cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Does It Mean to Be 75% Pumpkin? The Units of Comparative Genomics

Comparative genomicists seem to be convinced that the unit of measurement employed in their studies is a gene that drives the function of cells and ultimately organisms. As a result, they have come to some substantive conclusions about how similar humans are to other organisms based on the percentage of genetic makeup they share. I argue that the actual unit of measurement employed in the studies corresponds to a structural rather than a functional gene concept, thus rendering many of the implications drawn from comparative genomic studies largely unwarranted, if not completely mistaken.
Thinking About Punishment (or the Lack of it): The Case of the Economic Meltdown

The subprime mortgage crisis which was caused to a large degree by questionable mortgage lending and securitization practices that were furthered by deregulatory policies devastated the economy, led to large scale unemployment, and caused the foreclosure of millions of homes. There is evidence that numerous mortgage companies, financial firms, rating agencies, and high-level professionals were involved in unethical and often fraudulent business practices leading to the most severe economic meltdown since the Great Depression. In spite of the great economic and social harm, there was a lack of criminal sanctions against those companies and individuals, who were involved in creating the crisis that reached even global dimensions. This article analyses the reasons for and the possible social impacts of the lack of criminal sanctions against those who crossed the line between unethical and criminal business practices.
Transmurally differentiated measurement of ATP hydrolysis rates in the in vivo porcine hearts

Purpose Compare the transmural distribution of forward creatine kinase reaction (kf,CK) and ATP hydrolysis rate (kr,ATPase) in the myocardium of normal porcine heart. Rate constants were extracted from partially relaxed spectra by applying the method, effectively reducing data acquisition time by up to an order of magnitude. Theory and Methods method for double saturation of PCr and Pi is introduced and validated through simulations. Bioenergetics was measured in vivo utilizing one-dimensional chemical shift imaging (1D-CSI) magnetic resonance 31P spectroscopy. Results At basal conditions, there was no significant difference between subepicardial layers (EPI) vs. the subendocardial layers (ENDO) for both fluxf,CK and fluxr,ATPase. At high cardiac workload (HWL), where the rate pressure product increased 2.6-fold, PCr/ATP ratio and fluxf,CK showed no significant change in both EPI and ENDO layers, while fluxr,ATPase increased significantly (baseline: 1.11 ± 0.12 and 1.12 ± 0.13 μmol/g/s, EPI and ENDO, respectively; to HWL: 2.35 ± 0.27 and 2.21 ± 0.08 μmol/g/s, EPI and ENDO, respectively, each P < 0.01 vs. baseline). Conclusion In the normal heart, increase of cardiac work state is accompanied by an increase in ATP hydrolysis rate with no changes in CK flux rate. There are no significant differences between EPI vs. ENDO concerning the ATP hydrolysis rate or CK flux rate in both baseline and high cardiac work states. Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research on the failure of the induced draft fan's shaft in a power boiler

Abstract The failure of the induced draft fan's shaft in a power boiler was been analyzed. The performances of material applied satisfied the design requirement. The order torsional vibration showed anomaly at the shaft's smallest diameter for the design condition and the actual radius of that chamfer less than the design radius caused more significant stress concentration. The additive effect of the abnormal torsional vibration and the higher stress concentration induced the microcrack's initiation along the network pearlite's interface. The vibration and the alternating torsional loading in the induced draft fan's service led to crack growing along the different direction and fracture presenting the typical ratchet-like characteristic.
Modeling the Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter and Nutrient Cycling

This chapter includes a complete description of the mathematical expressions used to simulate the biological, chemical, and physical processes in existing models and a description of the computer models, which are currently being used to simulate soil carbon and nutrient cycling. The models range from analytical, substrate-enzyme-microbe, cohort, multicompartmental, nutrient dynamics, and ecosystem models. A detailed description of three of the most widely used ecosystem models is presented to show the diversity of the approaches used to simulate nutrient cycling and soil carbon dynamics. The chapter also presents a description of the analytical procedures used to classify models, compare different model results, evaluate model performance using observed data, parameterize models, and select the best model for a specific application. The conclusion section presents a critical evaluation of the limitations of the current soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient cycling model, suggestions on how current knowledge about SOM dynamics should be incorporated into models, and a list of biological and physical processes that need to be incorporated into existing models.
Doped Amorphous SiC, Mixed Carbide and Oxycarbide Thin Films by a Liquid Route

A new family of disordered materials called amorphous covalent ceramics (ACC) has been obtained by pyrolysis of metal-organic polymers. The transformation from polycarbosilane to amorphous and microcrystalline SiC has been studied. New a-SiC:H thin films have also been prepared by the polymer solution. Electrical and optical properties of this new a-SiC have studied. Amorphous binary carbide and oxycarbide have also been prepared by crosslinking polycarbosilane and metal alkoxides. The p-n control of this new a-SiC:H has been achieved, which also lead to the possible device applications.
Cell Based ENO-MRA for Mesh Adaptation and Structure Identification

