cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing faces: cosmetics opinion leadership among women in the new Hungary

Research conducted in the early 1990s in Hungary indicated a lack of knowledgeable and influential personal sources in the cosmetics product category. The purpose of this article is to examine women cosmetics opinion leaders in Hungary approximately ten years into the country’s transition to a market economy. Because of the evolution of the cosmetics market over the past decade and Hungarian women’s increased involvement with cosmetics, we expected to see the emergence of opinion leadership in the product category. Survey data from 340 Hungarian women indicate that the incidence of cosmetics opinion leadership and self‐reported product knowledge is lower than what we might expect in more established market economies. Nonetheless, we found the relationships between cosmetics opinion leadership in Hungary and antecedent and consequent variables are similar to what we would expect in more established market economies. We discuss the implications of these results for marketing managers.
The Relationship Between Spatiotemporal Gait Asymmetry and Balance in Individuals With Chronic Stroke

Falls are common after stroke and often attributed to poor balance. Falls often occur during walking, suggesting that walking patterns may induce a loss of balance. Gait after stroke is frequently spatiotemporally asymmetric, which may decrease balance. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between spatiotemporal gait asymmetry and balance control. Thirty-nine individuals with chronic stroke walked at comfortable and fast speeds to calculate asymmetry ratios for step length, stance time, and swing time. Balance measures included the Berg Balance Scale, step width during gait, and the weight distribution between legs during standing. Correlational analyses determined the relationships between balance and gait asymmetry. At comfortable and fast gait speeds, step width was correlated with stance time and swing time asymmetries (r = 0.39-0.54). Berg scores were correlated with step length and swing time asymmetries (r = -0.36 to -0.63). During fast walking, the weight distribution between limbs was correlated with stance time asymmetry (r = -0.41). Spatiotemporal gait asymmetry was more closely related to balance measures involving dynamic tasks than static tasks, suggesting that gait asymmetry may be related to the high number of falls poststroke. Further study to determine if rehabilitation that improves gait asymmetry has a similar influence on balance is warranted.
Inoculation of selenium hyperaccumulator Stanleya pinnata and related non-accumulator Stanleya elata with hyperaccumulator rhizosphere fungi—investigation of effects on Se accumulation and speciation

Little is known about how fungi affect elemental accumulation in hyperaccumulators (HAs). Here, two rhizosphere fungi from selenium (Se) HA Stanleya pinnata, Alternaria seleniiphila (A1) and Aspergillus leporis (AS117), were used to inoculate S. pinnata and related non-HA Stanleya elata. Growth and Se and sulfur (S) accumulation were analyzed. Furthermore, X-ray microprobe analysis was used to investigate elemental distribution and speciation. Growth of S. pinnata was not affected by inoculation or by Se. Stanleya elata growth was negatively affected by AS117 and by Se, but combination of both did not reduce growth. Selenium translocation was reduced in inoculated S. pinnata, and inoculation reduced S translocation in both species. Root Se distribution and speciation were not affected by inoculation in either species; both species accumulated mainly (90%) organic Se. Sulfur, in contrast, was present equally in organic and inorganic forms in S. pinnata roots. Thus, these rhizosphere fungi can affect growth and Se and/or S accumulation, depending on host species. They generally enhanced root accumulation and reduced translocation. These effects cannot be attributed to altered plant Se speciation but may involve altered rhizosphere speciation, as these fungi are known to produce elemental Se. Reduced Se translocation may be useful in applications where toxicity to herbivores and movement of Se into the food chain is a concern. The finding that fungal inoculation can enhance root Se accumulation may be useful in Se biofortification or phytoremediation using root crop species.
Mechanics of Axial Compression of Single and Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

A recently developed procedure for modeling the deformation of single and multi-wall carbon nanotubes [13,14] is applied to nanotube buckling and post-buckling under axial compression. Critical features of the model, which is grounded in elastic shell theory, include identification of (a) an appropriate elastic modulus and thickness pair matching both the wall stretching and bending resistances of the single atomic layer nanotube walls, and (b) a sufficiently stiff interwall van der Waals potential to preserve interwall spacing in locally buckled MWNTs, as is experimentally observed. The first issue is illustrated by parametric buckling studies on a SWNT and comparisons to a corresponding MD simulation from the literature; results clearly indicating the inadequacy of arbitrarily assigning the shell thickness to be the equilibrium spacing of graphite planes. Details of the evolution of local buckling patterns in a nine-walled CNT are interpreted based on a complex interplay of local shell buckling and evolving interwall pressure distributions. The transition in local buckling wavelengths observed with increasing post-buckling deformation is driven by the lower energy of a longer-wavelength, multiwall deformation pattern, compared to the shorter initial wavelength set by local buckling in the outermost shell. This transition, however, is contingent at adopting a van der Waals interaction sufficiently stiff to preserve interlayer spacing in the post-buckled configuration.
Cardiac and Hemodynamic Assessment of Patients with Cocaine-Associated Chest Pain Syndromes

