cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural price and the long run: Alfred Marshall’s misreading of Adam Smith

This article challenges Alfred Marshall’s widely accepted claim that it was Adam Smith’s ‘doctrine’ that ‘the “natural” value of a commodity is that which economic forces tend to bring about in the long run’. Smith did not define natural price in this way either explicitly or implicitly. The classical natural price of a commodity functioned instead as a reproduction price, the price that is just sufficient to maintain an ongoing supply of the commodity to the market, a concept fundamentally different from a long-run outcome.
AMBIGUITY IN ATTITUDES TOWARD ENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACT The published literature on attitudes toward environment and space has neglected ambiguity and ambivalence, an aspect of human psychology which we all recognize, but one which is difficult to measure. Three conditions promote ambiguity and ambivalence: 1) complex environments (stimuli); 2) the discrepancy between the mind's search for symmetry and life's bias in favor of movement and of certain psychological values; and 3) the tendency for feelings and primitive concepts to polarize.
MIXED-MODE FRACTURE: THE FOUR-POINT SHEAR SPECIMEN

Materials Department, College of Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, U.S.A. (Received 26 June 1989) Abstract--A four-point shear specimen capable of measuring the critical strain energy release rate G¢ over a range of mode mixity ~b between pure opening and pure shear is described and analyzed, including an evaluation of possible measurement errors. Data have been obtained over the full mixity range for soda-lime glass and PMMA. The results are used in conjunction with literature data on other materials to present a scheme that classifies trends among different materials. Application of the method to bimaterial interfaces is also discussed. R~sam6---On decrit et on analyse (en y incluant une 6valuation des erreurs de mesure possibles) une 6prouvette de cisaillement fi quatre points qui permet la mesure de la vitesse critique de lib6ration de l'6nergie de d6formation, G¢, dans un domaine de mixit6 des modes, ~b, entre l'ouverture pure et le cisaillement pur. Les r6sultats, obtenus dans le domaine entier de la mixit6 entre le verre d chaux sodique et le PMMA, ont 6t6 utilis6s conjointement d ceux qui ont 6t6 publi6s pour d'autres mat6riaux, afin de pr6senter un sch6ma simple qui d6finit des tendances parmi les diff6rents mat6riaux. Nous discutons 6galement l'application de cette m6thode aux interfaces entre deux mat6riaux.
Incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935 through 1989, with emphasis on changes in initial stage at diagnosis.

Objective To determine whether the stage at the time of diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) had changed during a 55-year period. Design We conducted a study of the cohort of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who had been diagnosed as having CLL during the period from 1935 through 1989. Material and Methods By analysis of medical records, patients with CLL were characterized by Rai stage, absolute lymphocyte count, age at diagnosis, need for therapy, and reported cause of death in nonsurvivors. Trends for these variables were analyzed by decade throughout the study period. Results The overall annual incidence rate of CLL per 100,000 population in Olmsted County increased from 2.6 in the 1935 through 1944 period to 5.4 in the 1975 through 1984 period; however, the increasing rate was found only for those 50 years of age or older and was especially dramatic for those 75 years old or older. Analysis of Rai stage over time demonstrated an increase in the proportion of cases diagnosed as Rai stage 0. In addition, the median absolute lymphocyte count decreased, the median time to initiation of therapy increased, and the median age of patients with Rai stage 0 CLL at the time of diagnosis increased over time. Overall, 54% of patients had received therapy for CLL by the time of last follow-up. Among the nonsurvivors, CLL was documented as the underlying or a contributing cause of death in 69%. Conclusion The overall increase in CLL was thought to be due to enhanced methods of early diagnosis and improved health care for the elderly population. Thus, artifact may best explain the observed trend, although we cannot exclude the possibility of an actual increase in incidence rates over time.
Status Quo Orientation, Capabilities, and Patterns of War Initiation in Dyadic Rivalries

The relationship between dyadic power balances and the onset of war is a principal element in realist theories of international politics. The influence of the status quo orientation of the belligerents has also been specified in power transition theory as a factor which impacts on the patterns of conflict. However, despite this theoretical underpinning, the question of the probabilistic identity of war initiators constitutes a gap in the understanding of factors associated with international conflict. This study examines the identity of war initiators as it relates to both power balances and status quo orientation for a set of nation-dyads that have formed long-term rivalries. The results of the analysis indicate that for rival dyads: (1) status quo challengers rather than defenders are the most probable war initiators; (2) status quo challengers are equally likely to initiate wars whether they are superior or inferior in capabilities to their rivals; and (3) status quo defenders initiate wars almost sole...
β-Endorphin in vitro inhibition of striatal dopamine release

