cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cavernous malformations: genetics, molecular biology, and familial forms

Cavernous malformations are compact lesions composed of sinusoidal vascular channels that resemble dilated capillaries. They are found throughout the central nervous system with an estimated incidence in the general population of about 0.4%. Cavernous malformations occur as a sporadic form in which lesions tend to be solitary and as a familial form characterized by multiple lesions and a strong family history of seizures. The familial forms of this disease are inherited in an autosomal dominant mode. Genetic studies have identified three distinct loci associated with the familial forms of this disease—which have been termed cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM): CCM1 located on the long arm of chromosome 7 (7q21 to 7q22), CCM2 on the short arm of chromosome 7 (7p13-p15), and CCM3 on the long arm of chromosome 3 (3q25 to 3q27). In the CCM population, 40% of families link to CCM1, 20% to CCM2, and 40% to CCM3. Further analysis has demonstrated that mutations in the KRIT1 gene are responsible for CCM1. KRIT1 is a binding protein that interacts with Krev-1/rap1a, a member of the Ras family of GTPases with tumor-suppressing activity for the Ras oncogenes. These findings, along with the evidence from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that the de novo appearance of new lesions is relatively common, suggest that cavernous malformations should be reclassified as benign vascular tumors.
Scheduling Flexible Servers with Convex Delay Costs in Many-Server Service Systems

In a recent paper we introduced the queue-and-idleness ratio (QIR) family of routing rules for many-server service systems with multiple customer classes and server pools. A newly available server serves the customer from the head of the queue of the class (from among those the server is eligible to serve) whose queue length most exceeds a specified proportion of the total queue length. Under fairly general conditions, QIR produces an important state-space collapse as the total arrival rate and the numbers of servers increase in a coordinated way. That state-space collapse was previously used to delicately balance service levels for the different customer classes. In this sequel, we show that a special version of QIR stochastically minimizes convex holding costs in a finite-horizon setting when the service rates are restricted to be pool dependent. Under additional regularity conditions, the special version of QIR reduces to a simple policy: linear costs produce a priority-type rule, in which the least-cost customers are given low priority. Strictly convex costs (plus other regularity conditions) produce a many-server analogue of the generalized-cμ (Gcμ) rule, under which a newly available server selects a customer from the class experiencing the greatest marginal cost at that time.
Comments on mictomagnetism

Abstract The observed magnetic behavior of mictomagnetic alloys is reviewed. A model for the magnetic structure of such alloys, which assumes a random spin-glass matrix with magnetic clusters, is discussed in the light of magnetic, ESR, and Mossbauer spectroscopic results.
Factors Associated With Driving in Teens With Autism Spectrum Disorders

OBJECTIVE:: To compare the characteristics of driving and nondriving teens and explore the driving outcomes for teens with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders. METHODS:: Parents of teens aged 15 to 18 years with a parent-reported diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder enrolled in Interactive Autism Network, an online research registry, were eligible for this cross-sectional study. An online survey was used for data collection. RESULTS:: A total of 297 parents completed the survey. Sixty-three percent of teens currently drive or plan to drive. Twenty-nine percent of the teens who are age-eligible to drive currently drive. Compared with age-eligible but nondriving teens, a greater proportion of driving teens were in full-time regular education (p Language: en
CSS bode lecture: “Analysis and design of steady-state behavior for nonlinear feedback systems”

A long term goal in the theory of systems and control is to develop a systematic methodology for the design of feedback control schemes capable of shaping the response of complex dynamical systems, in both an equilibrium and a nonequilibrium setting. In this talk, we will focus primarily on periodic steady-state behavior, a phenomenon that is pervasive in nature and in man-made systems. We will begin with an analysis of the asymptotically stable oscillation in the classical voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), followed by an analysis of Brockett’s recent design of a feedback law which creates an asymptotically stable oscillation in a three dimensional, nonholonomic model of an AC controlled rotor with a constant steady-state angular velocity. We will show how to design feedback laws for stabilizable n-dimensional systems so that the existence, periods and stability of periodic responses can be analyzed and shaped when the nonlinear feedback system is driven with an arbitrary periodic input. This design is one application of a general theory developed, jointly with R. Brockett, for the existence of oscillations in a nonlinear dynamical system. The sufficient conditions use a multi-valued analogue of Liapunov functions, in much the same way as the angular variable in polar coordinates is multi-valued. For the VCO the angular variable is the output of an integral controller, while for the AC motor it measures the rotation of the magnetic field. In the general case, the sufficient conditions can be checked point-wise, just as in Liapunov theory, and therefore do not require the knowledge of the trajectories of the system or a cross-section for the dynamics. Moreover, these results can be readily used in the theory of output regulation to shape the nonequilibrium steady-state response of dissipative nonlinear feedback systems. Finally, using the recent solution of the Poincare Conjecture and more, we show these sufficient conditions are necessary for the existence of an asymptotically stable oscillation - a satisfying result in the spirit of the converse theorems of Liapunov theory.
Increased sensitivity of regional measurements in early detection of narcotic lung disease.

