cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
White light generation and trapping in yttria nanopowders

Summary form only given. Recent experiments have shown the occurrence of new physical phenomena (cw laser action mediated by scattering and stationary light) in structureless nanopowders consisting of rare earth doped dielectric particles smaller than 30 nm. These unexpected radiative properties result from strong localization of light and raise questions as to whether novel non-radiative properties or dynamics in these materials might similarly manifest themselves in unexpected ways. Here we present initial evidence that this may indeed be the case, through observations of spectral differences between single crystal and powdered yttria, high temperature material processing by low power incident light, and white light generation at room temperature. Er,Yb:Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ nanopowders were irradiated with < 200 mW of laser light tuned to the Yb absorption region near 980 nm and luminescence from the focal region was collected and analyzed with a grating spectrometer. A scan is shown of the resulting upconversion emission in the visible spectral region, compared with a spectrum obtained from a single crystal specimen of Er,Yb:Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ doped with identical concentrations of erbium and ytterbium ions. While the near infrared emission is similar, the visible emission is dramatically different. In the powder, the energy level responsible for green emission is the /sup 2/H/sub 11/2/ whereas in the crystal emission is dominated by the /sup 4/S/sub 3/2/ level. Since the host media and doping levels are the same in these two samples, one is led to infer that the marked difference in their emission spectra may result from changes in decay rates other than the radiative relaxation rates of key levels involved in emission processes. We examine this hypothesis with direct measurements of these rates.
Effect of hypoxia and acidosis on the cytotoxicity of four platinum complexes at normal and hyperthermic temperatures.

Abstract The cytotoxicities of cis -diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) and of three recently developed dichloro complexes of bivalent platinum with radiosensitizing ligands [(1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene)dichloroplatinum(II) (Plato), trans -bis(2-amino-5-nitrothiazole)dichloroplatinum(II) (Plant), and trans -bis(2-nitroimidazole)dichloroplatinum(II) (NIPt)] were evaluated at 37°C, 42°C, and 43°C at normal pH, at pH 6.45, and under normally oxygenated and hypoxic conditions in EMT6 cells in vitro . For CDDP, marked hyperthermic sensitization to the drug was evident in normally oxygenated cells, but hypoxic cells showed essentially no sensitization to the cytotoxicity of CDDP at elevated temperature at normal pH. Low pH further increased the cytotoxicity of CDDP toward normally oxygenated but not hypoxic cells at 37°C and 42°C. At 43°C, however, low pH increased the cytotoxicity of CDDP toward both normally oxygenated and hypoxic cells, restoring nearly the full sensitizing effect of hyperthermia on CDDP cytotoxicity in the hypoxic cells. Plato was much more cytotoxic toward hypoxic than normally oxygenated cells under all culture conditions. At normal pH, hyperthermia increased the cytotoxicity of Plato in both hypoxic and normally oxygenated cells. At low pH, however, the cytotoxicity of Plato was inhibited at all temperatures and in both normally oxygenated and hypoxic cells. Plant was also more toxic to both normally oxygenated and hypoxic cells at elevated temperatures at normal pH. In contrast to Plato, however, Plant became much more cytotoxic toward hypoxic cells and showed increased cytotoxicity in normally oxygenated cells at low pH. Hyperthermia, however, did not further increase the rate of cell killing by Plant at low pH. NIPt, at the concentrations tested, was essentially nontoxic to cells at normal pH at 37°C. Hyperthermia significantly increased the killing of hypoxic cells by NIPt under both normal and low pH conditions, but little cytotoxicity was noted for NIPt in normally oxygenated cells under any culture conditions. These results demonstrate that pH and the level of oxygenation of cells significantly affect the cytotoxicity of drugs at both normal and elevated temperatures. This sort of investigation may help delineate optimum drugs for use against environmentally determined subpopulations of cells within tumors.
The Sum Is Greater than the Parts

The practice of conservation and the designation of pro-tected areas are clearly in the best interest of humankindand are embraced by a large fraction of the world’s peo-ples and governments. The goals of conservation, how-ever, and thus the targets and priorities of conservation,are not so easy to agree upon. A recent essay by Brookset al. (2004) would have us believe that protecting thelongest possible list of species is the obvious overarchinggoal of conservation and that species data are thereforethe key to conservation planning. Although we agree thatprotecting biodiversity is important, we do not agree thatlong lists of species represent the trump card in conser-vation priority setting and planning.Each unique species has value in itself, but the valueof assemblages of species in ecosystems should also beconsidered when making conservation decisions. Recog-nizing this, the parties to the Convention on BiologicalDiversity defined biodiversity loss as “the long-term
A Reaction-Diffusion Model of Cancer Invasion

