cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cultural Influences on Help-seeking Among a National Sample of Victimized Latino Women

The current study examined the influence of legal status and cultural variables (i.e., acculturation, gender role ideology and religious coping) on the formal and informal help-seeking efforts of Latino women who experienced interpersonal victimization. The sample was drawn from the Sexual Assault Among Latinas (SALAS) Study that surveyed 2,000 self-identified adult Latino women. The random digit dial methodology employed in high-density Latino neighborhoods resulted in a cooperation rate of 53.7%. Women who experienced lifetime victimization (n = 714) reported help-seeking efforts in response to their most distressful victimization event that occurred in the US. Approximately one-third of the women reported formal help-seeking and about 70% of women reported informal help-seeking. Help-seeking responses were generally not predicted by the cultural factors measured, with some exceptions. Anglo orientation and negative religious coping increased the likelihood of formal help-seeking. Positive religious coping, masculine gender role and Anglo acculturation increased the likelihood of specific forms of informal help-seeking. Latino orientation decreased the likelihood of talking to a sibling. Overall, these findings reinforce the importance of bilingual culturally competent services as cultural factors shape the ways in which women respond to victimization either formally or within their social networks.
Effect of Etching Glass-ionomer Cements on Bond Strength to Composite Resin

The use of glass-ionomer cement in restorative dentistry has seen a revival because of its capacity for being etched and bonded to composite resin. Past investigators compared an etched cement surface with an unetched surface that was set against a smooth surface. Clinically, however, a glassy smooth surface is not produced when the cement is used as a base. Using Scotchbond bonding resin, we developed this two-part study to evaluate the tensile bond strengths of P-30™ composite resin to several glass-ionomer cements that were (a) unetched but allowed to set in air and (b) etched for 30 s with orthophosphoric acid, and to compare them with the cohesive strength of the respective cement. Using a silver nitrate staining technique, we also evaluated the microleakage of class V cavities restored with Silux™ composite resin under a base of etched or unetched Ketac Bond® cement. Although there were significant differences among three cements between their cohesive strength and the resin bond strength after the ...
Anthropology from a Kantian point of view: toward a cosmopolitan conception of human nature

Anthropology was a new field of study when Kant first began lecturing on it in 1772, and Kant himself was the first academic to teach regular courses in this area. As is well known, his own approach to anthropology is self-described as 'pragmatic', and Kant's pragmatic anthropology differs markedly from the anthropologies that other early contributors to the new discipline were advocating. In this essay I focus on a fundamental feature of Kant's anthropology that has been under-appreciated in previous discussions; namely, the particular conception of human nature that he believes anthropology, when pursued properly, leads to. I call this conception a cosmopolitan conception of human nature. In addition to establishing the central importance of this idea for Kant's project in anthropology, I also try in this essay to unravel some of its ambiguities and tensions as well as to highlight its underlying moral motives. The cosmopolitan conception of human nature that is central to Kant's anthropology is a further indication of the significance of his anthropology for ethics.
Design/optimization of ternary heterogeneous azeotropic distillation sequences

Various strategies for sequencing heterogeneous azeotropic distillations have been explored. The design and optimization of these systems by simulation-based methods is generally acknowledged to be a very difficult problem (Kingsley and Lucia, 1988). In this article, a simple and accurate design and optimization procedure has been developed. The method does not involve any recycle convergence loops and has been applied successfully to several test problems. Unlike the simulation-based methods, our method is robust to changes in the system optimization variables (e.g., reflux ratio in the azeotropic column). In order to demonstrate the method, we present design and optimization results for the dehydration of ethanol using a benzene entrainer. Our optimal designs consume significantly less energy than state-of-the-art designs reported in the literature.
The imbedding index of a graph

Abstract The natural extension of MacLane's combinatorial approach to planar imbeddings is seen to yield a combinatorial formulation of imbedding of a graph in a pseudosurface. This leads to a combinatorially defined parameter for all graphs, called the imbedding index. A generalization of the Heaword inequality is then proved for this parameter.
An EBSD investigation on flow localization and microstructure evolution of 316L stainless steel for Gen IV reactor applications

Abstract Type 316L stainless steel has been selected as a candidate structural material in a series of current accelerator driven systems and Generation IV reactor conceptual designs. The material is sensitive to irradiation damage in the temperature range of 150–400 °C: even low levels of irradiation exposure, as small as 0.1 dpa, can cause severe loss of ductility during tensile loading. This process, where the plastic flow becomes highly localized resulting in extremely low overall ductility, is referred as flow localization. The process controlling this confined flow is related to the difference between the yield and ultimate tensile strengths such that large irradiation-induced increases in the yield strength result in very limited plastic flow leading to necking after very small levels of uniform elongation. In this study, the microstructural evolution controlling flow localization is examined. It is found that twinning is an important deformation mechanism at lower temperatures since it promotes the strain hardening process. At higher temperatures, twinning becomes energetically impossible since the activation of twinning is determined by the critical twinning stress, which increases rapidly with temperature. Mechanical twinning and dislocation-based planar slip are competing mechanisms for plastic deformation.
Speech Evaluation Differences as a Function of Perspective (Participant Versus Observer) and Presentational Medium

