cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adhesive bonding of acetylated aspen flakes Part 3. Adhesion with isocyanates

Abstract Flakeboards made from control flakes bonded with an isocyanate resin outperformed phenolic-bonded control boards in thickness swelling tests in both liquid water and water vapour. Less irreversible swelling occurred in isocyanate-bonded control boards as compared to phenolic-bonded control boards. Flakeboards made from acetylated flakes, using either a phenolic or isocyanate resin, swelled in thickness much slower and to a lesser extent in liquid water and water vapour tests compared to control boards. Isocyanate-bonded control and acetylated aspen flakeboards had higher internal bond and modulus of rupture values and approximately equal modulus of elasticity properties when compared to a similar series of boards bonded with a phenolic resin, as reported in Part 1 of this series.
Preferential Mating of Fowls

Abstract Chief in Poultry Purdue University Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind. In a breeding flock of Poultry do males have a preference as to which females they will mate? This point arose in endeavoring to answer the question as to the cause of infertile eggs from flocks of apparently well managed hens at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana in the spring of 1916 and so a series of observations were made of some males, the results obtained proving to be very interesting. A flock of ten yearling Single Comb White Leghorns was first used for observation in May 1916. With them there was a vigorous cockerel which had been in the pen for some months. The flock was normal in every way and the male had been mating with the hens. Observations were made from 7:00 A. M. to 6:00 P. M. for ten days, the male being removed from the flock before …
Effect of frequency of supplementation of a soyhulls and corn gluten feed blend on hay intake and performance of growing steers

Abstract Feeding supplements less frequently can reduce labor costs and increase profitability. However reducing the frequency of delivery of grain based supplements can negatively affect fiber digestion in the rumen because more grain must be fed per feeding potentially causing decreased ruminal pH and/or an insufficiency of ruminal nitrogen. Using supplements that have a moderate crude protein (CP) level, and that are low in starch, might alleviate negative effects on fiber digestion and therefore decrease negative effects associated with supplementing energy supplements less frequently. Corn gluten feed and soybean hulls are high in metabolizable energy but low in fat and starch, and corn gluten feed is also a good source of ruminally degradable CP. The objective of this study was to determine effects of reducing supplementation frequency during a weekly cycle on steer performance when supplementing medium quality hay with a blend of soybean hulls and corn gluten feed (SH/CGF). The 86 d feeding experiment was replicated over 4 years. Each year, 40 steers (BW = 263 ± 2.5, 281 ± 2.5, 271 ± 2.9, 229 ± 2.9 kg for years 1–4, respectively) were stratified by body weight and assigned to 8 groups which were randomly assigned to treatment. During years 1 and 2, treatments consisted of ad libitum medium quality fescue hay (70–100 g/kg CP and 340–410 g/kg acid detergent fiber) that was either not supplemented (HAY), supplemented daily (7X) with 2.73 kg/hd, or supplemented on Monday, Wednesday and Friday (3X) with 6.36 kg/hd. During years 3 and 4, an additional treatment was added in which steers were supplemented on Monday and Thursday with 9.55 kg/hd of SH/CGF (2X). Average daily gain was higher (P
Normal-state resistivity of in situ-formed ultrafine filamentary Cu-Nb composites

Normal‐state electrical resistivity has been studied in Cu‐Nb composites containing 7.5, 10.0, and 15.0 vol% niobium filaments formed by an i n s i t u process. The resistivity of the as‐drawn and annealed composite wires was measured at temperatures between 300 and 825 K and just above the superconducting transition (∼9 K). The electron scattering from dislocations and interfaces was particularly pronounced in composites with submicron filaments and rapidly increased when the filament thickness decreased to a few hundred angstroms. The magnitude of the boundary scattering contribution in the smallest wires (25 mm in diameter) was found to be comparable to the predicted surface scattering in homogeneous copperwires of only 100 nm in diameter. In contrast to the bulk materials, dislocation scattering in highly reduced i n s i t u composites can be the dominant scattering mechanism up to at least 300 K. These results imply a maximum dislocation density of about 1013 cm/cm3. The experimental findings are compared to theoretical predictions of electron scattering from one‐ and two‐dimensional defects and correlated to the observed mechanical behavior.
Cerebral Mitochondrial Metabolism in Early Parkinson's Disease

Abnormal cerebral energy metabolism owing to dysfunction of mitochondrial electron transport has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, in vivo data of mitochondrial dysfunction have been inconsistent. We directly investigated mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in vivo in 12 patients with early, never-medicated PD and 12 age-matched normal controls by combined measurements of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) and the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) with positron emission tomography. The primary analysis showed a statistically significant 24% increase in bihemispheric CMRO(2) and no change in CMRO(2)/CMRglc. These findings are inconsistent with a defect in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation owing to reduced activity of the mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS). Because PD symptoms were already manifest, deficient energy production owing to a reduced activity of the mitochondrial ETS cannot be a primary mechanism of neuronal death in early PD. Alternatively, this general increase in CMRO(2) could be due not to an increased metabolic demand but to an uncoupling of ATP production from oxidation in the terminal stage of oxidative phosphorylation. Whether this is the case in early PD and whether it is important in the pathogenesis of PD will require further study.
A comparison of classical and consistent shear lag models for failure analysis of unidirectional composites

