cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A recursive formulation for flexible multibody dynamics, Part I: open-loop systems

Abstract This paper presents a recursive formulation for dynamics of flexible multibody systems. Deformation modes are used to represent elastic deformation of each body, relative to a body reference frame that is permitted to undergo large displacement and rotation in space. Kinematic relations between contiguous bodies that are connected by articulated joints are defined by relative joint coordinates. A recursive variational vector calculus method is presented for efficient formulation and solution of the equations of motion on parallel processors. A manipulator and a rotating blade with geometric nonlinear effects are studied to illustrate computational efficiency of the recursive formulation.
Application of an improved cerebroventricular perfusion technique in the rabbit: effects of pentobarbital or haloperidol on monoamine metabolites and proteins in the perfusate.

Abstract An improved procedure for ventriculo-cisternal perfusion of conscious rabbits with artificial cerebrospinal fluid is described. Concentrations of homovanillic acid, a principal metabolite of dopamine, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, a major serotonin metabolite, and of endogenous proteins were determined in cerebroventricular perfusates before and after administration of either pentobarbital or haloperidol. Perfusate levels of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid decreased during pentobarbital anaesthesia but increased following haloperidol whereas concentrations of homovanillic acid increased 50% after pentobarbital and 300% after haloperidol. The rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation was not influenced by either drug. Protein concentrations in the perfusate decreased substantially following either pentobarbital or haloperidol, thus suggesting that the action of these neuroactive drugs may be associated with changes in extracellular cerebral proteins. The perfusion technique is useful for studying experimentally induced metabolic changes in the intact brain.
Infrared circular dichroism measurement between 2000 and 5000 cm−1: Pr3+-tartrate complexes

Abstract An instrument for the measurement of circular dichroism between 2000 and 5000 cm −1 has been constructed, using a germanium piezo-optic modulator to obtain quarter-wave retardation. Measurements upon optically active Pr 3+ -tartrate complexes reveal a rotational strength of 1.7 × 10 −41 esu 2 cm 2 at 2120 cm −1 for the magnetic- dipole allowed 3 H 4 → 3 H 5 transition, as well as smaller bands at shorter wavelengths.
Do middle molecules cause uremic intoxication? (Con).

Summary Middle molecules in a weight range of 500–5000 daltons exists in uremic patients and patients on dialysis. These middle molecules have in vitro toxicity that has been most convincingly demonstrated to be directed against the immune system. Whether the levels can be influenced by varying their removal rates during dialysis, remains unknown. There are no convincing studies, either short- or long-term that has associated their levels in dialyzed patients with specific toxic symptoms. Both long- and short-term studies of their concentration levels and associating these with acute ill effects of dialysis and long-term damage to the immune system, possibly resulting in infections or cancers are necessary.
Number of Allocations as a Measure of "Within-Person Item-Incompleteness" (WPII): 2005 to 2010 Data from the American Community Survey

The production of complete datasets from survey research requires that missing, illogical, or ambiguous values be “edited.” The American Community Survey (ACS) in the United States (US) creates “flag” variables to indicate when a response has been “allocated” (i.e., edited in such a way that it differs from the original value). Identifying different data editing levels through easy-to-understand statistics may provide useful products for policy makers. This report sums the number of flags by person in order to measure item-incompleteness (i.e., number of questions requiring editing). By using ACS six single-year Public Use Microdata Use (PUMS) files from 2005 to 2010, the investigation shows how data quality (measured by within-person item-incompleteness “WPII”) is most concentrated in male racial-ethnic minority groups. Quantifying the variability introduced by item-missingness in the production of population estimates from sample data is difficult. Identifying high concentrations of item missingness may be possible if detailed flag variables identifying edited data are made prevalent in secondary data sources.
Analysis of gentamicin uptake by rat renal cortical slices

Abstract Slices from rat renal cortex accumulated gentamicin (GM) against a concentration gradient. At least part of this accumulation appeared to be due to active transport as evidenced by dependence on oxygen. Classical inhibitors (both competitive and noncompetitive) of organic acid and base transport in the kidney did not reduce in vitro GM tissue to medium equilibrium ratios suggesting that GM is not transported by classical renal organic ion transport mechanisms. High concentrations of GM in vitro inhibited renal transport of the organic anion p-aminohippurate and the organic cation N1-methylnicotinamide as well as the rate of tissue respiration.
A Guide to Evidence-Based Group Work by Macgowan, M. J.

