cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Nitrogen Fate and Transport at the Sediment-Water Interface

Diffusion is an important fate and transport mechanism which regulates the distribution of dissolved and airborne pollutants in the environment. Of particular interest is diffusive mass transfer of pollutants across sediment- and soil-water interfaces, a problem which is relevant to a wide spectrum of environmental fate and transport problems, such as lake eutrophication and nitrogen cycling in wetlands. In this chapter, we present analytical and numerical models describing nitrogen cycling in two distinct freshwater ecosystems, bed sediments in eutrophic lakes and wetlands. The primary focus is on the formation of a dynamic, relatively thin aerobic layer at the sediment/soil interface, and diffusive transfer and geochemical transformation in sediment/soil beds. Applicability of the two models is demonstrated by comparison against observational data obtained from the Chesapeake Bay bed sediments and a restored treatment wetland. The generalized sensitivity analysis (GSA) method is implemented to identify most sensitive parameters in each model, and the Monte Carlo method (MC) is applied to quantify model predictive uncertainty. Despite the complexity of processes and uncertainty underlying the responses of the two aquatic ecosystems, comparison with observations shows both models performed well using the MC method. In both the cases, diffusive mass transfer controls pore-water nitrogen concentration and sediment/soil flux, and affects nitrogen mass retained or lost by denitrification.
Alterations in receptors for sensory neuropeptides in human inflammatory bowel disease.

Glutamate and several neuropeptides are synthesized and released by subpopulations of primary afferent neurons. These sensory neurons play a role in regulating the inflammatory and immune responses in peripheral tissues. We have explored what changes occur in the location and concentration of receptor binding sites for sensory neurotransmitters in two human inflammatory diseases, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, using quantitative receptor autoradiography. The sensory neurotransmitter receptors included bombesin, calcitonin gene-related peptide-α, cholecystokinin, galanin, glutamate, somatostatin, neurokinin A (substance K), substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Of the nine receptor binding sites examined only binding sites for substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide were significantly altered in the inflamed tissue. These data suggest that substance P is involved in regulating the inflammatory and immune responses in human inflammatory diseases and indicate a specificity of efferent action for each sensory neurotransmitter in peripheral tissues.
Locomotion: exploiting noise for state estimation

Running, walking, flying and swimming are all processes in which animals produce propulsion by executing rhythmic motions of their bodies. Dynamical stability of the locomotion is hardly automatic: millions of older people are injured by falling each year. Stability frequently requires sensory feedback. We investigate how organisms obtain the information they use in maintaining their stability. Assessing stability of a periodic orbit of a dynamical system requires information about the dynamics of the system off the orbit. For locomotion driven by a periodic orbit, perturbations that "kick" the trajectory off the orbit must occur in order to observe convergence rates toward the orbit. We propose that organisms generate excitations in order to set the gains for stabilizing feedback. We hypothesize further that these excitations are stochastic but have heavy-tailed, non-Gaussian probability distributions. Compared to Gaussian distributions, we argue that these are more effective for estimating stability characteristics of the orbit. Finally, we propose experiments to test the efficacy of these ideas.
Bootstrapped QKD: improving key rate and multi-photon resistance

This paper proposes a modification to, BB84 style, prepare and measure quantum key distribution schemes in order to make them resistant to photon number splitting attacks in multi-photon implementations. Therefore, brighter laser pulses can be used for key transmission potentially increasing the key rate and transmission distances without the need of a repeater. Our proposal assumes a small amount of pre-shared secret information between the communicating parties similar to that used for authentication.
Differentiating Mild Cognitive Impairment and Cognitive Changes of Normal Aging

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents an intermediate zone of neurocognitive functioning that falls between normal age-appropriate functioning and dementia. During the past decade and a half, research and clinical interest in MCI has burgeoned. Delineating the cusp between normal aging and MCI is of critical importance not only for accurate diagnosis but also for determining the earliest appropriate time point to implement early interventions. This chapter will focus on a pragmatic approach to differentiating MCI from normal aging.
Title VII and Free Speech: The First Amendment is Not Hostile to a Content-Neutral Hostile Environment Theory

Under administrative and judicial interpretations of section 703(a) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, an employer may be liable for employment discrimination if it maintains a hostile work environment that burdens an employee because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. In some cases, a plaintiff will assert that a work environment is hostile because of oral or written expression in the workplace. Several commentators and a few courts have questioned whether imposing liability on that basis infringes freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment. This Article analyzes the First Amendment challenge to the hostile-environment theory, concluding that the bulk of commentary on the topic is skewed by a questionable assumption that the hostile-environment theory calls for selective regulation of speech based on its content. In fact, properly interpreted, Title VII regulates speech and conduct not so much on the basis of the content of ideas expressed as on the harasser's selection of targets for harassment.
RANS Simulations of Passive and Active Drag Reduction Devices for a Road Vehicle