Using 40 naturally occurring conversations (20 same sex and 20 mixed sex), the purpose of this study was to examine differences among speech behavior-social evaluation relationships as a function of whether the evaluator's perspective was that of a participant or an observer and, if the latter, whether the presentational medium involved an audiovisual, audio-only, or transcriptual recording. Speech behaviors examined included conversants’ speech rates, turn durations, interruptive speakovers, and vocal back-channels and the degree to which they performed these speech behaviors similar to those of their partners. Social evaluative dimensions examined included communication satisfaction, communicative competence, sociointellectual status, aesthetic quality, and dynamism. Several findings were noteworthy. First, participants viewed their conversational partners most favorably and transcript readers viewed them least favorably. Second, there were few significant correlations between social evaluative judgments across different perceivers’ perspectives. Third, while the perceivers’ social judgments of conversants were often related to the conversants’ speech behaviors, there was little consistency across perceivers’ perspectives regarding which speech behaviors were predictive of these judgments. Specifically, the relationships between audiovisual observers’ and transcript readers’ evaluations of conversants and the conversants’ speech behaviors frequently differed from relationships between participants’ evaluations of partners and the partners’ speech behaviors.
The buckling of delaminated rings subjected to hydrostatic pressure

Abstract The buckling strength of a delaminated ring subjected to hydrostatic pressure is sought. The problem is solved by applying a weighted residual solution technique to the equation of the second variation of the potential energy for the ring. The effect of the position and the size of the delamination is investigated using a numerical example. The buckled mode shapes are analyzed and the contact problem between the adjacent layers is discussed.
Long-term memory for the emotional gist and the emotional essence of an experience

We investigated accuracy in recalling past emotional behaviours and emotionality. Male couples discussed the history of their relationship, and coders rated the extent to which each partner engaged in behaviours such as complimenting or criticising. These ratings were combined into dimensions representing the deeper, emotional essence of that partner's discussion (expressions of We-ness, Fondness, Negativity, and Disappointment). Four years later, participants accurately recalled some of their own and some of their partner's emotional gist-level behaviours, but their answers indicated that they also remembered the emotional essence of the conversation. We conclude that individuals can retain the emotional essence of an experience for a long time, and that they may use this memory to infer, in part, gist-level details of the experience.
Pressure-induced phase transitions in CdMoO4: An in-situ high pressure X-ray diffraction study up to 52 GPa

Abstract An in-situ high pressure X-ray diffraction study on CdMoO4 has been carried out in the diamond anvil cell up to 52 GPa at room temperature. From the high pressure diffraction data we find two pressure-induced phase transitions, one near 12 GPa and another near 25 GPa. The first transition is from scheelite (tetragonal) to wolframite-type structure (monoclinic) and the second transition is also to a monoclinic lattice, related to the BaWO4-II structure. There is no significant change in the molar volume at the first transition, while at the second transition the volume decreases by about ∼12%. We conclude that the latter is due to change in the MoO coordination to truly octahedral coordination. The above results are consistent with the conclusions of a recent high pressure Raman study.
Individual-level PM₂.₅ exposure and the time course of impaired heart rate variability: the APACR Study.

In 106 community-dwelling middle-aged non-smokers we examined the time-course and the acute effects of fine particles (PM2.5) on heart rate variability (HRV), which measures cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM). Twenty-four hours beat-to-beat ECG data were visually examined. Artifacts and arrhythmic beats were removed. Normal beat-to-beat RR data were used to calculate HRV indices. Personal PM2.5 nephelometry was used to estimate 24-h individual-level real-time PM2.5 exposures. We use linear mixed-effects models to assess autocorrelation- and other major confounder-adjusted regression coefficients between 1–6 h moving averages of PM2.5 and HRV indices. The increases in preceding 1–6 h moving averages of PM2.5 was significantly associated with lower HF, LF, and SDNN, with the largest effect size at 4–6 h moving averages and smallest effects size at 1 h moving average. For example, a 10 μg/m3 increase in 1 and 6-h moving averages was associated with 0.027 and 0.068 ms2 decrease in log-HF, respectively, and with 0.024 and 0.071 ms2 decrease in log-LF, respectively, and with 0.81 and 1.75 ms decrease in SDNN, respectively (all P-values <0.05). PM2.5 exposures are associated with immediate impairment of CAM. With a time-course of within 6 h after elevated PM2.5 exposure, with the largest effects around 4–6 h.
INBREEDING DEPRESSION AND HAPLODIPLOIDY: EXPERIMENTAL MEASURES IN A PARASITOID AND COMPARISONS ACROSS DIPLOID AND HAPLODIPLOID INSECT TAXA

