cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural correlates of decisions

Once considered the province of philosophy and the behavioral sciences, the process of making decisions has received increasing scrutiny from neurobiologists. Recent research suggests that sensory judgements unfold through the gradual accumulation of neuronal signals in sensory-motor pathways, favoring one alternative over others. Stored representations of the outcome of prior actions activate neurons in many of these same areas during decision-making. The challenge for neurobiologists lies in deciphering how signals from these disparate areas are integrated to form a single behavioral choice and the mechanisms responsible for selecting the appropriate information upon which decisions should be informed in particular contexts.
Activation of K+ channels induces apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Intracellular K+ plays an important role in controlling the cytoplasmic ion homeostasis for maintaining cell volume and inhibiting apoptotic enzymes in the cytosol and nucleus. Cytoplasmic K+ conce...
Debating the Social Effects of the Internet: Connecting with the World

One can readily sympathize with Professors Norman Nie and Lutz Erbring, the investigator and co-investigator of a recent study on the social consequences of the internet conducted by the Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society. Like many scholars before them who have conducted extensive surveys, their results at first seemed rather self-evident and dull. They spent much effort and resources to reach 4,113 adults in 2,689 households. They analyzed their data and came up with such findings as the internet is used more for e-mail (90%) than banking (12%), more people use the internet for surfing (69%) than for trading stocks (7%), and those who use it extensively spend less time in traffic (14% of heavy users).
Selection favors incompatible signaling in bacteria.

A cooperative group can achieve more than the sum of its members. Evolution has taken advantage of this principle in most natural systems, from multicellular individuals to ant colonies. To do so, it has provided the members of cooperative groups with communication tools, which are critical for effective cooperation. For example, some ants form bridges with their bodies to help their nest-mates cross a gap (1, 2). But this admirable behavior only makes sense when many ants mass along the same route; a lone scout that stayed put across a gap instead of wandering off in search for food would do a disservice to the colony. Similarly, many bacteria cooperate in ways that only make sense in large groups, for example secreting a sticky goo to keep bacteria together forming a biofilm, or a slippery one to help movement (3). To prevent wasting resources on these public goods when bacterial density is too low to have an advantage from them, many species measure local bacterial density using a mechanism called quorum sensing, and produce the public good only when numbers are high enough to make it count (4). This function of quorum sensing seems straightforward, but one piece of information does not quite make sense: in natural populations, different individuals have different—and incompatible—quorum-sensing machineries (5). If the bacteria are trying to coordinate with their neighbors, why do they use a different signaling system? In PNAS, Pollak et al. demonstrate an elegant answer to this question: a rare mutant with incompatible quorum-sensing machinery initially exploits the wild-type, but is able to cooperate with its own kind when common in the population (6). Quorum sensing is elegantly simple. The bacterium produces an autoinducer molecule that activates the cooperative mechanism. Unlike regular activation mechanisms, however, the autoinducer molecule does not stay … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: perezesc{at}mit.edu or gore{at}mit.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Culture and Communication

This article explores several specific issues inherent in cross-cultural social work supervision of Asian and Hispanic workers. The supervisor and supervisee may conflict around differential characteristics in the areas of cognitive orientation, motivation orientation, communication styles, value orientation and sensory orientation. The article focuses on understanding the implications of these differences and how they can enter into the supervisory relationship. It offers some suggestions for examining one's cultural sensitive supervisory style and for assisting in the development of self-awareness among Asian and Hispanic workers.
Hyperbolic Manifolds: An Introduction in 2 and 3 Dimensions

Over the past three decades there has been a total revolution in the classic branch of mathematics called 3-dimensional topology, namely the discovery that most solid 3-dimensional shapes are hyperbolic 3-manifolds. This book introduces and explains hyperbolic geometry and hyperbolic 3- and 2-dimensional manifolds in the first two chapters and then goes on to develop the subject. The author discusses the profound discoveries of the astonishing features of these 3-manifolds, helping the reader to understand them without going into long, detailed formal proofs. The book is heavily illustrated with pictures, mostly in color, that help explain the manifold properties described in the text. Each chapter ends with a set of exercises and explorations that both challenge the reader to prove assertions made in the text, and suggest further topics to explore that bring additional insight. There is an extensive index and bibliography.
Screening for thyroid cancer in survivors of childhood and young adult cancer treated with neck radiation.

