cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Naming practices, typicality, and underextension in child language☆

Abstract Preschool children (3 to 5 years of age) in an initial study underextended superordinate labels. The labels (e.g., food ) were not applied to category instances that were rated as atypical by adults (e.g., ketchup). In a second experiment, mothers seldom used a superordinate term in referring to pairs of the same atypical instances, but they did label pairs of typical instances with a superordinate. A third experiment demonstrated the effects of several word-referent modeling conditions on young children's comprehension of a superordinate term. The results were viewed as suggesting that the child undergeneralizes superordinate labels because adult naming practices are such that category instances having certain functional or perceptual attributes may be labeled with a superordinate, while other, dissimilar instances are almost always labeled with subordinate names instead of a superordinate.
Cooperative hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions in the hydration of dimethyl ether

Cooperative interactions in the hydration of dimethyl ether (DME) relative to its purely hydrophobic analog, propane, are analyzed by expressing the free energy of hydration in terms of an “inner-shell” contribution from water molecular packing and chemical association, and an “outer-shell” contribution described by the mean binding energy of the solute to the solution and fluctuations in this binding energy. We find that nonadditive, cooperative interactions associated with strong correlations in the binding energy fluctuations of the methyl groups and ether oxygen play a dominant role in the hydration of DME relative to propane. The electrostatic nature of these interactions is revealed in a multi-Gaussian analysis of hydration substates, which shows that the formation of favorable ether oxygen-water hydrogen bonds is correlated with less favorable methyl group-water interactions, and vice versa. We conclude that the group additive distinction between the hydrophobic hydration of the DME methyl groups and hydrophilic hydration of the ether oxygen is lost in the context of these cooperative interactions. Our results also suggest that the binding energy fluctuations of constituent hydrophobic/hydrophilic groups are more sensitive than local water density fluctuations for characterizing the hydration of heterogeneous interfaces.
Dental Management of Patients with Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease of metabolism resulting from impaired insulin secretion, varying degrees of insulin resistance, or both. Management of the diabetic dental patients must take into consideration the impact of dental disease and dental treatment on the management of diabetes as well as an appreciation for the comorbidities that accompany long-standing diabetes. Those comorbidities include obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Central to the management of diabetes is the intensive regulation of plasma glucose along with management of comorbidities comprising the "metabolic syndrome." Management of the diabetic dental patient should focus on periodontal health and the delivery of comprehensive dental care with minimal disruption of metabolic homeostasis and recognition of diabetic comorbidities.
Characteristics of a Controlled Atmosphere ac Arc

A study was carried out to determine the characteristics of the ac arc when using various controlled atmospheres. This research was instigated because our laboratory makes extensive use of the ac arc for the analysis of air particulate matter and of body tissues and fluids. Although controlled atmosphere sources have been widely investigated, they have generally been with the dc arc. The atmospheres were evaluated by measuring the background, precision, and sensitivity of various elements using 3 matrices (graphite, lithium carbonate–graphite, and lithium fluoride–graphite). The conclusions reached were (1) the limit of detection for 21 elements was determined for each matrix. In each case, 7 elements were more sensitive by a factor of two or better in the oxygen–argon mixture than in air. The other elements showed no improvement: (2) the standard deviations obtained on 30 or more repeat analyses on each of 6 elements showed the precision of analysis of the 2 lithium–graphite matrices to be better by as much as a factor of three than the graphite matrix in both air and the oxygen–argon mixture. (3) Only the lithium carbonate–graphite matrix showed any improvement in precision when using the oxygen–argon mixture, but the results were not appreciably better than those of the lithium fluoride–graphite mixture in air.
Behavior of Oxidized Coal During Oil Agglomeration

Abstract The surface of Upper Freeport coal was oxidized by air at 150°C for up to 144 h, and the behavior of this coal during oil agglomeration was studied at various pH values. With increased oxidation time the surface concentration of both carboxyl and hydroxyl groups was increased, and the recovery of coal with a given amount of oil was decreased. Spherical agglomeration was possible only with the unoxidized or mildly oxidized coal. The effect of oxidation on the zeta potential and three-phase contact angle was studied as well as the relation between these parameters and the agglomeration behavior. The recovery of coal was also measured as a function of pH, oil dosage, and addition of the surface-active agents sodium oleate and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. The results indicate that the relative oleophilic/hydrophilic nature of the coal surface is more important to the oil agglomeration process than the electrokinetic properties of the system.
Wafer Scale Solventless Adhesive Bonding with iCVD Polyglycidylmethacrylate: Effects of Bonding Parameters on Adhesion Energies

Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) polyglycidylmethacrylate (PGMA) thin films are investigated as adhesives for wafer-scale bonding of 300 mm silicon substrates and demonstrated to form highly uniform, void-free bond interfaces. The effects of bonding temperature and pressure on critical adhesion energy (Gc) between iCVD PGMA and silicon are studied using the four-point bend technique. Gc values can be varied over an order of magnitude (0.59–41.6 J m−2) by controlling the bonding temperature and the observed dependence is attributed to changes in the physical (diffusion) and chemical (crosslinking) properties of the film. Thermal degradation studies using spectroscopic ellipsometry reveal that the iCVD PGMA films can crosslink when annealed above 120 °C in air. Further, changes in polymer behavior associated with annealing temperature are demonstrated to influence the crack propagation interface between the bonded substrates. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of iCVD polymer films for both temporary “thermoplastic,” and permanent “thermoset” bonding with potential applications in 3D integrated circuit technologies.
The relationship between outcome of liver transplantation and experience in new centers

For several medical interventions, increasing experience results in improved outcome. This finding may result from better patient selection or increased skill levels. This report examines whether there is a relationship between center experience and patient outcome for liver transplantation, and if so, whether the relationship is explained by patient or donor selection or level of experience required to obtain optimal results. The United Network for Organ Sharing Scientific Liver Transplant Registry includes all procedures performed in the United States since October 1987. The date of the first transplantation and the number of operations performed were used to define 42 new and 27 experienced centers. Within new centers, experience was quantified by the sequence number of each transplantation. Characteristics of 6,180 recipients and donors were compared between new and experienced centers using the χ2 test for association. A linear trend test identified whether these characteristics varied with experience within new centers. The independent association between experience in new centers and perioperative mortality was examined using logistic regression. Patient and donor selection criteria differ between experienced and new centers and change within new centers as experience is gained. Adjusting for calendar year and various patient and donor characteristics, perioperative mortality rates decrease in new centers as experience is gained. After 20 transplantations are performed, perioperative mortality in new centers is not significantly different than that in experienced centers. Criteria for recipient and donor selection change as centers gain experience. Despite these differences and improvements that have occurred over time, increasing experience in centers performing liver transplantations is associated with reduced perioperative mortality.
Meeting the Terrorist Threat: The Localization of Counter Terrorism Intelligence

It has long been recognized that intelligence is at the heart of countering terrorism. For, once terrorist initiate an attack authorities find themselves in a primarily defensive and reactive mode. Moreover given the reality of the threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), attacks as in the case of 9/11 could again lead to a profound loss of live and the disruption of the civil order. It is therefore vital that intelligence capabilities are refined and extended beyond the national intelligence community since ultimately the state and local authorities must be involved in identifying and responding to threats, acts, and campaigns of terrorism. For, as in the case of first responders, all terrorism is local. By achieving the necessary level of integration on all levels, the United States can more effectively develop both the necessary proactive measures and defense in depth in meeting the continuity and change that characterizes modern terrorism.
Could it happen here? Moral panic, school shootings, and fear of crime among college students

Originating in the early 1970s, the concept of moral panic has been used to describe the public’s reaction to a real or perceived threat. Moral panic has been linked to well-known social problems, including muggings, drugs, juvenile ‘delinquency, gangs, and terrorism. More recently, researchers have examined school shootings in this context. Notably absent, however, is a quantitative application of Goode and Ben-Yehuda’s (1994a, 1994b) attributional model of moral panic. The present study examines the five key attributes of moral panic—concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality, and volatility – as they relate to school shootings and fear of crime among college students. The results indicate that respondents’ fear of crime is the best predictor of students’ subscription to moral panic. Directions for future research, as well as limitations of the present study, also are discussed.
Electronic effects on the {Beta}-alkyl migratory insertion reaction of para-substituted styrene methyl palladium complexes

The β-methyl migratory insertion chemistry of a series of cis-coordinated styrene methyl complexes of palladium [(phen)Pd(CH3)(p-X-C6H4CHCH2)+Ar‘4B- (2X) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; X = CF3, Cl, H, CH3, OCH3; Ar‘ = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)] has been investigated. Complexes 2X are prepared in situ from the addition of p-X-styrene to CD2Cl2 solutions of (phen)Pd(CH3)(OEt2)+Ar‘4B- (1). The X-ray structure of 1 has been determined [P21/c; a = 16.460(4) A, b = 18.911(3) A, c = 17.374(3) A; β = 117.996(14)°; V = 4775.2(15) A3; Z = 4] at −78 °C. The rearrangement of 2X, via β-CH3 migratory insertion then arene coordination, to yield (phen)Pd(η3-CH(CH2CH3)(C6H4-p-X)+Ar‘4B- (3X) has been studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The rearrangement is accelerated by electron-withdrawing groups; a Hammett analysis at −29.2 °C reveals that log k values are best fit by σp parameters: ρp = 1.1 ± 0.1, r = 0.992. The anti-isomer of 3H has been structurally characterized: P21/n; a = 13.950(4) A, b = 15.582(5) A, c = 24.004(8) A; β = 101.9...
Cross-Cultural Differences in Online Brand Communities: An Exploratory Study of Indian and American Online Brand Communities

