cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric and Medical Conditions in Transition-Aged Individuals With ASD.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a variety of medical and psychiatric conditions and an increased use of health care services. There is limited information about the prevalence of psychiatric and medical conditions in adolescents and young adults with ASD. Our objective was to describe the frequency of medical and psychiatric conditions in a large population of diverse, insured transition-aged individuals with ASD. METHODS: Participants included Kaiser Permanente Northern California members who were enrolled from 2013 to 2015 and who were 14 to 25 years old. Individuals with ASD ( n = 4123) were compared with peers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( n = 20 615), diabetes mellitus ( n = 2156), and typical controls with neither condition ( n = 20 615). RESULTS: Over one-third (34%) of individuals with ASD had a co-occurring psychiatric condition; the most commonly reported medical conditions included infections (42%), obesity (25%), neurologic conditions (18%), allergy and/or immunologic conditions (16%), musculoskeletal conditions (15%), and gastrointestinal (11%) conditions. After controlling for sex, age, race, and duration of Kaiser Permanente Northern California membership, most psychiatric conditions were significantly more common in the ASD group than in each comparison group, and most medical conditions were significantly more common in the ASD group than in the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typical control groups but were similar to or significantly less common than the diabetes mellitus group. CONCLUSIONS: Although more research is needed to identify factors contributing to this excess burden of disease, there is a pressing need for all clinicians to approach ASD as a chronic health condition requiring regular follow-up and routine screening and treatment of medical and psychiatric issues.
Racial/Ethnic Composition of Study Participants in FDA-Approved Oncology New Molecular Entities, 2006-2008

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has an ongoing interest in identifying the race/ethnicity of clinical trial participants to ensure they are representative of the people who will use the products once they are approved, and differences in response to medical products have already been observed in racial/ethnic subgroups of the US population. As a result, we reviewed the racial/ethnic composition of study participants in clinical trials of FDA-approved oncology products. Oncology products were chosen because of the disparate incidence and impact of cancer in racial/ethnic communities. New Drug and Biologics Licensing Application databases were searched for new molecular entity (NME) approvals for oncologic treatment from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2008. We then reviewed NME applications for the pivotal Phase II and III trials used for approval decisions. We then compared the racial/ethnic composition results from the recent trials with those conducted earlier. We also assessed FDA-approved labeling to determine the extent to which race-based findings were included. US participants averaged 20.3% (range, 11%-97%) of the total participants in the studies reviewed. A comparison of the racial/ethnic composition showed the participation of whites and blacks or African Americans have decreased, while that of Latinos, Asians, and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders has increased. The results suggest better attention to compliance with collection and reporting, as the percentage of US study participants whose race and/or ethnicity could not be determined decreased from 31% to
Provisioning Capacity: A Critical Component of Vulnerability and Resilience Under Chronic Volcanic Eruptions

Using the cascade of effects model, this chapter discusses the impacts chronic hazard conditions can have on environment, economy, social capital, and health. In particular, this chapter investigates these impacts through the lens of provisioning capacity in order to understand the vulnerability and resilience of the populations. Looking specifically at two separate sites in Ecuador that are chronically affected by an active volcano, researchers used questionnaire surveys, key personnel interviews, focus groups, and health records to study the impacts of this hazard including personal experience, damage/loss, perceptions, provisioning, and health. Results show a direct line of impact from the volcano to provisioning capacity and to health, showing that an increased ability to provide food led to better health and a reduced perception of risk. The authors argue this can ultimately mitigate individual vulnerability and facilitate community resilience. In this chapter, provisioning capacity relates to a household’s ability to provide itself with adequate food and water and can be seen as both a measure of vulnerability and resilience and an influence on associated outcomes such as physical and psychological health. Included in this measure are variables related to both capacity (at the time of the survey) and a perceived change in capacity over the impact period. The authors conclude with an assessment of the model employed and recommendations for future changes to the model to make it more responsive to temporal as well as spatial changes occurring at the level of the population being studied during an ongoing disaster.
A revocable backup system

We present a system which enables a user to remove a file from both the file system and all the backup tapes on which the file is stored. The ability to remove files from all backup tapes is desirable in many cases. Our system erases information from the backup tape without actually writing on the tape. This is achieved by applying cryptography in a new way: a block cipher is used to enable the system to "forget" information rather than protect it. Our system is easy to install and is transparent to the end user. Further, it introduces no slowdown in system performance and little slowdown in the backup procedure.
Stable, Planar Self Propulsion Using a Hinged Flap

Abstract This paper discusses planar self-propelled motion of a primary body in water generated by using a hinged flap at its trailing edge. The coupled dynamic model incorporates unsteady loads based on Theodorsen’s unsteady lifting theory for sinusoidal flapping at a given reduced frequency and tailored for their application within the framework of the body motion. Numerical simulations and stability analysis are provided for an example based on the geometry of the saithe or pollock.
Investigation of Physiological and Behavioral Responses in Dogs Participating in Animal-Assisted Therapy with Children Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

