cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Millimeter-Wave Beamrider And Radar Systems

This paper discusses three brassboard millimeter wave systems which are being built for the Army by Georgia Tech. These systems are: (1) a 94 GHz coherent transmitter/receiver, (2) a 140 GHz incoherent transmitter/receiver, and (3) a 220 GHz radar. The first two systems are to be used primarily for evaluation of millimeter guidance techniques, and the third will be used to evaluate performance of a 220 GHz radar system in a tank-mounted, target acquisition application. All of the systems use extended interaction oscillator transmitters and Schottky-barrier mixer receivers, and the radar employs a unique quasi-optical duplexer, and an all solid-state receiver.
Vapor Phase Self-Assembly of Molecular Gate Dielectrics for Thin Film Transistors

Organic-inorganic films grown entirely via a vapor-phase deposition process and composed of highly polarizable molecular structures are investigated as gate dielectrics in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Molecules 1 and 2 form self-ordered thin films via hydrogen bonding, and these organic-inorganic structures exhibit large capacitances and large pentacene OFET mobilities.
Swelling of dendritic spines in the fascia dentata after stimulation of the perforant fibers as a mechanism of post-tetanic potentiation.

Abstract Perforant fibers taking their origin in the entorhinal region of the pyri-form cortex of the mouse make synaptic connections with dendritic spines in the distal (with respect to the granular cells) two-thirds of the molecular layer of the fascia dentata. In electron micrograhs, prepared by freeze-substitution, the mean area of the spines in the proximal one-third of this layer, where no endings of perforant fibers are present, was compared with the mean area of the spines in the distal one-third. Such measurements were made in preparations in which the perforant fibers had been stimulated (at 30/sec, for 30 sec) and in unstimulated controls. In 11 control preparations, the mean area of the distal spines was 13% larger than that of the proximal spines. However, in 14 preparations in which the perforant fibers had been stimulated, the mean area of the distal spines was 53% larger than that of the proximal ones. This difference is statistically highly significant. The spine swelling was present 2 min after the end of stimulation and had not noticeably decreased after 60 min (the longest time investigated). The swelling of spines, resulting in a decrease of their length resistance and an increase of their length constant, is proposed as a mechanism of the long lasting potentiation observed in this monosynaptic pathway.
A low temperature uhf NMR system

Abstract A system for the observation of NMR at temperatures below 100 mK is described. The uhf sample chamber forms an integral part of a dilution refrigerator
Deep continental margin reflectors

In contrast to the rarity of such observations a decade ago, seismic reflecting and refracting horizons are now being observed to Moho depths under continental shelves in a number of places. These observations provide knowledge of the entire crustal thickness from the shoreline to the oceanic crust on passive margins and supplement Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP)-type measurements on land.
Is Medicaid Sustainable? Spending Projections For The Program’s Second Forty Years

We constructed long-term projections of Medicaid spending and compared projected growth in spending with that of state and federal revenues. Notwithstanding the anticipated decline in employer-sponsored insurance and the long-term care needs of the baby boomers, we project that Medicaid spending as a share of national health spending will average 16.6 percent from 2006 to 2025—roughly unchanged from 16.5 percent in 2005—and then increase slowly to 19.0 percent by 2045. Growth in government revenues is projected to be large enough to sustain both Medicaid spending increases and substantial real growth in spending for other services.
Who published what about whom

Each study (n = 1,170) in the Journal of Personality Assessment and its predecessor (1968 through 1982) was reviewed to determine the affiliation of authors, personality measures commonly used, type of study methodologies employed, and characteristics of subjects studied. Generally, there were no large trends or shifts in any of these across the 15-year survey period. The Rorschach continues to be a common subject for study, as does the MMPI; authors have typically been from academic rather than applied settings; validity and normative studies have been most common; and the most frequently used subjects have been college students. Objective tests have increased in frequency in JPA articles, while projectives, except for the Rorschach, have declined; and the majority of research subjects have been drawn from nonpathological populations. Implications for editorial policies and reader interest are discussed.
Construction and analysis of deletion mutations in the pol gene of moloney murine leukemia virus: A new viral function required for productive infection

We have used in vitro mutagenesis to explore the functions of the gene products encoded by the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV). Deletions were constructed at a variety of positions in the gene, and the altered DNA copies of the viral genome were introduced into mouse cells by cotransformation. The mutants could be divided into two classes depending on the phenotype and map position of the deletion within the pol gene. Mutants with deletions mapping in the 5' portion of the gene were found to be completely deficient in reverse transcriptase activity. Mutants mapping in the 3' portion of the gene, however, assembled and released virions with normal levels of reverse transcriptase and RNAase H activities. When applied to permissive cells, these virions directed the synthesis of all three forms of unintegrated viral DNA: full-length, double-stranded linear DNA and the two circular forms with one and two copies of the long terminal repeat sequences. The infection was arrested at this point and the infected cells did not become producers of virus. Thus the 3' portion of the pol gene encodes a polypeptide with a function distinct from that of reverse transcriptase, which is not required for synthesis of viral DNA but is essential for establishment of that DNA in a stable, active form in the infected cell. We suggest that this function may be the integration of the proviral DNA.
Conductivity in PbI2-PbO-B2O3 glasses

