cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling international climate change negotiations more responsibly: Can highly simplified game theory models provide reliable policy insights?

Abstract In a recent article in this journal entitled “Game Theory and Climate Diplomacy”, DeCanio and Fremstad (2013) provide an interesting treatment of a range of simple game theoretic characterizations of international climate negotiations. The authors use the Nash and Maxi-min stability definitions to analyze 25 two-by-two ordinal games, which they recognize as “possible game-theoretic characterizations of climate negotiations between two players (e.g., Great Powers or coalitions of states)”. The authors' main conclusion that the Prisoner's Dilemma might not be the best description of climate negotiations game is consistent with the findings of others who have studied two-by-two conflicts over natural commons ( Bardhan, 1993 , Madani, 2010 , Sandler, 1992 , Taylor, 1987 ). Nevertheless, given the importance of the climate change issue, as well as the potential effects of our actions on the state of the environment and the well-being of future generations, I would like to address some gaps in their analysis, which result in it having limited usefulness for policy purposes. Of course, all models are simplified representations of reality, full of limitations. “Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful” ( Box and Draper, 1987 ). So, “the practical question is how wrong do they have to be to not be useful” ( Box and Draper, 1987 ). Models' limitations need to be carefully considered when interpreting them or applying their results to policy but some models are too simple to provide useful policy advice.
Crystal-melt interfacial free energies in metals: fcc versus bcc

The structural dependence of crystal-melt interfacial free energies ( y) is investigated for fcc and bcc solids through molecular-dynamics calculations employing interatomic potentials for Fe. We compute 30-35 % lower values of y for the bcc structure, and find that our results cannot be explained simply in terms of differences in latent heats (L) or densities (p) for bulk bcc and fcc phases. We observe a strong structural dependence of the Turnbull coefficient a= γ/Lρ 2 / 3 , and find a trend towards lower crystalline anisotropies of y for the bcc structure relative to fcc.
Novel hot-electron microbolometer

Abstract We present measurements of a novel power detector which can be used as an ultra-sensitive detector of millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation. The absorbing element consists of a thin film resistor with submicroneter dimensions, which is connected to superconducting electrodes. This device exploits the Andree´v reflection of electrons, and the weak interaction between electrons and phonons at low temperatures, in order to produce a large temperature rise for a small input power (≈10 mK/fW). The temperature rise of the electrons is measured from the temperature dependence of the current-voltage characteristic of a superconductor-insulator-normal metal tunnel junction, where part of the resistor strip forms the normal electrode. We have measured a voltage responsivity ≈10 9 V/W, and an amplifier-limited electrical NEP≈3×10 -18 WHz -1/2 at an operating temperature of 100 mK. If infrared radiation were coupled to the absorbing element by using superconducting planar antennas, then the sensitivity of this detector would be at least a factor of 10 higher than the best available direct detectors and thus may become the detector of choice for important astrophysics investigations.
Neighbors: Ethnocentrism in Antiphon and Montaigne

In the first book of his history, Herodotus interrupts his political narrative to offer a quick ethnographic survey of the Persians, wherein he remarks that Persians respect other ethnicities in proportion to their proximity to Persia and reserve their greatest disdain for the most distant peoples. For Herodotus and his 5th-century Greek audience, the Persian himself incarnates the category of the Barbarian, whose inferiority is a function of his distance from Greece. This article proposes to assess the role of ethnocentrism, and its correlation of proximity and superiority, in two of the most iconoclastic figures in the history of Western thought, the ancient Greek sophist Antiphon of Rhamnus and the French Renaissance author Michel de Montaigne. Recently excavated and edited papyrus fragments reveal tantalizing glimpses of Antiphon’s lost treatise On truth, which seems to formulate a very far-reaching critique of ethnocentrism within the framework of cultural relativism. In his renowned essay Des Cannib...
THE PREVENTION OF AUXIN RESPONSES BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

