cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DISPERSION STABILIZATION OF SOLVATED ELECTRONS AND DIPOLE-BOUND ANIONS

It has long been assumed that stability of “solvated electrons” and dipole-bound anions results primarily from the static Coulomb interaction of an excess electron with charge distribution of the neutral molecular host. Our results indicate, however, that the dispersion interaction between the loosely bound electron and the neutral molecular host is as important as the static Coulomb stabilization. A perturbation scheme is designed to analyze physically meaningful components of electron binding energy, and highly correlated electronic structure results are presented for dipole-bound anions and solvated electrons in the (HF) n clusters (n ) 2, 3). The vertical electron detachment energy for (HF)3 was found to be 0.63 and 0.21 eV for the solvated electron and dipole-bound anion, respectively. The equilibrium zigzag geometrical structure of the dipole-bound anion differs drastically from the cyclic C3h structure of the neutral trimer. The dispersion interaction is commonly associated with an attractive component of van der Waals interactions that displays asymptotic R -6 behavior, where R is the distance between interacting species. 1 As recognized by London, the dispersion effect results from correlated fluctuations of electron charge densities of interacting atomic or molecular species. 2 In this contribution we discuss the role of dispersion interaction in a different molecular context. We consider a loosely bound electron (lbe) as a chemical species, and we discuss its interaction with the neutral molecular host as if we were dealing with a weakly bound molecular dimer. Our theoretical framework applies to dipole-bound states (dbs) of molecular anions and to “solvated electrons” (se) because these anions share a feature that the excess electron is bound by physical rather than chemical interactions with its neutral molecular host. 3 The results presented here extend our earlier observations about the role of dynamic electron correlation in dipole-bound anions, 4-6 in particular in systems with hydrogen bonds such as (HF)2 - 7
Effects of quasi‐stationary large‐scale anomalies on some mesoscale features associated with the 1993 flood: A regional model simulation

We investigate the effect of quasi-stationary large-scale anomalies on mesoscale factors contributing to the 1993 U.S. Midwest flood by performing 30-day simulations with a mesoscale model. The contributions of anomalous mesoscale features to the flood were quantified by contrasting model integrations forced by initial and lateral boundary conditions with and without large-scale anomalous stationary waves that are believed to have been responsible for the flood. Supplementing previous investigations, the present study finds the following: (1) The large-scale anomalies produced environmental conditions that favored a generation of MCC-like systems rather than individual convective cells or squall lines that would have produced less precipitation over large areas. Ambient conditions favoring mesoscale convective complex (MCC) include an intensified east-west orientation of quasistationary fronts, weaker upper tropospheric inertial stability, and a strong low-level jet (LLJ). (2) The anomalous ageostrophic wind component to the far south of the flood region (Texas area) and geostrophic wind component over the flood region bridged together to form an extended moisture conveyer that sustained the long-lasting 1993 flood.
Hydrodynamic shifts in the NMR of superfluid 3He

A Ginzburg-Landau expansion is used to derive the effect of uniform hydrodynamic flow on the equilibrium configuration of B-3He and A-3He. Leggett's theory determines the corresponding dynamic magnetic phenomena. Increasing flow velocity shifts both the cw resonance frequencies and the ringing signal after a sudden increment in the static magnetic field.
‘The Citizens of the Future’: Educating the Children of the Jewish East End, c.1885–1939

Scholars interested in British national identity in the early twentieth century have argued that this period was one in which ideas of national belonging became increasingly exclusive. At the same time, many Anglo-Jewish historians have argued that this was a period of increasing hostility towards the Jewish presence in Britain. An examination of the education of Jewish children in London's East End from the beginning of large-scale Jewish immigration in the mid-1880s through to the beginning of the Second World War, however, indicates that the story was more complicated than this. Although there were various early twentieth-century discourses which were ambivalent or hostile towards Jews, the actual policies followed in educating London's Jewish children were open and accommodating, particularly when compared with policies implemented in response to New Commonwealth immigration later in the century. The London County Council, building upon policies established by its predecessor the School Board for London, worked in a variety of ways to allow Jewish pupils to fully participate in the life of their schools without creating conflict with their Jewish background. Oral history and autobiographical evidence indicates that Jewish pupils generally did not feel excluded or alienated by their schooling, but found it to be a largely positive initiation into the national community. This illustrates the importance of examining not only the discourses of national belonging, but also actual practices which helped to define national belonging and the experiences of those affected by those practices.
Pseudoaneurysm after combined kidney/pancreas transplantation presenting with sentinel bleeding: a case report and review.

