cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecogeography and taxonomy of Rogeria J. Gay ex Delile (Pedaliaceae)

Presented here are an extensive revision of Rogeria J. Gay ex Delile, a key to its three accepted species, a description of a new species, Rogeria armeniaca Bedigian from the Kunene region of Namibia and Angola, and a description of a new subspecies, Rogeria adenophylla subsp. rosea Bedigian, in Namibia and Angola. Specimens of the new species and subspecies were until now included in the polymorphic Rogeria adenophylla J. Gay ex Delile. Morphology and preliminary molecular study of the genus Rogeria supports the recognition of the new taxa. Rogeria armeniaca is identifed by its distinctive apricot-coloured flowers, and glossy, elongate, deeply lobed leaves with sharply pointed, acute apices. Subsp. rosea is distinguished by its bright rose-pink corolla with a golden yellow interior, and broadly deltoid or lobed, pubescent leaves with truncate apices. Morphological traits allowing Rogeria to survive in hot, arid environments include mucilage-bearing glandular trichomes and persistent woody capsules that d...
Nonideal thermoequilibrium calculations using a large product species data base

Thermochemical data fits for approximately 900 gaseous and 600 condensed species found in the JANAF tables (Chase et al. 1985) have been completed for use with the TIGER non-ideal thermoequilibrium code (Cowperthwaite and Zwisler 1973). The TIGER code has been modified to allow systems containing up to 400 gaseous and 100 condensed constituents composed of up to 50 elements. Gaseous covolumes have been estimated following the procedure outlined by Mader (1979) using estimates of van der Waals radii for 48 elements and three-dimensional molecular mechanics. Molecular structures for all gaseous components were explicitly defined in terms of atomic coordinates in A (Hobbs and Baer 1992a). The Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson equation of state (BKW-EOS) has been calibrated near C-J states using detonation temperatures measured in liquid and solid explosives and a large product species data base. Detonation temperatures for liquid and solid explosives were predicted adequately with a single set of BKW parameters. Values for the empirical BKW constants α,β, κ, and θ were 0.5, 0.174, 11.85, and 5160, respectively. Values for the covolume factors, κi, were assumed to be invariant. The liquid explosives included mixtures of hydrazine nitrate with hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, and water; mixtures of tetranitromethane with nitromethane; liquid isomers ethylnitrate and 2-nitroethanol; and nitroglycerine. The solid explosives included HMX, RDX, PETN, Tetryl, and TNT. Color contour plots of HMX equilibrium products as well as thermodynamic variables are shown in pressure and temperature space. Similar plots for a pyrotechnic reaction composed of TiH2 and KClO4 are also reported. Calculations for a typical HMX-based propellant are also discussed.
Ultrastructural changes at the motor end-plate produced by an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor

Abstract Paraoxon, an organophosphorous inhibitor of cholinesterase, produces a progressive myopathy in rat diaphragm, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscles. Diaphragms of rats killed after 2 and 5 days of intraperitoneal injections of Paraoxon showed a cholinesterase activity less than 35% of control, and ultrastructural examination of the motor end-plates showed wide variations in altered structure. After 2 days of Paraoxon treatment, some nerve terminals contained many coated vesicles and swollen mitochondria. The subsynaptic folds usually contained cleft vesicles of varying size. The muscle directly beneath the subsynaptic folds had lost its cytoarchitectural organization and often contained large vacuoles whereas the region of muscle away from the motor end-plate was relatively unaffected. The abnormalities were more severe after 5 days of Paraoxon treatment. Within the same Paraoxon-treated diaphragm some end-plates were nearly normal while others were severely abnormal.
Business Process Analysis and Real-world Application Scenarios

This paper presents our business process analysis architecture and three effective use scenarios, business process improvement, system usability improvement, and role and organization improvement, which effectiveness has been proved through customer projects. Each use scenario addresses different stakeholders of the enterprise while the underlying analysis architecture is the same. This paper also presents a new use scenario in the era of mobile enterprise application that has a large opportunity and higher potential benefit for the client in near future.
Chitin and chitinase: A kinetic model

Abstract A model is described for the action of insect molting chitinase on chitin microfibrils in cuticle. The model reconciles the disparate structures proposed for chitin in the literature. It also accounts for the kinetic characteristics of molting fluid chitinase insofar as known from in vitro studies, viz. positive co-operativity of possibly three catalytic sites, complexity, and processivity. These have hitherto been difficult to account for in vivo , given the arrangement of chitin in anhydrous microfibrils in arthropod cuticle.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 243

Abstract Available information pertaining to the nuclear structure of all nuclei with mass numbers A = 243 is presented. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated and compared. Adopted data, levels, spin, parity and configuration assignments are given. When there are insufficient data, expected values from systematics of nuclear properties or/and theoretical calculations are quoted. Unexpected or discrepant experimental results are also noted.
Art, science, and fear

