cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention and clinical management of hip fractures in patients with dementia

Hip fractures and dementia increase exponentially with age, and patients who are afflicted by both conditions suffer significant morbidity and mortality. The aging of our population heightens the need to recognize the interaction of these conditions in order to improve our efforts to prevent hip fractures, provide acute care that improves outcomes, and provide secondary prevention and rehabilitation that returns patients to their previous level of functioning. Identification and treatment of vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis and assessment and interventions to reduce falls in patients with dementia can significantly impact the incidence of first and subsequent hip fractures. Acute management of hip fractures that focuses on comanagement by orthopedic surgeons and geriatricians and uses protocol-driven geriatric-focused care has been shown to decrease mortality, length of hospitalization, readmission rates, and complications including delirium. Patients with mild-to-moderate dementia benefit from intensive geriatric rehabilitation to avoid nursing home placement. Recognizing the need to optimize primary and secondary prevention of hip fractures in patients with dementia and educating providers and families will lead to improved quality of life for patients affected by dementia and hip fractures.
Selection at Multiple Checkpoints Focuses VH12 B Cell Differentiation toward a Single B-1 Cell Specificity

Phosphatidyl choline (PtC)-specific B cells segregate to the B-1 subset, where they comprise up to 10% of the B-1 repertoire. About half express VH12 and Vκ4/5H and are restricted in VHCDR3. We have previously reported that anti-PtC VHCDR3 is enriched among VH12-expressing cells by selective elimination of pre-B cells. We report here a bias for Vκ4/5H expression among VH12-expressing B cells, even among those that do not bind PtC and are not B-1. This is due in part to an inability of VH12 to associate with many light (L) chains but must also be due to a selective advantage in survival or clonal expansion in the periphery for Vκ4/5H-expressing cells. Thus, the bias for Vκ4/5H expression is independent of PtC binding, and, as segregation to B-1 occurs after Ig gene expression, it precedes segregation to the B-1 subset. In 6-1 mice, splenic B-1 cells reside in follicles but segregate to follicles distinct from those that contain B-2 cells. These data indicate that selection at multiple developmental checkpoints ensures the co-expression of an anti-PtC VHCDR3 and L chain in a high frequency of VH12 B cells. This focus toward specificity for PtC facilitates the development of a large anti-PtC B-1 repertoire.
A simple technique to reduce the incidence of accidental dural puncture

We would like to respond to recent comments (Reynolds. Anaesthesia 2001: 56: 1129) on our epidural technique. In our practice we apply loss of resistance to air technique, which helps identify a nick in the dura with a small leak of CSF. On many occasions, only a few drops of CSF and not a constant leak helped identify dural puncture, which could have been missed with the use of saline. Upon inserting the epidural needle, we remove the stylet when the needle is engaged in the interspinous ligament or the ligamentum flavum. Very often, it is difficult for our residents to advance the epidural needle with one hand and apply constant pressure on the plunger with the other hand. Excessive pressure with one hand, by a resident, had caused dural puncture when the needle was pushed in too far. By reinserting the stylet with each advancement of the needle, we remove tissues that may enter and occlude the epidural needle. It is quite possible that constant plunger pressure with saline may also avert this problem.
Safety of cardiac catheterization at a center specializing in the care of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

AbstractCardiac catheterization is important for the management of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It is used for diagnosis, assessment, and monitoring of PAH patients, as well as to perform interventions such as balloon atrial septostomy and coil embolization of collateral vessels. Although reports on the risks of catheterization in PAH patients are scarce, many centers hesitate to perform these procedures in such fragile patients. We performed a retrospective chart review of all cardiac catheterizations performed in PAH patients over 10 years at our pulmonary hypertension center. Demographic, hemodynamic, and outcome data were collected. Complication rates were determined, and multivariate proportional hazards modeling was performed to identify predictors of catheterization-related complications. There were 1,637 catheterizations performed in 607 patients over 10 years. Pediatric patients accounted for 50% of these cases, 48% were performed in patients with idiopathic PAH, and 49% w...
An Improved Drop Impact Model for Lagrangian/Eulerian Coupled Codes

Because we want to be able to model fires from high energy impact events as found in transportation accidents, we are interested in accurate representation of secondary impacts and splash, which presumably contribute significantly to the outcome of the event. We are focused on a Lagrangian/Eulerian framework as a simulation method. Historically, drop impact modeling has been driven by spray combustion applications, as reviewed in a paper by Cossali et al. [1]. They note numerous deficiencies, including that regime accuracy for many of the models is narrow. Testing and model development has provided improved sub-models that have allowed us to construct what we believe to be a more accurate and comprehensive model for impacting drops. The details of this model are presented along with a detailed description of the sub-model components. The model is employed to predict a 10 cm diameter, 10 and 20 m/s water drop impact test. This test case serves as an initial verification and validation test of the implemented code.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Ovarian Proteolytic Enzymes and Ovulation

