cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structural basis for enhanced stability and reduced DNA binding seen in engineered second-generation Cro monomers and dimers.

Abstract It was previously shown that the Cro repressor from phage λ, which is a dimer, can be converted into a stable monomer by a five-amino acid insertion. Phe58 is the key residue involved in this transition, switching from interactions which stabilize the dimer to those which stabilize the monomer. Structural studies, however, suggested that Phe58 did not penetrate into the core of the monomer as well as it did into the native dimer. This was strongly supported by the finding that certain core-repacking mutations, including in particular, Phe58→Trp, increased the stability of the monomer. Unexpectedly, the same substitution also increased the stability of the native dimer. At the same time it decreased the affinity of the dimer for operator DNA. Here we describe the crystal structures of the Cro F58W mutant, both as the monomer and as the dimer. The F58W monomer crystallized in a form different from that of the original monomer. In contrast to that structure, which resembled the DNA-bound form of Cro, the F58W monomer is closer in structure to wild-type (i.e. non-bound) Cro. The F58W dimer also crystallizes in a form different from the native dimer but has a remarkably similar overall structure which tends to confirm the large changes in conformation of Cro on binding DNA. Introduction of Trp58 perturbs the position occupied by the side-chain of Arg38, a DNA-contact residue, providing a structural explanation for the reduction in DNA-binding affinity. The improved thermal stability is seen to be due to the enhanced solvent transfer free energy of Trp58 relative to Phe58, supplemented in the dimer structure, although not the monomer, by a reduction in volume of internal cavities.
Incorporation and Stabilization of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Surimi Made from Cod, Gadus morhua

Surimi containing omega-3 fatty acids from algal oil was prepared by the addition of oil-in-water emulsions or bulk oil. Emulsion and bulk oil were added separately to surimi to provide approximately 500 mg of omega-3 fatty acids per serving of surimi (85 g). Addition of the emulsion had no effect on surimi gel strength, whereas bulk oil decreased gel strength an average of 31%. All surimi treatments containing algal oil increased in Hunter b values due to the presence of carotenoids in the oil. Among cryoprotectants, sodium tripolyphosphate was the major surimi additive responsible for retarding the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Lipid hydroperoxide and TBARS formation was lower in surimi containing bulk oil compared to surimi with emulsified oil. Both EDTA and lipid soluble antioxidants were able to decrease lipid oxidation in surimi fortified with omega-3 fatty acids. This suggests that surimi containing nutritionally beneficial omega-3 fatty acids could be developed with good oxidative stability and gel strength.
Molecular incidence rate in a cylindrical space simulation chamber with spherical test object

Abstract In connexion with a research programme a need emerged for a theoretical investigation of the molecular fluxes inside a cylindrical space simulation chamber with a spherical test object as gas source. The first of a series of problems to be dealt with will be the distribution of the molecular incidence rate, I, and molecular emission, E, over the surface of the cold wall (shroud) and the test object. The previously developed theory of molecular fluxes in nonisothermal containers14,15 will serve as a basis. The basic equations for treating the problem in question are set up and a solution procedure for the integral equations, with the probability matrix for the molecular exchange at finite part surfaces, is given. The coefficients of the probability matrix are calculated for all surface element combinations, which may occur in the space simulation chamber with a spherical test object. These coefficients are calculated for infinitesimal as well as surfaces of finite size. In two limiting cases general solutions of the integral equations for the molecular incidence rate, I, and the emission, E, may be used; capture probability of the cryogenic surface, s = 1 and s ⪡ 1. For intermediate values of s, solutions especially for the DFVLR space simulation chamber are derived with help from the computer. Practical applications will be referred to.
The influence of the soil conditioner `Agri-SC' on splash detachment and aggregate stability

Abstract The influence of the soil conditioner `Agri-SC' on splash detachment and water-stable aggregation of an erodible clay Vertisol from Oahu, HI, was assessed. Laboratory rainfall simulation was used to assess splash detachment from soil treated with 0 (untreated control), 0.3, 3.0, 30, and 300 l ha −1 of Agri-SC. Results indicated that the quantity of sediment splashed was significantly lower for Agri-SC application rates of 0.3 and 3.0 l ha −1 (rates are equivalent to 1 and 10 times the manufacturer's recommended rates, respectively), than for the control, or for Agri-SC applied at 30 and 300 l ha −1 (100 and 1000×, respectively). A second experiment was designed to test the influence of Agri-SC on water-stable aggregation of the Vertisol. Aggregates were subjected to rapid immersion in solution, shaken and washed through a series of sieves. Data indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in geometric mean aggregate diameter between the untreated and treated aggregates. The effect of the active ingredient, ammonium laureth sulfate (an anionic surface active agent) on splash and erodibility are discussed. These preliminary results indicate that further testing of Agri-SC is warranted on a variety of soils with different textures and mineralogies.
A primer for the optometric management of unilateral spatial inattention.

