cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Vignette Simulation of Assault on Nurses by Patients

Purpose: To determine the degree to which causal attribution (“blame”) scores obtained from written vignettes of assault incidents, simulations of reality, reflect results that would be obtained from victims of actual assaults. Design: Correlational study. Data were collected, 1990–1993, from a convenience sample of 59 RNs who had been assaulted verbally or physically at one neuropsychiatric hospital in the United States. Methods: Victims used the Causal Attribution Scale to assign blame for their assault. Three judges then used the same scale to attribute cause for the assault based on a written description of the assault by the victim. Findings: No significant differences in mean causal attribution levels were found between victims and the average ratings for the three judges for mild or severe assaults, nor between victims, judges, and the response levels obtained in two previous vignette studies. Conclusions: Mean causal attribution (“blame”) scores observed in simulations that are carefully constructed assault vignettes are nearly the same as those observed in actual assaults. Vignettes appear promising as a simulation to study actual or hypothetical responses to assault.
Complex mission optimization for Multiple-UAVs using Linear Temporal Logic

This paper discusses a class of mission planning problems in which mission objectives and relative timing constraints are specified using the linear temporal logic language LTL-x. Among all mission plans that satisfy the LTL-x specifications, it is desired to find those minimizing a given cost functional. We show that such an optimization problem can be formulated as a mixed-integer linear program, and present an algorithm for this purpose. This algorithm mainly relies on a novel systematic procedure which converts a given LTL-x formula into a set of mixed-integer linear constraints. The approach presented here can be used for multiple-UAV mission planning purposes, allowing the operator to specify complex mission objectives in LTL-x in a very natural manner; the proposed algorithm constructs the optimal mission plan satisfying the given LTL-x specification. Examples for practical problem sizes are presented and discussed in the paper.
Factors of bone resorption of the residual ridge

Abstract 1. 1. Resorption of bone is a normal process. Its balance to bone apposition may be either physiologic or pathologic and is dependent upon multiple factors. 2. 2. Treatment of rapid (pathologic) resorption is difficult because the multiple factors are interrelated and it is impossible to evaluate clinically or roentgenographically the precise part played by each. 3. 3. A normal bone picture requires that all known body fluids and elements, both intrinsic and extrinsic, are in proper harmony and composition. 4. 4. When bone loss is rapid and abnormal in the residual ridges, evidence of general skeletal osteoporosis is also present. This acquits the denture base from being the sole cause in abnormal resorption. 5. 5. Disuse atrophy occurs in the edentulous mouth whether or not a denture is worn. 6. 6. Pressure of a denture base on the bone of the residual ridge is a violation to the natural way that bone receives pressure because it is transmitted through vascular tissue. If the pressure does not alter the blood supply to the embarrassment of the bone or cause inflammation of the mucoperiosteum so that it becomes a causative factor of resorption by creating capillary pressure, the denture base could provide stimuli for reduced resorption. 7. 7. Stress, regardless of its cause, always produces an alarm reaction which increases the rate of bone resorption. 8. 8. Dysfunction of the endocrine glands causes an obscure but drastic effect on the rate of bone replacement, the organic matrix, and the rate of bone resorption. Hormonal or plurihormonal administration offers great possibility for control of resorption. 9. 9. Many people are deficient in nutritional requirements necessary for the normal metabolism of bone. Vitamins, minerals, and proteins demands have potential beneficial effects when properly oriented in the diet. A panvitamin program has prophylactic value. Adequate mineral intake must be assured for a normal bone picture. Protein is the most important nutritional factor in its effect on bone. An edentulous condition necessitates the protection of a high protein-low carbohydrate diet. 10. 10. The factors influencing bone resorption in young adults are primarily those of traumatic and inflammatory nature, with pressure, tension, stress, and nutrition playing the dominant part. Control of resorption for this age group can be managed effectively by sound prosthetic procedures and adequate dietary measures. 11. 11. As the edentulous patient ages, the geriatric problems of lower protein metabolism, lower resistance to stress, alimentary failure, and endocrine complications come into the picture and management becomes more complex.
A Sequential Vehicle Classifier for Infrared Video using Multinomial Pattern Matching

Vehicle classification is a challenging problem, since vehicles can take on many different appearances and sizes due to their form and function, and the viewing conditions. The low resolution of uncooled-infrared video and the large variability of naturally occurring environmental conditions can make this an even more difficult problem. We develop a multilook fusion approach for improving the performance of a single look system. Our single look approach is based on extracting a signature consisting of a histogram of gradient orientations from a set of regions covering the moving object. We use the multinomial pattern matching algorithm to match the signature to a database of learned signatures. To combine the match scores of multiple signatures from a single tracked object, we use the sequential probability ratio test. Using real infrared data we show excellent classification performance, with low expected error rates, when using at least 25 looks.
A Computer-Aided Method to Expedite the Evaluation of Prognosis for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

