cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goals of Antihypertensive Therapy

Antihypertensive therapy has been used for almost 40 years to reduce blood pressure and to prevent morbidity and mortality related to the hypertensive state. Cardiovascular events are related to the initial elevation of blood pressure; the benefits of treating malignant, severe or moderate hypertension are well established. Although large scale clinical trials have demonstrated a decrease in morbid events when mildly elevated blood pressures is treated, the benefits are neither universal or dramatic and treatment is certainly less cost effective than no treatment. Recently it has been emphasised that the absolute risk of cardiovascular events is determined only in part by blood pressure, and that it is also influenced by age, gender, race and the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors. For example, in older individuals where the absolute risk of vascular complications is greater than in younger individuals for any given level of blood pressure, the benefits of therapy will be greater. It has been suggested that in younger individuals with mild hypertension and a low absolute risk of developing cardiovascular morbid events it may be more appropriate to monitor the effects of drug therapy on measures of cardiac and vascular damage that are associated with the hypertensive state. Drug therapy has been shown to be extremely effective in reducing the incidence of stroke, congestive cardiac failure and renal failure associated with elevated blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomised large scale clinical trials indicates that drug therapy may not reduce coronary events to the extent expected in patients with hypertension. One plausible explanation is that the trials have been of insufficient duration to detect the benefit of blood pressure lowering on coronary heart disease. It has also been suggested that certain adverse metabolic effects associated with the use of thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers employed in these trials may have partially offset the benefits of blood pressure reduction. However, the clinical significance of these drug-induced metabolic disturbances remains unclear. Experimental data suggesting differences in the ability of antihypertensive drugs to inhibit atherosclerosis in animal models are also of interest, but again the relation of the findings to the clinical situation is unknown. Thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and alpha-blockers can produce regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). While LVH is clearly a strong and independent predictor for coronary disease, it remains to be shown that a lower risk for coronary morbid events exists in patients whose LVH has undergone regression over and above that attributable to blood pressure reduction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Executive functions and performance on false belief tasks

The purpose of this study was to assess whether performance on false belief tasks was dependent on particular components of executive functions, specifically inhibitory control and working memory. Ten children with Prader‐Willi syndrome and 14 children with Williams syndrome were given 2 trials of a standard false belief task and 2 executive function tasks. These included Luria's (1966) tapping task, and a modified Stroop task, developed by Diamond and her colleagues (Gerstadt, Hong, & Diamond, 1994). The main findings were that performance on the 2 executive function tasks was quite consistent, although some children had difficulty training on the tapping task. In contrast, there appeared to be no relation between performance on executive function tasks and false belief. These findings are discussed in the context of current theories about the development of theory of mind.
PHYSICS IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS

The titles in your scientific program confirm the validity of the name of your society. You are physicists interested in the composition and content of the earth’s outer shell. Yours is one of the key professions on which the material welfare of the human race increasingly depends, and without which it could not long continue in its present state of well‐being. My own career, like that of most of you, derives from my interest in physics and its applications. With keen awareness of this community of interest, I am happy indeed, and honored as well, to speak to you about physics and the organization which has been serving it so effectively for more than a quarter century.
Effect of Trans Unsaturation on Molecular Organization in a Phospholipid Membrane

We employed solid state 2H NMR, complemented by computer simulations, to compare molecular organization in model membranes composed of 1-elaidoyl-2-stearoylphosphatidylcholine (t18:1-18:0PC), 1-oleoyl-2-stearoylphosphatidylcholine (c18:1-18:0PC), and 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylcholine (18:0-18:0PC). These phospholipids have elaidic acid (EA) containing a trans double bond, oleic acid (OA) containing a cis double bond, and saturated stearic acid (SA), respectively, at the sn-1 position and were synthesized with perdeuterated SA at the sn-2 position. The temperature of the chain melting transition is depressed less for t18:1-18:0PC (31.5 °C) than c18:1-18:0PC (7 °C) relative to 18:0-18:0PC (53 °C), reflecting the smaller deviation from the linear conformation produced by a trans as opposed to cis double bond. Acyl chain order in t18:1-18:0PC (SCD = 0.135) in the liquid crystalline state is much closer to that of c18:1-18:0PC (SCD = 0.128) than that of the substantially more ordered 18:0-18:0PC (SCD > 0.15...
Estimating free cash flows and valuing a growth company

