cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of alloimmune responses (GvH reactions) in vitro by autologous donor bone marrow cell preparation used in clinical organ transplantation.

Background. Cadaver donor bone marrow cells (DBMC) are capable of a low-grade response to allogeneic stimulation in vitro, indicating their potential ability to cause graft versus host disease (GvHD). However, at this center, we have observed a lack of GvHD in kidney transplant recipients who received DBMC perioperatively. Therefore, we questioned whether an intrinsic immunoregulatory function of (subpopulations of) DBMC might play a role in this observation. Methods. In in vitro assays, DBMC was added to autologous splenic responder cells taking part in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) reactions. Results. When compared with autologous donor irradiated spleen cells as control modulators, DBMC significantly inhibited the CML, but to a much lesser extent than MLR, of autologous responding cells stimulated with allogeneic irradiated cells in a dose dependent manner. The down-regulation of CML responses was observed even in the presence of pharmacological concentrations FK506, mycophenolic acid, or cyclosporine-A. The inhibition could not be overcome by the addition of exogenous helper factors. Moreover, in contrast with findings previously reported from this laboratory of the in vitro inhibitory effect of DBMC on allogeneic responding cells in MLR and CML reactions to stimulating cells of the DBMC donor (allogeneic host versus graft inhibition), the following unique observations were made using DBMC inhibiting autologous reactions (GvH): (1) optimal restimulation of autologous responder cells in secondary cultures could not abrogate this inhibition; even activated responder cells could be inhibited by autologous DBMC, and (2) soluble factors were at least partially operative in this autologous (GvH) inhibition as indicated by experiments in transwells and by the CML inhibition caused by 50% supernatants from DBMC cultures. Conclusion. These in vitro results indicate that DBMC treatment brings about a marked down-regulation of autologous immunocompetent cells in cytotoxicity reactions, partially at least through secreted soluble factor(s), (and in presence of immunosuppressive drugs in vivo) thereby preventing overt clinical GvHD.
Taking sides: Analyzing news of the US September 11 incident in the Chinese and Taiwanese press

This study examines news reports of the US September 11 incidents in the Chinese and Taiwanese press. In the Chinese press, the party newspaper (People's Daily) and the new mass‐appeal tabloid (Nanfang Daily) were studied. In the Taiwanese press, the traditional top circulation newspaper (United Daily) and the emerging pro‐Taiwan independent newspaper (Liberty Times) were chosen. Based upon a content analysis of news reports, supplemented with Chinese and Taiwanese government documents, the study found that the Chinese and Taiwanese press tended to report the incident along with the government stances and each represented its own side even after the economic reform and ruling party shift. However, the mass‐appeal tabloid in China moved slightly toward the pattern found in capitalist countries, without violating the government policy severely. The pro‐Taiwan independent newspaper showed more loyalty to the ruling party, but both Taiwanese newspapers covered diverse topics apart from the government stance. ...
UV RESONANCE RAMAN STUDY OF DOMOIC ACID, A MARINE NEUROTOXIC AMINO ACID

Domoic acid, an amino acid neurotoxin, produces a single intense resonance Raman peak observed at 1652 cm-1 from aqueous solution when excited at either 242 or 257 nm. The detection limits for domoic acid in water are found to be well within those concentrations determined to be representative of values in toxic phytoplankton cells. Examination of cells known to contain identified large amounts of domoic acid shows that domoic acid spectra are sufficiently intensely excited to allow detection in the presence of normal phytoplankton cell constituents within the cell. Single cells from species established as producers of domoic acid, cultured under controlled conditions favorable to the production of domoic acid, produce spectra consistent with the presence of domoic acid in low concentrations.
Amplification of the chromosome 20q region is associated with expression of HPV-16 E7 in human airway and anogenital epithelial cells

To study the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the development of genetic instability, we transduced normal human airway and anogenital epithelial cells with various combinations of HPV-16 E6, E7, and the reverse transcriptase component of telomerase (hTERT). Cell lines generated by co-expression of E7 with E6 and/or hTERT (i.e., E6/E7, E7/hTERT, and E6/E7/hTERT) exhibited extra copies of chromosome 20 and specific amplification of the 20q12-ter region, whereas those generated without E7 (i.e., hTERT alone or E6/hTERT) did not. Co-expression of hTERT and a dominant-negative version of cdk4 that has been shown to inactivate the retinoblastoma (pRb) pathway also resulted in 20q amplification. Interestingly, extra copies of chromosome 20 were observed in early passage keratinocytes that expressed E7 alone, and microarray expression analysis revealed that genes in the 20q region and on chromosome 5 were specifically upregulated in these cells. Our results indicate that chromosome 20q amplification is an early event that may be specifically caused by expression of E7 through inactivation of the pRb pathway in human epithelial cells.
Cervical spine disk herniation: comparison of CT and 3DFT gradient echo MR scans.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare CT and MR for the detection of cervical disk herniations. Nineteen patients suspected of harboring degenerative disk disease of the cervical spine underwent thin contiguous section CT myelography (CTM) and thin contiguous section three-dimensional Fourier transform (3DFT) gradient echo MR at 67 disk levels. Blinded readings of a high intensity CSF MR technique for the presence or absence of disk herniation were performed by three neuroradiologists. The intraobserver CT-MR concordances ranged from 84 to 89%. Using CTM as the paragon test, MR demonstrated a sensitivity of 79–91% and a specificity of 82–88% for disk herniation. Mean MR-CT concordance (86%) was nearly equivalent to that of CT-CT intraobserver concordance (88%). When consensus readings were considered, the MR-CT concordance (91%) was slightly higher than that of CT-CT intraobserver concordance (88%). We conclude that thin section 3DFT gradient echo MR with high intensity CSF is a reliable method to screen for degenerative disk disease in the cervical spine, since the agreement between MR and CTM is comparable with the intraobserver agreement of CTM.
Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy: outcomes with expanded indications

