cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Chemopreventive and Surgical Approaches

Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are at increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). While several risk factors associated with increased risk of CRC may not be modifiable (coexistent primary sclerosing cholangitis, long disease duration, extensive colitis, young age at diagnosis, family history of CRC), potentially modifiable risk factors include cumulative inflammatory burden and smoking. While chemoprevention is not recommended for preventing CRC in patients with IBD, several pharmacological approaches may be helpful. Effective pharmacotherapy for IBD, including 5-aminosalicylates, thiopurines, and biologic agents, which decreases inflammatory burden is probably effective in decreasing risk of CRC. Non-IBD-related therapies such as aspirin and statins may also be effective, but are not routinely recommended. Among patients with screen-detected low-grade dysplasia, endoscopic eradication techniques, or in some high-risk patients (such as those with multifocal, invisible, persistent dysplasia, coexistent primary sclerosing cholangitis, or unresectable non-polypoid dysplasia), surgical management with total colectomy with end-ileostomy or ileal pouch anal anastomosis may be considered.
Impact of Extent of Resection on Incidence of Postoperative Complications in Patients With Glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND Extent of resection (EOR) is well established as correlating with overall survival in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). The impact of EOR on reported quality metrics such as patient safety indicators (PSIs) and hospital-acquired conditions (HACs) is unknown. OBJECTIVE To perform a retrospective study to evaluate possible associations between EOR and the incidence of PSIs and HACs. METHODS We queried all patients diagnosed with GBM who underwent surgical resection at our institution between January 2011 and May 2017. Pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance images were analyzed for EOR. Each chart was reviewed to determine the incidence of PSIs and HACs. RESULTS A total of 284 patients met the inclusion criteria. EOR ranged from 39.00 to 100%, with a median of 99.84% and a mean of 95.7%. There were 16 PSI, and 13 HAC, events. There were no significant differences in the rates of PSIs or HACs when compared between patients stratified by gross total resection (EOR ≥ 95%) and subtotal resection (EOR < 95%). The odds of encountering a PSI or HAC were 2.5 times more likely in the subtotal resection group compared to the gross total resection group (P = .58). After adjusting for confounders, the odds of encountering a PSI or HAC in the subtotal resection group were 3.9 times greater than for the gross total resection group (P < .05). CONCLUSION Gross total resection of GBM is associated with a decreased incidence of PSIs and HACs, as compared to subtotal resection.
Bare-Metal Compute, Storage and Networking in Metro Optical Access

Forwarding-, control-, and management-plane disaggregation with OpenAPIs offer automation of compute, storage and networking resources across optical carrier-switched and electronic packet-switched domains. Open, bare-metal hardware outfitted with merchant silicon hosting open software reduce barriers to entry and have deep historical roots in computer evolution in the last century. History may be about to repeat itself
Neural Crest Development

The neural crest was first recognized as an embryological entity in 1868 when Wilhelm His traced the origin of the spinal and cranial ganglia to this structure. His distinguished between a period of proliferation and a period of “trophic growth” or differentiation and neurite outgrowth in the development of the neural crest. Between these periods was a migrational period during which primitive neural crest cells reached their adult positions in the ganglia throughout the neuraxis. It is now clear that each of these temporally sequential processes is under independent molecular control. In fact, even when a single molecule plays roles during more than one of these periods, each role calls into play a different structural domain of that molecule and a different set of receptor-downstream effector molecules (Jacobson, 1991).
Leading With Youth of Color: Organizing for Educational Change

In the United States, young people of color are under attack. The school-to-prison pipeline, poverty, and racism are some of the systems of oppression that young people of color navigate. The challenging conditions that youth of color face have historically been met by their powerful resistance. Young people of color have fought for educational equity for decades. In the community in which this research study was situated, social justice youth development (SJYD) workers supported youth as they resisted unjust educational policies. I set out to answer the research question: In urban communities, how do youth workers engage adolescent youth in social justice activism? I found that adult youth workers at People for Change, a SJYD organization, maintained a consistent and multi-layered approach to supporting youth as they engaged in social justice activism. This paper highlights the ways in which adult youth workers (a) networked adult and youth supporters, (b) engaged in action, and (c) co-constructed knowledge with young people of color.
Characterisation of myxozoan fauna of western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Baird and Gerard) (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae), inhabiting experimental catfish ponds in Mississippi, USA

