cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some observations of the velocity profile near the sea floor

Observations of the current speed at four levels near the sea floor in shallow water show that the velocity profile follows a logarithmic curve. Conditions of rough and smooth turbulence are found to exist.
The effect of purification on the immunogenicity of tumor-specific transplantation antigens

Immunization with the tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) of experimental, chemically induced sarcomas engenders specific host resistance to challenge with viable, homotypic neoplastic cells. The strength of tumor resistance depends upon the physical state of the TSTA used for immunization. Treatment with 105–106 irradiated tumor cells, a 2-log dose range, induces complete rejection of neoplastic challenges, while immunization within a 1-log dose range with crude 3 M KCl or with 2.5% butanol extracts containing TSTA evokes a weak state of resistance characterized by decreased outgrowth of tumor challenges, but not neoplastic regression. The reduced immunogenicity may be due to either contamination with substances that antagonize host resistance, for example by induction of suppressor cells, or an intrinsic limitation by virtue of the molecular properties of extracted compared with cell-surface TSTA. MCA-F and MCA-D, two noncross-reactive fibrosarcomas induced in C3H/HeJ mice with 3-methylcholanthrene, were employed to compare the relative immunogenic activity of intact tumor cells, 2.5% butanol extracts, and materials sequentially purified by preparative isoelectric focusing (pIEF), preparative isotachophoresis (pITP), and high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC). Immunoprotective TSTA activity purified 50,000-fold by this protocol extended the effective dose range by four to five logs: 15 pg to 1.5 μg MCA-F or 1 pg to 10 ng MCA-D antigen-induced specific host resistance. However, despite the appreciable purification of TSTA, immunization with extracted materials only delayed neoplastic outgrowth. They induced neither immediate rejection nor only temporary progression of transplanted tumor cells. Thus, purified TSTA preparations by themselves lack the immunogenic properties of intact cells that result in maximal induction of tumor resistance.
Visible light reflectance, transmittance and absorptance of differently pigmented cotton leaves

Abstract Spectrophotometrically measured light reflectance and transmittance, and calculated absorptance over the 0.45–0.70 μm waveband (WB) of four differently pigmented cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves are compared. Leaf color appearances were green (G), common red (CR), light red or bronze (B), and yellow-green (YG). The G and YG leaves (chlorophylls and carotenoid) had about the same reflectance and transmittance peaks at the 0.55-μm wavelength (WL), although YG leaves had much higher reflectance and transmittance than G leaves. Anthocyanin pigment manifestation in CR, B, and YG leaves occurred at about the 0.60-μm WL. The red light (0.65-μm) absorptances of leaves in decreasing magnitude were: CR, G, YG, and B. There was little effect on blue light (0.45-μm) absorptance. Spectral responses of cotton leaves were very sensitive to either their masked or predominant pigmentation over the 0.45–0.70-μm WBs. The possible importance of leaf pigmentation to LANDSAT-D's thematic mapper, visible light WBs is discussed.
Structure of the hirugen and hirulog 1 complexes of alpha-thrombin.

Abstract The isomorphous structures of the hirugen (N-acetylhirudin 53′-64′ with sulfato-Tyr63′) and hirulog 1 ( d -Phe-Pro-Arg-Pro-(Gly)4 desulfato-Tyr63′-hirugen) complexes of human α-thrombin have been determined and refined at 2.2Aresolution to crystallographic R-factors of 0.167 and 0.163, respectively. The binding of hirugen to thrombin is similar to that of the binding of the C-terminal dodecapeptide of hirudin, including that of the terminal 310 helical turn. The sulfato Tyr63′, which, as a result of sulfation, increases the binding affinity by an order of magnitude, is involved in an extended hydrogen bonding network utilizing all three sulfato oxygen atoms. The hirugen-thrombin complex is the first thrombin structure determined to have an unobstructed active site; this site is practically identical in positioning of catalytic residues and in its hydrogen bonding pattern with that of other serine proteinases. Hirulog 1, which is a poor thrombin substrate, is cleaved at the Arg3′-Pro4′ bond in the crystal structure. The Arg3′ of hirulog 1 occupies the specificity site, the d -Phe-Pro-Arg tripeptide is positioned like that of d -Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethylketone in the active site and the Pro4′(Gly)4 spacer to hirugen is disordered in the structure, as is the 310 turn of hirugen. The latter must be related to the simultaneous absence both of sulfation and of the last residue of hirudin (Gln65′). In addition, the autolysis loop of thrombin (Lys145-Gly150) is disordered in both structures. Changes in circular dichroism upon hirugen binding are therefore most likely the result of the flexibility associated with this loop.
All Digital Nuclear Medicine Department: Retrieval Of Data From A Magnetic Disk Based Archive Store

We have implemented all digital collection, analysis, review, and archival storage of nuclear medicine data using commercially available computer hardware. In order to allow for modestly rapid retrieval of data from our archival store, an on-line directory system has been developed. The directory contains a subset of the fields which are entered into the patient's demographic data block and a pointer to the physical disk and logical location of the study. The directory is formed semi-automatically and is tolerant of operator error. The directory can be searched in under one minute for any combination of sub-fields. This directory system has been convenient and reliable for accessing our relatively small data base (about 6500 studies per year), but may be expandable to larger systems.
Latent viral infection of cells. V. Reappearance of psittacosis virus in chick embryo tissues.

