cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
uwMIMO-HARQ: Hybrid ARQ for Reliable Underwater Acoustic MIMO Communications

Achieving robust and reliable data communications in the harsh underwater environment is still a challenging issue due to the fast-changing and unpredictable nature of the acoustic channel. Notwithstanding the use of acknowledgement messages at the link layer, data transmission protocols still require more efficient error control strategies so to achieve a higher link reliability. A novel solution based on hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is proposed that exploits the diversity gain offered by independent links in an underwater acoustic Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system. Irrespective of the channel regime, the proposed scheme aims at reducing the probability of retransmission and at increasing the link reliability via packet-level codeword selection and waterfilling coding. Encoding and decoding algorithms at the transmitter and receiver, respectively, are designed, multiple evaluation metrics are defined, and computer-based simulation results are presented to quantify the performance improvement of the proposed methods.
Bedside Resuscitation Bags: A Source of Bacterial Contamination

Resuscitation bags at the bedside of 12 intubated ICU patients with known culture positive sputum were evaluated as possible reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria. As oxygen was constantly flowing into the bags, sampling of gas continuously emitted from the exhalation valve assembly was sampled to detect if a bacteria-laden aerosol was being created. Positive cultures were obtained from 75% of the valves and 25% of the aerosol samples. In those patients with gram-negative bacteria in their sputum, 71% of the valves and 29% of the gas samples were positive for the same organisms. Various methods to control this possible contributing factor to nosocomial infection in the ICU are discussed.
Cognitive Mechanics: Natural Intelligence Beyond Biology and Computation.

Framing traditional disputes between computational and biological approaches to understanding cognition in terms of a divide between natural and engineering inspirations artificially restricts the notion of nature to biology. One need not restrict natural inspiration to biology, however. One can find common ground between the two approaches in mechanics, which underlies and provides important extensions to both
Partial and Complete Reduction of Pyrroles, Furans, Thiophenes and their Benzo Analogs

A fundamental chemical tactic in the synthetic manipulation of heterocycles by organic chemists is the reduction of the heterocyclic ring. This chapter will review advances in the partial and complete reduction of pyrroles, furans, thiophenes and their benzo analogs, indoles, benzo[b]furans and benzo [b]thiophenes. As appropriate, coverage will include the reduction of those benzo analogs of lesser interest: isoindole, carbazole, benzo[c]furan (isobenzofuran), dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene.
Unexpected cold curve sensitivity to GGA exchange form

Finding the crystalline phase transitions along the zero-temperature equation of state (“cold curve”) of elemental solids has been a triumph of density functional theory even in the simple local-density approximation. The present work shows how quantitatively significant improvement on molecules in a generalized gradient approximation functional can result in unexpected ambiguity in the cold curve. The specific cause is obscure but some possibilities are discussed.
Color Paucity as a Marker of Transcatheter Valve Thrombosis.

Previous reports have identified the role of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in detecting subclinical transcatheter heart valve (THV) thrombosis as limited to monitoring transvalvular gradients, because leaflet hypomobility or thrombus are usually seen only on transesophageal echocardiography (
Use of Predators and Parasitoids in Biological Control

First, let me say that some of the work with parasitoids, predators and pathogens in biological control is only suggestive of utility in developed or developing countries. For other work we are reporting on what is being done now, some of it in developing countries. Much of the “classical” biological control by introductions of natural enemies has occurred in developing countries. Such biological control is often little dependent on changing traditional modes in agriculture; it is in fact especially threatened by changing the mode to the “modern”, i.e., adoption of heavy dependence on disruptive pesticides. Moreover, natural enemy augmentations seem particularly relevant to countries where low-cost labor or channelling of labor prevails.
Understanding and Optimizing Asynchronous Low-Precision Stochastic Gradient Descent

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is one of the most popular numerical algorithms used in machine learning and other domains. Since this is likely to continue for the foreseeable future, it is important to study techniques that can make it run fast on parallel hardware. In this paper, we provide the first analysis of a technique called Buck-wild! that uses both asynchronous execution and low-precision computation. We introduce the DMGC model, the first conceptualization of the parameter space that exists when implementing low-precision SGD, and show that it provides a way to both classify these algorithms and model their performance. We leverage this insight to propose and analyze techniques to improve the speed of low-precision SGD. First, we propose software optimizations that can increase throughput on existing CPUs by up to 11X. Second, we propose architectural changes, including a new cache technique we call an obstinate cache, that increase throughput beyond the limits of current-generation hardware. We also implement and analyze low-precision SGD on the FPGA, which is a promising alternative to the CPU for future SGD systems.
Competing memories of mitogen and p53 signalling control cell-cycle entry

