cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase separation of holes in antiferromagnets

Abstract It is shown that dilute holes in an antiferromagnet are unstable against phase separation into a hole-rich phase and a no-hole phase. When the spin exchange interaction J exceeds a critical value J c , one phase consists of all holes, the other all electrons. The argument is presented in detail for the t-J model but evidence of phase separation in other models is also mentioned.
KNIGHT SHIFT AND QUADRUPOLE INTERACTION IN Tc METAL

The nuclear magnetic resonance of the Tc/sup 99/ nucleus in technetium metal was observed. The shape and position of the resonance are due to combinations of isotropic and anisotropic Knight shifts, first and second order quadrupole interactions, and dipolar broadening. The various contributions were separated by studying the characteristics of the resonance as a function of frequency. (auth)
Observer-embedded L2-gain control

Abstract This paper demonstrates that the H∞ controller of Doyle . [1] can be reinterpreted as an observer-embedded L2-gain controller. The embedded observer is similar to the conventional Luenberger observer except having an additional state-dependent calibration term that compensates for exogenous inputs and model uncertainties. Based on this fact, we derive mixed Linear Matrix Inequalities, Hamiltonian Matrix, and Linear Parameterization to provide solutions to feasible observer-embedded L2-gain controllers.
Cocaine-induced wide complex dysrhythmia

Abstract Cocaine is a local anesthetic with the potential to induce dysrhythmia due to direct myocardial sodium channel antagonism similar to class I antidysrhythmic drugs. The hallmark of myocardial sodium channel poisoning is wide complex dysrhythmia, and the current accepted treatment is intravenous bicarbonate. Wide complex dysrhythmia due to cocaine in the absence of myocardial infarction is rare, and optimum management is undefined. We report three cases of acute cocaine intoxication during which patients developed wide complex dysrhythmia consistent with sodium channel poisoning. In one case, wide complex tachycardia resolved without direct treatment. In the other cases, wide complex dysrhythmia resolved following intravenous bicarbonate therapy directed at reversing sodium channel blockade.
A Survey of Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Strawberry Fields in West Central Florida

SUMMARY Nine species of sap beetles (Nitidulidae) were collected in pitfall traps and during whole plant examinations in strawberry fields during the 1994–95, 1999 and 2000 seasons in the strawberry production area of eastern Hillsborough County, Florida. Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson), Lobiopa insularis (Castelnau) and Carpophilus fumatus Boheman accounted for about 95% of the specimens collected while C. humeralis (F), C. freemani Dobson, C. mutilatus (Erichson), Stelidota geminata (Say), S. ferruginea Reitter and Colopterus truncatus (Randall) each accounted only for ≤ 2% of the specimens.
Effects of Accountability on Students' Achievement in Mastery Learning

Abstract A teacher-directed, videodisc-based program for teaching fractions to fifth-grade students was used to examine the factor of accountability in mastery learning programs. The videodisc-based instruction was chosen to help minimize differences in instructional materials, instructional time, and instructional delivery. Researchers used a pretest-posttest, two-group design to identify if knowledge of participation in a mastery learning program was related to academic achievement. Ninety-six students in four classes participated in the study. Classes were randomly assigned to two treatments. All students received instruction in fractions via the teacher-directed, videodisc-based Mastering Fractions program. Treatment 1 students (n = 50) knew that they were participating in a mastery learning program and therefore were held accountable for their progress and remediation. Treatment 2 students (n = 46) were not aware that their teacher was using mastery learning principles to determine progression and re...
Balancing Urban Driveway Design Demands Based on Stopping Sight Distance

Many roadways in urban areas, especially dense commercial areas, are subjected to on-street and adjacent off-street parking demands; local access through driveways is an essential component of these complex urban corridors. Vehicles entering and exiting these driveways—and their interaction with parked cars, other moving motorized vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians—present challenges for a safe and efficient roadway corridor. The location and the design of these driveways, together with parking and bicycle facilities, generate sight distance challenges that affect pedestrians and bicyclists. This paper investigates the type and nature of impacts—including conflicts, sight distance, operations, and safety at driveway locations—as they relate to pedestrians, bicyclists, and drivers. It also analyzes design geometrics that may help to provide adequate sight distance for safety at driveways with and without bicycle lanes present. Parked vehicles often obstruct drivers' view of approaching motor vehicles and ...
Closed loop obstruction of the small bowel.

