cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New species of Araceae from Colombia

Abstract Croat T. B., Delannay X. & Kostelac C. V.: New species of Araceae from Colombia. — Willdenowia 40: 63–122. — Online ISSN 1868-6397; © 2010 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.40.40105 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) Thirty-five Anthurium species and eight Philodendron species are described as new to science from Colombia: Anthurium algentryi, A. alstonii, A. altobueyense, A. angelopolisense, A. arbelaezii, A. birdseyanum, A. cardenasii, A. cirinoi, A. cocornaense, A. cotejense, A. delannayi, A. dorbayae, A. dylanii, A. espinae, A. gaskinii, A. jesusii, A. libanoense, A. maasii, A. munchiquense, A. novitaense, A. palmarense, A. paraguasense, A. pichindense, A. pulidoae, A. ramosense, A. ramosii, A. recavum, A. renteriae, A. sierpense, A. suramaense, A. torraense, A. triciafrankiae, A. venadoense, A. vientense, A. yatacuense, Philodendron cardonii, P. devianum, P. mcphersonii, P. merenbergense, P. patriciae, P. pipolyi, P. silverstonei and P. urraoense.
Simultaneous Integral Measurement of Electron Energy and Charge Albedos

Electron energy and charge albedos were obtained for Be, Al, Ti, Mo, Ta, and U targets over the range of incident energies from 0.1 to 1.0 MeV. In the case of Al, Ta, and U the measurements were extended down to approximately 25 keV. Measurements were made for incident angles from 0° (normal) to 60°, and in some cases 75°, in 15° increments. The results agree well with existing experimental data and with Monte Carlo predictions, except at low energies where the discrepancies are only partially understood.
A distribution-free newsvendor model with balking and lost sales penalty

Abstract In this paper, we extend the classical single period newsvendor model in an environment of customer balking, which occurs when customers are reluctant to buy a product if its available inventory falls below a threshold level. Since failure to make a sale usually results in a cost penalty, in addition to the opportunity cost of lost sales, we incorporate such costs in our model. Furthermore, we extend our model to include fixed ordering costs. Our analysis is based on the assumption that only the mean and the variance of the distribution of demand are known, without assuming any specific distributional form. We illustrate the concepts developed here through simple numerical examples and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by solving a set of 1000 randomly generated test problems.
Use of propofol (Diprivan) for awake craniotomies: technical note.

We describe the use of propofol (Diprivan) to provide patient comfort during the initial stages of awake craniotomies.
The mammalian N-end rule pathway: new insights into its components and physiological roles

The N-end rule pathway is a ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system, in which destabilizing N-terminal residues of short-lived proteins function as an essential determinant of an N-terminal degradation signal (N-degron). An N-degron can be created from a pre-N-degron through specific N-terminal modifications, providing a means conditionally to destabilize otherwise stable polypeptides. The pathway has been found in all organisms examined, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Recent biochemical and proteomic studies identified many components of the mammalian N-end rule pathway, including a family of substrate recognition ubiquitin ligases and their substrates. The genetic dissection in animals and humans revealed its essential role in various vital physiological processes, ranging from cardiovascular development and meiosis to the pathogenesis of human genetic diseases. These discoveries have provided new insights into the components, functions and mechanics of this unique proteolytic system.
Direct regulation of abiotic responses by the Arabidopsis circadian clock component PRR7.

Up to 30% of the plant transcriptome is circadian clock-regulated in different species; however, we still lack a good understanding of the mechanisms involved in these genome-wide oscillations in gene expression. Here, we show that PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 7 (PRR7), a central component of the Arabidopsis clock, is directly involved in the repression of master regulators of plant growth, light signaling and stress responses. The expression levels of most PRR7 target genes peak around dawn, in an antiphasic manner to PRR7 protein levels, and were repressed by PRR7. These findings indicate that PRR7 is important for cyclic gene expression by repressing the transcription of morning-expressed genes. In particular we found an enrichment of the genes involved in abiotic stress responses, and in accordance we observed that PRR7 is involved in the oxidative stress response and the regulation of stomata conductance.
Surface structural determination of metal-semiconductor interfaces by angle-resolved Auger electron emission

Abstract In this paper we discuss the use of high-energy Auger electron diffraction as a short-range, local probe of the structural environment of the emitting atom. We have utilized the intensity anisotropies associated with Cu(LMM) emission from the annealed 1 ML Cu/Si(111) interface at shallow take-off angles to elucidate the structure of the surface. Through the use of a kinematical scattering formalism, we have modeled the surface structure in various ways and compared calculated azimuthal intensity profiles with those from experiment to find the optimal geometry. Comparison of theory with experiment suggests that annealing the 1 ML Cu/Si(111) interface briefly to 600°C causes the surface to reconstruct to a planar geometry, with Cu atoms embedded in the six-fold hollow sites at a depth of 0.1±0.1 A below the surface plane. The calculated angular distributions are a very sensitive function of near-neighbor structure, permitting an accurate determination of the local structural environment.
What Should Our Students Learn