It is appropriate that I disclose to the reader of this critique that I reviewed this book in manuscript form for the publisher and made suggestions for its revision. I also provided a favorable co...
A nonhydrostatic, isopycnal-coordinate ocean model for internal waves

Abstract We present a nonhydrostatic ocean model with an isopycnal (density-following) vertical coordinate system. The primary motivation for the model is the proper treatment of nonhydrostatic dispersion and the formation of nonlinear internal solitary waves. The nonhydrostatic, isopycnal-coordinate formulation may be preferable to nonhydrostatic formulations in z- and σ -coordinates because it improves computational efficiency by reducing the number of vertical grid points and eliminates spurious diapycnal mixing and solitary-wave amplitude loss due to numerical diffusion of scalars. The model equations invoke a mild isopycnal-slope approximation to remove small metric terms associated with diffusion and nonhydrostatic pressure from the momentum equations and to reduce the pressure Poisson equation to a symmetric linear system. Avoiding this approximation requires a costlier inversion of a non-symmetric linear system. We demonstrate that the model is capable of simulating nonlinear internal solitary waves for simplified and physically-realistic ocean-scale problems with a reduced number of layers.
Experimental Validation of the Predicted Properties of a Multiphasic Buffer System Applied to Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Abstract The properties of a buffer system predicted by T. M. Jovin's theory of multiphasic (discontinuous) buffer systems have been tested experimentally both in free solution and in polyacrylamide gels. The most widely applied multiphasic buffer system, viz., the Tris-glycine system of Ornstein and Davis was used for this purpose. The properties of this system were computed on the basis of the Jovin theory. The pH, specific conductance, and boundary displacement were measured in the buffers corresponding to the original and the operative buffers of both the stacking (upper) gel and the separation (lower) gel in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Values of pH and specific conductance in the absence of gels were found to be in reasonable agreement with theory. In polyacrylamide gels, after removal of residual reactants of the polymerization reaction by equilibration with the appropriate buffer, there was good agreement between observed and predicted values of pH and boundary displacement. However, the ob...
Erratum to "Mass equidistribution for automorphic forms of cohomological type on $GL_{2}$"

Corollary 3 of [4] is not known unconditionally, as cohomological automorphic forms on GL2 over an imaginary quadratic field are not known to satisfy the Ramanujan conjecture. We shall briefly describe the reason for this and discuss what information Theorem 1 of [4] does give in the case of imaginary quadratic fields. Let K be an imaginary quadratic field with nontrivial automorphism c, and let π be a cuspidal automorphic representation of GL2(AK) with unitary central character ω. Suppose that ω = ω and that π∞ has Langlands parameter WC = C× → GL2(C) given by z → diag(z1−k, z1−k) for some integer k ≥ 2 (i.e. so that π is any cohomological representation up to twist). It is then known (see Theorem 1.1 of [1]) that for any one may associate a continuous irreducible representation ρ : Gal(K/K) → GL2(Q ) to π such that the characteristic polynomial of ρ(Frobv) agrees with the Hecke polynomial of πv at all places v which do not divide and at which K/Q, π, and π are unramified. However, because ρ is constructed via an -adic limiting process, it is not known to arise from a motive and so is not known to be pure. To construct ρ, one first makes a theta lift from π to a holomorphic limit of discrete series representation Π on Sp4/Q as in [3]. Weissauer [6] has proven that if Π′ is a holomorphic discrete series representation of Sp4/Q which is not a CAP representation, then one may associate a Galois representation to it which is pure and locally compatible with Π′ at all unramified places, so that Π′ satisfies Ramanujan wherever it is unramified. These results are not known for the limit of discrete series representation Π, and to associate a Galois representation to it one must apply techniques of Taylor [5] which are similar to those used by Deligne and Serre to associate Galois representations to classical weight 1 modular forms. These involve multiplying a holomorphic form in Π by a well understood regular holomorphic form of large weight, applying the results of Weissauer and recovering ρ from these products by an -adic limiting process. Any Archimedean information about the Frobenius eigenvalues of ρ is lost during this, and neither does one know that ρ arises from a motive. As a result, the algebraic information we obtain about π is insufficient to deduce Ramanujan for it. We may still draw interesting conclusions from Theorem 1 of [4] in the imaginary quadratic case. Cohomological forms on GL2/K which are base changes from Q will satisfy Ramanujan, and so Theorem 1 establishes their equidistribution as their weight becomes large. Moreover, the experimental results of [2] suggest that all
Cytogenetic studies of hairy cell leukemia

Abstract Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and spleen of four patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) were cultured for 1 to 10 days with and without phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. Blastogenesis and mitoses were not observed in the unstimulated cells cultured for up to 3 days. Prolonging the culture time of unstimulated cells to 7 days produced blastogenic response; a further increase in culture time to 10 days showed transformed cells but not mitoses. Poor PHA response was noted in the cultures stimulated for 3 days, but cells cultured for 7 days and then stimulated with PHA entered mitosis. Surface immunoglobulins were exhibited in 78–94% of the cells in the blood and spleen of patients. In addition, these cells had tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase and were able to phagocytize latex particles by which properties they were identified as hairy cell leukemia cells. Chromosome abnormalities were present in a proportion of cells of each patient, none of them, however, were clonal.
Nonlinear effects in periodic surface limited grain growth

