cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers and endosalpingiosis in the ovarian and tubal microenvironment of women at high-risk for pelvic serous carcinoma.

Introduction: BRCA mutations increase the risk for development of high-grade pelvic serous carcinomas. Tissue biomarkers distinguishing women at high-risk (HR) for ovarian cancer from those at low-risk (LR) may provide insights into tumor initiation pathways. Methods: A prospective study of 47 HR women (40% BRCA carriers) undergoing risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy and 48 LR controls undergoing salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. Ovarian/tubal tissues were harvested. Immunohistochemical analysis of candidate proteins CSF-1, CSF-1R, ErbB4 is presented, with scores separately analyzed in epithelium and stroma, in ampulla, fimbria, ovary, and ovarian endosalpingiosis (ES). Comparison was performed between HR and LR groups. Results: Elevated levels of CSF-1 (p=0.005) or ErbB4 (p=0.005) in the ovarian epithelium, or ErbB4 (p=0.005) in the ovarian stroma, were significantly associated with both the HR status and carrying a BRCA mutation, as was nuclear ErbB4 staining. Ovarian ES, an entity which likely derives from the tubal mucosal epithelium, was also associated with HR (p=0.038) and BRCA mutation status (p=0.011). Among the BRCA carriers only, markers also found association when present in the tube as well as in ovarian ES (p < 0.05). ROCs were generated including in the regression model both CSF-1 and ErbB4 expression levels. A model including CSF-1 in ovarian epithelium, ErbB4 in ovarian stroma, and younger age achieves AUC=0.87 (73% sensitivity, 93% specificity) of detection of the HR status. In BRCA carriers, CSF-1 in ovarian epithelium alone achieves AUC=0.85. Conclusions: Our data suggest that elevated levels of CSF-1/ErbB4 in the adnexae correlate with HR/BRCA carrier status. CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling is active in ovarian cancer progression; our data suggests a role in its initiation. ErbB4, in particular nuclear ErbB4, may have a role in tumor initiation as well. Ovarian ES, an entity which may represent a latent precursor to low-grade pelvic serous carcinomas, was surprisingly associated with both HR status and the BRCA carrier cohort. In line with these findings, both ErbB4 and CSF-1R expression in ovarian ES correlated with carrying a BRCA mutation. This analysis, which needs to be validated, indirectly suggests a potential link between ovarian ES and the development of pelvic serous carcinoma in women who are BRCA mutation carriers.
Pathogenesis of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. Cellular localization of viral transcripts in tissues of infected goats.

Abstract Pathologic specimens of 18 goats with classical lesions of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) virus infection were examined morphologically and by in situ hybridization using molecularly cloned CAEV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to determine which tissues and cells of naturally infected goats supported virus replication. Large numbers of cells with viral transcripts were detected in inflamed brain, spinal cord, lung, joints, and mammary gland. These cells were morphologically compatible with macrophages. Fewer cells with viral transcripts were seen in noninflamed tissues. Viral RNA was identified in macrophagelike cells in lung, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, in cells lining the vessels of brain and synovium, and in epithelial cells of intestinal crypts, renal tubules, and thyroid follicles. These data suggest that the cell tropism of lentiviruses may extend beyond the narrow boundaries of lymphocytes and macrophages.
The molecular basis for protein kinase A anchoring revealed by solution NMR.

Compartmentalization of signal transduction enzymes into signaling complexes is an important mechanism to ensure the specificity of intracellular events. Formation of these complexes is mediated by specialized protein motifs that participate in protein–protein interactions. The adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is localized through interaction of the regulatory (R) subunit dimer with A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs). We now report the solution structure of the type II PKA R-subunit fragment RIIα(1–44), which encompasses both the AKAP-binding and dimerization interfaces. This structure incorporates an X-type four-helix bundle dimerization motif with an extended hydrophobic face that is necessary for high-affinity AKAP binding. NMR data on the complex between RIIα(1–44) and an AKAP fragment reveals extensive contacts between the two proteins. Interestingly, this same dimerization motif is present in other signaling molecules, the S100 family. Therefore, the X-type four-helix bundle may represent a conserved fold for protein–protein interactions in signal transduction.
RAINBOW: A Robust And Invisible Non-Blind Watermark for Network Flows.