It has long been assumed that inbreeding depression in haplodiploid organisms is low due to their ability to purge genetic load in haploid males. It has been suggested that this low genetic load could facilitate the evolution of inbreeding behaviors driven by local mate competition in hymenopteran parasitoids. I have examined inbreeding depression in haplodiploids in two ways. First I show that an outbreeding haplodiploid wasp Uscana semifumipennis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) suffers substantial inbreeding depression. Longevity was 38% shorter, fecundity was 32% lower, and sex ratio was 5% more male for experimentally inbred wasps when compared to outbred controls. There were interactions between size and both fecundity and sex ratio for inbred wasps that were not seen for outbred individuals. Second, an analysis of data from the literature suggests that when inbreeding is experimentally imposed on populations, haplodiploid insects and mites as a group do suffer less from inbreeding depression than diploid insects, although substantial inbreeding depression in haplodiploid taxa does exist. The meta-analysis revealed no difference in inbreeding depression between gregarious haplodiploid wasps, which are likely to have a history of inbreeding, and solitary haplodiploid species, which are assumed to be primarily outbred.
A multi‐threshold adaptive filtering—an al approach to image enhancement

There is a compromise between noise removal and texture preservation in image enhancement. It is difficult to perform image enhancement, using only one simple filter, for a real world image which may consist of many different regions. This article studies the intelligent aspect of filtering algorithms and describe a multi-threshold adaptive filter (MTA filter) for solving this problem. the MTA filter uses a generalized gradient function and a local variance function, which provides the local contextual information as evidence to determine the nature of the filtering for each local neighborhood. A knowledge-based presegmentation procedure is presented. It applies a threshold operation to extract the local evidence. A belief function is used to combine different evidence and to determine the local filtering strategies. In this way, several simple filters can be combined to form a more efficient and more flexible context dependent filter. As a result, specific filtering is only applied to the region for which it is suitable. Thus, a balanced texture preserving and noise removal effect can be simultaneously achieved.
TLR3 deficiency protects against collagen degradation and medial destruction in murine atherosclerotic plaques

Objective Inflammatory cell activation plays a key role in atherosclerotic plaque growth and acute complications. While secretion of proteases and inflammatory cytokines are likely involved in the development of plaque instability, the precise mechanistic pathways are not well understood.
Concomitant varicella and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

T I-I E o N S E T of vesicular e rup t ion in an eczematous child is a diagnost ic p roblem with therapeut ic implications. One mus t consider eczema vaccinatum, eczema herpe t icum, varicella, and secondar i ly infected eczema? The appearance of bullous lesions fu r the r complicates this clinical problem by suggesting either an unusual f o r m of varicel la , i.e., varicel la bullosa or the coexistence of two disease entities. T h e purpose of this communica t ion is to repor t a pa t ien t who presented with coexistent vesicular and bullous lesions; the former lesions were varicella, the la t ter var iant of the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.
Differential Growth Patterns Among Healthy Infants Fed Protein Hydrolysate or Cow-Milk Formulas

OBJECTIVE: Infant formulas differ considerably in composition and sensory profiles. In this randomized study, we examined whether healthy infants fed an extensively protein hydrolysate formula (PHF) would differ in feeding behavior and growth from those fed cow-milk formula (CMF).
α2-Adrenergic receptor inhibition of cAMP accumulation is transformed to facilitation by tumor necrosis factor-α

Abstract Activation of the α2-adrenergic receptor on neurons regulates the activity of neurons. Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation induced by α2-adrenergic receptor activation is altered following exposure of the neuron SH-SY5Y cell line to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF). Acute (5 and 15 min) exposure to TNF induces a transformation in α2-adrenergic regulation of cAMP accumulation from inhibition to facilitation. These findings support an autocrine role for the regulation of TNF production from neurons.
Achalasia in children as a cause of recurrent pulmonary disease

Summary Achalasia of the esophagus in children may be manifest only by recurrent pulmonary infections secondary to aspiration. The disorder represents one of the moreeasily remediable causes of chronic respiratory disorders in children. Two cases of achalasia in children withpulmonary complications are reported.
Health Insurance Disparities in Traditional and Contingent/Alternative Employment

Relative to whites, Hispanics and blacks are less likely to have employer health insurance coverage. We examine whether ethnicity or race affects employment in traditional jobs or in contingent and alternative work arrangements, and whether ethnicity or race affects insurance offer, eligibility, and/or enrollment, conditional on employment sector. Health insurance disparities relative to whites are more pronounced for Hispanics, primarily due to disparities in employment by firms that offer coverage. Eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in offers, eligibility, and takeup would increase insurance coverage rates of Hispanics in traditional jobs and of both Hispanics and blacks in contingent and alternative jobs.
SU-D-16A-04: Accuracy of Treatment Plan TCP and NTCP Values as Determined Via Treatment Course Delivery Simulations.

