cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resolution of dicentric chromosomes by Ty-mediated recombination in yeast.

We have integrated a plasmid containing a yeast centromere, CEN5, into the HIS4 region of chromosome III by transformation. Of the three transformant colonies examined, none contained a dicentric chromosome, but all contained a rearranged chromosome III. In one transformant, rearrangement occurred by homologous recombination between two Ty elements; one on the left arm and the other on the right arm of chromosome III. This event produced a ring chromosome (ring chromosome III) of about 60 kb consisting of CEN3 and all other sequences between the two Ty elements. In addition, a linear chromosome (chromosome IIIA) consisting of sequences distal to the two Ty elements including CEN5, but lacking 60 kb of sequences from the centromeric region, was produced. Two other transformants also contain a similarly altered linear chromosome III as well as an apparently normal copy of chromosome III. These results suggest that dicentric chromosomes cannot be maintained in yeast and that dicentric structures must be resolved for the cell to survive.—The meiotic segregation properties of ring chromosome III and linear chromosome IIIA were examined in diploid cells which also contained a normal chromosome III. Chromosome IIIA and normal chromosome III disjoined normally, indicating that homology or parallel location of the centromeric regions of these chromosomes are not essential for proper meiotic segregation. In contrast, the 60-kb ring chromosome III, which is homologous to the centromeric region of the normal chromosome III, did not appear to pair with fidelity with chromosome III.
N,O‐Bis(trifluoroacetyl)hydroxylamine

[684-78-6] C4HF6NO3 (MW 225.05) InChI = 1S/C4HF6NO3/c5-3(6,7)1(12)11-14-2(13)4(8,9)10/h(H,11,12) InChIKey = CYSAMXITKBXZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (conversion of aldehydes to nitriles1) Physical Data: mp 62 °C (subl, sealed tube; transition 50 °C);1 mp 40–50 °C.2 Solubility: sol ether, benzene, hot CH2Cl2; insol cold CH2Cl2. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 19F NMR (δ −73.7 (s), −74.5 (s)); IR (1848, 1706 cm−1); elemental analysis. Preparative Method: addition of Trifluoroacetic Anhydride (2.2 equiv) to Hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Purification: recrystallized from CH2Cl2. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: hygroscopic; should be dried in a vacuum desiccator.
Response to ‘Downloadable computer models for maintenance but not acute renal replacement therapy’

We are grateful to Drs Marshall and Golper1 for pointing out that when flows are low, dialyzers may not achieve the clearance rates predicted from values for KoA that are derived from clearances measured at higher flows. We should have noted in addition that clearances in vivo are often lower than those predicted from manufacturers' KoA values, which are usually derived from clearance experiments performed with saline solutions. An even greater problem is that KoA values are usually available only for urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12, and must be guessed at for other solutes of interest. We disagree somewhat with Drs Marshall and Golper about the application of the models to acute renal failure. We should emphasize that it is only the downloadable format, and not the theoretical content, of our models that is new. Like other theoretical models, they can predict plasma solute concentrations only when solute production rates, solute distribution volumes, and residual renal function are specified, and these latter parameters are both variable and hard to estimate in acutely ill patients. But we think that the models can still be useful in helping nephrologists to think about solutes other than urea. An example may be provided by the description of sustained low-efficiency dialysis with QB of 200 ml/min and QD of 100 ml/min to which Marshall and Golper refer.2 If urea is the only solute considered, the predicted clearance is not much different for QB of 200 ml/min and QD of 100 ml/min as compared to QB of 100 ml/min and QD of 200 ml/min. But the models predict that the clearance of solutes, which bind to plasma proteins, will be higher using QB of 100 ml/min and QD of 200 ml/min.3 We think it is wrong to assume that all uremic toxins behave like urea, and that modeling the effect of renal replacement therapies on other classes of solutes may thus have some value.
Enrichment of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets with conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids by dietary manipulation

Abstract An experiment was conducted in aquaria with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to determine the efficacy of augmenting fillets with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n − 3 HUFA) by feeding diets amended with products containing high levels of these nutrients. Refined menhaden fish oil at 1.5% of diet supplied the n − 3 HUFA. CLA was used at dietary levels of 0.5% and 1% with a preparation that contained approximately 65% isomers of CLA. Corn oil was added to the basal diet at maximum inclusion level for added lipids of 3% for the control diet and to adjust total added lipid content of the other diets to 3%. Average initial body weight was 57.39 ± 0.25 g/fish. Six experimental diets were fed twice daily to four replicate aquaria for six weeks. At that time, fish were group weighed for determination of weight gain and feed conversion. Fillets of six fish per aquarium were recovered and stored at − 80 °C for moisture and total lipid analyses, fatty acid analysis, and sensory evaluation. Results showed feed consumption and feed conversion did not differ (P > 0.05). Significantly (P
The infinite dilution diffusion coefficient for A1(OH)4− at 25°C

The infinite dilution diffusion coefficient for Al(OH)4− necessary to calculate fluxes of dissolved Al between sediments and overlying waters, was determined at 25°C. Measurements were made using the diaphragm-cell method by diffusing Al(OH)4− spiked KBr solutions against KCL over a range of ionic strengths. The mean of 9 separate measurements gives 1.04 ± .02 × 10−5cm2/s as the infinite dilution diffusion coefficient for Al(OH)4− at 25°C.
Community engagement in US biobanking: multiplicity of meaning and method.