Linking network flows is an important problem in intrusion detection as well as anonymity. Passive traffic analysis can link flows but requires long periods of observation to reduce errors. Watermarking techniques allow for better precision and blind detection, but they do so by introducing significant delays to the traffic flow, enabling attacks that detect and remove the mark, while at the same time slowing down legitimate traffic. We propose a new, non-blind watermarking scheme called RAINBOW that is able to use delays hundreds of times smaller than existing watermarks by eliminating the interference caused by the flow in the blind case. As a result, our watermark is invisible to detection, as confirmed by experiments using information-theoretic detection tools. We analyze the error rates of our scheme based on a mathematical model of network traffic and jitter. We also validate the analysis using an implementation running on PlanetLab. We find that our scheme generates orders of magnitudes lower rates of false errors than passive traffic analysis, while using only a few hundred observed packets. We also extend our scheme so that it is robust to packet drops and repacketization and show that flows can still be reliably linked, though at the cost of somewhat longer observation periods.
Older adult preferences for robot care providers

As the population of older adults increases throughout the world, there is increased demand for specialized interventions for older adults who receive assistance from care providers. Robot care pro...
Moral and Strategic Imperatives for Corporate Social Responsibility at a Most Admired Korean Company

Today's conventional wisdom holds that corporate social responsibility (CSR) should be driven by a strategic focus on creating advantage for the company as well as good for society. This is an exac...
Crystal Plasticity Modeling of Void Growth on Grain Boundaries in Ni-Based Superalloys

In this work, we explore the effect of misorientation angles of crystal orientations between two grains along the grain boundary (GB) on void growth behavior in polycrystalline Ni-based superalloys by using a crystal plasticity finite element method. Quantitative analysis is conducted to study the coupled roles of the crystal orientation and stress triaxiality in void growth in bicrystals. Based on our simulation results, we find that, as the main loading axis perpendicular to the GB, voids grow more slowly on tilt GBs in bicrystals than those in single and bicrystal samples with twist GBs, while the void growth in single- and bicrystal samples with twist GBs exhibited almost the same rate and increased with the stress triaxiality levels. The interaction between two crystals bonded with the GB activates the effective Schmid factors in each crystal, which results in asymmetric distribution of the equivalent plastic strain around the void and induces distinct irregularly shaped voids during deformation.
Optimal Length of Stay Following Total Joint Arthroplasty to Reduce Readmission Rates.

Abstract Background Length of stay (LOS) following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) continues to decrease. The effects of this trend on readmission risk and total cost are unclear. We hypothesize that optimal LOS following TJA minimizes index hospitalization, early readmission risk, and total cost. Methods Retrospective data from the South Carolina Department of Revenue and Fiscal Affairs was reviewed for patients who underwent primary TJA in South Carolina from 2000 to 2015 (n = 172,760). Data for readmissions within 90 days were included. Severity of illness was estimated by Elixhauser score (EH). Index LOS is defined as the surgery and the subsequent hospital stay. Results Patients with more significant medical comorbidities (EH ≥ 4) had significantly longer LOS than healthier patients (4.0 vs 3.4 days, P Conclusion Increased LOS was associated with increased readmission risk. Patients with greater medical comorbidities stay longer to protect against readmission. Optimal LOS after TJA is highly influenced by the patient’s overall health. Despite a 300% increase in TJA daily cost, readmission rate has changed minimally over the last 15 years.
Student–Teacher Relationships: The Elephant in the Classroom

Teaching is a deeply subjective and relational activity; although often assumed to rest exclusively on effective instrumental practices, teaching’s success resides predominantly in the ability of the teacher to foster and engage reciprocating authentic connections with students. The import of teacher–student relationships is the central focus of this chapter. It explores the complexities that confound and confront student/teacher relationships and what is known empirically about its impact on learning and introduces key theoretical frameworks and core constructs used to make sense of this phenomenon. Discussed is the connection between knowledge management in the classroom and teacher–student relationships. The chapter ends with a discussion of strategies that can foster successful teacher–student relationships.
Nanolaser-based emulators of spin Hamiltonians

Finding the solution to a large category of optimization problems, known as the NP-hard class, requires an exponentially increasing solution time using conventional computers. Lately, there has been intense efforts to develop alternative computational methods capable of addressing such tasks. In this regard, spin Hamiltonians, which originally arose in describing exchange interactions in magnetic materials, have recently been pursued as a powerful computational tool. Along these lines, it has been shown that solving NP-hard problems can be effectively mapped into finding the ground state of certain types of classical spin models. Here, we show that arrays of metallic nanolasers provide an ultra-compact, on-chip platform capable of implementing spin models, including the classical Ising and XY Hamiltonians. Various regimes of behavior including ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, as well as geometric frustration are observed in these structures. Our work paves the way towards nanoscale spin-emulators that enable efficient modeling of large-scale complex networks.
Higher-order Darboux transformations for the Dirac equation with position-dependent mass at nonvanishing energy

