cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thoracoscopic Subphrenic Pericardectomy Using Double‐Lumen Endobronchial Intubation for Alternating One‐Lung Ventilation

Objective— To report the technique, complications, and effectiveness of thoracoscopic subphrenic pericardectomy (SPP) using double-lumen endobronchial intubation for alternating 1-lung (OLV) in healthy dogs. Study Design— Prospective cohort study. Animals— Mature purpose-bred dogs (n=7). Methods— Bronchoscope-assisted placement of a left-sided double-lumen endobronchial tube, immediately before surgery, allowed intraoperative alternation of ventilation between lung fields. A camera portal was established in a subxyphoid location. Two instrument portals were established at the 4th–6th intercostal spaces on the right and left sides. A vessel-sealing device was used to create the subphrenic pericardectomy. After termination of the procedure, dogs were humanely euthanatized under anesthesia and necropsy performed. In each dog, the extent of pericardectomy and any complications were evaluated. Results— Technical difficulties with tube placement occurred in 4 dogs, but alternating OLV was achieved in all dogs and SPP completed successfully. Median surgical time was 87.5 minutes (range, 80–105 minutes). At necropsy, 0.5–2 cm of pericardial tissue remained ventral to the intact phrenic nerve in 6 dogs; in 1 dog, the phrenic nerve was transected on the left side only. Conclusions— Thoracoscopic subphrenic pericardectomy is a technically feasible procedure in healthy dogs. Double-lumen endobronchial intubation allowed alternating OLV without intraoperative bronchoscopically guided tube manipulation in all but 1 dog. Clinical Relevance— Thoracoscopic subphrenic pericardectomy could potentially be used for management of conditions where relief of pericardial constriction or access to intrapericardial structures is desired.
Presence of bacteria in failed anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.

Novel microbial detection technologies have revealed that chronic bacterial biofilms, which are recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment, are common in failed orthopedic procedures. Are bacteria present on failed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions? Is there a difference in the presence or nature of bacteria in failed ACL reconstructions relative to a control set of healthy ACL’s? We used a case–control study design, where we analyzed the bacterial composition of 10 failed ACL reconstructions and compared it to 10 native ACL’s harvested during total knee arthroplasty. The IBIS Universal Biosensor was used to determine the nature of bacteria on ACL specimens, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to visualize bacteria in a subset of cases. Bacteria are present in failed ACL reconstructions. Bacteria are present in ACL’s harvested during total knee arthroplasty, but the nature of the species differs significantly between experimental and control sets. Twelve genera were detected in the experimental set (in both allografts and autografts), and in four samples multiple species were detected. In contrast, the control group was characterized by presence of Propionibacterium acnes. We demonstrate the presence of bacteria on failed ACLs surgeries, and open the door to investigate whether and how bacteria and the associated immune responses could possibly contribute to graft failure. If microbial pathogens can be linked to failed grafts, it could provide: (1) markers for early diagnosis of abnormal healing in ACL surgeries, and (2) targets for early treatment to prevent additional reconstruction surgeries.
Proteomic Changes in the Photoreceptor Outer Segment upon Intense Light Exposure

Acute light-induced photoreceptor degeneration has been studied in experimental animals as a model for photoreceptor cell loss in human retinal degenerative diseases. Light absorption by rhodopsin in rod photoreceptor outer segments (OS) induces oxidative stress and initiates apoptotic cell death. However, the molecular events that induce oxidative stress and initiate the apoptotic cascade remain poorly understood. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of light-induced photoreceptor cell death, we studied the proteomic changes in OS upon intense light exposure by using a proteolytic (18)O labeling method. Of 171 proteins identified, the relative abundance of 98 proteins in light-exposed and unexposed OS was determined. The quantities of 11 proteins were found to differ by more than 2-fold between light-exposed OS and those remaining in darkness. Among the 11 proteins, 8 were phototransduction proteins and 7 of these were altered such that the efficiency of phototransduction would be reduced or quenched during light exposure. In contrast, the amount of OS rhodopsin kinase was reduced by 2-fold after light exposure, suggesting attenuation in the mechanism of quenching phototransduction. Liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MRM) was performed to confirm this reduction in the quantity of rhodopsin kinase. As revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy, this reduction of rhodopsin kinase is not a result of protein translocation from the outer to the inner segment. Collectively, our findings suggest that the absolute quantity of rhodopsin kinase in rod photoreceptors is reduced upon light stimulation and that this reduction may be a contributing factor to light-induced photoreceptor cell death. This report provides new insights into the proteomic changes in the OS upon intense light exposure and creates a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of light-induced photoreceptor cell death.
Mobilising language, imagining region: Use of Bhoti in West Arunachal Pradesh