The optimal method of screening for thyroid cancer in survivors of childhood and young adult cancer exposed to neck radiation remains controversial. Outcome data for a physical exam-based screening approach are lacking. We conducted a retrospective review of adult survivors of childhood and young adult cancer with a history of neck radiation followed in the Adult Long-Term Follow-Up Clinic at Memorial Sloan Kettering between November 2005 and August 2014. Eligible patients underwent a physical exam of the thyroid and were followed for at least 1 year afterwards. Ineligible patients were those with prior diagnosis of benign or malignant thyroid nodules. During a median follow-up of 3.1 years (range 0–9.4 years), 106 ultrasounds and 2277 physical exams were performed among 585 patients. Forty survivors had an abnormal thyroid physical exam median of 21 years from radiotherapy; 50% of those with an abnormal exam were survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma, 60% had radiation at ages 10–19, and 53% were female. Ultimately, 24 underwent fine needle aspiration (FNA). Surgery revealed papillary carcinoma in seven survivors; six are currently free of disease and one with active disease is undergoing watchful waiting. Among those with one or more annual visits, representing 1732 person-years of follow-up, no cases of thyroid cancer were diagnosed within a year of normal physical exam. These findings support the application of annual physical exam without routine ultrasound for thyroid cancer screening among survivors with a history of neck radiation. Survivors with a history of neck radiation may not require routine thyroid ultrasound for thyroid cancer screening. Among adult survivors of childhood and young adult cancer with a history of radiation therapy to the neck, annual physical exam is an acceptable thyroid cancer screening strategy.
Motivic complexes over nonperfect fields

We show that the theory of motivic complexes developed by Voevodsky over perfect fields works over nonperfect fields as well provided that we work with sheaves with transfers of ℤ[1∕p]-modules (p = charF). In particular we show that every homotopy invariant sheaf with transfers of ℤ[1∕p]-modules is strictly homotopy invariant.
Autism does not limit strategic thinking in the "beauty contest" game.

Abstract A popular hypothesis in developmental psychology is that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a specific impairment or developmental delay in their ability to reason about other people’s mental processes, especially when this reasoning process is of a higher-order, recursive, or nested variety. One type of interpersonal interaction that involves this sort of complex reasoning about others’ minds is an economic game, and because economic games have been extensively modeled in behavioral economics, they provide a unique testbed for a quantitative and precise analysis of cognitive functioning in ASD. This study specifically asked whether ASD is associated with strategic depth in the economic game known as The Beauty Contest, in which all players submit a number from 0 to 100, and the winner is the player who submits the number closest to 2/3 of the mean of all numbers submitted. Unexpectedly, the distribution of responses among adult participants with ASD reflected a level of strategic reasoning at least as deep as that of their neurotypical peers, with the same proportion of participants with ASD being characterized as “higher order” strategic players. Thus, whatever mentalistic reasoning abilities are necessary for typical performance in the context of this economic game appear to be largely intact, and therefore unlikely to be fundamental to persistent social dysfunction in ASD.
The European ‘Other’ in Poland’s Conservative Identity Project

AbstractSince taking office in November 2015, Poland’s conservative government has pressed for a sweeping reinterpretation of the past, and a re-envisioning of the future, of the political community. This conservative identity project idealises the allegedly fully sovereign Poland of the interwar period and repudiates the normative commitments underpinning Poland’s accession to the European Union. The worldview of the conservative government’s liberal critics, by contrast, represents a fusion of the inclusive nationalism asserted in opposition to communist rule with the affirmation of a European identity. The reawakening of historically resonant debates about the nature of Poland’s European-ness, emphasizing the centrality of the (Western) European ‘other’ in Poland’s national idea, carries significant implications for its relations within the international environment.
A robust method to characterize rumpling in high-strength bond coats

Abstract A new method has been developed to nondestructively characterize bond coats that rumple during thermal cycling. This method employs Fourier transforms of 2D optical profilometer data and is applied to coatings that have differing tendencies to rumple such as (Pt,Ni)Al coatings and high-strength γ′ or γ + γ′ bond coats. The method isolates the 2D periodic undulations characteristic of rumpling from other inhomogeneous time-dependent phenomena that occur at the surface, including HfO2 and NiAl2O4 spinel oxide growth, bond coat swelling, and noisy data. The method is benchmarked against the traditional rumpling indicators seen in the literature, surface roughness and tortuosity, using synthetic datasets to explore the strengths and limitations of the algorithm. The versatility of this method to quantify rumpling is demonstrated on experimental datasets from a β-phase bond coat with high levels of noisy or missing data. Application of the method provides a quantification of the rumpling amplitude and wavelength that are confirmed with metallographic cross sections of the samples and predicted by the Balint and Hutchinson rumpling model. The algorithm correctly measures (in contrast to the RMS surface roughness) an increasing surface undulation amplitude during initial furnace cycling, followed by a decrease in undulation amplitude near the end of the coating life as TGO spallation becomes prevalent.
Economics of higher education: Background, concepts, and applications by Toutkoushian, R. K., & Paulsen, M. B.

