cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of the first examples of 1,3,2‐diazastibole and 1,3,2‐diazabismole ring compounds

Reaction of either 9,10-phenanthrenedione (phenanthrenequinone) or diphenylethanedione (benzil) with two equivalents of Li[N(SiMe3)2], followed by quenching of the reaction with excess ClSiMe3, produces the corresponding N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)-α-diimines in high yields (85–95%). Subsequent dehalosilylation/ring-closure reactions with SbCl3 and BiCl3 produce, in 90–95% yields, the first examples of 1,3,2-diazaheterole ring compounds containing antimony or bismuth. These 2-chloro-1,3,2-diazaheteroles can be further functionalized at the pnictogen by reaction with, for example, Li[N(SiMe3)2], to produce the corresponding 2-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido-1,3,2-diazaheteroles. All of these new main group element–containing heterocycles have been characterized through 1H and 13C NMR, elemental analysis, and two of the diazastiboles have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis, confirming the ring structures. Both of these diazastiboles exist as associated dimers in the solid state; half of the dimer represents the asymmetric unit. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 10: 423–429, 1999
Implementing Adlerian Sand Tray Therapy With Adult Male Substance Abuse Offenders: A Phenomenological Inquiry

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the perceptions of adult male substance offenders who experienced sand tray therapy as an adjunct to their cognitive behavioral rehabilitative treatment. Results indicate a positive experience for participants. Implications for counselors are discussed.
Regional phase correction of inversion-recovery MR images.

Many MR imaging systems are limited in their ability to successfully display inversion-recovery images. The reason is that part of the contrast is encoded as phase differences between pixels, whereas in the more commonly used spin-echo pulse sequence all the information is contained in the pixel magnitude. Inversion-recovery images are often displayed in magnitude form, resulting in loss of potentially useful phase information contained in the data. Before this phase information can be used, phase errors which result from scanner imperfections must be removed. While most of the necessary correction can be accomplished using data obtained by scanning a uniform phantom, this approach has several disadvantages. An alternative method by which phase errors can be readily removed without phantom data is described. This method has been applied to images of the head, knee, and liver with good results. It is concluded that this technique is useful for producing phase corrected inversion-recovery MR images © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
Testing the Simplex Assumption Underlying the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory

This study examined whether or not the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI) measured the hierarchical model of development proposed by Erikson. Over 1000 college students responded to the in...
The seasonal distribution of Echinorhynchus salmonis (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) among rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax Mitchell, in Lake Michigan*

The seasonal distribution of Echinorhynchus salmonis Muller, 1784 among rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax Mitchell, in Lake Michigan was studied. Echinorhynchus salmonis showed no pronounced seasonal periodicity in infection prevalence and intensity or development and maturation in rainbow smelt. Worms were predominantly overdispersed with the negative binomial distribution being the best descriptive model. It is suggested that the observed monthly distributions were primarily determined by climatic and other ecological conditions affecting the heterogeneity in the temporal and spatial distribution of infection sources, i.e. Pontoporeia affinis (Lindstrom) (Amphipoda) and alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), and in the feeding behaviour of rainbow smelt.
Viral-Induced Leukocyte Interferon in Vesicle Fluid from Lesions of Recurrent Herpes Labialis

Antiviral activity characterized as human interferon (HuIFN) was demonstrated in vesicle fluid from lesions of recurrent herpes labialis in 18 of 19 otherwise healthy patients. High titers (geometric mean, 29,200 units) were present during the early course of lesion development. Antiviral activity in vesicle fluid was neutralized by antibody to leukocyte (types I) HuIFN (HuIFN-alpha) in the eight patients in whom it was tested. These results indicate that HuIFN-alpha is present in the local lesions of recurrent herpes labialis. HuIFN may have a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent herpesvirus infections.
Aperture impedance of flared horns

The method of moments is often used when solving for the mutual coupling in arrays of aperture antennas. For elements that are waveguides or gradually flared horns the aperture fields can be approximated by a finite sum of waveguide modal functions. To solve for the flared horn case an approximation for the aperture impedances of the modes in the horn is needed. The WKB approach can be used to find these impedances, but this technique has an important limitation. It is known to fail in the vicinity of its turning points. The turning point is the cutoff point of the mode being considered. To overcome this limitation a different technique, the spherical mode approach, is discussed. This approach has no cutoff problems and works well for conical and pyramidal horns. Comparisons between the impedances and the resulting dominant mode reflection coefficient found using the two techniques are presented to illustrate this point.
State preferences for the ACT versus SAT complicates inferences about SAT-derived state IQ estimates: A comment on Kanazawa (2006)

