cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Like Family: Rights of Nonmarried Cohabitational Partners in Loss of Consortium Actions

The organization of family life in American society has changed dramatically in recent decades. Changing societal morals and increases in divorce rates mean that fewer households are organized around the traditional nuclear family model. Courts have struggled to understand and classify these alternative family arrangements, and most have denied recovery in actions for loss of consortium by nontnarried cohabitants. This Note argues that changes in related areas of law and in the loss of consortium doctrine itself indicate that nonrnarried cohabitants should be allowed to recover. Specifically, jtalicial understanding of the purpose of loss of consortium recovery has shifted, and nonnaarried cohabitants have been allowed to recover in closely analogous actions such as negligent infliction of emotional distress. This Note proposes adoption of a standard similar to the one employed in negligent infliction of emotional distress actions. Such a standard provides a framework to determine whether damage to a relationship is severe enough to be compensable, while still providing adequate safeguards to prevent a wave of frivolous suits.
Predictive security model using data mining

We propose a practical and predictive security model for intrusion detection in a computer networking environment using data mining. This model uses a classification and regression technique for data mining. The goal of the proposed model is to identify significant variables that measure network intrusion from a wealth of raw network data and perform an efficient vulnerability evaluation based on those variables. Analysis of experimental results conducted using the DARPA benchmark dataset shows that the CART (classification and regression trees) approach performs better compared to other models, like random projection and principal component analysis. The results also indicate that the performance of the CART approach in the proposed model is not significantly affected, even as the dimension of the input data decreases, without compromising the prediction success rate.
Learning to Teach, Teaching to Learn: The Center for Constructivist Teaching/Teacher Preparation Project

(1993). Learning to Teach, Teaching to Learn: The Center for Constructivist Teaching/Teacher Preparation Project. Teaching Education: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 69-78.
Differential MHC Class II-Mediated Presentation of Rheumatoid Arthritis Autoantigens by Human Dendritic Cells and Macrophages

Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by synovial joint infiltration of activated CD4 + T cells and MHC class II + APC, and is linked to specific HLA-DR alleles. Candidate autoantigens in synovial fluid and cartilage include type II collagen (CII) and cartilage gp39 (HCgp39). Using preparations of native Ag and T cells derived from Ag-immunized DR4-transgenic mice, we determined that human ex vivo differentiated DR4 + dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mφ) can mediate MHC class II presentation of CII or HCgp39 epitopes. The form of the Ag (soluble, partially degraded, or particulate) delivered to the APC influenced its presentation by DC and Mφ. DC efficiently presented partially degraded, but not native CII α-chains, while Mφ presentation was most efficient after phagocytosis of bead-conjugated CII. Both DC and Mφ presented soluble HCgp39, and activated Mφ from some donors presented epitopes derived from endogenously synthesized HCgp39. When synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients was used as a source of Ag, DC presentation of HCgp39 and CII epitopes was efficient, indicating that synovial fluid contains soluble forms of CII and HCgp39 amenable to internalization, processing, and presentation. These data support the hypothesis that CII and HCgp39 are autoantigens and that their class II-mediated presentation by DC and Mφ to T cells in vivo has a critical role in the pathogenesis of human rheumatoid arthritis.
Reflections on Hope and Its Implications for End‐of‐Life Care

Physicians caring for individuals with life-altering, incurable illnesses often have a desire to convey a sense of hope while also helping their patients prepare for the end of life to minimize unnecessary suffering and grief. Unfortunately, in the United States, most people receive more-aggressive treatments toward the end of life than studies would suggest that they desire. This reflects the challenging task of balancing optimism and realism, and how providing a false sense of hope for a cure for too long a time while avoiding advance care planning may contribute significantly to the problem. This article explores the interplay of hope and advance care planning, and suggests a need for excellent individualized communication in the setting of advanced cancer to improve end-of-life care.
Hemispheric differences in the response of the upper atmosphere to the August 2011 geomagnetic storm: A simulation study

Abstract Using a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic general circulation model, we investigate the response of the thermosphere–ionosphere system to the 5–6 August 2011 major geomagnetic storm. The model is driven by measured storm-time input data of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF), solar activity, and auroral activity. Simulations for quiet steady conditions over the same period are performed as well in order to assess the response of the neutral and plasma parameters to the storm. During the storm, the high-latitude mean ion flows are enhanced by up to 150–180%. Largest ion flows are found in the main phase of the storm. Overall, the global mean neutral temperature increases by up to 15%, while the maximum thermal response is higher in the winter Southern Hemisphere at high-latitudes than the summer Northern Hemisphere: 40% vs. 20% increase in high-latitude mean temperature, respectively. The global mean Joule heating increases by more than a factor of three. There are distinct hemispheric differences in the magnitude and morphology of the horizontal ion flows and thermospheric flows during the different phases of the storm. The largest hemispheric difference in the thermospheric circulation is found during the main and recovery phases of the storm, demonstrating appreciable geographical variations. The advective forcing is found to contribute to the modeled hemispheric differences.
Detection of graphene chirality using achiral liquid crystalline platforms

Monolayer graphene flakes were dispersed at low concentrations into two achiral liquid crystals (LCs) alkoxyphenylbenzoate (9OO4) and 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB), separately. The presence of graphene resulted in two types of chiral signatures in the LCs: an electroclinic effect (a polar tilt of the LC director perpendicular to, and linear in, an applied electric field) in the smectic-A phase of 9OO4, and a macroscopic helical twist of the LC director in the nematic phase of 5CB. Graphene flakes generally possess strain chirality and edge chirality. The non-covalent interactions between the LC molecules and chiral graphene flakes induce molecular conformational deracemization in the LC, exhibiting a bulk electroclinic effect and a macroscopic helical twist.
Co-targeting ER and HER family receptors induces apoptosis in HER2-normal or overexpressing breast cancer models.