Purpose: To to determine if tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue control probability (NTCP) values computed on the treatment planning image are representative of TCP/NTCP distributions resulting from probable positioning variations encountered during external-beam radiotherapy. Methods: We compare TCP/NTCP as typically computed on the planning PTV/OARs with distributions of those parameters computed for CTV/OARs via treatment delivery simulations which include the effect of patient organ deformations for a group of 19 prostate IMRT pseudocases. Planning objectives specified 78 Gy to PTV1=prostate CTV+5 mm margin, 66 Gy to PTV2=seminal vesicles+8 mm margin, and multiple bladder/rectum OAR objectives to achieve typical clinical OAR sparing. TCP were computed using the Poisson Model while NTCPs used the Lyman-Kutcher-Bruman model. For each patient, 1000 30-fraction virtual treatment courses were simulated with each fractional pseudo- time-oftreatment anatomy sampled from a principle component analysis patient deformation model. Dose for each virtual treatment-course was determined via deformable summation of dose from the individual fractions. CTVTCP/ OAR-NTCP values were computed for each treatment course, statistically analyzed, and compared with the planning PTV-TCP/OARNTCP values. Results: Mean TCP from the simulations differed by 5% for 12/19 patients and >10% for 4/19 patients. Similarly, mean rectum NTCP differed by >5% for 12/19 patients, >10% for 4/19 patients. Both mean bladder and mean rectum NTCP differed by >5% for 10/19 patients and by >10% for 2/19 patients. For several patients, planned NTCP was less than the minimum or more than the maximum from the treatment course simulations. Conclusion: Treatment course simulations yield TCP values that are similar to planned values, while OAR NTCPs differ significantly, indicating the need for probabilistic methods or PRVs for OAR risk assessment. Presenting author receives support from Philips Medical Systems.
Tissue Plasmmogen Activator for Preserving Inferior Peripheral Iridectomy Patency in Eyes with Silicone Oil

Purpose: An inferior peripheral iridectomy (IPI) was used to prevent forward migration of silicone oil in vitrectomized eyes; however, in approximately one third of eyes, the IPI closed spontaneously. Occlusion of the IPI by fibrin is believed to be an early event in permanent IPI closure by scar tissue. The authors determined whether intraocular tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) would restore and maintain IPI Patency in eyes that had early occlusion of the IPI by fibrin. Methods: Between November 1993 and January 1995,12 patients who underwent vitrectomy with silicone tamponade and IPI for complicated retinal detachment received an anterior chamber injection of tPA (6.25 or 12.5 μg) for occlusion of the IPI by fibrin. Results: All 12 patients had lysis of fibrin and maintained a patent IPI at the last follow-up (124 ± 95 days). One patient required multiple tPA injections for recurrent fibrin formation. In another patient, a small hyphema developed after the tPA injection, which did not occlude the IPI. When compared with the natural course in a very similar group of patients previously reported, tPA had a statistically significant beneficial effect in the maintenance of IPI Patency ( P = 0.040). Conclusions: Intraocular tPA can be safely used to lyse postoperative fibrin occluding the IPI in eyes with silicone oil tamponade. Early lysis of this fibrin maintains IPI patency.
Bovine liver glucose dehydrogenase: isolation and characterization.

Abstract A method is described for the isolation and purification of glucose dehydrogenase from bovine liver in which Triton X-100 is used to release glucose dehydrogenase from the endoplasmic reticulum. This particular form of the enzyme contains a limited amount (1.5%) of cholesterol, fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters. The Circular Dichroism data analysis indicates 52% alpha helix, 15% beta pleated sheet, and 33% random for this enzyme. The molecular weight is estimated at 235,000 and that of the subunits is 59,000 as determined by gel electrophoresis. The pH of maximum activity is 9.5 in 50 m m glycine buffer at 30 °C. At pH 7.5 and above, this enzyme catalyzes significant rates of glucose oxidation at physiologically meaningful concentrations of glucose. A steady-state analysis of glucose dehydrogenase kinetics is made at 30 °C (pH 8.0, 9.5, and 10) and 37 °C (pH 7.5 and 9.5). At pH 9.5 and 37 °C, K ia 's for NAD and NADP are similar (5–6 μ m ) and the K b 's for glucose and glucose 6-phosphate are 4.2 m m and 25.4 μ m , respectively. At pH 7.5 and 37 °C, the K ia 's for NAD and NADP are 1.2 and 3–4 μ m , respectively, while the K b values for glucose and glucose 6-phosphate are 4.8 m m and 3.0 μ m . There is no apparent product inhibition by NADH or NADPH. Similarly, the glucose-NAD reaction is not inhibited by either glucose 6-phosphate or by 1,5-gluconolactone. An overall model is presented for the role of glucose dehydrogenase based upon kinetic evidence. Glucose dehydrogenase is seen as a multifunctional protein involved in several catabolic sugar pathways in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ontogeny of glucose and lipid metabolism in dorsal root ganglia of chickens. Similarities and contrasts with sympathetic ganglia.

