cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD: I. Background and Rationale

ABSTRACT Objective The National Institute of Mental Health's recently initiated 5-year, multisite, multimodal treatment study of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (MTA) is the first major clinical trial in its history focused on a childhood mental disorder. This article reviews the major scientific and clinical bases for initiating the MTA. Method A selective review of the literature is presented in the service of describing the estimated prevalence of ADHD among children and adolescents, its core clinical features, evidence concerning psychopharmacological and psychosocial treatment effects, and related research issues and trends leading to the development of the MTA. Results Despite decades of treatment research and clinical practice, there is an insufficient basis for answering the following manifold question: under what circumstances and with what child characteristics (comorbid conditions, gender, family history, home environment, age, nutritional/metabolic status, etc.) do which treatments or combinations of treatment (stimulants, behavior therapy, parent training, school-based intervention) have what impacts (improvement, stasis, deterioration) on what domains of child functioning (cognitive, academic, behavioral, neurophysiological, neuropsychological, peer relations, family relations), for how long (short versus long term), to what extent (effect sizes, normal versus pathological range), and why (processes underlying change)? Conclusions The important scientific, clinical, and public health issues nested within this manifold question provide both the impetus and scaffolding for the MTA. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1995, 34, 8:987–1000.
One- and two-dimensional flow calculations of the reaction zones of ideal gas, nitromethane, and liquid TNT detonations

The time-dependent behavior of the flow in the reaction zones of detonating nitromethane, liquid TNT, and ideal gases have been investigated using one- and two-dimensional Lagrangian and Eulerian numerical hydrodynamics with Arrhenius chemical reaction and accurate equations of state. The perturbed one- and two-dimensional Lagrangian and Eulerian calculations reproduce the analytical predictions of Erpenbeck regarding the stability of the ideal gas reaction zone in one and two dimensions and indicate that the stabilities of the reaction zones of nitromethane and liquid TNT are identical in one and two dimensions. For significant ranges of values for the activation energy and of values for the amount of overdrive, the reaction zones advance in a pulsating manner, with the flow parameters in the reaction zone oscillating about their steady-state values.
Harvest time effects on membrane cake resistance of Escherichia coli broth

Abstract The nature of the ultrafiltration resistance of Escherichia coli broth harvested at different culture times was investigated. E. coli broth was harvested at the point of glucose depletion (0–h aged broth) and at 12 h after that (12 h aged broth). The filtration resistance of whole broth nearly doubled during the 12 h aging. In the case of the 0 h aged broth, the dominant resistance was from the deposited cells. However, for the 12 h aged broth, an interaction between cells and soluble broth components determined the filtration resistance. If either were missing, the resistance increase was markedly less. The cause of the interaction appeared to be a change in the cell (surface) during the aging, leading to binding with some broth component(s) that increased the resistance. The increased resistance occurred both when broth components were present during cake formation and when exposure came after cake deposition from washed cells. The interacting soluble component permeated a 0.16 μm membrane and was retained by a 300 kDa MWCO membrane. Since DNA would show such permeation and DNA added to aged, washed cells increased resistance in a similar fashion as occurred with aged broth, it is likely that DNA released from cells contributes to the interaction with aged cells.
Acute renal failure in Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Review of clinical and pathologic data from ten fatal cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) revealed the importance of acute renal failure in the clinical course and of multifocal perivascular interstitial nephritis as the principal pathologic lesion. In nine cases,Rickettsia rickettsiiwere demonstrated by immunofluorescence in the areas of vasculitis. Evidence was lacking for the role of disseminated intravascular coagulation, glomerulonephritis, or myoglobinuria in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in these cases.Rickettsia-induced vascular injury led to acute renal failure by several mechanisms. Hypovolemia early in the course resulted in reversible, prerenal azotemia. Transient hypotension in midcourse produced acute tubular necrosis. In fulminant cases, preterminal circulatory collapse was associated with coma and oliguria. The interstitial nephritis could not be demonstrated conclusively to contribute to the acute renal failure. (Arch Intern Med139:443-448, 1979)
Seasonal Patterns of Glutathione and Ascorbate Metabolism in Field‐Grown Cotton under Water Stress

The goal of this study was to identify water-stress-related limitations in the antioxidant protection in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the field. Cotton was grown under full irrigation and severe-to-moderate water deficits in both years of the study. The amount and form of glutathione (5-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine) were monitored in both years, while the antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase, the amount of ascorbate, and the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) were monitored in the second year of the study. The amount of glutathione varied (> 2x) during the sampling interval, though there was no effect of water treatment on the variation. The ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione varied seasonally, but not in response to water deficits. Gluthione reductase activity varied ( 5×) seasonally, but again not in response to water deficits. The amount of ascorbate and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase were increased under water stress ( 5 × and 1.5×, respectively). The amount of MDA (an indicator of oxidative damage) varied seasonally ( 2×), though not in response to water stress. While glutathione metabolism appears sufficient for oxidative stresses resulting from field-water deficits, altered ascorbate metabolism may be a response to water deficits in the field. Malondialdehyde amount did not increase with water stress, suggesting that antioxidant metabolism was sufficient for the oxidative stresses. It is apparent that antioxidant metabolism in these plants exposed to water deficits under production conditions was sufficient to protect against oxidative damage.
Isolation and characterization of the DNA fraction of rat liver chromatin which binds polylysine.