Background Vascular complications, most commonly arterial or venous thrombosis, are one of the most common causes of early graft loss after pancreas transplantation. However, only a few cases of pseudoaneurysm formation have been reported. Case report This case report is unique for the presentation of pancreatic graft pseudoaneurysm with a sentinel retroperitoneal bleed as well as the failure to achieve diagnosis by ultrasound or standard cut CT scanning. The case emphasizes the importance of clinical suspicion and the need for dedicated fine-cut CT angiography or standard percutaneous angiography for diagnosis. The site of the anastomosis precluded minimally invasive treatment options and open repair with graft salvage was accomplished with minimal morbidity. Conclusions Although pseudoaneurysm after pancreas transplantation is uncommon, unexplained post-operative bleeding, even in the stable patient, should raise the suspicion of a sentinel bleeding event necessitating urgent angiography. Rapid diagnosis and treatment can prevent potential life- and graft-threatening rebleeding. The choice between minimally invasive and open surgical repair should be individualized depending on the site of the lesion.
Quasi-Static Axial Damping of Poroviscoelastic Cylinders

Design of infrastructure materials with inherent material damping may help dissipate energy during dynamic loading events such as earthquakes, thereby reducing structural damage and risk of collapse. One possible method to enhance damping of cementitious materials such as concrete is to utilize poromechanical damping. To evaluate the potential damping associated with the poromechanical effect and to aid in the design of high damping porous materials such as concrete, approximate closed-form solutions have been derived for poromechanical damping as a function of frequency, maximum damping, and critical damping frequency for axially loaded solid and hollow cylinders. The effect of inherent viscoelastic damping of the porous material body was included in the analysis, which indicated that inherent viscoelastic damping could be superposed on poromechanical damping to predict overall damping capacity. Simulations indicate that poromechanical damping may be significant for cementitious materials if designed app...
The “clinical” in social work: A work in progress

Abstract Emerging philosophical ideas are examined in relation to aspects of clinical theory, and the implications these ideas have for clinical social work treatment. The importance of the shift in ideas toward social constructionism, meaning, and narration are discussed in light of the links they provide between individuals and social structures, and between the intrapsychic and the interpersonal. A parallel shift toward a more person‐oriented, dialogic approach to clinical social work practice is proposed as a logical outgrowth of these changes in conceptual framework.
Synthesis of oxygen analogues of the sulfchlorins

Abstract The oxygen analogues of sulfchlorin-A and-C were synthesized from protoporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester. The developed methodology employs a modified Mitsunobu reaction and produces the first porphyrin epoxides and porphyrinones derived from protoporphyrin-IX.
Plasma cytokine concentrations associated with HIV/hepatitis C coinfection are related to attention, executive and psychomotor functioning

Cytokine disturbances have been linked to brain dysfunction among HIV-infected people. Past studies have not simultaneously examined a large set of cytokine measures and their relationships to HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits. We hypothesized that performance on measures of attention and executive and psychomotor functions would be associated with plasma cytokine concentrations in HIV-infected individuals. Plasma samples drawn from 30 HIV-infected and 37 HIV seronegative individuals were analyzed via xMAP multiplexed bead array immunoassay to determine concentrations of 13 cytokines. Performance on Trail Making A/B, Stroop Test, Letter-Number Sequencing, Digit Symbol Coding, Symbol Search, and Grooved Pegboard tests was assessed. Statistical analyses were performed to examine group differences in cytokine concentrations, and associations between cytokine and HIV clinical variables and neurocognitive performance. Significant HIV effects were found on 7 of the 13 cytokines, primarily with respect to interleukins. HIV clinical factors (CD4 and HIV RNA levels, duration of illness, antiretroviral treatment) and hepatitis C status were associated with specific plasma cytokine concentrations. Neurocognitive measures were associated with cytokine concentrations, most consistently among the interleukins and IP-10. Generally, cytokine concentrations were among the strongest predictors of neurocognitive function relative to other clinical factors, which reinforces their potential importance in examining the neuropathological processes of HIV. The findings also point to the potential value of simultaneously examining a panel of biomarkers. The current results suggest that a complex relationship likely exists among cytokines [how?] and that these relationships are mediated not only by HIV infection but also by antiretroviral treatment and other comorbid conditions.
Striped Earwig, Labidura riparia, Colonization of Soybean Fields and Response to Insecticides

Populations of the striped earwig, Labidura riparia (Pallas), were monitored in soybean fields using pitfall traps to evaluate patterns of colonization and response to chemical insecticides. In newly established fields, earwigs were present in lower numbers than in older fields. A combined treatment of methyl-parathion and methomyl reduced numbers of L. riparia when it was applied late in the season when nymphs were present. Numbers of earwigs in fields treated early in the season were higher than those from untreated soybeans. Numbers of earwigs in plots treated with monocrotophos were less abundant than those in plots treated with methyl-parathion and methomyl.
Image guidance in malignant gliomas: a focused strategy.

