cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SURVEY OF STANDARDS FOR FOREIGN STUDENT APPLICANTS

This project consisted of a survey of practices and standards in the use of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL®) and attempted to learn the processes by which these standards were developed. By “standards” we mean the information and requirements established by institutions to evaluate applicants' English proficiency. Information, including other measures that were used with the TOEFL test, was obtained toward that end. Several findings emerged. The most common practice for using the TOEFL test in admissions was that students scoring above a specified score were judged adequate from the standpoint of English proficiency, but students who scored below it had to provide other evidence of English proficiency that could justify admission. Only a few institutions used a rigid cut score. The measures most commonly allowed as substitutes for the TOEFL test in admissions and placement decisions were the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT®) (The College Board, 1995), the American College Testing Assessment (ACT™) (ACT, 1988) score, and the Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency (MTELP) (Buros, 1965). It was found that most changes in standards consisted of increases in the minimum test scores, and that they were initiated in response to problems noted in admitted foreign students' performance. In addition to performance, practices of similar institutions were commonly used to set minimum scores. Participants most often mentioned in revised standard setting were administrators (policy), ESL staff (language trainers), and faculty (teachers of academic content). This survey provides information about the standards for different institutions and how those standards have been set and maintained. Users had the opportunity to tell us about their use of the TOEFL test. The following suggestions emerged: • When score user surveys are conducted, relevant institutional characteristics could be collected and used to categorize the results. Such information would facilitate the process of adjusting qualifying scores. • Data that connects TOEFL scores with speaking and essay scores could be made available. Such data could be useful when essay or speaking measures are used to supplement processing of applicants who achieve marginal scores on TOEFL. • A system of behaviorally anchored language proficiency scales based on incidents that have stimulated changes in cut scores could be developed. Availability of such scales would facilitate cross-institutional communication about language proficiency levels and could add a new dimension to test validation.
One-Pot Synthesis of Hairy Nanoparticles by Emulsion ATRP

An efficient one-pot synthesis of hairy nanoparticles was developed by applying ATRP to a two-step sequential emulsion copolymerization. The first step was a microemulsion ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) cross-linker, leading to uniform nanogels with hydrodynamic diameter Dh = 31 nm, determined by dynamic light scattering measurement. Addition of a second monomer, n-butyl acrylate (nBA), to the microemulsion successfully converted the system into an emulsion polymerization, and linear PnBA arms grew from the retained initiating sites in the nanogels, forming hairy nanoparticles in situ. The use of an emulsion medium allowed the preparation of hairy nanoparticles with uniform size (coefficient of variation <0.3), and the particle size increased from Dh = 38 to 100 nm with the increasing nBA conversion. Based on the GPC analyses of the cleaved products of nanogel cores and hairy nanoparticles containing degradable disulfide cross-link, the number of graft...
AGGREGATION OF COMPLEXES FORMED IN THE EXTRACTION OF SELECTED METAL CATIONS BY P,P'-DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) METHANEDIPHOSPHONIC ACID*

ABSTRACT The aggregation of several metal complexes formed during solvent extraction with P,P'-di(2-ethylhexyl) methanediphosphonic acid, H2DEH[MDP], in deuterated toluene, has been investigated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). The SANS results show that the Ca(II)-, Al(ni)-, La(III)- and Nd(III)-H2DEH[MDP] compounds exhibit little or no tendency to aggregate. Uranyl complexes of H2DEH[MDP] at high metal loading form small aggregates with an aggregation number of approximately 14. This behavior is in sharp contrast with the Th(IV)-H2DEH[MDP] system which forms large aggregates in the organic phase under high metal loading conditions. The aggregation behavior of the various metal-H2DEH[MDP] compounds is discussed in light of the information obtained from earlier solvent extraction, vapor pressure osmometry, and infrared spectroscopy studies.
EUS 2008 Working Group document: evaluation of EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy

Drainage of a biliary obstruction can be accomplished in several ways: (1) placement of an internal biliary stent at ERCP, (2) placement of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheter (PTBD), and (3) surgical anastomosis (ie, hepaticogastrostomy or choledochojejunostomy). Recently, the role of EUS was evaluated in several studies as an alternative treatment modality for the management of patients with obstructive jaundice. This section of the EUS 2008 Working Group Proceedings evaluates the current evidence and potential role of EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy in the management of patients with obstructive jaundice.
Gold(I) Compounds without Significant Aurophilic Intermolecular Interactions: Synthesis, Structure, and Electronic Properties of Ph3PAuC(O)NHMe and Au3(PhCH2NCOMe)3: Comparative Monomeric and Trimeric Analogues of the Solvoluminescent Trimer, Au3(MeNCOMe)3

