cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The molecular structure of the antidiuretic hormone elicited water channel

Measurements of osmotic water permeability (Pf) have shown that the plasma membranes of human red cells and certain epithelial cells possess specialized water channels. Although these water channels have been characterized extensively using biophysical techniques, the proteins that compose these unique channels have only recently been identified. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulation rapidly increases collecting duct epithelial cell Pf by fusion of water channel-containing vesicles (WCV) with their apical membranes. The proteins of WCV from toad bladder and rodent kidney have been characterized. The principal proteins in toad bladder WCV are 55,000 daltons (55 kDa) and 53 kDa and span the lipid bilayer of these vesicles. Polyclonal antisera raised against the 55-kDa and 53-kDa proteins inhibit ADH-stimulated toad bladder Pf by 80% and recognize protein bands of 46, 38 and 30 kDa in mouse kidney. Purification of WCV from rat kidney reveals enrichment of the 46-kDa protein. Recently, a 28-kDa integral membrane protein (called CHIP-28) has been isolated from human red cells. It forms functional water channels inXenopus oocytes and when reconstituted into proteoliposomes. Large amounts of CHIP-28 protein are present in epithelial cells of the proximal tubule and descending thin limb of Henle's loop. Molecular cloning efforts are underway to elucidate the structure and function of these candidate water channel proteins.
Genotypic diversity enhances recovery of hybrids and fertile backcrosses of Phaseolus vulgaris L. × P. acutifolius A. Gray

Homozygous and heterozygous Phaseolus vulgaris and P. acutifolius parental genotypes were hybridized to determine if genotypic diversity would aid gene transfer between these species. Certain P. vulgaris female parents resulting from diverse intraspecific crosses increased the frequency of species hybrids obtained. From a total of 19 self-sterile hybrids, 20 backcross-1 (BC1) lines (P. vulgaris recurrent parent) were produced from 4 partially female-fertile hybrids, each of which had a heterozygous P. vulgaris female parent. Heterozygous P. acutifolius male parents did not influence the frequency at which interspecific hybrids could be produced but apparently improved female-fertility. Fertility of the F1BC1 generation was highly variable. The frequency of fertile individuals increased in each subsequent backcross generation (F1BC2 and F1BC3).
Electroporation improves transfection efficiency in rat wound healing model

Abstract Introduction: We are investigating the use of electroporation in vivo to enhance transfection efficiency and improve wound healing with DNA plasmid expression vectors for growth factors. Methods: For electroporation (EP) transfection efficiency and wound healing we used luciferase and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) DNA plasmid expression vectors respectively (gWIZ-Lux vector controlled by CMV promoter, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Animals were electroporated at the site of injection within two minutes of plasmid administration, using a square wave electroporator (ECM 830, BTX Genetronics, San Diego, CA). For luciferase, photon emission was quantified using the IVIS Imaging System (Xenogen Corporation, Alameda, CA). For the KGF experiment, healing 4 cutaneous 8mm punch biopsies was assessed using image analysis software based on NIH image (Scion Image, Frederick, MD). A Sprague Dawley rat sepsis model of wound healing with partial cecal ligation was utilized. We found in previous experiments that wound healing was delayed in septic animals. Results: Single EP enhanced average luciferase expression three-fold compared to plasmid without EP (p 5 ± SEM (photons/sec). Values were recorded as total photon flux from each wound, with 4 wounds per rat. Wound size values represent average ± SEM (pixels). Conclusions: These results encourage us to explore further the possible benefit of electroporation-facilitated transfection of growth factors to improve wound healing.
Assessment of the optimal temporal window for intravenous CT cholangiography

The optimal temporal window of intravenous (IV) computed tomography (CT) cholangiography was prospectively determined. Fifteen volunteers (eight women, seven men; mean age, 38 years) underwent dynamic CT cholangiography. Two unenhanced images were acquired at the porta hepatis. Starting 5 min after initiation of IV contrast infusion (20 ml iodipamide meglumine 52%), 15 pairs of images at 5-min intervals were obtained. Attenuation of the extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) and the liver parenchyma was measured. Two readers graded visualization of the higher-order biliary branches. The first biliary opacification in the EBD occurred between 15 and 25 min (mean, 22.3 min ± 3.2) after initiation of the contrast agent. Biliary attenuation plateaued between the 35- and the 75-min time points. Maximum hepatic parenchymal enhancement was 18.5 HU ± 2.7. Twelve subjects demonstrated poor or non-visualization of higher-order biliary branches; three showed good or excellent visualization. Body weight and both biliary attenuation and visualization of the higher-order biliary branches correlated significantly (P<0.05). For peak enhancement of the biliary tree, CT cholangiography should be performed no earlier than 35 min after initiation of IV infusion. For a fixed contrast dose, superior visualization of the biliary system is achieved in subjects with lower body weight.
Consumer Privacy and Security Protection on Church Web Sites: Reasons for Concern:

