cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence of acute lower extremity venous thrombosis after percutaneous endovascular aneurysm repair

Background Improvements in endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) have led many physicians to embrace a purely percutaneous approach using the suture-mediated "preclose" technique. Whereas there are a number of theoretical benefits, the rate of periprocedural iatrogenic acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is unknown. We sought to determine the incidence of acute DVT after percutaneous EVAR (PEVAR). Methods This was a single-center, retrospective review of 52 consecutive patients undergoing elective PEVAR. Demographics, procedural data, and postprocedure lower extremity venous duplex ultrasound data were analyzed by univariate statistical analysis. Results Among the 52 patients, the average age was 73 years, and the majority were men (n = 44). Only 6% (n = 3) had a prior history of DVT. The majority of procedures were performed under general anesthesia (n = 51 [98%]) with systemic intravenous heparin. Protamine was used in only 13 cases (25%). Sheath sizes ranged from 9F to 20F, with an average of 16F, and closure was achieved using the preclose technique. Postprocedure chemoprophylaxis was administered to 85% of patients (n = 44) during their hospitalization. Median length of stay was 1 day. Acute DVT was identified in 8% of patients (n = 4) on postoperative day 1. Among the 4 DVTs, 25% were femoropopliteal (n = 1) and 75% were calf vein DVTs (n = 3). On follow-up imaging 2 weeks later, 75% of DVTs were resolved. Among the four patients with acute DVT on postoperative day 1, three had associated risk factors: history of DVT (n = 2), active smokers (n = 1), and obesity (body mass index >30; n = 3). The remaining patient had no risk factors but developed an ipsilateral calf vein DVT. Conclusions The risk of acute DVT after PEVAR is low. Lower extremity venous duplex ultrasound screening is not necessary unless there exist preclinical risk factors or postprocedural clinical indications suggestive of DVT.
Congenital cirrhosis of the liver associated with infectious hepatitis of pregnancy.

Summary A case of portal cirrhosis of the newborn infant associated with maternal infectious hepatitis has been presented. The causes of cirrhosis in the newborn infant and the possible relationship of maternal infectious hepatitis and congenital cirrhosis were discussed.
MULTIPLE SPRING MIGRATION STRATEGIES IN A POPULATION OF PACIFIC COMMON EIDERS

Abstract. Spring migration strategies vary within and among species. Examination of this variability extends our understanding of life histories and has implications for conservation. I used satellite transmitters to determine migration strategies and evaluate factors influencing the timing of spring migration of Pacific Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima v-nigrum) that nest along the western Beaufort Sea coast. Adult females were marked at nesting colonies in the summers of 2000, 2001, and 2003, and were followed throughout spring migration the following year. Each year approximately equal proportions of eiders used three distinct migration strategies varying in duration, staging locations (waters near the Chukotka Peninsula, Russia, and the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, Alaska), and arrival dates at the nesting areas. It is unlikely that differences in the timing of movements to stopover sites in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas were a result of responses to changes in weather, particularly wind direction. I...
New HLA–DR haplotypes containing the DRB6 pseudogene

An unexpected probe reaction pattern was observed in two samples during HLA-DR typing by PCR-Sequence Specific Oligonucleotide Probes. In order to confirm the unusual typings, samples were analyzed by PCR-Sequence Specific Primers, cloning, and nucleotide sequencing of the second exon of the HLA-DRB-genes. The confirmed DR, DQ phenotype for one sample was DRB1*0701, DRB4*01, DRB5*0101, DRB6*0201, DQB*0602, DQB1*0202. The phenotype of other sample was DRB1*1602, DRB1*1302, DRB3*0301, DRB6*0101, DQB1*0501, DQB1*0502. The first sample has the novel combination of DRB1*0701 with DRB5*0101 and DRB6*0201. The second sample has either DRB6*0101 together with DRB 1*1602 in absence of any DRB5 allele or DRB6*0101 together with DRB1*1302, DRB 3*0301. We postulate that the most likely haplotype in sample #1 is DRB1*0701, DRB5*0101, DRB1*0602 which could have arisen from gene conversion. The most likely haplotype in sample #2, DRB 1*1602, DRB6*0101, DQB1*0502 would have arisen from an homologous recombination event.
Satellite‐based daily SSTs over the global ocean

[1] Daily 1/8° global fields of sea surface temperature (SST), operationally produced by the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS), are presented. Production using a combination of optimal interpolation and climatologically corrected persistence balances eddy-resolving spatial and daily temporal resolution with improved transitions in time and space across cloud-obscured regions to eliminate data voids. Hindcast reanalysis has consistently extended complete MODAS SST coverage from 1993 to the present. In validation analysis using 219 yearlong daily SST time series from both coastal and open ocean buoys over the global ocean, MODAS gives a median root mean squared SST difference of 0.41°C. Whether hindcast or real-time, stand-alone or coupled, MODAS SST is applicable for physical or biological studies and operational applications on regional to global scales.
Photoaddition of chlorpromazine to DNA.

