cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design for Integration of a Compact Waste Energy Recovery System for Automobile Engine Exhaust Gas and Coolant

In this study, key components of combined cycles designed for waste energy recovery from automobile engines have been virtually designed for being light weight, small sized without compromising strengths, and based on integration with the existing components of an automobile. Originally a simulation was performed to examine the amount of waste energy that could be recovered and the consequential increase in the overall thermal efficiency through the use of Kalina, ethanol and steam cycles using Engineering Equation Solver software under typical engine operating conditions. It was found that steam cycle was better for recovering energy from the exhaust gas at the higher temperature range (689 C to 160 C) and Kalina cycle was better for recovering energy from the exhaust gas and the cooling water at the lower temperature range (122 C to 80 C) among the three cycles. It was found that using this combination of cycles about 5 kW of power could be extracted from the wasted energy. The next thing was to determine the amount of space, weight and design to incorporate a system of cycles like this with an automobile. The combined cycle generation, a process widely used in existing power plants, has become a viable option for automotive applications due to advances in materials science, nanotechnology, and MEMS (Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems) devices. Critical components of the best performing cycles have been designed using computer aided engineering for the minimization of weight and space, and integration with the typical components of an automobile.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Substrate-inducible Microsomal Aryl Hydroxylase in Mammalian Cell Culture: I. Assay and properties of induced enzyme

Abstract The aryl hydroxylase enzyme system is inducible in hamster fetus cell cultures. The enzyme system is localized in the 105,000 x g pellet ("microsomal fraction"), has an absolute requirement for NADPH and molecular O2, a pH optimum of pH 7.5, and a partial requirement for divalent cations. Exposure to carbon monoxide reduces the enzyme activity. Treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetate or trypsin completely prevents enzymatic activity. The Km for the hydroxylase is approximately 0.6 µm with benzo[a]pyrene as substrate. Benz[a]anthracene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and dibenz[a,c]anthracene are also substrates for the enzyme system. The spectrophotofluorometric determination of hydroxylated benzo[a]pyrene products is sufficiently sensitive to detect 10-12 mole per ml and, hence, has great utility in measuring the hydroxylase activity of cells grown in culture. This mammalian cell culture system is advantageous for the study of the mechanism of microsomal enzyme induction and the related areas of carcinogenesis and drug and steroid metabolism.
(Re)Reading Fawzia Afzal-Khan's Lahore with Love: Class and the Ethics of Memoir

This essay proposes a reading of Fawzia-Afzal-Khan's memoir, Lahore with Love, via the lens of theories of ethics in autobiography studies. It poses questions regarding the ethics of representing others in one's relational life-story, others who are both proximate and non-proximate, members of ones family or circle of friends as well as members of other classes. It attempts to complicate easy conclusions or judgements in the debate following the cancellation of the book contract by the publisher and argues for a more nuanced, theoretical approach and reading of the memoir as a text in a contemporary global context.
Modeling of Transient Fluid Flow, Solidification Processes and Bubble Transport in Continuous Casting Mold

A coupled three-dimensional finite-volume computational model has been developed to simulate fluid flow, solidification processes and bubble transport in a slab continuous casting mold. Transient flow of molten steel in the continuous casting mold is computed using large eddy simulation. A general enthalpy method is presented for the analysis of solidification processes. The transport of bubbles in the liquid pool of the solidified shell is considered according to the dispersed phase model. The model calculations have been compared with the observations of physical water model and ultrasonic testing, and have successfully reproduced many known phenomena and other new predictions. The influence of bubble size and casting speed on the bubble distribution, removal rate and entrapment distribution is considered with this mathematical model. The results show that the ratio of bubble floating to the top surface decreases with casting speed rising, and increases with bubble diameter decreasing. Bubbles with smaller diameter are possible to be entrapped by the solidified shell near the center region.
A conduction model for contacts to Si-doped AlGaN grown on sapphire and single-crystalline AlN

