cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitudes toward public support of the elderly: Does early involvement with grandparents moderate generational tensions?

This study examines age differences in attitudes toward public support for the elderly, and whether contact with grandparents during childhood moderates these differences. Data collected in 1990 from a nationally representative sample were used to address these issues. Attitudes toward the fairness of public policy are characterized by two dimensions, one signifying support for entitlement of the elderly to benefits and a second dimension signifying support for the contributory schemes that fund old-age benefits. Multiple regression analyses reveal that young adults (18-24) are the age group least supportive of elderly entitlement benefits and most concerned that the elderly are not paying their fair share of the cost of their benefits. However, greater childhood contact with grandparents reduced the generally greater opposition of young adults to current contributory policy, thereby moderating age-group tensions around this issue. Results are discussed in the context of the "interdependence of generation...
Neonatal Colon Insult Alters Growth Factor Expression and TRPA1 Responses in Adult Mice

Inflammation or pain during neonatal development can result in long-term structural and functional alterations of nociceptive pathways, ultimately altering pain perception in adulthood. We have developed a mouse model of neonatal colon irritation (NCI) to investigate the plasticity of pain processing within the viscerosensory system. Mouse pups received an intracolonic administration of 2% mustard oil (MO) on postnatal days 8 and 10. Distal colons were processed at subsequent timepoints for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and growth factor expression. Adult mice were assessed for visceral hypersensitivity by measuring the visceromotor response during colorectal distension. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from adult mice were retrogradely labeled from the distal colon and calcium imaging was used to measure transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) responses to acute application of capsaicin and MO, respectively. Despite the absence of inflammation (as indicated by MPO activity), neonatal exposure to intracolonic MO transiently maintained a higher expression level of growth factor messenger RNA (mRNA). Adult NCI mice displayed significant visceral hypersensitivity, as well as increased sensitivity to mechanical stimulation of the hindpaw, compared to control mice. The percentage of TRPA1-expressing colon afferents was significantly increased in NCI mice, however they displayed no increase in the percentage of TRPV1-immunopositive or capsaicin-sensitive colon DRG neurons. These results suggest that early neonatal colon injury results in a long-lasting visceral hypersensitivity, possibly driven by an early increase in growth factor expression and maintained by permanent changes in TRPA1 function.
Preservation and transition of NCSTRL using an OAI-based architecture

NCSTRL (Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library) is a federation of digital libraries providing computer science materials. The architecture of the original NCSTRL was based largely on the Dienst software. It was implemented and maintained by the digital library group at Cornell University until September 2001. At that time, we had an immediate goal of preserving the existing NCSTRL collection and a long-term goal of providing a framework where participating organizations could continue to disseminate technical publications. Moreover, we wanted the new NCSTRL to be based on OAI (Open Archives Initiative) principles that provide a framework to facilitate the discovery of content in distributed archives. In this paper, we describe our experience in moving towards an OAI-based NCSTRL.
Novel Characterization of Lymphatic Valve Formation during Corneal Inflammation

Lymphatic research has progressed rapidly in recent years. Though lymphatic dysfunction has been found in a wide array of disorders from transplant rejection to cancer metastasis, to date, there is still little effective treatment for lymphatic diseases. The cornea offers an optimal site for lymphatic research due to its accessible location, transparent nature, and lymphatic-free but inducible features. However, it still remains unknown whether lymphatic valves exist in newly formed lymphatic vessels in the cornea, and how this relates to an inflammatory response. In this study, we provide the first evidence showing that lymphatic valves were formed in mouse cornea during suture-induced inflammation with the up-regulation of integrin alpha 9. The number of corneal valves increased with the progression of inflammatory lymphangiogenesis. Moreover, we have detected lymphatic valves at various developmental stages, from incomplete to more developed ones. In addition to defining the average diameter of lymphatic vessels equipped with lymphatic valves, we also report that lymphatic valves were more often located near the branching points. Taken together, these novel findings not only provide new insights into corneal lymphatic formation and maturation, but also identify a new model for future investigation on lymphatic valve formation and possibly therapeutic intervention.
Extinction boundary value algorithms for lidar inversion

Modelisation de l'extinction d'un lidar pour trois types d'epaisseur optique: faible, moyenne et grande
Dodecafluoropentane Emulsion Elicits Cardiac Protection Against Myocardial Infarction Through an ATP-Sensitive K + Channel Dependent Mechanism

Purpose Dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe) is a perfluorocarbon with high oxygen dissolving, transport, and delivery capacity that may offer the potential to limit ischemic injury prior to clinical reperfusion. Here we investigated the cardiac protective potential of DDFPe in a mouse model of myocardial infarction.
Oxidation of organoboranes containing primary alkyl groups with pyridinium chlorochromate. A direct synthesis of aldehydes from terminal alkenes

