cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fostering complex problem solving for diverse learners: engaging an ethos of intentionality toward equitable access

Complex problem solving is an effective means to engage students in disciplinary content while also furnishing critical non-cognitive and life skills. Despite increased adoption of complex problem-solving methods in K-12 classrooms today (e.g., case-, project-, or problem-based learning), we know little about how to make these approaches accessible to linguistically and culturally diverse (LCD) students. In this paper, we promote a conceptual framework, based on an ethos of intentionality, that supports culturally responsive teaching (CRT). We provide specific questions to guide teachers’ implementation of an ethos of intentionality, through critical reflection and meaningful action, and discuss a framework for culturally relevant practice that operationalizes key central tenets (e.g., high expectations, cultural competence, and critical consciousness). Finally, we include strategies that can help teachers and designers translate the principles of the CRT framework into action with a specific focus on complex problem solving in classrooms.
Three Decades of SAARC and the Unfinished Agenda of Regional Integration

The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was first mooted in May 1980 by the then President of Bangladesh who addressed letters to the Heads of Governments of South Asia, stating his vision for the regional cooperation in the context of emerging international scenario.
105 THE SPECTRUM OF HPRT DEFICIENCY: AN UPDATE

The severity of the symptoms accompanying HPRT deficiency were previously shown to be related to the amount of residual enzyme activity, as measured in intact cultured cells. We have now studied many more patients by this method and have a better idea of the degree of enzyme deficiency at which the various symptoms appear. We have also identified two new phenotypes of HPRT deficiency. All the classic Lesch-Nyhan patients we have studied have had 1.4 and 1.6 and <8% of the normal HPRT activity have had neurological manifestations, but normal intelligence no self-mutilation. At the top of this range was a patient with no choreoathetosis, but with spasticity and uric acid overproduction. All of the patients we have studied who have had 8% or more (up to 60%) of the normal HPRT activity have had uric acid overproduction as their only clinical manifestation.
The Effect of Peer Comparisons on Polluters: A Randomized Field Experiment among Wastewater Dischargers

Peer comparisons combine descriptive and injunctive messages about social norms. In experiments, these comparisons have encouraged pro-environmental behaviors among consumers. Consumers, however, are not the only sources of environmental externalities. Firms and other organizations also damage the environment. Yet organizations may not respond to peer comparisons in the same way that consumers respond because organizations have different objectives, constraints, and decision-making processes. In a pre-registered field experiment with 328 municipal wastewater treatment facilities in Kansas, we randomly sent some facilities a certified letter that contrasted, using text and a graphic, each facility’s discharge behavior to the behaviors of other facilities in the state. We estimate the effect of these peer comparisons on the degree to which the recipient facilities complied with discharge limits under the U.S. Clean Water Act. On average, letter recipients reported discharge ratios 8% lower than non-recipients in the eighteen-month period after letters were sent (95% CI [-15%, -1%]), although we cannot detect an effect in all post-treatment quarters. We believe that the results warrant further experimental replications and extensions to examine the cost-effectiveness of reducing pollution through peer comparisons.
God with us: lived theology and the freedom struggle in Americus, Georgia, 1942–1976: by Ansley L. Quiros, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2018, 308 pp., US$29.95 (paperback), ISBN 9781469646763

Ansley L. Quiros has produced a fine examination of Southern religion during the civil rights period by taking on the story of Americus, Georgia, at mid-century. Located in the heart of Southwest G...
Biologically inspired coupling pixilation for position independence in capacitive power transfer surfaces

A common problem with wireless/contactless power transfer is that the coupling factor is often position dependent, particularly in mobile applications. For both inductive and capacitive power transfer (IPT and CPT respectively) techniques, the transmitter and receiver usually require ideal positioning for maximum power transfer, which limits practicality. This paper aims to reduce this impediment for CPT applications. CPT is straightforward to implement with low material requirements, therefore it is very attractive for applications that require non-contact and galvanic isolation under the constraint of short distances and low cost. However, misalignment of the coupling surfaces severely impedes throughput power capability. This paper presents a nearly position-independent capacitive coupler design for CPT applications. A plant leaf cell inspired hexagon capacitor receiver array paired with multiple half bridge rectifiers achieves nearly uniform capacitance and coupling factor. Design considerations of cell shape, size, etc. for this “capacitive leaf” are developed and experimental results for a mobile phone charging application demonstrate < 20% capacitance variation and ∼12% load voltage variation regardless of position or orientation.
Adaptive Robust Control: A New Approach

In this paper we present a new approach to adaptive robust control. The essential idea involved is to fragment modeling uncertainty in a physical plant into "small" families of plant models for which robust LTI controllers can be readily designed. We then implement a convex combination of these controllers, the parameters of which are tuned based on error measurements. Using this approach we are able to provide absolute bounds on the ability to adaptively stabilize against unmodeled dynamics.
Pure autonomic failure: Predictors of conversion to clinical CNS involvement

