cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public health's contribution to motor vehicle injury prevention.

The article reviews the changes that have taken place in motor vehicle injury prevention. If we were still experiencing fatalities at the rate they occurred in 1966, there would have been about 147,000 such deaths in 1999, instead of the actual 41,611 that occurred. Credit is given to the research community that generated evidence of drinking and driving long before changes happened in public policy. The evidence on occupant restraints began accumulating as soon as safety belts were first available in passenger vehicles. Citizens action groups provided the impetus for major changes in public policy governing drinking and driving. Remarkable progress has been made, but 41,000 deaths annually are still far too many. New opportunities are developing with the advent of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). ITS technologies hold promise for greatly enhancing the safety and efficiency of gaining access to goods and services needed for optimal development of individual and community potential.
The Transfer Effect: A Critical Race Theory Examination of Black Male Transfer Student Athletes’ Experiences

The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of Black male student athletes who transferred from predominantly White institutions (PWIs) to a Historically Black College/University (HBCU) in the southeastern United States (U.S.). This qualitative case study involved a single focus group interview and two individual interviews with Black male transfer student athletes who were enrolled at a HBCU. Critical race theory (CRT) was applied as a theoretical framework to examine the impact of race and racism on the participants’ experiences within different educational and sociocultural environments. The key research topics of interest included identifying the participants’ reasons for transferring from a PWI to a HBCU and understanding their college experiences at the HBCU. Findings revealed participants’ encounters with various forms of covert and overt racism at PWIs resulted in negative college experiences, which motivated them to transfer to a HBCU. Using tenets of CRT and a thematic analysis proc...
Structure and format of peer-reviewed scientific manuscripts.

o t n p a n p m n the early 17th century, Sir Francis Bacon popularized the scientific method of investigation. This method of inquiry advances knowledge by structured process of experimental design, obseration, and testing of a hypothesis. Medical jourals have become the vehicle whereby investigaors present the results of their studies. At some oint, most medical professionals become involved n writing scientific manuscripts, often as physicians/ urgeons in training or as young practitioners; howver, residencies and fellowships traditionally offer ittle or no formal instruction concerning the strucure and format of a scientific article. Authors often earn the writing process simply by reading published rticles in peer-reviewed medical journals with little irection or guidance from mentors. Although readng and critiquing scientific articles can be a valuable ool for becoming a medical writer, good scientific riting requires a basic understanding of the strucure and format of peer-reviewed scientific manucripts. The purpose of this presentation is to set forth the ssential elements of a peer-reviewed scientific artile. It is anticipated that such a discussion will be of alue not only to potential authors of scientific manucripts, but also to readers of peer-reviewed journals. lthough this presentation is concerned principally ith writing for the Journal of Hand Surgery, it is elevant to medical journal writing in general. The process of writing a scientific manuscript is nalogous to telling a story. Like every well-written tory, a scientific manuscript should have a begining (Introduction), middle (Materials and Methods), nd an end (Results). The Introduction presents the opic and identifies the purpose of the study, the aterials and Methods section tells what the author id to address that purpose, and the Results section resents what was observed. The Discussion (the oral of the story) puts the study in perspective. The bstract is an opening summary of the story and he Title gives the story a name. Generally speaking, he author should first write the Introduction, Matet ials and Methods, and Results sections as a unit ecause the 3 are so entwined and interdependent. nly after these sections are written can the author ully discuss the study, accurately summarize it, and ive it an appropriate name. A clear understanding of he essential components of each of these sections is ritical to the successful composition of a scientific anuscript (Table 1).
Track plate enclosures: Box designs affecting attractiveness to riparian mammals

Abstract We examined the efficacy of four track plate enclosure designs for monitoring the abundance of small and medium-sized mammals along 10 streams in New York State. Box size and clarity of view through the box were evaluated as factors affecting visitation. We checked track plate stations weekly from September 1999 to March 2000. Eleven mammalian species or species groups visited the track plate stations. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) (P = 0.020) and feral cats (Felis catus) (P = 0.008) visited large enclosures significantly more than small enclosures. Feral cats visited clear-view enclosures significantly more than obstructed-view enclosures (P = 0.025). Enclosure size and view did not significantly affect visitation by other species; however, a large box with a clear view was the most effective design.
Defying Dogma Recovery After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation and Aortic Valve Replacement for Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Valvular aortic stenosis leads to compensatory myocyte hypertrophy that initially restores wall stress to normal levels. When left untreated, myocardial fibrosis and decreased systolic function ensue with development of a cardiomyopathy of pressure overload. Clinically, this may present as a low-gradient, low ejection fraction (EF) aortic stenosis, and management of this clinical entity is well defined. Subjects with contractile reserve in the setting of dobutamine stimulation have been shown to benefit from aortic valve replacement (AVR). In contrast, the lack of contractile reserve after dobutamine is a high-risk finding.1 AVR in this setting is related to high-operative mortality, and therefore, many patients are denied valve replacement. We present an extreme case of a patient with severe aortic stenosis and Stage D heart failure that recovered left ventricular (LV) function after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation allowing for LVAD disconnection despite absent contractile reserve and pathological evidence of significant myocardial fibrosis. This case highlights the challenges of the conventional treatment paradigm and provides us unique insights into myocardial contractile recovery. The patient was a 53-year-old man who initially presented to a community hospital with 3 months of progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, and decreased exercise tolerance. He had a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and a murmur first noted in adolescence. He denied a history of alcohol, drug, or stimulant use and had no family history of cardiovascular disease. Results of a complete metabolic panel, blood count, thyroid stimulating hormone, and iron studies were unremarkable. Echocardiography demonstrated a bicuspid aortic valve with severe low EF low-gradient aortic stenosis and a dilated and hyptrophied …
Schadenfreude: The (not so) Secret Joy of Another’s Misfortune