Scientists and artists share a conviction that key elements of their work-creativity, craft, analysis, intuition--are somehow deeply similar. Most Onward! participants will have a clear sense of the scientific variants of these qualities, and of what it takes to manifest them in our day-to-day work as researchers and software designers. This talk looks at how ideas are developed and refined in the making of visual art, how the same qualities--especially creativity, the most ineffable--come into play, and how artists and scientists grapple with the various fears that beset creative work.
Parlange receives 1997 Robert E. Horton Award

Jean-Yves Parlange was awarded the 1997 Horton Award at the 1998 Spring Meeting in Boston, Massachusetts. The Robert E. Horton Award is given by the Hydrology Section for contributions over a career with an emphasis on the past 5 years.
Electronic Structure of Luminescent d(0) Niobium and Tantalum Imido Compounds cis,mer-M(NR)Cl(3)L(2).

Electronic absorption and emission spectra are reported for luminescent d0 monoimido group 5 compounds M(NR)Cl3L2 (M = Nb, Ta; R = alkyl, aryl; L = dme, Cl-, py). These compounds display weak (e < ...
Analysis of three-dimensional grids: Cubic equations for nine-point prismatic arrays

Four polynomial equations for interpolating the nine-point cube are compared. All of the equations estimate first-, second- and third-order coefficients. Fidelity to monotonic test surfaces, as measured by sums-of-squares of deviations, depends on the distribution of the center point datum among the coefficients. Linear-term coefficients rendered by the equations are often more accurate than the like coefficients rendered by main-effects formulas.
Postlaparoscopic traumatic inferior vena caval thrombosis

Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare disease. It has been reported in the literature in association with a variety of noninfectious diseases, particularly carcinoma of the kidney and liver, as well as abdominal trauma and percutaneous IVC filter placement. We report a case of IVC thrombosis in a young nonpregnant patient after laparoscopic pelvic surgery. We believe it is the first case in the literature of laparoscopic-induced IVC thrombosis.
Prediction of intrauterine growth retardation by sonographic estimation of total intrauterine volume

A group of 252 patients who had total intrauterine volume (TIUV) measurements after 20 weeks menstrual age were evaluated for prediction of growth retardation. The measurements were compared to previously published normal values derived at our institution. The birth weights of these patients' babies were evaluated by the California standard. Setting the threshold of an abnormal test at the lower 10% tolerance limit, the TIUV measurement was sensitive in 70%, specific in 72%, and accurate in predicting IUGR in only 41% of cases. Ultrasonic estimation of TIUV is limited as a predictor of IUGR.
Associations and dynamics of Vibrionaceae in the environment, from the genus to the population level

The Vibrionaceae, which encompasses several potential pathogens, including V. cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, and V. vulnificus, the deadliest seafood-borne pathogen, are a well-studied family of marine bacteria that thrive in a diverse habitats. To elucidate the environmental conditions under which vibrios proliferate, numerous studies have examined correlations with bulk environmental variables – e.g., temperature, salinity, nitrogen and phosphate – and association with potential host organisms. However, how meaningful these environmental associations are remains unclear because data are fragmented across studies with variable sampling and analysis methods. Here, we synthesize findings about Vibrio correlations and physical associations using a framework of increasingly fine environmental and taxonomic scales, to better understand their dynamics in the wild. We first conduct a meta-analysis to determine trends with respect to bulk water environmental variables, and find that while temperature and salinity are generally strongly predictive correlates, other parameters are inconsistent and overall patterns depend on taxonomic resolution. Based on the hypothesis that dynamics may better correlate with more narrowly defined niches, we review evidence for specific association with plants, algae, zooplankton, and animals. We find that Vibrio are attached to many organisms, though evidence for enrichment compared to the water column is often lacking. Additionally, contrary to the notion that they flourish predominantly while attached, Vibrio can have, at least temporarily, a free-living lifestyle and even engage in massive blooms. Fine-scale sampling from the water column has enabled identification of such lifestyle preferences for ecologically cohesive populations, and future efforts will benefit from similar analysis at fine genetic and environmental sampling scales to describe the conditions, habitats, and resources shaping Vibrio dynamics.
Characteristics of solitary waves in four-wave interactions

The solitary-wave solutions of degenerate four-wave mixing are obtained by directly solving the coupled equations. The properties of the solitary waves are studied. It is found that the solitary waves are amplified asymptotically and the solutions are stable. Solitary-wave formation is a result of the large signal interactions. The expressions for the velocity and pulse width of solitary waves are also given. Possible applications are discussed.
Activation of pineal and brain acetyl-COA hydrolase by cystamine: an apparent case of disulfide exchange.

