cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic Theory and Design of Electronically Regulated Power Supplies

Various types of electronic regulator circuits are discussed and an analysis is made of the degenerative or cathode-follower type, since it offers the most in flexibility and regulation. Equations are derived showing the theoretical output voltage, regulation characteristics, and output impedance for the basic circuit. Practical-design considerations evolved from these equations show the desirability of high-transconductance series-control tubes and high gain in the amplifier section. A complete circuit is presented for a multiple-output regulator which, by combining regulated sections in opposition, covers the range from 0 to 500 volts. The design is such that a single rectifier and filter are supplying constant current throughout the selected range of output current. This effectively eliminates from consideration the usual regulation introduced by the latter components. Curves are included showing actual regulation characteristics for several combinations of output voltage and current.
Noise in disordered systems: The power spectrum and dynamic exponents in avalanche models

For a long time, it has been known that the power spectrum of Barkhausen noise had a power-law decay at high frequencies. Up to now, the theoretical predictions for this decay have been incorrect, or have only applied to a small set of models. In this paper, we describe a careful derivation of the power spectrum exponent in avalanche models, and in particular, in variations of the zero-temperature random-field Ising model. We find that the naive exponent, $(3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\tau})/\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\nu}z,$ which has been derived in several other papers, is in general incorrect for small $\ensuremath{\tau},$ when large avalanches are common. $(\ensuremath{\tau}$ is the exponent describing the distribution of avalanche sizes, and $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\nu}z$ is the exponent describing the relationship between avalanche size and avalanche duration.) We find that for a large class of avalanche models, including several models of Barkhausen noise, the correct exponent for $\ensuremath{\tau}l2$ is $1/\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\nu}z.$ We explicitly derive the mean-field exponent of $2.$ In the process, we calculate the average avalanche shape for avalanches of fixed duration and scaling forms for a number of physical properties.
Is Nonsmoking Dangerous to the Health of Restaurants? The Effect of California’s Indoor Smoking Ban on Restaurant Revenues:

The state of California passed the Smoke-Free Workplace Act on January 1, 1995. This legislation effectively banned indoor smoking in all public and private workplaces including restaurants. Many r...
Effect of the equilibrium relationship on the dynamic characteristics of distillation column sections

The dependence of the dynamic characteristics of distillation column sections on the shape of the equilibrium relationship and the number of plates comprising the section is discussed. Dynamic characteristics, valid near the steady state operating condition, were obtained for simple column sections separating binary mixtures by a straightforward calculation with a digital computer. Sections with concave downward equilibria respond significantly more slowly than comparable sections with linear equilibria. Sections with concave upward equilibria respond faster. This behavior is explained in terms of the internal recycle within the section. The rate of propagation of a disturbance from end to end in the section is only weakly influenced by the shape of the equilibrium relationship.
The multi-faceted use of the OAI-PMH in the lanl repository

This paper focuses on the multifaceted use of the OAI-PMH in a repository architecture designed to store digital assets at the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and to make the stored assets available in a uniform way to various downstream applications. In the architecture, the MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Language is used as the XML-based format to represent complex digital objects. Upon ingestion, these objects are stored in a multitude of autonomous OAI-PMH repositories An OAI--PMH compliant Repository Index keeps track of the creation and location of all those repositories, whereas an Identifier Resolver keeps track of the location of individual objects. An OAI-PMH Federator is introduced as a single-point-of-access to downstream harvesters. It hides the complexity of the environment to those harvesters, and allows them to obtain transformations of stored objects While the proposed architecture is described in the context of the LANL library, the paper will also touch on its more general applicability.
Using rate of acid neutralization to characterize aluminum phosphate adjuvant.

Five aluminum phosphate adjuvants having P/Al molar ratios ranging from 0.74 to 0.26 were prepared. The adjuvants were characterized by both protein adsorptive capacity and rate of acid neutralization at pH 2.25, 25°C. The protein adsorptive capacity was not a useful parameter to compare the initial properties of the adjuvants, as differences in surface charge of the adjuvants required the use of different proteins. In contrast, the rate of acid neutralization allowed a comparison of the freshly precipitated adjuvants and revealed that the rate of acid neutralization was directly related to the P/Al molar ratio. The protein adsorptive capacity decreased slightly during 39 weeks of aging at room temperature. The changes in the rate of acid neutralization were much greater and indicated that a P/Al molar ratio of at least 0.5 was required to minimize the aging of the adjuvants. Thus, the rate of acid neutralization was found to be the most sensitive parameter to characterize aluminum phosphate adjuvants.
Medical Tourism, Access to Health Care, and Global Justice