Despite growing interest in emotions, organizational scholars have largely ignored the moral emotion of schadenfreude, which refers to pleasure felt in response to another’s misfortune. As a socially undesirable emotion, it might be assumed that individuals would be hesitant to share their schadenfreude. In two experimental studies involving emotional responses to unethical behaviors, we find evidence to the contrary. Study 1 revealed that subjects experiencing schadenfreude were willing to share their feelings, especially if the misfortune was perceived to be deserved (i.e., resulting from unethical behaviors). Study 2 extends this work by incorporating schadenfreude targets of different status (CEO versus employee). Consistent with the “tall poppy syndrome,” subjects were more willing to share schadenfreude concerning high status targets than low status targets when the perceived severity of the target’s misconduct was low. This status effect disappeared at higher levels of perceived deservingness, however. Reported willingness to share schadenfreude was strongest at these levels but did not differ significantly between high and low status targets. These findings build on the social functional account of emotions, suggesting that sharing schadenfreude may signal normative cues to others regarding workplace behaviors that are deemed to be unethical.
Recruitment Sources of Channel and Blue Catfishes Inhabiting the Middle Mississippi River

Insight into environments that contribute recruits to adult fish stocks in riverine systems is vital for effective population management and conservation. Catfishes are an important recreational species in the Mississippi River and are commercially harvested. However, contributions of main channel and tributary habitats to catfish recruitment in large rivers are unknown. Stable isotope and trace elemental signatures in otoliths are useful for determining environmental history of fishes in a variety of aquatic systems, including the Mississippi River. The objectives of this study were to identify the principal natal environments of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus in the Middle Mississippi River (MMR) using otolith stable oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) and strontium : calcium ratios (Sr : Ca). Catfishes were sampled during July–October 2013–2014, and lapilli otoliths were analysed for δ18O and Sr : Ca. Water samples from the MMR and tributaries were collected seasonally from 2006 to 2014 to characterize site-specific signatures. Persistent differences in water δ18O and Sr : Ca among the MMR and tributaries (including the upper Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri rivers as well as smaller tributaries) were evident, enabling identification of natal environment for individual fish. Blue and channel catfish stocks in the MMR were primarily recruited from the large rivers (Missouri and Mississippi) in our study area, with minimal contributions from smaller tributaries. Recruitment and year class strength investigations and efforts to enhance spawning and nursery habitats should be focused on in large rivers with less emphasis on smaller tributaries. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal low thrust geocentric transfer

A computer code which will rapidly calculate time-optimal low thrust transfers is being developed as a mission analysis tool. The final program will apply to NEP or SEP missions and will include a variety of environmental effects. The current program assumes constant acceleration. The oblateness effect and shadowing may be included. Detailed state and costate equations are given for the thrust effect, oblateness effect, and shadowing. A simple but adequate model yields analytical formulas for power degradation due to the Van Allen radiation belts for SEP missions. The program avoids the classical singularities by the use of equinoctial orbital elements. Kryloff-Bogoliuboff averaging is used to facilitate rapid calculation. Results for selected cases using the current program are given.
Assimilation, contrast and voter projections of parties in left-right space Does the electoral system matter?

