cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New insight on the S100A1–STIP1 complex highlights the important relationship between allostery and entropy in protein function

Calcium signaling serves as a nexus of many vital cellular processes. Of particular importance is the role the calcium signaling plays in the prevention of protein misfolding, and the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins is a key player in this pathway. While the S100 proteins carry out a range of roles, the interaction of S100A1 and the stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1) has been shown to be particularly important. A recent study by Maciejewski et al. in Biochemical Journal ( Biochemical Journal (2017) 474 , 1853–1866) revealed new insights into the nature of the S100A1–STIP1 interaction. Not only did the present paper indicate the stoichiometry of binding for this interaction (three S100A1 dimers : one STIP1), it also demonstrated that the binding interaction is highly co-operative and that each S100A1–STIP1-binding interaction is entropically driven. The findings presented raise important new questions regarding the relationship between entropy and allostery in protein function. Recently, the dynamical underpinnings of allostery in protein function have become a topic of increased interest. A broad range of investigations have demonstrated that allostery can be mediated by entropic processes such as changes in the flexibility of the protein backbone and in the range of motions explored by side chains. The S100A1–STIP1 complex as described by Maciejewski et al. suggests a new system in which an allosteric-binding interaction driven by entropic processes may be systematically dissected in the future.
Effect of Preexercise Ingestion of Modified Amylomaize Starch on Glycemic Response While Cycling.

Amylomaize-7 is classified as a resistant corn starch and is 68% digestible. When modified by partial hydrolysis in ethanol and hydrochloric acid, its digestibility is 92%, yet retains its low glycemic and insulinemic properties. The purpose of this study was to characterize the metabolic response when modified amylomaize-7 or dextrose is consumed in the hour before exercise, and to compare the effect on performance of a brief high-intensity cycling trial. Ten male trained cyclists were given 1 g/kg body mass of dextrose (DEX) or modified amylomaize-7 (AMY-7) or a flavored water placebo (PL) 45 min prior to exercise on a cycle ergometer. A 15 min ride at 60% Wmax was immediately followed by a self-paced time trial (TT) equivalent to 15 min at 80% Wmax. When cyclists consumed DEX, mean serum glucose concentration increased by 3.3 ± 2.1 mmol/L before exercise, compared to stable serum glucose observed for AMY-7 or PL. Glucose concentrations returned to baseline by pre-TT in all treatments. However, the mean...
Recovery Responses to Maximal Exercise in Healthy-Weight Children and Children With Obesity

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in heart rate recovery (HRRec) and oxygen consumption recovery (VO2 recovery) between young healthy-weight children and children with obesity following a maximal volitional graded exercise test (GXTmax). Method: Twenty healthy-weight children and 13 children with obesity completed body composition testing and performed a GXTmax. Immediately after the GXTmax, HRRec and VO2 recovery were measured each minute for 5 consecutive minutes. Results: There were no statistically significant group differences in HRRec for the 5 min following maximal exercise, Wilks’s Lambda = .885, F(4, 28) = 0.911, p = .471, between the healthy-weight children and children with obesity despite statistically significant differences in body fat percentage (BF%; healthy-weight children, 18.5 ± 6.1%; children with obesity, 41.1 ± 6.9%, p < .001) and aerobic capacity relative to body mass (VO2 peak; healthy-weight children, 46.8 ± 8.2 mL/kg/min; children with obesity,...
How Governmental Regulation Can Help or Hinder the Integration of Bt Crops within IPM Programs

Regulatory risk assessments are an important part of the introduction of insect-resistant genetically modified (GM) crops (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis [Bt] crops) into the environment to ensure the safe use of such products. In doing so, the regulatory assessment process can be clearly beneficial to integrated pest management (IPM) programs. In general, the regulatory framework for insect-resistant GM crops includes an assessment of the following: effects of the insecticidal trait on non-target organisms, other potential adverse environmental impacts, evolution of resistance to target pests, and environmental and agronomic benefits of the insecticidal trait. Each country’s regulatory system is dependent on the overall environmental risk management goals, relevant and available risk information, scientific capacity, and the available financial resources. A number of regulatory activities can help to ensure that new products such as Bt crops fit well within IPM programs: (1) evaluation of the environmental safety of new products, and their ability to enhance IPM; (2) encouragement of the adoption of new technologies with improved environmental safety profiles; (3) adoption of an expedited regulatory review system; and (4) encouragement and appropriate oversight of sustainable use of such products. Governmental regulation of insect-resistant GM crops can also hinder IPM programs by creating significant barriers to the adoption of such technologies. Such barriers include: (1) absence of functioning regulatory systems in many developing countries; (2) meeting the obligations and understanding the various interpretations of international treaties, e.g., Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety; (3) lack of public sector research to generate data supporting the safety of these crops; and (4) regulatory costs involved in the development and commercialization of novel products for small market sectors. Ways in which regulatory data requirements can be globally harmonized need to be considered to decrease the regulatory barriers for insect-resistant GM crops and comparable technologies. International organizations can play a key role in rationalizing regulatory systems; however, public sector research will also be needed to make sure that the risk assessment process is scientifically sound and transparent.
Multiscale impact of researcher mobility