Traditionally, college science teachers have focused on delivering content to students. The assumption was that students would learn the information and could recall and use it later. Current research on learning, however, tells us that such an approach to teaching, by itself, is not the best way to promote learning. Learning is not a process that simply involves knowledge transfer. Instead, it is a physiological process that involves changes in the brain. Good teaching, therefore, should focus on helping students develop their cognitive skills, while simultaneously helping them become better learners. Students will learn specific ideas and facts in our classes, but the information learned is of much less importance than the learning and thinking skills acquired. Our overall goal should be to help students become lifelong learners, successful as citizens and professionals. Assessment and self-reflection are keys. Students must learn to reflect on, and assess, their own learning. Instructors must also constantly assess their own efforts to promote student learning.
An Innovative Engineering Curriculum at James Madison University: Transcending Disciplinary Boundaries Through Innovative Problem Based Learning Practices

Global competitiveness, outsourcing, and increased production of overseas engineers are issues that are becoming increasingly relevant in undergraduate engineering education and have prompted a number of calls to protect U.S. global competitiveness. Recent examples of such works include: Educating the Engineer of 2020 [1], Rising Above the Gathering Storm [2], and The World is Flat [3]. All these reports have challenged engineering institutions to increase the production and improve the education of engineering graduates. This is an increasingly important concern because, with the rapid pace of technological change, the future engineer is not only expected to offer technical ingenuity but also adapt to a continuously evolving environment while simultaneously being able to operate outside the narrow limits of one discipline in solving the complex problems of the future.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Anti-transforming growth factor beta as a treatment for laryngotracheal stenosis in a canine model.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) represents a significant treatment dilemma faced by otolaryngologists. Recent topical use of Mitomycin C as an adjunctive treatment has proved helpful but does not completely prevent stenosis. Current literature suggests that transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) plays a significant role in the development of subglottic stenosis. We modified an existing canine model to test antitransforming growth factor beta (anti-TGFB) as a possible treatment for laryngotracheal stenosis. Study Design: Pilot study in a modified canine model. Methods: Eight mixed-breed dogs underwent cautery injury to the subglottic region creating subsequent laryngotracheal stenosis. Four dogs were treated with saline injection into the injury site and four dogs were treated with a combination of intravenous (5 mg/kg on day 0 and 5 of the experiment) and local injection of anti-TGFB (50 micrograms). Results: In the canine model of induced subglottic airway injury, a combination of intralesional and intravenous anti-TGFB results in a reduction in tracheal stenosis (P < .05) and an increase in survival time (P < .03) when compared to the saline control subjects. Conclusions: Anti-TGFB appears to be a useful adjunct in the treatment of LTS. Further study regarding the optimal dosing, route of administration, and timing of delivery is needed to understand the role of anti-TGFB in the treatment for laryngotracheal stenosis.
Integer subdivision algorithm for rendering NURBS curves

A integer version of the well-known subdivision algorithm of NURBS curves is presented here. The algorithm is used to render NURBS curves of any degree on a raster device using a piece-wise linear approximation. The approximation is independent of the parametrization, that is, it is independent of the weights used. The maximum deviation between a precisely sampled curve and that of the subdivisionbased rendering is one pixel — an inherent feature of the subdivision technique. The algorithm works entirely in the screen coordinate system and produces smooth rendering of curves without oversampling. The integer arithmetic allows the rendering of relatively complex curves of 2 to 8 degrees within a fraction of a second on an i80286/386 processor, and is a good candidate for hardware implementation.
Spectrophotometric analysis of tall oil rosin acids

About half of the rosin acids in whole and distilled tall oil consist of abietic and neoabietic acids, as distinguished from hydroabietic acids, dehydroabietic acid, and the pimaric acids. In this respect the tall oil rosin acids are similar to those from gum or wood rosin. This was established by spectrophotometric analysis of the rosin acids from whole tall oil, double distilled tall oil, rosin acids crystallized from tall oil, and rosin acids separated from tall oil by fractional distillation. The rosin acids crystallized from tall oil contained the highest percentage of abietic acid, but the sum of abietic and neoabietic acids was only slightly higher.
Stromal-epithelial interactions--I. Induction of prostatic phenotype in urothelium of testicular feminized (Tfm/y) mice

