cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Ammonium-Sulfur Aerosols on Nitrogen Oxides Removal by Pulsed Corona Enhanced Wet Electrostatics Precipitation with Ammonia and Ozone Injection

The removal of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) has been investigated in a bench-scale pulsed-corona enhanced wet electrostatic precipitator (wESP). The 70 Hz pulsed voltage is applied up to 60 kV. Simulated flue gases with NOx concentration up to 1200 pp m have been used to determine the feasibility of NOx removal in the wESP. NO must be oxidized to NO2 before any removal takes place. NOx removal efficiency increased with gas residence time, inlet NO concentration and applied corona power. In the air stream with 10 seconds gas residence time, up to 20% of 1000 pp m NO (22% of NOx) was removed at a 20 watt pulsed corona. The amount of in-situ ozone was not enough to be considered as a major NOx removal mechanism in this wESP. Ozone injection improved the NOx removal for both the corona and non-corona cases by oxidizing NO. With 300 pp m of ozone, the removal of 750 pp m NO was increased from 18% to 50% by oxidation, but total NOx removal was improved only to 25%. However, very high NOx removals were measured in simulated flue gas that contained ammonia, sulfur dioxide and ozone. For instance, in a 3% oxygen, 11% CO2 simulated flue gas with 800 pp m NO and 70% relative humidity at 8.6 sec of gas residence time, 30 kV corona discharge, the removal efficiency of NO was only 5%. Injecting NH3 only (NH3/NOx ratio 1) at 32 watts corona power, NO removal was increased to 10%. With the co-presence of 2400 pp m SO2, 200 pp m ozone injection (no ammonia) increased NO removal to 36% by oxidation, but total NOxremoval only to 17%. After co-injecting 312 pp m ozone and 2900 pp m NH3 (stoichiometry ratio 0.53), total N0X removal was increased to 79%. It was determined that the ammonium salt aerosols produced from the reaction of ammonia and sulfur dioxide enhanced the NOx removal substantially. The significance of this catalyzing effect by the in-situ ammonium salt aerosols is addressed in this paper.
Stochastic Scheduling with Availability Constraints in Heterogeneous Clusters

High availability plays an important role in heterogeneous clusters, where processors operate at different speeds and are not continuously available for processing. Existing scheduling algorithms designed for heterogeneous clusters do not factor in availability. We address in this paper the stochastic scheduling problem for heterogeneous clusters with availability constraints. Each node in a heterogeneous cluster is modeled by its speed and availability, and different classes of tasks submitted to the cluster are characterized by their execution times and availability requirements. To incorporate availability and heterogeneity into stochastic scheduling, we introduce metrics to quantify availability and heterogeneity in the context of multiclass tasks. A stochastic scheduling algorithm SSAC (Stochastic Scheduling with Availability Constraints) is then proposed to improve availability of heterogeneous clusters while reducing average response time of tasks. Experimental results show that our algorithm achieves a good trade-off between availability and responsiveness.
Neural network committees for finger joint angle estimation from surface EMG signals

In virtual reality (VR) systems, the user's finger and hand positions are sensed and used to control the virtual environments. Direct biocontrol of VR environments using surface electromyography (SEMG) signals may be more synergistic and unconstraining to the user. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a technique to predict the finger joint angle from the surface EMG measurements of the extensor muscle using neural network models. SEMG together with the actual joint angle measurements were obtained while the subject was performing flexion-extension rotation of the index finger at three speeds. Several neural networks were trained to predict the joint angle from the parameters extracted from the SEMG signals. The best networks were selected to form six committees. The neural network committees were evaluated using data from new subjects. There was hysteresis in the measured SMEG signals during the flexion-extension cycle. However, neural network committees were able to predict the joint angle with reasonable accuracy. RMS errors ranged from 0.085 ± 0.036 for fast speed finger-extension to 0.147 ± 0.026 for slow speed finger extension, and from 0.098 ± 0.023 for the fast speed finger flexion to 0.163 ± 0.054 for slow speed finger flexion. Although hysteresis was observed in the measured SEMG signals, the committees of neural networks were able to predict the finger joint angle from SEMG signals.
Application of the Syva EMIT and Abbott TDx amphetamine immunoassays to the detection of 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylene-dioxyethamphetamine (MDEA) in urine.