Background Unilateral spatial inattention (USI)(a.k.a. neglect, unilateral neglect, visual neglect) is a common occurrence after stroke. It can also occur subsequent to traumatic brain injury. Insult to the right inferior (posterior) parietal cortex is the structure that is virtually always involved, although other brain areas have been implicated. The major consequence of USI is that the patient is unaware of one side of the body, and/or one side of visual space. Current literature expresses this as USI in the individual's personal, peri-personal, and extra-personal spaces. Methods We discuss the condition's natural history, occurrence and behavioral consequences. Conclusions We propose a system for the optometric management of USI in extra-personal and peri-personal spaces.
Hot-carrier-induced degradation in ultra-thin-film fully-depleted soi MOSFETs

Abstract The charge-pumping measurement technique was successfully applied to submicron ( L eff = 0.35 μm) n-MOSFETs on ultra-thin (50 nm) SOI film. The hot-carrier-induced degradation is studied by examining the damages to both gate-oxide and buried-oxide (BOX) interfaces. We found that when stressed at maximum substrate current, interface-trap generation is still the primary cause for hot-carrier-induced degradation. Even for ultra-thin-film SOI devices, the hot-carrier-induced damage is locally confined to the gate-oxide interface and only minor damage is observed at the buried-oxide interface. The buried-oxide interface charging contributes less than 5% of the overall drain current degradation.
Three-dimensional asymptotic stress field in the vicinity of an adhesively bonded scarf joint interface

A recently developed three-dimensional eigenfunction expansion approach for prediction of the singular stress field in the neighborhood of the interfacial front of an adhesively bonded scarf joint is presented. The plate is subjected to extension/bending (mode I) and in-plane shear/twisting (mode II) far field loading. Each material is assumed to be isotropic and elastic, but with different material properties. Numerical results include the dependence of the lowest eigenvalue (or stress singularity) on the wedge aperture angle of the plate material. Variation of the same with respect to the shear moduli ratio of the component plate and adhesive layer materials is also an important part of the present investigation. Hitherto unobserved interesting and physically meaningful conclusions are also presented.
High-Energy Intermediate or Stable Transition State Analogue: Theoretical Perspective of the Active Site and Mechanism of β-Phosphoglucomutase

A recent crystal structure of β-phosphoglucomutase from Lactococcus lactis is reported to contain a five-coordinate phosphorus with five oxygen ligands that is a high-energy reaction intermediate during the phosphoryl transfer in the isomerization of β-glucose 1-phosphate to β-glucose 6-phosphate. Subsequently, it has been suggested that this structure is a transition state analogue with a five-coordinate magnesium with two oxygen and three fluorine ligands. Two layer ONIOM(B3LYP:PM3MM) calculations have been performed to address the nature of this intermediate and the mechanism of the phosphoryl transfer. These calculations provide evidence that (1) the observed crystal structure is consistent with a five-coordinate magnesium (a stable transition state analogue), not a five-coordinate phosphorus (a phosphorane) as a high-energy intermediate, (2) the active site is stabilized by the extensive hydrogen-bonding network, (3) the transfer of the phosphoryl group proceeds through a moderate barrier (14 kcal mo...
Microfracture in brittle solids resulting from anisotropic shape changes

Abstract The minimum grain size above which microfracture is expected to occur as a result of either a shear (e.g., martensitic) transformation with an accompanying volume change or anisotropic thermal contractions of individual grains is calculated for single phase polycrystaltine materials. The calculations are based on a model in which an ensemble of four grains undergo a shape change, but are constrained by an isotropic matrix. A ‘worst-case’ configuration is considered in which each grain in the ensemble transforms in an opposite direction to its neighbors. Included in the calculation are estimates of the stresses generated across the grain boundaries of the ensemble by the transformation. These stresses are used to estimate the stress intensity factors of flaws located at the grain boundaries. The critical grain sizes for the onset of microfracture are expressed in terms of the boundary fracture energy, the elastic properties and the defect size distribution anticipated. The predicted values are close to those reported for thermal expansion anisotropy induced microcracking in both magnesium titanate and sintered alumina. The agreement between the values predicted and those in the literature for the martensitic transformation in ZrO2Y2O3 alloys is less satisfactory unless it is assumed that partial accommodation of the transformation shear strain occurs. Finally, the results are compared with those obtained by considering the change in elastic strain energy produced on the introduction of an embryonic crack in the stress field generated by the shape change of the ensemble. The strain energy is calculated using the formalism originally presented by Stroh.
Examination of different lattice structures in porous electrodes using a three-dimensional conductivity model

