cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing salmon for wildlife: Do fisheries limit salmon consumption by bears in small Alaskan streams?

Ecosystem-based management requires consideration of overlapping resource use between humans and other consumers. Pacific salmon are an important resource for both fisheries and populations of wildlife around the Pacific rim, including coastal brown bears (Ursus arctos); salmon consumption has been positively linked to bear density, body size, and reproductive rate. As a case study within the broader context of human-wildlife competition for food, we used 16-22 yr of empirical data in four different salmon-bearing systems in southwestern Alaska to explore the relationship between sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) availability and consumption by bears. We found a negative relationship between the annual biomass of salmon available to bears and the fraction of biomass consumed per fish, and a saturating relationship between salmon availability and the total annual biomass of salmon consumed by bears. Under modeled scenarios, bear consumption of salmon was predicted to increase only with dramatic (on the order of 50-100%) increases in prey availability. Even such large increases in salmon abundance were estimated to produce relatively modest increases in per capita salmon consumption by bears (2.4-4.8 kg·bear-1 ·d-1 , 15-59% of the estimated daily maximum per capita intake), in part because bears did not consume salmon entirely, especially when salmon were most available. Thus, while bears catching salmon in small streams may be limited by salmon harvest in some years, current management of the systems we studied is sufficient for bear populations to reach maximum salmon consumption every 2-4 yr. Consequently, allocating more salmon for brown bear conservation would unlikely result in an ecologically significant response for bears in these systems, though other ecosystem components might benefit. Our results highlight the need for documenting empirical relationships between prey abundance and consumption, particularly in systems with partial consumption, when evaluating the ecological response of managing prey resources for wildlife populations.
A Factor Analytic Investigation of Generating Positive Word-of-Mouth towards Banking Industry

The contemporary study is introduced on factor analytic investigation of Generating Positive Word-of-Mouth towards Banking Industry. Because of tough competition in the service sector particularly in the banking industry, just those organizations are successful that they can use the most innovative techniques to fascinate their customers. One of the best way that banks can be differentiated from others and accomplish competitive advantage is using positive word of mouth. Therefore, this research is contributed to the key element that influencing on Generating Positive Word-of-Mouth (GPWOM) in selective banks. To achieve the goals of this research, the data were collected from convenience sample of 200 banking customers in Colombo Divisional Secretariat Division. The respondents provided the data by means of a close-ended questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha scale as a measure of reliability. Its value is estimated to be 0.600.Sophisticated statistical model as ‘Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)’ has been used. The results show that Generating Positive Word of Mouth extracted from the analysis that together accounted 55.411 percent of the total variance. The results of factor score these groups were ranked, Encouragement, In depth explanation, Differentiation and contacts got the ranks of fourth, third, second and first respectively and constitute the key dimension of Word of Mouth.
Interpretation of Volatility Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (V-TDMA) data for accurate vapor pressure and enthalpy measurement: Operational considerations, multiple charging, and introduction to a new analysis program (TAO)

Significant evaporation of pure aerosols in a Volatility Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (V-TDMA) creates two Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) response peaks. Two hypotheses for the observ...
3D Magneto-Hydrodynamic Modeling of an Overstressed Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generator

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is actively engaged in an experimental program using two-stage magnetic flux compression generators (MFCGs) as pulsed power sources for equation of state measurements [1], [2]. These MFCGs amplify a current pulse in two stages. The first stage uses a helical MFCG and the second stage uses a coaxial MFCG. In support of this program, LLNL recently conducted an overstress test of a megajoule class helical flux compression generator [3]. This experiment was designed to test the generator at both higher currents and operating voltage than previous tests. One of the goals of this experiment was to benchmark the suite of computational tools used to predict the performance of these devices. This paper will focus on analysis of this experiment using the LLNL developed magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) code ALE3D [7], [8]. For this particular experiment, the MHD analysis demonstrated excellent agreement with experimental data. This approach may be particularly useful for predicting non-linear losses in high-stress regimes.
Associations between childhood exposure to community violence, child maltreatment and school outcomes.

Abstract Objectives This study examined whether physical abuse and community violence exposure (CVE) at age 5 were independently associated with academic performance at age 9, whether these effects were mediated by externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and whether the effects of CVE on mental health and academic performance were observed after accounting for the effects of physical abuse. Methods Data were drawn from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Bayesian factor analysis was conducted in Mplus to form latent factors for internalizing behavior, externalizing behavior, and academic performance. Path analysis was then used to examine direct and indirect associations between CVE, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and academic performance. Results CVE at age 5 was independently negatively associated with academic performance at age 9. Physical abuse at age 5 was not independently associated with academic performance at age 9. The effects of CVE and physical abuse on academic performance were mediated by externalizing behavior, and not internalizing behavior. CVE, externalizing behavior, and internalizing behavior all had a direct negative association with academic performance, after accounting for the effects of physical abuse on externalizing behavior. Conclusions and Implications The findings confirmed that community violence has a negative impact on school performance above and beyond the effects of interpersonal violence. These findings reinforce the need for communitywide prevention programs that reduce violence. These findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to how younger children are impacted by CVE and physical abuse, both through their own experiences or the experiences of their caregivers.
Integrating Themes and a Bit of Craft Lore