Abstract The conductivity of amorphous samples prepared from a base glass composition of 57 wt% PbO - 43 wt% B 2 O 3 with additions of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt% PbI 2 has been investigated. Conductivity was measured as a function of temperature using a d.c. resistance measurement technique and confirmed at higher temperatures by a.c. complex admittance analysis. An Arrhenius temperature relationship was observed below the glass transition temperature (Tg). An activation energy of 1.4 eV was independent of PbI 2 content. The bulk conductivity was 4.06×10 −11 (ohm-cm) −1 at 350°C for samples containing 50 wt% PbI 2 . A distinctive change in slope occured near Tg and coincided with devitrification of the glass.
Improving the legibility of digital type: a comparison of some current videotex fonts with a new design

Abstract The videotex system uses fonts which are digitally defined and limited in resolution by their pixel structure. Such fonts have been described as crude, unattractive and difficult to read. This study designed and tested the readability and pleasantness of a new font compatible with tthe videotex system. Subjects were timed reading a text in one of three fonts; subjects were also asked to evaluate the readability and pleasantness of the fonts to which they were exposed. Speed of reading tests revealed that the new font (Hillman 1) was read fastest, while a font now in use by Telidon videotex was read significantly more slowly. In addition, the new font was judged to be easier to read and more pleasant that the Telidon fonts. These outcomes suggest that typeface design can affect both the readability and pleasantness of computer-generated type and support the view that the legibility of low-resolution digital typography may be enhanced through manipulation of some critical dimensions of typeface design.
PREALBUMIN AS A MARKER OF FETAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS

Prealbumin (PA) and retinol-binding protein (RBP), hepatically synthesized transport proteins for vitamin A, are useful markers of nutritional protein/calorie adequacy. To confirm the fetal liver as the source of PA synthesis, we determined PA levels in 9 cord arterial and/or venous sera samples and in paired maternal sera at birth. Prealbumin and RBP concentrations were then determined in maternal and cord sera of 36 preterm and 24 full term AGA infants (32.8 ± 3.3 and 40.3 ± 1.3 wks) to determine the effects of gestational age and maternal levels on cord levels. Maternal PA and RBP were similar for both gestational age groups. Cord levels between the groups were: Two-way ANOVA, with Student-Newman-Keuls test, indicated a significant effect only of gestational age on PA, p=.002, and RBP, p=.01. CONCLUSIONS: 1) PA does not appear to be transferred from mother to fetus during gestation, indicating PA levels in newborns reflect intrauterine fetal hepatic synthesis, not maternal nutrition. 2) Serum PA and RBP increase with gestational age and must be considered when PA is used to evaluate postnatal nutritional status.
The government spending multiplier: Evidence from county level data

Abstract The passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 has brought fiscal policy to the forefront once again. The size of the “multiplier” of government spending becomes of critical importance for determining the effect of stimulus programs. Yet there is considerable controversy about this issue. This study adds to the discussion on the size of the multiplier by using earnings data by county. This allows the creation of a panel data that includes 3141 counties for the time period 2001–2012. We estimate the federal government spending multiplier to be approximate 1.5. Our estimate for state and local spending multipliers are considerably smaller. Our results have implication for policy in that federal programs will be more effective for stabilization county economies than state or local spending.
Molecular determinants of antigenicity of two subtypes of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus.

In 1964, D. H. Clarke defined two antigenic subtypes of Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) based on polyclonal antibody absorption and haemagglutination assays. The current report defines the molecular basis for these antigenic subtypes by comparison of the complete genomes of OHFV strains Kubrin (subtype I) and Bogoluvovska (subtype II). There were six nucleotide differences between these two strains throughout the entire genome and they encoded four amino acid changes including three in the viral envelope (E) protein. Two of these changes were in solvent-exposed regions of domain 3 of the E protein, one of which lies in a region that could easily function in virus–host cell or virus–antibody interactions. These results demonstrate the minimal changes that are required to significantly alter the antigenicity of flaviviruses and also demonstrate the tremendous genetic stability of the tick-borne flaviviruses.
Fluid Flow Equations for Rotordynamic Flows in Seals and Leakage Paths