When voters place parties in their system along the left-right dimension, they often pull their preferred party closer towards them (assimilation) and push the opposition further away (contrast). This article asks a simple question: are such assimilation and contrast effects similarly powerful across different types of electoral system? I hypothesize that systems employing single-member districts will tend to strengthen assimilation and contrast because they mechanically reduce the number of parties, while shifting the focus of electoral competition away from the party and towards the candidate. Using data from 18 advanced democracies compiled by the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and hierarchical modelling I find that contrast effects are indeed stronger in majoritarian systems, while assimilation effects appear similarly strong regardless of the institutional setting. These findings suggest that institutional design holds lasting consequences for how we perceive politics and, perhaps also, for o...
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hydrogen-loaded and uv-exposed germanosilicate preforms

Hydrogen loading is one of the most effective methods for enhancing the photosensitivity of optical fibers.
Communication Barriers and the Clinical Recognition of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in a Diverse Cohort of Adults: The DISTANCE Study

The purpose of this study was to explore communication barriers as independent predictors and potential mediators of variation in clinical recognition of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). In this cross-sectional analysis, we estimated the likelihood of having a DPN diagnosis among 4,436 patients with DPN symptoms. We controlled for symptom frequency, demographic and clinical characteristics, and visit frequency using a modified Poisson regression model. We then evaluated 4 communication barriers as independent predictors of clinical documentation and as possible mediators of racial/ethnic differences: difficulty speaking English, not talking to one's doctor about pain, limited health literacy, and reports of suboptimal patient-provider communication. Difficulty speaking English and not talking with one's doctor about pain were independently associated with not having a diagnosis, though limited health literacy and suboptimal patient-provider communication were not. Limited English proficiency partially attenuated, but did not fully explain, racial/ethnic differences in clinical documentation among Chinese, Latino, and Filipino patients. Providers should be encouraged to talk with their patients about DPN symptoms, and health systems should consider enhancing strategies to improve timely clinical recognition of DPN among patients who have difficult speaking English. More work is needed to understand persistent racial/ethnic differences in diagnosis.
Alteration of the physical pathways through the gastric mucosa by sodium taurocholate.

The effect of sodium taurocholate (Tch) on gastric mucosal permeability was investigated using an in vitro preparation of rabbit fundic gastric mucosa mounted in an Ussing chamber, and perfused with a physiological solution at 37°C. The permeability was measured by the mucosal to serosal flux of [14C]erythritol, a water-soluble, non-lipidsoluble molecule. The flux rate of erythritol in normal tissue was 1.85 ± 0.25 pmoles per cm2 per sec. and was increased by 20 mM Tch in the mucosal solution at pH 7.0 and pH 3.0, to 5.46 ± 0.54, and 25.48 ± 4.71 pmoles per cm2 per sec, respectively, after 1 hr, demonstrating a pH-dependent effect. At pH 3.0, Tch in the mucosal solution at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mM increased the mucosal to serosal flux rate to 3.98 ± 1.29, 5.81 ± 1.37, and 13.52 ± 2.31 pmoles per cm2 per sec, respectively, after 1 hr, demonstrating a dose-related effect. There was no statistical difference between the mucosal to serosal flux of erythritol with 20 mM Tch in the mucosal or serosal solutions. The fluxes of [14C]mannitol and [14C]lactose were altered in a similar direction by Tch, but the absolute flux of these substances was less than that of erythritol because of the larger size of the molecule. It is suggested that Tch causes an increase in permeability of the gastric mucosa through water-filled channels, which may be responsible for the increased transmucosal flux of hydrogen and sodium ions caused by bile salts.
Fourier ptychographic microscopy using an infrared-emitting hemispherical digital condenser

Fourier ptychographic microscopy is demonstrated in the near-infrared spectral range using a computer-controlled hemispherical digital condenser comprising multiple 940 nm wavelength light emitting diodes. This technique was used to image periodic patterned samples (photonic crystals). Experimental and simulated results using a phase retrieval algorithm were found to be in excellent correspondence. We show that for samples with a single period in each direction, the resolution of the obtained high-resolution near-infrared images is limited by the Rayleigh criteria.
CHAPTER 63 - The Future of Therapy and the Role of Hormone Therapy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses where hormone therapy stands currently in the treatment of postmenopausal women and looks towards the future. This synthesis relies on all the topics dealing with various therapies for specific conditions as well as the risks that postmenopausal women experience. As the age of menopause has remained fairly fixed and life expectancy has grown, women can expect to live 30 or more years after menopause. Ideally, these should be the best years, with an enhanced quality of life, free from diseases and with independence. Treatment per se may not be needed, particularly pharmacologic treatment. A greater understanding of emerging health risks after menopause and stressing lifestyle and wellness issues as well as survival from cancer can go a long way toward maintaining and enhancing health and quality of life. In this context, treatment implies a prescription for good nutrition, exercise, cessation of smoking, and so on. In other cases, it may mean the addition of nutritional supplements such as calcium and vitamin D, trial of complementary therapies such as phytoestrogens and acupuncture, antihypertensives, cholesterol-lowering medications, and hypoglycemics. The focus is on issues surrounding hormonal types of treatment.
Coverage Spectral Efficiency of Cellular Systems with Cooperative Base Stations

Coverage spectral efficiency (CSE) characterizes the tradeoff between efficient channel reuse and the achievable rates per cell, under the assumption of detection by a single base station and intra-cell FDMA. It is well known that intra-cell FDMA is not in general optimal. In this paper we study an alternative intra- cell wide-band scheme as well as the base station cooperation in detection, which has demonstrated potential capacity gain. The effect on CSE of different schemes are then compared and the optimal reuse distance is determined for each scheme.
Institutionalizing Internationalization Within a College of Education: Toward a More Critical Multicultural and Glocal Education Perspective