ABSTRACT This study investigated the cultural differences in the motives for participation in, and the community characteristics of, online brand communities in India and the United States. Results show that giving information, social integration, self-discovery, and status-enhancement motives are stronger for members of collectivist cultures. Results also show that members in collectivistic cultures exhibit a stronger consciousness of kind and moral responsibility and are more familiar with shared rituals and traditions. Overall, the results highlight the importance of considering cultural differences while setting up online brand communities.
Student evaluations: Advice for novice faculty

Student evaluations can be a valuable method to transform teaching strategies and course design in nursing education. Negative student comments are difficult to view as constructive criticism and have the potential to lead to negative changes, rather than positive, productive changes for improved instruction and course design. This article provides a glimpse of recent empirical evidence regarding student evaluations of instructors as well as providing novice faculty with suggestions for promoting positive change in teaching strategies.
Bacterial and Archaeal Community Structure of Two Adjacent Calcite Speleothems in Kartchner Caverns, Arizona, USA

Information concerning the bacterial and archaeal communities present on calcite speleothems in carbonate caves is of interest because the activity of these microbes has been implicated as a potential biogenic component in the formation of secondary mineral deposits. In addition, these speleothems may harbor unique, previously unidentified microbes. The current study presents a comparative analysis of the superficial bacterial and archaeal community structure of multiple stalactites from two different cave formations located in close proximity to each other in a nonhuman-impacted area of Kartchner Caverns, Arizona, USA. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis (PCR-DGGE) revealed that microbial communities sampled from stalactites of a single speleothem are more similar to each other than to the communities sampled from stalactites of an adjacent speleothem, suggesting that both bacterial and archaeal communities are speleothem-specific. SR-XRD analysis confirmed that both speleothems sampled ...
Extensive variation in surface lipoprotein gene content and genomic changes associated with virulence during evolution of a novel North American house finch epizootic strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a significant respiratory and reproductive pathogen of domestic poultry, has since 1994 been recognized as an emergent pathogen of the American house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus). Epizootic spread and pathognomonic characteristics of house finch-associated Mycoplasma gallisepticum (HFMG) have been studied as a model of an emergent to endemic pathogen in a novel host. Here we present comparative analysis of eight HFMG genomes, including one from an index isolate and seven isolates separated spatially and temporally (1994–2008) across the epizootic, and notably having differences in virulence. HFMG represented a monophyletic clade relative to sequenced poultry isolates, with genomic changes indicating a novel M. gallisepticum lineage and including unique deletions of coding sequence. Though most of the HFMG genome was highly conserved among isolates, genetic distances correlated with temporal–spatial distance from the index. The most dramatic genomic differences among HFMG involved phase-variable and immunodominant VlhA lipoprotein genes, including those variable in presence and genomic location. Other genomic differences included tandem copy number variation of a 5 kbp repeat, changes in and adjacent to the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, and small-scale changes affecting coding potential and association of genes with virulence. Divergence of monophyletic isolates from similar time/space in the epizootic indicated local diversification of distinct HFMG sublineages. Overall, these data identify candidate virulence genes and reveal the importance of phase-variable lipoproteins during the evolution of M. gallisepticum during its emergence and dissemination in a novel host in nature, likely mediating an important role at the interface between pathogen virulence and host immunity.
Validity of the CIDI Probe Flow Chart for Depression in Chinese American Women

This article presents observations on the function and validity of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 2.1 in a study of major depression in Chinese American women. CIDI symptom items for depression had good apparent validity and acceptability. However, CIDI probe flow chart (PFC) ‘clinical significance’ criteria appeared to underidentify cases of major depression if they occurred in China, or in deprived conditions within the U.S. and other developed countries. Validity of the CIDI PFC was affected by social, political and cultural factors. Patterns of bias are discussed and related to assumptions underlying the PFC regarding resource availability, help-seeking and the expression of distress.
The Effect of Salsalate Therapy on Endothelial Function in a Broad Range of Subjects

