cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salicylate 5-Hydroxylase: Intermediates in Aromatic Hydroxylation by a Rieske Monooxygenase

Rieske oxygenases (ROs) catalyze a large range of oxidative chemistry. We have shown that cis-dihydrodiol-forming Rieske dioxygenases first react with their aromatic substrates via an active site nonheme Fe(III)-superoxide; electron transfer from the Rieske cluster then completes the product-forming reaction. Alternatively, two-electron-reduced Fe(III)-peroxo or hydroxo-Fe(V)-oxo activated oxygen intermediates are possible and may be utilized by other ROs to expand the catalytic range. Here, the reaction of a Rieske monooxygenase, salicylate 5-hydroxylase, that does not form a cis-dihydrodiol is examined. Single-turnover kinetic studies show fast binding of salicylate and O2. Transfer of the Rieske electron required to form the gentisate product occurs through bonds over ∼12 A and must also be very fast. However, the observed rate constant for this reaction is much slower than expected and sensitive to substrate type. This suggests that initial reaction with salicylate occurs using the same Fe(III)-superoxo-level intermediate as Rieske dioxygenases and that this reaction limits the observed rate of electron transfer. A transient intermediate (λmax = 700 nm) with an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at g = 4.3 is observed after the product is formed in the active site. The use of 17O2 (I = 5/2) results in hyperfine broadening of the g = 4.3 signal, showing that gentisate binds to the mononuclear iron via its C5-OH in the intermediate. The chromophore and EPR signal allow study of product release in the catalytic cycle. Comparison of the kinetics of single- and multiple-turnover reactions shows that re-reduction of the metal centers accelerates product release ∼300-fold, providing insight into the regulatory mechanism of ROs.
Concise Review: A Critical Evaluation of Criteria Used to Define Salivary Gland Stem Cells

In the effort to develop cell-based therapies to treat salivary gland dysfunction, many different populations of cells in the adult salivary glands have been proposed as stem cells. These cell populations vary, depending on the assay used, and are often nonoverlapping, leading to the conclusion that salivary glands harbor multiple stem cells. The goal of this review is to critically appraise the assays and properties used to identify stem cells in the adult salivary gland, and to consider the caveats of each. Re-evaluation of the defining criteria may help to reconcile the many potential stem cell populations described in the salivary gland, in order to increase comparability between studies and build consensus in the field. Stem Cells 2019;37:1144-1150.
The Utility of Thromboelastography to Guide Blood Product Transfusion.

Objectives To provide an overview of the clot viscoelastic testing technology and to describe its utility in guiding blood product transfusions. Methods A case scenario will be discussed as well as interpretation of thromboelastography (TEG) tracings. In addition, literature examining the utility of viscoelastic testing in guiding patient management and blood product transfusions will be reviewed. Results TEG/rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) is useful in evaluating clot kinetics in trauma and acutely bleeding patients. TEG/ROTEM parameters are reflective of values measured using standard coagulation assays; however, TEG/ROTEM parameters are more rapidly available and more costly. TEG and ROTEM are used in three main settings: cardiac surgery, liver transplantation, and trauma to assess global hemostasis and administration of blood products. Conclusions TEG/ROTEM can be helpful in guiding resuscitation and blood product transfusion. Several studies have demonstrated a reduction in transfusion of blood components with TEG/ROTEM; however, other studies have suggested that TEG/ROTEM is not clinically effective in guiding transfusion.
Finding “Improvement” in the Language Transportation Planners Use: A Critical Discourse Analysis to Illustrate an Automobile-Centric Bias in Transportation Policymaking:

This research considers the urban planning situations in which transportation planners implicitly or explicitly use the term “improvement.” To answer our research questions—what do planners and pol...
Emotion-Cognition Interactions in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Increased Early Attention Capture and Weakened Attentional Control in Emotional Contexts.

Abstract Background Emotion dysregulation is a key dimensional trait in psychopathology. It is of particular interest in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) because individual differences in emotion dysregulation predict impairment. Despite growing recognition of its importance, an understanding of emotional functioning in ADHD needs to be better integrated with the well-known nonemotional attentional impairments in the disorder. Here, we assess differences in early, reactive and later, regulatory attention to emotional stimuli, as well as how impairments in attentional control to nonemotional stimuli are affected under different emotional contexts. Methods In all, 130 adolescents (nADHD = 61) completed an emotional go/no-go task while 32-channel electroencephalography data were recorded. Reaction time and accuracy were analyzed using the linear ballistic accumulator model. Results The multimethod approach provided convergent evidence of increased early, reactive attention capture and overarousal (faster drift rates, increased P1) by positively valenced stimuli in ADHD, but no differences in later attention to emotional stimuli. Overarousal in positive-valence contexts appeared to exacerbate existing ADHD-related impairments in attentional control to nonemotional stimuli as well (reduced N2 amplitude). In contrast, positive-valence contexts facilitated attentional control to nonemotional stimuli for typically developing adolescents. Conclusions Results highlight the dynamic interaction of emotion with attentional control in ADHD. Distinguishing reactive and regulatory contributions to emotion dysregulation has been informative for clarifying mechanisms and spurring the development of novel interventions in other disorders. It can be informative in ADHD as well.
Debriefing Programs for Pediatric Residents: How to Improve Attendance and Provide Long-lasting Benefit