We present mathematical analyses, experimental data, and clinical observations which support our novel hypothesis that tumor-induced alteration of microenvironmental pH may provide a simple but complete mechanism for cancer invasion. A reaction-diffusion model describing the spatial distribution and temporal development of tumor tissue, normal tissue, and excess H+ ion concentration is presented. The model predicts a pH gradient extending from the tumor-host interface, which is confirmed by reanalysis of existing experimental data. Investigation of the structure and dynamics of the tumor-host interaction within the context of the model demonstrates a transition from benign to malignant growth analogous to the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. The effect of biological parameters critical to controlling this transition are supported by experimental and clinical observations. Tumor wave front velocities determined via a marginal stability analysis of the model equations are consistent with in vivo tumor growth rates. The model predicts a previously unrecognized hypocellular interstitial gap at the tumor-host interface which we demonstrate both in vivo and in vitro. A direct correlation between the interfacial morphology and tumor wave front velocity provides an explicit, testable, clinically important prediction.
Post-Planting Fertilization as a Reforestation Aid on a Sulfurous, Semiarid Surface Mine

Selected fertilizer formulations were assessed for their capacity to enhance growth and nutrition of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) seedlings on an acidic and possibly toxic Sierran surface mine when applied three years after planting. In a study encompassing five growing seasons conducted on a semiarid, montane surface mine site on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, seedling survival, dimensions, and volume measurements were coupled with foliar and soil analyses for macronutrients, micronutrients, and potentially phytotoxic metallic elements. Administered by broadcasting at four rates each, the formulations consisted of an organic amendment derived from municipal biosolids; a controlled release fertilizer containing urea, ammoniacal, and nitrate N sources; and two conventional fertilizers with one featuring urea as the predominant N form while the other delivered ammoniacal and nitrate forms. None of the formulations induced seedling mortality regardless of application rate, but the controlled release fertilizer and the conventional urea-based formulation were the most stimulatory overall, with intermediate rates of both proving most advantageous among those tested. Foliar analysis revealed that enhanced N and P nutrition, which was otherwise severely impacted by soil infertility, possibly along with that of K, probably accounted for most of the growth stimulation by the amendments, but an accessory role may have been attributable to reduced concentrations of potentially phytotoxic metallic elements, principally Mn but possibly including Fe, Cu, and Al, for which soil levels were all exceedingly elevated. With careful selection of formulation and application rate, post-planting broadcast fertilization can enhance growth and nutrition of Jeffrey pine on degraded substrates. These results provide a more complete understanding of the benefits that judicious fertilization can impart to young forest stands on surface mines and other harsh sites.
On the emergence of highly variable distributions in the autonomous system topology

Recent studies observe that vertex degree in the autonomous systems (AS) graph exhibits a highly variable distribution [14, 21]. The most prominent explanatory model for this phenomenon is the Barabasi-Albert (B-A) model [5, 2]. A central feature of the B-A model is preferential connectivity --- meaning that the likelihood a new node in a growing graph will connect to an existing node is proportional to the existing node's degree. In this paper we ask whether a more general explanation than the B-A model, and absent the assumption of preferential connectivity, is consistent with empirical data. We are motivated by two observations: first, AS degree and AS size are highly correlated [10]; and second, highly variable AS size can arise simply through exponential growth. We construct a model incorporating exponential growth in the size of the Internet and in the number of ASes, and show that it yields a size distribution exhibiting a power-law tail. In such a model, if an AS's link formation is roughly proportional to its size, then AS out-degree will also show high variability. Moreover, our approach is more flexible than previous work, since the choice of which AS to connect to does not impact high variability, thus can be freely specified. We instantiate such a model with empirically derived estimates of historical growth rates and show that the resulting degree distribution is in good agreement with that of real AS graphs.
Dynamic traction and minimal internal fixation for thumb and digital pilon fractures.

