cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Port-access cardiac operations with cardioplegic arrest.

Background. A less invasive approach to cardiac surgery has been propelled by recent advances in video-assisted surgery. Previous obstacles to minimally invasive cardiac operations with cardioplegic arrest included limitations in operative exposure, inadequate perfusion technology, and inability to provide myocardial protection. Methods. Port-access technology allows endovascular aortic occlusion, cardioplegia delivery, and left ventricular decompression. The endoaortic clamp is a triple-lumen catheter with an inflatable balloon at its distal end. Antegrade cardioplegia is delivered through a central lumen, which also acts as an aortic root vent, a second lumen is used as an aortic root pressure monitor, and a third lumen is used for balloon inflation to provide aortic occlusion. Results. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the feasibility of port-access coronary artery bypass grafting and port-access mitral valve procedures. Endovascular cardiopulmonary bypass using the endoaortic clamp was effective in achieving cardiac arrest and myocardial protection to allow internal mammary artery to coronary artery anastomosis in a still and bloodless field. Intracardiac procedures, such as mitral valve replacement or repair, have been successfully performed clinically. Conclusion. The port-access system effectively achieves cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest, thereby enabling the surgeon to perform cardiac procedures in a minimally invasive fashion. This system provides for endovascular aortic occlusion, cardioplegia delivery, and left ventricular decompression.
Claw-free graphs. VII. Quasi-line graphs

A graph is a quasi-line graph if for every vertex v, the set of neighbours of v is expressible as the union of two cliques. Such graphs are more general than line graphs, but less general than claw-free graphs. Here we give a construction for all quasi-line graphs; it turns out that there are basically two kinds of connected quasi-line graphs, one a generalization of line graphs, and the other a subclass of circular arc graphs.
Radiation hardening of CMOS/SOS integrated circuits

Radiation tolerant CMOS circuits can be made by building them in a thin film of silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) with a hard gate dielectric. Radiation effects in MOS devices are reviewed, and the problems associated with radiation tolerant CMOS/SOS devices are described. Some gate dielectric techniques which show promise in hardening CMOS circuits are presented, and the radiation behavior of Al 2 O 3 gate dielectrics are described.
Biocatalysis in the 1990s: a perspective.

"Biocatalysis for the 90s," an international conference sponsored by Enzyme and Microbial Technology and co-sponsored by the Society for Industrial Microbiology, was held in June 1991 in Orlando, Florida. This conference focused on new advances in the science and techniques for discovery, design, and use ofbiocatalysts. Among the topics covered were biocatalysis in the production of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and new materials; biocatalysis in multiphase, non-aqueous, and low water systems; new industrial enzymes and organisms; biosensors; new advances in reactor design, immobilization technology, and processing; protein engineering; and new applications for "old" biocatalysts. New insights into protein structure and function, advances in genetic technology, the emergence of powerful techniques for probing the dynamics and folding of macromolecules, and major advances in materials science have all contributed to the renewed emphasis on biocatalysis that is apparent as the field of biotechnology now enters its third decade. We can therefore anticipate that great strides will be made during the decade of the 1990s in the utilization of biocatalysis to solve difficult scientific and technological problems. Such an optimistic view is amply supported by many of the striking new developments reported at "Biocatalysis for the 90s." This report summarizes some of these new developments from the perspective of the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in enzyme technology.
Health Care Consumers: Choices and Constraints

This article summarizes the research and data currently available on different dimensions of consumer choice. These dimensions include not only whether to participate in a health care plan and whic...
A Vision of Mount Holyoke in the Ottoman Balkans: American Cultural Transfer, Bulgarian Nation-Building and Women's Educational Reform, 1858-1870

American missionaries introduced a project of female educational reform among Bulgarian Orthodox Christians in their attempt to promote a Protestant reformation in the Ottoman Balkans. This case study of American-Bulgarian interactions in the town of Eski Zagora (Stara Zagora) illuminates a hitherto unexplored projection of American culture abroad and highlights the connections between women's education, religion, and national identity. In the face of Ottoman secular reform and American religious reform, Bulgarian women appropriated American educational ideals to demand improved schooling for Orthodox girls in the name of national progress. Ironically, by promoting female education, missionaries ensured the failure of their Protestant reformation and inadvertently contributed to shaping a Bulgarian national discourse during a period of increasing Balkan nationalism.
Is Bad Art the opposite of Good Art? Positive versus Negative Cinematic Assessments of 877 Feature Films:

Although some research suggests that negative judgments might be more complex and more potent than positive judgments, cinematic assessments may offer an instance of a genuine bipolar evaluative dimension. This is shown in an analysis of 877 feature films that received positive (Oscars) or negative (Razzie) recognition in the categories of best/worst picture, director, male and female lead, male and female supporting actor, screenplay, and original song (whether nomination or actual award). These assessments were compared with film critic evaluations, financial and box office data, and several relevant cinematic attributes (e.g., literary adaptations, writer-directors, biopics, sequels, remakes, film genres, runtime, and Motion Picture Association of America ratings). Analyses indicated that negative assessments were largely the inverse of positive assessments, with similar weights being assigned to most cinematic attributes. However, the negative judgments were somewhat less consequential regarding those...
Numerical Techniques to Solve Condensational and Dissolutional Growth Equations When Growth is Coupled to Reversible Reactions

