cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models for estimating offshore winds from onshore meteorological measurements

To understand and estimate wind speed differences across the coastal zone, two models, one theoretical and another semi-empirical, have been developed and verified by available data sets. Assuming that: (1) mean horizontal motion exists across the coastal zone; and (2) the geostrophic wind does not change appreciably at the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the equation of motion in the direction of the wind can be reduced so that 341-01, where U, H, and CD are wind speed, height of PBL, and drag coefficient over the sea and land, respectively. For practice, CD SEA has been modified from a formula with ULAND as the only input. HSEA may be estimated routinely from known HD LANDLAND and the temperature difference between land and sea, which can be provided by such means as remote sensing from meteorological satellites. For a given coast, Cmay be estimated also. This formula is recommended for weather forecasters. The semiempirical formula is based mainly on the power law wind distribution with height in the PBL. The formula states that 341-02. Simultaneous offshore and onshore wind measurements made at stations ranging from Somalia, near the equator, to the Gulf of Alaska indicated that values of a and b are 2.98 and 0.34 with a correlation coefficient of -0.95. For oceanographic applications, a simplified equation, i.e., 341-03, is also proposed.
The tale of the PCP theorem

How the search for the limits of computing led to the discovery of the unexpected power of proofs.
CXC chemokines modulate IgE secretion and pulmonary inflammation in a model of allergic asthma.

Abstract The pathophysiology of asthma is influenced by exposure to allergens and endotoxin. Although the role of allergen-induced eosinophilia has been widely studied, neutrophil-mediated responses remain elusive. A role for neutrophils in the asthmatic responses is likely since human neutrophils have been shown to express IgE receptors, as well as receptors for many cytokines and chemokines implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. In this study we investigated neutrophil involvement in a novel, house dust extract (HDE) induced model of asthma-like pulmonary inflammation. Mice were immunized and challenged with HDE containing high levels of cockroach allergens, 377 U/ml Bla g1 and 6249 ng/ml Bla g2. The biological activity of the murine chemokines KC and MIP-2 was inhibited with specific rabbit antisera. Differential counting of cells recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed that neutralization of KC and MIP-2 significantly decreased pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils (reduced 86%) and lymphocytes (reduced 76%). Neutralization of these chemokines also exerted a systemic effect with a significant decrease in plasma IgE levels, 547 ng/ml ± 65 compared to 1314 ng/ml ± 247 for control sera treated animals. This study shows that CXC chemokines play an important role in allergy and asthma both at the level of pulmonary cell recruitment and systemic immune responses.
Differentiation between the stimulus effects of 1-5-hydroxytryptophan and LSD☆

The stimulus properties of the serotonin precursor 1-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and the hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were compared in a two-lever, water-reinforced drug discrimination task. 5-HTP (in combination with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor Ro 4-4602) elicited no more than 50% drug-lever responding in rats trained to discriminate LSD (0.08 mg/kg) from saline while LSD substituted completely in animals trained to discriminate 5-HTP (50 mg/kg) from saline. Combination tests indicated that, while the 5-HTP cue was unaffected by pretreatment with various serotonin antagonists, the substitution of LSD for 5-HTP was abolished by the putative serotonin-2 antagonist ketanserin. It was concluded that LSD mimics 5-HTP by stimulating a subset of serotonin receptors activated by 5-HTP which are sensitive to ketanserin (serotonin-2?).
Factors which influence the stability of liquid propellants as rocket motor regenerative coolants

A brief review of methods of uti l iz ing liquid propellants as roeket-motor coolants is given, and criteria for acceptable cooling are established. Methods of analytical and experimental determinat ion of the pertinent heat-transfer characteristics of propellants are described. The measured m a x i m u m rates at which l iquid a m m o n i a can satisfactorily accept heat are presented to show typical trends wi th variations of fluid pressure, temperature and velocity. Measured m a x i m u m rates for several propellants are c o m pared wi th predictions of heat fluxes from the combust ion gases of these propellants when producing the same thrust in a hypothetical rocket motor . From this comparison, an ins ight into the importance of various propellant properties and operating condit ions is gained.
The Sacred Hour: Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth

