cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Migration of air bubbles in ice under a temperature gradient, with application to “Snowball Earth”

[1] To help characterize the albedo of “sea glaciers” on Snowball Earth, a study of the migration rates of air bubbles in freshwater ice under a temperature gradient was carried out in the laboratory. The migration rates of air bubbles in both natural glacier ice and laboratory-grown ice were measured for temperatures between −36°C and −4°C and for bubble diameters of 23–2000 μm. The glacier ice was sampled from a depth near close-off (74 m) in the JEMS2 ice core from Summit, Greenland. Migration rates were measured by positioning thick sections of ice on a temperature gradient stage mounted on a microscope inside a freezer laboratory. The maximum and minimum migration rates were 5.45 μm h−1 (K cm−1)−1 at −4°C and 0.03 μm h−1 (K cm−1)−1 at −36°C. Besides a strong dependence on temperature, migration rates were found to be proportional to bubble size. We think that this is due to the internal air pressure within the bubbles, which may correlate with time since close-off and therefore with bubble size. Migration rates show no significant dependence on bubble shape. Estimates of migration rates computed as a function of bubble depth within sea glaciers indicate that the rates would be low relative to the predicted sublimation rates, such that the ice surface would not lose its air bubbles to net downward migration. It is therefore unlikely that air bubble migration could outrun the advancing sublimation front, transforming glacial ice to a nearly bubble-free ice type, analogous to low-albedo marine ice.
Microwave remote sensing of plant water stress

The sensitivity of microwave (MW) emission to physical conditions of vegetation has been assessed by means of ground-based microwave and infrared radiometers. Measurements on corn and wheat have shown an inverse correlation between the normalized brightness temperature (TN) from the Ka band (36 GHz) and the atmospheric water vapor pressure (VP) at the top of vegetation. From this observation, we show that a crop water stress index can be calculated by means of down-looking MW sensors, provided air temperature is known. A polarization index (PI) dependent only on microwave measurements was shown to be related to crop water stress.
Gallium and indium hydrazides. Molecular and electronic structure of In[N(SiMe3)NMe2]3 and related compounds.

Gallium and indium hydrazides, Ga[N(SiMe3)NMe2]3 (1) and In[N(SiMe3)NMe2]3 (2), were synthesized from the reactions of metal chlorides and Li[N(SiMe3)NMe2]. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that compound 2 was monomeric with trigonal planar geometries on the indium and the indium-bonded nitrogen atoms. The average In−N bond distance of 2.078(3) A and the N−In−N−N dihedral angles did not provide clear structural evidence of In−N π-bonding. The electronic absorption spectra of the indium hydrazido complex revealed transitions at significantly lower energies compared to those observed in the tris(amido) compounds, In[N(SiMe3)2]3 (3) and In[N(tBu)(SiMe3)]3 (4). The absorptions of the indium and gallium compounds were attributed to ligand−metal charge transfer transitions. Trends in the electronic transitions for compounds 2 and 3 calculated at the time-dependent density functional and configuration interaction including single excitations levels, both using a minimal basis set, were con...
On the Long-Run Steady State in a Simple Dynamic Model of Equilibrium with Heterogeneous Households

This paper examines the long-run behavior of a one-good model of dynamic equilibrium with heterogeneous households.1 The main result is a characterization of the long-run steady state that verifies a conjecture of Ramsey [1928].2 If an agent's lifetime utility function over an infinite horizon is represented by a stationary, additive, discounted function with a constant pure rate of time preference, then the income distribution is shown in the long-run steady state to be determined by the lowest discount rate. The household with the lowest rate of discount owns all the capital and earns a wage income; all other households receive a wage income. If discount rates are equal between households, than the steady state distribution of income is indeterminate. Rader [1979] shows the emergence of a dominant consumer in the long run for a model without an explicit capital accumulation structure. The dominant consumer has the lowest pure rate of time preference in the economy. Advantages of our work over Rader's presentation are that the analysis is related to the theory of economic growth and the mathematics is elementary. One difference from the Rader result is that nondominant consumers have positive steady state consumption. Normally, those with high discount rates would want to contract to trade future labor for present consumption. These agents would then incur a debt equal to the discounted value of their wage income. Rader's result admits intertemporal trades of future labor for current consumption in a loan market extending into the indefinite future. Each consumer's budget constraint requires total assets to be
Structural Transitions of Nanocrystalline Domains in Regioregular Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) Thin Films