Objective: To examine the association between debriefing programs for pediatric resident physicians and perceived improvements in coping skills, colleague connections, and stress levels. To date, there is limited evidence on the impact of such programs specific to physicians in training within pediatrics and our goal was to gather data supporting …
Life History Orientation Predicts COVID-19 Precautions and Projected Behaviors

The ongoing Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had a devastating impact worldwide. It is unclear as to what one expects during the "post-peak" and "post-pandemic" periods in terms of: (1) continued adherence to precautionary measures (e.g., wearing a mask) and (2) behaviors during these periods pertaining to widespread (anticipated) medical solutions that can buffer subsequent waves (e.g., vaccination and donating plasma). In this study, we examine predictors of individual differences in attitudes and behaviors with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic and the months moving forward. Of the factors that contribute to how one might navigate the pandemic - a source of elevated environmental threat - life history orientation may play a crucial role. In this study, participants (n = 209) indicated their agreement with items on attitudes toward COVID-19 precautions and medical solutions that can buffer subsequent waves. In all models, we found significant positive relationships between one's slow life history orientation and their self-reported adherence to precautions and endorsement of medical solutions. This effect was detectable even after controlling for factors related to political conservatism and personal experience with deleterious events as a result of the pandemic. Discussion includes reflection on the main finding, demographic variables, as well as the relationships uncovered among the modeled covariates (e.g., social conservatism, political conservatism).
Reduced-Order Models for Thermal Radiative Transfer Based on POD-Galerkin Method and Low-Order Quasidiffusion Equations.

This paper presents a new technique for developing reduced-order models (ROMs) for nonlinear radiative transfer problems in high-energy density physics. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of photon intensities is applied to obtain global basis functions for the Galerkin projection (POD-Galerkin) of the time-dependent multigroup Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) for photons. The POD-Galerkin solution of the BTE is used to determine the quasidiffusion (Eddington) factors that yield closures for the nonlinear system of (i) multilevel low-order quasidiffusion (VEF) equations and (ii) material energy balance equation. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate accuracy of the ROMs obtained with different low-rank approximations of intensities.
Joint effects of ambient air pollution and maternal smoking on neonatal adiposity and childhood BMI trajectories in the Healthy Start study.

Coexposure to air pollution and tobacco smoke may influence early-life growth, but few studies have investigated their joint effects. We examined the interaction between fetal exposure to maternal smoking and ozone (O3) or fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on birth weight, neonatal adiposity, and body mass index (BMI) trajectories through age 3 years. Methods Participants were 526 mother-child pairs, born ≥37 weeks. Cotinine was measured at ~27 weeks gestation. Whole pregnancy and trimester-specific O3 and PM2.5 were estimated via. inverse-distance weighted interpolation from stationary monitors. Neonatal adiposity (fat mass percentage) was measured via. air displacement plethysmography. Child weight and length/height were abstracted from medical records. Interaction was assessed by introducing cotinine (<31.5 vs. ≥31.5 ng/mL [indicating active smoking]), O3/PM2.5 (low [tertiles 1-2] vs. high [tertile 3]), and their product term in linear regression models for birth weight and neonatal adiposity and mixed-effects models for BMI trajectories. Results The rate of BMI growth among offspring jointly exposed to maternal smoking and high PM2.5 (between 8.1 and 12.7 μg/m3) in the third trimester was more rapid than would be expected due to the individual exposures alone (0.8 kg/m2 per square root year; 95% CI = 0.1, 1.5; P for interaction = 0.03). We did not detect interactions between maternal smoking and O3 or PM2.5 at any other time on birth weight, neonatal adiposity, or BMI trajectories. Conclusions Although PM2.5 was generally below the EPA annual air quality standards of 12.0 μg/m3, exposure during the third trimester may influence BMI trajectories when combined with maternal smoking.
Asset Building and Child Development: A Policy Model for Inclusive Child Development Accounts

Extreme wealth inequality imposes significant constraints on financially vulnerable families, especially on the development of children in those families. Child Development Accounts (CDAs)—investment accounts offering financial access, subsidies, and incentives to provide assets for children—are designed to reduce wealth inequality over time and promote human development. We review existing evidence from a test of a CDA policy in a population sample. Findings show that, in addition to stimulating account holding and asset building, universal and automatic CDAs for postsecondary education have positive effects on outlooks for and behaviors of parents and children. This long-running CDA experiment suggests ten design elements for a universal, progressive, and potentially lifelong CDA policy. Informed by findings from this experiment, seven states have adopted some version of this model. These innovations illustrate potential policy pathways to reducing asset inequality and improving child development.
NPHS2 mutations