Numerical simulations of a truck-type configuration are carried out with the aim to investigate the effectiveness of various drag reduction devices. Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved to capture the periodic wake motion at the base of the model and comparisons with available measurements show satisfactory agreement. Two passive devices are applied to the back of the model to investigate their effect on the pressure recovery and the base pressure. Up to 15% drag reduction is obtained using a boattail appendix. In addition, a Coanda jet system is designed and simulated. In this case the amount of drag reduction is directly related to the amount of injected mass and a zero drag condition can be obtained.
Abstract 773: Neonatal and Adult Cardiac Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Mechanisms in Noncompaction Dilated Cardiomyopathy Development Induced by p.K69R-MLP (Muscle Lim Protein) Mutation i n vivo

Introduction: Pediatric and adult dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) represent distinct pathological entities, however, the basis of this phenomena remains obscure. The pathogenic variant p.K69R in MLP/C...
Outcomes following Eversion versus Conventional Endarterectomy in the Vascular Quality Initiative Database

Background Although the majority of vascular surgeons perform conventional carotid endarterectomy (c-CEA), others prefer eversion CEA (e-CEA). Despite several randomized controlled trials and single center studies, the advantage of one technique over the other is still not clearly defined. The purpose of this study is to compare the postoperative outcomes and durability of c-CEA versus e-CEA in a nationally representative cohort. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the Vascular Quality Initiative database between 2003 and 2018. Patients with prior ipsilateral carotid intervention (CEA and carotid artery stenting) and those undergoing concomitant procedures were excluded. Multivariable logistic and Cox-regression analyses were used to compare risk-adjusted perioperative and 1-year outcomes (stroke, death, and high-grade restenosis [>70%]) between c-CEA (using direct closure or patch angioplasty) and e-CEA. Results A total of 95,726 CEA cases were included, of which 12,050 (12.6%) were e-CEA and the remaining (87.4%) were c-CEA. Patch angioplasty was used in 94.9% of c-CEA compared with 49.7% of e-CEA (P Conclusions Both e-CEA and c-CEA are safe and durable techniques with similar stroke/death and restenosis rates up to 1-year of follow up, as long as c-CEA is performed with patch angioplasty. However, e-CEA is superior to c-CEA without patch angioplasty and is associated with 28% and 25% reduction in 30-day and 1-year stroke/death, respectively.
Pufferfish: Container-driven Elastic Memory Management for Data-intensive Applications

Data-intensive applications often suffer from significant memory pressure, resulting in excessive garbage collection (GC) and out-of-memory (OOM) errors, harming system performance and reliability. In this paper, we demonstrate how lightweight virtualization via OS containers opens up opportunities to address memory pressure and realize memory elasticity: 1) tasks running in a container can be set to a large heap size to avoid OutOfMemory (OOM) errors, and 2) tasks that are under memory pressure and incur significant swapping activities can be temporarily "suspended" by depriving resources from the hosting containers, and be "resumed" when resources are available. We propose and develop Pufferfish, an elastic memory manager, that leverages containers to flexibly allocate memory for tasks. Memory elasticity achieved by Pufferfish can be exploited by a cluster scheduler to improve cluster utilization and task parallelism. We implement Pufferfish on the cluster scheduler Apache Yarn. Experiments with Spark and MapReduce on real-world traces show Pufferfish is able to avoid OOM errors, improve cluster memory utilization by 2.7x and the median job runtime by 5.5x compared to a memory over-provisioning solution.
The Economics of News and the Practice of News Production

Conceptually, the business of news is often separated from the practice of news production. In this essay, I borrow from practice theory to show that this separation is misleading. According to a p...
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from U.S. Retail Ground Pork

One objective of this study was to determine overall prevalence of Salmonella in ground pork from U.S. retail stores over three seasons including both case-ready and store-ground packages. Package ...
Rise of the Centaurs: The Internet of Things Intelligence Augmentation

Intelligence augmentation (IA) will be one of the most impactful technological developments of the coming decades, particularly given its coupling with the Internet of Things (IoT). In the wake of vast increases in data streams and computing power, an Internet of Things Intelligence Augmentation (IoTIA) will fundamentally transform economic, social, and political life. So-called centaur relationships of smart, networked machines working in tandem with human agents will become pervasive, prolific, and predominant. But for billions of humans, the IoTIA may represent an amputation rather than an amplification of intelligence. A crisis of cognitive deskilling is in store. Cultivating the human capacities for creativity and practical judgment is crucial to a promising future in an IoTIA world.
Codes, Loss, and Burnout: How do they impact us and our patients?

