cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CLUSTERING AND SEQUENTIAL ORDERING IN MULTITRIAL FREE RECALL AS A FUNCTION OF MEANINGFULNESS

A 15-item CVC list representing 3 categories of meaningfulness (M), High, Medium and Low, was learned for 16 alternating presentation-free-recall trials under conditions of either Immediate (I), or Delayed (D) recall. In the D Condition, a 30-sec. task-filled interval preceded each recall trial. Substantial organization in recall showing both M clustering and sequential ordering occurred primarily in the D Condition. Recall was higher and more stable in the D than in the I Condition. The Low M category was most prominent in contributing to condition differences in recall strategies and performance. Condition differences were attributed to the greater use by I than D Ss of short-term recall strategies. Two possible sources for discriminating the M of a CVC were discussed: (a) the size of its associative hierarchy and (b) its similarity to a word.
Provocation Dose and Discriminant Analysis in Histamine Bronchoprovocation: Are the Current Predictive Data Satisfactory?

In 20 normal subjects (N) and 20 asthmatic patients (A) using bronchodilators as needed, the PD 40 , PD 10 , PD 15 , PD 20 , PD 10T , and PD 20C were measured (PD being provocation dose, subscript being — %Δ in Gaw/VL for PD 40 , lowest FEV 1 for PD 20C , and best FEV 1 for the remaining PDs; 10T means Δ FEV 1 > —10 percent). For discriminant analysis we used an ad hoc graphic (best case) method, a ceiling method based on highest PD in A and two methods (logistic and linear) which considered PDs in both N and A (PD N and PD A , respectively). The distribution of PD N and PD A had substantial overlap and appeared log normal. The PD 15 , PD 20 , and PD 20C displayed the smallest mean misclassification error followed by PD 10T , PD 40 , and PD 10 . The linear and logistic methods produced balanced sensitivity and specificity but, predictably, a misclassification error higher than that of the graphic method. The ceiling method proved unsatisfactory with 100 percent sensitivity but ≈60 percent specificity. Using linear and logistic methods, the posttest likelihood of asthma could be expressed as a function of its pretest likelihood and level of PD recorded. We concluded that: (1) the most discriminant PDs are PD 20 , PD 15 and PD 20c ; and (2) new normative data for diagnostic bronchoprovocation are needed, because: (a) when PD A and PD N overlap, the currently used ceiling method leads to a high misclassification rate, while the linear and logistic method based on mathematical model have a better discriminant ability; (b) to separate PD A from PD N and allow the application of the ceiling method, “as-needed bronchodilators” is not a reproducible criterion. (Chest 1988; 94:466-75)
Monte Carlo simulation of energy transfer rates: application to downward energy transfer within the 825 nm absorption band of the FMO complex of Prosthechochloris aestuarii

Splitting of the individual subunit absorptions of the FMO complex of Prosthechochloris aestuarii due to disorder is determined by Monte Carlo simulation. The simulations accurately reproduce the 825 nm absorption band and indicate an upper limit for the inter-subunit coupling of 10 cm � 1 . From the simulations, rates for downward energy transfer between subunits can be determined using the spectral density determined from hole burning (J. Phys. Chem. B 104 (2000) 9564). On average the splitting between adjacent energy levels is B25 cm � 1 and the energy transfer rate for relaxation between such levels is equal. Relaxation from the top to lowest level is significantly slower. This is in contrast with the experimental finding that relaxation from the top to bottom levels occurs at about twice the rate for the other two relaxations. Further, the rates determined do not agree with the observed variation of zero-phonon hole width and photon echo dephasing times with frequency. The possible involvement of Herzberg–Teller-like dark modes with a peak near 50 cm � 1 is discussed. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Chromosome Numbers, Phytogeography, and Evolution in Kosteletzkya (Malvaceae)

Abstract Kosteletzkya C. Presl includes 17 species that are about evenly distributed between Africa and the northern Neotropics. The seven species with known chromosome numbers are exclusively diploid (n = 19). Here, 47 new chromosome counts are reported and the nomenclature of five of the earlier-counted species is updated. The counts confirm chromosome numbers for six species and provide first counts for eight species. Four of the latter, all African, are tetraploids, and another African species is a hexaploid. Amphi-Atlantic distributions and polyploidy in other malvoid groups are considered. Polyploidy evidence suggests an African origin for the genus.
Shock-elicited behaviors in paired gerbils

Pairs of shocked gerbils showed agonistic behaviors in encounters that were terminated when one animal showed a clearly submissive response. Intense aggression diminished, encounter durations decreased, and males won encounters increasingly more than females over days as a reliable dominance hierarchy was established.
FACTERA: a practical method for the discovery of genomic rearrangements at breakpoint resolution