SummaryStudies on the reappearance of psittacosis virus kept in a latent phase under experimental conditions in tissue culture indicate that the virus is in the eclipse phase and that it readily resumes a normal growth cycle following the addition of nutrients such as beef embryo extract.
Supercritical fluid extraction of aflatoxin B1 from soil

Abstract This research describes the development of a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method to recover aflatoxin B 1 from fortified soil. The effects of temperature, pressure, modifier (identity and percentage), and extraction type were assessed. Using the optimized SFE conditions, the mean recovery from air dried soil was 72%. The variables associated with changes in recovery of aflatoxin were co-solvents, static extraction, and temperature. Acetonitrile–2% acetic acid, used both in-cell and on-line, provided the most efficient recovery. The results indicate that desorption from the soil was the limiting factor in recovery and that the static phase was more important than the dynamic.
A modified method for determination of dehydrogenases activity of activated sludge

Examination of the different methods employed to detect dehydrogenases activity of activated sludge by reduction of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) indicated the non‐uniformity of the procedures. A modified method is, therefore, developed which consists of incubation of a dilute sonicated sample of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) of activated sludge with TTC in the presence of sodium sulfite, phosphate buffer and cyanide. Triphenyl formazan (TF) formed is first dissolved in acetic acid and later extracted by toluene. Optical density (OD) of the color is measured at 485 nm. Dehydrogenases activity is calculated from the OD and expressed as specific activity per unit weight of protein. Modified method gave less relative dispersion compared to the values obtained on the same but unsonicated samples of MLSS.
Evaluation of Gas Supersaturation Treatment Equipment at Fish Hatcheries in Michigan and Wisconsin

Abstract Fish hatcheries operated in Michigan and Wisconsin by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and in Michigan by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources have reported severe mortalities of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in recent years, largely from gas bubble disease caused by gas supersaturation. Until 1985, the systems most commonly used to alleviate this condition were packed column aeration units and vacuum degassers. Sensitive species require water that is both free of gas supersaturation and has high dissolved oxygen. Packed column aeration decreases supersaturation to about 104% and simultaneously increases dissolved oxygen in the treated water. Vacuum degassers can decrease supersaturation to less than 100%, but the negative pressure applied in this process also reduces the dissolved oxygen. Oxygen injection systems effectively decrease nitrogen and total gas pressure to less than 100% and increase oxygen to saturation or even higher desired concentrations. Oxygen generators are cost-...
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates the IGF binding protein system in rat theca interstitial cells

There has been considerable interest in rat ovarian insulin-like growth factor binding proteins IGFBPs because they are potent inhibitors of FSH action.In situ, IGFBP-2 and −4 and IGFBP-3 mRNAs are expressed in rat theca interstitial (TIC) and theca lutein cells respectively. Although much is known about IGFBPs in rat TIC at the mRNA level, the synthesis and regulation of IGFBP proteins remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to identify the species of IGFBPs produced by TIC and to determine the effects of LH and IGF-1 on their expression. This was accomplished by culturing rat TIC for 2 days in serum-free medium with graded doses of LH and/or IGF-I, and measuring IGFBP mRNAs in the cells and IGFBP proteins in the conditioned media by RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting respectively. The RT PCR analysis identified strong bands for IGFBP-2 and −4 mRNAs in TIC. In some treatments, the mRNAs for IGFBP-3 and −6 were also identified, but transcripts for IGFBP-1 and −5 were undetectable. Two species of IGFBPs were detected in the conditioned media of control (untreated) TIC, the 31 kDa IGFBP-2 and the 24 kDa (non-glycosylated) and 28 kDa (glycosylated) forms of IGFBP-4. There was no detectable IGFBP-5 and barely detectable amounts of IGFBP-3 and −6 in the conditioned media. Treatment with LH (0.2–20 μU/ml) caused no significant changes in the levels of the 31 kDa IGFBP-2 and the 24 kDa and 28 kDa IGFBP-4 bands, and there was no detectable IGFBP protease activity. In contrast, IGF-I (100 ng/ml) stimulated the expression of IGFBP-2, IGFBP-4 and a 17.5 kDa IGFBP-4 fragment. The immunoreactive IGFBP-4 fragment suggests the media contained an IGFBP-4 protease. The IGF-I effects were dose dependent (ED50=12.4±3.3 ng/ml). Co-treating TIC with LH (0.2–20 μU/ml) caused no significant change in the activity of IGF-I in stimulating the expression of IGFBP-2, IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-4 protease. We have demonstrated that IGF-I acts directly on rat TIC to stimulate the expression of the intrinsic IGFBP system. LH, either alone or together with IGF-I, did not significantly change the expression of TIC IGFBP proteins. Therefore, we hypothesize that IGF-I, but not LH, may be a physiologically important regulator of the IGFBP system in rat TIC. Because IGF-I is a potent stimulator of theca function, changes in the expression of this intrinsic IGFBP system could have new implications for ovarian androgen production, both at the physiologic and pathophysiologic levels.
Board certification in clinical neuropsychology: a response to Rohling et al.