Financial analysts should be primarily concerned about the operating performance of a firm when considering whether to invest in a company. In light of the recent Enron bankruptcy, the largest in US history, financial managers are reviewing and evaluating valuation techniques and procedures. These techniques, used in conjunction with qualitative evaluation and judgment, may help financial managers to avoid some of the valuation mistakes which occurred in the Enron debacle. This paper sets out a simple, but detailed, step-by-step procedure for computing free cash flows and valuing a growth company. An illustration of the computation of free cash flows and corporate valuation, using Compustat financial statements, for Health Management Associates is used to illustrate the procedures. Health Management Associates was reported in the 12th August, 2002, issue of Fortune Magazine as one of the top 40 growth companies traded. Use of the techniques presented in this paper will bring to light the degree of success of the strategic direction and the ongoing performance of the managers of the company. The application presented would be especially useful to investors who hold growth stocks in their portfolios, equity research analysts, venture capitalists and managers of growth firms.
Vitamin E inhibits melanoma growth in mice

Abstract Background. Previous work has demonstrated that vitamin E succinate (VES), an ester analogue of vitamin E, inhibits the growth of melanoma in vitro. However, there is no information about the effect of VES on melanoma in vivo. We investigated the effect of VES on melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Methods. The effect of VES on the proliferation and apoptosis of the B16F10 murine melanoma cell line was determined by a modified Cell Titer 96 AQ assay and a cell death detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The in vivo effect of VES on B16F10 melanoma cells allografted in athymic nude mice was investigated. The mechanism of the in vivo antitumor effect of VES was determined by immunohistochemical detection of proliferation and apoptosis. Results. VES decreased cell proliferation ( P =.0001) and increased cell apoptosis ( P =.0001) in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Also, VES significantly inhibited melanoma growth in mice ( P =.0013). The VES antitumor effect in vivo was associated with a significant increase in the melanoma apoptosis rate ( P =.0256). Conclusions. This is the first report of the antimelanoma effect of VES in vivo. The mechanism of the antimelanoma effect of VES in vivo involves the promotion of tumor cell apoptosis. These findings support future investigations of VES as a therapeutic micronutrient against melanoma. (Surgery 2002;131:85-91.)
Role of neurosurgery in the management of patients with carcinoma of the breast.

Neurosurgical intervention in the management of breast cancer is called for 1) to treat certain endocrine-sensitive tumors 2) to remove central nervous system metastases and 3) to relieve pain. For treatment of hormone-dependent tumors hypophysectomy preferably stereotaxic transsphenoidal cryohypophysectomy is preferred over adrenelectomy because of its lower morbidity and mortality rates. Surgical intervention for intracerebral metastasis is indicated where there is a single accessible metastasis causing increased intracranial pressure or a major neurological deficit in a patient who may usefully survive for several months. Average postoperative survival is 6 months but survivals of 2 years have been reported. Corticosteroid administration to reduce cerebral edema is useful prior to surgery. In cases of spinal metastasis surgery is the treatment of choice where there is progressive spinal compression accompanied by complete myelographic block. For relief of chronic pain anterolateral spinothalamic cordotomy is preferred against pain in limb brachial plexus cervical or subcervical regions. Spinal subarachnoid injection of ice-cold hypertonic saline has also been found to provide relief especially in the lower half of the body which may last for months. Finally hypophysectomy in addition to its ability to cause tumor regression has been found to offer significant pain relief in 2/3 of the patients undergoing this procedure.
The School nurse and sex education: professional and ethical dilemmas

Sex education in schools is carried out within a comprehensive framework of legislation and professional guidance. However, the role of the school nurse providing sex education in schools remains fraught with professional and ethical dilemmas. This paper will describe the framework within which school nurses provide sex education and discuss some of the ethical issues which arise from it. This paper suggests that school nurses may require additional training, not only in talking to young people about sexual issues, but with regard also to nursing ethics.
Exemplary public library branch managers: their characteristics and effectiveness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to revisit a study that identifies the characteristics that contribute to perceptions by local politicians, library board members, library leaders and colleagues of what makes a public library branch manager “exemplary”.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is an in‐depth study that draws upon a survey questionnaire and 120 interviews with multiple stakeholders, supervisors, peers and branch managers from two large public library systems in the Greater Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada) area and peer members of the Ontario (Canada) Library Association. Branch managers also completed the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator assessment instrument for personality type and temperament profiling.Findings – Survey results collectively described the exemplary branch manager as a flexible individual with best‐practice management know‐how and the emotional intelligence needed to motivate and bring others along. The exemplary branch manager has a strong tendency toward extraverted ...
MODELS WHICH ALLOW A 'NEW INFLATIONARY' UNIVERSE HISTORY

We analyze a class of grand-unified theories and show that, if one accepts severe fine tuning of many parameters, it is possible to satisfy all the physical constraints that one would like to impose for an inflationary universe scenario. We include some post-inflation constraints, such as the usual zero-temperature hierarchy, as well as the constraints that arise directly from the inflationary period. The new feature of our analysis is that we study a slow-rollover transition between two broken-symmetry minima, rather that the usual Coleman-Weinberg case of a symmetric to broken-symmetry transition.
Crime legends in a new medium: Fact, fiction and loss of authority

This article explores the persistence of the ‘crime legend’ genre. A case study approach was used, and three crime legends with a considerable history of public debunking were chosen: the market in...
Basic fibroblast growth factor expression is regulated by corticotropin in the human fetal adrenal: a model for adrenal growth regulation.

