cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Good People Do Bad Things: Time-Inconsistent Misconduct & Criminal Law

This article develops a model of time-inconsistent criminal misconduct. It shows that people who from a long-term perspective want to be law-abiding may nonetheless engage in repeated misconduct due to the pull of their short-term preferences for immediate gratification. I demonstrate that the optimal sanctions under the standard law & economics model will always under-deter time-inconsistent wrongdoers. This is true, even for wrongdoers with a very small preference for immediate gratification. The model yields a second counterintuitive conclusion: wrongdoers who intend to engage in criminal misconduct (because it has positive expected returns) will procrastinate following through if they face sufficiently high immediate costs - i.e., they may exhibit time-inconsistent honesty. This allows policymakers to indirectly regulate behavior by exploiting the time-inconsistency of citizens. Such stealth regulation raises questions of democratic accountability, as well as numerous moral considerations. Finally, the model explains several existing criminal law doctrines that, from a standard law and economics perspective, are puzzling.
Contribution of hyperosmolality to glucose-induced intestinal hyperemia

To test the hypothesis that changes in tissue osmolality participate in glucose-induced absorptive hyperemia, the mucosa of the rat jejunum was suffused with isotonic or hypertonic glucose solutions. Blood flow was calculated from the product of a constant, arteriolar diameter, and red blood cell velocity, which were measured in the submucosal microcirculation. Isotonic glucose solutions (293 +/- 2 mosmol/kg) were prepared by diluting 5, 10, or 20 ml of 5% glucose, which is isotonic with plasma, to 100 ml with Ringer-bicarbonate buffer to concentrations of 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/100 ml. Glucose was added directly to Ringer-bicarbonate buffer to increase osmolality. The osmolalities of the 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/100 ml hypertonic solutions were 305 +/- 3,319 +/- 3, and 353 +/- 1 mosmol/kg, respectively. Glucose caused a concentration-related increase in estimated submucosal arteriolar blood flow that averaged 18-21% (n = 14), 24-27% (n = 14), and 34-45% (n = 14) at 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/100 ml glucose, respectively. There was no effect of solution osmolality on either the time course or the magnitude of the hyperemia at a given glucose concentration. Whereas the magnitude of the glucose-induced hyperemia averaged less than 50%, the application of 10(-2) M adenosine caused a fivefold increase in calculated blood flow (492 +/- 67%, n = 24). Thus, glucose caused relatively small increases in intestinal blood flow. If changes in luminal osmolality caused changes in intestinal tissue osmolality, then it is unlikely that hyperosmolality participates in the functional hyperemia associated with glucose absorption.
'It's Five O'Clock' – Microprosody and Enunciation

Based on an enunciation-mode system previously found in the semantics of Romance subjunctives, a hypothesis on crosslinguistic prosodic manifestations of enunciation modes is developed and tested in a pilot project using theater students pronouncing a neutral sentence with enunciational variations prompted by different contexts. The sentence-final syllable pitch profile varied significantly. In our exploratory study, the variation of these profiles corresponded tendentially to the variation of the mode of enunciation (volitive, imaginative, intellective, affective). A semantic pattern of four significant enunciation values may thus have been detected, at least in American English sentence-final microprosody.
Demonstration of Electric Infrared Incineration

Solid waste processed at the Peak Oil site is being incinerated in a transportable infrared incinerator, designed and manufactured by Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc. of Dallas, Texas and operated by Haztech, Inc. of Decatur, Georgia. The overall incineration unit consists of a waste preparation system and weigh hopper, infrared primary combustion chamber, supplemental propane fired secondary combustion chamber, emergency bypass stack, venturi/scrubber, exhaust system, and data collection and control systems all mounted on transportable trailers.
Thermoelectric properties of Tl-doped PbTeSe crystals grown by directional solidification

Abstract Three Tl-doped PbTe and two Tl-doped PbTeSe crystals were grown by vertical un-seeded directional solidification method. Among them, two Tl-doped PbTe ingots, with starting composition of (Pb 0.99 Tl 0.01 )Te, were grown under Pb or Te pressure over the melt provided by a Pb or Te reservoir, respectively, whereas another ingot, with starting composition of (Pb 0.98 Tl 0.02 )Te, was grown under Te overpressure. Two Tl-doped PbTeSe crystals, with starting composition of (Pb 0.98 Tl 0.02 )(Te 0.85 Se 0.15 ) and (Pb 0.96 Tl 0.04 )(Te 0.85 Se 0.15 ), were grown without any over-pressure. Disk-shaped samples were sliced at different locations along the growth axis and their thermal conductivities were determined from thermal diffusivity, density, and heat capacity measurements. The electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient were simultaneously measured as a function of temperature for each disk sample. The Figure of Merit for the thermoelectric application, zT , was calculated from these properties from room temperature to about 640 °C. The Tl-doped PbTeSe samples have the highest zT value of 1.63 at temperature range of 425 to 475 °C, comparing to 1.13 at 410 °C for the Tl-doped PbTe samples. By substituting 15% of the Te atoms in the Tl-doped PbTe by Se atoms, the Figure of Merit of PbTeSe was enhanced by reducing the thermal conductivity about 26% and, at the same time, increasing the electrical conductivity by 43%.
Correlation between electron spin resonance and superconductivity in GdxB1−xRu2 (B=Th, Ce, La)☆

Abstract Correlation between EPR and superconductivity in Gd x B 1− x Ru 2 (B=Th, Ce, La) enables us to interpret the behavior of the superconducting transition temperature as a function of Gd concentration in these cubic intermetallic compounds.
Geldanamycin inhibition of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat embryo cell transformation.

