cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scintillation Caustics in Planetary Occultation Light Curves

We revisit the GSC 5249-01240 light curve obtained during its occultation by Saturn's north polar region. In addition to refractive scintillations, the power spectrum of intensity fluctuations shows an enhancement of power between refractive and diffractive regimes. We identify this excess power as due to high-amplitude spikes in the light curve and suggest that these spikes are due to caustics associated with ray-crossing situations. The flux variation in individual spikes follows the expected caustic behavior including diffraction fringes, which we have observed for the first time in a planetary occultation light curve. The presence of caustics in scintillation light curves requires an inner scale cutoff to the power spectrum of underlying density fluctuations associated with turbulence. Another possibility is the presence of gravity waves in the atmosphere. While occultation light curves previously showed the existence of refractive scintillations, a combination of small projected stellar size and a low relative velocity during the event have allowed us to identify caustics in this occultation. This has led us to reexamine previous data sets, in which we have also found likely examples of caustics.
Recent FUSE Observations of Diffuse O VI Emission from the Interstellar Medium

We present new results from our survey of diffuse O VI-emitting gas in the interstellar medium with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). Background observations obtained since 2005 have yielded 11 new O VI detections of 3 σ significance, and archival searches have revealed two more. An additional 15 sight lines yield interesting upper limits. Combined with previous results, these observations reveal the large-scale structure of the O VI-bearing gas in the quadrant of the sky centered on the Magellanic Clouds. The most prominent feature is a layer of low-velocity O VI emission extending more than 70° from the Galactic plane. At low latitudes (|b| < 30°), the emission comes from narrow, high-density interfaces in the local ISM. At high latitudes, the emission is from extended, low-density regions in the Galactic halo. We also detect O VI emission from the interface region of the Magellanic system, a structure recently identified from H I observations. These are the first detections of emission from high-ionization species in the Magellanic system outside of the Clouds themselves.
Celiac disease and other precursors to small-bowel malignancy

Malignancies of the small intestine are rare. Celiac disease is a risk factor for the development of both adenocarcinoma and T-cell lymphoma of the small intestine. The development of lymphoma accounts for the majority of the increased mortality in celiac disease. Patients with Crohn's disease are also at increased risk for carcinoma, though this is rarely diagnosed preoperatively. The inherited polyposis syndromes, FAP and Peutz Jehgers syndrome, are also risk factors for small bowel carcinoma.
End graph effects on chromatic polynomials for strip graphs of lattices and their asymptotic limits

Abstract We report exact calculations of the ground-state degeneracy per site (exponent of the ground-state entropy) W ({ G }, q ) of the q -state Potts antiferromagnet on infinitely long strips with specified end graphs for free boundary conditions in the longitudinal direction and free and periodic boundary conditions in the transverse direction. This is equivalent to calculating the chromatic polynomials and their asymptotic limits for these graphs. Making the generalization from q ∈ Z + to q ∈ C , we determine the full locus B on which W is nonanalytic in the complex q plane. We report the first example for this class of strip graphs in which B encloses regions even for planar end graphs. The bulk of the specific strip graph that exhibits this property is a part of the (3 3 ·4 2 ) Archimedean lattice.
Topological incarnations of electroweak defects

Abstract A realistic extension of the electroweak model is proposed in which electroweak magnetic monopoles and Z-strings appear as topological defects. The ensuing cosmology is discussed and it is pointed out that electroweak strings and, more generally, light superconducting strings may yield a significant flux of antiprotons in our galaxy.
Vertical Integration: Hospital Ownership Of Physician Practices Is Associated With Higher Prices And Spending

We examined the consequences of contractual or ownership relationships between hospitals and physician practices, often described as vertical integration. Such integration can reduce health spending and increase the quality of care by improving communication across care settings, but it can also increase providers’ market power and facilitate the payment of what are effectively kickbacks for inappropriate referrals. We investigated the impact of vertical integration on hospital prices, volumes (admissions), and spending for privately insured patients. Using hospital claims from Truven Analytics MarketScan for the nonelderly privately insured in the period 2001–07, we constructed county-level indices of prices, volumes, and spending and adjusted them for enrollees’ age and sex. We measured hospital-physician integration using information from the American Hospital Association on the types of relationships hospitals have with physicians. We found that an increase in the market share of hospitals with the ti...
Synthesis of Novel Pyrazoles via [2+3]-Dipolar Cycloaddition Using Alkyne Surrogates

The syntheses of an important class of hitherto unreported novel pyrazoles are described. The regioselective synthesis of 1,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted pyrazoles was achieved by the Huisgen cyclization of nitrile imines with a trisubstituted bromoalkene. The substituted bromoalkene functions as an alkyne synthon which was used to construct 5,5-disubstituted bromopyrazoline intermediates that undergo aromatization to the analogous pyrazoles through the loss of HBr. The cycloaddition regioselectivity was confirmed through single X-ray crystal data of one of the pyrazoles.
Infrared Observations of Nova Muscae 1991: Black Hole Mass Determination from Ellipsoidal Variations

