cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charles Darwin and the Origins of Plant Evolutionary Developmental Biology

Much has been written of the early history of comparative embryology and its influence on the emergence of an evolutionary developmental perspective. However, this literature, which dates back nearly a century, has been focused on metazoans, without acknowledgment of the contributions of comparative plant morphologists to the creation of a developmental view of biodiversity. We trace the origin of comparative plant developmental morphology from its inception in the eighteenth century works of Wolff and Goethe, through the mid nineteenth century discoveries of the general principles of leaf and floral organ morphogenesis. Much like the stimulus that von Baer provided as a nonevolutionary comparative embryologist to the creation of an evolutionary developmental view of animals, the comparative developmental studies of plant morphologists were the basis for the first articulation of the concept that plant (namely floral) evolution results from successive modifications of ontogeny. Perhaps most surprisingly, we show that the first person to carefully read and internalize the remarkable advances in the understanding of plant morphogenesis in the 1840s and 1850s is none other than Charles Darwin, whose notebooks, correspondence, and (then) unpublished manuscripts clearly demonstrate that he had discovered the developmental basis for the evolutionary transformation of plant form.
THE COURTS AND RISK ASSESSMENT1

In the past decade the federal courts have come to play an important role in reviewing agency decision-making on prospective risks. Questioning the conventional wisdom that judges are poorly equipped for the task, the authors outline the range of choices facing courts in such cases and contend that they cannot avoid making ultimate decisions on risk policy. However, recent Supreme Court cases on nuclear hazards and occupational benzene indicate narrowing of the scope for judicial review.
Falls requiring medical attention among veterans with multiple sclerosis: A cohort study

The purpose of this study was to estimate the rela- tive risk of an injurious fall requiring medical attention in vete- rans with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with veterans without MS after controlling for sex, age, and healthcare use. The sample included 195,417 veterans treated at Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities in the Northwest United States in fiscal year 2008. We obtained information regarding MS diag- nosis, injurious falls (operationalized as International Classifi- cation of Diseases-9th Revision-Clinical Modification codes E880-E888), and demographic and healthcare use data from the VHA Consumer Health Information Performance Set database. Using logistic regression, we determined the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of an injurious fall to be three times higher in female veter- ans with MS than in female veterans without MS (OR = 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6-5.5). The adjusted OR of an injurious fall for men with MS was also higher than for men without MS, but this difference was not statistically significant (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.8-2.1). We recommend further studies evaluating the medical, social, and economic consequences of injurious falls, as well as interventions to prevent injurious falls, to improve the independence and quality of life of veterans and others living with MS.
Meaning and Measurement in Cross-National Research on Satisfaction with Democracy

The stability of a democratic nation has long been thought to rest on its level of legitimacy among the mass public. Yet, measure- ment of such support has been characterized by considerable confusion. One key element in that confusion is the heavy reliance over the past 20 years on data from a survey item that measures respondents' levels of satisfaction with democracy. Data from this item have been analyzed in numerous studies of political support. This research has proceeded despite the existence of substantial disagreement regarding what di- mension or dimensions of support the item measures. In an effort to resolve this ambiguity, we examine the conceptual and empirical prop- erties of the item in question. The analysis draws on original surveys conducted in 1999 in Romania and El Salvador and on data from the 1997 Latinbarometer. Results reveal that the satisfaction with democracy item taps multiple dimensions of political support and that the substan- tive content represented by the item varies across both individuals and nations. We argue that these empirical characteristics limit the capacity of analysts to derive meaningful inferences from study of this item and that, until clarification of the measurement issue is obtained, progress in identifying predictors of democratic stability will be slowed. Improving our understanding of political support constitutes one of the central tasks facing students of comparative politics. Much of the research on support makes use of a survey item that has appeared on the Eurobarometer, the Latinbarometer, and elsewhere. In this article, we examine the conceptual and empirical properties of this "satisfaction with democracy" (SWD) question. The SWD question asks, "On the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied,
Impact of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) paediatric antidepressant warnings on stock prices of pharmaceutical manufacturers

Objectives The objective was to investigate the impact of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) paediatric antidepressant warnings in 2004 on the magnitude and the systematic risk associated with stock returns of antidepressant manufacturers. Methods Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) daily stock-price data for 2003–2006 were used to examine the FDA warning impact. The beta coefficient from the capital asset pricing model was used as a measure of systematic risk. The CRSP New York Stock Exchange 500 value-weighted daily return was used as the market return. A multivariate regression model framework was employed in which an equation was estimated simultaneously for each of the five firms (Eli Lilly, Forest Laboratories, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Wyeth) affected by the warnings. The periods 2 February to 23 March 2004 and 14 September to 18 October 2004 were defined as the warning periods. A seemingly unrelated regression model was used with daily stock return as the dependent variable and warning period as the primary independent variable. The unit of analysis was each trading day between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2006. Key findings In the period of uncertainty and warnings (2003–2004) the beta coefficient increased by an average of 0.296 (95% confidence interval 0.103, 0.489) across the five firms. The FDA warnings had no significant impact on the magnitude of the stock returns. Conclusions The 2004 FDA warnings on antidepressant use in children led to an increase in the systematic risk associated with antidepressant drug manufacturers' stocks with no corresponding change in stock returns, suggesting that investors did not change their perception of the value of these firms, but did perceive increased risk. This increase in risk makes it more costly for the manufacturers to raise capital.
Bounds for the variance of Mann-Whitney statistic