Background/Aims: Efforts to improve individual and population health increasingly rely on large-scale collections of human biological specimens and associated data. Such collections or ‘biobanks' are hailed as valuable resources for facilitating translational biomedical research. However, biobanks also raise important ethical considerations, such as whether, how and why biobanks might engage with those who contributed specimens. This paper examines perceptions and practices of community engagement (CE) among individuals who operate 6 diverse biobanks in the US. Methods: Twenty-four people from a diverse group of 6 biobanks were interviewed in-person or via telephone from March to July 2011. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed for common themes. Results: Emergent themes include how biobank personnel understand ‘community' and CE as it pertains to biobank operations, information regarding the diversity of practices of CE, and the reasons why biobanks conduct CE. Conclusion: Despite recommendations from federal agencies to conduct CE, the interpretation of CE varies widely among biobank employees, ultimately affecting how CE is practiced and what goals are achieved.
The effects of teratogenic doses of hypoxia on the blood pressure of chick embryos.

Exposure of chick embryos to moderate hypoxia (6–10% O2 for 4–6 hours) induces a marked blood-volume increase. This treatment also precipitates hemorrhage that can cause death or malformation or both when localized near rapidly developing structures. To determine whether the hypoxia-induced hypervolemia can raise embryonic blood pressure to a hemorrhage level, the mean ventricular blood pressure (MVBP) of 587 embryos was measured before, during, and after treatment. The mean MVBP of 3-day embryos rose from 11.1 mm water to 14.7 mm during the first two hours of hypoxia, dropped slowly during the rest of treatment, then increased again after exposure to air. The highest mean values (16.4 mm) were obtained two hours after treatment, coinciding with the time of maximum hemorrhage. The range of MVBP at that time was wide (6.0–27.0 mm) and in many embryos was twice as high as normal. The MVBP gradually returned to normal 2–13 hours after treatment. Maximum increases in the MVBP of 4 to 5-day embryos also occurred during the second hour after treatment, but recovery after that was faster than at three days. In a parallel experiment hypervolemia was induced by sequential injection of saline into the ventricles of 3-day embryos, in between pressure measurements. The MVBP rose slowly up to 30 mm water. Bleeding usually began at pressures of 18 mm. Hypervolemia induced by hypoxia appears to be responsible for the blood-pressure increases and the development of teratogenically important hemorrhage.
The wavelength dependence of seeing

The deleterious effects of atmospheric inhomogeneities on telescope angular resolution (seeing effects) were studied at a wavelength of 10 microns with an imaging upconverter. Seeing was found to be systematically better by a factor of 1.9 at 10 microns than in the visible, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. A discussion of the theory of astronomical seeing is included.
Beam theory models for thin film segments cohesively bonded to an elastic half space

Abstract A thin film segment bonded to an elastic half space is modelled. Previous works have considered membrane models which only take into account the in-plane stiffness of the film and ignore its bending stiffness. To include bending stiffness, a beam theory is used to model the film. The beam model calculations are compared to results from membrane theory. Membrane theory is found to agree with beam theory for the stiffest films, but the energy release rates (or J-integrals) are very close for all films. However, membrane theory can never give information on the normal stresses at the interface and consequently on the mode mixity of the loading at the film edge (or crack lip). To include yielding of the interface at the ends of the film, a cohesive zone model is employed. This zone is a shear zone. that is, only tangential slip in the zone is allowed with no normal opening. The cohesive zone results could be used for determining the interface strengths if the size of the cohesive zone was measured. It was also found that the sign of the normal stress at the tip of the cohesive zone depends on the length of the zone. The structure is loaded by an applied uniform compressive strain in the substrate which can also represent a thermal mismatch strain. The method of solution is to reduce the differential equations for a beam to integral equations which are then coupled to the singular integral equations for a half space. The standard technique of expansion in orthogonal polynomials is used. All the integrations required are performed analytically. The only numerical procedures are in the solution of a set of linear equations and a root finding procedure to determine the cohesive zone size at a given value of the yield stress.
The Far Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum of Oxygen