Background: Pediatricians are often exposed to emotionally difficult situations like patient deaths and codes; these may lead to significant grief and burnout. This may impair the ability of physicians to care for patients in a competent and compassionate manner (emotional exhaustion). These traumatic events may increase burnout rates, which has been reported to start in training. Objectives: The purpose of this research is to evaluate the degree to which pediatricians are immediately affected by patient deaths and codes, and the prevalence rates of burnout among attending physicians and trainees. Methods: …
Plantago as a host of economically important viruses.

Publisher Summary Weed hosts of plant viruses play an important part in the epidemiology of many diseases of economic significance. It is found that distribution of Plantago species over a diverse range of crops and climates creates a high potential for natural virus acquisition. The potential importance of Plantago species as reservoirs of economically important viruses is greater than that of many weeds because many Plantago species are perennials and thus, can act as overwintering (or oversummering) sources of virus between crop plantings. In addition, plantains are tolerant to infection by many viruses frequently showing no obvious signs of infection. Several virus vector species have been found to overwinter or to reproduce on plantains and Plantago species may therefore act as reservoirs of both viruses and vectors. The viruses affecting Plantago are of varying importance in a wide variety of crops, while the relative importance of plantains as virus reservoirs also varies considerably from one area, crop, or season to another, and with each virus.
Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Combustion of Practical Hydrocarbon Fuels

The development of detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms for analysis of autoignition and knocking of complex hydrocarbon fuels is described. The wide ranges of temperature and pressure which are encountered by end gases in automobile engine combustion chambers result in extreme demands on the reaction mechanisms intended to describe knocking conditions. The reactions and chemical species which are most important in each temperature and pressure regime are discussed, and the validation of these reaction mechanisms through comparison with idealized experimental results is described. The use of these mechanisms is illustrated through comparisons between computed results and experimental data obtained in actual knocking engines.
Antisite defects and EL2 in GaAs

the characteristic properties of anion antisite defects and the technologically important midgap donor EL2 in GaAs are reviewed with emphasis on information concerning the microscopic structure of these defects. The wide body of existing results points towards AsGa as being involved in the EL2 defect. However, there is evidence that both, antisite defects as well as EL2, are members of defect families with slightly different properties and microstructure. At present it is not yet possible to determine the detailed structure of EL2 and the other midgap donor levels in GaAs.
Kinetics of activation of phospholipase C by P2Y purinergic receptor agonists and guanine nucleotides.

Membranes prepared from [3H]inositol-labeled turkey erythrocytes express a phospholipase C that is markedly stimulated by stable analogs of GTP (Harden, T. K., Stephens, L., Hawkins, P. T., and Downes, C. P. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9057-9061). We now report that P2-purinergic receptor-mediated regulation of the enzyme occurs in the membrane preparation. The order of potency of a series of ATP and ADP analogs for stimulation of inositol phosphate formation, i.e. 2-methylthioadenosine 5'-triphosphate (2MeSATP) greater than adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) greater than adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) greater than ATP greater than 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate approximately ADP greater than alpha, beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate greater than beta, gamma-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate, was consistent with that for the P2Y-purinergic receptor subtype. Agonist-stimulated effects were completely dependent on the presence of guanine nucleotide. Activation of phospholipase C by guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) occurred with a considerable time lag. The rate of activation followed first order kinetics and was markedly increased by increasing concentrations of a P2Y receptor agonist; in contrast, the rate of activation at a fixed agonist concentration was independent of guanine nucleotide concentration. Addition of guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP beta S) prior to addition of agonist and GTP, 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), or GTP gamma S blocked in a concentration-dependent manner the stimulatory effect of guanine nucleotide. GDP beta S, added subsequent to preactivation of membranes with 2MeSATP and GTP gamma S or Gpp(NH)p had only small inhibitory effects on the rate of inositol phosphate production observed over the subsequent 10 min. In contrast, addition of GDP beta S to GTP-preactivated membranes resulted in a rapid return of enzyme activity to the basal state within 60 s. Taken together, the data are consistent with the idea that P2Y receptor activation increases the rate of exchange of GTP and GTP analogs for GDP on the relevant guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. Once the active enzymic species is formed, hydrolysis of guanine nucleotide reverts the enzyme to the inactive state.
A bayesian network approach for modeling the influence of contextual variables on scientific problem solving

A challenge for intelligent tutoring is to develop methodologies for transforming streams of performance data into insights and models about underlying learning mechanisms. Such modeling at different points in time could provide evidence of a student's changing understanding of a task, and given sufficient detail, could extend our understanding of how gender, prior achievement, classroom practices and other student/contextual characteristics differentially influence performance and participation in complex problem-solving environments. If the models had predictive properties, they could also provide a framework for directing feedback to improve learning. In this paper we describe the causal relationships between students' problem-solving effectiveness (i.e. reaching a correct solution) and strategy (i.e. approach) and multiple contextual variables including experience, gender, classroom environment, and task difficulty. Performances of the IMMEX problem set Hazmat (n ~ 33,000) were first modeled by Item Response Theory analysis to provide a measure of effectiveness and then by self-organizing artificial neural networks and hidden Markov modeling to provide measures of strategic efficiency. Correlation findings were then used to link the variables into a Bayesian network representation. Sensitivity analysis indicated that whether a problem was solved or not was most likely influenced by findings related to the problem under investigation and the classroom environment while strategic approaches were most influenced by the actions taken, the classroom environment and the number of problems previously performed. Subsequent testing with unknown performances indicated that the strategic approaches were most easily predicted (17% error rate), whereas whether the problem was solved was more difficult (32% error rate).
Comparative feeding value of tapioca pellets for feedlot cattle.