Objective: Based on the observation that a subset of patients originally diagnosed with pure autonomic failure (PAF) eventually develops extrapyramidal or cerebellar involvement consistent with multiple system atrophy (MSA), Parkinson disease (PD), or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), we aimed to identify predictors of progression of PAF to more sinister synucleinopathies. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed patients seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester by autonomic specialists between 2001 and 2011 and during initial evaluation diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension consistent with PAF (possible PAF). In order to assess for the presence or absence of progression, we identified patients with 3 years or more of in-person follow-up (stable PAF) or documented progression to another synucleinopathy (converters). To identify predictors of conversion, we assessed odds of conversion based on clinical, autonomic, and laboratory variables. Results: Among 318 patients fulfilling criteria for possible PAF, we identified 41 with stable PAF and 37 (12%) converters. Of those who evolved, 22 developed MSA, 11 developed PD/DLB, and 4 remained indeterminate. Several variables were identified to predict conversion to MSA: (1) mild degree of cardiovagal impairment, (2) preganglionic pattern of sweat loss, (3) severe bladder dysfunction, (4) supine norepinephrine >100 pg/mL, and (5) subtle motor signs at first presentation. Separate variables were found to predict conversion to PD/DLB. Composite conversion scores were generated based on individual predictors. Conclusions: Over 10% of patients originally diagnosed with PAF eventually evolve to develop CNS involvement, most commonly MSA. A combination of variables allows for prediction of conversion.
Dynamic regulation of NGFI-A (zif268, egr1) gene expression in the striatum

The expression of immediate-early genes of the fos/jun leucine zipper family can be regulated in striatal neurons by stimuli affecting the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. The regulatory effects are gene specific, region specific, and striatal compartment specific. In the experiments reported here, we have explored the possibility that dopaminergic stimulation might also affect striatal expression of NGFI- A, a member of the zinc finger family of immediate-early genes. We treated healthy adult rats with amphetamine or cocaine and monitored the acute response of striatal neurons by in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes for NGFI-A mRNA. Both drugs evoked rapid, anatomically patterned increases in NGFI-A mRNA expression in the dorsal striatum (caudoputamen) and in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle). The main response to each drug was in medium-sized neurons, known to be the projection neurons of the striatum. At every dose of amphetamine eliciting a response, the increased NGFI-A mRNA expression was preferentially concentrated in striosomes of the rostral caudoputamen, whereas cocaine at each dose given induced expression of NGFI-A mRNA in both striosomes and matrix at these striatal levels. The two indirect agonists evoked NGFI-A expression in both striatal compartments farther caudally, especially in the central and medial caudoputamen. Activation by both drugs was blocked by pretreatment with the D1-selective dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390. These patterns of NGFI-A activation are remarkably similar to those found for Fos-like immunoreactivity following acute amphetamine and cocaine treatments, suggesting that coordinate activation of members of at least two immediate-early gene families occurs in the striatum following catecholaminergic stimulation. Such patterns of induction strongly support the view that the genomic responsiveness of the striosome and of the matrix compartments of the rostral striatum are distinct at the level of early-response gene expression. These findings raise the interesting possibility that some of the well-known effects of dopaminergic stimulation on neuropeptide and neurotransmitter expression in the striatum may reflect particular combinatorial patterns of immediate-early gene activation.
The cost and performance of paid agricultural extension services : the case of agricultural technology transfer in Nicaragua

Budgets for extension services have been reduced in many countries. One response to these reductions in public services in some countries has been to privatize extension services - with extension services provided for a fee, by either public agencies or private companies. Under the new approach, producers become clients instead of beneficiaries. The authors examine ways to measure the cost of providing paid-extension services and its performance and apply these indicators to data on Nicaragua, where paid extension has existed for several years. Data were insufficient to compare the quality of privately and publicly provided extension services, but available data suggest that the costs of extension have declined over time. Results suggest that paid extension is feasible and has a positive impact, even in a relatively poor country such as Nicaragua. The national system for agricultural technology-transfer services was redesigned to include three main modules: mass media and free demonstrations; cofinanced extension services; and private extension services. The relatively high cost recovery rates in Nicaragua and the economic performance of the two paid programs show that even poor farmers are willing to pay for a service that improves their economic efficiency and ability to earn a living. To the surprise of everyone involved, Nicaragua's producer clients understood that without cost-sharing, the system would not endure.
New neurons in old brains: learning to survive?

