cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Initial and Steady-State Sliding Behavior of a Nearly Frictionless Carbon Film by Imaging 2- and 3-D TOF-SIMS

Using imaging time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), we investigated the initial and steady-state sliding behavior of a nearly frictionless carbon (NFC) film. Specifically, TOF-SIMS images (both 2-D and 3-D) of these surfaces were constructed to highlight the spatial distributions of ionized and molecular species that were present on as-received and friction-tested NFC surfaces and as a function of depth. As a complementary technique, we used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to gain further insight into the chemical nature of the sliding surfaces. The NFC films were produced on Si wafers and steel substrates in a gas discharge plasma that consisted of 25 vol.% methane and 75 vol.% hydrogen using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system. They were then subjected to sliding friction and wear experiments in a pin-on-disk machine under 5- and 10-N loads and at sliding velocities of 0.2–0.5 m/s in dry nitrogen. The initial friction coefficients of the NFC films were in the range of 0.05–0.1, but decreased rapidly to values less than 0.01 at steady state. Positive and negative TOF-SIMS spectra and 2- and 3-D images reconstructed from selected masses revealed that the elemental distribution of certain chemical species differs substantially between undisturbed and tribo-tested areas of the NFC films. Specifically, the tribo-tested areas are essentially made up of carbon and hydrogen, while undisturbed or as-received areas are covered by a layer that is rich in oxygen and other species. These findings correlate well with the initial and steady-state friction coefficients of these films and help further explain their superlubricity in inert test environments.
Crack face pressure loading of semielliptical cracks located along the bore of a hole

Abstract The finite element-alternating method is used to obtain Mode I stress intensity factors for semielliptical surface cracks centered along the bore of a hole in a large plate of finite thickness. The variation in stress intensity factor around the crack perimeter is provided for two loading configurations: remote uniaxial tension and a crack face pressure described by a third order polynomial. It is suggested that the tabulated solutions for the crack face pressure loading represent “general” results which can be used with linear superposition to compute stress intensity factors for many other practical loading configurations. Two example problems describe application of the superposition procedure with the crack face pressure results.
Genetics, septal lesions, and avoidance behavior in mice

Frequently, physiological experiments fail to consider the genetic constitution of experimental subjects. The present series of experiments was designed to examine how strain of mouse interacts with brain damage on avoidance behavior. In a series of four experiments three strains of male mice (RF/J, C57BL/6J, and Binghamton-Heterogeneous (HET)) received either septal lesions or control surgery, and then were trained in avoidance tasks. In Experiment 1, the two-way active avoidance performance of both the C57 and HET lesion groups was superior to that of their respective controls. However, the RF lesion and control groups performed at almost identical levels. In Experiment 2, intertrial interval (ITI) shuttle responses were punished in the two-way active avoidance situation. Again, only the C57 and HET mice with septal lesions showed facilitated and improved two-way active avoidance behavior across days. RF lesion animals were initially superior to their control counterparts, but did not improve over days. Differential patterns of shuttle activity also were observed across the different strain and surgery groups. In Experiments 3 and 4, mice were trained on a step-through and water deprivation passive avoidance task, respectively. Mice with lesions were inferior to their control counterparts except that C57 mice with septal lesions were not deficient in performance relative to controls. The implications of genetic interactions with brain damage are discussed.
Increased Adhesion of Glycated Proteins to Arteriolar Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells as Determined by Atomic Force Microscopy

Modification of proteins by non-enzymatic glycation occurs in diabetes mellitus, aging and pathological states including renal failure. Glycation reactions span early reversible reactions to irreversibly modified species termed advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). Long-lived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are particularly susceptible to AGE modification. As ECM proteins are known to regulate vascular function through binding with integrins, AGE formation may modify normal interactions between matrix and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) ultimately impacting vasoregulation. The purpose of this study was to selectively investigate the adhesion between either non-glycated or glycated fibronectin (FN) with VSMCs using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). AFM probes were functionalized with FN or glycated FN and cyclically interacted with isolated VSMCs using a force mode nano-indentation protocol. Adhesion was quantified as the rupture force required to disrupt adhesion bonds the formed during contact of the AFM probe with the cell and also as the probability of an adhesive interaction occurring. AFM probes coated with FN alone required 78.6 ± 19.9 pN (N=5) to disrupt adhesive bonds whereas glycated FN required 49.9 ± 5.7 pN (N=5). Binding probability was, however, significantly increased for AFM probes coated with glycated FN vs FN alone, 72.9 ± 3.5 % vs 63.0 ± 1.6 %, (N=5) respectively. Selectivity for binding to alpha5 integrin was investigated by adding a solubilized function-blocking antibody to the cell bath. Anti-alpha5 antibody significantly reduced binding to FN (14.27%) but had no effect on glycated FN. These results establish that glycation of ECM proteins can significantly affect their adhesive interaction with VSM and integrins and this could in turn lead to altered cell-integrin based regulation of VSM function. (Supp by P01 HL095486 and RO1 HL92241)
Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Line Narrowing by a Rotating rf Field

