cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Religious Convictions by Legislators and Judges

This essay focuses on how religious convictions should affect the judgments of public officials, particularly legislators and judges.1 These officials must often decide how to vote on some issue: a legislator may determine what protection to give laboratory animals; a judge may as sess the constitutionality of statutory restrictions on abortion. The offi cial may have a religiously-grounded view that could affect his judgment; the legislator's faith may tell him that nonhuman animals warrant great consideration from human beings; the judge's church may teach that a fetus is morally as important as a developed human being. The main questions I ask in this essay are, first, whether legisla tion and judges should self-consciously rely on their religiously grounded judgments or should instead rely exclusively on other bases, and, second, whether they should explain their position publicly if they are relying on religious rationales. The issue is not whether religious understanding will have some influence on judgment. Typically, we do not know all the reasons be hind our decisions. What we believe most fundamentally will influence our judgment even if we try to discount it (although one conceivable form of influence is that we try so hard not to take religious convictions into account, we lean over backwards to decide in the contrary way). Still, it matters whether an official thinks religious convictions are a
Dose-response relationship after challenging of the immunosuppressed

To calculate the ID5, ID50 and ID95 of mice, particularly the immunosuppressed mice after challenging with Cryptosporidium oocysts to provide a hygienic standard for the protozoa-infected water, dexamethasome (DEX) was fed to mice through drinking water to establish an immuno-suppressed animal model, and the mice were challenged with different doses of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Line regression analysis was made between challenging doses and rate of infection, and the corresponding ID5 ID50 and ID95 were calculated respectively. It was found that the weight indexes of spleen and thymus and the serum leve of IgG and IgM in the immuno-suppressed mice were to be lower than those of the immuno-competent mice, the ID5, ID50 and ID95 values of the infected mice were 4, 44 and 445 oocycts respectively, and those of the in-non-immunosuppressed mice were 12, 360 and 10580 respectively. It is concluded that the susceptibility of mice to Cryptospordium infection increases under immunosuppressed status, and this condition should be considered in case of shaping the standard for drinking water.
Calibrating IR cameras for in-situ temperature measurement during the electron beam melt processing of Inconel 718 and Ti-Al6-V4

High performance mid-wave infrared (IR) cameras are used for in-situ electron beam melt process monitoring and temperature measurements. Since standard factory calibrations are insufficient due to very low transmissions of the leaded glass window required for X-ray absorption, two techniques for temperature calibrations are compared. In-situ measurement of emittance will also be discussed. Ultimately, these imaging systems have the potential for routine use for online quality assurance and feedback control.
Adsorption and reaction of WF6 on W(100)

Abstract The decomposition of tungsten hexafluoride (WF6) on the W(100) surface is described. Reactions were studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From TPD measurements on clean and deuterium-precovered W(100), it is concluded that WF6 is the sole desorption product below 1200 K. Desorption occurs in two temperature regions, near 150 K, in a process assigned to multilayer sublimation, and near 350 K, from two states designated β1- and β2-WF6. The W(4f) and F(1s) photoelectron spectra imply that WF6 dissociates on W(100) at or below 150 K to form WF5(a). The adsorbed subfluoride does not desorb directly, but instead disproportionates to gaseous WF6, metallic W, and atomically adsorbed F. Between 400 and 700 K, fluorine migrates from the surface into the bulk. Upon additional heating, fluorine evolves into the gas phase as a subfluoride, i.e. as WFx(g) (x
Warfarin and the Biochemistry of the Vitamin K Dependent Proteins

The vitamin K-dependent proteins are a diverse group of molecules, all sharing the unique amino acid gamma carboxy glutamic acid (Gla). Gla is produced by the vitamin K-dependent post translational gamma carboxylation of selected glutamic acid residues, a step blocked by warfarin (Fig. 1). Gla-containing proteins have been most thoroughly studied in the blood coagulation system and bone but are found in other tissues such as the kidney. This review will focus on the blood coagulation system but will also touch on other Gla-containing proteins which shed light on common structural and functional features.
Eruptive pegmatite magma: Rhyolite of the Honeycomb Hills, Utah

