cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solute Effects on Spin Label Mobility for Aqueous Exposed Sites on HIV-1 Protease

We investigated the effects of four solutes on the protein rotational correlation time, the local dynamics of the protein backbone, and the mobility of labels covalently attached to multiple aqueous exposed sites in the HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR) using X-band continuous wave (CW) and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence anisotropy. The HIV-1 PR contains two Beta-hairpin flaps that sit over the active site and are believed to undergo a large conformational change to allow the substrate access to the active site. The solutes used in this study were glycerol, sucrose, PEG3000 and Ficoll400 providing for a comparison between hydrophilic solutes (sucrose and Ficoll) and solutes that can interact with hydrophobic patches on the protein (glycerol and PEG3000) as well as a comparison between small viscogens and macromolecular crowders. The CW-EPR line shapes for four commonly used nitroxide spin labels attached to the Beta-hairpin flap region of HIV-1 protease were found to have to largest change in the presence of glycerol and PEG3000 whereas sucrose and glycerol have the larger affects on the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy. Comparison of the CW line shapes and distance distribution profiles from the pulsed EPR experiments for HIV-1 protease in the absence and presence of inhibitor reveals that the presence of solutes affects the line shape by perturbing the spin label mobility via preferential interactions between the solutes and the spin label.
Bone morphogenetic protein and complications in spinal fusion surgery.

T d p l c c i s t s a s f s a B one-morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of proteins that induce bone and cartilage formation and remodeling (9). They have been commercially produced with ecombinant techniques in two major subtypes: BMP-2 (InFUSE; edtronic, Memphis, Tennessee, USA) was approved by the .S. Food and Drug Administration in 2002 for anterior lumbar nterbody fusion (ALIF) with an LT-CAGE (Medtronic) (10) and MP-7 (OP-1 Putty; Stryker, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA) was pproved under a humanitarian device exemption for use in evision lumbar fusions (11). Given the intended benefit of ncreased fusion rates with BMP, the osteobiologic has been sed extensively for off-label procedures such as anterior and osterior cervical fusions as well as thoracolumbar fusions. The idespread and increasing use of BMP-4 in different spinal usion surgeries necessitates an accurate understanding of MP’s benefits and complications.
CYTOTOXIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TO A HUMAN LEIOMYOSARCOMA

A monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma technique against a human leiomyosarcoma was highly cytotoxic in dilutions of 1:64 000 to the original tumour cells. The antibody was unreactive with most normal cells (lymphocytes, 120 donors; spleen cells, 73/75; monocytes, 16; granulocytes, 25; platelets, 12; red cells, 11) and could not be absorbed out by smooth muscle from the small intestine or by spleen cells. Its specificity for the tumour was high since it did not react with cells from 40 patients with leukaemia, from 8 patients with other tumours, and from 7 cultured tumour lines. The only other cell that it reacted with (at 1:4000 dilution) was line 8402, a T acute lymphocytic leukaemia line. This monoclonal antibody may be suitable for therapeutic trials.
Polarization-Independent Switches For Use With Single-Mode Optical Fibers

Four-port switches which operate independently of the polarization state of incident light are necessary for use with optical fibers which do not preserve polarization. We will review the present state of development of such a switch in Ti-diffused LiNb03 and the progress of end-fire coupling experiments between the switch and single mode optical fibers. Likely applications of such a switch in future optical fiber systems will be discussed.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
157-nm lithography for 100-nm generation and beyond: progress and status

157-nm has emerged as the most favorable post 193-nm lithography choice. Significant progress has been made since it was initiated at MIT-LL in 1997. Material is perhaps the most critical issue of 157nm lithography in all areas of concern: optics, resist, and mask. CaF2 is the only material currently shown to be feasible for 157-nm lens though other materials namely BaF2 are being developed as secondary material. Due to limited availability of materials in conjunction with the difficulty in developing line-narrowed F2 laser, optics design is limited. Catadioptric lens design is being considered by most major exposure tool suppliers. Meanwhile, most conventional organic materials are opaque at 157-nm. New fluorinated polymers have been discovered and currently being developed for both resist and pellicle applications. Good progress in this area has been reported at the Sematech’s First 157-nm Symposium at Dana Point, California, May 9-11, 2000. Alternative approaches are also being developed. One example is thin layer resist process using conventional chemistry to overcome high absorption issue at 157-nm. Another is the so-called hard pellicle, i.e., a ~300-um thick film of the newly developed dry-fluorine doped fused silica is used instead of the typical 1-um thin organic membrane. On the other hand, major accomplishment has been reached in the field of mask blank material to replace the existing one for 157-nm application. The new dry and fluorine-doped fused silica has been shown to have good transmittance and radiation durability. Blank and reticle making using this newly developed material have been reported to be satisfactory even with current processes. High absorption at 157-nm also leads to other requirements such as surface molecular contamination removal and system purging. Therefore, reticle handling has become critical in that reticle purging, In-Situ cleaning and ESD prevention must be considered. While recognized to be issues, possible technical solutions have been proposed. This paper will provide an overview of 157-nm lithography development. Results will be presented to show progress. Critical issues covering exposure tool, resist and mask will be discussed.
A new chondrophorine (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the cadiz formation (Middle Cambrian) of California

