cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lobar Gross Endobronchial Disease Predicts for Overall Survival and Grade 5 Pulmonary Toxicity in Medically Inoperable Early Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Purpose: SBRT is considered standard of care for medically inoperable ES-NSCLC. Five fraction SBRT approaches have been advocated to mitigate treatment induced toxicity. In this report, we examine the mature clinical outcomes of a diverse cohort of ES-NSCLC patients with both peripheral and central tumors treated with a conservative 5 fraction SBRT approach and evaluate the role of lobar gross endobronchial disease (LGED) in predicting overall survival and treatment-related death. Method: Medically inoperable biopsy-proven, lymph node-negative ES-NSCLC patients were treated with SBRT. Bronchoscopy was completed prior to treatment in all centrally located cases. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate OS, LC, RC, DMFS and DFS. OS was stratified based on clinical stage, histology, tumor location and LGED. Toxicities were scored according to the CTCAE 5.0. Results: From December 2010 to December 2015, 50 consecutive patients were treated uniformly with a 50 Gy in 5 fraction SBRT approach (tumor BED10 ≥ 100 Gy) and followed for a minimum of 5 years or until death. At a median follow up of 42 months for all patients, 3-year OS was 50%. Three-year OS did not statistically differ between stage I and stage II disease (51% vs. 47%; p=0.86), adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (50% vs. 45%; p=0.68), or peripheral and central tumors (56% vs. 45%; p=0.46). Five central tumors were found to have LGED, and 3-year OS for this cohort was quite poor at 20%. Cox regression analysis identified LGED as a predictor of OS while controlling for age, stage and location (OR:4.536, p-value=0.038). Despite the relatively low dose delivered, treatment likely contributed to the death of 4 patients with central tumors. Lobar gross endobronchial disease was an independent predictor for grade 5 pulmonary toxicity (n=4, p=0.007). Specifically, 3 of the 5 patients with LGED developed fatal radiation-induced bronchial stricture. Three-year LC, RC, DMFS and DFS results for the group were similar to contemporary studies at 90%, 90%, 82% and 65%. Central location of ES-NSCLC is a well-established predictor for severe SBRT-related toxicity. Here we identify LGED as a significant predictor of poor overall survival and grade 5 pulmonary toxicity.
How to Study Efimov States in Exotic Nuclei

The existence of Efimov states in atomic nuclei has been predicted by several authors considering 3-body systems of the form Core–neutron–neutron. While these states appear elusive and very challenging experimentally, we discuss possible reactions that can be used to produce and study them in exotic (weakly-bound) nuclei. Following simple arguments, we show that cross-sections relative to the ground states should scale with the parameter \({\lambda_0}\), which is the same scale factor for binding energies and radii. We derive back of the envelope estimates for: one- and two-neutron transfer reactions, and inelastic scattering. The (d, p) reaction appears as the most promising approach and we discuss in more detail some experimental considerations using the example of \({^{19}C(d, p)^{20}C}\). These initial estimates could serve as a starting point for more refined and realistic calculations, which will be required for careful experimental planning and further analysis.
SU-E-J-211: Assessing the Consistency of the ViewRay 0.35 T MRI System

Purpose: ViewRay is a novel image-guided radiotherapy approach with an integrated 0.35 T MR unit and three Cobalt-60 heads. In order to continuously ensure the high resolution and high soft tissue contrast available in MR images, we quantified a multitude of relevant imaging parameters over a period of six months to establish its stability and imaging quality. In the assessment process, consideration is also given to the need to establish the number of tests required to have confidence in the performance of the system for radiation therapy planning applications. Methods: Daily, weekly, monthly and annual imaging tests were performed over a period of six months using standardized phantoms (a 24 cm diameter sphere and the ACR phantom) to quantify the performance of the system. In addition to the ACR and NEMA recommended tests, we also included element testing, spatial integrity, Eddy current and magnetic field inhomogeneity measurements. The ACR test is used for assessing the following parameters for T1 and T2: geometric accuracy, high contrast spatial resolution, slice thickness accuracy, slice position accuracy, percent signal ghosting, low contrast object detectability. It also includes percent image uniformity (PIU) for T1. The NEMA test is primarily designed to check SNR and PIU.more » Results: Over the period of six months, all the parameters were maintained within the recommendations provided in the ACR and NEMA standards. PIU and SNR were found to be sensitive to malfunctions in the components of the multileaf collimators. Details of the findings will be presented. Conclusion: The data suggests that ViewRay imaging system has functioned in a consistent and reliable manner. MR imaging from ViewRay 0.35T system complies with the ACR and NEMA recommended acceptance standards.« less
Alternating Treatment Designs

The alternating treatments design (ATD) is a type of single-participant design that is commonly used to determine the effectiveness of two or more treatments. Conditions in the ATD are alternated rapidly and randomly/semirandomly, and effects can by analyzed statistically (e.g., randomization tests) and/or by visual inspection. Using the ATD can be advantageous because treatment effects can be found rather quickly and a withdrawal phase and baseline data are not required. Keywords: single-participant design; alternation treatment design; baseline data; randomization test
Evaluation of the role of type I interferon to the development of type 1 diabetes. (BA3P.131)