The Honeycomb Hills rhyolite represents differentiation in a highly evolved magma. A pyroclastic sequence 12.5 m thick and a dome of -0.2 km3 occur in western Utah in a region populated with several Tertiary topaz rhyolites. Phenocrysts consist of quartz, sanidine, and albite (10-500/o total) in a glassy or fine-grained groundmass. Primary phenocrysts and megacrysts of topaz and fluorsiderophyllite (lolo total) and accessory phases usually associated with rare-element pegmatites occur: fergusonite, ishikawaite, columbite, fluocerite, thorite, monazite, and zircon. Whole-rock composition (SiO, : 73.3o/o, TiO, : 0.01, AlrO3 : 14.0, Fe,O, : 0.28, FeO : 0.55, MnO : 0.07, MgO < 0.01, CaO:0.42, NarO : 4.59, &O : 4.44, PrO, < 0.01, F: 0.61, Cl : 0.10, and maximum values Rb : 1960 ppm, Cs : 78,Li: 344, Sn : 33, Be : 80, and Y : 156) is peraluminous, highly evolved, and comparable to rare element pegmatites. Elevated F contents of up to 2.30/o in glass account for low silica and high alumina contents because the granite minimum shifts toward the Ab apex of the Q-Ab-Or ternary with increasing F. Mineralogy and distribution of trace elements with order of eruption indicate evacuation of a cool (570610 'C), chemically stratified magma chamber. Chemical variation within the erupted volume can be modeled by Rayleigh fractionation of 7 5o/o f the phenocryst phases. Spatial variation of some elements, notably Li, Be, B, F, and Cs, may be due to volatile transfer. Enrichment of HrO and F in interstitial melt during crystallization reduced viscosity enough to allow eruption of the highly crystalline lava of the dome.
Brachytherapy: Applications and Techniques, 2nd ed. PDevlin, RCormack, CHolloway & AStewart. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, 2016. Hardcover: 576 pp. Price: $250.00, ISBN 978-1620700822.

This book provides an overview of clinical application of brachytherapy. The 15 chapters describing brachytherapy applications for various anatomical sites, form the heart of this text. Bracketing these chapters, the book opens with three chapters discussing the history, radiobiology and technical (e.g., physics) aspects of brachytherapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Quantitative relationship between anisotropic strain to failure and grain morphology in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify processing-microstructure-mechanical property links in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V. First, the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V produced via two laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) methods, one using a pulsed laser (P-LPBF) and the other a continuous-wave laser (CW-LPBF), were investigated and compared. Second, existing data from the literature were integrated with the present data in order to identify a general quantitative relationship between anisotropic ductility and grain morphology in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V. This revealed that an exponential relationship exists between the anisotropic grain morphology and anisotropic elongation to failure in Ti-6Al-4V. In particular, this relationship shows that a prior-β grain aspect ratio (grain height to grain width) exceeding 6 results in significant anisotropy in elongation. Namely, the columnar grains dominate the fracture mechanics by furnishing significant damage accumulation paths for tension in the longitudinal direction, resulting in higher ductility in the build direction than that in the longitudinal direction. With respect to processing, it was shown that as-built CW-LPBF samples had nearly equiaxed grains while those made by P-LPBF had elongated columnar grains. This resulted in greater yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility in the CW-LPBF samples compared to P-LPBF samples.
Growth and Quality of Colorado Spruce Transplanted during the Spring Growth Flush

Abstract Conifers transplanted during the spring growth flush can be injured or even killed due to severe root losses. In this study, 3-2 Colorado spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) were dug as balled ...
Saphenous vein graft aneurysm and fistula with compression mimicking mitral stenosis

We present the case of a patient who presented with acute coronary syndrome and was found to have a mass compressing the left atrium. An angiogram revealed a large saphenous vein graft aneurysm with a fistula into a cardiac chamber, presumed to be the left ventricle. The patient also developed a functional mitral stenosis secondary to this mass causing left atrial compression. The patient passed away prior to receiving surgery. We describe a rare case of venous graft aneurysm with compression and fistula to a chamber other than the right atrium, that to our knowledge has yet to be reported.
Applied Nonsingular Astrodynamics: Optimal Low-Thrust Orbit Transfer

This essential book describes the mathematical formulations and subsequent computer simulations required to accurately project the trajectory of spacecraft and rockets in space, using the formalism of optimal control for minimum-time transfer in general elliptic orbit. The material will aid research students in aerospace engineering, as well as practitioners in the field of spaceflight dynamics, in developing simulation software to carry out trade studies useful in vehicle and mission design. It will teach readers to develop flight software for operational applications in autonomous mode, so to actually transfer space vehicles from one orbit to another. The practical, real-life applications discussed will give readers a clear understanding of the mathematics of orbit transfer, allow them to develop their own operational software to fly missions, and to use the contents as a research tool to carry out even more complex analyses.
Machine Learning Based Source Reconstruction for RF Desense

In radio frequency interference study, equivalent dipole moments are widely used to reconstruct real radiation noise sources. Previous reconstruction methods, such as least square method (LSQ) and optimization method are affected by parameter selections, such as number and locations of dipole moments and choices of initial values. In this paper, a new machine learning based source reconstruction method is developed to extract the equivalent dipole moments more accurately and reliably. Based on the near-field patterns, the proposed method can determine the minimal number of dipole moments and their corresponding locations. Furthermore, the magnitude and phase for each dipole moment can be extracted. The proposed method can extract the dominant dipole moments for the unknown noise sources one by one. The proposed method is applied to a few theoretical examples first. The measurement validation using a test board and a practical cellphone are also given. Compared to the conventional LSQ method, the proposed machine learning based method is believed to have a better accuracy. Also, it is more reliable in handling noise in practical applications.
Open Problems Related to a Herglotz-Type Formula for Vector-Valued Mappings