Characterising myxozoan taxa parasitising fish hosts in catfish aquaculture ponds is crucial to understanding myxozoan community dynamics in these diverse and complex ecological systems. This work investigated the myxozoan fauna of the western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, a common, incidental species found in catfish aquaculture ponds in the southeastern United States. 598 fish were sampled in May of 2018 and 2019 from the pond facility of the Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center in Stoneville, Mississippi, USA. Fish were examined microscopically using wet mount preparations of fresh tissue and histology for myxozoans. 18S rRNA gene sequences were amplified from myxospores obtained at necropsy. Updated morphologic, histologic, and 18S rRNA gene sequence features are provided for Henneguya gambusi, Myxobolus pharyngeus, and Myxidium phyllium. Two potentially novel myxozoans were observed during this survey, an undocumented Myxobolus sp. associated with chondrolysis of bones throughout the body and a putative Myxobilatus sp. observed histologically in the renal tubules, ureters, and urinary bladder. However, inadequate samples were obtained for proper species descriptions. Lastly, the life cycle of M. pharyngeus, which is thought to utilize the oligochaete worm Dero digitata as their definitive host, was putatively confirmed by 18S rRNA sequence matching to actinospore stages from oligochaetes in catfish ponds in Mississippi. This work provides novel and expanded morphologic, histologic, molecular and biologic data of five myxozoan parasites of G. affinis, expanding our knowledge of myxozoan diversity in catfish aquaculture ponds.
Abstract 1194: MEK inhibition in combination with PI3K/AKT/MTOR is a promising therapeutic in basal bladder cancer

There are diverse resources available for data relevant to the drug screening of bladder cancer cell lines in 2D culture, such as the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) databases; however, 3D culture is more representative of in vivo response in patients. Moreover, drug screens in 3D reveal differential drug response and expression of genes and proteins that indicate the potential of more effective selection of drugs for specific patients: the basic tenet of personalized oncology. Therefore, we screened bladder cancer cell lines in 3D culture using a library of curated small-molecule inhibitors to identify compounds and classes of compounds with efficacy in bladder cancer. Genomic and transcriptomic data for these bladder cancer cell lines were used to correlate genomic molecular parameters with drug response with the aim of discerning biomarkers of response or to suggest plausible drug combinations. This allowed us to identify groups of tumors that are vulnerable to specific drugs or classes of drugs. We found that MEK inhibitors were a promising target among basal bladder cancers, an RNA-based molecular subtype of bladder cancer, especially aggressive and exhibiting poor prognosis. Furthermore, trametinib was found to be a “very active” MEK inhibitor in basal cancers, classified using drug sensitivity 3 (DSS3) scoring. PI3K/AKT/MTOR inhibitors target a parallel signaling pathway to MEK inhibition; therefore, we tested PI3K/AKT/MTOR combinations with trametinib in basal bladder cancer to query for synergistic properties. Additionally, we tested PI3K/AKT/MTOR combinations with trametinib using ex vivo organoids of bladder cancer patient samples collected directly at operation. Taken together, MEK inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy in the basal subtype of bladder cancer, particularly in combination with parallel pathway inhibition. Moving forward, we plan to test PI3K/AKT/MTOR combinations with trametinib in trametinib-resistant basal bladder cancer cell lines to investigate how this affects signaling and re-sensitization to trametinib. Citation Format: Athena M. Apfel, Nathan M. Merrill, Nathalie M. Vandecan, Liwei Bao, Xu Cheng, Lluis A. Lopez-Barcons, Kathleen C. Day, Phillip L. Palmbos, Mark L. Day, Aaron M. Udager, Matthew B. Soellner, Sofia D. Merajver. MEK inhibition in combination with PI3K/AKT/MTOR is a promising therapeutic in basal bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1194.
Peptide to Peptoid Substitutions Increase Cell Permeability in Cyclic Hexapeptides

The effect of peptide-to-peptoid substitutions on the passive membrane permeability of an N-methylated cyclic hexapeptide is examined. In general, substitutions maintained permeability but increased conformational heterogeneity. Diversification with nonproteinogenic side chains increased permeability up to 3-fold. Additionally, the conformational impact of peptoid substitutions within a β-turn are explored. Based on these results, the strategic incorporation of peptoid residues into cyclic peptides can maintain or improve cell permeability, while increasing access to diverse side-chain functionality.
Effusions in Children

Serous cavity effusions in children are usually related to infectious diseases, and malignant effusions are distinctly uncommon. The latter, when seen, typically include malignant tumors of the small round blue cell family such as neuroblastoma, nephroblastoma, Wilms’ tumor, hepatoblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. In one large series (Wong et al. ), the incidence was lymphoma and leukemia (52%), neuroblastoma (14%), Wilms’ tumor (9%), gonadal and extragonadal germ cell neoplasms (8%), bone and soft tissue sarcomas (7%), epithelial neoplasms (5%), Ewing’s sarcoma/PNET (2%), and other neoplasms (3%). Cancers were encountered in 47% of pleural fluids, 23% of ascitic fluids, 27% of peritoneal washings, and 43% of pericardial fluids. Pleural fluids were the most common specimen type and showed the highest proportion of positivity. Others (Hallman and Geisinger) have shown that the major diagnostic difficulty in interpreting pediatric effusion cytology is in distinguishing neoplasms of the small-cell type from mononuclear inflammatory cells. The usefulness of peritoneal washings in pediatric patients is similar to that in adults.
Focus and Delivery of Doctoral Programs in Educational Leadership