Regulation of cell proliferation is necessary for immune responses, tissue repair, and upkeep of organ function to maintain human health. When proliferating cells complete mitosis, a fraction of newly born daughter cells immediately enter the next cell cycle, while the remaining cells in the same population exit to a transient or persistent quiescent state. Whether this choice between two cell-cycle pathways is due to natural variability in mitogen signalling or other underlying causes is unknown. Here we show that human cells make this fundamental cell-cycle entry or exit decision based on competing memories of variable mitogen and stress signals. Rather than erasing their signalling history at cell-cycle checkpoints before mitosis, mother cells transmit DNA damage-induced p53 protein and mitogen-induced cyclin D1 (CCND1) mRNA to newly born daughter cells. After mitosis, the transferred CCND1 mRNA and p53 protein induce variable expression of cyclin D1 and the CDK inhibitor p21 that almost exclusively determines cell-cycle commitment in daughter cells. We find that stoichiometric inhibition of cyclin D1-CDK4 activity by p21 controls the retinoblastoma (Rb) and E2F transcription program in an ultrasensitive manner. Thus, daughter cells control the proliferation-quiescence decision by converting the memories of variable mitogen and stress signals into a competition between cyclin D1 and p21 expression. We propose a cell-cycle control principle based on natural variation, memory and competition that maximizes the health of growing cell populations.
Diseased Plantations: Law and the political economy of health in Assam, 1860–1920

This article argues that ideas of health and disease in the Assam tea plantations of northeastern India exceeded instrumental logics of bodily disorder, medical ‘objectivity’, and preventive cure. It looks at cholera, kala-azar (or black-fever), and malaria—the three main killers in these estates—to show that imperatives of private capital and law conditioned and constrained parameters of well-being, mortality, and morbidity in these plantations. It therefore suggests that epidemiological theories and praxis emerged from a simultaneous—but expedient—reading of three versions of the labour body: the pathological, the productive, and the legal. The overlaps between commerce, law, and pathogens provide for a unique, if not exceptional, social history of health in colonial India.
Examining the High-Growth Firm Ecosystem

This paper examines the concept of high-growth firms (HGFs) as it relates to the broader concepts of entrepreneurship and small businesses. This paper addresses two important questions: 1) what is ...
Prevalence of high on-treatment (aspirin and clopidogrel) platelet reactivity in patients with critical limb ischemia.

Objectives The goal of this study is to establish the prevalence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity to aspirin (HPRA) and clopidogrel (HPRC) in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Background CLI is associated with an increased risk of death and cardiovascular events. Unlike other patient populations with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, previous studies failed to demonstrate a benefit of antiplatelet therapy in patients with CLI. Methods From June 2014 to November 2016, we performed platelet reactivity studies for P2Y12 and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) inhibition in 100 CLI patients receiving daily treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel. P2Y12 inhibition was measured by two assays: vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and VerifyNow P2Y12 assays. HPRC was defined as VerifyNow P2Y12 reactive units (PRU) > 208 and VASP-platelet reactivity index (VASP-PRI) > 50%. TXA2 inhibition was measured with the VerifyNow aspirin test and HPRA was defined as aspirin reaction units (ARU) > 550. Results Mean age was 67 ± 11 years, 50% were male, 80% had diabetes mellitus, and 26% had chronic renal insufficiency. Thirty-three percent of patients had a PRU > 208 and 46% a VASP-PRI > 50%. HPRC was present in 26% of patients based on the criteria of both a PRU > 208 and VASP-PRI > 50%. HPRA was present in 25% of patients. The overall prevalence of HPR to ASA or clopidogrel was 35% and HPR to both drugs was present in 8% of patients. Clinical characteristics were similar between groups. Conclusions HPR to aspirin or clopidogrel is highly prevalent in patients with CLI. Nearly one in ten patients with CLI is a hyporesponder to both aspirin and clopidogrel. Condensed Abstract Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is associated with increased risk of death and cardiovascular events. Unlike other patient populations with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, previous studies have failed to demonstrate a benefit of antiplatelet therapy in patients with CLI. We performed platelet inhibition assays to aspirin and clopidogrel in 100 CLI patients and found that 35% of patients were hyporesponders to aspirin or clopidogrel and 8% were hyporesponders to both drugs.
After the June War: Peace or Justice, Conflict Management or Democracy in Palestine-Israel?

The post-June War period becomes predominantly, though not exclusively, an ‘Israeli-Palestinian’ conflict rather than an ‘Arab-Israeli’ conflict. What sort of state is the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) wishing to establish? Since at least 1968, The Palestinian leadership has made explicit statements concerning governance, especially in favour of democracy and justice. Why was this ignored? The first aim of this study is not to draw out the situated nuances and contours for a complete description of the Palestinian perception of governance and international law, rather the aim is thematically to examine the Palestinian support for a more democratic form of governance. Secondly, this study attempts to examine the official Israeli record and reaction (or lack thereof) to these statements made by the Palestinians. Finally, these findings will be compared to conflict management and democratisation. The study ends with a question to the reader: what if more energy were placed into supporting democracy...
Radar ECHO sounding of russell glacier at 35 MHz using compact radar systems on small unmanned aerial vehicles