Heterotypic tissue recombinants (UGM+/+ + BLETfm) were prepared with embryonic wild-type urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM+/+) and epithelium of the urinary bladder (BLETfm) of adult Tfm/Y mice. Following 1 month of growth in male hosts, the recombinants contained prostatic acini containing secretory product. In UGM+/++ BLETfm recombinants, secretory activity, epithelial cytodifferentiation, and DNA synthesis were stimulated by testosterone propionate and antagonized with cyproterone acetate. Total cellular protein synthesis was quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that of the prostate and distinct from that of bladder. These data suggest that Tfm epithelium is capable of expressing a prostatic, androgen-sensitive differentiation when grown in association with wild-type urogenital sinus mesenchyme.
The Commonplace Book of Edmond Halley

HALLEY’S personal and professional papers have survived in reasonable numbers, but little attention has been accorded to his Commonplace Book . Indeed, for more than two centuries the existence of the work remained unknown to scholarship. In 1898, in a footnote to the sketch of Halley in his edition of Aubrey’s Brief Lives , Andrew Clark reported: ‘In the Earl of Macclesfield’s library at Shirburne Castle, Oxon., are several MSS. by Halley; among them a common-place book ’. E. F. MacPike, compiler of Halley’s correspondence and papers, twice referred to this ‘inedited’ commonplace book and expressed his wish that it ‘ could be examined by a competent scholar ’. Yet it was not until the early 1950s, while he was collecting Newton’s correspondence for the Royal Society, that Professor H. W. Turnbull came upon the document and verified its identity as Halley’s. To date, however, no portion of the manuscript has been published. Our essential purpose is therefore to present Halley’s Commonplace Book to the learned world. To this end we provide, first, an introduction to Halley’s sources, second, a description of the manuscript and a register of its contents, and, third, a text of the most remarkable entry, Halley’s ‘Observations & Maximes’.
An Experimental Investigation Of The Probe Volume Of A Laser Velocimeter

A streak camera was used to image moving interference fringes from the probe volume of a proposed laser induced fluorescence velocimeter, permitting easy visualization of the light intensity as a function of space and time and providing a method for directly measuring the fringe velocity.
Markov decision processes with noise-corrupted and delayed state observations

We consider the partially observed Markov decision process with observations delayed by k time periods. We show that at stage t, a sufficient statistic is the probability distribution of the underlying system state at stage t - k and all actions taken from stage t - k through stage t - 1. We show that improved observation quality and/or reduced data delay will not decrease the optimal expected total discounted reward, and we explore the optimality conditions for three important special cases. We present a measure of the marginal value of receiving state observations delayed by (k - 1) stages rather than delayed by k stages. We show that in the limit as k →∞ the problem is equivalent to the completely unobserved case. We present numerical examples which illustrate the value of receiving state information delayed by k stages.
SUSRUTA, THE PIONEER UROLOGIST OF ANTIQUITY

Purpose: Susruta, a pioneer surgeon of antiquity, practiced around 1000 BC in India. We review his many contributions with special reference to the management of urological ailments.Materials and Methods: Information gleaned from the available English translation of 3 volumes of Susruta’s treatise in surgery is analyzed with commentaries and historical perspectives chronicled by Oriental and Occidental historians.Results: Susruta belonged to the period between 600 and 1000 BC. His conceptions of anatomy, physiopathology and therapeutic strategies were of unparalleled brilliance, considering the early age in the history of mankind with no supportive knowledge base preceding his era. His discussions of many aspects of urological diseases are often reaffirmed in the principles of urology today.Conclusions: Through his rational understanding, elaborate teachings and practice of the art of surgery, and many urological ailments in particular Susruta has earned the glory of being the pioneer urologist of antiquity.
Gender-Based Vicarious Sensitivity to Disempowering Behavior in Organizations: Exploring an Expanded Concept of Hostile Working Environment

The purpose of this study was to explore evidence of gender-based vicarious sensitivity to disempowering behavior in organizations, expanding the concept of hostile working environment beyond the context of sexual harassment. Male and female graduate and undergraduate students viewed 10 video segments of Anita Hill's interview by U.S. senators during the October 1991 confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Justice Nominee, Clarence Thomas. Although no significant relationship was found between the personal attributes of age and ethnicity to perceptions of disempowering behavior, female participants reported seeing significantly more offensive behavior in the video segments than did male participants. The results are discussed in terms of greater female sensitivity to common forms of disempowering behavior in organizations, and having a disparate negative impact and systematically placing women at a disadvantage in today's workforce.
Olfactory and vomeronasal system participation in male hamsters' attraction to female vaginal secretions.