article i nfo Keywords: Birth Newborn Skin-to-skin Breastfeeding The manner in which a new baby is welcomed into the world during the first hours after birth may have short- and long-term consequences. There is good evidence that normal, term newborns who are placed skin to skin with their mothers immediately after birth make the transition from fetal to newborn life with greater respiratory, temperature, and glucose stability and significantly less crying indicating decreased stress. Mothers who hold their newborns skin to skin after birth have increased maternal behaviors, show more confidence in caring for their babies and breastfeed for longer durations. Being skin to skin with mother protects the newborn from the well-documented negative effects of separation, supports optimal brain development and facilitates attachment, which promotes the infant's self-regulation over time. Normal babies are born with the instinctive skill and motivation to breastfeed and are able to find the breast and self-attach without assistance when skin-to-skin. When the newborn is placed skin to skin with the mother, nine observable behaviors can be seen that lead to the first breastfeeding, usually within the first hour after birth. Hospital protocols can be modified to support uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth for both vaginal and cesarean births. The first hour of life outside the womb is a special time when a baby meets his or her parents for the first time and a family is formed. This is a once-in-a-lifetime experience and should not be interrupted unless the baby or mother is unstable and requires medical resuscitation. It is a "sacred" time that should be honored, cherished and protected whenever possible. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Support for climate policy and societal action are linked to perceptions about scientific agreement

A significant proportion of the US public believe that climate scientists widely disagree about climate change. Now a survey-based study investigates whether this misperception is important and finds that individuals who believe there is broad scientific disagreement tend to feel less certain that global warming is occurring and show less support for climate policy.
NMDA receptor activation mediates the loss of GABAergic inhibition induced by recurrent seizures

Previously we have shown that delivery of rapidly recurring hippocampal seizures (RRHS) to awake rats causes a rapid kindling and that RRHS in urethane-anesthetized rats leads to a progressive lengthening of afterdischarges and diminution of paired pulse inhibition. The present experiments examined the relationship between the changes in afterdischarge durations and inhibition. Pre-treatment before RRHS with the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 and ketamine blocked afterdischarge lengthening. MK-801 also prevented RRHS-induced changes in paired pulse inhibition. For pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic reasons the ability of ketamine to counteract RRHS-induced changes of paired pulse inhibition was not examined. MK-801 also blocked the rightward shift of stimulus intensity vs. population spike curves which RRHS caused. We suggest that RRHS leads to an enduring diminution of GABAergic inhibition and that this accounts, at least in part, for the lengthening of afterdischarges seen with recurrent hippocampal seizures. In addition, NMDA receptor activation appears to play a role in this decrease of the potency of GABAergic inhibition. However, mechanisms which are not dependent on NMDA receptor activation also play a critical role in hippocampal epileptogenesis.
Image algebra techniques for parallel image processing

An image algebra has been defined which is capable of expressing a wide variety of gray-level image-to-image transformations. The purpose of this paper is fourfold: (1) to introduce the reader to the basic concepts of the image algebra; (2) to show how it suggests a general-purpose cellular pyramid array processor for real time image processing tasks; (3) to demonstrate how the image algebra can be used to formulate the problem of mapping algorithms to specific hardware; and (4) to show how algebraic techniques can be used to develop systematic methods for deriving parallel algorithms.
Patterns of urban heat-wave deaths and implications for prevention: Data from New York and St. Louis during July, 1966

Abstract Patterns of urban heat wave deaths in New York and St. Louis during July 1966 indicate not only the impact of environmental stress on heat-susceptible segments of the population but provide clues to the possible prevention of such deaths. While mortality from all causes increased by 36% in New York and by 56% in St. Louis certain subgroups were at substantially higher risk (persons over age 65; censustract residents with low income, crowding, or poor housing; those with hypertensive, arteriosclerotic, cardiovascular, or other circulatory disease, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease). The oppressiveness of heat waves in cities is emphasized by increased rates of homicide and by clashes with police in the streets. On the brighter side, pediatric deaths were controlled during heat episodes in both cities, suggesting that medical, social, and environmental measures can intervene. Unless the general approach to urban heat waves becomes prospective rather than retrospective, one can anticipate episodes of excess mortality during the summers of the 1970's with a human cost of about 136 excess deaths per million per week of heat stress.
Survival after resection of multiple hepatic colorectal metastases.

Background: Hepatic resection is potentially curative in selected patients with colorectal metastases. It is a widely held practice that multiple colorectal hepatic metastases are not resected, although outcome after removal of four or more metastases is not well defined. Methods: Patients with four or more colorectal hepatic metastases who submitted to resection were identified from a prospective database. Number of metastases was determined by serial sectioning of the gross specimen at the time of resection. Demographic data, tumor characteristics, complications, and survival were analyzed. Results: From August 1985 to September 1998, 155 patients with four or more metastatic tumors (range 4–20) underwent potentially curative resection by extended hepatectomy (39%), lobectomy (42%), or multiple segmental resections (19%). Operative morbidity and mortality were 26% and 1%, respectively. Actuarial 5-year survival was 23% for the entire group (median 5 32 months) and there were 12 actual 5-year survivors. On multivariate analysis, only number of hepatic tumors (P = .005) and the presence of a positive margin (P = .003) were independent predictors of poor survival. Conclusions: Hepatic resection in patients with four or more colorectal metastases can achieve long-term survival although the results are less favorable as the number of tumors increases. Number of hepatic metastases alone should not be used as a sole contraindication to resection, but it is clear that the majority of patients will not be cured after resection of multiple lesions.
"Grown-up" Words : An Interpersonal-Relational Perspective on Unconscious Fantasy