Intravascular foreign body thromboembolism and interstitial or vascular granulomata in the lungs are common sequelae to intravenous drug abuse. Early detection of such complications is important, because of the youthful population often involved. Conventional pulmonary function tests, including forced expiratory volumes, diffusion capacity for CO (DLco), chest radiograph and arterial blood gas analysis were performed in 23 narcotic addicts, most of whom had no pulmonary symptoms. The results were compared with radionuclide pulmonary function studies obtained following inhalation of 133 Xe gas and injection of 99m Tc albumin microparticles. Thirteen subjects who had normal nonnuclear pulmonary function tests, including DLco and chest radiograph, demonstrated significant abnormalities of regional lung perfusion by lung scan. Of the ten subjects with abnormal DLco all had abnormal perfusion scans and five were noted to have hypoxia at rest. In addition, six of the ten subjects with abnormal DLco revealed a history of concomitant “solid pill abuse” along with heroin abuse, whereas only 2 of 13 subjects with normal DLco admitted to occasional solid pill abuse. The perfusion lung scan is therefore a sensitive means for detection of early lung disease in narcotic addicts.
Hiding in plain sight: what Koppel et al. tell us about healthcare IT

We agree with the point that Dr. Koppel and coauthors make in their JAMA paper ‘‘The Role of Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems in Facilitating Medication Errors.’’ There really is a problem with healthcare IT and the problem is not an artifact of the particular system that the paper s research covered. It is intriguing that this is considered news. Heeks et al. [1] have contended that ‘‘many—even most—health care information systems are failures.’’ Moll van Charante et al. [2] pointed out similar issues 12 years ago. The research that our lab has conducted over the past decade indicates that this is the way healthcare IT systems work. With no changes to how IT systems are developed, this is the way they will continue to work in the future. That a problem exists is not an issue. What the problem is and why it exists beg more discussion. Safety culture attitude surveys are currently popular, but produce only shifting sands that offer little traction when it comes to making progress in patient safety. The Koppel et al. article offers a firm foothold. But where do we take the next step? The problem is not ‘‘human error.’’ If it exists, error is a consequence of interaction with IT systems rather than a cause of adverse outcomes [3]. The core issue is to understand healthcare work and workers. On the surface, healthcare work seems to flow smoothly. That is because the clinicians who provide healthcare service make it so. Just beneath the apparently smooth-running operations is a complex, poorly bounded, conflicted, highly variable, uncertain, and high-tempo work domain. The technical work [4] that clinicians perform resolves these complex and conflicting elements into a productive work domain. Occa-
Creating Meaningful Assessments for Professional Development Education in Software Architecture

Extensive instructional materials have been developed and used for courses in specific software architecture topics offered at the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon University, to support the instructional goals laid out by the creators of the SEI's professional education program and the designers of the individual courses. However, to date, these courses have lacked any assessment component, certification for the course being granted solely on attendance. For an assessment component to be meaningful, it must derive from and support these instructional goals, determine which goals must be assessed and how to assess them, and determine how best to assess whether those goals have been achieved through application of the instructional materials, lectures, and activities which are included in each two-day course. In order to ensure that the course assessments target the intended learning goals, we developed content for low-stakes assessment components grounded in education theory, combining current knowledge of educational psychology and the software engineering domain to create evaluations that will effectively determine whether participants in this course have learned what the curriculum developers and the instructors intend them to learn.
Evaluating the Effects of Single Event Transients in FET-Based Single-Pole Double-Throw RF Switches

The impact of single event transients (SETs) on single-pole double-throw (SPDT) RF switch circuits designed in a commercially-available, 180 nm second-generation SiGe BiCMOS (IBM 7HP) technology is investigated. The intended application for these SPDT RF switches requires a 1 GHz to 20 GHz band of operation, relatively low insertion loss ( 15 dB at 20 GHz). Two-photon absorption experiment results reveal that the SPDT switches are vulnerable to SETs due to biasing effects as well as the triple-well (TW) nFETs, which are found to be more sensitive to SETs than bulk nFETs. From these results, potential implications are discussed and mitigation strategies are proposed. To verify one of the proposed mitigation techniques, SPDT switches were also designed in a 180 nm twin-well SOI CMOS (IBM 7RF-SOI) technology. A different biasing technique is implemented to help improve the SET response. The fabricated SOI SPDT switches achieve an insertion loss of 21 dB isolation at 20 GHz. For this circuit, no transients were observed even at very high laser energies (≈ 5 nJ).
Improvement of quality of life and symptoms after gastric electrical stimulation in children with functional dyspepsia