Fluid-induced rotordynamic forces produced by the fluid in an annular seal or in the leakage passage surrounding the shroud of a pump or turbine, are known to contribute substantially to the potential excitation forces acting on the rotor. The present research explores some of the important features of the equations governing bulk-flow models of these flows. This in turn suggests methods which might be used to solve these bulk-flow equations in circumstances where the linearized solutions may not be accurate. This paper presents a numerical method for these equations and discusses comparison of the computed results with experimental measurements for annular seals and pump leakage paths.
GABAB binding sites in early adult and aging rat brain

Abstract The effect of aging on GABA B binding was investigated in rat brain. Receptor autoradiography was used to investigate both GABA B and GABA A binding at 2 months, 3 months, 13 months, and 23 months. GABA B binding decreases significantly between 2 months and 23 months of age, as does GABA A binding, with was investigated in rat brain. Receptor autoradiography was used to investigate both GABA B and GABA A binding at 2 months, 3 months, 13 months, and 23 months. GABA B binding decreases significantly between 2 months and 23 months of age, as does GABA A binding, with greatest decrease between 2 and 3 months. The decrease in GABA B binding appears to be due to a decrease in binding site affinity rather than a decrease in receptor density. The noncompetitive GABA B antagonist zinc, the competitive GABA B antagonist CGP 35348, and the guanyl nucleotide analogue GTP-γ-S all inhibit GABA B binding identically in 2 month and 23 month brain. These data indicate subtle age-related changes in the GABA B binding in early adult life but little change with senescence.
Selecting and Evaluating Combinatorial Fusion Criteria to Improve Multitarget Tracking

In many useful video tracking situations, targets move through repeated mutual occlusions. As targets undergo occlusions, the feature subsets and combinations of those features that are effective in identifying the target and improving tracking performance may change. We use Combinatorial Fusion Analysis to select and evaluate criteria by which to identify the combination of features that will produce the most accurate tracking. In particular we show that the combination of a pair of features A and B will improve the accuracy only if (a) A and B have relative high performance, and (b) A and B are diverse. We present experimental results from three diverse video sequences to illustrate the performance of the proposed criteria.
Prediction of sugar consumption in shredded cabbage using a respiratory model

Abstract The relationship between respiration and sugar consumption of shredded cabbage was examined. Respiration rate (RR) of shredded cabbage was determined at 5 °C for 96 h and 20 °C for 48 h, and total CO 2 production estimated by integrating RR. Glucose, fructose and sucrose of shredded cabbage were also determined, and total sugar obtained as the sum of these sugars. The decrease in total sugar with time at both temperatures was recorded. Total CO 2 production was calculated from the decrease in total sugar, which was assumed to be caused by oxidation of sugar in a respiratory reaction. Experiments were carried out twice. Total CO 2 production obtained by integrating RRs was approximately equal to that calculated from the decrease in total sugar. Accordingly, it was confirmed that CO 2 emitted from shredded cabbage was mostly derived from sugar. To predict sugar consumption, a previously developed respiratory model was applied. The model could sufficiently predict RRs of shredded cabbage at varying temperatures (15 → 25 → 15 °C). Therefore, the decrease in total sugar was predicted from total CO 2 production, obtained using the respiratory model. In addition, the predicted total sugar content agreed well with experimentally determined values. Therefore, it was considered that sugar consumption of shredded cabbage could be predicted by applying the respiratory model.
Scientific Method for Today’s Market

TODIBEN TM (An Isador Nabi advanced prepublication, prereview, preapproval, and postmarketing advisory on)
Pygmy chimpanzee social organization : variation with party size and between study sites

Descriptions of social organization based on interactions are difficult for fission-fusion primates, such as pygmy chimpanzees, as interactions may depend on association in parties. Frequencies of male-male and male-female affiliative and female-male and female-female aggressive interactions among Lomako pygmy chimpanzees occurred in proportion to the presence of each sex in parties. Male-male aggression and female-male affiliation, however, were more frequent than expected on the basis of party membership. Females with small swellings received more grooming and less mating than expected. Patterns of interactions at Lomako also varied with party size. Female-female affiliation predominated in small parties, while male-female affiliation predominated in larger parties. This trend parallels observed differences between the Lomako and Wamba study sites. Male-female affiliation is more frequent at Wamba where party sizes are larger. Differences between study sites may also reflect provisioning, habituation, predator threat, and habitat. Provisioning at Wamba may result in higher frequencies of aggression among males and lower levels of aggression among females. Comparison between earlier and later Lomako studies suggests that increased habituation is associated with greater differences from, rather than more similarity to, results from Wamba. Differences between Lomako and Wamba in habitat, provisioning, and human (but not non-human) predation, by affecting party size and composition, most likely account for the observed differences in social organization between the two sites.
COMPROMISED MARGINS FOLLOWING MASTECTOMY FOR STAGE I - III INVASIVE BREAST CANCER