Medical tourism - the travel of patients from one (the “home”) country to another (the “destination”) country for medical treatment - represents a growing business. A number of authors have raised the concern that medical tourism reduces access to health care for the destination country’s poor and suggested that home country governments or international bodies have obligations to curb medical tourism or mitigate its negative effects when they occur. This Article is the first to comprehensively examine both the question of whether this negative effect on access to health care occurs for the destination country’s poor, and the normative question of the home country and international bodies’ obligations if it does occur. I draw on the work of leading theorists from the Statist, Cosmopolitan, and Intermediate camps on Global Justice and apply it to medical tourism. I also show how the application of these theories to medical tourism highlights areas in which these theories are underspecified and suggests diverging paths for filling in lacunae. Finally, I discuss the kinds of home country, destination country, and multilateral forms of regulation this analysis would support and reject. This Article is the second in a trilogy of law review articles I have done on various aspects of Medical Tourism. The first Article, Protecting Patients with Passports: Medical Tourism and the Patient Protective-Argument, 95 Iowa L. Rev. 1467 (2010) is available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1523701. The third Article, Circumvention Tourism, 97 Cornell L. Rev. _ (2012) is forthcoming and will be posted on SSRN in the near future.
Aluminum mobility along a geochemical catena in an alpine watershed, Front Range, Colorado

Summary Soils and soil solutions were studied in order to assess the mobility of Al in an alpine watershed, Front Range, Colorado. The concept of a geochemical catena was invoked to evaluate the spatial relationships of Al and the elements that control its solubility in alpine soils. Organic C, exchangeable Al, silt and clay increased significantly (P
Articulatory Timing in a Second Language: Evidence from Russian and English

This study compares patterns of consonant-to-consonant timing at word boundaries in English and Russian and investigates the roles of transfer and the emergence of linguistic universals in second language (L2) articulation. Native Russian speakers learning English and native English speakers learning Russian produced phrases in English and Russian contrasting VC#CV, VC#V, and V#CV sequences. The duration of all stop closures was measured as well as the percentage of consonant sequences in which the first consonant was audibly released. In their native language (L1), Russian speakers had a higher percentage of released final consonants than did English speakers in their L1 as well as a higher ratio of sequence-to-singleton duration. Examination of the timing patterns across different clusters revealed different articulatory strategies for the two languages. The native Russian pattern transferred to L2 English, but the native English pattern did not transfer to L2 Russian. Evidence was found for both articulatory transfer and the emergence of a default pattern of articulation, characteristic of neither L1 nor L2.
Robust wait-free hierarchies

The problem of implementing a shared object of one type from shared objects of other types has been extensively researched. Recent focus has mostly been on wait-free implementations, which permit every process to complete its operations on implemented objects, regardless of the speeds of other processes. It is known that shared objects of different types have differing abilities to support wait-free implementations. It is therefore natural to want to arrange types in a hierarchy that reflects their relative abilities to support wait-free implementations. In this paper, we formally define robustness and other desirable properties of hierarchies. Roughly speaking, a hierarchy is robust if each type is “stronger” than any combination of lower level types. We study two specific hierarchies: one, that we call hrm in which the level of a type is based on the ability of an unbounded number of objects of that type, and another hierarchy, that we call hr1, in which a type's level is based on the ability of a fixed number of objects of that type. We prove that resource bounded hierarchies, such as hr1 and its variants, are not robust. We also establish the unique importance of hrm: every nontrivial robust hierarchy, if one exists, is necessarily a “coarsening” of hrm.
A fast learning algorithm for adaptive linear combiner

The paper suggests a learning algorithm for adaptive systems and perceptrons different from traditional learning algorithms The weight updating is kept with "instant" input and output signals. The convergence property is discussed. Also, several examples including system identification are given to show its high convergence speed compared with the LMS algorithm.
Radioembolization and the Dynamic Role of 90Y PET/CT

Before the advent of tomographic imaging, it was postulated that decay of 90Y to the 0+ excited state of 90Zr may result in emission of a positron-electron pair. While the branching ratio for pair production is small (~32x10-6), PET has been successfully used to image 90Y in numerous recent patient and phantom studies. 90Y PET imaging has been performed on a variety of PET/CT systems, with and without time-of-flight (TOF) and/or resolution recovery capabilities as well as on both BGO and L(Y)SO based scanners. On all systems, resolution and contrast superior to bremsstrahlung SPECT has been reported. The intrinsic radioactivity present in L(Y)SO-based PET scanners is a potential limitation associated with accurate quantification of 90Y. However, intrinsic radioactivity has been shown to have a negligible effect at the high activity concentrations common in 90Y radioembolization. Accurate quantification is possible on a variety of PET scanner models, with or without TOF, although TOF improves accuracy at lower activity concentrations. Quantitative 90Y PET images can be transformed into 3D maps of absorbed dose based on the premise that the 90Y activity distribution does not change after infusion. This transformation has been accomplished primarily with the use of 3D dose point-kernel convolution. From a clinical standpoint, 90Y PET provides a superior post-infusion evaluation of treatment technical success owing to its improved resolution. Absorbed dose maps generated from quantitative PET data can be used to predict treatment efficacy and manage patient follow-up. For patients who receive multiple treatments, this information can also be used to provide patient-specific treatment planning for successive therapies, potentially improving response. The broad utilization of 90Y PET has the potential to provide a wealth of dose-response information, which may lead to development of improved radioembolization treatment-planning models in the future.
Evidence, Politics, and the Future of the Children’s Health Insurance Program

