cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation evaluation of fusion solid breeder materials

Solid lithium ceramic compounds are considered prime candidate breeder materials for D-T-based fusion reactors because of the potential advantages in safety, lack of electromagnetic effects, and relative ease of tritium extraction. Li/sub 2/O, Li/sub 4/SiO/sub 4/, LiAlO/sub 2/, and Li/sub 2/ZrO/sub 3/ are among the most plausible candidate solid breeder materials. These materials were studied to compare their activation characteristics after neutron exposure in a fusion reactor, including quantities relevant to safety and waste-disposal. Induced radioactivity, decay heat, biological dose rate, and the waste-disposal rating of these materials were considered. Impurity elements that appear in lithium such as Na, K, and Ca were also included in the analysis. The results show that Li/sub 2/ZrO/sub 3/ gives the highest values in every aspect of activation concerns except waste disposal, where LiAlO/sub 2/ dominates. LiAlO/sub 2/ and Li/sub 2/ZrO/sub 3/ will qualify for 10CFR61 low-level waste disposal only when these materials are located in the lower neutron fluence region in the blanket. Li/sub 2/O and Li/sub 4/SiO/sub 4/ show much lower (at least three orders of magnitude) induced activity than Li/sub 2/ZrO/sub 3/ and LiAlO/sub 2/ and satisfy all aspects of low activation considerations. >
The role of self-efficacy and locus of control in job readiness training programs

Research suggests that individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy and internal locus of control are more likely to engage in job search activities and persist for longer periods of time when faced with repeated failure when compared to individuals with low self-efficacy and external locus of control (Kulik and Rowland, J. Organization. Behav. 1989;10:361-367). This article will discuss how Bandura's (Psychol. Rev. 1977;84:191-214) self-efficacy theory and Rotter's (Psychol. Monogr.: Gen. Appl. 1966;80:1-27) locus of control theory can be applied to increase participation and persistence in job readiness training programs for people with disabilities. The authors will provide an overview of those theories and then use a case example to illustrate how they can be used in the job readiness process.
The Legacy of Early Attachments

The impact of early close relationships on psychological development is one of the enduring questions of developmental psychology that is addressed by attachment theory and research. This essay evaluates what has been learned, and offers ideas for future research, by examining the origins of continuity and change in the security of attachment early in life, and its prediction of later behavior. The discussion evaluates research on the impact of changing family circumstances and quality of care on changes in attachment security, and offers new hypotheses for future study. Considering the representations (or internal working models) associated with attachment security as developing representations, the discussion proposes that (1) attachment security may be developmentally most insuential when the working models with which it is associated have sufÞciently matured to insuence other emerging features of psychosocial functioning; (2) changes in attachment security are more likely during periods of representational advance; and (3) parentÐchild discourse and other relational insuences shape these developing representations after infancy. Finally, other features of early parentÐchild relationships that develop concurrently with attachment security, including negotiating consict and establishing cooperation, also must be considered in understanding the legacy of early attachments.
CritIQ: A Mobile Critique App for Undergraduate Communication Design Learners

ABSTRACTCritical discourse is one of the principal critical thinking strategies that emerging communication design learners must learn from their classroom experiences. The investigator contends it is necessary and possible to extend these critical interactions beyond the classroom by exploiting the affordances of mobile technology. CritIQ, the proposed mobile application described in this paper extends, motivates, enables, and sustains remote synchronous and asynchronous critical thinking and conversations among undergraduate communication design learners (throughout the design process after the solution/idea has been secured) when no design instructor is present. The investigator shares the research methodology that was employed to conceptualize the mobile application. They explain how a codesign activity informed the design of CritIQ's meaningful features and innovations and how these in turn support the needs of learners who must learn to effectively critique their work, as well as the learning object...
Reaction of OH radicals with 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone: formation yield of 4-oxopentanal and its OH radical reaction rate constant

Environmental context Alkanes, major constituents of vehicle exhausts, are emitted to the atmosphere where they react, chiefly by gas-phase reactions with the hydroxyl radical, to form products which can also react further. In laboratory experiments, we studied the further reactions of a model first-generation alkane reaction product. Understanding alkane reaction chains is important because the toxicity, secondary aerosol formation and other properties of vehicle emissions can change as new compounds are formed. Abstract 1,4-Hydroxycarbonyls are major products of the gas-phase reactions of alkanes with OH radicals, and in the atmosphere they will react with OH radicals or undergo acid-catalysed cyclisation with subsequent dehydration to form highly reactive dihydrofurans. 3-Oxobutanal (CH3C(O)CH2CHO) and 4-oxopentanal (CH3C(O)CH2CH2CHO) are first-generation products of the OH radical-initiated reaction of 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone (CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2OH). The behaviours of 3-oxobutanal and 4-oxopentanal have been monitored during OH+5-hydroxy-2-pentanone reactions carried out in the presence of NO, using solid phase microextraction fibres coated with O-(2,3,4,5,6,-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxyl amine (PFBHA) for on-fibre derivatisation of carbonyl compounds and an annular denuder coated with XAD resin and further coated with PFBHA. The time-concentration data for 4-oxopentanal during OH+5-hydroxy-2-pentanone reactions were independent of relative humidity (0–50%), and were consistent with a rate constant for OH+4-oxopentanal of (1.2±0.5)×10–11cm3 molecule–1s–1 at 296±2K, a factor of 2 lower than both literature rate constants for other aldehydes and that estimated using a structure-reactivity approach. The molar formation yield for 4-oxopentanal from OH+5-hydroxy-2-pentanone in the presence of NO was determined to be 17±5%, consistent with predictions based on a structure-reactivity relationship and current knowledge of the subsequent reaction mechanisms.
Zinc deficiency increases the osmotic fragility of rat erythrocytes

