cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine-tuning immune surveillance by fever-range thermal stress.

An effectively orchestrated immune response to infection and disease depends on efficient trafficking of lymphocytes across vascular beds at distinct tissue sites. Local inflammation and systemic fever increase immune surveillance to immune-relevant sites throughout the body. During the initiation phase of inflammation, this tightly regulated process improves leukocyte trafficking to the secondary lymphoid organs where they undergo activation and expansion in response to cognate antigen. In the resolution phase following the clearance of the invading pathogen, lymphocyte entry is rapidly returned to baseline conditions. Specialized blood vessels termed high endothelial venules (HEVs) have emerged as critical ‘hotspots’ controlling the rate of lymphocyte entry into lymphoid organs during both phases of inflammation. In this review, we will examine the remarkably tight regulation of lymphocyte trafficking across HEVs conferred by inflammatory cues associated with the thermal element of fever. These studies have revealed a novel role for interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling in eliciting systemic effects on lymphocyte trafficking patterns to fine-tune immune surveillance.
Simultaneous analysis of chromosomal aneusomy and 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in MCF-7 breast tumor cell line.

Abstract We describe a new method to determine simultaneously both proliferative status and chromosome copy number within individual interphase cells. The MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line was used as a model system to characterize proliferative activity in karyotypically defined cell subpopulations. Cells were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in vitro and incorporation was monitored with IU4 mouse anti-BrdU. Biotinylated, digoxigenin-labeled, or acetylamino-fluorene—conjugated repetitive sequence DNA probes were hybridized to target interphase nuclei. Three-color fluorescence labeling allowed simultaneous detection of two chromosome pairs and designation of cells undergoing DNA synthesis. This technique may also be used for simultaneous characterization of proliferative and karyotypic heterogeneity in primary human tumors.
Saturn's inner satellites: Ice chemistry and magnetosphere effects

[1] The magnetosphere of Saturn contains plasma ions that corotate with the magnetic field of the planet and impact the satellites, changing the chemical nature of their surfaces. The Voyager spacecraft observed ionic species such as O+, H2O+, N+, N2+, H+, and others, as well as electrons. If N+ and N2+ ions from Titan reach the inner satellites Rhea, Dione, Tethys, Enceladus, and Mimas, implanting of these ions into their water-ice surfaces should induce a complex nitrogen oxides chemistry. Species observed in laboratory experiments of N+ impact into water ice include NO, N2O, NO2, NO3, HNO2, HNO3, NH2OH, HNO, NH, and NH2. Impact of N2+ may yield N2O, HNNO, and N2. If the surfaces also contain CO2, then other species produced as a result of N+ impact into H2O/CO2 ice may be HNCO, NCO, and R-OCN. Once HNCO (with its C—N bond) is formed, then production of amino acids may occur. Chemical schemes show that successive reaction of HNCO with H and CO could lead to the smallest amino acid, glycine, in only five steps. Energy fluxes for ions, electrons, and photons are summed for each satellite. Column densities of the nitrogen-containing species are calculated. The simplest molecule, NO, should have an appreciable vapor pressure at Saturnian satellite temperatures. At 90 K, the vapor pressure of NO is ∼4 mbar. At 105 K, its vapor pressure is 98 mbar. These gases may form transient atmospheres on the satellites. This should be observable with high-resolution instruments.
Tolrestat pharmacokinetics in rat peripheral nerve

Abstract The clinical efficacy of an aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor in diabetic polyneuropathy depends on its bioavailability at the site(s) of AR in peripheral nerves. Accordingly, the link between the concentration of the AR inhibitor, tolrestat, and the extent of its inhibition of the AR-catalyzed polyol production was investigated in sciatic nerves of galactosemic rats. Tolrestat was administered by gavage (1 × 150 mg/kg, or 5, and 15 mg/kg/day for 15 days to attain steady state as estimated from the 53-h half-life of tolrestat determined in rat nerve); subsequently, at six time intervals, ranging from 4 to 59 days, rats were given access for 4 days to a 20% galactose diet, and killed. At every time point, the composite tolrestat concentration in the nerve correlated with the percentage decrease in nerve galactitol ( r = 0.857, p = 0.0015). Because the latter should reflect the extent of nerve AR inhibition by tolrestat, the concentration of "free" tolrestat available at the site(s) of AR in the nerve was estimated from the tolrestat concentration/percent AR inhibition plot obtained in vitro. The estimated amount of tolrestat present at the site(s) of nerve AR represented 0.4% of the composite tolrestat concentration measured in the nerve. The results support the view that the effectiveness of an AR inhibitor in peripheral nerve depends on its pharmacokinetics in the nerve, i.e., on its uptake, nonspecific binding to cellular constituents, and elimination.
Leveling of Analytic Platforms

