cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging of bone and soft tissue tumors.

ic .th ec li ni cs .c om The diagnosis of bone and soft tissue neoplasms is often a challenge for physicians. Primary bone and soft tissue malignancies are relatively rare, and hence, most radiologists do not encounter these tumors with enough frequency to allow the development of a sense of familiarity. Orthopedic surgeons and pathologists are typically in a similar predicament and often rely on the radiologist to help determine the true nature of amusculoskeletal tumor, and on occasion to provide appropriate therapy (eg, via percutaneous ablative procedures). The “team approach” to diagnosis and management of bone and soft tissue tumors is paramount to a successful outcome for the patient. The nomenclature of tumors, particularly soft tissue tumors, is vast and can be confusing, and not infrequently changes based on recent developments in histologic and genetic typing. Furthermore, there are countless “pseudotumors” that mimic bone and soft tissue neoplasms, confounding diagnosis. Many primary bone tumors occur in children, resulting in additional apprehension. As with tumors occurring in other parts of the body, analysis of musculoskeletal neoplasms requires a fundamental knowledge of the different varieties of tumors and tumor-like lesions, as well as a systematic approach to their evaluation. Imaging is a component of theworkup of all bone tumors and most soft tissue tumors, with the exception of some superficial lesions. The radiograph remains the procedure of choice for initial imaging of bone lesions, but advances in imaging modalities during the past few decades have allowed amazing progress in the diagnosis,
Conscientious Nondisclosure and the Savior Sibling Debate: Does Moral Justification for Nondisclosure Matter?

In cases in which a suitable donor cannot be found for a child in need of a stem cell transplant, parents of that sick child may have the option to use in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantat...
Larval Determination of six economic Species of Limonius (Coleóptera : Elateridae).

Wireworms are primary insect pests of crops in the irrigated lands of the Pacific Northwest, and more locally throughout the United States. Those of importance to agriculture throughout this country represent perhaps three-score species, distributed among several genera. In the Pacific Northwest the most important species belong to the genus Limonius , and the major part of the control work has been done on these species. The Pacific Coast wireworm ( Limonius canus Lee.) and the sugar-beet wireworm ( L. californicus Mann.) are generally distributed throughout both the irrigated and the naturally moist areas of the semiarid portions of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. The western field wireworm ( L. infuscatus Mots.) and the Columbia Basin wireworm (L. subauratus Lee.) are not so generally distributed, but are of economic importance in limited areas, and are frequently associated with L. canus and L. californicus . Observations, field studies, and laboratory experiments show that the larvae and the adults of these species show specific differences in their response to field conditions and treatments.
Methylprednisolone versus prednisolone pharmacokinetics in relation to dose in adults.

The disposition and plasma binding of methylprednisolone were examined in seven normal volunteers following the administration of 5, 20 and 40 mg of intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate. Methylprednisolone exhibits linear plasma protein binding averaging 77%. The mean plasma methylprednisolone clearance of 337 ml·h−1. kg−1 was independent of dose. The steroid appears to moderately distribute into tissue spaces with a mean volume of distribution of 1.41·kg−1. Methylprednisolone disposition parameters were compared with the non-transcortin bound parameters for prednisolone. The prednisolone plasma clearance based on the transcortin free-drug is similar to methylprednisolone total plasma clearance. However, the corrected volume of distribution of prednisolone is only one-half that of methylprednisolone. The disposition rate of these two steroids is thus similar, in spite of their metabolic control by different enzymatic pathways and major influence of saturable transcortin binding on prednisolone elimination.
Putting the Clock Back: MicroStrategy, Inc.

MicroStrategy, Inc. was one of the high‐tech “darlings” of Wall Street during the stock market boom of the late 1990s. After its initial public offering (IPO) in 1998, revenue and earnings increased steadily and substantially year after year. By early March 2000, the company's stock price had soared to $333 per share. Nonetheless, there was at least one financial research group that questioned whether MicroStrategy's performance justified its high market valuation. Based on publicly available information at the time, you are asked to identify “red flags” (i.e., warnings) of possible problems with the company.
On the locus of redundancy effects in a letter-detection task.

It takes longer to detect a target if it is the initial letter of a nonredundant letter string such as BNHTW than if it is the initial letter of a redundant letter string such as BBBBB (Johnson, 1986b; Johnson & Blum, 1988). The results of the present study reveal that the redundancy effect also occurs for mixed-case letters strings (e.g., BbbBb) and digit strings (e.g., 22222). In addition, these results suggest that the cause of the redundancy effect is not related to the visual properties of the noninitial letters per se but is instead related to the presence of the target in noninitial positions. Together, these results rule out a number of hypotheses about the cause of the redundancy effect and suggest that the locus of this effect is in processes involved in response selection and/or the read-out of information from the perceptual system.
STUDIES ON A BACTERICIDAL AGENT EXTRACTED FROM A SOIL BACILLUS : I. PREPARATION OF THE AGENT. ITS ACTIVITY IN VITRO.