Abstract The structure of eukaryotic chromatin has been investigated by isolating and analyzing the "accessible" DNA fraction of rat liver chromatin. This DNA fraction has been isolated by titrating the chromatin with the protese-resistant D isomer of polylysine to bind the "accessible" DNA sites. After removal of chromosomal proteins by digestion with pronase, all DNA not protected from attack by bound polylysine was removed by digestion with DNase. Even after exhaustive treatment with pronase and DNase approximately 30% of the chromatin DNA remains resistant to nuclease attack. Analysis of the isolated DNA shows it to be mainly double-stranded with an average size of 200-250 base pairs. The DNA is slightly A-T rich and contains both repetitive and "single-copy" nuleotide sequences. The results suggest that there are extensive regions in chromatin where the DNA is not tightly complexed with protein. Furthermore, the DNA of these regions is similar in gross properties to the DNA of the total genome.
A study of the evolution of mechanical properties and structural heterogeneity of polymer networks formed by photopolymerizations of multifunctional (meth)acrylates

A study of the mechanical properties and the structural heterogeneity of crosslinked polymers formed by photopolymerization of multifunctional monomers is described. By using living radical polymerizations, networks with no trapped carbon radicals have been synthesized. These crosslinked networks, which have no trapped free radicals can be heated without inducing further reaction and crosslinking. This feature makes the living radical polymerizations very useful in the characterization of structure and properties during and after the polymerization. In this work, living radical polymerizations have been used to study the mechanical properties of networks formed by homo- and copolymerization of diethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) and poly(ethyleneglycol 600) dimethacrylate (PEG600DMA) with n-octyl methacrylate (OcMA) using dynamic mechanical analysis. Further, an acrylate copolymer system consisting of n-heptyl acrylate (HepA) and diethylene glycol diacrylate (DEGDA) has also been examined. The glass transition temperature of the copolymers was characterized as a function of composition as well as size of crosslinking agent in these copolymers. By performing frequency scan experiments, the distribution of relaxation times of the crosslinked polymers were characterized. From such analyses, the structural heterogeneity as measured by the width of the distribution of relaxation times of the networks was characterized as a function of the comonomer composition in the copolymers. Evidence that the dependence of the glass transition temperature on the crosslinking density is not straightforward is presented. Also, the results indicate that the structural heterogeneity of the materials increases as the crosslinking density of the copolymer is increased.
The National Gene Vector Biorepository's Pharm/Tox Database

The National Center for Research Resources has funded a new program to support preclinical and clinical gene therapy efforts. The National Gene Vector Biorepository (NGVB) will bring a variety of programs online during the next year. One of the resources will be a continuation of the Pharmacology/Toxicology (Pharm/Tox) Database formerly maintained by the National Gene Vector Laboratory. The purpose of the database is to provide gene therapy investigators with a catalog of gene therapy biodistribution and toxicology studies on file with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Quantitative in-situ nanomechanical characterization of metallic nanowires

This paper reviews recent studies on in-situ quantitative mechanical characterization of metallic nanowires with diameters from a few nanometers to hundreds of nanometers, with particular emphasis placed on tensile loading geometry. Critical challenges and pitfalls in manipulating, clamping, and quantitatively testing nanowire specimens, with drastically different dimensions, are discussed. Two general experimental strategies are employed: microelectrochemical systems-based technology for testing of larger-diameter metal nanowires (D ∼ 30–300 nm), and insitu transmission electron microscopyatomic force microscopy platform for testing of ultrathin metallic nanowires (D < 20 nm). Size-dependent mechanical behaviors of gold nanowires, as well as the transition of different deformation mechanisms at corresponding length scales, are clearly revealed.
ERBB Receptor Feedback Inhibitor 1 Regulation of Estrogen Receptor Activity Is Critical for Uterine Implantation in Mice

