cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrocardiography, Computers in

This article starts off with an attempt to present a distilled overview of the origin of bioelectric signals in general, and the electorcardiographic signal in particular. This overview sets the basis to briefly describe the cardiac vector and its projection along specific directions (leads) providing the surface ECG recordings and review the basic instrumentation necessary to record these signals. A detailed description of a high end computer-based 12 lead clinical ECG acquisition and analysis system provides an example to appreciate the role of computers in diagnostic electrocardiography. An overview of the role of computers in high resolution electrocardiography (body surface potential mapping) and other ECG-based diagnostic devices then follows. A brief introduction to computer-based ECG monitoring systems and a block diagram description of a QRS detection algorithm illustrate how computer programming serves as a basis to detect cardiac arrhythmias. The article ends with a web-based ECG telemonitoring system as an example. Keywords: ECG; electrodes; extracellular; instrumentation amplifiers; EMG
Implementing Thread Cancellation in Multithreaded Prolog Systems

The Prolog primitive thread_cancel/1 , which simply cancels a thread as recommended in ISO/IEC DTR 13211-5:2007, is conspicuously absent in well-maintained, widely used multithreaded Prolog systems. The ability to cancel a thread is useful for application development and is critical to Prolog embeddability. The difficulty of cancelling a thread is due to the instant mapping of Prolog multithreading primitives to the native-machine thread methods. This paper reports on an attempt to implement thread cancellation using self-blocking threads. A thread blocks at the same safe execution point where the state of the underlying virtual machine is defined. A blocked thread awaits a notification to resume or terminate. A resumed thread may be redirected to self-block by a blocking primitive. Experimental results based on a prototype implementation show that using self-blocking threads not only simplifies the implementation of thread cancellation but also improves the performance of message-passing primitives.
Synthetic aperture radar visualization

We investigate methods for two-dimensional and three-dimensional reconstruction of objects from radar backscatter measurements taken over wide angles. Radar backscattering is characterized by several variables: object location, complex amplitude, polarization and the aspect (azimuth and elevation) of the interrogating sensor. This high-dimensional data is typically projected into a two-dimensional image. As next-generation radar systems become increasingly capable, the assumptions and algorithms for traditional imaging need to be reconsidered. We propose new imaging techniques that accommodate limited persistence scattering on objects and use these techniques to develop two-dimensional and three-dimensional object reconstructions from wide-aperture radar measurements. Finally, we explore phase and polarization stability of scattering centers at the high resolutions afforded by wide-angle apertures.
Heterogeneous Patterns of Stress Over the Four Years of College: Associations With Anxious Attachment and Ego‐Resiliency

Objective A growing body of literature suggests that college students display alarming rates of psychological distress. However, studies of responses to significant life stressors in other contexts have found that people respond in heterogeneous ways and that attachment style and ego-resiliency mitigate the effects of stressors on mental health. Method Individual differences in distress among a cohort of students (N = 157; Mean age = 18.8 years, 62.6% female) across the four years of college were analyzed using latent class growth analysis. Trajectories were then regressed on levels of anxious and avoidant attachment and ego-resiliency. Results Four discrete patterns emerged characterized by healthy and maladaptive patterns of stress response, indicating that students respond to college in heterogeneous ways. Several patterns showed significant variability in distress by semester. Low levels of anxious but not avoidant attachment predicted membership in the stable-low distress or resilient class while ego-resiliency predicted membership in both the resilient and moderate distress classes. Conclusions Findings indicate that low levels of anxious attachment and the ability to flexibly cope with adversity may be associated with better mental health throughout college. Implications from stress response and developmental perspectives are discussed.
Term Pregnancy Complicated by Cirrhosis Secondary to Chronic Pericholangitis

Summary Two years after colectomy and ileostomy for chronic ulcerative colitis, a 34-year-old woman with a long standing pericholangitis and incomplete septal (type III) cirrhosis with evidences of portal hypertension was able to carry to term. The gestation was complicated by suggestive evidences of hemorrhage from gastric varices; however, actual delivery was uneventful.
Laser-Doppler assessment of brain microcirculation: effect of systemic alterations.