A Gram-positive, spore-bearing, aerobic bacillus, capable of lyzing the living cells of many Gram-positive microbial species, has been isolated from soil. Cultures of this soil bacillus in peptone media release during autolysis a soluble agent which exerts a bactericidal effect on all the Gram-positive microorganisms so far tested, and inactivates their glucose dehydrogenases. It also inhibits the growth of the susceptible species in culture media. Several of the Gram-positive species undergo lysis when incubated with the bactericidal agent. It appears however, that lysis is only a secondary process, due to the autolytic enzymes of the susceptible cells, and that it follows upon some other primary injury caused by the active agent. The bactericidal agent is ineffective against all the Gram-negative bacilli so far tested.
Value and Limitations of Thrombolytic Therapy in Early Acute Transmural Myocardial Infarction

Since coronary thrombosis is the final common pathway by which acute transmural myocardial infarction occurs, intracoronary thrombolytic reperfusion has taken on new significance. The goals of early restoration of coronary blood flow are to reduce mortality as well as to demonstrate improvement of markers of success or failure associated with thrombolytic therapy relative to nonreperfused patients. This paper examines clinical studies from multiple centers and the results derived from these studies. Mortality, left ventricular function, electrocardiographic indices of necrosis, laboratory studies, enzymatic indices of myocardial infarction size, thallium perfusion, and scintigraphic studies from controlled randomized and nonrandomized studies are presented. Overall, it appears that thrombolytic reperfusion is beneficial if applied early, although the markers of success or failure do not necessarily correlate with short-term mortality.
Music as a structural model

Abstract As it has in past civilizations, music may meet the need in contemporary society for a general structural model. Music is unique in combining quality and quantity precisely and spontaneously so that sense impression can be measured and proportion can be experienced. Music manifests powerfully the universal principle of polarity. All tonal action takes place in a field of forces created by complementary opposite tendencies. Among these, the interplay of growth and limitation, readily demonstrated in music, carries far-reaching biological and sociological implications. The example of structuring a system touches on questions of unity and multiplicity. It leads inevitably to difficulties in compatibility, solved in music by the necessary ‘tempering’ of every system. The moral consequences of temperament were investigated by Plato and might prove useful today. Also related to polarity and opening significant perspectives yet to be explored by modern democracies is the fundamental musical experience of consonance and dissonance.
Neuregulin stimulates DNA synthesis in embryonic chick heart cells.

Neuregulins are a family of growth factors that have been shown to promote the growth or differentiation of various cell types. Recently, targeted mutations of the genes for neuregulins or their putative receptors by homologous recombination resulted in embryonic lethality characterized by cardiac malformation. Here we investigate a role for neuregulin in the growth of cultured chick heart cells. Neuregulin induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of a 185-kDa protein in cultured heart cells, and it also stimulated an increase in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and BrDU labeling in the cell cultures. Immunocytochemistry revealed that the increased DNA synthesis was primarily in mesenchymal cells and not detected in myocytes or endocardial cells. These data suggest that neuregulin may function as a paracrine signal in mesenchymal-endothelial interactions during cardiac development.
Some aspects of the salt nutrition of higher plants

The subject of the salt nutrition of plants is vast in its ramifications and in the extent of its literature. Only a few aspects of this field of investigation can be considered in this brief review, which has as its intent the presentation of the broad outlines of the present status of certain of the basic problems now attracting the active interest of research workers, rather than the comprehensive citation of publications. The review is prepared primarily for botanists without a specialized interest in plant nutrition. For more extensive surveys of recent literature, the reader will be referred to other more detailed reviews. No other system presented for scientific study by experimental methods is so complex or so difficult to control as the soil-plant system. It is indispensable, for purposes of experimentation planned to elucidate general principles of mineral nutrition of plants, to simplify the natural system. Of paramount importance is the ability to study plant growth without introducing the soil factor at all, through the use of sand and water culture technique. It is now ancient knowledge that plants can be grown in artificial culture solutions containing certain simple salts, but only comparatively recently have several variables and sources of error begun to receive that adequate attention which their importance demands. Growing plants under water or sand culture conditions still affords one of the most potent means of attack on problems of the mineral nutrition of plants, and this review is especially concerned with advances made possible by the utilization of these methods of artificial culture.
Cations Form Sequence Selective Motifs within DNA Grooves via a Combination of Cation-Pi and Ion-Dipole/ Hydrogen Bond Interactions