Kanazawa [Kanazawa, S. (2006). IQ and the wealth of states. Intelligence, 34, 593–600.] offered estimates of state IQ derived from SAT data. The purpose of this commentary is to argue that state preferences for the use of the ACT versus the SAT create biased estimates of SAT-derived state IQ for states where the ACT is more frequently used than the SAT. This error can be reduced by using both ACT and SAT data to estimate state IQ. An IQ estimate based on a ACT-SAT composite and a NAEP-derived state IQ estimate were compared as predictors of three wealth variables. Both IQ estimates cause one to conclude that states with higher mean IQ have larger gross state product per capita, higher median incomes, and a lower percentage of their population in poverty. © 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Tracking superparamagnetic iron oxide labeled monocytes in brain by high-field magnetic resonance imaging

Inflammatory cells, most notably mononuclear phagocytes (MP; macrophages and microglia), play a critical role in brain homeostasis, repair and disease. One important event in cellular biodynamics is how MP move in and throughout the nervous system. Prior studies have focused principally on cell migration across the blood-brain barrier during neuroinflammatory processes with little work done on cell movement within the brain. During the past decade our laboratories have studied the role of MP in HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). In HAD MP incite sustained glial inflammatory reactions causing significant neuronal damage. To extend these works we investigated cell movement in brain and its influence for disease in a novel co-registration system integrating neuropathology with high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Human monocytes labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles were injected into the brain of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. MRI was recorded 1, 7, and 14 days after cell injection. MRI co-registered with histology verified that the MRI signal modification was due to the labeled cells. MRI showed human monocyte-derived macrophages along the injection site, the corpus callosum, the ventricular system and in other brain sites. These data support the idea that cell migration can be monitored in vivo and provides an opportunity to assess monocyte mobility in brain and its affects on neurodegenerative processes and notably HAD.
Scattering from oriented deformed nuclei

The elastic scattering of particles from oriented, deformed, odd-mass nuclei is studied, using the collective model of the nucleus. Numerical results, obtained using the distorted-wave Born-approximation, are presented for some typical cases, namely neutrons of 2, 5, and 14 Mev, protons of 5 and 14 Mev, and alphas of 43 Mev, incident on Mn/sup 56/ and Ho/sup 165/ target nuclei. It is found that the differential cross-section shows large azimuthal asymmetries when the target is oriented perpendicular to the incident beam. The experimental observation of this effect would be valuable; for rotational nuclei it could measure the sign and magnitude of the deformation, while for vibrational nuclei it could yield important information about the coupling of the odd nucleon to the core. (auth)
A subquadratic algorithm for constructing approximately optimal binary search trees

Abstract An algorithm is presented which constructs an optimal binary search tree for an ordered list of n items, and which requires subquadratic time if there is no long sublist of very low frequency items. For example, time = O(n1.6) if the frequency of each item is at least e n for some constant e > 0. A second algorithm is presented which constructs an approximately optimal binary search tree. This algorithm has one parameter, and exhibits a trade-off between speed and accuracy. It is possible to choose the parameter such that time = O(n1.6) and error = o(1).
Interleaving two-phased jobs on a single machine

In this paper, we consider a single machine that processes a set of jobs having two (ordered) phases. After processing the first phase of a job, this job must be removed from the machine for some exact amount of time, after which the machine must immediately begin processing its second phase. During this ''dead time'' between job phases, the machine may be used to process other similar jobs. We first prove that the problem of interleaving these jobs in order to minimize the makespan (or to process as many jobs as possible by a given deadline) is strongly NP-hard. Next, we compare the effectiveness of a mixed-integer programming formulation based on a continuous time domain to that of a discrete-time integer programming model for solving problems having different data characteristics. These comparisons are performed on a set of realistic synthetic problems based on different scenarios arising in radar pulsing applications.
Eltrombopag: an update on the novel, non-peptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is characterised by a transient or persistent decrease in platelets accompanied by an increased risk of bleeding, which can have a significant negative impact on patients’ health-related quality of life. The condition has long been associated with an increased rate of immune-mediated platelet destruction, and traditional treatments have targeted the reduction in platelet destruction; however, some interventional drugs are limited by transient efficacy and side effects. Recent advances in our understanding of ITP pathogenesis have highlighted the role of impaired platelet production, which has led to the advent of a new generation of thrombopoietin (TPO)-receptor agonist therapies, including eltrombopag and romiplostim. The oral, non-peptide TPO-receptor agonist eltrombopag has shown considerable promise in both preclinical and clinical trials. Eltrombopag has a unique mechanism of action and binds to a transmembrane region of the TPO receptor that is distant from the TPO binding site. As such, eltrombopag may confer synergistic effects with endogenous TPO rather than competing for binding. Eltrombopag also induces activation of the TPO receptor and downstream signalling in a distinct manner to TPO and does not have a significant impact on platelet function. Clinical evidence demonstrates that eltrombopag produces a rapid and sustainable increase in platelet counts that significantly reduces bleeding and is well tolerated in patients with ITP. Eltrombopag therefore represents an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for ITP.
Generating orthogonal signals from the null space of the adjoint operators of a class of linear networks

