cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotor blade imbalance fault detection for variable-speed marine current turbines via generator power signal analysis

Abstract Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbines extract renewable energy from oceanic environments. However, due to the harsh conditions that these turbines operate in, system performance naturally degrades over time. Thus, ensuring efficient condition-based maintenance is imperative towards guaranteeing reliable operation and reduced costs for marine hydrokinetic power. This paper proposes a novel framework aimed at identifying and classifying the severity of rotor blade pitch imbalance faults experienced by marine current turbines (MCTs). In the framework, a Continuous Morlet Wavelet Transform (CMWT) is first utilized to acquire the wavelet coefficients encompassed within the 1P frequency range of the turbine's rotor shaft. From these coefficients, several statistical indices are tabulated into a six-dimensional feature space. Next, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is employed on the resulting feature space for dimensionality reduction, and then the application of a K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) machine learning algorithm is utilized for fault detection and severity classification. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is validated using a high-fidelity MCT numerical simulation platform, where results demonstrate that the presence of a pitch imbalance fault can be accurately detected 100% of the time and correctly classified based upon severity more than 97% of the time.
Why is democracy desirable? Neo-Aristotelian, critical realist, and psychodynamic approaches

This paper addresses the question of why democracy is desirable in terms of a relational theory of democracy. The theory draws on concepts from Aristotelian, critical realist, and psychoanalytic th...
Ergonomics and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Characteristics Among Female Interventionists.

Interventional radiology is a procedural specialty that performs minimally invasive operations under image guidance. Currently, there are inadequate ergonomic protocols for work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) prevention in interventional radiology (IR), and there is a paucity of information discerning gender differences in WMSDs. This article reviews current literature that addresses WMSDs in female physicians practicing interventional and fluoroscopic procedures, including interventional radiology, interventional cardiology, electrophysiology, vascular surgery, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, and gastroenterology. We searched PubMed and EBSCOhost databases for ergonomic studies that reported female physician WMSDs in the specialties listed above. After a thorough evaluation for inclusion based on eligibility criteria, 11 studies were included. From this search, there was poor female representation, averaging 25.7% of respondents. Several characteristics identified across the studies were that women were generally shorter, wore smaller glove sizes, and were younger than their male colleagues. Seventy-two percent of female proceduralists reported WMSDs versus 46.6% of their male colleagues. Additionally, women may experience more upper extremity pain than lumbar pain, which men commonly reported. Potential contributing factors to WMSDs are the size and design of procedural tools and the possible predisposition of female physicians to experience upper extremity WMSDs while performing the same operations as men. As more women enter medicine and pursue careers in procedural fields like interventional radiology, it is essential to address these discrepancies and develop ergonomically sound solutions for women.
Interactional production of deficit talk in a professional development for mathematics teachers

In this paper, I examine deficit talk, utterances that depict students and/or families based on their perceived deficits, in an equity-oriented professional development (PD) setting. Researchers often attribute deficit talk by mathematics teachers (MTs) to their biased beliefs and perceptions. From an interactional approach, namely conversation analysis and discursive psychology, I offer an alternative perspective on how deficit talk is produced in PD interactions. The analysis shows the rhetorical functions of deficit talk, which are designed for MTs to manage their accountability with a range of potential issues and to portray themselves as competent teachers. The analysis also reveals the action-performing nature of deficit talk (e.g., refusing a request) situated in the social interaction. To conclude, this paper suggests that mathematics teacher educators need to attend to the micropolitical nature of deficit talk and their co-participation in the production of deficit talk as they formulate ways to respond to deficit talk in PD interactions.
Response of Interveinally Chlorotic Red Maple Trees Treated with Medicaps or by Soil Acidification

Abstract Four replicates of 6 treatments were imposed on a nursery block of interveinally chlorotic red maples (Acer rubrum ‘Red Sundet’ L.) when they were 5 years-old. Throughout 2 growing seasons...
Closed-Form Estimation of Minimum Reactive Polymer Domain Size for FRRPP Control

This chapter pertains to the derivation of the analytical expression for estimation of the minimum reactive polymer-rich domain size for the occurrence of a flat temperature profile in FRRPP systems, under quasi-steady-state conditions. The method assumes a cut-off value of −1,000 for \( C\tilde{n} \), and it is based on temperature dependency of the product of the monomer and polymer composition in the polymer-rich domains. With the derived approximate equation, the resulting minimum polymer-rich domain sizes for FRRPP control are obtained for the PS–S–Ether and PMAA–MAA–Water systems. Finally, the resulting analytical expressions explain why asymptotic conversions in FRRPP systems can be relatively low if good radical trapping is realized in the system.
Monoclonal Antibodies against Influenza Virus

