cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and biological activity of the multi-component sea lamprey migratory pheromone.

Migratory adult sea lampreys locate spawning streams by using a pheromone released by stream-resident conspecific larvae. It was recently reported that this pheromone is comprised of a mixture of three sulfated steroids: petromyzonamine disulfate (PADS), petromyzosterol disulfate (PSDS), and petromyzonol sulfate (PS). This manuscript reports in-depth details of pheromone isolation and provides new information on the olfactory potency of PADS and PSDS and the behavioral activity of synthesized PADS. Isolation was accomplished using bioassay-guided fractionation which included liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, electro-olfactogram recording (EOG), and behavioral assays. Both highly purified and synthesized PADS stimulated the olfactory system of adult lamprey and were attractive at concentrations of 10−13 M. PSDS also had olfactory activity at 10−13 M. Cross-adaptation studies with EOG recording demonstrated that PADS, PSDS, and PS are detected by independent olfactory receptor sites. Finally, the mixture of all three components was as attractive as larval water to adult sea lampreys in laboratory mazes. It is believed that these steroids are the principal components of the pheromone.
Ipsilateral lower extremity joint involvement increases the risk of poor pain and function outcomes after hip or knee arthroplasty

Poor pain and function outcomes are undesirable after an elective surgery such as total hip or knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA). Recent studies have indicated that the presence of contralateral joint influences outcomes of THA/TKA, however the impact of ipsilateral knee/hip involvement on THA/TKA outcomes has not been explored. The objective of this study was to assess the association of ipsilateral knee/hip joint involvement on short-term and medium-term pain and function outcomes after THA/TKA. In this retrospective study of prospectively collected data, we used the data from the Mayo Clinic Total Joint Registry to assess the association of ipsilateral knee or hip joint involvement with moderate to severe pain and moderate to severe activity limitation at 2-year and 5-year follow-up after primary and revision THA and TKA using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses. At 2 years, 3,823 primary THA, 4,701 primary TKA, 1,218 revision THA and 725 revision TKA procedures were studied. After adjusting for multiple covariates, ipsilateral knee pain was significantly associated with outcomes after primary THA (all P values <0.01): (1) moderate to severe pain: at 2 years, odds ratio (OR), 2.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 3.6); at 5 years, OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.7); (2) moderate to severe activity limitation: at 2 years, OR 3.1 (95% CI 2.3 to 4.3); at 5 years, OR 3.6 (95% CI 2.6 to 5.0). Ipsilateral hip pain was significantly associated with outcomes after primary TKA (all P values <0.01): (1) moderate to severe pain: at 2 years, OR 3.3 (95% CI 2.3 to 4.7); at 5 years, OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.7); (2) moderate to severe activity limitation: at 2 years, OR 3.6 (95% CI 2.6 to 4.9); at 5 years, OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.6 to 3.2). Similar associations were noted for revision THA and TKA patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that the presence of ipsilateral joint involvement after THA or TKA is strongly associated with poor pain and function outcomes. A potential way to improve outcomes is to address ipsilateral lower extremity joint involvement.
SYMMETRY AND ITS “LOVE–HATE” ROLE IN MUSIC

Abstract Symmetry plays a major role in Western music. The first portion of this discussion reveals how the symmetry operations of translation, reflection, and rotation manifest themselves in melodic material. The second portion discusses how symmetry operations are often used by a composer to set up expectation in the listener, only to prevent fulfillment of that expectation through denial of larger-scale symmetrical relations. The possible reasons for the presence of symmetry in music, and of the expectation-denial (“love-hate”) relationship, are considered in light of their crucial roles.
Measurement and control of ice adhesion to aluminum 6061 alloy

Abstract A new experimental strategy for measuring the tensile strength of ice coatings to structural surfaces is presented. In this experiment, a laser-induced compressive stress pulse travels through a 1 mm-thick substrate disc that has a layer of ice grown on its front surface. The compressive stress pulse reflects into a tensile wave from the free surface of the ice and pulls the ice\interface apart, given a sufficient amplitude. The interface strength was calculated by recording the free surface velocity of an Al substrate using a Doppler interferometer and calculating the stress at the interface using a finite-difference elastic wave mechanics simulation with the free surface velocity as an input. The test procedure was used to study ice adhesion on 6061 aluminum alloy sheets. It was found that the adhesion strength of ice to unpolished aluminum substrates was 274 MPa at -10°C. This value decreased with temperature, down to 179 MPa at -40°C. Interestingly, this decrement in the tensile strength could be directly related to the existence of a liquid-like layer that is known to exist on the surface of solid ice till -30°C. The interface strength was also shown to decrease by polishing the Al substrate surface or by adding thin polymer coatings on the unpolished Al substrate. The sensitivity of the technique to such microstructural changes in the interfacial region is indicative of the experiments ability to provide basic adhesion data, which in turn, can be used to solve the deicing problem from a fundamental standpoint. 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th Edition, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, January 2011.