We review a recently found Herglotz-type formula that represents mappings in the class \(\mathcal {M}\), the generalization of the Caratheodory class to the open unit ball \({\mathbb B}\) of \({\mathbb C}^n\), as integrals of a fixed kernel with respect to a family of probability measures on \(\partial {\mathbb B}\). Since not every probability measure arises in the representation, there are resulting questions regarding the characterization of the family of representing measures. In a manner similar to how the one-variable Herglotz formula facilitates a representation of convex mappings of the disk, we apply the new transformation to convex mappings of \({\mathbb B}\) and present some additional open questions. As part of this application, we present a proof of an unpublished result of T.J. Suffridge that generalizes a classical result of Marx and Strohhacker for convex mappings of the disk.
Urban fluid mechanics : Air circulation and contaminant dispersion in cities

Recently, many urban areas of the world have experienced rapid growth of population and industrial activity raising concerns of environmental deterioration. To meet challenges associated with such rapid urbanization, it has become necessary to implement wise strategies for environmental management and planning, addressing the exclusive demands of urban zones for maintaining environmental sustainability and functioning with minimum disruption. These strategies and related public policy must be based on state-of-the-science tools for environmental forecasting, in particular, on mathematical models that accurately incorporate physical, biological, chemical and geological processes at work on urban scales. Central to such models are the mechanics of environmental fluids (air and water) and their transport and transformation characteristics. Although much progress has been made on understanding environmental flow phenomena, a myriad of issues akin to urban flow, the transport phenomena, air and water quality and health issues (epidemiology) remain to be understood and quantified. We propose to initiate a new focus area – Urban Fluid Mechanics (UFM) – tailored to research on such issues. For optimal societal impact, UFM must delve into fundamental and applied fluid flow problems of immediate utility for the development of urban public policy and environmental regulations. Such efforts often entail the use of `whole' systems approach to environmental studies, requiring careful synthesis between crosscutting areas. In this paper, a few topics in the realm of UFM are presented, the theme being the flow and air quality in urban areas. Topics such as the scales of flow, the atmospheric boundary layer, pollutants and their transport and modeling of flow and air quality are briefly reviewed, discussed and exemplified using case studies. Identification of important flow-related issues, rigorous multidisciplinary approaches to address them and articulation of results in the context of socio-political cause calebre will be the challenges faced by UFM.
Gender, Class, Race, and Ethnicity, Social Construction of

The categories gender, class, race, and ethnicity, widely used in the social sciences, history, and literature, have long been treated as distinct categories, which supposedly describe real differences among groups of people. In this article this assumption is debated and various theories about the usefulness and the interaction and interrelationship of these categories are examined.
Foraminifera of Rocas Alijos

Numerous studies have described the distribution of foraminifera off Baja California, the mainland of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California (Cushman and McCulloch, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1948, 1950; Lalicker and McCulloch, 1940; Natland, 1950; Walton, 1955; Bandy, 1961, 1963; Brenner, 1962; Phleger and Ewing, 1962; Phleger, 1964, 1965; Church, 1968; Lankford and Phleger, 1973; Crouch and Poag, 1987). However, these studies have all dealt with coastal forms. At present, very little is known about foraminifera inhabiting regions near islands which lie at great distances from the mainland.
Monochloramine-sensitive amperometric microelectrode: optimization of gold, platinum, and carbon fiber sensing materials for removal of dissolved oxygen interference

Monochloramine electrochemical determination in an aqueous system using newly fabricated gold and platinum microelectrodes was investigated to optimize sensor operation and to eliminate dissolved oxygen (DO) interference during monochloramine measurements. Carbon fiber microelectrodes were also compared for reference purposes. Gold and platinum microelectrodes exhibited no oxygen interference during monochloramine measurement and provided a linear relationship when operated at +150 and +300 mV vs. Ag/AgCl over a wide concentration range (0–4.2 mg Cl2/L), respectively. The carbon fiber microelectrode with 7-μm tip diameter was not sufficiently sensitive to monochloramine concentrations for detailed study. The baseline signal of both gold and platinum microelectrodes (i.e., signal without monochloramine) was near zero. With the same geometric tip diameter (20-μm tip diameter), gold microelectrodes resulted in better amperometric electrode response to monochloramine than platinum microelectrodes; gold microelectrodes had a higher sensitivity (52 ± 0.7 vs. 18 ± 0.07 pA/[mg Cl2/L]) and lower detection limit (0.12 ± 0.013 vs. 0.33 ± 0.10 mg Cl2/L), resulting in gold as the preferred microelectrode material. The developed gold microelectrode will allow accurate in situ monochloramine determination in biofilm while eliminating the confounding effects of oxygen interference.
Nonhuman Animals as Fictitious Commodities: Exploitation and Consequences in Industrial Agriculture