This study evaluated the impact that participation in sessions with children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has on therapy dogs. Nine certified therapy dogs were paired for 6 ...
Role of meprin metalloproteinases in cytokine processing and inflammation

Meprin metalloendopeptidases, comprising α and β isoforms, are widely expressed in mammalian cells and organs including kidney, intestines, lungs, skin, and bladder, and in a variety of immune cells and cancer cells. Meprins proteolytically process many inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and other bioactive proteins and peptides that control the function of immune cells. The knowledge of meprin-mediated processing of inflammatory mediators and other target substrates provides a pathophysiologic link for the involvement of meprins in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders. Meprins are now known to play important roles in inflammatory diseases including acute kidney injury, sepsis, urinary tract infections, bladder inflammation, and inflammatory bowel disease. The proteolysis of epithelial and endothelial barriers including cell junctional proteins by meprins promotes leukocyte influx into areas of tissue damage to result in inflammation. Meprins degrade extracellular matrix proteins; this ability of meprins is implicated in the cell migration of leukocytes and the invasion of tumor cells that express meprins. Proteolytic processing and maturation of procollagens provides evidence that meprins are involved in collagen maturation and deposition in the fibrotic processes involved in the formation of keloids and hypertrophic scars and lung fibrosis. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the role of meprins in inflammatory disorders in both human and mouse models.
Work Process Analysis

Perhaps no other principle has influenced management practice more than the emphasis now being placed on work processes. Managers are now keenly aware that work processes in effect define how all organizations actually function. As presented in Chap. 1, a work process is defined as the series of human actions and technology-based events that occur over time, often taking place across functional boundaries and involving diverse groups of people, which convert inputs into outputs. Authors in the quality management literature first began discussing the importance of work processes in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This chapter defines work processes and presents four different types of work processes found in organizations.
The effect of iodine replacement on lactoperoxidase in mammary gland dysplasia

442 Introduction. An iodine pathway has been described for the mammary glands (MG) and has a major effect on secretory and anatomical changes. This pathway is most evident during gestation, lactation and neoplasia, and is present, but less prominent in inactive MG. In neoplastic breast tissues, peroxidase activity (PA) is inversely related to estrogen receptor alpha (ER) concentration and tumor size in induced rat mammary carcinomas. In the iodine pathway of MG, PA may restrict estrogen action. Thus, iodine deficiency of the breast may reduce peroxidase protection by increasing ER concentrations. Objective. The present study is designed to measure PA in iodine deficient (ID) and ID+ iodine- or iodide-treated rats given estrogen supplementation. The program includes replacement with iodine and iodide as well as tamoxifen therapy as a control. Method. Sixteen SD female rats were divided into four groups for a short-term (21-day) study. Perchlorate-treated water was given for four days, estrogen injected every other day with an ID diet continuously. Breast tissues were analyzed for PA, and evaluated histologically. Additionally, thyroid glands and ovaries were removed for histology and weight; vaginal smears and venous blood were monitored for estrogen level. Results. ID causes a reduction in peroxidase activity, and iodide replacement significantly increases peroxidase action (24%)(p
Abstract 015: PAR4 Ala120Thr Variant Alters PAR4 Desensitization, Sensitivity to Platelet Antagonists and Risk of Large Vessel Stroke

F2RL3 encodes protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) and harbors a A/G SNP (rs773902) with racially dimorphic allelic frequencies. This SNP mediates an alanine to threonine substitution at residue 12...
Benzodiazepine Treatment of Seizures from Supraconvulsant Doses of Local Anesthetics

The anticonvulsant effects of lorazepam and diazepam were tested in 40 ventilated paralyzed cats given double or triple the convulsant dose of an amide local anesthetic. Lidocaine-induced convulsions were more readily suppressed by lorazepam than those induced by bupivacaine. With bupivacaine-induced convulsions, diazepam was a more effective anticonvulsant than lorazepam. Seizures from triple the convulsant dose of etidocaine were approximately as readily arrested by diazepam as were those from double the convulsant dose of bupivacaine. We conclude that etidocaine- and bupivacaine-induced convulsions are more resistant to benzodiazepine treatment than convulsions induced by lidocaine.
Effects of quercetin on magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase and the metabolism of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