A nuclear-magnetic-resonance method is explored, which effectively attenuates the dipolar interaction in solids. The experimental technique corresponds to the observation of a free-induction decay in a frame of reference rotating with the frequency of an applied rf field. When the amplitude ${H}_{1}$ of this field is much greater than the local field in the solid, and when its frequency is appropriately chosen, the secular part of the dipolar interaction is removed. As a result the rotary saturation line is extremely narrowed. At smaller values of ${H}_{1}$, nonsecular terms in the dipolar interaction come into play and contribute to line broadening. These nonsecular effects are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. All the measurements were made in single crystals of calcium fluoride. The calculation of the nonsecular contribution to the line width utilizes the unitary transformation method of Jordhal and Pryce. Theory and experiment are in good agreement.
Determination of phosphite, hypophosphite, tellurium and mercury

Abstract A new catalytic oxidation procedure, involving the use of a cerium(IV) sulfate reagent in perchloric acid with a mixed silver(I)—manganese(II) perchlorate catalyst, has been developed for the determination of phosphite, hypophosphite, and tellurium. By this method 15—100 mg of phosphite, 5—35 mg of hypophosphite, and 10—105 mg of tellurium may be determined with standard deviations of ±0.17, ±0.32, and ±0.21% respectively. A direct titration procedure for mercury(I) is described using a ceric perchlorate solution as titrant with the mixed catalyst system. Samples from 65–510 mg may be analyzed with a standard deviation of ±0.36%.
Understanding Furniture Design Choices Using a 3D Virtual Showroom

This study is a Web-based investigation that utilizes virtual reality technology to understand the factors considered for residential furniture purchase and furniture style preference. In residential interior design, furniture has significant financial and symbolic meaning. From a broader perspective, residential furniture is important to the domestic furniture industry as well as to woodworking and textile markets. Despite this importance, little is known about how consumers make residential furniture choices and what designs or styles are preferred. The purpose of this study is to understand the most important factors involved in choosing living room furniture and to identify preferences for furniture style using an online virtual showroom application. In this survey, 301 college participants responded to questions regarding priorities and style preferences when purchasing living room furniture. The participants evaluated 117 living room furniture items representing three style categories: traditional, modern, and casual. The survey results demonstrated significant differences between males and females in their priority considerations, style preferences for furniture, and the number of possibilities they try before making final choices. This empirical study is an effort to provide important information on consumer characteristics and their furniture choices for interior practitioners and furniture industry personnel in a three-dimensional virtual furniture showroom constructed for the study.
Chimeric Receptors Expressing Juxtamembrane Sequences of the Insulin Receptor Undergo Rapid Endocytosis in the Absence of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity

Abstract We have examined the endocytosis of chimeric receptors consisting of the extracellular domain of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor linked to the juxtamembrane region of the human insulin receptor (hIR). The latter domain contains amino acid motifs previously shown to be necessary for endocytosis. Here we demonstrate that these codes are also sufficient for normal receptor endocytosis. Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the chimeric LDL-insulin receptor had internalization and degradation indices of 0.70 ± 0.01 and 0.51 ± 0.13 after 5 h at 37°C, compared to 0.62 ± 0.03 and 0.33 ± 0.09 for normal LDL receptors. The amino acid sequences that target these chimeras for internalization are the same as those used by the native insulin receptor. The residues GPLY 950-953 serve as the predominant endocytosis signal: Mutation of these to APLA led to a 56% reduction in the internalization index. The sequence NPEY 957-960 is less important for endocytosis and when mutated to APEA led only to a 32% reduction of chimera internalization. We conclude that the juxtamembrane sequences of the insulin receptor are sufficient to cause internalization of the insulin receptor even in the absence of receptor tyrosine kinase activity.
Growth-dependent regulation of cellular ceramides in human T-cells.

Abstract The role of ceramide, a putative lipid second messenger in the regulation of cell growth, was investigated in T-lymphocytes. An inverse relationship between the cellular concentrations of ceramide and the proliferative capacity of human T-lymphocytes was observed for cells treated with either interleukin-2 or phorbol ester plus ionomycin. The same relationship between cellular ceramide concentrations and DNA synthesis also was observed for cells derived from a cultured T-cell line, the Jurkat T-cells. Alternative approaches for modulating the cellular ceramide concentrations were employed to determine the relationship between sphingolipids and cell growth. Treatment of normal T-lymphocyte cultures with exogenous cell-permeable ceramide analogues or sphingosine stereoisomers decreased DNA synthesis. A similar effect was seen with stearylamine. Cells treated with d,l -threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol, an inhibitor of UDP-glucosyl:ceramide transferase, accumulated cellular ceramide concentrations and had decreased DNA synthesis. These results define a correlation between the concentration of cellular ceramides and the capacity of T-lymphocytes to proliferate. However, the addition of bacterial sphingomyelinase to the T-cell medium caused an increase in ceramide concentrations (presumably at the plasma membrane), which did not affect cell growth. These results support the hypothesis that functionally distinct pools of ceramide may reside within the T-cell.
Shape-control of protein crystals in patterned microwells.