Dorsal root ganglia, excised from the lumbar roots of the sciatic nerve of white Leghorn chicken embryos 6–13 days of age, were incubated usually for 5 h, at 36°C in 20 μI of a bicarbonate-buffered physiological salt solution containing 5.5 mM glucose. [U-14C]Glucose, [1-14C]glucose, [6-14C]glucose, or [5-3H]uridine was also added. Lipid synthesis and lactate output were measured by incorporation of 14C from [U-14C]glucose and RNA synthesis by incorporation of 3H from [5-3H]uridine. Glucose uptake and labeled lactate output declined rapidly from 6 to 8–9 days of age, more slowly thereafter. Synthesis of lipids was relatively constant throughout the ages studied, without the increased rate at intermediate ages seen previously in sympathetic ganglia of the same species. RNA synthesis declined progressively throughout the ages studied. The output of C-6 of glucose to CO2 was about the same at all ages, whereas that of C-1 declined rapidly from 6 to 7 days of age and then more slowly, but always remained higher than that of C-6 and thus indicated that much glucose was metabolized via the hexosemonophosphate shunt.
Religious Involvement and Death Anxiety

The purpose of this study is to test a conceptual model that aims to clarify the relationship between religious commitment and death anxiety. This model contains the following hypotheses: (1) people who affiliate with Conservative Protestant congregations will be more likely to attend worship services; (2) people who go to church more often will be more likely to feel they belong in their congregations; (3) those who feel they belong in their congregations will be more deeply committed to their faith; (4) individuals who are more deeply committed to their faith will be more likely to forgive others; (5) people who forgive others are more likely to feel they have been forgiven by God; and (6) individuals who feel they are forgiven by God will experience less death anxiety. Data from a nationwide survey of older Mexican Americans provides support for each hypothesis.
Analysis of Pigments at the Surface of Fresh Beef With Reflectance Spectrophotometry

SUMMARY There is need for a nondestructive method of measuring the proportions of myoglobin derivatives in meat samples. Such a method was developed in which reflectance spectra are recorded on the absorbancy scale for samples of fresh beef containing predominantly myoglobin (Mb), oxymyoglobin (MbO2), or met-myoglobin (Mb+) at the surface. The spectra are adjusted so that reflectance measured on the absorbancy scale (RA), is 1.0 at 525 mμ, an isobestic point for the three derivatives. With this adjustment, the isobestic point for MbO2 and Mb+ at 474 μ and the isobestic point for Mb and MbO2 at 571 mμ are reproducible, and the RA values at 474 mμ and 571 mμ are less variable. In that way, 100% reflectance values were established, but a model system was needed to determine intermediate reflectance values due to mixtures of myoglobin derivatives. The model system, containing known amounts of MbO2 and Mb+, indicated that Beer's law was not followed, but the deviation was small. Some of the difficulties inherent in this type of study are discussed, and a hypothesis is proposed to explain the peculiarities of reflectance spectra.
Legal Moralism, Interests and Preferences: Alexander on Aesthetic Regulation

Legal moralists hold that the immorality of an action is a sufficient reason for the state to prevent it. Liberals in the tradition of Mill generally reject legal moralism. However, Larry Alexander has recently developed an argument that suggests that a class of legal restrictions on freedom that most liberals endorse is, and perhaps can only be, justified on moralistic grounds. According to Alexander, environmental restrictions designed to preserve nature or beauty are forms of legal moralism. In this paper, I explore two liberal lines of response to Alexander’s argument. The first argues that an aesthetic interest is among our basic legally protectable interests. This argument claims that environmental and other regulations designed to protect beauty and nature are justified in order to prevent setbacks to this aesthetic interest. The second focuses on a democratic conception of the public interest. It holds that democratic communities are entitled, through their institutions, to shape the community and environment they live in. On this view, the community need not appeal to moralism to justify its adoption of environmental regulations, since in adopting such regulations it is simply enacting its collective preferences. On these grounds, I claim that Alexander’s case for the claim that aesthetic regulations can only be justified on moralistic grounds is much weaker than he takes it to be.
The role of hafnium in the formation of misoriented defects in Ni-based superalloys: An atom-probe tomographic study

Abstract Single-crystal nickel-based superalloys are used for turbine blades in jet engines and power generators. During the solidification of these alloys, misoriented defects, namely freckles, are frequently formed. Freckles can cause degradation in a turbine blade’s mechanical properties at high temperatures, and their elimination is of prime technological importance. Atom-probe tomography, transmission electron microscopy and dual-beam focused ion-beam microscopy are employed to analyze the chemical compositions of freckles and their local neighborhoods at several regions of interest, ranging from the millimeter to the nanometer length scales. This combination of techniques enables us to determine the role of minority elements ( γ (fcc)-phase during the γ (fcc) → γ ′(L1 2 ) + γ (fcc with a different composition) phase separation, implying that Hf has the potential to promote freckle formation.
Mutation of Individual Serine Residues in the C-terminal Tail of the Lutropin/Choriogonadotropin Receptor Reveal Distinct Structural Requirements for Agonist-induced Uncoupling and Agonist-induced Internalization *

