cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forgiveness: Political Apology, Forgiveness, and Reconciliation

We have thus far considered interpersonal forgiveness and its modulations. The focus has been on forgiveness in what one might call a private context. Can forgiveness be conceived of as a public, civic, or political virtue as well? The term is certainly used today in a political context, but its meaning is vague and its legitimacy disputed. At times “political forgiveness” seems to describe exchanges that look rather like the giving or the appeal for pardon, clemency, debt relief, or reconciliation. The backdrop to our inquiry continues to be the fact of imperfection, as well as a critique of the impulse to respond to imperfection by fleeing, in one way or another, from the world. What would reconciliation with the moral imperfections of the political and social world look like? Perhaps the chief reason for despairing that anything like forgiveness or apology could provide the answer is the sheer magnitude, pervasiveness, and on-goingness of wrong-doing and injury. The chronicle of peoples devouring each other and themselves is almost too painful to contemplate. The incalculable extent of suffering that humans have caused throughout their short history, the immense mountains that the bones of the unjustly killed would form, the vast lakes their blood would fill, not to mention the evidence that the rate of slaughter is increasing rather than decreasing, encourage the judgment that collective human life is irredeemable. Slivers of hope would hang on the chance that an individual soul may somehow escape the wheel of suffering.
Elucidating the contribution of IRF3 to effector and memory cytotoxic T cell responses after influenza virus infection

The role of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 in initiating the type I interferon response in innate immune cells has been well studied in the context of viral infection. However, it is less clear what impact IRF3 has in shaping and maintaining adaptive immune responses. Previous reports have demonstrated that when restimulated, both CD4 and CD8 T cells from IRF3 knockout (KO) mice have significantly reduced expression of Granzyme B 30 days after infection or following secondary influenza A virus (IAV) challenge. To determine whether deficiencies in Granzyme B correlate with CTL function, we are examining the cytotoxic potential and specific antiviral lytic activity after primary and secondary challenge with IAV in CD4 and CD8 cells. Additionally, as early signals derived from antigen presenting cells (APCs) influence effector and memory T cell development, the innate immune response following IAV infection was examined. Our results demonstrate the innate response is not compromised in IRF3 KO mice at day 1 or 3 post IAV infection in the draining lymph node. Interestingly, macrophages and dendritic cells had decreased expression of MHCII and CD86 at both time points in the lung. These results suggest that while initial priming is sufficient in the draining lymph nodes, secondary factors in the lung could provide T cells with the signals needed for effective memory development. Together, this work provides insight into the molecular regulation of T cell responses to viral infections and highlights the role IRFs play in the development of high quality effector and memory T cells.
Library anxiety impedes college students' library use, but may be alleviated through improved bibliographic instruction

A Review of: Jiao, Q. G., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Lichtenstein, A. A. (1996). Library anxiety: Characteristics of ‘at-risk’ college students. Library & Information Science Research, 18(2), 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-8188(96)90017-1 Abstract Objective – To identify the characteristics of college students that are related to their experiences of library anxiety. Design – Survey, analyzed with multiple regression. Setting – Two universities, one in the mid-south and one in the northeastern United States. Subjects – 493 students from those two universities. Methods – The students responded to two questionnaires: the Library Anxiety Scale developed by Bostick (1992), and a Demographic Information Form that included questions about students’ gender, age, native language, academic standing and study habits, library instruction received, and library use. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to identify those demographic characteristics that were correlated with library anxiety. Multiple regression analysis was used to develop a model for predicting library anxiety. Main Results – The study found that age, sex, native language, grade point average, employment status, frequency of library visits, and reasons for using the library contributed significantly to predicting library anxiety. Library anxiety was highest among young male students who did not speak English as their native language, had high levels of academic achievement, were employed while in school, and infrequently visited the library. While the overall regression model was statistically significant and explained 21% of the variability in library anxiety, the individual correlations with library anxiety were generally weak (the strongest was a -0.21 correlation with frequency of library visits). Conclusion – The authors conclude that many students experience library anxiety, and recommend that libraries make every effort to be welcoming. In addition, they recommend that library instruction should be introduced at the high school level and, in college, incorporated into the classes that require library research. In this setting, library anxiety should be addressed during the instruction, and classroom teachers should plan to assist students in the early stages of their research.
Complete correction of hemophilia B phenotype by FIX-Padua skeletal muscle gene therapy in an inhibitor-prone dog model.

Key Points Skeletal muscle–directed expression of FIX-Padua resulted in complete correction of HB phenotype in an inhibitor-prone dog model. Long-term immune tolerance to FIX is sustained over years upon multiple challenges with recombinant FIX protein in 2 HB models.
Regulation of KATP Channel Trafficking in Pancreatic β-Cells by Protein Histidine Phosphorylation.