Summary The results of this analysis indicate that the differential diagnosis of simple from gangrenous bowel obstruction is most difficult, and of simple from strangulated is almost impossible. The classic criteria of strangulation are likely to be absent in many strangulating obstructions. Once the obstruction proceeds to the gangrenous state, the mortality is great despite the best care. This, in our opinion, means that early operative therapy is the sine qua non of treatment for all patients with mechanical small bowel obstruction.
Design of space shuttle tile servicing robot: an application of task based kinematic design

A framework called task based design (TBD) to design an optimal robot manipulator for a given task is proposed. Only kinematic parameters are considered. An optimal manipulator is designed. It performs a given task best by using a framework called progressive design that decomposes the complexity of the task into three steps: kinematic design, planning, and kinematic control. As an example problem of TBD, a manipulator for a space shuttle tile servicing task is designed. >
Retinal transformation at metamorphosis in the winter flounder ( Pseudopleuronectes americanus )

Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) are hatched as bilaterally symmetric larvae which live near the ocean surface. At metamorphosis, they become laterally compressed, one eye migrates to the opposite side of the head, and they live the remainder of their lives lying on their blind side on the ocean floor. The present study characterizes and quantifies retinal cell distribution throughout the larval period and contrasts it with the adult retina. Based on light- and electron-microscopic analyses, retinas of larval flounder contain only a single cone-like photoreceptor type, arranged in a hexagonal array. In contrast, after metamorphosis, the adult retina has three types of photoreceptors: rods, single cones, and double cones. Rod photoreceptors are numerous in the ventral retina and decrease in density dorsad. The cone photoreceptor density, in contrast to rods, is higher in the dorsal retina decreasing ventrad. Adult cone photoreceptors are arranged in a square mosaic with four double cones surrounding one single cone. The differences in larval and adult retinal morphology reflect the distinctly different habitat each occupies.
Technical Note: Propagating correlations in atmospheric inversions using different Kalman update smoothers

Abstract. The scheme to propagate correlations between on-line and off-line state variables in atmospheric inversions using the fixed-lag Kalman smoother proposed in Bruhwiler et al. (2005) is explained as a process to impose a balanced constraint on the on-line state variables. It is then extended to the fixed-lag ensemble square root Kalman smoother and fixed-lag square root sigma-point Kalman smoother, allowing us to treat nonlinear observation operators easily. Further, to constrain the posterior fluxes within their feasible ranges, the constrained fixed-lag Kalman smoother is presented and the variable transform technique is proposed for the other two smoothers. Comparisons between various methods and observational data are conducted using a synthetic inversion of atmospheric CH 4 fluxes. The results indicate that our developed methods are good alternatives to existing methods for conducting sequential inversion of atmospheric trace gases. It is also shown that the benefit to include the correlations between on-line and off-line state variables is case dependent.
Comment: Chemoradiotherapy for glioblastoma patients--the double-edged sword.

It has been a decade since the Stupp regimen supplanted other treatments for glioblastoma, increasing 2-year survival from 10% to 26%.1 As our patients are living longer, they are beginning to experience more neurotoxicity. An interesting, small longitudinal MRI study, performed at Massachusetts General Hospital, involved 14 patients, ages 35–70 years, with glioblastoma treated with radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide.2 As testimony to the difficulty of studying this population, death, clinical decline, or transfer to other trials left only 3 patients remaining at 35 weeks.
Exploration of New Frontiers for Educating Engineers through Local and Global Service-Learning Projects

Competencies well-recognized by the National Academy of Engineering, the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission all illustrate a broad set of skills required by the twenty-first century engineer. However, while these bodies challenge construction engineering programs to inculcate these competencies in their graduates, they do not provide the pedagogical tools needed to develop these competencies. By examining two case studies, this paper demonstrates Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) as a curricular structure that provides considerable opportunities to develop these important proficiencies. The case studies are two projects from one large, multidisciplinary, vertically-integrated student design team. One project focuses on sustainable and energy efficient housing for Habitat for Humanity (HFH) in Indiana while the other project focuses on affordable houses for HFH in Hinche, Haiti. While these projects are dramatically different in their setting, they both provide a unique opportunity for students to develop a broad set of professional and technical skills.
Increased Course Structure Improves Performance in Introductory Biology

We tested the hypothesis that highly structured course designs, which implement reading quizzes and/or extensive in-class active-learning activities and weekly practice exams, can lower failure rates in an introductory biology course for majors, compared with low-structure course designs that are based on lecturing and a few high-risk assessments. We controlled for 1) instructor effects by analyzing data from quarters when the same instructor taught the course, 2) exam equivalence with new assessments called the Weighted Bloom's Index and Predicted Exam Score, and 3) student equivalence using a regression-based Predicted Grade. We also tested the hypothesis that points from reading quizzes, clicker questions, and other "practice" assessments in highly structured courses inflate grades and confound comparisons with low-structure course designs. We found no evidence that points from active-learning exercises inflate grades or reduce the impact of exams on final grades. When we controlled for variation in student ability, failure rates were lower in a moderately structured course design and were dramatically lower in a highly structured course design. This result supports the hypothesis that active-learning exercises can make students more skilled learners and help bridge the gap between poorly prepared students and their better-prepared peers.
Identifying sources of children's consumption of junk food in Boston after-school programs, April-May 2011.