The preparations of Ph3PAuC(O)NHMeand Au3(PhCH2NCOMe)3 are reported. In solution Ph3PAuC(O)NHMe is unstable and readily deposits metallic gold. Colorless needles of the monomeric complex, Ph3PAuC(O)NHMe, crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 8.993(2) A, b = 22.583(5) A, c = 8.932(2) A, β = 98.22(2)°, at 123 K with Z = 4. Refinement of 2609 reflections and 114 parameters yielded R = 0.0455. A hydrogen-bonded intermolecular network links molecular units through N−H···O hydrogen bonds. No aurophilic interactions are present in this solid. The crystal structure of the cyclic trinuclear organogold compound, Au3(PhCH2NCOMe)3, reveals that the complex does not associate into a trigonal prismatic array via intermolecular interactions of gold(I) centers as is seen in the triangular complex, Au3(MeNCOMe)3. Rather, the complex packs in a stair-step fashion with eight discrete molecules in the asymmetric unit. Additionally, the solvent-stimulated emission (solvoluminescence) associated with Au3(Me...
Frequency tunable photo-impedance sensor

We report on a transparent gate silicon MOS photo-impedance sensor, where a gated light sensitive semiconductor layer connects fixed capacitances. The resistance of the semiconductor and the capacitance of the MOS structure change with illumination. The frequency dispersion makes the coupling of these capacitances sensitive to light intensity extending the sensor dynamic range and tuning the sensitivity of the sensor. Our modeling results demonstrate advantages of this novel sensor in terms of sensitivity and dynamic range. The design and concept of this device could be extended to many other semiconductor materials, where frequency dispersion is related either to traps, or embedded nanoparticles or carrier generation processes.
First-principles prediction of an enhanced optical second-harmonic susceptibility of low-dimensional alkali-metal chalcogenides

Fully first-principles calculations for the second-harmonic susceptibilities of recently synthesized alkali-metal chalcogenides such as ${\text{KPSe}}_{6}$, ${\text{K}}_{2}{\text{P}}_{2}{\text{Se}}_{6}$, ${\text{LiAsS}}_{2}$, and ${\text{NaAsSe}}_{2}$ predict a record-breaking second-harmonic generation coefficient among materials with band gaps larger than 1.0 eV, with the highest value being that for ${\text{NaAsSe}}_{2}$, namely, 324.6 pm/V. A detailed analysis of their highly precise full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave electronic structures suggests that it is a quasi-one-dimensional structural anisotropy with a strong covalent character that yields the very large second-harmonic coefficients.
Eye movement statistics in humans are consistent with an optimal search strategy

Most models of visual search are based on the intuition that humans choose fixation locations containing features that best match the features of the target. The optimal version of this feature-based strategy is what we term "maximum a posteriori (MAP) search." Alternatively, humans could choose fixations that maximize information gained about the target's location. We term this information-based strategy "ideal search." Here we compare eye movements of human, MAP, and ideal searchers in tasks where known targets are embedded at unknown locations within random backgrounds having the spectral characteristics of natural scenes. We find that both human and ideal searchers preferentially fixate locations in a donut-shaped region around the center of the circular search area, with a high density of fixations at top and bottom, while MAP searchers distribute their fixations more uniformly, with low density at top and bottom. Our results argue for a sophisticated search mechanism that maximizes the information collected across fixations.
Effects of vibration frequency and postural changes on human responses to seated whole-body vibration exposure

The present investigation evaluated the effects of changes in pelvic orientation and vibration frequency on the seated human's response to wholebody vibration (WBV). Seat-to-trunk and seat-to-head acceleration transmissibility, peak-to-peak pelvic motion and erector spinae EMG and mean erector spinae EMG was collected across three pelvic orientations (9 degrees anterior pelvic tilt, neutral pelvis, and 9 degrees posterior pelvic tilt) and frequencies ranging from 4.5 to 16 Hz. Subjects included 30 healthy males between the ages of 18 and 35. Ensemble averages, two vibration cycles in length, were produced for each subject within each frequency-pelvic orientation combination. Group ensemble averages within each frequency-pelvic orientation combination were then compared using ANOVA. Changes in pelvic orientation produced significant differences in acceleration transmissibility, pelvic motion, and erector spinae EMG. At frequencies below 6 Hz, acceleration transmissibility at the head and pelvic motion were significantly greater in the posterior pelvic orientation than in the other two. At frequencies above 6 Hz, acceleration transmissibility at the head and trunk were significantly greater in the anterior pelvic orientation than in the other two. Peak-to-peak EMG responses were similar across all pelvic orientations at frequencies below 6 Hz. However, above 6 Hz, the response was significantly greater in the anterior pelvic orientation than in the other two. Thus, vibration frequency and pelvic orientation were shown to have significant interactive effects on the seated human's response to WBV. These interactive effects need to be considered when determining appropriate vibration exposure guidelines.
Malignant lymphoma imitating hepatitis