Abstract Classical shear lag models have been widely employed for analyzing fiber dominant unidirectional composites with and without damage and are based on the assumptions that all of the axial load is carried by the fibers whereas the matrix carries only shear. With these assumptions the longitudinal equilibrium equation gets decoupled from the transverse equilibrium equation and the analysis becomes simple and, in most cases, presentable in closed form. With the advent of high-temperature composites such as those of ceramic and metal matrix, in which the matrix and fiber moduli are comparable, the axial and transverse load carrying capacity of the matrix cannot be neglected. This necessitated the development of an improved shear lag model, the “Consistent shear lag model”. Comparison of the above two models shows that the classical shear lag model predicts acceptable results if the ratio of the Young's modulus of the fiber to the Young's modulus of the matrix is large. However, for composites in which the fiber and matrix moduli are comparable, a consistent shear lag formulation yields better results, especially in predicting some of the matrix-dominant failure modes.
Generation of polarized electrons via penning collisions of impurity atoms with optically oriented metastable helium

Abstract Spin dependent Penning collisions between Ar and optically pumped He mestable atoms have been used to produce a high concentration (1010−1011 cm−3) of spin polarized free electrons (5%) in a flowing He afterglow. The polarization of the free electrons is detected by monitoring the polarization induced in Na atoms following a spin exchange collision.
Enabling Solar Fuels Technology With High Throughput Experimentation

The High Throughput Experimentation (HTE) project of the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP, http://solarfuelshub.org/) performs accelerated discovery of new earth-abundant photoabsorbers and electrocatalysts. Through collaboration within the DOE solar fuels hub and with the broader research community, the new materials will be utilized in devices that efficiently convert solar energy, water and carbon dioxide into transportation fuels. JCAP-HTE builds high-throughput pipelines for the synthesis, screening and characterization of photoelectrochemical materials. In addition to a summary of these pipelines, we will describe several new screening instruments for high throughput (photo-)electrochemical measurements. These instruments are not only optimized for screening against solar fuels requirements, but also provide new tools for the broader combinatorial materials science community. We will also describe the high throughput discovery, follow-on verification, and device implementation of a new quaternary metal oxide catalyst. This rapid technology development from discovery to device implementation is a hallmark of the multi-faceted JCAP research effort.
CD4+ T Cells Programmed to Traffic to Lymph Nodes Account for Increases in Numbers of CD4+ T Cells Up to 1 Year after the Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Cells programmed to traffic through lymph nodes dominate initial increases in total CD4(+) T cell numbers after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is begun for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, it is unknown whether this dominance continues throughout the first year of treatment. To examine this question, 10 subjects who had a positive response to HAART for 1 year were selected from a cohort of 20 who were receiving this treatment. Flow cytometry, which was used to characterize CD4(+) T cell subsets by immunophenotype, demonstrated that cells programmed to traffic through lymph nodes, irrespective of their memory or naive phenotype, continued to best account for increases in CD4(+) T cells, even 1 year after starting HAART. This suggests that, although this pool is preferentially depleted during HIV-1 infection, HAART allows for reaccumulation of these cells for at least 1 year. Furthermore, it suggests that phenotypic differences based on markers of lymphocyte trafficking may be more relevant for understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis than are naive and memory markers alone.
Influence of type and level of dietary calcium on fluoride bioavailability in the rat

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with weanling rats fed a purified diet to determine the influence of dietary calcium (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0%) on fluoride bioavailability (2 or 10 ppm as sodium fluoride). The chemical form of calcium was the carbonate in experiment 1 and the gluconate in experiment 2. During each 6-week period the highest level of dietary calcium significantly reduced apparent fluoride absorption relative to controls (0.5% Ca), which was reflected in fluoride content of femur and most clearly in molar teeth, regardless of the solubility of calcium. When all levels of dietary calcium were considered, fecal fluoride excretion was found to be directly related to dietary calcium whereas urinary fluoride excretion was inversely related to calcium regardless of the solubility of calcium or the level of dietary fluoride. These effects, however, were markedly influenced by the fact that the amount of absorbed fluoride that was actually retained for incorporation into bones and teeth was directly related to dietary calcium level. Although high dietary calcium significantly depressed fluoride bioavailability during growth, it is equally clear that predictions about the magnitude of this relationship originating from gastric intubation studies have been greatly overstated.
Concentric-circle-grating, surface-emitting laser beam propagation in complex optical systems