THAT ULTRAVIOLET light could inhibit plant growth has been known for many years, the early work having been reviewed by Popp and Brown (1936). A part of this inhibition effect may be a consequence of the destruction of indoleacetic acid by ultraviolet light (Curry et al., 1956). The present report establishes that ultarviolet light can prevent the growth and epinastic responses which would normally result from auxin applications. METHODS.-As a source of ultraviolet radiation, a small mercury lamp was used (110 volts, 9 watts) equipped with a filter transmitting principallv (89.7 per cent) at 2537.3 The lamp was suspended above the plant material at a distance of 2 feet. The radiation output by the lamp was approximately 40 microwatts per cm.2 at a distance of 8 in. Tomato plants of the variety John Baer, grown in the greenhouse, were used when they had reached an age of about 7 weeks. The extent of downward curvature of the leaves was measured 16 hr. after auxin application. Pea seedlings of the variety Alaska were grown before exposure in the manner described by Leopold (1955) for the pea straight growth test. They were all given three hours of red light per day. Stem sections 10 mm. in length were used, 10 per Petri dish unless otherwise indicated. Growth is expressed as millimeter increase in length per section. EXPERIMENTAL.-Experiments were first carried out to determine changes in epinastic responses of green tomato leaves to naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Tomato plants were exposed to ultra. violet light for 4-24 hr. after which solutions of 200 p.p.m. NAA were sprayed onto the leaves. The epinastic responses which would normally occur after the auxin treatment were entirely prevented
Component quantitation of rat ileum

Precise and accurate light microscopic morphometric analyses of biological tissue can be achieved utilizing component quantitative techniques. Component quantitation refers to measurements of the relative volumes of components in tissue sections. Such an assessment is predicated upon the mathematically verifiable assumption that direct quantitative relationships exist between an aggregate of profiles of a component contained per unit area in multiple sections and an aggregate of profiles contained per unit volume. A linear scanning device (micrometer component quantitator) was initially employed for quantitative analyses of pancreas. This quantitative technique has subsequently been applied to normal rat ileum conventionally processed for light microscopy, and the requisite sampling parameters have been defined. An identical technique was then applied to physiologically manipulated rat ileum—a gnotobiotic group, a group with ileal self-filling blind loops, and a group with ileal Thiry-Vella loops. The results observed support the following conclusions. (1) The volume percentage of the various components of the rat ileal wall of control animals was defined utilizing the micrometer component quantitator. (2) Hypertrophy of the ileal muscularis externa within the ileal self-filling blind loops was observed, probably secondary to mechanical obstruction. (3) Atrophy of the ileal epithelium within the gnotobiotic group and within the Thiry-Vella loops was observed, possibly secondary to an altered endogenous microbial flora. (4) Recognition of quantitative variations among the histological components of the intestinal wall in association with physiological manipulations or pathologic states was (is) feasible by utilization of this component quantitative technique.
Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Corneal Infection Using an Oligonucleotide Microarray

PURPOSE. To compare the early gene expression pattern of normal versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected corneas in resistant (cornea heals) versus susceptible (cornea perforates) mice. METHODS. A microarray analysis of normal versus postinfection (PI) day 1 BALB/c and B6 corneas was performed with a murine gene microarray. Real-time RT-PCR was used to confirm the microarray pattern selectively. RESULTS. The 1257 regulated transcripts detected were organized into nine clusters by a self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm according to their different behavior in each mouse group. At least three groups of genes associated with a CD4 + T-cell type-1 (Th1) immune response and three clusters linked with a type-2 T-cell (Th2) response were identified. Biological categorization revealed that the cornea of B6 mice showed a dominant type-1-like immune response profile, whereas BALB/c mice showed a dominant type-2- like profile. In addition, expression of several genes that promote apoptosis (e.g., caspase-9) was upregulated in BALB/c mouse cornea, whereas genes with apoptosis-inhibiting activity (e.g., BCL2) were significantly upregulated in B6 mouse cornea. The infected cornea of BALB/c mice also showed increased gene expression of factors associated with matrix remodeling and tissue repair (e.g., tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase [TIMP-2] and epidermal growth factor [EGF]) and/or bacterial killing (e.g., inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]). CONCLUSIONS. The data provide new insight into biological processes involved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and confirm that B6 mice are Th1 and BALB/c mice are Th2 cytokine responsive to bacterial antigen early after challenge with P. aeruginosa.
Covariance between direct and maternal genetic effects in mice, with a model of persistent environmental influences.

Covariance between direct and maternal genetic effects on body weight in random-bred ICR mice at 2 through 10 weeks of age was estimated from cross-fostering experiments. The covariance contributes only a few percent of phenotypic variance at 2 weeks, but increases to 10–15% at later ages. Nearly all estimates are positive. We suggest that genes active during later parts of growth affect maternal performance more than those active during early growth, causing increased covariance at later ages. A model of combined genetic and persistent environmental effects on maternal performance is presented. Persistent effects of genetic or environmental variation in recent ancestors can influence covariance between relatives and response to selection.
Evaluating models of remember-know judgments: complexity, mimicry, and discriminability.