Influenza virus (Kilbourne, 1975) is an enveloped, segmented single-stranded RNA virus. The virus derives its lipid envelope during the process of maturation (budding) from the plasma membrane of the host cell. Two types of viral glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA), form a dense array of surface projections (spikes) on the outside of the lipid envelope. Inside the envelope are five virus-coded proteins: the matrix (M) protein, which is thought to form an internal protein sheet beneath the lipid envelope; the nu-cleoprotein (NP), which is associated with the viral RNA; and three proteins of large molecular weight with proven or suspected polymerase activity (P1, P2, P3). The viral proteins constitute 70–75% of the dry weight of the virion and are present in the following approximate proportions: M (40%), HA (32%), NP (21%), NA (5%), P1, -2, -3 (2%). In addition to these seven structural proteins, two nonstructural viral proteins are produced in the infected cell. Furthermore, the initial virus inoculum contains components (glycolipids, carbohydrates) that are not coded for by the viral genome but are intimately associated with the virion. Although present in small quantity, the immunogenicity of these components is often potentiated as a result of their association with the virus (Lindenmann, 1977). Consequently, infection or immunization with influenza virus elicits highly heterogeneous and polyspecific immune sera that are not suitable, in general, for studies concerned with the delineation of the antigenic structure of individual viral components.
Alkaloids of Thalictrum IV. Isolation of Thalicarpine from T. dasycarpum and T. revolutum

A simplified procedure is given for the isolation of thalicarpine from roots of Thalictrum dasycarpum . The isolation of thalicarpine from roots of T. revolutum is reported for the first time.
Bilayer Membranes: Deuterium and Carbon‐13 NMR

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Irreducible Representation of the Nuclear Spin Hamiltonian 3 NMR Lineshapes for Dipolar and Quadrupolar Interactions 4 Nuclear Spin Relaxation 5 Testing of Conceptual Frameworks 6 Equilibrium and Dynamical Properties of Lipid Bilayers 7 Acknowledgements 8 Biographical Sketches Related Articles
Surgical management after active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer: pathological outcomes compared with men undergoing immediate treatment.

Study Type – Therapy (case control) Level of Evidence 3b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? The risks of delayed radical prostatectomy for men who progress on active surveillance are largely unknown. Two series have reported that prostatectomy after active surveillance has similar results to immediate therapy. Our data add to this growing body of evidence that appropriately selected men with prostate cancer can undergo active surveillance with delayed prostatectomy without added risk of missing an opportunity for cure as the majority of tumours remain organ confined. OBJECTIVE • To compare the pathological outcomes of men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) after a period of active surveillance (AS) with those of a similar risk group undergoing immediate surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS • We identified men through our institutional database who underwent RP within 6 months of diagnosis or after a period of AS. The primary outcome of the present study was Gleason upgrade to ≥7 after prostatectomy. • Pathological stage and positive surgical margin rate were assessed as secondary outcomes. Binomial logistic regression models were used to determine associations of treatment subgroups with pathological upgrade, upstage and positive margins. RESULTS • Thirty-three men with initially low-risk cancer features underwent RP after a median (range) of 18 (7–76) months of AS. A total of 278 men with low-risk disease features underwent immediate RP within 6 months of diagnosis. Rates of Gleason upgrading to ≥7, pathological category pT3 and positive surgical margins did not differ significantly from the immediate RP group. • On multivariate analysis of low-risk patients, adjusting for baseline pathological features, treatment group (AS followed by prostatectomy vs immediate prostatectomy) was not associated with Gleason upgrading (odds ratio, OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.12–1.04), non-organ-confined disease (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 0.32–8.65) or positive surgical margins at prostatectomy (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.16–5.76). CONCLUSION • The present analysis did not show an association between RP after a period of AS and adverse pathological features for men with low-risk disease.
Differentiation of the O and P cell lines in the embryo of the leech. II. Genealogical relationship of descendant pattern elements in alternative developmental pathways.

Abstract The p blast cells are a group of embryonic precursors found in the ectodermal cell layer of the leech germinal band. Each p blast cell normally undergoes the same invariant sequence of cell divisions and gives rise to a precisely defined set of uniquely identifiable neuronal and epidermal descendants in the mature leech. In the present paper, various of the p blast cell progeny were injected with a fluorescent lineage tracer in order to characterize the cellular composition of their descendant clones, and the results show that there is a stereotyped segregation of descendant cell fates through the first three p blast cell divisions. Previous work has shown that neurons and epidermal specializations which normally descend from the p blast cell will arise from a different precursor—the o blast cell—in response to ablation of the neighboring P cell line and that if the o blast cell is at a certain stage of differentiation when the ablation is performed it will produce only a subset of the normal P descendants. Comparison with the present findings indicates that under those conditions the o blast cell clone is not simply recapitulating a branch of the normal p blast cell lineage, but rather manifests an alternative lineage in which P descendants exhibit an abnormal genealogical relationship. Thus, even though normal leech development comprises a nearly invariant cell lineage, lineage relationships are open to considerable reorganization under experimental conditions.
Future ate for system on a chip... some perspectives

