cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short, strong hydrogen bond between an aryloxide and phenol in aprotic media

Abstract Three examples of unsupported short, strong hydrogen bonds (SSHBs) between phenolic moieties in aprotic media are reported in three salts of the biphenoxide [{3,5-OC 6 (CF 3 ) 2 H 3 } 2 H] − anion, analogous to bifluoride, [FHF] − . The compounds were synthesized with three different cobalticinium cations and characterized via solution NMR and UV–Vis spectroscopies, elemental analyses, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These SSHB protons do not exchange with the aprotic solvent in solution or in the solid state and are important contributors to the study of SSHBs in enzyme active sites that often exclude water.
Bicarbonate and fast-twitch muscle: evidence for a major role in pH regulation.

Internal pH (pHi) was analyzed in rat extensor digitorum longus (Edl) muscle at 30°C with single-barrel liquid ionselective electrodes. Average pHi in 284 cells was 7.197±0.006. Increases in CO2 from nominally 0 to 5% produced an acidification from which recovery took place. In different groups of cells, recovery from the 5% CO2 acidification was significantly inhibited by 100 μm 4,4′ diisothiocyanatostilbene 2,2′ disulfonic acid (DIDS), Cl removal, Na removal and 2mm amiloride. Prepulsing with 20mm NH4 in the presence of CO2/HCO3 typically reduced pHi to only about neutral, whereas 50mm reduced pHi to 6.7–6.8. In the nominal absence of CO2/HCO3, 20mm NH4 reduced pHi to about 6.7 from which recovery took place at about 58% of the rate seen in different cells in the presence of CO2/HCO3. In the presence of CO2/HCO3, cells prepulsed with 50mm NH4 had fully recovered to an average pHi of 7.22±0.04 about 90 min after removal of NH4. However, 90 min after removal of 20mm NH4 in the absence of CO2/HCO3, average pHi was significantly less (7.05±0.03). Intrinsic buffering capacity (β i ) was obtained during pulses of CO2, acetic acid or after an NH4 pulse, β i was significantly reduced in the absence of HCO3, Cl or Na and HCO3. The data provide significant support for an important role of HCO3 in the control of pHi in fast-twitch muscle.
Comparison of multistation MR angiography with integrated parallel acquisition technique versus conventional technique with a dedicated phased-array coil system in peripheral vascular disease.

PURPOSE To assess the impact of integrated parallel acquisition technique (iPAT) on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), venous contamination, and overall image interpretability for peripheral magnetic resonance (MR) angiography with use of a dedicated phased-array coil system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional contrast material–enhanced conventional MR angiography and iPAT peripheral MR angiography was performed at three stations (pelvis, thigh, calf) in 38 consecutive patients on a 1.5-T high-performance cardiovascular system (conventional MR angiography, n = 19; iPAT MR angiography, n = 19). A total of 29 vessel segments per patient were analyzed. For each segment, arterial, muscle, and background signal were measured; SNR and CNR were calculated; and repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed. For each of the three stations, the degree of venous contamination and the overall confidence of interpretability were analyzed with use of ordinal logistic regression analysis accounting for correlated outcome data. RESULTS A total of 1,018 vessel segments were available for analysis (477 with conventional MR angiography, 541 with iPAT MR angiography). Compared with conventional MR angiography, iPAT MR angiography resulted in decreased SNR and CNR in the pelvis and thigh stations but no change in the calf station. The difference in the pelvis was statistically significant ( P P P P CONCLUSIONS iPAT MR angiography leads to reduced SNR and CNR in the pelvis and thigh, but this does not affect interpretability of images obtained at these stations. The temporal gain results in significantly increased interpretability as a result of less venous contamination in the calf station. iPAT MR angiography is superior to conventional MR angiography for peripheral imaging.
On the Definition of Reactive Power Under Non-Sinusoidal Conditions

A new method of defining reactive power under non- sinusoidal conditions is proposed. It consists of sub- dividing the current into components which would have the same waveform as the current in a resistance and either an inductance or a capacitance when the voltage is applied to them, and into a residual component. An instrument for subdividing and measuring each current component and its corresponding power is described. The method permits the power system operator to determine if the possibility of improving the power factor by means of a shunt capacitance or inductance exists and to easily identify the proper value required to realize the maximum benefit.
033 Survival of mouse oocytes shows little or no correlation with the vitrification or freezing of the external medium