Mammalian ovulation is a dynamic phenomenon which requires disruption of the vascular system and displacement of the connective tissue in the wall of the Graafian follicle as the ovum is released. In most mammals, the whole follicle protrudes more markedly from the ovarian surface at the time of ovulation, and in many instances a thin translucent stigma, the macula pellucida, forms at the apex of the follicle as the final sign of impending rupture. This unusual morphological change has left a striking impression on those who have actually observed it. Kelly (1931) was so fascinated while observing a rabbit follicle near rupture he stated “as tension within the follicle increases, the transparent portion around the pole begins to bulge. . . . It now stands out like the nipple on a breast.” The moment of rupture sometimes appears as an explosive event, leading observers to compare it to a “volcano erupting” (Hill et al., 1935) or a “blister that bursts” (Blandau, 1966). There are several reports which provide detailed accounts of the macroscopic and microscopic changes that occur during this process (Walton and Hammond, 1928; Blandau, 1966). Until the past decade little progress has been made in the elucidation of the actual mechanism of follicular rupture. Lack of knowledge On this important event in the reproductive process is probably due to the fact that the experimental approach of most studies conducted prior to 1960 was limited to visual and histological observations of the follicle. But even the reports based on more comprehensive studies yielded indecisive opinions that “the results of these experiments were either negative or so inconsistent that [the investigators] were unable to produce any conclusive evidence” (Guttmacher and Guttmacher, 1921), and “the problem still remains in this condition of uncertainty” (Kraus, 1947). As Hisaw (1961) counseled a dozen years ago, “the solution of the problem of ovulation may be found by investigating the basic physiological processes that go on in the follicle.” The information presented in this symposium, which Dr. Nalbandov has so timely organized, reveals that steps have been taken in the right direction.
Comparison of lead aVR “net QRS area” and “peak-to-peak amplitude” as indices of all limb electrocardiogram leads: Implications for the diagnosis, management, and follow-up in patients with heart failure

Abstract Nonreproducibility of precordial ECG leads in serial ECGs has led to emphasis on the limb leads. The sum of the "peak-to-peak amplitude" (Amp) of the QRS complexes of all 6 limb leads ∑ 6 LbLds , has been employed as a metric in the follow-up of patients with edematous states (ES), including heart failure (HF). Since electrocardiographs measure leads I and II and calculate on line the remaining 4 limb leads, the sum of leads I and II (I+II), in any mathematical form, conceivably may reflect the corresponding variable of ∑6LbLds. In turn, due to the aVR=−(I+II)/2 relationship, aVR could be regarded as an index of ∑6LbLds. It is not known whether aVR "net QRS area", i.e., positive minus negative QRS areas, has advantages over aVR Amp, as an index of ∑6LbLds. Automation-based measurements of Amps and "net QRS areas" of all 6 limb leads in 100 consecutive ECGs were analyzed, both employing and ignoring the algebraic signs (i.e., using the absolute or modulus, or | a | values), in the characterization of lead aVR or summations of metrics. There was an excellent correlation between "net QRS area" of aVR and I+II, between aVR and ∑6LbLds, and between I+II and ∑6LbLds ( P =0.0005) when the algebraic signs were considered. There was an excellent correlation between the "net QRS area" of aVR and I+II, and between I+II and ∑6LbLds, but the correlation between aVR and ∑6LbLds ( P =0.0005) was good, when the algebraic signs were ignored, and lower than when the algebraic signs were considered. Correlations between aVR or I+II, with ∑6LbLds were better when the Amp(s) than the "net QRS area(s) were considered. The QRS Amp aVR is better than the "net QRS area" aVR as an index of ∑6LbLds; however correlation of all the above ECG metrics with body weights and fluid balances in patients with ES and HF are needed to identify the optimal ECG metric(s) for clinical adoption.
Citral stability in oil-in-water emulsions with solid or liquid octadecane.

Citral stability in oil-in-water emulsions at pH 3.0 with solid or liquid octadecane was determined. Citral degradation was faster in anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-stabilized emulsions than non-ionic polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether (Brij)-stabilized emulsions. Crystallization of octadecane in both Brij- and SDS-stabilized emulsion droplets resulted in faster degradation of citral. Crystallization of octadecane in emulsion droplets increased citral partitioning into the aqueous phase, with 41−53% of the total citral in the aqueous phase when octadecane was solid compared to 18−25% when octadecane was liquid. This research suggests that factors that increase partitioning of citral out of the droplets of oil-in-water emulsions increase citral degradation rates. These results suggest that the stability of citral could be increased in oil-in-water emulsions by technologies that decrease its partitioning and exposure to acidic aqueous phases.
Being mentally III: A phenomenological inquiry

There have been few studies that have attempted to understand the world of one who is mentally ill. This interpretive phenomenological study, which began as a study of the meaning of being restrained, became a glimpse into mental illness. For this study, 10 psychiatric patients were questioned in unstructured interviews. The taped interviews were transcribed, and the resulting texts were analyzed with use of a modification of an eight-stage process. Heideggerian hermeneutical phenomenology provided the philosophical framework for this study. Two major themes—struggling and “why me?”—revealed what it is like for the participants to live with a serious mental illness. These participants struggled with the staff on the unit, with being restrained, and with the symptoms of their illness. As part of their struggling, they asked, “Why me?”—a question that could be interpreted existentially as, why are things the way they are and not some other way? Finally, this study underscores how important it is for the nurse caring for a psychiatric patient to enter into, and try to understand, the world of patients with mental illnesses.
Size-selective supramolecular chemistry in a hydrocarbon nanoring.