This study presented a fully-automated computer-aided method (scheme) to detect metaphase chromosomes depicted on microscopic digital images, count the total number of chromosomes in each metaphase cell, compute the DNA index, and correlate the results to the prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The computer scheme first uses image filtering, threshold, and labeling algorithms to segment and count the number of the suspicious "chromosome," and then computes a feature vector for each "detected chromosome." Based on these features, a knowledge-based classifier is used to eliminate those "non-chromosome" objects (i.e., inter-phase cells, stain debris, and other kinds of background noises). Due to the possible overlap of the chromosomes, a classification criterion was used to identify the overlapped chromosomes and adjust the initially counted number of the total chromosomes in each image. In this preliminary study with 60 testing images (depicting metaphase chromosome cells) acquired from three pediatric patients, the computer scheme generated results matched with the diagnostic results provided by the clinical cytogeneticists. The results demonstrated the feasibility or potential of using a computerized method to replace the tedious and the reader-dependent diagnostic methods commonly used in genetic laboratories to date.
Enhanced production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from beechwood xylan by recombinant Escherichia coli

Microbial conversion of plant biomass to value- added products is an attractive option to address the impacts of petroleum dependency. In this study, a bacterial system was developed that can hydrolyze xylan and utilize xylan-derived xylose for growth and production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). A β-xylosidase and an endoxylanase were engineered into a P(LA-co-3HB)-producing Escherichia coli straintoobtainaxylanolyticstrain.AlthoughPHAproduction yields using xylan as sole carbon source were minimal, when the xylan-based media was supplemented with a single sugar (xylose or arabinose) to permit the accumulation of xylan- derived xylose in the media, PHA production yields increased up to 18-fold when compared to xylan-based production, and increased by 37 % when compared to production from single sugar sources alone. 1 H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis shows higher accumulation of xylan-derived xylose in the media when xylan was supplemented with arabinose to prevent xylose uptake by catabolite repression. 1 H-NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calo- rimetry analyses corroborate that the polymers maintain phys- ical properties regardless of the carbon source. This study demonstrates that accumulation of biomass-derived sugars in the media prior to their uptake by microbes is an important aspect to enhance PHA production when using plant biomass as feedstock.
Effect of a change in gender on coronary arterial size: a longitudinal intravascular ultrasound study in transplanted hearts.

AbstractObjectives: We sought to document whether a physiologic change in gender has any effect on coronary arterial size.Background: The coronary arteries are smaller in women, even after correcti...
Fish and Water Quality in the Forested Wetlands Adjacent to an Oxbow Lake

Forested wetlands represent some of the most distinct environments in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Depending on season, water in forested wetlands can be warm, stagnant, and oxygen-depleted, yet may support high fish diversity. Fish assemblages in forested wetlands are not well studied because of difficulties in sampling heavily structured environments. During the April–July period, we surveyed and compared the water quality and assemblages of small fish in a margin wetland (forested fringe along a lake shore), contiguous wetland (forested wetland adjacent to a lake), and the open water of an oxbow lake. Dissolved-oxygen levels measured hourly 0.5 m below the surface were higher in the open water than in either of the forested wetlands. Despite reduced water quality, fish-species richness and catch rates estimated with light traps were greater in the forested wetlands than in the open water. The forested wetlands supported large numbers of fish and unique fish assemblages that included some rare species, likely because of their structural complexity. Programs developed to refine agricultural practices, preserve riparian zones, and restore lakes should include guidance to protect and reestablish forested wetlands.
Influencing Busy People in a Social Network

We identify influential early adopters in a social network, where individuals are resource constrained, to maximize the spread of multiple, costly behaviors. A solution to this problem is especially important for viral marketing. The problem of maximizing influence in a social network is challenging since it is computationally intractable. We make three contributions. First, we propose a new model of collective behavior that incorporates individual intent, knowledge of neighbors actions and resource constraints. Second, we show that the multiple behavior influence maximization is NP-hard. Furthermore, we show that the problem is submodular, implying the existence of a greedy solution that approximates the optimal solution to within a constant. However, since the greedy algorithm is expensive for large networks, we propose efficient heuristics to identify the influential individuals, including heuristics to assign behaviors to the different early adopters. We test our approach on synthetic and real-world topologies with excellent results. We evaluate the effectiveness under three metrics: unique number of participants, total number of active behaviors and network resource utilization. Our heuristics produce 15-51% increase in expected resource utilization over the naive approach.
‘Qualities’ of Scale: Hospital Volume and Patient Safety

This study estimates the effect of hospital size on the quality of care, measured by the rate of potentially preventable adverse events. The results indicate that there may be scale improvements in patient safety, or “qualities” of scale, in non-urban hospitals. These effects, though, are quite modest, with estimates suggesting that hospital capacity would have to double to achieve approximately 5 percent reduction in rates of adverse events.
Academic Recovery and Client Perceptions of Group Counselors