Noniterative, unconditionally stable numerical techniques for solving condensational and dissolutional growth equations are given. Growth solutions are compared to Gear-code solutions for three cases when growth is coupled to reversible equilibrium chemistry. In all cases, results from the new growth schemes matched Gear-code solutions nearly exactly when growth and equilibrium calculations were operator-split with a 1 s time interval. Results also matched well for a 15 s interval. With a 15 s interval, the growth-equilibrium schemes can be used in a three-dimensional model. Longer operator splitting intervals, in some cases, induced oscillations in concentrations caused by delays in feedback between equilibrium and growth calculations. Simulation results indicated that gases and aerosols were closer to equilibrium when the relative humidity was 90% than when it was 40%.
Propagation loss analysis in photonic crystal waveguides using a complex-band technique

We present a semi-analytical Green's function-based technique for analyzing propagation loss in photonic crystal waveguides (PCWGs). The method only requires the complex band structure of the PCWG to calculate the transmission (or loss) of the structure. The plane-wave expansion method was used in this work to calculate the complex band behavior, and the power of this technique is demonstrated by comparing the results with the brute force simulation results for a PCWG. The possibility of extending this technique to the more practical arrangement of a random distribution of defects using a configurational average with coherent potential approximation theory will also be discussed.
Heat of immersion in water of Wyodak No. 3 coal as a function of moisture content

The heat of immersion in water of a subbituminous coal, Wyodak No. 3, as a function of its moisture content has been determined. The heat of immersion decreases smoothly with increasing moisture content over the range from 1% to 15% moisture. Comparative analyses of coal moisture by gravimetric and Karl Fischer (K-F) methods show good agreement for this coal. When exposed to a vacuum at room temperature, about 4% residual moisture is left on the coal independent of its moisture content prior to evacuation. The BET surface area of the coal is estimated to be 350 m2g−1 on the basis of water adsorption, compared with 7.5 m2g−1 based on krypton adsorption.
Evaluation of undiscovered natural gas in the Upper Cretaceous Ferron Coal/Wasatch Plateau Total Petroleum System, Wasatch Plateau and Castle Valley, Utah

Abstract The Total Petroleum System approach was used to estimate undiscovered gas potential of the Wasatch Plateau and Castle Valley, central Utah. The Ferron Coal/Wasatch Plateau Total Petroleum System was geologically defined and subdivided into seven assessment units, six of which were formally evaluated. Geologic data considered in defining the assessment unit boundaries included thermal maturity, coal presence and thickness, overburden thickness, and faulting intensity. Historical production data were also used to estimate volumes of gas from undrilled areas. The one conventional assessment unit includes almost the entire area of the petroleum system and is characterized by known accumulations that occur in structural or combination traps in sandstone reservoirs. The estimated undiscovered conventional producible gas that may be added to reserves of this unit ranges from a low (F95) of 14.8 billion cubic feet (BCFG) [419 million cubic meters (Mm 3 )] of gas to a high (F5) of 82 BCFG [2321 Mm 3 ] and a mean value of 39.9 BCFG [1130 Mm 3 ]. Continuous gas accumulations are those in which the entire assessment unit is considered to be gas-charged. Within these assessment units, there may be wells drilled that are not economic successes but all are expected to contain gas. Coalbed gas is in this continuous category. Mean estimates of undiscovered gas for the five continuous assessment units are: (1) Northern Coal Fairway/Drunkards Wash—752.3 BCFG [21,323 Mm 3 ]; (2) Central Coal Fairway/Buzzard Bench—536.7 BCFG [15,194 Mm 3 ]; (3) Southern Coal Fairway—152.6 BCFG [4320 Mm 3 ]; (4) Deep (6000 feet plus) Coal and Sandstone—59.1 BCFG [1673 Mm 3 ]; (5) Southern Coal Outcrop—10.6 BCFG [300 Mm 3 ]; and Joes Valley and Musinia Grabens—not assessed. The mean estimate of undiscovered gas for the entire TPS is 1551.2 BCFG [43,914 Mm 3 ]. There is a 95% chance that at least 855.7 BCFG [24,225 Mm 3 ] and a 5% chance that at least 2504 BCFG [70,888 Mm 3 ] of undiscovered producible gas remain in the TPS.
An Inflated Ensemble Filter for Ocean Data Assimilation with a Biased Coupled GCM