In this paper a three-dimensional (3D) conductivity model previously developed for a porous electrode having a simple cubic lattice structure is expanded to include other lattice structure types. The other structures analyzed are the extended simple cubic (XSC), body centered cubic (BCC), and face centered cubic (FCC) lattices. As in the previous paper, we model the 3D lattice of nodes as identical spheres in electrical contact with each of its neighbors, and calculate the micro-porosity (i.e. the space between the spheres) for each of the three lattice structures. We use these theoretical derivations to analyze positive electrodes in lead acid batteries. We calculate the macro-porosity (i.e. porosity created by vacant node elements) needed to achieve a 50% total porosity for a lead acid positive electrode whose porosity distributions had been experimentally determined previously by other researchers. When the theoretical micro-porosities are compared to the experimentally determined porosity distributions, the sphere size for each of the lattice arrangements can be estimated. In addition, we estimate the critical volume faction (CVF) which is the maximum utilization of the positive electrode's active material for each lattice type. For these different lattice structures, the estimated node sizes vary from 1 to 10 μm and the critical volume fraction vary from 59% (SC) to 67% (XSC). An important result of this work is that the critical volume fractions for the physically realizable structures (i.e. SC, BCC, and FCC) are all very close to 60% which is the CVF for the 2D conductivity model.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Correctional Sanctions

Despite the dramatic expansion of the US correctional system in recent decades, little is known about the relative effectiveness of commonly used sanctions on recidivism. The goal of this paper is to address this research gap, and systematically examine the relative impacts on recidivism of four main types of sanctions: probation, intensive probation, jail, and prison. Data on convicted felons in Florida were analyzed and propensity score matching analyses were used to estimate relative effects of each sanction type on 3-year reconviction rates. Estimated effects suggest that less severe sanctions are more likely to reduce recidivism. The findings raise questions about the effectiveness of tougher sanctioning policies for reducing future criminal behavior. Implications for future research, theory, and policy are also discussed.
Cooperative Folding and Ligand-binding Properties of LRP6 β-Propeller Domains

Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls cell growth during development, and its misregulation in adults can cause human diseases. LRP6, the essential co-receptor for the Wnt pathway, consists of four β-propeller domains flanked by epidermal growth factor repeats in its extracellular region. To understand the maturation and ligand-binding properties of individual BP domains, we generated soluble receptor consisting of individual BPs, as well as combinations of these domains. We show that BP1, BP2, and BP4 each can be folded and secreted, and their secretion was enhanced by co-expression of Mesd, a molecular chaperone essential for LRP6 folding and maturation. BP3 is not secreted when expressed on its own or in combination with BP2 or BP1 and 2 (BP12); however, folding and secretion of BP3 is vastly enhanced when expressed together with BP4. Similar cooperative folding and maturation was observed between BP1 and BP2. These results suggest that BP1 forms a functional folding unit with BP2, whereas BP3 folds together with BP4. Using these BP constructs, we also found that BP12 and BP34 constitute independent ligand-binding domains capable of binding Wnt3a, Dkk1, and Mesd. The ability of Mesd to block the binding of both Wnt3a and Dkk1 to LRP6 enables this specialized chaperone to function as a Wnt signaling modulator. Together, our studies reveal unique properties of the LRP6 BP domains and provide novel tools to understand LRP6 function in ligand binding and Wnt signaling. Our results also support the development of soluble LRP6 receptors and Mesd as potential therapeutic molecules that target Wnt signaling.
Acute effects of bright light and caffeine on nighttime melatonin and temperature levels in women taking and not taking oral contraceptives

Caffeine and bright light effects on nighttime melatonin and temperature levels in women were tested during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (n=30) or the pseudo luteal phase for oral contraceptive users (n=32). Participants were randomly assigned to receive either bright (5000 lux) or dim room light (<88 lux) between 20:00 and 08:00 h under a modified constant routine protocol. Half the subjects in each lighting condition were administered either caffeine (100 mg) or placebo in a double-blind manner at 20:00, 23:00, 02:00 and 05:00 h. Results showed that the combination of bright light and caffeine enhanced nighttime temperature levels to a greater extent than did either caffeine or bright light alone. Both of the latter groups had higher temperature levels relative to the dim light placebo condition and the two groups did not differ. Temperature levels in the bright light caffeine condition were maintained at near peak circadian levels the entire night in the luteal and pseudo luteal phase. Melatonin levels were reduced throughout the duration of bright light exposure for all women. Caffeine reduced the onset of melatonin levels for women in the luteal phase, but it had little effect on melatonin levels for oral contraceptive users. The results for women in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle are consistent with our previous findings in men. The results also suggest that oral contraceptives may alter the effects of caffeine on nighttime melatonin levels.
Generated Expectancies and Counseling Modality