International mobility facilitates the exchange of scientific, institutional and cultural knowledge. Yet whether globalization and advances in virtual communication technologies have altered the impact of researcher mobility is a relevant and open question that we address by analysing a broad international set of 26 170 physicists from 1980 to 2009, focusing on the 10-year period centred around each mobility event to assess the impact of mobility on research outcomes. We account for secular globalization trends by splitting the analysis into three periods, measuring for each period the effect of mobility on researchers' citation impact, research topic diversity, collaboration networks and geographical coordination. In order to identify causal effects we leverage statistical matching methods that pair mobile researchers with non-mobile researchers that are similar in research profile attributes prior the mobility event. We find that mobile researchers gain up to a 17% increase in citations relative to their non-mobile counterparts, which can be explained by the simultaneous increase in their diversity of co-authors, topics and geographical coordination in the period immediately following migration. Nevertheless, we also observe that researcher's completely curtail prior collaborations with their source country in 11% of the cross-border mobility events. As such, these individual-level perturbations fuel multiscale churning in scientific networks, e.g. rewiring the connectivity of individuals and ideas and affecting international integration. Together these results provide additional clarity on the complex relationship between human capital mobility and the dynamics of social capital investment, with implications for immigration and national innovation system policy.
Anorexigen-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and the Serotonin Hypothesis: A Story Worth Telling

Diet pills such as aminorex, fenfluramine, and dexfenfluramine have been strongly associated with the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Other drugs ostensibly related in function have also been implicated as “likely” associated, including amphetamine, methamphetamine, and the serotonin precursor L-tryptophan. Serotonin signaling is thought to be a mediator of diet pill–associated PAH, and it is also thought to potentially play a significant role in PAH in general. In this article, we review the evidence supporting the serotonin hypothesis in PAH in both contexts, and the potential concerns related to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other medications acting on serotonin signaling pathways.
Nonmydriatic Fundus Photography in Patients with Acute Vision Loss

Abstract Background: Acute visual loss is a common chief complaint in emergency department (ED) patients, but the scarcity of ophthalmologists in most EDs limits its evaluation. Introduction: Our o...
Beaconless Optical Communication System Constraints

Deep-space optical communication will enable increased science return and public engagement for robotic and manned missions. The IROC project is studying a beaconless optical communication system for Mars data downlink. A star tracker provides the optical communications pointing information in place of an uplink targeting beacon. The configuration presented in this paper includes a star tracker that is aligned co-boresighted with the optical communication axis. This co-boresight configuration was not discussed in prior work, as it was assumed that large Sun-Probe-Earth keep-out angle requirements for operation of the star tracker would cause significant communication outages. In this paper it is shown that the use of an optimal mechanical mounting angle combined with an advanced star tracker has the capability to yield up to 92% communication availability for an example five-year Mars mission.
Assessing Statistical Results: Magnitude, Precision, and Model Uncertainty

Evaluating the importance and the strength of empirical evidence requires asking three questions: First, what are the practical implications of the findings? Second, how precise are the estimates? ...
Clinical and Functional Imaging Changes Induced from Vision Therapy in Patients with Convergence Insufficiency

