cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacodynamic modeling of cell cycle and apoptotic effects of gemcitabine on pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells

Purpose The standard of care for treating patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas includes gemcitabine (2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine). Gemcitabine primarily elicits its response by stalling the DNA replication forks of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. To provide a quantitative framework for characterizing the cell cycle and apoptotic effects of gemcitabine, we developed a pharmacodynamic model in which the activation of cell cycle checkpoints or cell death is dependent on gemcitabine exposure.
The Real Presence of Christ and the Penitent Mary Magdalen in the Allegory of Faith by Johannes Vermeer

This article considers the placement and relationship of objects in Jan Vermeer’s unusual Allegory of Faith in the context of Dutch Roman Catholicism in the seventeenth century. Contemporary illustrated mass books, Jesuit writings, and primary sources regarding the Roman Catholic mission to the Netherlands suggest that Vermeer depicted a genre scene that served as a domestic church setting where the eucharistic miracle of transubstantiation is celebrated. Additional pictorial and iconographic evidence supports the identification of the richly attired woman in Vermeer’s painting as the penitent saint Mary Magdalen, representing the figure of faith.
Heat-shock reduces the toxicity of malathion in Daphnia magna

Abstract Heat-shock protects against transient environmental conditions that might otherwise be lethal to the organism. Daphnia magna (2-day- and 7-day-old) exposed for 4h to 34 °C showed an increased tolerance to a lethal malathion (0.1–0.2 ppm) challenge. Tolerance was measured using two toxicity endpoints, survival and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Survival among daphniids previously exposed to 34 °C was greater than in daphniids previously exposed to 32 °C, 30 °C, and malathion, or in untreated (20 °C) animals. The 34 °C animals had a smaller decrease in AChE activity when compared to the other pretreatments. A similar increase in tolerance was observed among 2-day-old daphniids. Other endpoints were examined during the various treatments. Elevated levels of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) were present in daphniids exposed to 34 °C, but in no other treatment. Aliesterase activity was reduced with heat-shock, but was not significantly reduced in the malathion challenge, regardless of the pretreatment. An apparently heat-inducible glutathione S-transferase (GST) was detected after the 34 °C heat-shock pretreatment, and this GST was present during the lethal malathion challenge.
Preoperative statin and diuretic use influence the presentation of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: Results of a large single-institution case-control study

Objective Patients who present for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with symptoms of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) have worse postoperative outcomes than patients with asymptomatic carotid disease. We undertook this study to see whether preoperative medication use or patient characteristics were associated with the presence of symptomatic cerebrovascular disease at the time of operation. Methods A retrospective case-control study was performed among patients presenting for elective CEA at a single academic institution between 1994 and 2004. A total of 660 (42%) symptomatic patients were identified from an institutional database and compared with 901 (58%) control patients who were asymptomatic at the time of CEA. The independent association of cerebrovascular symptoms with patient variables was assessed by using multivariate logistic regression analysis after propensity score adjustment. Results The mean age and sex distribution were similar between cases and controls, although symptomatic patients were more likely to have an ulcerative plaque (18% symptomatic vs 11% asymptomatic; P Conclusions We observed that patients receiving statins or diuretics were less likely to present for CEA with symptoms of stroke or TIA. These data raise the question of whether the preoperative use of these medications protects patients with carotid stenosis from developing symptomatic disease and contributes to improved outcomes among patients undergoing CEA. Further research is needed to assess the optimal medical management of patients before vascular surgery.
Long-Distance Transport Costs in Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica

existence of the dominant political entity found by the conquistadores in 1519, and many scholars have postulated a causal role for the movement of goods in the evolution of complex societies during the three millennia preceding the conquest. My goal here is not to evaluate specifically any model assigning an important role to long-distance movement of goods but to provide a basis for the systematic evaluation of the direct economic or ecological importance of long-distance movement of goods in Mesoamerican prehistory (cf. Drennan 1984) by considering what kinds of goods it is practical to move over what distances and for what reasons.
BCL11A-dependent recruitment of SIRT1 to a promoter template in mammalian cells results in histone deacetylation and transcriptional repression

The B cell leukemia 11A protein (BCL11A/Evi9/CTIP1) has been implicated in hematopoietic cell development and malignancies. BCL11A is a transcriptional repressor that binds directly to a GC-rich motif and is also recruited to a promoter template via interaction with the orphan nuclear receptor, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II. In both cases, BCL11A-mediated transcriptional repression is only minimally reversed by trichostatin A, suggesting the possible lack of involvement of class I or II histone deacetylases. Nonetheless, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that expression of BCL11A in mammalian cells resulted in deacetylation of histones H3 and/or H4 that were associated with the promoter region of a reporter gene. BCL11A-mediated transcriptional repression, as well as deacetylation of histone H3/H4 in BCL11A-transfected cells, was partially reversed by nicotinamide, an inhibitor of class III histone deacetylases such as SIRT1. SIRT1 was found to interact directly with BCL11A and was recruited to the promoter template in a BCL11A-dependent manner leading to transcriptional repression. These findings define a role for SIRT1 in transcriptional repression mediated by BCL11A in mammalian cells.
Stable isotopic evidence for methane seeps in Neoproterozoic postglacial cap carbonates