The effects of solution processing and thermal annealing on thin film morphology and crystalline structures of regioregular poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (RR P3HT) are studied in terms of molecular weight (M{sub w}). Using grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, {pi}-conjugated planes in drop-cast films from chloroform solutions are found to be preferentially oriented parallel to the substrates regardless of M{sub w}. However, the mesoscale nanocrystalline morphology of the drop-cast films is significantly affected by M{sub w}, exhibiting a distinctive morphological transition from short nanorods to long nanofibrils above a critical number-averaged M{sub w} ({approx} 3.6 kDa). This is probably due to the change in a conformation change from an extended-chain to a folded-chain, as M{sub w} of RR P3HT increases. In contrast, spin-casting of high M{sub w} RR P3HT produces less ordered films with a lower crystallinity and mixed parallel/perpendicular orientations of {pi}-conjugated planes. The crystallinity and parallel -conjugated orientation of RR P3HT in spin-cast films could be improved by thermal treatments at high-temperatures either (1) above the glass transition temperature or (2) above the melting temperature of RR 3PHT followed by recrystallization upon cooling under vacuum. However, the charge mobility of the spin-cast films for a field-effect transistor application is still lower than thatmore » of the drop-cast films. This would be attributed to the chain oxidation and the development of distinct grain boundaries between RR P3HT nanofibrils during the thermal treatments.« less
APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY IN THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: Improving the Collaborative Capacity of Organization

This paper highlights the use of appreciative inquiry (AI), a growing practice in organization development, in the Office of Research and Development (ORD) of the Environment Protection Agency. AI is a strength-based approach to change that induces innovation and collaboration through participatory methods. It is distinct from other methods that focus on resolving problems in organizations. An AI summit is a large-scale inquiry designed with four phases: discover, dream, design, and destiny. The history and effects of a summit are described in a case analysis of the ORD. The article concludes by describing how managers might use AI to improve their leadership effectiveness.
Influence of aminopeptidase inhibitors on brain angiotensin metabolism and drinking in rats.

Abstract The metabolism of [ 125 I]angiotensin II (AII, octopeptide) and [ 125 I]angiotensin III (AIII, heptapeptide) was determined in the cerebroventricular compartment following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) pretreatment with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or the aminopeptidase B inhibitor, bestatin (BE). Microwave fixation was used to stop brain aminopeptidase activity followed by high-performance liquid chromatography methods to measure degradation. The resulting mean t 1 values were: aCSF/AII = 23.5 s , BE/AII = 32.0 s ; aCSF/AIII = 8.2 s ; BE/AIII = 16.0 s . A second experiment indicated that i.c.v. administered BE induced considerable water consumption, while amastatin (AM, an aminopeptidase A inhibitor) did not. Combined i.c.v. treatment with BE/AII or BE/AIII produced water consumptions that were equivalent with the sum of the water intakes due to independent treatents. Unexpectedly, combined treatment with AM/AII also significantly facilitated water consumption as compared with the independent treatments. These results suggest that i.c.v. BE-induced drinking is due to the extension of the half-life of endogenous AIII, and that both AM and BE facilitate drinking to i.c.v. AII and AIII by inhibiting the degradation of AII and AIII. This delay in degradation prolongs the action of AIII at central angiotensin receptors while so slowing the conversion of AII to AIII, thus providing a depot of availaale AII to be converted to AIII in an obligatory manner.
Effects of iris surface curvature on iris recognition

To focus on objects at various distances, the lens of the eye must change shape to adjust its refractive power. This change in lens shape causes a change in the shape of the iris surface which can be measured by examining the curvature of the iris. This work isolates the variable of iris curvature in the recognition process and shows that differences in iris curvature degrade matching ability. To our knowledge, no other work has examined the effects of varying iris curvature on matching ability. To examine this degradation, we conduct a matching experiment across pairs of images with varying degrees of iris curvature differences. The results show a statistically significant degradation in matching ability. Finally, the real world impact of these findings is discussed.
Investigation of delay path modifications of Surface Acoustic Wave sensors

Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) sensors monitor the interaction between a receptor and its target in real time through changes in the properties of the traveling wave (i.e. frequency or phase, and amplitude). A key sensing parameter is power consumption. To increase power transfer we have developed a SAW sensor with microcavities in the delay path on 36° YX LiTaO3 and 90° ST-X Quartz. Three parameters were identified that determine the effectiveness of microcavities: 1) IDT offset, 2) microcavity depth, and 3) microcavity cross-sectional area. Finite element (FE) simulations were performed using ANSYS to determine the optimum value of each parameter to decrease insertion loss (I.L.). Our results show that the best parameter values are; IDT offset = 10 μm, microcavity depth = 2.5 μm and microcavity cross-sectional area = 10 μm × 10 μm, for a device with center frequency of about 100 MHz.
Relationship of thyroid status and serum N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase isoenzyme activities in humans