I have been interested in economics of higher education since I was a graduate student at Peking University more than two decades ago. My original goal was to continue to pursue my interest in econ...
Who's Pretending to Care for Him? How the Endless Jail-to-Hospital-to-Street-Repeat Cycle Deprives Persons with Mental Disabilities the Right to Continuity of Care

There is a well-documented “shuttle process” by which individuals committed to psychiatric institutions (having been charged with minor “nuisance”-type criminal offenses) are often stabilized, returned to jail to await trial, and then returned to the hospital following relapse. This shuttling or cycling is bad for many reasons, not least of which is the way that it deprives the cohort of individuals at risk from any meaningful continuity of care. Continuity of care is crucial in order to reduce the rate of incarceration and institutionalization for persons with mental illness. Without this continuity, it is far less likely that any therapeutic intervention will have any long-lasting ameliorative effect. In this paper, we will argue that the current system – in addition to being utterly counter-productive (and in many ways, destructive) – also violates the constitutional right to treatment, and the statutory right to non-discrimination as provided in domestic (the Americans with Disabilities Act) and international (the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) human rights law. This also violates every precept of therapeutic jurisprudence; in this context, we argue that it is necessary for lawyers to integrate these teachings – focusing on the prerequisites of “voice, validation and voluntariness” – in their representation of this population in the hopes that the current system can be ameliorated. In conclusion, we will offer some solutions as to how continuity of care can be improved through mental health courts, programs that support diversion away from incarceration to treatment at an early process in a criminal proceeding, proper mental health screening, expanded access to mental health treatment and better re-entry services, and training for all persons interacting with someone with mental illness.
Visual Loss, Cerebral

Dysfunction of the lateral geniculate nucleus or its cerebral projections impairs vision. Hemianopia is the typical deficit associated with lesions in the primary geniculocalcarine visual pathway. It is characterized by impairment of visual perception to one side of midline. Details of the resulting visual field defect carry localizing and functional significance. Bilateral central visual pathway damage can produce profound generalized defects in perception. Common causes of persistent cerebral visual loss include stroke, hemorrhage, and tumors. Transient defects may result from migraine, focal seizure, or transient ischemic attack.
Does One-Size-Fit-All Suffice for Service Delivery Clients?

The traditional mode of delivering IT services has been through customer-specific teams. A dedicated team is assigned to address all and only those requirements that are specific to the customer. However, this way of organizing service delivery leads to inefficiencies due to inability to use expertise and available resources across teams in a flexible manner. To address some of these challenges, in recent times, there has been interest in shared delivery of services, where instead of having customer specific teams working in silos, there are cross-customer teams shared resource pools that can potentially service more than one customer. However, this gives rise to the question of what is the best way of grouping the shared resources across customer? Especially, with the large variations in the technical and domain skills required to address customer requirements, what should be the service delivery model for diverse customer workloads? Should it be customer-focused? Business domain focused? Or Technology focused? This paper simulates different delivery models in face of complex customer workload, diverse customer profiles, stringent service contracts, and evolving skills, with the goal of scientifically deriving principles of decision making for a suitable delivery model. Results show that workload arrival pattern, customer work profile combinations and domain skills, all play a significant role in the choice of delivery model. Specifically, the complementary nature of work arrivals and degree of overlapping skill requirements among customers play a crucial role in the choice of models. Interestingly, the impact of skill expertise level of resources is overshadowed by these two factors.
Detecting Suspicious Members in an Online Emotional Support Service

Online emotional support systems provide free support to individuals who experience stress, anxiety, and depression by bridging individuals (i.e., users) with a crowd of voluntary paraprofessionals. While most users tend to legitimately seek mental support, others may engage maliciously by attacking volunteers with trolling, flaming, bullying, spamming, and phishing behaviors. Besides attacking the mental health of trained paraprofessionals, these suspicious activities also introduce threats against the long-term viability of the platform by discouraging new volunteers and encouraging current volunteers to leave. Towards curtailing suspicious users, we propose a novel system, namely TeaFilter, that effectively detects suspicious behaviors by integrating a collection of light-weight behavioral features together. We have performed extensive experiments based on real user data from 7 Cups, a leading online emotional support system in the world. Experimental results have demonstrated that our system can accomplish a high detection rate of 77.8% at a low false positive rate of 1%.
Extracting Features from Bank and Mortgage Company Commercials

Recent advances in machine learning have made it possible to extract rich data features from video. These techniques allow for a new understanding of the role of advertising in marketing products. I demonstrate how to extract text, image, and audio features from a novel dataset of over 20,000 bank and mortgage company commercials covering the years 2004 to 2015. I demonstrate that the extracted features display meaningful trends. I then apply these features to show how commercials impact mortgage and home equity loan origination and refinancing.
Effects of noise-induced hearing loss on speech-in-noise envelope coding: Inferences from single-unit and non-invasive measures in animals