Ohmic contacts to AlGaN grown on sapphire substrates have been previously demonstrated for various compositions of AlGaN, but contacts to AlGaN grown on native AlN substrates are more difficult to obtain. In this paper, a model is developed that describes current flow through contacts to Si-doped AlGaN. This model treats the current through reverse-biased Schottky barriers as a consequence of two different tunneling-dependent conduction mechanisms in parallel, i.e., Fowler-Nordheim emission and defect-assisted Frenkel-Poole emission. At low bias, the defect-assisted tunneling dominates, but as the potential across the depletion region increases, tunneling begins to occur without the assistance of defects, and the Fowler-Nordheim emission becomes the dominant conduction mechanism. Transfer length method measurements and temperature-dependent current-voltage (I-V) measurements of Ti/Al-based contacts to Si-doped AlGaN grown on sapphire and AlN substrates support this model. Defect-assisted tunneling plays a much larger role in the contacts to AlGaN on sapphire, resulting in nearly linear I-V characteristics. In contrast, contacts to AlGaN on AlN show limited defect-assisted tunneling appear to be only semi-Ohmic.
Reviewing Domestic and Global Choice of Forum Doctrine through a Single Case

Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno is the Supreme Court's leading case on forum non conveniens - that is, on when a federal court should dismiss a pending case in favor of litigation in a foreign forum. Every casebook features the case and every civil procedure professor has taught it. The greatest value of Piper, however, is not its discussion of forum non conveniens, but its fact pattern, which provides an unparalleled vehicle for reviewing a startling number of doctrines pertaining to domestic forum selection, including personal jurisdiction under the stream-of-commerce theory, subject matter jurisdiction based upon diversity of citizenship and alienage, venue, transfer of venue, choice-of-law, as well as statutory interpretation. In addition, its treatment of forum non conveniens raises profound questions about the role of American courts in global perspective. Piper thus accomplishes more than any other single case in the civil procedure course, while emphasizing the importance of forum selection; where litigation proceeds is an issue of surpassing importance, on which litigants will expend great resources.
Silent glutamatergic synapses and nociception in mammalian spinal cord

Neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord are important for conveying sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system. Some synapses between primary afferent fibres and spinal dorsal horn neurons may be inefficient or silent. Ineffective sensory transmission could result from a small postsynaptic current that fails to depolarize the cell to threshold for an action potential or from a cell with a normal postsynaptic current but an increased threshold for action potentials. Here we show that some cells in the superficial dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord have silent synapses: they do not respond unless the holding potential is moved from -70 mV to +40 mV. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), an important neurotransmitter of the raphe-spinal projecting pathway, transforms silent glutamatergic synapses into functional ones. Therefore, transformation of silent glutamatergic synapses may serve as a cellular mechanism for central plasticity in the spinal cord.
The Impact of Labor Unions on Worker Rights and on Other Social Movements

Labor unions have been in existence for over two hundred years, initially as craft organizations, and more recently as industrial and service organizations. During their existence they have significantly enhanced the wages and fringe benefits of represented workers through the collective bargaining process, and indirectly affected the wages and benefits enjoyed by nonunion employees whose employers provided them with such benefits to preclude their unionization. Unions have also provided members with job security through just cause disciplinary limitations and grievance-arbitration procedures. Over the past sixty years, many social movements have employed union tactics to advance other critical issues such as the end of the Vietnam Conflict, the end of racial segregation, the enhancement of the environment, and the rights of tenants.
Space weather and the electricity market: An initial assessment

[1] The paper examines the economic impact of space weather by drawing on hourly data from the PJM power grid over the period 1 June 2000 through 31 December 2001. The PJM grid is one of the largest power pools in North America. As of 31 December 2001, its service area had a population of approximately 22 million and included all or part of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Market prices are determined for every hour of the day. As of June 2000, there are actually two markets for energy: a real-time market in which market participants can buy and sell electricity in “real time” and a day ahead market that allows participants to enter into transactions one day ahead of time. The existence of these two markets allows us to disentangle the effect of space weather conditions from other factors (such as fuel prices and expected demand) that affect the baseline price (as established in the day ahead market) for wholesale electricity. Several econometric analyses are conducted. The first examines the contribution of space weather to transmission congestion within the power grid. Building on the first analysis, the second analysis constructs an econometric model that examines the impact of space weather on the real-time market. Factors considered in the model include the outcome in the day ahead market, the level of generation utilization, unexpected demand, generation outages, unexpected transmission outages that are believed to be terrestrial in origin, and space weather. The results indicate the presence of space weather effects on the real-time price even after controlling for the other factors. A third model examines whether these space weather impacts affect subsequent prices in the far larger day ahead market.
Hydraulic and geomorphic processes in an overbank flood along a meandering, gravel‐bed river: implications for chute formation

© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Hydraulic interactions between rivers and floodplains produce off-channel chutes, the presence of which influences the routing of water and sediment and thus the planform evolution of meandering rivers. Detailed studies of the hydrologic exchanges between channels and floodplains are usually conducted in laboratory facilities, and studies documenting chute development are generally limited to qualitative observations. In this study, we use a reconstructed, gravel-bedded, meandering river as a field laboratory for studying these mechanisms at a realistic scale. Using an integrated field and modeling approach, we quantified the flow exchanges between the river channel and its floodplain during an overbank flood, and identified locations where flow had the capacity to erode floodplain chutes. Hydraulic measurements and modeling indicated high rates of flow exchange between the channel and floodplain, with flow rapidly decelerating as water was decanted from the channel onto the floodplain due to the frictional drag provided by substrate and vegetation. Peak shear stresses were greatest downstream of the maxima in bend curvature, along the concave bank, where terrestrial LiDAR scans indicate initial floodplain chute formation. A second chute has developed across the convex bank of a meander bend, in a location where sediment accretion, point bar development and plant colonization have created divergent flow paths between the main channel and floodplain. In both cases, the off-channel chutes are evolving slowly during infrequent floods due to the coarse nature of the floodplain, though rapid chute formation would be more likely in finer-grained floodplains. The controls on chute formation at these locations include the flood magnitude, river curvature, floodplain gradient, erodibility of the floodplain sediment, and the flow resistance provided by riparian vegetation.
Rima de Vallbona: Desafíos ideológicos y perspectiva de la narración en su obra literaria

Se analizan las obras literarias (novedad) Mujeres y agonias, Sombras que perseguimos, Sombras de la costarricense Rima de Vallbona, las cuales constituyen una importante ruptura dentro de la tradicion literaria costarricense, ya que tratan especialmente temas feministas.
Maximal reservable bandwidth tree - a new approach to reduce the storage of state information

In this paper we introduce a path-finding algorithm, maximal reservable bandwidth tree (MRBT), for the QoS-based routing to establish connections with the bandwidth requirement. Our goal aims to eliminate the use of per-flow state information, commonly used for the guaranteed service with the rated-base service discipline scheme, and needed to be stored at each router along an established path. Instead, we aggregate flows at the same egress router, into a MRBT; each router only needs to maintain the aggregated flows state information on a per-MRBT basis. Each MRBT is a directed tree that reversely roots at a (egress) border node and spans all the other (ingress) border nodes, and the maximal reservable bandwidth (MRB) between each border node and the root is calculated according to the most updated advertisements of the physical-link bandwidth within a routing domain. At each instance, the total number of the MRBT in a routing domain is proportional to the number of the border nodes and the frequency of the QoS-based routing information advertisement. Because of the nature of the path mergence, each MRBT structure can be stored by recording each of its outgoing branches (or interface) at each local node, and the affected MRB between each node and the root can be easily updated upon the establishment or the release of each connection. We compare the MRBT algorithm simply to the modified Dijkstra's algorithm, which calculates the paths with the MRB between each pair of border nodes. Using computer simulation, we measure their performance in terms of the successful setup of connections and the scalability in terms of the amount of state information stored at each node. Our results show that MRBT could provide good scalability, which relieves the burden of per-flow traffic management, while maintaining competitive performance.
Discrete time point to point position control of a system with actuator saturation

A method for developing a controller for point to point positioning of a single degree of freedom system with significant actuator saturation effects is developed and experimental results are presented. This method involves identifying the maximum stopping capacity of the actuator as a function of velocity and using this information to define a limiting state space trajectory associated with the fastest achievable deceleration and to compute a state to input mapping that will direct the system near to this limiting trajectory via discrete time control. The chief motivation for this work is to provide a simple, direct method to identify the crucial actuator limitation of a positioning system and use that information directly to achieve near minimum time point to point motion control despite significant nonlinear actuator characteristics. Experiments were conducted on a suitable system to verify the effectiveness of this technique and results are presented. This technique can also handle payload uncertainties easily and effectively.
Parent and Adolescent Report of the Forms and Functions of Aggression: Associations with Delinquency, CU Traits, and Dysregulation.