Background. Involvement of the liver is common in low-grade lymphomas and usually occurs as disseminated disease. Less common causes include primary liver lymphoma, usually of B-cell origin, and hepatosplenic lymphoma, a recently described T-cell lymphoma. Methods. The medical records of three patients with clinical features of hepatitis who were found at autopsy to have lymphoma involving primarily the liver and spleen were reviewed. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin after fixation. Immunohistochemistry evaluation was performed by the immunoperoxidase technique on tissue fixed in formaldehyde solution and embedded in paraffin. Frozen tissue was available for additional immunophenotypic studies in one patient (Patient 1). Results. Presenting signs included fever, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and elevated liver enzyme levels, especially serum alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. Palpable lymphadenopathy was absent. Clinical evaluation indicated hepatitis. Lymphoma was the unexpected finding at postmortem examination after a rapidly deteriorating clinical course. The entire liver in each patient showed a predominant portal lymphomatous infiltration. Two patients had small cleaved cell lymphomas, and one had a large cell lymphoma. Immunologically, one of the small cleaved cell lymphomas was of B-cell phenotype and one was of T-cell origin. The large cell lymphoma showed immunologic staining only with the CD15 antibody (LeuM1). Conclusions. Lymphoma diffusely involving the liver frequently is associated with splenic involvement and may present as primary hepatic dysfunction. In contrast to previous reports of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, this series suggests that lymphoma involving primarily the liver and spleen can be diverse in cytologic and immunologic characteristics.
A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents' Attitude-Behavior Consistency

The attitudes and self-reported behaviors of outgoingness toward other people among a group of over 100 male adolescents were measured each semester for the last five semesters of high school. Cross-lagged panel correlation differences show a tendency (seven of nine times) for attitudes to be nonspuriously antecedent to behav- iors. During the first three semesters different observational composites of behaviors correlated positively with the self-reported measures of behaviors. Theoretical implica- tions of these findings are discussed from the perspective of social adaptation theory. A distinction is drawn between assimilatory and accommodative situations. It is suggested that attitudes and behaviors are more likely to be consistent in assimilatory than accommodative situations.
A conceptual model linking brand building strategies and Japanese popular culture

– To investigate the degree to which products, images, and activities associated with a popular culture supports and sustains brands associated with that culture, with particular reference to global Japanese brands., – A questionnaire‐based survey of 638 respondents in and around San Francisco. Only a third were American, the remainder originating from several countries in Europe, South America and Asia. Roughly four fifths were under 35 years of age, and the gender balance reflected the general population. Questions gathered data relevant to four specific research propositions, which were interpreted by regression analysis., – Results provided good support for two research propositions, that that a wider range of experience of the manifestations of Japanese popular culture would enhance the tendency to prefer related brands, and that a favourable view of the national culture would increase the likelihood of a positive orientation to brands associated with it. They were equivocal with respect to the other two, that positive views of the culture would transfer to brands associated with it, and that age would influence receptiveness to cultural influences., – An exploratory study, in a single location, of the association between one national culture and its exported brands. The underpinning model suggests directions for future research into an important phenomenon., – Relating brands closely to national cultures promises synergy in marketing strategy, provided plans are informed by appropriate marketing intelligence., – Offers potentially valuable insights into branding, country‐of‐origin effects, and the influence of an overt national culture on acceptance of its internationally marketed brands.
Efficiency-consistency in designs

It is shown that if an interaction is estimated orthogonally to all other interactions in an equireplicate connected n-factor design, then the design is efficiency-consistent for this interaction.
A laser-based beam profile monitor for the SLC/SLD interaction region

Abstract Beam size estimates made using beam-beam deflections are used for optimization of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) electron-positron beam sizes. Typical beam sizes and intensities expected for 1996 operations are 2.1 × 0.6 μm (x, y) at 4.0 × 1010 particles per pulse. Conventional profile monitors, such as scanning wires, fail at charge densities well below this. The laser-based profile monitor uses a finely-focused 350-nm wavelength tripled YLF laser pulse that traverses the particle beam path about 29 cm away from the e+/e− IP. Compton scattered photons and degraded e+/e− are detected as the beam is steered across the laser pulse. The laser pulse has a transverse size of 380 nm and a Rayleigh range of about 5 μm.
Dynamics of dual film formation in boundary lubrication of steels part II. Chemical analyses

Effective “breaking-in” of lubricated steel surfaces has been found to be due primarily to the rate of growth of “protective” films of oxides and compounds derived from the lubricant. The protection afforded by the films is strongly dependent on lubricant chemistry, steel composition, original surface roughness and the load/speed sequence or history in the early stages of sliding. Given the great number of variables involved it is not possible to follow more than a few of the chemical changes on surfaces using the electron, ion and X-ray column analytical instruments at the end of experiments. Ellipsometry was therefore used to monitor the formation and loss of dual protective films in real time, and detailed chemical analysis was done at various stages to calibrate the ellipsometer. This work is reported in three interlinking parts: I, Functional Nature and Mechanical Properties; II, Chemical Analyses; III, Real-time Monitoring with Ellipsometry.
Novel polycyclic heterocycles. X. Synthesis of 3-amino derivatives derived from 1,2-dihydro-l 1 (trifluoromethyl)-3H,7H-quino [8,1-cd][ 1,5]benzoxazepin-3-one