For more than a decade, the Monpas, a Tibetan Buddhist borderland community in west Arunachal Pradesh, have been demanding the status of mother tongue for Tibetan or Bhoti, as it is commonly known in the Indian Himalayas. Bhoti or Tibetan has provided the religious script as well as the language of the religious canon for Tibetan Buddhists in the trans-Himalayas, although the communities living in the Indian Himalayas and in Bhutan and Nepal speak different variants of Tibetan (‘Tibetan-related languages’). Rather than seeing the language politics of the borderland Monpas as the localised assertion of ethnic identity by a marginal group, this article shows that Monpa language politics is underlain by a spatial discourse corresponding not to a Monpa homeland, but instead connecting different Tibetan Buddhists of the Indian Himalayan region. This is not to argue that there is a move for territorial reconfiguration on the basis of the Bhoti language politics, but to allow the discourse around Bhoti to open u...
Effects of Ozone Combined with Components of Acid Fogs on Breathing Pattern, Metabolic Rate, Pulmonary Surfactant Composition, and Lung Injury in Rats

AbstractThe pulmonary responses to components of acid fogs, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMSA), in combination with ozone (O3) were measured to determine if the acid components altered the course of inflammatory responses to the oxidant. Rats were exposed 4 h to 0.4 ppm O3 0.4 ppm O3 + 0.7 mg/m3 HNO3 + 0.6 mg/m3 H2SO4 0.6 mg/m3 HMSA, and 0.4 ppm O3 + 0.5 mg/m3 HMSA. Breathing pattern and metabolic rate were measured during exposure, and fatty acid composition of pulmonary surfactant (PS), nasal epithelial injury, oxidant-induced lung parenchymal lesions, and changes in the total protein in the lavage fluids were measured 23–48 h postexposure. Ozone alone affected all measures except nasal epithelial injury, and the presence of inorganic acids or HMSA in combination with 0.4 ppm O3 did not significantly modify the response to O3 alone. The only response to 0.6 mg/m3 HMSA alone was depression in metabolic rate during exposure. The presence of a pulmonary irritant rapid-shallow br...
IMPROVED CONTRACTILITY OF OBSTRUCTED BLADDERS AFTER TADENAN TREATMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH REVERSAL OF ALTERED MYOSIN ISOFORM EXPRESSION

Purpose: Tadenan is a plant extract from Pygeum africanum used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, to protect the bladder from contractile dysfunction induced by partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). The aim of the present study was to determine whether the Tadenan-induced return of detrusor contractility affects the expression of myosin isoforms, which differ at the C-terminal (SM1 and SM2) and the N-terminal regions (SM-A and SM-B).Materials and Methods: Four groups of New Zealand White rabbits (3 to 5 kg., 4 to 6 rabbits per group) were either partially obstructed by ligation of the urethra (groups 1 and 2) or not obstructed (groups 3 and 4). After 2 weeks, rabbits from groups 2 and 4 received Tadenan in peanut oil (vehicle) orally at 100 mg./kg./day for 3 weeks and rabbits in groups 1 and 3 received vehicle only. Rabbits were sacrificed and bladders were removed and weighed. Contractility studies were performed on isolated strips of detrusor and the remaining muscular layer from the ...
Prevention of mortality from hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

In todays Lancet Janaki Amin and colleagues report on the causes of death after the diagnosis of hepatitis B and C infection in a community-based setting. The striking finding which comes as no surprise is that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was the most common liver-related cause of death in those with chronic hepatitis B. Such patients are predisposed to HCC irrespective of the underlying histological severity. Similarly HCC was a common mode of death in hepatitis C patients but they usually had underlying cirrhosis. In both categories the risk of HCC could be significantly reduced by prevention of hepatitis B and C infections and early therapeutic intervention for those who already have chronic hepatitis. (excerpt)
Cycling Together: Menstrual Synchrony as a Projection of Gendered Solidarity

Though researchers have hotly debated the phenomenon of menstrual synchrony—women menstruating in tandem when living in close quarters with one another—no conclusive evidence has proven or disproven its existence. In this theoretical article, we draw from sociological theories of collective identities, psychological research on menstrual synchrony, and relevant literatures on menstrual activism and sisterhood to examine the frequent occurrence of women's belief in menstrual synchrony despite the lack of evidence that this phenomenon actually occurs. We propose a theoretical explanation for women's beliefs in menstrual synchrony by arguing that these beliefs serve several functions that enhance gender solidarity: (a) reduction of shame and taboo related to menstruation; (b) a socially acceptable way of constructing modern “sisterhood”; (c) a method for marking women's relationship to nature; and (d) a pathway to fight back against sexism and sexist assumptions about menstruation and menstruating women. We ...
Thirty-three Years of Regulating Fire Protection at Commercial U.S. Nuclear Power Plants: Dousing the Flames of Controversy

This article focuses on what have been, and may continue to be, the more controversial aspects of fires at commercial nuclear power plants regulated by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Examining what has transpired in fire protection regulation since the 1975 fire at Browns Ferry Unit 1, which first focused attention on the potential hazard of fire at commercial nuclear power plants, we offer a personal perspective as to whether or not the “the flames of controversy” have been “doused.” We show that significant progress has been made while speculating whether these “flames” may ever truly be extinguished, or only kept under control. No core damage accident has ever occurred at a commercial nuclear power plant due to fire.
Photolysis of alkylhalodiazirines: Two pathways for vinyl halide formation