Two studies examine how experience regulates neurogenesis in the adult rodent hippocampus. Although their conclusions appear contradictory, they may in fact be reconcilable.
Contemporary Haitian Art: Private Collections – Public Property

After the earthquake that hit the Haitian capital and surrounding districts, it was very difficult to get people to recognize the importance of private collections. However, they make up a significant proportion of Haiti’s artistic and cultural heritage and have undergone extensive damage. If what remains of this heritage is to be saved and restored, help must not be limited to inter-governmental agreements.
The Nature and Function of the Social Sciences

The time is, I think, opportune for introspection by Canadian social scientists. The present is a transitional period in the life of the nation. Five years of war have profoundly altered Canadian society: Canada has become a great industrial nation; the paternalistic state has arrived at least at adolescence under the stimulus of war; for the time being the Canadian people have become military-minded, a condition which may well continue into the peace in view of the shift of world power in favour of North America; everywhere social values hitherto accepted are under fire, and traditional folkways have been rudely disturbed; new social goals are being raised and new patterns of life are being established. It is probable also that we are in a transitional stage in higher education. At any rate Canadian universities, like other social institutions, will be compelled to adjust themselves to the changed conditions of the post-war world. One condition likely to obtain is an increasing interest in the social sciences, if for no other reason than the increasing demand for social technicians to manage a paternalistic society. It is not improbable also that Canadian society faces a prolonged and acrimonious, if not violent, debate on social objectives. Under these conditions I suggest it is of first importance that social scientists should have firm opinions as to the nature of their calling, both with 'a view to guiding educational expansion, and assisting them in deciding their personal responsibilities in a distracted world.
Cooperative group trials in pediatric oncology: The surgeon's role

Abstract The early history of the pediatric cooperative group trials is reviewed, and the surgeons who played a critical role in their formation are discussed. The vital information provided from the tumor specimens submitted as part of the protocols is presented, as well as how this information advanced our management of infants and children treated on current protocols of the Children's Oncology Group. Finally, a survey of the surgeons currently active in the clinical trials defined the "critical lessons" learned from the sequence of protocols by the cooperative groups which have advanced our surgical treatment of patients today.
Angular correlation studies of excited states in 11C and 14N

Abstract Alpha-gamma angular correlations in the reaction 12C(3He, αγ)11C lead to the most probable assignments of J = ≦ 5 2 , 5 2 and 3 2 for the states ar 2.00, 4.32 and 4.81 MeV, respectively. The 4.81 MeV state was observed to decay to the 2.00 MeV state abd the ground state with branch intensities of 16±3% and 84±3%, respectively. Photon-gamma angular correlations in the reaction 12C(3He, ϱγ)14N reconfirmed that the spin of the 7.03 MeV state is 2. A 2±1% decay to the 3.95 MeV state is reported. In the 8.95 MeV state, gamma-ray decay competes successfully with proton emission. It decays only to the 6.44 MeV state. The angular correlation of the resulting 2.51 MeV gamma ray may be reconciled with the spin of the 8.95 MeV state being ≦ 5. Reasonable arguments show that 5+, 4+ or 3+ are the most probable values.
Effects of Lipofectamine 2000/siRNA Complexes on Autophagy in Hepatoma Cells

Lipofectamine 2000 is commonly used for siRNA transfections. However, few studies have examined cellular responses to this delivery system. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of siRNA transfection using Lipofectamine 2000 on cellular autophagy. Huh7.5 cells, stably transfected to express GFP-LC3, were treated with Lipofectamine 2000/negative control siRNA (NC siRNA) complexes. At different time points after treatment, cells were lysed and analyzed by immunoblotting and fluorescence spectroscopy. Cells were also observed using confocal microscopy. An increase of endogenous LC3 lipidation, GFP-LC3 fluorescence, and autophagosomal puncta was observed in cells treated with Lipofectamine 2000/NC siRNA complexes. The kinetics of the increase of GFP-LC3 fluorescence correlated with the concentration of NC siRNA transfected, where 50, 100, and 200 nM NC siRNA caused a significant increase at 72, 48, and 24 h, respectively, after transfection. A similar effect on the GFP-LC3 signal was also observed for cells treated with Lipofectamine 2000 complexed with two other NC siRNAs. The effects were also confirmed in another hepatoma cell line, H4IIE, by immunoblotting. Lipofectamine 2000-mediated transport of NC siRNAs led to an increase of autophagosomes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, this effect on cells should be taken into consideration when using this approach for intracellular delivery of siRNA.
Going public to pursue acquisitions

Abstract The unique characteristics of newly public firms may motivate acquisitions and cause a unique market perception and performance following these acquisitions. For a sample of more than 400 acquisitions that were made within a year of the IPO, we find that newly public firms experience favorable valuation effects following announcements of their acquisitions. Firms are more likely to finance using stock and the valuation effects are less favorable during the Internet bubble and when venture capitalists are present. Finally, long-term performance following the acquisitions is not different than newly public firms that do not make acquisitions, suggesting that the expected benefits at the time of the announcement do not materialize.
Endovascular versus surgical treatment for thrombosed hemodialysis grafts: A prospective, randomized study.