Office-Based Vergence/Accommodative Therapy (OBVAT) is an effective treatment for convergence insufficiency (CI) and remediates symptoms in about 75% of patients. Hence, the study of CI patients can serve as a systems-level model to understand the neural mechanisms evoked from rehabilitation. Symptomatic young adult CI patients (N=25) participated in 12 hours of OBVAT and were compared to 25 binocularly normal controls (BNC) using unpaired t-tests. CI patients have significantly lower near point of convergence and positive fusional vergence and were more symptomatic compared to BNC (p<0.0001). Using paired t-tests, significant differences (p<0.0001) were observed between CI patients’ baseline and post-OBVAT measurements where the near point of convergence decreased, positive fusional vergence increased, and the results from the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) decreased. Using paired t-tests, the mean beta weights of the functional activity significantly increased for the frontal eye fields (p<0.01) and the oculomotor vermis (p<0.05) for CI patients post-OBVAT compared to baseline measurements. These data demonstrate that OBVAT increases functional activity within the brain and improves clinical function and visual symptoms in CI patients.
Tau deposition in young adults with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Objective To evaluate the presence of tau deposition and pathologic features of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in young adult patients treated with focal cortical resections for drug-resistant epilepsy. Methods Sixty consecutive patients who had undergone surgical treatment for drug-resistant focal epilepsy between 18 and 45 years of age were identified (2010-2017). Medical records were reviewed to determine clinical factors, including history of head trauma, age at seizure onset, age at surgical resection, seizure type(s) and frequency, imaging findings, and surgical outcome. All formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from the surgical specimens from each subject were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and antibodies to tau (Thermo Fisher Scientific Clone AT8), and examined blindly for tau pathology, including lesions characteristic of CTE. Results The median age at resection was 29.5 years (range = 19-45). A history of head trauma was reported in 19 patients. Although none of the patients had pathological findings characteristic of CTE, 23 patients (38%) demonstrated tau-immunoreactive lesions, including neurites, neurofibrillary pretangles, neurofibrillary tangles, subpial tau, and/or glial tau. In 4 of the 23 patients (7% of the cohort; 17% of those with tau pathology), substantial tau burden was identified. Three of these 4 patients had no significant history of head trauma; 1 patient had multiple sports-related concussions. No specific clinical factors correlated with the presence of tau pathology. Significance Tau-immunoreactive lesions were found in 38% of 60 patients who underwent a focal cortical resection for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Diagnostic features of CTE were not detected in any patient; however, the pathological evaluation for CTE was limited to a surgical specimen. The prominent and excessive tau deposition in 23 patients (38%) is abnormal in this age group and warrants further investigation.
The trenches and trench warfare

By 1916 trench warfare had assumed a basic structure that could be found, with local variations, on all fronts. On each side of no man's land, the respective fronts were at least three trenches deep; the distance between the successive trench lines (and the width of no man's land itself) varied widely and often depended upon the local terrain. Communication trenches dug at right angles to the main trench works connected them together and enabled men to move to the front or rear without exposure to enemy fire; these connecting trenches also provided safe routes for ammunition, food, and other supplies to be brought forward. Bunkers or dugouts scattered along the trench lines provided shelter from shelling, and occasional short alleys led to latrines, which departing units were expected to fill in and replace with freshly dug pits. On the Western front the German trenches always had a more “permanent” character than the Allied trenches, reflecting the German goal of holding what they had taken early in the war and the Allied intention not to concede the lost territory. On the Western front, from the Belgian coast through the low fields of Flanders, the water table was so near the surface that high, dry ground became especially prized; everywhere else, shallow trenches had to be supplemented with sandbagging and breastworks built above the ground. Farther south, as the front crossed into France, the chalkier soil allowed the digging of deeper trenches and more extensive dugouts, and drainage was problematic only in the marshy ground along the Somme. As the front gradually turned eastward, along the Aisne and toward Rheims, the trenches cut through ridges and hills before reaching flatter and chalkier soil once more in the Champagne region, between Rheims and the Argonne Forest.
Radioenzymatic assay for the acetohydroxy acid synthase-catalyzed synthesis of α-aceto-α-hydroxybutyrate

A radioenzymatic assay for the activity of acetohydroxy acid synthase on one of its substrates, ..cap alpha..-ketobutyrate, was developed. Advantage was taken of the fact that acidification of the product of the enzymatic reaction releases /sup 14/CO/sub 2/, which is derived from the carboxyl group of ..cap alpha..-ketobutyrate when ..cap alpha..-(1-/sup 14/C)ketobutyrate is used as the substrate. The /sup 14/CO/sub 2/ evolved is collected and measured in a simple apparatus which is described in the text.
Election Litigation in the Time of the Pandemic

In this brief essay, I consider how courts have deployed the framework of sliding-scale scrutiny in the time of the pandemic. In particular, three novel issues have arisen in recent cases: (1) how to conceptualize burdens that are attributable to both state action and the pandemic; (2) whether to fault plaintiffs for not having taken precautionary steps before the pandemic hit; and (3) what weight to give to the so-called Purcell principle, which frowns on late-breaking judicial changes to electoral rules. Overall, I think most courts have reached the right answers on these issues. The Supreme Court, however, is the glaring exception to this encouraging trend. This leads me to two conclusions. One is that sliding-scale scrutiny is an impressively flexible doctrine, able to resolve adequately new kinds of claims in the midst of an unprecedented calamity. The other is that the current Court remains what I have called the anti-Carolene Court, implacably hostile to efforts to vindicate democratic values.
Magnitude, time course, and specificity of rapid adaptation across mouse visual areas.

Rapid adaptation dynamically alters sensory signals to account for recent experience. To understand how adaptation affects sensory processing and perception, we must determine how it impacts the di...
What Does Canadian Indigenous Literature Impart About Colonization and the Future

This review article focuses on perspectives from Canadian Indigenous literature about decolonizing education on behalf of Aboriginal populations. The research informs accountability, education, and...
An Integrated Spiral Model of Trust

Trust is an integral part of interpersonal relationships. Achieving trust is a goal in most relationships, although there are occasions when wariness and distrust are warranted instead. This chapter presents a new model of trust called the “Spiral Model of Trust” which incorporates concepts from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives. The theory’s propositions are meant to shed light on the extent to which trust, once established, remains relatively fixed, or spirals over time in response to the verbal and nonverbal behaviors of participants. Contexts for the application of the Spiral Model of Trust are explored.
Doc, I feel tired… oh really, so how's your mucositis?