Although some will insist that the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans offers the same “moderation, variety, and balance” mantra as provided previously, this argument is clearly unfounded. Rather, this document represents an important step forward for nutrition scientists, public health professionals, and the general public. As our first Dietary Guidelines document based on a systematic, evidence-based review of the literature embedded in a holistic view of the complexity of our food environment, this publication will serve well to inform individual Americans which dietary patterns are proven effective in improving health outcomes. It will also provide a versatile template by which public health agencies can design, implement, and evaluate nutrition-related programs; and food manufacturers can contribute by developing and marketing more healthful food items. We can be encouraged that nutrition scientists will continue to not only get it right but also get it better. After all, as scientific understanding of how health and nutrition are related evolves, so should our dietary recommendations.
Private Equity Offerings: Picking Bad versus Good Performers

Rule 144A of the Securities and Exchange Commission allows financial institutions with more than $100 million invested in securities to trade unregistered privately placed securities freely among themselves. The authors study the behavior of 91 selected issues released during 1988-1993. They compare the performance of the issues with six financial data points: operating income divided by assets; working capital divided by assets; market value of equity divided by assets; sales divided by assets; common equity divided by market value of equity; and earnings coefficient of variation. Predictions of failure and success are made based on these variables.
Minocycline attenuates mechanical allodynia and central sensitization following peripheral second-degree burn injury

Abstract Burn injury induces severe pain that can be refractory to existing pharmacotherapies. The underlying mechanism of burn pain remains unclear. We previously established an animal model and reported that unilateral burn injury induces chronic and bilateral mechanical allodynia, which is associated with central sensitization and microglial activation in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Modulation of the activity of microglia and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has been shown to ameliorate neuropathic pain in several nerve-injury pain models. In the present study, we show in this rat model that daily treatment with the microglial inhibitor minocycline (10 mg/kg), administered at the time of burn injury and for 7 days thereafter, significantly attenuates ipsilateral and contralateral allodynia as assessed up to 1 month following burn injury. These sensory changes are paralleled by significant suppression of evoked hyperexcitability of dorsal-horn neurons and of the expression of phosphorylated p38 (phospho-p38) in OX42+ microglial cells within the dorsal horn. Our results suggest that modulation of inflammation at early times after burn injury may have long-lasting effects, attenuating central neuropathic mechanisms which contribute to pain after burn injury. Perspective We demonstrate, in a rodent model of burn-associated pain, that the microglial inhibitor minocycline, delivered at the time of burn injury and for 1 week thereafter, has long-lasting effects, attenuating microglial activation and neuronal hyperresponsiveness in the dorsal horns, and ameliorating allodynia for at least 1 month.
Demand Patterns, Demographic Change and Economic Growth

I. Introduction, 110. — II. The model, 112. — III. The model and Philippine experience, 115. — IV. Demand patterns, demographic change, and economic growth, 120. — V. Implications and conclusions, 124. — Appendix, 125.
Osteoblastoma like osteosarcoma

Osteoblastoma and osteosarcoma are primary boneforming tumours that show different radiological/ pathological features and clinical behaviour. In the majority of cases the two entities may easily be separated. Occasionally, however, osteosarcoma may resemble osteoblastoma histologically making them difficult to differentiate. We describe a 15 year-old patient who presented with a lesion of the distal femur that histologically represented an osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma. Our case appears to be the first magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) description of this lesion.
Concepts in the Interpretation of Dialysis Literature Series Editor: Lynda Anne Szczech: An Introduction to Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Issues in Interpretation of Studies

Epidemiology is the basic medical science that focuses on the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations. An understanding of the tools of epidemiology is helpful in defining the limitations of medical research and evaluating the conclusions of studies. This is the first in a series of three articles whose objective will be to present the basic concepts of epidemiology and biostatistics. Examples of each of the tools and limitations discussed from studies of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) will be presented to provide the reader with a practical application of the concepts. This series of articles will help the reader to weigh methods and study designs to understand the appropriate conclusions that may be drawn from any data.
Continuing the Cultural Liberation and Transformation of Counseling Psychology