Flexibility – Tester FOR the Chip: If you can’t measure it, you can’t improve it. And, the measurement challenges are getting harder and diverging between characterization/production, wafer/final, digital/mixed signal. Yet, the real world ATE solution must address this entire measurement envelope, on as few platforms as possible. ATE solutions must provide inter-platform correlation (e.g. different configurations) to enable leverage and investment protection while maintaining consistent software environment for unified program development. ‘Infinite’ applications, one interface. One platform, ‘infinite’ measurement capabilities.
Suicidality in College Women Who Report Multiple versus Single Types of Maltreatment by Parents: A Brief Report

To see if child sexual, physical, and psychological maltreatment are linked to adult suicidality, 114 college women completed measures of suicidality, reasons for living, incidence and impact of maltreatment. Women who reported sexual mallreatrnent in combination with other types of maltreafment were significandy more suicidal than those not maltreated or those who reported other types of maltreatment. Apparently, child sexual and multiple maltreatment are more damaging, at least in terns of suicidality, than none or only one type of maltreatment. An implication is that college counseling centers need to assess suicide potential in any women who report child sexual plus other mallreatment.
Poly(methyl methacrylates) with Ruthenium Tris(bipyridine) Cores via NiBr2(PR3)2-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)

Ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) complexes derivatized with six α-bromoester functional groups were used as multifunctional initiators for the bulk and solution (toluene) polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methyl acrylate (MA) using NiBr2(PPh3)2 and NiBr2(PBu3)2 as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) catalysts. Both tertiary (1) and secondary (2) halide metalloinitiators were prepared for investigation. The resulting orange-colored polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in chloroform. The molecular weight distributions of the poly(methyl methacrylates) (PMMAs) were narrow (toluene, Mw/Mn = 1.1−1.3; bulk, Mw/Mn < ∼1.3 at <50% conversion). The presence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in the eluting polymers was verified by in-line, diode-array UV/vis spectroscopic analysis. For polymerizations of MMA in toluene at 80 °C using the tertiary initiator and NiBr2(PPh3)2 as the catalyst, Mn vs percent conversion and pseudo first-order kinetics plots were linear. Thus, these conditi...
Flexible approximate counting

Approximate counting [18] is useful for data stream and database summarization. It can help in many settings that allow only one pass over the data, want low memory usage, and can accept some relative error. Approximate counters use fewer bits; we focus on 8-bits but our results are general. These small counters represent a sparse sequence of larger numbers. Counters are incremented probabilistically based on the spacing between the numbers they represent. Our contributions are a customized distribution of counter values and efficient strategies for deciding when to increment them.At run-time, users may independently select the spacing (accuracy) of the approximate counter for small, medium, and large values. We allow the user to select the maximum number to count up to, and our algorithm will select the exponential base of the spacing. These provide additional flexibility over both classic and Csuros's [4] floating-point approximate counting. These provide additional structure, a useful schema for users, over Kruskal and Greenberg [13].We describe two new and efficient strategies for incrementing approximate counters: use a deterministic countdown or sample from a geometric distribution. In Csuros all increments are powers of two, so random bits rather than full random numbers can be used. We also provide the option to use powers-of-two but retain flexibility. We show when each strategy is fastest in our implementation.
Myosin light chain phosphorylation and growth cone motility.

According to the treadmill hypothesis, the rate of growth cone advance depends upon the difference between the rates of protrusion (powered by actin polymerization at the leading edge) and retrograde F-actin flow, powered by activated myosin. Myosin II, a strong candidate for powering the retrograde flow, is activated by myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Earlier results showing that pharmacological inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) causes growth cone collapse with loss of F-actin-based structures are seemingly inconsistent with the treadmill hypothesis, which predicts faster growth cone advance. These experiments re-examine this issue using an inhibitory pseudosubstrate peptide taken from the MLCK sequence and coupled to the fatty acid stearate to allow it to cross the membrane. At 5-25 microM, the peptide completely collapsed growth cones from goldfish retina with a progressive loss of lamellipodia and then filopodia, as seen with pharmacological inhibitors, but fully reversible. Lower concentrations (2.5 microM) both simplified the growth cone (fewer filopodia) and caused faster advance, doubling growth rates for many axons (51-102 microm/h; p <.025). Rhodamine-phalloidin staining showed reduced F-actin content in the faster growing growth cones, and marked reductions in collapsed ones. At higher concentrations, there was a transient advance of individual filopodia before collapse (also seen with the general myosin inhibitor, butanedione monoxime, which did not accelerate growth). The rho/rho kinase pathway modulates MLC dephosphorylation by myosin-bound protein phosphatase 1 (MPP1), and manipulations of MPP1 also altered motility. Lysophosphatidic acid (10 microM), which causes inhibition of MPP1 to accumulate activated myosin II, caused a contracted collapse (vs. that due to loss of F-actin) but was ineffective after treatment with low doses of peptide, demonstrating that the peptide acts via MLC phosphorylation. Inhibiting rho kinase with Y27632 (100 microM) to disinhibit the phosphatase increased the growth rate like the MLCK peptide, as expected. These results suggest that: varying the level of MLCK activity inversely affects the rate of growth cone advance, consistent with the treadmill hypothesis and myosin II powering of retrograde F-actin flow; MLCK activity in growth cones, as in fibroblasts, contributes strongly to controlling the amount of F-actin; and the phosphatase is already highly active in these cultures, because rho kinase inhibition produces much smaller effects on growth than does MLCK inhibition.
SIM: a database system based on the semantic data model