At the outset of the new millennium a number of scholars began to broaden their multicultural education scholarship beyond the domestic perspective.
Appearance of Pyelitis Emphysematosa on Computed Tomography

Pyelitis emphysematosa is a gas-forming infection characterized by gas located within the wall of the collecting system and renal pelvis. There are only 2 reported cases of pyelitis emphysematosa in the literature, neither of which occurred in the era of cross-sectional imaging. Here we present a case of pyelitis emphysematosa occurring in an elderly female with congenital left renal atrophy and chronic right hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
Understanding Low-Pressure Hydropyrolysis of Lignin Using Deuterated Sodium Formate

In the present study, hydropyrolysis of lignin was investigated by copyrolyzing lignin with sodium formate as the hydrogen donor in order to generate reactive hydrogen atoms under atmospheric pressure. It was found that the free hydrogen atoms released from thermal decomposition of sodium formate promotes the production of phenol, guaiacol, syringol, methyl and ethyl phenols, while reducing the yield of the phenolics with vinyl, propenyl and carbonyl groups. Acetic acid was eliminated by reacting with sodium carbonate byproduct. In comparison to pyrolyzing lignin alone, the pyrolysis-oil produced from copyrolysis of lignin and sodium formate contained a higher fraction of phenolic monomers and a lower fraction of phenolic oligomers both before and after storage. Deuterated sodium formate was copyrolyzed with lignin to investigate the mechanism of hydrogen transfer during low-pressure hydropyrolysis of lignin. Deuterium atoms were found in all of the GC/MS detectable phenolic compounds. As the amount of so...
Inappropriate Management of Asymptomatic Patients With Positive Urine Cultures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background Mismanagement of asymptomatic patients with positive urine cultures (referred to as asymptomatic bacteriuria [ASB] in the literature) promotes antimicrobial resistance and results in unnecessary antimicrobial-related adverse events and increased health care costs. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that reported on the rate of inappropriate ASB treatment published from 2004 to August 2016. The appropriateness of antimicrobial administration was based on guidelines published by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Results A total of 2142 nonduplicate articles were identified, and among them 30 fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of antimicrobial treatment among 4129 cases who did not require treatment was 45% (95% CI, 39-50). Isolation of gram-negative pathogens (odds ratio [OR], 3.58; 95% CI, 2.12-6.06), pyuria (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.9-4.22), nitrite positivity (OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 2.24-6.54), and female sex (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.46-3.06) increased the odds of receiving treatment. The rates of treatment were higher in studies with ≥100 000 cfu/mL cutoff values compared with <10 000 cfu/mL for bacterial growth (P, .011). The implementation of educational and organizational interventions designed to eliminate the overtreatment of ASB resulted in a median absolute risk reduction of 33% (rangeARR, 16-36%, medianRRR, 53%; rangeRRR, 25-80%). Conclusion The mismanagement of ASB remains extremely frequent. Female sex and the overinterpretation of certain laboratory data (positive nitrites, pyuria, isolation of gram-negative bacteria and cultures with higher microbial count) are associated with overtreatment. Even simple stewardship interventions can be particularly effective, and antimicrobial stewardship programs should focus on the challenge of differentiating true urinary tract infection from ASB.
Insurer Growth Strategies

We study corporate growth strategy within the U.S. property–casualty insurance industry—where firms are required to report uniquely detailed operating information. We present and test two hypotheses related to the manner in which firms choose to grow: the pecking order hypothesis and the managerial discretion hypothesis. Our results imply that insurers follow a general pecking order of growth strategies, where they tend to grow first by entering new states, then by adding new lines of business, and finally through acquisitions. This order is consistent with firms initially choosing to grow in the least costly and complex manner and subsequently choosing more costly and complex methods. We also find evidence in support of the managerial discretion hypothesis as mutual insurers are less likely to choose to grow and, when they do, they tend to select less complex growth methods.
Microphysiological Systems (Tissue Chips) and their Utility for Rare Disease Research

The scientific and technological development of microphysiological systems (MPS) modeling organs-on-chips, or “tissue chips” (TCs), has progressed rapidly over the past decade. Stem cell research and microfluidic concepts have combined to lead to the development of microphysiological platforms representing an ever-expanding list of different human organ systems. In the context of rare diseases, these bioengineered microfluidics platforms hold promise for modeling of disorders and could prove useful in the screening and efficacy testing of existing therapeutics. Additionally, they have the potential for replacing and refining animal use for new drugs and clinical treatments, or could even act as surrogate human systems for testing of new therapeutics in the future, which could be particularly useful in populations of rare disease sufferers. This chapter will discuss the current state of tissue chip research, and challenges facing the field. Additionally, we will discuss how these devices are being used to model basic cellular and molecular phenotypes of rare diseases, holding promise to provide new tools for understanding of disease pathologies and screening and efficacy testing of potential therapeutics for drug discovery.
CANGRELOR AS AN ANTIPLATELET BRIDGING STRATEGY IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE UNDERGOING CARDIAC AND NON-CARDIAC SURGERY