Zinc deficiency in rats causes increased os motic fragility of their erythrocytes. This study was de signed to determine the relationship of food intake and dietary sulfur amino acid level to the effect of low zinc status on fragility. Immature rats were fed for a 3-wk period a low zinc diet (<1 mg/kg) based on isolated soybean protein or a similar control diet ( 100 mg Zn/kg diet) supplied either ad libitum or by pair feeding. Fragility was measured by the degree of hemolysis in hypotonie saline solutions. In the first experiment, zinc deficiency resulted in higher fragility than in ad libitum controls; pair-fed controls were inter mediate and not different from either. Experiment 2 in cluded two levels of methionine, 0.4 and 0.9%, and two of zinc, 0 and 100 mg Zn/kg diet. At the 0.4%, but not at the 0.9% methionine level, hemolysis of red blood cells from the zinc-deficient rats was significantly greater than those from either pair-fed or ad libitum controls. Repletion for 1 or 2 d completely alleviated the increased fragility, but in vitro addition of zinc had no effect. Restricted intake of the zinc-adequate diet reversed the fragility within 1 d as readily as did ad libitum intake. Thus, the osmotic fra gility induced by zinc deficiency was prevented by high sul fur amino acid intake and was readily reversed by dietary zinc. It is postulated that extracellular or membrane-bound zinc protects a component of the membrane that is es sential to its function, and that reversal of the defect re quires an in vivo metabolic process. J. Nutr. 117:1883- 1889, 1987.
Planar cell polarization: an emerging model points in the right direction

Polarization is a feature common to many cell types. Epithelial cells, for example, exhibit a characteristic apical-basolateral polarity that is critical for their function. In addition to this ubiquitous form of polarity, whole fields of cells are often polarized in a plane perpendicular to the apical-basal axis. This form of polarity, referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP), exists in all adult Drosophila cuticular tissues, as well as in numerous vertebrate tissues, including the mammalian skin and inner ear epithelia. Recent advances in the study of PCP establishment are beginning to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying this cellular process. This review discusses new developments in the molecular understanding of PCP in Drosophila and vertebrates and integrates the current data in a model to illustrate how interactions between PCP factors might function to generate planar polarity.
3DProIN: Protein-Protein Interaction Networks and Structure Visualization.

DProIN is a computational tool to visualize protein-protein interaction networks in both two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) view. It models protein-protein interactions in a graph and explores the biologically relevant features of the tertiary structures of each protein in the network. Properties such as color, shape and name of each node (protein) of the network can be edited in either 2D or 3D views. 3DProIN is implemented using 3D Java and C programming languages. The internet crawl technique is also used to parse dynamically grasped protein interactions from protein data bank (PDB). It is a java applet component that is embedded in the web page and it can be used on different platforms including Linux, Mac and Window using web browsers such as Firefox, Internet Explorer, Chrome and Safari. It also was converted into a mac app and submitted to the App store as a free app. Mac users can also download the app from our website. 3DProIN is available for academic research at http://bicompute.appspot.com
Fast and accurate static data-race detection for concurrent programs

We present new techniques for fast, accurate and scalable static data race detection in concurrent programs. Focusing our analysis on Linux device drivers allowed us to identify the unique challenges posed by debugging largescale real-life code and also pinpointed drawbacks in existing race warning generation methods. This motivated the development of new techniques that helped us in improving both the scalability as well as the accuracy of each of the three main steps in a race warning generation system. The first and most crucial step is the automatic discovery of shared variables. Towards that end, we present a new, efficient dataflow algorithm for shared variable detection which is more effective than existing correlation-based techniques that failed to detect the shared variables responsible for data races in majority of the drivers in our benchmark suite. Secondly, accuracy of race warning generation strongly hinges on the precision of the pointer analysis used to compute aliases for lock pointers. We formulate a new scalable context sensitive alias analysis that effectively combines a divide and conquer strategy with function summarization and is demonstrably more efficient than existing BDD-based techniques. Finally, we provide a new warning reduction technique that leverages lock acquisition patterns to yield provably better warning reduction than existing lockset based methods.
"Temporal Distance, Synchronicity and Team Performance"