Lower and upper bounds for the variance of Mann-Whitney statistic have been obtained by Birnbaum and Klose recently. The main problem in their paper reduces to that of obtaining bounds of an integral of a convex function of a cumulative distribution function satisfying certain side restrictions. Using the methods and results of Rustagi and Harris, bounds for such an integral are obtained and bounds for the variance of the Mann-Whitney statistic are derived therefrom.
Advanced microstructural characterization of plasma sprayed zirconia coatings over extended length scales.

Achieving control of the microstructure of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems offers an opportunity to tailor coating properties to demanding applications. Accomplishing this requires a fundamental understanding of the correlations among processing, microstructure development, and related TBC properties. This article describes the quantitative characterization of the microstructure of plasma-sprayed partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) coatings by means of x-ray and neutron-scattering imaging techniques. Small-angle neutron scattering, ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering, and x-ray microtomography were used to characterize and visualize the nature and structure of the features in these material systems. In addition, the influence of processing parameters on microstructure development is discussed along with thermal cycling effects on the pore morphology, and their resultant influence of the porosity on the thermal conductivity and elastic modulus of plasma-sprayed PSZ TBCs.
Effects of Energy Cost Increases and Regional Allocation Policies on Agricultural Production

Some of the impacts of energy cost increases and reduced supplies on the product mix of annual field crops and vegetables in California are analyzed. A quadratic programming model including risk is used to evaluate the effects of increased energy costs and reductions in fertilizer and in fuel supplies. The model includes a demand matrix of some nine field crops and twenty-eight seasonal vegetables. The study also considers the relative impact of energy changes on producer and consumer welfare. Results suggest continued viability of vegetable production but differential consumer and producer impacts associated with energy changes.
Autophosphorylation Activity of the Arabidopsis Ethylene Receptor Multigene Family

Receptors for the gaseous phytohormone ethylene show sequence similarity to bacterial two-component histidine kinases. These receptors are encoded by a multigene family that can be divided into subfamilies 1 and 2. It has been previously shown that a subfamily 1 Arabidopsis thaliana ethylene receptor, ETR1, autophosphorylates in vitro on a conserved histidine residue (1). However, sequence comparisons between the five ethylene receptor family members suggest that subfamily 2 members do not have all the motifs necessary for histidine kinase activity. Further, a tobacco subfamily 2 receptor, NTHK1, autophosphorylates on serines and threonines in vitro (2). Here we show that all five Arabidopsis ethylene receptor proteins autophosphorylate in vitro. We analyzed the nature of the phosphorylated amino acids by acid/base stability and bi-dimensional thin layer electrophoresis and demonstrated that unlike ETR1 all other ethylene receptors autophosphorylate predominantly on serine residues. ERS1, the only other subfamily 1 receptor, is able to phosphorylate on both histidine and serine residues in the presence of Mn2+. However, histidine autophosphorylation is lost when ERS1 is assayed in the presence of both Mg2+ and Mn2+, suggesting that this activity may not occur in vivo. Furthermore, mutation of the histidine residue conserved in two-component systems does not abolish serine autophosphorylation, eliminating the possibility of a histidine to serine phosphotransfer. Our biochemical observations complement the recently published genetic data that histidine kinase activity is not necessary for ethylene receptor function in plants and suggest that ethylene signal transduction does not occur through a phosphorelay mechanism.
Gift-giving or Influence Peddling: Can You Tell the Difference?

Physical therapists are faced with an ever-increasing array of advertising ventures, "free" gifts, and enticing offers from equipment and supply companies and various health care agencies. Concerns are raised about the ethical implications of gift exchange in professional activities. Basic motives governing gift exchange are examined from a sociological standpoint. The obligation of the professional to act in the best interest of the patient and to guard against the impression of impropriety to the public is paramount in decisions concerning gifts. Opinions from the medical and pharmaceutical professions are explored to glean criteria that have applicability to physical therapy. These criteria are presented in the form of questions that may be helpful for physical therapists.
Efficacy of Several Pesticide Products on Brown Widow Spider (Araneae: Theridiidae) Egg Sacs and Their Penetration Through the Egg Sac Silk.