INTRODUCTION Little is known about how the nutrition environment in after-school settings may affect children's dietary intake. We measured the nutritional quality of after-school snacks provided by programs participating in the National School Lunch Program or the Child and Adult Care Food Program and compared them with snacks brought from home or purchased elsewhere (nonprogram snacks). We quantified the effect of nonprogram snacks on the dietary intake of children who also received program-provided snacks during after-school time. Our study objective was to determine how different sources of snacks affect children's snack consumption in after-school settings. METHODS We recorded snacks served to and brought in by 298 children in 18 after-school programs in Boston, Massachusetts, on 5 program days in April and May 2011. We measured children's snack consumption on 2 program days using a validated observation protocol. We then calculated within-child change-in-change models to estimate the effect of nonprogram snacks on children's dietary intake after school. RESULTS Nonprogram snacks contained more sugary beverages and candy than program-provided snacks. Having a nonprogram snack was associated with significantly higher consumption of total calories (+114.7 kcal, P < .001), sugar-sweetened beverages (+0.5 oz, P = .01), desserts (+0.3 servings, P < .001), and foods with added sugars (+0.5 servings; P < .001) during the snack period. CONCLUSION On days when children brought their own after-school snack, they consumed more salty and sugary foods and nearly twice as many calories than on days when they consumed only program-provided snacks. Policy strategies limiting nonprogram snacks or setting nutritional standards for them in after-school settings should be explored further as a way to promote child health.
Over the Hills and Far Away: The Link Between Physical Distance and Abstraction

Construal level theory posits a bidirectional relationship between physical (geographical) distance and levels of mental representation, whereby larger magnitudes of distance trigger higher levels of mental representation and higher levels of mental representation increase perceptions of distance. In the current article, we review research that supports a construal level theory approach to physical distance. After briefly describing the basic tenets of construal level theory, we review factors that influence perceptions of distance in physical space as well as effects of physical distance on mental representation, judgment, and behavior that are consistent with this framework. We close by discussing future directions to be explored.
Sexual Stratification: Differences in Power in the Work Setting

To carry out policy aimed at achieving sexual equality in labor market positions, we need a clear understanding of what constitutes comparable positions in the work setting. In this paper we expand on what is normally examined when determining whether persons or groups have similar positions in the workplace. We argue that power in the work setting is an essential aspect of stratification and is helpful in the study of sexual inequality in labor market positions. Our empirical analysis offers confirmation for these arguments.
Optical-magnetostatic wave coupled-mode interactions in garnet heterostructures

Optical-magnetostatic wave coupling is considered theoretically in a five-layer structure consisting of three thin films, a cover, and a substrate. Two of the thin films are magnetic and are optimized separately for microwave and optical properties. The optical mode analysis permits the layers to be anisotropic provided the permittivity tensor is diagonal in the problem coordinate system. The magnetooptical properties are treated as a perturbation. Both Faraday and Cotton-Mouton effects are included. Coupled-mode theory is applied to the optical modes in this geometry for the general case of noncollinear propagation. The extra degrees of freedom provided by two magnetic films make it possible to adjust the microwave parameters so that the operating point is near the susceptibility resonance of the optical guiding layer, thereby enhancing the magnetic response of this layer. >
Microwave interactions in semiconductor multiple-quantum-well heterostructures utilizing a coplanar-strip geometry device

A novel device design utilizing a multiple-quantum-well heterostructure conduction channel with an oxide-isolated overlying coplanar-strip transmission line has been constructed. These devices exhibit negative differential conductance in their dc characteristics for current transport in the plane of the quantum-well layers, originating from the change in mobility of the heated electrons within the quantum-well structure. This device design has permitted the observation of nonlinear conduction properties using these multiple-quantum-well heterostructures at microwave frequencies. >
Layout-aware optimization of STT MRAMs

We present a layout-aware optimization methodology for spin-transfer torque (STT) MRAMs, considering the dependence of cell area on the access transistor width (W FET ), number of fingers in the access transistor and the metal pitch of bit- and source-lines. It is shown that for W FET less than a critical value (∼7 times the minimum feature length), one-finger transistor yields minimum cell area. For large W FET , minimum cell area is achieved with a two-finger transistor. We also show that for a range of W FET , the cell area is limited by the metal pitch of bit- and source-lines. As a result, in the metal pitch limited (MPL) region, W FET can be increased with no change in the cell area. We analyze the impact of increase in W FET in the MPL region on the write margin and cell tunneling magneto-resistance (CTMR) of different genres of STT MRAMs. We consider conventional STT MRAM cells in the standard and reverse-connected configurations and STT MRAMs with tilted magnetic anisotropy for the analysis. By increasing W FET from the minimum to the maximum value in the MPL region (at iso-cell area) and reducing read voltage to achieve iso-read disturb margin, 2X improvement in write margin and 27% improvement in CTMR is achieved for the reverse-connected STT MRAM. Similar trends are observed for other STT MRAM cells.
Numerical Simulation of an Intense Squall Line during 10–11 June 1985 PRE-STORM. Part I: Model Verification

