gordon have dis
Selective inhibition of initial polyadenylation in isolated nuclei by low levels of cordycepin 5"-triphosphate.

Abstract The effect of cordycepin 5′-triphosphate on poly(A) synthesis was investigated in isolated rat hepatic nuclei. Nuclei were incubated in the absence and presence of exogenous primer in order to distinguish the chromatin-associated poly(A) polymerase from the “free” enzyme (Jacob, S.T., Roe, F.J. and Rose, K.M. (1976) Biochem. J. 153, 733–735). The chromatin-bound enzyme, which adds adenylate residues onto the endogenous RNA, was selectively inhibited at low concentrations of cordycepin 5′-triphosphate, 50% inhibition being achieved at 2 μg/ml. At least 80 times more inhibitor was required for 50% reduction in the “free” nuclear poly(A) polymerase activity. Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis also required higher concentrations of the nucleotide analogue. These data not only offer a mechanism for the selective inhibition of initial polyadenylation of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in vivo by cordycepin, but also provide a satisfactory explanation for the indiscriminate effect of the inhibitor on partially purified or “free” poly(A) and RNA polymerases.
An interactive approach to local remeshing around a propagating crack

Abstract When performing a finite element analysis of a discrete crack propagating through a structure, one must modify the element mesh to reflect the current configuration of the crack. This can be a tedious and time consuming task if the analyst must create a new finite element mesh at each crack step manually. It is much more desirable to have a computer automatically remesh the problem every time the crack is lengthened. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to produce an algorithm which will produce a satisfactory mesh for all structures for all crack configurations. An approach to overcoming this difficulty is to allow the computer to make its best try at remeshing the problem and then, through the use of computer graphics, show those results to the analyst. At this point, the analyst can accept the mesh created by the computer or he can, through the use of interactive graphics, indicate to the computer the parts of the mesh that are unsatisfactory and allow the computer to try again. This process can be repeated until a satisfactory mesh is created. This strategy was implemented in the FRANC (FRacture ANalysis Code) program and is described by means of an example problem in this paper.
Capability-Based Defenses Against DoS Attacks in Multi-path MANET Communications

We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of CapMan, a capability-based security mechanism that prevents denial-of-service (DoS) attacks against mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). In particular, our approach is designed to mitigate insider attacks that exploit multi-path routing to flood with packets on other participating nodes in the network. CapMan is instantiated on every node and enforces capability limits that effectively regulate the traffic for all end-to-end network flows. Each capability is issued and advertised by the capability distribution module, and is globally maintained via the capability enforcement logic. By periodically exchanging small usage summaries, all cooperating nodes are informed of the global network state in a scalable and consistent manner. The distribution of summaries empowers individual nodes to make informed decisions and regulate traffic as dictated by the per-flow capabilities across multiple dynamic routing paths. We implemented a prototype of CapMan as a module of the NS2 simulator. We conducted extensive simulations with the prototype using AOMDV as the underlying multi-path routing protocol. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results validate that our mechanism can effectively curtail sophisticated DoS attacks that target multi-path routing in MANETs. We can protect the overall network health even when both the initiator and the responder are malicious insiders and collude in an attempt to deprive the network of valuable resources. Finally, our results show that CapMan introduces relatively small and configurable network overhead and imposes minimal impact on non-attacking traffic flows.
Comparison of Integration Vs. Fixed-Time Methods For Kinetic Analyses

Abstract Results for an integration method of enzymatic analysis are directly compared to concurrently-achieved fixed-time rate data. Two to fiftyfold enhancement of signal-to-noise ratios are obtained for the integration method vs. the fixed-time method for theoretically-calculated response vs. time data. the signal-to-noise ratio improves substantially as the number of increments increases for estimating the integral of changes in product concentration over time. Also, advantages of the integration method are enchanced as enzyme activities increase and as instrument noise decreases.
Visceral skeleton and musculature of a Late Devonian shark