SummaryGeldanamycin, an ansamycin antibiotic having anti-oncornavirus properties, was shown to completely inhibit the induction of measurable endogenous rat leukemia virus by 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine in a cell line of Fischer rat embryo cells and to protect the same cells from transformation by the polycyclic hydrocarbon 3-methyl-cholanthrene. Protection was induced at a dosage that was not only non-toxic but slightly stimulatory to cell growth.The authors wish to thank R. J. Huebner, A. E. Freeman, and E. A. Gregory for their assistance in the preparation of this manuscript.
JANICE CARSON BEATLEY (1919‐1987): TAXONOMIST AND ECOLOGIST

Janice Carson Beatley, native Ohio botanist of the United States, will be remembered for her contributions toward the understanding of the wintergreen herbaceous flora of the deciduous forest region, the primeval forests of the unglaciated plateau in southeastern Ohio, and the ecological relationships of the vascular-plant flora of the Atomic Test Site in south-central Nevada. Throughout her professional life, Dr. Beatley was an outspoken advocate for ecological and environmental concerns while employed in seven different academic and research institutions and through active memberships in seven societies, whose mission is to save habitats and environments of natural areas. In her last academic appointment as a professor of biological sciences at the University of Cincinnati (19731987), Dr. Beatley taught courses in plant ecology and field botany and continued her research on the flora of the Nevada Test Site. In that capacity she fulfilled a long dream of returning to Ohio and teaching in the same department where Dr. E. Lucy Braun, the eminent plant ecologist, taught for 34 years and maintained her lifetime affiliation. Death came to Janice at age 68, on 14 November 1987 in Cincinnati, Ohio. As a lasting memorial in recognition of Janice C. Beatley's research in plant systematics and ecology, her brother and sister, Charles E. and Mary A. (Beatley) Jordan, presented a gift of $50,000 to the Herbarium of The Ohio State University, 16 November 1988. This donation provides for a permanent endowment from which the generated interest money will be available for field research by graduate students in the plant systematics and plant ecology programs within the Department of Botany at The Ohio State University.
Sex-Role Orientation, Stress, and Subsequent Health Status Demonstrated by Two Scoring Procedures for Bem's Scale

Correlations among sex-role orientation, stress, and health were examined. Masculine sex-typed subjects reported significantly fewer health problems than feminine subjects. Discussed are two scoring methods for Bem's scale, the original method and the difference/median split.
Identification of immune dominant cytomegalovirus epitopes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions to measure interferon-γ production by peptide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells

The identification of HLA restricted immune dominant cytotoxic T cell (CTL) epitopes limits immune therapy. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease remains a significant cause of morbidity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Adoptive immune therapy using CTLs stimulated with immune dominant CMV pp65 peptides may be effective in preventing CMV disease, but immune dominant CMV peptides have been identified for only a few HLA class I molecules. The purpose of this study was to use a novel molecular system to establish a rapid and precise method to identify new HLA-restricted CMV epitopes. Cytomegalovirus pp65 peptides expected to bind to the HLA-24 molecule were identified with a computer algorithm. Five candidate peptides were screened by direct ex vivo stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CMV-seropositive HLA-A*2402 individuals, and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate CTL responses by measuring interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) transcripts. One of the five candidate peptides, pp65341-350 (QYDPVAALFF), induced significant quantities of IFN-gamma mRNA production after 3 hours. PBMCs from CMV-seropositive HLA-A*2402 individuals sensitized in vitro with pp65341-350 also recognized CMV-infected targets. In conclusion, the measurement of IFN-gamma mRNA by qRT-PCR can be used to detect CTL responses 3 hours after peptide stimulation of a small quantity of PBMCs. This method has an advantage over other methods used to identify immune dominant epitopes in that it does not require in vitro expansion of CTLs with cytokines or virally infected targets. As a result, this method measures naturally induced immune reactions.
Why I Teach

When discussing learning in the context of academia, most people would think of students learning from the teacher but great teaching moments occur when a teacher reflects on what she has learned from the other side of the podium, from student to teacher. Teaching is not a one way linear approach, but rather is recursive and reflective for both student and teacher. In the end, the knowledge that a teacher has shared with her students may be as great as the knowledge that she has gained from them.
Investigating the Effects of Anisotropic Mass Transport on Dendrite Growth in High Energy Density Lithium Batteries