The major expansion of health insurance coverage through the creation of the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in 1997 was driven by the recognition that millions of children—those whose family incomes were too high to qualify for Medicaid but for whom other insurance was unobtainable—were falling through the cracks of the US health insurance system. At the time, CHIP appeared a bipartisan victory, representing an expansion of public insurance coverage that gave states wide latitude to contract with private plans or place limits on enrollment. 1 By 1999, all states had implemented CHIP. Since the creation of the program, states have implemented a diverse array of policy options under CHIP to serve children and have dramatically improved access to and continuity of insurance coverage for children in low-income families. In the short term, funding for CHIP is likely to be temporarily extended by Congress. In the long term, the future of CHIP should be part of a serious and bipartisan discussion among policy makers about how to best ensure access to health insurance for children in low-income families and develop a comprehensive health policy approach for children and families.
Substance Use, Social Networks, and the Geography of Urban Adolescents

This article demonstrates a research strategy and prevention methodology for substance using urban youth that incorporates individual, social, and geographical parameters to systematically understand the ecology of risk and protection for urban youth. The primary goal of this study was to describe and analyze substance using and nonusing urban adolescents' social networks; risky and protective settings where they socialize; and the relationship to health outcomes such as substance use, depression, and stress. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) derived spatial relationships and analyses between the specific locations where the teens are active, their subjective ratings of these locations, and objective environmental risk data. These social network and GIS data were merged to form a detailed description and analysis of the social ecology of urban adolescent substance use. A case study was constructed to illustrate the methodology of creating a three-dimentional ecological profile that helps explain these relationships and provides preventive applications. Linear distances were computed between the homes of the users and the risky and safe places that they identified. On average, the distance between users' homes and their identified safe places was three times the distance between their homes and their identified risky places. This study provides support for understanding urban adolescent substance use through the detailed and multiple dimensional analysis of teens' social ecologies.
Certification and the State Market-Driven Governance and Regulation in a Chilean Firewood Program

Third-party certification is usually a nonstate market-driven governance system in contrast to regulation. A firewood certification program in Chile uses a market-driven approach to increase compliance with regulation. The firewood certification program is unusual in operating in local markets and certifying a basic fuel. The program seeks to formalize the firewood market by certifying dealers rather than producers. Certified firewood is produced under a forest service management plan and dried to reduce air pollution. Using interviews with market actors, program staff, and consumers, as well as document analysis, the research looked at three arenas in the relationship of the certification to the state: (1) the role of the state in program governance, (2) the role of coercion, and (3) the consequences of market formalization for program goals. The study found that public agencies constituted a majority of the local certification councils. The program encouraged regulatory agencies to use enforcement again...
GRASPING THE DYNAMISM OF LIFEWORLD

ABSTRACT Recent attempts by geographers to explore the human experience of space have focused on overt behavior and its cognitive foundations. The language and style of our descriptions, however, often fail to speak in categories appropriate for the elucidation of lived experience, and we need to evaluate our modes of knowing in the light of modes of being in the everyday world. Phenomenologists provide some guidelines for this task. They point to the preconsciously given aspects of behavior and perception residing in the “lifeworld”—the culturally defined spatiotemporal setting or horizon of everyday life. Scientific procedures which separate “subjects'’and “objects,'’thought and action, people and environments are inadequate to investigate this lifeworld. The phenomenological approach ideally should allow lifeworld to reveal itself in its own terms. In practice, however, phenomenological descriptions remain opaque to the functional dynamism of spatial systems, just as geographical descriptions of space ...
Scintillation Proximity Assay of Arginine Methylation

Methylation of arginine residues, catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), is one important protein posttranslational modification involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. A fast and effective assay for PRMT can provide valuable information for dissecting the biological functions of PRMTs, as well as for screening small-molecule inhibitors of arginine methylation. Currently, among the methods used for PRMT activity measurement, many contain laborious separation procedures, which restrict the applications of these assays for high-throughput screening (HTS) in drug discovery. The authors report here a mix-and-measure method to measure PRMT activity based on the principle of scintillation proximity assay (SPA). In this assay, 3H-AdoMet was used as methyl donor, and biotin-modified histone H4 peptide served as a methylation substrate. Following the methylation reaction catalyzed by PRMTs, streptavidin-coated SPA beads were added to the reaction solution, and SPA signals were dete...
Changes in Spectral Sensitivity of Multiplier Phototubes Resulting from Changes in Temperature