In this experimental study we investigate how temporal distance affects interaction synchronicity, communication performance and team performance in three different types of tasks carried out by dy...
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS IN THE RAT I. Neurons and Neuroglial Cells

The lateral vestibular nucleus consists of multipolar isodendritic neurons of various sizes The distal segments of some dendrites display broad expansions packed with slender mitochondria and glycogen particles. These distinctive formations are interpreted as being growing tips of dendrites, and the suggestion is advanced that they are manifestations of architectonic plasticity in the mature central nervous system. Unlike large neurons elsewhere, the giant cells (Deiters) contain small Nissl bodies interconnected in a dense mesh-work. The Nissl substance is characterized by randomly arranged cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum and by a high proportion of free ribosomes. Whether attached or free, ribosomes usually cluster in groups of four to six, and larger polysomal arrays are rare. Free ribosomal clusters also occur in the axon hillock and the initial segment. The neuronal perikarya contain distinctive inclusions consisting of a ball of neurofilaments enveloped by a complex honeycombed membrane. The failure of these fibrillary inclusions to stain with silver suggests that the putative argyrophilia of neurofilaments may reside in an inconstant matrix surrounding them. Giant cells of Deiters are in intimate contact with two kinds of cellular elements—astroglial processes and synaptic terminals. Oligodendroglial cells are only rarely satellites of giant cells; in contrast, they are frequently satellites of small and medium-sized cells.
On the controllability of fixed-wing perching

The ability of birds to perch robustly and effectively is a powerful demonstration of the capabilities of nature's control systems. Their apparent robustness to gust disturbances is particularly remarkable because when the airspeed approaches zero just before acquiring a perch, the influence of aerodynamic forces, and therefore potentially the control authority, is severely compromised. In this paper we present a simplified closed-form model for a fixed-wing aircraft which closely agrees with experimental indoor perching data. We then carefully examine the LTV controllability along an optimized perching trajectory for three different actuation scenarios - a glider (no powerplant), a fixed propeller, and a propeller with thrust vectoring. The results reveal that while all three vehicles are LTV controllable along the trajectory, the additional actuators allow the perch to be more easily acquired with less control surface deflections. However, in all three cases, disturbances experienced just before reaching the perch cannot be effectively rejected.
The Electronic Archive: Scientific Publishing for the 1990s

I offer a description and rationale for an electronic journal publishing program for psychologists, called the electonic archive. Three principles are critical. First, electronic publishing must retain the readability of a traditional printed journal. Second, it must be both accessible and attractive to all members of the discipline, whether they use computers or not. Most importantly, it must provide improved facilities for retrieving information, while continuing to serve as a permanent archive of the Society. I argue that the primary advantage of electronic publishing is not the inexpensive delivery of text, but the use of a centralized archive to concentrate resources for discovering and utilizing information. The archive would provide a platform for programs embodying knowledge about the field and the intellectual goals of individual users to facilitate the intelligent retrieval of text. By using the dynamic branching and graphical display capacities of the computer, the archive can present texts in ...
Adeno-associated virus vectors for gene transfer into erythroid cells.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have the potential to treat a broad range of genetic diseases, among which, those directed toward blood cells currently hold the greatest promise. There are several reasons why the prospect of transducing blood cells merits such extensive interest. First, the target cells are easily accessible. Populations of cells can be removed from the patient, manipulated ex vivo, and subsequently returned to the patient. They can also be enriched for the cell types of interest, cultured, expanded, and transduced with a number of experimental gene therapy vectors. Perhaps more importantly, pluripotent stem cell populations have been identified which can divide and differentiate to repopulate the blood with the different lineages of cells which make up this complex system.
Current Controversies in the Surgical Management of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the deadliest malignancies with an extremely poor survival rate. Both environmental and hereditary factors play a role in the development of disease, and early diagnosis is difficult due to early systemic involvement of disease. Thus, a majority of patients are not surgical candidates at the time of diagnosis.
Reexamining Black & Decker's Contingent Liability Tax Shelter

In this article, Professor Yale reviews the contingent liability tax shelter employed by Black & Decker, and critiques the arguments the government has made in its appeal to the Fourth Circuit. He concludes that the government's technical arguments are unpersuasive and demonstrates that if the Fourth Circuit accepts them, it might result in unintended consequences in run-of-the-mill transactions. Yale suggests a different strategy the government should pursue when challenging contingent liability tax shelters, a strategy that would prevent taxpayers from enjoying an undeserved tax windfall in abusive cases without distorting the language of the code.
Dynamic characteristics analysis on novel motor actuator of high voltage circuit breaker