Dendrite formation on the electrode surface of high energy density lithium (Li) batteries causes safety problems and limits their applications. Suppressing dendrite growth could significantly improve Li battery performance. Dendrite growth and morphology is a function of the mixing in the electrolyte near the anode interface. Most research into dendrites in batteries focuses on dendrite formation in isotropic electrolytes (i.e., electrolytes with isotropic diffusion coefficient). In this work, an anisotropic diffusion reaction model is developed to study the anisotropic mixing effect on dendrite growth in Li batteries. The model uses a Lagrangian particle-based method to model dendrite growth in an anisotropic electrolyte solution. The model is verified by comparing the numerical simulation results with analytical solutions, and its accuracy is shown to be better than previous particle-based anisotropic diffusion models. Several parametric studies of dendrite growth in an anisotropic electrolyte are performed and the results demonstrate the effects of anisotropic transport on dendrite growth and morphology, and show the possible advantages of anisotropic electrolytes for dendrite suppression.
The Design and Effect of Coordinated Control System for Nuozhadu DC Project

To ensure China Souther Power Grid(CSG) being stable after the Nuozhadu DC project works with the system,eigenvalue analysis method is used in this paper to research the dynamic stability of CSG.The result indicates that there are mainly three inter-area oscillation modes in CSG during 2013-2015,namely the Yunnan-Guangdong mode,Yunnan/Guangdong-Guizhou mode and Hainan-Guangdong mode.The paper calculates and analyzes the control unit’s parametres,control modes and damping control effect of the coordinated control system for Nuozhadu HVDC project,pointing out that the control system designed for being against Yunnan-Guangdong oscillation mode has a better effect in damping control,but this effect almost becomes zero while the control systems of Guizhou-GuangdongⅠ,Guizhou-GuangdongⅡand Yunnan-Guangdong DC projects are operating normally.
Rates of refracture associated with external fixation in pediatric femur fractures

We conducted a small retrospective study of rates of early complications associated with external fixation of pediatric femur fractures and compared rates at our institution with those reported in the literature. In our series of 22 patients, early complications included 12 pin-track infections (54.5%), 2 cases of loss of reduction (9.1%), 1 pin-track abscess (4.5%), and 1 refracture (4.5%). Overall rates (ours combined with those reported by other investigators) were 4.7% (34/719) for refractures and 33.1% (224/677) for pin-track infections. Factors that correlated with refractures were open fracture, bilateral fracture, and longer time in fixator. Factors with inconclusive correlations were fracture pattern, dynamization status, fixator type, pin size, and number of pins.
Nature of Polyoxometalate Intramolecular Coordination to Quaternary Ammonium Salts from Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement

Polyoxometalates (POMs) exhibit catalytic activity toward a variety of harmful chemicals such as chemical warfare agents, qualifying them as promising candidates as additives to create self-decontaminating surfaces and materials. However, POMs exhibit poor solubility and dispersion behavior in organic matrices, including polymeric coatings. In an effort to improve compatibility with polymer coatings and impart surface segregating behavior, we describe the encapsulation of a Ni(II)-containing POM, α2-K8P2W17O61(Ni2+·OH2)·17H2O (Ni-POM), with a series of amphiphilic alkyl ethoxy dimethyl quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) and elucidate their structural coordination. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were utilized to confirm that QASs are coordinated to the Ni-POM and that the average number of QAS coordinated to each Ni-POM increases with increasing alkyl moiety length. The 1H NMR spectra of the Q...
Evaluation of the Tolerability of Intermittent Intravenous Sildenafil in Pediatric Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension

OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this study was to determine the tolerability of intermittent intravenous (IV) sildenafil for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in pediatric patients. Secondary objectives were to evaluate parameters related to efficacy. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review from January 2013 to August 2014 of pediatric patients under age 18 years treated with intermittent doses of IV sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension. Patients were excluded if they were over age 18 years or received sildenafil for other indications. Measures collected to assess tolerability include blood pressure and heart rate before and after the administration of IV sildenafil, as well as adverse events. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients (21 females and 16 males) were identified meeting inclusion criteria, and 21 (56.8%) were on oral sildenafil prior to the initial IV dose. The mean decrease in blood pressure after the first dose of IV sildenafil was 7.16/2.74 mmHg. The decrease in systolic blood press...
Abstract WP367: Comparison of Standard Emergency Room Care with Tele-Stroke Evaluation in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage Management

Introduction: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) management includes rapid blood pressure (BP) control and correction of any coagulopathy. It is unknown if the addition of tele-medicine (TM) assessment...
Differential Age Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Associative Memory.

