cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Hardware and Software Technologies for the Rapid Development of Multimedia Instructional Modules.

A survey of hardware and software technologies was conducted to identify suitable technologies for the development of instructional modules representing various instructional approaches. The approaches modeled were short PowerPoint presentations, chalk-and-talk type of lectures and software tutorials. The survey focused on identifying application development technologies that would help simulate the in-class learning experience in the modules. The scope of the survey was limited to those technologies that would facilitate the rapid development of multimedia modules by being simple to learn, use, and adopt. This article describes the survey in three fronts. First, the hardware components that are critical to the production of the multimedia modules are discussed. Second, different input devices are reviewed with a view of selecting a suitable device for simulating the chalk-and-talk type of lectures. Third, the authoring software currently available for producing software tutorials is discussed. The survey...
Endemic avian toxoplasmosis on a farm in Illinois : Clinical disease, diagnosis, biologic and genetic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens (Gallus domesticus), and a goose (Anser anser)

Clinical toxoplasmosis in chickens (Gallus domesticus) has been rarely reported in literature. Here we report that three chickens on a farm in Illinois developed neurological signs. One of these chickens was examined postmortem and it had non-suppurative encephalitis with numerous Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and tissue cysts. The identity of the protozoa was confirmed immunohistochemically by staining with T. gondii specific antibodies, and by transmission electron microscopy. The owner of the 3 chickens donated all 11 remaining chickens and a goose on his property for the present study. All 11 chickens and a goose were euthanized, and blood, heart, brain, and 1 leg were obtained for T. gondii examination. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in sera of all chickens with titers of 1:40 in one, 1:320 in three, and 1:640 or higher in seven chickens tested by the modified agglutination test (MAT). The goose had a MAT titer of 1:320. For isolation of T. gondii, whole heart and brain and 50 g of leg muscles were digested in an acid-pepsin solution and bioassayed in four mice for each tissue. Viable T. gondii was isolated from tissues of all 11 chickens and the goose. Genotyping of these 12 T. gondii isolates using polymorphism at the genetic loci SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, a new SAG2 and Apico revealed that all isolates had Type II alleles at all loci, indicating these T. gondii isolates belong to the predominant clonal Type II lineages. This is the first report of isolation of viable T. gondii from a domestic goose (Anser anser).
Undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension and hyperlipidemia among immigrants in the US

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality and disability. We analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998–2008). We used logistic regression analysis to compare the odds of having undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension and hyperlipidemia among FB and US born adults sequentially adjusting for (1) age and gender, (2) income and education, and (3) insurance status. Among FB individuals, we identified factors independently associated with having each outcome using logistic regression analyses. Of 27,596 US adults, 22.6 % were foreign-born. In age- and -gender adjusted analyses, FB were more likely to have undiagnosed hypertension (OR 1.35, 95 % CI 1.13–1.63, p < 0.001), uncontrolled hypertension (OR 1.37, 95 % CI 1.15–1.64, p < 0.001), and uncontrolled hyperlipidemia (OR 1.35, 95 % CI 1.11–1.63, p = 0.002), while undiagnosed hyperlipidemia approached significance (OR 1.24, 95 % CI 0.99–1.56, p = 0.057). Having insurance was associated with a 5–15 % decrease in FB-US born disparities. Immigrants are at increased risk of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
Prospects of Colloidal Nanocrystals for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications

Nanocrystals (NCs) discussed in this Review are tiny crystals of metals, semiconductors, and magnetic material consisting of hundreds to a few thousand atoms each. Their size ranges from 2-3 to about 20 nm. What is special about this size regime that placed NCs among the hottest research topics of the last decades? The quantum mechanical coupling * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dvtalapin@uchicago.edu. † The University of Chicago. ‡ Argonne National Lab. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 389–458 389
Influence of various soil factors on the effects of ferulic acid on leaf expansion of cucumber seedlings

Cucumber seedlings were grown in a Portsmouth soil-sand system to study how varying soil clay and organic matter content might modify cucumber seedling response to ferulic acid, a reported allelopathic agent. Leaf area expansion of cucumber seedlings, soil respiration, and soil solution concentrations of ferulic acid were monitored. Leaf area, mean absolute rates of leaf expansion, and shoot dry weight of cucumber seedlings were significantly reduced by ferulic acid concentrations ranging from 10 to 70 μg/g dry soil. Ferulic acid was applied every other day, since it rapidly disappeared from soil solution as a result of retention by soil particles, utilization by microbes and/or uptake by roots. The amount of ferulic acid retained (i.e., adsorbed, polymerized,etc.) by soil particles appeared to be secondary to microbial utilization and/or uptake by roots. Varying clay (5.3 to 9.8 g/cup) and organic matter (2.0 to 0.04g/cup) contents of the soil appeared to have little impact on the disappearance of ferulic acid from soil solution under “ideal” growth conditions for cucumber seedlings unless larger amounts of ferulic acid were added to the soil; in this case 200 μg/g. The addition of ferulic acid to the soil materials substantially increased the activity of the soil microbes. This latter conclusion is based on recovery of ferulic acid from soil solution and soil respiration measurements.
XY model and the superfluid density in two dimensions

