cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epifluorescence and Stereomicroscopy of Trichomes Associated with Resistant and Susceptible Host Plant Genotypes of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae), Vector of Citrus Greening Disease Bacterium

Abstract Foliar trichomes (tiny hair-like structures) are part of the plant defense mechanisms that may confer resistance to some herbivore pests. Trifoliate orange, Poncirus trifoliata , is a genotype resistant to infestations by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), vector of the economically important citrus greening (huanglongbing) disease bacterium. We discovered that dense trichomes are associated with young leaves of trifoliate orange plants and hypothesized that these might be responsible for reduced infestation by this psyllid. Thus, epifluorescence and stereomicroscopy were used to study the density and structure of trichomes associated with young flush leaves and stems of trifoliate orange as well as five other plant genotypes that are highly susceptible to colonization by the psyllid: lemon, grapefruit, sweet orange, curry leaf and orange jasmine. Simple unicellular trichomes were observed at moderate to large densities on young leaves and stems of each genotype except lemon and sweet orange, which had considerably fewer trichomes. Trichomes were generally abundant on young leaves of curry leaf and orange jasmine, two genotypes that are often heavily colonized by the psyllid. Although we did not quantify oviposition rates on these genotypes, we observed that psyllid females deposited eggs on young leaves, buds and stems regardless of the density of trichomes present, sometimes directly within or close to a dense bed of trichomes. While trichomes were abundant on young leaves and stems of trifoliate orange, our results strongly suggest that these trichomes may play little or no role in reduced colonization by the psyllid on this genotype.
Successive Negative Contrast Effects with Goldfish (Carassius Auratus)

Goldfish were trained with large (10 pellets of freeze-dried tubifex worms) or small (1 pellet) reward as the appetitive Us in a forward classical conditioning situation. Activity (Cr) was recorded during each 9.5-sec. Cs-Us interval. The fish experienced 5 days of training with 20 trials per day. One-quarter of the classically conditioned fish with a given Us magnitude were shifted to the opposite Us after the third day of training, and one-quarter were shifted in the middle of the fourth day of training. Fish that were downward-shifted (3 or 3.5 days of training) produced negative contrast effects; that is, they became significantly less active during Cs presentations than fish maintained on the small Us in both phases of the study. Downward shifts were not as rapid as downward shifts obtained with rats in instrumental learning situations. Upward-shifted fish (3 or 3.5 days of training) increased activity, but did not attain the activity level of fish maintained on the large Us in both phases of the study.
Up-training loading responses in older adults.

This randomized, experimental-control group, multiple-observation study examined the ability of older adults to use center of pressure feedback to up-train the vertical loading response (LR) and the impact that such training had on changes in clinical tests of balance. Eleven community ambulators, aged at least 65 years, with no recent history of falls were recruited by convenience sampling. Each group received 6 baseline sessions and 6 control/training sessions, followed by 1 posttest session. All sessions included visual cueing about stance equilibrium followed by 30 randomly timed dynamic, toes-up perturbations (8 degrees, 66 degrees per second). Training consisted of verbal instructions with visual and auditory feedback of a 225 msec response window to shape an increase in total LR following perturbations. Subjects in the experimental group demonstrated a tendency to decrease vertical loading relative to baseline regardless of visual and verbal feedback encouraging strategies to increase it. Specifically, the T3 or 150–225 msec component of the response window showed a decline from session 7 to session 12. Up-training, however, appears to cause a faster rate of rise to the maintenance window, but this event probably occurs too late to correct for a loss of balance. No correlation was found between change in load values and change in performance on clinical balance tests.
Reexamining L2 accent: How much can personality explain?

Previous studies have shown that learners’ individual differences (e.g., motivation, age) can impact second language learners’ pronunciation. This study focused on one individual difference that has received relatively little attention, namely personality, and sought to determine to what extent personality accounts for learners’ L2 accent during quasispontaneous and unplanned speech. Fifty-one English-speaking learners of Spanish performed a speaking task that was scored for degree of L2 accentedness. Results revealed that personality explained a considerable portion of the variance, and that extraversion and neuroticism were significant predictors of L2 accent.
Cultural Aspects of Suicidality Among Youth

Suicide in any culture or society is associated with distress and loss and particularly so with youth suicide given the unfulfilled life and future being lost. However, suicide differs widely across cultures in how frequently it occurs, how openly it is dealt with, which explanatory spiritual and religious beliefs are associated, and the interpersonal and individual context within which it occurs. This chapter provides an introduction to suicidality and suicide within a cultural context, a review of basic terminology to use in this discussion, and a cross section of religious and cultural beliefs across populations. The rising patterns of racial ethnic disparities around suicidality within the United States are introduced with some initial consideration of associated risk factors.
Iloprost Affects Macrophage Activation and CCL2 Concentrations in a Microdialysis Model in Rats

