cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovative Health Care Financing Strategies for Children and Youth With Special Health Care Needs.

* Abbreviations: CYSHCN — : children and youth with special health care needs VBID — : value-based insurance design VBP — : value-based purchasing There is increasing interest in maximizing value in health care purchasing by promoting delivery and payment strategies that are cost-effective and also achieve optimal health outcomes. Although these strategies are often called value-based purchasing (VBP), no 1 shared definition of VBP exists. Damberg et al1 suggest that VBP includes a range of methods that link health care payment and incentives to provider performance. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has launched a Medicare hospital VBP program that rewards acute care hospitals with financial incentives for meeting specific performance outcomes.2 Payment reform provisions in the Affordable Care Act promote VBP strategies to achieve the Triple Aim of lower cost, increased efficiency, and improved population health.3 Value-based insurance design (VBID) is closely related to VBP. Chernew et al4 identified 2 basic approaches to VBID: reduced copayments for clinically valuable services in general; and reduced copayments for specific groups of patients who receive selected high-value services for specific diagnoses. Within this broad landscape of purchasing and insurance design strategies, other innovative financing approaches can promote the Triple Aim including bundled payments, accountable care organizations, and integrated care systems that link primary care and behavioral health services, among others. The impact of these strategies, especially on children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN), is currently unclear and, without careful planning, could present additional risk to an already vulnerable population of children. The issues involved in developing VBP for CYSCHN are critically important for this group of children who, by definition, use more health care services than other children and inevitably incur higher costs.5 Yet, organizing the incentives and payment structures appropriately could reward better care and outcomes also for CYSHCN. Working with the American Academy of Pediatrics, … Address correspondence to James M. Perrin, MD, 125 Nashua Street Boston, MA 02114. E-mail: jperrin{at}mgh.harvard.edu
Abstract 041: mTORC1 is Required for Leptin-induced Sympathetic Activation to the Kidney but Not Brown Adipose Tissue

The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin plays a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis through its action in the brain to decrease food intake and promote energy expenditure by increasing sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) to the thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT). Leptin also increases SNA to cardiovascular organs including the kidney and raises arterial pressure. However, it is unclear whether leptin controls regional SNA via conserved or distinct molecular mechanisms. Multiple intracellular pathways have been associated with leptin signaling including the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which has been proposed as a critical determinant of leptin action. Here, we assessed the contribution of mTORC1 signaling to leptin-evoked regional sympathetic activation. Simultaneous multifiber recording of renal and BAT SNA in anesthetized C57BL/6J mice showed that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of leptin (2μg, n=5) increased both renal (170±34%) and BAT (208±37%) SNA. Interestingly, ICV pre-treatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor (rapamycin, 5ng, n=6) abolished the leptin-induced increase in renal (10±6%, P Cre /Raptor fl/fl ) to determine the long-term effects of disrupting mTORC1 signaling on leptin-evoked increase in regional SNA. We confirmed the inability of leptin to activate mTORC1 signaling in LRb-expressing cells of LRb Cre /Raptor fl/fl mice relative to controls using immunohistochemical staining of phosphorylated ribosomal S6, a downstream target of mTORC1. We observed a significant increase in renal SNA in response to ICV leptin in control mice (127±16%, n=9), but not in LRb Cre /Raptor fl/fl mice (-4±15%, n=9, P Cre /Raptor fl/fl mice (109±27%, n=5) vs. littermate controls (173±52%, n=4). Our data suggest a critical role for mTORC1 signaling in selectively mediating the cardiovascular sympathetic but not the thermogenic actions of leptin, with important implications for obesity-associated hypertension.
On the role of soil water retention characteristic on aerobic microbial respiration

Abstract. Soil water status is one of the most important environmental factors that control microbial activity and rate of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Its effect can be partitioned into effect of water energy status (water potential) on cellular activity, effect of water volume on cellular motility, and aqueous diffusion of substrate and nutrients, as well as the effect of air content and gas-diffusion pathways on concentration of dissolved oxygen. However, moisture functions widely used in SOM decomposition models are often based on empirical functions rather than robust physical foundations that account for these disparate impacts of soil water. The contributions of soil water content and water potential vary from soil to soil according to the soil water characteristic (SWC), which in turn is strongly dependent on soil texture and structure. The overall goal of this study is to introduce a physically based modeling framework of aerobic microbial respiration that incorporates the role of SWC under arbitrary soil moisture status. The model was tested by comparing it with published datasets of SOM decomposition under laboratory conditions.
The Role of Ceramide-1-Phosphate in Biological Functions