This paper examines how nonhuman animals, along with land and labor, represent fictitious commodities as described by Karl Polanyi. Animals in agriculture are examined as an extreme example of animal commodification whose use resembles the exploitation of land and labor. Conceptual frameworks developed from Marxist theory, including the subsumption of nature, the second contradiction of capitalism, and alienation, are applied to illustrate how the negative impacts to animals, the environment, and public health associated with animal agriculture are caused by attempts to overcome the incomplete commodification of animals. This paper illustrates how social theory can be extended to apply to animals, especially animals who are deeply embedded in human society. The inclusion of animals in social analyses also serves to strengthen our overall understanding of exploitation and oppression under capitalism.
Using acoustic telemetry to expand sonar escapement indices of Chinook salmon to in-river abundance estimates

Abstract Acoustic telemetry was combined with a project that uses sonar and drift gillnetting methods to estimate Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha escapement in the Nushagak River, Alaska. The sonar project uses dual-frequency identification sonars (DIDSONs) to count passing fish and drift gillnetting to apportion sonar estimates to species. These estimates are indices because the river’s width (∼300 m) and uneven bottom topography allow for only a third of the river to be sampled. This range is enough to fully enumerate sockeye salmon O. nerka, the dominate species, but not Chinook salmon, which are known to migrate beyond the sampling range. Acoustic telemetry was used to determine what proportion of Chinook salmon traveled within the sampling range of the sonar project. We inserted acoustic tags into Chinook salmon ∼13 km downriver and deployed an array of acoustic receivers at the sonar site to track tagged fish. From 2011 to 2014, 799 Chinook salmon were tagged. The tagged fish used the entire river width while migrating through the acoustic array exhibiting a wide variety of behaviors that included moving straight through the array, making multiple up and down trips, holding, and crossing over from one side of the river to the other. On average, 57% of tagged fish traveled through regions sampled by the sonar with annual percentages of 65% (2011), 54% (2012), 64% (2013), and of 47% (2014). These proportions were used to expand the sonar-derived indices to in-river abundance estimates.
A snapshot of underrepresented physicians 15 years after medical school.

We conducted a study to compare medical school experiences, values, career paths, and career satisfaction of under-represented in medicine (URiM) and non-URiM physicians approximately 15 years after medical school, guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior and the concept of stereotype threat. The sample consisted of four graduating classes, 1996–1999, of Harvard Medical School, 20% of whom were URiM. URiM respondents came from families of lower educational attainment and graduated with more debt. As students, they reported a greater experience of stereotype threat and, and at graduation they showed a tendency to place a higher value on avoiding a career that places them under constant pressure. Concerning their current status, URiM respondents expressed a lower level of satisfaction with their career progress. Multivariable analyses indicated that across the entire sample, URiM status was not a significant predictor of employment in academic medicine, but that being in academic medicine was predicted by mentors’ encouragement for a research career, greater intention to pursue research, and a lower value on having a financially rewarding career. Lower career satisfaction was predicted by one’s status as URiM, employment in academic medicine, greater involvement in research, and a greater value on avoiding constant pressure. The data suggest that negative student experiences in medical school, combined with the lack of mentor encouragement and financial pressures may discourage URiM medical students from pursuing academic careers, and that pressures for productivity and working in academic medicine may degrade the satisfaction derived by physicians in general.
Distal Esophageal Impedance Measured by High-resolution Esophageal Manometry With Impedance Suggests the Presence of Barrett’s Esophagus

Background/Aims Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is characterized by intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus. The aims of this study are to: (1) Compare baseline distal esophageal impedance (DEI) using high-resolution esophageal manometry with impedance (HREMI) in patients with BE, esophagitis, and healthy volunteers and (2) Correlate length of low impedance on HREMI in patients with BE to the length of endoscopic BE. Methods Patients with BE or esophagitis who underwent HREMI were included. Ten volunteers had HREMI. Baseline DEI was calculated from HREMI using the landmark segment. In patients with BE, the impedance was plotted to measure the extent of plotted low impedance (PLI) and visual low impedance (VLI). Lengths of VLI and PLI were correlated to endoscopic length of BE by Prague score. Results Forty-five patients were included (16 BE; 19 esophagitis; 10 volunteers). BE patients had lower baseline DEI at the first, second, and third sensors above the lower esophageal sphincter (mean ± SEM: 1.37 ± 0.45, 0.97 ± 0.27, and 0.81 ± 0.20) compared to volunteers (8.73 ± 0.60, 8.20 ± 0.73, and 6.94 ± 0.99; P < 0.001). Baseline DEI was lower in BE than esophagitis patients (2.98 ± 0.65, 2.49 ± 0.56, and 2.01 ± 0.51) at the first, second, and third sensors (P < 0.052 for second and third sensors); ie, BE < esophagitis < controls. PLI and VLI had a stronger correlation to circumferential score (r2 = 0.84 and 0.83) than maximal score (r2 = 0.76 and 0.68). Conclusions Baseline DEI is lower in BE compared with esophagitis and healthy volunteers. The length of low impedance correlates to the endoscopic extent of BE. Thus, impedance values during HREMI may help suggest the presence and extent of BE or esophagitis. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020;26:344-351)
6 – UNITARY SPACES