Background: Animal and human experimental studies have yielded conflicted data regarding the effects of cocaine on cardiovascular function. We studied the cardiac and hemodynamic profiles in emerge...
Observational evidence of the complementary relationship in regional evaporation lends strong support for Bouchet's hypothesis

Using independent observations of actual and potential evapotranspiration at a wide range of spatial scales, we provide direct observational evidence of the complementary relationship in regional evapotranspiration hypothesized by Bouchet in 1963. Bouchet proposed that, for large homogeneous surfaces with minimal advection of heat and moisture, potential and actual evapotranspiration depend on each other in a complementary manner through land-atmosphere feedbacks. Although much work has been done that has led to important theoretical and conceptual insights about regional actual evapotranspiration and its relation to regional potential evapotranspiration, never before has a data set of direct observations been assembled that so clearly displays complementarity, providing strong evidence for the complementary relationship hypothesis, and raising its status above that of a mere conjecture.
Residual Effects of Imidacloprid on Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Oviposition, Egg Hatch, and Larval Viability in Turfgrass

Preventive control of turf-infesting scarabaeid grubs by neonicotinoid insecticides is presumed to mainly result from residues killing first instars in the soil. The extent to which sublethal behavioral effects or intoxication of other life stages contribute to such control is poorly known. We tested whether Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, females lay fewer eggs in turf treated with imidacloprid (Merit 75 WP) or an imidacloprid-bifenthrin combination (Allectus GC SC), and whether exposure to those residues in thatch and soil reduces their survival and subsequent ability to feed or take flight. Effects of imidacloprid residues on egg hatch and viability of successive larval instars also were studied. In two sets of choice tests, 68 and 82% fewer eggs were laid in Kentucky bluegrass with Allectus residues than in controls. When females were confined in treated turf, however, neither insecticide consistently reduced their fecundity or affected depth at which eggs were laid, although exposure to fresh Allectus residues reduced the beetles' subsequent viability. Imidacloprid residues up to 2 ppm in soil did not affect egg viability or days to hatch, but they killed neonates soon after eclosion. Imidacloprid curatively applied at label rate (0.34 kg active ingredient/ha) reduced weight gain, burrowing capability, frass production, and survival of second and third instars in turfgrass cores, with high mortality within 30 d. Intoxication and behavioral impairment of third instars also occurred in autumn field trials. Our data suggest that imidacloprid has greater activity against late instars than is generally appreciated.
Structure of a Putative ClpS N-end Rule Adaptor Protein From the Malaria Pathogen Plasmodium Falciparum

The N-end rule pathway uses an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in bacteria and eukaryotes that marks proteins for degradation by ATP-dependent chaperones and proteases such as the Clp chaperones and proteases. Specific N-terminal amino acids (N-degrons) are sufficient to target substrates for degradation. In bacteria, the ClpS adaptor binds and delivers N-end rule substrates for their degradation upon association with the ClpA/P chaperone/protease. Here, we report the first crystal structure, solved at 2.7 A resolution, of a eukaryotic homolog of bacterial ClpS from the malaria apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pfal). Despite limited sequence identity, Plasmodium ClpS is very similar to bacterial ClpS. Akin to its bacterial orthologs, plasmodial ClpS harbors a preformed hydrophobic pocket whose geometry and chemical properties are compatible with the binding of N-degrons. However, while the N-degron binding pocket in bacterial ClpS structures is open and accessible, the corresponding pocket in Plasmodium ClpS is occluded by a conserved surface loop that acts as a latch. Despite the closed conformation observed in the crystal, we show that, in solution, Pfal-ClpS binds and discriminates peptides mimicking bona fide N-end rule substrates. The presence of an apicoplast targeting peptide suggests that Pfal-ClpS localizes to this plastid-like organelle characteristic of all Apicomplexa and hosting most of its Clp machinery. By analogy with the related ClpS1 from plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, Plasmodium ClpS likely functions in association with ClpC in the apicoplast. Our findings open new venues for the design of novel anti-malarial drugs aimed at disrupting parasite-specific protein quality control pathways.
Note on Acquiring a Specialty Retailer

Based on extensive experience and research, this note is a how-to manual for an acquirer who wishes to buy and operate a specialty retailer chain with annual sales between $5 million and $20 million.
Microcytic Normochromic Anemia Associated with Iron Storage by Hypernephroma

