cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new interface‐capturing discretization scheme for numerical solution of the volume fraction equation in two‐phase flows

A new high-resolution spatial discretization scheme for use with the interface-capturing volume-of-fluid method is presented and applied to several test cases. The new scheme is intended to preserve the volume fraction discontinuity without the need to explicitly reconstruct the interface within computational control volumes near the interface. The method is based on maximization of the volume fraction gradient in the region of the interface, while stability is preserved by maintaining net upwind biasing of the face flux prescription in each computational control volume. In addition, the scheme employs face limiting to satisfy boundedness criteria at finite-volume control surfaces (faces) and prevent variable overshoot. The method has been developed for use with unstructured, anisotropic, and/or inhomogeneous meshes that are often used for simulation of geometrically complex flow fields. This paper presents the implementation of the new discretization scheme into a steady-state solver in order to isolate the spatial discretization from the time integration technique. The new scheme is validated for steady-state two-phase flow using several test cases, and is shown to preserve the phase interface almost exactly, with essentially zero dissipative or dispersive error in the volume fraction solution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ice ages and the Milankovitch theory: A study of interactive climate feedback mechanisms

Several climate feedback mechanisms, which are not conventionally incorporated within climate models, are investigated to illustrate their potential role in enhancing the sensitivity of the earth's climate to changes in orbital parameters; i.e., for application to the astronomical or Milankovitch theory of ice ages. For illustrative purposes changes only in obliquity angle are considered. Specifically the feedback mechanisms which have been incorporated are: (1) Zenith-angle feedback, which constitutes a latitudinal change in the earth's zonal albedo due to the alteration in latitudinal distribution of insolation, and thus solar zenith angle, with changes in obliquity angle. (2) Bio-albedo feedback, comprising a climate-related change in surface albedo as a consequence of altered precipitation patterns modifying the vegetation of land surfaces. (3) Latent-heat feedback, which involves climate-induced changes in the poleward transport of latent heat. Employing crude parameterizations for these three feedback mechanisms within a simple climate model, it is suggested that collectively these feedback mechanisms could, by several factors, amplify climate change associated with orbital parameter variability. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1979.tb00897.x
Mosquito-borne Diseases

Despite centuries of control efforts, mosquito-borne diseases are flourishing worldwide. With a disproportionate effect on children and adolescents, these conditions are responsible for substantial global morbidity and mortality. Malaria kills more than 1 million children annually, chiefly in sub-Saharan Africa. Dengue virus has expanded its range over the past several decades, following its principal vector, Aedes aegypti, back into regions from which it was eliminated in the mid-20th century and causing widespread epidemics of hemorrhagic fever. West Nile virus has become endemic throughout the Americas in the past 10 years, while chikungunya virus has emerged in the Indian Ocean basin and mainland Asia to affect millions. Japanese encephalitis virus, too, has expanded its range in the Indian subcontinent and Australasia, mainly affecting young children. Filariasis, on the other hand, is on the retreat, the subject of a global eradication campaign. Efforts to limit the effect of mosquito-borne diseases in endemic areas face the twin challenges of controlling mosquito populations and delivering effective public health interventions. Travelers to areas endemic for mosquito-borne diseases require special advice on mosquito avoidance, immunizations, and malaria prophylaxis.
A simple correlation for solids holdup in a gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed

Abstract A simple empirical model was established which allows solids holdup in a gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed containing large and dense particles to be readily predicted based on the equation of Richardson and Zaki (1954, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs 32 , 35) for liquid-solid fluidized bed systems. The approach is applicable both to monocompnent particle systems and to binary mixtures of particles. For a monocomponent system, a correlation for model parameters was proposed which is expressed as a function of particle diameter, particle density, bed diameter and liquid density. For a binary mixture of particles, the averaging and serial approaches were shown to predict the solids holdup equally well within the range of the gas and liquid velocities considered. Experiments were also performed using eight solid particles for the monocomponent system and five binary mixtures of particles differing in diameter and/or density for the mixture system to substantiate the model.
Clinical obstacles in administrating the South Oaks Gambling Screen in a methadone and alcohol clinic

The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) was administered to veterans in both an outpatient methadone and problem drinking clinic. The instrument was given to 93 veterans who represented the poor and homeless. It was anticipated that the SOGS would provide important diagnostic information to the clinicians counseling the substance abusing population since many compulsive gamblers have a history of substance abuse. A number of clinical obstacles were encountered in administrating the SOGS in this environment. Both Client and staff noncompliance during the screening were major concerns in this respect. The clinical obstacles encountered in this study were examined and suggestions to prevent these problems are discussed.
Influence of α-receptor blocking agents upon metabolic activity in nuclei involved in central control of blood pressure