Our laboratory has determined that the survival of mouse oocytes subjected to vitrification procedures depends far more on the warming rate than on the cooling rate, not only in a full-strength vitrification solution but also in dilutions of that solution. But what is not known is the state of the water in the cells and in the outside medium as a function of cooling rate and as a function of the concentration of solutes in the vitrification solution; i.e. whether vitrified or frozen. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the latter; namely, whether the lack of correlation between survival and cooling rate was mirrored by a lack of correlation between cooling rate and vitrification of the medium (EAFS), and between survival and the vitrification of the medium. The relative concentration of the EAFS vitrification solution (1×, 0.75×, 0.6×, 0.5×, 0.4×, 0.33×, and 0.25×) and the cooling rate (522, 1827, or 69,250 °C/min) had a major effect on whether the media vitrified or froze, but when those results were compared with previous morphological survival and membrane integrity data from Seki and Mazur [PLoS One (2012)], the survival showed little or no correlation with the vitrification or freezing of the medium. The procedure consisted of placing a 0.1–0.2 μ l droplet of the desired concentration of EAFS medium on a Cryotop and abruptly immersing the naked Cryotop in liquid nitrogen (LN2). This produces a cooling rate of 69,250 °C/min. For slower cooling, the Cryotops were insulated in various ways. Two questions arose. One was how much dehydration of the droplets of EAFS occurs between the time a droplet is placed on the Cryotop and the time cooling is initiated? The second question was what is the effect of droplet size on whether it freezes or vitrifies? The answer to the second question was that the percentage of droplets vitrifying did not differ significantly in drops ranging in volume from 0.1 to 1.0 μ l. The answer to the first question is that the droplets dehydrate rather rapidly in room-temperature air; namely, they lose 20–30% of their mass in the first 2 minutes. This dehydration increases the solute concentration of the EAFS which artifactually increases the likelihood of vitrification. Consequently, if it is not minimized, it can cause confounding. Source of funding: E. Paredes was sponsored by a fellowship from the Spanish government (FPU Research Stays). The research was supported by NIH grant 8R01 OD 011201, P. Mazur, P.I. Conflict of interest: None declared. pmazur@utk.edu
Suicidal behavior and abuse in psychiatric outpatients

The present study examines the relationship between suicidal behaviors and histories of abuse in psychiatric outpatients. Two hundred fifty-one psychiatric outpatients were evaluated for history of abuse, suicidal behavior, demographics, and clinical characteristics using self-report instruments and a face-to-face interview. Logistic regression analysis indicated that physical abuse (battering) in adulthood and histories of a combination of childhood and adulthood abuse were significant predictors of past suicide attempts and current suicidal ideation. Victims of abuse were more likely than nonvictim controls to have been suicidal at a younger age and to have made multiple suicide attempts. Among patients with a history of abuse, suicide attempters could be distinguished from nonattempters on the basis of higher levels of dissociation, depression, and somatization. Abusive experiences in adulthood appear to play an important role in suicidal behavior among psychiatric outpatients. High levels of specific symptoms (i.e., depression, somatization, and dissociation) among patients with a history of abuse can help to identify outpatients at risk for suicidal behavior.
Model Fit in Structural Equation Models with Censored, Ordinal, and Dichotomous Variables: Testing Vanishing Tetrads

Although the methodology for handling ordinal and dichotomous observed variables in structural equation models (SEMs) is developing rapidly, several important issues are unresolved. One of these is the optimal test statistic to apply as a test of overall model fit. We propose a new “vanishing tetrad” test statistic for such models. We build on Bollen's (1990) simultaneous test statistic for testing multiple vanishing tetrads and on Bollen and Ting's (1993) confirmatory tetrad analysis (CTA) for hypothesis testing of model structures. These and other works on vanishing tetrads assume continuous observed variables and do not consider observed categorical variables. In this paper we present a method to test models when some or all of the observed variables are collapsed or categorical versions of underlying continuous variables. The test statistic that we provide is an alternative “overall fit” statistic for SEMs with censored, ordinal, or dichotomous observed variables. Furthermore, the vanishing tetrad test sometimes permits us to compare the fit of some models that are not nested in the traditional likelihood ratio test. We illustrate the new test statistic with examples and a small simulation experiment comparing it with two other tests of model fit for SEMs with ordinal or dichotomous endogenous variables.
Schubert varieties and short braidedness

LetW be a finite Weyl group. We give a characterization of those elements ofW whose reduced expressions avoid substrings of the formsts wheres andt are noncommuting generators. We give as an application a family of singular Schubert varieties.
Work in Progress: Problem-Based Learning and Assessment of Competence in an Engineering Biomaterials Course