Abstract Chlorpromazine, 2-chloro-N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine (CPZ), is a frequently prescribed antipsychotic drug that causes cutaneous photosensitivity in man. CPZ is also phototoxic and photomutagenic in vitro. We have investigated the photoaddition of CPZ to DNA as a possible mechanism for these photobiologic effects. Prior to irradiation, CPZ binds non-covalently to double-stranded calf thymus DNA. At high nucleotide to CPZ ratios, the CPZ absorption maximum shifts from 305 nm to 340 nm with an isosbestic point at 323 nm and 90% of the CPZ fluorescence at 455 nm is quenched. The excitation and emission spectra for the unquenchable fluorescence are the same as those for unbound CPZ. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of unbound CPZ are restored at 0.1 mM magnesium acetate or 100 mM sodium acetate. Non-covalent binding of CPZ to heat-denatured DNA does not shift the CPZ absorption spectrum but quenches 65% of the CPZ fluorescence. Photolytic decomposition of CPZ was inhibited by binding to DNA. In the presence of high concentrations of double-stranded DNA or denatured DNA the photolysis rates were reduced by > 98% and 65%, respectively, compared to free CPZ. Formation of covalent photoadducts between CPZ and denatured DNA was 10-fold more efficient than photoadduct formation with double-stranded DNA. Approximately 10% of the CPZ which photodecomposed upon irradiation at 323 nm photoadded to denatured DNA. These results indicate that formation of a complex between CPZ and double-stranded DNA absorbing at 340 nm protects CPZ from photodecomposition and inhibits covalent photoadduct formation.
An experimental study of “Taylor columns”☆

Abstract According to the “Taylor column” hypothesis of Jupiter's Great Red Spot, the planet rotates so rapidly that hydrodynamical disturbances at great depths within his atmosphere, possibly due to a “topographical feature” of the surface underlying the atmosphere, can, provided that their horizontal dimensions are sufficiently large, penetrate upward as far as the visible surface. Hence, the theoretical and experimental investigation of “Taylor columns” described in this paper might bear on processes occurring in Jupiter's atmosphere. Simple theoretical arguments suggest that for Taylor columns to arise in a homogeneous, inviscid, incompressible fluid that rotates uniformly about the z axis of coordinates of a Cartesian system, the ratio of the linear dimension in the z direction of the “topographical feature” to that of the fluid container must exceed a Rossby number based on the relative hydrodynamical flow velocity, on the linear dimensions in the x and y directions of the “topographical” feature, and on the basic rotation rate of the system, multiplied by a number of order unity. Systematic experiments have been carried out on Taylor columns produced by moving solid objects through a liquid in a rotating cylindrical tank. They show that the theoretical criterion is probably correct, and indicate how it is affected by viscosity.
Coincident Timing by Nondisabled, Mentally Retarded, and Traumatic Brain-Injured Individuals under Varying Target-Exposure Conditions:

Coincident timing by 15 nondisabled individuals, 15 mentally retarded and 15 traumatically brain injured was measured under varying target-exposure conditions. Absolute constant error, constant error, and variable error were analyzed in separate repeated-measures analyses of variance for early performance (first block of practice), late performance (last block of practice), and retention (last block of retention). Subjects with mental retardation displayed the least accurate and most variable coincident-timing responses. Nondisabled subjects were most influenced by target-exposure time; subjects with traumatic brain injury were most influenced by target-viewing distance; and subjects with mental retardation were most influenced by a combination of target velocity and target-viewing distance. Subjects with mental retardation displayed a too-early response bias, while nondisabled subjects tended to have a too-late response bias. Individuals with traumatic brain injury had a variable response bias.
Nonequilibrium combustion and nozzle flow in propellant performance

perfor- msion" mansion nsional ixisym- s. The ct from The calculated equilibrium and arbitrarily selected non- equilibrium initial conditions, labeled equilibrium combustion (EC) and nonequilibrium combustion (NEC), for the H2/F2 combination are compared in Table 2. Equivalence ratios ($ = (//o)/(//o)stoich) of 1.0 and 2.0 were selected. The = 2.0 case is near the optimum for equilibrium expansion. The nonequilibrium case for = 1.0 is based on 93.5% forma- tion of the equilibrium HF with the remainder appearing primarily as unreacted, undissociated H2 and F2. For = 1.0 and 4> = 2.0. In this case, however, the mixture ratio giving maximum specific impulse at equilibrium expansion conditions is near the stoichiometric value, = 1.0.
Dual surface beamforming and acoustical holography for sound field visualization in reverberant environments

AbstractNear-field acoustical holography is a technique that has been widely used to visualize noise sources from pressure measurements in spaces that can be assumed to be anechoic or semi-anechoic...
Development and validation of consensus clustering-based framework for brain segmentation using resting fMRI.