Abstract The authors examine online privacy and security issues in a study of 102 church Web sites throughout the nation and find that though church Web sites collect personal identifying information comparable to that collected by commercial Web sites, few offer information practice statements or privacy policies. Furthermore, unlike their commercial counterparts, church Web sites often post personal identifying information of their members and site visitors that enhances potential threats to both consumer privacy and security. Survey responses from 21 church Web site administrators provide further insight into this information disclosure gap and potential means of addressing it.
A critique of the Urban Institute's claims of cost free immigration: Early findings confirmed

This text addresses the critiques from the Urban Institute and other immigrant advocacy groups concerning the findings of an earlier study, “The Cost of Immigration” released in the summer of 1993. That study showed that the public costs associated withimmigrants settling here since 1970 amounted, in 1992, to $42.5 billion more in services and assistance than the $20.2 billion which immigrants paid in taxes (Huddle, 1993). The updated assessment takes into account previously unavailable figures and revises some methods and assumptions used in the earlier work. The updated bottom line is fully consistent with initial findings on immigrant costs for 1992.
Electrically-induced afterdischarges in the inferotemporal cortex of monkeys: effects on visual discrimination and discrimination-reversal performance.

Abstract Afterdischarges induced bilaterally in inferotemporal (IT) cortex, as monitored by EEG recording, impaired subsequent performance on perceptually difficult visual discriminations of dimensionalized stimuli during the period of abnormal IT EEG activity. The defect seemed to relate to control levels of performance and varied somewhat in persistence. Such seizures also markedly impaired reversals of a visual pattern discrimination. Based upon information about propagation patterns of the afterdischarges, it was suggested that afterdischarges induced in IT cortex produce some form of visual perceptual or attentional disorder and an associative disorder in the encoding of visual stimuli with respect to reward contingencies.
Parthenogenesis of human oocytes as a function of vacuum pressure.

The effect of different vacuum pressures on the rate of parthenogenesis was studied in 109 cycles of laparoscopic follicle aspiration. A total of 388 follicles was aspirated at settings of vacuum pressure of 100, 75, and 50 mm Hg. Parthenogenesis occurred at the rates of 5.9, 7, and 1%, respectively. The difference between 100 and 50 mm Hg was statistically significant (P<0.025). We conclude that the rate of parthenogenesis is influenced by the magnitude of vacuum pressure.
On-Line Observation of the Composition in Non-Isothermal Batch Reactors with Non-Linear Reactions

Reconstruction of not measured concentrations in chemical batch reactors with nonlinear reaction kinetic under non-isothermal conditions using solely temperature measurements is presented. The measurements are first filtered using spine-type modulating functions. The following one-point estimator reconstructs the composition from the filtered signals and their time derivative. The effect of filtering parameters and other variables affecting the observation are discussed.
Apparatus conceptualization for psychopathological research inmonkeys

Investigation of psychopathology in monkeys requires analysis of multiple variables mediating specific behaviors. Assessment of both the relative contribution of each variable and the interactions among them is facilitated by the use of apparatuses whose designs permit separate or simultaneous manipulation of several variables. Three such devices, the pit, the tunnel of terror, and the standard living-experimental cage, each specifically constructed for the production of depression or despair in monkeys, are described.
Assessment of eating disorders

The psychopathology of the eating disorders is comprised both of nonspecific features such as anxiety symptoms or depression which are to be found in other psychological disorders, and of those behaviors and attitudes which are specific to this group of disorders. The latter include disturbances in behaviors related to eating and weight control, and characteristic attitudes regarding food, eating, and body shape and weight. This article summarizes the more commonly used methods for the assessment of the specific psychopathology of eating disorders.
Numerical Model of the Plasma Sheath Generated by the Plasma Source Instrument Aboard the Polar Satellite

The plasma sheath generated by the operation of the Plasma Source Instrument (PSI) aboard the Polar satellite is studied by using a three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) code. When the satellite passes through the region of low-density plasma, the satellite charges to positive potentials as high as 40-50 V, owing to the photoelectron emission. In such a case, ambient core ions cannot accurately be measured or detected. The goal of the onboard PSI is to reduce the floating potential of the satellite to a sufficiently low value so that the ions in the polar wind become detectable. When the PSI is operated, ion-rich xenon plasma is ejected from the satellite, such that the floating potential of the satellite is reduced and is maintained at approximately 2 V. Accordingly, in our three-dimensional PIC simulation we considered that the potential of the satellite is 2 V as a fixed bias. Considering the relatively high density of the xenon plasma in the sheath (10-10(exp 3)/cc), the ambient plasma of low density (<1/cc) is neglected. In the simulations the electric fields and plasma dynamics are calculated self-consistently. We found that an 'apple'-shape positive potential sheath forms surrounding the satellite. In the region near the PSI emission a high positive potential hill develops. Near the Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment detector away from the PSI, the potentials are sufficiently low for the ambient polar wind ions to reach it. In the simulations it takes only about a couple of tens of electron gyroperiods for the sheath to reach a quasi steady state. This time is approximately the time taken by the heavy Xe(+) ions to expand up to about one average Larmor radius of electrons from the satellite surface. After this time the expansion of the sheath in directions transverse to the ambient magnetic field slows down because the electrons are magnetized. Using the quasi steady sheath, we performed trajectory calculations to characterize the detector response to a highly supersonic polar wind flow. The detected ions' velocity distribution shows significant deviations from a shifted Maxwellian in the ambient polar wind population. The deviations are caused by the effects of electric fields on the ions' motion as they traverse the sheath.
Gametocytocidal Screen Identifies Novel Chemical Classes with Plasmodium falciparum Transmission Blocking Activity