Remember-know judgments provide additional information in recognition memory tests, but the nature of this information and the attendant decision process are in dispute. Competing models have proposed that remember judgments reflect a sum of familiarity and recollective information (the one-dimensional model), are based on a difference between these strengths (STREAK), or are purely recollective (the dual-process model). A choice among these accounts is sometimes made by comparing the precision of their fits to data, but this strategy may be muddied by differences in model complexity: Some models that appear to provide good fits may simply be better able to mimic the data produced by other models. To evaluate this possibility, we simulated data with each of the models in each of three popular remember-know paradigms, then fit those data to each of the models. We found that the one-dimensional model is generally less complex than the others, but despite this handicap, it dominates the others as the best-fitting model. For both reasons, the one-dimensional model should be preferred. In addition, we found that some empirical paradigms are ill-suited for distinguishing among models. For example, data collected by soliciting remember/know/new judgments—that is, the trinary task—provide a particularly weak ground for distinguishing models. Additional tables and figures may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society’s Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, at www.psychonomic.org/archive.
Clonally Related CD8+ T Cells Responsible for Rapid Population of Both Diffuse Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Lung After Respiratory Virus Infection

The immune system has evolved to use sophisticated mechanisms to recruit lymphocytes to sites of pathogen exposure. Trafficking pathways are precise. For example, lymphocytes that are primed by gut pathogens can, in some cases, be imprinted with CCR9 membrane receptors, which can influence migration to the small intestine. Currently, little is known about T cell trafficking to the upper respiratory tract or the relationship between effectors that migrate to the diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (d-NALT), the lower airways, and the lung. To determine whether a T cell primed by Ag from a respiratory pathogen is imprinted for exclusive trafficking to the upper or lower respiratory tract or whether descendents from that cell have the capacity to migrate to both sites, we inoculated mice by the intranasal route with Sendai virus and conducted single-cell-sequencing analyses of CD8(+) T lymphocytes responsive to a K(b)-restricted immunodominant peptide, FAPGNYPAL (Tet(+)). Cells from the d-NALT, lung airways (bronchoalveolar lavage), lung, and mediastinal lymph node were examined 10 d postinfection to determine TCR usage and clonal relationships. We discovered that 1) Tet(+) cells were heterogeneous but preferentially used TCR elements TRAV6, TRAV16, and TRBD1; 2) both N and C termini of Vα and Vβ TCR junctions frequently encompassed charged residues, perhaps facilitating TCR αβ pairing and interactions with a neutral target peptide; and 3) T cells in the d-NALT were often clonally related to cells in the lower respiratory tract.
Identification of the pseudorabies virus promoter required for latency-associated transcript gene expression in the natural host

Expression of the latency-associated transcript (LAT) gene is a hallmark of alphaherpesvirus latency, and yet its control and function remain an enigma. Resolution of this problem will require verification and subsequent elimination or disabling of elements regulating LAT gene transcription so that the influence of the resultant RNA can be evaluated. Toward this end, we generated a novel pseudorabies virus (PrV) recombinant in which a 282-bp region containing the LAP1 (first latency-active promoter) consensus sequence was replaced by a reporter cassette. Despite this substitution, replication of the recombinant was comparable to that of the parental and rescuant viruses both in cultured mammalian cells and in the natural host, swine. Furthermore, production of the LAT gene-associated 2.0- and 8.0-kb RNAs during an in vitro lytic infection of cultured neuronal cells was unaffected. However, the otherwise constitutively produced and processed 8.4-kb LAT was not detected in porcine trigeminal ganglia latently infected with this novel recombinant, although the viral genome was shown to be present. Therefore, LAP1 is apparently the basal promoter for PrV LAT gene expression during viral latency but is not required for such activity during an in vitro lytic infection of neuronal cells. More importantly, the ability of PrV to persist in a latent state in the absence of LAT suggests that other factors are responsible for this event in the natural host.
Static security in power system operation with fuzzy real load conditions

This paper presents a mathematical formulation for optimal power flow (OPF) taking into account the fuzzy modeling of static power system security constraints due to the uncertainty in bus loads. Uncertainties in MW loads and generations are translated into possibility distribution functions. The fuzzy OPF problem is decomposed, via Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition, into subproblems corresponding to the possibility distributions of loads. The effects of phase shifters are modeled as equivalent real power injections at corresponding system buses, which preserves the Y-bus symmetry and maintains minimum memory requirements. Contingency constraints are added to the fuzzy OPF problem. Fuzzy sets are utilized to exercise a tighter control on least cost real power generation with minimum emission dispatch solution. The final solution is a compromise among cost, static security and emission considerations. Numerical results for the application of the proposed approach to test systems are discussed. >
Electrowetting on non‐fluorinated hydrophobic surfaces