Abstract Several of the characteristic features of periodic behavior in surface limited grain growth have been quantitatively described for the first time using an analytical solution to the nonlinear, governing partial differential equation. This analysis in this paper reproduces the experimental observations of a correlation between surface groove depth and surface groove spacing, the asymmetry of the surface groove, and aperiodic groove depth within a group of parallel surface grooves. The results of this analysis suggests each of these features is associated with the nonlinear interaction of the time dependent velocity perturbation with the time dependent slope perturbation. It is apparent from the analysis presented here that the depth of the surface grooves and the spacing of the surface grooves are both proportional to the inverse of √V. This prediction shows reasonable agreement with the experimental observations as shown in Figure 2. The model presented in this paper also shows qualitative agreement with the experimentally observed asymmetry of the surface grooves originally described by Mullins. The nonlinear model also predicts a time dependent subharmonic resonance which causes a halving of the period predicted by the linear model in (2). This resonance is consistent with the experimentally observed aperiodic behavior of surface groove image widths within some groups of parallel surface grooves.
A deleted chromosome no. 13 in human retinoblastoma cells: relevance to tumorigenesis

Abstract In this report of banded karyotypes prepared after short-term culture (72 hr) from human retinoblastoma tumor tissue, one del(13)(pter→q14:) chromosome and one normal chromosome #13 were found in all of the metaphases examined. Similar deletions (always involving 13q14) have previously been described in the somatic cells of individuals with one form of retinoblastoma. In the present case, however, the constitutional karyotype is normal. The presence of tumors in both eyes suggests that this is the genetic form of retinoblastoma, even though the patient's family history is negative for this tumor. The normal constitutional karyotype argues that the chromosome deletion occurred as a postzygotic event. The modal chromosome number of the tumor cells is 47 and rearrangements involving chromosomes #2, #17, and #20 were also identified.
AdaSlicer: an Ada program slicer

The ability to slice a program or parts of a program is useful in a variety of domains, including re-engineering, dependency analysis, test case generation, test coverage evaluation and debugging. Although a variety of static analysis tools are available to support these activities for Ada programs, none of these tools provide a program slicing capability. Fortuitously, the Ada Semantic Interface Specification (ASIS) provides access to the Ada program information required to slice the program. This paper describes our use of ASIS to implement an Ada program slicer, called AdaSlicer.
Role of interventional radiology in the emergent management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Approximately 100,000 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) require inpatient admission annually in the United States. When medical management and endoscopic therapy are inadequate, endovascular intervention can be lifesaving. These emergent situations highlight the importance of immediate competence of the interventional radiologist in the preangiographic evaluation as well as the endovascular treatment of UGIB. We describe a case of UGIB managed with endovascular embolization and detail the angiographic techniques used. The case description is followed by a detailed discussion of the treatment approach to UGIB, with attention to both nonvariceal and variceal algorithms.
The Valuation of Legal Rights

Such issues as the freedom of speech or the right to vote are usually discussed as matters of principle or public policy, without concern for the preferences of the potential users of these rights. Yet it is interesting to see how strongly valued they are. This paper develops a method to derive the demand for legal and constitutional rights and rules, the values attached to them, and their sensitivity to income and education. The model is based on referendum data and on the interpretation of nonvoting behavior.
Case Report: Locked Pubic Symphysis: An Open Reduction Technique

A locked pubic symphysis occasionally occurs after a lateral compression injury of the pelvic ring. One pubic bone becomes entrapped behind the contralateral pubis. Lateral compression pelvic injuries are well recognized, but a lateral compression pelvic injury resulting in a locked pubic symphysis is rare. We describe a locked pubic symphysis with greater than 4 cm overlap that was reduced with simple maneuvers and readily available instruments.
The Primary Factors of Organic Evolution