Cangrelor is an intravenous P2Y12 receptor inhibitor with rapid onset and offset of action making it an attractive agent for bridging particularly in stented patients undergoing surgery who need to be on dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT). However, to date there is limited real-world experience on
Understanding the Impacts of Food Consumer Choice and Food Policy Outcomes

The food consumer plays an increasingly prominent role in shaping the food and farming system. A better understanding of how public policies affect consumer choice and how those choices impact health, environment, and food security outcomes is needed. This paper addresses several key challenges we see for the future, including issues related to dietary-related diseases and the efficacy of policies designed to improve dietary choices, trust in the food system, acceptance of new food and farm technologies, environmental impacts of food consumption, preferences for increased food quality, and issues related to food safety. We also identify some research challenges and barriers that exist when studying these issues, including data quality and availability, uncertainty in the underlying biological and physical sciences, and the challenges to welfare economics that are presented by behavioral economics. We also identify the unique role that economists can play in helping address these key societal challenges.
A successful 3D core-collapse supernova explosion model

In this paper, we present the results of our three-dimensional, multi-group, multi-neutrino-species radiation/hydrodynamic simulation using the state-of-the-art code F{\sc{ornax}} of the terminal dynamics of the core of a non-rotating 16-M$_{\odot}$ stellar progenitor. The calculation incorporates redistribution by inelastic scattering, a correction for the effect of many-body interactions on the neutrino-nucleon scattering rates, approximate general relativity (including the effects of gravitational redshifts), velocity-dependent frequency advection, and an implementation of initial perturbations in the progenitor core. The model explodes within $\sim$100 milliseconds of bounce (near when the silicon-oxygen interface is accreted through the temporarily-stalled shock) and by the end of the simulation (here, $\sim$677 milliseconds after bounce) is accumulating explosion energy at a rate of $\sim$2.5$\times$10$^{50}$ ergs s$^{-1}$. The supernova explosion resembles an asymmetrical multi-plume structure, with one hemisphere predominating. The gravitational mass of the residual proto-neutron star at $\sim$677 milliseconds is $\sim$1.42 M$_{\odot}$. Even at the end of the simulation, explosion in most of the solid angle is accompanied by some accretion in an annular fraction at the wasp-like waist of the debris field. The ejecta electron fraction (Y$_e$) is distributed from $\sim$0.48 to $\sim$0.56, with most of the ejecta mass proton-rich. This may have implications for supernova nucleosynthesis, and could have a bearing on the p- and $\nu$p-processes and on the site of the first peak of the r-process. The ejecta spatial distributions of both Y$_e$ and mass density are predominantly in wide-angle plumes and large-scale structures, but are nevertheless quite patchy.
Kir4.1/Kir5.1 in the DCT plays a role in the regulation of renal K + excretion.

The aim of this mini review is to provide an overview regarding the role of inwardly rectifying potassium channel 4.1 (Kir4.1)/Kir5.1 in regulating renal K+ excretion. Deletion of Kir4.1 in the kid...
“What You Want Me to Be”: Documenting Muhammad Ali, 1970 to the Present:

This article analyzes a selection of documentaries about the boxer and cultural and political icon, Muhammad Ali. I trace the evolution of dominant popular narratives about Ali, identify their unde...
Generating Client Side Policies for Cyber-Physical Safety

Cyber phyiscal systems are increasingly connected to the Internet for reasons of convenience and efficiency. However, such cyber-physical systems are exposed to new vulnerabilities since they may be compromised by an attack from the Internet. In addition to traditional network security mechanisms, such systems need additional mechanism which can prevent the exploitation of their physical vulnerabilities. We propose an architecture in which the behavior of the system can be controlled by having it generate the policies for its own protection automatically.
Sex differences in associations between early adversity, child temperament, and behavior problems:

Early adversity is associated with both internalizing and externalizing problems among children, and effects of adversity on dimensions of child temperament may underlie these links. However, very ...
"He's on fire for justice!": Using critical conversations to explore sociopolitical topics in elementary classrooms

