cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid intake: a method for increasing retention rate of heroin addicts seeking methadone treatment.

HE VALUE of methadone in treating narcotic addiction has been demonstrated by numerous studies.‘-4 Many patients who become engaged in treatment have been shown to decrease or stop their involvement with the drug culture and to make meaningful progress toward vocational and social rehabilitation. Despite its proven efficacy, a substantial proportion of known addicts are not in treatment. Estimates of the percentages of addicts in methadone treatment include 15%40% in Kansas City,5 about 50% in New Orleans,6 and 20% in Philadelphia. * Many of these patients may never seek treatment; others drop out after just a few visits. Program policies may exert strong effects on whether patients seek or continue treatment. The Massachusetts General Hospital drug program, which offers methadone detoxification, reports program changes improving their drop-out rate from a staggering 97% of patients failing to come for a second appointment’ to 76% coming twice and 57% coming 3 or more times.8 These motivational and dropout problems have been experienced at the Philadelphia VA Drug Dependence Treatment Center since its opening 255 years ago. Some delays and administrative red-tape are probably an inevitable feature of treatment in large institutions such as ours. We considered it likely that any negative consequences produced by delays might be maximized in a group of patients such as ours since many observers describe addicts as being impulsive, passive, having a low frustration tolerance and an inability to postpone gratification.e~‘O~ll These character traits would make addicts extremely sensitive to delays. We hypothesized therefore that changing our intake procedure so as to decrease delays would increase retention rates. This paper reports on the consequences of one such change: contact with a physician and other treatment staff on the day of arrival at the clinic.
Small angle light scattering of bioparticles. IV. Spleen cells and liver nuclei.

Abstract Small angle light scattering distributions were measured for four polystyrene latices ranging in size from 6 to 14 μm in diameter. Similar measurements were made with suspensions of mouse spleen cells and mouse liver nuclei which had been separated by gradient centrifugation. The results indicated that whereas the Airy treatment of the scattering data proved to be an excellent approximation of the stated diameters of the latices, an approximation of the Rayleigh-Debye theory was found to be in closer agreement with the size of the bioparticles as measured with an optical micrometer. The angular scattering was also compared with Fraunhofer diffraction curves and found to agree only in the extreme forward region out to approximately 2 °. This investigation emphasizes the potential value of these methods to studies of cell suspensions.
PULMONARY VASCULAR EFFECTS OF POSTOPERATIVE ANESTHESIA IN CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

Because of persistent high mortality of patients(pts)with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), symptomatic within hours of birth, from persistent fetal circulation(PFC); we designed a protocol to assess the physiologic effects of general anesthesia(GA) after repair of CDH. In 12 months 10 pts, presenting at 150 torr after surgery 6(86%)survived; overall survival 60%. All 7pts who entered the 'honeymoon' period had a low pulmonary vascular resistance(PVR); 5 later developed suprasystemic PVR and PFC. In all but one, who died at 14 days of age, the PVR was controlled by fentanyl and ventilatory adjustments without the use of vasodilators. The Qs/Qt was initially greater than 50% in all but 2pts decreasing to less than 15% by 48hrs in all survivors. While closely monitoring the PA pressure and PaO2 the pts were gradually weaned from pressure ventilation and oxygen. These preliminary data suggest that those pts with CDH who enter the 'honeymoon' period after repair have sufficient lung tissue to survive. Prolonged GA with fentanyl may blunt the reactivity of the PVR allowing postnatal maturation of the pulmonary circulation, obviating the need for potentially dangerous vasodilators. When coupled with careful monitoring these techniques may improve the survival of pts with CDH.
Femtosecond laser corneal refractive surgery

We evaluated the efficacy, safety, and stability of femtosecond laser intrastromal refractive procedures in ex vivo and in vivo models. When compared with longer pulsewidth nanosecond or picosecond laser pulses, femtosecond laser-tissue interactions are characterized by significantly smaller and more deterministic photodisruptive energy thresholds, as well as reduced shock waves and smaller cavitation bubbles. We utilized a highly reliable, all-solid-state femtosecond laser system for all studies to demonstrate clinical practicality. Contiguous tissue effects were achieved by scanning a 5 μm focused laser spot below the corneal surface at pulse energies of approximately 2 - 4 microjoules. A variety of scanning patterns was used to perform three prototype procedures in animal eyes; corneal flap cutting, keratomileusis, and intrastromal vision correction. Superior dissection and surface quality results were obtained for lamellar procedures (corneal flap cutting and keratomileusis). Preliminary in vivo evaluation of intrastromal vision correction in a rabbit model revealed consistent and stable pachymetry changes, without significant inflammation or loss of corneal transparency. We conclude that femtosecond laser technology may be able to perform a variety of corneal refractive procedures with high precision, offering advantages over current mechanical and laser devices and techniques.
Implied Ocean Heat Transports in the Standard and Superparameterized Community Atmospheric Models