Abstract Human fetal adrenal growth after midgestation is very rapid and appears to be dependent upon pituitary adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in vivo. We hypothesized that the regulation of fetal adrenal growth by ACTH is mediated by ACTH-stimulated local growth factor production. As we have found basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to be a potent mitogen for human fetal adrenal cells in culture, we conducted studies to determine whether bFGF is synthesized by the human fetal adrenal gland and whether bFGF gene expression in primary cultures of human fetal adrenal cells is regulated by ACTH. Bioassayable bFGF-like activity was detected in extracts of whole human fetal adrenal glands and primary cultures of human fetal adrenal cells. Northern blot analysis of total RNA from whole human fetal adrenal glands revealed a characteristic 7-kilobase bFGF mRNA, indicating that the fetal adrenal bFGF bioactivity was most likely due to local synthesis. Slot blot and ribonuclease protection analysis showed that bFGF mRNA was present in very low amounts in total RNA from primary cultures of unstimulated human fetal adrenal cells but was increased 2- to 3-fold in cells exposed to 10 nM ACTH-(1-24) or 1 mM 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate for 24 hr. bFGF mRNA was localized to adrenocortical cells and not fibroblasts by in situ hybridization. bFGF mRNA was barely detectable in unstimulated cells, whereas it was markedly increased in cells exposed to either ACTH or 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. These data support our hypothesis that the regulation of human fetal adrenal growth by ACTH at midgestation may be mediated by the stimulation of local growth factor production, and we suggest that bFGF may play a major role in this process.
Measurements of Spectral Transmittance of Porous Cerium Dioxide in the Range 900-1,700 nm

Overall transmittance of porous cerium dioxide is measured in the spectral range of 900–1700 nm using dispersive spectroscopy. Dense and porous samples of cerium dioxide with average porosities of 0.08 and 0.72, respectively, are investigated. The transmittance of both sample types increases with decreasing thickness, and this trend is more pronounced for the dense samples. The on-average spectrally increasing transmittance of the dense samples is attributed to the decreasing absorption by bulk cerium dioxide with radiation wavelength. The transmittance of the porous samples, on the other hand, remains a constant over the spectrum. Porous samples attenuate radiation stronger than the dense samples at any wavelength in the considered range, and it is hypothesized that this effect is due to more intense scattering. Sharp local variations of the transmittance are observed for both sample types.© 2011 ASME
Structural correlations with shifts in the extended plasma resonance of gold nanoparticle aggregates

Abstract The correlation between the structure and shift of the extended surface plasma band in gold nanoparticle aggregates has been studied using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and ultrasmall angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) techniques. The reduction of HAuCl4 by Na2S produces gold nanoparticle aggregates with an extended surface plasma absorption band in the near infrared region. This absorption blue shifts during the course of the reaction. SAXS and USAXS experiments were used to monitor the structure of the aggregates at different points in the reaction while the corresponding UV–VIS spectra were measured. Based on the data obtained, it is proposed that as the reaction progresses the aggregate structure changes, and this changes is the causes of the blue-shift in the near infrared absorption band during reaction.
The reactivity of addictive behaviors to self-monitoring: a functional analysis.

Abstract Research on the reactivity of addictive behaviors to self-monitoring procedures has produced inconsistent results. To clarify these results this paper reviews contemporary definitions of self-monitoring and then uses a functional analysis to organize the current research on self-monitoring reactivity. The antecedent-subject-behavior-consequence schema suggests that self-monitoring provides antecedents and consequences for the self-monitored addictive behavior and may directly influence the ongoing target behavior. Subject characteristics also influence the direction and magnitude of reactive behavior changes. This analysis identifies several avenues for future research on self-monitoring reactivity.
The eye and orbit.