In mammalian cells, cermide-1-phosphate (C1P) is produced via the ATP-dependent mechanism of converting ceramide to C1P by the enzyme, ceramide kinase (CERK). CERK was first described as a calcium-stimulated lipid kinase that co-purified with brain synaptic vesicles, and to date, CERK is the only identified mammalian enzyme known to produce C1P in cells. C1P has steadily emerged as a bioactive sphingolipid involved in cell proliferation, macrophage migration, and inflammatory events. The recent generation of the CERK knockout mouse and the development of CERK inhibitors have furthered our current understanding of CERK-derived C1P in regulating biological processes. In this chapter, the history of C1P as well as the biological functions attributed to C1P are reviewed.
BIOGRAPHY OF D. RANSOM WHITNEY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biography of D. Ransom Whitney. D. Ransom Whitney was born in November 1915 and was raised as one of four children in Cleveland, Ohio. He received a baccalaureate from Oberlin College in 1936, where he met his future wife, Marian. They were married as he left Princeton with a master's degree in mathematics and joined the faculty at Mary Washington College where he remained until he entered the Navy as a lieutenant in 1942. During the war years, he taught officer candidates at Princeton and MIT, and served a short period on the USS Atlanta in the South Pacific. Upon his discharge in 1946, he entered graduate school at the Ohio State University to resume studying mathematics. During this period, his interest in statistics took root, and the fundamental work with H. B. Mann on the famous U statistic was produced. After receiving his PhD in 1948, Whitney faced a decision that set the direction for his future professional career. The choice lay between accepting a traditional mathematics professorship at another institution and teach probability and statistics courses as a specialty or remaining at Ohio State with the additional challenge of heading the newly created Statistics Laboratory, a statistical consulting service for campus researchers. His enthusiasm for statistics, his perspective on its role in science, and his concept of the professoriate have stamped a distinct character on his teaching, advising, consulting, and leadership of faculty colleagues.
How to Plot Love on an Indifference Curve (Review of: PARTNERS TO PARENTS: THE SECOND REVOLUTION IN FAMILY LAW, by June Carbone)

This review of June Carbone's book, "From Partners to Parents: The Second Revolution in Family Law" (Columbia U. Pr., 2000), considers not only the title theme-- how societal norms regarding the family and legal regulation of the family have changed their focus from the way adult partners treat one another to parents' rights and duties regarding their children-- but also additional themes raised by the book's discussions. In particular, the Review emphasizes the way in which Family Law writers have resisted or adapted economic approaches to law, and the problem of legal reform in Family Law at a time of changing norms and attitudes.
Energy Flow Analysis to Investigate Youth Pitching Velocity and Efficiency.

Purpose The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate the transfer of energy through the kinetic chain by youth baseball pitchers during the pitching motion and 2) to provide insight into how the total magnitude of energy flow and its linear and rotational components relate to both velocity and joint torque per unit increment of pitch velocity (joint load efficiency). Methods Twenty-four youth baseball pitchers participated in this study. Data collection occurred in an indoor research laboratory equipped with a 14-camera infrared motion capture system and an instrumented pitcher's mound with embedded force plates. Energy flow was calculated by integrating power transfer into and out of each segment. The magnitudes of key instances of energy flow were compared to pitch velocity and velocity-normalized joint torques using simple linear regressions. Results All of the energy flow variables calculated had a significant correlation to pitch velocity. Energy flow into the arm from the trunk had the strongest correlation to velocity of any variable investigated (r = 0.900, P = 0.000). The total magnitude of energy flow into the trunk had a significant correlation to increased horizontal shoulder adduction efficiency and shoulder internal rotation efficiency. The magnitude of energy flow into the trunk by only joint forces had a significant correlation to increased horizontal shoulder adduction efficiency, shoulder internal rotation efficiency, and elbow varus efficiency. Conclusions Energy flow analysis is an effective tool providing quantitative assessment of the kinetic chain to gain a deeper understanding of how energy moves through an athlete, and how specific pitching mechanics impact this movement. The results of this study support the importance of generating energy flow throughout the body to produce high velocities and energy flow through the trunk to increase pitch efficiency.
Graph-Based Models of Cortical Axons for the Prediction of Neuronal Response to Extracellular Electrical Stimulation

Over the past decade, many important insights to brain function have been obtained through clever application of detailed compartmental model neurons. New computing capabilities brought opportunities to study large networks of model neurons. Certain applications for these models, such as extracellular electrical stimulation, demand a very high degree of biological realism. While dendrites and somatic morphology may be obtained from explicit reconstructions, this approach is less useful for axonal structures, which are more difficult to characterize across a neuronal population. The purpose of this paper is to extend neuronal morphology generative models to highly branched axon terminal arbors as well as to present a clear use-case for such models in the study of cortical tissue response to externally applied electric fields. The results of this work are (i) presentation and quantitative/qualitative description of generated fibers and (ii) an extracellular electrical stimulation strength-duration study.
Belief as an act of reason

Most philosophers assume (often without argument) that belief is a mental state. Call their view the orthodoxy. In a pair of recent papers, Matthew Boyle has argued that the orthodoxy is mistaken: belief is not a state but (as I like to put it) an act of reason. I argue here that at least part of his disagreement with the orthodoxy rests on an equivocation. For to say that belief is an act of reason might mean either (i) that it’s an actualization of its subject’s rational capacities or (ii) that it’s a rational activity (hence, a certain kind of event). And, though belief is not an act of reason in the second sense, it may nonetheless be one in the first: it may be a static actualization of its subject’s rational capacities.
Pain Anxiety as a Mechanism Linking Pain Severity and Opioid Misuse and Disability Among Individuals With Chronic Pain.