Objective To uncover the frequency and the spectrum of NPHS2 mutations in Egyptian children with non familial steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS).
RHOX10 Drives Spermatogonial Stem Cell Establishment Through a Transcription Factor Signaling Cascade

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for male fertility. How they initially form is poorly understood. Here, we report that SSC generation is driven by a transcription factor (TF) cascade controlled by the homeobox protein RHOX10, which acts by stimulating the differentiation of SSC precursors called pro-spermatogonia (ProSG). We identified genes regulated by RHOX10 in ProSG in vivo using genome-wide transcriptome profiling. We defined RHOX10-direct target genes using the CUT&Tag protocol coupled with a rapid temporal induction assay we designed: inducible thiol(SH)-linked alkylation for the metabolic sequencing of RNA (iSLAMseq). Together, these genome-wide assays identified temporal waves of RHOX10-direct targets, as well as secondary-target genes. Many of these RHOX10-regulated genes encode proteins with known roles in SSCs. Using an in vitro ProSG differentiation assay that we developed, we found that RHOX10 promotes ProSG differentiation through a conserved transcriptional cascade involving the key germ-cell TFs DMRT1 and ZBTB16. Our study gives important insights into germ cell development and provides a blueprint for how to define TF cascades.
SPARK: Personalized Parkinson Disease Interventions through Synergy between a Smartphone and a Smartwatch

Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder afflicting more than 1 million aging Americans, incurring $23 billion in annual medical costs in the U.S. alone. Approximately 90% Parkinson patients undergoing treatment have mobility related problems related to medication which prevent them doing their activities of daily living. Efficient management of PD requires complex medication regimens specifically titrated to individuals’ needs. These personalized regimens are difficult to maintain for the patient and difficult to prescribe for a physician in the few minutes available during office visits. Diverging from current form of laboratory-ridden wearable sensor technologies, we have developed SPARK, a framework that leverages a synergistic combination of Smartphone and Smartwatch in monitoring multidimensional symptoms – such as facial tremors, dysfunctional speech, limb dyskinesia, and gait abnormalities. In addition, SPARK allows physicians to conduct effective tele-interventions on PD patients when they are in non-clinical settings (e.g., at home or work). Initial case series that use SPARK framework show promising results of monitoring multidimensional PD symptoms and provide a glimpse of its potential use in real-world, personalized PD interventions.
A Solvothermal Approach for the Preparation of Nanostructured Carbide and Boride Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramics

The use of a solvothermal process for the synthesis of tantalum carbide (TaC) and lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) powders in fused-quartz test tubes is reported in order to demonstrate the synthesis of these powders using thermal and chemical ignition techniques and to prove that the process is of a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis type, obviating the need for an autoclave. X-ray powder diffraction showed phase pure powders with crystallite sizes of 25 and ∼80 nm, while dynamic light scattering showed average particle sizes of 97 and ∼130 nm, for TaC and LaB6, respectively. The data demonstrates that the powders have a very low level of agglomeration. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the TaC powders have a spherical morphology, while the LaB6 powders have a mixture of cubic and spherical morphologies.
Internet Resources in Medical Genetics

This unit presents an overview of the most commonly used, Web-based information resources for (1) clinicians seeking to apply molecular genetic testing to patient care (see GeneTests) or to understand the molecular basis of inherited diseases (see OMIM), (2) consumers seeking advocacy information (see Genetic Alliance) or scientific and management information (see The Genetics Home Reference, The Genetics Education Center, The Family Village, NOAH, NORD, and Genes and Diseases), and (3) genetics professional societies.
Disruption of cyclin D3 blocks proliferation of normal B-1a cells, but loss of cyclin D3 is compensated by cyclin D2 in cyclin D3-deficient mice.

Peritoneal B-1a cells differ from splenic B-2 cells in the molecular mechanisms that control G 0 -S progression. In contrast to B-2 cells, cyclin D2 is up-regulated in a rapid and transient manner in phorbol ester (PMA)-stimulated B-1a cells, whereas cyclin D3 does not accumulate until late G 1 phase. This nonoverlapping expression of cyclins D2 and D3 suggests distinct functions for these proteins in B-1a cells. To investigate the contribution of cyclin D3 in the proliferation of B-1a cells, we transduced p16 INK4a peptidyl mimetics (TAT-p16) into B-1a cells before cyclin D3 induction to specifically block cyclin D3-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 assembly. TAT-p16 inhibited DNA synthesis in B-1a cells stimulated by PMA, CD40L, or LPS as well as endogenous pRb phosphorylation by cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6. Unexpectedly, however, cyclin D3-deficient B-1a cells proliferated in a manner similar to wild-type B-1a cells following PMA or LPS stimulation. This was due, at least in part, to the compensatory sustained accumulation of cyclin D2 throughout G 0 -S progression. Taken together, experiments in which cyclin D3 was inhibited in real time demonstrate the key role this cyclin plays in normal B-1a cell mitogenesis, whereas experiments with cyclin D3-deficient B-1a cells show that cyclin D2 can compensate for cyclin D3 loss in mutant mice.
Effects of source structure on astrometry and geodesy