Abstract Implied ocean heat transport (To) based on net surface energy budgets is computed for two versions of the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM, version 3.0) general circulation model (GCM). The first version is the standard CAM with parameterized convection. The second is the multiscale modeling framework (MMF), in which parameterized convection is replaced with a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model in each GCM grid column. Although global-mean net surface energy totals are similar for both models, differences in the geographic distributions of the component errors lead to distinctly different To for each model, with CAM’s To generally agreeing with observationally based To estimates, and the MMF’s To producing northward transport at all latitudes north of ∼50°S. Analysis of component error sources in the To calculation identifies needed improvements in the MMF. Net surface shortwave radiation and latent heat fluxes over the oceans are the primary causes of To errors in the MMF. Surface shortwave r...
Cautionary tales and the impact of computers on society

The use of cautionary tales to inculcate appropriate professional moral standards into professionals in various fields is described, and application to computer science professionals is suggested. The wider moral aspects of the computer's impact on society are then discussed.Because the computer gives us fundamentally new power, we are faced with decisions for which our experiences may give little guidance. The danger of applying old standards to a fundamentally new situation is well illustrated by the law, passed soon after the production of the first automobiles, which required automobiles traveling the roads to be preceded by a man on foot carrying a red flag. This law reduced danger, but robbed the auto of its intrinsic power.Similarly we could stop one type of computer crime by outlawing electronic fund transfer, or prevent a potentially dangerous accumulation of governmental power by outlawing the interconnection of computers storing different sets of information about individuals, or prevent robots from taking workers' jobs by outlawing robotization. It is possible to respond to every danger by cutting off the power that leads to that danger. But it is more productive to respond by analyzing the particular situation in order to determine whether our fundamental values are better served by changing our expectations or rules than by denying ourselves the use of the power. Such an analysis requires some understanding both of the problems which may be caused in our society by the computer and of the nature of our values.This paper begins with some computerization problems that are essentially problems of inculcating the proper professional morals into computer professionals (and into those amateurs who are deeply involved with computers). We point out that other professions inculcate professional moral standards by the use of cautionary tales, and we indicate how the computer profession can develop the cautionary tales it needs. We then turn to the problems to the computer's impact on society, discussing some of the issues that must be addressed if the negative impacts of computerization are to be minimized.
Photoinduced charge generation and recombination dynamics in model donor/acceptor pairs for organic solar cell applications: a full quantum-chemical treatment.

This work focuses on two fundamental processes in organic solar cellsexciton dissociation and charge recombinationand describes how quantum-chemical calculations can be exploited to estimate the molecular parameters that determine the rates of these processes. The general concepts behind our approach are illustrated by considering a donor−acceptor complex made of a phthalocyanine (electron donor) molecule and a perylene (acceptor) molecule. The results highlight how the relative rates of the two processes depend on the dimensionality of the molecules, their relative positions, the symmetry of the relevant electronic levels, and the polarity of the medium. It is shown, for instance, that highly symmetric configurations of the complex can strongly limit charge recombination; this emphasizes the need for a fine control of the supramolecular organization at organic−organic interfaces in donor−acceptor blends.
Efficacy and patient tolerability of travoprost BAK-free solution in patients with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

The medical treatment of glaucoma has evolved significantly over the past several decades. The main driving forces behind this evolution are the safety profiles and efficacy of these medications. Prostaglandin (PG) analogues are shown to be superior to older drugs in both efficacy and tolerability. Though there are much fewer side effects that manifest after using PG analogues, the adherence and compliance to medication regimens are surprisingly lower than expected. A commonly sited reason is the ocular irritation and inflammation with these medications. Much of this inflammation can be attributed to the preservative, benzalkonium chloride (BAK). The chronic clinical and subclinical inflammation becomes increasingly detrimental when filtration surgery fails from bleb fibrosis secondary to this hypercellularity. A BAK-free formulation of a PG analogues recently became available. BAK-free travoprost is reviewed here. It has demonstrated equal efficacy and less ocular surface toxicity than its preserved counterparts. It is expected to serve as an instrumental resource in managing ocular hypertension and glaucoma in patients who demonstrate significant sensitivity to BAK. More randomized, controlled, double-blind studies are encouraged to evaluate its improved safety and tolerability.
Microbial indicators of aquatic ecosystem change: current applications to eutrophication studies