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide excellent morphological detail of the eye and its associated structures. In veterinary medicine, these imaging modalities are most often used to diagnose and determine the extent of ocular or periocular tumors. They may also be used to diagnose inflammatory conditions of the orbital region and to determine the severity and extent of ocular trauma. This article reviews the applications of CT and MRI for ocular and orbital diseases, discusses normal findings, and presents representative case examples.
The measurement and analysis of water motion in submarine canyons

Techniques have been developed whereby it is relatively easy to acquire data on currents in submarine canyons. Savonius rotor current meters, explosive releases, and a free-fall system are utilized. The equipment, its deployment, and general conditions and problems are discussed, along with a brief description of analytical techniques.
Staphylococcus aureus Inhibits Neutrophil-derived IL-8 to Promote Cell Death

While Staphylococcus aureus accelerates human neutrophil cell death, the underlying host- and pathogen-derived mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Previous studies demonstrated that the S. aureus SaeR/S sensory system is essential for pathogen survival following neutrophil phagocytosis. Herein, we demonstrate that the SaeR/S system promoted accelerated cell death, suppressed phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB, and reduced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in human neutrophils. Treatment of neutrophils with recombinant IL-8 significantly reduced bacterial burden and apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism by which S. aureus suppresses the early neutrophil-derived IL-8 response to disrupt cell fate and promote disease.
Comparative study of parameter sensitivity analyses of the TCR-activated erk-MAPK signalling pathway

Parameter estimation is a major challenge for mathematical modelling of biological systems. Given the uncertainties associated with model parameters, it is important to understand how sensitive the model output is to variations in parameter values. A local sensitivity analysis determines the model sensitivity to parameter variations over a localised region around the nominal parameter values, whereas a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) investigates the sensitivity over the entire parameter space. Using a T-cell receptor-activated Erk-MAPK signalling pathway model as an example, the authors present a comparative study of a variety of different sensitivity analysis techniques. These techniques include: local sensitivity analysis, existing GSA methods of partial rank correlation coefficient, Sobol's, extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test, as well as a weighted average of local sensitivities and a new GSA method to extract global parameter sensitivities from a parameter identification routine. Results of this study revealed critical reactions in the signalling pathway and their impact on the signalling dynamics and provided insights into embedded regulatory mechanisms such as feedback loops in the pathway. From this study, a recommendation emerges for a general sensitivity analysis strategy to efficiently and reliably infer quantitative, dynamic as well as topological properties from systems biology models.
Control Power Self-Generation and Sensors Integration in Emitter Turn-off (ETO) Thyristor

This paper highlights the design and demonstration of control power self-generation and integration in the emerging new power semiconductor switch emitter turn-off (ETO). It also discusses a method that is utilized to achieve complete sensor integrations in the ETO. Conventional high-power devices require dedicated external power supplies with isolation capability to operate. An isolation transformer lowers the system reliability and increases the cost of the power converter. At the same time, conventional converters rely on expensive external sensors to gather the voltage, current, and temperature information. The emerging ETO is a fully optically controlled power switch: The internal control power is self-generated; voltage, current, and temperature sensors are also integrated in the device.
AEROBA: a blackboard approach to model formulation

Building models for problem solving is a common practice for many disciplines. Model formulation is a complex process. Researchers have in the past approached this process from a variety of angles including planning, model structuring, model integration, model representation and others. In this paper, the authors use observations of expert modelers in an attempt to understand the process. The observations, made in the form of protocol analysis, identified three important facets to this process. These included: formulation tasks, control considerations and the opportunism in the process of formulation. Using these observations, the AEROBA system was constructed using the blackboard paradigm as its basis. Evaluation of AEROBA is accomplished by comparing protocols obtained from the expert modelers with an execution trace of AEROBA. >
Update on adipocyte hormones - Regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism

Hormones produced by adipose tissue play a critical role in the regulation of energy intake, energy expenditure, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. This review will address the biology, actions, and regulation of three adipocyte hormones-leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP), and adiponectin-with an emphasis on the most recent literature. The main biological role of leptin appears to be adaptation to reduced energy availability rather than prevention of obesity. In addition to the well-known consequences of absolute leptin deficiency, subjects with heterozygous leptin gene mutations have low circulating leptin levels and increased body adiposity. Leptin treatment dramatically improves metabolic abnormalities (insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia) in patients with relative leptin deficiency due to lipoatrophy. Leptin production is primarily regulated by insulin-induced changes of adipocyte metabolism. Dietary fat and fructose, which do not increase insulin secretion, lead to reduced leptin production, suggesting a mechanism for high-fat/high-sugar diets to increase energy intake and weight gain. ASP increases the efficiency of triacylglycerol synthesis in adipocytes leading to enhanced postprandial lipid clearance. In mice, ASP deficiency results in reduced body fat, obesity resistance, and improved insulin sensitivity. Adiponectin production is stimulated by thiazolidinedione agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and may contribute to increased insulin sensitivity. Adiponectin and leptin cotreatment normalizes insulin action in lipoatrophic insulin-resistant animals. These effects may be mediated by AMP kinase-induced fat oxidation, leading to reduced intramyocellular and liver triglyceride content. The production of all three hormones is influenced by nutritional status. These hormones, the pathways controlling their production, and their receptors are promising targets for managing obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance.
Glacial isostatic deformation of the Great Lakes region

