cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic engineering of microbial cell factories for production of nutraceuticals

Metabolic engineering allows for the rewiring of basic metabolism to overproduce both native and non-native metabolites. Among these biomolecules, nutraceuticals have received considerable interest due to their health-promoting or disease-preventing properties. Likewise, microbial engineering efforts to produce these value-added nutraceuticals overcome traditional limitations of low yield from extractions and complex chemical syntheses. This review covers current strategies of metabolic engineering employed for the production of a few key nutraceuticals with selecting polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenolic compounds, carotenoids and non-proteinogenic amino acids as exemplary molecules. We focus on the use of both mono-culture and co-culture strategies to produce these molecules of interest. In each of these cases, metabolic engineering efforts are enabling rapid production of these molecules.
Rearrangements of organometallic compounds

Abstract The mechanism of 1,2-aryl shifts in the Wittig rearrangement of α-metallated benzyl aryl ethers has been investigated by a detailed examination of the behavior of the following ethers: benzyl phenyl ether, benzyl para-tert-butyl- and meta-tert-butyl-phenyl ethers, benzyl 2-bromo-4-tert-butylphenyl ether and dibenzo[b,d] pyran. The failure to trap any aldehyde intermediate, the ease of rearrangement for the pyran, the lack of evidence for an aryne intermediate with the benzyl butyl ethers and other circumstantial evidence have led to the proposal of an intramolecular pathway in which radical pairs are generated and then collapse to the isomeric carbinolate.
Analysis, Estimation, and Validation of Discrete-Time Epidemic Processes

Models of spreading processes over nontrivial networks are commonly motivated by modeling and analysis of biological networks, computer networks, and human contact networks. However, learning the spread parameters of such models has not yet been explored in detail, and the models have not been validated by real data. In this paper, we present several different spread models from the literature and explore their relationships to each other; for one of these processes, we present a sufficient condition for asymptotic stability of the healthy equilibrium, show that the condition is necessary and sufficient for uniqueness of the healthy equilibrium, and present necessary and sufficient conditions for estimating the spread parameters. Finally, we employ two real data sets, one from John Snow's seminal work on cholera epidemics in London in the 1850s and the other one from the United States Department of Agriculture, to validate an approximation of a well-studied network-dependent susceptible-infected-susceptible model.
Rising to Their Full Potential: How a Uniform Disclosure Regime Will Empower Benefit Corporations

Fortunately — perhaps more than at any other time in history — there are investors willing to accept a reduced financial return, as long as they also get the “warm glow” that comes from doing good. And these ready investors are growing in number. The benefit corporation — a hybrid business organization between a nonprofit corporation and a for-profit corporation — is positioned to accept those investment dollars, and use them to pursue good, whether helping the homeless like ArtLifting, PBC, or helping the environment like Patagonia, Inc. Unfortunately, benefit corporations are being held back by one serious flaw: a patchwork of unworkable disclosure rules. The existing rules fail to inform investors what their financial and social return will be (and thus have the perverse impact of discouraging investment by socially conscious investors), and likewise fail to inform the broader public whether the corporation is living up to its stated benefit purpose. This Article proposes a uniform disclosure regime that will apply to all benefit corporations. The proposed regime standardizes disclosure, and thus allows stakeholders (both investors and the broader public) to compare and contrast competing firms. Further, the proposed regime has an enforcement mechanism that would allow both investors and the broader public to ensure that benefit corporations are providing the required disclosure. Finally, the proposed regime is narrowly tailored to avoid overly burdening the growth of benefit corporations, many of which have limited resources. In fact, this regime may actually save benefit corporations time and money, because it replaces the current patchwork (often chaotic) of state-by-state disclosure requirements with a single, simple regime. As the title of this Article suggests, the proposed uniform disclosure regime will help benefit corporations rise to their full potential.
Geometric Programming for Lifetime Maximization in Mobile Edge Computing Networks

Mobile edge computing has emerged as a promising technology to augment the computational capabilities of mobile devices. For a multi-user network in which its users periodically compute their tasks with the help of an edge cloud, we investigate the network lifetime maximization problem based on present user task information. We pursue this objective via a minimum energy efficiency maximization (MEEM) strategy that jointly optimizes the fraction of user task computations offloaded to the cloud and the respective allocation of edge computing and network communication resources across the users. We also investigate the network lifetime maximization problem for the case when the user task information is available for all future time slots, as well. This setting represents an upper bound for the MEEM strategy. Optimal solutions for both investigated strategies are formulated via feasibility testing and geometric programming. We show that MEEM can achieve a 70% lifetime improvement over the state-of-the-art and 450% lifetime improvement over the case of local user task computation only.
Walking for Transportation on Campus: Perspectives from Faculty and Students