IntroductionTubeless PCNL has been utilized to shorten hospital stay and improve patient postoperative pain control. Prior studies have excluded those patients with significant bleeding or other complications. Our objective was to evaluate the utility of tubeless PCNL in all patients irrespective of intraoperative outcome.Materials and MethodsA retrospective review of the charts of patients who underwent PCNL at our institute was performed. Patients were assigned to one endourologist who routinely performed tubeless PCNL and to a second endourologist who routinely left a small-bore pigtail nephrostomy. Preoperative demographics operative and postoperative outcomes were compared.ResultsOut of 159 patients included, 83 patients had tubeless PCNL while 76 patients had standard PCNL. There was no difference between groups regarding age, gender, ASA score, number, maximum diameter of stones, number of calyces involved, stone density (HU), laterality and use of preoperative narcotics. While staghorn stones were more common in patients who underwent standard PCNL (p = 0.008). Tubeless patients had less number of access tracts (p ≤ 0.001), shorter hospital stay (1.7 vs. 3.0 days, p = 0.001) when compared to standard PCNL group. Multivariable analysis controlling for confounding factors including staghorn calculi and number of accesses confirmed that tubeless PCNL was associated with shorter hospital stay and less postoperative pain. There was no significant difference in complication rates between the two groups.ConclusionOur report confirms the previous reports of shorter hospital stay, less pain and analgesia as compared to standard PCNL, and establishes its safety irrespective of bleeding, perforation, extravasation or other intraoperative issues that have previously been utilized as exclusionary criteria for this approach.
Microgravity and its implications for fermentation biotechnology

Fermentation processes are highly dependent upon physical and chemical environmental parameters, many of which are influenced by gravity. Extending biotechnology into the realm of space flight provides researchers with an opportunity to investigate the role that gravity plays in natural growth processes. Physical factors governing cell sedimentation, nutrient mixing and byproduct dispersion are altered in the absence of the constant sedimenting force of gravity. In addition, space flight has also been shown to give rise to a wide variety of indirect consequences associated with the physiology of the organisms themselves.
Modification of an ICP Impedance-Matching Network for Center-Grounded Load-Coil Operation

The development of a center-grounded load coil in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been reported to reduce greatly the so-called "secondary discharge" between the plasma and mass-spectrometer interface. Presumably, this secondary discharge results from a high floating ac potential in the plasma relative to the sampler or skimmer and can complicate attempts to optimize or characterize the ICP-MS instrument. With the center-grounded load-coil configuration, each half of the load coil attempts to couple into the plasma a potential of opposite polarity; however, because of the relatively high conductivity of the discharge, the net voltage remains near zero. Although several workers have explored alternative load-coil geometries in an effort to achieve the same ends, the center-grounded load-coil configuration is simple and effective.
Control of linear dynamic market systems

Abstract This paper introduces and studies a new type of dynamic system that characterizes the behavior of a dynamic market in dynamic equilibrium. The system consists of a physical production process operated by a large collection of producers, a group of consumers with a demand function, and a market that provides the dynamic equilibrium as the producers attempt to maximize profit. The paper introduces these dynamic equilibrium systems and discusses some of their basic properties. The concepts of reachability and observability are considered and it is shown that there are extensions of these concepts to equilibrium systems.
Intervention for executive functions after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review, meta-analysis and clinical recommendations

A systematic review of studies that focused on the executive functions of problem solving, planning, organising and multitasking by adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) was performed through 2004. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to evaluate the 15 studies that met inclusion criteria. Demographic variables, design and intervention features, and impairment and activity/participation outcomes (ICF) (World Health Organization, 2001) were documented. Five randomised control treatment (RCT) studies used step-by-step, metacognitive strategy instruction (MSI) and outcomes were evaluated in a meta-analysis. Effect sizes (ESs) from immediate impairment outcomes after MSI and "control" intervention were similar to each other, and both were significantly larger than chance. ESs from immediate activity/participation outcomes after MSI were significantly larger than the ESs from control intervention, and both were significantly larger than chance. These results, along with positive outcomes from the other group, single-subject design and single case studies, provided sufficient evidence to make the clinical recommendation that MSI should be used with young to middle-aged adults with TBI, when improvement in everyday, functional problems is the goal (Level A) (American Academy of Neurology, 2004). Although maintenance effects were generally positive, there was insufficient data quantitatively to evaluate this. Furthermore, there was insufficient evidence to make clinical recommendations for children or older adults. Intervention that trained verbal reasoning and multi-tasking was promising, although the evidence is insufficient to make clinical recommendations at this time. Additional research needs were highlighted.
Computer Animation Process Research