THERE has been considerable recent interest in endogenous peptides as possible analgesic agents since the isolation of a pentapeptide with opiate-like activity (methionine-enkephalin) from porcine brain1. Of particular interest is β-endorphin, isolated from camel pituitary glands2, and now synthesised3. We report here the inhibitory effect in vitro of β-endorphin on striatal dopamine release from the central nervous system (CNS).
Solvent vapor annealing of block copolymer thin films: removal of processing history

The ordering processes of PS-b-P2VP block copolymer thin films with different processing histories were studied during solvent vapor annealing by in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). We compared cylinder-forming PS-b-P2VP thin films with 34 kg/mol molecular weight that were prepared in three different ways: spin coating, spin coating and subsequent solvent vapor annealing where the solvent vapor was removed instantaneously, and spin coating and subsequent solvent vapor annealing where the solvent vapor was removed slowly. Block copolymer thin films retained the morphology resulting from the different “processing histories” at smaller swelling ratios. This processing history was erased when the samples reached a higher swelling ratio (~1.4). After the solvent was slowly removed from the swollen film, the surface morphology was characterized by ex situ AFM. All samples showed the same morphology after solvent annealing regardless of the initial morphology, indicating the morphology of solvent annealed samples is determined by the polymer concentration in the swollen film and the solvent vapor removal rate, but not the processing history.
Optimal Seat Suspension Design Based on Minimum “Simulated Subjective Response”

This work addresses a method for improving vertical whole body vibration isolation through optimal seat suspension design. The primary thrusts of this investigation are: (1) the development of a simple model that captures the essential dynamics of a seated human exposed to vertical vibration, (2) the selection and evaluation of several standards for assessing human sensitivity to vertical vibration, and (3) the determination of the seat suspension parameters that minimize these standards to yield optimal vibration isolation. Results show that the optimal seat and cushion damping coefficients depend very much on the selection of the vibration sensitivity standard and on the lower bound of the stiffnesses used in the constrained optimization procedure. In all cases, however, the optimal seat damping obtained here is significantly larger (by than a factor of 10) than that obtained using existing seat suspension design methods or from previous optimal suspension studies. This research also indicates that the existing means of assessing vibration in suspension design (ISO 7096) requires modification.
Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.
Long-life, multi-tap thermal battery development

Abstract This paper describes an effort to develop long-life, multi-tap thermal battery technology with a minimal weight and volume. The effort has several challenging goals. Some of the development goals include an activated life of at least one hour, four voltage sections, and the ability to sustain significant pulse loads at the end of life. In order to meet these goals, advanced materials were chosen for development. The thermal battery chemistry developed consists of lithium–silicon anodes, low-melting eutectic electrolyte/separators, and cobalt disulfide cathodes. Besides evolving the electrochemistry for this battery, there are several other design challenges such as fine-tuning the heat balance so as to allow the battery to sustain the extended duration discharge. In addition, to minimize volume, the battery can is configured in a tapered shape and consequently requires a tapered Min-K™ sleeve for insulation. A new igniter design is also being used. Finally, extremely narrow voltage ranges for each of the four voltage taps have contributed to the challenges facing development engineers. This paper includes a summary of the battery design and presents test data from pre-prototype units.
An unsupervised approach for bootstrapping Arabic sense tagging

To date, there are no WSD systems for Arabic. In this paper we present and evaluate a novel unsupervised approach, SALAAM, which exploits translational correspondences between words in a parallel Arabic English corpus to annotate Arabic text using an English WordNet taxonomy. We illustrate that our approach is highly accurate in ≤ 90.1% of the evaluated data items based on Arabic native judgement ratings and annotations. Moreover, the obtained results are competitive with state-of-the-art unsupervised English WSD systems when evaluated on English data.
Banished: Common Law and the Rhetoric of Social Exclusion in Early New England. By Nan Goodman. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. Pp. vi, 206. $59.95.)