We have obtained infrared photometry for the soft X-ray transient GU Mus. We present J- and Ks-band light curves modeled with WD98, the newest version of the Wilson-Devinney light curve–modeling code. Using detailed models for the expected ellipsoidal variations due to the nonspherical secondary star, we show that the most likely value for the orbital inclination is 54° ± 15. This inclination angle is consistent with those previously published, but it has a much smaller error. This inclination implies a primary black hole mass of 6.95 ± 0.6 M⊙. While we do not see any evidence for contamination of our infrared light curves from other sources in the system, a conservative model with a contamination level of 15% increases the uncertainty in the inclination angle to 54 deg.
EFFICIENCY AND GASDYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF TWO-PHASE MIXTURES IN SUPERSONIC NOZZLES WITH INTER-PHASE HEAT TRANSFER AND SLIP

Abstract This paper describes a gasdynamic analysis of the acceleration of a condensed phase/gaseous mixture through a converging-diverging nozzle. The model used for this analysis calculates the exit kinetic energy in terms of the mixture properties as well as the dissipative effects of heat transfer and slip between the phases. The model also calculates the nozzle efficiency by comparing the kinetic energy of the mixture at the exit to that of the ideal process. The results indicate that the efficiency decreases with both the condensed phase mass fraction and exit velocity. Inter-phase heat transfer and slip parameters produce a minimum in nozzle efficiency under conditions which are potentially encountered in rocket engines.
Performance of random access scheduling schemes in multi-hop wireless networks

The scheduling problem in multi-hop wireless networks has been extensively investigated. Although throughput optimal scheduling solutions have been developed in the literature, they are unsuitable for multi-hop wireless systems because they are usually centralized and have very high complexity. In this paper, we develop a random-access based scheduling scheme that utilizes local information. The important features of this scheme include constant-time complexity, distributed operations, and a provable performance guarantee. Analytical results show that it guarantees a larger fraction of the optimal throughput performance than the state-of-the-art. Through simulations with both single-hop and multi-hop traffics, we observe that the scheme provides high throughput, close to that of a well-known highly efficient centralized greedy solution called the greedy maximal scheduler.
Efficient Volume Sampling for Row/Column Subset Selection

We give efficient algorithms for volume sampling, i.e., for picking $k$-subsets of the rows of any given matrix with probabilities proportional to the squared volumes of the simplices defined by them and the origin (or the squared volumes of the parallelepipeds defined by these subsets of rows). %In other words, we can efficiently sample $k$-subsets of $[m]$ with probabilities proportional to the corresponding $k$ by $k$ principal minors of any given $m$ by $m$ positive semi definite matrix. This solves an open problem from the monograph on spectral algorithms by Kannan and Vempala (see Section $7.4$ of \cite{KV}, also implicit in \cite{BDM, DRVW}). Our first algorithm for volume sampling $k$-subsets of rows from an $m$-by-$n$ matrix runs in $O(kmn^\omega \log n)$ arithmetic operations (where $\omega$ is the exponent of matrix multiplication) and a second variant of it for $(1+\eps)$-approximate volume sampling runs in $O(mn \log m \cdot k^{2}/\eps^{2} + m \log^{\omega} m \cdot k^{2\omega+1}/\eps^{2\omega} \cdot \log(k \eps^{-1} \log m))$ arithmetic operations, which is almost linear in the size of the input (i.e., the number of entries) for small $k$. Our efficient volume sampling algorithms imply the following results for low-rank matrix approximation: (1) Given $A \in \reals^{m \times n}$, in $O(kmn^{\omega} \log n)$ arithmetic operations we can find $k$ of its rows such that projecting onto their span gives a $\sqrt{k+1}$-approximation to the matrix of rank $k$ closest to $A$ under the Frobenius norm. This improves the $O(k \sqrt{\log k})$-approximation of Boutsidis, Drineas and Mahoney \cite{BDM} and matches the lower bound shown in \cite{DRVW}. The method of conditional expectations gives a \emph{deterministic} algorithm with the same complexity. The running time can be improved to $O(mn \log m \cdot k^{2}/\eps^{2} + m \log^{\omega} m \cdot k^{2\omega+1}/\eps^{2\omega} \cdot \log(k \eps^{-1} \log m))$ at the cost of losing an extra $(1+\eps)$ in the approximation factor. (2) The same rows and projection as in the previous point give a $\sqrt{(k+1)(n-k)}$-approximation to the matrix of rank $k$ closest to $A$ under the spectral norm. In this paper, we show an almost matching lower bound of $\sqrt{n}$, even for $k=1$.
A Multichannel Nanoparticle Scintillation Microdevice With Integrated Waveguides for Alpha, Beta, Gamma, X-Ray, and Neutron Detection