Laser beams emitted from concentric-circle-grating, surface-emitting semiconductor lasers are azimuthally polarized and have an electric field amplitude profile that can be represented as a J1 Bessel function multiplied by a Gaussian function, where the arguments of both of the functions are complex. The detailed propagation formulas for these laser beams and similar azimuthally polarized Laguerre–Gaussian beams through optical systems representable by complex ABCD beam matrices are obtained. As a specific example, azimuthally polarized J1 Bessel–Gaussian laser beam propagation through a laser amplifier with a radial gain profile is considered.
Synthesis of tert-butyl aminocarbonate, a new type of compound that can be used to acylate amines

Abstract tert-Butyl aminocarbonate (tert-butyloxycarbonyloxyamine) was prepared by reaction of hydroxylamine with excess di-tert-butyl dicarbonate. Amino carbonates have not previously been described. This compound rapidly acylates amines in both organic and aqueous solutions.
Smad7-dependent Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 by Transforming Growth Factor-β in Human Renal Epithelial Cells

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a 32-kDa microsomal enzyme, is induced as a beneficial and adaptive response in cells/tissues exposed to oxidative stress. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is a regulatory cytokine that has been implicated in a variety of renal diseases where it promotes extracellular matrix deposition and proinflammatory events. We hypothesize that the release of TGF-beta1 via autocrine and/or paracrine pathways may induce HO-1 and serve as a protective response in renal injury. To understand the molecular mechanism of HO-1 induction by TGF-beta1, we exposed confluent human renal proximal tubule cells to TGF-beta1 and observed a significant induction of HO-1 mRNA at 4 h with a maximal induction at 8 h. This induction was accompanied by increased expression of HO-1 protein. TGF-beta1 treatment in conjunction with actinomycin D or cycloheximide demonstrated that induction of HO-1 mRNA requires de novo transcription and, in part, protein synthesis. Exposure to TGF-beta1 resulted in marked induction of Smad7 mRNA with no effect on Smad6 expression. Overexpression of Smad7, but not Smad6, inhibited TGF-beta1-mediated induction of endogenous HO-1 gene expression. We speculate that the induction of HO-1 in the kidney is an adaptive response to the inflammatory effects of TGF-beta1 and manipulations of the Smad pathway to alter HO-1 expression may serve as a potential therapeutic target.
Ibuprofen-induced meningitis in mixed connective tissue disease.

A young Black woman with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) developed an aseptic meningitis after receiving ibuprofen. The meningeal reaction, reported infrequently in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and only once previously in MCTD, was characterized by a predominantly polymorphonu-clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis and depression of CSF glucose. Reversible renal insuffiency also occurred. Features suggestive of a hypersensitivity reaction included pruritus, conjunctivitis, facial oedema, desquamation of the palms and soles, and subsequent near total alopecia. Meningeal signs responded rapidly to systemic corticosteroid therapy. Patients with MCTD as well as those with SLE may be at peculiar risk of developing this uncommon reaction to ibuprofen.
Multidimensional graphic techniques for exploratory analysis of archival accident data

Two graphic techniques for representing multivariate archival accident data are presented for use as an exploratory data analysis methodology. The first technique plots data into an Harmonic function of the form: [finite part integral]yi(t) = y1/[radical sign](2) + y sin(t) + y cos(t) + y sin(2t) + ..., over the range - [pi] [less than] t [less than] [pi]. The second technique plots data into a cartoon-like face, with each facial component (e.g. eyes, mouth, nose, etc.) representing a different data vector. Both graphic techniques are discussed, with examples given, in relation to the exploratory analysis of accident data, with some discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of both techniques.
AGATES II by Johann Zenz

Rainer Bode, Haltern, Germany; www.bodeverlag.de. 2009; 656 pages; €89 plus shipping (hardcover). This beautifully illustrated book, produced in collaboration with Rainer Bode, Stefan Hamann, and S...
Can bryophytes be used to characterize hydrologic permanence in forested headwater streams

