cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mouse monoclonal antibody against rabbit VH allotype shares the predominant idiotype with a rabbit antibody of the same specificity.

A monoclonal antibody, termed 3-2F1, is specific for the rabbit VH a1 allotypic marker. This antibody appears to recognize a common a1 determinant since it reacts with all of the a1 immunoglobulin (Ig) that is bound by polyclonal rabbit anti-a1, and completely inhibits the binding of polyclonal anti-a1 to a1 Ig. When tested for the predominant IdX-a1 idiotype previously shown to be expressed on virtually all rabbit anti-a1 antibody, it was found that 3-2F1 also bears this idiotype. In fact, sequential absorption and inhibition assays indicate that 3-2F1 displays the entire set of rabbit IdX-a1 determinants. The results are consistent with the concept that the anti-IdX reagent bears a latent internal image of the common VH a1 epitope.
Cleft palate: Confirmation of prenatal diagnosis by colour Doppler ultrasound

We present a case of a twin with trisomy 47,XX+i(9p) in whom the diagnosis of cleft palate was confirmed by colour Doppler imaging demonstrating abnormal fluid flow across the fetal pharyngeal bone defect. Application of this technique in cases predisposed for this congenital lesion may prove beneficial in the diagnosis of the more subtle types of isolated cleft palate.
Isolation of a Tripeptide from a Random Phage Peptide Library That Inhibits P1,P4-Diadenosine 5‘-Tetraphosphate Binding to Its Receptor†

Extracellular P1,P4-diadenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) has been implicated as a modulator of cell stress. We have previously demonstrated specific receptors for Ap4A at the surface of cardiac myocytes (Walker et al., 1993a). In addition, we have isolated a monoclonal antibody (mAb TL4) that recognized the Ap4A receptor and inhibited binding of Ap4A to its receptor (Walker & Hilderman, 1993). As part of our effort to characterize the Ap4A receptor building domain, we screened a random phage peptide library with mAb TL4. After affinity purification of specifically bound phage, we isolated 38 individual phage clones. Twenty-eight of these clones bound mAb TL4 in ELISA and dot blot analyses. Twenty-two of the twenty-eight individual clones contained inserts with an RGS tripeptide sequence. Synthetic RGS peptide specifically inhibits the binding of mAb TL4 to its membrane receptor. Furthermore, the RGS peptide also inhibits [3H]Ap4A binding to its receptor. These data are consistent with the RGS peptide mimicking part of the mAb TL4 recognition site on the Ap4A receptor. The The RGS peptide may be used to help characterize the Ap4A receptor binding domain and to help determine the physiological significance of the interaction between Ap4A and its receptor.
Evaluation of the short hybrid electrode in human temporal bones.

Hypothesis: The current hybrid electrode can be inserted without trauma to the temporal bone and, after insertion, assumes a position within the scala tympani near the outer cochlear wall just beneath the basilar membrane. Background: Conservation of residual hearing after cochlear implant electrode insertion requires a special insertion technique and an atraumatic short electrode. This allows electroacoustic stimulation in ears with significant residual hearing. Methods: Human cadaveric temporal bones were implanted with soft surgical technique under fluoroscopic observation. Dehydrated and resin-impregnated bones are dissected. Real-time electrode insertion behavior and electrode position were evaluated. The bones are examined for evidence of insertion-related trauma. Results: No gross trauma was observed in the implanted bones, and the electrode dynamics evaluation revealed smooth scala tympani insertions. Conclusion: Atraumatic insertion of the 10-mm hybrid electrode can be accomplished using an appropriate cochleostomy and insertion technique.
Toll-like receptor 5 forms asymmetric dimers in the absence of flagellin.

Abstract The structure of full-length human TLR5 determined by electron microscopy single-particle image reconstruction at 26 A resolution shows that TLR5 forms an asymmetric homodimer via ectodomain interactions. The structure shows that like TLR9, TLR5 dimerizes in the absence of ligand. The asymmetry of the dimer suggests that TLR5 may recognize two flagellin molecules cooperatively to establish an optimal flagellin response threshold. A TLR5 homology model was generated and fitted into the electron microscopy structure. All seven predicted N-linked glycosylation sites are exposed on the molecular surface, away from the dimer interface. Glycosylation at the first five sites was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Two aspartate residues proposed to interact with flagellin (Asp294 and Asp366) are sterically occluded by a glycan at position 342. In contrast, the central region of the ectodomains near the dimer interface is unobstructed by glycans. Ligand binding in this region would be consistent with the ligand binding sites of other TLRs.
Tetranitromethane as a surface antiviral disinfectant