This letter outlines a method of constructing orthogonal signals in the time domain, without using the conventional Gram-Schmidt procedure. The method also generalises Kautz's method, which is applicable only to exponential signals.
Community-based incidence of acute renal failure

There is limited information about the true incidence of acute renal failure (ARF). Most studies could not quantify disease frequency in the general population as they are hospital-based and confounded by variations in threshold and the rate of hospitalization. Earlier studies relied on diagnostic codes to identify non-dialysis requiring ARF. These underestimated disease incidence since the codes have low sensitivity. Here we quantified the incidence of non-dialysis and dialysis-requiring ARF among members of a large integrated health care delivery system – Kaiser Permanente of Northern California. Non-dialysis requiring ARF was identified using changes in inpatient serum creatinine values. Between 1996 and 2003, the incidence of non-dialysis requiring ARF increased from 322.7 to 522.4 whereas that of dialysis-requiring ARF increased from 19.5 to 29.5 per 100 000 person-years. ARF was more common in men and among the elderly, although those aged 80 years or more were less likely to receive acute dialysis treatment. We conclude that the use of serum creatinine measurements to identify cases of non-dialysis requiring ARF resulted in much higher estimates of disease incidence compared with previous studies. Both dialysis-requiring and non-dialysis requiring ARFs are becoming more common. Our data underscore the public health importance of ARF.
IgA polymorphism in mice: Individual light chains can pair covalently with some alpha heavy chains and non-covalently with others

Abstract The molecular basis for the two different forms of IgA in mice, distinguished by the covalent or non-covalent association of light (L) and heavy (H) chains, is unknown. In this communication, we show, using somatic cell hybridization to construct cells producing new combinations of α and L chains, that individual L chains probably can pair both covalently and non-covalently depending on the α chain.
An efficient multigrid scheme for elliptic equations with discontinuous coefficients

It is based on a cell centred grid and finite volume method, with the diffusion coefficients at the jump interface being determined by a flux conservation condition. The diffusion coefficients on coarse grids are calculated by a simple restiction of the coefficients from the fine grid
Cell transformation by RNA viruses: an overview.

Studies of oncogenic viruses have made seminal contributions to the molecular biology of cancer. Key discoveries include the identification of viral oncogenes and cellular proto-oncogenes, elucidation of signal transduction pathways, and identification of tumor suppressor genes. The origins of cancer virology began almost exactly one hundred years ago with the discovery of avian sarcoma and acute leukemia viruses—RNA-containing viruses of the retrovirus family. The study of animal cancer viruses accelerated beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the discovery of DNA viruses that could transform cells in culture, and the development of quantitative assays for transformation by DNA and RNA-containing tumor viruses. The discovery of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses in 1970 also greatly accelerated research on these viruses. Indeed RNA and DNA tumor viruses led the way in cancer molecular biology during this era before molecular cloning. It was possible to physically purify virus particles and generate specific hybridization probes for viral DNA and RNA at a time when it was not possible to analyze cellular genes in the same manner.
Information Needs and Roles for Family Members of Dialysis Patients

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to understand the roles of family members in dialysis care and to identify information gaps that renal professionals and organizations can address to better meet family member needs. METHODS Twelve triads were conducted with 41 family members. Triads explored caregiving roles and challenges, sources of dialysis information, and information needs across stages of dialysis care and a range of topics related to dialysis. RESULTS Resources and guidance for nutrition management was the most frequently reported information need. It was also the most common challenge and the role family members most frequently experienced with dialysis care. Other roles included providing emotional support, medication management, and transportation. Results also suggested that the information needs of family members may change over time. Stages included: (1) understanding the patient's diagnosis; (2) managing dialysis and its effects; and (3) understanding the long-term effects of dialysis. DISCUSSION Family members' information needs parallel the roles they play in caring for the patient, and these needs can change over time. Renal providers and professionals should acknowledge and address these needs of family members, whether they are new to dialysis or have years of experience. Informational materials tailored to or distributed during different stages of dialysis and greater access to family-member support opportunities are likely to be beneficial.
Induction of differential immune reactivity to members of the flora of gnotobiotic mice following colonization with Helicobacter bilis or Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