Abstract The energy metabolism of the central nervous structures involved in the regulation of blood pressure was examined by means of the autoradiographic 2-deoxy- d -[ 14 C]glucose method in normal, awake rats during hypotension induced by the α-adrenergic blockers, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, and yohimbine. Administration of these α-blockers produced a dose-dependent increase of glucose consumption in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS m ), the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX), the nucleus ambiguus (NA), and the paraventricular (PAVH) and supraoptic (SO) hypothalamic nuclei. However, in the external cuneate nucleus and in the paramedian reticular nucleus there was a decrease in glucose utilization. These changes appear to be at least partly due to the hypotension produced by the drugs in addition to their central effects; when the hypotension was prevented by administration of the plasma expander, dextran, in phenoxybenzamine-treated rats, the effects were less than those observed in animals with hypotension not limited by dextran infusion.
On Nonlinear Dynamics of Simplified Brake Dynamical Systems

In this paper, nonlinear dynamics mechanism of a brake system under a periodical excitation is investigated. The corresponding motion for such a system is described. The conditions for motion switching and sliding on the boundary are developed. Based on the discontinuous boundaries of motion, the basic mappings are introduced and the mapping structures for periodic motions are developed. Illustrations of periodic motions will be presented from analytical predictions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Evaluation of mechanical properties of tubular LSFCO perovskite membranes at elevated temperatures in reactive environments

Abstract This paper reports the mechanical properties of tubular membranes of mixed conducting La 0.2 Sr 0.8 Fe 0.8 Cr 0.2 O 3-δ (LSFCO) perovskites at elevated temperatures. Strength, measured in a C-ring test over a temperature range of 22°–1000 °C in three different environments – air, 100% N 2 , and 90% CO 2 /10% CO mixtures – showed a decreasing behavior with increasing temperature and severity of reducing conditions. A maximum strength value of 340 MPa and a minimum of 105 MPa were observed at room temperature and at 1000 °C, respectively, in CO 2 /CO environment. Fractography was used to characterize the flaws and changes in fracture mode. Results indicate that the observed changes in strength and fracture morphology are associated with non-equilibrium segregation of elements when exposed to the reducing environment.
Hemagglutinins of some Aspergilli

Abstract Hemagglutinins for human red blood cells have been found in hot-water soluble mycelial extracts of a strain of Aspergillus flavus and two mutant strains of A. parasiticus . The agglutinin from one strain of A. parasiticus was specific for blood group A cells while the other two agglutinins were non-specific. With the A. flavus strain, the greatest hemagglutination activity (HA) was found at 10 days for the mycelial extract, and at 12 days for culture fluid preparations. More agglutinin was produced by fungi grown on sucrose than on d -glucose as carbon source. Solubilities in ammonium sulfate solutions and protein and carbohydrate analyses show that the agglutinins from the mycelial extract and culture fluid preparation are different. The mycelial agglutinin was inhibited by a number of different sugars, many of which possess common stereochemical features.
Computer controlled techniques for high emission density mapping of thermionic cathodes

Abstract Some of the techniques commonly used (e.g. SLEEP and thermionic emission microscope) for measuring emission or work function uniformity of thermionic cathode surfaces require the use of very low or near zero current densities, thus the cathode is characterized at current densities and temperatures much lower than that of a normally operating cathode. The system reported on here uses a high voltage pulse technique and is capable of measuring emission densities in the range 1 to 80 A/cm2 at normal cathode operating temperatures. The cathode surface is scanned with an anode having a 0.025 mm aperture whose position is controlled by computer operated stepping motors. The current through the aperture to a collector electrode is measured using a sample-and-hold amplifier. Pulsing and sampling are computer synchronized with the scanning, and data for each pulse are accumulated and can be processed and displayed in several ways using the computer, including a detailed “three-dimensional” map of either the electron emission density or work function variations. The entire surface of the cathode or any portion of it can be mapped in steps as small as 0.001 mm (1μm), but typically steps of 5–100 μm were used. Measurements are presented illustrating the uniformity or nonuniformity of the electron emission densities and work functions for type-B and type-M cathodes.
Planar Silicon and Germanium Heterocyclotriynes and Their Isomorphous Nickel(0) Complexes

The syntheses of three strained silicon or germanium heterocyclotriynes, from the dilithium dianion of 2,2‘-diethynyltolane (Li2(OBET)) and the dialkyldichlorosilanes or dialkyldichlorogermane, are described. Reactions of the heterocyclynes with Ni(COD)2 give the nickel(0) complexes in very high yield. The heterocyclynes and their nickel complexes have been characterized by a variety of spectral techniques, and the X-ray crystal structures of compounds Si(i-Pr)2(OBET), Ni[Si(i-Pr)2(OBET)], SiPh2(OBET), Ni[SiPh2(OBET)], GePh2(OBET), and Ni[GePh2(OBET)] are reported. The heterocyclynes and their nickel complexes possess isomorphous structures.
Ultra-high-Q wedge resonators with precise FSR control