The bioflavinoid quercetin was found to exert at least three separate effects on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. (1) Concentrations of approximately 100 microM inhibited the membrane-associated magnesium adenosine triphosphatase by 60%-80% in either broken cell preparations or intact cells. Lineweaver-Burk plots showed the inhibition to be uncompetitive in nature. (2) Similar concentrations of quercetin inhibited respiratory burst activity of the cells as measured by oxygen consumption, glucose oxidation, or iodination of protein. All inhibitions were dose-dependent and were observed with either opsonized zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate as stimulus. (3) Quercetin likewise inhibited the transport of the nonmetabolizable hexose, 3H-2- deoxyglucose. These observations are most consistent with the hypothesis that quercetin exerts a generalized effect at the level of the cell membrane of the neutrophi.
Histologic and morphologic character of pediatric renal artery occlusive disease

Abstract Objective The pathologic nature of pediatric renal artery occlusive lesions causing renovascular hypertension has been the subject of numerous anecdotal reports. This study was undertaken to define the character of childhood renal artery stenoses. A better understanding of this disease is particularly germane, given its unknown etiology and the limited success of certain contemporary treatment options. Methods Renal artery specimens obtained during open operations in children being treated for renovascular hypertension from 2004 to 2016 were studied. Excluded from study were arteries subjected to earlier open or endovascular operations. Histologic preparations employing hematoxylin-eosin, Movat, Masson trichrome, and Verhoeff-van Gieson stains allowed characterization of the intima, media, and adventitial tissues. External and luminal diameters were measured. Microscopic data were correlated with preoperative arteriographic images. The histologic and morphologic findings were assessed in regard to coexistent nonrenal arterial and aortic lesions as well as known syndromic diseases. Results Thirty-three stenotic renal arteries from 28 children were subjected to examination. Stenoses involved the proximal-ostial renal arteries (24), central renal arteries (7), and distal segmental renal arteries (2). Ostial stenoses commonly exhibited preocclusive concentric hyperplasia of intimal tissues, frequent internal elastic lamina disruptions, and diminutive and discontinuous media. Central and distal renal stenoses most often exhibited lesser intimal cellular hyperplasia and more noticeable fibrodysplasia of the media and adventitia. The mean external and luminal diameters of the renal arteries having ostial stenoses were smaller than the expected renal artery size for a given age. Abdominal aortic coarctation or hypoplastic aortas occurred in 14 children. Neurofibromatosis type 1 affected four children with ostial renal artery disease and one child with midrenal artery disease, but there were no distinguishing features unique to their stenoses. Conclusions Pediatric renal artery stenotic disease affects exceedingly small arteries. Ostial lesions frequently exhibit extensive luminal encroachments characterized by cellular hyperplasia of intimal tissues and scant medial smooth muscle. Central and distal renal arterial stenoses were characterized most often by extensive fibrodysplasia of the media and adventitia. The early success and durability of catheter-based angioplasty may be compromised by the cellular abnormalities of pediatric renal artery occlusive disease observed in this investigation.
Såli (Micronesian starling –Aplonis opaca) as a key seed dispersal agent across a tropical archipelago

Seed dispersal is an important ecological process that structures plant communities and influences ecosystem functioning. Loss of animal dispersers therefore poses a serious threat to forest ecosystems, particularly in the tropics where zoochory predominates. A prominent example is the near-total extinction of seed dispersers on the tropical island of Guam following the accidental introduction of the invasive brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), negatively impacting seedling recruitment and forest regeneration. We investigated frugivory by a remnant population of Sali (Micronesian starling – Aplonis opaca) on Guam and two other island populations (Rota, Saipan) to evaluate their ecological role as a seed disperser in the Mariana archipelago. Using a combination of behavioural observations, nest contents and fecal samples, we documented frugivory of 37 plant species. Native plants comprised the majority (66%) of all species and 90% of all seeds identified in fecal and nest contents. Diet was highly similar across age classes and sampling years. In addition, plant species consumed by Sali comprised 88% of bird-dispersed adult trees and 54% of all adult trees in long-term forest monitoring plots, demonstrating the Sali’s broad diet and potential for restoring native forests. Overall, we provide the most comprehensive assessment to date of frugivory by the Sali and confirm its importance as a seed disperser on Guam and throughout the Marianas.
Gamifying Computer Science Courses with OneUp Learning