Abstract A Survey of Attitudes of Client-Centered Therapy (SACT) was administered to students in an introductory psychology class. The 153 identified as having a client-centered orientation were separated into a high-expectancy, a low-expectancy, and a control group. High expectancy was generated by extolling the virtues of client-centered therapy; low expectancy was generated by disparaging the same approach. The control group was told nothing. Each group was exposed to a vocational counseling film, a personal counseling film, and a game show film. Immediately after viewing all three films, each group was again administered the SACT. Analysis showed that the high-expectancy group maintained their original orientation to a greater extent than both the low-expectancy group and the control group.
Identifying vulnerable websites by analysis of common strings in phishing URLs

It has been shown that most phishing sites are created by means of a vulnerable web server being re-purposed by a phisher to host a counterfeit website without the knowledge of the server's owner. In this paper, we examine common vulnerabilities which allow these phishing sites to be created and suggest a method for identifying common attack methods, as well as, help inform webmasters and their hosting companies in ways that help them to defend their servers. Our method involves applying a Longest Common Substring algorithm to known phishing URLs, and investigating the results of that string to identify common vulnerabilities, exploits, and attack tools which may be prevalent among those who hack servers for phishing. Following a Case Study approach, we then select four prevalent attacks that are suggested by our methodology, and use our findings to identify the underlying vulnerability, and document statistics showing that these vulnerabilities are responsible for the creation of phishing websites. Digging further, we identify attack tools created to exploit these vulnerabilities and how they are detected by current intrusion detection signatures. We suggest a means by which this work could be integrated with Intrusion Detection Systems to allow webmasters or hosting providers to reduce their vulnerability to hosting phishing websites.
Stochastic models of intracellular calcium signals

Abstract Cellular signaling operates in a noisy environment shaped by low molecular concentrations and cellular heterogeneity. For calcium release through intracellular channels–one of the most important cellular signaling mechanisms–feedback by liberated calcium endows fluctuations with critical functions in signal generation and formation. In this review it is first described, under which general conditions the environment makes stochasticity relevant, and which conditions allow approximating or deterministic equations. This analysis provides a framework, in which one can deduce an efficient hybrid description combining stochastic and deterministic evolution laws. Within the hybrid approach, Markov chains model gating of channels, while the concentrations of calcium and calcium binding molecules (buffers) are described by reaction–diffusion equations. The article further focuses on the spatial representation of subcellular calcium domains related to intracellular calcium channels. It presents analysis for single channels and clusters of channels and reviews the effects of buffers on the calcium release. For clustered channels, we discuss the application and validity of coarse-graining as well as approaches based on continuous gating variables (Fokker–Planck and chemical Langevin equations). Comparison with recent experiments substantiates the stochastic and spatial approach, identifies minimal requirements for a realistic modeling, and facilitates an understanding of collective channel behavior. At the end of the review, implications of stochastic and local modeling for the generation and properties of cell-wide release and the integration of calcium dynamics into cellular signaling models are discussed.
Aggregation and interchain “self” doping in emeraldine base

Abstract We report gel permeation chromatography, electron paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption measurements on the emeraldine base (EB) form of polyaniline synthesized using different oxidant/aniline ratios in the range of 0.25 to 1.0. A concentration of localized paramagnetic defects and sub bandgap absorption is observed which correlate with the fraction of aggregated EB suggesting that radical formation is occurring within the aggregates. This correlation is observed in EB synthesized at different oxidant/aniline ratios and in heat treated EB. Further, we propose that interchain interactions within the aggregates give rise to a form of “self” doping in EB.
Bile constituents in hibernating golden-mantled ground squirrels ( Spermophilus lateralis )

Golden-mantled ground squirrels (S. lateralis) are anorexic during the winter and survive by exploiting hibernation to reduce energetic demands. The liver normally plays a critical role in fueling and regulating metabolism and one might expect significant changes in hepatobiliary function with hibernation. We analyzed bile collected from animals in summer, animals in winter that were either torpid, active between bouts of torpor, or which failed to enter hibernation in order to characterize the effects of hibernation on hepatobiliary function per se. Surprisingly, hibernator bile did not differ from summer squirrel bile in key characteristics including [bile acids], [cholesterol], [free fatty acids], [lecithin], and osmolality. One major distinction between summer and winter squirrels was that winter squirrels experience >5 fold increases in [bilirubin]. Such an increase may have significant physiological consequences that could aid in survivorship of torpor. Animals that failed to hibernate, despite being anorexic, were very similar to summer squirrels in all measured parameters except they had lower bile acid and lecithin concentrations. The data indicate that despite extended anorexia, differences in metabolic fuel privation, and bouts of reduced body temperatures, hibernators normally do not experience broad changes in hepatobiliary function.
Fractionated total body irradiation, high-dose melphalan, etoposide, and carboplatin (FTBI-MEC) for autologous stem cell transplantation in children with advanced neuroblastoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor.