Aberrant host immune responses to bacterial components of the resident microflora may initiate and perpetuate gastrointestinal inflammation. To investigate how microbial perturbation promotes host immunological responsiveness to commensal bacteria and contributes to the development of typhlocolitis, we selectively colonized defined (altered Schaedler) flora C3H mice with either Helicobacter bilis or Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Following selective colonization, tissues were analyzed for gross/histopathologic lesions and bacterial antigen-specific B- and T-cell responses. Gnotobiotic mice colonized with H. bilis or B. hyodysenteriae developed typhlocolitis of varying severity, with the most severe gross and histopathogical lesions observed in B. hyodysenteriae-colonized mice. Antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a responses to the resident microflora were increased in both H. bilis-and B. hyodysenteriae-colonized mice. The greater antibody responses were associated with less severe cecal inflammation in H. bilis-colonized mice. Altered Schaedler flora (ASF)-stimulated mesenteric lymphocytes from B. hyodysenteriae-colonized mice produced higher levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-4 than did lymphocytes from H. bilis-colonized mice. However, ASF-stimulated mesenteric and splenic lymphocytes from both H. bilis and B. hyodysenteriae-colonized mice secreted higher amounts of IL-10 compared to similarly stimulated lymphocytes recovered from control mice. These results indicate that microbial perturbation may induce differential immune responses to nonpathogenic resident bacteria that can lead to intestinal inflammation.
A Transverse Jet Reactor for Zinc Aerosol Hydrolysis

Performance of a reactor designed for the hydrolysis of Zn in the two-step Zn/ZnO solar thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production is explored. Technically, complete hydrolysis of Zn in the hydrogen production step remains a major barrier to implementation, and much attention has been given to Zn nano-scale reacting aerosols as a solution. The success of this continuous process depends on achieving high particle yields and high conversions in the aerosol. A key challenge is to control the flow field in aerosol reactors to keep the particles entrained in the flow without deposition on the reactor wall. The ability of a new reactor concept based on transverse jet fluid dynamics to control the flow field and rapidly cool the Zn vapor is investigated. In the transverse jet reactor, evaporated Zn entrained in an Ar carrier gas issues vertically into the horizontal tubular reactor through which cooler H2O and Ar flow. Particles are formed in the presence of steam at ∼ 450K. The trajectory of the jet is controlled via the effective velocity ratio, R, which is the square root of the ratio of the kinetic energy of the jet to that of the cross-flow. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model indicates that the trajectory of the jet can be controlled so that the majority of the Zn mass is directed down the center of the reactor, not near the reactor walls for R = 4.25 to R = 4.5. Experimentally, maximum particle yields of 93% of the mass entering the reactor are obtained at R = 4.5.© 2012 ASME
Rotational autodetachment of FeO- complexes.

If the neutral molecule core of a molecular negative ion has sufficient rotational energy, the weakly bound electron will autodetach by transfer of molecular rotational energy to this electron. Under certain circumstances, this process can be theoretically described by an analogy with the internal-conversion mechanism of nuclear physics. The internal-conversion mechanism is described and its applicability to the calculation of rotational autodetachment transition rates discussed. It is shown that under the conditions for applicability of the internal-conversion model, this model is equivalent to, but much simpler than, the conventional nonadiabatic couplings (both couplings, not just the gradient-gradient coupling) which result from the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. One state of ${\mathrm{FeO}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, which satisfies the criteria, has a very distinctive dependence of autodetachment transition rate on rotational quantum number. With the help of the internal-conversion model, this dependence is reasonably well described.
OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS AND TORNADOES1

Abstract This study describes objective analysis of the atmospheric conditions that precede or accompany severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. The data used are standard rawinsonde observations and hourly surface reports as they are transmitted over teletypewriter. In analyzing upper air data, spherical coordinates are used with grid points 2½° of lat. and long. apart. Hourly observations are analyzed on a 1¼° grid. The vertical structure of the atmosphere is represented by seven layers between the surface and 100 mb. Observational data are averaged for these layers using all points in the soundings. By use of a nondimensional pressure term as the vertical coordinate, the three layers below 500 mb. slope with the terrain, and the lowest layer contains most boundary processes. The objective analysis procedure fits a first degree polynomial to at least five observations that are nearest to a grid point. A distance weighting factor and upstream-downstream enhancement are used. The analysis method smooths the o...
Measurements on Charge-Changing Collisions Involving Negative Hydrogen, Helium, and Oxygen Ions

The determination of charge-changing collision cross sections for negative ions involves making measurements on other beam components as well. Beams of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ were sent through a gas cell where charge exchange took place. Ratios of various charge components were obtained for thick targets. Negativeion beams were sent through thin targets in a magnetic field and attenuation ratios were determined. Measurements were in the energy range from 10 to 400 keV. The observations on equilibrium ratios for hydrogen ions in various gases were in excellent agreement with previous work. Some new values of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0\overline{1}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\overline{1}0}+{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\overline{1}1}$ for a hydrogen-gas target are presented. (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0\overline{1}}=\mathrm{cross}\mathrm{section}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{change}\mathrm{from}\mathrm{charge}0\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}1,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{c}.$) The observations on the helium beam were limited to the beam-fraction ratio $\frac{{F}_{\overline{1}}}{{F}_{1}}$. This ratio did not approach an equilibrium value, except in the case of the helium target, but rather reached a maximum and continued to decrease for thicker targets. The maximum values of $\frac{{F}_{\overline{1}}}{{F}_{1}}$ are presented for gas targets of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. The values of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\overline{1}0}+{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\overline{1}1}$ are given for a hydrogen target and values of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0\overline{1}}$ determined with the aid of previously published data are presented. The observations on the oxygen beam allowed the determinations of beam fractions ${F}_{\overline{1}\ensuremath{\infty}}$, ${F}_{0\ensuremath{\infty}}$, ${F}_{1\ensuremath{\infty}}$, ${F}_{2\ensuremath{\infty}}$, ${F}_{3\ensuremath{\infty}}$ for hydrogen, helium, and oxygen targets. Using these quantities it was possible to determine certain individual charge-changing cross sections after making simplifying assumptions concerning the negligible magnitude of some of the cross sections. These cross sections and the beam fractions are presented for the three gases.
Roles and activities of Aux/IAA proteins in Arabidopsis