This Communication demonstrates how selectively functionalized, patterned microscale wells can be used as small-volume (fL) crystallization vessels to grow protein crystals. This surface-patterned approach enables proteins to be crystallized with well-controlled shapes and uniform sizes from 3 μm down to 600 nm. Three different proteinslysozyme, thaumatin, and glucose isomerasewere crystallized as model systems to demonstrate the generality of this technique. Different polymorphs were formed simply by controlling the evaporation conditions.
A measure of subgroup diversity

Abstract We prove that if a group G has few finitely generated subgroups then it has a few countably generated subgroups.
TH‐E‐220‐06: Selection of External Surrogate for 4DCT Sorting: Does It Impact Target Delineation?

Purpose: To evaluate differences observed between two different external surrogate acquisition systems: Varian's Real‐Time Position Management (RPM) and Philips Medical Systems pneumatic bellows, in the context of 4DCT sorting and tumor delineation. Methods: Eight patient displacement curves from RPM data were inputted into the motion platform with a variety of amplitudes (0.5 to 3 cm). Simultaneous 4DCT acquisition was performed with both bellows and RPM block placed on the platform. The bellows signal was used for on‐line retrospective phase‐based sorting, while raw 4DCT data was reconstructed off‐line using RPM signal on a research version of the Extended Brilliance Workspace (Philips Healthcare). Curves were resampled, normalized, and analyzed to determine the association between different external surrogates, amplitude differences, and latency between systems. 4DCT data was imported into Eclipse, and a lung window/level was used for all contouring. The volumes and centroids were compared among techniques. Results: Pearson r correlations between the RPM and bellows‐acquired breathing traces were 0.987– 0.999. Slight discrepancies were observed with low amplitude displacement, where bellows were not as sensitive as RPM to slight variations in motion platform position. Target volumes were 200.27 +/− 12 cc and 199.96 +/− 13.3 cc for RPM and bellows targets, respectively, which was not significantly different (t(7) = 0.33, p = 0.75). Small centroid variations were observed between bellows and RPM contoured MIP targets: 0.025 +/− 0.05 mm, 0.013 +/− 0.04 mm, and 0.25 +/− 0.32 mm in lateral, anterior‐posterior, and superior‐ inferior directions, respectively. Largest volume difference was observed for an RPM target 2.5 cc (1%) less than bellows target, which showed the largest difference in centroid displacement (0.9 mm). Overall, RPM data lagged behind the bellows data ∼126 ms. Conclusions: We have demonstrated comparable results between Philips bellows and Varian's RPM system, particularly in the management of 4D treatment planning. Acknowledgment: This work is supported in part by Philips Healthcare Conflict of interest: Henry Ford Health Systems holds a research agreement with Philips Healthcare.
Human factors in communication

One way of conceptualizing many of the human factors issues in interactive computing is as issues in communication about computers. Presented area framework for this conceptualization and a review of research addressed to several levels of the communication process. Communication as an ill-structured design process is analyzed and contrasted with a process of algorithmic encoding and decoding. The design framework is then applied to examinations of how people name and refer to entities, how people understand and express relations (quantifiers and other predicates) between entities, how more complex communications (business letters) are created, and how preprinted forms reflect previous knowledge.
Candida species lens abscesses in infants with a history of neonatal Candida sepsis

We report 3 patients who were delivered prematurely and who developed a lens opacity with signs of ocular inflammation at a postgestational age of 10-52 weeks. All patients had been treated for Candida sepsis as neonates. Each patient underwent lensectomy and anterior vitrectomy. In 2 infants Candida albicans was cultured from the lens/anterior chamber membrane; in 1 Candida parapsilosis was cultured from a lens aspirate. Despite eradication of the fungal infection, outcomes were poor: 2 eyes developed glaucoma, and 1 developed a retinal detachment with subsequent phthisis.
MKK6 Activates Myocardial Cell NF-κB and Inhibits Apoptosis in a p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-dependent Manner *