Abstract Purpose This study evaluates the use of limited internal fixation and dynamic traction for the treatment of severely displaced digital and thumb pilon fractures. Methods Six patients were evaluated both clinically and radiographically at an average of 29 months after surgery (range, 18–36 months) for pain, range of motion, and radiographic signs of joint space narrowing and congruence. Surgery involved the placement of a pin for dynamic traction and an assessment of the adequacy of the articular alignment. A limited incision and supplemental K-wires were often used to improve the position of severely displaced fragments or for the repair of the central tendon. Results Three patients were pain free, 2 patients experienced pain with prolonged activity, and 1 patient had pain associated with activities of daily living. Average digital arc of motion of the proximal interphalangeal joint was 94°(range, 90°–100°) and thumb interphalangeal motion was 62.5° (range, 60°–65°). The average duration of digital traction was 3.5 weeks. Four patients had greater than 1 mm incongruity of the articular surface immediately after surgery. At final evaluation, all patients had good joint congruency and 2 patients had joint space narrowing but were asymptomatic. There was 1 minor pin tract infection. Conclusions Dynamic traction combined with limited internal fixation can be an effective treatment for displaced intra-articular pilon fractures. This technique may allow for earlier removal of traction and simultaneous repair of soft tissue injuries.
Molecular and catalytic properties of the acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The acetoacetyl-CoA-thiolase, a product of the acetoacetate degradation operon ( ato ) was purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis at pH 4.5, 7.0, and 8.3. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 166,000 and is composed of four identical subunits. The subunit molecular weight is 41,500. Histidine was the sole N-terminal amino acid detected by dansylation. The thiolase contains eight free sulhydryl residues and four intrachain disulfide bonds per mole. The ato thiolase catalyzes the CoA- dependent cleavage of acetoacetyl-CoA and the acetylation of acetyl-CoA to form acetoacetyl-CoA. The maximal velocity in the direction of acetoacetyl-CoA cleavage was 840 nmol min − (enzyme unit) −1 and the maximal velocity in the direction of acetoacetyl CoA formation was 38 nmol min −1 (enzyme unit) −1 . Like other thiolases, the ato thiolase was inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. The enzyme was protected from inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents in the presence of the acyl-CoA substrates, acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA; however, no protection was obtained when the enzyme was incubated with the acetyl-CoA analog, acetylaminodesthio-CoA. Consistent with these results was the demonstration of an acetyl-enzyme compound when the thiolase was incubated with [1- 14 C]acetyl-CoA. The sensitivity of the acetyl-enzyme bond to borohydride reduction and the protection afforded by acyl-CoA substrates against enzyme inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents indicated that acetyl groups are bound to the enzyme by a thiolester bond.
Manipulations of polarized skylight calibrate magnetic orientation in a migratory bird

1. Young migratory birds enter the world with two representations of the migratory direction, one coded with respect to the magnetic field, the other with respect to celestial rotation. The preferred magnetic direction of migratory orientation is malleable early in life: it may be calibrated by celestial rotation, observed either in daytime or at night. 2. Previous experiments showed that early experience with skylight polarization was necessary for calilbration to occur in daytime. In this study, we performed a direct manipulation of patterns of polarized skylight at dawn and dusk. 3. Hand-raised Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) were allowed to observe the clear sky for 1 h prior to local sunrise and for one h following local sunset. They never saw the Sun nor stars. The birds observed the sky through bands of polarizing material (HNP'B) aligned with the e-vector axis in one of three orientations with respect of the azimuth of sunrise and sunset: group 1) 90°; group 2) 45° CW; group 3) 45° CCW. 4. Tested indoors in covered cages in both shifted and unshifted magnetic fields, the autumn migratory orientation of the three groups differed significantly. Group 1 oriented magnetic N-S, group 2 oriented magnetic NW-SE, and group 3 oriented magnetic NNE-SSW. These observed orientation directions are very close to those predicted by the manipulations of polarized skylight. 5. These results indicated that a fairly simplified, static polarized light pattern viewed a limited number of times only in dawn and dusk snapshots is sufficient to produce calibration of the preferred magnetic migratory orientation direction.
Purchasing/supply chain management flexibility: Moving to an entrepreneurial skill set

Abstract Given the rapid changes in the business environment, purchasing and supply management (P/SM) professionals require a different skill set that emulates entrepreneurial behavior. The purpose of this exploratory study is to develop an initial framework for the skills required to attain P/SM flexibility (which we will refer to later as P/SM flexibility skill set). This skill set should provide the necessary flexibility to allow them to meet the challenges of the changing business environment. In this study, we define P/SM flexibility skills as the degree to which purchasers act entrepreneurially in managing risk, making decisions, planning, using interpersonal communication, applying influence and persuasion, being internally motivated, and finding creative solutions to business problems. Drawing on the results of four focus groups we conclude that the new P/SM skill set requires an entrepreneurial focus. The cluster analysis of the questionnaire administered to P/SM managers indicates that those who act more entrepreneurially possess skills that permit flexibility.
Dynamics of a beam moving over supports

Abstract The behavior of a uniform beam moving longitudinally at a prescribed rate over two bilateral supports is studied. Equations of motion are formulated by regarding the supports as kinematical constraints imposed on an unrestrained beam and by discretizing the beam via the assumed modes technique. The results of numerical simulations are displayed for cases in which the beam undergoes no longitudinal motion, sinusoidal longitudinal motion, or longitudinal motion for the purpose of repositioning. The instability of harmonic longitudinal motion is investigated, and methods are presented for predicting whether or not a given motion will give rise to an unstable response.
Pseudo cord factors: Derivatives of α-D-glucopyranuronosyl (1-1) α-D-glucopyranuronoside