We have developed an unmanned aerial system consisting of a compact sounding radar operating in the frequency bands of 14 and 35 MHz integrated into a fixed-wing UAV for remote surveys of glaciers and ice-sheets. The system is capable of collecting coherent sounding measurements along multiple parallel tracks. With the use of differential GPS for precise trajectory determination, we demonstrate multipass SAR array processing. The system was recently deployed by CReSIS personnel in the spring of 2016 to survey the Russell glacier in Greenland. This paper reports on the instrumentation including the integration of the radar, antennas, and aircraft; the survey flights in Greenland; and results from measurements collected at 35 MHz.
Implications of Patient Portal Transparency in Oncology: Qualitative Interview Study on the Experiences of Patients, Oncologists, and Medical Informaticists

Background: Providing patients with unrestricted access to their electronic medical records through patient portals has impacted patient-provider communication and patients’ personal health knowledge. However, little is known about how patient portals are used in oncology. Objective: The aim of this study was to understand attitudes of the portal’s adoption for oncology and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using the portal to communicate and view medical information. Methods: In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 60 participants: 35 patients, 13 oncologists, and 12 medical informaticists. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed to identify critical incidents and general attitudes encountered by participants. Results: Two primary themes were discovered: (1) implementation practices influence attitudes, in which the decision-making and execution process of introducing portals throughout the hospital did not include the input of oncologists. Lack of oncologists’ involvement led to a lack of knowledge about portal functionality, such as not knowing the time period when test results would be disclosed to patients; (2) perceptions of portals as communication tools varies by user type, meaning that each participant group (patients, oncologists, and medical informaticists) had varied opinions about how the portal should be used to transmit and receive information. Oncologists and medical informaticists had difficulty understanding one another’s culture and communication processes in their fields, while patients had preferences for how they would like to receive communication, but it largely depended upon the type of test being disclosed. Conclusions: The majority of patients (54%, 19/35) who participated in this study viewed lab results or scan reports via the portal before being contacted by a clinician. Most were relatively comfortable with this manner of disclosure but still preferred face-to-face or telephone communication. Findings from this study indicate that portal education is needed for both patients and oncologists, especially when portals are implemented across entire health systems since highly specialized areas of medicine may have unique needs and uses. Patient portals in oncology can potentially alter the way diagnoses are delivered and how patients and oncologists communicate. Therefore, communication about the portal should be established during initial consultations so patients can decide whether they want to be informed in such a manner.
Design and optimization of FeFET-based crossbars for binary convolution neural networks

Binary convolution neural networks (CNNs) have attracted much attention for embedded applications due to low hardware cost and acceptable accuracy. Nonvolatile, resistive random-access memories (RRAMs) have been adopted to build crossbar accelerators for binary CNNs. However, RRAMs still face fundamental challenges such as sneak paths, high write energy, etc. We exploit another emerging nonvolatile device-ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET), to build crossbars to improve the energy efficiency for binary CNNs. Due to the three-terminal transistor structure, an FeFET can function as both a nonvolatile storage element and a controllable switch, such that both write and read power can be reduced. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with two RRAM-based crossbar structures, our FeFET-based design improves write power by 5600× and 3950×, and read power by 4.1× and 3.1×. We also tackle an important challenge in crossbar-based CNN accelerators: when a crossbar array is not large enough to hold the weights of one convolution layer, how do we partition the workload and map computations to the crossbar array? We introduce a hardware-software co-optimization solution for this problem that is universal for any crossbar accelerators.
Monotone Maps of the Circle

Throughout this monograph the following conventions are adopted: The circle is represented as the quotient \({\mathbb T} = {\mathbb R}/{\mathbb Z}\). \(\pi : {\mathbb R} \to {\mathbb T}\) is the canonical projection. Three or more distinct points \(t_1, t_2, \ldots , t_k \in {\mathbb T}\) are in positive cyclic order if there are representatives x i ∈ π−1(t i ) such that x1 < x2 < ⋯ < x k < x1 + 1. For a distinct pair \(t_1,t_2 \in {\mathbb T}\), the interval \((t_1,t_2) \subset {\mathbb T}\) is defined as the set of all \(t \in {\mathbb T}\) such that t1, t, t2 are in positive cyclic order. We define the intervals (t1, t2], [t1, t2), [t1, t2] by adding the suitable endpoints to (t1, t2). The length of an interval \((t_1,t_2) \subset {\mathbb T}\) is always understood as its normalized Lebesgue measure, that is, the unique representative of t2 − t1 in [0, 1).
The Self-Critical Activity of Consciousness