The purpose of this study is to provide an examination of the psychometric properties and correlates of a parent-report measure of the forms and functions of aggression. We sought to explore the potential independent association of parent-reported forms and functions of aggression to several important variables commonly associated with aggression (i.e., callous and unemotional traits, delinquency, and emotional and behavioral dysregulation) while controlling for self-reported aggression. Further, we examined whether parent-reported reactive and proactive aggression showed similar divergent correlates as self or other reports of aggression. 141 community youth aged 11–17 (mean age = 13.55; SD = 2.18; 51 % female) and their parents/guardians participated in the study. Parent and self-report questionnaire data were collected during a laboratory visit. Results suggest that parent-reported aggression was associated with adolescent adjustment variables while controlling for self-reported aggression, and that parent-reported reactive and proactive aggression showed divergent associations with adjustment correlates similar to those often found for self-reported reactive and proactive aggression. This study provides a promising initial examination of the utility of a parent-report measure of forms and functions of aggression in adolescents. These findings have implications for the assessment of the forms and functions of aggression in adolescents and suggest that using parents as informants (in addition to other reporters) provides useful information about youths’ behavior.
Anatomical Tracer Injections into the Lower Urinary Tract May Compromise Cystometry and External Urethral Sphincter Electromyography in Female Rats

Abstract Physiological and anatomical investigations are commonly combined in experimental models. When studying the lower urinary tract (LUT), it is often of interest to perform both urodynamic studies and retrogradely labeled neurons innervating the peripheral target organs. However, it is not known whether the use of anatomical tracers for the labeling of, e.g. spinal cord neurons may interfere with the interpretation of the physiological studies on micturition reflexes. We performed cystometry and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyography (EMG) under urethane anesthesia in adult female rats at 5–7 days after injection of a 5% fluorogold (FG) solution or vehicle into the major pelvic ganglia (MPG) or the EUS. FG and vehicle injections into the MPG and EUS resulted in decreased voiding efficiency. MPG injections increased the duration of both bladder contractions and the inter-contractile intervals. EUS injections decreased EUS EMG bursting activity during voiding as well as increased both the duration of bladder contractions and the maximum intravesical pressure. In addition, the bladder weight and size were increased after either MPG or EUS injections in both the FG and vehicle groups. We conclude that the injection of anatomical tracers into the MPG and EUS may compromise the interpretation of subsequent urodynamic studies and suggest investigators to consider experimental designs, which allow for physiological assessments to precede the administration of anatomical tracers into the LUT.
Get Rich U or Get Transformed U: Reflections on Catholic Liberal Arts Education in the 21st Century

Catholic liberal arts educators can proclaim boldly that we are in the business of formation and transformation of students at multiple levels and in multiple ways. We want our students to be competent, ethical, and compassionate global citizens who are thoughtful, savvy, deep thinkers who love learning and who love helping others. Research and best practices support the claim that the virtues cultivated by the liberal arts contribute to the flourishing of individuals and society as a whole. Catholic colleges and universities have a long history of promoting the liberal arts, and data from various sources suggest that we are doing it well. Unfortunately, students, parents, and society at large often fail to understand and appreciate their value in an era of both widespread materialism and job insecurity. This paper will explore how evidence from contemporary research and best practices suggests that there is still perennial value in the liberal arts.
An exploration of the factors affecting the advertised price for stolen data

A growing body of research has developed exploring the ways that data thieves dispose of information acquired through phishing, hacking, and mass data breaches. These studies suggest a range of products are sold in forums and IRC channels at a fraction of its true value. There is also substantial risk for participants as they may be cheated by vendors who may not deliver products or simply provide invalid data. These conditions have led researchers to question the nature of the market, in that the actual price for data is much higher than what is advertised based on the risk of repeatedly purchasing bad data. As a result, there may be multiple markets for data operating with different pricing based on the prevalence of unreliable vendors. In order to explore these issues, this study utilizes a sample of threads from 13 Russian and English language forums involved in the sale of stolen data to consider the influence of various social conditions on the advertised price for dumps and eBay and PayPal credentials. The findings suggest that prices are lower in markets where vendors may cheat customers, and higher in markets that appear more organized and legitimate. The implications of this study for future research are examined in depth.
Modulation of apolipoprotein E and interleukin-1β in the aging liver

Abstract With aging there is a decline in liver function that includes reductions in hepatic blood flow, metabolite clearance, and impaired tissue repair following injury. An increase in inflammatory signaling is often observed during aging, with inflammation potentially mediating age-related changes in the liver. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is primarily produced by the liver and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties in a variety of paradigms and experimental settings. In the present study, we correlated age-related alterations in ApoE expression with age-related changes in the cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), in the liver of rats of increasing age. A significant increase in ApoE mRNA, and a significant decrease in IL-1β mRNA, was seen with increasing age. At the protein level, ApoE expression increased with aging, although IL-1β expression remained constant. No correlation was found between ApoE and IL-1β expression at the mRNA or protein level. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that ApoE expression is altered during normal aging, and indicates that there is no correlation between ApoE and IL-1β expression in the aging liver.
Human perception of intended addressee during computer-assisted meetings