Background Inflammation is fundamental to the development of atherosclerosis. We examined the effect of anti-inflammatory doses of salicylate on endothelium-dependent vasodilation, a biomarker of cardiovascular risk, in a broad range of subjects. Methods and Results We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial evaluating the effects of 4 weeks of high-dose salsalate (disalicylate) therapy on endothelium-dependent flow-mediated and endothelium-independent vasodilation. Fifty-eight subjects, including 17 with metabolic syndrome, 13 with atherosclerosis, and 28 healthy controls, were studied. Among all subjects, endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation decreased after salsalate compared with placebo therapy ( P =0.01), whereas nitroglycerin-mediated, endothelium-independent vasodilation was unchanged ( P =0.97). Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation after salsalate therapy was impaired compared with placebo therapy in subjects with therapeutic salicylate levels (n=31, P 0.2). Conclusions Salsalate therapy, particularly when therapeutic salicylate levels are achieved, impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in a broad range of subjects. These data raise concern about the possible deleterious effects of anti-inflammatory doses of salsalate on cardiovascular risk. Clinical Trial Registration URL: [www.clinicaltrials.gov][1]. Unique Identifiers: [NCT00760019][2] and [NCT00762827][3]. [1]: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00760019&atom=%2Fahaoa%2F3%2F1%2Fe000609.atom [3]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00762827&atom=%2Fahaoa%2F3%2F1%2Fe000609.atom
AURKB-mediated effects on chromatin regulate binding versus release of XIST RNA to the inactive chromosome

How XIST RNA strictly localizes across the inactive X chromosome is unknown; however, prophase release of human XIST RNA provides a clue. Tests of inhibitors that mimic mitotic chromatin modifications implicated an indirect role of PP1 (protein phosphatase 1), potentially via its interphase repression of Aurora B kinase (AURKB), which phosphorylates H3 and chromosomal proteins at prophase. RNA interference to AURKB causes mitotic retention of XIST RNA, unlike other mitotic or broad kinase inhibitors. Thus, AURKB plays an unexpected role in regulating RNA binding to heterochromatin, independent of mechanics of mitosis. H3 phosphorylation (H3ph) was shown to precede XIST RNA release, whereas results exclude H1ph involvement. Of numerous Xi chromatin (chromosomal protein) hallmarks, ubiquitination closely follows XIST RNA retention or release. Surprisingly, H3S10ph staining (but not H3S28ph) is excluded from Xi and is potentially linked to ubiquitination. Results suggest a model of multiple distinct anchor points for XIST RNA. This study advances understanding of RNA chromosome binding and the roles of AURKB and demonstrates a novel approach to manipulate and study XIST RNA.
Self-Reported Low Vitality, Poor Mental Health, and Low Dietary Restraint Are Associated with Overperception of Physical Exertion

Objective. We investigated whether perceived exertion, in comparison to the physiological response to exercise, was associated with self-reported vitality, mental health, and physical function during daily activities, or weight control behaviors. Design. Weight-reduced, formerly overweight women (n = 126, aged 22–46 years), completed health and dietary control questionnaires, and underwent a treadmill-walking task while heart rate, ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded. Results. Overperception of exertion (perceived exertion physiological exertion) was inversely associated with vitality (r = −0.190, P < .05), mental health (r = −0.188, P < .05), and dietary control (r values range −0.231 to −0.317, P < .05). In linear regression modeling, vitality or mental health, and cognitive dietary restraint were independently associated with accuracy of perceived exertion, independent of age, ethnicity, and engagement in exercise during weight loss. Each model explained 7%-8% of the variance in accuracy of perceived exertion. Conclusion. Women with low vitality or poor mental health, and poor dietary control may overperceive exertion. Such overperception may be a barrier to engage in physical activity and thus increase susceptibility to weight gain.
NEW ENGINEER TRAINING AT BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

The Waterways and Concrete Dams Group at the Bureau of Reclamation's Technical Service Center in Denver performs design and analysis of hydraulic structures mainly associated with dams. Newly graduated civil engineers coming into the group are given a series of tasks and assignments that help in their transition from the academic to the work environment. These include example exercises, assignment details to other groups in the organization, and on-the-job experience.
Shared space, separate processes: neural activation patterns for auditory description and visual object naming in healthy adults