The reactions of the tetracyclic ketone, 1,2-dihydro-11-(trifluoromethyl)-3H,7H-quino[8,1-cd] [1,5]benzoxazepin-3-one (1) with pyrrolidine, piperazine, N-methylpiperazine, and dimethyl-amine gave the enamines 2, 13, 11, and 4. These were reduced with sodium borohydride to the corresponding 3-amino derivatives 3, 14, 12, and 5. The 3-(2-hydroxyethylpiperazino) derivative (8) was obtained from the 3-chloro compound (7); 7 was prepared from the carbinol (6). The 3-NH2 derivative (10) was obtained by reduction of the oxime (9). In 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 14, the -OCH2 protons were non-equivalent, since in the pmr spectrum of each of these compounds there was seen a symmetrical, perturbed AB quartet, with a common JAB of 12 cps, that must be attributed to geminal interproton coupling. This phenomenon had not previously been observed with 1, 9, or the enamines, since in their pmr spectra, the -OCH2 protons had invariably been seen as singlets.
A world without Vioxx: to COX-2 or not to COX-2?

Are all selective COX-2 inhibitors associated with an increased risk for thromboembolic cardiovascular events? And what should we tell patients?
Potential to control Varroa mites (Acari: Varroidae) using chemical ecology

Abstract The potential of pheromone-assisted techniques for management and control of Varroa, the behavior of conspecific mites (Varroa destructor) towards each other, and their corresponding extracts, were examined. Neither actual mites nor extracts prompted significant attraction responses or avoidance reactions that were indicative of aggregation-attachment, sex or alarm (= allomonal defense secretion) pheromone production. A mite- exposed filter paper disc covered with mite excreta, however, was highly attractive to mites and shows use of an assembly pheromone. This confirms involvement of the fecal accumulation in concentrating mites on brood cell walls between bloodmeals. Interestingly, formation of clusters at the fecal accumulation performs functional values of those pheromones that are absent. We anticipate that supplementing trap baits with guanine, the main component of mite excreta, may be useful as a control tactic. Alternatively, the lack of a defense secretion makes V. destructor vulnerable...
Makromolekulare Schalter für Doppelschichtmembranen

Controlled polyelectrolyte adsorption can be used to render phospholipid bilayer membranes sensitive to physical and chemical signals. We describe in this paper the design and construction of macromolecular switches for bilayer membranes, which can be used to create lipid vesicles that release their contents rapidly and quantitatively in response to changes in pH, temperature, light intensity or glucose concentration. The kinetics and mechanisms of the molecular switching processes observed in such systems are also discussed.
Chlorophyll meter predicts nitrogen status of tall fescue

Abstract The nitrogen (N) status of a crop can be used to predict yield and supplemental N fertilizer requirements, and rapid techniques for evaluating the N status of crops are needed. A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using a hand held chlorophyll meter (SPAD 502, Minolta Co. Ltd., Japan) to monitor N status of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Four diverse tall fescue genotypes were grown at three locations in Alabama and fertilized at four N‐rates from 0 to 336 kg ha‐1. A similar experiment was conducted in the greenhouse using soil from the same field sites. Chlorophyll meter readings (SPAD) were taken, and extractable chlorophyll content, tissue N concentration and dry matter yield were determined at harvest. SPAD, extractable chlorophyll content, tissue N concentration, and dry matter yield increased quadratically (0.67 < R2 < 0.99) with increasing N fertilization in both experiments. All genotypes responded similarly to applied N, with some differences in magnitude. Re...
MR imaging of the female pelvis

MR imaging shows the gynecologic organs with a degree of contrast resolution never before possible. Appropriate use of the technology in many cases allows precise diagnoses of benign and malignant disease. This article reviews technique, normal anatomy, and the appearance of common benign conditions. The value of MR imaging and CT in gynecologic cancer staging is compared. Finally, new MR imaging applications including preoperative planning of pelvic floor defects and fetal surgery are discussed.
The chemical etching behavior of cellulose nitrate

Abstract In spite of available empirical evidence, the characteristics of latent tracks in plastic nuclear tracks detectors and the optimum methods by which they can be chemically processed are still subject to conflicting hypotheses. Adhering to a pre-established etching procedure has not reconciled biasing factors such as track-etch-rate dependence on dip angle. A review of existing empirical results indicates the need for more comprehensive investigations into the latent track structure and the bulk- and track-etch mechanisms in cellulose nitrate. This paper deals with the behavior of cellulose nitrate, suggesting the most favorable approach to its use as a nuclear particle track detector.
Oximetry fails to predict acute mountain sickness or summit success during a rapid ascent to 5640 meters.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether arterial oxygen saturation (Spo 2 ) and heart rate (HR), as measured by a finger pulse oximeter on rapid arrival to 4260 m, could be predictive of acute mountain sickness (AMS) or summit success on a climb to 5640 m. Methods Climbers (35.0 ± 10.1 years; 51 men, 5 women) were transported from 2650 m to the Piedra Grande hut at 4260 m on Pico de Orizaba within 2 hours. After a median time of 10 hours at the hut, they climbed toward the summit (5640 m) and returned, with a median trip time of 14 hours. The Lake Louise Self-Assessment Scale (LLSS) for AMS, HR, and Spo 2 were collected on arrival at the hut and repeated immediately before and after the climbers' summit attempts. Results Average Spo 2 for all participants at 4260 m before their departure for the summit was 84.4% ± 3.7%. Thirty-seven of the 56 participants reached the summit, and 59% of all climbers met the criteria for AMS during the ascent. The Spo 2 was not significantly different between those who experienced AMS and those who did not ( P = .82); neither was there a difference in Spo 2 between summiteers and nonsummiteers ( P = .44). Climbers' HR just before the summit attempt was not related to AMS but was significantly lower for summiteers vs nonsummiteers ( P = .04). Conclusions The Spo 2 does not appear to be predictive of AMS or summit success during rapid ascents.
Formation of the 1,N2-Glyoxal Adduct of Deoxyguanosine by Phosphoglycolaldehyde, a Product of 3‘-Deoxyribose Oxidation in DNA