Normal endometrial function requires a balance of progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) effects. E2 acts to stimulate the proliferation of uterine epithelial cells, while P4 action inhibits E2-mediated proliferation of the epithelium. P4 through its cognate receptor, the P4 receptor (Pgr), has important roles in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. In previous studies, we have identified ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (Errfi1) as a downstream target of Pgr action in the uterus. Herein, we show that Errfi1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in the uterus after Day 2.5 of gestation. Its expression is also induced in the uterus by acute E2 treatment, and this induction is synergistically induced by chronic E2 and P4 treatment. Although it is known that conditional ablation of Errfi1 in the Pgr-positive cells (Errfi1d/d) results in infertility, the function of Errfi1 in reproductive biology has remained elusive. Using Errfi1d/d mice, we have identified Errfi1 as an important mediator of uterine implantation. Epithelial ESR1 and target genes were significantly increased in the uteri of Errfi1d/d mice. Our results identify a new signaling paradigm of steroid hormone regulation in female reproductive biology that adds insight into the underlying dysregulation of hormonal signaling in human reproductive disorders such as endometriosis and endometrial cancer.
Occupational health in surgery: risks extend beyond the operating room.

Surgeons routinely work with potentially infectious materials. The risk of acquiring a disease from one percutaneous exposure is 0.3-0.4% for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 6-30% for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and 2.7-10% for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Rates of blood contacts vary but may reach up to 11.9 per 100 h in the operating room. Residents are at highest risk, and obstetrics and gynaecology surgeons suffered the highest rate of exposures (10%) as a group. Contributing risk factors include trauma or emergency orthopaedic procedures, high patient blood loss, long procedures and holding tissue by hand while suturing. However, across occupations, nurses and other health workers experience greater risks than surgeons regarding potentially infectious exposures. Preventive measures such as the HBV vaccine and protective devices (i.e. self-capping needles, needle-free i.v. systems and improved barrier materials) have reduced the occupational risk of acquiring a blood-borne infection, which allows attention to be given to the psychosocial risks which may be more significant, yet are often overlooked. Doctors are at greater risk of divorce, alcoholism, substance abuse and suicide than are members of comparable professional groups. One study found that general surgeons had the highest rates of suicide of all doctors. According to family surveys, surgeons tend to be oblivious to the effects of work stressors, and may benefit from greater self-awareness; sharing of feelings and responsibilities with colleagues, family and patients; being willing to delegate work to others; setting work limits; and broadening perspectives in their approach to work.
Military display market: fourth comprehensive edition

The military display market is analyzed in terms of all fully electronic and many electro-mechanical displays used on combat platforms across all DoD Services. The military market for displays is defined by parameters such as active area, bezel-to-bezel measurement and technology. Other characteristics such as luminance, contrast ratio, gray levels, resolution, viewing angle, color, video capability, and night vision imaging system compatibility are noted. This study takes into account all displays that are either installed or funded for installation. In some few cases, it also includes planned displays. Display sizes having aggregate defense applications of 5,000 units or greater and having DoD applications across 10 or more platform fleets, are tabulated. The issue of size commonality is addressed where distribution of active area across platform fleets, individually, in groups of two through nine, and ten or more, is illustrated. Military displays are also analyzed by technology, where total quantities of such displays are broken out into CRT, LCD, AMLCD, EM, LED, Incandescent, Plasma and TFEL percentages. Custom, versus Ruggedized Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (RCOTS), versus Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) designs are contrasted. High and low information content designs are identified. Displays for several high-profile military programs are discussed, to include both technical specifications and program history. Our defense-wide study as of February 2006 has documented 1,195 direct-view and 15 virtualview display sizes across 628 weapon system platforms for a total of 1,161,977 displays.
Response to Letter by Touzé et al

Response We agree with Touze and colleagues that coronary event rates in stroke patients without known coronary artery disease are lower than in those with coronary artery disease. We further agree that stroke outcomes are more common than coronary events in patients who have had a stroke, as we have shown in a previous analysis from the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study,1 and that limiting the assessment of outcomes to hard coronary events alone (myocardial infarction [MI] and sudden death) decreases overall event rates. We disagree, however, that risk of MI or vascular death was “far lower” in those without baseline coronary artery …
Vascular birthmarks of infancy: Resolving nosologic confusion

The terminology describing congenital vascular birthmarks has been a source of confusion in the medical literature. Mulliken and Glowacki [1982: Plas. Recons. Surg. 69:412-422] published a biologic classification system which has become the most widely accepted framework for classifying vascular birthmarks and is accepted as the official classification schema by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA). In this study, we evaluate the current nosology of vascular birthmarks used in standard medical genetics reference texts compared with the accepted Mulliken ISSVA framework. In five sources examined, a variety of terms were used to describe congenital vascular anomalies. The degree of agreement with accepted ISSVA classification varied both within and among texts, with agreement as low as 22% and as high as 75%. In all texts, hemangioma was the most commonly used term, appearing 79 times. Use of the term "hemangioma" had the lowest rate of agreement with the ISSVA classification criteria, with agreement in 23% of citations. The terms "vascular malformation" and "port-wine stain" were used less frequently, but with a much higher degree of agreement with the ISSVA classification: 82% and 66%, respectively. These results establish that nosologic confusion is widespread even in standard genetic reference texts. In particular, the term "hemangioma" is used imprecisely. The ISSVA classification system provides an extremely useful framework for geneticists to classify vascular birthmarks in their evaluation of infants and children with vascular anomalies in order to provide more accurate evaluation, prognosis, and genetic counseling.
Fatty acid radical formation in rats administered oxidized fatty acids: in vivo spin trapping investigation.