Abstract We describe the synthesis of 6 pseudo cord factors (Ψ CF), analogs of the natural trehalose-6,6′-dimycolate, but based instead upon the dicarboxylic acid (TDA) that is obtained from trehalose by Pt-catalyzed oxidation. From TDA, several bis-amides (‘mirror amide’ Ψ CF) and a diester (‘mirror’ Ψ CF) of intermediate to high molecular weight were prepared. These superficially resemble cord factor, have similar infared spectra and, like the natural product, several have impressive toxicity in mice and tumor-regression activity; but the latter property does not depend upon the former. A curious abrogation of biological activities results from introduction of a hexamethylene diamine ‘spacer’ between the carbohydrate core and the lipid substitutents. The results suggest that (excepting the ‘spacer’ effect) the type of covalent linkage between the carbohydrate and lipid moieties may be relatively unimportant for expression of some of the biological activities of cord-factor-like glycolipids.
Arteriovenous Malformation Hemodynamics: A Transcranial Doppler Study

ABSTRACTCONGENITAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION (AVM) of the brain represents a defect in capillary development resulting in a high flow fistula between arterial and venous systems. In this study, AVM hemodynamics were related with clinical findings. Volume flow was calculated based on transcranial Do
Venae comitantes as a source of vein grafts

The use of vein grafts is commonplace and often essential in microvascular surgery. Typically, these are obtained from the superficial venous system, and most commonly from the lower extremity using branches or segments of the greater or lesser saphenous veins. Unfortunately, on rare occasions these usual donor sites may have been totally exploited. This potential dilemma can be solved by using the deep venae comitantes as autogenous vein grafts. By way of example, these can be venae comitantes of the free flap itself, or via salvage of parts using a vena comitans that accompanied a major limb source vessel.
Advances in Imaging: The Impact on the Care of the Adult With Congenital Heart Disease

Recent advances in pediatric cardiology have dramatically changed the landscape of the field of congenital heart disease. This changing field is placing new demands on imaging to plan medical management as well as identify the need for, and timing of, reintervention. There are a number of imaging modalities available to the clinician when it comes to these evaluations, including echocardiography, computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; each having their strengths and unique contributions. This article will discuss the advances in the aforementioned imaging modalities over the past decade and highlight how these tools can provide guidelines on the management of adults with congenital heart disease.
Paired helical filaments in corticobasal degeneration: the fine fibrillary structure with NanoVan

Abstract Paired helical filaments (PHF) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins are characteristic findings in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). The filaments in CBD differ from those in AD by a reduced number of tau isoforms and less stable ultrastructure. To further compare the ultrastructure of both filaments, we employed a novel staining reagent, NanoVan, as well as aurothioglucose and uranyl acetate. With commonly used uranyl acetate, both kinds of filaments appeared as twisted ribbons 15–20-nm and 21–23-nm wide, respectively, without significant internal substructure. With application of aurothioglucose, only few structural details were apparent. With NanoVan, AD filaments showed similar structure to that with uranyl acetate but CBD filaments displayed a highly heterogeneous appearance consistent with the dissociation of the 20–25-nm-wide filaments along two longitudinal axes. This was evident by the presence of thinner, 12–13-nm-wide filaments and filaments that splayed into two 20–25-nm-wide components at one or both ends. Moreover, detection of a prominent, 7–8-nm-wide axial region distinguished up to four protofilaments per one filament. Each protofilament appeared to contain two 3–5-nm-wide fibrils separated by an approximately 1-nm-wide axial region. The results suggest that 3–5-nm fibrils are the smallest structural subunits of filaments in CBD and that NanoVan may be an unique reagent in detecting eight-fibril organization in these less stable filaments.
Confidence Intervals for the Relative Relapse Rate of Placebo VS 6-Mercaptopurine Group of Acute Leukemia Patients Under a Random Censorship Model

The present paper considers a random censorhip model in which the remission times of acute leukemia patients in a study are randomly censored according to a given probability distribution and constructs confidence intervals for the Relative Relapse Rate [RRR] of the placebo versus 6-Mercaptopurine group of acute leukemia patients. Two important models are discussed for the probability distributions of the remission times-the exponential and the Weibull distributions. The censoring distributions are also regarded as following exponential and Weibull distributions. Several methods are used to construct the confidence intervals including its maximum likelihood estimator and its approximate sampling distribution. Sprott'S and Cox'S methods as well as the Box-Cox transformations are also utilized. These methods are used to illustrate the construction of the confidence intervals with the FREIREICH et al. data (1964) involving a placebo and a 6-MP group of acute leukemia patients. The results of the present paper provide valuable alternatives to the usual parametric and nonparametric tests for the treatment effect, that are discussed in the literature, such as Gehan'S test, Logrank test, and the Mantel-Haenszel test.
Tautomerism and Proton Transfer in 6-Selenoguanine: A Post Hartree−Fock Level ab Initio SCF-MO Investigation

Tautomerism and proton transfer in 6-selenoguanine (6SeG) have been investigated using high level ab initio calculations. Full geometry optimizations were carried out in the gas phase at the HF and...
Early childhood special education dental and oral hygiene procedures for young children with special needs