Objectives Older adults experience associative memory deficits relative to younger adults (Old & Naveh-Benjamin, 2008). The aim of this study was to test the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on face-name associative memory in older and younger adults. Method Experimenters applied active (1.5 mA) or sham (0.1 mA) stimulation with the anode placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during a face-name encoding task, and measured both cued recall and recognition performance. Participants completed memory tests immediately after stimulation and after a 24-h delay to examine both immediate and delayed stimulation effects on memory. Results Results showed improved face-name associative memory performance for both recall and recognition measures, but only for younger adults, whereas there was no difference between active and sham stimulation for older adults. For younger adults, stimulation-induced memory improvements persisted after a 24-h delay, suggesting delayed effects of tDCS after a consolidation period. Discussion Although effective in younger adults, these results suggest that older adults may be resistant to this intervention, at least under the stimulation parameters used in the current study. This finding is inconsistent with a commonly seen trend, where tDCS effects on cognition are larger in older than younger adults.
Open-loop small-signal modeling of cuk DC-DC converter in CCM by circuit-averaging technique

This paper presents the small-signal modeling of the (Cuk dc-dc converter operating in continuous-conduction mode (CCM) using circuit averaging technique. The dc and low-frequency linear equivalent model of the open-loop lossy (Cuk dc-dc converter is derived. The small-signal model is derived and the following power-stage transfer functions are derived: control-to-output voltage transfer function and input-to-output voltage transfer function. The parasitic resistances of components are included. Using a design example of the converter, the frequency and transient characteristics are analyzed. The validity of the theoretically obtained results are proved by providing simulation results.
Perceived Risk of Emerging Recreational Drugs: Impact of Anecdotal and Statistical Evidence:

This study investigated the relative impact of personal stories and base rate evidence on the perceived risk of using two emerging recreational drugs: kratom and Spice. A 3 × 2 × 2 mixed-methods de...
Expression and regulation of NMDA receptor subunit R1 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in cortical neuronal cultures: correlation with cytochrome oxidase.

Summary Our previous studies showed a differential distribution of the glutamatergic terminals in cytochrome oxidase-rich and -poor regions of the visual cortex. The NMDA type of glutamate receptors have been proposed to be involved in the activation of nitric oxide synthase to produce nitric oxide, the neurotransmitter. In the present study, we hypothesized that the expressions of glutamate receptor, NMDA receptors (NMDAR1) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were colocalized and were also correlated with that of cytochrome oxidase (CO) in a subset of neurons. We used primary cultures of postnatal rat visual cortical neurons as a model system, so that we could examine both the somatic and dendritic expressions of these neurochemicals in individual neurons. We found a difference in the sequence of developmental expressions of NMDAR1, nNOS, CO, and Na + /K + ATPase. Triple labeling showed that all nNOS-positive neurons were immunoreactive for NMDAR1, and a subpopulation of them had high CO activity. The expression of NMDAR1 was positively correlated with CO activity. This is consistent with our previous finding that CO activity is strongly governed by excitatory glutamatergic synapses. After 40 hours of depolarizing potassium chloride treatment, CO activity was increased, and NMDAR1and nNOS levels were up-regulated in parallel. One week of tetrodotoxin significantly decreased the expression of NMDAR1, nNOS, and CO activity. Our results demonstrate that NMDA receptors and nNOS do co-exist in a subset of neurons that have high CO activity and their expressions are under the control of neuronal activity.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cranial N euralgias

Both medical and surgical therapies may be used in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Ordinarily, the treatment is medical; however, if a response to drugs is not forthcoming, or if the patient becomes toxic while taking medications or refuses to abide by an appropriate medical program, then surgical consultation should be obtained and the appropriate operation performed. The form and type of neurosurgical procedure will probably depend to a considerable extent on the expertise of the neurosurgeon and his training. Generally, in the elderly, the simplest procedure should be attempted first. It may be necessary to employ both medical and surgical procedures in the individual patient. The medical drug of first choice is carbamazepine. Atypical facial neuralgia is a general term used to cover a variety of head and face pains that are poorly defined and that may not deserve separate clinical status. The pathogenesis of the atypical facial neuralgias is uncertain, and multiple causation seems likely. Search for local inflammatory pathology, neoplasms, vasomotor phenomena, and depressive symptoms is indicated. Treatment should be guided by the findings.
Early Investigations and Recent Advances in Intraperitoneal Immunotherapy for Peritoneal Metastasis

Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is an advanced stage malignancy largely refractory to modern therapy. Intraperitoneal (IP) immunotherapy offers a novel approach for the control of regional disease of the peritoneal cavity by breaking immune tolerance. These strategies include heightening T-cell response and vaccine induction of anti-cancer memory against tumor-associated antigens. Early investigations with chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells), vaccine-based therapies, dendritic cells (DCs) in combination with pro-inflammatory cytokines and natural killer cells (NKs), adoptive cell transfer, and immune checkpoint inhibitors represent significant advances in the treatment of PM. IP delivery of CAR-T cells has shown demonstrable suppression of tumors expressing carcinoembryonic antigen. This response was enhanced when IP injected CAR-T cells were combined with anti-PD-L1 or anti-Gr1. Similarly, CAR-T cells against folate receptor α expressing tumors improved T-cell tumor localization and survival when combined with CD137 co-stimulatory signaling. Moreover, IP immunotherapy with catumaxomab, a trifunctional antibody approved in Europe, targets epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and has shown considerable promise with control of malignant ascites. Herein, we discuss immunologic approaches under investigation for treatment of PM.
Semántica del entorno educativo. La representación subjetiva del espacio