(1992). Fractionated Total Body Irradiation, High-Dose Melphalan, Etoposide, and Carboplatin (FTBI-MEQ for Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Children with Advanced Neuroblastoma and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 183-185.
The Influence of Service Learning on Students' Personal and Social Development

Abstract. An explanatory methods design was used to evaluate the influence of a service learning course on learning, personal, and social outcomes for service learning (n = 142) students. These students showed improvements in diversity and political awareness, community self-efficacy, and civic engagement scores from the beginning to the end of the semester. In addition, the students' academic learning, personal and interpersonal development, and community engagement were detected as the major benefits from engaging in service learning. The findings of this study suggest that service learning contributes to students' academic learning and personal and social development through social-emotional processes.
Range maximization of a surface-to-surface missile with in-flight inequality constraints

(Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif., 1962). 7 Sziklas, E. A. and Banas, O. M., "Mass transfer cooling in compressible laminar flow," D. J. Masson (Comp.), "Mass transfer cooling for hypersonic flight," The Rand Corp., Paper S-51 (June 24,1957). 8 Aerodynamic Heat Transfer Handbook (Boeing Aircraft Co., Seattle, Wash., May 1961) Doc. D2-9514, Vol. 1. 9 Eckert, E. R. B., "Survey on heat transfer at high speeds," Wright Air. Dev. Center. TR 54-70 (April 1954). 10 Eckert, E. R. G., "Survey of boundary layer heat transfer at high velocities and high temperatures," Wright Air Dev. Center TR 59-624 (April 1960). 11 Fay, J. A., and Riddell, F. R., "Theory of stagnation point heat transfer," J. Aeronaut. Sci. 25, 73 (1958).
The influence of oxalic acid on release rates of metals from contaminated river sediment

Abstract Long term mining and smelting operations in the vicinity of the head waters of the Clark Fork River, Montana, USA, have led to extensive metal contamination of the river sediments. Discerning the relationship between the chemistry of these contaminants and the chemistry of naturally occurring iron and manganese oxyhydroxides is important for understanding this and other sediment/soil systems. The experimental results presented in this paper help define this relationship. Extraction solutions containing 0.00, 0.01 and 0.02 M oxalic acid at pH 1.85 were applied to samples of contaminated Clark Fork River sediment. Extraction of both matrix and contaminant metals was monitored as a function of time and correlations between iron, manganese, copper, zinc and arsenic extraction were studied. The data suggest that arsenic is associated with iron oxyhydroxides and zinc most closely associated with manganese oxyhydroxides.
Electrophoretic variation in human serum ceruloplasmin: a new genetic polymorphism.

Through the application of a specific oxidase stain to results of starch gel electrophoresis of human serum, three different electrophoretic forms of ceruloplasmin—denoted CpA (fast), CpB (intermediate), and CpC (slow)—have been defined. The electrophoretic differences are small and were first recognized through a rare variant individual who had only the fast and slow forms. Five phenotypes displaying different combinations of the three electrophoretic forms have been defined in American Negroes; these are called CpA, CpAB, CpB, CpAC, and CpBC. Twin, family, and population studies have yielded evidence indicating that the A and B electrophoretic forms are controlled by a pair of autosomal codominant alleles, designated Cp A and Cp B , and suggesting that the C form may be determined by a third allele, Cp C , at the same locus. The variants constitute a genetic polymorphism in American Negroes, but occur only rarely in Caucasians.
Architecture for varying multimedia formats

In recent years, a few transitions in multimedia applications may be observed. We can identify at least two trends. Firstly, multimedia is being introduced in mainstream applications, leaving behind its traditional focus on highly professional markets, and on the gaming enhancement arena. Secondly, standardization bodies continue to work on media standards in order to provide a common approach to enable interoperability, better quality and efficiency under specified constraints. These new media standards are then added to existing archives of media, spanning a broad spectrum of legacy media standards. The result of these two trends is that a typical multimedia application, in order to be effective, needs to support many input types and provide the user with a seamless and transparent behavior. This paper discusses a pragmatic approach to this problem based on the object-oriented paradigm for real-world multimedia applications.
Evolution of the interior of a charged black hole

Abstract The Reissner-Nordstrom-Vaidya metric is used to study the classical instability of the inner (Cauchy) horizon in the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole interior. The back-reaction of the geometry to the instability turns the Cauchy horizon into an intermediate curvature singularity (or “whimper”) restoring predictability to the interior.
BOUND WATER DEFINED AND DETERMINED AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BY WIDE‐LINE NMR