By computing the incremental free energy of the two-dimensional $\mathrm{XY}$ model in a state with a long-wavelength twist of the local short-range order, we evaluate for all $Tl{T}_{c}$ the superfluid density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}$ for superfluid systems. Spin-wave excitations in the $\mathrm{XY}$ model imply a substantial (nonuniversal) depletion of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}$ at low temperatures. We find that these contributions do not affect the asymptotic universality; as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{{c}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$, $\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}}{T}$ becomes universal and we recover the previous results of Nelson and Kosterlitz. In the Appendix we derive the Kosterlitz recursion relations by transforming to a sine-Gordon system and using conventional momentum shell integration techniques.
Nombres que conservan el mundo: los nahualtocaitl y el Tratado sobre idolatrías de Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón

En el siglo diecisiete, luego de cien anos de penetracion, la institucion de la Iglesia Catolica espanola habia establecido definitivamente su lugar en las tierras del Anahuac. Durante su etapa de ...
Infrared photodissociation of fluorinated ethanes and ethylenes: Collisional effects in the multiple photon absorption process

The ir photodissociation of fluorinated ethanes and ethylenes produces vibrationally excited HF via collisionless molecular elimination. Monitoring of the time resolved HF fluorescence is used as a probe to examine the effects that collisions with inert gas molecules have on the ir photodissociation process. The addition of inert gas is shown to enhance the dissociation yield. Mechanisms which may be responsible for this enhancement are discussed. An example of consecutive dissociation events within the same laser pulse is presented. The energy absorbed in excess of the minimum required for dissociation, the absorption cross section, and the energy absorption rate of highly vibrationally excited vinyl fluoride are estimated.
Efficacy and toxicity of radioimmunotherapy with 90Y‐DOTA‐peptide‐ChL6 for PC3‐tumored mice

BACKGROUND Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a new therapeutic modality capable of systemic delivery of radionuclides specifically to sites of metastatic cancer. The L6 monoclonal antibody has been shown to target prostate cancer in preclinical studies and, along with chimeric L6 (ChL6), has been used for RIT in breast cancer patients. METHODS Pharmacokinetics, blood counts, body weight, and antitumor activity of RIT with 90yttrium-(90Y)-DOTA-peptide-ChL6 (75–260 μCi) were determined in nude mice bearing human prostate cancer (PC3) xenografts. RESULTS RIT produced durable, dose-dependent antitumor effects with a 100% response rate using 112 μCi and 150 μCi (the maximum tolerated dose) of 90Y-DOTA-peptide-ChL6. Myelotoxicity was reversible, dose-limiting, and dose-related. RIT was associated with improved survival (P = 0.05). All 5 mice in the 150-μCi group survived the 84-day study period vs. 1/8 (13%) for untreated, tumored control mice. CONCLUSIONS 90Y-DOTA-peptide-ChL6 targets PC3 human prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice and has an antitumor effect. These results provide a basis for future RIT trials for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 44:187–192, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease Associated with Symptomatic CD4 Lymphocytopenia

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a rare benign condition of necrotising histiocytic lymphadenitis with unknown aetiology. We describe here a 30-year-old African American female who presented with fever, generalized rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, and oral candidiasis and was found to have Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease on lymph node biopsy with low CD4 count. The initial presentation was concerning for acute retroviral infection. Her HIV serology and HIV RNA PCR were negative however she had low CD4 count with reversal of CD4/CD8 ratio. Although low CD4 count has been associated with autoimmune disease, it has not been described with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. We report the first case of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease associated with symptomatic CD4 lymphocytopenia.
THE PREDICTABILITY OF COLLEGE FINANCIAL AID OFFERS: EVIDENCE FROM THE CLASS OF 1972

Two aid predictor models (binomial logit/regression and Tobit) were fitted to the subset of aid applicants from the National Longitudinal Survey of the High School Class of 1972 who had been accepted for admission by at least one college. Although undergraduate financial aid programs are designed to compensate for financial need, variables related to financial need were found to be relatively poor predictors of college aid offers and the inclusion of “non-need” variables did not measurably improve the predictive power of the model. These results suggest that disbursement of financial aid funds through college aid offices in 1972 was both inefficient and inequitable.
Control of the Methylation process in a mercury-polluted aquatic sediment