I offer the view that the concept of unconscious fantasy remains of heuristic value only if the phenomenon to which it refers is acknowledged as a dissociated, affect-driven experience rather than as a form of symbolized thought that is repressed. I argue that what is taken to be evidence of buried unconscious fantasy is an illusion created by the interpersonal/relational nature of the analytic process during the ongoing symbolization of unprocessed affect. As cognitive and linguistic symbolization gradually replaces dissociation as the automatic safeguard of a patient's self-stability, increased self-reflectiveness fosters the illusion of something emerging that has been always known but warded off. Thus, if we hypothesize the unconscious existence of something called fantasy, it is essential to accept that it is not a fantasy possessed by the person but vice versa; the person is possessed by the fantasy—a “not-me” affective experience that is denied self-narrative symbolization. With regard to whether I...
A simultaneous equations model of crash frequency by severity level for freeway sections

This paper presents a simultaneous equations model of crash frequencies by severity level for freeway sections using five-year crash severity frequency data for 275 multilane freeway segments in the State of Washington. Crash severity is a subject of much interest in the context of freeway safety due to higher speeds of travel on freeways and the desire of transportation professionals to implement measures that could potentially reduce crash severity on such facilities. This paper applies a joint Poisson regression model with multivariate normal heterogeneities using the method of Maximum Simulated Likelihood Estimation (MSLE). MSLE serves as a computationally viable alternative to the Bayesian approach that has been adopted in the literature for estimating multivariate simultaneous equations models of crash frequencies. The empirical results presented in this paper suggest the presence of statistically significant error correlations across crash frequencies by severity level. The significant error correlations point to the presence of common unobserved factors related to driver behavior and roadway, traffic and environmental characteristics that influence crash frequencies of different severity levels. It is found that the joint Poisson regression model can improve the efficiency of most model coefficient estimators by reducing their standard deviations. In addition, the empirical results show that observed factors generally do not have the same impact on crash frequencies at different levels of severity.
Uterine artery embolization as an adjunctive measure to decrease blood loss prior to evacuating a cervical pregnancy.

Background Cervical ectopic pregnancy accounts for less than 1% of all ectopic gestations. The most effective, fertility sparing treatment of a cervical ectopic pregnancy is still unclear due to limited reported experience.
En route toward high performance electronics based on single-walled carbon nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) could replace silicon in high-performance electronics with their exceptional electrical properties and intrinsic ultra-thin body. During the past five years, the major focus of this field is gradually shifting from proof-of-concept prototyping in academia to technology development in industry with emphasis on manufacturability and integration issues. Here we will review some most significant recent advances, with focus on assembling high purity semiconducting SWNTs into well aligned arrays. Future challenges and research opportunities in this field will also be discussed.
Glide and climb stresses on secondary slip systems in F.C.C. crystals due to isolated primary edge and screw dislocations

Abstract The climb and glide stresses resulting from an isolated 1 2 [ 1 0] (111) edge dislocation as well as from an isolated 1 2 [ 101 ] screw dislocation were calculated for all possible 〈110〉 {111} and 〈110〉 {100} slip systems. Knowledge of these stresses is needed in studies of glide on non-primary slips systems as affected by agglomerations of primary dislocations, especially pile-ups, or the loop patches and dipolar walls observed in fatigued specimens. The same data are believed also to be highly applicable to fracture studies in that the stresses about a mode I crack resemble those of a set of edge dislocations along the crack edge with their Burgers vectors normal to the plane of the crack. Similarly, a mode II crack may be simulated by an edge dislocation whose Burgers vector lies in the plane of the crack normal to the crack edge, and amode III crack may be simulated by a screw dislocation.
Modeling and simulation of procoagulant circulating tumor cells in flow.

