cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implant assisted-magnetic drug targeting: Comparison of in vitro experiments with theory

Implant assisted-magnetic drug targeting (IA-MDT) was studied both in vitro and theoretically, with extensive comparisons made between model and experiment. Magnetic drug carrier particles (MDCPs) comprised of magnetite encased in a polymer were collected magnetically using a ferromagnetic, coiled, wire stent as the implant and a NdFeB permanent magnet for the applied magnetic field. A 2-D mathematical model with no adjustable parameters was developed and compared to the 3-D experimental results. The effects of the fluid velocity, stent and MDCP properties, and magnetic field strength on the performance of the system were evaluated in terms of the capture efficiency (CE) of the MDCPs. In nearly all cases, the parametric trends predicted by the model were in good agreement with the experimental results: the CE always increased with decreasing velocity, increasing magnetic field strength, increasing MDCP size or magnetite content, or increasing wire size. The only exception was when experiments showed an increase in the CE with an increase in the number of loops in the wire, while the model showed no dependence. The discrepancies between experiment and theory were attributed to phenomena not accounted for by the model, such as 3-D to 2-D geometric and magnetic field orientation differences, and interparticle interactions between the MDCPs that lead to magnetic agglomeration and shearing force effects. Overall, this work showed the effectiveness of a stent-based IA-MDT system through both in vitro experimentation and corroborated theory, with the designs of the ferromagnetic wire and the MDCPs both being paramount to the CE.
Theory of 2-structures. Part II: representation through labeled tree families

Abstract This paper (which is the second part of a whole consisting of two parts) continues the investigation of the theory of 2-structures initiated in Part I. In particular we investigate hierarchical representations of 2-structures through trees where the “local” relationship between direct descendants of an inner node of a tree is given through a 2-structure. The main result of the paper is that (for such hierarchical definition) it suffices to consider trees where these local relationships are given by either a primitive 2-structure or a complete 2-structure or a linear 2-structure. Hence, each 2-structure can be constructed from (decomposed into) primitive, complete and linear 2-structures.
Price setting supergame with different costs

Abstract This paper applies supergame theory to a price setting duopoly where the two firms produce perfect substitutes with different costs. It is generally believed that technological progress increases welfare. It is shown that technological progress of the higher cost firm can lead to welfare loss in a price setting supergame.
Foam formation and mitigation in a three-phase gas-liquid-particulate system.

Abstract Foaming is of great concern in a number of industrial processes involving three-phase gas–liquid-finely divided solid systems such as those encountered in the vitrification of highly radioactive nuclear waste slurries and sludges. Recent work has clearly shown that the surface properties of the particles such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity or biphilicity (i.e. partially wetted by water) are the cause of foamability and foam stability. The literature data on particles causing foaminess and foam stability in the absence of any surfactant are rather scarce. This paper presents experimental observations on aqueous foams with polyhedral structures containing over 90% air generated due to the presence of irregularly-shaped fine crystalline particles of sodium chloride which were modified into amphiphilic particles by physical adsorption of a cationic surfactant. Cross-polarized light microscopy was used to visualize the physical adsorption of the surfactant on the crystal surface. It is shown that these biphilic or amphiphilic particles attach to the air bubble surface and prevent the coalescence of bubbles, thereby extending the life of the foam. The foaming power of solid particles increases with an increase in the concentration of amphiphilic particles, and a maximum in foaminess is observed which is due to two competing effects. Amphiphilic particles promote foamability by attachment to the bubble surfaces as individual particles and foam inhibition due to the clustering or flocculation of particles in the bulk at high particle concentrations. We studied the adsorption of amphiphilic particles at a planar air–water surface and found that the degree of foamability correlates well with the particle coverage (i.e. adsorption density) at the air–liquid surface. An exploratory study was also conducted using an antifoam recently developed by IIT researchers to mitigate foaming in particle-laden gas–liquid systems.
Model Predictive Control for Spacecraft Rendezvous and Docking: Strategies for Handling Constraints and Case Studies

This paper presents a strategy and case studies of spacecraft relative motion guidance and control based on the application of linear quadratic model predictive control (MPC) with dynamically reconfigurable constraints. The controller is designed to transition between the MPC guidance during a spacecraft rendezvous phase and MPC guidance during a spacecraft docking phase, with each phase having distinct requirements, constraints, and sampling rates. Obstacle avoidance is considered in the rendezvous phase, while a line-of-sight cone constraint, bandwidth constraints on the spacecraft attitude control system, and exhaust plume direction constraints are addressed during the docking phase. The MPC controller is demonstrated in simulation studies using a nonlinear model of spacecraft orbital motion. The implementation uses estimates of spacecraft states derived from relative angle and range measurements, and is robust to estimator dynamics and measurement noise.
Soil Water Hysteresis at Low Potential