Abstract Rat pineal acetyl-CoA hydrolase was activated about 5-fold by cystamine treatment (30 mM) at pH 6.8 and 10-fold at pH 8.5. Six other disulfides were found to be ineffective or to produce a small activation. Cystamine activation was not reversed when free cystamine was removed, but was reversed by treatment with DTT. Analysis of other tissues indicated acetyl-CoA hydrolase from rat brain, sheep pineal gland and chicken pineal gland could also be activated by cystamine. In contrast, cystamine activation of rat liver acetyl-CoA hydrolase was not seen.
Children's Pitch Matching, Vocal Range, and Developmentally Appropriate Practice.

Abstract In this article, literature and research were reviewed to obtain general descriptions of children's musical development, especially their pitch-matching accuracy and vocal range, and what is considered to be developmentally appropriate practice (DAP). The factors affecting children's pitch-matching accuracy and vocal range were investigated and categorized into internal and external influences. The findings were discussed in terms of children's development and teachers' practice in the early childhood education setting. Children's musical development should be considered in a dynamic way. What we call “developmental knowledge “can be biased by how we define development and what we measure, and it may limit teachers' practice and children's authentic development accordingly.
Contractile proteins in epidermis. Isolation and properties of guinea-pig epidermal myosin

Proteins of apparent molecular weights between 10 000 and 250 000 could be solubilized from guinea pig epidermis using a Tris/sucrose/ATP buffer. When the ionic concentration of the solubilized extract was made 75 mM with respect to KCl and 2 mM with respect to MgCl2, a protein complex precipitated which on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved into bands corresponding in migration to myosin, actin and a number of low molecular weight proteins. Myosin was dissociated from the complex with 0.6 M KI and purified by gel filtration chromatography on an agarose column. The purified epidermal myosin fraction contained a polypeptide of 200 000 molecular weight andtwo low molecular weight polypeptides of 16 500 and 13 000. The amino acid composition of the epidermal myosin heavy chain was similar to that of muscle myosin. At high ionic strength epidermal myosin had high specific (K+ + Ca2+)- and (K+ + EDTA)-ATPase activities and low specific (K+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity. The pH activity curves of the (K+ + Ca2+)- and (K+ + EDTA)-ATPase were different. ATP was hydrolyzed faster than other nucleoside triphosphates. At low ionic strength, the (K+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity of epidermal myosin was stimulated two fold by skeletal muscle actin. The myosin formed bipolar filaments in 50 mM KCl in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE QUANTITATIVE RELIABILITY OF ISOLINE MAPS1

ABSTRACT A method is presented for estimating the quantitative reliability of isoline maps constructed from observations that vary in space and time. The reliability of isolines is expressed as a variance and equations are developed which relate this variance to observational errors, time errors, positional errors, synopticity errors, primary and secondary interpolation errors, and the space-time rates-of-change and the directions of the gradients of the mapped variable. Equations are also developed for designing a survey whose end product is to be an isoline map of specified variance. These relate the variance to the speeds of travel of the observers, the number of observers, the dimensions of the surveyed area, and the type of survey pattern. Four types of survey patterns are illustrated: continuous observations along equi-spaced parallel transects, and point observations in aligned rectangular, aligned triangular, and unaligned rectangular patterns.
Proton (And Other Heavy Charged Particle) Radiography in Medical Diagnosis

Radiations other than those of the electromagnetic spectrum or of sound may be used for diagnosis. These consist of beams of sub-atomic particles, particularly of protons and heavy ions. With these beams radiographs of unusually high contrast are obtained for the visualization and differentiation of the bodily tissues at very low doses. The method is practical for use in hospitals and has potential for screening purposes.
Expression of IGF-I, IGF-I receptor and IGF binding proteins -1, -2, -3, -4 and -5 in human atherectomy specimens

Abstract The molecular and cellular processes that induce rapid atherosclerotic plaque progression in patients with unstable angina and initiate restenosis following coronary interventional procedures are uncertain. We examined primary (de novo) and restenotic lesions retrieved at the time of directional coronary atherectomy for expression of insulin-like-growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-I receptor, and five IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, and IGFBP-5 in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) using colloidal gold immunocytochemistry. IGF-I, its receptor and binding proteins were not detected in SMCs of normal coronary arteries. IGF-I localized primarily in synthetic smooth muscle cells (sSMCs) in both de novo and restenotic plaques. IGF-I receptor localized on sSMCs and their processes and colocalized with IGF-I. Although morphometric analysis of IGF-I and IGF-I receptor immunoreactivity in sSMCs of de novo and restenotic lesions showed comparable levels of IGF-I (3.2 ± 1.0 and 2.9 ± 0.9, respectively), IGF-I receptor was significantly higher in de novo lesions as compared to restenotic lesions (10.7 ± 2.5 and 4.2 ± 1.3, P
Power electronics for a 1-kilowatt arcjet thruster