Abstract Past refining activity deposited up to 1000 mg kg−1 total mercury (Hg) in sediments of the estuarine Berry's Creek (New Jersey, USA), yet methylmercury levels in the sediment were below 10 μg kg−1. The factors that control Hg methylation in this low-sality anaerobic sediment were analysed. When compared to a normally methylating control sediment, no significant differences were found in pH, Eh, microbial counts and methylating potential, but sulphide concentrations in Berry's Creek sediment were found to be unusually high. A causal connection between the elevated sulphide levels and low Hg methylation activity was established. In its current state, the contaminant poses little danger to biota, but a significant decline in sediment sulphide would be expected to increase the methylation and the biohazard of Hg. Should a site cleanup by dredging become necessary in the future, the contaminated dredge spoils should be prevented from weathering and should be speedily entombed in an anoxic sulphide-rich environment.
Transport of water in frozen soil II. Effects of ice on the transport of water under isothermal conditions

Abstract Effects of ice on the transport of water in frozen soil were investigated under isothermal conditions. Based on the experimental results obtained using a marine-deposited clay at −1.0°C, the presence of ice is shown to significantly affect the transport of water under certain circumstances. A theoretical analysis of the experimental results and a discussion of a possible mechanism for water transport in frozen soil are presented.
Combination Exposure to Zidovudine plus Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim Diminishes B-Lymphocyte Immune Responses to Pneumocystis murina Infection in Healthy Mice

We have previously shown that zidovudine plus sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim exposure decreases immune cell populations in the bone marrow of healthy mice by inducing apoptosis. The hypothesis of the current work was that this toxicity would have an adverse impact on the immune response. To determine this, BALB/c mice were treated with zidovudine, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, the combination of both drugs, or vehicle only (control) via oral gavage for 21 days. On day 4 after dosing completion, the mice were infected intratracheally with 1 × 107 Pneumocystis murina organisms. Immune cell populations (in lung digest, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, tracheobronchial lymph node, and bone marrow samples), the lung Pneumocystis burden, and serum Pneumocystis-specific antibody titers were determined at days 6, 10, and 20 postinfection. While total bone marrow cellularity was recovered by day 6 postinfection in the combination exposure group, B-cell numbers did not recover until 10 days postinfection, primarily due to the persistent depletion of the late pre-B-cell phenotype. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as the numbers of total B cells and activated B cells in tracheobronchial lymph nodes, were decreased at days 10 and 20 as a result of zidovudine plus sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim exposure compared to the numbers in the control group. No significant differences in lung lavage or lung digest cell populations were observed. There was a trend of a delay in Pneumocystis clearance in the combination treatment group, and Pneumocystis-specific serum immunoglobulin G titers were reduced at day 20 postinfection. Together, these data indicate that the combination of zidovudine and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim adversely affects the humoral immune response to Pneumocystis.
Thermolysis of 3-alkyl-3-methyl-1,2-dioxetanes: activation parameters and chemiexcitation yields

3-Methyl-3-(3-pentyl)-1,2-dioxetane 1 and 3-methyl-3-(2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl)-1,2-dioxetane 2 were synthesized in low yield by the α-bromohydroperoxide method. The activation parameters were determined by the chemiluminescence method (for 1 ΔH‡ = 25.0 ± 0.3 kcal/mol, ΔS‡ = −1.0 entropy unit (e.u.), ΔG‡ = 25.3 kcal/mol, k1 (60°C) = 4.6 × 10−4s−1; for 2 ΔH‡ = 24.2 ± 0.2 kcal/mol, ΔS‡ = −2.0 e.u., ΔG‡ = 24.9 kcal/mol, k1 (60°C) = 9.2 × 10−4s−1. Thermolysis of 1–2 produced excited carbonyl fragments (direct production of high yields of triplets relative to excited singlets) (chemiexcitation yields for 1: ϕT = 0.02, ϕS ≤ 0.0005; for 2: ϕT = 0.02, ϕS ≤ 0.0004). The results are discussed in relation to a diradical-like mechanism. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:176–179, 2001
Attention and consciousness

For the past three decades there has been a substantial amount of scientific evidence supporting the view that attention is necessary and sufficient for perceptual representations to become conscious (i.e., for there to be something that it is like to experience a representational perceptual state). This view, however, has been recently questioned on the basis of some alleged counterevidence. In this paper we survey some of the most important recent findings. In doing so, we have two primary goals. The first is descriptive: we provide a literature review for those seeking an understanding of the present debate. The second is editorial: we suggest that the evidence alleging dissociations between consciousness and attention is not decisive. Thus, this is an opinionated overview of the debate. By presenting our assessment, we hope to bring out both sides in the debate and to underscore that the issues here remain matters of intense controversy and ongoing investigation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Emerging Perspectives on Distinctions Between Romantic Love and Sexual Desire