The purpose of this study was to present the current status of program focus and delivery of doctoral level educational leadership programs in the United States. Drawing on a 2011 national survey of educational leadership doctoral programs in 103 institutions, this study describes the differences and similarities of Ed.D. and Ph.D. programs in two domains—program focus (i.e., purposes, credit requirements, and curriculum emphases) and program delivery (i.e., use of cohort model, time, location, and online/face-to-face/hybrid). In light of mixed findings, implications for practice and recommendations for further research are presented.
Proteolytic Cleavage of a Self-Antigen Following Xenobiotic-Induced Cell Death Produces a Fragment with Novel Immunogenic Properties

The heavy metal mercury elicits a genetically restricted autoantibody response in mice that targets the nucleolar autoantigen fibrillarin. HgCl2-induced cell death of macrophages resulted in the proteolytic cleavage of fibrillarin. A prominent feature of mercury-induced cell death was the generation of a 19-kDa fragment of fibrillarin that was not found following apoptotic or nonapoptotic cell death induced by stimuli other than mercury. Proteolysis of fibrillarin lacking cysteines, and therefore unable to bind mercury, also produced the 19-kDa fragment, suggesting that a mercury-fibrillarin interaction was not necessary for the unique cleavage pattern of this self-Ag. In contrast to immunization with full-length fibrillarin, the 19-kDa fragment produced anti-fibrillarin Abs with some of the properties of the HgCl2-induced anti-fibrillarin response. We propose that cell death following exposure to an autoimmunity-inducing xenobiotic can lead to the generation of novel protein fragments that may serve as sources of antigenic determinants for self-reactive T lymphocytes.
ITC2003 improving wireless product testing: an opportunity for university and industry collaboration

Intersil Corporation – Wireless Division has used University R&D in the past to generate ideas for WAT PCM level self-testing with some success, but has not yet capitalized on all the opportunities possible through university collaborations. Generally the design R&D area has generated the largest payback with new theory, measurement techniques or calibrations, and circuit topology or ideas as the main areas of University – Industry teamwork.
Topological Graph Theory

Introduction Voltage Graphs and Covering Spaces Surfaces and Graph Imbeddings Imbedded Voltage Graphs and Current Graphs Map Colorings The Genus of A Group References.
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Bacteremia in Neonates: Confusion Continued

Colonization of neonates with coagulase-negative staphylococci occurs predictably during the first weeks of life, serving as a potential source of bacteremia in very low birth weight infants.1,2 Clinical features alone are insufficient to distinguish sepsis caused by neonatal pathogens other than coagulase-negative staphylococci3 or to differentiate sepsis from noninfectious disorders in these tiny patients. Inasmuch as coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most frequent blood culture isolates from patients in most neonatal intensive care units4,5 and are a cause of substantial morbidity,6 the statement of Freeman et al7 that "blood cultures positive for coagulase-negative staphylococci are almost four times as likely to be perceived as clinically significant if obtained from extremely premature infants" is not surprising.
An Ethical Look at Insider Trading

This paper examines the objections that have been raised with regard to insider trading and applies utilitarian ethics and rights theory to determine when insider trading is ethical and when it is not. It also provides a list for further reading, along with links.
Anthrax Lethal Toxin Enhances TNF-Induced Endothelial VCAM-1 Expression via an IFN Regulatory Factor-1-Dependent Mechanism

Impaired host defenses and vascular dysfunction are hallmarks of the late, antibiotic-refractory stages of systemic anthrax infection. Anthrax lethal toxin (LT), a key virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis, was previously shown to enhance VCAM-1 expression on primary human endothelial cells suggesting a causative link between dysregulated adhesion molecule expression and the poor immune response and vasculitis associated with anthrax. In this study, we report that LT amplification of TNF-induced VCAM-1 expression is driven transcriptionally by the cooperative activation of NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1). LT enhancement of NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation correlated temporally with a delayed reaccumulation of IκBα, while increased induction of IRF-1 was linked to STAT1 activation. LT failed to augment TNF-induced ICAM-1 or E-selectin expression, two adhesion molecules regulated by NF-κB, but not IRF-1. These results suggest that LT can differentially modulate NF-κB target genes and highlight the importance of IRF-1 in VCAM-1 enhancement. Altering the activity of key transcription factors involved in host response to infection may be a critical mechanism by which LT contributes to anthrax pathogenesis.
Why, when, and how to assess pulmonary congestion in heart failure: pathophysiological, clinical, and methodological implications

Acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) is a major public health problem. It is defined as gradual or rapid change in heart failure (HF) signs and symptoms, which often results in an unplanned hospitalization and a need for urgent therapy. Many evidence-based pharmacologic, device, and surgical treatment for HF are available or under development. Despite these new treatments and improvement in survival, hospitalizations in HF have steadily increased over the last 30 years, and the post-discharge prognosis of patients hospitalized with AHFS remains poor (Gheorghiade et al. Circulation 112:3958–3968, 2005; Fonarow et al. Rev Cardiovasc Med 4:S21–30, 2003). Most hospitalizations for AHFS are related to “congestion” rather than to low cardiac output. The definition, identification, quantification, and monitoring of congestion are therefore essential in AHFS. The purpose of this article is: (1) to characterize the different types of hemodynamic, clinical, and pulmonary congestion in AHFS; (2) to focus on the different possible ways to assess pulmonary congestion (probably the most important, and up to now the most diagnostically elusive of the three types of congestions); (3) to propose new possible ways to implement objective and user-friendly measures of pulmonary congestion in clinical and scientific decision-making in AHFS in the near future.
Nuclear control of cellular aging demonstrated by hybridization of anucleate and whole cultured normal human fibroblasts.