New-generation density functionals (M06-L and M06-2X) include an accurate treatment of medium-range correlation energy and have been applied to investigate host−guest interactions in supramolecular complexes in which a hydrocarbon nanoring, [6]paraphenyleneacetylene ([6]CPPA), acts as the host molecule. Guests include fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. The nature of the interactions has been discussed and analyzed. The size-selective supramolecular chemistry in the nanoring has been investigated by varying the size of the guest molecules and optimizing inclusion structures as large as C128H44. We found that the (5,5) armchair-type nanotube fits in the [6]CPPA hydrocarbon nanoring better than the (3,3) or (4,4) ones, and C70 is bound more strongly than C60. The predicted host−guest binding energies of the (4,4), (5,5), C60, and C70 structures are 24, 43, 25, and 28 kcal/mol, respectively.
Predictors of Intensive Care Unit Morbidity and Midterm Follow-up after Primary Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

Background: Our objectives were to review our institutional early and midterm experience with primary tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair, and identify predictors of intensive care unit (ICU) morbidity. Methods: We analyzed perioperative and midterm follow-up data for all cases of primary TOF repair from 2001 to 2012. The primary endpoint was early mortality and morbidity, and the secondary endpoint was survival and functional status at follow-up. Results: Ninety-seven patients underwent primary repair. The median age was 4.9 months (range, 1 to 9 months), and the median weight was 5.3 kg (range, 3.1 to 9.8 kg). There was no early surgical mortality. The incidence of junctional ectopic tachycardia and persistent complete heart block was 2% and 1%, respectively. The median length of ICU stay was 6 days (range, 2 to 21 days), and the median duration of mechanical ventilation was 19 hours (range, 0 to 136 hours). By multiple regression analysis, age and weight were independent predictors of the length of ICU stay, while the surgical era was an independent predictor of the duration of mechanical ventilation. At the 8-year follow-up, freedom from death and re-intervention was 97% and 90%, respectively. Conclusion: Primary TOF repair is a safe procedure with low mortality and morbidity in a medium-sized program with outcomes comparable to national standards. Age and weight at the time of surgery remain significant predictors of morbidity.
Noble Gas Detection Using Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy and a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer

The technique of Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (RIS) is being extended to develop a means for counting individual atoms of a selected isotope of a noble gas. In this method, lasers are used for RIS to obtain atomic species (Z) selectivity and a small quadrupole mass spectrometer provides isotopic (A) selectivity. A progress report on the objective of counting each atom of a particular isotope of a noble gas is given. Resonance ionization spectroscopy and its use for the detection of single atoms has been reviewed.' More recently, our efforts at ORNL have turned to the problem of direct counting of noble gas atoms2,3,4 as an alternative to decay counting of particular isotopes of noble gas species. For broader applications, the ORNL group is trying to develop a facility for counting a few rare gas atoms of a given isotopic variety in a sample. The detection of a small number of 81Kr atoms (<1000) is very important for groundwater dating, polar ice-cap dating, and nuclear waste disposal applications, and solar neutrino research. The ultimate goal is to count a small number (e.g., 100 to 1,000) of selected atoms having mass number A, even when mixed with 1012 or more atoms having mass number ± 1. The experimental schematic is shown in Figure 1. The concept for counting noble gas atoms with isotopic selectivity is to utilize a laser for ionizing atoms of a selected atomic
The levels of 15O observed in the 13C(3He, n)15O reaction

Abstract Angular distributions have been measured for the reaction I3 C( 3 He, n) 15 O at 6 MeV, for angles up to 160° (lab), and excitation energies up to 9.66 MeV. The results were compared with DWBA calculations, and spectroscopic factors were obtained.
Hemoglobin binding by isolated polymeric proteins from human haptoglobin types 2-1 and 2-2. Some suggested polymer subunit compositions.