Optical resonators with Q values of nearly 1 billion are demonstrated, the highest for any chip-based devices. Fabrication uses only standard semiconductor processes, enabling precise size control and access to microwave-rate free-spectral-range operation.
On using residual risk to assess the cost effectiveness and health protectiveness of remedy selection at superfund sites

Abstract This article examines the importance of determining residual risk and its impact on remedy selection at Superfund Sites. Within this examination, risks are assessed using probabilistic models that incorporate the uncertainty and variability of the input parameters, and utilize parameter distributions based on current and applicable site-specific data. Monte Carlo methods are used to propagate these uncertainties and variabilities through the risk calculations resulting in a distribution for the estimate of both risk and residual risk. Such an approach permits an informed decision based on a broad information base which involves considering the entire uncertainty distribution of risk rather than a point estimate for each exposure scenario. Using the probabilistic risk estimates, with current and applicable site-specific data, alternative decisions regarding cleanup are obtained for two Superfund Sites.
“I Smile With My Mind”: Reconceptualizing Artistic Practice in Early Childhood

This study addresses the role of artistic practice as it exists in the lives of young children. Viewing children as unified learners (Dewey, 1902; Franklin, 1994), the role of artistic practice is reconceptualized as a tool which children employ fluidly throughout their daily experiences, rather than as belonging to a discreet subject. The artistic practices of a group of 30 children aged 2 to 5 are documented through their narratives in the day-to-day activities of a preschool classroom. The close examination of these narratives illustrates the complex, nuanced ways in which young children employ artistic practice in order to navigate and shape the constructs of their daily lives.
Gender differences in the perception of sexuality : Methodological considerations

The present study of gender differences in the perception of sexuality was designed to systematically vary verbal and nonverbal videotaped cues of a conversation between a male-female dyad. Comparisons were made between 78 males and 99 females who were primarily Caucasian and enrolled in general psychology courses. Participants were able to either see and hear, to only see, or to only hear the same interaction. In the see and hear condition, there were no gender differences in the perception of sexuality; in the see only condition, females rated the actress lower in sexuality; and in the hear only condition, males rated the actress higher in sexuality. Results indicate that methodological differences may account for contradictory findings in prior studies.
Partial antinociceptive cross-tolerance to intracerebroventricular β-endorphin in mice tolerant to systemic morphine

Abstract The effects of subcutaneous morphine pellet-implantation on antinociception induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of β -endorphin or morphine and intrathecal (i.t.) administration of morphine, [D-Pen 2 ,D-Pen 5 ]enkephalin (DPDPE), [D-Ala 2 ,NMePhe 4 ,Gly 5 -ol]enkephalin (DAMGO), serotonin or norepinephrine were studied in male ICR mice. The tail-flick and hot-plate responses were used for antinociceptive tests. The ED 50 values for i.c.v. administered morphine for antimociception in morphine pellet-implanted mice were increased from 3.3- and 2.2-fold at 0 h to 14.2- and 19.0-fold at 4 h and declined to 4.8- and 3.0-fold at 8 h after pellet removal in the tail-flick and hot-plate tests, respectively. On the other hand, the ED 50 values for i.c.v. administered β -endorphin for antinociception were only slightly increased (1.7- to 5.1-fold increases) throughout the same time course. The inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by i.t. injection of morphine, DPDPE and serotonin, but not norepinephrine or DAMGO, was attenuated in morphine pellet-implanted mice. These findings are consistent with previous studies indicating that different neuronal mechanisms are involved in morphine- and β -endorphin-induced antinociception.
COHERENT SCATTERING AMPLITUDES AS DETERMINED BY NEUTRON DIFFRACTION

The coherent scattering properties of nearly 60 elements or nuclides for slow neutrons have been determined by neutron diffraction techniques and are summarized in the present paper. The phase of scattering and values for the coherent scattering amplitude and cross section and for the total scattering cross section are given. Pronounced differences in isotopic scattering properties have been found and many nuclides are shown to possess strong spin-dependent scattering properties. Illustrations of thermal diffuse scattering and nuclear spin incoherent scattering are given.
Karyotypic Variation in the Pocket Mouse, Perognathus Penicillatus Woodhouse (Rodentia-Heteromyidae)

SUMMARYThree karyotypic variants of six of the eight recognized subspecies of the Desert Pocket Mouse, Perognathus penicillatus Woodhouse, are described. All variants have a diploid number of 46, so differences present are of a non-Robertsonian nature. The mechanisms and direction of chromosomal change, evolutionary history, geographic distribution, and systematic status of the variants are discussed.
Pharmacogenetics of Cancer Therapy: Getting Personal

The term “pharmacogenetics” was coined in the 1950s to describe inherited differences in the disposition and effects of medications and other xenobiotics. Pharmacogenetic studies have focused largely on inherited variations in drug metabolism and polymorphisms of the genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, to elucidate the molecular basis of these variations (Nebert 1997). Although genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism remains a primary focus, inherited differences in drug targets (e.g., receptors, genetic subsets of diseases, etc.) represent another facet of pharmacogenetics that can be of equal importance in determining the effects of some medications.
Cases in Point: A Limited Glossary of Stumbleburn Usage

(1984). Cases in Point: A Limited Glossary of Stumblebum Usage. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 417-427.
Scattering theory of thermal and excess noise in open conductors.