La presente investigacion ha tenido como objetivo analizar la representacion subjetiva del espacio educativo. La hipotesis fundamental plantea la existencia de discrepancias ocasionales entre esta y la representacion funcional del entorno. Para analizar los resultados se planteo un diseno de tipo mixto, convergente paralelo, basado en el uso combinado de cuestionarios y registros semiestructurados, para el analisis cualitativo, y toma de medidas bioclimaticas y uso de rubricas en la valoracion de espacios como instrumentos para el analisis cuantitativo. Nuestros resultados mostraron que las condiciones ambientales ejercieron un efecto no predictivo sobre la evaluacion del espacio y, sin embargo, fueron constatadas discrepancias significativas entre la representacion subjetiva del espacio (semantica asociada) y su funcion. Cruzando los datos de analisis, se concluye la existencia de variables subjetivas que caracterizan la representacion, como son la estetica del entorno, el caracter natural, el conocimiento del espacio o el modo de interaccion social. Las conclusiones de la investigacion aportan valor acerca de la identificacion eficaz de prioridades de transformacion que aproximen la funcionalidad a la forma en que las personas utilizan y reconocen el espacio que habitan.
Evaluating important change in cutaneous disease activity as an efficacy measure for clinical trials in dermatomyositis

Background Patients may experience improved quality of life (QoL) without complete clearance of skin disease. The Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index Activity (CDASI-A) score correlates with the Symptoms and Emotions subscales of Skindex-29, a measure of QoL, down to CDASI-A scores of 7 points (for Symptoms) and 10 points (for Emotions). Objectives Our goal was to define an important change in disease activity, as measured by the CDASI-A, that results in a meaningful change in QoL in patients with dermatomyositis. Methods In 103 patients, we assessed the percentage change and actual change in CDASI-A scores needed to achieve a meaningful improvement in QoL, using linear regression models. Results We found that meaningful improvement correlates with 7·86 points (P 14 points, a 40% change in CDASI-A between the first two visits suggests a meaningful change in Skindex-29. In patients with moderate initial CDASI-A (15-26 points), the changes in CDASI-A resulting in meaningful changes in Symptoms and Emotions were 6 points (P Conclusions In patients with an initial CDASI-A score > 14 points, a 40% change in the CDASI-A score can be used to indicate a meaningful change in QoL in future dermatomyositis trials. What's already known about this topic? The Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index (CDASI) is a validated disease assessment tool used to capture the extent of cutaneous activity and damage. The Skindex-29 and Dermatology Life Quality Index are standardized and validated measures of quality of life (QoL) for clinical trials and correlate with CDASI Activity (CDASI-A) scores. What does this study add? We identified what change in Skindex-29 scores over two consecutive visits would indicate an important change (a minimal clinically important difference) in QoL. We determined which change in CDASI-A scores over two consecutive visits would lead to a meaningful change in QoL. For patients with an initial CDASI-A score > 14 points, a 40% change in the CDASI-A score over two visits is associated with a meaningful change in QoL. What are the clinical implications of this work? Clinical trials can consider using a 40% change in the CDASI-A score as an end point when assessing the clinical efficacy of drugs.
Hydroxyl-directed conjugate additions of carbon nucleophiles to cyclopentadienones.

The conjugate additions of different carbon nucleophiles to cyclopentadienone substrates (1 and 2) with one free hydroxyl functional group were investigated to determine the role of the hydroxyl group in controlling regiochemistry. During this reaction an unexpected intramolecular displacement of OTBS by the enolate intermediate occurs, to afford cyclopropane derivatives.
Separation Anxiety Disorder

This chapter highlights issues faced by mental health professionals who operate in psychiatric settings and deliver services to children exhibiting problems consistent with the diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder (SAD; American Psychiatric Association, 1980, 1987). In the first section of the chapter, diagnostic issues are briefly covered. In subsequent sections, prototypical behavioral assessment and treatment approaches are described, and the application of these practices within psychiatric settings is discussed.
Coordinated Control of rRNA Processing by RNA Polymerase I