Despite the dominant discourse that childhood is a time of innocence, elementary students (kindergarten through fifth grade) notice the world around them, witness and experience injustice and deserve to explore “controversial issues” in their classrooms. This article introduces readers to Olivia and her second grade students. Olivia wanted to create what she called a “social justice classroom” and made intentional curricular moves in order to bring this vision to life. Primarily, she implemented “social justice read aloud time” and read and discussed thoughtfully chosen trade books on “controversial issues” every Friday afternoon. Students were highly engaged in these read alouds and developed understandings and insights well beyond academic content standards. Olivia’s approach to teaching aligned with critical literacy, a pedagogical framework that values multiple perspectives, brings sociopolitical topics into the classroom, disrupts the status quo, and moves toward social action and the Inquiry Design Model of social studies education. Using this interdisciplinary lens, empirical examples of the purposeful exploration of “controversial issues” in a second grade classroom are discussed. Through Olivia’s voice, along with the voices of her students, description of the learning that happened in this social justice classroom is offered as evidence that teaching controversial issues in elementary classrooms has repercussions far beyond school walls. Implications for both practicing teachers and teacher educators are discussed.
Clinical evaluation of hyperimmune plasma for treatment of dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a single infusion of hyperimmune plasma (HIP) in dogs with canine parvovirus (CPV). Design Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Client-owned dogs with naturally occurring CPV. Interventions Dogs presenting for CPV treatment (n = 31) underwent cardiovascular resuscitation and were randomized to receive a single dose of either HIP (10 mL/kg IV) or placebo (0.9% sodium chloride [10 mL/kg IV]) during the first 6 hours of hospitalization. All dogs were treated with a standardized treatment protocol (IV fluid therapy [120 mL/kg/d isotonic crystalloids], cefoxitin [30 mg/kg IV q 8 h], maropitant [1 mg/kg IV q 24 h], and buprenorphine [0.01-0.02 mg/kg IV q 8 h]) until hospital discharge. Measurements and main results Dogs treated with HIP (n = 16) demonstrated a lower shock index at 24 hours (median = 0.77, range: 0.5-1.5) than those treated with placebo (n = 15, median = 1.34, range: 0.5-1.7; P = 0.02). Plasma lactate concentration was lower at 24 hours in HIP-treated dogs (median = 1.3 mmol/L, range: 0.9-3.4 mmol/L) than in placebo-treated dogs (median = 2.1 mmol/L, range: 1.1-3.4 mmol/L; P = 0.01). There was no difference in duration of hospitalization when comparing HIP-treated dogs (median = 3.2 days, range: 0.83-10 days) to placebo-treated dogs (median = 2.83 days, range: 1-8.38 days; P = 0.35). Survival was 16 of 16 (100%) for the HIP group and 14 of 15 (93.3%) for the placebo group (P = 0.32). Conclusions HIP at 10 mL/kg IV administered to dogs with CPV within the first 6 hours of hospitalization improves markers of shock during the initial 24 hours of hospitalization. No effects were observed on duration of hospitalization or mortality; however, this study was underpowered to evaluate these effects. HIP was well tolerated in this population of critically ill dogs.
Optimization of flame kernel ignition and evolution induced by modulated nanosecond-pulsed high-frequency discharge

Abstract The enhanced growth of ignition kernels through modulation of nanosecond pulsed high-frequency discharges is investigated quantitatively in a reactive flow. High-frequency discharge and new notions of rotational temperature effective coupling per subsequent pulse (> 30 kHz) existing within the breakdown regime have led to the discovery of the “fully-recoupled” regime. The evolution of flame kernels is observed in a methane-air mixture at an equivalence ratio of 0.6 flowing at 12.5 m/s, with an interelectrode gap of 1.7 mm. Energy deposition into the flow per pulse was previously found to be 2.9 ± 0.23 mJ/pulse, where the number of pulses per effective modulation type was 10 (≈ 30 mJ). By holding average power constant through each pulse train, the Constant Pulse Repetition Frequency partially-coupled and decoupled regimes were directly compared against the (Modulated Pulse Repetition Frequency fully-recoupled regime through kernel growth measurements via high-speed schlieren. It was found that by utilizing the inter-pulse coupling of rotational temperatures through Modulated Pulse Repetition Frequency, the ignition probability and kernel area increased as to create the fully-recoupled regime as a new form of ignition optimization.
Phase-Matching Schemes for Back-Conversion Suppression in Nonlinear Wave Mixing: Towards Ultra-High Efficiency and Ultra-Broad Bandwidth

By suppressing the conversion-back-conversion cycles typical of optical parametric processes through novel phase-matching schemes, octave-spanning frequency conversion and highly efficient parametric amplification can be achieved. Several recent developments will be reviewed.
Symmetric, bilateral upper and lower extremity lucent lesions in a patient with Gaucher's disease on enzyme replacement therapy

Abstract We report a case of a 6-year old girl with known type 3 Gaucher's Disease on enzyme replacement therapy who developed bilateral, symmetric osteolytic lesions in her humeri and femurs. While this manifestation of Gaucher's disease has been previously documented, it is an exceedingly rare variation. We observe that this patient shares 2 commonalities with 3 other patients reported in the literature to present with this phenotype. First, the patient's L444P/L444P genotype, present in approximately 11% of all Gaucher's patients, was also seen in these other patients. Second, like the other patients, this patient was treated with enzyme replacement therapy. It is unknown whether there is a correlation between these 2 independent variables and this rare phenotype, and further investigation may be warranted.
Biologics utilization for psoriasis is lower in black compared with white patients