In cardiac myocytes the stimulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activates a hypertrophic growth program and the induction of the cardiac-specific genes associated with this program. This study focused on determining whether these novel growth-promoting effects are accompanied by the p38-mediated inhibition of apoptosis, and if so, what signaling pathways might be responsible. Primary neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were driven into apoptosis by treatments known to induce apoptosis in other cell types, e.g. incubation with anisomycin or overexpression constitutively active MEKK-1 (MEKK-1COOH), a protein that strongly activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase and N-terminal c-Jun kinase, but not p38. Overexpression of constitutively active MKK6, MKK6 (Glu), which selectively activates p38 in cardiac myocytes, protected cells from either anisomycin- or MEKK-1COOH-induced apoptosis. This protection was blocked by SB 203580, a selective p38 inhibitor. MKK6 (Glu) also activated transcription mediated by NF-kappaB, a factor which protects other cell types from apoptosis. The activation of NF-kappaB and the protection from apoptosis mediated by MKK6 (Glu) were both blocked by SB 203580. Interestingly, overexpression of a mutant form of I-kappaBalpha, which inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, completely blocked MKK6 (Glu)-activated NF-kappaB but had little effect on MKK6s anti-apoptotic effects. These findings suggest that, in part, the overexpression of MKK6 (Glu) may foster growth and survival of cardiac myocytes by protecting them from apoptosis in a p38-dependent manner. Additionally, while NF-kappaB is activated in myocardial cells by p38, this does not appear to be the major mechanism by which MKK6 (Glu) exerts its anti-apoptotic effects in this cell type, suggesting a novel pathway for p38-mediated protection from apoptosis.
Flow diverter assisted coil embolization of a very small ruptured ophthalmic artery aneurysm

Small ruptured aneurysms present a unique problem to endovascular therapy. We report a case in which a patient presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage and a very small ruptured ophthalmic artery aneurysm, for which endovascular therapy was preferred secondary to severe cardiac comorbidities. Due to the aneurysm size, a small 1.5 mm coil was needed, but presented a significant risk of migration. Conventional stent assisted coiling was considered suboptimal as the small coil could have easily migrated through the strut. We present a novel technique of flow diverter assisted coil embolization in which a coil was placed within the aneurysm and a pipeline embolization device was then partially deployed, jailing the microcatheter and coil mass. Once in place, the coil was detached, securing the aneurysm, and preventing coil migration. Through the use of a flow diverter, some degree of aneurysm protection would still be expected in the event of coil migration toward the ophthalmic artery origin.
THE 'REAL' CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ACCOUNTS.

Abstract Typically, accounting is portrayed as a passive information service, dedicated to faithfully reporting on economic reality. This paper, in contrast, investigates the re-presentional aspects of accounting, and the part it plays as a symbolic, cultural and hegemonic force, in struggles over the distribution of social income. The issues are examined empirically through the publishing patterns of the Journal of Accountancy, Accounting Review, and Fortune magazine between 1960 and 1973. Chronicling the changes in accounting literature is not our primary concern however. Rather, this work explores the relationships between accounting discourses and the conditions of social conflict in which these discourses are embedded. The evidence suggests that: different accounting journals specialize in different rhetorical functions; that these functions are discharged in harmony with other media and cultural forces (data on Fortune's discursive practices is provided for comparison); and that, over time, the discursive roles of accounting journals change with the evolving hegemonic climate. This paper contends that viewing accounting literature as disinterested inquiry or rigorous scholarship understates the social origins of research. Instead, we suggest that discursive accounting practices are more productively regarded as ideological weapons for participating in conflicts over the distribution of social wealth.
Predicting Interpersonal Behavior Using the Inventory of Individual Differences in the Lexicon (IIDL)

Personality psychology relies on well-validated measures of individual differences to describe and predict behavior. A newer comprehensive measure, the Inventory of Individual Differences in the Lexicon (IIDL) has been developed, but its ability to predict actual behavior has not been examined. The present article uses the IIDL to predict directly observed behavior, as categorized by the Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC). Video recorded interviews with participants in a laboratory setting were coded for directly observable behavior. Forty-eight IIDL items had meaningful associations with the IPC. Most importantly, 25 items provided unique predictive information above and beyond a factor-level measure of personality. This suggests that comprehensive measures of personality should be considered for their additive validity in predicting interpersonal behavior.
Neurophysiologic monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with critical aortic stenosis and cervical spine stenosis.

n p HE PERIOPERATIVE COURSE of a patient with crit aortic stenosis who underwent aortic valve replacement ardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is described. The patient ented with paraparesis caused by severe cervical spinal c tenosis and was at risk of spinal cord ischemia when plac PB during surgery. The rationale for her anesthetic man ent and an overview of the factors to be considered sing intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) anage such patients are discussed.
Structural and ionic determinants of 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid block of the CFTR chloride channel