Although sexual desire and romantic love are often experienced in concert, they are fundamentally distinct sub- jective experiences with distinct neurobiological substrates. The basis for these distinctions is the evolutionary origin of each type of experience. The processes underlying sexual desire evolved in the context of sexual mating, whereas the processes underlying romantic love—or pair bonding—originally evolved in the context of infant-caregiver attachment. Consequently, not only can humans experience these feelings separately, but an in- dividual's sexual predisposition for the same sex, the other sex, or both sexes may not circumscribe his or her capacity to fall in love with partners of either gender. Also, the role of oxytocin in both love and desire may contribute to the widely observed phenomenon that women report experiencing greater inter- connections between love and desire than do men. Because most research on the neurobiological substrates of sexual desire and affectional bonding has been conducted with animals, a key priority for future research is systematic investigation of the coordinated biological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional processes that shape experiences of love and desire in humans. KEYWORDS—attachment; sexual desire; gender; sexual orienta- tion; evolutionary theory
Sweeping quartz crystals

Sweeping is a purification process that removes certain impurities and thereby improves the radiation sensitivity of quartz crystals. The major steps of a typical sweeping process consist of applying electrodes to the Z-surfaces of a lumbered quartz bar; applying voltage to the electrodes to produce an electric field of approximately 1 kV/cm; heating the bar slowly either in air, vacuum, or hydrogen-containing or inert atmospheres to about 500 degrees C; monitoring the current through the bar; and, when the current decays to some near-constant value, cooling the bar slowly to room temperature and removing the voltage. Alkali-metal impurities, such as Li/sup +/ and Na/sup +/, are charge compensators for trivalent aluminium impurities in quartz. When sweeping is performed in air or H/sub 2/ the alkalis diffuse to the cathode and are replaced by the indiffusion of hydrogen at the anode. The alkali-metal impurities are subsequently removed by lapping the Z-surfaces. The sweeping process also modifies dislocations, reducing the tendency for formation of etch channels. Recent advances have involved the use of impurity characterizations such as electron spin resonance, acoustic loss measurements, and infrared absorption spectroscopy. >
CREATING CONSULTEE CHANGE: A THEORY-BASED APPROACH TO LEARNING AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGE PROCESSES IN SCHOOL-BASED CONSULTATION

To improve schools, educators must develop the capacity to implement instructional and behavioral interventions that differ from those typically employed. Yet, the central problem of building educator capacity is not determining what to implement. The central issue for improving schools is rather to find ways to help educators identify, implement, adapt, and sustain effective practices. School-based consultation could provide the means to elicit and support new behaviors, competencies, and dispositions among educators. However, little attention has been directed at fundamental consultee learning and behavioral change processes that lead to different teacher behaviors and improved student outcomes. Exceptional professional learning (EPL) is a comprehensive consultation model that attends specifically to the processes and mechanisms of consultee cognitive, behavioral, and motivational change. The model is grounded in positive psychology and self-determination theory, constructivist and socioconstructivist learning theory, situated cognition, and distributed practice. It provides a coordinated framework to elicit and sustain changed cognition and behavior among consultees. The explicit theoretical grounding provides mechanisms of conceptual change; development of content, contextual, and pedagogical knowledge; and attention to motivation and sustainability. Consultation based explicitly on learning and motivational theory is advantageous because assumptions and approaches are testable, consultation strategy selection is guided by more than clinical judgment, and the model can adapt to incorporate
Nuclear Thermal Propulsion: Past Accomplishments, Present Efforts, and a Look Ahead

AbstractThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) has been actively involved in nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) technology development, mission, engine, and vehicle design dating back to the Rover and Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications programs. This technology was successfully developed in over 20 rocket/reactor tests, which demonstrated a wide range of thrust levels, high-temperature fuel, sustained engine operation, accumulated time at full power, and restart capability—everything required for a human mission to Mars. Furthermore, NTP requires no large technology scale-up. The smallest engine tested during the Rover program—the Pewee Engine—is sufficient for this when used in a clustered engine arrangement. The GRC has led every major study involving NTP since the late 1980s and has helped quantify the evolution and growth potential of the nuclear thermal rocket (NTR), which includes the bimodal and liquid-oxygen- (LOX-) augmented NTR concepts. In...
A note on uncertainty and perception concerning measurable utility

A linkage to reconcile measurable utility derived from intensity comparisons or from probability mixtures is provided in this note. This brief note is in honor of Lloyd Shapley whose relatively unknown seminal paper on measurable utility from axioms involving the fineness of perception offered a different view on utility measurement.
Pathways and purposes of the ‘French tradition’ of engineering in antebellum America: the case of the Virginia Military Institute

The Virginia Military Institute (VMI) adapted an elite French tradition of engineering training in order to (1) provide a practical career for lower class boys and (2) to legitimize the school itself within a field of higher education dominated by the liberal colleges. This French tradition, which first manifested in America through West Point, made its way to the VMI through multiple pathways. First, West Point graduates provided much of VMI's faculty. They employed West Point textbooks for many of their courses. Second, the VMI drew directly on French sources. Claudius Crozet, a French engineer who had immigrated to America, drafted the initial curriculum of the school. Also, many of the textbooks used at the VMI were either French books, translated from the French, or were American books based on French texts. The VMI used French pedagogical methods of quantitative ranking of student performance and public examination to demonstrate the competence of their students and their school to the public, thus ...
A 1-V CMOS 65nm frequency synthesizer design with programmable acquisition speed