A feedlot growth-performance trial and a metabolism trial were conducted to evaluate the comparative feeding value of tapioca pellets (TP). In the growth-performance trial treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn (SFC)-based finishing diet in which a blend of 86% TP and 14% peanut meal replaced SFC at the rate of 0, 15, or 30% of diet DM. Daily weight gain (P less than .10) and DM intake (P less than .01) were greatest when 15% of the diet DM consisted of TP. Feed/gain increased linearly (P less than .01) with TP substitution into the diet. Treatment effects on carcass merit were small (P greater than .10), except that marbling score was greater with 15% TP than with either 0 or 30% TP. In the metabolism trial involving four Holstein steers, treatments consisted of an 88% concentrate diet containing 67% of either SFC or TP. Ruminal and total tract digestibility of starch was similar (P greater than .10) for SFC and TP, averaging 91 and 99%, respectively. Postruminal (P less than .05) and total tract (P less than .01) digestibility of N was lower for the TP than for the SFC diet. Total tract digestibility of N in TP was 3%. Little, if any, ADF in TP was fermented in the rumen. Total tract digestibility of ADF in TP was 16%. Total tract digestibility of DM (P less than .01) and OM (P less than .05) decreased 7 and 5%, respectively, with TP substitution for SFC. Virtually all the difference in OM digestibility could be attributed to differences in ADF excretion. The DE value of the diet decreased 11.5% (P less than .01) with the substitution of TP for SFC. It was concluded that TP can replace up to 30% of the DM in growing-finishing diets without adversely affecting ADG or DM intake of feedlot cattle. Tapioca pellets have approximately 86% the NE value of SFC.
Interoperability in costal zone monitoring systems: resolving semantic heterogeneities through ontology driven middleware

Ontologies are widely recommended as a means of rectifying semantic heterogeneity. The advantage of using ontologies is that they can provide a conceptual schema regardless of a data set’s format, structure, or size MSU is developing an ontological framework for resolving semantic heterogeneity problems in coastal zone data. This type of framework will provide the capability to (a) link the users to the knowledge, making integrated visualizations available; (b) provide search and query answering facilities; and (c) gather information at different levels of granularity, from the subcategory to the specific data level. Issues related to coupling such a system to models will also be discussed.
Percutaneous biopsy of the liver as a procedure for outpatients.

Abstract Hepatic biopsy was performed in 107 outpatients and 68 inpatients in the last 18 months at this hospital. Only 1 patient had a complication; he bled from the biopsy site. The minimal cost saved per patient was $153.00. Biopsy of the liver in outpatients is both safe and economical.
Non-parallel recombination limits cre-loxP-based reporters as precise indicators of conditional genetic manipulation

Cre/LoxP-mediated recombination allows for conditional gene activation or inactivation. When combined with an independent lineage-tracing reporter allele, this technique traces the lineage of presumptive genetically modified Cre-expressing cells. Several studies have suggested that floxed alleles have differential sensitivities to Cre-mediated recombination, which raises concerns regarding utilization of common Cre-reporters to monitor recombination of other floxed loci of interest. Here, we directly investigate the recombination correlation, at cellular resolution, between several floxed alleles induced by Cre-expressing mouse lines. The recombination correlation between different reporter alleles varied greatly in otherwise genetically identical cell types. The chromosomal location of floxed alleles, distance between LoxP sites, sequences flanking the LoxP sites, and the level of Cre activity per cell all likely contribute to observed variations in recombination correlation. These findings directly demonstrate that, due to non-parallel recombination events, commonly available Cre reporter mice cannot be reliably utilized, in all cases, to trace cells that have DNA recombination in independent-target floxed alleles, and that careful validation of recombination correlations are required for proper interpretation of studies designed to trace the lineage of genetically modified populations, especially in mosaic situations.
Childhood abuse history, secondary traumatic stress, and child welfare workers

Social workers are exposed to trauma vicariously through the trauma of their clients. This phenomenon, called secondary traumatic stress, vicarious traumatization, or compassion fatigue, presents a risk of negative personal psychological consequences. Based on a sample of 166 child welfare workers and using standardized measures, the study findings document the link between a personal history of primary trauma, childhood abuse or neglect, and the heightened risk for secondary traumatic stress in child welfare workers.
The Action of Bacteria on Fat Relative Merits of Various Differential Plating Mediums for Lipase Producing Organisms