The low performance and drop-outs in Computer Science classes are frequently attributed to lack of student engagement and motivation. Meanwhile, gamification increasingly attracts the interest of educators due to its potential to foster motivation and behavioral changes in learning contexts. This workshop introduces participants to the concept of gamification and the use of OneUp Learning, a platform aimed at gamifying academic courses. OneUp is aimed at encouraging students' out-of-class practicing and increasing their overall engagement in the course through employing game design elements. The platform is course-independent and highly configurable, allowing the instructor to turn on and off a number of gamification features, such as avatars, points (challenge and skill points), leaderboards, skill boards, a progress bar, content unlocking, goal-setting, badges, virtual currency, duels, chat, etc. For using OneUp, an instructor has to provide practice exercises and to specify the gamification elements to be used. Apart from the standard question types, OneUp supports Parson's problems and dynamic problems (e.g. programming problems). The workshop proceeds in two sessions. In the first session we introduce the OneUp platform and present our experience of gamifying a Data Structures course. In the second, workshop attendees engage in hands-on experience: we show them how to use OneUp in their classes. In particular, we assist them in creating problems and challenges, configuring desired gamification features, defining their own badges and rules for earning and spending virtual currency, and monitoring the engagement and progress of their students. Laptops required.
Trait Anger Moderates the Relation Between Facial Affect Recognition Ability and Perpetration of Male-to-Female Physical and Psychological Intimate Partner Aggression

Researchers have sought to identify deficits in affect recognition as a precipitating factor in intimate partner aggression (IPA) perpetration, but results from these studies have produced mixed findings. This may be due to the unlikelihood that deficits in affect recognition abilities would prompt perpetration of IPA without affective predispositions toward aggression, such as trait anger. The current study sought to examine the relation between negative affect recognition ability and men’s past perpetration of physical and psychological IPA across levels of trait anger. Heterosexual couples (N = 83) completed self-report measures regarding the frequency of male-to-female IPA perpetration within their relationship. Additionally, males completed measures of trait anger and were administered a facial affect recognition test. Decreased ability in decoding negative facial affect was associated with increased perpetration of physical and psychological IPA, but only for men high in trait anger. There was no relation between negative facial affect recognition ability and IPA perpetration at low levels of trait anger. Results from this study indicated that the highest rates of physical and psychological IPA perpetration within the sample were among those with co-occurring high trait anger and decreased ability to decode negative facial affect. Our findings suggest that perpetration of IPA is associated with an interaction of affective traits and deficits in social cognitive processing. Treatments aimed at reducing aggression and violence among intimate partners would benefit from improving affect recognition when high trait anger is present.
Obtaining more energetic modelocked pulses from a SESAM-based fiber laser

A major design goal for femtosecond fiber lasers is to increase the output power but not at the cost of increasing the noise level or narrowing the bandwidth. Here, we perform a computational study to optimize the cavity design of a femtosecond fiber laser that is passively modelocked with a semiconductor saturable absorbing mirror (SESAM). We use dynamical methods that are more than a thousand times faster than standard evolutionary methods. We show that we can obtain higher pulse energies and hence higher output powers by simultaneously increasing the output coupling ratio, the gain, and the anomalous group delay dispersion. We can obtain output pulses that are from 5 to 15 times the energy of the pulse in the current experimental design with no penalty in the noise level or bandwidth.
Importance of Great Salt Lake to Pelagic Birds: Eared Grebes, Phalaropes, Gulls, Ducks, and White Pelicans

Utah’s Great Salt Lake (GSL) is so saline that the only invertebrates that survive in the open water are brine fly larvae and brine shrimp. In the absence of competition from other invertebrates, they are incredibly abundant. Only a few avian species can take advantage of their abundance because a bird cannot eat them without also ingesting salt. Moreover, brine shrimp and brine flies are so tiny that only a few avian species can consume the massive number of brine shrimp and brine flies required to meet a bird’s nutritional needs. For example, eared grebes need to consume 28,000 adult brine shrimp each day to survive. To achieve this, an eared grebe has to spend 7 h daily foraging and needs to harvest one shrimp per second during foraging.
Personality Development Beyond the Mean: Do Life Events Shape Personality Variability, Structure, and Ipsative Continuity?

Objectives Life experiences are thought to prompt changes in personality. However, existing studies find few replicable mean-level changes in personality following life events. The focus on mean-level change may obscure other types of personality change that are not routinely studied in the context of life events. These are variability in response, structural, and ipsative change. Methods The current proposal examines whether major life events (e.g., divorce and job loss) affect these 3 understudied types of personality trait change using 3 waves of Big Five trait data in a large-scale, representative longitudinal study (German Socioeconomic Panel Study, N = 16,368). Structural equation models compare those who had an event to their prior self and a control group who did not experience the event. Results Life events were found to have mostly null or small effects on variability in response, structural, and ipsative change. Across 2 types of tests for variability in response, few replications occurred. The only consistent effect across 3 types of change was for mental health events, which served to increase variance in all Big Five traits and increase consistency in ipsative profiles. Discussion Life events tend not to affect these novel metrics of personality trait change. The one exception of mental health events is consistent with previous literature on mean-level change. Overall, life events do not appear to by major catalysts of personality change, regardless of how change is defined.
Probing the Structure and Assembly of Nearby Field Spirals