Abstract Auxin induces various distinct developmental responses, partly by regulating gene expression. The Aux / IAA genes are a large gene family, many of which are induced by auxin. Work on Arabidopsis Aux / IAA genes has begun to reveal that they can regulate development and auxin-induced gene expression. Furthermore, auxin responses require Aux/IAA protein turnover. Finally, recent evidence suggests that Aux/IAA proteins can mediate light responses. Work in the near future should test whether Aux/IAA proteins are antennae that connect auxin and light signals to endogenous developmental responses.
Sodium channel binding and anticonvulsant activities of hydantoins containing conformationally constrained 5-phenyl substituents.

Abstract As a preliminary investigation of the importance of the aromatic ring orientation in interactions of 5-phenylhydantoins with the anticonvulsant site on the neuronal voltage-sensitive sodium channel, two isomeric hydantoins containing conformationally constrained phenyl rings and their monocyclic analogues were synthesized. One, a spiro-hydantoin ( 2 ) derived from α -tetralone, contains the plane of the phenyl ring in an orientation approximately perpendicular to that for the hydantoin ring. The other, a tricyclic hydantoin ( 4 ) derived from tetrahydroiso-quinoline, contains the plane of the phenyl ring in an orientation roughly coplanar with that for the hydantoin ring. These compounds were evaluated in sodium channel binding and whole animal (mice) anticonvulsant assays. In both assays, 4 was significantly more potent than 2 , suggesting that the anticonvulsant receptor site on the voltage-sensitive sodium channel may require a specific aromatic ring orientation.
Disordered Eating and Psychological Well-Being in Overweight and Nonoverweight Adolescents: Secular Trends from 1999 to 2010

Objective In this research study, we examine how both overweight and nonoverweight adolescent girls and boys fared from 1999 to 2010 in terms of disordered eating behaviors and psychosocial well-being. Method A repeated cross-sectional design was used. Participants were recruited from public schools in 1999 (n = 3072, mean age = 14.6 ± 1.8) and 2010 (n = 2793, mean age = 14.4 ± 2.0). Secular trends were examined by weight status and gender using inverse probability weighting to control for changes in socio-demographics. Results In general, the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors and markers of psychosocial well-being among overweight girls and boys remained the same from 1999 to 2010. In contrast, among nonoverweight girls, chronic dieting, unhealthy weight control behaviors, and extreme weight control behaviors decreased, and body satisfaction improved during this time period. Further, among non-overweight boys, the prevalence of unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors decreased, as did mean depression scores. Discussion Overall, findings indicate a strong need to ensure that messages about the dangers of disordered eating behaviors are reaching overweight youth. Obesity prevention interventions should not overlook the comorbid nature of obesity, disordered eating and poor psychosocial health; prevention programming should address shared risk factors, including dieting, media use, body dissatisfaction, and weight-related teasing. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:323–327)
A New Set of LGT Constants and Temperature Coefficients Extracted Through Resonant and Pulse Echo Techniques

The langasite family of crystals (LGX) has received significant attention in the past ten years for acoustic wave (AW) applications due to their higher piezoelectric coefficients than quartz, the existence of temperature compensated orientations confirmed experimentally, the absence of crystalline phase transitions below their melting points, and consistency in the crystals' growth and processing for device fabrication. In this paper, langatate (LGT) acoustic wave phase velocities have been measured using combined thickness and lateral field excitation (TFE, LFE) resonant techniques along with pulse echo measurements. The measured phase velocities are used for the extraction of room temperature elastic and piezoelectric constants along with their temperature coefficients measured in this work from 5deg and 120degC. The techniques and methodology employed, the LGT extracted constants and temperature coefficients, and comparisons with existing data in the literature are discussed.
Mesoscale structure of diffusion-limited aggregates of colloidal rods and disks