Eijkman 1 in 1901 devised a differential plating medium for lipaseproducing bacteria. According to his method, melted tallow is poured into the bottom of a culture dish and that which remains liquid is immediately poured out again, leaving a thin, solid layer covering the bottom of the dish. The inoculated melted agar medium is poured over the tallow layer. According to his description lipase-producing colonies usually cause opacity of the tallow just beneath them. Sometimes these spots are translucent, or opaque surrounded by a translucent zone. Buchanan 2 states that colonies of fat-splitting bacteria give a transparent zone in agar plates containing an emulsion of fat, and Waksman and Daviston 3 mention the use of litmus as an indicator in such plates. I have reported briefly elsewhere 4 the use of nile blue sulphate with an emulsion of oil in agar plates. In this report I shall compare and attempt to evaluate several differential plating medium for fat-splitting bacteria. They seem to fall into five groups, as shown in table 1. They vary according to composition and the mechanism by which differentiation is accomplished. The first three groups depend on changes in opacity and translucence of the fat studied for differentiation, while the last two depend on color changes due to the formation of fatty acid.
WISC‐R factor structures for diagnosed learning disabled Navajo and Papago children

WISC-R factor structures (Principal Factor Analysis-Varimax rotation) were compared for previously diagnosed samples of learning disabled Navajo and Papago children. Both two- and three-factor solutions were analyzed, utilizing coefficients of congruence. Both groups were similar in terms of proportion of common factor variance accounted for by a general factor, and the Verbal-Performance distinction was demonstrated in both groups.
Nuclear DNA does not reconcile ‘rocks’ and ‘clocks’ in Neoaves: a comment on Ericson et al.

The discrepancy between fossil- and molecular-based age estimates for the diversification of modern birds has persisted despite increasingly large datasets on both sides ([Penny & Phillips 2004][1]). For the purpose of addressing this discrepancy, [Ericson et al. (2006)][2] recently generated a
Response of African American and Caucasian women to cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD

The present study examined the influence of ethnicity on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral treatment for PTSD in female victims of sexual and nonsexual assault. Ninety-five women with chronic PTSD (60 Caucasian and 35 African American) were randomly assigned to either active cognitive behavioral treatment or wait list control. Active treatment consisted of nine, twice-weekly, individual sessions of prolonged exposure, stress inoculation training, or a combination. Independent evaluations were conducted at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 12-month follow-up. African Americans and Caucasians did not differ in terms of pretreatment psychopathology or general functioning, dropout rates from treatment, or overall treatment efficacy. These results are discussed within the context of the need for future exploration of ethnocultural factors in the treatment of PTSD.
Modulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Effects by Cytokines

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of human recombinant transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on the proliferation of normal cell and cancer cell lines and to evaluate the mechanism of TGF-beta-induced immunosuppression. Murine H238 fibrosarcoma and human UC-11 glioblastoma cells showed no proliferative change in the presence of TGF-beta, whereas the growth of human LS174T colon adenocarcinoma cells was significantly enhanced at the lower concentrations of TGF-beta. In contrast, Mono/Mac-6, a human monocyte cell line, human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMN) cells, and BALB/c mouse spleen cells were significantly suppressed by 2.5 to 250 ng/ml of TGF-beta. In order to investigate the mode of action, TGF-beta and other cytokines were added 0, 1, and 2 days after initiation of the culture. Mono/Mac-6 cells showed that 2 days are needed for TGF-beta-induced suppression. Simultaneous addition of TGF-beta and tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-alpha; 600 units/ml) to Mono/Mac-6 cells resulted in nearly complete suppression by day 3. IL-2, and to a lesser extent IL-4, was able to counteract the suppressive effects of TGF-beta on mitogen-stimulated spleen cells. However, our results indicate that IL-2 is not as effective in restoring responsiveness once T cell activation is well underway. IL-1 and interferon-gamma had no effects on TGF-beta-mediated immunosuppression. Since TGF-beta depressed normal cell growth and since IL-2 could effectively counteract the suppression, we assayed for IL-2 production. When normal spleen cells were treated with 2.5 ng of TGF-beta/ml, a 3.4-fold decrease in IL-2 production was observed. This is a potential mechanism for TGF-beta-mediated immunosuppression.
Boron Particle Nonequilibrium Effects in Combusting Ducted Flows