Abstract A 24-h nested-grid simulation of an intense squall line during the 1985 PRE-STORM experiment is presented using an improved version of the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research three-dimensional mesoscale model. Although the model is initialized at 1200 UTC 10 June 1985 with conventional meteorological observations, it reproduces remarkably well many observed meso-β scale features that are analyzed from the high-resolution network data. These include 1) the generation of two areas of deep convection at the model initial time; 2) the timing of the initiation of the squall line along a surface front 9 h into the model integration; 3) the development of several convective bands at 2100 UTC; 4) the rapid intensification and rapid dissipation processes of the squall line as it entered and moved out of the network, respectively; 5) the generation of a presquall mesolow, a squall-induced mesohigh and a wake low as well as corresponding multiple surface convergence-diverg...
Shuttling between scales in the workplace: Reexamining policies and pedagogies for migrant professionals

Abstract Scalar analysis enables us to develop a more dynamic, relational, and negotiated orientation to language norms. However, in many policy and pedagogical circles, privileged varieties of “native speaker” English are treated as belonging to the translocal or higher scale, facilitating mobility across different times and spaces. Local English varieties are treated as low mobility resources belonging to situated spaces and limited time scales. This article reports on a study of African migrant professionals in English-dominant countries. It elicits their opinions and narratives on workplace communication. The findings reveal that the subjects consider the workplace as a layered space with different scales of interaction; they interpret the translocal scale as containing more inclusive language norms; and they adopt negotiation strategies to invoke diverse scales of consideration and make spaces for local Englishes and other languages. The article concludes by articulating how shuttling between scales requires a more complex and creative language competence for migrant professionals and other learners. Rather than treating specific language norms as universally privileged or scales as pregiven, language pedagogies and policies should develop the dispositions, language awareness, and strategies required to negotiate diverse scales with a repertoire of language norms.
Synthesis and characterization of aluminum nitroxide complexes

Abstract We report the synthesis of aluminum complexes of pyridyl nitroxide (RpyNO−) ligands. The dimeric complexes {(μ-pyNO−)Al(CH3)2}2 (1) and {(μ-CH3pyNO−)Al(CH3)2}2 (2) were prepared through the 1:1 reaction between the pyridyl hydroxylamine ligand precursors RpyNOH and trimethylaluminum. Both compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. X-ray structural analysis revealed that 1 and 2 are isostructural, with the dimer structure resulting from an Al2O2 core. Reaction of pyNOH with two equivalents of trimethylaluminum yielded the aluminum complex (pyNO−)AlMe2·AlMe3 (3), which was also characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies and single-molecule X-ray diffraction. The electronic structure of the {(μ-pyNO−)Al(CH3)2}2 and {(μ-CH3pyNO−)Al(CH3)2}2 complexes were interrogated using UV–Vis electronic absorption spectroscopy and electrochemistry. The cyclic voltammograms of the complexes show two separate oxidation processes, the potentials of which are both dependent on the substitution pattern of the RpyNO− ligands.
Evaluation of Kernel Based Atanassov's Intuitionistic Fuzzy Clustering for Network Forensics and Intrusion Detection

Malware or virus is one of the most significant security threats in Internet. There are mainly two types of successful partially solutions available. One is anti-virus and other is backlisting. This kind of detection generally depends on the existing malware or virus signature database. Cyber-criminals bypass defenses by generating variants of their malware program. Traditional approach has limitations such as unable to detect zero day threats or generate so many false alerts et al. To overcome these difficulties, a system is built based on Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy set AIFS theory based clustering method that takes care of these problems in a robust way. It not only raises an alert for new kind of malware but also decreases the number of false alerts. This is done by giving it decision-making intelligence. There is not much work done in the field of network forensics using AIFS theory. Some clustering techniques are used in these fields but those have limitations like accuracy, performance or difficulty to cluster noisy data. This method clusters the malwares/viruses with high accuracy on the basis of severity. Experiments are performed on several pcap files with malware traffic to assess the performance and accuracy of the method and results are compared with different clustering algorithms.
Investigating the Roots of Open Data’s Social Impact