Cancer-related fatigue is common in head and neck cancer patients. This complex, multidimensional patient-reported outcome has quality of life and cancer treatment implications.
Perspective on robotic spine surgery: Who's doing the thinking?

Background Robotic assisted (RA) spine surgery was developed to reduce the morbidity for misplaced thoracolumbar (TL) pedicle screws (PS) resulting in neurovascular injuries, dural fistulas, and/or visceral/other injuries. RA is gaining the attention of spine surgeons to optimize the placement of TL PSs, and to do this more safely/effectively versus utilizing stereotactic navigation alone, or predominantly free hand (FH) techniques. However, little attention is being focused on whether a significant number of these TL RA instrumented fusions are necessary. Methods RA spine surgery has been developed to improve the safety, efficacy, and accuracy of minimally invasive TL versus open FH PS placement. Results Theoretical benefits of RA spine surgery include; enhanced accuracy of screw placement, fewer complications, less radiation exposure, smaller incisions, to minimize blood loss, reduce infection rates, shorten operative times, reduce postoperative recovery periods, and shorten lengths of stay. Cons of RA include; increased cost, increased morbidity with steep learning curves, robotic failures of registration, more soft tissue injuries, lateral skiving of drill guides, displacement of robotic arms impacting accurate PS placement, higher reoperation rates, and potential loss of accuracy with motion versus FH techniques. Notably, insufficient attention has been focused on the necessity for performing many of these TL PS instrumented fusions in the first place. Conclusion RA spinal surgery is still in its infancy, and comparison of RA versus FH techniques for TL PS placement demonstrates several potential pros, but also multiple cons. Further, more attention must be focused on whether many of these TL PS instrumented procedures are even warranted.
Mushroom art in South Africa and Zimbabwe – Emil Holub: 1847–1902

Emil Holub was a nineteenth century, Austro-Hungarian Czech, medical doctor with wide-ranging interests in ethnography and the natural sciences. During visits to southern Africa in the 1870s, he meticulously recorded everything that he encountered. Amongst his vast collection of artifacts, natural history specimens and notes were several sketches of fungi. These illustrations are reproduced here to document this valuable historical knowledge, tentatively identifying them in the context of the habitats through which Holub travelled.
Chromosome Aberrations Induced by Ionizing Radiations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses chromosome aberrations induced by ionizing radiations. Chromosome aberrations are used as general indices of cellular damage or as cell markers in studying cell-population kinetics in irradiated or tumor tissues. Of primary importance are the mechanisms involved in aberration induction and in the action of modifying agents that alter the overall frequency or relative frequencies of the different aberration types. The types of aberrations that are induced following irradiation or treatment with certain radiomimetic chemicals are classified according to the unit of breakage or exchange that is involved. The types of structural changes that can occur within or between chromosomes and chromatids are of two kinds: the simple deletion and the exchange. The simple deletion appears to be the result of a single break in the chromosome or chromatid and the exchange is a new rearrangement following the joining of breakage ends that result from separate breaks. Comparisons among different types of ionizing radiations and among similar radiation types having different energies for their capacity for producing chromosome aberrations are of considerable fundamental importance in the study of aberration production.
A new algorithm for relieving overloads and voltage violations by transmission line and bus-bar switching

It is widely known that corrective switching (including transmission line and bus-bar switching) may change the states of the power systems, and consequently, affect the distribution of power flows, transmission losses, short circuit currents, voltage profiles as well as the transient stability of power systems. In this paper, based on the fast decoupled power flow (FDPF) with limited iteration count, a new algorithm is developed to find the best line and bus-bar switching action for relieving overloads and voltage violations caused by system faults. A general model of bus-bar switching action is proposed such that the new algorithm can simulate any kind of complicated bus-bar switching action. Simulation results on the 39-bus New England system show that the new algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively solve the overload and voltage violation problems and the computation time is also satisfactory.
Partial Inductances of Conductors of Rectangular Cross Section

This chapter contains sections titled: Formulation for the Computation of the Partial Inductances of PCB Lands Self Partial Inductance of PCB Lands Mutual Partial Inductance between PCB Lands Concept of Geometric Mean Distance Computing the High-Frequency Partial Inductances of Lands and Numerical Methods
Service Selection in Business Service Ecosystem