A renal-cell carcinoma was discovered and resected in a 38-year-old female patient who had microcytic normochromic anemia. During treatment with ferrous gluconate, the anemia regressed temporarily but reappeared with the onset of metastases to the abdominal lymph nodes. Heavy deposits of hemosiderin were observed in tumor cells in the resected kidney and lymph nodal metastases. It is postulated that the anemia resulted from metabolic diversion and storage of iron by the tumor cells.
Water Balances along an Urban-to-Rural Gradient of Metropolitan Baltimore, 2001–2009

Urban water balances are generally unknown, yet they are necessary for assessing water availability in an urbanizing world and for understanding the effects of urbanization on the hydrologic cycle. We assess the spatial and temporal variability of water balances of 65 watersheds in the Baltimore, MD, metropolitan area during Water Years 2001–2009. Each water balance term is quantified independently and includes both natural (precipitation, evapotranspiration, streamflow) and piped (sewer infiltration and inflow [II for some urban watersheds this excess is greater than gauged annual streamflow. I&I also outweighs piped inputs from lawn irrigation and water supply pipe leakage in the Baltimore area analysis. The net effect of piped flows on the urban water balance is a watershed export ranging between 300 and 465 mm/yr, underscoring the importance of interactions between engineered water and wastewater infrastructure and natural water balance components.
Long-Term Soil Responses to Site Preparation Burning in the Southern Appalachians

The mixed oak-pine ecosystems in the southern Appalachians are in decline because of a combination of drought and southern pine-beetle infestation. A commonly applied prescription for restoration of these degraded sites has been to fell all vegetation, allow it to dry, and conduct a site-preparation burn. However, there is little information on the mid- and long-term influences of this prescription on nutrient cycling. The fell-and-burn treatment was applied to three mixed oak-pine stands in the Nantahala National Forest in western North Carolina. Each stand had an untreated control area. Our objective was to determine the effects of this treatment on soil nutrient availability and potential nutrient loss. Exchangeable soil cations, pH, total carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) were measured before and periodically for 5 years after treatment. Nitrogen transformations and nutrient availabil- ity in soil solution and in a stream draining one site were measured before and periodically for 3 years after burning. Exchangeable calcium and magnesium concentrations, soil pH, and N availability increased after treatment. There was no treatment effect on total soil C or N. Nitrogen mineralization rates were greater on burned versus control plots in 50% of the posttreatment measurements. This treatment increased nutrient availability and, although a significant amount of total site N was lost, there were no adverse effects on total soil nutrients or water quality. FOR. SCI. 50(4):540-550.
Learning Action Descriptions with A-Prolog: Action Language C.

This paper demonstrates how A-Prolog can be used to solve the problem of non-monotonic inductive learning in the context of the learning of the behavior of dynamic domains. Non-monotonic inductive learning is an extension of traditional inductive learning, characterized by the use of default negation in the background knowledge and/or in the clauses being learned. The importance of non-monotonic inductive learning lies in the fact that it allows to learn theories containing defaults and ultimately to help automate the complex task of compiling commonsense knowledge bases.
Hemodynamic similarities between the trigeminal and aortic vasodepressor responses

The hemodynamic changes associated with hypotension elicited by electrical stimulation of the spinal trigeminal complex (trigeminal depressor response, TDR) or the aortic nerve (aortic depressor reflex, ADR) were compared in rabbits anesthetized with urethan. The hypotension associated with each response was accompanied by bradycardia, a marked fall in total peripheral resistance, a small decrease in cardiac output, and a nonuniform decrease in regional vascular resistances, with the order of magnitude of the decrease being femoral greater than mesenteric greater than renal arterial resistance. In individual experiments the percent decrease in heart rate, total peripheral resistance, or regional resistances was plotted against the percent fall in arterial pressure to obtain a pair of regression lines during the TDR and ADR. There was no significant difference in the slope or y-intercept of the regression line between the TDR and ADR for all of the hemodynamic variables examined. In both responses, however, the slope of the femoral resistance/arterial pressure relationship was significantly greater than that of the renal resistance/arterial pressure relationship. We conclude that the TDR is characterized by a pattern of hemodynamic changes similar to that of the ADR.
Anesthesia for the Bariatric Patient: Optimizing Safety and Managing Complications

Patients undergoing bariatric surgery present many anesthetic challenges. In this chapter, we discuss various aspects of anesthetic management in this patient population. Predictors of difficult mask ventilation and difficult intubation, techniques to optimize preoxygenation, airway equipment, and criteria for extubation are addressed. Intraoperative monitoring, ventilation strategies, patient positioning, and injury prevention are also discussed. Morbid obesity affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various anesthetic drugs, including induction agents, opioids, and muscle relaxants, requiring dosage adjustment. We introduce a multimodal pain management strategy to improve pain control and reduce side effects. Morbidly obese patients have a higher risk of postoperative respiratory complications, necessitating extra attention to postoperative management and disposition planning from the postoperative anesthesia care unit.
Technical consideration in multiple valve and coronary artery surgery.