I MDMA and MDEA are hallucinogenic analogs of amphetamine. The need for laboratory monitoring of these substances has developed as a result of their increased recreational use. Since the Abbott TDx | and Syva EMIT| TM immunoassays are commonly used tests for urine monitoring of drugs-of-abuse, the amphetamine assay of each manufacturer was assessed to determine the degree of cross-reactivity with MDMA and MDEA. Cross-reactivity was evaluated using a series of MDMA- and MDEA-spiked urine samples. Testing was performed over a two-day period with 3 runs/day and each sample run in duplicate. The Syva EMIT d.a.u, amphetamine assay was positive only at the highest concentration standard (10.0 ~g/mL) for both MDMA and MDEA. Consequently, no further testing was performed with this assay. Calibration curves were generated for the TDx runs and percent cross-reactivity determinations were made. Precision for the TDx data was evaluated based on within- day and between-day coefficients of variation (CV). CVs for MDMA runs were below 6% for within.day and below 5% for between-day runs. Values of CV for MDEA were below 16% for both within-day and between.day runs; CVs were less than 2.5% for positive values. Cross-reactivity for MDMA ranged from 18% (10.00/~g/mL) to 118% (0.15 vg/mL). Cross- reactivity for the MDEA standards ranged from 12% (10.00 /Jg/mL) to 47% (0.15/~g/mL). The presence of MDMA and/or MDEA in samples resulting in a negative EMIT.d.a.u. test and a positive TDx test was confirmed by GC/MS analysis. The urine sample was extracted and then derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride prior to analysis with a
Ozone oxidation in a rotating packed bed

The feasibility of applying a novel rotating packed bed to the ozone oxidation process is investigated. Ozone oxidation experiments were conducted to examine how various operating variables affect the decolorization of dyes in aqueous solutions system. Rotor speeds ranged from 380 to 1748 rpm, providing 10∼202 equivalent gravitational force. Experimental results indicate that the centrifugal force positively affects the decolorization efficiency. Furthermore, it is shown that owing to its low ozone mass transfer resistance, a rotating packed bed can be used to increase the efficiency of the ozone oxidation process. The results further demonstrate that the decolorization efficiency increases with either an decreasing initial dye concentration or liquid flow rate.
Apoptosis Induced by Withdrawal of Trophic Factors Is Mediated by p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

p38 is a member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily activated by stress signals and implicated in cellular processes involving inflammation and apoptosis. Unlike the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p42 and p44 MAP kinases), which are stimulated by insulin in many cell types, p38 activity is inhibited by insulin in postmitotic fetal neurons for which insulin is a potent survival factor (Heidenreich, K. A., and Kummer, J. L. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 9891-9894). These data suggested that insulin's effects on neuronal survival are mediated by inhibition of a p38-mediated apoptotic pathway. To better understand the relationship between p38 activity and cell survival, we induced apoptosis in two cell lines and examined the ability of insulin or a specific p38 inhibitor (a pyridinyl imidazole compound PD169316) to block p38 activity and cell death. In Rat-1 fibroblasts grown in the presence of serum, p38 activity was undetectable by immune complex assays, and the number of apoptotic cells was very low (<0.5%). After the removal of serum for 16 h, p38 activity was markedly elevated, and apoptosis increased by 14-15-fold. Insulin (50 ng/ml) inhibited p38 activity by approximately 70% and blocked apoptosis by at least 80%. PD169316 also blocked p38 enzyme activity and apoptosis by approximately 80%. Similar results were obtained in differentiated PC12 cells that were deprived of nerve growth factor (NGF) for 16 h. In the presence of NGF, p38 activity and the number of apoptotic cells was very low (approximately 1.0%). After NGF withdrawal, p38 activity was selectively elevated and apoptosis increased to 15%. Both insulin and PD169316 markedly blocked the increase in p38 activity and apoptosis. The MAP kinase kinase inhibitor, PD98059, had no effect on apoptosis in Rat-1 fibroblasts and only partially blocked apoptosis in PC12 cells. PD98059 did not influence insulin's ability to block apoptosis, indicating that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway does not mediate insulin's survival effects. These data further support the role of p38 in cellular apoptosis and support the hypothesis that insulin promotes cell survival, at least in part, by inhibiting the p38 pathway.
Sense of muscular effort and somesthetic afferent information in humans.

Laboratory and clinical observations of patients with a large-fiber somatic sensory neuropathy indicate a dramatic inability of these patients to set accurate tonic or phasic levels of muscle activity needed to maintain static postures and to reproduce simple movements. These observations suggest that somatic sensation contributes to sensations of motor output, previously thought to be mediated by central mechanisms of corollary discharge. "Ve review' data describing psychophysical performance on weight­ matching tasks and discuss new experiments on reaching tasks done by patients with a large-fiber sensory neuropathy and normal controls. In combination, the data show that patients with peripheral sensory deficits exhibit an impaired sense of muscular effort and the consequences of active movement. In addition, the data on weight matching indicate that the basis of disrupted effort sense relates to an inability to correlate psychophysical decisions with concomitant muscle activity. In new experiments, accuracy to match actively achieved arm end points by pointing was decreased in patients with large­ fiber sensory neuropathy. The collective results suggest that appreciation of motor output is mediated in part by peripheral return from somatic sensory afferent systems. Resume Des observations en clinique et en laboratoire de patients souffrant d'une neuropathie somatosensorielle des fibres de grand diametre indiquent que ces patients dcmontrent une grande incapacite pour ee qui est d'etablir les taux d'activite musculaire phasique et tonique requis pour maintenir une position statique et executer des mouvements simples. Ces observations suggcrent que la sensibilite somatique contribuc aux sensations de I'acte moteur, ce que 1'0n avait d'abord cru etre medie par des mecanismes centraux de decharge corollaire. On revise lcs donnees psychophysiques recueillies lors d'experiences d'appariement de poids, et on discute de nouvelles experiences de prehension exeCllteeS par des patients souffrant d'une neuropathic sensorielle et dcs sujets tcmoins. Les rcsultats montrent que les patients souffrant de dcficits sensoriels peripheriques presentent une perturbation du sens de I'effort rnusculaire ainsi que les reactions reliees a I'execution d'un mouvement actif. De plus, les donnees sur I' appariement dcs poids indiquent que la perturbation du sens de l' effort decoule de I'incapacitc de correler les cOl11111.andes psychophysiques et l'activite musculaire concomitantc. Dans les nouvelles experiences, la precision de pointage a diminue chez les patients souffrant de neuropathie sensorielle. Les resultats suggerent que l'evaluation de l'acte moteur est medice en partie par une information p6ripherique acheminee par les systemes afterents somatosensoriels. Mots eles : effort l11.usculaire, neuropathie sensoricllc, controlc motcur, humain. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase causes increased sensitivity to radiation through a PKB-dependent mechanism.