Abstract Knowledge of the soil water characteristic curve is fundamental for understanding unsaturated soils. The objective of this work was to find scanning hysteresis loops of two fine textured soils at water potentials below wilting point. This was done by equilibration over NaCl solutions with water potentials of −6.6 to −18.8 MPa at 25 ?C. When cycled repeatedly through a series of potentials in the range noted previously both soils exhibited a hysteresis effect. The experimental differences in water content between the drying and wetting soils at the same water potential were much too large to be accounted for by failure to allow sufficient time to attain equilibrium as predicted by the exponential decay model. The wetting versus drying differences were relatively small, however, at only 4 mg g −1 or less in absolute terms and about 3% of the mean of wetting and drying, in relative terms. Hysteresis should be a consideration when modeling biological and physical soil processes at water contents below the wilting point, where small differences in water content result in large potential energy changes.
A Review of Congressional Mandating Behavior Since the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

Title 1 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) of 1995 discourages Congress from considering a reported bill containing intergovernmental mandates without a Congressional Budget Office (CBO) cost statement and prohibits floor consideration of a bill that would impose new mandates costing more than the statutory threshold unless the legislation provides new spending authority or authorizes appropriations to cover the costs. A member must raise a point of order to enforce these rules, and in the House a simple majority can vote to consider the bill. Since cost estimates for bills are routine and the procedural safeguard is weak, it is a challenge to explain why Congress has enacted relatively few unfunded mandates since UMRA. This article reviews the circumstances that put unfunded mandates on the congressional agenda and examines congressional mandating behavior after UMRA.
Excretion of S35 following administration of s35-prochlorperazine to rats subjected to experimental stress.

SummaryRats subjected to experimental stress (hind leg ligation) excreted significantly smaller amounts of S35 in the urine following administration of S35-prochlorperazine than control animals. Evidence is presented that this decreased excretion may be the result of diminished urine formation in stressed rats.
The Graphic Nature of the Symmetric Group

We investigate a remarkable class of exponential sums that are derived from the symmetric groups and that display a diverse array of visually appealing features. Our interest in these expressions stems not only from their astounding visual properties, but also from the fact that they represent a novel and intriguing class of supercharacters.
Effects of 300 KV X-Ray Radiation on Sitophilus oryzae

A closely related species, S. granarius, proved somewhat more resistant to the effects of irradiation than did S. oryzae. Further data showing the effects of 1000 to 12,500 r doses of x irradiation on the egg, the three larval instars, the pupal, and the adult stages of the rice weevil, S. oryzae, are presented here. No adults emerged from eggs exposed to treatment of 5000 r and greater. From eggs which had received 2500 r, the emergence represented 2.6% of normal. First-instar larvae which received 7500 r or greater failed to develop into adults. Only 1 adult out of 100 developed and emerged from a 5000 r exposure. Thirty-four adults (9.4% of the control) emerged from the 2500 r treatment and 11 of these showed physical deformities. Typical deformities observed were: colorless antennae that were often reduced in size. Adults so affected exhibited extreme difficulty in coordination of movement and balance; fused tarsal segments which lacked flexibility; twisted wings which protruded beneath the elytra; twisted elytra void of pigment; loss of ability to articulate leg segments at the joints. Many of the first-instar individuals exposed to 2500 r developed to the pupal and adult stages but died before emergence. Emergencemore » of adults from irradiated pupae was influenced 1ittle by the dosage applied. However, the greatest mortality of adults which emerged from irradiated pupae occurred among those which had been subjected to the heavier dosages. There was only a slight increase in mortality in adults which had been exposed in the pupal stage to the lower dosages. The only abnormality observed in adults exposed to irradiation in the pupal stage was a general lack of coloration, which was directly associated with the dosage administered. Results of irradiation of 7- day-old adults showed an LD/sub 50/ between 7500 and 10,000 r. The point of complete sterility also occurred between these levels. These data show that resistance by S. oryzae to radiation increases with the developmental stage of the insect. However, over the entire range of exposure, the pupa was the most resistant stage. (BBB)« less
HIV education for youth: the importance of social consensus in behaviour change.