SUMMARY The standard of care for malignant gliomas is maximal surgical cytoreduction followed by concurrent chemoradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. Chemotherapy adds a modest improvement in overall survival. Unfortunately, tumor recurrence is the rule and typically occurs at the initial site of disease. Salvage reirradiation may be a useful approach in selected patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Image-guided technology coupled with highly conformal treatment planning techniques have allowed the safe delivery of high-dose radiotherapy in the setting of tumor recurrence. Defining the optimal combination of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with chemotherapy is under investigation. In this perspective, we examine the role of image guidance in malignant gliomas.
A mechanical analysis of woodpecker drumming and its application to shock-absorbing systems

A woodpecker is known to drum the hard woody surface of a tree at a rate of 18 to 22 times per second with a deceleration of 1200 g, yet with no sign of blackout or brain damage. As a model in nature, a woodpecker is studied to find clues to develop a shock-absorbing system for micromachined devices. Its advanced shock-absorbing mechanism, which cannot be explained merely by allometric scaling, is analyzed in terms of endoskeletal structures. In this analysis, the head structures (beak, hyoid, spongy bone, and skull bone with cerebrospinal fluid) of the golden-fronted woodpecker, Melanerpes aurifrons, are explored with x-ray computed tomography images, and their shock-absorbing mechanism is analyzed with a mechanical vibration model and an empirical method. Based on these analyses, a new shock-absorbing system is designed to protect commercial micromachined devices from unwanted high-g and high-frequency mechanical excitations. The new shock-absorbing system consists of close-packed microglasses within two metal enclosures and a viscoelastic layer fastened by steel bolts, which are biologically inspired from a spongy bone contained within a skull bone encompassed with the hyoid of a woodpecker. In the experimental characterizations using a 60 mm smoothbore air-gun, this bio-inspired shock-absorbing system shows a failure rate of 0.7% for the commercial micromachined devices at 60000 g, whereas a conventional hard-resin method yields a failure rate of 26.4%, thus verifying remarkable improvement in the g-force tolerance of the commercial micromachined devices. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
A Quantitative Inventory of Alcohol Disorders (QIAD): a severity scale for alcohol abuse

The Quantitative Inventory of Alcohol Disorders (QIAD) was developed to meet the need in the field of alcoholism treatment for an accurate, easily administered diagnostic tool which can measure the severity of alcoholism. This inventory is designed to be administered both on initial contact and as a follow-up after a given period of treatment. In addition to clearly differentiating alcoholic from nonalcoholic populations, the QIAD also proved to be both reliable and valid in comparison to other currently used severity (DBI) and diagnostic (MAST, DRC, NCA) scales.
Exciton-plasmaritons in graphene/semiconductor structures

We study strong coupling between plasmons in monolayer charge-doped graphene and excitons in a narrow gap semiconductor quantum well separated from graphene by a potential barrier. We show that the Coulomb interaction between excitons and plasmons results in mixed states described by a Hamiltonian similar to that for exciton-polaritons and derive the exciton-plasmon coupling constant that depends on system parameters. We calculate numerically the Rabi splitting of exciton-plasmariton dispersion branches for several semiconductor materials and find that it can reach values of up to 50--100 meV.
Determination of Spinosad and Its Metabolites in Food and Environmental Matrices. 3. Immunoassay Methods

Spinosad is an insect control agent that is derived from a naturally occurring soil bacterium and is effective on several classes of insects, especially Lepidopteran larvae. Spinosad is registered in many countries for use on a variety of crops, including cotton, corn, soybeans, fruits, and vegetables. Residue methods utilizing a magnetic particle-based immunoassay (IA) test kit have been developed and validated for determining spinosad in environmental and food matrices. These methods involve an extraction of the residues from the matrices with appropriate solvents. For some matrices, the sample extracts can be diluted and measured directly by IA without any cleanup. For other matrices, sample extracts are purified using liquid-liquid partitioning and/or solid phase extraction prior to measurement by IA. The methods determine the total residue of spinosad, which includes the active ingredients (spinosyns A and D) and several minor metabolites, including spinosyn B, spinosyn K, and N-demethylspinosyn D. The methods have validated limits of quantitation of 0.0001 microgram/mL in water, 0.05 microgram/g in sediment, and 0.010 microgram/g in crops, crop processed commodities, and animal tissues. This paper briefly summarizes the residue methodology and method validation data for spinosad in 34 food, feed, and environmental matrices.
Cross‐time attitudes, concept formation, and achievement in college freshman physics

The relationships among science and engineering attitude, physics conceptual understanding, and physics achievement were explored for a population of college freshman engineering students over two semesters. Gender and SAT-Quantitative measures were included as exogenous variables in a longitudinal path analysis. Attitude was theorized to predict achievement contemporaneously and at the next time point, while conceptual understanding was theorized to predict physics achievement contemporaneously and at the next time point. Each at one time was theorized to predict scores at the next time. A sample of 200 freshman engineering students participating in an integrated curriculum were assessed in September, December, and April (with a loss of 64 students) with the Force Concepts Inventory (FCI), Mechanics Baseline Test (MBT), and a locally developed attitude measure. The observed model indicated that the FCI predicted attitude at time 1 with no other paths between them, that FCI at time 1 predicted MBT at time 1 and time 2, FCI at time 2 predicted MBT at time 3, and MBT at time 1 predicted FCI at time 2. Gender and SAT-Quantitative scores were predictive only of FCI and MBT at time 1. Results supported an interactive model of conceptual understanding and achievement, with attitude largely irrelevant to the process for this population. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 1112–1120, 2000
Late toxicity after intensity-modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: an exploration of dose-volume histogram parameters to limit genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity.