IN a review of Prof. Cope's “Primary Factors of Organic Evolution” (NATURE, vol. liii. p. 553), Dr. Alfred R. Wallace denounces its “extraordinary statements,” its “misstatements,” and its “absurd arguments,” and finds it refreshing to turn to the original ideas and acute reasoning of another book. The fact that the first book is by an opponent and the second by a follower of the reviewer, perhaps accounts for, though it does not justify, opinions that depart widely from what will be the judgment of the most competent. A work of unusual originality such as Prof. Cope's, is apt to contain much that is open to criticism; but it is no small matter to have brought together, as he has done, the evidence in favour of finding in the environment, in the movements of animals and in consciousness, the efficient factors of organic evolution. The present writer finds the arguments inconclusive, but he does not understand how any one can read the book without admiring the intimate knowledge of facts and the great powers of generalisation which it discloses. Dr. Wallace states that it is “absolutely untrue” that “the variation which has resulted in evolution has not been multifarious or promiscuous, but in definite directions,” yet the evidence offered for this proposition—due perhaps more to Prof. Cope than to any other—has within the past few months proved convincing even to Prof. Weismann. Prof. Cope's book and his work should be adequately described and seriously criticised; but Dr. Wallace has done neither.
Perinatal Death: Uncovering the Needs of Midwives and Nurses and Exploring Helpful Interventions in the United States, England, and Japan:

Perinatal death is a crisis for midwives and nurses as well as for bereaved parents and extended families. Surveys and interviews conducted in the United States, England, and Japan described the needs and responses of nurses and midwives as they coped with their own feelings while caring for bereaved parents. Results emphasized common needs of caregivers for increased knowledge, mentored experience, communication skills, and personal support to confidently provide sensitive care to families. Although need for education regarding cultural-specific care was revealed, participants identified helpful strategies of care for bereaved parents that could extend and improve care universally.
The IMMAGINAZIONE SENZA FILI and the Noise of Modern Life: Towards a Media Ecology of Futurism

In this article I examine the connections running between F.T. Marinetti's Futurist manifestos and wireless communication media in the early part of the 20th century. I set forth how two literary inventions, words-in-freedom (parole in liberta) and a wireless imagination (immaginazione senza fili), inscribe the newness of the wireless in the medium of writing; becoming the indices of an altered media environment in which the components of writing are uncoupled via the installation of the wireless where outdated egos once resided. In the widening space that Marinetti grants his words-in-freedom, I show him moving decidedly away from a Romantic conception of imagination to one more properly resembling a 20th century wireless transmission. Detailing wirelessly transmitted sense perceptions and the poet who becomes a war correspondent capable of covering theaters of war, I offer a critical perspective onto wireless technology, speed, and data streams in the manifestos. In my reading Futurism will come to mark...
Selling the Space Age: NASA and Earth's Environment, 1958-1990

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created in 1958 to develop America's non-military space effort. But the early leaders of a self-consciously elite science and technology agency rarely saw Earth as a part of 'space' or solar system exploration. This is clear when examining NASA's relations with earthly applications in the late 1950s and 1960s and with fast emergent environmentalism in the 1970s and 1980s. NASA consistently mis read the importance of the most popular science-based political movement of the late twentieth century. NASA was advised from 1959 onwards that earthly concerns and practical worldly benefits were necessary to create broad and enduring support for space explorations. Despite this, NASA leaders consist ently underestimated, ignored or spun-off Earth 'applications' in the formative period of America's civilian space programme. Power and prestige-focused human spaceflight, Moon and Mars missions, and human settlement of the solar system, became NASA's enduring 'human spaceflight culture'.
Rectus sheath hematoma in pregnancy.

Although spontaneous hemorrhage into the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle is uncommon in pregnancy, rectus sheath hematomas (RSHs) should be considered in patients who present with an acute onset of abdominal pain in the latter half of pregnancy or the immediate postpartum period. Both sonography and CT are useful in diagnosing RSHs. We report a case of pregnancy-associated RSH initially suspected of being a degenerating leiomyoma or torsed ovary. Sonography showed a large mass of mixed echogenicity with no internal vascularity. CT confirmed that the lesion was suprafascial. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:306–311, 2001.
Mothers' and Teachers' Perceptions of Relational and Physical Aggression in Pre-School Children.

A sample of 221 mothers and 48 teachers of pre-school children completed a survey in which they rated the degree of hurtfulness and importance of intervening for relationally or physically aggressive behaviours. Respondents also reacted to two short vignettes depicting aggressive peer conflicts (one physical, one relational) by indicating how an adult should respond and how quickly an adult should intervene. Ratings of hurtfulness and importance of intervening were higher for physical than for relational aggression amongst both mothers and teachers. In addition, there were differences in the type and immediacy of reactions to an act of physical versus relational aggression, with more negative and immediate consequences for the physically aggressive behaviour. Implications of results are discussed, limitations are explained, and professional development and future research needs are identified.
Interparental Boundary Problems, Parent-Adolescent Hostility, and Adolescent-Parent Hostility: A Family Process Model for Adolescent Aggression Problems