Human encroachment on aquatic ecosystems is increasing at an unprecedented rate. The impacts of human pollution and habitat alteration are most evident and of greatest concern at the microbial level, where a bulk of production and nutrient cycling takes place. Aquatic ecosystems are additionally affected by natural perturbations, including droughts, storms, and floods, the frequency and extent of which may be increasing. Distinguishing and integrating the impacts of natural and human stressors is essential for understanding environmentally driven change of microbial diversity and function. Microbial bioindicators play a major role in detecting and characterizing these changes. Complementary use of analytical and molecular indicator tools shows great promise in helping us clarify the processes underlying microbial population, community, and ecosystem change in response to environmental perturbations. This is illustrated in phytoplankton (microalgal and cyanobacterial) and bacterial community changes in a range of US estuarine and coastal ecosystems experiencing increasing development in their water- and airsheds as well as climatic changes (e.g., increasing hurricane frequency). Microbial indicators can be adapted to a range of monitoring programs, including ferries, moored instrumentation, and remote sensing, in order to evaluate environmental controls on microbial community structure and function over ecosystem to global scales.
Seizures following hippocampal kindling induce QT interval prolongation and increased susceptibility to arrhythmias in rats

The prolonged seizures of status epilepticus produce chronic arrhythmogenic changes in cardiac function. This study was designed to determine if repeated, self-limiting seizures administered to kindled rats induce similar cardiac dysfunction. Multiple seizures administered to rats following hippocampal kindling resulted in cardiac QT interval prolongation and increased susceptibility to experimental arrhythmias. These data suggest that multiple, self-limiting seizures of intractable epilepsy may have cardiac effects that can contribute to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).
A reference, inactivated, epidemic typhus vaccine: clinical trials in man

Four lots of inactivated epidemic typhus vaccine being evaluated for possible use as a federal reference vaccine were examined for antigenicity and reactogenicity in man. Based upon toxin-neutralizing (TN) antibody titers, each of the vaccines induced greater than 90% seroconversion in volunteers. The complement-fixing (CF) antibody test was less sensitive than the TN antibody test for determining antibody responses. Both the CF and TN antibody titers and seroconversion rates seen with one group of vaccines were higher than obtained in earlier studies with vaccines manufactured by a different method. None of the vaccines caused immediate reactions at the time of inoculation or delayed reactions in the 1-month period following vaccination. One vaccine induced pronounced constitutional symptoms in five of 10 volunteers. These included abdominal pain, severe malaise and fever. These reactions could not be ascribed to the presence of high quantities of pyrogens or egg protein and the present data indicate that they might have been due to the levels of rickettsial antigen. If substantiated, such a finding would place important restrictions on the quantity of rickettsial antigens permissible in vaccines. One lot of vaccine was selected as suitable for use as a typhus reference. It had a guinea-pig potency titer of 1 : 100, a direct CF antigen titer of 1 : 18, induced a geometric mean TN antibody titer of 1 : 32 following a single inoculation and resulted in 98% seroconversion with only minimal discomfort and reactions in volunteers.
Apparent charge transfer at the Ge x Pb 1 − x / Ge ( 111 ) interface

We investigate the apparent charge transfer between adatoms in the Ge{sub x}Pb{sub (1{minus}x)}/Ge(111) interface both experimentally and theoretically. Scanning tunneling microscopy and surface core-level measurements suggest significant charge transfer from the Ge adatoms to the Pb adatoms. However, first-principles calculations unambiguously find that the total electronic displacement is negligibly small and that the results of published experiments can be explained as a result of bond rearrangement. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Superradiance: A numerical study.

The full set of Weisskopf-Wigner equations describing the spontaneous radiative decay of a system of up to four excited two-level atoms and many field modes is integrated numerically. Measures of collimation and of photon-photon directional correlation are evaluated and demonstrate the tendency of the photons to form a single ray. Decay rates of the initial state are found to be proportional to the number of atoms, as expected from analytical work.
Comprehensive Patient Evaluation for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

It is time to consider new approaches to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Previously, obstruction, prostatism, and hyperplasia of the prostate were considered to be almost synonymous. Today, there is increasing awareness that some men have hyperplasia, some have symptoms, and others obstruction. Currently, BPH is discussed in terms of benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Symptom questionnaires, uroflowmetry, prostate volume determination, residual urine volume determination, and pressure-flow studies continue to be the instruments used for assessing BPH patients. Prostate enlargement, prostatic muscle tone, and bladder function all impact voiding function. A large part of BPH symptomatology may be explained by bladder dysfunction, which tends to be discounted in discussions about BPH. In the future, bladder dysfunction must receive more attention, and better measures should be developed to quantify it. Postvoid residual urine is a sign of abnormal bladder function rather than the result of BOO. However, variability limits the predictive value of residual urine volume. Uroflowmetry is also criticized for excessive variability, which is increased among men with LUTS secondary to BPH. Approximately 70% of men with uroflow < 15 mL/sec are obstructed, which means that at least 10 million men in the United States have BOO. Therefore, alleviation of obstruction would be a daunting and overwhelming task. It is still widely believed that prostatism is due to an enlarged prostate and can be cured by reducing the size of the prostate. Prostate volume can be used to select treatment, but it is not reasonable to decide whether to treat a patient with LUTS on the basis of prostate size. One of the problems with symptom-based treatment is that LUTS is not gender specific. Questions about LUTS in patients with BPH may elicit very inconsistent responses, and numeric improvement in symptom score is not proportional to how bothered the patient is. Bother, not symptom score or objective measures such as postvoid residual urine and uroflowmetry, is what drives the decision-making process in BPH management. The most recent international guidelines for BPH treatment emphasize that the degree to which the patient is bothered is more important than symptom score. More than a third of all elderly men (and women) have moderate or severe LUTS, and not all of them should receive treatment. In the future, measuring bother due to LUTS and impact on the patients' quality of life with the BPH impact should be imperative and central to treatment decisions.
Null-strut calculus. I. Kinematics.