This slim volume, part of a recent resurgence of interest in colonial legal history, examines four cases of banishment from the seventeenth‐century Massachusetts Bay Colony. Author Nan Goodman, a l...
From Machine Politics to the Politics of Technocracy: Charting Changes in Governance in the Mexican Municipality

Abstract A typology comprising technocratic rationality versus political partisanship helps to identify several local government structures found in contemporary Mexico: political machines; autonomous–indigenous; technocratic; and modernising party governments. Case study research in over a dozen municipalities for three principal parties suggest a trend towards increasing technocratic and more administratively efficient municipal government and changing patterns of partisanship. This arises from new pressures associated with electoral opening, political alternation, new government actors, growing urban development complexity, and from federal reforms offering greater local government autonomy. However, while improved administration and technocratic governance often leads to positive outcomes, they do not necessarily imply ‘good government’.
Effective quark masses in the chiral limit

The behavior of effective, scale dependent quark masses in the chiral limit is studied using the operator product expansion. Their relation to current and constituent quark masses is clarified. Current correlation functions are examined as an example of separating effects of spontaneous and explicit chiral symmetry breaking.
Teachers’ gestures facilitate students’ learning: A lesson in symmetry

This study investigated whether teachers gestures influence students comprehension of instructional discourse, and thereby influence students learning. Pointing and tracing gestures ‘‘ground’’ teachers speech by linking abstract, verbal utterances to the concrete, physical environment. We hypothesize that such grounding should facilitate students comprehension, and therefore their learning, of instructional material. Preschool children viewed one of two videotaped lessons about the concept of symmetry. In the verbal-plus-gesture lesson, the teacher produced pointing and tracing gestures as she explained the concept. In the verbal-only lesson, the teacher did not produce any gestures. On the posttest, children were asked to judge six items as symmetrical or asymmetrical, and to explain their judgments. Children who saw the verbal-plus-gesture lesson scored higher on the posttest than children who saw the verbal-only lesson. Thus, teachers gestures can indeed facilitate student learning. The results suggest that gestures may play an important role in instructional communication.
Whole tree xylem sap flow responses to multiple environmental variables in a wet tropical forest

In order to quantify and characterize the variance in rainforest tree physiology, whole tree sap flow responses to local environmental conditions were investigated in 10 species of trees with diverse traits at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. A simple model was developed to predict tree sap flow responses to a synthetic environmental variable generated by a principle components analysis. The best fit was obtained with a sigmoid function which explained between 74 and 93% of the variation in sap flux of individual trees. Sap flow reached an asymptote where higher light and evaporative demand did not cause sap flux to increase further. Soil moisture had little influence on sap flux. The morphological characteristics of the trees significantly affected sap flow; taller trees responded to changes in environmental variables sooner than shorter trees and high liana cover buffered tree sap flow responses to weather. The effect of species-specific differences on the model was small; the mean effectiveness of the model was reduced by 6% when parameters were estimated from a single pool of measurements taken from all individuals. The results indicate that sap flow response could be effectively estimated using a simple general model and composite environmental index for these 10 diverse tree species.
User-friendly, open-system software for teaching protective relaying application and design concepts

This paper describes modeling and simulation software developed specifically for teaching protective relaying application and design concepts. The emphasis was on implementing user-friendly and open-system solutions that will allow an easy use and straight-forward future expansion. This is achieved by introducing new libraries of signal sources and relay elements developed for the Simulink environment of MATLAB. Combined with the Power Block Set (PBS) toolbox of MATLAB, the mentioned libraries allow for a variety of studies aimed at a better understanding of protective relay design approaches and related applications.
Longitudinal microtubules and their functions during asexual reproduction in Paramecium tetraurelia.

Longitudinal microtubules appear in Paramecium tetraurelia when cells are ready to divide (ca. interfission age 0·9). They arise in the longitudinal cortical ridges between kineties and form, in each ridge, an incomplete circlet of 15–18 microtubules, disappearing 10–15 min after separation of the fission products (ca. interfission age 0·03–0·04). Vinblastine, colchicine, colcemid, mercaptoethanol, and cold treatments all result in loss of these microtubules, rounding up of the cells, and some suppression of cell division. The tubules are thought to play a role in cellular elongation, morphogenesis, and separation.
Based on a review of the data, use of the term ‘cypridinid’ solves the Cypridina/Vargula dilemma for naming the constituents of the luminescent system of ostracods in the family Cypridinidae