The hypothesis that locally-released iloprost, a synthetic prostacyclin analog, affects macrophage phenotype at a microdialysis implant in the subcutaneous space of rats was tested. Macrophage activation towards alternatively-activated phenotypes using pharmaceutical release is of interest to improve integration of implants and direct the foreign body reaction toward a successful outcome. Macrophage cell culture was used to test iloprost macrophage activation in vitro. Microdialysis sampling probes were implanted into the subcutaneous space of Sprague-Dawley rats to locally deliver iloprost in awake- and freely-moving rats. Monocyte chemoattractant protein −1 (CCL2) was quantified from collected dialysates using ELISA. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the presence of CD163+ macrophages in explanted tissues. Iloprost reduced CCL2 concentrations in NR8383 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. CCL2 concentrations in collected dialysates were similarly reduced in the presence of iloprost. Iloprost caused an increase in CD163+ cells in explanted tissue surrounding implanted microdialysis probes at two days post probe implantation. Localized delivery of iloprost caused macrophage activation at the tissue interface of a microdialysis subcutaneous implant in rat. This model system may be useful for testing other potential macrophage modulators in vivo.
Designing and developing a mobile application to prepare paediatric cancer patients for proton therapy

ABSTRACTThis case study is about Proton U, the first mobile application designed for paediatric cancer patients to learn about proton therapy. The article describes how a physician and child life specialist from a proton therapy centre partnered with professors and undergraduate students to design and develop the storybook application. The study illustrates how methods from interaction design and human-centred design were utilized to create the iOS app. The article discusses the multi-disciplinary approach to the project, including team roles and the challenges faced during development. An interactive story, told through a combination of words, images and sounds, was used to engage the senses and facilitate learning. The design team reframed the problem at the systems level and identified touchpoints in the patient's journey, which led to the creation of a suite of interrelated products. The university–community partnership was a successful collaboration that resulted in a bi-lingual mobile application fo...
First Monte Carlo Global QCD Analysis of Pion Parton Distributions

We perform the first global QCD analysis of parton distribution functions (PDFs) in the pion, combining πA Drell-Yan data with leading neutron electroproduction from HERA within a Monte Carlo approach based on nested sampling. Inclusion of the HERA data allows the pion PDFs to be determined down to much lower values of x, with relatively weak model dependence from uncertainties in the chiral splitting function. The combined analysis reveals that gluons carry a significantly higher pion momentum fraction, ∼30%, than that inferred from Drell-Yan data alone, with sea quarks carrying a somewhat smaller fraction, ∼15%, at the input scale. Within the same effective theory framework, the chiral splitting function and pion PDFs can be used to describe the d[over ¯]-u[over ¯] asymmetry in the proton.
Mechanisms of Transcellular Potassium Shifts in Acid-Base Disorders

A substantial improvement in our understanding of the determinants of internal potassium balance, the regulation of acidity within body fluids, and the relationship between potassium transport and pH levels has been accomplished in the last forty years [1–4]. Yet, a number of fundamental questions on the linkage between acid-base and potassium transport at the cellular level remain unanswered. I will attempt to summarize our view of this puzzling relationship with the understanding that alternative explanations have been or might be offered at this time. Our analysis of the internal K+ exchanges in acid-base disorders will be performed considering the existence of basic determinants of the K+-H+ relationship as well as modulators of this relationship. The wide range of Δ [K+]/Δ pH values in the extracellular fluid observed among the various acid-base disorders [5] may be largely explained by the differential effects of the basic determinants of the K+-H+ relationship on each disorder. The modulators of the K+-H+ relationship might either ameliorate or exaggerate the translocation of potassium under a variety of pathophysiological conditions.
The Nature and Description of Behavior Patterns

Confronted with the complex flux of phenomena that constitute the stream of behavior, the observer arrives at a verbal description by selecting information at several levels. To understand the process of selection we must come to grips with the nature of behavior patterns, which are the units of ethological science. In the analysis presented below behavior patterns are viewed as classes defined by regularities in one or more of five domains: location, orientation, physical topography, intrinsic properties, and physical effects. Although the describer selects domains, regularities within domains, and features of regularities, his descriptions are quite objective in a limited but important sense.
GROUP 2(Be)/12(Zn)–15(P,As)O4 MOLECULAR SIEVES

The crystal structures of three new materials, Zn 5 (PO 4 ) 4 (HPO 4 ) 4 .H 2 O.2H 2 N 2 C 6 H 12 , Li 8 (HPO 4 )(BePO 4 )6.H 2 O and LiZnPO 4 .H 2 O are briefly described. The open, anionic frameworks of each are made up of Be/ZnO 4 and PO 4 tetrahedra, with extra-framework cations in the pores for charge balance. Some systematics of the beryllo(zinco)-phosphate(arsenate) structure field are outlined.
Bullying Perpetration and Subsequent Delinquency: A Regression-Based Analysis of Early Adolescent Schoolchildren:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether bullying perpetration in early adolescence is capable of predicting delinquency 1 year later. Nine control variables were included in a regression...
Strategic Business Communications for Graduate Accounting Students: A Fully Integrated Learning Experience.