This study tests interparental boundary problems (IBPs), parent hostility with adolescents, and adolescent hostility with parents within a reciprocal influence model and tests each as risk factors for adolescent aggression problems. Prospective, longitudinal analyses were conducted with multi-informant data from 768 adolescents and their families, from 6th to 9th grade. Guided by spillover and social learning perspectives, our findings suggest that IBPs have a robust, negative influence on both parent and adolescent hostility. In turn, adolescent hostility was the best predictor of global adolescent aggression problems. Two indirect effects were found that link IBPs and adolescent aggression problems; however, findings indicate that adolescent hostile behavior in the family is the key risk indicator for adolescents' later aggression problems. Model invariance tests revealed that this model was not different for boys and girls, or for adolescents in families with two biological parents and youth in families with two caregivers (e.g. stepparent families).
Chip scale integrated planar photonics

The integration of planar optical components at the chip scale with electronic and microfluidic systems is enabling an increased penetration of optical functionality into systems, and in particular, into highly portable systems. Planar lightwave integrated circuits can enable functions such as optical signal interfaces, optical signal distribution, and optical sensing in a planar platform that leverages microelectronic manufacturing technologies. Key to the realization of these chip scale systems are the design and implementation of thin film optoelectronic materials and devices, heterogeneous integration of components, planar polymer waveguides and waveguiding structures, and optical sensors. The integration of photonic components and subsystems with electronic systems and microfluidics systems are also topics of intense investigation for chip scale system with increasing levels of function. Application areas that are emerging include optical signal interfaces and distribution, as well as chip scale integrated optical sensing systems with applications in medicine and the environment.
A comparison of the inflammatory potential of particulates derived from two composite materials.

In order to develop total joint prostheses with moduli of elasticity close to bone while retaining excellent strength characteristics, composite materials are being developed. Composites consist of graphite fibers embedded in a polymer matrix. We studied the inflammatory potential of particulates derived from two composites with different matrix components, polysulfone (PFS) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), in the rat subcutaneous air pouch model. Neat components of the composites were studied separately in the air pouch. Particulates also were studied in culture using the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, adherent synovial cells (ASC), and human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Particles derived from the PEKK-containing composite material consistently were less inflammatory than the PFS composite-derived particles, as measured by PMN infiltration, neutral metalloprotease activity, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) accumulation. Results from the neat materials confirmed the findings in the composite-derived material. PEKK composite-derived material produced less TNF from macrophage cultures, but there were no significant differences noted in PGE2 production from ASC or in superoxide anion generation from PMNs. Particles from both PSF and PEKK produced minimal inflammatory responses in the rat subcutaneous air pouch. PEKK elicited a response virtually the same as the saline control and significantly less than that produced by particles of PSF. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Taxonomic Clustering and Frequency Associations as Features of Semantic Memory Development in Children with Learning Disabilities

This study investigated taxonomic clustering and use of frequency associations as features in the semantic memory development of children with learning disabilities (LD). Free-recall organization of second- and sixth-grade children with and without LD was analyzed for two types of primary and secondary word lists: (a) items associated with frequency (FA), and (b) items related by category members (CM). In contrast to expected findings, younger, nondisabled children organized words categorically as proficiently as their older nondisabled peers, and the categorization abilities of children with LD were comparable to those of nondisabled subjects, with one exception: Subjects with LD showed less clustering for secondary FA. These results indicate that when individual child-generated word lists (i.e., meaningful and familiar words) are used, children with LD may not be impaired in their ability to recognize and utilize semantic structure to facilitate learning.
Pancreatic tumor detection using hypericin-based fluorescence spectroscopy and cytology

Hypericin is a novel, highly fluorescent photosensitizer that exhibits selective tumor cell uptake properties and is particularly resistant to photobleaching. In this study, we have characterized hypericin uptake in human pancreatic tumor cells with relation to incubation time, cell number, and drug concentration. Ex vivo hypericin based fluorescence spectroscopy was performed to detect the presence of MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity of BALB/c nude mice, as well as to quantify gross tumor burden. Hypericin based cytology of peritoneal lavage samples, using both one and two photon laser confocal microscopy, demonstrated more than a two-fold increase in fluorescence emission of pancreatic tumor cells as compared to control samples. In vitro treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with hypericin based photodynamic therapy showed tumor cell cytotoxicity in a drug dose, incident laser power, and time dependent manner. For these experiments, a continuous wavelength solid-state laser source (532 nm) was operated at power levels in the range of 100-400 mW. Potential applications of hypericin in tumor diagnosis, staging, and therapy will be presented.
Alternative models for stock price dynamics