Summary: For practical and robust de novo identification of genomic fusions and breakpoints from targeted paired-end DNA sequencing data, we developed Fusion And Chromosomal Translocation Enumeration and Recovery Algorithm (FACTERA). Our method has minimal external dependencies, works directly on a preexisting Binary Alignment/Map file and produces easily interpretable output. We demonstrate FACTERA’s ability to rapidly identify breakpoint-resolution fusion events with high sensitivity and specificity in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, including novel rearrangements. We anticipate that FACTERA will be broadly applicable to the discovery and analysis of clinically relevant fusions from both targeted and genome-wide sequencing datasets. Availability and implementation: http://factera.stanford.edu. Contact: ude.drofnats@ahsara or ude.drofnats@nheid Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Prospective blinded trial of a fecal antigen test for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: We prospectively studied an FDA-approved stool test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection based on the detection of antigens shed in stool. METHODS: We studied 108 patients undergoing endoscopy. Stool samples were collected on the day of the endoscopy and read in a blinded manner by a technician who was unaware of the findings of the endoscopy. The results of stool testing were compared to those of the rapid urease test (Pyloritek). RESULTS: There were 51 patients infected with H. pylori by rapid urease testing and 57 who were not. The sensitivity of the stool test was 86% (95% confidence interval: 77–96%), the specificity was 91% (81–97%), with a positive predictive value of 89% (77–96%) and a negative predictive value of 88% (81–97%). The likelihood ratio for a positive test was 10.18 and the likelihood ratio for a negative test was 0.11. CONCLUSIONS: The stool test was sensitive and specific for the detection of H. pylori in a U.S. population.
Adaptive Control of a Pneumatic Valve Actuator for an Internal Combustion Engine

Electro-pneumatic valve actuators are used to eliminate the cam shafts of a traditional internal combustion engine. They are used to control the opening timing, duration, and lift of both intake and exhaust valves. In order to develop model-based control strategies, a control oriented model was developed by piece-wisely linearizing the physics-based nonlinear system model. In this paper, an adaptive valve lift control strategy was developed to improve the intake valve lift repeatability. The model reference adaptive system identification technique was employed to estimate system parameters needed for generating feedforward control signals for the closed-loop control scheme. The closed-loop lift control strategies, along with the model reference feedforward control, were developed and implemented in a prototype controller, and validated on a valve test bench with multiple reference valve lifts at both 1200 and 5000 r/min engine speeds. The experiment results showed that the actual valve lift reached the reference lift within 0.5 mm of lift error in one cycle at 1200 r/min and in two cycles at 5000 r/min. The maximum steady-state lift errors were less than 0.4 mm at high valve lift and less than 1.3 mm at low valve lift. Furthermore, the closed-loop valve lift control improved valve lift repeatability with more than 30% reduction of standard deviation over the open-loop control.
The adaptive significance of trunk inclination on slopes: a commentary

A recent study explored the adaptive significance of trunk inclination for trees growing on steep slopes. The authors used an optimality argument to predict how much a tree should respond to sidelight. Their calculations of the costs of leaning are flawed, because: (i) leaf mass has an allometric relationship with total volume, rather than being a fixed proportion of wood mass; (ii) the cost of support wood tissue is mainly a growth rate cost, not a maintenance respiration cost; (iii) small trees are sufficiently elastic to need very little support tissue, and thus they have a different risk structure; and (iv) most crown gaps are ephemeral rather than permanent, which also changes the risk equation. The argument I proposed in a previous study, addressing exactly the same question, is that canopy species are under selective pressure to maintain a strong central trunk that will reach the canopy and thus should not respond to sidelight. A reproductive value model is presented to illustrate this evolutionary question. Small, short-lived species or those from habitats with permanent openings (such as river margins) should be responsive. Both my previous data and the data of the other study support my model, but the model in the other study leaves many facts unexplained.
Foraging optimally for home ranges

Abstract Economic models predict behavior of animals based on the presumption that natural selection has shaped behaviors important to an animal's fitness to maximize benefits over costs. Economic analyses have shown that territories of animals are structured by trade-offs between benefits gained from resources and costs of defending them. Intuitively, home ranges should be similarly structured, but trade-offs are difficult to assess because there are no costs of defense, thus economic models of home-range behavior are rare. We present economic models that predict how home ranges can be efficient with respect to spatially distributed resources, discounted for travel costs, under 2 strategies of optimization, resource maximization and area minimization. We show how constraints such as competitors can influence structure of homes ranges through resource depression, ultimately structuring density of animals within a population and their distribution on a landscape. We present simulations based on these model...
Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen and Two Independent T-Antigen Segments Sensitize Cells to Apoptosis following Genotoxic Damage

The simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor (T) antigen is sufficient to transform cells in cultures and induce tumors in experimental animals. Transformation of primary cells in cultures requires both overcoming growth arrest by stimulating the cell cycle and blocking cell death activities presumably activated by oncogene-mediated hyperproliferation signals. The study presented here examined the ability of specific regions and activities of T antigen to modulate apoptosis in cells treated with the genotoxic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The results showed that the expression of full-length T antigen rendered rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) sensitive to 5-FU-induced apoptosis. Thus, neither the p53-binding region nor the Bcl-2 homology region of T antigen was sufficient to prevent cell death induced by the DNA-damaging agent. T-antigen-mediated sensitization occurred independently of retinoblastoma protein or p53 and p300 binding. An N-terminal segment containing the first 127 T-antigen amino acids (T1-127) was sufficient to sensitize cells. A C-terminal segment consisting of T-antigen amino acids 251 to 708 (T251-708) also sensitized cells to 5-FU-induced apoptosis. This sensitization did not occur when T251-708 was targeted to the nucleus by inclusion of the SV40 nuclear localization signal. The introduction of mutations into the T-antigen J domain resulted in mutation-specific and variable inhibition of apoptosis. This result suggested that either the structural or the functional integrity of the J domain is required to sensitize cells to apoptosis. Treatment of REF or REF expressing full-length T antigen, an N-terminal segment, or T251-708 resulted in increased expression of the p53-responsive MDM2 gene; apoptosis occurred through a p53-dependent pathway, as p53-null cells expressing these T antigens were resistant to 5-FU-induced apoptosis. Possible mechanisms involved in sensitizing cells to a p53-dependent apoptosis pathway in spite of the ability of T antigen to bind and inactivate the transcriptional transactivating activity of p53 are discussed.
Being an iPadist

This column offers the personal reflections of the author on being a member of the band Touch, an iPad performing ensemble composed of music education faculty members and doctoral students at the University of South Florida. The ensemble primarily performed its own arrangements of popular music selections from a number of genres including, but not limited to, rock, hip-hop, and classical. The group began when the iPad was created by Apple in 2010 and had been performing all over the Tampa Bay (Florida) region, Texas, and Georgia, at the time of this publication. In this article, the reflections of the author are presented to inform the profession on how tablet technology can be used in the music performance arena and on how these devices can function as musical instruments in the general music classroom.
Behavioral health and behavioral medicine: frontiers for a new health psychology.

Developments over the past decade in psychology, in medicine, in funding institutions such as the National Institutes of Health, and in industry make clear that the rapidly growing areas of behavioral medi- cine and behavioral health are presenting psychology as well as its sister professions with new opportunities for training, research, and practice. Specific develop- ments within psychology leading to the establishment of APA's Division 38 (Health Psychology) are traced. Also traced are some activities on the national level that have led to the development of organizations with a more interdisciplinary focus. Despite a modicum of overselling in some quarters, behavioral health- and health psychology appear to be ideas whose time has come. Some writers appear to be using the terms be- havioral health, behavioral medicine, and health psychology as synonyms. It is proposed here, how- ever, that henceforth we use the term behavioral medicine for that broad interdisciplinary field of scientific inquiry, education, and practice which concerns itself with health and illness or related dysfunction (e.g., essential hypertension, choles- terolemia, stress disorders, addictive smoking, obesity, etc.); the term behavioral health for a new interdisciplinary subspecialty within behavioral medicine specifically concerned with the mainte- nance of health and the prevention of illness and dysfunction in currently healthy persons; and the term health psychology as a more discipline-specific term encompassing psychology's role as a science and profession in both of these domains. Although each of these terms made its lexical appearance only within the past several years, the idea of the exquisitely delicate and finely tuned relationship between mind and body that they embody is found in the earliest writings of civilization dating back to 5000 B.C. (Ehrenwald, 1976). The name of this mind-body field, has varied from century to century and recently from generation to genera- tion, changing in the 20th century from psycho-
Weakly nonlinear surface waves over a random seabed

We study the effects of multiple scattering of slowly modulated water waves by a weakly random bathymetry. The combined effects of weak nonlinearity, dispersion and random irregularities are treated together to yield a nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a complex damping term. Implications for localization and side-band instability are discussed. Transmission and nonlinear evolution of a wave packet past a finite strip of disorder is examined.
Evidence for a major gene accounting for mild elevation in LDL cholesterol: the NHLBI Family Heart Study.

Studies of rare Mendelian disorders of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) metabolism have identified specific genetic mutations in the LDL receptor and apolipoprotein B. Although these rare mutations account for a small proportion of LDL-C variation, twin and adoption studies indicate that at least 50% of the overall LDL-C observed variation is genetically determined. In a heterogeneous sample of 3227 subjects from the NHLBI Family Heart Study collected from four US centres, we find evidence for a common major gene accounting for mild elevations (1.25 standard deviations) in LDL-C. The analysis favored a recessive model with a frequency of 0.52 for the gene influencing elevated LDL-C, phenotypic means of 113 mg/dl for the normal genotypes and 146 mg/dl for the abnormal genotype, and a significant polygenic heritability. This statistically-inferred major gene accounted for 24% of the variation in LDL-C, with polygenes accounting for another 28% of the variation. Using parameters for major gene transmission estimated in the segregation analysis, LDL-C showed no linkage to the LDL receptor gene ( LDLR ), nor to the apolipoprotein E gene ( APOE ), nor to the cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene ( CYP7A1 ), indicating the major gene effect influencing mild elevation in LDL-C is not explained by any of these candidate loci.
Spectraplakins: Master orchestrators of cytoskeletal dynamics