The change in cathode spectral sensitivity of Westinghouse WX 4582 (S-11) and RCA 1P21(S-4) multiplier phototubes was measured across the visible spectrum, i.e., from 400 nm to 700 nm, for various temperature changes, both increases and decreases. Two methods were used for these measurements, viz., an adaptation of the Hardy spectrophotometer and the use of an environmental chamber. A decrease in temperature usually caused an increase in sensitivity in the short wavelength part of the spectrum and a decrease (as much as 90% at 700 nm) in the long wavelength part of the spectrum, with the crossover point (no appreciable change of sensitivity with change of temperature) at about 590 nm. An increase in temperature was accompanied by a reversal of spectral sensitivity changes, i.e., a decrease in the short wavelength part of spectrum and an increase in the long wavelength part of the spectrum. The change in cathode sensitivity varied with different types of phototubes and with phototubes of the same type.
Race and delayed kidney allograft function.

Background. Allograft survival among black recipients is poorer than among whites. Delayed allograft function is associated with a significant reduction in renal allograft survival. The relationship between delayed allograft function and black race is incompletely specified and was the focus of this investigation. Methods. A non-concurrent study of 325 recipients of cadaveric allografts followed for the occurrence of delayed allograft function defined as dialysis during the first week following transplantation for the principal analysis. A secondary definition of delayed allograft function was formulated based on the serum creatinine 2 weeks after transplantation. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analysis were used to examine the unconfounded relationship between race and delayed allograft function. Results. Fifty-seven of 91 (62.6%) black recipients experienced delayed allograft function compared to 113 of 234 (48.3%) whites. The odds ratio for black race as a predictor of delayed allograft function was 1.80, P=0.02, (95% CI, 1.09, 2.95). This finding was stable despite adjustment for other predictors of delayed allograft function in a multivariate model, but the precision of this estimate was less (P = 0.10) because of missing data. Additionally, adjusted models with imputed values for missing covariates, models using a secondary definition of delayed allograft function, and models excluding patients whose cyclosporin therapy was delayed, all consistently demonstrated a similar association between black race and delayed allograft function. Conclusions. This study demonstrated an increased risk of delayed allograft function among black recipients. This relationship may play a role in the poorer allograft outcomes experienced by black recipients. Given the negative effect of delayed allograft function on allograft survival, efforts to identify its modifiable risk factors should be a high priority.
The Influence of Special Instruction on Perceptions/Opinions of Academically Talented Youth Regarding Farm Animal Welfare, Care, and Use

Abstract Pennsylvania Governor's School for the Agricultural Sciences scholars participated in a "Farm Animal Welfare, Care and Use" course in 1990 and 1991. One hundred twenty-eight scholars in this course completed a pre- and posttest based on components of animal welfare and animal rights. The study results indicate that the scholars began the course with somewhat positive perceptions/opinions and reported increased positive perceptions/opinions about animal agriculture throughout the course. This was accomplished in part because the course allowed them to expand their knowledge about practices conducted in various animal agriculture enterprises through the use of lectures/discussions, tours of Penn State beef, sheep, dairy, deer, and meats facilities, and a final debate/discussion by teams from within the class.
An Elementary Proof of Kolmogorov's Theorem

(1974). An Elementary Proof of Kolmogorov's Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 81, No. 5, pp. 480-486.
Radio as a Means of Instruction in Government1

The gentlemen who have preceded me have discussed the relation of radio to civic education largely from the point of view of the broadcaster. I shall confine myself to making some observations on this topic from the standpoint of the listener. I count myself as one of the unnamed millions who turn on the dial and listen to the great variety of programs which come over the air. In order to focus our attention, I shall confine my remarks to the "You and Your Government" series. The time has now arrived for an appraisal of this particular enterprise in order that the objects and procedure to be followed in the days which lie ahead may be founded on clearly ascertained policies which have their roots in experience. I have listened to most of the talks in the "You and Your Government" series from their inception. And I have been far removed from the many and complicated details which attend the broadcasting of a program of this character. All that I hear as I sit in my study are the voices of the announcer and the speakers. There is an objectivity about such an experience which all of you have felt. Voice inflection, the cadence of speech, the clarity or lack of clarity of the outline pursued in the talk, the substance of the remarks, and the amount of interest and thought which they evoke-all are weighed, almost unconsciously, by the listener. And if he disapproves, he has but to turn the dial to another program or shut off the radio altogether. The voice, to the radio listener, is to a certain extent removed from the personality of the broadcaster. In fact, the irony of the situation is simply this-that the very effect which the radio speaker desires to make upon the listener may not be realized at all. One factor which a broadcaster should keep in mind is that in a very real sense he is in a competitive enterprise. There is a great variety of programs on the air. Before the presentation of the "You and Your Government" address, the listener may have been regaled by a specious appeal, done in the non-sectional American accent, mixed with large doses of jazz, to buy a certain cigarette which one may inhale without becoming a social outcast or to listen to the latest quotations from the Chicago stockyards. And after the talk has gone off the air, the radio listener may be plunged into another medley of jazz, Mrs. Winchell's Walter, and the
Ultrathin Slices of Ferroelectric Domain-Patterned Lithium Niobate by Crystal Ion Slicing