Purpose: To identify whether inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) causes increased radiosensitivity through inhibition of protein kinase B (PKB), implicating PKB as an important therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: The prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was treated with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, radiation, and combinations of the two therapies. Apoptosis and survival were measured by cell cycle analysis, Western blot analysis for cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and clonogenic survival. To test the hypothesis that inhibition of PKB is responsible for LY294002-induced radiosensitivity, LNCaP cells expressing a constitutively active form of PKB were used. Results: The combination of PI3K inhibition and radiation caused an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in clonogenic survival when compared to either modality alone. The expression of constitutively activated PKB blocked apoptosis induced by combination of PI3K inhibition and radiation and prevented radiosensitization by LY294002. Conclusion: These data indicate that PI3K inhibition increases sensitivity of prostate cancer cell lines to ionizing radiation through inactivation of PKB. Therefore, PTEN mutations, which lead to PKB activation, may play an important role in the resistance of prostate cancer to radiation therapy. Targeted therapy against PKB could be beneficial in the management of prostate cancer patients.
LED-Induced fluorescence and image analysis to detect stink bug damage in cotton bolls

Stink bugs represent a major agricultural pest complex attacking more than 200 wild and cultivated plants, including cotton in the southeastern US. Stink bug feeding on developing cotton bolls will cause boll abortion or lint staining and thus reduced yield and lint value. Current methods for stink bug detection involve manual harvesting and cracking open of a sizable number of immature cotton bolls for visual inspection. This process is cumbersome, time consuming, and requires a moderate level of experience to obtain accurate estimates. To improve detection of stink bug feeding, we present here a method based on fluorescent imaging and subsequent image analyses to determine the likelihood of stink bug damage in cotton bolls. Damage to different structures of cotton bolls including lint and carpal wall can be observed under blue LED-induced fluorescence. Generally speaking, damaged regions fluoresce green, whereas non-damaged regions with chlorophyll fluoresce red. However, similar fluorescence emission is also observable on cotton bolls that have not been fed upon by stink bugs. Criteria based on fluorescent intensity and the size of the fluorescent spot allow to differentiate between true positives (fluorescent regions associated with stink bug feeding) and false positives (fluorescent regions due to other causes). We found a detection rates with two combined criteria of 87% for true-positive marks and of 8% for false-positive marks. The imaging technique presented herein gives rise to a possible detection apparatus where a cotton boll is imaged in the field and images processed by software. The unique fluorescent signature left by stink bugs can be used to determine with high probability if a cotton boll has been punctured by a stink bug. We believe this technique, when integrated in a suitable device, could be used for more accurate detection in the field and allow for more optimized application of pest control.
Steady-state modeling of resistive-gate MOSFETs

The Pao-Sah model for the long-channel MOSFET is generalized to include MOSFETs with resistive-gate electrodes (RG-MOSFETs). The RG-MOdSFETs current-voltage characteristics are studied using this extended Pao-Sah model. The steady-state operation of the RG-MOSFET can be divided into three regimes, separated by the uniform channel condition and the pinch-off condition, respectively. The regions of operation are discussed, and a simple analytical I-V expression is given for the device. >
A tale of two safety nets