VLBI hybrid maps of a number of radio sources have been used to make calculations of the effects of source structure on group delay and phase delay for baselines of different lengths. The effects on the two types of delay are of comparable magnitude and have a slightly stronger than linear dependence on baseline length. For sources selected to have only modest structure, the rms delay error caused by structure at 8.4 GHz is on the order of 30 to 50 picoseconds for intercontinental baselines.
An Investigation on the Effectiveness of Joint Receiver–Carrier Policies to Increase Truck Traffic in the Off-peak Hours

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of comprehensive policies—aimed at fostering a switch of truck traffic from the peak to the off-peak hours—targeting receivers and carriers of goods in urban areas. This paper is also based on the fundamental premise that truck traffic in congested urban areas could move to the off-peak hours, if and only if, the receivers of the cargoes are willing to accept off-peak deliveries. The paper provides a conceptual description, based on game theory, of the fundamental interactions between receivers and carriers and discusses empirical data that confirms the basic findings from the game theoretical analyses. The policy analyses are based on stated preference data that was analyzed using discrete choice models. The data considers different policy scenarios targeting both receivers and carriers. The receiver centered policies considered include tax deductions and shipping cost discounts to companies willing to accept off-peak deliveries; while the carrier centered policies include: a request from receivers to do off-peak deliveries; a request from receivers to do off-peak deliveries combined with toll savings for trucks traveling during the off-peak hours; and a request from receivers to do off-peak deliveries combined with financial rewards for trucks traveling during the off-peak hours. This is the first paper in a series providing insight into possible public policies aimed at encouraging receivers to accept off-peak deliveries. This paper focuses on providing the overall description of the research process, and on describing the results corresponding to receiver centered scenarios that encourage off-peak deliveries. In addition to analyzing the overall effectiveness of comprehensive receiver-carrier policies, the paper discusses the special cases of large traffic generators and neighborhoods with high truck traffic as potential targets of specific off-peak delivery initiatives.
Business and Public Policy: Institutional pressures and proactive environmental protection: evidence from the Costa Rican hotel industry

A quick reading of Chapters 2–4 may lead to a broad conclusion: more business resistance can be expected in developing countries. However, the specific point highlighted by Chapters 3 and 4 is that differences in countries' context and firm characteristics affect the level of resistance/cooperation offered by the business to environmental and social protection demands. Indeed, relatively high levels of business cooperation can be observed in some developing countries. This chapter and the following seek to illustrate this point by focusing on the study of a voluntary environmental certification program for hotels – the Certification for Sustainable Tourism (CST) – launched in Costa Rica in 1997. This program was established to improve the environmental performance of the Costa Rican hotel industry and was developed and implemented by the Costa Rican government with direct cooperation of the business sector, environmentalists, and academics. Remarkably, this was done in the mid- to late-1990s when voluntary environmental certification programs were still an innovation in the US. Costa Rica is a country whose leadership in environmental – and social – protection is hard to explain based solely on its gross national income per capita ($5,560 in 2007, ranking sixty-fourth in the world, according to the World Bank). This middle-income level is significantly lower than the level of other countries (such as, for example, Mexico, Botswana, Russia, and Libya) with considerably poorer records of environmental protection.
Ecdysteroids in relation to the molt cycle of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. I. Hemolymph titers and metabolites.

Abstract Hemolymph ecdysteroid (Ecd) titers were measured using radioimmunoassay (RIA) during the molt cycle of the American lobster, Homarus americanus . Individual animals showed small, transitory rises of Ecds which increased in magnitude with the onset of premolt and culminated in a large premolt peak at morphological stages D 2 2 -D 3 1 . Male lobsters had significant postmolt peaks and late premolt titers that remained high until ecdysis. In females, postmolt peaks were absent and late premolt titers reached basal levels before ecdysis. At least seven different Ecd metabolites were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-RIA analyses. High polarity products (HP) were the most abundant metabolites in virtually every molt stage. Titers of HP were significantly higher in males during late postmolt-early intermolt and in late premolt. Levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) were equivalent in both sexes and correlated with the morphological changes associated with premolt. Evidence was also obtained for the presence of ecdysone, ponasterone A, and other as yet unidentified metabolites. The pattern of Ecd metabolites in the hemolymph supports other data indicative of 20E as the major molting hormone. Metabolism of 20E is primarily toward more polar compounds, including conjugates.
STIM1–Orai1 interactions and Orai1 conformational changes revealed by live-cell FRET microscopy