We describe a mathematical/computational model for thrombin concentration gradients generated by procoagulant circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in flow. We examine how CTCs enhance blood coagulation as they diffuse tissue factor (TF)-dependent coagulation enzymes in a flow environment with vessel walls. Concentration fields of various enzymes, such as prothrombin and thrombin, diffuse to and from CTCs, respectively, as they propagate through the bloodstream. The diffusion-dependent generation of these enzymes sets up complex time-dependent concentration fields. The CTCs are modeled as diffusing point particles in an incompressible fluid, and we exploit exact analytical solutions based on three-dimensional Green’s functions for unbounded domains with one wall for high-resolution numerical simulations. Time-dependent gradient trackers are used to highlight that concentration fields build up (i) near boundaries (vessel walls), (ii) in regions surrounding the diffusing particles, and (iii) in complex time-dependent regions of the flow where fields associated with different particles overlap. Two flow conditions are modeled: no flow, and unidirectional constant flow. Our results indicate that the CTC-generated thrombin diffuses to and persists at the blood vessel wall, and that the spatial distribution of CTCs in flow determines local thrombin concentration. The magnitude of the diffusion gradient and local thrombin concentration is dependent upon bulk solution concentrations of coagulation factors within normal reported concentration ranges. Therefore, our model highlights the potential to determine patient-specific risks for CTC-induced hypercoagulability as a function of CTC number and individual patient concentration of coagulation factors.
Auctions with unique equilibria

We study Bayes-Nash equilibria in a large class of anonymous order-based auctions. These include the generalized first-price auction for allocating positions to bidders, e.g., for sponsored search. We show that when bidders' values are independent and identically distributed the symmetric equilibrium is unique and efficient. Importantly, our proof is simple and structurally revealing. This uniqueness result for the generalized first-price auction is in stark contrast to the generalized second-price auction where there may be no efficient equilibrium. This result suggests, e.g., that first-price payment semantics may have advantages over second-price payment semantics. Our results extend also to certain models of risk aversion.
Hepatic and renal neutral angiotensinases.

L'activite de l'angiotensinase neutre contenue dans le suc des cellules hepatiques est inhibee par EDTA ou par PCMS, mais restituee par addition d'ion de calcium ou de composes thioliques. Ces proprietes ressemblent a celles de l'angiotensinase erythrocytaire, mais different de celles de l'angiotensinase microsomale d'origine renale laquelle ne necessite pas la presence de groupes sulfhydryles.
Writing to Discuss: Use of a Clustering Technique

A clustering technique developed to improve writing skills and previously used to facilitate thinking in classroom settings was used as a stimulus for class discussion. The technique involved presenting a relevant word at the beginning of each meeting of discussion sections of an introductory psychology class. Students wrote down any associations they had to the word, followed by a brief explanation. Each student told the class about what he or she had written. At the end of the discussion, students recorded things they did not say in class and summarized their reactions to the discussion. Benefits to instructors are discussed.
The Mössbauer Effect in Cs 133

The recoilless nuclear gamma-ray resonance of the 81-keV transition in Cs133 has been observed and a number of experiments have been done and reported to date by the author and his collaborators. This paper discusses the following subjects, (1) properties of the transition; (2) appearance of the pulse-height spectrum; (3) preparation and properties of the sources; (4) apparatus used in the measurements; and (5) a summary of experiments to date.
Synthesis and densification of lutetium pyrosilicate from lutetia and silica

Abstract Cerium-doped lutetium pyrosilicate (Lu2Si2O7:Ce) powder was synthesized by solid state reaction of Lu2O3 and SiO2. Stoichiometric mixtures of the starting materials were heat treated at various different temperatures and their phase contents were measured by XRD technique. It was found that the first step in the formation of Lu2Si2O7 (LPS) is the appearance of Lu2SiO5 (LSO). This takes place at 1100 °C, fully 300 °C below the first appearance of LPS. Between 1400 and 1500 °C both LSO and LPS coexist in the calcined batch, but by 1550 °C all LSO is completely converted to LPS. LPS formation temperature does not have appreciable effect on the density of the hot pressed samples. Hot pressed samples obtained from powder synthesized at 1650 °C are nearly transparent, although the particle size of the starting powder is higher than that of the powder formed at lower temperatures.
Theoretical Continuous X-Ray Energy and Polarization

By the theory of Sommerfeld, relativity effects and retardation of potential being neglected, matrix elements and associated components of continuous spectrum x-radiation are computed for a variety of electron-nucleus collisions and for a distributed series of positions in the spectrum. The calculations cover values of $\frac{V}{{Z}^{2}}$ from 0.06128 to 3.356, where $Z$ is the atomic number of the nucleus, and $V$ is the bombardment potential in electrostatic units. Accuracy of calculation is 1 percent. Screening is neglected except at the long wave limit of the spectra where it is taken into account by Sauter's method. Empirical algebraic formulas are found which closely represent the rigorously calculated results. Intensity and polarization predictions for any direction of emission and any excitation conditions within the range of applicability of the theory may be readily drawn from the computed results. Elwert's proposed correction factor for rectifying the approximate spectral intensities of Sommerfeld and Maue is found effective within the limits of its restricting assumptions. Theoretical efficiencies of continuous x-ray production are calculated by combining theoretical intensities with known rates of electron energy loss in traversing matter. Thick target efficiency (a ratio, not percent) is given by $1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}Z$ kv. Thin target efficiency is found to be approximately twice the thick target efficiency for any given $Z$ and kv.
Congruency of the Relationship between Extraversion and the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response Based on the EPI versus the EPQ