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is implemented in a senior level undergraduate engineering biomaterials course. Preliminary results from student surveys, assignments, exams, and a comprehensive design project suggest that students indicate no improvement in student satisfaction compared to traditional instructional methods. Since PBL demands that students be active agents in the learning process, students' self-assessment ability is critical to the success of the method. Responses to class surveys and student performance indicate disconnect between student self-assessment of understanding and the actual state, perhaps explaining the mixed success of the method. A new assessment rubric based on Bloom's Taxonomy is outlined. The rubric provides a quantification of student understanding in specific competence areas, and may further elucidate student understanding as distinct from student confidence. The rubric also assesses the more sophisticated areas of competence, e.g. synthesis, analysis, and evaluation, that PBL emphasizes and that traditional grading underemphasizes.
Titanium-based multi-channel, micro-electrode array for recording neural signals

Micro-scale brain-machine interface (BMI) devices have provided an opportunity for direct probing of neural function and have also shown significant promise for restoring neurological functions lost to stroke, injury, or disease. However, the eventual clinical translation of such devices may be hampered by limitations associated with the materials commonly used for their fabrication, e.g. brittleness of silicon, insufficient rigidity of polymeric devices, and unproven chronic biocompatibility of both. Herein, we report, for the first time, the development of titanium-based “Michigan” type multi-channel, microelectrode arrays that seek to address these limitations. Titanium provides unique properties of immediate relevance to microelectrode arrays, such as high toughness, moderate modulus, and excellent biocompatibility, which may enhance structural reliability, safety, and chronic recording reliability. Realization of these devices is enabled by recently developed techniques which provide the opportunity for fabrication of high aspect ratio micromechanical structures in bulk titanium substrates. Details regarding the design, fabrication, and characterization of these devices for eventual use in rat auditory cortex and thalamus recordings are presented, as are preliminary results.
Emergence of the Human Capital Resource: A Multilevel Model

This article offers a new approach to the conceptualization of the human capital resource by developing a multilevel model connecting micro, intermediate, and macro levels of scholarship. We define human capital as a unit-level resource that is created from the emergence of individuals' knowledge, skills, abilities, or other characteristics. The model provides new insights into how strategically valuable human capital resources have their origins in the psychological attributes of individuals and are transformed through unit-level processes.
Ethanol Activates the Interleukin-6 Promoter in a Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Line

Chronic ethanol consumption is associated with the development of osteoporosis. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a role in the development of osteoporosis through stimulation of osteoclastic activity. We hypothesized that ethanol promotes osteoporosis, in part, by increasing IL-6 production in the bone microenvironment. Accordingly, we evaluated ethanol's effect on IL-6 production in the Saka human bone marrow stromal cell line and in the HOBIT human osteoblast-like cell line. We found that ethanol increased IL-6 protein levels in the culture supernatants from Saka, but not HOBIT, cells. In addition, we observed that ethanol increased steady-state IL-6 mRNA levels and activated an IL-6 promoter-driven reporter vector in Saka cells. We conclude that ethanol stimulates IL-6 expression in the Saka bone marrow stromal cell line by enhancing transcriptional activity of the IL-6 gene. Our findings support the contention that ethanol may contribute to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, in part, by increasing IL-6 expression in the bone microenvironment.
Surface layer CO2 budget and advective contributions to measurements of net ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of CO2

The aim of this case study is to examine the surface layer CO2 budget and possible impacts of advection on the 20 km scale on estimates of net ecosystem–atmosphere exchange (NEE) of CO2 under windy conditions. The advection terms in the CO2 mixing ratio conservation equation are computed using data from two flux towers 20 km apart in a forested area in Wisconsin, USA. The data are analyzed when the winds blow continuously from the southeast (SE) or from the northwest (NW) under windy conditions for 5 h or longer during the months of May through September of 1999 and 2000. Compared to the vertical turbulent flux, the contribution of horizontal flux divergence is negligible on the scale of 20 km at all times. The contributions of both horizontal and vertical advection terms to NEE estimates are negligible in the day. The mean nocturnal vertical and horizontal components of the advective fluxes have opposite signs and are of the same order of magnitude. Considering only one of the two advection terms in NEE calculation would be inappropriate. On the spatial scale specified, the contribution of horizontal advection is negative and can be 10% of NEE at night under sustained SE winds. The contribution of vertical advection is positive and is about 20% of NEE for the same wind direction. The contribution of nocturnal advection is negligible for most cases with sustained NW winds. The evaluation of the advective effects is still incomplete only from this dataset and significant contribution of advection on the scales smaller than 20 km is not ruled out because the 20-km scale may not be the primary scale of the heterogeneous distributions of land cover and soils. Nevertheless, the analyses suggest that significant errors due to the neglect of the impacts of the land cover and soil heterogeneity at larger scales (than local) are possible in one-dimensional eddy-covariance NEE measurements under windy conditions; these measurements are usually selected to describe nighttime NEE at this site and, therefore, the likely errors may deserve attention. The analyses also suggest that impacts of both advection terms within the surface layer on NEE estimates from the atmospheric boundary budget method could be negligible in the day but significant at night. More comprehensive experiments are needed to completely assess the advection issue. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Self-efficacy, self-determination and victim blaming as predictors of adolescent sexual victimization