Abstract The effects of olfactory (OLF) vomeronasal (VN), or combined deafferentations of male hamsters on their attraction to female hamster vaginal secretions (FHVS) were determined using 2 different attraction tests. In the first, FHVS was placed on one wall of a plastic test chamber, while in the second test, FHVS was rubbed onto 1 of 2 anesthetized castrate hamsters. OLF deafferentation abolished the males' attraction to FHVS in the first test but had no effect in the second. The persistence of FHVS attraction in the anesthetized castrate test depended on the VN system in that its subsequent deafferentation greatly attenuated the attraction. When the VN system was deafferented alone, FHVS attraction was significantly reduced only in males exhibiting severe mating behavior deficits. These results are interpreted to support the hypothesis that the OLF and VN systems may be preferentially responsive to volatile and non-volatile odorants, respectively. Our findings emphasize that both the OLF and VN systems participate in subserving males' attraction to FHVS and their mating with receptive females. Thus each chemosensory system may influence both sexual arousal and copulatory mechanisms.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF SUPERNOVA DUST DESTRUCTION. I. CLOUD-CRUSHING AND POST-PROCESSED GRAIN SPUTTERING

We investigate through hydrodynamic simulations the destruction of newly formed dust grains by sputtering in the reverse shocks of supernova (SN) remnants. Using an idealized setup of a planar shock impacting a dense, spherical clump, we implant a population of Lagrangian particles into the clump to represent a distribution of dust grains in size and composition. We then post-process the simulation output to calculate the grain sputtering for a variety of species and size distributions. We explore the parameter space appropriate for this problem by altering the overdensity of the ejecta clumps and the speed of the reverse shocks. Since radiative cooling could lower the temperature of the medium in which the dust is embedded and potentially protect the dust by slowing or halting grain sputtering, we study the effects of different cooling methods over the timescale of the simulations. In general, our results indicate that grains with radii less than 0.1 {mu}m are sputtered to much smaller radii and often destroyed completely, while larger grains survive their interaction with the reverse shock. We also find that, for high ejecta densities, the percentage of dust that survives is strongly dependent on the relative velocity between the clump and the reversemore » shock, causing up to 50% more destruction for the highest velocity shocks. The fraction of dust destroyed varies widely across grain species, ranging from total destruction of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} grains to minimal destruction of Fe grains (only 20% destruction in the most extreme cases). C and SiO{sub 2} grains show moderate to strong sputtering as well, with 38% and 80% mass loss. The survival rate of grains formed by early SNe is crucial in determining whether or not they can act as the 'dust factories' needed to explain high-redshift dust.« less
Power spectral analysis of EEG in a multiple-bedroom, multiple-polygraph sleep laboratory

Abstract Objectives: We describe the methods for power spectral analysis (PSA) of sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) data at a large clinical and research sleep laboratory. The multiple-bedroom, multiple-polygraph design of the sleep laboratory poses unique challenges for the quantitative analysis of the data. This paper focuses on the steps taken to ensure that our PSA results are not biased by the particular bedroom or polygraph from which the data were acquired. Methods: After describing the data acquisition system hardware, we present our signal amplitude calibration procedure and our methods for performing PSA. We validate the amplitude calibration procedure in several experiments using PSA to establish tolerances for data acquisition from multiple bedrooms and polygraphs. Results: Since it is not possible to acquire identical digitized versions of an EEG signal using different sets of equipment, the best that can be achieved is data acquisition that is polygraph-independent within a known tolerance. We are able to demonstrate a tolerance in signal amplitude of ±0.25% when digitizing data from different bedrooms. When different data acquisition hardware is used, the power tolerance is approximately ±3% for frequencies from 1 to 35 Hz. The power tolerance is between ±3 and ±7% for frequencies below 1 Hz and frequencies between 35 and 50 Hz. Additional data demonstrate that variability due to the hardware system is small relative to the inherent variability of the sleep EEG. Conclusion: The PSA results obtained in one location can be replicated elsewhere (subject to known tolerances) only if the data acquisition system and PSA method are adequately specified.
Selective oxidation and oxidative dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons on bismuth vanadium molybdenum oxide

Abstract A systematic investigation of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene and 1- and 2-butene to 1,3-butadiene, and the selective oxidation of isobutene to methacrolein was carried out over Bi1−x/3V1−xMoxO4 (x = 0–1) with the aim of defining the effects of catalyst and reactant composition on the reaction kinetics. This work has revealed that the reaction kinetics can differ significantly depending on the state of catalyst oxidation, which in turn depends on the catalyst composition and the reaction conditions. Under conditions where the catalyst is fully oxidized, the kinetics for the oxidation of propene to acrolein and isobutene to methacrolein, and the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene, 1-butene and trans-2-butene to butadiene are very similar—first order in the partial pressure of the alkane or alkene and zero order in the partial pressure of oxygen. These observations, together with XANES and UV–Vis data, suggest that all these reactions proceed via a Mars van Krevelen mechanism involving oxygen atoms in the catalysts and that the rate-limiting step involves cleavage of the weakest C H bond in the reactant. Consistent with these findings, the apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor for both oxidative dehydrogenation and selective oxidation correlate with the dissociation energy of the weakest C H bond in the reactant. As the reaction temperature is lowered, catalyst reoxidation can become rate-limiting, the transition to this regime depending on ease of catalyst reduction and effectiveness of the reacting hydrocarbons as a reducing agent. A third regime is observed for isobutene oxidation at lower temperatures, in which the catalyst is more severely reduced and oxidation now proceeds via reaction of molecular oxygen, rather than catalyst lattice oxygen, with the reactant.
Predicting Daily Feed Costs for Dairy Management Models