This issue's featured article; Based on a review of the data, use of the term ‘cypridinid’ solves the Cypridina/Vargula dilemma for naming the constituents of the luminescent system of ostracods in the family Cypridinidae is authored by Jim Morin of Cornell University. The cover graphic indicates the evolutionary relationships among the luminescent and non-luminescent species within the well-known cypridinid ostracods including the Japanese species Vargula hilgendorfii, formerly known as Cypridina hilgendorfii, from which the components of this luminescent system were identified, including the cypridinid luciferin shown in the upper left. Because all luminescent members of the clade use the same basic components, to avoid confusion, it is most parsimonious to use the term ‘cypridinid’ rather than generic designations. Based on the phylogeny it can be inferred that luminescence first evolved as a predator deterrent and secondarily, but only in the Caribbean, as courtship signals. Only about half the species in the family are luminescent. Of the luminescent species, all probably use their light to deter predators while about half (the Caribbean species) also use their light in sexual reproduction. The family includes three recently described new luminescent genera and at least four undescribed luminescent genera (and probably several more). Several species (A-F) are shown on the right including: A: Kornickeria n. sp.; B. H-Group (new undescribed genus) n. sp.; C. Photeros morini; D. ‘Vargula’hilgendorfii (note: this species belongs in a new undescribed genus separate from both Vargula and Cypridina); E. Cypridina dentata and F. Skogsbergia lerneri (a non-luminescent species). See cited references 11–13 and references therein for details.
Vortex induced oscillations of cylinders at low and intermediate reynolds numbers

We study the orientational behavior of a hinged cylinder suspended in a water tunnel in the presence of an incompressible flow with Reynolds number (Re), based on particle dimensions, ranging between 100 and 6000 and non-dimensional inertia of the body(I *) in the range 0.1–0.6. The cylinder displays four unique features, which include: steady orientation, random oscillations, periodic oscillations and autorotation.We illustrate these features displayed by the cylinder using a phase diagram which captures the observed phenomena as a function of Re and I *. We identify critical Re and I * to distinguish the different behaviors of the cylinders. We used the hydrogen bubble flow visualization technique to show vortex shedding structure in the cylinder’s wake which results in these oscillations.
Temperature Mapping in Carrot Using T1 Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A two dimensional Fourier transform spin echo imaging sequence was used to obtain MRI T 1 weighted images from whole cooked carrots at temperatures between 18.6°C and 83.0°C. Sensitivity of temperature measurements from the images ranged from ±0.4°C to ±4.2°C, depending on the temperature of interest and the amount of signal averaging. Dynamic images were obtained with a 24 sec acquisition time. Such temperature images could aid in evaluation of models used for aseptic processing simulation studies. Faster imaging techniques could enable on line temperature maps for flowing particulates in aseptic systems.
A Simple Classroom Teaching Technique To Help Students Understand Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

A new, simple classroom technique helps cell biology students understand principles of Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics. A student mimics the enzyme and the student's hand represents the enzyme's active site. The catalytic event is the transfer of marbles (substrate molecules) by hand from one plastic container to another. As predicted, increases in marble concentration increase the number of marbles transferred per unit time (initial rate, V0) until the turnover number becomes rate limiting and V0 approaches the maximum velocity (Vmax), as described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. With this demonstration, students visualize an important concept: the turnover number is constant and independent of marble concentration. A student assessment of this exercise showed that it helped students visualize the turnover number and Vmax but not Km, the marble concentration at which V0 is one-half Vmax. To address the concept of Km, we use supplemental laboratory and lecture exercises. This exercise with plastic containers and marbles is equally suited to demonstrate the kinetics of carrier-mediated membrane transport. We conclude that this exercise helps students visualize the turnover number and Vmax and gives students important insights into the kinetic parameters used to characterize the catalytic activity of enzymes and membrane transporters.
The use of the Gail model, body mass index and SNPs to predict breast cancer among women with abnormal (BI-RADS 4) mammograms

Mammography screening results in a significant number of false-positives. The use of pretest breast cancer risk factors to guide follow-up of abnormal mammograms could improve the positive predictive value of screening. We evaluated the use of the Gail model, body mass index (BMI), and genetic markers to predict cancer diagnosis among women with abnormal mammograms. We also examined the extent to which pretest risk factors could reclassify women without cancer below the biopsy threshold. We recruited a prospective cohort of women referred for biopsy with abnormal (BI-RADS 4) mammograms according to the American College of Radiology’s Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). Breast cancer risk factors were assessed prior to biopsy. A validated panel of 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer were measured. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of Gail risk factors, BMI and SNPs with cancer diagnosis (invasive or ductal carcinoma in situ). Model discrimination was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and calibration was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. The distribution of predicted probabilities of a cancer diagnosis were compared for women with or without breast cancer. In the multivariate model, age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03 to 1.08; P < 0.001), SNP panel relative risk (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.06 to 4.99, P = 0.035) and BMI (≥30 kg/m2 versus <25 kg/m2; OR = 2.20; 95% CI, 1.05 to 4.58; P = 0.036) were significantly associated with breast cancer diagnosis. Older women were more likely than younger women to be diagnosed with breast cancer. The SNP panel relative risk remained strongly associated with breast cancer diagnosis after multivariable adjustment. Higher BMI was also strongly associated with increased odds of a breast cancer diagnosis. Obese women (OR = 2.20; 95% CI, 1.05 to 4.58; P = 0.036) had more than twice the odds of cancer diagnosis compared to women with a BMI <25 kg/m2. The SNP panel appeared to have predictive ability among both white and black women. Breast cancer risk factors, including BMI and genetic markers, are predictive of cancer diagnosis among women with BI-RADS 4 mammograms. Using pretest risk factors to guide follow-up of abnormal mammograms could reduce the burden of false-positive mammograms.
Increases in intracellular calcium via activation of potentially multiple phospholipase C isozymes in mouse olfactory neurons