This study examined the relationship between group counselor effectiveness (i.e., GPA change) and client perceptions of counselors, using semantic differential ratings. 67 probationary university students participarted in the short-term group counseling program. While this group approach was effective, the counselors were differentially effective. Differences in counselor effectiveness were significantly related to the client-perceived counselor qualities of optimism and responsibility. Results suggested that client perceptions may be useful indicators of a counselor's ability to create conditions necessary for change by clients.
14 AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF HEPARIN AND PROTAMINE SULFATE ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN FACTOR XIa AND ANTITHROMBIN III.

It has been known that factor XIa (XIa) can react covalently with antithrombin III (ATIII) to form two complexes with ratios of 2ATIII:1XIa and 1ATIII:1XIa. In the hands of these investigators, the M.W.s, as measured by SDS-PAGE, were 265 kDa and 225 kDa, respectively. In this investigation it has been observed that the addition of 1 μg or 5 μg heparin (H) to 3.1 × 10-5 (mol ATIII for 5 minutes prior to the addition of 1.125 μ 10-5 μmol XIa for a 30-minute incubation led to an increase in the 265 kDa band of 113% and 223%, respectively. These results were statistically significant ( p
Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary neoplasms in AIDS.

SUMMARY There is an increased frequency of Kaposi’s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas in patients with AIDS. These “opportunistic malignancies” establish the diagnosis of AIDS in an HIV-positive patient and are associated with a high likelihood of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary involvement. Kaposi’s sarcoma is a multicentric cutaneous spindle-cell tumor that is associated with luminal lesions in at least 40 per cent of patients. Gastrointestinal KS is usually asymptomatic but may rarely bleed or obstruct. Treatment of KS with either radiation or chemotherapy can reduce tumor bulk, without affecting survival. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas in AIDS are B-cell neoplasms composed of either noncleaved or blast cells, similar to those seen in Burkitt’s lymphoma. The tumors are usually highly aggressive and present in extranodal sites in the majority of cases. Primary or secondary gastrointestinal involvement is frequent, with hepatic and rectal tumors being particularly common. Unlike KS, gastrointestinal lymphomas are usually symptomatic. Obstruction, perforation, and bleeding can occur in patients with luminal involvement. Jaundice due to hepatic infiltration or biliary obstruction may be seen. Treatment with chemotherapy is usually indicated because of the rapid progression of the tumor, although no prolongation of survival has been demonstrated. There may also be an increased incidence of Hodgkin’s disease and anorectal neoplasia in patients with AIDS; however, these malignancies do not establish the diagnosis of AIDS in an HIV-positive patient.
Detection and Characterization of Large-Scale Protein Conformational Transitions in Solution Using Charge-State Distribution Analysis in ESI-MS

Ion charge-state distribution analysis in electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a robust and fast technique for direct detection and characterization of coexisting protein conformations in solution. Compact folded proteins give rise to ESI-generated ions carrying a relatively small number of charges, whereas less compact conformers accommodate upon ESI a larger number of charges depending on the extent of their unfolding. A chemometric approach [1] based upon factor analysis is applied to determine contributions from individual conformers to the overall CSD. Here we present basic guidelines for the use of this MS-based technique: from the preparation of suitable solutions for ESI-MS to the acquisition of reliable MS data and their subsequent analysis.
Skeletal Development: Mechanical Consequences of Growth, Aging, and Disease

Publisher Summary Mechanics of the osteoporotic skeleton can best be understood when one appreciates the role of mechanics in skeletal development. The mechanical integrity of the skeleton at any age is considered to be a reflection of intrinsic genetic factors and the entire prior life history of mechanical and chemical epigenetic events. These events include numerous factors that are related to hormones, diet, and physical activity. Biomechanical changes in osteoporosis can then be directly linked to the physicochemical events that precede the disease and continue to affect the skeleton during the progression and treatment of the disease. This chapter presents a theory for bone adaptation in which biologic factors play an important role only in the initial phases of skeletal development and their influence diminishes over time. Mechanobiologic influences, however, remain a fundamental influence on bone apposition and resorption throughout life. This chapter describes the intensity of bone tissue mechanical loading in terms of a daily stress stimulus that takes into account both the magnitude and the number of cycles of loading applied during daily activities. Development and subsequent growth involve the coordinated change of shape, size, and material of bone. The conceptual approach presented in this chapter directly relates the in vivo mechanical loading environment to these changes during the development, growth, and adaptation of the skeleton. Using mathematical implementations on computers, one can model the various skeletal elements that are influenced by mechanics to simulate bone appositional and endochondral growth. This chapter shows how mechanics guides modeling changes in the long bone diaphysis during growth and development. Thereafter, a parallel development is demonstrated for the density and morphology changes in trabecular bone sites. The same fundamental relationships are used in both cases. Osteoporotic changes caused by alterations in bone loading are also simulated with the same models used for development.
Dietary Factors Reduce Risk of Acute Pancreatitis in a Large Multiethnic Cohort