We use the bulge Sersic index n and bulge-to-total ratio (B∕T) to explore the fundamental question of how bulges form. We perform 2D bulge-disk-bar decomposition on H-band images of 143 bright, high mass (\(M_{\star } \geq 1.0 \times 10^{10}M_{\odot }\)) low-to-moderately inclined (i < 70∘) spirals. Our results are: (1) Our H-band bar fraction ( ∼ 58%) is consistent with that from ellipse fits. (2) 70 % of the stellar mass is in disks, 10% in bars, and 20% in bulges. (3) A large fraction ( ∼69%) of bright spirals have B∕T ≤ 0.2, and ∼76% have low n ≤ 2 bulges. These bulges exist in barred and unbarred galaxies across a wide range of Hubble types. (4) About 65% (68%) of bright spirals with n ≤ 2 (B∕T ≤ 0. 2) bulges host bars, suggesting a possible link between bars and bulges. (5) We compare the results with predictions from a set of ΛCDM models. In the models, a high mass spiral can have a bulge with a present-day low B∕T ≤ 0.2 only if it did not undergo a major merger since z ≤ 2. The predicted fraction ( ∼ 1.6%) of high mass spirals, which have undergone a major merger since z ≤ 4 and host a bulge with a present-day low B∕T ≤ 0. 2, is a factor of over thirty smaller than the observed fraction ( ∼ 66 %) of high mass spirals with B∕T ≤ 0. 2. Thus, contrary to common perception, bulges built via major mergers since z ≤ 4 seriously fail to account for the bulges present in ∼66 % of high mass spirals. Most of these present-day low B∕T ≤ 0. 2 bulges are likely to have been built by a combination of minor mergers and/or secular processes since z ≤ 4.
The Valuation Effects of Trade

This paper estimates the cash flow effects of currency mismatches generated by foreign-priced operations of French manufacturers. My results show how large trade value sensitivities to currency fluctuations coexist with the evidence of disconnect between exchange rates and real macroeconomic fundamentals. I find that the value of transactions invoiced in foreign currencies is twice as sensitive to exchange rates as the value of transactions invoiced in the domestic currency. Movements in nominal valuations drives this result, as opposed to real demand responses. I aggregate pricing choices to the firm level to build a shift-share measure of invoice currency mismatch. My measure outperforms any trade-weighted effective exchange rate index at explaining cash flows of trading firms. However, virtually all investment and payroll sensitivity to foreign-pricing mismatch come from small domestic-oriented firms. The real macroeconomic effects are limited because large traders are liquid and small exporters partially hedge their dollar-priced exports with dollar-priced imports.
Technology Intelligence Map: Biotechnology

Recently, biotech companies are increasingly attracting the attention from investors. From 2016, of the top 10 performers in the NASDAQ-100 (index consisting of 100 largest non-financial companies listed on NASDAQ), six were biotech. However, the reasons behind their success, or the actions that lead them to be successful, are still ambiguous. This chapter aims to give insights into the critical success factors in the biotech industry by analyzing the strategic and market data of the 10 biotech companies included in Nasdaq-100. Thus, the enterprise value (EV) of companies from 2002 to 2016 was considered to identify fluctuations that can be associated with key indicators such as R&D expenditure, corporate deals, patent portfolio, pipelines, and additional indicators. Our results give an overview of the main critical success factors and strategic actions, in a temporal manner, which the top-valued biotech firms fall into. The factors of highest importance included constant and high investment on R&D, intense transactions related to mergers and acquisitions for big biotech companies, and a favorable regulatory environment for drug approvals. Additional relevant factors involve the company’s focus and a proper management of their innovations. This chapter opens a new perspective by understanding the consolidated critical factors among the top US biotech companies, indicating what they are dependent on to steer them to failure or success.
Implementation and justification of a curriculum-wide electronic health record platform.

Abstract Background and purpose In order to develop practice-ready pharmacists as mandated by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Accreditation Standards, exposing students to health information technologies used in clinical practice, like electronic health records (EHRs), is imperative. While the benefits of using EHRs have been described in the literature, limited information or guidance exists on how these tools can incorporate various activities and topics to be implemented throughout an entire curriculum. The purpose of this report is to describe the curriculum-wide implementation of a simulated EHR software, including the novel learning experiences and costs incurred by the college. Educational activity and setting The EHR was implemented in various courses across the pharmacy school curriculum in the first, second, and third professional years. Findings During the final year of implementation, the EHR platform was utilized in each of the three didactic years of the pharmacy program. Twenty-two faculty members created cases using the EHR platform. These cases were used across 16 courses and were accessed by students 7191 times during the implementation process. The cost per use of the EHR platform was approximately half that of the most frequently used electronic learning database used in the program. Summary In the three years since its inception, the EHR has been highly utilized as evidenced by the overall number of experiences for students, the variety of experiences, and the number of faculty who used the EHR in their course.
THE ATTACK ON TESTING AND COUNSELING