Abstract Organoboranes derived from terminal olefins are oxidized by pyridinium chlorochromate to aldehydes in good yields.
Geographic and Temporal Trends in the Management of Occult Primary Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Management of occult primary breast cancer (OPBC), including the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is controversial. We conducted a pooled analysis of OPBC patients and a meta-analysis of MRI accuracy in OPBC in order to elucidate current practices.
Optically Controlled mmW Phased Arrays

A design for an optically controlled millimeter wave phased array is explained. In this design, the millimeter waves are carried on an optical carrier, so no millimeter waveguides are necessary.
Characteristics of Geriatric Practice Settings That Attract and Retain Physical Therapists

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of geriatric practice settings that attract and retain physical therapists (PTs). The study was an electronic survey of active PT members of the Section on Geriatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) with a current email address. The electronic survey yielded 768 completed surveys, resulting in a response rate of 17%. Therapists were attracted to a geriatric practice setting for the patient population. A majority of therapists continue to work in a geriatric practice setting because of: pride in their work, relationships they have with their patients/caregivers, control over day-to-day work decisions, and salary. All survey responses were statistically significant p < 0.01. Even though PTs practicing in geriatric settings are the highest-paid therapists according to the APTA, salary is not what will recruit and retain therapists to geriatric practice settings.
Jon Lewis: Photographs of the California Grape Strike

This valuable collection of photographs brings to life the struggle in the 1960s to organize migrant farm workers in central California, perhaps the most daunting union recognition campaign in Amer...
Effects of electron-density distribution on the back scattering from an anisotropic plasma cylinder

The backscattering cross-section of a radially inhomogeneous plasma cylinder with an impressed axial static magnetic field is obtained for an incident H wave. The electron-density distribution is assumed to have a parabolic profile. Significant variation of the backscattering cross-section as a function of the density profile is found.
Novel two-dimensional tin sulfide networks: preparation and structural characterization of Sn4S9[(C3H7)4N]2 and Sn4S9[(C3H7)4N].[(CH3)3NH]

Abstract A new framework with the composition [Sn4S9]2- has been synthesized hydrothermally in the presence of tetrapropylammonium (TPA) hydroxide. The structures of two compounds possessing this framework, Sn4S9[(C3H7)4N]2 (1) and Sn4S9[(C3H7)4N] · [(CH3)3NH] (2), have been solved using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Both crystallize in the space P 21/n (Z = 4) with unit cell parameters a = 15.497(5) A, b = 15.826(4) A, c = 18.594(5) A, β = 110.40(1)° for (1), and a = 14.832(4) A, b = 18.612(6) A, c = 15.039(6) A, β = 96.90(3)° for (2). These compounds are layered with organic cations accommodated between Sn-S sheets containing apertures composed of 16 SnS5 and SnS4 polyhedra. Both materials contain TPA+ cations, and (2) also incorporates trimethylammonium cation, a breakdown product of TPA.
Modeling of Hydrogen Embrittlement Cracking in Pipe-lines under High Pressures☆

Abstract Hydrogen being accumulated inside the delamination cavity creates pressure which eventually leads to the damage of the pipeline. The focus of this study is the modelling of how the radius of delamination grows with respect to time. The modelling requires the solution of the coupled problem of elasticity theory about the crack opening under gas pressure and diffusion theory of gas diffusion into the crack cavity. The equation of state for the ideal gas is first used; however, this is only accurate for low pressures. However, while gas is accumulating inside the crack, its pressure becomes high enough that the gas cannot be considered ideal anymore. In this study, we apply the equation of state for real gas pressures. While the subsequent calculations are somewhat more cumbersome then for the ideal gas case, they are still straightforward that allow obtaining the close-form solution for the crack size, a ( t ), depending on time.
Effects of Aging on Corneal Biomechanical Properties and Their Impact on 24-hour Measurement of Intraocular Pressure

Purpose To study the effects of aging on corneal biomechanical properties and their impact on 24-hour measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP). Design Experimental study. Methods Fifteen older volunteers with healthy eyes (age range, 50 to 80 years) were housed for one day in a sleep laboratory with a 16-hour diurnal or wake period and an eight-hour nocturnal or sleep period. Every two hours, sitting corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, and IOP were measured. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured using an ultrasound pachymeter. Data were compared with previous observations in 15 healthy younger volunteers (age range, 20 to 25 years). Results Variations in 24-hour corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor were not significant in the older subjects, but there were time-dependent variations in CCT and IOP. The nocturnal CCT was thicker than the diurnal CCT, but the IOP difference between the diurnal and nocturnal periods was not significant. Cosine-fits of CCT and IOP showed synchronized 24-hour rhythms. The phase timing of CCT rhythm appeared significantly earlier than the phase timing of IOP rhythm. Compared with younger subjects, older subjects had a lower mean 24-hour corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor, but not a lower CCT. Phase timings of 24-hour rhythms of CCT and IOP were significantly delayed by aging. Conclusions Aging may lower corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor, but neither parameter shows a significant 24-hour variation. Aging may not change CCT significantly, but can shift its 24-hour rhythm. The 24-hour IOP pattern in this group of older subjects is not an artifact resulting from a variation in corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, or CCT.
Mechanical and histological investigation of hydrothermally treated and untreated anodic titanium oxide films containing Ca and P