Fluorinated polymers, the most extensively used hydrophobic surface materials for electrowetting (EW) devices, are expensive and have potential risks to health and environment. In this paper, EW devices fabricated with non-fluorinated hydrophobic surfaces are demonstrated by using a polysiloxane-modified polyacrylate (BYK® Silclean® 3700, Louisville, KY). Water contact angle, which is the most critical parameter of EW devices, changes from ~165° to ~95° with a negligible hysteresis (~3°) when a 42 V AC voltage is applied. EW array display prototypes were constructed on the non-fluorinated surface and can be switched reversibly by applying a low voltage difference. These results indicate the promise of this BYK® Silclean® hydrophobic surface for EW devices in electronic readers and other mobile devices.
The utility of gravity and water-level monitoring at alluvial aquifer wells in southern Arizona

Coincident monitoring of gravity and water levels at 39 wells in southern Arizona indicate that water-level change might not be a reliable indicator of aquifer-storage change for alluvial aquifer systems. One reason is that water levels in wells that are screened across single or multiple aquifers might not represent the hydraulic head and storage change in a local unconfined aquifer. Gravity estimates of aquifer-storage change can be approximated as a one-dimensional feature except near some withdrawal wells and recharge sources. The aquifer storage coefficient is estimated by the linear regression slope of storage change (estimated using gravity methods) and water-level change. Nonaquifer storage change that does not percolate to the aquifer can be significant, greater than 3 μGal , when water is held in the root zone during brief periods following extreme rates of precipitation. Monitor-ing of storage change using gravity methods at wells also can improve understanding of local hydrogeologic conditions...
AMINO-ACIDS ESSENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF YOUNG GREEN SEA TURTLES (Chelonia mydas)

The development of a completely defined amino acid test diet suitable for hatchling sea turtles is briefly discussed. The results of a series of experiments designed to determine the nutritionally essential amino acids required by the hatchling green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, are presented. Of the 18 amino acids of nutritional significance, nine are shown to be clearly essential, eight are shown to be clearly non-essential, and one amino acid is shown to be possibly semi-essential. Possible relationships of the reported results to the protein and amino acid requirements of turtle age classes other than hatchlings are mentioned. Directions of future research and implications for the development of commercial turtle feeds are suggested.
Characterization of the chromium (III)‐crosslinked collagen–poly(butyl acrylate) graft copolymer

The redox, free radical-initiated graft polymerization of butyl acrylate onto chromium (III)-crosslinked collagen has been investigated previously. In the experiments reported here we set out to determine whether true grafting had occurred and, if so, the molecular weight of the synthetic polymer that was grafted to the collagen. The butyl acrylate grafted product was successively extracted with acetone and ethyl acetate to remove homopolymers. The solvent-extracted product was then subjected to enzymatic degradation, followed by chloroform fractionation, and finally gel permeation chromatography of the chloroform-soluble fraction. Viscosity studies of the final fractionated product indicated that the molecular weight was about 1 million. Viscosity studies of the two homopolymers extracted with acetone and ethyl acetate show that the molecular weights of these homopolymers were somewhat less than that of the isolated polymer–peptide fragment. The fractionated polymer–peptide unit contained 2.83% amino acids, indicating that there are about 288 amino acids in the peptide attached to the polymer molecule. This polymer is composed of approximately 8100 monomer units. The IR spectra confirmed that this fraction is principally poly(butyl acrylate) with amide, OH, and NH absorption bands contributed by the peptide. The isolation and characterization of the polymer–peptide fragment provided proof of graft polymerization onto the collagen molecule.
Buffer-gas loading of atoms and molecules into a magnetic trap

We describe a method for loading paramagnetic atoms or molecules into a magnetic trap. A $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ buffer gas is employed to thermalize atoms or molecules to a temperature of approximately 240 mK, lower than the depth of the trap. A model is described that indicates an initial loading density of approximately ${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Once loading has taken place the buffer gas is removed by cryopumping. Evaporative cooling can then be applied to further lower the temperature and increase the density of the trapped sample.
Weighted Graph Cuts without Eigenvectors A Multilevel Approach