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare clinical outcome and costs for two widely used treatment strategies for hemodialysis graft thrombosis. Methods: During a 4-year period, 80 patients with thrombosed dialysis grafts were randomly assigned to surgical thrombectomy with or without graft revision (SURG) or thrombolytic therapy with urokinase with the pulse-spray technique (ENDO), with adjunctive percutaneous transluminal angioplasty as indicated. All the procedures were performed in an endovascular operating suite with fistulography. The clinical and cost data were tabulated, and the outcome was analyzed with the life-table method. Results: Fifty-six women and 24 men ranged in age from 33 to 90 years (mean, 63.7 years). The patients had undergone a mean of 2.8 prior access procedures in the ipsilateral extremity. All the grafts were upper extremity expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. Lesions that were presumed to be the primary cause of graft thrombosis were identified in 73 of 80 grafts, and 60 of these were at the venous anastomosis. The procedure time averaged 99 minutes for the patients in the SURG group and 113 minutes for the patients in the ENDO group ( P = .12). Eleven patients in the ENDO group crossed over to surgical revision as compared with two patients in the SURG group who required adjunctive percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ( P = .005). The mean cost of treatment (including room and supply costs but not professional fees) was significantly higher for the ENDO group than for the SURG group ($2945 vs $1512; P Conclusion: Although thrombolytic therapy combined with endovascular treatment can extend the life of dialysis grafts with results similar to surgical revision, there is a high rate of technical failure necessitating surgery and a substantially higher cost for thrombolysis. (J Vasc Surg 1999;30:1016-23.)
Polyaniline Microspheres Consisting of Highly Crystallized Nanorods

The preparation of self-assembled polyaniline (PANi) microspheres via facile interfacial oxidation polymerization of aniline in the presence of DL-tartaric acid dopant is reported. Compared with PANis reported in the literature, the PANi prepared in this study exhibits a nanorod-bundle morphology with exceptionally high crystallinity. These nanorods or nanorod bundles can self-assemble into microspheres with unique alignment. The chemistry, morphology, and crystal structure of DL-tartaric acid doped microspheres were studied using SEM, TEM, SAED, XRD, and FTIR.
In Situ Studies Of Modified Organic Thin Films With Optical Guided Waves

Organic thin films are ubiquitous in modern science and technology. However their relatively higher propensity to beam induced damage relative to inorganic thin films, the need for molecular information, and the need to study these materials in situ mean that the vacuum based particle spectroscopies are not particularly well suited to their study. They can however be studied using the thin films themselves as the active layers of integrated optical structures. When excited with a waveguide eigenmode, for which the electric field amplitude distribution in space is well defined, the spectroscopy and optics of the structure necessarily contain information about how the chemical make-up of the film changes with depth. In optical depth profiling experiments the complete set of waveguide eigenmodes is used to excite Raman scattering from film constituents. The spectroscopic data are then used to invert a series of Fredholm integral equations of the first kind, thus yielding the molecular distribution in space. In another set of experiments the dynamics of small molecule uptake are monitored by examining the change in the resonant eigenmodes after introduction of a solution to the surface of the film.
Multifunctional skin-like electronics for long-term health monitoring

Conductive gel-based wet electrodes along with the skin preparation have been widely used for the measurement of electrophysiological signals on the skin in a health monitoring system. The use of conductive gels is necessary to reduce the contact impedance between the skin surface and electrode. However, it can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. This issue originates from the mismatch between the soft, curvy skin epidermis and the rigid, flat metal electrode.To address the issues of conventional electronics, we introduce a new class of ‘skin-like’ electronic system. The electronics can be conformally laminated on the epidermis, such that it ensures high-quality data recording without conductive gels. The skin-like electronics incorporates electrophysiological-, temperature-, and strain sensors in the system for multimodal functionality. To provide robust wearability for a week, a medical spray bandage is utilized to shield the sensor on the skin. The multifunctional sensor measures physiological signals and they are recorded with a commercial wireless data acquisition system along with a releasable, skin-like connector. This novel, multifunctional electronics on the skin can potentially replace the irritable and cumbersome wet electrodes for portable, long-term health monitoring at home.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
On merchant banking

The objective of this article is to lay the groundwork for a theory of merchant banking. One of the most significant business events in the last decade is the restructuring of American corporations. Modern merchant banks evolved in response to the new demand. They step in and provide their own capital (equity, bridge loans, and junk bonds) to resolve the magnified financing problem due to the large relative and absolute amount of debt involved. Merchant banks provide strong certification, minimize the costs of obtaining the bundle of services, and, most important, they transform and extend the transactions horizon.
Analysis of the Beaucage model