The dynamics of different cytoskeletal networks are coordinated to bring about many fundamental cellular processes, from neuronal pathfinding to cell division. Increasing evidence points to the importance of spectraplakins in integrating cytoskeletal networks. Spectraplakins are evolutionarily conserved giant cytoskeletal cross-linkers, which belong to the spectrin superfamily. Their genes consist of multiple promoters and many exons, yielding a vast array of differential splice forms with distinct functions. Spectraplakins are also unique in their ability to associate with all three elements of the cytoskeleton: F-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Recent studies have begun to unveil their role in a wide range of processes, from cell migration to tissue integrity.
Low Energy Electron Microscopy for Semiconductor Applications

A novel low energy electron microscope (LEEM) aimed at improving the throughput and extending the applications for semiconductor devices has been developed. A dual beam approach, where two beams with different landing energies illuminate the field of view, is used to mitigate the charging effects when the LEEM is used to image semiconductor substrates with insulating or composite (insulator, semiconductor, metal) surfaces. We have experimentally demonstrated this phenomenon by imaging a variety of semiconductor device wafers without deleterious charging effects. Results from several important semiconductor device layers will be illustrated in detail.
Linear-eddy modelling of turbulent transport. Part 3. Mixing and differential molecular diffusion in round jets

The linear-eddy model of turbulent mixing represents a spatially developing flow by simulating the time development along a comoving transverse line. Along this line, scalar quantities evolve by molecular diffusion and by randomly occurring spatial rearrangements, representing turbulent convection. The modelling approach, previously applied to homogeneous turbulence and to planar shear layers, is generalized to axisymmetric flows. This formulation captures many features of jet mixing, including differential molecular diffusion effects. A novel experiment involving two unmixed species in the nozzle fluid is proposed and analysed.
A Comparative Study of the DNS Design with DHT-Based Alternatives

The current Domain Name System (DNS) follows a hierarchical tree structure. Several recent efforts proposed to re-implement DNS as a peer-to-peer network with a flat structure that uses Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) to improve the system availability. In this paper we compare the performance and availability of these two designs, enabled by caching and redundancy in both cases. We show that the caching and redundancy mechanisms in each design are closely bound to its system structure. We further demonstrate that each of the two system structures provides unique advantages over the other, while each has its own shortcomings. Using analysis and tracedriven simulations, we show that hierarchical structure enables high performance caching and that DHT structures provide high degree of robustness against targeted attacks. We further show that the current DNS design offers engineering flexibilities which have been utilized to optimize system performance under typical Internet failures and traffic loads, and which can be further extended to overcome DNS weaknesses against the aforementioned attacks.
Function of metabolic and organelle networks in crowded and organized media

(Macro)molecular crowding and the ability of the ubiquitous cytoskeleton to dynamically polymerize-depolymerize are prevalent cytoplasmic conditions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Protein interactions, enzymatic or signaling reactions - single, sequential or in complexes - whole metabolic pathways and organelles can be affected by crowding, the type and polymeric status of cytoskeletal proteins (e.g. tubulin, actin), and their imparted organization. The self-organizing capability of the cytoskeleton can orchestrate metabolic fluxes through entire pathways while its fractal organization can frame the scaling of activities in several levels of organization. The intracellular environment dynamics (e.g. biochemical reactions) is dominated by the orderly cytoskeleton and the intrinsic randomness of molecular crowding. Existing evidence underscores the inherent capacity of intracellular organization to generate emergent global behavior. Yet unknown is the relative impact on cell function provided by organelle or functional compartmentation based on transient proteins association driven by weak interactions (quinary structures) under specific environmental challenges or functional conditions (e.g. hypoxia, division, differentiation). We propose a qualitative, integrated structural-functional model of cytoplasmic organization based on a modified version of the Sierspinsky-Menger-Mandelbrot sponge, a 3D representation of a percolation cluster, and examine its capacity to accommodate established experimental facts.
Awakening Leviathan: The Effect of Democracy on State Capacity, 1960-2009

Although researchers have often considered democracy and state capacity to be key predictors of cross-national variations in human welfare, few have investigated the relationship between the two variables themselves. Employing a time-series cross-national dataset from 1960 to 2009, we document that democracy has a positive, causal effect on state capacity. Our results prove robust to a large set of potential confounders and alternative coding of key variables. To further address the problem of endogeneity, we use an instrumental variable strategy that exploits plausibly exogenous variations in regional democratic diffusions. We also provide suggestive evidence that democratic institutions enhance state capacity through increasing political contestation. By uncovering the essential yet often overlooked role of democracy in state-building, these findings contribute to the ongoing debate over political institutions and human development.
Biopsy Interpretation—Light Microscopy

