cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mysis nordenskioldi n. sp. (Crustacea, Mysida), a circumpolar coastal mysid separated from the NE Pacific M. litoralis (Banner, 1948)

Mysis nordenskioldi n. sp. is a circumpolar, arctic-subarctic coastal mysid crustacean, earlier considered conspecific with M. litoralis (Banner, 1948) and in the past also confused with the circumpolar M. oculata (Fabricius, 1780). Mysis litoralis itself seems to be restricted to the northeastern North Pacific. Formal diagnoses and descriptions of the three species are here given based on morphological and molecular characters (allozymes, mtDNA). The species are morphologically distinguished by features of the telson and by the setation of maxillae and maxillipedes. Molecular differences diagnosing M. nordenskioldi from the two others were found at seven to eight allozyme loci, while M. oculata and M. litoralis differed from each other at five loci. In mitochondrial DNA, M. nordenskioldi is distinguished from the others by 8% nucleotide divergence, whereas M. litoralis and M. oculata make an inseparable cluster (<1%), suggesting post-speciation mitochondrial introgression. Initial phylogeographic data on M. nordenskioldi and M. oculata are presented. A morphological key to marine Mysis species is given.
Dynamic optical tomographic imager with optimized digital lock-in filtering

We describe a new dynamic optical tomography system that is, unlike currently available analog instrumentation, based on digital data-acquisition and filtering techniques. At the heart of this continuous wave instrument is a digital signal processor (DSP) that collects, collates, processes, and filters the digitized data set. A digital lock-in filter that has been designed for this particular application maximizes measurement fidelity. The synchronously-timed processes are controlled by a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) that is also used in conjunction with the DSP to orchestrate data flow. Real-time data rates as high as 140Hz can be achieved. The operation of the system is implemented through a graphical user interface designed with LabVIEW software, Performance analysis shows very low system noise (~600fW RMS noise equivalent power), excellent signal precision (<0.04% - 0.2%) and long-term system stability (<1% over 40 min). A large dynamic range (~195dB) accommodates a wide scope of measurement geometries and tissue types. First experiments on tissue phantoms show that dynamic behavior is accurately captured and spatial location can be correctly tracked using this system.
Virtual clinicians for the treatment of aphasia and speech disorders

Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that affects the ability to speak and understand spoken language. The purpose of this project is to create a virtual clinician to help individuals with aphasia practice self-initiated speech in everyday communication situations. The project will gauge the interaction and quality of this virtual clinician against those of a real clinician. The first of these tests was carried out using a prototype virtual-clinician avatar with a human driver, data was collected to compared efficiency of the client's speech to speech produced with a real clinician. Results suggest that clients respond appropriately to a virtual clinician.
Determination of spin compartment in arterial spin labeling MRI.

A major difference between Arterial-Spin-Labeling (ASL) MRI and gold-standard radiotracer blood flow methods is that the compartment localization of the labeled spins in the ASL image is often ambiguous, which may affect the quantification of cerebral blood flow (CBF). In this study, we aim to probe whether the spins are located in the vascular system or tissue by using T2 of the ASL signal as a marker. We combined two recently developed techniques, Pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling (PCASL) and T2-Relaxation-Under-Spin-Tagging (TRUST), to determine the T2 of the labeled spins at multiple post-labeling delay times. Our data suggest that the labeled spins first showed the T2 of arterial blood followed by gradually approaching and stabilizing at the tissue T2. The T2 values did not decrease further toward the venous T2. By fitting the experimental data to a two-compartment model, we estimated gray matter CBF, arterial transit time, and tissue transit time to be 74.0±10.7 ml/100g/min (mean±SD, N=10), 938±156 ms, and 1901±181 ms, respectively. The arterial blood volume was calculated to be 1.18 ±0.21 ml/100g. A post-labeling delay time of 2 seconds is sufficient to allow the spins to completely enter the tissue space for gray matter, but not for white matter.
A forward genetic screen for genes regulating mineralized tooth and bone formation in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Summary Our laboratory studies craniofacial skeletal and tooth regeneration. One approach we are using is to exploit the zebrafish model via a large-scale, forward genetic, chemical N-ethyl-nitroso-urea (ENU) mutagenesis screen to identify genes regulating mineralized craniofacial, axial and dental development. The fact that zebrafish continuously regenerate their teeth makes them an extremely useful model to study tooth regeneration. Our goal is to identify and characterize molecular genetic signaling pathways regulating these processes, which can be manipulated via targeted gene delivery strategies. Through these efforts, we hope to eventually define methods for effective, clinically relevant bone and tooth replacement therapies in humans. Here, we describe our studies using the zebrafish model, which are proving to be useful for the identification and characterization of genes regulating mineralized tissue formation, regeneration, and homeostasis. Although preliminary at the present time, we anticipate the elucidation of novel signaling pathways regulating bone and tooth regeneration, which will eventually facilitate the repair of human skeletal and dental dysplasias.
Synthesis and characterization of dialkyltin complexes containing sulfur donor atoms