Protein histidine phosphatase 1 (PHPT-1) is an evolutionarily conserved 14-kDa protein that dephosphorylates phosphohistidine. PHPT-1 −/− mice were generated to gain insight into the role of PHPT-1 and histidine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in mammalian biology. PHPT-1 −/− mice exhibited neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia due to impaired trafficking of K ATP channels to the plasma membrane in pancreatic β-cells in response to low glucose and leptin and resembled patients with congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI). The defect in K ATP channel trafficking in PHPT-1 −/− β-cells was due to the failure of PHPT-1 to directly activate transient receptor potential channel 4 (TRPC4), resulting in decreased Ca 2+ influx and impaired downstream activation of AMPK. Thus, these studies demonstrate a critical role for PHPT-1 in normal pancreatic β-cell function and raise the possibility that mutations in PHPT-1 and/or TRPC4 may account for yet to be defined cases of CHI.
Dual-band MWIR/LWIR focal plane arrays based on III-V strained-layer superlattices

Recent advances over the last several years in III-V strained-layer superlattice-based infrared detectors have lead this material system to emerge as a solid alternative to HgCdTe for dual-band focal plane arrays (FPAs). Rapid development of superlattice-based detectors has been realized by capitalizing on mature, III-V foundry-compatible processing. Furthermore, superlattice-based epitaxial wafers exhibit a high degree of lateral uniformity with low macroscopic defect densities (< 50 cm-2) and can achieve dark current levels comparable to HgCdTe detectors. In this paper, we review our recent efforts towards producing HD-format (1280x720, 12 μm pitch) superlattice-based, dual-band MWIR/LWIR FPAs. For a representative FPA, characterization was conducted in a pour-fill dewar at 80K, f/3 and using a blackbody range of 22°C to 32°C. For the MWIR band, the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) was 14.9 mK with a 3x median NETD operability of 99.91%. For the LWIR band, the median NETD was 28.1 mK with a 3x median NETD operability of 99.66%. To illustrate the manufacturability of superlattice technology, we will present results on 1280x720, 12 μm pitch MWIR/LWIR FPAs built over the last year at HRL through multiple fabrication lots utilizing 4" epiwafers.
Patient demand for care: How much does this contribute to inappropriate tests and treatments?

6530 Background: There are many calls for physicians to provide more cost-effective care. Physicians sometimes claim that patients demand high cost or low value tests and treatments. How frequently...
Leukocyte expression profiles reveal gene sets with prognostic value for seizure-free outcome following stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy

Among patients with intractable epilepsy, the most commonly performed surgical procedure is craniotomy for amygdalohippocampectomy (AH). Stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy (SLAH) has also been recently employed as a minimally invasive treatment for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Among patients treated with AH and SLAH approximately 65% and 54% of patients become seizure-free, respectively. Therefore, selection criteria for surgical candidates with improved prognostic value for post-operative seizure-free outcome are greatly needed. In this study, we perform RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on whole blood leukocyte samples taken from 16 patients with intractable TLE prior to SLAH to test the hypothesis that pre-operative leukocyte RNA expression profiles are prognostic for post-operative seizure outcome. Multidimensional scaling analysis of the RNA expression data indicated separate clustering of patients with seizure free (SF) and non-seizure-free (NSF) outcomes. Differential expression (DE) analysis performed on SF versus NSF groups revealed 24 significantly differentially expressed genes (≥2.0-fold change, p-value < 0.05, FDR <0.05). Network and pathway analyses identified differential activation of pathways involved in lipid metabolism, morphology of oligodendrocytes, inflammatory response, and development of astrocytes. These results suggest that pre-operative leukocyte expression profiles have prognostic value for seizure outcome following SLAH.
Making it for real: Redesign of a First-Year Engineering Project

This Research to Practice work-in-progress paper presents the development and initial implementation of a project assigned to first-year students in an Introduction to Engineering Design course at Penn State Erie, the Behrend College. Traditionally, students learn about the engineering design process through design-only projects such as redesigning an electric toothbrush or selecting components for a renewable-energy powered water well. Although these projects were hands-on, they did not include students converting the design concept to a tangible product. In fall 2017, a new project using Arduino kits was introduced to the course. Students were asked to build a line-following robot car with a chassis of their own design as long as it kept the wires and circuit board inside. In designing the robot car, students sketched design concepts, selected the best one, and used low-fidelity materials to create beta prototypes. Once they had a working chassis, students created it in Autodesk Inventor and realized the final design of the chassis through 3D printing and laser cutting.To measure if the new hands-on project has an impact on student learning, students were asked to report which instructional activity they learn best from and how they relate engineering design to real life before and after the project. We found that at the completion of the robot car project, students became less in favor of lecture-based instructions. Rather, they have developed a preference in figuring out the solutions on their own. Students highly appreciated the open-ended design project and the hands-on experience of building a prototype.As with any project carried out for the first time, the robot car design project ran into some technical difficulties. Nonetheless, students reported that this hands-on project is fun and rewarding, and they now have a much deeper understanding of the engineering design process behind every product in the market. This paper discusses the student design project in detail, including the results of the project based off of student surveys and faculty observations, and suggestions for improvement and implementation at other schools.
Finding Areas Under Curves with Hand-Held Calculators.