Because the interpretation of gastrointestinal mucosal biopsy specimens requires considerable skill, it merits the same specialization within pathology that has been so useful in the interpretation of needle biopsy specimens of the liver, lung, and kidney.1–3 There is no substitute for experience. Thus it is desirable to have a select group of pathologists with a major interest in gastrointestinal histopathology interpret the biopsies.
Communication at Farmers’ Markets: Commodifying Relationships, Community and Morality

Consumers are increasingly using their purchasing power to enact their politics and activism. I examine how consumption at farmers’ markets fits into this trend. The consumption of local and organi...
Structure of the Retinae of the Principal Eyes of Jumping Spiders (Salticidae: Dendryphantinae) in Relation to Visual Optics

1. The retinae of the principal (AM) eyes of jumping spiders contain four layers of receptors, one behind the other with respect to the incident light. The distribution of receptors in each layer has been determined. 2. The deepest layers (1 and 2) cover the whole area of the retina, and have the greatest density of receptors. The minimum receptor separation is 1.7 µm., or 11 min. visual angle. The more superficial layers (3 and 4) are confined to the central region of the retina. 3. In layers 1, 2 and 3 the rhabdomere-containing segments are rod-shaped, and are parallel to the incident light. In layer 4 they are ovoid, and are oriented approximately at right angles to the light. 4. At the first optic glomerulus the primary fibres from each receptor layer appear to terminate in separate regions of neuropile. 5. The focal lengths, radii of curvature and refractive indices of the lenses of the principal and side eyes have been measured. For the principal eyes, estimates have also been made of the diffraction limit, the depth of focus, and the magnitudes of chromatic and spherical aberration. 6. The normal position of the image in the eye was found by ophthalmoscopy. For blue-green light, the best image of distant objects is formed on the next-to-deepest layer (2). 7. The deepest layer (1) is conjugate with a plane about 2 cm. in front of the animal for blue-green light, or with infinity for red light, because of the eye9s chromatic aberration. 8. Two theories are offered to account for the retinal layering. Either the spider uses different layers to examine maximally sharp images of objects at different dis tances; or each layer exploits the sharpest image of distant objects, but for light of different wavelengths. 9. Optical considerations indicate that either theory is possible, but the seconds (wavelength) theory is the more probable, because jumping spiders are known to possess colour vision. It predicts that layer 1 receptors contain red-sensitive, layer 2 blue-green sensitive and layer 3 violet-ultraviolet Sensitive pigments. 10. The structural peculiarities of the most superficial layer (4), and the fact that it is not conjugate with any plane in front of the animal for any visible wavelength, suggest that it is not resolving an image, but performing some other function. Reasons are given for thinking that this might be the analysis of the pattern of polarization of skylight.
A Comparison between the Researches on Engineering Philosophy in China and in the West

Comparing the development of engineering philosophy in China with that in the West in the early time of this century,we find that there are both similarities and differences in the theory sources as well as the remarkable achievements of the researches on engineering philosophy home and abroad.The instructive suggestions from this comparison are of great importance for the research on engineering philosophy in China.
MICRO-DETERMINATION OF SULFUR IN NATURAL GAS BY FLUOROPHOTOMETRY

A fluorophotometric method for the determination of the micro quantity of sulfurin natural gas is reported.Organic sulfur compounds are first hydrogenolyzed at 900℃by hydrogen with platinum catalyst to hydrogen sulfide,the volume ratio of the gassample to the carrier gas being 1:10.The hydrogen sulfide formed is first absorbed bysodium hydroxide solution and then determined after the addition of mercury fluo-rescein by measuring the extent of depression of the fluorescence.This method is foundto be simple,facile and rapid.Each detemination requires about 20 minutes.Due toits wide measurement range and high sensitivity,amount of sulfur within the rangeof 0.02～1000ppm may be accurately de,trained.The perceive of average deviationis less than 15％ for sulfur below 1 ppm level.
Low Temperature Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Semiconductor Thin Films for Surface Passivation of Photovoltaic Devices

Three II-VI wide bandgap compound semiconductors have been investigated for surface passivation of various photovoltaic devices. First part of this work focuses on the surface passivation of HgCdTe IR detectors using CdTe. A new metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process has been developed that involves depositing CdTe films at much lower temperature (< 175°C) than the conventional processes used till now. Deposition rate as high as 420nm/h was obtained using this novel experimental setup. Favorable conformal coverage on high aspect ratio HgCdTe devices along with a significant minority carrier lifetime improvement was obtained. Another II-VI semiconductor, namely, CdS was investigated as a surface passivant for HgCdTe IR detectors. It was deposited by MOCVD as well as atomic layer deposition (ALD) and was studied for optimal conformal coverage on high aspect ratio structures. Surface passivation of p-type Si wafer has also been demonstrated using p-ZnTe grown by MOCVD, for possible application in solar cells. Preliminary work showed a remarkable improvement in the minority carrier lifetime of Si light absorbing layer after passivation with a thin layer of ZnTe.
Effect of a Season of Collegiate Swimming Competition and Training on Selected Responses