High speed compressible flows containing immersed boundaries exhibit many complex and highly defined active structures. An Essentially Non -Oscillatory Multiresolution Transform (ENO-MRT) is an attractive scheme for identifying these coherent structures, directing mesh adaptation, and compressing information on an unstructured quadtree mesh not only because of its ability to capture the scale and relative intensity of a structure, but also its easy application on non -uniform meshes. The cell based multiresolution transform and its implementation with essentially non-oscillatory schemes will be briefly reviewed, before the procedures for decomposition of a quadtree mesh are discussed in detail. Resulting mesh refinement from the use of the MRT based MRA shows significant promise for a graded mesh scheme; however, the use of primitive flow variables as inputs provides more refinement than necessary. Future work will focus on solving this problem.
Distribution of Porcupine in Upper Michigan

In 1954 an investigation of the distribution and ecology of the Canadian porcupine ( Erethizon dorsatum ) was initiated in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. In studying distribution, data were collected by (1) summer census of trees damaged by winter feeding of porcupines and (2) a survey, at the Straits of Mackinac deer checking station on November 19 and 20, 1955, of deer hunters who had killed or seen porcupines. The summer damage census was conducted in Gogebic, Ontonagon and Iron Counties at the western end of the Upper Peninsula. Trees damaged by porcupines were tallied per hour of survey time to give a damage index used to compare areas. The survey …
Quenching of I(2P1/2) by O3 and O(3P).

Oxygen-iodine lasers that utilize electrical or microwave discharges to produce singlet oxygen are currently being developed. The discharge generators differ from conventional chemical singlet oxygen generators in that they produce significant amounts of atomic oxygen. Post-discharge chemistry includes channels that lead to the formation of ozone. Consequently, removal of I( 2 P 1/2 ) by O atoms and O 3 may impact the efficiency of discharge driven iodine lasers. In the present study, we have measured the rate constants for quenching of I( 2 P 1/2 ) by O( 3 P) atoms and O 3 using pulsed laser photolysis techniques. The rate constant for quenching by O 3 , (1.8 ± 0.4) × 10 -12 cm 3 s -1 , was found to be a factor of 5 smaller than the literature value. The rate constant for quenching by O( 3 P) was (1.2 ± 0.2) × 10 -11 cm 3 s -1 .
Analysis on the Problems and Countermeasures in the Whole Life Cycle Management of Scientific Research Equipment

This paper briefly introduces the four stages of modern equipment management in the equipment life cycle management concept, life cycle and the focus of the content of each stage management, problems, and solutions, meanwhile, it also points out that the whole life cycle management in the management of scientific research equipment important significance,forequipment management personnel to further improve the management mode of scientific research equipment to provide some reference.
Fanny Searls (1851–1939)

A biography of one of Nevada's earliest botanical collectors, Fanny Searls, including a portrait and a sample of her handwriting, is presented.
The role of feed consumption and feed efficiency in copper-stimulated growth.

Two experiments were conducted to study the role of feed intake and feed efficiency in Cu-stimulated growth of weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 42 pigs were randomly assigned into three treatments: 1) control: ad libitum access to a corn-soybean meal-dried whey basal diet; 2) ad libitum/Cu: ad libitum access to the basal diet supplemented with 215 ppm of Cu; or 3) pair-fed/Cu: pair-fed the Cu-supplemented diet to the level of the control. Over the 14-d experiment, the ad libitum/Cu pigs had greater (P < .05) ADG and ADFI than the control pigs. The pair-fed/Cu group had an intermediate ADG. Gain:feed (GF) was not significantly affected by treatments but tended to be improved in the pair-fed/Cu pigs. Feeding copper increased (P < .05) the concentration of Cu in the serum, liver, and brain. Also, feeding Cu increased (P < .05) serum mitogenic activity and growth hormone mRNA concentrations for both feeding methods. In Exp. 2, a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two levels of Cu (15 vs 200 ppm), two levels of feeding (ad libitum vs restricted [85% of the ad libitum]), and two sources of Cu (Cu sulfate vs Cu lysine) was used in a 24-d experiment involving 96 pigs. Feeding copper increased (P < .05) ADG and GF. The magnitude of the Cu-stimulated growth was reduced by restricted feeding (Cu level x feeding level interaction; P < .05). The ADFI was greater (P < .05) for the pigs fed high dietary Cu only during d 1 to 6. Pigs fed Cu lysine had greater ADG and ADFI than those fed Cu sulfate (P < .05); the benefit in ADG from Cu lysine was reduced by restricted feeding (Cu source x feeding level interaction, P < .05). High dietary Cu stimulated (P < .05) serum mitogenic activity; the stimulation was greater for Cu lysine than for Cu sulfate. Feeding Cu numerically increased GH mRNA concentration. Restricted feeding reduced overall serum mitogenic activity (P < .05), but the response to high dietary Cu and Cu lysine was still evident. In summary, Cu-stimulated growth was largely dependent on a simultaneous increase in feed intake, but there were some improvements in GF. The influence of Cu on serum mitogenic activity was independent of feed intake or growth in both experiments, which indicates a direct action of Cu on the growth regulatory system.
Transgenic mice expressing antisense interleukin-3 RNA develop a B-cell lymphoproliferative syndrome or neurologic dysfunction