Background & Aims Pancreatitis is a source of substantial morbidity and health cost in the United States. Little is known about how diet might contribute to its pathogenesis. To characterize dietary factors that are associated with risk of pancreatitis by disease subtype, we conducted a prospective analysis of 145,886 African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and whites in the Multiethnic Cohort. Methods In the Multiethnic Cohort (age at baseline, 45–75 y), we identified cases of pancreatitis using hospitalization claim files from 1993 through 2012. Patients were categorized as having gallstone-related acute pancreatitis (AP) (n = 1210), AP not related to gallstones (n = 1222), or recurrent AP or suspected chronic pancreatitis (n = 378). Diet information was obtained from a questionnaire administered when the study began. Associations were estimated by hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for confounders. Results Dietary intakes of saturated fat ( P trend = .0011) and cholesterol ( P trend = .0008) and their food sources, including red meat ( P trend P trend = .0052), were associated positively with gallstone-related AP. Fiber intake, however, was associated inversely with gallstone-related AP ( P trend = .0005) and AP not related to gallstones ( P trend = .0035). Vitamin D, mainly from milk, was associated inversely with gallstone-related AP ( P trend = .0015), whereas coffee consumption protected against AP not related to gallstones ( P trend Conclusions Associations between dietary factors and pancreatitis were observed mainly for gallstone-related AP. Interestingly, dietary fiber protected against AP related and unrelated to gallstones. Coffee drinking protected against AP not associated with gallstones. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
Thermal Transport Properties of Black Phosphorus: A Topical Review

ABSTRACTBlack phosphorus (BP) is a layered direct bandgap semiconductor. Few-layer BP, an emergent and promising two-dimensional semiconductor, has attracted increasing interest for novel electronic, photonic, and energy conversion applications due to its unique tunable direct bandgap and anisotropic in-plane transport properties. Understanding the thermal transport properties is critical for thermal management of electronics and thermoelectric applications. In this review, we cover the thermal transport properties of single-layer, few-layer, and bulk BP from most recent theoretical and experimental work, with a particular focus on the anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity.
Label the limits of forensic science.

This week marks a chance to curb the misuse of crime-scene evidence in US courts and spare innocent people from going to jail, says Robin Mejia.
Understanding Student Purpose Types and Student Perceptions of the Influences Shaping Them

AbstractThe authors undertook a qualitative study involving a national sample of 75 college students to discover what factors influenced their purpose development. They found that students generally fit into four different purpose types: the Purposeless, the Self-Achievers, the Relationalists, and the Transcendents. Moreover, these different purpose types were motivated toward deeper purpose development by different influences, interactions with mentors, and ideological beliefs. These findings may prove helpful for student life professionals and faculty alike who are creating a common language to discuss purpose across their campuses.
Attention Problems as a Predictor of Type 1 Diabetes Adherence and Metabolic Control Across Adolescence.

Objective Management of type 1 diabetes is a difficult self-regulatory process requiring continued attention to complex regimen tasks. The purpose of this study was to examine whether youths' attention problems were associated with poorer adherence and HbA1c across time, and whether higher parental involvement reduced these associations. Methods Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (N = 199, M age = 12.43 years, SD = 1.50) and their mothers rated youths' attention problems and adherence at three time points. Adolescents rated parents' diabetes-specific monitoring and behavioral involvement. HbA1c was collected from medical records. Results Adolescents' (but not mothers') greater reports of attention problems compared with their average related to lower adherence across time. Adolescents' (but not mothers') reports of greater attention problems compared with their average related to lower adherence across time. Conclusions Youth attention problems may help us understand poor adherence, and interventions to promote parental involvement may buffer this risk.
Reflections on the Drama of Shame and Guilt

Shame and guilt are carried by people as inner feelings and play out as regulators of conduct. In ancient accounts of the origins of our civilization, shame and guilt are conspicuous—the Bible begins and ends with tales woven around them. Four familiar plays are used to illustrate the operation of shame and guilt in theatrical dramas. The objective is to illustrate how shame and guilt figure in our common stories, how they differ from each other and yet sometimes merge, and how they operate both positively and negatively in our daily lives—bringing us great anguish as well as balancing our lives. An examination of shame and guilt reveals both their danger and necessity.
Biennial budgeting debates in congress: 1977-2000

Biennial budgeting and appropriations cycles have been a popular idea among many members of Congress for the past twenty years. Despite widespread bipartisan support for biennial budgeting in the 1980s, the first House vote on the subject, in 2000, resulted in a narrow defeat for biennial budgeting. This article analyzes the merits of biennial budgeting and the reasons for its defeat, arguing that during the 1990s biennial budgeting lost its sense of urgency because of the erasure of the federal deficit and became a more partisan issue than it previously had been.
Reply to Brenker et al.: The plant triterpenoid pristimerin inhibits calcium influx into human spermatozoa via CatSper.

