cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-level secretion of two antibody single chain Fv fragments by Pichia pastoris

The diagnostic and therapeutic applications of antibody single-chain Fv (sFv) fragments often require large amounts of protein that can be problematic and expensive to obtain. Here we report the secretion of two sFv fragments by the yeast Pichia pastoris at levels up to 250 mg/l. Soluble sFv fragments were purified from culture supernatants in one step by affinity or metal-chelating chromatography, and were indistinguishable from their bacterially expressed counterparts in terms of affinity. Secretion of functional sFv fragments by Pichia pastoris provides a low cost, high yield alternative to current sFv expression systems.
Dynamic Multi-Channel TMS With Reconfigurable Coil

Investigations of the causal involvement of particular brain areas and interconnections in behavior require an external stimulation system with reasonable spatio-temporal resolution. Current transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technology is limited to stimulating a single brain area once in a given trial. Here, we present a feasibility study for a novel TMS system based on multi-channel reconfigurable coils. With this hardware, researchers will be able to stimulate multiple brain sites in any temporal order in a trial. The system employs a wire-mesh coil, constructed using x - and y -directional wires. By varying the current direction and/or strength on each wire, we can configure the proposed mesh-wire coil into a standard loop coil and figure-eight coil of varying size. This provides maximum flexibility to the experimenter in that the location and extent of stimulation on the brain surface can be modified depending on experimental requirement. Moreover, one can dynamically and automatically modify the site(s) of stimulation several times within the span of seconds. By pre-storing various sequences of excitation patterns inside a control unit, one can explore the effect of dynamic TMS on behavior, in associative learning, and as rehabilitative therapy. Here, we present a computer simulation and bench experiments that show the feasibility of the dynamically-reconfigurable coil.
Uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase in human and other mammalian hemolysates

Abstract 1. 1. In contrast to the requirement for exogenous NAD+ in the assay of UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (UDPgalactose epimerase, EC 5.1.3.2), in hemolysates from adults, substantial epimerase activity can be demonstrated in hemolysates from newborn infants without addition of NAD+. It has been shown that erythrocytes of newborns are deficient in stromal NAD nucleosidase; and that a considerable portion of intracellular NAD+ remains in the hemolysate. In the preparation of hemolysates of adults, NAD+ of intracellular origin is destroyed by activity of stromal NAD nucleosidase. 2. 2. Upon starch gel electrophoresis, two distinctly separate activity bands were found for epimerase in hemolysates from newborn infants and one distinct band, of different mobility, for the enzyme in hemolysates of adults. In the presence of NAD+ in the gel, electrophoresis of hemolysates of adults resulted in the two-banded epimerase pattern found for newborns. It is presumed that an NAD+-dependent structural change in the enzyme is involved. 3. 3. Two-banded electrophoretic patterns for epimerase were found in hemolysates of a number of mammals other than man, each set having a different electrophoretic mobility from that of any other.
The Slave's Rebellion: Literature, History, Orature

Adeleke Adeeko Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2005 203 pp., ISBN 0-253-34596-0 ($50 hardcover); 0-253-21777-6 ($21.95 paper) ‘Slave’ and ‘revolt’ go together with an ineluctable logic. ...
DETERMINATION OF GEOMETRIC STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DISSOLUTION

AbstractThe two important instances in which the scientist converts his/her experimental data to a logarithmic scale prior to computing the mean and standard deviation, are (i) when the distribution of the data is asymmetrical (e.g. percentage data) and (ii) when he/she intends to compare statistically the averages of two or more groups with unequal standard deviations. In either case, the mean is restored to its original scale by taking the antilog of the log mean, which is the geometric mean. However, this procedure cannot be applied for computing the geometric standard deviation. The author of reference(l) erroneously claims that the antilog of log standard deviation is the geometric standard deviation. This paper demonstrates the incorrectness of the procedure in reference (1), exhibits the exact statistical formula and introduces a novel method called “jackknife statistic” to confirm the results, based on the dissolution data associated with Product-C.
Tubal factor infertility is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth compared with male factor infertility