Two novel types of high voltage circuit breaker motor actuator are proposed and motion characteristics are analyzed.The two motor actuators were adopted in 40.5 kV VCB mechanical properties of requirements A permanent linear DC motor and a limited angle permanent magnet brushless DC motor were researched.The structure and characteristic parameters of two motor actuators were designed and the simulation model of them was established by using the finite element method.The fundamental characteristics and starting process of two motor were simulated,so that the magnetic thrust,current,speed curve were gained.Through analyzing the simulation results,on one hand,the motor actuator satisfying the operation requirement of circuit breaker was obtained by regulating the parameters of the motor.On the other hand,the analyzed result indicated that two motor actuators have different aspects.This is provided reliable data for high voltage circuit breaker adopting motor actuators.
Influence of the entoderm on mesodermal expansion in the area vasculosa of the chick.

To determine whether expansion of the splanchnic mesoderm of the area vasculosa is influenced by the entodermal substratum on which it occurs, entoderm was separated from a small area of splanchnic mesoderm. The splanchnic mesoderm then contracted and thickened, decreasing to 7% of its original area in 16 h. By then entoderm had reattached to most of it, and it expanded, reaching 11% of its original area by 24 h. It was concluded that attachment to entoderm may be required for expansion of the splanchnic mesoderm, but the small amount of expansion obtained made this conclusion tentative. For technical reasons subsequent investigation was done on mesodermal transplants, which attached to the host9s entoderm in 6 h, by which time they had contracted to 15% of their original area. They then expanded, reaching 30% by 16 h and 49% by 24 h. The onset of their expansion was also accompanied by the formation of connexions between their blood vessels and those of the host, and by the resumption of blood flow in them. To see whether their expansion was due to resumption of blood flow or to attachment to entoderm, other transplants were made in which the middle one-third was separated from the host9s entoderm by a piece of Millipore filter. This portion failed to expand although it became connected to the host9s blood vessels and flow of blood resumed in it, while the two lateral thirds, which regained attachment to entoderm, expanded. Transplants were also rotated so that their splanchnic mesoderm attached to ectoderm instead of entoderm. These transplants also formed connexions with the host9s vessels and blood flow resumed in them, but they expanded only slightly compared to non-rotated controls, in which the splanchnic mesoderm attached to entoderm. It was concluded that while flow of blood undoubtedly promotes splanchnic mesodermal expansion as others have shown, attachment of the splanchnic mesoderm to entoderm is also important, and without it the promotive effect of blood flow does not occur. Evidence was also obtained that attachment to entoderm maintains the thinness of the splanchnic mesoderm, and that a vascular growth stimulus may be produced by the unvascularized entoderm distal to the mesoderm.
The genomewide transcriptional response underlying the pea aphid wing polyphenism.

Phenotypic plasticity is a key life history strategy used by many plants and animals living in heterogeneous environments. A multitude of studies have investigated the costs and limits of plasticity, as well as the conditions under which it evolves. Much less well understood are the molecular genetic mechanisms that enable an organism to sense its environment and respond in a plastic manner. The pea aphid wing polyphenism is a compelling laboratory model to study these mechanisms. In this polyphenism, environmental stressors like high density cause asexual, viviparous adult female aphids to change the development of their embryos from wingless to winged morphs. The life history trade-offs between the two morphs have been intensively studied, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. We therefore performed a genomewide study of the maternal transcriptome at two time points with and without a crowding stress to discover the maternal molecular changes that lead to the development of winged vs. wingless offspring. We observed significant transcriptional changes in genes associated with odorant binding, neurotransmitter transport, hormonal activity and chromatin remodelling in the maternal transcriptome. We also found that titres of serotonin, dopamine and octopamine were higher in solitary compared to crowded aphids. We use these results to posit a model for how maternal signals inform a developing embryo to be winged or wingless. Our findings add significant insights into the identity of the molecular mechanisms that underlie environmentally induced morph determination and suggest a possible role for biogenic amine regulation in polyphenisms generally.
The Role of Androgens and Estrogens in the Male Skeleton

Abstract The sex steroids have for years been considered to be sex specific with regard to bone metabolism: estrogens as the key determinant of bone metabolism in women; testosterone (T) as the key determinant in men. New evidence with regard to the effect of sex steroids on each sex's bone has led to a revision of this earlier belief. With respect to men, convincing new evidence from multiple lines of investigation shows clearly that estrogen (E) is an important, if not the dominant, sex steroid in regulating male bone metabolism. Insights from the studies on the skeletal effects of E in men may also help reshape our thinking on the role of E in other aspects of men's health.
Treatment of Higher-Risk Patients With an Indication for Revascularization