We report the successful fabrication of 6 µm thick slices from a ferroelectric domain micro-engineered LiNbO3 wafer device using the crystal ion slicing technique. The device was created by micropatterning ferroelectric domains in a bulk 0.3 mm thick wafer of z-cut LiNbO3, followed by ion-implanting with 3.8 MeV He+ ions to a fluence 5 × 10+16 ions/cm2 to create a damage layer at a well defined depth from the surface. Etching away this damaged layer in dilute hydrofluoric acid results in a liftoff of the top slice in which the ferroelectric domain patterns are left intact. The influence of annealing conditions on liftoff time and depth of etch lines was studied. Helium-Neon laser light was successfully coupled into the device. Due to unintentional breakage of the polished input and output faces, the electro-optic scanning performance has not been characterized so far.
Stability of oxygen transmissibility during ischemia.

AbstractSimultaneous measurements of oxygen availability (O2a) and partial pressure (PO2) were made by the double noble metal electrode system designed by Erdmann and Krell in an attempt to monitor the oxygen transmissibility (Dk) with respect to time before and after ischemic episodes in the brain cortex. Available current equations can appropriately describe the performance of the electrode in a homogeneous nonconsuming medium, and with some experimental error this electrode system can be used to estimate oxygen transmissibility changes in the brain based on the different chararcteristics of the O2a (rod-type, flush-ended bare tip) and the PO2 (rod-type, recessed tip) cathodes. Our method monitors the oxygen transmissibility within the diffusion sphere of the bare tip as the ratio of the currents related to O2a and PO2. We find with this system that even prolonged global cerebral ischemia does not alter the oxygen transmissibility of the brain tissue. Therefore, alteration of the oxygen transmissibility...
Using the human body as a paradigm for the structure of time: some reflections on time's Ultimate Reality and Meaning

L'A. propose une analyse de la structure du temps a travers la dimension du corps humain. Il etablit des correspondances entre le corps et le temps spatial en etablissant differents niveaux structurels, et finit par se demander quelles implications en deduire pour mieux comprendre la situation de l'homme dans le temps, et le concept de Dieu
Software for evaluating image reconstruction algorithms

The proliferation of image reconstruction algorithms imposes a need for an efficient and objective evaluation procedure for comparing the efficacy of different algorithms for a particular medical task. In assessing the relative task-oriented performance of reconstruction algorithms, it is desirable to assign statistical significance to claims of superiority of one algorithm over another. However, very often the achievement of statistical significance demands a large number of observations. Performing such an evaluation on mathematical phantoms requires a means of running the competing algorithms on projection data obtained from a large number of randomly generated phantoms. Thereafter, various numerical measures of agreement between the reconstructed images and the original phantoms may be used to reach a conclusion which has some statistical substance. Here, the authors illustrate the software SuperSNARK which automates an evaluation methodology for assigning statistical significance to the observed differences in performance of two or more image reconstruction algorithms. In particular, the authors compare the relative efficacy of the maximum likelihood expectation maximization algorithm and the filtered backprojection method for performing three specific imaging tasks in positron emission tomography. >
Silencing of solute carrier family 13 member 5 disrupts energy homeostasis and inhibits proliferation of human hepatocarcinoma cells