This paper describes the kinematics of null-strut calculus---a 3+1 Regge calculus approach to general relativity. We show how to model the geometry of spacetime with simplicial spacelike three-geometries (TET's) linked to earlier'' and later'' momentumlike lattice surfaces (TET{sup *}) entirely by light rays or null struts.'' These three-layered lattice spacetime geometries are defined and analyzed using combinatorial formulas for the structure of polytopes. The following paper in this series describes how these three-layered spacetime lattices are used to model spacetimes in full conformity with Einstein's theory of gravity.
No phenotype associated with established lipopolysaccharide model for cerebral palsy

Objective Cerebral palsy (CP) is associated with childhood spasticity, seizures, and paralysis. Oligodendrocyte damage resulting in periventicular leukomalacia (PVL) in the developing brain has been implicated. Animal models of CP have used prenatal hypoxia and infection with histopathology of PVL as the end point. To evaluate whether this histologic end point is associated with a CP phenotype, we reproduced a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model for PVL, 1 and evaluated developmental, behavioral, and motor outcomes. Study design On gestational day 15, Fischer 344 rats were intracervically injected with .1 mg/kg LPS (n=5) or saline (n=4). After delivery, evaluation for developmental milestones was performed on days 1 to 21 (LPS=45; control=30 pups). Males were also tested at 2.5 months using open-field, rotarod, and anxiety tests. On day 21, 2 pups/litter were perfused for immunohistochemistry, and stained with 2 oligodendrocyte antibodies: 2′, d'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CNP), and myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) with relative densities of staining assessed using NIH Image software. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney U and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results LPS pups demonstrated decreased CNP ( P =.04) and PLP ( P =.06) staining, replicating the model. There was no difference seen in neonatal weight, righting, negative geotaxis, cliff aversion, rooting, forelimb grasp, audio startle, air righting, eye opening, and activity. Surprisingly, LPS-exposed neonatal rats mastered forelimb placement ( P P =.02) earlier than control rats. There were no differences between adult groups in open field distance traveled ( P =.8), open-field locomotion time ( P =.6), rotarod ( P =.6), or anxiety ( P =.7). Conclusion Histologic evidence of white matter damage can be replicated using an LPS model for intrauterine inflammation. Significant phenotypic differences consistent with the motor and cognitive damage sequelae of such lesions (ie, CP) were not demonstrated. When evaluating animal models, it is important to assess not only biochemical markers for human disease, but also clinically relevant phenotypes.
Calculation of photoelectron spectra of chloromethanes

Abstract Photoelectron spectra of chloromethanes have been calculated by the SCF Xα SW method. Results of the present work are in significantly better quantitative agreement with experiment data than are the results of other theoretical methods.
Spontaneous regeneration of rhodopsin in the isolated rat retina.

Regeneration of rhodopsin, which completes the rhodopsin cycle described in the following article, occurs spontaneously if the retina of the rat is isolated and sealed in a small chamber.
The effects of surface defects in a catalysis model

Abstract We conducted an extensive study of the effect of defects on a catalyst surface, using the Ziff, Gulari, and Barshad model of carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation. First, we placed a single defect in the center of the system and observed that CO islands form around the defect. The size of those islands scales as a power law of the distance to the spinodal point with the exponent m=−0.73. Then, we studied both randomly distributed and regularly ordered defects. In both cases, we found that as the coverage of defects, θd, increases, the CO poisoning transition occurs at lower partial pressures of CO, yCO, and the first-order discontinuity of the CO poisoning transition decreases. Also, we studied how the arrangement of the defects affects the poisoning transition by using three different arrangements of regularly ordered defects with the same overall defect coverage. These studies have allowed us to better understand why defects cause the system to poison at lower values of yCO and also why the poisoning transition becomes more continuous.
Crack-surface displacements for two symmetric cracks emanating from a circular hole in an infinite plate

An analytical model is presented for the surface displacement associated with two symmetric cracks radiating from a circular hole in a plate undergoing remote uniform stress. The model equations account for the stress intensity factor (Kic), the boundary conditions enveloping the hole, and the effects of symmetric forces concentrated around the hole. The displacement(s) of the surface are calculated at a given distance from the hole along the crack(s).
Modulation of endogenous Smad expression in normal skin fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-β