SIM is a fully featured, commercially available database management system based on a semantic data model similar to Hammer and McLeod's SDM SIM has two primary modeling goals. The first is to narrow the gap between a user's real-world perception of data and the conceptual view imposed by the database system because of modeling presuppositions or limitations. The second goal is to allow, as much as possible, the semantics of data to be defined in the schema and make the database system responsible for enforcing its integrity SIM provides a rich set of constructs for schema definition, including those for specifying generalization hierarchies modeled by directed acyclic graphs, interobject relationships and integrity constraints. It also features a novel, easy-to-use, English-like DML. This paper describes the key modeling features of SIM, the architecture of the system and its implementation considerations.
Tryptic Peptide Compositions of Hemoglobins from Mink (Hustela Vison) and Hyena (Hyaenae Hyaenae) and the α-Chain of coatmundi (Nasua Nasua

The amino acid composition of the tryptic peptides from hyena hemoglobin, two hemoglobins of the mink and the α-chain of coatimundi have been deterimined, allowing comparison with data previously obtained from other carnivores. The two hemoglobins of mink differ at only one amino acid residue, α15, which is glycyl in one hemoglobin and as party 1 in the other.
Influence of single overload on corrosion fatigue crack growth behavior of a low alloy steel

Abstract An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of a single overload on the corrosion fatigue crack growth behavior of a low alloy steel. Compact tension specimens with TL orientation prepared from AISI 4130 steel in two different heat-treated conditions were used. All specimens satisfied the test requirements of ASTM Standard E-647. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the retardation of the crack growth rate for a similar amount of overload is much greater in material in hardened-and-tempered conditions compared with the annealed condition. The retardation effect was found to increase with increasing Δϰ level. However, the retardation effect was found initially to decrease and to reach a minimum level, and then to start to increase again with increasing crack length. This retardation on corrosion fatigue crack growth rate due to single overload can be attributed to the crack-closure effect as a consequence of overload.
Rotavirus infectious particles use lipid rafts during replication for transport to the cell surface in vitro and in vivo

The pathway by which rotavirus is released from the cell is poorly understood but recent work has shown that, prior to cell lysis, rotavirus is released almost exclusively from the apical surface of the infected cell. By virtue of their unique biochemical and physical properties, viruses have exploited lipid rafts for host cell entry and/or assembly. Here we characterized the association of rhesus rotavirus (RRV) with lipid rafts during the rotavirus replication cycle. We found that newly synthesized infectious virus associates with rafts in vitro and in vivo. RRV proteins cosegregated with rafts on density gradients. Viral infectivity and genomic dsRNA also cosegregated with the raft fractions. Confocal microscopic analysis of raft and RRV virion proteins demonstrated colocalization within the cell. In addition, cholesterol depletion interfered with the association of RRV particles with rafts and reduced the release of infectious particles from the cell. Furthermore, murine rotavirus associates with lipid rafts in intestinal epithelial cells during a natural infection in vivo. Our results confirm the association of rotavirus infectious particles with rafts during replication in vitro and in vivo and strongly support the conclusion that this virus uses these microdomains for transport to the cell surface during replication.
Nitrogen-chlorine donor-acceptor interactions dominate the structure of crystalline cyanuric chloride

Abstract Cyanuric chloride (2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine) crystallizes as notably slippery, colorless plates. X-ray analysis reveals a lattice formed from π-stacked layers of planar molecular arrays, in which all in-plane intermolecular interactions are short, linear NCl contacts (3.100 and 3.113 A), and the interlayer separation is 3.26 A.
Navigating multiple simple-airplanes in 3D workspace

We present an algorithm for collision-free navigation of multiple flying robots in three-dimensional workspace. Our approach extends the model of a simple car to a simple-airplane, which has constraints on speed and steering angle and includes a configuration variable for the altitude. We use a locally optimal reciprocal collision avoidance scheme that computes the trajectory without any collisions or oscillations for each airplane independently. In addition, our algorithm explicitly considers the kinematic and dynamic constraints of a simple-airplane and uses the notion of variable reciprocity when choosing velocities to ensure that simple-airplanes that are less constrained take more responsibility for avoiding collisions. We test our approach in two simulations and compute collision-free and oscillation-free trajectories that satisfy the kinematic and dynamic constraints of each simple-airplane.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Internet Advertising Tools