A variety of clustering algorithms have recently been proposed to handle data that is not linearly separable; spectral clustering and kernel k-means are two of the main methods. In this paper, we discuss an equivalence between the objective functions used in these seemingly different methods - in particular, a general weighted kernel k-means objective is mathematically equivalent to a weighted graph clustering objective. We exploit this equivalence to develop a fast high-quality multilevel algorithm that directly optimizes various weighted graph clustering objectives, such as the popular ratio cut, normalized cut, and ratio association criteria. This eliminates the need for any eigenvector computation for graph clustering problems, which can be prohibitive for very large graphs. Previous multilevel graph partitioning methods such as Metis have suffered from the restriction of equal-sized clusters; our multilevel algorithm removes this restriction by using kernel k-means to optimize weighted graph cuts. Experimental results show that our multilevel algorithm outperforms a state-of-the-art spectral clustering algorithm in terms of speed, memory usage, and quality. We demonstrate that our algorithm is applicable to large-scale clustering tasks such as image segmentation, social network analysis, and gene network analysis.
Photoelectron angular distributions from the single atom response to a relativistic laser field

Photoelectron angular distributions were measured for argon atoms at an intensity of 5times1018 W/cm2. It was found that the isotropy increased with intensity and that lower kinetic energy photoelectrons were more isotropic.
Critical Memories of Crafted Virtues: The Cadbury Chocolate Scandals, Mediated Reputations, and Modern Globalized Slavery

This article provides a critical legal analysis of the rhetoric surrounding the “modern slavery” problems associated with the Cadbury Brothers firm during the early 20th century. The Cadbury firm sued The Standard newspaper for libel, alleging that the firm's directors' reputations had been damaged. The author argues that critical analysis of this libel trial shows how the crafting of Victorian or Edwardian virtues often involved the defense of imperial reputations, and in this case British liberals and conservatives debated each other as they critiqued Portuguese colonial practices. The author concludes that the work of Henry Nevinson and other investigators continues to influence modern interrogations of contemporary cocoa business practices.
Polyamines Can Increase Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Mediators of the Innate Human Host Defense

Polyamines are biogenic polycationic molecules involved in key cellular functions. Extracellular polyamines found in bodily fluids or laboratory media can be imported by bacteria or bind to negatively charged bacterial surface structures, where they can impair binding of antimicrobials. We hypothesized that the presence of polyamines in fluids that bathe urogenital mucosal surfaces could alter the susceptibility of the sexually transmitted strict human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae to mediators of the innate host defense. Herein we report that polyamines can significantly increase gonococcal resistance to two structurally diverse cationic antimicrobial peptides (polymyxin B and LL-37) but not to antibiotics that exert activity in the cytosol or periplasm (e.g., ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin, or penicillin). The capacity of polyamines to increase gonococcal resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides was dose dependent, correlated with the degree of cationicity, independent of a polyamine transport system involving the polyamine permeases PotH and PotI, and was reversible. In addition, we found that polyamines increase gonococcal resistance to complement-mediated killing by normal human serum. We propose that polyamines in genital mucosal fluids may enhance gonococcal survival during infection by reducing bacterial susceptibility to host-derived antimicrobials that function in innate host defense.
Multi-locus inference of population structure: a comparison between single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites

Although growing numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites (short tandem repeat polymorphisms or STRPs) are used to infer population structure, their relative properties in this context remain poorly understood. SNPs and STRPs mutate differently, suggesting multi-locus genotypes at these loci might differ in ability to detect population structure. Here, we use coalescent simulations to measure the power of sets of SNPs and STRPs to identify population structure. To maximize the applicability of our results to empirical studies, we focus on the popular STRUCTURE analysis and evaluate the role of several biological and practical factors in the detection of population structure. We find that: (1) fewer unlinked STRPs than SNPs are needed to detect structure at recent divergence times <0.3 Ne generations; (2) accurate estimation of the number of populations requires many fewer STRPs than SNPs; (3) for both marker types, declines in power due to modest gene flow (Nem=1.0) are largely negated by increasing marker number; (4) variation in the STRP mutational model affects power modestly; (5) SNP haplotypes (θ=1, no recombination) provide power comparable with STRP loci (θ=10); (6) ascertainment schemes that select highly variable STRP or SNP loci increase power to detect structure, though ascertained data may not be suitable to other inference; and (7) when samples are drawn from an admixed population and one of its parent populations, the reduction in power to detect two populations is greater for STRPs than SNPs. These results should assist the design of multi-locus studies to detect population structure in nature.
"May It Please the Camera,...I Mean the Court"--An Intrajudicial Solution to an Extrajudicial Problem