We have previously mapped the agonist-induced phosphorylation of the rat lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (rLHR) to a locus of four serines (Ser635, Ser639, Ser649, and Ser652) located in the C-terminal tail. The removal or mutation of this locus delays the time course of agonist-induced uncoupling of the rLHR from its effector system without affecting the overall magnitude of uncoupling, and it retards the endocytosis of the agonist-receptor complex. We have now prepared and analyzed four new rLHR mutants in which each of these serines were individually mutated to alanines. The data presented show that each mutation reduces agonist-promoted rLHR phosphorylation by 20–40%. Mutation of Ser635 or Ser639 delayed the time course of agonist-induced uncoupling to about the same extent as the simultaneous mutation of all four serines. Mutation of Ser635 or Ser639 also retarded agonist-induced internalization, but the magnitude of this decrease was less than that induced by the simultaneous mutation of all four serines. Mutation of Ser649 had no effect on agonist-induced uncoupling but retarded agonist-induced internalization to the same extent as the simultaneous mutation of all four serines. Mutation of Ser652 has little or no effect on either of these two parameters. Co-transfection studies with dominant-negative arrestins and dominant-negative dynamin reveal that, despite differences in their rates of internalization, rLHR-wild-type, rLHR-S639A, and rLHR-S649A are internalized by an arrestin- and dynamin-dependent pathway. These data show that the structural requirements needed for the agonist-induced uncoupling and internalization of the rLHR are distinct.
Noncontact Alignment And Spacing Of Optics

The performance of individual optics and of optical systems is sensitive to surface figure, to interelement optic spacing and to the precise spatial location of figure defects. However, it is seldom practical during the manufacturing process to make detailed measurements each time one wants to test the optic. In this paper, we describe some simple, yet accurate tests which are appropriate to the constraints of a manufactur-ing environment. For testing surface figure and optical-element spacing, a test using a system of lenses is described. The problem of locating defects in a complicated piece, such as an aspheric, can be solved using an array of corner cubes. Since the intensity of the return beam from the corner cubes is much greater than that from the optic under test, there is no way to be confused by artifacts. Moreover, the accuracy of this method for surface mapping is good. Some problems with the practical implementation of these tests are also discussed.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lateral shearing interferometer for large aperture: merit consideration and analysis

In this paper, we report a variable shearing Michelson interferometer using a converging beam. The beam divider was achieved by sandwiching a partially reflecting film between two identical plane parallel plate. The angle of incidence of the beam divider is adjusted smaller than 22.5 in order to keep the size of the beam divider reasonably small. The variable shear is achieved by rotating the beam divider.
Characteristics of women surgeons in the United States

Abstract Background: Women surgeons are becoming increasingly prevalent. Despite this, there have been few studies of personal or professional characteristics of US surgeons of either gender. Methods: Data were taken from the Women Physicians’ Health Study, a nationally representative random sample (n = 4,501 respondents) of US women physicians, and data were analyzed in SUDAAN. Results: Surgeons were younger, and more likely to be US born, white, unmarried, and childless than were other women physicians; their personal health behaviors were similar to those of others. They worked significantly more clinical hours and call nights, but were not more likely to report feeling that they worked too much, had too much work stress, or had less control of their work environment. Their career satisfaction was similar to that of other women physicians, and satisfaction with their specialty was greater. They were less avid preventionists than were primary care practitioners, and somewhat less avid than other specialists. Conclusions: Women surgeons differ in interesting and important ways from other women physicians.
Time and the patient-physician relationship.

Being a physician always has been a busy job. This is especially true for primary care physicians who set as their goal the delivery and coordination of comprehensive care for patients. Achieving such a goal requires availability, a broad spectrum of medical knowledge, effective use of the local health care system, and attention to both the “big picture” and the details of a patient's life and health. The technical resources that go into the delivery of health care have been studied extensively. Major advances are frequent in the arenas of diagnostic testing, therapeutics, and pharmaceuticals. Modern information transfer technology has made physicians' ability to access information about these advances easier and contributed to patients being more aware of changes in many aspects of health care. At the same time, physicians may be called on to limit utilization of health care resources to services that are judged to be “medically necessary.” There has been relatively little study of physician time as a resource.1 Yet both as a contribution to health care costs and as a key element in patient-doctor relationships, there is reason to believe that it deserves more attention. Furthermore, with an increasing emphasis on value and efficiency in health care delivery, quality time between physician and patient is an increasingly valuable resource. Physicians spend time in face-to-face contact with patients gathering information, and developing a relationship, doing administrative work related to visits, and maintaining their knowledge base. Importantly, time is always finite: no matter what demands a physician faces, there are only 24 hours in a day. In the current practice environment, physicians face mounting demands on their time. Increasing administrative requirements for health care delivery (e.g., service and authorization requests, utilization review processes) encroach on time spent with patients. The 1995 Commonwealth Fund survey found that 41% of physicians noted a decline in the amount of time spent with patients and 43% noted a decline in the amount of time spent with colleagues between 1992 and 1995.2 Because of social and demographic changes in the physician workforce, many physicians have family responsibilities that reduce their time available for work. These factors have moved time management for physicians, in their practices and in their lives, to the forefront as a critical issue. In this article we examine the effects of limiting time on the patient-doctor relationship. We review the effects that are attributable to managed care. Finally, we offer recommendations for teaching medical students and residents skills that will help establish and maintain their patient-doctor relationships in the face of time pressure.
Excitatory amino acids and the actions of cocaine.