Recent research aims to develop new open-microphone engagement techniques capable of identifying when a speaker is addressing a computer versus human partner, including during computer-assisted group interactions. The present research explores: (1) how accurately people can judge whether an intended interlocutor is a human versus computer, (2) which linguistic, acoustic-prosodic, and visual information sources they use to make these judgments, and (3) what type of systematic errors are present in their judgments. Sixteen participants were asked to determine a speaker's intended addressee based on actual videotaped utterances matched on illocutionary force, which were played back as: (1) lexical transcriptions only, (2) audio-only, (3) visual-only, and (4) audio-visual information. Perhaps surprisingly, people's accuracy in judging human versus computer addressees did not exceed chance levels with lexical-only content (46%). As predicted, accuracy improved significantly with audio (58%), visual (57%), and especially audio-visual information (63%). Overall, accuracy in detecting human interlocutors was significantly worse than judging computer ones, and specifically worse when only visual information was present because speakers often looked at the computer when addressing peers. In contrast, accuracy in judging computer interlocutors was significantly better whenever visual information was present than with audio alone, and it yielded the highest accuracy levels observed (86%). Questionnaire data also revealed that speakers' gaze, peers' gaze, and tone of voice were considered the most valuable information sources. These results reveal that people rely on cues appropriate for interpersonal interactions in determining computer- versus human-directed speech during mixed human-computer interactions, even though this degrades their accuracy. Future systems that process actual rather than expected communication patterns potentially could be designed that perform better than humans.
Undercover: authentication usable in front of prying eyes

A number of recent scams and security attacks (phishing, spyware, fake terminals, ...) hinge on a crook's ability to observe user behavior. In this paper, we describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of a novel class of user authentication systems that are resilient to observation attacks.Our proposal is the first to rely on the human ability to simultaneously process multiple sensory inputs to authenticate, and is resilient to most observation attacks. We build a prototype based on user feedback gained through low fidelity tests. We conduct a within-subjects usability study of the prototype with 38 participants, which we complement with a security analysis.Our results show that users can authenticate within times comparable to that of graphical password schemes, with relatively low error rates, while being considerably better protected against observation attacks. Our design and evaluation process allows us to outline design principles for observation-resilient authentication systems.
Benzalkonium chloride toxicity to the human cornea

A 36-year-old woman fitted with a soft contact lens after an uneventful extracapsular cataract extraction was wearing her aphakic lens successfully until she switched her lens-soaking solution to an isotonic solution of boric acid, potassium chloride, and sodium carbonate preserved with benzalkonium chloride and edetic acid. After three days her eye became inflamed and vision decreased. No endothelial damage was apparent and the anterior chamber showed 2+ cell and flare reaction. Three weeks after removal of the lens and fitting with an aphakic lens visual acuity was 6/9 (20/30). Study of the preservative by a semiquantitative dilution method together with the clinical evidence in this case proved the cytotoxic effect of benzolkonium chloride when used to sterilize soft contact lenses.
Characteristics and morphology of wear particles from laboratory testing of disk brake materials

The geometrical characteristics and morphology of wear particles generated from brake materials are important for environmental and tribological reasons. Low- and high-speed, pin-on-disk friction and wear testing of a commercial truck brake pad material against cast iron was conducted in which wear debris was collected. The sliding speed was held constant either at 0.275 or at 5 m/s, and the nominal contact pressure was varied between 0.125 and 1.25 MPa in room temperature air. In low-speed experiments, some tests were conducted with the pin in continuous sliding contact and others in which the pin specimen was raised and lowered periodically. Laser scattering examination of wear debris revealed two distinct peaks in the plot of frequency versus the mean particle size. The first peak occurs around 350 nm and does not vary with respect to the pressure and the sliding speed. The location of the second peak varies between 2 and 15 μm, depending on the pressure and the sliding speed. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of wear particles revealed particles having a high concentration of carbon, silicon, aluminum, iron, oxygen, molybdenum, and sulfur. It was also found that the continuity or discontinuity of sliding contact affects the size distribution of wear particles. In general, when the motion was discontinuous, as is the case in a repeated braking action, smaller wear particles are generated.
Pharmacogenomics Opportunities in Nuclear Receptor Targeted Cancer Therapy