Twelve patients at the University of Oregon Medical School Hospitals have undergone simultaneous double valve and aorto-coronary bypass graft operations. All were in Functional Class III or IV and most had angina pectoris. Nine patients had aortic and mitral valve replacement: Six patients had concomitant single aorto-coronary bypass grafts, 2 had concomitant double bypass grafts, and 1 patient had concomitant triple bypass grafting. The tenth patient had mitral valve re-replacement, tricuspid annuloplasty, and a single bypass graft. The eleventh patient had aortic valve replacement, mitral commissurotomy, and triple bypass grafting. The twelfth patient had aortic valve replacement, mitral commissurotomy, and single bypass grafting. The first 3 patients operated upon died 1, 6, and 19 days after the operation of acute myocardial infarction, low cardiac output, and related problems. The next 9 consecutive patients have survived operation. Five are in Functional Class I and 2 are in Functional Class II and free of angina 3 to 19 months later. The eighth patient is slowly improving after a prolonged, complicated hospital course. There was one late death at 6 weeks (arrhythmia). The improved survival rate is related to refinements in technique which expedite the procedure and allow maximum protection of the myocardium. Frequent intermittent coronary artery perfusion of the beating heart in conjunction with a systematic, modular approach to the procedure has allowed major cardiac reconstruction to be accomplished at low risks to the patient.
An STT-MRAM based strong PUF

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are an emerging technology that could play the key roles in various security applications. Depending upon the size of its truth-table, i.e., the search space for an attacker to fully specify its behavior, a PUF can be categorized as either “weak” or “strong”. While weak PUFs have a limited search space, polynomial with respect to the number of their building components, strong PUFs offer a huge search space, making them more suitable for a wider range of security applications, such as device authentication and logic obfuscation. This paper presents a scheme for making a strong PUF based on Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM), an emerging nano-electronic memory device. To achieve an STT-MRAM based strong PUF with a huge search space, we proposed the idea of “group formation” to exploit the nano-scale analog disorders of STT-MRAM devices. Simulation results confirm the quality of the proposed strong PUF. In the end, this paper sheds light on how to make a strong PUF in general, by extending the idea of group formation beyond the STT-MRAM devices.
Dimensions of Embodiment: Body Image and Body Schema in Medical Contexts

Perhaps the most general and most obvious fact about medicine is that it concerns the body. If one eliminates the body one eliminates the subject and object of medical science and practice. In contrast, philosophy has traditionally been dismissive of the body. One need not return to Plato, Plotinus, or Descartes to find representatives of this view. More recently, in the branch of philosophy known as philosophy of mind, and in the context of writing about personal identity, the philosopher Sidney Shoemaker (1999, 1976) distinguishes between three different concepts of embodiment: biological embodiment, sensory embodiment, and volitional embodiment. Shoemaker readily dismisses biological embodiment as being of any feasible importance to the issue of personal identity (he calls it a “radical” supposition to maintain that the biological body has relevance to this issue). The other two concepts of embodiment are analyzed in the context of functionalist thought experiments (involving such logical possibilities as body exchanges and brain transplants), putatively showing how unessential the body is to self-identity, understood as psychological continuity. Shoemaker, and others who frame their theories of personal identity in terms of psychological continuity, are not alone in this regard. Even theorists who reject approaches based on psychological continuity, and defend a biological approach to the question of personal identity, may dismiss the body as having relevance. Eric Olson (1997, p. 150), for example, captures the sentiment of numerous contemporary philosophers when he suggests that “the notion of a human body is best left out of philosophy, or at least out of discussions of personal identity.”
Sensitization to Minor Histocompatibility Antigens Poses a Barrier in Transplantation and Can Be Prevented by CD154:CD40 Co-Stimulatory Blockade.