Use of an analytic platform or strapdown system requires that the system em be initially leveled just as a conventional multigimbaled platform must be leveled. The process of leveling involves the determination of the orientation between the local vertical and an instrumented reference nce frame. With a conventional platform it is quite common to use a pair of servo loops to precess the inner gimbal until gravity signals are nulled on two orthogonally mounted accelerometers. The input axes of these two accelerometers thus define the horizontal plane and the platform is said to be leveled. A strapdown system, however, lacks the physical entity of the inner gimbal and consequently cannot be physically precessed into verticality. The method of leveling is nonetheless analogous if we consider the computational reference frame of the analytic platform to be the "alter ego" or counterpart of a physical inner gimbal. In general, strapdown leveling techniques can be divided into two categories: closed-loop leveling and open-loop leveling. These two techniques are quantitatively developed and discussed in this paper.
A diffusion model for reactions with turbulent mixing

A diffusion model based on the simultaneous interdiffusion and reaction between alternate slabs of reactants is used to simulate the data of Vassilatos and Toor. After slab sizes are chosen to fit the conversion data for very rapid reactions in a stoichiometric mixture, reasonably good predictions are obtained of the effect of stoichiometry and reaction velocity constant on conversion. The results are close to the predictions of Kattan and Adler's stochastic mixing model, and the similar behavior of these disparate models implies that conversion is insensitive to the details of the mixing.
The Reduction Of Motion Artifacts In Digital Subtraction Angiography By Geometrical Image Transformation

In the diagnosis of arteriosclerosis, radio-opaque dye is injected into the interior of the arteries to make them visible. Because of its increased contrast sensitivity, digital subtraction angiography has the potential for providing diagnostic images of arteries with reduced dye volumes. In the conventional technique, a mask image, acquired before the introduction of the dye, is subtracted from the contrast image, acquired after the dye is introduced, to produce a difference image in which only the dye in the arteries is visible. The usefulness of this technique has been severely limited by the image degradation caused by patient motion during image acquisition. This motion produces artifacts in the difference image that obscure the arteries. One technique for dealing with this problem is to reduce the degradation by means of image registration. The registration is carried out by means of a geometrical transformation of the mask image before subtraction so that it is in registration with the contrast image. This paper describes our technique for determining an optimal transformation. We employ a one-to-one elastic mapping and the Jacobian of that mapping to produce a geometrical image transformation. We choose a parameterized class of such mappings and use a heuristic search algorithm to optimize the parameters to minimize the severity of the motion artifacts. To increase the speed of the optimization process we use a statistical image comparison technique that provides a quick approximate evaluation of each image transformation. We present the experimental results of the application of our registration system to mask-contrast pairs, for images acquired from a specially designed phantom (described in a companion paper), and for clinical images.
Radiocarbon-dated upper Pleistocene glacial sequence, Fraser Valley, Colorado Front Range

Moraine and terrace sequences in the upper Fraser River valley indicate four periods of major glacier expansion during Quaternary time. A well-developed soil on the west Tabernash terrace suggests a long period between the two most extensive ice advances. The first 14C dates from a multiple till sequence in the Front Range indicate that the local “Pinedale Glaciation” lasted from >30,000 to 13,700 B.P. Interstadial lake sediment, interbedded with the tills, is dated at 30,000 B.P. The latest advance from Jim Creek valley did not reach the Mary Jane site, and peat accumulation at the site began about 13,700 B.P.
Inherited cancer genes

The identification of several genes associated with inherited cancer syndromes has opened a door to understanding mechanisms of carcinogenesis in common, non-inherited forms of cancer. Each of these genes appears to play a role in the control of cell growth and differentiation.
Sex differences in assessment of obesity in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To determine the prevalence of obesity and how accurately standard anthropometric measures identify obesity among men and women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed for 141 persons with RA (56 men and 85 women). Two anthropometric proxies of obesity (body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference [WC]) were compared to a DXA-based obesity criterion. Receiver operating characteristic curves determined optimal cut points for each anthropometric measure, relative to DXA. The association of body fat and anthropometric obesity measures with disease status and cardiovascular risk was assessed in multiple regression analyses, controlling for age and glucocorticoid use. All analyses were performed separately for men and women. Results A total of 20%, 32%, and 44% of women and 41%, 36%, and 80% of men were classified as obese by BMI, WC, and DXA, respectively. Cut points were identified for anthropometric measures to better approximate DXA estimates of percent body fat (BMI ≥26.1 kg/m2 for women and ≥24.7 kg/m2 for men; WC ≥83 cm for women and ≥96 cm for men). For women and men, higher percent fat was associated with poorer RA status. Anthropometric measures were more closely linked to RA status for women, but identified cardiovascular risk for both women and men. Conclusion A large percentage of this RA sample was overfat; DXA-defined obesity was twice as common in men as in women. Utility of revised BMI and WC cut points compared to traditional cut points remains to be examined in prospective studies, but results suggest that lower, sex-specific cut points may be warranted to better identify individuals at risk for poor RA and/or cardiovascular outcomes.
Characterization of a bright, tunable, ultrafast Compton scattering X-ray source