A world-wide community of service providers has a presence on the web, and people seeking services typically go to the web as an initial place to search for them. Service selection is comprised of two steps: finding service candidates using search engines and selecting those which meet desired service properties best. Within the context of Web Services, the service selection problem has been solved through common description frameworks that make use of ontologies and service registries. However, the majority of service providers on the web does not use such frameworks and rather make service descriptions available on their web sites that provide human targeted content. This paper addresses the service selection problem under the assumption that a common service description framework does not exist, and services have to be selected using the more unstructured information available on the web. The approach described in this paper has the following steps. Search engines are employed to find service candidates from dense requirement formulations extracted from user input. Text classification techniques are used to identify services and service properties from web content retrieved from search links. Service candidates are then ranked based on how well they support desired properties. Initial experiments have been conducted to validate the approach.
Consensus: a system study of monitoring applications for wireless sensor networks

The ease of deployment and the low cost of static ad-hoc wireless sensor networks, make them an ideal infrastructure of choice for various monitoring applications. The flexibility of expressing meaningful queries in terms of user defined regions form an important goal of any such monitoring and query framework. Towards efficient implementation of that goal, we emphasize upon the need for supporting application-defined regions, in contrast to network driven automatic cluster-formations (either flat or hierarchical - which are typically query-agnostic).
Reducing I-cache energy of multimedia applications through low cost tag comparison elimination

Tag comparison elimination (TCE) is an effective approach to reduce I-cache energy. Current research focuses on finding good trade-offs between hardware cost and percentage of comparisons that can be removed. For this purpose, two low cost innovations are proposed in this paper. We design a small dedicated TCE table whose size is flexible both horizontally (entry size) and vertically (number of entries). The design also minimizes interactions with the I-cache. For a 64-way 16K cache, the new design reduces the tag comparisons to 2.7% with a fraction only 20% of the hardware cost of the way memoization technique. The result is 50% better compared to a recent proposed low cost design of comparable hardware cost.
Local motion identification and correction schemes for ultrafast CT flow studies

Analysis of flow studies with ultrafast CT (computed tomography) generally assumes registration of a sequence of images acquired to measure time density curves produced by contrast medium enhancement. However, only under strict experimental conditions is registration possible for the heart and lungs. The author preliminary develops a method to detect local motion shifts from an unenhanced image and correct subsequent images as the contrast medium enhances different regions. This preliminary research shows that local motion correction algorithms may be applicable to ultrafast CT flow studies. >
Breast Cancer : The Matrix Is the Message

Pathologists characterize many aspects of breast cancer specimens but rarely pay much attention to the stroma. Whereas some tumors have more stroma than others, desmoplasia is only one of many properties that vary among individual ductal carcinomas. It seems logical that the pathology assessment should identify risk factors associated with rapid tumor progression, however, the pathologist focuses on issues that are more pragmatic: the extent of tumor, classification into histologic subtypes, and identification of properties that define therapeutic intervention, such as expression of estrogen receptor (ER) or HER2/neu. In this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, Conklin et al 1 have demonstrated a stromal signature that has a correlation with progression. Although the potential exists for this signature to be used for prognosis, the main value of their correlation is to identify two important areas for further investigation. First, the stromal signature indicates a biologically significant process because it predicts how the tumor will behave. Defining this process is the first step in learning how to control it. Second, the stromal signature may indicate a novel mechanism of tumor progression if it is independent of other prognostic markers.
Aging and changes in cerebral energy metabolism

Senescence, the process of degenerative change that accompanies growing old, does not spare the nervous system. For man, with the most highly evolved and complex nervous system and with an ever-increasing life span, this is a particularly poignant prospect. What are the primary causes of this relentless process? This article outlines the hypothesis that a metabolic defect, resulting in degenerative changes, ultimately limits the aged brain's functional capacity.
A novel approach for investigating enantioselectivity in asymmetric hydrogenation

A new and convenient method for investigating the relationship between the position of the enantiodetermining sites in chiral phosphine ligands and enantioselectivity in asymmetric hydrogenation is proposed. We have also synthesized four new diphosphine ligands, some of which give high enantioselectivity in the asymmetric hydrogenation of an enamide.
Intrinsically Low Brillouin Gain Fibers (How Low Can You Go

Described herein is a set of optical fibers that possess intrinsically low Brillouin gain. Proper compositional tailoring of the material comprising the fiber, whether crystalline or glassy, can substantially suppress, or even remove, Brillouin scattering.
Dinitrogen Complexes Supported by Tris(phosphino)silyl Ligands