Abstract We report in vivo evidence for fatty acid-derived free radical metabolite formation in bile of rats dosed with spin traps and oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). When rats were dosed with the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and oxidized PUFA, the DMPO thiyl radical adduct was formed due to a reaction between oxidized PUFA and/or its metabolites with biliary glutathione. In vitro experiments were performed to determine the conditions necessary for the elimination of radical adduct formation by ex vivo reactions. Fatty acid-derived radical adducts of α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN) were detected in vivo in bile samples collected into a mixture of iodoacetamide, desferrioxamine, and glutathione peroxidase. Upon the administration of oxidized 13C-alga fatty acids and 4-POBN, the EPR spectrum of the radical adducts present in the bile exhibited hyperfine couplings due to 13C. Our data demonstrate that the carbon-centered radical adducts observed in in vivo experiments are unequivocally derived from oxidized PUFA. This in vivo evidence for PUFA-derived free radical formation supports the proposal that processes involving free radicals may be the molecular basis for the previously described cytotoxicity of dietary oxidized PUFA.
Fluid pressure transients on seismogenic normal faults

Abstract Fluid inclusions in hydrothermally altered footwall rocks of the Dixie Valley fault, Nevada, and the Wasatch fault, Utah, indicate that pore fluid pressure fluctuated. Minimum entrapment pressures for fluid inclusions consisting of H2O-CO2-NaCl ranged from 295 MPa to 60 MPa in the temperature range 350° to 170 ° C on the Wasatch fault, and from 158 to 35 MPa in the temperature range 350° to 200 ° C on the Dixie Valley fault. Scatter in the pressure estimates at constant temperature is interpreted as paleo-fluid pressure transients at depths of up to 11 km on the Wasatch fault and 3 to 5 km on the Dixie Valley fault. Observed pressure transients range from 5 MPa, within the limits of error in pressure determination, to 120 MPa on the Wasatch fault and 7 to 126 MPa on the Dixie Valley fault. The pressure transients are greatest on both faults in the temperature range 270 ° to 310 ° C. The fluids represented by fluid inclusions play a key role in nucleation and propagation of earthquake ruptures. High fluid pressures may initiate rupture, then dilatancy, pore-pressure reduction, and dilatant hardening may arrest the rupture. However, decompression of the fluids and phase separation produces a decrease in fluid bulk modulus of 41 to 90% which reduces the dilatant hardening effect and may permit ruptures to propagate.
Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Prediction from WSR-88D Reflectivity: A Case Study, 17–18 October 1994*

Abstract Flood forecasting requires accurate estimates of the spatial and temporal rainfall rates over a catchment. Depending on the Z–R relationship and threshold values, processing of WSR-88D reflectivity data affects the rainfall estimates used in flood prediction. How much rainfall the catchment receives during an extreme event and the resulting hydrograph response depends on catchment characteristics that transform rainfall into runoff. A case study of an extreme meteorological and hydrologic event occurring 17–18 October 1994 in south Texas is examined. After the event, a review of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service (NWS) operations raised concerns over low estimates of accumulated rainfall by the WSR-88D radar compared to gauge accumulations. At the time of the review, the Z–R relationship in use during the event, Z = 300R1.4, and a 53-dBZ reflectivity threshold were suspected of having caused poor performance of the radar accumulation estimates. Because o...
Carbonic acid enhancement of hydrolysis in aqueous pretreatment of corn stover

Carbonic acid and liquid hot water pretreatments were applied to corn stover. Temperatures ranged from 180 to 220 °C; reaction times varied between 2 and 32 min and prereaction carbon dioxide pressure was either 0 or 800 psig. Over the range of reaction conditions tested, it was found that the presence of carbonic acid had an effect of increasing the concentrations of xylose and furan compounds in the hydrolysate that was significant at above the 99% confidence level. Thus there appears to be an increase in the severity of the pretreatment conditions with the presence of carbonic acid. These results are contrary to previously reported results on aspen wood, where the presence of carbonic acid was not found to have an effect on either the xylose or furan concentrations. Although pretreatment conditions were more severe with the addition of carbonic acid, the presence of carbonic acid resulted in a hydrolysate with a higher final pH. Thus it appears that the higher severity conditions reduce the accumulation of organic acids in the hydrolysate. This result was consistent with previously reported work on carbonic acid pretreatment of aspen wood.
Determination of minimum weaning scrotal circumference in Santa Gertrudis bulls fed a low energy ration

