cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis of Highly Photoactive α-Fe2O3-Based Films for Water Oxidation

This work reports a facile method for preparing highly photoactive α-Fe2O3 films as well as their implementation as photoanodes for water oxidation. Transparent α-Fe2O3 films were prepared by a new deposition–annealing (DA) process using nontoxic iron(III) chloride as the Fe precursor, followed by annealing at 550 °C in air. Ti-doped α-Fe2O3 films were prepared by the same method, with titanium butoxide added as the Ti precursor. Impedance measurements show that the Ti-dopant serves as an electron donor and increases the donor density by 2 orders of magnitude. The photoelectrochemical performance of undoped and Ti-doped α-Fe2O3 photoanodes was characterized and optimized through controlled variation of the Fe and Ti precursor concentration, annealing conditions, and the number of DA cycles. Compared to the undoped sample, the photocurrent onset potential of Ti-doped α-Fe2O3 is shifted about 0.1–0.2 V to lower potential, thus improving the photocurrent and incident photon to current conversion efficiency (...
69 BLOOD PRESSURE IN PRETERM NEONATES WITH A BIRTH WEIGHT OF 500 TO 1,250 GRAMS DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF LIFE: NORMATIVE VALUES, USE OF PRESSORS, AND STEROIDS.

Background Normal values of blood pressure are well established for healthy term newborn infants. In these infants, blood pressure increases rapidly during the first week and then gradually until 6 weeks of life. In contrast, most very low birth weight infants are not “healthy” and the normative value of blood pressure in these infants remains controversial. Methods Four hundred fifteen preterm infants with birth weights of 500 to 1,250 g were born at LAC+USC Medical Center between 1995 and 2005. Of these, 36 infants were excluded due to severe malformation or death during first week and the remaining 379 infants were entered in the study. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured through an indwelling umbilical arterial catheter or peripheral arterial line. MAP values from each day were entered prospectively into the database. Lower limit of acceptable MAP was arbitrarily set at a value of gestational age (GA) plus 3 mm Hg at birth and appropriately adjusted for postnatal age. MAP lower than this limit triggered use of pressors and, if nonresponsive, addition of steroids. Results Conclusions Initial MAP among the extremely low birth weights is similar to those observed in infants > 1,000 g. MAP increased with increasing birth weight and advancing postnatal age in all weight groups. MAP observed in infants receiving pressors was similar to that seen in stable infants, who did not receive pressors. Our goal of maintaining MAP equal to GA +3 appears to be a reasonable target. Short- and long-term outcomes of these infants are in progress. Our data from a large number of preterm infants provide a basis for acceptable MAP values during the first week of life.
Quantitative CD3 PET Imaging Predicts Tumor Growth Response to Anti-CTLA-4 Therapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have made rapid advances, resulting in multiple Food and Drug Administration–approved therapeutics that have markedly improved survival. However, these benefits are limited to a minority subpopulation that achieves a response. Predicting which patients are most likely to benefit would be valuable for individual therapy optimization. T-cell markers such as CD3—by examining active recruitment of the T cells responsible for cancer-cell death—represent a more direct approach to monitoring tumor immune response than pretreatment biopsy or genetic screening. This approach could be especially effective as numerous different therapeutic strategies emerge, decreasing the need for drug-specific biomarkers and instead focusing on T-cell infiltration, which has been previously correlated with treatment response. Methods: A CD3 PET imaging agent targeting T cells was synthesized to test the role of such imaging as a predictive marker. The 89Zr-p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-deferoxamine-CD3 PET probe was assessed in a murine tumor xenograft model of anti–cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) immunotherapy of colon cancer. Results: Imaging on day 14 revealed 2 distinct groups of mice stratified by PET signal intensity. Although there was no significant difference in tumor volume on the day of imaging, in the high-uptake group subsequent measurements revealed significantly smaller tumors than in either the low-uptake group or the untreated controls. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the size of tumors between the low-uptake and untreated control mice. Conclusion: These findings indicate that high CD3 PET uptake in the anti-CTLA-4–treated mice correlated with subsequent reduced tumor volume and was a predictive biomarker of response.
Single-dose pharmacokinetics of clomiphene citrate in normal volunteers*

Twenty-four healthy adult female volunteers participated in a randomized, three-phase double-blind crossover trial comparing the single-dose (50 mg) pharmacokinetics of three formulations of clomiphene citrate (CC). Plasma levels of both the Z(cis) and E(trans) isomers of CC, as well as principal metabolites, were determined at periodic intervals; and no differences between formulations were observed. The active Z isomer attained peak blood levels later than the inactive E isomer and was eliminated much more slowly, significant plasma concentrations still being detected up to 1 month after treatment. The results of this study demonstrate that three commercially available formulations of CC are bioequivalent.
Adaptive Service-Chain Routing for Virtual Network Functions in Software-Defined Networks