Abstract Background Clustering methods are increasingly employed to segment brain regions into functional subdivisions using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). However, these methods are highly sensitive to the (i) precise algorithms employed, (ii) their initializations, and (iii) metrics used for uncovering the optimal number of clusters from the data. New method To address these issues, we develop a novel consensus clustering evidence accumulation (CC-EAC) framework, which effectively combines multiple clustering methods for segmenting brain regions using rs-fMRI data. Using extensive computer simulations, we examine the performance of widely used clustering algorithms including K-means, hierarchical, and spectral clustering as well as their combinations. We also examine the accuracy and validity of five objective criteria for determining the optimal number of clusters: mutual information, variation of information, modified silhouette, Rand index, and probabilistic Rand index. Results A CC-EAC framework with a combination of base K-means clustering (KC) and hierarchical clustering (HC) with probabilistic Rand index as the criterion for choosing the optimal number of clusters, accurately uncovered the correct number of clusters from simulated datasets. In experimental rs-fMRI data, these methods reliably detected functional subdivisions of the supplementary motor area, insula, intraparietal sulcus, angular gyrus, and striatum. Comparison with existing methods Unlike conventional approaches, CC-EAC can accurately determine the optimal number of stable clusters in rs-fMRI data, and is robust to initialization and choice of free parameters. Conclusions A novel CC-EAC framework is proposed for segmenting brain regions, by effectively combining multiple clustering methods and identifying optimal stable functional clusters in rs-fMRI data.
The pineal complex and its relationship to other epithalamic structures

The pineal complex of rodents is made up of a pineal gland which developmentally always originates from the area between the habenular and posterior commissure and a pineal sac which is continuous wit
The two-stage brachial artery-brachial vein autogenous fistula for hemodialysis: an alternative autogenous option for hemodialysis access.

The optimal dialysis access for the patient with chronic renal failure is considered to be an autogenous fistula; this is reflected in the recommendations of the National Kidney Foundation–Disease Outcomes Quality Initiatives (NKF-DOQI). If adequate superficial veins at the wrist or the forearm are not available, the next option is usually a prosthetic arteriovenous graft. In this case series, we describe our experience with an autogenous fistula constructed using the brachial vein. There were 20 patients over a 14-month period who were operated on for dialysis access. In these patients, no adequate superficial veins were found at operation. Instead of using a prosthetic graft, we performed a brachial artery–brachial vein fistula in two stages. The first stage involved a forearm anastomosis and then subsequently, weeks later, this fistula was "superficialized." Twenty patients underwent a brachial artery–brachial vein fistula. Of these patients, all had successful maturation of their fistula and after a minimum waiting period of 12 weeks for maturation; all but one were able to be successfully dialyzed through their fistula. One patient developed arm swelling due to previously placed subclavian vein pacemaker wires. None of the other patients developed arm swelling or vascular steal. The brachial artery–brachial vein fistula is a feasible option for hemodialysis access and we suggest that this option be considered before a prosthetic arteriovenous graft is inserted. Arm swelling and steal have not been a problem, and all patients have been able to have full dialysis through the fistula after appropriate maturation times.
Determination of Bisphenol-A in Reusable Polycarbonate Food-Contact Plastics and Migration to Food-Simulating Liquids

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a principal reactant in the preparation of polycarbonate (PC) plastics and has been shown in in vitro cell proliferation studies to exhibit estrogen-like characteristics. Reusa...
Enhanced cutaneous vascular response in AD subjects under donepezil therapy.

Abstract Objective: Abnormal cutaneous vasodilatory responses to the iontophoresis of vasodilators were previously observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We sought to replicate these observations and further identify peripheral vascular components of AD pathology. Methods: Methacholine chloride (MCh), acetylcholine chloride (ACh), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were applied iontophoretically to forearm skin. Laser Doppler imaging of treated areas yielded total perfusion response values. Results: Response to MCh was enhanced 78% (P=0.003) in AD subjects under therapy with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) donepezil (N=9), relative to age- and sex-matched controls (N=12). Significant increases in perfusion were also observed after application of ACh (68%, P=0.03) and SNP (46%, P=0.04). Conclusions: A previous study reported attenuated response to ACh in AD. Paradoxically, we observed a substantially enhanced response that is likely a consequence of donepezil therapy. The increased response to the endothelium-independent vasodilator SNP indicates improved general vasodilatory response, perhaps due to preservation of endogenous ACh by donepezil. Cerebral perfusion in response to functional activation may be improved in this way, suggesting a secondary therapeutic mode of donepezil.
Distance Matters more than You Think! An Artifact Clouds Interpretation of Latane, Liu, Nowak, Bonevento, and Zheng’s Results

Latane, Liu, Nowak, Bonevento, and Zheng reported three surveys that led them to conclude that the number of memorable interactions decreases as a function of geographical distance raised to the first power. Although interactions certainly decayed with distance, the particular decay function that they report appears to be an artifact of their memorable-interactions-per-mile measure. In effect, they took remembered interactions, divided them by distance, and then plotted them against distance. The fact that the inverse of distance plotted against distance has a slope of -1.00 when plotted in logarithms is tautological, not psychological. Of course distance matters, but we need to look elsewhere to find out precisely how.
Modulation of PML protein expression regulates JCV infection.