This paper reports on a glass microdevice with a new patterned nanoparticle composite resin that detects and discriminates all species of radiation emitted from fissionable bombmaking materials. Tailored charge conversion nanoparticles doped into a fast-electron scintillating resin produce different optical pulses specific to the radiation species. These pulses exit since the nanoparticles are appreciably smaller than the wavelength of light. The resins are integrated into a glass substrate where deep cavities are made using microsandblasting, forming independent optical paths leading to fiber-optic attachments. Separate off-the-shelf photomultiplier tubes measure the light pulses. The beta detector was tested with a 90Sr source which produced 1470 cpm with the doped scintillator, while the same source produced 1500 cpm with an off-the-shelf Geiger counter. An Am/Be neutron source was used to test Gd-loaded detectors which exhibited an increase in count rates with an increase in Gd loading. The different nanoparticles used convert differing radiation species into electrons through independent physical mechanisms, including charge conversion (alpha), secondary electron (beta), photoelectron (gamma/X-rays), and an on-chip thermonuclear fusion reaction (neutron) to evaluate the specific isotope radiation signature. The four different detectors use four different methods to convert four different types of radiation into electrons; as a consequence, the measured pulses are characteristic to the radiation, allowing pulse height spectroscopy to be used.
Caltech Faint Galaxy Redshift Survey. VII. Data Analysis Techniques and Redshifts in the Field J0053+1234*

We present the techniques used to determine redshifts and to characterize the spectra of objects in the Caltech Faint Galaxy Redshift Survey in terms of spectral classes and redshift quality classes. These are then applied to spectra from an investigation of a complete sample of objects with Ks < 20 mag in a 2 × 7.3 arcmin2 field at J005325+1234. Redshifts were successfully obtained for 163 of the 195 objects in the sample; these redshifts lie in the range [0.173, 1.44] and have a median of 0.58 (excluding 24 Galactic stars). The sample includes two broad-lined AGNs and one QSO.
Does Publicizing a Tax Credit for Political Contributions Increase Its Use?: Results From a Randomized Field Experiment

We present the results of an experiment using nonpartisan, informational direct mail—of the sort that a public relations–conscious government agency might use—to encourage Ohio voters to contribute money to political candidates. Ohio provides full tax credits of up to $50 to citizens who make contributions to state candidates. We found that the mailing produced a modest and marginally significant increase in the number of citizens who filed for the tax credit. This is consistent with earlier survey research findings by two of the authors suggesting that increased knowledge of the tax credit would be likely to increase its use. The experiment suggests that direct mail campaigns might not be the most cost-effective means for encouraging increased contributions. However, even a modest increase in participation could have important effects, given the small size of the current donor pool.
Integrin Signaling Switches the Cytoskeletal and Exocytic Machinery that Drives Neuritogenesis

Neurons establish their unique morphology by elaborating multiple neurites that subsequently form axons and dendrites. Neurite initiation entails significant surface area expansion, necessitating addition to the plasma membrane. We report that regulated membrane delivery coordinated with the actin cytoskeleton is crucial for neuritogenesis and identify two independent pathways that use distinct exocytic and cytoskeletal machinery to drive neuritogenesis. One pathway uses Ena/VASP-regulated actin dynamics coordinated with VAMP2-mediated exocytosis and involves a novel role for Ena/VASP in exocytosis. A second mechanism occurs in the presence of laminin through integrin-dependent activation of FAK and src and uses coordinated activity of the Arp2/3 complex and VAMP7-mediated exocytosis. We conclude that neuritogenesis can be driven by two distinct pathways that differentially coordinate cytoskeletal dynamics and exocytosis. These regulated changes and coordination of cytoskeletal and exocytic machinery may be used in other physiological contexts involving cell motility and morphogenesis.
Data-Link and Surface Map Traffic Intent Displays for NextGen 4DT and Equivalent Visual Surface Operations

By 2025, U.S. air traffic is predicted to increase 3-fold and may strain the current air traffic management system, which may not be able to accommodate this growth. In response to this challenge, a consortium of industry, academia and government agencies have proposed a revolutionary new concept for U.S. aviation operations, termed the Next Generation Air Transportation System or "NextGen". Many key capabilities are being identified to enable NextGen, including the concept of "net-centric" operations whereby each aircraft and air services provider shares information to allow real-time adaptability to ever-changing factors such as weather, traffic, flight trajectories, and security. Data-link is likely to be the primary source of communication in NextGen. Because NextGen represents a radically different approach to air traffic management and requires a dramatic shift in the tasks, roles, and responsibilities for the flight deck, there are numerous research issues and challenges that must be overcome to ensure a safe, sustainable air transportation system. Flight deck display and crew-vehicle interaction concepts are being developed that proactively investigate and overcome potential technology and safety barriers that might otherwise constrain the full realization of NextGen.
The Sun's interior metallicity constrained by neutrinos

Observed solar neutrino fluxes are employed to constrain the interior composition of the Sun. Including the effects of neutrino flavour mixing, the results from Homestake, Sudbury and Gallium experiments constrain the Mg, Si and Fe abundances in the solar interior to be within a factor of 0.89 to 1.34 of the surface values with 68 per cent confidence. If the O and/or Ne abundances are increased in the interior to resolve helioseismic discrepancies with recent standard solar models, then the nominal interior Mg, Si and Fe abundances are constrained to a range of 0.83 to 1.24 relative to the surface. Additional research is needed to determine whether the Sun's interior is metal-poor relative to its surface.
High-Resolution Keck Spectra of the Associated Absorption Lines in 3C 191

