cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proportion of individuals with anti-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis skin bacteria is associated with population persistence in the frog Rana muscosa

The emergence of the infectious disease chytridiomycosis is a major factor responsible for amphibian extinctions in pristine habitats. However, some populations coexist with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the agent of chytridiomycosis, and others go extinct when Bd arrives. Variation of pathogen severity among populations may be explained by differences of antimicrobial skin peptides and anti-Bd skin bacteria. Previous work showed that a population of the frog Rana sierrae had a high proportion of individuals with at least one species of cultured anti-Bd skin bacteria and was coexisting with Bd for more than 6 years. A population of the closely related sister species Rana muscosa had a significantly lower proportion of individuals with anti-Bd bacteria, and the following year, it went extinct due to Bd. We extended previous work to include another sampling of the R. sierrae population coexisting with Bd and found that, although the anti-Bd bacterial community somewhat differed, both populations had a high proportion of individuals with antifungal bacteria. We also included a population of R. muscosa that was naive of Bd and predicted to go extinct once Bd emerged since that was the fate of neighboring populations. However, the naive R. muscosa population had a high proportion of antifungal bacteria, which suggested that the population might survive if Bd emerged. Two years later, the population was surviving with Bd endemic. Variation in the proportion of individuals with anti-Bd skin bacteria appears to explain why some populations persist when Bd emerges in a population.
Detrital processing and associated macroinvertebrates in a Colorado mountain stream

Investigation of leaf litter processing in a Colorado mountain stream revealed that processing of alder (Alnus tenuifolia), willow (Salix hebbiana), and aspen (Populus tremuloides) occurred at rapid rates despite water temperatures at or near 00C. Pine (Pinus ponderosa) was pro- cessed much more slowly. The loss rate coefficient (k) ranged from .0038 for pine to .0308 for alder. The high biomass of shredders per gram of leaf pack is a likely explanation for the rapid processing. Whereas a few large shredders per leaf pack are generally characteristic of eastern woodland streams, a large number of small-sized shredders (Capnia and Zapada) colonized leaf packs in the Colorado mountain stream. The numbers and biomass of collectors per leaf pack were directly related (P < .01) to the ash-free dry mass of fine organic particles (75-1000 ,um) indicating the importance of fine particulate organic matter in determining the suitability of leaf litter as habitat for fine particle-feeding detritivores.
Mass Spectrometric Identification of Novel Lysine Acetylation Sites in Huntingtin

Huntingtin (Htt) is a protein with a polyglutamine stretch in the N-terminus and expansion of the polyglutamine stretch causes Huntington's disease (HD). Htt is a multiple domain protein whose function has not been well characterized. Previous reports have shown, however, that post-translational modifications of Htt such as phosphorylation and acetylation modulate mutant Htt toxicity, localization, and vesicular trafficking. Lysine acetylation of Htt is of particular importance in HD as this modification regulates disease progression and toxicity. Treatment of mouse models with histone deacetylase inhibitors ameliorates HD-like symptoms and alterations in acetylation of Htt promotes clearance of the protein. Given the importance of acetylation in HD and other diseases, we focused on the systematic identification of lysine acetylation sites in Htt23Q (1–612) in a cell culture model using mass spectrometry. Myc-tagged Htt23Q (1–612) overexpressed in the HEK 293T cell line was immunoprecipitated, separated by SDS-PAGE, digested and subjected to high performance liquid chromatography tandem MS analysis. Five lysine acetylation sites were identified, including three novel sites Lys-178, Lys-236, Lys-345 and two previously described sites Lys-9 and Lys-444. Antibodies specific to three of the Htt acetylation sites were produced and confirmed the acetylation sites in Htt. A multiple reaction monitoring MS assay was developed to compare quantitatively the Lys-178 acetylation level between wild-type Htt23Q and mutant Htt148Q (1–612). This report represents the first comprehensive mapping of lysine acetylation sites in N-terminal region of Htt.
Considerations in the Use of Autogenous Venous Grafts for Myocardial Revascularization

SUMMARY The use of an autogenous vein as a bypass graft from the descending thoracic aorta to a posterior left ventricular myocardial tunnel has been combined with internal mammary implantation, epicardiectomy and seropericardiectomy and free omental grafting in a study of total myocardial revascularization. This "quadruple operation" was performed on 35 animals, 20 with triple and 15 with double ameroid coronary artery constriction. In these experiments, animals having undergone operation showed a marked increased survival rate over animals in the control groups. Angiographic studies performed after venous implantation demonstrated flow into myocardial sinusoids and cardiac veins. Xenon 133 studies confirmed early blood flow through the vein grafts by increased disappearance of the isotope in the myocardium when the vein graft was open. This study represents an attempt to extend myocardial revascularization to patients with extensive anterior and posterior myocardial ischemia. It has recently been applied to 20 patients with such atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.
Review of the Development of the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale and Discussion of Prospects for Its Finer Definition