The authors describe a component of Babson College’s master of science in accounting program that links a technical analysis course with writing and oral communication courses to provide students w...
Abstract WP248: Insights Into Improving Care: Established Infarct and No Large Vessel Occlusion Are the Major Causes to Forego Endovascular Therapy Following Transfer

Introduction: Endovascular therapy (ET) has emerged as the standard of care for large vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischemic stroke (AIS) following the positive outcomes from multiple recent randomi...
eLearn Magazine: A retrospective on 2017-2018

eLearn Magazine entered a new period in July 2017. The success of the magazine over this past year has been a team effort. The ultimate goal for this past year was to push the boundaries of eLearning and technology and explore innovations to further the conversation around strategies in eLearning.
Improving Decision-Making: Procedural Recommendations for Evidence-Based Assessment: Introduction to the Special Issue

Abstract Assessing for applied decision-making is an essential role of a school psychologist. Advances in complex statistical analyses (e.g., item response theory, structural equation modeling) hav...
Frontiers in electrochemical sensors for neurotransmitter detection: towards measuring neurotransmitters as chemical diagnostics for brain disorders

It is extremely challenging to chemically diagnose disorders of the brain. There is hence great interest in designing and optimizing tools for direct detection of chemical biomarkers implicated in neurological disorders to improve diagnosis and treatment. Tools that are capable of monitoring brain chemicals, neurotransmitters in particular, need to be biocompatible, perform with high spatiotemporal resolution, and ensure high selectivity and sensitivity. Recent advances in electrochemical methods are addressing these criteria; the resulting devices demonstrate great promise for in vivo neurotransmitter detection. None of these devices are currently used for diagnostic purposes, however these cutting-edge technologies are promising more sensitive, selective, faster, and less invasive measurements. Via this review we highlight significant technical advances and in vivo studies, performed in the last 5 years, that we believe will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools for brain disorders.
Using network analysis to identify central eating disorder symptoms among men

Objective The network theory of psychopathology has been described as an "innovative framework" that may "transform" clinical psychological science. Several network studies have identified central eating disorder (ED) symptoms, yet studies have been comprised primarily of women. Using two large samples, we constructed ED symptom networks among men to identify central symptoms. Method Participants were recruited from three universities and using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Male Body Attitudes Scale, and Drive for Muscularity Scale. ED symptom networks were jointly estimated among men with (n = 248) and without core ED symptoms (n = 902). Core ED symptoms were defined by (a) scoring above a suggested male EDE-Q clinical cutoff and (b) reporting symptoms consistent with probable ED diagnoses. Expected influence and predictability (proportion of each node's variance explained by other nodes in the network) were calculated for each node. Results Shape overvaluation, desiring weight loss, fear of losing control over eating, feeling guilty for missing weight training, and using supplements had the greatest expected influence and predictability. Network structures did not significantly differ between participants with versus without core ED symptoms. Discussion The centricity of body dissatisfaction items in the networks supports some components of cognitive behavioral theories of EDs. However, the findings also suggest the importance of muscularity- and leanness-oriented concerns, which have been traditionally neglected from leading ED theories that tend to focus on thinness pursuits as a main driver of body dissatisfaction.
Nucleus: deploying research data management infrastructure at the los alamos national laboratory

Research data management (RDM) efforts, including the implementation of tools, development of best practices, and training of scholars, have taken center stage in many academic libraries. Evaluating and serving the RDM needs at federally funded organizations have also become a priority since the release of the 2013 U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy memo. At the Los Alamos National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory, the Research Library has launched a collaborative data management pilot called "Nucleus", based on a local installation of the open source software Open Science Framework. In this poster we present a preliminary assessment of Nucleus' implementation, including user feedback and lessons learned.
Subcutaneous Transposition of the Ulnar Nerve

The medial epicondyle may act as a fulcrum causing deformation of the ulnar nerve during elbow flexion. Furthermore, ulnar neuropathy can be potentiated by dynamic instability of the ulnar nerve around and over the medial epicondyle. Anterior transposition techniques were designed to eliminate traction on the nerve from the medial epicondyle or mechanical irritation in the presence of dynamic instability. Subcutaneous anterior transposition has been advocated as a less morbid alternative to deeper transposition techniques (i.e. intramuscular or submuscular) as it requires less dissection. Multiple techniques have been reported to maintain the nerve in its subcutaneous position after transposition, utilizing a fasciodermal sling from the flexor-pronator mass, an adipose flap, the medial intermuscular septum, or even Osborne’s ligament. Care must be taken with anterior transposition to avoid creation of new sites of compression, particularly at the medial intermuscular septum and the flexor carpi ulnaris fascia. Subcutaneous ulnar nerve transposition has been found to be comparable to in situ decompression as well as submuscular and intramuscular transposition techniques in several randomized trials and large outcomes series.
Recommending Music Curators: A Neural Style-Aware Approach