We describe a new species of chondrophorine hydrozoan,Palaelophacmaea valentinei sp. nov., from the early Middle Cambrian part of the Cadiz Formation of the Marble Mountains of southeastern California. This find extends the stratigraphic range of this genus into the early Middle Cambrian and its geographic range into the western United States. We review various chondrophorine-like fossils and present a tentative chondrophorine phylogeny in light of this find.
CORPORATIONS, PROFIT MAXIMIZATION AND THE PERSONAL SPHERE

The efficiency argument for profit maximization says that corporations and their managers should maximize profits because this is the course of action that will lead to an ‘economically efficient’ or ‘welfare maximizing’ outcome (see e.g. Jensen 2001, 2002). In this paper, I argue that the fundamental problem with this argument is not that markets in the real world are less than perfect, but rather that the argument does not properly acknowledge the personal sphere. Morality allows each of us a sphere in which we are free to pursue our personal interests, even if these are not optimal from the social point of view. But the efficiency argument does not come to terms with this feature of social life.
Business and the university computer science department: The left - hand side of a dialogue

The scope of computing in the modern business corporation today may be typified by the term Total Information Systems. What is required to construct a Total Information System is a mixture of hardware, communications equipment, software, operations research technology, and a highly skilled staff of people to define and integrate this technology with the information needs of the modern business corporation. Without needlessly belaboring a point, business has grown far beyond the familiar payroll and accounting ledger kind of programming, and has become the major user of computers in many sophisticated ways. To support this use, a source of talent must be defined.At the Founder's Conference of the Society for Management Information Systems (SMIS), September 1969, one of the topics was precisely the criticalness of this flow of talent. As has been the case with other, similar conferences with a strong business representation, the critical shortage of qualified computer staff personnel was discussed. This shortage, it is widely agreed, will be getting worse, especially in the senior positions of systems analysts, designers and consultants. As is also often the case in discussions of the sort which took place at the SMIS meeting, the university (the most obvious source of this talent) was cited as being, first of all, generally unresponsive to business needs and, secondly, simply numerically unable to provide the number of people being forecast as required. The recommended plan of attack was for business to develop in-house training and to “put pressure” on the academic community.
Syncope: Current diagnosis and treatment

Summary The patient with syncope often poses a formidable diagnostic challenge. A large number of underlying causes must be considered, ranging in severity from benign to life-threatening. A careful, systematic clinical evaluation beginning with a history, physical examination, and ECG will establish the diagnosis in most patients, and the judicious use of specialized testing will confirm or uncover the cause in many of the remaining cases. Further basic and clinical research into the pathogenesis and treatment of neurocardiogenic syncope, the role of HUT testing in neurally mediated syncope, and the optimal use of EPS in patients with cardiac disease will markedly improve our management of these patients in the future.
Monkey alcohol tissue research resource: banking tissues for alcohol research.

Background An estimated 18 million adults in the United States meet the clinical criteria for diagnosis of alcohol abuse or alcoholism, a disorder ranked as the third leading cause of preventable death. In addition to brain pathology, heavy alcohol consumption is co-morbid with damage to major organs including heart, lungs, liver, pancreas and kidneys. Much of what is known about risk for and consequences of heavy consumption derive from rodent or retrospective human studies. The neurobiological effects of chronic intake in rodent studies may not easily translate to humans due to key differences in brain structure and organization between species, including a lack of higher-order cognitive functions, and differences in underlying prefrontal cortical neural structures that characterize the primate brain. Further, rodents do not voluntarily consume large quantities of EtOH and they metabolize it more rapidly than primates.
Common Computer Connectors and Important Characteristics

A knowledge of the various computer connectors aids the user in connecting peripheral devices to the computer, choosing equipment, and assessing available access points to the computer. This article presents common computer connectors grouped according to their shapes along with basic electrical information for the various connectors.
An expert scheduling system for material handling hoists

Abstract A new approach is introduced to the scheduling of hoists on an automated electroplating line. The problem is seen as one of making a sequence of hoist movement decisions in a slowly changing environment. Prior to making any one of these decisions, a knowledge base is consulted to identify the best decision rules for the current system state. This rule is then used to make detailed hoist movement decisions. Simulation experiments were used to identify good rules for different conditions. The resulting information was then used to build the knowledge base. The effectiveness of the resulting system was evaluated using simulation experiments involving real time considerations such as changing work loads and breakdowns. The proposed procedure always performed at least as well as the best of the individual rules in its rule base, and, on the average, a 10% increase in throughput was observed.
Therapy interactions in chronic heart failure: synergies and asynergies of medication and device interventions