OBJECTIVE Chronic pain affects a significant number of individuals in the United States and is associated with several negative health-related outcomes, including possibility of opioid misuse and disability. The identification of factors associated with both opioid misuse and disability is of critical public health importance, and significant research suggests that pain severity has been shown to be associated with both. Pain-related anxiety has been uniquely associated with both opioid misuse and disability, yet little research has examined pain-related anxiety as a potential mechanism linking pain severity with opioid misuse and disability. METHOD Therefore, the current study examined whether pain-related anxiety explains, in part, the relationship between pain severity, opioid misuse, and disability among 396 adults with chronic pain (55.8% female, Mage 36.61, SD 11.40). RESULTS Cross-sectional analyses indicated that pain-related anxiety significantly mediated the relationship between pain severity, opioid misuse outcomes, and psychosocial disability, but not physical disability. CONCLUSIONS These results build upon the literature indicating the importance of pain-related anxiety in those with chronic pain by suggesting this construct may account, in part, for the relation of pain intensity to opioid misuse and psychosocial disability. Future research should longitudinally examine these associations.
Age-related changes in diastolic function in children: Echocardiographic association with vortex formation time.

BACKGROUND This study aims to understand the age-related changes in vortex formation time (VFT) index in children, and thus, describe the ranges of VFT in different pediatric age groups with the ultimate goal of assessment of diastolic function. METHODS AND RESULTS Transthoracic echocardiograms in healthy (n = 84) subjects from birth to 20 years were analyzed to compute VFT and diastolic performance. LV apical and short-axis views were used. Three separate measurements were performed, and the mean was used to derive VFT and other indices. Statistical comparisons were made amongst the groups, stratified by age. RESULTS Vortex formation times in neonates (median 1.79, interquartile range 1.31-1.92) and infants (1.38, 1.07-1.72) were found to be significantly lower (P < .05) than the older age groups (1-5 years 2.47, 1.87-2.94, 5-10 years 2.18, 1.89-2.53, 10-20 years 2.34, 1.84-2.96). The changes in VFT correlate to the changes in diastolic function in children. CONCLUSION Our results show that unlike adults, VFT changes along with the growth-related myocardial adaptations in children, and its range may be used to evaluate diastolic function. The present study is the first to test the significance of the trans-mitral VFT in children by comparing different age groups of healthy subjects.
Review of Seigniorage: On the Revenue from the Creation of Money by Jens Reich

This review provides a brief summary description of the book and its eight chapters which review the history of and the history of thought about seigniorage. After the first two introductory chapters, the next four chapters analyze the conditions for optimal seigniorage for three ideal types of currency (commodity, fiat, and credit) and for mixed systems of commodity and credit currencies and fiat and credit currencies. The final chapters discuss how the analysis might be extended to consider optimal seigniorage not in isolation but as part of an integrated fiscal system and how the place of the theory of seigniorage within monetary theory. Despite the valuable contribution Reich makes in providing a detailed overview of the literature on seigniorage and to the analysis of seigniorage, the review notes several topics on which Reich’s analysis of seigniorage is incomplete or insufficiently nuanced.
The misdiagnosis of pleuropulmonary blastoma in children

Objective To analyze the reasons of misdiagnosis of pleuropulmonary blastoma in children. Methods Thirty two cases of pleuropulmonary blastoma from January 1979 to January 2007 were reviewed. They were divided into 3 types according to Dehuer classification with pathological and immunohistochemical evidences. The reasons of misdiagnosis of this disease were analyzed by clinical manifestations, X-ray and CT examination. And the survival rate was also recorded. Results The mean age of diagnosis gained was 4.0 ± 2.7 years (3 months to 10 years). The initial symptom was cough in all children. Twenty eight children had fever. Lately dyspnea appeared in 18 children. Chest radiography showed lung cyst formation in 6 children, pyopneumothorax or pleurisy in 5, pneumonia in 18, and mediastinal mass in 2. Of all these children, except for 2 with autopsy and 3 with biopsy, operations were performed on the other 27 children, and followed by postoperative chemotherapy. Mean follow-up time was 36. 5 months (1 to 144 months). Thirteen children survived, 18 children died and 1 child lost follow-up. Two-year survival rate and 5-year survival rate was 35.5% and 29.0%, respectively. Mean duration from diagnosis to death ranged from 1 day to 26 months. Conclusions Pleuropulmonary blastoma in children is a rare malignant tumor, whose clinical manifestation is quit different from such a tumor in adults, and is very easy to get misdiagnosis. Recognition of this disease, early diagnosis, complete resection, and comprehensive therapy are the key measures to get satisfactory prognosis of pleuropulmonary blastoma in children. Key words: Lung neoplasms; Pleural neoplasms
Preparation and characterization of a bio-based polymeric wood adhesive derived from linseed oil