Tetranitromethane, a protein nitrating agent, was tested for its ability to disinfect surfaces from viruses. Different surfaces on commercially available pocket calculators were pretreated with either the Indiana strain of vesicular stomatitis virus or the Herts' strain of Newcastle disease virus. The calculators surfaces were then sprayed with either tetranitromethane or control solutions. The calculators were incubated for 30 min at ambient temperature, and then the surfaces were wiped with sterile swabs. The swabs were placed into test tubes containing phosphate-buffered saline. Samples of the phosphate-buffered saline were then titered on appropriate cell lines by plaque assay. The results indicated that the amount of vesicular stomatitis virus and Newcastle disease virus recovered from the tetranitromethane-treated surfaces was dramatically decreased compared to the amount of virus recovered from control-treated surfaces. These data suggest that tetranitromethane may be useful to disinfect surfaces from both enveloped and non-enveloped RNA viruses.
Research in continuing medical education. An historical review

This paper includes an historical review of continuing medical education in the United States, covering the period from 1909, when the “Blackburn Plan” appeared, to the post-World War-II era, characterized by proliferation of courses and advances in instructional Technology. in addition, the author traces the evolution of continuing medical education and provides a reminder of two prior studies that reviewed evaluation research in continuing medical education.
High-efficiency, magnetized, virtual-cathode microwave generator.

Microwave generation by electron beams in virtual-cathode configurations can achieve significant power levels. However, most designs inherently have two competing mechanisms generating microwaves: the oscillating virtual cathode and the reflexing electrons. These mechanisms interfere destructively with each other. This paper reports investigation of a novel idea of using an external axial magnetic field and a thick anode with an appropriate collimating slot to extract the electron beam and to suppress the reflexing electrons. It was found that high-power, narrow-band, monochromatic microwaves could be generated with efficiency of 10% to 20%.
Breast C.A.R.E. Breaks: An Innovative Cancer Genetics Education Model For Health Care Professionals

Breast C.A.R.E. Breaks: An Innovative Cancer Genetics Education Model For Health Care Professionals
A potent inhibitor of thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in aggregating human blood platelets.

Summary 1′(Isopropyl-2-indolyl)-3-pyridyl-3-ketone (L 8027) inhibited biosynthesis of thromboxane A 2 from arachidonic acid in human platelet rich plasma and inhibited platelet aggregation. The anti-enzymic and anti-aggregating potencies of L 8027 were closely linked to each other and both of them were inversely proportional to concentrations of arachidonic acid which platelets were exposed to. Very low concentrations of L 8027 (0.1 fM – 40 nM) were needed to inhibit generation of thromboxane A 2 and aggregation of platelets by the threshold pro-aggregatory concentrations of arachidonic acid. A concentration of 4 uM of L 8027 was sufficient to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by any concentration of arachidonic acid. L 8027 inhibits the activity of the arachidonate cyclo-oxygenase in many biological systems including platelets. However, unlike indomethacin L 8027 is a more potent thromboxane A 2 synthetase inhibitor than a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor.
Complex MEMS device: microshutter array system for space applications

A complex MEMS device, microshutter array system, is being developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for use as an aperture array for a Near-Infrared Spectrometer (NirSpec). The instrument will be carried on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the next generation of space telescope after Hubble Space Telescope retires. The microshutter arrays (MSAs) are designed for the selective transmission of light with high efficiency and high contrast. Arrays are close-packed silicon nitride membranes with a pixel size close to 100x200 mm. Individual shutters are patterned with a torsion flexure permitting shutters to open 90 degrees with a minimized mechanical stress concentration. Light shields are made on to each shutter for light leak prevention so to enhance optical contrast. Shutters are actuated magnetically, latched and addressed electrostatically. The shutter arrays are fabricated using MEMS bulk-micromachining technologies and packaged using single-sided indium flip-chip bonding technology. The MSA flight concept consists of a mosaic of 2 x 2 format of four fully addressable 365 x 171 arrays placed in the JWST optical path at the focal plane.
Flavones from Eupatorium leucolepis

Abstract Chloroform extraction of Eupatorium leucolepis gave the new flavones 3′-hydroxy-5,6,7,8,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone, 4′-hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3′,5
Clustering High-Dimensional Time Series Based on Parallelism

This article considers the problem of clustering high-dimensional time series based on trend parallelism. The underlying process is modeled as a nonparametric trend function contaminated by locally stationary errors, a special class of nonstationary processes. For each group where the parallelism holds, I semiparametrically estimate its representative trend function and vertical shifts of group members, and establish their central limit theorems. An information criterion, consisting of in-group similarities and number of groups, is then proposed for the purpose of clustering. I prove its theoretical consistency and propose a splitting-coalescence algorithm to reduce the computational burden in practice. The method is illustrated by both simulation and a real-data example.
Fluid Dynamics of Pitching and Plunging Flat Plate at Intermediate Reynolds Numbers

A combined numerical and experimental study of two- and three-dimensional pitching and plunging flat plates at Reynolds numbers of O(104) is presented. The focus of this paper is the interplay between the geometry, kinematics, Reynolds numbers, and three-dimensional effects with the resulting aerodynamic forces and flow structures. A shallow-stall and a deep-stall motion with higher maximum effective angles of attacks are considered. Under both kinematic motions, massive leading-edge separation is observed at the sharp leading edge of the flat plate. This geometric effect is seen to dominate over other viscosity effects, and the Reynolds number dependence is limited. Compared with the blunter SD7003 airfoil, where the flow is mostly attached for the shallow-stall motion at Re=6×104, the sharper leading edge of the flat plate leads to earlier and stronger leading-edge vortex formation and greater lift and drag. Finally, the presence of a tip vortex significantly reduces lift generation during the downstrok...
Implementation of pharmacist-managed anticoagulation in patients receiving newer anticoagulants.