Summary Cytoplasmic hybridization was achieved by fusing anucleate cytoplasms to iodoacetate-treated, whole, normal human fibroblasts. The enzymes in the untreated anucleate cytoplasms replaced inactivated enzymes in the treated whole cells and permitted survival of the hybrids. The population doubling potential of cytoplasmic hybrids made between young and old cells was compared with those made between young/young or old/old controls. The results suggest that nuclear rather than cytoplasmic factors are involved in the control of in vitro cellular senescence.
Light sensitivity of the rhinophores and eyes ofAplysia

The rhinophores (posterior tentacles) of the head ofAplysia (Fig. 1) are well known as chemical and tactile sensors. Here, they are shown to be excellent photoreceptors too. 1. Illumination of the rhinophore of an isolated preparation of the rhinophores-cerebral ganglion-eye (Fig. 2) evoked neuronal activity in cerebral neurons and efferent activity in the optic nerve (Fig. 3). 2. Evoked activity in the ipsilateral optic nerve was a phasic burst of unitary spikes at “on”. The number of spikes was approximately proportional to the log of intensity (Fig. 4). After the phasic “on” response the normally ongoing efferent activity originating in the cerebral ganglion and recorded in the optic nerve was suppressed briefly but resumed if the light was continued for minutes (Fig. 3). 3. The spectral sensitivity of the rhinophore and eye are similar. Both have a peak near 500 nm and sensitivity is 1 log unit less at 405 nm and 1.7 log units less at 660 nm than at 500 nm (Fig. 6). 4. The greatest photosensitivity of the rhinophore is at the tip in the sensory groove (Fig. 2) directed laterally and upward from the head. 5. The rhinophores may serve as extraocular photoreceptors to the circadian systems or modulators of ocular photosensitivity and they may also function in simple visual discriminations since orienting movements of the rhinophores were evoked by illumination of the head of intactAplysia.
G455(P) Improving access and quality of diagnostic services in a developmental and behavioural service for pre–school children – the triage–track model

Aim The Department of Child Development (DCD) at our hospital is the major diagnostic and interim intervention service provider for pre–school children with developmental and behavioural disorders in our country. With increased public awareness and emphasis on early detection, the demand for our services has risen tremendously. This was not met with the traditional medical model of multi–disciplinary service delivery. We implemented a novel triage–track inter–disciplinary service model to enhance access and quality of services. This paper presents our 4–year experience with the triage–track model from June 2010. Methodology Through cause and effect analysis, a triage workgroup identified progressive solutions to improve case–differentiation and service prioritisation. The measures streamlined and defined were: 1) secondary screening and case management pathways in the triage clinic, 2) tertiary diagnostic and interim intervention model for specialised tracks [Learning and Behaviour (LB) track, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) track, and Complex track], 3) documentation standards for continuity of care, 4) interdisciplinary professional roles which promoted cross–disciplinary learning. We conducted three Plan–Do–Study–Action (PDSA) cycles (Oct 2010–Nov 2012) before embarking on installation (Dec 2012– Mar 2013) and full implementation (since April 2013). Results The average monthly wait–time (interval between primary care referral to first DCD visit) improved by 84.2% with the triage–track model [pre–implementation 139 days (June 2010) versus full–implementation 22 days (June 2014)]. In 2012, the triage–track model improved operational capacity by 67.9% compared to the Traditional model [4.7 patients/triage–clinic session (n = 1355) versus 2.8 patients/traditional new-case session (n = 799)]. In 2013, 32.2% patients were referred to the specialised tracks for tertiary diagnostic evaluation and management (ASD: 19.2%; LB: 11.7%; Complex: 1.3%). The ASD track achieved significant improvement in wait–time and cycle–time for ASD diagnostic evaluation and family-centeredness of services. The LB track enhanced comprehensiveness of diagnostic evaluation and fast-tracked 21% of evaluations for patients. In the complex track, all patients completed full evaluation as targeted within a 6-month period. Conclusion The interdisciplinary triage–track model improved access to services, enhanced operational capacity and quality of care in our centre.
Does Delay of Hernia Repair in Minimally Symptomatic Men Burden the Patient’s Family?