Serum from 28 hyperthyroid, hypothyroid, and euthyroid pre- or early puberty females was examined for N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (HEX) activity. Total, isoenzyme A (labile), and isoenzyme B (stable) levels were determined for this enzyme. A high degree of correlation (r = 0.76; p < 0.001) exists between total hexosaminidase activity and thyroid hormone levels (as reflected by the Free Thyroxine Index). Examining each isoenzyme individually, A is selectively enhanced (r = 0.84; p < 0.0005) whereas B displays no significant change regardless of thyroid activity. In hyperthyroid individuals, levels of total hexosaminidase (730 ± 67 units) (mean ± S.D.) and isoenzyme A (516 ± 46) were significantly higher than levels found in either the hypothyroid (total: 547 ± 30; isoenzyme A: 352 ± 31) or euthyroid (total: 620 ± 81A; isoenzyme A: 423 ± 45) groups. However, no change was observed in levels of isoenzyme B among hypothyroid (195 ± 19), euthyroid (197 ± 43) and hyperthyroid (215 ± 32) groups. These data substantiate our earlier findings in the rat, wherein thyroxine administration evoked a similar response in the liver. They are of particular interest in light of the deficiency of HEX A in variants of GM2 gangliosidosis.
Extinction of contextual fear and preference for signaled shock

Rats received signaled shock on one side of a shuttlebox and unsignaled shock on the other. After reaching a criterion preference for the signaled side, the experimental group was given Pavlovian extinction of contextual fear of the unsignaled side. The control group received equivalent exposure to a novel control chamber. Extinction of fear of the unsignaled side reduced the preference for signaled shock. This finding suggests that preference for signaled shock is mediated by contextual fear.
Delayed, selective neuronal death following experimental cortical impact injury in rats: possible role in memory deficits

Clinical and experimental studies show that loss of neurons in the hippocampus and/or the entorhinal cortex can impede formation and storage of spatial memory. Using a controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats, we have examined the temporal and spatial pattern of neuronal death using silver impregnation and cresyl violet staining. Dystrophic neurons can be detected in the dentate gyrus, and the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks following injury. These dystrophic cells appeared shrunken and possessed features of apoptosis. Areas containing the dystrophic cells suffer substantial cell loss as demonstrated by thinning of the neuronal layers. Dystrophic cells are also found in the amygdala, entorhinal and piriform cortices, thalamic and hypothalamic regions, and surrounding the contusion site. The loss of these cells may contribute to the memory deficits observed following TBI.
Using directed information for influence discovery in interconnected dynamical systems

Structure discovery in non-linear dynamical systems is an important and challenging problem that arises in various applications such as computational neuroscience, econometrics, and biological network discovery. Each of these systems have multiple interacting variables and the key problem is the inference of the underlying structure of the systems (which variables are connected to which others) based on the output observations (such as multiple time trajectories of the variables). Since such applications demand the inference of directed relationships among variables in these non-linear systems, current methods that have a linear assumption on structure or yield undirected variable dependencies are insufficient. Hence, in this work, we present a methodology for structure discovery using an information-theoretic metric called directed time information (DTI). Using both synthetic dynamical systems as well as true biological datasets (kidney development and T-cell data), we demonstrate the utility of DTI in such problems.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The acoustic modes of a two-dimensional rectangular cavity

Abstract A theoretical study of the acoustic modes of a two-dimensional rectangular cavity is presented in this paper. It is found that for cavities with length to depth ratio of unity or larger the natural modes are heavily damped due to acoustic radiation. Numerical results for lower order modes are given. The physical significance of strong radiation damping on the onset of cavity tones induced by outside flow at low Mach number is discussed.
Spectrally Selective Compressive Imaging by Matrix System Analysis

A new CASSI formulation is presented which allows the design of spectrally selective measurements. Given a desired spectral sensing profile, the model permits the calculation of the required structure of the code apertures.
Bias-Voltage Dependence in Atomic-Scale Spin Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Mn3N2 (010)

Atomic-scale spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy results on the manganese nitride Mn3N2 (010) surface are presented. The images show the row-wise antiferromagnetic structure of the surface. It is shown that the bias voltage between tip and sample affects both the magnetic and non-magnetic components of the height profile. In particular, a reversal of the magnetic contrast is shown to occur at a certain bias voltage.
Presence of hemoglobin messenger ribonucleoprotein in a reticulocyte supernatant fraction

Abstract A study is made of globin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) distribution in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Ribonucleic acid with the electrophoretic mobility of globin mRNA is found not only in polyribosomes but also in a ribonucleoprotein complex which sediments at 15 S. Such presumptive mRNA is not found in single ribosomes or in the subribosomal particle fraction. Further evidence that the 15-S ribonucleoprotein contains globin mRNA is obtained using a protein synthesizing extract from embryonic muscle. Addition of 15-S complex to the extract specifically stimulates incorporation of radioactive amino acids into material which cochromatographs with carrier hemoglobin and which coprecipitates with the carrier hemoglobin upon addition of anti-hemoglobin antiserum.
New hope for Western Sahara

On Africa's Atlantic coast, at the western extremity of the Arab world, lies Western Sahara, site of Africa's longest postcolonial conflict. While over one billion people have been successfully decolonized over the past 50 years, Western Sahara is still recognized by the international community as a non‐self‐governing territory. Just before the scheduled end of colonial administration in 1976, the territory—then known as Spanish Sahara—was partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania. Spain had promised the country independence, but pressure from Morocco forced the Spanish government, in the midst of its own delicate transition period to democratic rule, to back away from its commitment.
Production of Polyhedra of the Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Using the Sf21 and Tn5B1-4 Cell Lines and Comparison with Host-Derived Polyhedra by Bioassay