While the debates about the hand-held calculator go on, perhaps its real signifi cance is being overlooked. Clearly, we now have a tool that can assist mathematics educators to focus on one of the most ne glected areas of mathematics instruction, that is, the method of inquiry used in mathematics. We tend to overemphasize content, whereas an equally important as pect of mathematics is its method of in quiry. As a minimum, mathematics instruction should help the student develop the abil ity?
Object-Based Measurement in the Requirements Specification Phase

Effective software measurement enhances the software development environment. One aspect of software measurement that merits additional exploration is the pre-design phase. Research during the past two decades has shown the importance of the requirements engineering phase of the software development process. As a complement to the increased emphasis on the requirements engineering environment, we to investigate properties of the requirements phase that can provide information on the difficulty of the problem to be solved by the proposed software system. In this paper, we develop measurements that provide a characterization of the difficulty of the proposed system at the early stage of requirements definition. The characterization measurements are from an object-oriented perspective. They are based on solution objects, actions, and the level of interaction among the objects. We describe an automated tool that generates the information needed to evaluate the measurements. These characterizations provide objective measures that can be used as input to the early evaluation of problem difficulty that is required when cost and time estimates must be formulated.
CFD Analysis of the Metal Foam Insertion Effects on SMR Reaction Over Ni/Al 2 O 3 Catalyst

This work presents a numerical study of hydrogen production via steam methane reforming (SMR) process in a monolithic reactor. Two parallel coated catalytic layers of order of micrometers consist of Nickel (Ni) supported on α- Al2O3 and structured in a rectangular channel are used to achieve more methane conversion and high levels of compactness. In order to find the influence of the copper foam, two configurations were numerically studied and compared. In the first case, the feed was introduced directly without using the metal foam. While in the second configuration, the reactor was fitted with copper foam. Indeed, SMR reaction is a high endothermic process requiring a great energy to achieve the activation condition. Although the Ni catalyst reduces this energy, it is recommended to increase the thermal efficiency improvement, thus the methane conversion, the hydrogen yield, and as a result pollution effects are minimized. It has been shown that using copper metal foam promotes the heat conduction, which is very small in gas phases. In addition, it has been found that the use of the copper foam enhances the hydrogen yield by 6.42%, and the catalyst length can be reduced by 9.67% while maintaining the same results. Therefore, the metal foam can positively impact the SMR reaction and reduces the process costs.
Youth Service Provision and Coordination among Members of a Regional Human Trafficking Task Force

Trafficked youth have numerous needs that must be addressed to give them opportunities to rebuild their lives. Few organizations offer comprehensive services to meet all these needs, which forces survivors to seek out services from multiple organizations and puts them at risk for not receiving important services. This study highlights the needs of organizations in an interagency task force that serve trafficked youth to identify barriers and generate potential solutions to service provision challenges. We conducted a mixed-methods needs assessment by conducting interviews with 15 service providers belonging to a regional human trafficking task force, which revealed a need for more services for trafficked youth, particularly in criminal justice and gender-based violence organizations. Implications of these findings include a need for centralized referral processes and more prevention services, such as a youth drop-in center and educational interventions.
Fixed-Length Protein Embeddings using Contextual Lenses.

The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) is currently the most popular method for searching databases of biological sequences. BLAST compares sequences via similarity defined by a weighted edit distance, which results in it being computationally expensive. As opposed to working with edit distance, a vector similarity approach can be accelerated substantially using modern hardware or hashing techniques. Such an approach would require fixed-length embeddings for biological sequences. There has been recent interest in learning fixed-length protein embeddings using deep learning models under the hypothesis that the hidden layers of supervised or semi-supervised models could produce potentially useful vector embeddings. We consider transformer (BERT) protein language models that are pretrained on the TrEMBL data set and learn fixed-length embeddings on top of them with contextual lenses. The embeddings are trained to predict the family a protein belongs to for sequences in the Pfam database. We show that for nearest-neighbor family classification, pretraining offers a noticeable boost in performance and that the corresponding learned embeddings are competitive with BLAST. Furthermore, we show that the raw transformer embeddings, obtained via static pooling, do not perform well on nearest-neighbor family classification, which suggests that learning embeddings in a supervised manner via contextual lenses may be a compute-efficient alternative to fine-tuning.
Aqueous carbonate electrolyte fuel cells

Aqueous carbonate electrolytes for fuel cells represent another class of invariant electrolytes for use with carbonaceous fuels and/or air (containing carbon dioxide). This section reviews the development of aqueous carbonate electrolytes, their properties, and their use in fuel cells with organic fuels such as methanol. The demonstration of invariance for extended operating times is discussed. The improved oxygen reduction kinetics in these electrolytes is shown, and partially compensates for the somewhat slower kinetics of organic fuel oxidation. Reduced corrosion rates of electrocatalysts and cell construction materials are an attractive feature of these electrolytes. Keywords: aqueous carbonate electrolyte fuel cells; carbonate electrolytes; direct methanol fuel cells; methanol
Nurses' physical activity exploratory study: Caring for you so you can care for others.