The fine conformational subtleties of DNA structure modulate many fundamental cellular processes including gene activation/repression, cellular division, and DNA repair. Most of these cellular processes rely on the conformational heterogeneity of specific DNA sequences. Factors including those structural characteristics inherent in the particular base sequence as well as those induced through interaction with solvent components combine to produce fine DNA structural variation including helical flexibility and conformation. Cation-pi interactions between solvent cations or their first hydration shell waters and the faces of DNA bases form sequence selectively and contribute to DNA structural heterogeneity. In this paper, we detect and characterize the binding patterns found in cation-pi interactions between solvent cations and DNA bases in a set of high resolution x-ray crystal structures. Specifically, we found that monovalent cations (Tl+) and the polarized first hydration shell waters of divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) form cation-pi interactions with DNA bases stabilizing unstacked conformations. When these cation-pi interactions are combined with electrostatic interactions a pattern of specific binding motifs is formed within the grooves.
Binding and surface coordination chemistry of copper(II) macrocycles at Nafion-modified glassy carbon electrodes

Abstract The binding of two Cu 2+ macrocycles, 1 and 2 , at Nafion®/glassy carbon (GC) electrodes was studied using voltammetric techniques. Two different approaches to surface binding were examined for 1 : the first consisted of the usual procedure of voltammetric cycling of a Nafion-modified GC electrode in a solution containing the complex 1 . In the second procedure, Cu 2+ ions were first partitioned into Nafion/GC followed by exposure of these to the ligand in solution. The tetramine complex 2 was surface bound only in the usual manner. Shifts in the Cu 2+/+ redox potential on ligand addition were used to compute formation constants (log K ) for 1 and 2 of 5.80 ± 0.47 and 20.80 ± 0.47 respectively. Finally, the shifts in the characteristic potentials for Cu 2+/+ , 1 and 2 on Nafion attachment are compared and the differences in redox potentials for the two macrocyclic complexes are rationalized on the basis of their structures.
Acute myeloid leukemia in adults: where do we go from here?

Although 30-40% of newly diagnosed younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can be cured with current approaches, the overall outcome has not improved in recent years. In addition, the outcome in adults > 60 years of age remains dismal with < 10% of patients achieving remission remaining alive and disease free. Results of randomized clinical trials in AML evaluating high-dose cytosine arabinoside, changes in anthracyclines, the use of hematopoietic growth factors, stem cell transplantation in first remission, and modulation of the multidrug resistance phenotype are reviewed. New directions for clinical trials include the use of nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation as a form of immunotherapy, refinements in autologous stem cell transplantation, and possibly manipulations of neoangiogenesis in the bone marrow and incorporation of newer agents, such as gemtuzumab zogamicin into treatment regimens. It is likely, however, that future advances will be a consequence of a better understanding of the biology of leukemic stem cells, and issues related to such studies are discussed.
Managing children and adolescents on parenteral nutrition: Challenges for the nutritional support team

Managing infants, children and adolescents, ranging from premature infants to 18-year-old adolescents, on parenteral nutrition (PN) is a challenge. The ability of children to withstand starvation is limited and, unlike adults, children require nutrition for growth. PN in children is often required secondary to a congenital bowel problem rather than because of an acquired condition. Conditions requiring PN include motility disorders, congenital disorders of the intestinal epithelium and short-bowel syndrome (SBS). Intestinal failure may be temporary and children with SBS may be weaned from PN. However, other children require permanent PN. There are no comprehensive guidelines for the nutritional requirements of children and adolescents requiring PN. Practice in individual centres is based on clinical experience rather than clinical trials. Requirements are assessed on an individual basis according to age, nutritional status and clinical condition. These requirements need regular review to ensure that they remain appropriate for the changing age and weight of the child. Assessments of intakes use different methods, e.g. reference tables and predictive equations. Complications of PN include infection, accidental damage to, or removal of, the line and cholestatic liver disease. Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is associated with fewer line infections and allows continuation of nutritional support in a more normal environment, encouraging normal development and participation in family activities. However, having a child at home on HPN is associated with physical and psychological stresses. A feeling of depression, loneliness and social isolation is common amongst children and their families. Home-care services are essential to supporting children at home and should be tailored to, and sensitive to, the individual needs of each family.
Polyorna virus adsorbs to specific sialyloligosaccharide receptors on erythrocytes

Abstract Hemagglutination by polyoma virus has been shown to require sialic acid residues on cell surface oligosaccharides. This report presents evidence which suggests that adsorbtion of polyoma virus to erythrocytes is not due simply to a nonspecific electrostatic interaction with negatively charged sialic acids but rather requires the presence of specific sialyloligosaccharide structures. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) neuraminidase hydrolyzes sialic acids in the sequences NeuAcα2,3Gal and NeuAcα2,8NeuAc. Erythrocytes treated with NDV lost 40% of their surface sialic acid, retained full hemagglutination by certain influenza viruses which also bind sialyloligosaccharides, and yet were not agglutinated by polyoma virus. Erythrocytes treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase, which removes virtually all sialic acid, were no longer agglutinated by influenza virus or polyoma virus. Selective replacement of sialic acid on V. cholerae neuraminidase-treated cells with purified β-galactoside α-2,3-sialytransferase in the sequence NeuAcα2, 3Gal completely restored hemagglutination by polyoma virus. In contrast, replacement of sialic acid by other sialyitransferases in the sequences NeuAcα2,6Gal or NeuAcα2,6GalNAc does not restore hemagglutination by polyoma virus.
Nature of Science in an Age of Accountability