The Compton scattering of a terawatt-class, femtosecond laser pulse by a high-brightness, relativistic electron beam has been demonstrated as a viable approach toward compact, tunable sources of bright, femtosecond, hard X-ray flashes. The main focus of this article is a detailed description of such a novel X-ray source, namely the PLEIADES (Picosecond Laser–Electron Inter-Action for the Dynamical Evaluation of Structures) facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. PLEIADES has produced first light at 70 keV, thus enabling critical applications, such as advanced backlighting for the National Ignition Facility and in situ time-resolved studies of high- Z materials. To date, the electron beam has been focused down to σ x = σ y = 27 μm rms, at 57 MeV, with 266 pC of charge, a relative energy spread of 0.2%, a normalized horizontal emittance of 3.5 mm·mrad, a normalized vertical emittance of 11 mm·mrad, and a duration of 3 ps rms. The compressed laser pulse energy at focus is 480 mJ, the pulse duration 54 fs Intensity Full Width at Half-Maximum (IFWHM), and the 1/ e 2 radius 36 μm. Initial X rays produced by head-on collisions between the laser and electron beams at a repetition rate of 10 Hz were captured with a cooled CCD using a CsI scintillator; the peak photon energy was approximately 78 keV, and the observed angular distribution was found to agree very well with three-dimensional codes. The current X-ray dose is 3 × 10 6 photons per pulse, and the inferred peak brightness exceeds 10 15 photons/(mm 2 × mrad 2 × s × 0.1% bandwidth). Spectral measurements using calibrated foils of variable thickness are consistent with theory. Measurements of the X-ray dose as a function of the delay between the laser and electron beams show a 24-ps full width at half maximum (FWHM) window, as predicted by theory, in contrast with a measured timing jitter of 1.2 ps, which contributes to the stability of the source. In addition, K -edge radiographs of a Ta foil obtained at different electron beam energies clearly demonstrate the γ 2 -tunability of the source and show very good agreement with the theoretical divergence-angle dependence of the X-ray spectrum. Finally, electron bunch shortening experiments using velocity compression have also been performed and durations as short as 300 fs rms have been observed using coherent transition radiation; the corresponding inferred peak X-ray flux approaches 10 19 photons/s.
Refining the Use of Habitat Equivalency Analysis

When natural resources are injured or destroyed in violation of certain U.S. federal or state statutes, government agencies have the responsibility to ensure the public is compensated through ecological restoration for the loss of the natural resources and services they provide. Habitat equivalency analysis is a service-to-service approach to scaling restoration commonly used in natural resource damage assessments. Calculation of the present value of resource services lost due to injury and gained from compensatory restoration projects is complicated by assumptions concerning the within-time period crediting of losses and gains. Conventional beginning-of-period accounting leads to an underestimate of the loss due to injury and an overestimate of the gains from compensatory projects in cases with linear recovery projections. The resulting compensatory requirement is often insufficient to offset the true loss suffered by the public. Two algebraic equations are offered to correct for these estimation inaccuracies, and a numerical example is used to illustrate the magnitude of error for a typical, though hypothetical, injury scenario.
Fluorescence characterization of the interaction of Al3+ and Pd2+ with Suwannee River fulvic acid in the absence and presence of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.

In an effort to understand the role of environmental metal ions in the interaction of charged pesticides with humic substances, a fluorescence study of the interaction of the widely-used herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (DCPAA) with Al(3+) and Pd(2+) and Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) was undertaken. Initial fluorescence experiments on binary solutions clearly indicated that both Al(3+) and Pd(2+) strongly interact with both SRFA and DCPAA when alone in solution with the metal ion. Titrations of SRFA with Al(3+) at pH values of 4.0, 3.0 and 2.0 revealed decreased degrees of fluorescence emission enhancement (at lambda(emission, max)=424 nm) with decreasing pH, consistent with the expected loss of rigidity in the SRFA-Al(3+) complexes formed as pH is lowered. In contrast, titrations of SRFA with Pd(2+) at all of these pH values resulted in significant fluorescence quenching. Al(3+) additions to solutions of DCPAA at pH values above the pK(a) (2.64) of DCPAA resulted primarily in significant changes in the wavelength of maximum emission (without significant quenching or enhancement of emission intensity), while Pd(2+) additions to DCPAA solutions resulted primarily in very significant fluorescence quenching. The DCPAA fluorescence results strongly support the formation of an Al(3+)-DCPAA complex at pH values above the pK(a) of DCPAA. The fluorescence results obtained for solutions of Pd(2+) and DCPAA are best explained by a collisional quenching mechanism, that is, energy transfer from excited DCPAA molecules to Pd(2+) following the collision of these two species in solution. Excitation-emission matrix plots obtained on ternary solutions (at environmentally-relevant pH 4.0) containing SRFA, DCPAA and metal ions (i.e., either Al(3+) or Pd(2+)) provides evidence (especially for systems containing Al(3+)) for the existence of ternary complexes between fulvic acid species, the herbicide DCPAA and metal ion, suggesting (at least at pH 4.0, where the predominant DCPAA species is negatively-charged) that metal ions may function to "bridge" negatively-charged fulvic acids to negatively-charged pesticides.
The Origins of Southern Evangelicalism: Revivalism in South Carolina, 1700–1740

