cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface functionalization of ordered mesoporous carbons : A comparative study

Hexagonally structured mesoporous carbons C15 and CMK-5 and cubically structured carbon C48 were synthesized using ordered silica SBA-15 and MCM-48 as templates and carbon precursors of different structures. The surfaces of these ordered carbons were chemically functionalized by employing an approach, in which the selected diazonium compounds were in situ generated and reacted with the carbon frameworks of the mesoporous carbons. The aromatic organic molecules containing chlorine, ester, and alkyl groups were covalently attached to the surface of these ordered mesoporous carbons. The presence of functional groups on the modified carbons was confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen adsorption. The BET-specific surface area and the pore width of ordered carbons were significantly reduced, whereas the primary structure of these ordered carbons and their unit cells were intact. Basically, the density of grafted functional groups is related to the specific surface area of the sample, particularly the surface area of mesopores. The surface functionalization reaction takes place only on the external surface of carbon C15, while it occurs on both of the internal and external surface of CMK-5 carbon with the nanopipe structure. The presence of the micropores in CMK-5 carbon should be responsible for its lower grafting density because the small micropores are inaccessible in the reaction. It was also proposed that the preferred adsorption/reaction in C48 may be related to the observed unsymmetrical degradation of the XRD patterns for the functionalized C48 samples. The chemical modification process considerably reduced the primary mesopores in these ordered carbons by approximately 1-1.5 nm, affording carbons with micropores in the cases of C15 and C48, and mixed micropores and small mesopores in the case of CMK-5. A grafting density of approximately 0.9-1.5 micromol/m(2) was achieved under current research.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Rat Casein Proteins

Abstract Casein was isolated from rat milk by high speed centrifugation. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of the whole casein yielded three major protein zones designated C.l, C.2, and C.3 in order of their decreasing electrophoretic mobility in the alkaline system. Zone 3 subsequently contained two possibly related bands, C.3.1 and C.3.2. The presence of phosphate in all four zones was indicated by staining and conformed by phosphorus-32 labeling studies. A glycoprotein character was indicated by all zones. Separation of the constituents of rat casein by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose ion exchange chromatography yielded the same four major protein entities. Three milk-specific phosphoproteins unique to rat whey eluted from such columns in the same general region as the casein constituents but appear to be otherwise unrelated to the four major components of micellar casein. Gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate systems yielded apparent molecular weight estimates of approximately 24,000 for C.1, 38,000 for C.2, and 28,000 for C.3.1 and C.3.2.
Circadian rhythmicity in cockroaches: effects of early post-embryonic development and ageing

. Effects of early post-embryonic development and ageing on the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, were investigated. Cockroach nymphs (first to fourth instars) were found to exhibit a circadian rhythm of activity generally similar to that of adults, but there appeared to be a significant change in pacemaker period (τ) early in nymphal development, and nymphs exhibited regular fluctuations in activity level which may be related to the moulting cycle. Mean τ of adults was remarkably stable with age – no significant change was found in either males or females throughout the life span of the adult. There was, however, a small but significant difference between the average period (τ) of adult males (τ= 23.72 ± 0.12h) and adult females (τ= 23.84 ± 0.13 h). Lighting conditions during post-embryonic development were found to have major effects on τ of adults. Males raised in constant darkness had a significantly shorter period (τ= 23.52 ± 0.11 h) than males raised in LD 12:12, and adult males and females which had been raised in non-24-h light cycles (T = 22 h or 26 h) exhibited major differences in τ from animals raised in LD 12:12 which persisted for several months. Animals exposed as adults to non-24-h light cycles also showed ‘after-effects’ on τ, but the magnitude of the effect was much less than that exhibited by animals exposed as nymphs.
An enclosed-chamber labeling system for the safe 14C-enrichment of phytochemicals in plant cell suspension cultures

Various plant secondary products have been implicated in the promotion of good health or the prevention of disease in humans, but little is known about the way they are absorbed in the gut, or in which tissues they are deposited throughout the body. While these issues could be studied if the phytochemicals were isotopically labeled, generating labeled molecules often is problematic because many compounds of interest can be synthesized only in planta at present. In order to generale 14C-labeled phytochemicals of high radioactive enrichment, we developed an enclosed-chamber labeling system in which cell suspension cultures can be safely and efficiently grown when supplied with 14C-enriched precursors. The system is designed to hold culture flasks within a clear, polyacrylic compartment that is affixed to the top of a rotary shaker. The flow-through gas exchange nature of the system allows for O2 replenishment and complete capture of respired 14CO2 throughout the entire period of cell culture. Air is circulated internally with the aid of a small fan, and chamber air temperature is monitored continuously with an internal temperature probe and data logger. Production runs of 12–14 d with Vaccinium pahalae (ohelo berry) and Vitis vinifera (grape) suspension cultures, using [14C]sucrose as the carbon source, demonstrated a 20–23% efficiency of 14C incorporation into the flavonoid-rich fractions. Further studies with ohelo cell cultures showed that flavonoids were produced with either sucrose or glucose as the carbohydrate source, although flavonoid productivity (measured as anthocyanins) was higher with sucrose. This comprehensive chamber system should have broad applicability with numerous cell types and can be used to generate a wide array of labeled phytochemicals.
The measurement of the inorganic phosphate content of brain in the presence of bone fragments.