Attitudinal constructs hypothesized to be related to sexual victimization were assessed as part of a baseline survey on adolescent dating violence. Subjects were eighth and ninth graders in 14 schools in a rural school district in North Carolina. A follow-up survey was completed 6 months later. Girls who had not reported forced sexual activity at baseline (A7 = 732) were assessed to determine whether forced sexual activity during the intervening 6 months was predicted by levels of self-efficacy , self-determination or victim blaming at baseline. Results indicate that levels of self-efficacy, but not selfdetermination or victim blaming, predict the likelihood of experiencing forced sexual activity in this adolescent female population. Recommendations are made for the inclusion of components promoting self-efficacy development in sexual assault prevention programs for females in this age group.
Quantile regression for longitudinal data using the asymmetric Laplace distribution

In longitudinal studies, measurements of the same individuals are taken repeatedly through time. Often, the primary goal is to characterize the change in response over time and the factors that influence change. Factors can affect not only the location but also more generally the shape of the distribution of the response over time. To make inference about the shape of a population distribution, the widely popular mixed-effects regression, for example, would be inadequate, if the distribution is not approximately Gaussian. We propose a novel linear model for quantile regression (QR) that includes random effects in order to account for the dependence between serial observations on the same subject. The notion of QR is synonymous with robust analysis of the conditional distribution of the response variable. We present a likelihood-based approach to the estimation of the regression quantiles that uses the asymmetric Laplace density. In a simulation study, the proposed method had an advantage in terms of mean squared error of the QR estimator, when compared with the approach that considers penalized fixed effects. Following our strategy, a nearly optimal degree of shrinkage of the individual effects is automatically selected by the data and their likelihood. Also, our model appears to be a robust alternative to the mean regression with random effects when the location parameter of the conditional distribution of the response is of interest. We apply our model to a real data set which consists of self-reported amount of labor pain measurements taken on women repeatedly over time, whose distribution is characterized by skewness, and the significance of the parameters is evaluated by the likelihood ratio statistic.
Extending Interval Logic to Real Time Systems

Interval logic is a temporal logic that provides a higher-level framework for specifying distributed systems. The concepts of intervals and interval composition form the basic structure of many specifications. Interval logic allows such conceptual requirements to be stated rather directly and intuitively.
Psychophysiology to assess impact of varying levels of simulation fidelity in a threat environment

There are many virtual environments found in the serious game community that simulate real world scenarios. There is a broad range of fidelity and experimental controls among these serious games. An important component to most evaluations is the extent to which level of fidelity impacts the persons immersed in the serious game. While a great deal of virtual environment and serious game research has assessed the subjective state or feeling of the participant (e.g., the participant's sense of presence) through the use of questionnaires, the current study examines participant experience by examining psychophysiological responses of participants to their surroundings. The primary goal in this study was evaluative: will a virtual environment with arousing contents result in increased sensory arousal if it is presented in a highly immersive configuration? A secondary goal of this study was to investigate the utility of our environment to offer varying levels of stimulus threat to impact the user's experience of the virtual environment. Increased simulation fidelity in an arousing environment resulted in faster heart rates and increased startle eyeblink amplitudes, suggesting that higher fidelity scenarios had great efficacy related to sensory arousal.
Effective Management of Dietetic Education Programs Using a Utilization Focused Approach; A New Leadership Opportunity for Dietetic Educators

Text: Patton’s utilization focused evaluation model is widely used to evaluate programs in education, public health, and social services, and emphasizes that effective program evaluations must include useful information. The purpose of this research was to determine the data most effective for program improvement in dietetic education, and how data from student learning is used. The methodology included administering a 27-item survey to all directors of dietetic education programs. The response rate was 52%. Results indicated that the most useful and most often used information was student course or rotation evaluations with 77.0% of respondents rating this data as useful. Least useful and least used information was scores on a program generated comprehensive exam. Comparison of mean response scores based on program type produced numerous significant differences among means, indicating that different types of dietetic education programs judge usefulness of data sources differently. Post hoc comparisons yielded no patterns. Survey respondents also indicated a high level of use of data from student learning with 90.7% of respondents either using or planning to use student-learning outcomes. The findings of high levels of use and enthusiasm for use of student learning data are quite different than the low levels often reported in the literature. As federal and state education agencies intensify their calls for increased measurement of student learning, administrators in institutions that house dietetic programs should turn to dietetic educators who not only have expertise in this area, but are enthusiastic advocates for the use of this data for program improvement.
Decreasing transition times in elementary school classrooms: Using computer-assisted instruction to automate intervention components