This Article explores the depths of the ethical issues presented when lawyers zealously advocate on behalf of their clients to the media, as well as the negative public policy ramifications that such behavior generates. The latter effect most seriously signals the need for reform in this area.Part II of the Article provides insight into the principal source of the problem-the ineffectiveness of the existing regulatory devices. This section traces the evolution of the ethical rules that pertain to public commentary by lawyers from the early days of steadfast condemnation to the modern approach of autious equivocation. It also considers court-imposed gag orders and highlights various inadequacies from which they suffer.Part III then examines the consequences of the present regulatory scheme by demonstrating how prevalent and problematic extrajudicial advocacy has become. It also reveals the widespread disdain with which such conduct is viewed and the destructive impact extrajudicial advocacy has on the image of the profession and the public's perception of the justice system in general.In Part IV, I suggest that a logical solution would be to equate the court of public opinion with courts of law for purposes of professional regulation. In other words, lawyers who advocate on behalf of their clients in the court of public opinion should be subject to court-like ethical and procedural constraints. A plausible and efficient means for accomplishing this would be through the enactment of a uniform procedural rule requiring any lawyer who makes a reported extrajudicial statement concerning a pending case to prepare and file a transcript or detailed written summary thereof with the court within a specified number of days of the statement's broadcast or publication. The attorney who makes or is responsible for the statement must sign the filing and thereby subjects himself or herself to all the ethical, procedural, or other rules, statutes, or inherent authority that pertain to any other official filing of record -- thus placing extrajudicial advocacy on equal regulatory footing with its intrajudicial counterpart. There may be other effective ways to create intrajudicial accountability for lawyers who choose to litigate in the court of public opinion. As this Article demonstrates, however, in the absence of such accountability, lawyers are likely to continue to test the ill-defined limits that presently exist, to the collective detriment of the profession and our entire system of justice.
Instability of a class of dispersive solitary waves

This paper studies the stability and instability properties of solitary wave solutions φ(x – ct) of a general class of evolution equations of the form Muttf(u)x=0, which support weakly nonlinear dispersive waves. It turns out that, depending on their speed c and the relation between the dispersion (i.e. the order of the pseudodifferential operator) and the nonlinearity, travelling waves maybe stable or unstable. Sharp conditions to that effect are given.
Null pronoun variation in Mexican-descent children's narrative discourse

In Spanish, subject pronouns may be realized phonetically or as null. Previous research on a wide range of dialects has established a rich patterning of constraints on this variation, with switch reference as the first order linguistic constraint. Recently, however, Paredes Silva (1993), in a study of written Brazilian Portuguese, suggested a more fine-grained analysis of null subject pronoun variation based on a model of discourse connectedness. This study tests Paredes Silva's model on the oral and written Spanish narratives of northern California Mexican-descent preadolescents. Results of multivariate analysis indicate that discourse connectedness provides a more fine-grained account of pronoun variation in the Spanish of these children than switch reference. The study also considers the effect of morphological ambiguity. We suggest that tense and aspect features provide a better explanation for the higher incidence of overt pronouns with imperfect, conditional, and subjunctive verb forms than the functional compensation hypothesis. Finally, we examine pronoun variation across immigrant generations. The results indicate that children with the greatest depth of ties to the United States are less likely to use overt pronouns than children born in Mexico.
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is selective for pain: Results from large-scale reverse inference

Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation is commonly observed in studies of pain, executive control, conflict monitoring, and salience processing, making it difficult to interpret the dACC's specific psychological function. Using Neurosynth, an automated brainmapping database [of over 10,000 functional MRI (fMRI) studies], we performed quantitative reverse inference analyses to explore the best general psychological account of the dACC function P(Ψ process|dACC activity). Results clearly indicated that the best psychological description of dACC function was related to pain processing--not executive, conflict, or salience processing. We conclude by considering that physical pain may be an instance of a broader class of survival-relevant goals monitored by the dACC, in contrast to more arbitrary temporary goals, which may be monitored by the supplementary motor area.
Wide-area decontamination in an urban environment after radiological dispersion: A review and perspectives

Nuclear or radiological terrorism in the form of uncontrolled radioactive contamination presents a unique challenge in the field of nuclear decontamination. Potential targets require an immediate decontamination response, or mitigation plan to limit the social and economic impact. To date, experience with urban decontamination of building materials - specifically hard, porous, external surfaces - is limited to nuclear weapon fallout and nuclear reactor accidents. Methods are lacking for performing wide-area decontamination in an urban environment so that in all release scenarios the area may be re-occupied without evaluation and/or restriction. Also lacking is experience in developing mitigation strategies, that is, methods of mitigating contamination and its resultant radiation dose in key areas during the immediate aftermath of an event and after lifesaving operations. To date, the tremendous strategy development effort primarily by the European community has focused on the recovery phase, which extends years beyond the release event. In this review, we summarize the methods and data collected over the past 70 years in the field of hard, external surface decontamination of radionuclide contaminations, with emphasis on methods suitable for response to radiological dispersal devices and their potentially unique physico-chemical characteristics. This review concludes that although a tremendous amount of work has been completed primarily by the European Community (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK), the few studies existing on each technique permit only very preliminary estimates of decontamination factors for various building materials and methods and extrapolation of those values for use in environments outside the EU and UK. This data shortage prevents us from developing an effective and detailed mitigation response plan and remediation effort. Perhaps most importantly, while the data available does include valuable information on the practical aspects of performing the various remediation methods including costs, coverage rates, manpower, pitfalls, etc., it lacks the details on lessons learned, best practices, and standard procedures, for instance, that would be required to develop a mitigation strategy. While the urban decontamination problem is difficult and there is much more research to do, the existing literature provides a framework for a response plan. Using this framework, in conjunction with computer modeling and relevant data collection, can lead to development of appropriate plans and exercises that would permit development of a mitigation and remediation response.
Enhanced light extraction from organic light-emitting devices using a sub-anode grid