PRETERM BIRTH COMPARED WITH MALE FACTOR INFERTILITY ALISON STUEBE, MEHMET GENC, THOMAS MCELRATH, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston, Massachusetts OBJECTIVE: Several studies have documented an association between ART and poor obstetrical outcomes in singleton pregnancies. We hypothesized that the pathophysiology that led to tubal factor infertility (TFI) may increase a woman’s risk of preterm birth compared with women undergoing IVF for male factor infertility (MFI). STUDY DESIGN: We studied singleton IVF pregnancies among women who delivered at Brigham and Women’s Hospital between 1995 and 2000. Univariate analyses were conducted to compare the risk of preterm birth among women diagnosed with TFI vs. MFI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to control for other confounding factors. RESULTS: Of 495 women who underwent IVF and delivered singleton infants, 111 carried a diagnosis of TFI, and 126, MFI. The risk of birth prior to 37, 32, and 28 weeks of gestation was significantly higher among cases of TFI as compared to those of MFI (Table). We also found a higher rate of spontaneous preterm birth among TFI vs. MFI women at !32 weeks (6.3% vs. 0%, p=0.005) and !28 weeks (4.5% vs. 0%, p=0.02). TFI remained associated with an increased risk of birth at less then 37 (OR 2.16; 95% CI, 1.06-5.44), 32 (OR 5.94; 95% CI, 2.02-17.48), and 28 weeks of gestation (OR 4.81; 95% CI, 1.49-15.49), adjusting for maternal age, parity, ovulation induction, and other concurrent infertility diagnoses. CONCLUSION: Compared with MFI, we observed an increased association between TFI and preterm birth. The higher incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in the TFI group supports our hypothesis that the pathological events that led to TFI may also play a role in the pathogenesis of preterm birth.
Antibiotic Drug Interactions

Drug-drug interactions in the field of infectious diseases continue to expand as new drugs are approved, metabolic enzymes and transporters are identified, and recommendations for co-administration of drugs are revised. This article provides an overview of the principles and mechanisms of drug-drug interactions and describes pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interactions commonly associated with antibacterial therapy, antiviral agents (non-retroviral), and drugs for tuberculosis.
Critical security review and study of DDoS attacks on LTE mobile network

Mobile network is currently evolving into data centric architecture. Long Term Evolution (LTE) based next generation 4G technology is being deployed by cellular operators around the globe. LTE supports all-IP based data, voice and streaming network with speeds in the order of hundreds of megabits per seconds. Increased speed in accessing Internet and other advanced services exposes mobile data network to be attacked by hackers using spyware, malware, phishing and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, which were predominantly affecting Internet-only datacentres in the past. This paper presents a detailed review of security framework and authentication procedures built into the LTE system architecture evolution (SAE). A brief summary of DDoS attacks and security vulnerabilities in LTE network included. This paper reviews the diameter interface and associated security problems using it in LTE network. This paper proposes using explicit-congestion notification (ECN) based method to address congestion issues in diameter interface.
Evaluating the impact of mandatory public reporting on participation and performance in a program to reduce central line–associated bloodstream infections: Evidence from a national patient safety collaborative

Background It is not clear whether mandatory reporting influences the efforts and performance of hospitals to prevent hospital-acquired infections. This study examines whether mandatory reporting impacted participation and performance in reducing central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in a national patient safety collaborative. Methods We analyzed 1,046 adult intensive care units (ICUs) participating in the national On the CUSP: Stop BSI program. We used a difference-in-difference approach to compare changes in CLABSI rates in states with no public reporting mandate, recent mandates, and longer-standing mandates. Chi-square tests were used to examine the differences in the participation rate. Results States enacting a law requiring mandatory public reporting of CLABSI rates around the time of the national program had the highest hospital participation rates (approximately 50%). Compared with units in states with no reporting requirement, units in the states with voluntary reporting systems or with longer periods of mandatory reporting experience had higher CLABSI rates at baseline and greater reductions in CLABSI in the first 6 months. State groups with mandatory public reporting of CLABSI showed a trend toward greater reduction in CLABSI after 1 year of program implementation. Conclusion Mandatory reporting requirements may spark hospitals to turn to proven infection prevention interventions to improve CLABSI rates. Reporting requirements do not teach sites how to reduce rates. ICUs need both motivation and facilitation to reach consumer expectations for infection prevention.
Analysis of emergency department management of suspected bacterial meningitis

Previous studies of emergency department management of bacterial meningitis have indicated that there are often long delays before initiation of antibiotics. The purpose of our study was to determine whether these delays were related to specific aspects of patient management. From 1981 through 1988, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 122 patients primarily evaluated in the ED and admitted for suspected bacterial meningitis at a university (55) and a community (67) hospital. The median time (interquartile range) from ED registration until initiation of antibiotics (time to antibiotics) was 3.0 hours (1.6 and 4.3 hours, respectively) (total range, 0.5 to 18 hours). The time to antibiotics was not significantly related to the time of ED registration. Ninety percent of the total time to antibiotics occurred after the initial physician encounter. Time to antibiotics was significantly ( P P
Long-term follow-up of a phase I study of high-dose decitabine, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide plus allogeneic transplantation for the treatment of patients with leukemias.