Abstract 1. 1. Some of the individual members of the polymeric series of proteins from human haptoglobin types 2-1 and 2-2 were isolated by gel electrophoresis. By reacting this purified material with less than an equivalent amount of hemoglobin and analyzing the result by electrophoresis, the number of haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes could be clearly counted. For the haptoglobin 2-1 series, the number of complexes formed was n +1, where n is the serial order, in decreasing electrophoretic mobility, of the haptoglobin polymeric form used. For the haptoglobin 2-2 series, the number of complexes was n +2. 2. 2. For the first three members of haptoglobin 2-1 series, the haptoglobin-hemoglobin composition of the complexes was estimated from scans of the unstained gels. The data indicated that this series consists of 2, 3, 4… αβ haptoglobin subunits, each of which can combine with an αβ subunit of hemoglobin.
Trust Computations and Trust Dynamics in Mobile Adhoc Networks: A Survey

Trust is an important aspect of mobile adhoc networks (MANETs). It enables entities to cope with uncertainty and uncontrollability caused by the free will of others. Trust computations and management are highly challenging issues in MANETs due to computational complexity constraints, and the independent movement of component nodes. This prevents the direct application of techniques suited for other networks. In MANETs, an untrustworthy node can wreak considerable damage and adversely affect the quality and reliability of data. Therefore, analyzing the trust level of a node has a positive influence on the confidence with which an entity conducts transactions with that node. In this work we present a detailed survey on various trust computing approaches that are geared towards MANETs. We highlight the summary and comparisons of these approaches. In addition, we analyze various works on trust dynamics including trust propagation, prediction and aggregation algorithms, the influence of network dynamics on trust dynamics and the impact of trust on security services.
Lack of linkage or association between schizophrenia and the polymorphic trinucleotide repeat within the KCNN3 gene on chromosome 1q21

To determine the importance of a candidate gene KCNN3 (formerly named hSKCa3) in the susceptibility to schizophrenia, we have studied the genotypes of a (CAG)n polymorphism within this gene in the DNAs of the members of 54 multiplex families with this disease. Parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis did not provide evidence for linkage between KCNN3 (that we mapped to chromosome 1q21) and schizophrenia. Furthermore, we observed no difference in the distribution of the (CAG)n alleles between affected and normal individuals. These results do not support the hypothesis that larger KCNN3 alleles are preferentially associated with schizophrenia [Chandy et al. 1998 Mol Psychiatr 3:32-37] in individuals from multiply affected families.
Visualization of the ER-to-cytosol dislocation reaction of a type I membrane protein

The human cytomegalovirus gene products US2 and US11 induce proteasomal degradation of MHC class I heavy chains. We have generated an enhanced green fluorescent protein–class I heavy chain (EGFP–HC) chimeric molecule to study its dislocation and degradation in US2- and US11-expressing cells. The EGFP–HC fusion is stable in control cells, but is degraded rapidly in US2- or US11-expressing cells. Proteasome inhibitors induce in a time-dependent manner the accumulation of EGFP–HC molecules in US2- and US11-expressing cells, as assessed biochemically and by cytofluorimetry of intact cells. Pulse–chase analysis and subcellular fractionation show that EGFP–HC proteins are dislocated from the endoplasmic reticulum and can be recovered as deglycosylated fluorescent intermediates in the cytosol. These results raise the possibility that dislocation of glycoproteins from the ER may not require their full unfolding.
Pacemaker and defibrillator lead extraction.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Continued growth in the elderly population and expanding indications have resulted in a progressive increase in the number of implants of pacemakers and defibrillators. Concomitant with these expanding numbers, more leads require removal, due especially to mechanical dysfunction, the need to upgrade to more complex devices, or local or systemic infection. Further, leads have become more complex, particularly for defibrillator systems, resulting in the development of powered extraction sheaths to expedite their removal. For these reasons, it is important to understand the expanding indications, procedural aspects, and limitations of arrhythmia device extraction. RECENT FINDINGS Expanded indications for lead extraction include upgrade to more complex systems, particularly pacemaker to defibrillator or biventricular device, extraction through occluded vasculature to produce a conduit for reimplantation, more frequent removal due to vascular overload with multiple leads, and a finite frequency of infection, occurring particularly with device replacement or revision. Powered sheaths now include laser and electrocautery systems, both improving the ease of lead explantation. SUMMARY Complication rates remain low but constant with extraction of larger numbers of leads using new technologies. Expansion of the use of biventricular systems, with implantation of coronary sinus electrodes, will continue to challenge lead extraction in terms of technology and safety. Design of leads that are easier to remove remains of paramount importance.
Intellectual Property Rights and the Culture of Global Liberalism

The recently inaugurated World Trade Organization (WTO) formally specifies and protects intellectual property rights as it sets the rules for a global open-market economy. It does so by advancing a...
Are "universal design resources" designed for designers?

Universal design (UD) is an approach to design that incorporates things which can be used by all people to the greatest extent possible. UD in information and communication technologies (ICTs) is of growing importance because standard ICTs have great potential to be usable by all people, including people with disabilities (PWDs). Currently, PWDs who need ICTs often have less access because the products have not been universally designed. We hypothesize that one of the reasons for the slow adoption of UD is that universal design resources (UDRs) are not adequate for facilitating designers' tasks. We investigated the usability of UDRs from designers' perspectives. A heuristic evaluation on eight selected UDRs was conducted, and the opinions of contributors to the content of these resources were collected through a web-based survey study. The results of the heuristic evaluation show that most of the investigated UDRs do not provide a clear central idea and fail to support the cognitive processes of designers. The results of the survey also confirmed that the content of these resources do not systematically address the needs of designers as end-users during the development process.
Lubrication of Aluminum Rolling by Oil-in-Water Emulsions

The dynamic concentration model for lubrication by oil-in-water emulsions proposed by Wilson el al. (1) is applied to strip rolling to derive a relatively simple equation for inlet film thickness. The predictions of the new model are supported by rolling experiments using emulsions as lubricants, where the film thickness is inferred from the surface roughness that is generated on the workpiece during rolling. The experiments also seem to suggest that the efficiency of oil droplet capture increases with increasing rolling speed. Presented at the 49th Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania May 1–5, 1994
Serum and cell-mediated viral-specific delayed cutaneous basophil reactions during cytomegalovirus infection of guinea pigs.