Transgenic mice that expressed antisense interleukin-3 (AS-IL-3) RNA were generated and exhibited either a B-cell lymphoproliferative syndrome or progressive neurologic dysfunction. Each syndrome occurred in the founder or progeny mice of three separate transgenic lines. The lymphoproliferative process involved the accumulation, within peripheral lymphoid organs, of B220+/slgM- pre-B cells that had immunoglobulin (Ig) genes predominantly in germline configuration and expressed lambda 5 and Rag-1 transcripts. Transgenic animals that developed neurologic dysfunction exhibited circling behavior that progressed to ataxia and terminal inanition. AS-IL-3 transcripts were detected in mature CD3+ T cells of asymptomatic transgenic animals, as well as in B220+/slgM- pre-B cells, and CD3+ T cells from animals with the lymphoproliferative syndrome. AS-IL-3 transcripts were also detected in the brains of both young asymptomatic transgenic animals and older transgenic animals with neurologic dysfunction. Decreased IL-3 production from ConA-stimulated splenocytes was observed in asymptomatic transgenic animals. These observations suggest that this cytokine may have important roles in B lymphopoiesis and neurologic function.
Malaria ecology and climate change

Understanding the costs that climate change will exact on society is crucial to devising an appropriate policy response. One of the channels through while climate change will affect human society is through vector-borne diseases whose epidemiology is conditioned by ambient ecology. This paper introduces the literature on malaria, its cost on society, and the consequences of climate change to the physics community in hopes of inspiring synergistic research in the area of climate change and health. It then demonstrates the use of one ecological indicator of malaria suitability to provide an order-of-magnitude assessment of how climate change might affect the malaria burden. The average of Global Circulation Model end-of-century predictions implies a 47% average increase in the basic reproduction number of the disease in today’s malarious areas, significantly complicating malaria elimination efforts.
Collaborative study of a semiautomated method for the determination of crude protein in animal feeds.

An automated macro Kjeldahl instrument determines per cent protein at the rate of 20 samples/hr. The methodology involved is similar to the present official final action Kjeldahl method, sec. 7.016. The 2 methods were compared in a collaborative study. Sixteen animal feeds, 4 meats, tryptophan, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate NBS standard, and ammonium sulfate primary standard were analyzed by the participating laboratories. The data were agreement between the 2 methods. The automated method has been adopted as official first action for the determination of crude protein in feeds, plants, and cereal foods.
Reflections on a humanitarian mission 20 years later : operation Babylift

Humanitarian missions command a dominant share of military operations in the current world situation. It is imperative that the lessons learned from such missions include the personal and personnel costs of such missions if those individuals who will participate in such operations are to be prepared for the uncertainties and the emotional pain entailed in these missions. Sharing a personal experience of participation in one such mission--Operation Babylift--can provide an avenue for learning about the costs of such missions and indicating ways in which individuals can prepare themselves before actually participating in such missions.
On the E-optimality of blocked main effects plans when n ≡ 1(mod4)

ABSTRACTIn this article, we consider experimental situations in which m two-lever factors are to be studied using a two-level main effects plan involving n runs which are partitioned into b blocks of size k = n/b. For the casen ≡ 1(mod 4) and b ⩽ k, we derive some new methods of constructing E-optimal designs which tend to be highly efficient under other optimality criteria as well.
When Diagnosis is a Double-Edged Sword.

Diagnosing a child with borderline signs of Asperger disorder can be a gateway to needed interventions and services and also a label that stigmatizes or influences the child’s development.
The Relationship Between Students’ Perceptions of “Good Practices for Undergraduate Education” and the Paradigmatic Development of Disciplines in Course-Taking Behavior

Our study uses data from the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education to interrogate the affinity disciplines hypothesis through students’ perceptions of faculty use of six of Chickering and Gamson’s (AAHE Bull 39(7):3–7, 1987) principles of good practice for undergraduate education. We created a proportional scale based on Biglan’s (J Appl Psychol 57(3):195–203, 1973) classification of paradigmatic development (with higher scores on the scale corresponding to students taking a higher proportion of courses in ‘hard’ fields compared to ‘soft’ fields), our study tests differences by the paradigmatic development of the disciplines or fields in which students take their courses within the first year of college. Our findings suggest that as paradigmatic development increases (toward a higher proportion of courses taken in hard disciplines), student perceptions of both faculty use of prompt feedback and faculty use of high expectations/academic challenge decrease, while student perceptions of cooperative learning increase. Further, no statistically significant differences were found between the paradigmatic development of fields in which students’ take their courses and students’ perceptions of faculty use of student-faculty contact, active and collaborative learning, or teaching clarity and organization. This study replicates the findings from Braxton et al. (Res High Educ 39(3):299–318, 1998) using student-level rather than faculty-level reports of faculty use of good teaching practices.
Boxed In: Human Cargo and the Technics of Comfort