Ca2+ entry through store-operated Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels initiates key functions such as gene expression and exocytosis of inflammatory mediators. Activation of CRAC channels by store depletion involves the redistribution of the ER Ca2+ sensor, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), to peripheral sites where it co-clusters with the CRAC channel subunit, Orai1. However, how STIM1 communicates with the CRAC channel and initiates the subsequent events culminating in channel opening is unclear. Here, we show that redistribution of STIM1 and Orai1 occurs in parallel with a pronounced increase in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between STIM1 and Orai1, supporting the idea that activation of CRAC channels occurs through physical interactions with STIM1. Co-expression of Orai1–CFP and Orai1–YFP results in a high degree of FRET in resting cells, indicating that Orai1 exists as a multimer. However, store depletion triggers molecular rearrangements in Orai1 resulting in a decline in Orai1–Orai1 FRET. The decline in Orai1–Orai1 FRET is not seen in the absence of STIM1 co-expression and is abolished in Orai1 mutants with impaired STIM1 interaction. Both the STIM1–Orai1 interaction as well as the molecular rearrangements in Orai1 are altered by two powerful modulators of CRAC channel activity: extracellular Ca2+ and 2-APB. These studies identify a STIM1-dependent conformational change in Orai1 during the activation of CRAC channels and reveal that STIM1–Orai1 interaction and the downstream Orai1 conformational change can be independently modulated to fine-tune CRAC channel activity.
Students' Reactions to Teachers' Physical Attractiveness and Nonverbal Behavior: Two Exploratory Studies.

Two studies describe how students' reactions are affected by the physical attractiveness and nonverbal behavior of a teacher. In the first experiment, 9- and 13-year-old students watched a videotaped session given by a female teacher. A physical attractiveness stereotype was found in ratings of the teacher; a teacher who looked attractive was rated as more competent and better able to stimulate and motivate students that when she looked unattractive. The second experiment used fifth-grade children who participated individually in a lesson given by a female teacher. Close behaviors by a teacher (eye contact, leaning forward, smiling, and head nods) produced more positive ratings than distant behaviors by the same teacher (little eye contact, leaning away, frowning, and side to side head movements). No effects on academic performance measures were found in either study due to teacher characteristics.
Untersuchungen zur Mythologie des Kindes

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Richard Beitl Year: 2007 Pages: 304 Details: w/CD Publisher: Waxmann Verlag ISBN: 978-3-8309-1809-7 (hard cover). Prices: € 29,90(hard cover).
Fibronectin-binding activity in Borrelia burgdorferi

Recently, the term MSCRAMM (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules), has been introduced to describe microbial molecules that recognize extracellular matrix (ECM) [1]. Here we present evidence for the presence of fibronectin-binding molecules in Borrelia burgdorferi and several other Borrelia species. Immunofluorescence studies show that plasma fibronectin is bound uniformly over the cell surface of free swimming B. burgdorferi. In addition, the spirochetes are able to bind to plasma fibronectin-coated microwell plates, an interaction that is inhibited by anti-fibronectin antibody as well as exogenous plasma fibronectin. Taken together, the data suggest that fibronectin binds to the surface of the spirochete. On Western blot-like assays, B. burgdorferi and some B. afzelii strains express a major fibronectin-binding protein (Fn-BA) with an approximate molecular mass of 52 kDa. In addition, several other major Fn-BAs were found in B. hermsii (26, 31, 33, 39, 46, 54 and 58 kDa) and B. turicatae (39, 41, 45, 50, 56, 59 and 66 kDa). Preliminary evidence suggests that fibronectin (and Fn-BA) may play a role as a molecular bridge between the spirochete and other components of the extracellular matrix.
Test procedure development for automotive conducted susceptibility and conducted emissions

Current work on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements for automotive electronic and electrical components has necessitated the development of certain test procedures and specifications for EMC testing within General Motors. In order to support this effort, a study was performed to characterize the internal electromagnetic environment of the automobile. The authors describe the conducted susceptibility and conducted emissions test procedure and specification development in General Motors. The status of the development of similar test procedures in the Society of Automotive Engineers and International Standard Organization is also discussed. The test methods, where possible, harmonize with both national and international standards. Through these procedures correlation of component tests to the automobile's internal electromagnetic environment was established. Confirmation of site-to-site repeatability and device-to-device repeatability was accomplished. Test configurations were defined to ensure test uniformity and repeatability. Waveform severity levels were identified and recommended with the understanding that the final decision for severity-level specifications is the responsibility of the customer. The tests were primarily developed to be used during the design and development stages of components. In such cases, it is recommended that additional analytical methods such as frequency-domain analysis be used. >
Psychotherapy as an epigenetic ‘drug’: psychiatric therapeutics target symptoms linked to malfunctioning brain circuits with psychotherapy as well as with drugs