Nuclear Hormone Receptors (NR) represent one of the most promising protein families in terms of therapeutic applications. These transcription factors are naturally switched on and off by small molecule hormones presenting physico-chemical properties very similar to therapeutic chemical entities. NRs represent therefore intrinsically a very good family of protein targets for the prevention and treatment of diverse diseases, including cancer. Several known anti-cancer drugs, such as tamoxifen or flutamide, are targeting NRs, and many more are expected to reach market. The detailed knowledge of the structural mechanism underlying activation and inhibition of NRs by small molecule modulators begets important therapeutic opportunities. The crystal structure of at least nine NR ligand binding domains (LBDs) revealed at the atomic level how natural or synthetic agonists and antagonists can promote recruitment of co-activator and co-repressor proteins. Interestingly, it was recently shown that nucleotide polymorphisms located in NR LBDs could alter or even reverse the response of the receptors to small molecule ligands. Mapping these polymorphisms on the structure of the LBD can reveal why agonists or antagonists become inactive against the mutated receptor, allow atomic models for resistance to cancer therapy, and open the door to the rational design of improved anti-cancer drugs, customized for each patient.
On the distribution of zeros of polynomials orthogonal on the unit circle

Abstract Let { Φ n } be a system of monic polynomials orthogonal on the unit circle with respect to a positive Borel measure μ. It is shown that under fairly mild conditions on the reflection coefficients, Φ n (0), the zeros of a subsequence of { Φ n } are asymptotically uniformly distributed on some circle. The radius of this circle can be found using a Cauchy-Hadamard-type formula. We also characterize the measures μ with the property that the L dμ 2 best polynomial approximants to every function f ϵ H 2 ( μ ) converge uniformly on every compact subset of the open unit disc at a geometrically fast rate.
Determining uterine blood flow in pregnancy with magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of measuring total uterine blood flow in pregnancy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. Methods Uterine blood flow was determined in pregnant women in whom MRI was being carried out to assess a fetal anomaly. A two-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance (MR) angiogram sequence was performed. Scout images and a peripherally gated phase contrast MR sequence were planned to study simultaneous blood flow in the uterine and ovarian arteries. Results The MR pelvic angiogram sequence was completed in 13 women. The uterine arteries were visualized and their cross-sectional area determined. The complexity of the pelvic blood supply prevented the calculation of blood flow velocity and, thus, total uterine blood flow. Conclusion The measurement of total uterine blood flow during pregnancy was not possible using our MR technique. The ovarian vessels were not consistently visualized. Doppler ultrasonography remains the best modality by which to estimate total uterine blood flow in pregnancy.
Acquisition of glucose-conditioned flavor preference requires the activation of dopamine D1-like receptors within the medial prefrontal cortex in rats

In this study, we investigated the role of dopamine transmission within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in flavor preference learning induced by post-oral glucose. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with a flavor (CS+) paired with intragastric (IG) infusions of 8% glucose and a different flavor (CS-) paired with IG water infusions. The CS+ preference was evaluated in two-bottle tests following bilateral injection of the dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist, SCH23390, into the mPFC at total doses of 0, 12 and 24nmol. SCH23390 produced dose-dependent reductions in CS+ intake but did not block the CS+ preference. In Experiment 2, new rats were injected daily in the mPFC with either saline or SCH23390 (12nmol), prior to training sessions with CS+/IG glucose and CS-/IG water. In the two-bottle choice tests, SCH rats, unlike the Control rats, failed to prefer the CS+ (50% vs. 74%). Collectively, the results show that D1-like receptor activation in the medial prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in the acquisition of flavor preference learning induced by the post-oral reinforcing properties of glucose.
Continuum of virtual-human space: towards improved interaction strategies for physical-virtual avatars

In this work, a broad continuum of 3D space that encapsulates avatars, ranging from artificial to real in shape, appearance and intelligence is defined. The research focuses on the control of physical-virtual avatars that occupy a specific region in this space that may be suitable for interacting with elements in the environment. To facilitate this control, a paradigm called microposes is developed that overcomes the need for high network bandwidth during remote tele-operation of avatars. The avatar itself uses a control strategy that interprets the received microposes data and executes motions that appear natural and human-like in the presence of data loss and noise. The physical-virtual avatar is used in several training and learning scenarios. Results during testing reveal a reduced bandwidth requirement during remote tele-operation of physical virtual avatars and a good motion tracking performance with respect to a commanded pose from the inhabiter.
The Adjudication of Collective Labor Disputes in Italy