Tilting of ancient shorelines of the Great Lakes region has been studied for more than a century. Nevertheless, fundamental disagreements exist among both glacial geologists trying to understand the chronology of lake events, geophysicists investigating the causes of tilting, and glaciologists attempting to reconstruct ice-sheet thickness along the southern perimeter of the Laurentide ice sheet. Fundamental to many of these studies is the belief that the southern part of the Great Lakes region has been geodynamically stable for at least the past 11,000 yr. Results of our numerical model of the glacio-isostatic process for a spherical, layered, self-gravitating, viscoelastic Earth suggest constraints upon Earth models, shoreline chronologies, and ice-sheet thickness. As a test of the model, predictions were compared to observations of outlet chronology and isobases of both ancient shorelines and modern tilting indicated by lake-level gauges. Earth models with a uniform-viscosity mantle resulted in the best fit to observed shorelines. Earth models with a low-viscosity asthenosphere or a high-viscosity lower mantle do not predict deformation consistent with known outlet chronologies. An ice sheet with thickness of 2,000 m over the region results in an excessive amount of tilting in most instances, whereas a much thinner ice sheet (700 m), although in better agreement with the data, generally resulted in underestimates. None of the results suggests stability in the southern Great Lakes region at any time. Predictions indicate instead that submergence of ancient shorelines has complicated the record there.
High Charge State Heavy Ion Sources

A review is given of existing sources of highly charged heavy ions. The performance of the sources, predominantly of the P.I.G. type, are summarized and compared. Some mechanisms for the production of high charge states are described. There is a brief description of new developments, particularly of devices using ion trapping.
Good Fortune Obligates: Gratitude, Philanthropy, and Colonialism

Soulevant la question d'un principe du bonheur determinant l'obligation d'aider autrui en retour de la bonne fortune qui nous est impartie, l'A. rejette l'interpretation d'H. Spiegelberg fondee sur une theorie egalitariste de la justice et propose de justifier le principe en reference a la notion de gratitude. Examinant la conception de la gratitude developpee par A. Schweitzer en termes de vertu cardinale et de mode de vie, relevant du debat contemporain sur le don et la generosite, l'A. repond a l'objection de la corruption colonialiste pensee par Schweitzer, d'une part, et montre que la gratitude requiert une theorie de la justice pertinente, c'est-a-dire l'element moral que Spiegelberg a attribue de facon erronnee au principe du bonheur
A Survey of State Efforts in Gathering Information on Child Abuse and Neglect in Handicapped Populations.

Abstract This paper reports the extent to which states assemble information on the incidence of abuse and neglect among handicapped populations. Data were collected from all states on the types of pre-existing disabilities cited on child abuse reporting forms and the perceived accuracy of this information. The study also sought to identify specific methods used to provide assistance to local agencies regarding the problems associated with abuse of the handicapped. Surveys were distributed to and completed by representatives of the designated child protection agencies within each state and the District of Columbia (n = 51). General findings were that although it is generally acknowledged in research that handicapped children represent a disproportionate number of abuse and neglect victims, nearly half of the states do not collect any information on “special characteristics.” Forms from the remaining states exhibited much variation in style and in the competency of collection techniques. These results suggest a significant lack of services specifically designed to improve the awareness of field representatives on the influence of exceptionalities in abusive cases. This information indicates that training and prevention programs will remain basically inadequate until the relationship between handicapped conditions and abuse/neglect is more clearly defined.
The Economic Impacts of Biotechnology-Based Technological Innovations

Global adoption of transgenic crops reached 67.7 million hectares in 2003 from 2.8 million in 1996. Delivery has occurred almost entirely through the private sector and adoption has been rapid in areas where the crops addressed serious production constraints and where farmers had access to the new technologies. Three countries (USA, Argentina and Canada), three crops (soybean, cotton and maize) and two traits (insect resistance and herbicide tolerance) account for the vast majority of global transgenic area. While some farmers in some developing countries are benefiting, most do not have access to transgenic crops and traits that address their needs. This paper surveys the level and distribution of the economic impacts of transgenic cotton and soybeans to date and reviews the impacts of these crops on chemical pesticide and herbicide use. It concludes with some considerations of ways to address the development and delivery of technological innovations to small farmers in developing countries.
MicroRNA-184 modulates canonical Wnt signaling through the regulation of frizzled-7 expression in the retina with ischemia-induced neovascularization

Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling contributes to ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), although the underlying mechanism is so far unclear. Here, we show that microRNA-184 (miR-184) is significantly down-regulated in the retina of OIR mice, and miR-184 negatively modulates Wnt signaling both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we show that the Wnt receptor, frizzled-7, is a downstream target of miR-184, and delivery of miR-184 mimic inhibits Wnt signaling in the OIR retina. These results suggest that decreased levels of miR-184 are responsible, at least in part, for the aberrant activation of Wnt signaling in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization.
Grammatical category: A rote learning and word association analysis

Summary Three experiments using rote learning and word-association techniques were carried out to analyze differences in the use of content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs) and function words (pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions). The purpose of the experiments was two-fold: (1) to extend work on learning, to include function words as well as content words; (2) to analyze the psychological mechanisms that underlie differences in the handling of words from these categories. In Experiment I, paired-associate learning (English word→nonsense syllable, and nonsense syllable→English word) was carried out and differences favoring the content words were established. In Experiment II, an attempt was made to analyze these differences on the basis of the number of associations generated by words from the several grammatical categories. The simple model used gave rise to conflicting results. Experiment III was based on the concept of function words as partially bound forms. It was argued that the function words are incomplete as units and that to have them function efficiently in learning, it was necessary to surround them with other elements. In Experiment III, words from the several categories were surrounded with minimal context, by using triplets (nonsense syllable→English word→nonsense syllable) in a rote learning situation. When the words were embedded in such minimal context, function words were easier to learn than content words. The implications of these findings for the consideration of parts of speech are explored. Analysis on the basis of the subject's customary speech unit is presented as an alternative to analysis on the basis of meaning or meaningfulness.
Aspergillus surveillance project at a large tertiary-care hospital

Summary A one-year surveillance project was conducted at a large tertiary hospital, which had extensive indoor renovation and extensive demolition/ building at several nearby sites. This study collected viable fungi samples in the hospital every six days and analysed 74 duct dust samples for Aspergillus fumigatus mycelial asp f1 protein. Mean total fungi were 257.8 cfu/m 3 outdoors, 53.2 cfu/m 3 in all indoor samples and 83.5 cfu/m 3 in the bone marrow transplant patient rooms. Mean total aspergillus was 6.8 cfu/m 3 outdoors, 12.1 cfu/m 3 in all indoor samples and 7.3 cfu/m 3 in the bone marrow transplant patient rooms. The five most prevalent Aspergillus species collected inside the hospital (mean cfu/m 3 )w ereAspergillus niger 7.57 cfu/m 3 , Aspergillus candidus 1.72 cfu/m 3 , Aspergillus flavus 0.97 cfu/m 3 , A. fumigatus 0.88 cfu/m 3 and Aspergillus glaucus 0.45 cfu/m 3 . In rooms undergoing duct cleaning, mean A. fumigatus concentrations were 11.0 cfu/m 3 . Forty-eight of 74 (65%) duct dust samples had measurable levels of asp f1 protein, with a mean level of 0.41 ppm and maximum level of 1.94 ppm. Three major incidents involved increased hospital aspergillus concentrations. A. niger levels reached 680 cfu/m 3 in an organ transplant room after a water leak from a ceiling pipe. Total aspergillus concentrations rose to 77 cfu/m 3 in a bone marrow transplant patient room after improper sealing and water infiltration of the unit’s dedicated highefficiency particulate air filter system. Total aspergillus levels of 160 cfu/m 3 were recorded in a renovation area during wood cutting. The higher concentrations of aspergillus seen inside the hospital compared with outdoors and the various moisture/HEPA filter/renovation incidents suggest that numerous small to moderate sources of aspergillus exist in the hospital.
An automated floating-point to fixed-point conversion methodology

We propose a floating-point to fixed-point conversion (FFC) methodology for digital VLSI signal processing systems. The past techniques used to facilitate FFC are first reviewed, followed by a description based on a statistical approach and global optimization which allows a high degree of automation.
Fault Region Localization: Product and Process Improvement Based on Field Performance and Manufacturing Measurements