Background Estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family receptors interact in breast cancer; co-targeting these receptors is of interest. We previously reported on a synergistic growth inhibition for the combination of trastuzumab plus tamoxifen in HER2+/ER+ BT474 cells, but no induction of apoptosis. Herein we describe the effects of co-targeting in models of differing HER2 overexpression status (MCF7 HER2-normal/ER+, BT474 HER2-overexpressing/ER+). Materials and methods Assays of proliferation were carried-out using WST-1, cell cycle using flow cytometry, and apoptosis by determination of sub-G1 population and by annexin-V. Results Combining a dual HER2/EGFR kinase inhibitor with anti-estrogens induces apoptosis of BT474 cells. Furthermore, in MCF7 cells, despite HER2-normal status and lack of response to single-agent HER2 inhibitors, addition of HER2 inhibitors or dual HER2/EGFR inhibitor to anti-estrogens augments the antiproliferative effect of anti-estrogens, and converts the drug effect from cytostatic to apoptosis-inducing. Conclusion ER-HER co-targeting enhanced the antitumor effects and can bring about effects of targeting HER2 in models of HER2-normal breast cancer.
Liquid-based Papanicolaou test (SurePath) interpretations before histologic diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasias and carcinomas: study of 272 cases classified by the 2001 Bethesda system.

BACKGROUND. In addition to the reporting of atypical glandular cells (AGC) and adenocarcinoma (ADCA), the 2001 Bethesda System requires the reporting of benign-appearing endometrial cells in women aged >40 years (BAEMC). In this study, the authors evaluated the contribution of each of these reporting categories to the sensitivity and specificity of a liquid-based Papanicolaou test for endometrial carcinoma or hyperplasia. METHODS. Over the 3-year study period, in the setting of a large, multihospital health care system, the authors analyzed the results from liquid-based Papanicolaou tests that were performed within the 6 months that preceded a histologic diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma or hyperplasia and that were reported according to the 2001 Bethesda System. RESULTS. Two hundred seventy-two women had a histologic diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia (n = 199) or malignancy (n = 73) within 6 months after a Papanicolaou test. In total, 188,594 Papanicolaou tests (91,385 from women aged >40 years) were interpreted during the study period and resulted in 3810 diagnoses of BAEMC, 326 diagnoses of AGC, and 30 diagnoses of ADCA. Only 28 of 73 women (38.4%) with endometrial carcinoma had cytologically AGC or ADCA reported on a previous Papanicolaou test. The reporting of BAEMC increased this sensitivity by only 5.5% (4 additional tests) but decreased the specificity of the Papanicolaou test for endometrial malignancy from 99.8% to 96%. For endometrial hyperplasias, the sensitivity of the Papanicolaou test was even lower (39 of 198 tests; 19.7%), but BAEMC represented the majority of endometrial-type cells reported (36 of 39 tests). CONCLUSIONS. The reporting of BAEMC led to an only marginal increase in sensitivity that had to be weighed against the significant loss in specificity of the Papanicolaou test for endometrial neoplasia. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Medizinische Aspekte bei der Auswahl des neuen olympischen Segelbootes

For the 2000 Olympic Sailing-Regatta the Medical Commission of the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) analysed different high performance dinghy boats from the medical point of view. The hull of the boats and the modern styled sails increase the forward force. Special outriggers compensate the shearing forces, by which different weights of the sailors make no longer a difference in case of moderate winds. The high distance between boat and boom is favorable to prevent head injuries. But in some boats many clips, rollers, ropes, hooks are installed in those areas, where the helmsman and the foredeck hand are active. The area between the outrigger tube should be covered with fabric being pervious to water: in case of a sailor's slip off or an overturn of the boat no part of the body can be squeezed. The foot straps mostly enclose the metatarsus: At manoeuvres or capzising a foot-fracture could happen. The selected boat for the Olympic Games was the 49er.
Cyclic AMP in cultured human lymphoid cells: Relationship to mitosis

Abstract Cultures of human lymphoid cells, synchronized in S by a single thymidine block, demonstrated high levels of intracellular cyclic AMP in G 1 and G 2 when compared with levels in S and M. Further, the addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP to such cultures resulted in a delay of the mitotic peak without affecting the amount of DNA synthesis. When dibutyryl cyclic AMP was washed from the cultures at the end of the S period, the mitotic peak was delayed, but to a lesser degree. It appears that cyclic AMP plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle through its effect on mitosis.
Linac coherent light source: status and prospects