By the time this chapter has been reached, a great deal of information has been provided. Thoughtful readers have no doubt been trying to extract some general themes beyond the technical details. The next two sections aim to provide some help.
Effect of increased embryonic temperature during developmental windows on survival, morphology and oxygen consumption of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Abstract Temperature is a crucial environmental factor that influences physiological functions in fishes, and increased temperature during development can shape an organism's phenotype. An active line of inquiry in comparative developmental physiology is whether short-term exposure to thermal changes have lasting phenotypic effects. This is the first study to apply a developmental 3-dimensional critical window experimental design for a vertebrate, using time, temperature, and phenotypic response (i.e., variables measured). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are an anadromous species for which resident populations occupy freshwater environments that are likely impacted by variable and rising temperatures, particularly during embryonic development. To assess thermal effects on fish development, we examined trout hatchling phenotypes following rearing in constant temperatures (5, 10, 15 and 17.5 °C) and following exposure to increased temperature above 5 °C during specific developmental windows. Time to 50% hatch, hatchling mass and body length showed general trends of decreasing with increasing constant temperature, and survival was highest in constant 10 °C incubation. Thermally shifting embryos into 17.5 °C during gastrulation and organogenesis reduced survival at hatch compared to 10 °C, and exposure to 15 and 17.5 °C only late in development produced lighter and shorter hatchlings. Oxygen consumption rate (V o 2) at organogenesis differed between embryos incubated constantly in increased temperature or exposed only during organogenesis, but generally we found limited temperature effects on V o 2 that may be due to high data variability. Collectively, these results suggest that survival of rainbow trout hatchlings is most sensitive to 17.5 °C exposure during gastrulation and organogenesis, while warm water exposure later in development has greater impacts on morphology. Thus, trait-specific critical windows of thermal sensitivity exist for rainbow trout embryos that alter the hatching phenotype.
Comparative Study of Wideband Butler Matrix and Rotman Lens Beamforming Network for Millimeterwave Applications at Ka Band

This paper investigates two low-cost beamforming network approach for millimeter-wave and 5 G applications at frequency band of 27 to 40 GHz. As a result, an 8×8 Butler matrix and an 8×8 Rotman lens are developed. Both beamforming network have similar physical sizes and have return loss less than −10 dB. In comparison with the Butler matrix, the Rotman lens has better and more stable insertion loss, it also has less deviation in the phase shift in between the output ports. Prototype of the beamforming networks are fabricated. Experimental validation results together with further comparisons such as array factor and scanning angles will be presented in the conference.
The effect of small business entrepreneurship on poverty: evidence from US rural counties

Small businesses are generally considered important for poverty alleviation. Existing literature on the relationship between entrepreneurship and poverty is focused mainly on urban communities. This study contributes to the literature by examining the effect of small business entrepreneurship on poverty rates across 604 US rural counties for the period 2010 to 2012. Our empirical results show that entrepreneurial activity employing less than 20 workers (0 to 19) is associated with lower poverty rates across the rural counties. Findings on businesses that employ 20 to 99 workers did not appear to affect poverty during the study period. The results suggest that microenterprises play an important role in alleviating poverty in rural US counties.
The Relationship Between Conflict Topics and Romantic Relationship Dynamics

Romantic coupling in the United States is changing (e.g., communication patterns). Research investigating couple conflict topics has not updated with current trends. A large, representative sample ...
Examination of Urinary Excretion of Unchanged Drug in Humans and Preclinical Animal Models: Increasing the Predictability of Poor Metabolism in Humans

A dataset of fraction excreted unchanged in the urine (fe) values was developed and used to evaluate the ability of preclinical animal species to predict high urinary excretion, and corresponding poor metabolism, in humans. A literature review of fe values in rats, dogs, and monkeys was conducted for all Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 3 and 4 drugs (n=352) and a set of Class 1 and 2 drugs (n=80). The final dataset consisted of 202 total fe values for 135 unique drugs. Human and animal data were compared through correlations, two-fold analysis, and binary classifications of high (fe ≥30%) versus low (<30%) urinary excretion in humans. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were plotted to optimize animal fe thresholds. Significant correlations were found between fe values for each animal species and human fe (p<0.05). Sixty-five percent of all fe values were within two-fold of human fe with animals more likely to underpredict human urinary excretion as opposed to overpredict. Dogs were the most reliable predictors of human fe of the three animal species examined with 72% of fe values within two-fold of human fe and the greatest accuracy in predicting human fe ≥30%. ROC determined thresholds of ≥25% in rats, ≥19% in dogs, and ≥10% in monkeys had improved accuracies in predicting human fe of ≥30%. Drugs with high urinary excretion in animals are likely to have high urinary excretion in humans. Animal models tend to underpredict the urinary excretion of unchanged drug in humans.
The Interlinkages Between Paid and Unpaid Labour: A Homage to Krishna Bharadwaj:

In this article, I attempt to extend Krishna Bharadwaj’s insight on interlinked rural markets to the analysis of the interlinkages between paid and unpaid economic activities; in other words, betwe...
Active Cooling Design for Horizontal Ribbon Growth

Difficulty in producing thin ribbons at high production speeds has been a significant barrier in the adoption of the horizontal ribbon growth process for manufacturing low- cost silicon wafers. The use of active cooling devices, like helium jets, has allowed for intense heat removal from the ribbon tip leading to higher pull speeds. However, at the same time, this has also caused an increase in the thickness of the ribbon, making them unsuitable for commercial applications. In this paper, we analyze the results from a series of simulation studies and outline a general process to the effects of active cooling on the ribbons' growth rate and thickness. A linear scaling relationship between the limiting pull speed and the total heat removed is derived empirically for a family of Gaussian cooling profiles. These scaling relationships show that the intensity and spread of a cooling profile are directly tied to the growth rate limit and the ribbon's thickness, respectively.
Clinical Reasoning in Athletic Training Education: Modeling Expert Thinking.

Objective: To a ddress the need for a more definitive approach to critical thinking during athletic training educational experiences by introducing the clinical reasoning model for critical thinking. Background: Educators ar e awar e of the need to t each students how to t hink critically. The m ultiple do mains of athletic training are comprehensive and complex. Thinking is the fundamental connection between didactic and experiential components. Therefore, clinical thinking must be viewed as a critical part of experiential education in athletic training. Description: Research from educational journals in medicine, physical therapy and athletic training, as well as relevant texts, were sea rched to i nvestigate t he t heoretical and practical underpinnings of clinical thinking models. Definitions, applications, and the historical underpinnings of the clinical thinking processes in allied health were reviewed and presented to highlight the need for athletic training educators to better appreciate t he t hinking p rocesses of students and practitioners. Practical suggestions for the implementation of clinical reasoning in athletic training are presented. Application: Athletic training requires clinically based decision-making and problem solving skills. Medical educators r ecognize di fferences between the t hinking o f novice an d exp ert practitioners, and have i nvestigated t he nature of clinical cognition as part of their formal curriculum. As AT 's pr ofessional scope an d cr edibility expand, the process of teaching, fostering, and evaluating clinical reasoning is paramount for AT educators. Key W ords: clinical thinking, experience, case p attern presentation, hypothetico-deductive r easoning, differential diagnosis
Parallel A/D Converter

This article has no abstract. Keywords: parallel A/D converter; threshold stability (of the comparator)
Pulse Sequences for Diffusion-weighted MRI

Publisher Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data collection is described in terms of pulse sequences, i.e. prescribed temporal applications of radio-frequency and gradient magnetic fields, which are in turn used for signal creation, spatial encoding, and control of image contrast. The pulse sequence determines what the image will look like, including the type of image contrast, and its resolution and quality. Understanding pulse sequences used for diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI requires some level of understanding of the underlying physics of MRI. Magnetic resonance images primarily reflect water and fat concentration; specifically, they reflect the signal from hydrogen nuclei. Additional gradient magnetic fields can be used in a pulse sequence to make the MR image contrast sensitive to thermal motion of water, but the resulting sensitization to cardiac and patient motion must be accounted for in order to obtain high quality images with meaningful information. Almost any MRI pulse sequence can be modified to become sensitive to diffusion. Very large diffusion-weighting gradients are required to produce incoherent phase shifts sufficient to produce signal decay in the presence of microscopic thermal motion. This feature of diffusion-weighted MRI is also its single greatest challenge. Given the challenges of multi-shot DWI, the most common pulse sequence for DW MRI is currently single-shot Echo Planar Imaging (SSEPI). The single-shot nature of this method, beyond removing disparities in the motion-induced phase of the data, also makes it a very fast imaging method.
Proteomic analysis of osteogenic sarcoma: association of tumour necrosis factor with poor prognosis