— –A method is described by which inorganic phosphate may be extracted from brain when bone fragments are present. Inorganic phosphate is extracted into 80% methanol and this does not hydrolyse phosphate esters of brain or dissolve bone. The inorganic phosphate content of brain was 217 μmol/g in both fed and 24 h starved rats.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Hard Hyperspheres in Six, Seven and Eight Dimensions for Low to Moderate Densities

The pair correlation function of hard hyperspheres in six, seven and eight dimensions is obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. The value of the pair correlation function at contact is compared with the results from molecular dynamics calculations and a variety of theoretical approaches. Remarkably good agreement is found with the simple, closed-form equations of Y. Song, E. A. Mason and R. M. Stratt, J. Phys. Chem., 93:6916–6919 (1989). The Monte Carlo results for the equation of state are compared with the theoretical expressions of M. Baus and J. L. Colot, Phys. Rev. A, 36:3912 (1987), M. Luban and J. P. J. Michels, Phys. Rev A, 41:6796 (1990), and high order virial expansions. In addition, in seven dimensions, comparisons are made with the exact PY solution provided by M. Robles, M. L. de Haro and A. Santos, J. Chem. Phys., 120:9113 (2004). Very good agreement was observed between theory and computer simulation in all dimensions.
The clinical significance of focal enhanced gastritis in adults with isolated ileitis of the terminal ileum

Background Isolated chronic ileitis in the terminal ileum, without accompanying chronic colitis, is not an uncommon finding present in biopsy specimens from patients being evaluated for chronic diarrhea. Among the many entities that should be included in the differential diagnosis are Crohn’s disease and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-induced enterocolitis. In high-prevalence Crohn’s disease populations, focal enhanced or active gastritis (FEG) may be a good predictor of Crohn’s disease; however, this criterion may not apply in a general clinical setting. Our goal was to determine if FEG is a pathological marker of Crohn’s disease in patients with isolated chronic ileitis in the terminal ileum.
The Design and Experimental Validation of an Ultrafast SMART (SMA Resettable) Latch

Latches are an essential machine element utilized by all sectors (medical, military, industrial, etc.) and there is a growing need for active latches with automatic release and reset capabilities. Shape memory alloy (SMA), due to its high energy/power densities, is an attractive alternative actuation approach to conventional methods (electrical, hydraulic) because it is inexpensive, lightweight, compact and has a fast heating response times. This paper introduces the T-latch which is based upon a compact spooled SMA rotary actuator. The T-latch can engage passively, maintain a structural connection in multiple degrees of freedom with zero power consumption, actively release very quickly (< 20 ms) and then repeat operation with automatic reset. To provide the basis to apply this latch across sectors, operational behavioral models are summarized for the key states of engagement, retention, release and reset. To demonstrate the technology, a proof-of-concept prototype for automotive panel lockdown was designed, built and experimentally characterized for the basic operational states along with studies of the effects of power, seal and reset force. The results from this study indicate promising suitability of the T-latch technology for a broad range of industrial applications.Copyright © 2007 by ASME and General Motors Corporation
Equilibrium and Stability of a CircularlyTowed Cable Subject to Aerodynamic Drag

The finite-element method is used to study the equilibrium and stability of an elastic cable whose upper end is towed in a horizontal circular path at a constant angular velocity. Fluid drag is assumed to be composed of tangential and normal components, which are proportional to the tangential and normal velocity components squared, respectively. The problem includes strong geometric nonlinear!ties and is nonconservative, thereby admitting both static and dynamic instabilities. Equilibrium equations for a cable element including elastogeometric, centripetal, and aerodynamic stiffness matrices are developed in terms of problem parameters
Multivariate inequalities based on Sobolev representations

Here we derive very general multivariate tight integral inequalities of Chebyshev–Gruss, Ostrowski types and of comparison of integral means. These are based on well-known Sobolev integral representation of a function. Our inequalities engage ordinary and weak partial derivatives of the involved functions. We also give their applications. On the way to prove our main results we derive important estimates for the averaged Taylor polynomials and remainders of Sobolev integral representations. Our results expand to all possible directions.
Observation of a two-photon gain feature in the strong-probe absorption spectrum of driven two-level atoms.

A feature associated with continuous-wave two-photon optical gain has been observed in the absorption spectrum of an ensemble of barium atoms driven by a strong near-resonant optical field. In the dressed-atom picture, the observed gain is attributable to inverted two-photon transitions with nearly resonant intermediate states. A cw optical two-photon laser utilizing this gain appears feasible.
Mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation in ischemia.