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) Project will be an x-ray free-electron laser. It is intended to produce pulses of 800-8,000 eV photons. Each pulse, produced with a repetition frequency of up to 120 Hz, will provide >10 12 photons within a duration of less than 200 femtoseconds. The project employs the last kilometer of the SLAC linac to provide a low-emittance electron beam in the energy range 4-14 GeV to a single undulator. Two experiment halls, located 100m and 350m from the undulator exit, will house six experiment stations for research in atomic/molecular physics, pump-probe dynamics of materials and chemical processes, x-ray imaging of clusters and complex molecules, and plasma physics. Engineering design activities began in 2003, and the project is to be completed in March 2009. The project design permits straightforward expansion of the LCLS to multiple undulators.
Plasmid DNA encoding caprine interferon gamma inhibits antibody response to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) surface protein encoded by a co-administered plasmid expressing CAEV env and tat genes.

Abstract This study characterized immune responses of Saanen goats co-immunized with pUC18 based plasmids expressing caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) rev-env (pENV) or tat-rev-env (pTAT-ENV) and a second plasmid encoding caprine interferon gamma (IFNγ). A previous study reported that immunization with pENV or pTAT-ENV induces IgG2 biased antibody responses to plasmid encoded CAEV surface envelope protein (SU). We show here that regional lymph nodes (LN) of pENV and pTAT-ENV immunized goats contain a dominant subset of SU activated IFNγ + Th1 lymphocytes. Co-immunization with pENV or pTAT-ENV and a caprine IFNγ cDNA expression plasmid (pcIFNγ) did not potentiate activation of SU responsive Th1 lymphocytes. However, the antibody response to SU encoded by pTAT-ENV was inhibited by co-immunization with pcIFNγ. Results indicate that synergistic effects of CAEV Tat and IFNγ suppress the primary adaptive B cell response to plasmid encoded SU.
Selling cyberspace: Constructing and deconstructing the rhetoric of community

Community networks like the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV) are presented to various audiences—the press, potential and current funders, users, civic representatives—via a number of discourses. The dominant discourse used by the developers of the BEV is that of community, one that is inclusive, engaged, and civic‐minded. However, when juxtaposing the rhetoric with the historical development and programs of outreach, the notion of community becomes blurred. Although the “Vision Statement” promises free access, civic forums, and a bustling digital public sphere, the implementation of the BEV reveals a highly commercialized agenda. By building an electronic shopping mall under the banner of an electronic town hall, the developers of the BEV represent a legitimate if not somewhat disingenuous precursor to the dot.com craze that followed.
The Baroclinic Instability of the Open Ocean

Abstract Baroclinic instability is examined in a two-layer, quasi-geostrophic model for linearized mesoscale waves (i.e., with periods of a few months and length scales near the internal deformation radius). The mid-ocean wave environment includes the, β-effect, bottom topography and mean currents, all presumed to vary only on scales much greater than those of the wave. An optimization of the local rate of unstable growth shows the process to be potentially important for mesoscale generation: typically, a vertical velocity shear of 5 cm sec−1 permits an e-folding time of two months. The many processes included in the model allow a great variety of behavior; for example, although both β and topography are generally stabilizing by themselves, their combination can be destabilizing.
Effect of surface characteristics on polymer growth on titanium trichloride catalyst

Large sublimed leaflets of titanium trichloride have been observed over a wide range of magnification both by optical and electron microscopy under conditions such that ethylene polymerization was slow enough so that its progress could be observed in detail. After treatment with triethylaluminum, a network of cracks develops on which polymer grows upon introducing ethylene. Polymer also appears on steps, crushed areas, and cleaved edges but not on as-grown edges. The polymer appearing on lateral surfaces was nodular in character while that growing on basal surfaces was fibrous. The physical properties of these two forms may be different, and methods for favoring one or the other are suggested.
Mozzarella cheese : impact of whey pH at draining on chemical composition, proteolysis, and functional properties

Abstract Cultured low moisture, part skim Mozzarella cheeses were produced using the same milk (185kg per vat), starter, and coagulant, but with two different whey pH at draining (6.40 and 6.15). Cheese was made by the milled-curd, no-brine method with a 41°C cooking temperature, 5.25 pH at milling, and 57°C stretching temperature. Cheese making was repeated three times on 3 different d. As pH decreased at draining, calcium content in the cheese was lower (from .83 to .75%), and cheese moisture was slightly higher (from 45.7 to 46.3%). However, no significant differences were detected in protein, fat, and salt contents. During storage, soluble nitrogen contents, meltability, and free oil increased, but α s -casein and apparent viscosity decreased, for all cheeses. There were significant influences of the interaction of draining pH with storage time on 12% TCA-soluble nitrogen content; i.e., proteolysis during refrigerated storage was faster with lower pH at draining.
Fear of success, sex-role orientation, and performance in differing experimental conditions.