Publisher Summary This chapter describes unitary spaces. A coordinate system can be introduced into a Euclidean space, in such a way that, for example, every point or vector in the plane corresponds to a pair of real numbers. Similarly, to every vector in the space, an ordered triple can be associated with real numbers. The chapter highlights two immediate simple generalizations of these ideas, namely, real space and complex space. It discusses the concept of scalars, vectors, and vector spaces.
The Savings of Ordinary Americans: The Philadelphia Saving Fund Society in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

We explore the savings behavior of ordinary Americans through their accounts at the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society, the oldest mutual savings bank in the United States. Our sample contains all 2,374 accounts opened in 1850. Savings accounts were generally brief affairs, but median balances mounted to about three-quarters of annual income in three years. Deposits and withdrawals were infrequent, but substantial. Only female servants, as a group, used their accounts for life-cycle savings, eventually amassing large nest eggs. Men often used them to hold funds before acquiring physical property. We estimate saving rates between 10 and 15 percent on active accounts.
Effect of gestational age and postnatal age on the endothelial glycocalyx in neonates.

Prematurity predisposes to cardiovascular disease; however the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Disturbance of the endothelial glycocalyx (EG), an important regulator of vessel function, is thought to contribute to vascular pathology. Here, we studied the EG with respect to gestational and postnatal age in preterm and term neonates. The Perfused Boundary Region (PBR), an inverse measure of glycocalyx thickness, was measured postnatally in 85 term and 39 preterm neonates. Preterm neonates were further analyzed in two subgroups i.e., neonates born 30 weeks was significantly higher than in group B at birth, pointing towards an alteration of intrinsic maturational effects by extrinsic factors. These changes might contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk associated with extreme prematurity.
Connections between Empirical and Structural Reasoning in Technology-Aided Generalization Activities

Mathematical generalization can take on different forms and be built upon different types of reasoning. Having utilized data from a series of task-based interviews, this study examined connections between empirical and structural reasoning as preservice mathematics teachers solved problems designed to engage them in constructing and generalizing mathematical ideas aided by digital tools. The study revealed closer connections between naive empiricism and result pattern generalization, between naive empiricism and recognizing a structure in thought, between reasoning by generic example and process pattern generalization, and between reasoning by generic example and reasoning in terms of general structures. Results from this study imply that the ability to generalize based on perception and numerical pattern does not necessarily lead learners to generalize based on mathematical structure.
Private and social religious coping on life satisfaction: examining cultural factors among Latinxs

This study aimed to examine the direct effects of private and social religious coping on perceived life satisfaction. The secondary aim was to investigate whether cultural factors (i.e., enculturat...
Socio-economic Factors and Telework Status in the US during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 outbreak posed a considerable risk to the health of people in the US and across the world. To reduce its spread, various companies in America adopted a range of preventive measures, such as telework, for the majority of their workforces. Considering that these measures have disproportionate effects on individuals, this study examined the potential relationship between socio-economic characteristics and telework status in the United States through mixed logit models developed in this research. Results indicated that telework status was significantly associated with the majority of the variables used in the models, namely, age, gender, educational status, marital status, difficulty with expenses, household size, work type, and anxiety.
Multi-Label Classification of ICD-10 Coding & Clinical Notes Using MIMIC & CodiEsp

ICD-10, is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding standard used to get proper treatment and charged accordingly for any medical service. Clinical notes for patients’ assessment and treatment are captured by the physicians in free-form texts. Abbreviations and/or misspellings of words in this free-form text creates ambiguity and leads to the complexity and errors within the medical billing and coding process. In our study, multi-label classification experiments are conducted using preprocessing and deep learning techniques against two known corpora: the MIMIC-III (Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care) and CodiEsp. Clinical notes use abbreviation normalization and misspelled words are corrected. Logical hierarchy of lower-level ICD codes (labels) are converted to their ICD Chapters (first-level hierarchy). Our study performs several experiments with our preprocessed training datasets against several deep learning models. Our results showed that the deep learning attention mechanism is effective in enhancing ICD-10 predictions and the HAN GRU yields the best in F1 measures and 10-fold cross validation.
Computing Control Systems

Each of the words of the title of this chapter is of considerable weight in the language of modern technology, each encircles a separate field of modern engineering endeavor. Though old in their roots, these fields experienced a rapid growth only during the last decade and even in this short time had a noticeable impact on society. These fields are: Computers. Nothing has tobe added here about their capabilities and importance. Control Engineering. Also known as the field of feedback control or of servo-mechanisms, it deals with the techniques which are required to keep an effect under automatic control of a given cause within specified tolerances, statically and dynamically. The fundamental and comprehensive importance of such feedback control mechanisms, in man-made and in living systems, has been pointed out prominently in [1]. Systems Engineering. Though still fluent in its exact definitions, this endeavor became a necessity with the increasing human capability to master complex processes. It deals with the analytical understanding of the processes, their optimization in a technical and economical sense, their interactions with other processes and their environments, their reliability, and their logistics. [2]
A High Spatiotemporal Assessment of Consumptive Water Use and Water Scarcity in the Conterminous United States