Why shouldn't teachers teach to the test? If that seems problematic, then the test needs changing, not the teaching. In our new Age of Accountability, at least, testing is not going away soon (Shepard, 2010). One challenge seems especially acute: testing beyond content. Climategate. Revised mammogram recommendations. Erroneous links between the measles vaccine and autism. Suspect communication with coma patients. An informed judgment in these cases requires understanding the nature of science (NOS), not just scientific concepts ( Sacred Bovines , November, 2010). But how do we test for this type of understanding? In particular, how do we get past the multiple-choice format, with its inherent tendency to reduce knowledge to piecemeal facts? If a primary goal is to prepare scientifically literate citizens — able to participate in public and personal decision-making involving science — more sophisticated assessment formats are needed. Nowadays, a teacher would seem to have plenty of options for assessing NOS understanding. Over 2 dozen instruments have appeared in the past half century. Choose your favorite acronym: VNOS, NOSS, NOST, COST, VOSTS, VASS, FAST, TOUS, TOES, TOSRA, WISP, at least (Lederman et al., 1998). Such tests carry risks, however. Most are based on a benchmark set of beliefs. Yet even experts disagree about many of the claims. The beliefs seem arbitrary, as critics have noted. Alternatively, one could adopt a more neutral, diagnostic posture, as other tests do. Here, the aim is merely to characterize student belief, or opinion. But this implies that there is no objective standard for measuring knowledge of NOS. The dilemma highlights a shared assumption — another sacred bovine? — that NOS is a set of beliefs and thus beyond fair, unbiased evaluation. Here, I profile an alternative perspective for evaluating NOS understanding (Allchin, 2011b). In evolution education, at least, biology teachers …
Elastic registration of multimodal prostate MRI and histology via multiattribute combined mutual information.

Purpose: By performing registration of preoperative multiprotocol in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) images of the prostate with corresponding whole-mount histology (WMH) sections from postoperative radical prostatectomy specimens, an accurate estimate of the spatial extent of prostate cancer (CaP) on in vivo MR imaging (MRI) can be retrospectively established. This could allow for definition of quantitative image-based disease signatures and lead to development of classifiers for disease detection on multiprotocol in vivo MRI. Automated registration of MR and WMH images of the prostate is complicated by dissimilar image intensities, acquisition artifacts, and nonlinear shape differences. Methods: The authors present a method for automated elastic registration of multiprotocol in vivo MRI and WMH sections of the prostate. The method, multiattribute combined mutual information (MACMI), leverages all available multiprotocol image data to drive image registration using a multivariate formulation of mutual information. Results: Elastic registration using the multivariate MI formulation is demonstrated for 150 corresponding sets of prostate images from 25 patient studies with T2-weighted and dynamic-contrast enhanced MRI and 85 image sets from 15 studies with an additional functional apparent diffusion coefficient MRI series. Qualitative results of MACMI evaluation via visual inspection suggest that an accurate delineation of CaP extent on MRI is obtained. Results of quantitative evaluation on 150 clinical and 20 synthetic image sets indicate improved registration accuracy using MACMI compared to conventional pairwise mutual information-based approaches. Conclusions: The authors’ approach to the registration of in vivo multiprotocol MRI and ex vivo WMH of the prostate using MACMI is unique, in that (1) information from all available image protocols is utilized to drive the registration with histology, (2) no additional, intermediate ex vivo radiology or gross histology images need be obtained in addition to the routinely acquired in vivo MRI series, and (3) no corresponding anatomical landmarks are required to be identified manually or automatically on the images.
Characterization of the KIN2 gene product in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and comparison between the kinase activities of p145KIN1 and p145KIN2

We have isolated two yeast genes, KIN1 and KIN2, by their homology to the protein kinase family of viral oncogenes. Previous studies have identified the yeast KIN1 gene product (pp145KIN1) as a 145 kilodalton (kDa) phosphoprotein with serine/threonine-specific protein kinase activity. To identify and biochemically characterize the KIN2 gene product, antibodies were raised against a bacterial beta-galactosidase/KIN2 fusion polypeptide. In vivo, the KIN2 gene product is a 145 kDa phosphoprotein, pp145KIN2. In immune complexes, pp145KIN2 demonstrates serine/threonine protein kinase activity, transferring phosphate from [gamma-32P]ATP to either itself or the exogenously added substrates alpha-casein, acid-denatured enolase, or phosvitin. In vitro, kinase activity is dependent on either Mn2+ or Mg2+ ions. Both enzymes, pp145KIN1 and pp145KIN2, prefer ATP over GTP as their phosphoryl donor. Since a new class of yeast protein kinases has been identified which are serine/tyrosine-specific, we analysed a wide range of substrates to see if any could be phosphorylated by pp145KIN1 or pp145KIN2 on tyrosine residues. Both enzymes phosphorylate alpha-casein, acid-denatured enolase, and phosvitin on serine and threonine residues. Neither enzyme could phosphorylate tyrosine residues even though good substrates for tyrosine-specific kinases such as enolase, angiotensin II, and the synthetic polymer GLU80TYR20 were used. The biochemical analysis of KIN2 kinase activity shows remarkable similarity to that of its most closely related yeast kinase, KIN1. It remains to be seen if these two yeast protein kinases share any functional relationships or substrates in vivo.
Germ cell sex determination: piecing together a complex puzzle.