Summary.-The study was undertaken to explore the theoretical differences between Pappo and Horner, in regard to the significance of the variables of sex-role orientation of the individual and sex-role orientation of the task, in predicting performance of females high in fear of success. Subjects were 227 white female high school sophomores and juniors. It was hypothesized that with feedback of success on a task which was deemed sex-role inappropriate, individuals high in fear of success, who demonstrate a rradiuonal sex-role orientation, would manifest smaller increments or larger decrements in performance beween Scrambled Word Tasks I1 and I. Feedback of success-nonsuccess, sexrole orientation, and fear of success were not effective in predicting differences ;h performance on the Scrambled Word Task. The defensive patterns postulated by Pappo to be characteristic of the high fear of success individual were upheld. Horner's (1968) study of the motive to avoid success among women offers one explanation for the differences found between males and females in achievement motivation. Horner suggests that women avoid success because they anticipate negative consequences such as loss of femininiry and loss of acceptance by others after success. Freshmen and sophomore women were asked to write a story to the verbal cue, "After first-term finals, Anne finds herself at the top of her medical school class." Men responded to an identical cue, with a male protagonist. Themes suggestive of fear of success were as fol
Bicarbonate transport mechanisms in rabbit ciliary body epithelium.

Abstract Sections of whole ciliary body dissected from Dutch belted rabbits were incubated with the cell entrappable pH probe BCECEF-AM. This led to a highly specific localization of epifluorescence emission at the exposed, non-pigmented cell layer (npe) of the dual layered epithelium that covers this organ. The BCECF-loaded tissue sections were superfused in a flow-through chamber and the intracellular pH (pHi) of small groups (10–20) of cells was derived from the ratio of the emission intensities derived from excitations at 490 and 440 nm. In CO2/HCO3− Ringer's, npe pHi = 7·09±0·11. Replacement of CO2/HCO3− by Hepes increased pHi by 0·22±0·02, indicating alkali secretory activity under the bicarbonate-rich conditions. Replacement of Cl− by gluconate elicited a rapid, 0·6-U increase in pHi. This effect exhibited little dependence on Na+ and was inhibited by 0·5 m m dihydro-4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene -2,2′-disulfonate (H2DIDS). These results indicate the presence of an electroneutral Cl−/base exchange activity. Elevation of [K+] (by partial replacement of Na+) also elicited increases in pHi. In Cl−-free media pHi reached 7·8–8·0, a condition under which intracellular [HCO3−] is at least twice as high as its extracellular value. This effect did not occur in the absence of Na+. The Na+-dependent high [K+]-induced pHi increase was inhibited by H2DIDS. The effects of Ba2+ on pHi, alone and in combination with high [K+], as well as that of full K+ removal, suggested that the link between high [K+] and pHi increase was mainly due to the effect of cell depolarization on an electronegative Na+ dependent HCO3− transporter. Under normal physiological conditions, the two acid/base transport systems are the main determinants of npe pHi.
Potential Role of Intercellular Communication in the Rate-Limiting Step in Carcinogenesis

In order to ascertain whether there might be a scientific basis for determining practical “thresholds” for “carcinogens,” the concepts of thresholds and carcinogens were examined in the context of some current ideas on cardnogenesis. The observation that cardnogenesis seems to involve the donal expansion of a pre-malignant cell through a series of pheno-typic changes was explained by the initiation/promotion model of cardnogenesis. Unrepaired DNA lesions, acting as substrates for mutations in dividing cells, were speculated to play a role in the initiation phase of cardnogenesis (and indirectly to the promotion phase if the lesions lead to significant cell killing, forcing “compensatory hyperplasia”). Inhibition of intercellular communication, either by cell removal, cell death, growth factors or chemical promoters, was speculated to allow the donal expansion of initiated cells to reach a “critical mass.” During that donal expansion of initiated cells, additional phenotypic changes were speculated to occu...
Gauge Model of Vector-Meson Masses

We construct a model of the strong interactions with spontaneously broken U (3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U (3) gauge symmetry based on the ideas of Bardakci and Halpern and interpret the gauge bosons as the observed strongly interacting vector mesons. We assume that global SU(3) is broken only by terms of dimensions less than four in the Lagrangian. The model that arises is a trivial generalization of the "strong" part of the Bars-Halpern-Yoshimura model. This leads to a well-satisfied relation among the $\ensuremath{\rho}$, ${K}^{*}$, ${A}_{1}$, ${K}_{A}$, $\ensuremath{\omega}$, and $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ masses.
Open Versus Arthroscopic Acromioclavicular Joint Resection: A Retrospective Comparison Study