In the letter by Brenker et al. (1), the authors assessed actions of various steroids toward the human calcium channel of sperm (CatSper). The experiments, carried out with calcium imaging, are minimally supplemented by electrophysiology. The authors show that all tested steroids activate CatSper with different efficiencies. However, the plant triterpenoids pristimerin and lupeol fail to interfere with calcium influx. These data contradict our previously published results (2). CatSper is the principal calcium channel of spermatozoa that mediates calcium influx into the sperm tail. When studying CatSper with electrophysiology, inward currents (influx of positive ions into the cell) are of particular interest. However, outward currents (efflux of positive ions) are elicited only under nonphysiological potentials and are not necessarily CatSper-mediated. To study CatSper inward currents, a driving force must be generated experimentally that is chemical and/or … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: lishko{at}berkeley.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Effects of ceftriaxone on hydrocodone seeking behavior and glial glutamate transporters in P rats.

Abstract Hydrocodone (HYD) is one of the most widely prescribed opioid analgesic drugs. Several neurotransmitters are involved in opioids relapse. Among these neurotransmitters, glutamate is suggested to be involved in opioid dependence and relapse. Glutamate is regulated by several glutamate transporters, including glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and cystine/glutamate transporter (xCT). In this study, we investigated the effects of ceftriaxone (CEF) (200 mg/kg, i.p.), known to upregulate GLT-1 and xCT, on reinstatement to HYD (5 mg/kg, i.p.) using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Animals were divided into three groups: 1) saline-saline group (SAL-SAL); 2) HYD-SAL group; and 3) HYD-CEF group. The CPP was conducted as follows: habituation phase, conditioning phase with HYD (i.p.) injections every other day for four sessions, extinction phase with CEF (i.p.) injections every other day for four sessions, and reinstatement phase with one priming dose of HYD. Time spent in the HYD-paired chamber after conditioning training was increased as compared to pre-conditioning. There was an increase in time spent in the HYD-paired chamber with one priming dose of HYD in the reinstatement test. HYD exposure downregulated xCT expression in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus, but no effects were observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Importantly, CEF treatment attenuated the reinstatement effect of HYD and normalized xCT expression in the affected brain regions. These findings demonstrate that the attenuating effect of HYD reinstatement with CEF might be mediated through xCT.
Online Advertising: Creating a Relationship Between Businesses and Consumers

The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of creating a relationship between businesses and consumers. The paper addresses the advantages, issues, and current trends of online marketing. The findings reveal that some of the most common mediums to make connections with consumers are email, social media, and mobile advertising. In this article, the authors formulate the e-marketing strategies to build and maintain relationship with consumers in response to the current development of online marketing.
Outcomes of minimally invasive sleeve resection.

Background: Sleeve resection allows for preservation of lung parenchyma and improved long-term outcomes when compared with pneumonectomy. Little is known about minimally invasive sleeve resection, especially indications, feasibility, technical aspects, complications, and outcomes. We reviewed our institutional experience with sleeve resections via a minimally invasive approach. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database from 01/01/2010 to 11/01/2017. Indications, operative details, pathology, postoperative complications were reviewed and longer-term follow-up was reviewed. Results: Fifteen patients were identified (5 males, 10 females). Details are presented in Table 1. Patients ranged in age from 7 to 82 years (median, 57 years). Approaches included video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and robotic. Airway sleeve resection was performed in all patients with an additional arterioplasty in 4, one patient having a double sleeve. Length of stay ranged from 3 to 10 days (median, 5 days). Indication for surgery included carcinoid in 5 (1 atypical), NSCLC in 6, and 4 additional pathologies. Complications occurred in 6 patients: air leak [2], pericardial effusion [1], transient brachial plexopathy [1], and atrial fibrillation [2]. There were no anastomotic complications. Median follow-up was 4.2 years. There were no anastomotic strictures. Conclusions: In experienced centers, sleeve resection via a minimally invasive approach is feasible with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Results in this small series appear comparable with the open approach.
Far out: countercultural seekers and the tourist encounter in Nepal

Tourism is not something that just ‘happened’ to Nepal. Rather it has been the product of an ongoing ‘encounter’ between Westerners longing to discover and experience a place of ‘otherness’ untouch...
Improvements in red blood cell transfusion utilization following implementation of a single-unit default for electronic ordering.