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects patients of all skin colors. Biologic therapies, first approved for psoriasis in the early 2000s, have ushered in a new era of treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Non-Caucasian patients have a lower prevalence of psoriasis (1.9% in Blacks, 1.6% in Hispanics, and 1.4% in other races) compared to Caucasians (3.6%),1 but often present with worse disease severity.2 Yet, little is known about the utilization of biologic therapies versus traditional therapies in patients of color. To address this gap in knowledge, we sought to determine rates of biologic medication use in Black and other minority races compared to Caucasians.
Service-Learning: An EntrÉe to Introduce Minority Students to Remote Sensing Research

For too many undergraduate minority students, remote sensing and its plethora of applications to geophysics yet remain new, foreign, and mysterious. These students, even with the requisite STEM backgrounds, lack the exposure, the awareness, the understanding, and the engagement into the foray of remote sensing and the unique lens it provides to probe and unearth new ways of gaining knowledge about the environment. To strengthen undergraduate education, to adequately prepare candidates to become the next generation of geoscientists, and to assist in replenishing the geoscience workforce, unique paradigms of teaching and learning about remote sensing are needed. At the Center for Remote Sensing and Earth System Sciences (ReSESS) at the New York City College of Technology, the catalyst of Service-Learning within a local community was used as a means of attracting and engaging students in remote sensing research. Results show that the service learning-remote sensing nexus increased awareness and, understanding in the geosciences, and it motivated students to share their newfound knowledge with local citizens in environmental sustainability initiatives. Both students and citizens were enthralled by the engagement of remote sensing at the neighborhood scale.
PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in cardiac transplantation.

Abstract Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), a transmembrane protein and member of the CD28 T cell family is associated with lymphocyte activation.1 PD-L1 expression is upregulated on activated antigen presenting cells such as monocytes, myeloid and dendritic cells.2 When bound to its cognate receptor programmed cell death (PD-1), inhibition of immune responses including downregulation of T cell proliferation occurs.3 Mechanistically, such inhibition would be hypothetically favorable in the setting of a transplanted organ undergoing allograft rejection. However, there is a paucity of data addressing the role of PD-L1 and PD-1 expression in the human transplanted heart.
Stepping up: retention in HIV care within an integrated health care transition program.

Strategies are needed to optimize HIV health care transition (HCT). We describe HCT outcomes within the University of Maryland STEP Program, which is built upon integration of an adult HIV provider...
Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide after oral single dosing and multiple-dose escalation administration in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus).

Background There are few effective drugs for treatment of seizures in avian species. Objectives To investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety of zonisamide in chickens. Methods Phase 1: chickens (n = 4) received a single oral dose of zonisamide at 20 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected intermittently for 36 hr after dosing. Phase 2: chickens (n = 8) received zonisamide in a dose escalation protocol (20, 30, 60 and 80 mg/kg orally every 12 hr). The dose was increased weekly, and peak and trough blood samples were collected on Days 1, 3, and 7 each week. Two birds were randomly euthanized at the end of each week. Plasma zonisamide concentrations were analysed using a commercial immunoassay. Drug concentration vs. time data were subjected to non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Results For Phase 1, peak plasma zonisamide (Cmax ) was 15 ± 3 µg/ml at 2 ± 1 hr (Tmax ). The disappearance half-life was 6.5 ± 1 hr. Mean plasma concentrations remained within the (human) therapeutic range (10-40 µg/ml) for 6 hr. For Phase 2 of the study, plasma concentrations of zonisamide remained within or close to the recommended mammalian therapeutic range for birds in the 20 and 30 mg/kg dose. Area under the curve (AUC) and Cmax were dose dependent. Two birds developed immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. Conclusions Zonisamide appears to be a viable drug for use in chickens at a dose of 20 mg/kg orally every 12 hr.
La rescisión o nulidad por falta de emplazamiento en el Código de Procedimiento Civil chileno

This article will analyze the incident of rescission (or nullity) of proceedings due to the lack of summon from article 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure, especially regarding its grounds and consequences. It will be characterized as a means to leave without effect proceedings in which there has not been an effective summon, even in cases where there has been no defect, that can be exercised by any person who was or should have been claimant in the process, including after said process has finished.
Peer Learning and Operationalizing During COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond.