BACKGROUND Decitabine is a hypomethylating agent that has activity in patients with leukemia. The authors combined decitabine with busulfan and cyclophosphamide as a conditioning regimen prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. METHODS Patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n = 12 patients); chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) (n = 1 patient); acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (n = 1 patient); or late chronic phase, accelerated, or blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (n = 9 patients) were eligible for the study. The treatment plan was comprised of busulfan, 12 mg/kg orally; cyclophosphamide, 100 mg/kg (n = 4 patients) or 120 mg/kg (n = 19 patients); and decitabine, intravenously at 3 dose levels: 400 mg/m2 (n = 10 patients), 600 mg/m2 (n = 8 patients), and 800 mg/m2 (n = 5 patients). Donors were human leukocyte antigen-identical siblings in all cases, and all but one patient received peripheral blood stem cells. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was tacrolimus based in all but one patient. RESULTS The median time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment was 12.5 days and 17.5 days, respectively. Twenty-one patients were engrafted and achieved disease remission. At a median of 3.3 years posttransplantation, 26% of patients (40% of patients with AML) were alive and disease free. The median survival for the group was 17.2 months, and the disease free survival for the group was 8.9 months. Causes of death were disease recurrence (nine patients), chronic GVHD (four patients), infections (three patients), and acute GVHD (one patient). The 100-day mortality rate was 9%. No decitabine dose-limiting toxicity was documented. The treatment-related mortality rate at 3 years was 35%. Responders were treated at all three decitabine dose levels, and no dose-response correlation was observed. CONCLUSIONS There was a high response rate with low treatment-related mortality, with 26% of patients alive in remission 3.3 years after transplantation. Cancer 2003;97:1242–7. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11184
Design strategies for optimal hybrid final adders in a parallel multiplier

In this paper we address the problem of adding twon-bit numbers when the bit arrival times are arbitrary (but known in advance). In particular we address a simplified version of the problem where the input arrival times for theith significant bits of both addends are the same, and the arrival timesti have a profile of the form: $$t_0 \leqslant t_1 \leqslant \cdot \cdot \cdot t_{p + 1} \geqslant \cdot \cdot \cdot \geqslant t_{n - 1} $$ This profile is important because it matches the signal arrival time profile of the reduced partial products in a parallel multiplier before they are summed in the final adder. In this paper we present a design strategy specific to arrival time profiles generated by partial product reduction trees constructed by optimal application of the Three Dimensional Method presented by Oklobdzija, Villeger, and Liu and subsequently analyzed by Martel, Oklobdzija, Ravi, and Stelling. This strategy can be used to obtain adders for any arrival time profile that matches the above form, as well as a broad class of arrival time profiles where even greater variation in the input times is allowed. Finally, we show that our designs significantly out-perform the standard adder designs for the uniform signal arrival profile, yielding faster adders that (for these profiles) are also simpler and use fewer gates.
Yang-Mills fields due to an infinite charge cylinder

The problem of determining time-independent solutions of the classical Yang-Mills equations for infinitely long charge cylinders is studied. A useful expression for the total energy in the field in terms of just the sources is derived. Numerical solutions have been found in the special cases of a small charge cylinder with a magnetic field B that either lies along the axis of symmetry or encircles the axis. It is as if these two solutions were due to currents encircling the axis or paralleling it, respectively. The condition that the solution behave well at infinity implies an exponential fall off for the fields in the azimuthal B field case and a fall off more rapid than 1/R in the axial B field case, so that in both cases the existence of a B field requires the charge on the axis to be shielded. Consequently, these solutions do not behave at infinity at all like the Maxwell solution for a charge cylinder, and they have a lower energy per unit length. They show that in Yang-Mills theories the source does not determine a unique field. A classical interpretation of this is that the field remembers how the charges were transported during the construction of the cylinder. It also suggests that a quantum mechanical version of this problem would exhibit a “spontaneous symmetry breaking” to a less symmetric, lower energy vacuum. These solutions exhibit a twofold degeneracy, as the magnetic field may be either left- or right-handed in the azimuthal B field case, or point along the +z or −z axis in the axial B field case.
Phase II evaluation of gallium nitrate by continuous infusion in breast cancer

We evaluated the role of gallium nitrate infusion in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Gallium nitrate was administered at 300 mg/m2/day for 7 days every 3 weeks by continuous infusion concomitantly with oral calcium supplement of 500 mg twice daily and oral hydration. Fifteen patients with refractory metastatic breast cancer received such treatment for a total of 30 courses. Median age was 51, and median performance status (Zubrod scale) was 1. These patients had minimal prior chemotherapy (median 1 regimen). All patients were evaluable for toxicity and 14 for response. Nine patients had one to two metastatic sites, five patients had three to four sites. No major objective response was seen, but one patient had a minor response (10 weeks), and another showed no change in disease (16 weeks). Diverse low-grade toxicities were observed, including nausea and vomiting in 11 patients, anorexia in 11, diarrhea in eight, stomatitis in five, dysgeusia in six, musculoskeletal pain in five, skin rash in seven, partially reversible tinnitis and/or mild hearing loss in four and sensory neuropathy in two. A consistent drop in hemoglobin (median of 3.2 g/dL per patient) necessitated blood transfusion in seven patients. There was no granulocytopenia or thrombocytopenia; however, significant lymphopenia was noted. Reversible, moderate nephrotoxicity occurred in two patients. The hypocalcemic effect was consistent, with a median drop in serum calcium of 1.25 mg/dL per course. There was no hepatic toxicity. While no single toxicity was severe, overall toxicity adversely influenced treatment tolerance. Gallium nitrate by continuous infusion, as given in this study, has no activity in metastatic breast cancer.
The application of the "triangulation" method to the purification of Nosema spores from insect tissues.