Abstract Increasing concerns over environmental health and safety, as well as diminishing fossil fuel reserves, motivate investigation into bio-based alternatives to petrochemically-derived adhesives. Adhesives derived from plant oils show promise as sustainable alternatives due to their abundance and low cost. Such adhesives are especially important in the growing domain of engineered lumber in which the material properties of low-value timber are enhanced using glued layers and joints. Linseed oil, which is derived from flax seeds, is a relatively unexplored feedstock for the preparation of eco-friendly wood adhesives. Herein, we report the preparation of a linseed oil-based adhesive and assess its strength on Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar), Fraxinus americana (white ash) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir). The results of a systematic study evaluating the influence of crosslinker choice, open-time, press time and adhesive spread rate on the shear strength of the adhesive-wood assembly are reported, as are results from water-soaking-and-drying tests that indicate excellent resistance of the linseed oil adhesive to water. Ultimately, these results show promise for use of the adhesive in timber applications.
Initial development of an RIA envelope for dispersed nuclear fuel

Abstract A reactivity insertion accident (RIA) is a design basis accident in which reactivity is rapidly injected as a result of a control rod ejection or blade drop scenario. The resultant power increase can result in fuel rod failure and subsequent release of radioactive material into the reactor’s primary system. For light water reactors, failure under RIAs is typically a result of fuel melt, pellet-cladding interaction, or rod over-pressurization. Fuel melt occurs when the fuel system is unable to transport heat out of the fuel system. Pellet-cladding interaction occurs when an aggressive fuel pellet expansion pushes on an embrittled cladding beyond its strain limit. Rod over-pressurization occurs when a fuel rod exceeds the critical heat flux and departs from nucleate boiling, causing the rod internal pressure to rapidly increase, exceeding the systems pressure, and balloon until it bursts. To prevent failure, regulators have developed safety requirements that limit the injected enthalpy based on the state of the fuel system. However, dispersed fuel could enable the removal or relaxation of regulator-imposed safety criteria. Dispersed fuel embeds fuel particles in a highly conductive metal. Dispersed particles can have a particle radius of 1 µm to greater than 100 µm. Traditional fuel systems are plagued by poor thermal conductivity, especially at higher burnups, thus reducing the ability of the fuel system to respond to an RIA. However, dispersed fuel could improve the ability of the fuel system to transport injected energy away from the fissile material and into the coolant more efficiently. Additionally, dispersing the fuel particles mitigates hard contact that typically occurs in the traditional zirconium-uranium dioxide fuel system, thus removing pellet-cladding mechanical interaction as a potential failure mechanism. This paper evaluates fuel particles dispersed in a metal matrix using the BISON fuel performance code to develop an initial failure threshold based on melt temperature of the fuel particle and/or cladding material as a function of fission density for beginning-of-life and end-of-life conditions. BISON results show that (1) reducing the size of the particles allows fission density to increase as a function of time, (2) particle-to-particle proximity must be considered to evaluate the limiting conditions, and (3) improving the fuel particle thermal conductivity improves thermal performance.
Non-destructive automatic die-level defect detection of counterfeit microelectronics using machine vision

Abstract The goal of this paper is to automate the process of IC counterfeit detection using Non-destructive Imaging Techniques. The defects targeted in this study are the most prevalent die-level defects with possible multi-dimensional features, making their non-destructive detection challenging. Non-destructive X-ray microtomography is a powerful tool to obtain 3D internal information on microelectronics but usually results in large datasets and a stack of more than a thousand 2D images requiring a subject matter expert to investigate them individually for potential defects. Such detection method is time-consuming, costly and subjective being largely dependent on the level of expertise, experience and diligence. Our method addresses those challenges by incorporating machine vision instead of human input for detection.
Making it stick: use of active learning strategies in continuing medical education.

Despite the known benefits of active learning (AL), the predominate educational format in higher education is the lecture. The reasons for slow adaptation of AL in medical education are not well understood. The purpose of this survey was to determine knowledge, usage, attitudes, and barriers to AL use in academic Continuing Medical Education (CME). A 20-item questionnaire was developed and sent with a link to an online questionnaire to the Society of Academic Continuing Medical Education (SACME) listserv of ~ 350 professionals representing academic medical centers, teaching hospitals, and medical specialty societies in the United States (U.S.) and Canada. Responses were collected with SurveyMonkey® from October–November, 2019. Data were analyzed using SPSS®. Responses from 146 SACME members in 91 CME units yielded a ~ 42% survey response rate. Many respondents reported their self-perceived knowledge of AL as high. Advanced training (e.g., certificate, Master of Education degree) was positively correlated with AL knowledge. AL methods were reportedly used in half of the CME activities in the majority (80%) of institutions. Higher levels of self-perceived knowledge were correlated with an increased percentage of AL-related CME activities. Commonly perceived barriers to use of AL were presenters’ lack of familiarity and a need for more time-consuming preparation. More efforts are needed to increase innovation and incorporate evidence-based AL strategies in medical education, especially to foster learner engagement, critical thinking, and problem-solving ability.
Marxismo y socialismo mexicano en Redes, de Paul Strand y Carlos Chávez, con música de Silvestre Revueltas