Background Although inguinal hernia repair is a common and safe procedure, a significant portion of patients who undergo surgical repair experience postoperative chronic pain. We conducted a clinical trial to determine if delay of repair is a safe and acceptable alternative for men with minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias. Here we report on the effects of delay on the patient's family. Study Design Data are from a randomized trial in which men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic inguinal hernia were randomly assigned to either open tension-free repair (TFR) or watchful waiting (WW). Patients indicated a person who could assist them if necessary because of their hernia or hernia operation, and these persons (mostly spouses) answered a questionnaire at baseline and followup addressing concern about the patient's ability to perform home, social, and recreational activities and time spent assisting the patient with chores because of his hernia condition. Results In both intention-to-treat and as-treated analyses, at 2 years after enrollment, family members of patients assigned to WW were more likely to report concern about the patient's ability to perform the four types of activities. But a majority of respondents in both the WW and TFR groups indicated no concern about performance of any of the activities. In the as-treated analysis, family members of patients assigned to TFR who did not receive repair reported more time assisting the patient than those of TFR patients who received the assigned treatment. Conclusions The results favor repair, but the low level of concern about the patient's functioning reported for both TFR and WW patients suggests that this is not a major issue in delaying repair of inguinal hernias in minimally symptomatic men.
Stochastic vs. Deterministic Models for Systems with Delays

Abstract We consider population models with nodal delays which result in dynamical systems with delays. For small population models the appropriate models are discrete stochastic systems with delays. We consider these delay systems and present new theoretical and computational results for such systems. In particular, in this note we summarize results on the effects of different types of delays (a fixed delay and a random delay) on the dynamics of stochastic system as well as their relationship with each other in the context of a just-in-time network model. In addition, we numerically explore the corresponding deterministic approximations for the stochastic systems with these two different types of delays.
DNA Codeword Design: Theory and Applications

This is a survey of the origin, current progress and applications of a major roadblock to the development of analytic models for DNA computing (a massively parallel programming methodology) and DNA self-assembly (a nanofabrication methodology), namely the so-called CODEWORD DESIGN problem. The problem calls for finding large sets of single DNA strands that do not crosshybridize to themselves or to their complements and has been recognized as an important problem in DNA computing, self-assembly, DNA memories and phylogenetic analyses because of their error correction and prevention properties. Major recent advances include the development of experimental techniques to search for such codes, as well as a theoretical framework to analyze this problem, despite the fact that it has been proven to be NP-complete using any single concrete metric space to model the Gibbs energy. In this framework, codeword design is reduced to finding large sets of strands maximally separated in DNA spaces and, therefore, the key to finding such sets would lie in knowledge of the geometry of these spaces. A new general technique has been recently found to embed them in Euclidean spaces in a hybridization-affinity-preserving manner, i.e., in such a way that oligos with high/low hybridization affinity are mapped to neighboring/remote points in a geometric lattice, respectively. This isometric embedding materializes long-held metaphors about codeword design in terms of sphere packing and error-correcting codes and leads to designs that are in some cases known to be provably nearly optimal for some oligo sizes. It also leads to upper and lower bounds on estimates of the size of optimal codes of size up to 32–mers, as well as to infinite families of solutions to CODEWORD DESIGN, based on estimates of the kissing (or contact) number for sphere packings in Euclidean spaces. Conversely, this reduction suggests interesting new algorithms to find dense sphere packing solutions in high dimensional spheres using results for CODEWORD DESIGN previously obtained by experimental or theoretical molecular means, as well as a proof that finding these bounds exactly is NP-complete in general. Finally, some research problems and applications arising from these results are described that might be of interest for further research.
Theory and breakdown voltage for planar devices with a single field limiting ring

The use of one or more floating field limiting rings reduces the adverse effect of junction curvature on the breakdown voltage in planar devices. Although this has been known for some time, there has not been a way of accurately predicting the amount of improvement that can be achieved using field rings. In this paper, a computer algorithm is presented which makes it possible to perform field calculations on devices with floating field rings. In addition, a normalized curve is presented which shows the relative improvement that a single optimally placed field ring has on the breakdown voltage for any planar device. The basis of the construction of this curve is the use of a normalized radius of curvature which is a precise measure of the effect of curvature for any device. The theoretical predictions are compared with experiments for over 640 devices encompassing 16 different field ring locations. Good agreement is achieved between theory and experiment.
DNA-binding protein RAP1 stimulates meiotic recombination at the HIS4 locus in yeast.

Abstract In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as in other eukaryotes, some regions of the genome have a much higher rate of meiotic recombination than others. We show below that the binding of the RAP1 protein to a site upstream of the HIS4 gene is necessary for a high rate of meiotic (but not mitotic) recombination at this locus. A mutation in the RAP1 binding site at HIS4 results in a decrease in recombination; overproduction of RAP1 causes an increase in recombination at HIS4 above wild-type levels.
A profile of concurrent alcohol and alcohol-interactive prescription drug use in the US population.