In a previous study a new method for forming thin hydroxyapatite (HA) layers on titanium was described. Titanium was anodized at 350 V in an electrolytic solution containing sodium β-glycerophosphate and calcium acetate, and an anodic titanium oxide film containing Ca and P (AOFCP) was formed on the surface. Then numerous HA crystals were precipitated on the AOFCP during hydrothermal treatment in high-pressure steam at 300°C. In this study three types of hydrothermally treated films differing in amounts of precipitated HA crystals and tensile adhesive strength, and untreated films were histologically and mechanically investigated in a transcortical rabbit femoral model for 8 weeks of implantation using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and push-out tests. Machined titanium and HA ceramics served as control materials. The push-out shear strength and bone apposition of the AOFCP significantly increased after hydrothermal treatment, and were equivalent to those of HA ceramics, although the HA layer on the AOFCP was thin at 1–2 μm. From SEM observation of the pushed-out specimen, it was found that the thin HA layer had directly bonded to bone but the AOFCP had not. The push-out strength of the hydrothermally treated film resulted from the chemical bonding of the bone–HA layer interface, while that of the untreated film resulted from mechanical interlocking force between bone and the microprojections. There was a small difference in bone apposition but no significant difference in push-out strength with the amount of precipitated HA crystals on the treated films. Among the treated films, the film formed at the lowest electrolyte concentration showed the lowest bone apposition because of incomplete covering by the HA crystals, and showed the highest stability against mechanical failure because the adhesive strength was very high at about 38 MPa. Also, the hydrothermally untreated anodic oxide films, whose surfaces were rough as a result of the large microprojections, showed much higher push-out strength and bone apposition than titanium. The good hard-tissue compatibility may be attributed to the surface roughness and the possible inhibition of titanium ion release from the specimen. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Errata: Search and detection comparing midwave and longwave infrared

This PDF file contains the errata for “OE Vol. 48 Issue 12 Paper OE ERR-DEC2009-1” for OE Vol. 48 Issue 12
Microscopic calculations in asymmetric nuclear matter

A microscopic calculation of the equation of state for asymmetric nuclear matter is presented. We employ realistic nucleon-nucleon forces and operate within the Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach to nuclear matter. The focal point of this paper is a (momentum-space) G matrix that properly accounts for the asymmetry between protons and neutrons. This will merge naturally into the development of an effective interaction suitable for applications to asymmetric nuclei, which will be the object of extensive study in the future.
Promotional Effect of Hydroxyl on the Aqueous Phase Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide and Glycerol over Supported Au Catalysts

Gold particles supported on carbon and titania were explored as catalysts for oxidation of CO or glycerol by O2 at room temperature in liquid-phase water. Although Au/carbon catalysts were not active for vapor phase CO oxidation at room temperature, a turnover frequency of 5 s−1 could be achieved with comparable CO concentration in aqueous solution containing 1 M NaOH. The turnover frequency on Au/carbon was a strong function of pH, decreasing by about a factor of 50 when the pH decreased from 14 to 0.3. Evidently, a catalytic oxidation route that was not available in the vapor phase is enabled by operation in the liquid water at high pH. Since Au/titania is active for vapor phase CO oxidation, the role of water, and therefore hydroxyl concentration, is not as significant as that for Au/carbon. Hydrogen peroxide is also produced during CO oxidation over Au in liquid water and increasing the hydroxyl concentration enhances its formation rate. For glycerol oxidation to glyceric acid (C3) and glycolic acid (C2) with O2 (1–10 atm) at 308–333 K over supported Au particles, high pH is required for catalysis to occur. Similar to CO oxidation in liquid water, H2O2 is also produced during glycerol oxidation at high pH. The formation of the C-C cleavage product glycolic acid is attributed to peroxide in the reaction.
Piezoelectric Semiconductor Acoustic Delay Lines

The delay of signals for microsecond time periods in monolithic structures using piezoelectric semiconductors is described. Thin resistive regions were formed by the diffusion of compensating impurities in semiconducting crystals of ZnO, CdS, CdSe, and GaAs and used as transducers for the excitation and detection of acoustic waves in the 30-MHz to 1.0-GHZ region. Time delays from 200 ns to 5.0 /spl mu/s were achieved using simple acoustic transmission structures. Insertion loss values less than 10 dB were achieved in ZnO for microsecond delays up to 600 MHz. Frequency-tuned bandwidths of 70 to 90 percent were obtained. The frequency-loss characteristics of the delay structures could be quantitatively related to a simple theoretical model. The performance characteristics of representative matched and packaged acoustic delay lines is described.
Generating reformulation trees for complex queries