Background: Walking is a recommended strategy for meeting physical activity (PA) requirements and benefiting from associated health outcomes. Walking for transportation, which is walking to get from ”Point A” to ”Point B,” may help individuals in fulfilling their weekly recommended PA, though little research has been done as it relates to walking for transportation on a college campus. Aim: To qualitatively explore attitudes and barriers toward walking for transportation and cues to action among a convenience sample of faculty, staff, and students. Methods: Through a non-experimental design, qualitative data were collected through conducting focus groups (n = 10) at a public, southeastern university with college students, staff, faculty (n = 13 students; n = 25 staff; n = 19 faculty). Results: The main themes emerging included: definitions of walking for transportation, factors that encouraged walking for transportation, barriers to walking on campus, and campaign/incentive suggestions. Conclusion: Findings support previous research which indicates situational factors prohibit individuals from walking for transportation. Further, findings indicate it would be of value for future research to determine best practices for promoting and incentivizing walking across various sub-groups not explored in this study. Lastly, point-of-decision prompt use (i.e., campus signage to promote walking) should be explored as a strategy to promote walking and active transport to determine what various groups respond most positively to.
Animal Experimentation in Biomedical Science

Animals have been used in research since the third century B.C. There exists disagreement among both scientists and the public at large regarding the necessity of conducting research with animals. This chapter provides a review of religious views toward the use of animals in biomedical research and explores the extent to which such views are congruent—or not—with secular views and current practices relating to the use of animals in research. The use of animals for research related to consumer products such as pesticides, cosmetics, or other substances is beyond the scope of this chapter. Three components of animal research are considered: the ethics of control, the ethics of animal suffering, and the ethics of killing. The chapter focuses on the three Abrahamic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and, where possible and relevant, provides a comparison with the views and practices in non-US locales.
Abstract 2654: B cells produce IL-27 in breast cancer to upregulate PD-L1 expression and promote tumor progression

B cells frequently infiltrate breast cancer (BCa) tumors, but their roles are inadequately understood. As shown by our analyses of the TCGA datasets and human BCa arrays, tumoral expression of B cell hallmark factors (e.g., CD20 and PAX5) coincides with those of the two subunits of pleiotropic cytokine IL-27, EBI3 and IL-27p28, whose expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients. In syngeneic mouse models, B cells promote BCa progression and do so by producing IL-27, but not IL-35 (IL-12/EBI3 heterodimer). Upon treatment by recombinant IL-27 or co-culturing with IL-27-producing B cells, BCa cells as well as targeted B lymphocytesactivate STAT1/STAT3 and upregulate immune checkpoint PD-L1 and chemokine receptor CXCR3, blocking of which synergistically arrest BCa cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, concomitant with reduction in PD-L1+B cells. Finally, B cell-specific deficiency in IL-27 receptor or PD-L1 inhibits BCa tumorigenesis, showing the dual functions of tumor-infiltrating B cells, i.e., IL-27 production for paracrinic PD-L1 upregulation. Citation Format: Hui Yan, Suryavathi Viswanadhapalli, Dariela Perez, Daniel Chupp, Maria Fernandez, Jingwei Wang, Shuai Wu, Carlos E. Rivera, Justin B. Moroney, Julia Taylor, John Im, Yiliao Luo, Junhao Liu, Sareddy Gangadhara, Tyler Curiel, Paolo Casali, Ratna Vadlamudi, Zhenming Xu. B cells produce IL-27 in breast cancer to upregulate PD-L1 expression and promote tumor progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2654.
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Subclasses, Lipid Content, and Function Trajectories Across the Menopause Transition: SWAN-HDL Study

Objective: The cardioprotective capacity of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol postmenopause has been challenged. HDL subclasses, lipid contents, and function might be better predictors of ...
Mobilities and Displacement

Sheller examines the complex relation between mobilities and displacement drawing on perspectives from critical mobilities research, as well as feminist and postcolonial theory. The chapter offers an overview of how mobilities theory addresses questions of displacement, focusing on three key areas: bordering and forced migration; eviction, incarceration, and homelessness; and the pursuit of mobility justice through commoning mobilities. The chapter shows how place, home, roots, and settlement share a political genealogy with displacement, uprooting, mobility, and migration. The chapter concludes with a discussion of an ethics of placement and more mindful forms of ‘placing.’
Low Liver Enzymes and Risk of Dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