Speech-intelligibility models (SIM) can be used for systematic fitting of hearing-aids and cochlear-implants, potentially improving clinical outcomes in noisy environments. Existing SIMs are suitable for predicting performance of normal-hearing subjects, but not for hearing-impaired subjects due to our limited understanding of the effects of cochlear hearing impairment on speech-in-noise coding. In this work, we collected auditory-nerve (AN) single-unit responses and envelope following responses (EFR) in normal- and hearing-impaired chinchillas to speech, spectrally-matched stationary-noise, and noisy-speech. Our data show increased correlation between AN-fiber response envelopes of noisy-speech and noise-alone for hearing-impaired fibers in speech-relevant modulation-frequency bands, suggesting a greater degree of distraction from inherent envelope fluctuations following cochlear hearing loss. This novel finding is significant given the emphasis recent SIMs [e.g., Jorgensen and Dau, JASA (2011)] have placed on the importance of inherent noise-envelope fluctuations in addition to speech-coding fidelity in predicting noisy-speech perception. Preliminary data also show enhanced fundamental-periodicity coding at the expense of place-specific formant coding, and a degradation of burst envelopes of high-frequency fricatives for the hearing-impaired group. EFRs show evidence for degraded tonotopic coding, as observed in single-unit responses [e.g., Henry et al., J. Neurosci. (2016)]. [Work supported by Action on Hearing Loss (UK).]Speech-intelligibility models (SIM) can be used for systematic fitting of hearing-aids and cochlear-implants, potentially improving clinical outcomes in noisy environments. Existing SIMs are suitable for predicting performance of normal-hearing subjects, but not for hearing-impaired subjects due to our limited understanding of the effects of cochlear hearing impairment on speech-in-noise coding. In this work, we collected auditory-nerve (AN) single-unit responses and envelope following responses (EFR) in normal- and hearing-impaired chinchillas to speech, spectrally-matched stationary-noise, and noisy-speech. Our data show increased correlation between AN-fiber response envelopes of noisy-speech and noise-alone for hearing-impaired fibers in speech-relevant modulation-frequency bands, suggesting a greater degree of distraction from inherent envelope fluctuations following cochlear hearing loss. This novel finding is significant given the emphasis recent SIMs [e.g., Jorgensen and Dau, JASA (2011)] have pla...
Subacute High-Energy Traumatic Knee Dislocation in an Ambulatory Patient: A Case Report.

Case A 62-year-old man presented with a posterolateral knee dislocation sustained in a motorcycle collision initially managed nonsurgically. His treatment was complicated by recurrent dislocation from noncompliance with bracing and weight-bearing restrictions and by comorbidities including peripheral artery disease, type 2 diabetes, and heavy smoking and drinking. He was treated with a multiplanar knee-spanning external fixator and patellar tendon repair without further ligamentous reconstruction. This treatment provided a stable, functional knee with minimal pain. Conclusions In this complex, noncompliant patient with a subacute knee dislocation, knee-spanning biplanar external fixation and patellar tendon repair without ligament reconstruction were crucial in achieving a satisfactory outcome.
The gut microbiome and frailty

The human microbiome is constituted by an extensive network of organisms that lie at the host/environment interface and transduce signals that play vital roles in human health and disease across the lifespan. Frailty is a critical aging-related syndrome marked by diminished physiological reserve and heightened vulnerability to stress, predictive of major adverse clinical outcomes including death. While recent studies suggest the microbiome may impact key pathways critical to frailty pathophysiology, direct evaluation of the microbiome-frailty relationship remains limited. In this article, we review the complex interplay of biological, behavioral, and environmental factors that may influence shifts in gut microbiome composition and function in aging populations and the putative implications of such shifts for progression to frailty. We discuss HIV infection as a key prototype for elucidating the complex pathways via which the microbiome may precipitate frailty. Finally, we review considerations for future research efforts.
6.19 – Functions Containing a Selenocarbonyl or Tellurocarbonyl Group—SeC(X1)X2 and TeC(X1)X2

Selenocarbonyl and tellurocarbonyl derivatives of carbonyl-based functional groups are much less common than the corresponding oxygen or sulfur analogs. This is primarily due to the lessened stability of the carbonselenium and carbontellurium double bonds relative to carbonyl or thiocarbonyl groups. Selenocarbonyl and tellurocarbonyl groups have become much more readily available at the start of the twenty-first century, primarily due to the development of novel reagents and the applications of new synthetic reactions. N,N-Dimethylselenocarbamoyl chloride appears to be an extremely useful precursor for the preparation of selenocarbamates and selenoureas. Molecules with halogens directly attached to selenocarbonyl and tellurocarbonyl groups had been particularly rare, but pyrolitic methods developed in 1990s have led to the preparations of a variety of these compounds. Novel metallation reactions as well as S-alkylationselenium exchange reactions have led to the synthesis of a variety of complex selenocarbonate derivatives. The preparation and utilization of chiral selenocarbamate derivatives in structure determination and in chiral induction has also been extensively reported. Numerous methods for the preparation of selenoureas have been described. Carbenoid routes to cyclic seleno- and telluroureas have led to the ready preparation of these compounds. A variety of novel hypervalent analogs of common selenocarbonyl compounds have also been reported.
Can a bikesharing system reduce fuel consumption? Case study in Tucson, Arizona