JC virus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus that infects the majority of the human population worldwide. It is responsible for the fatal demyelinating disease Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. JCV binds to cells using the serotonin receptor 5-HT{sub 2A}R and alpha(2-6)- or alpha(2-3)-linked sialic acid. It enters cells using clathrin-dependent endocytosis and traffics to the early endosome and possibly to the endoplasmic reticulum. Viral DNA is then delivered to the nucleus where transcription, replication, and assembly of progeny occur. We found that the early regulatory protein large T antigen accumulates in microdomains in the nucleus adjacent to ND-10 or PML domains. This observation prompted us to explore the role of these domains in JCV infection. We found that a reduction of nuclear PML enhanced virus infection and that an increase in nuclear PML reduced infection. Infection with JCV did not directly modulate nuclear levels of PML but our data indicate that a host response involving interferon beta is likely to restrict virus infection by increasing nuclear PML.
Dedifferentiated gastrointestinal stromal tumor arising de novo from the small intestine.

Abstract Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and usually display monotonous cytologic features and immunoactivity for CD117. Anaplastic GIST, with pleomorphic cells and loss of CD117, until recently have only been reported in patients with chronic imatinib mesylate treatment. Dedifferentiated GISTs arising de novo is a newly identified entity that may prove to be difficult to diagnose. We present the case of a 52-year-old female found to have a dedifferentiated GIST without prior imatinib mesylate therapy. This case is the first reported dedifferentiated GIST arising de novo from the small bowel, and at 30 cm in greatest diameter, the largest reported to date. Additionally, we demonstrate for the first time the loss of DOG1 in the anaplastic component of the tumor. De novo dedifferentiated GIST is a rare and diagnostically challenging tumor that may be mischaracterized unless considered in the differential diagnosis.
Relationship between insecticide‐induced short and wry neck and cervical defects visible histologically shortly after treatment of chick embryos

In order to clarify the anatomical precursor of short and wry neck, 48-hr chick embryos were injected with 6.25-200 micrograms of the organophosphate (OP) insecticide diazinon and recovered either at 96 hr for histological evaluation or at 19 days for gross observation. Among embryos recovered at 96 hr, all receiving a dose of 25-200 micrograms showed, in serial cross sections, the cervical notochord severely folded in the vertical, horizontal, and diagonal planes and the adjacent neural tube variously folded (often with branching of its canal), deformed by the notochord, rotated, and/or displaced from the midline. Virtually all embryos injected with 6.25 or 12.5 micrograms were fully free of such abnormalities. The coinjection of 2-pyridinealdoxime methochloride (2-PAM, which protects the embryo from certain OP insecticide-induced teratisms) along with 200 micrograms of diazinon markedly reduced the notochord and neural wry neck at 19 days paralleled the 96-hr cervical histology: pronounced in all embryos receiving greater than or equal to 25 micrograms, virtually nonexistent in those receiving 6.25 or 12.5 micrograms. Though more marked at higher doses, wry neck occurred to varying extents at all doses, 6.25-100 micrograms. We conclude that 1) the primary insecticide effect is upon the notochord rather than the neural tube, 2) short neck is a direct consequence of notochord folding, 3) wry neck is apparently not linked with notochord folding, and 4) vertebral fusion is not the consequence solely of muscle paralysis as argued elsewhere. We propose that the notochord folds because diazinon disrupts normal formation of its sheath.
Backmixing in gas‐liquid reactors

This review evaluates the present state of the art on backmixing in gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reactors. A brief outline of numerous techniques for measuring residence time distribution (RTD) of various phases in a multiphase reactor is presented. This is followed by a brief description of differential and stagewise models for characterizing backmixing from RTD measurements. Both simple (that is, single-parameter axial dispersion model) and more complex (that is, two-, three-, or four-parameter models) models are evaluated. Backmixing characteristics of various gas-liquid columns such as trickle beds, spray columns, mechanically agitated columns, plate columns, fluidized bed columns, etc., are subsequently evaluated. The performance of a bubble column under various reaction conditions is analyzed. Criteria for the elimination of backmixing in packed-bed reactors are presented, and the effect of backmixing on the multiple steady states in a gas-liquid reactor is briefly reviewed. Finally, the scale-up problems associated with gas-liquid reactors with various degrees of backmixing and the recommendations for the future work in RTD and macromixing models are outlined.
Bilateral visual loss and disc edema in a 15-year-old girl