There is an increased rate of graft failure associated with nonmyeloablative conditioning approaches for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, often resulting in subsequent sensitization to donor alloantigens. Recipient sensitization is among the most critical of problems currently facing clinical transplantation, resulting in hyperacute rejection of transplanted HSC and/or organ grafts by existing donor-specific antibodies (Ab) against major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens in secondary transplants. The humoral immune response to minor histocompatibility antigens (Mi-HAg) has not been fully evaluated in BMC transplantation to date. In this study, we explored the role of allosensitization to Mi-HAg in BMC transplant rejection using a mouse model. AKR (H-2 k ) mice were sensitized with donor skin grafts from MHC-matched, but minor antigen-disparate B10.BR (H-2 k ) mice. Significantly higher levels of Abs against donor were generated as detected at 4 weeks after skin grafting by flow cytometry cross match assay (mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) 231.3 ± 151.1; P b ), BALB/c (H-2 d ), C3H (H-2 k ) and B10.D2 (H-2 d ) mice. In subsequent HSC transplantation performed 5–7 weeks after skin grafting, only 20% of B10.BR skin sensitized AKR mice engrafted after ablative conditioning. In contrast, all naive AKR control mice engrafted but none did in mice sensitized to MHC alloantigens. These findings correlated with in vivo cytotoxicity assays performed at the same time point. Mi-HAg sensitized AKR mice eliminated CFSE labeled donor splenocytes with a significantly faster rate than naive AKR but significantly slower rate than the mice sensitized to MHC alloantigen. We previously reported that blockade of signaling via the CD40/CD154 co-stimulatory pathway with anti-CD154 induces B cell tolerance and abrogates donor-specific Ab generation in a MHC plus minor antigen mismatched mouse model. Here, we therefore examined whether CD154 blockade during exposure to minor antigens would also prevent sensitization to minor antigens. The production of anti-donor-Mi-HAg antibodies was totally prevented in mice treated with anti-CD154 mAb (MFI 6.1±3.48l P=0.33) compared with the Ab in naive mice (3.9±0.25), suggesting a dominant role of the CD154:CD40 pathway in B-cell responses to Mi-HAg. Moreover, anti-CD154 treatment promoted bone marrow engraftment to 100% in recipients previously exposed to donor Mi-HAg, suggesting that antibody and not T cells play a dominant role in sensitization to minor antigens. These data demonstrate that sensitization to minor antigens poses a significant barrier in transplantation, but with less intensity than sensitization to MHC antigens, and can be prevented by anti-CD154 mAb. Our findings may identify a novel and clinically relevant approach in the development of conditioning approaches to enhance engraftment but prevent sensitization in the event of graft failure.
Life Cycle Perspectives on Human Health Impacts of Ionic Liquids

This study aims to develop a correlative approach to predict the non-cancer human health impacts associated with the direct environmental exposure of common ionic liquids. We assessed the human health impact of these ionic liquids through the integration of the USEtox model with toxicity data and fate and transport parameters. For the first time, we report non-cancer human health characterization factors for commonly used ionic liquids. On the one hand, literature related to environmental aspects of ionic liquids either promotes their environmentally friendly green aspects due to their negligible volatility (no air emissions). On the other hand, a great deal of literature promotes their non-green aspects due to the high toxicity values of certain ionic liquids towards living organisms. In this study, we attempt to integrate these two different diverging opinions to look at the concept of the greenness of ionic liquids from a larger point of view (i.e. from a life cycle assessment perspective).
Pillars of assembled pyridyl bis-urea macrocycles: a robust synthon to organize diiodotetrafluorobenzenes

Columnar assembled pyridyl bis-urea macrocycles 1 provide a strong 1D supramolecular synthon to construct hierarchical assemblies. These 1D pillars contain ditopic symmetrical acceptors in the form of basic oxygen lone pairs. Herein, we probe this synthon with a series of activated halogen bond donors, the regio-isomers of diiodotetrafluorobenzenes, which vary the relative orientation of the halogen bond formers. Irrespective of the initial stoichiometry, each donor only formed one type of co-crystal with 1. In each case, similar strong pillars of assembled 1 were observed that organize the donors through the CO⋯I interaction, which were significantly shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of the atoms involved and among the shortest reported for neutral organic molecules. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characteristic core level shifts strongly indicated the formation of halogen bonding interactions. These studies suggest that this synthon can utilize both hydrogen and halogen bonding orthogonally to build complex structures.
Disparities in Tuberculosis Treatment Completion by Incarceration Status, U.S., 1999–2011

Introduction Treatment completion is the cornerstone of tuberculosis (TB) control strategy globally. Although the majority of reported TB cases in the U.S. have documented treatment completion, individuals diagnosed while incarcerated are less likely to have documentation of whether or not they completed treatment. This study assessed trends and correlates of no documented treatment completion among individuals incarcerated at diagnosis. Methods U.S. National TB Surveillance System (1999–2011) data on cases eligible for treatment completion were analyzed during 2014–2015. Treatment outcomes and trends in no documented completion were assessed by incarceration status. Multivariable logistic regression identified correlates of no documented completion among people incarcerated at diagnosis. Results A lower proportion of individuals incarcerated at diagnosis had documented TB treatment completion than non-incarcerated individuals (75.6% vs 93.7%), and a higher proportion were lost to follow-up (10.7% vs 2.2%) or moved (9.4% vs 2.3%) during treatment ( p Conclusions People diagnosed with TB disease at U.S. correctional facilities, especially the foreign born, require enhanced strategies for documenting TB treatment completion. Strengthened collaboration between correctional and public health agencies could improve continuity of care among released inmates.
Self-Administered Premedication: Improving Taxane Chemotherapy Treatment .