Abstract Most theories of health education focus on change in the knowledge, beliefs, and skills of individuals as causes of behaviour change. We argue that this neglects the important contribution of the social environment in supporting healthier behaviour, and we describe a model of social consensus that allows alternative routes for educational influence at both individual and social levels. This model assumes that basic knowledge and skills for avoiding health threats may not be sufficient for behaviour change unless socially-mediated influences that can inhibit behaviour change are addressed. This is especially crucial given the nature of HIV infection and the controversy surrounding its discussion. We illustrate the potential for social influences to have played a role in inhibiting the adoption of safer sexual behaviour in young people, and use our model to analyse young people's responses to the epidemic as documented in available research. The analysis also suggests possible educational strategie...
Planning for School Facilities: School Board Decision Making and Local Coordination in Michigan

A prominent part of current debates on sprawl involves the relationship between schools and communities. Two key questions on this issue are to what extent considerations about community growth and...
Polymorphisms of GSTP1 and related genes and prostate cancer risk

Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) is markedly downregulated in prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia compared to normal prostate tissue. Downregulation of GSTP1 may, therefore, be an early event in prostate carcinogenesis. An A-->G polymorphism at nucleotide 313 results in an amino acid substitution (Ile105Val) in the substrate binding site of GSTP1 and reduces catalytic activity of GSTP1. In a study of 36 prostate cancer patients, Harries et al. reported that the Ile/Ile genotype is associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio 0.4 (0.17-0.82)). We sought to confirm this finding and to examine the impact of this polymorphism together with several related polymorphisms implicated as risk factors for carcinogen-associated malignancies. One hundred and seventeen patients with prostate adenocarcinoma and 183 population-based controls were recruited to this case-control study. Genotyping of the GSTP1 (Ile105Val), GSTM1 (null), GSTT1 (null) and CYP1A1 (Ile462Val) genes was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques on DNA prepared from peripheral blood. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information from each subject. Cases were significantly older (P<0.0001) and had significantly greater family history of prostate cancer (P<0.0001), confirming known risk factors for this disease. By chi(2) analysis, none of the genotype distributions varied among cases and controls. Using a logistic regression model to control for known risk factors we were also unable to demonstrate a significant association with prostate cancer for any of the polymorphisms tested. This population fails to identify a relationship between the above polymorphisms and prostate adenocarcinoma.
Copper Accumulation by Penicillium sp. Isolated from Soil

Abstract It is well known that some fungal species are remarkably tolerant of high copper concentration, although copper is toxic to most fungi (Garraway and Evans 1984). Bedford (1936) and Jurkowska (1952) reported that Penicillium and Aspergillus species can grow in liquid media saturated or nearly saturated with copper sulfate. Okamoto and Fuwa (1974) isolated Penicillium ochro-chloron from the laboratory air, and found that the fungus was able to grow in a medium saturated with copper sulfate.
Sex- and age-specific effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on reproductive behaviors and on GABAergic transmission in neuroendocrine control regions

Illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has become a prevalent health concern not only among male professional athletes, but, disturbingly, among a growing number of women and adolescent girls. Despite the increasing use of AAS among women and adolescents, few studies have focused on the effects of these steroids in females, and female adolescent subjects are particularly underrepresented. Among the hallmarks of AAS abuse are changes in reproductive behaviors. Here, we discuss work from our laboratories on the actions of AAS on the onset of puberty and sexual behaviors in female rodents, AAS interactions and sex- and age-specific effects of these steroids on neural transmission mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid receptors within forebrain neuroendocrine control regions that may underlie AAS-induced changes in these behaviors.
Class-Based and Algebraic Models of Objects

Abstract We compare different kinds of first-order models of objects and message passing, as found in object-oriented programming languages. We show that generic function models can easily simulate record models for static, class-based languages. We explore type systems for such languages, and show that our simulation preserves typing. Algebraic models emerge as abstractions of the generic function model that suppress details that are irrelevant for client code. Thanks to Todd Millstein for comments on an earlier draft, and for suggesting that we make our comparisons between the record and generic function models constructive, which greatly improved the paper. Thanks to Todd and Craig Chambers for many discussions about multimethod languages and their type systems.
Genetic Relationships Deduced from emm and Multilocus Sequence Typing of Invasive Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and S. canis Recovered from Isolates Collected in the United States

Beta-hemolytic group C and G streptococci cause a considerable invasive disease burden and sometimes cause disease outbreaks. Little is known about the critical epidemiologic parameter of genetic relatedness between isolates. We determined the emm types of 334 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates, and attempted emm typing of 5 Streptococcus canis isolates from a recent population-based surveillance for invasive isolates. Thirty-four emm types were observed, including one from S. canis. We formulated multilocus sequence typing (MLST) primers with six of the seven loci corresponding to the Streptococcus pyogenes MLST scheme. We performed MLST with 65 of the 334 surveillance isolates (61 S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates, 4 S. canis isolates) to represent each emm type identified, including 2 to 3 isolates for each of the 25 redundantly represented emm types. Forty-one MLST sequence types (STs) were observed. Isolates within 16 redundantly represented S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis emm types shared identical or nearly identical STs, demonstrating concordance between the emm type and genetic relatedness. However, seven STs were each represented by two to four different emm types, and 7 of the 10 S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis eBURST groups represented up to six different emm types. Thus, S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates were similar to S. pyogenes isolates, in that strains of the same emm type were often highly related, but they differed from S. pyogenes, in that S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains with identical or closely similar STs often exhibited multiple unrelated emm types. The phylogenetic relationships between S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and S. pyogenes alleles revealed a history of interspecies recombination, with either species often serving as genetic donors. The four S. canis isolates shared highly homologous alleles but were unrelated clones without evidence of past recombination with S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis or S. pyogenes.
High-resolution imaging from Mauna Kea: the triple quasar in 0.3-arc s seeing