Abstract According to Eysenck and Eysenck (1985), the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) extraversion scales should yield equivalent empirical findings. Several studies have failed to confirm this assertion. This study investigated whether the reliable differences in Wave V of the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) reported between introverts and extraverts based on the EPI could be replicated with the EPQ. Significant correlations between BAER Wave V and EPQ extraversion scores were found. Results for BAER Wave V also supported Eysenck and Eysenck's view that the EPI and EPQ ought to provide comparable findings. However, this study also highlighted the important manner in which different classes of dependent measures may mediate the degree of functional comparability between the EPI and EPQ.
In-stride battlespace characterization

Decades of sustained military oceanographic survey work and data processing have been conducted by the Naval Oceanographic Office in an effort to accurately characterize the Arabian Gulf battlespace. Knowledge of the battlespace provides assured access to forward operating areas essential for the Navy's power projection mission. Gaps in knowledge of the battlespace identified while preparing for Operation Iraqi Freedom provided an opportunity to adaptively employ survey assets and sensors for rapid environmental assessment of prioritized areas in the North Arabian Gulf. Those efforts demonstrated the capability and potential to rapidly conduct oceanographic surveys and process data into knowledge "in-stride" to support more agile and mobile Naval forces. Emerging on-board and off-board Antisubmarine Warfare and Mine Warfare systems will yield technology that may be harnessed to organically collect environmental data. Data collection is only one component of in-stride battlespace characterization which is comprised of both rapid data collection and on-scene data processing. Three challenges must be overcome to achieve full potential for a naval in-stride battlespace characterization capability: identify and correct gaps in data collection capabilities, develop a concept of operations for in-stride battlespace characterization, and accelerate R&D of data integration, assimilation, and automatic processing algorithms. As speed and mobility become hallmarks of our Navy, we will need to develop a robust capability to extend foundational oceanographic databases shoreward, through the shallow waters of the littoral, across the mission spectrum from peacetime to hostilities. The opportunity to develop a littoral warfare force multiplying in-stride battlespace characterization capability is upon us now.
Code Generation for a One-Register Machine

The majority of computers that have been built have performed all computations in devices called accumulators, or registers. In this paper, it is shown that the problem of generating minimal-length code for such machines is hard in a precise sense; specifically it is shown that the problem is NP-complete. The result is true even when the programs being translated are arithmetic expressions. Admittedly, the expressions in question can become complicated.
FISH: negative. Morphology: positive.

![Figure][1] A 67-year-old man presented with easy bruising, fatigue, pancytopenia (white blood cell count, 1.9 × 109/L; hemoglobin, 10.8 g/dL; platelets, 89 × 109/L), and low-grade disseminated intravascular coagulation (international normalized ratio, 1.3; partial thromboplastin time, 22
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Analyses of Set in Relation to Age

Expectancy, age, and sex have been shown to affect reaction time (RT) in a variety of settings; however, the literature contains no studies exploring interactions among these factors using large-scale cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Thus, using data gathered over 17 years in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), the present study examine the effects of these factors on simple auditory reaction time for 1325 subjects (869 males, 456 females) on their first visit, 620 subjects (473 males, 147 females) for three visits in two-year intervals, and 307 subjects (277 males, 30 females) for five visits with two-year intervisit intervals. Across subjects and visits a fixed schedule of variable inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) were employed ranging from 6 to 13 seconds (s), analyzed both as ISI and relative ISI (current ISI minus the previous ISI). Data were analyzed cross-sectionally according to decades in an Age8 × Sex2 × ISI8 mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) design and an Age8 × Sex2 × Relat...
New microangiography system development providing improved small vessel imaging, increased contrast to noise ratios, and multi-view 3D reconstructions