It is a challenging and urgent task to innovate democracy. Open data policy and Information Communication Technologies offer promising tools to enhance participation in democratic procedures. To better understand this expected outcome, the Open Data Barometer conducted a cross-national study measuring readiness, implementation, and impact of open data. The barometer reveals puzzling inconsistencies. Countries scoring high in readiness and implementation do not consistently demonstrate high scores of impact. Furthermore, impact is elusive in most countries. Investigating what preconditions allow societies to realize impact can help inform policy makers, technologists, and civil society leaders on best practices to implement open data tools and policy. This paper looks specifically at the social impact of open data, described as marginalized groups having greater access and participation in government decision making. Using a most similar systems design and fuzzy logic, I evaluate the relationship between civil society and open data’s social impact in eight Latin American countries. Results indicate that societies rich in political capital experience greater social impact of open data.
Chirality affects aggregation kinetics of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Aggregation kinetics of chiral-specific semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was systematically studied through time-resolved dynamic light scattering. Varied monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl2) electrolyte composition was used as background solution chemistry. Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) was used to study the effects of natural organic matter on chirally separated SWNT aggregation. Increasing salt concentration and introduction of divalent cations caused aggregation of SWNT clusters by suppressing the electrostatic repulsive interaction from the oxidized surfaces. The (6,5) SWNTs, i.e., SG65, with relatively lower diameter tubes compared to (7,6), i.e., SG76, showed substantially higher stability (7- and 5-fold for NaCl and CaCl2, respectively). The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) values were 96 and 13 mM NaCl in the case of NaCl and 2.8 and 0.6 mM CaCl2 for SG65 and SG76, respectively. The increased tube diameter for (7,6) armchair SWNTs likely presented with higher van...
Development of a Concise Synthesis of (+)-Ingenol

The complex diterpenoid (+)-ingenol possesses a uniquely challenging scaffold and constitutes the core of a recently approved anti-cancer drug. This full account details the development of a short synthesis of 1 that takes place in two separate phases (cyclase and oxidase) as loosely modeled after terpene biosynthesis. Initial model studies establishing the viability of a Pauson–Khand approach to building up the carbon framework are recounted. Extensive studies that led to the development of a 7-step cyclase phase to transform (+)-3-carene into a suitable tigliane-type core are also presented. A variety of competitive pinacol rearrangements and cyclization reactions were overcome to develop a 7-step oxidase phase producing (+)-ingenol. The pivotal pinacol rearrangement is further examined through DFT calculations, and implications for the biosynthesis of (+)-ingenol are discussed.
Properties of prompt-fission γ rays

In a Monte Carlo Hauser-Feshbach statistical framework, we describe spectra, average multiplicities, average energy, and multiplicity distributions of the prompt $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays produced in the thermal neutron-induced fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ and $^{239}\mathrm{Pu}$, and the spontaneous fission of $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$. Comparisons against recent experimental data show reasonable agreement in all cases investigated, after adjustment of the initial spin distribution in the fission fragments. In particular, when we include in the calculation the Doppler broadening we obtain a qualitatively good description of the measured low-energy spectra, where contributions from collective discrete transitions in specific fragments can be identified. At higher energies, both the calculated neutron and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectra are softer than experimental data. The impact of selected model parameters on the prompt neutron and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectra is analyzed. Finally, we present the prompt $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ spectrum and multiplicity distribution for the neutron-induced fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ for 5.5 MeV neutron incident energy, just below the threshold for second-chance fission.
The effect of an active vibration stimulus according to different shoulder joint angles on functional reach and stability of the shoulder joint

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of an active vibration stimulus exercise according to shoulder joint angles on functional reach and stability of the shoulder joint. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty healthy male students participated in this study. Upper limb length of each subject was measured to obtain normalized measurement values. The exercise groups were as follows: group I (n=10, shoulder joint angle of 90°), group II (n=10, shoulder joint angle of 130°), and group III (n=10, shoulder joint angle of 180°). After warm-up, an active vibration stimulus was applied to the subjects with a Flexi-Bar. The Functional Reach Test and Y-balance test were conducted for measurement of shoulder stability. [Results] Analysis of covariance was conducted with values before the intervention as covariates to analyze the differences among the groups in the two tests. There were significant differences among the groups. According to Bonferroni post hoc comparison, group I showed greater improvement than group III in the Functional Reach Test, and group II showed greater improvement than group I and group III in the Y-balance test. [Conclusion] The effect of the exercise with different shoulder joint angles revealed that the shoulder joint has a certain effective joint angle for its functionality and stability. In addition, application of an active vibration stimulus with a Flexi-Bar can be a very effective tool for improvement of functionality and stability of the shoulder joint.
Aberrant immunophenotype in acute myeloid leukemia (AML): High frequency and association with dysplasia

17504 Background: Asynchronous expression of immunophenotypic markers on AML myeloblasts has been well described, but the association of aberrant phenotype with morphologic subclasses has not been reported previously. Methods: Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) data were analyzed for all patients (pts) diagnosed with AML at our institution from 2000–2006. MFC was done on fresh bone marrow aspirate and/or peripheral blood samples using the following panel of monoclonal antibodies in triple staining: CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD11c, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD24, CD33, CD56, CD34, CD117, HLA-DR and TdT. Identification of myeloblasts was performed using Side Scatter (SS) characteristics and CD45 expression. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases or cases with mixed lineage acute leukemia were excluded from the study. Results: We identified 76 pts with AML; median age 57, (range 10 weeks to 89 years), with 32 males and 44 females. The patients had the following French American Br...
Resistance to Chaff Attack through TCP/IP Packet Cross-Matching and RTT-Based Random Walk