The Beaucage model is used to analyze small-angle scattering (SAS) data from fractal and particulate systems. It models the Guinier and Porod regions with a smooth transition between them and yields a radius of gyration and a Porod exponent. This model is an approximate form of an earlier polymer fractal model that has been generalized to cover a wider scope. The practice of allowing both the Guinier and the Porod scale factors to vary independently during nonlinear least-squares fits introduces undesired artefacts in the fitting of SAS data to this model. Such artefacts as well as an error in the original formulation of the model are discussed. This model is compared with other published models.
Kinetics of cell cycle entry in innervated and denervated forelimb stumps of larval Ambystoma

Pulse and continuous labeling with 3H-thymidine were used to examine the kinetics of cell cycle entry and progression in innervated, regenerating and denervated, nonregenerating limbs of larval axolotls. In innervated limbs the labeling index (LI) increased from a relatively low level after a pulse (30%) to 60% and 80% after 26 and 50 hr, respectively, of continuous labeling, at both preblastema and blastema stages. Thus a considerably larger proliferative fraction was revealed by continuous labeling data than was predicted from pulse labeling data. Much cycling heterogeneity was shown to exist in the blastema cell population, primarily in the G-1 phase. These results show that many cells of regenerating limbs are transiently quiescent for periods of up to and perhaps longer than 50 hr. The proliferative fraction in denervated limbs on days 4-6 postamputation was somewhat less than that of innervated limbs but also larger than predicted from pulse labeling data. The data show that most of the dedifferentiated cells enter the proliferative fraction even in the absence of nerves. Most of these initially cycling cells subsequently leave the proliferative fraction; the LI was less than 20% even after 50 hr of continuous labeling on days 8–10 postamputation.
The three postblastoderm cell cycles of Drosophila embryogenesis are regulated in G2 by string

The string (stg) locus of Drosophila encodes a factor that is thought to trigger mitosis by activating the p34cdc2 protein kinase. stg is required for mitosis early in development and is transcribed in a dynamic pattern that anticipates the pattern of embryonic cell divisions. Here we show that differential cell cycle regulation during postblastoderm development (cell cycles 14-16) occurs in G2. We demonstrate that stg mRNA expressed from a heat shock promotor triggers mitosis, and an associated S phase, in G2 cells during these cycles. Hence, differential cell cycle timing at this developmental stage is controlled by stg. Finally, we use heat-induced stg expression to alter the normal pattern of embryonic mitoses. Surprisingly, the complex mitotic pattern evident during normal development is not essential for many features of pattern formation or for viability.
A review of social media security risks and mitigation techniques

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine social media security risks and existing mitigation techniques in order to gather insights and develop best practices to help organizations address social media security risks more effectively.Design/methodology/approach – This paper begins by reviewing the disparate discussions in literature on social media security risks and mitigation techniques. Based on an extensive review, some key insights were identified and summarized to help organizations more effectively address social media security risks.Findings – Many organizations do not have effective social media security policy in place and are unsure of how to develop effective social media security strategies to mitigate social media security risks. This paper provides guidance to organizations to mitigate social media security risks that may threaten the organizations.Originality/value – The paper consolidates the fragmented discussion in literature and provides an in‐depth review of social media secu...
Biochemical characterization of azetidine carboxylic acid-resistant Chinese hamster cells

We have isolated variants of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblasts with decreased sensitivity to the toxic proline analog, L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZCA). Resistance to AZCA is a stable characteristic of these cell lines since it is maintained after 40 generations in nonselective medium. Two AZCA-resistant cell lines overproduce and excrete more proline than wild-type cells. Furthermore, AZCA rapidly inhibits the synthesis of proline from glutamic acid in wild-type but not the resistant cell lines. These studies suggest that resistance to AZCA in these cell lines is due to an alteration in some component of the proline biosynthetic pathway, possibly a regulatory site that is inhibited by AZCA.
Spectral analysis of the transfer operator for the Lorentz gas

We study the billiard map associated with both the finite- and infinite-horizon Lorentz gases having smooth scatterers with strictly positive curvature. We introduce generalized function spaces (Banach spaces of dis- tributions) on which the transfer operator is quasicompact. The mixing prop- erties of the billiard map then imply the existence of a spectral gap and re- lated statistical properties such as exponential decay of correlations and the Central Limit Theorem. Finer statistical properties of the map such as the identification of Ruelle resonances, large deviation estimates and an almost- sure invariance principle follow immediately once the spectral picture is es- tablished.
An ecological model of the habitat mosaic in estuarine nursery areas: Part I—Interaction of dispersal theory and habitat variability in describing juvenile fish distributions