The mouth incontestably is an important part of the body, no matter what your age. But when you look at many public policies in the health sector of the United States, the importance of the oral cavity may not seem so obvious. Take Medicaid, for example. Dental benefits for children are mandatory. For adults, however, dental benefits are optional, and states can select the level of coverage to provide—one option being no coverage at all. Within the Affordable Care Act, pediatric dental services are one of 10 essential, required health benefits. For adults, dental care is not considered “essential” within the Act. Clearly, among policymakers, the status of the mouth changes with age. Of course, there could very well be sound economic, political or social reasons for this. For example, with limited resources, investments in children’s oral care and disease prevention might be viewed as having the biggest bang for the buck in terms of lifetime gains in oral health and, therefore, should be prioritized. Whatever the reasons, it is important to take a hard look at the data to understand the impact of what are essentially two different safety nets when it comes to dental care—one for low-income children and one for low-income adults. The past decade has seen a steady increase in the rate of dental care utilization among low-income
Technical Tips for Collagenase Injection Treatment for Dupuytren Contracture

We describe technical tips for injecting collagenase into Dupuytren cords based on experience acquired during the prerelease Food and Drug Administration clinical trials and with subsequent clinical practice. These tips include techniques for extracting the reconstituted enzyme efficiently from the vial, injecting the cord(s) with increased safety to the tendons, and anesthetizing the hand before manipulation. The tips are intended to supplement but by no means replace the manufacturer's prescribing information and training video.
The Effect of Fiber-Matrix Interphase Properties on the Quasi-Static Performance of Thermoplastic Composites:

A number of concerns about carbon-fiber adhesion to thermoplastic- matrix systems have been raised. As a result, the effect of the fiber-matrix interphase on the mechanical performance of thermoplastic composites was investigated. The interphase condition was altered by an electrochemical fiber surface treatment and addition of an unreacted epoxy sizing of PAN-based carbon fibers. The AU4, AS4, and AS4CGP fibers were embedded in an amorphous thermoplastic polymer, J2, and formed into laminates. The meso-indentation technique was used to quantify the interfacial quality and indicated only a 22 % increase in interfacial strength over the AU4 fiber composite. The mechanical properties of these composites in the fiber direction were shown to be insensitive to the in terfacial quality as were the transverse and shear moduli. The transverse and shear strengths of AS4/J2 and AS4CGP/J2 composites were increased by more than 50 % when compared to the AU4/J2 composites. Scanning electron microscopy of the failure s...
Cross- and multiple resistance of diclofop-resistant Lolium spp

Abstract Eighteen Lolium spp. (ryegrass) accessions collected in 1998 from several locations in Arkansas were tested for resistance (R) to diclofop in both seed and whole-plant response bioassays. Eleven accessions were L. temulentum and eight were L. perenne. Fourteen of eighteen accessions were confirmed resistant to diclofop in whole-plant assay. Three of the susceptible (S) accessions were L. temulentum. The GR50 (diclofop concentration that reduced shoot or root length by 50%) R/S ratios based on whole-plant response were greater than those of the seed bioassay in all test populations, indicating that the whole-plant bioassay was more sensitive than the seed bioassay for determining diclofop resistance in Lolium spp. The most resistant (#18) and most susceptible (#3) accessions of L. temulentum were used for multiple resistance and enzyme assay experiments. Based on whole-plant bioassay, accession #18 was 411 times more resistant to diclofop than the susceptible accession #3. Accession #18 exhibited ...
Prepositions in the Constitution

To defend the proposition that prepositions matter, this article examines the "of" in the phrase "duties of tonnage" and the "on" in "taxes on incomes."
Cell cycles and clonal strings during formation of the zebrafish central nervous system

Cell lineage analysis of central nervous system progenitors during gastrulation and early segmentation in the zebrafish reveals consistent coupling of specific morphogenetic behaviors with particular cell cycles. Cells in single clones divide very synchronously. Cell divisions become progressively oriented, and act synergistically with oriented intercalations during the interphases of zygotic cell cycles 15 and 16 to extend a single lineage into a long, discontinuous string of cells aligned with the nascent embryonic axis. Dorsalwards convergence brings the string to the midline and, once there, cells enter division 16. This division, or sometimes the next one, and the following cell movement reorient to separate siblings across the midline. This change converts the single string into a bilateral pair of strings, one forming a part of each side of the neural tube. The stereotyped cellular behaviors appear to account for the previously reported clonal restriction in cell fate and to underlie morphogenesis of a midline organ of proper length and bilateral shape. Regulation of cellular morphogenesis could be cell-cycle dependent.
Numerical Simulations of Compressible Convection

We outline the results of a series of three-dimensional computations of thermally driven, compressible, and turbulent convection in deep atmospheres[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] performed with the PPM algorithm[8, 9, 10]. We use these numerical simulations to examine the nature of turbulence which is driven by convection in deep atmospheres. Boundary conditions are free slip impenetrable walls at top and bottom, and periodic in the two horizontal directions. The top boundary is kept at a constant temperature, and a uniform heat flux is imposed along the lower boundary. The flow follows a γ—law with an adiabatic index of γ = 5/3. A uniform gravitational acceleration is imposed in the vertical, which is normal to the impenetrable walls. The entire layer is convectively unstable and the resulting convection is efficient. Hence the layer is well mixed and nearly adiabatic. The total heat content of the system is chosen so that the resulting gravitationally stratified atmosphere has a density contrast of 11. Runs are performed on uniform grids ranging from 64 × 64 × 32 to 512 × 512 × 256 computational cells. All of the simulations have aspect ratios of 2 by 2 by 1, with the short dimension being in the vertical. Effective large scale Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers range from Ra = 4.354 × 1012 and Pr = 3.865 × 10−2 to Ra = 2.229 × 1015 and Pr = 7.549 × 10−5. Stellar convection, in stars like the Sun, is characterized by high Rayleigh number and low Prandtl number. All four of these simulations are run long enough to be in convective equilibrium with the imposed heat flux. The computation on the largest grid is run for 40 large eddy turnover times.
Effect of Short-Term Fixation on Perceived Size of a Circle