SUMMARY What is known and Objective: Psychotherapy has traditionally competed with psychopharmacology. As drugs have become the more dominant treatment in psychiatry and primary care, this approach is increasingly criticized as limited in scope, lacking in robust outcomes and too heavily influenced by the pharmaceutical industry. Our objective is to show that recent advances in neurobiology are clarifying that learning and environmental experiences, such as psychotherapy, change brain circuits as do drugs. The leading notion of how therapeutic effects occur in psychiatric disorders is that they happen when symptoms are reduced by improving the efficiency of information processing in hypothetically malfunctioning brain circuits. Comment: With this formulation of psychiatric symptoms and their relief, it is not surprising that both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology can be clinically effective for treating psychiatric disorders, or indeed that combining them can be therapeutically synergistic. Psychotherapy, including a new spinoff of cognitive behavioural therapy called trial-based therapy, like many other forms of learning, can hypothetically induce epigenetic changes in brain circuits that can enhance the efficiency of information processing in malfunctioning neurons to improve symptoms in psychiatric disorders, just like drugs. What is new and Conclusion: Psychotherapies can be conceptualized as epigenetic ‘drugs’, or at least as therapeutic agents that act epigenetically in a manner similar or complementary to drugs. These findings are leading to a paradigm shift in psychiatry such that psychotherapy is experiencing a comeback as various standardized, brief, goal-directed psychotherapies are being integrated with drug treatment of psychiatric disorders by psychopharmacologists who have traditionally relied on a drugs-only approach.
Phonetic Symbolism in Adult Native Speakers of Czech

10 monolingual adult speakers of Czech were asked to label elliptical and triangular figures of different size with phonetic nonsense syllables. The purpose of the study was to obtain evidence in s...
Librarian Faculty Athletics Representative: Pros and Cons

NCAA Faculty Athletics Representative (FAR) is important position at NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) affiliate schools, but few Librarians are assigned. This article considers if such appointment is good for institution, Library, and/or Librarian. Although no other publication specifically addresses this topic, it is important for several reasons, including: Library image, academic integrity, educational leadership, and student well-being. ACRL (Association of College & Research Libraries) standards for Librarians are aligned with FARA’s (Faculty Athletic Representative Association) “Statement of the Role of the Faculty Athletics Representative” to analyze how compatible the standards are in satisfying the roles; additionally, three Librarian FARs are interviewed.
Control strategies of the elbow antagonist muscle pair during linearly and stepwise increasing contractions

The myoelectric signals from the biceps brachii and triceps brachii were recorded during stepwise and linearly increasing flexion and extension. The power density spectrum of each signal was determined for different force levels and the median frequency was calculated to track the average conduction velocity, which in turn reflects motor unit recruitment or de-recruitment, and thereby the control strategy of each muscle. The results suggest that muscles do change their control strategy for ramp and step contractions. The triceps as antagonist recruits motor units up to higher levels during step contractions than during ramp contractions. The biceps as antagonist de-recruits motor units up to higher force levels during ramp contractions than during step contractions. >
Assessing Students' Learning Needs and Attitudes: Considerations for Gerontology Curriculum Planning

ABSTRACT The growing number of older adults with multiple healthcare needs underscores the importance of teaching gerontological content to students in healthcare fields. To effectively accomplish this educational goal, it is essential to consider students' attitudes and learning needs related to caring for elderly persons. The purpose of this study was to identify prelicensure undergraduate nursing students' (N = 200) perceived learning needs and attitudes toward older adults. Current knowledge of gerontology and attitudes were correlated with multiple variables including comfort and confidence in caring for older persons. Students identified their desire for more information on selected topics such as supportive resources for elders and their caregivers. Students who intended to learn more about gerontological nursing chose more topics; the two most commonly chosen topics were end-of-life issues and specific disorders. The data from this study can be used to design courses and curricula related to the c...
Periodic Broadcast Protocol for Heterogeneous Receivers

Video-on-Demand is undoubtedly a promising technology for many important applications. Several periodic broadcast techniques have been proposed for the cost-effective implementation of such systems. However, the once-and-for-all implementation strategies of these broadcast schemes imply a common bandwidth requirement for all the clients. Multiresolution techniques address this issue by sacrificing video quality. We present an alternative approach which does not have this drawback. Our protocol, the HEterogeneous Receiver-Oriented (HeRO) Broadcasting, allows receivers of various communication capabilities to share the same periodic broadcast, and therefore enjoy the same video quality while requiring very little buffer space. This is achieved using a new data segmentation scheme with a surprising property. We present the broadcast technique, and compare its performance with that of existing methods.
The Influence of Acceptance Goals on Relational Perceptions

ABSTRACTWe examined whether relational perceptions (social involvement, relational value, interaction experience) differ depending on interaction acceptance goals (establish, maintain, or repair). Results indicated that relational perceptions were more positive in the maintain condition compared to the establish condition, which in turn was more positive than the repair condition. The data also supported a moderated mediation model: the indirect effects of social involvement and relational value on the relationship between acceptance goals and participant’s interaction experience were contingent on self-esteem. These findings identify boundary conditions that influence the impact of acceptance goals on how much people experience an interaction positively. The findings provide an integrated framework outlining the potential relationship between acceptance goals, relational perceptions, interaction experience, and self-esteem.
An institutional mechanism for assortment in an ecology of games.