Discovery of transmission blocking compounds is an important intervention strategy necessary to eliminate and eradicate malaria. To date only a small number of drugs that inhibit gametocyte development and thereby transmission from the mosquito to the human host exist. This limitation is largely due to a lack of screening assays easily adaptable to high throughput because of multiple incubation steps or the requirement for high gametocytemia. Here we report the discovery of new compounds with gametocytocidal activity using a simple and robust SYBR Green I- based DNA assay. Our assay utilizes the exflagellation step in male gametocytes and a background suppressor, which masks the staining of dead cells to achieve healthy signal to noise ratio by increasing signal of viable parasites and subtracting signal from dead parasites. By determining the contribution of exflagellation to fluorescent signal and using appropriate cutoff values, we were able to screen for gametocytocidal compounds. After assay validation and optimization, we screened an FDA approved drug library of approximately 1500 compounds, as well as the 400 compound MMV malaria box and identified 44 gametocytocidal compounds with sub to low micromolar IC50s. Major classes of compounds with gametocytocidal activity included quaternary ammonium compounds with structural similarity to choline, acridine-like compounds similar to quinacrine and pyronaridine, as well as antidepressant, antineoplastic, and anthelminthic compounds. Top drug candidates showed near complete transmission blocking in membrane feeding assays. This assay is simple, reproducible and demonstrated robust Z-factor values at low gametocytemia levels, making it amenable to HTS for identification of novel and potent gametocytocidal compounds.
Scaling function, anisotropy and the size of RVE in elastic random polycrystals

This article is focused on the identification of the size of the representative volume element (RVE) in linear elastic randomly structured polycrystals made up of cubic single crystals. The RVE is approached by setting up stochastic Dirichlet and Neumann boundary value problems consistent with the Hill(-Mandel) macrohomogeneity condition. Within this framework we introduce a scaling function that relates the single crystal anisotropy to the scale of observation. We derive certain exact characteristics of the scaling function and postulate others based on detailed calculations on copper, lithium, tantalum, magnesium oxide and antimony-yttrium. In deriving the above, we make use of the fact that cubic crystals and polycrystals have a uniquely determined scale-independent bulk modulus. It turns out that the scaling function is exact in the single crystal anisotropy. A methodology to develop a material selection diagram that clearly separates the microscale from the macroscale is proposed. The proposed scaling function not only bridges the length scales but also unifies the treatment of a wide spectrum of cubic crystals. Although the scope of this article is restricted to aggregates made up of cubic-shaped and cubic-symmetry single crystals, the concept of the scaling function can be generalized to other crystal shapes and classes as well as to scaling of other elastic/inelastic properties.
Identification and Structural Ramifications of a Hinge Domain in Apolipoprotein A-I Discoidal High-density Lipoproteins of Different Size †

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I is the major protein constituent of human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and is likely responsible for many of its anti-atherogenic properties. Since distinct HDL size subspecies may play different roles in interactions critical for these properties, a key question concerns how apoA-I can adjust its conformation in response to changes in HDL particle size. A prominent hypothesis states that apoA-I contains a flexible "hinge domain" that can associate/dissociate from the lipoprotein as its diameter fluctuates. Although flexible domains clearly exist within HDL-bound apoA-I, this hypothesis has not been directly tested by assessing the ability of such domains to modulate their contacts with the lipid surface. In this work, discoidal HDL particles of different size were reconstituted with a series of human apoA-I mutants containing a single reporter tryptophan residue within each of its 22 amino acid amphipathic helical repeats. The particles also contained nitroxide spin labels, potent quenchers of tryptophan fluorescence, attached to the phospholipid acyl chains. We then measured the relative exposure of each tryptophan probe with increasing quencher concentrations. We found that, although there were modest structural changes across much of apoA-I, only helices 5, 6, and 7 exhibited significant differences in terms of exposure to lipid between large (96 A) and small (78 A) HDL particles. From these results, we present a model for a putative hinge domain in the context of recent "belt" and "hairpin" models of apoA-I structure in discoidal HDL particles.
Optical Billiards for Atoms