Search queries have evolved beyond keyword queries. Many complex queries such as verbose queries, natural language question queries and document-based queries are widely used in a variety of applications. Processing these complex queries usually requires a series of query operations, which results in multiple sequences of reformulated queries. However, previous query representations, either the "bag of words" method or the recently proposed "query distribution" method, cannot effectively model these query sequences, since they ignore the relationships between two queries. In this paper, a reformulation tree framework is proposed to organize multiple sequences of reformulated queries as a tree structure, where each path of the tree corresponds to a sequence of reformulated queries. Specifically, a two-level reformulation tree is implemented for verbose queries. This tree effectively combines two query operations, i.e., subset selection and query substitution, within the same framework. Furthermore, a weight estimation approach is proposed to assign weights to each node of the reformulation tree by considering the relationships with other nodes and directly optimizing retrieval performance. Experiments on TREC collections show that this reformulation tree based representation significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques.
Cytogenetic profile of uterine sarcomas

Background. Diagnostic and consistent chromosomal abnormalities have been reported in several soft tissue sarcomas, but few studies have reported the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in uterine sarcomas. Methods. Cytogenetic studies were performed on specimens of uterine sarcoma from 14 patients. The specimens included five of leiomyosarcoma (LMS), four of endometrial stroma sarcoma (ESS), and five of malignant mixed mesodermal tumor (MMMT). Results. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 10 of 14 (71%) patients. Chromosome 1 was involved in 7 of 13 (54%) of the patients, chromosome 11 in 6 of 13 (46%), and chromosome 7 in 6 of 13 (46%). A site-specific chromosomal abnormality, del(11)(q22) was found in two patients with LMS and three patients with MMMT, and 7q31 also was involved frequently. Marked genomic instability characterized the MMMT studied. Conclusions. These findings suggest that abnormalities of chromosomes 1, 7, and 11 may play a role in tumor initiation or progression in uterine sarcomas. Genomic alterations in the region 11q22 may be specific for malignant smooth muscle tumors of the uterus.
An improved method for the detection of estrone, estradiol, and estriol in low titer urine.

Abstract The availability of highly sensitive electron-capture gas Chromatographic detection of halogenated compounds has prompted the application of this technique to the fluorinated esters of phenolic hormones. Purification of urinary specimens by several conventional techniques were found to be inadequate since commercial thin-layer plates, ion exchange resin and silica gel were all found to contain impurities which precluded the acquisition of samples sufficiently clean for gas chromatography. We offer here a method which includes purification of phenolic fractions by extraction from sodium carbonate solution followed by modified ion-exchange chromatography and thin-layer chromatography on re-precipitated silica gel.
Opportunities and challenges of research on graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract As the study of the synthesis and structure-property relations of graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) has matured, the use of GICs for studying fundamental issues of 2D physics and for making practical applications has grown rapidly. A review of some of the opportunities and challenges for the use of GICs for exploring 2D physics is presented.
A Re-examination of the Climatological Impact of the Lake Erie-Niagara Ice Boom on Buffalo, New York

Abstract A seasonal ice boom was first installed across the eastern end of Lake Erie in 1964-65. The ice boom was designed to reduce disruptions of hydroelectric power generation caused by ice flow down the Niagara River. A period of extended lake ice and cool springs in the subsequent years was attributed, by some, to the presence of the ice boom. Research studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s showed no statistically significant relationship between the ice boom and water temperatures, and the local climate, through the months of March, April, and May. The reviewed studies may be considered inconclusive in demonstrating a local climate effect, mostly because of insufficient data and reporting in the midst of a regional cooling trend. In addition, the air temperature data were taken from the Greater Buffalo International Airport located 16 kms inland from the ice boom. This study extends the climate research to include the years to present and, for the first time, adds an additional analysis of mean monthly air temperature data obtained from a Buffalo shoreline location. Pre- and post-ice boom seasonal ice dissipation, water temperatures, and monthly mean air temperatures were analyzed for the months of March, April and May. The additional post-ice boom years, as well as the new shoreline data, reaffirm that the ice boom has had no statistically significant impact on water temperatures and on air temperatures in the vicinity of Buffalo, NY.
Cancellation of distortion of any order in integrated active RC filters

Recently proposed continuous-time integrated filters are considered, consisting of capacitors, MOS transistors and active elements. It is shown that for some topologies and certain frequency ranges, cancellations can occur for both even- and odd-order nonlinearities, independently of the details of the transistor characteristics.
Role of nasal air flow in convulsions induced by lidocaine in the rat.