Thermal fluctuations at equilibrium and excess fluctuations in the presence of transport in open multiprobe conductors are related to the scattering matrix of the conductor. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem for multiprobe conductors is discussed. A general expression for the excess noise in the presence of transport is derived. These results are applied to conductors which exhibit the quantized Hall effect. If backscattering is suppressed, excess noise is also suppressed.
Our Changing Planet:The View From Space

Through the use of satellite and aircraft-acquired images, color photographs, and scientific analysis, Our Changing Planet: The View From Space takes a look at the four components of the Earth system: the atmosphere, the land surface, the oceans, and the cryosphere. The book also highlights signatures of global climate change and human intervention on Earth system variables and processes. The book begins with a general description of the atmosphere. The structure of clouds, water vapor, rainfall, hurricanes, and lightning and their impacts on global climate are explained. This is followed by an explanation of anthropogenic activity and its impact on the atmosphere, for example, ship and aircraft emissions and atmospheric pollution of ozone, dust, and other aerosols and chlorine compounds. The land surface section of the book first focuses on solid Earth aspects: faults in the Earth's interior and volcanoes. This is followed by a description of extreme events such as floods and outbreaks of epidemics and their links to vegetation and changes in vegetation and glaciers as a reflection of climate change. The section ends with the variables soil moisture and surface temperature.
New models for assessing carcinogenesis: an ongoing process

Traditionally, the use of rodent models in assessing the carcinogenic potential of chemicals has been expensive and lengthy, and the relevance of the carcinogenic effect to humans is often not fully understood. Today, however, with the rapid advances in molecular biology, genetically altered mice containing genes relevant to humans (e.g. oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes) and reporter genes (e.g. lacI) provide powerful tools for examining specific chemical-gene interactions thereby allowing a better understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in a shorter period of time. This paper will cover an overview of ongoing validation efforts, followed by examples of studies using several genetically engineered models including the p53 def mouse model and the Big Blue transgenic mouse model. Specifically, examples where transgenic models were integrated into the testing program based on specific hypotheses dealing with genetic alterations in cancer genes and reporter genes will be discussed. The examples will highlight possible ways genetically altered mice may be integrated into a comprehensive research and testing strategy and thereby provide an improved estimation of human health risks.
An Approach to Model Network Exploitations Using Exploitation Graphs

In this article, a modeling process is defined to address challenges in analyzing attack scenarios and mitigating vulnerabilities in networked environments. Known system vulnerability data, system configuration data, and vulnerability scanner results are considered to create exploitation graphs (e-graphs) that are used to represent attack scenarios. Experiments carried out in a cluster computing environment showed the usefulness of proposed techniques in providing in-depth attack scenario analyses for security engineering. Critical vulnerabilities can be identified by employing graph algorithms. Several factors were used to measure the difficulty in executing an attack. A cost/benefit analysis was used for more accurate quantitative analysis of attack scenarios. The authors also show how the attack scenario analyses better help deployment of security products and design of network topologies.
Vasculitis: Will LAMP enlighten us about ANCA-associated vasculitis?

Two recent studies have investigated the prevalence of anti-hLAMP-2 antibodies in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides. Results from these studies suggest that more work is needed to standardize the assays used to detect anti-hLAMP-2 antibodies in patient sera before we can estimate their true prevalence in different patient populations and assess their potential clinical utility.
International perspectives on newborn screening

The development of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) has greatly increased the number of diseases that can be detected by newborn blood-spot screening. Different countries are introducing the technology at different rates and for different disease panels. Current policies in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States are taken as examples. In the United Kingdom, many laboratories are using MS-MS for routine screening for phenylketonuria but, except for those participating in a two-year pilot study of screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, are forbidden use MS-MS to screen for other disorders. In Germany there has been considerable experience of MS-MS screening for a wide range of diseases, but recently the Federal Ministry for Health and Social Security prescribed a much more restricted disease panel, with the instruction that any other diagnostic results are to be suppressed and not reported. By contrast, a recent report from the American College of Medical Genetics, still being debated, recommends screening procedures that will detect an extremely broad range of disorders, including some that are very rare or of unproven clinical significance. The lack of even broad concordance at the level of national policy is extremely disturbing. Though all discussion is nominally founded on the ten principles laid down by Wilson and Jungner in 1968, there seems no generally accepted way of using these principles, or derived criteria, as objective decision tools. Alternative, less categorical, approaches are needed: the disorders concerned are not homogeneous entities and there may be advantages to screening other than reducing morbidity or mortality.
Side-by-Side Comparison of Nitrogen Species Removal for Four Types of Permeable Pavement and Standard Asphalt in Eastern North Carolina