BACKGROUND Low levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the low physiologic range, surrogate markers for reduced liver metabolic function, are associated with cerebral hypometabolism, impairment in neurotransmitter production and synaptic maintenance, and a higher prevalence of dementia. It is unknown whether a prospective association exists between low liver enzyme levels and incident dementia. OBJECTIVE To determine whether low levels of ALT and AST are associated with higher risk of incident dementia. METHODS Plasma ALT and AST were measured on 10,100 study participants (mean age 63.2 years, 55% female, 22% black) in 1996-1998. Dementia was ascertained from comprehensive neuropsychological assessments, annual contact, and medical record surveillance. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the association. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 18.3 years (maximum 21.9 years), 1,857 individuals developed dementia. Adjusted for demographic factors, incidence rates of dementia were higher at the lower levels of ALT and AST. Compared to the second quintile, ALT values <10th percentile were associated with a higher risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.34, 95% CI 1.08-1.65). The corresponding HR was 1.22 (0.99-1.51) for AST. CONCLUSION Plasma aminotransferases <10th percentile of the physiologic range at mid-life, particularly ALT, were associated with greater long-term risk of dementia, advocating for attention to the putative role of hepatic function in the pathogenesis of dementia.
Wavepacket Theory of Femtosecond Dynamic Absorption Spectroscopy

By measuring the spectrum of the probe pulse, rather than just its energy, Shank and coworkers have demonstrated how to take advantage of the large spectral width of the fastest femtosecond pulses to obtain complete time-resolved absorption spectra of coherently evolving molecules on a 6 fs timescale. [1] To provide a quantitative analysis of these experiments, we have formulated the perturbative density matrix theory for the third order susceptibility of a multi-level system in terms of four-time correlation functions which can be interpreted as the time-dependent overlap of bra and ket vibrational wavepackets propagating independently on the ground and excited state electronic potential surfaces. [2] When vibrational motion during the excitation is minimal, or when the pump pulse is shorter than the optical T2, the system will be prepared in an essentially pure vibrational state. The time-resolved differential absorption spectrum can then be treated as the first-order spectroscopy of the non-stationary state created by the pump pulse.
Research Curricula and Accreditation: The Challenge for Leadership

Abstract Faculty and administrators in social work programs have greeted recently disseminated accreditation requirements by CSWE with varying mixtures of enthusiasm and concern. Of all curricular areas, research seems subject to the most extensive revisions of purpose, curricular structure, etc. Both accreditation demands and programmatic responses should be viewed against a backdrop of continuing disagreement within faculty ranks about the place of research in the professional curriculum. How newly promulgated accreditation policy and procedures affect this dissension and the adequacy of the conceptualizations and program structures that result will determine the usefulness of research content in future curricula.
Some Connections between Steiner Systems and Self-Conjugate Sets of M.O.L.S.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the use of some algebraic tools developed by one of the authors to study sets of m.o.1.s. and two-variable identities. Certain groups are associated with sets of m.o.1.s. and these groups turn out to be closely connected with the Lindner–Mendelsohn conjugate invariant subgroups. In one of the most interesting cases, where the group is “as large as possible,” the corresponding set of m.o.l.s. determines a Steiner (2, k)-system and the Ganter–Werner algebra associated with it. The chapter explains the Lindner–Mendelsohn stabilizer and examines Steiner systems.
Music for the Common Man: Aaron Copland During the Depression and War, by Elizabeth B. Crist

Elizabeth B. Crist's Music for the Common Man is an important book that examines Aaron Copland's political activities from the 1930s until the end of the Second World War. This is the most signific...
Halabja and the Face of Justice

This is an edited text of the comments that Professor Newton was asked to deliver at the 25th Anniversary commemoration of the genocidal acts that took place in Halabja on March 16, 1988. The speech is entitled "Halabja and the Face of Justice". The text touches on the attributes of the Kurdish people and describes the effects of the chemical weapons attacks on Halabja that day as well as the larger context of the Anfal genocidal campaign. Saddam Hussein's regime destroyed some 2000, Kurdish villages and used chemical weapons against the civilian population more than 50 separate times. The speech concludes by placing the crimes in Halabja and the larger Anfal into the perspective of current events in Syria.
Incidentaly Discovered Colpocephaly and Corpus Callosum Agenesis in Asymptomatic Elderly Patient.

Colpocephaly is very rare disease characterized by dilatation of the posterior horns of the lateral ventricle of the brain with normal anterior horns. Isolated colpocephaly without other neurological manifestations extremely rare. Previously reported cases usually diagnosed prenatal by ultrasound or in early childhood when the patient presents with delayed mile stones, seizures, mental retardation, motor and sensory deficit (1). In this report, we present a case of colpocephaly and corpus callosum agenesis that diagnosed in sixty six years old African American woman that did not suffer from seizures, cognitive, motor or sensory disability in her past life before the admission.
Effects of Some Inhibitors of Sodium Transport (Adenosine Triphosphatase Inhibitors) on Pancreatic Secretion