Abstract Identification of critical habitat in estuarine nursery areas is an important conservation and management objective. Habitat can be viewed as a mosaic of both temporally variable environmental features and spatially variable structural features that combine to define optimal habitat. Effective models of juvenile distributions should account for individual movement, as well as the full suite of habitat variability including both spatial and temporal components. We have extended a terrestrial model of small-scale movement patterns to describe habitat choices of an index juvenile fish in an estuarine nursery system. Movement of small juvenile fishes was found to be influenced by both spatial and temporal patterns in habitat quality, and it was a balanced mix of both that resulted in an optimal distribution. Fishes that perceive habitat on a scale much smaller than the scale of spatial heterogeneity may respond to temporal change as a movement cue allowing for more deterministic outcomes at larger scales despite perceptual limitations. These model outcomes suggest a hierarchical approach is best for describing habitat choice in juvenile fishes and this approach will be used in the future to explore individual and population responses to predictable habitat change.
Discussion of various treatments which have been given to the non-static line element for the universe

Introduction. - In several previous articles,(1,2,3) I have shown the possibility of deriving a non-static cosmological line element to agree with the relatively uniform distribution of matter observationally found in the universe, and of using this line element to account both for the annihilation of matter taking place throughout the universe, and for the red-shift in the light from the extra-galactic nebulae. After the publication of the first of these articles, I learned from a conversation with Professor H. P. Robertson that he had previously published(4) a different derivation of the same general form of line element; more recently Professor de Sitter and Sir Arthur Eddington have both been kind enough to call my attention to the previous use of a non-static line element by Lemaitre,(5) and still more recently I have discovered the early treatment of non-static line elements by Friedman.(6)
Noise in optical mixing

Abstract The noise generated in an optical mixer operating at 6328 A has been calculated and measured. It is found that the amplified noise of the incoming radiation gives a significant contribution to the output noise of the mixer, and that this contribution is independent of the intensity of the incoming optical signal. Both results agree with the theoretical predictions.
Abrogation of TGFβ Signaling Induces Apoptosis Through the Modulation of MAP Kinase Pathways in Breast Cancer Cells

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) can modulate the activity of various MAP kinases. However, how this pathway may mediate TGFβ-induced malignant phenotypes remains elusive. We investigated the role of autocrine TGFβ signaling through MAP kinases in the regulation of cell survival in breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells and untransformed human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Our results show that abrogation of autocrine TGFβ signaling with the expression of a dominant negative type II TGFβ receptor (DNRII) or the treatment with a TGFβ type I receptor inhibitor significantly increased apoptosis in MCF-7 cell, but not in HMEC. The expression of DNRII markedly decreased activated/phosphorylated Erk, whereas increased activated/phosphorylated p38 in MCF-7 cells. In contrast, there was no or little change of phosphorylated Erk and p38 in HMECs after the expression of DNRII. Inhibition of Erk activity in MCF-7 control cell induced apoptosis whereas restoration of Erk activity in MCF-7 DNRII cell reduced apoptosis. Similarly, inhibition of p38 activity also inhibited apoptosis in MCF-7 DNRII cell. Thus, autocrine TGFβ signaling can enhance the survival of MCF-7 cells by maintaining the level of active Erk high and the level of active p38 low. Furthermore, the survival properties of TGFβ pathway appear related to transformation supporting the notion that it may be a potential target for cancer therapy.
Selective blockade by mephentermine of reserpine-induced serotonin depletion.

Die kombinierte i.v. Verabreichung von Reserpin (1 mg/kg) und Mephentermin (1 mg/kg) bewirkte Erregung in Kaninchen. Diese Erregung ist verbunden mit einem Verlust an Noradrenalin (NE) im Gehirn, nicht jedoch mit einem Verlust an Serotonin (5-HT). Aus den Ergebnissen lasst sich schliessen, dass die beobachtete Erregung von einem momentanen Ungleichgewicht zwischen NE und 5-HT im Gehirn herruhrt.
Early Twentieth-century Fashion Designer Life Writing

In her article "Early Twentieth-century Fashion Designer Life Writing," Ilya Parkins examines memoirs of major modernist fashion designers in the, finding that the genre is characterized by a strong geographic cleavage between France and America, overlain by perceptions of epistemic difference. She compares Elsa Schiaparelli's and Paul Poiret's work, finding that despite their differences, the opposition between France as a locale of abstract knowledge and America as a site of empiricism allows them to claim, as French designers, a certain privilege in a profession characterized by an unresolvable tension between art and commerce. The encroachment of American industrial models in their industry, however, threatens their episteme and ultimately their senses of self. Designer memoirs are poignant archives of melancholy, a condition deriving from nostalgia at the perceived loss of an aesthetic orientation and way of life, and intelligible as a response to fashion's uneasy encounter between aesthetics and industry. Ilya Parkins, "Early Twentieth-Century Fashion Designer Life Writing" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 13.1 (2011):
Destroying retroviruses from within

One strategy for neutralizing retroviral infectivity is to induce the incorporation of lethal fusion proteins, such as capsid protein-nuclease fusions, into the virion during the normal viral assembly process. Genes encoding such antiviral fusion proteins must be nontoxic to the host, lethal to the virus, and must be efficiently delivered to, and expressed in, appropriate target cells.
The syntenic relationship of proximal mouse chromosome 7 and the myotonic dystrophy gene region on human chromosome 19q.