Since the 1990s, public outcries over the “return” of human cargo commonly point to the physical horrors of travel as a key sign of the inhuman and the unfree in contemporary social life. Whether in debates over migrant shipwrecks across the Mediterranean or over air rage battles on budget American flights, the moving vehicle and its uncomfortably tight quarters often serve as the space par excellence for grappling with questions of proper stranger sociality and the limits of “fellow feeling” or moral sympathy in a globalizing world. This paper examines how a relatively novel problem of “comfort” came to inform and shape the politics of mobility starting in the late eigteenth century when abolitionists first successfully argued for distinguishing the human/izing rights of passengers from the movement of nonhuman goods through sensory invocations of the techno-rational and embodied terrors of the slave ship. Through both the historical and contemporary cases discussed, this paper suggests that the problem of comfort was never just a technical one of cramped transport resolvable through mere material and instrumentalist means. Rather, comfort is better described as a form of technics in so far as its technical-material dimensions are always already entangled with an existing social repertoire of ideas, habits, and aspirations, that is, it has aesthetic and affective capacities as part of moral imaginaries of how to deal with Others and, in turn, how to live the good life.
Performance-Based Interagency Fire Program Analysis System: Blueprint for Fire Planning

A new fire management paradigm reflects broadening goals, increased responsibilities, the need for interagency systems, and heightened performance accountability. Current program analysis models developed in a previous era can no longer support the expanded responsibilities and expectations for this new paradigm. We outline and discuss principles and major components of a new strategy-level, interagency program analysis system. The principles and system components are presented, not as a solution, but as a point of departure in stimulating professional dialogue toward a new system for fire management and planning.
3-dimensional beam scanner for a handheld confocal dermoscope

A MEMS active optical element delivers dual axis pointing and scanning with dynamic focus control for a handheld in vivo confocal microscope. This paper describes the design, processing steps and preliminary fabrication results of the new device.
The King’s Friends in The Tudors

The Tudor monarchy was a personal one in a very real sense. The sovereign’s personal choices, his priorities, his desires, even his whims had a dramatic effect upon the course of English history in the sixteenth century. While reality always constrained Henry VIII—even though he often raged against it—he was perhaps the only person in his realm capable of setting or altering the course of English history through his personal choices. Policy was made at Court, where Henry and the royal family lived, worked, and played. The bureaucratic and institutional structures that later dominated government and politics—parliament, the Exchequer, and the courts of law—paled in significance when compared to the intimate spaces of the royal court. Here power and reward, as well as danger and even physical survival, depended first of all upon personal relationships. Courtly life revolved around alliances and rivalries forged through family ties, local and regional connections, and a constantly changing calculus of personal interests. Apparently rock-solid relationships—such as that between Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell—might vanish virtually overnight in the struggle for power and survival. The Tudors skillfully reflects this atmosphere—while there are important scenes set outside the palace, most of the action takes place at court, and rightly so.1
An analytical study of DRAM power consumption across memory technologies

The memory industry's DRAM strategy is significantly bifurcated based on usage models. Commodity memory, DDR1, DDR2, and DDR3, has been focused on delivering the highest capacity and performance possible for server, desktop, and mobile (laptop and netbook) applications. Separately, low power memory, LPDDR1 and LPDDR2, has focused on providing the best solution for small form factor, low capacity, and low power applications, such as the hand held market segment (phones, tablets, etc.). The power consumption needs in tablets and Ultrabooks™ requires power consumption levels of low power memory, but in a high volume environment.
Who Judges Harm

The American Medical Association's (AMA's) "Opinion 1.1.7, Physician Exercise of Conscience" attempts to help physicians strike a reasonable balance between their own conscientious beliefs and their patients' medical interests in an effort to minimize harms to both. However, some ambiguity still remains as to whether the severity of harms experienced by physicians and patients is to be assessed externally (by policy makers or by a professional body like the AMA), or internally by the subjects of those harms. Conflicts between conscientious physicians' self-assessments of the moral harm associated with various actions and the AMA's external assessments of such harms are likely to lead to challenges in the implementation of some provisions of its opinion. This commentary argues, however, that provisions (b) and (e) of the opinion, which describe the information physicians should provide about their own scope of practice and about the existence of controversial procedures, are less likely to conflict with physicians' subjective assessments of moral harm, and therefore will face fewer challenges in implementation.
Another look at CHG bathing in a surgical intensive care unit

Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are a cause of increased morbidity, mortality, and hospital costs (1,2). Various infection control strategies, including “bundles” of interventions, have been used to decrease the incidence of HAIs (3). Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), an antiseptic with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity (4) has been shown in several studies to be an important component of infection prevention in intensive care units (ICUs) (4,5). Daily patient bathing with CHG has led to declines in central line associated bloodstream infections (BSIs) (6,7), acquisition of multi-drug resistant organisms (8), and hospital-acquired BSIs (8).
Pediatric Athletic Concussion