There is an inextricable link between energy production and food/feed/fiber cultivation with available water resources. Currently in the United States, agriculture represents the largest sector of consumptive water use making up 80.7 % of the total. Electricity generation in the U.S. is projected to increase by 24 % in the next two decades and globally, the production of liquid transportation fuels are forecasted to triple over the next 25-years, having significant impacts on the import/export market and global economies. The tension between local water supply and demand across water use sectors needs to be evaluated with regards to risk evaluation and planning. To this end, we present a systematic method to spatially and temporally disaggregate nationally available 5-year county-scale water use data to a monthly 1/8° scale. Our study suggests that while 81.9 % of the U.S. exhibits unstressed local conditions at the annual scale, 13.7 % is considered water scarce; this value increases to 17.3 % in the summer months. The use of mean annual water scarcity at a coarser basin scale (~373,000 ha) was found to mask information critical for water planning whereas finer spatiotemporal scales revealed local areas that are water stressed or water scarce. Nationally, ~1 % of these “unstressed” basins actually contained water stressed or water scarce areas equivalent to at least 30 % and 17 %, respectively, of the basin area. These percentages increase to 34 % and 48 % in the summer months. Additionally, 15 % of basins classified as “unstressed” contained water scarce areas in excess of 10 % during the summer.
Rethinking the Music History Research Paper Assignment

Many final term papers can be disappointing to read because they are badly written, reflecting inadequate preparation, poor planning, or a paucity of discipline-specific research or writing skills. A lack of engagement with the subject matter often compounds technical or critical thinking problems. Indeed, one of the biggest frustrations for a teacher can be to read final pro­jects that display little or no enthusiasm. This article makes a case for alternative project formats that require the same tools of the trade and discipline specific thinking, but that are more closely aligned with the interests and career goals of music majors or graduate students in performance, music education, theory, conducting, or composition, all of whom are required to take music history courses. By presenting historical research in the format of focused program notes with accompanying recorded performances, classroom lesson plans, educational websites, source readings, or emulation compositions coupled with research essays, for instance, students become more engaged as they discover how music history can have relevance for their careers. This more pragmatic approach allows students to meld praxis and theory, or musicology and musicking while channeling the new technologies of our age to do so.
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION(P-HTN) FOLLOWING BOLUS INFUSIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS(PNEU), OTHER GRAM+(GM+) BACTERIA, AND ZYMOSAN

Group B Strep(GBS) infusions cause acute P-HTN in several animal models. This response includes increased pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), and resistance (PVR), and decreased pulmonary flow; systemic flows are often decreased. We infused a bolus of PNEU in 2, <2-wk-old, acutely-operated, anesthetized lambs and found that P-HTN occurred. We then studied this effect in 2 unanesthetized, chronically-instrumented piglets, <1 mo. old. Infused bacteria were heat-killed, washed and resuspended in buffer. The pigs received 1 item/day at 3-4.5 × 109 particles/dose. Qualitatively similar severe P-HTN resulted from bolus infusions of all PNEU strains tested (P1, P14, and P23) also from Group E, Group G, and a nontypeable Group B Strep, Staph aureus, and zymosan. Agitation, cyanosis, systemic hypotension, bradycardia and seizures also occurred. Latex particles, similar size as bacteria, had no effect at this dose. A mild, transient rise in Ppa and PVR was noted after a double dose, suggesting that a quantity of particles alone doesn't produce the same P-HTN. Indomethacin blocked the P-HTN caused by PNEU. We conclude that P-HTN is a nonspecific host response that can be elicited by a variety of GM+ bacteria. Agent(s) that may trigger the response are not unique to GBS or endotoxin. Cyclooxygenase pathway products appear to mediate this P-HTN which may be clinically important in shock occurring with GM+ infections.
Non-native acylated homoserine lactones reveal that LuxIR quorum sensing promotes symbiont stability

Summary Quorum sensing, a group behaviour coordinated by a diffusible pheromone signal and a cognate receptor, is typical of bacteria that form symbioses with plants and animals. LuxIR-type N-acyl L-homoserine (AHL) quorum sensing is common in Gram-negative Proteobacteria, and many members of this group have additional quorum-sensing networks. The bioluminescent symbiont Vibrio fischeri encodes two AHL signal synthases: AinS and LuxI. AinS-dependent quorum sensing converges with LuxI-dependent quorum sensing at the LuxR regulatory element. Both AinS- and LuxI-mediated signalling are required for efficient and persistent colonization of the squid host, Euprymna scolopes. The basis of the mutualism is symbiont bioluminescence, which is regulated by both LuxI- and AinS-dependent quorum sensing, and is essential for maintaining a colonization of the host. Here, we used chemical and genetic approaches to probe the dynamics of LuxI- and AinS-mediated regulation of bioluminescence during symbiosis. We demonstrate that both native AHLs and non-native AHL analogues can be used to non-invasively and specifically modulate induction of symbiotic bioluminescence via LuxI-dependent quorum sensing. Our data suggest that the first day of colonization, during which symbiont bioluminescence is induced by LuxIR, is a critical period that determines the stability of the V. fischeri population once symbiosis is established.
A Unique Set of Micromechanics Equations for High-Temperature Metal Matrix Composites