With the rapid advancement of device-based therapies for heart failure intended to relieve symptoms and prolong life, little attention has been paid to potential interactions between device effects and those of chronic medications. This review focuses on both synergies and asynergies that can occur between these two therapy classes in an attempt to provide a practical approach to applying current standard of care to patients with chronic heart failure.
Clumping of interstellar grains during formation of the primitive solar nebula

The author has previously shown that a considerable amount of clumping of interstellar grains is likely to take place during the free-fall collapse phase of an interstellar cloud which is forming the primitive solar nebula, with the assumption of sonic turbulence in the gas. The original estimate involved the crude assumption of hierarchal amalgamation of the grains upon collision. A Monte Carlo simulation of this process confirmed the general features of the results, but it was further found that the introduction of a low sticking probability reduced the size of the lumps quite significantly. A more realistic calculation was therefore carried out in which it was assumed that clumps of grains would tend to stick together if their collisions were approximately head-on, but that they would tend to fragment into smaller pieces if the collisions were more tangential. For typical values of the amalgamation parameter, this tends to spread the mass of the interstellar grains over a wide range of clump sizes, ranging from individual grains to objects in the millimeter or centimeter size.
Elective carotid artery resection for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the neck

The authors performed a retrospective review of their 10-year experience of carotid artery resection without revascularization for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the neck. From 1982 to 1991, seven patients underwent elective carotid artery resection without reconstruction at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver. A vascular clamp with gradual carotid occlusion was placed preoperatively on four patients and awake temporary balloon occlusion of the carotid was used on three patients. The primary lesions were three laryngeal carcinomas, two oral cavity carcinomas, and two hypopharyngeal carcinomas
Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography using high-resolution biplane 7.5 MHz probes with continuous-wave Doppler capability in infants and children with tetralogy of Fallot.

Abstract Our study indicates that (1) the biplane TEE probe provides an accurate assessment of the surgical repair of ToF in infants and children; (2) the longitudinal plane especially offers important information showing right ventricular outflow tract anatomy that cannot be fully defined using conventional transverse plane TEE; and (3) implementation of steerable CW Doppier aids quantification of residual right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, especially when implemented from transgastric views.
The normal distribution in geochemistry

Abstract The proposed geochemical law of Ahrens , that elements are distributed log-normally in igneous rocks, is critically examined. It is concluded that existing data do not confirm this proposition or suggest any extension of it. The application of statistics to geochemistry is formulated under the topics of (1) description of results and (2) statistical prediction. Meaningful interpretations of frequency distributions in nature are dependent upon a knowledge of the factors involved in the formation of the geological system under study, and a knowledge of the contribution of laboratory and field sampling errors to the numerical data.
The electroencephalogram in cerebellar or tonic fits.

Abstract Tonic fits have been reported in a variety of conditions. Most authors agree that tonic fits are attacks of transient decerebrate rigidity. This may be caused by sudden decerebration and thus represent a release phenomenon or may result from abnormal mesencephalic stimulation, due to a local disease process. Epileptic seizures originating in subcortical regions may however also consist chiefly of tonic spasms. Two patients are presented in whom tonic fits occurred during electroencephalographic recording. One patient developed these seizures after excision of a lumbosacral myelomeningocele, which led to greatly increased intracranial pressure. The EEG is interpreted as showing that the seizure was preceded by a rapid rise in intracranial pressure and caused by sudden severe cerebral ischemia. The seizures ceased after intracranial pressure was reduced to normal. The second patient suffered profound cortical damage after a generalized seizure causing respiratory arrest. She developed tonic fits at a later age. It is suggested on the basis of the electroencephalogram that the seizure was a subcortical one, possibly caused by abnormal stimulation of the midbrain reticular system.
Regulation of Sufu activity by p66β and Mycbp provides new insight into vertebrate Hedgehog signaling

Control of Gli function by Suppressor of Fused (Sufu), a major negative regulator, is a key step in mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, but how this is achieved in the nucleus is unknown. We found that Hh signaling results in reduced Sufu protein levels and Sufu dissociation from Gli proteins in the nucleus, highlighting critical functions of Sufu in the nucleus. Through a proteomic approach, we identified several Sufu-interacting proteins, including p66β (a member of the NuRD [nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase] repressor complex) and Mycbp (a Myc-binding protein). p66β negatively and Mycbp positively regulate Hh signaling in cell-based assays and zebrafish. They function downstream from the membrane receptors, Patched and Smoothened, and the primary cilium. Sufu, p66β, Mycbp, and Gli are also detected on the promoters of Hh targets in a dynamic manner. Our results support a new model of Hh signaling in the nucleus. Sufu recruits p66β to block Gli-mediated Hh target gene expression. Meanwhile, Mycbp forms a complex with Gli and Sufu without Hh stimulation but remains inactive. Hh pathway activation leads to dissociation of Sufu/p66β from Gli, enabling Mycbp to promote Gli protein activity and Hh target gene expression. These studies provide novel insight into how Sufu controls Hh signaling in the nucleus.
Endothelial Cells Exhibit Differential Chemokinetic and Mitogenic Responsiveness to α-Thrombin☆