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) stimulation of collagen synthesis plays a fundamental role in physiological tissue repair as well as pathological fibrosis. Members of the SMAD family of intracellular proteins are phosphorylated by TGF-beta receptors and convey signals to specific TGF-beta-inducible genes. Ligand binding initiates signaling through the SMAD pathway, but it is unknown how signaling is terminated. The expression and regulation of Smads have been characterized mostly in transformed cells using transient expression systems. In this study, we investigated the physiological regulation of endogenous Smads by TGF-beta in nontransformed normal skin fibroblasts in vitro. Treatment with TGF-beta resulted in time- and dose-dependent translocation of SMAD3 and SMAD4 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The levels of SMAD3 and Smad3 mRNA were profoundly down-regulated by TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta3 in a time-dependent manner, whereas expression of antagonistic Smad7 was rapidly and transiently induced. The stability of Smad3 mRNA transcripts was unaffected by TGF-beta. Cycloheximide prevented the inhibition of Smad3, but not the induction of Smad7, mRNA expression by TGF-beta1, identifying Smad7 as an immediate-early gene target of TGF-beta in fibroblasts. In Smad4-deficient breast cancer cells, TGF-beta failed to modulate Smad expression, suggesting that SMADs mediate their own regulation in response to ligand. These results demonstrate that TGF-beta not only triggers functional activation of the SMAD signaling cascade in primary skin fibroblasts, but also simultaneously exerts potent effects on endogenous SMAD expression and intracellular trafficking. Taken together with recent reports implicating ubiquitination in SMAD turnover, these findings indicate the existence of multiple levels of control for modulating SMAD-mediated TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts.
Leibniz's Two Realms Revisited

Leibniz speaks, in a variety of contexts, of there being two realms-a "kingdom of power or efficient causes" and "a kingdom of wisdom or final causes." This essay explores an often overlooked application of Leibniz's famous "two realms doctrine." The first part turns to Leibniz's work in optics for the roots of his view that nature can be seen as being governed by two complete sets of equipotent laws, with one set corresponding to the efficient causal order of the world, and the other to its teleological order. The second part offers an account of how this picture of lawful over-determination is to be reconciled with Leibniz's mature metaphysics. The third addresses a line of objection proposed by David Hirschmann to the effect that Leibniz's doctrine undermines his stated commitment to an efficient, broadly mechanical account of the natural world. Finally, the fourth part suggests that Leibniz's thinking about the harmony of final and efficient causes in connection with corporeal nature may help to shed light on his understanding of the teleological unfolding of monads as well.
Comparison of sodium acid sulfate to citric acid to inhibit browning of fresh-cut potatoes.

: Sodium acid sulfate (SAS) dip treatments were evaluated against a distilled water control and citric acid (CA) to compare its effectiveness in reducing enzymatic browning of raw, French-fry cut potatoes. Two separate studies were conducted with dip concentrations ranging from 0%, 1%, and 3% in experiment 1 to 0%, 2%, and 2.5% in experiment 2 to determine optimal dip concentrations. Russet Burbank potatoes were peeled, sliced, and dipped for 1 min and stored at 3 °C. Color, texture, fry surface pH, and microbiological analyses were conducted on days 0, 7, and 14. The 3% SAS- and CA-treated samples had significantly (p < 0.0001) lower pH levels on fry surfaces than all other treatments. Both acidulants had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower aerobic plate counts compared to controls in both studies by day 7. However, SAS appeared to be the most effective at the 3% level in maintaining a light fry color up to day 14 and had the highest L-values than all other treatments. The 3% SAS-treated fry slices appeared to have the least change in textural properties over storage time, having a significantly (p = 0.0002) higher force value (kg force [kgf]) than the other treatments during experiment 1, without any signs of case-hardening that appeared in the control and CA-treated samples. SAS was just as comparable to CA in reducing surface fry pH and also lowering microbial counts over storage time. According to the results, SAS may be another viable acidulant to be utilized in the fresh-cut fruit and vegetable industry.
MO‐E‐224A‐03: Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy: (3) Clinical Experience at MSKCC

Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy(SBRT) ‐ Clinical Experience from MSKCC SBRT has the potential to maximize the benefit of highly conformal dosedelivery. New imaging capabilities and the improved precision of treatment machines is making possible the delivery of high doses to targets while minimizing dose to normal tissue and sparing nearby critical structures. As a result, new clinical techniques are being established to treat disease in soft tissue, such as metastatic disease in liver,lung, and lymph nodes and also to deliver very high doses to bony targets such as the spine. Both hypo‐fractionated and single fraction strategies are used. The clinical procedures used to treat these sites at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center will be described, along with some preliminary outcomes.
Contemporary American Economic Thought

“All of them are learned; some are almost readable.” R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism.
Laser collimation of a chromium beam