Despite the continuing “discovery of southern religious history” and the growing scholarly fascination with southern intellectual and cultural history, historians of the South have devoted all too little attention to the origins of southern evangelicalism in the colonial period. Over the past thirty years or so, they have generally tended to follow the lead of Samuel S. Hill, Jr., arguably the single most important and influential southern religious historian, who concluded in an interpretive survey article that “the history of religion in the South before it was the South … is, in all candor, not very impressive.” In his pioneering Religion in the Old South, for instance, Donald G. Mathews paid but scant attention to the origins of popular Protestantism in the South during the middle decades of the eighteenth century. What is more, he focused almost exclusively on colonial Virginia.
The Naming: A Conceptualization of an African American Connotative Struggle

The cultural and political list for African Americans is long and complicated. Consider the following for example: "other persons," Africans, slaves, Blacks, people of color, Negro, negro, colored, Afro-American, African American, minority, "at risk," "inner city residents," "under represented," "the underclass," and the infamous "nigger" (Britt, 1999, pp. 58-59). This list of names also extends to publications and organizations: Journal of Negro History, Journal of Black Political Economy, The Black Scholar, Black Enterprise, Journal of Black Studies, The Western Journal of Black Studies, Ebony, Journal of African American Male Studies, National Council of Negro Women, National Council of African American Men, 100 Black Men, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Association for the Study of AfroAmerican Life and History, National Conference of Black Political Scientists, and Black Panther Party. Although this is not an exhaustive listing, it does exemplify the importance of naming in context of the struggle for liberation. A close look at the U.S. Constitution reveals that it does not mention the term slave. Nevertheless, slavery was in full bloom during the writing of the Constitution. Neither does the Constitution mention Black or African. The Constitution refers to enslaved Africans as "other persons" or "such persons." Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3, in part, reads as follows:
Preliminary design and noise considerations for an ultrasensitive magnetic field sensor

In this paper, we discuss the structural design including the materials, junction areas, and magnetic layers thicknesses, and various noise sources including Johnson noise, shot noise, 1/f noise, and thermal magnetic noise, that must be considered when building a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) magnetic field sensor with the goal of SQUID-like sensitivity. Analytical derivations of the sensor sensitivity and different noise sources are provided. A highly-portable software design tool is developed to optimize the various parameters of the sensor design, while also predicting the expected sensitivity, operating frequency range, operating current and power of the finished sensor. The functions and operations of this design tool are described. The relationships between the sensor detectivity and some critical design parameters are studied with this design tool. A possible design for the construction of an ultrasensitive magnetic field sensor is proposed.
Diffuse Reflectance Measurements on Bulk Uranium Dioxide

Diffuse reflectance measurements were made on powdered uranium dioxide samples to which varying amounts of excess oxygen had been added. The principal purpose was to demonstrate that the optical constants and the description of the effects of excess oxygen on the absorption coefficient which were previously derived from studies of thin films of UO2 apply also to bulk material. The reflectance method is rather insensitive for highly absorbing material, but it is believed that the objective was achieved.The characteristics of the reflectance method that tend to limit its easily useful application to material with small absorption coefficients are discussed briefly.
Selective electroless nickel plating of particle arrays on polyelectrolyte multilayers

Selective electroless nickel plating was demonstrated at the micron scale on 3-D surface microstructures using a two-step method. The 3-D patterned and functional surface microstructures consisted of microparticles, polyelectrolyte multilayers, and self-assembled monolayers, which were built by microcontact printing and directed self-assemblies of polyelectrolytes and particles. Selectively nickel-plated surfaces were characterized with optical microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Charged Pd catalyst complexes were first deposited on oppositely charged functional surfaces, and then were reduced to elemental nickel (0) selectively where the Pd complex was deposited on the surface. In this work, it was demonstrated that selective electroless nickel plating on complex 3-D microstructures with submicron resolution could be achieved using a two-step electroless plating method.
Excess enthalpies of (water + diethylene glycol) and (water + triethylene glycol)☆

Abstract Calorimetric measurements of excess molar enthalpies are reported for (water + diethylene glycol) and (water + triethylene glycol) at 298.15 K. The excess-enthalpy curves are negative at all mole fractions x of water and are skewed toward x = 1.
Effects of a Systematic Program of Exercise on Selected Measures of Creativity

23 co-ed students ran for 20 min. for 16 sessions. During the first and last class sessions, before running, they and a control group, were tested on 3 measures of creative thinking (verbal adaptability, diversity and originality). After the exercise sessions there were small but significant gains in measures of Remote Consequences and Alternate Uses.
Disorder in ferroelectrics