The article talks about the history of animation, focusing on the production of computer-assisted animation effects. Include key technologies of early modeling animation, motion control, distribution plan and other colors. Tracking the most advanced animation techniques and methods. Finally, introduce the application of the major animation techniques.
Causality among Cross-Cultural Correlations: A Psychological Interpretation:

Cross-cultural research has produced a number of problematical cor relations between personality and cultural variables Efforts to explain these correlational relationships have been hampered by the old causality dif ficulty—that association does not yield knowledge of cause. Interpretation of these statistical relationships requires access to other kinds of information. Evidence is gathered here from psychological research to support certain explanations of perceptual illusions, infant growth, and initiation ceremonies. The cross-disciplinary analyses provide a broader empirical base for ac ceptance or rejection of cross-cultural theories.
Intraosseous infusions in adults.

Intraosseous (IO) access in adults via the distal tibia has never been a widely accepted technique. Yet there have been occasional reports of the successful use of this procedure. This study was done to demonstrate the utility of IO infusions in the adult patient, including those patients in cardiac arrest. Twenty-two patients, aged 36 through 84 (mean 65.1 years), who arrived in the emergency department (ED) in cardiac arrest from nonhypovolemic causes and in whom an intravenous line was not established prior to arrival or was found to be inadequate (nonfunctioning or poorly functioning) upon arrival in the ED, had an IO needle (13-gauge Kormed/Jamshidi, Pharmaseal Division, Baxter Healthcare Corp., Valencia, CA) placed above the medial malleolus. The IO needle was then connected to a standard IV tubing, with a pressure bag or pressure device delivering 300 mm Hg to the solution bag. The resultant flow rate through the IV line ranged from 5 to 12 mL/min. The IO needle was placed and flow established in under one minute in all patients. Temporally related pharmacologic effects were observed after the IO administration of sodium bicarbonate, lidocaine, atropine, and vasopressors. This study shows that I.O. access can be quickly and easily obtained in adults in the medial supramalleolar position during cardiac arrest. This method of drug administration appears to hold promise as another useful modality for adults and older children during nontraumatic resuscitations.
Extent and time course of restoration of descending brainstem projections in spinal cord-transected lamprey.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the numbers of descending brainstem projections to different levels of the spinal cord in normal larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and to examine the restoration of these projections in animals 3–32 weeks after transection of the rostral spinal cord ( ∼ 10% of body length). In normal animals approximately 1, 250, 900, and 825 brainstem neurons projected to 20%, 40%, and 60% of body length, respecively. Spinal projections originated from the diencephaln, mesencephalon, three rhombencephalic reticular nuclei, Muller and Mauthner neurons, and four cell groups in the caudal rhombencephalon. In spinal cord-transected animals the number of brainstem neurons projecting to 20% of body length increased with recovery time, and at 32 weeks post-transection the total number and distribution of brainstem neurons was not significantly differnt from normal animals. Brainstem projections first appeared at 40% of body length by 8 weeks post-transection, and were present at 60% of body length by 32 weeks post-transection. There was substantial restoration of brainstem projections to 40% of body length but limited restoration to 60% of body length. The ∼ 50 brainstem neurons, including some Muller cells, that projected to 60% of body length at 32 weeks post-transection indicate that restoration of descending projections in excess of 50 mm can occur within the central nervous system of this vertebrate. These anatomical results are discussed in relation to the time course of recovery of locomotor functions in spinal cord-transected lampreys. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electroconvulsive shock and the estrous cycle in the rat

The effects of electroconvulsive shock on the estrous cycle in the rat were investigated. Sixty animals, chosen on the basis of stability of estrus, were assigned randomly to one of four treatment conditions with the restriction that each condition contain 15 subjects. Treatment conditions were as follows: one electroconvulsive shock; five electroconvulsive shocks; one sham electroconvulsive shock; and five sham electroconvulsive shocks. Results indicated that one electroconvulsive shock did not affect estrus, while five electroconvulsive shocks produced a significant delay in the onset of estrus. Once estrus began following a course of five shocks, no additional delays were observed.
Vibrational relaxation of normal and deuterated liquid nitromethane.