Oxidation of deoxyribose in DNA results in the formation of a variety of electrophilic products that have the potential to react with nucleobases to form adducts. We now report that 2-phosphoglycolaldehyde, a model for the 3‘-phosphoglycolaldehyde residue generated by 3‘-oxidation of deoxyribose in DNA, reacts with dG and DNA to form the diastereomeric 1,N2-glyoxal adducts of dG, 3-(2-deoxy-β-d-erythro-pentofuransyl)-6,7-dihydro-6,7-dihydroxyimidazo[1,2-a]purine-9(3H)-one. The glyoxal adducts were the predominant species formed under biological conditions (pH 7.4 and 37 °C), with several minor fluorescent adducts, including 1,N6-ethenoadenine. The adducts were fully characterized by HPLC, mass spectrometry, and UV and NMR spectroscopy. The reaction of 2-phosphoglycolaldehyde with dG occurred with a rate constant of 10-6 M-1 s-1 compared to the rate constants of 0.08 and ∼10-9 M-1 s-1 for the reactions of glyoxal and glycolaldehyde with dG, respectively. The kinetic results rule out contamination of 2-phos...
Self-consistent subband calculations of hetero n-i-p-i superlattices and the effect of valence subband mixing

Abstract Hetero n-i-p-i superlattices combine the interesting and useful tunability of conventional doping superlattices (“n-i-p-i crystals”) with the high mobility and the weakly broadened subband structure of modulation-doped heterostructure superlattices. The recombination rate for injected electrons and holes can be very low in these systems due to the spatial separation of electrons and holes. Consequently, large non-equilibrium charge carrier concentrations can be maintained. These charge carrier distributions affect significantly the superlattice potential. We present calculations of the electron and hole subbands taking into account the self-consistent potentials of both electron and hole distributions. Type-I and type-II hetero n-i-p-i structures are investigated. The in-plane dispersion relations and the effects of valence subband mixing on subband structures are also discussed.
Determination of apparent thermodynamic parameters for adsorption of a midchain peptidyl residue onto a glass surface.

Protein adsorption onto the surface of an implanted material is widely recognized as an important factor controlling the biological response. Although numerous studies have been conducted to investigate protein adsorption behavior, very little is actually understood regarding the specific molecular events involved in protein-surface adsorption processes. As a basic science approach to investigate protein-surface interactions, an experimental method is developed and applied to determine apparent thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of a single midchain peptidyl residue onto a glass surface. This article presents the results of adsorption studies for four molecular weight ranges of poly-L-lysine onto glass microspheres in physiologic saline at four temperatures. Isotherm data plots are constructed and the apparent changes in enthalpy (DeltaH degrees ), entropy (DeltaS degrees ), and Gibbs' free energy (DeltaG degrees ) are calculated assuming a Langmuir-like model for adsorption. Estimates of apparent DeltaH degrees, DeltaS degrees, and DeltaG degrees for the adsorption of a single midchain lysine residue are determined from the initial slopes of the plots of the apparent thermodynamic parameters versus the degree of polymerization of the adsorbed poly-L-lysine. It is proposed that the generation of such molecular-level adsorption data is a necessary step toward the goal of understanding, predicting, and controlling protein-surface interactions.
Successful management of vesicointestinal fissure: Report of two cases

Abstract Surgical management for exstrophy of the cloaca was successful in two children. A favorable outcome may be achieved in patients with this seemingly irreparable malformation if the major anomalies are repaired in a staged manner.
The Recent Growth Performance of US Firms in the Industrial Design Sector: An Exploratory Study

This paper assesses the competitive factors associated with company growth in the US industrial design sector. This small but technologically advanced sector delivers critical innovation inputs to firms that produce durable goods. Evidence from a survey of 85 US design companies suggests that competitive success hinges upon service diversity. Specifically, the most commercially buoyant companies have diversified their service offerings beyond product or component design. These firms have developed strategic competencies in fields such as contract research, prototype development, product testing, technological forecasting, market analysis and even advertising. Although most US design companies are small‐to‐medium‐sized enterprises, successful firms do not differ from their less successful counterparts in terms of employment size, occupational structure, regional location or market focus (client sectors). Instead, the key differences lie in service diversity and the quality of human capital. The paper concl...
Cold War Justice Revisited: Radosh & Milton and Major on the Rosenberg and Oppenheimer Cases