A significant proportion of patients with osteogenic sarcoma die from lung metastasis within 5 years of diagnosis. Molecular signatures that predict pulmonary metastasis from primary osteogenic sarcoma and identify those patients at risk would be clinically useful as prognostic markers. Protein expression profiles of two clonally related murine osteogenic sarcoma cell lines with low (K12) and high (K7M2) metastatic potential were compared using two different proteomic technologies, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and cell profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Interrogation of a molecular pathways network database suggested several additional candidate molecules that potentially predict metastatic potential of primary osteogenic sarcoma. Two such proteins, macrophage migration inhibitory factor and tumour necrosis factor were selected for further validation studies. Western blots confirmed increased expression of both cytokines in K7M2 cells compared to K12 cells. Levels of migration inhibitory factor and tumour necrosis factor were semi-quantitatively measured in human osteogenic sarcoma samples by immunohistochemistry and were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and patient outcomes. Multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that tumour necrosis factor expression in chemotherapy naive osteogenic sarcoma is an independent prognostic factor for overall and metastasis-free survival. No significant differences in adverse outcomes were observed based on macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression.
What Constitutes a Highly Qualified Physical Education Teacher

(2008). What Constitutes a Highly Qualified Physical Education Teacher? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 79, No. 8, pp. 26-51.
Disciplining animals: sentience, production, and critique

This essay critiques the assertion that an appreciation of animal sentience necessarily runs counter to their exploitation as industrial resources. It is argued that the U.S. meatpacking industry has consistently engaged animals as sentient creatures in order to elicit behavior that enhances manufacturing efficiency. This discipline of animals in and around the packing plant is exemplified in Temple Grandin’s “humane” slaughter technologies. The author suggests that even as the representation of these innovations tends to obscure the role of labor in industrial meat production, they demonstrate that discipline is a cross‐species regime, recasting the packing plant as a continuum of violence.
Relationship Between Body Condition Scores and Conception at First Artificial Insemination in a Large Dairy Herd of High Yielding Holstein Cows

This study investigated the relationship between changes in body condition during the dry period and early lactation and conception to first postpartum AI. Holstein cows (n = 720) on a commercial dairy farm were scored weekly for body condition beginning at dry-off and continuing until first AI. Occurrence of postpartum diseases was recorded. A multiple logistic regression model was a significant predictor of the success or failure of conception for multiparous cows, but not for primiparous cows. Principal component analysis reduced collinearity among independent variables and allowed the variables to be ranked based on their contribution to the interval from first AI to conception. The top three ranking variables were lactation number, milk yield at 120 d of lactation, and change in body condition score between parturition and wk 4 of lactation. Increased milk yield at 120 d of lactation was associated with an increased likelihood of conception, and decreased body condition during the 1st mo of lactation was associated with a decreased likelihood of conception. Health problems were less associated with conception than were body condition or milk yield in this herd. Body condition during the dry period and during the first 30 d of lactation is an important tool to identify cows at risk for failure to conceive at first AI.
Solid-substrate room-temperature phosphorescence of purine derivatives enhanced by thallium(I) ions and a surface-active agent

Abstract The effects of an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) and of thallium(I) acetate and nitrate on the solid-substrate room-temperature phosphorescence of seven purine derivatives adsorbed on pretreated filter-paper were investigated. Enhancement factors within the range 1.5–461 were obtained after pretreatment of the paper with SDS and thallium(I) acetate and nitrate. The influence of surfactants on phosphorescence properties is described, and the concept of surfactant enhancement factor is introduced. Limits of detection in the range 0.1–90 ng were obtained in the presence of SDS.
Effect of ammonium chloride on the astrocyte benzodiazepine receptor.

Abstract We have carried out studies on the effect of ammonium chloride on the astrocyte benzodiazepine receptor. Scatchard analysis of the binding of [3H]Ro-5-4864 to homogenates prepared from primary astrocyte cultures showed a significant decrease inKd (27% with 2 mM NH4Cl; 32% with 5 mM NH4Cl; 25% with 10 mM NH4Cl) andBmax (14% with 10 mM NH4Cl). These findings indicate that ammonium chloride can affect the astrocyte benzodiazepine receptor, and that such receptor changes may contribute to ammonia-induced encephalopathy.
Optogenetic Stimulation of Channelrhodopsin-2 Expressing Neurons Flips Cortical Networks from Low to High Activity State