Anti-Stokes Raman scattering is used to monitor vibrational energy redistribution in the ambient temperature liquids nitromethane (NM-h3) and perdeuterated nitromethane (NM-d3) after ultrafast IR excitation of either the symmetric or asymmetric CH- or CD-stretch transitions. The instantaneous populations of most of the fifteen NM vibrations are determined with good accuracy, and a global fitting procedure with a master equation is used to fit all the data. The pump pulses excite not only CH- or CD-stretches but also certain combinations of bending and nitro stretching fundamentals. The coupled vibrations that comprise the initial state are revealed via the instantaneous rise of the anti-Stokes transients associated with each vibrational fundamental. In contrast to many other polyatomic liquids studied previously, there is little energy exchange among the CH-stretch (or CD-stretch) excitations, which is attributed to the nearly free rotation of the methyl group in NM. The vibrational cooling process, which...
Morphological Evolution of Ba(NO3)2 Supported on α-Al2O3(0001): An In Situ TEM Study

A key question for the BaO-based NOx storage/reduction catalyst system is the morphological evolution of the catalyst particles during the uptake and release of NOx. Notably, because the formed product during NOx uptake, Ba(NO3)2, requires a lattice expansion from BaO, one can anticipate that significant structural rearrangements are possible during the storage/reduction processes. Associated with the small crystallite size of high-surface area γ-Al2O3, it is difficult to extract structural and morphological features of Ba(NO3)2 supported on γ-Al2O3 by any direct imaging method, including transmission electron microscopy. In this work, by choosing a model system of Ba(NO3)2 particles supported on single-crystal α-Al2O3, we have investigated the structural and morphological features of Ba(NO3)2 as well as the formation of BaO from Ba(NO3)2 during the thermal release of NOx, using ex-situ and in-situ TEM imaging, electron diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Wulff shape construction. We fi...
Viewing hybrid systems as products of control systems and automata

Shows how hybrid systems can be modeled as products of nonlinear control systems and finite state automata. A hybrid system is a network consisting of a continuous, nonlinear control system connected to a discrete finite-state automation. The point of view taken is that the automation switches between the control systems, and that this switching is a function of the discrete input symbols or letters that it receives. It is shown how a nonlinear control system can be viewed as a pair consisting of a bialgebra of operators coding the dynamics, and an algebra of observations coding the state space. It is also shown that a finite automation has a similar representation. A hybrid system is then modeled by taking suitable products of the bialgebras coding the dynamics and the observation algebras coding the state spaces. >
Single and Combined Visual Distance Cues

This study investigated the pictorial cues of relative size, relative height, and relative brightness to determine their effects on distance perception. In Experiment 1, we systematically examined (1) the effectiveness and accuracy of each visual cue tested in isolation; (2) whether the forced-choice rating paradigm provides more sensitive measures than those obtained using a simple 2AFC paradigm; (3) whether ROC slopes obtained from the forced-choice rating data are equal to one, as assumed by Signal Detection Theory (SDT); and (4) how the relative effectiveness of each cue may change when the cues are combined to provide consistent or conflicting distance information. A method of constant stimuli procedure was used for each block of trials. Subjects were presented with simulated gray square objects within a visual scene and reported which of two squares appeared closer. For single cues, both relative size and relative height were more effective than relative brightness. The forced-choice rating paradigm...
Non-Antibiotic Treatment of Postpartum Dairy Cows with Fever and Metabolic Disorders12

Body temperature was monitored in Holstein cows (n = 135) for 7 d postpartum (PP) to evaluate non-antibiotic treatment in cows displaying fever, metabolic disorders (MD), or both. Cows were considered to have fever when body temperatures were >39°C for primiparous cows and >39.5°C for multiparous cows. Effects of fever and MD on subsequent milk production and reproduction were determined. Cows with fever during the first 7 d PP were orally administered a non-antibiotic regimen of four aspirin boluses and one probiotic supplement. This treatment was continued for two consecutive days if cows had persistent fever. Seventy-six percent of primiparous cows and 29% of multiparous cows had fever during the first 7 d PP. Cows with fever at any time during the first 7 d PP had decreased (P<0.05) milk yield during November, December, January, and March. Cows with both fever and MD had reduced (P<0.05) overall milk yield compared with cows with only fever or only MD. Pregnancy rates were affected (P<0.05) by a fever × MD interaction. No cows with both a fever and a MD during the first 7 d PP were pregnant at 90 d PP. Primiparous cows with fever on d 1 or 2 PP that were treated with a non-antibiotic regimen had recurring fever (P < 0.06) at least once during the next 5 d PP. Fever and MD during the first 7 d PP decreased milk yield. Non-antibiotic treatment of primiparous cows with fever did not inhibit recurrence of fever during the first 7 d PP.
Electron microscope observations on microgel and linear macromolecules of polyacrylonitrile

The presence of microgel particles, which were expected on the basis of other indirect measurements to occur in polyacrylonitrile solutions, is directly demonstrated in these solutions with the electron microscope. The particles are spherical in shape and have a uniform size of about 500 A. These microgel particles are probably crosslinked or branched giant molecules. On the side of these particles linear molecular threads are observed. Their bundling together into microfibrils is also observed.
Refounding the African state and local self-governance: the neglected foundation