ABSTRACT Much of the visceral skeleton (jaws, hyoid arch, and branchial arches) and superficial orobranchial musculature is described from an unique three-dimensionally preserved cladoselachian from the Upper Devonian Chattanooga Shale of Tennessee. The mandibular joint lacks the complexity seen in modern chondrichthyans. The hyoid arch apparently helped support the mandibular Suspensorium, but may have had only a weak craniohyoidean attachment. Five branchial arches are present, each supporting elongate branchial rays that project beyond the primary hemibranch lamellae. Impressions of branchiomeric musculature conclusively demonstrate that there was no continuous gill opening between the jaws and hyoid arch; this cladoselachian is not aphetohyoidean.
AUTONOMIC ADJUSTMENTS TO SEVERE HYPOTENSION DURING FETAL AND POSTNATAL LIFE: ONTOGENY OF THE BEZOLD-JARISCH REFLEX. • 186

AUTONOMIC ADJUSTMENTS TO SEVERE HYPOTENSION DURING FETAL AND POSTNATAL LIFE: ONTOGENY OF THE BEZOLD-JARISCH REFLEX. • 186
Barriers to Considering Ethical and Societal Implications of Research: Perceptions of Life Scientists

Background: As part of an empirical study investigating how life scientists think about ethical and societal implications of their work, and about life science research in general, we sought to elucidate barriers that scientists might face in considering such implications. Methods: Between 2005 and 2007, we conducted a study consisting of phone interviews, focus groups, and a national survey of life scientists at biomedical research institutions. The study population included graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, faculty, clinical instructors, and research staff. We analyzed data through qualitative and quantitative methods. Results: In analyzing the data, we found that life scientists do, in fact, face barriers to considering ethical and societal implications of research. We categorized these barriers as falling into four broad domains: (1) lack of awareness of ethical and societal implications; (2) lack of relevance of such concerns to their specific research; (3) self-confidence in their ability to ...
Injury patterns, severity and outcomes among older adults who sustained brain injury following a same level fall: A retrospective analysis

Abstract Introduction The objectives of this study were to: identify the incidence and types of brain injuries; classify brain injury severity; identify additional injuries; and identify predictors of length of stay, mortality and trauma center admission. Methods This secondary analysis used the NY State Inpatient Databases Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Inclusion criteria were: age 65 years and older, admitted to a hospital following a same level fall, primary hospital discharge diagnosis of traumatic brain injury. Descriptive and regression analyses were performed. Results 3331 patient records were analyzed. Intracranial hemorrhage accounted for 70% of the brain injuries. Younger age, higher household income, insurance status, ethnicity, patient location, increasing number of chronic diseases and diagnoses predicted trauma center admission. Age, trauma center admission, comorbidities, and brain injury severity predicted mortality. Age, race, major surgery, and number of diagnoses predicted length of stay. Discussion Brain injuries are common sequelae from falls among older adults. Additional research is needed to understand sociodemographic factors that are associated with trauma center admission.
Recent Advances in the Measurement of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Mercury in Rice and Other Foods

Trace element analysis of foods is of increasing importance because of raised consumer awareness and the need to evaluate and establish regulatory guidelines for toxic trace metals and metalloids. This paper reviews recent advances in the analysis of trace elements in food, including challenges, state-of-the-art methods, and use of spatially resolved techniques for localizing the distribution of arsenic and mercury within rice grains. Total elemental analysis of foods is relatively well-established, but the push for ever lower detection limits requires that methods be robust from potential matrix interferences, which can be particularly severe for food. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the method of choice, allowing for multi-element and highly sensitive analyses. For arsenic, speciation analysis is necessary because the inorganic forms are more likely to be subject to regulatory limits. Chromatographic techniques coupled to ICP-MS are most often used for arsenic speciation, and a range of methods now exist for a variety of different arsenic species in different food matrices. Speciation and spatial analysis of foods, especially rice, can also be achieved with synchrotron techniques. Sensitive analytical techniques and methodological advances provide robust methods for the assessment of several metals in animal- and plant-based foods, particularly for arsenic, cadmium, and mercury in rice and arsenic speciation in foodstuffs.
An opto-electronic soil profile meter

Abstract An automatic, non-contact soil profile meter was developed to measure soil surface heights before and after artificial rainfall for erosion studies. The design objective was to measure the surface profile of the soil in a 1.5 m by 1.5 m bin with a vertical and horizontal error of less than ± 1.0 mm over a height measurement range of 100 mm. The profiler consisted of a laser and a digital camera for height measurements, a stepper motor with a plastic-coated steel chain and two supporting rods for horizontal displacement, and a microcomputer for control and data processing. The device was calibrated for horizontal movement and height measurement. The absolute height measurement error was ± 0.68 mm, the change in height measurement error was ± 0.2 mm, and the horizontal positioning error was ± 0.12 mm. The accuracy of the profiler was found to be 3 to 5 times greater than other profilers reported in the literature. The new profiler will enable erosion researchers to measure erosion on a much smaller scale than ever before and should greatly expand erosion research capabilities.
Nonprofit agency dependence on direct service and indirect support volunteers: An empirical investigation