Our goal is to identify the earliest immunologically relevant events that trigger autoimmune diabetes. The first detectable inflammatory signature in the NOD mouse is the upregulation of type I interferons and an interferon-inducible gene signature. We reason that understanding the early interferon signature may provide targets for the prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of autoimmune diabetes. The two ubiquitous interferon receptors (IFNAR and IFNGR) upregulate hundreds genes, some shared and some unique to each receptor. We backcrossed the type I interferon receptor onto NOD background to determine the relative contribution of IFNAR-inducible transcripts in type I diabetes induction. In our specific pathogen-free colony, NOD.IFNAR-/- mice developed diabetes at a decreased rate and penetrance from littermate controls. This reduction in incidence was gender independent and NOD.IFNAR heterozygous mice developed diabetes normally. There was a reduction in the number of the immunological infiltrates in the islets of Langerhans of NOD.IFNAR-/- mice from 4-8 wks of age as detected by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Concomitantly, there was a reduction in inflammatory gene expression in NOD.IFNAR-/- when compared to controls. Additionally, analysis of the NOD.IFNGR-/- mice showed a decrease in penetrance and kinetics of type I diabetes. Based on this data, we hypothesize that IFNAR and IFNGR induce a common genetic signature that is required for type I diabetes to proceed.
A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Job Applicant Faking on Personality Measures

This study investigates the extent to which job applicants fake their responses on personality tests. Thirty-three studies that compared job applicant and non-applicant personality scale scores were meta-analyzed. Across all job types, applicants scored significantly higher than non-applicants on extraversion (d 5.11), emotional stability (d 5.44), conscientiousness (d 5.45), and openness (d 5.13). For certain jobs (e.g., sales), however, the rank ordering of mean differences changed substantially suggesting that job applicants distort responses on personality dimensions that are viewed as particularly job relevant. Smaller mean differences were found in this study than those reported by Viswesvaran and Ones (Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59(2), 197–210), who compared scores for induced ‘‘fake-good’’ vs. honest response conditions. Also, direct Big Five measures produced substantially larger differences than did indirect Big Five measures.
Lung lobe collapse: pathophysiology and radiologic significance

The radiographic changes caused by collapse of lung lobes in pulmonary disease, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion depend on the lobar recoiling force and local pleural pressure. Differences in the tendency of normal lung lobes or regions to collapse depend on the relative surface-to-volume ratio, determined by shape and size of the region or lobe. This ratio affects the physiologic parameters of pulmonary interdependence, compliance, and collateral air flow. Pulmonary surfactant increases compliance, particularly at low volumes, maintains alveolar stability, and assists in maintaining capillary patency and preventing pulmonary edema. Its loss due to lung injury increases collapsing forces. In the presence of pneumothorax or pleural effusion, diseases that cause lobar collapse produce localized air or fluid entrapment that is a diagnostic sign of the presence of the underlying pulmonary disease.
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF A PUBLIC CORPORATION. PRICING OBJECTIVES OF BART

Abstract The revealed preference approach is used to identify the objectives implicit in the fare structure of a rail mass transit system. A model assuming bureaucratic aggrandizement provided a better predictor of actual fares than a majority rule or interest group political model. Bureaucratic objectives work to the advantage of commuters from distant suburbs who are relatively wealthy and young. The data is too weak to support firm conviction about these conclusions, but our methods contribute to quantitative political economy.
Heterogeneity of Depression: Clinical Considerations and Psychophysiological Measures

We are very sympathetic to Vaidyanathan, Vrieze, and Iacono's (this issue) call for studies integrating multiple methods and types of data to provide stronger tests of competing etiological hypothe...
Depredation of Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) nests: influence of biotic, abiotic

Understanding how predator attractants and deterrents, as well as habitat features, affect depredation of turtle nests is important because nest predators can influence the demographic structure of turtle populations. We investigated cues used by predators to locate turtle nests in three habitats (heavily shaded, moderately shaded, and unshaded). We constructed artificial turtle nests in areas used by nesting painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) and foraging predators, primarily raccoons (Procyon lotor). We also assessed the influence of olfactory cues on nest depredation using coyote and turtle urine, and turtle egg mucus. Overall, 22% of the simulated nests displayed evidence of depredation. Habitat type did not influence probability of nest depredation. Similarly, the presence of coyote and turtle urine, and turtle egg mucus, combined or individually, did not significantly alter depredation rates. Instead, predators seemed to locate simulated nests based solely on surface soil disturbance, because such disturbance significantly increased the probability of a nest being depredated. These findings provide valuable insights into the effects of surface soil disturbance on the population dynamics of nesting turtles and their predators.
Halomethyl-metal compounds : LXXVI. α-bromocyclopropyl derivatives of tin and lead as cyclopropylidene precursors