Associated absorption lines (AALs) are valuable probes of the gaseous environments near quasars. Here we discuss high-resolution (6.7 km s-1) spectra of the AALs in the radio-loud quasar 3C 191 (redshift z = 1.956). The measured AALs have ionizations ranging from Mg I to N V and multicomponent profiles that are blueshifted by ~400 to ~1400 km s-1 relative to the quasar's broad emission lines. These data yield the following new results: (1) The strengths of excited-state Si II* AALs indicate a density of ~300 cm-3 in the Si+ gas. (2) If the gas is photoionized, this density implies a distance of ~28 kpc from the quasar. Several arguments suggest that all of the lines form at approximately this distance. (3) The characteristic flow time from the quasar is thus ~3 × 107 yr. (4) Strong Mg I AALs identify neutral gas with very low ionization parameter and high density. We estimate nH 5 × 104 cm-3 in this region, compared to ~15 cm-3 where the N V lines form. (5) The total column density is NH 4 × 1018 cm-2 in the neutral gas and NH ~ 2 × 1020 cm-2 in the moderately ionized regions. These column densities are consistent with 3C 191's strong soft X-ray flux and the implied absence of soft X-ray absorption. (6) The total mass in the AAL outflow is M ~ 2 × 109 M☉, assuming a global covering factor (as viewed from the quasar) of ~10%. (7) The absorbing gas only partially covers the background light source(s) along our line(s) of sight, requiring absorption in small clouds or filaments less than 0.01 pc across. The ratio NH/nH implies that the clouds have radial (line-of-sight) thicknesses 0.2 pc. These properties might characterize a subclass of AALs that are physically related to quasars but form at large distances. We propose a model for the absorber in which pockets of dense neutral gas are surrounded by larger clouds of generally lower density and higher ionization. This outflowing material might be leftover from a blowout associated with a nuclear starburst, the onset of quasar activity, or a past broad absorption line (BAL) wind phase.
The Optical Laboratory

One of the most frequent complaints one hears is that a better job could have been done if there had been more money. The scientists and technicians who work with optics are not immune to this problem but they do have an alternative solution that does not require extensive paper work for proposals or budget modifications. The solution is contained with-in the researcher himself and is simply ingenuity and inven-tiveness. The most efficient way to surface the latent ideas that can help to solve the problems aggrevated by budget limitations is to visit other laboratories and see how they have solved similar problems. In addition it is always gratifying to discover that you can improve on someone else's idea.
BiO(IO3): a new polar iodate that exhibits an aurivillius-type (Bi2O2)2+ layer and a large SHG response.

A new noncentrosymmetric (NCS) and polar material containing two lone-pair cations, Bi3+ and I5+, and exhibiting an Aurivillius-type (Bi2O2)2+ layer has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The material, BiO(IO3), exhibits strong second-harmonic generation (SHG), ∼12.5 × KDP (or ∼500 × α-SiO2), using 1064 nm radiation, and is found in the NCS polar orthorhombic space group Pca21 (No. 29). The structure consists of (Bi2O2)2+ cationic layers that are connected to (IO3)− anions. The macroscopic polarity, observed along the c-axis direction, may be attributed to the alignment of the IO3 polyhedra. In addition to the crystal structure and SHG measurements, polarization and piezoelectric measurements were performed, as well as electronic structure analysis.
Approaches to rotary molecular motors

Interest has recently intensified in the search for molecular motors and actuators ca- pable of delivering useful work to nanodevices under the control of electrochemical or photo- chemical power sources. While many of these man-made molecular machines are designed to deliver rectilinear motion, very few are proposed for the controlled delivery of rotary mo- tion on the time scale characteristic of intramolecular rearrangements. The adaptation of commo-bis-dicarbollide metallacarborane structures to the possible design and synthesis of such rotary molecular motors is now under investigation. Progress toward this goal will be reported.
Regional Income Divergence in China

Abstract Numerous policy studies have argued that conditions have prevailed in China since the open-door economic reforms of the late 1970s that have encouraged rapid growth at the expense of regional income inequality across the provinces of China. In this paper we use recently developed nonstationary panel techniques to provide empirical support for the fact that the long run tendency since the reforms has been for provincial-level incomes to continue to diverge. More importantly, we show that this divergence cannot be attributed to the presence of separate, regional convergence clubs divided among common geographic subgroupings such as the coastal versus interior provinces. Furthermore, we also show that the divergence cannot be attributed to differences in the degree of preferential open-door policies. Rather, we find that the divergence is pervasive both nationally and within these various regional and political subgroupings. We argue that these results point to other causes for regional income divergence, and they also carry potentially important implications for other regions of the world.
Traditional Institutions Meet the Modern World: Caste, Gender, and Schooling Choice in a Globalizing Economy

