cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SIMPLIFIED QUANTUM-MECHANICAL THEORY OF PRESSURE BROADENING

Quantum mechanics is used to treat the motion of the Derturbers broadening a line. Several simplifying assumptions are made, such as the Born- Oppenheimer approximation. and the assumption of no degeneracy. These assumptions can be removed. Also made is the ''impact approximation.'' which is essential for the validity of the results and cannot be removed. With it, the line has a Lorentz shape, and its width and shift are expressed in terms of the two scattering amplitudes of the perturbers by the atom in its upper and lower state. The case where the perturbers do not interact appreciably with the lower state is particularly simple. Then, the width and shift are proportional to the imaginary part and the real part of the forward scattering amplitude, respectively. A quantity called the ''collision volume'' is defined. lt is shown that the impact approximation is valid only if the collision volume is much smaller than the volume per perturber. There is a second validity condition, which las no classical analog. (auth)
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: A Personal Perspective

I have added to the title of this presentation the modifier "A Personal Perspective" because my life and that of the family I'm about to describe have crisscrossed for more than 50 years, giving me a rare glimpse of the natural history of a chronic and debilitating disease. In addition, this family furnished the wherewithal for what was believed to be the first description of this disease by a contemporary of mine while he was chief resident in Pediatrics at Hopkins. I first met the family in the hot summer of 1941, when, between the third and fourth years of medical school at Johns Hopkins, I worked in Pediatrics as a substitute intern. Everyone who could took vacations in the summer then because Baltimore's meteorological rigors were unmitigated by air conditioning, so students were welcomed as substitutes for vacationing house staff. The first representative of the family to be seen
Automatic GPR target detection and clutter reduction using neural network

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used for the detection and location of buried objects. However, the detection method is often subjected to operator's interpretation due to large quantities of data and undesired clutter and noise. Such a detection method is neither reliable nor efficient.
Comparison of liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography for the separation of enantiomers on chiral stationary phases

Comparisons of liquid (LC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) were conducted using commercially available chiral stationary phases (CSPs) bearing three different types of chiral selectors. Chiral compounds of pharmaceutical and agricultural interest were used to probe advantages or limitations of SFC relative to LC for enantiomeric separations. Column equilibration and parameter optimization were generally accomplished more rapidly in SFC than in LC. Although improved resolution was often observed in SFC, analysis times were not always lower in SFC than in LC. In some instances, SFC provided separation capabilities not readily accessible in LC.
Diffusional kurtosis imaging of the developing brain.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusional kurtosis imaging is an extension of DTI but includes non-Gaussian diffusion effects, allowing more comprehensive characterization of microstructural changes during brain development. Our purpose was to use diffusional kurtosis imaging to measure age-related microstructural changes in both the WM and GM of the developing human brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diffusional kurtosis imaging was performed in 59 subjects ranging from birth to 4 years 7 months of age. Diffusion metrics, fractional anisotropy, and mean kurtosis were collected from VOIs within multiple WM and GM structures and subsequently analyzed with respect to age. Diffusional kurtosis tractography images at various stages of development were also generated. RESULTS: Fractional anisotropy and mean kurtosis both showed age-related increases in all WM regions, reflecting progression of diffusional anisotropy throughout development, predominantly in the first 2 years of life (eg, 70% and 157% increase in fractional anisotropy and mean kurtosis, respectively, from birth to 2 years for the splenium). However, mean kurtosis detected continued microstructural changes in WM past the fractional anisotropy plateau, accounting for more delayed isotropic changes (eg, 90% of maximum fractional anisotropy was reached at 5 months, whereas 90% of maximum mean kurtosis occurred at 18 months for the external capsule). Mean kurtosis may also provide greater characterization of GM maturation (eg, the putamen showed no change in fractional anisotropy but an 81% change in mean kurtosis from birth to 4 years 7 months). CONCLUSIONS: Mean kurtosis detects significant microstructural changes consistent with known patterns of brain maturation. In comparison with fractional anisotropy, mean kurtosis may offer a more comprehensive evaluation of age-related microstructural changes in both WM and GM and is potentially a valuable technique for studying brain development.
On models of and for teaching: toward theory-based computing education

This paper notes the seeming lack of theoretical perspective in computing education in both teaching and research. In the absence of a "paradigm" to guide practice it is recommended that individual teachers and researchers develop or adopt personal theoretical models of instruction. A multi-faceted rationale for doing so is presented and a framework addressing the various aspects of teaching and learning is suggested. The framework is then illustrated using the author's personal models.
Neutron-induced autoradiography of lithium silicate glasses