The far ultraviolet absorption spectrum of oxygen has been photographed under high dispersion in the region 1300-650A. The bands are explained as going to the various excited states of $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ as limits and are attributed to the removal of $v\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $x\ensuremath{\sigma}$ electrons, respectively, from the normal state of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. The results strongly support Mulliken's assignment of the visible $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ bands to the transition $^{4}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{4}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$. The distances of the $^{4}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$ and $^{4}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states of $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ from the ground state of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are given as 16.1 and 18.2 volts, respectively, with possible errors of about a tenth of a volt. The appearance and nonappearance of strong electronic series going to known ionization potentials are also discussed.
A practical procedure to build a knowledge structure

Abstract Computerized assessment of knowledge is one of the most promising applications of knowledge space theory. The first requirement of any such assessment is to produce as accurate a picture as possible of the organization of the knowledge. So far, all procedures designed for this purpose rely exclusively on the query of an expert. Several experiments have shown the limitations of that approach in realistic conditions. One source of difficulty is the very high sensitivity of the querying algorithms to an expert's mistakes. Another source of difficulty concerns the validity of the expert: His or her knowledge structure may diverge greatly from the knowledge structure of the actual population. To solve these difficulties, the present paper proposes and simulates a two-step procedure. The first step implements a modification of an existing querying procedure. The modification implements an error-handling mechanism which lowers the incidence of an expert's careless errors. The second step consists in a refinement mechanism which relies on the knowledge assessments of many subjects to refine the very structure used by these assessments. For each step, it is shown that the underlying knowledge structure can be recovered.
Trophoblastic proteins as tumor markers in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

In order to examine the relative usefulness of measurements of oncoplacental proteins as tumor markers in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, the authors measured alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1), human placental lactogen (hPL), and placental cystine aminopeptidase (oxytocinase, CAP) in serial blood samples obtained from 26 men with these neoplasms. HCG and AFP were each elevated in 62% of the patients and both were elevated in 38%. SP1 and hPL were increased in 31% and 12%, respectively. None of the patients had elevated CAP activity. Serum hCG and SP1 concentrations were strongly correlated (r = 0.78, P less than 0.001). No patient had an elevated SP1 without a concomitant elevation in serum hCG. Serial measurements of hCG and SP1 indicated that they were concordant in five of the eight patients in whom both were elevated, and AFP and hCG were concordant in only one half of the ten patients in whom both markers were elevated. The number of patients with hPL elevations were too few for meaningful comparison of this marker with the others. These results indicate that measurements of SP1, hPL, and CAP do not provide additional useful information over that obtained from measurements of hCG and AFP in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.
Childhood overweight and elementary school outcomes

To examine the link between childhood overweight status and elementary school outcomes. Prospective study design: multivariate regression models examining the association between changes in overweight status and school outcomes between kindergarten entry and end of third grade, after controlling for various child, family and school characteristics. Nationally representative sample of US children who entered kindergarten in 1998, with longitudinal data on body mass index (BMI) and school outcomes at kindergarten entry and end of third grade. Wide range of elementary school outcomes collected in each wave including academic achievement (math and reading standardized test scores); teacher reported internalizing and externalizing behavior problems (BP), social skills (self-control, interpersonal skills) and approaches to learning; school absences; and grade repetition. Measurements of height and weight in each wave were used to compute BMI and indicators of overweight status based on CDC growth charts. A rich set of control variables capturing child, family, and school characteristics. Moving from not-overweight to overweight between kindergarten entry and end of third grade was significantly associated (P<0.05) with reductions in test scores, and teacher ratings of social-behavioral outcomes and approaches to learning among girls. However, this link was mostly absent among boys, with two exceptions – boys who became overweight had significantly fewer externalizing BPs (P<0.05), but more absences from school compared to boys who remained normal weight. Being always-overweight was associated with more internalizing BP among girls but fewer externalizing BPs among boys. Change in overweight status during the first 4 years in school is a significant risk factor for adverse school outcomes among girls but not boys. Girls who become overweight during the early school years and those who start school being overweight and remain that way may need to be monitored carefully.
Increasing Prevalence and Severity of Conjunctivochalasis With Aging Detected by Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose To evaluate the impact of aging on conjunctivochalasis in an objective manner using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Design Prospective clinical trial. Methods Sixty eyes of 30 healthy volunteers (15 men, 15 women; age range, 24-75 years) without any ophthalmic diseases were recruited for the study. Subjects were organized into 3 sex-matched groups, each including 10 subjects according to their ages: 20-39 years (Group 1), 40-59 years (Group 2), 60-75 years (Group 3). Cross-sectional area of conjunctivochalasis was measured at 3 locations (temporal, central, and nasal) using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. Tear meniscus height was also measured in all images where a typical triangular-shaped tear meniscus was obtained. Results In terms of the cross-sectional area of conjunctivochalasis, there were statistically significant differences among 3 groups at temporal and nasal locations ( P 2 = 0.81, P 2 = 0.78, P P Conclusion Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography provides an objective and quantitative approach for assessing the stages of conjunctivochalasis. The current study objectively confirms that conjunctivochalasis can be observed even in younger, healthy eyes; its severity increases with age; and it may alter tear distribution along the lower lid.
Gawain and Goliath: Davidic Parallels and the Problem of Penance in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Noting allusions to and subtle parallels with the David story in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, this article argues for a recovery of a reading of the poem as a morally serious work, in so doing inviting productive comparisons to the Gawain-Poet’s handling of biblical material in his other works , particularly Cleanness, which also reveal the Poet’s assumptions concerning sin’s corporate and enduring, even generational nature: a problem as much narrative as theological, it both occludes clarity of vision and obstructs resolution. Like the prophet Nathan, who called David to repentance, and the Green Knight himself, who indicts the members of Arthur’s court for their failure to live up to their self-professed ideals, the Poet appears critical of his courtly audience for their moral obtuseness.
Monoidal t-norm based logic : towards a logic for left-continuous t-norms