The provision of dental services, including dental treatment and oral hygiene maintenance, to special-needs children presents unique challenges to health care professionals as well as to the parents and guardians of these special patients. A knowledge of dental care and of the implications of the various disorders common to these patients is vital to the long-term dental health of children with special needs. Limitations in treatment choices must be carefully explained to parents or guardians if inappropriate expectations are to be avoided. Many of the techniques of delivering quality dental services are difficult, time-consuming, and complicated. Yet it should be noted that the restoration of a diseased mouth takes more time and is more costly both monetarily and psychologically than efforts to provide adequate maintenance and prevention. When caregivers take the time to offer assistance to the young child with special needs, the best form of health care is being provided: prevention.
Some properties of Spearman-type estimators of the variance and percentiles in bioassay

SUMMARY Theoretical results for the Spearman-type variance estimator in the quantal response bioassay problem are determined when the mean of the underlying tolerance distribution is known, and also when it is unknown. For an experiment with infinitely many dose levels, the estimator is proved to be finite with probability one, and its mean and variance are given. Allowing the dose interval to approach zero, the estimator is shown to be asymptotically normal and asymptotically highly efficient. Similar asymptotic findings are also reached for a Spearman-type percentile estimator. The results approximate the performance of Spearman-type estimators in most practical situations and argue for their use.
The preparation of N-carboxyanhydrides of α-amino acids using bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate

Abstract A synthesis of the N-carboxyanhydrides (NCA's) of several α-amino acids using bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate, 1 , is reported. The triphosgene is used to supply phosgene in situ in stoichiometric amounts; it is particularly effective for preparing NCA's of amino acids with long, aliphatic side chains.
Runoff losses of phosphorus and nitrogen imported in sod or composted manure for turf establishment

Nutrient loading on impaired watersheds can be reduced through export of sod grown with manure and export of composted manure for turf production on other watersheds. Effects of the sod and manure exports on receiving watersheds were evaluated through monitoring of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and N concentrations and losses in runoff from establishing turf. Three replications of seven treatments were established on an 8.5% slope of a Booneville soil (loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Pachic Argicryolls). Three treatments comprised imported 'Tifway' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) sod grown with composted dairy manure (382 or 191 kg P ha(-1)) or fertilizer (50 kg P ha(-1)). Three treatments were sprigged with Tifway and top-dressed with either composted manure (92 or 184 kg P ha(-1)) or fertilizer (100 kg P ha(-1)). The control was established bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. Guymon]. During eight fall rain events, mean TDP concentration in runoff (7.8 mg L(-1)) from sprigged Tifway top-dressed with manure (84 kg P ha(-1)) was 1.6 times greater than sod imported with 129 kg manure P ha(-1). During the first fall event, mass losses of TDP (232 mg m(-2)) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) (317 mg m(-2)) from sprigged treatments top-dressed with manure or fertilizer were nearly three times greater than manure-grown sod. Percentages of manure P lost as TDP in runoff from imported sod were 33% of percentages lost from sprigged treatments top-dressed with manure. Sod grown with manure P rates of 190 kg P ha(-1) can be imported without increasing runoff losses of TDP compared with conventional fertilization of establishing turfgrass.
Recent Developments in Functional Assessment: Implications for School Counselors and Psychologists:

New developments in the technology of behavioral assessment call for a different approach to consultation with teachers in the resolution of serious behavior problems. A "cookbook" approach based o...
Developing user-friendly spatial statistical analysis modules for GIS: An example using ArcView

Abstract Although it is generally agreed that geographic information systems (GIS) should include more statistical analysis functionalities, the issues of which functionalities should be included and how to integrate statistical analysis with GIS are still widely debated. This paper, based on a brief review of what has been done in this area, points out that it is necessary and worthwhile to develop a user-friendly statistical module in GIS directly, provides an example to illustrate how this can be implemented in ArcView using Avenue, and indicates how GIS and spatial statistical analysis can mutually benefit from such a module.
Detection of relative differences in phenology of forest species using Landsat and MODIS

Landsat imagery is routinely used to characterize stand-level forest communities, but low temporal resolution makes pixel-wise characterization of phenology difficult. This limitation can be overcome by using multi-year imagery, but organizing Landsat scenes by calendar date ignores phenological gradients across the landscape as well as inter-annual differences in both scene- and pixel-wise phenology. We demonstrate how a spatially generalizable, phenologically-informed approach for re-ordering Landsat pixels can be used to characterize spatial variations in autumn senescence in several forest tree species. Using end-of-season estimates derived from MODIS phenology data, we determined the “days left in season” (DLiS) across Landsat images to produce a synthesized phenological trajectory of the normalized difference infrared index (NDII). We used ground-based species composition data in conjunction with the NDII trajectories to model autumn senescence by species. Absolute phenology differed by one and a half to 3 weeks between northern and southern Wisconsin, USA, but we show that the relative timing of phenology for individual species differs across regions by only 1–3 days when considering senescence with respect to the local end of the season. The progression of species senescence was consistent in lowland stands, starting with green and black ash, followed by silver maple, yellow birch, red maple, and tamarack. The image analyses suggest that senescence progressed more rapidly in southern than northern Wisconsin, starting earlier but taking about ten more days in the north. Our results support the use of MODIS phenological data with multi-year Landsat imagery to detect species with unique phenologies and identify how these vary across the landscape.
Effect of oxide thickness scaling on self-heating in graphene transistors