Immiscibilities between silica and lithium disilicate were investigated. Alpha particles ejected from 6Li atoms by thermal neutrons were used to autoradiograph surfaces representing diffusion-zone cross-sections. Etchant-enlarged alpha tracks in nitrocellulose disclosed the distribution of lithium. For autoradiography, procedural details were established, suitable operating conditions were selected, and the method was calibrated. For diffusion, adequate couples had to be prepared. Subsequent experiments indicated phase separations along an 885° C isotherm of the silica-lithium disilicate system. There was evidence of metastable compositions near 30, 25, 20, 16, 11, and 7 mol % of lithia in silica. These results have been given a very tentative interpretation: The first two compositions may correspond to metastable extensions of liquidus boundaries, projected through a eutectic point of the system. The third and sixth compositions are probably points on a liquid-liquid miscibility boundary, and the fourth and fifth compositions could be on an associated spinodal boundary.
Intervening to Improve Communication Between Parents, Teachers, and Primary Care Providers of Children With ADHD or at High Risk for ADHD:

This study examines interventions designed to improve communication between individuals who take care of children with ADHD. A teacher rating of 6,171 elementary school children identifies 1,573 children with ADHD or with high risk for ADHD. Parent interviews and information from teachers are collected on 243 children who are randomized into treatment and control conditions and followed for 39 months. The interventions consisted of group workshops and single one-on-one tutorials with parents, teachers, and providers about the evaluation and treatment of ADHD that stressed the need for communication between the three parties. There are few significant effects on communication that are short lived. Results suggest that the interventions are insufficient to cause significant increase in communication. Future attempts to improve parent-teacher-provider coordination should be continuing rather than single-session interventions.
Changes in the sensitivity to ultraviolet-induced mitotic delay during the cell division cycle of the sea urchin egg.

Abstract The changes in sensitivity to ultraviolet-induced mitotic delay during the cell division cycle of the sea urchin egg have been measured. The first division cycle has an initial period of high sensitivity associated with the special events of fertilization. Three sensitivity phases are common to the first and second mitotic cycles: a plateau, transition, and insensitive period. The second division plateau begins during the insensitive phase of the first mitotic cycle. These data indicate that the mitotic delay results from damage to a single system which functions during approximately 15 per cent of the cell division cycle of the sea urchin egg.
Load: An electric technology R&D planning model with contingent decisions

Abstract In this paper, we present an R&D planning model which is focused on the optimal funding portfolio among baseload, peakload, load management, and load forecasting research for the electric utility industry. We assume that the R&D benefits are contingent upon utilities' capacity expansion plans, which in turn, are affected by previous R&D outcomes. The level of future electricity demand and future regulatory environment are considered two key uncertainties which will have major impact on utilities' capacity expansion strategies and R&D funding decisions. Important insights and useful decision guidelines are drawn from the sensitivity results.
Influence of sunflecks on the δ 13 C of Adenocaulon bicolor plants occurring in contrasting forest understory microsites.

Leaf characteristics and carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of Adenocaulon bicolor were examined in the understory of a redwood forest along a gradient of microsites that differed in the amount of direct (sunfleck) photon flux density. Comparisons were made between plants that had been shaded from sunflecks with shadow bands but still received diffuse light, and adjacent plants that received both sunflecks and diffuse light. The δ13C of the shaded plants were 1.2‰ lower than predicted from the intercellular CO2 pressure (pi), probably because of recycling of respired CO2 in the understory. Plants receiving sunflecks had higher δ13C values because assimilation during sunflecks occurred at a lower pi than assimilation in diffuse light. The amount that their δ13C was higher was positively correlated with predicted direct photon flux density received by a plant. Leaf weight per unit area increased with increasing PFD. Although plants receiving sunflecks had greater leaf weights per unit area and photosynthetic capacities than those under shadow bands, there was no apparent acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to the differences in PFD among the microsites.
Conditioned acceptance and preference but not altered taste reactivity responses to bitter and sour flavors paired with intragastric glucose infusion

Nutrient-conditioned flavors preferences are thought to involve an increase in flavor palatability (hedonic evaluation). Consistent with this view is the recent finding that a sweet flavor paired with intragastric glucose infusions elicited more hedonic taste reactivity (TR) responses than did an alternative sweet flavor paired with intragastric water. The generality of this finding was examined by conditioning preferences for inherently avoided nonsweet flavors. Rats were trained in 20 h/day and then 30 min/day sessions with a CS+ flavor (sour citric acid or bitter sucrose octaacetate) paired with intragastric 16% glucose infusion, and the opposite flavor (CS-) paired with intragastric water. Glucose conditioning increased the CS+ acceptance in one-bottle tests and produced a 95% CS+ preference in two-bottle sessions. Yet, TR responses to brief intraoral infusions of the two CS flavors did not differ, even after extensive testing. Subsequent choice tests revealed that a 1% fructose solution was preferred to the CS-, whereas the CS+ was preferred to 1% and 2% fructose and equally preferred to 4%, 8%, and 16% fructose. These results indicate that strong nutrient-conditioned flavor preferences are not always associated with increased flavor palatability as measured by TR tests. Therefore, nonhedonic processes, perhaps increased incentive salience, appear to mediate the enhanced preference and acceptance conditioned by postingestive nutrient actions.
Introduction to End User Computing: The Dark Matter (and Dark Energy) of Corporate IT Use and User (U2) Studies Minitrack