The ‘triple’ quasar, PG1115 +08 (which actually contains at least four objects: A1, A2, B and C) was the second gravitational lens object to be found1. But because of its small angular scale (<2.5 arc s separation between components) and lack of detectable radio emission, which precludes the use of high-resolution interferometric radio techniques, not much is known about this object. In particular, the lensing object(s) have not been identified. Here we report imaging observations made on a night of exceptional seeing, as well as spectroscopy of two galaxies near the quasar. We find that there is a galaxy centred approximately midway between the two A components. The properties of this galaxy are consistent with it being the brightest member of a small group at a group redshift of 0.305. Although detailed modelling is required, it is likely that the galaxy and its group are the lenses.
BOTTOM SCATTERING IN ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION MODELING

The problem of propagating acoustic energy in the ocean subject to boundary roughness is considered. Both a small range-step "Monte-Carlo" approach, in which the acoustic signal is scattered from an ocean bottom consisting of the deterministic bathymetry with a stochastic component superimposed, and a scattering kernel method, in which the pressure field vector is analyzed at each range step and modified by the application of a scattering operator, are discussed. Results of computations using the former are presented. A higher-order, energy-conserving, finite-element parabolic-equation model is used.
X-ray crystal structure of InCl3·2THF, a neutral five-coordinate bis-adduct of an indium(III) trihalide

Abstract The 2 : 1 mole ratio reaction of InCl3 and P(SiMe3)3 in a toluene/THF mixture was investigated. The reaction appears to occur in a 1 : 1 mole fashion, since the products obtained are unreacted InCl3 (48.5% recovered) as InCl3·2THF and a fine powder which appears to be [Cl2In3P3(SiMe3)2]n. The latter was characterized by melting point and partial elemental analysis. The X-ray crystal structure of InCl3·2THF shows it to be a neutral penta-coordinated bis-adduct of an indium(III) trihalide. The crystal structure consists of discrete monomeric units with no abnormally short intermolecular separations. The geomery about the indium atom approximates to trigonal bipyramidal with oxygen atoms of each of the THF molecules occupying axial positions [In—O = 2.257(9) A, O—In—O = 178.5(3)°], while the three chlorine atoms (mean In—Cl = 2.321 A) lie in the equatorial plane.
Large reference displacement analysis of composite plates. Part II: Computer implementation

This investigation concerns itself with the computer implementation of the dynamic formulation of thin laminated composite plates consisting of layers of orthotropic laminae that undergo large arbitrary rigid body displacements and small elastic deformations. A finite element preprocessor computer program is developed to automatically generate the invariants of the laminae, which may have arbitrary orientations. The laminae invariants are then used to obtain the invariants of the elements and the composite laminated plate. The consistent and lumped mass formulations of the invariants of motion of composite plates are compared and it is concluded that the two methods are comparable, if a fine enough finite element mesh is used. The structure of the dynamic equations of motion, based on the formulation presented in Part I of this paper, is examined. Non-linear centrifugal and Coriolis forces arising as the result of the finite rotations of the laminae are defined, and the solution schemes of the resulting non-linear differential equations of motion are discussed. Numerical examples illustrating the differences between homogeneous isotropic and laminated composite plates are presented. An RSSR (Revolute-Spherical-Spherical-Revolute) mechanism is used in the numerical examples, with the coupler modelled as a laminated plate flexible body. It is found that the inertia of the plate contributed greatly to the transverse deformation. The effects of laminae orientation is also investigated.
Hypoxia and cell cycle regulation of the von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor

Inactivation of von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor protein (pVHL) is associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease, an inherited cancer syndrome, as well as the majority of patients with sporadic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Although the involvement of pVHL in oxygen sensing through targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-α subunits to ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis has been well documented, less is known about pVHL regulation under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We found that pVHL levels decreased in hypoxia and that hypoxia-induced cell cycle arrest is associated with pVHL expression in RCC cells. pVHL levels fluctuate during the cell cycle, paralleling cyclin B1 levels, with decreased levels in mitosis and G1. pVHL contains consensus destruction (D) box sequences, and pVHL associates with Cdh1, an activator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ubiquitin ligase. We show that pVHL has a decreased half-life in G1, Cdh1 downregulation results in increased pVHL expression, whereas Cdh1 overexpression results in decreased pVHL expression. Taken together, these results suggest that pVHL is a novel substrate of APC/C(Cdh1). D box-independent pVHL degradation was also detected, indicating that other ubiquitin ligases are also activated for pVHL degradation.
The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together