Background The risk of adverse events among alcohol-interactive medication users can occur with one standard alcoholic drink. Research on the extent to which this occurs is scant.
Changes in the American Interventional Radiology Literature: Comparison over a 10-Year Time Period

To determine the changes that occurred regarding interventional radiologic research in the major American radiology journals between 1992–1993 and 2002–2003. Articles published in three major American radiology journals (Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, American Journal of Roentgenology, and Radiology) during two distinct 24-month time periods (1992–1993 and 2002–2003) were evaluated. All articles judged to be pertinent to the interventional radiologic community were included. Investigations included in journal subheadings other than “interventional” or “vascular radiology” were included if the emphasis of the article was on a vascular imaging modality or peripheral intervention. Exclusions included: case reports, technical reports, letters to the editor, breast interventions, and primary neurointerventions. Data were collected regarding the affiliations of the primary author (nationality, hospital type, department); primary category of interest of the investigation; funding information; and study design variables. Two-by-two chi-squared statistical analyses were performed comparing the variables from the early and late data sets. A total of 405 articles met the inclusion criteria for the early data set (1992–1993); 488 articles met the inclusion criteria for the late data set (2002–2003). Variables that demonstrated a statistically significant decrease from the early data set to the late data set included: articles in which the primary author was from a department of radiology (91.1% vs. 86.3%; p < 0.025); articles written by a primary author who was American (69.4% vs. 44.6%; p < 0.001); and articles with a primary category of investigation that had a nonvascular intervention focus (22.7% vs. 11.9%; p < 0.001). Variables that demonstrated a statistically significant increase from the early data set to the late data set included primary authors from Western Europe (18.0% vs. 30.1%; p < 0.001) and Asia (6.6% vs. 18.4%; p < 0.001), the primary field of investigation, with significant increases noted for primary cancer interventions (6.5% vs. 13.3%; p < 0.001), gynecologic interventions (0.2% vs. 4.5%; p < 0.001), stent-grafts (0 vs. 2.9%; p < 0.001), and spine interventions (0 vs. 1.8%; p < 0.01). Studies receiving funding also demonstrated a significant increase when comparing the early and late data sets (11.3% vs. 23.0%, respectively; p < 0.001). Articles published in the American radiologic literature have changed significantly over the past 10 years. Primary authors are more likely to be nonradiologists and less likely to be American. Investigations dealing primarily with nonvascular interventions are less common; however, some forms of intervention (particularly cancer interventions) are seen more frequently in the literature. The percentage of funded projects has more than doubled in the same time frame.
Review of Swept-Wing Transition

This paper reviews the important recent progress in three-dimensi onal boundary-layer transition research. The review focuses on the crossfiow instability that leads to transition on swept wings with a favorable pressure gradient. Following a brief overview of swept-wing instability mechanisms and the crossflow problem, a summary of the important findings of the 1990s is given. The discussion is presented from the experimental viewpoint, highlighting the ITAM work of Kachanov and co-workers, the DLR experiments of Bippes and co-workers, and the Arizona State University (ASU) investigations of Saric and co-workers. Where appropriate, relevant comparisons with CFD are drawn. The recent (last 18 months) research conducted by the ASU team is described in more detail in order to underscore the latest developments concerning nonlinear effects and transition control.
Designing loyalty programs that matter to customers

This study explores a model proposing a customer loyalty program as an identity marketing tool that evokes customer's identity salience (one's perception that a loyalty program membership is important to his/her identity). The results of a Web-based experiment indicate that identity salience is heightened by (1) the uniqueness and exclusiveness of a loyalty program (distinctiveness), and (2) by the fit between the function of the program's rewards and the customer's identity goal (identity congruence). The heightened identity salience, in turn, positively influences the customer's attitude toward the retailer, satisfaction with the loyalty program and the perceived quality of his/her relationship with the retailer.
PERCENT CARCINOMA IN PROSTATECTOMY SPECIMEN IS ASSOCIATED WITH RISK OF RECURRENCE AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH PATHOLOGICALLY ORGAN CONFINED PROSTATE CANCER

ABSTRACTPurpose:: We evaluated tumor size, measured as the percent of the prostate involved by cancer, as a predictor of tumor recurrence after radical prostatectomy in patients with pathologically organ confined prostate cancer.Materials and Methods:: One of us (WJC) performed radical retropubic prostatectomy in 1,850 men who had pathologically organ confined prostate cancer with tumor size recorded between January 1988 and February 2003. The percent of prostate tissue involved by carcinoma in the radical prostatectomy specimen was estimated by visual inspection. We compared clinicopathological characteristics in patients who did and did not have tumor recurrence and stratified them by percent of tumor in the prostatectomy specimen. We also evaluated the relationship between percent of cancer and biochemical evidence of cancer recurrence.Results:: Patients who had recurrence were slightly older (mean age 62 vs 60 years, p = 0.004), and had higher mean preoperative prostate specific antigen (8.6 vs 6.3 ng...
Haemodynamic patterns in children with posttraumatic diffuse brain swelling. A preliminary study in 6 cases with neuroradiological features consistent with diffuse axonal injury.