The political revolution of contemporary Africa has so far largely been limited to the centre and to re-establishing the same institutional forms and processes which failed Africa in the 1960s. These regimes are already showing signs of erosion. This problem can be understood through the theory of public goods. Key collective or ‘public’ goods problems impede the collective action necessary for institutional development. Top-down strategies cannot surmount these problems because they cannot integrate and unify the population or structure consensual and sustained collective action. As currently constituted, national levels of government in Africa will be poor partners with local communities in development, be it of democracy or of the economy. In many cases, national regimes only exist at all because minimal contributing sets or political monopolists controlled, were given, or mobilised the resources to establish constituting rule systems which they used to sustain their existing relative advantages during the break-up of imperial systems. As this advantage is usually at the expense of the majority which lives outside the capitals, resources and policies to improve these areas are slow in coming. The slow, bottom-up process by which a true public constitution is built, one which reflects and elaborates generally held values, is built on existing political relationships, and protects social diversity, has never been allowed to develop. Refounding the African state must resolve these problems if it is to succeed. Ethnically and religiously diverse peoples will rule themselves better under federal and consociational systems which give local leaders space to lead local institutional development, authority to play a role in national governance, a process to develop consensus on central policy and to check the centre when there is no consensus. This requires a foundation of viable, real, developed structures of local governance if it is to succeed.
Percentage points of the largest characteristic root of the multivariate beta matrix

Upper quantiles of the distribution of the largest root of the multivariate beta matrix are tabulated in this paper. The tables extend the existing ones in regard to the range of one of the two degrees of freedom and are especially useful in tests of equality of two covariance matrices based on Roy's largest root criterion.
Neuregulins regulate cardiac parasympathetic activity: muscarinic modulation of beta-adrenergic activity in myocytes from mice with neuregulin-1 gene deletion.

Background— Neuregulins are required for maintenance of acetylcholine receptor–inducing activity of nicotinic receptors in neurons and skeletal muscle, but effects of neuregulins on muscarinic receptors are not known. In the normal heart, parasympathetic activation counterbalances β-adrenergic activation. To test the hypothesis that neuregulins modify parasympathetic function in the heart, we studied cardiomyocytes from mice heterozygous for neuregulin-1 gene deletion (NRG-1+/−) and examined the effects of β-adrenergic stimulation on contractility in the presence and absence of the muscarinic agonist carbachol. Methods and Results— We evaluated contraction and intracellular Ca2+ transients ([Ca2+]i) in left ventricular (LV) myocytes loaded with Fluo-3 from NRG-1+/− and wild-type (WT) mice. Under baseline conditions (0.5 Hz, 1.5 mmol/L [Ca2+]o, 25°C), characteristics of myocyte contraction/relengthening and systolic/diastolic [Ca2+]i were not different between WT and NRG-1+/− mice. The steady-state increas...
The Romantic Experiment As Fragment

Historians of science often refer loosely to Naturphilosophie as “romantic”. Strictly speaking, however, there was a certain intellectual gap between the systematic philosophical thinkers and their romantic counterparts whose work they so deeply conditioned and shaped. Even in cozy Jena the philosophers stood at a certain intellectual and social distance from the romantic circles of the Schlegels, Novalis, Tieck, and others: Schelling did not write for the Athenaum, nor did Fichte and Hegel.1 Nor did the philosophers write much of significance in the literary genres usually thought to be most characteristic of romanticism: the novel, poem, and fragment. Nevertheless, philosophy—the different idealistic philosophies of Kant, Fichte, and Schelling—served as a condition for the possibility of early romanticism. But the romantics parted company with Schelling’s philosophical idealism in their conviction that a purely theoretical completion of the System is impossible, that its infinite progressive process is asymptotic to its infinitely distant goal. Instead, the romantics pursued the philosophical quest in the empirical world, seeking the Absolute in the reflexive objects of history, nature, and especially, the particular and finite artwork. As Walter Benjamin wrote in his study of art criticism in German romanticism, “the absolute... in the period of the Athenaeum was in fact the figure [Gestalt] of art. But ...[one] did not seek this Absolute systematically: quite the inverse, one sought to grasp the System ‘absolutely’.”2 This paper contends that Orsted, and to some degree other key natural scientists associated with the Jena early romantics—Johann Wilhelm Ritter, Novalis
To give and to give not: The behavioral ecology of human food transfers

The transfer of food among group members is a ubiquitous feature of small-scale forager and forager-agricultural populations. The uniqueness of pervasive sharing among humans, especially among unrelated individuals, has led researchers to evaluate numerous hypotheses about the adaptive functions and patterns of sharing in different ecologies. This article attempts to organize available cross- cultural evidence pertaining to several contentious evolutionary models: kin selection, reciprocal altruism, tolerated scrounging, and costly signaling. Debates about the relevance of these models focus primarily on the extent to which individuals exert control over the distribution of foods they acquire, and the extent to which donors receive food or other fitness-enhancing benefits in return for shares given away. Each model can explain some of the variance in sharing patterns within groups, and so generalizations that ignore or deny the importance of any one model may be misleading. Careful multivariate analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of food transfer pat- terns are therefore necessary tools for assessing aspects of the sexual division of labor, human life history evolution, and the evolution of the family. This article also introduces a framework for better understanding variation in sharing behavior across small-scale traditional societies. I discuss the importance of resource ecology and the degree of coordination in acquisition activities as a key feature that influ- ences sharing behavior.
Auction-based autonomous intersection management