The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in blood perfusion measured by laser-Doppler (LD) flowmetry correlate with simultaneously measured changes in pial arteriolar diameter after local application of vasoactive agents on the brain surface. A closed cranial window was implanted in anesthetized rabbits. A 0.84-mm-diam LD probe was inserted through one window port and fixed at a distance of 1-2 mm from the cortical surface. The probe detects changes in perfusion within a tissue volume of approximately 1 mm3. The diameter of pial arterioles in the area adjacent to the LD probe was simultaneously measured with a microscope and image-splitting device. Topical application of bradykinin (80 nM to 8 microM), which stimulates the formation of dilator prostaglandins and O2 radicals, induced a dose-dependent arteriolar dilation and increase in LD flow. Topical application of 33 microM 2-chloroadenosine, a stable analogue of adenosine, induced the same degree of pial arteriolar dilation as 8 microM bradykinin but produced a much larger increase in LD flow, probably due to its greater tissue penetration and stability. At 5 min after bradykinin washout the arterioles had nearly returned to their control diameter, whereas LD flow was still increased. Similarly, there was a discrepancy between LD flow and diameter changes after washout of 2-chloroadenosine. We conclude that LD flowmetry is a useful technique for continuous assessment of cortical blood flow in response to topically applied agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Conversion of arachidonic acid to two novel products by a cytochrome P450-dependent mixed-function oxidase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Abstract Canine polymorphonuclear leukocytes metabolize [14C] arachidonic acid into 2 unidentified products, separated by thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, and called peak 1 and peak 2. The formation of peak 1 is maximal at 5 minutes and then declines, while the synthesis of peak 2 increases throughout the 30 minute incubation period. The formation of peak 1 and, to a lesser extent, peak 2, was enhanced after dual inhibition of lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase enzymes with BW755C (94μm) or nafazatrom (37μm), or after incubation in a calcium-free buffer. In contrast, the formation of these products was inhibited by SKF-525A (50μm), suggesting a cytochrome P450-dependent mechanism. The presence of cytochrome P450 in neutrophil microsomes was confirmed by measuring aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P450 content.
Zinc isotope anomalies in Allende meteorite inclusions

The isotopic compositions of Zn, Cr, Ti, and Ca have been measured in a number of CAIs from the Allende meteorite. The aim was to test astrophysical models which predict large excesses of Zn-66 to accompany excesses in the neutron-rich isotopes of Ca, Ti, Cr, and Ni. Some of the CAIs show clearly resolved but small excesses for Zn-66 which are at least an order of magnitude smaller than predicted. This result may simply reflect the volatility and chemical behavior of Zn as compared to the other (more refractory) anomalous elements found in these samples. Alternatively, revision of parameters and assumptions used for the model calculations may be required.
THERMIONIC EMISSION FROM FULLERENES

Fullerenes in the gas phase, excited by a pulsed laser, exhibit thermionic emission. We analyze the time dependence of the ion yield of Cn+ in a mass spectrometer. By pulsing the extraction field of the ion lens, we are able to observe delayed ions formed as late as 50 µs after excitation by the 2nd, 3rd or 4th harmonic of a Q-switched YAG laser. The enhanced sensitivity of this new technique allows us to detect delayed ions not only from excited C60 and C70, but from all other even-sized clusters in the size range 36≤n≤70. Our results do not confirm the assertion that thermionic emission from C60 and C70 can be characterized by just 2 or 3 distinct rate constants.
Biological interactions and safety of graphene materials

As graphene technologies progress to commercialization and large-scale manufacturing, issues of material and processing safety will need to be more seriously considered. The single word “graphene” actually represents a family of related materials with large variations in number of layers, surface area, lateral dimensions, stiffness, and surface chemistry. Many of these materials have aerodynamic diameters below 5 μm and can potentially be inhaled into the human lung. Graphene materials show several unique modes of interaction with biological molecules, tissues, and cells. The limited literature suggests that graphene materials can be either benign or harmful and that the biological response varies according to a material’s physicochemical properties and biologically effective dose. The present article reviews the current literature on the graphene–biological interface with an emphasis on the mechanisms and fundamental biological responses relevant to material safety and also to potential biomedical applications
Image Reconstruction from the Modulus of the Correlation Function: A Practical Approach to the Phase Problem of Coherence Theory

As is well known from the work of Michelson, van Cittert and Zernicke, the image of an incoherent luminous object can be reconstructed from measurements of the second order correlation function of the optical field far from the source. The correlation function is a complex function that contains information both about the amplitude and the phase of the electromagnetic field. However, in most practical situations the phase of the correlation function is difficult to measure, so that experiments are usually limited to a determination of the modulus alone. The lack of phase information has then to be overcome in other ways.
Accountable care organizations at academic medical centers.

Is the ACO a suitable model for academic medical centers to pursue as they try to control costs and deliver superior, coordinated care? Given their current culture and structure, academic medical centers will have a difficult time establishing ACOs.
Atypical depression, somatic depression and anxious depression in women: are they gender-preferred phenotypes?

Abstract Background Both depression and anxiety disorders affect women at rates significantly greater than men. Women also have a documented higher frequency of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders, and a three-fold higher prevalence of atypical depression. Hypotheses These gender differences are mainly due to specific depressive phenotypes including anxious depression and atypical depression. The prevalence of comorbid anxiety and depression strongly suggests overlap of pathophysiological mechanisms—which in women are also affected by fluctuations in gonadal hormones. Similar efficacy of serotonergic antidepressants as treatment for anxiety disorders as well as depressions further underscores the blurred boundaries between these two descriptive entities. Conclusions Symptoms of depression and anxiety may be a departure point for differential diagnosis in which dimensionally-based phenotypes substantiated by pathobiology would replace current descriptive entities. It is suggested that at least some biologically-based dysphorias may be specific to women, ensuing from the combination of specific vulnerabilities, and complex interactions between brain mechanisms and gonadal hormones.
The crystal structure of the ф phase in the boron-sodium system

Abstract The crystal structure of a complex boride, NaB 15 , has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods using single crystals. The structure consists principally of B 12 icosahedra arranged in a novel way but with additional boron atoms linking icosahedra together. The sodium atoms occur in large cages that result from the boron arrangement.
DNA organization in patients with a history of cryptorchidism.