A diffractive dielectric grid placed between the anode and substrate of an organic light-emitting device is found to significantly enhance the extraction of light.
Identification and Verification of Proteins Interacting with the Kappa Opioid Receptor (KOPR)

Proteins that interact with the human kappa opioid receptor (hKOPR) may contribute to regulation and signaling of the receptor. In this paper, we focus on the protein 14-3-3zeta that regulates anterograde transport of the hKOPR from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. 14-3-3zeta interacts with the C-terminal domain of the receptor and promotes cell surface expression of the hKOPR by inhibiting coatomer protein I (COPI) and RVR motif-mediated ER retension of the hKOPR. Here we describe three experimental procedures we used to evaluate the interaction between hKOPR and 14-3-3zeta: co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assay and immunofluorescence microscopy.
The pseudohomophone effect: The role of visual similarity in non-word decisions

The pseudohomophone effect, that is, the finding that non-words that are pronounced like words (e.g. MEEN) take longer to reject in a lexical decision task than other pronounceable non-words (e.g. NEEN), has been used to support the hypothesis of phonological receding in lexical access. The lexical decision experiments reported here matched pseudohomophones to control non-words that were as visually similar to words as were the pseudohomophones. For both normal and aphasic subjects, reaction times to reject the pseudohomophones were no longer than those for the visual controls. However, the pseudohomophones did take longer to reject than other pronounceable non-words which were not as visually similar to words. The results suggest that most previous findings of the pseudohomophone effect result from the greater visual rather than phonological similarity of the pseudohomophones to words. The absence of a phonological effect on the non-words in the present study implies that phonological coding is an option...
Measles Virus-Mononuclear Cell Interactions

The immune system has evolved to defend the body from pathogens; and concurrently pathogens, including viruses, have developed a variety of ingenious strategies to interfere with the immune defense mechanisms and hence promote their persistence at the individual or population level. The outcome of an infection is thus dependent on a two-way interaction between the pathogen and cells of the immune system.
Disparity in State Court Application of the Servicemember's Civil Relief Act to Child Custody Proceedings: 2008 Amendment

What happens when a servicemember is or becomes a party to an administrative or civil action? Military service often leaves the servicemember unable to attend, participate, or defend herself in such proceedings. The Servicemember’s Civil Relief Act (SCRA) protects the servicemember from suffering the adverse consequences of such litigation due to military service. State courts apply the provisions of the SCRA to determine whether the servicemember’s military duties make her unable to participate in the proceeding and thereby prejudice her rights. Of particular interest is the manner in which state courts make this determination in child custody proceedings. The following scenario gives an example of the situation many servicemembers face.
Habla, mutismo, y régimen de expresión en La vorágine

In La voragine (The Vortex, 1924), Colombian author Jose Eustasio Rivera stages a war of writings between the two poetic principles belonging to the regime of expression studied by Jacques Ranciere: the principle of necessity and the principle of indifference. They both manifest themselves in the dichotomy of speech/muteness as a leitmotiv that structures Rivera's novel; its protagonist's madness can be interpreted as the incapacity to reconcile them. The jungle devouring the main character at the end, which stands for his encounter with the Real, ultimately represents art merging with life and it heralds the arrival of the Avant-garde.
Timed Petri nets for fluent turn-taking over multimodal interaction resources in human-robot collaboration