Redes (1934-1935), a Mexican film conceived and shot by the modernist photographer Paul Strand, is recognized as a fundamental work of Mexican cinema, albeit considered a propagandistic one by some. Among musicians, it is known for the soundtrack composed by Silvestre Revueltas. Redes was produced in accordance with the educational guidelines laid down by the Public Education Secretariat under Narciso Bassols (1931-1934) and the Department of Fine Arts under Carlos Chavez (1933-1934). The film follows the tribulations of a group of poor, exploited fishermen in Veracruz, but Redes was designed to be not just about, but for the workers. The purpose of this article is to place the intellectual and physical creation of Redes within the context of the social and political ideas of Bassols, Chavez and, due to his closeness with the former two, Strand. More specifically, it will show how the film’s story and its very cinematography faithfully follow classical Marxist theory on capitalism and the exploitation and alienation of the worker, in accordance with Bassols’s collectivist vision. Using archival documentation, this article recounts Strand’s political radicalization in Mexico, proving the photographer’s clear intellectual authorship (even though the film is credited to the director Fred Zinnemann), discusses the educational guidelines under which Strand worked and makes a Marxist reading of the film in order to show its specific political message. Eduardo Contreras Soto and James Krippner have shown that Revueltas’s association with the Redes project came late and that the music was written after its filming. Here I only discuss the use of musical signifiers in the soundtrack that facilitate the political reading of the film by the worker-spectator by channeling their emotional responses and anchoring their perceptions in a specifically Mexican context.
The storming of Washington, DC: the city of love against the city of white supremacy

On January 6, 2021, supporters of then-President Donald Trump attended a “Stop the Steal” rally hosted by the former President and his allies. They proceeded to march to the U.S. Capitol, with some...
Development of a Low-Enriched-Uranium Core for the MIT Reactor

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Reactor II (MITR-II) is a 5-MW research reactor presently fueled with highly enriched uranium (HEU) in uranium-aluminum plate-type elements. A low-en...
Music of the Spheres

Einstein's Unfinished Symphony Listening to the Sounds of Space-Time. Marcia Bartusiak. Joseph Henry, Washington, DC, 2000. 263 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-309-06987-4. Bartusiak provides engaging portraits of the theorists and experimenters involved in the search for gravity waves and a carefully researched summary of their achievements and prospects.
Curriculum integration at the University of Alabama

The paper describes the call for systemic change in engineering education that has been issued by various groups; how that is being addressed within one Foundation Coalition (FC) member, the University of Alabama; and, in conclusion, the FC strategic planning process that has been used as part of our effort to implement change.
Flow of a viscoelastic fluid between eccentric cylinders

The longitudinal flow of a viscoelastic fluid, in the annular region between two cylinders with parallel axes, resulting from the uniform motion of one cylinder relative to the other, parallel to its length, is discussed. The fluid is assumed to satisfy the second-orderRivlin-Ericksen constitutive equation. The resultant forces on the inner cylinder are calculated, without restriction on the geometry of the system. Various asymptotic formulae are also obtained.
Discrimination and generalization among reagent grade odorants by tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum).

Abstract Using an intense light as a negative reinforcer, two groups of tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) were trained to respond to odorant-air mixtures of butyl acetate (8.9×10 −5 M) or butyl alcohol (6.7×10 −5 M). Then, they were given discrimination tests on which butyl acetate and butyl alcohol were presented successively, and generalization tests on which animals trained with butyl acetate were tested for generalization with propyl and amyl acetate, and the animals trained with butyl alcohol were tested with propyl and amyl alcohol. The salamanders then received either olfactory bulbectomies or sham surgeries. Post-surgical trials were given using the training odorant stimulus. Results indicated that salamanders discriminated between butyl acetate and butyl alcohol and that they generalized among acetates or alcohols chemically similar to their respective training odorant but not to filtered air. The immediate loss of conditioned response following bulbectomy but not sham surgery suggests that indeed olfactory cues were conditioned stimuli during the preceding phases of the experiment. Overall, these results are consistent with electrophysiological studies of olfaction in these animals.
CHROMIUM CYCLING IN SOILS AND WATER : LINKS, GAPS, AND METHODS

The major links in the cycling of chromium in soils and in natural waters are between chromium(III) and chromium (VI). Between the larger links are lesser links involving processes of mobilization and oxidation of CrIII and reduction of CrVI. The gaps are mainly in our understanding of the factors that control these processes. If soluble CrIII is added to an "average" soil, a portion of it will become immediately oxidized by manganese oxides to CrVI. The rest of the CrIII may remain reduced for long periods of time, even in the presence of electron-accepting manganese oxides. However, this less available CrIII can be mobilized by low molecular weight organic complexers and then oxidized where redox conditions are optimal. Usually part of any CrVI added to a soil or sediment will be reduced instantly, especially under acid conditions. On the other hand, high concentrations of polluting CrVI may quickly exhaust the readily available reducing power of the matrix material and excess CrVI, the thermodynamically stable form in air, may persist for years in soils or lagoons without reduction. Cleanup of chromium pollution must involve the surrounding of both CrIII and CrVI with excesses of slowly available reducing substances and sealing them permanently from inputs of atmospheric oxygen. Monitoring the effectiveness of the measures is mandatory, but fortunately the chemical testing for CrVI in soil and water is simple and problem free compared with most colorimetric determinations.
Genetic control of the cabbage looper by a recessive lethal mutation.