Software-defined networking is shifting data communication networks toward more centralized control. The availability of virtual machines and lightweight containers enables dynamic placement of virtual network functions on demand. A key challenge is to efficiently route service-chain requests and place processing functions in a network under operational constraints. We present a novel method of solving the node-constrained service chain routing problem in a software-defined network. The main idea is to transform the network representation to a layered graph that considers processing steps and allows the use of conventional shortest-path algorithms, such as Dijkstra's algorithm, to solve the problem. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach through an emulated prototype implementation that uses dynamic utilization measurements on links and hosts to determine network conditions at runtime.
Piezocomposite Design, Manufacture, and Applications

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of piezocomposite materials. It describes the phenomenon of piezoelectricity, which is the basis of all piezocomposites, and discusses the attributes of the primary piezoceramic materials. The design, manufacturing processes, and primary applications of two commercially available piezocomposite configurations are illustrated. Simple analytical models that are used to describe the properties of these two composite designs are also presented. The chapter then discusses the design issues and manufacturing processes, and describes some important applications for 0-3 and 1-3 type piezoelectric ceramicpolymer composites. The poled ferroelectric ceramics PT and PZT are the materials of choice as the active component in nearly all piezocomposite devices. This is because of their high piezoelectric response and stability. Piezocomposites offer the advantage of easy design flexibility for specific applications, especially in the case of 1-3 connectivity. Although shape apodization, increased band width, and constant beam width transducers can be accomplished with monolithic piezoceramics, it is at a high cost. With piezocomposites, these features can be obtained much more cheaply. In addition, the dice-and-fill and injection molding manufacturing processes have made these, as well as future, advances in product development possible.
Imaging of Inflammatory Arthritis in Children: Status and Perspectives on the Use of Ultrasound, Radiographs, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The hallmark of juvenile idiopathic arthritis is synovial inflammation, and the goal of treatment is to suppress inflammation to prevent cartilage damage and bone erosions. Ultrasound and MRI are widely used imaging modalities in evaluating disease burden and response to treatments and are superior to clinical examination alone. However, differentiating between the normal appearance of the developing skeleton and pathologic conditions can be difficult, particularly in early disease. Larger, long-term studies are needed to standardize imaging definitions and protocols and to fully understand the clinical implications of imaging findings.
Primate Neurons Flex Their Musclin.

Sensory experience evokes long-lasting changes in neural circuits through activity-dependent gene expression. Ataman et al. (2016) report in Nature that primates evolved novel transcriptional responses to neuronal activity, including induction of musclin/osteocrin (OSTN), which may regulate specialized aspects of primate neural circuits.
Multinationals and Foreign Direct Investment

Multinationals are active in different countries. This note explores why this is the case and how multinationals can be competitive in these foreign environments. At the same time, the note discusses recent trends in foreign direct investment (FDI). Excerpt UVA-G-0613 Rev. July 27, 2009 Multinationals and Foreign Direct Investment Globalization has increased the interconnectedness of countries: International trade flows and international capital flows between countries have grown dramatically in the last few decades, and there have also been significant international migration flows. This interconnectedness is changing the way we look at companies. It no longer makes sense to focus merely on the activities of a company in one region when studying its business strategy. Companies not only look beyond the domestic market and export or import, they also routinely extend their operations to neighboring or far-off countries and set up affiliates there. Production and sales decisions therefore have to be embedded in a global strategy. Multinationals, which are defined as companies that have a significant equity share in another company in a different country (an affiliate or subsidiary), are responsible for one out of every five dollars in sales of manufacturing goods in the United States and one out of every four euros in Europe. Also, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) estimates that one-third of worldwide goods and service trade is intrafirm trade—that is to say, trade between subsidiaries of the IBMs, Samsungs, or British Petroleums of this world that are active in different countries, or trade between their subsidiaries and headquarters. This note focuses on the operations of multinationals and the particular challenges they face. A good starting point for thinking about multinationals is to realize that they operate in a foreign environment in which, on the surface, they should have a competitive disadvantage compared with domestic firms. Multinationals are not as familiar as local firms are with local customs, traditions, or languages, and they may not have the same insight into the quality of local suppliers that domestic firms may have. Hence, the preeminent question: What is it that multinationals bring to the table that makes them able to compete successfully despite their disadvantages? Why do multinationals extend their reach beyond their countries of origin? Before turning to those questions, we should focus first on foreign direct investment (FDI) with which multinationals are often associated in statistics and which gets absorbed in the aggregate macro category of Investment (I). FDI Flows . . .
Edible Justice: Between Food Justice and the Culinary Imaginary

This paper examines how eating illuminates the operations of memory, on one hand, and how practices of memory sheds light on the ways that our material food practices are imbued with meaning. In order to do so, I develop some ideas from Jennifer Jordan’s recent book Edible Memory. In that work, she identifies the ways that eating food is a deeply personal experience, but one that shapes and is shaped by our social and material world. Edible memory, in other words, describes processes through which historical meaning is transmitted and how it is received and incorporated into one’s life. While developing Jordan’s analysis of edible memory, I also want to trouble it by suggesting another dimension of memory that remains under-theorized in her account. In particular, while edible memory can be seen in a variety of mnemonic practices surrounding food, Jordan’s account underplays the relationality of memory and how memory operates to co-constitute identities. As such, her account needs to be further supplemented with a description of the ways that forgetting and appropriating culinary traditions can marginalize others’ identities. By providing an account of this, I show how edible memory is implicated in, and framed by, relations of power, and how it can nevertheless operate as a site of mnemonic resistance that can challenge oppressive culinary practices.
Posteromedial rotatory incongruity of the elbow: a computational kinematics study.