BACKGROUND Nurses report the greatest stress of all health care workers. Although physical activity (PA) is associated with health benefits among other populations, nurses have stressors that other occupations do not typically encounter. It is important for nurses to identify techniques for stress management since stressors negatively impact their health and patient care. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the relationship between PA levels and physical, mental, and occupational health among nurses. METHODS Nurses (N = 62) completed measures of anthropometrics, demographics, and domains of physical, mental, and occupational health. Pearson correlations determined the relationship between PA and measures health along with the relationship between PA and health among active versus inactive nurses. RESULTS Fatigue was significantly correlated with moderate-to-vigorous PA (r = -0.27, p < 0.05). Relationships were found between mental health and light and moderate intensity PA (r = 0.40, p < 0.001; r = 0.30, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Stress is prevalent among nurses and negatively impacts a nurse's health along with patient care. Findings suggest health benefits associated with PA among nurses. PA interventions among nurses may be needed to fully see the effects of PA on physical, mental, and occupational health, and ultimately patient health and safety.
Guiding the Emotion in Emotional Memories: The Role of the Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex:

Models of episodic emotional memory typically concern why emotional events are more likely to be remembered than neutral events, focusing on interactions between the amygdala and other medial tempo...
Gravitational Lensing of the X-Ray Background by Clusters of Galaxies

Gravitational lensing by clusters of galaxies affects the cosmic X-ray background (XRB) by altering the observed density and flux distribution of background X-ray sources. At faint detection flux thresholds, the resolved X-ray sources appear brighter and diluted, while the unresolved component of the XRB appears dimmer and more anisotropic, due to lensing. The diffuse X-ray intensity in the outer halos of clusters might be lower than the sky-averaged XRB, after the subtraction of resolved sources. Detection of the lensing signal with a wide-field X-ray telescope could probe the mass distribution of a cluster out to its virialization boundary. In particular, we show that the lensing signature imprinted on the resolved component of the XRB by the cluster A1689, should be difficult but possible to detect out to 8' at the 2-4 sigma level, after 10^6 seconds of observation with the forthcoming AXAF satellite. The lensing signal is fairly insensitive to the lens redshift in the range 0.1<z<0.6. The amplitude of the lensing signal is however sensitive to the faint end slope of the number-flux relation for unresolved X-ray sources, and can thus help constrain models of the XRB. A search for X-ray arcs or arclets could identify the fraction of all faint sources which originate from extended emission of distant galaxies. The probability for a 3 sigma detection of an arclet which is stretched by a factor of about 3 after a 10^6 seconds observation of A1689 with AXAF, is roughly comparable to the fraction of all background X-ray sources that have an intrinsic size of order 1''.
Mercury’s Surrounding Environment

MESSENGER has provided further details on Mercury’s surface-bounded atmosphere, a system dynamically coupled with the surface and magnetosphere, with the surface acting as both source and sink, and the magnetosphere acting as both accelerator and buffer for the surrounding plasma. Interactions between the magnetosphere and IMF cause changes in the exosphere on the scale of minutes. Table 4.1 provides a comparison between composition and pressure in Mercury’s exosphere, the true atmospheres of the other terrestrial planets, and the lunar exosphere. Note similarities between the two exospheres. The exosphere has two populations: one source directly from the regolith, the other ambient, periodically adsorbed by the regolith while undergoing one or more ballistic ‘hops’. The production mechanisms are species-dependent. Exosphere/surface interaction processes are illustrated.
A new look at Spemann's organizer.

Among the founding fathers of experimental embryology, Hans Spemann was one of the dominant figures. His theoretical outlook was greatly influenced by Theodor Boveri and August Weismann, whose main interest centered around the question: What are the relative contributions that the nucleus and the cytoplasm make, respectively, in the determination of the course of animal development? Weismann had postulated that the determinants of development are localized in the nucleus, particularly in the chromosomes. According to Weismann’s theory, diversified differentiation of the organism is the result of the (postulated) fact that as the egg divides into blastomeres and then into a large population of cells, the nuclei become nonequivalent, successively losing some of their determinants at each step of cell division.
Accounting-based constraints in public and private debt agreements: Their association with leverage and impact on accounting choice

Abstract For a random sample of 83 firms, we show that public and private debt agreements filed at the SEC yield a more comprehensive set of accounting constraints than annual reports or Moody's . For firms with accounting constraints, measures of proximity to leverage, net worth, and working capital constraints are significantly correlated to leverage. We incorporate constraint-related data into Zmijewski and Hagerman's (1981) income strategy model. Both a leverage constraint indicator and leverage are significantly associated with accounting choice. This suggests that leverage is proxying for factors in addition to the existence of accounting-based constraints.
TRPC1 and STIM1 mediate capacitative Ca2+ entry in mouse pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells.