Abstract Photoacoustic calorimetry and product studios on the photochemical decomposition of methylhalodiazirines indicate two pathways for the formation of vinyl halides: 1) a [1,2] intramolecular hydrogen shift of the initially formed methylhalocarbene, 2) an excited state pathway which circumvents the ground state carbene. Results suggest that carbene/olefin or carbene/alcohol complexes are not involved in vinyl halide formation.
SOME RECENT RESULTS IN SURFACE DIFFUSION

Extension de la methode de fluctuation a la determination des tenseurs de diffusion bi-dimensionnelle des couches adsorbees. Presentation des resultats obtenus pour O/W(110), 1 H/W(110) et 2 H/W(110) ainsi qu'un debut d'interpretation. Description et discussion de la diffusion par effet tunnel de 1 H, 2 H et 3 H sur W(110)
Effect Of Sample Orientation On Piloted Ignition And Flame Spread

An experimental investigation is conducted to study the effect of sample orientation on piloted ignition and opposed-wind flame spread. Two types of wood (red oak and mahogany) were used for the purpose and two orientations (horizontal and vertical) were investigated. In the horizontal mode, axisymmetric fire spread over wood samples was studied and the corresponding piloted ignition tests were conducted on smaller samples of the same wood. In the vertical mode, lateral flame spread and piloted ignition tests were conducted in a radiant panel test apparatus. The experimental data were reduced according to the thermal flame spread theory of deRis using the measured surface temperatures. It was found that as long as the temperatures are defined consistently with the thermal theory, the results are orientation independent within the measurement error. The reasons for this orientation independence are: (i) dominant re-radiative losses, and (ii) insensitivity of the flame spread rate to the induced air velocity at ambient 02 concentrations.
Language and learning therapy in a community college

The Community College of Allegheny County has become involved in clinical language and learning therapy because we recognize diverse needs among our heterogeneous, "open-door" population and our own need to respect the educational program we offer. The college is only seven years old, the faculty is young and energetic, and the community college concept still calls forth the pioneering, trouble-shooting spirit with which it began. The mission of the college is an extraordinary challenge: to offer high-quality, low-cost education to the community's residents, especially those who before would not attempt college. South Campus is one of four county campuses of the Community College of Allegheny County, south of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Campus serves 3,800 fulltime students, capacity enrollment for this phase of our development. The average student age is 22 or 23 years; 60 percent of the students require financial aid to meet tuition of less than $400 a year; educational backgrounds and achievement levels vary so as to defy categoriza tion. Almost one quarter of the students are enrolled in developmental (pre-college level) courses in reading, writing, and mathematics. Although there are three pre:college levels, the "lowest" is beyond the reach of a good ten per cent of our students! Early attempts to deal with language deficiencies in a laboratory setting exhausted the energies of those teachers who added the job to full class loads;
ε-Unit Distance Graphs

We consider a variation on the problem of determining the chromatic number of the Euclidean plane and define the e-unit distance graph to be the graph whose vertices are the points of E2, in which two points are adjacent whenever their distance is within e of 1. For certain values of e we are able to show that the chromatic number is exactly 7. For some smaller values we show the chromatic number is at least 5. We offer a conjecture, with some supporting evidence, that for any e > 0 the chromatic number is 7.
Mandated successful efforts and auditor choice

Abstract This paper presents evidence that petroleum firms whose financial statements were adversely affected by Statement of Accounting Standards No. 19 (SFAS-19) increased the rate at which they changed auditors during the full cost/successful efforts controversy. Firms relatively unaffected by SFAS-19 experienced no such increase in auditor change rates. While some important theoretical and empirical limitationns are encountered, the evidence is generally inconsistent with the accounting irrelevancy view that SFAS-19 had no economic consequences for petroleum firms. Auditor-client disagreement on this accounting standard appears to be an important determinant of the decision to change auditors. However, there is no observed tendency for firms to switch to auditors with whom they agree on petroleum accounting.
Structural evaluation of control configurations for multivariable nonlinear processes

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of evaluation of alternative control configurations on the basis of structural characteristics of the process. Relative order is proposed as the main analysis tool for this purpose. Using tools from graph theory, it is shown that generic calculation of relative orders requires only structural information about the process. Relative order is interpreted as a structural measure of the initial sluggishness of the response, as well as a structural analog of dead time, which expresses fundamental structural limitations in the control quality. A matrix of relative orders of input/output pairs is introduced, which leads to a characterization of structural coupling among input and output process variables. On the basis of the above properties, general structural evaluation guidelines are proposed for alternative sets of manipulated inputs and alternative input/output pairs. The application of the theory is illustrated in the case of an evaporation unit, a chemical reactor and a network of heat exchangers.
Some considerations from the direct comparison between the observations and the theory of solar disk polarization