Abstract Eigth varsity swimmers were tested on 5 occasions with approximately 5 weeks between tests beginning with a test administered at the onset of the swimming season and ending with the last test administered at the conclusion of the season. The swimmers were measured and tested for maximal VO2 (ml/kg/min), maximal VE, VE/VO2, FVC, leg power, upper arm and shoulder endurance, percent body fat, and weight. ANOVA revealed significant inseason mean differences among the tests in percent body fat, FVC, endurance dips, and maximal VE. Polynomial regression statistics, however, revealed only one significant trend in the season. That occurred in endurance dips that exhibited a significant linear regression trend in a positive direction. Therefore, the significant differences that did take place among the tests in the other variables, did not occur in any predictable fashion.
The Co-Evolution of Marriage and Parental Rights of Gays and Lesbians

ABSTRACTHistorically, federal and state legislation placed different conditions on same- and opposite-sex couples' ability to marry, adopt, or exercise their parental rights. Given the historical intertwining of marriage and parenting, legal issues remain hinged on differing conceptions of marriage and what constitutes a legal family in the United States, especially for same-sex partners compared to their different-sexed couple counterparts. This article provides a historical review of decisions that serve as the foundation for queer parenting rights in the United States. A key focus is on the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) marriage decision on queer parenting and its relevance to researchers and practitioners whose work involves queer families. State discrepancies continue to exist for the treatment of parental rights in spite of the legalization of same-sex marriage. Finally, suggestions are provided for future directions for the field.
Three-Fifths Clause -- Article I, Section 2, Clause 3

This essay discusses the three-fifths clause in the Constitution, which governed how slaves were to be counted for purposes of apportioning both representation in the House of representatives and direct tax obligations among the states. That provision is often misunderstood. It was part of a critical compromise that made the Constitution possible, but insofar as representation was concerned, it was the North that resisted counting slaves at all and the South that wanted (for reasons of self-interest, of course) to count slaves as full persons. When it came to counting slaves for purposes of apportioning direct taxes among the states, the roles of North and South were reversed.
Coordinated control of distribution grid and electric vehicle loads

Abstract Electric vehicle (EV) charging results in unusual power peaks during low energy prices, which can have adverse impacts on distribution grid operation. Therefore, coordinated dispatch of EV loads including the operational constraints of distribution grid is essential. However, a centralized approach to solve this problem is computationally challenging task. This work proposes a bi-level hierarchical vehicle-grid (VG) optimization framework. In the hierarchy, optimal operation of the distribution grid is considered in one level, while the optimal operation of EVs is carried out in another level. The proposed framework consists of comprehensive mathematical modelling of distribution system components, EVs, and operational constraints. The proposed framework is applied to coordinate charging of hundreds of EVs in the IEEE 34-node three-phase unbalanced distribution system. Case studies demonstrate that the hierarchical VG optimization framework provides benefits to the distribution grid operations as well as to the EV owners.
Respiratory toxicity biomarkers

The advancement in high throughput genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic techniques has accelerated the pace of lung biomarker discovery. A recent growth in the discovery of new lung toxicity/disease biomarkers has led to significant advances in our understanding of pathological processes and targeted therapeutic approaches. The ability to sample lung tissue components by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) presents a unique opportunity to determine very specific biomarkers of lung toxicity, in addition to biomarkers assessment in blood and other body fluids. The identity of inhaled materials as exposure biomarkers in the BAL fluid, sputum, exhaled breath, blood or urine can provide the identity of injury causing agents. The toxicity biomarkers associated with different types of lung injuries and diseases range from biomarkers of inflammation and injury (cytokines, growth factors, thrombosis regulatory molecules, proteases and antiproteases, acute phase proteins, structural lung components) to novel miRNA, microparticles, and progenitor cells that are predictive of lung diseases.
Dose response to chlorthalidone in patients with mild hypertension; Efficacy of a lower dose

A multicenter study of chlorthalidone was performed to determine the relative antihypertensive efficacy and side effects of doses lower than those usually recommended for therapy. After a 4-wk placebo control period 100 patients with mild hypertension were randomly assigned doubleblind to 12.5-, 25-, 50-, or 75-mg regimens of chlorthalidone or to placebo for 12 wk. The groups of patients taking 25, 50, and 75 mg had declines in blood pressure which were not significantly different from each other. Serum potassium decreased in the 50- and 75-mg groups but not significantly in the 25-mg group. We conclude that chlorthalidone, 25 mg daily, was at least as effective for hypertension as 50 and 75 mg with less perturbation of potassium. Use of smaller initial diuretic doses may provide equal efficacy with fewer side effects for many patients.
Chronic Disease Self-Management and Behavior Change Attitudes in Older Adults: A Mixed-Method Feasibility Study