Background Our objective is to evaluate the effect of gastric electrical stimulation (GES) on symptoms and quality of life for pediatric patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). Methods Twenty-four patients (16 female, median 15 years) were treated with GES for FD after a median of 24 months of symptoms (3 months–14 years). At baseline, 46% required tube feeds and 25% parenteral nutrition. Sixty percent had gastroparesis. The PedsQL GI Module (PedsQL) was completed for 18/24 both pre-/post-GES after a median of 8 months. Patients also completed the Symptom Monitor Worksheet (SMW) pre-/post-GES after a median of 6 months. Pre-/post-GES global health was also assessed. Key Results Significant improvements were seen in multiple areas of the PedsQL, including stomach pain/upset, food/drink limits, heartburn/reflux, gas/bloating, patient worry, medication tolerance, and constipation (P < 0.05). A decrease was found in combined symptom severity/frequency based on SMW (P < 0.01). Improvements were made in all categories, including vomiting, nausea, early satiety, bloating, fullness, epigastric pain, and burning (P < 0.01). Improvements in PedsQL/SMW scores remained when analysis was limited to normal or delayed gastric emptying (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). Thirteen percent needed tube feeds and 13% parenteral nutrition after GES. Sixty-five percent reported that their health was much improved after GES vs 15% the same or worse. Five patients experienced complications, primarily mild abdominal discomfort. Conclusions & Inferences In the largest series to date of pediatric patients who have undergone GES for FD, we found significant improvements in upper gastrointestinal symptoms, quality of life, and perception of global health. Patients were less dependent on tube feeding or parenteral nutrition.
Measurement, significance and application of thermal properties of thermal interface materials using ASTM D5470

This paper describes the ASTM D5470 (1) test method for measuring thermal transmission properties of interface materials. Details of the equipment, the methodology and the care required for accurate power and temperature measurements are discussed. The difference between a material property as determined by D5470, and an application specific property as measured under actual in-situ conditions are discussed in detail. The paper concludes by showing examples of how a thermal property determined by D5470 can be used to obtain first order approximation of performance in a specific application.
Endourodynamics: Another valuable dimension in clinical urodynamics

Using a custom-made (10.5-F) fiberoptic endoscope, we have carried out endoscopy-aided urodynamic studies in several male and female patients. Our preliminary observations in more than 25 subjects have suggested that additional endoscopic observations during urodynamic studies can help in determining the accuracy of the urethral locations, especially the bladder neck and prostatic urethra, where pressures are being monitored during voiding. Fluid bridge tests, micturitional total urethral pressure determinations without yaw, and voiding cystourethroscopy can be performed with this clinical investigational tool. Although we understand its usefulness, we have also described its limitations.
MetDraw: automated visualization of genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions and high-throughput data

Motivation: Metabolic reaction maps allow visualization of genome-scale models and high-throughput data in a format familiar to many biologists. However, creating a map of a large metabolic model is a difficult and time-consuming process. MetDraw fully automates the map-drawing process for metabolic models containing hundreds to thousands of reactions. MetDraw can also overlay high-throughput ‘omics’ data directly on the generated maps. Availability and implementation: Web interface and source code are freely available at http://www.metdraw.com. Contact: ude.ainigriv@nipap Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sketch recognition based on manifold learning

Current feature-based methods for sketch recognition systems rely on human-selected features. Certain machine learning techniques have been found to be good nonhnear features extractors. In this paper, we apply a manifold learning method, kernel Isomap, with a new algorithm for multi-stroke sketch recognition, which significantly outperforms the standard feature-based techniques.
Effects of Pores on Mechanical Properties of Plasma‐Sprayed Ceramic Coatings

The effects of pore sizes, shapes, and orientations on the mechanical properties of thermally sprayed ceramic coatings are investigated. The analysis is conducted using detailed finite-element models with geometries similar to those of actual ceramic coatings containing many embedded pores. These microstructural models include many randomly placed pores of different sizes and shapes and are loaded in tension to determine their effective elastic moduli along the spray and transverse directions. We modeled coatings with statistical distributions of pore sizes and shapes that followed those of actual Al2O3–TiO2 coatings. Because the pores in such a model are of different sizes and shapes, the model must be large enough to contain sufficient pores before the average modulus obtained from uniaxial loading can be identified as an effective property. Using differently sized models, we determined the variability of the average moduli. Such information is valuable when homogenized or continuum material models are used in the stress analyses of coatings. Our computed results show that a model must be large enough to contain 50–100 pores before the averaging of properties is accurate. Using the Al2O3–TiO2 models, we also simulated microindentation tests. Unlike the results determined from uniaxial loading, the elastic moduli estimated from indentation possessed large variations. Apparently, the morphology of the pores immediately beneath the indentation or within the zone of influence has a significant effect on the response of the indenter and the measured modulus. The implications of these results and the computational capability to predict the mechanical properties of porous, plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings are discussed here.
Social Impact of Changing Domestic Architecture in a Neighborhood in Sapporo, Japan