We construct Darboux transformations of arbitrary order for the two-dimensional Dirac equation within a position-dependent mass scenario. While we restrict the potential and the mass to a single dimension, the stationary energy remains arbitrary. We use our Darboux transformation to generate several new exactly solvable Dirac systems that admit bound states at nonzero energies.
The Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery in the Care of Women with Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT Objective To synthesize evidence from studies investigating survival outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer undergoing minimally invasive surgery (traditional or robotic laparoscopy) compared with those for patients with ovarian cancer undergoing laparotomy. Data Sources We searched Ovid MEDLINE and Embase (from inception to December 2019). Methods of Study Selection Observational cohort studies and randomized controlled trials that compared risk of recurrence or death between women undergoing minimally invasive and open procedures for staging (10), interval cytoreduction (4), secondary cytoreduction (2), and evaluation of resectability (1) were included. Tabulation, Integration, and Results Data on the number of participants, number of deaths and recurrences, and results of analyses of overall or progression-free survival were abstracted for all studies. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the results of studies comparing minimally invasive staging and open staging. The surgical approach (minimally invasive versus open) was not significantly associated with hazard of death or recurrence (pooled hazard ratio 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.61–1.38) or all-cause mortality (pooled hazard ratio 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.49–1.89). One randomized trial demonstrated that diagnostic laparoscopy could triage patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and avoid suboptimal primary surgery, without affecting recurrence-free or overall survival. Most studies included in this review were observational and at high risk for bias, and few studies accounted for potential confounding. Conclusion Although existing studies do not demonstrate deleterious survival effects associated with minimally invasive surgery for ovarian cancer, these data must be viewed with caution given the significant methodologic shortcomings in the existing literature.
3D printing of spent coffee ground derived biochar reinforced epoxy composites

Semi-crystalline carbon biochar is derived from spent coffee grounds (SCG) by a controlled pyrolysis process at high temperature/pressure conditions. Obtained biochar is characterized using XRD, SE...
The United States Air Force and Ibm: Transformation Through Partnership

A partner in the public sector operations strategy practice of International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) must prepare for a briefing for United States Air Force (USAF) senior leadership proposing ways for the USAF to recognize significant cost savings and continuous process improvements in its Financial Services offices (FSO). Presently, each of the approximately 100 USAF bases around the world has its own local FSO that provides pay and travel processing and customer support. Similar processes are performed at each location. Staffing and quality assurance are managed locally, and legacy systems have been modified over time in response to local preferences. The IBM team has collected a vast amount of base-level process data and conducted focus groups with USAF financial management leadership, FSO personnel, and FSO customers; the partner's team must analyze the Current State and deliver a comprehensive set of cost savings' recommendations to maintain the current level of services proficiency. Excerpt UVA-OM-1447 Rev. Mar. 26, 2018 The United States Air Force and IBM: Transformation through Partnership Scavello's Dilemma Rob Scavello had graduated from the Darden School of Business in 1994 and was now a partner in the public sector operations strategy practice of International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Scavello needed to prepare for a briefing with United States Air Force (USAF) senior leadership. His briefing would propose opportunities for the USAF to recognize significant cost savings and continuous process improvements in its financial management (FM) operations. Previously, the USAF had partnered with IBM to guide it through one of the largest transformations in its history. Now the IBM team had just collected a vast amount of data on the USAF's FM organization; Scavello's team had to analyze the data and deliver a comprehensive set of cost savings recommendations. USAF airmen were currently engaged in combat in two major wars. Any cost saving benefits called for changes that would cause potential disruptions. The positions and responsibilities of USAF airmen could also change as new and improved FM processes were implemented. Scavello reasoned that any recommendation his team provided USAF senior leadership must consider and mitigate any unavoidable disruptions resulting from implementing those recommendations. What would be the best course of action? Scavello opened his laptop and began to examine the data collected by the IBM team. . . .
Cihuātocameh (Spiderwomen) Weaving Twenty Years of Transformative Justice Work in Higher Education

While the student population in higher education has become more ethnically diverse the professoriate in universities remain predominantly of European descent. Reflecting this disparity of represen...
Adolescent decision making: A decade in review.

Research in the past decade has highlighted the nuances of adolescent decision making. In this review article, we summarize several themes evident in the field of developmental science including the redefinition of adolescence and the ways in which adolescent decision-making capabilities converge with or diverge from those of adults. While the decision-making process is similar for adolescents and adults in contexts that encourage deliberation and reflection, adolescents and adults differ in contexts which preclude deliberation vis-a-vis high emotional arousal. We also discuss the reconceptualization of adolescent behavior, including risk taking, as adaptive. That is, characteristics of adolescence, including impulsivity, the importance of peers, and novelty seeking, are normative, evolutionarily advantageous, and essential for positive development. While these features manifest in negative, health-compromising ways (e.g., risky driving and criminal behavior), they also foster growth and exploration. We conclude with a discussion of potential avenues for future research.
Bilateral Recurrent Dislocation of the Shoulder (Atraumatic) in a Thirteen-Year-Old Girl

Arthrodesis of a painful hip with the prosthesis still in situ was achieved after bilateral hip arthroplasty. The arthrodesis was performed at one time, placing three massive bone grafts anterior, superior, and postero-inferior to the prosthesis. Thus, the length of the extremity was preserved, and the optimum position of the hip could be achieved. This procedure is formidable, but is believed to have more advantages than disadvantages in selected cases.
Studies on coordination polymers : Part I. Coordination polymers of 8,8'-dihydroxy-5,5'-biquinolyl