Board certification is intended to protect the public by identifying practitioners that have met minimum standards for education and training in their specialty or discipline. For varied reasons, clinical neuropsychology, like professional psychology as a whole, has struggled to achieve levels of board certification comparable to the medical profession. Rohling, Lees-Haley, Langhinrichsen-Rohling, & Williamson (2003) have recently published a critique of the board certification process in clinical neuropsychology as it is conducted by American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN), arguing that one reason for this failure is the overly restrictive nature of the process. In their paper, Rohling et al. provide a signal detection analysis that makes several assumptions about the process and conclude with recommendations for improving the process to better identify “competent” neuropsychologists in practice. While we agree in principle with many of their recommendations, and ABCN had, in fact, implemented ...
Technical, economic, interpretative, and outcomes issues regarding utilization of cardiac imaging techniques in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease*

In this article, the technical and economic issues that determine the utilization of tests used for cardiac imaging in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease are discussed. The interpretative and outcomes issues that should determine the utilization of such tests are also discussed. In this regard, special emphasis is placed on, among other issues, the level of training and competence, the pretest probability of disease, the incremental value of a test in the context of what is already known about a patient, and whether risk stratification is justified when risk management is not possible.
The Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) of Twin Creek, Southwest Ohio

ABSTRACT We surveyed the mussel fauna of Twin Creek in southwest Ohio and examined its distribution relative to several selected environmental parameters. Unionid presence was determined with visual searches at 36 sites across 76 km in four counties. Fifteen species from the subfamilies Anodontinae, Ambleminae, and Lampsilinae were recorded, with nine species found alive at 17 of the 36 sites. Mussel species richness and species composition agree in general with historical studies of Twin Creek and other streams in the Great Miami River watershed, although some species have declined or been extirpated. The subfamily Ambleminae was almost completely missing from the area. The presence of three species only as dead and relic shells also may indicate a loss of species richness over the last few decades. Species richness values from Twin Creek were lower than for streams in central and northeastern Ohio.
Cooperativity and flexibility of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator transmembrane segments participate in membrane localization of a charged residue.

Polytopic protein topology is established in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by sequence determinants encoded throughout the nascent polypeptide. Here we characterize 12 topogenic determinants in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, and identify a novel mechanism by which a charged residue is positioned within the plane of the lipid bilayer. During cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator biogenesis, topology of the C-terminal transmembrane domain (TMs 7–12) is directed by alternating signal (TMs 7, 9, and 11) and stop transfer (TMs 8, 10, and 12) sequences. Unlike conventional stop transfer sequences, however, TM8 is unable to independently terminate translocation due to the presence of a single charged residue, Asp924, within the TM segment. Instead, TM8 stop transfer activity is specifically dependent on TM7, which functions both to initiate translocation and to compensate for the charged residue within TM8. Moreover, even in the presence of TM7, the N terminus of TM8 extends significantly into the ER lumen, suggesting a high degree of flexibility in establishing TM8 transmembrane boundaries. These studies demonstrate that signal sequences can markedly influence stop transfer behavior and indicate that ER translocation machinery simultaneously integrates information from multiple topogenic determinants as they are presented in rapid succession during polytopic protein biogenesis.
Intrinsic muscle atrophy and toe deformity in the diabetic neuropathic foot: a magnetic resonance imaging study.

OBJECTIVE—The objectives of this study were to compare intrinsic foot muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and nondiabetic control subjects and to examine the association between intrinsic muscle CSA and clawing/hammering of the toes in neuropathic feet. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—High-resolution T2-weighted fast spin-echo images and parametric T2 multiple spin-echo images were acquired using multiple spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of frontal plane sections of the metatarsal region of the foot in a sample of eight individuals with diabetic polyneuropathy and eight age- and sex-matched nonneuropathic nondiabetic control subjects. The configuration of joints of the second toe was obtained using a three-dimensional contact digitizer. RESULTS—Remarkable atrophy was found in all the intrinsic muscles of neuropathic subjects as compared with nondiabetic control subjects. Quantitative T2 analysis showed a 73% decrease in muscle tissue CSA distally in the neuropathic subjects. Muscle comprised only 8.3 ± 2.9% (means ± SD) of total foot CSA compared with 30.8 ± 3.9% in control subjects. No significant differences were found between the groups in the metatarso-phalangeal and proximal and distal interphalangeal joint angles of the second ray. Moreover, clawing/hammering of the toes was found in only two of eight neuropathic subjects. CONCLUSIONS—Although sensory neuropathy is often emphasized in considerations of diabetic foot pathology, our results show that the consequences of motor neuropathy in the feet are profound in people with diabetes. This has implications for foot function and may play a significant role in postural instability. However, intrinsic muscle atrophy does not necessarily appear to imply toe deformity.
Organized Skin Structure Is Regenerated In Vivo from Collagen-GAG Matrices Seeded with Autologous Keratinocytes