An examination of various kinds and levels of criticisms enunciated against counseling and testing procedures. Five articles and a book criticizing counseling or testing were reviewed. The analysis of the articles and the book indicates that some charges do represent deficiencies in present professional conduct or training programs. Nonetheless, the critics of counseling and testing procedures often show a personal bias and use faulty logic. The conclusions of the article suggest that these criticisms identify some real weaknesses in testing and counseling. A psychoanalytic bias in test construction and failure to recognize the philosophical postures involved in counseling practice are cited. Membership in professional organizations, a clearer understanding of test construction, and some new considerations in counselor-training are suggested as professional means to counter some of these charges.
A novel application of resonant tunneling devices in high performance digital circuits

Resonant tunneling devices have been used in various digital circuit applications to improve packing density, circuit speed, as well as power consumption. In this paper, we describe a new class of applications of using those quantum tunneling devices in digital circuit design. More specifically, we have developed a strategy to use RTDs in conjunction with CMOS logic circuits that leads to new circuits that have elevated noise immunity. The proposed method utilizes RTD's negative differential resistance property and the fact that they have very high speed index. We have shown through simulation that the proposed circuits have increased noise immunity yet they retain all the advantages of CMOS dynamic circuits. The benefit of the proposed circuits is still evident using currently available silicon-based RTD's with a relatively small peak-to-valley current ratio.
Cranial osteogenesis in Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae) and Macropus eugenii (Macropodidae)

The pattern of onset and general rate of cranial ossification are compared in two marsupials, Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae) and Macropus eugenii (Macropodidae). In both species a similar suite of bones is present at birth, specifically those surrounding the oral cavity and the exoccipital, and in both postnatal events follow a similar course. The facial skeleton matures more rapidly than the neurocranium, which is characterized by an extended period of ossification. Most dermal bones begin ossification before most endochondral bones. Endochondral bones of the neurocranium are particularly extended in both the period of onset of ossification and the rate of ossification. These data confirm suggestions that morphology at birth is conservative in marsupials and we hypothesize that the pattern of cranial osteogenesis is related to two distinct demands. Bones that are accelerated in marsupials are correlated with a number of functional adaptations including head movements during migration, attachment to the teat, and suckling. However, the very slow osteogenesis of the neurocranium is probably correlated with the very extended period of neurogenesis. Marsupials appear to be derived relative to both monotreme and placental mammals in the precocious ossification of the bones surrounding the oral cavity, but share with monotremes an extended period of neurocranial osteogenesis.
On the modification of conalbumin by acid: III. Effect of electrolytes on the action of acid on conalbumin☆

Abstract At pH 3.0–3.1 aggregation of conalbumin precedes precipitation at high NaCl concentrations and lower concentration of other supporting electrolytes. The effectiveness of univalent anions in aggregating the protein increases in the order Cl−, Br−, NO3− and ClO4− causes aggregation even at a concentration as low as 0.008 M. The electrophoretic patterns of acid modified conalbumin can be appreciably changed by changes in the concentration and types of electrolyte present in the acid modifying medium.
Disruption of an Amino Acid Transport Mutant of Neurospora crassa by KCl

A double amino acid transport-deficient mutant (Pm (-)NB) of Neurospora crassa is shown to be altered in the molecular structure of its cell wall or membrane. This alteration was revealed by a high degree of cellular disruption and cell-cell interaction following extraction by a high molar concentration of KCl.
Length of the left main coronary artery: Its relation to the pattern of coronary arterial distribution

Abstract The length of the left main coronary artery was correlated with the pattern of coronary arterial dominance in 100 cases. Patients with either a dominant left circumflex vessel or balanced circulation had a left main coronary artery that was significantly shorter than that of patients with a dominant right coronary arterial circulation. The importance of this finding in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement is discussed.
Autoimmunity in primary immune deficiency: taking lessons from our patients

The elucidation of the genes leading to selected immune defects has accelerated our understanding of the molecular basis of tolerance in autoimmunity disorders. Mutations in genes of the immune system are known to lead to a catalogue of functional deficits, including loss of activation-induced Fas-mediated apoptosis, an inability to remove self-reactive T and/or B cells and insufficient numbers or functions of regulatory T cells. In most cases, microbial antigen stimulation occurs simultaneously, leading to further inflammatory responses. In each case, probing the molecular pathways involved in these primary immune defects has led to a better understanding of autoimmune diseases in general. While subjects with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia are almost devoid of autoimmune diseases, B cells which are present, but dysfunctional in other defects, lead to a significant incidence of autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity is also particularly common in the antibody deficiency states. Although organ-based autoimmunity also occurs, for unclear reasons the main conditions are immune thrombocytopenia purpura and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. The common variable immune deficiency subjects most afflicted by these cytopenias are those with specific peripheral blood memory B cell phenotypes. B cells of these subjects have a retained autoimmune potential, lack of somatic hypermutation, profound loss of proliferative potential, accelerated apoptosis and loss of normal Toll-like receptor signalling. Treatment with high-dose immunoglobulin and/or steroids can be helpful, while rituximab provides benefits in the treatment of refractory cytopenias with apparently little risk, even with repeated use, due to ongoing immune globulin therapy.
Order-disorder transition in NH4Cl. III - Specific heat