Abstract Coordination polymers of 8,8'-dihydroxy-5,5'-biquinolyl(I) with Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) were prepared and studied. The polymers were all powders, very insoluble in all the common organic solvents, apparently of low molecular weight and all began to decompose between 250–300°. The polymers of cobalt and nickel were amorphous, whereas the polymers of copper, zinc, cadmium and manganese were crystalline. Infrared studies confirmed the chelation reaction between metal and (I). As a spot test reagent, (I)gave instant color reactions with 14 common ions but the sensitivity of the reagent is not particularly impressive. The most interesting result is the detection of 2 μg of gallium.
Metalloproteinase activity inhibits IL-23p19 expression in dendritic cells by targeting membrane stem cell factor affecting lung IL-17 response. (IRC5P.458)

Ligation of c-kit by membrane-bound stem cell factor (mSCF) leads to DC IL-6 production and a Th17 immune response, which also requires heterodimeric IL-23. However, the mechanisms regulating IL-23 production in DCs are not fully understood. We found that IL-23p19 gene expression in lung DCs is dependent on mSCF, which itself is regulated by metalloproteinase activity. Th1-inducing conditions enhanced protease activity causing cleavage of mSCF whereas the opposite was true for Th17-promoting conditions. In metalloproteinase-deficient mice, Th1-inducing conditions maintained mSCF expression thereby enhancing IL-23p19 in DCs. The functional consequence of this was enhanced IL-17 production in T cell/DC co-cultures in vitro, and increased numbers of IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells in the lung. Conversely, mSCF cleavage from bone marrow DCs in vitro by recombinant metalloproteinase led to reduced IL-23p19 expression under Th17-inducing conditions with dampening of intracellular AKT phosphorylation, a key component of the c-kit signaling pathway. Collectively, these results show that IL-23 production in DCs can be regulated by metalloproteinase activity on the c-kit/mSCF axis to control IL-17 production in the lung.
Fertility, Human Capital, and Economic Growth over the Demographic Transition

Do low fertility and population aging lead to economic decline if couples have fewer children, but invest more in each child? By addressing this question, this article extends previous work in which the authors show that population aging leads to an increased demand for wealth that can, under some conditions, lead to increased capital per worker and higher per capita consumption. This article is based on an overlapping generations (OLG) model which highlights the quantity–quality tradeoff and the links between human capital investment and economic growth. It incorporates new national level estimates of human capital investment produced by the National Transfer Accounts project. Simulation analysis is employed to show that, even in the absence of the capital dilution effect, low fertility leads to higher per capita consumption through human capital accumulation, given plausible model parameters.
Static and Dynamic Multiplication Factors and Their Relation to the Inhour Equation

The theory of the stable period of a fixed-fuel reactor is developed by considering the gross conservation of neutrons in the reactor. The resulting inhour equation directly relates the dynamic mul...
Bubbling geometries for AdS 2 × S 2

We construct BPS geometries describing normalizable excitations of AdS2×S2. All regular horizon-free solutions are parameterized by two harmonic functions in R 3 with sources along closed curves. This local structure is reminiscent of the “bubbling solutions” for the other AdS p ×S q cases, however, due to peculiar asymptotic properties of AdS2, one copy of R 3 does not cover the entire space, and we discuss the procedure for analytic continuation, which leads to a nontrivial topological structure of the new geometries. We also study supersymmetric brane probes on the new geometries, which represent the AdS2×S2 counterparts of the giant gravitons.
Kelch-like 3 and Cullin 3 regulate electrolyte homeostasis via ubiquitination and degradation of WNK4.

Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) is a rare Mendelian syndrome featuring hypertension and hyperkalemia resulting from constitutive renal salt reabsorption and impaired K+ secretion. Recently, mutations in Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) and Cullin 3 (CUL3), components of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, were found to cause PHAII, suggesting that loss of this complex’s ability to target specific substrates for ubiquitination leads to PHAII. By MS and coimmunoprecipitation, we show that KLHL3 normally binds to WNK1 and WNK4, members of WNK (with no lysine) kinase family that have previously been found mutated in PHAII. We show that this binding leads to ubiquitination, including polyubiquitination, of at least 15 specific sites in WNK4, resulting in reduced WNK4 levels. Dominant disease-causing mutations in KLHL3 and WNK4 both impair WNK4 binding, ubiquitination, and degradation. WNK4 normally induces clearance of the renal outer medullary K+ channel (ROMK) from the cell surface. We show that WT but not mutant KLHL3 inhibits WNK4-induced reduction of ROMK level. We show that PHAII-causing mutations in WNK4 lead to a marked increase in WNK4 protein levels in the kidney in vivo. These findings demonstrate that CUL3–RING (really interesting new gene) ligases that contain KLHL3 target ubiquitination of WNK4 and thereby regulate WNK4 levels, which in turn regulate levels of ROMK. These findings reveal a specific role of CUL3 and KLHL3 in electrolyte homeostasis and provide a molecular explanation for the effects of disease-causing mutations in both KLHL3 and WNK4.
Long-Term Groundwater Depletion in the United States