Abstract Objectives. Cryptorchidism is associated with infertility, even in those patients with unilateral undescended testes. The mechanism for this infertility is not understood. We demonstrated recently that in mice, a stable nuclear matrix, a structural component of the nucleus that organizes DNA, is necessary for proper embryogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that spermatozoa from cryptorchid patients had unstable nuclear matrices. Methods. Semen samples from 7 patients with a history of undescended testes and decreased fertility were tested for sperm nuclear matrix stability using our halo assay. Results. All 7 patients were found to have unstable nuclear matrices, as compared with controls. Conclusions. This preliminary study suggests that one factor in the decreased fertility of cryptorchid patients may be unstable sperm nuclear matrices.
The effect of dietary Gantrisin supplements on the flora of periodontal pockets in four beagle dogs.

The predominant cultivable flora from advanced periodontal pockets (> 4 mm bone loss) was compared with the microbiota isolated from areas of incipient periodontal lesions (< 2 mm bone loss) in Beagle, dogs with periodontal disease. In addition the effect of long term dietary antibiotic (sulfisoxazole) administration on the microbial flora and the clinical course of periodontal disease in these animals was determined. Four male Beagle dogs, 40 months old, had been maintained on a soft diet for 36 months prior to the time of bacterial sampling; two of the animals had been given 44 mg/Kg Gantrisin® (sulfisoxazole) p.o. daily for 3 years. Clinical and radiographic examination of the dogs demonstrated that Gantrisin® seemed to have no effect on the development of periodontitis since both groups exhibited clinical signs of periodontal disease and demonstrated a range of alveolar bone destruction from minimal to severe. Bacterial samples were obtained and cultured from the base of each site utilizing anaerobic techniques. In addition, direct microscopy of whole plaque was carried out. The distribution of the predominant cultivable flora in both treated and non-treated animals revealed that Gram positive organisms predominated in the incipient lesions, while Gram negative anaerobic rods predominated in advanced periodontal lesions. In all sites anaerobes outnumbered facultatively anaerobic bacteria by at least 2:1.
Knowledge in Action

This paper argues that the role of knowledge in the explanation and production of intentional action is as indispensable as the roles of belief and desire. If we are interested in explaining intentional actions rather than intentions or attempts, we need to make reference to more than the agent's beliefs and desires. It is easy to see how the truth of your beliefs, or perhaps, facts about a setting will be involved in the explanation of an action. If you believe you can stop your car by pressing a pedal, then, if your belief is true, you will stop. If it is false, you will not. By considering cases of unintentional actions, actions involving luck and cases of deviant causal chains, I show why knowledge is required. By looking at the notion of causal relevance, I argue that the connection between knowledge and action is causal and not merely conceptual. “What knowledge adds to belief is not psychologically relevant.”1—Stephen Stich
Performance of a Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell Stack

In this work, we study the performance of a 10 cell DBFC stack. A peak power density of 410 mW/cm2 was obtained at 80oC. Here, a 40 wt% Pt/C cathode and 10 wt% MmNi3.3Al0.2Mn0.6Co1.0 AB5-type anode catalysts have been used. The cathode fuel is 15 wt % H2O2 in 1M sulfuric acid. The anode fuel is 10 wt% NaBH4 in 20 wt % NaOH. Mitigating H2 evolution at the anode and O2 evolution at the cathode are also investigated.
Action classification on product manifolds

Videos can be naturally represented as multidimensional arrays known as tensors. However, the geometry of the tensor space is often ignored. In this paper, we argue that the underlying geometry of the tensor space is an important property for action classification. We characterize a tensor as a point on a product manifold and perform classification on this space. First, we factorize a tensor relating to each order using a modified High Order Singular Value Decomposition (HOSVD). We recognize each factorized space as a Grassmann manifold. Consequently, a tensor is mapped to a point on a product manifold and the geodesic distance on a product manifold is computed for tensor classification. We assess the proposed method using two public video databases, namely Cambridge-Gesture gesture and KTH human action data sets. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method performs very well on these data sets. In addition, our method is generic in the sense that no prior training is needed.
Immunophenotype of Lymphoid Cells in Positive Patch Tests of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