Rapid regeneration of the endothelium is a critical component of vascular wall repair because limitations of this process enhance early thrombotic and vasospastic complications, as well as late sequelae of recurrent lesion formation. We have postulated that direct activation of the thrombin receptor initiates both mitogenic and chemokinetic endothelial behavior which facilitates intimal repair. To characterize the role of the thrombin receptor in human endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration, we investigated the effects of both alpha-thrombin (0.5-10 U/ml) and its receptor-activating peptide (TRAP; 1-100 microM). Responses of human aortic (HAEC) and umbilical vein (HUVEC) were characterized using [3H]thymidine and 61Cr microcarrier bead assays of proliferation and migration, respectively. Expression of motility-related genes was evaluated using a ribonuclease protection assay. Thrombin exerts both of its chemokinetic and mitogenic effects differentially in human endothelial cells. Following 2 or 4 days in culture, HUVEC proliferation increased two- to threefold after exposure to thrombin, primarily in the low concentration range (P < 0.05). However, HACE proliferation was inhibited up to 50% after a 4-day incubation period (P < 0.005). These mitogenic effects, including the inhibition of aortic endothelial cell proliferation, were reproduced, in part, by thrombin receptor activation with TRAP. In contrast, thrombin stimulates migratory responses in HAEC, but not HUVEC. However, this behavior was not reproduced by TRAP. It is noteworthy that urokinase-plasminogen activator (u-PA) expression was much more strongly expressed in migrating HAEC than in the HUVEC population. Moreover, when stimulated with thrombin, u-PA gene expression was significantly augmented in HAEC. It has been speculated that an effective human thrombin receptor (HTR) antagonist may reduce the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and the development of a restenotic lesion following arterial wall injury. Our data suggest that such an inhibitor will likely also accelerate intimal regeneration through a dominant effect on limiting the HTR inhibitory effect on endothelial proliferation.
Recovery from coma and decerebrate rigidity of young patients following head injury.

Coma and decerebrate rigidity in the absence of any demonstrable expanding intracranial lesion were noted in six young patients following head injury. It is assumed that in most of the cases coma and decerebrate rigidity were not secondary to tentorial herniation but were more than likely the result of direct involvement of the brain stem. However, such a mechanism cannot necessarily be implicated in those cases in which the decerebrate state appears late in the course of the illness. Nearly complete recovery occurred in all cases. This was spontaneous and not the result of emergency surgical procedures, although exploratory trephinations were performed in several instances. The state of consciousness returned to normal before spasticity regressed and none of the patients showed signs of impairment of intellectual function.
Identification of behavioral function in public schools and a clarification of terms

The discipline-related component of Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that schools conduct a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) when a student's behavior disrupts the educational environment and/or results in suspension from school. Applied behavior analysts often make a distinction between the terms functional assessment/functional behavioral assessment, and functional analysis yet there exists no consensus on how that distinction should be made. A relevant review of the literature was conducted to identify research articles using functional analysis or functional assessment methodology in public school settings in an effort to identify the specific procedures employed by each. Results of the review support the existence of a discrepancy between proposed and actual school-based assessment models, as well as other claims regarding functional assessment research. We address the problem of distinguishing between the terms assessment and analysis as they relate to procedures employed to determine behavioral function of students exhibiting aberrant behavior. A clarification of terms is proposed.
Role of lattice mismatch and surface chemistry in the formation of epitaxial semiconductor-insulator interfaces.

The formation of ${\mathrm{SrF}}_{2}$/Si(111) and Ge/${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$/Si(111) interfaces is studied with photoemission and compared to previous results for the ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$/Si(111) interface. The interface between ${\mathrm{SrF}}_{2}$ and Si(111) is found to be nonstoichiometric, similar to the interface between ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$ and Si(111): the bonding is between Si and the cation, with a layer of fluorine missing at the interface. In the case of Ge growth on ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$/Si(111), a variety of effects are noted: The ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$/Si(111) valence-band offset is reduced by about 1 eV upon deposition of Ge at room temperature. The sticking coefficient of the Ge is significantly increased by preparing the ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$ surface with electron bombardment to remove the top layer of fluorine. For both the irradiated and nonirradiated cases, annealing of thin room-temperature-deposited films resulted in Ge island formation.
Perspectives on work and rehabilitation.