Object The goal of this study was to assess the duration of neuroprotection after SCS. Nearly 40 years after the first description of spinal cord stimulation (SCS), the mechanisms underlying its physiological effects remain unclear. It is known that SCS affects activity in the nervous system on a broad scale. Local neurohumoral changes within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord have been described, as have changes in cortical activation in a number of brain regions. Spinal cord stimulation has even been found to have profound effects on sympathetic vascular tone, a discovery that has led to its use in ameliorating blood flow in the limbs, heart, and brain. Methods In an effort to delineate the limits of neuroprotection offered by SCS, the authors have studied its use in an experimental model of permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats. The investigators applied SCS in a delayed fashion 3, 6, or 9 hours after MCA occlusion. The results are reported and mechanisms underlying the physiological...
Interphase cytogenetics of a male breast cancer

Abstract Direct interphase cytogenetic analysis was performed on nuclei from a male breast tumor using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). DNA probes specific for repetitive pericentromeric regions on chromosomes 1, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18, X, and Y were used to determine chromosome copy numbers in interphase tumor cells. Copy number distributions varied greatly between chromosomes, showing major tumor populations with one (Y), two (X, 9), three (11, 15, 18), and four (1, 7, 17) copies of the pericentromeric targets. The X chromosome was present in two copies in 84.7% of tumor nuclei, with the balance being primarily monosomic. Normal skin fibroblasts cultured from the same patient showed 99% monosomy X. The Y chromosome showed a minor population (12%) with two copies. The DNA index of the tumor was 2.0 as determined by flow cytometry. The proliferative activity of the tumor cells was simultaneously analyzed using detection of in vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. The BrdU labeling index was 13.2%.
The mechanism of peptidergic miosis. I. The structural basis of miotic potency among biologically active polypeptides

The miotic potency of eleven naturally occurring polypeptides and poly-DL-alanine was tested on the isolated anterior segment of hooded rat and golden hamster eyes in order to gain information on the chemical nature of the peptides or classes of peptides which may be regarded as possible mediators of the miotic response of the mammalian eye to chemical irritants or mechanical or surgical trauma. Substance P, P-octapeptide, physalaemin and eledoisin, and eledoisin related peptide were found to be potent miotics on these preparations, yielding ED50 values in the range of 8 to 95 nM and complete pupillary constriction in the range of 100 to 1000 nM. This is comparable to the miotic potency of carbachol or serotonin. All of these peptides share a C-terminal sequence Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 (where “X” is a variable amino acid) which is characteristic of all tachykinins. Six other biologically active peptides or the synthetic poly-DL-alanine had no measurable miotic effect on these preparations up to a final conc...
Tradition and Prudence in Locke's Exceptions to Toleration

Why did Locke exclude Catholics and atheists from toleration? Not, I contend, because he was trapped by his context, but because his prudential approach and practical judgments led him to traditional texts. I make this argument first by outlining the connections among prudential exceptionality, practical judgments, and traditional texts. I then describe important continuities between conventional English understandings of the relationship between state and religion and Locke's writings on toleration, discuss Locke's conception of rights, and illustrate his use of prudential exceptions and distinctions. I conclude by arguing that Locke's problems are relevant to assessing contemporary liberal discussions of toleration and the separation of state and religion that lean heavily on practical justifications.
Integral Methodological Pluralism in Science Education Research: Valuing Multiple Perspectives.

This article examines the multiple methodologies used in educational research and proposes a model that includes all of them as contributing to understanding educational contexts and research from multiple perspectives. The model, based on integral theory (Wilber in a theory of everything. Shambhala, Boston, 2000) values all forms of research as true, but partial. Consideration of objective (exterior) forms of research and data and subjective (interior) forms of research and data are further divided into individual and collective domains. Taking this categorization system one step further reveals eight indigenous perspectives that form a framework for considering research methodologies. Each perspective has unique questions, data sources, methods and quality criteria designed to reveal what is “true” from that view. As science educators who guide our students’ research, this framework offers a useful guide to explain differences in types of research, the purpose and validity of each. It allows professional science educators to appreciate multiple forms of research while maintaining rigorous quality criteria. Use of this framework can also help avoid problems of imposing quality criteria of one methodology on research data and questions gathered using another methodology. This model is explored using the second author’s dissertation research. Finally a decision chart is provided to use with those who are starting inquiries to guide their thinking and choice of appropriate methodologies to use when conducting research.
Participation and argument in legislative debate on statewide smoking restrictions