One of the central paradigms for classical and quantum chaos in conservative systems is the two-dimensional billiard in which particles are confined to a closed region in the plane, undergoing elastic collisions with the walls and free motion in between. We report the first realization of billiards using ultracold atoms bouncing off beams of light. These beams create the desired spatial pattern, forming an "optical billiard." We find excellent agreement between theory and our experimental demonstration of chaotic and stable motion in optical billiards, establishing a new testing ground for classical and quantum chaos.
An Integrative Theoretical Model of Children's Fears

This article describes the development of an integrative theoretical model of children's fears that provides a comprehensive view of the normal development of fear. The model integrates an overview of the process of stress as described by Maccoby (1983) and individual fear variables proposed by Graziano, DeGiovanni, and Garcia (1979). Incorporated into the model are environmental, social, and intrapersonal variables that begin with individual characteristics and proceed in a circular chain of events, including fear stimuli, arousal, and affective state of fear, and conclude with coping strategies and adaptation. Each stage of the model is supported by research studies on children's fears. Suggestions for using the model as a basis for future practice and research are presented.
Infinite Dilution Partial Molar Volumes of Aqueous Solutes over Wide Ranges of Conditions

Data for the partial molar volume at infinite dilution for several gaseous solutes and H3BO3 in water have been correlated using a generalized Krichevskii parameter. The result is a simple function...
Evolution and Event in History and Social Change: Gerhard Lenski's Critical Theory

Authors have contrasted social change and history many times, especially in terms of the significance of the event in accounting for the broadest contours of human societies' evolution. After recas...
From the Court to the Classroom: Opportunities for Engagement, Learning, and Identity in Basketball and Classroom Mathematics

This study explored support for engagement in 2 settings: a high school basketball team and high school mathematics classrooms. Specifically, the study examined 3 aspects of these practices: (a) access to the domain, (b) opportunities to take on integral roles, and (c) opportunities for self-expression in the practice. Drawing on videotape and interview data from 2 African American high school students' participation in basketball and mathematics class, as well as interviews with players' teachers and coaches, this article analyzes how these 3 aspects of practices afforded differential engagement across settings. Findings indicated that the practice of basketball supported deep engagement as players had greater access to an understanding of the domain, were assigned and took up a unique role that was integral to the practice, and had opportunities to express themselves and feel competent. The high school mathematics classroom differentially afforded these opportunities, with 1 student taking them up and t...
Comment on “allomothering in Hanuman langurs”

Abstract It is argued that “alloparental” care may represent behavior favored by selection to maximize individual reproductive success where aggressive costs are high. The relative pattern of results reported by Scollay and DeBold are consistent with the rare dominance hierarchy observed in Hanuman langurs and mantled howler monkeys, both folivorous primates in which infants wear a “natal” coat. It is suggested that the variability of results obtained by Scollay and DeBold is a function of captive conditions in which environmental stress is minimized.
Prismatic and other unusual arrays of mitochondrial cristae in astrocytes of cats and hamsters.

Further work with mitochondria containing prismatic cristae has revealed that this type occurs as a constant feature and in some abundance in the dorsolateral region of the spinal cord of the cat at cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels. All such mitochondria occur in astrocytes. The most common forms are long rods with an abundance of matrix and very few cristae. The matrix in the majority of such mitochondria is of moderate density and without discernible organization. In others the matrix consists of closely packed rodlets with or without occasional prismatic cristae. A frequent pattern is a core of longitudinal rodlets surrounded by a rim of circumferential ones. In the circumferential zone a single row of triangular cristae is present. The unusual mitochondria vary greatly in size, from 0.2–5.0μ Mitochondria containing ordered arrays of cristae that are triangular in cross section are for the most part much smaller than those with very few cristae and smaller than similar mitochondria described in the Syrian hamster. It is concluded that close packing in the matrix (obviously hexagonal in many instances) is the cause of the prismatic shape of the cristae.
Dynamic Electrophoretic Mobility in Concentrated Dispersed Systems. Cell Model

Electroacoustic characterization of concentrated dispersed systems requires an adequate theory of dynamic electrophoretic mobility which takes into account particle-particle interaction. The concept of the cell model provides convenient and comprehensive means for creating this theory. There are two different versions of the electrokinetic cell model. The first one was introduced by Levine and Neale, the second one by Shilov and Zharkikh. The Levine-Neale cell model gives a large discrepancy with experimental data as it was shown by O'Brien and Hunter. We suggest several reasons indicating that the Shilov-Zharkikh cell model is more adequate than the Levine-Neale one. First of all, it gives transition to the Smolichowski law for electroosmosis which is valid for concentrated systems. The Shilov-Zharkikh cell model yields a symmetrical Onsager relationship between kinetic coefficients as well as the Maxwell-Vagner law for electric conductivity. In addition, the Shilov-Zharkikh cell model predicts much stronger volume fraction dependence of dynamic electrophoretic mobility. Such strong dependence corresponds to O'Brien-Hunter experimental data which could not be explained by the Levine-Neale cell model. We developed two versions of the theory using different constrains. The first version is valid only at low frequency, but it takes into account surface conductivity. The second version neglects surface conductivity. At the same time this second version takes into account inertia effects which makes it valid at high frequencies. We do not address a question of the appropriate frame of references for the dynamic electrophoretic mobility. All calculations are performed in the frame of references which is associated with the liquid.
Persevering Through Postpartum Fatigue