Until recently, studies of the geomagnetic polarity time scale were confined for the most part to the problem of defining the broad structure of the polarity history for the period t = 0 to 6 m.y. Now that this is well advanced, two interrelated directions of research are evolving: the problem of the fine detail of the geomagnetic history is beginning to attract active interest, and the time scale is poised for widespread utilization as the time framework for research on the various phenomena represented in deep-sea sedimentary cores and in outcrops of diverse sediments on land. These latter applied studies are in turn capable of contributing to definition of the polarity scale, but are also very easily capable of distorting the known polarity scale unless rigorous criteria are applied to distinguish polarity changes from other geomagnetic behavior and spurious data. It is therefore appropriate at this time to review the history of the development of the polarity time scale and some of its initial applications to ocean-crust dating, deep-sea sedimentary core studies, and work on continental sediments, in order to illustrate the great vulnerability of the time scale to circular reasoning and the difficulty of reliable interpretation of limited amounts of data. Special attention is paid to the problem of defining short polarity events. This is most efficiently demonstrated by focusing discussion on the polarity history between t = 0 and 2.6 m.y. The nomenclature conventions and some associated ambiguities are also reviewed. It is concluded that the establishment of an international commission or panel for guiding the acceptance of new and revised details of the polarity history and its nomenclature will be of substantial value in maintaining the future coherence of the polarity scale. This would provide the essential control for resolution with minimum ambiguity of the various geological and geophysical phenomena examined within the framework of the geomagnetic polarity time scale.
Role of the surface–subsurface interlayer interaction in enhancing oxygen hydrogenation to water in Pd3Co alloy catalysts

Based on density functional theory calculations, we present mechanisms underlying the improvement in the catalytic performance of Pd-based alloys for oxygen hydrogenation to water. As a model case, we consider the Pd/Pd3Co system where one or two Pd overlayers are located on top of the bimetallic substrate. Our calculations clearly demonstrate that the subsurface Co atoms assist in facilitating the oxygen reduction reaction by lowering the activation barriers for O/OH hydrogenation with a slight increase in the O2 scission barrier; however, we also find that the Co atoms lying below the subsurface have no significant contribution in altering the surface reactivity towards oxygen hydrogenation. The analysis of intra- and interlayer orbital interactions in the near-surface region elucidates the synergetic interplay between the surface electronic structure modification due to the underlying Co atoms (interlayer ligand effect) and the compressive strain caused by the Pd3Co substrate. This result also brings to light the significant contribution of the out of plane (dxz and dyz) states in altering the surface reactivity towards O hydrogenation.
Aerodynamic and diluent effects on the emission of nitrogen oxides from hydrocarbon diffusion flames

An experimental study of the quantities of oxides of nitrogen produced in hydrocarbon gas jet flames in concentric and cross-flow air streams is presented. It is seen that the structure of flames has a strong influence on the quantities of NO and NO2 generated in diffusion flames. Increases in jet velocity result in the increase of NO and NO2 emitted from flames in concentric air streams. However, air stream velocity has opposite effects on the yields of NO and NO2 from flames in cross-flows. Additions of diluent to jet and air streams decrease NO and NO2 in both concentric and cross-flow air streams. The implications of scaling these results to fullsize flare stack flames have been discussed. On presente une etude experimentale des quantites d'oxydes d'azote produites dans les flammes d'hydrocarbures gazeux gicles dans des courants d'air concentriques ou en ecoulement transversal. Cette etude montre que la structure des flammes a une forte influence sur les quantites de NO et NO2 produites dans les flammes diffuses. Un accroissement de la vitesse du jet produit une augmentation de la quantite de NO et NO2 emise par les flammes dans des courants d'air concentriques; cependant, la vitesse du debit d'air exerce des effets contraires sur les rendements de NO et NO2 provenant des flammes dans des ecoulements transversaux. L'addition d'un diluant au jet et aux debits d'air decroǐt la quantite de NO et NO2 produite dans les ecoulements concentriques et transversaux. On discute les implications qui resulteraient de l'extension des resultats obtenus aux flammes de cheminees de dimensions industrielles.
Percentage of Unknown Vocabulary Words in Text as a Function of the Relative Difficulty of the text: Implications for Instruction

The relationship between the relative difficulty of passages and the number of unknown words in passages was investigated. In Study I, 219 students in Grades 3, 4, 5, and 6 were given 100-word pass...
On Model Selection Consistency of Lasso