The goals of this study were to identify the structural components required for arylaminobenzoate block of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel and to determine the involvement of two positively charged amino acid residues, found within the channel, in drug binding. Wild-type and mutant CFTR chloride channels were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and CFTR currents measured using the two microelectrode voltage clamp. Block of the wild-type CFTR current by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate (NPPB) occurred in a voltage-dependent manner with preferential inhibition of the inward currents (Kd=166 μM at −90 mV). Removal of the phenyl ring from the aliphatic chain of NPPB, with the compound 2-butylamino-5-nitrobenzoic acid, caused only a small change in CFTR inhibition (Kd=243 μM), while addition of an extra phenyl ring at this position (5-nitro-2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid) increased drug potency (Kd=58 μM). In contrast, removal of the benzoate ring (2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid) or the 5-nitro group (2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid) of NPPB severely limited drug block of the wild-type channel. NPPB inhibition of CFTR currents in oocytes expressing the mutants K335E and R347E also occurred in a voltage-dependent manner. However, the Kds for NPPB block were increased to 371 and 1573 μM, for the K335E and R347E mutants, respectively. NPPB block of the inward wild-type CFTR current was reduced in the presence of 10 mM of the permeant anion SCN−. These studies present the first step in the development of high affinity probes to the CFTR channel. British Journal of Pharmacology (1999) 127, 369–376; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702562
Chick kidney microsomal cytochrome P-450 involvement in the metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.

Abstract A new metabolic activity is described for liver, kidney, and intestinal mucosal microsomes of rachitic chicks that is associated with the metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3). Cytochrome P-450 was shown to be an integral component of this metabolism, supporting the monooxygenase nature of the microsomal activities. The 25-OH-D3 was the specific substrate inasmuch as the reactions could not be demonstrated to occur when vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, or cholesterol was the substrate. The microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentrations of rachitic chick liver, kidney, and intestinal mucosa were 0.108, 0.068, and 0.270 nmol/mg of protein, respectively. The cytochrome b5 concentrations of the tissues in the same order were 0.198, 0.123, and 0.306 nmol/mg of protein. Normal chick tissue P-450 and b5 concentrations were the same as those in the rachitic. The kidney enzyme has a pH optimum of 6.6 to 7.5 and an apparent Km of 2.5 μ m . At a substrate concentration of 0.417 μ m , the rate of 25-OH-D3 metabolism was proportional to a microsomal protein concentration of up to 3 mg/ml. The activity was inhibited 100% by 10 μ m n-ethylmaleimide, 1 m m o-phenanthroline, 1 m m metyrapone, or by a carbon monoxide:oxygen mixture of 90:10 ( v v ). A 50% inhibition of activity was produced by 5 m m sodium cyanide, but 10 μ m antimycin A and rotenone were ineffective. Supporting evidence for the participation of a cytochrome P-450 species in the renal microsomal metabolism of 25-OH-D3 included the type I substrate-induced spectral shift at 0.5 μ m 25-OH-D3 with a modified positive absorption at 405 nm and a negative absorption at 422 nm. These findings suggest that a metabolically active cytochrome P-450-substrate complex is involved in the renal microsomal biotransformations of 25-OH-D3 as a component of the regulatory processes of vitamin D3 metabolism.
Spectroscopic Discovery of Brown Dwarf-like Secondary Stars in the Cataclysmic Variables LL Andromedae and EF Eridani

Infrared spectroscopic observations of LL Andromedae and EF Eridani are presented. Our K-band spectrum of LL And reveals the presence of methane absorption in the secondary star indicating an effective temperature 1300 K, similar to a T-type methane brown dwarf. The secondary star in EF Eri is seen to be warmer with an effective temperature of ~1650 K and a spectroscopic classification consistent with an L4-5 star. Both secondaries have theoretical mass estimates of 0.04-0.055 M☉ (40-55 MJup). Our IR spectroscopic observations of LL And and EF Eri provide the first direct proof of the theoretical prediction that post-period minimum cataclysmic variables contain brown dwarf-like secondary stars.
Nanomechanical and surface frictional characteristics of a copolymer based on benzoyl-1,4-phenylene and 1,3-phenylene

Abstract Surface mechanical and tribological properties of a copolymer based on benzoyl-1,4-phenylene and 1,3-phenylene were evaluated using nanoprobe investigation techniques and compared to the properties obtained at the macroscale. These copolymers are commonly referred to as self-reinforced polymers (SRPs) because of their intrinsic high strength and modulus without addition of a reinforcing agent. Specimens were prepared by spin casting, solvent casting, and compression molding. Surface mechanical properties and film thickness were measured by nanoindentation and scratching techniques. Friction properties were found using lateral force microscopy (LFM), and surface topography was imaged by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). Macroscale friction testing revealed a kinetic coefficient of friction of 0.08 for SRP, approaching that of Teflon. Similarly low relative friction coefficients were obtained in nanoprobe measurements. Nanoindentation of SRP, polycarbonate (PC), and polyetherimide (PEI) demonstrated superior surface hardness and modulus of SRP copolymer thin films.
Forecasting brain storms

Nonlinear mathematical techniques can be used to analyze the EEG patterns of epilepsy patients enabling the prediction of seizures prior to the onset of symptoms ( pages 1173–1176 ).
CAREGIVING EFFECTIVENESS IN FAMILIES MANAGING COMPLEX TECHNOLOGY AT HOME :REPLICATION OF A MODEL