Patients with severe coronary artery disease with a clinical indication for revascularization but who are at high procedural risk because of patient comorbidities, complexity of coronary anatomy, and/or poor hemodynamics represent an understudied and potentially underserved patient population. Through advances in percutaneous interventional techniques and technologies and improvements in patient selection, current percutaneous coronary intervention may allow appropriate patients to benefit safely from revascularization procedures that might not have been offered in the past. The burgeoning interest in these procedures in some respects reflects an evolutionary step within the field of percutaneous coronary intervention. However, because of the clinical complexity of many of these patients and procedures, it is critical to develop dedicated specialists within interventional cardiology who are trained with the cognitive and technical skills to select these patients appropriately and to perform these procedures safely. Preprocedural issues such as multidisciplinary risk and treatment assessments are highly relevant to the successful treatment of these patients, and knowledge gaps and future directions to improve outcomes in this emerging area are discussed. Ultimately, an evolution of contemporary interventional cardiology is necessary to treat the increasingly higher-risk patients with whom we are confronted.
Physiologic properties of a new semisynthetic cardiac glycoside: Comparison with digoxin

D-37 is a semisynthetic cardiac glycoside that may have a greater margin of safety than digoxin. To compare the inotropic and cardiac toxic properties of digoxin and D-37, open chest anesthetized dogs received a constant intravenous infusion of either digoxin (n=7) or D-37 (n=7)
Cleaning-Up Bank Balance Sheets: Economic, Legal, and Supervisory Measures for Italy

To stabilize and bring down nonperforming loans (NPLs) in the Italian banking system, the Italian authorities have been implementing a number of reforms, aimed among others at speeding up insolvency and enforcement proceedings, strengthening bank corporate governance, cleaning up balance sheets, and facilitating bank consolidation. This paper examines the Italian banking system's NPL problem, which ties up capital, weighing on bank profitability and authorities' economic reforms. It argues for a comprehensive approach, encompassing economic, supervisory, and legal measures. The authorities' reforms are important steps toward this end. The paper describes measures that could further support their actions.
Edna McConnell Clark Foundation-Enabling a Performance Driven Philanthropic Capital Market

The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, focused on building the organizational capabilities of nonprofits that served the disadvantaged youth in the United States, has recently been named an intermediary in the federal government's new social innovation fund (SIF), which is intended to bring together public-private funds to help expand effective solutions across three issue areas: economic opportunity, healthy futures, and youth development. SIF intermediaries would be responsible for directing resources to innovative community-based nonprofit organizations that were seeing results. Edna McConnell Clark Foundation had long been a promoter of evidence-based accountability and grant-making and saw the absence of an efficient capital market in the nonprofit sector as a major impediment to funding growth, increasing scale, and building the sustainability of successful nonprofit organizations. With its Growth Capital Aggregation Pilot (GCAP), Edna McConnell Clark Foundation had seen positive results in taking a "syndicate" approach to funding a select group of nonprofits. With it being named an SIF intermediary, Edna McConnell Clark was ready to build on its GCAP experience and continue to evolve a model that would provide, at increased efficiency, growth capital for successful organizations. The foundation hoped to build a capital aggregation approach that would serve as a model for philanthropy.
Deep-subwavelength near-field imaging based on perovskites and doped semiconductors at infrared frequencies

A superlens that can create sub-diffraction-limited imaging has attracted extensive interest over the past decade. In this paper, we discuss our recent work of infrared superlenses based on perovskites and doped semiconductors. Perovskite oxides show pronounced phonon resonances in the range of 10 to 30 μm, giving rise to negative permittivities around the resonant frequencies. Consequently, we can match a pair of perovskite materials with permittivities in opposite signs to fulfill the superlensing condition. Using a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) coupled with a tunable free-electron laser, we investigate the evanescent waves in the image plane of perovskite superlenses to address precisely the surface polariton modes, which are important to enhance imaging resolution. Sub-diffractionlimited images with resolution of λ/14 have been achieved at the superlensing wavelength. We also demonstrate a nearfield superlens based on doped semiconductors in the mid-infrared region. Highly doped n-GaAs induces a resonant enhancement of evanescent waves, leading to a significantly improved spatial resolution at the wavelength around 20 μm that is adjustable by changing the doping level. Experimentally, gold stripes below the GaAs superlens are imaged with a λ/6 subwavelength resolution by s-SNOM. Full-wave simulation results are in very good agreement with the observed superlensing effect. These results promise a wide range of applications for infrared imaging, spectroscopy and biochemical sensing at the nanoscale.
Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Impact of Wait Time at a Single Center