In this paper we review the relationship between participation in legislative hearings, the use of ideological arguments, and the strength of public health legislation using a theoretical construct proposed by E. E. Schattschneider in 1960. Schattschneider argued that the breadth and types of participation in a political discussion could change political outcomes. We test Schattschneider's argument empirically by reviewing the efforts of six states to pass Clean Indoor Air Acts by coding testimony given before legislators, comparing these findings to the different characteristics of each state's political process and the ultimate strength of each state's legislation. We find that although greater participation is associated with stronger legislation, there is no clear relationship between the use and type of ideological arguments and eventual outcomes. These findings offer validation of a long-standing theory about the importance of political participation, and suggest strategies for public health advocates seeking to establish new legislation.
Unusual chromosome 7 aberrations in a case of eosinophilic myeloproliferative syndrome

A patient with myeloproliferative syndrome with marked eosinophilia was found to have unusual karyotypic abnormalities, including monosomy for the short arm and part of the long arm of chromosome #7 in cultured bone marrow cells. These abnormalities have never been reported previously. The role of chromosome #7 deletions in the genesis of leukemic disorders is discussed.
International Consultation on IC – Rome, September 2004 / Forging an International Consensus: Progress in Painful Bladder Syndrome / Interstitial cystitis

be referred to as PBS/IC. This seems to be a reasonable way to proceed until more specific criteria can be established. Logically IC should include some form of demonstrable inflammation in the bladder wall, while PBS should include pain in the region of the bladder. The diagnosis of PBS/IC is often based on exclusion of other diseases in the bladder–urethra–other pelvic organs inclusive of the musculoskeletal system. As with other diseases without diagnostic criteria or pathophysiological explanation, countless theories have been put forward without adding much to the under- standing of the disease. In practice, patients with symptoms of PBS/IC are screened to exclude other relevant diagnoses and a fo- cused evaluation is performed at the discretion of the actual physician or centre. This evaluation might include cystoscopy with local or general anaesthesia, bladder distention with registration of bladder capacity and/or possible presence of glomerulations and Hunner’s ulcer. Bladder wall biopsies might be obtained and evaluated for inflammation, ulcer, fibrosis, mast cells, etc. The evaluation might also include urodynamics with regis- tration of bladder capacity, compliance and bladder stability. At the end, all of these investigations might be within normal ranges, but because no other diagnosis is avail- able, the patients have the diagnosis of PBS/IC anyway. The relevance of urodynamic, cystoscopic and histo- logical findings is further obscured because the meth- odology by which these results is obtained is not standardized, making it difficult or impossible to com- pare studies. A lot of work has been put into the attempt to define objective diagnostic criteria based on, among other things, the above mentioned investigations. Results, however, have been frustrating. It might be more fruitful to establish a broad clinical diagnosis based mainly on the symptoms and exclusion of other diseases, and then stratify patients by urodynamic, cystoscopic, histologi- cal and other tests on the basis of the significance of these findings for results of treatment and prognosis of the disease. The most successful attempt to define a clinical useful definition of IC was the NIDDK inclusion and exclusion criteria established at a workshop in 1987 [1]. These criteria were revised after a workshop in 1988 and published in a book [2]
Polarization separation'combination based on self-imaging

An integrated optical device for the separation/combination of orthogonal polarizations is described. The device relies on simultaneous symmetric and antisymmetric 131 off-center self-imaging. Calculations show that 90% throughput and 0.1% crosstalk can often be attained, with device length less than or comparable to other integrated optical polar- ization separation devices. The device is passive, requires only a single mask, and is not restricted to a specific fabrication method or material system. Devices can even be made in isotropic material systems with a deep etch. Simulation results are presented for the lithium niobate and glass waveguide material systems. © 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumen- tation Engineers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1402623)
The Aging Stress Response

Aging is the outcome of a balance between damage and repair. The rate of aging and the appearance of age-related pathology are modulated by stress response and repair pathways that gradually decline, including the proteostasis and DNA damage repair networks and mitochondrial respiratory metabolism. Highly conserved insulin/IGF-1, TOR, and sirtuin signaling pathways in turn control these critical cellular responses. The coordinated action of these signaling pathways maintains cellular and organismal homeostasis in the face of external perturbations, such as changes in nutrient availability, temperature, and oxygen level, as well as internal perturbations, such as protein misfolding and DNA damage. Studies in model organisms suggest that changes in signaling can augment these critical stress response systems, increasing life span and reducing age-related pathology. The systems biology of stress response signaling thus provides a new approach to the understanding and potential treatment of age-related diseases.
THE ROAD TO DARK ENERGY

I describe and critically evaluate a variety of methods, from simple parametrizations to non-parametric methods, to model the background expansion history in the presence of dark energy. Motivated by these approaches, I review the prospects of determining the properties of dark energy with future experiments, in particular the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and SuperNova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP). Finally, I outline the importance of being able to constrain whole classes of dark energy models, and present recent work that comprehensively studied the observational signature of general scalar field models.
Is the Link between Large High Schools and Student Victimization an Illusion