The apparent size of a circle was measured after it was fixated by 2 male college Ss for periods from 50 msec. to 10,000 msec. The circle shrank for practically all time periods. The amount of the shrinkage increased to 6,000 msec. for S2 and 8,000 msec. for S1. It is possible that fixation effects influence the apparent size of various visual phenomena.
Chiral Amido-Oxazolinate Zinc Complexes for Asymmetric Alternating Copolymerization of CO2 and Cyclohexene Oxide

The synthesis and characterization of a series of chiral zinc complexes (L1a–m)ZnN(SiMe3)2 (2a–m) with C1-symmetric amido-oxazolinate ligands (HL1a–m = 2-(2′-R1NH)phenyl-4-R2-oxazoline) have been described. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic studies confirm that 2a (R1 = 2,6-dimethylphenyl, R2 = (S)-iPr) and 2d (R1 = 2,6-dimethylphenyl, R2 = (R)-iBu) are three-coordinate, mononuclear complexes, and 2k (R1 = PhCO, R2 = (S)-iPr) exists as an amide oxygen-bridged dimer in the solid state with zinc in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. These complexes are viable initiators for alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO2) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO), yielding poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) with good to high carbonate linkage and moderate molecular weights and PDI values, depending on the substituents. The PCHCs produced are typically isotactic, containing up to 72% m-centered tetrads by 2h (R1 = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, R2 = (R)-iBu), and a rare case of syndiotactic PCHC (57% r-centered tetrads) is...
Observations on the Bionomics of Euborellia annulipes (Dermaptera: Labiduridae)

The ring-legged earwing, Euborellia annulipes (Lucas), was studied in the laboratory, at 68°–84°F and with a daily light period of about 10 hr. Plastic refrigerator boxes and Pyrex crystallization dishes, containing a 3:1 mixture of moist soil and coarse sand, were used for rearing. Powdered dog meal, supplemented occasionally with freshly killed insects and sowbugs, served as food for nymphs and adults. Details considered include distribution in the United States, economic importance, habits, reflex immobilization, autotomy, cleaning, function of the forceps, parasites and predators, and control, as well as mating behavior, nidification, oviposition, maternal care, and the several life-history stages. Oviposition began 1–23 days after mating, occurred throughout the year (usually at night), and averaged 52.7 eggs/clutch. Some females laid 4 clutches, on successive days. Minimum incubation periods in different clutches were 6–17 days, and hatching continued 2–4 days. Usually there were 5 nymphal stadia with average durations as follows: first, 10 days; second, 9.5 days; third, 11.5 days; fourth, 14.1 days; and fifth, 18.3 days. Four out of 33 individuals had a sixth nymphal stadium which averaged 20.2 days. Characters useful for distinguishing the nymphal instars include body length, width of head, length of prosternum, length and width of pronotum, total number of antennal segments, and number of segments in the “middle region” of the antennae, though considerable overlap between instars was found in some of these.
Uncovering the Secret of Shock Wave Lithotripsy

Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is an engineering innovation that has revolutionized the treatment of kidney stone disease since the early 1980s [1] - [3]. Today, SWL is the first-line therapy for millions of patients worldwide with renal and upper urinary stones [3, 4].
Correlation of Tribulosides and the Functional Components of Ginsenoside Re and Rb1 in American Ginseng Health Food

Objective To determine the tribulosides and ginsenoside of the raw material in American ginseng health food determined by colorimetry and liquid chromatography,and to identify their correlation through statistical analysis,so as to provide the basis for the tribulosides content converted from part functional components determined by liquid chromatography.Method Analyzing tribulosides and ginsenoside according to the requirement in Technical Norms for Health Food Inspection and Evaluation (2003) 23 and 11.Results Rb1 and Re were the higher components in ginsenoside of American ginseng health food and the sum of Rb1 and Re was correlated with the content of tribulosides,the correlative equation was as follow y=1.56x.Conclusion It is feasible to get the content of tribulosides from Rb1 and Re determined by liquid chromatography and calculated by a correlation coefficient,which can be used to determine the content of tribulosides in American ginseng health food and for quality control.
Epidemiological Features of Adult Measles in Qingyuan City during 2004—2008