Abstract This paper evaluates the role of various volatility specifications, such as multiple stochastic volatility (SV) factors and jump components, in appropriate modeling of equity return distributions. We use estimation technology that facilitates nonnested model comparisons and use a long data set which provides rich information about the conditional and unconditional distribution of returns. We consider two broad families of models: (1) the multifactor loglinear family, and (2) the affine-jump family. Both classes of models have attracted much attention in the derivatives and econometrics literatures. There are various tradeoffs in considering such diverse specifications. If pure diffusion SV models are chosen over jump diffusions, it has important implications for hedging strategies. If logarithmic models are chosen over affine ones, it may seriously complicate option pricing. Comparing many different specifications of pure diffusion multifactor models and jump diffusion models, we find that (1) log linear models have to be extended to two factors with feedback in the mean reverting factor, (2) affine models have to have a jump in returns, stochastic volatility or probably both. Models (1) and (2) are observationally equivalent on the data set in hand. In either (1) or (2) the key is that the volatility can move violently. As we obtain models with comparable empirical fit, one must make a choice based on arguments other than statistical goodness-of-fit criteria. The considerations include facility to price options, to hedge and parsimony. The affine specification with jumps in volatility might therefore be preferred because of the closed-form derivatives prices.
Plants as “Children” in Introductory Child Psychology:

Some instructional advantages of growing vegetable seedlings in an introductory child psychology course are discussed. The project signaled students' attention to the importance of nutrition in child development plus the popularity and practicalities of urban gardening. Also, the activity of “raising” plants proved a provocative analogy to “rearing” children.
The Fixed Slope Rule: An Inter‐Specific Study

There are two broad mechanisms by which animals can assess risk when deciding whether to flee: temporally and spatially. Animals that employ temporal mechanisms use predator speed to gauge threat. In contrast, those that use spatial mechanisms use the distance to the predator as an indication of danger. Traditionally, this was viewed as a fixed distance. Recently, a new type of spatial mechanism was proposed that focused on animals initiating flight at a fixed ratio of the distance at which they first responded to the threat. Our study investigated the consistency of this slope among three species: the Eastern gray kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), the Australian wood duck (Chenonetta jubata), and the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen). We found that these species exhibited statistically indistinguishable slopes from each other and the 0.44 slope that was initially reported in another species. Our results further support the assumption that escape decisions are dynamic. Future studies should determine the ubiquity of this fixed ratio.
The passing of patrimonialism : politics and political culture in Hyderabad 1911-1948

Concentrates on changes brought about by administrative reforms and political mobilisation of the public, ending with political collapse and the Communist revolt.
Communication in Fast Food Organizations

The purpose of this study is to examine the activities associated with the day- to-day communications in fast food chain restaurants. Special attention will focus on the "manager/employee" relationships, and "employee/employee" interaction. Specific objectives of the study include:1. Identify the "manager/employee" relationship and relate it to modern organization theory.2. Study the process or systems that are used to produce the menu items and relate this to communication networks and their effect on the organization.3. Observe the type of organizational structure and relate it to the operational climate in the restaurant.
The effect of butyrate concentration on hydrogen production via photofermentation for use in a Martian habitat resource recovery process

Biological hydrogen production from waste biomass has both terrestrial and Martian advanced life support applications. Several forms of this process exist, but one process, indirect biophotolysis, is suitable for a potential Mars mission. This process is two-stage, combining a dark fermentation of starch or sugars with photofermentation of the remaining waste organic acids to produce hydrogen gas. Since butyrate is expected as one of the major inputs into photofermentation from the first stage, Rhodobacter sphaeroides SCJ, a photoheterotrophic purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium was examined for its potential in hydrogen production at 10–100 mM butyrate concentrations. As butyrate levels increased, hydrogen production increased up to 25 mM butyrate, and then decreased and ceased by 100 mM. Additionally, lag phase increased with butyrate concentration, possibly indicating substrate inhibition. Maximal substrate conversion efficiency was 8.0%; maximal light efficiency was 0.89%; and maximal hydrogen production rate was 7.7mol/(mg cdw h )( 173L/(mg cdw h)). These are generally lower than values reported in the literature. 2007 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An execution environment for reconfigurable computing

Although many studies have demonstrated the benefits of reconfigurable computing, it has not yet penetrated the mainstream. One of the biggest unsolved problems is the management of the reconfigurable hardware in a multi-threaded environment. Most research in reconfigurable computing has assumed a single-threaded model, but this is unrealistic for personal computing and many types of embedded computing. In these cases, there may be several different threads or processes running simultaneously, each wishing to use the reconfigurable hardware. The operating system must decide how to allocate the hardware at run-time based on the status of the system. The system status could also influence the choice of different implementations for each circuit based on area/speed tradeoffs. This paper examines reconfigurable computing as it could be used in mainstream systems, focusing on a proposed scheduling algorithm to allocate the reconfigurable hardware. Our initial tests indicate that reconfigurable computing with our scheduler can easily achieve at least a 20% system-level speedup.
Apoptosis in the kidney

Apoptosis is a highly regulated mechanism of cell death. Although apoptosis has a functional role in normal development and tissue homeostasis, aberrant triggering of the process by toxicants may lead to abnormal function or disease. Low level exposures to toxicants that induce apoptosis in kidney may therefore create a critical disturbance in kidney homeostasis, contributing to renal neoplasia or renal disease. In this report, we review the involvement of apoptosis in normal kidney development and in renal disease and discuss some of the toxicants and molecular factors involved in regulation of the process in renal cells.
Authoritative knowledge and birth territories in contemporary Japan.