Abstract A “biased twin” experiment using two coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) that are biased with respect to each other is used to study the impact of deep ocean bias on ensemble ocean data assimilation. The “observations” drawn from one CGCM based on the Argo network are assimilated into the other. Traditional ensemble filtering can successfully recover the upper-ocean temperature and salinity of the target model but it usually fails to converge in the deep ocean where the model bias is large compared to the ocean’s intrinsic variability. The inconsistency between the well-constrained upper ocean and poorly constrained deep ocean generates spurious assimilation currents. An adaptively inflated ensemble filter is designed to enhance the consistency of upper- and deep-ocean adjustments, based on “climatological” standard deviations being adaptively updated by observations. The new algorithm reduces deep-ocean errors greatly, in particular, reducing current errors up to 70% and vertical motion e...
Insights into adenovirus host cell interactions from structural studies

Human adenoviruses cause a significant number of acute respiratory, enteric and ocular infections, however they have also served as useful model systems for uncovering fundamental aspects of cell and molecular biology. In addition, replication-defective forms of adenovirus are being used in gene transfer and vaccine clinical trials. Over the past decade, steady advances in structural biology techniques have helped reveal important insights into the earliest events in the adenovirus life cycle as well as virus interactions with components of the host immune system. This review highlights the continuing use of structure-based approaches to uncover the molecular features of adenovirus-host interactions.
Heat Shock Protein 70 Expression in Native and Heterotopically Transplanted Rat Hearts

Heat shock proteins (hsp) are intracellular proteins that are rapidly synthesized in response to a variety of stress factors. Recent studies in rats have shown that these proteins can elicit a lymphocyte response during cardiac allograft rejection. We studied the expression of the inducible (i) and constitutive (c) forms of hsp70 in rat cardiac allograft and isograft recipients to evaluate their utility as indicators of transplant rejection. Heterotopic transplantation of rat hearts was performed, using Lewis to Lewis isografts and ACI to Lewis allografts. Sham-operated rats were used as controls. Transplanted isograft, allograft, and native hearts of the transplant recipients and their livers and spleens were harvested at 5 days posttransplant and analyzed for hsp70 (i) and (c) expression by Western blots. Seven animals were studied in each group. Isografts at 3 and 60 days and allografts at 3 days were also studied. Quantification of band densities was carried out by laser densitometry. Physiological function of the native hearts of the transplant recipients was studied using Langendorff preparations. High levels of hsp70 (i) were noted in the transplanted and native hearts of the transplant recipients but not in their livers or spleens or in the hearts of the sham-operated control animals. Myocardial function of the native hearts of the transplant recipients was not significantly different from that of the controls. Significantly higher levels of hsp70 (c) were present in mild and severely rejecting allografts compared with controls and nonrejecting isografts. In the rat model of heterotopic cardiac transplantation, high levels of hsp70 (i) in the native hearts of the allograft and isograft recipients suggest a transplant-related, cardiac-specific stress process, not previously described. Heat shock protein 70 (c) expression is significantly increased during early and late allograft rejection and may serve as an indicator of transplant rejection.
A spectrometer focal plane detector for heavy ions

Abstract A resistive-wire position-sensitive proportional transmission counter has been built for the detection of heavy ions in the focal plane of a magnetic spectrometer. The 45 × 6 cm2 counter measures position and energy loss with a resolution of 0.7 mm and 8–10% respectively. Time-of-flight is measured with a plastic scintillator behind the proportional counter. The position, time and energy loss signals are used to identify heavy ions with unit mass and atomic number resolution up to about A = 20, Z = 10.
Local fluctuations in quantum critical metals

We show that spatially local, yet low-energy, fluctuations can play an essential role in the physics of strongly correlated electron systems tuned to a quantum critical point. A detailed microscopic analysis of the Kondo lattice model is carried out within an extended dynamical-mean-field approach. The correlation functions for the lattice model are calculated through a self-consistent Bose-Fermi Kondo problem, in which a local moment is coupled both to a fermionic bath and to a bosonic bath (a fluctuating magnetic field). A renormalization-group treatment of this impurity problem---perturbative in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma},$ where $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is an exponent characterizing the spectrum of the bosonic bath---shows that competition between the two couplings can drive the local-moment fluctuations critical. As a result, two distinct types of quantum critical point emerge in the Kondo lattice, one being of the usual spin-density-wave type, the other ``locally critical.'' Near the locally critical point, the dynamical spin susceptibility exhibits $\ensuremath{\omega}/T$ scaling with a fractional exponent. While the spin-density-wave critical point is Gaussian, the locally critical point is an interacting fixed point at which long wavelength and spatially local critical modes coexist. A Ginzburg-Landau description for the locally critical point is discussed. It is argued that these results are robust, that local criticality provides a natural description of the quantum critical behavior seen in a number of heavy-fermion metals, and that this picture may also be relevant to other strongly correlated metals.
An Analysis of Person-to-Person Car Sharing