The population of older adults with chronic disease is increasing, yet little is known about their perception of chronic disease and self-management. To develop successful and sustainable chronic d...
High-growth entrepreneurial firm funding: a qualitative study of native-born and immigrant entrepreneurs

AbstractThis qualitative study explores the financing choices of high-growth entrepreneurial firms established by native-born and immigrant entrepreneurs. Native-born and immigrant entrepreneurs are shown to pursue different financing approaches and strategies. Native-born entrepreneurs pursue multiple sources of financing, while immigrant entrepreneurs tend to rely on a single source of funding. In contrast to immigrant entrepreneurs who suggest bootstrapping as their preferred choice of financing, native-born entrepreneurs recommend bootstrapping as an initial source of funding, to be supplemented later by other external financing sources (e.g. banks, VC funds, business angels). Furthermore, native-born entrepreneurs solicit loans from large banks, while immigrant entrepreneurs seek loans from small local (community) banks. Finally, native-born entrepreneurs actively seek equity-based financing such as venture capital and business angel financing, while immigrant entrepreneurs avoid equity financing.
20. – REINFORCEMENT OF BEHAVIOR BY MORPHINE INJECTIONS*

* Supported by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grants DA 01505, DA 00499, MH 07658 and MH 02094 with facilities and services furnished in part by the New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (U.S. Public Health Service Grant RR 00168, Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health). We wish to thank Drs. W.H. Morse, R.T. Kelleher and R.D. Spealman for helpful comments about the manuscript.
Manipulation of magnetic nanorod clusters in liquid by non-uniform alternating magnetic fields

It is discovered that a non-uniform alternating magnetic field can induce a translational motion of an anisotropic magnetic particle or cluster near a surface. Unlike a permanent magnet pulling a magnetic particle, the particle moves away from the magnetic source with a periodic fluctuation in its trajectory that varies with a frequency that is twice that of the field frequency. The moving speed can be tuned by varying the magnetic field strength and gradient, its alternating frequency, and the particle size. A hydrodynamic model is developed that can qualitatively explain all of the phenomena observed. Such a simple particle manipulation method has a great potential in applications such as cell biology and microfluidics.
Polyaniline: Synthesis and Characterization of the Emeraldine Oxidation State by Elemental Analysis

Detailed experimental procedures are given for the chemical synthesis from aniline of analytically pure emeraldine hydrochloride, a highly conducting polymer derived from the emeraldine oxidation state of polyaniline, which contains equal numbers of oxidized and reduced repeat units, the non-protonated base form of which has the composition,. In the as-synthesized polymer, ∼ 42% of the nitrogen atoms are protonated i.e. “doped”. Treatment of this material with 1.0M aqueous HCl gives by elemental analysis, the most highly conducting (metallic) form of the emeraldine oxidation state of polyaniline in which 50% of the nitrogen atoms are protonated. Experimental details are given for converting the as-formed emeraldine hydrochloride to analytically pure emeraldine base. The conductivities of samples of emeraldine base protonated by aqueous HCl to various extents as determined by elemental analysis are reported. Electrochemical studies involving the emeraldine base are consistent with its having a composition very close to the proposed composition involving equal numbers of oxidized and reduced repeat units.
Using synthetic biology to interface with physical micro and nano-sized sensors (Conference Presentation)

This talk will discuss the current goals and efforts of point of care and personal health monitoring systems: what they can do now and what is in the works. These interfaces can be used in a precision medicine context—making diagnoses and getting the right drugs to the right patients at the right time. Many of the same sensors and engineering are being prototyped now for neural interfaces and recording devices with applications in visual, auditory, and motor cortex, allowing basic research along with preliminary applications in actuation and sensing. While miniaturization and electronics development using established manufacturing protocols can provide the current engineering foundations, novel biochemical ligands and molecular detectors can provide the needed flexibility for next-generation devices.
A Quasi-Eulerian Fluid-Structure Code for Simulation of High-Pressure Transients in Core Components

The STRAW code was developed for the analysis of core components subjected to high-pressure transients. It is a finite element code that models both the fluid and structures. The code is able to tr...
Salt and Water Balance in Frogs

Abstract The accepted model for regulation of salt and water in frogs and other aquatic vertebrates (1) has been modified for frogs to accord with results of measurements of fluxes of sodium ion and water using methods in which the effects of measuring procedures on normal function of control mechanisms is minimized. The model includes two control loops. One, activated by an increase in concentration of sodium ion in plasma, acts through increased secretion of the hormone Arg Vasotocin, and other effects tending to conserve H 2 O and increase influx of H 2 O. The other, activated by an increase in water potential (decrease in osmotic pressure or concentration) of the plasma, or by increased extracellular fluid volume, acts through increased secretion of the hormone Aldosterone and other actions tending to conserve Na + and promote uptake of this ion, thus decreasing the water potential of the blood plasma.
Generalized Bloch mode synthesis for accelerated calculation of elastic band structures