BACKGROUND Patients receiving taxane therapy are at risk for hypersensitivity reactions without appropriate premedication management. Patients must understand the importance of taking premedications as prescribed to prevent reactions. . OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to implement and evaluate a multidisciplinary practice protocol comprised of standardized nursing documentation of premedication regimens, teaching, and patient adherence to at-home premedication in an electronic health record (EHR). . METHODS A new process was developed to provide standardized prescriptions, a personalized instruction sheet for patients and families, and a standardized approach to document adherence and teaching in the EHR. Pre- and post-EHR audits were used twice to evaluate the practice changes. . FINDINGS The findings of the first audit suggested improvement in all practice changes. After the first audit, reinforcement of the changes occurred within the group and with one-on-one meetings. The goal of 90% adherence was met at the second audit.
Les réseaux de la coopération transfrontalière en Afrique de l’Ouest

Longtemps considerees comme des obstacles artificiels herites de la decolonisation, les frontieres ouest-africaines sont aujourd’hui au cœur des politiques visant a favoriser les echanges inter-regionaux et a lutter contre l’instabilite politique. Cette redecouverte des marges de l’Etat a favorise la multiplication d’initiatives institutionnelles destinees a favoriser la cooperation entre Etats, regions et communes tout en assurant la protection et la promotion des interets et droits des populations frontalieres. En depit de ces initiatives regionales, le fonctionnement effectif de la cooperation transfrontaliere demeure encore largement inconnu en Afrique de l’Ouest. L’objectif de cette note est de combler cette lacune en analysant la structure sociale et la geographie des reseaux de gouvernance ouest-africains. Sur la base de cette analyse structurelle et geographique sont formulees des recommandations politiques visant a mettre en œuvre des politiques plus territorialisees, plus attentives aux relations entre acteurs impliques dans la cooperation, et plus specifiquement ajustees aux contraintes et opportunites ouest-africaines.
Foundation—Structure interaction in the analysis of wave motions

abstract During shock motion, inertia forces of large structures will influence the foundation motion locally. In the present study, the structure-foundation problem is analyzed by coupling an N -mass structure with a one dimensional wave; the resulting solution is formulated as a Volterra integral equation. By using an input wave similar to those encountered in earthquake motions, the significance of this interaction was investigated. Results show that the reduction in spectrum acceleration is significant and depends both on structure frequency and weight for a given foundation input.
Social and Ritual Organization

Hopewell residential groups, spread over the forested terraces and bottomlands of the Scioto and Paint Creek valleys, were nonetheless integrated with one another in many ways. Two important kinds of ties were their mutual participation in a larger, local symbolic community and a yet broader, sustainable community. Within the context of these communities, members of different residential groups, separated by varying geographic and social distances, established and renewed essential relationships with one another by building earthworks together, performing rites together within the earthworks, negotiating marriages and marrying, forming ritual exchange partnerships with one another, and exchanging foods and other material resources.
Laboratory Curriculum for a Structure, Reactivity, and Quantitation Sequence in Chemistry

A novel laboratory curriculum is presented, developed around some common tasks of a laboratory researcher in chemistry: purification, synthesis, and measurement. The capstone of the sequence is an integrated laboratory, leading to a more independent research experience. Students who have completed this laboratory curriculum appear to perform comparably to previous students who completed a more traditional curriculum, based on their handling of American Chemical Society Exam questions and career placement. Introduction of the new curriculum has coincided with increased numbers of majors as well as increased participation in research, but attributing causation is complicated by the coincidental introduction of a new scholarship program.
Specific Changes in Brain Activity during Urgency in Women with Overactive Bladder after Successful Sacral Neuromodulation: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

Purpose: The mechanism of sacral neuromodulation is poorly understood. We compared brain activity during urgency before and after sacral neuromodulation in women with overactive bladder and according to the response to treatment.Materials and Methods: Women with refractory overactive bladder who elected sacral neuromodulation were invited to undergo functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after treatment. During imaging the bladder was filled until urgency was experienced. Regions of interest were identified a priori and brain activity in these regions of interest was compared before and after treatment as well as according to the treatment response. Whole brain exploratory analysis with an uncorrected voxel level threshold of p <0.001 was also performed to identify additional brain regions which changed after sacral neuromodulation.Results: Of the 12 women who underwent a pretreatment functional magnetic resonance imaging examination 7 were successfully treated with sacral neuromodulation and un...
Majority of Solar Wind Intervals Support Ion-Driven Instabilities.