Abstract A 15-year-old girl with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for congenital hydrocephalus presented with bilateral visual loss and disc edema. Although a CT scan showed no change in ventricular size, subsequent evaluation revealed elevated intracranial pressure and shunt malfunction. Initial visual loss was secondary to chronic papilledema. The rapid reduction of longstanding elevated intracranial pressure may have contributed to worsening of visual function after shunt revision. Subsequent optic nerve sheath fenestration did not improve visual function. In patients with treated hydrocephalus and symptoms of signs of raised intracranial pressure, shunt malfunction should be suspected even if neuroimaging proves unremarkable.
Time-and strain-history-dependent dynamic moduli of semidilute solutions of nitrile rubber containing multiple-branched molecules

Abstract A new type of time-dependent and strain-history-dependent viscoelasticity was discovered in semidilute polymer solutions. Dynamic moduli G′ and G″ of 20% and 10% nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) solutions were recorded as a function of time while oscillatory shear deformations were maintained. The moduli decrease with time was observed only at lower frequencies. The time dependence of G′ was more pronounced than that of G″. At a higher temperature, the time dependence was extended toward higher frequencies also, and the time dependence became stronger. Lowering the concentration of solution gave a similar effect as increasing temperature. After the cessation of oscillations, a slow recovery was observed. The recovery was somewhat faster at the higher temperature. The time-dependent moduli and their recovery were explained by the change and recovery of structures associated with long branches and gels in the NBR. The structure change occurred at higher frequencies also, but it was not observed durin...
Attitudes of Organized Labor Officials toward Health Care Issues: An Exploratory Survey of Alabama Labor Officials

Delegates to the Alabama AFL-CIO Convention were surveyed concerning their attitudes toward their health benefits and various options for health care reform. Most are satisfied with their current health care coverage, but dissatisfied with its high costs. Participants attribute the high costs to providers' pricing policies and insurance companies' overhead.
Trunk muscle electromyography and whole body vibration

By measuring the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the paraspinal muscles, we have estimated the average and peak-to-peak torque imposed on the spine during whole body vibration. Six subjects had surface electrodes placed on their erector spinae muscles at the L3 level. The EMG-torque relationship was estimated by having each subject perform isometric horizontal pulls in an upright seated posture. The subject was then vibrated vertically and sinusoidally in a controlled, flexed, slightly lordotic seated posture, in 1 Hz increments from 3 to 10 Hz at a 0.1 g RMS seat acceleration level. Between vibration readings taken at each frequency, a static reading was also taken with the subject maintaining the same posture. The entire vibration-static 3-10 Hz test was repeated for reliability purposes. Specialized digital signal processing techniques were developed for the EMG signals to enhance the measured cyclic muscle activity and to allow automatic measurement of the time relationship between the mechanical displacement and the estimated torque. We found significantly more average and peak-to-peak estimated torque at almost all frequencies for vibration vs static sitting.
Holographic Interferometry as an Inverse Optical Method

Holographic reconstruction of optical images is one instance of the inverse scattering problem and holographic interferometry is a method for solving phase retrieval problems. These experimental examples of inverse optical methods can be helpful in formulating inverse problems. The experimental methods also often suggest essential characteristics and fundamental limitations of numerical and theoretical solutions. Inthis paper an experimental study of acoustic waves propagating in water will be described which utilized optical holography and holographic interferometry as measurement tools. It is shown that the acoustic fields can be completely determined experimentally by simultaneous measurements of acoustic pressure and particle velocity which can be obtained from the same whole-field,optical interferometry data.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A study of annotations for a consumer health portal

Catalogers of Web sites for a digital library face unique challenges. There are no well-established rules for cataloging the less structured and constantly-changing information object. Identifying problems arising from Web site cataloging process will provide insights in designing better cataloging systems to support the process. One of the approaches of exploring the problems and how they are dealt with is examining the notes that catalogers made during the Web site cataloging process. The paper presents a study of annotations made by cataloguers of consumer health Web sites in order to better understand the Web site cataloging process
Necking and Failure of Constrained Contractile 3D Microtissues: Role of Geometry and Stiffness