Hegel sketches the self-critical activity of consciousness’ cognitive efforts in four paragraphs. The first of these (¶13) discusses consciousness’ self-critical revision of its conceptions in general; the latter three (¶¶14–16) focus on particular aspects of this process. (In Miller, these are designated ¶¶86–88.) Paragraph 13 seems at first to be clear enough, but a closer look reveals that it is as obscure as the other three tortuous paragraphs. The task of this chapter is to disentangle and reconstruct Hegel’s claims in these paragraphs in light of the problems and doctrines discussed in Chapters Six and Seven. First, further evidence will be given for the eight-fold distinction of elements of consciousness as a cognitive relation to the world discussed in the previous chapter. Second, it will be shown how the criterial inference based on the distinction of these eight elements grounds a form of consciousness’ critical revision of its conceptions of knowledge and of the world.
Malignant Glioma: Chemovirotherapy

The most common and aggressive form of glioma is the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and cancer biology, patient outcomes remain poor. Limited success in the treatment of these lesions has been attributed to several factors including: diffuse infiltration, micrometastasis, and limited blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Due to the poor outcome and limited treatment options, development of novel treatment options has become a priority. Virotherapy is a relatively recent strategy developed to tackle malignant gliomas. Several oncolytic viruses are currently being investigated. This chapter reviews the history of the development of adenoviral-based oncolytic viruses. The authors will discuss the strategies implemented thus far to improve their cytotoxic efficacy and their potential as therapeutic agents in glioma patients. It is well appreciated that the ideal therapeutic agent would be easily combined with conventional treatment modalities. With this in mind, the authors will also highlight the landmark studies examining the therapeutic effects of virotherapy in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. Lastly, we will comment on the challenges facing the advance of virotherapy and how they can be addressed in order to take full advantage of this modality.
Fear and Memory: A View of the Hippocampus Through the Lens of the Amygdala

Studies of the brain’s fear circuits have significantly advanced our neurobiological understanding of learning and memory systems. Fear and anxiety are often rooted in memories of past experiences and can be aroused by recognition of familiar stimuli that predict danger. In this chapter, we examine how the amygdala and hippocampus regulate interactions between fear and memory, with emphasis upon evidence derived from studies of Pavlovian fear conditioning. Convergent behavioral, pharmacological, anatomical, and neurophysiological findings indicate that amygdala circuits can rapidly and permanently store information about which environmental stimuli and events predict danger. These same amygdala circuits are interconnected with the ventral hippocampus (VH), and together, the amygdala and VH may be core components of an emotional memory system in the mammalian brain. The dorsal hippocampus (DH) is not directly connected with the amygdala, but it also makes important contributions to fear conditioning by supporting cognitive memory processes that are essential for recognizing cues and contexts that can predict threats. We discuss how neural representations stored in the amygdala and hippocampus support the mammalian brain’s ability to map states of the world onto expectations of danger.
THE SYSTEM OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

This chapter discusses the system of rational numbers. Every equation of the form a + x = b , where a and b are elements of the system and x is a variable whose domain is that system, has a nonempty solution set. Every element of the system has an inverse in regard to addition. Construction of the rational-number system employs the system of integers exactly as the construction of the fractional numbers employed the system of whole numbers. Every rational number has an inverse in regard to addition and every nonzero rational number has an inverse in regard to multiplication; this is the property that distinguishes the system of rational numbers from the other number systems. The system of integers is isomorphic to a subsystem of the rationals, that is, the integers are embedded in the rational numbers as the whole numbers are embedded in the fractional numbers.
The Effects of pH and Temperature on Compressive Strength of Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Cylinders Exposed to Sulfuric Acid

Synthetic fibers are among the various types of fibers being used to improve the tensile behavior of concrete. They have a competitive edge over other fibers because they are resistant to most chemicals, which increases the durability. Acid attacks are one of the most threatening scenarios, especially for concrete sewer pipes and culverts. In this study, dry cast concrete cylinders, reinforced with two different volume fractions (0.52 % and 1.04 %) of polypropylene fibers, were constructed and immersed for four months in sulfuric acid solutions of two different pH and three different temperatures. The results showed that a fiber volume fraction of 1.04 % reduces the adverse effects of acid on the compressive strength of concrete, and higher temperatures and lower pH lead to extreme deterioration. The results of this study revealed that a pH of 2.5, along with the highest temperature, deteriorated the specimens more than twice as much as a pH of 4.5 at the lowest temperature.
IFNβ promotes the conversion of pro-inflammatory M1-like into anti-inflammatory M2-like microglia (171.14)

IFNβ is an approved therapeutic option for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases such as MS/EAE. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of IFNβ in MS/EAE are not fully understood. In this study, we identified a novel mechanism for the beneficial effect of IFNβ in MS/EAE through the conversion of microglia (MG) from pro-inflammatory M1-like (MG1) to anti-inflammatory M2-like (MG2). Our results show that IFNβ inhibits expression and production of proinflammatory M1-type cytokines, such as IL-12p40, IL-23 and TNFα and promotes the anti-inflammatory M2 cytokine IL-10 in LPS-stimulated primary MG. In addition, IFNβ treatment also enhanced the expression of specific M2 makers, such as arginase and YM-1. Through this phenotype switch, IFNβ-treated MG suppressed Th1 and Th17 activation leading to the downregulation of IFNγ and IL-17. In vivo, IFNβ-treated EAE mice exhibit lower clinical scores, reduced Iba-1, IFNγ and IL-17 expression, and increased expression of the M2 markers, arginase, YM-1 and IL-10 in the CNS. Taken altogether, our results demonstrate that IFNβ favors the generation of MG2 leading to the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-12, IL-23, IFNγ and IL-17 in vitro and in vivo.
Volar Midcarpal Portals in Wrist Arthroscopy.