This minitrack asks what researchers would do if we took end user computing (EUC) seriously, as we should.
Hierarchical Data Aggregation in Spatially Correlated Distributed Sensor Networks

The central idea of using sensor networks for monitoring events and conditions is to exploit the distributed nature provided by tiny and low powered devices. Multiple sensors can be used collaboratively to monitor events or space more effectively than a single sensor. Several applications can be envisioned with sensor networks ranging from military and commercial applications to environment and earth sciences. Typical examples include: traffic monitoring of vehicles, military reconnaissance and surveillance, target tracking, cross-border infiltration, habitat monitoring and structural monitoring, to name a few. These sensors in general are prone to failure due to their inherent characteristics. In this paper, we propose a robust fault tolerant data aggregation scheme in sensor networks.
A 5-year evaluation of a methadone medical maintenance program

Methadone medical maintenance (MMM) is a model for the treatment of opioid dependence in which a monthly supply of methadone is distributed in an office setting, in contrast to more highly regulated settings where daily observed dosing is the norm. We assessed patient characteristics and treatment outcomes of an MMM program initiated in the Bronx, New York, in 1999 by conducting a retrospective chart review. Participant characteristics were compared with those of patients enrolled in affiliated conventional methadone maintenance treatment programs. Patients had diverse ethnicities, occupations, educational backgrounds, and income levels. Urine toxicology testing detected illicit opiate and cocaine use in 0.8% and 0.4% of aggregate samples, respectively. The retention rate was 98%, which compares favorably with the four other MMM programs that have been reported in the medical literature. This study demonstrates that selected patients from a socioeconomically disadvantaged population remained clinically stable and engaged in treatment in a far less intensive setting than traditional methadone maintenance.
Technology: A challenge to planners

Technology planning presents a unique challenge to planners. First, because until technology achieves patents and proprietary know how, it offers high risk and low value. And second, because technology management is to business management what rodeos are to ranching. In fact, John Thackray's recent Planning Review article (July 1983) concluded that technology cannot be managed, and therefore, cannot be planned.
Scene recognition using genetic algorithms with semantic nets

Abstract A model for genetic algorithms with semantic nets is derived for which the relationships between concepts is depicted as a semantic net. An organism represents the manner in which objects in a scene are attached to concepts in the net. Predicates between object pairs are continuous valued truth functions in the form of an inverse exponential function (e − β | x | ). 1 : n relationships are combined via the fuzzy OR (Max[…]). Finally, predicates between pairs of concepts are resolved by taking the average of the combined predicate values of the objects attached to the concept at the tail of the arc representing the predicate in the semantic net. The method is illustrated by applying it to the identification of oceanic features in the North Atlantic.
Survey of human periodontal disease in Iceland

Abstract A survey of oral diseases in Iceland was completed in the period February 20-December 11,1962. With the assistance of the University of Iceland and the Statistical Bureau of Iceland, a sample of 3916 persons was taken. Of these 3452 were located and examined. From the sample results, it is estimated that 9 out of every 10 Icelanders beyond the age of 4 years have some form of periodontal disease. Dental accretions (calculus or debris or both) are present in a similar proportion of the population. At ages beyond 30 yr females tend to experience less severe forms than males, although the average difference is not great. In general those with lesser educational levels and lower salaried occupations tend to show the more severe periodontal involvement. The most striking and consistent association with severe periodontal disease, however, is poor oral hygiene. Comparisons of disease and accretion figures are provided for several countries where similar studies have been undertaken and published.
Cytoskeletal disruption activates the DLK/JNK pathway, which promotes axonal regeneration and mimics a preconditioning injury

Nerve injury can lead to axonal regeneration, axonal degeneration, and/or neuronal cell death. Remarkably, the MAP3K dual leucine zipper kinase, DLK, promotes each of these responses, suggesting that DLK is a sensor of axon injury. In Drosophila, mutations in proteins that stabilize the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons activate the DLK pathway, suggesting that DLK may be activated by cytoskeletal disruption. Here we test this model in mammalian sensory neurons. We find that pharmacological agents designed to disrupt either the actin or microtubule cytoskeleton activate the DLK pathway, and that activation is independent of calcium influx or induction of the axon degeneration program. Moreover, activation of the DLK pathway by targeting the cytoskeleton induces a pro-regenerative state, enhancing axon regeneration in response to a subsequent injury in a process akin to preconditioning. This highlights the potential utility of activating the DLK pathway as a method to improve axon regeneration. Moreover, DLK is required for these responses to cytoskeletal perturbations, suggesting that DLK functions as a key neuronal sensor of cytoskeletal damage.
Possible Causes of Geomagnetic Fluctuations having a Six-Second Period