The goal of this work is to develop computational models of social intelligence that enable robots to work side by side with humans, solving problems and achieving task goals through dialogue and collaborative manipulation. A defining problem of collaborative behavior in an embodied setting is the manner in which multiple agents make use of shared resources. In a situated dialogue, these resources include physical bottlenecks such as objects or spatial regions, and cognitive bottlenecks such as the speaking floor. For a robot to function as an effective collaborative partner with a human, it must be able to seize and yield such resources appropriately according to social expectations. We describe a general framework that uses timed Petri nets for the modeling and execution of robot speech, gaze, gesture, and manipulation for collaboration. The system dynamically monitors resource requirements and availability to control real-time turn-taking decisions over resources that are shared with humans, reasoning about different resource types independently. We evaluate our approach with an experiment in which our robot Simon performs a collaborative assembly task with 26 different human partners, showing that the multimodal reciprocal approach results in superior task performance, fluency, and balance of control.
Strain measuring technology and its application in petroleum machinery

Rather great errors occur when strength of petroleum machinery in service is designed only by using finite element analysis.The principle and development of strain electrical measuring technology is then introduced.As examples for oil derrick and pumping unit which are typical petroleum machines,load carrying capacity estimation of oil derrick in service and strength measurement of pumping unit,especially strain gauge's distribution,data analysis and concerned technical problems,are studied.Finally several notes of application of strain electrical measuring technology in petroleum machinery are put forward.
Abstract IA17: Delivering on the promise of personalized medicine

The realization of the promise of personalized molecular medicine requires efficient development and implementation of novel targeted therapeutics linked to molecular markers able to identify patients most likely to benefit. An efficient integration of DNA, RNA and protein information content will be needed to identify patients likely to respond to particular therapies. The plethora of aberrations present in each tumor, the need to distinguish drivers from passengers, and the combinatorial effects of aberrations on critical cellular functions represent key challenges. The overall likelihood of response to therapy represents the interaction between predictors of sensitivity and predictors of resistance. Resistance can be pre-existing, adaptive, or acquired. Resistance can also occur through heterogeneity of molecular changes within the tumor and metastases. Adaptive resistance, which is the consequence of activation of homeostatic loops and phylogenetically conserved stress responses, provides a potential therapeutic liability that can be leveraged for rational combinatorial therapy. Thus a comprehensive analysis of patient tumors before, during and after treatment should become the standard of practice. Testing these precepts will require the development and implementation of novel trial designs. It is likely that we will need to increase the size of phase I and II trials to allow the identification and validation of molecular markers at the same time as the initial evaluation the toxicity and efficacy of targeted therapeutics. This will come with the advantage much smaller phase III trials of patients selected for the likelihood to respond accelerating the approval of effective targeted therapeutics. Citation Format: Gordon B. Mills. Delivering on the promise of personalized medicine. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Integrating Clinical Genomics and Cancer Therapy; Jun 13-16, 2015; Salt Lake City, UT. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA17.
EFFECTS OF HIGH-DOSE INTRACORONARY IRRADIATION ON VASOMOTOR FUNCTION AND SMOOTH MUSCLE HISTOPATHOLOGY

A significant component of restenosis after coronary angioplasty is due to medial proliferation. Targeted ablation of the proliferating cells by ionizing radiation may prevent restenosis. We delivered high-dose intracoronary gamma-irradiation in porcine coronary arteries and assessed vasomotor function acutely and at 32 days, with pathological analysis at 32 days. Changes in luminal area were assessed by intravascular ultrasound. Irradiated segments acutely displayed vasoconstriction to acetylcholine, with loss of smooth muscle response to nitroglycerin. Restudy revealed restoration of normal vasodilatory response to acetylcholine but persistent loss of response to nitroglycerin. Histopathology at 32 days revealed minor neointima formation without luminal compromise and diffuse fibrosis of the smooth muscle layer. The surrounding myocardium was normal. Focal medial fibrosis without significant endothelial or myocardial damage can be achieved via this technique; intracoronary irradiation, therefore, may be an effective way of impairing the restenosis process.
Recent advances in molecular engineering of redox active organic molecules for nonaqueous flow batteries

Abstract Cost-effective electrochemical energy storage will play a critical role as society transitions to a sustainable energy economy. Nonaqueous flow batteries employing redox active organic molecules are an emerging energy storage concept. A key advantage of this device over the more established aqueous flow battery is the promise for higher cell potentials (>3 V), enabled by the larger electrochemical stability windows of nonaqueous electrolytes. Additionally, nonaqueous flow batteries could leverage new redox couples that are incompatible with aqueous electrolytes due to low solubility, chemical reactivity, and redox potentials outside of the aqueous stability window. Taking advantage of these characteristics may lead to higher energy densities, smaller system footprints, and lower costs. This mini review summarizes recent developments in all-organic nonaqueous chemistries with a focus on tailoring organic molecules for improved physical and electrochemical properties. Key opportunities and challenges in the science and engineering of these devices are presented with a goal of meeting stringent grid cost targets.