Purpose The purpose was to compare open and arthroscopic acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) resection. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 103 patients (105 shoulders) who underwent ACJ resection between 2000 and 2005. There were 56 women and 47 men with a mean age of 48 years. The mean duration of follow-up was 51 months (range, 15 to 91 months). Arthroscopic ACJ resection by use of a direct approach was performed in 81 shoulders (group A), and open ACJ resection was performed in 24 shoulders (group B). Results were graded according to pain relief both subjectively and objectively with cross-body adduction testing and direct palpation of the ACJ, subjective shoulder value, Constant score, and improved function. Results The Constant scores increased from 50 (range, 34 to 65) to 89 (range, 39 to 100) in group A ( P P P = .47). Pain with cross-body adduction testing and palpation of the ACJ improved in 76 shoulders (94%) in group A and 22 shoulders (92%) in group B. No patients had signs or symptoms of ACJ anteroposterior instability. Revision ACJ resection was performed in 5 patients (5 shoulders [6.2%]) in group A and 1 shoulder (4.2%) in group B ( P = .37). The radiographs of the patients who underwent revision showed that 3 patients (3.7%) from group A had regrowth of the distal clavicle; in addition, 2 patients (2.5%) from group A and 1 patient (4.3%) from group B had incomplete distal clavicle excision. Conclusions This study did not show a significant difference in the outcome between arthroscopic and open ACJ resection. Incomplete excision and regrowth of the distal clavicle are the most common causes of revision. Although only the arthroscopic group showed a small percentage of patients (3.7%) with regrowth of the distal clavicle, the number is too small to assume that this complication is the result of the arthroscopic technique only. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Compactification and supersymmetry breaking in M theory

Keeping $N=1$ supersymmetry in 4 dimensions and in the leading order, we discuss the various orbifold compactifications of M theory suggested by Horava and Witten on ${T}^{6}{/Z}_{3},$ ${T}^{6}{/Z}_{6},$ ${T}^{6}{/Z}_{12},$ and the compactification by keeping singlets under $\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)$ symmetry, then the compactification on ${S}^{1}{/Z}_{2}.$ We also discuss the next to leading order K\"ahler potential, superpotential, and gauge kinetic function in the ${Z}_{12}$ case. In addition, we calculate the SUSY breaking soft terms and find out that the universality of the scalar masses will be violated, but the violation might be very small.
Phytoestrogens: a potential role in hormone replacement therapy

Abstract Phytoestrogens are plant substances that are recognized to have varying degrees of estrogenic activity. As the demographics of our society move toward an aging population, obstetrician/gynecologists should be prepared to care for the growing numbers of perimenopausal and menopausal women. While hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been shown to have many benefits, its use is still somewhat controversial. Studies show that only 10% of women eligible for HRT actually use it, reflecting the controversy as well as the lack of education of both providers and patients. Given the imperfections of traditional HRT, other options are being explored. These include the development of new “designer estrogens,” as well as alternative therapies. Unfortunately, because a clinician’s training is in traditional medicine, patients frequently learn more about these alternatives from the lay press than from their physicians. Therefore it is our responsibility to educate ourselves with scientific data about these therapies, the better to inform and guide our patients. With this goal in mind, this article reviews the current literature on phytoestrogens, which may provide an alternative to standard HRT.
Epitaxial growth of ultrathin films of bismuth: an atomic force microscopy study

Abstract Ultrathin films of bismuth have been grown epitaxially onto mica substrates by vapor deposition and atomic force microscopy has been used to image the growth surface to determine optimum conditions for fabricating films having the least variations in thickness and largest possible grain size. The films always grow from three-dimensional islands which coalesce to form crystallites with their trigonal axis perpendicular to the mica surface. Crystallites as large micrometers squared with monatomic stepped topology and an rms surface roughness on the order of 1.0 nm have been observed. For mica substrates, it has been found that cleavage conditions, substrate preheating, substrate temperature during deposition. Bi deposition rate, and annealing temperature all affect nucleation and growth of Bi films.
Supramolecular organization of fucoxanthin-chlorophyll proteins in centric and pennate diatoms

Fucoxanthin–chlorophyll proteins (FCP) are the major light-harvesting proteins of diatom algae, a major contributor to marine carbon fixation. FCP complexes from representatives of centric (Cyclotella meneghiniana) and pennate (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) diatoms were prepared by sucrose gradient centrifugation and studied by means of electron microscopy followed by single particle analysis. The oligomeric FCP from a centric diatom were observed to take the form of unusual chain-like or circular shapes, a very unique supramolecular assembly for such antennas. The existence of the often disputed oligomeric form of FCP in pennate diatoms has been confirmed. Contrary to the centric diatom FCP, pennate diatom FCP oligomers are very similar to oligomeric antennas from related heterokont (Stramenopila) algae. Evolutionary aspects of the presence of novel light-harvesting protein arrangement in centric diatoms are discussed.
Intermetallic bonded WC-based cermets by pressureless melt infiltration

Abstract Several investigations have explored the use of Fe- and Ni-based alloys as alternative metallic binders for Co in the WCCo composites. Recently, with the improved understanding of the mechanical properties of intermetallics, these were also considered as a possible replacement for Co. Schneibel et al. have processed FeAlWC composites to near full density (>99%), with intermetallic contents ranging from 40 to 60 vol% for applications requiring the excellent corrosion resistance of FeAl and wear resistance of WC. In this investigation, FeAl bonded tungsten carbide cermets with intermetallic contents from 10–30 vol% (about 4–14 wt%) were successfully processed with densities greater than 98.5% by a simple and economical melt infiltration process. The densities of these composites are significantly higher than those obtained by conventional liquid phase sintering, leading to improvements in the hardness and bend strength values. The technique has also been demonstrated to work successfully in the processing of Ni3Al-bonded WC cermets. Typical microstructures and preliminary mechanical properties are reported and discussed. Mechanical property data of Ni3Al/WC suggest that the interfacial bond strength and the fracture toughness may be controlled by alloying. Although bulk FeAl has a much lower ductility than bulk Ni3Al, the similarity of the fracture toughness data for FeAl/WC and Ni3Al/WC suggests that the fine FeAl ligaments in these composites have high ductilities, consistent with SEM observations.
Selected Contribution: Intermittent hypoxia induces phrenic long-term facilitation in carotid-denervated rats