The solute carrier family 13 member 5 (SLC13A5), a sodium-coupled citrate transporter, plays a key role in importing citrate from the circulation into liver cells. Recent evidence has revealed that SLC13A5 deletion protects mice from high-fat diet–induced hepatic steatosis and that mutation of the SLC13A5 orthologues in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans promotes longevity. However, despite the emerging importance of SLC13A5 in energy homeostasis, whether perturbation of SLC13A5 affects the metabolism and malignancy of hepatocellular carcinoma is unknown. Here, we sought to determine whether SLC13A5 regulates hepatic energy homeostasis and proliferation of hepatoma cells. RNAi-mediated silencing of SLC13A5 expression in two human hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 and Huh7, profoundly suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation, and induced cell cycle arrest accompanied by increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and decreased expression of cyclin B1. Furthermore, such suppressive effects were also observed on the growth of HepG2 cell-derived xenografts expressing SLC13A5-shRNA in nude mice. Metabolically, knockdown of SLC13A5 in HepG2 and Huh7 cells was associated with a decrease in intracellular levels of citrate, the ratio of ATP/ADP, phospholipid content, and ATP citrate lyase expression. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that SLC13A5 depletion promotes activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase, which was accompanied by deactivation of oncogenic mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling. Together, our findings expand the role of SLC13A5 from facilitating hepatic energy homeostasis to influencing hepatoma cell proliferation and suggest a potential role of SLC13A5 in the progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma.
Decolonizing and De-canonizing Curriculum Studies: An Engaged Discussion Organized around João M. Paraskeva's Recent Books

In this essay, I provide an introduction to the special section of the Journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Curriculum Studies on Joao M. Parakeva’s contributions to curriculum studies published in volume seventeen, issue one. I situate Paraskeva’s work within the transnational curriculum studies field, provide a gloss of his conceptual grammar, reflect on the problematics of translation in decolonial work, and characterize the five review essays and two commentaries that comprise the special section. In concluding, I discuss the potentials of a transnational South-North dialogue of which Parakeva’s work is emblematic in the field. James C. Jupp is Professor and Chair of the Department of Teaching and Learning at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. The Author worked in rural and inner-city Title I settings for eighteen years before accepting a position working with teachers, administrators, and researchers at the university level. A public school teacher in Texas who worked with predominantly Latin@, Mexican, Mexican American, and indigenous students, one line of his research develops transnational and cosmopolitan sensibilities in education with an emphasis on decolonizing Hispanophone curriculum orientations targeted at informing education in Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs), teacher education programs, and preservice and professional teacher education. Overall, Jupp has published more than thirty scholarly articles in a variety of journals including the Review of Educational Research , Curriculum Inquiry , Gender and Education , International Journal of Qualitative Research in Education , and Multicultural Perspectives . His second book, Becoming Teachers of Inner-city Students , was published on Sense Publishers in 2013.
Acute care medical interventions in the palliative care unit versus inpatient hospice.

88Background: In a survey of different cancer centers in the United States, only 23% reported having dedicated palliative care beds and hospital executives have reported not having further plans for expansion of their program. Barriers that are often cited include poor reimbursement for services, limited institutional support and resources. Patients admitted to an Acute Palliative care unit (APCU) benefit from the multidisciplinary approach that is evident in daily rounds, interdisciplinary team meetings, and family conferences. There could be occasionally misconceptions about the differences between inpatient hospice and an APCU. Even though the psychosocial component of palliative care is extremely important a significant amount of medical interventions also are necessary to provide patients and family with a sense of and optimal care during this time. Methods: A retrospective chart reviewed was performed in 100 consecutives patients admitted to the APCU and inpatient hospice prior to October 2013. From...
Inflammatory hepatic adenomas: Characterization with hepatobiliary MRI contrast agents.

Abstract Purpose To characterize the MRI appearance of inflammatory hepatic adenomas using hepatobiliary contrast agents. Materials and methods MRI was performed using hepatobiliary contrast agents (3 with gadobenate dimeglumine and 24 with gadoxetic acid) in 27 patients with immunohistochemistry-confirmed diagnosis of inflammatory hepatic adenoma. The appearance of the lesions on T2 and diffusion-weighted images, pre-gadolinium T1-weighted images, dynamic post-gadolinium images, and hepatobiliary phase images was assessed. Results Seven lesions (26%) showed predominant hyperenhancement on hepatobiliary phase images in comparison with adjacent hepatic parenchyma: 1 lesion showed diffuse, mildly heterogeneous hyperenhancement, and the remaining 6 lesions showed peripheral hyperenhancement and central hypoenhancement. Twenty lesions (74%) were predominantly hypoenhancing compared to adjacent liver on hepatobiliary phase images. Nine lesions showed a pattern of peripheral hyperenhancement and central hypoenhancement on hepatobiliary phase images; in 6 of these lesions a majority of the mass appeared hyperenhancing, while the remaining 3 lesions showed predominant hypoenhancement. Conclusions This investigation shows that a significant percentage of inflammatory hepatic adenomas appear isointense or hyperintense in comparison to adjacent normal liver on hepatobiliary phase images, and therefore this feature should not be used to distinguish hepatic adenomas from focal nodular hyperplasia without additional supporting evidence.
Metabolomics Study Reveals Enhanced Inhibition and Metabolic Dysregulation in Escherichia coli Induced by Lactobacillus acidophilus-Fermented Black Tea Extract