A 1 year-old parking lot in eastern North Carolina consisting of four types of side-by-side permeable pavement and standard asphalt was monitored from January 2007 to July 2007 for water quality differences among pavement types. The four permeable sections were pervious concrete (PC), two different types of permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) with small-sized aggregate in the joints and having 12.9% (PICP1) and 8.5% (PICP2) open surface area, and concrete grid pavers (CGP) filled with sand. The site was located in poorly drained soils, and all permeable sections were underlain by a crushed stone base with a perforated pipe underdrain. Composite, flow-weighted samples of atmospheric deposition and asphalt runoff were compared to those of permeable pavement subsurface drainage for pH, TN, NO2,3 –N , TKN, NH4 –N , and ON concentrations and loads. All pavements buffered acidic rainfall pH ( p<0.01 ) . The pH of permeable pavement subsurface drainage was higher than that of asphalt runoff ( p<0.01 ...
Structural Reliability of Prestressed UHPC Flexure Models for Bridge Girders

Ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) has been used in several bridges and other structures throughout the world and is beginning to gain more exposure in the United States. For UHPC to continue to gain acceptance for bridge design in the United States, design specifications and procedures must be established for bridge engineers to utilize. The flexural behavior at the ultimate limit state for an UHPC girder is still a significant design concern. Therefore, this research examined three analytical approaches to evaluate the ultimate flexural strength of UHPC girders. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to account for the variability of several parameters and to determine reliability indices using the three analytical methods. The analysis results show that using typical AASHTO procedures, acceptable levels of reliability can be achieved while allowing the use of familiar and noncomplex equations.
Transient deflection performance measures for command shapers

Input shaping is a technique used to reduce command-induced vibration. Recently, a class of input shapers has been developed to limit both the residual vibration and the transient deflection of flexible systems. This paper evaluates two types of commands: pre-computed, deflection-limiting commands for a floating oscillator given a fixed move distance and real-time deflection-limiting command shapers for a mass under PD control. For these command shapers, transient performance is just as important as residual vibration. Therefore, the effect of modeling error on transient performance must be considered. Transient deflection sensitivity plots are presented to gauge the effectiveness of these commands in meeting their design goals. An evaluation of the effectiveness of traditional residual vibration performance measures to predict the transient performance robustness is also presented.
Estimation of partitioned set of parameters

In the study of development of models for absorption of the infrared and millimeter waves due to various atmospheric constituents, it was found that the adjustable parameter set had to be decomposed into several subsets with varying level of association with data. In classical approaches, the subsets of parameters and obtained purely empilically one at a time. Therefore, the resulting parameter set had no optimality property. This paper proposes a method of simultaneously identifying all the parameters regardless of their association with data. First a generic model is defined in terms of generic parameters which represent individual subsets of real parameters. Then we utilize structured partition of the parameter set and a family of auxiliary variables to combine subsets of parameters and replace generic parameters. Thus our problem reduces to a standard parameter estimation problem. The developed approach was successfully applied to the generation of atmospheric absorption models.
Chain‐Growth Polymerization of Aryl Grignards Initiated by a Stabilized NHC‐Pd Precatalyst

An N-heterocyclic carbene-ligated palladium catalyst was discovered to mediate living, chain-growth polymerizations of both phenylene- and thiophene-based monomers. Polymerization of a fluorene-based monomer, on the other hand, did not proceed through a living, chain-growth pathway. Excitingly, block copolymerizations of phenylene and thiophene proceeded via a chain-growth pathway, regardless of the order of monomer addition. Although some chain termination was observed during these copolymerizations, this pathway could be minimized when the second monomer was added shortly after consumption of the first monomer. These results suggest that the catalyst resting-state at the end of polymerization is unstable. As a result, modifications to the NHC-scaffold or the 3-chloropyridine ligand will be necessary to generate an improved catalyst.
A Fully Global Approach to Image Segmentation via Coupled Curve Evolution Equations

In this paper, we develop a novel region-based approach to snakes designed to optimally separate the values of certain image statistics over a known number of region types. Multiple sets of contours deform according to a coupled set of curve evolution equations derived from a single global cost functional. The resulting active contour model, in contrast to many other edge and region based models, is fully global in that the evolution of each curve depends at all times upon every pixel in the image and is directly coupled to the evolution of every other curve regardless of their mutual proximity. As such evolving contours enjoy a very wide “field of view,” endowing the algorithm with a robustness to initial contour placement above and beyond the significant improvement exhibited by other region based snakes over earlier edge based snakes.
Heterogeneity of estrogen binding sites in mouse mammary cancer.