The immune phenotype of the infiltrating cells in 13 positive patch tests from 8 cases of contact dermatitis and 1 case of poison ivy was studied. An indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used in conjunction with monoclonal antibodies directed against mature T cells (Leu-1, T11), helper T cells (Leu-3A), suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (Leu-2A), killer and natural killer cells (HNK 1), B cells (B1), Langerhans cells (HLA-DR), and the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA), (J5). The majority of infiltrating mononuclear cells were Leu-1+, T11+ Leu-3A+, HLA-DR+,T9-, T10-, HNK-, B1-, J5, -. Ocassional T6+ cells were observed in the epidermis (including spongiotic micro-vesicles) and also isolated in the dermis and within the dermal mononuclear infiltrates. The phenotype was compared with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a disease in which contact allergy and antigenic persistence may play a role.
Age at Menarche and Fertility in Haiti

This article presents findings from surveys conducted in Haiti as part of the Haiti Fertility Survey in 1977 that provide retrospective data on the age at menarche of women between the ages of 15 and 49 years. It considers the demographic and nutritional situation in Haiti the cultural meaning of menarche and the sources of data. After reviewing findings from other contemporary and historical populations it discusses the implications of the data with respect to Haitian fertility patterns. The tables provide data on the following: age at menarche for women of rural Haiti and Port au Prince; age at menarche by current age; average age at menarche for selected populations; age specific fertility and total fertility rates for rural Haiti selected African countries and the Dominican Republic; and proportions of women never in union from rural Haiti and Port au Prince. The data in the tables indicate the relationship between age at menarche and fertility in contemporary Haiti. The comparatively low fertility levels of the Haitian population the very low level of adolescent fertility and the high ages at menarche and low nutritional status appear to support the view that late age at menarche plays a role in reducing fertility. While the Haitian fertility levels are far below the biological maximum the high proportions of Haitian women entering unions at relatively late age seems a more important factor in depressing fertility levels than late menarcheal age. Further research should deal with socioeconoimc factors that influence age at menarche in Haiti.
Enhanced Binding to the Molecular Chaperone BiP Slows Thyroglobulin Export from the Endoplasmic Reticulum

To examine how binding of BiP (a molecular chaperone of the hsp70 family that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum) influences the conformational maturation of thyroglobulin (Tg, the precursor for thyroid hormone synthesis), we have developed a system of recombinant Tg stably expressed in wild-type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and CHO-B cells genetically manipulated for selectively increased BiP expression. The elevation of immunoreactive BiP in CHO-B cells is comparable to that seen during the unfolded protein response in the thyrocytes of certain human patients and animals suffering from congenital hypothyroid goiter with defective Tg. However, in CHO-B cells, we expressed Tg containing no mutations that induce misfolding (i.e. no unfolded protein response), so that levels of all other endoplasmic reticulum chaperones were normal. Increased availability of BiP did not accelerate Tg secretion; rather, the export of newly synthesized Tg was delayed. Tg detained intracellularly was concentrated in the...
Volcano related atmospheric toxicants in Hilo and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: implications for human health.

Abstract Volcanic fog (vog) from Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawaii includes a variety of chemical species including sulfur compounds and traces of metals such as mercury. The metal species seen tended to be in the nanograms per cubic meter range, whereas oxides of sulfur: SO2 and SO3 and sulfate aerosols, were in the range of micrograms per cubic meter and rarely even as high as a few milligrams per cubic meter of air (nominally ppb to ppm). These sulfur species are being investigated for associations with both acute and chronic changes in human health status. The sulfate aerosols tend to be less than 1 μm in diameter and tend to dominate the mass of this submicron size mode. The sulfur chemistry is dynamic, changing composition from predominantly sulfur dioxide and trioxide gasses near the volcano, to predominantly sulfate aerosols on the west side of the island. Time, concentration and composition characteristics of submicron aerosols and sulfur dioxide are described with respect to the related on-going health studies and public health management concerns. Exposures to sulfur dioxide and particulate matter equal to or less than 1 μm in size were almost always below the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). These standards do not however consider the acidic nature and submicron size of the aerosol, nor the possibility of the aerosol and the sulfur dioxide interacting in their toxicity. Time series plots, histograms and descriptive statistics of hourly averages give the reader a sense of some of the exposures observed.
The differential diagnosis of the “painful hip” in childhood

T HIS titIe is chosen in order that the differential diagnosis of such a vague term as “painfur hip” may be reviewed. The term is not to be regarded as a diagnosis in any way but merely as a symptom. Formerly a11 children with the complaint of pain in the hip were rather IooseIy diagnosed as “tuberculosis of the hip,” but with more thorough history taking and examining acumen, aided by roentgenograms and Iaboratory data, other conditions have been reveaIed and we should Iike to review some of them. For convenience of discussion we have divided the patients with compIaint of pain in the hip into three general groups: those of inffammatory origin, those of traumatic origin and the epiphyseal disturbances.
Digestion and absorption of radioactive elastins in rats.