The multicultural movement has been and continues to represent a major force that is transforming the mental health professions. The field of counseling psychology has been particularly important in promoting many of these transformative changes. Over the past three decades, multicultural advocates in counseling psychology have expanded our knowledge of and lobbied for the implementation of more culturally responsive research methods, clinical practices, and professional training strategies. These collective efforts are significant in that they have helped to liberate counselors and psychologists from the intellectual incarceration (Parham, 2002) and monocultural ethnocentrism (Sue & Sue, 2003) that limit and distort how many mental health professionals think about human development in general and counseling and psychotherapy in particular. The intellectual incarceration and monocultural ethnocentrism that have been (and in many instances continue to be) perpetuated in the mental health professions are fueled by a cultural hegemony that has a pernicious psychological and spiritual impact on millions of persons from racially diverse groups in contemporary society (D’Andrea et al., 2001; West, 1999). Multicultural counseling theorists, researchers, practitioners, and faculty members in our professional training programs have helped many mental health professionals and students in graduate training programs to move beyond the kind of hegemonic thinking that fosters a myopic view of human development and psychological helping strategies. Efforts to liberate the mental health professions from their own cultural encapsulation (Wrenn, 1962, 1985) and monocultural knowledge base (Sue & Sue, 2003) require a disciplined and ongoing commitment to uncover how the cultural hegemony continues to manifest in our research methods, psychological theories, and training endeavors. By continuing their commitment to expand knowledge in counseling and psychology, multicultural advocates also help to dismantle the various forms of racism and White supremacist thinking that continue to be perpetuated in our society in general and the mental health professions in particular (Neville, Worthington, & Spanierman, 2001).
Technology decomposition using optimal alphabetic trees

A technique for converting an arbitrary sum-of-products expression into a subnetwork of two-input NAND gates such that, given a fixed linear order on the inputs to the expression, the signal arrival time at the output of the subnetwork is minimum, is presented. The procedure, which is based on an algorithm for constructing optimal binary trees for alphabetic codes, is optimal for complex nodes with sum-of-products expressions having noncrossing literal support. This procedure has been said to recursively NAND-decompose a Boolean network based on the input ordering information derived from a companion placement solution resulting in reduced chip area and improved performance after technology mapping, placement and routing. >
Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway Is Involved in Heat-Induced Male Germ Cell Death: Lessons from Mutant Mice

The signaling events leading to apoptosis can be divided into two major pathways, involving either mitochondria (intrinsic) or death receptors (extrinsic). In a recent study, we have shown the involvement of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway in heat-induced male germ cell apoptosis in the rat. In additional studies, using the gld (generalized lymphoproliferation disease) and lprcg (lymphoproliferation complementing gld) mice, which harbor loss-of-function mutations in Fas L and Fas, respectively, we have shown that heat-induced germ cell apoptosis is not blocked, thus providing evidence that the Fas signaling system is not required for heat-induced germ cell apoptosis in the testis. In the present study, we have found that the initiation of apoptosis in wild-type mice was preceded by a redistribution of Bax from a cytoplasmic to paranuclear localization in heat-susceptible germ cells. The relocation of Bax is accompanied by sequestration of ultracondensed mitochondria into paranuclear areas of apoptotic germ cells, cytosolic translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome c and DIABLO, and is associated with activation of the initiator caspase 9 and the executioner caspase 3. Similar events were also noted in both gld and lprcg mice. Taken together, these results indicate that the mitochondria-dependent pathway is the key apoptotic pathway for heat-induced male germ cell death in mice.
Reflections on Caring for the International Uninsured Patient

Nonmedical considerations too often affect treatment decisions for uninsured patients and result in care that falls significantly short of the Hippocratic Oath. The greatness of a society is not in its might or wealth but rather in the level of benevolence and compassion it is able to show by caring for the weak and less fortunate. Should doctors not practice medicine accordingly?
A Novel Laminin Domain Involved in Adhesion of Endothelial Cells

Endothelial cells interact with various cell types and with extracellular matrices; both types of interactions are important for their functional integrity. Most endothelial cells are underlined by a basement membrane, which is a very specialized form of extracellular matrix. It contains several macromolecules present exclusively in it and absent from any other extracellular matrix compartment. These macromolecules are: type IV collagen, laminin, entactin/nidogen, perlekan(a form of heparan sulfate proteoglycan), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Most of them exist in various isoforms which interact in complicated ways to form the heteropolymeric and heterogeneous structure which is defined as basement membranel.
Pathogenesis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine-augmented Pathology

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important respiratory pathogen for which vaccine development has been thwarted by the legacy of vaccine-enhanced illness. A formalin-inactivated, alum-precipitated, whole virus vaccine did not protect children from infection and was associated with severe illness. Clues from clinical studies of RSV and vaccine-induced atypical measles illness suggest that an aberrant CD4+ lymphocyte response occurred in vaccinees. There is a growing body of evidence from murine models that show vaccine formulations can selectively activate different populations of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes that produce distinct cytokine expression patterns. The cytokine milieu in turn can influence the composition of the immune response and thereby impact the efficiency of virus clearance, type of pathology, and magnitude of illness. Major priorities of current vaccine development are to define the optimal combination of T lymphocyte subsets to safely clear RSV and to learn ways to modulate the composition of the immune response to vaccine antigens.
CT/NIHSS Mismatch for Detection of Salvageable Brain in Acute Stroke Triage Beyond the 3-Hour Time Window Overrated or Undervalued?