Pancreatic electrolyte secretion has usually been considered to involve the active transport of HCO 3 - and the passive diffusion of Na + and K + . Since a (Na + , K + ) adenosine triphosphatase has been identified in the canine pancreas, we studied the effect of some adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors to determine whether the transport of Na + might be an active process. Three adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors, ouabain (0.04 mg per kg), furosemide (1 and 5 mg per kg), and ethacrynic acid (1 and 4 mg per kg), were studied in 5 secretin-stimulated pancreatic fistual dogs. All produced a significant decrease in volume flow, HCO 3 − concentration, Na + and K + output, and an increase of enzyme output. The effect began in 10 min. rose to a peak in 60 min, and was over 1 hr later. At the doses used, ouabain had the most profound effect. The data suggest that the pancreatic secretion of electrolytes may be in part dependent on an (Na + , K + ) adenosine triphosphatase system acting on a sodium pump.
Coulomb interaction in a quantum dot

One approximation is made to describe a M+1 electron many-body wavefunction by a M electron many-body wavefunction and a single electron wavefunction. Under this approximation, we have derived the Coulomb energy which relates the exciton energy $E_{exc}$ in a quantum dot with the quasiparticle band gap (defined as the difference between the ionization energy and the electron affinity), and the Coulomb energy which relates $E_{exc}$ with the single particle eigen values. We found that these two Coulomb energies are different. We have compared our results with the formulae used in different groups, which are proposed either {\it ad hov}, or from the classical electrostatic point of view. We found important difference between our results and the classical formula. Finally, under the above approximation, we provided an effective single particle Hamiltonian, which gives the quasiparticle band structure in a bulk system.
Geometrizing Infinite Dimensional Locally Compact Groups

We study groups having invariant metrics of curvature bounded below in the sense of Alexandrov. Such groups are a generalization of Lie groups with invariant Riemannian metrics, but form a much larger class. We prove that every locally compact, arcwise connected, first countable group has such a metric. These groups may not be (even infinite dimensional) manifolds. We show a number of relationships between the algebraic and geometric structures of groups equipped with such metrics. Many results do not require local compactness.
A Note on the Determination of Cost Structure

Cost structure in terms of variable cost and fixed cost can be determined by using regression analysis or solving a system of equations with two variables on information in income statements. I propose two equations that allow estimation of cost structure using three ratios: the profit margin, the growth rate in sales, and the growth rate in profits.
Reactions to Personal Space Invasion: Experimental Tests of an Attributional Analysis

A series of experiments was conducted to test the hypothesis that reactions to an invasion of personal space would depend on the meaning attributed to the invader’s action. In all three studies, a confederate invaded the personal space of subjects under conditions such that the invasion could either be attributed to dispositions of the invader or to a situational constraint. In two of the three studies, subjects indicated greater discomfort, either by leaving the situation or by self-report ratings of their own feelings, in the conditions where the invasion could be attributed to dispositions of the invader.
First and ten leadership: A historiometric investigation of the CIP leadership model

Abstract Emerging from the early work of Weber (1924), the charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic (CIP) model of leadership (Mumford, 2006) has enjoyed a recent surge in research attention. According to the model, the three leader types differ in a number of fundamental ways — differences largely tied to how the leaders provide sensemaking to followers. Although these differences are central to the model, these components have yet to be examined directly. As such, the aim of this study was to explicitly test the core tenants of the CIP model. Using a historiometric sample of college and NFL football coaches we found general support for specific predictions made by the model and in the aggregate, the model as a whole. We also examined the unique patterns and features that were used to distinguish among the leader types providing useful insight into how leaders may be categorized. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Two-loop superstrings and S-duality

Abstract The two-loop contribution to the type IIB low energy effective action term D 4 R 4 , predicted by SL ( 2 , Z ) duality, is compared with that of the two-loop 4-point function derived recently in superstring perturbation theory through the method of projection onto super period matrices. For this, the precise overall normalization of the 4-point function is determined through factorization. The resulting contributions to D 4 R 4 match exactly, thus providing an indirect check of SL ( 2 , Z ) duality. The two-loop heterotic low energy term D 2 F 4 is evaluated in string perturbation theory; its form is closely related to the D 4 R 4 term in type II, although its significance to duality is an open issue.
Chemical Strategies for Template Syntheses of Composite Micro- and Nanostructures

This paper describes chemical strategies, used in conjunction with the template method, for preparing composite micro- and nanostructures. An example is shown here. Each pore in the template membrane (A) is first filled with a tubule of Au (B). An electropolymerization method is then used to deposit a tubule of an insulating polymer within each Au tubule (C). A microwire of polypyrrole is then deposited down the center of each of the insulting-polymer tubes (D).
Note on the utility of the st mus302 test for chromosome loss in a blind test of an environmental compound for chromosome breakage in Drosophila