Abstract Background We investigated factors associated with positive margins following mastectomy and the impact on outcomes. Methods We identified 240 patients with stage I–III invasive breast cancer who underwent mastectomy from 1999 to 2009. Data included patient and tumor characteristics, pathologic margin assessment, and outcomes. Margin positivity was defined as the presence of in situ or invasive malignancy at any margin. Descriptive statistics were used for data summary and were compared using χ2. Results Of the 240 patients, 132 (55%) had a simple mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy and 108 (45%) had a modified radical mastectomy. Overall, 21 patients (9%) had positive margins, including 12 (57%) with one positive margin, 3 (14%) with two positive margins, and 6 (29%) with three or more positive margins. The most commonly affected margin was the deep margin (48% of patients). Eight of the 21 patients (38%) received adjuvant chest wall irradiation. There were no differences between patients who had a positive margin and those who did not with respect to patient age, race, percentage of in situ component, tumor size, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, or immunostain profile (P > 0.05 for all). None of the patients with positive margins experienced a local recurrence. Conclusions Positive margins following mastectomy occurred in nearly 10% of our patients. No specific patient or tumor characteristics predicted a risk for having a positive margin. Despite the finding that only approximately 40% of patients received adjuvant radiation in the setting of a positive margin, no local recurrences have been observed.
Serine-scanning mutagenesis studies of the C-terminal heptad repeats in the SARS coronavirus S glycoprotein highlight the important role of the short helical region.

Abstract The fusion subunit of the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein contains two regions of hydrophobic heptad-repeat amino acid sequences that have been shown in biophysical studies to form a six-helix bundle structure typical of the fusion-active core found in Class I viral fusion proteins. Here, we have applied serine-scanning mutagenesis to the C-terminal-most heptad-repeat region in the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein to investigate the functional role of this region in membrane fusion. We show that hydrophobic sidechains at a and d positions only within the short helical segment of the C-terminal heptad-repeat region (I1161, I1165, L1168, A1172, and L1175) are critical for cell–cell fusion. Serine mutations at outlying heptad-repeat residues that form an extended chain in the core structure (V1158, L1179, and L1182) do not affect fusogenicity. Our study provides genetic evidence for the important role of α-helical packing in promoting S glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion.
Lectin binding to dissociated cells from two species of Xenopus embryos

1. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated concanavalin A (F-conA) and soy bean agglutinin (F-SBA) bind to the surface of EDTA-dissociated cells from blastula and gastrula stage Xenopus laevis and X. mulleri embryos. 2. Binding of these lectins is abolished by appropriate haptens (alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside for F-conA and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose for F-sba). 3. Gastrula stage cells show a clustering or capping of lectin binding sites not shown by blastula stage cells. 4. At least for F-conA, this capping is induced by the lectin. 5. There are no striking regional differences in either amount or pattern of lectin binding in early gastrulae of both species.
Chronic renin inhibition with aliskiren improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and skeletal muscle glucose transport activity in obese Zucker rats

We have demonstrated previously that overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is associated with whole body and skeletal muscle insulin resistance in obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. Moreover, this obesity-associated insulin resistance is reduced by treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor (type 1) blockers. However, it is currently unknown whether specific inhibition of renin itself, the rate-limiting step in RAS functionality, improves insulin action in obesity-associated insulin resistance. Therefore, the present study assessed the effect of chronic, selective renin inhibition using aliskiren on glucose tolerance, whole body insulin sensitivity, and insulin action on the glucose transport system in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats. Obese Zucker rats were treated for 21 days with either vehicle or aliskiren (50 mg/kg body wt ip). Renin inhibition was associated with a significant lowering (10%, P < 0.05) of resting systolic blood pressure and induced reductions in fasting plasma glucose (11%) and free fatty acids (46%) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (13%). Glucose tolerance (glucose area under the curve) and whole body insulin sensitivity (inverse of the glucose-insulin index) during an oral glucose tolerance test were improved by 15% and 16%, respectively, following chronic renin inhibition. Moreover, insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity in isolated soleus muscle of renin inhibitor-treated animals was increased by 36% and was associated with a 2.2-fold greater Akt Ser(473) phosphorylation. These data provide evidence that chronic selective inhibition of renin activity leads to improvements in glucose tolerance and whole body insulin sensitivity in the insulin-resistant obese Zucker rat. Importantly, chronic renin inhibition is associated with upregulation of insulin action on skeletal muscle glucose transport, and it may involve improved Akt signaling. These data support the strategy of targeting the RAS to improve both blood pressure regulation and insulin action in conditions of insulin resistance.
A LONGITUDINAL MODEL OF SPONSORSHIP AND CAREER SUCCESS: A STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL‐ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Drawing from research on the sociology of science, we hypothesized a model of academic career success in an effort to extend research on particularistic and universalistic influences on career success. Results, based on a sample of 154 members of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, provided support for the hypothesized model. Specifically, doctoral program prestige and publications as a PhD student influenced prestige of the first job. Furthermore, these 2 variables—along with chair publications—influenced career publications, prestige of the first job and career publications influenced extrinsic success (a composite variable comprised of rank, salary, longitudinal citation rates, prestige of current job, fellowships, and presence on editorial boards), and extrinsic success influenced intrinsic career success (career satisfaction). The results further suggest that individual performance has a stronger influence on the career success of industrial-organizational psychologists than do social networks.
Necessity of routine ipsilateral hemithyroidectomy during laryngopharyngectomy for pyriform sinus cancer