Simple considerations of observed variation with wavelength of polarization on the solar disc, computed continuum polarization, and estimated line polarization have led to the following simple conclusions (more qualitative than quantitative); (a) The metal abundances in the photosphere are five times larger than the ‘classical’ values adopted in the BCA model of the solar photosphere. (b) The depolarization factor k in lines is an increasing function of wavelength. (c) Assuming that k varies as λ 2, an additional polarization (which can be either solar or instrumental) has to be taken into account.
Radiofrequency thermoneurolysis of peripheral nerves for control of trigeminal neuralgia

Radiofrequency thermoneurolysis (RFTN) was performed in the peripheral infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves of eight patients with paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgias. Pain severity as measured by tourniquet test and global estimate was significantly reduced in seven of eight patients. The sharp, paroxysmal component of neuralgia was controlled in all seven successes although significant pain was recurring in two patients one year post-operatively. Neurosensory threshold responses to tactile-discriminative stimuli were not permanently changed from pre-lesion levels but pain detection and pain tolerance threshold responses to mechanical pin-pressure and thermal stimuli were significantly raised, suggesting that RFTN is more selective for small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. This procedure was found to be safe, effective, simple, and predictable on the basis of diagnostic blocks. Results suggest that it is a temporary control measure which nevertheless can be repeated. It may also prove useful as a test to identify those patients who may experience anesthesia dolorosa. It is suggested for patients with toxic responses to medical therapy and as an alternative to more invasive surgeries for the long-term management of trigeminal neuralgia.
Immunochemical relatedness among pituitary follicle-stimulating hormones of tetrapod vertebrates

An antiserum generated against ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was used to examine phylogenetic relatedness of FSH molecules among the four classes of tetrapods. Heterologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) employing this antiserum with 125I-labeled human FSH as tracer revealed a high degree of immunochemical similarity among purified FSH molecules from diverse eutherian, metatherian, avian, and reptilian species. While the eutherian hormones tended to be slightly more potent than those from other amniotes, at least one avian FSH (ostrich) exhibited an equivalent degree of antigenicity. Hormones from amphibians formed a discrete group with lower cross-reactivity. In all of these species, only the gonadotropin previously identified as an FSH on the basis of physicochemical and biological profiles showed appreciable cross-reactivity; LH preparations were essentially inactive. 125I-Labeled FSH from a bird (turkey), reptile (sea turtle), and amphibian (bullfrog) bound specifically to the anti-ovine FSH serum, and RIAs with these as tracers yielded essentially the same results as outlined above. Immunoneutralization tests employing binding of 125I-labeled hormone to gonadal receptors confirmed that the anti-ovine FSH serum cross-reacted with the biologically active form of the FSH from the human, bird, and turtle. Moreover, the antiserum appeared to preferentially bind to that portion of the radiolabeled hormone that exhibited the greatest capacity to bind to tissues. The squamate reptiles (snakes and lizards) presented a striking exception to the above phylogenetic patterns, since no antigenic cross-reactivity could be detected with the pituitaries or purified gonadotropins from these reptiles.
Erosion characteristics of alumina ceramics at high temperatures

Abstract The elevated temperature erosion behavior of alumina ceramics has been studied. There were five kinds of aluminas used in this study, with and without the silicate glassy phase and zirconia. The variables studied included temperature variation, material composition and microstructure, and impingement velocity and angle. The erosion mechanisms were also investigated for both the normal and oblique impacts. Erosion experiments were run in a sand-blast type of test rig using 120 grit silicon carbide particles. The variation in erosion as a function of temperature is explained in terms of the changes in material properties and microstructures. The examination of eroded surfaces revealed that the erosion characteristics of aluminas at elevated temperatures were significantly different from those at ambient temperature. There was plastic deformation occurring on the eroded surfaces at high temperatures and shallow impingement angles. The erosion of aluminas at elevated temperatures was thus not uniquely governed by the indentation fracture model and new modifications and factors needed to be considered.
Comparison of topical anesthetics and lubricants prior to urethral catheterization in males: a randomized controlled trial.

Although male urethral catheterization in the emergency department (ED) is both common and painful, few studies have evaluated the use of topical anesthesia prior to catheterization. Objectives: To determine whether pretreatment of the urethra with topical lidocaine reduces the pain associated with urethral catheterization. Methods:This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of 36 alert, cooperative male adult patients requiring urethral catheterization, without allergies to the study medications or contraindications to their use, from a suburban university-based ED. Patients in the experimental group had topical lidocaine 2% gel injected in their urethras, whereas control patients received intraurethral lubrication only. Standardized catheterization with a no. 16 Foley was performed followed by pain assessment. The primary outcome measured was pain of catheterization on a 100-mm visual analog scale. Other outcomes included ease of insertion and procedural bleeding. Results: The authors evaluated 36 patients evenly distributed between study groups. Mean age was 62 years (range 22–85). Compared with controls, patients pretreated with lidocaine experienced significantly less pain of catheterization (38 ± 28 mm vs. 58 ± 30 mm; mean difference 20 mm; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.4 to 32; p = 0.04) and less pain of injection (23 ± 17 mm vs. 40 ± 25 mm; mean difference 17 mm; 95% CI = 3 to 32 mm; p = 0.02). There were no differences in the number of attempts and incidence of adverse events between the groups. Conclusions: Use of topical lidocaine gel reduces the pain associated with male urethral catheterization in comparison with topical lubricants only.
Iodine modification of E. coli tRNAPhe: Reversible modification of 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine and lack of disulfide formation