A unique set of micromechanic equations is presented for high temperature metal matrix composites. The set includes expressions to predict mechanical properties, thermal properties and constituent microstresses for the unidirectional fiber reinforced ply. The equations are derived based on a mechanics of materials formulation assuming a square array unit cell model of a single fiber, surrounding matrix and an interphase to account for the chemical reaction which commonly occurs between fiber and matrix. A three-dimensional finite element analysis was used to perform a preliminary validation of the equations. Excellent agreement between properties predicted using the micromechanics equations and properties simulated by the finite element analyses are demonstrated. Implementation of the micromechanics equations as part of an integrated computational capability for nonlinear structural analysis of high temperature multilayered fiber composites is illustrated.
CDKL5 in different atypical Rett syndrome variants: Description of the first eight patients from Spain

Mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) have been observed in patients with epileptic encephalopathies and atypical variants of Rett syndrome (RTT) associated with early epilepsy. Determination of the type and location ofCDKL5 mutations may provide molecular diagnosis and prognostic information and aid in genetic counseling for the family. Molecular analysis of CDKL5 and X-chromosome inactivation pattern in 53 Spanish RTT girls (without identifiable methyl-CpG-binding-protein 2) and nine boys with epileptic encephalopathy was performed. De novo CDKL5 mutations were identified in eight atypical RTT patients: one late regression; one preserved speech, one congenital variant with epilepsy onset at 3 years of age, and five patients. An addi- tional five patients with early-onset epilepsy. Seizure types and CDKL5 mutations were identified. Seizures types included infantile spasms or tonic seizures, and developing polymorphic seizures that were resistant to antiepileptic drugs. Electroencephalography records were abnormal, without characteristic pathologic pattern. Epilepsy control (total or partial) was achieved with valproate (four patients) or carbamazepine (three patients). Long-term outcome was variable, depending on type of mutation and epilepsy control. These arethe firsteight girlsfromSpainwithCDKL5mutations.Mutationswere identifiedinearlyepilepsy variantswithearlyhypo- tonia, but also in other atypical variants without a molecular diagnosis. This study highlights the importance of CDKL5 analysis in all atypicalRTT patientswithoutan identifiablemethyl-CpG-binding-protein2 mutation.Typeandlocation ofCDKL5mutationandthe resultant effect on protein appear to determine the severity of epilepsy.
Comparative effect of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol on DNA and mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells.

Abstract Thiamphenicol, a chloramphenicol analogue with substitution of the p-nitro group by a methylsulfonyl (CH 3 -SO 2 -) group is used extensively in Europe as a chloramphenicol substitute. It has been stated that thiamphenicol produces reversible bone marrow suppression but has not been associated with aplastic anemia. A comparative metabolic study indicates that both chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol are potent inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis. However, in contrast to chloramphenicol which at high concentrations inhibits DNA synthesis, thiamphenicol had little effect on DNA synthesis.
Morphology characterization in organic and hybrid solar cells

Organic and hybrid organic–inorganic photovoltaics are among the most promising options for low-cost and highly scalable renewable energy. In order to fully realize the potential of these technologies, power conversion efficiencies and stability will both have to be improved beyond the current state-of-the-art. The morphology of the active layer is of paramount importance in the photon to electron conversion process in organic and hybrid solar cells, with all length scales, from molecular ordering to intradevice composition variability, playing key roles. Given the central influence of morphology, characterizing the structure of these surprisingly complex material systems at multiple length scales is one of the grand challenges in the field. This review addresses the techniques, some of which have only recently been applied to organic and hybrid photovoltaics, available to scientists and engineers working to understand—and ultimately improve—the operation of these fascinating devices.
Disposition of oral azithromycin in humans.