Autonomous vehicles present new opportunities for addressing traffic congestion through flexible traffic control schemes. This paper explores the possibility that auctions could be run at each intersection to determine the order in which drivers perform conflicting movements. While such a scheme would be infeasible for human drivers, autonomous vehicles are capable of quickly and seamlessly bidding on behalf of human passengers. Specifically, this paper investigates applying autonomous vehicle auctions at traditional intersections using stop signs and traffic signals, as well as to autonomous reservation protocols. This paper also addresses the issue of fairness by having a benevolent system agent bid to maintain a reasonable travel time for drivers with low budgets. An implementation of the mechanism in a microscopic simulator is presented, and experiments on city-scale maps are performed.
Millimeter-wave studies of the 13 CH 3 F laser: the effects of buffer gases and the spectroscopy of the laser states

Millimeter-wave spectroscopic techniques have been used to study the effects of buffer gases (helium and hexane) on the 13CH3F optically pumped far-infrared laser. The continuous tunability over a wide spectral region and absolute frequency reference of this technique, coupled with the accurately known rotational transition moments, have made possible a number of new measurements and calculations. In this work the diagnostic probe was coprop-agated with the CO2-laser pump beam through the 13CH3F. The model that we have previously described, which distinguishes among different kinds of rotational transitions, also accounted for these new experimental results. Also reported in this paper are the results of a spectroscopic study of 13CH3F in its ground and υ3 = 1 excited vibrational states.
Undersized tricuspid annuloplasty rings optimally treat functional tricuspid regurgitation

Background In contrast to mitral valve repair, residual and recurrent regurgitation after tricuspid valve (TV) repair for functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is common. We have systematically used undersized, rigid 3-dimensional annuloplasty rings to treat functional TR. Methods From March 2006 to October 2009, 101 consecutive patients with moderate or greater functional TR underwent TV repair with an undersized rigid 3-dimensional annuloplasty ring. All patients had a predischarge echocardiography evaluation in a core echocardiography laboratory. Follow-up echocardiography was available for 96% of surviving patients. Mean follow-up was 17 ± 9 months. Results Twenty-nine percent of patients had undergone previous cardiac operations, 74% were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, and 48% had atrial fibrillation. Mitral valve operations were performed in 93 patients, aortic valve operations in 17, coronary artery bypass grafting in 21, and CryoMaze procedures in 40. Size 26 or 28 rigid tricuspid annuloplasty rings were used in 88% of patients, and no ring larger than a 28 has been used since November 2008. The operative mortality rate was 6% (n = 6). Freedom from significant TR (TR > moderate) at hospital discharge, as assessed by the clinical core laboratory, was 97%. Only 3% of patients had TR greater than moderate during follow-up. No patient required TV reoperation. New postoperative permanent pacemakers were inserted in 3 patients. Conclusions Tricuspid valve repair with an undersized (size 26 or 28) rigid 3-dimensional annuloplasty ring is the method of choice for reliable and durable treatment of functional TR.
Uncertainties in Operations Research

What I want to do this evening is to talk in a general, but I hope constructive, way about some of operations-research's most intractable problems---those associated with uncertainties, and especially with those uncertainties tinged with 'game' elements. My own operations-research experience is pretty much restricted to military problems but, for an examination of the implications of uncertainty, this doesn't seem to me to be too important. For the kinds of uncertainties that we encounter in military problems have their counterparts and analogs in business and in everyday life Address of the Retiring President, Operations Research Society of America, Seventeenth National Meeting, New York, May 19, 1960..
Image Plate X-Ray Diffraction Study of Distorted FCC Phase in Rare Earth Metals at High Pressures

A high-pressure phase of gadolinium is completely described for the first time. This phase, HR24, is found to exist at 46 GPa. The structure is examined for evidence of delocalization of the f shell, and the evolution of the HR24 phase with increasing pressure is discussed.
Feature geometry and cooccurrence restrictions

Recent work by Clements (1985), Sagey (1986), Steriade (1987a) and others has shown clearly that distinctive features are hierarchically organised, and that the hierarchy includes a Place of Articulation constituent. Proposals differ, however, as to the organisation below this Place node. Clements (1985) suggests that there is a Secondary Place node dominating the vowel features, but that [anterior], [coronal] and [distributed] are directly dominated by the Place node itself. Sagey (1986) has argued that there are distinct Articulator nodes, Labial, Coronal and Dorsal, each of which dominates certain binary features, respectively [round]; [anterior] and [distributed]; and [high], [back] and [low]. Dorsal is thus present for both velar consonants and vowels. Steriade (1987a) modifies the Sagey model by adding a Velar node for velar consonants, distinct from the Dorsal node for vowels.
Supersymmetry and attractors.