SummaryThe digestion and absorption of elastin was studied in rats by feeding intact or elastase-predigested elastin labeled with 14C or 3H. Radioactive elastins (59.3-71.5%) remained in feces whether feeding intact or predigested elastins. Of the absorbed products, 3.2-3.5% and 24.8-27.8% appeared in urine for [14C]- and [3H]elastin, respectively. However, desmosine-containing degrative products were not found in the urine. The absorption of [3H]desmosine was also studied following oral and intraperitoneal administration. Given orally, 3H appeared predominately in the feces, but when injected intra-peritoneally, 3H was mostly in the urine. Therefore, even if elastin were completely digested, desmosine would not be absorbed.
NOREPINEPHRINE INCREASES THE [32P]LABELLING OF A SPECIFIC PHOSPHOLIPID FRACTION OF POST‐SYNAPTIC PINEAL MEMBRANES

— Cultured pineal glands incorporated 32P into membrane phospholipids. Treatment of cultured glands with norepinephrine, which is known to stimulate membrane- bound pineal adenyl cyclase and to increase the production and secretion of melatonin, stimulated the incorporation of 32P into a phospholipid fraction of membranes and particulates containing phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol. The labelling of other phospholipid fractions and the total 32P in the gland were not changed by norepinephrine treatment. Experiments with chronically-denervated pineal glands indicated that the effect of norepinephrine on the [32P]labelling of phospholipids occurred at a postsynaptic site. When norepinephrine-stimulated secretion of melatonin was partially inhibited by p-chlorophenylalanine (a compound which blocks the synthesis of melatonin precursors), the norepinephrine-stimulated labelling of phospholipids was still observed. Conversely, when melatonin secretion was stimulated in the absence of norepinephrine by treatment with the immediate precursor of melatonin, N-acetylserotonin, a stimulation of 32P- labelling of phospholipids did not occur. These observations suggest that the increased [32P]- labelling of a phospholipid fraction caused by the norepinephrine treatment is not related to the secretion of melatonin. This effect on phospholipids may be associated with the interaction of norepinephrine with a membrane-bound postsynaptic receptor. Stimulation by norepinephrine of [32P]-incorporation into phospholipids has not been previously reported to occur in a tissue in which cholinergic fibres are absent.
SU-GG-T-263: IMRT Beamlet Match-Line Dose Heterogeneities Associated with Varian 120 MLCs

Purpose: To measure the dosimetric consequences of a range of MLC leaf offsets, examining effects of leaf tip transmission and “scallop edge” overshine from rounded Varian MLC leaves. In particular, this investigation focuses on how these effects influence the dose heterogeneity of the match‐line between abutted beamlet fields that are often present in step‐and‐shoot IMRT.Method and Materials: Offset values from 0.0 to 1.0 mm were evaluated. For each offset, two abutted 2×2cm2 MLC‐shaped fields were delivered sequentially using 6 MV photons from a Varian Platinum EX accelerator with a 120 leaf MLC. Four different techniques—Kodak EDR‐2 film, GAFChromic EBT film, CC01 Wellhofer ion chamber (1 mm radius), and 1 mm3 LiF TLD chips—were used to measure delivered dose at depths of 5 to 15 cm. Film data was taken at 100 SAD.TLD and ion chamber data were collected at 400 cm SSD to increase their effective resolution. Results: Increasing the offset from 0.0 to 0.5 mm decreased the average overdose from 30 to 10% in the abutment region. For offsets greater than 0.5 mm, dose at the center of the match line decreased, but dose inhomogeneities became more pronounced due to effects of overshine, scatter, and leaf tip penumbra. At larger offsets, both over‐ and underdoses of 5 to 10% were present in the abutment region. Conclusion: The measured dose distributions suggest that an optimum offset provides, at best, a balance of over‐ and underdosing in abutment regions. Our data show that the choice of offset significantly changes the dose distribution in a region approximately 6 mm wide at the match line. The width of this high‐gradient area is sufficient to influence clinical IMRT doses delivered.
Agammaglobulinemia and thymoma associated with nonthymic cancer.

A patient with agammaglobulinemia and thymoma who had symptoms due to astrocytomas appearing 4 years after the thymoma was demonstrable is described. Refractory diarrhea and susceptibility to infection were significant problems of management. The association of nonthymic cancer with this rare immune disorder supports the hypothesis of a previously reported study that cancer be added to the list of diseases frequently occurring with thymoma.
Changes in TRH immunoreactivity in spinal cord after experimental spinal injury

Concentrations of immunoreactive TRH (TRH-ir) in rat spinal cord were examined after traumatic injury. TRH-ir was significantly increased at the injury site (thoracic region) and rostral areas (cervical region), and significantly decreased below the injury site. Changes were delayed and time-dependent. Since TRH may serve as an excitatory neurotransmitter within the spinal cord, these changes may contribute to the functional alterations observed after spinal injury.
INCREASE OF GLUCOSE AND HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE RESERVE IN THE BRAIN AFTER HYDROCORTISONE

Abstract— Young mice treated with hydrocortisone (50 mg/kg) subcutaneously for 10 days showed a doubling of brain glucose. Brain phospho-creatine, glucose-6-phosphate, and ATP increased slightly. Brain glycogen and lactate were unchanged. Total energy reserve of the brain was 23 per cent higher than the control value. Liver glycogen was increased 47 per cent; liver and blood glucose levels were 11 per cent lower than in control animals. Since the animals showed no evidence of sedation, these findings suggest a facilitated transport of glucose from blood into the brain under the influence of hydrocortisone. Other possible explanations include an inhibition of the hexose monophosphate shunt and a proportionate decrease in both the oxidative and glycolytic pathways of the brain, but it was concluded that these explanations are less likely.
Effects of antithymus serum and antilymphocyte serum on the incidence of lymphoid leukemia.