Prior to 1965, all of the residential architecture in the Sapporo neighborhood of Hanayama had been single-family housing. Sixteen small apartment buildings were constructed between 1965 and 1980. This article examines the impact of changing domestic architecture on the social organization of a Sapporo neighborhood. Possible factors in social change, such as raw population growth, increased density, and changes in the larger social and physical arenas, are examined and found not to be causal elements. Rather, the crucial elements are the behavior and cultural values of the entertainers who immigrated into the neighborhood during this period. [Japan, urban, social change, neighborhood, domestic architecture]
Narrating and Performing Identity: Literacy Specialists' Writing Identities

In this study, we explored ways that four literacy specialists who worked in three schools that were part of one state’s Reading Excellence Act (REA) grant constructed their identities as writers and as teachers of writing. We also explored how they negotiated the performance of those identities in different contexts over a two-year period. Literacy specialists’ writer’s autobiographies composed during the first year and interviews conducted near the end of the second year comprised the major data sources that were analyzed through narrative analysis. Using Wortham’s (2001) process of recording events and characters associated with those events allowed us to examine not only identity construction but also the performative nature of the telling of narratives through interactional positioning. The analysis explored complicated ways in which identities and contexts associated with schooled literacies aligned and conflicted, uncovering layers and intricacies of identity construction and enactment over time, and within and across narratives. Implications of these explorations for work in teacher education in terms of preparation of literacy educators and professional development suggest the importance of creating opportunities for revisiting autobiographical narratives to inform practice. In addition, we point to the power of narrative as it relates to both the telling of stories about identity and as an analytic tool.
Bottom-up relational learning of pattern matching rules for information extraction

Information extraction is a form of shallow text processing that locates a specified set of relevant items in a natural-language document. Systems for this task require significant domain-specific knowledge and are time-consuming and difficult to build by hand, making them a good application for machine learning. We present an algorithm, RAPIER, that uses pairs of sample documents and filled templates to induce pattern-match rules that directly extract fillers for the slots in the template. RAPIER is a bottom-up learning algorithm that incorporates techniques from several inductive logic programming systems. We have implemented the algorithm in a system that allows patterns to have constraints on the words, part-of-speech tags, and semantic classes present in the filler and the surrounding text. We present encouraging experimental results on two domains.
Upper-Triangular Embeddings of Incidence Algebras with Involution

Let X be a partially ordered set of order n, F a field, and I(X, F) the incidence algebra of X over F. If X has a 0 element and I(X, F) admits an involution, we determine when there is an involution preserving isomorphism of the incidence algebra into the n × n upper triangular F-matrices.
A Review OF: “Scholarship and Christian Faith: Enlarging the Conversation”

An exploration of the origins of the contemporary conversation concerning Christian scholarship reveals the efforts of a host of scholars associated with the Reformed tradition. To name but a few, ...
Disciplinary Differences: LCSH and Keyword Assignment for ETDs from Different Disciplines

ABSTRACTThis research concerns the frequency of the assignment of author-supplied keyword strings and cataloger supplied subject heading strings within a library catalog. The results reveal that, on average, more author-assigned keywords and more cataloger-assigned Library of Congress Subject Headings were assigned to works emerging from the arts & humanities than to works emerging from the social sciences and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. STEM disciplines in particular received a lower amount of topical metadata, in part because of the under-assignment of name/title, geographical, and corporate subject headings. These findings reveal how librarians could increase their understanding of how topical access is functioning within academic disciplines.
Annular core for the modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (MHTGR)

Abstract The active core of the 350 MW(t) MHTGR is annular in configuration, shaped to provide a large external surface-to-volume ratio for the transport of heat radially to the reactor vessel in case of a loss of coolant flow. For a given fuel temperature limit, the annular core provides approximately 40% greater power output over a typical cylindrical configuration. The reactor core is made up of columns of hexagonal blocks, each 793-mm high and 360-mm wide. The active core is 3.5 m in outside diameter, 1.65 m in inside diameter, and 7.93-m tall. Fuel elements contain TRISO-coated microspheres of 19.8% enriched uranium oxycarbide and of fertile thorium oxide. The core is controlled by 30 control rods which enter the inner and outer side reflectors from above.
Non-Negative Residual Matrix Factorization with Application to Graph Anomaly Detection.