Preface Introduction Divergence in Childhood Gender Segregation in Childhood The Two Cultures of Childhood Cross-Sex Encounters The Explanatory Web What Needs to Be Explained The Biological Component The Socialization Component The Cognitive Component Convergence in Adulthood Heterosexual Attraction and Relationships The Two Sexes in the Workplace Men and Women As Parents Overview Notes References Index
A decade of change in the Skidaway River Estuary. II. Particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, and chlorophyll a

A sampling program was initiated in 1986 in the Skidaway River estuary, a tidally dominated subtropical estuary in the southeastern USA. Hydrography, nutrients, particulate organic matter (POM), and microbial and plankton abundance and composition were measured at weekly intervals at high and low tide on the same day at a single site. Hydrographic and nutrient data during 1986–1996 were given in Verity (2002); particulate organic carbon (POC), nitrogen (PON) and chlorophylla (chla) are presented here; plankton data will be presented elsewhere. Chla was fractionated into 8 μm size classes. All classes of POM exhibited distinct seasonal patterns superimposed upon significant long-term increases during the study period. Total chla, 8 μm chla increased 36%, 61%, and 18%, respectively, however the fraction of total biomass attributable to small phytoplankton (<8 μm) increased 25%. The annual amplitude between minimum and maximum stock sizes increased significantly, meaning that bloom events became larger. POC and PON also increased 16% over the decade and, as observed with patterns in chla, exhibited increases in annual amplitude. The C:N ratio was typically 6.4–6.6 (wt:wt) and did not change significantly, while the annual mean C:Chla ratio decreased 19% from 165 to 140. These characteristics indicated highly labile POM composed of significant amounts of detritus, but which became increasingly autotrophic with time. Averaged over the decade, temperature explained 45–50% of the variance in POM. Nutrients were even better predictors of POM, as 60–75% of the variance in chla, POC, and PON were explained by ambient concentrations of DIN, or PO4. Combined with significant increases in NO3, NH4, PO4, Si(OH)4, and DON during 1986–1996, these data strongly suggest that anthropogenic activities contributed to increased loading of dissolved nutrients, which became incorporated into living and nonliving particulate organic matter.
Digital Publishing from the Library: A New Core Competency

In the earlier years of the Web, libraries focused on moving services online and building digital collections, but in recent years, libraries have emerged as key players in the world of digital publishing. Librarians possess all of the necessary skills to act as digital publishers; they join the ranks of many others who have discovered the barriers around digital publishing are lower than ever. Library-based digital publishing solutions have matured to a point that the act of digital publishing could—and should—become a new core competency for the library profession. To explore this hypothesis, the researchers offer a working definition of digital publishing and assess the key roles that traditional publishers have historically offered over time. They find that librarians already possess the requisite skills to become digital publishers, and the collaborative culture of the library profession is a strength for this new role. Examples of digital publishing from two libraries at the University of California...
Lay understanding of low‐frequency electric and magnetic fields

People do not start with a blank slate when they hear risk-communication messages. All such messages are processed through existing knowledge structures and understanding. Hence, to design effective and reliable risk-communication materials one must understand the state of people's knowledge--correct and incorrect--about an issue. We developed a simple "mental model" of what people minimally need to know to make informed decisions about field-related issues. Then we performed studies to explore how and to what extent respondents of various groups understood physical properties of 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields. Actual knowledge of respondents was then compared with the predicates of the model. Electrical engineering juniors and semi-technical employees of utilities displayed a good command of most of the concepts in the simple model, but little awareness of the limits to their knowledge. Lay respondents correctly knew only a few of the simplest elements of the model, but they displayed a much greater awareness of the limits to their knowledge. Both lay and semi-technical respondents were found to share several misconceptions. On average, they correctly rank-ordered some common field-exposure conditions by field strength, but they could not differentiate between electric and magnetic fields and could not differentiate among field strengths associated with different appliances. Most respondents dramatically underestimated the range of actual field strengths. Many respondents understood that field strength decreases with distance from a source, but they underestimated the rate of decrease. In contrast to X-rays and microwaves, which respondents appeared to think about in rather similar terms, 60-Hz fields were not thought of as being highly similar to any other agent, although the closest parallels were found with ultrasound. Changes in mood, thought, and behavior, and the existence of an "electrical aura," were all seen as plausible results of exposure to a 60-Hz field. Although lay respondents displayed a variety of incomplete and confusing ideas, most of these ideas probably do not pose significant obstacles to the learning of a correct, simple, mental model.
Shopping with consumers: reflections and innovations