Warfarin has been the mainstay of oral anticoagulant therapy since the 1940s.[1][1] One of the most significant challenges with warfarin is the complexity of its management, including the need for education, International Normalized Ratio (INR) monitoring, and dosage adjustments. In many clinical
MR Imaging and Ultrasound Correlation of Hip Pathologic Conditions

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has become the workhorse in the imaging evaluation of the painful or clinically abnormal hip. It provides an excellent anatomic overview and demonstration of the bony structures, articular surfaces, and surrounding soft tissues. Conversely, sonography can also demonstrate superficial intraarticular structures and the periarticular soft tissues, is quickly performed, allows dynamic evaluation of tendons and muscles, and can guide percutaneous procedures. These two modalities are complementary, and this article concentrates on the MR imaging-sonographic correlations of several entities about the hip.
THE ADEQUACY OF WALKWAYS FOR PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT ALONG PUBLIC ROADWAYS IN THE SUBURBS OF AN AMERICAN CITY

This research develops a typology of walkways along suburban streets and a system for evaluating their adequacy to service pedestrian traffic generators defined as specific land uses. The original research for this approach was implemented in Portland, Oregon, where the evaluative system was applied. Problems with walkways inadequate to the land uses they were to serve were found with (a) heavily trafficked bus routes with frequent stops, (b) approaches to schools, (c) areas of high-density, residential land use with or without commercial land use, (d) non-school, multiple-institutional/residential areas, and (e) public streets used extensively by recreationists.
Unlocking the Performance Potential of Employees Who Are Racially Dissimilar From Their Boss

Based on the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity framework, we conducted a field study of subordinate-supervisor dyads to examine how dyadic racial dissimilarity impacts elaboration of task-relevant inf...
Photo-Induced Generation of Dihydrogen and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Using Transition Metal Complexes

Abstract Homogeneous and microheterogeneous transition-metal-based systems that generate dihydrogen and/or reduce carbon dioxide upon irradiation with visible light are considered. Most of the systems involve polypyridine complexes of the d6 centers cobalt(III), rhodium(III), iridium(III), ruthenium(II) and rhenium(I). Complexes with diimine ligands serve as photosensitizers and/or catalyst precursors. The corresponding d8 metal centers and d6 hydrides are important intermediates: bimolecular reactions of the hydrides or their reactions with H2O/H3O+ are responsible for formation of dihydrogen. When carbon dioxide is also present, it may insert into the metal-hydride bond to yield formate. Mechanistic schemes for some dual-acting photoconversion systems that generate both dihydrogen and carbon monoxide or formate are considered.
Cervical spine clearance and neck extension during percutaneous tracheostomy in trauma patients.

INTRODUCTION: The lack of cervical spine clearance and inability to extend the neck are assumed to be relative contraindications for percutaneous tracheostomy. OBJECTIVE: To determine the necessity of cervical spine clearance and neck extension in trauma patients receiving percutaneous tracheostomy. DESIGN: Prospective analysis of case series from August 1, 1995 to August 31, 1998. SETTING: A university-based Level I trauma center. PATIENTS: A total of 88 consecutive trauma patients receiving percutaneous tracheostomy. Patients were divided into two groups based on the radiographic or clinical status of their cervical spine: cleared and noncleared. RESULTS: The overall success and complication rate were 99% (87/88) and 11% (10/88), respectively. There were no procedure-related deaths. The cleared group consisted of 60 patients; three patients in this group who had "bull" or "thick" necks did not have full neck extension during percutaneous tracheostomy. The noncleared group consisted of 28 patients, 13 of which had known cervical spine fractures; 27 noncleared patients were maintained in the neutral position (no extension) during percutaneous tracheostomy, whereas one patient with low suspicion of spinal injury was partially extended. Of the 13 patients with cervical spine fractures, six patients had been stabilized with a halo or operative fixation, and seven patients were stabilized with a cervical collar at the time of percutaneous tracheostomy. The success rate was 100% (60/60) for the cleared group compared with 96% (27/28) for the noncleared group (p >.05). The complication rate was 13% (8/60) for the cleared group compared with 7.1% (2/28) for the noncleared group (p >.05). We had a 100% success rate and no complications in the seven patients with cervical spine injury who were stabilized with a cervical collar. No patient had spinal cord injury caused by percutaneous tracheostomy. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous tracheostomy can be safely performed in trauma patients without cervical spine clearance and neck extension, including patients with stabilized cervical spine or spinal cord injury.
An observed correlation between flow and electrical properties of pharmaceutical blends