The tetradentate tris(phosphino)silyl ligand [SiPiPr3] ([SiPiPr3] = [Si(o-C6H4PiPr2)3]−) has been prepared, and its complexation with iron, cobalt, nickel, and iridium precursors has been explored. Several coordination complexes have been thoroughly characterized and are described. These include, for example, the divalent trigonal bipyramidal metal chlorides [SiPiPr3]M−Cl (M = Fe, Co, Ni), as well as the monovalent dinitrogen adducts [SiPiPr3]M−N2 (M = Fe, Co, Ir), which are compared with related [SiPPh3]M−Cl and [SiPPh3]M−N2 species (M = Fe, Co). Complexes of this type represent the first examples of terminal dinitrogen adducts of monovalent iron, and the ligand architecture allows examination of a unique class of dinitrogen adducts with a trans-disposed silyl donor. Oxidation of the appropriate [SiPR3]M−N2 precursors affords the divalent iron triflate [SiPPh3]Fe(OTf) and trivalent cobalt triflate {[SiPiPr3]Co(OTf)}{OTf} complexes, which are of interest for group transfer studies because of the presence ...
Application of genotypic and phenotypic analyses to commercial probiotic strain identity and relatedness

Aims: The objective of this study was to generate strain-specific genomic patterns of a bank of 67 commercial and reference probiotic strains, with a focus on probiotic lactobacilli. Methods and Results: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used as the primary method for strain differentiation. This method was compared with carbohydrate fermentation analysis. To supplement visual comparison, PFGE patterns were analysed quantitatively by cluster analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages. SmaI, NotI and XbaI were found to effectively generate clear and easy-to-interpret PFGE patterns of a range of probiotic strains. Some probiotic strains from different sources shared highly similar PFGE patterns. Conclusions: Results document the value of genotypic strain identification methods, combined with phenotypic methods, for determining probiotic strain identity and relatedness. No correlation was found between relatedness determined by carbohydrate fermentation profiles alone compared with PFGE analysis alone. Some commercial strains are probably derived from similar sources. Significance and Impact of the Study: This approach is valuable to the probiotic industry to develop commercial strain identification patterns, to provide quality control of strain manufacturing production runs, to track use of protected strains and to determine the relatedness among different research and commercial probiotic strains.
The social worlds of immigrant youth

This introductory chapter uses a detailed case study to illustrate the interconnection of multiple social influences on one particular youth's path of migration. It further identifies some of the major influences on immigrant youth development, including the stresses of migration, separations and reunifications, changing networks of relations, poverty and segregation, and identity formation.
An initial investigation of the effects of gender on student questions in the classroom: Developing a descriptive base

Although student question asking is essential to the learning process, little is known about this communicative phenomenon. More important, the research that is available suggests that students ask far fewer questions than might be expected by educators. This exploratory investigation examined 15 college communication classrooms and found that students asked only an average of 3.3 questions per hour, that male teachers received more questions than female teachers, that female students asked fewer questions than male students in courses taught by males, and that self‐reported masculinity, which includes elements of independence, assertiveness, and a task‐orientation, was associated with a greater likelihood of question asking.
Immunocytochemical localization of cell wall polysaccharides in the root tip of Avena sativa

Two polyclonal antisera, anti-xyloglucan (anti-XG) and anti-polygalacturonic acid/rhamnogalacturonan I (anti-PGA/RG-I), which recognize, respectively, noncellulosic β-(1→4)-D-glucan containing polysaccharides and the unesterified forms of the acidic pectic polysaccharide polygalacturonic acid/rhamnogalacturonan I, were used to localize epitopes recognized by the two antisera in the root tip of oat (Avena sativa). Immunoblot analysis shows that epitopes recognized by the anti-XG antibodies are present in both the mixed linkage β-(1→3)-(1→4)-D-glucans (MG) and in xyloglucan (XG). Immunogold electron microscopy shows that the cell walls of meristematic, cortical, epidermal, columella, and peripheral cells contain significant amounts of such epitopes. In contrast, the molecules that carry these MG/XG epitopes appear to be sparse in the expanded middle lamella of meristematic cells, but dense in the expanded middle lamella of peripheral root cap cells. This finding suggests that the porosity of the middle lamella is altered in peripheral root cap cells to facilitate mucilage secretion. In contrast, few PGA/RG-I epitopes were detected in any cell walls of any of the cell types examined. Double immunogold labeling experiments revealed an intriguing localization pattern of MG/XG and of PGA/RG-I epitopes in the peripheral mucilage-secreting cells of the root cap. Whereas MG/XG epitopes were abundant in the cell wall, they were sparse in both the secreted mucilage and in intracellular secretory vesicles. In marked contrast, PGA/RG-I epitopes were detected at high density in intracellular secretory vesicles, but unexpectedly, were quite sparse in both the cell wall and in the mucilage. These immunolabeling patterns are consistent with the hypotheses that the synthesis and secretion of particular β-D-glucans is subject to both activation and down-regulation during cell development and differentiation and that post-secretory alterations of pectic polysaccharides, such as enzymatic release of RG-I-type mucilage molecules from PGA/RG-I precursors, may occur in the peripheral cell walls of the oat root cap.
Manifold Learning and Missing Data Recovery through Unsupervised Regression