Research suggests that students spend a substantial amount of time transitioning between classroom activities, which may reduce time spent academically engaged. This study used an ABAB design to evaluate the effects of a computer-assisted intervention that automated intervention components previously shown to decrease transition times. We examined the effects of the intervention on the latency to on-task behavior of 4 students in 2 classrooms. Data also were collected on students' on-task behavior during activities and teachers' use of prompts and praise statements. Implementation of the intervention substantially decreased students' latencies to on-task behavior and increased on-task behavior overall. Further, the 2 teachers used fewer prompts to cue students to transition and stay on task and provided more praise during intervention phases. We discuss how automating classroom interventions may affect student and teacher behavior as well as how it may increase procedural fidelity.
Search for Three-Body Effects in the γ 3He → ppn Reaction Measured with the CLAS Detector

The three body photodisintegration of 3He has been measured with the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab, using tagged photons of energy up to 1.55 GeV. The acceptance of the spectrometer allowed for the first time to cover a wide momentum and angular range for the two outgoing protons. The goal of this experiment was to investigate the three-nucleon interaction in 3He. According to calculations of Laget, by selecting certain kinematic regions the two- and three-body contributions can be distinguished. Preliminary results are discussed and compared with the theoretical predictions.
Loss of p63 expression is associated with tumor progression in bladder cancer.

p63, a member of the p53 gene family, encodes multiple proteins that may either transactivate p53 responsive genes (TAp63) or act as a dominant-negative factor toward p53 and p73 (ΔNp63). p63 is expressed in many epithelial compartments and p63−/− mice fail to develop skin, prostate, and mammary glands among other defects. It has been previously shown that p63 is expressed in normal urothelium. This study reports that p63 is regulated in bladder carcinogenesis and that p63 expression is lost in most invasive cancers whereas papillary superficial tumors maintain p63 expression. Examination of bladder carcinoma cell lines reveals that certain lines derived from invasive carcinomas maintain expression of ΔNp63, as demonstrated by both immunoblotting and confirmed by isoform-specific quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Another novel finding reported in this study is the fact that p63−/− mice develop a bladder mucosa epithelial layer yet fail to complete uroepithelial differentiation, producing a nontransitional default cuboidal epithelium. These data indicate that in contrast to the skin and prostate, p63 is not required for formation of a bladder epithelium but is indispensable for the specific differentiation of a transitional urothelium.
An S-parameter extraction technique for broad-band characterization of microstrip-to-SIW transitions

An S-parameter extraction technique for broad-band characterization of transitions (discontinuities) at microwaves is presented. The technique is developed for extraction of S-parameters when a single transition between two transmission lines cannot be: (a) rigorously defined in a full-wave solver, and consequently directly simulated, and/or (b) directly measured. The presented technique includes a procedure to obtain S-parameters at the break down frequency points thereby providing data for a broad bandwidth. The accuracy of the technique is validated on test examples.
High-frequency voltage-controlled-oscillator for use with inverted-mesa quartz resonators

An oscillator circuit has been developed at Sandia National Laboratories that uses inverted-mesa resonators, in a high-precision VCO application, at frequencies historically dominated by SAW designs. This design incorporates a frequency tripler that provides a 600 MHz output capability using a 200 MHz 3/sup rd/ overtone resonator. This design has some advantages over equivalent SAW alternatives: lower power-consumption, superior aging characteristics, linear frequency pulling and low frequency versus temperature sensitivity. The VCO presented demonstrates >+/-60 ppm pullability (0 to 7V control), tuning linearity better than +/-5% with phase noise at 1 kHz <-110 dBc/Hz. This oscillator-tripler exploits the nonlinear characteristics of an emitter-coupled-pair differential amplifier to obtain a high-performance oscillator design.
Practicing Sociological Imagination Through Writing Sociological Autobiography

Sociological imagination is a quality of mind that cannot be adopted by simply teaching students its discursive assumptions. Rather, it is a disposition, in competition with other forms of sensibility, which can be acquired only when it is practiced. Adhering to this important pedagogical assumption, students were assigned to write their sociological autobiography. While in the process of establishing a connection between their biography and social history, students were encouraged to narrate their life stories using sociological language. After completing the project, they were asked to comment on their work. Student responses show the positive dimensions involved (including unintended therapeutic consequences) and the major hurdles that they experienced in executing the assignment. In the latter case, the major problem was writing a sociological autobiography qualitatively distinct from what might be referred to as “plain autobiography.” Results reinforce the idea that sociological instruction is better...
Addition of a frequency-weighted score to the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale: the BEHAVE-AD-FW: methodology and reliability

The Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD) is a well-established instrument, designed to assess potentially remediable behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients as well as to evaluate treatment outcome. It consists of 25 symptoms grouped into seven categories. Each symptom is scored on the basis of severity on a four-point scale. A knowledgeable caregiver is queried and items are scored on the basis of symptoms noted in the preceding two weeks. Reliability, construct validity and criterion validity data for the BEHAVE-AD have previously been published. Because of the significance of psychopathology in dementia, it is necessary to optimally describe and define the nature, magnitude and prevalence of behavioral symptomatology. Accordingly, a frequency component was added to each of the 25 items of the BEHAVE-AD scale. The objective of the present report is to describe this new Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Frequency-Weighted Severity Scale (BEHAVE-AD-FW) and to establish its inter-rater reliability. In this investigation the BEHAVE-AD-FW scale was administered to caregivers of 28 patients with either mildly impaired cognitive function or a dementia diagnosis. Two clinicians separately and independently rated the responses. Analyses determined that the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the frequency component varied between 0.86 and 0.97 for each of the seven BEHAVE-AD categories (p(s) < 0.001). ICCs for the frequency-weighted scores (item severity score x item frequency score) ranged from 0.69 to 0.98 for the seven symptom categories (p(s) < 0.001). For the BEHAVE-AD-FW total scores, the ICC was 0.91 (P < 0.001). These results indicate that the frequency-weighted component is a reliable addition to the BEHAVE-AD scale.
Watch Jesse Run and Tell Me What You See: A First Look at Student Perceptions of the Jesse Jackson Presidential Candidacy

Because of the overwhelmingly important role the mass media plays in the American political process, the Jesse Jackson campaign for the U.S. presidency signals a landmark in the history of mainstream American politics. However, relative to nonmainstream politics, blacks have since reconstruction made several attempts to run candidates and to form independent political parties, such as the National Liberal Party, the Negro American Politial League, the Afro-American Council, the colored-American Party, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, and others (Allen, 1969; Ofari, 1984). Until recently blacks were hesitant to run for office as members of a traditional political party such as the Democratic Party. And in either mainstream or independent politics black candidates were plagued with limited campaign funds and a lack of media support (Cayton and Drake, 1945). The last few decades of the twentieth century have heralded a "more assertive" political consciousness among blacks. Proof
Direct simulation of turbulent swept flow over a wire in a channel

Turbulent swept flow over a cylindrical wire placed on a wall of a channel is investigated using direct numerical simulations. This geometry is a model of the flow through the wire-wrapped fuel pins, the heat exchanger, typical of many nuclear reactor designs. Mean flow along and across the wire axis is imposed, leading to the formation of separated flow regions. The Reynolds number based on the bulk velocity along the wire axis direction and the channel half height is 5400 and four cases are simulated with different flowrates across the wire. This configuration is topologically similar to backward-facing steps or slots with swept flow, except that the dominant flow is along the obstacle axis in the present study and the crossflow is smaller than the axial flow, i.e. the sweep angle is large. Mean velocities, turbulence statistics, wall shear stress and instantaneous flow structures are investigated. Particular attention is devoted to the statistics of the shear stress on the walls of the channel and the wire in the recirculation zone. The flow around the mean reattachment region, at the termination of the recirculating bubble, does not exhibit the typical decay of the mean shear stress observed in classical backward-facing stepmore » flows owing to the presence of a strong axial flow. The evolution of the mean wall shear stress angle after reattachment indicates that the flow recovers towards equilibrium at a rather slow rate, which decreases with sweep angle. Finally, the database is analysed to estimate resolution requirements, in particular around the recirculation zones, for large-eddy simulations. This has implications in more complete geometrical models of a wire-wrapped assembly, involving hundreds of fuel pins, where only turbulence modelling can be afforded computationally.« less
Prospective Studies of Carbohydrate Metabolism in “Normal” Women Using Norgestrel for Eighteen Months

Studies of carbohydrate metabolism were conducted before and after 18 months of daily use of a 0.075-mg norgestrel preparation by 50 "normal" women. Each study involved a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test. There was a significant increase in the weights of the women over the time of study. In addition, all of the plasma insulin values and all of the blood glucose values were significantly elevated at the 18-month test. All of the control glucose tolerance tests were normal initially, but eight (16%) of the glucose curves were abnormal at the 18-month test. These data suggest a systemic metabolic effect of norgestrel which may play a role in accelerating atherogenesis.
Managing Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Forests

This chapter examines how management methods can be implemented to reduce carbon loss and increase carbon storage in tropical forests. Tropical deforestation and degradation are contributing about 15% of total annual global greenhouse gas emissions. As policy makers work to develop solutions that address climate change, there has been considerable focus on incorporating tropical forests into the overall climate solution. Silvicultural practices will need to be an integral part of reducing carbon loss and improving carbon storage if we are to solve this global challenge while meeting resource needs.
Scalp Arteriovenous Malformation with Concomitant, Flow-Dependent Malformation and Aneurysm