This paper addresses the question of how traditional institutions interact with the forces of globalization to shape the economic mobility and welfare of particular groups of individuals in the new economy. We explore the role of one such traditional institution-the caste system-in shaping career choices by gender in Bombay using new survey data on school enrollment and income over the past 20 years. We find that male working-class-lower-caste-networks continue to channel boys into local language schools that lead to the traditional occupation, despite the fact that returns to nontraditional white-collar occupations rose substantially in the 1990s, suggesting the possibility of a dynamic inefficiency. In contrast, lower-caste girls, who historically had low labor market participation rates and so did not benefit from the network, are taking full advantage of the opportunities that became available in the new economy by switching rapidly to English schools.
Equity-premium puzzle: evidence from Brazilian data

This paper uses 1992:1-2004:2 quarterly data and two different methods (approximation under lognormality and calibration) to evaluate the existence of an equity-premium puzzle in Brazil. In contrast with some previous works in the Brazilian literature, I conclude that the model used by Mehra and Prescott (1985), either with additive or recursive preferences, is not able to satisfactorily rationalize the equity premium observed in the Brazilian data. The second contribution of the paper is calling the attention to the fact that the utility function calculated under the discrete-state approximation may not exist if the data (as it is the case with Brazilian time series) implies the existence of states in which high negative rates of consumption growth are attained with relatively high probability. This fact is particularly important when the researcher tries to work with high risk-aversion parameters in order to generate high risk premia.
Quantization of accumulated diffused errors in error diffusion

Due to its high image quality and moderate computational complexity, error diffusion is a popular halftoning algorithm for use with inkjet printers. However, error diffusion is an inherently serial algorithm that requires buffering a full row of accumulated diffused error (ADE) samples. For the best performance when the algorithm is implemented in hardware, the ADE data should be stored on the chip on which the error diffusion algorithm is implemented. However, this may result in an unacceptable hardware cost. In this paper, we examine the use of quantization of the ADE to reduce the amount of data that must be stored. We consider both uniform and nonuniform quantizers. For the nonuniform quantizers, we build on the concept of tone-dependency in error diffusion, by proposing several novel feature-dependent quantizers that yield improved image quality at a given bit rate, compared to memoryless quantizers. The optimal design of these quantizers is coupled with the design of the tone-dependent parameters associated with error diffusion. This is done via a combination of the classical Lloyd-Max algorithm and the training framework for tone-dependent error diffusion. Our results show that 4-bit uniform quantization of the ADE yields the same halftone quality as error diffusion without quantization of the ADE. At rates that vary from 2 to 3 bits per pixel, depending on the selectivity of the feature on which the quantizer depends, the feature-dependent quantizers achieve essentially the same quality as 4-bit uniform quantization.
Highly efficient Grignard-type imine additions via C-H activation in water and under solvent-free conditions.

A highly effective Cu–Ru catalyzed addition of terminal alkynes to imines via C–H activation has been achieved in water or under solvent-free conditions.
Different Ionic Selectivities for Connexins 26 and 32 Produce Rectifying Gap Junction Channels

The functional diversity of gap junction intercellular channels arising from the large number of connexin isoforms is significantly increased by heterotypic interactions between members of this family. This is particularly evident in the rectifying behavior of Cx26/Cx32 heterotypic channels (Barrio et al., 1991. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:8410 - 8414). The channel properties responsible for producing the rectifying current observed for Cx26/Cx32 heterotypic gap junction channels were determined in transfected mouse neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cells. Transfectants revealed maximum unitary conductances (gj) of 135 pS for Cx26 and 53 pS for Cx32 homotypic channels in 120 mM KCl. Anionic substitution of glutamate for Cl indicated that Cx26 channels favored cations by 2.6;1, whereas Cx32 channels were relatively nonselective with respect to charge. In Cx26/Cx32 heterotypic cell pairs, the macroscopic fast rectification of the current-voltage relationship was fully explained at the single-channel level by a rectifying gj that increased by a factor of 2.9 as the transjunctional voltage (Vj) changed from 2100 to 1100 mV with the Cx26 cell as the positive pole. A model of electrodiffusion of ions through the gap junction pore based on Nernst-Planck equations for ion concentrations and the Poisson equation for the electrical potential within the junction is developed. Selectivity characteristics are ascribed to each hemichannel based on either pore features (treated as uniform along the length of the hemichannel) or entrance effects unique to each connexin. Both analytical GHK approximations and full numerical solutions predict rectifying characteristics for Cx32/Cx26 heterotypic channels, although not to the full extent seen empirically. The model predicts that asymmetries in the conductance/ permeability properties of the hemichannels (also cast as Donnan potentials) will produce either an accumulation or a depletion of ions within the channel, depending on voltage polarity, that will result in rectification.
Measuring the Indirect Effects of an Agricultural Investment Project on Its Surrounding Region

An approach to measuring the magnitude and incidence of regional downstream effects of an irrigation project is described. The approach is applied to the Muda River project and surrounding region in Northwestern Malaysia. In aggregate, the Muda project's downstream effects are the same as its direct effects. That is, for every additional dollar of value added in paddy production generated by the project at maturity, approximately 75 cents of value added is generated by downstream effects. Also, each dollar of downstream value added is probably supported by just over a dollar of additional investment in plant and equipment spread over the sectors where project-related expansion occurred. The direct effects of the project did not worsen the distribution of income among farm households, but its downstream added value accrued mainly to the nonfarm households engaged in paddy milling and the production of nontradables. Although the spread in nonfarm incomes was wide, the majority of downstream income went to households that were better off than those engaged in paddy farming. Thus, while the project's downstream effects did much to boost the aggregate income of the Muda area, they worsened the intraregional distribution of income. 11 references.
Analytic approach to nonlinear hydrodynamic instabilities driven by time-dependent accelerations.