Abstract Despite the popularity of bikesharing systems, it is still unclear whether bikesharing systems can reduce fuel consumption, and how much of fuel-savings they could achieve. Therefore, this paper evaluated the fuel-savings of a bikesharing system in Tucson with varying substitution rates of bikesharing trips for vehicle-based trips. First, relocation operations were identified by fusing bikesharing trip and station level data. Then, the fuel consumed by the relocation truck and the fuel saved by bikesharing trips were estimated. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to investigate the fuel consumption impacts of adding more stations, optimizing the relocation routes, and using more operation trucks. After adding four more stations and optimizing the relocation routes, the required car substitution rate to offset the fuel consumed by the relocation truck decreases from 30% to 17%. Furthermore, the required substitution rate in a denser bikesharing system is less sensitive to an increase in the number of trucks. Therefore, bikesharing systems have great potential to reduce fuel consumption by incorporating suitable strategies.
Patient Empowerment–Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Impact of Behavior Change Coaching on OSA Patient Adherence to Prescribed Positive Airway Pressure Therapy in the In-Patient Setting

Background: The established treatment for most OSA patients is PAP, for prevention of apnea due to upper airway collapse while sleeping. OSA patients are often not compliant with prescribed PAP therapy, most sources state adherence rates of 50% or less. Non-adherence to PAP impacts both long term health, as well as patient safety. When admitted to the hospital the sedative effects of anesthesia, and additional medications increase these risks. Patient Empowerment is a behavior change interaction administered by trained Respiratory Care Practitioner Coaches. This interaction is known to facilitate behavior change by impacting patient engagement and activation leading to patient empowerment. We sought to investigate the effects of a Patient Empowerment coaching on the inpatient adherence of OSA patients to prescribed PAP therapy. Methods: Patient Empowerment coaching for OSA patients was implemented at Sharp Memorial Hospital in June 2018. The interaction has four phases: Building Rapport, Engagement, Facilitating Activation, and Empowerment. The coach uncovers implementational, as well as motivational factors that may be barriers to PAP use. The former may include interface issues such as mask type and fitting. The motivational factors are aspects where patient behavior is not in line with medical recommendations. Patients are often not absolutely refusing, they are rather in a state of ambivalence. The role of the coach is to build rapport and engage the patient in exploring and resolving their ambivalence. PAP adherence data from a 2-week period, August 1-14, 2017 (pre-intervention) was compared to the same period the following year August 1-14, 2018 (post-intervention). Adherence was defined as documented evidence of PAP therapy. A comparison was made of total nights PAP was ordered, to the total nights adhered to for each group. A two-sample t-test between proportions was performed to determine whether there was a significant difference between the groups. The Sharp Institutional Review Board approved this research as not subject to regulation. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in PAP adherence rates of patients receiving Patient Empowerment coaching, when compared to the pre-intervention time period. (87.4%, 46.7%, P
Ethical Codes and Learning Analytics

The growth and development of learning analytics has placed a range of new capacities into the hands of educational institutions. At the same time, this increased capacity has raised a range of ethical issues. A common approach to address these issues is to develop an ethical code of conduct for practitioners. Such codes of conduct are drawn from similar codes in other disciplines. Some authors assert that there are fundamental tenets common to all such codes. This paper consists of an analysis of ethical codes from other disciplines. It argues that while there is some overlap, there is no set of principles common to all disciplines. The ethics of learning analytics will therefore need to be developed on criteria specific to education. We conclude with some ideas about how this ethic will be determined and what it may look like.
Management of Radiotherapy-Induced Acute Toxicities

Radiation therapy is the backbone of nasopharyngeal cancer treatments. Despite advances and innovations in the planning and delivery technologies, radiotherapy-induced acute toxicities remain substantial. The most commonly observed acute toxicities include oral mucositis, dysphagia, dermatitis, dysgeusia, otological symptoms, and rhinosinusitis, with sequelae of pain, dehydration, weight loss, and infection. These adverse effects not only contribute to decreased quality of life but may also cause treatment interruptions, hospitalization, thereby compromised treatment outcomes. This chapter discusses the mechanism, presentation, assessment, and evidence-based prevention/management of these acute toxicities in detail. The interventions recommended are refined from well-recognized guidelines, such as The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines for Head and Neck Cancers (Version 1.2020) and guidelines from Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer and International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO).
Delaying Budbreak to Reduce Freeze Damage: Seasonal Vine Performance and Wine Composition in Two Vitis vinifera Cultivars