Abstract The thermolysis of 1-bromo-1-trimethyltin- cis -2,3-dimethylcyclopropane (both isomers), anti -6-bromo- syn -6-trimethyltinbicyclo[3.1.0] hexane,7-bromo-7-trimethyltinnorcarane, and also the 7-triphenyltin-, 7-trimethyllead- and 7-triphenyllead- derivatives (both isomers), 1-bromo-1-trimethyltinspiro[2.5]octane and 9-bromo-9-trimethyltinbicyclo[6.1.0] nonane (both isomers) has been studied. Under the conditions used, the syn -Me 3 Sn isomers decomposed, while the anti -Me 3 Sn isomers were quite stable. Only the norcarane system showed useful intermolecular divalent carbon transfer reactions.
Democracy and Social Justice: Founding Centers for Social Justice in Law Schools

Protecting democracy by combating inequality is the task of social justice lawyers. The practice of democracy mandates inclusion of the diverse populations of this nation into the social order. Social justice lawyers seek to give material meaning to democratic ideals in the daily lives of individuals and communities that are marginalized, subordinated, and underrepresented. Currently, not enough lawyers serve the disenfranchised and not enough lawyers emerge from disenfranchised communities. Hence, the disenfranchised continue to be denied access to legal resources, to the detriment of democracy. Legal educators must begin to think about how to institutionalize consciousness about social justice as part of the canon of legal education and to promote the idea that a professional is one dedicated to public service and the provision of justice. The creation of centers and institutes in social justice law can help accomplish this goal. This article discusses the institutional values necessary for building a successful center, emphasizing communication and inclusion. It also addresses key components of a successful social justice program, including a curriculum that coordinates theory with practice in the traditional classroom and clinical settings; faculty scholarship and related social justice practice; involvement of students, student groups, and staff; an intellectual climate that promotes extracurricular events and work with other centers of specialization within the law school and university; and alumni/community relations and fundraising. The article makes suggestions for how to implement each element.
On the Detection of Exo-zodiacal Light by Nulling Interferometry with the Magellan Telescopes

We discuss a potential experiment to search for zodiacal dust around nearby stars, by the technique of nulling interferometry at mid-infrared wavelengths, using the Magellan twin 6.5 m telescopes at Las Campanas. The experiment requires an interferometer that can operate in nulling mode with very high on-axis rejection ability, for the central star, and very good detection sensitivity at 10 μm wavelength, for the zodiacal thermal emission. In its non-nulling mode, working in the range 1 to 10 μm, the interferometer could address a wide range of astrophysical issues.
Neural network designs with genetic learning for control of a single link flexible manipulator

The application of neural networks for active control of lightly damped systems is considered. The training process of the neural-network controller is based on the genetic learning algorithm. The scheme imitates nature's cleansing phenomena of natural selection and survival of the fittest to generate individual controllers with the best fitness values. It essentially incorporates an exhaustive search in the weight-space governed by the rituals of crossover and mutation to seek the optimum neural-network weights to satisfy certain performance criteria. Several appropriate modifications of the classical genetic algorithm for neural-network control purposes are discussed. The genetic-trained neural-network controller is applied for tip position tracking and vibration suppression of a single-link flexible arm. Simulation studies are presented to validate the effectiveness of the advocated algorithms.
Citizens unite for computational immunology

Recruiting volunteers who can provide computational time, programming expertise, or puzzle-solving talent has emerged as a powerful tool for biomedical research. Recent projects demonstrate the potential for such ‘crowdsourcing’ efforts in immunology. Tools for developing applications, new funding opportunities, and an eager public make crowdsourcing a serious option for creative solutions for computationally-challenging problems. Expanded uses of crowdsourcing in immunology will allow for more efficient large-scale data collection and analysis. It will also involve, inspire, educate, and engage the public in a variety of meaningful ways. The benefits are real – it is time to jump in!
Legendrian and Transversal Knots

Publisher Summary Contact structures on manifolds and Legendrian and transversal knots in them are very natural objects, born over a century ago, in the work of Huygens, Hamilton, and Jacobi on geometric optics and work of Lie on partial differential equations. This chapter discusses Legendrian and transversal knots in dimension three where their theory is most fully developed and where they are most intimately tied to topology. In this dimension a predominately topological and combinatorial approach may be used to their study. The chapter then examines higher dimensional Legendrian knots. The chapter also explains the concept of Lagrangian protection. Analogous to the definition of finite type invariants of topological knots, finite type invariants of Legendrian knots can be defined. It is then possible to get a global contact isotopy if there is a fixed over twisted disk in the complement of both Legendrian knot. A complete understanding of Legendrian unknots in over twisted contact structures must wait for future work.
WorfDB: the Caenorhabditis elegans ORFeome Database