In Japan, as in the United States, the change from home to health care institution as the location of birth has been marked by depicting the obstetrician as having authoritative knowledge about birthing. The obstetrician's access to and control over specialized obstetrical technology reflect and legitimate his authoritative status. In Japan a prevailing cultural view of birth as a natural and healthy event places a value on using the least possible amount of obstetrical intervention in the birthing process. This results in the valuation of the potential, rather than the actual, application of obstetrical technology. In contemporary Japan midwives remain integral participants in maternity care and attend normal deliveries in the hospital setting. But because of the culturally depicted potential for pathology at the time of birth, the obstetrician—the birthing specialist who controls the more complex technological tools—is viewed as having greater authoritative knowledge than the midwife and the woman giving birth.
Moist Convection and the Thermal Stratification of the Extratropical Troposphere

Simulations with an aquaplanet general circulation model show that sensible and latent heat transport by large-scale eddies influences the extratropical thermal stratification over a wide range of climates, even in relatively warm climates with small meridional surface temperature gradients. Variations of the lapse rate toward which the parameterized moist convection in the model relaxes atmospheric temperature profiles demonstrate that the convective lapse rate only marginally affects the extratropical thermal stratification in Earth-like and colder climates. In warmer climates, the convective lapse rate does affect the extratropical thermal stratification, but the effect is still smaller than would be expected if moist convection alone controlled the thermal stratification. A theory for how large-scale eddies modify the thermal stratification of dry atmospheres is consistent with the simulation results for colder climates. For warmer and moister climates, however, theories and heuristics that have been proposed to account for the extratropical thermal stratification are not consistent with the simulation results. Theories for the extratropical thermal stratification will generally have to take transport of sensible and latent heat by large-scale eddies into account, but moist convection may only need to be taken into account regionally and in sufficiently warm climates.
Influence of viscosity and solubilization on dissolution rate

Abstract The dissolution rate of benzoic acid in aqueous sucrose and methylcellulose solutions is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the dissolution medium. The total solubility of benzoic acid in aqueous solutions of polysorbate 80 increases linearly as the concentration of the surfactant is increased. As the concentration of polysorbate 80 is increased with a limited increase in viscosity of the micellar solution, the dissolution rate of benzoic acid is increased to a maximum rate and is related to the total solubility as depicted by the Noyes‐Whitney relation. At concentrations of polysorbate 80 exceeding the concentration corresponding to the maximum dissolution rate, the dissolution rate is decreased as the concentration of the surfactant is increased. Because the dissolution rate is inversely proportional to the viscosity, high concentrations of polysorbate 80 increase the viscosity of the micellar solutions to the extent that the dissolution rate is slowed although the total solubility is greatly increased. In micellar solutions maintained at a constant viscosity, the total solubility of benzoic acid increases linearly as the concentration of the surfactant is increased. The dissolution rate of benzoic acid in micellar solutions with a constant viscosity increases progressively without a maximum rate as the concentration of the surfactant is increased.
The effect of hydrostatic pressure on membrane-bound proteins

Many cellular proteins are bound to the surfaces of membranes and participate in various cell signaling responses. Interactions between this group of proteins are in part controlled by the membrane surface to which the proteins are bound. This review focuses on the effects of pressure on membrane-associated proteins. Initially, the effect of pressure on membrane surfaces and how pressure may perturb the membrane binding of proteins is discussed. Next, the effect of pressure on the activity and lateral association of proteins is considered. We then discuss how pressure can be used to gain insight into these types of proteins.
INTRINSIC STATES OF DEFORMED NUCLEI IN THE HARTREE-FOCK (HF) APPROXIMATION