A new microangiographic system (MA) integrated into a c-arm gantry has been developed allowing precise placement of a MA at the exact same angle as the standard x-ray image intensifier (II) with unchanged source and object position. The MA can also be arbitrarily moved about the object and easily moved into the field of view (FOV) in front of the lower resolution II when higher resolution angiographic sequences are needed. The benefits of this new system are illustrated in a neurovascular study, where a rabbit is injected with contrast media for varying oblique angles. Digital subtraction angiographic (DSA) images were obtained and compared using both the MA and II detectors for the same projection view. Vessels imaged with the MA appear sharper with smaller vessels visualized. Visualization of ~100 μm vessels was possible with the MA whereas not with the II. Further, the MA could better resolve vessel overlap. Contrast to noise ratios (CNR) were calculated for vessels of varying sizes for the MA versus the II and were found to be similar for large vessels, approximately double for medium vessels, and infinitely better for the smallest vessels. In addition, a 3D reconstruction of selected vessel segments was performed, using multiple (three) projections at oblique angles, for each detector. This new MA/II integrated system should lead to improved diagnosis and image guidance of neurovascular interventions by enabling initial guidance with the low resolution large FOV II combined with use of the high resolution MA during critical parts of diagnostic and interventional procedures.
The Use of Anti–Interleukin-12/23 Agents and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events

Question: Is the use of anti–interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 agents to treat chronic plaque psoriasis associated with an increase in major adverse cardiovascular events? Objective: To evaluate a possible association between biologic therapies for CPP [chronic plaque psoriasis] and MACEs [major adverse cardiovascular events] via metaanalysis. Data Sources: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of anti–IL-12/23 (ustekinumab and briakinumab) agents and anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents (adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab) used in treating CPP were reviewed using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Ovid MEDLINE from database inception to May 2011. The results of registered nonpublished completed studies were procured through abstract publications or poster presentations. Study Selection: Randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind, monotherapy studies (with safety outcome data for MACE) of IL-12/23 antibodies and anti–TNFagents in adults. Studies of psoriatic arthritis were excluded. Data Extraction: Two investigators independently searched data while 6 investigators reviewed the abstracted data. Results: A total of 22 RCTs comprising 10 183 patients met the predefined inclusion criteria. The primary outcome measure was MACE, a composite end point of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, or cardiovascular death during the placebo-controlled phase of treatment in patients receiving at least 1 dose of study agent or placebo. Absolute risk differences were used as an effect measure. There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity across the studies using the I statistic (I=0), allowing for combination of trial results using the MantelHaenszel fixed-effects method. During the placebocontrolled phases of the anti–IL-12/23 studies, 10 of 3179 patients receiving anti–IL-12/23 therapies experienced MACEs compared with zero events in 1474 patients receiving placebo (Mantel-Haenszel risk difference, 0.012 events/person-year; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.001 to 0.026; P=.12). In the anti–TNFtrials, only 1 of 3858 patients receiving anti–TNFagents experienced a MACE compared with 1 of 1812 patients receiving placebo (Mantel-Haenszel risk difference, −0.0005 events/personyear; 95% CI, −0.010 to 0.009; P=.94). Authors’ Conclusions: Compared with placebo, there was no significant difference in the rate of MACEs observed in patients receiving anti–IL-12/IL-23 antibodies or anti– TNFtreatments. This study may have been underpowered to identify a significant difference.
User-adaptive energy-aware security for mobile devices

Energy Management is of primary importance in mobile devices due to increasing functionality coupled with rapid battery drain. Our analysis reveals that users differ in their context and resource usage patterns which can be profiled towards developing predictive models for energy savings. A key challenge lies in providing user-adaptive security in an energy-aware manner due to increasing sensitivity of user data and analyzing the energy-security trade-offs which we address in this work. Towards this goal, we develop a statistical user model to predict available energy at a given time instant using historical user data and further describe a generic multi-level security model for mobile devices. The available energy from the user model in conjunction with the energy estimates from the security model can be used for energy-aware security adaptation in mobile devices.
Effects of Dance on Movement Control in Parkinson’s Disease: A Comparison of Argentine Tango and American Ballroom

Objective—The basal ganglia may be selectively activated during rhythmic, metered movement like tango dancing, which may improve motor control in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). Other partner dances may be suitable and preferable for those with PD. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of tango, waltz/foxtrot and no intervention on functional motor control in individuals with PD. Design—This study employed a randomised, between-subject, prospective, repeated measures design. Subjects/Patients—Fifty-eight people with mild-moderate PD participated. Methods—Participants were randomly assigned to Tango, Waltz/Foxtrot or no intervention (Control). Those in the dance groups attended 1-hour classes 2 times per week, completing 20 lessons within thirteen weeks. Balance, functional mobility, forward and backward walking were evaluated before and after the intervention. Results—Both dance groups improved more than the Control group, which did not improve. Tango and Waltz/Foxtrot significantly improved on the Berg Balance Scale, six minute walk distance, and backward stride length. Tango improved as much or more than those in Waltz/Foxtrot on several measures. Conclusions—Tango may target deficits associated with PD more than Waltz/Foxtrot, but both dances may benefit balance and locomotion.
Hummingbird foraging patterns: visits to clumps of Ipomopsis aggregata inflorescences