Background:Original testing of the Caregiving Effectiveness Model, in a randomly drawn national sample (n = 111) of family caregivers, explained variance in the home care outcomes of patient physical condition, technology side effects, and quality of life. The variables in the resulting model reflec
Laplace's law of succession and universal encoding

This correspondence shows that the known "add-half" rule is not asymptotically optimal for predicting the (n+1)st symbol after a sequence of n symbols, whereas the "add-/spl beta//sub 0/" rule, /spl beta//sub 0/=0.50922/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/is.
Compact, Diffuse, or Would-be Discipline? Assessing Cohesion in Planning Scholarship, 1963-2002

Some scholars maintain that academic planning has strayed from its technical and professional roots by becoming more aligned with the social sciences. Others suggest that the discipline has failed to develop a cogent identity. The authors evaluate these assertions by studying articles published in the Journal of the American Planning Association between 1963 and 2002. The authors' analysis confirms that academic planning has become more scientific with respect to intellectual contributions. However, it also indicates that the discipline is becoming more, rather than less, cohesive in terms of goals, methods, and standards for evaluation. These patterns suggest that planning is developing a distinct identity as it transforms from a “would-be” to a “diffuse” discipline.
Letter to the Editor: Backbone Resonance Assignments of Human Adult Hemoglobin in the Carbonmonoxy Form

Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrier in the blood and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Human normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A) is a C2-symmetric tetrameric protein of approximately 65 kD, consisting of two 141-residue α-chains and two 146-residue β-chains. Each globin chain contains a heme group ligating one ferrous iron, which can combine reversibly with gaseous molecules, including O2, CO, and NO. In the ligated form, Hb A is a diamagnetic molecule. However, in the unligated from, i.e. deoxyhemoglobin, it is paramagnetic with four unpaired electrons in each iron atom. The oxygenation of Hb A is cooperative, and the oxygen affinity of Hb A depends on pH (the Bohr effect) and is also regulated by intracellular metabolites, e.g., 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG). Hb A is a classic example of a multimeric allosteric protein. Hb A undergoes a quaternary structural transition in going from the deoxy or T (tense) state to the ligated or R (relaxed) state (Perutz, 1970). The crystal structures of deoxy-Hb A and carbonmonoxy-Hb A (HbCO A) have been determined to very high resolution (refer to PDB ID codes 1A3N for the T structure of deoxy-Hb A, 1IRD for the R structure of HbCO A, and 1BBB for the R2 structure of HbCO A). A basic assump∗Equal contribution to this work. ∗∗Present address: Affinium Pharmaceuticals, Toronto, Canada. ∗∗∗Present address: Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Structural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. ∗∗∗∗Present address: Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada. ∗∗∗∗∗To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: chienho@andrew.cmu.edu. tion in correlating protein structure and function is that the structure of a protein in the crystalline state is the same as that under physiological solution conditions. In spite of extensive studies on this protein molecule, the molecular basis for the cooperative oxygenation of Hb A is not fully understood and several aspects remain controversial. Oxygen-binding properties of single crystals of Hb A show that cooperativity and allosteric interactions are absent in the crystalline state (Eaton et al., 1999), in contrast to those properties observed in solution or inside red blood cells. For a review on the structure-function relationship of Hb A, see Ho and Lukin (2000). By measuring the 15N-1H residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) in weakly oriented (2H,15N)-labeled rHbCO A, we have found that the solution structure of HbCO A is a dynamic intermediate between R and R2 crystal structures (Lukin et al., 2003). Indeed, backbone RDCs are sensitive probes for monitoring changes in tertiary and quaternary structures as a function of ligation, and backbone hydrogen exchange rates can be used to probe the stability of hydrogen bonds (Englander and Englander, 1994). To allow a full exploitation of these parameters, we here report the backbone NMR assignments of both the αand β-chains of HbCO A.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Behavioral Economics and Finance