Optogenetics, the single-component strategy for neuronal stimulation using light, allows for non-invasive and temporally precise stimulation of neurons. In our lab, we have recently developed an investigative tool that combines optogenetic stimulation of channelrhodopsin-2 expressing neuronal networks (Figure-1: left panel; red: neuronal nucleus marker; violet: glial fibrillary acidic protein; green: channelrhodopsin-2-YFP expressing neurons) with long-term electrophysiological measurement from multiple locations of the network using a multi-electrode array (MEA) dish. This combinatorial approach can be used to induce, detect and track short- and long-term changes in spontaneous and evoked neuronal network activity in response to optical stimuli. Using this technique we have found that even a single 20s-long excitation light pulse can flip a dissociated cortical network from a low-activity state to a high-activity state (Figure-1: right, top panel). Interestingly, a single pulse does not seem to affect the levels of network activity if the network is already in high-activity state (Figure-1: right, bottom panel). A more comprehensive study of this phenomenon and its relationship with network plasticity is currently underway.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint SlideAcknowledgement: Channelrhodopsin-2-YFP construct was a gift from Karl Deisseroth lab at Stanford University.
PCBs Exert an Estrogenic Effect through Repression of the Wnt7a Signaling Pathway in the Female Reproductive Tract

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been proposed to have a weak estrogenic activity and therefore pose a risk as potential environmental endocrine disruptors to the perinatal development of the female reproductive tract. Perinatal exposure to high concentrations of the potent synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) induces abnormal development of the female reproductive tract via a mechanism that acts through the down-regulation of Wnt7a (wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7A). To test the hypothesis that PCBs act as weak estrogens, we injected neonatal mice with a commercial PCB mixture (Aroclor 1254) or with low levels of DES and measured effects of exposure on Wnt7a expression and uterine morphology. We report here that neonatal PCB or low-level DES exposure resulted in the down-regulation of Wnt7a expression. In addition, both PCB and low-level DES exposure induced changes in the uterine myometrium and gland formation. These data reveal that weak estrogens such as the PCBs act through a Wnt7a-dependent pathway and suggest that Wnt7a regulation is a sensitive biomarker for testing weak estrogenic candidate compounds. The morphologic changes that were elicited by PCBs and DES were different immediately after exposure, suggesting that Wnt7a-independent pathways are also activated by one or both of these compounds. Although Wnt7a down-regulation is transient after estrogenic exposure, subsequent morphologic changes became more pronounced during postnatal and adult life, suggesting that the female reproductive tract is permanently reprogrammed after exposure even to weak estrogenic compounds. In addition, Wnt7a heterozygous mice were more sensitive to PCB exposure, revealing an important genetic predisposition to risks of environmental endocrine disruptors.
Ecosystem-Level Effects of Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): An Enclosure Experiment in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron

We examined the short-term effects of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on ecosystem processes in late August 1991 in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. Four 1,600-L enclosures, made of Fabreen with a diameter of 1 m, a depth of 2 m, and closed at the bottom, were used to enclose natural plankton communities. These communities were dominated by diatoms with some chlorophytes, chrysophytes, and cyanophytes. Phytoplankton growth was limited by P-availability. Two enclosures were held as controls, and zebra mussels encrusting unionid shells were suspended in two of the enclosures: one enclosure (HZ) contained approximately four-fold greater numbers of mussels than the other (LZ). The concentration of suspended particles, chlorophyll, and algal biomass in HZ and LZ declined over a 6-day interval. Diatom numbers declined more than other taxa. Phytoplankton growth rates in HZ and LZ increased to near μmax; there was no apparent change in photosynthetic parameters a or Pmax scaled for chlorophyll. Soluble reactive P (SRP) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in HZ but not LZ. Dissolved organic P (DOP) and ammonium ion were elevated; dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was unchanged in HZ and LZ. The rate of phosphate uptake by bacteria and algae declined to less than 2% of controls; this rate decrease could not be explained simply by grazing losses or isotope dilution. The rate of ammonium regeneration by the plankton and the potential rate of ammonium uptake by the plankton did not differ significantly in HZ or LZfrom the control enclosures. Our findings indicate that the zebra mussel can have significant short-term effects on phytoplankton abundance, water transparency, water chemistry and phosphorus dynamics. We propose a model of zebra mussel effects that suggests high densities of zebra mussels may indirectly alter and control those processes that are rate-limited or concentration-limited by nutrient availability.
Predicting the Effect of Memory Contention in Multi-Core Computers Using Analytic Performance Models

Analyzing and predicting the performance of applications that run on multi-core computers is essential. This paper demonstrates experimentally that memory contention resulting from multiple cores accessing shared memory resources can become a significant component (i.e., over 50 percent) of an application’s execution time. The paper develops single- and multi-class analytic performance models for predicting the effect of memory contention on a job’s execution time. The models consider local and remote memory as in NUMA architectures. Model validation was done using a micro-benchmark and programs from HBench, UnixBench, and SPECCPU2006 running on machines with 4, 12, and 16 cores. The paper shows how to derive the model parameters and demonstrates that there is a significant difference in predicted values when memory contention is ignored. For example, a model that ignores memory contention predicts an average execution time about four times smaller than the experimental value for a concurrency level of 18 while the model with memory contention predicts a value that is 90 percent of the experimental value for the same concurrency level.
Estimators for functions of the probability of success in a sequence of bernoulli trials