Abstract Both wild-type and recombinant baculoviruses are becoming more attractive for the control of insect pests. Thus, there is an increased incentive to address and resolve logistical problems associated with large-scale production of these viruses. In this study, we have compared the potential of two insect cell lines, Tn5B1-4 and Sf21, for the production of polyhedra and compared the efficacy of both cell culture-derived and host-derived viruses by bioassay. The efficacy of both wild-type AcMNPV and AcAaIT, a recombinant baculovirus expressing an insect-specific scorpion toxin, were compared. Yields of polyhedra from Tn5B1-4 were sixfold higher than those from the cell line Sf21. Morphological analysis of polyhedra derived from cell culture showed greater variability in size relative to host-derived polyhedra. The maximum size of cell culture-derived polyhedra was over 1.5 times larger than that of insect-derived polyhedra. The efficacy of AcMNPV and AcAaIT derived from cell culture, or from amplification in larvae of Trichoplusia ni or Heliothis virescens , was compared by bioassay in H. virescens. There was a significant difference between the slopes for lethal time data for host-derived and cell culture-derived wild-type virus. Mortality occurred at a faster rate following infection with host-derived virus. No significant difference was seen for the recombinant virus AcAaIT. Lethal doses of cell- and host-derived polyhedra were not significantly different. The reasons for and implications of this for pest control are discussed. The data suggest that polyhedra production in larvae may be preferable to production in cell culture for the wild-type virus, but that this does not hold for recombinant viruses with enhanced speed of kill.
Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Poly(ε-Caprolactone)−Poly(Dimethylsiloxane)−Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Triblock Copolymers

Immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica was used to synthesize copolymers of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) with α,ω-(dihydroxy alkyl) terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The reactions were carried out in toluene with a 1:2 w/v ratio of the monomers to solvent at 70 oC. The PCL−PDMS−PCL triblock copolymer composition was varied by changing the feed ratio of the reactants [CL]/[PDMS] (80:20; 60:40; 40:60; 20:80 w/w, respectively). The enzymatically synthesized copolymers were characterized by GPC, FTIR, TGA, DSC and XRD. The successful synthesis of the copolymers was confirmed by the appearance of a single peak in all of the respective GPC chromatograms. An increased feed ratio of [CL]/[PDMS] produced an increase in the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of the copolymers from 4,400 g mol−1 (20:80 w/w of [CL]/[PDMS]) to 13,950 g mol−1 (80:20 w/w of [CL]/[PDMS]). The copolymers were shown by DSC and XRD to be semi-crystalline and the degree of crystallinity increased with an increase in the [CL]/[PDMS] feed ratio. The crystal structure in the copolymers was analogous to that of the PCL homopolymer. In enzymatic polymerization the recovery and reuse of the enzyme is highly desirable. When the lipase was recovered and reused for the copolymerization, higher molecular weight copolymers were obtained upon a second use. This appears to be due to an increased activity of the immobilized lipase following an opening up of the acrylic resin matrix in the organic medium. This improvement was not maintained for subsequent recycling of the lipase principally due to the disintegration of the acrylic resin matrix.
I Am So Glad That I Am a Group Worker

This article explores the ominous consequences of the profession of social work and its schools’ gradual drift away from a long tradition of valuing practice and education that is community based and addresses private troubles and public issues. A series of pointed questions are offered that suggest what needs to happen to reverse course, in schools of social work, against the currents of corporatism and crude individualism infecting our politics, economy, social relations, and broad culture. The article concludes with a “modest proposal for the free school of social work.”
Solution of capacitance systems using incomplete Cholesky fixed point iteration

Application of the Galerkin finite element method to the electromagnetic vector wave equation yields an implicit system of equations that must be evolved in time. The left-hand matrix has units of capacitance and is analogous to the mass matrix in continuum mechanics. In this letter we point out the interesting fact that for a Cartesian grid the Cholesky decomposition of the capacitance matrix has the same sparsity as the original matrix, i.e. there is no zero-fill during the course of the Cholesky decomposition. Therefore an iterative method using the incomplete Cholesky decomposition as a preconditioner is quite efficient for nearly orthogonal quadrilateral or hexahedral grids. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Mastery Machine: Digital Animation and Fantasies of Control

For decades, the notion of the creator’s absolute control over the drawn image has remained a staple of animation discourse, and the advent of computer animation has recently reinvigorated this discussion. The animated science fiction features Metropia (Tarik Saleh, 2009), Metropolis (Rintaro, 2001), and Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (Hironobu Sakaguchi and Motonori Sakakibara, 2001) engage utopian daydreams and articulate anxieties about the high degree of artistic mastery facilitated by advanced technology. Using these three films as case studies, this text examines computer-animated futuristic urban spaces as architectures of control. It discusses digital bodies as products of animators’ increased mastery over mimetic representations of the human form and explores the ways in which computer animation foregrounds its technological and artistic control over the image as a feat to marvel at. In doing so, this analysis highlights the evolution of the dream of the omnipotent creator into a fantasy of om...
Comparative pathology of pemphigus in dogs and humans