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to revisit the role of hemithyroidectomy in the treatment of pyriform sinus cancer by determining the incidence of thyroid gland invasion by the tumor. Materials and Methods Medical records of 27 patients with pyriform sinus cancer who underwent laryngopharyngectomy with ipsilateral hemithyroidectomy from 1999 to 2010 at a National Cancer Institute–designated comprehensive cancer center were retrospectively reviewed. Computed tomographic scans of the neck, operative notes, and surgical specimens were examined to determine the presence of thyroid gland invasion by imaging, clinical appearance, and pathology. Results There were 19 male and 8 female patients (age range, 44-79 years; mean, 59.9 years). Most of the cases (85%) had advanced-stage disease. Extralaryngeal spread of tumor with thyroid cartilage invasion was noted in the computed tomographic scans of 5 patients; however, there was no radiologic evidence of thyroid gland invasion in any patient. No gross thyroid gland invasion by the tumor was appreciated in any patient during surgery. No histologic evidence of tumoral invasion of the thyroid gland was found in any of 27 surgical specimens. Conclusions Results of this study suggest that thyroid gland invasion by pyriform sinus cancer is not common. Therefore, a routine ipsilateral hemithyroidectomy may not be necessary in the treatment of every patient with pyriform sinus cancer, unless there is evidence of thyroid gland invasion.
Psychologic first aid and veterinarians in rural communities undergoing livestock depopulation.

JAVMA, Vol 231, No. 5, September 1, 2007 N pandemics of foreign animal disease (FAD), such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI), and agriterrorist threats, such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), have pushed US veterinarians to new states of readiness for disease recognition, control, and eradication. Regardless of the cause of animal disease, a likely outcome of an incident of severe disease is depopulation of the affected flock or herd. Depopulation refers to the killing of animals efficiently and quickly under extenuating circumstances, such as animals with a zoonotic disease, during rapidly spreading outbreaks, or when animals are isolated by natural disaster. It is in the days to months following a depopulation event that local food supply veterinarians may make their greatest social and professional impacts on farm families and rural communities. In terms of disaster planning, the veterinary profession under federal leadership seems to have invested most of its effort in the recognition of FMD, a proposed agriterrorist agent, and AI, both of which are severe economic threats. No doubt FMD and AI are real threats in our globalized and terrorized world. However, preparation for recognition and eradication of a specific disease seems to be the middle step in three layers of disease preparedness: prophylaxis, biosecurity as a means of surveillance and control of disease and enhanced productivity; therapeusis, recognition, control, and eradication of FAD, emerging diseases, and FMD; and rehabilitation, care of the rural community, and repopulation of livestock. Biosecurity, under various names, was once the driver of veterinary medicine in the United States, transforming US livestock production from a cottage industry in 1884 to a global supplier of meat, hides, hair, broodstock, and power, following the eradication of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in 1892. Today, biosecurity has the potential to increase producer profit and veterinary income and to serve as an early warning system for emerging disease and FAD and agriterrorism. An explosion of protocols for biosecurity has appeared on the World Wide Web, many developed by producer groups and extension departments for the specific species under cultivation. Psychologic first aid and veterinarians in rural communities undergoing livestock depopulation
Do inter-regional gray-matter volumetric correlations reflect altered functional connectivity in high-risk offspring of schizophrenia patients?

Background Schizophrenia patients and their relatives show aberrant functional connectivity in default network regions (DRs) such as the medial prefrontal, lateral temporal, cingulate and inferior parietal cortices and executive regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Gray-matter volumetric alterations may be related to these functional connectivity deficits. Also, gray-matter volume inter-regional correlations may reflect altered inter-regional functional connectivity.
Spectroscopic Studies of 1‐Aryl‐2,2‐Dichlorocyclopropanes

Seventeen 1-aryl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropanes were examined by using IR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. The data obtained from IR and 13C NMR spectra indicate that the bond strength of carbon-chlorine on the cyclopropane ring and the electron density of that carbon depend on the substituent. The mass fragmentation patterns of compounds in this series resemble those of the dibromo analogues. The fragmentation mechanism is proposed to involve the formation of indenium ion through an electrocyclization.
New Measure of Inattentiveness to Forward Roadway