AbstractThe recent demonstration in our laboratory of at least two specific estrogen binding sites in the rat uterus prompted us to investigate similar heterogeneity of binding sites in a trans-plantable ovarian dependent mouse mammary tumor (MXT-3590). Saturation analysis of cytoplasmic (protamine sulfate or hydroxylapatite exchange assay) or crude nuclear fractions (protamine sulfate precipitated nuclear exchange assay) revealed two binding components: type I which conforms to the classically described estrogen receptor and type II which has a lower affinity for estradiol but a greater capacity than type I sites. Exposure of cytosol to charcoal partially removes bound 3H-estradiol from type II sites but not from type I sites. Type II sites are specific for estrogens and do not translocate from the cytoplasmic to the nuclear compartment. Although Type II sites undergo dissociation on prelabeled sucrose density gradients, they are readily demonstrable by postlabeling sucrose density gradient fractions and...
Analysis of the effects of a probe in the transonic region of a nozzle.

Fig. 2 Curvature of the diffracted shock. Numbers on the curves express the angle of yaw in degrees. with m and k taking the limiting values [5/(7)] (1 +^tan £) and[l/(7)](l+itan£). These results simplify to Lighthill's Eqs. (53) and (54) when the angle of yaw tends to zero, i.e., when the shock line is parallel to the leading edge of the wedge. Numerical computations were carried out for the complete ranges of the shock strength and the angle of yaw consistent with conical flowfields, i.e., within the limits depicted in Fig. 1. A few sample curves (Fig. 2) showing the dependence of curvature on the angle of yaw have been presented to bring out the following observations. 1) The effect of the yaw reduces the curvature of the diffracted shock near the intersection of the diffracted shock and the cone of disturbance and increases it towards the intersection of the diffracted shock and the wedge, thereby resulting in a shift of the point of maximum curvature towards the wedge surface. This is apparent from computations for £ 0.5,0.33333, and 0.20723. 2) For high shock strengths the shock is concave to the still air near the wedge surface changing to convex through a point of inflexion. This point of inflexion is forced towards the wedge surface with an increase in the angle of yaw as depicted for shock with infinite strength ({ = 0). 3) The effect of the angle of yaw is more dominant when we approach the upper limit of the angle of yaw, i.e., the curvature is very sensitive to small changes in the angle of yaw when the upper limit is approached. This is similar to the sensitivity of the pressure perturbations to small changes in the angles of yaw as exhibited in Chester's Fig. 5.
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis, Detection and Typing of Toxin Producing Clostridium Difficile

Clostridium difficile, the primary cause of pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) in humans, produces two toxins; toxin A, an hemorrhagic enterotoxin and toxin B, a potent cytotoxin. Both toxin proteins appear to act synergistically to induce colitis and PMC. Size estimates of the toxin proteins have varied widely; however recent DNA sequence information estimated the size of toxin A to be 307,972 daltons (Dove et al. 1990 4 and toxin B to be 269,696 daltons (Barroso et al. 1990). These large bio-toxins are only found in pathogenic strains of C. difficile but not found in non-pathogenic strains. In addition to the studies of the toxin proteins, a number of labs have been investigating the molecular biology of these toxin genes.
Clinical characteristics of patients with multiple potentially human papillomavirus-related malignancies.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causative factor in squamous cell carcinomas of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva, and head and neck, and adenocarcinoma of the cervix. We examined the demographics, clinical characteristics, and timing of multiple potentially HPV-related cancers in individual patients. Methods One hundred forty-three patients were identified with 300 potentially HPV-related cancers. The median follow-up from index and second cancer was 18.5 years and 3.2 years, respectively. Results Median age at index and second cancer was 45 and 60.5 years of age, respectively, with a median interval of 11 years. Cervical cancer was the most common initial diagnosis (61.7%), whereas head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) was the most common second cancer (57.6%). Conclusion These data suggest differential patterns for development of multiple HPV-related cancers based upon clinical characteristics. Prospective longitudinal and population-based studies are warranted to understand the impact of these findings and opportunities for intervention and screening. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 819–825, 2014
A Dark Side of Seventeenth-Century English Protestantism: The Sin against the Holy Spirit

Every student of Christianity learns how the Protestant Reformation wrested the bible from the clutches of priests and monks. Luther's insistence on scripture's preeminent authority, the spate of vernacular translations, and the invention of movable type all combined to draw literate laypeople to the biblical texts. Once the clerical monoply was broken, Christianity entered a new phase of its history.
EFFECTS OF YIELD SURFACE SHAPE ON SHEET METAL FORMING SIMULATIONS