Purpose To characterize the late genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity for prostate cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and propose dose–volume histogram (DVH) guidelines to limit late treatment-related toxicity. Methods and Materials In this study 296 consecutive men were treated with IMRT for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Most patients received treatment to the prostate with or without proximal seminal vesicles (90%), to a median dose of 76 Gy. Concurrent androgen deprivation therapy was given to 150 men (51%) for a median of 4 months. Late toxicity was defined by Common Toxicity Criteria version 3.0 as greater than 3 months after radiation therapy completion. Four groupings of DVH parameters were defined, based on the percentage of rectal or bladder tissue receiving 70 Gy (V 70 ), 65 Gy (V 65 ), and 40 Gy (V 40 ). These DVH groupings, as well as clinical and treatment characteristics, were correlated to maximal Grade 2+ GU and GI toxicity. Results With a median follow-up of 41 months, the 4-year freedom from maximal Grade 2+ late toxicity was 81% and 91% for GU and GI systems, respectively, and by last follow-up, the rates of Grade 2+ GU and GI toxicity were 9% and 5%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, whole-pelvic IMRT was associated with Grade 2+ GU toxicity and age was associated with Grade 2+ GI toxicity. Freedom from Grade 2+ GI toxicity at 4 years was 100% for men with rectal V 70 ≤10%, V 65 ≤20%, and V 40 ≤40%; 92% for men with rectal V 70 ≤20%, V 65 ≤40%, and V 40 ≤80%; and 85% for men exceeding these criteria ( p = 0.13). These criteria were more highly associated with GI toxicity in men aged ≥70 years ( p = 0.07). No bladder dose–volume relationships were associated with the risk of GU toxicity. Conclusions IMRT is associated with low rates of severe GU or GI toxicity after treatment for prostate cancer. Rectal dose constraints may help limit late GI morbidity.
Professional Forecasters' View of Permanent and Transitory Shocks to GDP

This paper examines how the professional forecasters comprising the Blue Chip Economic Consensus view shocks to GDP. I use an unobserved components model of the forecast revisions to identify forecasters ' perceptions of permanent and transitory shocks to GDP. The model indicates forecasters: attribute about two-thirds of the variance in current-period revisions to permanent shocks; view the relative importance of permanent shocks similar to the estimates of some simple univariate econometric models; see high-frequency indicators of economic activity as being informative about both permanent and transitory shocks; and react to incoming data differently during periods of economic weakness. (JEL C51, C53, E23, E27, E32, E37) activity depends crucially not only on the actual source of the shocks to the economy, but also on agents' real-time perceptions of the nature of these shocks. The behavior of households and businesses will depend on the degree to which they believe the economy is experiencing a permanent shift in productive capacity, as opposed to a transitory fluctuation about trend. For example, regardless of its ultimate persistence, a fluctuation in labor income that is perceived to be permanent will have a larger immediate impact on consumption and overall economic activity than one that is thought to be transitory. So, understanding agents' perceptions of the permanence of shocks is informative both for the historical interpretation of business cycles and for realistic modeling of expectational structures. There is a long history of empirical studies that estimate the permanent and transitory components of actual gross domestic product (GDP);1 and today the economic and statistical identification of these shocks are standard features of most business
Electric Field Effects on the Stability of Vapor Microlayers: Enhancement of Heat Transfer

The effect of dc electric fields on destabilization of a vapor microlayer formed during film boiling at various subcooling levels is investigated. High voltage electric fields up to 2000 volts were applied between a 127 μm heater wire and a screen electrode that is concentrically placed at a radius of 25 mm. The qmax and qmin heat fluxes were also measured for the various subcooling and electric field strengths. Up to 50% increase in the qmax and the qmin heat fluxes were observed when using the electric fields in this range of experimental parameters. The relationship among subcooling level for a given fluid, the heat flux level, and the electric field strength required to reach the qmin condition is of interest. The preliminary experimental results and the bubble departure and transition boiling patterns resulting from destabilization of the vapor microlayer are discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Determination of the air w-value in proton beams using ionization chambers with gas flow capability.