SummaryEffects of antithymus serum and antilymphocyte serum on the spontaneous incidence of lymphoid leukemia in AKR mice were studied. Treatment of AKR mice with normal rabbit serum or antirat-lymphocyte serum which has no lymphopenic or immuno-suppressive effects in the mice seems to delay death of the mice due to spontaneous lymphoid leukemia. Despite or, perhaps, because of their lymphopenic and immunosuppressive effects in the mice antirat-thymus serum, antimouse-thymus serum and antimouselymphocyte serum failed to alter the incidence of lymphoid leukmeia. Prolonged mean survival ages in the mice treated with either normal rabbit serum or antirat-lymphocyte serum might be attributed to their nonspecific stimulatory effects on immune responses.
Correlates of self-reported leisure among adults with mental retardation.

Abstract Activity theorists propose that leisure activity is important to perceived well‐being in adulthood and that many factors may influence activity patterns. Current assumptions supported by researchers in the field of disabilities are that the expression of personal preferences and interests increases perceptions of self‐worth and independence in adults with mental retardation. Empirical evidence that systematically describes the leisure activity patterns of adults with mental retardation, however, is not widely available. This article presents the findings from a study of self‐reported participation in, preferences for, and interests in 18 leisure activities by a sample of 121 adults with moderate mental retardation. The relationships of age, sex, and functional competence to these self‐report measures were explored using logistic regression analysis. Selected results are consistent with patterns of involvement in the general adult population (e.g., decreased expected probabilities of participation...
Design of soft robotic actuators using fluid-filled fiber-reinforced elastomeric enclosures in parallel combinations

Complex controlled motions, soft human interaction, and minimal moving mass all drive the need for soft robots using fluid filled fiber reinforced elastomer enclosures (FREEs). While a narrow class of FREEs known as McKibben's actuators have been extensively studied, there is a wide unexplored class with complex sets of motion patterns. Combining these actuators in parallel can yield versatile motion patterns resulting in a large overall workspace. Mobility of individual actuators is enforced by inextensibility of fibers and incompressibility of fluids, which in turn drives the net attainable motions. In this paper, we map the mobility of individual FREE actuators to all possible resultant motions that a combination of three sets of actuators arranged in a triangular configuration would undergo. This understanding has resulted in a preliminary design tool that determines individual FREE topologies for a required set of motion patterns. Five case studies that result from this methodology are prototyped and tested for comparison of the predicted and obtained motion directions.
Predicting the Academic Success of College Athletes.

Abstract Our purpose was to assess the impact of NCAA Bylaw 5–1-(J), pre-facto, on admission and graduation rates of student athletes at the University of Michigan by answering two questions: (a) Does the SAT predict equally well for blacks and non-blacks? and (b) Does limiting admissions have an effect on grade point average (GPA) and on graduation rates? Subjects comprised all grant-in-aid football players entering the program from 1974–1983; the measures were SAT verbal and math scores (SATSUM), high school grade point average (HSGPA), and first semester college grade point average (CGPA). SAT scores were unrelated to CGPA for black athletes and were weakly related for non-blacks; HSGPA alone predicts CGPA. SATSUM of 700 would have resulted in nonadmission of 60% of blacks (of whom 86% actually succeeded). Graduation rates would have been affected similarly. Limiting admission had no positive effect on GPAs or graduation but a severe negative effect due to nonadmission of blacks.
Biodegradation and hydrolysis rate of aliphatic aromatic polyester.

Abstract The biodegradation and hydrolysis rates of an aliphatic aromatic copolyester were measured in manure, food, and yard compost environments and in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 8.0) and vermiculite at 58 °C. Mineralization, molecular weight reduction, and structural changes determined by DSC, FTIR, and 1H NMR were used as indicators of the biodegradation and hydrolysis rates. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT, film biodegraded at distinctive rates in manure, food, and yard compost environments having different microbial activities. The highest biodegradation rate was found in manure compost, which had the highest CO2 emissions and lowest C/N ratio. The possible presence of extracellular enzymes in manure and food composts may facilitate the hydrolytic reaction since greater molecular weight reduction rates were observed in these composts. 1H NMR and thermal analysis revealed that, while PBAT is a semi-crystalline copolyester with cocrystallization of BT and BA dimers, the soft aliphatic domain (BA) and the amorphous region are more susceptible to hydrolysis and biodegradation than the rigid aromatic domain (BT) and the crystalline region.
A demonstration transmission line