Pediatric concussions are frequently related to sports or playtime injuries, and the topic has generated considerable interest due to publicity about concussions in professional sports. Concussion is often referred to as a mild form of traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The term “mild” is misleading, as a concussion is still a brain injury that can have devastating consequences for a child if not diagnosed and managed properly. Even though a concussion may not necessarily involve a loss of consciousness, and radiographic imaging is typically negative, it must be treated as a potentially serious health problem for the pediatric patient. This chapter discusses the pathophysiology of concussion, particularly a child’s susceptibility, as well as the signs and symptoms, treatment, potential complications, nursing care, and current return to play/learn (RTP/RTL) guidelines for children who sustain concussions.
H. K. HATHAWAY ON PRODUCT COSTING: RELEVANT ISSUES OF CONTEMPORARY CONCERN

This article examines the importance of the treatment H. K. Hathaway gave to product costing issues in his depressionera writings. The paper compares Hathaway's approach to product costing with the contributions of Alexander Hamilton Church, H. Thomas Johnson, and Robert S. Kaplan. Some of Hathaway's product costing methods are improvements over those advanced by Church. Furthermore, Hathaway's proposals are relevant to contemporary management accounting thought and practice.
Aging Studies of Cu–Sn Intermetallics in Cu Micropillars Used in Flip Chip Attachment onto Cu Lead Frames

Copper micropillars plated onto a silicon die and soldered with Sn-Ag solder to a copper lead frame in a flip chip on lead package have been subjected to high-temperature storage at 150°C and 175°C for 500 h, 1000 h, and 1500 h. Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn intermetallic compounds were found on both sides of the solder, but the growth rates were not the same as evidenced by different values of the growth exponent n. Cu and Sn diffusion controlled the Cu3Sn growth in the Cu pillar interface (n ≈ 0.5), while interface reactions controlled the growth in the Cu lead frame interface (n ≈ 0.8). Increasing the aging temperature increased the growth of Cu3Sn as well as the presence of microvoids in the Cu lead frame side. Adding Ni as a barrier layer on the Cu pillar prevented the growth of Cu3Sn in the Cu pillar interface and reduced its growth rate on the lead frame side, even at higher aging temperatures.
Active Fault Detection and Identification using Transient Data

Abstract Active Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) methods can improve the detection of residuals between measured and expected outputs, isolate fault cause(s) and, thus, identify faults with higher confidence than conventional passive methods. This work focuses on quantifiably illustrating the value of transient experiments in active FDI, as compared to steady-state testing. Fault identification is treated as a set of constrained steady-state or dynamic optimization problems using D-Optimality as the objective of the test design. The identifiability of faults is examined using steady-state and transient measurements in two testbed systems with uncertainty in their parameters and boundaries. The inclusion of transient information during FDI decreases fault identification error. This is illustrated through application of the framework on a plate fin heat exchanger of an aircraft environmental control system (ECS).
Valuing Student Thinking in the Inquiry Process

The C3 Framework builds on the idea that the inquiry process can create conditions for powerful and transformational learning to occur as students grow their knowledge. When students engage in inqu...
Testing the component additivity approach to surface complexation modeling using a novel cadmium-specific fluorescent probe technique.

Abstract Over the past 40 years, laboratory experiments involving single metal-single sorbent systems have been conducted in order to determine thermodynamic stability constants for metal-bacteria and metal-mineral surface complexes. The component additivity (CA) approach to surface complexation modeling (SCM) represents one method for using these experimentally-derived stability constants to predict the extent of metal adsorption in complex, multi-sorbent systems. However, quantitative tests of the CA approach are rare due to difficulties in determining the distribution of metals in complex multi-sorbent systems. In this study, we use a novel technique that couples the use of a cadmium(Cd)-specific fluorescent probe with confocal scanning laser microscopy to quantify Cd adsorption to bacteria in fully hydrated multi-sorbent samples that contain different ratios of Bacillus subtilis bacterial cells, the clay mineral kaolinite, and the aqueous chelating ligand EDTA. In this approach, we directly determine the distribution of Cd by measuring the total concentration of adsorbed Cd and the concentration of Cd that is adsorbed to bacterial cells, and by difference we calculate the concentration of Cd that is adsorbed to kaolinite. We compare these experimental measurements to the extent of Cd adsorption that is calculated using a CA approach to predict the distribution of Cd under our experimental conditions. In general, the CA predictions of the distribution of Cd between the aqueous phase and the two sorbents agree within uncertainties with the measured concentrations of Cd in each reservoir in both the EDTA-free and the EDTA-bearing experimental systems. This study demonstrates that the Cd-fluorescent probe technique is a suitable, and relatively simple, option for quantitatively testing CA surface complexation models. Our results suggest that although the CA approach can yield reasonable predictions of the distribution of Cd in mixed sorbent systems, the accuracy of the predictions depends directly on the accuracy of the measurements of stability constants for both the aqueous and surface metal-ligand complexes that occur in a system of interest.
Magnetorheological Materials Based on Iron Alloy Particles