Abstract Cutaneous basophil reactions were demonstrated in guinea pigs infected with guinea pig cytomegalovirus (CMV) by challenging primed animals with noninfectious virus. Microscopic and macroscopic skin reactions were elicited in animals tested 5 to 31 days postinoculation with guinea pig CMV. Maximal reactions occurred 7 days postinoculation at the time of maximal virus recovery from the spleen and stimulation of T-dependent lymph node areas and before the detection of specific neutralizing antibodies. Inoculation with as little as 40 plaque forming units (PFU) of infectious virus could induce this response. However, inoculation of much larger doses (3.6 × 10 5 PFU) of inactivated viral antigen was required to sensitize guinea pigs for elicitation of cutaneous basophil reactions similar to those obtained with infectious virus. Cutaneous basophil responses of guinea pigs to CMV could be transferred to normal animals by intracardiac administration of peritoneal exudate cells or serum obtained from animals immunized by prior infection with virus. In contrast, cells or serum obtained from animals injected with inactivated virus did not transfer those responses. It is suggested that during acute CMV infection, an immune response associated with cutaneous basophil reactions may play a role in viral clearance. Furthermore, sensitization of animals with replicating virus, but not viral antigen per se, is necessary for the induction of immune cells and serum components that can transfer cutaneous basophil responses.
Stable isotope studies of the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles in the Black Sea and the Cariaco Trench

Abstract Samples for stable isotope studies of possible chemosynthesis in anoxic basins were collected in 1986 in the Cariaco Trench and May 1988 in the Black Sea. POM (particulate organic matter) collected at oxic/anoxic interfaces in the water column showed no distinctive carbon or nitrogen isotopic compositions that could be associated with chemosynthetic bacteria. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions at POM concentration maxima near the top of the sulfide zone were −23%o and 4.5%o, respectively, in both the Black Sea and the Cariaco Trench. Measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Black Sea indicated that carbon respired during decomposition at depth had an isotopic composition of −23%o and was isotopically similar to phytoplankton, with no distinctive component that could be attributed to chemosynthetic carbon. These results indicate that either the biomass of chemosynthetic bacteria in the oxic/anoxic interface zones is low relative to sinking phytoplankton or that chemoautotrophic bacteria have isotopic compositions similar to those of phytoplankton. In the uppermost 50 m of sulfidic waters in the Black Sea, sulfide isotopic compositions changed significantly in a region of sulfide consumption, increasing up to 5%o vs deep-water background values of −40.5%o. These increases in sulfide isotopic compositions may be due to sulfide oxidation mediated by MnO 2 or oxygen, but are not consistent with sulfide oxidation by photosynthetic bacteria. Growth experiments with sulfate-reducing bacteria suggested that part of the increase in sulfide isotopic compositions could be due to rapid rates of sulfate reduction in the oxic/anoxic interface regions.
Effect of chestwall distortion on the measurement of pulmonary mechanics in preterm infants

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chestwall distortion (CWD) on the measurement of pulmonary compliance (CL) and resistance (RL). Inductance plethysmography was used in 15 preterm infants to determine CWD as total compartmental displacement ratio (TCDR) and out of phase movement between ribcage and abdomen as phase shift (PS). Flow was measured by pneumotachography and esophageal pressure change (Pe) with a water-filled catheter. CL and RL were calculated by linear regression analysis. Seven infants (mean ± SD: BW, 1,484 ± 186 g, GA 32.4 ± 2.2 weeks, age 8.7 ± 4.7 days) had a breathing pattern characterized by episodes with a high degree of CWD, followed by periods with minimal CWD (distortion group). In this group lung function measurements were analyzed separately during periods with and without CWD. The remaining 8 infants (BW, 1,244 ± 233 g, GA 30.4 ± 2.4 weeks, age 7.4 ± 3.1 days) always breathed with minimal CWD, and the measurements in this group (non-distortion group) were used as a reference for the values obtained in the distortion group. Measurements of TCDR, PS, CL, RL, and tidal volume (VT) obtained in the absence of CWD were not significantly different between distortion and non-distortion groups. The measurements obtained in the presence of CWD showed a significantly higher TCDR and PS, but CL and RL were not significantly different from the CL and RL measurements obtained in the distortion and non-distortion groups in the absence of CWD. The only signficant effect of CWD was a reduction in VT. The results indicate that the moderate degree of CWD observed in the study population does not significantly contribute to the variability in CL and RL measurements in preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:34–39. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Calling home : working-class women's writings : an anthology

This unique collection evokes the little-heard voices of the women who form the very underpinnings of our society.
Repair of necrotizing scleritis in ulcerative colitis with processed pericardium and a Prokera amniotic membrane graft.