The main objective of the article is to describe the changes in managing the peer learning system in the Department of Abdominal Imaging at our institution during the pandemic and its restrictions. The pandemic poses diverse challenges to academic institutions across the country including radiology education and peer learning. The health sector in some areas of the country has been stretched by the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In March 2020, our institution cancelled all in-person conferences as per guidelines from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and the conferences were shifted to virtual platforms. Our recent peer learning approach allowed us to practice appropriate social distancing while following the institutional and national guidelines with minimal disruption. Other institutions that are facing similar challenges can adopt or modify our framework of a successful and efficient virtual peer learning process.
Surplusage

The forgotten dilemma of surplusage, why an animal should display potentials of learning ability far in excess of those required during evolution, is recalled in its century-old form and then reinstated as a guide to insights about contemporary but nontraditional views of animal intelligence.
Preparation and electrical property of carbon foam grounding material by pyrolysis of cyanate esters modified with phosphorus contained Schiff-base

Compared with metallic grounding material, flexible graphite grounding material is widely applied in grounding field of power system, due to its resistance of corrosion and high impulse current. Novel phosphorus contained Schiff-base is synthesized by 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide and furfuryl amine, salicylaldehyde, and is incorporating with CE to prepare a carbon foam by property of the resin blend under nitrogen atmosphere. The curing behavior and pyrolysis mechanism of the resin are investigated by DMA, TGA, FTIR and Raman spectrum. The results indicated that incorporating of PSF leads to incomplete combustion during the pyrolysis processing and results in more residues formed. As the consequence, the carbon foam exhibits good electrical conductivity, due to the formed residues consist of graphite structure.
P-Δ and Axial Column Deformation in Aseismic Frames

A study of the influence of P-Δ and axial deformation of columns on the response of unbraced multistory building frames subjected to strong earthquake motion is presented. The columns are assumed to behave elastically while the girders follow a nonlinear moment-curvature behavior defined by a Ramberg-Osgood function. The method of analysis is a step-by-step numerical procedure developed for use on a high-speed digital computer. The lateral response of the structure to a horizontal component of ground motion parallel to the plane of the frame is computed. Two 10- and 25-story frame models are analyzed for the El Centro, 1940, and the Taft, July, 1952, earthquakes. The results indicate that, for the type of structures considered, the P-Δ effect does not appear to have a significant influence on their inelastic response to strong earthquakes. But the axial deformation of columns may affect the response by as much as 10% to 20%.
Windows XP Security

The advent of always-on connections and the increase of business connectivity to the Internet has resulted in Windows XP computers being directly connected to the Internet, which is a hotbed of potentially dangerous people and computers. In this chapter, you’ll look at ways to specifically protect your Windows XP computers from threats that reside abroad.
Phosphatidylcholine Requirement in the Enzymatic Reduction of Hemoprotein P-450 and in Fatty Acid, Hydrocarbon, and Drug Hydroxylation

Abstract The heat-stable factor required for fatty acid, hydrocarbon, and drug hydroxylation in a reconstituted liver microsomal enzyme system containing hemoprotein P-450 has been identified as phosphatidylcholine. Synthetically prepared dioleoylglyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine was fully active when substituted for the microsomal factor, as judged by the rate of laurate, hexane, octane, ethylmorphine, or benzphetamine hydroxylation in the presence of TPNH, oxygen, hemoprotein P-450, and TPNH-hemoprotein P-450 reductase. Various acyl derivatives of glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine showed, at their optimal concentrations, the following increasing order of activity with benzphetamine as the substrate: distearoyl; a mixture of 1-monopalmitoyl and 1-monostearoyl; dipalmitoyl; dioleoyl; and a mixture of dilauroyl and monolauroyl. Electron transfer from TPNH to hemoprotein P-450, as determined from the carbon monoxide reduced difference spectrum under anaerobic conditions, was completely dependent upon the presence of microsomal lipid. Stopped flow measurements showed that the rate of electron transfer was biphasic in the presence of the lipid, with a rapid phase largely completed in less than 1 sec and having a first order rate constant of about 100 min-1, followed by a slow phase having a first order rate constant of about 6 min-1, but only the slow rate could be detected in the absence of the lipid. Under similar conditions, but with air as the gas phase, the turnover number (moles of benzphetamine hydroxylated per mole of hemoprotein P-450) was 22 min-1. These results show that the lipid is essential for the enzymatic reduction of hemoprotein P-450 and that only the rapid phase of the reaction is adequate to support the observed rate of substrate hydroxylation.
Citizen Engagement in Post-Hurricane Katrina Planning in Harrison County, Mississippi

This article describes an empowerment planning process that brought residents, public officials, and university students together in Harrison County, Mississippi, following the devastation that Hurricane Katrina brought to this community in August 2005. The participants in this process worked to develop solutions to several critical problems involved in rebuilding efforts. The article addresses methods of engaging community members in a participatory planning process, structures for supporting student learning for future efforts, and the challenges of overcoming local residents' perceptions of outsiders' participation in their process. The article concludes by proposing measures for evaluating the merit of a planning process.