We perform a statistical assessment of solar wind stability at 1 AU against ion sources of free energy using Nyquist's instability criterion. In contrast to typically employed threshold models which consider a single free-energy source, this method includes the effects of proton and ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ temperature anisotropy with respect to the background magnetic field as well as relative drifts between the proton core, proton beam, and ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ components on stability. Of 309 randomly selected spectra from the Wind spacecraft, 53.7% are unstable when the ion components are modeled as drifting bi-Maxwellians; only 4.5% of the spectra are unstable to long-wavelength instabilities. A majority of the instabilities occur for spectra where a proton beam is resolved. Nearly all observed instabilities have growth rates $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ slower than instrumental and ion-kinetic-scale timescales. Unstable spectra are associated with relatively large ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ drift speeds and/or a departure of the core proton temperature from isotropy; other parametric dependencies of unstable spectra are also identified.
Chapter 7 Empirical Study of Criminal Punishment

Abstract This chapter reviews empirical studies of criminal punishment and the criminal justice system by economists. Since the modern exposition of the economic model of criminal behavior, empirical economists have tested its predictions using variation in expected criminal punishments. In the past decade, empirical economists have made substantial progress in identifying the effects of punishment on crime by finding new ways to break the simultaneity of crime rates and punishments. The new empirical evidence generally supports the deterrence model but shows that incapacitation influences crime rates, too. Evidence of the crime-reducing effect of the scale of policing and incarceration is consistent across different methodological approaches. Estimates of the deterrent effect of other penalties, such as capital punishment, are less robust and suggest that claims of large effects from these policies may be spurious. More work is needed to assess the relative importance of deterrence and incapacitation. Empirical economists have made less progress in studying the criminal justice system itself. Data availability constrains the economists' ability to resolve the simultaneity of criminal justice institutions and crime rates, and this limitation hampers rigorous empirical investigation of the incentive effects of numerous criminal justice institutions and procedures. This area remains an important avenue for future empirical research.
Using Our Understanding of Stress-Related Effects on Glutamate Neurotransmission to Guide the Development of Novel Treatment Strategies

The majority of treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders have been based on serendipitous discoveries, with little understanding of the pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these disorders. As many of these disorders are sensitive to stress, an understanding of the physiology of stress is important in avoiding and reversing stress-sensitive disorders. Increased understanding of the glutamatergic synapse has revealed a system that is affected by both stress and multiple neuropsychiatric treatments, suggesting a possible convergent target in these disorders. This chapter reviews how traditional neuropsychiatric treatments affect the glutamatergic synapse, and how future therapies may be developed to more directly target this system.
Scope of Beneficence in Health Care

This paper considers some of the implications of positing a duty of beneficence in the health care context, with particular emphasis on the scope or boudaries of such a duty. Part I discusses alternative sources or groundings for the duty of beneficence. Part II presents various definitions of beneficence and considers them in relation to the health care. Part III focuses more directly on the central issue, the general scope or limitations of the duty of beneficence in the health care context.
Emotion processing in intermittent explosive disorder.

Abstract Intermittent explosive disorder (IED), a disorder characterized by outbursts of affective aggression, is associated with deficits in regulating emotions. However, less is known about specific deficits in understanding and processing emotions in IED. This study sought to fill that gap by examining components of emotion processing (rumination, alexithymia, and empathy) in those with IED. Participants completed diagnostic interviews and self-report measures, and were categorized into three diagnostic groups: IED (n = 177), Psychiatric Control (PC; n = 171), and Healthy Volunteer (HV; n = 144). Those with IED reported more anger rumination and greater difficulty identifying their feelings than PC or HV participants. Interestingly, those with IED reported higher affective empathy scores than those in the HV group, with no other group differences on measures of empathy. Amongst those with IED, increased anger rumination and decreased sadness rumination predicted greater lifetime aggression, while increased sadness rumination predicted poorer quality of life. These findings suggest that although those with IED have a harder time recognizing their emotions, once they identify feeling angry, they spend more time focused this emotion than those with other disorders. These findings also suggest that cognitive intervention techniques may be beneficial for those with IED.
Uganda: an uncivil war

The people of Uganda, affected by decades of civil war, must make do with third rate health services. Michael J Westerhaus reflects on his time in northern Uganda and explains how it shaped his beliefs
Rare variant phasing using paired tumor:normal sequence data

In standard high throughput sequencing analysis, genetic variants are not assigned to a homologous chromosome of origin. This process, called haplotype phasing, can reveal information important for understanding the relationship between genetic variants and biological phenotypes. For example, in genes that carry multiple heterozygous missense variants, phasing resolves whether one or both gene copies are altered. Here, we present a novel approach to phasing variants that takes advantage of unique properties of paired tumor:normal sequencing data from cancer studies. VAF phasing uses changes in variant allele frequency (VAF) between tumor and normal samples in regions of somatic chromosomal gain or loss to phase germline variants. We apply VAF phasing to 6180 samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and demonstrate that our method is highly concordant with other standard phasing methods, and can phase an average of 33% more variants than other read-backed phasing methods. Using variant annotation tools designed to score gene haplotypes, we find a suggestive association between carrying multiple missense variants in a single copy of a cancer predisposition gene and earlier age of cancer diagnosis. VAF phasing exploits unique properties of tumor genomes to increase the number of germline variants that can be phased over standard read-backed methods in paired tumor:normal samples. Our phase-informed association testing results call attention to the need to develop more tools for assessing the joint effect of multiple genetic variants.
More about Pseudodifferential Operators on Bounded Domains