Abstract Recent court cases have questioned whether all headwater streams, particularly those that are not perennial, fall within the protective boundaries of the Clean Water Act. Rapid field-based indicators of hydrologic permanence are critically needed for jurisdictional determinations. The study objective was to determine whether characteristics of bryophyte assemblages in forested headwater streams can be useful indicators of hydrologic permanence. We sampled bryophytes from the channel thalweg at 113 sites across 10 forests in the U.S. which varied in hydrologic permanence. Hydrologic permanence was based on hydrologic status during spring (wet season) and late summer (dry season) visits. Perennial sites had flow (surface or visibly interstitial) during both spring and summer visits. Intermittent sites flowed during spring but were either dry or had surface water limited to isolated pools in summer. Ephemeral sites did not have flow during either visit. The species composition significantly differed between ephemeral and perennial stream reaches. The species composition of intermittent streams overlapped with both ephemeral and perennial streams. Three species and six families were identified as indicators of particular permanence classes. Liverworts occurred more frequently at perennial than at intermittent or ephemeral sites. Bryophytes with cushion and turf growth forms were common to ephemeral sites, whereas mat and weft forms were more common to perennial sites. Acrocarpous mosses were more frequent at ephemeral than at perennial sites. The frequencies of bryophyte-moisture associations (derived from the literature) across the three permanence categories were significantly different. Species associated with dry habitats were more frequently encountered at ephemeral than perennial sites, whereas species associated with wet habitats were more frequent at perennial than ephemeral sites. Species richness varied among forests and permanence classes. Ephemeral sites tended to have higher species richness than perennial sites; however, this pattern did not hold for all forests. Bryophytes should be included among the tools for jurisdictional determinations, much like vascular plants are used to help delineate wetlands. Growth forms and higher level taxonomy of bryophytes (i.e., phyla) can be particularly useful for making jurisdictional determinations because of their ability to discriminate ephemeral from intermittent and perennial reaches and they are measures that can be rapidly trained and routinely used by agencies making such determinations.
Stress-Deformation Relations for Anisotropic Solids

We consider a body of material to be subjected to a deformation in which a point of the material initially at X i in a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system x i moves to x i in the same coordinate, system. In the theory of finite elasticity it is assumed that there exists a strain-energy function W which is a polynomial function of the displacement gradients ∂x i /∂X j only.
The prolonged effects of naloxone on play behavior and feeding in the rat

The effects of naloxone on social play and feeding behaviors of postweanling and adult Long-Evans hooded rats were studied. Administration of 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg naloxone reduced play in a dose-related fashion. The effects of a 5.0-mg/kg dose of naloxone could be detected at least 3 h after administration, in terms of both a decrease in social behavior and decreased food consumption, indicating that the behavioral time course of naloxone effects is greater than some reports in the pharmacokinetic literature suggest.
Bowhead whale autumn distribution and relative abundance in relation to oil and gas lease areas in the northeastern Chukchi Sea

Bowhead whales pass near or through offshore oil and gas lease areas in the northeastern Chukchi Sea during their westward migration each autumn. Results of aerial surveys conducted from mid-September through October 1982–1990 indicate that whale distribution overlapped lease area boundaries north and east of Point Barrow, Alaska. Bowhead relative abundance was high throughout the fall in nearshore sub-blocks east, north, and southwest of Point Barrow, with somewhat lower indices in offshore sub-blocks northwest of Point Barrow.
QT Prolongation Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality in End-Stage Renal Disease

Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the predominant cause of sudden cardiac death in the general population, and sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Hypothesis QT-interval prolongation is an independent prognosticator in ESRD. Methods We reviewed clinical, electrocardiographic, stress test, and coronary angiography data on ESRD patients evaluated for transplantation at our institution between 2000 and 2004 who underwent coronary angiography. The QT interval was corrected for heart rate and QRS duration (QTc). All-cause mortality data were prospectively collected and verified against the Social Security Death Index database. Results During 40 ± 28 months of follow-up, 132 of the 280 (47%) patients died prior to renal transplantation. Patients with a prolonged QTc (39%) had 1-, 3-, and 5-year death-rates of 12%, 36%, and 47%, respectively, vs 8%, 24%, and 36% for those with normal QTc (log-rank P = 0.03). In a multivariate Cox regression model that adjusted for age, gender, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, presence and severity of CAD on angiography, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, LV ejection fraction (EF), and multiple other variables, QTc remained to be an independent predictor of survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.008, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001–1.014, P = 0.016). Female gender, decreasing LVEF, and decreasing severity of CAD on angiography were independent predictors of prolonged QTc. Conclusions QTc prolongation is an independent predictor of mortality in ESRD patients being evaluated for renal transplantation. The prognostic information gained from the QTc is additive to that provided by the LVEF and the severity of CAD. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extra-group sexual consortship in the Tana River red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus) ?

Sexual consortship in primates was originally defined by Carpenter [1942] as an adult male and an ovulating female forming an association with a high degree of reciprocal interaction and rapport, embedded in a multi-male, multi-female primate group. Subsequently, it has been recognized that some species, notably chimpanzee [Goodall, 1986] and muriquis
The Lincoln large-vocabulary stack-decoder HMM CSR

Recognition of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) pilot database, a continuous-speech-recognition (CSR) database which supports 5 K, 20 K, and up to 64 K-word CSR tasks, is examined. The original Lincoln tied-mixture hidden Markov model (HMM) CSR was implemented using a time-synchronous beam-pruned search of a static network which does not extend well to this task because the recognition network would be too large. Therefore, the recognizer has been converted to a stack decoder-based search strategy. This decoder has been shown to function effectively on up to 64 K-word recognition of continuous speech. Recognition-time adaptation has also been added to the recognizer. The acoustic modeling techniques and the implementation of the stack decoder used to obtain these results are described. >
Distribution and Geologic Significance of Microboring Organisms Within Sediments of the Arlington Reef Complex, Australia