This study explores a wide variety of Internet advertising tools. It presents an assessment of the persuasive impact of Internet advertising tools based on the perceptions of senior executives at interactive advertising agencies. The persuasion matrix developed by McGuire (1978) is used as a framework for assessing the impact of Internet advertising tools on the response hierarchy of consumers. Based on this assessment, a series of research propositions are offered in the spirit of propositional inventories for future testing. Finally, included is a discussion that alerts managers to important issues involved in using Internet advertising tools.
Technology of producing high-grade electroengineering periclase by melting in an induction furnace with a cold crucible

Induction melting of reactive MgO in a cold crucible in the Kristall-402 equipment makes it possible to produce a periclase with a mass fraction of MgO>99%. Noncontaminating crushing, sieving, and mixing together powders of a specified grain composition plus heat treatment at 1600°C in air ensures that the highest quality periclase in accordance with GOST 13236-73 is obtained. The combined heat treatment of the periclase and an addition of talc increases the electrical resistivity and the general resistivity to hydration.
The association between antibiotic use and resistance: the role of secondary antibiotics

Using susceptibility rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae over time as markers, we assessed the significance of the change of susceptibility rates to imipenem, ceftriaxone, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, and ciprofloxacin over time and the relationship to antibiotic use for the period 2000-2006. Antibiotic use-susceptibility relationships were assessed using longitudinal regression analysis. The variables "time" and define daily doses (DDD)/1,000 patient days for the specific drug related to the susceptibility rates of that particular model's dependent variable were considered as the main effects, with significance determined at the 0.05 level. Decreases in susceptibility of the target organisms were common over the period of observation. Decreasing susceptibility trends over time were not statistically associated with the primary drug (e.g., organism susceptibility rate to imipenem with imipenem usage). However, secondary drug use was associated with susceptibility rates (e.g., susceptibility of E. cloacae to cefepime with piperacillin/tazobactam usage). These results suggest that antibiotic use-resistance relationships are influenced by the use of secondary antibiotics. Thus, a resistance problem may not be adequately addressed by simply altering the utilization of the primary antibiotic.
DR antigens on melanoma cells: Analysis with monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies (691-13-17 and 37-7) can precipitate DR antigens from radioiodinated, detergent solubilized melanoma cells. However, after complete depletion of lysates with one antibody (691-13-17), α-like chains can be still be precipitated from some melanoma cells by the other antibody (37-7). Antibody 37-7 also precipitates an additional distinct antigen from SK MEL 37 but not from any of five other melanoma cell lines.
The Effects of DSM5 Autism Diagnostic Criteria on Number of Individuals Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review

A systematic review of empirical papers comparing the application of DSM-IV and DSM5 diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorders identified 12 papers. The application of DSM5 diagnostic criteria resulted in an approximately one third reduction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. The reduction was approximately two thirds for mild forms of Autism. The implications for practice and research are discussed.
PLACENTAL FREE-FATTY-ACID TRANSFER AND FETAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE DEVELOPMENT: AN EXPLANATION OF FETAL ADIPOSITY IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS

Abstract A new hypothesis on adipose-tissue development during intrauterine life is presented. It is proposed that circulating maternal plasma free fatty acids (F.F.A.) are the major precursors of triglyceride fatty acids in the fetal adipose tissue. Maternal F.F.A. is transported across the placenta and is carried in the blood of the fetus to the developing fat cells. After being taken up by the adipocytes, F.F.A. is esterified and is incorporated into the adipose-tissue triglyceride pool. Since diabetics have higher plasma-F.F.A. levels than non-diabetic pregnant women, the gradient-dependent diffusion type of transfer of F.F.A. across the placenta is faster in these cases. This results in increased availability in fetal plasma of F.F.A. to be taken up by the adipocytes. It is suggested that glucose is not the major precursor of triglyceride fatty acids—as it was thought to be in the past—but serves as the primary substrate for α-glycerophosphate production. As α-glycerophosphate is necessary for the esterification of F.F.A., hyperglycaemia and hyper-insulinaemia in fetuses of diabetic mothers may facilitate the esterification process in the fetal adipocytes. This hypothesis assigns a major role to maternal plasma F.F.A. but only a minor role to blood-sugar levels in the pathogenesis of fetal adiposity in infants of diabetic mothers. The hypothesis is therefore compatible with the paradoxical finding that, despite their normal (or near normal) blood-sugar levels, prediabetic women often give birth to obese " diabetic-type " babies, while overtly hyperglycaemic diabetic mothers may have normal or even small newborns.
Influence of subsurface drainage on quantity and quality of dissolved organic matter export from agricultural landscapes