After more than two decades, new space mission requirements have revived interest in arcjet systems. The preliminary development and demonstration of new, high efficiency, power electronic concepts for start up and steady state control of dc arcjets is reported. The design comprises a pulse width modulated power converter which is closed loop configured to give fast current control. An inductor, in series with the arcjet, serves the dual role of providing instantaneous current control, as well as a high voltage arc ignition pulse. Benchmark efficiency, transient response, regulation, and ripple data are presented. Tests with arcjets demonstrate that the power electronics breadboard can start thrusters consistently with no apparent damage and transfer reliably to the nondestructive high voltage arc mode in less than a second.
Metabolic fractionation of carbon isotopes in marine plankton—I. Temperature and respiration experiments

Abstract The fractionation of stable carbon isotopes by marine phytoplankton cultures growing under defined environmental conditions has been determined. Skeletonema costatum and Cyclotella nana experiments indicate that an increase in temperature from 10° to 30°C causes a lowering of the δ13C difference between cells and HCO3− of ∼0·35% per deg C when air (0·03 % CO2) is bubbled through the growing culture. No temperature effects are noticeable when 5% CO2 in air is administered at a rapid flow rate resulting in a pH of 5·8 nor when NaHCO3 is added in excess. The data suggest that both algae directly utilize molecular CO2 rather than carbonic acid, bicarbonate, or carbonate. When air CO2 is provided to an algal culture, there is an increasing drain on the molecular CO2 supply as the culture becomes more dense, as the pH rises, and with increase in temperature. Consequently, 13C-enriched molecular CO2 is released from the bicarbonate and is subsequently taken up by the plants. On the basis of this scheme, there is no need to postulate temperature-sensitive enzymatic reactions to explain the observed isotope fractionations with change in water temperature. When molecular CO2 is sufficiently abundant, there is a constant fractionation of about 19% between CO2 and the cells at all temperature levels (10°–30°C). Skeletonema costatum and Dunaliella tertiolecta cultures kept in darkness for 12 days show a depletion in 13C by as much as 5% relative to the 13C-content at the beginning of the period of dark respiration. Thus isotope fractionations in living material occurs in both synthetic and degenerative processes.
Scalable architecture for VoIP privacy

An access network for Voice over IP (VoIP) clients (e.g. DOCSIS-based HFC network) often provides a privacy service. However, such a privacy service is limited only to that access network. When VoIP packets are carried over an open IP network or over a network with some connections to the Internet, it is desirable to provide an end-to-end privacy service where each VoIP packet is encrypted at the source and decrypted at the terminating endpoint. Clearly, public key encryption cannot be applied to each voice packet; the performance would be unacceptable regardless of the choice of a public key algorithm. The only alternative is for the two VoIP endpoints to negotiate a shared symmetric key. Since VoIP connections are established only for duration of a phone call, the end-to-end key negotiation needs to occur during each call setup. And it should not noticeably delay the call setup phase. In order to provide end-to-end privacy, it is not sufficient to encrypt all messages between the two endpoints. It is important that the two endpoints authenticate each other - validate each other's identity. Without authentication an adversary might trick two VoIP clients to negotiate keys with her and then sit in the middle of their conversation and record each VoIP packet, before forwarding it to the intended destination. However, direct authentication of the two VoIP endpoints is not always possible in telephony networks - in particular when caller ID blocking services are enabled. To support such anonymity services, it may be sufficient to authenticate not the identity of the caller but the fact that it is a valid subscriber and that all subsequent signaling and voice traffic will be coming from the same source. The PacketCable specifications provide an example of a VoIP architecture with end-to-end privacy that meets the above stated criteria. This paper describes the PacketCable end-to-end privacy approach and suggests additional mechanisms that may be used to further strengthen VoIP privacy under the PacketCable architecture.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Depth-resolved mapping of tissue mechanical properties using a novel optical approach

Progression of most diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, neurodegenerative disease and osteoarthritis is accompanied with drastic changes in biomechanics of tissue. Hence, non-contact and non-invasive technologies for 3-dimensional mapping of tissue biomechanics are invaluable for diagnostic purposes. Laser speckle Microrheology (LSM) is developed in our lab to enable high resolution mechanical evaluation of tissue. To this end, the tissue sample is illuminated by a coherent and focused laser beam and the back-scattered laser speckle pattern is spatio-temporally processed to extract a color-map of τ, which is the decay time constant of intensity decorrelation at each pixel in the image plane. Time constant, τ, is proven to be closely correlated with tissue mechanical properties. In this paper we validate the theoretical basis for LSM technology and investigate the potential for acquiring depth-resolved information from a light-scattering point of view. The patch analysis approach is introduced and the inter-relation between τ, number of scattering events, and penetration depth is explored for each patch. Axial variation of τ is characterized for two sample arterial regions and in-depth changes of mechanical properties are characterized. Finally, the required corrective measures are discussed.
Transport in a Microfluidic Catalytic Reactor