Historically, both clinicians and cognitive scientists have used visual object naming measures to study naming, and lesion-type studies have implicated the left posterior, temporo-parietal region as a critical component of naming circuitry. However, recent results from behavioral and cortical stimulation studies using auditory description naming as well as visual object naming in left temporal lobe epilepsy patients suggest that discrete sites in anterior temporal cortex are critical for description naming, whereas posterior temporal regions mediate both visual object naming and description naming. To determine whether this task specificity reflects normal cerebral organization and processing, 13 healthy adults performed description naming and visual naming during functional neuroimaging. In addition to standard univariate analysis, multivariate, ordinal trend analysis examined the network character of the regions involved in task-specific naming. Univariate analysis indicated posterior temporal activation for both visual naming and description naming, whereas multivariate analysis revealed broader networks for both tasks, with both overlapping and task-specific regions, as well as task-related differences in the way the tasks utilized common regions. Additionally, multivariate analysis revealed unique, task-specific, regionally covarying activation patterns that were strikingly consistent in all 13 subjects for visual naming and 12/13 subjects for description naming. Results suggest a common neural substrate, yet differentiable neural processes underlying visual naming and description naming in neurologically intact individuals. These findings support the use of both types of tasks for clinical assessment and may have application in the treatment of neurologically based naming deficits. Inc.
Transient Development of Perturbations in Stratified Shear Flow

Transient development of perturbations in inviscid stratified shear flow is investigated. Use is made of closed form analytic solutions that allow concise identification of optimally growing plane-wave solutions for the case of an unbounded flow with constant shear and stratification. For the case of channel flow, variational techniques are employed to determine the optimally growing disturbances. The maximum energy growth attained over a specific time interval decreases continuously with increasing stratification, and no special significance attaches to Ri = 0.25. Indeed, transient growth can be substantial even for Ri = O(1). A general lower bound on the energy growth attained by an optimal perturbation in a stratified flow over a given time interval is the square root of the growth attained by the corresponding perturbation in unstratified flow. Enhanced perturbation persistence is found for mean-flow stratification lying in the range Ri between 0.1 and 0.3. Small but finite perturbations in mean flow with Ri less than 0.4 produce regions with locally negative total density gradient, which are expected to overturn. Although the perturbations are of wave form, buoyancy fluxes mediate transfer between perturbation kinetic and potential energy during transient development, thus implying that buoyancy flux is not a determinative diagnostic for distinguishing between waves and turbulence in stratified flows.
Temporal expression of the transgenic human protamine gene cluster.

Abstract Objective: To ascertain the fidelity of expression of the genes from the transgenic human sperm-specific nuclear packaging protamine-1→protamine-2→transition protein-2 (PRM1→PRM2→TNP2) locus. Design: Controlled human transgene study. Setting: Basic science laboratory. Animal(s): Age-matched transgenic and nontransgenic mice. Intervention(s): Transgenic mice containing the human protamine locus were mated. One testis from each offspring was frozen at −80°C and the other was preserved in formalin. Main Outcome Measure(s): The temporal expression of the human and mouse protamines was evaluated by Northern blot analysis. Orientation of the transgenic locus was determined by Southern blot analysis. Tissue morphology was assessed histologically. Result(s): Conservation of transgenic morphology was confirmed. Head-to-tail integration of the PRM1→PRM2→TNP2 locus was shown. Temporal expression of the mouse and human protamine genes was maintained in the transgenic state. Conclusion(s): These results show that the head-to-tail concatomer of the PRM1→PRM2→TNP2 locus contains all the necessary elements for appropriate temporal expression while maintaining testicular structure and function.
Identification of glucocorticoid-responsive elements that control transcription of rat glutamine synthetase

Basal expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) is very low in rat lung and muscle and remarkably enhanced by glucocorticoid hormones during trauma and catabolic states. Although this response is believed to be transcriptionally regulated, the genetic elements responsible for tissue-specific glucocorticoid induction of GS expression have not been identified. A rat lung epithelial cell line (L2) and a glucocorticoid receptor-deficient human prostate cancer cell line (PC3), together with GS reporter gene constructs, were utilized in gene transfer experiments to identify two regions within the rat genomic clone gGS3 that imparted dexamethasone (Dex) responsiveness to both the homologous GS promoter and the heterologous herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter in glucocorticoid receptor-dependent fashions. One region lies nearly 6 kb upstream of the GS transcription initiation site, and the other lies within the first intron of the GS gene. Dex responsiveness was localized to a 325-bp fragment of the intron region containing a canonical glucocorticoid response element and to a 225-bp fragment of the far-upstream region containing three separate glucocorticoid response element half-sites. The GS promoter exhibited relatively high basal activity that was repressed by inclusion of the far-upstream or the intron glucocorticoid-responsive region. Dex treatment negated this repression. A model is suggested in which the glucocorticoid-receptor unit causes derepression of lung and muscle GS transcription during trauma and catabolic states.
Analysis of Empiric Antimicrobial Strategies for Cellulitis in the Era of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Background:The rise in community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections potentially complicates the empiric management of cellulitis. The threshold at which drugs active against MRSA, such as clindamycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), should be incorporated into empiric therapy is unknown.Objective:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using cephalexin, TMP/SMX, or clindamycin for outpatient empiric therapy of cellulitis, given various likelihoods of infection due to MRSA.Methods:A decision analysis of the empiric treatment of cellulitis was performed from the perspective of a third-party payer. The model included initial therapy with cephalexin, clindamycin, or TMP/SMX, followed by treatment with linezolid in cases of clinical failure. Probability and cost estimates were obtained from clinical trials, epidemiologic data, and publicly available cost data and were subjected to sensitivity analysis.Results:Under the base-case scenario (37% probability of infection ...
SCHEDULE ACCELERATION, WORK FLOW, AND LABOR PRODUCTIVITY