The volume of groundwater stored in the subsurface in the United States decreased by almost 1000 km 3 during 1900–2008. The aquifer systems with the three largest volumes of storage depletion include the High Plains aquifer, the Mississippi Embayment section of the Gulf Coastal Plain aquifer system, and the Central Valley of California. Depletion rates accelerated during 1945–1960, averaging 13.6 km 3 /year during the last half of the century, and after 2000 increased again to about 24 km 3 /year. Depletion intensity is a new parameter, introduced here, to provide a more consistent basis for comparing storage depletion problems among various aquifers by factoring in time and areal extent of the aquifer. During 2001–2008, the Central Valley of California had the largest depletion intensity. Groundwater depletion in the United States can explain 1.4% of observed sea-level rise during the 108-year study period and 2.1% during 2001–2008. Groundwater depletion must be confronted on local and regional scales to help reduce demand (primarily in irrigated agriculture) and/or increase supply.
Some tests for the equality of covariance matrices

A Wald statistic, which is asymptotically equivalent to the likelihood ratio criterion, is obtained for the test of the equality of covariance matrices. A more general Wald statistic is constructed under the assumption of elliptical distributions, and the comparison of these two statistics sheds some light on the asymptotic performance of the likelihood ratio test. In particular, we find that the likelihood ratio test is liberal for nonnormal elliptical populations with positive kurtosis and conservative for nonnormal elliptical populations with negative kurtosis. Further, the likelihood ratio test cannot be adjusted by a scalar multiple so as to retain its asymptotic chi-squared distribution over the class of elliptical distributions. A Wald test, appropriate for more general populations, is also obtained.
A consistent LES/filtered-density function formulation for the simulation of turbulent flames with detailed chemistry

Abstract A hybrid large-Eddy simulation/filtered-density function (LES–FDF) methodology is formulated for simulating variable density turbulent reactive flows. An indirect feedback mechanism coupled with a consistency measure based on redundant density fields contained in the different solvers is used to construct a robust algorithm. Using this novel scheme, a partially premixed methane/air flame is simulated. To describe transport in composition space, a 16-species reduced chemistry mechanism is used along with the interaction-by-exchange with the mean (IEM) model. For the micro-mixing model, typically a constant ratio of scalar to mechanical time-scale is assumed. This parameter can have substantial variations and can strongly influence the combustion process. Here, a dynamic time-scale model is used to prescribe the mixing time-scale, which eliminates the time-scale ratio as a model constant. Two different flame configurations, namely, Sandia flames D and E are studied. Comparison of simulated radial profiles with experimental data show good agreement for both flames. The LES–FDF simulations accurately predict the increased extinction near the inlet and re-ignition further downstream. The conditional mean profiles show good agreement with experimental data for both flames.
Abstract LB-119: Therapeutic sensitivity and predictive markers for CDK4/6 inhibition defined by ex vivo analyses of human tumors

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL To model the heterogeneity of breast cancer as observed in the clinic, we employed an ex vivo model of breast tumor tissue. This methodology maintained the histological integrity of the tumor tissue in unselected breast cancers, and importantly, the explants retained key molecular markers that are currently used to guide breast cancer treatment (e.g. ER and Her2 status). The primary tumors displayed the expected wide range of positivity for the proliferation marker Ki67, and a strong positive correlation between the Ki67 indices of the primary and corresponding explanted tumor tissues was observed. Collectively, these findings indicate that multiple facets of tumor pathophysiology are recapitulated in this ex vivo model. To interrogate the potential of this preclinical model to inform determinants of therapeutic response, we investigated the cytostatic response to the CDK4/6 inhibitor, PD-0332991. This inhibitor was highly effective at suppressing proliferation in approximately 85% of cases, irrespective of ER or HER2 status. However, 15% of cases were completely resistant to PD-0332991. Marker analyses in both the primary tumor tissue and the corresponding explant revealed that cases resistant to CDK4/6 inhibition lacked the RB-tumor suppressor. These studies provide important insights into the spectrum of breast tumors that could be treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors, and defines functional determinants of response analogous to those identified through neoadjuvant studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-119. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-119
Erythema migrans--a psoriasiform lesion of the oral mucosa.