Information on pesticide effects on spiders is less common than for insects; similar information for spider egg sacs is scarcer in the open literature. Spider egg sacs are typically covered with a protective silk layer. When pesticides are directly applied to egg sacs, the silk might prevent active ingredients from reaching the eggs, blocking their insecticidal effect. We investigated the impact of six water-based pesticide sprays and four oil-based aerosol products against egg sacs of brown widow spiders, Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch. All water-based spray products except one failed to provide significant mortality to egg sacs, resulting in successful spiderling emergence from treated egg sacs at a similar rate to untreated egg sacs. In contrast to water-based sprays, oil-based aerosols provided almost complete control, with 94–100% prevention of spiderling emergence. Penetration studies using colored pesticide products indicated that oil-based aerosols were significantly more effective in penetrating egg sac silk than were the water-based sprays, delivering the active ingredients on most (>99%) of the eggs inside the sac. The ability of pesticides to penetrate spider egg sac silk and deliver lethal doses of active ingredients to the eggs is discussed in relation to the chemical nature of egg sac silk proteins. Our study suggests that pest management procedures primarily relying on perimeter application of water-based sprays might not provide satisfactory control of brown widow spider eggs. Determination of the most effective active ingredients and carrier characteristics warrant further research to provide more effective control options for spider egg sacs.
Acoustic signals produced during courtship in Diachasmimorpha (=Biosteres) longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and other Braconidae

Sounds produced by courting males of three species of Braconidae as they approach and then mount females differ in frequency, sound duration, and intervals between sounds. Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), a parasitoid of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), has a sexually dimorphic response to broadcasts of recorded “approach song” that suggests the sound has a sexual function. Sounds directed at other males have longer pulse trains (buzzes) and shorter intervals between pulse trains than those sung to potential mates. D. longicaudata males have more oval wings than females, as is the case in some acoustically signaling Diptera. Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) and Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) produce multiple frequency sounds that result in a warbling effect. The song of the latter species is very complex and includes two distinct forms of pulse trains.
Influence of some nonionic surfactants on pancreatic lipase activity.

SummaryTwo nonionic surfactants, Triton WR-1339 and Macrocyclon inhibit the hydrolysis of triglycerides in a coconut oil emulsion (Ediol) by pancreatic lipase, Triton inhibiting to a greater extent than Macrocyclon in a ratio of approximately 2:1. HOC-60, also a nonionic surfactant, is not inhibitory. The results of the present study indicate that during its incubation with the surfactant at 37°;C for 1 hour before adding the enzyme, the substrate may undergo a change which would result in an altered substrate molecule that is less reactive to pancreatic lipase. Two suggested mechanisms of the inhibitory action of the nonionic surfactants are discussed; (1) formation of an irreversible complex and (2) formation of a micelle. The ability of these agents to induce hyperlipemia in animals was reflected by inhibition of enzymatic lipolysis in vitro.
Isolation and preliminary identification of endophytic fungi from Sophora alopecuroides in Ningxia

In order to investigate the diversity of endophyteic fungi in Sophora alopecuroides in Ningxia,the endophytic fungi was isolated using tissue isolation method from the root,stem and leaf of Sophora alopecuroides in Ningxia and identified preliminarily based on morphological characteristics in this paper.115 endophytic fungi were isolated from 875 sterilized tissues of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in Ningxia,of which 18 isolated from roots,41 isolated from stems,56 isolated from leaves,which account for 15.7%,35.7% and 48.6% of total endophytic fungi respectively.The result of preliminary identification showed that the 113 fungi that produced spores were classified to 7 genera under 5 families,3 orders and 2 classes.3 belongs to Penicillium,accounting for 2.6%;4 belongs to Periconia,accounting for 3.6%;45 belongs to Alternaria,accounting for 39.1%;9 belongs to Fusarium,accounting for 7.8%;10 belongs to Aspergillus,accounting for 8.7%;30 belongs to Dendrophoma,accounting for 26.1%;9 belongs to Rhizopus,accounting for 7.8%.But Alternaria and Dendrophoma were dominant.It was concluded that the entophytes in Sophora alopecuroides in Ningxia were diversity and rich,and there were some differences at quantity and species in different organs of Sophora alopecuroides in Ningxia.
The growth of the boundary layer behind a shock wave

The time dependent growth of the laminar and turbulent boundary layers on the wall of a shock tube in shock-initiated flow was investigated experimentally by means of interferometric measurements. At a fixed point on the wall, a laminar layer is formed, grows, undergoes transition, and finally becomes a fully developed, and growing, turbulent layer. The laminar layer is observed to grow proportional to the square root of the time from the initiation of flow, as predicted by theory.
DIVERSITY AND CONVERGENCE IN THE STUDY OF ORGANISMAL FUNCTION