Under the auspices of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and in conjunction with other Drosophila laboratories, we are assaying environmental compounds for mutagenic activity in a blind test evaluating initially for gene/point mutations in the sex-linked recessive lethal test and, if positive, for chromosome breakage in the heritable translocation test to detect translocations between chromosomes 2 and 3 and between the Y chromosome and chromosome 2 and/or 3. One of the first compounds tested proved positive in both assays. The compound bears the code designation 024474 or 623474. For the recessive lethal test, males 24 h old and starved 6 h were permitted to feed for 72 h (solutions renewed at 24-h intervals) on 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/ml of the compound in 5% sucrose. Results were, respectively (number of lethals/numbers of tests), 1/3349 (0.03%), 10/1040 (0.96%), 16/1088 (1.47%) and 39/2509 (1.55%). Only males treated with 7.5 mg/ml were tested for translocations. No translocations were found in 8335 control genomes and 4/6210 and 7.5 mg/ml distributed as follows: 0/2645 following 7-9 days of sperm storage, 4/3416 (10-12 days) and 0,/149 (13-15 days); shorter periods of storage (1-6 days) were not tested. Regarding tests for chromosome breakage, Zimmering and co-workers have demonstrated improved chromosome-breakage detection capability of conventional F1 tests for chromosome loss by substituting repair-deficient mei-9 a for ordinary repair-proficient PI females in mutagenicity assays of 5 monofunctional alkylating agents including MMS, DMN, DEN, procarbazine (see Zimmering, 1981) and MNU (Zimmering and Moberg, unpublished). More recently, females from the repair-deficient strain designated s t mus302 have been employed and shown to confer even greater sensitivity on the chromosome loss test in assays of the above compounds (Zimmering, 1982, and unpublished). Accordingly, X c2, y f / B S y y +
Identity maintenance and cognitive test performance

Abstract Identity maintenance processes can affect performance when that performance is relevant to an important self-identity, including performance on standardized tests of mental ability. Affect control theory proposes that individuals’ performances are motivated to maintain concordance between fundamental sentiments about identities and contextually driven transient meanings. An experimental test used the college major identity and randomly assigned participants to different instruction sets that made an aptitude test either relevant to their major or a contrasting major (All participants took the Raven advanced progressive matrices test.). Participants who took a test of mental ability that they expected would verify their identity scored two and a half points higher than did participants who took a test of mental ability expected to verify a contrasting identity. Results strongly support the fundamental validity of affect control theory’s predictions about situational meaning maintenance [Heise, David R., 1979. Understanding Events: Affect and the Construction of Social Action. Cambridge University Press, New York; Heise, David R., 1985. Affect control theory: respecification, estimation and tests of the formal model. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 11, 191–222; Heise, David R., 2007. Expressive Order: Confirming Sentiments in Social Actions. Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, New York ; Heise, David R., MacKinnon, Neil J., 1988. Affective bases of likelihood judgments. In: Smith-Lovin, Lynn, Heise, David R. (Eds.), Analyzing Social Interaction: Advances in Affect Control Theory. Gordon and Breach, New York, pp. 133–152].
hp-Adaptive Multiphysics Finite Element Simulation of LWD Borehole Sonic Waveforms

SUMMARY We develop a new multi-physics, finite-element method to simulate LWD borehole acoustic waveforms in the presence of the tool. The method works in the frequency domain, is fully adaptive, and enables accurate simulations in the presence of large contrasts of elastic properties, including those existing along the tool body. Coupling of acoustic and elastic wave propagation in the borehole and the formation, respectively, is achieved with a new, stable multi-physics formulation. In addition, the method includes a PML layer for effective truncation of the spatial domain. Examples of application are shown for the simulation of LWD sonic waveforms acquired with monopole, dipole, and quadrupole sources. Results indicate accurate and reliable reproduction of tool, borehole, and formation propagation modes in the presence of hard and soft formations, including cases of transversely isotropic formations.
Design of a Transient Voltage Clamp (TVC) Based On Output Impedance Analysis

This paper presents a new design of methodology of the transient voltage clamp (TVC) based on the output impedance. TVC works in parallel with a voltage regulator (VR)'s ceramic cap to achieve a faster voltage regulation without huge bulk capacitor. Hence it acts as a replacement of the bulk cap. Due to the limited control bandwidth, traditional VR could not respond rapidly to the load transient. As a result, a large output voltage spike can occur during load transient hence requiring large amount of bulk cap to decouple the VR from the load. The specific function of TVC is to replace the bulk cap and sink or source large currents similar to the bulk cap. This will allow fast transient response without large bulk capacitor. The main challenge in applying the TVC is how to design the TVC that will not interfere with VR operation. In this paper, the total system output impedance, the TVC impedance concept, system control bandwidth and transient response are discussed. The theoretical analysis will be confirmed by the cadence simulation results.
Multiple Error Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance For Matrix Triangularizations