Person-to-Person (P2P) car sharing allows car owners to convert their personal vehicles into share cars which can be rented to other drivers on a short-term basis. Using data from the Longitudinal Employment Dynamics (LED) program and the US Census, we develop a methodology to assess the market feasibility of, and economic incentives, P2P car sharing. Further, we apply the methodology to develop a case study of P2P car sharing in Pittsburgh, PA.
Fluorescent detection of phosphate anion by a highly selective chemosensor in water

A macrocyclic dinuclear copper complex, [Cu2II(1)Br4]·2H2O has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography, in which each metal ion is pentacoordinated in a square pyramidal environment and the macrocycle is folded to form a boat-shaped empty cavity. As studied by an indicator displacement assay, the dinuclear complex shows strong selectivity for phosphate over sulfate, nitrate, perchlorate and halides in water at physiological pH.
Extracellular potassium is necessary for acid translocation but not for acid formation in gastric mucosa.

Abstract Removal of potassium from the nutrient solution of a gastric mucosa results in monotonic decline in acid secretion rate. When potassium is added back to the nutrient solution, acid secretion recovers. In both spontaneously and sub-maximally secreting tissue the recovery of the acid secretion rate takes the form of a transient overshoot above the baseline such that the amount of suppressed acid in the absence of potassium is equal to the amount of acid that is secreted above baseline once potassium is added back. The index of conservation r is zero, i.e., the effect is conservative. In maximally secreting tissue the secretion rate only returns to pre-inhibitory level without an overshoot. The net effect is nonconservative with r = −1. Conservative effect under maximally stimulating conditions was unmasked by exposing the tissue to a stimulus for a specific length of time and comparing amount of acid secreted when nutrient potassium was present with amount of acid secreted when potassium was removed and then added back to the nutrient solution. Stimulation with forskolin is not expressed in the absence of potassium but is unmasked once potassium is added back to the nutrient solution. The conclusion is: removing potassium from the nutrient side inhibits proton translocation by decreasing V max and/or increasing K m but is without effect on the formation of acid. Adding potassium back restores the parameter(s) for the translocation step.
Studies on 3D volume memory

The need to store large amounts of information in small volumes cannot be overstated, nor can the need for these memories to be capable of large bandwidths and parallel access of the information be overemphasized. Three-dimensional (3-D) storage may provide a desirable solution to these needs. The various possible avenues which may lead to 3-D information storage include hole burning, phase hologram, and two photon processes using organic semiconductors and biomolecules such as bactiochadorpsin. In this paper we restrict discussion to the last topic, namely, 3-D storage by means of two-photon absorption, particularly in the utilization of organic photochromic materials. In previous communications we have presented experimental data which suggest a possibility for constructing useful 3-D volume memory devices based upon two-photon virtual excitation processes. In this paper we discuss the means for writing and reading information within a 3-D storage memory, describe the materials used, and present a status report on their relevant properties. The theoretical bases for two-photon processes were established long ago, originating theoretically in 1932 and experimentally in the early 1960s. The probability for a two-photon transition may be expressed as a function of three parameters: line profile, transition probability for all possible two-photon processes, and intensity.
A Systems Approach to Adolescent Pregnancy

A systems framework is presented, emphasizing the effect of pregnancy upon the adolescent's family and the infant's father, as well as the family's and father's effect upon the outcome of the adolescent's pregnancy, labor, delivery and subsequent parenthood.
Dose--volume modeling of brachial plexus-associated neuropathy after radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer: findings from a prospective screening protocol.

Purpose Data from a prospective screening protocol administered for patients previously irradiated for head-and-neck cancer was analyzed to identify dosimetric predictors of brachial plexus-associated neuropathy. Methods and Materials Three hundred fifty-two patients who had previously completed radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were prospectively screened from August 2007 to April 2013 using a standardized self-administered instrument for symptoms of neuropathy thought to be related to brachial plexus injury. All patients were disease-free at the time of screening. The median time from radiation therapy was 40 months (range, 6-111 months). A total of 177 patients (50%) underwent neck dissection. Two hundred twenty-one patients (63%) received concurrent chemotherapy. Results Fifty-one patients (14%) reported brachial plexus-related neuropathic symptoms with the most common being ipsilateral pain (50%), numbness/tingling (40%), and motor weakness and/or muscle atrophy (25%). The 3- and 5-year estimates of freedom from brachial plexus-associated neuropathy were 86% and 81%, respectively. Clinical/pathological N3 disease ( P P =.01) were significantly associated with neuropathic symptoms. Cox regression analysis revealed significant dose–volume effects for brachial plexus-associated neuropathy. The volume of the ipsilateral brachial plexus receiving >70 Gy (V70) predicted for symptoms, with the incidence increasing with V70 >10% ( P 74 Gy (V74) among patients treated without neck dissection, with a cutoff of 4% predictive of symptoms ( P =.038). Conclusions Dose–volume guidelines were developed for radiation planning that may limit brachial plexus-related neuropathies.
Recovery of material parameters of soft hyperelastic tissue by an inverse spectral technique