Customer feedback in the form of warranty/field performance is an important direct indicator of quality and robustness of a product. Linking warranty information to manufacturing measurements can identify key design and process variables that are related to warranty failures. Warranty data have been traditionally used in reliability studies to determine failure distributions and warranty cost. This paper proposes a novel fault region localization methodology to link warranty failures to manufacturing measurements (hence, to design and process parameters) for diagnosing warranty failures and to perform tolerance revaluation. The methodology consists of identifying relations between warranty failures and design/process variables using rough sets-based analysis on training data consisting of warranty information and manufacturing measurements. The methodology expands the rough set-based analysis by introducing parameters for inclusion of noise and uncertainty of warranty data classes. Based on the identified parameters related to the failure, a revaluation of the original tolerances can be performed to improve product robustness. The proposed methodology is illustrated using case studies of two warranty failures from the electronics industry. Note to Practitioners-Warranty failures are indicative of the performance and robustness of the product. Warranty failures, especially those that occur early (e.g., within six months after sale), can be caused by interactions between various design and process characteristics of the individual components of the product. Due to the large number of components and the interactions between them, it is difficult to identify all of these relations during design. Furthermore, it is difficult to replicate actual product usage in the field during the design stage. The methodology proposed in this paper integrates a product's warranty failure information with that of measurement data collected during manufacturing, to identify relevant design and process variables related to the failures. It also identifies the warranty fault region within the original design tolerance window for the parameters. This can help in avoiding warranty failure(s) through design changes and/or tolerance revaluation. The methodology was applied in the electronics and semiconductor industries
Chapter 11. Creating Effective Education and Workforce Policies for Metropolitan Labor Markets in the United States

How well do our education policies prepare America’s youth for the labor market? What challenges limit our success, and what opportunities do we have for improvements? Can public policy play a greater role in encouraging more success? In this chapter, I provide a summary of what we know on these issues, incorporating but also complementing many of the perspectives provided by the other [forthcoming volume] authors. In addition, I consider these questions as they apply to the unique characteristics of metropolitan areas in the United States. I consider demand for both middleand high-skill jobs, where the former are defined as those requiring some postsecondary education or training (broadly defined) beyond a high school diploma but less than a bachelor’s degree, and the latter are defined as those requiring a bachelor’s or higher. I then review the challenges limiting so many young Americans as they prepare for the labor market, as well as what we know about programs and policies that might improve observed outcomes. Finally, I review the characteristics of U.S. metropolitan areas that exacerbate the challenges we face—especially the uneven distribution of people and jobs within and across those areas.
Infertility Service Use in the United States: Data From the National Survey of Family Growth, 1982-2010

Objectives This report presents nationally representative estimates and trends for infertility service use among women aged 15-44 and 25-44 in the United States in 1982-2010. While greater detail on types of infertility service is shown for women, basic data on types of infertility service use, as reported by men aged 25-44, are also presented. Methods Data for this report come primarily from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), consisting of 22,682 interviews with men and women aged 15-44, conducted from June 2006 through June 2010. The response rate for females in the 2006-2010 NSFG was 78%, and for males was 75%. Selected trends are shown based on prior NSFG cycles. Results Twelve percent of women aged 15-44 in 2006-2010 (7.3 million women), or their husbands or partners, had ever used infertility services. Among women aged 25-44, 17% (6.9 million) had ever used any infertility service, a significant decrease from 20% in 1995. Thirty-eight percent of nulliparous women with current fertility problems in 2006-2010 had ever used infertility services, significantly less than 56% of such women in 1982. In all survey years, ever-use of medical help to get pregnant was highest among older and nulliparous women, non-Hispanic white women, women with current fertility problems, and women with higher levels of education and household income. The most commonly used infertility services among women aged 25-44 in 2006-2010 were advice, testing, medical help to prevent miscarriage, and ovulation drugs. Ever-use of infertility services was reported by 9.4% of men aged 25-44 in 2006-2010, similar to levels seen in 2002.
Research on impacts of bipolar blocking in Jinsu UHVDC on stability of receiving-end system

For receiving-end system that has larger percent of power from outside, if UHVDC bipolar blocking occur, there must have some impact on grid security and stability. Take Jinsu UHVDC as background, based on the typical summer peak data of Jiangsu power grid, electromagnetic transient model of Jinsu UHVDC project was established in ADPSS containing detailed DC control system; In addition, the remaining part of Jiangsu power grid and electromechanical transient model of the sending equivalence grid were established, the influence of Jinsu UHVDC bipolar blocking on angle of power plant surrounding power, surrounding reactive power, voltage and grid frequency. Results shows that: After the bipolar blocking, power angle of plant near the placement unit stability can be maintained, reactive power of the plant is reduced after shortly increase first, 500kV voltage nearby fluctuate maximum of 30kV, frequency of Jiangsu grid drop slightly, can maintain stable operation.
Acute retinal necrosis secondary to multidrug-resistant herpes simplex virus 2 in an immunocompetent adolescent.

Purpose:To report the clinical course of a patient with acute retinal necrosis resulting from a multidrug-resistant strain of herpes simplex virus 2.Methods:Observational case report.Results:A 17-year-old man with no identifiable immune deficiency presented with pain and decreased vision in his left
A biochemical profile of abnormalities in hypothyroidism.