Abstract Dimethyltin(IV) complexes incorporating thiocarboxylic acids have been synthesized and characterized. Elemental analyses, proton, tin, carbon NMR, infrared spectra and mass spectra suggest that the tin binds two thio groups, two alkyl groups, and water, resulting in a pentacoordinate tin ion.
Correlation of the von Braun, Ritter, Bischler-Napieralski, Beckmann and Schmidt reactions via nitrilium salt intermediates

Abstract The Bischler-Napieralski dihydroisoquinoline synthesis from N-arylethyl-amides a formerly “one-pot” process was proven to occur via the imidoyl chlorides and the corresponding nitrilium salt. This led to the recognition of using other leaving groups better than chloride (e.g. trifluoroacetate, trifluoromethanesulfonate) and electrophiles better than phosphoryl chloride-POCl 4 − being an unfavorable counterion for the nitrilium ion. Previous facts about better yields with phosphorus pentoxide than phosphorus oxychloride were interpreted in the same light. The two-step process requires much milder conditions, 20–70° vs 110–205°. The “anomaly”, that is, the failure of 1,2-diaryl-ethylbenzamides to undergo cyclization as reported in literature was now rationalized in terms of fragmentation of the nitrilium salts into stilbenes, with formation of the conjugated π-system being the driving force for this product-controlled reaction. This, in fact, was now recognized as a reversal of the Ritter reaction which itself had been used in the synthesis of isoquinolines. The intermediate carbonium ion, from the nitrilium salt can, alternatively, undergo nucleophilic attack by an ionic halogen yielding products, expected from a von Braun reaction. Thus, correlation of the formerly unrelated Ritter, von Braun, Bischler-Napieralski, Beckmann and the Schmidt reactions has been established (Scheme 18) and a few other aspects of nitrilium salt chemistry such as elaboration of a modified Vilsmeier-Haack aldehyde synthesis via nitrilium salt intermediates and an attempt to synthesize compounds with the nitrilium group in a ring are discussed.
Tetrodotoxin blocks the formation of ocular dominance columns in goldfish

Optic fibers from both eyes were made to regenerate simultaneously into one tectum in goldfish. Autoradiography at various times later revealed that regenerating left and right fibers overlapped extensively for up to 4 weeks and subsequently segregated into eye dominance columns by 8 weeks. Continuous tetrodotoxin treatment of both eyes prevented the formation of columns for up to 13 weeks and was equally effective if begun at 6 weeks. When tetrodotoxin treatment was stopped after 11 weeks, columns subsequently formed in the next 3 weeks. Blockade of only one eye did prevent column formation at 8 weeks.
Solid phase testing in the HLA laboratory: implications for organ allocation.

Preface This piece was originally requested as a white paper from the Scientific and Clinical Affairs Committee of the American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (ASHI), of which the author was then Chairman. Upon review by the ASHI Board of Directors and the Editors of their journal, it was considered too controversial for publication. It is intended to be provocative and controversial; it is not intended as a review of the literature. Though written with a decided ‘American point of view’, it is of importance that the issues facing US transplantation and laboratory testing efforts are shared to varying degrees by the international community, and who, unlike some of their American cousins, may be able to tolerate a spirited discussion. Sadly, we sometimes forget that dissent from dogma can be fun!
Descriptive study of behavior during transition from heroin addict to methadone patient.

Summary.-This study examined the behavior of 6 cooperative heroin addicts prior to and during the initial phase of methadone maintenance. Data on activity, setting, and interpersonal contacts were obtained by self-report (about 2500 hr.). Comparisons were drawn between daily behavior prior to and during treatment. The behavior of the addicts indicates a common pattern even rhough these subjects do not represent a homogeneous group in age, ethnicity, or marital status. Characteristics observed in the life-style of the subjects were their limited socialization, their limited range of activity, and their infrequent visits to settings other than their own residence. Socialization time and the pattern of affective and somatic complaints changed when treatment began. The results indicate that behaviorally, in life-patterns and habits, heroin addicts may be a homogeneous group. This study explored the behavioral correlates of heroin addiction and describes behavioral changes which occur during the critical transition to methadone treatment. It was assumed that the life-pattern of the heroin addict, from the psychological standpoint, is not well known and that systematic investigation is essential for understanding of addicts and of treatment. The study focused on the addict's life-patterns as reflected through responses to questions which an ecologist might ask, e.g., questions concerning where and how the addict spends his time and how his behavioral stream is affected by treatment. The molar daily life habits and behavior patterns of the addict in his natural environment, before and during methadone treatment, were explored, and changes during the transition period were assessed. The aim of establishing both the behavioral correlates of drug dependency and the effects of methadone treatment on the behavior of the heroin addict in his natural environment was viewed as providing unique and useful treatmentrelated information. The usefulness of this type of information about the addict is clear. The addict is dependent on illegal drugs, has learned to "hustle" to obtain drugs, and is constantly under conflicting social pressures. There are conflicting pressures from his family and from society, as opposed to pressures from other drug users. This situation contrasts with the addict's experience in clinical or hospital settings where, as a rather passive recipient of treatment, he is compelled to conform to social standards and is surrounded by other approving addicts. It was believed that the addict's behavior during the initial transition
The transition to young adulthood in youth with type 1 diabetes on intensive treatment