See related article, pages 2079–2084. Although the only FDA-approved medical therapy for acute stroke to date remains intravenous tissue plasminogen activator administered within 3 hours of onset, there is increasing evidence that identification of potentially salvageable brain using advanced imaging may facilitate the selection of patients for safe and effective intravenous thrombolysis up to 9 hours postictus.1–5 Specifically, the mismatch between infarct core (brain likely to be irreversibly infarcted despite treatment) and ischemic penumbra (hypoperfused brain at risk for infarction in the absence of reperfusion) may identify patients with both a low hemorrhagic risk (small core) and a high likelihood of treatment benefit (large penumbra). In clinical practice, core can be operationally defined using either MR diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) or CT cerebral blood volume imaging, and penumbra with either MR or CT perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI); conventional unenhanced CT provides a less sensitive measure of core.6–8 Because many sites do not currently have access to advanced CT and MR modalities, however, and not all patients are candidates for such scanning even when it is available, there has been interest in using the mismatch between CT hypodensity and clinical NIHSS as a surrogate for radiographic core/penumbra mismatch. In this issue of Stroke , Messe et al9 report that, for a community-based cohort of acute stroke patients, CT/NIHSS mismatch “could not be validated as a means to identify ischemic penumbra as defined by MRI diffusion-perfusion mismatch.” MRI …
UNSTRUCTURED SOCIALIZING AND RATES OF DELINQUENCY

This article applies an individual-level routine activities perspective to explaining rates of delinquency. The theoretical analysis also links the opportunity processes of that perspective to key themes of social disorganization theory. Multilevel analyses of 4, 358 eighth-grade students from thirty-six schools in ten cities support the central hypothesis: Time spent in unstructured socializing with peers has both individual and contextual effects that explain a large share of the variation in rates of delinquency across groups of adolescents who attend different schools. In addition, parental monitoring has a very strong contextual effect on unstructured socializing, which supports the proposed integration of routine activity and social disorganization perspectives.
Towards More Effective Spectrum Use Based on Memory Allocation Models

Modern embedded systems are increasingly likely to be distributed across multiple devices and platforms that must interact with high precision across wireless networks. Traditional ways of managing the wireless radio spectrum suffer from two fundamental limitations, which the research presented in this paper addresses: (1) spectrum is divided a priori into static coarse-grained partitions without reference to details of particular applications, and (2) partitions are non-overlapping, which although beneficial to reduce interference prevents a much greater utilization of the spectrum through carefully allowing overlap of spectrum allocations. To overcome these limitations, we propose an approach to spectrum allocation based on dynamic allocation of diverse portions of the overall spectrum and overlapping allocations to increase utilization. This paper makes three main contributions to the state of the art in spectrum management for embedded systems: (1) it examines how memory management techniques such as Knuth's buddy algorithm can be applied to spectrum management, in the face of transmission failures that may arise from the physical environment, (2) it extends that approach to consider transmission failures resulting from interference, when overlapping regions of spectrum are allocated to increase utilization, and (3) it presents results of simulation experiments we conducted to evaluate those approaches, which demonstrate their efficacy and suggest future extensions based on them.
Genomic Instability Induced By Human Papillomavirus Oncogenes

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary but not sufficient for the development of cervical cancer. Genomic instability caused by HPV allows cells to acquire additional mutations required for malignant transformation. Genomic instability in the form of polyploidy has been implicated in a causal role in cervical carcinogenesis. Polyploidy not only occurs as an early event during cervical carcinogenesis but also predisposes cervical cells to aneuploidy, an important hallmark of human cancers. Cell cycle progression is regulated at several checkpoints whose defects contribute to genomic instability.The high-risk HPVs encode two oncogenes, E6 and E7, which are essential for cellular transformation in HPV-positive cells. The ability of high-risk HPV E6 and E7 protein to promote the degradation of p53 and pRb, respectively, has been suggested as a mechanism by which HPV oncogenes induce cellular transformation. E6 and E7 abrogate cell cycle checkpoints and induce genomic instability that leads to malignant conversion.Although the prophylactic HPV vaccine has recently become available, it will not be effective for immunosuppressed individuals or those who are already infected. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis for HPV-associated cancers is still clinically relevant. Studies on genomic instability will shed light on mechanisms by which HPV induces cancer and hold promise for the identification of targets for drug development.
Expanding the Utility of Proteins as Platforms for Coordination Chemistry