Abstract A model of a displacive ferroelectric in which the order parameter phonon is coupled to modes corresponding to local disorder is considered, and it is shown that the coupling can cause the order parameter to become a discontinuous function of temperature. Such a model having disorder modes with a distribution of excitation energies is shown to lead to a temperature dependent refractive index with the same features as that observed in “dirty” ferroelectrics.
Studies on parasitic castration: Aminopeptidase activity levels and protein concentrations in Ilyanassa obsoleta (mollusca) parasitized by larval trematodes

Abstract Specimens of the estuarine prosobranch Ilyanassa obsoleta collected in the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, during June, July, and August 1981, were found to be parasitized by larvae of the digeneans Cercaria dipterocerca, Himasthla quissetensis, Lepocreadium setiferoides, Microbilharzia variglandis, Microphalloides nassicola, Stephanostomum tenue , and Zoogonus lasius . The aminopeptidase activity levels and the total protein concentrations of the hemocytes and sera of these infected snails were determined. It was ascertained that snails parasitized by larvae of L. setiferoides had significantly higher levels of hemocytic aminopeptidase activity and hemocytic total protein concentrations than noninfected snails. Furthermore, snails parasitized by L. setiferoides larvae had significantly higher hemocytic levels of aminopeptidase activity than snails parasitized by larvae of S. tenue, Z. lasius, M. nassicola , and H. quissetensis .
Nearly isotropic propagation of spatially discretized waves

Abstract The effect of spatial discretization on the isotropy of propagating waves is investigated. A general criterion is given for minimizing the numerical anisotropy and dispersion caused by spatial discretization, and specific discretizations in two and three space dimensions are derived which give, in a well-defined sense, optimally isotropic propagation. We establish the group-theoretic connection between the properties of the spatial discretization and the symmetries of the underlying computational grid. The discretization technique, described here in the context of the scalar wave equation, may also be applied to other partial differential equations containing the Laplacian or gradient operators.
Desfluran bei akute intermittierender Porphyrie

Die akuten Porphyrien stellen aufgrund der Vielzahl der potenziellen perioperativen Auslosemechanismen ein anasthesiologisch relevantes Krankheitsbild dar. Die Inhalationsanasthetika Isofluran und Halothan gelten als relativ sichere Medikamente. Bis heute existiert kein Fallbericht zur Verwendung von Desfluran. Wir verwendeten Desfluran bei einer Patientin mit akuter intermittierender Porphyrie (AIP) zur Hemihepatektomie. Die Anasthesie wurde als balancierte Anasthesie mit Desfluran, Sufentanil und Atracurium durchgefuhrt. Schon intraoperativ wurde die postoperative Schmerztherapie uber einen thorakalen Periduralkatheter mit Bupivacain und Fentanyl begonnen. Wir bestimmten praoperativ die Porphyrieprakursoren in Serum und Urin und postoperativ bis zum 6. Tag im Urin. Die praoperativen Werte waren im Sinne einer AIP deutlich erhoht. Im weiteren postoperativen Verlauf sanken diese Werte massiv ab und zeigten schon am 5. postoperativen Tag fast Normalwerte. Die Patientin hatte im gesamten klinischen Verlauf nie Symptome einer AIP und wurde am 21. postoperativen Tag nach Hause entlassen. Desfluran scheint aufgrund seiner Pharmakokinetik und geringen Metabolisierung fur Patienten mit AIP geeignet zu sein.
A 40/50 GHz diplexer realized with three dimensional copper micromachining

This paper describes the design and measurement of a millimeter-wave (40/50GHz) diplexer fabricated using a three dimensional metal micromachining process. The measured diplexer has channels at 40.8 GHz and 51.1 GHz with fractional bandwidths of 2.36 GHz (5.8%) and 2.07 GHz (4.05%) and midband insertion loss of 1.58 dB and 3.52 dB, respectively. The diplexer measures 7.0 mm × 3.9 mm × 0.745 mm. It is fabricated from two comb line filters realized with microfabricated stripline resonators. The three-dimensional copper metal micromachining process utilized to fabricate the diplexer has demonstrated integration with active components and the diplexer is fabricated on wafer with a variety of other passive components.
Report on the Oak Ridge workshop on Monte Carlo codes for relativistic heavy-ion collisions

In order to make detailed predictions for the case of purely hadronic matter, several Monte Carlo codes have been developed to describe relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. Although these various models build upon models of hadron-hadron interactions and have been fitted to reproduce hadron-hadron collision data, they have rather different pictures of the underlying hadron collision process and of subsequent particle production. Until now, the different Monte Carlo codes have, in general, been compared to different sets of experimental data, according to which results were readily available to the model builder or which Monte Carlo code was readily available to an experimental group. As a result, it has been difficult to draw firm conclusions about whether the observed deviations between experiments and calculations were due to deficiencies in the particular model, experimental discrepancies, or interesting effects beyond a simple superposition of nucleon-nucleon collisions. For this reason, it was decided that it would be productive to have a structured confrontation between the available experimental data and the many models of high-energy nuclear collisions in a manner in which it could be ensured that the computer codes were run correctly and the experimental acceptances were properly taken into account. With this purpose in mind,more » a Workshop on Monte Carlo Codes for Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions was organized at the Joint Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory from September 12--23, 1988. This paper reviews this workshop. 11 refs., 6 figs.« less
Recovery and discharge