THE TRANSMISSION LINE described was built for use as a visual aid in the electrical engineering courses at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. The theory of the transmission line and its uses can be developed mathematically, but this theory appears quite abstract to the student if no demonstration of the practical uses of the transmission line are available.
Mitochondrial transformation of mammalian cells

Resistance to the antibiotics chloramphenicol (CAPr) and efrapeptin (EFr) in mammalian cells is cytoplasmically inherited1,2. We demonstrate here that purified mitochondria obtained from CAPr and EFr cells are taken up by endocytosis and transfer antibiotic resistance to chloramphenicol-(CAPs) and efrapeptin-(EFs) sensitive cells. The resultant cells, termed mitochondrial transformants, are stably resistant to the antibiotics and are produced with high efficiency. The ability to transfer antibiotic resistance using mitochondria supports the notion that CAPr is due to a mutation of the mitochondrial DNA3. This technique of mitochondrial-mediated transfer of antibiotic resistance may provide a novel means for studying mitochondrial genetics in mammalian cells.
SU-E-T-60: Efficient and Accurate Treatment Planning System Commissioning for the Enhanced Dynamic Wedge

Purpose: The goal is to demonstrate mathematically and experimentally an efficient Enhanced Dynamic Wedge (EDW) treatment planning system (TPS) commissioning using the PINNACE TPS; only open and 60degree EDW data are required for beam modeling. Methods: A mathematical relationship is given in the Varian user manual in which the MU of a field consisting of both open and 60degree EDW beams can be converted to the MU for a different angle EDW field. TomoDose (Sun Nuclear Corp) was used to measure EDW profiles. The open‐field PDDs, profiles and output factors(OFs) were measured using an ion chamber in water and EDW profiles were measured using TomoDose in solid water at 5 depths for all field sizes (FSs)up to 30×(20,10)cm2 for 6/16MV.Only open and 60degree EDW PDDs, profiles and OFs were imported to the TPS for the EDW commissioning. Measured and calculated PDDs, profiles and wedge factors (WFs) for the other 6 EDW angles were compared. Results: The time needed to measure the commissioning data (open PDDs and profiles and 60degree EDW profiles) was approximately 3hrs. To validate replacement of the EDW PDDs with the open‐field PDDs, maximum differences between the open and EDW PDDs were 0.6%.For the majority of the EDWs and FS geometries, differences between measured and computed PDDs were within 2%; for cross profiles, differences between measured (TomoDose and ion chamber) and computed values were<1%within the field,<2%outside the field except for 30×(20,10)cm2and<3%/3mm in the penumbra region. The WF differences were<1% for all FS and EDW angles. Conclusions: TomoDose measurements for the EDW agreed well with the ion chamber data. This commissioning procedure greatly reduces routine quality assurance workload and time. Our results demonstrate theoretically and practically the superiority of the diode array device in the commissioning and only the 60degree EDW beam is commissioned in the TPS instead of all 7 EDW beams.
Pathways between socioeconomic status and modifiable risk factors among African American smokers

Although socioeconomic status is a major contributing factor to health disparities, the mechanisms through which socioeconomic status influences health remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate an a priori conceptual model of the pathways between socioeconomic status and modifiable health risk factors in a sample of 399 African Americans seeking smoking cessation treatment. A latent variable modeling approach was utilized to characterize the interrelationships among socioeconomic status, neighborhood disadvantage, social support, negative affect/perceived stress, and three specific modifiable risk factors (i.e., overweight/obesity, insufficient physical activity, at-risk drinking). Findings indicated that neighborhood disadvantage, social support, and negative affect/perceived stress function as pathways linking socioeconomic status and modifiable risk factors among African American smokers, and negative affect/perceived stress appears to play a key mediating role. Policy, community, and individual-level interventions may attenuate the impact of socioeconomic status on health by targeting intermediate psychosocial, environmental, and behavioral pathways.
Polyaza cavity shaped molecules 13. A versatile new terpyridine synthesis

Abstract The reaction of morpholine enamines derived from α-pyridyl ketones with aromatic aldehydes leads to the formation of a 1,5-diketone intermediate which in turn provides a 4′-substituted derivative of 2,2′;6′,2″-terpyridine.
Coreless vortex formation in a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate.