The scrotal circumference (SC) of 374 Santa Gertrudis bulls was measured prior to and following a period of low energy feed intake. A step by step regression was performed to formulate prediction equations in which the future SC of young bulls could be determined. These equations accounted for only 30 to 50% of the variation. Analysis of variance was used to determine the minimum SC at 7, 8 and 10 mo of age needed to obtain a 30-cm SC by 1 yr of age. At 7 mo, the bulls with the largest final SC, were those with an SC larger than 18 cm (P < 0.01). As the 8-mo SC increased so did the 13-mo SC (P < 0.01). As the 10-mo SC increased, the 15-mo SC also increased but bulls with less than a 21-cm SC were smaller (P < 0.01). Differences were also found between the 7 and 8-mo old weights of bulls and the initial SC (P < 0.01). As the initial testicle size increased, the 7, 8 and 10-mo ages and the 10-mo weight tended to increase. Few differences were found in initial SC measurements between the bulls that reached a 30-cm SC and those that did not at the end of one year regarding weight and age within each SC. These findings indicate that the SC at the beginning of a low energy feed period can be useful in determining the minimum SC outcome by the end of the test period.
On the cloud of electron-hole droplets

In a recent experiment, Voos, Shaklee, and Worlock have shown that under a very high excitation, the electron-hole plasma of germanium forms a cloud of droplets of same size instead of one large drop. Various explanations are studied, but only one seems possible: drops are ejected from the boiling liquid formed near the laser spot, they are slowed by collisions with exciton and stop near the edge of the cloud. This process is strongly related to the excitation power. At lower excitation, exciton gas should be created first and drops should be nucleated from it.
Heterotrimeric coiled coils with core residue urea side chains.

We report several coiled coil heterotrimers with varying core residue buried polar groups, all with Tm values >43 °C. Introduction of new synthetic side chain structures, including some terminating...
Anomalous temperature dependence of Cu NMR line width and magnetization in YBa2Cu3O7-δ

Abstract We report an anomalous temperature dependence of the magnetization and the NMR line width at the planar Cu(2) and oxygen sites in the mixed state of aligned YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ powder at relatively high field (≥ 30 kOe), where hysteresis of the magnetization due to flux pinning is not important. Both the magnetization and the NMR line width at all sites show a steep increase at low temperature. We found a much larger line width at Cu(2) sites than at oxygen sites when the magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the c-axis, indicating a very microscopic local field modulation.
Erythropoietin forms biologically inactive complexes in solution.

Abstract Erythropoietin, isolated from human urine, exhibits a time-dependent increase in biological activity in solution. This increase is not due to the action of proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor molecule. Gel filtration chromatography demonstrates that erythropoietin exists in at least two forms: (1) biologically active, (2) biologically inactive and complexed with one or more other proteins. Dissociation of erythropoietin from this complex results in the observed time-dependent increase in activity. This behavior bears directly on studies of the hormone's physicochemical and biological properties and may reflect a mechanism for the control of hormonal activity.
EUS characteristics of celiac ganglia with cytologic and histologic confirmation.

Background Celiac ganglia have not been previously identified by EUS. Objective To assess whether celiac ganglia can be detected by EUS and to define their characteristics. Design Retrospective review followed by prospective study. Methods Retrospective characterization was performed of all celiac ganglia that were incidentally identified by EUS-guided FNA or tru-cut needle biopsy from January 2004 to October 2005. We also prospectively assessed if these structures could be visualized in consecutive patients undergoing curved linear-array EUS. Patients Seven patients with celiac ganglia diagnosed by EUS-guided FNA (n = 7) and/or tru-cut needle biopsy (n = 1) were reviewed. Twenty-two patients were prospectively evaluated by curved-linear-array EUS. Settings Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. Main Outcome Measurements EUS features and detection rate of celiac ganglia. Results All retrospectively evaluated celiac ganglia were identified anterior to the aorta, slightly to the left, and cephalad to the celiac artery take-off, and medial to the left adrenal gland. The mean distance from the celiac artery take-off was 10 mm (±3 mm); mean size was 13 mm (±3 mm) by 6 mm (±2 mm). They appeared as hypoechoic and multilobulated structures with hyperechoic strands. Celiac ganglia with sonographic features as described above were identified in 16 of 22 prospectively evaluated patients (73%). Limitations Small number of patients; no tissue confirmation of prospectively evaluated patients. Conclusions Celiac ganglia can be identified with curved linear-array EUS in the majority of patients. Their typical EUS appearance allows distinction from celiac lymph nodes.
Lymphocyte Migration Into Atherosclerotic Plaque