A well-characterized collagen-glycosaminoglycan matrix (CGM) that has been shown to function as a dermal analog was seeded with freshly disaggregated autologous keratinocytes and applied to full-thickness wounds in a porcine model. CGM were impregnated with 50,000 keratinocytes per cm2, a seeding density that produces a confluent epidermis within 19 d post-grafting and affords a 60-fold surface expansion of the donor epidermis. In this study, the temporal sequence of events in epidermal and neodermal formation was analyzed histopathologically and immunohistochemically from 4 to 35 d post-grafting. The epidermis was observed to form from clonal growth of individual keratinocytes into epithelial cords and islands that gradually enlarged, coalesced, differentiated to form large horn cysts, and finally reorganized at the graft surface to form a fully differentiated, normally oriented epidermis with rete ridges. Simultaneously, a neodermis formed from migration of endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages into the CGM from the underlying wound bed, resulting in formation of blood vessels, the production of abundant extracellular matrix, and the degradation of the CGM fibers, respectively. Gradually, the stromal cellularity of the CGM decreased and collagen deposition and remodeling increased to form a neodermal connective tissue matrix beneath the newly formed epidermis. Complete dissolution of the CGM occurred, partly as a result of degradation by an ongoing foreign-body giant cell reaction that peaked at 8–12 d post-grafting, but neither acute inflammation nor evidence of immune stimulation were observed. Within 1 mo, many structural components of normal skin were reconstituted.
Direct laser writing of diffractive optics in glass

Low-power lasers and a novel thermal expansion process in semiconductor-doped glasses are used to fabricate diffractive optical elements.
Null $2$-type surfaces in $E^3$ are circular cylinders

Abstract In this article we prove that open portions of circular cylinders are theonly surfaces in E z which are constructed from eigenfunctions of Δ witheigenvalue 0 and an eigenvalue λ (=£0). 1. Introduction. Let M be a connected (not necessary compact) surface in a Euclidean 3-space E 3 . Denote by Δ the Laplacian of M associated with the induced metric.Then the position vector x and the mean curvature vector H of M in E 3 satisfy(1.1) Ax = -2H. This formula yields the following well-known result: A surface M in E* isminimal if and only if all coordinate functions of E 3 , restricted to M, areharmonic functions, that is,(1.2) Ax=0. In other words, minimal surfaces are constructed from eigenfunctions of Δ witheigenvalue zero.According to the famous Douglas and Rado's solutions to the Plateau prob-lem there exist ample examples of minimal surfaces in E 3 . The study ofminimal surfaces in E 3 has attracted many mathematicians for many years (cf.[3]).On the other hand, it is easy to see that circular cylinders in
Examination of Chaos-Based Encryption and Retrieval in a Hybrid Acousto-Optic Device

Using external signal modulation of the diffracted light from a hybrid acousto-optic device under chaos, the resulting encrypted signal is examined via its nonlinear dynamics, and retrieved using parametrically synchronized chaotic demodulation.
New postcranial specimens of catarrhines from the Middle Miocene Chinji Formation, Pakistan: descriptions and a discussion of proximal humeral functional morphology in anthropoids

Abstract Two new postcranial specimens from the Chinji Formation of the Siwaliks of Pakistan, dated at approximately 11·3 MyBP, are described. A calcaneus, GSP 28230, is morphologically similar to three previously described Sivapithecus calcanei. GSP 28230 and a previously described talus and calcaneus are from similar sized individuals and could be from the same small-sized Sivapithecus species. It seems likely that Sivapithecus postcranial morphology was relatively constant across species and throughout its stratigraphic occurrence. A small-sized proximal humerus, GSP 28062 is morphologically most similar to extant cebids and is probably from a catarrhine that preserves the primitive catarrhine condition for the proximal humerus. Its generic attribution is uncertain. It shares similarities with previously described specimens from the Miocene of East Africa and Europe. Functionally, GSP 28062 has none of the specialized features of cercopithecid humeri that relate to the use of the glenohumeral joint in either a stable, or a more mobile configuration. It also lacks the specialized features of extant hominoids that relate to extreme mobility. It is shown that different morphological features underlie humeral torsion and mobility of the humeral head. A complete humerus is necessary to reliably assess the amount of torsion in specimens like GSP 28062.
Energy Landscape Distortions and the Mechanical Unfolding of Proteins

Molecular simulations and an energy landscape analysis are used to examine the stretching of a model protein. A mapping of the energy landscape shows that stretching the protein causes energy minima and energy barriers to flatten out and disappear, and new energy minima to be created. The implications of these landscape distortions depend on the timescale regime under which the protein is stretched. When the timescale for thermally activated processes is longer than the timescale of stretching, the disappearances of energy barriers provide the mechanism for protein unfolding. When the timescale for thermally activated processes is shorter than the timescale of stretching, the landscape distortions influence the stretching process by changing the number and types of energy minima in which the system can exist.
Effects of baseline reinforcement rate on operant ABA and ABC renewal