Abstract The syntenic relationship of the myotonic dystrophy (DM) gene region on human chromosome 19q and proximal mouse chromosome 7 was examined using an interspecific backcross between C3H/HeJ- gld gld mice and Mus spretus. Segregation analyses were used to order homologs of nine human loci linked were the DM gene. Their order from the centromere was Prkcg, [Apoe, Atpa-2, Ckmm, D19S19h, Ercc-2], Cyp2b, Mag. Lhb. Two other murine loci, D7Rp2 and Ngfg, were also positioned within this interval. Homologs for five human chromosome 11 and 15 loci (Calc, Fes, Hras-1, Igflr, Tyr) were localized within an 18-cM span telomeric to Lhb. Comparison of the gene orders indicates an inversion extending from Prkcg through the interval between Mag and Lhb. This study establishes a detailed map of proximal mouse chromosome 7 that will be useful in identifying and determining whether new human chromosome 19 probes are linked to the DM region.
The relationship between discrimination and articulation training in children with misarticulations.

In the context of a training study, the functional relationship between discrimination and production was investigated. Four subjects were selected for study. For two subjects, Condition I consiste...
Using latent variable modeling and multiple imputation to calibrate rater bias in diagnosis assessment.

We present an approach that uses latent variable modeling and multiple imputation to correct rater bias when one group of raters tends to be more lenient in assigning a diagnosis than another. Our method assumes there exists an unobserved moderate category of patient that is assigned a positive diagnosis by one type of rater and a negative diagnosis by the other type. We present a Bayesian random effects censored ordinal probit model which allows us to calibrate the diagnoses across rater types by identifying and multiply imputing “case” or “non-case” status for patients in the moderate category. A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is presented to estimate the posterior distribution of the model parameters and generate multiple imputations. Our method enables the calibrated diagnosis variable to be used in subsequent analyses while also preserving uncertainty in true diagnosis. We apply our model to diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from a depression study where nurse practitioners were twice as likely as clinical psychologists to diagnose PTSD despite the fact that participants were randomly assigned to either a nurse or a psychologist. Our model appears to balance PTSD rates across raters, provides a good fit to the data, and preserves between-rater variability. After calibrating the diagnoses of PTSD across rater types, we perform an analysis looking at the effects of comorbid PTSD on changes in depression scores over time. Results are compared to an analysis that uses the original diagnoses and show that calibrating the PTSD diagnoses can yield different inferences.
SO(10) Yukawa unification with μ<0

Abstract We consider the low energy implications including particle spectroscopy of SO(10) inspired t-b-τ Yukawa coupling unification with μ 0 , where μ is the coefficient of the bilinear Higgs mixing term of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). We employ non-universal MSSM gaugino masses induced by SO(10) invariant dimension five operators, such that the total number of fundamental parameters is precisely the same as in Yukawa unified supersymmetric SO(10) models with universal gaugino masses and μ > 0 . We find that t-b-τ Yukawa unification with μ 0 is compatible with the current experimental bounds, including the WMAP bound on neutralino dark matter and the measured value of the muon anomalous magnetic moment. We present a variety of benchmark points which include relatively light squarks ( ∼ TeV ) of the first two families and an example in which the bottom and top squarks are lighter than the gluino. This is quite distinct from Yukawa unification with μ > 0 and universal gaugino masses in which the gluino is the lightest colored sparticle and the squarks of the first two families have masses in the multi-TeV range.
Homeotic gene expression in Drosophila

Abstract The genetic mechanisms that regulate complex developmental processes in higher eukaryotes are largely unknown. An attractive model system for analysing this problem involves the morphogenesis of the diverse anatomical segments of the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster . The desirability of this system stems from the identification of genetic loci that appear to directly control the developmental commitment and differentiation of each body segment primordium.
Performance of given suspected blood indicator