A study of the heat and mass transfer, flow, and thermodynamics of the reacting flow in a catalytic microreactor is presented. Methanol reforming is utilized in the fuel processing system driving a micro-scale proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Understanding the flow and thermal transport phenomena as well as the reaction mechanisms is essential for improving the efficiency of the reforming process as well as the quality of the processed fuel. Numerical studies have been carried out to characterize the transport in a silicon microfabricated reactor system. On the basis of these results, optimized conditions for fuel processing are determined.
Anwendung der Refraktometrie bei der Bestimmung des Fettgehaltes der Wolle

Es wird uber die Variabilitat von Wollfett berichtet und neben der Wollfett-Provenienz die Faktoren untersucht, die von weiterem Einflus sind. Anwendung findet das Lichtbrechungsverhalten des Wollfettes bei der Restwollfett-Bestimmung in gewaschener Wolle und fur die Bestimmung des Wollfettanteiles vom Gesamtfettgehalt bei Kammzugen. Die entsprechenden Verfahren werden besprochen und nach mathematisch-statistischen Gesichtspunkten die Genauigkeit der Methoden festgelegt.
Rasburicase in Tumor Lysis Syndrome of the Adult: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background The use of rasburicase has been evaluated extensively in children, but not in adults. We review the current literature to evaluate its effect on adults. Study Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Setting & Population Adults receiving rasburicase for tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). Selection Criteria for Studies Electronic databases, regulatory documents, and websites were searched up to August 7, 2012. Reference lists of published articles were examined for additional relevant references. Any controlled trial or observational studies (controlled before and after) were included. Studies considering children only or mixing data for children and adults were excluded. Intervention Rasburicase for TLS. Outcomes The primary outcome was TLS development. Secondary outcomes included percentage of patients improving, total adverse events, acute kidney failure, deaths, and serum uric acid and creatinine levels. Results 21 studies (24 publications) reported data for 1,261 adult patients, 768 receiving rasburicase for either the treatment or prophylaxis of TLS; these comprised 4 controlled trials and 17 observational studies. No statistically significant differences in clinical TLS development were observed in the controlled trials between the rasburicase and control groups. For the observational studies, 7.4% of patients developed clinical TLS after rasburicase (95% CI, 1.7%-16.7%), 93.4% of patients achieved normalized serum uric acid levels after rasburicase treatment (95% CI, 91.7%-94.6%), 4.4% developed acute kidney injury (95% CI, 3.0%-6.0%), and 2.6% died (95% CI, 0.95%-5.0%). The mean reduction in serum uric acid levels ranged from 5.3-12.8 mg/dL, and for serum creatinine levels, from 0.10-2.1 mg/dL. Limitations Controlled trials differed in outcomes reported; meta-analysis was not performed. Conclusions Rasburicase is effective in reducing serum uric acid levels in adults with TLS but at a significant cost, and evidence currently is lacking in adults to report whether rasburicase use improves clinical outcomes compared with other alternatives. Until new evidence is available, use of rasburicase may be limited to adult patients with a high risk of TLS.
Hibernation induces glutathione redox imbalance in ground squirrel intestine

Glutathione (GSH) is the major thiol-disulfide redox buffer in cells and is a critical component of antioxidant defense. Here we examined GSH redox balance in the intestinal mucosa during the annual cycle of 13-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). The ratio of reduced GSH to its oxidized form (glutathione disulfide, GSSG), which is an index of oxidative stress, was five-fold lower in hibernating compared with summer-active squirrels, an effect due primarily to elevated GSSG concentration in hibernators. During hibernation the total pool of GSH equivalents was lowest in squirrels undergoing arousal and highest in squirrels during interbout arousals. Hibernation decreased intestinal GSSG reductase activity by approximately 50%, but had no effect on activities of glutathione peroxidase or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Within the hibernation season, expression of the stress protein HSP70 in intestinal mucosa was highest in squirrels entering torpor and early in a torpor bout, and lowest in squirrels arousing from torpor and during interbout euthermia. The results suggest that hibernation in ground squirrels is associated with a shift in intestinal GSH redox balance to a more oxidized state. Higher levels of HSP70 during the early phases of torpor may reflect induction of the stress response due to aberrations in protein folding or may be a mechanism to increase enterocyte tolerance to subsequent stress imposed by extended torpor or the arousal process.
Effect of Motorized Scooters on Quality of Life and Cardiovascular Risk

Physical inactivity increases cardiovascular risk. The possible adverse effects of regular motorized scooter use, recently popularized for patients with physical limitations, has not been previously examined. We performed a single-center, retrospective cohort study of 102 consecutive patients who had obtained medical approval for, and subsequently received, a motorized scooter during a 6-year period. The clinical data were collected for the 12 months before and after the intervention. Surveys assessing 11 different facets of health-related quality of life were returned by 28% of patients. The patients receiving a scooter were 68 ± 19 years old, and 55% were women. The medical indications for scooter use, by decreasing frequency, were disabling arthritis, chronic lung disease, neurologic disorders, and heart failure. Patients returning the surveys estimated scooter use at a median of 4 hours/day, with walking confined to 30 min/day. Despite significant physical and psychological improvements in all quality-of-life categories (p
Multivariate statistical process monitoring and diagnosis with grouped regression‐adjusted variables