This paper presents a 24GHz PLL design featuring programmable acquisition speed using 65nm CMOS. In a high frequency PLL, the locking time is easily affected by the variation of oscillation frequency and K VCO . To maintain the dynamic behavior of a PLL, two control parameters of its loop transfer function are used for programmability, including the charge pump current and pole-zero position. With an appropriate tuning mechanism, the loop bandwidth of the PLL can be modified from 0.94MHz to 2.05MHz, the phase margin can be maintained to be larger than 54degree, and the locking time can be varied from 1.75µs to 3.5µs for the 24GHz VCO. The PLL has a K VCO tolerance from 1GHz/V to 2GHz/V. In both cases, the locking time can be 12% and 16% faster respectively. In three VCO operating scenarios with K VCO of 1, 1.4, and 2GHz/V, the acquisition speeds of the PLL are in the range of 2.29µs to 2.36µs with merely 3% variation after adaption. The control mechanism can be applied to millimeter-wave frequencies with more strict locking time requirements and wider tuning range.
Body size categorization in anorexia nervosa using a morphing instrument.

Objective To test the feasibility of the technique of “morphing” for body image assessment purposes and to investigate whether females with anorexia nervosa (AN) categorize other female's body sizes similarly to controls. Method A morphing movie showing the transformation of a thin woman into an obese woman was presented. Females with AN and thin controls selected the sizes corresponding to the transitions between the body size categories thin, normal, fat, and obese. They were instructed to look at the woman in the movie as themselves (Self) versus someone else (Other). Results The AN group chose significantly lower transitions associated with the categories thin, normal, fat, and obese under the Self instruction than controls. Similarly, they selected lower settings for all but the obese category when looking at the body as someone else's. It was concluded that females with AN display a harsher judgment not only of their own body size and shape, but also of that of another woman, than women without an eating disorder. Discussion The morphing instrument was found to be sufficiently realistic, detailed, and sensitive for its intended purposes. © 1999 by John Wiley & Sons,Inc. Int J Eat Disord 25: 451–455, 1999.
Use of complementary and alternative medical therapies among youth with mental health concerns.

Abstract Background Use of complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies is common among adults with mental health concerns, but little is known about CAM use among adolescents with mental health concerns. Methods Data from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed for youth from 7 to 17 years old. The study focused on 3 common mental health conditions: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, and depression. CAM therapy use was identified by criteria from the National Institutes of Health National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Results In a sample of 5651 individuals, representing 7 million youth, with 1 or more mental health concerns in the past 12 months, 28.9% used 1 or more types of CAM therapy, excluding vitamins/minerals. In contrast, only 11.6% of those without mental health concerns reported CAM therapy use ( P Conclusions Readily accessible CAM therapies are commonly used by youth with ADHD, depression, and anxiety, particularly those who have comorbid chronic health conditions, receive prescription medications, and have difficulty affording counseling. Clinicians can use these data to guide inquiries and counseling. Researchers should explore the longitudinal relationship between access to coordinated care within a medical home and use of CAM therapies among youth with mental health concerns.
BRIDGE ANALYSIS AND RATING WITH MICROCOMPUTERS

A software system is developed to analyze and rate existing bridges. The system is capable of rating simple truss and continuous girder bridges up to three spans. Composite and noncomposite steel girders and concrete T-beam bridges are supported. Girder bridge cross-sectional properties may vary along each span. Five standard American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) trucks and one user-defined truck are supported. The analysis methods selected are chosen to minimize computer resources. A wide variety of output related to bridge behavior is available. Two examples, a two-span girder bridge and a four-panel Pratt Truss bridge, are presented. Identical results are obtained from microcomputers with 8088 or 80286 processors. However, the microcomputers with the 80286 processors conducted the analysis and rating approximately 2.5 times faster. For the 80286-based microcomputers, the run time for the two-span bridge varied between 1 minute 12 seconds and 2 minutes 52 seconds. With the proper software, microcomputers will assist those individuals responsible for inspecting and rating the approximately 570,000 bridges in the country.
High-sensitivity CCD-based X-ray detector

The detector is designed for imaging measurements requiring relatively high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. The detector can discriminate single X-ray photons, yet has the wide dynamic range (∼10000:1) associated with integrating detectors. A GdO2S2 phosphor screen converts the incoming X-ray image into an optical image. The optical image is coupled (without demagnification) to the CCD image sensor using a fiber optic faceplate. The CCD (Philips Semiconductors) has an area of 4.9 × 8.6 cm with 4000 × 7000 12 µm pixels. A single 12 keV X-ray photon produces a signal of 100 e−. With 2 × 2 pixel binning, the total noise per 24 µm pixel in a 100 s image is ∼30 e−, the detective quantum efficiency is >0.6 at 1 X-ray photon per pixel, and the full image can be read out in <4 s. The spatial resolution is 50 µm. The CCD readout system is fully computer-controlled, allowing flexible operation in time-resolved experiments. The detector has been characterized using visible-light images, X-ray images and time-resolved muscle diffraction measurements.
Hemolymph Transport of the Juvenile Hormones