Purpose To describe the placement of volar midcarpal portals using the inside-out technique, and the surrounding anatomical structures at risk. Methods Five fresh-frozen cadavers were used. Volar ulnar midcarpal (VUMC) and volar radial midcarpal (VRMC) portals were placed using an inside-out technique. The distance between these portals to surrounding anatomical structures was measured in millimeters using a caliper. Results The VUMC portal pierced the flexor digitorum profundus tendon to the middle finger in 1 specimen. The portal was an average 3.7 and 8.4 mm away from the ulnar artery and nerve, respectively. The VRMC portal pierced the palmaris longus in 2 specimens. It usually was between the flexor pollicis longus, the palmaris longus, and the median nerve . It was an average of 1.0 and 1.95 mm away from the median nerve and palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve, respectively and in 1 specimen, was in contact with the median nerve after piercing the mesoneurium. Conclusions With increasing use of volar midcarpal arthroscopy , the surgeon needs to have an understanding of the structures at risk when placing the VUMC and VRMC portals. Clinical relevance When developing the volar midcarpal portals, the surgeon needs to pay close attention to the anatomical structures at risk and, in particular, the median nerve from the VRMC portal.
Effects of Acetone Vapor on the Exciton Band Photoluminescence Emission from Single- and Few-Layer WS 2 on Template-Stripped Gold

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are being used widely for chemical sensing applications due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and photoluminescence (PL) emission and emission exciton band tunability. To better understand how the analyte affects the PL response for a model 2D platform, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) and co-localized photoluminescence (PL) and Raman mapping to characterize tungsten disulfide (WS2) flakes on template-stripped gold (TSG) under acetone challenge. We determined the PL-based response from single- and few-layer WS2 arises from three excitons (neutral, A0; biexciton, AA; and the trion, A−). The A0 exciton PL emission is the most strongly quenched by acetone whereas the A− PL emission exhibits an enhancement. We find the PL behavior is also WS2 layer number dependent.
Outcome of Endodontic Microsurgery Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate or Root Repair Material as Root-end Filling Material: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Evaluation

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate healing after endodontic microsurgery (EMS) using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) versus EndoSequence root repair material (RRM; Brasseler, Savannah, GA) as root-end filling materials. Methods Two hundred forty-three teeth with persistent or recurrent apical periodontitis were randomly assigned to either the MTA or RRM group. EMS was performed, and follow-up visits with clinical and radiographic investigation were scheduled at 6, 12, and 24 months with follow-up cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging after 12 months. Results One hundred twenty teeth with an average follow-up of 15 months were evaluated. The overall success rate was 93.3% for periapical (PA) evaluation and 85% for CBCT evaluation. The RRM group exhibited 92% and 84% success rates as assessed on PA and CBCT imaging, respectively. The MTA group exhibited 94.7% and 86% success rates as assessed on PA and CBCT imaging, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the 2 groups. Microsurgical classification, root canal filling quality, root-end filling material depth, and root fracture were found to be significant outcome predictors. Conclusions EMS is a predictable procedure with successful outcome both 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional radiographic evaluation when RRM or MTA was used as the root-end filling material.
Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India.

Data from archaeology, linguistics, population genetics, and from early Vedic texts, which deal with religion, mythology and rituals, have to be assembled and closely compared in order to gain a comprehensive picture of the early ‘Aryans’. Such interdisciplinary dialogue is necessary in order to establish areas of overlap of data. This paper attempts to indicate a western Central Asian origin of the Indo-Aryan speakers, in the steppe belt near the Urals, from where they moved, via the Inner Asian Mountain belt and Bactria, into India. Their gradual migration entailed acculturation with previous populations, their languages and cultures.
Mentoring with intent, even when you aren’t a student's research advisor