Hajek's BL logic is the fuzzy logic capturing the tautologies of continuous t-norms and their residua. In this paper we investigate a weaker logic, MTL, which is intended to cope with the tautologies of left-continuous t-norms and their residua. The corresponding algebraic structures, MTL-algebras, are defined and completeness of MTL with respect to linearly ordered MTL-algebras is proved. Besides, several schematic extensions of MTL are also considered as well as their corresponding predicate calculi.
Multiple effects of long-term morphine treatment on postsynaptic β-adrenergic receptor function in hippocampus: an intracellular analysis

We previously reported that beta-adrenergic receptors are increased in cerebral cortex and hippocampus in rats treated chronically with morphine and subsequently down-regulated after morphine withdrawal [22,23]. The changes in receptor density in hippocampus were accompanied by a corresponding super- and subsensitivity, respectively, in beta-adrenergic responsiveness, as assessed electrophysiologically by measuring the ability of isoproterenol to augment population spike responses in the slice. In this study, we compared the ability of isoproterenol to reduce the Ca(2+)-activated K+ slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP) in pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices from opiate-naive and chronic morphine-treated rats to determine whether such changes in beta-adrenergic receptor function are localized postsynaptically. Chronic treatment of rats with morphine produced a 3.5-fold parallel shift to the left in the concentration-response curve for isoproterenol and reduced the EC50 from 4.8 +/- 1.3 to 1.4 +/- 0.5 nM. In contrast, sensitivity and maximal responsiveness to isoproterenol was markedly decreased in pyramidal neurons recorded in slices from morphine withdrawn animals. The concentration-response curves for inhibition of the slow AHP by carbachol or forskolin were not affected by chronic morphine treatment. However, blockade of the slow AHP by forskolin was significantly reduced in pyramidal neurons studied after morphine withdrawal. These data suggest that the increase in electrophysiological responsiveness to beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation found in hippocampus after chronic morphine treatment most likely resulted from an up-regulation in postsynaptic membrane receptors, whereas alterations occurring beyond the receptor level may be involved in the desensitization that is associated with morphine withdrawal.
Fabric-based pressure sensor array for decubitus ulcer monitoring

Decubitus ulcers occur in an estimated 2.5 million Americans each year at an annual cost of $11 billion to the U.S. health system. Current screening and prevention techniques for assessing risk for decubitus ulcer formation and repositioning patients every 1-2 hours are labor-intensive and can be subjective. We propose use of a Bluetooth-enabled fabric-based pressure sensor array as a simple tool to objectively assess and continuously monitor decubitus ulcer risk.
Origin of Paramagnetic Defect in Single Crystal and Ceramic B4C

We compare electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of B 4 C samples made by three methods. The samples are 1) two ceramics made by hot-pressing boron and carbon powders, 2) a polycrystal made by carbothermic reduction, and 3) a single crystal grown from a palladium metal melt. All samples show remarkably similar spectra between 2 and 100 K. In particular, all samples show a single Lorentzian absorption, a linewidth that decreases with increasing temperature, and an inverse temperature dependence of the integrated intensity. The integrated intensity of the paramagnetic spin signal corresponds to a density of 2×10 19 /cm 2 localized spins. Having a single crystal sample enables us to meaningfully measure the angular dependence of the ESR linewidth. This angular dependence is consistent with the paramagetic centers being unpaired electrons centered on the central carbon atoms of positively charged C-C-C intericosahedral chains. These chains appear to replace 0.5 % of the positively charged C-B-C intericosahedral chains which occur in B 4 C.
Multi-agent control system with intelligent optimization for smart and energy-efficient buildings

In this paper, a new control system with an intelligent optimizer is developed which can be applied to energy and comfort management in the smart and energy-efficient buildings. Hierarchical multi-agent theory is used to build this control system, which contains agent-controllers at two levels — a central coordinator-agent at the higher level and multiple local controller-agents at the lower level. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is adopted to optimize the set points of the control system during system operations. This multi-agent intelligent control system is utilized to minimize the main conflict in smart and energy-efficient buildings in terms of power consumption and customers' comfort.
Emotion and Moral Judgment