At the 1983 Operator Theory Conference we presented [2] a formal expansion for pseudodifferential operators on bounded domanins in R n and described specific cases in which the expansion represented the quantity in question.
Understanding the use of attachment theory applied to the patient-provider relationship in cancer care: Recommendations for future research and clinical practice

Abstract Patient attachment styles may inform how patients react differently to the stress of being diagnosed with cancer, as well as how patients may desire to interact and be supported by their provider. The objectives of this study were two-fold: 1) to conduct a systematic scoping review to clarify how attachment theory is utilized and applied within the current body of research on the patient-provider relationship within cancer care, and 2) add to the existing body of literature by introducing an integrated model of patient attachment styles and patient-provider relationships for use in clinical and scholarly work. A systematic search of multiple databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, PsychInfo, and WorldCat was conducted using variations and combinations of keywords related to patient-provider relationship, attachment style, and cancer. The nine studies included in the review were published from 2011 to 2019. The majority of studies had participant samples with multiple cancer diagnoses (n = 5) and examined attachment as an independent or predictor variable (n = 6). Results suggest that a secure attachment was predictive of a better working alliance, more perceived support, less general distress, higher levels of trust and satisfaction with healthcare providers when compared to patients with an insecure attachment style. Data from the current review suggest that using an attachment theory framework can improve the understanding of the patient-provider relationship. We propose a conceptual model that aligns patient attachment style and patient-provider relationship types to be utilized in clinical practice in future research to tailor patient-centered cancer care.
Clinical outcomes of temperature related injuries treated in the hospital setting, 2011-2018

Abstract Background Concerns over climate change have prompted substantial interest in temperature related injuries resulting from extreme weather conditions. Climate models predict that as global temperatures increase, the frequency and severity of extreme heat and cold weather events will grow which will likely increase the incidence of temperature related injury. The aim of this study was to analyze the healthcare impacts of temperature related injuries in the state of Illinois in order to serve as a model to guide future public health policy. Methods Outpatient and inpatient heat and cold related injuries treated in Illinois hospitals from 2011 to 2018 were analyzed. Weather data was linked to individual cases. Results The crude annual total hospital utilization incidence rate for heat injuries was 23.6 per 100,000 residents compared to 23.2 per 100,000 residents for cold injuries, however, the crude annual inpatient admission incidence rate was more than four-fold higher for cold injuries compared to heat injuries (10.2 vs 2.4 per 100,000). Although hypothermia made up 27.0% of all temperature related injuries, it comprised 94.0% of all deaths. In the multivariable models, we identified demographic characteristics, temperature conditions and comorbidities strongly associated with both heat and cold related in-hospital mortality. Conclusions While climate change is increasing the number of extreme heat days, it may also impact cold adaptation resulting in more serious adverse health outcomes when severe cold weather events do occur. As electronic health records become more widely available, they can prove to be a valuable resource to monitor, treat and predict temperature related injuries in the near future. Our findings regarding the substantially elevated mortality among cold related injuries, demonstrate the need to tailor public health messages to different climate zones in the United States.
Suprachiasmatic VIP neurons are required for normal circadian rhythmicity and comprised of molecularly distinct subpopulations.

The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic (SCN) clock contains several neurochemically defined cell groups that contribute to the genesis of circadian rhythms. Using cell-specific and genetically targeted approaches we have confirmed an indispensable role for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing SCN (SCNVIP) neurons, including their molecular clock, in generating the mammalian locomotor activity (LMA) circadian rhythm. Optogenetic-assisted circuit mapping revealed functional, di-synaptic connectivity between SCNVIP neurons and dorsomedial hypothalamic neurons, providing a circuit substrate by which SCNVIP neurons may regulate LMA rhythms. In vivo photometry revealed that while SCNVIP neurons are acutely responsive to light, their activity is otherwise behavioral state invariant. Single-nuclei RNA-sequencing revealed that SCNVIP neurons comprise two transcriptionally distinct subtypes, including putative pacemaker and non-pacemaker populations. Altogether, our work establishes necessity of SCNVIP neurons for the LMA circadian rhythm, elucidates organization of circadian outflow from and modulatory input to SCNVIP cells, and demonstrates a subpopulation-level molecular heterogeneity that suggests distinct functions for specific SCNVIP subtypes. Cell groups in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic clock contribute to the genesis of circadian rhythms. The authors identified two populations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus which regulate locomotor circadian rhythm in mice.