BACKGROUND The prevention of excessive allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is an important component of patient blood management initiatives. In this investigation, changes in transfusion behaviors following modification of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) procedures for RBC transfusions to a single-unit default quantity were assessed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This is an observational cohort study of adults for whom nonemergency allogeneic RBC transfusions were ordered in the 2 years before and 2 years after the date of modification of the CPOE system to a single-unit default (June 18, 2015). Changes in the frequency of single- versus multiunit RBC transfusion orders and other transfusion metrics were compared between preintervention and postintervention cohorts. RESULTS A total of 52,773 unique transfusion orders for 61,989 RBC units were included, of which 60,045 (96.9%) were transfused. Single-unit orders increased annually, from 10,404 (74.1%) in the first year to 11,645 (88.6%) in the last year, while multiunit orders decreased by more than half (p < 0.0001). The number of RBC units transfused decreased by 13.9% from 32,528 in the preintervention cohort to 27,497 in the post intervention cohort (p < 0.0001) with an estimated reduction in transfusion-related expenditures of nearly $4 million. The percentage of transfusions associated with a posttransfusion hemoglobin of10 g/dL or greater decreased by 34.5% (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Modification of the CPOE process such that nonemergency RBC transfusion orders were defaulted to a single unit was associated with decreased rates of multiunit RBC transfusion orders, lower transfusion volumes, and substantial cost savings.
Translating concepts of systems medicine to the clinic

Abstract Diseases are often the consequence of multiple etiologies and develop as a result of the interaction of a range of pathways at the molecular and cellular level, and which respond to different drugs depending on targets. For each condition, multiple networks work simultaneously (systems medicine). This chapter focuses on the practical applications of systems medicine.
COMPARISON OF HEART, TIMI AND GRACE SCORES IN PREDICTING MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS WITHIN 120 DAYS IN PATIENTS PRESENTING TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT WITH CHEST PAIN IN A COMMUNITY HEALTH SYSTEM

Risk stratification of suspected acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting to the ED with chest pain (CP) remains one of the biggest challenges. Several scoring systems such as HEART, TIMI and GRACE scores have been used to help physicians estimate cardiac mortality risk. However, these
Patrick Henry Winston — Two Reflections

Former president of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Patrick Henry Winston, died July 19, 2019. In this article, former students Kenneth D. Forbus and Mark A. Finlayson provide personal reflections on Winston and the impact he had on their lives and careers.
A terminal α3-galactose modification regulates an E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit in Toxoplasma gondii

Skp1, a subunit of E3 Skp1/Cullin-1/F-box protein ubiquitin ligases, is modified by a prolyl hydroxylase that mediates O2 regulation of the social amoeba Dictyostelium and the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The full effect of hydroxylation requires modification of the hydroxyproline by a pentasaccharide that, in Dictyostelium, influences Skp1 structure to favor assembly of Skp1/F-box protein subcomplexes. In Toxoplasma, the presence of a contrasting penultimate sugar assembled by a different glycosyltransferase enables testing of the conformational control model. To define the final sugar and its linkage, here we identified the glycosyltransferase that completes the glycan and found that it is closely related to glycogenin, an enzyme that may prime glycogen synthesis in yeast and animals. However, the Toxoplasma enzyme catalyzes formation of a Galα1,3Glcα linkage rather than the Glcα1,4Glcα linkage formed by glycogenin. Kinetic and crystallographic experiments showed that the glycosyltransferase Gat1 is specific for Skp1 in Toxoplasma and also in another protist, the crop pathogen Pythium ultimum. The fifth sugar is important for glycan function as indicated by the slow-growth phenotype of gat1Δ parasites. Computational analyses indicated that, despite the sequence difference, the Toxoplasma glycan still assumes an ordered conformation that controls Skp1 structure and revealed the importance of nonpolar packing interactions of the fifth sugar. The substitution of glycosyltransferases in Toxoplasma and Pythium by an unrelated bifunctional enzyme that assembles a distinct but structurally compatible glycan in Dictyostelium is a remarkable case of convergent evolution, which emphasizes the importance of the terminal α-galactose and establishes the phylogenetic breadth of Skp1 glycoregulation.
Historical Archaeology of Migration in the American Southwest

This paper discusses the historical archaeology of migration in the American Southwest. I raise three points for consideration. First, the archaeology of migration in the Southwest following Spanis...
Analyzing road near departures as failure-caused events