Objective To construct a substantive theory of postpartum fatigue. Design Grounded theory. Setting Participants were recruited in the hospital after delivery and interviewed in their homes. Participants Thirteen primiparae ( n = 5) and multiparae ( n = 8) women between 2 and 5 weeks postpartum from diverse ethnic, age, obstetric, and financial contexts were theoretically sampled. Results Persevering was the central human process around which the grounded theory emerged. The process of persevering was explained through the relationships of influencing factors, postpartum fatigue, coping techniques, self‐transcendence, and caregiving. Participants persevered in caregiving of infants and older children in spite of an overwhelming desire to rest and sleep using self‐identified coping techniques in combination with the belief that their children brought purpose and meaning to their lives. Conclusions The theory “Persevering Through Postpartum Fatigue” contributes a more complete understanding of the complex phenomenon of postpartum fatigue as it is expressed in the everyday lives of women during the postpartum period. The results may be used to develop and implement health‐promoting nursing interventions to reduce postpartum fatigue and its health‐related consequences.
Ongoing trials with yttrium 90-labeled ibritumomab tiuxetan in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Abstract Targeted radiation therapy or radioimmunotherapy has been an important recent advance in the treatment of patients with B-cell non- Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Yttrium 90–labeled ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin®) comprises the murine monoclonal antibody ibritumomab, the linker chelator tiuxetan, and the radiolabeled isotope yttrium 90. Yttrium 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of B-cell NHL. Initial phase I/II trials established the therapeutic dose of ibritumomab tiuxetan for low-grade NHL to be 0.4 mCi/kg, or 0.3 mCi/kg for patients with mild thrombocytopenia. Currently, there are many ongoing trials of ibritumomab tiuxetan with different dose schedules and dose intensities in combination with chemotherapy and autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation in an attempt to improve response rate and duration and to study its effectiveness in other B-cell lymphomas including mantle cell lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This article reviews the ongoing trials with 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan. Radioimmunotherapy has great promise, and the safe incorporation of 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan into treatment will hopefully result in improved survival for patients with NHL.
A Method to Optimize Steering Performance of Conventional Ship Autopilots

On presente une methode permettant l'optimisation a priori des controleurs de direction a structure fixe. Cette technique est basee sur la seconde methode de Lyapunov et permet l'optimisation des valeurs des parametres de controle jusqu'a un index quadratique predefini de qualite de direction
Bandwidth determination for soft and hard ground planes: a unified approach in visible and surface wave regions

This work gives a unified definition of the bandwidth for the soft and hard operations of periodic ground planes. The spectral FDTD technique is used to calculate the reflection coefficient on the entire wavenumber-frequency plane and soft and hard factors for TM and TE waves are found. It is described that the regions with infinite reflection on the wavenumber-frequency plane represents the propagation of a surface wave mode. It is generally observed that the soft operation occurs at the frequencies slightly above the surface wave mode, whereas the hard operation occurs slightly below the surface wave mode. The corrugated surface and mushroom-like EBG are analyzed, and the bandwidth for soft, hard and PMC like behavior of these surfaces are identified in the wavenumber-frequency plane.
Charge optimized many-body potential for the Si ∕ SiO 2 system

A dynamic-charge, many-body potential for the $\mathrm{Si}∕{\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ system, based on an extended Tersoff potential for semiconductors, is proposed and implemented. The validity of the potential function is tested for both pure silicon and for five polymorphs of silica, for which good agreement is found between the calculated and experimental structural parameters and energies. The dynamic charge transfer intrinsic to the potential function allows the interface properties to be captured automatically, as demonstrated for the silicon/$\ensuremath{\beta}$-cristobalite interface.
Surface chemical properties of nanoscale domains on UV-treated polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer films studied using scanning force microscopy.

This paper reports the surface chemical properties of ca. 20 nm wide domains on a UV-treated thin film of a polystyrene−poly(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer (PS-b-PMMA; 0.3 as the PMMA volume fraction). UV irradiation and subsequent acetic acid (AcOH) treatment were used for selectively etching horizontally aligned PMMA domains on a thin PS-b-PMMA film to obtain nanoscale trenches and ridges. The surface charge and hydrophilicity of the trenches (etched PMMA domains) and ridges (PS domains) were investigated using three approaches based on scanning force microscopy. Chemical force titration data with a COOH-terminated tip showed a prominent decrease in adhesion force from pH 3 to 4.5 due to electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged functional groups on the tip and film surface but could not clarify the difference in chemical properties between the two nanoscale domains. Friction force images in n-dodecane showed higher friction over etched PMMA and PS domains with an OH-terminated tip and ...
Water-soluble copolymers: 57. Amphiphilic cyclocopolymers of diallylalkoxybenzyl-methylammonium chloride and diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride

Abstract Water-soluble cyclocopolymers of N,N-diallyl-N-alkoxybenzyl-N-methylammonium chloride (alkyl=hexyl and octyl) and N,N-diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride were prepared by free radical polymerization at 50°C in aqueous solution. The copolymer compositions were determined by 1H n.m.r. and u.v. measurements. The solution properties of the copolymers were studied as a function of the length and concentration of pendent hydrophobic groups, copolymer concentration and electrolyte or surfactant concentration, utilizing rheological and fluorescence methods. The copolymers in dilute solutions exhibit primarily intramolecular hydrophobic associations in both pure water and electrolyte solutions. The shear-thickening behaviour observed for these copolymer in dilute and semidilute solutions is interpreted in terms of intramolecular and intermolecular associations. Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the copolymer solutions results in a large increase in the viscosity at SDS concentrations below the critical micelle concentration. Fluorescence studies suggest that the viscosity enhancement is caused by interpolymer association of polymer-SDS domains.
Correlation between pentobarbital suppressed cerebellar cyclic GMP and performance of a swimming task.

Abstract Ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to swim a 2.5 m course. On the day of the experiment the time required for each animal to swim the course was determined, and then the animal received either saline or one of 4 dosages of sodium pentobarbital, intravenously. Four minutes after treatment the animal's swim time was again recorded, and the animal was immediately killed by microwave irradiation. The cerebellum was collected for subsequent determination of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Pentobarbital caused a dosage-dependent suppression of cerebellar cGMP which was highly correlated with a drug-induced increase in the time required to swim 2.5 m. These data provide the first evidence of a correlation between a barbiturate-induced effects on a neurochemical parameter and impaired performance of a learned behavior.
El papel de los síndromes culturales y los remedios tradicionales mexicanos en la promoción de salud de los niños

Purpose: To describe the context in which culture-bound syndromes that mothers of Mexican descent believed affected child wellness and describe how they restored health when these syndromes affected their children. Design: The findings of this come from a larger study that focused on the health promotion and protection practices used by mothers of Mexican descent in urban Texas A naturalistic design, using Spradley’s ethnographic interview techniques and participant observations, was selected to explore and describe the child health promotion and protection practices, including culture-bound syndromes, used by mothers of Mexican origin. Method: Data collection consisted of 21 ethnographic interviews enhanced by focused home observations with nine Spanish speaking mothers. Results: To these group of mothers, the culture-bound syndromes of empacho , fright and evil eye could affect children’s eating and sleep patterns, thereby causing an imbalance in a child’s wellbeing. Therefore the participants believed that they had be mindful of culture-bound syndromes that affected their children’s health and take care of those syndromes by using folk remedies to restore balance in their children’s’ wellbeing. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide an in-depth description of culture-bound syndromes and the folk remedies which mother of Mexican descent used to promote and protect the health of their preschool children. This knowledge provides a framework for healthcare professionals to use when working with mothers of Mexican descent who may be using folk healing to promote and protect the health of their children.
An Iron-Clad Role for Proteasomal Degradation

Iron homeostasis is essential for life and health. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Moroishi and colleagues (2011) show that FBXL5, an iron sensor in an ubiquitin ligase complex, keeps cellular iron in balance by promoting the degradation of IRP2 in vivo.
Learning About English Learners' Content Understandings Through Teacher Inquiry: Focus on Writing

Writing is central to academic development, permeates content area coursework and serves as both a vehicle for and a display of learning. For English learners (ELs), writing poses challenges, and teachers need preparation in how to understand and respond to these. This study reports 5 teacher inquiry processes that preservice teachers in one teacher education program used to learn more about their ELs and their writing performances, strengths, learning, preferences, and needs. The inquiry processes provided opportunities to develop knowledge of content and students (Ball, Thames, & Phelps, 2008), a key subdomain of the knowledge base of effective teaching.
Effect of Sandwich Configuration on Behavior of Honeycomb Core

The behavior of regular hexagonal honeycomb core with and without a facesheet is studied using 3D finite element-based micromechanics. The core without a facesheet is also studied using several versions of beam analysis in order to assess the accuracy of the simplified analyses. The effect of the facesheet on the core behavior is evaluated in terms of how much the distortion of the core and the stress distribution were changed by the presence of the facesheet. In situ effective properties of the core with a facesheet are estimated using periodic analysis of a representative volume element. The effects of various geometric parameters on in situ effective properties are determined. Finally, linear buckling analysis is conducted to study the effect of facesheet stiffness and core geometry on the core buckling behavior under out-of-plane shear loading.
Emotional Intelligence as a Salient Predictor for Collegians’ Career Decision Making

Among the plethora of career theories and counseling practices, human emotion continues to be underrepresented. The paucity is evoking discontentment. For many career specialists, a distal role for...
Presurgical language fMRI activation correlates with postsurgical verbal memory decline in left-sided temporal lobe epilepsy.