I. Comparison of the Italian system with earlier arbitration schemes, 456. — II. Decisions handed down in the judicial type of collective labor dispute, 458.— III. Decisions in the economic type of dispute: rice washers, 461; sailors' wages, 463; rice field workers, 464; rice washers, 465; farm laborers in Rovigo, 467; steamship officers, 468; the silk industry, 469.— IV. Paucity of decisions, 472. — Satisfactory and unsatisfactory aspects of the courts' structure and procedure, 472. Evaluation of their services, 473.
Indirect Mobilization: The Social Consequences of Party Contacts in an Election Campaign

Although direct contacts between campaigns and individuals are a central part of the process that encourages political participation, it is often argued that their effects extend beyond the initial contact via a secondary process of indirect mobilization. This article puts that argument to the test by investigating possible connections between direct party contacts and political mobilization in social networks. The results show that the primary social consequence of party contacts is to alter the substance, but not the volume, of politically oriented conversations that occur in social networks. These conversations, in turn, increase the salience of the campaign in the electorate but have only a mild effect on levels of campaign involvement. Although political mobilization does influence social communication, its effect on political involvement is restricted to socially based forms of involvement under limited conditions.
Liquid crystallinity: Medium effects on photopolymerization rates

Ordering of the medium in which free radical polymerization is conducted can, under appropriate circumstances, alter the kinetics of the chain-growth process, resulting in enhanced rates. Since in many systems medium changes occur at higher conversion, it is important to take into account any alterations in the polymerization rate induced by such phenomena. We have found that exotherms initiated by individual laser pulses can be useful in identifying and providing detailed information concerning rate acceleration in liquid crystalline systems
Inner-sphere complexation of cobalt(II) 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ([Co(neo)]2+) with commercial and sol-gel derived silica gel surfaces.

[Co(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(solvent)4]2+ ([Co(neo)]2+) undergoes a significant decrease in symmetry to form an inner-sphere surface complex when grafted directly on preformed silica or introduced during the sol−gel process. The visible and X-ray absorption spectra of the surface adducts are interpreted in terms of a binding mode in which the Co(II) center has a highly distorted pseudo-C2v symmetry. The interaction of [Co(neo)]2+ with the silica surface was analyzed using an acid−base equilibrium relationship. Half-maximal surface binding was observed at pH ca. 6. Linear fits to the pH dependence data are consistent with inner-sphere binding of a single silanol group to the cobalt center. The formation of the surface species in tetramethoxyorthosilicate (TMOS) sol−gels required approximately 2 equiv of hydroxide anion per cobalt center, suggesting a two-proton-dependent binding event to form a species such as [Co(neo)(SiO)2]. Both sol−gel and silica samples showed essentially identical visible an...
Wildfire risk prediction in Southeastern Mississippi using population interaction

Abstract An understanding of how wildfire occurrences are related to human population distribution is important for protecting lives and property, managing timber resources, and conservation of biodiversity. In this study, human population interaction pattern obtained using Newton's gravity model are combined with a forest age and species fuel layer to assess the wildfire potential distribution in the Southeastern Mississippi fire district. Gravity model predictions are compared with a previously developed road density model, and validated against 5 year observational data. Highest human activity patterns are predicted in densely populated areas and are aligned along the highways. The fuel and human activity maps are almost complimentary in the high population region, which validates the intrusive nature of human settlement and their role in redefining land use. The human activity pattern acts as a wildfire ignition source, and the highest wildfire probability is predicted for areas with dense fuel and scattered human populations. The gravity model performs better than the density model for low- and high-risk zones, whereas the latter performs better than the former in medium-risk zones, when compared with the historical data. The study emphasizes the need for improved wildfire prediction models including enhanced depictions of human activity patterns, and the need for integration of a meteorology condition layer.
Continuing 1-dimensional analytic sets

The assumption that ~(V)= V is needed in order to ensure that 1R" does not "bound" V; when this hypothesis is not in effect the theorem can be applied to VuT(V). Under the further assumption that V has finite volume (= "area" in this case) the theorem was obtained by Shiffman [2, Theorem 1.1]. In [1] Shiffman derives some results of Tornehave and Stein as corollaries. Our method differs from Shiffman's: we establish analytic structure by appealing to the general theory of hulls of real curves in 112" which is due to Wermer, Bishop and Stolzenberg. For our purposes the following formulation [3] is suitable:
ParsEval: parallel comparison and analysis of gene structure annotations