Given an IP source-destination traffic network, how do we spot mis-behavioral IP sources (e.g., port-scanner)? How do we find strange users in a user-movie rating graph? Moreover, how can we present the results intuitively so that it is relatively easier for data analysts to interpret? We propose NrMF, a non-negative residual matrix factorization framework, to address such challenges. We present an optimization formulation as well as an effective algorithm to solve it. Our method can naturally capture abnormal behaviors on graphs. In addition, the proposed algorithm is linear wrt the size of the graph therefore it is suitable for large graphs. The experimental results on several data sets validate its effectiveness as well as efficiency.
N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalysed intramolecular hydroacylation to form basic nitrogen-containing heterocycles

We report catalytic, intramolecular hydroacylations of N-allylimidazole-2-carboxaldehydes and N-allylbenzimidazole-2-carboxaldehydes. These exo-selective hydroacylations occur in the presence of a N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst to generate 5,6-dihydro-7H-pyrrolo[1,2-α]imidazol-7-ones and 1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[d]pyrrolo[1,2-α]imidazol-2-ones in high yields (66–99%). In addition, hydroacylations of N-allylimidazole-2-carboxaldehydes in the presence of a chiral, non-racemic NHC catalyst occur, forming 5,6-dihydro-7H-pyrrolo[1,2-α]imidazol-7-ones in moderate-to-high yields (39–98%) with modest enantioselectivities (56–79% ee).
Rigidity of lamellar nanosheets.

Lamellar nanosheets of contrasting materials are ubiquitous in functional coatings and electronic devices. They also represent a unique paradigm for polymer nanocomposites. Here, we use fluid-assembled lamellar nanosheets – alternating layers of polymer and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) – to gain insight into the flexural mechanics of such hybrid films. Specifically, we measure the modulus and yield strain as a function of both layer thickness and the total number of layers. Overall, we find that the multi-layered films exhibit the greatest synergistic effects near a layer thickness of 20 nm or less, which we relate to the characteristic width of the SWCNT–polymer interface. For all layer thicknesses, we find that the nanosheets have realized the bulk limit by six layers. Our results have potentially profound implications for controlling the rigidity and durability of polymer nanocomposites, thin hybrid films and flexible heterojunctions.
Micron Technology, Inc.: Riding the Wave—Refinancing Convertible Notes

In 2013, Micron Technology (Micron), a leading provider of advanced memory solutions, was finally having a good year after several difficult years. In July, its share price rose above $14, an increase of more than 100% since the beginning of the year. In light of the recently improved performance, Ronald C. Foster, vice president of finance and CFO, was reevaluating the firm's financing policies. Micron had historically made heavy use of convertible debt financing to fund its operations and strategic goals and, as of August 31, 2013, it had close to $3 billion of outstanding convertibles. These bonds had been issued between 2007 and 2013, when Micron's share price had been below $10 and its earnings were negative. The firm's current stock price was above the conversion price on all of its outstanding convertible bonds, and in some cases even above the provisional call triggers. Should Micron's stock price continue to rise, its capital costs would increase, and potentially greater wealth would be transferred from the firm's shareholders to bondholders.Micron's investment bankers had recommended refinancing its 2014 Notes and Series A bonds (the bonds currently eligible to be called) with new convertible notes. The new notes would most likely require a higher annual coupon rate than the retired bonds, but the conversion price would be reset to around $19, a 35%-to-40% premium over its recent stock prices. Foster needed to be convinced that the costs in time and money justified refinancing the bonds.The Micron case offers students an opportunity to consider why firms might find convertible bonds an attractive form of financing. Due to its heavy use of convertibles, Micron has carefully staggered the maturities on the bond issues and chosen different settlement options to reduce dilution. Students are asked to evaluate the terms of the new converts to see if they represent a reasonable exchange of value between the issuer and investors. In addition, they are asked to compare the capital costs associated with the new convert to the retired bonds to judge how Micron's capital costs are affected by the refinancing decision. This case has been used in Darden's "Corporate Financing" elective as an introductory case and would work well in any course that considers various financing options. Excerpt UVA-F-1719 Rev. Jul. 27, 2015 Micron Technology, Inc.: Riding the Wave—Refinancing Convertible Notes It had been an unusually long and hot summer in Boise, Idaho, in August 2013. It had also been a hot year for Micron Technology (Micron), a leading provider of advanced memory solutions. In July, its share price rose above $ 14, an increase of more than 100% since the beginning of the year. The company announced its first quarter of positive earnings in May 2013 after seven continuous quarters of losses. In July 2013, Micron finally completed the JPY200 billion ($ 2.2 billion) acquisition of Elpida Memory, Inc., Japan's largest dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) maker, after agreeing to purchase it out of bankruptcy in May 2012. . . .
Using quality improvement methodology to improve ovarian salvage for benign ovarian masses.