Background Scalp arteriovenous malformations (sAVMs) are well-described congenital abnormalities for which co-occurrence with other vascular pathologies significantly alters management strategies. The authors describe a case in which congenital sAVM was found with concomitant intracranial, flow-dependent vascular malformation and schizencephalic developmental anomaly. Case Description A 21-year-old man presented with a right-sided bruit and an enlarging palpable, pulsatile scalp mass. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 5-cm right sAVM and an azygos anterior cerebral artery (ACA) feeding a 2-cm parafalcine vascular anomaly, as well as an unruptured 3-mm, flow-related, distal ACA aneurysm. sAVM feeders were catheterized and embolized with Onyx 18. During resection of the right frontal scalp lesion, dissection below the pericranium was developed to expose the low-flow extracranial sAVM. A supratrochlear arterial feeder and the vascular nidus were coagulated, but radical resection was avoided to prevent scalp necrosis. An anterior right frontal parasagittal craniotomy and dural opening were performed. A developmental anomaly of the right superior frontal gyrus was noted, and a dense vascular network within the anterior parafalcine fold was excised and coagulated. The distal ACA aneurysm was cauterized and wrapped to preserve the parent artery. The patient made an excellent recovery without neurologic deficits. Conclusions A review of the literature demonstrated a variety of endovascular and open surgical treatments with limited consensus on standard care. While sAVMs have been described in the literature, the combination of the diverse conditions seen in this case is unique.
X-ray diffraction studies of stripelike ferroelectric domains in thin films of BiFeO3

We have used x-ray diffraction to study the structure of strained, epitaxial ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}$ (BFO) films, which exhibit ordered arrays of stripelike ferroelectric domains, in which the polarization vector P alternates by either 109${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ or 71${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$. Diffraction maps exhibit an intricate satellite structure that arises from coherent, gratinglike diffraction from the domain structure. In the case of the 109${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ arrays, the domain structure was found to exert a strain modulation on the ${\text{DyScO}}_{3}$ substrate, with the same periodicity, indicating that domains in BFO can have an influence on the substrate structure. In the case of the 71${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ arrays, in which there is no contrast between neighboring domains and coherent scattering is not expected, weak scattering is nonetheless observed, which we interpret as evidence for previously unobserved, internal strains in these domain walls. To understand the x-ray data, we introduce a simple, single-scattering model that incorporates Gaussian disorder and fits the diffraction maps, providing domain periods and surface ``puckering'' angles that are in good agreement with atomic force microscopy and piezoresponse force microscopy measurements. Our study demonstrates a simple, computationally inexpensive technique for semiquantitatively interpreting coherent domain scattering in ferroelectric films, and suggests that tuning domain structures is a potential route to engineering the near-surface properties of perovskite oxides.
The diagnosis of angina pectoris.

A patient whose heart rate does not increase to 150 to 160 beats per minute, depending on age, in response to Master's test is given a pulse-graded near-maximal exercise test with radioelectrocardiographic recording during and after the exercise. This test can be done in the doctor's office. Horizontal-type ST segment depression is the most significant abnormality.
Normal modes of continental surface waves

When the path between epicenter and station traverses only continental structure, the dispersion of the entire train of directly arriving seismic surface waves can be explained as the result of normal mode propagation in a crust-mantle system in which the velocity increases in some manner with depth within the crust. At least four modes, the Rayleigh mode, Sezawa's M2 mode, and the first two Love waves, may appear prominently on the seismogram. The characteristics of the higher-mode dispersion curves permit the explanation of the Lg phase of Press and Ewing, Bath's Lg1 and Lg2, and, in some cases, Caloi's Sa without recourse to a low-velocity layer in the crust or mantle. Speculation on changes in these curves for less simplified models indicates that the remaining cases of Sa as well as Leet's C or coupled wave may be explained by classical theory. The occurrence of the higher-mode waves is widespread; they are found on the four continents for which data are available. Higher-mode data, particularly when combined with information from the fundamental modes, make surface-wave dispersion, previously a useful tool, a much more potent method for the study of crustal structure.
Supplement to the proof of the Clausius inequality

The incompleteness of the proof of Clausius Inequality of two heat resources in current course of physical chemistry is illustrated and supplemented.It is not strict to approximate an actual irreversible cycle by a large amount of infinitesimal irreversible Carnot cycles for deducting its inequality of Clausius,and Fermi method is suggested.
Virus contamination of bovine testis cell cultures.