This month's column is based on a discussion of six papers that were presented at an international conference, Changing Mental Health Care in the Cities of Europe. Sponsored by the World Health Organization in cooperation with the City of Amsterdam Municipal Health Service, the conference was held April 10-13, 1991, in the Netherlands. The presentations cited here were delivered on April 12 in a session on work and rehabilitation. I thank the conference chairman, Dr. B. P. R. Gersons, professor of psychiatry at the University of Amsterdam, and Dr. J. G. Sampaio Faria, European regional officer for mental health of the World Health Organization, for encouraging me to prepare this column in advance of formal publication of the conference proceedings.
Erythrocyte Form of Spectrin in Cerebellum: Appearance at a Specific Stage in the Terminal Differentiation of Neurons

The developing chicken cerebellum contains two forms of the plasma membrane-associated actin-binding protein spectrin. The brain form, alpha gamma-spectrin (fodrin), is expressed constitutively in all neuronal cell bodies and processes during all stages of cerebellar morphogenesis. On the other hand, the erythrocyte form, alpha beta'beta-spectrin, accumulates exclusively at the plasma membrane of the cell bodies of Purkinje and granule cells and of neurons in cerebellar nuclei, but only after these cells have become postmitotic and have completed their migration to their final positions in the cerebellum. The appearance of alpha beta'beta-spectrin coincides temporally with the establishment of axosomatic contacts on these three neuronal cell types, which suggests that alpha beta'beta-spectrin accumulates in response to the formation of functional synaptic connections during cerebellar ontogeny.
Age and glycemic control among low-income Latinos.

Younger adult patients with diabetes often have poorer glycemic control (HbA1c) than older patients. It is not known if this relationship holds true in the Latino population. Objective was to explore the relationship between age and HbA1c in a Mexican American population and what plausible factors might mediate this relationship. We analyzed data from 387 patients with diabetes self-identified as Mexican American recruited as a part of a cross-sectional study of safety net patients in two cities. Patients completed questionnaires and their last HbA1c was extracted from the medical record. We conducted multivariate regression analyses and Baron and Kenny tests of mediation. Participants were young with mean age of 53 ± 12 years. Younger age was associated with a higher HbA1c and having a higher fat diet. High fat diet partially mediated the relationship between age and HbA1c (p < 0.001 to p < 0.01). Age’s indirect effect on HbA1c through diet was significant (Sobel = −2.44, p = 0.01). Younger Mexican American patients had higher HbA1c compared to older patients. Having a diet high in fat partially explained this relationship. Future epidemiological studies are needed to understand the multifaceted relationship between age and glycemic control.
Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis: analysis of controversies--patient management.

BACKGROUND—Debate continues regarding the effectiveness of thymectomy in the treatment of nonthymomatous autoimmune myasthenia gravis primarily because there have been no controlled prospective studies. The debate is compounded by the lack of recognition that all thymectomies are not equal in extent
Development of meridic and oligidic diets for rearing the aphid Myzus persicae

Abstract Meridic and oligidic diets suitable for the continuous culture of the aphid Myzus persicae were developed through modifications of a holidic diet. These included the addition of various amounts of crude nutrients and the replacement of defined nutrients by crude nutrients. The highest level of aphid growth (mean weights of 600 to 800 μg) was maintained (for 45 successive generations) on a meridic diet made by supplementing a holidic diet with 2.0% yeast extract (NBC). Continuous culture, at a level of growth (400 to 600 μg) comparable to that on the unsupplemented holidic diet (formulated with 34 defined nutrients), was supported by an oligidic diet containing only 10 weighed ingredients: 15 g sucrose, 2.5 g enzymatic casein hydrolysate (NBC), 2 g yeast extract, 123 mg MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O, 100 mg ascorbic acid, 10 mg niacin, 5 mg Ca pantothenate, 2.5 mg pyridoxine, 2.5 mg thiamine, and appx. 1.5 gm K 2 HPO 4 ·3H 2 O (pH 6.8) per 100 ml of diet. Yeast extract at 2.0% provided adequate amounts of choline chloride, biotin, folic acid and inositol, but not of niacin, pantothenate, pyridoxine, and thiamine. Enzymatic casein hydrolyzate at 2.5% could replace the 20 defined amino acids of the holidic diet. Diets with both yeast extract and casein hydrolysate did not have to be supplemented with trace minerals (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn). Yeast extract at 2.5% provided sufficient amounts of trace minerals, amino acids, and B-vitamins to sustain numerous successive generations, albeit at a low level of growth (200 to 300 μg). The simplicity and low cost of oligidic diets makes them attractive for aphid studies in which nutrition is not the primary consideration.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (xps) surface characterization of cobalt on the surface of kaolinite