Surface sediments from 120 locations surrounding the Arlington Reef Complex of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia were examined to determine the types and relative abundances of microborers present, to describe the morphology of their excavations, and to plot and interpret their distributional patterns. The most widespread and abundant microborings found within carbonate particles were those produced by fungi, which appear to be among the first endolithic organisms to attack skeletal debris. A characteristic branching red(?) alga was found to be most abundant at depths in excess of 60 ft (18 m), although it was not restricted to these depths. However, a distinctive endolithic sponge was found only at depths below 60 ft (18 m) and may prove valuable as a paleoecologic guide. An 8- to 10-μ green alga actively infests carbonate particles of the interior reef platform to depths as great as 100 ft (30 m), although it is generally more abundant at shallower depths. This endolithic alga serves both as a photic zone indicator and sediment tracer within the study area. Its distribution within sediments indicates that net transport is landward from the interior reef platform with little or no sediment being carried seaward. Southward movement of platform-derived sediment along the back-reef axial channel is also suggested. Endolithic organisms were observed to infest preferentially molluscan fragments, thereby selectively removing them from the carbonate fraction. The distribution and spatial relationships of endolithic organisms within Arlington Reef Complex sediments suggest that microborers may be useful as relative depth indicators in recent, and possibly ancient, carbonates.
Robust Short-Term Scheduling of Multiproduct Batch Plants under Demand Uncertainty

In this paper we are developing a strategy to quantify scheduling robustness in the face of uncertainty, to increase scheduling flexibility, and to improve system performance when unexpected events occur during scheduling execution. Several robustness metrics that are commonly used in optimization literature are adopted, and new metrics are proposed that take into account the scheduling characteristics under demand uncertainty. The deterministic model for short-term scheduling proposed by Ierapetritou and Floudas (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1998, 37, 4341) that is based on a continuous-time representation is used throughout this work. To improve the schedule performance, uncertainty was considered at the scheduling stage through the multiperiod programming model. It is found that the schedule from the multiperiod formulation has a much higher robustness compared to the one determined based on the most expected demand values. Moreover, this schedule is feasible over the entire expected range of uncertainty provi...
CARDIAC PERFORATION FROM IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR LEAD PLACEMENT AND IN-HOSPITAL ADVERSE EVENTS AND MORTALITY: INSIGHTS FROM THE NCDR®

Cardiac perforation during ICD lead implantation may result in serious adverse events. We sought to describe predictors of cardiac perforation and consequent outcomes in those with the complication. We studied 440,251 first-time ICD recipients in the ICD Registry™ implanted between January, 2006
Dynamic nuclear polarization at high magnetic fields

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a method that permits NMR signal intensities of solids and liquids to be enhanced significantly, and is therefore potentially an important tool in structural and mechanistic studies of biologically relevant molecules. During a DNP experiment, the large polarization of an exogeneous or endogeneous unpaired electron is transferred to the nuclei of interest (I) by microwave (microw) irradiation of the sample. The maximum theoretical enhancement achievable is given by the gyromagnetic ratios (gamma(e)gamma(l)), being approximately 660 for protons. In the early 1950s, the DNP phenomenon was demonstrated experimentally, and intensively investigated in the following four decades, primarily at low magnetic fields. This review focuses on recent developments in the field of DNP with a special emphasis on work done at high magnetic fields (> or =5 T), the regime where contemporary NMR experiments are performed. After a brief historical survey, we present a review of the classical continuous wave (cw) DNP mechanisms-the Overhauser effect, the solid effect, the cross effect, and thermal mixing. A special section is devoted to the theory of coherent polarization transfer mechanisms, since they are potentially more efficient at high fields than classical polarization schemes. The implementation of DNP at high magnetic fields has required the development and improvement of new and existing instrumentation. Therefore, we also review some recent developments in microw and probe technology, followed by an overview of DNP applications in biological solids and liquids. Finally, we outline some possible areas for future developments.
Woody plant roots fail to penetrate a clay-lined landfill: Managment implications

In many locations, regulatory agencies do not permit tree planting above landfills that are sealed with a capping clay, because roots might penetrate the clay barrier and expose landfill contents to leaching. We find, however, no empirical or theoretical basis for this restriction, and instead hypothesize that plant roots of any kind are incapable of penetrating the dense clays used to seal landfills. As a test, we excavated 30 trees and shrubs, of 12 species, growing over a clay-lined municipal sanitary landfill on Staten Island, New York. The landfill had been closed for seven years, and featured a very shallow (10 to 30-cm) soil layer over a 45-cm layer of compacted grey marl (Woodbury series) clay. The test plants had invaded naturally from nearby forests. All plants examined—including trees as tall as 6 m—had extremely shallow root plates, with deformed tap roots that grew entirely above and parallel to the clay layer. Only occasional stubby feeder roots were found in the top 1 cm of clay, and in clay cracks at depths to 6 cm, indicating that the primary impediment to root growth was physical, although both clay and the overlying soil were highly acidic. These results, if confirmed by experimental research should lead to increased options for the end use of many closed sanitary landfills.
Clinical Writing About Clients: Seeking Consent and Negotiating the Impact on Clients and Their Treatments