Renewal is a relapse phenomenon that occurs when the contextual stimuli present during extinction change, and consequently, an extinguished response increases in rate. Two experiments assessed extinction and renewal of key-pecking in pigeons in a two-component multiple schedule wherein baseline reinforcer rates were delivered at relatively rich or lean rates. In Experiment 1, an ABA design was used in which baseline stimuli were steady key lights (Context A). Food was then removed during extinction, and simultaneously, the context was changed by flashing the key lights (Context B). Following extinction, steady key lights were reintroduced, but food remained unavailable. Key-pecking was more resistant to extinction and recovered to a greater degree in the rich relative to the lean component. In Experiment 2, we introduced novel stimuli following extinction (ABC renewal) rather than reintroducing baseline stimuli. Similar to Experiment 1, in Experiment 2 resistance to change and renewal remained greater in the component associated with higher reinforcer rates during baseline. These findings provide additional support for the context-specificity of operant extinction, and support the prediction of behavioral momentum theory that stimuli associated with higher rates of reinforcement engender greater persistence and relapse than those associated with lower rates of reinforcement.
Primary pulmonary chondrosarcomas: a clinicopathologic study of 4 cases

Malignant cartilaginous tumors of the lung are unusual, and although their occurrence has been reported in the literature in some cases, their separation from other benign cartilaginous tumors of the lung can be very difficult. Four cases of primary chondrosarcomas of the lung are presented. The patients are 2 men and 2 women between the ages of 51 and 69 years. Clinically, the most common symptoms were chest pain, dyspnea, and cough. Two tumors were centrally located, whereas 2 tumors were peripheral. Complete surgical resection was accomplished in all the patients. Histologically, 2 tumors were low grade of the hyaline type, whereas 2 tumors were predominantly myxoid chondrosarcomas. In the 2 myxoid chondrosarcomas immunohistochemical studies for keratin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, and CD31 were negative, whereas S-100 protein shows focal positive staining in both cases. Follow-up showed that one patient with low-grade tumor was alive and well at 36 months, whereas one patient with myxoid chondrosarcoma died 45 days after diagnosis because of surgical complications. Two additional patients were lost to follow-up. Our study highlights the ubiquitous distribution of chondrosarcomas and the histopathologic spectrum that these tumors may show when occurring in the lung.
Nostalgia and Identity in Song Lyrics

The content of original song lyrics was manipulated to explore the relationship of nostalgia to identity and social connectedness. A sample of 96 undergraduates rated six attributes of four sets of lyrics and completed measures of identity exploration, styles of maintaining identity, nostalgia for t
The political economy of development: A cross-national causality test of development-democracy-growth hypothesis

The empirical investigation of the development-democracy-growth hypothesis estimates positive correlations and causal associations between development and democracy and democracy and growth. Among the preconditions for the emergence of DEMOCRACY, MARKET and CULTURE show strong and highly significant positive effects which are largely transmitted directly. DEVELOPMENT affects DEMOCRACY directly and indirectly via EDUCATION and INVESTMENT. The positive causal association between DEMOCRACY and GROWTH is transmitted both directly and indirectly via LABOR and WELFARE. Accordingly, the hypothesized compatibility between economic development and political democracy is confirmed, while rejecting the trade-off between political democracy and economic growth.
Proteomic Analysis of Mitochondrial-Associated ER Membranes (MAM) during RNA Virus Infection Reveals Dynamic Changes in Protein and Organelle Trafficking

RIG-I pathway signaling of innate immunity against RNA virus infection is organized between the ER and mitochondria on a subdomain of the ER called the mitochondrial-associated ER membrane (MAM). The RIG-I adaptor protein MAVS transmits downstream signaling of antiviral immunity, with signaling complexes assembling on the MAM in association with mitochondria and peroxisomes. To identify components that regulate MAVS signalosome assembly on the MAM, we characterized the proteome of MAM, ER, and cytosol from cells infected with either chronic (hepatitis C) or acute (Sendai) RNA virus infections, as well as mock-infected cells. Comparative analysis of protein trafficking dynamics during both chronic and acute viral infection reveals differential protein profiles in the MAM during RIG-I pathway activation. We identified proteins and biochemical pathways recruited into and out of the MAM in both chronic and acute RNA viral infections, representing proteins that drive immunity and/or regulate viral replication. In addition, by using this comparative proteomics approach, we identified 3 new MAVS-interacting proteins, RAB1B, VTN, and LONP1, and defined LONP1 as a positive regulator of the RIG-I pathway. Our proteomic analysis also reveals a dynamic cross-talk between subcellular compartments during both acute and chronic RNA virus infection, and demonstrates the importance of the MAM as a central platform that coordinates innate immune signaling to initiate immunity against RNA virus infection.
SIDECAR low-power control ASIC for focal plane arrays including A/D conversion and bias generation

Large two-dimensional imaging arrays, spanning infrared focal plane arrays through visible CCDs, usually require extensive support electronics. We present an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that combines, on a single chip, all necessary functions to operate CMOS-based focal plane arrays and provide digital data from 12 to 16 bits. The interface to the external world is completely digital, thus eliminating the complexity of dealing with sensitive analog voltages. The ASIC's first application is for use with the HAWAII-2RG (a 2048 x 2048 multiplexer specifically optimized for the Next Generation Space Telescope). Due to its flexibility, it can control other FPAs and SCAs not requiring clocks or biases higher than 3.3 V. The low-power, system-on-chip controller comprises a 16-bit microcontroller, program and data memory, clock generator, bias generator, 36 programmable gain amplifiers (0 to 27 dB), thirty-six 12-bit 10 MHz A/D converters, thirty-six 16-bit 500 kHz A/D converters, glue logic and programmable I/O pads. When configured for NGST, we estimate ≤ 8.4 mW continuous power for the 2k x 2k FPA and ASIC. The programmable ASIC, dubbed SIDECAR, for System for Image Digitization, Enhancement, Control And Retrieval, is likely an optimum "back-end" solution for other high-performance instruments.
Sialic acid uptake is necessary for virulence of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys

Many pathogenic bacteria employ systems to incorporate sialic acid into their membranes as a means of protection against host defense mechanisms. In Pasteurella multocida, an opportunistic pathogen which causes diseases of economic importance in a wide range of animal species, sialic acid uptake plays a role in a mouse model of systemic pasteurellosis. To further investigate the importance of sialic acid uptake in pathogenesis, sialic acid uptake mutants of an avian strain of P. multocida P-1059 (A:3) were constructed, characterized, and an in-frame sialic acid uptake deletion mutant was assessed for virulence in turkeys. Inactivation of sialic acid uptake resulted in a high degree of attenuation when turkeys were challenged either intranasally or intravenously. Resistance of the sialic acid uptake mutant to killing by turkey serum complement was similar to that of the parent, suggesting other mechanisms are responsible for attenuation of virulence in turkeys.
Foundations of dialogic communication

This essay identifies four defining characteristics of a dialogic approach to communication and argues that each can be grounded in a key aspect of Husserlian phenomenology, existential phenomenology, or philosophical anthropology. The essay also suggests that the most pressing challenge for scholars of dialogic communication is to explore views of language developed in the works of Heidegger, Gadamer, and Buber.
Comparative Responses of Five Arboreal Marsupials to Tropical Forest Fragmentation

I used data from 160 spotlighting censuses to compare responses of five species of arboreal marsupial folivores to fragmentation of tropical rainforests in NE Queensland, Australia. Data from 1,062 mammal detections in 1986–1987 revealed a strong gradient in extinction proneness. Most vulnerable were lemuroid ringtail possums ( Hemibelideus lemuroides ), which declined by >97% in abundance in forest fragments and secondary regrowth. Herbert River ringtail possums ( Pseudocheirus herbertensis ) and Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos ( Dendrolagus lumholtzi ) exhibited negative but intermediate responses to fragmentation, whereas coppery brushtail ( Trichosurus vulpecula ) and green ringtail ( P. archeri ) possums were least affected, relative to populations in unfragmented rainforest. A multiple-regression model incorporating log10 fragment area and two measures of fragment isolation explained 82% of the variation in arboreal species richness in 10 fragments ranging from 1.4 to 590 ha. “Corridors” of secondary vegetation helped ameliorate effects of fragmentation for some species. The most useful indicator of extinction proneness was the relative abundance of a species in forest regrowth, not its initial rarity in unfragmented rainforest. The ability of these folivores to use regrowth appeared to depend upon their denning requirements, diet, and degree of arboreality.
On the role of surface states in semiconductor electrode photoelectrochemical cells

Surface states that occur at the semiconductor–liquid interface play an important role in the behaviour of that interface and affect the efficiency of photoelectrochemical solar devices. The nature of such states and evidence for their existence will be briefly reviewed. Their role in dark electron transfer reactions for redox couples with energies within the band-gap region and in mediating surface recombinations will be discussed. The importance of Fermi-level pinning by surface states at moderate densities in GaAs and Si in controlling the open-circuit photovoltage and the observed electrochemical behaviour will be described. The effect of the surface pretreatment on the photoelectrochemical behaviour of p-GaAs and n-WSe2 will be demonstrated.
β3 adrenergic stimulation inhibits the opossum lower esophageal sphincter

Abstract Background & Aims: Previous studies have identified adrenergic receptor sites in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of animals and humans. A β3 adrenoceptor has been identified and cloned. The binding site for this receptor has been found in the rat LES in vitro. The aim of the study was to assess the role of a specific β3 agonist (CL316243) on LES pressure (LESP) in vivo. Methods: Anesthetized adult opossums were given CL316243 and isoproterenol intravenously as boluses before and after continuous infusion of L748337 (a specific β3 antagonist), propranolol, and bethanechol. Blood pressure, heart rate, and LESP were continuously recorded. Results: CL316243 caused a dose-dependent maximal inhibition of LESP of 88.5% ± 4.8%. The mean duration of inhibition was 62.2 ± 9.2 minutes with minimal change in cardiovascular parameters. Isoproterenol caused dose-dependent maximal inhibition of 89.4% ± 4.7% with mean duration of action of 5.1 ± 0.9 minutes but was associated with significant hypotension and tachycardia. L748337 and propranolol significantly blocked the effects of CL316243 and isoproterenol, respectively. CL316243 and isoproterenol inhibited the bethanechol-mediated hypertensive LES. Conclusions: (1) A selective β3 agonist, CL316243, caused significant, prolonged, and dose-dependent inhibition of LESP and, unlike isoproterenol, had minimal effect on heart rate and mean arterial pressure. (2) The β3 antagonist, L748337, selectively inhibited CL316243 without altering the isoproterenol response. (3) CL316243 and isoproterenol both caused inhibition of cholinergic-mediated hypertensive LESP. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;123:1508-1515
Metabolism of Glutamate in Suspension Cultures of Paul's Scarlet Rose Cells.