Abstract Two constant nutrient value methods of predicting daily ration costs for management models were evaluated: constant dollars per megacalorie of NE L (.050, .061, .072, and .095) and constant dollars per kilogram of TDN and CP (.132 and .265, respectively). The methods were compared with ration costs calculated by linear programming using high, average, and low corn price scenarios. Constant nutrient value methods were inaccurate predictors of ration costs, and their margin of error generally increased as milk yield and price increased. Deviations from ration costs calculated by linear programming were lowest for the low corn price; high dollars per megacalorie of NE L (.072, .095) overestimated ration costs by $.014 to $1.017/d per cow, and low dollars per megacalorie of NE L (.050, .061) underestimated ration costs by $.024 to $1.014/d per cow. Constant value per kilogram of TDN and CP overestimated ration costs by $.275 to $.579/d per cow. At the average price scenario, $.095/Mcal of NE L and constant value per kilogram of TDN and CP overestimated ration costs by $.032 to $.456/d per cow, and lower dollars per megacalorie of NE L (.050, .061, .072) underestimated ration costs by $.059 to $1.846/d per cow. At the high price scenario, both constant nutrient cost methods and all values underestimated ration costs by $.011 to $2.940/d per cow. Regression analysis of daily ration costs per kilogram of milk and per kilogram of DM indicated that estimation inaccuracies resulted from a failure of constant nutrient cost methods to account for a constant proportion of ration costs and increases in aggregate costs per unit of nutrient as milk yield increased. Alternative methods are suggested.
Options-based forecasts of futures prices in the presence of limit moves

The reported analysis examines a simultaneous estimation option-based approach to forecast futures prices in the presence of daily price limit moves. The procedure explicitly allows for changing implied volatilities by estimating the implied futures price and the implied volatility simultaneously. Using futures and futures options data for three agricultural commodities, it is found that the simultaneous estimation approach accounts for the abrupt changes in implied volatility associated with limit moves and generates more accurate price forecasts than conventional methods that rely on only one implied variable.
Expression and characterization of four recombinant human dihydrodiol dehydrogenase isoforms: oxidation of trans-7, 8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene to the activated o-quinone metabolite benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione.

The bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to their ultimate carcinogenic forms proceeds via the formation of proximate carcinogen trans-dihydrodiols. Previous studies demonstrate...
Structured system design: Analysis, design, and construction

A simple state-of-the-art systems/program design tool is described, demonstrated, and evaluated. The tool, the Warnier-Orr diagram, is derived from Boolean algebra and set theory and is a major analysis, synthesis, and documentation aid in Structured System Design (SSD), a current structured programming methodology. Proponents of SSD claim it provides a conceptual framework that facilitates writing programs that usually run the first time. Skeptics typically agree (eventually). Several sources of SSD information (articles, books, technical reports, etc.) are identified.
Relative Motion Control For Two-Spacecraft Electrostatic Orbit Corrections

The charged relative-motion dynamics and control of a two-craft system is investigated if one vehicle is performing a low-thrust orbit correction using inertial thrusters. The nominal motion is an along-track configuration where active electrostatic charge control is maintaining an attractive force between the two vehicles. In this study the charging is held fixed and the inertial thruster of the tugging vehicle is controlled to stabilize the relative motion to a nominal fixed separation distance. Using a candidate Lyapunov function, the relative orbit control law is shown to be asymptotically stable. Analysis of the control system gains is performed in order to achieve a desired settling time and damping ratio. The effects of uncertainties in the vehicle charges are also examined. Using numerical simulation, the performance of the proposed control system is investigated for a formation in geosynchronous earth orbit.
VPS35: A new player in Parkinson's Disease