Adaptive immunity is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but the recruitment of T and B lymphocytes to atherosclerotic lesions is not as well studied as that of monocytes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discuss chemokines and chemokine receptors involved in lymphocyte homing to atherosclerotic lesions. We review evidence for involvement of the chemokines CCL5, CCL19, CCL21, CXCL10, and CXCL16 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in lymphocyte homing in atherosclerosis. Also, we review the role of their receptors CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CXCR3, CXCR6, and CXCR2/CXCR4 and the role of the L-selectin in mouse models of atherosclerosis.
The Current Status of Family Medicine—Psychiatry Combined Residency Programs

The authors assessed the growth of the 12 approved family medicine-psychiatry programs since initiation of this option in 1995. In 1998, they conducted a two-stage survey of family medicine-psychiatry training directors and selected residents. Ten programs had enrolled a range of 1–7 residents in each of the 5-year programs, for a total of 41 residents. Of a possible 22 first-year positions, 17 first-year residents began training in July 1998 (77% fill rate), 12 of whom enrolled through the National Resident Matching Program, 4 through the military match, and 1 outside the match. The first participants graduated in 2000. Two approved programs have closed, and one new program has been approved. The number of applicants has increased each year. Training directors and residents are generally satisfied with their programs, but low medical student awareness of this option persists.
Reevaluation of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cardiac Mitochondria from Normal Animals and Animals in Heart Failure

For an adequate evaluation of mitochondria from diseased hearts, basic characteristics of isolation, storage, media, ultrastructure and type of assay were first determined using mitochondria from normal animals. A proteinase procedure yielded mitochondria from small laboratory animals, with low respiratory control and marked permeability changes. The isolation medium yielding the most stable mitochondria with the highest respiratory control contained 0.18M KCl, 10mM EDTA, and 0.5% to 1% bovine serum albumin at pH 7.2. Heart failure in guinea pigs and rabbits was produced by varying degrees of stenosis of the ascending aorta. An aberration in respiratory control was found in mitochondria from hearts in severe failure. The quantitative differences between normal and experimental respiratory control values were greatest when the highest possible normal respiratory control levels were obtained. The difference between mitochondria prepared by a proteinase method from control and failing hearts was minimal. No ...
Brain β-spectrin is a component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Spectrin is a multifunctional cortical membrane skeleton protein. We report here that the β-subunit of spectrin is an integral component of β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We prepared anti-β-spectrin antibodies by using synthetic peptides corresponding to the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of β-spectrin variants. When tissues from post-mortem AD brains were immunostained with these domain-specific affinity purified β-spectrin antibodies, β-amyloid plaques were specifically stained in the cortical parenchyma in approximately one third of the cases. The staining was unaffected by preadsorption of β-spectrin antibodies with A4/β1–40 peptide. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble amyloids were also stained by the β-spectrin antibodies. The anti-α-spectrin antibody stained neuronal processes, but not amyloid plaques. The presence of β-spectrin in the amyloid plaques in a subset of sporadic AD cases suggests that distinct biochemical pathways are involved in the formation or deposition of β-amyloid plaques, and that an abnormality of β-spectrin structure or function may be involved in the formation or deposition of β-amyloid plaques in this subset of AD cases.
Training variability in the evaluation of automated classifiers

The evaluation of automated classifiers in computer-aided diagnosis of medical images often involves a training dataset for classifier design and a test dataset for performance estimation in terms of, e.g., area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, or AUC. The traditional approach to assess the uncertainty of the estimated AUC only considers the finite testing set as the source of variability. However, a finite training set is also a random sample and the AUC varies with varying training sets. We categorize the assessment of classifiers into three levels and provide analytical expressions for the variance of the estimated AUC at each level: (1) training treated as a fixed effect, the estimated performance generalizable only to the population of testing sets; (2) training treated as a random effect, the estimated performance generalizable to both the population of training sets and the population of testing sets; (3) training treated as a random effect, performance averaged over training sets generalizable to both the population of training sets and the population of testing sets. The two sources of variability - training and testing - in automated classifiers are analogous to readers and cases in the multi-reader multi-case (MRMC) ROC paradigm in reader studies. We show the one-to-one analogy between the automated classifiers and human readers at these three levels as well as the practical difference in estimating their performance, especially regarding variance.
Aramaic Tombstones from Zoar and Jewish Conceptions of the Afterlife

This study utilizes thirty epitaphs, found near the Dead Sea shore, to explore afterlife concepts within the Jewish community of Zoar. The interpretation of these late antiquity epitaphs reveals a comprehensive view regarding the afterlife. This view contains an expectation for the resurrection of the dead that will occur when the “announcer of peace,” i.e., the anointed king, arrives. At that time, the Temple will be rebuilt and priests will return to their work. In the meantime, it was hoped that the deceased would have a peaceful rest. The tombstones articulate these expectations also through the use of the word “shalom” which conveys two meanings: (1) it is the symbol of the deliverance, and (2) it is also the symbol of the condition of the dead while waiting for the resurrection.
Torque requirements of a radar antenna