Abstract An inverse spectral method is developed for recovering a spatially inhomogeneous shear modulus for soft tissue. The study is motivated by a novel use of the intravascular ultrasound technique to image arteries. The arterial wall is idealized as a nonlinear isotropic cylindrical hyperelastic body. A boundary value problem is formulated for the response of the arterial wall within a specific class of quasistatic deformations reflective of the response due to imposed blood pressure. Subsequently, a boundary value problem is developed via an asymptotic construction modeling intravascular ultrasound interrogation which generates small amplitude, high frequency time harmonic vibrations superimposed on the static finite deformation. This leads to a system of second order ordinary Sturm–Liouville boundary value problems that are then employed to reconstruct the shear modulus through a nonlinear inverse spectral technique. Numerical examples are demonstrated to show the viability of the method.
The Meiotic Defects of Mutants in the Drosophila mps1 Gene Reveal A Critical Role of Mps1 in the Segregation of Achiasmate Homologs

The conserved kinase Mps1 is necessary for the proper functioning of the mitotic and meiotic spindle checkpoints (MSCs), which monitor the integrity of the spindle apparatus and prevent cells from progressing into anaphase until chromosomes are properly aligned on the metaphase plate. In Drosophila melanogaster, a null allele of the gene encoding Mps1 was recently shown to be required for the proper functioning of the MSC, but it did not appear to exhibit a defect in female meiosis. We demonstrate here that the meiotic mutant ald1 is a hypomorphic allele of the mps1 gene. Both ald1 and a P-insertion allele of mps1 exhibit defects in female meiotic chromosome segregation. The observed segregational defects are substantially more severe for pairs of achiasmate homologs, which are normally segregated by the achiasmate (or distributive) segregation system, than they are for chiasmate bivalents. Furthermore, cytological analysis of ald1 mutant oocytes reveals both a failure in the coorientation of achiasmate homologs at metaphase I and a defect in the maintenance of the chiasmate homolog associations that are normally observed at metaphase I. We conclude that Mps1 plays an important role in Drosophila female meiosis by regulating processes that are especially critical for ensuring the proper segregation of nonexchange chromosomes.
The evolution of suburban and radial rail passenger transportation in the United States

Abstract This article traces the trends in rail commuter service, heavy rail rapid transit, the rise and decline of the electric interurban railway, and the development and rise of modern light rail transit in the United States from the mid nineteenth century to the present. Rail commuter service grew steadily until about 1929, then declined except in major metropolitan areas, where, now operated under various authorities, it remains an important element in the major cities in the East and has expanded in recent years in the West. Heavy rail rapid transit, which developed primarily in the latter part of the last century, declined somewhat in the 1920s, and no new lines were built for a long period. It has, however, experienced a revival in recent years. Amtrak has played a major role in aiding service to outlying radial areas and in the management of local rapid transit systems, but its future is in doubt.
Cloud Provider Transparency: An Empirical Evaluation

Cloud computing is quickly becoming the next wave of technological evolution as a new approach to providing IT capabilities needed by business. Driving interest and investment in cloud computing is the revolutionary change to the economic model. Cloud computing also promises to allow IT to respond more quickly to the needs of the business. Key tenets of cloud computing include being on-demand and self-service. This shift to the way that a business engages IT services creates new challenges including regulating how internal business units purchase cloud services. How does a business assess cloud providers services for security, privacy, and service levels? The purpose of this study is to develop an instrument for evaluating a cloud provider's transparency of security, privacy, and service level competencies via its self-service web portals and web publications, and then to empirically evaluate cloud service providers to measure how transparent by using the instrument.
Neutron-proton charge-exchange scattering from 8 to 29 GeV/c☆

The differential cross sections for neutron-proton charge-exchange scattering have been measured for mcident neutron momenta between 8 and 29 GeV/c and for four-mo- mentum transfers I tl between 0.002 and 1.0 (GeV/c) 2. A neutron beam with a broad mo- mentum spectrum was scattered from a hquid hydrogen target. The momenta and scattering angles of the forward-scattered protons were measured by a spark-chamber magnet spec- trometer. The flight times and scattering angles of the recoil neutrons were measured by a bank of thick scintillation counters. The effic~encles of the neutron counters were deter- mined in a separate measurement. Absolute normalization of the data was obtained from a measurement of the diffracnon dissociation of neutrons from carbon nuclei. Differentml cross sections, based on - 23 000 events, are presented for 9 different momenta. The shape of the differential cross sections and the momentum dependence are examined m detail.
Brazil’s exception to the world-class university movement