We explore the dependence of the non-universal mesoscale structure of diffusion-limited aggregates upon the shape of their constituent particles. Using random-walker simulations that model anisotropic diffusion in a viscous fluid, we study diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) of right-circular cylinders having a wide range of length-to-diameter aspect ratios. This single-parameter family of particle shapes allows us to determine the role of particle quasi-dimensionality on the structure of DLA clusters that are composed of effectively one-dimensional thin rods and two-dimensional thin plates. We compare these clusters to those formed by traditional DLA of compact objects by studying the local nature of the interparticle contacts (end–end, end–body, or body–body), the distribution of the number of interparticle contacts, and the wavevector-dependent structure factor S(q) of the resulting clusters. We find that clusters of rods are less dense than those of disks or compact objects of equal volume, yet the long length-scale structure of the DLA clusters conforms to the expected DLA scaling relations. However, the local structure at the particle scale, including the nearest-neighbor distribution functions and dominant collision types, depend strongly on the particle's quasi-dimensionality. We explain the non-universal local structure by introducing the concept of a diffusing particle's ‘touch space’, which incorporates both the particle’s geometry and its anisotropic diffusion.
Distributed real-time expert control system

A novel distributed multiprocessing architecture for a real-time expert-based process control system is considered. A knowledge-distributed model for dynamic process control is developed. A dynamic abstraction algorithm to configure online knowledge bases and schedule inference activities which are distributed over the subexperts is described. Each subexpert focuses on a specific problem domain and operates in parallel. A novel knowledge sharing structure based on content addressable memory (CAM) to implement a novel concept called knowledge sharing with inference is explored to address time-critical intelligent control applications. An online learning and fault-tolerant structure is given for the system robustness. >
An improved lidocaine infusion protocol for cardiac surgical patients.

Abstract A new protocol for lidocaine administration was tested to determine whether it would provide higher free and total serum lidocaine concentrations during and after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), without leading to accumulation toxicity, than those resulting from a conventional protocol (1.5 mg/kg loading dose bolus + 2 mg/min infusion rate). Ten elective adult cardiac surgical patients were studied. Ten seconds prior to aortic cross-clamp release (0 min), each patient received a lidocaine bolus (1.5 mg/kg) and simultaneous lidocaine infusion (5 mg/min for 1 hour, followed by 2 mg/min for 23 hours). Weaning occurred 20 to 30 minutes after cross-clamp release. Lidocaine levels were determined from arterial blood samples at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes, and at 2, 4, and 24 hours postcross-clamp release. Compared with the conventional protocol, the new protocol showed a significant increase in mean total lidocaine concentration (P ⪯ 0.02) at 30 and 60 minutes, and a significant increase in mean free lidocaine concentration (P ⪯ 0.005) at 20, 30, and 60 minutes. No patient had toxic levels at 24 hours. Results of this study suggest that in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, a “5 + 2” mg/min infusion protocol is safe and superior to a conventional protocol in achieving therapeutic serum levels of free and total lidocaine.
CHANGES IN THE NATURE OF URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1890–2000*

ABSTRACT This paper documents the long-run trends in the average densities and density gradients of urban areas in the United States. The data show that between 1890 and 2000 the average densities of cities and metropolitan areas rose and fell but that the density gradients of urban areas generally declined monotonically over time. While it is beyond the scope of this paper to estimate the causes of these changes, this paper argues that a complete understanding of the changes in the nature of US urban spatial structures is likely to go beyond the standard explanations based on the monocentric city model such as decreases in transportation costs and increases in household incomes.
Fatal Liver Failure in a Patient on Acetaminophen Treated with Sunitinib Malate and Levothyroxine

Objective:To report the occurrence of fatal acute liver failure following addition of levothyroxine to a regimen of sunitinib and acetaminophen.Case Summary:A 57-year-old woman who started sunitinib treatment for relapsed metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor after imatinib failure had disease stabilization and normal livar function through 8 cycles of sunitinib 50 mg/day for 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks off treatment. Her continuing medications included acetaminophen approximately 4.5 g/wk, as well as standard medications for asthma. In cycle 8, she received oral levothyroxine 50–150 pg/day for approximately 30 days to control hypothyroidism before beginning cycle 9 of sunitinib. On day 4 of cycle 9, she was hospitalized with progressively rising circulating liver enzyme levels. She died 4 days postadmission despite discontinuation of sunitinib and initiation of Intensive supportive treatment. At autopsy, her liver showed severe centrliobular necrosis with moderate-to-severe steatosis and minimal par...
Cellular Calcium Metabolism: Activation and Antagonism