Thirty agency directors or volunteer coordinators were interviewed regarding the human resource techniques they use to attract and retain two types of volunteers: direct service and indirect support. Agencies that depend on direct (point-of-service) volunteers are more likely to bring volunteers on board and use the performance feedback process to guide any needed improvements. Role playing and mentoring are particularly effective training techniques for these volunteers. Despite the critical function of point-of-service volunteers, more sophisticated recruitment and screening techniques were not used, contrary to expectations. Agencies that depend on indirect support volunteers use the recruitment process to screen out those who would not be successful volunteers and terminate them quickly for lack of confidentiality and reliability, particularly if they have had on-the-job training. Agencies hesitate to terminate direct service volunteers even for lack of ability and violations of policies and procedures. Finally, agencies used nonmonetary rewards with indirect support, but not direct service, volunteers. Implications of these findings and others are discussed.
Monocular 3D tracking of articulated human motion in silhouette and pose manifolds

This paper presents a robust computational framework for monocular 3D tracking of human movement. The main innovation of the proposed framework is to explore the underlying data structures of the body silhouette and pose spaces by constructing low-dimensional silhouettes and poses manifolds, establishing intermanifold mappings, and performing tracking in such manifolds using a particle filter. In addition, a novel vectorized silhouette descriptor is introduced to achieve low-dimensional, noise-resilient silhouette representation. The proposed articulated motion tracker is view-independent, self-initializing, and capable of maintaining multiple kinematic trajectories. By using the learned mapping from the silhouette manifold to the pose manifold, particle sampling is informed by the current image observation, resulting in improved sample efficiency. Decent tracking results have been obtained using synthetic and real videos.
Poisoning studies in a single pellet reactor

Abstract An experimental technique has been developed to differentiate between uniform poisoning and pore-mouth poisoning of porous catalysts for a first-order reaction. Data for the hydrogenolysis of cyclopropane on an alumina-supported platinum catalyst during poisoning indicated that the poisoning mechanism was between the two limiting cases.
Acoustic properties of pathologic reiterative utterances: a case study of palilalia.

Acoustic analyses of the reiterative utterances of one subject demonstrate a high degree of similarity among the members of a repetition train. The acoustic data did not confirm for this patient th...
An analysis of eight classes of somatic and gonadal mutation at the dumpy locus in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract ICR-100, a monofunctional quinacrine mustard, produces visible dumpy and sex-linked lethal mutations in large numbers. In both cases the mutational event may give rise to complete (whole-body) and mosaic (fractional) mutant individuals. Mosaic mutants predominate from sperm sampled up to nine days after injection of the agent, while complete mutants become more frequent in later samplings. Only about 25% of the mosaic and complete mutations from early (post-meiotic) broods are gonadal mutants, whereas most late (pre-meiotic) brood complete mutants are also gonadal complete mutants. Early brood gonadal mutants may transmit as gonadal mosaics or as gonadal completes. There also exists in fair abundance a class of “cryptic” mutants which are phenotypically non-mutant yet they transmit as gonadal mosaic or gonadal complete mutants. The existence of a second class of cryptic mosaics which are not gonadal mutants is also postulated. An F 1 specific visible test is capable of detecting phenotypic complete and (non-cryptic) mosaic mutants only. Mating the mutant and non-mutant F 1 flies also allows the detection of gonadal complete and mosaic mutants. An F 2 sex-linked lethal test detects only F 1 gonadal complete mutations, and an F 3 sex-linked lethal test detects F 1 gonadal mosaic mutations only. No somatic non-gonadal mutations are detected in a sex-linked lethal test. Such non-gonadal mutations form the majority of visible mutations produced by this agent. Neither type of test is capable of detecting all induced mutations in Drosophila sperm when the agent produces a significant number of non-complete mutations. A method, proposed by Carlson , of comparing different categories of visible and sex-linked lethal mutations is given. This method permits the prediction of the F 2 /F 3 sex-linked lethal frequency and F 1 gonadal complete lethal/F 1 gonadal mosaic lethal ratios from the visible data. Data from the experiments reported here are in agreement with these predictions.
Polymorphic unification and ML typing