The biochemical abnormalities of hypothyroidism were defined in a prospective study of 15 hypothyroid patients. Biochemical determinations were performed on a SMA 12/60 multichannel AutoAnalyzer before and after patients attained the euthyroid state. Abnormally high mean pretreatment values were observed in the serum CPK, cholesterol, SGOT, and LDH. These biochemical abnormalities returned to normal with achievement of the euthyroid state. Although the mean pretreatment values for total protein, albumin, and creatinine were within the high-normal range, these values significantly decreased with treatment. Our study indicates that in hypothyroidism there exists a “profile” of multiple biochemical abnormalities which returns to normal with treatment. In a patient clinically suspected to have hypothyroidism, the presence of these abnormalities is at least consistent with, and may support the diagnosis of, hypothyroidism. In addition, awareness of these abnormalities and their return to normal with treatment of hypothyroidism may avoid unnescesary evaluation for other disease states associated with any of the abnormalities.
On the completeness of the function e -np(x) cos nx, e -np(x) sin nx for n ≥ and p(x) A2π periodic function

On montre qu'une conjecture de G.B. Whitham sur la completude des fonctions {Ψ n }={exp(−np(x)).cosnx, exp(−np(x)).sinx} dans l'intervalle [0,2Π] est vraie pourvu que p ait une derivee premiere continue de Holder
A contraction approach for efficient regulation of networked systems

We present a computationally efficient method for designing regulatory controllers for networked systems using only local information. Using a contraction approach, we derive a connection between a system's intra-dynamics and its neighboring systems. We then show that the design of regulatory controllers is equivalent to a linear feasibility problem on the order of the number of systems. We illustrate our main result using a disturbance mitigation problem, where the goal is to design controllers at a subset of nodes to drive the global nodal values to a particular value in the presence of destabilizing forces. We note that our main result is especially applicable to networks that exhibit interconnection variability and intermittent subsystem faults, like energy grids.
Using Active Deformable Models in Robotic Visual Servoing

This chapter presents an approach to visual servoing using active deformable models to track image contours. It uses deformable active models to track image contours related to the object of interest. These contour models provide global information about the position of the object. In addition, by combining such models with a priori knowledge of the object shape, this approach may be extended to provide the orientation of the object in three dimensions. The chapter also presents a model-based approach for visual tracking and eye-in-hand robotic visual servoing. The approach uses active deformable models to track a rigid or a semi-rigid object in the manipulator's work space. These deformable models approximate the contour of the object boundary, defined by a set of control points. During tracking, the control points are updated at frame rates by minimizing an energy function involving the relative position of model points, image data, and the characteristics of figure pixels. When visual servoing is combined with the use of active deformable models, movement of the manipulator can compensate for the translations and deformations of the object's image. To verify the potential of the approach, several experiments are run and their findings are presented.
Constitutive turnover of histone H2A.Z at yeast promoters requires the preinitiation complex

The assembly of the preinitiation complex (PIC) occurs upstream of the +1 nucleosome which, in yeast, obstructs the transcription start site and is frequently assembled with the histone variant H2A.Z. To understand the contribution of the transcription machinery in the disassembly of the +1 H2A.Z nucleosome, conditional mutants were used to block PIC assembly. A quantitative ChIP-seq approach, which allows detection of global occupancy change, was employed to measure H2A.Z occupancy. Blocking PIC assembly resulted in promoter-specific H2A.Z accumulation, indicating that the PIC is required to evict H2A.Z. By contrast, H2A.Z eviction was unaffected upon depletion of INO80, a remodeler previously reported to displace nucleosomal H2A.Z. Robust PIC-dependent H2A.Z eviction was observed at active and infrequently transcribed genes, indicating that constitutive H2A.Z turnover is a general phenomenon. Finally, sites with strong H2A.Z turnover precisely mark transcript starts, providing a new metric for identifying cryptic and alternative sites of initiation.
Is depression an independent risk factor for the onset of Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses characterized by loss of pleasure, whereas diabetes is a metabolic disorder which leads to high serum glucose levels. Current literature supports the development of depressive symptoms in patients with chronic illnesses including diabetes. However, depression as a potential risk factor for diabetes has attracted a lot of attention for clinicians and researchers. It has been hypothesized that both diabetes and depression may be bidirectional in nature, and each may exacerbate the symptoms or play an important role in the development of the other. The most common association between them is the diagnosis of depression in Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. As the matter of fact, diabetes has been reported to double the risk of depression. In this review article, we have summarized various scientific studies to evaluate the potential of depression as a risk factor for diabetes. MEDLINE search identified various articles assessing this hypothesis. Our review of literature indicate some support for depression as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes however more clinical studies need to be performed to clarify the contribution of depression as an independent risk factor for diabetes and to check the diabetes epidemic from escalating at a higher rate.