Many approaches have been proposed to detect stepping-stone intrusion, but few of them can effectively be resistant to intruders' manipulation, such as chaff perturbation, and time-jittering evasion techniques. In this paper, we propose a new approach to not only detect stepping-stone intrusion, but also resist intruders' chaff attack evasion through TCP/IP packet cross-matching and random walk. Unlike other approaches which can just resist intruders' chaff attack to a certain degree, this approach can be immune to any number packets injected. The theory analysis and simulation results show that more injection packets, the higher the probability that the chaff attack is detected.
Rational Choice and International Law

Rational choice theory provides important insights for the study of international law and institutions, but it also encounters significant limitations. Rationality is an ideal type and strategic action is a matter of degree. Neither should be regarded as limited to activities involving the pursuit of material self-interest. Rational choice theory is valuable, for the analysis of international law and institutions, in five ways: 1) as a basis for skeptical interpretations of talk and action; 2) as a menu of causal mechanisms; 3) as an explanatory device for helping to resolve specific puzzles; 4) as part - but only part - of an explanation of legal and political phenomena; and 5) as the basis for generating further puzzles for research. Different methods are associated with these different tasks. Rational choice theory seeks to encompass an extraordinary range of human behavior within a single encompassing framework. This ambition drives an important intellectual agenda; but the practitioners of rational choice theory should beware of the sin of hubris, or pride.
Types of Constraints in Routine Design Problem-Solving

Our research is concerned with routine design problem-solving. By “routine” we mean that the designer has done the task many times with different requirements, so that the knowledge is now highly compiled [Chandrasekaran 1983a] [Michie 1981] [Hart 1982]. A theory of routine design and its implementation in the AIR-CYL system has been previously presented [Brown 1984] [Brown 1985b]. The theory has been incorporated into a language called DSPL that can be used to express an expert’s knowledge about routine design [Brown 1985a].
Ethos and the Power of The Prelude

Wordsworth’s classical undersong is Horatian, vatic, philological and Aristotelian. It is also characteristically Wordsworthian because of the special sensitivity he shows in blending the lyrical and rhetorical into one body of expression. But there is a tension in this relationship. Wordsworth’s lyrical impulse can assume that nothing need be proved. The rhetorical is a tempering force, and thus the ethical issues it enlivens are so important a criteriological standard in Wordsworth’s poetry.
Acute leukemia in pregnancy: a single institution experience with 23 patients.

AbstractManagement of acute leukemia during pregnancy presents a considerable challenge. Herein, we review our experience of 23 patients diagnosed with acute leukemia; during pregnancy at the Mayo Clinic between 1962 and 2016. Ten (43.4%), seven (30.4%), and six (26.2%) patients were diagnosed in first, second, and third trimester, respectively. In approximately, 50% (n = 11) therapeutic terminations or spontaneous abortions occurred. Fifty percent (2/4) of patients diagnosed during either first or second trimester who delayed chemotherapy by greater than one week died during induction therapy. Eleven patients received chemotherapy while pregnant which led to four fetal losses and seven deliveries (five full-term and two preterm deliveries). No congenital malformations were reported. Eighteen patients (78%) achieved complete remission. At a median follow up of 55 months, seven patients (30%) remain alive. In summary, we provide a comprehensive description of maternal and fetal outcomes and insight into ma...
6 – Production and Utilization of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems

This chapter provides an overview of micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS). The sequential steps in their production are then reviewed, namely design, simulation, fabrication, packaging, and testing. The reliability of MEMS is considered from the viewpoint of their performance in actual applications. The applications of micromachined static MEMS, micromechanical MEMS sensors and actuators, and functional MEMS systems are also surveyed. Micro electro mechanical systems are devices that have static or moveable components with some dimensions on the scale of a micrometer to nanometer. MEMS combine microelectronics and micromechanics and sometimes microoptics and micromagnetics. MEMS are already important devices in several major industries. Both the variety of available mechanical microdevices and their applications grow rapidly in the foreseeable future.
Modeling Consumer Responses to a Vignette Television Commercial Drama for a Vacation Resort

ABSTRACTThis project involved the formulation and testing of a model the cognitive and affective responses to a vignette television commercial drama for a vacation resort. Results indicate that response to the commercial was affective in nature with sympathy, empathy, and attitude toward the ad mediating the influences of verisimilitude and homophily on attitude toward the brand. Results suggest that to effectively promote tourism services a commercial's production value and realism must be high to produce sufficient verisimilitude. Also the behaviors and appearance of the actors chosen for the commercial should match those of the intended target audience in order to produce sufficient homophily.
Bee Community of Commercial Potato Fields in Michigan and Bombus impatiens Visitation to Neonicotinoid-Treated Potato Plants