Background Our objective was to analyze the effect of different anteromedial coronoid fracture patterns with different combinations of ligamentous repairs. We hypothesized that smaller fractures would be sufficiently treated with ligamentous repair alone but that larger fragments would require a combination of ligament and bony repair versus reconstruction. Methods Two multibody models were created from cadaveric specimens in the ADAMS program. Four different conditions were simulated: (1) no fracture, (2) O'Driscoll anteromedial subtype I (2.5-mm) fracture, (3) subtype II 2.5-mm fracture, and (4) subtype II 5-mm fracture. In each of these conditions, 3 ligament repairs were studied: lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL), posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (pMCL), and both LUCL and pMCL. For each condition, kinematics and articular contact areas were calculated. Results LUCL repair alone increases whereas pMCL repair decreases internal rotation of the ulna relative to all tested posteromedial rotatory instability conditions; their rotational effects are summative when both ligaments are repaired. With a subtype I fracture and both pMCL and LUCL injuries, repairing the LUCL alone corrects angulation whereas rotational stability is satisfactory through the arc from 0° to 90°. In a subtype II 2.5-mm fracture, isolated repair of the LUCL or pMCL is not capable of restoring rotation or angulation. For a subtype II 5-mm fracture, no combination of ligamentous repairs could restore rotation or angulation. Conclusions This study suggests that LUCL repair alone is sufficient to restore kinematics for small subtype I fractures for an arc avoiding deep flexion; whereas nearly normal kinematics throughout the arc of motion can be achieved if the pMCL is also repaired. Larger anteromedial coronoid fractures should ideally have fragments fixed in addition to ligament repairs.
Methodology for Elucidating the Folding Dynamics of Peptides : Met-enkephalin Case Study

The ability to characterize the energy surface and reaction pathways of peptides is an important step in understanding the protein folding process. However, this problem may be intractable for realistically modeled systems, such as those represented by all atom force-fields. In this work, a method for mapping the connectivity of relatively low energy regions through the identification of first order transition states is introduced. The methodology relies on the use of a deterministic global optimization approach for identifying low free energy ensembles of conformers [20]. The technique is applied to both unsolvated and solvated forms of the oligopeptide met-enkephalin.
Shear Localization in Viscoplastic Solids-Thermal Aspects

ABSTRACT The process of thermo-viscoplastic shear localization in metallic materials is simulated by carrying out a full two-dimensional large deformation finite element analysis of a solid subjected to plane strain frictionless compression under (a) completely adiabatic conditions, and (b) heat conducting conditions.
Competitive Reinforcement Learning.

Abstract A crucial problem for connectionist learning schemes is how to partition the space of input vectors into useful categories for subsequent processing. Currently this partitioning is usually accomplished by unsupervised competitive learning algorithms. Although these schemes are simple and fast, they are unable to deal with categorizations that depend on factors other than the vectors' superficial similarity. Specifically they do not take into account feedback (or reinforcement) from outside the system as to the appropriateness of the categorizations that are being learned. We have developed an algorithm and architecture for a connectionist system which mimics unsupervised competitive learning in function; however in form it resembles a reinforcement learning scheme. We call this algorithm competitive reinforcement. This algorithm is inherently more stable than traditional competitive learning paradigms and can be easily and naturally adapted to function in reinforcement learning networks, allowing feature detection to be guided by externally generated reinforcement. A demonstration of the algorithm and its features using the classic dipole stimulus is presented. We suggest that this type of algorithm may be important in the building of large-scale networks for learning complex tasks.
Alzheimer's Disease 2012: The Great Amyloid Gamble

Alzheimer's disease threatens to become the scourge of the 21st century. Hundreds of millions of aging people throughout the world are at risk, but it is clear that the disease encompasses more than just the natural aging process. Deposits of amyloid β peptides in the brains of demented individuals are a defining feature of the disease, yet two decades of intensive investigation, focusing on reducing or removing amyloid deposits, have failed to produce any meaningful therapeutic interventions. Some researchers question whether amyloid is the appropriate target. Others maintain that early, presymptomatic intervention would be a more informative test, and propose large-scale clinical trials in patients who are believed to be in the earliest, and potentially reversible, stages of the disease. This review explores the wisdom of that approach.
A collaborative energy sharing optimization model among electric vehicle charging stations, commercial buildings, and power grid