Abstract Purpose Most ovarian masses in children are benign and potentially amenable to ovarian salvage surgery (OSS). Despite the common use of OSS among pediatric and adolescent gynecologists (PAG) in recognition of reproductive and hormonal health advantages, this technique is not commonly performed by pediatric surgeons. The aim of this quality improvement (QI) initiative was to improve our institutional rate of OSS for benign ovarian masses. Methods Baseline data were obtained retrospectively from surgical procedures performed for benign ovarian masses between January 2012 and February 2016. Designed interventions to improve the rate of OSS included the development of an ovarian mass algorithm, standardization of radiologic templates, multidisciplinary analyses of ovarian procedures, and implementation of a training model for performing OSS. Procedures performed for benign ovarian masses from March 2016 to February 2017 comprised the process stage. Results Our institutional baseline OSS rate was 28.8%. After implementation of the institutional algorithm, a single oophorectomy was performed for a benign mass, increasing the OSS rate to 96%. There have been no missed ovarian malignancies. Conclusions Utilizing preoperative risk assessment, QI methodology and multidisciplinary collaboration resulted in improved OSS rates for benign ovarian masses with no evidence of missed ovarian malignancies. Level of evidence Level II. This is a prospective comparative study, with comparison to a retrospective cohort. This is a quality improvement initiative without randomization.
The energetics of mosquito feeding by insectivorous bats

Dietary studies have long shown that insectivorous bats do not often consume mosquitoes, despite cosmopolitan distribution and occasional ubiquity of mosquitoes (Culicidae). The apparent avoidance ...
The influence of landscape and environmental factors on ranavirus epidemiology in a California amphibian assemblage

A fundamental goal of disease ecology is to determine the landscape and environmental processes that drive disease dynamics at different biological levels to guide management and conservation. Although ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae) are emerging amphibian pathogens, few studies have conducted comprehensive field surveys to assess potential drivers of ranavirus disease dynamics.We examined the factors underlying patterns in site-level ranavirus presence and individual-level ranavirus infection in 76 ponds and 1,088 individuals representing 5 amphibian species within the East Bay region of California.Based on a competing-model approach followed by variance partitioning, landscape and biotic variables explained the most variation in site-level presence. However, biotic and individual-level variables explained the most variation in individual-level infection.Distance to nearest ranavirus-infected pond (the landscape factor) was more important than biotic factors at the site-level; however, biotic factors were most influential at the individual-level. At the site level, the probability of ranavirus presence correlated negatively with distance to nearest ranavirus-positive pond, suggesting that the movement of water or mobile taxa (e.g., adult amphibians, birds, reptiles) may facilitate the movement of ranavirus between ponds and across the landscape.Taxonomic richness associated positively with ranavirus presence at the site-level, but vertebrate richness associated negatively with infection prevalence in the host population. This might reflect the contrasting influences of diversity on pathogen colonization versus transmission among hosts.Amphibian host species differed in their likelihood of ranavirus infection: American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) had the weakest association with infection while rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) had the strongest. After accounting for host species effects, hosts with greater snout-vent length had a lower probability of infection.Our study demonstrates the array of landscape, environmental, and individual-level factors associated with ranavirus epidemiology. Moreover, our study helps illustrate that the importance of these factors varies with biological level.
Chemotherapy and radiation for prostate cancer

Over the past few decades there is growing appreciation for the role of chemotherapy in treatment of prostate cancer. Initial successful phase III randomized trials in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have led to additional successful trials in earlier presentations of disease. Given the established role of radiation in management of locally advanced disease and demonstrated efficacy of taxanes in treatment of prostate cancer, optimal combination of radiation and chemotherapy in this patient population has garnered increased attention. Successful phase III trials in this space have given additional stimulus to further exploring combination therapy with radiation. New directions include assessment of additional chemotherapeutic agents including cabazitaxel and PARP inhibitors as well as personalization of therapy with use of genomic testing and other emerging markers to guide therapeutic decisions.
Análisis estático del modelo de una broca de perforación tipo PDC mediante el método de elementos finitos

Se desarrollo una simulacion computacional mediante el metodo de elementos finitos del comportamiento mecanico del modelo de una broca de perforacion tipo PDC en estado estacionario, tomando un instante de tiempo del movimiento rotacional. Con el proposito de simplificar el analisis y facilitar el calculo computacional de los estados de esfuerzo y deformacion presentes tanto en el cuerpo como en los cortadores de la broca, se considero solo las fuerzas mecanicas generadas por la interaccion cortador-roca, descartando cargas termicas, de vibracion, y de impacto, asi como el desgaste de los cortadores generado por la friccion. Con los resultados obtenidos mediante el software de elementos finitos se establecio la condicion mas critica de operacion de la broca bajo las condiciones y simplificaciones mencionadas.
Eighty years of maize breeding alters plant nitrogen acquisition but not rhizosphere bacterial community composition