Previous studies in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) showed that the TRPC1 channel mediates capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE), but the molecular signal(s) that activate TRPC1 in PASMCs remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine if TRPC1 mediates CCE through activation of STIM1 protein in mouse PASMCs. In primary cultured mouse PASMCs loaded with fura-2, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) caused a transient followed by a sustained rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The transient but not the sustained rise in [Ca2+]i was partially inhibited by nifedipine. In addition, CPA increased the rate of Mn2+ quench of fura-2 fluorescence that was inhibited by SKF 96365, Ni2+, La3+ and Gd3+, exhibiting pharmacological properties characteristic of CCE. The nifedipine-insensitive sustained rise in [Ca2+]i and the increase in Mn2+ quench of fura-2 fluorescence caused by CPA were both inhibited in cells pretreated with antibody raised against an extracellular epitope of TRPC1. Moreover, STIM1 siRNA reduced the rise in [Ca2+]i and Mn2+ quench of fura-2 fluorescence caused by CPA, whereas overexpression of STIM1 resulted in a marked increase in these responses. RT-PCR revealed TRPC1 and STIM1 mRNAs, and Western blot analysis identified TRPC1 and STIM1 proteins in mouse PASMCs. Furthermore, TRPC1 was found to co-immunoprecipitate with STIM1, and the precipitation level of TRPC1 was increased in cells subjected to store depletion. Taken together, store depletion causes activation of voltage-operated Ca2+ entry and CCE. These data provide direct evidence that CCE is mediated by TRPC1 channel through activation of STIM1 in mouse PASMCs.
THE TARA 24 MVA MAGNET SYSTEM

Power transmission, conversion, control, and regulation aspects of the Tara tandem mirror 24 mva magnet system are discussed in detail. The magnet coil set, magnetic field configuration and support vacuum chamber are described. It is shown that a complete turn key pulse magnet power system has been built for under $21/kW.
Building User-Controlled 3D Models and Animations for Inherently-3D Construction Tasks: Which Tool, Which Representation?

In this paper, we first define a class of problems that we have dubbed inherently-3D, which we believe should lend themselves to solutions that include user-controlled 3D models and animations. We next give a comparative discussion of two tools that we used to create presentations: Cosmo?Worlds and Flash. The presentations included text, pictures, and user-controlled 3D models or animations. We evaluated the two tools along two dimensions: 1) how well the tools support presentation development and 2) the effectiveness of the resultant presentations. From the first evaluation, we concluded that Flash in its current form was the more complete development environment. For a developer to integrate VRML into cohesive presentations required a more comprehensive development environment than is currently available with Cosmo?Worlds. From our second evaluation, based on our usability study, we have made two conclusions. First, our users were quite successful in completing the inherently-3D construction task, regardless of which presentation (Shockwave or VRML) they saw. Second, we found that enhancing the VRML models and including multiple perspectives in Shockwave animations were equally effective at reducing errors as compared to a more primitive VRML. Based on our results we believe that for tasks of the 3D-complexity that we used, Flash is the clear choice. Flash was easier to use to develop the presentations and the presentation was as effective as the model that we built with Cosmo?Worlds and Java. Finally, we postulate a relationship between inherently-3D task complexity and the relative effectiveness of the VRML presentation.
Guatemala jadeitites and albitites were formed by deuterium-rich serpentinizing fluids deep within a subduction zone

Jadeitites and albitites from the Motagua Valley, Guatemala, are high-pressure–low-temperature metasomatic rocks that occur as tectonic inclusions in serpentinite-matrix melange. Metasomatism was driven by a fluid with a δ18OH2O value of 6‰, and a δDH2O value that is high in comparison with metamorphic fluids at other high-pressure–low-temperature localities of similar grade. We infer that the fluid was originally seawater that was entrained during subduction either as mineral-bound H2O or as free pore waters. The fluid drove serpentinization reactions in ultramafic rocks, possibly leading to deuterium enrichment of H2O, prior to forming the jadeitites and albitites at a depth of 29 ± 11 km. There are isotopic and fluid-inclusion similarities to rodingites, which are Ca-rich metasomatites found at other serpentinite localities. Our results suggest that the serpentinization process, whether it occurs within subduction zones or on the flanks of oceanic spreading ridges, may produce residual fluids that are H2O rich, have 1–8 wt% equivalent NaCl, and have high, perhaps seawater-like, δD values.
Comparison of subjective and objective analgesic effects of intravenous and intrathecal morphine in chronic pain patients by heat beam dolorimetry.