Objective: We sought to examine prospectively patterns of clinical and psychosocial outcomes during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood in a cohort initiating intensive therapy after the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Research design and methods: We conducted a prospective, descriptive analysis of data from a randomized intervention study with 117 adolescents (45 males and 72 females, mean age at entry = 14.4 ± 2.0 yr, mean diabetes duration at entry = 5.7 ± 3.7 yr) recruited from a large pediatric diabetes clinic. Data were collected for each subject over periods of up to 5 yr at 6-month intervals using measures of depressive symptoms, quality of life, and metabolic control, with chart review for prevalence of diabetes complications. Results: Metabolic control worsens during adolescence but returns to early adolescent levels in young adulthood. The negative impact of diabetes on quality of life, disease-related worries, and life satisfaction did not change significantly with age. These results did not vary with treatment group or gender. Participants who showed high levels of depressive symptoms as adolescents were somewhat more likely to be depressed when older. Despite relatively long duration of diabetes, relatively few complications were observed in young adulthood. Conclusions: These data suggest that youth who begin intensive treatment as adolescents generally have good metabolic and psychosocial outcomes as young adults. However, those who have high levels of depressive symptoms in adolescence tend to continue to have such symptoms in early adulthood.
Safety and Feasibility of Obtaining Wedged Pulmonary Artery Samples and Differential Distribution of Biomarkers in Pulmonary Hypertension

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the safety and feasibility of obtaining wedged pulmonary artery (PA) samples and investigate the differential vascular beds’ distribution of select inflammatory and cellular adhesion molecules that are implicated in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) pathogenesis. This is a cross-sectional study of adult patients. Serum samples were simultaneously drawn from three different vascular sites during right heart catheterization as part of PAH evaluation: The superior vena cava, distal pulmonary artery prior to wedging, and distal pulmonary artery after (and distal to) wedging. The study group was comprised of patients with either PAH or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (i.e., WHO/Dana Point Group 1 or 4). The internal control group included patients whose hemodynamics were not consistent with pulmonary hypertension. The external control group consisted of healthy volunteers who had a peripheral venous sample drawn. The mean age of the 25 study patients was 55...
Polynomial parametrizations for rational curves

Rational curves and splines are one of the building blocks of computer graphics and geometric modeling. Although a rational curve is more flexible than its polynomial counterpart, many properties of polynomial curves are not applicable to it. For this reason it is very useful to know if a curve presented as a rational space curve has a polynomial parametrization. In this paper, we present an algorithm to decide if a polynomial parametrization exists, and to compute the parametrization. In algebraic geometry it is known that a rational algebraic curve is polynomially parametrizable if it has one place at infinity. This criterion has been used in earlier methods to test polynomial parametrizability of space curves. These methods project the curve into the plane and test parametrizability there. But this gives only a sufficient condition for the original curve. In this paper we give a simple condition which is both necessary and sufficient for polynomial parametrizability. The calculation of the polynomial parametrization is simple, and involves only a rational reparametrization of the curve.
Solving Beam Deflection Problems Using the Traditional Approach to Solve Axial and Torsion Problems

This paper presents a new approach to solving beam deflection problems. The approach involves the direct application of derived force-deformation formulas, a procedure commonly used with axial and torsion bar problems. This direct application of derived force-deformation formulas, referred to by the authors as Method of Segments, is extended to beam deflection analysis in order to provide a solution procedure for beams that is consistent in philosophy and application with that presented in most mechanics of materials textbooks for axially loaded bars and torsionally loaded shafts. The beam force-deformation formulas, involving slope and displacement, are derived by double integration for a beam of uniform cross-section, material and distributed loading with end shear forces and couples. Application of the formulas is direct and requires no integration or continuity equations. Furthermore, by identifying segments of uniform geometry, material and distributed loading, this approach can easily be applied to beams of discontinuous geometry and material that supports both concentrated and distributed loading.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Min-max functions

A variety of problems in operations research, control theory, computer science, etc., can be modeled as discrete event systems with maximum and minimum constraints. When these systems require only maximum constraints (or, dually, only minimum constraints) they can be studied by linear methods based on max-plus algebra. Systems with mixed constraints, however, are nonlinar from this perspective and relatively little is known about their behaviour. The paper lays the foundations of the theory of discrete event systems with mixed constraints. We introduce min-max functions,F:R n →R n , which are constructed using finitely many operations of min, max and +, and study them as dynamical systems. Among other results, we give a complete account of the periodic behavior of functions of dimension 2; we introduce and characterize the concept of balance which generalizes irreducibility in the linear theory; and we give a formula for the cycle time (eigenvalue) of a min-max function which generalizes the maximum cycle mean formula.
Responses of CO2 flux components of Alaskan Coastal Plain tundra to shifts in water table