A magnetorheological material containing iron alloy particles demonstrates magnetorheological strength dependent upon the elements of the alloy and relative concentration of the alloy elements. Selected iron/cobalt alloys demonstrate improved yield strength over traditional carbonyl iron based MR materials when the iron-cobalt alloy has an iron-cobalt ratio ranging from about 30:70 to 95:5. The iron-nickel alloys which have an iron-nickel ratio ranging from about 90:10 to 99:1 maintains superior strength over iron-nickel alloys outside that range.
Psychological Treatment of Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another/Munchausen by Proxy Abuse

The purpose of this article is to propose management and treatment protocols for family members impacted by MBP abuse. A brief review of psychopathology, co-morbidities, MBP risk level, treatment outcomes, and rationale for treatment is presented, followed by detailed guidance regarding psychological treatment and management. We propose five components of psychotherapy for abusers, best remembered by using the acronym of ACCEPTS: ACknowledgement, Coping, Empathy, Parenting, Taking charge, and Support. Guidance for the treatment of spouses/partners of the abuser, other involved family members/friends, and child victims are also provided.
Reforming of biogas using a non-thermal, gliding-arc, plasma in reverse vortex flow and fate of hydrogen sulfide contaminants

Abstract Biogas is being produced everyday around the world due to land filling of organic wastes. Reforming of biogas to hydrogen rich gas offers a green source of energy. This work demonstrates reforming biogas into hydrogen rich gas via a non-thermal gliding arc plasma stabilized in a reverse vortex flow with very low and competitive specific energy requirement. Parametric tests determined the individual effects of power input (140-300 W), steam to carbon ratio (0.0–3.0), and equivalence ratio (0.1–0.7) on reformer performance. Factorial tests identified optimal operating condition based on minimizing the specific energy requirement, determined to be 184 kJ/mol H 2 or 1.91 eV/H 2 molecule, significantly below the value for conventional steam reforming of methane, 3.37 eV/H 2 molecule produced. The optimum operating conditions were found at an equivalence ratio of 0.11, a steam to carbon ratio of 0.14, and an input plasma power of 160 W, resulting in methane conversion of 48.8%, hydrogen yield of 23.4%, hydrogen selectivity of 47.8%, and an efficiency of 25.3%. Hydrogen sulfide as a common contaminant in landfill gas has detrimental effects on downstream facilities. The reactor was also evaluated on synthetic biogas containing hydrogen sulfide at low concentration (21 ppm). About 5.7% of the sulfur input to the system was partitioned to the dry outlet reformate stream with the remainder captured as sulfate in a downstream impinger or recovered as a solid of unknown molecular structure deposited on tubing surfaces between the reformer and the impinger. This reforming technology offers potential to be deployed as a lightweight compact portable system for on-site applications such as landfills, and depending on available fuels, in mobile applications such as ships.
Improving build quality in Directed Energy Deposition by cross-hatching

Abstract It is common practice to rotate the deposition hatch pattern by a fixed angle between deposited layers during Directed Energy Deposition (DED) additive manufacturing based on qualitative evidence presented by M. T. Ensz et al. (1998) and by K. Guan et al. (2013) that indicates hatch pattern rotation promotes microstructure and property homogeneity and mitigates lack of fusion (LoF) defect development. To quantitatively verify the role of hatch rotation angle in as-deposited materials, hatch rotation angles of 0°, 90° and 105° were applied during DED fabrication of several 316L grade austenitic stainless-steel structures. Lack of fusion defects were not detected for any hatch rotation angle; however, cross-hatching (90° or 105° hatch rotation angle) produced builds of higher strength and greater density. Parallel-hatching (0° hatch rotation angle) resulted in stronger crystallographic texture, longer grains, and lower strength than cross-hatching. No significant differences in terms of microstructure or properties were observed between the 90° and 105° hatch rotation angle builds. These results are supported by computational analysis and show that cross-hatching improves the quality of DED builds.
Alarm calls of the same individual vary during a response to the same predator in Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni)

Many animals emit vocalizations in a repetitive series, but are all the calls within a series structurally the same? To answer this question, we recorded the barks of adult female Gunnison’s prairi...
Adaptive Convex Clustering of Generalized Linear Models With Application in Purchase Likelihood Prediction

In the pricing of customized products, it is challenging to accurately predict the purchase likelihood of potential clients for each personalized request. The heterogeneity of customers and their r...
The Role of Functional-Expressive-Aesthetic-Tracking Dimension on Consumers’ Perception of Wearable Technology

The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of tracking (T) dimension along with functional (F)-expressive (E)-aesthetic (A) dimensions, by considering them as a single dimension (FEAT), to predict consumers’ perception of wearables. An online survey was conducted among college students aged 18 years old and over at a large Midwestern university. The 380 usable data were used for the data analysis. The hypothesized model presented an adequate model fit,by knowing that 82% of consumers’ perception of wearables was explained by FEAT,perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and subjective norm. The findings highlight the importance of the FEAT dimension in predicting consumers’ perception of wearables. The result of this study would benefit future researchers to gain a better understanding of how the FEAT dimension plays a key role in creating wearables and their sustaining value. Limitations and implications are addressed in this study.
The Maturation of Canada's Retirement Income System: Income Levels, Income Inequality and Low Income Among Older Persons