Abstract To dermatologists who have little knowledge of veterinary dermatology, it may come as a surprise that autoimmune skin diseases occur in species other than humans. In actuality, many of the same immune-mediated vesiculopustular and collagen vascular diseases identified in humans have been described in animals. These include bullous pemphigoid, dermatomyositis, erythema multiforme, variants of lupus erythematosus, immune-mediated vasculitis, and a number of the pemphigus diseases. 1–3
Facilitative effects of Aloe secundiflora shrubs in degraded semi-arid rangelands in Kenya

Abstract Livestock overgrazing can threaten the ecological integrity of rangelands, and can also threaten the sustainability of pastoralist societies who depend on rangelands for their livelihood. Using facilitator plants in the restoration of degraded semi-arid rangelands offers a promising strategy because in such environments, facilitators can ameliorate harsh conditions that often limit the establishment and success of surrounding vegetation. In a degraded rangeland in Kenya, I compared local biotic and abiotic environmental conditions around naturally occurring Aloe secundiflora shrubs to conditions around Maerua decumbens shrubs and points without shrub cover. The presence of A. secundiflora shrubs was positively associated with increased vegetation cover, species richness, litter cover, soil seed banks, and soil retention within a 2 m radius of shrubs, as compared with conditions surrounding M. decumbens and areas lacking shrub cover. The pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that A. secundiflora acts as a facilitator in this plant community. These findings are the basis for additional studies to determine whether transplanted A. secundiflora shrubs can also elicit the formation of patches with ameliorated environmental conditions. If so, augmenting populations of native A. secundiflora shrubs may be a feasible strategy in the ecological restoration of degraded rangelands.
Reduced excretion of urinary procoagulant in uremic patients

Ein hochaktiver, gerinnungsfordernder Faktor wird normalerweise im menschlichen Urin ausgeschieden. Die Ausscheidung ist quantitativ bei gesunden Erwachsenen altersabhangig und bei Uramie wesentlich vermindert.
Modeling of the methane reforming reaction in hydrogen selective membrane reactors

Abstract A one-dimensional mathematical model was developed to simulate the performance of three reactor systems: a fixed-bed reactor, a partially selective membrane reactor, and a totally selective membrane reactor. The reaction studied was the dry reforming of methane with carbon dioxide over a 1 wt.% Rh/Al2O3 catalyst at atmospheric pressure. Experimental results were obtained with a semipermeable Vycor glass membrane and a selective silica membrane (Nanosil). The model provided good agreement between experimental and theoretical results for all three reactor configurations. Calculations also indicated that axial temperature gradients and pressure drop across the bed were negligible.
Structure-function relationships of various steroids relative to lipid metabolism in human blood cells.

Abstract 1. 1. 1- 14 C-Acetate is incorporated into fatty acids by normal human platelets, leucocytes and erythrocytes. Gas-chromatographic separation of individual fatty acids revealed a consistent characteristic pattern of distribution of the isotopes. The radiocarbon was incorporated into short chain acids to a greater extent than into long chain acids in the time period studied. 2. 2. Addition of small amounts of ketosteroids to the incubation system changed this, resulting in a marked decrease in short chain incorporation and a significant increase in long chain fatty acid incorporation particularly in unsaturated equivalents. 3. 3. Platelets in isologous plasma, and as whole blood from women on long-term use of the oral contraceptive (Enovid) when incubated with the labeled acetate demonstrated the same remarkable changes in the pattern of uptake of radiocarbon into FA as that for the in vitro addition of the drug. 4. 4. It is adduced from the experimental evidence that a stereochemical, nonhormonal property of the steroids involved is the basis for the deviation in the formation and turnover of fatty acids. 5. 5. In vitro addition of malate and oxaloacetate to the steroid containing incubates resulted in complete “normalization” of incorporation of the radiocarbon by the cells into fatty acids, thus indicating that the steroidal agents may enter the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway at an early step, probably intervening directly on the pivotal decarboxylic acid-malonyl-CoA- and/or chain elongation cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and microsomal enzyme-coenzyme complex.
The value of chromosome analysis in cases of neural tube defects: A case of anencephaly associated with fetal DUP(2) (p24→pter)

A family is described in which two anencephalic fetuses were identified in two pregnancies. Autopsy revealed kidney anomalies in both fetuses. Chromosome analysis was performed only on the second fetus, which had a 46,XY,lOq+ karyotype. Parental chromosome analysis showed the maternal karyotype to be 46,XX,t(2;10) (p24;q26) thus demonstrating that the fetus was carrying a duplication 2(p24→pter). Recurrence risks for anencephaly based on the cytogenetic abnormality were much higher than those which would be quoted for isolated anencephaly. This points out the necessity for complete diagnostic studies when a fetus with a neural tube defect is identified. The literature in regard to the 2p duplication phenotype is reviewed. It is possible that the duplication of the distal segment of 2p results in a neural tube defect/kidney anomaly phenotype.
Systemic to pulmonary arterial shunts for patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease: Current status