Abstract We study the relation between flow and electrical conductivity of multiple formulations of pharmaceutical powder blends. Ten formulations were tested, consisting of two excipient sets, two active preparations, and a variety of food-grade additives including magnesium stearate (MgSt), and ionic and conductive materials such as ascorbic acid, talc, sodium carbonate, colloidal silica and TiO2. Electrical impedance, flow index and dilation were independently measured for all of the blends, and a strong correlation was found between every pair of these three properties. The relation between flow and dilation has been observed before; we find for the first time that there is an exponential relationship between flow index or dilation and impedance. This indicates that cohesive powder behavior depends on powder electrical properties, raising the questions of whether additives such as MgSt affect friction and conductivity per se and what mechanism and phenomenon links cohesion and conductivity.
A comparative study of microbial communities in four soil slurries capable of RDX degradation using illumina sequencing

The nitramine explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) has contaminated many military sites. Recently, attempts to remediate these sites have focused on biostimulation to promote RDX biodegradation. Although many RDX degrading isolates have been obtained in the laboratory, little is known about the potential of microorganisms to degrade this chemical while existing in a soil community. The current study examined and compared the RDX degrading communities in four soil slurries to elucidate the potential of natural systems to degrade this chemical. These soils were selected as they had no previous exposure to RDX, therefore their microbial communities offered an excellent baseline to determine changes following RDX degradation. High throughput sequencing was used to determine which phylotypes experienced an increase in relative abundance following RDX degradation. For this, total genomic DNA was sequenced from (1) the initial soil, (2) soil slurry microcosms following RDX degradation and (3) control soil slurry microcosms without RDX addition. The sequencing data provided valuable information on which phylotypes increased in abundance following RDX degradation compared to control microcosms. The most notable trend was the increase in abundance of Brevundimonas and/or unclassified Bacillaceae 1 in the four soils studied. Although isolates of the family Bacillaceae 1 have previously been linked to RDX degradation, isolates of the genus Brevundimonas have not been previously associated with RDX degradation. Overall, the data suggest these two phylotypes have key roles in RDX degradation in soil communities.
Triiodide ion formation equilibrium and activity coefficients in aqueous solution

The equilibrium quotient for the formation of triiodide was studied as a function of temperature, 3.8–209.0°C, and ionic strength, 0.02–6.61. The best-fit value for the molal equilibrium constant at 25°C is 698±10 and the corresponding partial molal enthalphy, entropy, and heat capacity of formation are: ΔHo=−17.0±0.6 kJ-mol−1, ΔSo=−0.6±0.3 J-K−1-mol−1, and ΔC p o =−21±8 J-K−1-mol−1. Activity coefficients of iodine were determined as a function of ionic strength (NaClO4) at 25°C and conclusions are drawn as to the corresponding ionic strength dependence of the triiodide anion.
A multi-resolution method for 3D multi-material topology optimization

Abstract This paper presents a multi-resolution implementation in 3D for multi-material topology optimization problem. An alternating active-phase algorithm where the problem at hand is divided into a series of the traditional material–void phase topology optimization is employed for the multi-material problem. Different levels of discretization are used for the displacement mesh, design variable mesh and density mesh which provides higher resolution designs for the solutions. A projection scheme is employed to compute the element densities from design variables and control the length scale of the material density. Simple block coordinate descent method similar to the Gauss–Seidel technique is used to solve the subproblems. Several 3D numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the ease and the effectiveness of the proposed implementation. Incorporating the multi-resolution method into the multi-material approach, robust designs with improved resolution can be achieved for real life problems with complex geometries.
Focal facial dermal dysplasia: report of a case with associated cardiac defects

Focal facial dermal dysplasia is characterized by congenital scar-like depressions on both temples and a wide spectrum of associated facial abnormalities. We report a 2-month-old white boy who presented with bitemporal defects, laterally deficient eyebrows, absent lower eyelashes, periorbital puffiness, a bulbous nasal tip with prominent sebaceous hyperplasia, and down-turned corners of the mouth. In addition, he had tetralogy of Fallot, an association which previously has not been described.
Crystal growth of ZnSe by PVT using a semi-open ampule

Bulk crystal growth of ZnSe from the vapor phase was conducted. A high reproducibility of the growth rate was obtained using a semi-open ampule into which Ar gas was introduced. The dependence of the growth rate on the growth temperature, measured by in situ growth rate monitoring, indicated that the growth rate was determined by diffusion of component gas in Ar gas with a constant non-stoichiometry.
A comparison of direct and preconditioned iterative techniques for sparse, unsymmetric systems of linear equations

In this paper we compare direct and preconditioned iterative methods for the solution of nonsymmetric, sparse systems of linear algebraic equations. These problems occur in finite difference and finite element simulations of semiconductor devices, and fluid flow problems. We consider five iterative methods that appear to be the most promising for this class of problems: the biconjugate gradient method, the conjugate gradient squared method, the generalized minimal residual method, the generalized conjugate residual method and the method of orthogonal minimization. Each of these methods was tested using similar preconditioning (incomplete LU factorization) on a set of large, sparse matrices arising from finite element simulation of semiconductor devices. Results are shown where we compare the computation time and memory requirements for each of these methods against one another, as well as against a direct method that uses LU factorization to solve these problems. The results of our numerical experiments show that preconditioned iterative methods are a practical alternative to direct methods in the solution of large, sparse systems of equations, and can offer significant savings in storage and CPU time.
Perturbation theory and the Aharonov-Bohm effect.