Abstract Prevention of nasal air flow by temporary occlusion of the nares significantly lowered the convulsive threshold to lidocaine and pentylenetetrazol in the rat. This result indicates that olfactory stimulation is not a contributing factor in convulsions induced by local anesthetic agents such as lidocaine.
A systematic review of intracranial chondrosarcoma and survival

Most data regarding survival in patients with chondrosarcoma are limited to case studies and small series performed at single institutions. A systematic review was performed to study the relationship between potential prognostic factors and survival. The survival rates were analyzed according to modality of treatment, treatment history, histological subtype, and histological grade. A total of 560 patients with intracranial chondrosarcoma were analyzed. Median follow-up time was 60 months. The 5-year mortality among all patients was 11.5% with median survival of 24 months. Mortality at 5 years was significantly greater for patients with tumors of higher grade, or of the mesenchymal subtype, or who had received surgical resection alone. The results of our systematic review provide useful data in predicting survival among intracranial chondrosarcoma patients.
Competition in the health system: good news and bad news

Abstract: Competition among health plans, hospitals, and physicians has taken place in fifteen health care markets primarily on the basis of price and secondarily on network breadth and style of ca...
Kinetics of chromate reduction during naphthalene degradation in a mixed culture

A mixed culture of Bacillus sp. K1 and Sphingomonas paucimobilis EPA 505 was exposed to chromate and naphthalene. Batch experiments showed that chromate was reduced and naphthalene was degraded by the mixed culture. Chromate reduction occurred initially at a high rate followed by a decrease in rate until chromate reduction ceased. Chromate reduction decreased in the mixed culture when a lower ratio of S. paucimobilis EPA 505 to Bacillus sp. K1 was utilized. A kinetic model incoporating a term for the cell density ratio is proposed to describe chromate reduction in the mixed culture under both chromate limited and electron donor limited conditions. The validity of the model, and its parameter values, was verified by experimental data generated under a variety of initial population compositions and a broad range of chromate concentrations. The consistent result of experimental data with model predictions implies that the model is useful for evaluating the interactions and the use of mixed culture for chromate removal. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Investigation on the Effect of Reinforcement Particle Size on the Mechanical Properties of the Cold Sprayed Ni-Ni 3 Al Composites

In the present study, cold spraying technique was used to fabricate a metal matrix composite (MMC) that consists of Ni matrix and 20 vol.% Ni3Al particles at two different particle sizes as reinforcement. This study intends to investigate the effect of reinforcement particle size on microstructural and mechanical properties of cold sprayed MMCs. Two different Ni3Al powders with nominal particle size of −45 to +5 and +45 to 100 μm were used as reinforcement in this study. Cold sprayed Ni-Ni3Al samples were subjected to the microstructural observation and characterization prior to any mechanical testing. Then, samples were tested using nano-indentation, Knoop hardness, Vickers hardness, and Resonance frequency to evaluate their mechanical properties. No significant changes were observed in microstructural characteristics due to different particle sizes. The results obtained from a variety of mechanical testings indicated that the increasing reinforcement particle size resulted in the slight reduction of mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and hardness in cold sprayed MMCs. The mechanical interlock between deposited particles defines the bonding strength in cold sprayed samples. Small size particles have a higher velocity and impact resulting in stronger interlock between deformed particles.
Cellular Retinoic Acid-binding Protein II Gene Expression Is Directly Induced by Estrogen, but Not Retinoic Acid, in Rat Uterus

It has been suggested that cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (II) (CRABP(II)) may have a role in the movement of retinoic acid (RA) to its nuclear receptors, thereby enhancing the action of RA in the cells in which it is expressed. RA has also been shown to increase expression of CRABP(II). Previous work from our laboratory has shown that 17 beta-estradiol (E2) administration to prepubertal female rats leads to acquisition of the ability of the lining epithelium to synthesize RA as well as to express CRABP(II). To determine whether this appearance of CRABP(II) was dependent on the production of RA, both E2 and RA were administered to ovariectomized rats. E2 administration induced expression of the CRABP(II) gene in the uterus within 4 h, and this induction was not inhibited by prior administration of puromycin, indicating that the induction was direct. In contrast, RA caused no change in CRABP(II) message level, even at times as late as 48 h after administration. Isolation and analysis of 4.5 kb of the 5'-flanking region of the gene revealed no apparent E2-response element. Using this portion of the gene to drive expression of the luciferase gene in transfected cells allowed identification of a region containing an imperfect estrogen-response element and estrogen-response element half-site, necessary for E2-driven induction. A possible Sp1 binding site in the 5'-flanking region of the CRABP(II) gene was also required for this induction. The ability of E2 to induce expression of CRABP(II) suggests that it can enhance the activity of RA, directly affecting expression of retinoid-responsive genes.
Chemical Analysis of a 30‐Year‐Old Bottle of Lyophilized Plasma

The biochemical constituents of a 30-year-old sealed bottle of lyophilized plasma were analyzed. The results in this communication show that the process of lyophilization and storage has not seemed to cause any great changes in plasma components, including hormones, enzymes, and proteins.
On the new field theory