Sparsity or parsimony of statistical models is crucial for their proper interpretations, as in sciences and social sciences. Model selection is a commonly used method to find such models, but usually involves a computationally heavy combinatorial search. Lasso (Tibshirani, 1996) is now being used as a computationally feasible alternative to model selection. Therefore it is important to study Lasso for model selection purposes. In this paper, we prove that a single condition, which we call the Irrepresentable Condition, is almost necessary and sufficient for Lasso to select the true model both in the classical fixed p setting and in the large p setting as the sample size n gets large. Based on these results, sufficient conditions that are verifiable in practice are given to relate to previous works and help applications of Lasso for feature selection and sparse representation. This Irrepresentable Condition, which depends mainly on the covariance of the predictor variables, states that Lasso selects the true model consistently if and (almost) only if the predictors that are not in the true model are "irrepresentable" (in a sense to be clarified) by predictors that are in the true model. Furthermore, simulations are carried out to provide insights and understanding of this result.
Community support as a moderator of postdisaster mental health symptoms in urban and nonurban communities

OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between disaster exposure, community support, and mental health outcomes in urban and nonurban participants of Galveston and Chambers counties after Hurricane Ike. The moderating effect of community support was evaluated as a protective factor relative to postdisaster mental health. METHODS: A representative population-based sample of 157 urban and 714 nonurban adults were interviewed 12 to 17 months after the hurricane about their mental health functioning, disaster exposure, and perceptions of community support. RESULTS: A series of multiple regressions demonstrated that disaster exposure was associated with mental health outcomes for both groups. The strength of the association varied across population samples.Community support moderated the association between interpersonal effects of the disaster and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression outcomes in nonurban participants and the association between property damage and PTSD in urban participants. CONCLUSIONS: Community support played a larger role in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms associated with the interpersonal effects of a disaster in the nonurban sample only. Communities may play a more beneficial role in the recovery process in nonurban areas that have elevated levels of injury or death attributed to a disaster. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1-9). Language: en
Optical Zeeman spectroscopy of the near-infrared lasing center in chromium:forsterite

Optical Zeeman spectra of the near-IR luminescent center in Cr:forsterite were obtained with an external magnetic field applied along the crystallographic a and c axes. The field-dependent sublevel splittings of the triplet spin ground state were resolved through fluorescence line narrowing (FLN) techniques. The excellent correspondence between the observed splittings and those calculated for the tetrahedral Cr4+ center, previously identified and characterized in forsterite by electron paramagnetic resonance, firmly establishes the identity of the near-IR center as tetrahedral Cr4+. A simple model for the FLN excitation–emission cycle, including the influence of the external field on the optical line positions and intensities, is described.
Practice and progress in obstetrics.

Commentary on: Epstein AJ, Srinivas SK, Nicholson S, et al. Association between physicians’ experience after training and maternal obstetrical outcomes: cohort study. BMJ 2013;346:f1596[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] The expectation that one will become ‘older and wiser’ in parallel is intuitive and comforting. In the world of medicine, this adage fits well with our experiences: we are taught by those who have come before us. Over time, we become the teachers in a tradition of apprenticeship that assumes that more time as a physician makes you better in a process that occurs incrementally, day by day and patient by patient, but is much more easily recognised in aggregate, year by year. While the learning curve is easier to quantify in the early portion of medical training, when the focus is on the acquisition of technical skills as well as clinical judgement, the nuances of how and when expertise continues to accumulate in … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.f1596%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23538919%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=346/mar28_4/f1596&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F2%2F70.atom
Expression phenotype changes of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines during long-term subculture and its clinical significance.

Objectives: The EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) is a useful resource for population-based human genetic and pharmacogenetic studies. The principal objective here was to assess expression phenotype changes during long-term subculture of LCLs, and its clinical significance. Materials and methods: We searched for genes that were differentially expressed in 17 LCLs at late (p161) passage compared to early passage (p4) using microarray assay, then validated them by real-time RT-PCR analysis. In addition, we estimated correlations between expression phenotypes of 20 LCL strains at early passage and 23 quantitative clinical traits from blood donors of particular LCL strains. Results: Transcript sequences of 16 genes including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway-related genes (such as PTPN13, HERC5 and miR-146a) and carcinogenesis-related genes (such as XAF1, TCL1A, PTPN13, CD38 and miR-146a) were differentially expressed (>2-fold change) in at least 15 of the 17 LCL strains. In particular, TC2N, FCRL5, CD180, CD38 and miR-146a were downregulated in all 17 of the evaluated LCL strains. In addition, we identified clinical trait-associated expression phenotypes in LCLs. Conclusion: Our results showed that LCLs acquired expression phenotype changes involving expression of NF-κB pathway- and carcinogenesis-related genes during long-term subculture. These differentially expressed genes can be considered to be a gene signature of LCL immortalization or EBV-induced carcinogenesis. Clinical trait-associated expression phenotypes should prove useful in the discovery of new candidate genes for particular traits.
The Citation Gap: Documenting Creative Scholarship