Abstract Whether for constructing advanced materials and complex biological devices or for building sophisticated coordination complexes with diverse metal-based functions, proteins are nature's favorite building blocks. Yet, our ability to control the assembly of proteins or to use them as ligand platforms for inorganic chemistry has been somewhat limited. In this review, we highlight our work from the past four years, which has aimed to exploit the utility of a protein scaffold in both regards. First, by considering proteins as “simple” ligand platforms and controlling the metal coordination chemistry on their surfaces, we show how their self-assembly can be readily dictated by metal binding. Second, we show how metal-mediated protein self-assembly leads to novel metal centers buried within protein interfaces. While on one hand our studies have pointed out the challenges of using proteins as ligands, they have also revealed how the extensive, chemically-rich protein surfaces can be exploited to form a network of covalent and non-covalent interactions around interfacial metal centers, providing a powerful handle to control their coordination chemistry.
Support for Computer Forensics Examination Planning with Domain Modeling: A Report of One Experiment Trial

In any forensic investigation, planning and analysis activities are required in order to determine what digital media will be seized, what types of information will be sought in the examination, and how the examination will be conducted. Existing literature and suggested practices indicate that such planning should occur, but few tools provide support for such activities. Planning an examination may be an essential activity when investigators and technicians are faced with unfamiliar case types or unusually complex, large-scale cases. This paper presents the results of an empirical study that evaluates two planning methods for computer forensics examination: a methodology that includes domain modeling and a more typical, ad hoc planning approach. This paper briefly describes the case domain modeling and planning methodology, describes the empirical study, and presents preliminary results of and conclusions drawn from the empirical study
Riding the Third Wave: Tu Weiming’s Confucian Axiology

Du Weiming (Tu Weiming) has assisted in defining the New Confucian movement, a philosophical discourse that depends on axiological themes and traits based on an exegesis and defense of the revival and reform of traditional Confucian discourse inherited from the Classical and Neo-Confucian waves in East Asia. Thomas A. Metzger’s discussion of the profound difference between modern Western post-Enlightenment discourse and New Confucian discourse challenges many of Du’s primary assumptions. My conclusion is that Du is both a citizen of the modern Western academy and a Confucian public intellectual dedicated to mediating the great debate that now spans the Pacific ocean between the West and a revived East Asian cultural complex, including New Confucianism as a major dialogue partner at the beginning of the new millennium by continuing the historic Confucian commitment to a theory of values.
Testing Market Efficiency in the Major League Baseball Over-Under Betting Market

This article tests market efficiency in the over-under betting market for Major League Baseball using data from the 1996 through 2000 seasons. It is shown that a simple betting strategy based on streaks was profitable for the 1997 season but was not profitable for any of the other years studied. The 1997 season involved expansion, realignment, and the introduction of interleague play to Major League Baseball. These changes in the league’s structure may have created uncertainty in player and team performance, which allowed this strategy to be profitable. The article argues, however, that the over-under betting market for baseball is efficient because the profitability of this strategy was eliminated in the following years.
Survey of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in lettuce production in relation to management and soil factors

The occurrence of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) root colonization and spore number in soil was assessed for 18 fields under intensive lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in California during July and August of 1995. Data on management practices and soil characteristics were compiled for each field, and included a wide range of conditions. The relationship between these factors and the occurrence of VAM in these fields was explored with multivariate statistical analysis. VAM colonization of lettuce tended to decrease with the use of chemical inputs, such as pesticides and high amounts of P and N fertilizers. Addition of soil organic matter amendments, the occurrence of other host crops in the rotation, and soil carbon[ratio ]phosphorus and carbon[ratio ]nitrogen ratios, were positively associated with VAM colonization of lettuce roots. The number of VAM spores in soil was strongly correlated with the number of other host crops in the rotation, the occurrence of weed hosts and sampling date, but was more affected by general soil conditions than by management inputs. Higher total soil N, C and P, as well as CEC, were inversely related to soil spore number. A glasshouse study of the two primary lettuce types sampled in the field showed no significant differences in the extent of root colonization under similar growing conditions. The results of this study are compared with other studies on the effects of management and soil conditions on mycorrhizal occurrence in agriculture.
Thermoplastic matrix composites by aqueous electrocopolymerization onto graphite fibers