GEOMAGNETIC fluctuations of two different types in the frequency-range 0.1–30 c./s. have recently been reported by Duffus et al. 1. Fig. 2 of their communication shows that one of these types closely resembles two other naturally occurring oscillations, and has a period (about 6 sec.) of the same order as the latter. These two naturally occurring (and probably associated) oscillations are microseisms and microbaroms, and one or the other of them may be the cause of the observed magnetic oscillations.
Linewidths of collective excitations of the inhomogeneous electron gas: Application to two-dimensional quantum strips

It is well known that high-frequency collective excitations in electronic systems are not Landau damped, i.e., they cannot decay effectively into single particle-hole pairs. The leading damping mechanism in this regime is instead provided by dynamical exchange and correlation effects, such as multipair production. These effects are not captured by the widely used adiabatic local-density approximation (ALDA), which accounts for Landau damping only. In the recently developed time-dependent current density-functional formalism [G. Vignale, C. A. Ullrich, and S. Conti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4878 (1997)], exchange and correlation enter as viscoelastic stresses in the electron fluid, causing an additional damping that is not contained in the ALDA. We use this theory to derive an explicit formula for the linewidth of collective electronic excitations that are not Landau damped. The formula is then applied to calculate the linewidth of collective modes in two-dimensional (2D) quantum strips. In comparison with the corresponding modes in the homogeneous 2D electron gas, we find an order-of-magnitude enhancement of the linewidth due to the nonuniformity of the system.
Distinct membrane mechanical properties of human mesenchymal stem cells determined using laser optical tweezers.

The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is determined by their unique biological, mechanical, and physicochemical characteristics, which are yet to be fully explored. Cell membrane mechanics, for example, has been shown to critically influence MSC differentiation. In this study, we used laser optical tweezers to measure the membrane mechanics of human MSCs and terminally differentiated fibroblasts by extracting tethers from the outer cell membrane. The average tether lengths were 10.6 ± 1.1 μm (hMSC) and 3.0 ± 0.5 μm (fibroblasts). The tether extraction force did not increase during tether formation, which suggests existence of a membrane reservoir intended to buffer membrane tension fluctuations. Cytoskeleton disruption resulted in a fourfold tether length increase in fibroblasts but had no effect in hMSCs, indicating weak association between the cell membrane and hMSC actin cytoskeleton. Cholesterol depletion, known to decrease lipid bilayer stiffness, caused an increase in the tether length both in fibroblasts and hMSCs, as does the treatment of cells with DMSO. We postulate that whereas fibroblasts use both the membrane rigidity and membrane-cytoskeleton association to regulate their membrane reservoir, hMSC cytoskeleton has only a minor impact on stem cell membrane mechanics.
Early changes in vasoreactivity after simulated microgravity are due to an upregulation of the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide/cGMP pathway

Emerging evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in the mechanism of vascular hyporesponsiveness contributing to microgravity-induced orthostatic intolerance. The cellular and enzymatic source of the NO, however, remains controversial. In addition, the time course of the endothelial-dependent contribution remains unstudied. We tested the hypotheses that the change in vasoresponsiveness seen in acute (3-day) hindlimb unweighted (HLU) animals is due to an endothelium-dependent mechanism and that endothelial-dependent attenuation in vasoreactivity is due to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS-3) dependent activation. Vasoreactivity was investigated in rat aortic rings following acute HLU treatment. Dose responsiveness to norepinepherine (NE) was depressed after 3-day HLU [1,338 +/- 54 vs. 2,325 +/- 58 mg at max (NE), HLU vs. C, P < 0.001]. However, removal of the endothelium restored the vascular contractility to that of C. In addition, 1H-oxadiazole quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, restored the reduced vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine (PE) seen in 3-day HLU rings (1.30 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.53 +/- 0.07 g, HLU + ODQ vs. HLU, P = 0.0001). Ca(+) dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was increased, as was vascular NO products as a result of HLU. While NOS-3 expression was not increased in HLU rats, phosphorylation of NOS-3 at serine-1177 (an activator of NOS-3) was increased while phosphorylation of serine-495 (an inactivator of NOS-3) was decreased. These findings demonstrate that changes in vasoresponsiveness in the acute HLU model of microgravity are due to an upregulation of the endothelial-dependent NO/cGMP pathway through NOS phosphorylation.
Transesophageal echocardiography-guided percutaneous intervention for a mitral valve leaflet perforation.

A 67-year-old woman with coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis presented with refractory decompensated congestive heart failure. Echocardiography showed severe mitral regurgitation from 2 sources: poor leaflet coaptation due to tethering of
Hippocampal theta rhythm: intra-hippocampal formation contributions.