In many multicellular organisms, proper germ cell development is crucial for production of future generations. One critical step in this process is the decision of germ cells to develop into either sperm or eggs. Defects in germ cell sex determination can lead to infertility and germ cell tumors. However, while much is known about somatic sex determination, regulation of germ cell sex is not well understood. Recent studies with Drosophila reveal that the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway promotes male germ cell development during early stages of gonad morphogenesis 1. Here, this and other work suggesting that the JAK/STAT pathway acts alongside a host other factors to regulate germ cell sex determination is discussed. Furthermore, recent insights into mouse germ cell sex determination are reviewed; revealing a number of correlations that suggest similar mechanisms may regulate aspects of both mouse and Drosophila germline sexual dimorphism.
Parallelizing torsion and anomalies.

Using the anomaly structure of supersymmetric \ensuremath{\sigma} models with parallelizing torsion the fermions are integrated out. This leads to a simple rescaling of the Wess-Zumino bosonic action.
Moiré patterns in electron microscopy with atomic focuser crystals.

The periodic array of very fine cross-overs formed at the exit face of a thin `atomic focuser' crystal, illuminated by a parallel electron beam, may be used to form moire patterns with a specimen crystal such that the structure of the specimen crystal may be derived with a resolution of better than 0.5 A. Computer simulations of the moire pattern formation have been made for the simple idealized case of two parallel gold-like lattices having a 10% difference in lattice constant. Moire images are shown for the case of a small objective aperture in the viewing electron microscope such that the individual crystal lattices are not resolved and for a larger objective aperture for which the individual crystal lattices are resolved and the intensity is measured at the positions of the atoms of the atomic focuser crystal. The latter case confirms the viability of the scheme for ultra-high-resolution imaging of general specimens by use of a thin-crystal periodic atomic focuser, as previously proposed.
Vanadia-induced transformations in yttria-stabilized zirconia

Abstract The earliest stages of the corrosion of ceramic therma-barrier coatings were analyzed during a model transmission electron microscope experiment designed to simulate the degradation of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 in the presence of V2O5. Thin films of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2, previously prepared for examination in the transmission electron microscope, were exposed to the vapor emitted by a small quantity of V2O5 at 810–950°C. Morphological, chemical and structural transformations of the Y2O3-stabilized material were then characterized V2O5 reacts preferentially with Y2O3 to form YVO4 and ZrO2-enriched phases which possess inferior thermal and mechanical properties. The growth of YVO4 was monitored and a special orientation relation between Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 and YVO4 is discussed.
Effect of solar wind velocity on magnetic cloud‐associated magnetic storm intensity

[1] We investigate geomagnetic storm activity during periods of 135 magnetic clouds identified with hourly averages of OMNI data from 1965 to 1998. It is found that the storm Dst index correlates well with both the Bz component (correlation coefficient, c.c. = −0.86) and the “rectified” electric field VBS (c.c. = −0.88) but does not correlate well with solar wind speed (c.c. = −0.58), indicating that the role of magnetic cloud speed in predicting storm intensity is a minor one. Solar wind speed does become important in predicting Dst for the studied cloud events when high solar wind speeds are considered. The correlation coefficient (c.c.) for Dst versus Bz increases dramatically when the solar wind speed exceeds 600 km/s. For example, the c.c. for Dst versus Bz is 0.99 for speeds between 600 and 750 km/s (15 events). This implies that solar wind velocity is also important indirectly for predicting the storm intensity when using Bz as a direct predictor. Specially, over the next 2 or 3 years, cloud speed is expected to increase, on average, as has already been observed. This provides us a good opportunity to estimate the intensity of cloud-associated geomagnetic storms by using the observed upstream Bz.
Visualization of EEG activity for stimulating sleep research

A data visualization tool, the PhenoFinder, is developed to help researchers find clinically meaningful or heritable patterns in brainwave activity during sleep in a cohort of 1836 nocturnal polysomnography studies. The interactive software lets researchers quickly view and explore various electroencephalography power spectral density patient profiles and select desired phenotypes for genome-wide association or sequencing. The design study addressed here evolved over an iterative process of informal studies conducted with end-users from Stanford's Center for Sleep Sciences and Behavioral Medicine and focused on highlighting the similarities and differences in patient data. Several new hypotheses were formed and new phenotypes considered during the design process. The software is primarily for domain experts; however, a lay user may find exploration of demographic changes in sleep insightful. It is available online with a small companion data-set at http://www.github.com/informaton/phenofinder.
The Need for a Multilevel Context-Aware Software Architecture Analysis and Design Method with Enterprise and System Architecture Concerns as First Class Entities