Long glances inside a vehicle when driving are predictive of crashes on the road. Laboratory studies have shown that novice drivers are more likely to make such long in-vehicle glances than are more experienced drivers. Moreover, a training program for novice drivers, FOCAL, has been shown to reduce the number of long glances. However, it is not clear what the best measure is for assessing how risky the pattern of glances is. This paper proposes a new measure, summed excess glance durations, to assess the glance behavior in an interval of time in which the participant is attempting to do a task within the vehicle while driving. This measure gives a plausible estimate of the likelihood of a crash and is not subject to the same problems as are extant measures. Moreover, the measure can be used to estimate the threshold above which glance durations become unsafe, confirming previous, complementary, work on a driving simulator. Although the analyses suggest that approximately a 1.5-s threshold for evaluating excess glances appears to be best, any excess glance threshold between 1.0 and 2.5 s is a good discriminator between novice and experienced drivers. The authors also discuss how one can bridge the gap between laboratory observations and crash rates and argue that the threshold value for predicting crash rates is likely to depend on driving situations. The authors argue that the measure proposed, when suitably adjusted for driving conditions, is likely to be an excellent predictor of crash rates.
Heat Conduction in Three Dimensional Stacked Packages

This paper presents the results of an analytical study of steady state heat conduction in multiple rectangular domains. Any finite number of such domains may be considered in the current study. The thermal conductivity and thickness of these domains may be different. The entire geometry composed of these connected domains is considered as adiabatic on the lateral surfaces and can be subjected to uniform convective cooling at one end. The other end of the geometry may be adiabatic and a specified, spatially varying heat generation rate can be applied in each of the domains. The solutions are found to be in agreement with known solutions for simpler geometries. The analytical solution presented here is very general in that it takes into account the interface resistances between the layers. One application of this analytical study relates to the thermal management of a 3-D stack of devices and interconnect layers. Another possible application is to the study of hotspots in a chip stack with non uniform heat generation. Many other potential applications may also be simulated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
An Efficient Ontology Comparison Tool for Semantic Web Applications

With the growing access to heterogeneous and independent data repositories, determining the semantic difference of two ontologies is critical in information retrieval, information integration and semantic web applications. In this paper, we propose an ontology comparison tool based on a novel senses refinement algorithm, which builds a senses set to accurately represent the semantics of the input ontology. The senses refinement algorithm automatically extracts senses from the electronic lexical database WordNet (locally installed or online), removes unnecessary senses based on the relationship among the entity classes of the ontology, and specifies relations and constraints of the concepts in the refined senses set. The senses refinement converts the measurement of ontology difference into simple set operations based on set theory, thus ensures the efficiency and accuracy of the ontology comparison. Our experimental studies show that the proposed senses refinement algorithm outperforms the naive senses set construction algorithm in terms of efficiency and accuracy.
Depth extent of cratons as inferred from tomographic studies

We address the question of the depth extent of mantle high-velocity zones under ancient cratons by using seismic velocity maps from recent mantle tomographic studies. We divided old continents into two age provinces: 800–1700 Ma (Middle Proterozoic) and older than 1700 Ma (Archean and Early Proterozoic). The areas included in these age provinces are cross-correlated with the tomography at different depths to quantify the global occurrence of high-velocity anomaly (HVA) extensions beneath cratons. Statistically significant HVAs underlie the oldest cratons to a depth of 250 km. There is no significant consistent correlation between tomography and younger cratons. The older cratons have correlated HVAs extending to depths varying from <100 to 450 km. There is no significant difference in the average velocity anomaly beneath the Early Proterozoic part and the Archean part of the Canadian Shield, whereas the Middle Proterozoic part does not contain any HVA. The mantle under Early Precambrian crust is distinctly different from mantle elsewhere. We propose two different hypotheses to explain these results: (1) cratons of Early Proterozoic age or older contain ancient and deep, physically attached roots, or (2) these cratons contain a small “permanent” physical root that induces cold downwellings beneath it. A root thickness of ∼200 km can be explained by an FeO-poor, olivine-rich mineralogy, whereas a requirement of high strength probably demands, in addition, a volatile-poor composition. Different root depths for cratons of similar age may be related to their location in the various supercontinents in which they were involved, and to their subsequent deformational history, or they may represent different snapshots in time of transient “roots,” such as thermal boundary layers.
Flexural response of spoolable composite tubulars: an integrated experimental and computational assessment