Electrocopolymerization of 3-carboxyphenyl maleimide and styrene onto Hercules AS-4 graphite fiber surfaces has been successfully carried out from an aqueous solution containing monomers and dilute sulfuric acid. Initiation of copolymerization of the monomers dissolved in a small amount of dimethylacetamide is achieved by constant-current electrolysis in the cathodic chamber of a three-compartment electrolysis cell. Polymerization is initiated at the fiber surfaces; little polymer is formed in the cell solution. Electrocopolymerization is very consistent and rapid. The amount of polymer increases predictably with increasing comonomer concentration and current density. Using a 0.4 M (1 : 1) comonomer concentration, 0.0125 M sulfuric acid solution, and a current density of 20 mA/g, more than 60 wt % of copolymer coating per unit weight of graphite fibers is obtained within thirty minutes. Thermal gravimetric analysis showed the copolymer to be very stable at elevated temperatures and has initial and final decomposition temperatures of 430 and 520°C, respectively. The glass transition temperature measurement of the copolymer coatings was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry. A single glass transition temperature was obtained of about 210°C for most samples. The glass transition temperature of the copolymers did not change significantly with changing comonomer feed composition. Functional group and compositional analysis of the copolymer was done by FTIR spectroscopy. The copolymer composition remained relatively the same for copolymers made from different styrene/3-carboxyphenyl maleimide feed composition, confirming a strong tendency toward alternation for the system.
High quality automatic code generation for control applications

Automatic code generation has become a popular technique for generating software for control applications. The popularity of the technique is justified by the convenience of programming in a domain-specific specification language, and the elimination of communication errors between the control-law designer and the software engineer. Unfortunately, in the rapid rush toward the marketing and adoption of this technique, efforts directed toward generating high-quality code have often come half-heartedly as an afterthought. The author proposes some guidelines to be used to judge the quality of code generated for control applications. Many of these guidelines are directed toward the efficient use of time and space resources. Others impact the maintainability of the code, as well as the viewpoint of validation and verification. The author also introduces ControlH, and its corresponding code generator. ControlH is a language developed at Honeywell for specification of control applications. Its code generator translates applications specified in ControlH into applications implemented in Ada. These applications meet the author's guidelines for quality code generation. >
A curated online resource for SOX10 and pigment cell molecular genetic pathways

We describe the creation of a specialized web-accessible database named the Pigment Cell Gene Resource, which contains information on the genetic pathways that regulate pigment cell development and function. This manually curated database is comprised of two sections, an annotated literature section and an interactive transcriptional network diagram. Initially, this database focuses on the transcription factor SOX10, which has essential roles in pigment cell development and function, but the database has been designed with the capacity to expand in the future, allowing inclusion of many more pigmentation genes. Database URL: http://research.nhgri.nih.gov/pigment_cell/
STUDIES OF ELODEA NUTTALLII GROWN UNDER PHOTORESPIRATORY CONDITIONS. I, PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS

Abstract. The photosynthetic characteristics of Elodea nuttallii grown in wastewater in continuous flow reactors in a greenhouse were investigated. The diurnal changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were monitored. Photosynthesis removed both CO2(aq) and HCO3− from the reactors. A stoichiometry of 1.19:1 was observed between HCO3− removal during photosynthesis and OH− production during photosynthesis, consistent with theories regarding direct bicarbonate utilization. In laboratory experiments, the light compensation points (гPPFD) were similar (31–35μmol m−2 s−1) to reported values for other macrophytes; however, the light saturation level was high (1100μmol m−2 s−1) and similar to values reported for aerial portions Of heterophyllous macrophytes. The kinetics of photosynthetic oxygen evolution (Km (CO2) = 96mmol m−3; Vmax= 133mmol g−1 Chl h−1) and the CO2 compensation point (г= 44cm3 m−3) suggested an adaptive, low photorespiratory state in response to low carbon concentrations. Photosynthetic Vmax values were slightly, but significantly higher (P 0.001) at pH 8.0 compared to pH 4.5. While CO2 utilization at pH 8 could account for most of the observed phototsynthetic rates, an HCO3− component was present, suggesting two separate transport systems for HCO3− and CO2(aq) in E. nuttallii. The activity of RUBISCO (160.3 mmol g−1 Chl h−1 was one of the highest reported values for aquatic macrophytes. Compared to RUBISCO, we observed lower activities of the β-carboxylating enzymes phopho enolpyruvate carboyxlase (PEPcase), 24.1 mmol g−1 Chl h−1; phosphor enol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCKase), 14 mmol g−1 Chl h−1. This suggests that the potential light-independent fixation of carbon in E. nuttallii was much less than RUBISCO-dependent fixation. The RUBISCO/PEPcase ratio was 6.6, indicating that E. nuttallii was similar to Myriophyllum sp. in possessing a physiological adaptation to low CO2 levels which is hypothesized to include carbonic anhydrase (CA) and an active transport system for HCO3−. CA levels were surprisingly low in E. nuttallii (14.2 EUmg Chl−).
An Open-System Transportation Security Sensor Network: Field-Trial Experiences