The roles of mentoring and advising are closely related, but not necessarily equivalent, and the distinction between the two is often blurred. It is most often expected that a student’s research advisor will also be their primary mentor. The research literature exploring how graduate students learn (especially the theory of “Community/Landscapes of Practice”) suggests that most learning happens outside of the classroom, that students need a network of mentors, and that a student’s research advisor should not play all of the mentoring roles for that student. I was quite surprised to receive the 2016 ASA Student Council Mentor Award, because in my current role as a teaching professor at Penn State, I do not advise many graduate students earning their M.S. or Ph.D. who do their research under my direct supervision. However, I do play an active role as a mentor, guiding the academic and professional development of many students in our program. I played a similar role to a large number of undergraduate students at my previous institution. In this talk, I will discuss several ways that faculty can mentor to students who are not their own research advisees.The roles of mentoring and advising are closely related, but not necessarily equivalent, and the distinction between the two is often blurred. It is most often expected that a student’s research advisor will also be their primary mentor. The research literature exploring how graduate students learn (especially the theory of “Community/Landscapes of Practice”) suggests that most learning happens outside of the classroom, that students need a network of mentors, and that a student’s research advisor should not play all of the mentoring roles for that student. I was quite surprised to receive the 2016 ASA Student Council Mentor Award, because in my current role as a teaching professor at Penn State, I do not advise many graduate students earning their M.S. or Ph.D. who do their research under my direct supervision. However, I do play an active role as a mentor, guiding the academic and professional development of many students in our program. I played a similar role to a large number of undergraduate student...
The Effect of Season on Muscle Growth, Fat Deposition, Travel Patterns, and Hoof Growth of Domestic Young Horses.

Abstract Our objective was to determine the influence of season (winter, spring, summer, and fall) on travel patterns, hoof growth, and longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) height and fat thickness between 13th and 14th ribs in 16 horses aged
Artin-Schreier Theory

In this chapter we shall consider the theory of formally real fields which is due to Artin and Schreier. A basic algebraic property of the field of real numbers is that the only relations of the form \( \Sigma {\alpha_i}^2 = 0 \) which can hold in this field are the trivial ones: 02 + 02 + ··· + 02 = 0. This observation led Artin and Schreier to call any field having this property formally real. Any such field can be ordered and, on the other hand, any ordered field is formally real. Of central interest in the theory are the real closed fields, which are the formally real fields maximal under algebraic extension. A real closed field has a unique ordering which can be specified by the requirement that α > 0 in such a field if and only if α = β 2 ≠ 0. Also, if P is real closed, then \( P\left( {\sqrt {{ - 1}} } \right) \) is algebraically closed. Any formally real field can be imbedded in a real closed field which is algebraic over the given field. Moreover, if the original field is ordered, then the imbedding can be made so that the (unique) ordering in the real closed algebraic extension is an extension of that of the given field. Such a real closed extension of an ordered field is essentially unique and is called the real closure of the ordered field.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Utilization in the Pediatric Drowning Population

BACKGROUND Management of pediatric drowning often includes evaluation and treatment of infectious disease. There are few data describing the infections associated with pediatric drowning. METHODS A descriptive retrospective study was designed, and patients aged 24 hours to our institution after a drowning were included from January 2011 through June 30, 2017. Data collection included patient demographics, submersion injury details, resuscitation details, patient admission details, chest radiograph on admission, use of intubation and mechanical ventilation, hospital length of stay, culture data, antimicrobial use, and mortality. Descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation, median and range, percentage) were used to characterize the patient population, and Fisher exact test was used to evaluate the association between antimicrobial use in the first 72 hours of admission and mortality. RESULTS A total of 114 patients met study criteria (male, 59.7%; median age, 3.7 years [range, 0.15-17.79 years]). Median hospital length of stay was 2 days (range, 1-60 days). Intensive care unit admission occurred in 80.7%, intubation occurred in 46.5%, and mortality was 18.4%. The most common submersion location was a pool (76.3% [n = 87]) with water primarily characterized as freshwater (82.5% [n = 94]). Reported submersion time for the majority of patients was < 5 minutes (54.4%) with cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 78.1%. In the first 72 hours after admission, culture were obtained in 40 patients (35.1%), and 27.5% of these cultures were positive. The primary organisms identified were consistent oropharyngeal flora. Antimicrobials were initiated in 50% of the patient population with clindamycin as most common. There was not a significant association between antimicrobial use in the first 72 hours after admission and mortality (17.2% vs 19.6%, P = .81). CONCLUSIONS Infectious disease associated with pediatric drowning in pools is uncommon. Empiric use of antimicrobials does not appear to affect outcomes.
Exome sequencing identifies novel mutation signatures of UV radiation and trichostatin A in primary human keratinocytes.