[1] The Arctic stores close to 14% of the global soil carbon, most of which is in a poorly decomposed state as a result of water-saturated soils and low temperatures. Climate change is expected to increase soil temperature, affecting soil moisture and the carbon storage and sink potential of many Arctic ecosystems. Additionally, increased temperatures can increase thermokarst erosion and flooding in some areas. Our goal was to determine the effects that water table shifts would have on the CO2 sink potential of the Alaskan Coastal Plain tundra. To evaluate the effects of different water regimes, we used a large hydrological manipulation at Barrow, Alaska, where we maintained flooded, drained, and intermediate water levels in a naturally drained thaw lake basin over a period of three seasons: one pretreatment (2006) and two treatment (2007–2008) seasons. To assess CO2 flux components, we used 24 h chamber-based measurements done on a weekly basis. Increased water table strongly lowered ecosystem respiration (ER) by reducing soil oxygen availability. Flooding decreased gross primary productivity (GPP), most likely by submerging mosses and graminoid photosynthetic leaf area. A decrease in water table increased GPP and ER; however, the increase in root and microbial activity was greater than the increase in photosynthesis, negatively affecting net ecosystem exchange. In the short term, ER is the CO2 flux component that responds most strongly to changes in water availability. Our results suggest that drying of the Alaskan Coastal Plain tundra in the short term could double ER rates, shifting the historic role of some Arctic ecosystems from a sink to a source of CO2.
High Environmental Temperatures as Affecting the Reaction of Laying Hens to Iodized Casein

Abstract SUMMER temperatures in the majority of the United States present a problem for poultrymen. During a five day heat wave in August, 1948 it was reported that close to two million birds died from heat prostration. This estimate was only for the middle Atlantic states where the temperature was close to 105° F. in the shade. However, harmful effects occur below the lethal temperature. Perhaps the most marked effects are the reduction of egg size and shell thickness reported by Bennion and Warren (1933). The objective of the present study was to determine: (1) the effect of high temperature on the various physiological responses of the laying hen as measured by body weight changes, feed and water consumption, body temperatures, heart and respiration rates, egg production, egg weight, egg shell thickness and fertility; and (2) the effect of breed, dubbing (the removal of comb and wattles) and feeding iodized casein . . .
Feedback channel capacity inspired optimum signal constellation design for high-speed optical transmission

In this paper, we describe a feedback channel capacity inspired optimum signal constellation design (FCC-OSCD), for channel capacity achieving source distribution. The constellations obtained by FCC-OSCD are OSNR dependent. We demonstrate by Monte Carlo simulations that 32-ary signal constellation, obtained by FCC-OSCD, outperforms previously proposed optimized 32-ary signal constellation by 1.2 dB at BER of 10−7.
Moisture Transport into Midlatitudes ahead of Recurving Tropical Cyclones and Its Relevance in Two Predecessor Rain Events

AbstractGlobal ensemble forecasts from The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) are used to quantify the magnitude of moisture transport into North America ahead of recurving tropical cyclones (TCs). Two cases in which a predecessor rain event (PRE) occurred ahead of the recurving TC—Erin (2007) and Ike (2008)—are analyzed, with ensemble members correctly predicting TC recurvature contrasted from those predicting the TC to weaken or turn southward. This analysis demonstrates that TC-related moisture transport can increase the total water vapor in the atmosphere over North America by 20 mm or more, and that the moisture transport takes place both in the boundary layer and aloft. The increased moisture does not always correspond to increased rainfall in the ensemble forecasts, however, as the location and strength of baroclinic zones and their attendant secondary circulations that can lift this moist air are also crucial to the developme...
Theory of the vacuum drying of frozen tissues

A general theory of the drying of frozen tissue is developed and applied to the measurement of the drying rate of frozen guinea pig liver. It is shown that for a given temperature of the subliming ice crystals the mininum drying time of a piece of guinea pig liver is greater than the minimum sublimation time of a piece of ice of the same size and shape by a factor of the order of one thousand. This fact has many implications in the design of freeze-dry apparatus which will be developed in a following paper.
A CHINESE PERSPECTIVE OF SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

Abstract This patient's illness narrative began with the particularities of his physical symptoms but rapidly ramified into detailed concrete recall of past troubles, as if the somatic metaphor had become the mnemonic device for recapturing the past. [1]
Near-optimal online auctions