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is co- and post-transcriptionally processed into active ribosomes. This process is dynamically regulated by direct covalent modifications of the polymerase that synthesizes the rRNA, RNA polymerase I (Pol I), and by interactions with cofactors that influence initiation, elongation, and termination activities of Pol I. The rate of transcription elongation by Pol I directly influences processing of nascent rRNA, and changes in Pol I transcription rate result in alternative rRNA processing events that lead to cellular signaling alterations and stress. It is clear that in divergent species, there exists robust organization of nascent rRNA processing events during transcription elongation. This review evaluates the current state of our understanding of the complex relationship between transcription elongation and rRNA processing.
Review of Continuum Mechanics Factors in Adhesive Fracture

The possibility of treating adhesive fracture as an engineering analysis problem in continuum mechanics has been emphasized in previous reviews, with applications to designs which utilize bonded surfaces and/or various composite materials. Cost-effective use of this analysis ability will ultimately depend, of course, upon the accuracy of fracture and structural life prediction, as well as the availability of methods to conduct non-destructive examination.
Children’s Integer Understanding and the Effects of Linear Board Games: A Look at Two Measures

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify affordances and limitations of using order and value comparison tasks versus number placement tasks to infer students’ negative integer understanding and growth in understanding. Data came from an experiment with kindergarteners (N = 45) and first graders (N = 48), where the experimental group played a numerical linear board game and the other group did control activities, both involving negative integers. Performance on the number placement task connected to students’ ability to use endpoints but did not help us infer students’ integer understanding. Changes in students’ pattern of responses on integer order and value comparison tasks better aligned with the experimental group’s improvement (especially for students with a whole-number mental number line). Implications include the potential for better incorporation of integer values in linear board games and revising the number placement task, which may be overestimating students’ whole-number conceptions.
Asthma and COPD

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are clinically important in older adults because like heart failure, they are common causes of chronic shortness of breath, which reduces the quality of life by limiting an individual’s activity. In developed countries, about 4% of older adults have been diagnosed with asthma and another 4% have been diagnosed with COPD, but the prevalence is doubled for each of these chronic respiratory diseases when objective tests are performed. COPD has become the fourth leading cause of death in some developed countries. COPD onset occurs almost exclusively in older age due to the cumulative effects of cigarette smoking in genetically-susceptible individuals. An upper respiratory viral infection commonly leads to the initial diagnosis of asthma at any age. About half of older adults with asthma have allergic triggers, compared to about 90% of asthmatic children. Exacerbations with dyspnea, wheezing and cough are the major morbidity of asthma and COPD, which limits activity, reduces quality of life and increases health care utilization and costs. In older adults as in younger adults, the most effective prevention for both asthma and COPD is smoking cessation.
Inclusive nucleon decay searches as a frontier of baryon number violation

Proton decay, and the decay of nucleons in general, constitutes one of the most sensitive probes of high-scale physics beyond the Standard Model. Most of the existing nucleon decay searches have focused primarily on two-body decay channels, motivated by grand unified theories and supersymmetry. However, many higher-dimensional operators violating baryon number by one unit, $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}B=1$, induce multibody nucleon decay channels, which have been only weakly constrained thus far. While direct searches for all such possible channels are desirable, they are highly impractical. In light of this, we argue that inclusive nucleon decay searches, $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X+\mathrm{anything}$ (where $X$ is a light Standard Model particle with an unknown energy distribution), are particularly valuable, as are model-independent and invisible nucleon decay searches such as $n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{invisible}$. We comment on complementarity and opportunities for such searches in the current as well as upcoming large-scale experiments Super-Kamiokande, Hyper-Kamiokande, JUNO, and DUNE. Similar arguments apply to $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}Bg1$ processes, which kinematically allow for even more involved final states and are essentially unexplored experimentally.
From Black Power to Black Lives Matter: Using Rita Williams-Garcia’s One Crazy Summer to Navigate Intergenerational Tensions of the Civil Rights Movement(s)

It is easy to look back at previous decades, and all their significant social movements, and to view them as we wish them to be remembered. The beauty of this is the ability to paint a better, more pleasing version of events to suit our sensibilities. The danger, however, is the erasure of realities, failure to learn from mistakes, and, often, the villainization of those undeserving of such stigma. A well-known victim of this selective remembering and retelling is the Civil Rights Movement. With all its branches and facets, and because of its crucial role in American history, the Civil Rights Movement has been the focus of much study, scholarship, and debate. In particular, the Civil Rights Movement fronted by Dr. King is portrayed as being older, or at least more mature and respectable—traits generally assumed to come with age—than its Movement counterparts. It is not uncommon to see many in the Black Power Movement and Black Panther Party described as young and volatile, thereby creating the idea of an innate intergenerational divide in the overall narrative. While there might be some merit to this type of division, it neither fully nor accurately depicts the members or natures of various branches of the Movement. Furthermore, it unfairly characterizes and demonizes an entire, crucial aspect of the Civil Rights era: the Black Power Movement and the resulting Black Panther Party. An increasing number of scholars realize the need to change this, to “rehabilitate” and “even celebrate” the Panther’s reputation, and to rewrite the narrative to reflect these movements and their “steadfast commitment to the Black community” more accurately. Though it will take time, there are some sources that seek to change this by teaching the fuller, more accurate narrative to younger generations. Books such as Rita Williams-Garcia’s children’s novel One Crazy Summer are a place to start.
Generating Massive Scale-free Networks: Novel Parallel Algorithms using the Preferential Attachment Model