I revisit trends in the level and distribution of income among Canadian seniors in the context of what is arguably the major source of change in these trends since the end of the seventies: the maturation of Canada's public and private earnings-related pension systems. The expanded role of earnings related pensions in the 1980s and 1990s is largely the result of changes that occurred in the 1950s and 1960s. The Canada and Quebec Pension Plans (C/QPP) were implemented in 1966 and the first cohort to receive full C/QPP benefits turned 65 in 1976. Cohorts retiring after this period were also the beneficiaries of the expansion of private occupational pensions that took place between the 1950s and the 1970s. I rely on a detailed decomposition of income by source to show that the maturation of these earnings-related programs produced not only a substantial increase in average real incomes but also a substantial reduction in income inequality among older persons, due mainly to higher C/QPP benefits. Rising real incomes went disproportionately to lower income seniors contributing to the well-known decline in low-income rates among older persons.
Communicating Complex STEM Program Evaluation to Diverse Stakeholders

This methods essay describes a three-stage method for developing progressively less complex visualizations to improve communication about program evaluation with wider audiences by engaging each st...
Structure and reactivity of chlorite dismutase nitrosyls

Abstract Ferric nitrosyl ({FeNO}6) and ferrous nitrosyl ({FeNO}7) complexes of the chlorite dismutases (Cld) from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Dechloromonas aromatica have been characterized using UV–visible absorbance and Soret-excited resonance Raman spectroscopy. Both of these Clds form kinetically stable {FeNO}6 complexes and they occupy a unique region of ν(Fe–NO)/ν(N–O) correlation space for proximal histidine liganded heme proteins, characteristic of weak Fe–NO and N–O bonds. This location is attributed to admixed FeIII–NO character of the {FeNO}6 ground state. Cld {FeNO}6 complexes undergo slow reductive nitrosylation to yield {FeNO}7 complexes. The effects of proximal and distal environment on reductive nitroylsation rates for these dimeric and pentameric Clds are reported. The ν(Fe–NO) and ν(N–O) frequencies for Cld {FeNO}7 complexes reveal both six-coordinate (6c) and five-coordinate (5c) nitrosyl hemes. These 6c and 5c forms are in a pH dependent equilibrium. The 6c and 5c {FeNO}7 Cld frequencies provided positions of both Clds on their respective ν(Fe–NO) vs ν(N–O) correlation lines. The 6c {FeNO}7 complexes fall below (along the ν(Fe–NO) axis) the correlation line that reports hydrogen-bond donation to NNO, which is consistent with a relatively weak Fe–NO bond. Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence is consistent with the 5c {FeNO}7 Clds having NO coordinated on the proximal side of the heme, analogous to 5c {FeNO}7 hemes in proteins known to have NO sensing functions.
Behind Closed Doors: A Network Tale of Spoofing, Intrusion, and False DNS Security

Networks not employing destination-side source address validation (DSAV) expose themselves to a class of pernicious attacks which could be easily prevented by filtering inbound traffic purporting to originate from within the network. In this work, we survey the pervasiveness of networks vulnerable to infiltration using spoofed addresses internal to the network. We issue recursive Domain Name System (DNS) queries to a large set of known DNS servers worldwide, using various spoofed-source addresses. We classify roughly half of the 62,000 networks (autonomous systems) we tested as vulnerable to infiltration due to lack of DSAV. As an illustration of the dangers these networks expose themselves to, we demonstrate the ability to fingerprint the operating systems of internal DNS servers. Additionally, we identify nearly 4,000 DNS server instances vulnerable to cache poisoning attacks due to insufficient---and often non-existent---source port randomization, a vulnerability widely publicized 12 years ago.
Local farming of gut fungi protects against dangerous imports.

Candida albicans is viewed as a harmless commensal in health and a dangerous parasite in disease. Recently in Cell, Doron et al. (2021) reveal that C. albicans in the gut additionally serves as a mutualist by provoking the immune system to generate far-reaching antibodies that defend against invasive fungal infections.
A Small Protein but with Diverse Roles: A Review of EsxA in Mycobacterium–Host Interaction

As a major effector of the ESX-1 secretion system, EsxA is essential for the virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium marinum (Mm). EsxA possesses an acidic pH-dependent membrane permeabilizing activity and plays an essential role by mediating mycobacterial escape from the phagosome and translocation to the cytosol for intracellular replication. Moreover, EsxA regulates host immune responses as a potent T-cell antigen and a strong immunoregulator. EsxA interacts with multiple cellular proteins and stimulates several signal pathways, such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, and antigen presentation. Interestingly, there is a co-dependency in the expression and secretion of EsxA and other mycobacterial factors, which greatly increases the complexity of dissecting the precise roles of EsxA and other factors in mycobacterium–host interaction. In this review, we summarize the current understandings of the roles and functions of EsxA in mycobacterial infection and discuss the challenges and future directions.
Ultrashort pulse generation from stretched-pulse and chirped-pulse fiber Kerr resonators