Purpose – This paper reflects on the protocol suggested for using shopping with consumers (SWC) as a means for gathering high‐quality, naturalistic text in the field.Design/methodology/approach – The original SWC method combined accompanying consumers in the field as they shopped with in‐depth interviews.Findings – This paper reflects on how SWC has been used in past research, including new and innovative applications of the method to a variety of research phenomena.Research limitations/implications – The primary limitation of the approach is the amount of time required to implement SWC thoroughly.Practical implications – SWC has the advantages of a multi‐method research design. In addition, SWC hastens trust and rapport with informants, potentially yielding richer data.Originality/value – This paper is unique in terms of reflections on how a variety of scholars have used SWC to investigate phenomena of interest beyond that investigated in our original data collection. In addition, we offer suggestions fo...
Subcellular localization of lodinated human kidney α-d-mannosidase in rat liver: Association with subcellular fractions in vivo and in vitro

Abstract Although lysosomal hydrolases are predominantly localized in the intracellular compartment, trace amounts are also found in extracellular fluids (1,2). Most lysosomal enzymes appear to be glycoproteins. Hepatocytes contain receptors for certain galactose-terminal glycoproteins and therefore may be involved in the uptake of such glycoproteins from body fluids (3). Effective enzyme replacement therapy in selected lysosomal storage diseases will require the delivery of the specific, active isoenzyme to the target tissues and then to subcellular sites in quantities sufficiient to metabolize endogenous substrates (4). Previous work from this laboratory has established that after the intravenous injection heterologous glycosidase can be taken up and utilized by mammalian cells and tissues (5). Animal model systems are now more frequently being used to assess the various physiological and biochemical processes involved in enzyme-replacement therapy. We have shown that 125 I-labeled human α- d -mannosidase (form A), after being taken up by rat liver in vivo , has an electrophoretic mobility identical to that of 125 I-labeled and native human α- d -mannosidase (form A) (6,7). In the present study we report on an animal model system developed to study human α- d -mannosidase (form A) uptake in vivo and its subcellular distribution in rat liver following an intravenous injection of the 125 I-labeled enzyme.
Hydrostatic support of the pedunculate barnacle pollicipes polymerus

Abstract 1. 1. Mechanical tests show that the material of the peduncular integument is incapable of resisting the tension generated by the hemolymph pressure. 2. 2. Chitosan and enzymatic tests show the integument to contain chitin. 3. 3. Microscopical examination and enzymatic digestions of sections of the peduncle show a network of protein fibers running throughout the peduncle. 4. 4. It is probable that the fibers in the peduncle make a contribution to the ability of the peduncle to serve as a pressure-containing vessel.
Adaptive Bone Remodeling Theory Applied to Cervical Laminoplasty

Laminoplasty, considered an alternative to laminectomy, is intended to relieve pressure on the spinal cord while maintaining the stabilizing effects of the posterior elements of the vertebrae. Open-door laminoplasty (ODL) includes opening of the lamina from either the left or right side with the contralateral side acting as hinge. The main aim of laminoplasty is to recreate a stable laminar arch that preserves laminar opening. As hinge failure is a commonly encountered problem during laminoplasty, it is necessary to understand the process of bone remodeling post laminoplasty. This study aims at implementing a computer simulation method to predict bone remodeling in accordance with Wolff’s Law. Mathematical models are based on the principle that bone remodeling is induced by a local mechanical signal that activates regulating cells to adapt accordingly by changing either the internal or external morphology [5].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Conversion of α-ketoglutaric-1,2-C214 acid to malic acid in pigeon breast muscle☆

Abstract Conversion of C 14 -labeled α-ketoglutarate to malate was tested with a pigeon breast muscle preparation. Complete randomization between the labeled carboxyl groups of the C 4 -acids occurred during one pass from α-ketoglutarate to malate.
Design and performance evaluation of RAC/EAC for wireless ATM environment

To provide a seamless interface to ATM networks and to support the emerging mobile multimedia services, it is desirable to introduce ATM technology in wireless networks also. However this introduction, termed "wireless ATM", presents several interesting challenges. Some of these challenges include managing an end-to-end ATM connection, handling the high error rate performance of the wireless link, maintaining the ATM cell sequence, and supporting the quality of service (QoS) requirement, if any, in the wireless ATM environment. In an ATM network VPIs/VCIs (virtual path identifiers/virtual circuit identifiers) are allocated to virtual paths consisting of switches and links between two stationary users. However, due to the mobility, the access point for a mobile user is not fixed. Therefore, a technique/scheme is required to maintain an end-to-end ATM connection in the wireless ATM environment. The design of such techniques has received some consideration in the literature. These schemes, such as the use of multiple circuit numbers per mobile user and the assignment of VPI/VCI to base stations, introduce a processing complexity in the wireless network. However, the ATM networks are likely to be operating at a higher speed than the wireless networks and, therefore, are less likely to become a bottleneck when a high rate of handoffs is encountered. This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a dynamic scheme for connection management in a wireless ATM environment. The scheme, termed rearrange ATM connection/extend ATM connection (RAC/EAC), places the handoff processing in ATM network first, and if the NCP (network call processor) is unable to process the request in time, then it is performed in the wireless network.
Picometer laser metrology for the space interferometry mission (SIM)