Results of wind tunnel tests on an experimental radar antenna are discussed. The torque required to rotate the antenna was seen to vary with the azimuth position, the elevation angle, the pivot location, the rotating speed, and the wind velocity. A correlation of the data based on dimensionless parameters was found.
Lowering extracellular chloride concentration alters outer hair cell shape

In general, increasing external K+ concentration, as well as exposure to hypotonic medium, induces a shortening of outer hair cells (OHCs) accompanied by an increase in width and volume. One possible mechanism suggested for these changes is a movement of Cl- and/or water across the cell membrane. We therefore examined the role of Cl- in OHC volume maintenance by testing the effect of decreasing extracellular Cl- concentration on OHC length and shape. In addition, the effect of hypotonic medium was examined. OHCs were isolated from guinea pig cochleae, mechanically dissociated and dispersed, and placed in a modified Hanks balanced salt solution (HBS). Exposing the cells to a Cl(-)-free HBS produced an initial shortening, which was rapidly followed by an increase in length. After about 9 min of exposure to Cl(-)-free HBS, the cells appeared to lose all water and collapsed. Upon return to normal HBS, the OHCs returned to their normal shape. We speculate that the collapse of the OHCs may be due to the loss of intracellular Cl-, which, in turn, resulted in the loss of intracellular K+ and water. The results indicate that Cl- contributes greatly to the maintenance of OHC volume. In addition, we confirmed that isolated OHCs swell in hypotonic medium and maintain their swollen state until returned to normal medium. The mechanism for maintenance of the swollen state is unknown.
Separating thermal, electronic, and topographic effects in pulsed laser melting and sputtering of gold.

An attempt was made to separate thermal from electronic effects during laser sputtering of gold by partitioning the target surface energy between steady-state electron beam heating and pulsed laser heating. For flat starting surfaces and a peak surface temperature of $\ensuremath{\sim}2700\mathrm{K}$, the Au translational energy remains $(2\ensuremath{-}3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ higher than classical expectations and is insensitive to how energy is partitioned between steady-state heating and laser heating. The mean desorption energy is linearly dependent on peak surface temperature, but with a slope of ${15k}_{B}T$ as opposed to the classical ${2k}_{B}T$.
Analysis of nonequilibrium hcp precipitate growth in fcc matrices: Application to Al-Ag

Hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) -precipitates with large aspect ratios form rapidly in some face-centered cubic (fcc) solid-solutions. No model explains the observed time-dependent increase in aspect ratio, nor irregular intermediate growth shapes. We propose a nonequilibrium process involving trapezoidal offshoots (controlled only by energetics) that governs the growth behavior (kinetics) and yields nonequilibrium structures in agreement with observation. Then, combining nucleation theory and diffusion-limited growth both of secondary nuclei and ledges, we derive a general growth equation for -precipitates due to solute-segregation to precipitate–matrix interfaces that includes our modification of the Jones–Trivedi model for thickening to account for the slow growth of coherent interfaces compared to incoherent interfaces. The analytic form of nucleation rate agrees in various limits with forms used to fit experimental data, which were not derived from general arguments. In contrast to previous theories, our model yields quantitative agreement to the observed time-dependent increase of aspect ratio, if estimated from the solute supersaturation in the precipitate as well as the dependence on precipitate–matrix interphase energies. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Process-Based Information Exchanges Mapping for Energy-Efficient Retrofit Projects

Access and exchange of building information in a timely and standard manner between construction project teams and applications during design and construction plays a major role in assuring efficient building energy simulation during retrofitting. Yet, in spite of several efforts in major technological developments in information management, building data and information remains highly fragmented and frequently inaccessible to project teams. This paper presents a table for categorization of information exchanges items and illustrates their dependencies between internal process activities, and between activities of different processes. The paper uses the HVAC design process as a baseline to map-out the information input-and-output relationships of various activities and shows how an information item produced by an activity is consumed by another, thus creating information exchanges dependency. The table can serve as a reference point for project teams and for software developers to understand interoperability requirements of process activities and applications. It will also be beneficial to analyze impact of changes as change to an information exchanges item can impact on other activities where it is required as an input. The paper concludes by formulating a roadmap to utilize the table in order to support development of Information Delivery Manual (IDM) and other information exchanges initiatives.
Automated adaptive intrusion containment in systems of interacting services