Kerr resonators are simple and compact devices that enable ultrashort pulse and frequency comb generation over a wide range of wavelength and pulse parameters that are difficult to access with traditional mode-locked laser sources. Pulse generation in these systems derives from the formation of stable optical solitons. The pulse performance can be enhanced by exploiting novel classes of optical solitons. This talk will examine recently discovered cavity solitons in fiber Kerr resonators, including stretched-pulse and chirped pulse solitons. Stretched-pulse solitons in dispersion-managed systems enable record short pulses from Kerr resonators and chirped pulsed solitons in normal-dispersion cavities have the potential to stabilize much higher pulse energies. This talk will also examine the most recent results for pulse performance enhancement in stretched-pulse systems and the remarkable tolerance for dissipation of chirped-pulse Kerr resonator solitons.
Control of Electron Transfer in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase by Calmodulin, Substrate, Substrate Analogs, and Nitric Oxide

Publisher Summary Recent studies have uncovered several interesting and unusual mechanisms that control electron transfer within neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Each subunit of neuronal NOS is composed of a reductase domain that contains the binding sites for NADPH and flavins and an oxygenase domain that contains the binding sites for heme, L-arginine, and H 4 biopterin. A calmodulin (CaM) binding site is located between the domains. Electrons provided by NADPH are transferred in a linear sequence, first entering the NOS flavins and then passing across the domains to the heme iron. Reduction of the NOS heme iron enables it to bind oxygen and catalyze nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. CaM plays a role in mediating the flavin-to-heme interdomain electron transfer. Electrons from NADPH load into the flavins of CaM-free neuronal NOS, but can transfer to the NOS heme iron only when CaM binds. The CaM-triggered electron transfer to heme iron occurs independently of substrate binding, causes rapid enzymatic oxidation of NADPH in the presence of O 2, and is required in order for NO synthesis to occur. CaM binding to NOS is associated with an increase in enzyme tryptophan and flavin fluorescence, suggesting that NOS structural changes induced by CaM may trigger the interdomain electron transfer. CaM-binding neither affects NOS affinity for its substrate L-arginine, nor does it alter the ability of the NOS heme iron to bind ligands such as cyanide or CO. The ability of CaM to trigger interdomain electron transfer within a redox enzyme is novel and therefore reveals a new function for calcium-binding proteins in biology.
Where children sit in cars: the impact of Rhode Island's new legislation.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the impact of Rhode Island's legislation requiring children younger than 6 years to sit in the rear of motor vehicles. METHODS: Roadside observations were conducted in Rhode Island and Massachusetts in 1997 and 1998. Multivariate regression was used to evaluate the proportion of vehicles carrying a child in the front seat. RESULTS: Data were collected on 3226 vehicles carrying at least 1 child. In 1998, Rhode Island vehicles were less likely to have a child in the front seat than in 1997 (odds ratio = 0.6; 95% confidence interval = 0.5, 0.7), whereas no significant changes in child passenger seating behavior occurred in Massachusetts during that period. CONCLUSIONS: Rhode Island's legislation seems to have promoted safer child passenger seating behavior.
Benign mesothelioma simulating a uterine leiomyoma

THE ULTRASTRUCTURE of adenomatoid tumors of the female genital tract shows their me’sothelial origin.’ Most reported uterine mesotheliomas have not exceeded 1.0 cm. in diameter.2 In this report a benign mesothelioma of the uterine fundus that grossly appeared to be a leiomyoma is described. The patient, a 43-year-old Oriental woman, para O-O-O-O, was admitted for elective hysterectomy. For several months prior to admission, she had experienced menorrhagia of several weeks’ duration on multiple occasions. She had been treated with courses of both diethylstilbetrol and an oral contraceptive without success. The patient was otherwise in excellent health except for occasional tension headaches. Family history was pertinent in that one sister had a history of uterine
Gene therapy scores against cancer

The first Phase II clinical trial to study the combination of a replicating viral agent with chemotherapy indicates that cancer gene therapy may finally be on the road to success. ( 879−885).
Parental and romantic attachment systems: neural circuits, genes, and experiential contributions to interpersonal engagement

Intense interpersonal relationships are critical aspects of human life. Important examples are parental and romantic love. Each include a set of highly conserved behaviours and mental states that reflect genetic endowment and the early experience of being cared for as a child, as well as current factors. This paper reviews the neurobiological bases of these states in mammalian species and humans. This includes recent data that suggest that there are critical developmental windows during which the genetically determined microcircuitry of key limbic-hypothalamicmidbrain structures are susceptible to environmental influences that shape human responses to psychosocial stimuli. They may also determine resiliency and vulnerability to various forms of human psychopathology. from International Society on Brain and Behaviour: 2nd International Congress on Brain and Behaviour Thessaloniki, Greece. 17–20 November 2005