The checksum methods have been known as the most efficient fault-tolerant matrix triangularization schemes on systolic arrays in the presence of a single transient error. But it is not realistic to expect that at most one transient error occurs during any computation. In this paper, we extend the existing checksum schemes and introduce a block checksum scheme for multiple transient errors applicable to the fault tolerant matrix LU decomposition, Gaussian elimination with pairwise pivoting, and the QR decomposition. The block checksum scheme can detect, locate, and correct one transient error in each submatrix of a given matrix. Then we introduce examples that show that even one transient error can make the corrected results by factorization updates useless due to rounding errors. We also show that by introducing d weighted checksum vectors, we can detect all the transient errors that occur in a maximum of d different columns in matrix triangularizations.
Effects of conditioning history on selective stimulus control by elements of compound discriminative stimuli.

Abstract Effects of prior discrimination training on stimulus control by color and shape dimensions of compound stimuli were studied with college students. In Phase 1, single-stimulus discrimination training was conducted for two values of color and shape. Phase 2 discrimination training employed two 2-dimensional compound stimuli composed of the color and shape stimuli trained in Phase 1. For conflict-compound stimuli, the stimulus–response–consequence contingency was altered between phases for one stimulus dimension (target dimension), but not for the other, non-target, dimension. Level of congruence (100%, 25%, and 0%) of the contingency for the target dimension between phases was manipulated across groups. When each stimulus value was tested in Phase 3, level of Phase-2-consistent responding to the target dimension varied with level of Phase-1-to-Phase-2 congruence. In Experiment 2, training history for the non-target dimension was altered across three conditions: (a) Correlated with reinforcement, as in Experiment 1, (b) No-Training, or (c) Not-Correlated. Phase-2-consistent responding to the target cue in Phase 3 was lower under the latter conditions than under the Correlated condition, indicating that the non-target dimension modulated control by the target dimension, consistent with stimulus competition. The data suggest elemental, rather than configural processing of the compound stimuli during Phase 2.
On the Contraction of Groups and Their Representations

Classical mechanics is a limiting case of relativistic mechanics. Hence the group of the former, the Galilei group, must be in some sense a limiting case of the relativistic mechanics’ group, the representations of the former must be limiting cases of the latter’s representations. There are other examples for similar relations between groups. Thus, the inhomogeneous Lorentz group must be, in the same sense, a limiting case of the de Sitter groups. The purpose of the present note is to investigate, in some generality, in which sense groups can be limiting cases of other groups (Section I), and how their representations can be obtained from the representations of the groups of which they appear as limits (Section II). Section III deals briefly with the transition from inhomogeneous Lorentz group to Galilei group. It shows in which way the representation up to a factor of the Galilei group, embodied in the Schrodinger equation, appears as a limit of a representation of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group and also gives the reason why no physical interpretation is possible for the real representations of that group.
Software disasters—understanding the past, to improve the future

SUMMARY Over the years, there have been several major software disasters, resulting from poor software project management, poor risk assessment, and poor development and testing practices. The results of the disasters range from project delays, project cancelations, loss of millions of dollars of equipment, to human fatalities. It is important to study software disasters, to alert developers and testers to be ever vigilant, and to understand that huge catastrophes can arise from what seem like small problems. This paper examines such failures as the Mars Polar Lander, the Patriot missile, and the Therac-25 radiation deaths. The focus of the paper is on the factors that led to these problems, an analysis of the problems, and the lessons to be learned that relate to software engineering, safety engineering, government and corporate regulations, and oversight by users of the systems. A model named STAMP, Systems-Theoretic Accident Modeling and Process, will be introduced, as a model to analyze these types of accidents. This model is based on systems theory, where the focus is on systems taken as a whole, as opposed to traditional failure-event models where the parts are examined separately. It is by understanding the past, that we can improve the future. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for Codeine Therapy in the Context of Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Genotype

Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine as an analgesic are governed by CYP2D6 polymorphisms. Codeine has little therapeutic effect in patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, whereas the risk of morphine toxicity is higher in ultrarapid metabolizers. The purpose of this guideline (periodically updated at http://www.pharmgkb.org) is to provide information relating to the interpretation of CYP2D6 genotype test results to guide the dosing of codeine.
Minimally Invasive Local Treatments for Bone and Pulmonary Metastases

Surgery and chemotherapy have historically been the mainstay of treatment in patients with metastatic disease. However there are many alternative therapies available to relieve the symptoms and morbidity of metastases. In this paper, we review the role and highlight the advantages of minimally invasive techniques employed in patients with pulmonary and bone metastases.
Steady-State Modeling of Gas Turbine Engines Using the Numerical Propulsion System Simulation Code

The Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) code was created through a joint United States industry and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) effort to develop a state-of-the-art aircraft engine cycle analysis simulation tool. Written in the computer language C++, NPSS is an object-oriented framework allowing the gas turbine engine analyst considerable flexibility in cycle conceptual design and performance estimation. Furthermore, the tool was written with the assumption that most users would desire to easily add their own unique objects and calculations without the burden of modifying the source code. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to present an introduction to the discipline of thermodynamic cycle analysis to those who may have some basic knowledge in the individual areas of fluid flow, gas dynamics, thermodynamics, and turbomachinery theory but not necessarily how they are collectively used in engine cycle analysis. Second, this paper will show examples of performance modeling of gas turbine engine cycles specifically using Numerical Propulsion System Simulation concepts and model syntax. Current practices in industry and academia will also be discussed. While NPSS allows both steady-state and transient simulations and is written to facilitate higher orders of analysis fidelity, the pedagogical example will focus primarily on steady-state analysis of an aircraft mixed flow turbofan at the 0-D and 1-D level. Ultimately it is hoped that this paper will provide a starting point by which both the novice cycle analyst and the experienced engineer looking to transition to a superior tool can use NPSS to analyze any kind of practical gas turbine engine cycle in detail.
Vesicle formation: Dynamic dynamin lives up to its name

The GTP-binding protein dynamin was initially thought to be required for just the final stages of clathrin-dependent vesicle formation, but recent results indicate that it can actually catalyse many of the essential steps in the vesiculation pathway.
Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn with hypercalcemia

A newborn infant with subcutaneous fat necrosis and hypercalcemia is presented. Literature on the association between subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn and hypercalcemia is reviewed. Affected infants generally experience severe perinatal difficulties. Both vaginal deliveries and cesarean sections can be associated with subcutaneous fat necrosis.
Hidden Higgs boson models and stellar energy loss

Abstract We study a mechanism for the energy loss in the core of a star via the Compton-like process γe → φ r ∗ e with the virtual Higgs boson φr∗ turning into a pair of Goldstone bosons JJ that carry away the thermonuclear energy. An astrophysical constaints upon the coupling is derived. The bound is loose enough that the decay mode H → JJ can well be the dominating channel in the hidden Higgs models.
Effects of event probability and sequence on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity, reading, and math disorder.

Abstract Background We investigated the impact of stimulus probability and sequence on performance and event-related potentials of 310 children classified into 12 combinations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Not–attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Inattentive and Combined subtypes) with presence/absence of reading disorder and math disorder. Methods Subjects pressed buttons to displays of the letters O and X, which were presented with probabilities of either .17/.83 or .50/.50. Greater response selection was required in the .17/.83 condition. Results Stimulus probability had comparable effects on all diagnostic groups. The extent of mismatch between a stimulus and preceding events elicited less systematic increases in errors, P3b latency, and P3b amplitude among both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes than controls. Mismatch with preceding trials more greatly reduced math disorder and reading disorder + math disorder children’s speed in the Rare task and accuracy in both conditions. Math disorder and reading disorder + math disorder subjects also registered less the effects of alternations of the infrequent O on N2 amplitude and on P3b latency. Conclusions Math disorder and reading disorder + math disorder youngsters’ lower sensitivity to sequence irregularity in their event-related potentials along with greater disruption of performance suggest working memory deficits that adversely affected response selection. Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder did not affect the results.
Laser-induced multiphoton decomposition: isotope separation in SF6

Abstract We propose a model for molecular complexity in multiphoton processes occuring in low-pressure gases. Isotope selectivity and decomposition yield for SF 6 are predicted as a function of laser intensity; a threshold in yield is found at approximately 16 MW/cm 2 .
Adsorption of polychlorinated biphenyls to activated carbon: Equilibrium isotherms and a preliminary assessment of the effect of dissolved organic matter and biofilm loadings

Sequestration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by activated carbon (AC) has been proposed as a remediation strategy for PCB-contaminated sediments. However, published PCB-AC adsorption isotherm data are sparse and, while sediment-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) and biofilms are likely to be present in sediments, the impacts of these loadings have not been quantified. Batch laboratory experiments were undertaken to obtain equilibrium adsorption capacities, q(e), for 9 PCBs on virgin AC, DOM-loaded AC, and biofilm-covered AC. Isotherm data fit the Freundlich isotherm equation (average R2=0.94, n=27) over the range of aqueous concentrations studied ( approximately 0.1-1000 ng/L). Planarity effects were evident at low aqueous concentrations only (0.1-10 ng/L), where q(e) of three PCBs of similar hydrophobicity decreased with an increasing number of ortho-chlorines, indicating steric hindrances attenuated adsorption. The values of q(e) for DOM- and biofilm-loaded ACs were approximately one order of magnitude smaller than those on virgin AC when normalized by the available AC surface area, indicating that PCB adsorption likely occurred on specific regions of the AC structure. Nevertheless, virgin and loaded ACs used in this study had sufficiently high PCB adsorption capacities to warrant further study as an in-situ remediation alternative for PCB-contaminated sediments.
Multilingual Novels as Transnational Literature: Yann Martel's Self