The various central vascular shunting operations used for palliation of patients with congenital heart disease plus decreased pulmonary blood flow are discussed. The status of each in current practice is outlined in order to provide an up-to-data reference for the pediatric radiologist. In general, the Waterston shunt is preferred for infants under six months and the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis for patients older than this.
Psychosocial Correlates of Premarital Sex Among College Students in Hunan Province, China

ABSTRACT A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the psychological and sociocultural factors associated with premarital sexual behavior among a sample of 1,875 Chinese college students in Hunan Province. Chi-square tests, t-tests, and logistic regression were used to determine any variations in the variables between those who had initiated sex and those who had no sexual experience. Students who were impulsive decision makers were more likely to have had premarital sexual intercourse. Those participants who perceived that their parents/friends would approve of their having sex and those who were more exposed to sexual media programs were more likely to have premarital sexual intercourse. Male students were almost 2 times more likely than female students to have had premarital sex. The findings provide insights for developing reproductive and sexual health education programs for Chinese young adults.
An artificial muscle actuator for biomimetic underwater propulsors.

In this paper, we introduce the analytical framework of the modeling dynamic characteristics of a soft artificial muscle actuator for aquatic propulsor applications. The artificial muscle used for this underwater application is an ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) which can generate bending motion in aquatic environments. The inputs of the model are the voltages applied to multiple IPMCs, and the output can be either the shape of the actuators or the thrust force generated from the interaction between dynamic actuator motions and surrounding water. In order to determine the relationship between the input voltages and the bending moments, the simplified RC model is used, and the mechanical beam theory is used for the bending motion of IPMC actuators. Also, the hydrodynamic forces exerted on an actuator as it moves relative to the surrounding medium or water are added to the equations of motion to study the effect of actuator bending on the thrust force generation. The proposed method can be used for modeling the general bending type artificial muscle actuator in a single or segmented form operating in the water. The segmented design has more flexibility in controlling the shape of the actuator when compared with the single form, especially in generating undulatory waves. Considering an inherent nature of large deformations in the IPMC actuator, a large deflection beam model has been developed and integrated with the electrical RC model and hydrodynamic forces to develop the state space model of the actuator system. The model was validated against existing experimental data.
The X-ray spectra of galaxies. I - Spectral fits of individual galaxies and X-ray colors

The X-ray spectra of normal galaxies is investigated systematically by using the Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) data in the Einstein data bank. In addition to the standard model fitting technique, X-ray colors are introduced in order to extract spectral information from the fainter X-ray sources. Spectral parameters for 43 galaxies and X-ray colors for 127 galaxies are presented.
Chloroquine and ammonium ion inhibit receptor-mediated endocytosis of mannose-glycoconjugates by macrophages: Apparent inhibition of receptor recycling

Summary 125I-Mannose-BSA is taken up by macrophages by receptor-mediated pinocytosis. Previous studies indicated that uptake is rapid and proceeds linearly with time in the absence of protein synthesis suggesting that receptors are conserved and recycled. Chloroquine and NH4+ inhibit uptake of 125I-Mannose-BSA and its subsequent digestion by macrophages. Inhibition of uptake is inhibitor-concentration and time dependent. Both binding of ligand (4°) and internalization of pre-bound ligand (4°) following warm-up are unaffected by the inhibitors. However, brief incubation of cells at 37° with inhibitor in the absence of ligand results in a substantial reduction in cell surface binding sites. Our interpretation of these results is that chloroquine and NH4+ inhibit receptor recycling and thereby inhibit ligand uptake.
Approach to the Patient with an Infantile Hemangioma

Infantile hemangioma is the most common soft tissue tumor of childhood. Despite its frequency, it has only been in the last decade that these lesions have been better characterized and become the subject of significant clinical and translational research. Although most infantile hemangiomas are uncomplicated and do not require intervention, they can be a significant source of parental distress, cosmetic disfigurement, and morbidity. The wide spectrum of disease in the morphology of these lesions and in their behavior has made it difficult to predict the need for treatment and has made it challenging to establish a standardized approach to management.
Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTI), one of the most common bacterial infections, afflict 50 % of all women at least once in their lifetime with a 20–30 % chance of a recurrent infection [1]. Further, the risk of UTI is elevated in people with altered metabolism, including diabetes (see chapter “ Diabetes mellitus”), obesity (see chapter “ Metabolic syndrome”), and pregnancy (see chapter “ Overview” under the part “Reproductive system”) [2–4]. The major etiological agent is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) accounting for ~80 % of noncomplicated community-acquired UTI [1].
Imaging Stellar Surfaces via Matrix Light-Curve Inversion