The ac technique for measuring heat capacities is explained, and a model is presented to show the effects that the thermal properties of the heat link have on the observed temperature modulation. The ac technique is used to measure the heat capacity of ammonium chloride near the order-disorder transition at 242 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The measured heat capacities are analyzed using the theory presented in the first paper of this series. There is a strong sample dependence in the data that is not understood, but agreement with the theory is obtained for the sample with the sharpest transition. The critical exponents obtained from the fitting procedure are much closer to 1 than the theoretical values obtained from various model calculations.
Interleukin-1 induces substance P in sympathetic ganglia through the induction of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)

It has become increasingly clear that immune cytokines perform growth and differentiation functions in the nervous system similar to those performed in the immune system. In previous studies we have shown that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) raises substance P (SP) and the mRNA coding for its preprotachykinin precursor in cultured sympathetic superior cervical ganglia (SCG) (Jonakait and Schotland, 1990; Hart et al., 1991a). The action of IL-1 is blocked both by depolarization of the ganglia and by glucocorticoid hormones (Hart et al., 1991a). In the present report, we have found that IL-1 does not act directly upon neurons to raise SP, but rather induces the production of a soluble intermediate molecule that raises both SP and the cholinergic-specific enzyme ChAT. Its induction by IL-1 is blocked by the synthetic glucocorticoid hormone dexamethasone; its action is compromised under depolarizing conditions. Because medium conditioned by IL-1 (IL-1CM) is functionally similar to leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), we sought to determine whether this molecule might be an active constituent of IL- 1CM. Immunoprecipitation with an antiserum directed against LIF eliminated large proportions of SP-inducing activity from IL-1CM. In addition, steady-state levels of mRNA coding for LIF are increased by IL-1 treatment of SCG. These data suggest that LIF, induced by IL-1, may ultimately be responsible for the IL-1 induction of SP.
Functional Th1 Cells Are Required for Surgical Adhesion Formation in a Murine Model

Tissue trauma in the peritoneal and pelvic cavities following surgery or bacterial infection results in adhesions that are a debilitating cause of intestinal obstruction, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility in women. We recently demonstrated that CD4+ αβ T cells are essential for development of this process. Using a murine model of experimental adhesion formation, we now demonstrate that adhesion formation is characterized by the selective recruitment of Tim-3+, CCR5+, CXCR3+, IFN-γ+ cells, indicating the presence of a Th1 phenotype. We further demonstrate that adhesion formation is critically dependent on the function of Th1 cells because mice genetically deficient for IFN-γ, T-bet, or treated with Abs to the Th1-selective chemoattractant IL-16 show significantly less adhesion formation than wild-type mice. In addition, disrupting the interaction of the Th1-specific regulatory molecule Tim-3, with its ligand, significantly exacerbates adhesion formation. This enhanced response is associated with increases in the level of neutrophil-attracting chemokines KC and MIP-2, known to play a role in adhesiogenesis. These data demonstrate that the CD4+ T cells orchestrating adhesion formation are of the Th1 phenotype and delineate the central role of T-bet, Tim-3, IFN-γ, and IL-16 in mediating this pathogenic tissue response.
Periodic DNA patrolling underlies diverse functions of Pif1 on R-loops and G-rich DNA

Pif1 family helicases are conserved from bacteria to humans. Here, we report a novel DNA patrolling activity which may underlie Pif1's diverse functions: a Pif1 monomer preferentially anchors itself to a 3'-tailed DNA junction and periodically reel in the 3' tail with a step size of one nucleotide, extruding a loop. This periodic patrolling activity is used to unfold an intramolecular G-quadruplex (G4) structure on every encounter, and is sufficient to unwind RNA-DNA heteroduplex but not duplex DNA. Instead of leaving after G4 unwinding, allowing it to refold, or going beyond to unwind duplex DNA, Pif1 repeatedly unwinds G4 DNA, keeping it unfolded. Pif1-induced unfolding of G4 occurs in three discrete steps, one strand at a time, and is powerful enough to overcome G4-stabilizing drugs. The periodic patrolling activity may keep Pif1 at its site of in vivo action in displacing telomerase, resolving R-loops, and keeping G4 unfolded during replication, recombination and repair.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02190.001.
Particle Deposition in Parallel-Plate Reactors: Simultaneous Diffusion and External Forces