Recent studies using infrared (IR) imaging of graphene transistors [1,2] have revealed substantial Joule heating under realistic operating conditions for graphene-on-insulator (GOI) devices. Here we use simulations calibrated against experimental data to examine the trends of performance degradation caused by self-heating as a function of insulator (SiO 2 ) thickness. We also examine both unipolar and ambipolar operating conditions, and find that peak channel temperatures are proportional to oxide thickness for the unipolar case (as would be expected), but for ambipolar operation an optimum oxide substrate thickness exists (∼80 nm) which minimizes peak temperature, due to competing electrostatic and thermal effects.
Effects of water activation of crumb rubber on the properties of crumb rubber-modified binders

Hot water activation of crumb rubber has been suggested as a method of improving compatibility between crumb rubber and asphalt binder. This procedure removes light oil fractions present in the crumb rubber particles, thus decreasing segregation occurring between rubber particles and binder. For this research, a PG 64-22 binder was modified with four different crumb rubber sources at concentration of 15% by weight of binder. Binder properties were evaluated for virgin binders, water-activated crumb rubber-modified (CRM) binders, and for non-activated CRM binders. CRM surface morphologies were studied using a scanning electron microscope, molecular size distributions of modified binders were determined using gel permeation chromatography, while storage stability was evaluated by cigar tube testing. Rheological properties of the CRM binder were investigated; improved phase separation properties were observed following water activation, however, these improvements did not result in improved rheological prope...
“Contact Us”: Archivists and Remote Users in the Digital Age

SUMMARY Archive repository web pages have become more sophisticated in the past several years, and information about repository holdings is often readily available online. However, so long as full archival records are not available electronically, archivists will have to contend with the increase in reference requests from remote users. The author surveyed one hundred university archives web pages to examine the current availability of archival records on the Web and to explore the possible effects of this presence on archivists' efforts to provide remote users with access to repository holdings through “ask an archivist” forms, electronic mail, and other modes of communication.
Males and Eating Disorders: Gender-Based Therapy for Eating Disorder Recovery

Mental health professionals may wonder how males with eating disorders differ from females with eating disorders and how best to treat males with eating disorders. The eating disorder literature largely focuses on females. Limited research has examined assessment and treatment of eating disorders in males. This article offers a unique view of eating disorder treatment for males by integrating it with the literature on the psychology of men. Mental health professionals are given practical suggestions to guide eating disorder recovery in males. A case example shows treatment considerations for working with males with disordered eating behaviors.
Putting oncogenes in their proper place

A prevalent oncogene created by chromosomal translocations in acute myeloid leukemias is AML1-ETO, which is commonly associated with leukemias displaying the FAB-M2 subtype. It codes for a mutant form of AML1, the DNA binding component of a key transcriptional regulatory complex that is essential
Art: The replicable unit-An inquiry into the possible origin of art as a social behavior

Abstract Most scholars of art have assumed, since Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection, that at one point humans had no art, for some reason they began to produce it, and since that time this behavior has persisted and often flourished. Attempts to identify the origin of art, however, have generated acrimonious debate. There is no agreement about which of various objects, produced in widely separated times by a variety of our early ancestors, are the original art objects; and no widely accepted general model for the origin of art has emerged. Much of me acrimony surrounding attempts to identify the origin of art or to increase our understanding about this apparently ancient and universal human behavior stems from our failure to define the term “art” explicitly and empirically. Towards that end, a theoretical definition of the visual arts will be proposed and then used in an attempt to identify the origin of art behavior in a population of our early ancestors. The first solid evidence of art appears to be the modification of the appearance of the human body—occurring, apparently, during the transition between the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods. An assumption underlying this article is that humans, like some other species, respond to color and form and that this responsiveness can influence choices. Following from the above, this article argues that art involves the intentional use of color and form to attract attention to a body, object, or message. Artists have used this tendency of humans to respond to color and form to influence social behavior. Social effects of art which may have led to reproductive advantages for the individual will be discussed.
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of the Multidrug Resistance-Reversing Activity of d-Glucose Mimetics of Hapalosin