Matrix light-curve inversion (MLI) is a technique for deducing the surface brightness distributions of rapidly rotating spotted stars or the surface albedo distributions of planets (in particular Pluto) from their rotational light curves. When applied to the stellar problem, it has the significant advantage over "spot models" that it makes no a priori assumptions about the number of spots on the stellar surface or their shapes. We demonstrate the viability of MLI for determining the locations and sizes of dark spots on stellar surfaces and explore its potential and its limitations by presenting the results of inversions of synthetic light curves corresponding to model stars with known surface features. We show that when light curves acquired through different photometric filters are simultaneously inverted, significant improvements can be achieved compared to when only a single filter is used. In particular, it becomes possible to detect the presence of high-latitude activity, presenting the possibility of corroborating Doppler images that imply high-latitude spots.
On Plate Buckling Coefficients

Though thin plates have a useful reserve of elastic postbuckling strength, the linear buckling load remains an important design parameter. White and Cottingham have published useful graphs of buckling coefficients versus aspect ratio for various partial edge loadings and for simply‐supported as well as for fixed‐edge boundaries. Some of their graphs exhibit large cusps which they attribute to a change of buckling mode. The writers have written a fairly general finite‐difference plate buckling program in preparation for postbuckling studies; to test the program they recalculated the White and Cottingham results. These recalculations not only removed all cusplike buckling coefficient response for fixed‐edge boundaries but, for one loading case, found that the White and Cottingham coefficients appear 100% too high whereas for another loading case the writers' results were 1/8 higher; for simply‐supported boundaries the results agree closely. The writers' conjecture is that the cusplike behavior found by Whit...
The Fernow Watershed Acidification Study: Ecosystem Acidification, Nitrogen Saturation and Base Cation Leaching

In 1989, a watershed acidification experi- ment was begun on the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, USA. Ammonium sulfate fertilizer (35.5 kg N ha �1 yr �1 and 40.5 kg S ha �1 yr �1 ) was applied to a forested watershed (WS3) that supported a 20-year-old stand of eastern deciduous hardwoods. Additions of N and S are approximately twice the ambient deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in the adjacent mature forested watershed (WS4), that serves as the reference watershed for this study. Acidification of stream water and soil solution was documented, although the response was delayed, and acidification processes appeared to be driven by nitrate rather than sulfate. As a result of the acidification treatment, nitrate solution concentrations increased below all soil layers, whereas sulfate was retained by all soil layers after only a few years of the fertilization treatments, perhaps due to adsorption induced from decreasing sulfate deposition. Based on soil solution monitoring, depletion of calcium and magnesium was observed, first from the upper soil horizons and later from the lower soil horizons. Increased base cation concen- trations in stream water also were documented and linked closely with high solution levels of nitrate.
Academic Research on Communications Among External Auditors, the Audit Committee, and the Board: Implications and Recommendations for Practice

SUMMARY: This article provides a summary of the academic research findings on the attributes of effective audit committees and potential threats to financial reporting quality that should lead to heightened auditor and audit committee sensitivity. The practice implications of this research are then discussed in terms of appropriate communications among auditors, audit committees, and boards of directors.
THE SRI NIST 2008 speaker recognition evaluation system

The SRI speaker recognition system for the 2008 NIST speaker recognition evaluation (SRE) incorporates a variety of models and features, both cepstral and stylistic. We highlight the improvements made to specific subsystems and analyze the performance of various subsystem combinations in different data conditions. We show the importance of language and nativeness conditioning, as well as the role of ASR for speaker verification.
The Use of Metaphor to Address Gender and Sexual Orientation Stereotypes in Counseling: A Feminist Perspective

The role of metaphor in psychology is reviewed, focused on gender and sexual orientation stereotypes. Feminist therapy principles are explored in relation to addressing the presence of stereotypes within a therapeutic context. Implications for working with clients presenting with disordered eating, agoraphobia, sexual violence, and sexual identity concerns are discussed.
Consumption of SC45647 and Sucralose by Rats Selectively Bred for High and Low Saccharin Intake

Mammals’ affinity for sweet tastes exists alongside dramatic variation among species and individuals in responses to sweeteners. The present paper focused on consumption by Occidental High– (HiS) and Low–Saccharin (LoS)-consuming rats in 23-h 2-bottle tests of 2 sweeteners for which few data from rats are available: SC45647 and sucralose. Every HiS and LoS rat preferred SC45647 to water at every concentration, with HiS rats consuming it more avidly. Most HiS rats preferred sucralose to water at one or more concentrations; some HiS rats and most LoS rats avoided sucralose at every concentration. However, both HiS and LoS rats preferred a sucralose–maltodextrin mixture (Splenda) to water; thus, Splenda’s ‘‘bulking’’ ingredient maltodextrin transforms highly variable responses to sucralose into a relatively homogeneous preference for the product. Implications for the study of variation in sweet taste are discussed.
COMPARATIVE FATE OF CHEMICALLY DISPERSED AND UNTREATED OIL IN THE ARCTIC: BAFFIN ISLAND OIL SPILL STUDIES 1980–1983