We propose a framework for personalized music curator recommendation to connect users with curators who have matching curation style. Three unique features of the proposed framework are: (i) models of curation style to capture the coverage of music and curator’s individual style in assigning tracks to playlists; (ii) a curation-based embedding approach to capture inter-track agreement, beyond the audio features, resulting in models of music tracks that pair well together; and (iii) a novel neural pairwise ranking model for personalized music curator recommendation that naturally incorporates both curator style models and track embeddings. Experiments over a Spotify dataset show significant improvements in precision, recall, and F1 versus state-of-the-art.
Chapter 171 – Monarchs

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus, Nymphalidae), which belongs to the tropical subfamily Danainae, the members of which are called milkweed butterflies because their larval host plants occur mainly in the milkweed family, Asclepiadaceae. With the exception of the monarch, most of the 157 known Danainae species are limited to tropical regions in Malaysia, Africa, South America, and the Greater Antilles. The adults of several species exhibit both short-distance migrations during the dry and wet seasons and social clustering behavior. This suggests that the long-distance migration and overwintering-aggregation behavior of the monarch butterfly in North America was evolutionarily elaborated from an ancient (plesiomorphic) character of the taxon. During the late Cenozoic, the milkweed genus Asclepias underwent an adaptive radiation that produced 108 species in temperate North America, ranging from Mexico to the boreal forests of Canada and from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. As the climate alternated between hot and cold periods during the Pleistocene, the North American flora periodically advanced and retreated. The author hypothesizes that the monarch tracked the geographic expansion and retraction of its milkweed hosts and in the process refined its inherited ancestral ability to move between habitats. Because the monarch cannot tolerate temperate zone winters, natural selection would have favored those individuals that moved southward as summer waned. As time passed, the migration syndrome gradually evolved to become increasingly sophisticated, ending in the present round-trip.
Electron affinity of thallium measured with threshold spectroscopy

The electron affinity of thallium has been precisely measured using laser photodetachment threshold spectroscopy. The relative photodetachment cross section from the negative ion $^{205}\mathrm{Tl}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ was measured using a tunable infrared laser over the photon energy range 300--900 meV (4130--1380 nm). A pair of closely spaced $s$-wave thresholds were observed due to transitions from the negative ion ground state $\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{l}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ $(6{p}^{2}^{3}P_{0})$ to the two hyperfine levels of the neutral atom ground state Tl $(6p^{2}P_{1/2},$ $F=0,1)$, which determines the electron affinity of $^{205}\mathrm{Tl}$ to be 320.053(19) meV. These results substantially improve the precision of the Tl electron affinity and resolve long-standing discrepancies in the literature between previous experimental and theoretical values.
Parallel LU factorization of sparse matrices on FPGA-based configurable computing engines: Research Articles

Configurable computing, where hardware resources are configured appropriately to match specific hardware designs, has recently demonstrated its ability to significantly improve performance for a wide range of computation-intensive applications. With steady advances in silicon technology, as predicted by Moore's Law, Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technologies have enabled the implementation of System-on-a-Programmable-Chip (SOPC or SOC) computing platforms, which, in turn, have given a significant boost to the field of configurable computing. It is possible to implement various specialized parallel machines in a single silicon chip. In this paper, we describe our design and implementation of a parallel machine on an SOPC development board, using multiple instances of a soft IP configurable processor; we use this machine for LU factorization. LU factorization is widely used in engineering and science to solve efficiently large systems of linear equations. Our implementation facilitates the efficient solution of linear equations at a cost much lower than that of supercomputers and networks of workstations. The intricacies of our FPGA-based design are presented along with tradeoff choices made for the purpose of illustration. Performance results prove the viability of our approach. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epigenomic and transcriptomic differences between low-grade and acute inflammation in LPS-induced murine immune cells