The role of Ca2+ as a mediator of many cellular responses, including stimulus-secretion and excitation-contraction coupling, is reviewed. Pathways of Ca2+ mobilization are discussed in terms of both intracellular and plasmalemmal processes. The extent to which specific antagonists exist, active at these several sites, is noted, with particular emphasis on the clinically available Ca2+ channel antagonists, including verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem.
Disruption of erythropoiesis by dioxin in the zebrafish.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin (TCDD, or dioxin) causes early life stage mortality in a variety of fish species. We have used the zebrafish (Danio rerio) to study the cardiovascular effects of TCDD treatment over the time course of zebrafish development. Early TCDD exposure (6 ng/ml) starting at 4 hr postfertilization (hpf) produced reductions in blood flow and in the number of circulating erythrocytes. These defects were consistently observable by 72 hpf. However, these responses were not observed when TCDD exposure was delayed until 96 hpf or later. These results suggest a model in which TCDD interferes with cardiovascular and erythropoietic developmental processes that are normally completed by 96 hpf. This model is strengthened by the finding that TCDD exposure blocks the step in hematopoiesis in which developing zebrafish switch from the primitive phase to the definitive phase of erythropoiesis. We observed no effect of TCDD on the levels of circulating primitive erythrocytes before 72 hpf and the expression of markers for early hematopoiesis, GATA-1 and GATA-2. However, early TCDD exposure prevented the appearance of definitive phase erythrocytes. TCDD produced a small delay in the migration of blood cells expressing SCL from the intermediate cell mass to the dorsal mesentery and dorsal aorta. Despite the decrease in blood flow produced by TCDD, confocal microscopy of the trunk vasculature by using a Tie2/green fluorescence protein endothelial marker at 48, 60, 72, and 96 hpf of TCDD-exposed (4 hpf) revealed no apparent defects in blood vessel structure. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Developing qualitative metrics for visual analytic environments

In this paper, we examine reviews for the entries to the 2009 Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST) Symposium Challenge. By analyzing these reviews we gained a better understanding of what is important to our reviewers, both visualization researchers and professional analysts. This is a bottom-up approach to the development of heuristics to use in the evaluation of visual analytic environments. The meta-analysis and the results are presented in this paper.
FROM MASS CUSTOMIZATION TO CUSTOMIZATION: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR ENTREPRENEURIAL DIFFERENTIATION

Small, entrepreneurial businesses must be able to successfully compete with both large, well-established firms and smaller, agile firms. By making use of modern technology to meet the product needs and wants of individual consumers, smaller firms can better position themselves as both mass producers and firms involved in mass customization. This study evaluates the present status of customization among smaller firms and identifies key success factors enhancing the implementation of product customization initiatives.
An Efficient Mechanism for Establishing Connectivity in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks

Wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) employ powerful and mobile actor nodes that can perform application specific actions based on the received data from the sensors. As most of these actions are performed collaboratively among the actors, inter-actor connectivity is one of the desirable features of WSANs. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed algorithm for establishing a connected inter-actor network topology. Considering an initially partitioned actor network with intra-connected sub-networks, our algorithm pursues a coordinated actor movement in order to connect the sub-networks. The goal of this movement is to both minimize the total and maximum travel distances of the individual actors. Our algorithm considers the minimum connected dominating set of each sub-network when picking the appropriate actor to move so that the connectivity of each sub-network is not violated. We analytically study the performance of our algorithm. Extensive simulation experiments validate the analytical results and confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
Numerical stability and error analysis for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

SUMMARY This paper describes a strategy to control errors in finite element approximations of the time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The approach involves estimating the errors due to the discretization in space. using information from the residuals in the momentum and continuity equations. Following a numerical stability analysis of channel flows past a cylinder. it is concluded that the errors due to the residual in the continuity equation should be carefully controlled since it appears to be the source of unphysical perturbations artificially created by the spatial discretization. The performance of the adaptive strategy is then tested for lid-driven oblique cavity flows. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sweeteners, Dyes, and Other Excipients in Vitamin and Mineral Preparations

Multivitamins and mineral preparations are widely used for infants and children. All of these preparations contain a variety of excipients ("inert ingredients"). Excipients are generally safe; however, adverse effects have been attributed to them. Complete information about the excipients in various preparations is not readily available. The information about sweeteners, dyes, and other excipients (flavorings, preservatives, stabilizers, and fillers) for 41 chewable/liquid multivitamin and mineral preparations was obtained and tabulated. Sucrose was present in 63% (26/41) of preparations followed by lactose in 29% (12/41) of preparations. On average, a preparation contained two sweeteners. The FD&C yellow #6 (sunset yellow) was the most common dye, present in 46% (19/41) of the preparations followed by FD&C Red #40 in 29% (12/41). For 34% (14/41) of the preparations, no color or dye was identified by the manufacturers. The tables listing excipients and their adverse effects are presented and should be helpful to health care providers in selecting preparations containing individual excipients when an adverse reaction occurs or there exists a contraindication for using the excipient. The mandatory listing of all excipients is the only way to assure that physicians and consumers will be fully informed about the hidden ingredients.
Celebrating Diversity in Memory T Cells

A major conceptual framework for the orchestration of our immune responses against pathogens is the division of labor. Conventionally, the labor is segregated temporally and anatomically with the innate immune cells acting immediately and locally at the site of infection as the first line of defense
Mastery Learning Reconsidered