ABSTRACT Two experimental oil spill studies designed to assess the comparative short and long term fates and effects of chemically dispersed and untreated nearshore discharges in the Arctic were undertaken as part of the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project. The fates of oil in the water column, in subtidal and beach sediments, and in five species of filter- and deposit-feeding animals were investigated. Analytical results indicate that the discharge of the chemically dispersed oil caused a large but short-lived chemical impact on the water column (up to 50 ppm), a significant initial bio accumulation of oil, and little sediment impact. In contrast, the untreated oil, allowed to beach, did not have a significant water column impact, but did result in a large scale landfall, continual long term erosion of oil off the beach, and increasing oil levels in subtidal sediments and deposit-feeding animals.
C6 Mediates Chronic Progression of Tubulointerstitial Damage in Rats with Remnant Kidneys

ABSTRACT. Although it was once considered only a marker of glomerular damage, accumulating evidence indicates that proteinuria per se is nephrotoxic and contributes to the progression of renal injury. Several studies have demonstrated that activation of complement in proteinuric urine results in tubular and interstitial damage. It was previously demonstrated that acute complement-mediated interstitial disease is induced by C5b-9. Here the role of C5b-9 in the progression of chronic proteinuric renal disease was investigated in a nonimmunologic remnant kidney model. Five-sixths nephrectomies were performed for normocomplementemic control and C6-deficient PVG rats. Tubulointerstitial injury was assessed by measurement of two independent markers of tubular injury ( i.e ., vimentin and osteopontin), interstitial accumulation of the extracellular matrix components collagen type I, collagen type IV, and laminin, interstitial macrophage infiltration, and renal function. The two groups developed similar levels of proteinuria and BP. Whereas C3 deposition on the brush border was equivalent for rats in the two groups, C5b-9 deposition was observed only for normocomplementemic rats. At day 35, the degrees of both tubulointerstitial injury and renal failure were the same for the two groups. Tubulointerstitial injury in normocomplementemic rats was still severe at day 70. In contrast, interstitial injury in C6-deficient rats had improved markedly at day 70, with improvements in renal function. In a rat model of chronic progressive renal disease secondary to nephron loss, the initial interstitial changes are complement-independent and largely reversible, whereas progressive interstitial fibrosis is mediated predominantly by C5b-9. Treatment to reduce C5b-9 attack in tubular cells may slow progression and facilitate recovery.
Soil strength, cotton root growth and lint yield in a southeastern USA coastal loamy sand

Inverse linear relationships between soil strength and yield in Coastal Plain soils that have subsurface genetic hard layers have previously been developed for corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under management systems that include annual or biannual non-inversion deep tillage. In a field study in the southeastern Coastal Plains of the USA, we tested this relationship for cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in wide (0.96 m) rows, hypothesizing that root growth and lint yield of cotton would increase with a decrease in soil strength associated with annual deep tillage or cover crop. Root growth and yield were evaluated for treatment combinations of surface tillage or none, deep tillage or none, and rye ( Secale cereale L.) cover crop or none. Root growth increased (r 2 = 0.66–0.68) as mean or maximum soil strength decreased. Cotton lint yield was not significantly affected by the treatments. Lack of yield response to tillage treatment may have been the result of management practices that employed a small (3 m wide) disk in surface-tilled plots and maintained traffic lanes, both of which help prevent re-compaction. These results indicate that less than annual frequency of subsoiling might be a viable production practice for cotton grown in traditionally wide (0.96 m) rows on a Coastal Plain soil (fine loamy Acrisol–Typic Kandiudult). Thus, annual subsoiling, a practice commonly recommended and used, need not be a blanket recommendation for cotton grown on Coastal Plain soils.
Marked age‐dependent neuroprotection by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor against neonatal hypoxic—ischemic brain injury

Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in survivors of perinatal asphyxia is a frequently encountered clinical problem for which there is currently no effective therapy. Neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), can protect responsive neurons against cell death in some injury paradigms. While the role of BDNF in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is not clear, evidence suggests that BDNF may have different effects in the developing, as opposed to the adult, brain. We found that a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of BDNF resulted in rapid and robust phosphorylation of trk receptors in multiple brain regions in the postnatal day (PD) 7 rat brain. BDNF also markedly protected against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury at PD7. It protected against 90% of tissue loss due to hypoxic-ischemia when given just prior to the insult and against 50% of tissue loss when give after the insult. In contrast, ICV injection of BDNF in PD21 and adult rats resulted in little trk phosphorylation and less dramatic protection against unilateral hypoxic-ischemic injury at PD21. Because of its potent neuroprotective actions in the developing brain, BDNF may be a potential treatment for asphyxia and other forms of acute injury in the perinatal period.