This paper reports the progress on displacement measuring laser heterodyne interferometers for the SIM program. We will also describe the technical approaches and results from ground testbeds.
Preparation and Characterization of Group A Meningococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Conjugates and Evaluation of Their Immunogenicity in Mice

Epidemic and endemic meningitis caused by group A Neisseria meningitidis remains a problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Although group A meningococcal capsular polysaccharide (GAMP) vaccine confers immunity at all ages, the improved immunogenicity of a conjugate and its compatibility with the World Health Organization's Extended Program on Immunization offers advantages over GAMP alone. Conjugates of GAMP bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their immunogenicities in mice. Two methods, involving adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) as a linker, were used. First, ADH was bound to GAMP activated with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) or with 1-cyano-4(dimethylamino)-pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) to form GAMP(CNBr)AH and GAMP(CDAP)AH. These derivatives were bound to BSA by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) to form GAMP(CNBr)AH-BSA and GAMP(CDAP)AH-BSA. Second, ADH was bound to BSA with EDC to form AHBSA. AHBSA was bound to activated GAMP to form GAMP(CNBr)-AHBSA and GAMP(CDAP)-AHBSA. The yield of GAMP(CDAP)-AHBSA (35 to 40%) was higher than those of the other conjugates (5 to 20%). GAMP conjugates elicited immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-GAMP in all mice after three injections of 2.5 or 5.0 microg of GAMP: the geometric mean (GM) was highest in recipients of GAMP(CDAP)-AHBSA (11.40 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units). Although the difference was not statistically significant, the 5.0- microg dose elicited a higher GM IgG anti-GAMP than the 2.5- microg dose. Low levels of anti-GAMP were elicited by GAMP alone. GAMP(CDAP)-AHBSA elicited bactericidal activity roughly proportional to the level of IgG anti-GAMP.
Overcoming Client Resistances to Talking About Sex

Despite the changes in sexual attitudes and behavior since the 1960s, individual still experience discomfort in talking about sex. This article focuses on the important first step in social work intervention in sexual problems: overcoming clients' resistances to divulging and exploring sex-related concerns. It is suggested that client resistances often stem from social workers' discomfort and avoidance of the subject. Suggestions are offered for overcoming both client and worker resistances.
Post-Self-Assembly Cross-Linking to Integrate Molecular Nanofibers with Copolymers in Oscillatory Hydrogels

We study the use of post-self-assembly cross-linking to combine molecular nanofibers of hydrogelators with copolymers to generate oscillatory materials using the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. The formation of nanofibers from designed hydrogelators provides multiple polymerizable sites for copolymerizing with N-isopropylacrylamide and for attaching a catalytic ruthenium bipyridine complex on the copolymer. The combination of supramolecular self-assembly with copolymerization offers a versatile and facile approach for generating soft materials that have large pores in the gel network and robust mechanical integrity. These larger pores facilitate the diffusion of the reactants and accelerate the chemical oscillation by about a factor of 4 relative to a poly(NIPAAm-Ru) gel that contains no molecular nanofibers.
II.—Restoration of Elotherium

The genus Elotherium , established by Pomelin1847, represents a family of extinct mammals, all of much interest. They were first foundinEurope, but now are known in the Miocene of North America, not only on the Atlantic coast, but especially in the Rocky Mountain region, and still further west. This family includes several genera, or subgenera, and quite a number of species, some of which contain individuals of large size, only surpassed in bulk among their contemporaries by members of the Rhinoceros family, and of the huge Brontotheridœ
Early discordant binocular vision disrupts signal transfer in the lateral geniculate nucleus

Abstract The mammalian lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is known to regulate signal transfer from the retina to the brain neocortex in a highly complex manner. Besides inputs from the brainstem, extraretinal inputs via corticogeniculate projections and local inhibitory neurons modulate signal transfer in the LGN. However, very little is known about whether the postnatal development of LGN signal-transfer mechanisms is influenced by early discordant binocular vision. By intraunit comparisons of responses between individual X-LGN cells and their direct retinal inputs, the efficiency of signal transfer was found permanently reduced due to an early interocular misalignment (strabismus). The contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution of cat LGN cells were significantly lower relative to their retinal inputs, and there was substantial decrease in signal-transfer speed. The observed physiological deficits were associated with immature X-retinogeniculate axon arbors. Thus, contrary to previous ideas, conflicting binocular inputs can produce neural deficits in subcortical visual structures.
Realistic variation in species composition affects grassland production, resource use and invasion resistance.