ABSTRACT Similarity of structure among organisms reflects either common ancestry or convergence. The latter indicates that natural selection has had a significant influence and therefore that the structure is of functional importance. Since natural selection is most directly felt at the organismal level of organization, convergence is most pervasive there. While such convergence provides evidence of adaptation for the evolutionary biologist, for the comparative physiologist it is a tool of much greater importance. It provides a way to distinguish at least initially between characters that matter and characters that do not, it permits evaluation of the degree of precision necessary for a character, and it improves the predictive value of generalizations about functional significance. Using convergence requires direct access to biological diversity; it also requires reliable phylogenetic information, the latter even more dependent on access to diverse material.
Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People: An Introduction

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the Standards of Care (SOC) of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. The chapter describes the underlying principles of the SOC and highlights key issues which the clinician faces in providing the best possible care. The basic competencies for clinicians are described as well as the criteria for hormonal and surgical treatment. This chapter is a useful introduction and summary of essential elements of the SOC. Health professionals can use the SOC to help patients consider the full range of health services open to them, in accordance with their clinical needs and goals for gender expression.
Oblivious decision trees graphs and top down pruning

We describe a supervised learning algorithm, EODG that uses mutual information to build an oblivious decision tree. The tree is then converted to an Oblivious read-Once Decision Graph (OODG) by merging nodes at the same level of the tree. For domains that art appropriate for both decision trees and OODGs, performance is approximately the same as that of C4.5), but the number of nodes in the OODG is much smaller. The merging phase that converts the oblivious decision tree to an OODG provides a new way of dealing with the replication problem and a new pruning mechanism that works top down starting from the root. The pruning mechanism is well suited for finding symmetries and aids in recovering from splits on irrelevant features that may happen during the tree construction.
MYC Inhibition Depletes Cancer Stem-like Cells in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

There is mounting evidence that cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are selectively enriched in residual tumors after anticancer therapies which may account for tumor recurrence and metastasis by regenerating new tumors. Thus, there is a critical need to develop new therapeutic agents that can effectively eliminate drug-resistant CSCs and improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. Here we report that Triptolide (C1572), a small molecule natural product selectively depletes CSCs in a dose-dependent fashion in human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. Nanomolar concentrations of C1572 markedly reduced c-MYC (MYC) protein levels via a proteasome-dependent mechanism. Silencing MYC expression phenocopied the CSC depletion effects of C1572 and induced senescence in TNBC cells. Limited dilution assays revealed that ex vivo treatment of TNBC cells with C1572 reduced CSC levels by 28-fold. In mouse xenograft models of human TNBC, administration of C1572 suppressed tumor growth and depleted CSCs in a manner correlated with diminished MYC expression in residual tumor tissues. Together, these new findings provide a preclinical proof of concept defining C1572 as a promising therapeutic agent to eradicate CSCs for drug-resistant TNBC treatment.
Valuing product innovation: genetically engineered varieties in US corn and soybeans

We develop and estimate a discrete-choice model of differentiated products for the corn and soybean seed industry in the United States to assess the welfare impact of genetically engineered (GE) crop varieties. We use a unique dataset, spanning the period 1996-2011, that contains rich information on the adoption of GE traits. Using a two-level nested logit model, we estimate that U.S. farmers are willing to pay a significant premium for GE traits, and this value has increased over time. Over the last five years of the sample, our results imply that farmers' average willingness to pay for glyphosate tolerance in soybeans was $24/acre/year. During the same period, farmers' willingness to pay for a common triple-stack in corn that includes two insect resistance traits and glyphosate tolerance was $35/acre/year. To compute overall welfare estimates, we evaluate counterfactual scenarios in which GE varieties are not available, with counterfactual non-GE seed prices predicted by a hedonic price equation. Counterfactual scenarios are adjusted to account for the fact that GE crop varieties crowded out non-GE varieties by the end of our sample. We estimate that GE innovations increased farmers' welfare by more than $14 billion over the period of study. We also find that the development and diffusion of GE traits increased U.S. corn and soybean seed industry revenues by nearly $23 billion over this period. Thus, seed firms have been able to appropriate the larger share of the ex post value of innovation created by GE technologies. Key Words: Discrete choice, Innovation, Nested logit, Product characteristics, Seed demand, Transgenic crops, Welfare JEL Codes
Numerical analysis of residual stress distribution in tubes with spiral weld cladding

Residual stresses and strains in a tube with spiral weld cladding were analyzed by the finite element (FE) method. The objective of this work was to determine the residual stress-strain state in the weld clad tube and verify the developed FE model, which might serve for future parametric sensitivity studies of various welding parameters on residual stresses in such tubes. An axisymmetric FE model was developed to simulate the circumferential weld cladding process of Alloy 625 on SA210 carbon steel tube and to analyze the residual stress-strain state. The analysis was uncoupled in that the thermal and mechanical analyses were conducted in two separate runs. The results show high tensile residual stresses in the weld cladding and at the interface with a gradual transition to compressive stresses at the inner tube surface. A neutron diffraction technique was used to experimentally determine residual elastic strains in the clad tube. Comparison with the FE results shows good overall agreement. The agreement is excellent in radial and axial elastic strain components, whereas the calculated tangential elastic strain overpredicted the measured value. The difference is discussed, and certain conclusions are given. Finally, some attempts on how to prevent or relieve high tensile stresses in more » the weld cladding are presented and discussed in this paper. « less
Carcinogenic Effect of Wireless Communication Radiation in Rodents