The purpose of this work was to determine the w-value of air for protons using the paired gas method. Several plastic- and magnesium-walled chambers were used with air, synthetic air, nitrogen, and argon flowing gases. Using argon as a reference gas, the w-value of air was measured and ranged from 32.7 to 34.5 J/C for protons with energies encountered in radiotherapy. Using nitrogen as a reference gas, the w-value of air ranged from 35.2 to 35.4 J/C over the same range of proton energies. The w-value was found, at a given energy, to be independent of the ion chamber used. The uncertainty in these measurements was estimated at 5.2% at the 2σ level. This uncertainty was dominated by the 4.4% uncertainty in the w-value of the reference gas.
Quasi-steady aspects of the adjustment of separated flow regions to transient external flows

Adjustment of separated flow regions with respect to pressure, mass, and heat transfer to transient external flow
Accelerator mass spectrometry and radioisotope detection at the Argonne FN tandem facility

The Argonne FN tandem accelerator and standard components of its experimental heavy-ion research facility, have been used as a highly-sensitive mass spectrometer to detect several long-lived radioisotopes and measure their concentration by counting of accelerated ions. Background beams from isobaric nuclei have been eliminated by combining the dispersion from the energy loss in a uniform Al foil stack with the momentum resolution of an Enge split-pole magnetic spectrograph. Radioisotope concentrations in the following ranges have been measured: /sup 14/C//sup 12/C = 10/sup -12/ to 10/sup -13/, /sup 26/Al//sup 27/Al = 10/sup -10/ to 10/sup -12/, /sup 32/Si/Si = 10/sup -8/ to 10/sup -14/, /sup 36/Cl/Cl = 10/sup -10/ to 10/sup -11/. Particular emphasis was put on exploring to what extent the technique of identifying and counting individual ions in an accelerator beam can be conveniently used to determine nuclear quantities of interest when their measurement involves very low radioisotope concentrations. The usefulness of this method can be demonstrated by measuring the /sup 26/Mg(p,n)/sup 26/Al(7.2 x 10/sup 5/ yr) cross section at proton energies in the astrophysically interesting range just above threshold, and by determining the previously poorly known half life of /sup 32/Si.
Body modification and substance use in adolescents: is there a link?

Abstract Purpose To describe the characteristics of body modification among adolescents and to determine whether adolescents who engage in body modification are more likely to screen positive for alcohol and other drug problems than those who do not. Methods Adolescents aged 14 to 18 years presenting to an urban adolescent clinic for routine health care completed a questionnaire about body modification and a substance use assessment battery that included the 17-item Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers Alcohol/Drug Use and Abuse Scale (POSIT-ADS). Body modification was defined as piercings (other than one pair of bilateral earlobe piercings in females), tattoos, scarification, and branding. Problem substance use was defined as a POSIT-ADS score ≥1. Data were analyzed using logistic regression to determine whether the presence of body modification was an independent predictor of problem substance use. Results The 210 participants had a mean (± SD) age of 16.0 (± 1.4) years and 63% were female. One hundred adolescents (48%) reported at least one body modification; girls were more likely than boys to have body modification (59% vs. 28%, p ≤ .0005). Ninety (42%) reported piercings, 22 (10%) tattoos, 9 (4%) scarification, and 1 ( Conclusions Body modification was associated with self-reported problem alcohol and other drug use among middle adolescents presenting for primary care. More research is needed to determine the clinical and sociocultural significance of body modification and its relationship to substance use in this population.
Coil-Coil Under Load: Stability of Essential Machine Component

A molecular machine like myosin needs to work in cycles and resists the possibility of an overload. A critical component of myosin is the coiled-coli structure of two amphipathic alpha helices that helps transmit load and are found in a wide range of motor and structural proteins. What are the mechanical benefits of the coiled-coil structure and the specific sequence design found in the myosin protein? In this talk I will discuss a “load release valve” that is naturally designed into the coiled-coil sequence and structure. The valve responds to external load and undergoes significant conformational transition to reduce load levels and strain ensuring that a recovery path (and closure of the valve when appropriate) is simple, reliable and remarkably fast.
Rubber-assisted micro forming of polymer thin films

Polymer thin films patterned with microstructures at a characteristic size greater than the film thickness are difficult to fabricate using the standard hot embossing technology. This study investigated a rubber-assisted embossing process for structuring polymer thin films. The main advantages of a rubber support, instead of a hard counter-tool, include simplification of the embossing tool, protection of the embossing master, buildup of uniform embossing pressure, and ease of demolding. The testing pattern for rubber-assisted embossing was a microgroove pattern with a characteristic size of 100 μm on a 25-μm thick polystyrene film. Results showed that the uniformity and replicability of the embossed pattern were significantly affected by the embossing temperature, the rubber hardness, and the embossing pressure. With an embossing temperature about 20°C above the glass transition temperature and appropriate rubber hardness and embossing force, uniform microgroove patterns were successfully replicated.
Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom. Part II