The perturbation theory expansion of the Aharonov-Bohm scattering amplitude has previously been studied in the context of quantum mechanics for spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles as well as in Galilean covariant field theory. This problem is reconsidered in the framework of the model in which the flux line is considered to have a finite radius which is shrunk to zero at the end of the calculation. General agreement with earlier results is obtained but with the advantage of a treatment which unifies all the various subcases.
Current accessed magnetic bubble devices: Projections of performance

A critical analysis is made of the current accessed dual conductor perforated sheet magnetic bubble devices introduced by Bobeck, et al. First, the performance of the existing reported devices is considered. It is shown that although the average power dissipation to propagate one bit of data is relatively high, that with proper chip organization, the average on-chip power dissipation can be kept to tolerably low levels. However, certain components such as the nucleator and the bubble stretcher have such high power dissipation that they are expected to lead to local power dissipation problems on the chip. Assuming these local power dissipation problems can be solved, an analysis of the performance shows that these new devices potentially offer substantially higher data rates and substantially shorter access time than can be obtained with field accessed devices. Scaling rules are developed for the various components on current accessed devices. These scaling rules indicate that for most components, power dissipation per unit area will increase in inverse proportion to the circuit period. Power dissipation in the stretcher, on the other hand, increases even more rapidly with decreasing period and in a 1 Mbit device with 4 μm period would consume 80 percent of the on-chip power. Assuming the problems with power dissipation per unit area can be solved, the scaling rules suggest that the current accessed devices will enjoy an increasing performance advantage over field accessed devices as circuit period is reduced and the chip capacity is increased. This is because the data rate of current accessed devices is projected to increase in inverse proportion to circuit period, whereas the data rate of field accessed devices is dependent on the rotating field drivers and expected to remain constant.
Disulfide-linked oligonucleotide phosphorothioates : novel analogues of nucleic acids

The synthesis of phosphorothioate analogs of oligonucleotides by the oxidation of deoxyadenosine 3',5'-bisphosphorothioate (3) was attempted. Cyclization of 3 is much more efficient than oligomerization under all the conditions investigated. However, a preformed oligonucleotide carrying a 5'-terminal phosphorotioate group undergoes efficient chain-extension when oxidized in the presence of 3.
SQL extension for exploring multiple tables

The standard SQL assumes that the users are aware of all tables and their schemas to write queries. This assumption may be valid when the users deal with a relatively small number of tables, but writing a SQL query on a large number of tables is often challenging; (1) the users do not know what tables are relevant to their query, (2) it is too cumbersome to explicitly list tens of (or even hundreds of) relevant tables in the FROM clause and (3)the schemas of those tables are not identical. We now propose an intuitive yet powerful extension to SQL that helps users explore and aggregate information spread over a large number of tables.
Pendulum mass affects the measurement of articular friction coefficient.

Abstract Friction measurements of articular cartilage are important to determine the relative tribologic contributions made by synovial fluid or cartilage, and to assess the efficacy of therapies for preventing the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Stanton’s equation is the most frequently used formula for estimating the whole joint friction coefficient (μ) of an articular pendulum, and assumes pendulum energy loss through a mass-independent mechanism. This study examines if articular pendulum energy loss is indeed mass independent, and compares Stanton’s model to an alternative model, which incorporates viscous damping, for calculating μ. Ten loads (25–100% body weight) were applied in a random order to an articular pendulum using the knees of adult male Hartley guinea pigs (n=4) as the fulcrum. Motion of the decaying pendulum was recorded and μ was estimated using two models: Stanton’s equation, and an exponential decay function incorporating a viscous damping coefficient. μ estimates decreased as mass increased for both models. Exponential decay model fit error values were 82% less than the Stanton model. These results indicate that μ decreases with increasing mass, and that an exponential decay model provides a better fit for articular pendulum data at all mass values. In conclusion, inter-study comparisons of articular pendulum μ values should not be made without recognizing the loads used, as μ values are mass dependent.
Problem-based learning online: multiple perspectives on collaborative knowledge construction

Online problem-based learning (PBL) environments afford many opportunities to engage in collaborative knowledge construction. Activity theory is a suitable framework to study such environments and the processes learners go through when using these environments. Two complementary perspectives are blended in this paper in an attempt to create a comprehensive picture of learning using an online PBL system. One perspective is the detailed analysis of tool use and discourse students and facilitator engage in. The second perspective is facilitator reflections about the evolution of the group's collaborative practices and norms.
Evaluation of the use of fiber optic sensors in identification of fresco fracturing patterns