Abstract 1. The reaction products of potassium triiodide with E. coli tRNAPhe, tRNAVal, and tRNATyr indicate that, under given conditions, both 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine and 4-thiouridine may be reversibly modified by thiosulfate. In contrast to reports by others, the tRNA's treated with triiodide and thiosulfate are active as amino acid acceptors. The modified tRNAPhe containing 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine does not function in polyphenylalanine synthesis, but after thiosulfate treatment it becomes active. 2. Although tRNATyr forms a disulfide, neither tRNAPhe nor tRNAVal shows evidence of disulfide formation. The absence of disulfide formation in tRNAPhe and tRNAVal is indicated by the failure of the iodinated tRNA's to form 4-thiouridine sulfenic acid upon treatment with alkali, by the absence of disulfide upon direct analysis of the product after hydrolysis, and by no change in electrophoretic mobility upon gel electrophoresis, indicating the absence of intermolecular cross-links. 3. The 4-thiouridine reacts at least 10 times faster than the 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine, so the two modifications are essentially independent and the thiouridine may be selectively modified. During the course of the slow reaction, 1.7 atoms of iodine are incorporated when about 70 % of the 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine is modified. We believe that the modified adenosine is the site of incorporation even though three new components appear in chromatographic analysis, two of which disappear upon regeneration with thiosulfate, and incorporated 131I is not coincident with these new peaks.
Computed tomography evaluation of bilateral bronchostenosis caused by sclerosing granulomatous mediastinitis: a complication of histoplasmosis

Abstract A proved case of histoplasmosis with sclerosing granulomatous mediastinitis complicated by seven bilateral bronchostenosis in a 28-year-old woman is reported. The case demonstrates that this relatively benign disease can lead to grave consequences and that computed tomography is extremely useful in the evaluation of this mediastinal lesion, particularly when plain chest radiography is noncontributory.
Combat trauma experience with the United States Army 102nd Forward Surgical Team in Afghanistan.

Abstract Background The United States Army 102nd Forward Surgical Team (FST) was deployed to Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan, from August 2002 to March 2003, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The unit's primary mission was to provide trauma surgical support to units of the 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions, to coalition special operations units, and to allied Afghan militia forces. The FST's mission was expanded to include humanitarian assistance. Methods The mission was accomplished in the austere environment of Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan. The FST was set up in a corner of the abandoned Kandahar International Airport terminal. The team's supporting facility was a 44-bed combat support hospital at Bagram Airbase near Kabul. Patients arrived by ground ambulance, local transportation, and MediVac helicopter. Evacuation of casualties, when necessary, was by fixed-wing aircraft. Patient data were retrospectively reviewed. Results The team performed 112 surgeries on 90 patients during the course of 7 months. Three patients were female (all children). Twenty patients were Conclusions “Damage control” operations necessitating multiple trips to the operating room were the norm. Hypothermia from blood loss was often exacerbated by exposure before evacuation and prolonged transport in helicopters. This was aggressively treated with passive, conductive, and active rewarming techniques. Stabilization and evacuation to higher echelons of care was common.
Raya Dunayevskaya, 1910 to 1987, Marxist Economist and Philosopher

Raya Dunayevskaya's theory of state capitalism, first developed in the 1940s as an analysis of Stalin's Russia, is here related to her subsequent work (1953-87) on Hegel, on Marxist humanism and on Marxism and feminism. Her concept of Hegel's "absolute negativity as new beginning" is connected to her voluminous writings on Marx's major works: 1844 Essays, Grundrisse, Capital, Ethnological Notebooks. Contrasts and comparisons are drawn to the writings of others on these issues including Lange, James, Marcuse, Geras, Markovic, Rosdolsky, Krader and Shanin.
Utility of the heart rate response as an index of emotional processing in a female rape victim with posttraumatic stress disorder

We tested the utility of the heart rate response as an indicator of emotional processing in prolonged exposure therapy for a female rape victim. Physiological data, for the first and the last available imaginal exposure to the rape, showed that the heart rate response was a useful index of successful activation and habituation of fear structures during therapy. The results suggest that the heart rate response may provide an objective and unbiased assessment of emotional processing that is not dependent on either self-report or interviewer-based assessments.
Magneto-inertial Approach to Direct-drive Laser Fusion

A magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF), based on laser-driven magnetic-flux compression (LDFC) is described. This approach benefits from both the high-energy-density characteristic to ICF and the thermal insulation of the fuel by magnetic fields, typical of MFE. The reduction in thermal-conduction losses in the hot spot of an imploding target that has trapped and amplified a pre-seeded magnetic flux leads to increased hot-spot temperatures at lower implosion velocities than required in conventional ICF. This can lead to ignition designs with larger energy gains. This work describes the main concept and the use of a compact magnetic-pulse system to seed a macroscopic magnetic field into cylindrical DD-filled targets, which are radially driven with the OMEGA laser. The compression of the internal magnetic flux is measured with proton deflectometry. Magnetohydrodynamic simulations predict compression of a 0.1-MG seed field to multi-megagauss values, at which levels the radial electron thermal conduction in the hot spot is significantly inhibited. Initial benchmark experiments are described.
Co-localization of GABA and neuropeptides in the cerebral cortex

Abstract Stewart Hendry and his colleagues have discovered that all or almost all of certain neuropeptide-containing neurons within the cerebral cortex also contain a synthetic enzyme for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Accordingly, these neurons are likely to be GABAergic in addition to being peptidergic. Further, some neuropeptides are localized in the same terminal-like puncta as the GABA-synthetic enzyme, suggesting that neuropeptides may be released at some of the same sites as GABA. Although the function of neuropeptides in intracortical information processing is not known, their linkage with presumed inhibitory interneurons may provide important clues to the mechanisms of information processing and storage in the cerebral cortex.
Correlation Factors for Impurity Diffusion—fcc Lattice

The correlation factor $f$ for an isolated impurity atom diffusing by a vacancy mechanism in a face-centered cubic lattice is calculated in terms of five vacancy jump frequencies near the impurity, ${w}_{0}$, ${w}_{1}$, ${w}_{2}$, ${k}_{1}$, and ${k}_{2}$, as defined by Lidiard. In general, the correlation factor can be expressed as $f=\frac{(2{w}_{1}+7F{k}_{1})}{(2{w}_{2}+2{w}_{1}+7F{k}_{1})}$, where $F$ is a function of $\frac{{k}_{2}}{{w}_{0}}$. In the limit where $\frac{{k}_{2}}{{w}_{0}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, $F$ goes to unity. In the limit where $\frac{{k}_{2}}{{w}_{0}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, $F$ goes to $\frac{2}{7}$. When the five frequencies above are the only vacancy jump frequencies in the crystal, an expression for $F$ as a function of $\frac{{k}_{2}}{{w}_{0}}$ can be found from a Bardeen-Herring calculation. It is found that $F=1\ensuremath{-}\frac{S}{7}\left(\frac{11.56+50.10\ensuremath{\Delta}+40.00{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{2}}{0.521+4.71\ensuremath{\Delta}+12.06{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{2}+8.00{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{3}}\right),$ where $S=\frac{{k}_{2}}{12{w}_{0}}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}=\frac{({k}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{w}_{0})}{12{w}_{0}}$. This method can be extended to other lattices. Applications to data in the literature are discussed.
Inside Insurgencies: Politics and Violence in an Age of Civil War

Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis. Edited by Paul Collier and Nicholas Sambanis. 2 vols. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 2003. 800p. $40.00 Vol. 2.The Logic of Violence in Civil War. By Stathis Kalyvas. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 508p. 27.99 paper.Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. By Jeremy M. Weinstein. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 428p. 26.99 paper.Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. By Elisabeth Jean Wood. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 328p. 25.99 paper.“Inside Insurgencies”? An odd title for a review of four books that deal with one of the most wide-ranging, violent, and protracted forms of contentious politics the world has known—civil wars. Should we not care more about their impact on citizens at large, their effects on national politics, and their creation of instability in the international system than on their interior lives? But think of the conflicts among communists, anarchists and others in the Spanish Republic: They inhibited the republic's capacity to resist the assaults of Franco's forces. No adequate understanding of that country's civil war could have excluded these “internal” relations.
Delinquents and nondelinquents in depressed areas: Some guidelines for community preventive action

Attention is directed to the reasons why all children from unwholesome homes do not become delinquent and why there are children from “good” families who do become delinquent. With these findings as a basis, foci of communitywide preventive programs that would take into realistic account the needs of special groups of delinquents and non-delinquents are suggested.
pH-Responsive hydrogels containing PMMA nanoparticles: an analysis of controlled release of a chemotherapeutic conjugate and transport properties

Biopolymers composed of a pH-responsive, hydrophilic poly(methacrylic acid-grafted-ethylene glycol) network polymerized in the presence of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles were designed for the oral delivery of chemotherapeutics for the treatment of colon cancer. An inulin–doxorubicin conjugate, designed to target the colon and improve doxorubicin efficacy, was loaded into these polymer carriers at an efficiency of 54%. Release studies indicated these polymer carriers minimized conjugate release in low pH conditions and released the conjugate at neutral pH conditions using a two-step pH experiment modeling the stomach and the small intestine. At lower concentration levels, the presence of the polymer carriers did not disrupt tight junctions as determined by transepithelial electrical resistance studies using Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cell lines which are an accurate model of the GI tract epithelia. Permeability values of unmodified doxorubicin and the inulin–doxorubicin conjugate in the presence of the p...
Studies of the school-age child with meningomyelocele: Social and emotional adaptation

Thirteen school-age children with meningomyelocele and their families underwent intensive social service interviews and psychiatric evaluation. A good to fair adaptation was found in 7 of the children and in 5 of the parents. Divorce or separation occurred in 6 of the families studied. Both parents and children used a wide variety of adjustment mechanisms. Social and emotional factors appeared to be stronger determinants of adaptation than severity of physical impairment. Communication between the physician and the family was crucial in the adjustment process. The data indicate a need for initial and long-term family support. Psychiatric screening is valuable in identifying patients in need of help. Timely intervention could serve to modify psychopathology and improve the chance for a more successful adaptation.
The effect of elevated intracranial pressure on the vibrational response of the ovine head.