Summary We analysed the association of presurgical language fMRI activations and postsurgical verbal memory changes in 16 left-sided mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients with initially intact memory. Patients with severe verbal memory decline after surgery (n = 9) had stronger presurgical fMRI activations within the left posterior temporal lobe, compared to those with no decline (n = 7). Language fMRI activation may predict verbal memory outcome, even in patients with a high risk of postsurgical memory deterioration.
Process to Estimate Permit Costs for Movement of Heavy Trucks on Flexible Pavements

A process based on a mechanistic–empirical (ME) analysis was developed to estimate permit fees on the basis of truck-axle loading and configuration as well as the predicted pavement deterioration that they cause. The process was implemented in a software package, Integrated Pavement Damage Analyzer (IntPave). IntPave is a finite element–based program that calculates pavement responses, uses ME distress models to predict performance under any type of traffic load, is capable of comparing the level of distress caused by a heavy truck relative to a standard truck, and accordingly provides a permit fee. On the basis of a parametric study, it was found that, aside from the truck gross vehicle weight and axle configuration, pavement structure and the damage threshold to rehabilitation also heavily affect the permit fee.
A reassessment of the temnospondyl amphibian Perryella olsoni from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma

Additional mechanical preparation of the type material of the temnospondyl amphibian Perryella olsoni (Lower Permian, Wellington Formation, Oklahoma) highlights new cranial and postcranial features and provides additional data on previously known structures. Important new information is available for the quadrate, palatal bones and their associated dentition, parasphenoid, and appendicular skeleton. The revised diagnosis and redescription of Perryella provide the basis for a re-evaluation of its systematic affinities. A cladistic analysis of (mostly) Carboniferous and Permian temnospondyls, together with several Devonian and Carboniferous stem tetrapod outgroups, supports a single origin for temnospondyls. The sequence of branching events within temnospondyls consists of: (1) a paraphyletic Edopoidea; (2) a clade of Zatracheidae, Eryopidae, and basal Archegosauriformes; (3) a monophyletic Dvinosauria; and (4) a monophyletic Dissorophoidea. Perryella is nested within Dvinosauria in an intermediate position between Trimerorhachidae and Dvinosauroidea.
Effect of Planarization on the Contact Behavior of Patterned Media

The contact behavior of patterned media was examined using a 2-D plane strain finite-element model. The maximum stresses always occurred on the lower right corner of the pattern at the edge of the contact. The effects of planarization on the resulting contact stresses for different filling materials were compared. Using a filling material resulted in a decrease of the contact stresses in the patterns since it not only made the media more robust, but it also helped in relieving the contact load on the top of the patterns. In comparing harder and softer filling materials, it was found that harder materials offer a slight advantage in alleviating the stresses.
Racial differences in the accuracy of perceived partner HIV status among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Atlanta, Georgia.

We compared perceptions of partner HIV status to HIV test results in a cross-sectional study of sexual networks of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Atlanta. We then examined differences between black and white MSM in the predictive value of perceived partner status. We recruited men (“seeds”) using time-space venue sampling. These seeds then referred up to three partners, who could also refer partners. All participants reported sexual behavior and HIV status for recent partners and received HIV tests. For partners who enrolled, we compared laboratory diagnoses to their partner’s perception of their status. Black MSM who perceived themselves to be HIV negative were more likely than perceived-negative white MSM to have a positive partner among those they perceived to be HIV negative or whose status was unknown to them (OR=6.6). Furthermore, although frequency of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) was similar by race, black men were more likely to have had UAI with an unknown-positive partner (OR=9.3).
Pleural fluid metastases of salivary duct carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) comprises a small proportion of salivary gland tumors; however, it is known to be aggressive with a high rate of metastasis. Although frequent references are made to pulmonary dissemination, metastases in the pleural fluid have not been described. In this article, we report the cytologic features of metastatic SDC in the pleural fluid. The clinical history, cytomorphology and immunohistochemical features used for diagnosis are described. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of pleural fluid involvement by salivary duct carcinoma reported in the literature.
Short-term postliver transplant survival after the introduction of MELD scores for organ allocation in the United States.