The Earth's most severe glaciations are thought to have occurred about 600 million years ago, in the late Neoproterozoic era1,2. A puzzling feature of glacial deposits from this interval is that they are overlain by 1–5-m-thick ‘cap carbonates’ (particulate deep-water marine carbonate rocks) associated with a prominent negative carbon isotope excursion3,4,5,6,7,8. Cap carbonates have been controversially ascribed to the aftermath of almost complete shutdown of the ocean ecosystems for millions of years during such ice ages—the ‘snowball Earth’ hypothesis4,5. Conversely, it has also been suggested that these carbonate rocks were the result of destabilization of methane hydrates during deglaciation and concomitant flooding of continental shelves and interior basins3. The most compelling criticism of the latter ‘methane hydrate’ hypothesis has been the apparent lack of extreme isotopic variation in cap carbonates inferred locally to be associated with methane seeps. Here we report carbon isotopic and petrographic data from a Neoproterozoic postglacial cap carbonate in south China that provide direct evidence for methane-influenced processes during deglaciation. This evidence lends strong support to the hypothesis that methane hydrate destabilization contributed to the enigmatic cap carbonate deposition and strongly negative carbon isotopic anomalies following Neoproterozoic ice ages. This explanation requires less extreme environmental disturbance than that implied by the snowball Earth hypothesis4,5.
Enhancement of the Transmission Loss of Panel Structures Through the Application of Segmented, Resonant Foam Attachments

In noise control foam both the bulk solid and fluid phases participate significantly in the wave propagation process. Here it is suggested that resonances of the foam’s solid phase can be tuned to produce significant narrow‐band absorption superimposed upon the broadband attenuation characteristic typically offered by the fluid phase of an elastic porous material. Two approaches have been considered. In the first, aluminum masses are applied to small pieces of foam (say, 25 mm square and 6 mm deep) that are then attached to a panel. Each piece of foam then comprises a small resonator whose natural frequency is essentially determined by the bulk stiffness of the solid phase of the foam together with the added mass. It has been found that the application of an array of foam resonators causes the transmission loss of the base panel to be increased over approximately an octave. In a second approach, a continuous foam lining is segmented, and a piece of perforated metal is applied to each segment. Again, a nar...
Operative Results in Aortic Valve Surgery

An analysis of the surgical management in relation to factors contributing to morbidity, mortality, and results in 90 patients having artificial valvular replacement for diseased aortic valves is presented. Twenty-four factors occurred in 15 patients which were responsible either alone or in combination for the deaths. These factors fell into five main groups related to the patient, the heart, the myocardial protection, the general body protection, and the valve. Most of these factors contributing to death are preventable. Therefore, the over-all operative mortality of 16 per cent should be materially reduced in the future.
Transport of protein across lymphatic endothelium in the rat kidney

Abstract The pathways involved in protein transport across the lymphatic endothelium of the rat renal cortex were studied ultrastructurally. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were made on tissue from control animals (saline injected) and from animals injected intravenously with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or ferritin. Three types of contacts between adjacent lymphatic endothelial cells were seen in control and experimental tissue. These were end to end, overlapping, and interdigitating. Only one instance of an “open” junction was seen in control tissue. No significant difference was noted in the proportions or widths of these three types of cell contact after the administration of HRP or ferritin. Neither was there any increase in the occurrence of open junctions. HRP was frequently seen in the normal intercellular spaces between adjacent endothelial cells. Coated and uncoated vesicles (diameter 80 to 300 nm) were identified in lymphatic endothelium in both control and experimental tissue and were quantified according to their position in the cell and according to their staining intensity. The volume density of small vesicles (diameter 80 to 100 nm) increased significantly from 0.028 in the control group to 0.049 after HRP injection. Likewise the numerical density rose from 16/μm 3 to 22/μm 3 . However, the relative positions of these vesicles did not alter significantly following a protein load. There was a significant increase in the staining intensity of vesicles after the administration of HRP. For example, in control tissue none of the small vesicles was intensely stained in contrast to 8% after HRP injection. Ferritin particles were identified in large intracytoplasmic vesicles (diameter 150 to 500 nm) but not traversing intercellular spaces. It was concluded that (1) the tracer molecules used in this study enter renal lymphatics rapidly after intravenous injection; (2) the major visible routes for transport of the tracer are intracytoplasmic vesicles and normal (as opposed to open) intercellular spaces; and (3) the presence of HRP in the interstitium stimulates an increase in the number of intracytoplasmic vesicles in lymphatic endothelium.
Repeated high dose oral exposure or continuous subcutaneous infusion of 2-methoxyacetic acid does not suppress humoral immunity in the mouse