When five substituents of hapalosin were placed on D-glucose, molecular modeling revealed that the substituents on mimetics 2 and 3 occupy similar spatial positions as the corresponding substituents on hapalosin. Mimetic 3 and all the glucopyranoside intermediates generated in its synthesis were assessed for their ability to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). None of the sugar compounds were as effective as hapalosin in inhibiting P-gp in cytotoxicity and drug accumulation assays using MCF-7/ADR cells. By contrast, four D-glucose compounds exhibited similar efficacy as hapalosin in antagonizing MRP in cytotoxicity assays with HL-60/ADR cells.
Some limitations of biological monitoring

Abstract Biological monitoring data are obtained to document changes in population abundance for resource management, to verify compliance with regulatory directives, and to assess cause and effect for research purposes. Particular statistical analyses are often not appropriate because suitable field designs are either not available or not matched a priori to the monitoring objectives. When monitoring to detect normal changes in population numbers, quantitative problems may not be as difficult as they are in detecting and assigning causation induced by a natural or man-made pollutant. Changes in biotic abundance can be caused or influenced by compensation, indirect effects, direct mortality, and interactions among environmental variables. Even though data from baseline monitoring programs should usually only be used to detect change in biotic abundance, they sometimes can be used to draw inferences about cause by correlation or to test laboratory results against a long-term historical record. Available quantitative methodologies useful in evaluating monitoring data are limited and interpretations about cause and effect are difficult.
Effect of chemical coagulation on anaerobic digestibility of organic materials

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that coagulants used in wastewater treatment (principally alum or ferric chloride) cause resulting sludges to be less biodegradable in subsequent anaerobic digestion. The objectives of this research were to determine the types of organic materials whose digestibility is most affected by coagulants. Substrates studied included: raw wastewater, activated sludge, three proteins, glycine, cellulose, glucose, butyric acid, and palmitic acid. In general, those substrates whose digestibilities were most affected were those that are insoluble in water and/or are known to form complexes with iron or aluminum. Thus, amino acids, proteins, and long-chain fatty acids were particularly affected, while glucose and butyric acid were not. Cellulose was moderately affected, suggesting that physical enmeshment as well as chemical interactions may be important in determining extent of coagulant effects.
Disturbance attenuation analysis of state feedback Nash strategy for Linear Quadratic Sequential Games

There is limited formal mathematical analysis of one type of games — dynamic sequential games with large, or even infinitely large, planning horizons, from the point view of system controls. In this paper, we use a zero-sum game theoretical approach to address the disturbance attenuation analysis of state feedback Nash strategies for Dynamic Linear Quadratic Sequential Games (LQSGs) with uncertainties or disturbances. For finite-horizon LQSGs, we first provide state feedback Nash strategies with optimal attenuation levels. Then we extend the approach to infinite-horizon LQSGs. We prove that the feedback system is Bounded Input Bounded Output (BIBO) stable with respect to the disturbances.
Diffusion of heavy meromyosin in the presence of F-actin and ATP.

We looked for evidence that the diffusion of heavy meromyosin is modified by its interaction with actin. To be able to observe diffusion in one dimension, we electrophoresed the complex of F-actin and heavy meromyosin in agarose gels in thin capillaries. The intensity profile of the electrophoretic band of the complex showed a sharp peak, which in 1% agarose in the electric field of 17.8 V cm−1 at room temperature migrated at 3.2 cm h−1. The time evolution of the profile after the electrophoresis ended was a measure of the diffusion of heavy meromyosin. After 10 min the intensity profile of heavy meromyosin diffusing in the presence of F-actin and ATP had undergone as much change as the profile of free heavy meromyosin. Modelling of the diffusion process showed that the mean diffusion coefficient of heavy meromyosin moving over actin in the presence of ATP was 7.2×10−7 cm2 s−1 and that it was not statistically different from the diffusion coefficient of free heavy meromyosin. This data is interpreted to show that the diffusion of heavy meromyosin is not modified by its interaction with actin.
The Vascular Biology of Atherosclerosis

Abstract Despite many advances in cardiology, atherosclerosis remains a major medical problem. This is especially the case for individuals with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerotic lesions can develop as early as the second decade of life and progress into clinical disease over time. Atherosclerosis is a complex disorder, involving many cell types and circulating mediators and resulting in an inflammatory state. The control of transcription of inflammatory mediators via ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor–γ, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), has been raised as a possible mechanism for improving atherosclerosis. Results of studies performed in vitro and in animal models suggest that TZDs may increase cholesterol efflux from macrophages, decrease cytokine expression, and limit chemokine levels. Such effects may underlie the decreases in atherosclerosis seen in mouse models of atherosclerosis after TZD treatment. The direct actions of the TZDs on atherosclerosis may couple with their effects on metabolic parameters through increased insulin sensitivity. Ongoing clinical trials evaluating cardiovascular end points with TZD therapy should provide insight into these possibilities.
On the Sensitivity of the EOQ to Errors in the Forecast of Demand