Abstract This paper studied a collaborative decision model to optimize electricity flow among commercial buildings, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, and the grid under power demand uncertainty. We propose a two-stage stochastic programming model that realistically captures different operational constraints between multiple commercial buildings and EV charging stations. We developed a customized solution approach based on Sample Average Approximation method that can solve the proposed model efficiently and accurately. Finally, a real-life case study is constructed that draws managerial insights into how different key input parameters (e.g., grid power unavailability, power collaboration restriction) affect the overall energy network design and cost.
The Salience of “Hegemonic Masculinity”:

This article argues that the concept of “hegemonic masculinity” remains highly salient to critical masculinities studies. The author outlines Raewyn Connell's initial formulation of the concept, ho...
Metaphoria: An Algorithmic Companion for Metaphor Creation

Creative writing, from poetry to journalism, is at the crux of human ingenuity and social interaction. Existing creative writing support tools produce entire passages or fully formed sentences, but these approaches fail to adapt to the writer's own ideas and intentions. Instead we posit to build tools that generate ideas coherent with the writer's context and encourage writers to produce divergent outcomes. To explore this, we focus on supporting metaphor creation. We present Metaphoria, an interactive system that generates metaphorical connections based on an input word from the writer. Our studies show that Metaphoria provides more coherent suggestions than existing systems, and supports the expression of writers' unique intentions. We discuss the complex issue of ownership in human-machine collaboration and how to build adaptive creativity support tools in other domains.
Impact of the introduced predator, Laricobius nigrinus, on ovisacs of the overwintering generation of hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States

Abstract Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is an invasive pest causing significant mortality to eastern and Carolina hemlock in eastern North America. Since 2003, management of HWA has included targeted release of the HWA predator Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), native to western North America. Establishment of L. nigrinus at release sites is well documented, but investigations of its impact on HWA populations have been limited. A four-year (2014–2018), two-phase study using predator exclusion cages to assess the impact of L. nigrinus on HWA was conducted at nine previous release sites in the eastern United States. Significantly more HWA sistens ovisacs were disturbed on no-cage and open-cage branches than on caged branches where predators were excluded. Mean disturbance levels on cage, no-cage and open-cage branches was 8, 38, and 27 percent, respectively. Seven of nine sites had a mean HWA ovisac disturbance greater than 50% for at least one year. Winter temperatures were also a significant factor in overall mortality of the sistens generation with a mean of 46% on study branches. Six of nine sites had a mean overall mortality (winter mortality and predation) greater than 80% for at least one year. Larvae of Laricobius spp. were recovered at all sites during this study. Sequencing of the COI gene from recoveries in Phase One (2015 and 2016) indicated that 88% were L. nigrinus and 12% were L. rubidus LeConte. Microsatellite analysis performed during Phase Two (2017 and 2018) indicated that approximately 97% of larval recoveries were L. nigrinus, 2% were hybrids of L. nigrinus and L. rubidus, and 1% were L. rubidus. Results of this study suggest that L. nigrinus can significantly impact the HWA sistens generation ovisacs and continued investment in the use of this species as a biological control is recommended.
A Signal Model for PRF Dithering in Wide-Swath, Fine-Resolution InSAR

Wide-swath radar imaging requires that the time interval to collect each radar pulse echo is large and can often exceed the interpulse period. As it is difficult to both transmit and receive from the same antenna simultaneously, there will be “blind ranges” when the receive and transmit times overlap. This leads to gaps in the radar echo and thus degradation of system performance. Today, most wide-swath systems address this by segmenting the swath in range, such as in the ScanSAR or Terrain Observation with Progressive Scan (TOPS) mode operation, so that each subswath is within the range ambiguity limit. Some groups have started experimenting with the variations in the sweepSAR technology, in which the receive antenna tracks the radar echo across the swath, realizing a complete wide-swath range scan but leading to the echo gaps. Here, we look at minimizing the effect of blind ranges by varying the radar pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) and interpolating across the gaps to preserve azimuth signal continuity. If the pulse times are selected properly, the main effect is to raise the noise floor of the echoes. Geocoded magnitude images, interferograms and correlation images, and deformation time series show strong robustness with respect to dithering, demonstrating that choosing essentially random PRFs allows for accurate generation of SAR and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data products while retaining wide-swath, fine-resolution coverage.
Gently stirred not shaken

Manipulating weakly bound helium dimers with ultrafast laser pulses reveals their quantum behaviour. This method opens a route towards studying the low-energy dynamics of other exotic and fragile quantum states.
In CKD, dapagliflozin reduced a composite of eGFR decline, end-stage kidney disease, or CV or renal mortality.