In a recent series of articles Born, with Infeld, has developed a theory of the electromagnetic field in which the self-energy of the electron is finite. In II the theory is based upon an unsymmetric fundamental tensor of which the symmetric and antisymmetric parts are identified respectively with the gravitational potentials and the electromagnetic field strengths. The Lagrangian is built up in terms of the determinants of the fundamental unsymmetric tensor and its symmetric part, but field equation of the Lagrangian with respect to the field strengths. One must first assume that these field strengths form the curl of a potential vector, and one must then perform the variation with respect to this vector. Again, though the gravitational gab enter the Lagrangian, variation with respect to them does not lead to adequate field equations for the gravitational field, so that Born and Infeld have suggested the arbitrary addition of the Riemannian curvature scalar density R√- g to their Lagrangian. In view of these two points it seems desirable to discuss the possible modification of the Born-Infeld theory in terms of the projective theory of relativity since in this way the difficulties mentioned above will be automatically overcome.
Characterization of a bidirectional optical backplane and performance enhancement with multi bus lines

The concept of a bi-directional optical backplane with multi-bus lines for a high performance system containing multi-chip module boards, operating at 850 nm, is introduced. The backplane reported here employs VCSEL arrays and photodetector arrays as transceivers. Optical beams from a transmitter are fanned out by deflectors which are arrays of multiplexed polymer-based waveguide holograms, and then undergo total internal reflection inside a waveguiding plate, and finally reach the target receiver arrays on the edge of boards. We have designed a bi-directional optical backplane for the data communications application in a nine- board system. Packaging related issues such as misalignment, crosstalk and signal to noise ratio have been studied for the reliable system based on the Gaussian beam approximation. By integrating 140 micrometers -pitch or 250 micrometers - pitch VCSEL arrays, microlens arrays, and photodetector arrays into our design of backplane, we have demonstrated optical backplane with multi-bus lines and experimentally realized this architecture with 1D and 2D bus lines which greatly increase the bus bandwidth of the backplane. Frequency responses of our devices shows a bandwidth of 2.5 THz, which is higher bandwidth. Eye diagrams up to 1.5 GHz have been demonstrated with clear eyes.
Management of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma.

Background. Our aim was to report the outcomes of treatment for sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC). Methods. Between September 1992 and October 2005, 15 patients were treated with curative intent with surgery (n = 1), surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy (n = 9), and definitive radiotherapy (RT) (n = 5). Follow-up ranged from 11 to 151 months (median, 30); follow-up on living patients ranged from 12 to 151 months (median, 22). No patient was lost to follow-up. Results. Seven patients (47%) developed a recurrence from 3 to 50 months (median, 9) after treatment. The 3-year outcomes were: local control, 78%; locoregional control, 65%; distant metastasis–free survival, 82%; cause-specific survival, 77%, and survival, 67%. The local control rates versus treatment modality were: surgery, 0/1 (0%); surgery and postoperative RT, 7/7 (100%); preoperative RT and surgery, 2/2 (100%); and definitive RT, 2/5 (40%). One patient (7%) treated with surgery and postoperative RT sustained a fatal complication. Conclusions. Combined surgery and adjuvant RT likely offer the best chance of cure compared with either modality alone. The impact of adjuvant chemotherapy is unclear. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Conditioned stimulus intensity: Role of cutaneous fiber size in classical conditioning of the flexion reflex in the spinal cat

Abstract Three intensities of the conditioned stimulus (CS) were used to investigate the role of cutaneous fiber size on classical conditioning of the flexion reflex in the spinal cat. Conditioning occurred when the CS activated Aα and Aδ cutaneous fibers; CS activation of only the largest myelinated (Aα) fibers or CS recruitment of unmyelinated (C) fibers in addition to Aα and Aδ fibers did not lead to significant conditioning. Comparison with two unpaired CS-US control treatment groups showed that the facilitation of reflex output during conditioning was specific to pairing of the CS and US and was not a consequence of sensitization or differential habituation rates between paired (conditioning) and unpaired (control) groups. These results were comparable to those from intact animal conditioning studies and thus lend further support to the spinal conditioning preparation as an appropriate simplified system for investigations of neural mechanisms of learning.
Adhesive properties of soy proteins modified by urea and guanidine hydrochloride

An investigation was conducted on the adhesive and water-resistance properties of soy protein isolates that were modified by varying solutions of urea (1, 3, 5, and 8 M) or guanidine hydrochloride (GH) (0.5, 1, and 3 M) and applied on walnut, cherry, and pine plywoods. Soy proteins modified by 1 and 3 M urea showed greater shear strengths than did unmodified protein. The 3 M urea modification gave soy protein the highest shear strength. Soy proteins modified with 0.5 and 1 M GH gave greater shear strengths than did the unmodified protein. The 1 M GH-modified soy protein gave the highest shear strength. Compared to the unmodified protein, the modified proteins also exhibited higher shear strengths after incubating with two cycles of alternating relative humidity, zero delamination, and higher remaining shear strengths after three cycles water soaking and drying. These results indicate that soy proteins modified with urea and GH enhance water resistance as well as adhesive strength. Secondary structures of globule proteins may enhance adhesion strength, and the exposure of hydrophobic amino acids may enhance water resistance. Proteins modified by 3 M urea or 1 M GH may have higher content of secondary structure and more exposed hydrophobic amino acids, compared with other modifications or unmodified proteins.
Health locus of control, distress, and utilization of protease inhibitors among HIV-positive men