The quality and speed of recovery from anesthesia and surgery are a reflection of the anesthetic management of the patient as well as the type and duration of surgery and inherent characteristics of the patient involved. The recovery process is also influenced by the skills and procedures employed by those overseeing care of the patient during recovery. This article focuses on the procedural aspects of recovery and individual factors that contribute to making a smooth transition from the operating room to home. 55,81
The Effects of Humor on Ad Processing: Mediating Role of Brand Familiarity

The effect of humorous advertisement on memory and attitude has been an important topic among advertising scholars. However, scholars have used fake brands to test the effects of humor. Since the possibility for consumers to be exposed to the commercial for a completely new brand is very low, using a fake brand to test humor effects is not realistic. Hence, this study examined the role of brand familiarity on the effects of humor on memory and attitude by using existing brands in a laboratory experiment. This study suggests a different structural model for familiar and unfamiliar brands based on the previous studies in consumer behavior. Results revealed different effects of humorous advertisements for the familiar or unfamiliar brands. The structural model proposed for this study revealed a mediating role of brand familiarity on humor effects. Humorous ads worked better for the unfamiliar brands. For the familiar brands, the effects were mediated by the subjects’ brand familiarity and prior brand attitude.
Snowmelt-Related Flood Risk in Appalachia: First Estimates from a Historical Snow Climatology

Abstract A first attempt has been made toward quantifying the risk of snowmelt-related flooding in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains of the United States (from 35° to 42°N). In the last decade, two major events occurred within the region, prompting this study. Snowfall and snow depth data were collected from the cooperative observer network, quality controlled, and summarized at seasonal resolution (December–March). For establishing regional patterns, the period of 1971–2000 was selected. For testing fits of candidate probability distributions, and for focusing on the sparsely sampled higher elevations, this criterion was relaxed to include as many data from the mid- to late century as were reasonably admissible. Results indicate that the two-parameter Gumbel distribution fit best both the seasonal total snowfall and seasonal maximum snow depth. That distribution was then used to map return periods associated with critical seasonal snowfall and maximum snow depth masses. Seasonal snowfall amo...
Efficient Mapping of Irregular C++ Applications to Integrated GPUs

There is growing interest in using GPUs to accelerate general-purpose computation since they offer the potential of massive parallelism with reduced energy consumption. This interest has been encouraged by the ubiquity of integrated processors that combine a GPU and CPU on the same die, lowering the cost of offloading work to the GPU. However, while the majority of effort has focused on GPU acceleration of regular applications, relatively little is known about the behavior of irregular applications on GPUs. These applications are expected to perform poorly on GPUs without major software engineering effort. We present a compiler framework with support for C++ features that enables GPU acceleration of a wide range of C++ applications with minimal changes. This framework, Concord, includes a low-cost, software SVM implementation that permits seamless sharing of pointer-containing data structures between the CPU and GPU. It also includes compiler optimizations to improve irregular application performance on GPUs. Using Concord, we ran nine irregular C++ programs on two computer systems containing Intel 4th Generation Core processors. One system is an Ultrabook with an integrated HD Graphics 5000 GPU, and the other system is a desktop with an integrated HD Graphics 4600 GPU. The nine applications are pointer-intensive and operate on irregular data structures such as trees and graphs; they include face detection, BTree, single-source shortest path, soft-body physics simulation, and breadth-first search. Our results show that Concord acceleration using the GPU improves energy efficiency by up to 6.04× on the Ultrabook and 3.52× on the desktop over multicore-CPU execution.
Scheduling and order release in a single-stage production system

Abstract We develop a set of scheduling heuristics that integrate order release, group scheduling, and order sequencing for a make-to-order manufacturing facility organized into group technology cells. The procedures take into account both order due dates and sequence-dependent setup times. Simulation experiments are used to compare the performance of the procedures to current practice. Results show that the new scheduling policies, which consider setup times as well as due dates in both order release and job sequencing decisions, substantially improve due date performance and show that both order release policies and dispatching rules have significant effects on system performance.
Identity in Organizations: Exploring Cross-Level Dynamics