Episodic hypoxia elicits a long-lasting augmentation of phrenic inspiratory activity known as long-term facilitation (LTF). We investigated the respective contributions of carotid chemoafferent neu...
The large scale generation of dendritic cells for the immunization of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

In the current study, we generated large numbers of dendritic cells (DCs) from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for a vaccine trial. The DCs were generated from CD14+ cells obtained by immuno-magnetic bead column separation technique. The CD14+ cells were placed in culture in the presence of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) and Interleukin 4 (IL-4). At Day 7, apoptotic bodies derived from an allogeneic NSCLC line 1650-TC were added to the cultures at a DC:tumor cell ratio of 1:1. At Day 8, the DCs were harvested, washed and injected intradermally into patients. Using this protocol we have prepared DCs for 16 patients. An average of 9.3 x 10(7) DCs was injected for the priming dose and 8.2 x 10(7) DCs for the boost. Clinical evaluation of the patients and immune assessment are presented in a separate report. The current report provides evidence for the large scale production of functional DCs derived from patients with NSCLC which can be used as vaccines in clinical trials.
Is a Worried Citizen a Good Citizen? Emotions, Political Information Seeking, and Learning via the Internet

In this study we explore the mediating role of emotions in the process of becoming a politically informed citizen. Contrary to previous studies, we expect that anger and anxiety will have much different effects on this process. We suspect the role of anxiety is somewhat unique even among negative emotions as mediator of the causal effect of political threats on information seeking and learning. In addition, we speculate that anxiety should improve the quality of information seeking, not just its quantity. In one experiment, we induce emotions directly and find that while anger, enthusiasm, and anxiety can lead people to claim they will pay attention to the campaign, anger actually depresses total information seeking. In a second experiment, we examine the impact of realistic political threats and find that exposure triggers several emotions but that only anxiety boosts information seeking and learning.
Easy-Come-Easy-Go: Moral Hazard in the Context of Return to Education

This empirical study advances the understanding of the theory of investment in human capital by outlining limitations to its applicability in the context of return to education. The study uses the concept of moral hazard to examine circumstances when financial support for education purpose generates less desirable post-graduation incomes. This study explores the relationship between financial support and post-graduation incomes using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation that is designed to measure the economic situation of individuals. Results suggest that students are less likely to engage in moral hazardous behavior to the degree to which they are older and to the degree to which they receive costlier financial assistance.
Enhanced Ratio of Signals Enables Digital Mutation Scanning for Rare Allele Detection

The use of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for low-level DNA mutation detection in cancer, prenatal diagnosis, and infectious diseases is growing rapidly. However, although ddPCR has been implemented successfully for detection of rare mutations at pre-determined positions, no ddPCR adaptation for mutation scanning exists. Yet, frequently, clinically relevant mutations reside on multiple sequence positions in tumor suppressor genes or complex hotspot mutations in oncogenes. Here, we describe a combination of coamplification at lower denaturation temperature PCR (COLD-PCR) with ddPCR that enables digital mutation scanning within approximately 50-bp sections of a target amplicon. Two FAM/HEX-labeled hydrolysis probes matching the wild-type sequence are used during ddPCR. The ratio of FAM/HEX-positive droplets is constant when wild-type amplicons are amplified but deviates when mutations anywhere under the FAM or HEX probes are present. To enhance the change in FAM/HEX ratio, we employed COLD-PCR cycling conditions that enrich mutation-containing amplicons anywhere on the sequence. We validated COLD-ddPCR on multiple mutations in TP53 and in EGFR using serial mutation dilutions and cell-free circulating DNA samples, and demonstrate detection down to approximately 0.2% to 1.2% mutation abundance. COLD-ddPCR enables a simple, rapid, and robust two-fluorophore detection method for the identification of multiple mutations during ddPCR and potentially can identify unknown DNA variants present in the target sequence.
Absence of domain wall roughening in a transverse-field Ising model with long-range interactions

We investigate roughening transitions in the context of transverse-field Ising models. As a modification of the transverse Ising model with short range interactions, which has been shown to exhibit domain wall roughening, we have looked into the possibility of a roughening transition for the case of long-range interactions, since such a system is physically realized in the insulator LiHoF4. The combination of strong Ising anisotropy and long-range forces lead naturally to the formation of domain walls but we find that the long-range forces destroy the roughening transition.
Temperature-dependent refractive index measurements of S-FPL51, S-FTM16, and S-TIM28 to cryogenic temperatures