Although potentially fatal increases in intracranial pressure (ICP) can occur in a number of pathological conditions, there is no reliable and noninvasive procedure to detect ICP elevation and quantitatively monitor changes over time. In this experimental study, the relationships between ICP elevation and the vibrational response of the head were determined. An ovine animal model was employed in which incremental increases in ICP were elicited and directly measured through intraventricular cannulae. At each ICP increment, a vibration source elicited a flexural response of the animal's head that was measured at four locations on the skull using accelerometers. Spectral analysis of the responses showed changes in proportion to ICP change up to roughly 20 cm H2O (15 mm Hg) above normal; a clinically significant range. Both magnitude and phase changes at frequencies between 4 and 7 kHz correlated well (γ>0.92) with ICP across the study group. These findings suggest that the vibrational response of the head can be used to monitor changes in ICP noninvasively.
Physics of the pion liquid.

Excited hadronic matter in the temperature interval $T=100\ensuremath{-}200$ MeV is not an ideal pion gas, but rather a liquid, in which attractive interaction among particles plays an important role. The pion dispersion curve is in this case essentially modified by a kind of collective momentum-dependent potential, which becomes important as the "quasipion" comes to the boundary of the system. We show that these effects can provide an explanation for a number of recent experimental puzzles, in particular, for the observed copious production of soft pions and soft photons in high-energy hadronic reactions.
Making manifest: the role of exemplification in the sciences and the arts

Exemplification is the relation of an example to whatever it is an example of. Goodman maintains that exemplification is a symptom of the aesthetic: although not a necessary condition, it is an indicator that symbol is functioning aesthetically. I argue that exemplification is as important in science as it is in art. It is the vehicle by which experiments make aspects of nature manifest. I suggest that the difference between exemplars in the arts and the sciences lies in the way they exemplify. Density and repleteness (among the other symptoms of the aesthetic) are characteristic of aesthetic exemplars but not of scientific ones. doi: 10.5007 / 1808-1711.2011v15n3p399
A comparative study of photoadaptation in four diatoms isolated as endosymbionts from larger foraminifera

Four endosymbiotic diatoms were isolated from 2 species of larger foraminifera collected in the Red Sea and Hawaii. The photoadaptive responses of the cultured diatoms were measured at 312, 19 and 7 μW cm-2. Two of the diatoms (Fragilaria shiloi and Nitzschia laevis), both isolated from Amphistegina lessonii, grew fastest at 312 μW cm-2. The other two diatoms (N. valdestriata and N. panduriformis) which were isolated from Heterostegina depressa, grew best at 19 μW cm-2. Of the four diatoms, F. shiloi grew best at high light levels. Also in F. shiloi, chlorophyll c content per cell was directly proportional to light intensity; in contrast chlorophyll a and carotenoids increased to maxima at 19 μW cm-2. The chlorophyll a and c and carotenoid content of N. valdestriata were also maximal at 19 μW cm-2. Photosynthetic rates, measured by respirometry, suggested that the diatoms were photoinhibited at higher light intensities and did well at moderately low light intensities (175μW cm-2). The photocompensation points of all 4 diatoms were about 2% of the light available in the spring at 1-m depth at Elat on the Red Sea. At Elat the photocompensation point would lie between 40 and 50 m if the algae were free in nature. The amount of attenuation of light by the shells of the host has not yet been measured. Presumably photocompensation of the algae within hosts is reached at depths less than 40 m.
Comparative Evaluation of Dynamic Abdominal Sonography for Hernia and Computed Tomography for Characterization of Incisional Hernia