Abstract Foraging by two species of territorial male hummingbirds was studied at clumps of scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata, inflorescences. The birds visited relatively few clumps per foraging bout, and visit frequency among clumps was not different from random (Poisson) expectations on 30 of 34 days. Birds did not forage randomly on 4 days, usually because certain clumps were revisited more than expected. Visits to inflorescences within clumps also generally were not different from random, suggesting little or no within-clump visit patterning. Randomness of foraging at the scale of clumps from day to day was associated significantly with foraging randomness at the scale of individual inflorescences, on the same territories. Visits were significantly more frequent to clumps with more inflorescences. The location of clumps relative to perches used between bouts frequently influenced where bouts started, but where bouts ended had little influence on the subsequent perch. Thus, randomness of foraging at clumps based on visit frequencies was compounded of differences in visits based on clump characteristics and the frequency distribution of those characteristics in the observation area. These results, coupled with studies of within and between inflorescence foraging, suggest that the primary mechanism for foraging at plants that have accumulated the most nectar per flower involves area-restricted search with differential response to low and high rewards encountered during a foraging bout. Some difficulties of testing for, non-random foraging in natural situations are discussed.
Rediscovering Rana onca: Evidence for Phylogenetically Distinct Leopard Frogs from the Border Region of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona

Remnant populations of leopard frogs within the Virgin River drainage and adjacent portions of the Colorado River (Black Canyon) in northwestern Arizona and southern Nevada either represent the reportedly extinct taxon Rana onca or northern, disjunct Rana yavapaiensis. To determine the evolutionary distinctiveness of these leopard frogs, we evaluated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction site variation (RFLP), mtDNA control region sequences, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, and morphological characters. Individuals from the Virgin River drainage and Black Canyon represented a single RFLP haplotype and were identical for nucleotides along a portion of control region sequence. Evaluations of RAPD data demonstrated high levels of similarity among individuals and populations from this region. Leopard frogs from the Virgin River drainage and Black Canyon differed from R. yavapaiensis from west-central Arizona and northern Mexico in maximum parsimony and distance analyses of RFLP and control region sequence data and in maximum-likelihood analysis of the sequence data. Multidimensional scaling of RAPD data provided a similar and congruent indication of this separation. Analysis of principal component scores demonstrated significant morphological differentiation between leopard frog specimens from the Virgin River drainage and R. yavapaiensis. Parallel patterns of divergence observed in the mtDNA, RAPD, and morphological analyses indicate that leopard frogs from the Virgin River drainage and adjacent portions of the Colorado River are phylogenetically distinct. These leopard frogs should be recognized as a lineage separate from southern populations of R. yavapaiensis and classified as the species R. onca.
Instrument sound separation in songs

This paper proposes a new solution to the audio source separation problem. The objective is to separate the original audio source signals generated by various musical instruments in one mixture. Existing approaches to solving this problem that humans easily cope with still have little success. In this paper, the blind source separation (BSS) is approached from a new point of view and is dealt with as a machine learning problem.
Tail (end) bud contributions to the posterior region of the chick embryo

Chick tail buds labeled with tritiated thymidine were transplanted homotopically to unlabeled embryos to determine the specific body levels and structures formed by tail buds. In addition, labeling patterns of posterior structures were studied in normal embryos labeled for progressively longer time periods. Tail buds contributed labeled cells primarily to tail neural tube, somites, mesenchyme, and caudal arteries, but not to tail notochord, skin ectoderm, hindgut, or tail gut. Labeled somites were often located three to four somite levels anterior to labeled portions of neural tubes. In labeled normal embryos central notochordal cells were labeled only occasionally. This labeling pattern extended posteriorly into a region designated as prospective notochord, which merged posteriorly with the tail bud. The tail bud labeled uniformly and contained about the same density of labeled cells as the segmental plates, indicating that proliferation was not excessive in the former. Defects in operated embryos occurred primarily in the neural tube, somites, and notochord. The tail portion of the notochord, presumably formed from the prospective notochordal region, was never isolated from the trunk portion. The tail portion of the neural tube rarely seemed isolated from the trunk portion. Large, unpaired midline somites frequently developed. They appeared to form only when a space was available in which paired segmental plates could approach the midline and fuse.
Digital Coil Protection System (DCPS) algorithms for the NSTX centerstack upgrade

A significant upgrade is planned for the National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) in which plasma current and confining magnetic field intensities will nearly double while plasma duration will more than double. Changes will include replacing the existing centerstack with a new one containing a thicker TF inner Leg, a new OH solenoid coil, and an expansion to six of the complement of PF1 coils controlling plasma divertor shape. Other coils will remain in service with hardware modifications as needed for their approximately three-fold increases in magnetic forces.
Designing eigenspace manifolds: With application to object identification and pose estimation