Abstract The adsorption of cobalt(II) on kaolinite was studied at selected pH values in the range 3–10. The chemical nature of adsorbed cobalt was characterized by XPS spectral features, binding energy measurements, Co 2p satellite characteristics, and L3VV Auger (X-ray induced) kinetic energy measurements. That the Co 2p spectral features are not identical for samples prepared at a series of pH values, provides experimental evidence that the chemical nature of the cobalt-clay interaction changes with pH. The presence of satellite features and the Co 2 p 1 2 -Co 2 p 3 2 separation indicate Co(H) on kaolinite. The Co 2 p 3 2 binding energies decrease from 782.2 eV for kaolinite treated at pH 3 to 781.0 eV for the pH 10 sample. The binding energies for pH 7.8–10.00 samples are in close agreement with that for authentic Co(OH)2. Satellite structure in transition metal 2p XPS spectra is due to simultaneous excitation of electrons and corresponds to charge transfer processes from ligand to the metal. The satellite intensity and energy separation from the main photopeak are related to the extent of covalent bonding in the metal compound. Intense satellite peaks were observed for high spin covalent Co(II) compounds. The ratio of the Co 2p satellite peak intensity to the main Co 2p photopeak decreases from 2.2 for the pH 5 sample to 1.21 for the pH 10 sample. The large satellite intensity ratio at low pH values suggests that Co(II) is more covalently bound to the clay at pH 5 than at higher pH values. The Co L3VV Auger kinetic energy results also show a variation for samples prepared at different pHs. In model systems Auger transitions occur at high kinetic energies for elements in environments of high electron density. The L3VV Auger transitions occur at 770.3 eV for the pH 6 sample and 768.6 eV for samples prepared above pH 7.8. These results are consistent with the interpretation of the satellite intensity ratios and binding energy measurements and support the notion of covalent Co(II)- clay bonding at low pH values.
Brief motivational feedback for college students and adolescents: a harm reduction approach

Alcohol consumption and its attendant problems are prevalent among adolescents and young adult college students. Harm reduction has been found efficacious with heavy drinking adolescents and college students. These harm reduction approaches do not demand abstinence and are designed to meet the individual where he or she is in the change process. The authors present a case illustration of a harm reduction intervention, the Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS), with a heavy-drinking female college student experiencing significant problems as a result of her drinking. BASICS is conducted in a motivational interviewing style and includes cognitive-behavioral skills training and personalized feedback.
Reactivation of emergent task-related ensembles during slow-wave sleep after neuroprosthetic learning

Brain-machine interfaces can allow neural control over assistive devices. They also provide an important platform for studying neural plasticity. Recent studies have suggested that optimal engagement of learning is essential for robust neuroprosthetic control. However, little is known about the neural processes that may consolidate a neuroprosthetic skill. On the basis of the growing body of evidence linking slow-wave activity (SWA) during sleep to consolidation, we examined whether there is 'offline' processing after neuroprosthetic learning. Using a rodent model, we found that, after successful learning, task-related units specifically experienced increased locking and coherency to SWA during sleep. Moreover, spike-spike coherence among these units was substantially enhanced. These changes were not present with poor skill acquisition or after control awake periods, demonstrating the specificity of our observations to learning. Notably, the time spent in SWA predicted the performance gains. Thus, SWA appears to be involved in offline processing after neuroprosthetic learning.
Phase imaging with partially coherent light

We review several quantitative phase imaging methods that retrieve phase from a through-focus series of intensity images (specifically, iterative methods and Transport of Intensity) and compare their performance when using partially coherent illumination, such as in the case in a brightfield microscope or X-ray imaging system.
Words translated in sentence contexts produce repetition priming in visual word comprehension and spoken word production

Previous research with words read in context at encoding showed little if any long-term repetition priming. In Experiment 1, 96 Spanish-English bilinguals translated words in isolation or in sentence contexts at encoding. At test, they translated words or named pictures corresponding to words produced at encoding and control words not previously presented. Repetition priming was reliable in all conditions, but priming effects were generally smaller for contextualized than for isolated words. Repetition priming in picture naming indicated priming from production in context. A componential analysis indicated priming from comprehension in context, but only in the less fluent language. Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1 with auditory presentation of the words and sentences to be translated. Repetition priming was reliable in all conditions, but priming effects were again smaller for contextualized than for isolated words. Priming in picture naming indicated priming from production in context, but the componential analysis indicated no detectable priming for auditory comprehension. The results of the two experiments taken together suggest that repetition priming reflects the long-term learning that occurs with comprehension and production exposures to words in the context of natural language.
Interdiffusion studies in the system MgO-Cr2O3

Abstract The rate of formation of single crystal MgAl2O3 by reaction between single crystals MgO and Al2O3 can be described by k = 1·19 × 10 2 exp ( −88,000 RT ) above 1750°C, and below this temperature by k = 1·17 × 10 4 exp ( −125,000 RT ) . The reaction rate was independent of the crystallographic orientation of Al2O3 crystals. Interdiffusion coefficients of Al3+ ions in MgO were determined over the temperature range 1565–1900°C. Wagner's recent analysis and the graphical technique by Greskovich and Stubican were used for the calculation of interdiffusion coefficients. For a concentration of one mole % Al2O3 in MgO the interdiffusion coefficient can be expressed as D = 2·20 exp ( −76,000 RT ) . The interdiffusion coefficients increased with the mole fraction of cation vacancies. They were independent of the crystallographic orientation of the Al2O3 crystals and were in the range of 10−7–10−10 cm2 sec−1 for the temperatures and concentrations studied. The enhanced diffusion below 1620°C was observed if the powdered Al2O3 was used. The selfdiffusion coefficient of Al3+ and Cr3+ ions in MgO were calculated. Trivalent aluminum ions diffuse faster than Cr3+ ions in MgO.
Vein graft failure