We consider the online auction problem proposed by Bar-Yossef, Hildrum, and Wu [4] in which an auctioneer is selling identical items to bidders arriving one at a time. We give an auction that achieves a constant factor of the optimal profit less an O(h) additive loss term, where h is the value of the highest bid. Furthermore, this auction does not require foreknowledge of the range of bidders' valuations. On both counts, this answers open questions from [4, 5]. We further improve on the results from [5] for the online posted-price problem by reducing their additive loss term from O(h log h log log h) to O(h log log h). Finally, we define the notion of an (offline) attribute auction for modeling the problem of auctioning items to consumers who are not a-priori indistinguishable. We apply our online auction solution to achieve good bounds for the attribute auction problem with 1-dimensional attributes.
Determination of α and β site defects on graphite using C60-adsorbed STM tips

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscope images of graphite surfaces obtained during C60-adsorbed STM tips revealed electron scattering patterns generated by localized defects. For the case where the localized defects are most likely to be single point vacancies, we show that it is possible to distinguish between localized defects at α and β sites, the two inequivalent sites on a graphite lattice. By modeling the graphite with a bilayered carbon cluster using the tight-binding approach, excellent agreement is established between experimentally obtained images and theoretical calculations of electron scattering at α and β site defects.
Beyond genes, proteins, and abstracts: Identifying scientific claims from full-text biomedical articles

Massive increases in electronically available text have spurred a variety of natural language processing methods to automatically identify relationships from text; however, existing annotated collections comprise only bioinformatics (gene-protein) or clinical informatics (treatment-disease) relationships. This paper introduces the Claim Framework that reflects how authors across biomedical spectrum communicate findings in empirical studies. The Framework captures different levels of evidence by differentiating between explicit and implicit claims, and by capturing under-specified claims such as correlations, comparisons, and observations. The results from 29 full-text articles show that authors report fewer than 7.84% of scientific claims in an abstract, thus revealing the urgent need for text mining systems to consider the full-text of an article rather than just the abstract. The results also show that authors typically report explicit claims (77.12%) rather than an observations (9.23%), correlations (5.39%), comparisons (5.11%) or implicit claims (2.7%). Informed by the initial manual annotations, we introduce an automated approach that uses syntax and semantics to identify explicit claims automatically and measure the degree to which each feature contributes to the overall precision and recall. Results show that a combination of semantics and syntax is required to achieve the best system performance.
Comparative Study of Force Fields for Benzene

We have examined the ability of several atomic force fields of different forms to reproduce the structure and binding energy of benzene dimer as determined from quantum chemistry calculations, the experimental gas-phase second virial coefficient of benzene, and thermodynamic and structural properties of liquid benzene. The force fields investigated were a united atom Lennard-Jones potential, a united atom Lennard-Jones potential with a point quadrupole, an anisotropic united atom model, and explicit (all) atom force fields with partial atomic charges and without partial atomic charges. These force fields which do not include electrostatic interactions predicted the planar sandwich structure (D6h) to be the most stable dimer structure, in contrast to quantum chemistry calculations that indicate that the planar sandwich structure is a saddle point between stable parallel displaced (C2h) geometries. Only the explicit atom + partial charge model predicted benzene dimer structures and energies that are in qual...
Intracellular Localization of Enzymes of Fatty Acid-β-Oxidation in the Alga Cyanidium caldarium

The intracellular distribution of enzymes, participating in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the eucaryotic alga Cyanidium has been studied. After separating the organelles from a crude homogenate on a linear flotation gradient, the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase, hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and thiolase were present in the mitochondrial fraction (density: 1.19 gram per cubic centimeter). Activity of an acyl-CoA synthetase was found in the mitochondrial fraction as well as in a band where mitochondrial membrane apparently had accumulated (density: 1.17 gram per cubic centimeter). None of these enzymes were present in the peroxisomes (density: 1.23 gram per cubic centimeter). Results from cell fractionation as well as properties of beta-oxidation enzymes indicate a mitochondrial location of fatty acid degradation also in the algae Galdieria sulphuraria and Cyanidioschyzon merolae.
Pulsed Plasma Thrusters

Pulsed plasma thrusters comprise a large class of electric space thrusters, using an electric discharge to accelerate solid, liquid, or gaseous propellant. Each pulse provides a small velocity increment to a spacecraft. Repeating the pulses at a constant rate over 103–109 pulses creates significant spacecraft velocity change and also permits highly accurate spacecraft control. The thruster propellant is accelerated either by discharge pressure heating, or by high current electromagnetic forces. The chapter discusses the basic pulsed thruster concept, the measurement of thruster propulsion performance, and describes the distinguishing features of a large number of pulsed thrusters, including those that have achieved space application and those that have experienced advanced development in the laboratory. Keywords: pulsed thruster; pulsed plasma; pulse discharge; pulse power; pulse rate; thrust; specific impulse; thruster efficiency
Seasonal Hooking Mortality of Bluegills Caught on Natural Baits