Recent research has revived Long's “ecology of games” model to analyze how social actors cooperate in the context of multiple political and social games. However, there is still a paucity of theoretical work that considers the mechanisms by which large-scale cooperation can be promoted in a dynamic institutional landscape, in which actors can join new games and leave old ones. This paper develops an agent-based model of an ecology of games where agents participate in multiple public goods games. In addition to contribution decisions, the agents can leave and join different games, and these processes are de-coupled. We show that the payoff for cooperation is greater than for defection when limits to the number of actors per game (“capacity constraints”) structure the population in ways that allow cooperators to cluster, independent of any complex individual-level mechanisms such as reputation or punishment. Our model suggests that capacity constraints are one effective mechanism for producing positive assortment and increasing cooperation in an ecology of games. The results suggest an important trade-off between the inclusiveness of policy processes and cooperation: Fully inclusive policy processes reduce the chances of cooperation.
Nonlinear effects in dipole solvation. I. Thermodynamics

The method of Pade truncation of perturbation expansions for thermodynamic potentials of molecular liquids is extended to the calculation of the solvation chemical potential of an infinitely dilute dipolar solute in a dipolar liquid. The Pade form is constructed to include nonlinear solvation effects of dipolar saturation at large and the linear response quadratic solute dipole dependence at small solute dipoles. The theory can accommodate polarizable solvents. The limiting case of electronically rigid solvent molecules is tested on the nonlinear reference hypernetted chain (RHNC) approximation for dipolar liquids. At high solvent polarities the Pade solvation chemical potential exceeds that of the RHNC. For both treatments, the nonlinear solvation contribution is found to pass through a maximum as a function of solvent polarity indicating that orientational saturation created by the solute breaks down with increasing solvent-solvent dipolar coupling. The Pade form of the chemical potential provides an analytical solution applicable to spectroscopic and electron transfer calculations involving solvation of fictitious complex-valued dipoles.
A universal approach to predicting temperature response of metallic parts to spray quenching

Abstract A new method was developed to predict the temperature response of metallic parts to spray quenching below the film boiling regime. Local heat flux measurements in surfaces subjected to full cone and hollow cone sprays revealed existing correlations based on local values of volumetric spray flux, Sauter mean diameter, and mean drop velocity are both accurate and spatially independent in the transition boiling and nucleate boiling regimes, but less accurate in the single-phase regime due to liquid run-off effects. It is shown how the instantaneous spatial distribution of the heat transfer coefficient can be predicted from a mapping of the spatial distributions of the spray hydrodynamic parameters. The validity of this approach is demonstrated by comparing numerical predictions to the temperature response of a large rectangular aluminum block subjected on one surface to a nonuniform water spray. It is shown that the new method is universally applicable to sprays having drastically different patterns.
Anomalous origin of the left coronary arterial tree through three stems — one from the pulmonary trunk

In an l&year-old asymptomatic male athlete, the left anterior descending coronary artery was found to arise from the pulmonary trunk. The remainder of the left coronary arterial tree arose through two stems from the aorta. Collateral retrograde filling of the left anterior descending coronary artery from the right coronary artery and the left circumflex coronary artery was demonstrated, but we found no evidence of left-to-right shunting into the pulmonary trunk. The patient has chosen conservative treatment, thus offering an unusual opportunity to follow the natural course of this lesion, which may increase understanding of its natural history.
Detection of Hyperacute Primary Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background MRI has become increasingly used in the acute setting to manage patients with stroke. There has been concern that MRI may not be sensitive in the detection of acute intracranial hemorrhage. We assessed whether strongly susceptibility-weighted MRI would be sensitive to intraparenchymal hemorrhage in the first few hours. Case Descriptions In the course of our ongoing studies of MRI of acute ischemic stroke in more than 200 patients, 35 patients had MR studies within 6 hours. Six of these patients who presented with acute focal symptoms with definite time of clinical onset (2.5 to 5 hours) were found to have evidence of intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Standard T1- and T2-weighted MR scans were performed. In 5 of the patients, echo-planar imaging and gradient-echo sequences were performed to increase the sensitivity of magnetic susceptibility effects of the pulse sequences. Four of the cases were of putaminal hemorrhage and 2 were lobar hemorrhages. The hemorrhage was most evident as foci of T2* hypointensity (signal loss) and unambiguous on the more susceptibility-weighted sequences, particularly echo-planar gradient-echo images. Conclusions MRI can detect hemorrhage within 2.5 to 5 hours of onset of clinical symptoms as regions of marked signal loss due to susceptibility effects, whereas conventional MR scans of ischemic stroke may appear normal. These results demonstrate that MR susceptibility sequences may be sensitive to hyperacute hemorrhage and suggest that MR may be an adequate screen for primary intraparenchymal hemorrhage.
Temperature-jump investigations of the kinetics of hydrogel nanoparticle volume phase transitions.