Phospholipase C (PLC) and internal Ca2+ stores are involved in a variety of cellular functions. However, our understanding of PLC in mammalian olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) is generally limited to its controversial role in odor transduction. Here we employed single-cell Ca2+ imaging and molecular approaches to investigate PLC-mediated Ca2+ responses and its isozyme gene transcript expression. We found that the pan-PLC activator m-3M3FBS (25 µM) induces intracellular Ca2+ increases in vast majority of isolated mouse OSNs tested. Both the response amplitude and percent responding cells depend on m-3M3FBS concentrations. In contrast, the inactive analog o-3M3FBS fails to induce Ca2+ responses. The m-3M3FBS-induced Ca2+ increase is blocked by the PLC inhibitor U73122, while its inactive analog U73433 has no effect. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ does not change significantly the m-3M3FBS-induced Ca2+ response amplitude. Additionally, in the absence of external Ca2+, we found that a subset of OSNs respond to an odorant mixture with small Ca2+ increases, which are significantly suppressed by U73122. Furthermore, using RT-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR, we found that multiple PLC isozyme gene transcripts are expressed in olfactory turbinate tissue in various levels. Using RNA in situ hybridization analysis, we further show expression of β4, γ1, γ2 gene transcripts in OSNs. Taken together, our results establish that PLC isozymes are potent enzymes for mobilizing intracellular Ca2+ in mouse OSNs and provide molecular insight for PLC isozymes-mediated complex cell signaling and regulation in the peripheral olfactory epithelium.
Effects of extracellular pH and D-lactate efflux on regulation of intracellular pH during isotonic contractions in a molluscan muscle: A 31p-nuclear magnetic resonance study

Isotonic contractions were electrically induced in isolated radula protractor muscles of the whelk Busycon canaliculatum, mounted and superfused under anoxic conditions in a special 5 mm phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) probe. 31P-NMR spectra showed that there was a decrease in intracellular pH (pHi) from 7.29 to 7.01 during the time course of 30 min of contractile activity. Subsequent biochemical analysis of the tissue and superfusion medium showed that D-lactate and, to a much lesser extent, alanopine and octopine were the major glycolytic end products. Approximately 75% of the total D-lactate produced was released into the medium. When the superfusate pH was changed from 7.8 to 7.2, a much more pronounced intracellular acidification took place, as the pHi fell to 6.80. However, there was no significant effect on the extent of release of D-lactate from the muscle. Elevation of the superfusate pH to 8.2 had no significant effect on final pHi or D-lactate efflux. D-lactate efflux was reduced when α-cyanohydroxycinnamic acid or L-lactate was added to the superfusate at pH 7.8. These treatments had no significant effect on the final pHi. Movement of proton equivalents and D-lactate efflux are not tightly linked in this muscle system.
Assessment of catalase activity, lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll-a, and growth rate in the freshwater green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata exposed to copper and zinc

In this work, the effect of copper and zinc on green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was evaluated through catalase activity, lipid peroxidation by TBARS essay, growth rate, and the chlorophyll-a concentration. Catalase activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) in comparison to the control at 0.1 mg L -1 copper and 0.075 mg L -1 zinc, whereas the damage to the cell membrane expressed as nmols/10 6 cell of malondialdehyde increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 0.025 mg L -1 copper and 0.1 mg L -1 zinc. On the other hand, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in chlorophyll-a concentration was found at 0.075 mg L -1 of both metals. The results showed that catalase activity, lipid peroxidation, and chlorophyll-a concentration were more sensitive to metals than the growth rate.
Neopluralism: The Evolution of Political Process Theory

Neopluralism: The Evolution of Political Process Theory. By Andrew S. McFarland. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004. 208p. 16.95 paper.Pluralism and its advocates once dominated the study of American politics. And by staking out a strong positivist position on the fundamental issue of political power in their battle with elite theorists, pluralists also influenced the discipline of political science as a whole. Yet, in contemporary American politics, pluralism is rarely invoked as a theoretical guide, and when it is discussed, it is often as a foil for some alternative conceptual approach. So what happened to pluralism? In Neopluralism, Andrew McFarland seeks to explain what happened and to restore pluralism to a place of prominence in American politics and within the discipline of political science.
Lithium Chloride–Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide

(LiCl) [7447-41-8] ClLi (MW 42.39) InChI = 1S/ClH.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M (HMPA) [680-31-9] C6H18N3OP (MW 170.24) InChI = 1S/C6H18N3OP/c1-7(2)11(10,8(3)4)9(5)6/h1-6H3 InChIKey = GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (chloride displacement reactions, dehydrohalogenation reactions, and decarboxylative alkylations) Physical Data: see Lithium Chloride and Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide.
Analysis of Kalman filter in timing acquisition in data storage read channels

In data storage systems, the phase-locked loop (PLL) in timing recovery can be modeled as a Kalman filter. Goal of the acquisition stage is to estimate the initial phase and frequency disturbances. Kalman filter achieves linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) estimation, but it requires knowing the exact prior information. In practice, the prior information is not precisely known. In this paper we develop closed form expressions for the mean squared error (MSE) of phase and frequency estimation by Kalman filter with imprecise prior information. With them, we can quantitatively tell how much prior information mismatch can be tolerated
The immunologic basis of patch testing

During the past decade much has been learned about the cell-mediated immune responses that result in allergic contact dermatitis. The complex interaction between the hapten, the Langerhans cell, the specifically sensitized T cell, and the various soluble mediators of cellular immunity have begun to be delineated. This article reviews the pathophysiology of allergic contact dermatitis. Clinical and physicochemical modulators of this response, such as patient age, the anatomic site of antigenic challenge, and prior treatment with UVB, PUVA, glucocorticoids, or cyclosporine (Cyclosporin A), are stressed. The implications of these findings to the techniques of patch testing are summarized.
Molecular Cloning of Nurse Shark cDNAs with High Sequence Similarity to Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase Genes

In the course of our study aimed at isolating class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex from primitive vertebrates, nurse shark cDNA clones assumed to encode a nucleoside diphosphate kinase were isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence of the putative nurse shark nucleoside diphosphate kinase protein has two cysteinyl residues approximately 60 amino acid residues apart from each other. Weak amino acid sequence similarity was found between the putative nurse shark nucleoside diphosphate kinase and C1-SET members of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
Correcting Search-and-Seizure History: Now-Forgotten Common-Law Warrantless Arrest Standards and the Original Meaning of Due Process of Law

The conventional view that search-and-seizure history is simply Fourth Amendment history is incorrect. Sir Edward Coke explicated common-law standards for warrantless arrest in detail in his discussion of the due process of law required by Magna Carta's the law of the land chapter, and the Framers were undoubtedly conversant with that treatment. Moreover, framing-era warrantless arrest standards were virtually unchanged from Coke's time. The framing-era warrantless arrest standards were more demanding than the modern bare probable cause standard. Warrantless felony arrests required (1) a felony having actually been committed in fact and (2) the arresting person personally having probable grounds to suspect the arrestee. Warrantless nonfelony arrests were limited to on-going breach-of-peace offenses. Because arrest standards appeared noncontroversial, the initial State Framers were content to preserve arrest standards in provisions that prohibited a person being taken or arrested except according to the law of the land. Alexander Hamilton then altered that terminology to due process of law in the 1787 New York arrest provision. The Federal Framers then included due process of law among the pretrial requisites for initiating criminal prosecutions in the Fifth Amendment (rather than among the trial rights in the Sixth). In contrast, the Fourth Amendment simply banned issuance of too-loose warrants, but did not address warrantless intrusions. Framing-era arrest standards and the Cokean understanding of due process were lost when nineteenth-century state courts relaxed arrest standards to bare probable cause, thereby drastically expanding governmental investigatory powers. The Supreme Court then reinvented search-and-seizure under the Fourth Amendment, and created the modern reasonableness standard, during the early twentieth century. Thus, the authentic history involves lost understandings and drastic doctrinal discontinuities.
Therapy, Enhancement, and Medicine: Challenges for the Doctor–Patient Relationship and Patient Safety

There are ethical guidelines that form the foundation of the traditional doctor–patient relationship in medicine. Health care providers are under special obligations to their patients. These include obligations to disclose information, to propose alternative treatments that allow patients to make decisions based on their own values, and to have special concern for patients’ best interests. Furthermore, patients know that these obligations exist and so come to their physicians with a significant level of trust. In this sense, therapeutic medicine significantly differs from straightforward business practices such as the buying and selling of houses, cars, cell phones, etc. However, we argue that this relationship differs when medicine is used for enhancement rather than therapy. When patients seek enhancements they are not as vulnerable as when they are ill. And in an enhancement setting, physicians have little role outside of medical risks to discuss motivation and alternatives. Therefore, we conclude that a more reasonable alternative may be for doctors and patients to use ethical norms associated more with straightforward business practices, specifically sales. We believe that full disclosure of this different set of norms will benefit both physicians and patients.
Studies in the nitrogen metabolism of bacteria ...