2-Methoxyethanol (ME) has been shown to be immunosuppressive in rats but not mice, with oxidation of ME to 2-methoxyacetic acid (MAA) being a prerequisite for immunosuppression. MAA is more rapidly cleared by mice than rats, consequently this study was designed to determine if increasing the bioavailability of MAA in mice might play a role in this species difference. Female B6C3F1 mice were given MAA by oral multiple daily high doses or by continuous subcutaneous infusion via mini-osmotic pumps. Humoral immunity was evaluated in MAA-exposed mice using the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to either sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS). Female F344 rats were also used to compare the effects of multiple daily MAA exposure on these humoral immune responses. Rats and mice were dosed orally twice a day for 4 days by gavage with MAA at dosages ranging from 40-320 mg/kg/day and 240-1920 mg/kg/day, respectively. All animals were immunized on the first day of dosing and body and lymphoid organ weights and PFC responses to SRBC or TNP-LPS were evaluated 4 days later. While body weights in rats were unaffected, thymus weights were reduced at all dosages of MAA and spleen weights were reduced at 160 or 320 mg/kg/day. PFC responses to SRBC and TNP-LPS were suppressed in rats at dosages of 160 and 320 mg/kg/day. In contrast, thymus weights of mice were reduced only at 960 mg/kg/day or greater, with no effect on spleen or body weights. Furthermore, neither the PFC response to SRBC nor the response to TNP-LPS was suppressed in mice exposed to any oral dosage of MAA. In the continuous infusion study, mice were subcutaneously implanted with mini-osmotic pumps containing MAA which was delivered at 840 mg/kg/day over a 7-day period. Continuous exposure to MAA via mini-osmotic pumps did not suppress the PFC response to either SRBC or TNP-LPS, but rather significantly enhanced the response to TNP-LPS. These results indicate that mice are insensitive to MAA even at the high dosages given as a bolus or continuously over 1 week. The data further support earlier work, which suggested that the observed difference between rats and mice for MAA-induced immunosuppression appears to be unrelated to the availability of MAA to target lymphoid tissue in these rodent species.
Stability of sub‐Alfvénic plasma expansions

A theoretical treatment of the linear stability of sub-Alfvenic plasma expansion is developed. The theory is fully kinetic and includes finite-beta effects, collisional effects, and neutral gas flow. A variety of results are obtained, and are applied to the the AMPTE magnetotail release, the NRL laser experiment, and the upcoming CRRES GTO releases.
Pseudoaneurysm of the external carotid artery—Review of literature

Background. Pseudoneurysms of the carotid artery are rarely encountered in clinical practice. When encountered they are most likely secondary to acute neck trauma, and involve the internal carotid. External carotid artery involvement is very rare. Methods. We report a case of an external carotid aneurysm following a neck dissection review the literature and discuss the investigation and management of these unusual lesions. Results. Incidence is 0.07%, but mortality can be as high as 30%. Clinical features include swelling and neurological complications. Diagnosis is with a high index of suspicion and imaging with duplex ultrasonography and CT angiography. Management options include observation, anticoagulation, ligation of the carotid artery with or without a bypass procedure, and arterial reconstruction. Conclusion. Early management with appropriate imaging and treatment to prevent significant mortality and morbidity is recommended. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Neutron scattering studies of the heavy fermion superconductors

Abstract Recent neutron scattering measurements of the heavy fermion superconductors are described. These materials offer an exciting opportunity for neutron scattering since the f-electrons, which couple directly to magnetic scattering measurements, seem to be the same electrons which form the superconducting state below Tc. In addition, studies of the magnetic fluctuations in these, and other heavy fermion systems, by inelastic magnetic neutron scattering can provide information about the nature of the low temperature Fermi liquid character of these novel compounds.
Peace-mongering in 1913: the Carnegie international commission of inquiry and its report on the Balkan Wars

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace saw the Second Balkan War of the summer of 1913 as an opportunity to extend its influence and authority. The war seemed made to order for peace advocates in that its causes were disputed, atrocities had been charged from all sides and it was geographically in Europe. The Carnegie Endowment immediately sent an international commission to the Balkans to investigate the causes of the war, and the veracity and responsibility of alleged atrocities. The Commission was also charged with studying the economic and moral losses from the war, and the lessons it could teach ‘civilized people.’ In this paper, I focus on the aims of the Carnegie Endowment for Peace and the extent to which the Commission achieved them in the Balkans and in the resulting publication, The Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. I describe how the head of the Carnegie Division of Intercourse and Education conceived of the initiative, an...
The Politics of Anti-Japanese Sentiments in Korea: Japanese-South Korean Relations under American Occupation on, 1945–1952 . By Sung-Hwa Cheong. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991. xi, 190 pp.