O design of air-breathing propulsion systems will require an adequate description of the mixing and combustion of ducted, fuel-rich, primary streams with secondary air. The primary stream will often contain metal particles such as boron, magnesium or aluminum. Development of a model has been previously reported' for describing combustion of a particleladen jet which is mixing with a subsonic secondary air stream in a duct. This model considered the particles to be in dynamic and thermal equilibrium. This synoptic summarizes an extension of this earlier model to include particle nonequilibrium effects. Particle drag, thermal lag, and particle ignition, melting, and combustion effects are considered. A series of parametric calculations for a typical boron-loaded, air-augmented system shows effects of particle size and secondary duct pressure on metal combustion efficiency. Methods of improving combustion efficiency at low pressure are briefly examined.
Molybdenum complexes with sterically-hindered thiolate ligands. The synthesis and structure of a seven coordinate complex with a molybdenum-diazenido core, [Mo(NNC6H5)(2-SC5H3N-3-SiMe3)3]

Abstract The reaction of [Mo2Cl4(μ-S2)(μ-2-SC5H3NH-3-SiMe3)(2-SC5H3N-3-SiMe3)2] with phenylhydrazine yields [Mo(NNPh)(2-SC5H3N-3-SiMe3)3] (1). Complex 1 adopts a pentagonal bipyramidal geometry with the phenyldiazenido group occupying an axial position. The structural parameters exhibited by 1 are similar to those of other members of the class of seven coordinate Mo-hydrazido and Mo-diazenido species. Crystal data for C30H41N5Si3S3Mo (1): monoclinic space group P21n, a = 11.600(2), b = 14.880(3), c = 21.681(3) A, β = 90.46(1)°, V = 3242.2(12) A3, Z = 4; 5690 reflections, R = 0.049.
Temperate Mountain Glacier-Melting Rates for the Period 2001–30: Estimates from Three Coupled GCM Simulations for the Greater Himalayas

Abstract The temperate glaciers in the greater Himalayas (GH) and the neighboring region contribute to the freshwater supply for almost one-half of the people on earth. Under global warming conditions, the GH glaciers may melt more rapidly than high-latitude glaciers, owing to the coincidence of the accumulation and ablation seasons in summer. Based on a first-order energy balance approach for glacier thermodynamics, the possible imposed additional melting rate was estimated from three climate simulations using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Global Coupled Climate Model version 2.1 (GFDL-CM2.1), the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate 3.2, high-resolution version (MIROC3.2-hires), and the Met Office’s Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3). The simulations were carried out under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. For the 30-yr period of 2001–30, all three CGCMs indicate that the glacial regions most sensitive to re...
An experimental view of language comprehension: Some implications for document design

The consensus view in cognitive psychology is that the construction of situation models is an integral part of language comprehension. A great deal of empirical evidence supports this view. Moreover, recent theorizing and empirical evidence suggest that situation models are best viewed as experiential simulations of the narrated events, actions, people, objects, and places. In this Experiential View, language is a set of cues guiding the simulation processes, by activating perceptual representations stored in the brain areas that are also active during the direct experience of the referent object, person, or event. In this article I discuss the empirical evidence for the Experiential view from cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. In addition, I consider some of the implications of this view for the design of instructional documents.
A 7S DNA polymerase in the cytoplasmic fraction from higher plant

Abstract A 7S DNA polymerase, which resembled high molecular weight human cell DNA polymerase in size, elution behavior from DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns and some other properties, was demonstrated for the first time in the cytoplasmic fraction of a higher plant (normal and crown gall tumor tissue cultures of tobacco).
On the eigenstructure of Toeplitz matrices

In spite of the fact that Toeplitz eigenvalue problems have important applications in signal processing, relatively little is known about the eigenstructure of finite real symmetric Toeplitz matrices. In this paper, we exhibit two facts about the Toeplitz eigenstructure problem. First we show that any reciprocal or anti-reciprocal n vector is an eigenvector for at least an [(n + 1)/2]-dimensional linear space of real symmetric n × n Toeplitz matrices. The second result is the fact that every n × n Toeplitz matrix can be imbedded into an (n + 1) × (n + 1) Toeplitz matrix which has a repeated smallest eigenvalue.
Axial-vector current and dimensional regularization

The properties of the axial-vector current are investigated using the dimensional-regularization scheme. The problem of defining an appropriate generalization of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5}$ in $n$ dimensions is discussed, and previous work is briefly reviewed. For the $\mathrm{VVA}$ triangle, in QED, we find that the dimensional scheme provides for vector current conservation, with the divergence of the axial-vector current anomalous. This is shown unambiguously without specifying the anticommuting nature of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5}$ in $n$ dimensions. If one arranges to have two species of fermions with different masses and equal but opposite couplings to the axial-vector current, the $\mathrm{VVA}$ anomaly is proportional to $n\ensuremath{-}4$, being fully canceled only at $n=4$. However, the behavior of the triangle amplitude for large external momenta is reduced by two powers, and the resulting softened triangle does not give rise to any finite (as $n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4$) anomalies when inserted in higher-order diagrams. Finally, the appropriate generalization of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5}$ for even-parity fermion loops is shown to be totally anticommuting, and the validity of Ward identities for two-point functions is demonstrated.
Differential Cable Length Manipulation for Oscillation Control of Quay-Side Container Cranes

Traditionally, a crane is modeled as a simple pendulum with a lumped mass at the end of a hoisting cable. However, in the case of quay-side container cranes the actual hoisting mechanism consists typically of a set of four hoisting cables. Modern quay-side container cranes use independent front and rear hoisting cables. This degree of freedom can be utilized to control payload sway oscillations. In this work, a delayed feedback algorithm is used to produce a controlled differential change in the length of the front and rear hoisting cables of a typical quay-side container crane.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
THE STRUCTURE OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS.