Ageing of materials and extreme events tend to damage structures, and ancient historical monuments are particularly vulnerable due to their age and long-term exposure to adverse events and influences. As an example, the wall paintings (frescoes) from the seventeenth century BCE found at the archaeological site of Akrotiri (Santorini, Greece) were recovered from volcanic ash in fragments with dimensions ranging from a few centimeters to a few decimeters. Identification of the fracturing patterns is helpful to the process of piecing together the fragments of frescos. Previous work has involved looking at fracturing patterns in frescos that have been reassembled. Recent work has looked at the process by which fractures develop. Current identification techniques involve experimental study of fracture development on plaster molds using a high-speed camera combined with sophisticated algorithms for pattern recognition. However, the use of a high-speed camera is challenging due to very demanding data processing and analysis and some inaccuracies in identification of fracture initialization generated by light conditions. This paper aims to evaluate whether or not short-gauge fiber optic sensors (FOS) based on Fiber Brag-Gratings (FBG), can be used to help identify the fracturing patterns of falling frescoes as a complement to high-speed cameras. In total four tests were performed using surface and embedded sensors on various plaster molds. The data taken by sensors installed on the surface of the mold were more complex to analyze and interpret than the data taken by embedded sensors, since the former reflected combined influence from fracture and bending. While their practicality is challenged by cost, moderately dense arrays of embedded FOS are found to be a plausible complement to the high speed-camera in the experiments.
Highly Efficient Electron Stimulated Desorption of O + from Gadolinia-Doped Ceria Surfaces

Highly efficient electron stimulated desorption of O+ from gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) surfaces annealed at 850 K in ultrahigh vacuum is observed and investigated. O+ desorption has a major threshold of approximately 40 eV and an intrinsic kinetic energy of approximately 5.6 eV. Since the threshold energy is close to Ce 5s and Gd 5s core levels, Auger decay of core holes is likely associated with O+ desorption from sites related to oxygen vacancies. The interactions of water and molecular oxygen with GDC surfaces result in a decrease in O+ desorption, suggesting that water and oxygen molecules adsorb mainly to oxygen vacancies. The dependence of O+ kinetic energies on the incident electron energy and temperature reveals surface charging as a result of electron trapping, hole trapping, and electron-hole recombination. The activation energy for surface charge dissipation is found to be 0.43 eV, close to the activation energy for ionic conduction (0.47 to 0.6 eV) in the same material.
The Role of External Beam Radiation Therapy and Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Acromegaly

The treatment goals for patients with growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas are tumor control, biochemical remission, preservation of anterior pituitary function, and minimal treatment-related complications. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for most patients with acromegaly because tumor removal provides rapid biochemical remission thereby eliminating the need for lifelong medical therapy. However, patients with pituitary macroadenomas and patients with tumors that extend into the cavernous sinuses generally cannot be cured with surgery alone and some form of adjuvant radiation is indicated. Both external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) provide high rates of tumor control and significantly reduce serum GH and insulin-like growth factor-I. The primary risk of both EBRT and SRS for acromegalic patients is new pituitary hormone deficiencies. The time to biochemical remission is shorter after SRS compared to EBRT, and the risk of radiation-induced tumors is significantly lower with SRS. These factors combined with the practical benefits of SRS (1–5 days vs. 5–6 weeks of treatment time) have made SRS the preferred radiation technique for properly selected acromegalic patients who fail or cannot tolerate surgical resection or medical therapy.
Professionalism and attorney attitudes toward legal service advertising

Contrary to existing literature in the sociology of occupations, a survey of practicing attorneys does not reveal an overwhelming inverse relationship between attorney professionalism and attitudinal dispositions toward legal service advertising. Only on the professional dimension of self-regulation are attorneys found to significantly oppose the advertising of their services. Based on these findings, advertising by professionals should not be viewed as necessarily antithetical to the delivery of professional services or the self-image of the professional practitioner.
Charcoal signatures defined by multivariate analysis of charcoal records from 10 lakes in northwest Wisconsin (USA)

article i nfo Article history: Received 16 July 2007 Available online 20 November 2010 We show how sedimentary charcoal records from multiple sites within a single landscape can be used to compare fire histories and reveal small scale patterns in fire regimes. Our objective is to develop strategies for classifying and comparing late-Holocene charcoal records in Midwestern oak- and pine-dominated sand plain ecosystems where fire regimes include a mix of surface and crown fires. Using standard techniques for the analysis of charcoal from lake sediments, we compiled 1000- to 4000-yr-long records of charcoal accumulation and charcoal peak frequencies from 10 small lakes across a sand plain in northwestern Wisconsin. We used cluster analysis to identify six types of charcoal signatures that differ in their charcoal influx rates, amount of grass charcoal, and frequency and magnitude of charcoal peaks. The charcoal records demonstrate that while fire histories vary among sites, there are regional patterns in the occurrence of charcoal signature types that are consistent with expected differences in fire regimes based on regional climate and vegetation reconstructions. The fire histories also show periods of regional change in charcoal signatures occurring during times of regional climate changes at ~700, 1000, and 3500 cal yr BP.
Research of Test Data of Critical Process Parameters Regarding Tension Stringing Construction of 1250mm2 Large-Section Conductor