ISSUE: While creative scholarship is increasingly recognized in the evaluation of interior design faculty, there is currently no standardized criteria for the documentation of juried shows and exhibitions' important methods in evaluating creative scholarship. APPLICATION: Administrators in institutions of higher education could better support interior design educators if creative scholarship were cited in a consistent format and parallel to more traditional research citations. GOAL: The goal is to develop a citation format for juried shows and exhibitions. DESCRIPTION: The authors reviewed various style manuals and peer institutions to identify various methods of documenting creative and artistic works in order to determine a common method for documenting and citing juried shows and exhibitions. CONCLUSION: Use of a consistent and comprehensive format for documenting and citing creative scholarship will help establish its importance to interior design as well as other professions.
Community and Team Member Factors that Influence the Early Phase Functioning of Community Prevention Teams: The PROSPER Project

This research examines the early development of community teams in a specific university–community partnership project called PROSPER (Spoth et al., Prev Sci 5:31–39, 2004). PROSPER supports local community teams in rural areas and small towns to implement evidence-based programs intended to support positive youth development and reduce early substance use. The study evaluated 14 community teams and included longitudinal data from 108 team members. Specifically, it examined how community demographics and team member characteristics, perceptions, and attitudes at initial team formation were related to local team functioning 6 months later, when teams were planning for prevention program implementation. Findings indicate that community demographics (poverty), perceived community readiness, characteristics of local team members (previous collaborative experience) and attitudes toward prevention played a substantial role in predicting the quality of community team functioning 6 months later. Editors’ Strategic Implications: The authors identify barriers to successful long-term implementation of prevention programs and add to a small, but important, longitudinal research knowledge base related to community coalitions.
A quantitative analysis of lateral canthal position following endoscopic forehead-midface-lift surgery.

ImportanceThe value of this study is to evaluate outcomes of endoscopic forehead-midface–lift surgery. Many surgeons are reluctant to offer this procedure for fear of change in the shape and appear...
Origin of the Fabric of Laminated Fine-Grained Glaciolacustrine Deposits

ABSTRACT Scanning electron microscope fabric analysis of laminated Pleistocene glacial silty clay and clay from New York State provides evidence of two sedimentary processes: suspension settling of flocculated aggregates, followed by bioturbation of the upper parts of silty clay and clay laminae. The glacial rhythmites in two Pleistocene glacial lakes in New York State formed dominantly from episodic sedimentation of flocculated sediment. Graded bedding and random particle orientation indicate continuous deposition of flocculated sediment during the deposition of a typical glaciolacustrine couplet. However, during the interlude between rhythmite deposition of the flocculated silty clay and clay, a second (but more subordinate) sedimentary process of bioturbation dominated. Nematode burrows found in the upper part of the clay portion of couplets are associated with preferred orientation of clay flakes. This fabric found around the burrows was produced as the soft, plastic, moist, flocculated clay sediment was sheared and reoriented by nematode movement between sedimentation events. The preferred orientation between burrows in the upper part of the clay laminae resulted from postdepositional compaction due to the weight of overburden. Reorientation was limited, however, to only the upper part of the clay laminae. Random orientation present in the original flocculated sediment was preserved in the lower part of the couplet. The study presents a model of how clay fabric can be used in determining sedimentary processes of glaciolacustrine deposits.
Seasonal Snow Cover and Short-Term Climatic Fluctuations over the United States

Abstract Interannual fluctuations of snow cover in the United States are evaluated in the context of short-term climatic variability. The analysis is based on 2.5 and 15.0 cm snow coverage digitized weekly for the winters of 1949–50 through 1980–81. The winter of least snow (1980–81) and the winters of most snow (1977–78 and 1978–79) have occurred in the most recent portion of the record. Considerable persistence of departures from normal snow cover is evident in the monthly lagged autocorrelations, which range from 0.35 in the lee of the Rockies to 0.75 in the Far, West. Fluctuations of surface temperature are most highly correlated with snow cover in a broad east-west band which straddles the normal wintertime position of the snow edge. Snow anomalies in the eastern and western United States are associated with opposite phases of a three-cell field of 760 mb height anomalies over the North Pacific Ocean and North America. A series of regression analyses shows that a portion of the surface temperature va...
This is Your Hometown: Collective Memory, Industrial Flight, and the Fate of Freehold, New Jersey