Introduction The Political Use of Anti-Japanese Sentiment in Korea: The Case of the Opposition Groups The MacArthur Line and the Manipulation of Anti-Japanese Sentiment in Korea The Territorial Dispute Between Japan and the ROK Korean Demands for War Reparations The Nationality of Korean Residents in Japan The ROK and the San Francisco Peace Treaty The First Conference for Normalization of Diplomatic Relationships Between Japan and the ROK Political Crisis in Korea and the Consolidation of Korean Images on Various Issues Raised by Synghman Rhee Conclusion Bibliography Index
New analytical solution for a current/voltage characteristic of space-charge-limited currents with a nonlinear velocity-field relationship

We present a new analytical solution for a current/voltage characteristic of space-charge-limited currents in materials with a nonlinear velocity-field relationship. Unlike previously reported results, this solution describes a gradual transition between the regimes of constant mobility and field-independent drift velocwity.
Estimating the Southern Pine Beetle's Grazing Impact

Forest insect impacts may be defined as any change caused in the forest by an insect population. Economic impacts are a subset and may be defined impacts which (1) occur to socially useful forest products; (2) cause a change in socially useful items needed to produce the forest products; or (3) change the distribution among society of either the product, the income derived from it, or its production cost. Forests are managed because they are socially useful and forest pest management is part forest management. Forest pest management usually begun when negative economic impacts occur and exceed the cost of pest management.
Death Anxiety and the Type a Behavior Pattern

The hypothesis that Type A individuals (n = 17) would report less death anxiety than Type B individuals (n = 17) but would manifest more perceptual defensiveness and physiological arousal when presented with death-related stimuli was not confirmed. Type A persons did report significantly more repression toward threatening stimuli in general than Type B persons. Sources for the obtained findings are discussed.
Parallel Turning Process Parameter Optimization Based on a Novel Heuristic Approach

Process parameter optimization has been widely investigated in single-tool machining operations. However, for multitool machining operation optimization, the research reported in literature is scarce. In this paper, a novel heuristic algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to optimize, in terms of minimum machining time, the process parameters for two-tool parallel turning operations with n features. Both single-pass and multipass operations are considered. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm, in terms of total machining time and required computational time, is superior to an exhaustive search algorithm.
Direct Nuclear-Pumped Lasers Using the 3He(n,p)3H Reaction

A description is presented of experimental results concerning a specific class of direct nuclear-pumped lasers classified as 'volumetric nuclear lasers'. In the considered laser system a fissioning gas, He-3, is mixed with the lasing gas to form a homogeneous mixture, resulting in uniform volume excitation. In typical volumetric nuclear lasers a fast-burst reactor is used as a source of neutrons which penetrate a polyethylene moderator. Here the fast neutrons are thermalized. After thermalization, neutrons scatter into the laser cell. Nuclear reactions produce a proton of 0.56 MeV and a tritium ion of 0.19. These ions produce secondary electrons which pump the laser medium creating a population inversion. The results reported demonstrate direct nuclear pumping of He-3-Ar, Xe, Kr, and Cl with the considered system.
Kepler Flares III: Stellar Activity on GJ?1245A and B

We present the flare occurrence rates and starspot evolution for GJ 1245A and B, two active M5 stars, based on nine months of Kepler short cadence observations, and four years of nearly continuous long cadence observations. The A component is separated from the B component by 7'', and the stars are not resolved in the Kepler pipeline processing due to Kepler's large plate scale of 4'' pixel–1. Analyzing the target pixel data, we have generated separate light curves for components A and B using the PyKE pixel response function modeling procedures, and note the effects of CCD saturation and nonlinear response to high-energy flares. In our sample, GJ 1245A and B exhibit an average of 3.0 and 2.6 flares per day, respectively. We introduce a new metric, Lfl /L Kp, to compare the flare rates between stars, and discuss this in the context of GJ 1245A and B. Both stars exhibit starspot features that evolve on long timescales, with the slower rotating B component showing evidence of differential rotation. Intriguingly, the angular separation between the A and B component photocenters decreases during the four years of observations in a manner consistent with a shift in the position of the A photocenter due to the orbit of its unseen M8 companion (GJ 1245C), which is ~94% less bright. Among the most detailed photometric studies of fully convective M dwarfs in a multiple system, these results provide an important constraint on stellar age-rotation-activity models.
Along-shore variations of offshore flow

[1] Using eddy correlation data collected by the LongEZ research aircraft, the adjustment of atmospheric flow downstream from a coastline is examined. Along-shore variation of the turbulence over the water is generated by the varying width of the upstream land strip between the sea and inland water. Over the coastal zone, the turbulence is strongest downstream from the widest part of land. The along-shore variation of the turbulence decreases with increasing sea fetch due to horizontal mixing. In other terms, the footprint of the flux farther offshore includes a larger width of upstream land. Beyond 5 km sea fetch, the along-shore variation becomes small.
QUANTITATIVE NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM (NBT) IN IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP)

Antiplatelet antibodies acting as opsonins to promote phagocytosis of sensitized platelets by normal granulocytes in 5cacute and 4 chronic ITP cases in relapse, which did not change in remission, were shown. In spite of this finding, in vivo granulocyte stimulation was not shown in 14 cases of ITP by NBT reduction, by the method of Baehner and Nathan. These findings will be discussed.
Evaluation of Islet-Cell Function in Man