Abstract Surrogate measures of safety attract revived interest thanks to the advancements in traffic observations techniques and the growing need for rapid safety evaluation. A new method of safety analysis based on failure-caused traffic conflicts and the Lomax distribution was recently proposed to estimate crash frequency more efficiently than with crash data. This paper has two objectives: (1) demonstrate the method applicability to near-departure data collected in a driving simulator, and (2) provide initial evidence of the method validity. Traffic failures and road users’ delayed responses to these failures is considered as the primary cause of both conflicts and crashes. Unlike early postulated exceedance distributions the proposed Lomax distribution of response delays was derived from the causal mechanism. From this perspective, the proposed method may use the entire range of the underlying distribution as long as the observed conflicts are failure-related. The fundamentals of the method are briefly explained with the emphasis on certain behavior of crash frequency estimates implied by the proposed theory. Then, an example application of the method to analyze the risk of road departures in a driving simulator is presented. The results are then inspected and the trend in the estimates derived from the theory is confirmed. This finding points to the method validity. Additional applications of the method are expected to further increase the confidence towards the method and to encourage its introduction to the safety engineering practice.
Bridge Infrastructure Asset Management System: Comparative Computational Machine Learning Approach for Evaluating and Predicting Deck Deterioration Conditions

AbstractBridge infrastructure asset management system is a prevailing approach toward having an effective and efficient procedure for monitoring bridges through their different development phases i...
Chirality-Induced Spin-Orbit Coupling, Spin Transport, and Natural Optical Activity in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) with chiral organic ligands exhibit highly spin-dependent transport and strong natural optical activity (NOA). Here we show that these remarkable features can be traced to a chirality-induced spin-orbit coupling (SOC), Hso = ατkzσz, which connects the carrier's spin (σz), its wave vector (kz), and the material's helicity (τ) along the screw direction with strength α controlled by the geometry of the organic ligands. This SOC leads to a macroscopic spin polarization in the presence of an electrical current and is responsible for the observed spin-selective transport. NOA originates from a coupling between the exciton's center-of-mass wave vector Kz and its circular polarization jzex, Hso' = α'τKzjzex, contributed jointly from the electron's and the hole's SOCs in an exciton. Our model provides a roadmap to achieve a strong and tunable chirality in HOIPs for novel applications utilizing carrier spin and photon polarization.
Individual Differences in fNIRS Measures of Cognitive Workload During a UAS Mission

Unmanned aerial system (UAS) sensor operators continue to experience increasing levels of workload due to progressively complex systems, yet few studies have effectively recreated realistic transitional workload conditions. Human operators experience a variety of challenges during execution of tasks (e.g., visibility changes, object prevalence, sustained alertness), often becoming disengaged and hindering performance. Many studies have examined group-wise changes but exploring subject-dependent changes is critical to improving operator training efficacy, through personalization and enhancing engagement. This study sought to examine individual differences in human operator’s task performance observed via behavioral and neurophysiological measures during various workload conditions. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a commonly used non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique to obtain neurophysiological measures for detecting changes in mental workload in real-world settings. This protocol captured data from 13 novice participants who completed complex realistic tasks implemented using a high-fidelity simulator, with varying workload conditions resulting from changes in time-of-day. Participants’ behavioral performance and prefrontal cortex activation indicated higher levels of training were necessary to avoid overloading or disengagement from the workload condition.
The future of piped water

While the past decades have seen substantial gains in access to safe drinking water around the world, the challenge over the next 50 years will be to maintain and expand these gains. Ageing infrast...
Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Device Physics

1. Brief history of carbon 2. Electrons in solids 3. Graphene bandstructure 4. Carbon nanotube bandstructure 5. Carbon nanotube and graphene equilibrium properties 6. Ideal quantum electronic properties 7. Carbon nanotube interconnects 8. Carbon nanotube field effect transistors 9. Carbon nanotube diodes and capacitors 10. Synthesis and placement of carbon nanotubes 11. Survey of major applications of carbon nanotubes.
Intentions in the Experience of Meaning

What do our assumptions about authorship matter for our experience of meaning? This book examines the debates in the humanities and social sciences over whether authorial intentions can, or should, constrain our interpretation of language and art. Scholars assume that understanding of linguistic and artistic meaning should not be constrained by beliefs about authors and their possible intentions in creating a human artifact. It is argued here that people are strongly disposed to infer intentionality when understanding oral speech, written texts, artworks, and many other human actions. Although ordinary people, and scholars, may infer meanings that diverge from, or extend beyond, what authors intend, our experience of human artifacts as meaningful is fundamentally tied to our assumptions of intentionality. This challenges the traditional ideas of intentions as existing solely in the minds of individuals, and formulates a new conceptual framework for examining if and when intentions influence the interpretation of meaning.
Reducing Community Exposure to Toxics: A Critical Component in Building Healthy and Sustainable Communities

Reducing the community’s exposure to environmental toxics is very critical to achieving success in building healthy and sustainable communities. Reduced exposure to environmental toxics is quite a challenge because of the complexity of life in our communities. The reality is that certain populations have historically suffered and continue to suffer disproportionate exposure to environmental toxics. Often these same populations suffer disproportionately from poor health outcomes from diseases in which there are disparities in the incidence of their occurrence. The problem is further complicated by the many social, economic and political factors operative in these impacted communities. It is most important that the voice of the community be heard in addressing these issues.
The Dormant Commerce Clause Doctrine and Constitutional Structure