Established in 2012, the New Jersey Studies Academic Alliance (NJSAA) Graduate Student Award recognizes excellence in graduate writing about New Jersey history. It is presented for a paper written by a graduate student that best represents significant research and writing about any aspect of New Jersey history. The 2015 award went to Mr. Cohen.***Freehold, New Jersey faced two major moments of deindustrialization in the post-World War II period. In the late 1950s, the rug mill that sat at the center of the town's economic and cultural life began to close down. In 1986, a 3M audio-visual tape plant that had helped the town avoid economic ruin shut down as well. This paper illustrates the continuities between these closings, challenging the dogma in labor history that plant closings occur because of management's desire to avoid an entitled and demanding workforce. Though workers at both plants were unionized, neither the rug mill nor the 3M workers made major demands on their employers in the postwar period. This paper analyzes the conditions that prompted shutdowns in Freehold, illustrating the role of broader market forces as well as internal company dynamics in driving capital flight. Furthermore, a close look at the 3M closing reveals the importance of culture in workers' responses to deindustrialization. Following 3M's announcement of its plans to shut down the Freehold plant, workers began a national media campaign to save their jobs. At the heart of this campaign was the memory of the rug mill that had closed 25 years earlier, as represented by their campaign anthem, Bruce Springsteen's 1984 song "My Hometown." This paper demonstrates the role of memory and music in shaping workers' experience with deindustrialization as well as the struggles of unions to codify the relationship between capital and community in the twentieth century.
Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays from Rhodium Catalysts with Unexpected Diameter Uniformity Independent of the Catalyst Size and Growth Temperature

Diameter control in the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) arrays is vital to the control of their properties and their integration into practical devices. Controlling the size of catalyst nanoparticles (NPs) and following a tangential nucleation mode has been shown to be an effective approach to diameter control of SWNTs. The size distribution of SWNTs, however, was much wider than that of the catalyst NPs because of the evolution of catalysts at high growth temperatures. Here, we demonstrate that rhodium (Rh) nanoparticles serve as highly active catalysts for the synthesis of dense and aligned arrays of SWNTs and offer unexpected diameter control via a perpendicular nucleation mode. The diameter distribution of SWNTs grown from the Rh catalysts is much narrower than that from conventional iron and copper catalysts and is independent of the size and shape of the catalyst NPs. More importantly, the Rh catalysts have remarkable catalytic activity at reduced temperatures (<800 °C) and exhibit...
The Formation of Ordered Nanoporous Structure with Controlled Micelle Size

Selected MPEG-b-PDLLA block copolymers have been synthesized with systematic variation of the chain lengths of the resident hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks. The size and shape of the micelles that spontaneously form in solution are then controlled by the characteristics of the copolymer template. Formation of nanoporous silica at room temperature with short-preparation time is demonstrated and silica-containing materials evolve with uniform pore shape and wall structure. The formation mechanism of these nanoporous structures obtained by controlling the micelle size has been confirmed using both liquid and solid state 13C and 29Si NMR techniques.
“The Right to Have Rights”: Undocumented Migrants and State Protection

Critiques of the concept and framework of international human rights are relatively rare in legal scholarship. The legal academy tends to reify international human rights law as offering solutions to all of the worlds’ problems, if we could just convince countries to implement it properly. Among the small group of legal scholars who have put forward thoughtful critical perspectives on human rights law, only a handful have explicitly extended this critique to the situation of undocumented migrants under international human rights law. Though these scholars are pushing the boundaries of contemporary legal thought, they share a common foremother who grappled with similar concerns more than a half century ago: Hannah Arendt.This article, written for a symposium entitled “Statelessness and Belonging: Perspectives on Human Migration,” aims to make explicit the intellectual debt owed to Arendt by analyzing the problems facing undocumented migrants today through the lens of ideas she presents in The Origins of Totalitarianism. It begins by defining and describing three vulnerable populations: minorities, stateless, and undocumented. The symposium contribution then presents three central arguments from Arendt’s critique of human rights as applied to the minorities and the stateless. It next discusses the striking parallels with the situation of the undocumented today and also explores the differences between the three groups. The symposium piece concludes by drawing on those differences to suggest ways to better protect the undocumented from vulnerability in the absence of adequate protection under human rights law.
Robert Musil and the techne of Rewriting Modernity

This essay examines Robert Musil's intervention in the problematics of modernity by drawing out parallels between his theory and performance of Essayismus and Jean-Francois Lyotard's notion of “rewriting.” Lyotard proposes rewriting as an alternative to so-called postmodern challenges to the modern on the grounds that the postmodern tends to reinscribe what it seeks to rewrite, notably a teleology bound up with a critical overcoming of the modern. Lyotard assimilates rewriting to the work of Durcharbeitung in Freudian analysis and to the work of the imagination in the Kantian aesthetic. Both of these avoid “critique” in operating apart from “reasoning, argument, or mediation” and without any “empirical or cognitive interest.” My thesis is that the essayistic discursive technique that characterizes Musil's engagement with modernity operates as an instance of Lyotardian rewriting that, nevertheless, is capable of something like a critical cognition of modernity. Connecting Musil's Essayismus and Lyotard's r...
Acoustic Characterization of a Pulse Detonation Engine