We conducted a bee survey in neonicotinoid-treated commercial potato fields using bowl and vane traps in the 2016 growing season. Traps were placed outside the fields, at the field edges, and 10 and 30 m into the fields. We collected 756 bees representing 58 species, with Lasioglossum spp. comprising 73% of all captured bees. We found seven Bombus spp., of which B. impatiens was the only known visitor of potato flowers in our region. The majority of the bees (68%) were collected at the field edges and in the field margins. Blue vane traps caught almost four-times as many bees and collected 30% more species compared to bowl traps. Bee communities did not differ across trap locations but they were different among trap types. We tested B. impatiens visitation to neonicotinoid treated and untreated potato flowers in field enclosures. The amount of time bees spent at flowers and the duration of visits were not significantly different between the two treatments. Our results demonstrate that a diverse assemblage of bees is associated with an agroecosystem dominated by potatoes despite the apparent lack of pollinator resources provided by the crop. We found no difference in B. impatiens foraging behavior on neonicotinoid-treated compared to untreated plants.
The Colorful World of Extracellular Electron Shuttles

Descriptions of the changeable, striking colors associated with secreted natural products date back well over a century. These molecules can serve as extracellular electron shuttles (EESs) that permit microbes to access substrates at a distance. In this review, we argue that the colorful world of EESs has been too long neglected. Rather than simply serving as a diagnostic attribute of a particular microbial strain, redox-active natural products likely play fundamental, underappreciated roles in the biology of their producers, particularly those that inhabit biofilms. Here, we describe the chemical diversity and potential distribution of EES producers and users, discuss the costs associated with their biosynthesis, and critically evaluate strategies for their economical usage. We hope this review will inspire efforts to identify and explore the importance of EES cycling by a wide range of microorganisms so that their contributions to shaping microbial communities can be better assessed and exploited.
Abundant plankton-sized microplastic particles in shelf waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Accumulation of marine debris is a global problem that affects the oceans on multiple scales. The majority of floating marine debris is composed of microplastics: plastic particles up to 5 mm in diameter. With similar sizes and appearances to natural food items, these small fragments pose potential risks to many marine organisms including zooplankton and zooplanktivores. Semi-enclosed seas are reported to have high concentrations of microplastics, however, the distribution and concentration of microplastics in one such system, the Gulf of Mexico, remains unknown. Our study documented and characterized microplastics in continental shelf waters off the Louisiana coast in the northern Gulf of Mexico, using bongo nets, neuston nets, and Niskin bottles. Additionally, we compared the size distributions of microplastics and zooplankton collected using the nets. Plastics were manually sorted from the samples, documented, and measured using digital microscopy. Confirmation of putative plastics was carried out by hydrofluoric acid digestion and a subsample was analyzed using FTIR microscopy. Estimated concentrations of microplastics collected on the inner continental shelf during this study are among the highest reported globally. Total microplastic concentrations ranged from 4.8 to 8.2 particles m −3 and 5.0–18.4 particles m −3 for the bongo and neuston samples, respectively. Niskin bottles collected smaller plastic particles than the nets and indicated total microplastic concentrations (primarily fibers) from 6.0E4 – 15.7E4 particles m −3 . Microplastic concentrations were greater than the abundances of all but four of the five most abundant taxa from bongo nets and were not statistically different from the abundances of any of the most numerous taxa from neuston nets. Sizes of microplastics and zooplankton partially or completely overlapped, suggesting the potential for confusion with natural prey.
Abstract 48: Administration of Gut Bacteria Expressing N-acyl Phosphatidylethanolamine Reduces Steatohepatitis in LDLR-/- Mice Fed a Western Diet

Background: The rise in obesity in the United States has led to a concomitant rise in prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The four stages of NAFLD include accumulation of triglyceride (hepatosteatosis), development of chronic inflammation (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), fibrosis, and finally cirrhosis. Unlike wildtype C57BL6 mice, low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) -/- mouse fed a diet enriched in fat and cholesterol (Western Diet) progress to NASH and fibrotic stages of NAFLD. We showed that incorporating engineered bacteria expressing N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) into the gut microbiota can inhibit development of obesity. NAPE is a precursor of N-acylethanolamines, which are bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory functions. Here, we test the hypothesis that administering these NAPE-expressing bacteria inhibits development of NASH and fibrosis. Methods: NAPE-expressing E. coli Nissle 1917 (pNAPE-EcN, n=10), control Nissle 1917 (pEcN, n=10), or vehicle (veh, n=10) were given via drinking water to LDLR -/- mice fed a Western diet for 12 weeks. LDLR -/- mice fed a low fat diet (LFD) (n=10) were included for comparison. Results: pNAPE-EcN reduced adiposity by 26% compared with pEcN and veh (P Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that incorporating therapeutically modified bacteria into the gut microbiota has potential to inhibit the development of NAFLD.
Persistence of Circulating Hepatitis C Virus Antigens-Specific Immune Complexes in Patients with Resolved HCV Infection