Traditional analysis and design approaches focus on "fit for purpose." Experience with contextual environment concerns demonstrates that "fit to context" is a consideration that is equally significant for the appropriateness of the chosen architecture. We propose a multilevel, context-aware approach to software architecture that (1) treats contextual environment concerns as first class entities and (2) groups concerns and techniques of different abstraction, scope and grain into separate explicit levels. We categorize contextual environment concerns into enterprise and system. The proposed method groups software architecture in macro-architecture and micro-architecture levels. In a significant departure from most current software architecture practices, we view and treat macro-architecture as a decision analysis discipline while applying the engineering modeling and design practices used in traditional software architecture methods to the micro-architecture level. In this paper we introduce the software architecture approach and method, discuss our current research, and identify the topics that must be addressed and further defined to complete the method.
Cluster anions: Structure, interactions, and dynamics in the sub-nanoscale regime

This article reflects on several recent advances in the studies of structure and dynamics of cluster anions, both as unique species and as a conceptual bridge between isolated molecules and the condensed phase. Applications involving photofragment and photodetachment spectroscopy, as well as femtosecond time-resolved experiments, are described. Special emphasis is given to the effects of microscopic solvation on the electronic structure and reactivity of negative ions in heterogeneous and homogeneous cluster environments. Several recent breakthroughs in experimental methodology are outlined, in particular the application of photoelectron imaging to the studies of molecular cluster anions.
Motivations for seeking minimally invasive cosmetic procedures in an academic outpatient setting.

Background The demand for minimally invasive cosmetic procedures has continued to rise, yet few studies have examined this patient population. Objectives This study sought to define the demographics, social characteristics, and motivations of patients seeking minimally invasive facial cosmetic procedures. Methods A prospective, single-institution cohort study of 72 patients was conducted from 2011 through 2014 at an urban academic medical center. Patients were aged 25 through 70 years; presented for botulinum toxin or soft tissue filler injections; and completed demographic, informational, and psychometric questionnaires before treatment. Descriptive statistics were conducted using Stata statistical software. Results The average patient was 47.8 years old, was married, had children, was employed, possessed a college or advanced degree, and reported an above-average income. Most patients felt that the first signs of aging occurred around their eyes (74.6%), and a similar percentage expressed this area was the site most desired for rejuvenation. Almost one-third of patients experienced a “major life event” within the preceding year, nearly half had sought prior counseling from a mental health specialist, and 23.6% were being actively prescribed psychiatric medication at the time of treatment. Conclusions Patients undergoing injectable aesthetic treatments in an urban outpatient academic center were mostly employed, highly educated, affluent women who believed that their procedure would positively impact their appearance. A significant minority experienced a major life event within the past year, which an astute clinician should address during the initial patient consultation. This study helps to better understand the psychosocial factors characterizing this patient population. Level of Evidence 4![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
STATISTICAL REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF IN VITRO MUTAGENICITY STUDY DATA

This paper deals with the procedures used in the statistical review and evaluation of in vitro mutagenicity assay data from a regulatory reviewer S perspective. Emphasis is placed on those used in analyzing revertant colony count data from Ames Salmonella/ Microsome mutagenicity assays. Statistical procedures used in analyzing data from other widely employed in vitro mutagenicity assays are also described briefly due to space limitation. Due to uncontrollable factors in the conduct of Salmonella test assays, there is a large plate-to-plate variability in revertant colony count data. The Poisson distribution is judged as not suitable for modeling this variability since in most cases, distributions of such data show that the variance is greater than the mean. The negative binomial distribution is proposed to replace the Poisson distribution for modeling this plate-toplate variabiliw. Two groups of procedures have been proposed to model the dose-response curve of the number of revertant colonies. The first group includes procedures which are based on biological mechanisms of reverse mutation of bacteria from auxotrophic cells to prototrophic cells. Those procedures consider the toxic effect in addition to the mutagenic effect of the test compound to reflect the possible nonmonotonic or downturn phenomenon in revertant count. They also consider the multigeneration phenomenon of the reverse mutation process. The second group consists of empirically-based procedures. Most procedures in this group also include terms for mutagenic and toxic effects of the test compound. The unweighted and weighted least squares, the maximum likelihood method, and the quasi likelihood method are used to estimate the parameters in the dose-response curve. Standard procedures based on normal approximation and the likelihood ratio test are used to test the mutagenic and toxic effects.
Altered Regulation of Cell Cycle Genes and Proteins in Senescent Human Diploid Fibroblasts