[1] Despite its importance for aquatic ecosystem function and watershed carbon budgets, little is known about how land use influences dissolved organic matter (DOM) export. We investigated the influence of subsurface soil drainage, widespread in the Midwestern United States, on DOM export from agricultural fields designed to drain water at either 13 mm d−1 (conventional) or 51 mm d−1 (intense). Intense drainage exported 55% (±22%) more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) per year than conventional drainage due to both increased concentration and water yield. DOC export from plots was strongly dependent on precipitation and showed considerable interannual variability. Mean DOC concentrations in drainage water were low (1.62 and 1.87 mg L−1 for conventional and intense treatments), and fluorescence index (FI) measurements showed that it had a microbial source with little evidence of terrestrially derived material, suggesting that flow through deeper, organic-poor soil horizons is important in regulating DOC export from these plots. We compared DOM in subsurface drains with downstream ditch and stream sites. Increases in DOC concentration and molecular weight accompanied by decreasing FI values at downstream sites showed that streams gain a large amount of terrestrially derived DOM during base flow transport through agricultural landscapes, probably from riparian zones. These results show that DOM compositional characteristics change with catchment area and that the relevant observation scale for DOM dynamics is likely to vary among watersheds. This study also demonstrates that land management practices can directly affect DOC via changes to water flow paths. These results are critical for improving model estimates of DOM export from agricultural landscapes as well as predicting how DOC export will respond to changing land use and climate.
Dose control in radiotherapy.

A LIMITED attack has been made on the problem of X-ray skin tolerance dose-levels as related to the size of the area treated and the extent of the non-irradiated neighbourhood.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Thiophene Desulfurization Activity of Unsupported γ-Mo2N Macrocrystalline Catalysts

Macrocrystals of γ-Mo2N were synthesized by temperature-programmed reaction of macrocrystalline MoO3and NH3or N2/H2mixtures. X-ray diffraction analyses indicate macrocrystalline Mo2N is an aggregate of particles in crystallographic alignment with diameters ranging from 4.6 to 18 nm, depending on synthesis conditions. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) supports these observed diameters. Based on diffraction data and surface area measurements, it is concluded that the particles in each sample are found with a range of diameters, each flattened in the [200] direction with either an amorphous surface phase or polycrystalline interior. The highest crystal BET surface area achieved is 44 m2/g. TGA was used to monitor the temperature-programmed reaction of MoO3and N2/H2mixtures. The lowest reduction temperatures were observed in syntheses employing high H2concentrations and slow temperature ramping rates. The rate of the Mo2N macrocrystal synthesis reaction was observed to be slower than the equivalent powder reaction, which could possibly be attributed to the effects of solid-state diffusion. The specific thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity (units of mol/s m2) of the Mo2N macrocrystalline catalyst at 673 K was found to be higher than the powder form by a factor of 2.5. Weight-specific HDS activities and reaction product fractions over Mo2N macrocrystal and powder catalysts were roughly the same. An analysis of reaction products over a range of conversions indicates thiophene desulfurizes to form predominantly 1-butene with smaller amounts of other C4hydrocarbons also present.
Preventing postpartum depression: a meta-analytic review.

This meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of a wide range of preventive interventions designed to reduce the severity of postpartum depressive symptoms or decrease the prevalence of postpartum depressive episodes. A systematic review identified 37 randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials in which an intervention was compared to a control condition. Differences between treatment and control conditions in the level of depressive symptoms and prevalence of depressive episodes by 6 months postpartum were assessed in separate analyses. Depressive symptoms were significantly lower at post-treatment in intervention conditions, with an overall effect size in the small range after exclusion of outliers (Hedges' g = 0.18). There was a 27% reduction in the prevalence of depressive episodes in intervention conditions by 6 months postpartum after removal of outliers and correction for publication bias. Later timing of the postpartum assessment was associated with smaller differences between intervention and control conditions in both analyses. Among studies that assessed depressive symptoms using the EPDS, higher levels of depressive symptoms at pre-treatment were associated with smaller differences in depressive symptoms by 6 months postpartum. These findings suggest that interventions designed to prevent postpartum depression effectively reduce levels of postpartum depressive symptoms and decrease risk for postpartum depressive episodes.
Initial experience with a bicuspid polytetrafluoroethylene pulmonary valve in 41 children and adults: a new option for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction.