The potential health effects of radio frequency (RF) radiation associated with cellular mobile telephones and related wireless devices remain a focus of concern. Although our knowledge regarding the health effects of RF radiation has increased considerably, the scientific evidence on biological effects of RF radiation associated with these wireless devices is still tentative. The uncertainties persist, in part, because of the limited number and scope of studies that have been conducted. Aside from the lack of a scientific consensus on experimental studies that provide clear evidence either refuting or supporting the cancer induction or promotion potential of RF radiation from cell phones, there is a concern that an established effect from wireless radiation, however small, could have a considerable impact in terms of public health. This chapter provides an updated review on recent research results on cancer induction and promotion in normal and transgenic mice and rats subjected to prolonged or life-long exposure to modulation schemes such as GSM, TDMA, CDMA, UMTS, and others. A majority of the laboratory mouse and rat studies did not exhibit a significant difference in carcinogenic incidences between exposed and sham-exposed animals. Although this observation may be comforting from the perspective of safety evaluation, most of the studies are one-of-a-kind investigations – only three mouse and perhaps four rat studies were designed as replication or confirmation studies. It is noteworthy that the findings of these studies have not been consistent, making it difficult to arrive at a definitive conclusion. It could be a major flaw that in a majority of the investigations, cage-control animals were not part of the investigation or were not included in the data analyses. Moreover, restraining the experimental animals during exposure could have introduced a stress factor, which further complicates interpretation of the results since stress has often been associated with cancer induction in these animals.
Forms of Selenium

The forms of selenium that occur in living systems (Table 1-1) and the forms that are biologically available to the organism depend on the form of selenium supplied to the organism, the amount of selenium supplied, and the species of plant or animal. For the purpose of this chapter it is most convenient to distinguish the forms of selenium which are present naturally. These include compounds of low molecular weight, which occur in the free form, and also natural forms of selenium which are present in high-molecular-weight compounds. Forms which are synthesized and have biological activity are listed in Chapter 9.
The appearance of one-pronuclear human oocytes is associated with a better ovulation-induction response and successful pregnancy outcome.

Objective To study the relationship between the presence of one-pronuclear oocytes in in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients and ovulation-induction response, oocyte and embryo development, and clinical outcome. Design Retrospective analysis of 535 consecutive IVF retrievals. Retrievals in which one or more oocytes exhibited one pronucleus were compared with retrievals in which no one-pronuclear oocytes (control) were observed. The following one-pronuclear versus control subgroups were also examined: leuprolide acetate/human menopausal gonadotropin (LA/hMG) ovulation inductions, high estradiol (E 2 ) response cases, and retrievals in which a large number of oocytes (≥15) were recovered. Setting Brigham and Women's Hospital, a tertiary care, university-affiliated hospital. Patients Three hundred forty-six IVF patients were treated between January 1989 and May 1991. Main Outcome Measures Parameters examined included E 2 concentration and number of follicles with maximum diameter ≥12mm on day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration; number of total and mature oocytes retrieved; total fertilization rates; number of embryos; and percent per retrieval of embryo transfers (ETs), clinical pregnancies, and ongoing-livebirths. Results The one-pronuclear patients had higher E 2 levels and larger number of follicles, yielded significantly more total and mature oocytes, had a higher overall fertilization rate, produced more embryos, and had higher ET, clinical pregnancy and ongoing-livebirth rates per retrieval than did the control patients. Analysis of the subgroup populations revealed no significant differences in the majority of the main outcome measures studied; however, the one-pronuclear patients yielded significantly more total and mature oocytes per retrieval. Conclusions Although there was an increase in the clinical and ongoing-livebirth pregnancy rates (PRs) in one-pronuclear patients, this was probably associated with an improved ovulation-induction response in the one-pronuclear patients. They achieved significantly higher E 2 levels, recruited a larger number of follicles, and yielded more oocytes and embryos per retrieval than the control patients. When only the LA/hMG, E 2 ≥1,500pg/mL, or the ≥15 oocytes/case retrievals were analyzed, the PRs were no longer different; however, the one-pronuclear patients still yielded significantly more total and mature oocytes per retrieval than the controls. Therefore, the appearance of one-pronuclear oocytes is probably associated with the maturation stage of the oocytes obtained and is indicative of an ovulation induction in which a large number of preovulatory, metaphase II oocytes have been recruited.
The Importance of Water Main Disinfection.