In the first paper of this series, the shift of the $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ level of hydrogen was determined to be 1000 Mc/sec. A new apparatus differing from the original one in details, but not in principle, has been built in order to improve the accuracy of the above result. This provides a greater yield of metastable hydrogen atoms, a more homogeneous magnetic field, and more accurate means of measurement of magnetic field and frequency. With these improvements, preliminary measurements of considerably increased accuracy have been made on both hydrogen and deuterium. The transitions observed were $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $m=\frac{1}{2}$, to $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $m=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$, as well as to $2^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $m=\frac{1}{2}$ and $m=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$. The first transition permits observation of the hyperfine structure of $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$, as well as an accurate calibration of magnetic field. Hyperfine structure was also resolved for the last transition in hydrogen. There was no observable difference between the level shifts for hydrogen and deuterium which may be taken as 1062\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 Mc/sec. Later papers of this series will deal with the numerous experimental and theoretical corrections necessary to obtain a level shift accurate to 1 Mc/sec.
A Model of Dairy Product Inventory Behavior

This article tests the hypothesis that inventory behavior for American cheese, butter, and nonfat dry milk is consistent with dynamic cost minimization by dairy manufacturers. Results indicate that firms choose their dairy product inventories so as to minimize quadratic output and inventory carrying costs, subject to autoregressive cost shocks. There appears to be relatively rapid adjustment of commercial dairy product stocks to desired levels, with 95 percent of that adjustment taking place within six months.
Photoaffinity labeling of the (Ca+Mg)ATPase of skeletal and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum with [γ-32P]-8-azido-ATP

Abstract 8-azido-ATP, when used in the 0.2–5 μM concentration range, fulfills the criteria for a specific photoaffinity label for the (Ca+Mg)ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. It is a substrate for the enzyme. It is a mixed inhibitor of ATPase activity. When photolyzed at 0° it is an inhibitor of ATPase activity. The photoinduced binding of 8-azido-ATP to the (Ca+Mg)ATPase is promoted by Ca 2+ . The dependence of the labeling of the (Ca+Mg)ATPase on 8-azido-ATP, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ concentrations strongly suggests that 2 classes of sites are labeled. When 10–60 μM 8-azido-ATP was used to label sarcoplasmic reticulum, proteins in addition to the (Ca+Mg)ATPase were labeled.
Atrophy, acid suppression and Helicobacter pylori infection: a tale of two studies.

Abstract Much of what is currently accepted regarding Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and its relationship with gastric adenocarcinoma rests on the assumption that atrophic gastritis can be correctly identified and reproducibly recognized. Several studies have indicated that pathologists have a low level of agreement on this topic, and the terms 'gastric atrophy' and 'atrophic gastritis' remain imprecisely defined and poorly understood. Furthermore, the genesis and progression of the atrophic changes that take place in the gastric mucosa of some individuals infected with H. pylori are incompletely characterized. The lack of a strict definition of atrophic gastritis is at least partially responsible for recent concerns regarding the effects of prolonged pharmacological gastric acid inhibition in patients with H. pylori infection. One recent paper concluded that patients with reflux oesophagitis and H. pylori infection who are treated with longterm acid inhibition have an increased risk of atrophic gastritis. As this term evokes associations with an increased risk of gastric cancer, the possibility was subsequently raised that anti-secretory maintenance therapy might increase the risk of cancer in H. pylori-positive patients. A second report, however, concluded that long-term acid-inhibitory therapy for an average of three years is no different from fundoplication in the development of gastric atrophy. Also, because no intestinal metaplasia developed in any of the patients, and only atrophic gastritis associated with intestinal metaplasia is considered a precursor of gastric cancer, there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that long-term acid inhibition in individuals with H. pylori infection increases the risk of gastric cancer.
Tumbling in pigeons.

THE spectacular hereditary trait of backward somersaulting by Tumbler pigeons has been known since 1600 AD1 and was described by Darwin as “… one of the most remarkable inherited habits or instincts ever recorded …”2. The potentially important physiological mechanism of tumbling is unknown, largely because the extreme rapidity of the somersaulting blurs visual observation of the component motions3–9. Filming at 2,000 frames per second the normal flight of Racing Homer pigeons and characteristic tumbling episodes by Parlor (non-flying) Tumbler pigeons, we observed the following. The body position of a pigeon just before and during tumbling is associated with abnormal dorsiflexion of the tail, which occurs within 15 ms after the pigeon is released. Tumbling is synchronised with apparently normal wing movements, propelling the pigeon in only a backward direction, at a rate of 8–10 somersaults per second.
Caught in transformation.