Abstract Summer and winter hooking mortality rates were estimated for btuegills Lepomis macrochirus caught in June 1989 in Choke Canyon Reservoir, Texas, and in March 1990 in Cedar Lake Reservoir, Texas. Water temperatures averaged 16.7 and 30°C during the winter and summer angling experiments, respectively. Fish were caught by angling with size-4 single-shank hooks baited with live crickets in the summer and earthworms in the winter. Ninety-five fish (109–193 mm total length) were caught in the winter and 75 fish (146–200 mm) in the summer. Fish were held for 72 h in 0.79-m2 × 1.00-m cylindrical plastic cages to observe delayed mortality. One of 95 fish died in the winter and 19 of 75 fish died in the summer. Hooking mortality was significantly higher in summer than in winter (P < 0.05).
Formation of Luminescent Films by Evaporation

Luminescent films of ZnS [Mn], Zn2SiO4 [Mn], Zn2(PO4)3 [Mn], and [Mn], CaF2 CaWO4[W] have been formed by evaporation in a vacuum and a subsequent heat treatment. Most of the films may be made either transparent or fogged depending on the post-heat treatment. The luminescent brightness of the fogged films, under cathode ray excitation, approaches the brightness of the bulk powdered material. The brightness of the transparent films is limited chiefly by internal reflection. In general, the phosphor chemistry of the powdered materials has been found to be applicable to thin films.
Follow-up study of a right- and a left-hemispherectomized child: implications for localization and impairment of language in children.

Two hemispherectomized girls, one operated on the right, the other on the left, were followed from time of surgery until 9 and 10 years of age and compared with respect to course of language acquisition following surgery. At conclusion of follow-up, receptive and expressive language, phoneme perception and production, and sentence processing of the two hemispherectomized children were compared with those of two control groups of similar age, one developing language normally, the other language-impaired. The left-hemispherectomized child's abilities were similar to those of the language-impaired children; the right-hemispherectomized child's abilities resembled those of the language-normal children. Implications for localization of developmental anomalies in language-impaired children are discussed.
The effects of organizational restructuring on industrial buying behavior: 1990 and beyond

With a few exceptions, the extant literature lacks substantive analysis of the ways downsizing and outsourcing impact on organizational structure and the roles and behaviors of organizational members. This is especially true of research focussing on organizational buying behavior. Provides an important step toward increasing our understanding in these areas by proposing a model of some of the conceptual linkages between current organizational downsizing and outsourcing initiatives and organizational structure and buying behavior. Develops theoretical arguments along with a set of propositions concerning the likely effects of downsizing and outsourcing on organizational structure, as well as on buying centre structure, membership, and shared authority, and on purchase participant role conflict, motivation, and risk aversion. Aims to encourage future conceptual and empirical analyses of these important relationships and linkages.
The absence in human serum of a ribonuclease that hydrolyses double stranded RNA.

Abstract Human serum was assayed for the presence of a nuclease that can hydrolyse double stranded RNA. The synthetic RNA duplex polyI-polyC was used as substrate. No activity was detected in unfractionated or fractionated human serum.
EFFICIENCY OF SEMI-SYNCHRONOUS VERSUS ASYNCHRONOUS SYSTEMS: ATOMIC SHARED MEMORY

Abstract The s-session problem is studied in asynchronous and semi-synchronous shared-memory systems, under a particular shared-memory communication primitive- b-atomic registers -where b > 1 is an integer reflecting the communication bound in the model. A session is a part of an execution in which each of n processes takes at least one step; an algorithm for the s -session problem guarantees the existence of at least s disjoint sessions. The existence of many sessions guarantees a degree of interleaving which is necessary for certain computations. In the asynchronous model, it is assumed that the time between any two consecutive steps of any process is in the interval [0,1]; in the semi-synchtonous model, the time between any two consecutive steps of any process is in the interval [ c ,1] for some c such that 0 c ≤ 1, the synchronous model being the special case where c = 1. All processes are initially synchronized and take a step at time 0. Our main result is a tight (within a constant factor) lower bound of 1 + min {⌊ 1 2c ⌈, ⌊ log b (n−1) − 1⌈}(s−2) for the time complexity of any semi-synchronous algorithm for the s -session problem. This result shows the inherent limitations on using timing information in shared-memory systems subject to communication bounds, and implies a time separation between semi-synchronous and asynchronous such systems.
Passive droplet sorting using viscoelastic flow focusing

We present a study of passive hydrodynamic droplet sorting in microfluidic channels based on intrinsic viscoelastic fluid properties. Sorting is achieved by tuning the droplets' intrinsic viscous and viscoelastic properties relative to the continuous oil phase to achieve a positive or negative lateral migration toward high or low shear gradients in the channel. In the presence of weakly viscoelastic fluid behavior, droplets with a viscosity ratio, κ, between 0.5–10 were found to migrate toward a high shear gradient near the channel walls. For all other κ-values, or Newtonian fluids, droplets would migrate toward a low shear gradient at the channel centerline. It was also found that for strongly viscoelastic fluids with low interfacial tension, droplets would migrate toward the edge even with κ-values lower than 0.5. The resulting bi-directional lateral droplet migration between different droplets allows size-independent sorting. Still, their sorting efficiencies are dependent on droplet size, intrinsic fluid elasticity, viscosity, droplet deformability, and overall fluid shear rates. Based on these findings, we demonstrate >200 Hz passive droplet sorting frequencies and achieve >100 fold enrichment factors without the need to actively sense and/or control active mechanisms. Using a low viscosity oil phase of 6.25 cPs, we demonstrate sorting discrimination of 1 cPs and 5 cPs aqueous droplets with κ-values of 0.2 and 0.8 respectively.
On the use of partial confounding for the construction of alternative regular two-level blocked fractional factorial designs