Abstract The economic order quantity (EOQ) has long been used by practitioners as a rule of thumb for setting order quantities on the basis of the commonly held assumption that the EOQ is a very robust result. That is, as many authors have stated, the EOQ appears to be quite insensitive to errors in the specification of the appropriate cost parameters and forecast of demand. This paper demonstrates that the EOQ is indeed insensitive to errors in the cost parameters, but, contrary to the conventional wisdom, the EOQ can be quite sensitive to forecast errors whenever the lead time is nonzero. This important caveat is illustrated by a number of examples.
On the partial synthesis of optically pure bacteriopheophorbides -C and -D

Abstract Methyl bacteriopheophorbides-c or -d (obtained by partial synthesis, or by Markownikoff hydration of methyl pyropheophorbide-a, respectively) are obtained as a mixture of the (R,S) diastereomers at the 2(1-hydroxyethyl) group; these can be efficiently and completely separated using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Purity of the resolved mixture is demonstrated by 360 MHz NMR spectra.
Changes in the F-actin cytoskeleton during neurosensory bristle development in Drosophila: the role of singed and forked proteins.

Drosophila neurosensory bristle development provides an excellent model system to study the role of the actin-based cytoskeleton in polarized cell growth. We used confocal fluorescence microscopy of isolated thoracic tissue to characterize changes in F-actin that occurred during macrochaete development in wild type flies and mutants that have aberrant bristle morphology. At the earliest stages in wild type bristle development, cortical patches of F-actin were present, but no bundles were observed. Actin bundles began to form at 31% of pupal development and became more prominent as development progressed. The F-actin patches gradually disappeared and were no longer present by 38% of pupal development. The distribution of F-actin in singed3 mutant macrochaetae was indistinguishable from wild type bristles until 35% of development when the actin bundles began to splay and appear ribbon-like. In forked36a bristles, the mutant phenotype was evident at earlier stages of development than the singed3 mutant. Wild type tissue stained with antibodies against the forked protein demonstrated that the forked protein colocalized with F-actin structures found in early and late stage developing macrochaetae. Antibodies against the singed protein showed it appeared to localize with F-actin structures only at later stages in development. These data suggested that the forked gene product was required for the initiation of fiber bundle formation and the singed gene product was required for the maintenance of fiber bundle morphology during bristle development. Similar analyses of singed3/forked36a double mutants provided additional genetic evidence that the forked gene product was required before the singed gene product. Further, the analyses suggested that at least one additional crosslinking protein was present in these bundles. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 40:119–132, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A. I. Ch. E. Information‐retrieval activities

Beginning with the June 1961 issues of all A. I. Ch. E. publications and Petroleum Refiner, index information and an abstract provided by the author-editor team is published with each article. The indexing terms used are selected from a thesaurus of chemical engineering terms published by the A. I. Ch. E. An overall program has been designed for application in small manual systems as well as the large automatic systems. Standards for use of the system, from author indexing with the use of key-words to the building of an engineer's personal card file, were presented by the speaker and B. E. Holm in the May and June 1961 issues of Chemical Engineering Progress. Experiences with the program to date will be discussed.
Optic atrophy following prophylactic chemotherapy and cranial radiation for acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Two patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed progressive optic nerve and chiasmal lesions eight to nine months after the initiation of identical chemotherapy protocols that included intrathecal medication and prophylactic radiation of only 2,400 rads to the central nervous system. Both patients eventually lost all vision despite additional radiotherapy, and there was no evidence of leukemia involving the central nervoous system after acute lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed. Optic nerve biopsy in one case showed changes consistent with radition necrosis.
Analysis of small RNAs with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer

The Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer offers advantages of sensitivity and accuracy for performing RNA separation, detection and quantitation, coupled with a rapid, automated system. Here we demonstrate the performance of the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer compared with standard techniques for RNA separation, detection and quantitation.
Quality improvement and its impact on the use and equality of outpatient health services in India

This paper examines the impact of quality improvements in conjunction with user fees on the utilization and equality of outpatient services at a range of public sector health facilities in India. Project impact on outpatient visits was estimated via the difference-in-difference method using pooled time series visit data from project and control facilities. The results indicate that the quality improvements significantly increased visits at all facility types. The project effect was largest at primary health center (PHC) and community health center (CHC), followed by district hospital (DH) and female district hospital (FDH). Pro-rich inequalities in outpatient visits increased at DHs and FDHs while at CHCs and PHCs the distribution remained equitable. This suggests that quality improvements at public sector health facilities can increase utilization of outpatient services in the presence of nominal user fees, but can also promote greater inequality favoring the better-off. At the referral hospital level, quality improvements should be made in conjuction with programs which encourage utilization by the poor. In contrast, the benefit of quality improvements at PHCs and CHCs is equitably distributed.