Abstract: Spring freeze events pose a threat to vineyard productivity worldwide. We compared two methods to delay grapevine budbreak for freeze avoidance and evaluated their effects on phenology, yield components, fruit composition, and postharvest parameters, including wine chemistry, carbohydrate storage, and bud freeze tolerance. The two methods to delay budbreak were: a vegetable oil-based adjuvant (Amigo®) applied to dormant buds at 8% and 10% (v/v) and late pruning applied when apical buds reached approximately Eichhorn-Lorenz stage 7. Treatments were applied in 2018 and 2019 on two Vitis vinifera cultivars, Lemberger and Riesling, and compared to a control treatment (no delayed budbreak strategy applied). Amigo and late pruning delayed budbreak compared to control vines for both years and cultivars. The delay in budbreak varied from three to six days for Amigo 8%, five to eight days for Amigo 10%, and 10 to 11 days later for late pruning. In 2019, there was a freezing event near budbreak; compared to control vines, late-pruned Lemberger vines had lower shoot damage when measured during the growing season and higher yield at harvest. Delayed budbreak treatments did not influence wine chemistry either year or consistently affect carbohydrate storage or bud freeze tolerance the following dormant season. However, in Riesling, late pruning reduced cluster and berry weight by up to 34% and 22%, respectively, compared to control vines. Furthermore, our results indicated Amigo 10% may decrease bud survival when applied to Riesling vines. In general, late pruning more effectively delayed budbreak and mitigated freeze damage than Amigo application without negatively affecting vine health and wine composition; however, the cultivar-dependent effect of late pruning on cluster weight is a consideration prior to adoption.
Understanding Corporate Law (Fifth Edition)

The fifth edition of Understanding Corporate Law has just been published by Carolina Academic Press. The book is designed to offer a clear and comprehensive treatment of key concepts in corporate law. Significant business, economic, and policy issues are highlighted in connection with a thorough analysis of the important cases and statutory provisions used in the study of corporations. It includes the major theoretical approaches used in current corporate law literature. In each chapter, the authors identify important policies and discuss the relationship of the law as it has developed to those policies. Statutory issues are covered under both the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and the Revised Model Business Corporation Act. The Fifth Edition of Understanding Corporate Law discusses developing case law and statutory changes since the Fourth Edition. The influence of large institutional shareholders is discussed. The book also reflects the corporate governance issues raised by the corporate and banking scandals and the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Dodd-Frank Act of 2010. The book has been popular with students and others studying corporate law.
Microsurgical vascular clamp injury causing arterial stenosis and subsequent free flap necrosis: A case report

During microanastomosis, the recipient artery must be controlled both proximally and distally, so that the donor flap artery may be anastomosed. Bulldog vascular clamps are often used; however, these clamps may fail to occlude heavily calcified vessels characteristic of diabetes and end-stage renal disease. Alternative clamps may need to be utilized, with the attendant risk of vessel injury. Herein, we present a case of free flap necrosis secondary to vascular clamp-mediated periansastomotic stenosis of a calcified free flap recipient artery. In this case, a 74-year-old diabetic male underwent anterolateral thigh free flap reconstruction for a left medial foot wound. The recipient's dorsalis pedis artery was noted to be heavily calcified intraoperatively and Bulldog clamps were unable to gain proximal and distal control, requiring the use of small-angled DeBakey vascular clamps. Ischemic flap changes were noted on postoperative day four. Subsequent angiogram demonstrated severe stenosis at the perianastomotic sites of the dorsalis pedis where the DeBakey clamps were placed for control. The arterial lesions were treated with balloon angioplasty and the patient underwent multiple debridements and placement of a split-thickness skin graft over the wound. At the six-month follow up, the wound achieved complete healing with insetting of the skin graft. In certain cases, the use of DeBakey or Satinsky clamps for arterial control in microsurgery may predispose the artery to intimal injury, causing stenosis that should be recognized early so that arteriography may be performed expeditiously. In this study, alternative methods of vascular control are described.
A Simple Multi-scale Procedure for Both Oscillatory and Boundary Layer Problems

In this final chapter, we shall develop a simple multiscale method by applying it to a varied sequence of examples.
Maximal P-sets of matrices whose graph is a tree

Abstract The graph of a real n × n symmetric matrix A, G ( A ) , is the undirected graph on n vertices whose edges correspond precisely with the nonzero off-diagonal entries of A. Let m A ( 0 ) denote the multiplicity of 0 as an eigenvalue of A. It is possible that the multiplicity of 0 as an eigenvalue of an ( n − 1 ) × ( n − 1 ) principal submatrix, A n − 1 , of A, is larger than m A ( 0 ) . When this occurs the vertex in G ( A ) corresponding to the row and column of A that was deleted to form A n − 1 is called a P-vertex of A. If there is a list of principal submatrices of A, A , A n − 1 , A n − 2 , … , A n − k , each one being obtained from the matrix preceding it in the list by deleting a row and column, such that m A ( 0 ) m A n − 1 ( 0 ) ⋯ m A n − k ( 0 ) , the set of vertices in G ( A ) corresponding to the rows and columns of A that were deleted to form A n − k is a called a P-set of A. Let A be a matrix whose graph is a tree; i.e. a connected graph with no cycles. It is known that a set of P-vertices of A is not necessarily a P-set of A. A main result of this paper shows that if every subset of size 2 of a set is a P-set of A, then the entire set is a P-set of A. This and other results are used to determine the maximal P-sets, and thus all of the P-sets of A.
The Adjoint Newton Algorithm for Large-Scale Unconstrained Optimization in Meteorology Applications