SUMMARY The purpose of this work was to study the NMR properties of bound water (BW) in wheat flour, corn starch and egg white at room temperature end to develop a method for quantitative determination of BW in a material and its maximum BW capacity. Each sample was studied over the 5 to 85% moisture range, using a wide-line NMR Spectrometer. At the lowest radiofrequency attenuation, hydrogen nuclei from free water gave a negligible signal but the hydrogen from BW gave a strong signal, giving rise to a new definition for BW and a new method for its quantitative determination, both at room temperature. Within a given set of instrument parameters, the hydrogen nuclei from BW showed NMR properties independent of dry matter. Therefore, a “universal” NMR calibration constant per unit weight BW could be derived for these food products. The weight of bound water per unit weight of dry matter increased with increasing total moisture content to a maximum, called Bound Water Capacity, which was independent of total moisture content but varied with the product.
A mechanistic study of tertiary phosphine and phosphite addition to chromium triad carbenes

Abstract A stopped-flow kinetic study of tertiary phosphine and phosphite addition to the carbene carbon in chromium triad carbenes, [(OC) 5 MCR′(OEt)] (M = Cr, Mo, W; R′ = Ph, Me), shows that steric effects markedly influence the equilibrium constant and the reverse rate constant, k −1 . The forward rate constant, k 1 , measures intrinsic reactivity and is not influenced by steric effects originating in either the size of the nucleophile or the metal. The transition state for the addition step involves little bond formation, and the metal dependence is Mo >W > Cr (8.5 : 5.7 : 1). Comparison is made to previous work on additions to coordinated cyclic π-hydrocarbons.
Use of a cation exchange resin for isolation of influenza virus.

SummaryEarly passage, egg-adapted Type A influenza virus is completely adsorbed on a cation exchange resin, and nearly all of the adsorbed virus can be eluted as infective particles. Influenza A virus was recovered from human throat washings and swabs more frequently with the use of resin than without it.
Reduction of Antiviral CD8 Lymphocytes In Vivo with Dendritic Cells Expressing Fas Ligand—Increased Survival of Viral (Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus) Central Nervous System Infection

In vivo administration of APC expressing Fas ligand (Fas-L(+) dendritic cells (DCs)) has shown promise in dampening allergic reactions and transplant rejection. Since the effect in these studies was mainly on CD4 lymphocytes, our goal was to evaluate the ability of such killer DCs to eliminate antiviral CD8 lymphocytes and in this way ameliorate viral immunopathology or, conversely, impede viral clearance. Intravenous administration of Fas-L(+) DCs resulted in a 50% reduction of lytic CD8 precursors following intracerebral infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and accordingly, immunopathology and survival of LCMV meningitis were improved, whereas viral clearance remained unaffected. In transfer studies the effect of the Fas-L(+) DCs was only quantifiable on experienced, not naive, CD8 lymphocytes. Importantly, loading of Fas-L(+) DCs with viral Ag before therapy was not necessary to achieve this effect, indicating that non-LCMV-infected Fas-L(+) DCs acquired viral Ag during acute LCMV infection in vivo. Our studies delineate important aspects for the clinical use of Fas-L(+) DCs in vivo. One should expect that they acquire viral Ags and suppress antiviral CD8 responses to some degree when given while an acute infection is ongoing. In terms of safety it is encouraging that resolution of the infection, at least in the case of LCMV, is not inhibited.
Reversal of the cerebral effects of diazepam in the dog by the benzodiazepine antagonist 1015–1788

In six dogs initially anesthetized with halothane-N2O-O2 for surgery and maintained during the experiment with high spinal anesthesia and local infiltration, diazepam 3.0 mg X kg-1 converted the EEG from an awake to a sleep pattern. This was accompanied by a significant 21% reduction in cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) and a 15% reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). Substituting nitrous oxide 70% for nitrogen had no additional cerebral effects. The benzodiazepine antagonist Ro15-1788, 2 mg, completely reversed the effects of diazepam on the EEG, CMRO2 and CBF. Cerebral biopsies taken at the end of the study revealed modest but significant decreases in ATP and the energy charge along with increases in AMP, lactate and lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio. These changes are unexplained and suggest a possible disturbance in oxidative phosphorylation produced by Ro15-1788 preceded by diazepam.
The Office of the Past: Document Discovery and Tracking from Video

This paper presents an approach for reconstructing the physical state of documents and other objects on a desk over time using an overhead video camera. The history of the desktop is subsequently analyzed to enable a range of interesting queries. A desktop object is discovered when it first moves, and is tracked through the image sequence using change detection and motion segmentation techniques. The space-time structure of the scene is represented by a sequence of graphs where an "event", i.e., a change in the state of the scene, is modeled as a transition between subsequent graphs. We present two prototype applications that are based on these desktop reconstruction techniques. The first one allows the user to browse the structure and history of the desktop, and query documents of interest. The second application is a virtual desktop interface where the user can virtually manipulate the document stacks with mouse interaction.
Trans migrations: Exploring life at the intersection of transgender identity and immigration.