WorfDB (Worm ORFeome DataBase; http://worfdb.dfci.harvard.edu) was created to integrate and disseminate the data from the cloning of complete set of approximately 19 000 predicted protein-encoding Open Reading Frames (ORFs) of Caenorhabditis elegans (also referred to as the 'worm ORFeome'). WorfDB serves as a central data repository enabling the scientific community to search for availability and quality of cloned ORFs. So far, ORF sequence tags (OSTs) obtained for all individual clones have allowed exon structure corrections for approximately 3400 ORFs originally predicted by the C. elegans sequencing consortium. In addition, we now have OSTs for approximately 4300 predicted genes for which no ESTs were available. The database contains this OST information along with data pertinent to the cloning process. WorfDB could serve as a model database for other metazoan ORFeome cloning projects.
Reduced virulence of a defined pneumolysin-negative mutant of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Abstract Insertion-duplication mutagenesis was used to construct a pneumolysin-negative derivative of Streptococcus pneumoniae. This was achieved by first transforming the nonencapsulated strain Rx1 with a derivative of the vector pVA891 carrying a 690-base-pair DNA fragment from the middle of the pneumolysin structural gene. DNA was extracted from the resultant erythromycin-resistant, pneumolysin-negative rough pneumococcus and used to transform S. pneumoniae D39, a virulent type 2 strain. Several erythromycin-resistant transformants were obtained from two independent experiments, and none of these produced pneumolysin. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the pneumolysin gene in these transformants had been interrupted by the plasmid-derived sequences. The pneumolysin-negative mutants showed reduced virulence for mice compared with D39, as judged by survival time after intranasal challenge, intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose, and blood clearance studies. Pneumolysin production was reinstated in one of the mutants by transformation with the cloned pneumolysin gene, with the concomitant loss of erythromycin resistance; the virulence in mice of this isolate was indistinguishable from that of D39. These results confirm the involvement of pneumolysin in pneumococcal pathogenesis.
In the belly of the beast: resolving stomach tag data to link temperature, acceleration and feeding in white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)

Motion detecting archival data loggers such as accelerometers have become increasingly important in animal biotelemetry and offer unique insights into animal behavior, energetics, and kinematics. However, challenges remain for successful deployment and interpretation of data from captive and wild animals. Accelerometer sensors require being packaged in an archival tag that has a firm attachment in a fixed (known) orientation to accurately measure the relevant motion of the animal. This requirement can lead to handling stress and attachment techniques that can affect the tagged animal’s natural behavior and welfare, and lead to behavioral artifacts in the data. Accelerometer data also require careful interpretation to correctly identify behavioral events of interest such as foraging. For endothermic species, changes in stomach temperature can produce temperature signatures indicative of foraging events. In this paper, we present a novel method for recording foraging events in free-swimming white sharks. We used a combination of accelerometer loggers and pop-up archival transmitting (PAT) tags (MK10, Wildlife Computers) to examine the feeding and kinematics of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the wild. We validated feeding results using a captive juvenile white shark where controlled feeding experiments could be conducted in an aquarium setting at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. We fed data logger instrument packages to eight free-swimming white sharks. Deployment durations ended naturally when the package was regurgitated and ranged from 2 to 12 days. While inside the stomach, the orientation of the data logger package was arbitrary and resulted in slow shifting over time, a challenge for normal analysis routines. We present one of these datasets to illustrate a novel methodology for calibrating accelerometer orientation, and evaluate the utility of resulting data. We obtained accurate accelerometer measurements including surge, heave, and sway from data loggers with shifting orientation through data post-processing. We measured consistent dips in stomach temperature followed by a steady prolonged heating during controlled feeding events in a captive white shark. Similar thermal signatures identified in wild white shark records confirmed feeding events while acceleration data characterized the associated prey capture behavior. We provided proof of concept for a novel and non-invasive technique for accelerometer data logger deployment extending the possibilities for their use in bio-logging. The placement of data-logging tags in the stomachs of endothermic white sharks produced high quality tri-axial acceleration data in addition to stomach temperature data capable of detecting feeding events. The technique has the potential for distinguishing between attempted and successful foraging events. This approach to accelerometer coordinate correction could be applied in other systems where logger orientation is unknown or changes after deployment.
Exploring the Asymmetrical Effects of Gender Tokenism on Supervisor–Subordinate Relationships

Drawing from social identity theory, this research examines scarce gender representation as a contextual condition that inhibits same-gender supervisors' support. Survey results in Study 1 found that when women were proportionally underrepresented, they reported feeling less supported by female supervisors than male supervisors. Study 2 showed that women who perceived they were gender tokens in their organization were less likely to support an outstanding female subordinate than an identical male. Study 3 experimentally tested social mobility as a mechanism for the effects of tokenism on same-gender supervisor support. Results suggest that social mobility and group composition jointly affect ratings of same-gender targets. Perceptions of gender-based social mobility appear to be one mechanism through which tokenism influences same-gender relations at work.
Net ecosystem production: A comprehensive measure of net carbon accumulation by ecosystems.