Practical waterworks men have in the past paid little attention to disinfection of new mains and repaired mains. Flushing was, and still is, regarded by many water superintendents as an adequate method for removing chance contamination from new pipe lines. There is, however, a definite trend toward main disinfection, and the interest shown in this subject by waterworks men throughout the country merits some thought and discussion. The subject is not new, as it has been discussed in the literature for many years, but there still is an apparent lack of definite reasons justifying the disinfection of mains; otherwise the practice would be more firmly established. It is therefore the purpose of this paper to add specific examples from the state of Washington and to review briefly studies, papers, and cases from other states.
mTORC1: A Signaling Integration Node Involved in Cell Growth

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an atypical serine/threonine kinase that plays an indispensable role in the control of cell growth. When localized with the interacting proteins raptor and mLST8 in the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR serves as an integrator of cellular signals to control the balance between cellular anabolism and cellular catabolism. Under conditions that promote cell growth, or in the presence of common genetic lesions associated with cancer, mTORC1 signals to the effectors 4E-BP1 and S6K1 resulting in ribosomal biogenesis and enhanced mRNA translation. The positive effects of mTORC1 on mRNA translation involve a dynamic molecular process that results in an increase in bulk protein synthesis, including more dramatic effects on a subset of mRNA species encoding pro-growth, anti-apoptotic proteins. Recent data also suggest a role of mTORC1 in the “pioneer” round of mRNA translation, in addition to the more established effects on “steady-state” protein biosynthesis. Growth control by mTORC1 is required in physiological and developmental settings for proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis, cell survival, and embryonic development, while inappropriate regulation of mTORC1 signaling is observed in the overwhelming majority of human cancers. This review will discuss the current view of the signaling network upstream of mTORC1 and the regulation of protein biosynthesis by this evolutionarily conserved, clinically relevant cell signaling node.
(+)-Camphoracetic acid: Catemeric hydrogen bonding in a γ-keto acid

The title compound, (1R)-4,7,7-tri­methyl-3-oxobi­cyclo­[2.2.1]­heptane-2-endo-acetic acid, C12H18O3, like its lower homolog, forms carboxyl-to-ketone hydrogen-bonding catemers (Z′ = 2) [O⋯O = 2.729 (5) and 2.707 (5) A, and O—H⋯O = 165 and 170°] with screw-related components. The two mol­ecules of the asymmetric unit differ slightly in conformation and produce two counter-aligned hydrogen-bonding chains, both aligned with the b axis. Close intermolecular C—H⋯O=C contacts exist for the ketone group of one mol­ecule and for both the ketone and carboxyl functions in the other.
Perceived emotional aptitude of clinical laboratory sciences students compared to students in other healthcare profession majors.

Emotional aptitude can be defined as the ability to recognize and manage one9s own emotions and interpret the emotions of others. It has been speculated that Clinical Laboratory Sciences students may lack the emotional skills to most effectively interact with patients and other healthcare professionals, therefore a logical hypothesis would be that they would evaluate their own emotional intelligence lower than students from other healthcare majors. While this has been a topic of discussion in healthcare, a lack of research has been conducted to validate this assumption. This study assesses the perceived emotional aptitude of Clinical Laboratory Sciences students compared to students of other healthcare majors in the Dumke College of Health Professions at Weber State University. The perceived emotional aptitude of the healthcare students was determined by completion of a self-evaluation questionnaire that included questions about one9s emotions, their understanding of others9 emotions, and how they manage conflict. A total of 401 questionnaires were completed, compiled, and analyzed. Although minor differences were seen in the responses, statistical analysis found these differences to be insignificant. The perceived emotional aptitude of Clinical Laboratory Sciences students was insignificantly different than that of students of other healthcare majors at the Dumke College of Health Professions.
Patterns and Impacts of Racial and International Student Disparities in Experiences of Campus Climate, Academic Support, and Financial Conditions

In this chapter, the authors document the extent of disparities across racial groups and for international and immigrant students in campus climate for diversity, academic support, and financial conditions; examine the association between these campus experiences and academic outcomes; and explore whether the impacts of these campus experiences are stronger for historically underrepresented racial groups, immigrant, and/or international students. The authors discover that while international students have much lower rates of financial strain, the negative impact of financial strain is stronger for international students. The authors also find that immigrant students report higher levels of financial strain, however worrying about personal and family debt is unexpectedly associated with accumulating more credits and a higher likelihood of graduation.
Changing Developmental Trajectories of Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Strategies for Bridging Research to Community Practice

Purpose The need for community-viable, evidence-based intervention strategies for toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a national priority. The purpose of this research forum article is ...
Promotion of Vape Tricks on YouTube: Content Analysis