The continued importance of university rankings has only served to fuel the growth of the ‘world-class’ university movement. There is a growing impression that, in a globalised and interconnected world, no country can do without a world-class university. No country, that is, except Brazil. While Brazil has the resources necessary to create a world-class university, evidence suggests there has been no attempt to create one. This paper draws on data from various sources to show that the government has instead focused on improving the quality of higher education in Brazil but has done so with a focus on national outcomes. Through government policies, Brazil has incentivised research, increased the number of doctoral degrees awarded and improved the quality of doctoral programmes. While these are the types of improvements needed for a world-class university, there is no evidence to indicate an interest in joining the world-class university movement.
Arylsulfonate esters as hypocholesteremic agents: III. Mechanism of action studies

The mechanism responsible for the hypocholestermic action of arylsulfonate esters of long chain fatty alcohols has been studied with rats fed either normocholesteremic or hypercholesteremic (1% cholesterol plus 0.5% glycocholate) diets. Linoleyl tosylate is more effective in lowering plasma and liver cholesterol levels of rats on the hypercholesteremic diet than several other hypocholesteremic agents tested. Linoleyl tosylate does not redistribute cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues nor inhibit hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Linoleyl tosylate is not effective in counteracting Tritoninduced hypercholesteremia nor in lowering plasma cholesterol levels of the suckling rat. Linoleyl tosylate increases the fecal elimination of dietary [4-14C] cholesterol and prevents its accumulation in blood and liver. Oleyl p-(n-decyl) benzene sulfonate also prevents the apparent absorption of [26-14C] cholesterol from the gastrointestinal tract. Linoleyl tosylate increases the fecal excretion of neurtal sterols but not of bile acids. The results indicate that the arylsulfonate esters of long chain fatty alcohols lower body cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Exactly how absorption is inhibited is not clear, but linoleyl tosylate was found to stimulate the activity of cholesteryl esterase prepared from the intestinal mucosa.
Scintigraphic evaluation of digital circulation during the developmental and acute phases of equine laminitis.

Summary Scintigraphy was used to evaluate digital circulation at 24 h intervals in 11 control horses and in nine horses affected with acute laminitis created by administration of a high-starch ration. Following intra-arterial injection of technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin into the brachiocephalic trunk, static images were acquired of the right front foot. Dynamic radionuclide angiograms and static blood pool images were also obtained after jugular vein injection of technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. These procedures were performed on standing horses, using either minimal or no tranquillisation. Images were analysed quantitatively for parameters indicative of circulation to the whole foot and to specific regions within the foot. There was no evidence of reduced total blood flow to the lamellae during either the developmental or acute phases of laminitis. Total flow tended to increase throughout the peripheral/external regions of the foot, but statistically significant elevations were consistently present only within the lamellae. The increased total blood flow to the lamellae may have been due to elevated capillary flow and/or elevated arteriovenous shunt flow. This study did not support lamellar ischaemia as the primary cause of acute equine laminitis.
The calorimetric determination of enthalpies of transfer of halide ions in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solutions

Abstract The solvation of chloride, bromide, and iodide ions in dimethyl sulfoxide is only slightly affected by the addition of water up to the composition DMSO-H 2 O. The large tetra- n -butylammonium ion suffers dessolvation, which reflects increasing solvent-solvent interactions.
Electron Tomography of Neuronal Mitochondria: Three-Dimensional Structure and Organization of Cristae and Membrane Contacts

Abstract The structure of neuronal mitochondria from chick and rat was examined using electron microscope tomography of chemically fixed tissue embedded in plastic and sliced in ≈500-nm-thick sections. Three-dimensional reconstructions of representative mitochondria were made from single-axis tilt series acquired with an intermediate voltage electron microscope (400 kV). The tilt increment was either 1° or 2° ranging from −60° to +60°. The mitochondrial ultrastructure was similar across species and neuronal regions. The outer and inner membranes were each ≈7 nm thick. The inner boundary membrane was found to lie close to the outer membrane, with a total thickness across both membranes of ≈22 nm. We discovered that the inner membrane invaginates to form cristae only through narrow, tubular openings, which we call crista junctions. Sometimes the cristae remain tubular throughout their length, but often multiple tubular cristae merge to form lamellar compartments. Punctate regions, ≈14 nm in diameter, were observed in which the inner and outer membranes appeared in contact (total thickness of both membranes ≈14 nm). These contact sites are known to a play a key role in the transport of proteins into the mitochondrion. It has been hypothesized that contact sites may be proximal to crista junctions to facilitate transport of proteins destined for the cristae. However, our statistical analyses indicated that contact sites are randomly located with respect to these junctions. In addition, a close association was observed between endoplasmic reticulum membranes and the outer mitochondrial membrane, consistent with the reported mechanism of transport of certain lipids into the mitochondrion.
Grazing incidence ion beams for reducing LER