Background: It has been suggested that the introduction of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) for organ allocation may reduce overall graft and patient survival since elevated serum creatinine is an important predictor of poor outcome after liver transplantation. Objective: In this study, we determined the outcomes of liver transplantation before (PreMELD group, 1998–February, 2002) and after (MELD group, March–December, 2002, n=4642) the introduction of MELD score, and examined the impact of MELD scores on the outcome in the United States (US). Patients & methods: After excluding patients for a variety of reasons (children, live-donor, fulminant liver failure, patients with hepatoma and others who received extra MELD points, multiple organ transplantation, re-transplantation, incomplete data), there were 3227 patients in the MELD group. These patients were compared with 14 593 patients in the preMELD group after applying similar exclusion criteria. The survival was compared using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox regression survival analysis. Results: There was no difference in short-term (up to 10 months) graft and patient survival between MELD and preMELD groups. However, graft and patient survival was lower in patients with MELD score ≥30 when compared with those with MELD score <30 after adjusting for the confounding variables. Conclusion: Introduction of MELD score for organ prioritization has not reduced the short-term survival of patients, but patients with MELD score of 30 or higher had a relatively poor outcome.
Effects of Omeprazole on Vitamin and Mineral Absorption and Metabolism

Objective:To examine the literature surrounding the effects of omeprazole on oral iron absorption and discuss the long-term use of omeprazole and its effect on vitamins C and B12, calcium, and magnesium absorption.Data Sources:The PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched for reports published in English between January 1968 and August 2012, using the terms absorption, ascorbic acid, proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, magnesium, calcium, ferrous sulfate, iron, and drug interactions.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Studies and reports published in English were selected for review. In some cases, reference citations from selected review articles were evaluated as well.Data Synthesis:Several micronutrients require an acidic environment for optimal absorption. Iron, vitamin C, and vitamin B12 absorption are dependent on the intestine's acidic environment. Several studies and case reports describe associations of omeprazole with altered calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B12 absorption. To date, there have be...
2-Methoxyestradiol-Mediated Anti-Tumor Effect Increases Osteoprotegrin Expression in Osteosarcoma Cells

Osteosarcoma is a bone tumor that frequently develops during adolescence. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), a naturally occurring metabolite of 17β-estradiol, induces cell cycle arrest and cell death in human osteosarcoma cells. To investigate whether the osteoprotegrin (OPG) protein plays a role in 2-ME actions, we studied the effect of 2-ME treatment on OPG gene expression in human osteosarcoma cells. 2-ME treatment induced OPG gene promoter activity and mRNA levels. Also, Western blot analysis showed that 2-ME treatment increased OPG protein levels in MG63, KHOS, 143B and LM7 osteosarcoma cells by 3-, 1.9-, 2.8-, and 2.5-fold, respectively, but did not affect OPG expression in normal bone cells. In addition, increases in OPG protein levels were observed in osteosarcoma cell culture media after 3 days of 2-ME treatment. The effect of 2-ME on osteosarcoma cells was ligand-specific as parent estrogen, 17β-estradiol and a tumorigenic estrogen metabolite, 16α-hydroxyestradiol, which do not affect osteosarcoma cell cycle and cell death, had no effect on OPG protein expression. Furthermore, co-treating osteosarcoma cells with OPG protein did not further enhance 2-ME-mediated anti-tumor effects. OPG-released in 2-ME-treated cultures led to an increase in osteoblastic activity and a decrease in osteoclast number, respectively. These findings suggest that OPG is not directly involved in 2-ME-mediated anti-proliferative effects in osteosarcoma cells, but rather participates in anti-resorptive functions of 2-ME in bone tumor environment. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 950–956, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Trust based adaptive on demand ad hoc routing protocol

In this paper, we propose a routing protocol that is based on securing the routing information from unauthorized users. Even though routing protocols of this category are already proposed, they are not efficient, in the sense that, they use the same kind of encryption algorithms (mostly high level) for every bit of routing information they pass from one intermediate node to another in the routing path. This consumes lot of energy/power as well as time. Our routing algorithm basically behaves depending upon the trust one node has on its neighbor. The trust factor and the level of security assigned to the information flow decide what level of encryption is applied to the current routing information at a source/intermediate node. In other words, above a certain level of trust level, there is no need for the source/intermediate node to perform high level encryption on the routing information as it completely trusts the neighboring node. So based on level of trust factor, the routing information will be low-level, medium level, high level encrypted, the low-level being normal AODV. This not only saves the node's power by avoiding unnecessary encoding, but also in terms of time, which is very much valuable in cases of emergencies where the information is as valuable as the time.
A collarless cobalt-chrome femoral component in uncemented total hip arthroplasty. Five- to eight-year follow-up

We implanted 57 uncemented cobalt-chrome porous-coated collarless femoral components into 51 patients (mean age 49 years). At review, five to eight years postoperatively, good or excellent results were recorded in 70% by the Mayo Clinic hip evaluation and in 84% by the Harris hip score. Revision for aseptic loosening of the femoral stem was necessary in only one hip. Thigh pain diminished with time and was present in only two hips at the time of review. Endosteal bone formation was seen at the junction of the smooth and the porous segments of the stem in 94% of hips and in 60% it continued after three years. In 90% of hips, proximal femoral atrophy did not progress after three years. Discontinuous radiolucent lines were seen around 30% of stems, most commonly in zones I, IV and VII. They were not progressive in 94% and their presence did not correlate with the clinical outcome.