The dynamics of the deswelling and swelling processes in thermoresponsive poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAm) hydrogel nanoparticles have been studied by using time-resolved transmittance measurements, in combination with a nanosecond laser-induced temperature-jump (T-jump) technique. A decrease in the solution transmittance associated with deswelling of the particles has been observed as the solution temperature traverses the volume phase transition temperature of the particles. Upon inducing the T-jump, the deswelling transition only occurs in a small percentage (<10%) of the particle volume, which was found to be a thin periphery layer of the particles. The particle deswelling occurs on the microsecond time scale, and as shown previously, the collapse time can be tuned via adding small amounts of hydrophobic component to the particle shell. In contrast, the reswelling of the particles was thermodynamically controlled by bath equilibration, and only small differences in particle reswelling kinetics were...
Covariant interacting field theory of the closed bosonic string with E8 × E8 gauge symmetry

Abstract We consider the closed bosonic string theory with 8 of the coordinates compactified on a torus. These are replaced by 16 world-sheet spinor coordinates. The resulting 18-dimensional theory has a mass spectrum realizing E 8 × E 8 symmetry. Following Hata et al., and Neveu and West, we introduce covariant interactions into our previously constructed free field theory of this model. To preserve the chiral structure of the world sheet, we demand that these interactions do not mix right- and left- moving excitations. This is achieved by an appropriate choice of independent fermionic variables and three string overlap. We find explicitly vertices in the zero string length limit, showing that the nilpotency requirement of the BRST transformation is satisfied at the first order. The applicability of our results to the heterotic string is briefly discussed.
Quality-of-Life Measurements in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated with Etanercept.

Objective: The aims of this study were: (1) to assess functional status, emotional well-being and quality of life in patients with polyarticular and systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) treated with etanercept, and (2) to determine the prevalence and significance of adverse events associated with etanercept therapy. Patients and methods: All JRA patients (n = 21) who received etanercept in our rheumatology clinic over a 14-month period were evaluated. Patient demographics, type of arthritis, dosing regimens, family history, measures of joint function and laboratory parameters were obtained for each patient. A questionnaire that comprised validated functional assessment and quality-of-life measures (the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire [CHAQ™], the Juvenile Arthritis Function Assessment Report [JAFAR 5™] and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4 [PedsQL Generic Scale™] scales) was administered to patients and parents to assess physical and emotional function, pain, adverse drug events and quality of life at each clinic visit. Results: Functional status and quality of life improved in patients with polyarticular and systemic disease. A significant difference between pre- and post-etanercept functional assessment (JAFAR™ and CHAQ™) and quality-of-life assessment by parents and patients was found (p = 0.009, p = 0.002, p ≤ 0.001, p≤ 0.001, respectively). The JAFAR™ results concurred with those of the CHAQ™ test, and did not distinguish between patients with polyarticular and systemic disease. Laboratory parameters indicative of toxicity did not differ between patients with polyarticular and systemic JRA and the number of adverse events reported was low. Underlying disease did not appear to predict improvement. Conclusion: Etanercept appeared to improve functional status, emotional well-being, quality of life and activity level with minimal toxicity in patients with polyarticular and systemic JRA.
Significant change in predicted risk of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy more common in black than in white men.

Objectives To examine by race how frequently the data after radical prostatectomy translates into a substantial change in prognosis. Many nomograms exist to predict the survival outcomes using the pretreatment clinical parameters and post-treatment pathologic parameters. Race might be an important factor affecting their predictive ability. Methods Kattan nomograms were used to calculate the pretreatment and post-radical prostatectomy 5-year progression-free probability for each patient. The difference between the nomogram scores was used to divide the patients into 3 groups. A decrease in probability of ≥15 percentage points was classified as a significant increase in the probability of recurrence, an increase of ≥15 points was classified as a significant decrease in the probability of recurrence, and an absolute change of Results The data from 1709 (132 black and 1577 white) men were analyzed. Among the black men, 26.5% had an increase in the probability of recurrence, 57.6% had no change, and 15.9% had a decrease in the probability of recurrence. Among the white men, 13.8% had an increase in the probability of recurrence, 64.5% had no change, and 21.7% had a decrease in the probability of recurrence. Black men were twice as likely to have a significant increase in the probability of recurrence postoperatively compared with white men after adjusting for preoperative prostate-specific antigen level, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason sum (odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.3-3.1, P = .002). Conclusions These data could assist clinicians when counseling black men regarding their treatment options according to their preoperative risk profile.