Abstract This study is focused on the structural behavior of filament-wound composite tubes which are stored on large spools for ease of storage, handling, and installation. The objective is to identify the minimum spool radius without introducing damage in the composite tube during storage. Experimental and computational studies are undertaken to assess the influence of different material systems, lay-ups, and tube geometry on the stress–strain response induced in bending. Four-point flexure tests are conducted to simulate the spooling conditions where angle-ply asymmetric glass and carbon polymeric–matrix composite tubes with various lay-up and radius/thickness ratios are loaded until failure. Finite element models of these tests are analyzed with the ABAQUS package utilizing two-dimensional S8R shell elements. The models incorporate non-linear geometry effects as well as a material subroutine (UMAT) to detect progressive damage details, that is, to predict damage initiation and its progression. Residual stresses from processing are also incorporated to provide a realistic foundation for progressive damage calculations. The moment–curvature response using maximum stress, Hashin–Rotem, and Hashin damage criteria are compared with experimental data. The models are used to conduct parametric studies of the effects of lay-up, geometry, and constitutive material on the flexural behavior of the composite tubes.
Effects of water content and initiator composition on photopolymerization of a model BisGMA/HEMA resin.

Aims The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of photoinitiator type and water content on the polymerization rate (Rp) and degree of conversion (DC) of a model BisGMA/HEMA-based resin.
Noninvasive imaging of anticancer therapy.

The paper by Blasberg ([1][1]) in this issue represents the first of a series of manuscripts that represent the breadth of functional and molecular imaging approaches to interrogate cancers with nondestructive and noninvasive imaging methods. This body of work illustrates the culmination of effort
Channel Decomposition Method for Designing Body-Worn Antenna Diversity Systems

A channel decomposition method is presented to evaluate the diversity performance of on-body UHF antenna systems. The novelty of this method amounts to separating the human body and propagation channel for independent estimation of each contribution. The proposed method can be readily adapted to different channel environments (once the statistics are known) to considerably reduce computation time. This channel decomposition method is adopted herein to evaluate the performance of a diversified UHF body-worn antenna system under a selection diversity scheme. The design process included three human postures (standing, kneeling, and prone) to incorporate a wide range of general human activity for realistic antenna performance. Mounting locations are evaluated and multiple antennas are used to increase communication data throughput. To validate the method, a 4-channel diversity module was fabricated employing selection diversity.
Transcriptional elongation control by RNA polymerase II: a new frontier

The transcription elongation complex, once thought to be composed of merely the DNA template, RNA polymerase II and the nascent RNA transcript, is now burgeoning as a unit as multifaceted and complicated as the transcription initiation complex. Studies concentrated in defining the elongation stage of transcription during the past recent years have resulted in the discovery of a diverse collection of transcription elongation factors that are either directly involved in the regulation of the rate of the elongating RNA polymerase II or can modulate messenger RNA (mRNA) processing and transport. Such studies have demonstrated that the elongation stage of transcription is highly regulated and has opened a new era of studies defining the molecular role of such transcription elongation factors in cellular development, differentiation and disease progression. Recent studies on the role of RNA polymerase II elongation factors in regulating of the overall rate of transcription both in vitro and in vivo, histone modification by methylation and organismal development will be reviewed here.
Bornavirus and the Brain

Borna disease virus (BDV) causes central nervous system (CNS) disease that is frequently manifested by behavioral abnormalities. BDV is a nonsegmented, negative, single-stranded RNA virus. On the basis of its unique genetic and biologic features, BDV is the prototypic member of a new virus family, Bornaviridae, within the order Mononegavirales. Therefore, the investigation of the molecular and cell biology of BDV may provide new insights about virus-cell interactions in the CNS. BDV is an important model system for the investigation of viral persistence in the CNS. Serologic and molecular epidemiologic studies suggest that BDV can infect humans. Despite controversy about potential association with human neuropsychiatric illnesses, BDV affords an intriguing model for the study of these illnesses. Neonatal BDV-infected rats display neurodevelopmental, physiologic, and neurobehavioral abnormalities that closely parallel some of the main features associated with several human mental disorders.
A Dynamic Model of Sustainable Tourism

Operational definitions of tourism sustainability require details regarding what is to be sustained, for whom it is to be sustained, and the level at which it is to be sustained. This article develops a dynamic model illustrating the interrelated behavior of tourism-related economic and environmental conditions throughout time. We characterize fundamental notions of sustainable tourism from the perspectives of both a profit-maximizing tourist industry and that of permanent residents of a tourist community. The model illustrates findings relevant to the search for sustainable outcomes and characterizes potential conflicts implicit in different sustainable and nonsustainable paths. The model demonstrates that (1) in all but the most rare of circumstances, there is no single, universal sustainable optimum; and (2) a policy that maintains overly pristine environmental quality may be just as unsustainable—from the perspective of either the tourism industry or residents—as a policy that causes excessive environ...
Invited Commentary: (Mass) Imprisonment and (Inequities in) Health