Using NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Cryogenic High Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS), we measured absolute refractive indices for three infrared glasses from Ohara for lens designs for instruments at two of the world’s largest, ground-based, astronomical observatories – the present W.M. Keck Observatory and the future Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). MOSFIRE (Keck), a near-infrared multi-object spectrograph and wide-field camera, has demonstrated diffraction limited performance at 120 K in part owing to our absolute refractive index measurements of Ohara S-FPL51 and S-FTM16 covering wavelengths and temperatures from 0.5 to 2.6 μm and 30 to 300 K, respectively. Measured index uncertainties range from 0.7–3.5E-5 and 0.7–2.9E-5 for S-FPL51 and S-FTM16, respectively, depending on wavelength and temperature, and for the latter on which test prism. NIRMOS (GMT), a near infrared multiple object imager/spectrograph, uses S-TIM28 in its imaging lens design. We measured S-TIM28’s indices for wavelengths and temperatures from 0.40 to 2.8 μm and 25 to 300 K, respectively with uncertainties ranging from 1.6– 3.0E-5. Absolute indices and their wavelength and temperature derivatives for these infrared glasses are reported along with coefficients for temperature-dependent Sellmeier fits of the measured index data to enable accurate computation of index to other wavelengths and temperatures. We compare our measurements to those in the literature.
Depression characteristics among mildly handicapped students

The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of depressive characteristics among learning disabled, mentally retarded, and behaviorally disordered students. The influence of sex and age on the prevalence within each handicapping condition was also considered. A “depression subscale” of the Behavior Problem Checklistwas administered to 2078 learning disabled students, 705 behaviorally disordered students, and 1184 nonhandicapped students. The scores were examined via analysis of variance, as well as an extreme-scores analysis using the 95th percentile of nonhandicapped students as a criterion for extremely depressive functioning. The results indicated that (a) behaviorally disordered students, particularly older males, appear more depressed than learning disabled, mentally retarded, and nonhandicapped students; (b) mentally retarded students, particularly younger girls, appear more depressed than the nonhandicapped; (c) learning disabled students are not seen as significantly more depressed than nonhandicapped students. The extreme-scores analysis also revealed interesting interactions of student age and sex. The results are discussed with reference to the need for effective methods for differentially diagnosing handicapping conditions and depressive disorders. Emphasis is also placed on the need for effective strategies for treating depression in behaviorally disordered and mentally retarded students.
The Effects of cGMP on Fetal Sheep Pulmonary Blood Flow and Lung Liquid Production

This study was designed to determine the effects of a membrane permeant phosphodiesterase-resistant analog of cGMP on lung liquid production and pulmonary blood flow at the time of birth. Experiments were performed on seven fetal sheep prepared for chronic measurements of lung liquid production (Jv), pulmonary blood flow (Qp) and pressure, as well as systemic pressure. Injection of either 8-bromo-cGMP or saline were made via a catheter inserted in the left pulmonary artery. Experiments consisted of 1 h of control, 1 h of infusion, and 2 h of recovery. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls test. After infusion of 8-bromo-cGMP, Jv was decreased by 70 and 44% from control in h 3 and 4, respectively. Qp was elevated by 100 mL/min in h 2 and 3 and continued to be elevated by 50 mL/min in h 4. Saline infused animals showed no significant changes in Qp and Jv. This study demonstrates that 8-bromo-cGMP decreases lung liquid production and increases pulmonary blood flow in near term fetal sheep. Although blood flow increased in h 2, lung liquid production did not decrease at this time, suggesting a time dissociation between changes in pulmonary blood flow and lung liquid production. Thus, it is possible that a common transduction pathway involving cGMP may be responsible for lung liquid reduction and elevation of pulmonary blood flow at birth. However, Qp and Jv may not be causally related.
Case Report Transient posterior knee pain with the meniscal arrow

A 31% incidence of focal posterior knee pain was noted in our initial experience with all-inside meniscal repair using the absorbable Meniscal Arrow system (Bioscience, Tampere, Finland). The pain was transient, resolved by 6 months in all cases, and was unrelated to the length of implant. A typical case is presented to assist surgeons in counseling patients who experience transient posterior knee pain after meniscal repair with this system.
Charge distribution in C6Li

Abstract The valence electron charge density of C6Li has been evaluated from a knowledge of the band structure and is presented along various directions in the crystal. The results illustrate the large anisotropy of this material. It is difficult to quantify a degree of ionization. However, the following qualitative picture emerges. The highest occupied states originate from the π-bands of graphite. These are spatially concentrated near the graphite layers with peak densities approximately 1 A from the centers of the layers. Occupied low-lying bonding bands hybridize with the metal band so that the valence density of C6Li has an s-wave-like cusp at each Li nucleus.
Untersuchungen zur Extraktion von Quecksilberhalogeniden mit Tributylphosphat