Recently, there has been substantial interest in the study of various random networks as mathematical models of complex systems. As real-life complex systems grow larger, the ability to generate progressively large random networks becomes all the more important. This motivates the need for efficient parallel algorithms for generating such networks. Naive parallelization of sequential algorithms for generating random networks is inefficient due to inherent dependencies among the edges and the possibility of creating duplicate (parallel) edges. In this article, we present message passing interface-based distributed memory parallel algorithms for generating random scale-free networks using the preferential-attachment model. Our algorithms are experimentally verified to scale very well to a large number of processing elements (PEs), providing near-linear speedups. The algorithms have been exercised with regard to scale and speed to generate scale-free networks with one trillion edges in 6 minutes using 1,000 PEs.
'Something to Keep You Steady': European Australia, in Mateship, in Neoliberalism

This essay will examine the fiction of D. H. Lawrence, Elliot Perlman, and Christos Tsiolkas with regard to their representation of Australian society, particularly in comparison to the European past and present. Its guiding dynamic will be the opposition between the egalitarian 'mateship' that D. H. lawrence found, and was discomfited by, in 1922 and the economic neoliberalism and concomitant sense of 'distinction' (to use Pierre Bourdieu's term) that Perlman and Tsiolkas see in today's Australia and to the world in which Australia manifests itself.
Majority Minority: a comparative historical analysis of political responses to demographic transformation

This study asks: What drives divergent reactions to demographic transformation? This question has grown in salience as the politics of the United States and Western Europe react to the prospect of ...
SODEN: A Scalable Continuous-Time Survival Model through Ordinary Differential Equation Networks.

In this paper, we propose a flexible model for survival analysis using neural networks along with scalable optimization algorithms. One key technical challenge for directly applying maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to censored data is that evaluating the objective function and its gradients with respect to model parameters requires the calculation of integrals. To address this challenge, we recognize that the MLE for censored data can be viewed as a differential-equation constrained optimization problem, a novel perspective. Following this connection, we model the distribution of event time through an ordinary differential equation and utilize efficient ODE solvers and adjoint sensitivity analysis to numerically evaluate the likelihood and the gradients. Using this approach, we are able to 1) provide a broad family of continuous-time survival distributions without strong structural assumptions, 2) obtain powerful feature representations using neural networks, and 3) allow efficient estimation of the model in large-scale applications using stochastic gradient descent. Through both simulation studies and real-world data examples, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison to existing state-of-the-art deep learning survival analysis models.
Pathways to Educational Disparities in Disability Incidence: The Contributions of Excess Body Mass Index, Smoking, and Manual Labor Involvement.

Objectives In the United States, educational disparities in disability are large and increasing, but the mechanisms underlying them are not well understood. We estimate the proportion of population-level educational disparities in disability incidence explained by excess body mass index (BMI), smoking, and manual labor. Method We use waves 2003-2015 of the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics to calculate observed disability incidence and counterfactual incidence absent the key mediators (3,129 individuals; 13,168 observations). We take advantage of earlier-life measures, including childhood socioeconomic status, 1986 BMI, and occupational history between 1968 and 2001. To account for distinct processes in women and men at middle versus older ages, we stratify by gender and at age 65. Results Educational disparities in disability incidence were evident in women and men at younger and older ages, and were largest among older women. Together, the mediators of interest were estimated to explain roughly 60% of disparities in younger women, 65%-70% in younger men, 40% in older women, and 20%-60% in older men. The main contributors to disparities appeared to be excess BMI and smoking in younger women; manual labor and smoking in younger men; excess BMI in older women; and smoking in older men. Discussion These mediators explain much of disparities in earlier-age disability; successful interventions to address these factors may substantially reduce them. However, a considerable proportion of disparities remained unexplained, particularly at older ages, reflecting the myriad pathways by which educational attainment can influence disability status.
The Significance of Motor Evoked Potential Changes and Utility of Multimodality Intraoperative Monitoring in Spinal Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis of Consecutive Cases at a Single Institution.

Objective The objective of the study is to identify specific population groups that may benefit from intraoperative motor evoked potentials (MEP) and to assess positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) changes during operation by correlating these with postoperative motor outcomes. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 1,043 consecutive patient cases undergoing spine surgery with and without intraoperative monitoring (IOM) at a single institution from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Demographic and clinical outcome data were collected at multiple time points. An MEP amplitude decrease of 50% or greater was correlated with a motor deficit for this study. Results On multivariate analysis, patients with coronary artery disease and who received IOM were more likely to experience no new deficit (p=0.047) than those who did not receive IOM. Additionally, patients with hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease (CAD) were less likely than those without to experience no new deficit (p=0.001 and p=0.02, respectively). MEP accounted for 244 cases, of which 15 had alert MEP criteria but no deficit for a PPV of 21.05% at day 1 post-operation. Day 7-30 PPV declined to 14.29%, and by day 90, there was no association. Conclusion Among patients in our study with CAD, IOM use was associated with significantly better outcomes. Patients with higher intraoperative blood loss, hyperlipidemia, and those with CAD were at increased risk of new neurological deficit. The use of motor evoked potentials was associated with low sensitivity and low PPV.
Comparison of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Bioprosthetic Heart Valves.