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological features of adult measles in Qingyuan City during 2004—2008, and discuss the control strategy.[Methods]The surveillance data of measles from 2004 to 2008 were collected and analyzed descriptively.[Results]A total of 367 cases of measles were reported in Qingyuan City from 2004—2008, with the annual incidence of 2.27/100 000. Most cases (58.58%) appeared during May to July; the average incidence ranged from 0.22/100 000 to 2.27/100 000 in different districts; the cases were mainly adults under 35 years and accounted for 90.66%; only small percentage of cases had immunization history, the biggest percentage was 20.29%; only 1 case had immunization history among all outbreak cases.[Conclusion]The adult measles cases shows an increasing tendency in Qingyuan city. To implement the emergency vaccination for the close contacts and the follow-up immunization campaign for the adults are the important strategies for controlling the adult measles.
Modeling 3D thermal fracture propagation by transient cooling using virtual multidimensional internal bonds

Thermal fracturing can play an important role in development of unconventional petroleum and geothermal resources. Thermal fractures can result from the nonlinear deformation of the rock in response to thermal stress related to cold water injection as well as heating. Before the rock reaches the final failure stage, material softening and bulk modulus degradation can cause changes in the thermo-mechanical properties of the solid. In order to capture this aspect of the rock fracture, a virtual multidimensional internal bond-based thermo-mechanical model is derived to track elastic, softening, and the failure stages of the rock in response to the temporal changes of its temperature field. The variations in thermo-mechanical properties of the rock are derived from a nonlinear constitutive model. To represent the thermo-mechanical behavior of pre-existing fractures, the element partition method is employed. Using the model, numerical simulation of 3D thermal fracture propagation in brittle rock is carried out. Results of numerical simulations provide evidence of model verification and illustrate nonlinear thermal response and fracture development in rock under uniform cooling. In addition, fracture coalescence in a cluster of fractures under thermal stress is illustrated, and the process of thermal fracturing from a wellbore is captured. Results underscore the importance of thermal stress in reservoir stimulation and show the effectiveness of the model to predict 3D thermal fracturing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
8 Acceptability and feasibility of fatal overdose prevention with naloxone in WV: community-based participatory research

Statement of purpose Though traditionally concentrated in urban areas, deaths due to drug overdose have increased to epidemic levels in rural areas, and opioids including prescription drugs and heroin play an important role nationwide. To our knowledge, no opioid overdose prevention programs (OOPPs) with take-home naloxone presently exist in several high-risk Appalachian states including West Virginia (WV). In partnership with substance abuse prevention community members, we sought to assess the feasibility of translating and implementing such an OOPP in WV. Methods Local substance abuse prevention professionals screened, enrolled, and interviewed community members who endorsed prescription drug misuse in the previous 90 days. Interviews were conducted face-to-face in semi-private areas mutually agreed upon by the participant and interviewer. Participants were asked about drug overdoses they had witnessed or experienced, their knowledge of naloxone, their willingness to participate in an overdose prevention program, and socio-demographic characteristics. Results Based on preliminary analyses of 170 participants, over half (n = 87) witnessed at least one drug overdose, and over a fifth (n = 36) experienced an overdose themselves. Though fewer than half ofparticipants (n = 79) reported hearing of Narcan ® or naloxone, the majority were moderately or very interested in receiving a prescription for a rescue medication (n = 159) and/or participating in a prevention program (i.e. undergoing training) (n = 146). Conclusions Significant numbers of community members misusing opioids have witnessed and/or experienced a drug overdose. Though less than half were aware of naloxone, most expressed a willingness to participate in a prevention program, suggesting that a fatal overdose prevention program with take-home naloxone is acceptable to potential program participants. Significance and contributions Given these findings and the magnitude of the opioid epidemic in rural areas such as WV, fatal opioid overdose prevention with peer-distributed naloxone has the potential to significantly decrease fatal opioid overdose.
Can smallpox response teams use the experience of disease management programs

Any attempt to widely disperse smallpox vaccinations will necessitate educating people about the risks and benefits of vaccination. Most disease management programs have extensive experience in distributing educational materials and programs to health care workers and patients as well as in tracking response to interventions. Can this experience lend a hand in the event of widespread vaccination?
Philosophical theory and scientific practice in Bukharin's sociology