Critics of the dormant Commerce Clause doctrine, which restrains states from discriminating against or otherwise impermissibly burdening interstate and foreign commerce, often invoke the Federalist No. 32 - in which Alexander Hamilton explained which powers in the Constitution were exclusive to the federal government, and which would be exercised concurrently with the states - as proof that the doctrine has no basis in either constitutional text or history. In this essay, Brannon P. Denning argues that these critics' reading of Federalist No. 32 is too narrow, and overlooks the structural arguments Hamilton suggests (though he does not detail) in favor of implied restraints on the exercise of state power. Moreover, Denning argues that these structural arguments were developed in two important cases that critics of the dormant Commerce Clause doctrine never discuss, McCulloch v. Maryland and Cooley v. Board of Wardens. The cases, and the broader reading of Hamilton's analysis, Denning concludes, provide a firm structural basis for the dormant Commerce Clause doctrine, one not dissimilar from the structural bases cited by the Supreme Court as the foundation for its recent decisions on sovereign immunity. It is ironic, Denning notes, that the Court's vocal proponents of that non-textual doctrine are among the dormant Commerce Clause doctrine's most strident critics.
Diverse patterns of ocean export productivity change across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary: New insights from biogenic barium

[1] One of the best-studied aspects of the K-Pg mass extinction is the decline and subsequent recovery of open ocean export productivity (e.g., the flux of organic matter from the surface to deep ocean). Some export proxies, including surface-to-deep water δ13C gradients and carbonate sedimentation rates, indicate a global decline in export productivity triggered by the extinction. In contrast, benthic foraminiferal and other geochemical productivity proxies suggest spatially and temporally heterogeneous K-Pg boundary effects. Here we address these conflicting export productivity patterns using new and compiled measurements of biogenic barium. Unlike a previous synthesis, we find that the boundary effect on export productivity and the timing of recovery varied considerably between different oceanic sites. The northeast and southwest Atlantic, Southern Ocean, and Indian Ocean records saw export production plummet and remain depressed for 350 thousand to 2 million years. Biogenic barium and other proxies in the central Pacific and some upwelling or neritic Atlantic sites indicate the opposite, with proxies recording either no change or increased export production in the early Paleocene. Our results suggest that widespread declines in surface-to-deep ocean δ13C do not record a global decrease in export productivity. Rather, independent proxies, including barium and other geochemical proxies, and benthic community structure, indicate that some regions were characterized by maintained or rapidly recovered organic flux from the surface ocean to the deep seafloor, while other regions had profound reductions in export productivity that persisted long into the Paleocene.
Trace proteins in cerebrospinal fluid and other biological fluids

Abstract Storage of concentrated human CSF at −10° for about one week leads to a shift in the electrophoretic mobility of part of the γ -tr protein towards the anode. This results in a double arc appearance in immunoelectrophoresis. After prolonged storage only the arc of faster mobility is observed. Storage of CSF in unconcentrated form at −10° also induces this change but at a much slower rate. Other temperatures tested were much less effective. Treatment with papain of stored CSF resulted in a reverse shift in mobility of the γ -tr protein and a marked reduction in concentration. The slow mobility product of papain treatment was resistant to the effect of storage at −10°. Neuraminidase treatment of CSF resulted in a slower mobility of β -tr but did not significantly affect the γ -tr protein.
Living Transition Metal-Catalyzed Alkene Polymerization: Polyolefin Synthesis and New Polymer Architectures

Achieving control over all aspects of macromolecular architecture is one of the main goals in olefin polymerization today. Over the past couple of decades, living alkene polymerization by transition metal complexes has become a particularly powerful method for controlling molecular weight and polymer microstructure. With these advances, polymer chemists are able to synthesize a variety of new materials including stereo/regio block copolymers and end-functionalized polyolefins. This review is a comprehensive account of living olefin polymerization systems, with special attention paid to systems developed in the last 10 years.
The Effects of Flux Leakage Magnetizer Velocity on Volumetric Defect Signals

The inspection requirements of the hundreds of thousands of miles of pipeline worldwide necessitates the use of high inspection velocities. Unfortunately, high inspection velocities can compromise the ability to detect and characterize defects [1,2]. These velocity effects need to be quantified in order to have a complete understanding of MFL inspection capabilities. This paper presents an explanation and a summary of these effects based on two and three dimensional finite element analysis and experimental results. Selected finite element and experimental results are also shown. The specific problem addressed is large diameter (>12 inches), ferromagnetic steel pipe material and inspection velocities up to 10 miles per hour. The defects are volumetric metal loss generally caused by corrosion.