Cargo shipments are subject to hijack, theft, or tampering. Furthermore, cargo shipments are at risk of being used to transport contraband, potentially resulting in fines to shippers. The Transportation Security Sensor Network (TSSN), which is based on open software systems and service-oriented architecture principles, has been developed to mitigate these risks. Using commercial off-the-shelf hardware, the TSSN can detect and report events that are relevant to appropriate decision makers. However, field testing is required to validate the system architecture and to determine if the system can provide timely event notification. Field experiments were conducted to assess the TSSN's suitability to monitor rail-borne cargo. Log files were collected from these experiments and were postprocessed. We present the TSSN architecture and results of field experiments, including the time taken to report events using the TSSN and the interaction between various components of the TSSN. These results show that the TSSN architecture can be used to monitor rail-borne cargo.
Effect of Clinical Mastitis on the Lactation Curve: A Mixed Model Estimation Using Daily Milk Weights

The objective of this study was to estimate the milk production losses associated with clinical mastitis using mixed linear models and correlation structures that have not been available previously. Data used included computer-recorded daily milk yields and detailed and accurate recordings of clinical mastitis cases. Two commercial Holstein dairy farms in New York State participated in the study, one with 650 lactating cows and another that began the study with 830 lactating cows and increased to 1120 cows by the end of the study. Cows on both farms were housed in free stall barns and milked 3 times daily in milking parlors. Electrical conductivity was used as a diagnostic aid for clinical mastitis on both farms. Date of clinical onset was recorded for every episode of clinical mastitis as well as for 8 other diseases defined using standardized case definitions (dystocia, milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, ketosis, displaced abomasum, lameness, and cystic ovarian disease) during the study period of October 1, 1999 to July 31, 2001. The mixed linear model for explaining variation in the outcome variable daily milk yield relative to non-mastitic herdmates found the terms for all 9 diseases studied, including clinical mastitis, significant. The model with an autoregressive correlation structure was preferred based on -2 * log likelihood, Akaike's information criterion, and Bayesian information criterion as well as savings in degrees of freedom. Separate analyses were run for first lactation cows and for second-plus lactation cows because their lactation curves were shaped differently. Adjusting for the effects of the other 8 diseases, milk production loss from clinical mastitis during the whole lactation was estimated as approximately 598 kg for second-plus lactation cows. However, cows that contracted mastitis had a daily production advantage of 2.6 kg over their herdmates until they contracted the disease. When compared with this potentially higher milk production, the total loss from clinical mastitis was estimated as 1181 kg.
Health information styles among participants in a prostate cancer screening informed decision-making intervention

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of a health information styles segmentation strategy in understanding audience subgroups. We examined the health information styles of men participating in a prostate cancer screening informed decision-making (IDM) intervention and assessed intervention effects on men with distinct health information styles. We classified participants into three health information style groups based on their independence in health decision making (independent versus doctor dependent) and engagement in health enhancement (active versus passive): independent active (IA), doctor-dependent active (DDA) and passive. We developed profiles of men in these groups: IAs tended to be white and more highly educated and to have greater baseline prostate cancer knowledge; DDAs were older, less healthy and more likely to have visited a doctor in the past year and passives tended to be younger, not to have had a recent prostate-specific antigen test and to have lower self-efficacy related to communication with doctors and less positive interactions with doctors. All groups significantly increased their prostate cancer knowledge after the intervention, but passives exhibited the greatest increase in knowledge at a 6-month follow-up. The health information styles segmentation strategy used in this study offers a viable framework for segmenting audiences.
Correlating intracellular nonviral polyplex localization with transfection efficiency using high‐content screening

High-content screening (HCS) has gained interest in cellular imaging because of its ability to provide statistically significant data from multiple parameters simultaneously in cell-based assays. Although HCS has been mainly used in drug discovery, it has other potentially useful applications, such as elucidating the processes involved in nonviral gene vector-mediated gene delivery, as was explored in this study. HCS was used to measure transfection efficiency and cytotoxicities of polyplexes made from fluorescently labeled polyethylenimine (PEI) and pDNA encoding EGFP (pEGFP-N1). The results generated using HCS were confirmed using more conventional and labor-intensive methods. For the first time, a relationship between transfected cells and the number of polyplexes in the cytoplasm was shown. Four to five polyplex signals were found in the cytoplasm of successfully transfected cells, whilst nontransfected cells harbored less than one polyplex signal within the cytoplasm. HCS has the potential to be used as a tool in the field of gene delivery. HCS can not only simultaneously measure transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of various nonviral gene vectors; it can also be used to track such vectors through various subcellular compartments.
Range: exploring proxemics in collaborative whiteboard interaction

Range is an interactive whiteboard designed to support collocated, ad-hoc meetings. It employs proximity sensing to proactively transition between ambient and authoring modes, clear space for writing, and cluster ink strokes. The inspiration for Range stems from longitudinal studies of student design teams, in which we observed that shifts in collaborative activity correlated with changes in the users physical proximity to the whiteboard. Through iterative design, we developed techniques for incorporating implicit input like that of the proximity sensors into interaction.
The Teacher as Commodity: What We Lose in a Captive Market