Three phenomenological yield criteria are adopted to describe the plastic behaviour of sheet metals with normal plastic anisotropy. The sheet metals are assumed to be elastic-plastic, rate-sensitive and incompressible. A rate-sensitive thin shell nite element formulation based on the virtual work principle is derived for the three yield criteria. The eects of the yield surface shapes based on the three yield criteria with the same value of the plastic anisotropy parameter R on the strain distribution and localization are investigated under a hemispherical punch stretching operation and a plane strain drawing operation. The results of the simulations show that the yield surface shape, in addition to the plastic anisotropy parameter R, controls the punch force, strain distribution and strain localization for the punch stretching operation. However, the yield surface shape does not aect the punch force and the strain distribution signicantly for the plane strain drawing operation. ? 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng., 41, 559{584 (1998)
Antibiotic-induced lateral transfer of antibiotic resistance

As do many temperate bacteriophages, integrating conjugative elements (ICEs) recruit the SOS DNA damage response to mobilize themselves from the bacterial chromosome and infect other cells. This transfers resistance to multiple antibiotics. Several commonly used antibiotics induce the SOS response, potentially hastening genetic change and the evolution to resistance of pathogenic populations. The use of such antibiotics should be reconsidered.
Multiple sequence alignment: In pursuit of homologous DNA positions

DNA sequence alignment is a prerequisite to virtually all comparative genomic analyses, including the identification of conserved sequence motifs, estimation of evolutionary divergence between sequences, and inference of historical relationships among genes and species. While it is mere common sense that inaccuracies in multiple sequence alignments can have detrimental effects on downstream analyses, it is important to know the extent to which the inferences drawn from these alignments are robust to errors and biases inherent in all sequence alignments. A survey of investigations into strengths and weaknesses of sequence alignments reveals, as expected, that alignment quality is generally poor for two distantly related sequences and can often be improved by adding additional sequences as stepping stones between distantly related species. Errors in sequence alignment are also found to have a significant negative effect on subsequent inference of sequence divergence, phylogenetic trees, and conserved motifs. However, our understanding of alignment biases remains rudimentary, and sequence alignment procedures continue to be used somewhat like benign formatting operations to make sequences equal in length. Because of the central role these alignments now play in our endeavors to establish the tree of life and to identify important parts of genomes through evolutionary functional genomics, we see a need for increased community effort to investigate influences of alignment bias on the accuracy of large-scale comparative genomics.
Respice, Adspice, and Prospice

The title, “Look to the past, Look to the present, and Look to the future,” the motto of City College of New York, expresses how my family life and education led me to an academic career in physical chemistry and ultimately to a study of proteins. The economic depression of the 1930s left a lasting impression on my outlook and career aspirations. With fortunate experiences at several stages in my life, I was able to participate in the great adventure of the last half of the twentieth century: the revolution in biology that advanced the field of protein chemistry to so great an extent. The future is bright and limitless, with greater understanding of biology yet to come.
The Chimpanzee Model for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Even before the discovery of hepatitis B virus (HBV), it was known that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are susceptible to human hepatitis viruses. The chimpanzee is the only primate animal model for HBV infections. Much like HBV-infected human patients, chimpanzees can develop acute and chronic HBV infections and consequent hepatitis. Chimpanzees also develop a cellular immune response similar to that observed in humans. For these reasons, the chimpanzee has proven to be an invaluable model for investigations on HBV-driven disease pathogenesis and also the testing of novel antiviral therapies and prophylactic approaches.
A New Strategic Partner Selection Method Base on Factor Analysis in the Construction Industry

Partnering can bring mutual benefit for client and contractor in construction industry. There are two types of partnering: project partnering and strategic partnering. Contractor selection is a decisive event for strategic partnering project success, but it is difficult for client select a suitable contractor to set up strategic partnership with tradition contractor selection method. In this paper, the factors of successful strategic partnering were analyzed, and eighteen indictors were selected through investigation and interview, furthermore four determinant factors in the strategic contractor selection were gotten base on the factor analysis method: cooperation willingness, compatibility and continuous learning ability, cooperation ability and flexible ability, which can be as a reference for client to select strategic partners correctly during procurement phase.
Towards a Dirtier World

Would anyone like to buy some triple A derivatives that simultaneously prove to everyone that you are a truly caring person?
VELOCITY PROFILES WITH SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

A re-analysis is presented of velocity profiles from which Coleman [3] concluded that κ is independent of suspended sediment concentration. It is found that the data from the three cited experiment...
Rejecting the Cosmetic Label to Revive the Eighth Amendment