Liver transplantation (LT) provides durable survival for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is continuing debate concerning the impact of wait time and acceptable tumor burden on outcomes after LT. We sought to review outcomes of LT for HCC at a single, large U.S. center, examining the influence of wait time on post-LT outcomes. Material and methods. methods. We methods. reviewed LT for HCC at Mayo Clinic in Florida from 1/1/2003 until 6/30/2014. Follow up was updated through 8/1/ 2015. Results. Results. From 2003-2014, 978 patients were referred for management of HCC. 376 patients were transplanted for presumed Results. HCC within Milan criteria, and the results of these 376 cases were analyzed. The median diagnosis to LT time was 183 days (8 - 4,337), and median transplant list wait time was 62 days (0 - 1815). There was no statistical difference in recurrence-free or overall survival for those with wait time of less than or greater than 180 days from diagnosis of HCC to LT. The most important predictor of long term survival after LT was HCC recurrence (HR: 18.61, p < 0.001). Recurrences of HCC as well as survival were predicted by factors related to tumor biology, including histopathological grade, vascular invasion, and pre-LT serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. Disease recurrence occurred in 13%. The overall 5-year patient survival was 65.8%, while the probability of 5-year recurrence-free survival was 62.2%. Conclusions. Conclusions. In Conclusions. this large, single-center experience with long-term data, factors of tumor biology, but not a longer wait time, were associated with recurrence-free and overall survival
Robert Murphy: Mathematician and Physicist

Despite his short life, Robert Murphy (1806-1843) was a mathematician and physicist of “true genius,” according to Augustus De Morgan [Venn 2009]. Murphy’s research can be categorized into three areas: Algebraic Equations, Integral Equations, and Operator Calculus [Allaire 2002]. The majority of scholarship on Murphy is centered around his contributions to physics; however, historians such as Petrova [1978] and Bradley and Allaire [2002] have explored Murphy’s linear operator theory. In the paper “Robert Murphy: Mathematician and Physicist,” we provide a unified exposition in which we synthesize and expand on existing accounts of Murphy’s life and mathematical contributions. Additionally, we give an overview of his mathematical papers and accomplishments in hopes of inspiring historians to examine and analyze his original works. This biography can be found in the online journal Convergence, available at the website of the Mathematical Association of America (www.maa.org). As noted in our biography, all but one of Murphy’s papers are available for download from Google Books or the Journal Storage Database (JSTOR). Murphy’s first paper, Refutation of a Pamphlet Written by the Rev. John Mackey Entitled “A Method of Making a Cube a Double of a Cube, Founded on the Principles of Elementary Geometry,” wherein His Principles Are Proved Erroneous and the Required Solution Not Yet Obtained [1824], has not been available in the United States. As a result, the authors here provide a transcript of the paper with commentary. Refutation of a Pamphlet ... 1
Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

Many patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) experience inadequate symptom relief from available treatments. Ketamine is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist with a potentially novel mechanism of action for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Therefore, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial in 18 adults with DSM-5 SAD and compared the effects between intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg over 40 min) and placebo (normal saline) on social phobia symptoms. Ketamine and placebo infusions were administered in a random order with a 28-day washout period between infusions. Ratings of anxiety were assessed 3-h post-infusion and followed for 14 days. We used linear mixed models to assess the impact of ketamine and placebo on anxiety symptoms. Outcomes were blinded ratings on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and self-reported anxiety on a visual analog scale (VAS-Anxiety). We also used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare the proportion of treatment responders. Based on prior studies, we defined response as a greater than 35% LSAS reduction and 50% VAS-Anxiety reduction. We found ketamine resulted in a significantly greater reduction in anxiety relative to placebo on the LSAS (Time × Treatment: F9,115=2.6, p=0.01) but not the VAS-Anxiety (Time × Treatment: F10,141=0.4, p=0.95). Participants were significantly more likely to exhibit a treatment response after ketamine infusion relative to placebo in the first 2 weeks following infusion measured on the LSAS (33.33% response ketamine vs 0% response placebo, Wilcoxon signed-rank test z=2.24, p=0.025) and VAS (88.89% response ketamine vs 52.94% response placebo, Wilcoxon signed-rank test z=2.12, p=0.034). In conclusion, this proof-of-concept trial provides initial evidence that ketamine may be effective in reducing anxiety.
Environmental effects on picloram uptake and ethylene production by broom snakeweed.

Broom snakeweed [Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. R therefore, it appears that changes in uptake and physiological sensitivity as measured by picloram-induced ethylene production are not the only factors controlling differential sensitivity to picloram.
Association Between Adiposity and Lean Mass With Long-Term Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: No Paradox