We extend our earlier model for Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities to the more general class of hydrodynamic instabilities driven by a time-dependent acceleration $g(t)$. Explicit analytic solutions for linear as well as nonlinear amplitudes are obtained for several $g(t)$s by solving a Schr\"odinger-like equation ${d}^{2}\ensuremath{\eta}/d{t}^{2}\ensuremath{-}g(t)kA\ensuremath{\eta}=0$, where $A$ is the Atwood number and $k$ is the wave number of the perturbation amplitude $\ensuremath{\eta}(t)$. In our model a simple transformation $k\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{k}_{L}$ and $A\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{A}_{L}$ connects the linear to the nonlinear amplitudes: ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{nonlinear}(k,A)\ensuremath{\sim}(1/{k}_{L})\text{ln}\text{ }{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{linear}({k}_{L},{A}_{L})$. The model is found to be in very good agreement with direct numerical simulations. Bubble amplitudes for a variety of accelerations are seen to scale with $s$ defined by $s=\ensuremath{\int}\sqrt{g(t)}dt$, while spike amplitudes prefer scaling with displacement $\ensuremath{\Delta}x=\ensuremath{\int}[\ensuremath{\int}g(t)dt]dt$.
Sequential cross-coupling of 1,4-bissilylbutadienes: synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,4-disubstituted 1,3-butadienes.

A mild and general and stereospecific cross-coupling reaction of unsymmetrical 1,4-bissilyl-1,3-butadienes has been accomplished. By the use of either a benzyldimethylsilyl or 2-thienyldimethylsilyl unit at one end of the dienylsilanol, a selective cross-coupling could be effected under mildly basic conditions (KOTMS) to afford 4-aryl-1,3-dienylsilanes in excellent yield for a wide range of aryl and alkenyl coupling partners. The second cross-coupling could be effected cleanly by the action of TBAF with electron-rich or electron-poor halides. The sequential process could be telescoped into a “one pot” procedure with overall excellent yields of the unsymmetrical 1,4-diaryl-1,3-butadienes.
The Spermatozoa Protein, SLLP1, Is a Novel Cancer–Testis Antigen in Hematologic Malignancies

Purpose: Neoplastic cells often aberrantly express normal testicular proteins. Because these proteins have a very restricted normal tissue expression, they may be suitable targets for immunotherapy. SLLP1 is an intra-acrosomal, nonbacteriolytic, c lysozyme–like protein recently isolated from human spermatozoa. In this study, we determined whether SLLP1 is a novel cancer–testis antigen in hematologic malignancies Experimental Design: SLLP1 expression in hematologic tumor cells and normal tissues was determined using a combination of reverse transcription-PCR, real-time PCR, and Western blot analysis. The presence of antibodies against SLLP1 was determined by ELISA analysis. Results: SLLP1 was aberrantly expressed in the tumor cells from 2 of 9 acute myeloid leukemia, 3 of 11 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 4 of 14 chronic myeloid leukemia, and 6 of 17 multiple myeloma. In contrast, they were not detected in corresponding specimens from any healthy donors. SLLP1 exhibited a very restricted normal tissue expression, being found only in testis/spermatozoa. SLLP1 was expressed in some tumor cells at a level of >25%. High titer IgG antibodies against SLLP1 were also detected in the sera of some of these patients. Conclusions: SLLP1 is a novel cancer–testis antigen in hematologic malignancies and is capable of eliciting B-cell immune responses in vivo in cancer-bearing individuals. Our results, therefore, support SLLP1 as a protein target appropriate for additional in vitro study to define its suitability for immunotherapy.
The effects of property rights on economic performance

This study augments the neoclassical growth model proposed by Mankiw et al. (1992) to analyse the effects of the property rights protection on the levels of economic performance, measured by per capita gross domestic product (GDP), across countries. The augmented model predicts that (1) the accumulation of physical and human capital and therefore the level of per capita GDP in a country, is positively related with the degree of property rights protection as well as with the saving rates and (2) the effects of the saving rates on the level of per capita GDP in a country are positively related with the degree of property rights protection. Empirical evidence shows that the predictions of the augmented model are consistent with the variations in the levels of per capita GDP across countries.
Phase transition dynamics for baryon-dense matter