Abstract Microsporidian spores can be purified by using a method based on the principles of “triangulation” and countercurrent distribution chromatography. Levels of purity of at least 99% were achieved by using this method to purify spores of Nosema heliothidus from infected larval Heliothis zea and spores of Nosema apis from infected adult Apis mellifera.
Pharmacotherapy Treatment in Substance-Dependent Correctional Populations: A Review

The number of drug or alcohol dependent inmates has increased dramatically in recent years. About half of all inmates meet DSM-IV criteria for dependence at the time of their arrest and require substance use treatment or detoxification. Few inmates receive treatment while in prison, increasing the likelihood that they will continue to use substances in prison and after release. While pharmacotherapy interventions have been shown to be effective with substance users in the community, few studies have investigated these treatments with a prison population. Further research is needed to better understand the feasibility and efficacy of providing pharmacotherapies for substance dependence disorders within this population.
Conceptual framework for the development and evaluation of cross-cultural orientation programs

Abstract This article describes factors which have hampered the development of effective cross-cultural orientation programs and discusses nine fundamental issues which orientation efforts ought to address: the role of expectation in coping with stressful situations, the selectivity of perception, cultural differences in behavior, the role of attributions, the centrality of values, the importance of social factors and context, erroneous assumptions about other cultures, the importance of social support, and the issue of effectiveness of the cross-cultural orientation program. The paper then describes the Intercultural sensitizer or culture assimilator as a method for cross-cultural orientation and discusses how the intercultural sensitizer addresses these issues.
Completions of P-matrix patterns

Abstract A list of positions in an n × n real matrix (a pattern) is said to have M - completion if every partial M -matrix that specifies exactly these positions can be completed to an M -matrix. Let Q be a pattern that includes all diagonal entries and let G be its digraph. The following are equivalent. (1) the pattern Q has M -completion; (2) the pattern Q is permutation similar to a block triangular pattern with all the diagonal blocks completely specified; (3) any strongly connected subdigraph of G is complete. A pattern with some diagonal entries unspecified has M -completion if and only if the principal subpattern defined by the specified diagonal positions has M -completion.
Chemical Control of Water Loss in Growing Plants

Immersing the roots of growing strawberry plants in aqueous solutions of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate closes the stomata, reduces water loss, and increases the time before complete wilting under drought conditions. Under such drought conditions plant survival and vigor are increased. Prolonged closing of the stomata seems to be the principal mode of action of the chemical.
The generating rank of the symplectic grassmannians: Hyperbolic and isotropic geometry

Exploiting the interplay between hyperbolic and isotropic geometry, we prove that the grassmannian of totally isotropic k-spaces of the polar space associated to the symplectic group Sp"2"n(F) has generating rank 2nk-2nk-2 when Char(F) 2.
Hume on Animal Reason

Hume's writings contain frequent references to non-human animals; indeed, in both the Treatise and the first Enquiry, he devotes a section to a discussion of animal reason, offering an argument from analogy in which he compares how humans make causal inferences with the way that animals make such inferences.1 With such a comparison, he brings humans into the realm of nature, dubbing their reason a kind of "Instinct," in stark contrast to the Cartesian view of humans as possessing a unique ability to reason that animals lack. To remove humans so far from non-human animals, Hume implies, conflicts with the precept that reasoning concerning matters of fact are (and should be) founded on analogy (EHU 9.1; SBN 104); that is, to suggest that humans are, in their mental processes, radically different from animals is not good reasoning when there are such evident similarities in the ways that animals and humans act.2
Computer simulation of the surface topology of (001) silicon resulting from the termination of 12〈110〉 edge dislocations with Burgers vectors parallel to the surface

Abstract The Stillinger-Weber interatomic potential for silicon was used to simulate the atomic arrangement at the emergence points of a/2〈110〉 perfect edge dislocations at a free surface. Results indicate step heights are comparable in magnitude vectors parallel to the surface can produced steps at the surface. The resulting step heights are comparable in magnitude with the steps which would be created if these dislocations were dissociated into Shockley partials. As a result, step source activation from these dislocations is possible without dissociation. The origin of the steps can be rationalized in terms of the Poisson expansion and contraction owing to relaxation of the compressive and tensile stress fields of the edge dislocations at a free surface.
Forces stabilizing proteins