An autosomal recessive lethal body color mutation, dark body color, in Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) theoretically could reduce populations of the insect up to 47% if sufficient dark males are released. The dark strain males were able to compete with normal males in the laboratory and in the field.
Wood, trees and nanotechnology

The cellulose nanofibrils that are found in wood and other natural materials are similar to carbon nanotubes in many ways and could be used to strengthen composites for manufacturing.
PARENTAGE IN AN OKLAHOMA POPULATION OF LOGGERHEAD SHRIKES ASSESSED USING NUCLEAR MICROSATELLITES

Abstract I used six nuclear microsatellites to assess rates of intraspecific brood parasitism and extra- pair paternity in relationship to conspecific density in 218 offspring from 44 broods of Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus). I also estimated statistical power associated with these markers for each parentage test and suggest a method for adjusting power estimates when individuals are incompletely genotyped. No offspring were the result of intraspecific brood parasitism. Eight offspring from five families (4% of all offspring; 14% of families) were sired by extra-pair fertilization. Average exclusionary power was 0.94 when adjusted to account for incomplete genotyping. Assuming a 1% genotyping error rate, this power drops to 0.91. This is the first genetic assessment of parentage in a wild population of Loggerhead Shrikes. Parentesco en una Poblacion de Oklahoma de Lanius ludovicianus Evaluado Usando Microsatelites Nucleares Resumen. Utilice seis microsatelites nucleares para evaluar las tasas de...
Intestinal mucosa of dogs with ileocystoplasties long-term histologic and histochemical changes

Abstract Long-term (one year) effects of ileum exposed to urine as part of an ileal patch cystoplasty was studied. Some of the villi, particularly near the junction of ileum to bladder, underwent atrophy. Changes in intestinal epithelium are described. Alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase activities were diminished in the ileal patch with time. Reduction in succinic dehydrogenase activity was not evident until one year had elapsed.
Origin and prevention of high contact resistance in multilevel metal-polyimide structures

When polyimide is used as the insulating dielectric in multilevel-metal structures, a high contact resistance can result within the interconnecting vias. This paper examines the particular case of oxygen plasma patterning of the polyimide using a photoresist mask. Auger analysis in combination with compositional depth profiling was employed on a series of samples to measure surface composition of etched vias in polyimide. Results show two effects which, together, can account for high contact resistance: first, there is a thicker than normal aluminum oxide layer on the first level metal surface (due to exposure to the oxygen plasma); second, there is a thin, etch-resistant carbonaceous film (due to redeposition of organic material during plasma etching) that prevents oxide thinning through chemical means. It was found that by lowering the plasma pressure to 50 mTorr near the end of the etch, the organic film can be removed. In the absence of the carbonaceous layer, the oxide can then be chemically thinned to produce clean aluminum surfaces within the vias.
Photochemistry of polychromophoric arylamines

Abstract Rates and yields of intramolecular exciplex formation and electrontransfer in polychromophoric arylamines may be modified dramatically by varying the nature of the aryl or the amino group as well as the nature and length of the chain between the two groups. In trichromophoric systems 1 containing one aryl and two amino groups, photoinduced electron transfer may be affected between the aryl group and one of the amino groups in fairly non-polar solvents.
Electroweak Baryogenesis from a Classical Force.

We describe a new effect that produces baryons at a first order electroweak phase transition. It operates when there is a {ital CP}-violating field present on propagating bubble walls. The novel aspect is that it involves a purely classical force, which alters the motion of particles across the wall and through diffusion creates a chiral asymmetry in front of the wall. We develop a technique for computing the baryon asymmetry using the Boltzmann equation, and a fluid approximation which allows us to model strong scattering effects. The final formula for the baryon asymmetry has a remarkably simple form.
Immunohistochemical evidence that electric currents increase periosteal cell cyclic nucleotide levels in feline alveolar bone in vivo.