The conceptual framework used by ecologists and biogeochemists must allow for accurate and clearly defined comparisons of carbon fluxes made with disparate techniques across a spectrum of temporal and spatial scales. Consistent with usage over the past four decades, we define “net ecosystem production” (NEP) as the net carbon accumulation by ecosystems. Past use of this term has been ambiguous, because it has been used conceptually as a measure of carbon accumulation by ecosystems, but it has often been calculated considering only the balance between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. This calculation ignores other carbon fluxes from ecosystems (e.g., leaching of dissolved carbon and losses associated with disturbance). To avoid conceptual ambiguities, we argue that NEP be defined, as in the past, as the net carbon accumulation by ecosystems and that it explicitly incorporate all the carbon fluxes from an ecosystem, including autotrophic respiration, heterotrophic respiration, losses associated with disturbance, dissolved and particulate carbon losses, volatile organic compound emissions, and lateral transfers among ecosystems. Net biome productivity (NBP), which has been proposed to account for carbon loss during episodic disturbance, is equivalent to NEP at regional or global scales. The multi-scale conceptual framework we describe provides continuity between flux measurements made at the scale of soil profiles and chambers, forest inventories, eddy covariance towers, aircraft, and inversions of remote atmospheric flask samples, allowing a direct comparison of NEP estimates made at all temporal and spatial scales.
Vapor Pressures and PVT Properties of the Gas Phase of 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane

A Burnett/isochoric PVT apparatus and a metal ebulliometer have been used to measure the gas-phase PVT surface and vapor pressures of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R143a). The PVT measurements spanned the temperature range 276 K to 373 K at pressures up to 6.6 MPa (densities to 6 mol·dm-3). A virial surface is given which represents the data up to a density of 3.5 mol·dm-3. Formulations are given for the second and third virial coefficients. Vapor pressure measurements spanned the temperature range 236 K to 343 K. Thermodynamic calculations were used to extend the range down to a temperature of 180 K, and an equation is given which represents the vapor pressure curve from 180 K to the critical temperature. The temperature of the normal boiling point was found to be (225.90 ± 0.01) K. Comparisons are made with other published results for R143a.
The morphology of enamel rods in thin sections.

Various methods of ENcalcification, processing and staining have been investigated to study thin sections of human enamel. EDTA-Na2 in a phosphate buffer was found to be the ENcalcifier of choice, and a stain utilizing SnF2 and H2S solutions was found to stain the sections a rich dark brown. The sections produced showed a keyhole outline of enamel rods in cross section with no eviENnce of interrod material.
Ovine endometrial cells fail to lyse K-562 target cells: A preliminary investigation

The ability of unfractionated and fractionated endometrial cells to lyse K-562 target cells was investigated within ewes during the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle (Days 12 to 14) and pregnancy (Days 16 and 19). In separate experiments, lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and endometrial cells, both designated as effector cells, were co-cultured with chromium-51 (51Cr)-labeled K-562 target cells in varying effector: target cell ratios. At 22 h, lytic activity was assessed by the release of 51Cr into the culture medium. The LAK cells exhibited lytic activity in a ratio-dependent manner, whereas the unfractionated and fractionated endometrial cells failed to lyse the target cells. For ratios combined, the rate of cytotoxicity for unfractionated endometrial cells recovered from ewes in the cyclic and pregnant (Days 16 and 19 combined) groups was 13.9 and 5.4%, respectively. Although the findings are preliminary, they indicate that ovine endometrial cells recovered during the late luteal phase and early pregnancy failed to exhibit natural killer activity upon K-562 target cells.
Mechanistic insights from reaction of α-oxiranyl-aldehydes with cyanobacterial aldehyde deformylating oxygenase

The biosynthesis of long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are derived from fatty acids, is widespread in Nature. The last step in this pathway involves the decarbonylation of fatty aldehydes to the corresponding alkanes or alkenes. In cyanobacteria, this is catalyzed by an aldehyde deformylating oxygenase. We have investigated the mechanism of this enzyme using substrates bearing an oxirane ring adjacent to the aldehyde carbon. The enzyme catalyzed the deformylation of these substrates to produce the corresponding oxiranes. Performing the reaction in D2O allowed the facial selectivity of proton addition to be examined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The proton is delivered with equal probability to either face of the oxirane ring, indicating the formation of an oxiranyl radical intermediate that is free to rotate during the reaction. Unexpectedly, the enzyme also catalyzes a side reaction in which oxiranyl-aldehydes undergo tandem deformylation to furnish alkanes two carbons shorter. We present evidence that t...
Risk Scores for Predicting Outcomes in Valvular Heart Disease: How Useful?