Abstract Objective: To investigate the relationship between health locus of control (HLOC), distress, and protease inhibitor (PI) utilization in gay/bisexual men in all stages of HIV illness. Method: A total of 173 men participating in a longitudinal study of the psychological effects of HIV illness were administered a number of psychological distress measures and the HLOC scale. The association between the HLOC subscales, distress, and PI utilization was evaluated. Results: In addition to physical symptoms, the attribution of health status to chance or fate significantly predicted depressive symptoms, feelings of hopelessness, and recent life stress. Results also demonstrated a significant relationship between strong, positive beliefs in doctors and other health care professionals and PI utilization. Conclusion: The results of this study point to a strong association between beliefs that health status is related to chance or fate and distress. In addition, beliefs in physicians and other health care providers appear to contribute to decisions to initiate PI therapy.
Electrodermal potential and conductance measurements clinically discriminate between cystic fibrosis and control patients

ABSTRACT: To evaluate the adaptation of electrodermal techniques for cystic fibrosis screening, skin surface bioelectric measurements were recorded from 37 established cystic fibrosis patients, 45 asthmatic patients, and 10 normal controls, ranging in age from 6 to 22 yr. Six skin potential and six skin conductance measures of sweat gland activity without the collection of sweat distinguished between the cystic fibrosis, normal, and asthmatic groups (F ratios>10.0; p<0.0001). Discriminant analysis using the two best electrodermal measures (the mean of five preresponse potential levels and the mean of five preresponse conductance levels for each subject) to assign experimental group membership matched actual group membership with 92.7% accuracy. We believe these results warrant further investigation of electrodermal procedures as a direct, simple, yet noninvasive means of screening for cystic fibrosis.
Effect of Progesterone on Growth and Development of Submandibular Glands in Female Rats

Progesterone in daily doses of 0.6 mg or 1.5 mg/100 gm body weight was given subcutaneously to weanling female rats for ten weeks. Controls were treated similarly with a vehicle. At the low dose level, progesterone did not affect body and gland growth in comparison to the controls. However, at the high dose level, progesterone stimulated the body growth and the growth and development of submandibular glands.
Genetic variation among western populations of the Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) indicates recent colonization of the Channel Islands off southern California, mainland-bound dispersal, and postglacial range shifts

ABSTRACT The Channel Islands off the coast of southern California host >50 species of terrestrial vertebrates with varying degrees of phenotypic differentiation. However, most organisms that breed on the Channel Islands remain unstudied with respect to genetic differentiation from mainland populations. By comparing patterns of genetic variation between the Channel Islands and the mainland, we aimed to further our understanding of the role that the Channel Islands have played in diversification of the North American biota. We evaluated long-standing, untested hypotheses regarding colonization patterns and evolutionary relationships among western populations of the Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris), including the endemic Channel Island subspecies E. a. insularis. We also examined how many times Horned Larks have colonized the Channel Islands, whether the species exhibits asymmetrical patterns of gene flow between mainland and island populations, and whether E. a. strigata of the Pacific Northwest is closel...
The coiled-coil domain and Tyr177 of bcr are required to induce a murine chronic myelogenous leukemia-like disease by bcr/abl

The bcr/abl fusion in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) creates a chimeric tyrosine kinase with dramatically different properties than intact c-abl. In P210 bcr/abl, the bcr portion includes a coiled-coil oligomerization domain (amino acids 1-63) and a grb2-binding site at tyrosine 177 (Tyr177) that are critical for fibroblast transformation, but give variable results in other cell lines. To investigate the role of the coiled-coil domain and Tyr177 in promoting CML, 4 P210 bcr/abl-derived mutants containing different bcr domains fused to abl were constructed. All 4 mutants, Delta(1-63) bcr/abl, (1-63) bcr/abl, Tyr177Phe bcr/abl, and (1-210) bcr/abl exhibited elevated tyrosine kinase activity and conferred factor-independent growth in cell lines. In contrast, differences in the transforming potential of the 4 mutants occurred in our mouse model, in which all mice receiving P210 bcr/abl-expressing bone marrow cells exclusively develop a myeloproliferative disease (MPD) resembling human CML. Of the 4 mutants assayed, only 1-210 bcr/abl, containing both the coiled-coil domain and Tyr177, induced MPD. Unlike full-length P210, this mutant also caused a simultaneous B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The other 3 mutants, (1-63) bcr/abl, Tyr177Phe bcr/abl, and Delta(1-63) bcr/abl, failed to induce an MPD but instead caused T-cell ALL. These results show that both the bcr coiled-coil domain and Tyr177 are required for MPD induction by bcr/abl and provide the basis for investigating downstream signaling pathways that lead to CML.
Variances in the measurement of thermal diffusivity on coarse-weave carbon-carbon composites in terms of fiber-fraction involvement