Background Prognosis based on body fat percentage (BF%) in patients with coronary artery disease has not been extensively studied. We tested the hypothesis that patients with coronary artery disease and increased BF% have a higher risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and that fat‐free mass is associated with better prognosis. Methods and Results We included 717 patients referred to cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery disease events or procedures who underwent air displacement plethysmography to assess BF%; 75% were men, with a mean age 61.4±11.4 years and a mean body mass index of 30±5.4 kg/m 2 . Follow‐up was performed using a record linkage system. Patients were classified in sex‐specific quartiles of BF% and fat‐free mass index. The composite outcome of MACEs included acute coronary syndromes, coronary revascularization, stroke, or death from any cause. After a median follow‐up of 3.9 years, 201 patients had a MACE. After adjusting for covariates, body mass index was not associated with MACEs ( P =0.12). However, the risk of MACEs for those in the highest BF% quartile was nearly double when compared with those in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.30–2.77; P =0.0008). In contrast, fat‐free mass was inversely associated with MACEs. The risk of MACEs for those in the fourth fat‐free mass quartile was lower (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.82; P =0.004), when compared with those in the first quartile. Conclusions In patients with coronary artery disease, there is no obesity paradox when measuring BF% instead of body mass index. BF% is associated with a higher risk of MACEs, whereas fat‐free mass is associated with a lower risk of MACEs. Body mass index was not associated with MACEs.
REGULATION OF LIPOPROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN CULTURED HEPATOCYTES

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the regulation of lipoprotein synthesis in cultured hepatocytes. Triglyceride is secreted by the liver into serum, predominantly in the form of very low density lipoprotein. The factors that regulate lipoprotein synthesis are relatively unknown. Hormones, availability of lipids, and nutritional factors appear to play roles in changing the rate of hepatic lipoprotein synthesis and secretion. In an experiment described in the chapter, newly secreted VLDL appeared similar to serum VLDL in size and shape using negative staining electron microscopy. The range of diameters of the individual VLDL particles was nearly the same as that found in serum VLDL particles concurrently examined. The majority of newly secreted VLDL particles had diameters in the range of 450–600% A. The cholesterol of newly secreted VLDL was mostly in the free form even though the cholesterol in serum VLDL is mostly esterified. The content of triglyceride, phospholipid, and cholesterol in newly secreted VLDL agreed closely with that found in VLDL obtained from liver perfusions. Although the concentration of triglyceride and phospholipid showed no consistent change during the 7-day experiment, both the concentration and the percentage of cholesterol esters increased.
Boundary Element Methods in Probabilistic Acoustic Scattering Problems

Boundary Element Methods (BEM) are suited to a wide range of engineering problems, especially those of a semi-infinite nature. Examples of such problems can be found in the fluid-structure interactions of acoustic radiation and scattering problems and in the soil-structure interactions of earthquake and machine foundation problems. The required input parameters, dynamic loads, and system properties for such problems are not in general well defined and can be considered random variables. Probabilistic structural analysis through the use of the BEM has been introduced by Ettouney et al. [8,9]. In this work, we extend the use of this probabilistic approach to area of fluid-structure interaction by applying this technique to the problem of acoustic scattering from structures.
Precautionary replenishment in financially-constrained inventory systems subject to credit rollover risk and supply disruption

We consider a limited-liability firm that owns a finite single-product inventory subject to periodic-review replenishment and a corporate treasury that mediates the firm’s financial transactions related to inventory operations. The firm may elect to borrow money to purchase product via a revolving line of credit, secured by a compensating balance which determines the credit limit. The line of credit is subject to rollover risk, namely, each period the funding entity may, with some probability, refuse to roll over the line of credit. In response, the firm can search for an alternate funding entity, but in so doing it may incur search costs, primarily in the form of lost sales. The firm optimizes inventory replenishment order sizes and decides whether it should declare bankruptcy, as function of its inventory and available capital. The recent credit crunch has rendered illiquidity a critical concern for funding and operating decisions in enterprises. This paper addresses optimal inventory management in the face of liquidity shocks and supply disruptions. We show that rollover risk and supply disruption are important considerations for firms that rely on external funding. Rollover risk alone results in optimal inventory replenishment policies that differ materially from those specified by traditional supply chain models; differences manifest as state-dependent precautionary replenishment or cash hoarding. Inventory management models which fail to take rollover risk and supply disruption risk into account can prescribe suboptimal replenishment policies. Such policies would generate suboptimal profits for firms that rely on short-term financing to fund their working capital.
Androgens modulate chronic intermittent hypoxia effects on brain and behavior.

Abstract Sleep apnea is associated with testosterone dysregulation as well as increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). A rodent model of the hypoxemic events of sleep apnea, chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), has been previously documented to impair cognitive function and elevate oxidative stress in male rats, while simultaneously decreasing testosterone. Therefore, androgens may modulate neuronal function under CIH. To investigate the role of androgens during CIH, male rats were assigned to one of four hormone groups: 1) gonadally intact, 2) gonadectomized (GDX), 3) GDX + testosterone (T) supplemented, or 4) GDX + dihydrotestosterone (DHT) supplemented. Each group was exposed to either normal room air or CIH exposure for one week, followed by memory and motor task assessments. Brain regions associated with AD and PD (entorhinal cortex, dorsal hippocampus, and substantia nigra) were examined for oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, key characteristics of AD and PD. Gonadally intact rats exhibited elevated oxidative stress due to CIH, but no significant memory and motor impairments. GDX increased memory impairments, regardless of CIH exposure. T preserved memory function and prevented detrimental CIH-induced changes. In contrast, DHT was not protective, as evidenced by exacerbated oxidative stress under CIH. Further, CIH induced significant spatial memory impairment in rats administered DHT. These results indicate androgens can have both neuroprotective and detrimental effects under CIH, which may have clinical relevance for men with untreated sleep apnea.
Comparison of Water Management in Container-Grown Nursery Crops using Leaching Fraction or Weight-Based On Demand Irrigation Control