A chemical study of the metabolism of any organism is generally understood to mean a study of the food materials, the changes which take place in these materials within the organism, the agencies which bring about these changes, and the character and composition of the excretory products. It is obvious that the food materials of microorganisms may be as completely studied as those of higher forms. To determine the changes these undergo within the cell, however, and the exact composition of the excretory products is a problem of a much more difficult nature than the same task would be in the case of the
Time-Sharing and the DeMoivre-Laplace Theorem

One of the most important theorems of statistics is the central limit theorem. Roughly, it states that a sum of (stochastically) independent and identically distributed random variables has an approximately normal distribution, with the approximation improving as the number of random variables increases. A precursor of this theorem is the DeMoivre-Laplace theorem, which states that a sum of independent Bernoulli random variables (with common mean) is approximately normal. The latter theorem was first proved in 1718 by DeMoivre and then generalized by Laplace in 1812. The more general result, known as the central limit theorem, is attributed to Lindeberg (1922). For additional information regarding these theorems and the terms used in this article, the reader may consult any text in mathematical statistics (see, for example, Hoel, Port, and Stone [1]). A Bernoulli random variable is one that takes on only two values, say, 1 with probability p, and 0 with probability q = 1 p. The mean of such a Bernoulli random variable is p, and its variance is given by pq. These variables arise in many settings. For example, the values taken on may be male-female, yes-no, off-on, candidate A-candidate B, and so on. The DeMoivre-Laplace theorem is formally stated below.
High-Gain Linearly Tapered Antipodal Slot Antenna on LCP Substrate at E- and W-Bands

In this letter, we present a high-gain linearly tapered antipodal slot antenna (LTASA) on a thin-film liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate for E- and W-band applications. The proposed LTASA consists of a microstrip (MS) line feed, an MS-to-antipodal parallel strip line (APSL) balun, a linearly flared antipodal slot line (ASL), and periodic corrugations. An ultrawideband of from 47 to 110 GHz was demonstrated by full-wave simulation and measurement. To characterize the far fields of the LTASA, we developed an optical far-field measurement system in which the RF signal captured by the LTASA will be upconverted to the optical spectrum for power detection. By utilizing the optical approach, the developed system addresses flexibility, light weight, low profile, and low interconnection loss. A high gain of $16.5 + 1 ~\hbox{dBi}$ , narrow beamwidth, low sidelobes, and low cross polarization were demonstrated for the proposed LTASA from 75 to 95 GHz.
The elimination of the impact of determination for calcium and magnesium in salt

GB/T 13025.6-1991"Volumetric method" mentioned in "The universal test method in salt industry-Determination of calcium and magnesium ions" that when using EDTA standard solution for the titration of calcium,magnesium ion,it is quite often that the end can not be reached or delayed,through a large number of experiments,we found that this phenomenon is due to the impact of some heavy metal ions,in particular,copper ions,in order to eliminate these effects and improve the accuracy of the results,this paper made some improvements to the experimental method.
Cardiovascular screening in asymptomatic adults: lessons for the diving world.

Copyright © 2011 by Divers Alert Network, 6 West Colony Place Durham, NC 27705. This book is available for download at no cost as a PDF file from the Divers Alert Network website (http://www.DiversAlertNetwork.org/). Opinions and data presented at the Conference and in these Proceedings are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Divers Alert Network.
The Substantial Burden Puzzle

This is an abridged version of Michael A. Helfand’s article, “Identifying Substantial Burdens” (forthcoming in the Illinois Law Review), where he argues that courts, in applying RFRA’s substantial burden category, should examine not the theological or religious substantiality burdens, but instead assess the substantiality of the civil penalties triggered by religious exercise. Doing so ensures that courts can apply RFRA’s statutory standard without running afoul of Establishment Clause concerns. In turn, courts can adequately address the next wave of RFRA cases that raise important questions about the substantiality of burdens, providing a workable method for distinguishing between those claims deserving of RFRA’s protections and those that are not.
A hybrid systems approach to global synchronization and coordination of multi-agent sampled-data systems