![Figure][1] A 65-year-old woman with a 3-year history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) presented with rapidly progressing lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis over the course of 2 months. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography scans showed hypermetabolism in the neck, axilla
Automating a Tube Feeding and Nourishment Ordering Process

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To state how automation of tube feeding and nourishment ordering is beneficial. Providing patients with tube feedings and/or between meal nourishments is an important aspect of nutritional care. Since frequent changes occur in patient admissions, transfers, discharges and individual patient requests, the process of ordering, labeling and delivering nourishments can be costly in the use of staff and food resources. Using patient data stored in a computer network, Food and Nutrition Services (FANS) staff in a large tertiary care hospital improved the process of ordering and labeling tube feedings and nourishment items. They designed and wrote a computer software program to display all current diet orders for a patient on a single screen, along with the patient's room number, registration number, admission date, birth date, and service. Tube feedings and nourishment items can then be quickly selected from lists of items organized by food type (beverage, sandwich, specialty drinks, etc.). The items can be modified or additional ones typed in as needed. Different items can be selected for alternating days, depending on the needs of the patient. For patients who do not require individualized orders, there are standardized sets of nourishment items available. This information is regularly downloaded and stored in a computer database, so when staff are ready to print labels prior to delivery, they are bring the most current information. Nourishments can also be printed on the daily diet lists used by FANS staff for reference throughout the workday. The automated process of ordering tube feedings and nourishments is very efficient. It has decreased the number of manual steps from six to two. Communication has been enhanced, the accuracy of food deliveries has increased, and dietitians and dietetic assistants are able to focus time on other aspects of patient care.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: Central Regulator for Cardiovascular Function

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a new component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Accumulating evidence shows that ACE2 provides protective effects in peripheral tissues and has great potential for the treatment of RAS-related diseases. The role of ACE2 in the central nervous system is not well established. However, in recent years, much more progress has been made on the studies of this carboxypeptidase in the central regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular function in general. It has been shown that brain ACE2 interacts with the other components of the RAS (ACE, angiotensin II, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor), protects baroreflex and autonomic function, stimulates nitric oxide release, reduces oxidative stress, and prevents the development of or attenuates hypertension. These data support the critical role of ACE2 in the central regulation of cardiovascular function. This review summarizes recently published data on the central effects of ACE2 in the regulation of cardiovascular function.
Goodness-of-fit tests for GEE with correlated binary data

The marginal logistic regression, in combination with GEE, is an increasingly important method in dealing with correlated binary data. As for independent binary data, when the number of possible combinations of the covariate values in a logistic regression model is much larger than the sample size, such as when the logistic model contains at least one continuous covariate, many existing chi-square goodness-of-fit tests either are not applicable or have some serious drawbacks. In this paper two residual based normal goodness-of-fit test statistics are proposed: the Pearson chi-square and an unweighted sum of residual squares. Easy-to-calculate approximations to the mean and variance of either statistic are also given. Their performance, in terms of both size and power, was satisfactory in our simulation studies. For illustration we apply them to a real data set.
Synthetic peptide purification by application of linear solvent strength gradient theory

Abstract The purification of crude synthetic peptide by isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) requires time to determine suitable chromatographic conditions, which limits the use of isocratic RP-HPLC as a purification procedure for the newer, multiple-peptide synthetic techniques. An empirical or semi-empirical procedure to determine the appropriate chromatographic conditions based on a knowledge of the peptide's sequence or molecular weight would allow direct purification of the crude synthetic peptide without the initial exploratory work. Using linear solvent strength gradient theory, a formula was derived which predicts the optimum gradient time from the number of residues in the sought-after peptide and certain chromatographic parameters. Using a variety of crude synthetic peptides of approximately twenty residues and this gradient time, the mass capacity of various commercially available RP-HPLC columns was determined. Typically, the described procedure was capable of isolating
Human cognitive and perceptual factors in JDL level 4 hard/soft data fusion

Utilization of human participants as "soft sensors" is becoming increasingly important for gathering information related to a wide range of phenomena including natural and man-made disasters, environmental changes over time, crime prevention, and other roles of the "citizen scientist." The ubiquity of advanced mobile devices is facilitating the role of humans as "hybrid sensor platforms", allowing them to gather data (e.g. video, still images, GPS coordinates), annotate it based on their intuitive human understanding, and upload it using existing infrastructure and social networks. However, this new paradigm presents many challenges related to source characterization, effective tasking, and utilization of massive quantities of physical sensor, human-based, and hybrid hard/soft data in a manner that facilitates decision making instead of simply amplifying information overload. In the Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) data fusion process model, "level 4" fusion is a meta-process that attempts to improve performance of the entire fusion system through effective source utilization. While there are well-defined approaches for tasking and categorizing physical sensors, these methods fall short when attempting to effectively utilize a hybrid group of physical sensors and human observers. While physical sensor characterization can rely on statistical models of performance (e.g. accuracy, reliability, specificity, etc.) under given conditions, "soft" sensors add the additional challenges of characterizing human performance, tasking without inducing bias, and effectively balancing strengths and weaknesses of both human and physical sensors. This paper addresses the challenges of the evolving human-centric fusion paradigm and presents cognitive, perceptual, and other human factors that help to understand, categorize, and augment the roles and capabilities of humans as observers in hybrid systems.
What makes a control system usable? An operational viewpoint