Bovine syncytial virus (BSV) was isolated from 17·5 percent of batches of bovine testis cell cultures produced during a period of two years, from calves of average age one week. I In virus isolation rate increased with the age of the calf; three to four subcultures were carried out before the presence of virus was detected. The isolation of HSV from young calves suggests in utero infection and lateral spread to older animals. Isolation of Ihe virus from the testis makes semen a possible source of venereal infection.
Flow Cytometry-Based Quantification of HIV-Induced T Cell Chemotactic Response

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects blood CD4 T cells through binding to CD4 and the chemokine co-receptor, CXCR4 or CCR5. This viral binding to CXCR4 or CCR5 also triggers the activation of a variety of signaling molecules such as LIMK/cofilin and WAVE2/Arp2/3 to promote actin dynamics, which are necessary for viral nuclear migration and the latent infection of blood resting CD4 T cells. In this chapter, we describe the methods for quantification of HIV-induced actin polymerization and cofilin phosphorylation in human T cells using flow cytometry.
Africa and Transformation in the Global Economy

Since their earliest forays into the African continent, in pursuit of economic opportunities, Americans have argued that they should have the same ‘rights’ of access that other foreign actors have, and that their economic engagement is inherently progressive. From the earliest involvement, private business actors have sought greater government support to compete with other countries. In addition to direct support for businesses to help them mitigate the risks of investing in Africa, government institutions have played a very significant role in shaping the environment for investment in African countries. Activist groups have also organized at the domestic and international levels, to challenge investment practices and seek adjustments in the nature of this particular foreign economic activity. Now the influence of the US government, through both bilateral and multilateral mechanisms, is moderated by the rise in power of emerging economies but also by the multiplicity of increasingly influential actors (in addition to MNCs and NGOs) such as diaspora networks, charitable foundations, sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), and venture capital funds.
Human cytomegalovirus and transplantation: drug development and regulatory issues

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is highly prevalent worldwide and can cause serious disease among immunocompromised individuals, including persons with HIV and transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapies. It can also result in congenital cytomegalovirus when women are infected during pregnancy. Treatment and prevention of CMV in solid organ and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients is accomplished in one of three ways: (1) prophylactic therapy to prevent CMV viraemia; (2) pre-emptive therapy for those with low levels of replicating virus; and (3) treatment for established disease. Despite the high prevalence of CMV, there are few available approved drug therapies, and those that are available are hampered by toxicity and less-than-optimal efficacy. New therapies are being developed and tested; however, inconsistency in standardisation of virus levels and questions about potential endpoints in clinical trials present regulatory hurdles that must be addressed. This review covers the current state of CMV therapy, drugs currently under investigation, and clinical trial issues and questions that are in need of resolution.
Challenges in the prevention of surgical site infections

Patients with surgical site infections (SSIs) have a higher risk of mortality and longer length of hospital stay, and management of SSIs has a notable impact on health care costs. Risk factors and preventive measures for SSIs have been well identified. Nevertheless, delivery of these preventive measures is not always successful, which appears to be related to problems in the delivery processes within the health care system.
Parent Burden in Accessing Outpatient Psychiatric Services for Adolescent Depression in a Large State System.

Objective:This study examined barriers facing parents who seek outpatient psychiatric care in a large state system for adolescents with depression.Methods:A total of 264 outpatient facilities licensed to treat youths in New York were contacted by using a mystery shopper methodology. Callers tracked the number of call attempts, in-person appointments, and other steps required prior to seeing a psychiatrist.Results:Fewer than two-thirds of parents made a psychiatry, therapy, or intake appointment. Of those who did not make an appointment, 19% received no referrals. Most callers made at least two calls and spoke with at least two people before initiating scheduling. Virtually all clinics required at least one intake or therapy appointment before receipt of a psychiatry appointment. Parental burden did not differ by region, urbanicity, clinic type, seasonality (spring or summer), or insurance status.Conclusions:Families of youths with mental health needs face considerable burden in accessing timely treatment.
Lipid Desaturation Is a Metabolic Marker and Therapeutic Target of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells

Lack of sensitive single-cell analysis tools has limited the characterization of metabolic activity in cancer stem cells. By hyperspectral-stimulated Raman scattering imaging of single living cells and mass spectrometry analysis of extracted lipids, we report here significantly increased levels of unsaturated lipids in ovarian cancer stem cells (CSCs) as compared to non-CSCs. Higher lipid unsaturation levels were also detected in CSC-enriched spheroids compared to monolayer cultures of ovarian cancer cell lines or primary cells. Inhibition of lipid desaturases effectively eliminated CSCs, suppressed sphere formation in vitro, and blocked tumor initiation capacity in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) directly regulates the expression levels of lipid desaturases, and inhibition of desaturases blocks NF-κB signaling. Collectively, our findings reveal that increased lipid unsaturation is a metabolic marker for ovarian CSCs and a target for CSC-specific therapy.