We are thrilled to introduce the special issue of Management Science, titled “Behavioral Economics and Finance.” The theories underlying finance and economics have long relied on behavioral assumptions. After all, risk aversion is merely an observed behavior of individual behavior, but it is now well accepted to assume that agents are risk averse. Surely other common and very human behaviors affect markets and management. Our goal with this special issue was to provide an outlet for research on these issues. We believe that this special issue accomplishes that goal and makes for engaging reading. The response to the special issue exceeded our expectation—we received 292 submissions. We are proud to say we were able to handle this workload with the same high-quality review process and turnaround goals maintained by the editorial board at Management Science. More than 90% of papers were reviewed within 90 days. We could not have accomplished this goal without the support of many individuals. Kathleen Luckey, the tireless and remarkable managing editor of Management Science, provided us with phenomenal support. We are truly grateful for her willingness to go the extra mile in handling the large number of papers that we received around the submission deadline. The special issue was the brainchild of Gerard Cachon, the editor-in-chief of Management Science. We are grateful for his visionary leadership of the journal and his willingness to devote scarce journal space and resources to this important topic. Finally, we are indebted to the remarkable group of associate editors, who gave of their time and expertise. They were critical in ensuring high-quality and prompt feedback to those who submitted papers. We are amazed at the time and talent that many willingly and ably provide to the research enterprise. In the end, you have before you 29 papers that are separated into two issues; the second issue will publish in February 2012. We have roughly split the papers into a behavioral economics issue and a behavioral finance issue, though there is clearly much overlap between the two. The papers include experimental, theoretical, and empirical papers with a common theme: They all address questions that are answered with a deeper understanding of human behavior. The papers deal with a wide range of behavioral factors that influence outcomes including cultural values, social norms, social networks, attention, familiarity, and ambiguity aversion (to name but a few). Taken together, the papers reveal the promise that behavioral economics and finance hold and provide a strong signal of Management Science’s commitment to the field. In closing, we thank all of the authors who submitted to the special issue. The strong response to our call made the issue a success. To those authors whose work appears in the issue, thank you for all of your hard work in navigating the review process while being responsive to the deadlines of the special issue.
ARMA modeling in multichannel filter banks with applications to radar signal analysis

Considers the classification of radar signals by using stochastic models at different scales. The signal at a different scale is modeled by a hierarchical autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model, and the features at coarse scales are extracted from the model without performing expensive filtering operations. The hierarchical modeling can increase the accuracy of radar signal classification by exploiting features at different scales. For radar signal classification, model parameters at five different scales obtained by hierarchical modeling are used as features. A minimum distance classifier is implemented, and is tested on real aperture radar signals.
Spectroscopy of divertor plasmas

The requirements for divertor spectroscopy are treated with respect to instrumentation and observations on present machines. Emphasis is placed on quantitative measurements.of impurity concentrations from the interpretation of spectral line intensities. The possible influence of non-Maxwellian electron distributions on spectral line excitation in the divertor is discussed. Finally the use of spectroscopy for determining plasma temperature, density, and flows is examined.
Low birth weight may not predict diabetes in pregnancy.

The Barker hypothesis (1) relates small size at birth to adult health outcomes, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetes, although the distinction has not always been made between prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction as causes of low birth weight. Previous work (2–4) has shown a correlation between a mother’s own growth restriction (weighing less than the 10th percentile for gestational age at her own birth) and the probability of being diagnosed with diabetes during her pregnancy. This study was designed to further evaluate that hypothesis. A data file was created by the Vital Statistics Branch of the Department of Health, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. This linked all females born at term in Pennsylvania in 1974 (the first year in which birth certificates requested an assessment of gestational age) who delivered singleton full-term live-born infants in the state between January 1 1999 and 31 December 2000. Members of the 1974 birth cohort were classified as small for gestational age (SGA) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA), using the 10th percentile of a contemporaneous U.S. population as the cutoff (5). The 10th percentile varies by race; as such, this distinction was preserved. Gestational age was assigned by the physician or midwife completing the birth certificate, either by clinical, menstrual, …
Use Technologies: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Kalinga Pottery

It is difficult to assess the relative importance of technical and non-technical factors in inferring modes of technological decision-making in prehistory. Examination of pottery use technology among the Kalinga using both ethnoarchaeological material and laboratory analysis demonstrates the importance of not only technical (physical properties or functional), but also behavioral or social aspects of technological choices. Kalinga consumers may select pots for functional superiority, or for reasons of village allegiance. Explaining the resulting pattern in the material record requires attention to both technical and behavioral aspects of the pottery technology.
How do animals get about by vision? Visually controlled locomotion and orientation after 50 years.

James Gibson’s 1958 paper, “Visually controlled locomotion and visual orientation in animals,” was a milepost in his development of a theory of perception that would do justice to ordinary behavior in natural environments. In particular, it provided the first statement of an information-based approach to perception and action, which continues to influence much contemporary work in humans, animals, and robots. In this comment, I discuss the context for Gibson’s evolving ideas about perception and offer a brief status report on his theory of visual control.
Bidirectional Signaling between the Estrogen Receptor and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Interactions between the estrogen receptor (ER) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) contribute to the biological effects of these binding protein families. EGFR stimulates DNA synthesis and gene transcription in the uterus, related in part to estrogen-independent activation of the nuclear ER. This results from signal transduction enacted by the plasma membrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor, leading to 1) phosphorylation and activation of the nuclear ER, and 2) phosphorylation of coregulator proteins. More recently, it has been shown that a pool of ERα resides in or associates with the plasma membrane as a cytoplasmic protein. These ERs utilize the membrane EGFR to rapidly signal through various kinase cascades that influence both transcriptional and nontranscriptional actions of estrogen in breast cancer cells. This is congruent with a general theme of receptor signaling, where membrane G protein-coupled receptors activate tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors (EGFR, IGF-I receptor)...
Mobile Social Networking: An Information Grounds Perspective

Information grounds are places where people exchange information. Here we examine use of a mobile device-based social networking service as an information ground. The service allows users to form groups and send text and photo messages to those groups. We present usage and questionnaire data from 19 people who shared a primary group in this system and who used the system for 16 months on average. Results highlight the types and usefulness of information shared, the role of information shared in everyday life, the way the system fits into participants' communication and social "ecosystem", and the ways in which the system functions as an information ground. Usage analyses describe message sending frequency and system participation levels in relation to other factors, such as length of time in the system. Findings are discussed in the context of the seven propositions of the information grounds framework.
Differential regulation of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein by G(1) cyclin-dependent kinase complexes in vivo.