The goal of this article is to summarize what has been learned about the major forces stabilizing proteins since the late 1980s when site-directed mutagenesis became possible. The following conclusions are derived from experimental studies of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding variants. (1) Based on studies of 138 hydrophobic interaction variants in 11 proteins, burying a -CH2- group on folding contributes 1.1±0.5 kcal/mol to protein stability. (2) The burial of non-polar side chains contributes to protein stability in two ways: first, a term that depends on the removal of the side chains from water and, more importantly, the enhanced London dispersion forces that result from the tight packing in the protein interior. (3) Based on studies of 151 hydrogen bonding variants in 15 proteins, forming a hydrogen bond on folding contributes 1.1±0.8 kcal/mol to protein stability. (4) The contribution of hydrogen bonds to protein stability is strongly context dependent. (5) Hydrogen bonds by side chains and peptide groups make similar contributions to protein stability. (6) Polar group burial can make a favorable contribution to protein stability even if the polar group is not hydrogen bonded. (7) Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds both make large contributions to protein stability.
The role of soil drainage class in carbon dioxide exchange and decomposition in boreal black spruce (Picea mariana) forest stands

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) forest stands range from well drained to poorly drained, typically contain large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC), and are often underlain by permafr...
Status of fluid dynamic models for relativistic heavy ion reactions

Abstract Results for relativistic heavy ion reactions from fluid dynamic models are reviewed. Recent developments, caveats and future directions will be briefly reported.
TU‐SAM‐BRB‐04: The Use of Accuboost for Breast Boost Therapy

Accuboost Mammography‐BasedImage guided Non‐invasive Breast Brachytherapy System for Partial Breast Irradiation The course will cover the following items: 1. Components of the system 2. Clinical reasons for such technology 3. Dosimetric comparison with Electrons and 3D‐CRT 4. Acceptance testing 5. Clinical cases will be discussed 6. Treatment planning component for this technology 7. Questions and Answers session
Chlorpromazine effects on behavior under escape and fixed-time delivery of shock.

Abstract Chlorpromazine has typically been found to reduce responding maintained by negative reinforcement. In squirrel monkeys, however, it has been shown to increase manipulative responses that occur just prior to shock presented under a fixed-time schedule. The present study compared chlorpromazine effects on behavior of rats under a fixed-time schedule of shock delivery and a schedule involving escape from shock. In all conditions, shock was delivered to the tail of rats held in partial restraint, and the response measured was displacement of a panel positioned directly in front of the rat's nose. The escape and fixed-time schedules generated similar temporal patterns and rates of responding under both schedules, and had no differential effect on the temporal distribution of responses within the shock-shock interval.
Maternal stress during hospitalization of the adopted child.

PURPOSE To identify and describe the experiences of mothers whose adopted children are hospitalized and to compare those experiences to those of mothers whose biological children are hospitalized. DESIGN Comparative descriptive design. METHODS Mothers of hospitalized children (n = 33 adopted; n = 19 biological) completed a slightly revised version of the Parental Stressor Scale: Pediatric Intensive Scale Unit (PSS:PICU). Adoptive mothers also completed a questionnaire related to their perceptions of the impact of their child's adoption on the hospitalization experience. RESULTS Adoptive mothers perceived statistically significantly higher levels of stress related to their child's behavioral/emotional response to hospitalization. Children who had been with the family for less time perceived the hospitalization as more stressful. When both groups of mothers were considered, mothers of younger children perceived a higher level of stress. A majority of adoptive mothers felt the adoption had an impact on the hospitalization experience, especially related to their limited information about their child's medical history, staff lack of knowledge about legal issues, and concern about attachment to the child. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Nurses need to be aware of adoptive mothers' concerns related to attachment issues, limited family medical history, and legal rights in order to provide sensitive and effective care. Inservice education programs could be designed to help teach all staff about these important issues.
Laboratory characteristics of influenza A viruses attenuated for man.