Eigendecomposition has been used to classify three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional images in a variety of computer vision and robotics applications. The biggest on-line computational expense associated with using eigendecomposition is the determination of the closest point on an image manifold embedded in a high-dimensional space. The dimensionality and complexity of the space is a result of the p principal eigenimages that are selected. Unfortunately, for some real-time applications, this search may be prohibitively expensive. This work presents a method to reduce the on-line expense associated with using eigendecomposition for pose estimation. The approach is based on selecting a linear combination of the principal eigenimages to design an eigenspace manifold having a desirable geometric structure that reduces the cost associated with classification.
Model based prediction, preview and robust controls in motion control systems

This paper describes the role of mathematical models in various model-based control schemes such as predictive control and preview control. To prevent the deterioration of performance of these control approaches in the presence of model uncertainties and disturbances, model based methods for state estimation, disturbance estimation and parameter identification may be utilized to obtain robust high performance motion control system.
Knowledge, writing, and language outcomes for a reading comprehension and writing intervention

Many students struggle with gaining knowledge and writing about content text material and therefore require effective intervention. In a randomized controlled trial study, 77 low-achieving fourth-grade students received reading comprehension instruction or reading comprehension plus writing instruction or were assigned to a no-treatment control. Knowledge outcomes were evaluated through students’ retelling and performance on a standardized reading test. Written language-based outcomes were analyzed using a computer software program for semantic and syntactic measures. Analyses indicated that students in reading comprehension instruction and reading comprehension plus writing instruction outperformed the control group on oral and written retelling, a standardized reading test, and semantic measures. Syntactic measures, however, did not show statistically significant differences by treatment or control group. Implications for including language instruction and assessments within multi-component instruction are suggested.
Careers in thermoelectricity

After three decades of low level activity, the field of thermoelectrics has witnessed a dramatic revival because of the emergence on new promising materials, new strategies for increasing the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT, and the potential use of quantum well and quantum wire structures to enhance ZT. We emphasize here the advantages of using low dimensional structures for thermoelectric applications. Career opportunities for young people in thermoelectrics research are discussed in this context.
A hierarchical framework for fault propagation analysis in complex systems

In complex systems, there are few critical failure modes. Prognostic models are focused at predicting the evolution of those critical faults, assuming that other subsystems in the same system are performing according to their design specifications. In practice, however, all the subsystems are undergoing deterioration that might accelerate the time evolution of the critical fault mode. This paper aims at analyzing this aspect, i.e. interaction between different fault modes in various subsystems, of the failure prognostic problem. The application domain focuses on an aero propulsion system of the turbofan type. Creep in the high-pressure turbine blade is one of the most critical failure modes of aircraft engines. The effects of health deterioration of low-pressure compressor and high-pressure compressor on creep damage of high-pressure turbine blades are investigated and modeled.
Characteristic polynomials of organic polymers and periodic structures

It is shown that the Frame’s method (also, Le Verrier-Faddeev’s method) for characteristic polynomials of chemical graphs can be extended to periodic graphs and structures. The finite periodic structures are represented by cyclic structures in the Born-von Khnan boundary condition which leads to complex matrices. In this article we demonstrate that our earlier computer program (based on Frame’s method) can be extended to these periodic networks. The characteristic polynomials of several lattices such as polydiacetylenes, one-dimensional triangular, square, and hexagonal lattices are obtained. These polynomials can be obtained with very little computer time using this method. I. INTRODUCTION In recent years characteristic polynomials and related polynomials of graphs and other applications of graph theory to chemistry have been the subjects of a large number of inve~tigations.l-~’ Characteristic polynomials play an important role in several areas of chemistry. These polynomials are structural invariants and are thus useful in coding chemical structures. They are generating functions for dimer statistics on trees (such as Bethe lattices) and thus they play an important role in statistical mechanic^.^^.^,^^ Characteristic polynomials of graphs have applications in quantum chemistry, chemical kinetics, dynamics of oscillatory reactions, etc. They are also useful in estimating the stability of conjugated systems. The present author showed the use of Frame’s method for evaluating characteristic polynomials of graphs containing large numbers of vertices and further developed a computer program based on this meth~d.~~.~~ Krivka, Jericevib, and Trinajstib4’ have recently shown that the Frame’s method outlined in the present author’s article is similar to Le Verrier-Faddeev’s method. Other manifestations of Frame’s method could also be found in the literat~re.~~ The objective of this investigation is to show that the method and computer program