When specifically labeled glutamate-1-(14)C was provided to 4-day-old rose cells, 87.6% of the (14)C in glutamate recovered from protein was in the number 1 carbon atom of the glutamate molecule. It was concluded that newly absorbed glutamate was incorporated directly into protein without any prior metabolism.A double labeling study with acetate-U-(14)C and glutamate-U-(3)H showed the availability of absorbed glutamate for protein synthesis was equal to that of endogenously synthesized glutamate.
A modified Clough-Tocher interpolant

Clough-Tocher schemes are used to create surfaces that interpolate to positional and gradient values that may be arbitrarily located. A standard and a modified version of the Clough-Tocher interpolation scheme are described in terms of Bernstein-Bezier polynomials over triangles. Both methods are compared by a method that simulates reflection lines.
Bigger stores, more stores, or no stores: paths of retail restructuring in rural America

Abstract Changes such as the development of large international retail chains, retail concentration, locational changes, technological innovation, new labor practices, and the increasing scale of individual stores, have revolutionized the retail sector. This broad restructuring will have profound impacts in rural America because employment in retail is a major component of the rural economy. Presented here is an analysis on the varied paths of retail restructuring between 1988 and 1999, with a focus on changes in the geographic distribution and size of retail establishments in America's nonmetropolitan counties. The results show that the restructuring process in retail differs throughout the US, and that broad generalizations on the nature of restructuring, and its impacts, must be reconsidered.
Nesting Behavior of Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Monitored with an Event Recorder

The nesting activity of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), was monitored with an event recorder activated when the bee passed by light-dependent resistors mounted in special nesting blocks. Each phase of nesting activity, nest construction, provisioning, and oviposition, resulted in a distinct pattern on the recording chart. Female bees took an average of 2 hours 27 minutes to construct a cell, requiring 15 leaf-collecting trips of 5.3 minutes with 4.3 minutes spent in the cell between trips. Provisioning took an average of 5 hours 3 minutes with 17 trips of 14.9 minute duration and 3.4 minutes spent in the nest between trips. Oviposition averaged 0.8 minutes. Females usually laid only 1 egg a day but sometimes laid 2. Bee activity was regulated by both temperature and light intensity.
Response of the pineal and adrenal glands to sodium restriction.

Pineal fat stainable with oil red 0 was markedly depleted in intact and adrenalectomized rats maintained on a diet deficient in sodium. Pineal fat was mildly depleted by adrenalectomy alone. The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland widened in response to the sodium deficient regimen in both intact and pinealectomized rats. These alterations were taken to indicate that the pineal gland may elaborate a hormone which is involved in salt regulation.
The usefulness of electroencephalography in curarized newborns

Abstract Curare and other muscle relaxants are being used with increasing frequency in the management of infants who are mechanically ventilated for severe respiratory distress. Neurological evaluation of these paralyzed newborns is difficult and neonatal convulsions may go unrecognized. The present study includes 5 curarized infants in whom neurological impairment was suspected because of complicated pregnancies and perinatal asphyxia. All showed very abnormal EEGs with ongoing paroxysmal activity in the absence of clinical seizures or a severely depressed record. In two of these infants an improvement in the values of the blood-gases coincided with the administration of diazepam. In curarized infants the electroencephalogram is of importance in the evaluation of the background activity, the detection of convulsive brain activity, and in the management of anticonvulsive therapy.
937 SEGMENTAL RETICULOGRANULAR LUNG DISEASE IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS (IDM)

A new pulmonary disease distinct from either respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), transient tachypnea of the newborn, or RDS type II, has been studied in 7 infants of diabetic mothers (IDM). Both standard A-P and lateral, and magnification (mag.) chest x-rays revealed a segmentally distributed coarse reticulogranular pattern and increased lung volumes but no significant increase in perihilar bronchovascular markings or thickened fissures. All mothers were insulin dependent and 6/7 had C-sections. Clinical profile of patients (means): wt. 3.1 kg., gestational age 37 wks., mechanical ventilation 2/7, CPAP 4/7. All patients survived and most were in FiO2 ≥ .25 by day 6. 3 pts. had pulmonary function tests on day 3: Mean compliance 3.2 ml/cm H2O. Mean insp. and exp. lung resist. were 32 and 30 cm H2O/L/sec. respectively. Funct. residual cap. was low in 2 pts. (mean 17 ml/kg) and normal in 1 pt. (38 ml/kg). A new clinical syndrome in large IDM's is described. It is characterized by a mild clinical course (hypercapnia, tachypnea, and hypoxemia) and a segmental coarse reticulogranular lung infiltrate confirmed by mag. chest radiographs. Although x-rays showed increased lung volumes, 2 pts. had decreased FRC.
Kinetics of NH3 oxidation on Pt, Rh, and Pd☆