Most research on organization-based identities focuses on a single level of analysis, typically the individual, group, or organization. As a spur to more cross-level identity research, we offer speculative discussions on two issues concerning nested identities. First, regarding the processes through which identities become linked across levels, we explore how identities at one level of analysis enable and constrain identities at other levels. We argue that, for a collective identity, intrasubjective understanding (“I think”) fosters intersubjective understanding (“we think”) through interaction, which in turn fosters generic understanding---a sense of the collective that transcends individuals (“it is”). Second, regarding the content of linked identities, we suggest that identities are relatively isomorphic across levels because organizational goals require some internal coherence. However, for various intended and unintended reasons, isomorphism is often impeded across levels, and identities tend to become somewhat differentiated.
Stencil printing process development for low cost flip chip interconnect

Traditional methods for forming flip chip interconnection include evaporation and electroplating. While both options have proven performance records, their costs are too high for many of today's cost-sensitive applications. Motorola AISL (Advanced Interconnect Systems Laboratory) developed a low cost flip chip interconnect alternative, which electroless plates Ni/Au as the under bump metallurgy (UBM), deposits solder paste using a stencil or photoresist mask, and reflows the paste to form solder bumps. This paper is focused on the stencil print process development for wafer solder bumping. Solder paste selection, characterization, stencil design, and process parameter optimization are critical factors for successful fine pitch stencil printing. Fine mesh eutectic solder pastes (Type 5: -500+635, Type 6: -635) with different flux vehicles were evaluated for printability and reflow studies. Paste and flux modification and co-development with vendors for this specific application were conducted. An optimal paste, with specified viscosity and desired print, reflow and cleaning behavior, was developed. Wafer stencil design rules were established to deposit the right amount of solder paste to form the required reflowed solder bump height without bridges between pads. Printing and reflow design of experiments were performed to establish the baseline and optimum process parameters. Solder bump characterizations, including bump height and uniformity, composition, shear force, and SEM bump profile and cross section microstructure analysis, were conducted. Development and characterization results are presented.
Nurse Moral Distress: a proposed theory and research agenda

As professionals, nurses are engaged in a moral endeavour, and thus confront many challenges in making the right decision and taking the right action. When nurses cannot do what they think is right, they experience moral distress that leaves a moral residue. This article proposes a theory of moral distress and a research agenda to develop a better understanding of moral distress, how to prevent it, and, when it cannot be prevented, how to manage it.
The Strength of Empire and Capital as Seen Through Byzantine Eyes

ONE of the best syntheses in the field of Byzantine history, Charles Diehl's famous Byzantium: Greatness and Decline, is devoted partially to an analysis of Byzantine strength.' In this work the author attributed the powerful position of the Byzantine Empire in the Middle Ages to elements such as the Byzantine autocracy, the high quality of its military establishment, the skill of its diplomats, the efficiency of its administrators, the economic and manpower resources of the territories controlled by Byzantium and the importance of the capital as its economic and social center. Naturally Diehl derived his factual information from the Byzantine primary sources, but it is noteworthy that the pragmatic linking of facts with the problem of Byzantine greatness is due in all cases to Diehl's historical judgment and was not expressed in the primary sources. Byzantine literature was'permeated with the thought of the greatness of empire and capital, yet the Byzantine sources had, as will be seen, a simple explanation of Byzantine strength which allowed them to dispense with the kind of historical analysis to be found, for example, in Diehl's book. The Byzantines attributed the greatness of their empire and capital to their supernatural defenders and therefore had little incentive to develop either a historical analysis of their greatness or a secular theory of their political development. On the absence of political theory the late Professor N. H. Baynes remarked: "The subjects of the empire were convinced that their policy was approved by God . .. And if you believe that, what profits it to discuss other politics? It would be but a waste of breath."2 For the same reason the Byzantines never explained in secular terms the strength of
The performance of patients with schizophrenia on the wechsler memory scale-revised

Abstract The performance of 45 patients with schizophrenia was examined on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). The patients demonstrated a relatively flat performance profile across the five major WMS-R index scores suggesting similar levels of impairment in memory and attentional processes, in memory for visual and verbal materials, and in immediate and delayed recall. The General Memory Index (GMI) was lower than Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores in the majority of cases, and a large portion of the sample demonstrated fairly severe differential impairments of memory with FSIQ exceeding the GMI by 15 or more points. These results are consistent with prior findings of memory impairment in schizophrenia and support the validity of the WMS-R as a measure of memory deficits in schizophrenia.
Thrombotic endocarditis in 10 alpacas.