SOURCE CITATION Heerspink HJ, Stefansson BV, Correa-Rotter R, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1436-46. 32970396.
Transgender People of Color: Experiences and Coping During the School-Age Years

Eleven individuals who identified as transgender people of color (TPOC) were interviewed about their retrospective school-age experiences and how they learned to cope during youth and adolescence. ...
Early Life Determinants of Cognitive Ability: A Comparative Study on Madagascar and Senegal

We study the determinants of educational and cognitive outcomes of young adults in Madagascar and Senegal employing a production function approach. Using unique and comparable long-term panel data sets from both countries, we find that cognitive skills measured using test scores in second grade are strong predictors of school attainment and cognitive skills of a cohort of individuals surveyed in their early twenties. The inclusion of early life household wealth, parental education and other household characteristics in the model does not diminish the impact of early cognitive ability on educational and cognitive outcomes in young adult life. Additionally, we find that both early life cognitive ability and health seem to have independent effects on educational attainment and adult cognition.In Senegal, both math and French scores are strong predictors of adult cognitive skills, whereas in Madagascar math plays a relatively stronger role. We find suggestive evidence that the association between early life cognitive ability and later life outcomes is stronger among girls as compared to boys. We also show significant differences in the relationship between early ability and later life test scores for those cohort members according to their height, which we consider a proxy for health status – shorter individuals show a stronger relationship between second grade performance and later life outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of how falling behind in early life may be critical in determining longterm outcomes, particularly for vulnerable groups, that is girls and shorter individuals.
Solubility of some sodium soaps in pinene

1. Solubility curves have been determined over the temperature range 30° to 150° C. for sodium palmitate, stearate and oleate in pinene. The solubility of the three soaps decreases in the order NaOl>NaStr>NaP. 2. The solubility curves show a kink or change in direction at about 100° to 110° C. which is caused possibly by either the formation of colloidal micelles or a phase transition of the soap. 3. The regions of existence of solutions, sols, crystals, jellies, gels, etc., in the system sodium oleate-pinene have been indicated in a schematic partial phase diagram.
Neuropathic pain from a nasal valve suspension suture.

Nasal valve collapse is a common cause of nasal obstruction. A wide variety of surgical techniques have been used to treat nasal valve collapse, including spreader and alar batten grafts.1 In 1996, Paniello described a technique called nasal valve suspension, which was a novel method of using sutures to suspend components of the upper lateral and lower lateral cartilages, thus preventing their collapse during inspiration.2
Robust path tracking control of industrial robots: An H/sub infinity / approach

The path tracking control problem for industrial robots using a computed torque plus H/sub infinity / optimal compensation technique is examined. The former is used to render the robot model into a linear one with a generalized disturbance, where the disturbance is due to the model uncertainty, sensor noise and external disturbances. The H/sub infinity / technique is then applied to synthesize a compensator that minimized in the H/sub infinity / sense. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. >
Estimating The Security Market Line and Performance Measurement With Augmented Fama-MacBeth Regressions

This paper introduces an econometric theory which extends the Fama-MacBeth procedure for estimating risk adjusted returns by providing better estimators for security market line (SML) parameters. We show that the FM estimator violates necessary conditions for normality so that studies using it for inference tend to conclude that "beta is dead" when it may not be. We introduce methodology that (1) is robust to data generating processes; (2) satisfies the Dybvig-Ross critique; (3) shows how the FM estimator underestimates SML slope and; (4) show how puzzling empirical results proclaiming that the SML is flat, may be actually confirming an artifact of specification error in which the slope parameter appears to be zero, whenever its non-deterministic component is zero - even though its deterministic component is non-zero. To address this problem, we introduce simple augmented regressions - with beta as the sole explanatory variable - which provide estimators that stochastically dominate FM estimators, yield locally most powerful (LMP) tests and reject the null of zero slope more often. The methodology also generates a modified Jensen alpha to construct simple conservative econometric tests of portfolio performance measurement.
Industrial Structure and the Sources of Agglomeration Economies: Evidence from Manufacturing Plant Production

The impacts of agglomeration and local industrial structure are examined through an analysis of establishment-level productivity. Using micro-level data, measures of regional industrial specialization, economic diversity, and industrial competitive structure are incorporated together into a production function system estimated cross-sectionally for three years and three manufacturing industries in the U.S. The findings demonstrate the importance of the influences of regional industrial competitive structure and diversity on performance.
Nucleation and growth of Ag films on a quasicrystalline AlPdMn surface

Nucleation and growth of thin films of Ag on the fivefold surface of an ${\mathrm{Al}}_{72}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{19.5}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{8.5}$ icosahedral quasicrystal is studied with scanning-tunneling microscopy. For low coverages, flux-independent island nucleation is observed involving adatom capture at ``traps.'' With increasing coverage, islands start growing vertically, but then spread, and ultimately form hexagonal nanocrystals. These have fcc symmetry and pyramidlike multilayer stacking along the 〈111〉 direction. The constituent hexagonal islands have five different orientations, rotated by 2\ensuremath{\pi}/5, thus reflecting the symmetry of the substrate.
Feeding Competition and Patch Size in the Chimpanzee Species Pan Paniscus and Pan Troglodytes