Abstract Antagonists of theN-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) type of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors blocked cocaine-induced stereotypy, locomotor stimulation and convulsions. These effects in general appear to involve selectively NMDA type of receptors. The results suggest that NMDA-activated systems are an integral component in the reaction sequences involved in the expression of several behavioral effects of cocaine.
A simplified psychologic questionnaire as a treatment planning aid for patients with temporomandibular joint disorders

Abstract Psychologic factors are often believed to have a significant role in the etiology and maintenance of temporomandibular joint disorders. Anxiety and depression have received the greatest focus. Approximately 132 patients with temporomandibular joint disorders completed seven self-administered depression questionnaires and four anxiety questionnaires. Correlation among all 11 questionnaires was significant. Factor analysis was interpreted as indicating the 11 questionnaires were measuring a single factor. For preliminary screening diagnosis, two questions were were suggested to be a good approximation of the total battery of questionnaires.
Changes in lung lysyl oxidase activity in streptozotocin-diabetes and in starvation.

Abstract The effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and of starvation on the lysyl oxidase activity of rat lung were investigated. Enzyme activity was elevated 2–3 fold in the lungs of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. In contrast, starvation of rats produced a rapid loss of lung lysyl oxidase activity, with levels approximating 25% of control values after 48–72 h of starvation. Enzyme activity was essentially fully restored to control values upon refeeding the 48-h starved animals for 3 h. These studies demonstrate the responsiveness of lysyl oxidase to these physiological states and suggest a component, enzymatic basis of change in lung function known to occur in the diabetic state.
Selective Differentiation of Neural Progenitor Cells by High-Epitope Density Nanofibers

Neural progenitor cells were encapsulated in vitro within a three-dimensional network of nanofibers formed by self-assembly of peptide amphiphile molecules. The self-assembly is triggered by mixing cell suspensions in media with dilute aqueous solutions of the molecules, and cells survive the growth of the nanofibers around them. These nanofibers were designed to present to cells the neurite-promoting laminin epitope IKVAV at nearly van der Waals density. Relative to laminin or soluble peptide, the artificial nanofiber scaffold induced very rapid differentiation of cells into neurons, while discouraging the development of astrocytes. This rapid selective differentiation is linked to the amplification of bioactive epitope presentation to cells by the nanofibers.
Unifying Moral Methodology

This article argues that the best way to pursue systematic normative ethical theorizing involves metaethical enquiry. My argument builds upon two central claims. First, I argue that plausible metaethical accounts can have implications that can help to resolve the methodological controversies facing normative ethics. Second, I argue that metaethical research is at least roughly as well supported as normative ethical research. I conclude by examining the implications of my thesis. Inter alia, it shows that the common practice of engaging in systematic normative theorizing uninformed by metaethical commitments offers a significant and troubling hostage to metaethical fortune.
Prolonged Complementary Chromatopsia in Users of Video Display Terminals

Induced prolonged complementary chromatopsia in four subjects (two men, 26 and 34 years old, and two women, 34 and 45 years old) was documented by abnormal responses to pseudoisochromatic color plates 30 minutes after cessation of monochrome video display terminal use. This phenomenon was unrelated to preexisting color vision anomalies, known ocular disease, or drug use, and defines a specific phenomenon probably related to afterimages. All four patients missed AOH-R-R plate 3 after using the video display terminal. One patient also had a delayed response to plate 6. One patient patched one eye before using the video display terminal and noted that the complementary chromatopsia occurred only in the unpatched eye.
Problems in implementing farmland preservation policies in Connecticut

Abstract Connecticut has become determined to preserve as much as possible of its small remaining amount of farmland, but it has been increasingly difficult to design programs to implement farmland preservation policies. The most successful program has been the differential assessment of farmland, adopted by the legislature in 1963 and now utilized by most farmers. A State program to purchase the development rights of farmland was instituted in 1978. The high cost to the taxpayers of an adequate program is the major long-term problem. Initially, however, administrative difficulty in selecting farms and completing the purchase hampered the program. By February 1986 the development rights of only 36 farms had been purchased. Spatially, these purchases were widely scattered among Connecticut's 169 towns. If Connecticut's capacity to produce food is to be maintained, the State's program to purchase development rights must be supplemented by other programs, particularly among the towns which traditionally enjoy much autonomy in land use planning. Purchase of development rights programs have been proposed in some towns and rejected because of high cost. Exclusive agricultural zoning and cluster zoning are controversial among planners. Agricultural districts, successful elsewhere, have been considered but rejected as inappropriate. A suggested strategy involves the formation of ‘farm neighborhoods’ within towns. Active fanner participation and thorough evaluation of the long-term potential of the farmland are prerequisites. Then every farmland preservation technique available to the State and town must be utilized.
A skeletal muscle ventricle made from rectus abdominis muscle in the dog.