The pain tolerance latencies of 10 chronic pain patients were evaluated by heat beam dolorimetry (stimulus intensity 15.33 mW.cm-2.sec-1) prior to and following administration of morphine by intrathecal (n = 5) or intravenous (n = 5) routes. Patients not undergoing opiate withdrawal evinced increased baseline pain tolerance latencies prior to drug administration compared with normal volunteers. Two patients undergoing the opiate withdrawal syndrome at the time of test experienced reduced pain tolerance latencies compared with normal volunteers, most probably corresponding to the hyperesthesia symptom of the syndrome. Intravenous morphine infusion (30 mg) induced a time-dependent increase in cutaneous pain tolerance with peak effect occurring 1-2 h after administration. This persisted for up to 4 h and thereafter declined. The time course of subjective pain self-report by visual pain analog scale (VPAS) measurements corresponded to the time course of increasing cutaneous pain tolerance latency assessed by dolorimetry. Pain self-reports following intrathecal morphine infusion (2.25 or 1 mg) followed a similar though slower onset to that reported by patients receiving intravenous morphine and was of lesser degree. In contrast, heat beam dolorimetric evidence of increased cutaneous pain tolerance (which was of lesser degree than following i.v. morphine) did not reach its maximum during the 4 h measuring period. A dissociation was noted therefore between the self-reported relief of endogenous pain and dolorimetrically measured cutaneous analgesia following intrathecal morphine administration. Linear regression correlation analysis characterized this phenomenon as a positive correlation between cutaneous pain tolerance and pain relief self-report following intravenous morphine infusion and a negative correlation following intrathecal administration. We propose that the phenomenon may be due to intrathecal morphine acting via two separate compartments: one spinal and one supraspinal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nanotechnology in global health

Nanomedicine has huge potential to improve quality of healthcare on a global level, but care must be taken to insure that the implementation of nanotechnology reduces rather than exasperates existing health disparities.
Possible Diffusion of Molecular Hydrogen Along Microvoids in Device-Quality a-Si:H

A comparison of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements in freshly prepared a-Si:H films on substrates with those removed from the substrates shows that a large fraction of the trapped H2 molecules are released when the films are removed from the substrates. After the films on substrates have been aged for several months, an equal amount of H2 has diffused out of the film. This gradual aging appears-to stabilize after several months. Once aged, H2 can be diffused into the films by immersion in H2 gas. The diffusion time is around 2 weeks at 300 K which is much slower than in vitreous quartz or 7059 glass at the same temperature. Diffusion, which is enhanced during the aging process, could proceed via the remnant columnar structure in the film. This speculation is supported by the inability to detect, using pake-doublet experiments, significant changes in the H2 content and by the recent observation of oxygen diffusion along remnant columnar structure in device quality films.
Hormone Response Mutants. A Plethora of Surprises

Plant hormone mutants can be classified into two categories: mutants that are impaired in hormone biosynthesis and mutants that are impaired in their response to hormones. Twenty-five years ago, the most frequently encountered hormone mutants were gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic mutants. They
Pilot assessment of nutrition practices in a university child care program

The impact of changing socioeconomic conditions in the United States, such as the increase in working mothers, has had a significant influence on the number of children requiring child care. It is estimated that approximately 23 million children need child care in the United States.1.2,3 Of these 23 million children, 9.1 million are enrolled in either child care centers or family day care homes.!,2 Dramatic shifts in child care arrangements impact the nutritional status of children. Preschoolers enrolled in child care programs are at nutritional risk, even when those programs are state licensed.4 State licensing requirements and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) outline the framework for most programs for developing menu offerings. However, a survey by DrakeS suggests that these may not be adequate. She states that the USDA guidelines do not emphasize the importance of offering a wide variety offoods or using foods with high nutrient density. They also lack consistency with US dietary guidelines. 6 Therefore, caregivers should take a close look at nutrition standards within their facilities. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) agrees that adequate nutrition is a primary goal of quality care, but it is not enough. 7 The nutrition responsibilities of child care programs should include more than appropriate menu offerings. Nutrition education is an essential part of the curriculum as well as the social environment. Providers of child care have the opportunity to make positive contributions to the overall nutritional well-being of the children in their care. From this point of view, it is important to consider not only what children eat but where and how they eat. The total eating environment, including caregiver response, is as important to healthy development as the menus that are planned.3,7-1O In their overview of child nutrition, Splett and Story!! state their concerns about the nutrition knowledge of care-
The European Corn Borer Clean-Up Campaign in New York State, 1927

During the spring of 1927 a compulsory clean-up campaign against the European Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis , was carried out in a section including parts of three counties in Western New York. Preparatory to the spring clean-up a comprehensive educational campaign was put on thruout the whole of the more heavily infested part of the State. The organization and methods employed in this educational campaign are herein briefly described, the area under regulation is delimited and the policies involved explained.
Personality characteristics of female psychology, science and art majors.