We construct a simple two-phase equation of state intended to resemble that of compressed baryon-rich matter and then introduce a gradient term in the compressional energy density to take account of finite-range effects in nonuniform configurations. With this model we study the interface between the two coexisting phases and obtain estimates for the associated interface tension. Subsequently, we incorporate the finite-range equation of state into ideal or viscous fluid dynamics and derive the collective dispersion relation for the mechanically unstable modes of bulk matter in the spinodal region of the thermodynamic phase diagram. Combining these results with time scales extracted from existing dynamical transport simulations, we discuss the prospects for spinodal phase separation to occur in nuclear collisions. We argue that these can be optimized by a careful tuning of the collision energy to maximize the time spent by the bulk of the system inside the mechanically unstable spinodal region of the phase diagram. Our specific numerical estimates suggest cautious optimism that this phenomenon may in fact occur, though a full dynamical simulation is needed for a detailed assessment.
Generation of energetic wavelength tunable femtosecond pulses in higher-order-mode fiber

We discuss soliton-self frequency shift in higher-order-mode (HOM) fibers below 1300 nm. HOM fibers, with its higher tolerance to nonlinearities and engineerable dispersion characteristics, will enable tunable, energetic femtosecond sources at new wavelength regions.
Effects of Meat Recalls on Futures Market Prices

The number of meat recalls has increased markedly in recent years. This research examines the impact of beef and pork recall announcements on nearby daily live cattle and lean hog futures market prices, respectively. Results indicate medium-sized beef recalls that are of serious health concerns have a marginally negative impact on short-term live cattle futures prices. However, results are not robust across recall size and severity. This research suggests that if there is any systematic change in cattle and hog demand due to meat recalls, it likely occurs over an extended period of time and only in certain cases does it noticeably affect daily futures prices. Recently, considerable attention has been directed at quantifying the effects of nonprice factors in meat demand studies. In an attempt to identify the causes of structural change in the beef industry (as reported by Moschini, 1991; Moschini and Meilke, 1989; and Eales and Unnevehr, 1988), numerous studies have examined factors such as food safety, health and nutrition, media, and advertising on meat demand.
Three-dimensional CAD-based mesh Generator for the Dey-Mittra conformal FDTD algorithm

It is well-known that the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is subject to significant errors due to the staircasing of surfaces that are not precisely aligned with major grid planes. Dey and Mittra introduced a locally conformal method (D-FDTD) that has shown substantial gains in the accuracy of modeling arbitrary surfaces in the FDTD grid. A mesh generator for this purpose was reported by Yu and Mittra. In this paper, we present the formulation and validation of an alternative CAD-based mesh generator for D-FDTD that has improved capabilities for arbitrary three-dimensional (3-D) perfect electric conductor (PEC) geometries. This mesh generator is capable of importing AutoCad and ProE files of 3-D PEC scatterers and resonators. It can reduce the required FDTD grid resolution by up to 4:1 in each Cartesian direction in 3-D relative to conventional staircased FDTD models when modeling cavity resonances of complex PEC structures such as twisted waveguides.
DOES THE MINIMUM LEGAL DRINKING AGE SAVE LIVES

The minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) is widely believed to save lives by reducing traffic fatalities among underage drivers. Further, the Federal Uniform Drinking Age Act, which pressured all states to adopt an MLDA of 21, is regarded as having contributed enormously to this life-saving effect. This article challenges both claims. State-level panel data for the past 30 yr show that any nationwide impact of the MLDA is driven by states that increased their MLDA prior to any inducement from the federal government. Even in early-adopting states, the impact of the MLDA did not persist much past the year of adoption. The MLDA appears to have only a minor impact on teen drinking. (JEL H11, K42)
Galois extensions ramified only at one prime

Abstract This paper gives some restrictions on finite groups that can occur as Galois groups of extensions over Q and over F q ( t ) ramified only at one finite prime. Over Q , we strengthen results of Jensen and Yui about dihedral extensions and rule out some non-solvable groups. Over F q ( t ) restrictions are given for symmetric groups and dihedral groups to occur as tamely ramified extension over F q ( t ) ramified only at one prime.
Equity for Open-Access Journal Publishing

Open-access journals, which provide access to their scholarly articles freely and without limitations, are at a systematic disadvantage relative to traditional closed-access journal publishing and its subscription-based business model. A simple, cost-effective remedy to this inequity could put open-access publishing on a path to become a sustainable, efficient system.
Adaptive output feedback control of nonlinear systems represented by input-output models

We consider a single-input-single-output nonlinear system which can be represented globally by an input-output model. The system is input-output linearizable by feedback and is required to satisfy a minimum phase condition. The nonlinearities are not required to satisfy any global growth condition. The model depends linearly on unknown parameters which belong to a known compact convex set. We design a semiglobal adaptive output feedback controller which ensures that the output of the system tracks any given reference signal which is bounded and has bounded derivatives up to the nth order, where n is the order of the system. The reference signal and its derivatives are assumed to belong to a known compact set. It is also assumed to be sufficiently rich to satisfy a persistence of excitation condition. The design process is simple. First we assume that the output and its derivatives are available for feedback and design the adaptive controller as a state feedback controller in appropriate coordinates. Then we saturate the controller outside a domain of interest and use a high-gain observer to estimate the derivatives of the output. We prove, via asymptotic analysis, that when the speed of the high-gain observer is sufficiently high, the adaptive output feedback controller recovers the performance achieved under the state feedback one.
Securing Encryption Systems With a Switched Capacitor Current Equalizer