In collaboration with a community-based organization, we interviewed 10 transgender women who immigrated to the United States from Latin America about their migration histories, access to work, social support networks, and experiences with discrimination in their native country and the United States. Findings revealed a link between gender identity and the need to migrate to the United States. Participants noted severe forms of violence that included physical and sexual assault, discrimination in school and the workplace, and loss of social support upon disclosure of gender identity to family and friends. The culminating effect of these experiences resulted in the need to flee their country of origin to avoid further violence, and in some cases, death. It is important to highlight that participants also demonstrated steadfast resilience in the face of discriminatory treatment and described the positive impact of social support and community-based resources on their mental health.
Asparagine 285 plays a key role in transition state stabilization in rabbit muscle creatine kinase

To explore the possibility that asparagine 285 plays a key role in transition state stabilization in phosphagen kinase catalysis, the N285Q, N285D, and N285A site-directed mutants of recombinant rabbit muscle creatine kinase (rmCK) were prepared and characterized. Kinetic analysis of phosphocreatine formation showed that the catalytic efficiency of each N285 mutant was reduced by approximately four orders of magnitude, with the major cause of activity loss being a reduction in kcat in comparison to the recombinant native CK. The data for N285Q still fit a random-order, rapid-equilibrium mechanism, with either MgATP or creatine binding first with affinities very nearly equal to those for native CK. However, the affinity for the binding of the second substrate is reduced approximately 10-fold, suggesting that addition of a single methylene group at position 285 disrupts the symphony of substrate binding. The data for the N285A mutant only fit an ordered binding mechanism, with MgATP binding first. Isosteric replacement to form the N285D mutant has almost no effect on the KM values for either creatine or MgATP, thus the decrease in activity is due almost entirely to a 5000-fold reduction in kcat. Using the quenching of the intrinsic CK tryptophan fluorescence by added MgADP (Borders et al. 2002), it was found that, unlike native CK, none of the mutants have the ability to form a quaternary TSAC. We use these data to propose that asparagine 285 indeed plays a key role in transition state stabilization in the reaction catalyzed by creatine kinase and other phosphagen kinases.
Information Integration Theory: An Approach to the Study of Cognitive Development in Music

The purpose of this study was to examine qualitative differences between experts and novice listeners of various ages in (a) the process of integrating pitch and rhythm information to form a single judgment of similarity or difference and (b) the perceptual value of certain pitch and rhythm transformations when they occur simultaneously. Differences were described using an integration theory model of the perceptual process. A sample of 69 subjects was divided among four novice groups taken from Grades 1, 5, 8, and college and a group of upper-level college music majors. Subjects' perception of the degree of difference between a theme and nine variations was tested using the author-designed Pitch/Rhythm Integration Measure (PRIM), a multidimensional measure of musical perception. Results indicate that (a) the PRIM was a reliable measure; (b) the pitch/rhythm integration process is statistically the same for all the groups studied; (c) there is a significant age-related increase in the importance of rhythm ...
Spiritual Discourse: Learning with an Islamic Master

Spiritual Discourse: Learning with an Islamic Master. Frances Trix. Conduct and Communication Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.189 pp.
Defining hyperlocal media: Proposing a framework for discussion:

Although the word ‘hyperlocal’ appears regularly in discussions about the future of the news media, there is no agreed-upon definition for the term. Recognizing that shortcoming, we demonstrate the need for a more precise definition. We then propose a definition and criteria for evaluating media operations described as hyperlocal. Finally, we apply our working definition to six operations widely regarded as exemplars of the hyperlocal prototype, comparing each to established standards of journalism and to one another. We conclude that hyperlocal media operations are evolving on a continuum. As they evolve, these organizations will showcase both a range of journalism acting in the public good and engagement facilitated through interactive media. We expect the definition of hyperlocal to evolve, too, as more voices enter the discussion and closer attention is given to the characteristics of websites deemed worthy of the appellation.
Experimental study of extended target imaging by time reversal SAR

Conventional SAR images under rich scattering suffer degradation because of ghost images caused by multipath propagation. In this paper, we develop a time reversal SAR (TR-SAR) imaging algorithm for extended (nonpoint-like) targets in rich multipath scattering. We test the TR-SAR algorithm using experimental electromagnetic data collected in a laboratory environment where the extended target (a galvanized steel sheet) is surrounded by a large amount of PVC rods. Our experiments show that the collected EM data in frequency and aperture after TR-SAR processing produces a higher resolution, cleaner target map compared with conventional SAR images.
Asymptotic behaviour of the aeroelastic modes for an aircraft wing model in a subsonic air flow