Abstract Applications of constant direct currents (15 ± 2 μA ) to cat gingiva (non-invasively for 1–7 days) caused alterations in the immunohistochemical staining pattern of alveolar bone periosteal cells for cAMP and cGMP. In general, the staining intensity increased and the intracellular distribution pattern was changed. Additionally, exposure to electric currents produced increases in the number of cells intensely stained for cAMP and cGMP in the periosteum. It thus appears that the effect of electricity on bone cells in vivo is mediated by cyclic nucleotides.
THE INFORMATIONAL VALUE OF LISTING ON THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE

In this paper, the authors test market reaction to the listing of a stock on the New York Stock Exchange independently from other attendant news and test the hypothesis that listing has different informational value for stocks that have performed differently in the prelisting period. Their findings support the argument that listing conveys positive information. Listing is observed to be of most value for firms with ambiguous earnings performance.
Response ofDendroctonus brevicomis Le Conte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to different release rates and ratios of aggregation semiochemicals and the inhibitors verbenone and ipsdienol

The response of western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis Le Conte, to different release rates of the aggregation semiochemicals (attractants)exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene and the inhibitors verbenone and ipsdienol was investigated. Release rates of verbenone ranging from 0.18 mg/ 24 hr to 1.2 mg/24 hr did not result in significant reductions in mean trap catch ofD. brevicomis. In contrast, very low release rates of ipsdienol (0.02–0.4 mg/24 hr) significantly reduced trap catch compared to controls. The combination of verbenone and ipsdienol, released at rates above 0.09 and 0.02 mg/24 hr, respectively, resulted in significantly lower trap catches ofD. brevicomis in attractant-baited traps. Results of an experiment testing a factorial combination of different release rates of verbenone and attractants suggest that response is not ratio-specific. The response curve ofD. brevicomis to the levels of verbenone was similar across all levels of attractants, while the response to equivalent ratios of attractants to verbenone was not similar, suggesting that the behavior of the beetles is primarily influenced by the absolute release rate of verbenone.
PULMONARY VASCULAR RESPONSE TO INCREASING CARDIAC INDEX FOLLOWING SYSTEMIC HYPOTENSION IS MODIFIED BY PENTOBARBITAL ANESTHESIA

PULMONARY VASCULAR RESPONSE TO INCREASING CARDIAC INDEX FOLLOWING SYSTEMIC HYPOTENSION IS MODIFIED BY PENTOBARBITAL ANESTHESIA
Correspondence-free fundamental matrix for object recognition

We propose a new method for the computation of the fundamental matrix without correspondences and a new object recognition algorithm based on the fundamental matrix as a projective invariant descriptor. The core procedure of our object recognition algorithm is the correspondence-free computation of the fundamental matrix between a curve feature in the query image and a curve feature in an object image. Our method is based on the maximization of the number of inferred correspondences between points of the two curve features that satisfy a single fundamental matrix. Based on this projective invariant descriptor for pairs of curve features, we recognize objects by clustering pairs of corresponding curve features in the space of fundamental matrices. We evaluate our correspondence-free method using synthetic data with ground truth and in the context of object recognition with real images.
Lynchburg urban development: A different perspective

The city of Lynchburg, located 180 miles southwest of Washington, D.C., consists of a population of approximately 70,000 people. As the economy of the city grows, Lynchburg is exploring ways on how to make use of its available vacant land to promote its economic vitality, increase revenue for the city, and at the same time maintain the integrity of its natural and historical environment. Vacant land, as well as land re-development will be analyzed based on three alternatives ranked by a multi-attribute utility function. The three alternatives take into account the five public/private universities and colleges, as well as, its geographic location, current population size, and existing infrastructure, among others. The city database is analyzed using a Geographic Information System to identify vacant plots of land and analyze possible land use plans. Results include cost estimating relationships for urban development build-out alternatives, including utility modifications which are to be included so that city planners can compare an objective utility function vs. estimated costs for a set of future city development scenarios.
A DEVELOPMENTAL THESIS OF LEGAL CULTURES: Police‐Community Relations in Rural, Urban, and Suburban Communities

There is a considerable deficiency of both theory and research, particularly comparative research, on the variation among legal cultures within nations. The authors attempt to develop theory to stimulate and guide U.S. research by introducing a developmental thesis of legal cultures. The thesis provides a description and explanation of variation between rural, urban, and suburban communities by cross-classifying two ideal typologies: a developmental theme (traditional and modern societies) and James Q. Wilson's varieties of police styles (watchman, legalistic, and service). Specific hypotheses pertaining to the development of police roles, police-community relations, and the rule of law and how they might vary across rural, urban, and suburban communities are offered. The hypotheses are intended to guide research and specify conditions for evaluating empirically the thesis.
Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Modeling of the Co-Rich Region in the Co-Al-Ni-W Quaternary System

The stabilities of the γ-(Co), γ′-Co3(Al,W), μ-Co7W6, β-CoAl and α-(W) phases in the Co-Al-W and Ni-Al-W ternary systems were investigated at 900, 1000, 1100 and 1300 °C. Electron probe microanalysis was used to determine compositions of the phases. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine area fractions of the phases present after heat treatments. Thermodynamic modeling of the Co-Al-Ni-W quaternary system, using PandatTM software, was incorporated to determine relevant thermodynamic parameters for phases in the Co-rich region of the system. Phases were modeled using the substitutional solution model and compound energy formalism. Excellent agreement was found between experiments and thermodynamic modeling. This new thermodynamic database enables predictions of stable γ-γ′ compositions for a new class of high temperature, high strength Co-base superalloys.
Boundary layer laminarization by convex curvature and acceleration