According to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, a society's legal system approaches ethical perfection to the extent that it treats people as ends rather than as means. Judged by this august standard of Kant's famous categorical imperative, the past year has not been a banner year for the American legal system-as recent publications illuminate earlier calamities. In a San Francisco courtroom recently, a federal district judge vacated the conviction and sentence of Fred Korematsu, one of more 110,000 Japanese Americans and resident Japanese aliens who were systematically excluded from their homes, farms, and businesses during the Second World War and herded into detention camps. The government of the United States justified this horrendous deprivation of civil liberties on the ground that Korematsu and other ethnic Japanese represented an obvious threat to the security of the nation. But in vacating Korematsu's conviction for defying the exclusion order, the federal judge took notice of new evidence that in 1942 attorneys for the United States had deliberately suppressed FBI and other intelligence reports refuting claims by the military that ethnic Japanese had engaged in acts of espionage and sabotage. The whole sad and dreary story of how Japanese Americans became scapegoats for our military frustrations and victims of our racial prejudice has been told by one of Korematsu's lawyers, Peter Irons, in his appropriately titled book, Justice at War.' The new book by Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton on the Rosenberg atom spy case and a paperback edition of John Major's 1971 study of J. Robert Oppenheimer's hearing before the Personnel Security Board of the Atomic Energy Commission will do very little to moderate the long-standing
Video Self-Prompting and Mobile Technology to Increase Daily Living and Vocational Independence for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Three male high school students with autism spectrum disorders participated in this study. Vocational and daily living skills were taught using video prompting via an iPhone. Specifically, using a washing machine, making noodles, and using a copy machine were taught. A multiple probe design across behaviors replicated across participants was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Results indicate that the three participants increased performance across all behaviors by increasing the percent of steps performed independently. This study introduces a novel approach to using instructional video, in that two of the three students were able to learn how to self-prompt with the iPhone and ultimately teach themselves the target skills. Maintenance probes were also conducted and the iPhone had to be returned to all three participants for two out of three behaviors for a return to criterion levels. In addition to study limitations, implications for practice for video self-prompting are discussed.
Removal of glycine from solution by the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Radioautography and liquid-scintillation counting of juvenile sea urchins — Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) — exposed to 3H- and 14C-labeled glycine showed that the 3H is rapidly translocated throughout the animal and lost, while the 14C is slowly translocated into the interior of the urchin and incorporated into insoluble material.
Placement of Polyflex stents in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer is safe and improves dysphagia during neoadjuvant therapy

Background Patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer who require neoadjuvant therapy have significant dysphagia. Objectives To prospectively evaluate Polyflex stents to treat malignant dysphagia and to ameliorate weight loss in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer who will undergo neoadjuvant therapy. Design A prospective nonrandomized study. Setting Tertiary-referral cancer center. Patients Thirteen patients with esophageal cancer (11 adenocarcinoma, 2 squamous-cell carcinoma). All patients were men, with a mean age of 63 years. Interventions EUS followed by stent placement. Main Outcome Measurements Dysphagia scores and patient weights. Results There were no perforations and no episodes of bleeding. Immediate complications included chest discomfort in 12 of 13 patients. The mean dysphagia score at the time of stent placement was 3. Mean dysphagia scores obtained at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after stent placement were 1.1 ( P = .005), 0.8 ( P = .01), 0.9 ( P = .02), and 1.0 ( P = .008), respectively. Stent migration occurred at some point in 6 of 13 patients (46%). Limitations A single center and small size of study. Conclusions Simultaneous EUS staging and Polyflex stent placement is safe and allows oral feeding during neoadjuvant therapy. Dysphagia scores improved in a statistically significant manner. Stent migration was a common event, although not all patients with a migrated stent will require stent replacement, because migration may be a sign of tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy.
Bathophenanthrolinedisulphonic acid and bathocuproinedisulphonic acid, water soluble reagents for iron and copper

Abstract Bathophenanthrolinedisulphonic acid and bathocuproinedisulphonic acid have been isolated in solid form as sodium salts and characterised. Both materials retain the high sensitivity of the parent materials as spectrophotometric reagents, for iron and copper respectively. They are water soluble and unlike the parent reagents may be used in aqueous perchlorate solutions. Interferences are about the same as with the parent reagents, but the pH range for maximum colour formation extends two pH units further into the alkaline region. Iron II tribathophenanthrolinedi-sulphonic acid is an excellent oxidation-reduction indicator, changing sharply from red to green in the cerate titration of iron II ; it may be used in solutions containing perchloric acid.
Transrectal Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Stromal Sarcoma of the Prostate

Sarcoma of prostate origin is rare. The most common histologic type is leiomyosarcoma, followed by rhabdomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. Stromal sarcoma arising from the prostate is another very unusual type. Here, we report a case of prostatic stromal sarcoma and describe its features from transrectal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Related literature is also reviewed in our report.
Morphological and Developmental Studies of the Snake Trypanosome Trypanosoma hydrae Ayala, Atkinson, Vakalis, 1983 in Experimentally Infected Hosts and in Culture