Abstract Chronic, low-grade inflammation has a widespread and significant impact on health, especially in Western society. While inflammation is beneficial for the removal of microbes, low-grade inflammation never resolves and can cause or worsen other diseases. The process by which low-grade inflammation occurs remains poorly understood. Here we exposed murine bone-marrow derived monocytes to chronic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation at low dose or high dose, as well as a PBS control. The cells were profiled for genome-wide H3K27ac modification and gene expression. The gene expression of TRAM-deficient and IRAK-M-deficient monocytes with LPS exposure was also analyzed. We discover that low-grade inflammation preferentially utilizes the TRAM/TRIF-dependent pathway of TLR4 signaling, and induces the expression of interferon response genes. In contrast, acute inflammation uniquely upregulates metabolic and proliferative pathways that also appear to be TRAM-dependent. The extensive differences in the epigenomic landscape between low-dose and high-dose conditions suggest the importance of epigenetic regulations in driving differential responses. Our data provide potential targets for future mechanistic or therapeutic studies.
Exploring Symbolic Meaning in Landscaping Choices within a Desert City

Metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, in the Sonoran Desert, provides an excellent opportunity to understand residents’ preferences for desert-adapted xeric landscaping. While much is known about the relationships between sociodemographics and broad environmental values on xeric landscaping choices, the influence of other variables remains unexplored, especially interactions with and attachments to the desert. We therefore examined the influences of recreational visits to local desert mountain parks and symbolic meanings associated with the native desert on household xeric landscaping preferences. Within a larger study, select questions captured socio-demographics, visitation to desert parks and open spaces, place identity, and xeric landscape preferences. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, we confirmed that homeownership and a shorter residency predicted preference for xeric landscapes. Hispanics were less likely to prefer xeric landscaping. Interestingly, the novel factor of identity with the desert significantly and positively predicted xeric landscaping preference while visitation to desert parks and open spaces did not. Findings provide several important management implications. First, Phoenix has an opportunity to foster connections with the surrounding environment through its extensive desert mountain parks. Increasing connections between residents and the parks may help shift personal preferences to xeric yard types. Park managers might also work to further stress how household decisions can affect the desert environment. Second, park visitation alone may not suffice to create connections with the desert environment. Instead, park managers should focus on creating opportunities for visitors to recognize the unique, living aspects of the parks and build personal relationships with the ecosystem. Interpretation encouraging emotional connections to the desert environment may aid in fostering an identity with the desert. In addition, messaging and signage campaigns that link people to the parks may prove a novel way of combatting lawn water usage within desert cities. Given their opportunities to foster place identity, urban parks may be important influencers in promoting native plant landscaping. In conclusion, connecting people to their surrounding environments can influence preferences for similar landscape types at the household level.
Towards Understanding the Effects of Web 2.0 at the Project Level Knowledge Management on Projects’ Success

Web 2.0 is in use for knowledge management (KM) in organizations at different levels. In this research, we study the relationship between the use of Web 2.0 in knowledge management (KM) and its effect on the Project's success when Web 2.0 is in use for the project's KM. We also study the impact of project-level KM context variables on this relationship. Findings show that the uses do not have a decisively positive effect
Effect of natural breeding of heifers to a bluetongue virus carrier bull

Fourteen nulliparous heifers were impregnated over a period of one year by a bluetongue virus carrier bull known to shed bluetongue virus in his semen. All 14 heifers became viremic, but no readily apparent clinical sig s of bluetongue disease were seen. Two heifers did not conceive after inital insemination and were rebred twice before they were impregnated. One heifer aborted between 55 and 62 days after conception and was subsequently anestric for 300 days. This heifer was the only one of the 14 heifers to develop precipitating antibody to bluetongue virus, first detectable at 100 days after insemination. Thirteen of the 14 heifers calved after gestation periods ranging from 281 to 297 days (median = 288 days)/ Twelve calves were born alive and all exhibited varying degrees of congenital anomalies including excessive gingival tissue, crooked legs, macula on the skin of their noses and tilted jaws. Five calves were characterized as weak and ataxic at birth. One calf was dead at parturition and had to be removed by caecarean section. All live calves were viremic at birth.
A Possible New Approach to the Chemical Control of Nematodes

T h e insecticide diflubenzuron, which apparent ly inhibits chit in synthetase or activates chitinase (2), was selected f rom analogs of several derivatives of the herbicide dichlorobenil (4, 5). At certain concentrations it has no apparen t effect on adul t stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), but embryonated eggs of treated flies fail to hatch (6). Th is ovicidal effect could be impor tan t in developing a new approach to nematode control. Since plant-parasit ic nematode eggs possess structural chitin, dif lubenzuron may affect its deposition. Here in are pre l iminary results on the use of dif lubenzuron to control the rootknot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. Cotton 'Del tapine 16' was used throughout this study. Fifteen-cm plastic pots were filled to wi thin 5 cm of the top with sterilized soil, a 1-cm layer of sand infested with approximate ly 1,000 M. incognita larvae was placed on top of the soil, and a 1-cm layer of sterilized soil was placed on top of that layer. Five similarly treated seed (Table 1) were planted in each pot. T h e pots were placed in a constant soil temperature box and main ta ined at 27 C. After 5 days, the plants were th inned to three seedlings/pot. Each of the five treatments (Table 1) for each harvest contained 30 plants. T h e exper iment was repeated once. Seedlings were harvested 21 or 28 days after planting. T h e root systems were washed and numbers of egg masses/ root system were counted. Dimethyl sulfoxidedif lubenzuron treated seed markedly suppressed development of egg masses at 21 days, but not at 28 days. Diflubenzuron degrades rapidly (95% degradat ion in 2 weeks) in a water-hydrosoil system (1), a factor which may account for its loss in activity at 28 days. Adding diflubenzuron
Size and sensitivity scaling of π4 and π5