A common theme among the many existing multivariate statistical process monitoring (MSPM) methods is the recommendation that process knowledge be used to select a suitable monitoring procedure. Several methods possess the property of directional invariance, with shift detection performance depending only on the distance of a shift away from the target mean vector. This property is of special importance when characterizing a new process, or when available process knowledge suggests that shifts may occur in virtually any direction away from the target mean. In other cases, it is possible and may be desirable to increase a control scheme's sensitivity by using knowledge of the process structure and possible upset mechanisms to ‘aim’ the control procedure. This paper identifies a potentially common MSPM scenario and extends the idea of using process knowledge to determine an appropriate control statistic for assignable cause detection and identification.
Solubility of nano‐zinc oxide in environmentally and biologically important matrices

Increasing manufacture and use of engineered nanoparticles is leading to a greater probability for release of engineered nanoparticles into the environment and exposure to organisms. In particular, zinc oxide (ZnO) is toxic, although it is unclear whether this toxicity is due to the zinc oxide nanoparticles, dissolution to Zn2+, or some combination thereof. The goal of this study was to determine the relative solubilities of both commercially available and in-house synthesized ZnO in matrices used for environmental fate and transport or biological toxicity studies. Dissolution of ZnO was observed in nanopure water (7.18–7.40 mg/L dissolved Zn, as measured by filtration) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI-1640) (∼5 mg/L), but much more dissolution was observed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, in which the dissolved Zn concentration exceeded 34 mg/L. Moderately hard water exhibited low Zn solubility, likely because of precipitation of a Zn carbonate solid phase. Precipitation of a Zn-containing solid phase in RPMI also appeared to limit Zn solubility. Equilibrium conditions with respect to ZnO solubility were not apparent in these matrices, even after more than 1,000 h of dissolution. These results suggest that solution chemistry exerts a strong influence on ZnO dissolution and can result in limits on Zn solubility from precipitation of less soluble solid phases. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:93–99. © 2011 SETAC
Theories of Reproduction and Resistance in the New Sociology of Education: A Critical Analysis

In the past ten years radical educators have developed several theories around the notions of reproduction and resistance. In this article, Henry Giroux critically analyzes the major positions of these theories, finding them inadequate as a foundation for a critical science of schooling. He concludes by outlining the directions for a new theory of resistance and schooling which contains an understanding of how power, resistance, and human agency can become central elements in the struggle for social justice in schools and in society.
The characterization of distortions in heteroepitaxial structures by X‐ray multiple diffraction

SUMMARY X-ray multiple diffraction can be used to characterize distortion in heteroepitaxial layers non-destructively. The basic technique and its application to gallium aluminium arsenide layers on gallium arsenide is described. The lattice parameters of the layers can be found and hence their composition. The diffraction patterns obtained confirm that layers grown on off-axis substrates grow tilted with respect to the substrate.
A granule cell neuron-associated JC virus variant has a unique deletion in the VP1 gene.

The human polyomavirus JC (JCV) typically infects glial cells and is the aetiological agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. The full-length sequence of a granule cell neuron-tropic JCV variant, JCVGCN1, associated with lytic infection of granule cell neurons and cerebellar atrophy in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with PML was determined and compared with the sequence of the JCV isolate from the classic PML lesions present in the hemispheric white matter of the same individual (JCVHWM). A unique deletion was found in the C terminus of the VP1 gene of JCVGCN1, which encodes the major capsid protein, resulting in a frame shift and a total change of the C-terminal amino acid sequence of this protein. This deletion was not present in JCVHWM, suggesting that this mutation may be instrumental in facilitating entry or replication of JCV into granule cell neurons.
Probing the microscopic origin of many-body interactions in semiconductors using optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy

Microscopic origins are elucidated for the many-body interactions between the light hole exciton, heavy hole exciton and continuum electronic resonances in GaAs quantum wells using optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy.
Resonance in catacondensed benzenoid hydrocarbons

We consider resonance in cata-condensed benzenoids having six and seven fused benzene rings. The resonance relationship between the Kekule valence structures of the molecules is represented by the resonance graphs in which the vertices represent the Kekule valence structures, and the edges, the presence of the quantum chemical resonance integral involving permutation of three CC double bonds (within a single six-membered ring). The construction of the resonance graphs for large benzenoids is outlined and the properties of the derived resonance graphs are discussed. It is shown that the leading eigenvalue of the resonance graphs correlates with the resonance energy of benzenoids. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 63: 585–600, 1997
Role of Fig2p in agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In W303-derived strains, disruption of FIG2 increased agglutinability of α cells, but not a cells, and did not alter expression of α-agglutinin, binding of 125I-labeled α-agglutinin, or mating efficiency. Fig2p overexpression led to α-cell-specific suppression of agglutinability. These results imply that Fig2p is an indirect masker of the active sites in α-agglutinin.
Contact with cultured epithelial cells stimulates secretion of Salmonella typhimurium invasion protein InvJ