The paper introduces field test on critical process parameters regarding stringing construction of 1250mm2 large-section conductor to know the effect of change in single factor among critical construction process parameters such as conductor stringing tension, envelop angle of conductor on paying-off tackles, times of conductor to pass over paying-off tackles, etc. in tension stringing process on conductor damage, analyzes test data and comes to the initial conclusion of effect exerted by tensioning parameters on conductor damage by citing the example of change in stringing tension.
Standardization of human stem cell pluripotency using bioinformatics

The study of cell differentiation, embryonic development, and personalized regenerative medicine are all possible through the use of human stem cells. The propensity for these cells to differentiate into all three germ layers of the body with the potential to generate any cell type opens a number of promising avenues for studying human development and disease. One major hurdle to the development of high-throughput production of human stem cells for use in regenerative medicine has been standardization of pluripotency assays. In this review we discuss technologies currently being deployed to produce standardized, high-quality stem cells that can be scaled for high-throughput derivation and screening in regenerative medicine applications. We focus on assays for pluripotency using bioinformatics and gene expression profiling. We review a number of approaches that promise to improve unbiased prediction of utility of both human induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells.
STAGNATION-POINT FLOWS IN A POROUS MEDIUM

In this paper, we present non-linear exact and asymptotic solutions to a Navier–Stokes equation of Brinkman type proposed by Joseph et al. (Water Resour. Res. 18(4) (1982) 1049) for the flow in the stagnation-point laminar boundary layer on a cylinder or sphere if fibers of increasing concentration are uniformly added to a porous medium surrounding these blunt bodies. Although one cannot perform a rigorous averaging of the (u ·∇ )u term, one is able to gain useful insight into the transition in behavior that occurs between the classical solutions of Hiemenz (Dinglers Polytech. J. 326 (1911) 321) and Homann (Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 16 (1936) ; Forsch. Geb. Ingenieurwes. 7 (1936) 1) for the two-dimensional and axisymmetric stagnation-point boundary layers and the local expansion of the Brinkman solution for the flow past a cylinder or sphere in the stagnation regions as the Darcy permeability is decreased. In this analysis, a new fundamental dimensionless parameter emerges, � = � /KA, where A is the characteristic velocity gradient 4 U /D imposed by the external flow, � is the kinematic viscosity and K, the Darcy permeability. � denotes the ratio of the square of two lengths, the classical boundary layer thickness for a high Reynolds number flow D/(2Re 1/2
Robustness in analog systems: Design techniques, methodologies and tools

A significant challenge in today's electronic design is designing complex, high-performance, “reliable” systems out of available components that are often “unreliable”, their behavior being affected by uncertainties or stochastic fluctuations. The problem is to guide the design process towards robustness, i.e., making the design insensitive to parameter variations. In this paper, we review design techniques, methodologies and tools that address robust design in the context of analog and mixed-signal integrated systems. Our analysis is organized in two areas: architectures and methodologies with supporting tools. Design approaches based on calibration techniques have been traditionally used to tune analog performance and meet the required specifications. Digitally-assisted and system-assisted design approaches build circuits that are tolerant to impaired analog components. We survey statistical modeling and optimization techniques that are instrumental to robust, hierarchical design of complex systems. Finally, we discuss platform-based design and contract-based design as viable frameworks for robust design methodologies and tools to be developed into a structured design flow.
Appearance and Illusion

Recent debates between representational and relational theories of perceptual experience sometimes fail to clarify in what respect the two views differ. In this essay, I explain that the relational view rejects two related claims endorsed by most representationalists: the claim that perceptual experiences can be erroneous, and the claim that having the same representational content is what explains the indiscriminability of veridical perceptions and phenomenally matching illusions or hallucinations. I then show how the relational view can claim that errors associated with perception should be explained in terms of false judgements, and develop a theory of illusions based on the idea that appearances are properties of objects in the surrounding environment. I provide an account of why appearances are sometimes misleading, and conclude by showing how the availability of this view undermines one of the most common ways of motivating representationalist theories of perception.
Technology-based interventions for psychiatric illnesses: improving care, one patient at a time

Worldwide, individuals with severe psychiatric illnesses struggle to receive evidence-based care. While science has made remarkably slow progress in the development and implementation of effective psychiatric treatments, we have witnessed enormous progress in the emergence and global penetration of personal computing technology. The present paper examines how digital resources that are already widespread (e.g., smartphones, laptop computers), can be leveraged to support psychiatric care. These instruments and implementation strategies can increase patient access to evidenced-based care, help individuals overcome the barriers associated with the stigma of mental illness, and facilitate new treatment paradigms that harness wireless communication, sensors and the Internet, to enhance treatment potency. Innovative digital treatment programmes that have been used successfully with a range of conditions (i.e., schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder) are presented in the paper to demonstrate the utility and potential impact of technology-based interventions in the years ahead.
Dispiro[2H‐pyran‐2,4′‐[4H‐5,6,8b]triazaacenaphthylene‐7′(5′H),2″‐[2H]pyran], 1′,2′,2′a,3,3′,3″,4,4″,5,5″,6,6″,8′,8′a‐tetradecahydro‐1′,2′‐dimethoxy‐6,6″‐dimethyl‐, monohydrochloride, (1′S,2R,2′S,2″R,2′aS,6S,6″S,8′aS)‐