This study examined the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) to ferment black tea extract (BTE) and the enhancement of Escherichia coli cellular uptake of phenolic compounds when these bacteria were incubated with fermented BTE. The inhibitory effects of BTE to E. coli bacteria with and without fermentation were compared. Several intracellular phenolic compounds as well as metabolic profiles of E. coli with and without treatments were also determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry-based approach. Our results showed that of three concentrations from the non-fermented BTE treatment, only the extract from the 25 mg/mL tea leaves solution could inhibit E. coli survival, while LA-fermented BTE extract from 5, 10, and 25 mg/mL tea leaves solutions all inhibited E. coli growth significantly. Intracellular concentrations of (+)-catechin-3-gallate/(−)-epicatechin-3-gallate and (+)-catechin/(−)-epicatechin were significantly higher when E. coli was treated with fermente...
Students’ and teachers’ perceptions of creativity in middle and high school choral ensembles*

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to investigate the perceptions of students and teachers regarding the engagement of creativity within choral classes. Participants rated their perception...
K-12 STEM Educator Autonomy: An Investigation of School Influence and Classroom Control

Over the past decade, teacher autonomy within the formal educational system has been a central topic of discussion among educational stakeholders. Research has indicated that teacher influence has an identifiable relationship with teacher retention, which is also a leading concern within Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education. However, examination of educational influence and control that is discipline specific is currently not a prevalent line of research. This study explored influence over school policy and classroom control among in-service science, technology, and mathematics educators within the United States. The National Center for Education Statistics restricted access dataset enabled examination of the study research questions. Specifically, the Schools and Staffing Survey Teacher Questionnaire (SASS-TQ) was employed for the purposes of this investigation. Hypothesis testing revealed differences between science and technology education, science and mathematics education, and technology and mathematics education teachers concerning influence over school policy and individual classroom control.
Growing up Social

In this chapter we consider how the research findings on the development of social behavior have affected the behavior of parents and the practices of all those professions and agencies that have the child’s best welfare at heart. The first parts of the chapter present a summary of what we now know about the development of the infant’s and young child’s social behavior. The latter parts tell how this knowledge has already been applied. Beyond this, we present suggestions for desirable changes in practices based on what we already know, and further changes that may be anticipated as a result of future research.
Clinical Pharmacology of LHRH Antagonists

Hypothalamic LHRH controls the pituitary synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins that are essential for the regulation of gonadal function. Since the molecular structure of LHRH has been known, several synthetic chemical derivatives of LHRH have become available for basic and clinical studies. These analogs constitute two groups [1]. One group, LHRH agonists, are analogs up to 230 times more potent than LHRH in stimulating LH and FSH release. The other group, LHRH antagonists, are analogs that compete with endogenous LHRH at the hypophysial receptor level and directly inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins. Both groups of LHRH analogs, however, suppress pituitary and gonadal function because even LHRH agonists, when given repeatedly, lead to pituitary desensitization. This ability of LHRH analogs to selectively inhibit gonadal steroid secretion and therefore, induce a reversible medical gonadectomy has several clinical applications. These include hormone-dependent tumors, precocious puberty, cryptorchidism, in vitro fertilization, endometriosis, male and female contraception and several others. The mechanism of action of LHRH agonists and antagonists, however, is completely different.
The dark side of the moon: severe therapy-resistant asthma in children.

Problematic severe asthma is the term used to describe children whose asthma is not responsive to standard therapy with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids and additional controllers. These children need to be assessed by a step-wise systematic protocol in order to confirm the diagnosis, evaluate co-morbidities, assess the adherence to treatment, and finally evaluate the basic management. More than half of these children have “difficult-to-treat asthma”, which improves if the basic management is correct. Children whose asthma remains uncontrolled despite resolution of any reversible factors are termed “severe therapy-resistant” asthmatics; for them, an individualised treatment plan is developed after a detailed and invasive protocol of investigation. Therapeutic options for these patients can be divided into medications used in lower doses for children with less severe asthma, and those used in other pediatric diseases but not for asthma. Most treatments are unlicensed and there is a lack of high-quality evidence. Children with recurrent severe exacerbations, in particular in the context of good baseline asthma control, are particularly difficult to treat, and there is no evidence on which therapeutic option to recommend. International collaborations, using standard protocols of investigation, are needed to better understand mechanisms of severe therapy-resistant asthma and to deliver evidence-based treatments in the future.
Formulation and evaluation of 4-benzylpiperidine drug-in-adhesive matrix type transdermal patch