The kinetics of the reactions involved in the catalytic oxidation of NH3 have been studied as a function of temperature over polycrystalline Pt, Rh, and Pd wires in a steady state flow system using a differentially pumped mass spectrometer to monitor species concentrations. Unique and reproducible steady state rates were observed in all experiments for temperatures up to 1400 °C at all compositions. Rates of individual reactions could be fit by Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expressions with constant parameters, and comparisons of these parameters on different metals give reasonable qualitative interpretations for observed differences between metals. The competition of NO and NH3 for adsorption sites appears to be important in determining the rates of various reactions. Differences in selectivity between metals are caused by the different temperature dependences of rates of individual reactions rather than by uniform differences in rates. Kinetics measured at low pressures (1–2 Torr) are used to estimate selectivities of NO and N2 production at conditions of industrial nitric acid production. The predicted selectivity and optimum temperature and composition on Pt assuming simple models of flow patterns over the catalyst gauze match closely those observed in the high pressure process.
The anticancer effects of chaetocin are independent of programmed cell death and hypoxia, and are associated with inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation.

We previously reported that chaetocin has potent and selective anti-myeloma activity attributable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction imposed by inhibition of the redox enzyme thioredoxin reductase; we now detail its effects in solid tumours. Cellular assays, transcriptional profiling and the NCI60 screen were used to assess the effects of chaetocin in solid tumour and endothelial cells. NCI-60 screening demonstrated chaetocin to even more potently inhibit proliferation in solid tumour than in haematological cell lines; transcriptional profiling revealed a signature consistent with induction of inflammatory response and cell death pathways. Chaetocin induced ROS, oxidative damage to cellular proteins and apoptosis, with 2–10 nM IC50s (24 h exposures) in all tested solid tumour cell lines. The pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk did not block chaetocin-induced cell death despite inhibiting mitochondrial membrane depolarisation and apoptosis. Further, Molt-4 rho0 cells lacking metabolically functional mitochondria were readily killed by chaetocin; in addition chaetocin-induced cytotoxicity was unaffected by autophagy inhibitors or hypoxia and consequent HIF-1α upregulation. Moreover, chaetocin inhibited SKOV3 ovarian cancer xenografts producing less vascular tumours, and inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation. Chaetocin has intriguing and wide-ranging in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects, and is an attractive candidate for further preclinical and clinical development.
The sequence of the groES and groEL genes from the mouse pneumonitis agent of Chlamydia trachomatis.

Abstract The co-transcribed structural genes, groES and groEL , of the groE stress response operon from Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn), were cloned and sequenced. The calculated molecular masses of the encoded heat-shock proteins (Hsp), a small Hsp (GroES) and Hsp60 (GroEL), are 11089 and 58 367 Da, respectively. By comparison with other known chlamydial groES and groEL sequences, there is 89 and 94% nucleotide (nt) identity with C. trachomatis human strains (serovars A and L2), 77 and 82% with C. psittaci strain GPIC, and 75 and 80% with C. pneumoniae isolate AR-39. At the amino-acid level, the MoPn Hsp60 shows a 99% identity with those from C. trachomatis human strains. In a mouse model, MoPn Hsp60 could prove useful in deciphering the pathogenesis of human chlamydial diseases.
Polymorphisms in oxidative stress genes, physical activity, and breast cancer risk

Purpose The mechanisms driving the physical activity–breast cancer association are unclear. Exercise both increases reactive oxygen species production, which may transform normal epithelium to a malignant phenotype, and enhances antioxidant capacity, which could protect against subsequent oxidative insult. Given the paradoxical effects of physical activity, the oxidative stress pathway is of interest. Genetic variation in CAT or antioxidant-related polymorphisms may mediate the physical activity–breast cancer association.
Some applications of numerical methods to the analysis of the compression of articular cartilage

Three different numerical formulations of the confined compression creep of cartilage have been developed to study the feasibility of applying numerical methods to dynamically loaded joints in biomechanics. The accuracy, convergence and stability of these numerical methods are assessed. Extensions of the analysis to include joint lubrication and non-uniform properties are discussed, and an example is given of cartilage under dynamic load conditions. It is found that with the amplitude of loading maintained constant, the deflection of cartilage reduces as the frequency of load application is increased.
Osteosarcoma of the uterus: Case report and review of the literature

Abstract Osteosarcomas of the uterus, whether pure, or mixed with other heterologous or homologous sarcomas, are rare. We studied a case of mixed osteosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma and reviewed the literature to determine if uterine osteosarcomas possess distinct clinicopathologic features separating them from other heterologous sarcomas or mixed mullerian tumors (MMMT). Clinically, osteosarcomas behave similarly to rhabdomyosarcomas and chondrosarcomas, and have a poorer prognosis than MMMT. The aggressive nature of osteosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, and chondrosarcomas is evidenced by their poor prognosis, even when apparently confined to the uterus at the time of diagnosis. The ultrastructural findings in osteosarcoma of the uterus parallel observations in osteosarcoma of bone, and suggest an origin from mesenchymal cells capable of fibroblastic, osteoblastic, and histiocytic differentiation. Provisionally, we recommend that osteosarcomas be approached as other heterologous sarcomas, with total abdominal hysterectomy and supplemental chemotherapy and radiotherapy.