Both π4 and π5 detection mechanisms are reduced in overall sensitivity at 7o eccentricity compared to fovea. Recent work has proposed that similar eccentricity-dependent loses of sensitivity in spatiotemporal resolution tasks can be explained by size scaling (M-scaling) and sensitivity scaling (F-scaling). Here we show that a combination of size and sensitivity scaling is also needed to equate performance at fovea and 7o for an increment-threshold task. The need for two scaling factors suggests that local scale changes in the distal visual system, presumably aspects of photoreceptors and/or receptive fields of distal neurons, affect both detection mechanisms (requiring size scaling) and adaptation mechanisms (requiring sensitivity scaling) before the site of sensitivity regulation. Averaged over 4 observers, the empirically derived scaling factors differed little between π4 and π5 and were generally somewhat smaller than those predicted by M- and F-scaling. However, these comparisons are complicated by large individual differences and potential variation of scaling factors with adaptation level.
The formation, evolution, and disruption of molecular clouds: The influence of massive stars

Gas within about 500 pc of the Sun appears to be part of an expanding (V~xp ~ 5 kms -1) network of molecular clouds (Dame et al. 1987) and HI (Lindblad 1967) associated with the local population of B and A stars known as Gould's Belt. The gas dynamics of Gould's Belt has been modeled by Olano (1982) as an expanding remnant supershell produced by a massive OB association about 30 Myrs ago. Blaauw (1991) argues that a large angular diameter (~ 1 steradian) group of stars identified by common radial velocities and proper motions, the Cas-Tau "fossil" OB association (which is centered on the a-Persi open star cluster), may be the remnant of the massive OB association which set the supershell in motion. A half dozen giant molecular clouds and 3 or 4 OB associations younger than 15 Myr (including the Ori OB1, Per OB2, Sco-Cen~ and perhaps the Lac OB1 associations) delineate the Gould's Belt/Lindblad ring system. These complexes may have condensed from the expanding supershell by gravitational instabilities (McCray and Kafatos 1987; Elmegreen 1982, 1993).
Human Residence Patterns

This essay addresses the significance and evidence surrounding the debate about how hunter-gatherers and other humans organize their residential groups. In most species of mammals, either males or female remain in their natal group (the philopatric sex) while the other sex disperses at maturity (the dispersing sex). Sex-biased philopatry and dispersal has many downstream effects on all aspects of social bonds and organization. Recent genetic data and detailed cross-cultural ethnographic information suggest that human societies are quite variable and flexible in nature with males and females likely to either stay or disperse from natal families. Brothers and sisters commonly coreside in the same community and form life-long bonds in a system quite unlike that of our primate relatives. This multilocal human residence pattern of flexible residence combined with marriage exchange systems create complex meta-group social structures with kin-based coalitions that extend across multiple residential groups. Human kinship and social networks that encompass multiple communities led to the emergence of large alliances at scales unparalleled by other species.
Cloning of Gene lon (capR) of Escherichia coli K-12 and Identification of Polypeptides Specified by the Cloned Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fragment

A mutation in the lon (capR) gene of Escherichia coli K-12 results in overproduction of capsular polysaccharide and increased sensitivity to ultraviolet and ionizing radiations. The lon (capR) gene deoxyribonucleic acid was cloned from a new F' factor. The new plasmids, designated pBZ201 and pBZ203, (i) contained an additional 8.2-megadalton (Md) EcoRI fragment that had the same mobility as one of the EcoRI fragments of the F', and (ii) conferred repression of capsular polysaccharide synthesis and repression of sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in a bacterial transformation experiment with capR mutant recipient strains. A capR9 mutant plasmid, pBZ201M9, was also isolated and conferred expression of mucoidy and ultraviolet sensitivity to a capR(+) (lon(+)) strain, indicating that the capR9 allele was dominant. Plasmids pBZ201M80, pBZ201M9-INSA, and pBZ201M9-INSB were characterized by transformation as containing recessive capR mutant alleles. Heteroduplex analyses and agarose gel electrophoresis of restriction endonuclease digests of plasmid DNA preparations revealed that (i) pBZ201M9-INSA and pBZ201M9-INSB each contains a 0.5-Md insertion (probably IS1) in the cloned DNA fragment at the same site, and (ii) pBZ201 and pBZ203, both capR(+) plasmids, contain the same 8.2-Md fragment cloned in opposite orientations with respect to the cloning vehicle, pSC101. Plasmid-specified polypeptides were determined by using strain CSR603 maxicells containing each plasmid. Two new polypeptides were coded by the lon(+) (capR(+)) 8.2-Md DNA fragment: Z1, 94 kilodaltons (94K), and Z2, 67K. The maxicells containing recessive capR mutant plasmids were deficient only in synthesis of the 94K polypeptide, and the dominant (capR9) mutant plasmid specified 5 to 10 times more of the 94K polypeptide than the maxicells containing the capR(+) plasmid. Other data indicated that the capR9-specified "94K polypeptide" was not identical to the capR(+)-specified "94K polypeptide." Thus the altered mutant polypeptide was synthesized in increased quantities, suggesting a defective mode of autogenous regulation for the capR9 polypeptide and effective autogenous regulation of the capR(+) polypeptide.
Functional Characterization of AbeD, an RND-Type Membrane Transporter in Antimicrobial Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii.