Risk scoring tools have been developed from clinical databases to predict expected patient mortality from cardiac surgical procedures. The risk algorithms have been developed and validated from variables that have been demonstrated to be predictive of mortality. At least six risk models have been developed from different databases measuring outcomes of cardiac surgery. These algorithms have then been used to select very high risk patients for conventional aortic valve replacement (AVR) who would be appropriate candidates for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The two most common risk models used for TAVI selection are the logistic EuroSCORE (LES) and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality (STS-PROM) algorithms. Although both models are accurate in predicting mortality in low-risk patients, the LES has been clearly demonstrated to overpredict expected mortality by a factor of three in high-risk candidates for AVR. Various factors that also impact mortality but are not included in either algorithm include liver disease, frailty, porcelain aorta, and previous radiation. Despite these shortcomings, risk algorithms are effective models for predicting risk, with the STS-PROM being more accurate in high-risk patients. Ultimately, a new risk algorithm specific for TAVI will need to be developed once sufficient databases are developed.
Perceived control and risk Perceived control and riskiness

Twenty undergraduate students were placed in a complex decision-making situation, involving a simulated internation conflict which approximates real-world decision making in many aspects. The analysis of the Ss’ economic decisions indicated that those Ss who perceived that conditions in the simulated environment were due to their own decisions tended to take fewer risks than Ss who perceived that conditions were due to forces beyond their control.
Application of Model-Based Data Transmission Techniques to Gravitational Model Data

The transmission of scientific data over long distances is required to enable interplanetary science expeditions. Current approaches include transmitting all collected data or transmitting low resolution data to enable ground controller review and selection of data for transmission. Model-based data transmission (MBDT) seeks to increase the amount of knowledge conveyed per unit of data transmitted by comparing high-resolution data collected in situ to a pre-existing (or potentially co-transmitted) model. This paper describes the application of MBDT to gravitational data and characterizes its utility and performance. This is performed by applying the MBDT technique to a selection of gravitational data previously collected for the Earth and comparing the transmission requirements to the level required for raw data transmis-sion and non-application-aware compression. Levels of transmission reduction up to 31.8% (without the use maximum-error-thresholding) and up to 97.17% (with the use of maximum-error-thresholding) resulted. These levels significantly exceed what is possible with non-application-aware compression.
Outcomes in Cohort Studies

The initial intellectual appeal of the cohort design for epidemiologic studies stems from the obvious fact that the method of subject selection leaves little doubt about the temporal relation between the exposure and the disease whose relation is under study. The inferential power of this fact clearly was realized by Doll and Hill in their landmark 1954 publication (1) in which they explicitly acknowledged the need to observe the "future" outcome (lung cancer) of disease in those whose exposure (cigarette smoking) is already known antecedent to the disease. Minimization of recall bias (in relation to exposure) and selection bias based on exposure, and to some extent on disease outcome, are benefits of cohort studies, although modern case-control studies that are based on techniques of risk-set sampling from cohorts or case-cohort designs have blurred some of the distinctions between the benefits of cohort versus case-control studies (2) with regard to issues of temporal sequence and selection bias. Cohort studies nonetheless retain the unique capacity, vis-a-vis any type of sampling design for casecontrol studies, to evaluate multiple outcomes as a consequence of given exposure, to study temporal processes of disease onset and progression ("natural history" study), and/or the biologic/physiologic processes that underlie the subsequent occurrence of a disease.
Feasibility of a CVD-resist-based lithography process at 193-nm wavelength

Thin layer imaging can extend the optical lithography limit down to sub-0.18 micrometers CD with 193 nm wavelength tools. Thin layer imaging can be implemented in a bi-layer approach, in which a patterned thin layer is transferred into an underlying organic planarizing layer. It can also be implemented in a single-layer hardmask process, in which a photodefineable oxide precursor is used to directly pattern a device layer. In the first portion of our study, a plasma polymerized methyl silane (PPMS) bi-layer baseline process has been characterized for photospeed, resolution, and line edge roughness (LER). 1500 angstroms thick organosilane films were patterned by a photo-oxidation process using a 193 nm stepper (NA equals 0.6). The process exhibits photospeeds that are easily tuned from 40 to 100 mJ/cm 2 in a well-controlled manner by adjusting the PPMS CVD deposition parameters. The process has demonstrated a resolution of 0.13 micrometers . We show that the total dry-develop process time is critical in determining the lithographic process latitude, photospeed, resolution and LER characteristics. The CVD resist process is most attractive if the thin layer can be directly converted into a thin oxide hard mask, useful for transferring the pattern directly into an underlying device layer. We demonstrate a CVD photoresist process in which patterned PPMS is converted into a silicon dioxide hardmask, and then transferred into underlying amorphous-Si layers with high sensitivity. Using this technique, we have successfully demonstrated 0.15 micrometers resolution amorphous-Si lines.
Identifying priority target areas for the Knoxville–Knox County hillside and ridgetop protection plan: using the value of visual amenity during the real estate boom of 2002–2007 and the recession of 2008