The relative importance of feeding competition in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii is examined in an attempt to understand the major differences in social organization of the two species. P. paniscus at Lomako is characterized by a stronger tendency for association among females than among female P. troglodytes at Gombe. Party size in P. paniscus is dependent on patch size. Feeding competition was more important in small patches than in large patches. The total amount of feeding time by a party in a patch (chimp-minutes) was a measure of patch size that was available for both chimpanzee species. P. paniscus was found to have larger party sizes and to use larger food patches than P. troglodytes. The importance of dispersed ground foods for each species of chimpanzee was compared and, although the results are not conclusive, they indicate that this type of food was equally important in the diets of both populations. Two hypotheses of the ecological basis for differences in social structure are compared in light of this evidence.
Amino Acid Composition of Extracellular Protein from Six Mycobacteria.

SummaryExtracellular protein has been obtained from 6 strains of mycobacteria (4 species) by a uniform procedure. The amino acid composition of the protein preparations is presented.
Endovascular treatment of a symptomatic extracranial vertebral artery aneurysm

Aneurysms of the extracranial vertebral artery are uncommon, with most cases attributed to penetrating head and neck trauma. We report a 29-year-old man with a symptomatic proximal extracranial vertebral artery aneurysm of unclear etiology. This patient's aneurysm was definitively treated after a successful balloon occlusion test of his affected vertebral artery. An endovascular approach was used combining coil embolization of the distal vertebral artery and a covered stent graft in the subclavian. Although aneurysms of this size and location are traditionally repaired with open aneurysmectomy, we show that endovascular approaches can be a safe and effective alternative.
Disproportionation of CO: II. Over cobalt and nickel single crystals

The catalytic disproportionation of CO in the presence of Ni and Co single crystals has been studied in the temperature range 400–800 °C. For both Ni and Co, at the lower temperatures, the formation of an intermediate carbide phase, prior to the formation of carbon which was present mainly in the form of filaments, was shown to be a principal factor. Furthermore, such intermediate carbides often grew in the form of single crystal hexagonal and pseudohexagonal shaped plates. At higher temperatures, a transient carbide phase was predicted to explain the morphology of the finally appearing graphite plates. This graphite displayed physical characteristics typical of a highly crystalline material and was comparable to the graphite formed over heated metals during the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. A new form of cobalt carbide, β-Co3C, is reported. This has the hexagonal DO24-type structure with lattice parameters a = 5.26 A and c = 8.41A.
Initiation at closely spaced replication origins in a yeast chromosome

Replication of eukaryotic chromosomes involves initiation atorigins spaced an average of 50 to 100 kilobase pairs. In yeast,potential origins can be recognized as autonomous replicationsequences (ARSs) that allow maintenance of plasmids. However, thereare more ARS elements than active chromosomal origins. The possibilitywas examined that close spacing of ARSs can lead to inactiveorigins. Two ARSs located 6.5 kilobase pairs apart can indeedinterfere with each other. Replication is initiated from one or theother ARS with equal probability, but rarely (
Surface-to-Surface Radiation Exchange Effects in a 3D SOFC Stack Unit Cell

This paper reports a new study where radiation effects are studied in details in an SOFC stack. The 3D model used includes and couples fluid dynamics, electrochemistry, electrical conduction, diffusion, and heat transfer physics. The model was built using in-house experimental voltage-current density data for validation purposes. The objective of this study is to understand the effects of radiation in the flow channels of SOFC stacks. Both gas radiation and surface-to-surface heat exchange are considered. This study indicates that gas radiation is negligible when compared to surface-to-surface heat exchange. It is also found that surface-to-surface heat exchange cannot be neglected and actually provides a more uniform temperature distribution along the SOFC stack. Heat transfer via convection is also significant and should be included when modeling similar situations. Finally, the model indicates that viscous dissipation is a negligible source of heat generation. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4007816]
Growth of Juveniles and Egg Production of Mummichogs Fed Different Diets in the Laboratory

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of six diets to promote growth, survival, and egg production in juvenile mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus reared in the laboratory. Fish were fed one of six diets—nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia sp. (24 h posthatch), frozen brine shrimp, BioTrainer, Salomon Moist, TetraMin, or Canadian Moist—for 33 weeks. The instantaneous growth rate in mummichogs changed significantly (analysis of variance, P < 0.05) between diet treatment and over time. TetraMin and Canadian Moist produced the lowest growth overall. Survival was high for fish fed brine shrimp nauplii, frozen brine shrimp, BioTrainer, and TetraMin. There were no significant differences in egg production on the basis of total female weight. Brine shrimp nauplii, frozen brine shrimp, BioTrainer, and Salomon Moist promoted the best growth; brine shrimp nauplii, frozen brine shrimp, BioTrainer, and TetraMin promoted the best survival. Fish size rather than diet affected total egg production. Pro...
The Beck Depression Inventory: Is it a suitable measure of depression for individuals with traumatic brain injury?