A geometrical analysis was performed on the sensitivity of the fiber-fraction parameter applicable to the sighting area of a detector for thermal diffusivity measurements using the flash technique on a coarse-weave C-C composite. The percentage variation in the detector viewing-area fiber fraction was examined as a function of viewing diameter for the axial and radial cases of a proprietary material, billet 304. Suggestions are made for optimization of the viewing diameter for thermal diffusivity measurements. The uncertainty limits caused by small displacements of the spot center or by uncertainties in the spot diameter are derived for viewing diameters of 0.1 and 0.5 in. Selected thermal diffusivity data obtained from room temperature to 1300 K using a 0.1 in. diameter spot on three different types of proprietary coarse-weave carbon-carbon composites (100, 200, and 300 series) are presented. From the analysis of these data, it is concluded that the thermal diffusivity shows a strong dependence upon fiber fraction at room temperature and that this dependence decreases considerably at higher temperatures. Typical thermal diffusivity results obtained in the radial direction for billet 206 as a function of temperature using both 0.10 and 0.37 in. diameter spots are analyzed in view of the conclusions drawn in the geometric analysis study. Finally, suggestions are made concerning the characterization necessary in reporting data on the thermal diffusivity of coarse-weave carbon-carbon composites.
Additional electrocardiographic leads in the ED chest pain patient: right ventricular and posterior leads.

Abstract In the evaluation of the patient with chest pain, the 12-lead electro cardiogram is a less-than-(ECG) perfect indicator of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), particularly when used early in the course of the acute ischemic event; this relative insensitivity for AMI results from many different issues, including a less-than-optimal imaging of certain areas of the heart. It has been suggested that the sensitivity of the 12-lead ECG can be improved if 3 additional body surface leads are used in selected individuals. Acute posterior (PMI) and right ventricular myocardial infarctions are likely to be underdiagnosed, because the standard lead placement of the 12-lead ECG does not allow these areas to be assessed directly. Additional leads frequently used include leads V 8 and V 9 , which image the posterior wall of the left ventricle, and lead V 4R , which reflects the status of the right ventricle. The standard ECG coupled with these additional leads constitutes the 15-lead ECG, the most frequently used additional lead ECG in clinical practice. The use of the additional leads might not only confirm the presence of AMI, but also provide a more accurate reflection of the true extent of myocardial damage.
Constraints on the computational component vs. grammar in the lexicon: a discussion of Bates & Goodman.

In The emergence of language, it is argued that much of what generative linguistics has characterized as ‘rules’ in fact can be derived from domaingeneral cognitive mechanisms. One example of this perspective is Bates & Goodman’s contribution ‘On the emergence of grammar in the lexicon’, which Sabbagh & Gelman say offers ‘...a series of compelling arguments detailing how development and early acquisition shape the subsequent acquisition of new information.’ The thrust of the argument presented by Bates & Goodman is that there is no need to posit the existence of an independent grammar domain, because grammar can be reduced to the lexicon, which in Bates & Goodman’s account, can be acquired using general purpose mechanisms. One of several major arguments in favour of this position presented by the authors is that grammar and vocabulary grow at the same rates in child speech. Thus, the authors argue that the development of the lexicon and grammar correlate because there is no grammar outside of the lexicon. Bates & Goodman, indeed, go on to show a developmental correlation between vocabulary size and particular aspects of grammar. However, defining ‘grammar’ so that it can be correlated with growth in vocabulary size is extremely problematic. The two principle metrics for grammatical development used are MLU (mean length of utterance) and inflectional morphology. Using these metrics to measure the growth of grammar is a problem, which the authors recognize, because they include many of the elements used to measure grammar (e.g. modal and auxiliary verbs, definite articles, etc.) in their ‘ lexicon’ category, too. Thus, the initial curves the authors show could simply show a correlation between the growth of grammatical elements in the ‘ lexicon’ category with the growth of grammatical elements in the ‘grammar’ category (i.e. correlating something with itself). To solve this problem, the authors then show that even when closedclass elements are removed from what is counted as the lexicon, there is still a correlation between the growth of grammar and the lexicon. All of this is to refute the contention by generative linguists that word learning and grammatical development proceed in a different way and at a different pace
Globalization and History of Education. Some Comments on Jurgen Herbst's “The History of Education: State of the Art at the Turn of the Century in Europe and North America"

*A Paper presented to the History of Education Society Annual Meeting, New Haven, CT, October 19, 2001.