There is considerable interest in breeding for crop genotypes that harness rhizosphere microbial communities and processes in support of plant productivity. However, the extent to which past breeding efforts have altered plant rhizosphere traits and plant-microbe collaborations is unknown. We evaluated twelve best-selling and widely adapted maize hybrids released between 1936 and 2011 for changes in rhizosphere bacterial community composition (BCC) and plant access to endogenous soil nitrogen. Plants were grown in replicated monocultures fertilized with 0, 85 or 170 kg N ha−1 and measured for yield, nitrogen uptake and source. Rhizosphere BCC and function was assessed through potential extracellular enzyme assays and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Grain yield and nitrogen uptake from soil pools increased with year of hybrid release at all fertilization levels. Rhizosphere BCC and enzyme activity also varied among hybrids. However, releases from the 1960s and 70s were most distinct, while early and late releases shared similar BCC and enzyme activity. These results indicate that breeding has increased maize ability to acquire nitrogen from soil reserves, but has not resulted in a directional shift in rhizosphere bacterial community assembly. The variation observed among hybrids reveals the potential for future breeding efforts to influence rhizosphere traits.
Systemic therapy for older women with breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a common problem in older women. As the number of medical illnesses increases with age and the life expectancy decreases, the benefits of systemic therapy for women with breast cancer become questionable. All women over age 65 years are at high enough risk of breast cancer to consider the risk/benefit ratio of preventive therapy with tamoxifen (Nolvadex) or participation in the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) trial. Adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapies for early breast cancer significantly improve disease-free and overall survival; recommendations for their use are based on risk of tumor recurrence. Use of tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting in women with receptor-positive tumors is a relatively simple decision in light of its favorable toxicity profile. The delivery of adjuvant chemotherapy is a more complicated decision, and the patient’s wishes, estimated life expectancy, presence of comorbid conditions, and estimated benefit from treatment should be considered. The primary goal of the treatment of metastatic breast cancer is palliation. We discuss trials specific to older women and make appropriate treatment recommendations. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of data from clinical trials in women over age 70 years. However, because the clinical trial is the primary scientific mechanism for testing the efficacy of a treatment, every effort should be made to enter older women into treatment protocols. [ONCOLOGY 15(3):280-299, 2001]
Controlled and automatic perceptions of a sociolinguistic marker

This paper explores the relation between controlled and automatic perceptions of a sociolinguistic variable that yields no metalinguistic commentary—a marker (Labov, 1972). Two experiments examine links between the backed trap vowel and its social meanings. The first, a matched guise task, measures social evaluations of the feature in a relatively controlled, introspective task. In the second, two measures are used that access different points in online processing and different degrees of listener control: (a) lexical categorization of an ambiguous stimulus, measured by a mouse click, and (b) automatic, early responses to this ambiguous stimulus, measured by eye movements. While listeners perceptually link trap-backing with social information in all three measures, specific social effects differ across the measures. Findings illustrate that the task and time course of a response influence how listeners link a linguistic marker with social information, even when this sociolinguistic knowledge is below the level of conscious awareness.
Review of additive manufacturing technologies and applications in the aerospace industry

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) is transforming all segments of the aerospace industry, including commercial and military aircraft, space applications, as well as missiles systems. Such transformation is due to the unique ability of AM to produce parts with complex designs, reduce manufacturing costs (material waste, assembly due to part consolidation, and the need for tools and fixtures), and fabricate parts with premium materials with small production runs and short turnaround times. AM allows the realization of advanced part designs that provide additional space, multifunctional parts, multimaterial parts, part consolidation, and parts that are difficult to machine. The capability of AM to fabricate freeform designs makes it very suitable for the aerospace industry. To date, aerospace companies, such as Boeing, have installed tens of thousands AM parts (including 200 unique nonmetallic part references) on 16 commercial and military aircraft. It has also started the production of titanium AM parts that will allow savings of up to three million USD per aircraft in the near future. GE Aviation is using metal AM to manufacture thousands of fuel nozzles annually for its new LEAP engine. Similarly, Airbus is utilizing metal AM brackets and bleed pipes on its aircraft. It is currently collaborating with Arconic on the production of large-scale AM airframe components and expects to produce 30 t of AM metal parts by December 2018. The main applications of AM in the aerospace industry are rapid prototyping, rapid tooling, and repair, as well as direct digital manufacturing (DDM) of parts made of metal, plastic, ceramic, and composite materials. Currently, the fastest growing application is DDM (final part manufacturing). For metal parts, the main AM technologies in aerospace applications are directed energy deposition and powder bed fusion. For nonmetallic parts, the dominant AM technologies are vat photopolymerization, material jetting, and material extrusion. This chapter reviews the applications, benefits, and opportunities of AM for the aerospace industry, describes the relevant AM technologies, and discusses the current challenges and potential applications.
Postnatal undernutrition alters adult female mouse cardiac structure and function leading to limited exercise capacity.