Abstract This report discusses the generally accepted successes and shortcomings of the various computer and hardware-based control systems at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) from an operator's standpoint. LAMPF currently utilizes three separate control rooms that, although critically co-dependent, use distinct operating methods. The first, the Injector Control Room, which is responsible for the operation of the three ion sources, the 750 keV transport lines and the 201.25 MHz portion of the linac, uses a predominantly hardware-based control system. The second, the LANSCE Control Room, which is responsible for the operation of the Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center, uses a graphical touch-panel interface with single-application screens as its control system. The third, the LAMPF Central Control Room, which is responsible for the overall operation of LAMPF, primarily uses a text-oriented keyboard interface with multiple applications per screen. Though each system provides generally reliable human interfacing to the enormously complex and diverse machine known as LAMPF, the operational requirements of speed, usability, and reliability are increasingly necessitating the use of a standard control system that incorporates the positive aspects of all three control systems.
Butalene and related compounds: aromatic or antiaromatic?

Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to study the first three members of the condensed cyclobutadienoid series, butalene (3), bicyclobutadienylene (12), and dicyclobutenobutalene (20). The first is planar and is judged “aromatic” by comparisons with suitable models using both energetic and magnetic criteria. The second is nonplanar, and not aromatic, but not so antiaromatic as cyclobutadiene (11). The third is slightly more antiaromatic and best viewed as a butalene fused to two cyclobutadiene rings; its properties are the sum of aromatic and antiaromatic components, like benzocyclobutadiene. Ring-opening transition states for both 3 and 12 have been located, and these are conrotatorily twisted. The ring-opening barrier for 12 is more than twice that for 3. Ring-opening of 20 involves ring inversion as the only barrier.
Theoretical Study of the Structure and Vibrational Spectrum of N,N-Dimethylformamide

The molecular structure and vibrational spectrum of N,N-dimethylformamide have been investigated by ab initio Hartree−Fock, MP2, and density functional theory BLYP and B3LYP methods in conjunction with basis sets ranging from 6-31G* to 6-311+G(2d,p). At all levels of theory, the heavy atom skeleton is found to be planar. The calculated CH3−N−CH3 and N−CO−H bond angles significantly differ from the results of a recent electron diffraction study, but are in reasonable agreement with early lower level theoretical results. Comparison between the calculated and electron diffraction structural parameters of many simple amides indicates that the theoretical methods employed in the present study are reliable for describing the structural features of amides. Thus, the significant difference between the recent electron diffraction structural parameters and the early theoretical results is not due to basis set incompleteness as suggested by the electron diffraction study. The calculated vibrational spectral features...
Extending the clinicopathological spectrum of neurofilament inclusion disease

We describe features of a patient that broadens the clinical and pathological spectrum of neurofilament inclusion disease (NFID). The patient was a 52-year-old man with a 5–6 year history of progressive, asymmetrical spastic weakness of the upper and lower extremities; l-DOPA-unresponsive parkinsonism; and SPECT evidence of asymmetrical frontoparietal and basal ganglia hypoperfusion. The brain had marked frontoparietal parasagittal cortical atrophy, including the motor cortex, with histopathological evidence of neurofilament- and α-internexin-immunoreactive neuronal inclusions. The corticospinal tract had degeneration, but there was minimal lower motor neuron pathology. There was also severe neuronal loss and gliosis in the posterolateral putamen and the substantia nigra, mimicking multiple system atrophy; however, glial cytoplasmic inclusions were not detected with α-synuclein immunohistochemistry. This case extends the clinical and pathological spectrum of NFID to include cases with predominant parkinsonian and pyramidal features.
Post soldering a telescopic pontic

A technique has been presented that involves the use of a telescopic ceramometal pontic soldered to a type III alloy substructure (Figs. 4 and 5). This technique eliminates the need for manufactured facings or the use of processed acrylic resin, but it incorporates the advantages of porcelain esthetics and wear with the increased ability to burnish the retainer margins.
Organ distribution and stability of phosphorothioated oligodeoxyribonucleotides in mice.

Results of recent studies in our laboratory have suggested a potential role for antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligo(dN)s) as therapeutic agents in the treatment of human hepatitis B virus infection. As a first step towards assessing the potential utility of oligo(dN) in therapy, we have examined the organ distribution, stability and toxicity of a phosphorothioated oligo(dN) (S-oligo) of 20 nucleotides in length which was administered to mice via different routes. Among the various organs analysed, the liver retained the highest amount of S-oligo (1·3–2 per cent of the total injection) at the peak time (10–30 min) regardless of the route of injection. However, the S-oligo appeared to be degraded in the liver to about 40 per cent of its original length within 30 min of injection, presumably by the action of 3′ exonucleases. Injection of doses of up to 5 mg kg−1 of S-oligo had no apparent toxic effects on the mice.
Near-field inverse scattering : Lessons from diffusion tomography

We consider the scattering and inverse-scattering of scalar waves in the near field. By exploiting the similarity to the corresponding problems for diffusing waves, an analytic solution to the near-field inverse scattering problem is obtained. Applications to near-field microscopy are described.