Canonical ultraviolet (UV) mutation type and spectra are traditionally defined by direct sequencing-based approaches to map mutations in a limited number of representative DNA elements. To obtain an unbiased view of genome wide UV mutation features, we performed whole exome-sequencing (WES) to profile single nucleotide substitutions in UVB-irradiated primary human keratinocytes. Cross comparison of UV mutation profiles under different UVB radiation conditions revealed that T > C transition was highly prevalent in addition to C > T transition. We also identified 5′-ACG-3′ as a common sequence motif of C > T transition. Furthermore, our analyses uncovered several recurring UV mutations following acute UVB radiation affecting multiple genes including HRNR, TRIOBP, KCNJ12, and KMT2C, which are frequently mutated in skin cancers, indicating their potential role as founding mutations in UV-induced skin tumorigenesis. Pretreatment with trichostatin A, a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor that renders chromatin decondensation, significantly decreased the number of mutations in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. Unexpectedly, we found trichostatin A to be a mutagen that caused DNA damage and mutagenesis at least partly through increased reactive oxidation. In summary, our study reveals new UV mutation features following acute UVB radiation and identifies novel UV mutation hotspots that may potentially represent founding driver mutations in skin cancer development.
Apology and Restitution: Offender Accountability Responses Influence Victim Empathy and Forgiveness:

Two experiments (N = 487) tested the effects of receiving an apology (absent, present) and restitution (absent, present) in imagery of a one-sided transgression and common property crime, a burglar...
Frugalität und Spiritualität für nachhaltige Lebensweise im 21. Jahrhundert

Das Wachstums- und Konsumparadigma der Wirtschaft ist ein starker Faktor fur Klimawandel und Umweltschaden. Daruber hinaus fordert es jedoch auch sozio-psychologische Auswirkungen wie Depressionen, Burnout oder Entfremdung. Es wird argumentiert, dass Entfremdung ihrerseits dazu beitragt, dass okologische Konsequenzen leichtfertig ausgeblendet werden und das Individuum entgegen seinen ethischen Werten handelt. In diesem Beitrag werden Frugalitat als Tugend der Genugsamkeit im Konsum materieller und immaterieller Guter sowie kosmologische Weltsicht, nach der der Menschen in die Natur anstatt uber sie herrschend gedacht wird, als Alternativen zum durch Konsum definierten Leben dargelegt. Durch sie kann eine Weltbeziehung hergestellt werden, die ganzheitlich nachhaltigen Lebensstil ermoglicht.
Breaking Hearts: Ethically Handling Transference and Countertransference in Therapy

This paper examines ethical principles and their application to erotic or romanticized transference and countertransference. Transference is identified as unconscious feelings of a client that are ...
Quinupristin/dalfopristin: the first available macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotic.

Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, Penn) is a member of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. This new drug is a combination of 2 products derived from pristinamycin. The product is provided as a 30:70 ratio of quinupristin (pristinamycin I A, a group B streptogramin) and dalfopristin (pristinamycin II A, a group A streptogramin) (1, 2). The agent was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the second quarter of 1998 and is now available from the manufacturer. The delay was due in part to the complicated and time-consuming manufacturing process that takes place in 4 different manufacturing facilities worldwide and requires approximately 9 months to complete (3). Quinupristin/dalfopristin received approval for use in adults for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) and for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible) or Streptococcus pyogenes (4).
Surgical Evaluation of Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Tumors

Appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare with an incidence rate of 0.15–0.6 cases per 100,000 each year. The majority of appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors are diagnosed retrospectively after appendectomy that was performed for other indications. Workup includes histopathology review, biochemical laboratory studies, and cross-sectional and/or functional imaging. The extent of surgical resection, appendectomy versus right hemicolectomy with mesenteric lymphadenectomy, depends upon assessment of tumor size, location, and other high risk features. The management of advanced or metastatic disease is more complex and often requires a multidisciplinary approach but can include hepatic debulking, local ablative therapies, and/or medical therapies including somatostatin analogues, targeted therapies, and cytotoxic chemotherapies. Patients with locoregional disease have excellent survival, while patients with advanced and metastatic disease have a worse prognosis. The purpose of this text is to review the diagnosis and surgical management of well-differentiated appendiceal NETs.
Canopy effects of octocoral communities on sedimentation: modern baffles on the shallow-water reefs of St. John, USVI

Recent shifts in the presence and abundance of species on shallow Caribbean coral reefs have left octocorals as the dominant functional group on some reefs, creating an ‘animal forest’ with an associated canopy. This transition changes the reef profile potentially affecting flow and sedimentation. We examined the effects of an octocoral forest on the depositional environment on a shallow-water fringing reef system on the south shore of St. John, USVI. The depositional environment was characterized as canopy or non-canopy based on octocoral density. The effect of the octocoral canopy on flow and sedimentation was assessed using clod cards and sediment traps at 15 paired locations. The octocoral canopy altered flow resulting in greater levels of turbulence within the canopy. Sediment traps in areas of dense octocoral canopy accumulated greater amounts of sediment, with coarser, more rounded grains. Organic content of sediments collected in the traps was greater within the canopy than outside of it. The increase in turbulence within the canopy was likely due to wave-driven oscillatory flow interacting with the octocoral colonies. Sediment traps in the canopy likely had greater sediment accumulation due to both resuspension of sediments from within the canopy and deposition of imported sediments as flow decreased within the canopy. The presence of octocoral canopies and the reworking of sediment within them may affect the success of settling larvae and the evolution of reef structure.
Minimally invasive tenotomy of the tibial insertion of the semitendinosus muscle: An ex vivo study in horses.