*† ‡ A far-field acoustic analysis of a pulse detonation engine is performed, showing the effect of the major operating parameters on the acoustic signature of the engine. Several simple exit nozzle configurations are installed on the exhaust of the engine in an attempt to reduce or redirect the acoustic energy output from the system, and the effects of these geometries is presented. Shadowgraph imaging is performed to qualitatively account for the impact of these geometries on the shock wave and supersonic jet that characterize the engine exhaust flow. Proprietary noise attenuation mufflers are also installed on the engine to quantify their acoustic benefits.
Dapagliflozin: a new sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Purpose The pharmacologic properties and clinical efficacy of dapagliflozin, a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, are reviewed. Summary Dapagliflozin (Farxiga, AstraZeneca) is a selective SGLT2 inhibitor approved as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Dapagliflozin lowers blood glucose independent of insulin secretion and action by inhibiting renal reabsorption of glucose, thus promoting increased urinary excretion of glucose. Dapagliflozin has been shown to improve glycemic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes when used as monotherapy or in combination with metformin, glimepiride, pioglitazone, sitagliptin, or insulin. Dapagliflozin treatment is associated with weight reduction, it has a low intrinsic propensity to cause hypoglycemia, and it may offer the advantage of a complementary mechanism of action when added to other therapies. During Phase III clinical trials, dapagliflozin was generally well tolerated, with an overall frequency of adverse events similar to that reported with placebo use. However, increased rates of genital and, in some trials, urinary tract infections have been reported in dapagliflozin-treated groups relative to placebo groups. Pooled data from clinical trials indicated an imbalance in bladder cancer cases between dapagliflozin-treated and placebo groups; however, most cases were diagnosed within one year of exposure. Ongoing research is expected to further delineate the effects of dapagliflozin on bladder cancer risk and cardiovascular safety measures. Conclusion Dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, offers a novel treatment option for type 2 diabetes that is independent of insulin secretion or action.
Milk as a source of the monkey anti-anemia factor.

SummaryRaw whole milk is a good source of the monkey anti-anemia factor. Pasteurization of the milk seems to reduce the amount of this factor in milk to some extent. This factor can be differentiated from the guinea pig anti-stiffness factor by the fact that raw cream possesses little activity while the raw skim milk accounts for the greater portion of the activity in whole milk. Raw whey, made by enzymatic treatment of raw skim milk, is also a good source of the monkey anti-anemia factor.
ANOTHER LOOK AT MASLOW'S MOTIVATIONAL HIERARCHY

Maslow's (1954) original work with a motivational hierarchy suggests that for any given organism motives exist according to an order or rank. Maslow proposed a five-level motivational ' hierarchy : the physiological aspects, followed by safety needs, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization. Individuals have their own motivational scares which determine the person's progress in the sequential hierarchy. If each motive is satisfied, the individual is said to be satisfied, but this is rarely a prolonged state. Initially, Maslow was concerned with a strict order in the satisfaction of man's needs for 'food, security, having friends, achieving status, and realizing one's potential. While the needs may be universal, present-day application indicates that levels in the hierarchy may be ignored to achieve what the individual considers a more important goal. Subjects (N = 100) between the ages 17 and 21 yr. were selected from psychology classes to participate in a study of values of youth. Fifry-two were women and 48 were men. All were from middle-class homes. The questionnaires were completed in class; students were required to check reasons for the possible use of marijuana, hard drugs, alcohol, engaging in rebellious am, and premarital sex. Reasons included curiosiry, peer pressure, rebellion against parents, and personal preference. Subjects could also indicate whether the risk of danger (Maslow's safery), peer pressure (Maslow's need to belong), or fear of detection (Maslow's selfesteem) would be involved in making their decision. Forty percent of the women and 50% of the men indicated that peer pressure was the reason for their initial use of marijuana. Interestingly, 70% of the women gave the same reason for the use of alcohol as did 52% of the men. Fewer than 10% of the women and 4% of the men indicated fear of physiological danger. Sixteen percent of the women and 20% of the men indicated that curiosity was a reason for the possible experimentation with drugs, but fear of side effects was relatively strong. The fear of parental detection of premarital sex was higher for women (22%) than men (4%). but one-fourth of the females and one-third of the males considered sex to be part of dating. It is hoped that these indications of a new 'morality' can be studied in future research.
Corneal tissue water content mapping with THz imaging: preliminary clinical results(Conference Presentation)