The properties of two influenza A viruses attenuated for man were studied and compared with those of their parent strains. Attenuation had previously been effected by selection of viruses wholly or partially resistant to horse serum inhibitor. Experiments with low-temperature passage were preliminary. Inhibitorresistant viruses eluted faster from red blood cells than inhibitor-sensitive viruses, but there was no relationship between neuraminidase activity and rate of elution. Other conventional markers were similar in wild and attenuated strains. Mention was made of the need to attenuate viruses by other methods and to study their properties in the laboratory.
Diffusive transport in Weyl semimetals

Diffusion, a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature, is a consequence of particle number conservation and locality in systems with sufficient damping. In this paper, we consider diffusive processes in the bulk of Weyl semimetals, which are exotic quantum materials, recently of considerable interest. In order to do this, we first explicitly implement the analytical scheme by which disorder with anisotropic scattering amplitude is incorporated into the diagrammatic response-function formalism for calculating the ``diffuson''. The result, thus, obtained is consistent with transport coefficients evaluated from the Boltzmann transport equation or the renormalized uniform current vertex calculation as it should be. We, thus, demonstrate that the computation of the diffusion coefficient should involve the transport lifetime and not the quasiparticle lifetime. Using this method, we then calculate the density response function in Weyl semimetals and discover an unconventional diffusion process that is significantly slower than conventional diffusion. This gives rise to relaxation processes that exhibit stretched exponential decay instead of the usual exponential diffusive relaxation. This result is then explained using a model of thermally excited quasiparticles diffusing with diffusion coefficients which are strongly dependent on their energies. We elucidate the roles of the various energy and time scales involved in this novel process and propose an experiment by which this process may be observed.
Approaches to the study of implementation

This paper draws from an intensive review of measurement in previous investigations of implementation to examine the relationship of this construct to other innovation processes. It is suggested that implementation be viewed as a separate phase in a total technology transfer process, with clear analytic distinction from both innovation adoption and evaluation of outcomes. A framework for developing measures of implementation is presented, based on distinguishing among four classes of innovations: policy change innovations; multiple component innovations; multiple user innovations; and mixed type innovations.
On the complexity of circulations

Abstract We present a polynomial-time algorithm for producing a feasible real-valued circulation in undirected graphs with upper and lower bounds, based on Seymour's characterization. For directed graphs, an efficient algorithm follows from a classical result by Hoffman. We show that, for mixed graphs, i.e., graphs having both directed and undirected edges, the problem is NP-complete.
Inhalant withdrawal as a clinically significant feature of inhalant dependence disorder

Inhalant use is the intentional inhalation of vapors from commercial products or specific chemical agents for the purpose of achieving intoxication. Inhalants are among the most common and pernicious forms of substance use and the least studied of the major drugs. Diagnosis of inhalant dependence, according to the DSM-IV [Weintraub E, Gandhi D, Robinson C. Medical complications due to mothball abuse. South Med J 2000;93:427-9] excludes inhalant withdrawal symptoms, as expert opinion has suggested that an inhalant withdrawal syndrome is neither common nor clinically significant. This article draws from multiple sources of data to suggest that withdrawal symptoms can be part of inhalant dependence and are clinically significant. This hypothesis needs rigorous evaluation to ensure the diagnostic validity of inhalant use disorders.
Modeling The Economics Of PACS: What Is Important?

Picture Archive and Communications Systems (PACS) represent a significant long term capital investment for radiology departments and hospitals. Many radiology departments want to acquire this new imaging technology, but they are still concerned about the cost of these systems. While a few studies have tried to quantify the costs and benefits of PACS, these studies have been limited in scope. The University of Washington is evaluating a Digital Imaging Network System (DINS) and PACS for the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. Part of this evaluation includes developing a comprehensive cost model of PACS for one of the military's large health care facilities (a 400 bed hospital). The paper summarizes the methodology and multi-layered spreadsheet model developed at the University to forecast the costs and potential cost savings this health care facility might accrue if a hospital wide PACS is installed and film is eliminated. It also discusses the many important assumptions made in the model. A sensitivity analysis of the model is also presented. The model indicates that keeping PACS maintenance costs down is particularly critical to the cost effectiveness of PACS. That is, the film cost savings attributed to PACS can be largely offset by PACS equipment maintenance cost. The cost effectiveness of PACS will also hinge upon whether a number of intangible benefits, such as referring physician and support staff productivity gains can be attributed to PACS. This model also suggests that the pay back period for a hospital wide PACS will vary significantly dependent upon the mix of tangible versus intangible cost savings incorporated into the modeling process. © (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Examination of Dual vs. Single Monitor Use during Common Office Tasks

Previous studies have found that using multiple monitors increases productivity, but there are also documented drawbacks to increased monitor count and/or size. The purpose of this study was to determine whether increases in productivity hold true with newer technology, like wide flat-screens, in the multitasking context. Sixty participants were asked to complete several tasks commonly completed in an office environment. These tasks were performed on four different monitor configurations: a single and dual 17” monitor(s) and single and dual 22” monitor(s). Participants located information from several documents and compiled this information into a new document. Dependent variables measured included efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction. Results indicated a performance benefit for dual monitor usage, regardless of monitor size. Participants most preferred using dual 22” monitors and least preferred a single 17” monitor.
The Eastern and Western branches of the Wood/Ljungdahl pathway: How the East and West were won