Abstract Background As the population of children with repaired congenital heart disease ages, an increasing number of patients will benefit from pulmonary valve insertion. We report our initial experience in 41 consecutive patients treated with placement of a surgically created polytetrafluoroethylene bicuspid pulmonary valve. Methods A bicuspid pulmonary valve with orifice size greater than 24 mm is created with polytetrafluoroethylene and sutured into the right ventricular outflow tract. To obviate the need for reoperation in growing children, this technique is limited to older children and adults. Polytetrafluoroethylene bicuspid pulmonary valves were placed in 41 patients (age: range, 5.0 to 64.7 years, median=15.7 years; weight: range, 14.2 to 99.0 kilograms, median, 52.0 kg). All patients had pulmonary insufficiency, pulmonary stenosis, or both, after previous intervention for tetralogy of Fallot (27), pulmonary stenosis (11), pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (2), or double outlet right ventricle (1). Results All patients left the operating theater with transesophageal echocardiography documenting no pulmonic stenosis and zero to trace pulmonic insufficiency. Median hospital length of stay was 5 days (range, 3 to 15 days; mean, 5.8 days). Follow-up including echocardiography ranged from 0.2 to 3.1 year (median follow-up, 1.5 years) and revealed significant improvement in New York Heart Association Classification, pulmonary insufficiency, and right ventricular end diastolic dimension. Conclusions Polytetrafluoroethylene bicuspid pulmonary valve reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is a safe, effective, and durable technique for the short term. Appropriate oversizing minimizes outflow tract obstruction while maximizing competence. Long-term follow-up is necessary to determine the true value of this technique.
A Grape-Enriched Diet Increases Bone Calcium Retention and Cortical Bone Properties in Ovariectomized Rats

Background Grapes and their associated phytochemicals have been investigated for beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, cancer prevention, and other chronic diseases, but the effect of grape consumption on bone health has not been fully determined. We previously found short-term benefits of grape products on reducing bone turnover in ovariectomized rats. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the long-term benefits of a grape-enriched diet on bone in ovariectomized rats. Methods Rats were ovariectomized at 3 mo of age and were administered a single dose of (45)Ca to prelabel bones at 4 mo of age. After a 1-mo equilibration period, baseline urinary (45)Ca excretion was determined. Rats (n = 22/group) were then randomly assigned to a modified AIN93M diet containing 25% freeze-dried grape powder or to a control diet for 8 wk. Urinary (45)Ca excretion was monitored throughout the study to determine changes in bone (45)Ca retention. Calcium balance was assessed after 1 and 8 wk of consuming the experimental diets, and a calcium kinetic study was performed at 8 wk. After 8 wk, femurs were collected for micro-computed tomographic imaging, 3-point bending, and reference point indentation. Results Rats fed the grape-enriched diet had 44% greater net bone calcium retention than did rats fed the control diet. There were no differences in calcium balance due to diet at either week 1 or week 8, but there was a significant increase in net calcium absorption (10.6%) and retention (5.7%) from week 1 to week 8 in the grape-enriched diet group only. Grape-enriched diet-fed rats had 3% greater cortical thickness and 11% greater breaking strength. There were no differences in femur bone mineral density, trabecular microarchitecture, or reference point indentation variables due to diet. Conclusion This study of ovariectomized rats indicates that the consumption of grape products may improve calcium utilization and suppress bone turnover, resulting in improvements in bone quality.
Inhibition of Herpesvirus Replication and Herpesvirus-Induced Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase by Phosphonoformate

Abstract Phosphonoformate was found to be an inhibitor of the deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase induced by the herpesvirus of turkeys. The apparent inhibition constants were 1 to 3 μM. Phosphonoformate was also able to block the replication in cell culture of Marek's disease herpesvirus, the herpesvirus of turkeys, and herpes simplex virus. It was as effective as phosphonoacetate. Phosphonoformate was not an effective inhibitor of a phosphonoacetate-resistant mutant of the herpesvirus of turkeys nor of its induced deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase.
Non-aqueous capillary electrophoretic enantiomer separations using the tetrabutylammonium salt of heptakis(2,3-O-diacetyl-6-O-sulfo)-cyclomaltoheptaose, a single-isomer sulfated β-cyclodextrin highly-soluble in organic solvents

The tetrabutylammonium salt of heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-cyclomaltoheptaose, a single-isomer sulfated β-cyclodextrin that is adequately soluble in a number of protic and aprotic polar solvents was synthesized on the large scale and used for the capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of weak bases in acidic acetonitrile background electrolytes. The effective mobilities and separation selectivities observed for these analytes followed trends similar to those found with other single-isomer sulfated cyclodextrins in acidic methanol background electrolytes. Enantiomer separations obtained with the tetrabutylammonium and sodium salts of heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-cyclomaltoheptaose were different indicating, for the first time, that selection of the counter ion of the single-isomer sulfated cyclodextrin is also of importance for the separation of enantiomers.
Did a skillful prediction of sea surface temperatures help or hinder forecasting of the 2012 Midwestern US drought

The latest drought to hit the Midwestern (MW) US region, in 2012, was driven by the least summer precipitation for the last three decades with $20 billion in agriculture losses. For 2012, the summer forecast skill for Pacific and Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and low MW precipitation is remarkably good for some National Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) models, but this is not generally repeated for other drought years, with some models predicting extreme wet anomalies, despite skill in predicting Pacific and Atlantic SST anomalies. In order to diagnose the origins of the limited skill of the NMME models, we use singular value decomposition (SVD) for global SSTs and continental US (CONUS) precipitation from observational data and NMME hindcasts (1982–2012). Observational data indicate that there is an insignificant coupling between global SSTs and MW precipitation during summer over the last 30 years. However, the NMME climate forecast models show strong coupling and therefore predicted the 2012 drought fortuitously for the wrong reason (a strong pan-Pacific El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like pattern). The observational data indicate that the strength of ENSO teleconnections with CONUS precipitation has weakened and the precipitation footprint has shifted over the past decades, suggesting that the transient nature of teleconnections may play a role in poor model skill.
Indirect Intelligent Sliding Mode Control Using Hysteretic Recurrent Neural Networks With Application to a Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Beam