We report the discovery of a fundamental morphological instability of constrained 3D microtissues induced by a positive chemomechanical feedback between actomyosindriven contraction and the mechanical stresses arising from the constraints. Using a 3D model for mechanotransduction we find that perturbations in the shape of contractile tissues grow in an unstable manner leading to formation of “necks” where tensile stresses are sufficiently large to lead to the failure of the tissue by narrowing and subsequent elongation. The origin of the failure mechanism driven by active forces we report is distinct from the seemingly similar and well studied necking phenomena observed in “passive” materials due to elastic softening. Here the instability is caused by the active contraction (extension) of the regions of the tissue where the mechanical stresses are smaller (greater) than the characteristic actomyosin stall stress of the tissue. The magnitude of the instability is shown to be determined by the level of active contractile strain, the stiffness of the ECM and the stiffness of the boundaries that constrain the tissue. A phase diagram that demarcates stable and unstable behavior of 3D tissues as a function of these material parameters is derived. The predictions of our model are verified by analyzing the necking and failure of normal human fibroblast (NHF) tissue constrained in a loopended dogbone geometry and cardiac microtissues constrained between microcantilevers. In the former case, the tissue fails first by necking of the connecting rod of the dogbone followed by failure of the toroidal loops in agreement with our 3D finite element simulations. In the latter case we find that cardiac tissue is stable against necking when the density of the extra cellular matrix is increased and when the stiffness of the supporting cantilevers is decreased, also in excellent agreement with the predictions of our model. By analyzing the time evolution of the morphology of the constrained tissues we have quantitatively determined the chemomechanical coupling parameters that characterize the generation of active stresses in these tissues. More generally, the analytical and numerical methods we have developed provide a quantitative framework to study the biomechanics of cell to cellinteractions in complex 3D environments such as morphogenesis and organogenisis.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Adapting paper prototyping for designing user interfaces for multiple display environments

A multiple display environment (MDE) networks personal and shared devices to form a virtual workspace, and designers are just beginning to grapple with the challenges of developing interfaces tailored for these environments. To develop effective interfaces for MDEs, designers must employ methods that allow them to rapidly generate and test alternative designs early in the design process. Paper prototyping offers one promising method, but needs to be adapted to effectively simulate the use of multiple displays and allow testing with groups of users. In this paper, we share experiences from two projects in which paper prototyping was utilized to explore interfaces for MDEs. We identify problems encountered when applying the traditional method, describe how these problems were overcome, and distill our experiences into recommendations that others can draw upon. By following our recommendations, designers need only make minor modifications to the existing method to better realize benefits of paper prototyping for MDEs.
Radiation Induces Endothelial Dysfunction in Murine Intestinal Arterioles via Enhanced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species

Objective— Endothelial dysfunction and vascular dysregulation contribute to the pathological effects of radiation on tissues. The objectives of this study were to assess the acute effect of irradiation on acetylcholine (Ach)-induced dilation of gut submucosal microvessels. Methods and Results— Rats were exposed in vivo to 1 to 9 cGy in 3 fractions per week on alternate days for 3 successive weeks for a total dose of up to 2250 cGy. Submucosal microvessels were isolated after varying levels of irradiation. Diameters of isolated vessels were measured using videomicroscopy, and the dose-response relationship to Ach was determined. Dihydroethidine and 2′, 7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent probes were used to assess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. After constriction (30% to 50%) with endothelin, dilation to graded doses of Ach (10 −9 −10 −4 M) was observed in control vessels (maximal dilation [MD] 87±3%; n=7). However, Ach-induced dilation was reduced in vessels from irradiated rats (MD=3±9%; n=7; P = Conclusions— Radiation induces acute microvascular dysfunction in the resistance arterioles of the intestine. Enhanced ROS contribute to this dysfunction and therefore may represent a novel therapeutic target to minimize radiation toxicity in the gut.
Near-field nano-Raman imaging of Si device structures

Apertureless-based, near-field Raman imaging holds the potential for nanoscale stress metrology in emerging Si devices. Preliminary application of near-field Raman imaging on Si device structures has demonstrated the potential for stress measurements. However, detailed investigations have not been published regarding the effect of tip radius on observed near-field enhancement. Such investigations are important to understand the fundamental limits regarding the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement and the spatial resolution that can potentially be achieved before wide application to semiconductor metrology can be considered. Investigations are presented into near-field enhancement of Raman scattering from Si device structures using a modified near-field optical microscope (NSOM). The nano-Raman system utilizes an off-axis (45°) backscattering NSOM geometry with free-space collection optics. The spectroscopic configuration utilizes a single-bounce spectrometer incorporating a holographic notch filter assembly utilized as a secondary beam-splitter for an apertureless backscattering collection geometry. Near-field enhancement is observed for both Al- and Ag-coated probes. An inverse square power-law relationship is observed between near-field enhancement factor and tip radius.
Historical Influences on the Changing Nature of Leadership Within the Military Environment

Contemporary reviews of leadership research have called attention to the importance of studying the organizational context in which leadership unfolds. Researchers have also noted the need for incr...
Population persistence in river networks