Well-regulated corneal water content is critical for ocular health and function and can be adversely affected by a number of diseases and injuries. Current clinical practice limits detection of unhealthy corneal water content levels to central corneal thickness measurements performed by ultrasound or optical coherence tomography. Trends revealing increasing or decreasing corneal thickness are fair indicators of corneal water content by individual measurements are highly inaccurate due to the poorly understood relationship between corneal thickness and natural physiologic variation. Recently the utility of THz imaging to accuarately measure corneal water content has been explored on with rabbit models. Preliminary experiments revealed that contact with dielectric windows confounded imaging data and made it nearly impossible to deconvolve thickness variations due to contact from thickness variations due to water content variation. A follow up study with a new optical design allowed the acquisition of rabbit data and the results suggest that the observed, time varying contrast was due entirely to the water dynamics of the cornea. This paper presents the first ever in vivo images of human cornea. Five volunteers with healthy cornea were recruited and their eyes were imaged three times over the course of a few minutes with our novel imaging system. Noticeable changes in corneal reflectivity were observed and attributed to the drying of the tear film. The results suggest that clinically compatible, non-contact corneal imaging is feasible and indicate that signal acquired from non-contact imaging of the cornea is a complicated coupling of stromal water content and tear film.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Coxsackievirus A6 infection in children with hand-foot-mouth disease, Jinan

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of coxsackievirus A6(CVA6) in children with hand-footmouth disease(HFMD) in Jinan, and to provide scientific evidence for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of CVA6-infected HFMD. Methods Specimens including stool and pharynx swabs were collected from clinically-diagnosed cases of HFMD in Jinan in 2013, and the RT-PCR analysis was conducted to assay enteroviruses in children with HFMD. The epidemiological characteristics of laboratory confirmed HFMD cases caused by CVA6 were analyzed. Results Among the 848 samples of HFMD cases, including 19 severe cases, and the positive rate of enterovirus RNA was 79.01%(670/848). 141(21.04%)were positive for CVA6(including 2 severe cases); CVA6 ranked third in the pathogenic composition of HFMD cases, and caused 2outbreaks and 7 clusters of HFMD. Among 141 CVA6-infected HFMD cases, the majority(63.12%) was male Most of them were less than 3 years old(73.76%), especially less than 1 year old, and the two severe cases were less than 1 year old. The cases occurred all the year round with the peak during July to November(69.59%). Conclusion CVA6 is one of important pathogens causing typical HFMD, and it can lead to severe cases and outbreak epidemic of HFMD. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance and research of CVA6.
Chemical reactions involved in deep fat frying of foods. VI. Characterization of nonvolatile decomposition products of trilinolein.

A laboratory apparatus that could be used to treat pure triglycerides under simulated deep fat frying conditions was designed and built. By the use of this apparatus, the volatile decomposition products produced during frying could be quantitatively collected at the same time. Pure trilinolein was treated in this apparatus at 185 C for 74 hr. The volatile decomposition products were collected quantitatively. Their fractionation and identification will be reported in a subsequent paper. The nonvolatile decomposition products were isolated from the treated trilinolein as the non-urea-adduct-forming methyl esters. They constituted 26.3% of the treated trilinolein and were separated into seven fractions by repeated liquid column chromatography. Chemical and physical analyses of these fractions indicated that the chemical reactions taking place under simulated deep fat frying conditions were not entirely the same as those during simple heating under air. One of the seven fractions was further purified by thin layer chromatography and then identified as a cyclic carbon to carbon linked dimer which amounted to 4.9% of the treated trilinolein. Another fraction was further purified by thin layer chromatography, followed by gas chromatography, and then identified as noncyclic hydroxy dimers formed through carbon to carbon linkages. The noncyclic dimers constituted 2.8% of the treated trilinolein. The other four fractions were depolymerized by hydroiodic acid. The depolymerization products were fractionated by thin layer chromatography and then analyzed. It was estimated that the treated trilinolein contained 8.4% of trimers formed through carbon to carbon linkages, and 4.9% of dimers and trimers joined through carbon to carbon or carbon to oxygen linkages in the same molecule and also trimers, in which all the three monomeric units were joined through carbon to oxygen linkages.
Extending permutation arrays: improving MOLS bounds

A permutation array (PA) A is a set of permutations on $$Z_n=\{0,1,\dots ,n-1\}$$Zn={0,1,ź,n-1}, for some n. A PA A has pairwise Hamming distance at least d, if for every pair of permutations $$\sigma $$ź and $$\tau $$ź in A, there are at least d integers i in $$Z_n$$Zn such that $$\sigma (i)\ne \tau (i)$$ź(i)źź(i). Let M(n, d) denote the maximum number of permutations in any PA with pairwise Hamming distance at least d. Recently considerable effort has been devoted to improving known lower bounds for M(n, d) for all $$n>d>3$$n>d>3. We give a partition and extension operation that enables the production of a new PA $$A'$$Aź for $$M(n+1,d)$$M(n+1,d) from an existing PA A for $$M(n,d-1)$$M(n,d-1). In particular, this operation allows for improvements for PA's for $$M(q+1,q)$$M(q+1,q) for powers of prime numbers q, as well as for many other choices of n and d, where n is not a power of a prime. Finally, for prime numbers p, the partition and extension technique provides an asymptotically better lower bound for $$M(p+1,p)$$M(p+1,p) than that given by current knowledge about mutually orthogonal Latin squares. We prove a new asymptotic lower bound for the set of primes p, namely, $$M(p+1,p)\ge p^{1.5}/2-O(p)$$M(p+1,p)źp1.5/2-O(p).
Comparison of anti-snake displays in the sympatric desert rodents Xerospermophilus tereticaudus (round-tailed ground squirrels) and Dipodomys deserti (desert kangaroo rats)