Importance Previous work has demonstrated that dynamic abdominal sonography for hernia (DASH) is accurate for the diagnosis of incisional hernia. The usefulness of DASH for characterization of incisional hernia is unknown. Objective To determine whether DASH can be objectively used to characterize incisional hernias by measurement of mean surface area (MSA). Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 109 adults with incisional hernia were enrolled between July 1, 2010, and March 1, 2012. Patients with a stoma, fistula, or soft-tissue infection were excluded. Interventions DASH was performed by a surgeon to determine the maximal transverse and craniocaudal dimensions of the incisional hernia. A separate surgeon, blinded to the DASH results, performed the same measurements using computed tomography (CT). Main Outcomes and Measures The MSA was calculated, and the difference in MSA by DASH and CT was compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Subset analysis was performed with patients stratified into nonobese, obese, and morbidly obese groups. We hypothesized that there was no significant difference between MSA as measured by DASH compared with CT. Results A total of 109 patients were enrolled (mean age, 56 years; mean body mass index, 32.2 [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared]; and 67.0% women). The mean (SD) MSA measurements were similar between the modalities: DASH, 41.8 (67.5) cm 2 and CT, 44.6 (78.4) cm 2 ( P = .82). The MSA measurements determined by DASH and CT were also similar for all groups when stratified by body mass index. There were 15 patients who had a hernia 10 cm or larger in transverse dimension. The mean body mass index of this group was 39.2, and the MSA measurements by DASH and CT were similar ( P = .26). Conclusions and Relevance DASH can be used to objectively characterize hernias by MSA, with accuracy demonstrated in the obese population and in patients whose hernias were very large (≥10 cm in diameter). DASH offers the advantages of real-time imaging and no ionizing radiation and may obviate the need for the patient to schedule additional imaging appointments.
The role of immunolocalization of CD57 and GLUT-1 in cell blocks in fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND CD57 (Leu7), a marker for natural killer lymphocytes, and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), a facilitative cell surface glucose transport protein, are expressed in a wide spectrum of epithelial malignancies. The usefulness of CD57 and GLUT-1 immunostaining was evaluated as an adjunct to assist in the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma in fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) of the thyroid. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for CD57 and GLUT-1 was performed on paraffin-embedded cell blocks of 50 thyroid FNA cases with the following cytologic diagnoses: 1) papillary carcinoma (15 cases); 2) atypical cytology, cannot exclude papillary carcinoma (14 cases); and 3) benign thyroid (21 cases). RESULTS Fourteen of 15 cases with an unequivocal diagnosis of papillary carcinoma were positive for CD57 and 1 case was negative for CD57. Tissue follow-up confirmed papillary carcinoma in all 15 cases. Of the 14 cases with a diagnosis of atypical cytology, cannot exclude papillary carcinoma, 6 cases were positive for CD57 and subsequent excision confirmed papillary carcinoma in all 6 cases. The remaining 8 cases negative for CD57 included surgically confirmed goiter (5 cases), adenoma (2 cases), and papillary carcinoma (1 case). The follicular cells in all 21 cases with a cytologic diagnosis of benign thyroid were negative for CD57. Histologic follow-up of these cases confirmed the benign cytologic diagnoses. GLUT-1 was negative in all cases. The sensitivity and specificity of CD57 was 91% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CD57 immunostaining is a useful adjunct for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma in cell block material. Although negative staining for CD57 does not completely exclude papillary carcinoma, positive staining aids in the accurate diagnosis of malignancy in cytomorphologically equivocal cases. GLUT-1 did not prove to be a useful marker in distinguishing papillary carcinomas. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Emotional instant messaging with KIM

This paper describes a Kinetic Typography Instant Messaging client called KIM. KIM aims to improve the Instant Messaging experience by allowing the conveyance of more expressive content than is normally found in text-based communication. KIM also demonstrates a unique approach to applying animation to text by using keyword matching against a list of emotional words. This paper then describes the implementation and challenges faced when developing KIM, concluding with feedback obtained from user testing.
A novel application for bolus remifentanil: blunting the hemodynamic response to Mayfield skull clamp placement.

AbstractObjective:Neurosurgery often requires skull immobilization with a Mayfield clamp, which often causes brief intense nociceptive stimulation, hypertension and tachycardia. Blunting this response may help prevent increased intracranial pressure, cerebral aneurysm or vascular malformation rupture, and/or myocardial stress. While various interventions have been described to blunt this response, no reports have compared administration of a propofol versus a remifentanil bolus.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the hemodynamic response to Mayfield placement in over 800 patients who received a prior propofol or remifentanil bolus from 2004 to 2010.Results:Patients who received remifentanil experienced a 55% smaller increase in heart rate (p < 0.0001) and a 40% smaller increase in systolic blood pressure (p < 0.0001) after Mayfield placement than patients who received propofol. These data were retrospectively obtained from patients who were not randomized to receive remifentanil versus propofol, and hence...
Versatile, Immersive, Creative and Dynamic Virtual 3-D Healthcare Learning Environments: A Review of the Literature

The author provides a critical overview of three-dimensional (3-D) virtual worlds and "serious gaming" that are currently being developed and used in healthcare professional education and medicine. The relevance of this e-learning innovation for teaching students and professionals is debatable and variables influencing adoption, such as increased knowledge, self-directed learning, and peer collaboration, by academics, healthcare professionals, and business executives are examined while looking at various Web 2.0/3.0 applications. There is a need for more empirical research in order to unearth the pedagogical outcomes and advantages associated with this e-learning technology. A brief description of Roger's Diffusion of Innovations Theory and Siemens' Connectivism Theory for today's learners is presented as potential underlying pedagogical tenets to support the use of virtual 3-D learning environments in higher education and healthcare.