Suppose that a sample of N experimental subjects are ran-daaly selected from a population of potential subjects. Sacs,sequence of T independent Bernoulli trials. The summary data from this experiment consists of the number of successes out of T trials attained by each of the N subjects. Each subject say be characterized by his probability p of success on a Bernoulli trial. This probability remains constant over successive trials,. but varies from subject to subject. Let g be a continuous function defined over the interval zero to one., Then, g(p) is a random variable over the population of potential subjects. It is desired to utilise the summary data from the experiment to estimate to- both the sample mean and the population mean of g(p).Two estimation procedures are proposed: a general method and an alternative method for use only with large N. The first method Minimizes the maximum possible mean square error. The second method consists of approximating the function g with a polynomial and, then, constru...
Selecting an antidepressant for the treatment of pediatric depression

When pharmacological treatment is deemed appro-priate for a child or adolescent with major depressivedisorder, I consider using fluoxetine first. Based onexisting data, the efficacy of fluoxetine in pediatricdepression is better documented than for any otherantidepressant as it is supported by three independentmultisite clinical trials (Emslie et al., 1997, 2002;TADS Team, 2004). Fluoxetine is also the onlyantidepressant whose efficacy has been directly com-pared with that of cognitive-behavioral therapy, aloneand in combination with fluoxetine (TADS Team,2004), and the only medication that is currentlyapproved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) for the treatment of depression in children andadolescents.This position does not imply that fluoxetine is moreeffective or safer than other antidepressants, but onlyreflects the fact that the amount of data in support offluoxetine efficacy in children and adolescents withmajordepressionis,atthistime,largerthanforanyothermedication. Also, that fluoxetine should be consideredfirstdoesnotmeanthatitshouldbeinvariablyprescribed first. There can be individual patientsituations in which a second-line antidepressant maybepreferredbasedonpracticalreasons.Forexample,ifIencounterafamilywhohasdevelopednegativeexpecta-tions from fluoxetine treatment because another closerelative, such as a sibling or parent of the child, wasunsuccessfully treated with fluoxetine, although theyfound another antidepressant helpful, I am inclined tofollow the family_s preference. Clinical experience hastaught me that successful treatment decisions are basedon applying scientific evidence to the individual patientcontext, expectations, and preferences.Fluoxetineshouldnotbetheonlyantidepressantusedin the treatment of children and adolescents with majordepression. It is estimated that about 20%Y40% ofdepressed youths treated with fluoxetine do notadequately improve on this medication, thus openingthequestionofwhatdotonext.Althoughno
Working with technical experts in the risk management infrastructure

Abstract One daunting challenge to public relations practitioners is the need to help foster communication between sources of industrial risk and persons who work and live in communities where the source of risk is located. Public relations practitioners often cannot serve as primary sources of information but must assist others in this endeavor. One potential group of technical experts, industrial hygienists, was studied to determine the role they believe they play in this process. Results indicate that hygienists who are employed in the industry show significant differences from non-employees, especially in terms of level of cognitive involvement, uncertainty, use of business as sources of information, perceived knowledge of risks, and confidence in industry's willingness to exert selfcontrol to abate risks. Of related importance is the prevalence of communication networks technical experts use to obtain and vet information regarding risks.
Interpreting Certain Adverbs: Semantics or Pragmatics?.

Charles Morris' division of signs into syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics has been handed down to linguists and philosophers of language, who have more or less accepted the validity of the categories. However, the generative semanticists have argued, persuasively in my opinion, that the line between syntactics and semantics is not sharp (cf., e.g. Lakoff, 1971). By examining a small but important class of adverbs, I will try to show that the line between semantics and pragmatics is also not sharp and that no non-arbitrary line can be drawn. What is needed for an adequate description of language is a theory that can predict and explain borderline cases without forcing them into pre-established categories arbitrarily.
A power-efficient 4-element beamformer in 120-nm SiGe BiCMOS for 28-GHz cellular communications