Objective To describe a minimally invasive technique for semitendinosus tenotomy with ultrasonographic guidance and to evaluate procedural complications. Study design Experimental study. Sample population Cadaveric equine hind limbs (n = 16). Methods A stab incision was performed distocaudal to the tibial insertion of the semitendinosus muscle with ultrasonographic assistance. After transection of the tendon with an arthroscopic retrograde knife, the tendon edges palpably retracted, and complete transection was confirmed by ultrasound. Limbs were dissected to confirm the degree of tendon transection and to identify iatrogenic trauma to surrounding soft tissues. Results Tenotomy was complete in all limbs, resulting in a palpable gap forming between tendon edges. Superficial iatrogenic laceration to the underlying gracilis muscle (n = 2) or gracilis fascia (n = 1) was apparent in 3 of 16 limbs. Conclusion Ultrasound-assisted tenotomy of the tibial insertion of the semitendinosus muscle was reliably performed in a minimally invasive fashion with minor iatrogenic damage. Clinical significance Minimally invasive tenotomy of the semitendinosus muscle can be performed with ultrasonographic assistance and should be considered as an alternative technique for surgical management of fibrotic semitendinosus myopathy.
The rise of the modern state: II. The autonomy of military power

Chapter 11 shows that military activities dominated state functions in 1760 and still absorbed half of state resources in 1910. Militarism remained central to the modern state through 1914 – indeed, on into the twentieth century. Yet the unusual period of geopolitical and social peace dominating the West since World War II has led sociology to neglect the importance of military organization for modern society. This chapter shows the general relevance of three key issues of military power: who controlled the military, how it was internally organized, and what functions it served. The control issue can be posed in terms derived from the main theories of the state discussed in Chapter 3. Were the armed forces controlled by the dominant classes, by pluralist party democracy, or by an autonomous state elite? Alternatively, were they institutionally autonomous from all external control as a “military caste”? A single answer might not suffice for all the diverse times, places, and regimes covered here. Military organization comprised the interaction of two hierarchies – relations between officers and men and their external relations with social classes – and two modernizing processes – bureaucratization and professionalization. It is often argued that the rise of “citizen armies” weakened both hierarchies (e.g., Best 1982). Yet military organization is essentially “concentrated-coercive.” Soldiers need coercive discipline to risk their lives and take the lives of others in battle. Most armed forces are disciplined hierarchies. […]
Shark-Related Injuries in the United States: A National Trauma Data Bank Analysis.

BACKGROUND Shark-related injuries (SRIs) are a dreaded, but rare, source of injury that have not been well described. The present study aims to examine the incidence, injuries, and outcomes of SRIs presenting to US trauma centers. STUDY DESIGN The National Trauma Data Bank was queried from 2015 to 2018 to identify SRIs using ICD-10 e-codes W56.41XA, W56.42XA, and W56.49XA. Descriptive analyses were conducted on patient demographics, injuries, hospital course, procedures, and outcomes. RESULTS Fifty-three patients were identified with a mechanism of injury that was shark-related. The median age was 29 years (range: 3-67) and median injury severity score was 5 (IQR: 3-10). The majority of patients (96%) were admitted to the hospital (median length of stay (LOS): 4.0 days, IQR: 3.0-8.0), 55% went directly to the operating room, and 53% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission (median ICU LOS: 4.5 days, IQR: 1.3-7.0). Extremity injuries were common: 47% suffered lower extremity injuries, 40% had upper extremity injuries, and 13% had both. The majority of patients underwent surgical procedures: 83% had soft tissue injuries requiring debridement, flap coverage, or skin grafting; 28% suffered neurovascular injuries (17% requiring nerve repair and 2% requiring arterial bypass); and 59% required orthopedic intervention. Six patients (11%) required amputation(s). All patients survived to discharge. CONCLUSION Although an exceedingly rare source of trauma, SRIs are frequently associated with devastating injuries. Given the severity of injuries and associated procedures required, these patients warrant referral to a trauma center capable of providing comprehensive care.
Geriatricians Involvement in Healthcare Changes

Dr. Powers is Associate Professor of Medicine at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Associate Clinical Director at the Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (TVHS GRECC), Nashville TN. He is Geriatrics Fellowship Program Director and for over three decades has developed geriatric healthcare models and educational programs throughout Middle Tennessee. He focuses on evaluating educational and clinical outcomes, maintains a large practice and teaches geriatrics to healthcare professionals of all disciplines. For his work he was awarded the Marsha Goodwin-Beck VA Interdisciplinary Award for Excellence in Geriatric Clinical Care Delivery. Dr. Powers chaired national symposia on physician involvement in healthcare changes for the American Geriatrics Society in 2012 and 2013. This work grew out of that collaboration.