Despite their evolutionary divergence better than 300 million years ago, insects and vertebrates have evolved many similar mechanisms that promote conservation and maintenance of hormone titers. One prominent feature common to both groups is the presence of plasma or hemolymph binding proteins which transport lipophilic hormones through the circulatory system. In effect, these proteins reduce surface active properties and increase solubility of the bound hormone so that sufficient titers may develop in peripheral tissues. At the target site, the hormone presumably dissociates from the protein, diffuses unaided through the plasma membrane, and binds to receptors within the cell. Thus, the role of the binding proteins in transporting hormones from the synthetic site to distant target cells is essential in the biochemical initiation of physiological events within the organism.
Associations of the Van Dyke's Salamander (Plethodon vandykei) with Geomorphic Conditions in Headwall Seeps of the Cascade Range, Washington State

We explored the association between Van Dyke's Salamander (Plethodon vandykei) and hydrologic condition, geomorphology, and vegetation structure in headwall seeps in the Cascade Range of Washington State. After conducting salamander surveys and measuring habitat characteristics at 40 seep sites from July to August of 2002, we modeled occurrence of P. vandykei at three site scales: between seeps, within seeps, and between microhabitat sites. We ranked a priori models using Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Using logistic regression, with presence and absence as the response, we found best approximating models for the occurrence of P. vandykei at the three site scales is predicted by hydrological and geological habitat characteristics. Between seeps, the probability of the occurrence of P. vandykei increased with increasing proportions of seep face having both dry and sheeting hydrology, and increasing proportions of seep face > 5 m high. Within seeps, the probability of the occurrence of P. vandykei was negatively associated with seeps where total overhead cover was > 25%. Between microhabitat sites, the probability of the occurrence of P. vandykei was positively associated with increases in the percent cover of small cobble, small gravel, and bedrock. P. vandykei appears to be associated with habitats that maintain cool thermal and hydric conditions favorable for a species that is sensitive to heat and desiccation due to physiological constraints.
Clinical Presentation, Etiology, and Diagnostic Considerations

The diagnosis of MVT is often overlooked and delayed either until operative exploration for intestinal ischemia or until a cross-sectional imaging procedure is performed. One key to the diagnosis of MVT is clinical suspicion, but CT and MRI are the primary diagnostic modalities. A prior history or family history of a coagulopathy should heighten clinical suspicion. The key to treatment is a rapid diagnosis and systemic anticoagulation to prevent further propagation of the thrombosis.
Microarchitectural implications of event-driven server-side web applications

Enterprise Web applications are moving towards server-side scripting using managed languages. Within this shifting context, event-driven programming is emerging as a crucial programming model to achieve scalability. In this paper, we study the microarchitectural implications of server-side scripting, JavaScript in particular, from a unique event-driven programming model perspective. Using the Node.js framework, we come to several critical microarchitectural conclusions. First, unlike traditional server-workloads such as CloudSuite and BigDataBench that are based on the conventional thread-based execution model, event-driven applications are heavily single-threaded, and as such they require significant single-thread performance. Second, the single-thread performance is severely limited by the front-end inefficiencies of today's server processor microarchitecture, ultimately leading to overall execution inefficiencies. The front-end inefficiencies stem from the unique combination of limited intra-event code reuse and large inter-event reuse distance. Third, through a deep understanding of event-specific characteristics, architects can mitigate the front-end inefficiencies of the managed-language-based event-driven execution via a combination of instruction cache insertion policy and prefetcher.
Self-Assembly of Cylinder-Forming Diblock Copolymer Thin Films

We study the self-assembly of cylinder-forming diblock copolymers confined in ultrathin films by means of dissipative particle dynamics simulations paired with an elaborate polymer model that mimics the experimental reference system (PS–PHMA) as faithfully as computationally feasible. In particular, the effects of the polymer composition, film thickness, and surface interactions are investigated systematically, where we achieve quantitative agreement with experiments. We observe that the cylindrical domains change their orientation from perpendicular to parallel with respect to the substrate twice as the film thickness is increased. Furthermore, the onset thickness and the sharpness of this transition strongly depend on the microscopic details of the copolymers and their interaction with the substrate.
Stationary solutions for the 2+1 nonlinear Schrödinger equation modeling Bose-Einstein condensates in radial potentials.