After the creation of an autogenous lower extremity bypass graft, the vein must undergo a series of dynamic structural changes to stabilize the arterial hemodynamic forces. These changes, which are commonly referred to as remodeling, include an inflammatory response, the development of a neointima, matrix turnover, and cellular proliferation and apoptosis. The sum total of these processes results in dramatic alterations in the physical and biomechanical attributes of the arterialized vein. The most clinically obvious and easily measured of these is lumen remodeling of the graft. However, although somewhat less precise, wall thickness, matrix composition, and endothelial changes can be measured in vivo within the healing vein graft. Recent translational work has demonstrated the clinical relevance of remodeling as it relates to vein graft patency and the systemic factors influencing it. By correlating histologic and molecular changes in the vein, insights into potential therapeutic strategies to prevent bypass failure and areas for future investigation are explored.
Overexpression of p34 cdc2 Protein Kinase in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma

Objective To investigate the role of expression of p34cdc2 protein kinase in normal, benign, and malignant ovarian epithelium. Material and Methods Tissue sections from 24 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) along with 6 normal ovarian specimens and 12 benign cystadenomas were incubated with mouse IgG monoclonal antibody to human p34cdc2 protein kinase, followed by detection with use of a standard peroxidase labeled streptavidin-biotin technique. Immunohistochemical staining was graded and compared. Clinical data were also reviewed. Results Normal surface epithelium and 10 of 12 benign cystadenomas failed to stain for p34cdc2 protein kinase. Of the 24 EOC specimens, however, 19 (79%) stained positively. The staining pattern or intensity was not associated with the histologic grade or surgical stage. Conclusion Expression of p34cdc2 protein kinase is strongly up-regulated in most cases of EOC but not in normal epithelial ovarian tissue or in most cases of benign epithelial tumors evaluated. Therefore, it may be associated with early events in careinogenesis. Redundant overexpression of cyclin-dependent kinases such as p34cdc2 may contribute to deranged cell cycle progression and proliferation of EOC. Observation of overexpression of p34cdc2 protein kinase in other malignant lesions suggests a common mechanism.
Problem-Based Learning and Improved Learning Outcomes in “The Politics of Welfare Reform”

This study assessed the capacity of a major Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Assignment to improve students' content knowledge surrounding relevant course concepts in two sections of “The Politics of Welfare Reform,” a 200-level class offered at the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth. The hypothesis was that performance on the PBL assignment, which occurred between the midterm and final exams, would raise students' scores from the multiple-choice midterm to the multiple-choice component of the final exam. The models suggest an independent PBL effect of improved exam performance among students with fewer preexisting academic resources in the larger section, and the lack of an independent PBL effect among students in the smaller, more academically prepared section.
DECIMA: Virtualized I/O Management in 3D Teleimmersive Networks

3D Teleimmersive (TI) Networks enable collaborative interactive activities in the same virtual space. The geographically distributed multi-site nature of TIs, the heterogeneity and multi-modality of their I/O devices and the diversity of activities in these environments pose new challenges in designing networked I/O device management for TIs not addressed by existing systems. In this paper we describe Decima, a holistic virtualized I/O Management. Decima enables dynamic seamless and universal access and management to asymmetric Teleimmersive activities using a large scale of heterogeneous TI devices. Our experiments show that Decima is lightweight in terms of CPU overhead and end-to-end delay and scales well as the number of devices in the TI network increases.
Goal-directed execution of answer set programs

Answer Set Programming (ASP) represents an elegant way of introducing non-monotonic reasoning into logic programming. ASP has gained popularity due to its applications to planning, default reasoning and other areas of AI. However, none of the approaches and current implementations for ASP are goal-directed. In this paper we present a technique based coinduction that can be employed to design SLD resolution-style, goal-directed methods for executing answer set programs. We also discuss advantages and applications of such goal-directed execution of answer set programs, and report results from our implementation.
Hearing Pygmalion’s Kiss: A Scientific Object at the Paris Opéra

In 1748, in his acte de ballet Pygmalion, composer and music theorist Jean-Philippe Rameau arranged the Paris Opera orchestra to play “nature’s chord,” harmonies that reproduced the overtones an expert ear could detect in every natural musical vibrating body. The following year Rameau presented his music theory to the French Royal Academy of Sciences for their endorsement. Disillusionment with the promise of Cartesian mechanics as a source of a unified understanding of nature opened up the possibility that matter might have properties beyond extension and motion, such as aversion, desire, and memory. Speculations about this material sensibility also coincided with increasing claims about the authority of spontaneous emotion and feeling. The experience of music at the opera was a significant resource for claims about the cultural authority of sensibility.
Enhanced mode-II fracture toughness of an epoxy resin due to shear banding