Background: The ability to perform vape tricks (ie, blowing large vapor clouds or shapes like rings) using e-cigarettes appeals to youth. Vape tricks are promoted on social media, but the promotion of vape tricks on social media is not well understood. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine how vape tricks were promoted on YouTube to youth. Methods: Videos on vape tricks that could be accessed by underage youth were identified. The videos were coded for number of views, likes, dislikes, and content (ie, description of vape tricks, e-cigarette devices used for this purpose, video sponsors [private or industry], brand marketing, and contextual characteristics [eg, model characteristics, music, and profanity]). Results: An analysis of 59 sample videos on vape tricks identified 25 distinct vape tricks. These videos had more likes than dislikes (11 to 1 ratio) and a 32,017 median view count. 48% (28/59) of the videos were posted by industry accounts (27% [16/59] provaping organizations, 15% [9/59] online shops, and 3% [2/59] vape shops) and 53% by private accounts (55% [17/31] private users, 26% [8/31] vape enthusiasts, and 19% [6/31] YouTube influencers); 53% (31/59) of the videos promoted a brand of e-cigarette devices, e-liquids, or online/vape shops, and 99% of the devices used for vape tricks were advanced generation devices. The models in the videos were 80.2% (160/198) male, 51.5% white (102/198), and 61.6% (122/198) aged 18 to 24 years; 85% (50/59) of the videos had electronic dance music and hip hop, and 32% (19/59) had profanity. Conclusions: Vape trick videos on YouTube, about half of which were industry sponsored, were accessible to youth. Restrictions of e-cigarette marketing on social media, such as YouTube, are needed.
The Subelliptic Heat Kernel of the Octonionic Anti-De Sitter Fibration

In this note, we study the sub-Laplacian of the 15-dimensional octonionic anti-de Sitter space which is obtained by lifting with respect to the anti-de Sitter fibration the Laplacian of the octonionic hyperbolic space $\mathbb{O}H^1$. We also obtain two integral representations for the corresponding subelliptic heat kernel.
Chapter 2.4 – Glutamate

Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system as well as a key metabolite linking carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Its high concentration and rapid turnover in brain tissues make it accessible to both proton and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements. The dual roles of glutamate in neurotransmission and metabolism are intricately related. Major enzyme reactions involving glutamate and the glutamate–glutamine cycle are described. The regulation of glutamate concentration and the interpretation of changes in total glutamate concentration measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy are discussed in the context of glutamate metabolism.
25 – CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the thermodynamic concepts of entropy and free energy. It describes entropy (S), entropy changes (ΔS), and their influence on the spontaneity of a reaction. The chapter explains the free energy change (ΔG), a parameter based on ΔH and ΔS. Free energy can be used to predict unequivocally whether a reaction will be spontaneous. The chapter discusses the relationship of ΔG to equilibrium and electrochemistry. It illustrates the thermodynamic calculations of heats of reactions, equilibrium conditions, phase changes, and rates of reaction at temperatures other than 25°C. A standard enthalpy change (ΔH°) for a pure substance involves the substance in its normal state at 1 atm pressure and a specific temperature. S is a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system. ΔS is the change in disorder accompanying any change in a system. A positive value for ΔS indicates an increase in entropy, or disorder, and a negative value for ΔS indicates a decrease in entropy or disorder. The entropy change for a chemical reaction may be either positive or negative, depending upon whether the disorder increases or decreases in the reaction. The chapter explains the temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties.
Conversational Interfaces for Information Search

Recent progress in machine learning has given rise to a plethora of tools and applications that rely on conversational interactions, from chatbots, speech-controlled devices to robots and virtual agents. Conversational interfaces are becoming widely accepted for utility tools, where a common function is to serve users’ information needs. Albeit with much excitement, we are only starting to understand how users’ information-seeking behaviors and design opportunities may transform moving from traditional graphical user interfaces to conversational user interfaces. In this chapter, we start by reviewing recent work in the emerging area of conversational interfaces and lay out their opportunities for supporting information search tasks. We then present insights from our experience deploying a chatbot supporting information search in a large enterprise, demonstrating how a conversational interface impacts user behaviors and offers new opportunities for improving search experience, in particular for user modeling.
Prognostic Awareness in Caregivers of Patients with Incurable Cancer

Background: Little is known about how patients with incurable cancer and caregivers differ in their prognostic awareness, and the relationship between caregiver prognostic awareness and their psych...
Macrophages utilize a bet-hedging strategy for antimicrobial activity in phagolysosomal acidification