Human diploid fibroblasts have a finite proliferative lifespan at the end of which they are unable to enter S phase in response to mnitogenic stimulation even though they remain alive for many months.1 The G1 arrest state of senescent cells has much in common with the G l arrest state of early passage quiescent cells, because serum stimulation induces the expression of many early to mid-G1 genes in both senescent and quiescent cells. For example, mitogen-stimulated senescent cells are similar to mitogen-stimulated quiescent cells in their expression of c-myc, c-jun and c-H-ras.2,3,4 Nevertheless, mitogen-stimulated senescent cells are unable to enter S phase, whereas mitogen-stiinulated early passage quiescent cells enter S phase approximately 12–18 hours after stimulation. As a means of investigating the molecular basis for the failure to enter S phase in senescent human fibroblasts, we have sought to identify molecules and/or functions that are deficient in the mitogen response pathways in senescent cells. Since the control of cell proliferation in eukaryotes from yeast to man involves the regulated synthesis, activation and degradation of a family of cyclins, which interact with the Cdc2/CDC28 family of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk’s), 5,6 we have been analysing the amount and the activity of several cyclins and Cdk’s in senescent and quiescent human fibroblasts.7,8
Strength of Synthetic Single Crystal Sapphire and Ruby as a Function of Temperature and Orientation

The modulus of rupture of sapphire single crystals was determined as a function of temperature for specimens with orientations favoring plastic deformation and for specimens with unfavorable orientations. From 600°C. to l000°C., the strength of both types increased with increasing temperature, but the increase was more pronounced for the former. Ruby specimens oriented favorably for plastic deformation also showed a large increase in strength. It is conjectured that the increase in strength results from stress relief by microscopic plastic deformation.
Glucose induces sensitivity to oxygen deprivation and modulates insulin/IGF-1 signaling and lipid biosynthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Diet is a central environmental factor that contributes to the phenotype and physiology of individuals. At the root of many human health issues is the excess of calorie intake relative to calorie expenditure. For example, the increasing amount of dietary sugars in the human diet is contributing to the rise of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes have compromised oxygen delivery, and thus it is of interest to investigate the impact a high-sugar diet has on oxygen deprivation responses. By utilizing the Caenorhabditis elegans genetic model system, which is anoxia tolerant, we determined that a glucose-supplemented diet negatively impacts responses to anoxia and that the insulin-like signaling pathway, through fatty acid and ceramide synthesis, modulates anoxia survival. Additionally, a glucose-supplemented diet alters lipid localization and initiates a positive chemotaxis response. Use of RNA-sequencing analysis to compare gene expression responses in animals fed either a standard or glucose-supplemented diet revealed that glucose impacts the expression of genes involved with multiple cellular processes including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, stress responses, cell division, and extracellular functions. Several of the genes we identified show homology to human genes that are differentially regulated in response to obesity or type 2 diabetes, suggesting that there may be conserved gene expression responses between C. elegans fed a glucose-supplemented diet and a diabetic and/or obesity state observed in humans. These findings support the utility of the C. elegans model for understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating dietary-induced metabolic diseases.
Involuntary Teacher Transfer: An Underexamined Practice

Involuntary teacher transfer occurs whenever the reassignment of a teacher is initiated by a school or district rather than the teacher. These transitions are more likely to occur among special edu...
Metastatic melanoma involving the left maxillary antrum

Malignant melanoma may metastasize to any anatomic site via the hematogenous route. A patient is described in whom a metastasis developed in the left maxillary antrum and nasal cavity and who received successful palliative surgical and radiotherapeutic treatment.Metastatic carcinoma involving the paranasal sinuses has been reported most frequently secondary to renal cell tumors, followed by carcinoma of the lung and breast (Jortay, 1971; Robinson, 1973; Friedmann and Osborn, 1965; Bernstein et al., 1966). These tumor deposits are often diagnosed in a setting of diffuse metastatic disease or discovered at post-mortem examination. A patient recently treated at Pondville Hospital had symptomatic metastatic melanoma involving the left maxillary antrum and nasal cavity. Following surgical treat-ment, palliative radiotherapy was successfully delivered on three occasions providing symptomatic relief over the subsequent 17 months prior to the patient's death.
The dissociation energy of Cu2; Do we want to perform multi-reference singles and doubles cls on i%iany-electron systems?