Abstract In this paper, we consider experimental situations in which a regular fractional factorial design is to be used to study the effects of m two-level factors using n=2m−k experimental units arranged in 2p blocks of size 2m−k−p. In such situations, two-factor interactions are often confounded with blocks and complete information is lost on these two-factor interactions. Here we consider the use of the foldover technique in conjunction with combining designs having different blocking schemes to produce alternative partially confounded blocked fractional factorial designs that have more estimable two-factor interactions or a higher estimation capacity or both than their traditional counterparts.
Abnormal Translocation of Tyrosinase and Tyrosinase-Related Protein 1 in Cutaneous Melanocytes of Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome and in Melanoma Cells Transfected with Anti-Sense HPS1 cDNA

Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, a bleeding disorder, and, in some patients, ceroid storage and progressive lung disease. Although Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome exhibits locus heterogeneity, most patients have mutations in the HPS1 gene. Melanocytes in the basal epithelial layer of skin from patients with different mutations in the HPS1 gene exhibited occasional large complexes containing dihydroxyphenylalanine-positive cisterna and 50 nm vesicles. To characterize the role of the HPS1 protein in cells, human HPS1 cDNA was transfected into pigmented SK-MEL-188 melanoma cells (M-188) in either the sense (S-188) or the antisense (A-188) orientation. Expression of the 79 kDa HPS1 protein (in M-188 and S-188 cells) or lack of expression (in A-188 cells) was confirmed by Western blotting using two HPS1-protein-specific polyclonal antibodies. Significant reduction in expression of HPS1 protein in A-188 cells resulted in a significant decrease in tyrosinase activity and melanin content compared with M-188 and S-188 cells using an intact cell assay for tyrosinase. In contrast, tyrosinase activities in cell lysates of M-188, S-188, and A-188 cells were not significantly different. Knockout of HPS1 protein expression in A-188 cells caused both tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 to be localized to large granular complexes in the cell cytosol and dendrites. Electron microscope analysis of the A-188 cells revealed that absence of HPS1 protein resulted in the deposition of dihydroxyphenylalanine reaction products (i.e., tyrosinase) confined to large membrane-bound structures with limiting membranes. We conclude that lack of HPS1 protein expression results in mistranslocation of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 to large granular complexes rather than melanosomes, compromising melanin synthesis.
Color differences without probit analysis

Color science generally considers color differences from the standpoint of distance metrics. These distance metrics are typically experimental and are based on many paired comparisons and probit analysis. The predominant focus is on the derivation of a uniform metric that is optimized for small color differences around the just-noticeable difference limit. Increasingly sophisticated mathematical modeling is then used to fit a range of laboratory data sets. While this work has yielded invaluable industrial applications, it has perhaps left certain aspects of color differences under explored. For example how do non-experts typically describe color differences? What are the natural language characteristics of the description of color difference? This paper considers color differences specifically from the nominal or linguistic perspective.
Improved power conversion efficiency in high-performance photodiodes by flip-chip bonding on diamond

Recently, microwave photonic techniques have emerged to address the challenges that microwave systems face under high-frequency or wideband conditions. To a large extent, the performance of microwave photonic systems depends on the performance of individual optoelectronics devices, such as high-power and high power conversion efficiency photodiodes. Here, we report on a flip chip bonded on a diamond InP/InGaAs modified unitraveling carrier (MUTC) photodiode with record RF output powers of 32.7 dBm (1.86 W), 29.6 dBm, 28.2 dBm, and 26.2 dBm at 10, 15, 20, and 25 GHz, respectively, without active cooling. The corresponding dissipated powers are 34 dBm (2.5 W), 32.3 dBm, 30.4 dBm, and 28.3 dBm, respectively. Compared with previously reported RF power, the device on the diamond submount achieves >80% higher RF output power. Using the high-power and high-frequency MUTC photodiode on diamond submount, a record power conversion efficiency of 50.7%–60% at 6–10 GHz with ∼27.8 dBm RF output power has been achieved as compared to previously reported efficiencies in the <40% range in the corresponding frequency band.
Study of a method for the resolution of left-right ambiguities in drift chambers☆

Abstract A method for the resolution of left-right ambiguities in planar drift chambers and its application to track reconstruction in Fermilab experiment E152 are described.
Second order non-linear equations of motion for spinning highly flexible line elements☆