This paper argues that an emotion is a state of affectively perceiving its intentional object as falling under a “thick affective concept” A, a concept that combines cognitive and affective aspects in a way that cannot be pulled apart. For example, in a state of pity an object is seen as pitiful, where to see something as pitiful is to be in a state that is both cognitive and affective. One way of expressing an emotion is to assert that the intentional object of the emotion falls under the thick affective concept distinctive of the emotion. I argue that the most basic kind of moral judgment is in this category. It has the form “That is A” (pitiful, contemptible, rude, etc.). Such judgments combine the features of cognitivism and motivational judgment internalism, an advantage that explains why we find moral weakness problematic in spite of its ubiquity. I then outline a process I call “thinning” the judgment, which explains how moral strength, weakness, and apathy arise. I argue that this process is necessary for moral reasoning and communication, in spite of its disadvantage in disengaging the agent's motivating emotion from the judgment.
Kristallisation während der Polymerisation

Polymerisation und Kristallisation konnen sowohl gleichzeitig als auch nacheinander ablaufen. Durch Kristallisation nach der Polymerisation erhalt man gewohnlich lamellenformige Kristalle mit gefalteten Ketten; dagegen entstehen bei der Kristallisation wahrend der Polymerisation haufig fibrillare Kristalle mit gestreckten Ketten.
Distribution of Na+ channels and ankyrin in neuromuscular junctions is complementary to that of acetylcholine receptors and the 43 kd protein

We have used immunogold electron microscopy to study the organization of the acetylcholine receptor, 43 kd protein, voltage-sensitive Na+ channel, and ankyrin in the postsynaptic membrane of the rat neuromuscular junction. The acetylcholine receptor and the 43 kd protein are concentrated at the crests of the postsynaptic folds, coextensive with the subsynaptic density. In contrast, Na+ channels and ankyrin are concentrated in the membranes of the troughs and in perijunctional membranes, both characterized by discontinuous submembrane electron-dense plaques. This configuration of interspersed postsynaptic membrane domains enriched in either Na+ channels or acetylcholine receptors may facilitate the initiation of the muscle action potential. Furthermore, the results support the involvement of ankyrin in immobilizing Na+ channels in specific membrane domains, analogous to the proposed involvement of the 43 kd protein in acetylcholine receptor immobilization.
Loss of Fgfr3 leads to excess hair cell development in the mouse organ of Corti.

Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of FGF signaling at several stages in the development of the cochlea. At early stages of embryogenesis, Fgfr1, Fgfr2, and several FGFs are critical for both the induction of the otic vesicle and the initial development of the sensory epithelium. At late stages of cochlear development, Fgfr3 is necessary for the development of the tunnel of Corti. To determine the stage of development when Fgfr3 is required, we examined the expression of Fgfr3 and Fgf8 at various developmental stages. We also re-examined the Fgfr3 −/− mouse with additional markers for developing supporting cells. We confirmed the previous analysis of the Fgfr3 −/− mice, indicating that there are deficiencies in support cell differentiation. Specifically, we find that the inner pillar cell never develops, while the outer pillar cell is stalled in its differentiation. In addition, we found an extra row of outer hair cells, and accompanying Deiters' cells, in the apical two thirds of the organ of Corti in the Fgfr3 mutant. Thus, in addition to controlling the fate decision between pillar cells and Deiters' cells, we find that Fgfr3 also regulates the width of the sensory epithelium. Developmental Dynamics 236:525–533, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Examination of the origin, variation, and proper use of expressions for the estimation of association constants by capillary electrophoresis

Over the last several decades a variety of techniques have been developed to determine apparent equilibrium constants for molecular association in solution (e.g., to micelles, proteins, cyclodextrins, antibiotics, etc.). The relationships describing binding isotherms appear in several forms and have been given several different names. It is well known that most of these expressions are closely related and that some may be more advantageous than others for experimental or statistical reasons. In the case of electrophoresis, association constants are calculated from the relationship between ligand concentration and the measured electrophoretic mobility of the solute. This relationship has appeared in many forms that have been used numerous times at least since 1951. Recently they have reappeared in identical or slightly rearranged versions in several capillary electrophoresis (CE) studies. Some of these methods require the measurement of the electrophoretic mobility of the solute-ligand complex, a value that often cannot be accurately measured. Some systems require correction or normalization procedures in order to negate any changes in solute mobility that are not due to binding. The relationship between the various expressions that can be used to calculate binding constants with CE is shown. The advantages, limitations and proper use of the various approaches are discussed. Examples are given for both achiral and chiral analytes.
The preparation and characterization of some skutterudite related compounds