This study examined the ability of a skeletal muscle-powered assist ventricle to augment cardiac output in 10 dogs with experimentally induced heart failure. Heart failure was induced with the use of the β-blocking agents atenolol and propranolol. A “skeletal muscle ventricle” was then surgically constructed by wrapping the rectus abdominis muscle, with an intact neurovascular supply, around a double open-ended compressible pouch. The skeletal muscle ventricle was then interposed in a left ventricular apicoaortic conduit. The motor nerves to the skeletal muscle ventricle were stimulated by a custom designed pulse generator and caused tetanic contraction of the ventricle during diastole of every fourth natural heart beat. Stimulation was continued for 60 min. Cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, mean blood pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and central venous pressure were then monitored prior to, during, and several times after skeletal muscle ventricle stimulation to evaluate assist ventricle function. There was an increased cardiac output in all 10 dogs at all recording times during skeletal muscle ventricle assistance compared to the cardiac output prior to stimulation of the assist ventricle. The mean increase in cardiac output after 30 min of assist ventricle stimulation was 31.0 ± 14% (P < 0.01), and at 60 min was 8.0 ± 1% (P < 0.05). The mean diastolic blood pressure after 1 and 30 min of skeletal muscle ventricle assistance (50.0 ± 2.9 and 48.6 ± 2.2 mm Hg, respectively) was increased (P < 0.05) vs the preassistance value (44.9 ± 2.8 mm Hg). There were no significant differences in the other hemodynamic parameters that were monitored. We conclude that the skeletal muscle-powered assist ventricle, made from untrained rectus abdominis muscle, can temporarily augment cardiac function in dogs with experimentally induced heart failure, but is prone to fairly rapid fatigue.
Examining Explanatory Mechanisms of the Effects of Early Alcohol Use on Young Adult Alcohol Dependence

Objective:This study examined potential explanatory mechanisms linking childhood alcohol use onset and chronicity of adult alcohol dependence by testing the following three competing hypotheses: (1) a marker hypothesis, where early onset of alcohol use may be simply a marker for other factors that have been linked to both age at initiation and adult alcohol problems; (2) a compromised development hypothesis, where early alcohol initiation may interfere with adolescent development, which can lead to later alcohol problems; and (3) an increased substance use hypothesis, where early onset of alcohol use may lead to increased substance use in adolescence and, in turn, chronic alcohol dependence.Method:Data came from a longitudinal community sample of 808 participants recruited at age 10 in 1985. Participants were followed through age 33 in 2008 with 92% retention.Results:Childhood onset of alcohol use (before age 11), when compared with initiation during adolescence, predicted an increased chronicity of adult...
Ablation of left free-wall accessory pathways using radiofrequency energy at the atrial insertion site: transseptal versus transaortic approach

Transseptal versus Transaortic Ablation. Introduction: Transcatheter ablation of the left free-wall atrioventricular accessory pathways (AP) by delivery of radiofrequency current at the ventricular insertion site has been shown to be effective. The efficacy of such a technique targeting the atrial insertion site of the AP was evaluated. Methods and Results: One hundred consecutive patients with left free-wall APs and symptomatic supraventricular tachyarrhythmias were included. APs were manifest in 55 patients and concealed in 45. There were 55 men and 45 women with a mean age of 35 years. A total of 107 left free-wall APs were identified in these patients. In these 100 patients, successful ablation was accomplished in all by using a transseptal (45 patients) or transaortic (54 patients) technique. In one patient, ablation was accomplished from within the coronary sinus. Seven patients required a repeat ablative procedure, which was performed successfully. During 107 ablative procedures, six were associated with nonfatal complications including pericardial effusion (hemopericardium) in two patients, mild mitral regurgitation in two patients, swelling of the left arm in one patient, and staphylococcal bacteremia in one patient. Eighty-two (82%) patients underwent a repeat electrophysiologic study 6 to 8 weeks after successful ablation and were found to have no functioning AP or inducible supraventricular tachycardia. During a mean follow-up of 20 ± 8 months, none of the 100 patients had a recurrence of tachyarrhythmias. Conclusion: These data indicate that the atrial insertion site of the AP can be successfully ablated in the majority of patients with left free-wall APs by using cither a transseptal or transaortic approach. Furthermore, both techniques are associated with minimal morbidity and no mortality.