Coreless vortices were phase imprinted in a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate. The three-component order parameter of $F=1$ sodium condensates held in a Ioffe-Pritchard magnetic trap was manipulated by adiabatically reducing the magnetic bias field along the trap axis to zero. This distributed the condensate population across its three spin states and created a spin texture. Each spin state acquired a different phase winding which caused the spin components to separate radially.
Effect of Gas and Metal Temperatures on Gas Turbine Deposition

A number of test projects have measured the deposition rates of the combustion products of residual-oil-type fuel. This paper analyzes those results to obtain information on he effects of the gas and metal temperatures on the deposition rates. While the data is far from complete, certain major trends result from the data. For a given gas temperature, the deposition rate increases with decreasing metal temperature below the level of the gas temperature until a maximum rate is reached at ∼1200°F (650°C); then the deposition rate decreases as the metal temperature is further lowered and becomes small at metal temperatures near 700°F (370°C). For a given metal temperature, the deposition rate increases with higher gas temperatures. This may occur at an increasing rate for gas temperatures above 2000°F (1100°C).Copyright © 1982 by ASME
The management of the acute setting of pelvic fracture urethral injury (realignment vs. suprapubic cystostomy alone)

Background In patients with pelvic fracture urethral injury there are two options for management: First, to realign as an early primary realignment over a catheter; and second, to place a suprapubic tube with delayed urethroplasty of the inevitable stricture.
Structure–Activity Studies Using Valence Molecular Connectivity

The extension of the molecular connectivity concept to the treatment of heteroatom molecules affords an opportunity to examine structure-activity relationships in a wide variety of molecule series that possess biological activity. Four series are described in this report. The correlations found indicate that molecular connectivity is an extremely useful descriptor of structure in studying drug molecule structure-activity relationships.
A Review of Studies Evaluating Biofeedback and Relaxation Training in the Management of Pediatric Headache

SYNOPSIS Headache is one of the most common types of recurrent pain among children. Response to pharmacological treatment has been inconsistent, and there is caution about prolonged pharmacotherapy for headache in children. Behavioral therapies for the management of chronic headache have emerged as a significant option over the last decade. Initial studies summarized in two previous reviews of behavioral therapy for pediatric headache were favorable, but few controlled studies had been done. In the last five years, more studies, the majority with controlled comparisons, have been published. The present review summarizes and interprets the evidence from these studies. Behavioral treatment appears to be a potent alternative for the management of chronic headache in children.
Assessing the effectiveness of distributed pair programming for an online informatics curriculum

Studies have shown that distributed pair programming improves student performance and retention in online computer science (CS) courses. However, as online CS courses become more commonly offered in computer science and Informatics departments around the country, it is imperative that distributed pair programming becomes as effective as when performed in co-located spaces such as computer labs. The present study identifies a disparity in student attitudes towards pair programming in co-located versus online environments. This study identifies several qualitative measures that can impact the pedagogical advantages of pair programming when implemented into an existing online computer science curriculum. This on-going study focuses on the online Informatics curriculum at Indiana University Bloomington and Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. Begun in Spring 2009, the research focuses on student experiences and perceptions of pair programming, and utilizes both quantitative and qualitative assessment methods. In order to improve the effectiveness of distributed pair programming, it is crucial to properly assess teaching and learning practices that will improve student engagement and motivation in distributed pair programming exercises. Student experience surveys, using a modified Likert scale, demonstrate that student-centered perceptions of the ease and effectiveness of pair programming differs significantly between co-located and online activities. This paper identifies several key areas where there is a noticeable variance between co-located and online pair programming experiences, and argues that addressing and improving these key areas will be vital for the successful implementation and sustainability of distributed pair programming efforts.
A new modeling technique for piezoelectrically actuated beams

A systematic modeling technique is proposed for the analysis of beams containing piezoelectric sensors and actuators. This technique is to use the coupling effects between longitudinal motion and bending motion to accurately and effectively predict the actuation mechanisms of integrated active beams. A finite element formulation is developed using the modeling technique, which can easily be used in developing a two- and three-dimensional finite element models such as piezoelectrically actuated plates and shells or other structural forms.
A Simple Productivity Equation for Horizontal Wells Based on Drainage Area Concept

Many flow equations have been developed for horizontal wells but they are complicated in derivation and time consuming in application. A simple productivity equation that incorporates the mechanics of fluid flow in porous media is developed. The equation is based on the drainage area concept. The new equation is validated by using it to study the effect of reservoir height and horizontal well length on the ratio of horizontal well productivity to vertical well productivity when both have the same drainage area. This paper presents the derivation of the equation and its application with several simulated results. Comparisons between the simulated results and results using the more complex equations are provided. Results obtained using the new equation are in agreement with those obtained using Joshi and Borisov equations. The results confirmed the theory that thin reservoirs are good candidates for horizontal wells while thick reservoirs are not. It also showed that an increase in the lateral gives higher ratio of horizontal well productivity to vertical well productivity for the same drainage area. The most advantage of this new equation is that it is very easy to use. The new equation can be used to optimize horizontal well length with respect to horizontal well productivity to vertical well productivity. It is a very useful tool for making decision about application of horizontal well in thin and moderately thick formations.
The Endogeneity of Credit Money

Money is the asset generally accepted as the means of payment and medium of exchange. Money also serves as a store of value and as the unit of account in which prices are expressed. The particular assets that are bestowed with general acceptability in exchange have evolved markedly over time, and are still evolving.1 For conceptual clarity it is essential to distinguish the differences between commodity, fiat, and credit money.