THE functional capacity of an endocrine organ such as the islets of Langerhans can be evaluated by measurement of the amounts of circulating hormones produced by its cells and by observation of the...
Evidence for an intracellular sulfur cycle in cucumber leaves

H2S emission from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaf discs supplied with L-cysteine in the dark is inhibited 80-90% by aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), an inhibitor of pyridoxal-phosphate dependent enzymes. Exposure to L-cysteine in the light enhanced the emission of H2S in response to this sulfur source. Turning off the light reduced the emission of H2S to the rate observed in continuous dark; turning on the light enhanced the emission of H2S to the rate observed in continuous light. Therefore, in the light H2S emission in response to L-cysteine becomes a partially light-dependent process. Treatment with cyanazine, an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, reduced H2S emission in the light to the rate observed in continuous dark, but did not affect H2S emission in the dark. In leaf discs pre-exposed to L-cysteine in the light, treatment with cyanazine+ AOA inhibited the emission of H2S in response to L-cysteine completely. Therefore, only part of the H2S emitted in response to this sulfur source is derived from a light-independent, but pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent process; the balance of the H2S emitted is derived from a light-dependent process that can be inhibited by cyanazine. When cucumber leaf discs were supplied with a pulse of L-[(35S)]cysteine, radioactively labeled H2S was emitted in two waves, one during the first hour of exposure to L-cysteine, and a second after 3-4 h; unlabeled H2S, however, was emitted continuously. The second wave of emission of labeled H2S was not observed in pulse-chase experiments in which sulfate or cyanazine were added to the treatment solution after 3 h of exposure to L-cysteine, or when the lights was turned off. The labeling pattern of sulfur compounds inside cucumber cells supplied with a pulse of L-[(35)S]cysteine showed that the labeled H2S released from L-cysteine partially enters first the sulfite, then the sulfate pool of the cells. The radioactively labeled sulfate, however, is not incorporated into L-cysteine, but enters the H2S pool of the cells again. These observations are consistent with the idea of an intracellular sulfur cycle in plant cells. The L-cysteine taken up by the leaf discs seems to be desulfhydrated in a light-independent, but pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent process. The H2S synthesized this way may be partially released into the atmosphere; the other part of the H2S produced in response to L-cysteine may be oxidized to sulfite, then to sulfate, which is subsequently reduced via the light-depent sulfate assimilation pathway. In the presence of excess L-cysteine, synthesis of additional cysteine may be inhibited, and the sulfide moiety may be split off carrier bound sulfide to enter the H2S pool of the cells again. It is suggested that the function of this sulfur cycle may be regulation of the free cysteine pool.
Carcinoplacental isoenzyme (regan) in carcinoma of the prostate

Serum samples were examined for the placental-like "Regan" isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in two groups of patients with advanced cancer of the prostate from clinical trials of the National Prostatic Cancer Project. In the first group, 98 samples from 76 patients over three consecutive months revealed elevated isoenzyme activity in 14 (18%) of the patients, a frequency similar to those reported for some other tumor types. Four of these patients whose serum demonstrated the "Regan" isoenzyme had samples taken more than once, and their sera had negative readings when taken a month or more before or after the sample that was positive for the isoenzyme. Comparisons of general disease and patient characteristics for patients whose sera were positive or negative for Regan isoenzyme revealed no demonstrable relationships. The second group consists of 72 samples received from 52 study patients with metastatic lesions under treatment from August 1, 1979 to November 16, 1979. Fifteen patients had sufficient serial values. In this study to date, the relationship with clinical response to treatment is inconclusive, although elevated levels of the isoenzyme appear to occur in patients with metastatic disease with bony lesions that are clinically in progression, as well as in those apparently responding to chemotherapy.
Ammonium based anion receptors

Abstract Selective anion recognition has been a tremendous challenge to chemists over the decades. However, with the advent of the concepts inherent in ‘supramolecular chemistry,’ the field now flourishes. Of the major types of receptors, polyamines have been studied widely as anion hosts by a number of researchers. Both electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds between protonated amines and the anion guests govern the binding in these systems. Exceptions to this rule are found in the quaternary ammonium systems, which utilize primarily electrostatic interactions and topological complementarity for binding purposes. This review focuses only on amine-based hosts, and is divided into acyclic and macrocyclic categories, the latter of which are based on cyclic dimension. The resulting four categories are: acyclic, monocyclic, bicyclic, and polycyclic. Within the major categories, binding is discussed according to the nature of the anion target, i.e. ‘simple’ inorganic anions, organic anions, and anionic metal complexes.
National trends in pharmaceutical opioid related overdose deaths compared to other substance related overdose deaths: 1999-2009.