Background Acinetobacter baumannii is becoming an increasing menace in health care settings especially in the intensive care units due to its ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions and exhibit innate resistance to different classes of antibiotics. Here we describe the biological contributions of abeD, a novel membrane transporter in bacterial stress response and antimicrobial resistance in A. baumannii.
Verification of Open Systems

In computer system design, we distinguish between closed and open systems. A closed system is a system whose behavior is completely determined by the state of the system. An open system is a system that interacts with its environment and whose behavior depends on this interaction. The ability of temporal logics to describe an ongoing interaction of a reactive program with its environment makes them particularly appropriate for the specification of open systems. Nevertheless, model-checking algorithms used for the verification of closed systems are not appropriate for the verification of open systems. Correct verification of open systems should check the system with respect to arbitrary environments and should take into account uncertainty regarding the environment. This is not the case with current model-checking algorithms and tools. Module checking is an algorithmic method that checks, given an open system (modeled as a finite structure) and a desired requirement (specified by a temporal-logic formula), whether the open system satisfies the requirement with respect to all environments. In this paper we describe and examine module checking problem, and study its computational complexity. Our results show that module checking is computationally harder than model checking.
Will Any Q Do? Firm Characteristics and Divergences in Estimates of Tobin's Q

We find that the relative levels of the computationally costly q-estimator developed by Perfect and Wiles (1994) and the simple one of Chung and Pruitt (1994), when used as continuous variables, are affected by variations in several firm financial characteristics. In contrast, when the estimators are used as dichotomous variables, they classify the vast majority of firms identically with respect to the unit q breakpoint. Finally, we find that the computationally costly approach may induce sample selection bias as a result of data unavailability. Our results suggest that the simple approach is preferable except in cases when extreme precision of the q estimate is paramount and sample selection bias is not likely to be an issue.
Nail and skin disorders of the foot.

Disorders of the dermis and the nails on the feet are common. Despite the simplicity of the skin and nail disorders of the foot, they can be debilitating and impact the patient�s ability to ambulate and perform activities of daily living. Diagnosis in most cases is confirmed on physical examination alone. Diligent care of skin and nail disorders can prevent further pathology involving the deeper structures of the foot and allow the patient to fully participate in their usual activities
Induction of bone by xenografts of rabbit growth plate chondrocytes in the nude mouse

Subcutaneous transplantation of growth plate chondrocytes isolated enzymatically from the proximal tibia of 6-week-old rabbits into athymic (nu/nu) mice resulted in the formation of cartilaginous nodules. Calcification of the matrix was first seen after 48 hrs, and endochrondral ossification at 12 days. The mineral first occurred about hypertrophic cells. Histochemical alkaline phosphatase activity was concentrated in pericellular collars at the same location. Immunofluorescence examination with rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum disclosed that the bulk of the osteoblasts was derived from the mouse. A small quantity of mouse antigen was present in the cartilage matrix at its junction with bone. It presumably diffused into the cartilaginous interface from the host, but the possibility that some chondrocytes were of murine origin has not been excluded. Five of six grafts of cells grown to confluence in monolayer culture for 10 to 14 days became ossified. The ability to induce mineralization declined in subculture. Chondrocytes killed by heating to 56° did not induce calcified cartilage or bone.
Strategies for prevention of nosocomial sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit.

AbstractPurpose of reviewInfants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit, particularly preterm infants, have very high rates of nosocomial sepsis (also referred to as late onset sepsis or healthcare-associated sepsis). Today's preventive strategies for nosocomial sepsis focus on augmenting
Representation and re-presentation in litigation science.