Background. In the present report we describe the cerebral haemodynamics and the neuroradiological findings observed in six consecutive children, three males and three females aged 4–15.6 yrs (mean age 8.95) displaying a neuroradiological pattern consistent with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) along with slit ventricles.
Parent as Coach: Enhancing Sports Participation and Social Behavior for ADHD-Diagnosed Children

ABSTRACT Many children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyper-activity Disorder (ADHD) experience difficulties in social relations. While psychosocial approaches based on a combination of skills training and contingency management approaches do appear to improve social behavior, evidence that these benefits generalize and persist following training has been limited. We describe a social skills training program designed to help parents promote the display of appropriate social behavior and better athletic performance in sports settings. The program consists of standard psychological assessment, behavioral parent training, functional assessment, parent-mediated social and sports skills coaching, and generalization and maintenance programming. The goals of this intervention are to promote retention of the child in team sports and facilitate friendship acquisition. Training parents to coach their children effectively in sports-related social skills may prove useful in promoting the maintenance and generalizat...
Reachable Sets for Tracking

In many aircraft-tracking systems the following problem is of importance in correlating radar returns with tracks: Given the aircraft position and velocity at time t-Δt and the limits on the ability of the aircraft to maneuver and/or change speed, what is the set of all possible aircraft positions at time t? We call this set the reachable set or set of attainability at time t. This paper uses the Pontryagin maximum principle to derive a set of equations for describing the reachable set.
STUDIES ON ANAPHYLAXIS WITH POLLEN

1. Guinea pigs injected intracutaneously and subcutaneously with extract of the pollen of burweed marsh-elder in relatively small amounts did not show anaphylactic response to intravenous shock doses of this material 3 weeks later. 2. If, however, the animals were sensitized with horse serum either before, or along with the same pollen injections, they could then be shocked after an interval of 3 weeks with pollen extract alone. 3. The possible role of this underlying sensitivity is discussed.
Diffusional creep of two-phase materials

Abstract A theory of diffusional creep in two-phase binary alloys is developed. The thermodynamic requirement of phase equilibrium along phase boundaries severely restricts the possible extent of compositional redistribution within each phase domain; meanwhile, the excess atoms of the higher mobility may jump across the phase boundaries. In the absence of long-range connectivity of either phase, it is found that diffusional creep may be controlled by the fastest diffusing species along its fastest path (phase) and is necessarily accompanied by migration of phase boundaries. Since diffusional creep in a single phase binary alloy is controlled by the slowest diffusing species along its fastest path, the twophase alloy may creep much faster than any corresponding single phase alloy containing one of its constituent phases. At low stresses, a threshold behavior for boundary migration, either due to interfacial energy or impurity adsorption, is found to drastically suppress the diffusional creep rate. This type of migration-assisted diffusional creep is substantially suppressed on a macroscopic scale by long-range phase connectivity, although it may still operate locally. The application of these results to superplasticity is outlined.
Electrodeposition of nanowires for the detection of hydrogen gas

Nanowires composed of noble metals are attractive candidates for chemical sensors because they are both ductile and chemically stable in air. The single application where electrodeposited metal nanowires have had the largest impact is that of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) sensing. The development of sensitive, selective, power-efficient, rapid-responding, and inexpensive H 2 sensors, for the purpose of detecting leaked H 2 in proximity to devices such as fuel cells, is an active area of research. In this application, a change in the dc electrical resistance of the nanowire from its background value signals the presence of H 2 and provides an estimate of its concentration. Two types of nanowires have been studied for use as hydrogen sensors: Electrodeposited nanowires composed of pure palladium metal (Pd) reversibly absorb hydrogen to form a hydride according to Pd + xH 2 → PdH 2x . Alternatively, nanowires that transduce the presence of H 2 may be prepared by decorating an inert, electrically conductive support such as a carbon nanotube or a nickel nanowire with one or more eletrodeposited palladium nanoparticles. These palladium nanoparticles impart selectivity to H 2 and cause the electrical conductivity of the composite particle/support to be modulated in the presence of H 2 . Here we summarize recent contributions of electrodeposition to the development of nanowire-based sensors for H 2 .
A process documentation model for DCMI

The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) often must develop instructional materials associated with its mission to provide essential metadata vocabularies. DCMI undertook an effort to create a consistent framework for documentation that would streamline creation of instructional resources specific to internal tools, processes, and activities. Extensive documentation also describes applications of the Dublin Core metadata schema, but those materials require their own structure and content priorities. DCMI's preferred meeting management tool, Open Conference System (OCS), was used as an exemplar to develop a comprehensive and flexible structure for documentation of internal tools, procedures, and activities. The model rests on a solid foundation of theory and experience accumulated by researchers. The resulting integrative review informed development of a theoretically justified and practically useful template for internal DCMI documentation.
ADHD in the Classroom: Effective Intervention Strategies

School-related difficulties are commonly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This article describes effective school-based intervention strategies including behavioral interventions, modifications to academic instruction, and home-school communication programs. One overlooked aspect of treatment of children with ADHD is the need to form partnerships among school professionals who can work collaboratively on interventions for children with ADHD. Approaches to developing effective collaboration between teachers and school psychologists are presented. Multiple treatment strategies implemented in a consistent fashion across school years can optimize the school success of students with ADHD.
Investigation of mercury wet deposition physicochemistry in the Ohio River Valley through automated sequential sampling.