A 4-element beamformer designed in 120-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology for 28-GHz mobile millimeter-wave broadband system is presented in this paper. Each element of the beamformer consists of a 4-bit active phase shifter and a two-stage Power Amplifier (PA). A two-stage PA design with a Class-C pre-driver and a 2nd-harmonic-tuned Class-AB driver stage is adopted for high gain and high efficiency at both peak and backed-off power levels. The active phase shifter employs in-phase/ quadrature phase current steering and digital control of transconductance (Gm). Measurement results show a 33-dB gain, 16.5-dBm saturated output power, 15.7-dBm oP 1dB , 27.5% peak PAE and 8.2% 7-dB back-off PAE at 27 GHz for a single element. The minimum (maximum) RMS gain and phase errors across the 27–29 GHz band were 0.5 dB (3 dB) and 1.5°(12°). The beamformer also includes a 1:4 power splitter and a serial interface for digital control and occupies a die area of 5.32mm2.
Influence of host immunoregulatory genes, ER stress and gut microbiota on the shared pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and Type 1 diabetes.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with its two distinct entities, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, and Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) are autoimmune diseases. The prevalence of these diseases continues to rapidly rise in the industrialized world. Despite the identification of several genetic loci that are associated with both IBD and T1D, thus far, there is a paucity of epidemiological data to support a clinical overlap. In an effort to better understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of both IBD and T1D, this review summarizes the literature about these related autoimmune diseases, describes the most recent advances in their etiopathogenesis and emphasizes the genetic and nongenetic factors that exercise a differential influence. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic loci with a role in immune response regulation that are linked to both IBD (particularly Crohn’s disease) and T1D. Some of these genetic loci (e.g., IL-18RAP) have a divergent role, conferring risk for one disea...
A METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS

As a method to evaluate equilibrium constants, it is proposed that rate constants be estimated through Box-Draper''s procedure and the constants thus obtained be employed for the evaluation of equilibrium constants. The method allows the precise calculation of rate constants and, subsequently, the calculation of equilibrium constants under circumstances where the simultaneous measurements of several concentration responses are available and the error variances of these measurements are not equal. The concentrations of ethanol, water, ethylether, and ethylene obtained for a catalytic dehydration of ethanol were utilized to demonstrate the method by evaluating the equilibrium constant of the dehydration reaction. A satisfactory agreement was obtained between the resulting equilibrium constant and the literature value.
Transition Modelling for General Purpose CFD Codes

The paper addresses modelling concepts based on the RANS equations for laminar-turbulent transition prediction in general-purpose CFD codes. Available models are reviewed, with emphasis on their compatibility with modern CFD methods. Requirements for engineering transition models suitable for industrial CFD codes are specified. A new concept for transition modeling is introduced. It is based on the combination of experimental correlations with locally formulated transport equations. The concept is termed LCTM – Local Correlation-based Transition Model. An LCTM model, which satisfies most of the specified requirements is described, including results for a variety of different complex applications. An incremental approach was used to validate the model, first on 2D flat plates and airfoils and then on to progressively more complicated test cases such as a three-element flap, a 3D transonic wing and a full helicopter configuration. In all cases good agreement with the available experimental data was observed. The authors believe that the current formulation is a significant step forward in engineering transition modeling, as it allows the combination of transition correlations with general purpose CFD codes. There is a strong potential that the model will allow the 1st order effects of transition to be included in everyday industrial CFD simulations.
Healing of perianal fistulae by local injection of antibody to TNFα

Purpose: The etiology of Crohn's disease is unclear, however there increasing recognition of the role of TNF|[alpha]| in the pathogenesis of the disease. Controlled trials have proven efficacy of parenteral Infliximab in resistant fistulizing CD. However, there is concern regarding its chronic administration and potential autoantibody formation and the development of lymphoma. There is no study evaluating the local administration of antibody to TNF|[alpha]| in patients with perianal disease.
MINIMIZING FEATURE WIDTH IN ATOM OPTICALLY FABRICATED CHROMIUM NANOSTRUCTURES

We present a study of factors that influence the feature width of nanostructures formed by atom-optical direct-write lithography. In this process, chromium atoms travel through a standing-wave laser light field and are deposited on a surface. Due to the atom-light interaction, the atoms are focused onto the surface in the standing wave nodes, producing a pattern of parallel chromium lines with widths as small as 28 nm and a spatial period of 212.78 nm. We present calculations and measurements of feature widths representing an exploration of the effects of laser power and laser-substrate separation. Strong qualitative agreement is seen between calculations and the measurements, but the observed feature widths are uniformly larger than theoretical predictions. Experiments in which the total amount of chromium deposited is varied indicate that this difference can be attributed to chromium growth behavior.
Ab imitio heats of formation of medium-sized hydrocarbons. 6. Peristylane

Abstract Peristylane is shown by calculations to be unstable with respect to methylene breathing motions about C 5v symmetry. Its ΔH f is ca. 0.5 kcal/mol.
Estimating Crew Alertness From Speech