Yann Martel’s experimental novel Self (1996) recounts the story of a young man’s gender transformation as he also negotiates his national and linguistic identity through cosmopolitan and multilingual affiliations. To convey the tropes of mobility and flexibility, the novel juxtaposes English and several other languages in parallel columns, inviting comparisons across discrete linguistic and literary traditions. Conceptualized from the start as a multilingual novel, Self challenges monolingual ways of classifying national literature, raising interesting questions about multilingual texts’ canonical location, implied readership, and translation into another language. Drawing on recent debates on transnationalism, I argue that the novel’s formal strategies require a mode of reading predicated on comparison and translation. Readers are encouraged at once to conceive of distinct languages relationally and to uncover the hegemonic relationship between global and local languages in Canada as well as globally. Through its formal aesthetics, which underscores both the opportunities and the limits of multilingualism, Martel’s novel contributes valuable insights to current debates on transnational literature.
Improvements in terrain-based road vehicle localization by initializing an Unscented Kalman Filter using Particle Filters

This work develops an algorithm to initialize an Unscented Kalman Filter using a Particle Filter for applications with initial non-Gaussian probability density functions. The method is applied to estimating the position of a road vehicle along a one-mile test track and 7 kilometer span of a highway using terrain-based localization where the pitch response of the vehicle is compared to a pre-measured pitch map of each roadway. The results indicate that the method can be used to decrease the computational load of the algorithm while maintaining the accuracy of the Particle Filter, but that the challenge is to determine the appropriate moment to perform the switch between algorithms. A modified Chi-Squared test is used to determine a switchover point when the probability density function of the particle population can be approximated by a Gaussian for initializing the Unscented Kalman Filter. A normalized innovation squared test is also demonstrated to be useful for monitoring the health of the Unscented Kalman Filter.
Criminal Justice “Hollywood Style”: How Women in Criminal Justice Professions Are Depicted in Prime-Time Crime Dramas

With the abundance of prime-time crime dramas on television, it is imperative that researchers examine how female criminal justice professionals are depicted in the world of fiction versus in reality. In this study, a content analysis of 10 prime-time television crime dramas was conducted. Of the 69 characters observed, female criminal justice professionals were portrayed as young, White, and single. Female characters were more provocatively dressed, and they also were more likely to be victims of crime. Unlike previous studies that showed that female characters were underrepresented on prime-time television, here women were overrepresented as crime scene investigators, detectives, and special agents. Stereotypical images of women as subordinate, nurturing, affectionate, and sexually attractive still prevail. However, compared to their male counterparts, female characters were equally assertive, self-confident, and competitive.
A Study of the Bactericidal Activity in vitro of certain Glycols and Closely Related Compounds.

Received for publication February 9, 1948. Aided by special grants from the Research Corporation and the Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation of New York City. * These glycols were purified compounds provided to us through the courtesy of the Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation, the Dow Chemical Mfg. Company, the Shell Oil Company and E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company. 1. Robertson, O. H., Bigg, E., Miller, B. F., and Baker, Z. 1941, Sterilization of the Air by Certain Glycols Employed as Aerosols. Science 93: 213-214.
Net primary production and soil respiration in New England hemlock forests affected by the hemlock woolly adelgid

The abundance of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in eastern US forests has declined since the 1950s owing to the introduction of the non-native insect, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA, Adelges tsugae). In southern New England, eastern hemlock is being replaced by the deciduous tree species, black birch (Betula lenta). To date there is little understanding of whether hemlock loss will fundamentally alter ecosystem C balance and component fluxes. In this study, we use a comparative approach to study potential changes in C fluxes and N cycling associated with HWA-induced hemlock decline and replacement. The stands include primary- and secondary-growth hemlock forests (>230 and 132 years old, respectively), recently disturbed stands (5 and 18 years old) that now have rapidly growing black birch saplings, and a mature black birch stand of age similar to the second-growth hemlock stand. We found that aboveground net primary production was higher in the aggrading black birch stand and significantly so at 18-years...
Some questions on the Coriolis force, the structure of rotational states and the IBM

Abstract The charge to panel members of the Round Table Discussion was to make editorial comments on what transpired during the conference. In response, I would like to raise a few questions which I feel were not addressed during the meeting. Among these are: what is the relationship between the nucleon-nucleon interaction and the Coriolis force, and what is the microscopic origin of rotational and vibrational states? In addition, I shall make a few remarks concerning the interacting boson model.