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores and current diagnosis of depression, based on The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Diagnosis (SCID). DESIGN: Correlation. SETTING: Community-based sample. PARTICIPANTS: 100 individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) participated in this study, 25 of whom were diagnosed as depressed and 75 as not depressed at the time of interview. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: BDI scores, number of symptoms reported on a symptom checklist and DSM-IV diagnosis of depression. RESULTS: BDI symptoms correlated significantly with the SCID diagnosis of depression (r = .30) but were more strongly related (r = .67) to the number of non-depression-related problems reported, using the TIRR Symptom Checklist, a list of symptoms frequently found post TBI. The BDI had low sensitivity for discriminating depressed from nondepressed individuals (sensitivity = 36% when specificity was set at 80%). These results suggest that for individuals with TBI, high BDI scores may reflect hyperreactivity to post-TBI symptoms to a greater extent than clinical depression. CONCLUSIONS: Further study is needed to (1) understand the physiological, functional, and psychosocial factors that are associated with depression in individuals with TBI; (2) provide the basis for developing better measures of depression; and (3) understand how depression is experienced after TBI. Language: en
Continuous nanoparticle production by microfluidic-based emulsion, mixing and crystallization

BaSO{sub 4} and 2,2'-dipyridylamine (DPA) nanoparticles were synthesized as reactive crystallization and anti-solvent recrystallization examples, respectively, of using the microfluidic-based emulsion and mixing approach as a new avenue of continuously producing inorganic and organic nanoparticles. BaSO{sub 4} nanoparticles in the size range of 15-100 nm were reactively precipitated within the confinement of an aqueous droplet which was coalesced from two separate aqueous droplets containing BaCl{sub 2} and (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} using a three T-junction micromixer configuration constructed with commercially available simple tubing and fitting supplies. Also, DPA nanoparticles of about 200 nm were crystallized by combining DPA+ethanol and water droplets using the same micromixer configuration. - Graphical abstract: BaSO{sub 4} and 2,2'-dipyridylamine (DPA) nanoparticles were synthesized as reactive crystallization and anti-solvent recrystallization examples, respectively, of using the microfluidic-based emulsion and mixing approach as a new avenue of continuously producing inorganic and organic nanoparticles.
Determination of the formal reduction potential, the electron stoichiometry, and the magnitude of the conformational change upon reduction for cytochrome c from potential-dependent fluorescence spectra☆

Abstract A long-optical-path electrochemical cell was used to determine the formal reduction potential (E0′) and the electron stoichiometry (n) for 1 μ m horse heart cytochrome c solutions from Nernst plots of the fluorescence spectrum of the tryptophan-59. Various concentration ratios of the oxidized to the reduced forms of the protein were generated by application of different potentials. The fluorescence spectrum was found to decrease with increasing concentrations of reduced cytochrome c. This decrease is interpreted in terms of a movement of the tryptophan toward the heme upon reduction, resulting in an increase in the rate of energy transfer to the heme. The magnitude of the conformational change is compared for cytochrome c in NaClH2O and NaBrH2O solutions with the latter being larger.
Girls gather for computer science (G2CS) (abstract only)

Girls Gather for Computer Science (G2CS) is an innovative computer science summer camp for middle school girls. The goal of the camp is to change how girls experience computer science by placing them in an all-female environment where they explore computer science in a fun and interactive way. Girls are exposed to female role models while middle school teachers and parents are educated about the issues facing women in technology fields. Each week of the camp has a different theme: web development, robotics, programming with Alice, and computer hardware and the camp includes field trips to local technology companies such as Intel and Vernier Software & Technology. Campers use a closed social networking site to communicate and share ideas, and continue to use this site after the camp is over. This provides the girls with a supporting community that will continue to foster their interest in computer science even after the camp has ended. Oregon Public Broadcasting (OPB) partnered with us to produce the camp website, a 10 minute video of the camp, 5 interviews with professional female computer scientists, and online interactive games that teach computer science concepts. The project includes a ten-year study to follow the progress of the campers. Initial assessment of G2CS shows that it had a positive and significant impact on the participants.
Molecular cloning and sequence variation of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs from potatoes sensitive and resistant to cold sweetening.