Using Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Test the personality profiles of psychology, art, and science majors at Wellesley College were compared among themselves and with an older group of succes...
Packaging and thermal management of photovoltaic cells for high-power applications

Recent improvements in photovoltaic cell technologies have increased efficiency and decreased size to the point that they are much more attractive for use in optically powered and isolated electronics. Applications can include powering a small group of components for simple sensors to much more complex systems which incorporate high speed digital communication between remote locations. Although optical to electrical conversion efficiencies are approaching 50%, the remaining power is still lost as heat. Heat becomes a compound problem because too much can cause photocell efficiency to decrease producing more heat and eventually leading to thermal runaway and breakdown. Thermal management is the key to balancing the maximum amount of input power while minimizing the effect of heat on the efficiency. This paper describes an effort currently under way to develop packaging which combines passive alignment techniques with changes to photocell architecture specifically designed to improve thermal management.
Further Thoughts on Agent Reliabilism: Replies to Cohen, Geivett, Kvanvig, and Schmitt and Lahroodi

I begin by thanking Stewart Cohen, Doug Geivett, Jonathan Kvanvig, Reza Lahroodi, and Frederick Schmitt for participating in this symposium. It is both exciting and humbling to have the attention of such excellent philoso phers. I would also like to thank the editors of the journal for this opportu nity to discuss the book and to develop some thoughts where more needs to be said. In the comments that follow I will group my replies by topic.
Periodicity in an epidemic model with a generalized non-linear incidence.

We develop and analyze a simple SIV epidemic model including susceptible, infected and perfectly vaccinated classes, with a generalized non-linear incidence rate subject only to a few general conditions. These conditions are satisfied by many models appearing in the literature. The detailed dynamics analysis of the model, using the Poincare index theory, shows that non-linearity of the incidence rate leads to vital dynamics, such as bistability and periodicity, without seasonal forcing or being cyclic. Furthermore, it is shown that the basic reproductive number is independent of the functional form of the non-linear incidence rate. Under certain, well-defined conditions, the model undergoes a Hopf bifurcation. Using the normal form of the model, the first Lyapunov coefficient is computed to determine the various types of Hopf bifurcation the model undergoes. These general results are applied to two examples: unbounded and saturated contact rates; in both cases, forward or backward Hopf bifurcations occur for two distinct values of the contact parameter. It is also shown that the model may undergo a subcritical Hopf bifurcation leading to the appearance of two concentric limit cycles. The results are illustrated by numerical simulations with realistic model parameters estimated for some infectious diseases of childhood.
Simultaneous multiple pattern correlation with <1 ns reconfiguration time

We demonstrate a data pattern correlator for OOK and BPSK signals that can simultaneously search for multiple patterns using optical sampling via wavelength conversion. We show reconfiguration times as low as 100 ps for the search pattern update in the correlator.
Granzyme A Initiates an Alternative Pathway for Granule-Mediated Apoptosis

Abstract Granzyme (gzm) B–deficient cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) have a severe defect in the rapid induction of target cell apoptosis that is almost completely corrected by prolonged incubation of the CTL effectors and their targets. We show in this report that perforin-dependent, gzmB-independent cytotoxicity is caused by gzmA (or tightly linked genes). CTL deficient for gzmA and gzmB retain normal perforin function, but these CTL have a cytotoxic defect in vivo that is as severe as perforin-deficient CTL. Collectively, these results suggest that perforin provides target cell access and/or trafficking signals for the gzms, and that the gzms themselves deliver the lethal hits. The gzmA pathway appears to function independently from gzmB and may therefore provide a critical "back-up" system when gzmB is inhibited in the target cell.
Neoliberal Ideologies, Governmentality and the Academy: An examination of accountability through assessment and transparency

AbstractColleges and universities exist within a political arena where external demands for accountability materialize within a market-driven environment. As a result, government agencies pressure colleges and universities to rely on assessment and transparent reporting to become more market-driven assuming that the competition within the market, led by public choice and institutional selection, will drive improvements in learning and will also self-govern the institutions. This article explores how Foucault informs our conception of neoliberal governmentality through political rationality and technologies of self-governance in order to inform our understanding of accountability in higher education and to challenge institutions to develop a counter dialogue which meets institutional obligations to the public and market.
The subunit polypeptides of human fibrinogen

Abstract Three polypeptide chains have been isolated from S-sulfofibrinogen by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. The three chains, designated A, B, and C, were pure as judged by ultracentrifugal analysis and zone electrophoresis. Each chain corresponded to one of the three electrophoretic components observed in unfractionated S-sulfofibrinogen. By the methods of sedimentation-equilibrium analysis in the ultracentrifuge, the molecular weights of the chains were estimated to be 47,000 for the A-chain, 56,000 for the B-chain, and 63,500 for the C-chain. The amino acid composition and tryptic peptide pattern of each chain was unique. If it is assumed that human fibrinogen contains one pair of each of the unique chains, then the molecular weight and amino acid composition of fibrinogen are closely accounted for by the weights and composition of the chains.
Reflections on Political Internships.