We find a general principle which allows one to compute the area of the horizon of $N=2$ extremal black holes as an extremum of the central charge. One considers the ADM mass equal to the central charge as a function of electric and magnetic charges and moduli and extremizes this function in the moduli space (a minimum corresponds to a fixed point of attraction). The extremal value of the square of the central charge provides the area of the horizon, which depends only on electric and magnetic charges. The doubling of unbroken supersymmetry at the fixed point of attraction for $N=2$ black holes near the horizon is derived via conformal flatness of the Bertotti-Robinson-type geometry. These results provide an explicit model-independent expression for the macroscopic Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of $N=2$ black holes which is manifestly duality invariant. The presence of hypermultiplets in the solution does not affect the area formula. Various examples of the general formula are displayed. We outline the attractor mechanism in $N=4, 8$ super-symmetries and the relation to the $N=2$ case. The entropy-area formula in five dimensions, recently discussed in the literature, is also seen to be obtained by extremizing the $5d$ central charge.
Children's ability to distinguish fantasy events from real-life events

Children's ability to discriminate events that could happen in real life from fantasy events was examined by asking 62 preschool children if events depicted in illustrations from storybooks could happen in real life. For half the children, the pictures showed emotionally neutral events and for the other half, the pictures showed emotionally charged events. The older children (mean age = 5:0), but not the younger children (mean age = 3: 10), were able to distinguish fantasy events from real events. Children in the emotion condition tended to report that the events (both fantasy and real) could not happen in real life. The younger children were as likely to report that a fantasy event could happen in real life as to report that it could happen in a dream.
Study of TaSi2-Si Crystals with High Energy Synchrotron Radiation as Tunable Wide-bandpass Monochromator and Analyzer Optics

Single crystals of the in situ composite TaSi2-Si are candidates for wide bandpass monochromators and analyzers for x-ray experiments. Two large crystals (32 × 39 × 7 mm3 and 32 x 39 x 30 mm3) were studied in detail using 115 keV synchrotron radiation at the BESSRC beamline at the APS. For transmission geometry, the Si(111) reflection and 39 mm crystal thickness, rocking curve widths of 95 arc sec with reflectivities of 50% were measured over the entire crystal. Turning the crystal to an angle of 45° to the incident beam and translating it through the beam allowed investigation of the influence of crystal thickness on diffracted intensity. For sample thicknesses ranging between 5 mm and 12.5 mm, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the rocking curve increased linearly from 29 arc sec to 53 arc sec. The greatest gain in integrated intensity was obtained for 8-9 mm thickness where FWHM = 40 arc sec. If this crystal were used as a monochromator for synchrotron radiation, it would provide 40 times more intensity than a perfect silicon crystal and an energy bandwidth of 1 keV at 115 keV photon energy. With the increase of the rocking curve FWHM, a plateau across the peak maximum developed; its width increased from 5 arc sec to 25 arc sec when the crystal thickness increased from 5 mm to 12.5 mm, respectively. This plateau allows these crystals to be used as analyzer crystals in diffraction experiments, i.e., as very narrow slits to suppress background. A plateau width of about 5-20 arc sec for the analyzer crystal is needed to insure that the entire intensity scattered from a sample is delivered to the detector. The simple expedient of changing the crystal thickness alters the plateau width of the analyzer crystal and tunes its acceptance to the needs of the sample under study.
Surface cells and inclusion cysts in fetal ovaries

Abstract Inclusion cysts in ovaries have been thought to be associated with the aging process. A review of 130 fetal ovaries (over a 10-year period) led to the observation of inclusion cysts in 109, found as early as the 12th week of fetal life. Since they may form this early, it can be assumed that they are lined by primitive celomic epithelium. These cysts are present in the newborn ovary and probably remain throughout life. Since inclusion cysts also develop as a result of the aging process, the epithelium lining these cysts is probably mature epithelium. Inclusion cysts in the ovarian cortex may be of two types: (i) those that develop in fetal life (fetal inclusion cyst), (ii) those that develop during the aging process (acquired inclusion cysts).
A Low-Dimensional Iron(II) Phosphate Exhibiting Field-Dependent Magnetization Steps†

Large single crystals of the new magnetic solid RbNa3Fe7(PO4)6 can be grown in a salt flux. Below the ferro-to-antiferromagnetic transition temp. of 6 K, the field (H) dependence of the magnetization (M) of an oriented crystal of exhibits equally spaced steps (arrows), which are probably a result of spin frustration.
Urinary, plasma, and erythrocyte carnitine concentrations during transition to a lactoovovegetarian diet with vitamin B-6 depletion and repletion in young adult women