Background The oral bioavailability of azithromycin is approximately 37% in healthy subjects; little is known about the disposition of the remaining 63% of the dose. This study attempted to describe the fate of azithromycin before absorption. Methods Twelve subjects with ileostomies in place for > 1 month were studied in this open-label, randomized, three-center, two-period, two-treatment crossover study. Subjects randomly received a single 500 mg intravenous infusion (over 1 hour) or two 250 mg oral capsules after a fast for > 12 hours. Blood and ileostomy samples were collected serially after each administration and analyzed for azithromycin and two metabolites (descladinose and 9a-N-desmethyl metabolites) by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Results Mean ± SD peak concentration values after oral and intravenous administration were 0.21 ± 0.08 and 3.40 ± 1.12 μg/ml. Mean values for area under the serum concentration versus time curve were 1.27 ± 0.65 and 7.14 ± 1.34 μg · hr/ml, respectively. The absolute bioavailability of 16.2% was approximately one-half the value observed previously in healthy subjects. Recovery in ileostomy fluid (percent of dose in 24 hours) of azithromycin, descladinose, and 9a-N-desmethyl metabolites were 13%, 0.5%, and 1% (total, 15%) after intravenous dosing and 47%, 13%, and 2% (total, 62%) after oral dosing. Total and ileal clearances were 776 ± 126 and 158 ± 63 ml/min after intravenous dosing. Conclusion Because more descladinose metabolite was detected after oral dosing, acid degradation of azithromycin before absorption contributed to some loss in oral bioavailability. Further, ileal clearance (biliary plus intestinal excretion clearance) in this population represented 21% of total clearance. Taken together, these data suggest that the cause of low oral bioavailability of azithromycin is the result of incomplete absorption rather than acid degradation or extensive first-pass metabolism. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 61, 641–648; doi:
Isolation of starch granules and starch-granule-bound glucan synthetase from cotton leaves

Abstract A simple sucrose density technique has been developed for starch granule isolation from leaves. With this procedure starch-granule-bound glucan synthetase (EC 2.4.1.21) was successfully isolated from phenolic-rich plant tissue. This enzyme is firmly bound to starch granules and free from soluble glucan synthetase. The enzyme specific activity is more than 100-fold higher than that prepared by the previously reported procedure.
UPTAKE AND TRANSFER OF FALLOUT I-131 IN PREGNANT WOMEN.

Levels of I/sup 131/ in pregnant women and controls were determined by whole-body counting with a scintillation crystal placed over the thyroid. No detectable levels of I/sup 131/ were found. Ten fetal thyroids and milk samples were also negative for I/sup 131/. In a second series counted during Oct. through Dec. 1962, levels of I/sup 131/ in pregnant women ranged from 0 to 160 pC. In 5 of the offspring of these women measured from 18 to 34 days after birth, no significant levels of I/sup 131/ were detected. Levels of I/sup 131/ in milk samples collected during this period ranged from 25 to 180 pC/qt. Apparently no more I/sup 131/ was taken up by pregnant than by nonpregnant women. The data suggest a correlation between milk consumption and thyroid I/sup 131/ content. (C.H.)
Design for America: organizing for civic innovation

Design for America (DFA) is a national organization that connects and activates voluntary teams of university students, faculty, professional designers, and community members to confront illiteracy, tackle violence, beat poverty, and more. DFA guides student-led teams as they learn and lead a community centered innovation process that emphasizes participatory design, rapid iteration, and interdisciplinary teamwork. DFA starts by teaching teams to identify problems in their own community that are personally meaningful to them and if solved, could scale globally. DFA teams go out into the community to talk to people to understand what is not working and what could be working better. They talk with community members to get a sense of the pressing challenges, take digital pictures of what's broken, and do research to learn about the significance of the problems and which problems resonate personally with them. Language: en
The year 2000: Looking forward

Following up on their article in the last issue, the authors reflect and speculate upon the evolution of the discipline of marketing. In so doing, they make connections to key social and intellectual developments in the past that shape its current course and point to radical ends in view that could fundamentally change how marketers, consumers, and scholars may come to view themselves and the subject matter of marketing. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
When Community Comes Home to Roost: The Southern Milltown as Lost Cause

This article examines the experience of the Cooleemee Historical Association in North Carolina. It notes the many successes of this community history project, while examining the intellectual and professional trajectories of its principal sponsors, Jim and Lynn Rumley. The article argues that the project also became politicized and distorted, particularly in terms of issues of race relations and relationships between community and the outside world, ultimately projecting a highly selective historical memory.
Using Diaries to Assess Nonprescription Drug Use among University Students

Nonprescription drug use among university students was investigated using survey and behavioral diary methodologies to assess usage of nonprescription drug use and to compare survey and diary methodologies. Surveys were completed by 183 students (136 females and 47 males) that asked how often they used nonprescription drugs and what those drugs were. Of these participants, 61 (53 females and 8 males) voluntarily completed behavioral diaries for nonprescription drug use for a three week period. Survey data showed 83.1% of participants used nonprescription drugs in the past week, with pain relievers being the most common drug used. There was a significant correlation between the number of times participants reported using nonprescription drugs on the surveys and what the participants reported in their diaries, with no differences in the mean number of uses between survey and diary. This indicates that participants can recall information about their medication-taking behavior with some accuracy. Behavioral diaries were also able to show some of the misuse that is associated with using nonprescription medications. In most cases of misuse, too large a dose was taken. Students should be provided with information about the possible long- and short-term effects of these medications.