Abstract A global synchronization algorithm for a network of resetting clocks is presented. Each clock signals its neighbors when it resets to zero after reaching the end of its period. Based on where a neighbor is located at the time of the signal, the neighboring clock adjusts its value instantaneously to synchronize with the signaling clock. Subsequently, the sychronization algorithm is used in the context of networked, multi-agent sampled-data systems. Here, agents update their internal state, based on the values of the internal states of their neighbors, when their clock variable resets to zero. The synchronization algorithm, together with additional sampling of the internal states of neighbors, is used to synchronize and coordinate the agents of the networked sampled-data system. These actions enable achieving the stability property that would result if the agents performed their state updates simultaneously. The models associated with these algorithms are presented in terms of hybrid dynamical systems. Well-posed models are developed that exhibit robustness properties, including robustness to small communication delays and to small mismatch in the natural frequency of each clock, and for which extensive analysis tools are available, including an invariance principle and a reduction principle.
Nanoparticle Enhanced Chalcogenide Glass

We discuss a pulsed laser ablation method to produce uniformly distributed nanoparticles in a chalcogenide glass matrix for advanced optoelectronic materials development. Characterization reveals novel optical properties with potential applications in photonic devices. Article not available.
Chapter 5 – Security

Security refers to policies, procedures, software, and/or hardware designed to ensure that data in information systems are protected against accidental or inappropriate destruction, alteration, or access. Proper management of security requires attention to both infrastructure and information system designs, as well as the organization adhering to strict and appropriate personnel practices. Security should not be viewed as comprehensive and complete. Indeed, a comprehensive security approach may be so detailed and expensive that it will fail to achieve its goals. An approach that evaluates risks and defends only the most significant risks may be far more effective. Both infrastructure and security are among the many invisible processes and resources required to implement and sustain a successful clinical computing system. Some resources, such as a data center, must be available prior to implementation of these systems; many other resources, such as those supporting security, should be available prior to implementation, but are often deferred until problems occur. Most infrastructure requirements continue and expand after the system is in use.
Sensory Responsiveness in Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

This study examined sensory responsiveness in unaffected siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and associations between sensory responsiveness and social severity. Sensory Profile Caregiver Questionnaires and Social Responsiveness Scales were completed by parents of 185 children between age 4 and 10.95 years. Significant differences were found between participants with ASD and controls, and between participants with ASD and unaffected siblings for all sensory quadrants and domains, but not between controls and unaffected siblings. Social responsiveness scores were significantly correlated with scores from most sensory profile categories. Sensory responsiveness as an endophenotype of ASD is not indicated from these findings; however, studies with larger numbers of unaffected siblings and controls are needed to confirm the null hypothesis.
Eddy Influences on the Strength of the Hadley Circulation: Dynamic and Thermodynamic Perspectives

AbstractThe strength of the equinoctial Hadley circulation (HC) is investigated in idealized simulations conducted on an equatorial beta plane in which the zonal width of the domain is varied to either permit or suppress large-scale eddies. The presence of such eddies is found to amplify the HC by a factor of 2–3 in simulations with slab-ocean boundary conditions or with a simple representation of ocean heat transport. Additional simulations in which the eddy forcing is prescribed externally indicate that this amplification is primarily associated with large-scale eddy momentum fluxes rather than large-scale eddy heat fluxes. These results contrast with results from simulations with fixed distributions of sea surface temperature (SST), in which the HC strength has been found to be relatively insensitive to large-scale eddy momentum fluxes.In both the interactive- and fixed-SST cases, the influence of nonlinear momentum advection by the mean flow complicates efforts to use the angular-momentum budget to co...
Corpus Callosum Structural Integrity Is Associated With Postural Control Improvement in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis Who Have Minimal Disability

Background. Improvement of postural control in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) is an important target for neurorehabilitation. Although PwMS are able to improve postural performance with tra...
Impersonal Education and the Commons

In this essay, Tyson E. Lewis examines the hidden politics behind one of the most common and taken-for-granted concepts in educational common sense: the priority of education for personhood. On both the right and the left of educational theory and policy, we find ubiquitous references to personal development/growth, personal expression, personal choice, and personality. Yet what remains undetected in this almost universal embrace of the concept of the person is what critical theorist Roberto Esposito would refer to as a politics of immunization, which is always already predicated on the externalization of otherness. To think through what a common education means for individual subjects, Lewis proposes an impersonal education that breaks with this implicit endorsement of immunization, and in the process, radically democratizes education for anyone at all.