The identification of genetic mutations that cause Parkinson's disease (PD) in rare families has been the bedrock of investigation into the molecular pathogenesis of PD. These mutations are used to understand and model disease, in a process aimed at finding viable points of therapeutic intervention that are based on etiology, rather than being based on symptomatic relief. Two papers, published back to back in the American Journal of Human Genetics, expand the repertoire of genetic tools with which to understand the basis of PD by the discovery of a mutation linked to PD in the gene VPS35.1, 2 Both studies used exome sequencing, a method to sequence all of the protein coding regions of the genome in parallel, in large families with PD. In the work by Vilarino-Guell and colleagues, the authors sequenced cousins from a large Swiss kindred with autosomal dominant, late onset PD. Following a series of screening and filtering steps, the authors provide evidence that a mutation in VPS35 (p.D620N) is responsible for disease in this family and in 4 of ~4000 unrelated PD cases screened. The mutation was absent from more than 3000 control samples. In the work by Zimprich and colleagues, the authors performed exome sequencing in an Austrian family with autosomal dominant PD. This group identified the same mutation in VPS35, p.D620N, segregating with disease and then went on to show that this mutation was a cause of disease in two additional families. Both groups found additional mutations in VPS35; in contrast to the p.D620N mutation, the evidence for pathogenicity of the additional variants was not compelling, and thus their role in disease remains unclear. The clinical phenotype of VPS35 linked disease is reported to fulfill London Brain Bank criteria, with an age at onset of disease in the early fifties. VPS35 encodes the vacuolar protein sorting ortholog 35, a part of a large multimeric complex called the retromer complex. This complex is believed to play an integral role in retrograde transport of proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. While VPS35 mutations appear to be quite a rare cause of PD, they provide another valuable window into the etiology of this complex disorder.
A Deficiency of Available Choline in Soybean Oil and Soybean Oil Meal

Abstract JUKES (1940a, b) found 25 to 40 percent of soybean oil meal to be a satisfactory source of choline for the prevention of perosis. The amount of total choline in soybean oil meal as given by Engel (1942) is sufficient to satisfy the chick’s requirement for choline, if the total choline were available. Berry et al. (1943) have presented data indicating the lack of an adequate amount of available choline for rapid growth in rations containing approximately one-third soybean oil meal. In studies on whey solubles, choline was the limiting factor in the rations used. Jukes (1942) used expeller processed soybean oil meal. Communication with the processor indicates that the soybean oil settlings or “foots” were added back to the meal at the time that Jukes obtained his meal. The settlings from soybean oil are known to be rich in lecithin, from which choline is derived (Record and Bethke, 1942). . . .
The Listener's Voice: Early Radio and the American Public. Elena Razlogova. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

The Listener's Voice: Early Radio and the American Public. Elena Razlogova. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.Utopian dreams and dystopian nightmares often accompany technological revolutions. The rise of the Internet, for example, spurred debates about its potential as a tool for social change while simultaneously raising fears of cyber wars and the Orwellian surveillance state. Almost a century ago, the commercialization of the radio evoked similar, conflicting emotions. In the populist atmosphere of protest and dissent that characterized the period between World War I and World War II, many Americans saw the radio as a powerful vehicle to carry their individual and collective voices into the struggle to define the "American Way of Life." "Americans," writes Elena Razlogova in her fascinating book on audience participation in early radio, "looked to radio not only to reflect but to resolve some of the tensions they felt about the nature of big institutions, the locations of social power, and the future of both market and political democracy." (2) Simultaneously, however, contemporary observers like the philosopher Theodor Adorno assumed that radio could be a means to control the masses, because it "deprived [...] audiences of their ability to think independently" (98).This conflict is at the heart of Razologova's study. She is, of course, not the first to recognize the importance of the radio for the political culture of the 1920s and 1930s as well as the future of free market capitalism. Many historians in the past have leaned towards a perspective that agrees with Adorno: Douglas Craig's Fireside Politics and other earlier works, for example, have described how broadcast networks like NBC in collaboration with regulators suppressed commercial diversity and opted to entertain listeners rather than embrace the radio as a means to educate the citizenry or support civic exchange. And no history of the 1930s fails to mention how President Roosevelt used the new medium very effectively to communicate his political messages. In short, radio became "an agency of political and social reinforcement" (Douglas Craig, Fireside Politics, 2000).But Elena Razlogova offers a pointed critique of that model. Hers is a view from below that uncovers the vibrant participatory culture of the 1920s, when many broadcasters still understood that they were responsible to an audience on which they depended - and in which listeners vigorously fought for the "ownership" of the airwaves. …
The role of therapeutic apheresis in the treatment of acute antibody-mediated kidney rejection.