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB) negatively regulates early-G1 cell cycle progression, in part, by sequestering E2F transcription factors and repressing E2F-responsive genes. Although pRB is phosphorylated on up to 16 cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) sites by multiple G1 cyclin-Cdk complexes, the active form(s) of pRB in vivo remains unknown. pRB is present as an unphosphorylated protein in G0 quiescent cells and becomes hypophosphorylated (;2 mol of PO4 to 1 mol of pRB) in early G1 and hyperphosphorylated (;10 mol of PO4 to 1 mol of pRB) in late G1 phase. Here, we report that hypophosphorylated pRB, present in early G1, represents the biologically active form of pRB in vivo that is assembled with E2Fs and E1A but that both unphosphorylated pRB in G0 and hyperphosphorylated pRB in late G1 fail to become assembled with E2Fs and E1A. Furthermore, using transducible dominant-negative TAT fusion proteins that differentially target cyclin D-Cdk4 or cyclin D-Cdk6 (cyclin D-Cdk4/6) and cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes, namely, TAT-p16 and TAT‐ dominant-negative Cdk2, respectively, we found that, in vivo, cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes hypophosphorylate pRB in early G1 and that cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes inactivate pRB by hyperphosphorylation in late G1. Moreover, we found that cycling human tumor cells expressing deregulated cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes, due to deletion of the p16 INK4a gene, contained hypophosphorylated pRB that was bound to E2Fs in early G1 and that E2F-responsive genes, including those for dihydrofolate reductase and cyclin E, were transcriptionally repressed. Thus, we conclude that, physiologically, pRB is differentially regulated by G1 cyclin-Cdk complexes.
Validation of a web-based ESL test

The web offers new opportunities to realize some of the current ideals for interactive language assessment by providing learners information about their language ability at their convenience. If su...
Mutation Analysis of Mycobacterial rpoB Genes and Rifampin Resistance Using Recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis

Rifampin is a major drug used to treat leprosy and tuberculosis. The rifampin resistance of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis results from a mutation in the rpoB gene, encoding the β subunit of RNA polymerase. A method for the molecular determination of rifampin resistance in these two mycobacteria would be clinically valuable, but the relationship between the mutations and susceptibility to rifampin must be clarified before its use. Analyses of mutations responsible for rifampin resistance using clinical isolates present some limitations. Each clinical isolate has its own genetic variations in some loci other than rpoB, which might affect rifampin susceptibility. For this study, we constructed recombinant strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis carrying the M. leprae or M. tuberculosis rpoB gene with or without mutation and disrupted their own rpoB genes on the chromosome. The rifampin and rifabutin susceptibilities of the recombinant bacteria were measured to examine the influence of the mutations. The results confirmed that several mutations detected in clinical isolates of these two pathogenic mycobacteria can confer rifampin resistance, but they also suggested that some mutations detected in M. leprae isolates or rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates are not involved in rifampin resistance.
Identification of Phosphoproteins and Their Phosphorylation Sites in the WEHI-231 B Lymphoma Cell Line

A major goal of the Alliance for Cellular Signaling is to elaborate the components of signal transduction networks in model cell systems, including murine B lymphocytes. Due to the importance of protein phosphorylation in many aspects of cell signaling, the initial efforts have focused on the identification of phosphorylated proteins. In order to identify serine- and threonine-phosphorylated proteins on a proteome-wide basis, WEHI-231 cells were treated with calyculin A, a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor, to induce high levels of protein phosphorylation. Proteins were extracted from whole-cell lysates and digested with trypsin. Phosphorylated peptides were then enriched using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 107 proteins and 193 phosphorylation sites were identified using these methods. Forty-two of these proteins have been reported to be phosphorylated, but only some of them have been detected in B cells. Fifty-four of the identified proteins were not previously known to be phosphorylated. The remaining 11 phosphoproteins have previously only been characterized as novel cDNA or genomic sequences. Many of the identified proteins were phosphorylated at multiple sites. The proteins identified in this study significantly expand the repertoire of proteins known to be phosphorylated in B cells. The number of newly identified phosphoproteins indicates that B cell signaling pathways utilizing protein phosphorylation are likely to be more complex than previously appreciated.