In support of the Joint City–County Taskforce on Ridge, Slope, and Hillside Development and Protection, the goal of this research was to identify areas within Knox County, Tennessee, where views of hillsides and ridges were most valued and how those values were affected by different economic climates. The amenity values added to houses by their views were quantified for houses sold during a housing boom and again during a recession. The results of this study show that forest views add significant value to homes during both periods. However, the amenity value added to houses decreased 13 % from the boom period to the recession period, implying that forest views decrease in value when there is an economic recession. Additionally, the value of the view of barren/scrub land, which was not significant in the boom period, became significant during the recession, reducing house value almost $112 per visible acre and showing that while consumers are less inclined to pay more for views of forest, they are also less willing to endure disamenity views during a recession. When the forest land values were mapped to highlight planned areas with consistently high visual amenity values across both periods, some areas exhibited amenity values in excess of $100 per visible acre of forest land. The areas with the highest amenity values of forest land views roughly correspond to the areas with the highest disamenity values of barren/scrub view. These results imply that these areas represent the highest potential return on investment for preservation and reforestation efforts.
NAST-1: high spectral resolution measurements from a cross-track scanning infrared sounder and future implications for infrared sounders

The National Polar-orbiting Operational Satellite System (NPOESS) Aircraft Sounder Testbed-Interferometer (NAST-I) is one of two airborne infrared sounder systems currently being used to evaluate future spaceborne advanced sounder designs. The NAST-I instrument is a cross-track scanning Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) that measures the upwelling radiation in the infrared spectrum between 645 - 2700 cm-1 (15.5 - 3.7 micrometer) at a high-spectral resolution of 0.25 cm-1. Each observation has a spatial resolution of 2.6 km from NASA's ER-2 high-altitude aircraft, which operates 20 km above the surface. Measurements from this instrument in its first year of operation have not only contributed to risk reduction studies for future IR sounders but have also provided valuable datasets from three different climate regimes. The spatial coverage, 40 km swath width, has facilitated evaluation of non-linear retrieval algorithms using high-spectral resolution information content and provided a means for further validation of infrared radiative transfer models. The capabilities of the NAST-I instrument have already been tested under varied field conditions such as tropical, mid-latitude summer, and mid- latitude winter regimes. Preliminary results from these field experiments have demonstrated favorable sounding capability under such conditions, including intensive tropical cyclone environments (Hurricane Bonnie, August 1998 and Hurricane Georges, September 1998). In addition, repeated observations over the same geographic location near Andros Island in the Bahamas have provided additional information on the temporal change and spatial distribution of water vapor responding to complex mesoscale and large-scale dynamic processes. The framework for future spaceborne IR sounders will be well established by current and future observations made by the NAST-I instrument with its capability to remotely sense atmospheric state variables and cloud radiative properties.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
126 TRANSCUTANOUS OXYGEN TENSION (P tc O 2 ) IN NEONATES WITH CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS (CCHD) AND PULMONARY DISEASE (PD)

Previous studies in sick infants utilizing transcutaneous 02 sensors indicated significant fluctuations in resting Ptc02 and marked decreases in response to crying(Ped.Res. 10:422,1976). The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of Ptc02 in babies with CCHD as compared to a matched group of neonates with PD. Continuous Ptc02 recordings were obtained in 18 newborns:8 with CCHD and 9 with PD. Observations were made during the resting state and 38 episodes of crying. Resting Ptc02 was 26±12 torr in the CCHD group and 66±torr in the babies with PD. Fluctuations were virtually absent in the patients with CCHD (average variability: CCHD=±0.5; PD=±4.0 torr). Ptc02 fall in response to crying was found to be significantly smaller in the CCHD group (6±4 torr) than in the PD patients (22±16 torr). An exception was an infant with pulmonary atresia after a Waterston shunt who had predominantly pulmonary manifestations, and displayed a significant fall in Ptc02 (12.5 torr) during crying. The data indicate that infants with intracardiac R→L shunts have a non-varying pattern of arterial 02 desaturation as compared with the more labile behavior of the PD group. The stability of Ptc02 in neonates with CCHD may have diagnostic usefulness, and supports the reliability of isolated arterial p02 determinations in babies with heart disease.
Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures. Part II. Capacity fade analysis

A complete capacity fade analysis was carried out for Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures. The major causes of capacity loss were identified and a complete capacity fade balance was carried out to account for the total capacity loss of Li-ion battery as a function of cycle number and temperature. The three most significant parameters that cause capacity loss were loss of secondary active material (LiCoO2/carbon) and primary active material (Li+) and the rate capability losses. Intrinsic capacity measurements for both positive and negative electrode has been used to estimate the capacity loss due to secondary active material and a charge balance gives the capacity lost due to primary active material (Li+). Capacity fade has been quantified with secondary active material loss dominating the other losses.
Handedness affects emotional valence asymmetry.