This paper details how construction labor efficiency is affected by deviations from the normal flow of work. A methodology is presented to estimate the loss of labor efficiency, based on variations in the percentage of labor hours used each week. The procedure can be used without the need for contractor production records. The theoretical basis for the method rests on the assumption that the rate of manpower utilization is consistent with the amount of work available for the contractor to perform. Using productivity data from three electrical projects that were accelerated, the labor efficiency is shown to be correlated to changes in the percentages of weekly work hours. Loss of efficiency curves are developed for various project phases. A case study is presented of an actual electrical construction project. Losses of efficiency are calculated for each phase, and it is shown that the contractor incurred an estimated loss of productivity of 25%. The analysis is validated by comparing a weekly inefficient work-hour profile to the chronology of events that occurred on the project.
Fiber growth in tubular flow

Data are presented for the seeded growth of polyethylene fibers from solutions undergoing laminar flow in tubular geometry. Radial growth rates are reported for solutions of high and low molecular weight fractions for the second stage fiber thickening process which occurs in the tube entrance region. Results are also shown for high molecular weight growth from fiberglass seeds which indicate an enhanced growth rate at elevated temperatures. A two-stage growth pattern documented earlier for the high molecular weight fraction is shown to occur for the lower molecular weight material. The Discussion includes an analysis for the tapered fiber geometry in the second stage of growth and calculations for stress-induced, diffusion-limited growth in the first stage downstream from the tube entrance.
LAKE LEVEL DRAWDOWN AS A MACROPHYTE CONTROL TECHNIQUE

ABSTRACT: Lake drawdown as a management or restoration technique for controlling macrophytes in eutrophic lakes is reviewed for effectiveness, longevity, and positive and negative impacts. Drawdown can be effective but is species specific, and some nuisance plants are resistant or stimulated. The responses of 63 nuisance plants are reviewed. Advantages of the technique include low cost, absence of toxic chemicals, enhancement of fisheries, and the opportunity to carry out other lake improvements. Drawbacks include nutrient release, algal blooms, low dissolved oxygen, lake user dissatisfaction during the process, and failure to refill. The technique is recommended for situations where susceptible species are the major nuisance and where prolonged (1–2 months) dewatering of sediments under rigorous conditions of heat or cold is possible.
Evolution of magnetic fields at high redshift

The origin of magnetic fields in the Universe is a cosmology problem. The evolution of the field is a plasma physics problem. I review these problems and focus on magnetogenesis in accretion disks, specifically, the transition from the Biermann battery, which creates seed fields, to amplification by turbulence driven by magnetorotational instability. In collisional disks, there is a gap between the fieldstrength characteristic of the battery and the fieldstrength necessary to sustain magnetorotational instability, but in collisionless disks the transition occurs at low fieldstrength. Because collisionless disks are generally hot, and have short dynamical times, they are likely to be small. Thus, in the battery scenario, magnetic fields on large scales were built from fields created in many small sources. Simple estimates based on turbulent diffusion suggest that galaxies and the cores of galaxy clusters can be magnetized in this way, but not the intergalactic medium at large. The problem of creating a large-scale field remains unsolved. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Collaborating across cultures: Cultural metacognition and affect-based trust in creative collaboration