Abstract Objectives Given Imaging (Yoqneam, Israel) has developed a suspected blood indicator (SBI) function for its wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) software. The SBI detects blood and marks appropriate images for interrogation. The sensitivity and accuracy of SBI and its role in examining WCE studies is unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy of this new software in detecting small bowel lesions. Methods WCE reports of all patients referred for WCE in October and November, 2002, were reviewed. The images from each patient were reviewed by experienced gastroenterologists at 15 frames/s. The findings detected by gastroenterologists were compared to those recognized by SBI. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), ulcers, erosions, and sites of active bleeding were considered significant lesions. Results A total of 24 patients (16 women and eight men, mean age 59 yr) were studied during this period. The indications for the study were iron deficiency anemia in 18 patients and abdominal pain in six patients. A total of 109 lesions were identified by gastroenterologists (47 AVMs, 18 active bleeding ulcers, 18 ulcers without bleeding, and 26 erosions). Active bleeding seen by gastroenterologists was secondary to AVMs (five cases), jejunal ulcers (11 cases, all in the same patient), and gastric ulcers (two cases). A total of 31 potential areas of blood were identified by SBI. When compared to those findings recognized by gastroenterologists, 28 lesions were correctly identified (six AVMs, 13 active bleeding ulcers, (three AVMs and 10 jejunal ulcers), seven nonbleeding ulcers, and two nonbleeding erosions. The overall sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of SBI to detect significant small bowel lesions were 25.7%, 90%, and 34.8%, respectively. If only actively bleeding lesions in the small bowel were considered, SBI had sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of 81.2%, 81.3%, and 83.3%, respectively. Conclusions SBI has good sensitivity and positive predictive value for actively bleeding lesions in the small bowel. Complete review of the study by the physician is still needed. SBI should be considered as a complementary and rapid screening tool for gastroenterologists to identify actively bleeding lesions.
Effects of adding humates to the fertilizer on the yield and quality of Russet Burbank potatoes

Humic acid derivatives were added to an acid, an alkaline, and a liquid fertilizer. The mixtures were applied in bands at planting time. The addition of the humic acid derivatives to the fertilizers failed to produce a beneficial effect on yield, quality or nutrient uptake which could not be achieved by good fertilization alone.
Investigating the Structure of Nylon Fibers by Measuring the Diffusion Coefficient of Acid Dyes Part III: The Effect of Heatsetting on Nylon 66 Fibers

The diffusion coefficient of CI acid blue 40 at 25°C was measured in samples of a nylon BCF carpet yam that had been heatset at 100% RH at temperatures ranging from 30 to 170°C. The diffusion coeff...
So-called background extinction rate is a sampling artifact

Abstract Critical examination of the assumptions underlying the concept of so-called background extinction rate indicates that it largely represents a sampling artifact. It is based on the extensive use of the very short published time ranges of the many uncommon to rare genera and their few described species that are overall poorly sampled. Consideration of the concept of community evolution resolves this sampling problem.
Influence of polishing on cast clasp properties.

Abstract During the polishing of clasps, two possible changes that could affect their properties are (1) thinning of the clasp and (2) work hardening of the alloy. Two distinctly different clasp pattern forms were selected and 20 samples of each were cast. They were then divided into two groups, polished and unpolished, in an effort to determine the total influence of the polishing procedure on clasp behavior. The results indicate that polishing produces a slightly more flexible clasp. Any influence resulting from possible work hardening is offset by the reduction of clasp thickness. Effects of width/thickness ratios and magnitude of deflections on finishing and polishing techniques may also alter clasp flexibility in the polished clasp.
Axisymmetric spherical-cavity resonator. I. Normal modes.

The problem of the normal modes of electromagnetic oscillations in a spherical-cavity resonator with axisymmetric interior and ideally conducting walls is solved. The method involves the construction of a complete set of solutions of the axisymmetric wave equation in spherical coordinates, a coordinate system in which the equation is not separable. Fitting the boundary conditions at the surface of the sphere results in an equation for the normal modes in the form of the roots of an infinite-dimensional deter- minant. The determinant is evaluated by the method of successive truncations. Numerical results are presented for the normal modes as a function of the dielectric asymmetry. The field lines for some of the lowest modes and selected choices of parameters are drawn.
Complications of Spinal Instrumentation

Despite tremendous technical advances in spine surgery in recent decades, patients may experience residual or recurrent pain and other symptoms after such surgery. The standard history and physical examination have only limited utility for assessing the postoperative anatomy, and radiologists can play an important role in diagnosing complications and guiding postoperative care. To do so effectively, they must be familiar with the imaging features of successful and unsuccessful fusion, instrumentation fracture and loosening, complications due to faulty hardware placement, and postoperative infection. A basic knowledge of spinal biomechanics and common approaches to surgical instrumentation also may help radiologists anticipate and identify complications.
Hyperkalemia associated with cyclosporine (CsA) use in bone marrow transplantation

Two adult leukemia patients underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and received cyclosporine (CsA) as part of their immunosuppressive therapy. Despite adequate kidney function, both patients developed hyperkalemia. Cyclosporine was the only pharmaceutical agent to which this electrolyte abnormality could be attributed. Although the mechanism of the hyperkalemia is unclear, it seems to be related to an aldosterone-resistant state. Cyclosporine-induced hyperkalemia is a relatively common occurrence; however, there is only a single 'case report' addressing this phenomenon in bone marrow transplantation patients. We propose both mechanisms and methods of managing CsA-associated hyperkalemia in allogeneic transplantation patients.