A new algorithm is presented for carrying out large-scale unconstrained optimization required in variational data assimilation using the Newton method. The algorithm is referred to as the adjoint Newton algorithm. The adjoint Newton algorithm is based on the first- and second-order adjoint techniques allowing us to obtain the Newton line search direction by integrating a tangent linear equations model backwards in time (starting from a final condition with negative time steps). The error present in approximating the Hessian (the matrix of second-order derivatives) of the cost function with respect to the control variables in the quasi-Newton type algorithm is thus completely eliminated, while the storage problem related to the Hessian no longer exists since the explicit Hessian is not required in this algorithm. The adjoint Newton algorithm is applied to three one-dimensional models and to a two-dimensional limited-area shallow water equations model with both model generated and First Global Geophysical Experiment data. We compare the performance of the adjoint Newton algorithm with that of truncated Newton, adjoint truncated Newton, and LBFGS methods. Our numerical tests indicate that the adjoint Newton algorithm is very efficient and could find the minima within three or four iterations for problems tested here. In the case of the two-dimensional shallow water equations model, the adjoint Newton algorithm improves upon the efficiencies of the truncated Newton and LBFGS methods by a factor of at least 14 in terms of the CPU time required to satisfy the same convergence criterion. The Newton, truncated Newton and LBFGS methods are general purpose unconstrained minimization methods. The adjoint Newton algorithm is only useful for optimal control problems where the model equations serve as strong constraints and their corresponding tangent linear model may be integrated backwards in time. When the backwards integration of the tangent linear model is ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard, the adjoint Newton algorithm may not work. Thus, the adjoint Newton algorithm must be used with some caution. A possible solution to avoid the current weakness of the adjoint Newton algorithm is proposed.
Physico-chemical phenomena in comets—III: The continuum of comet Burnham (1960 II)

Abstract The new model of the cometary head proposed in papers I and II is developed and applied to comet Burnham. It takes into account the likely existence of a halo of large icy particles surrounding the nucleus. These particles are steadily stripped from the nucleus by evaporating gases. Their terminal velocity and their rate of evaporation set the size of the halo. The existence of the icy halo influences in two ways the photometric characteristics of the coma. This paper establishes the photometric shape of the continuum as reflected by the icy grains, and compares it to the observed continuum of comet Burnham. Paper IV will compare the predictions of the model with the photometric profile of the molecular emission bands of C 2 , in the same comet.
Neutron scattering and magnetic observables for S = 1 ∕ 2 spin clusters and molecular magnets

In this paper we report results for magnetic observables of finite spin clusters composed of $S=1∕2$ ions. We consider clusters of two, three, and four spins in distinct spatial arrangements, with isotropic Heisenberg interactions of various strengths between ion pairs. In addition to the complete set of energy eigenvalues and eigenvectors, specific heat and magnetic susceptibility, we also quote results for the single crystal and powder average inelastic neutron scattering structure factors. Examples of the application of these results to experimental systems are also discussed.
The Use of Interactive Computer Graphics in Soil Engineering Analysis and Design

This paper describes the use of the CUG (Colorado University Graphics) interactive graphics system for the development of command structured application systems in soil engineering. The following application systems are described: RING, for analyzing the progress of settlement of multi-layered soil profiles; ELASTING, for analyzing the stresses and displacements in a multi-layered elastic profile; and FEMALE, for analyzing the stability of earth and rock slopes.
Further remarks on quantum mechanics and integrable systems

Further formulas are presented involving quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and integrable systems. Modifications of dispersionless theory are developed.
Declines in Leaf Litter Nitrogen Linked to Rising Temperatures in a Wet Tropical Forest

In the tropics rainfall can vary by hundreds of millimeters from month to month, while mean temperatures fluctuate by only a few degrees. Nevertheless, during this 7-year study, we observed 35–52 percent declines in litter nitrogen concentrations in response to small increases in minimum temperature, with no response to the larger oscillations in rainfall. RESUMEN En bosques tropicales la precipitacion diaria cambia por cientos de milimetros mes por mes, mientras que la temperatura fluctua por solo varios grados. Sin embargo, durante el estudio realizado por siete anos, se observamos disminuciones de 35–52 por ciento en nitrogeno de hojarasca debido a aumentos pequenos en la temperatura, con ninguna respuesta a oscilaciones grandes en precipitacion.
FDICIA and bank failure contagion: Evidence from the two failures of first city bancorporation

We investigate contagion effects from the two failures of First City Bancorporation—the only large regional bank to fail before and after FDICIA. FDICIA imposes changes in the bank failure resolution process that expose uninsured depositors to substantially greater risk. We find that shocks to First City’s weekly returns affect the conditional volatility of all but the most financially sound banks in the 1985–1987 period. This risk spillover effect is not evident in the period leading up to First City’s 1992 failure, however, which suggests that the regulatory changes embodied in FDICIA have not contributed to a more risky banking system.
The platelet microparticle proteome.