We propose that managers adept at thinking about their cultural assumptions (cultural metacognition) are more likely than others to develop affect-based trust in their relationships with people from different cultures, enabling creative collaboration. Study 1, a multi-rater assessment of managerial performance, found that managers higher in metacognitive cultural intelligence (CQ) were rated as more effective in intercultural creative collaboration by managers from other cultures. Study 2, a social network survey, found that managers lower in metacognitive CQ engaged in less sharing of new ideas in their intercultural ties but not intracultural ties. Study 3 required participants to work collaboratively with a non-acquaintance from another culture and found that higher metacognitive CQ engendered greater idea sharing and creative performance, so long as they were allowed a personal conversation prior to the task. The effects of metacognitive CQ in enhancing creative collaboration were mediated by affect-based trust in Studies 2 and 3.
Rapid and accurate developmental stage recognition of C. elegans from high-throughput image data

We present a hierarchical principle for object recognition and its application to automatically classify developmental stages of C. elegans animals from a population of mixed stages. The object recognition machine consists of four hierarchical layers, each composed of units upon which evaluation functions output a label score, followed by a grouping mechanism that resolves ambiguities in the score by imposing local consistency constraints. Each layer then outputs groups of units, from which the units of the next layer are derived. Using this hierarchical principle, the machine builds up successively more sophisticated representations of the objects to be classified. The algorithm segments large and small objects, decomposes objects into parts, extracts features from these parts, and classifies them by SVM. We are using this system to analyze phenotypic data from C. elegans high-throughput genetic screens, and our system overcomes a previous bottleneck in image analysis by achieving near real-time scoring of image data. The system is in current use in a functioning C. elegans laboratory and has processed over two hundred thousand images for lab users.
Seismic Behavior of Composite Concrete Filled Steel Tube Column-Wide Flange Beam Moment Connections

The results of an experimental research study involving the testing of ten full-scale moment resisting connections under simulated seismic loading conditions are presented. Each test specimen modeled the interior joint of a moment resisting frame consisting of square concrete filled steel tube columns and wide flange steel girders, where energy dissipation was designed to occur either primarily in the beams or in the connection panel zone during a severe earthquake. The results of the study indicate that moment resisting connection details can be economically designed that enable more than 0.045 rad of inelastic story drift to develop under cyclic loading. These details include split-tee connections without a shear tab, weak panel zone connections, and extended tee connections. Panel zone shear yielding and local buckling are shown to be a ductile mode of response, with minimal strength deterioration occurring in the connection. The use of interior diaphragms in the column is shown to locally stiffen the joint, but also lead to strain concentrations and fracture of the beam flanges at their weld access holes. Furthermore, strain concentrations develop at connection details that lack a gradual transition in geometry and result in a reduction in connection ductility.
Saliva and urine fluoride responses to daily doses of fluoride.

Five subjects were administered 28 consecutive daily oral doses of 10 nig fluoride as NaF. Placebo weeks preceded and followed the dosage period. Urine and stimulated parotid saliva were collected on a Monday through Friday pattern. Fluoride concentration in both urine and saliva was determined by specific ion electrode. Fluoride dosage brought about a 13-fold increase in urinary F excretion. Urinary F excretion accounted for 35.3 % of the 10 nig daily dose. There was no pattern suggesting a significant antecedent dosage effect on F excretion. Salivary F levels responded rapidly and reproducibly from week to week while dosage continued. As with the urine, there was no significant indication of an effect of antecedent dosage on the salivary response curve. At 8 hours after F dosage, the salivary F mean was about four times that for the placebo week. Even at: 24 hours after dosage, the mean for salivary F was approximately three times the placebo level. Thus, there is a residual 24-hour effect of the F dosage pattern utilized in the present study. Whether or not these persistent low-level increases are protective to the continuously bathed tooth surfaces over a long period of time is under study.
The development of a pilot training program for peer leaders in diabetes: process and content.

PurposeThe goal of this study is to describe the process of developing a program that trains peers to facilitate an empowerment-based diabetes self-management support intervention.MethodsTo guide and advise the development process, the authors formed a peer leader training action committee. The committee was an interdisciplinary group (principal investigator, nurse—certified diabetes educators, dietitian— certified diabetes educators, nutritionist, physician, and 3 community members) that met every 3 months over a 1-year period for continuous quality improvement meetings. During meetings, the committee reviewed and supervised the curriculum development, provided feedback, and informed modifications and improvements.ResultsThe resulting peer leader training program is a 46-hour program with 2 training sessions conducted per week over a 12-week period. The competency-based training program is based on the theory of experiential learning, and it consists of 3 major components—namely, building a diabetes-rela...
A VLSI array for stable matrix inversion using gauss-jordan diagonalization

A purely systolic architecture for computing the inverse of a matrix has been presented. The architecture implements an inversion algorithm based on the Gauss-Jordan diagonalization method with partial pivoting. The architecture employs 4n+1 PEs and has a time complexity of O(n2). Thus the area-time complexity is O(n3), which matches the performance of the fastest systolic implementation of matrix inversion (numerically unstable in most cases), reported to date.
The Long-Run Effect of Mexican Immigration on Crime in US Cities: Evidence from Variation in Mexican Fertility Rates