Contact of Salmonella typhimurium with cultured epithelial cells results in the assembly of surface appendages termed invasomes which are presumably required for the internalization of these organisms into host cells. The assembly of these structures requires the function of a dedicated protein secretion system encoded in the inv locus. We show in this report that contact of wild-type S. typhimurium with cultured Henle-407 cells stimulated the secretion of InvJ, a recently identified target of the inv-encoded type III protein secretion system. Stimulation of InvJ secretion also occurred upon bacterial contact with bovine calf serum-coated culture dishes but did not occur upon S. typhimurium contact with glutaraldehyde-fixed Henle-407 cells. The stimulation of InvJ secretion did not require de novo protein synthesis. Invasion-defective invC and invG mutants of S. typhimurium failed to secrete InvJ upon contact with live Henle-407 cells. In contrast, contact-dependent secretion of InvJ in S. typhimurium invE mutants occurred at levels equivalent to those of the wild type. These results indicate that the presence of Henle-407 cells and/or serum is capable of activating the type III secretion system encoded in the inv locus, further supporting the notion that Salmonella entry into cultured cells is the result of a biochemical cross-talk between the bacteria and the host cells.
Religion, Race, Social Class, and Gender Differences in Dating and Hooking Up among College Students

Students at a mid-size state university in the Southeast were surveyed to examine religion, race, social class, and gender differences in dating and hooking up. Our analyses revealed that dating and hooking up coexist on campus and most students defined hooking up as a sexual encounter. Race impacted dating but the other demographics, social class and gender were not significant for either dating or hooking up. Conservative Protestants hooked up less than Catholics and other Protestants. Seniors have dated and hooked up more than other students, especially freshmen. How students define hooking up impacts their probability of hooking up and their feelings after hooking up also have an effect.
Correcting a widespread error in unification algorithms

The unification of two patterns both containing variables is a ubiquitous operation in logic programming and in many artificial intelligence applications. Thus, many texts present unification algorithms. Unfortunately, at least seven of these presentations are incorrect. The common error occurs when logic variables are represented as binding lists; implementations that destructively update variable cells do not manifest the error. This note gives the examples that uncover the error and presents a correction.
Dynamic learning, pricing, and ordering by a censored newsvendor

We address the problem of determining optimal ordering and pricing policies in a finite-horizon newsvendor model with unobservable lost sales. The demand distribution is price-dependent and involves unknown parameters. We consider both the cases of perishable and nonperishable inventory. A very general class of demand functions is studied in this paper. We derive the optimal ordering and pricing policies as unique functions of the stocking factor (which is a linear transformation of the safety factor). An important expression is obtained for the marginal expected value of information. As a consequence, we show when lost sales are unobservable, with perishable inventory the optimal stocking factor is always at least as large as the one given by the single-period model; however, if inventory is nonperishable, this result holds only under a strong condition. This expression also helps to explain why the optimal stocking factor of a period may not increase with the length of the problem. We compare this behavior with that of a full information model. We further examine the implications of the results to the special cases when demand uncertainty is described by additive and multiplicative models. For the additive case, we show that if demand is censored, the optimal policy is to order more as well as charge higher retail prices when compared to the policies in the single-period model and the full information model. We also compare the optimal and myopic policies for the additive and multiplicative models. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Robust Structured Nonlinear System Identification

In this paper we offer an extension to the structured system identification problem. In the presence of model uncertainty, the standard identification procedure may lead to inherently biased estimates. Here, we propose a systematic approach towards incorporating model uncertainty into the identification algorithm. The uncertainty is introduced as a set membership constraint and the computation is reduced to a convex minimization problem.
Phosphate and CVD: It’s All in What’s on the Table

The article in this issue by Ellam et al1 raises many interesting questions about the composition of diets, and their study fits with data showing that dietary issues are a major factor in the current epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD).2–4 Most studies have focused on lipid abnormalities or total calories. For instance, it has long been known that apolipoprotein E−/− mice develop accelerated atherosclerosis5 and that this is affected by both age and gender.6 The novelty of the current study is that the authors demonstrate that the level of dietary phosphate has a direct relationship with the severity of the atherosclerotic lesions. Levels of phosphate intake and serum phosphate have been shown to directly correlate with atherosclerosis in humans7,8 and in various animal models, but it has never been clear whether phosphate levels are an associated factor or play a causal role. The most significant contribution of this relatively small …
Management Entry Into U.S. Agriculture