Microbial ingestion by a macrophage results in the formation of an acidic phagolysosome but the host cell has no information on the pH susceptibility of the ingested organism. This poses a problem for the macrophage and raises the fundamental question of how the phagocytic cell optimizes the acidification process to prevail. We analyzed the dynamical distribution of phagolysosomal pH in murine and human macrophages that had ingested live or dead Cryptococcus neoformans cells, or inert beads. Phagolysosomal acidification produced a range of pH values that approximated normal distributions, but these differed from normality depending on ingested particle type. Analysis of the increments of pH reduction revealed no forbidden ordinal patterns, implying that phagosomal acidification process was a stochastic dynamical system. Using simulation modeling, we determined that by stochastically acidifying a phagolysosome to a pH within the observed distribution, macrophages sacrificed a small amount of overall fitness to reduce their overall variation in fitness. Hence, chance in the final phagosomal pH introduces unpredictability to the outcome of the macrophage-microbe, which implies a bet-hedging strategy that benefits the macrophage. While bet hedging is common in biological systems at the organism level, our results show its use at the organelle and cellular level.
Investigating life‐history traits of Steller sea lions with multistate hidden Markov mark–recapture models: Age at weaning and body size effects

The duration of offspring care is critical to female fitness and population resilience by allowing flexibility in life-history strategies in a variable environment. Yet, for many mammals capable of extended periods of maternal care, estimates of the duration of offspring dependency are not available and the relative importance of flexibility of this trait on fitness and population viability has rarely been examined. We used data from 4,447 Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus from the Gulf of Alaska and multistate hidden Markov mark-recapture models to estimate age-specific weaning probabilities. Maternal care beyond age 1 was common: Weaning was later for animals from Southeast Alaska (SEAK) and Prince William Sound (PWS, weaning probabilities: 0.536-0.648/0.784-0.873 by age 1/2) compared with animals born to the west (0.714-0.855/0.798-0.938). SEAK/PWS animals were also smaller than those born farther west, suggesting a possible link. Females weaned slightly earlier (+0.080 at age 1 and 2) compared with males in SEAK only. Poor survival for weaned versus unweaned yearlings occurred in southern SEAK (female survival probabilities: 0.609 vs. 0.792) and the central Gulf (0.667 vs. 0.901), suggesting poor conditions for juveniles in these areas. First-year survival increased with neonatal body mass (NBM) linearly in the Gulf and nonlinearly in SEAK. The probability of weaning at age 1 increased linearly with NBM for SEAK animals only. Rookeries where juveniles weaned at earlier ages had lower adult female survival, but age at weaning was unrelated to population trends. Our results suggest the time to weaning may be optimized for different habitats based on long-term average conditions (e.g., prey dynamics), that may also shape body size, with limited short-term plasticity. An apparent trade-off of adult survival in favor of juvenile survival and large offspring size in the endangered Gulf of Alaska population requires further study.
Mothering from the Inside Out: Addressing the Intersection of Addiction, Adversity, and Attachment with Evidence-Based Parenting Intervention.

Purpose of review Mothers with substance use disorders are often referred for parenting support, though commonly available programs may miss the mark for families impacted by addiction. This may be related to a lack of attention to children's emotional needs, mothers' histories of adversity, and the neurobiological differences seen in mothers with addictions. We review the implications of addiction, adversity, and attachment for parenting interventions. We then describe Mothering from the Inside Out (MIO), an evidence-based parenting intervention designed specifically for mothers with addictions. Recent findings Evidence from clinical trials suggests that MIO improves outcomes for two generations: both mothers with addictions and their children. Recent trials demonstrate that MIO may be delivered effectively by community-based clinicians and may be beneficial for parents with other chronic stressors. Summary Addressing addiction, adversity, and attachment simultaneously may have a positive synergistic effect. Future research should study the implementation of MIO in real-world settings and examine the impact of MIO on maternal neurobiology.
Water Content of Soft-Contact-Lens-Material Hydrogels

Author(s): Dursch, Thomas J; Nguyen, Frank; Sells, Teresa; Oh, Yoobin; Prausnitz, John M; Radke, Clayton J
Sources and Origins of the Metals

The natural sources of metals in the environment lie with the rocks and processes by which they formed and which affected them after lithification. The primary rocks are called igneous and have a wide range of mineral and chemical composition. Minerals are inorganic and each of the more than 3000 minerals known is unique in its chemical composition and its orderly internal crystalline structure. Igneous rock minerals form at different cooling stages during the crystallization of a magma (molten rock material within the earth) containing all chemical elements. The union of different minerals or mineral groups and the proportions in which they are present at a given stage of crystallization, together with crystal size (texture) are the basis for classifying the principal igneous rocks. Igneous rocks that form (lithify) as magma cools within the earth slowly are comprised of minerals that solidify into large crystals that can be seen with the naked eye. The rocks are subsequently exposed at the earth’s surface by erosion after being uplifted during mountain-forming processes. Igneous rocks that cool rapidly when magma is extruded onto the earth’s surface by volcanic activity (e.g., lava) have very fine crystals that can be seen only when such rock is cut into “thin sections” and viewed through a high-power petrographic microscope.