Organisms inhabiting river systems contend with downstream biased flow in a complex tree-like network. Differential equation models are often used to study population persistence, thus suggesting resolutions of the ‘drift paradox’, by considering the dependence of persistence on such variables as advection rate, dispersal characteristics, and domain size. Most previous models that explicitly considered network geometry artificially discretized river habitat into distinct patches. With the recent exception of Ramirez (J Math Biol 65:919–942, 2012), partial differential equation models have largely ignored the global geometry of river systems and the effects of tributary junctions by using intervals to describe the spatial domain. Taking advantage of recent developments in the analysis of eigenvalue problems on quantum graphs, we use a reaction–diffusion–advection equation on a metric tree graph to analyze persistence of a single population in terms of dispersal parameters and network geometry. The metric graph represents a continuous network where edges represent actual domain rather than connections among patches. Here, network geometry usually has a significant impact on persistence, and occasionally leads to dramatically altered predictions. This work ranges over such themes as model definition, reduction to a diffusion equation with the associated model features, numerical and analytical studies in radially symmetric geometries, and theoretical results for general domains. Notable in the model assumptions is that the zero-flux interior junction conditions are not restricted to conservation of hydrological discharge.
An unexpected clade of South American ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidion)

Phylogenetic relationships of the Antiperyphanes Complex of the genus Bembidion are inferred using DNA sequences from seven genes (two nuclear ribosomal, four nuclear protein coding, and one mitochondrial protein coding). Redefined subgenera within the complex are each well-supported as monophyletic. Most striking was the discovery that a small set of morphologically and ecologically heterogeneous species formed a clade, here called subgenus Nothonepha. This unexpected result was corroborated by the discovery of deep pits in the lateral body wall (in the mesepisternum) of all Nothonepha, a trait unique within Bembidion. These pits are filled with a waxy substance in ethanol-preserved specimens. In one newly discovered species (Bembidion tetrapholeon sp. n., described here), these pits are so deep that their projections into the body cavity from the two sides touch each other internally. These structures in Bembidion (Nothonepha) are compared to very similar mesepisternal pits which have convergently evolved in two other groups of carabid beetles. The function of these thoracic pits is unknown. Most members of subgenus Nothonepha have in addition similar but smaller pits in the abdomen. A revised classification is proposed for the Antiperyphanes Complex.
High-fidelity application-centric evaluation framework for vehicular networks

This paper proposes an evaluation framework for vehicular networks to achieve accurate, scalable, flexible and repeatable performance studies through the utilization of a hybrid emulation testbed and incorporation of high fidelity protocol and environment models. The proposed framework not only addresses the unique challenges of vehicular networks but also enables new types of network analyses via the capability of conducting application-centric evaluation. Compared to traditional network-centric evaluation, case studies show scenarios where network-level statistics do not clearly discriminate between the two routing protocols while significant performance differences were observed using the application-level metrics. The paper also identifies future research directions that are enabled by the evaluation framework.
Micromechanical modeling of process-induced residual stresses in Ti-24Al-11Nb/SCS-6 composite

A crucial problem in the application of Metallic and Intermetallic Matrix Composites (MMCs and IMCs) is the presence of high levels of residual stresses induced during the fabrication process. This process-induced stress is essentially thermal in nature, and is caused by a significant difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of the fiber and the matrix and the large temperature differential of the cooling process. Residual stresses may lead to the development of matrix cracking, and may also have an adverse effect on the thermomechanical properties of the composites, e.g., stress-strain behavior, fracture toughness, fatigue, and creep. A micromechanical analysis is needed to study the effects of residual stresses, since phenomena like damage are local in nature even though they affect the macro properties. An elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed to model the thermal stresses induced during fabrication of Ti-24Al-11Nb/SCS-6 unidirectional composite and the effect of these stresses on subsequent transverse loading. The state of residual stress induced in this intermetallic composite is found to be quite different from that in Ti-6Al-4V/SCS-6 metal matrix composite which is extensively discussed in the literature. The influence of fiber-matrix interfacial bonding and fiber arrangement on the thermomechanical behavior of Ti-24Al-11Nb/SCS-6 composite is also studied.
How to develop new approaches to RFM segmentation

Recency, frequency and monetary (RFM) is a simple and actionable way that has long driven direct marketing efforts. In many cases, however, this empirical segmentation is encumbered with basic shortcomings evident in two aspects: first, the advantage of simplicity often disappears in terms of statistical significance. Secondly, the three-dimensional measure is less predictive than sophisticated models, such as Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) and regression analysis. Using RFM as an entry point, this paper discusses the necessity and reality of upgrading this crude method to advanced approaches, where two options are hereby proposed: —option 1: substituting result-based statistical findings for the traditional intuition-based coding, RFM implementation becomes simple and robust. The transition also advances empirical RFM to CHAID analysis; —option 2: introducing ‘V=M/R’ defined as a customer value, traditional RFM schemes are readily migrated to individual V-scores without in-depth statistic proceedings. The innovation is compatible to logistic regression.
Spectroscopy of chloromethane matrices containing copper atoms