Figure 1 is a transmission electron micrograph of Clostridium ljungdahlii [1]. It, like Acetobacterium woodii [2], was named after someone who made great contributions to the understanding of how anaerobes fix carbon dioxide. C. ljungdahlii was named after Lars Ljungdahl; A. woodii after Harland Wood. I had the good fortune to train under both Lars and Harland and have continued research in this area for approximately fifteen years, learning and gaining greater and greater appreciation for the art of anaerobes. This review introduces the concept of the Eastern and Western branches of the Wood/Ljungdahl pathway. The Eastern branch is important in one-carbon metabolism of all organisms; the Western branch is unique to anaerobic microorganisms that use the Wood/Ljungdahl pathway for fixing carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide to generate cell carbon or for synthesizing acetate (acetogens) or methane (aceticlastic methanogens) to generate energy. In focusing on the biochemistry and enzymology of this pathway, I, unfortunately, must risk leaving the important ecology and physiology of these organisms in the lurch. They are responsible for the turnover of a trillion tons of acetic acid per year. They convert a variety of compounds including sugars, aromatic compounds, and inorganic compounds like CO and H2 and CO2 into acetic acid which is then used by methane producing bacteria to make natural gas. They are important in soil microbiology and, in the biology of organisms that house them in their digestive system, like humans, termites and ruminants like cows and sheep [3–5]. The story of acetogens can be traced back to the ancient times when someone discovered that apple or grape juice could be fermented, first to alcohol and then to acetic acid, producing cider vinegar, which contains 3–6% acetic acid. The word acetum is the Latin word for vinegar. Acetic acid was isolated in pure form by Stahl in 1700. Over the years, it has been found to be an excellent solvent for many organic compounds and some inorganic compounds. It also is essential in the production of cellulose acetate and is used widely in the textile and rubber industries.
Vertical Microstructure Measurements in the Central Worth Pacific

Abstract Temperature profiles were made, during a period of calm weather in early autumn, in the center of the subtropical gyre in the North Pacific with free-fall microstructure instruments as well as with commerical salinity-temperature-depth recorders. In the depth range of 0.2–2 km the data records show irregularly spaced regions of strong gradients separated by sections with weak gradients, but otherwise lack conspicuous features. The general impression is one of strong stratification and only very weak levels of turbulence. Spectra of the gradient records from the upper kilometer exhibit distinct changes in slope at about 10−2 cycle per meter (cpm) and at 10 cpm. These changes in slope are interpreted as the scales at which different types of features dominate the vertical temperature profile: the nearly exponential mean profile is the principal feature for K<10−2 cpm, while for 10−2<K<2 cpm the irregularly spaced structures in the stratification are the principal contributors to the spectra. Wavenu...
Abstract 5508: Screening Of Novel Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The nucleotide stress response (NSR) is defined as activation of nucleoside salvage pathways to rescue cells from the detrimental consequences caused by a deficiency of or increased demand for nucleotides. Thymidylate depletion due to loss of function of the enzyme, thymidylate synthase (TS) or exposure to TS inhibitors disrupts the balance in nucleotide pools and damages DNA leading to stress-induced cell death. In order to replete nucleotide pools, cells activate nucleoside (ENT 1) transporters to increase the influx of extracellular nucleosides. TS catalyzes the de-novo synthesis of thymidylate for DNA replication. The enzyme in humans undergoes conformational switching between active and inactive forms. We are testing the hypothesis that stabilization of the inactive conformation will not induce the resistance mechanisms that are observed after exposure to active site-targeted TS inhibitors. To identify lead compounds that bind to the inactive conformation, a NSR assay has been developed, which measures a stress response to TMP depletion. TS inhibitors that bind to either the active or inactive conformations will induce TMP stress which is measured as induction of uptake of a fluorescent probe, N2, N3-etheno-6-thiomethylpurine riboside (ETMPR). In order to differentiate TS inhibitors that are selective for active and inactive conformations, we conducted an experiment on paired isogenic cell lines that express either wild-type hTS (undergoes conformational switching) or a mutant hTS (R163K - stabilized in the active conformation). Cells exposed to the potent active site TS inhibitor, raltitrexed (RTX) exhibited a similar level of uptake of ETMPR. When cells are exposed to glutarate (inactive site inhibitor predicted by structure-based drug design), fluorescent nucleoside uptake was preferentially induced in cells expressing wild-type hTS, consistent with the prediction that glutarate is an inactive site targeted drug. Protein turnover studies revealed that glutarate decreases TS expression, which is opposite to the effect of active TS inhibitors, which stabilize TS to degradation. Collectively, the data indicate that the NSR assay will be useful in identifying lead inactive site-targeted drugs and that these drugs will not stabilize TS, a mechanism thought to cause resistance to active state TS inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5508.
Development of My Health Companion© to enhance self-care management of chronic health conditions in rural dwellers.