Objectives To demonstrate an unusual case of necrotizing scleritis in ulcerative colitis successfully managed by a combination of a Prokera implant and processed pericardium. Methods A case report of a novel approach to treat scleral melts that may be seen in several clinical situations. Results The dual use of amniotic membrane material (Prokera) with processed tuttoplast for necrotizing scleritis salvaged the eye without the need for enucleation while also preserving most of the vision. Conclusions Consideration of the combined method discussed in this article should be considered in the treatment of severe scleromalacia seen in inflammatory cases of the eye.
Cd4+ T Cells from Lupus-Prone Mice Are Hyperresponsive to T Cell Receptor Engagement with Low and High Affinity Peptide Antigens: A Model to Explain Spontaneous T Cell Activation in Lupus

Polyclonal CD4(+) T cell activation is characteristic of spontaneous lupus. As a potential explanation for this phenotype, we hypothesized that T cells from lupus-prone mice are intrinsically hyperresponsive to stimulation with antigen, particularly to those peptide ligands having a low affinity for the T cell receptor (TCR). To test this hypothesis, we backcrossed the alpha and beta chain genes of the AND TCR specific for amino acids 88-104 of pigeon cytochrome C (PCC) to the Fas-intact MRL/Mp(+)(Fas-lpr) and to the H-2(k)-matched control backgrounds B10.BR and CBA/CaJ (MRL.AND, B10.AND, and CBA.AND, respectively), and assessed naive CD4(+) TCR transgenic T cell activation in vitro after its encounter with cognate antigen and lower affinity altered peptide ligands (APLs). MRL.AND T cells, compared with control B10.AND and CBA.AND cells, proliferated more when stimulated with agonist antigen. More strikingly, MRL.AND T cells proliferated significantly more and produced more interleukin 2 when stimulated with the APLs of PCC 88-104, having lower affinity for the transgenic TCR. These results imply that one of the forces driving polyclonal activation of alpha/beta T cells in lupus is an intrinsically heightened response to peptide antigen, particularly those with low affinity for the TCR, independent of the nature of the antigen-presenting cell and degree of costimulation.
Slit-Width Effects in Spectrophotometry

A technique is suggested which allows an estimate to be made of the errors introduced into spectrophotometric measurements by the use of slits of finite width. The technique depends upon approximate analytic expressions for the slit function, the variation of the instrument sensitivity with wave-length, and the variation of the absorption coefficient with wave-length. A slit function is suggested for use with spectrophotometers with entrance and exit slits of equal width but with optics of varying dispersion. Expressions are derived for two convenient approximations for the absorption coefficient in the neighborhood of a maximum: a parabolic form, and two intersecting straight lines of opposite slope. Application of these expressions is made to experimental data on solutions of benzene, oxyhemoglobin, and neodymium chloride.
Effects of amphetamine administration in vivo on in vitro protein synthesizing system from rat brain.

— A highly active in vitro protein synthesizing system (S-28) has been prepared from rat brain. Poly (U)-dependent [3H] phenylalanine incorporation by brain S-28 system is significantly inhibited by D-amphetamine. The extent of inhibition by amphetamine is significantly higher than by other biogenic amines such as dopamine and serotonin. At the 100°g level of amphetamine, the inhibition is about 70°. Experiments with ribosomes and soluble enzymes from control and amphetamine-treated systems indicate that the observed inhibition may be due to the effect of the drug on the ribosomes. Kinetic analysis of the reaction mixture in the presence as well as absence of D-amphetamine indicate that this sympathomimetic drug inhibits polysome formation in vitro.
Large eddy simulation of powered Fontan hemodynamics.

Children born with univentricular heart disease typically must undergo three open heart surgeries within the first 2–3 years of life to eventually establish the Fontan circulation. In that case the single working ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body and blood returns to the lungs flowing passively through the Total Cavopulmonary Connection (TCPC) rather than being actively pumped by a subpulmonary ventricle. The TCPC is a direct surgical connection between the superior and inferior vena cava and the left and right pulmonary arteries. We have postulated that a mechanical pump inserted into this circulation providing a 3–5 mmHg pressure augmentation will reestablish bi-ventricular physiology serving as a bridge-to-recovery, bridge-to-transplant or destination therapy as a “biventricular Fontan” circulation. The Viscous Impeller Pump (VIP) has been proposed by our group as such an assist device. It is situated in the center of the 4-way TCPC intersection and spins pulling blood from the vena cavae and pushing it into the pulmonary arteries. We hypothesized that Large Eddy Simulation (LES) using high-order numerical methods are needed to capture unsteady powered and unpowered Fontan hemodynamics. Inclusion of a mechanical pump into the CFD further complicates matters due to the need to account for rotating machinery. In this study, we focus on predictions from an in-house high-order LES code (WenoHemoTM) for unpowered and VIP-powered idealized TCPC hemodynamics with quantitative comparisons to Stereoscopic Particle Imaging Velocimetry (SPIV) measurements. Results are presented for both instantaneous flow structures and statistical data. Simulations show good qualitative and quantitative agreement with measured data.
Ultrafast photon-number correlations from dual-pulse, phase-averaged homodyne detection