The author discusses her experiences seeking consent from 16 clients to use clinical material for publication. Sharing case examples from her practice, she elucidates her process with clients and focuses on the beneficial and detrimental effects on the therapeutic relationship. Seeking consent raises issues of confidentiality and stimulates wide-ranging, layered, and linked emotions and meanings for clients, including feelings of closeness, envy, and shame. If the counselor actively employs this process as a therapeutic tool with openness to unexpected meanings, it may advance the therapeutic conversation and developmental possibilities. When there is a negative effect on the client or the process, counselor's shame and guilt may be stimulated and consultation is recommended.
Parental Involvement in the Prereferral Process Implications for Schools

Little is known about parental involvement in the prereferral intervention team (PIT) process. To shed light on the role of parental involvement in PIT meetings and referred student outcomes, this study used a stratified sample of 88 PIT student records from 14 elementary schools within one district. The records were randomly selected and reliably coded. Analyses revealed that greater parental involvement, measured in two ways—parent presence at PIT meetings and parent implementation of PIT interventions—was associated with an indicator of the quality of the PIT process. Parent presence at PIT meetings was also linked with a student outcome. When parents attended more PIT meetings, there was a decreased likelihood of referral for special education evaluation. Practical implications about why and how parents may influence the PIT process and student outcomes are offered.
Scientific and Consumer Models of Recovery in Schizophrenia: Concordance, Contrasts, and Implications

Schizophrenia has traditionally been viewed as a chronic condition with a very pessimistic outlook, but that assumption may not be valid. There has been a growing consumer movement among people with schizophrenia that has challenged both the traditional perspective on the course of illness and the associated assumptions about the possibility of people with the illness living a productive and satisfying life. This new conception of the illness is supported by long-term studies that suggest that as much as 50% of people with the illness have good outcomes. There has also been a change in political and public health perspectives of the illness, stimulated in part by the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of some key themes about the recovery concept, as applied to schizophrenia. The article will address 3 questions: (1) What is recovery? (2) Is recovery possible? and (3) What are the implications of a recovery model for a scientific approach to treatment (ie, the use of evidence-based practices)? Scientific and consumer models of recovery are described, and commonalities and differences are discussed. Priorities for future research are suggested.
Examining Culturally Structured Learning Environments with Different Types of Music-Linked Movement Opportunity.

This study describes two experiments that extended earlier work on the Afrocultural theme Movement Expression. The impact of various learning conditions characterized by different types of music-linked movement on story recall performance was examined. African American children were randomly assigned to a learning condition, presented a story, and tested on story recall. In Experiment 1 (N=48), the authors confirmed the basic finding of Boykin and colleagues that learning conditions with polyrhythmic-percussive music type and high movement opportunity enhanced story recall better than other types of music-linked movement. In Experiment 2 (N=128), the authors compared story recall in different music-linked movement conditions across grade levels and established improvement only for fourth graders in the learning condition with polyrhythmic-percussive music and high movement. Both fourth and sixth graders’ lowest performance was in the condition devoid of any music or movement. Finally, a positive relationship was observed between performance and children’s mood state in each learning condition. Movement Expression as a powerful tool for classroom learning for African American children is discussed.
Moderating the Material Aspirations of Criminals and Delinquents

Abstract Evidence and theory indicate that much crime and delinquency is motivated by criminals' desire for great wealth and status based on wealth. To reduce the crime and delinquency motivated by the desire for great wealth, it will be necessary for society to adopt one of three strategies: (1) increase realistic opportunities for the legitimate acquisition of wealth by criminals and delinquents; (2) influence criminals and delinquents to moderate their material aspirations; or (3) combine the two strategies in some way.' This paper describes a method of moderating the material aspirations of criminals, a method that can be utilized alone or in combination with efforts to increase legitimate opportunities. The program consists of a series of private and group meetings. The contents of meetings are spelled out in printed pamphlets. It has been offered at a county jail and juvenile detention facilities in western Massachusetts with college students serving as staff. An experimental evaluation of the progr...
Engaged Learning: Why Feelings Matter

Jane Fried argues that student affairs educators must be able to speak the theoretical language of teaching and learning in higher education in order to challenge the positivist epistemology of academic culture and shift the focus to engaging and educating the whole student.
73-GHz self-aligned SiGe-base bipolar transistors with phosphorus-doped polysilicon emitters