As semiconductor feature sizes continue to decrease, the phenomena of line edge roughness (LER) becomes more disruptive in chip manufacturing. While many efforts are underway to decrease LER from the photoresist, postdevelop smoothing techniques may be required to continue shrinking chip features economically. This paper reports on one such method employing the use of an ion beam at grazing incidence along the features. This method smooths relatively long spatial length LER, a potential advantage over other smoothing techniques that focus on just small-scale LER. LER reduction numbers using Ne and Ar beams are reported at both short and long spatial wavelength. Variables include beam energy, length of time and angular dependence. LER measurements are taken using Hitachi image analysis software on top-down analytical SEM measurements. Line profile data are taken from cross sectional SEM photographs. Tests have achieved a reduction in LER from 9.8±0.67 nm to 5.5±0.86 nm for 45 nm 1:1 lines using an Ar beam at 500 eV for 6 s at an 85o angle of incidence. A reduction from 10.1±1.07 nm to 6±1.02 nm was shown using an Ar beam at 1000 eV for 4 s at a 60o angle of incidence.
The Braidwood Reactor Anitneutrino Experiment

A medium scale, short baseline ν ¯ e disappearance experiment located at Braidwood Nuclear Power Station in Will County, Illinois, USA is described. The experiment will use pairs of two-zone spherical detectors with 65 tons of Gd-loaded liquid scintillator in the fiducial volume located at 270 m and 1510 m from the two-core reactor complex at Braidwood at a depth of 450 mwe. Braidwood is being designed to achieve a sin 2 2 θ 13 sensitivity of 0.01.
Source insertion & location systems for the Borexino solar neutrino detector

The Borexino solar neutrino detector is currently performing a real time measurement of the sub-MeVregion of the solar neutrino spectrum. In order to obtain the most accurate results, the detector mustundergo a careful calibration campaign. Monte Carlo simulations, as well as our recent data, haveshown that the main sources of systematic error are: fiducial volume determination, detector energyresponse as a function of event position, α, β, γ energy scales, and α/β discrimination efficiency. Inorder to reduce these uncertainties, systems have been developed to insert and locate radioactive andoptical sources both into the bulk volume of Borexino and into the buffer region. This poster willdescribe in detail the internal source insertion and location system as well as the external sourceinsertion system used to meet the aforementioned objectives.
In situ determination of long-term basaltic glass dissolution in the unsaturated zone

Abstract Maximum in situ weathering rates of basaltic glass measured at the El Malpais National Monument in New Mexico are on the order of 2–5×10 −19 mol/cm 2 s. Rates were calculated from backscattered electron (BSE) imaging of weathered porosity and are equivalent to 1.7–5% of the surface per 1000 years. Weathering is independent of glass composition but appears to increase with flow elevation at El Malpais. Measured rates represent weathering over 3000 years and are substantially lower than glass dissolution rates measured in the laboratory over much shorter time spans. Basaltic glass is a close chemical analogue to glass hosts proposed for encapsulation of high-level nuclear wastes. Radionuclide release rates predicted from the basis of in situ field rates are substantially less than those predicted from short-term laboratory experiments.
Notch Signaling Is Required for Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The cell-surface-signaling protein Notch, is required for numerous developmental processes and typically specifies which of two adjacent cells will adopt a non-neuronal developmental fate. It has recently been implicated in long-term memory formation in mammals and Drosophila. Here, we investigated whether activity-dependent synaptic plasticity at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of third instar Drosophila larvae depends on Notch signaling. The length and number of axonal branches and number of presynaptic sites (boutons) in NMJ vary with the level of synaptic activity, so we increased activity at the NMJ by two complementary methods: increasing the chronic growth temperature of third instar larvae from 18 to 28 degrees C and using the double-mutant ether-a-gogo,Shaker (eagSh), both of which increase NMJ size and bouton count. Animals homozygous for the functionally null, temperature-sensitive Notch alleles, N(ts1) and N(ts2), displayed no activity-dependent increase in NMJ complexity when reared at the restrictive temperature. Dominant-negative Notch transgenic expression also blocked activity-dependent plasticity. Ectopic expression of wild-type Notch and constitutively active truncated Notch transgenes also reduced activity-dependent plasticity, suggesting that there is a "happy medium" level of Notch activity in mediating NMJ outgrowth. Last, we show that endogenous Notch is primarily expressed in the presynaptic cell bodies where its expression level is positively correlated with motor neuron activity.
Body Scheme Theory

The purpose of this paper is to examine theories related to body scheme, with an emphasis on the pediatric population. The relationship of body scheme to occupational performance components will also be explored.
Sublimation Pressure and Vapor Molecular Weight of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate

The sublimation pressure of crystalline pentaerythritol tetranitrate has been determined over the temperature range (356 to 382) K by the torsion−effusion method. From simultaneous mass-loss determinations, the molecular weight of effusing vapor was found to be in accord with that of monomeric C(CH2ONO2)4. Effusing vapor was also examined by mass spectrometry, extending the temperature−pressure range down to 302 K. The temperature dependence of pressure, determined by both torsion and mass-spectrometric methods, yielded enthalpies of sublimation in close agreement at (157.4 ± 3.2) kJ·mol-1. Earlier pressure measurements in the literature are lower by nearly a factor of 3, and the corresponding second-law sublimation enthalpy is also significantly lower.
Milton's Arianism