Background Pharmaceutical opioid related deaths have increased. This study aimed to place pharmaceutical opioid overdose deaths within the context of heroin, cocaine, psychostimulants, and pharmaceutical sedative hypnotics examine demographic trends, and describe common combinations of substances involved in opioid related deaths. Methods We reviewed deaths among 15–64 year olds in the US from 1999–2009 using death certificate data available through the CDC Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) Database. We identified International Classification of Disease-10 codes describing accidental overdose deaths, including poisonings related to stimulants, pharmaceutical drugs, and heroin. We used crude and age adjusted death rates (deaths/100,000 person years [p-y] and 95% confidence interval [CI] and multivariable Poisson regression models, yielding incident rate ratios; IRRs), for analysis. Results The age adjusted death rate related to pharmaceutical opioids increased almost 4-fold from 1999 to 2009 (1.54/100,000 p-y [95% CI 1.49–1.60] to 6.05/100,000 p-y [95% CI 5.95–6.16; p < 0.001). From 1999 to 2009, pharmaceutical opioids were responsible for the highest relative increase in overdose death rates (IRR 4.22, 95% CI 3.03–5.87) followed by sedative hypnotics (IRR 3.53, 95% CI 2.11–5.90). Heroin related overdose death rates increased from 2007 to 2009 (1.05/100,000 persons [95% CI 1.00–1.09] to 1.43/100,000 persons [95% CI 1.38–1.48; p < 0.001). From 2005–2009 the combination of pharmaceutical opioids and benzodiazepines was the most common cause of polysubstance overdose deaths (1.27/100,000 p-y (95% CI 1.25–1.30). Conclusion Strategies, such as wider implementation of naloxone, expanded access to treatment, and development of new interventions are needed to curb the pharmaceutical opioid overdose epidemic.
Effective Teaching Practices during Physical Fitness Testing

(2005). Effective Teaching Practices during Physical Fitness Testing. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 21-24.
IS HETEROAUXIN A GROWTH‐PROMOTING SUBSTANCE?

SUCH A VOLUMINOUS literature has grown around auxins that it is neither possible nor advisable to include a comprehensive survey of it within the scope of a short paper. The reader is referred to Boysen Jensen's (1936) book, which treats the subject very exhaustively. In experiments with heteroauxin (indole-3-acetic acid) the Avena-coleoptile test has been used by most workers as a standard, and the bending of the coleoptile has been freely ascribed to the " hormone-like " property of this substance. Yet we have no satisfactory explanation for the fact that the same substances which seem to induce growth in coleoptile, foliage leaves, hypocotyls, and stems inhibit the elongation of the roots. But roots are not the only organs to be suppressed; Le Fanu (1936) found that the axillary buds of Pisum sativurn on single-node stem cuttings were inhibited when the ends were placed in heteroauxin solution, and when whole shoots were placed in this solution the growth of the young stem was inhibited; similarly, buds of cuttings were inhibited when heteroauxin was applied below or above the bud. Solacolu and Constantinesco (1936) observed that within the limits of concentration used, heteroauxin prevented the development of the radicle and the plumule during the germination of Ricinus and Phaseolus, and that tumors were produced at the level of the collar or along the axis of the hypocotyl. Most data on the effect of auxins have been obtained within a few hours of the initiation of the experiments. What would happen if the time were extended? Since this is possible largely by pure culture methods, the work presented in this paper follows microbiological technique. About one hundred different fungi, seven different unicellular green algae, and corn seedlings were used as test plants. Fungi are particularly well suited for experiments with growth-promoting substances because many of them 'iIi not grow in a medium consisting of dihydrogen potassium phosphate, 0.5 g., magnesium sulfate, 0.5 g., ammonium nitrate, 1 g., and dextrose, 5 g. in 1000 cc. of distilled water. Consequently, one can readily observe whether or not a given substance is capable of inducing growth. Many other fungi grow readily in such a synthetic medium. The following representative fungi of the first group were tested in our work: Allomyces javanicus, Basidiobolus ranarum, Blakesleea trispora, Chaetocladium brefeldii, Conidiobolus villosus, Dasyobolus immersus, Dicranophora fulva, Pilaira moreaui, Plectospira gemmifera, Phytophthora cactorum, Pythium polymastum, Pythiomorpha gonapodioides, Phycomyces nitens, Saproleqnia diclina, and Thamnidium chaetocladioides. Of the second group of fungi the following, among many others, were used:
Confinement and stability in optical resonators employing mirrors with gaussian reflectivity tapers

Abstract Optical resonators with mirrors having gaussian reflectivity profiles are analyzed. This makes it possible to extend the conventional analysis of “stable”, i.e., confining, optical resonators to describe unstable (non-confining) resonators. Problems of mode discrimination, spot sizes, asymmetry and perturbation stability are considered.
Nonparotid parapharyngeal oncocytoma: A case report and literature review

Oncocytoma is a rare, benign salivary neoplasm composed of mitochondria-rich cells called oncocytes. Although oncocytoma usually occurs in the parotid glands, it has much less commonly been reported to occur in minor salivary gland tissues. Although there have been a few reported cases of oncocytomas being found in the parapharyngeal space, most if not all cases seem to be extensions of deep lobe parotid tumors. We present a case of a 73-year-old man with a previous history of prostate cancer that had the incidental finding of an (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) image of a highly avid parapharyngeal space lesion noted on a follow-up positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) scan. Excision of the mass, through a transcervical approach, demonstrated it to be an isolated oncocytoma of the parapharyngeal space, noncontiguous with the parotid gland. Based on our literature search, this may be the first such reported case. A brief review of the available literature examining the known body of knowledge regarding these neoplasms is presented.
Synthesis and structure of a boron cation supported by a β-diketiminate ligand