Abstract. Psoriasiform lesions are unusual occurrences on oral mucosa. Nineteen cases of erythema migrans are presented with a discussion of the literature. Fifty-eight percent of these cases presented with tenderness, pain, or roughness. One case was associated with geographic tongue and two cases with cutaneous psoriasis.
ALTERNATIVES TO EXPECTANCY THEORIES OF WORK MOTIVATION

A number of criticisms of expectancy theory as an explanation of work effort have been raised in recent months. These criticisms are basic enough and based on sound enough evidence to warrant consideration of possible alternate frameworks for the study of work effort. Promising alternatives are: (1) Detuned Cognitive Models; (2) Acognitive Models; and (3) Combined Cognitive and Acognitive Models.
‘Oh, My Father Hit Me’

When a seventeen-year-old West African immigrant who’s off to college says her facial bruising was inflicted by her father, a young pediatrician learns about—and rethinks—the process of reporting c...
Theory in Health Promotion Research and Practice: Thinking outside the Box. Patricia Goodson. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett. 2010. 245, pp. $78.95.

Author Patricia Goodson transforms a platitude—theory should be at the heart of evidence-based practices and good science—into thoughtful argument in her book, Theory in Health Promotion Research a...
Edge impact of an elastic-plastic semi-infinite plate: A near-field solution of the two-dimensional equations is compared with the one-dimensional description and experimental observation

The edge impact of an elastic-plastic semiinfinite plate subject to conditions of plane strain is investigated analytically and experimentally. The theoretical analysis is based on the strain-rate-independent theory of plastic-wave propagation. The plate is initially unstressed; the boundary condition for the edge of the plate corresponds to constant-velocity longitudinal impact except that the step in velocity has a finite rise time. Calculations are carried out according to both the approximate one-dimensional theory and the two-dimensional theory for an elastic-plastic isotropic work-hardening material. The rise time for both solutions is chosen so as to optimize the agreement between theoretical and experimental strain-time profiles. A numerical solution of the two-dimensional equations is obtained by using a difference method developed by Clifton;1 the onedimensional approximation is solved by the well-known method of characteristics.
The association between sniffing inhalants and injecting drugs.

There is evidence that the use of inhalants might prove to be a modifiable risk factor for intravenous (IV) drug use, or possibly an important vulnerability marker. However, this evidence has come from studies using samples of convenience, such as a mixture of psychiatric patients, felons, and their relatives. If there is a link between these two different forms of drug-using behaviors, then a statistical association should be found in epidemiologic studies with rigorous sampling procedures—even after statistical adjustment for plausible confounding variables such as sex, age, socioeconomic status, and the use of drugs such as marijuana. To probe this suspected causal association, we analyzed epidemiologic data from the 1990 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The population for this survey consisted of all household residents aged 12 years and older in the conterminous United States, with respondents selected by probability sampling. A total of 9,259 respondents completed the confidential self-report interview conducted by trained interviewers; 192 persons reported a history of injecting drugs for nonmedical reasons (e.g., to get high), and 9,067 reported never injecting drugs. As hypothesized, inhalant use was found to be associated with injecting drugs (relative odds [RO] = 11.8). After adjustment for sex, age, race, socioeconomic status, and use of marijuana, inhalant users still were 5.35 times more likely than nonusers to have injected drugs (P < .001). Further, the odds of injecting drugs were exceptionally small among respondents who had used neither inhalants nor marijuana, and respondents using both marijuana and inhalants were an estimated 88.6 times more likely to have injected drugs (95% confidence interval [Cl] = 63.1 to 124.5); those using inhalants but not marijuana were an estimated 45.1 times more likely to have injected drugs (95% Cl = 28.1 to 75.8); the corresponding odds ratio was 18.5 for respondents who used marijuana but not inhalants (95% Cl = 13.3 to 25.8). Despite some methodologic limitations, this epidemiologic evidence strengthens the rationale for a more deliberate focus on inhalant use in future studies that seek to understand etiologic conditions giving rise to IV drug use and other forms of nonmedical drug-injecting—an important issue for drug dependence research, as well as research on human immuno-deficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Toll-Like Receptor 3 Is Induced by and Mediates Antiviral Activity against Rhinovirus Infection of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Rhinoviruses (RV) are the major cause of the common cold and acute exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a conserved family of receptors that recognize and respond to a variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA, an important intermediate of many viral life cycles (including RV). The importance of TLR3 in host responses to virus infection is not known. Using BEAS-2B (a human bronchial epithelial cell-line), we demonstrated that RV replication increased the expression of TLR3 mRNA and TLR3 protein on the cell surface. We observed that blocking TLR3 led to a decrease in interleukin-6, CXCL8, and CCL5 in response to poly(IC) but an increase following RV infection. Finally, we demonstrated that TLR3 mediated the antiviral response. This study demonstrates an important functional requirement for TLR3 in the host response against live virus infection and indicates that poly(IC) is not always a good model for studying the biology of live virus infection.
Single timescale regularized stochastic approximation schemes for monotone Nash games under uncertainty