Abstract The Brazilian disk specimen is used to measure the fracture toughness of an epoxy resin material under mode-I and mode-II loading conditions. It is found that even though the apparent fracture behavior seems to be brittle for both loading modes, the mode-II fracture toughness is more than three times higher than the mode-I fracture toughness. Such a substantial increase in fracture toughness under mode-II loading contradicts the prediction of the maximum hoop stress criterion, which has been validated for most brittle fractures. Results of unidirectional tension and compression tests of the epoxy resin indicate that under the mode-II loading, shear banding can develop ahead of the crack tip before the brittle fracture occurs. The substantial increase of the mode-II fracture toughness can be accounted for by including the contributions of the shear banding. A mechanical model was developed to study the effects of the shear band on the mode-II fracture toughness. This model suggests that the extension direction of a mode-II crack is still controlled by the orientation of the maximum hoop stress; however, the critical energy-release rate should include contributions from both the maximum hoop stress and the shear band. The effect of different stress distribution profiles inside the shear band is studied with the model as well.
The Impact of Military Expenditures on Human Capital Development in the Arab World

Addresses the question of whether military expenditures in the Arab world have been at the expense of human capital development. Mainly finds that countries in the Arab world have experienced increases in human capital development associated with increased rates of military participation (armed forces per capita). This phenomenon is in sharp contrast with that found in non‐Arab countries. Also this phenomenon appears to be relatively recent, increasing in strength during the period after 1980. In part Arab governments have chosen to subsidize the education of increased numbers of civilians during periods of steppedup military expenditures with the understanding that upon completion of training those individuals will serve some time in the military.
"Don't make me turn this seat around!": driver and passenger activities and positions in autonomous cars

From the earliest concepts of autonomous cars, a prototypical model has emerged in which occupants freely orient themselves to engage in non-driving activities. This new environment prompts questions about how car occupants will actually sit, what activities they will engage in, and how they will relate with one another socially. To explore these questions, 17 undergraduate and graduate students, situated in the passenger seat of a simulated autonomous car, engaged in visualization and think-aloud exercises, as well as semi-structured interviews, to relate their current behaviors as car passengers with their imagined experience as the driver of an autonomous car. Themes emerged regarding individuals' preferred physical orientations as well as social dynamics with other occupants. This exploratory inquiry unearths situational and social issues of concern to interface designers of future autonomous cars, offering a preliminary overview of ergonomic and social issues to explore further.
Evaluation of gas chromatographic isotope fractionation and process contamination by carbon in compound-specific radiocarbon analysis.

The relevance of both modern and fossil carbon contamination as well as isotope fractionation during preparative gas chromatography for compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) was evaluated. Two independent laboratories investigated the influence of modern carbon contamination in the sample cleanup procedure and preparative capillary gas chromatography (pcGC) of a radiocarbon-dead 3,3‘,4,4‘,5,5‘-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169) reference. The isolated samples were analyzed for their 14C/12C ratio by accelerator mass spectrometry. Sample Δ14C values of −996 ± 20 and −985 ± 20‰ agreed with a Δ14C of −995 ± 20‰ for the unprocessed PCB 169, suggesting that no significant contamination by nonfossil carbon was introduced during the sample preparation process at either laboratory. A reference compound containing a modern 14C/12C ratio (vanillin) was employed to evaluate process contamination from fossil C. No negative bias due to fossil C was observed (sample Δ14C value of 165 ± 20‰ agreed with Δ14C of 155 ± 1...
Steganalysis using color wavelet statistics and one-class support vector machines

Steganographic messages can be embedded into digital images in ways that are imperceptible to the human eye. These messages, however, alter the underlying statistics of an image. We previously built statistical models using first-and higher-order wavelet statistics, and employed a non-linear support vector machines (SVM) to detect steganographic messages. In this paper we extend these results to exploit color statistics, and show how a one-class SVM greatly simplifies the training stage of the classifier.
Time dependent diffusion coefficient of water into silica glass at low temperatures

The diffusion of water into silica glass at low temperatures (<1000°C) exhibits a peculiar time dependence: the diffusion coefficient decreases at first and then increases with time at a constant temperature under a constant water vapor pressure. Water solubility exhibits the opposite trend: it initially increases with time and subsequently decreases with time. The initial decrease in diffusion coefficient and increase in solubility with time is attributed to the decrease of the self-stress around the diffusing water molecules by stress relaxation of the surrounding glass. The subsequent increase in diffusion coefficient and decrease in solubility with time is attributed to the structural relaxation of the glass and the corresponding change of the glass–water reaction equilibrium constant.