Abstract New, skutterudite-related compounds IrGe 1.5 S 1.5 , IrGe 1.5 Se 1.5 , IrSn 1.5 S 1.5 , and RhGe 1.5 S 1.5 were prepared by direct combination of the elements at 800°C under conditions of ambient pressure, or by heating the partially reacted elements at 40 Kbars pressure and 600°C. The single-phase products were characterized by X-ray analysis, room temperature magnetic susceptibility determinations and four-probe resistivity measurements. Observed weak superstructure reflections in the X-ray spectra suggest an ordering between the group IVa and group VIa atoms.
Mitigation of light-induced damage on modern digital prints: Photographs and documents

This study is part of a larger research project dedicated to digital print preservation issues – the Digital Print Preservation Portal (DP3). This work quantifies the potential of glazing materials to mitigate different types of light-induced damage – colorant fade, paper yellowing, changes in paper gloss, and loss of optical brightening agent (OBA) function – that occur to digitally printed photographs and documents when on display. Prints were subjected to xenon lighting to simulate daylight through window glass in a series of arrangements: without glazing, with plain framing glass (soda-lime) in a sealed or unsealed package, and with UV blocking glass in a sealed or unsealed package. Sealed packages served the purpose of isolating the samples from atmospheric pollutants, known to contribute to the deterioration of certain print types. In this study, the use of UV-filtering glass protected prints from colorant fade, paper yellowing, and paper gloss change to an extent. Protection conveyed by plain glass...
The Oxidation of Propane at Low and Transition Temperatures

Abstract An experimental study of the oxidation of propane in the temperature range 563–743 K. was carried out using a static reactor. The oxidation mechanism was found to undergo a transition from a low temperature reaction regime (T 650 K) separated by a region of negative temperature coefficient (600-650 K). In the lower temperature regime alkylperoxy radicals are formed and become the dominant radical species. These can react in several ways, the most important of which leads to the formation of hydroperoxides. Hydroperoxides were determined to be the main chain branching intermediates responsible for the acceleration of the reaction and for the formation of cool flames. At the intermediate temperatures hydroperoxyl radicals are dominant and lead to hydrogen peroxide, which is the main branching intermediate in this regime. These conclusions are based in large measure upon the hydrocarbon products formed which consist mainly of oxygenated specie...
Response of circular plates to central pulse loading

Abstract An analysis is presented for the response of a clamped circular plate subjected to a rectangular pulse uniformly distributed over a central circular area. The plate is rigid-perfectly plastic with yielding according to the Johansen criterion and the associated flow rule. Bending is assumed to be the predominant response. Simple formulas are obtained for the permanent central deflection for all pressures and loaded areas.
Phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus from New York State patients during February through April 2010

Abstract Background Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is the second leading cause of lower respiratory infection (LRI) in children around the world and has been linked to LRI in multiple studies. Currently, hMPV is classified into 2 major subtypes (A and B), each with 2 subgroups (1 and 2). Objective To determine which hMPV genotypes were present in NYS patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) from February through April 2010, during a period of unusually heightened activity. Study design Specimens were collected from February through April of 2010 from patients presenting with ILI who were previously confirmed as positive for hMPV by real-time RT-PCR. A 700 base pair region of the hMPV fusion (F) gene was amplified, sequenced and resulting sequences aligned. A phylogenic tree was constructed based on prototype strains, and the partial F gene sequences obtained in this study. Results Bi-directional sequence was obtained from 30 patient samples and included in the phylogenic analysis. Specimen sequences grouped into hMPV genotype A2a (16), A2b (9), B2 (4) and B1 (1). No A1 genotypes were found. Conclusion Previously, reports have demonstrated that genotypes A1, A2, B1 and B2 circulate every season, usually with one dominant strain. In contrast, late in the 2009–2010 respiratory season, 4 of the 5 recognized genotypes of hMPV were isolated from NYS ILI patients, and by sequencing a larger portion of the fusion gene, we were able to identify the A2a and A2b genotypes.
Estrogen and progesterone do not activate Fos in AVPV or LHRH neurons in male rats

Abstract In rodents, females but not males, in response to escalating levels of estrogen, express a luteinizing hormone (LH) surge that is prompted by a surge in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). It cannot take place if estrogen-sensitive afferents located in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) are either absent or disabled. Males appear to lack the ability to exhibit an LH surge, but it is unclear what level of the CNS contributes to this dimorphic response. This study was conducted to determine whether estrogen followed by progesterone treatment (E + P) of gonadectomized males evokes Fos activation in LHRH and AVPV neurons as it does in females. The results indicated that, consistent with the males' inability to express an LH surge in response to E + P treatment, LHRH and AVPV neurons in males failed to show increased Fos activation. Examination of neuron nuclear antigen (NeuN, a neuron-specific marker), estrogen receptor (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR) neurons in AVPV neurons indicated that, while essentially all the neurons of the caudal AVPV in males and females are steroid responsive, the male possessed half the number of steroid responsive neurons within the caudal AVPV (where activation of Fos is maximal in females) compared to the female. Together, these data indicate that the male lacks a substantial population of steroid receptive AVPV neurons and is unable to respond to the presence of E and P and activate either AVPV or LHRH neurons.
A study of a large sociogram III. Reciprocal choice probabilities as a measure of social distance