Several recent reviews and meta-analyses have claimed extraordinarily positive effects of mastery learning on student achievement, and Bloom (1984a, 1984b) has hypothesized that mastery-based treatments will soon be able to produce “2-sigma” (i.e., 2 standard deviation) increases in achievement. This article examines the literature on achievement effects of practical applications of group-based mastery learning in elementary and secondary schools over periods of at least 4 weeks, using a review technique, “best-evidence synthesis,” which combines features of meta-analytic and traditional narrative reviews. The review found essentially no evidence to support the effectiveness of group-based mastery learning on standardized achievement measures. On experimenter-made measures, effects were generally positive but moderate in magnitude, with little evidence that effects maintained over time. These results are discussed in light of the coverage versus mastery dilemma posed by group-based mastery learning.
A 6.25 Gb/s Voltage-Time Conversion Based Fractionally Spaced Linear Receive Equalizer for Mesochronous High-Speed Links

Fractionally spaced linear receive equalization (FSE) is shown in this work as an effective method to perform joint equalization and phase-synchronization in mesochronous high-speed links. Given an arbitrary receive sampling phase, a modified sign-sign least mean squares (M-SSLMS) adaptive algorithm is developed to tune the FSE tap weights to mitigate the inter-symbol interference (ISI), avoiding the divergence issue in the standard sign-sign least mean squares (SSLMS) algorithm. To achieve the desired linearity with good energy efficiency and large input dynamic range, an FSE is implemented using a voltage-time conversion technique by inverter-based threshold detectors with auto-zeroing function. The two-tap quad-rate FSE receiver with one-tap DFE is fabricated in 90 nm bulk CMOS technology, occupying 0.03 mm 2 active area. With a 1.2 V supply, it achieves a 6.25 Gb/s rate, 3.6 mW/Gb/s efficiency and over 4 bits of linearity.
Mask defect management in extreme-ultraviolet lithography

We present a series of baseline techniques for inspection, cleaning, repair, and native defect mitigation of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) masks. Deep-ultraviolet inspectors are capable of inspecting patterns down to about 45 nm in pitch on wafer. Cleaning methods involving both chemical and physical forces have achieved good particle removal efficiency while minimizing absorber shrinkage and have realized 90% PRE in removing particles from the backside of an EUV mask. In addition, our compensation method for native defect repair has achieved partial success.
Multiple Trp Isoforms Implicated in Capacitative Calcium Entry Are Expressed in Human Pregnant Myometrium and Myometrial Cells

Abstract Capacitative Ca2+ entry plays a role in thapsigargin- and oxytocin-mediated increases in intracellular free Ca2+ in human myometrium. Members of the Trp protein family have been implicated in capacitative Ca2+ entry in a number of tissues. Pregnant human myometrium and the human myometrial cell line PHM1-41 expressed mRNA for hTrp1, hTrp3, hTrp4, hTrp6, and hTrp7. A number of known splice variants of hTrp1 and hTrp4 were expressed in these cells. In addition, novel splice variants for hTrp1 and hTrp3 were discovered. hTrp1γ1 and hTrp1γ2 contain insertions between previously described exons 9 and 10 that would alter reading frame and produce Trp proteins truncated in the membrane spanning region if expressed. The hTrp3 variant introduces sequence between exons 8 and 9 that would insert 16 amino acids in the C-terminal region of the protein upstream of the calmodulin and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor interaction domain. hTrp1, hTrp3, and hTrp4 proteins were detected in both pregnant human my...
Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei contain distinct populations of cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the rat

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) provide cholinergic afferents to several brain areas. This cholinergic complex has been suggested to play a role in sleep, waking, motor function, learning and reward. To have a better understanding of the neurochemical organization of the PPTg/LDTg we characterized the phenotype of PPTg/LDTg neurons by determining in these cells the expression of transcripts encoding choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or the vesicular glutamate transporters (vGluT1, vGluT2 and vGluT3). Within the PPTg/LDTg complex we found neurons expressing ChAT, vGluT2 or GAD transcripts, these neuronal phenotypes were intermingled, but not homogeneously distributed within the PPTg or LDTg. Previous studies suggested the presence of either glutamate or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunolabeling in a large number of PPTg/LDTg cholinergic neurons, leading to the widespread notion that PPTg/LDTg cholinergic neurons co-release acetylcholine together with either glutamate or GABA. To assess the glutamatergic or GABAergic nature of the PPTg/LDTg cholinergic neurons, we combined in situ hybridization (to detect vGluT2 or GAD transcripts) and immunohistochemistry (to detect ChAT), and found that over 95% of all PPTg/LDTg cholinergic neurons lack transcripts encoding either vGluT2 mRNA or GAD mRNA. As the vast majority of PPTg/LDTg cholinergic neurons lack transcripts encoding essential proteins for the vesicular transport of glutamate or for the synthesis of GABA, co-release of acetylcholine with either glutamate or GABA is unlikely to be a major factor in the interactions between acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA at the postsynaptic site.