Since Maurice Kelley's unequivocal statement in This Great Argument that “Paradise Lost is an Arian document,” scholars have generally consented to call Milton an Arian. Professor William B. Hunter's recent article has effectively shifted the burden of proof. I should like to provide some supporting evidence for Mr. Hunter's thesis, and one qualification.
A Novel ATPG Framework to Detect Weight Related Defects in Threshold Logic Gates

The gate that is implemented with threshold logic is called a threshold logic gate (TLG). The logic output value of an TLG depends on the weighted sum of its inputs. Manufactured weights in the threshold logic gates (TLGs) may differ from the designed values and significantly affects the fault coverage. A novel automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) tool is proposed to detect whether the circuit is malfunctioning due to such weight-related defects.
QUANTIFYING MICROBIAL COMPETITION ON LEAVES

The concept of competition occupies a central place in theories of ecology and evolution. Over the last three decades, extensive studies of the role of competition in regulating the population dynamics of various organisms have been accompanied by the development of a rich body of theory relating to competition (Diamond, 1978; Grime, 1979; Tilman, 1982; Roughgarden, 1983). However, not all ecologists have accepted the supremacy of competition as a mechanism for regulating natural populations (Roughgarden, 1985; Connell, 1983; Connor and Simberloff, 1986; Goldberg and Barton, 1992). In response to the intense focus on competition by some ecologists, a vociferous debate has erupted about the significance of interspecific competition in natural communities (Lewin, 1983 a, Lewin, 1983 b). In recent years, researchers have provided strong evidence for the importance of disturbance, the physical environment, and extra-population movement (immigration and emigration) in determining the dynamics of specific populations (Dayton, 1971; Roughgarden, 1986). Today this debate continues, and the tension generated by the competing hypotheses has provided a fertile ground for both theory and experimentation.
A Born-Oppenheimer photolysis model of N2O fractionation

The isotopically light N_2O produced by microbial activity is thought to be balanced by the return of heavy stratospheric nitrous oxide. The Yung and Miller [1997] method that first explained these trends yields photolytic fractionation factors ∼half those observed by experiment or predicted quantum mechanically, however. To address these issues, we present here a Born-Oppenheimer photolysis model that uses only commonly available spectroscopic data. The predicted fractionations quantitatively reproduce laboratory data, and have been incorporated into zonally averaged atmospheric simulations. Like McLinden et al. [2003] , who employ a three-dimensional chemical transport model with cross sections scaled to match laboratory data, we find excellent agreement between predictions and stratospheric measurements; additional processes that contribute to the mass independent anomaly in N_2O can only account for a fraction of its global budget.
A nonlinear generalization of the Koiter–Sanders–Budiansky bending strain measure

Abstract A physically motivated kinematical property to be demanded of a bending strain measure, beyond the ones that are conventionally agreed upon, is proposed. Guided by the criterion, a bending strain measure is proposed for a first-order, nonlinear, elastic shell theory that has the property of vanishing in rigid and pure-stretch deformations of the shell. The measure is motivated by the Koiter–Sanders–Budiansky (KSB) bending measure of the first-order, linear shell theory, and is shown to linearize to the KSB measure about the undeformed shell. On retaining the standard measure for membrane straining, work-conjugate stress and stress-couple resultants to the membrane and bending strains are derived, as is the expression for the internal virtual work in terms of the proposed strains, stress and stress-couple resultants. The bending strain is calculated for some simple deformations and compared with other generalizations of the KSB measure of the linear theory.
Life Stress Impairs Self-Control in Early Adolescence

The importance of self-control to a wide range of developmental outcomes prompted the current investigation of negative life events and self-control in early adolescence. In three prospective, longitudinal studies, negative life events reported by the mother (in Study 1) or child (in Studies 2 and 3) predicted rank-order decreases in self-control over time. In all studies, self-control was measured at two different time points using questionnaires completed by three separate raters, including a classroom teacher who knew the child well and two other raters (parents, caregivers, and/or the child himself/herself). Psychological distress measured in Studies 2 and 3 mediated the deleterious effects of negative life events on self-control. These findings extend prior experimental laboratory research documenting the acute effects of stress on self-control.
PIPP: promotion/insertion pseudo-partitioning of multi-core shared caches

Many multi-core processors employ a large last-level cache (LLC) shared among the multiple cores. Past research has demonstrated that sharing-oblivious cache management policies (e.g., LRU) can lead to poor performance and fairness when the multiple cores compete for the limited LLC capacity. Different memory access patterns can cause cache contention in different ways, and various techniques have been proposed to target some of these behaviors. In this work, we propose a new cache management approach that combines dynamic insertion and promotion policies to provide the benefits of cache partitioning, adaptive insertion, and capacity stealing all with a single mechanism. By handling multiple types of memory behaviors, our proposed technique outperforms techniques that target only either capacity partitioning or adaptive insertion.