Appropriate self-management support is needed to help individuals and their families meet the challenges of living with chronic health conditions. Such support is characterized by productive interactions between informed, active individuals, and their health care providers. The purposes of this paper are to describe the challenges to achieving self-management support and a tool, My Health Companion© (MHC), which was developed to meet that challenge. The MHC is a paper personal health record designed to help rural women with chronic health conditions to better manage and understand their health information. The selection of content for the MHC was based on the literature, input from health care experts, and chronically ill individuals, and its development incorporated principles of personal health record and clear communication. The MHC was anecdotally shown to be useful to rural women with chronic health conditions in preparing for and enhancing their visits with health care providers. As a source of information, the MHC had potential for: being beneficial to providers in recommending appropriate treatment; contributing to more informed health decision making by ill individuals; and serving as a vehicle for the establishment of more productive interactions that contributed to the achievement of true client-provider partnerships in health care.
Stereoscopy in cinematographic synthetic imagery

In this paper we present experiments and results pertaining to the perception of depth in stereoscopic viewing of synthetic imagery. In computer animation, typical synthetic imagery is highly textured and uses stylized illumination of abstracted material models by abstracted light source models. While there have been numerous studies concerning stereoscopic capabilities, conventions for staging and cinematography in stereoscopic movies have not yet been well-established. Our long-term goal is to measure the effectiveness of various cinematography techniques on the human visual system in a theatrical viewing environment. We would like to identify the elements of stereoscopic cinema that are important in terms of enhancing the viewer's understanding of a scene as well as providing guidelines for the cinematographer relating to storytelling. In these experiments we isolated stereoscopic effects by eliminating as many other visual cues as is reasonable. In particular, we aim to empirically determine what types of movement in synthetic imagery affect the perceptual depth sensing capabilities of our viewers. Using synthetic imagery, we created several viewing scenarios in which the viewer is asked to locate a target object's depth in a simple environment. The scenarios were specifically designed to compare the effectiveness of stereo viewing, camera movement, and object motion in aiding depth perception. Data were collected showing the error between the choice of the user and the actual depth value, and patterns were identified that relate the test variables to the viewer's perceptual depth accuracy in our theatrical viewing environment.
One, Two, Three, What Are We Still Counting for? Police Performance Regimes, Public Perceptions of Service Delivery and the Failure of Quantitative Measurement

Timothy Shilston is Chief Superintendent of Northumbria Police and Visiting Professor in the Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, University of New York. In this article he retraces recent developments in the design of police performance regimes in England and Wales and describes the growing importance of public perceptions of service delivery in such regimes. Whilst ‘traditional’ performance measures, such as crime rates, have increasingly been supplemented by attempts to capture public perceptions of the quality of service delivery, he argues that there has been a failure by practitioners and policy makers to revisit or challenge the historical dominance of quantitative methodology. Assumptions regarding the efficacy of quantitative measurement have simply been extended to assessments of public perceptions. Generalized surveys of public opinion, the overwhelmingly favoured method, cannot capture the dynamics of police/public interactions at the micro level, and fail to produce organizational or individual learning of any future worth. The author argues that qualitative approaches are more likely to yield insights of operational utility and urges further exploration.
Phase-shifting interferometry and maximum-likelihood estimation theory

A novel means of quantitatively assessing the performance of a phase-shifting interferometer is presented. We show how maximum-likelihood estimation theory can be used to estimate the surface-height profile from four noisy phase-shifted measurements. Remarkably, the analytical expression for the maximum-likelihood estimator is identical to the classical four-step algorithm, thereby rooting the traditional method on a statistically sound foundation. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo experiment shows the maximum-likelihood estimator is unbiased and efficient, achieving the theoretical Cramer–Rao lower bound on the variance of the error. This technique is then used to show that the performance is a function of the ratio of the irradiances from each arm, with the optimal performance occurring, not surprisingly, when the irradiances from the two arms are equal.
"Evil" Manifested in Destructive Individual Behavior A Senior Leadership Challenge

This article reflects on the self-reported experiences of senior executives who encounter "dark and destructive" personalities among professionals who "suck the life juices"from their organizationa...
Tri-state logic using vertically integrated Si-SiGe resonant interband tunneling diodes with double NDR

A vertically integrated npnp Si-based resonant interband tunneling diode (RITD) pair is realized with low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy by stacking two RITDs with a connecting backward diode between them. The current-voltage characteristics of the vertically integrated RITD pair demonstrates two sequential negative differential resistance regions in the forward-biasing condition. Tri-state logic is demonstrated by using the vertically integrated RITDs as the drive and an off-chip resistor as the load.