The reciprocation of friendship choices as revealed in a sociogram may be used to describe the social distance between persons in a large group. The probability of reciprocation is shown to be the result of a sequential choice process in which the best friend is chosen first, then second best, and so on, with the probability decreasing linearly with decreasing rank. The model derived from this process completely specifies the entire 8 by 8 matrix of reciprocations to the eighth friend level.
Age differences in abilities to perform tandem stand and walk tasks of graded difficulty

We quantified the abilities of 12 young (mean age 23.3 years) and 12 old (mean age 72.0 years) healthy women to tandem stand and tandem walk on a set of six beams, ranging from 15 cm down to 2.5 cm in width. Tandem stand tasks were conducted with eyes both open and closed. Tandem walk tasks were conducted with eyes open, and with both heel-to-toe and comfortable-distance step types. Significant age differences were found in the mean rate of successful performance for both tandem stand and tandem walk (P<0.001, rm-ANOVA). For both age groups, significant main effects for beam width were found for both tandem stand and tandem walk tasks. During tandem stand with eyes closed, young women were always successful on the widest beam while elderly women had an average success rate of only 62% and demonstrated an increased dependence on vision on narrower beams. Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Glycosaminoglycans in bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes: Morphology and chemistry

Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes from small (1–5 mm) follicles were cultured for 24 h in 0.25 ml minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 20 μCi [3H]glucosamine. Treatment groups consisted of supplementing the culture medium with no hormone (control), 0.5 IU/ml follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or 10 mM 8-Br-adenosine cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). After culture, the complexes were fixed for light and scanning electron microscopy. Electron photomicrographs revealed that complexes induced to expand with FSH or cAMP contained a copious glycosaminoglycan (GAG) matrix extending between and around the cumulus cells. Control complexes did not exhibit expansion or an extracellular matrix. The radiolabeled GAG material was isolated for chemical identification. Chemical analyses included; (1) electrophoresis of GAG material, (2) electrophoresis of GAG material after enzyme or nitrous acid treatment, (3) thin-layer chromatography of GAG hydrolysates. The results from electrophoresis showed that the radiolabeled GAG co-migrated with hyaluronic acid. The GAG material was resistant to chondroitinase ABC and nitrous acid degradation but was digested by hyaluronidase. Complexes treated with FSH and cAMP incorporated higher (P<0.1 and P<0.025 respectively) amounts of [3H]glucosamine into hyaluronic acid than control cultures. Thin-layer chromatography identified the primary amino sugar of the GAG to be glucosamine. These data collectively showed that the radioactive GAG produced by bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes was hyaluronic acid.
Medical comorbidities but not interventions adversely affect survival in patients with intermittent claudication

Objective Intermittent claudication (IC) is common and associated with decreased survival. While patients with IC infrequently progress to critical limb ischemia (CLI), many elect to pursue intervention initially or during follow-up. However, controversy exists as to whether intervention in patients with IC adversely impacts survival or limb salvage. The purpose of this study was to characterize patient demographics and comorbidities with respect to differences in survival and limb salvage among patients who elect no intervention (NI) vs those electing immediate intervention (II) or delayed intervention (DI) for IC. Methods Patients referred to a university practice for limb ischemia were identified via a query of the electronic medical record from 2007 to 2011. Patients with prior lower extremity interventions or CLI were excluded. IC patients were classified according to intervention: NI during follow-up, II, and DI. Patient demographics, Charlson morbidity index, survival, and reintervention rates were analyzed. Results A total of 262 of 1320 patients met inclusion criteria. Thirty patients with possible IC were believed to have nonarterial related symptoms. Study patients included 132 with NI, 62 with II, and 38 with DI. DI patients were younger and less frequently diabetic (median age, 65.5 years, 63.5 years, 58.0 years; P = .002; diabetes, 43.2%, 39.5%, 22.6%; P = .02 for NI, II, and DI, respectively). NI patients had higher Charlson comorbidity scores ( P P P = .9). Reintervention was common with rates similar between the II and DI groups ( P > .05). Four of 38 DI patients required minor amputation for progression to CLI. There were no major amputations in any group. Conclusions Progression to CLI is uncommon in IC. Survival of claudicants is decreased by diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia but not by intervention for IC. Reintervention is common in treated IC patients but no different among those undergoing II and DI. Intervention did not lead to major amputation. II or DI in IC patients does not affect survival or major amputation.
Stability of Apple Polyphenols as a Function of Temperature and pH