The second order nonlinear equations of motion are formulated for spinning line elements having little or no intrinsic structural stiffness. The derivation is based on the extended Hamilton's principle and includes the effect of initial geometric imperfections (axial, curvature, and twist) on the line element dynamics. For comparison with previous work, the nonlinear equations are reduced to a linearized form frequently found in the literature. The comparison revealed several new spin-stiffening terms that have not been previously identified and/or retained. They combine geometric imperfections, rotary inertia, Coriolis, and gyroscopic terms.
Nausea, Vomiting, Sleep, and Restfulness Upon Discharge Home After Outpatient Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Regional Anesthesia and Multimodal Analgesia/Antiemesis

Background and Objectives We analyzed discharge outcome data after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) under spinal anesthesia including a perineural femoral catheter and multimodal analgesia/antiemesis. The outcomes specifically addressed in this report are nausea, vomiting, and retching (NVR) and quality of sleep/difficulty falling asleep/daytime restfulness. Methods ACLR patients were randomized to saline or 0.25% levobupivacaine as a bolus and/or 50-hour infusion. Patients completed the Quality of Recovery 40-item (QoR-40) survey on postoperative days 1 to 4. We analyzed predictors of perfect responses (i.e., no NVR and perfect sleep-restfulness) by pooling these specific QoR-40 items. Prospectively collected QoR-40 data were analyzed retrospectively. Results Data from 233 participants were analyzed. The addition of the femoral nerve block or perineural catheter did not predict associated improvements in NVR or sleep-restfulness. Previous days’ NVR was the most consistent predictor of subsequent NVR, whereas gender and opioid consumption were less consistent predictors. Smoking status was not predictive of NVR. Previous days’ sleep-restfulness was a consistent predictor of subsequent sleep-restfulness, whereas the presence of any moderate pain was a less consistent predictor of sleep-restfulness. Conclusions NVR and quality of sleep-restfulness after the described regional anesthetic with multimodal analgesia and antiemesis is reported. Smoking status was not a predictor of NVR, and gender and opioid consumption were not consistently predictive of NVR. The addition of a femoral nerve block to the described multimodal technique was not associated with NVR or quality of sleep-restfulness.
Hydrogen peroxide vs normal saline lavage in experimental fecal peritonitis.

The authors compared survival in experimental fecal peritonitis between rats undergoing lavage with a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide and animals treated with normal saline. Using a rat model of human fecal peritonitis, they compared surgical peritoneal lavage With the two test solutions and a control group not subjected to. lavage. Two trials compared different strengths of peroxide antiseptic solutions. Five or eight animals were used in each test group. In both trials, more rats survived that had lavage with normal saline than those treated with peroxide or those in the control group. Hydrogen peroxide appears to have significantly greater toxicity than benefit in this model of fecal peritonitis. In fact, survival in the control group Was not statistically different from that in the peroxide treatment group.
Tumor metastasis but not tumor growth is dependent on Src-mediated vascular permeability

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular permeability (VP) is a hallmark of tumor growth and metastasis. Previous studies have shown a requirement for Src kinase in VEGF-mediated VP and signaling in blood vessels. In this study, we have examined the effect of Src-mediated reduced VP on tumor growth and metastasis. The growth and spontaneous metastasis of VEGF-expressing tumor cells were determined in Src-knockout (src(-/-)) or control mice (src(+/+) or src(+/-)). In comparison to control mice, src-null mice had a significant reduction in tumor-induced VP as well as a subsequent reduction in spontaneous metastasis. In contrast, primary tumor weight and vascular density were unchanged between src-null and control mice. Consistent with a role for Src in the extravasation of tumor cells from the circulation, direct intravenous injection of lung carcinoma cells resulted in a more than 2-fold reduction in lung tumor burden in src-null mice compared to control mice. The comparison of the results from the experimental metastasis and the spontaneous metastasis models suggests that there are defects in VP in the primary site of Src-deficient mice and that there may be an essential role for Src and Src-mediated VP in tumor metastasis to the lung.
Estimating Measurement Error in Annual Job Earnings: A Comparison of Survey and Administrative Data

We propose a new methodology that does not assume a prior specification of the statistical properties of the measurement errors and treats all sources as noisy measures of some underlying true value. The unobservable true value can be represented as a weighted average of all available measures, using weights that must be specified a priori unless there has been a truth audit. The Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) survey jobs are linked to Social Security Administration earnings data, creating two potential annual earnings observations. The reliability statistics for both sources are quite similar except for cases where the SIPP used imputations for some missing monthly earnings reports.
Structure of the Reduced TiO2(110) Surface Determined by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

The scanning tunneling microscope has been used to image a reduced TiO(2)(110) surface in ultrahigh vacuum. Structural units with periodicities rangng from 21 to 3.4 angstroms have been clearly imaged, demonstrating that atomic resolution imaging of an ionic, wide band gap (3.2 electron volts) semiconductor is possible. The observed surface structures can be explained by a model involving ordered arrangements of two-dimensional defects known as crystallographic shear planes and indicate that the topography of nonstoichiometric oxide surfaces can be complex.