Particle deposition resulting from uniform external forces and Brownian motion is modeled in a parallel-plate reactor geometry characteristic of a wide range of semiconductor process tools: uniform, isothermal, downward flow exiting a perforated-plate showerhead separated by a small gap from a parallel, circular wafer. Particle transport is modeled using a Eulerian approach neglecting particle inertia and interception. Particles are assumed to originate in a planar trap located between the plates, such as would result for particles released from a plasma-induced particle trap after plasma extinction. Flow between infinite parallel plates is described by an analytic quasi-one-dimensional creeping flow approximation, where the showerhead is treated as a porous plate. An analytic, integral expression for particle collection efficiency (fraction of particles that end up on the wafer) is derived as a function of four dimensionless parameters: the flow Reynolds number, a dimensionless trap height, a dimensionle...
A semantic analysis of reference to spatial properties

A uniform analysis is offered for the source of the locations specified by all references in English to spatial properties including location and movement. This source is argued to be the location of events and states of affairs. These locations are specified by sets showing spaces momentarily occupied. Descriptions of motion are accounted for through a variety of ways of referencing these sets. Some classes of simple clauses are identified as requiring semantic analysis involving multiple events and states of affairs. This importantly allows spatial references to be associated with different events and states of affairs. Identification of object location is accounted for by use of extra inference rules or meaning postulates. A number of other explanations are suggested for more limited and derivative phenomena. The analysis is developed within a Case-like notation presented in the first-order predicate calculus. It is supported by an extensive analysis of spatial reference phenomena and by identification of ancillary benefits.
Selective Deposition of TiO2 during Monolayer Formation of TiO2 and Iron Oxide Nanocrystals by Electrophoretic Deposition in Non-Polar Solvents

The electrophoretic deposition of TiO2 iron oxide nanocrystal monolayers from stable, mixed colloidal suspensions by electrophoretic deposition using non polar solvents is reported. The selective deposition of TiO2 was accomplished by controlling the mobility of the nanocrystals and the voltage during electrophoretic deposition. The effect of the electrophoretic deposition processing parameters (voltage and particle mobility) on the promotion and suppression of nanocrystal deposition was investigated.
Not Equal for All: Gender and Race Differences in Salary for Doctoral Degree Recipients

Despite a recent increase in women and racial/ethnic minorities in U.S. postsecondary education, doctoral recipients from these groups report lower salaries than male and majority peers. With a longitudinal sample of approximately 10,000 respondents from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients, this study adds to the limited literature examining the effects of discipline, sector of employment, personal traits (e.g., marital status and number of children), and the interaction of gender and race on annual salary over the decade after degree completion, 1999–2008. Multilevel growth models reveal greater gaps in salary for women compared to men across all race/ethnic groups. The greatest rate of return was found for Asian respondents regardless of gender, and minority males had better returns than White male peers conditional on marriage. Implications for career choice, career paths, and the need for policies that address gender and race equity are discussed.
Estrogen Induces Lipophosphoprotein in Serum of Male Xenopus laevis

Administration of estradiol 17β to male Xenopus laevis induces the appearance in serum of large amounts of a serum lipophosphoprotein which is not readily removed from the circulation and which can be resolved from other serum components by chromatography on triethylaminoethyl-cellulose. The initial rate of production of serum lipophosphoprotein is independent of the amount of estrogen administered, but the maximum rate of production and the time taken to attain this rate are dose-dependent.
Relational database design based on the entity-relationship model

Abstract The Entity-Relationship (E-R) model is often recommended for use in the database design process because its concepts are perceived to be both natural and easy to use. This paper describes a methodology for the design of a relational database based on the E-R model. The methodology starts with the identification of the basic E-R constructs that occur in an application resulting in an initial database design. Next, ways of capturing certain semantics of an application through data abstraction and procedures for identifying potential design problems are discussed. The translation of the E-R model into a set of normalized relations completes the design process. This methodology builds on previous work on the Extended Entity-Relationship Model and on the automation of database design.
Perceived Social Support and Preventive Health Behavioral Outcomes among Older Women

Although research has documented that social support is a positive pathway to healthpromoting behavioral practices, very few longitudinal studies have assessed the relationship between social support and health-promoting behaviors among older, diverse women. Three waves of data from the Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) survey assessed whether or not changes in perceived social support influenced behavioral outcomes among 671 African American women and non-Hispanic white women aged 60 years and older. Positive social support from friends was the most successful in predicting physical activity across the life span while positive spousal support, positive support from children, and health behavior-specific support were insignificant determinants of physical activity. The results suggest that social support from friends may be an important predictive factor in engaging older women in physical activity during the aging process.