We have studied laser collimation of a chromium atomic beam using a transverse polarization gradient cooling scheme. We present detailed measurements of the angular distribution of atoms on the beam axis, over a broad range of laser intensities and detunings, including those that produce significant excitation, and observe collimation angles as small as 0.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 mrad (50% quantile). We compare our results with existing calculations based on assumptions of steady-state conditions and low excited-state population.
Co-Selection of Mercury and Antibiotic Resistance in Sphagnum Core Samples Dating Back 2000 Years

Metal exposure might induce multiple drug resistance (MDR) in bacteria in environments devoid of antibiotics via the process of co-selection, but the extent is poorly known. Core samples from two sphagnum peat bogs in central Maine, USA, were analyzed for total Hg content and were radiocarbon dated. Culturable bacteria isolated from various core depths were assayed for antibiotic- and Hg-resistance and the presence of merA (mercuric reductase). Our results show that sphagnum peat bogs represent natural ecosystems that contain ambient levels of Hg that select for indigenous bacterial strains that are not only Hg resistant, but also possess the MDR phenotype.
Mannosidosis: two brothers with different degrees of disease severity

Two siblings with different degrees of mental retardation, skeletal dysplasia, coarse facies, delayed speech, motor incoordination, recurrent respiratory infections, and immunological abnormalities, were found to have deficient alpha-mannosidase activity. Cultured skin fibroblasts in one sib were markedly deficient in alpha-mannosidase while all other lysosoma1 enzymes tested were within the normal range. The more severely affected sib camc to autopsy and was found to have “washed-out” appearing cortical neurons and marked histiocytosis effacing lymph node architecture and partially replacing the bone marrow. The post-mortem brain and liver samples demonstrated a deficiency in alpha-mannosidase relative to the elevations of other lysosomal enzymes. Although the patterns of abnormalities in the two cases closely match those of descriptions of “type 11” and “type I” mannosidosis respectively, the variation should be due to genetic modifiers or environmental effects since the brothers must have shared similar alpha-mannosidase mutations. Immunologic abnormalities present in the more severely affected sib suggest that the differential survival seen in mannosidosis types I and I1 may be due to differences in their immune systems.
Dephosphorylation of HuR Protein during Alphavirus Infection Is Associated with HuR Relocalization to the Cytoplasm

We have demonstrated previously that the cellular HuR protein binds U-rich elements in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of Sindbis virus RNA and relocalizes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon Sindbis virus infection in 293T cells. In this study, we show that two alphaviruses, Ross River virus and Chikungunya virus, lack the conserved high-affinity U-rich HuR binding element in their 3′ UTRs but still maintain the ability to interact with HuR with nanomolar affinities through alternative binding elements. The relocalization of HuR protein occurs during Sindbis infection of multiple mammalian cell types as well as during infections with three other alphaviruses. Interestingly, the relocalization of HuR is not a general cellular reaction to viral infection, as HuR protein remained largely nuclear during infections with dengue and measles virus. Relocalization of HuR in a Sindbis infection required viral gene expression, was independent of the presence of a high-affinity U-rich HuR binding site in the 3′ UTR of the virus, and was associated with an alteration in the phosphorylation state of HuR. Sindbis virus-induced HuR relocalization was mechanistically distinct from the movement of HuR observed during a cellular stress response, as there was no accumulation of caspase-mediated HuR cleavage products. Collectively, these data indicate that virus-induced HuR relocalization to the cytoplasm is specific to alphavirus infections and is associated with distinct posttranslational modifications of this RNA-binding protein.
Reducing phosphorus runoff and improving poultry production with alum

Abstract This is a review paper on the effects of aluminum sulfate (alum) on ammonia volatilization and P runoff from poultry litter. Initially, laboratory studies were conducted that showed P solubility could be reduced in poultry litter with Al, Ca, and Fe amendments, indicating that these amendments may reduce P runoff. These results were confirmed in small plot studies in which alum applications to litter were shown to decrease P concentrations in runoff by as much as 87%, while improving tall fescue yields. Leaf tissue analyses indicated that the yield improvements were due to increased N availability, which we hypothesized was due to reduced NH3 volatilization. This result was confirmed in laboratory studies that showed that alum was one of the most effective (and cost-effective) compounds for reducing NH3 volatilization. Field trials conducted at commercial broiler farms in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency showed that alum additions to poultry litter lowered litter pH, particularly during the first 3 to 4 wk of each growout, which resulted in less NH3 volatilization and lower atmospheric NH3. Ammonia volatilization rates were reduced by 97% for the first 4 wk of the growout. Broilers grown on alum-treated litter were heavier than the controls (1.73 vs 1.66 kg) and had lower mortality (3.9 vs 4.2%) and better feed efficiency (1.98 vs 2.04). Electricity and propane use were lower for alum-treated houses. As a result of these economic benefits to the integrator and grower, the benefit:cost ratio of alum addition was 1.96. Phosphorus concentrations in runoff from small watersheds were 75% lower from alum-treated litter than normal litter over a 3-yr period. Long-term small plot studies on alum use have shown that alum-treated litter results in lower soil test P levels than normal litter and does not increase Al availability in soils or uptake by plants.
Thermodynamic and economic evaluation of a solar‐assisted heat pump