The effect of heat treatment on apple polyphenols was investigated at six different temperatures over three different lengths of time. Apple polyphenols, after heat treatment, maintained similar concentrations in solution compared to the control (at room temperature). The effect of pH on apple polyphenols was investigated at 11 different pH levels and at 2 different temperatures. The pH-optimum for apple polyphenols proved to be 5.0. Two apple polyphenol concentrations, three vitamin C concentrations, two sugar concentrations, and two different temperatures were chosen to investigate the effect of apple polyphenols on vitamin C. Apple polyphenols showed good stability and can be used in many types of food products.
Medication errors in the ambulatory elderly

Medication error is a common health problem that occurs in our healthcare systems on a yearly basis. Older adults are at an increased risk for medication errors due to increased numbers of medications needed to treat multiple chronic conditions. Medication errors in the elderly can occur at various stages of the medication use process, including prescribing, transcription, dispensing, adherence, monitoring and transitions of care. Studies in the elderly population over the last 20 years have helped to identify possible reasons why and where these errors occur at the various stages of the medication use process. Although these studies have offered possible ways to manage medication errors in the elderly patient, future research is still needed to develop better ways of identifying, educating and managing medication errors in the future, especially through technological means.
Simulation modeling of nitrogen trace gas emissions along an age gradient of tropical forest soils

Abstract Applications of a process simulation model for ecosystem production and soil nutrient cycling were carried out to test hypotheses concerning the controls on nitrogen trace gas fluxes in tropical forests. Assuming that emissions of trace gases (N2O and NO) can help characterize patterns in N cycling among forests of different age and nutrient status, we applied a new daily time step version of the CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach) model in an attempt to reproduce soil biophysical conditions previously measured in three forest stands that comprise a soil age gradient (ranging from 200 to 185 000 years old) on the island of Hawaii. We compared model-predicted soil moisture, temperature, N mineralization, and N trace gas emission rates to measurements at forest sites made during 1990 and 1991. Results showed that predicted water filled pore space (WFPS) in the soil is consistently lower than measured WFPS, possibly due to incomplete understanding of moisture holding capacity, drainage properties, and small scale variability of these volcanic soils. Simulations correctly predicted the observed difference of an order of magnitude between N2O emission fluxes in the youngest and the oldest forest soils. Nevertheless, specific day-by-day comparison of predicted and measured N2O fluxes reveal only occasional agreement within an order of magnitude tolerance level. Although soil moisture conditions appear favorable for emission on NO at these sites, as predicted by the generalized model design, lack of observed NO emissions from the previous field and laboratory studies suggest that: (1) our hypothesized NO emission levels as a function of WFPS should be truncated at lower levels of soil moisture availability; and/or (2) nitrification potentials of natural forest soils should be considered in revised versions of the model.
Dynamic pricing in a reputation-brokered agent-mediated marketplace

We describe an Agent Mediated marketplace, with dynamically changing reputation ratings. In this marketplace, the seller reputations are updated in a collaborative fashion based on the performance of the user in the delegated tasks. We study the market with computer simulations of multiagent interactions, where sellers learn how to price their services dynamically. We first present some simple dynamic pricing methods and we investigate the different equilibria reached, based on the level of intelligence of the selling agents, the level of price-importance elasticity of the buying agents, and the level of unemployment in the marketplace. We then compare the equilibria reached with a theoretically "optimal" equilibrium that we show to exist. Based on the results of this comparison we design a new dynamic pricing algorithm that we experimentally show to be almost optimal for reputation-brokered agent mediated marketplaces.
Molecular and serological diversity of anti-DNA autoantibodies from NZB and (NZB × NZW) F1 mice

Abstract We have carried out an analysis of the serological and molecular diversity of a panel of monoclonal anti-DNA autoantibodies and serum autoantibodies from NZB and (NZB × NZW) F1 mice, in an attempt to obtain insights into the mechanisms responsible for the development of systemic autoimmune disease. Our data show that the autoantibodies are quite diverse. A dominant, binding-site idiotope on one of our monoclonal autoantibodies is expressed at variable levels in anti-DNA binding antibodies in the sera of both NZB and (NZB × NZW) F1 mice, but on none of the other monoclonal autoantibodies in our panel. We have cloned and sequenced the heavy chain variable region (VH) gene of one anti-DNA hybridoma and by hybridization have determined the VH and Vk gene segments expressed by 14 others. All of the autoantibodies express members of known V gene subfamilies. A total of four different VH and at least six Vk subfamilies are expressed by the hybridomas. Thus, a broad spectrum of the total murine Ig repertoire is represented in the anti-DNA autoantibodies present in these strains.
Relationships in business markets: Exchange episodes, value creation, and their empirical assessment

David Wilson (1995) has provided us with much grist for thought with his integrated framework for customer-supplier relationship development. In focusing on which constructs are “active” and therefore most meaningful at each stage, he has opened a new vista for research in this area. Our models and empirical research ought to reflect this, but to date they largely have not. I have suggested qualitative, longitudinal research as a preferred next step in gaining the knowledge that we will need to make field-survey, longitudinal research worthwhile.