Abstract The intra-hippocampal organization of theta rhythm was examined in chronically implanted rats. Small lesions were placed in the posterior aspects of the hippocampal formation and the subsequent effect of the lesion ascertained electrophysiologically. Lesions of the subiculum significantly diminished the amount of theta rhythm present and the effect appeared to be permanent. Lesions of the lateral entorhinal region produced a large, but transient, increase in the amount of theta rhythm present. The electrophysiological consequences of these lesions were organized in ‘lamellae’ as previously suggested. In addition, the effects of the discrete lesions were expressed ipsilaterally only. The fiber connections underlying these effects were reviewed and the subiculum was postulated to be a critical region for the maintenance of normal ‘on-going’ hippocampal electrical activity. The increase in theta rhythm following lateral entorhinal lesions was postulated to be result of the loss of high-frequency influences from other neural regions. It was concluded that, although paced by the septal regions, hippocampal theta rhythm is dependent upon intra-hippocampal formation maintenance and modulation. In particular, the present data indicate the importance of the subiculum in this maintenance. Furthermore, the data suggest an important role of the hippocampal formation in the organization of theta rhythm.
Absence of an obligatory lag period in the induction of ovalbumin mRNA by estrogen.

Abstract The present study demonstrates that under certain in vivo and in vitro conditions, estrogen induces the synthesis of ovalbumin mRNA to a near maximal rate by 1 hour following administration of the hormone. No significant obligatory lag in the induction of transcription of the ovalbumin gene was observed.
Stratigraphic and structural setting of the Ischia volcanic complex (Naples Bay, Southern Italy) revealed by submarine seismic reflection data

High-resolution seismic reflection profiles (Sparker Multitip) offshore southern Ischia Island (Naples Bay) are presented, together with a geological interpretation of their volcanic, structural and sedimentary features. In this frame, new seismo-stratigraphic evidences on buried volcanic structures and overlying Quaternary deposits of the southeastern offshore of the Ischia Island are discussed to highlight their implications on the marine geophysics and volcanology. The Ischia Bank is a large and flat relic volcanic edifice with steep slopes, merging on the continental shelf. The age of this monogenic volcano is unknown, lacking a direct datation of its basement. It represents the eruptive center of the pyroclastic fall cropping out onshore in the eastern sectors of the island, ranging in age from 8 to 6 ky bp. In the eastern Ischia offshore relic volcanic edifices, mostly formed by hialoclastites, have been investigated through high-resolution seismics. They represent remnants of hydro-magmatic volcanic vents and suggest a subaqueous emplacement. Regional seismic sections in the southeastern Ischia offshore, across buried volcanic structures, are finally presented and discussed.
Inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy in air and water pollution analysis†

Abstract The inductively coupled plasma (ICP), when employed as an excitation source in optical atomic emission spec.troscopy (AES), is finding widespread utilization for single and multielement inorganic trace analysis of pollutants. The recent availability of commercial ICP‐AES instrument systems has stimulated applications for the determination of metals and metalloids in diverse materials ranging from air particulates and fly ash to industrial effluents, sewage, and hard, soft, and saline waters. The capabilities and limitations of ICP‐AES for applications in air and water pollution analysis are reviewed, and a number of recent examples presented.
Modulation of human placental P-glycoprotein expression and activity by MDR1 gene polymorphisms.

Abstract The ABC transporter P-glycoprotein is a product of the MDR1 gene and its function in human placenta is to extrude xenobiotics from the tissue thus decreasing fetal exposure. The goal of this investigation was to examine the effect of three polymorphisms in the MDR1 gene on the expression and activity of placental P-gp. In 199 term placentas examined, the C1236T variant was associated with 11% lower P-gp protein expression than wild-type, while the C3435T and G2677T/A variants each were associated with a 16% reduction ( p p = 0.04 and p = 0.02) of the prototypic substrate, [ 3 H]-paclitaxel. These findings indicate that the C3435T and G2677T/A SNPs in MDR1 are significantly associated with decreased placental P-gp protein expression, while the C1236T and C3245T homozygous variants are significantly associated with an increase in its efflux activity.
Syntheses and Structures of Nickel(II) and Copper(II) Complexes of 2,6-Bis[(2-acetylphenyl)carbamoyl]pyridine: Effects of Molecular Structure on Crystal Lattice Architecture

The structural properties of Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes with the new multidentate ligand 2,6-bis[(2-acetylphenyl)carbamoyl]pyridine, H21, has been investigated to address the effects of ligand structure on the assembly of metal complexes into crystal lattices.
Socioeconomic background, schooling, experience, ability and monetary rewards in Greece

Abstract In this paper, the relationship between earnings and family background, based on Greece's 1977 Special Wages and Salaries Survey, is examined. The purpose is to test whether or not the returns to education differ significantly according to the individual's socioeconomic background. Contrary to findings for the United Kingdom and the United States, a positive relationship between father's education and returns to schooling is found in Greece. These results are similar to those found in studies of other less developed countries. Explanations for the diversity of findings are discussed.
Predicting thermal behavior for temperature management in time-critical multicore systems