The view that agriculture is undergoing replacement of one kind of human capital by another is offered as alternative to the traditional view that resources are chronically oversupplied to farming. The hypothesis that high level management farms have experienced favorable cost curve shifts explains farm number declines as primarily replacement of many low management by fewer high management farms. The replacement raises efficiency modestly. Occupational supply behavior relations for management levels lead to inferences about income distribution and future structure of agriculture. A price-income policy is suggested to compensate outmoded management for obsolescence.
Adaptive Coding for Frequency-Hop Transmission over Fading Channels with Partial-Band Interference

Protocols that were proposed recently for adapting the error-control code from packet to packet in a frequency-hop packet radio network are evaluated for use on channels for which the fading distribution has fixed or slowly varying parameters. The protocols do not require channel measurements or pilot signals; instead, the receiver derives the necessary adaptation control information from its decoder during of the reception of each packet. The throughput achieved by each adaptive-coding protocol when it is used with a family of turbo product codes is compared with the capacity limit and with the throughput that is obtained from a hypothetical ideal protocol that is given perfect channel state information.
Evaluation of pulsatile patterns of growth hormone release in humans: A brief review.

Growth hormone (GH) is an important metabolic hormone, which stimulates net protein anabolism, lipolysis, and linear bone growth. Pulses of GH secretion arise from interactions of hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin at the somatotroph cell in the anterior pituitary gland. The frequency and amplitude of GH pulses are regulated by multiple factors including age, geneder, pubertal status, menstrual cycle phase, body composition, sleep, nutrition, and exercise. In diseases such as obesity, type I diabetes mellitus, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, Turner's syndrome, uremia, liver failure, and acromegaly the pulsatile secretion of GH and/or its metabolic clearance rate are altered. Deconvolution analysis of serum GH concentrations measured in blood obtained at frequent intervals has made it possible to simultaneously resolve subject-specific metabolic clearance rates and the number, amplitude, duration, and mass of GH secretory bursts. Such analyses have provided new insights into the mechanisms regulating pulsatile patterns of GH release in human health and disease. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Glycine Cleavage Powers Photoheterotrophic Growth of Chloroflexus aurantiacus in the Absence of H2

Chloroflexus aurantiacus is an anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium. Its unique CO2 fixation pathway and primitive light-harvesting antenna complexes have attracted extensive research attentions. In this work, we investigated the photoheterotrophic growth of C. aurantiacus J-10-fl using acetate (at 55 oC and without H2(g)). The results indicate that glycine can promote anaerobic biomass production in a minimal medium by 3~5 folds. Via 13C-metabolite analysis, we observed that glycine was involved in serine synthesis. Instead of being used as a major carbon source, glycine was degraded to produce C1 units and NAD(P)H. Tracer experiments also suggest that photoheterotrophic cultures growing with a exogenous glycine source exhibited capabilities of assimilating CO2 via multiple routes (including the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway). Finally, glycylglycine, a commonly used culture buffer, could also release glycine via thermal or enzymatic degradation to significantly enhance photoheterotrophic growth of C. aurantiacus.
Impact of ethylene oxide gas sterilization of duodenoscopes after a carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae outbreak

Background and Aims Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) outbreaks have been implicated at several medical institutions involving gastroenterology laboratories and, specifically, duodenoscopes. Currently, there are no specific guidelines to eradicate or prevent the outbreak of this bacteria. We describe ethylene oxide (ETO) gas sterilizations of duodenoscopes to address this issue. Methods A complete investigation of the gastroenterology laboratory and an evaluation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention concluded that no lapses were found in the reprocessing of the equipment. With no deficiencies to address, we began a novel cleaning process using surgical ETO gas sterilizers in addition to standard endoscope reprocessing recommendations and guidelines, all while trying to eradicate the CRE contamination and prevent future recurrences. We also instituted a surveillance system for recurrence of CRE contamination via monthly cultures of the duodenoscopes. Results Between October 2013 and April 2014, 589 ERCPs were performed with 645 ETO gas sterilizations of 6 duodenoscopes. Given the extra 16 hours needed to sterilize the duodenoscopes, our institution incurred costs resulting from purchasing additional equipment and surveillance cultures. Four duodenoscopes sustained damage during this period; however, this could not be directly attributed to the sterilization process. Furthermore, after an 18-month success period we encountered a positive CRE culture after sterilization, albeit of a different strain than originally detected during the outbreak. The duodenoscope underwent additional ETO gas sterilization, with a negative repeated culture; all potentially exposed individuals screened negative for CRE. Conclusions Proper use of high-level disinfection alone may not eliminate multidrug-resistant organisms from duodenoscopes. In this single-center study, the addition of ETO sterilization and frequent monitoring with cultures reduced duodenoscope contamination and eliminated clinical infections. As such, ETO gas sterilization may provide benefit in further decontamination of duodenoscopes, but further investigation is necessary.
Italian Neorealist Cinema

Christopher Wagstaff (2007) Italian Neorealist Cinema (Toronto: University of Toronto Press), 512 pp., ISBN 10: 0802095208, US$42.95, hard cover; ISBN 13: 9780802095206 soft cover Neorealist Cinema...