This paper presents the development of an indirect intelligent sliding mode controller (IISMC) for shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators. The controller manipulates applied voltage, enabling temperature control in one or more SMA tendons, which are offset to produce bending in a flexible beam tip. Hysteresis compensation is achieved using a hysteretic recurrent neural network (HRNN), which maps the nonlinear, hysteretic relationships between SMA temperatures and bending angle. Incorporating this HRNN into a variable structure control architecture provides robustness to model uncertainties and parameter variations. Single input, single output and multivariable implementations of this control strategy are presented. Controller performance is evaluated using a flexible beam deflected by single and antagonistic SMA tendons. Experimental results demonstrate precise tracking of a variety of reference trajectories for both configurations, with superior performance compared to an optimized PI controller for each system. Additionally, the IISMC demonstrates robustness to parameter variations and disturbances.© 2012 ASME
An upper limit on the cosmic ultraviolet background

The 1989 diffuse UV background data of Fix et al. (1989), when modeled as an optically thin, geometrically thin Galactic disk, implies an extragalactic UV background of 4 +/- 80 units at 0.15 micron, rather than the 530 +/- 80 units given by Fix et al. A more conservative fit allowing for forward scattering by dust and a finite optical depth to the Galactic pole gives a best-fit value of 45 units for the extragalactic flux, with a conservative limit of less than 500 units, similar to the lowest observed flux. Comparing the gradient of the UV flux versus csc absolute value of b with the IRAS 100 micron gradient implies an unexpectedly low scattering cross section for dust at 0.15 micron, compared to the absorption cross section in the visible.
Terahertz Measurements of Protein Relaxational Dynamics

Collective structural vibrational modes of proteins lay in the terahertz frequency range. We discuss several measurements exploring picosecond dynamics in hen egg white lysozyme suggesting that terahertz time domain spectroscopy can provide unique insight to critical protein dynamics. We find a rapid increase in terahertz absorbance and index at both a critical hydration point and separately a critical temperature. Specifically, we discuss the hydration and temperature transitions and suggest that these are possibly linked. We discuss the possibility that the terahertz response is mainly determined by relaxational response of side chains within the protein and the energy barriers for these motions are hydration dependent. Finally we show that simple normal mode calculations do not reproduce the strong hydration dependence, further suggesting that resonant vibrational response is not sufficient to describe the terahertz dielectric response.
Effects Of Charge Dynamics And Device Parameters On The Resolution Of Electrooptic Spatial Light Modulators

The theoretical resolution of an electrooptic spatial light modulator [such as the Pockels Readout Optical Modulator (PROM)] is a function of the electrostatic field distribution arising from stored point charges located within the active electrooptic crystal layer. The Fourier transform of the voltage distribution (which can be directly related to the modulation transfer function) is derived as a function of the charge location within the electrooptic crystal. In addition, the resultant analytic expression contains the dielectric constants of the blocking layers and electrooptic crystal, and the thicknesses of the three layers. This formulation allows the effects of charge trapping within the bulk of the electrooptic crystal to be modeled. In particular, the low spatial frequency response decreases linearly and the high spatial frequency response decreases exponentially with the distance of the point charge from the dielectric blocking layer/electrooptic crystal interface. Thus the overall sensitivity and resolution are degraded strongly by charge storage in the bulk away from the interface. Utilizing superposition, this formulation can be readily extended to accommodate arbitrary charge distributions arising from different exposure parameters. The implications of these results for device design and operation are discussed.
A revised empirical model to estimate solar radiation using automated surface weather observations

The transition from manual to automated weather observations at US National Weather Service Offices has compromised the ability to use these data as a means for estimating global horizontal and direct solar radiation. The creation of long term model-derived solar radiation climatologies continues to rely on the in situ cloud data that these observations provide, since homogeneous and readily available satellite data does not span the transition. An existing semi-physical solar radiation model is revised to allow for the estimation of hourly solar radiation based on these observations. Model evaluation reveals that errors in solar radiation estimates are comparable to other contemporary solar radiation models that estimate global horizontal solar radiation on both daily (10–15% mean absolute error) and hourly (15–19% mean absolute error) timescales. Hourly mean absolute errors are similar for different sky conditions, while daily percent errors are similar between seasons. Model updates also allow for accurate estimates of solar radiation in various climate regimes; regional patterns in model bias are not evident.