Abstract The Bloch mode synthesis (BMS) model-reduction method adapts component mode synthesis techniques to unit-cell problems in order to obtain a reduced-order model that quickly produces band-structure frequencies for any wave vector, or vice versa. Fundamental to BMS is a partitioning of the real-space model into interior and boundary components, and subsequent reduction of the interior via truncated normal mode expansion. In this paper, two enhancements are presented for the BMS method that reduce both computation time and error in band-structure calculations. The first enhancement improves the accuracy of the interior reduction by approximating the participation of the residual modes rather than simply truncating them. The original formulation of BMS includes a modal reduction of the boundary that must be recomputed for every wave vector. This limits computational benefits and prevents the reduced-order model from being useful for the inverse band-structure problem (i.e., the k ( ω ) calculation). The second enhancement is a local boundary reduction that is independent of wave vector and thus does not suffer from the aforementioned limitations.
School Learning as Compliance or Creation

In light of educational reforms in recent years, there has been a de facto recasting of the aims of school learning. With heightened emphasis on students correctly answering questions posed to them, using prescribed methods, as well as rigid guidelines for teachers’ lessons and strict performance goals for schools, schooling has come to emphasize compliant performance. This is contrasted with a constructivist emphasis on nurturing each student’s thought to its fullest potential. In this view, the goal is not performance on a test, but individuals who ask questions, pursue their own answers, and engage in discourse with their peers about such matters. It is argued that this has important implications for democratic societies and personal fulfillment.
An Integrative Approach to Psychotherapy: A Case Study of Ms. B:

In the case of Ms. B, the integration of faith and psychology was a critical approach facilitating the achievement of several treatment gains. This article provides a glimpse into a therapeutic rel...
The Language-Action Approach: Information Systems Supporting Social Actions

The Language-Action Perspective (LAP) approach, with the premise that people perform actions through communication, provides an appropriate framework for analyzing and designing information systems matching the needs of today’s information and communication technology (ICT)-intensive organizations. The LAP approach considers that work in organizations is performed through communication and coordination among its workers. Therefore, according to the LAP approach, purpose of the information systems is to support social actions. Language-action theories provide information systems researchers guidance to gain a comprehensive understanding on how people can use communication to create, control, and maintain social interactions in the organizational context. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the LAP approach and its main theoretical foundation Habermas’ theory of communicative action along with a discussion on the differences between ­traditional view and LAP view of information systems.
Seizure outcomes after corpus callosotomy for drop attacks.

BACKGROUND Medically intractable epilepsy involving drop attacks can be difficult to manage and negatively affect quality of life. Most studies investigating the effect of corpus callosotomy (CC) on seizures have been limited, focusing on the pediatric population or drop seizures alone, with little attention to other factors influencing seizure outcome. OBJECTIVE To assess seizure outcomes after CC in adults and children. METHODS Retrospective analysis was performed on all patients who underwent CC (anterior two thirds, 1- or 2-stage complete) at our institution between 1990 and 2011. Change in frequency after CC was assessed for drop seizures and other seizure types. Multiple factors were evaluated for impact on seizure outcome. RESULTS Fifty patients met inclusion criteria. The median age was 1.5 years at seizure onset and 17 years at time of surgery. Anterior two-thirds CC was performed in 28 patients, 1-stage complete in 17, and 2-stage complete in 5. All 3 groups experienced a significant decrease in drop seizures (P < .001, P < .001, and P = .020, respectively), with 40% experiencing complete resolution, and 64% dropping at least 1 frequency category. Other seizure types significantly decreased in anterior two-thirds CC and 1-stage complete (P = .0035, P = .001, respectively). Younger age at surgery correlated with better seizure outcomes (P = .043). CONCLUSION CC for medically refractory generalizing epilepsy is effective for both drop seizures and other seizure types. CC should be considered soon after a patient has been deemed medically refractory because earlier age at surgery results in lower risk and better outcome.
The Moral Construction of Risk

The development of a sociology of morality calls for engagement with what Max Weber considered the world of facts and the world of values. Increasingly, what people know to be true, good, right, healthy or dangerous is communicated through the language of risk. Morality and risk intersect at boundaries and borders of all kinds, in techniques of governance, and in the discourse of cultural narratives and codes. Exploring diverse perspectives on the reality of risk helps us to recognize and understand varieties of moral discourse. This chapter examines literature from various risk perspectives that emphasizes the connections between morality and risk, allowing us to see how different attitudes toward the reality of risk lead to a focus on particular aspects of morality. I argue for a weak constructionist/cultural-symbolic perspective as offering the broadest avenues for research into how morality and risk intersect. This perspective allows for an understanding of morality as a potential means of social control; but also allows investigation into the ways affectively laden cultural narratives help individuals, groups, and nations constitute themselves as socially embedded moral actors.