The 1920's have been caUed by Stephen C. Cohen "the most vital period in the history of Bolshevik thought and among the most interesting in the history of Marxism"1 on account of such developments as the introduction of the New Economic PoUcy, the death of Lenin, the expulsion of Trotsky, and the triumph of Stalin. FuU of ferment and poUtical and economic controversy, the period has contemporary relevance in view of recent developments in the Soviet Union for, in the words of Moshe Lewin,
Consumer Rankings and Health Care: Toward Validation and Transparency.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Differences between the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)–measured rates of safety events for Rush University Medical Center (RUMC; Chicago) and the U.S. News & World Report (USNWR)–deter­mined patient safety score were evaluated in an attempt to validate the USNWR patient safety score–based ranking. Methods The USNWR findings for Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) were compared with findings derived from RUMC internal billing data, and sensitivity analyses were conducted using a simulated data set derived from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) state inpatient data sets. Results Discrepancies were found for PSIs 3 (Pressure Ulcer Rate), 9 (Perioperative Hemorrhage or Hematoma Rate), and 11 (Postoperative Respiratory Failure Rate)—an excess of 0.72, 0.63, and 0.26 cases/1,000 admissions, in USNWR versus RUMC, respectively). The sensitivity analysis, which included missing present on admission (POA) flags and dates, resulted in an increase of rates by 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10–2.56) cases/1,000 hospitalizations, 2.72 (CI = 0.00–5.90) cases/1,000 hospitalizations, and 3.89 (CI = 1.60–6.20) cases/1,000 hospitalizations for PSI 3, 9, and 11, respectively. Regression modeling showed that each 1% increase in transfers was associated with an increase of 0.06 cases of PSI 3/1,000 admissions; each 1,000 increase in admissions was associated with an increase of 0.04 cases of PSI 9/1,000 admissions. Conclusion The USNWR data set produced inaccurate PSI rates for RUMC, and false-positive event rates were more common among high-transfer and high-volume hospitals. More transparency and validation is needed for consumer-based benchmarking methods. In response to these findings and concerns raised by others, in 2016 USNWR made changes to its methodology and data sources and ­reported them in announcing its 2016–17 Best Hospitals.
Role of Porin-Kinase Interactions in Disease

Hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC2.7.1.1) and glycerol kinase (ATP: glycerol phosphotransferase, EC2.7.1.30) catalyze the phosphorylation of their respective hexose and triose substrates in order to initiate mammalian metabolism of these compounds. The priority of these enzymes in metabolism alone would make them worthy subjects of investigation. For many of us, however, their interest also lies in their “social relations in the cell” as Kornberg (1989) so nicely stated. There is abundant evidence that hexokinase and glycerol kinase interact with porin, the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) of the outer mitochondrial membrane, in a developmental stage and tissue specific manner in the normal individual (McCabe 1983; Adams et al 1991a). There is also evidence that binding is altered in certain disease states. We will discuss the role of the porin-kinase interactions in a variety of diseases and the metabolic impact of these interactions, or, in some cases, their disruption.
Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of an Innovative Strengthening System for Long-Span Deep Corrugated Buried Bridges

AbstractExperimental and analytical study of an innovative strengthening system for deep corrugated structural plates (381-mm pitch by 140-mm depth) is described. A typical 7.94-mm thick deep corru...
Bildung, Bildungsroman, and the Cultivation of Teacher Dispositions

ABSTRACTThe cultivation of teacher dispositions is an important topic within contemporary discourses of teacher development. The construct of dispositions, however, is still in need of conceptual refinement. In this article, we use the philosophical theory of Bildung (the educating and forming of the self) to explore how the cultivation of dispositions and the manifestation of dispositions in one's teaching practice are functions of both professional and personal transformation. In particular, employing the methodological tool of narrative inquiry, we present a teacher who, while working on her master's degree, authored her own Bildungsroman (story of personal growth). Her narrative, we argue, powerfully illustrates how teachers are, in part, autonomous authors of their own growth. We conclude by arguing that narrative, hermeneutical, and post-qualitative methods of reflection present unique possibilities for the project of cultivating teacher dispositions in teacher education.
Contralateral transcallosal resection of a ventricular body arteriovenous malformation: 3D operative video.

A 46-year-old male presented with an incidentally discovered left ventricular body arteriovenous malformation (AVM). It measured 2 cm in diameter and had drainage via an atrial vein into the internal cerebral vein (Spetzler-Martin Grade III, Supplementary Grade 4). Preoperative embolization of the posterior medial choroidal artery reduced nidus size by 50%. Subsequently, he underwent a right-sided craniotomy for a contralateral transcallosal approach to resect the AVM. This case demonstrates strategic circumferential disconnection of feeding arteries (FAs) to the nidus, the use of aneurysm clips to control large FAs, and the use of dynamic retraction and importance of a generous callosotomy. Postoperatively, he was neurologically intact, and angiogram confirmed complete resection.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/j0778LfS3MI.
Crime in the 2016 Presidential Election: a new era?