[393109-20-1] C21H35N3O4·ClH (MW 429.99) InChI = S/C21H35N3O4.ClH/c1-13-7-5-9-20(27-13)11-15-17(25-3)18(26-4)16-12-21(10-6-8-14(2)28-21)23-19(22-20)24(15)16;/h13-18H,5-12H2,1-4H3,(H,22,23);1H/t13-,14-,15+,16+,17+,18+,20-,21-;/m1./s1 InChIKey = NNRYVRZHVDWGAK-WAKVXNIGSA-N Dispiro[2H-pyran-2,4′-[4H-5,6,8b]triazaacenaphthylene-7′(5′H),2″-[2H]pyran], 1′,2′,2′a,3,3′,3″,4,4″,5,5″,6,6″,8′,8′a-tetradecahydro-1′,2′-dimethoxy-6,6″-dimethyl-, monohydrochloride, (1′S,2R,2′S,2″R,2′aS,6R,6″R,8′aS)- [393109-05-2] C21H35N3O4·ClH (MW 429.99) InChI = 1S/C21H35N3O4.ClH/c1-13-7-5-9-20(27-13)11-15-17(25-3)18(26-4)16-12-21(10-6-8-14(2)28-21)23-19(22-20)24(15)16;/h13-18H,5-12H2,1-4H3,(H,22,23);1H/t13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,20+,21+;/m0./s1 InChIKey = NNRYVRZHVDWGAK-YUKWCZSMSA-N (C2-symmetric chiral pentacyclic guanidine-based organocatalysts) Physical data: for [393109-20-1]: white crystal, mp 189–190 °C (decomposition). = +92.5 (c 0.6, CHCl3); for [393109-05-2]: white crystal, mp 245–246 °C (decomposition). = +148.7 (c 1.2, CHCl3). Solubility: most organic solvents for both 393109-20-1 and 393109-05-2. Form Supplied in: no commercial sources available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: determined by 1H NMR. Preparative Method: Prepared from the optically active nitrone via a six-step sequence.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: no information available.
Activin-A Modulates Growth Hormone Secretion from Cultures of Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells

Activins, initially identified as FSH-releasing proteins, have now been shown to exert effects on other cell types of the anterior pituitary, including the somatotrophs. In the present study the inhibitory action of activin-A (beta A beta A) on GH secretion was characterized using primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells. Activin-A suppressed basal GH secretion for up to 72 h (the longest time tested). Immediately after the treatment period with activin-A, when the cells were thoroughly washed and further incubated with or without rat GH-releasing factor (rGRF), basal and stimulated GH secretion were partially inhibited as well. In parallel, activin-A pretreatment diminished rGRF-stimulated cAMP accumulation. The effects of activin-A were time- and concentration-dependent, with half-maximal inhibition occurring in the range of 20-30 pM activin-A. A minimum pretreatment time of 3 h was required for maximal effect, and when rGRF and activin-A were added simultaneously, no inhibition was evident. Secretory responses of activin-A-pretreated cells to rGRF were influenced by glucocorticoids. When cells were cultured in the presence of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, pretreatment (72 h) with activin-A attenuated rGRF-stimulated GH secretion only during short (1-h), but not longer (3-h), exposure periods to the neuropeptide. In the absence of dexamethasone, rGRF-stimulated GH secretion was inhibited at all incubation times tested (up to 3 h). A 3-h exposure to the protein factor did not alter total (cellular plus secreted) immunoreactive GH levels, suggesting that the inhibition of secretion with the shorter treatment was not secondary to attenuated GH biosynthesis. However, longer (72-h) treatment with activin-A decreased total GH levels, indicating lower GH biosynthetic rates, as previously shown. Somatostatin is recognized as the primary negative modulator of GH secretion. Activin-A and SRIF inhibited GH secretion additively, suggesting distinct mechanisms of action for each. GH secretion in response to other secretagogues, such as 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, forskolin, cholera toxin, and 8-bromo-cAMP, was also suppressed after activin-A pretreatment. The presence of the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin-D completely blocked the inhibitory effect of a 3-h activin-A pretreatment on subsequent rGRF-stimulated GH secretion. Pertussis toxin was only partially effective in preventing the inhibition by activin-A. The results of this study indicate that activin-A plays a crucial role as a modulator of somatotropic function, inhibiting GH secretion at the level of the secretory process and secondary to the inhibition of GH biosynthesis.