Background: A description of the clinical signs and necropsy findings in 10 alpacas with thrombotic endocarditis. Animals: Clinical cases admitted to 2 veterinary referral hospitals between May 1998 and December 2006. Methods: A retrospective study was performed by searching hospital records to identify alpacas diagnosed with endocarditis. Results: Common clinical findings included sternal recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, and abdominal distension. Heart sounds were recorded as normal in 7 of 10 alpacas. Pleural and pericardial effusion and ascites were often present. Complete blood cell counts often suggested inflammation, and liver enzyme activity was often increased. When echocardiography was performed, a soft tissue density was imaged within the right ventricle. All alpacas died or were euthanized. Necropsy revealed mural endocarditis with right ventricular or biventricular fibrinous thrombi obliterating the ventricular lumina with no valvular involvement in 6 of 10 affected animals. Bacteria were not consistently identified as a cause for the endocarditic lesions. Eight of the 10 alpacas had evidence of hepatic fluke infestation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Valvular and mural thrombotic endocarditis should be included in the list of differential diagnoses for hepatomegaly, abdominal distension, and other signs of right-sided congestive heart failure in alpacas. The prognosis of this disease is grave.
Hydrogen-isotopic variability in fatty acids from Yellowstone National Park hot spring microbial communities

We report the abundances and hydrogen-isotopic compositions (D/H ratios) of fatty acids extracted from hot-spring microbial mats in Yellowstone National Park. The terrestrial hydrothermal environment provides a useful system for studying D/H fractionations because the numerous microbial communities in and around the springs are visually distinct, separable, and less complex than those in many other aquatic environments. D/H fractionations between lipids and water ranged from −374‰ to +41‰ and showed systematic variations between different types of microbial communities. Lipids produced by chemoautotrophic hyperthermophilic bacteria, such as icosenoic acid (20:1), generally exhibited the largest and most variable fractionations from water (−374‰ to −165‰). This was in contrast to lipids characteristic of heterotrophs, such as branched, odd chain-length fatty acids, which had the smallest fractionations (−163‰ to +41‰). Mats dominated by photoautotrophs exhibited intermediate fractionations similar in magnitude to those expressed by higher plants. These data support the hypothesis that variations in lipid D/H are strongly influenced by central metabolic pathways. Shifts in the isotopic compositions of individual fatty acids across known ecological boundaries show that the isotopic signature of specific metabolisms can be recognized in modern environmental samples, and potentially recorded in ancient ones. Considering all sampled springs, the total range in D/H ratios is similar to that observed in marine sediments, suggesting that the trends observed here are not exclusive to the hydrothermal environment.
Sorbitol Compared with Xylitol in Prevention of Dental Caries

OBJECTIVE:To summarize published data on the comparative efficacy of sorbitol and xylitol for prevention of dental caries.DATA SOURCES:Published double-blind comparative trials, using sorbitol and xylitol products, identified by MEDLINE (January 1966–December 1998) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (January 1970–December 1998) searches.DATA SYNTHESIS:Clinical trials generally used sorbitol and xylitol gums, which patients chewed three to five times daily for 20–40 months. Xylitol was superior to sorbitol in two longer, secondary dentition trials (30–63% reductions), but not in two primary dentition trials.CONCLUSIONS:The data suggest that xylitol-containing gums may provide superior efficacy in reducing caries rates in high-risk populations.
The Cotranslational Maturation Program for the Type II Membrane Glycoprotein Influenza Neuraminidase

The earliest steps in nascent protein maturation greatly affect its overall efficiency. Constraints placed on maturing proteins at these early stages limit available conformations and help to direct the native maturation process. For type II membrane proteins, these cotranslational constraints include N- and C-terminal membrane tethering, chaperone binding, and disulfide bond formation. The cotranslational maturation process for the type II membrane glycoprotein influenza neuraminidase (NA) was investigated to provide a deeper understanding of these initial endoplasmic reticulum events. The type II orientation provides experimental advantages to monitor the first maturation steps. Calnexin was shown to cotranslationally interact with NA prior to calreticulin. These interactions were required for the efficient maturation of NA as it prematurely formed intramolecular disulfides and aggregated when calnexin and calreticulin interactions were abolished. Lectin chaperone binding slowed the NA maturation process, increasing its fidelity. Carbohydrates were required for NA maturation in a regio-specific manner. A subset of NA formed intermolecular disulfides and oligomerized cotranslationally. This fraction increased in the absence of calnexin and calreticulin binding. NA dimerization also occurred for an NA mutant lacking the critical large loop disulfide bond, indicating that dimerization did not require proper NA oxidation. The strict evaluation of proper maturation carried out by the quality control machinery was instilled at the tetramerization step. This study illustrates the type II membrane protein maturation process and shows how important cotranslational events contribute to the proper cellular maturation of glycoproteins.
Ideological and Interpersonal Change in the Radical Protest Movement

The social organization necessary for a cohesive and effective radical protest movement may create considerable political and social distance between the movement and its recruitment base. However, if attempts at expanding membership do succeed, a large influx of new people has the potential for undermining the radical character of the movement unless processes are present which lead to political socialization and social incorporation. Should these processes be present, substantial transformation in the ideological and interpersonal identities of the newcomers is expected. The American draft resistance movement of the late 1960'S is examined with these issues in mind. Interviews with nearly 100 draft resisters reveal that those lacking prior association with the radical student movement underwent extensive change in their political beliefs and communities of identification, shifting toward a much more radical perspective on American society, increasing their estrangement from pre-resistance milieus, and becoming more involved in protest movement networks. The incorporation processes are briefly discussed.