Abstract The architecture of infectious laryngotracheitis virus was studied by means of the negative contrast technique. The virus was grown in cultures of chicken embryo kidney cells. Three main structural components of the virus particles were recognized: (1) the core, (2) the capsid, and (3) the envelope. About 70% of the particles were naked, i.e., without the envelope. The core measured 800 A and had a hexagonal shape. The capsid, the average diameter of which was 1075 A, consisted of 162 capsomeres arranged in an ordered pattern characteristic of 5:3:2 axial symmetry. The capsomeres were hollow and measured 105 A in length and 95 A in diameter. Evidence is presented that the capsid is an icosahedron. The envelope was 1950–2500 A in diameter and had fine projections at the periphery of its delimiting membrane.
Locomotor Activity in Mice During Chronic Treatment With Caffeine and Withdrawal

Chronic ingestion of caffeine by mice caused a marked reduction in locomotor exploratory activity. At least 4 days of withdrawal were required to restore activity to normal levels. Stimulatory effects of injected caffeine were lower in chronically treated mice and the biphasic dose-response (stimulatory followed by depressant) curve for injected caffeine was left shifted. Seven days of withdrawal were required before the dose-response curve to caffeine was identical to that of control mice. The depressant effects of a potent xanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine, were blunted in caffeine-treated mice. The depressant effects of A1- and A2-selective adenosine analogs were enhanced after chronic caffeine. There was little or no effect of chronic caffeine on the stimulatory effects of dopaminergic agents (amphetamine, caffeine), while both depressant and stimulatory effects of cholinergic agents (nicotine, oxotremorine, scopolamine) were reduced. The results indicate that chronic caffeine affects functions of adenosine and cholinergic receptors related to regulation of locomotor exploratory activity.
Social media and symbolic action: : exploring participation in the Facebook red equal sign profile picture campaign

This study investigates symbolic action on popular social media platforms by empirically exploring the subjective experiences and motivations of participants in an exemplary campaign. Previous debates regarding the relationship between symbolic action and more traditional forms of political participation suggest a binary between up-the-ladder �civic culture� engagement and down-the-ladder �slacktivism.� Interviews with participants in the Facebook red equal sign profile picture campaign for marriage equality provide some evidence to support the former (particularly in terms of building an identity-focused political movement), and comparatively little to support the latter. However, a third model suggests how sympathetic citizens who would not otherwise take on organizational commitments are brought into the circle of participation by contributing to aggregate projects of mediated public advocacy.
Radioaktiv markierte pharmazeutische Wirkstoffe: Werkzeuge bei der Arzneimittelentwicklung

Im Unterschied zu Radiopharmaka, mit denen immer ein diagnostisches oder therapeutisches Ziel am Menschen verfolgt wird, dienen radioaktiv markierte Wirkstoffe vorzugsweise der Aufklarung der Pharmakokinetik und des Metabolismus zunachst im Tier und letztendlich im Menschen. Radioaktiv markierte Wirkstoffe sind fur ADME-Studien unverzichtbar. Wichtig ist, dass nur solche Isotope zur Markierung verwendet werden, die die chemischen und biologischen Eigenschaften des zu untersuchenden Molekuls nicht verandern und dass die gewahlte Markierungsposition in allen Biotransformationsschritten erhalten bleibt. Der Vorteil fur den Einsatz von Radioaktivitat ist, dass der markierte Wirkstoff und seine Biotransformationsprodukte in allen biologischen Proben (Organe, Gewebe, Exkrete) selektiv und mit hoher Nachweisempfindlichkeit verfolgt und schlieslich auch bilanziert werden konnen.
The reading, writing, and arithmetic of the medical literature, part 3: critical appraisal of primary research.