Abstract Water management should be the foundation of container nursery production as it is linked directly to both water use and nutrient uptake efficiency and ultimately, environmental impact. In this study a gravimetric water management technique was used by means of a load cell/computer interface to determine irrigation volume and time of application. Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Skogholm’ was grown in 14 liter (#5) containers with an 8: 1 pine bark: sand mixture. The treatments were: an industry control that was irrigated cyclically at 1200, 1500, and 1800 HR to maintain a 0.2 LF (PM 0.2 LF); and a gravimetric treatment that irrigated when container capacity (CC) dropped below 94% and returned the CC to 98% with percentages lowered over the course of the season, always in a 4% spread, to maintain < 0.15 LF (On Demand). The number of irrigation cycles were similar until the end of the study when On Demand cycled up to seven times a day. PM 0.2 LF had a greater WUEp (gram of dry weight produced per mL of water...
Prices versus quantities

Within the world of market mechanisms, two parallel ideas have been formative in the developing discourse on environmental policy: a "price instrument" through a Pigouvian tax, and a "quantity instrument" through a Dalesian emissions trading instrument. Over time, these simple theoretical ideas have developed variants out of political and administrative necessity, which have blurred distinctions and sometimes detracted from the environmental and economic advantages of market mechanisms. That said, a juxtaposition of price instruments with quantity instruments is useful for comparing the administrative and welfare implications. This chapter reviews the relative advantages and disadvantages of price and quantity instruments, with a special concern for climate policy.
Executive function and learning behaviors: associations with academic skills among preschoolers

This study examined the associations of preschool children’s executive function (EF) and learning behaviour (CLB) with their concurrent academic skills and the role of CLB as a mediator for the EF-...
DrugTracker: A Community-focused Drug Abuse Monitoring and Supporting System using Social Media and Geospatial Data (Demo Paper)

In this paper, we present a community-focused drug abuse monitoring and supporting system, called DrugTracker, that utilizes social media and geospatial data in near real-time. Through the system, users can: (1) Detect drug abuse risk behaviors from social media platforms, e.g., Twitter; (2) Analyze drug abuse risk behaviors by querying consolidated and live datasets with keywords, spatial entities, and time constraints; and (3) Explore the query results and associated data through a web-based user interface in thematic choropleth, heatmap, and statistical charts. To protect the privacy of the Twitter users, whose data is collected, the system automatically hides the re-identification elements in tweets and aggregates the geo-tags into areas such as census tracts. For the demonstration purpose, our DrugTracker system is populated with a database that contains about 10 million tweets from the year 2017, that were annotated as drug abuse risk behavior positive by our deep learning model.
The role of conventional pelvic floor reconstructive surgeries in obstructed defecation symptoms change: CARE and OPTIMAL trials sub-analysis of 2-year follow-up data

The current study was aimed at addressing two questions: first, is any conventional vaginal prolapse repair effective in curing obstructed defecation symptoms, and second, is there evidence to suggest that a sacrocolpopexy will increase the risk of worsening or new-onset obstructed defecation symptoms? This is a sub-analysis of two major clinical trials performed by the Pelvic Floor Disorders Network: the Colpopexy and Urinary Reduction Efforts (CARE) trial and the Operations and Pelvic Muscle Training in the Management of Apical Support Loss (OPTIMAL) trial. Two-year follow-up data were included. Demographics, pelvic organ prolapse quantification examination, and symptoms were compared between first, two surgical arms in the OPTIMAL study and second, CARE and OPTIMAL datasets using Chi-squared test for categorical variables and Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. A total of 353 subjects form the OPTIMAL study and 279 subjects from the CARE study met the inclusion criteria. Regardless of trial, obstructed defecation symptoms were present in more than half of the patients at the initial visit before the surgical intervention, and interestingly, about one third of the patients were symptomatic at the 24-month follow-up in all surgical groups. The conventional vaginal prolapse surgeries, with or without posterior vaginal wall repair, improved obstructed defecation symptoms by 50%, but about 35% of patients were suffering from at least one of the aspects of obstructed defecation at the 24-month follow-up. It is also important to note that about a quarter of the patients experienced persisting or worsening of their obstructed defecation symptoms in the absence of anatomical failure.
Race, Place, and Descriptive Representation: What Shapes Trust Toward Local Government?

The question of how descriptive representation might affect political behaviour and attitudes is important when considering the role political attitudes play in facilitating a functioning democracy...