With the latest initiative of the government to develop a high speed passenger rail system in the United States the first and most important strategic transportation goal is to “Ensure safe and efficient transportation choices. A key element of safe railroad operation is to address the issue of fatigue among railroad operating employees and how to fight it. In this paper, we are presenting a novel approach to estimating fatigue levels of train conductors by analyzing the speech signal in the communication between the conductor and dispatch. We extract vocal indicators of fatigue from the speech signal and use Fuzzy Logic to generate an estimate of the mental state of the train conductor. Previous research has shown that sleeping disorders, reduced hours of rest and disrupted circadian rhythms lead to significantly increased fatigue levels which manifest themselves in alterations of speech patterns as compared to alert states of mind. To make a decision about the level of fatigue, we are proposing a Fuzzy Logic algorithm which combines inputs such as word production rate and speech intensity to generate a Fatigue Quotient at any moment in time when speech is present. The computation of the Fatigue Quotient relies on a rule base which draws from existing knowledge about fatigue indicators and their relation to the level of fatigue of the subject. For this project, the rule base and the membership functions associated with it were derived from real time testing and the subsequent tuning of parameters to refine the detection of changes in patterns. It was successfully shown that Fuzzy Logic can be implemented to estimate alertness levels from speech metrics in real-time and that the membership functions for this purpose can be found empirically through iterative testing. Furthermore, this study has proven that the framework to run such an analysis continuously as a monitoring function in locomotive cabins is feasible and can be realized with relatively inexpensive hardware.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Strength of Ethnic Identity and Perceptions of Ethnolinguistic Vitality among Mexican Americans.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between strength of ethnic identity and perceived group vitality. Mexican Americans in the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area perceived English andAnglos as more vital than Spanish and Mexican Americans. Ethnic identity had a significant influence on perceived ingroup vitality but not on perceived outgroup vitality. Respondents who strongly identified their ethnic group perceived their group's vitality to be higher than did those who identified less strongly with their ethnic group. First language did not influence vitality perceptons.
Effects of ribamidine, a 3-carboxamidine derivative of ribavirin, on experimentally induced Phlebovirus infections

Abstract Ribamidine (1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine) was inhibitory in rhesus monkey kidney (LLC-MK 2 derivative) cells to Adames and Balliet strains of Punta Toro virus (PTV), a Phlebovirus related to Rift Valley fever and sandfly fever viruses. The 50% effective dose was 8 and 12 μg/ml against each respective virus strain; the 50% cytotoxic dose was 320 μg/ml, giving selectivity indices of 40 and 27 against each virus strain. The virus ratings were 1.2 and 1.0, respectively. In radiolabel uptake studies, ribamidine had a moderate effect on [ 3 H]leucine uptake at dosages down to 1 μg/ml, but [ 3 H]thymidine, [ 32 P], and [ 3 H]uridine were inhibited at high (100–1000 μg/ml) doses only. Subcutaneous (s.c.) and oral treatments of Adames PTV-infected mice were equally highly effective, as evidenced particularly by 100% survivors. Reduced hepatic icterus, serum oxalic acid transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase, and recoverable virus titers from livers and sera of infected mice were also seen as a result of ribamidine treatment. Twice daily treatment for 5 days could be started as late as 72 h post-virus inoculation (p.v.i.) with significant inhibition of PTV infection seen. Single s.c. treatments administered as late as 48 h p.v.i. were similarly effective. Using the chronic therapy schedule, the maximum tolerated dose was 1000 mg/kg/day and the minimum effective dose was 31.3 to 62.5 mg/kg/day. Using single treatment, a maximum tolerated dose was >1000 mg/kg, and the minimum effective dose was 125 mg/kg. Ribamidine s.c. treatment of mice infected intracerebrally with the Balliet strain of PTV resulted in a moderate infection-inhibitory effect, seen especially by reduced virus titers in the brains of the infected, treated mice.
The magnanimous professional life and tragic demise of J. H. Douglas, MD.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Many of the hallmarks of a very successful medical career, such as recognition as a leader in a field of medicine, making important contributions to medical knowledge of the day, and a steadfast dedication to patient care, had already been achieved by Dr. John Hancock Douglas. Therefore, the mystery surrounding his dismissal from membership of the newly formed American Laryngology Society (now the ALA) and his tragic demise stand in stark contrast. We discuss the model professional life and mysterious but tragic final days of this very important laryngologist of the 19th century. Study Design/Methods: A historical vignette. Results: Dr. Douglas's professional qualities of leadership of the American Sanitary Commission, his various contributions to the advancement of medical knowledge during that era, and his steadfast dedication to the care of his patients represent highlights of a very honorable professional career. His final demise, bankrupt, in an ill state of health, and stripped of his professional appointment to the ALA, seems an unjust end to the life of this notable and magnanimous laryngologist. Conclusions: We offer this historical review of the life and demise of Dr. John H. Douglas as a tribute to this important figure in our profession's history.
A task-oriented taxonomy of visual completion

Differences and similarities between modal and amodal completions can only be understood by considering the goals of visual completion: unity, shape, and perceptual quality. Pessoa et al. cannot reject representational accounts of vision because of flaws with isomorphic representations of perceptual quality: representations and processes for perceptual quality (modal completion) and most likely dissociable from those for unity and shape (nonmodal completions).