Stationary solutions for the $2+1$ cubic nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation modeling Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) in a small potential are obtained via a form of perturbation. In particular, perturbations due to small potentials which either confine or repel the BECs are studied, and under arbitrary piecewise continuous potentials, we obtain the general representation for the perturbation theory of radial BEC solutions. Numerical results are also provided for regimes where perturbative results break down (i.e., the large-potential regime). Both repulsive and attractive BECs are considered under this framework. Solutions for many specific confining potentials of physical relevance to experiments on BECs are provided in order to demonstrate the approach. We make several observations regarding the influence of the particular small potentials on the behavior of the BECs.
The Effect of Er2BaCuo5 Additions on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Zone Melt Textured YBa2Cu3O6+x Wires

YBa2Cu3O6+x (Y-123) wires with Er2BaCuO5 (Er-211) and Y2BaCuO5 (Y-211) additions were vertically zone melted using a single element resistive furnace. The microstructure and magnetic Jc of wire segments taken from different sections of well textured wires were analyzed and compared. In both Er-211 and Y-211 doped wires the 123 plate width and the magnetic Jc decreased with increasing 211 additions. Microstructural analysis on the Er-211 doped wires confirms that Er-211 dissolves in the melt and results in the formation of a YzEr(1-z)Ba2Cu3O6+x superconducting phase upon solidification which shows improved magnetic properties over Y-211 doped wires.
The molecular typing of Enterobacter sakazakii with pulsed-field gel electrophoreses

Objective:To analyze the fingerprint of Enterobacter sakazakii,nineteen isolates and one type strains were analyzed with the pulsed-field gel electrophoreses(PFGE).Methods: All of strains were digested with restriction endonueleases XbaI respectively,and the PFGE patterns were analyzed with BioNumerics software.Results: PFGE with restriction endonucleases XbaI gave 16 kinds of PFGE patterns respectively,twenty strains of Enterobacter sakazakii gave different patterns except BQ9,BQ11,BQ12,BQ13 and BQ14,showed the same PFGE pattern.There is no significant correlation between PFGE patterns and source information of corresponding samples except BQ9,BQ11,BQ13 and BQ14,which were isolated from the infant formula with same professional manufacturer and same brand but different goods.Conclusion: PFGE restriction band pattern was correlated with the strain of origin.The above PFGE methods can be used to the molecular typing and tracing of Enterobacter sakazakii.
Method of correcting cavity's image in water tunnel experiment

A method of disposing images, which are gained in water tunnel experiment, is presented based on the ideas of pels in this paper. This method can inspect edges of images and get quantificational dimensions of images. Based on optical principles and test model, a correcting function is developed in this paper that corrects edge coordinates of experimental images. This method not only removes the refractive error induced by different medium, but also gets the quantificational results of images. Through substantive applications, it s showed the precision of this method is better.
Should surgical patients be screened for thrombophilia

Genetic abnormalities that predispose a patient to venous thromboembolism (VTE) can now be identified. These genetic abnormalities include resistance to activated protein C and deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C, or protein S. Because the risk of VTE in surgical patients is well documented, the question naturally arises as to whether screening for genetic predisposition to VTE is indicated. This paper provides an outline of the need to prevent VTE in surgical patients and a brief review of current criteria for prophylaxis. This paper also provides an evaluation of the possible role for thrombophilia screening for surgical patients, based on perspectives gained from prophylaxis. At present, a small but well-defined group of patients, especially those with idiopathic VTE or a strong family history of the disease, should be screened for thrombophilia. Results from subsequent clinical trials may indicate the need to expand the role of thrombophilia screening.
Functionally Abnormal Na/K Pump in Erythrocytes from a Morbidly Obese Subject

Publisher Summary Alterations in the number of Na/K pump units and activity in erythrocytes have been described in a variety of abnormal states. Commonly, these changes appear to be compensatory for an unknown primary defect causing increased cellular permeability to the monovalent cations Na+ and/or K+. The best-characterized examples of these conditions include various hemolytic syndromes, such as hereditary stomatocytosis and spherocytosis. The chapter reports a patient suffering from morbid obesity found to show a number of abnormal features of the red cell Na/K pump in the absence of any other detectable abnormalities of his/her erythrocytes. Some of these abnormalities are given in tabulated form in the chapter. A unique constellation of functional abnormalities of the Na/K pump in otherwise normal erythrocytes from an obese patient is described in the chapter. It is possible that these abnormalities may reflect a structural alteration of the enzyme, although further studies are required to fully characterize the Na, K–ATPase in this patient.
Dating Methods II

Accurate dating is of fundamental importance to paleoclimatic studies. Without reliable estimates on the age of events in the past, it is impossible to investigate if they occurred synchronously or if certain events led or lagged others; neither is it possible to assess accurately the rate at which past environmental changes occurred. Strenuous efforts must therefore be made to date all proxy materials, to avoid sample contamination, and to ensure that the stratigraphic context of the sample is clearly understood. It is equally important that the assumptions and limitations of the dating procedure used are understood so that a realistic interpretation of the date obtained can be made. It is often just as important to know the margins of error associated with a date as to know the date itself. In this chapter, we discuss the main dating methods widely used in Quaternary studies today.
The science of Solar-B