We propose an algorithm that, given a high-dimensional dataset with missing values, achieves the distinct goals of learning a nonlinear low-dimensional representation of the data (the dimensionality reduction problem) and reconstructing the missing high-dimensional data (the matrix completion, or imputation, problem). The algorithm follows the Dimensionality Reduction by Unsupervised Regression approach, where one alternately optimizes over the latent coordinates given the reconstruction and projection mappings, and vice versa, but here we also optimize over the missing data, using an efficient, globally convergent Gauss-Newton scheme. We also show how to project or reconstruct test data with missing values. We achieve impressive reconstructions while learning good latent representations in image restoration with 50% missing pixels.
De-Excitation of ZnS and ZnCdS Phosphors by Electric Fields

With the aid of ac impedance measurements, the influence of strong ac and dc fields applied during the decay of photoconductivity of ZnS and ZnCdS phosphors is described. Rise and decay curves of photoconductivity with and without additional field application are presented which demonstrate that electric fields accelerate the de-excitation process. Ac fields are capable of removing all excited electrons from the pre-excited ZnS ($\mathrm{LG}$) phosphor and dc fields show a similar but weaker effect. This de-excitation is attributed to the considerable reduction of retrapping of excited electrons when these phosphors decay under the action of electric fields.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of sterols. 13C olefinic carbon shieldings in sterols and related cyclic compounds

Abstract This study concerns detailed analyses of olefinic carbon shieldings in sterols and related cyclic olefins. Included are detailed considerations of olefinic carbon shieldings in mono-unsaturated sterols and related compounds and in sterols containing homoannular and heteroannular conjugated diene systems. In addition, allylic and homoallylic shielding effects on quaternary, methine, methylene, and methyl carbon atoms in these systems have been subjected to detailed analyses.
Recurrent cervical cancer.

There are limited treatment options for patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma. Because of low response rates and a negligible impact on long-term survival, the use of chemotherapy in patients with unresectable recurrent disease should be considered palliative. Generally, radiation therapy in previously irradiated patients is considered palliative. For patients who develop recurrent disease after definitive surgery who have not received prior radiation therapy, salvage radiation therapy is the treatment of choice. Similarly, patients who have received definitive primary radiation therapy are candidates for surgical resection of their recurrence. However, there are specific criteria for surgical resection. Radical hysterectomy may be an option for the very rare patient with a small (<2 cm) centrally located recurrence in the cervix or vaginal fornices. However, for most patients, pelvic exenteration remains the only therapeutic option that offers the possibility of long-term survival. Patients who are candidates for exenteration are those with central local recurrences that have not extended to the pelvic sidewalls. The introduction of high-dose-rate intraoperative radiation therapy (HDR-IORT) combined with radical surgical resection has widened the scope of patients who may be offered surgery. Patients who in the past may not have been surgical candidates may benefit from radical surgical resection combined with HDRIORT. All patients who are surgically fit and have undergone previous radiation therapy should be considered for surgical resection for centrally located recurrences. Patients whose recurrences extend close to the pelvic sidewalls should be referred to centers where HDR-IORT is available.
Abducens internuclear neurons and their role in conjugate horizontal gaze

Experimental evidence suggests that brain stem lesions producing paralysis of lateral gaze and dissociation of conjugate horizontal eye movements have certain common features. Both of these disturbances involve abducens internuclear neurons (Abd IN) or their projections. Attempts were made to determine the course and terminal distribution of Abd IN in the monkey by autoradiographic techniques. Tritiated amino acids injected in the abducens nucleus (Abd N) labeled: (1) root fibers ipsilaterally, and (2) fibers that ascended in medial parts of the contralateral medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). In the opposite oculomotor complex (OMC) silver grains were profuse over the ventral nucleus (VN, medial rectus muscle) and patchy over caudal parts of the dorsal nucleus (DN, inferior rectus muscle). Labeling of cells in the reticular formation nucleus to Abd N resulted in transport ipsilaterally, outside the MLF, to the rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF (RiMLF), a cell group considered to be concerned with vertical eye movements. Bilateral labeling of Abd N and cells of the nucleus prepositus (NPP) resulted in bilateral: (1) transport of isotope via root fibers and the MLF, and (2) selective distribution of silver grains in the OMC. Bilateral silver grain distribution in the OMC suggested profuse terminations in VN, patchy terminations in DN and vertical, linear terminations in caudal parts of the medial nucleus (MN, superior rectus muscle). Comparisons with more discrete unilateral labeling of cells in Abd N suggested that cells of the NPP project selectively to terminations in MN, and may be related to upward eye movements. Two conclusions were drawn: (1) The paresis of ocular adduction which occurs in both anterior internuclear ophthalmophlegia and in paralysis of lateral gaze results from involvement of Abd IN or their ascending projections, and (2) the NPP appears to project selectively to parts of MN of the OMC, a cell group said to provide crossed innervation for the superior rectus muscle.
Anomalous attenuation of spin-entropy waves in superfluid 3He-A1.