Abstract The objective of our study was to develop a transdermal patch of 4-benzylpiperidine and to evaluate its in vitro transdermal permeation profile. Appropriate pressure sensitive adhesives and additives were selected based on solubility and slide crystallization studies. Release liners and backing membranes were selected based on their ability to peel without leaving a residue and their affinity to formulation respectively. Drug-in-adhesive patches developed were investigate for their in vitro drug permeation over 48 h across dermatomed human skin using Franz diffusion cells. Silicone based pressure sensitive adhesive along with colloidal silicon dioxide as viscosity builder, fluoropolymer coated membranes as the release liner and polyester based membranes as backing were chosen to develop a drug in silicone adhesive patch. Polyisobutylene adhesive based patch was developed with drug in polyisobutylene adhesive, along with oleic acid and oleyl alcohol as permeation enhancers, polyester for the release liner and polyethylene as backing. Among the patches developed, polyisobutylene adhesive based patch with higher drug concentration exhibited superior transdermal permeation (1608.5 ± 53.4 µg/cm2 over 48 h). The final patch was further tested for uniformity in coat weight, shear strength, tack and peel adhesion.
Treatment with allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells for moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (START study): a randomised phase 2a safety trial.

Summary Background Treatment with bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has shown benefits in preclinical models of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Safety has not been established for administration of MSCs in critically ill patients with ARDS. We did a phase 2a trial to assess safety after administration of MSCs to patients with moderate to severe ARDS. Methods We did a prospective, double-blind, multicentre, randomised trial to assess treatment with one intravenous dose of MSCs compared with placebo. We recruited ventilated patients with moderate to severe ARDS (ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen 2 O) in five university medical centres in the USA. Patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive either 10 × 10 6 /kg predicted bodyweight MSCs or placebo, according to a computer-generated schedule with a variable block design and stratified by site. We excluded patients younger than 18 years, those with trauma or moderate to severe liver disease, and those who had received cancer treatment in the previous 2 years. The primary endpoint was safety and all analyses were done by intention to treat. We also measured biomarkers in plasma. MSC viability was tested in a post-hoc analysis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02097641. Findings From March 24, 2014, to Feb 9, 2017 we screened 1038 patients, of whom 60 were eligible for and received treatment. No patient experienced any of the predefined MSC-related haemodynamic or respiratory adverse events. One patient in the MSC group died within 24 h of MSC infusion, but death was judged to be probably unrelated. 28-day mortality did not differ between the groups (30% in the MSC group vs 15% in the placebo group, odds ratio 2·4, 95% CI 0·5–15·1). At baseline, the MSC group had numerically higher mean scores than the placebo group for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III (APACHE III; 104 [SD 31] vs 89 [33]), minute ventilation (11·1 [3·2] vs 9·6 [2·4] L/min), and PEEP (12·4 [3·7] vs 10·8 [2·6] cm H 2 O). After adjustment for APACHE III score, the hazard ratio for mortality at 28 days was 1·43 (95% CI 0·40–5·12, p=0·58). Viability of MSCs ranged from 36% to 85%. Interpretation One dose of intravenous MSCs was safe in patients with moderate to severe ARDS. Larger trials are needed to assess efficacy, and the viability of MSCs must be improved. Funding National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors regulate hippocampal adult-neurogenesis in a sexually dimorphic fashion

Disruption in cholinergic signaling has been linked to many environmental and/or pathological conditions known to modify adult neurogenesis. The α7 nAChRs are in the family of cys-loop receptor channels which have been shown to be neuroprotective in adult neurons and are thought to be critical for survival and integration of immature neurons. However, in developing neurons, poor calcium buffering may cause α7 nAChR activation to be neurotoxic. To investigate whether the α7 nAChR regulates neurogenesis in the hippocampus, we used a combination of mouse genetics and imaging to quantify neural stem cell (NSC) densities located in the dentate gyrus of adult mice. In addition, we considered whether the loss of α7 nAChRs had functional consequences on a spatial discrimination task that is thought to rely on pattern separation mechanisms. We found that the loss of α7 nAChRs resulted in increased neurogenesis in male mice only, while female mice showed increased cell divisions and intermediate progenitors but no change in neurogenesis. Knocking out the α7 nAChR from nestin+ NSCs and their progeny showed signaling in these cells contributes to regulating neurogenesis. In addition, male, but not female, mice lacking α7 nAChRs performed significantly worse in the spatial discrimination task. This task was sexually dimorphic in wild-type mice, but not in the absence of α7 nAChRs. We conclude that α7 nAChRs regulate adult neurogenesis and impact spatial discrimination function in male, but not female mice, via a mechanism involving nestin+ NSCs and their progeny.
Evaluation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) response following abiraterone in metastatic, castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) previously treated with ketoconazole compared to ketoconazole naïve patients: A retrospective review.

e16067 Background: There is persuasive evidence that castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains AR dependent. Ketoconazole and abiraterone, block adrenal/intratumoral androgen biosynthesis...