Federal appellate courts have devised several criteria to help judges distinguish between reliable and unreliable scientific evidence. The best known are the U.S. Supreme Court’s criteria offered in 1993 in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. This article focuses on another criterion, offered by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, that instructs judges to assign lower credibility to “litigation science” than to science generated before litigation. In this article I argue that the criterion-based approach to judicial screening of scientific evidence is deeply flawed. That approach buys into the faulty premise that there are external criteria, lying outside the legal process, by which judges can distinguish between good and bad science. It erroneously assumes that judges can ascertain the appropriate criteria and objectively apply them to challenged evidence before litigation unfolds, and before methodological disputes are sorted out during that process. Judicial screening does not take into account the dynamics of litigation itself, including gaming by the parties and framing by judges, as constitutive factors in the production and representation of knowledge. What is admitted through judicial screening, in other words, is not precisely what a jury would see anyway. Courts are sites of repeated re-representations of scientific knowledge. In sum, the screening approach fails to take account of the wealth of existing scholarship on the production and validation of scientific facts. An unreflective application of that approach thus puts courts at risk of relying upon a “junk science” of the nature of scientific knowledge.
Bombesin and Ceruletide-induced Grooming and Inhibition of Ingestion in the Rat

Peptides of diverse structure stimulate grooming in rodents and other mammals. Peptide-induced grooming may be observed in several motivational contexts, with or without strong alternative response tendencies. Bombesin-like peptides elicit grooming route dependently in the rat and hamster, independently of, or concomitantly with, changes in ingestive behaviors or resting. The pattern of body surfaces groomed after i.c.v. BBS is in proportion to the representation of body surfaces in somatosensory but not motor cortex of rat. A bombesin-like peptide may be a neurotransmitter in somatosensory afferent processing, and grooming after i.c.v. BBS may reflect a response to alteration of cutaneous sensation. Bombesin is a putative satiety signal in the control of feeding and ethanol intake, but the satiation effects of systemic BBS can be dissociated from the grooming effect of central BBS. Thus, bombesin may perform independent and site-specific functions in the control of behavior. Grooming produced by BBS is not affected by naloxone, involves a different proportion of motor acts than is observed in normal or ACTH-induced grooming, and no cross-tolerance has been reported between ACTH and BBS in the rat. These properties of bombesin-induced grooming indicate multiple, separable mechanisms of peptide-induced grooming and scratching. Cholecystokinin-like peptide-induced grooming is observed after central injection in the rat and is unaccompanied by changes in feeding or resting. The well-documented satiety action of systemic CCK-like peptides is not accompanied by excessive grooming, so multiple, site-specific behavioral roles are also indicated for CCK-like peptides in control of behavior. CCK-8 exhibits short-term cross-tolerance with ACTH in elicitation of grooming, and central CCK-8 is co-localized with CRF and stimulates ACTH and corticosterone release in the rat. Thus, CCK-8 may induce grooming by increasing CRF or ACTH activity. These properties of CCK-like peptide-induced grooming indicate convergent neuroendocrine mechanisms that may explain some, but not all, peptide-induced grooming syndromes. Further characterization of the qualitative topographic, neuropharmacological, and neuroanatomical differences and species specificities of peptide-induced excessive grooming should provide a basis for understanding how brains coordinate grooming. Knowledge of the processes of neuropeptide control of grooming may provide potential peptide-based controls of grooming-related clinical disorders such as pruritus and allergic reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A strategic focus for process control

Abstract Process control applications must begin with the needs of the commercial business in which the controls will be utilized. Once these are understood, the practitioner must address the nature and needs of the manufacturing process being used. At this point, an integrated control strategy can be meaningfully developed. Then the platforms and systems required for deployment of the control strategy come into the picture. All too often, this paradigm is reveresed: the control system hardware is selected, the designer works backwards through strategies and plant characteristics, then looks for justification. This presentation presents a logical foundation for the strategic focus for process control. The result is a “holistic view” of process control that includes a broad range of approaches and tools to operate the process more optimally and achieve maximum business results.
Speech Perception in the Human Infan and Rhesus Monkey

In summary, a complete understanding of the development of infant speech perception requires not only research guided by efforts to construct an ontogenetic timetable of the infant's speech discriminative abilities, but investigations of the phylogenetic bases of these ontogenetic abilities, and much more concern for how the microgenetic development of speech perception affects our assessment of ontogenetic and phylogenetic development. The data presented in this paper on the categorical discrimination of place of articulation in rhesus monkeys and human infants illustrates the importance of considering phylogenetic and microgenetic aspects of development in explaining the origin of some of the infant's phonetic capabilities. In addition to continuing to explore the upper bounds of the infant's "phonetic" perceptual abilities, the adaptation of feature detectors, and short-term memory processes in the assessment of infant and non-human primate speech discrimination. Only then we will be able to appreciate fully the significance of a study demonstrating categorical discrimination in human infants .