Reference is made to a study by Hay and Dunning (1976), who showed that, for most problems, it is not necessary to perform full FOCI (first order configuration interaction); instead, only that subset of configuration state functions (CSFs) that differ by only one or two spin orbitals from any of a list of reference configurations need be used. This is referred to as POLCI. Calculations of the D(e) of Cu2 using both SDCI (singles and doubles configuration interaction) and POLCI models are presented. It is found that the size-consistency problems associated with SDCI cause an error in D(e), whereas the POLCI results are in excellent agreement with experiment. It is proposed that the orbitals be classified as inactive and active and that the inactive-inactive correlation be eliminated to reduce the size-consistency error. In addition, it is recommended that SDCI treatments be applied with caution to systems having a large number of electrons.
Divergent Total Syntheses of Lyconadins A and C

Divergent and concise total syntheses of two lycopodium alkaloids, lyconadins A and C have been developed. The synthesis of lyconadin A, having potent neurotrophic activity, features an efficient one-pot ketal removal and formal aza-[4+2] cyclization to form the cagelike core structure. A tandem ketal removal/Mannich reaction was developed to build the tricyclic structure of lyconadin C. Both lyconadins A and C were synthesized from a pivotal intermediate.
Flexible supercapacitor sheets based on hybrid nanocomposite materials

Nanomaterials with quasi-zero, one and two dimensionalities, including silicon nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, titanium oxide particles and graphene flakes, have been incorporated into the conducting polymer polyaniline to form nanocomposite materials for making flexible supercapacitor sheets. Characterization of the capacitor sheets showed that the inclusion of the nanomaterials in polyaniline has significantly improved the energy and power capabilities of the capacitor. In particular, a specific capacitance of 477.1 F/g has been obtained. The important properties of carbon nanotubes of improving the charge storage and reducing the resistance of the nanocomposite material and hence to enhance the power capability of the capacitor sheets have been studied. Stacks of capacitor sheets have been used to power a LED lamp to demonstrate the potential of the nanocomposite-based capacitor sheet in illumination applications.
Getting iTunes U at Ithaca College up and running

iTunes U is a free service from Apple that allows for the easy organization and distribution of content through iTunes. In the spring of 2008, Ithaca College signed a contract with Apple and began the process of deploying iTunes U on campus. This paper describes Ithaca College's iTunes U project including information on the institutional need, the contract, the technical set-up, the implementation and the communication plan. Other important project components included getting community buy-in, identifying key content providers and stake-holders, establishing a pilot group and an internal site, developing the user support infrastructure and finally going live with public content and bringing the project out of its pilot phase. Communication and collaboration with the campus community were critical attributes of this project that led to a successfully implementation of this service. This paper lays-out our project plan and describes the successes and the challenges we faced in bringing iTunes U to the campus community.
Accurate Estimating Simultaneous Switching Noises by Using Application Specific Device Modeling

In this paper, we study the simultaneous switching noise problem by using an application-specific modeling method. A simple yet accurate MOSFET model is proposed in order to derive closed-form formulas for simultaneous switching noise voltage waveforms. We first derive a simple formula assuming that the inductances are the only parasitics. Through HSPICE simulation, we show that the new formula is more accurate than previous results based on the same assumption. We then study the effect of the parasitic capacitances of ground bonding wires and pads. We show that the maximum simultaneous switching noise should be calculated using four different formulas depending on the value of the parasitic capacitances and the slope of the input signal. The proposed formulas, modeling both parasitic inductances and capacitances, are within 3% of HSPICE simulation results.
Control of Wing-Rock Motion of Slender Delta Wings

A theoretical analysis is conducted to determine the optimal control input for wing-rock suppression through a Hamiltonian formulation. The optimality equations are analyzed through Beecham-Titchener's averaging technique and numerically integrated by a backward-differentiation formulas method developed for implicit differential equations. The weighting factors in the cost function are shown to be related explicitly to the system output damping and frequency. A numerical model constructed for an 80-deg delta wing is solved to illustrate the results. It is shown that Beecham-Titchener's technique is accurate in determining the necessary control function to suppress wing rock. From the numerical results, it is also shown that an effective way to suppress wing rock is to control the roll rate. System sensitivity is investigated by determining variations in system output damping and frequency with aerodynamic model coefficients. The results show that higher sensitivity corresponds to lower system damping.
Effects of live, videotaped, or written instruction on learning an upper-extremity exercise program.

Background and Purpose. Today's health care environment encourages cost containment in many aspects of patient care, including exercise instruction in physical therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether different modes of instruction affect the learning of an exercise program, as measured by retention test performance immediately after the instruction and practice and after a 1-day delay. Subjects. Subjects were 40 people, aged 26 to 51 years (X=38.4, SD=7.4), with no known shoulder pathology. Methods. Subjects were instructed in a series of 5 shoulder exercises by 1 of 4 modes of instruction: (1) live modeling, (2) corrected-error videotape, (3) error-free videotape, and (4) handout alone. Results. Subjects who received instruction from handout materials alone (handout group) exhibited poorer performance accuracy than subjects who received live or videotaped modeling and exercise instruction. In addition, the total number of errors of the handout group was more than twice the average of the live instruction and videotape instruction groups. No differences were found between the live instruction group and the 2 groups that received videotaped instruction. Discussion and Conclusion. Live and videotaped modeling are more effective than a handout alone for achieving performance accuracy of a basic exercise program, as measured by immediate and delayed retention tests.