Accurate gene structure annotation is a fundamental but somewhat elusive goal of genome projects, as witnessed by the fact that (model) genomes typically undergo several cycles of re-annotation. In many cases, it is not only different versions of annotations that need to be compared but also different sources of annotation of the same genome, derived from distinct gene prediction workflows. Such comparisons are of interest to annotation providers, prediction software developers, and end-users, who all need to assess what is common and what is different among distinct annotation sources. We developed ParsEval, a software application for pairwise comparison of sets of gene structure annotations. ParsEval calculates several statistics that highlight the similarities and differences between the two sets of annotations provided. These statistics are presented in an aggregate summary report, with additional details provided as individual reports specific to non-overlapping, gene-model-centric genomic loci. Genome browser styled graphics embedded in these reports help visualize the genomic context of the annotations. Output from ParsEval is both easily read and parsed, enabling systematic identification of problematic gene models for subsequent focused analysis. ParsEval is capable of analyzing annotations for large eukaryotic genomes on typical desktop or laptop hardware. In comparison to existing methods, ParsEval exhibits a considerable performance improvement, both in terms of runtime and memory consumption. Reports from ParsEval can provide relevant biological insights into the gene structure annotations being compared. Implemented in C, ParsEval provides the quickest and most feature-rich solution for genome annotation comparison to date. The source code is freely available (under an ISC license) at http://parseval.sourceforge.net/ .
Nomograms for estimation of excess lactate.

The best available expression of defective transport of vital nutrients to the tissues is excess lactate (XL). This is most simply derived from the measured lactate concentration in blood minus the measured pyruvate concentration multiplied by the ratio of the normal levels of lactate and pyruvate, all values expressed in millimoles per liter, as follows: (XL = L-LNP/PN) The normal values specified with kits provided internationally by Boehringer Mannheim Corporation of Western Germany for enzymatic determination of blood lactate and pyruvate is 1.2 and 0.06 mmol per liter, respectively. Nomograms facilitating estimation of excess lactate from this ratio of 20, as well as the traditionally used ratio of 10, are herein presented.
The solar collector and near-Earth object deflection

Abstract The solar collector (SC), a two-sail solar-photon thruster utilized to concentrate solar energy, is a possible method to deflect Earth-threatening near-Earth objects (NEOs). This paper expands an existing SC model to categorize SC performance as a function of parameters including NEO composition, solar distance and rotation.
Inversive localization at semiprlme goldie ideals

P. M. Cohn [6] introduced a method of localizing at a semiprime ideal of a noncommutative Noetherian ring by inverting certain matrices. This paper continues the study of the technique of inversive localization, in a more general setting. The inversive localization is characterized by its structure modulo its Jacobson radical. This is in marked contrast to the torsion theoretic localization, and the two constructions coincide only when the localization can actually be obtained by inverting elements rather than matrices. The inversive localization is computed for the class of left Artinian rings, and it is then shown that at a minimal prime ideal of an order in a left Artinian ring the inversive localization must be left Artinian. On the other hand, the inversive localization at a semiprime ideal of a left Noetherian ring need not be left Noetherian.
A highly sensitive in vitro bioassay for luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin: testosterone production by dispersed Leydig cells.

ABSTRACT The in vitro bioassay for LH/hCG employing isolated rat testes has been significantly improved by utilization of collagenase-dispersed interstitial cells in the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. The sensitivity of the assay system has been extended to 20μIU (2 picograms) of hCG, and the index of precision of the method (λ) is less than 0.04. The high sensitivity of the interstitial cell assay permits bioassay of circulating gonadotropins in human plasma.
A comparison of database fault detection capabilities using mutation testing

Mutation testing involves systematically generating and introducing faults into an application to improve testing. A quasi-experimental study is reported comparing the fault-detection capabilities of real-world database application test suites to those of an SQL vendor test suite (NIST SQL) based on mutation scores. The higher the mutation score the more successful the test suite will be at detecting faults. The SQLMutation tool was used to generate query mutants from beginner-level sample schemas obtained from three popular real-world database test suite vendors -- MySQL, SQL Server, and Oracle. Four SQLMutation operators were applied to both real-world and NIST SQL vendor compliance test suites - SQL Clause (SC), Operator Replacement (OR), NULL (NL) and Identifier Replacement (IR). Two mutation operators, SC and NL generated significantly lower mutation scores in real-world test suites than for those in the vendor test suite. The IR operator generated significantly higher mutation scores in real-world test suites than for those in the vendor test suite. The OR operator produced roughly the same mutation scores in both the real-world and vendor test suites.