Trypanosoma hydrae from the broad-banded watersnake, Nerodia fasciata confluens, underwent development in the freshwater leech, Placobdella parasitica. Epimastigotes and transitional stages were present only in the crop and gastric caecum. Only one metacyclic form was observed. The potential of leeches as vectors is discussed. Two broad-banded watersnakes were infected by inoculation with culture forms of T. hydrae maintained on NNN medium. Parasitemias varied from 10(5)/ml to 10(6)/ml with dividing forms seen only rarely. A broad and a slender form of T. hydrae are described from the peripheral blood of a watersnake 7 months after an experimental infection.
Molecular modeling studies of surface decoration of hemoglobin by maleimide PEG

Surface decoration of hemoglobin (Hb) with six copies of PEG-5K employing thiolation mediated PEGylation platform neutralizes the vasoaconstricive activity of acellular Hb. The molecular size homogeneity of hexaPEGylated Hb, in spite of the fact that the PEGylation is distributed at multiple sites and PEGylation at each of the sites is not quantitative, is an unusual aspect of this PEGylation reaction. We have introduced three cys residues—Cys-13 (α), Cys-111 (α), and Cys-13 (β)—onto Hb by molecular modeling. This new mutant Hb with four reactive Cys residues has been used to build molecular models of PEGylated Hbs with two, four, six, and eight PEG-chains of different masses. The calculated loss of surface area was used to design and gain insight into the structure and the surface shielding of PEGylated Hbs. The modeling shows the adequate surface coverage of the protein hemoglobin with six copies of PEG-5K chains and also exhibits more surface coverage of the hemoglobin as compared to that afforded by t...
Putrescine uptake and release by a normal rat small intestine crypt cell line, IEC-6.

Abstract IEC-6 cells were cultured on permeable filter inserts with separate access to the apical and basolateral sides. [3H]Putrescine uptake favored the apical side and its release (in Earle's balanced salt solution containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin) was six times greater in the apical-to-basolateral than in the basolateral-to-apical direction. Release in DMEM did not show this preference. The uptake of [3H]putrescine was stimulated approximately 1.3 times the basal level by 10 mM asparagine (ASN) or 5% dialyzed fetal bovine serum whether the [3H]putrescine was added at a concentration of 1 or 100 nM. The increased uptake was maintained for up to 6 h. When [3H]putrescine was removed after 4 h of uptake, the cells continued to release it into the medium on both sides for up to 4 h. Stimulated cells released only 50% as much as unstimulated cells. Unlabeled putrescine reduced the uptake of [3H]putrescine with an IC50 of 1.81 × 10−6 M (r = 0.9476) and 1.02 × 10−6 M (r = 0.9967) for unstimulated and ASN-stimulated cells, respectively. When the intracellular putrescine was reduced by difluoromethylornithine, the uptake of [3H]putrescine was not changed, but its release was inhibited. Sodium was not required for [3H]putrescine uptake or release. Although the stimulated cells attained intracellular levels of [3H]putrescine which, if expressed as concentration based on cell volume, were up to 500 times the original extracellular concentration, a true concentration gradient could not be proven because 85% of the [3H]putrescine was probably bound to polyanions as shown by butanol extraction.
Reduction of benzene tetrakis-mercuric acetate with ferrocene

La solvolyse et la reduction eventuelle du tetrakis-acetate de mercure de benzene avec le ferrocene conduisent a la formation d'une part de benzyl-alcohol et d'anisole au sein du methanol et d'autre part a la production de diphenylmethane au sein du toluene. L'origine de ces produits est discutee.
A symbolic approach to the design of robust cyber-physical systems

Robustness plays a major role in the analysis and design of engineering systems. Although robustness is reasonably well understood in control theory, the fundamental tenets of robustness in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) remain to be discovered. In this paper we present a design methodology, based on symbolic models, for robust CPSs. We combine existing notions of robustness, based on input-output stability for physical systems, with a recently developed analogue for cyber systems. Our main result states that robustness for CPS can be achieved through a decomposition of concerns: the combination of robustness of the physical system with respect to continuous disturbances and the robustness of the cyber system with respect to discrete disturbances results in a robust CPS.
Optical and paramagnetic resonance spectra of some coordination compounds

The applications are discussed of optical and paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to the study of coordination compounds e.g. of chelate compounds of beryllium with dibenzoylmethane and benzoylacetone.
Issues in artificial recharge

Interest in artificial recharge with normal water and sewage effluent continues to increase. Issues discussed in this paper include recharge with infiltration basins, soil-aquifer treatment of sewage effluent, potable use of water from aquifers recharged with sewage effluent, nitrogen removal, pre-treatment of sewage effluent, disinfection, well recharge, clogging parameters, superchlorination, disinfection byproducts, vadose zone wells, seepage trenches, and constructed aquifers used as intermittent sand filters.
Enzymatic catalysis and dynamics in low-water environments.