We propose and demonstrate a method for determining the two-time photon-number correlations of an optical field on ultrafast time scales. The method, which uses dual-pulse, phase-averaged, balanced-homodyne detection, is sensitive at the single-photon level and can have a quantum efficiency approaching 100%. Using this method we have determined the two-time, photon-number correlations on subpicosecond time scales of emission from a semiconductor optical amplifier.
On “Global Outlaws:” A response to Anton Blok

Trillions of dollars move around the world outside of legal channels. These dollars flow through millions of hands, thousands of institutions, and hundreds of borders. They ruin the lives of some and create vast empires of profit for others. The sum total of all extra-legal activities represents a significant part of the world’s economy and politics. The power that leaders in extra-state empires wield can rival that of state leaders, and the revenues generated can far surpass the gross domestic product of smaller nations. Yet we don’t know how these vast sums affect global markets, economic health, and political power…. In truth, we know little about the actual life of the extra-legal: who is doing what, how, and why? (Global Outlaws: xvi‐xvii/ Nordstrom 2007) I think of these words today as I sit near the banks of Lake Victoria in an African locale I am told has been suffering economic decline from industrial collapse for some decades. At breakfast, I entered in a conversation with a man born here who, it turns out, teaches business at the country’s leading university. The talk turned to smuggling. What’s smuggled here? ‘‘Everything,’’ he said, ‘‘everything from cigarettes to energy.’’ I had been in the town’s informal outdoor market earlier, noting the millions of dollars worth of goods (variously legal, smuggled, counterfeit, and extra-legal) from every corner of the world. A vast continuous intercontinental flow across myriad complex interrelated domains of economics and authority converging here, then moving on in unending negotiations.
Numerical computation of the density profile produced by 10.6-μm irradiation of an SiO2 microballoon

A two-dimensional simulation of the spherical expansion of a laser-produced plasma is performed for an SiO2 microballoon irradiated by CO2 laser light. Important implications of the results are discussed with regard to (a) absorption measurements, (b) unifying previous calculations and (c) symmetry of the expanding plasma.
A nonautonomous model of population growth.

With x = population size, the nonautonomous equation x = xf(t,x) provides a very general description of population growth in which any of the many factors that influence the growth rate may vary through time. If there is some fixed length of time (usually long) such that during any interval of this length the population experiences environmental variability representative of the variation that occurs in all time, then definite conclusions about the population's long-term behavior apply. Specifically, conditions that produce population persistence can be distinguished from conditions that cause extinction, and the difference between any pair of solutions eventually converges to zero. These attributes resemble corresponding features of the related autonomous population growth model x = xf(x).
Calciphylaxis and metastatic calcification associated with nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy.

Background: Calciphylaxis and metastatic calcification are known complications of chronic renal failure. Recently, a sclerosing condition of the skin termed nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) has been described in patients with renal disease, many of whom have undergone hemodialysis and/or renal transplantation. To our knowledge, the simultaneous occurrence of both conditions in the same patient, in the same lesion, has not been previously reported. Case report: We report the clinical, microscopic, and immunohistochemical features of two patients with chronic renal failure whose lesional skin biopsies showed both subcutaneous calcification and NFD. We consider the possible mechanisms that might explain the coexistence of these two disorders. Results: Both patients presented with erythematous, indurated skin over the lower extremities. Purpuric, reticulated patches, necrosis, or ulceration were not observed. Microscopic examination showed the characteristic changes of NFD involving dermis and subcutaneous septa. In addition, biopsies of both individuals showed subcutaneous calcification, one in a diffuse distribution and the other involving the walls of subcutaneous vessels, as seen in calciphylaxis. Calcification was not suspected clinically in either case. Conclusions: Metastatic calcification or calciphylaxis and NFD can occur simultaneously in patients with chronic renal failure and may be found together in the same lesion. Because subcutaneous calcification may not be suspected clinically in these cases, and in view of the adverse outcomes frequently associated with calciphylaxis, we recommend deep incisional biopsy of patients presenting with the clinical features of NFD. Both the fibrosis and the calcification of chronic renal failure may be related to the activity of transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling cascades.
MRI of complicated pouchitis.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to assess the ability of MRI to identify the presence of inflammation related to the pouch reservoir in symptomatic patients with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis who present with clinically suspected complicated pouchitis.CONCLUSION. Initial results suggest that MRI should be considered in patients who have undergone ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and present a clinical impression of complicated pouchitis. MRI showed abnormalities consistent with complicated pouchitis in seven of nine examinations, with findings including pouch wall thickening, abnormal wall enhancement, peripouch fluid collection, sinus and fistula tract formation, lymphadenopathy, and peripouch stranding and fatty proliferation. MRI findings of complicated pouchitis should raise the suspicion of Crohn's disease and should prompt further investigation.
Identity, evolution and function of selenoproteins and selenoprotein genes