Our recent study indicated the possible presence of detectable hepatitis C virus antigens (HCV-Ags) after denaturation of sera with resolved HCV (R-HCV) infection. The present study determined and characterized persistent HCV-Ags-specific immune complexes (ICs) in these patients. Sixty-eight sera with R-HCV and 34 with viremic HCV (V-HCV) infection were tested for free and IC-bound HCV-Ags using HCV-Ags enzyme immunoassay (EIA), the presence of HCV-Ags-specific ICs by immunoprecipitation and Western blot (IP–WB), HCV ICs containing HCV virions using IP and HCV RNA RT-PCR, and correlation of HCV ICs with clinical presentation in these patients. Using HCV-Ags EIA, we found 57.4% of sera with R-HCV infection were tested positive for bound, but not free HCV-Ags. Using pooled or individual anti-HCV E1/E2, cAg, NS3, NS4b, and/or NS5a to precipitate HCV-specific-Ags, we confirmed persistent HCV-Ags ICs specific to various HCV structural and non-structural proteins not only in V-HCV infection, but also in R-HCV infection. Using IP and HCV RNA PCR, we then confirmed the presence of HCV virions within circulating ICs in V-HCV, but not in R-HCV sera. Multivariable analysis indicated significant and independent associations of persistent circulating HCV-Ags-specific ICs with both age and the presence of cirrhosis in patients with R-HCV infection. Various HCV-Ag-specific ICs, but not virions, persist in 57.4% of patients who had spontaneous or treatment-induced HCV clearance for 6 months to 20 years. These findings enriched our knowledge on HCV pathogenesis and support further study on its long-term clinical relevance, such as extrahepatic manifestation, transfusion medicine, and hepatocarcinogenesis.
Statistical Extraction and Modeling of CMOS Variability

While technology scaling can be extended with alternative materials and structures, CMOS technology will eventually reach the ultimate limits that are defined by both physics and the fabrication process.
Natural History of Urogenital Trichomoniasis in Men

AbstractAlthough Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted pathogen, the significance and natural history of trichomoniasis remain undefined in the male patient. We conducted a longitudinal study to examine the relationship of T. vaginalis to nongonococcal urethritis in men and to increase our understanding of the natural history of this infection. As previously reported, T. vaginalis was isolated from 50 of 447 men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic by culture of urethra, first-void urine or external genitalia. Semen cultures proved valuable for documentation in select cases, including 4 instances when concomitant cultures of the external genitalia, urethra and first-void urine sediment were all negative. Spontaneous resolution was documented in 36% of untreated men but 1 asymptomatic man had persistence of T. vaginalis throughout a 4-month period. Nongonococcal nonchlamydial urethritis was documented in 12 of 21 men (57%) at the visit before treatment or spontaneous resolution ...
Multistrategy learning: a case study

Two of the most popular approaches to induction are instance-based learning (IBL) and rule generation. Their strengths and weaknesses are largely complementary. IBL methods are able to identify small details in the instance space, but have trouble with attributes that are relevant in some parts of the space but not others. Conversely, rule induction methods may overlook small exception regions, but are able to select different attributes in different parts of the instance space. The two methods have been unified in the RISE algorithm (Domingos 1995). RISE views instances as maximally specific rules, forms more general rules by gradually clustering instances of the same class, and classifies a test example by letting the nearest rule win. This approach potentially combines the advantages of rule induction and IBL, and has indeed been observed to be more accurate than each on a large number of benchmark datasets. However, it is important to determine if this performance is indeed due to the hypot)hesized advantages, and to define the situations in which RISE’s bias will and will not be preferable to those of the individual approaches. This abstract reports experiments to this end in artificial domains. Compared to rule induction algorithms, RISE should have an advantage when the concept to learn is best described by fairly specific rules, and vice-versa. If concepts are defined by Boolean DNF formulas, their degree of specificity can be measured by L, the average length of the disjuncts. Twenty artificial datasets were randomly generated for each value of L from 1 to 32. C4.5RIJLES was chosen for comparison. The average accuracies obtained are shown in Figure 1. They indicate that RISE’s bias is indeed more appropriate when concepts are fairly to very specific, with the advantage increasing with specificity.’ More general concepts were learned to a similar degree by both systems. We were unable to determine conditions where C4.5RULES’s bias would be preferable to RISE’s; corrupting the data with 10% and 20% class noise resulted in similar degradation for the two systems. Another surprising observation is that C4.5RULES’s accuracy has an upward trend for length 2 14. This is due to
Library information and resource sharing: transforming services and collections

Library Information and Resource Sharing: Transforming Services and Collections is a collection of chapters covering some of the major challenges currently facing interlibrary loan (ILL) specifical...