Key points Impaired growth during fetal life can reprogramme heart development and increase the risk for long-term cardiovascular dysfunction. It is uncertain if the developmental window during which the heart is vulnerable to reprogramming as a result of inadequate nutrition extends into the postnatal period. We found that adult female mice that had been undernourished only from birth to 3 weeks of age had disproportionately smaller hearts compared to males, with thinner ventricle walls and more mononucleated cardiomyocytes. In females, but not males, cardiac diastolic function, and heart rate responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation were limited and maximal exercise capacity was compromised. These data suggest that the developmental window during which the heart is vulnerable to reprogramming by inadequacies in nutrient intake may extend into postnatal life and such individuals could be at increased risk for a cardiac event as a result of strenuous exercise. Abstract Adults who experienced undernutrition during critical windows of development are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The contribution of cardiac function to this increased disease risk is uncertain. We evaluated the effect of a short episode of postnatal undernutrition on cardiovascular function in mice at the whole animal, organ, and cellular levels. Pups born to control mouse dams were suckled from birth to postnatal day (PN) 21 on dams fed either a control (20% protein) or a low protein (8% protein) isocaloric diet. After PN21 offspring were fed the same control diet until adulthood. At PN70 V O 2 , max was measured by treadmill test. At PN80 cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography and Doppler analysis at rest and following β-adrenergic stimulation. Isolated cardiomyocyte nucleation and Ca2+ transients (with and without β-adrenergic stimulation) were measured at PN90. Female mice that were undernourished and then refed (PUN), unlike male mice, had disproportionately smaller hearts and their exercise capacity, cardiac diastolic function, and heart rate responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation were limited. A reduced left ventricular end diastolic volume, impaired early filling, and decreased stored energy at the beginning of diastole contributed to these impairments. Female PUN mice had more mononucleated cardiomyocytes; under resting conditions binucleated cells had a functional profile suggestive of increased basal adrenergic activation. Thus, a brief episode of early postnatal undernutrition in the mouse can produce persistent changes to cardiac structure and function that limit exercise/functional capacity and thereby increase the risk for the development of a wide variety of cardiovascular morbidities.
Physicians’ Perceptions of Athletic Trainers

The relationship between athletic trainers (ATs) and physicians is crucial for the continuity of care for patients and can impact the advancement of the athletic training profession. This descripti...
Telestroke and Neurocritical Care

This chapter describes telestroke in its current state, including clinical applications, policies, guidelines, technical, and operational aspects of the telemedicine practice. Telestroke has expanded from early diagnosis to delivery of intravenous alteplase in rural emergency department settings, to involve a continuum of neurovascular services in mobile stroke units, intensive care units, medical-surgical wards, rehabilitation facilities, ambulatory stroke prevention clinics, patients’ homes, and in clinical research units. Health economic analyses of telestroke report cost-effectiveness from multiple payer perspectives. Monitoring and reporting of quality measures related to telestroke are prerequisites for stroke center accreditation and certification. Telestroke continues to bring neurovascular expertise to underserviced areas with advanced virtual telecommunication technologies, optimizing regional stroke care delivery. Future research may investigate whether comprehensive multidisciplinary seamless virtual telestroke centers could cover all aspects of stroke management from prehospital to acute care to reintegration into the community and beyond.
Errors and Insights

In Seeing What Other's Don't, the psychologist Gary Klein suggests that only focusing on reducing errors limits our ability to improve. We also need to spend time increasing insights. This short essay applies Klein's approach to writing and editing.
Fixed Boundary PDE Model Formulation

This chapter details a dual cancer vaccine (CV)-immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) mathematical model formulated as a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) defining the spatiotemporal distribution of cells and biochemicals during tumor growth. The PDEs, initial conditions (ICs) and boundary conditions (BCs) are specified. The outer BC for the tumor specifies a fixed boundary (FBPDE) which is the starting point for subsequent chapters in which the outer boundary moves (MBPDE) as the tumor grows.
Tetralogy of Fallot: Basic Imaging Findings and Management

Abstract Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most common cyanotic, congenital heart disease with complex anatomic malformations and unknown etiology. With medical advancements, most patients in this cohort require early total correction and survive into adulthood. This review addresses various imaging modalities that help diagnose TOF, methods to correct and repair TOF-associated cardiac malformations, and the sequelae and long-term complications of this disease.