1. Jodid und Bromid werden in Gegenwart von zweiwertigem Quecksilber von Tributylphosphat als Queoksilberhalogenide und Trihalogenomercurate extrahiert. Bildung und Extraktion dieser Verbindungen verlaufen stochiometrisch und quantitativ. Chlorid geht unter analogen Bedingungen nur als Queeksilber(II)-chlorid quantitativ in die organische Phase; die Extraktion von Trichloromercurat ist nur sehr gering. 2. In Tributylphosphat wird nach dem Verfahren der kontinuierlichen Variation die Bildung folgender Halogenomercurate nachgewiesen: HgCl3−, HgCl2Br−, HgCl2J−, HgBr2Cl−, HgBr3−, HgBr2J−, HgJ2Cl−, HgJ2Br− und HgJ3−. 3. Die in einer fruheren Publikation2 in Aussicht gestellte Bestimmung von Jodid, Bromid und Chlorid nebeneinander durch Extraktion mit Quecksilber(II)-jodid in Tributylphosphat mit konduktometrischer Indizierung ist wegen der starken Beeinflussung der Extraktion durch die Ionen der wasrigen Phase noch nicht moglich.
Natural links: naturalistic golf courses as wildlife habitat

Abstract Worldwide, there are over 25,000 golf courses. In the United States, there are approximately 15,000, with developers building about 350 new courses each year. Japan, Taiwan, China, and other countries are experiencing a similar golf boom. Some developers regard golf course development as one of the fastest growing types of land development in the world. Typically considered by ecologists to be an environmental problem, scientists are now reexamining golf courses to assess their potential to be wildlife habitat. Can naturalistic courses (those with substantial amounts of native wildlife habitat) actually benefit wildlife populations, especially birds, and still be attractive to golfers? My ecological research with a well-known naturalized links-style golf course in Kansas suggests that a naturalistic golf course can support significant numbers of birds, including many threatened species. When compared to a nearby natural area, the golf course equaled the natural area in total bird species richness but not in the relative abundance of specific kinds of birds. Naturalistic golf courses, while not natural areas, can complement biological reserves, military reservations, greenbelts, parks, farms, backyards and other units of the regional habitat mosaic. The large amount of habitat on naturalistic courses also reduces water runoff, irrigation, and chemical inputs. Furthermore, raising the profile of naturally landscaped golf courses can engage thousands of additional people in wildlife habitat preservation issues. Naturalistic courses are growing in popularity and the golfing community is responsive to aesthetic and environmental concerns. With the involvement of ecologists, this burgeoning interest in natural habitats on golf courses may significantly increase the amount of wildlife habitat, especially if designers build these kinds of courses in urban areas and on degraded landscapes such as landfills, quarries, and eroded lands.
Molecular bases for the interaction between novolaks and diazonaphthoquinone photoactive compounds

An investigation of the molecular characteristics of DNQ-PACs both in isolation and in combination with polymer matrices using the techniques of solid state magic angle sample spinning Fourier transform (FT) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and FT-Raman spectroscopy has been initiated. These investigations necessitated a rather fundamental look at the spectroscopic signatures of DNQ's in various environments. Two dimensional NMR techniques have been used to unambiguously assign carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of the 2,1,5-DNQ moiety in solution. The nitrogen-15 NMR spectrum of 2,1,5-DNQ has also been assigned. While preliminary solid state NMR and FT-Raman spectra have demonstrated that these techniques can be used to monitor the effect of matrices on DNQ/PACs at the molecular level, isotopic labelling will be required to fully understand the nature of the interactions. The correlation of molecular-based information with macroscopic resist performance should lead to the development of new improved resists.
Synthesis and structural characterization of two new Zintl [M7As3Q13]4− anions (M=Cu, Ag; Q=Se, Te) containing distorted cubane [M7Q] clusters

Abstract Syntheses of (n-Bu4N)4Ag7As3Te13 and (n-Bu4N)4Cu7As3Se13, from the extraction of respective quaternary K2AgAsTe4 and KCuAsSe3 alloys, are reported. The single crystal diffraction data revealed that both molecular chalcogenide compounds contain the unique ternary M7As3Q13 4− anion (M=Cu, Ag; Q=Se, Te) and tetrabutylammonium cations. These two compounds are found to be isostructural with (n-Bu4N)4Cu7As3Te13. Both M7As3Q13 4− anions are composed of a distorted cubane [M7Q] cluster which is exclusively coordinated by three [AsQ2(Q2)]3− ligands. All the M7 units resemble close packing of the M metal along the [111] direction. Due to the size effect of both M and Q atoms, the symmetry of the three M7As3Q13 4− anions is lowered from the trigonal (Cu7Se) to the orthorhombic (Cu7Te) and finally to the monoclinic (Ag7Te). Structural comparisons are drawn between three different M7As3Q13 4− anions and related binary and ternary compounds.
Measuring the impact of scale and coupling on solution quality for building design problems

This paper presents the results of an experiment that measured human abilities to solve parameter design problems specific to the building design domain. The subjects of the experiment were university students who solved a series of parameter design problems that varied in terms of scale (number of design variables) and coupling (interactions between variables). Results show an exponential decrease in solution quality as the scale of the problem increases. Coupling has a comparable impact on solution quality for problems involving two to three variables, but becomes less significant as the scale of the problem increases. We discuss these findings in the context of information processing models for human cognition and explore the implications for current design theories and methodologies.