Abstract Intra-storm variability and soluble fractionation was explored for summer-time rain events in Steubenville, Ohio to evaluate the physical processes controlling mercury (Hg) in wet deposition in this industrialized region. Comprehensive precipitation sample collection was conducted from July through September 2006 using three different methods to evaluate both soluble and insoluble fractions as well as scavenging and washout properties of Hg and a suite of trace elements. Real-time filtration of event total precipitation revealed that 61 ± 17% (mean ± standard deviation) of Hg in wet deposition was in a soluble form. Comparison of total and dissolved element concentrations (solubility fractionation) showed the following order of decreasing solubility: S > Na > Se > Ca > Mg > Hg > As > Mn > V > Cr > Fe > La ≈ Ce ranging from 95% (S) to 4% (Ce). To examine removal mechanisms occurring during the course of a precipitation event, discrete, sequential sub-event precipitation samples were collected. Results indicated that Hg had lower “scavenging coefficients” (the rate of Hg concentration decrease throughout the events) than the majority of elements analyzed, indicating that either (i) Hg is incorporated into rain via gas phase inclusion or particulate nucleation within cloud, or (ii) Hg is available in the boundary layer for scavenging, even in the latter stages of precipitation. The Hg scavenging coefficient (− 0.39) was low compared to S (− 0.73), a co-pollutant of Hg. When compared to an upwind, regionally representative site, the scavenging coefficient of Hg for the locally influenced precipitation was 25% lower. This observation suggests that a continuous feed of soluble Hg was the reason for the low scavenging coefficient. Overall, this investigation of Hg wet deposition in Steubenville indicates that the physical and chemical properties of Hg emissions are driving the elevated deposition rates observed near point sources.
Keeping the Public in the Dark The (Un)Availability of Public Information Concerning the Parole of Murderers

Drawing on a survey of parole board chairpersons in 45 of 50 states (90%) and the District of Columbia conducted between October 1997 and March 1998, this study focuses on the availability and ease of access of information concerning the parole of murderers to the public. Two important findings are reported: (a) The record-keeping systems of parole boards generally contain information that makes it possible to distinguish between prisoners convicted of various types of murder, and (b) the official publications and reports released by parole boards do not generally distinguish among categories of murder in reporting parole information and virtually never provide information on parole decisions with respect to capital murderers not sentenced to death.
Cineradiographic Evaluation of Prosthetic Cardiac Valves

Forty-nine patients whose clinical symptoms suggested a leaking cardiac prosthetic valve were studied by both cineradiography and angiocardiography. We found a wider range of tilting motion of the nonleaking mitral valve than has been previously shown. An angle of tilt greater than 6° for the prosthetic aortic valve strongly suggests separation of the prosthesis from its bed with a paravalvular leak, while the angle of tilt suggestive of a paravalvular leak for a prosthetic mitral valve is 12°. However, a tilt of less than these values does not entirely exclude the existence of a leak. We strongly suggest that routine cineradiography be done in each patient shortly after surgery, as a basis for comparison if the patient later develops a murmur or congestive heart failure.
Optimized planar array antenna nulling with phase only control

A new theoretical method is derived by which a planar array antenna can provide maximum antenna gain in a specified pointing or look direction while simultaneously imposing J nulls in J directions. This is all accomplished by only varying the phase setting at each element of the array. Thus any amplitude taper can be applied to the array. In the transmit mode unity amplitude weighting is desired so that all elements transmit the same power, In the receive mode a taper is desired for the generation of lower sidelobes. The required nulls in the transmit and receive antenna patterns can be provided with this method. Typical examples are presented for this method and the degradation with system errors (i.e. phase errors in each channel) is evaluated. Antenna pattern plots are presented for a planar array composed of several thousand elements spaced on a triangular grid.
Significance of overall treatment time for the development of radiation-induced intestinal complications. An experimental study in the rat.

Background. Late normal tissue reactions generally are believed to be independent of treatment time. However, previous studies suggest a relationship between acute mucosal injury and development of intestinal obstruction and enterocutaneous fistula formation. Thus, the pathogenesis of late intestinal complications may be complex, and mucosal cell proliferation during treatment may be important. This study assessed the influence of overall radiation treatment time on development of intestinal injury and complications after localized fractionated irradiation of rat ilium. Methods. Ninety-four male rats underwent orchiectomy, and a loop of small intestine was transposed to the scrotum