The authors report a thermal-cycle emitter process using phosphorus for the fabrication of self-aligned SiGe-base heterojunction bipolar transistors. The low thermal cycle results in extremely, narrow basewidths and preservation of lightly doped spacers in both the emitter-base and base-collector junctions for improved breakdown. Transistors with 35-nm basewidths were obtained with low emitter-base reverse leakage and a peak cutoff frequency of 73 GHz for an intrinsic base sheet resistance of 16 k Omega / Square Operator . Minimum NTL (nonthreshold logic) and ECL (emitter-coupled logic) gate delays of 28 and 34 ps, respectively were obtained with these devices. >
Alcohol-induced IL-1β in the brain is mediated by NLRP3/ASC inflammasome activation that amplifies neuroinflammation.

Alcohol-induced neuroinflammation is mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β. IL-1β production requires caspase-1 activation by inflammasomes—multiprotein complexes that are assembled in response to danger signals. We hypothesized that alcohol-induced inflammasome activation contributes to increased IL-1β in the brain. WT and TLR4-, NLRP3-, and ASC-deficient (KO) mice received an ethanol-containing or isocaloric control diet for 5 weeks, and some received the rIL-1ra, anakinra, or saline treatment. Inflammasome activation, proinflammatory cytokines, endotoxin, and HMGB1 were measured in the cerebellum. Expression of inflammasome components (NLRP1, NLRP3, ASC) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1) was increased in brains of alcohol-fed compared with control mice. Increased caspase-1 activity and IL-1β protein in ethanol-fed mice indicated inflammasome activation. TLR4 deficiency protected from TNF-α, MCP-1, and attenuated alcohol-induced IL-1β increases. The TLR4 ligand, LPS, was not increased in the cerebellum. However, we found up-regulation of acetylated and phosphorylated HMGB1 and increased expression of the HMGB1 receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, RAGE) in alcohol-fed mice. NLRP3- or ASC-deficient mice were protected from caspase-1 activation and alcohol-induced IL-1β increase in the brain. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with rIL-1ra prevented alcohol-induced inflammasome activation and IL-1β, TNF-α, and acetylated HMGB1 increases in the cerebellum. Conversely, intracranial IL-1β administration induced TNF-α and MCP-1 in the cerebellum. In conclusion, alcohol up-regulates and activates the NLRP3/ASC inflammasome, leading to caspase-1 activation and IL-1β increase in the cerebellum. IL-1β amplifies neuroinflammation, and disruption of IL-1/IL-1R signaling prevents alcohol-induced inflammasome activation and neuroinflammation. Increased levels of acetylated and phosphorylated HMGB1 may contribute to alcoholic neuroinflammation.
Verify Enterprise System Implementation through Business Process Model-Based Test Suite Generation

In the practice of process-centric systems implementations, business process modeling is becoming more crucial. This paper introduces an approach to automatically generate test suites for the process paths to check the consistency, which is very important, between the business process model and the implementation of Enterprise System. The paper also presents a supporting tool to apply this approach in SAP implementation. A large-scale enterprise transformation program is discussed as a case study.
Exact free surface of gravity wells

A new approach of applying the concept of Rysenkampf's triangle of filtration is introduced to solve gravity well problems under steady or transient conditions. The method entails the subdivision of the flow domain into successive prisms and solving one equation to determine the exact free surface. The method is not one of the iterative solutions; only one cycle is calculated. The existence of the discharge face is recognized as a result of the elimination of Dupuit-Forchheimer assumptions. Two main assumptions are introduced and verified to be more or less realistic. The potential distribution within the zone of flow can also be plotted. The study of the variation of the coefficients of transmissivity and permeability, and the specific yield with the variation of time and location is outside the scope of the present paper. The method can be extended to the study of the flow in a field of a group of gravity wells.
Prevalence, predictors, and mortality significance of the causative arrhythmia in patients with electrical storm.

Predictors of VT or VF in Electrical Storm. Introduction: Electrical storm (ES) is characterized by either refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). However, little is known about the prevalence, predictors, and mortality implications of the causative arrhythmia in ES. We sought to assess the prevalence, predictors, and survival significance of VT and VF as the causative arrhythmia of ES in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) patients. Methods and Results: Consecutive patients from January 2000 to December 2002 who presented to the ICD clinic with >2 separate ventricular arrhythmic episodes requiring shock within 24 hours were included in the study. ICD interrogation confirmed the number of shocks and provided electrograms for interpretation of the causative arrhythmia. Patients were grouped as VF or VT according to the causative arrhythmia. Their prevalence, predictors, and mortality rates were compared. Of 2,028 patients assessed in the ICD clinic, 208 (10%) presented with ES. VF was the cause of ES in 99 of 208 patients, for an overall prevalence of 48%. Original ICD indication, coronary artery disease, and amiodarone therapy were predictive for the causative arrhythmia. There was no mortality difference between the VT and VF groups; however, both groups had significantly increased mortality compared to a control ICD population without ES. Conclusion: VF is the causative arrhythmia for a sizable proportion of patients with ES. The initial ICD indication, coronary artery disease, and amiodarone therapy are predictors of the causative arrhythmias in ES. There does not appear to be any mortality difference between ES patients with VT and VF, but mortality is increased in patients with ES versus control ICD patients without ES.
FORMATION OF OSTEOCLAST-LIKE CELLS IS SUPPRESSED BY LOW FREQUENCY, LOW INTENSITY ELECTRIC FIELDS