Abstract RT-PCR was used to isolate seven cDNAs encoding uridine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) from six potato cultivars that differed markedly in their ability to sweeten in cold storage (2–4°C). These sequences were compared to two potato UGPase-cDNAs previously published. All cDNAs were highly conserved (97.6–99.9%) and coded for polypeptides with 477 amino acids. The cDNAs could be placed into two sequence classes depending on whether they contained a Bam H1 site at nucleotide positions 1315–1320. The presence of the Bam H1 site (substitution of a C for a T at bp position 1320) did not lead to a change of an amino acid in the mature protein. There were 27 nucleotide polymorphisms that co-segregated along with the Bam H1 site, five of which led to an amino acid change (i.e., bp positions (5) Thr for Ala; (30) Glu for Asp; (82) Lys for Asn; (445) Lys for Glu; and (450) Val for Ile). All of the encoded polypeptides contained the five highly conserved lysine residues located at positions 263, 329, 367, 409 and 410 that have been demonstrated necessary for catalytic activity of UGPase. All polypeptides had putative glycosylation sites at amino acid positions 168 (NQS) and 307 (NLS). The Ser at position 420 provided a putative site for phosphorylation as well as a binding motif for 14-3-3 proteins.
Poly((2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenylene)ethynylene-p-phenyleneethynylene)s and Their Model Compounds

Poly((2,5-bis(n-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene)ethynylene-p-phenyleneethynylene) (1a), poly((2,5-bis(n-dodecyloxy)-p-phenylene)ethynylene-p-phenyleneethynylene) (1b), 1,4-diphenylethynylene-2,5-bis(n-hexyloxy)benzene (2a), and 1,4-diphenylethynylene-2,5-bis(n-dodecyloxy)benzene (2b) have been prepared by the Heck reaction. The X-ray crystal structures of 2a and 2b show that the overlap between aryl rings in neighboring molecules is small for 2a but large for 2b. 2a and 2b have similar electronic absorption spectra, and emission spectra in dilute solution, but the thin film emission of 2b is red shifted about 40 nm, perhaps due to excimer cluster formation or aggregation. Likewise, polymers 1a and 1b have similar absorption spectra and emission spectra in solution, but in the solid state the emission of 1b is significantly red shifted, also consistent with aggregation.
Role of alpha‐adrenoceptor subtypes mediating sympathetic vasoconstriction in human digits

. The effects of intra-arterial administration of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on human digital blood flow were studied before and during reflex sympathetic vasoconstriction in normal subjects. Total finger flow was measured by venous occlusion air plethysmography and capillary flow by the disappearance rate of a radioisotope from a local injection in a fingerpad. Intra-arterial phenylephrine (0·2–1·3 μg min-1) and clonidine (0·12–0·48 μg min-1) produced dose-related decreases in finger blood flow and increases in vascular resistance. Clonidine was the more potent vasoconstrictor. Prazosin (0·48 μg min-1) effectively blocked the vasoconstrictor effect of phenylephrine but not clonidine, while yohimbine (30–70 μg min-1) blocked the effect of clonidine but not phenylephrine. In a 20°C room, prazosin (0·4–13·2 μg min-1) caused no significant changes in finger blood flow (7·7 ± 2·1 to 11·7 ± 3·3 ml min-1) 100 ml-1) or vascular resistance (30·9 ± 8·8 to 28·1 ± 8·7 mmHg ml-1 min-1 100 ml-1). In the 20°C room, yohimbine (30–70 μg min-1) produced a significant increase in finger blood flow (7·8 ± 2·8 to 23·4 ± 6·8 ml, P>0·01) and decrease in vascular resistance (20·5 ± 5·7 to 6·0 ± 2·2 units, P>0·01). No significant changes occurred in finger capillary flow with prazosin or yohimbine infusions. It is concluded that alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors are present in human digital vasculature and that alpha-2 adrenoceptors are more important than alpha-1 adrenoceptors in sympathetic neural vasoconstriction. Since capillary blood flow was unaffected by yohimbine infusions during reflex sympathetic vasoconstriction, the alpha-2 adrenoceptors predominantly influence arteriovenous shunts in the finger.
Sex differences and estrous cycle in female rats interact with the effects of fluoxetine treatment on fear extinction

Abstract A common treatment for anxiety disorders is chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine. Recent data suggest that SSRIs modulate fear responses after conditioned fear extinction and that gonadal hormones influence fear extinction. In this study we investigated the influence of sex and the estrous cycle on the effects of acute (experiment 1) and chronic (experiment 2) fluoxetine treatment on fear extinction. In experiment 1, rats received tone-footshock pairings during day 1. On day 2, rats received either fluoxetine (10 mg/kg in 0.5 mL) or vehicle prior to extinction learning. On day 3, extinction memory was assessed during extinction recall. In experiment 2, rats were exposed to a similar behavioral protocol, except that fluoxetine and vehicle were administered for 14 consecutives days after conditioning (days 2–15). Extinction learning and extinction recall occurred on days 15 and 16, respectively. Acute administration of fluoxetine increased fear responses equally in males and females during extinction learning and extinction recall. Chronic administration of fluoxetine reduced fear responses during extinction learning and extinction recall in female but not in male rats and this effect seems to be modulated by the estrous cycle. The SSRI-induced reduction of freezing during extinction learning and recall suggest a general anxiolytic effect of the drug treatment rather than a specific effect on extinction learning per se. Our data show evidence of sex-specific anxiolytic effects of 14-day treatment of fluoxetine while the acute anxiogenic effect of SSRI seems independent of sex effects.