Over the past 30 years, crime rates in cities across the United States initially increased and then declined precipitously, in many cases, reaching historic lows. At the same time, the share of the foreign born among the US population has increased rapidly, with the foreign-born Mexican share of the population quadrupling since 1980. The majority of the increase in immigration has taken place since 1990 and coincides with the largest decline in US crime rates since crime has been reliably measured. Research suggests that immigration has either played no role in this historic decline in crime (Butcher and Piehl 1998; MacDonald, Hipp, and Gill 2013; Chalfin 2014) or has possibly con
The Neo-Kraepelinian Movement in American Psychiatry

During the 1950s and 1960s, there was an increasing dissatisfaction with the topic of psychiatric classification. The reason for this dissatisfaction was the concurrence of three different attacks on classification. These were the ideas (1) that psychiatric diagnosis, as standardly practiced, was unreliable; (2) that classification was associated with the medical model; and (3) that diagnosis has the negative consequence of assigning labels, thereby potentially creating self-fulfilling prophecies. Each of these attacks is briefly discussed here in turn.
The Contest Problem Book V: American High School Mathematics Examinations and American Invitational Mathematics Examinations 1983–1988

Over the years perhaps the most popular of the MAA problem books have been the high school contest books, covering the yearly American High Mathematics Examinations (AHSME) that began in 1950, co-sponsored from the start by the MAA. Book V also includes the first six years of the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME) which was developed as an intermediate step between the AHSME and the USA Mathematical Olympiad (USAMO). The AIME has a unique answer format-all answers are integers between 0 and 999. The editors of this volume, George Berzsenyi and Stephen B. Maurer, were respectively the chair of the AIME and the AHSME during this period. In addition to a thorough index, they have added much material not included in Contest Books I-IV: a comprehensive guide to other problem materials world wide, additional solutions, dropped problems, statistical information, and information on test development and history. This is a must volume for avid fans of elementary problems, young and old.
Exercise response in children with and without juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a case-comparison study.

The primary purpose of the study was to compare the response to bicycle ergometer exercise in children with and without juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Heart rate, exercise duration, highest work load completed, and peak oxygen consumption (peak Vo2) were compared. A secondary purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between peak Vo2 and articular disease severity. Thirty children with JRA and 30 controls matched for age, sex, and body surface area (BSA) were the subjects. Peak Vo2 was determined by an open-circuit computerized gas analysis system. Peak Vo2, highest work load completed, exercise duration, and peak heart rate were significantly lower among the children with JRA than their respective controls. Submaximal heart rate was significantly higher for the children with JRA. There was no difference in resting heart rate between the two groups. There was no relationship between peak Vo2 and articular disease severity among the children with JRA. The results suggest that aerobic conditioning programs may be indicated soon after diagnosis for patients with JRA, regardless of the severity of their articular disease. One subject with JRA and 2 control subjects reported light-headedness and dizziness, and 1 subject with JRA complained of increased knee swelling. We recommend that physical therapists monitor patients for signs of exercise intolerance and joint symptoms during exercise training sessions.
A Method of Computing Maximum Entropy Probability Values for Expert Systems

This paper presents a new method for calculating the conditional probability of any attribute value, given particular information about the individual case. The calculation is based on the principle of maximum entropy and yields the most unbiased probability estimate, given the available evidence. Previous methods for computing maximum entropy values are either very restrictive in the probabilistic information (constraints) they can use or are combinatorially explosive. The computational complexity of the new procedure depends on the interconnectedness of the constraints, but in practical cases it is small.
Microfinance Control Fraud in Latin America

Over the past three decades, the global microfinance industry has witnessed phenomenal growth in terms of the numbers of borrowers and the total gross loan portfolio outstanding. An application of the criminologists' perspective and Black's theory of control fraud to the global microfinance industry reveals a high degree of overlap between the common characteristics of control frauds and the characteristics of the microfinance industry and suggests that the sector provides a criminogenic environment suitable to Ponzi-type dynamics, including an imperative of growth, misrepresentation of financial and operating performance, a reputation for integrity and innovativeness, concentration in unregulated markets and areas most conducive to accounting fraud, non-transparency and secrecy, dubious accounting methods, lobbying in favor of deregulation, attempts to suborn controls such as accountants, lawyers, regulators, and rating agencies, executive use of the company for personal gain, excessive risk taking at th...