Abstract The salt [HC(CMe)2(NAr)2BPh][Al2Cl7] (3); Ar = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) has been synthesized via the in situ preparation of [HC(CMe)2(NAr)2BClPh], followed by treatment with AlCl3. X-ray analysis of 3 reveals that the BN2C3 ring of the boron cation is planar and DFT calculations indicate π-type interactions in the HOMO-6 and HOMO-7 orbitals.
Visual hot spots: an eye tracking study of attention bias in body dysmorphic disorder.

Attentional biases have been implicated in the development and maintenance of BDD. In particular, a visual attention bias toward one's unattractive features and others' attractive features (negative bias), might underlie BDD symptoms. Healthy individuals typically pay more attention to others' unattractive and their own attractive features (positive bias). This study used eye tracking to examine visual attention in individuals with BDD relative to healthy controls (HC). We also explored the role of avoidance in attention bias. Participants with BDD and primary face/head concerns (n = 19) and HC (n = 20) completed computerized tasks and questionnaires. Eye movement data (i.e., fixations, dwell time) were recorded while participants viewed images of their own and a control face (selected for average attractiveness and neutral expression). Participants rated distress and perceived most and least attractive features of their own and another face. BDD participants demonstrated a negative mean total bias score compared to HC (fixation: p = 0.24; dwell: p = 0.08). Age (fixation: p = 0.006; dwell: p = 0.03) and gender (fixation: p = 0.03; dwell: p = 0.03) moderated the relationship. Avoidance was associated with a positive bias in BDD. Results suggest individuals with BDD overfocus on negative attributes, a potential factor in the disorder's etiology and maintenance. Conversely, HC had a more balanced focus on their traits. Elucidating the role of attention bias could help to identify risk and maintenance factors in BDD.
Proximity effects on the predictions of the UNIFAC model: I. Ethers

Comparaison des coefficients d'activite a dilution infinie prevus par UNIFAC et observes pour des melanges ou entrent THF, dioxanne-1,4 et dioxolanne-1,3
NrCAM Deletion Causes Topographic Mistargeting of Thalamocortical Axons to the Visual Cortex and Disrupts Visual Acuity

NrCAM is a neural cell adhesion molecule of the L1 family that has been linked to autism spectrum disorders, a disease spectrum in which abnormal thalamocortical connectivity may contribute to visual processing defects. Here we show that NrCAM interaction with neuropilin-2 (Npn-2) is critical for semaphorin 3F (Sema3F)-induced guidance of thalamocortical axon subpopulations at the ventral telencephalon (VTe), an intermediate target for thalamic axon sorting. Genetic deletion of NrCAM or Npn-2 caused contingents of embryonic thalamic axons to misproject caudally in the VTe. The resultant thalamocortical map of NrCAM-null mutants showed striking mistargeting of motor and somatosensory thalamic axon contingents to the primary visual cortex, but retinogeniculate targeting and segregation were normal. NrCAM formed a molecular complex with Npn-2 in brain and neural cells, and was required for Sema3F-induced growth cone collapse in thalamic neuron cultures, consistent with a vital function for NrCAM in Sema3F-induced axon repulsion. NrCAM-null mice displayed reduced responses to visual evoked potentials recorded from layer IV in the binocular zone of primary visual cortex (V1), particularly when evoked from the ipsilateral eye, indicating abnormal visual acuity and ocularity. These results demonstrate that NrCAM is required for normal maturation of cortical visual acuity, and suggest that the aberrant projection of thalamic motor and somatosensory axons to the visual cortex in NrCAM-null mutant mice impairs cortical functions.
WS-BioZard: A Wizard for Composing Bioinformatics Web Services

As the amount of biological data continues to increase, how biologists share data and analysis tools efficiently is becoming an important issue. Web service technology is a promising solution because of the advanced features it provides such as language independence, platform independence and ease of programmatic access. Recently, we have seen an increasing amount of interest in the composition of biological Web services in order to process a biological task. Although there are some research efforts towards composing biological Web services, such as BioMoby and Taverna, these existing tools are still too difficult to be widely used by the average biologist. Therefore, lowering the learning curve for Web service composition to make it easier for biologists is becoming a critical need. In this paper, we describe WS-BioZard, a comprehensive framework for addressing this need by using wizards and semantics to provide a suite of tools that support practical semi-automatic composition of Web services in the biological domain.
Indirect immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy distribution of eight epidermal-dermal junction epitopes in the pig and in isolated perfused skin treated with bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide

Sulfur mustard (bis [2-chloroethyl] sulfide, HD) is a potent cutaneous vesicant that causes gross blisters by separation of the epidermal-dermal junction (EDJ). The EDJ of the skin is a highly specialized and complex structure composed of several components and plays a major role in the integrity of the skin. The isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) was dosed with 0.2 mg/ml (n = 4), 5.0 mg/ml (n = 4), and 10.0 mg/ml (n = 5) HD or ethanol (n = 4) for 8 hr (dose-response study) and 10.0 mg/ml HD or ethanol for 1, 3, 5, and 8 hr (n = 4/treatment) (time-response study). Successful EDJ mapping was carried out in normal pig skin (NPS), ethanol-treated IPPSFs, and HD-treated IPPSFs using the following antibodies: laminin, type IV collagen, fibronectin, GB3 (Nicein), bullous pemphigoid (BP), and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA). Two mouse anti-human monoclonal antibodies, L3d and 19-DEJ-l (Uncein), did not cross-react with the EDJ of the pig. Antibody staining in NPS, ranging from very intense for lam...
Factors that influence health risk behaviors among tanning salon patrons

A principal components analysis identified the immediate convenience of indoor tanning (i.e., relaxation, perceived attractiveness of tans) as a major factor that motivates people to visit commercial tanning salons frequently and continually. Long-term considerations, such as price, socializing, and perceived health, also emerged as a motivating factor that was related to tanning frequency. Furthermore, almost half of the participants mentioned that regulations restricting indoor tanning would not make them more cautious in their tanning behavior. Findings confirm several other studies indicating that knowledge of the danger of UV exposure may have little influence on actual tanning behavior. Suggestions for alternative approaches that focus on the perceived attractiveness of tanned skin rather than the susceptibility of frequent tanners to skin cancer are discussed.
Muscles of facial expression in Otolemur, with a comparison to Lemuroidea

Gross and histologic aspects of facial expression muscles are presented here for Otolemur spp. (suborder Prosimii, family Lorisidae) and are compared with those of lemuroids. Muscles of facial expression are involved in social signaling among primates, and are a primary means by which close-proximity nonverbal communication is achieved. These muscles have been well described in catarrhines and many of the lemuroids; however, their arrangement is not well known in the lorisids. In the present study we examined muscles of facial expression in Otolemur by dissecting preserved faces. The arrangement and appearance of the muscles were noted, and samples were gathered from each muscle for histologic processing. The results showed 17 muscles of facial expression in Otolemur, as compared to seven reported in previous studies. Histologically, muscles of the ear region were arranged in tight, dense fascicles, while muscles of the orbital region were arranged more loosely. Grossly, the facial expression muscles in Otolemur were very similar in morphology and attachments to those in the lemuroids, with some differences in the ear region. Otolemur garnettii had several muscles that appeared to be more robust than in the larger O. crassicaudatus. This may be due to dietary and/or social differences between the species. In previous studies it was concluded that, relative to lemuroids, Otolemur has a primitive arrangement of facial expression muscles. The current results do not support that conclusion, and in fact support a far greater similarity between Otolemur and lemuroids in general. These results underscore the need for a reexamination of facial musculature in prosimians in general, and may have taxonomic value as regards the position of Otolemur with lemuroids and other galagos.
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Cercis (Fabaceae): Evidence from Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Chloroplast ndhF Sequence Data

The phylogeny of Cercis (Fabaceae) was estimated with DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and the 39 end of the chloroplast gene ndhF. The combined analysis recovers three trees in which a well supported clade of North American and western Eurasian species is nested within a paraphyletic group of Chinese species. In the single most unambiguously resolved topology from these trees, C. canadensis from eastern North America is more closely related to C. siliquastrum from western Eurasia than to C. occidentalis from western North America. DIVA and character optimizations based on this topology suggest that the initial intercontinental divergence events in Cercis involved mesophytic ancestors. Subsequent inferred intercontinental divergence events involving xerophytic ancestors are consistent with the Madrean- Tethyan hypothesis, which postulates an early Tertiary floristic link between the arid regions of western North America and western Eurasia. Calibration of branch lengths with the fossil record suggests that the North American and western Eurasian lineages diverged between 6 and 32 million years ago. The oldest of these values is consistent with both the Madrean- Tethyan hypothesis (.23 million years ago) and dispersion across a North Atlantic land bridge connecting Europe to North America (.13 million years ago), whereas the youngest requires an explanation involving long-distance dispersal.
Glucocorticoid Receptor-Dependent Gene Regulatory Networks

While the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid regulation of transcription have been studied in detail, the global networks regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) remain unknown. To address this question, we performed an orthogonal analysis to identify direct targets of the GR. First, we analyzed the expression profile of mouse livers in the presence or absence of exogenous glucocorticoid, resulting in over 1,300 differentially expressed genes. We then executed genome-wide location analysis on chromatin from the same livers, identifying more than 300 promoters that are bound by the GR. Intersecting the two lists yielded 53 genes whose expression is functionally dependent upon the ligand-bound GR. Further network and sequence analysis of the functional targets enabled us to suggest interactions between the GR and other transcription factors at specific target genes. Together, our results further our understanding of the GR and its targets, and provide the basis for more targeted glucocorticoid therapies.