Approximately 10% of renal transplant recipients experience acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) due to alloimmunization against human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and other antigens. While therapeutic apheresis is included in most treatment protocols for acute kidney allograft rejection, these protocols have been derived mainly from single center experience rather than controlled trials. This concise review focuses on the role of therapeutic apheresis in AMR treatment. Two groups have recently reported treating acute AMR using drug-only strategies without therapeutic apheresis in particular situations, namely in clinically less severe cases or in resource-limited situations without testing for donor specific antibodies. A randomized controlled trial, designed to test the efficacy of immunoadsorption apheresis in AMR treatment, was terminated early and suggested a benefit of apheresis. An observational study suggested efficacy of plasmapheresis in acute AMR treatment, but all patients who received plasmapheresis also received rituximab. As new therapeutic modalities are becoming available, therapeutic apheresis continues to play a role in the treatment of acute kidney allograft rejection. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deconstruction of Activity-Dependent Covalent Modification of Heme in Human Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase by Multistage Mass Spectrometry (MS4)

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is known to be inactivated and covalently modified by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and agents similar to 3-(2-ethoxypropyl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-6(9H)-one (1), a 254.08 Da derivative of 2-thioxanthine. Peptide mapping by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detected modification by 1 in a labile peptide–heme–peptide fragment of the enzyme, accompanied by a mass increase of 252.08 Da. The loss of two hydrogen atoms was consistent with mechanism-based oxidative coupling. Multistage mass spectrometry (MS4) of the modified fragment in an ion trap/Orbitrap spectrometer demonstrated that 1 was coupled directly to heme. Use of a 10 amu window delivered the full isotopic envelope of each precursor ion to collision-induced dissociation, preserving definitive isotopic profiles for iron-containing fragments through successive steps of multistage mass spectrometry. Iron isotope signatures and accurate mass measurements supported the structural assignments. Crystallographic an...
Independent plasma levels of sodium and glycine during transurethral resection of the prostate.

This study was done to evaluate the potential role of plasma glycine levels as an indicator of the biochemical changes occurring during or shortly after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Seventeen patients undergoing TURP were studied to determine the fate of the absorbed glycine and its effects on other amino acids and their relationship to changes in serum sodium and osmolarity. Twelve patients showed more than 100 per cent increase in plasma glycine levels with values ranging to more than 100-fold elevation. Only two patients showed a change in serum sodium of greater than 10mEqll with corresponding change in osmolarity. In one such patient there was no accompanying change in plasma glycine. Thus, major changes in plasma glycine and serum sodium may occur independently of one another, and may separately account for manifestations of the reactions following TURP.
Laboratory nondestructive evaluation technology for materials characterization

This paper summarizes advances in ultrasonic and magnetic technologies for materials characterization that have recently occurred in the research laboratory and appear to have the potential to impact technology gaps of concern to the energy production industry. Included are discussions of the possibilities that one can characterize structure, such as grain size and dislocations, properties, such as fracture toughness, degradation mechanisms, such as creep, fatigue, and hydrogen attack, as well as the stresses which drive many of the degradation mechanisms. Throughout the discussions, careful attention is given to differentiating those quantities which are fundamentally related to the nondestructive evaluation response, and those which are related by empirical correlations. Included is a discussion of future work needed to further develop these technologies.
Justification, Discovery and the Naturalizing of Epistemology

Reichenbach's well-known distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification has recently come under attack from several quarters. In this paper I attempt to reconsider the distinction and evaluate various recent criticisms of it. These criticisms fall into two main groups: those which directly challenge Reichenbach's distinction; and those which (I argue) indirectly but no less seriously challenge that distinction by rejecting the related distinction between psychology and epistemology, and defending the "naturalizing" of epistemology. I argue that these recent criticisms fail, and that the distinction remains an important conceptual tool necessary for an adequate understanding of the way in which scientific claims purport to appropriately portray our natural environment.
Comparison of dichotomous and polytomous response models

Abstract In some experimental situations, it is feasible to classify the outcome of the experiment into more than two ordered categories. To compensate for the extra effort required in the more refined classification, it is important to know whether it will lead to more efficient estimates than the binary classification. It is shown that the Fisher information for the common parameters in the more elaborate model is greater, which is further supported in a numerical study. Based on a simulation study, a similar conclusion is reached regarding the extent to which such gains are achieved in small sample situations. Some empirical results are given theoretical justification.
An equivalence result for solutions of multiobjective linear programs

Abstract The results of this paper show that the set of all noninferior (nondominated) solutions of a multiobjective linear program is also the solution set of a corresponding linear algebraic system. The algebraic system is constructed using a specific set of noninferior solutions for which appropriate Lagrange multipliers are available. A technique for generating such sets and applications of this result are discussed.
Prolactin (PRL), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and Luteinizing Hormone Are Regulators of Testicular PRL Receptors in Golden Hamsters