A solar-assisted heat-pump system is proposed to supply heat for industrial processes in the range 100 to 130°C. The system is economically superior to electrical heating and solar-only systems, and is competitive with fuel burning systems.
Time-extended measurement of the position of a particle

The von Neumann interaction between a particle and an apparatus has been considered in the measurement of the position of a particle when the interaction lasts for a finite amount of time. When the measurement has finite duration, both the motion of the pointer and the particle influences the result of the measurement. Provided that the particle is in an eigenstate of its position at the start of the measurement, the pointer will indicate the arithmetic average between the initial and final position of the particle. Furthermore, the probability that the pointer will indicate a given average value is equal to the transition probability for the undisturbed particle to experience the change in position. If the initial state of the pointer is a narrow wave packet, then for any initial state of the particle, the measurement yields, approximately, the undisturbed probability distribution for the position of the particle at the end of the measurement.
Violence and Subjectivity

Violence and Subjectivity. Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, Mamphela Ramphele, and Pamela Reynolds, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. ix + 379 pp., tables, index
Rigorous integration of flows and ODEs using taylor models

Taylor models combine the advantages of numerical methods and algebraic approaches of efficiency, tightly controlled recourses, and the ability to handle very complex problems with the advantages of symbolic approaches, in particularly the ability to be rigorous and to allow the treatment of functional dependencies instead of merely points. The resulting differential algebraic calculus involving an algebra with differentiation and integration is particularly amenable for the study of ODEs and PDEs based on fixed point problems from functional analysis. We describe the development of rigorous tools to determine enclosures of flows of general nonlinear differential equations based on Picard iterations. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of methods that have favorable long term stability, which is achieved using suitable preconditioning and other methods. Applications of the methods are presented, including determinations of rigorous enclosures of flows of ODEs in the theory of chaotic dynamical systems.
A Cooperative Multi-Channel MAC Protocol for Wireless Networks

One of the crucial challenges in practical wireless networks is how to provide robust communication over fading channels. Recently, cooperative communications have emerged as a promising approach to achieve spatial diversity and thereby reduce the negative effects of fading on wireless channels. Nevertheless, a few existing works indicate that deploying cooperative relays in large-scale wireless networks can lead to an elevated level of interference which in turn leads to degraded throughput and higher packet losses. It is also well-known that the use of multiple frequency channels can mitigate the wireless interference to a greater extent and thus improve the overall performance of a wireless network. Therefore, it is interesting and important to design and evaluate protocols that can provide the combined potential of both cooperation communication and multiple channels. In this paper, we propose a novel cooperative multi-channel MAC protocol that integrates the capabilities of both multiple channels and cooperative communications at the MAC layer to improve the performance of wireless networks. The performance improvement of our proposed solution is further evaluated by extensive simulations.
THE QUANTUM YIELD OF THE CHEMILUMINESCENCE OF DIMETHYLBIACRIDYLIUM NITRATE AND THE MECHANISM OF ITS ENZYMICALLY INDUCED CHEMILUMINESCENCE

— Quantum yields for dimethylbiacridylium ion chemiluminescence based on the amount of methyl acridone formed by treatment with either H2O2 or with xanthine oxidasehypoxanthine in 0.01 M Na2CO3 at pH 10.4 and at 25°C were found to lie between 0.011 and 0.020 with an average of about 0.016.In mixed solvents containing pyridine and water or alcohol and water the emission spectrum of chemiluminescence of dimethylbiacridylium ions as well as those of diniethylbiacridene and its oxide were found to be identical with or very similar to the fluorescence of methyl acridone in the same solvent.A mechanism involving two successive two equivalent reductions of the diniethylbiacridylium ion to dimethylbiacridan followed by a radical attack and auto-oxidation leading to a compound which can undergo a reverse aldol type reaction to yield one (or two) molecule of methylacridone and one of a somewhat more reduced form is suggested.The kinetic equation relating maximum intensity of chemiluminescence to dimethylbiacridylium ion, hypoxanthine, xanthine oxidase, H+ and O2 concentrations was derived from the scheme suggested and found to fit satisfactorily the data obtained from a series of experiments in which the quantum yield was also obtained.
Power-aware storage cache management