Platelet-derived microparticles are the most abundant type of microparticle in human blood and contribute to many biologically significant processes. Here, we report the first proteomic analysis of microparticles generated from activated platelets. Using 1D SDS-PAGE and liquid chromatography coupled to a linear ion trap mass spectrometer, the identification of 578 proteins was accomplished using a minimum of 5 MS/MS detections of at least two different peptides for each protein. These microparticles displayed many proteins intrinsic to and well-characterized on platelets. For example, microparticles in these experiments were found to contain membrane surface proteins including GPIIIa, GPIIb, and P-selectin, as well other platelet proteins such as the chemokines CXCL4, CXCL7, and CCL5. In addition, approximately 380 of the proteins identified were not found in two previous studies of the platelet proteome. Since several of the proteins detected here have been previously implicated in microparticle formatio...
Controversies in combined liver-kidney transplantation: indications and outcomes

Controversy surrounds simultaneous transplantation of a kidney and a liver because the practice is increasing, and organs for transplant are limited. Not only do recipients of both organs use 2 rather than 1 organ, but the kidney in dual transplantation jumps to the front of a very long kidney wait-list. Furthermore, there is suspicion that some patients who undergo combined liver and kidney transplantation may have reversible renal failure. Likewise, inappropriate liver transplantation in those with end-stage renal disease is possible given the heavy weighting of kidney dysfunction in the calculation of the model for end-stage liver disease score. Thus, a better way to determine the recoverability of renal dysfunction in liver transplant candidates and the degree of liver disease in end-stage renal disease is needed. Standardized strategies for candidate evaluation, selection, and process review are also necessary to improve organ allocation in those with both liver and kidney disease. However, basic and clinical investigation will be needed before an optimal algorithm is possible.
Comparative anatomy and evolution of the odontocete forelimb

Previous studies of the odontocete forelimb have not considered flipper anatomy in an evolutionary context. This study of 39 cetacean species (1 extinct archaeocete, 31 extant and 3 extinct odontocetes, and 4 mysticetes), provides a detailed comparative analysis of the major bones and muscles of the odontocete flipper. Differences across families in the anatomy of the deltoid, supraspinatus, coracobrachialis, and subscapularis muscles correspond directly to size and shape of forelimb elements. Specialization of the different shoulder girdle muscles allows for more maneuverability of the flipper by independent control of muscular columns. Maximum likelihood analyses helped determine the correlation of characters studied by ancestral state reconstruction, and revealed independent evolution of osteological and external characters among various lineages. Comparative Analyses by Independent Contrast (CAIC), found several contrasts between flipper area and body length for several extant odontocetes and a linear relationship was inferred. Degree of hyperphalangy and the soft tissue encasing the flipper helped determine three flipper morphologies based on aspect ratio (AR) and qualitative data. These results suggest that differences in flipper shape have an evolutionary component and are likely largely in response to ecological requirements.
The Market and Massachusetts Farmers, 1750–1850: Comment

Most scholars attempt to locate the issues raised by their research in the broader context of previous work and debates in the field. Unfortunately, in the attempt to make one's own research "relevant," exaggerated or at least confused characterizations of other views may result. For a case in point, I call the reader's attention to the recent article by Winifred B. Rothenberg, "The Market and Massachusetts Farmers, 17501855," this JOURNAL, 41 (June 1981), 283-314.
A note on limiter outputs

A simple method of obtaining limiter outputs is obtained by expanding the transfer characteristic in a Fourier series. As an example, for two equal input signals, the output below peak power is obtained as the transfer characteristic varies from a hard limiter to a linear device.
Moore's Paradox and the Structure of Conscious Belief

Propositions such as are paradoxical, in that even though they can be true, they cannot be truly asserted or believed. This is Moore's paradox. Sydney Shoemaker has recently argued that the paradox arises from a constitutive relation that holds between first- and second-order beliefs. This paper explores this approach to the paradox. Although Shoemaker's own account of the paradox is rejected, a different account along similar lines is endorsed. At the core of the endorsed account is the claim that conscious beliefs are always partly about themselves; it will be shown to follow from this that conscious beliefs in Moorean propositions are self-contradictory.