There are limited data regarding direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for stroke prevention in patients with bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) and atrial fibrillation (AF). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ambulatory utilization of DOACs and to compare the effectiveness and safety of DOACs versus warfarin in patients with AF and BHVs. We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a large integrated health care delivery system in California. Patients with BHVs and AF treated with warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban between September 12, 2011 and June 18, 2020 were identified. Inverse probability of treatment-weighted comparative effectiveness and safety of DOACs compared with warfarin were determined. Use of DOACs gradually increased since 2011, with a significant upward in trend after a stay-at-home order related to COVID-19. Among 2,672 adults with BHVs and AF who met the inclusion criteria, 439 were exposed to a DOAC and 2233 were exposed to warfarin. For the primary effectiveness outcome of ischemic stroke, systemic embolism and transient ischemic attack, no significant association was observed between use of DOACs compared with warfarin (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.48, p = 0.11). Use of DOACs was associated with lower risk of the primary safety outcome of intracranial hemorrhage, gastrointestinal bleeding, and other bleed (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.85, p
Outcomes of Mechanical Circulatory Support in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease Listed for Heart Transplant

Purpose Infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) and advanced heart failure are a growing population. We hypothesize that survival to transplant was superior in those infants supported with no MCS compared to those with ventricular assist device (VAD) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Methods This retrospective cohort study evaluates data from the 1987-2018 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database assessing patients Results Analysis included 2755 patients of whom 62% (1705) survived to transplant and 50% (1378) survived from listing to 1-year post transplant. At the time of listing, 86% (2357) were not on MCS, 13% (360) were on ECMO, and 1% (38) on VAD. Average weight at the time of listing was 4.2±2.0 kg, with VAD patients larger (5.1±2.1 kg) than ECMO (4.0±1.5 kg) or no MCS (4.2±2.0 kg) (p=0.003). At the time of listing, 53% of VAD patients, 62% of ECMO patients and 45% of patients without MCS were on inotropic support. In comparison to those patients not on MCS, death prior to transplant was highest for those patients on ECMO at listing, (HR 4.1, 95% CI 3.6-4.8) and equivocal if on VAD at listing (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.5). 1-yr post-transplant mortality was higher if on ECMO at transplant (vs. no MCS, HR 4.0, 95% CI 3.0-5.3) but similar if on VAD at transplant (vs. no MCS, HR 1.4, 95% CI 0.8-2.5). Conclusion Infants with CHD listed for OHT have poor outcomes regardless of support modality, with less than 2/3 surviving to transplant and only half surviving to 1-year post-transplant. Patients supported with ECMO have particularly dismal survival, while VAD outcomes are similar to those not requiring MCS. Strategies to effectively improve survival in this high-risk cohort are urgently needed.
Microglia-specific ApoE knock-out does not alter Alzheimer's disease plaque pathogenesis or gene expression

Previous studies suggest that microglial-expressed Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is necessary to shift microglia into a neurodegenerative transcriptional state in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. On the other hand, elimination of microglia shifts amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation from parenchymal plaques to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), mimicking the effects of global APOE*4 knock-in. Here, we specifically knock-out microglial-expressed ApoE while keeping astrocytic-expressed ApoE intact. When microglial-specific ApoE is knocked-out of a 5xFAD mouse model of AD, we found a ~35% increase in average Aβ plaque size, but no changes in plaque load, microglial number, microglial clustering around Aβ plaques, nor the formation of CAA. Immunostaining revealed ApoE protein present in plaque-associated microglia in 5xFAD mice with microglial-specific ApoE knockout, suggesting that microglia can take up ApoE from other cellular sources. Mice with Apoe knocked-out of microglia had lower synaptic protein levels than control mice, indicating that microglial-expressed ApoE may have a role in synapse maintenance. Surprisingly, microglial-specific ApoE knock-out resulted in few differentially expressed genes in both 5xFAD and control mice; however, some rescue of 5xFAD associated neuronal networks may occur with microglial-specific ApoE knock-out as shown by weighted gene co-expression analysis. Altogether, our data indicates that microglial-expressed ApoE may not be necessary for plaque formation or for the microglial transcriptional shift into a Disease Associated Microglia state that is associated with reactivity to plaques but may be necessary for plaque homeostasis in disease and synaptic maintenance under normal conditions.