Multi-core System-on-Chip (SoC) has become a popular execution platform for many embedded real-time systems that require high performance and low power-consumption. High temperature is known to accelerate the failure of deep submicron chips. To prevent such accelerated failures due to chip overheating, various thermal-aware scheduling (TAS) algorithms and dynamic thermal management (DTM) have been proposed and applied to mission/safety-critical applications. To control on-chip temperature more effectively, it is necessary to predict the thermal dynamics of a multi-core chip in real time and trigger appropriate power/temperature management before overheating the chip. However, due to dynamically-changing runtime environments, it is very difficult to estimate the chip temperature on-the-fly. In this paper, we propose models of efficiently estimating multi-core chip temperature while accounting for the system dynamics in real time. Based on these models, we design a proactive peak temperature manager (PTM) which periodically estimates future core temperature and triggers proper DTMs on the estimated-to-be-overheated cores for their cooling without violating applications timing constraints. Our in-depth evaluation based on the HotSpot thermal simulator has shown that the proposed method can predict the occurrence of peak temperature in a core with 90-98% accuracy, and using the estimated thermal model of a multi-core chip, PTM can effectively keep core temperature below a given threshold without violating any timing constraint.
The role of Stn1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomere capping can be separated from its interaction with Cdc13p.

The function of telomeres is twofold: to facilitate complete chromosome replication and to protect chromosome ends against fusions and illegitimate recombination. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interactions among Cdc13p, Stn1p, and Ten1p are thought to be critical for promoting these processes. We have identified distinct Stn1p domains that mediate interaction with either Ten1p or Cdc13p, allowing analysis of whether the interaction between Cdc13p and Stn1p is indeed essential for telomere capping or length regulation. Consistent with the model that the Stn1p essential function is to promote telomere end protection through Cdc13p, stn1 alleles that truncate the C-terminal 123 residues fail to interact with Cdc13p and do not support viability when expressed at endogenous levels. Remarkably, more extensive deletions that remove an additional 185 C-terminal residues from Stn1p now allow cell growth at endogenous expression levels. The viability of these stn1-t alleles improves with increasing expression level, indicating that increased stn1-t dosage can compensate for the loss of Cdc13p–Stn1p interaction. However, telomere length is misregulated at all expression levels. Thus, an amino-terminal region of Stn1p is sufficient for its essential function, while a central region of Stn1p either negatively regulates the STN1 essential function or destabilizes the mutant Stn1 protein.
A Unifying Methodology for Confronting Uncertainties in Security Games: Advances and Algorithms: (Doctoral Consortium)

Given the real-world applications of Stackelberg security games (SSGs), addressing uncertainties in these games is a major challenge. Two competitive approaches have been pursued by previous work on addressing uncertainties in SSGs, namely: (1) applying robust optimization techniques without requiring a prior distribution; and (2) using probabilistic models to capture uncertainties. In general, the decision of which approach to use is based on the availability of data. While the first approach suits data-sparse domains, the second approach works better for data-rich domains. My thesis will focus on addressing uncertainties in SSGs following these two leading approaches. In particular, with regards to robust methods, I attempt to develop new maximin/minimax regret-based robust algorithms for computing a defender's optimal strategy given uncertainties. I also aim to contribute to probabilistic modeling techniques by developing a new computational model of human decision making to capture the adversary's bounded rationality.
Optimal core dimensional ratios for minimizing winding loss in high-frequency gapped-inductor windings

Numerical techniques are used to find the inductor core dimensional ratios that minimize winding loss. It is shown that common core shapes result in significant excess losses, even if the shape of the wire winding is optimized. A design example demonstrates the practical implications of this technique for choosing cores-a standard core with dimensional ratios close to optimum provides a 32 % savings in power loss compared to another popular core shape. Further improvements in power loss could be achieved by using optimized core shapes. Improvements to software for shape-optimization of windings are described, including accounting for different turn lengths at different radii, the ability to select gaps in different core legs, and better approximations of three-dimensional field geometry.
Depression and helplessness-induced cognitive deficits in the aged.

Abstract Sixty-six community-residing elderly (mean age = 72.5) were categorized as depressed (mean = 11.3) or nondepressed (mean = 3.9) based on Beck Depression Inventory scores. After a pre-test battery measuring short-term memory and crystallized/fluid intelligence, the subjects responded to a word association task, disguised as a test of interpersonal empathy, under response dependent or response independent reinforcement conditions, or were assigned to a no treatment control. A post-test battery of alternate forms followed. Four of seven measures showed significant pre- to post-test declines in performance. For two of these four, response dependent reinforcement prevented otherwise significant declines. With pre-test differences statistically controlled, depression produced significant post-test deficits in three measures. Response dependent reinforcement eliminated this depression deficit in one measure. The results indicate that depression may exacerbate fatigue effects for the elderly and response...
Lower Hybrid Heating of an Electron-Cyclotron-Resonance Plasma in a Canted Magnetic Mirror