Abstract Particle image velocimetry boundary layer measurements are presented for flows over convex surfaces, and subject to flow acceleration. These mechanisms are present in gas reactor core designs, which is of concern because it is known that they can cause boundary layer laminarization which can have a negative effect on surface heat transfer. A wind tunnel was constructed where flow acceleration and curvature effects were applied separately, and simultaneously to investigate the separate and combinative influence of these mechanisms. Applied acceleration for the different test cases varied from K = 1.6 × 10 −6 to 1 × 10 −5 . Curvature values of δ / R = 0.015 to δ / R = 0.05 were tested. The applied acceleration spans across the threshold value when laminarization is expected to occur for flat plate geometries. Measurements were taken using particle image velocimetry. Mean flow parameters including mean velocity profiles, boundary layer thickness, and shape factor are presented as a function of streamwise position during the boundary layer response as it is subjected to the laminarization causing mechanisms. Velocity profiles are normalized by both outer and inner variables. It is observed that as the flow is subjected to these mechanisms, the boundary layer mean flow parameters diverge from their turbulent values and approach laminar characteristics. The linear viscous sublayer increases in thickness, the overall boundary layer thickness is reduced, and the shape factor increases. The response in the boundary layer mean flow parameters is more pronounced and occurs more quickly when subject to both mechanisms simultaneously.
MSW Compost Reduces Nitrogen Volatilization During Dairy Manure Composting

Manures lose N through volatilization almost immediately after deposit. Attempts to control losses include the addition of a C source to stimulate nitrogen immobilization. Composting is a treatment process that recommends the addition of carbonaceous materials to achieve a C:N ratio of 30:1 to stimulate degradation and immobilize nitrogen. Dairies near cities may be able to reduce N loss from manures by composting with urban carbonaceous residues such as municipal solid waste (MSW) or MSW compost that, by themselves, have little agronomic value. Studies were conducted using a self-heating laboratory composter where dairy solids were mixed with MSW compost to determine the reduction of N loss during composting. One-to-one mixtures (v/v) of dairy manure solids and MSW compost were composted and NH3 volatilization, CO2 evolution and temperatures were compared to composting of manure alone. Addition of MSW compost resulted in increased CO2 evolution and reduced N loss. Nitrogen loss from composting dairy manu...
Parkfield, California, Earthquake of June 1966: Interpretation of the strong motion records

SUMMARY A detailed seismological interpretation of the strong motion records was attempted for the 1966 Parkfield earthquake, California. Velocity and displacement traces integrated from the corresponding recorded accelerograms were found most valuable in studying the earthquake mechanism and wave forms. A double-couple right-lateral strike - slip mechanism (along the San Andreas fault) is consistent with the recorded direct S-waves originating from the hypocentre. High energy arrivals observed on the velocity traces are interpreted as S-waves ('stopping phases') that originated at the termination of the rupture towards the south-east of the San Andreas fault. A double-couple left-lateral strikeslip mechanism is suggested as the cause of this rupture termination. From particle velocity diagrams of the stopping phases in the horizontal plane, the rupture length was found to be between 20 and 28 km. Corresponding rupture velocities are estimated to be 25$.01 and 3.1 fO.5 km/s. The inference from the strong motion records is that Love waves were more excited at the south-western than the north-eastern side of the fault, whereas the Rayleigh waves were more energetic at the north-eastem than the south-westem side of the fault.
Oestrogen receptor alpha and beta in rat prostate and epididymis

The cellular localization of two oestrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ER alpha and ER beta, was investigated in neonatal, postnatal, immature and adult male rats to determine whether these receptor subtypes are differentially expressed in prostate and epididymis. A monoclonal antibody against ER alpha and two polyclonal ER beta antibodies were used. Paraffin sections revealed a specific nuclear immunoreaction product in certain cells but not in others. In the epididymis, nuclear ER alpha immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in epithelial cells of efferent ductules and initial segments as well as in connective tissue surrounding the tubules in caput, corpus and cauda. No IR was observed in rete testis. Epithelial cells of the prostate lacked ER alpha IR, but connective tissue cells surrounding prostatic buds in the early neonatal period revealed IR. In prostate, ER beta IR was expressed in epithelial cells of the ventral and dorsolateral lobes, but the IR intensity was higher in the ventral lobe. In neonatal rats, ER beta was expressed in the epididymis but not in the prostate gland. Weak ER beta expression was found in the prostates of 5-day-old rats, and the reaction increased in intensity thereafter. In the epididymis, a similar developmental expression pattern of ER beta was observed. ER beta expression in prostate and epididymis was similar to expression of androgen receptors reported previously for these organs. The results support that both ER alpha and ER beta may be involved in oestrogen modulation of prostate and epididymal functions.