Summaly.-Music was played monaurally to 80 right-handed and 80 left-handed subjects. Right-handers reported more positive and less negative affect if the music was to the right ear. Left-handers reported experiencing more positive and less negative affect during music to the left ear. The hand x ear interaction was significant. The valence of emotional responses to the music seems influenced by a combination of at least two factors, (1) dzferences between left- and right-handers in the cerebral processing of emotional valence and (2) differences in the processing of emotional valence within each handedness group depending upon which hemisphere was initially most strongly engaged by the music. These results partially corroborate and extend the findings of previous studies in which briefer stimuli were presented tachistoscopically or dichotically. It is concluded that, while there is hemispheric asymmetry in the processing of emotional valence, the direction of the asymmetry may be associated with the handedness of the subiects. Although it is generally accepted that the cerebral hemispheres are differentiated with respect to the analysis of and the response to emotional stimuli, the precise interpretation of these asymmetries as well as the determination of the factors that can influence them are topics which need continued study and discussion. The current position is usually the one summarized by Wexler, Schwartz, Warrenburg, Stevens, and Tarlatzis (1986), namely, that "(1) the right-hemisphere, perhaps primarily posterior regions, plays a leading role in analyzing the emotional dimension of stimuli" (Bear, 1983; Bryden, 1982; Carmon & Nachson, 1973; Kinsbourne & Bemporad, 1983; Ley & Bryden, 1979; Natale, Gur, & Gur, 1983; Ross & Mesulam, 1979; Schwartz, Davidson, & Maer, 1975; Tucker, Roth, Arneson, & Buckingham, 1977; Tucker, Watson, & Heilman, 1976); "(2) the lefthemisphere, perhaps primarily frontal regions, is preferentially activated following exposure to stimuli with a positive emotional value, and adds a positive cast to stimuli it processes first" (Ahern & Schwartz, 1979; Bear, 1983; Davidson, Schwartz, Saron, Bennett, & Goleman, 1979; Davidson & Fox, 1982; Dimond, Farrington, & Johnson, 1976; Dimond & Farrington, 1977; Kinsbourne & Bemporad, 1983; Natale, Gur, & Gur, 1983; ReuterLorenz & Davidson, 1981; Reuter-Lorenz, Givis, & Mosovitch, 1983; Robinson, Kudos, Starr, Rao, & Price, 1984; Sackeim, Greenberg, Weiman, Gur, Hungerbuhler, & Geschwind, 1982; Schwartz, Ahern, & Brown, 1979) "and (3) the right-hemisphere, perhaps primarily frontal regions, is preferentially activated following exposure to stimuli with a negative emotional
Challenges and Diversity Issues Working With Multilingual and Bilingual Couples and Families: Implications for Counseling

The United States continues to become linguistically more diverse every year, with currently 21% of the population speaking a language other than English in the home. Multilingualism/bilingualism is often documented as a component of cultural diversity, yet there is limited literature of how this impacts the dynamics of couples and family therapy. Multilingualism/bilingualism can be an enriching experience for couples and families, and it can raise unique dynamics in the therapeutic process. This can be especially challenging for the monolingual clinician who is working within a multilingual system and trying to navigate cultural diversity. Thus, clinicians ought to: (a) be aware of personal assumptions and biases, (b) assume a nonjudgmental/curious stance to multilingualism, and (c) discuss with the couple/family how the use of language impacts their relationship. The purpose of this article is to distinctly identify the unique dynamics of multilingual/bilingual couples and families; implications for cou...
Estimation of Areal Rainfall Using the Radar Echo Area Time Integral

The Area Time Integral (ATI) method of Doneaud et al. (1984) is extended to the measurement of cumulative areawide rainfall for periods up to 12 h. The extended ATI method is used to analyze data from the Florida Area Cumulus Experiment II. The relationship between radar estimated rain volume and radar-measured area covered with echoes is examined to test the possibility of obtaining values similar to conventional reflectivity-rainfall estimates of rainfall using only area measurements. The correlation between gage-estimated rain volume and radar estimated area covered with showers is also studied, focusing on the possible estimation of rain volume values using a small number of echo area observations.
The use of Celloidin in Botanical Technic

(1932). The use of Celloidin in Botanical Technic. Stain Technology: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 37-62.
Regulation of honey bee age polyethism by juvenile hormone

Previous studies suggested that juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in the regulation of physiological processes that are associated with division of labor in honey bees but the effects of JH on behavior were not clear. The hypothesis that JH affects worker age polyethism was tested by observing individually marked bees topically treated with different doses of the JH analog methoprene. Methoprene caused dose-dependent changes in the timing and frequency of occurrence of four important age-dependent tasks: brood and queen care, food storage, nest maintenance, and foraging. Weak or no effects were observed for social interactions, self-grooming, and other non-task behaviors that were not performed in an age-dependent manner. These results support the hypothesis that JH is involved in the control of age polyethism. A model is presented that explains the role of JH in regulating division of labor. JH may regulate the colony's allocation of labor by altering the probabilities of response to tasks. According to this model, hormone titers increase with age according to a genetically determined pattern of development, but this rise may be modulated by environmental and colony factors such as food availability and population structure. Extrinsic regulation of JH may be a mechanism underlying the ability of workers to respond to changing colony needs.