To determine whether larger high schools have more student victimization than smaller schools, this study examined a statewide sample of approximately 7,431 ninth-grade students and 2,353 teachers in 290 Virginia high schools participating in the Virginia High School Safety Study. School size was distinguished from the proportion of students receiving free or reduced-price meals, percentage of minority students, ethnic diversity (heterogeneity), and urbanicity. In larger schools, teachers and students reported that they perceived more bullying and teasing taking place, but student self-reports of being a victim of bullying were not associated with school size. Additionally, school discipline records showed that although the total number of incidents was higher, the rate of bullying offenses was lower in larger schools. Similar results were found for measures of student threats and physical assaults. These findings raise the possibility that the link between larger schools and higher student victimization is an illusion based on perceived frequency rather than rates of victimization.
Managing the delivery of health care: care-plans/managed care/practice guidelines

Concerns about increasing costs of health care combined with an increasing appreciation of the variability in health care delivery practices has led to the development of strategies to better standardise health care delivery. Care-plans and practice algorithms define road maps of care and decision algorithms for individual patient conditions. When incorporated into routine clinical practice and coupled with the recording of the outcomes of care, they permit an improved understanding of how to provide more cost-effective health care. Routine integration into information systems should help to establish a continuous quality improvement model for health care delivery. Substantial problems exist, however, in the development of care-plans and integrating them into information systems and routine clinical practice.
Zebra Mussel Predation by Round Gobies in the Laboratory

The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), a native of the Black and Caspian seas, has spread from the original point of discovery in the St. Clair River to Lakes St. Clair, Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior. Round gobies utilize a broad range of foods, but prefer zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Gobies 6–10 cm in standard length consume mussels up to 7 × 13 mm. Zebra mussels 4–13 mm long are eaten at rates averaging between 36 and 47 per day, depending on predator/prey size; zebra mussels smaller than 4 mm were eaten at rates exceeding 100 per day. Feeding rates averaged 5.4/hr in 140-minute trials. Individual and clumped zebra mussels were preferred over sphaeriid clams on both sand and gravel substrates.
Numerical simulations of a high-Tc-superconductive glass model

Numerical simulations for anXY-spin-glass model are presented. The connection to recent experiments on high-T c superconductors is outlined. In particular, the glass behaviour in experiments is reproduced by a 2-D model. A phase diagram important for future experiments is also provided. A substantial gain inT c is predicted for enhanced couplings between planes.
Why There Is Nothing Rather Than Something: A Theory of the Cosmological Constant

Wormholes are topology-changing configurations in euclidean quantum gravity whose importance has recently been advocated by several authors. I argue here that if wormholes exist, they have the effect of making the cosmological constant vanish. The argument involves approximations in dealing with physics at the wormhole energy scale (assumed to be somewhat below the Planck mass) but is exact in all interactions at all lower energies.
Dynamics of Fermionic Four-Wave Mixing

We study the dynamics of a beam of fermions diffracted off a density grating formed by fermionic atoms in the limit of a large grating. An exact description of the system in terms of particle-hole operators is developed. We use a combination of analytical and numerical methods to quantitatively explore the Raman-Nath and the Bragg regimes of diffraction. We discuss the limits in diffraction efficiency resulting from the dephasing of the grating due to the distribution of energy states occupied by the fermions. We propose several methods to overcome these limits, including the technique of ''atom echoes.''.
Race/Ethnicity and Perceptions of Police Bias: The Case of Chinese Immigrants

Although race remains a prominent predictor of citizen perceptions of criminal injustice, little research has examined Asian Americans. Drawing upon survey data from the East Coast, this study examines how Chinese immigrants perceive police bias and what factors explain their perceptions. Results show that the majority of respondents believe that police bias exists. Chinese immigrants' perceptions are less attributable to their direct experiences with crime or the police but are closely related to their global perceptions of officer demeanor and media exposure to police misconduct. Length of stay in United States has some curvilinear effects. Research and policy implications are provided.
Nonuse values in benefit cost analysis.

Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) is a pragmatic realization of the theory of welfare economics. Much of the research associated with BCA has sought to expand the types of benefits that can be measured in dollar terms. With this research there has been a progressive movement of goods and services from the set without measures (usually designated as intangibles in BCA terminology) to the set with. For example, the recreational services provided by projects associated with dams for hydroelectric power or flood control were regarded as intangible until the development of the travel cost model for estimating the demand for outdoor recreation sites.' One of the current "frontiers" in BCA research is associated with modeling and measuring nonuse benefits. In contrast to the past efforts with intangibles, research on this topic has remained controversial with few direct effects on the practice of applied welfare economics. There are two principal reasons for this outcome. First, there has not been an accepted set of definitions for nonuse benefits. And, second, applied studies with empirical estimates of nonuse benefits have, until recently, been non-existent. Clearly, these problems are related. A consistent set of definitions is a necessary prerequisite for empirical implementation. I will argue that consistent definitions for nonuse benefits have been elusive because the conceptual frameworks used in the literature to describe its primary components--option value and existence values-are not mutually consistent. In the process of demonstrating this result, I will describe the elements of a consistent framework for treating both use and nonuse benefits and apply it in explaining some of the problems with the available empirical estimates of nonuse benefits.
Radicinin: a metabolite from Stemphylium radicinum. II. On the mechanism of its biosynthesis.