Abstract Codeposition of atomic Cu with CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2 and CH3Cl at liquid-nitrogen temperature produces unstable charge-transfer complexes whose infrared, visible and ultraviolet spectra can be observed. On warming these matrices, the CH3Cl complex decomposes into metal and CH3Cl, but complexes of other chloromethanes isomerize into unstable Cu(II)-complexes with a characteristic infrared band near 2120 cm−1 whose only reasonable assignment is to an electronic transition in the copper atom. The final products at room temperature are an oligomer of CuCl with a sharp electronic transition band at 370 nm and the dimerized alkyl fragments.
One path to balance and order in social psychology: An evolutionary perspective

Consideration of the adaptive problems faced by our ancestors suggests functional reasons why people exhibit some biases in social judgment more than others. We present a taxonomy consisting of six domains of central social challenges. Each is associated with somewhat different motivations, and consequently different decision-rules. These decision-rules, in turn, make some biases inherently more likely to emerge than others.
Improving utilization of and retention in PMTCT services: can behavioral economics help?

The most recent strategic call to action of the World Health Organization sets the elimination of pediatric HIV as a goal. While recent efforts have focused on building infrastructure and ensuring access to high-quality treatment, we must now turn our focus to the behavior change needed to eliminate vertical transmission. We make the case for the application of concepts from the field of behavioral economics to prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs to more effectively address demand-side issues of uptake and retention.
Confidence intervals for expected coverage from a beta testability model

Abstract The testability distribution of a VLSI circuit can be used to predict the fault coverage of a set of test patterns by restricting the standard test pattern generation process to a sample of faults. When testability of a VLSI circuit is modeled as a beta distribution, the random detection counts obtained have a beta-binomial distribution. This paper includes: a) three confidence intervals for the parameters of the beta-binomial distribution; b) a determination of the proper sample size needed such that the theoretical confidence intervals agree with the actual ones; and c) a determination of the effect of the number of generated tests on confidence interval widths. Restricting the test generation process to a sample of faults results in major savings in the overall costs of test generation. Experimental results are given on three of the large combinational benchmark circuits (presented at the 1985 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems).
Ethical and Health Policy Issues in the Treatment of Children with Major Craniofacial Deformities

Abstract The advent of craniofacial surgery and neonatal intensive care has made it possible for children with serious craniofacial deformities to live and possibly to experience effective habilitation. These therapeutic innovations also raise important social and ethical issues that are rarely examined. This paper reviews the dilemmas that relate to the gatekeeper role for physicians, the impact of prenatal diagnosis, and the allocation of scarce fiscal and health resources to craniofacial care. The high degree of cost, the intense investment of medical resources, and the uncertain outcomes in the care of children with major craniofacial deformities, must be considered in the distribution of resources within a health system. The rationing of health resources is discussed as a future determinant of how care for major craniofacial deformities may be delivered in the United States.
Nonlinear directional coupler in periodically poled lithium niobate

Nonlinear wave propagation was investigated experimentally in coupled waveguides by means of the cascaded nonlinearity in quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation. With a specially designed wave-vector-mismatch distribution along the propagation axis, cascading was optimized for low fundamental depletion. High-contrast, ultrafast all-optical switching with switching powers of tens of watts was observed.
Structure, composition, thermal stability and electrochemical reactivity of HS−(aq)-derived species chemisorbed at Pd(III) electrode surfaces

Abstract The structure, composition, thermal stability, and electrochemical reactivity of the chemisorbed layer formed when a clean and ordered Pd(111) electrode is exposed to a dilute solution of Na 2 S buffered at pH 10 have been studied. Under these adsorption conditions, the predominant solution species is the bisulfide ion, HS (aq) − . Experimental measurements were based upon low-energy electron diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, and thermal desorption mass spectrometry in conjunction with classical electrochemical methods. The bisulfide ion is oxidatively chemisorbed onto Pd(111) as zerovalent sulfur which forms a highly ordered structure upon slight heating, Pd(111) and coverage Γ = 1.07 ± 0.06 nmol cm 2 . This particular adiattice is thermally stable up to 1100 K, the highest temperature investigated, or up to 900 K in the presence of 10 −6 Torr of O 2(g) . On the other hand, it is easily oxidized electrochemically to aqueous SO 4 2− ions. Application of negative potentials has no effect either on the structure or the composition of this chemisorbed layer. However, if copious amounts of electrogenerated H 2(g) are present at the applied negative potentials, all the sulfur is hydrogenatively desorbed from the surface, most likely back to HS − (ag) species.
A Measure of Computational Work

The computational work of a process is measured in terms of the information in a memory for its table-lookup implementation. This measure is applied first to simple logical and arithmetic processes, and then more complicated processes comprising organizations (called synergisms) of several subprocesses. The computational advantages of Cartesian, compositional, and sequential synergisms are investigated and illustrated by means of the work measure. The relation between the work of a process and the work capacity of a facility on which it is implemented is examined, and a concept of efficiency of implementations is formulated. A few areas for further investigation are outlined.