Several lineages of small mammals frequently preyed upon by snakes have evolved snake-specific signals and displays that they use in an attempt to deter predation. Although detailed studies have been conducted on the form and function of these behaviors in a few key species, limited work has been done that directly compares behaviors between species, and none that we know of between species of separate lineages. Representative species displaying these behaviors exhibit broad overlap in geographic range, and they often occur in sympatry with each other, where they are preyed upon by the same local guild of snakes. Thus, there is potential for these independently evolved signals to exhibit some degree of convergence in sympatry, reinforcing each other in a fashion similar to what has been documented for aposematic mimicry complexes. Here, we provide the 1st direct quantitative comparison of anti-snake signaling behavior in sympatric small mammals from separate lineages: Dipodomys deserti (Heteromyidae) and Xerospermophilus tereticaudus (Sciuridae). Although some aspects of the displays of squirrels and kangaroo rats were similar (e.g., use of foot drumming, time spent investigating snake), others were not (e.g., willingness to approach closely, tail flagging, sand kicking, jump back displays). Although further research will be necessary to test directly the possibility of convergence, the forms of the signals are disparate enough that it is unlikely that the displays represent an example of convergent mimicry. Our results highlight the potential for further comparative work regarding the evolution of form and function of anti-snake signaling in small mammals.
SNEM: Full S-parameter synthesis from near-end measurement

A novel method called SNEM (full S-parameter synthesis from near-end measurement) is proposed to obtain the full S-parameter matrix by probing only a subset of all the ports of a passive linear network. Other ports that are not probed need to be terminated by various impedance values. A termination error correction algorithm and a guideline for choosing termination impedance values have also been developed to make the method robust, accurate, and efficient. Examples are included in this paper to demonstrate the applications of the SNEM method in integrated circuit (IC) package, on-die structure, and socket/connector characterizations. The method has been validated by both simulations and lab correlation.
Preferences for regional brands of food products

The article deals with results of several marketing surveys related to the promotion of Czech products in the regional food market as well as to the consumers’ awareness of regional brands. An important part of consumers prefers regional food and food products, is interested in their ingredients and their health impact. Food quality and safety and support to regional producers become important factors in consumers’ decision-making. The article summarizes results of particular surveys done in the years 2003–2010 exploring consumer preferences in the regional food market as well as promotion opportunities of these products in the market. Results of presented surveys show an increasing consumers’ preference for regional products and the feel of better quality linked with local and regional products.
Comparison of the intrinsic disorder propensities of the RuBisCO activase enzyme from the motile and non-motile oceanic green microalgae.

ABSTRACTGreen oceanic microalgae are efficient converters of solar energy into the biomass via the photosynthesis process, with the first step of carbon fixation in the photosynthesis being controlled by the enzyme ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), which is a large proteinaceous machine composed of large (L, 52 kDa) and small (S, 12 kDa) subunits arranged as a L8S8 hexadecamer that catalyzes the formation of 2 phosphoglyceric acid molecules from one ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) molecule and one of carbon dioxide (CO2) and that is considered as the most abundant protein on Earth. The catalytic efficiency of this protein is controlled by the RuBisCO activase (RCA) that interacts with RuBisCO and promotes the CO2 entrance to the active site of RuBisCO by removing RuBP. One of the peculiar features of RCA is the presence of functional disordered tails that might play a role in RCA-RuBisCO interaction. Based on their ability to move, microalgae are grouped into 2 major class, moti...
Public and private procurement in environmental governance

Procurement has become an increasingly important method of environmental governance. Public actors at federal, state, and local levels in the United States have leveraged their significant purchasing power to reduce the environmental impacts of their purchases of goods, services, and energy. Other governments around the globe, including the European Union and many individual nation-states, have likewise adopted public environmentally preferable purchasing rules, with significant positive impacts. Finally, the private sector has increasingly used environmental supply chain management to reduce its environmental impacts. This Chapter (a) explores what motivates both public and private actors to adopt environmental procurement as a governance strategy, (b) examines the direct and indirect impacts of environmental procurement, (c) describes specific procurement rules in the United States and the European Union, and (d) argues that the use of private environmental supply chain management by business firms operates as a parallel form of environmental governance.