AbstractAs state legislatures and noneducation agents become increasingly involved in regulating the preparation of teachers, the long-term consequences of the resulting policies—which prioritize economic efficiency over investments in the cultivation of a stable, professionalized workforce—are of concern. This article uses insights from political economy to examine the model of teacher preparation that derives from these sources, with particular attention devoted to Indiana's Rules for Educator Preparation and Accountability.
Achieving Transfer Pricing Objectives Without Creating a U.S. Business for a Foreign Person

This article explores the federal source-basis income tax ramifications when a foreign supplier distributes goods in the United States through a U.S. corporation and the foreign supplier protects the U.S. corporation against financial risks.
A Comparison between the Densification Kinetics of Colloidal and Polymeric Silica Gels

Silica gels were prepared by three methods in which the original silicate species varied from extended linear or randomly branched polymers to more highly crosslinked clusters to colloidal particles of anhydrous silica. During isothermal sintering experiments, the viscosities of the two polymer gels increased significantly (up to 3 orders of magnitude) while the isothermal viscosity of the colloidal gel was constant. Viscosity increases were explained by crosslinking and structural relaxation of the polymeric gels.
Rapid determination of 24 semi-volatile organic compounds in drinking water by high capacity solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Objective To develop a rapid method of the simultaneous determination of 24 semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs) in drinking water by high capacity solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods Ascorbic acid was added into water samples. At acidic conditions(pH2), water sample was extracted through the high-capacity polymer solid phase extraction column at 15 ml/min flow rate. After continuous adsorption,enrichment,washing with 3 ml of ethyl acetate,3 ml dichloro-methane and 1.5 ml methanol eluate, dehydration by anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentration by nitrogen blowing,the concentrate was concentrated to 1 ml with ethyl acetate,then were detected by GC-MS, quantitatively analyzed with internal standard method. Results In the linear range of 0.1-2.0 μg/L,the regression equation showed a good linear correlation,r0.992. The detection limits of the method for 24 kinds of SVOCs were 0.006-0.068 μg/L, the limits of quantification were 0.020-0.397 μg/L,the average recoveries were 62.9%-117.4%,RSDs10%. Conclusion This method can extract,enrich,concentrate and purify the bulk water samples,with the advantage of a single injection,the simultaneous separation and determination of a variety of semi-volatile organic compounds,and it is simple,accurate and sensitive and suitable for large volume of trace 24 kinds of SVOCs meanwhile rapid detection.
Variability of 11q23 rearrangements in hematopoietic cell lines identified with fluorescence in situ hybridization

We mapped and ordered 17 cosmid, phage, and plasmid clones to chromosome 11, bands q22-q24, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We then analyzed four hematopoietic cell lines with 11q23 rearrangements, Karpas 45, SUP-T13, RC-K8, and Karpas 422, using these probes. The studies showed that the translocation breakpoints of the Karpas 45 and SUP-T13 cell lines, which were derived from T-cell malignancies, were located in the same breakpoint cluster region of the MLL gene as the RS4; 11 cell line and patients with the t(9;11), t(11;19), and t(6;11) described previously. We confirmed that the translocation breakpoint of the RC-K8 cell line was located telomeric to the MLL gene, and found that the derivative 11 chromosome of the Karpas 422 cell line, which had been thought to contain a t(4;11) (q21;q23), was in fact formed through a deletion and an inverted tandem repeat of part of 11q.
HDTV/CDTV Compatible Coding with Improved Prediction

Abstract A two-layer coding approach with spatial pyramid to achieve compatibility [1] has been known to have several advantages. The first layer can have optimal performance, as it is done independently. Rate control can be distributed between layers. However, the compression performance and the overall complexity at the high resolution layer suffer because of the requirement of compatibility. Therefore, a good compatible prediction is a crucial factor for spatial scalability. In this paper, we focus on obtaining the best compatible prediction, assuming that a spatially upsampled block and a motion compensated block are available. A spatio-temporal averaging technique [1] has been shown to provide improvement. This technique can be improved by assigning the weights adaptively. The weights can be found by using a linear regression approach. Our study shows that a nonrecursive linear combination of spatial and temporal blocks has limited improvement. We will show that a recursive estimation technique can result in more improvement. We found that a pel-adaptive recursive estimation gives a good compatible prediction. However, pel-adaptive recursive filtering has to be modified to resolve conflicts with a block-based DCT compression scheme. We propose a motion compensated pel-adaptive Kalman recursive filtering method to provide such a solution. The additional complexity is moderate. The prediction gain after coding naturally will approach the gain before coding, as the coding algorithm becomes “more lossless”.