The propagation of spin-entropy waves was observed in superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}\ensuremath{-}{A}_{1}$ at a pressure of 22.7 bars and magnetic fields up to 5 T. A large increase in attenuation was observed within the ${A}_{1}$ phase near its lower transition temperature to the ${A}_{1}$ phase over an unexpectedly large temperature width. The observed effects are suggested as evidence for the presence of a minority (down-moment pair) condensate population predicted by Monien and Tewordt.
The effect of nutrients on adenine nucleotide levels and the adenylate energy charge ratio in Spartina alterniflora and Spartina patens

Abstract. The response of the adenylate energy charge (AEC) ratio and the adenine nucleotide pools to nutrients was studied in two perennial marsh plant species. Adenine nucleotide levels and the AEC ratio were measured in Spartina patens (Alton) Muhl. plants which were grown in the greenhouse at various nutrient levels as well as in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. transplants removed from the field but maintained in marsh soil amended with different nutrient supplements. In addition, adenine nucleotide concentrations were measured in both species in their natural environment and compared with that of the same species grown in the greenhouse with a complement of nutrients. The addition of nutrients stimulated an increase in the individual and total adenylate pools and the AEC ratio. Low nutrient levels resulted in extremely reduced adenylate pools. The AEC ratio was significantly affected in some instances, but did not decrease proportionately with the adenine nucleotide level and was typically maintained at values above 0.60. The adenine nucleotide concentrations measured in the leaves of both species were significantly higher in greenhouse-grown plants compared to field plants, but the AEC ratios were not significantly different. Because the AEC ratio in plants can be significantly affected by nutrient level. AEC response in field investigations should be planned with attention to the potential effect of dissimilar nutrient levels among study sites.
Italian ryegrass and nitrogen source fertilization in western Oregon in two contrasting climatic years. II. Plant nitrogen accumulation and soil nitrogen status.

Abstract To develop optimum nitrogen (N) fertilization practices with the least impact on environmental quality and with the greatest economic return, it is imperative that a greater understanding of crop and soil N dynamics be sought. This paper reports on research conducted with these objectives: (i) to determine the relationship between plant N and dry matter accumulation and soil N status as affected by N‐source fertilization as a function of accumulated growing degree days (GDD), and (ii) to determine if western Oregon soil conditions favor ammonium (NH4) over nitrate (NO3) nutrition during the period of grass seed crop growth. In a companion paper, plant growth and seed yield component data were discussed in relation to N‐source treatments and climatic year effects. Western Oregon field plots of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were fertilized with calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and urea‐dicyandiamide (DCD) to manipulate soil NH4 and NO3 ratios. Ita...
Changes in potassium exchangeability in heated lepidomelane

Abstract Changes in the K behavior of lepidomelane were induced by heating samples of the mica. These changes were related to concurrent alterations in the heated mineral to obtain information about the role of mineral properties in the exchangeability of interlayer K. The masking effects of small particles and fixable cations in the extractant were minimized by using 5–10 μm samples and NaClNaBPh4 extracting solutions, respectively. The mica samples were heated in a muffle furnace for different periods at several temperatures between 300° and 950°C before they were characterized in terms of their K release to the NaClNaBPh4 solutions. The effects of these thermal treatments on the Fe2+ content, d-spacing and weight of the mica samples were also recorded. The thermal treatments reduced the rate and degree of interlayer K exchange in the lepidomelane. Heat treatments at 300°C had relatively little effect, but the extraction of interlayer K required progressively longer periods when the temperature was increased incrementally to 950°C or the heating period at these higher temperatures was increased. Using the amounts of K extracted in 3 days as an index of the average rate of K release, a close relationship between the K release rate and Fe2+ oxidation in the heated mica was shown to exist. At the same time, however, reductions in the sample weight and basal spacing of the mineral occurred and were attributed to dehydroxylation in the heated mica. These changes in basal spacing probably had some effect on the rate with which all the K was released but had a more pronounced effect on the last 30% of interlayer K and finally made this part of the K nonexchangeable. The reduction in maximum extractable K indicates that a portion of the mica layers have a higher charge density. The processes of dehydroxylation and Fe2+ oxidation occurred independently in the heated mica and are reflected in the combined effects of basal spacing, layer charge and OH status of the mineral on interlayer K exchange.
The Infra‐Red Absorption of Silver Cyanide

The spectrum of powdered AgCN has been studied in the region 2500–1800 cm−1. Intense absorption at 2178 cm−1 is attributed to an oscillation involving the CN group. The CN frequency for AgCN is almost 100 cm−1 higher than the CN frequencies of NaCN and KCN.