The ability of PRL, FSH, and LH to regulate testicular PRL receptors in golden hamsters was evaluated using a variety of experimental protocols. Exposure to a photoperiod of 5 h of light and 19 h of darkness (5L:19D) for 11 weeks precipitated a 94% reduction in content (femtomoles per testes) of testicular PRL receptors and, concomitantly, a decrease (P less than 0.05) in plasma PRL, but not LH or FSH. One pituitary gland under the kidney capsule in 5L:19D-housed hamsters increased (P less than 0.05) both the concentration (femtomoles per mg protein) and content of PRL receptors, as well as those of plasma PRL and FSH. Similar treatment in 14L:10D-housed hamsters produced comparable changes in plasma PRL and FSH without affecting PRL receptors. Injections of L-dopa for 7 days into hamsters housed in 5L:19D for 11 weeks significantly elevated serum FSH concentrations, had no measurable effect on serum PRL and LH, and induced a greater than 2-fold increase in PRL receptor levels. In a separate study, hamsters housed in 5L:19D for 12 weeks were injected for 3 days with 250 microgram ovine (o) PRL, 25 microgram oLH, or 5 microgram oFSH, and results were compared with vehicle-injected, 5L:19D- and 14L:10D-housed controls. Injections of oPRL and oLH increased (P less than 0.05) PRL receptor concentration and content, with PRL being more efficacious. No anti-oPRL antibodies were produced by oPRL injections. In this study, injections of oFSH were without effect on PRL receptors. To ascertain the effects of each hormone in the absence of other trophic influences, experiments were conducted in hypophysectomized hamsters injected daily for 3 days (2-4 days posthypophysectomy) with one of the following: 5 or 25 microgram oLH; 10, 50, or 250 microgram oPRL; or 1 or 5 microgram oFSH. Hypophysectomy reduced the concentration and content of PRL receptors by 85%, and treatment with 50 or 250 microgram oPRL increased (P less than 0.05) these low levels almost 3-fold. Again, no anti-oPRL antibodies were induced. Injection of 5 microgram oLH or 25 microgram oFSH also induced increases (P less than 0.05) in PRL receptors. Hypophysectomy reduced basal and hCG-stimulated in vitro testicular testosterone production (nanograms per testes/4 h) to levels less than 20% of control values. None of the hormonal treatments affected (P less than 0.05) basal testosterone production in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Innovations in Eye Surgery

The field of ophthalmology has undergone revolutionary changes during the past few decades. Advancements in understanding the pathophysiology of eye diseases, superior surgical instrumentation and surgeon skills, and cotreatment with medical therapies have enhanced outcomes. The geriatric population, preferentially affected by these illnesses, has seen a meaningful visual benefit from these surgical innovations. Most importantly, these improvements have led to increases in quality-of-life measures and mental and physical well-being of aging patients.
Gelled diet for screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) mass production.

A rearing system based on a diet gelled with Water-Lock G-400, a synthetic Super absorbent (poly(2-propenamide-co-2-propenoic acid, sodium salt)) (WL), was compared with the standard rearing system (liquid diet suspended in acetate fibers) for the mass production of screwworms, Cochliomyta hominivorax (Coquerel). The WL rearing system yielded 2% heavier pupae, 32% higher egg to pupa survival, and required 54% less diet and 88% less labor than the standard rearing system. Other advantages of the WL system include reduced susceptibility to suboptimal environmental conditions and labor practices, and characteristics conducive to centralization and mechanization of rearing procedures.
Exploring International Law: Opportunities and Challenges for Political Science Research

Four political scientists and one legal scholar explore questions concerning the place of international law in political science research. Paul Diehl identifies a “warm bodies problem” that has resulted from academic skepticism about the relevance of international law to international relations, creating a dearth of political scientists trained to conduct research in international law. Beth Simmons refutes Diehl's proposition that the warm bodies problem makes credible work difficult. Dorinda Dallmeyer notes how communication between lawyers and political scientists is complicated when a word like “norm” can mean completely different things to the two groups. She highlights an open mind and good listening skills as keys to success. Harold Jacobson uses an autobiographical approach to illustrate the influence of realism and its effects on international law as a field in political science, but draws from his collaborations with lawyers to demonstrate the rewards such efforts can provide.
Accurate 3-D finite element simulation of elastic wave propagation with the combination of explicit and implicit time-integration methods

One of the big issues in finite element solutions of wave propagation problems is the presence of spurious high-frequency oscillations that may lead to divergent results at mesh refinement. The paper deals with the extension of the new two-stage time-integration technique developed in our previous papers to the solution of wave propagation problems with explicit time-integration methods.The explicit central difference method is used for accurate time-integration of the semi-discrete system of elastodynamics at the stage of basic computations and allows spurious high-frequency oscillations. To filter these oscillations, pre- or/and post-processing (the filtering stage) is applied using a few time increments of the implicit time-continuous Galerkin method with large numerical dissipation.A special calibration procedure is used for the selection of the minimum necessary amount of numerical dissipation (in terms of a time increment) at the filtering stage. In contrast to existing approaches that use a time-integration method with the same dissipation (or artificial viscosity) for all time increments, the new technique yields accurate and non-oscillatory results for wave propagation problems without interaction between user and computer code. The solutions of 3-D wave propagation and impact problems show the effectiveness of the new approach.