This paper deals with an application of the HF method to deformed nuclei. The two nucleon interaction used is a non-local separable potential which acts only in relative s-states. The HF equations are solved in the matrix formulation. Calculations are performed for laO, *"Ne, 24Mg, **Si, %, 36Ar and *Ya. The 4p-4h state of I60 is also investigated. Solutions correspond- ing to different kinds of deformation are investigated. Single-particle energies and wav-e functions are obtained. The intrinsic quadrupole moments are also calculated. The shell-model description of nuclei has been very successful in correlating a large amount of experimental data. Even some of the collective properties of deformed nuclei can be interpreted in terms of a model ') which is based on the concepts of shell model, viz. "unified model". The theoretical basis for the shell model is the Hartree-Fock ") picture where one obtains a self-consistent one-body potential in which the nucleons are moving independently of each other. The derivation of this potential from two-nucleon interaction in the HF approximation is very difficult due to the presence of the hard core in the nucleon-nucleon force. In recent years it has been shown 3, that the two-nucleon scattering data can be fitted with velocity- dependent potentials, which have the saturation property needed to explain the behaviour of binding energy of nuclei as a function of mass number. Moreover these potentials are suitable for HF calculations. Such calculations have been reported 4, for closed shell nuclei. HF calculations 5), where only part of the nucleons in the nuclei are included, have been carried out for 2s Id shell nuclei using phenomeno- logical interactions. Several nuclei in 2s Id shell have rotational level structure, and in many cases experimental information about deformation and intrinsic quadrupole moment are available. Unlike in the case of closed shell nuclei, the HF approximation for non-closed shell nuclei enables one to study the intrinsic properties. The rotational collective aspect of nuclear excitations is well explained by "unified model" '). The model assumes an average potential which is non-spherical, in which the single-particle levels are filled according to the Pauli principle. The collective motion is obtained through the rotation of the non-spherical well. Hill and Wheeler 6,
Update on the Development of 120-Kev Multi-Megawatt Neutral Beam Source

The next generation of U.S. fusion experiments, which includes TFTR, MFTF, and Doublet III, will utilize neutral-beam injection for plasma heating. TFTR, for example, desires 20 MW of 120-keV deuterium atoms in pulses of 0.5-sec duration at 5-minute intervals from a total of 12 individual neutral-beam modules. A discussion is given of some of the design details of a 15-A, 120-keV, 0.5-sec ion-source module that has recently been built to test design concepts for TFTR sources, and some of the features of the facility where it is presently under test at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
Visual attention in deaf and normal hearing adults: effects of stimulus compatibility.

Visual perceptual skills of deaf and normal hearing adults were measured using the Eriksen flanker task. Participants were seated in front of a computer screen while a series of target letters flan...
Behavioural disturbance triggers recognition of dementia by family informants.

Objective To determine the frequency of unrecognised dementia in a group of community dwelling elderly, and to identify factors associated with dementia recognition by informants. Sample selection People over 65 years with an AGECAT case or subcase organic diagnosis or an MMSE ≤ 23 were identified from a database of community dwelling elderly. A psychiatrist to confirm the diagnosis of dementia according to ICD-10 criteria interviewed these individuals. Study participants Sixty-two community dwelling elderly meeting ICD-10 criteria for dementia whom had reliable informants. Methods Prior to the start of the interview the informant was questioned about whether they felt the patient had memory difficulties and if so whether they had a medical evaluation for their memory problems. A psychiatrist then interviewed the patient and informant to establish whether that patient met ICD-10 criteria for dementia. Basic sociodemographic details were collected and the following assessments were carried out: the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale, the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, the Behave-AD and the Baumgarten Behavioural Disturbance Scale. Analysis Univariate and step-wise forward logistic regression analysis were used to examine the factors associated with recognition of memory difficulties. Results Twenty-nine percent of family informants of people with dementia failed to recognise a problem with their relatives'memory. Where memory difficulties were recognised only 39% of this group received a medical evaluation. Using univariate analysis recognition of memory difficulties by family informants was associated higher levels of behaviour disturbance ( p = < 0.0011), greater functional impairment ( p = 0.0039), with increasing cognitive impairment ( p = 0.013). Using a logistic regression model, to test the independence of these variables, increasing behavioural disturbance (p = 0.0001) was associated with recognition of dementia by family informants. Conclusions Recognition of memory problems by family members is associated with increasing behavioural disturbance. Even with recognition of dementia, families often fail to seek medical attention. Education of the lay public on the early signs and symptoms of dementia must be a key first step in improving recognition of dementia in the community dwelling elderly. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perform a Justified Option

In a number of recent publications, Douglas Portmore has defended consequentialism, largely on the basis of a maximizing view of practical rationality. I have criticized such maximizing views, arguing that we need to distinguish two independent dimensions of normative strength: justifying strength and requiring strength. I have also argued that this distinction helps to explain why we typically have so many rational options. Engaging with these arguments, Portmore has (a) developed his own novel maximization-friendly method of explaining the ubiquity of rational options, and (b) criticized one argument in favour of a substantive justifying/requiring distinction in the domain of practical rationality. The present article defends the justifying/requiring distinction, and criticizes Portmore's maximization-friendly strategy for explaining the ubiquity of rational options.