Solar-B is an ISAS mission designed as a follow-on to the highly successful Japan/US/UK Yohkoh (Solar-A) colloboration. The mission consists of a coordinated set of optical, EUV and X-ray instruments that will observe the direct response of the Sun's corona to changes in the photospheric magnetic and velocity fields. Solar-B will reveal the mechanisms that give rise to solar variability and determine how this variability modulates the solar output and creates the drivers of space weather. Hence, Solar-B can be considered as the vanguard of the generation of missions post-ISTP that will study the Sun-Earth Connection. We present some of the science objectives of Solar-B, focusing on the creation and destruction of the Sun's magnetic field and on solar eruptions.
Ostpolitik : the Threat of ‘Differential Detente’

In 1969, the Nixon Administration confronted what Kissinger considered one of the most important issues within the Alliance, the future of Germany.1 This issue came to the fore as a result of two developments: (a) the reemergence of the Berlin problem; and (b) Chancellor Brandt’s commitment to pursue Ostpolitik. These developments presented the Administration with risks and opportunities. Chancellor Brandt’s offers to the USSR and the GDR to renounce the use of force and accept the status quo in Central Europe raised the threat of ‘differential detente’.2 This endangered the cohesion of the Alliance and the implementation of the concept of linkage. The Berlin problem, however, could facilitate the implementation of linkage; only the US had the strength to counterbalance the isolation of Berlin. This permitted the Administration to control the process of European detente which ‘really’ began with Brandt’s initiatives.
Three-Dimensional Nonisotropic Porous-Medium Realizable k-ε CFD Model for a Jet

This work is a three-dimensional (3-D) implementation of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for a shutdown boron injection jet of a pressurized heavy water reactor, previously developed f...
Driving a portable high resolution nanoDMA with a small battery-operated vacuum cleaner blower

Abstract The development of efficient blowers for battery-operated vacuum cleaners is exploited to increase the portability of high resolution DMAs. A Halfmini DMA run by the blower of the iRobot Roomba 500 powered by a variable DC voltage is tested with electrosprayed molecular ions and the serum albumin protein. Sheath gas flow rates Q from 13 L/min up to 200 L/min are controlled, consuming from 0.28 to 12.5 W of electrical power. A pack of 6 Li batteries with 3.4 Ah charge capacity would run the DMA blower at 200 L/min for 6.5 h. The tetraheptylammonium ion monomer peak was completely resolved from the dimer ion even at Q=13 L/min, when it was classified at 10 V.
On Young’s Version of the Principle of Alternate Possibilities

Harry Frankfurt Journal of Philosophy, 66, 829–839, (1969) famously gave cases in which an agent lacks alternate possibilities and yet seems morally responsible. Such cases purportedly falsify the Principle of Alternate Possibilities (PAP), which states that the ability to do otherwise is necessary for moral responsibility. There is an enormous body of literature debating whether or not Frankfurt cases and their variants do in fact falsify PAP. In order to sidestep Frankfurt cases altogether, Garry Young Philosophia, 44, 961–969, (2016) argues for a different version of PAP, namely, PAP(S), on which alternate possibilities are sufficient rather than necessary for moral responsibility. Young also argues for another sufficient but not necessary condition, the ‘Twin World Condition’ (accounting for whether the agent S would have done something other than action E if S had alternate possibilities). Only one of PAP(S) and TWC needs to be satisfied for moral responsibility. I argue here that Young’s proposal as it stands generates too much moral responsibility. So I present versions of Young’s conditions that avoid this problem. I also argue that even with those revisions, Young’s proposal does not limit moral responsibility as effectively as PAP does.
A 3q gene signature associated with triple negative breast cancer organ specific metastasis and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive tumors, with high rates of metastatic spread and targeted therapies are critically needed. We aimed to assess the prognostic and predictive value of a 3q 19-gene signature identified previously from lung cancer in a collection of 4,801 breast tumor gene expression data. The 3q gene signature had a strong association with features of aggressiveness such as high grade, hormone receptor negativity, presence of a basal-like or TNBC phenotype and reduced distant metastasis free survival. The 3q gene signature was strongly associated with lung metastasis only in TNBC (P < 0.0001, Hazard ratio (HR) 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31–1.60), significantly associated with brain but not bone metastasis regardless of TNBC status. The association of one 3q driver gene FXR1 with distant metastasis in TNBC (P = 0.01) was further validated by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the 3q gene signature was associated with better response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC (P < 0.0001) but not in non-TNBC patients. Our study suggests that the 3q gene signature is a novel prognostic marker for lung and/or brain metastasis and a predictive marker for the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC, implying a potential role for 3q genes in the mechanism of organ-specific metastasis.