UGA has a dual role in the genetic code serving as a signal for termination and a codon for selenocysteine (Sec). Sec appears to have been added to the already existing genetic code and its use has accumulated during evolution of eukaryotes culminating in vertebrates. Sec-containing proteins have diverse functions and lack a common amino acid motif or consensus sequence. Twenty two known eukaryotic selenoproteins may be subdivided into distinct selenoprotein groups on the basis of the location and functional properties of Sec. A set of criteria, designated Mammalian Selenoprotein Gene Signature (MSGS), allow recognition of selenoproteins through identification of SECIS elements and homology analyses of Sec-flanking areas. Identification of new selenoprotein sequences may lead to an understanding of many biological and health-related properties of selenium.
Osteogenic protein-1 (bone morphogenetic protein-7) in the treatment of tibial nonunions.

Background: The role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in osseous repair has been demonstrated in numerous animal models. Recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (rhOP-1 or BMP-7) has now been produced and was evaluated in a clinical trial conducted under a Food and Drug Administration approved Investigational Device Exemption to establish both the safety and efficacy of this BMP in the treatment of tibial nonunions. The study also compared the clinical and radiographic results with this osteogenic molecule and those achieved with fresh autogenous bone. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-two patients (with 124 tibial nonunions) were enrolled in a controlled, prospective, randomized, partially blinded, multi-center clinical trial between February, 1992, and August, 1996, and were followed at frequent intervals over 24 months. Each patient was treated by insertion of an intramedullary rod, accompanied by rhOP-1 in a type I collagen carrier or by fresh bone autograft. Assessment criteria included the severity of pain at the fracture site, the ability to walk with full weight-bearing, the need for surgical re-treatment of the nonunion during the course of this study, plain radiographic evaluation of healing, and physician satisfaction with the clinical course. In addition, adverse events were recorded, and sera were screened for antibodies to OP-1 and type-I collagen at each outpatient visit. Results: At 9 months following the operative procedures (the primary end-point of this study), 81% of the OP-1-treated nonunions (n = 63) and 85% of those receiving autogenous bone (n = 61) were judged by clinical criteria to have been treated successfully (p = 0.524). By radiographic criteria, at this same time point, 75% of those in the OP-1-treated group and 84% of the autograft-treated patients had healed fractures (p = 0.218). These clinical results continued at similar levels of success throughout 2 years of observation, and there was no statistically significant difference in outcome between the two groups of patients at this point (p = 0.939). All patients experienced adverse events. Forty-four percent of patients in each treatment group had serious events, none of which were related to their bone grafts. More than 20% of patients treated with autografts had chronic donor site pain following the procedure. Conclusions: rhOP-1 (BMP-7), implanted with a type I collagen carrier, was a safe and effective treatment for tibial nonunions. This molecule provided clinical and radiographic results comparable with those achieved with bone autograft, without donor site morbidity.
"The Clay That Makes the Pot"--The Loss of Language in Writing Assessment.

This is a piece about language and how we evaluate the work of young writers as they learn to express themselves in writing. The authors' focus is on current reforms in writing assessment, including the brief life of the California Learning Assessment System (CLAS) writing portfolios, and how they rarely address the vibrant role of language—the work and play of words—in students' writing. Through audio taped interviews with two elementary and two middle school students and their teachers, as well as the written artifacts in the students' portfolios, we analyzed the patterns of the students' writing and the comments of teachers and peers on their work. In this article, language in writing is metaphorically compared to “the clay that makes the pot,” emphasizing that young writers want to startle, want to engage readers with refreshing and surprising language—but few are provided the guidance for how to do it. The authors' central point is that writing revolves around criticism, but if the assessment stays o...
Spectroscopic investigation of laser-induced material modifications

Summary form only given.Understanding of the fundamental mechanisms associated with the energy deposition from a high power laser pulse into a transparent dielectric material is of critical importance for the development and employment of high power lasers. Basic research studies in this field have been kindled by the desire to produce optical materials with reduced susceptibilities to laser-induced catastrophic breakdown. Laser induced damage is accompanied with a characteristic emission indicative of plasma formation. The result of this process is that the material at the damage site is modified from its original composition and structure. In this work, we investigate photophysical processes associated with excessive light absorption of 355 nm, nanosecond laser pulses by optical materials. The experimental approaches utilized include time-resolved and steady state emission and Raman scattering spectroscopy. Experiments were performed on KH/sub 2/PO/sub 4/ crystals and fused silica.
Nephrology Care in a Fully Integrated Care Model: Lessons from the Geisinger Health System

At this time, there is a clear understanding of the need for healthcare reform in our country. The key stakeholders—patients, physicians, health insurers, and the federal government—recognize that changes are needed to improve the quality of care and to contain the cost of care. In particular, >