Plasma heating at the lower hybrid resonance was studied experimentally in a canted magnetic mirror in order to determine the effects of magnetic field curvature on heating efficiency. Heating occurred mainly on what would be the "outside" of an equivalent torus, peaking near the hybrid resonant layer. The best conditions for heating were seen to be a relatively flat density profile of magnitude slightly below that where hybrid resonance would be expected. The density profile was seen to move "outward" as cant angle was increased, while the hybrid layers were seen to move oppositely, toward what would be the inside of the torus. No significant deleterious effects on the efficiency of the lower hybrid resonant heating (LHRH) were observed as the canting was changed.
Rossby Waves in Zonally Opposing Mean Flow: Behavior in Northwest Pacific Summer Monsoon

Abstract The interactions between monsoon circulations and tropical disturbances in the Northwest Pacific, where the low-level mean flow is westerly in the west and easterly in the east, are studied with a barotropic model. The authors’ model results suggest that the scale contraction by the confluent background flow, the nonlinear dynamics, the β effect, and the large-scale convergence are important for the energy and enstrophy accumulation near the region where the zonal flow reverses. The energy/enstrophy accumulation can be maintained with a continuous Rossby wave emanation upstream. The largest accumulation occurs when the emanating zonal wavelength is around 2000 km. Longer Rossby waves experience less scale contraction and nonlinear effects while shorter Rossby waves cannot hold a coherent structure against dispersive effects. The nonlinear energy/enstrophy accumulation mechanism is significantly different from previous linear energy accumulation theories. In the linear theories this is primarily a...
Phthalate Induction of CYP3A4 is Dependent on Glucocorticoid Regulation of PXR Expression

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is responsible for oxidative metabolism of more than 60% of all pharmaceuticals. CYP3A4 is inducible by xenobiotics that activate pregnane X receptor (PXR), and enhanced CYP3A4 activity has been implicated in adverse drug interactions. Recent evidence suggest that the widely used plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and its primary metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) may act as agonists for PXR. Hospital patients are uniquely exposed to high levels of DEHP as well as being administered glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids positively regulate PXR expression in a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)–mediated mechanism. We suggest that the magnitude of CYP3A4 induction by phthalates is dependent on the expression of PXR and may be significantly higher in the presence of glucocorticoids. DEHP and MEHP induced PXRmediated transcription of the CYP3A4 promoter in a dosedependent fashion. Coexposure to phthalates and dexamethasone (Dex) resulted in enhanced CYP3A4 promoter activity; furthermore, this induction was abrogated by both the GR antagonist RU486 and GR small interfering ribonucleic acid. Dex induced PXR protein expression in human hepatocytes and a liver-derived rat cell line. CYP3A4 protein was highly induced by Dex and DEHP coadministration in human hepatocyte cultures. Finally, enhanced 6b-hydroxytestosterone formation in Dex and phthalate cotreated human hepatocytes confirmed CYP3A4 enzyme induction. Concomitant exposure to glucocorticoids and phthalates resulting in enhanced metabolic activity of CYP3A4 may play a role in altered efficacy of pharmaceutical agents. Understanding the role of glucocorticoid regulation of PXR as a key determinant in the magnitude of CYP3A4 induction by xenobiotics may
Cell cycle activity during seed priming is not essential for germination advancement in tomato

Seed priming is a technique of controlled hydration and drying that results in more rapid germination when the seeds are reimbibed. Advancement of radicle meristem cells into the S and G 2 phases of the cell cycle, increasing the percentage of nuclei having a 4C DNA content, has been reported to occur during priming. It has been suggested that the efficiency of priming is related to the accumulation of 4C nuclei in the radicle meristem, but the extent of cell cycle activity varied among different treatments and seed lots. A wide range of priming treatments across temperatures, water potentials and durations can be compared on a common basis using the hydrothermal priming time model. Flow cytometry was used to monitor cell cycle activity in a number of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seed lots during priming in relation to the accumulation of hydrothermal priming time and the subsequent germination rate response. In some seed lots, the percentage of 4C nuclei in the radicle meristems prior to emergence increased in proportion to accumulated hydrothermal priming time, while in other lots, no increase in nuclear DNA content was detected. All lots, however, demonstrated rapid radicle emergence following priming. Thus, replicative DNA synthesis in radicle meristem nuclei often occurred during seed priming, but an increase in the percentage of 4C nuclei was not essential for germination advancement.
Eddy Amplitudes in Baroclinic Turbulence Driven by Nonzonal Mean Flow: Shear Dispersion of Potential Vorticity