The present paper is devoted to the asymptotic and spectral analysis of a model of an aircraft wing in a subsonic air flow. This model has been developed in the Flight Systems Research Center of the University of California at Los Angeles. The model is governed by a system of two coupled integro-differential equations and a two-parameter family of boundary conditions modelling the action of self-straining actuators. The differential parts of these equations form a coupled linear hyperbolic system; the integral parts are of the convolution type. The system of equations of motion is equivalent to a single operator evolution-convolution equation in the energy space. The Laplace transform of the solution of this equation can be represented in terms of the so-called generalized resolvent operator, which is an operator-valued function of the spectral parameter. This generalized resolvent operator is a finite meromorphic function on the complex plane having a branch cut along the negative real semi-axis. Its poles are precisely the aeroelastic modes, which are the main object of interest in the present paper. The dynamics generator of the differential part of the system has been systematically studied in a series of works by the second author. This generator is a non-self-adjoint operator in the energy space with a purely discrete spectrum. In the aforementioned series of papers, it was shown that the spectrum consists of two branches, and the precise spectral asymptotics with respect to the eigenvalue number was derived. The asymptotic approximations for the mode shapes have also been obtained. Based on the asymptotic results, it has been proved that the set of the generalized eigenvectors of the dynamics generator forms a Riesz basis in the energy space. In the present paper, we consider the entire integro-differential system which governs the model. Namely, we investigate the properties of the integral convolution-type part of the original system. We show, in particular, that the set of the aeroelastic modes is asymptotically close to the discrete spectrum of the dynamics generator corresponding to the differential part. The results of this paper will be important for the reconstruction of the solution of the original initial-boundary-value problem from its Laplace transform and for the analysis of the flutter phenomenon in the forthcoming work.
Cigarette Smoking and Colorectal Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II

Background: Recent studies suggest that long-term cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Whether the association is causal or due to confounding remains unclear. Methods: We examined cigarette smoking in relation to colorectal cancer mortality, evaluating smoking duration and recency and controlling for potential confounders in the Cancer Prevention Study II. This prospective nationwide mortality study of 1 184 657 adults (age ≥30 years) was begun by the American Cancer Society in 1982. After exclusions, our analytic cohort included 312 332 men and 469 019 women, among whom 4432 colon or rectal cancer deaths occurred between 1982 and 1996 among individuals who were cancer free in 1982. Rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by fitting Cox proportional hazards models. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Multivariate-adjusted colorectal cancer mortality rates were highest among current smokers, were intermediate among former smokers, and were lowest in lifelong nonsmokers. The multivariate-adjusted RR (95% CI) for current compared with never smokers was 1.32 (1.16– 1.49) among men and 1.41 (1.26–1.58) among women. Increased risk was evident after 20 or more years of smoking for men and women combined as compared with never smokers. Risk among current and former smokers increased with duration of smoking and average number of cigarettes smoked per day; risk in former smokers decreased significantly with years since quitting. If the multivariate-adjusted RR estimates in this study do, in fact, reflect causality, then approximately 12% of colorectal cancer deaths among both men and women in the general U.S. population in 1997 were attributable to smoking. Conclusions: Long-term cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer mortality in both men and women. Clear reduction in risk is observed with early smoking cessation. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1888–96]
An Intellectual History of Judicial Activism

Over the past six decades, the term "judicial activism" has become an immensely popular tool for criticizing judges' behavior. Despite the term's prominence, however, its meaning is obscure, and its origins have been forgotten. This article seeks to correct such deficiencies through a detailed conceptual and historical analysis of judicial activism. First, the article analyzes legal rhetoric, describing the post-war origins of the phrase "judicial activism," its eighteenth- and nineteenth-century prehistory, and its rise to prominence in the late twentieth-century. Second, the article rejects as incoherent modern definitions of judicial activism, and instead describes a functional "concept" of activism based on unenforced norms of judicial propriety. Because judges make many decisions without supervision by other public officials, debates over judicial role are crucial to our legal system's operation. These debates - regardless of whether they use the word "activism" - illustrate why the concept of judicial activism remains inescapably important. Third, the article offers a two-part, common-law method of determining whether particular decisions or judges are activist. This method contrasts with other ways of evaluating activism such as textualism, originalism, and jurisprudential theory. If widely adopted, the proposed approach to judicial activism might yield clearer perceptions of judicial behavior and might reduce destructive schisms between expert and non-expert discussions of judicial role.