Abstract After studying the effect of various substrates and also of certain enzyme inhibitors on the rate of formation of radicinin by Sterad, it is suggested that the carbohydrate molecule is utilized intact in the biosynthesis of radicinin.
Tracer studies on ascorbic acid formation in plants

Tracer studies in which D-glucose-1-14C, -2-14C or -6-14C; D-galactose-1-14C; D-glucuronic acid-6-14C; D-glucuronolactone-1-14C or -6-14 C; D-galacturonic acid-1-14C; D-galacturonate-U-14C methyl ester; myo-inositol-214C; or D-glucose-1-t or -6-t are administered to intact plant tissues, usually to the detached ripening strawberry or the detached parsley leaf, reveal the existence of two processes of L-ascorbic acid formation in higher plants. In one process, D-glucose and related sugars are utilized as their hexose phosphates. Oxidation proceeds at carbon 1 of the sugar to form the carboxyl group at carbon 1 of L-ascorbic acid. Except for partial equilibration of the hexose phosphate with triose and pentose phosphates, the six carbon chain is utilized without cleavage. Carbon 5 is epimerized from the D- to the L- configuration during the conversion. Carbon 6 remains reduced throughout the process. The other process of L-ascorbic acid formation proceeds from exogenously supplied D-glucuronolactone or D-galacturonate methyl ester. Here, the carboxyl group at carbon 6 of the uronic acid derivative is conserved, becoming carbon 1 of L-ascorbic acid. The aldehydic group of the uronic acid derivative is reduced to a primary alcohol corresponding to carbon 6 in the L-ascorbic acid. There is no cleavage of the carbon chain during the conversion. D-Glucuronic acid supplied exogenously or generated enzymatically within the plant tissue from myo-inositol is not utilized for L-ascorbic acid synthesis. The physiological significance of the two processes is discussed.
Toxicity of aerosol propellants in teh respiratory and circulatory systems V. Ventricular function in the dog

Abstract The three propellants previously reported to depress myocardial contractility in the primate heart also depress ventricular function in the canine heart-lung preparation. In concentrations of 2.5 and 5% the following cause depression: trichlorofluoromethane (FC 11), trichlorotrifluorethane (FC 113) and trichloroethane. Three other propellants induced depression when administered in concentrations of 10 and 20%: octafluorocyclobuthane (FC C-138), chloropentafluoroethane (FC 115) and difluoroethane (FC 152a). These three propellants were previously demonstrated as not exerting a depressant effect on the force of contraction of a segment of the primate heart. On the basis of observations made on the canine heart-lung preparation, there is no available propellant for aerosols that is devoid of cardiodepressant action.
Industrial structures components of finance theory's CAPM

A microeconomic pricing model is developed which explains the effects of industrial structures on profit margin and equity beta values. The model is placed into special use by illustrating what may appear to be contradictions in the stock prices and betas of specific companies, differences which are explained however by the theory that supports our model. The industrial organization theory established in the paper would therefore extend Finance Theory's Capital Asset Pricing Model. Many testable propositions which could disconfirm or fail to disconfirm certain facets of, if not the paper's basic theory, are set forth descriptively.
BRITISH STUDIES OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

The Chatham House/PEP Series Agricultural Policy and the Common Market. John S. Marsh and Christopher Ritson. The EEC: National Parliaments in Community Decision-Making. Michael Niblock. External Relations of the European Community: Associations and Trade Agreements. Stanley Henig. The Power of the Purse in the Euroean Communities. David Coombes assisted by Ilka Wiebecle. National Governments and the European Communities. Helen Wallace.
Analysis of a new sample configuration for the growth and study of vented water trees (in LDPE)

A new sample configuration for the growth and analysis of vented water trees is reported. The test geometry is a variation of the water electrode and utilizes a cold-pressed cut whose depth varies from end-to-end. An analysis of the electric field associated with the sample geometry is provided with a description of the morphology of the trees grown. Evidence is presented that indicates singularities are not the only field characteristic which define tree morphology. Results also indicate that the regions within approximately 3 mu m of the initiation sites contain microvoid concentrations orders of magnitude higher than the bulk of the treed volume. >
Cytokine levels and inflammatory responses in developing late-phase allergic reactions in the skin