Reducing energy consumption is an important issue for data centers. Among the various components of a data center, storage is one of the biggest energy consumers. Previous studies have shown that the average idle period for a server disk in a data center is very small compared to the time taken to spin down and spin up. This significantly limits the effectiveness of disk power management schemes. This article proposes several power-aware storage cache management algorithms that provide more opportunities for the underlying disk power management schemes to save energy. More specifically, we present an offline energy-optimal cache replacement algorithm using dynamic programming, which minimizes the disk energy consumption. We also present an offline power-aware greedy algorithm that is more energy-efficient than Belady's offline algorithm (which minimizes cache misses only). We also propose two online power-aware algorithms, PA-LRU and PB-LRU. Simulation results with both a real system and synthetic workloads show that, compared to LRU, our online algorithms can save up to 22 percent more disk energy and provide up to 64 percent better average response time. We have also investigated the effects of four storage cache write policies on disk energy consumption.
Sea surface cooling at the Equator by subsurface mixing in tropical instability waves

Changes in the sea surface temperature of equatorial waters have critical effects on the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Shipboard measurements of turbulence kinetic-energy dissipation rate indicate that seasonal surface cooling in the central equatorial Pacific may be largely caused by mixing induced by tropical instability waves.
In vitro chondrogenesis in mouse limb mesenchymal cells, changes in ultrastructure and proteoglycan synthesis.

Mouse chondrocytes were allowed to differentiate from 11-day dissociated limb-bud mesenchymal cells cultured at high density. Over a period of 5 days in culture these cells differentiated from a culture containing a population of mesenchymal cells and myoblasts into one containing cartilage nodules. Chondrogenesis, as demonstrated by the sulfated proteoglycans (PGS) synthesized, was monitored quantitatively and qualitatively by molecular sieve chromatography on polyacrylamide and 1 % agarose columns, and by examination of cultures with phase contrast and transmission electron microscopy. Chromatographically, the PGS synthesized could be separated into three fractions (Ia, Ib, and II). In the 24 h cultures a small amount of PGS was synthesized and was predominantly of fraction II. As time in culture elapsed there was, concomitant with chondrogenesis, an increase in PGS synthesis with a preferential increase in peaks la and lb. Peaks la and lb were shown to have an aggregate-subunit relationship. Fraction la could be dissociated to chromatograph at the lb position, but the disaggregation was not reversible. Digestion of the various chromatographic fractions extracted from the cell layer of the 5-day cultures by chondroitinase ABC and AC revealed that fraction I contained 80 % chondroitin-4-sulfate, 20 % chondroitin-6- sulfate, and negligible amounts of dermatan sulfate, while chondroitinase ABC and AC digestion of fraction II showed 55 % chondroitin-4-sulfate, 0–3·7 % chondroitin-6-sulfate, and 20 % dermatan sulfate. Cytological studies revealed that as nodule development progressed there was a concurrent development of the endoplasmic reticulum and extracellular matrix, and a reduction in mitochondria.
Modular scheduling constraint specification

An improved method of describing scheduling constraints for high-level synthesis is presented. Traditional methods require the designer to manually embed the external constraints from all outside devices into the description of the system being designed. In this method, the behavior finite-state machine model-a finite-state machine model extended to model scheduling-is used to create interface descriptions as separate models. Interface constraint modules can be designed once and placed in libraries, reducing work and the chance of error in the interface specification, and reducing design errors. >
Software metrics and the quality of telecommunication software

The relationship between measures of software complexity and programming errors is explored. Four distinct regression models were developed for an experimental set of data to create a predictive model from software complexity metrics to program errors. The use of software complexity metrics in the determination of software quality for communication software appears to be a productive research area, although some of the metrics are highly interrelated and some are theoretically flawed. Efforts to use these metrics in quantitative modeling scenarios have been frustrated because of a lack of understanding of the underlying complexity and quality problem space. This is particularly true in their application to predictive models. This paper investigates some of the basic statistical issues associated with the modeling of communication software using multivariate multiple regression models with complexity metrics as predictors of software quality measures. The Lines of Code metric, traditionally associated with programming errors in predictive models, was found to be less valuable as a criterion measure in these models than measures of software control complexity. A factor analytic technique used to construct a linear model of Lines of Code with control metrics was found to yield models of superior predictive quality.
A Note on the Refraction of a Twilight Ray.

Abstract A simple treatment of twilight refraction is presented, replacing sections of the tables of Link and Sekera (1940) by explicit formulae. The question of the scale height relevant to the twilight problem is discussed and shown to be important for accurate calculations.
Psychotherapy: Ethical Issues

Psychotherapists are facing a significant increase in the regulations and ethical codes that impact on their profession. This has forced many away from ethical decision-making in professional practice towards a search for specific guidelines and rules that they hope will give clear professional guidance. However, the differences that exist in both the design and content of many of these codes have created confusion about what is considered to be ethical practice. Because of this, psychotherapists need to move away from a rule-based approach towards ethics and back to an understanding of the fundamentals that drive the various codes and guidelines that currently exist. By approaching ethical questions with a firm understanding of the principles of autonomy, non malfeasance, beneficence, fidelity, and justice, psychotherapists will be much better able to find guidance that will lead to sound ethical decision-making. This article reviews each one of these ethical principles in detail and discusses how they create the foundation for ethical conduct in psychotherapy.