The US imprisonment rate has increased dramatically since the mid-1970s, precipitating tremendous interest in the consequences of having ever been imprisoned for the marginal men for whom contact with prisons and jails has become commonplace. The article by Spaulding et al. in this issue of the Journal (Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(5):479-487) makes a substantial contribution to research in this area by demonstrating for the first time that the small short-term benefits of imprisonment with regard to mortality risk are far outweighed by the much larger long-term mortality costs of having ever been imprisoned. Yet it remains unclear whether contact with the penal system causes the associations therein. In this commentary, the author addresses some of the obstacles to causal inference that exist in this research area and highlights one way to overcome them. He then suggests that future research might focus on 1) the consequences of mass imprisonment for health inequities among adult men and 2) the spillover effects of mass imprisonment for persons who are also affected by the penal system-the families, friends, and communities prisoners leave behind.
Grief and HIV Medication Adherence: The Work of Transcending Loss

Persons newly diagnosed with HIV experience diagnosis as a traumatic loss. While experiencing the grief arising from this loss, they must initiate and sustain the process of managing a stigmatized and life-threatening disease that can be effectively controlled only by consistent high-level adherence to antiretroviral medication regimens. Many patients cannot meet this challenge. Experiences of patients who have met the challenge are explored in the context of grief theory in this secondary analysis of focus group data from 24 HIV-infected gay men with high levels of medication adherence. Participants described circuitous behavioral and emotional trajectories from diagnosis to attainment of successful adherence that included working through/coping with grief, accepting their HIV-infected status, transcending loss through development of self-compassion, embracing medication adherence, and social/psychic reintegration.
Lactoferrin Content of Peripheral Blood Cells

SUMMARY. The peripheral blood of 60 normal adults was separated into plasma, red cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets. Lactoferrin concentrations were measured in the plasma and cell extracts and compared to those of lysozyme. The neutrophil lactoferrin content in males and post-menopausal females was found to be significantly higher than in pre-menopausal females. A small amount of lactoferrin was found in association with monocytes, but not with lymphocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Neutrophil lysozyme concentrations did not exhibit any variation with sex and age; but the level in monocytes was higher than that in neutrophils. No correlation was observed between individual neutrophil lactoferrin values and the plasma level. Immunofluorescent studies showed neutrophils to have a lobulated pattern suggestive of nuclear staining. Monocytes did not show direct staining, but exhibited a peripheral pattern after prior exposure to lactoferrin-confirming the existence of a surface receptor. Gel chromatography indicated that neutrophil lactoferrin is in a polymerized or complexed form which elutes with the void volume on Sephadex G-zoo; serum lactoferrin consists of two forms, one of which also elutes with the void volume on Sephadex G-zoo.
Hepcidin for Clinicians

Despite the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), the anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be resistant to therapy. Both absolute and functional iron deficiency along with inflammation can contribute to ESA resistance and can be difficult to identify with current-day markers of iron storage. Hepcidin, a small peptide produced by the liver, is a recently discovered key regulator of iron homeostasis. Via regulation of ferroportin, hepcidin inhibits intestinal iron absorption and iron release from macrophages and hepatocytes. Because of its renal elimination and regulation by inflammation, it is possible that progressive renal insufficiency leads to altered hepcidin metabolism, subsequently affecting enteric absorption of iron and the availability of iron stores. Thus, hepcidin likely plays a major role in the anemia of CKD as well as ESA resistance. This article discusses the biologic actions and regulation of hepcidin along with reviewing studies of hepcidin in CKD.
Performance evaluation of electric bicycles

Electric motor powered bicycles (short: "electric bicycles") have been making their way into the U.S. market for about two decades. Such electric bicycles can be used for a large variety of purposes. This paper gives a systematic, comprehensive, theoretically and experimentally based characterization of electric bicycles, and reports on the different performance requirements. Thereby, the needs and challenges in designing electric bicycles with improved overall performance are identified. For example, generally critical issues such as heavy, bulky batteries and high drive costs can be addressed. Furthermore, the overview can be used for comparison of existing drives in a thorough, technically meaningful way.
Ethical Issues in Technology Assessment: Conceptual Categories and Procedural Considerations

The practice of health care technology assessment involves ethical considerations in all of its varied functions and techniques. Ethical issues in technology assessment can be grouped into the broad categories of normative concepts, diagnosis, prevention and therapy, research and the advancement of knowledge, and allocation of resources. Moreover, the ethics of the assessment process itself must be evaluated in terms of the integrity of the project's goals, procedures, and effects, and evaluators' open and self-critical acknowledgment of their purposes. As a relatively new field, technology assessment can benefit from using a variety of analytic approaches as it works to develop its own methods for evaluating ethical issues related to technology.