Abstract Background: Cytokines could play roles in the attraction of leukocytes into sites of IgE-mediated late-phase reactions (LPR) or in the activation of such cells at the sites. Previous studies found increased release of IL-6, IL-1, and granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor into skin chambers overlying allergen-challenged sites, mainly after 6 hours when LPR are already well-developed. Objective: To compare levels of several cytokines with inflammatory responses in skin chambers overlying developing LPRs. Methods: Skin chambers were appended to denuded blister bases in 15 sensitive subjects, then challenged over a 5-hour period with pollen allergens (Ag) or buffer control (B). Levels of several chemotactic cytokines, eosinophil cationic product (released from eosinophils), and lactoferrin (released from neutrophils) were measured and leukocyte accumulation was assessed. Results: Levels of the chemokines IL-8, RANTES, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (but not IL-1, IL-6, or granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor) were significantly higher at Ag-challenge sites than at B-challenge sites. IL-5 was not detected. In individual chamber fluids at Ag-challenge sites, (1) IL-8 levels correlated strongly with levels of lactoferrin but not with eosinophil cationic protein levels; (2) RANTES levels correlated with numbers of eosinophils but not with eosinophil cationic protein levels; and (3) levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 correlated weakly with histamine released after the first hour. Conclusions: During LPRs developing during the first 5 hours of Ag challenge, there is increased local release of several chemokines, which could play roles in the observed attraction and subsequent activation of leukocytes and continued histamine release observed at such sites. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:104-9.)
A comparison of regional oxidant model (ROM) output with observed ozone data

Abstract The output from the regional oxidant model (ROM) is compared to observed ozone over northern Illinois for June, July and August 1987. The 8-h daily average ozone at the ozone monitoring stations is interpolated to the ROM grid cells using a spatial statistical method. Differences between the model output and spatial predictions are compared at three levels of spatial averaging (with approximate scales of 19, 100, 400 km) and three levels of temporal averaging (daily, weekly, 3 months). In addition two ozone monitoring stations are paired with weather stations and with ROM cells in order to investigate the performance of ROM as a function of meteorological conditions. For daily values the root mean squared error (RMSE) between the ROM values and those predicted from the monitoring network varies between 14 and 25 ppb with the largest discrepancies occurring near Lake Michigan. Weekly averages reduce the RMSE by approximately 30% but spatial aggregation is not helpful in improving the agreement. The difference between ROM ozone predictions and the observed ozone at two paired sites depends most strongly on temperature and to a lesser extent on dew point temperature. The R 2 from linear regressions is approximately 35%. An examination of the synoptic-scale and meso-scale weather patterns during this period indicates that ROM is sensitive to dynamic situations such as a frontal passage.
Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle in a collegiate football player. Use of magnetic resonance imaging in early diagnosis.

We have reported an unusual case of pectoralis major muscle rupture and repair. There were three interesting aspects of this case. First, the injury occurred in a football player with an unusual mechanism of injury. Second, MRI using special techniques was valuable in confirming the diagnosis acutely and in planning treatment. Finally, we reported on the use of suture anchors to secure the avulsed tendon. We recommend the early use of MRI for diagnosis and in planning treatment of suspected pectoralis major muscle ruptures. Language: en
Neuro‐opthalmic abnormalities in Tourette's syndrome: Functional and automic implications

Neuro-ophthalmic findings in 29 patients with Gilles de la Tourette9s syndrome are described. Twenty-eight patients had blepharospasm, and 19 had other eve tics that included forced staring and involuntary gaze deviation. These- neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities- and ocular disturbances are similar to those found in known basal ganglia disorders.
Calorimetric determination of the heat and products of detonation of an Unusual CHNOFS Explosive

L'explosif etudie est le pentafluoropersulfuronyl-2 ethyl tris-[dinitro-2,2 fluoro-2 ethyl] orthocarbonate
Toward an understanding of the interaction between filarial parasites and host antigen-presenting cells

Lymphatic filarial infection, from an immunologic point of view, is one of the most complex parasite infections. Not only are there different clinical manifestations that reflect differing immune responses, but the parasite's multiple stages, each with distinct anatomic tropism, add a compartmental layer of complexity to an already complicated process. Moreover, these parasites have finely tuned immune evasion strategies that enable escape from the innate immune system. As different stages of the parasite interact with different types of antigen-presenting cells that, in turn, may play a significant role in shaping the subsequent adaptive immune response, the focus of this review is to provide insight into the interaction between filarial parasites and antigen-presenting cells with an eye toward understanding how they influence parasite antigen-driven T-cell responses.
Spectral measurements of few-electron uranium ions produced and trapped in a high-energy electron beam ion trap

Measurements of 2s{sub l/2}-2p{sub 3/2} electric dipole and 2p{sub 1/2}-2p{sub 3/2} magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole transitions in U{sup 82+} through U{sup 89+} have been made with a high-resolution crystal spectrometer that recorded the line radiation from stationary ions produced and trapped in a high-energy electron beam ion trap. From the measurements we infer {minus}39.21 {plus_minus} 0.23 eV for the QED contribution to the 2s{sub 1/2}-2p{sub 3/2} transition energy of lithiumlike U{sup 89+}. A comparison between our measurements and various computations illustrates the need for continued improvements in theoretical approaches for calculating the atomic structure of ions with two or more electrons in the L shell.
Aneurysms of the superficial femoral artery: A report of two cases and review of the literature