Despite widespread and growing interest among students and faculty in using practical political involvement as an adjunct to formal classroom teaching, professional academic literature offers little guidance regarding such programs. As Professors Hirschfield and Adler point out, political science literature has largely ignored questions regarding the scope, structure and strategies of internship programs. Anyone concerned with how students respond in these settings or with what can be done to maximize student
Absence of antinociceptive effect of alpha-2 agonists microinjected in the periaqueductal gray of the rat

Abstract The antinociceptive efficacy of clonidine, St-91, tolazoline, phenylephrine or isoproterenol microinjected in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the rat was compared to that of morphine administered in the same site. Morphine (5 μg) was antinociceptive in all 3 analgesiometric tests employed (tail-flick, hot-plate and tail-shock vocalization). Clonidine (5–20 μg) did not significantly alter nociceptive thresholds, while St-91 (20 μg) produced a brief hyperalgesia in the tail-flick test. The alpha-2 antagonist tolazoline (20 μg) produced a brief antinociception in the tail-flick test. Phenylephrine and isoproterenol were without effect on nociceptive thresholds. It is suggested that the ventrolateral PAG, although a site of opiate-produced antinociception, is not involved in alpha-2-mediated antinociception.
Physical activity and physical demand on the job and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: The Framingham Study

Cardiovascular events over 24 years of surveillance were examined in 1166 men participating in the Framingham Study, classified by physical demands of their work and by a 24-hour index of physical activity. Findings are based on 303 noncardiovascular, 220 coronary, and 325 cardiovascular deaths in men aged 45 to 64 years at time of physical activity assessment. For level of physical activity over 24 hours, there is a clear trend of improved overall, cardiovascular, and coronary mortality with increased level of physical activity at all ages, including the elderly. The effect is sustained with a more pronounced effect with the passage of time, despite presumed decrease in level of activity. The mortality benefits apply both in those with and without intervening overt cardiovascular disease, making it unlikely that the physical inactivity-mortality relationships reflects already existent myocardial damage. For physical demands of the job, there is only a suggestion (not statistically significant) of benefit for cardiovascular mortality including coronary deaths. In sharp contrast, noncardiovascular mortality was positively related to both physical demand of the job and 24-hour physical activity index.
Market integration among electricity markets and their major fuel source markets

Dynamic price information flows among U.S. electricity wholesale spot prices and the prices of the major electricity generation fuel sources, natural gas, uranium, coal, and crude oil, are studied. Multivariate time series methods applied to weekly price data show that in contemporaneous time peak electricity prices move natural gas prices, which in turn influence crude oil. In the long run, price is discovered in the fuel sources market (except uranium), as these prices are weakly exogenous in a reduced rank regression representation of these energy prices.
HRAS1 variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism and risk of bladder cancer.

The HRAS1 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism, 1 kb downstream from the HRAS1 gene, has been reported to be associated with risk of various cancers. To examine whether individuals with rare HRAS1 VNTR alleles are at increased risk of bladder cancer we carried out a case control study with 230 bladder cancer cases and 203 hospital-based controls frequency-matched on ethnicity, gender and age. For genotyping we used a PCR-based long-gel electrophoretic assay that provides precise allele size discrimination. We did not find evidence of a strong overall effect of the HRAS1 VNTR on bladder cancer risk. Genotype data for whites and blacks were analyzed separately, but the number of black subjects was too small to estimate meaningful odds ratios. Compared to white subjects with 2 common alleles, the odds ratio (OR) for white subjects with 1 rare allele was 0.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5–1.4) and for those with 2 rare alleles OR = 1.7 (95% CI = 0.6–5.4). HRAS1 genotype may be related to the prognosis of bladder cancer, however, because incident cases, i.e., newly diagnosed cases had a higher frequency of rare alleles than did prevalent cases, i.e., cases already existing at the time of recruitment. Repeating the analyses with incident cases only (n = 53), the OR for subjects with 1 rare allele was 1.2 (95% CI = 0.6–2.4) and for those with 2 rare alleles 3.2 (95% CI = 0.8–13.7). The number of incident cases was too small to draw firm conclusions on a possible association with a subgroup of tumors with a poor prognosis. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.