Hardware encryption engines are essential components of secure systems. They are widely used in desktop applications such as the trusted platform module as well as in mobile applications where they offer high energy efficiency compared to their software implementation counterparts. Unfortunately, ASIC encryption engines leak side-channel information through their power supplies. This information can be used by attackers to reveal their secret keys with attacks such as differential power analysis. Dual-rail logic and noise addition circuits increase the security against these attacks, but they add higher than 3x overheads in area, power, and performance to unsecured encryption engines. In this work, we present a switched capacitor circuit that equalizes the current to isolate the critical encryption activity from the external supplies, eliminating the side-channel information leakage. The secure encryption system was implemented in a 0.13 ?m CMOS technology with 7.2% area and 33% power overheads and a 2 × performance degradation. The secret encryption key was not revealed after ten million side-channel attacks.
Optimal Price and Inventory Adjustment in an Open-Economy Model of the Business Cycle

This paper presents a macroeconomic model containing optimizing, inventory-holding firms that is consistent with a number of prominent empirical regularities concerning fluctuations in output, exchange rates, relative prices, and money. Prices are sticky, but they are not predetermined. Still, our model is consistent with exchange rate overshooting in the sense of Dornbusch. Typical sticky-price models allow a divergence between current production and current demand, but this divergence is never allowed to feed back into the model. Our optimal inventory adjustments reconcile divergences between current demand and production, and the inventory stock movements provide expected future dynamics.
Galaxy statistics in pencil‐beam surveys at high redshifts

Surveys of faint galaxies at high redshifts often result in a ‘pencil-beam’ geometry that is much longer along the line of sight than across the sky. We explore the effects of this geometry on the abundance and clustering of Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) and Lyman α emitters (LAEs) in current and future surveys based on cosmological N-body simulations which adequately describe the non-linear growth of structure on small scales and compare to linear theory. We find that the probability distribution of the LBG abundance is skewed towards low values since the narrow transverse dimension of the survey is more likely to probe underdense regions. Over a range that spans 1–2 orders of magnitude in galaxy luminosities, the variance in the number of objects differs from the commonly used analytic prediction and is not dominated by Poisson noise. Additionally, non-linear bias on small scales results in a 1D power spectrum of LAEs using a James Webb Space Telescope field of view that is relatively flat, markedly different from the expectation of linear perturbation theory. We discuss how these results may affect attempts to measure the UV background at high redshifts, estimate the relationship between halo mass and galaxy luminosity, and probe re-ionization by measuring the power-modulating effect of ionized regions.
Homological Stabilizer Codes.

Abstract In this paper we define homological stabilizer codes on qubits which encompass codes such as Kitaev’s toric code and the topological color codes. These codes are defined solely by the graphs they reside on. This feature allows us to use properties of topological graph theory to determine the graphs which are suitable as homological stabilizer codes. We then show that all toric codes are equivalent to homological stabilizer codes on 4-valent graphs. We show that the topological color codes and toric codes correspond to two distinct classes of graphs. We define the notion of label set equivalencies and show that under a small set of constraints the only homological stabilizer codes without local logical operators are equivalent to Kitaev’s toric code or to the topological color codes.
Thermal Cycling of Epoxy Coatings Using Room Temperature Ionic Liquids

Nonaqueous room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) offer a method of using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to analyze coatings without the confounding effects, such as plasticization, associated with an aqueous working fluid. Thermal cycling has been used as an accelerated testing method for ranking the corrosion protection of coatings. The influence of thermal cycling on the degradation of a coating was investigated using a hydrophilic RTIL as the electrolyte for the drying cycle of EIS experiments. The change in diffusion coefficient, saturated water volume fraction, and activation energy for the absorption and desorption of water by the coating was obtained.
Resistance Training Affects Iron Status in Older Men and Women

Objective: To examine the effects of resistance training on hematological and selected indices of iron status in 17 women aged 54–71 years and 18 men aged 56–69 years. Design: Tests and evaluations were done before and after all subjects participated in a resistance training program twice weekly for 12 weeks. Results: The resistance training was effective as evidenced by increases in skeletal muscle strength of 20 ± 9% and 23 ± 13% for the men and women, respectively. Hematological parameters and serum iron concentrations were within normal clinical ranges and were unchanged by resistance training for both the men and the women. Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation were also unaffected by resistance training in the women but were significantly affected in the men. The men showed a decreased TIBC (p < .0001) and an increased transferrin saturation (p = .050). Serum ferritin concentrations decreased significantly in the women (p = .041) but were unchanged in the men. Transferrin rec...
An unusual dehalogenation in the Suzuki coupling of 4-bromopyrrole-2-carboxylates

Abstract An unusual dehalogenation of 4-bromopyrrole-2-carboxylates under Suzuki coupling conditions has been observed. This dehalogenation can be suppressed by protection of the pyrrole nitrogen. Using a BOC protecting group, not only is dehalogenation suppressed, but the protecting group is also removed under the reaction conditions.