We investigated the effects of realistic variation in plant species and functional group composition, with species occurring at realistic abundances, on ecosystem processes in exotic-dominated California grassland communities. Progressive species removals from microcosm communities, designed to mimic nested variation in diversity observed in the field, reduced grassland production, resistance to intentional invasions, and resistance to natural colonization by new species. Three lines of evidence point to the particular importance of intensified competition within a single functional group—late-active forbs—in explaining the observed effects of realistic species loss order on community resistance. First, reduced success of naturally colonizing species in more diverse assemblages was dominated by declining colonization by late-active forbs. Second, increasing late-active forb biomass appeared to reduce the biomass of intentionally introduced yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis, a late-season forb) both within and across diversity levels. Finally, starthistle addition reduced biomass of resident late-season forbs but not of any other functional group. Increasing diversity increased light levels and soil moisture availability in spring and summer, providing a proximate mechanism linking our realistic species loss order to decreased community resistance. Starthistle addition reduced light and soil moisture availability but not N across richness levels, mirroring the apparent effects of the additional late-active forb species present in higher diversity treatments. Species losses that entail the early loss of whole or key functional groups could, through mechanisms like those we explore, have greater ecosystem consequences than those suggested by randomized-loss experiments.
Phenomenological analysis of 4He + 4He scattering at 0.65 and 0.85 GeV

Abstract We present results of a phenomenological analysis of recently obtained data for 4He + 4He elastic scattering at 0.65 and 0.85 GeV incident laboratory energies. We find that the observed angular distributions cannot be fit unless the nuclear potential has a strong, short-range repulsive contribution, in agreement with the results of microscopic and phenomenological analyses of low energy 4He + 4He scattering.
Variable selection in semiparametric transformation models for right-censored data

We study variable selection in general transformation models for right-censored data. The models studied can incorporate external time-varying covariates, and they include the proportional hazards model and the proportional odds model as special cases. We propose an estimation method that involves minimizing a weighted negative partial loglikelihood function plus an adaptive lasso penalty, with the initial values obtained from nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation. The objective function is parametric and convex, so the minimization is easy to implement. We show that our selection has oracle properties and that the estimator is semiparametrically efficient. We demonstrate the small-sample performance of the proposed method via simulations, and we use the method to analyse data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.
Asymptotically optimum quantization with time invariant breakpoints for signal detection

The nonlinear equations whose solution determines the locally optimum detection quantizer design are derived for a general parametric detection problem where the breakpoints are constrained to be time invariant. These quantizers maximize the efficacy of a test based on quantized data. Some specific optimum detection quantizer problems for the case of time-invariant breakpoints have been solved in the past, but only for the special case when the locally optimum nonlinearity factors in a certain way. Examples of observation models that do not satisfy these conditions are given. It is demonstrated that the locally optimum quantizer design for the time-invariant breakpoint constraint is the same as that quantizer design that minimizes the time-average mean-square difference between the quantizer and the locally optimum time-varying nonlinearity. A specific result shows that the optimum quantizer is not symmetric for the quadratic detector for random signals in Gaussian noise. >
Stabilizing Minimum Error Rate Training

The most commonly used method for training feature weights in statistical machine translation (SMT) systems is Och's minimum error rate training (MERT) procedure. A well-known problem with Och's procedure is that it tends to be sensitive to small changes in the system, particularly when the number of features is large. In this paper, we quantify the stability of Och's procedure by supplying different random seeds to a core component of the procedure (Powell's algorithm). We show that for systems with many features, there is extensive variation in outcomes, both on the development data and on the test data. We analyze the causes of this variation and propose modifications to the MERT procedure that improve stability while helping performance on test data.
GHZ paradoxes based on an even number of qubits

Abstract GHZ paradoxes are presented for all even numbers of qubits from four up. They are obtained from proofs of the Kochen–Specker (KS) theorem by showing how the assumption of noncontextuality can be justified on the basis of locality. The nature of the entangled states involved in our paradoxes is discussed. Some multiqubit proofs of the KS theorem are also presented in the form of diagrams from which they are visually obvious. The implications of our results are discussed.
Tunable wavelength filters based on nonlinear optical interactions in semiconductor amplifiers

A novel class of narrow-band tunable wavelength filters is proposed and evaluated. Wavelength selectivity of the proposed filters Is derived from the finite time response of an optical nonlinearity. The nonlinearity is gain saturation in semiconductor optical amplifier structures. The filters are shown to have very narrow passbands tunable over the entire semiconductor gain bandwidth. The key to filter implementation is a device configuration in which the wave-mixing products can be isolated from the amplified inputs. Three integrated optics compatible configurations are considered and shown to have high filter throughputs 34 to 180% and subangstrom bandwidths.