With use of a solenoid to generate uniform time-varying electric fields, the effect of extremely low frequency electric fields on osteoclast-like cell formation stimulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 was studied in primary murine marrow culture. Recruitment of osteoclast-like cells was assessed by counting multinuclear, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive cells on day 8 of culture. A solenoid was used to impose uniform time-varying electric fields on cells; sham exposures were performed with an identical solenoid with a null net electric field. During the experiments, both solenoids heated interiorly to approximately 1.5 degrees C above ambient incubator temperature. As a result of the heating, cultures in the sham solenoid formed more osteoclast-like cells than those on the incubator shelf (132 +/- 12%). For this reason, cells exposed to the sham solenoid were used for comparison with cultures exposed to the active coil. Marrow cells were plated at 1.4 x 10(6)/cm2 in square chamber dishes and exposed to 60 Hz electric fields at 9.6 muV/cm from days 1 to 8. Field exposure inhibited osteoclast-like cell recruitment by 17 +/- 3% as compared with sham exposure (p < 0.0001). Several variables, including initial cell plating density, addition of prostaglandin E2 to enhance osteoclast-like cell recruitment, and field parameters, were also assessed. In this secondary series, extremely low frequency fields inhibited osteoclast-like cell formation by 24 +/- 4% (p < 0.0001), with their inhibitory effect consistent throughout all variations in protocol. These experiments demonstrate that extremely low intensity, low frequency sinusoidal electric fields suppress the formation of osteoclast-like cells in marrow culture. The in vitro results support in vivo findings that demonstrate that electric fields inhibit the onset of osteopenia and the progression of osteonecrosis; this suggests that extremely low frequency fields may inhibit osteoclast recruitment in vivo.
Dose Is Not Always What It Seems: Where Very Misleading Values Can Result From Volume CT Dose Index and Dose Length Product

Purpose The volume CT dose index (CTDI vol ) and the dose-length product, commonly reported for examinations performed on clinical CT scanners, should not be used as surrogates for patient dose. This is because significant under or overestimates of these actual values can occur when there is a mismatch between the actual body size of the patient and the 16 cm or 32 cm diameter CTDI vol phantoms. This mismatch can be exacerbated in pediatric body examinations because of the fact that some manufacturers use the large diameter phantom while other manufacturers use the small diameter phantom as the CTDI vol reference phantom. Method A clinical example is described for a pediatric patient with a 4-fold difference in CTDI vol between a presurgical CT examination and a postsurgical CT examination, even though the actual dose absorbed by the patient was about the same. Using methods published by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, we calculated the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE), and compared the estimated measurement of dose using the SSDE with the CTDI vol . Results Using SSDE significantly reduced the discrepancy in radiation dose estimates of CTDI vol in the clinical study, and allowed dose estimate comparisons between scanners to be more meaningful. Conclusions Radiation dose estimates are more accurate when using the SSDE metric in lieu of the CTDI vol metric for reporting and comparing patient dose indices.
An ultrastructural study of the submandibular glands of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus

In squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) the position of submandibular glands in the neck, on either side of the trachea, more closely resembles that of rodents than that of other primates. The glands exhibit seromucous acini and mucous tubules with seromucous demilunes. Electron microscopy shows basal cytoplasmic folds and well-developed intercellular tissue spaces and canaliculi only in relation to seromucous cells. Greatly dilated cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and prominent Golgi membranes are characteristic of the mucous cells. The secretory granules of seromucous and mucous cells are morphologically distinct and indicate chemically different products for the two cell types. Histochemically, the seromucous cell shows the presence of acid mucosubstance as indicated by the PAS and Alcian blue techniques. Preliminary studies showed no appreciable quantity of amylase in submandibular glands. The intercalated duct cell is juxtaposed with the acinar cell or mucous tubule cell. Short luminal microvilli, prominent Golgi complexes and scant apical granules are notable features of intercalated duct cells. Four cell types compose the striated ducts, viz., granular light cells, agranular dark cells, vesiculated dark cells, and basal cells. Peripheral nerves are found in five different locations: in the connective tissue (interstitial), between adjacent myoepithelial and mucous-secreting cells, in the intercellular space between adjacent secretory cells, and between basal plications of striated ducts and between adjacent myoepithelial and intercalated duct cells.