True "arteriosclerotic" aneurysms of the superficial femoral artery, not associated with generalized dilatation of the common femoral or popliteal artery, are relatively rare. We report our experience with two isolated superficial femoral artery aneurysms and review the previous literature. An 88-year-old woman was first seen with thrombosis of a superficial femoral aneurysm and limb-threatening ischemia and had eventual limb loss as a result of occlusion of distal run-off vessels despite surgical revascularization. A 93-year-old man came to us with rupture and was treated with an interposition graft, which resulted in limb salvage. Review of 17 "arteriosclerotic" superficial femoral artery aneurysms in 14 patients whose cases were reported in the literature revealed a complication at presentation in 65%, rupture in 35%, thrombosis in 18%, and distal emboli in 12%. However, limb salvage was 94% and there were no perioperative deaths. Abdominal aortic aneurysms were discovered in 40%. Males (75%) were more common than females, and the average age was 77 years (range 61 to 93). Isolated superficial femoral artery aneurysms are rare and occur at an older average age than do other peripheral aneurysms, but their incidence is anticipated to increase with this growing segment of our population. In the absence of evidence of syphilitic, other infectious, immunologic, inflammatory, or connective-tissue disorders, these and other aneurysms are considered arteriosclerotic in origin, despite the absence of diffuse arteriosclerosis in many cases and controversy regarding the role of arteriosclerosis in their cause.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MUC1 peptide vaccine mediated antitumor activity in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide for both men and women, causing approximately 1.2 million deaths per year. With the existing therapeutic efforts, the long-term survival for lung cancer patients remains low with only 15% surviving for 5 years following diagnosis. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed. One such approach is the development of immune therapy for lung cancer. Immune approaches for lung cancer remain attractive because although surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy alone or in combination have response rates in all histological types of lung cancer, relapse is frequent. Immunologic targeting of lung cancer has the potential for nontoxic and specific therapy. Strategies that harness the immune system to react against tumors can be integrated with existing forms of therapy for optimal responses toward this devastating disease.
Some New Dying Trick: African American Youths "Choosing" HIV/AIDS:

The haunting voices of six African American young people family members of socioeconomically marginalized persons with HIV/AIDS, dominate this vulnerable ethnography. Initially enrolled as auxiliary respondents in a longitudinal research project centered on HIV/AIDS in inner-city Detroit, they joined family members as primary respondents when they seroconverted after deliberately seeking HIV exposure. Analysis integrates these behaviors with the growing feelings of futility and hopelessness born of the erosive despair of inner-city life that turns such phenomena as violence, gang membership, and crime inward, in a self-destructive pattern of symbolic violence that is likely to extract severe social consequences. Each youth tells his or her story from within the context of marginalization, insensitive social policies, and demanding caretaking responsibilities.
Spatiotemporal-bandwidth product of m-dimensional signals

A system-theoretic proof for the spatiotemporal-bandwidth product (STBP) of multidimensional signals is given. Explicit formulae for the STBP of multivariate Gaussian signals and their derivatives are also supplied.
Exposure and Risk Assessment for Arsenic from Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)-Treated Wood Playground Equipment

ABSTRACTIn June 2001, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC or the Commission) docketed a petition from the Environmental Working Group and the Healthy Building Network that requested that the Commission enact an immediate ban of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood for use in playground equipment. The request was based on the concern about health risks due to the presence of arsenic in the CCA formulation.To address the petition, the authors reviewed available data; evaluated existing standards, regulations, and economic data; performed exposure studies; and conducted a quantitative exposure and risk assessment that evaluated the risks to children from the use of CCA-treated wood playground equipment. The assessment estimated a theoretical increased lifetime risk of 2 to 100 per million of developing lung or bladder cancer for children aged 2–6 years from regular contact with arsenic residues on the surface of CCA-treated wood playground equipment, with risks of 0.2 to 5,000 per milli...
In-situ stress and thermal stability studies of molybdenum bilayer back contacts for photovoltaic applications

Molybdenum bilayers have been used as back contacts for CIGS and CZTS based solar cell for years. Mo bilayer films undergo a heat treatment during the CIGS/CZTS deposition process which in turn changes the stress and morphological properties and affects the adhesion and morphological features of CIGS/CZTS layers. This work reports in-situ studies of Mo stress variation during anneals ranging from 20°C to 500°C and compares its morphological and electrical properties before and after heating to develop a thermally stable Mo bilayer. We have also used a low tensile stress bilayer developed in this way to demonstrate CZTS and CIAGS films with good adhesion properties.