We study the complexity of type inference for a core fragment of ML with lambda abstraction, function application, and the polymorphic let declaration. Our primary technical tool is the unification problem for a class of “polymorphic” type expressions. This form of unification, which we call polymorphic unification, allows us to separate a combinatorial aspect of type inference from the syntax of ML programs. After observing that ML typing is in DEXPTIME, we show that polymorphic unification is PSPACE hard. From this, we prove that recognizing the typable core ML programs is also PSPACE hard. Our lower bound stands in contrast to the common belief that typing ML programs is “efficient,” and to practical experience which suggests that the algorithms commonly used for this task do not slow compilation substantially.
Paramagnetic Ion-Doped Nanocrystal as a Voltage-Controlled Spin Filter

A theory of spin injection from a ferromagnetic source into a semiconductor through a paramagnetic ion-doped nanocrystal is developed. Spin-polarized current from the source polarizes the ion; the polarized ion, in turn, controls the spin polarization of the current flowing through the nanocrystal. Depending on voltage, the ion can either enhance the injection coefficient by several times or suppress it. Large ion spins produce stronger enhancement of spin injection.
Natural Variation at sympathy for the ligule Controls Penetrance of the Semidominant Liguleless narrow-R Mutation in Zea mays

Leaf architecture determines plant structural integrity, light harvesting, and economic considerations such as plant density. Ligules, junctions at the leaf sheath and blade in grasses, protect stalks from environmental stresses and, in conjunction with auricles, controls leaf angle. Previous studies in mutants have recessive liguleless mutants (lg1 and lg2) and dominant mutations in knotted1-like homeobox genes (Lg3-O, Lg4, and Kn1) involved in ligule development. Recently, a new semidominant liguleless mutant, Liguleless narrow (Lgn-R), has been characterized in maize that affects ligule and auricle development and results in a narrow leaf phenotype. We show that quantitative genetic variation affects penetrance of Lgn-R. To examine the genetic architecture underlying Lgn-R expressivity, crosses between Lgn-R/+ mutants in a B73 background and intermated B73 x Mo17 recombinant inbred lines were evaluated in multiple years and locations. A single main-effect quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 1 (sympathy for the ligule; sol) was discovered with a Mo17-contributed allele that suppressed Lgn-R mutant phenotypes. This QTL has a genetic-interaction with a locus on chromosome 7 (lucifer; lcf) for which the B73-contributed allele increases the ability of the solMo17 allele to suppress Lgn-R. Neither of the genetic intervals likely to contain sol or lcf overlap with any current liguleless genes nor with previously identified genome-wide association QTL connected to leaf architecture. Analysis of phenotypes across environments further identified a genotype by enviroment interaction determining the strength of the sol x lcf interaction.
On the relationship between directional and omnibus statistical tests

. A common statistical problem involves the testing of a K-dimensional parameter vector. In both parametric and semiparametric settings, two types of directional tests – linear combination and constrained tests – are frequently used instead of omnibus tests in hopes of achieving greater power for specific alternatives. In this paper, we consider the relationship between these directional tests, as well as their relationship to omnibus tests. Every constrained directional test is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to a specific linear combination test under a sequence of contiguous alternatives and vice versa. Even when the direction of the alternative is known, the constrained test in general will not be optimal unless the objective function used to derive it is efficient. For an arbitrary alternative, insight into the power characteristics of directional tests in comparison to omnibus tests can be gained by a chi-square partition of the omnibus test.
Playing Aggression: the social construction of the 'sassy girl' in a peer culture play routine

The ethnographic analysis presented here examines a play routine that centered on two four-year-old female children constructing and being ‘sassy girls’. Data was gathered over the course of six mo...
Inequalities in the individual reproductive success of parasites

Two simple methods of measuring the levels of inequality in reproductive success of different individuals in parasite populations are presented. These techniques are then applied to a number of sets of data for cestodes and acanthocephalans. The analysis suggests that both population density and host nutrition are important in determining the observed degree of inequality in reproductive success and body size. Cestodes, with a more flexible growth form, are shown to exhibit higher levels of inequality than acanthocephalans. The discussion outlines the evolutionary importance of considering variation in the reproductive success of different individuals.