Issues pertaining to crime and criminal justice have long been part of presidential campaigns. Voters want to know how candidates plan to solve the problem of crime and keep them safe. In turn, candidates respond to voters’ concerns and describe their crime control ideas in hopes of increasing voter support. In doing so, they often rely on symbolic statements that provide little detail but make people “feel good”. This study analyzes the criminal justice rhetoric used by the three major presidential candidates in the 2016 election cycle to determine what issues they discussed and how often. The analysis also examines if candidates relied on symbolic statements, and how the issues were debated between the candidates. The findings show that the issues discussed were somewhat different than in previous years, and that the candidates relied on symbolic statements about crime – a change from the previous election cycle. Additionally, the candidates used crime control as a way to reach out to voters in their own political party, suggesting an interesting shift in how issues of criminal justice are being approached within elections.
Game Utilization as a Media to Train the Balance of Left and Right Brain

Human have two brain hemispheres, left hemisphere and right hemisphere. Left hemisphere is used for processing language, words, numbers, equations, etc. Right hemisphere is used for processing creativity, imagination, music, color, etc. Every human should have balance between left and right hemisphere. One method that could be used for balancing brain hemispheres is to use left and right hands for using tools, writing, or typing. “Typing Rhythm” is a game for PC platform, the purpose of this game is for brain balancing exercise by typing lyric of a song while the song is played.
From Headwaters to Rivers to River Networks: Scaling in Stream Ecology

The effect of environmental change on aquatic ecosystems requires a broad scale perspective because of the high degree of connectivity within river networks. This chapter demonstrates the spatial and temporal scaling issues that must be addressed to understand stream ecology at landscape scales. A mathematical framework is proposed that accounts for the heterogeneity of biogeochemical supply and demand throughout river networks as influenced by physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Considerations for scaling each type of characteristic throughout river networks are discussed. This framework represents a synthesis of stream spiraling theory, connectivity theory, and patch dynamics. Human activities can be represented in the mathematical framework to explore how multiple changes interact to alter broad scale aquatic ecosystem function through changes in biogeochemical supply and demand.
Reconceptualizing School-based Prevention for Antisocial Behavior within a Resilience Framework.

This article examines selected school-based prevention programs that represent a dual focus of risk attenuation and competency promotion and exemplify a shift from risk to resilience in the prevent...
Decarboxylation of pyruvate by thiamine analogues.

Sources of Compounds Tested-Thiamine hydrochloride (Merck, U.S.P. grade), 0-acetylthiamine hydrochloride and oxythiamine dihydrochloride (California Foundation for Biochemical Research), pyrithiamine hydrobromide and 4-amino-5 aminomethyl-a-methyl pyrimidine dihydrochloride (Nutritional Biochemicals Corporation) were all used without further purification. For determination of pK, values, the 4-amino-5-aminomethyl-2-methyl pyrimidine dihydrochloride was recrystallized from ethanol and ether until it gave the theoretical end point when titrated with base. 5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)I-methyl thiazole was redistilled from pooled commercial products of Merck’ and du Pont. The boiling point was lo%‘, 0.8 mm. Infrared inspection of the redistilled product showed the loss of a strong carbonyl peak which was originally present. The purified product was stored in a desiccator at -20” to hinder oxidation. Salts of 5-(d-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl Thiazole-The method of Clarke (6) was employed to prepare the 3-methyl and 3-benzyl (7) and the 3-o-, m-, and p-nitrobenzyl (8) salts. The 3-cr-methylbenzyl salt was prepared by dissolving 0.04 mole each of oc-bromoethyl benzene (Eastman, redistilled 89”, 15 mm.) and 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl thiazole in 4 ml. of thiophene-free anhydrous benzene in a stoppered 18 x 150-mm. test tube. The solution was heated overnight at 55”. The amethylbenzyl salt separates as a light yellow syrup. Attempts to crystallize this compound from a number of solvent systems were all unsuccessful. During crystallization attempts in hot absolute ethanol the salt was partially solvolyzed to the pyrimidylmethyl ethyl ether and 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl thiazole hydrobromide. The absorption spectra in both acid and base and the titration behavior very closely paralleled those of the 3-benzyl salt. These properties plus the method of preparation leave little doubt as to the character of the product. The 3-cyanomethyl salt was prepared in a similar manner from chloroacetonitrile (Eastman white label, redistilled 24O, 27 mm.) and 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl thiazole. The solution was heated at 80’ for 3 days, the benzene supernatant was discarded,
Ion Beam Studies of Crystal and Interface Atomic Structure

Knowledge of the atomic configuration is central to understanding and controlling electronic, chemical and mechanical processes at crystal surfaces and interfaces. During the past 15 years Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS) has emerged as a powerful and direct tool to get such information. Application and analysis of ion scattering divides more or less naturally into three energy regions, Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) (1–20 keV); Medium Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS) (20–200 keV); and High Energy Ion Scattering (HEIS) (200 keV–2 MeV). Each energy region has particular advantages and advocates.
Monocular Camera Tracking Curve Optimization Algorithm in Augmented Reality

Simultaneous localization and mapping is the key technology of augmented reality, which ensures the geometric consistency between the superimposed virtual object and the real scene. When the recognition image exists, the AR scene may be stable, but after the recognition image is deleted, the virtual object in the AR scene will become unstable. In this paper, a monocular camera tracking curve optimization algorithm is proposed. We perform preliminary optimization by least squares to ensure global smoothing. Local optimization is achieved by polynomial interpolation method that ensures the smoothness of the camera tracking curve and eliminates the jitter of virtual objects in the AR scene after removing the recognition image.