Enzymes suspended in organic solvents represent a versatile system for studying the involvement of water in enzyme structure and function. Addition of less than 1% (vol/vol) water to tetrahydrofuran containing 1 M 1-propanol leads to a substantial increase in the transesterification activity of subtilisin Carlsberg (from Bacillus licheniformis) that correlates with a sharp increase in the active-site polarity and a 90% decrease in the rotational correlation time (i.e., increase in mobility) of a nitroxide spin label within the active site. Water in excess of 1% has little additional effect on active-site polarity and coincides with a further increase in spin-label mobility, yet the transesterification activity decreases dramatically. Thus, transesterification activity increases and then decreases with increasing enzyme hydration and flexibility (which are presumably coupled through dielectric screening), suggesting that the conformation of partially hydrated subtilisin is different from that of the nearly dry enzyme--i.e., enzyme containing less than 9% (wt/wt) water.
A comparative analysis of models of Na+ channel gating for mammalian and invertebrate nonmyelinated axons: relationship to energy efficient action potentials.

Abstract The rapidly activating, voltage gated Na + current, I Na , has recently been measured in mammalian nonmyelinated axons. Those results have been incorporated in simulations of the action potential, results that demonstrate a significant separation in time during the spike between I Na and the repolarizing K + current, I K . The original Hodgkin and Huxley (1952) model of Na + channel gating, m 3 h , where m and h are channel activation and inactivation, respectively, has been used in this analysis. This model was originally developed for invertebrate nonmyelinated axons, squid giant axons in particular. The model has not survived challenges based on results from invertebrate preparations using a double-step voltage clamp protocol and measurements of gating currents, results that demonstrate a kinetic link between activation and inactivation leading to a delayed onset of inactivation following a voltage step. These processes are independent of each other in the Hodgkin and Huxley (1952) model. Application of the double-step protocol to the m 3 h model for mammalian I Na results reveals a surprising prediction, an apparent delay in onset of inactivation even though activation and inactivation are uncoupled in the model. Other results, most notably gating currents, will be required to demonstrate such a link, if indeed it exists for mammalian Na + channels. The information obtained will be significant in determining the way in which the Na + channel is sequestered away from its open state during repolarization, thereby allowing for a separation in time between I Na and I K during a spike, an energetically efficient mechanism of neuronal signaling in the mammalian brain.
Earthquake Prediction Program and the People's Republic of China

At five o'clock in the morning of March 8, 1966, a devastating earthquake struck a rural area near Hsingtai, Hopei Province, 300 km southwest of Peking. Although the magnitude was only 6.8 the damage was severe and widespread; over thirty communes in four counties were seriously affected. The official death toll is not available, but, if the village of Sha Wan (which I visited) 30 km from the epicenter is typical, it must have been considerable. Seventy percent of the houses in Sha Wan collapsed and the rest were unfit to live in. Virtually all of its 330 families were left homeless. However, with extensive help from the army and inspiration from the visit of Premier Chou En-lai, the people of Sha Wan and the other damaged villages quickly rebuilt their houses while they continued their agricultural work. This time they built with brick, mortar, and large wooden beams rather than with mud. Now the area is more prosperous than it was before the earthquake.
N-Dimethylation of β-Phenylethylamine Derivatives

Direct N-methylation of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine, 4-methoxyphenethylamine, tyramine, and 3-methoxytryamine, by refluxing each compound with a mixture of formaldehyde and formic acid in the presence of dimethylformamide, to the corresponding N-dimtthyl derivative in 45-86% yield is reported. The synthesis of macromerine from normetanephrine by a two-step methyl- ation, using diazomethane and formaldehyde-formic acid mixture, is also reported.
Peasant Movements and State Elites in Post-New Order West Java: A Case Study of Sundanese Peasant Union

This article is an examination of the case study of the Sundanese Peasant Union (Serikat Petani Pasundan, spp) in post-authoritarian Indonesia. It aims to answer the question of why spp and West Javanese peasant movements in general are able to force local and national state elites to accommodate some elements of agrarian reforms promoted by the peasants. I argue that the new political opportunity structure provides a new opportunity for West Javanese peasant movements and spp to organize as a successful social movement.
Analysis of Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer in a Thin Liquid Film Flowing Over a Rotating Disk by the Integral Method

An integral analysis of hydrodynamics and heat transfer in a thin liquid film flowing over a rotating disk surface is presented for both constant temperature and constant heat flux boundary conditions. The model is found to capture the correct trends of the liquid film thickness variation over the disk surface and compare reasonably well with experimental results over the range of Reynolds and Rossby numbers covering both inertia and rotation dominated regimes. Nusselt number variation over the disk surface shows two types of behavior. At low rotation rates, the Nusselt number exhibits a radial decay with Nusselt number magnitudes increasing with higher inlet Reynolds number for both constant wall temperature and heat flux cases. At high rotation rates, the Nusselt number profiles exhibit a peak whose location advances radially outward with increasing film Reynolds number or inertia. The results also compare favorably with the full numerical simulation results from an earlier study as well as with the reported experimental results.