Brock v. Wright, 315 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. 2003). In December 1998, Vincent Brock, a New York state prisoner, suffered a serious knife injury to his face. While the wound healed, the scar formed a keloid,1 which brought daily "throbbing, burning pain."2 This pain could be "more fairly characterized as ... chronic" than extreme,3 but it nonetheless interrupted such common and necessary activities as brushing teeth, eating, yawning, and smiling. Because of his inability to clean his teeth properly, Mr. Brock also suffered significant tooth decay.4 Although he informed medical staff on "numerous occasions" of his problems, and several doctors recommended steroid injections or other treatment,5 Mr. Brock never received the advised care.
Disclaimers and Defined Value Clauses: Christiansen

A South Dakotan attorney who had become a full-time farmer, left her entire estate to her daughter, but she anticipated that her daughter would disclaim some of that property. The article discusses the Christiansen case that examined the validity of that disclaimer as well as of a defined value clause.
Clay Sources, Pottery Production, and Regional Economy in Chalchihuites, Mexico, A. D. 200-900

Pottery and clays from the Chalchihuites region of northwestern Zacatecas are characterized to examine ceramic production and exchange among settlements between A. D. 400 and 900. Instrumental neutron activation and petrographic analysis of 134 pottery and 26 clay samples from three Chalchihuites ceremonial centers identify pottery made from local clays and distinguish pottery found at each center that was not made from local clay deposits. Residents of Alta Vista, the region’s main center, acquired an elaborate painted ware from a second center located 30 km away after A. D. 650. The ceramic compositional data provide a basis for understanding the distance and direction that pottery was exchanged in Chalchihuites as economic activities increased in the region.
Critical evaluation of DNA hybridization studies in avian systematics

-It is frequently claimed that equal rates of DNA evolution are observed in birds, but specific tests necessary to demonstrate this are rarely performed. I demonstrated statistically significant differences in rates of DNA evolution for a few passerine birds that vitiate the role of DNA hybridization as the direct indicator of kinship. The differences in evolutionary rates observed may be substantial enough to introduce ambiguity into the clustering of taxa. Researchers frequently fail to perform the specific experiments needed to distinguish between real differences in relative rates of DNA evolution vs. differences that can be attributed to experimental error. They also fail to draw attention to and account for either erroneous or problematical data for some birds, or fail to perform the experiments necessary to determine the cause of unexpectedly problematical results. The DNA molecular clock is shown to be calibrated using speculative and questionable data. It involves diverse organisms that cannot be shown to evolve at the same rate, and that probably did not. Yet, DNA hybridization is a valuable tool that probably cannot lead one to make major systematic errors providing the data are not incorrect because of technical or computational errors and are taken from a sufficient diversity of relevant taxa. Received 29 November 1985, accepted 8
Agonistic Behavior and Resource Defense among Sympatric Juvenile Pond-Breeding Salamanders

Abstract Interference competition is frequently observed in sexually mature adults as they defend breeding territories. However, it remains unclear in many taxa whether juveniles respond aggressively to other juveniles or if they defend resources. To test whether postmetamorphic juveniles of a pond-breeding amphibian were aggressive towards other juveniles or were defending resources, we staged terrestrial encounters between three species of sympatric Ambystoma salamanders. We observed biting and other aggressive behaviors by juvenile Spotted (Ambystoma maculatum) and Marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum). However, we did not observe aggressive behaviors by Ringed Salamanders (Ambystoma annulatum). In addition to species-level variations in aggression, these three species also differed in whether aggression was targeted primarily intra- or interspecifically. This study suggests that juveniles of pond-breeding amphibians of some species may defend essential habitat with agonistic behavior.
A low-cost, low-latency approach to dynamic immersion in occlusive head-mounted displays

In this poster, we introduce the notion of using LCD panels for controlling the level of immersion provided by head-mounted displays (HMDs). We propose replacing the cowling around typical “ski-goggle” type HMDs with LCD panels of the type used in commodity active-stereo glasses used in movie theaters. The panels can be controlled using very simple stand-alone circuitry and/or a micro-controller to vary the amount of the real world that is visible in the periphery of the user. This can drastically increase the usability of consumer HMDs, because it allows users to see objects in their immediate surroundings (e.g., the keyboard and mouse), can be used to counter cybersickness by providing natural cues when needed, and introduces no added latency into the system. We show several prototypes of our approach using Google Cardboard, and provide some initial thoughts on the systems.
Effect of Ultrasound on Regional Coronary Blood Flow in Normal and Ischemic Canine Myocardium

Studies of the effects of therapeutic ultrasound on blood flow in skeletal muscle have indicated that an increase in flow results from the hyperthermia associated with tissue absorption of the acoustical energy. Some preliminary studies in our laboratories have suggested that coronary blood flow distribution in normal myocardium may be altered by low levels of therapeutic ultrasound. A study is in progress to evaluate the effect of a therapeutic level of ultrasound on regional coronary blood flow in normal and acutely ischemic areas of the canine myocardium. A mechanical effect associated with microacoustical streaming would be an attractive mechanism to provide potential benefit.