The purpose of the present study was to deter- mine whether vitamin B-6 depletion and repletion influence car- nitine concentrations in the plasma, erythrocytes, and urine of young adult women consuming a low-carnitine (30 mmol/d), lac- toovovegetarian diet. Doses of vitamin B-6 were administered sequentially as follows: 1.60 mg/d during adjustment for 9 d, 0.46 mg/d during depletion for 27 d, 1.26 mg/d during the first repletion for 21 d, 1.66 mg/d during the second repletion for 21 d, and 2.06 mg/d during the third repletion for 14 d. Urinary carnitine tended to decline but was not significantly different throughout the 92-d study period. Plasma short-chain acylcarni- tine and total carnitine decreased during vitamin B-6 depletion; however, the ratio of plasma acylcarnitine to total carnitine was not significantly different during changes in vitamin B-6 intake. Erythrocyte long-chain acylcarnitine increased during vitamin B-6 depletion, but the ratio of erythrocyte acylcarnitine to total carnitine did not respond to changes in vitamin B-6 intake. Plas- ma free and total carnitine concentrations were only weakly cor- related with plasma pyridoxal-P concentration (r = 0.28 and r = 0.29, respectively; P < 0.01). No significant correlations were observed between urinary carnitine excretion or erythrocyte car- nitine concentrations and plasma or erythrocyte pyridoxal- P concentrations. Thus, a vitamin B-6 intake of 0.5 mg/d does not affect carnitine concentrations in biological fluids and therefore is unlikely to affect endogenous carnitine synthesis over 27 d. The changes in carnitine indexes that we observed were proba- bly due to adaptation to a vegetarian pattern of exogenous carni- tine consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:221-30.
Openness without Liberalization: Why Bankers in Emerging Markets Support Financial Internationalization

Financial s ectors in t he developing w orld pr essure governments t o op en capital accounts, a pol icy w hich s tandard t heories of ope n e conomy pol itics pr edicts would h arm th eir in terests. I e xplain th is apparent contradiction b y s tudying international f inancial in termediation, s howing t hat lenders prefer o pen cap ital accounts t o l ower t he c ost of c apital, but a lso prefer ow nership r estrictions t o avoid competing with foreign banks. I test the theory on t wo datasets on foreign entry restrictions in the de veloping w orld, a nd b y examining i nterest gr oup pressures f or f inancial internationalization in Indonesia, Mexico, an d S enegal. The f indings add new theoretical perspectives to t he s tudy of financial internationalization in the de veloping w orld, a nd s uggest f urther a reas f or research in the political economy of globalization.
In Vivo Spin Trapping of Free Radical Metabolites of Drugs and Toxic Chemicals Utilizing Ex Vivo Detection

This chapter represents a comprehensive compilation of all the various spin-trapping studies on free radical metabolites of toxic chemicals and drugs using ex vivo detection. A review is presented of the recent literature, including ex vivo detection techniques and advances in spectrometer sensitivity.
Targeting hypoxia-mediated mucin 2 production as a therapeutic strategy for mucinous tumors.

Excessive accumulation of mucin 2 (MUC2; a gel-forming secreted mucin) protein in the peritoneal cavity is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). Hypoxia (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HIF-1α) has been shown to regulate the expression of similar mucins (eg, MUC5AC). We hypothesized that hypoxia (HIF-1α) drives MUC2 expression in PMP and is therefore a novel target to reduce mucinous tumor growth. The regulation of MUC2 by 2% hypoxia (HIF-1α) was evaluated in MUC2-secreting LS174T cells. The effect of BAY 87-2243, an inhibitor of HIF-1α, on MUC2 expression and mucinous tumor growth was evaluated in LS174T cells, PMP explant tissue, and in a unique intraperitoneal murine xenograft model of PMP. In vitro exposure of LS174T cells to hypoxia increased MUC2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression and increased HIF-1α binding to the MUC2 promoter. Hypoxia-mediated MUC2 protein overexpression was downregulated by transfected HIF-1α small interfering RNA (siRNA) compared with scrambled siRNA in LS174T cells. BAY 87-2243 inhibited hypoxia-induced MUC2 mRNA and protein expression in LS174T cells and PMP explant tissue. In a murine xenograft model of PMP, chronic oral therapy with BAY 87-2243 inhibited mucinous tumor growth and MUC2, HIF-1α expression in the tumor tissue. Our data suggest that hypoxia (HIF-1α) induces MUC2 promoter activity to increase MUC2 expression. HIF-1α inhibition decreases MUC2 production and mucinous tumor growth, providing a preclinical rationale for the use of HIF-1α inhibitors to treat patients with PMP.
Minorities in the United States

The history and definition of minority status in this country is a central consideration in our analysis of the conditions that affect the etiology, identification, assessment, incidence, and treatment of developmental psychopathology in these populations. As history clearly illustrates, the status of a minority in a country is not a function of numerical representation. In South Africa, the “minority” population created by the system of apartheid was actually the numerical majority of its habitants. Minority status is not a matter of numbers: It is a matter of access to resources and the power to determine their allocation and distribution.