In this paper, we consider the distributed computation of equilibria arising in monotone stochastic Nash games over continuous strategy sets. Such games arise in settings when the gradient map of the player objectives is a monotone mapping over the cartesian product of strategy sets, leading to a monotone stochastic variational inequality. We consider the application of projection-based stochastic approximation (SA) schemes. However, such techniques are characterized by a key shortcoming: in their traditional form, they can only accommodate strongly monotone mappings. In fact, standard extensions of SA schemes for merely monotone mappings require the solution of a sequence of related strongly monotone problems, a natively two-timescale scheme. Accordingly, we consider the development of single timescale techniques for computing equilibria when the associated gradient map does not admit strong monotonicity. We first show that, under suitable assumptions, standard projection schemes can indeed be extended to allow for strict, rather than strong monotonicity. Furthermore, we introduce a class of regularized SA schemes, in which the regularization parameter is updated at every step, leading to a single timescale method. The scheme is a stochastic extension of an iterative Tikhonov regularization method and its global convergence is established. To aid in networked implementations, we consider an extension to this result where players are allowed to choose their steplengths independently and show the convergence of the scheme if the deviation across their choices is suitably constrained.
The nature of three-pion enhancements in the minimal K-matrix model

Abstract The square of the magnitude of the inverse Fredholm determinant associated with the minimal K-matrix integral equations describing three-pion to three-pion scattering was calculated as a function of three-pion mass ¢M from threshold to 1900 MeV for the 0 ≦ I ≦ 2, 0 ≦ J ≦ 2 channels of the three-pion system. The input for these equations consisted of the on-shell π-π t-matrices t00, t02, t11, and t02 obtained from phenomenological phase-shift analyses. For the minimal K-matrix model, the only structure in the natural parity states is an enhancement of kinematical origin at 1284 MeV in the ω-channel. Spurious enhancements appear in all the unnatural parity states considered at roughly 1150 MeV corresponding to the ρπ → ρπ Peierls singularity. In the I = 1 unnatural parity channels, broad enhancements at 1450 MeV ≦ ¢M ≦ 1675 MeV occur. These correspond to the ρπ → fπ fit generalized Peierls singularity.
New insights into the role of cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) in microsomal redox biology

Cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) is an essential electron transfer protein located on the endoplasmic reticulum of most cell types, and has long been appreciated for its role in cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism. Additional roles and electron acceptors for POR have been described, but it is largely with the recent availability of POR-null tissues that these supplemental roles for POR have been able to be explored. These studies have confirmed POR as the principal redox partner for the microsomal P450s responsible for drug and xenobiotic metabolism as well as cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, and for heme oxygenase, which catalyzes the initial step in the breakdown of heme. Surprisingly, these studies have revealed that squalene monooxygenase, an enzyme essential to cholesterol synthesis, has a second unknown redox partner in addition to POR, and that 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, previously proposed to require POR as an electron donor, functions fully independently of POR. These studies have also helped define the role of cytochrome b5 in P450 catalysis, and raise the question as to the extent to which POR contributes to b5-dependent redox pathways.
Early Photolysis Intermediates of Gecko and Bovine Artificial Visual Pigments

Nanosecond laser photolysis measurements were conducted on digitonin extracts of artificial pigments prepared from the cone-type visual pigment, P521, of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gekko) retina. Artificial pigments were prepared by regeneration of bleached gecko photoreceptor membranes with 9-cis-retinal, 9-cis-14-methylretinal, or 9-cis-alpha-retinal. Absorbance difference spectra were recorded at a sequence of time delays from 30 ns to 60 microseconds following excitation with a pulse of 477-nm actinic light. Global analysis showed the kinetic data for all three artificial gecko pigments to be best fit by two-exponential processes. These two-exponential decays correspond to similar decays observed after photolysis of P521 itself, with the first process being the decay of the equilibrated P521 Batho P521 BSI mixture to P521 Lumi and the second process being the decay of P521 Lumi to P521 Meta I. In spite of its large blue shift relative to P521, iso-P521 displays a normal chloride depletion induced blue shift. Iso-P521's early intermediates up to Lumi were also blue-shifted, with the P521 Batho P521 BSI equilibrated mixture being 15 nm blue-shifted and P521 Lumi being 8 nm blue-shifted relative to the intermediates formed after P521 photolysis. The blue shift associated with the iso-pigment is reduced or disappears entirely by P521 Meta I. Similar blue shifts were observed for the early intermediates observed after photolysis of bovine isorhodopsin, with the Lumi intermediate blue-shifted 5 nm compared to the Lumi intermediate formed after photolysis of bovine rhodopsin. These shifts indicate that a difference exists between the binding sites of 9- and 11-cis pigments which persists for microseconds at 20 degrees C.
Reimagining To Kill a Mockingbird: Family, Community, and the Possibility of Equal Justice Under the Law