Abstract As in the midlatitude atmosphere, midocean eddies are primarily generated by baroclinically unstable mean currents. In contrast to the atmosphere, however, oceanic currents are significantly nonzonal. Even weak nonzonal currents are linearly unstable since β does not suppress growing meridional waves. Theories for the nonlinear equilibration of baroclinic instability, and hence theories for the amplitudes of midocean eddies, must therefore take into account the different dynamics of nonzonal flow. It is shown here that the amplitude of fully developed baroclinic turbulence due to nonzonal shears differs from that due to zonal shears primarily in the nature of the eddy generation. Since β will act to create large-scale zonal jet structures regardless of the generation source, the nature of eddy fluxes of potential vorticity (the source of eddy energy) in the zonal and meridional directions are fundamentally different. The cross-jet mixing has been shown previously to obey a mixing-length scaling, ...
No Nook Secure: Transportation and Environmental Quality

A geographer discusses ways of reducing aesthetic deterioration of environmental quality. The accounterments of model civilization obviously must affect the environment, but some can be more easily restricted to certain areas than others. Transportation is essentially an activity providing linkages between places, and in providing those linkages a transport facility may cross the emptiest and most remote areas; its effect on the landscape is characteristically more pervasive than most other activities of man. The whole problem of the impact of transportation on the quality of the environment is a difficult one, partly because in some cases we do not yet have sufficient scientific knowledge of the processes involved, but more importantly because it is filled with values, subjective judgments, and conflicting human goals and desires. This does not suggest the problem is an insignificant, or unmanageable, or hopeless one; it does mean that it can be neither entirely quantified nor turned over to "experts" for solution. /DOT/
Mechanisms of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Probe-Sample Multistability in Tapping Mode AFM Imaging

When using single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) probes to create AFM images of SWNT samples in tapping mode, elastic deformations of the probe and sample result in a decrease in the apparent width of the sample. Here we show that there are two major mechanisms for this effect, smooth gliding and snapping, and compare their dynamics to the case when a conventional silicon tip is used to image a bare silicon surface. Using atomistic and continuum simulations, we analyze in detail the shape of the tip−sample interaction potential for three model cases and show that in the absence of adhesion and friction forces, more than two discrete, physically meaningful solutions of the oscillation amplitude are possible when snapping occurs (in contrast to the existence of one attractive and one repulsive solution for conventional silicon AFM tips). We present experimental results indicating that a continuum of amplitude solutions is possible when using SWNT tips and explain this phenomenon with dynamic simulations that explicitly include tip−sample adhesion and friction forces. We also provide simulation results of SWNT tips imaging Si(111)−CH_3 surface step edges and Au nanocrystals, which indicate that SWNT probe multistability may be a general phenomenon, not limited to SWNT samples.
Motion Artifact on High-Resolution CT Images of Pediatric Patients: Comparison of Volumetric and Axial CT Methods

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to address the controversy whether the quality of volumetric high-resolution CT (HRCT) images is as good as that of axial nonvolumetric HRCT images by assessing the degree of motion artifact on images acquired with the two methods at MDCT of pediatric patients with known or suspected lung disease.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A search of the hospital information system was conducted to identify the cases of pediatric patients with clinically suspected or known interstitial lung disease who underwent 16-MDCT of the chest with both volumetric and axial HRCT acquisitions (both 1.25-mm slice thickness) from March 2005 to July 2008. Two pediatric radiologists reviewed the images for the presence of motion artifacts at three anatomic levels (upper, middle, and lower lung zones). Motion artifacts were given numerical grades representing no artifact to severe artifact, and the paired Student's t test was used to compare the scores for the two acquisition methods. A total motion s...
Electrical modeling of integrated-package power and ground distributions

Ensuring reliable power distribution requires accurate modeling of on-package power and ground networks. This, in turn, necessitates efficient magnetic coupling modeling - a massively complex task. Extending their previous work, these authors introduce a window-based extraction technique that uses the physical concept of susceptance to control modeling complexity.
Sensoristasis and imbalance in persons with dementia.

Purpose: To present a model of sensoristasis and imbalance for use by health care professionals to deliver care to older adults with irreversible dementing illness. Organizing Constructs: The Sensoristasis Model shows the need of people with dementia to experience a balance between sensory-stimulating and sensory-calming activity. This model builds on Lawton's environmental docility hypothesis and on Hall and Buckwalter's Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold Model. Methods: The model was derived from empirical evidence, theory, and clinical experience. Levels of agitation of three acute care patients experiencing sensoristasis and imbalances in sensoristasis indicate tenets of the model. Findings: Older adults with dementia experience intrapsychic discomfort because of imbalances in the pacing of sensory-stimulating or sensory-calming activity. Consequences of intrapsychic discomfort include agitated behaviors and episodic or premature decline in instrumental and social function. Conclusions: Pacing of activity must be guided by interventions that facilitate optimum sensoristasis and often need to be adjusted during stress, environmental change, and progression of the illness. Interventions can ameliorate some of the negative consequences of imbalances in sensoristasis when optimal pacing is not attained.