Objective To offer suggestions that will help clinicians improve their scrutiny of the medical literature and apply these suggestions to their own medical writings. Data Sources Literature searches began at the National Library of Medicine's online database and were traced to primary sources. Study Selection Studies were selected for their ability to provide historical background, discuss the aspects of study design and statistical analysis, and explore important facets of reading and writing medical manuscripts. Results Physician readers will become more proficient in their skills as both users and creators of the medical literature. Conclusions Reading and interpretation of the medical literature requires a set of skills that can be learned. Similarly, good medical writing skills can be developed. Achieving these skills will enhance the clinician's practice of medicine.
Introduction: Danto and His Critics: After the End of Art and Art History

In Bielefeld, Germany in April, 1997 an author conference was devoted to Arthur C. Danto's 1995 Mellon Lectures After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History (Princeton,1997). This essay provides an introduction to seven essays given at that conference and expanded for this Theme Issue of History and Theory. Danto presented his view of the nature of art in The Transfiguration of the Commonplace(1981). He then added in the Mellon lectures a sociological perspective on the current situation of the visual arts, and an Hegelian historiography. The history of art has ended, Danto claims, and we now live in a posthistorical era. Since in his well-known book on historiography, Analytical Philosophy of History (1965), Danto is unsympathetic to Hegel's speculative ways of thinking about history, his adaptation of this Hegelian framework is surprising. Danto's strategy in After the End of Art is best understood by grasping the way in which he transformed the purely philosophical account of The Transfiguration into a historical account. Recognizing that his philosophical analysis provided a good way of explaining the development of art in the modern period, Danto radically changed the context of his argument. In this process, he opened up discussion of some serious but as yet unanswered questions about his original thesis, and about the plausibility of Hegel's claim that the history of art has ended. Hegel . . . did not declare that modern art had ended or would disintegrate. . . . his attitude towards future art was optimistic, not pessimistic. . . . According to his dialectic . . . art . . . has no end but will evolve forever with time.
Hard and soft tissue considerations at mini- implant insertion sites

Various factors influence where orthodontic mini-implants will be placed. This article highlights the pertinent variables that should find consideration when planning the placement of orthodontic mini-implants.
Speed of recovery after shoulder arthroplasty: a comparison of reverse and anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty

Background Whereas patient expectations after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) relate to sustained improvements in pain, function, and motion, the time necessary to reach these goals is unclear. Our purpose was to investigate the speed of recovery and to compare the effectiveness of primary TSA and RSA. Methods We analyzed (preoperative, 3 month, 6 month, 1-year, and 2-year scores) pain scores, functional scores, and motion for 122 patients treated with primary RSA and 166 patients treated with primary TSA with a minimum of 1 year of follow-up. Comparisons were made to determine the effectiveness of treatment, time required to reach a plateau in improvement, and percentage of overall improvement at 3 and 6 months. Results Significant improvements were observed for both TSA and RSA at all intervals (P Conclusion Whereas patients treated with primary TSA and RSA can expect rapid improvements in pain, those treated with TSA can anticipate a more consistent and effective recovery of pain, function, and shoulder rotation. Patients receiving RSA can expect a variable length of recovery with greater improvements in forward elevation and abduction.
Patrol officers and problem solving: An application of expectancy theory

Problem solving has been recognized as a key aspect of community policing. We use expectancy motivation theory to explain variation in police officers' problem-solving behavior. Specifically, we expect that the amount of problem solving performed by officers will be explained by (1) the opportunity to do so, (2) the ability to do so, (3) the likelihood that officers will be recognized by their performance in this area, and (4) police officers' calculation of the costs and rewards of such behavior. Using data collected from ridealongs with police officers, we find that officers who engage in more problem-solving are motivated by potential recognition of such behavior. We also find that expectancy motivation theory provides a more likely explanation for the behavior of community police officers than that of traditional “beat” officers.
Supply Chain Management: A Strategic Perspective

In order to respond to competitive pressures, managers need to know more about the strategic aspects of supply chain management. This paper addresses this need by critically reviewing the supply chain management literature and by suggesting a research agenda for the future. A conceptual model is provided which helps to identify certain assumptions made in the literature that must be challenged. The model also provides a tool for identifying the major contributions in the literature. Finally, a research agenda is developed.
p23 transplantation antigen mRNA is differentially expressed in human fetal brain

As gene expression governs development, we attempted to isolate differentially expressed genes in fetal and adult human brain. RNA samples extracted from adult and 18-24-week-old fetal human brain were reverse transcribed, amplified using twenty combinations of 3'-anchored primers and degenerate 5'-primers, and the resulting cDNA fragments separated on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Thereafter, 45 (H1-H45) differentially displayed cDNA bands were extracted from the gels, amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and used as probes to detect their mRNA by northern blotting. One of these fragments, H8, confirmed on northern blotting to be highly expressed in fetal brain, was cloned and sequenced. This fragment was homologous to wild type p23 human transplantation antigen. This is phylogenetically a well conserved gene and appears to play an important role in cell growth. Even a single point mutation in the mouse gene results in cell destruction secondary to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. Therefore, our finding that normal human fetal brain expresses high levels of wild type p23 transplantation antigen may have importance in maintaining cell growth during human brain development.