Reimagining To Kill a Mockingbird: Family, Community, and the Possibility of Equal Justice Under the Law. By Austin Sarat and Martha Merrill Umphrey (editors). Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013. 196 pp. $24.95 paper.In Reimagining To Kill a Mockingbird: Family, Community, and the Possibility of Equal Justice Under the Law, Austin Sarat and Martha Merrill Umphrey provide a series of essays that interro- gate the cultural and esthetic logic through which the 1962 film adaptation of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird became a cultural icon. Through the interdisciplinary lens of law and humanities scholarship, these essays submit both the film and the novel to pressing and contemporary questions about the affective dimensions of legal logic, the human/animal divide that so often informs that logic, and the sacrifices made in the name of justice. As several of the contributors demonstrate, many of these ques- tions remain central yet unresolved in Lee's original novel. As such, they haunt the film in surprising, often counter-intuitive ways.As the editors make clear in their introduction, this collection complicates without fully rejecting the mythologizing impulse that led to the film's iconicity. It begins on a note of humanist opti- mism that it shares with the film itself. The first essay, which is authored by the editors, raises important questions about the temporality of justice that resonate throughout the collection. Set in the 1930s, the film was released in 1962, after Brown v. Board of Education, but before the 1964 Civil Rights Act. It narrates an Alabama town's response to the wrongful conviction of a black man from the perspective of Scout Finch, whose father was the man's lawyer. What does the 1930s setting do for the 1960s audi- ence? How does the film invite viewers to link past to present? And why does it continue to resonate today? These questions force readers to contend with the dangerous sense that we have somehow overcome the issues that the story frames. To what extent do we occupy the future that the film imagines? In response to this question, Sarat and Umphrey examine the over- lapping roles of lawyer and father within the esthetic logic of the film. Focusing as much on the failures of the father/lawyer figure, Atticus Finch, as on the heroics that have made him iconic, this first essay presents the film's coupling of law and fatherhood as suggestive of a legal mechanism that looks forward rather than backward by conjuring "a normative world of becoming rather than being" (19). …
Forecasting from non-linear models in practice

If a simple non-linear autoregressive time-series model is suggested for a series, it is not straightforward to produce multi-step forecasts from it. Several alternative theoretical approaches are discussed and then compared with a simulation study only for the two-step case. It is suggested that fitting a new model for each forecast horizon may be a satisfactory strategy.
National Cooperative Drug Discovery Groups (NCDDGs): A Successful Model for Public Private Partnerships in Cancer Drug Discovery

The United States National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been investigating Nature as a source of novel agents for the treatment of cancer for over 45 years, and has contributed to the development of many of the currently available anticancer drugs. The National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group (NCDDG) program was started in 1983 as mechanism to promote multidisciplinary, multi-institutional approaches to drug discovery, and has led to the development of a number of successful clinical agents. The program is reviewed in terms of achievements and challenges facing further research in the exploration of natural resources as a source of new drugs.
APACHE II and ISS scores as predictors of nosocomial infections in trauma patients.

Abstract Background: Nosocomial infections affect more than 2 million patients annually in the United States at a cost of $4.5 billion. The aim of this study is to identify the role of the APACHE II score and the Injury Severity Scale (ISS) as independent predictors of nosocomial infections in trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A retrospective chart review of 113 trauma patients admitted to the ICU was conducted by an infectious disease physician. Demographic data and incidence of nosocomial infections were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine variables that are predictive of the occurrence of nosocomial infections. Results: Presence or absence of intubation, ICU length of stay, APACHE II score, and ISS were related to the presence of infections; however, only the ICU length of stay was an independent predictor of a nosocomial infection, with an odds ratio of 1.81. By linear regression, 17% of the variance in the ICU duration of stay was a result of the APACHE II score in patients with a score ≥5. Conclusion: APACHE II score and ISS score were not good predictors of the incidence of nosocomial infections in trauma patients admitted to the ICU, but the APACHE II score has a modest correlation with the duration of stay in the ICU. A stratified cohort study could identify the subset of patients for which the APACHE II score predicts a prolonged stay in the ICU, thus an increased risk of infection. (AJIC Am J Infect Control 1999;27:79-83)
Health care reform at the close of the 20th century.

Now that we as a nation have put the impeachment spectacle behind us, we have the opportunity to address issues that will truly affect our well-being during the early decades of the next century. The future of our health care system is certainly one of these issues. It has been five years since Congress considered and rejected the Clinton proposal for health care reform. Despite the enormous changes that have occurred during this brief period, we seem to be wrestling with many of the same health policy demons that occupied us in 1994 and, indeed, for 30 years before that: . . .
Mirrors for Synchrotron-Radiation Beamlines

We consider the role of mirrors in synchrotron-radiation beamlines and discuss the optical considerations involved in their design. We discuss toroidal, spherical, elliptical, and paraboloidal mirrors in detail with particular attention to their aberration properties. We give a treatment of the sine condition and describe its role in correcting the coma of axisymmetric systems. We show in detail how coma is inevitable in single-reflection, grazing-incidence systems but correctable in two-reflection systems such as those of the Wolter type. In an appendix, we give the theory of point aberrations of reflectors of a general shape and discuss the question of correct naming of aberrations. In particular, a strict definition of coma is required if attempts at correction are to be based on the sine condition.