Large scale distributed systems typically have interactions among different services that create an avenue for propagation of a failure from one service to another. The failures being considered may be the result of natural failures or malicious activity, collectively called disruptions. To make these systems tolerant to failures it is necessary to contain the spread of the occurrence automatically once it is detected. The objective is to allow certain parts of the system to continue to provide partial functionality in the system in the face of failures. Real world situations impose several constraints on the design of such a disruption tolerant system of which we consider the following - the alarms may have type I or type II errors; it may not be possible to change the service itself even though the interaction may be changed; attacks may use steps that are not anticipated a priori; and there may be bursts of concurrent alarms. We present the design and implementation of a system named Adepts as the realization of such a disruption tolerant system. Adepts uses a directed graph representation to model the spread of the failure through the system, presents algorithms for determining appropriate responses and monitoring their effectiveness, and quantifies the effect of disruptions through a high level survivability metric. Adepts is demonstrated on a real e-commerce testbed with actual attack patterns injected into it.
Physical Properties of an Alfisol Under Biofuel Crops in Ohio

There is an increasing need to develop renewable energy sources from biofuel crops to replace fossil fuels.Â Biofuel crops may also enhance ecosystem functions such as soil quality, water availability, and nutrient reserves.Â Therefore, the effects of four biofuel crops (corn ( Zea mays ), switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ), indiangrass ( Sorghastrum nutans ) and willow ( Salix spp.)) were evaluated on soil quality at three sites in Ohio to assess the effects ofÂ crop species on soil bulk density (I b ), soil moisture characteristics (SMC), water stable aggregate distribution (WSA), and aggregate tensile strength (TS) to 40 cm depth.Â Overall, results were site-specific, with most differences occurring for the clayey soil at the Northwest site.Â At the Jackson site, soil in the 0-10 cm layer under switchgrass had a higher moisture content (I¸) between 0 and 100 kPa than that under indiangrass.Â At the Western site, I¸ under corn at 1500 kPa was higher at 30-40 cm depth.Â At the Northwest site, soils under corn in the 0-10 cm depth tended to have the lowest I¸ at 0 and 3 kPa, while soils under switchgrass and willow had 50% more large macroaggregates and fewer small microaggregates than that under corn.Â Soil TS in the 0-10 cm depth under corn was nearly 160%Â more than that under other perennial crops.Â These results suggest that management of perennial biofuel crops can improve soil physical quality.Â Changes over seven years occur first in the surface soil layers, but further differences may evolve in subsoil layers with increase in time.
Should I plan? Planning effects on perceived effort and motivation in goal pursuit

This research investigates how forming a plan can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on people's motivation to pursue a goal. We propose that forming a plan makes the necessary steps to pursue a goal salient, directing attention to the effort involved in executing these steps, which ultimately affects perceptions of required effort and motivation. We theorize that the impact of forming plans on motivation in goal pursuit depends on the level of difficulty to achieve a goal. When a goal is relatively easy to achieve, planning should make goal pursuit seem less effortful, thereby decreasing motivation to pursue the goal. When a goal is more difficult to achieve, planning should make goal pursuit seem more effortful, which ironically should increase motivation to pursue it. Three studies demonstrate how plans influence motivation in the domains of losing weight and saving money. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MEKK2 gene disruption causes loss of cytokine production in response to IgE and c-Kit ligand stimulation of ES cell-derived mast cells

Ligation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FceRI) or of c-Kit stimulates cytokine production in mast cells. We show that MEK kinase 2 (MEKK2), a MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K) that regulates the JNK and ERK5 pathways, is required for cytokine production in embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived mast cells (ESMC). Targeted disruption of the MEKK2 or MEKK1 gene was used to abolish expression of the respective kinases in ESMC. Transcription of specific cytokines in response to IgE or c-Kit ligand was markedly reduced in MEKK2–/– ESMC relative to wild-type ESMC. Cytokine production in MEKK1–/– ESMC was similar to that of wild-type ESMC, demonstrating the specificity of MEKK2 in signaling cytokine gene regulation. MEKK2–/– ESMC also lost receptor-mediated stimulation of JNK. In contrast, JNK activation in response to UV irradiation was normal, showing that MEKK2 is required for receptor signaling but not for cellular stress responses. MEKK2 is the first MAP3K shown to be required for mast cell tyrosine kinase receptor signaling controlling cytokine gene expression.
What do We Know about the Costs of Special Education? A Selected Review

Drawing on the recently released Expenditures Survey, on several other national-level cost studies published during the past two decades, and on annual data reported by the states, we examined conclusions that can be derived concerning special education costs. We present measures of the total, average, and excess costs of special education and suggest how they may have changed over time. Cost data are presented for a variety of disabilities and program types. We show that average total per pupil special education costs were approximately $7,800 in 1989-90 dollars, or about 2.3 times the cost of regular education, with costs ranging from under $1,000 per pupil for students with speech or language impairments to over $30,000 per pupil for those with deaf-blindness. Over the past 20 years, total costs for those receiving special education in comparison to the costs for regular education have changed little, consistently being approximately two times the costs of regular education. However, there is a need fo...
Asymptotic analysis via Mellin transforms for small deviations in L2-norm of integrated Brownian sheets

We use Mellin transforms to compute a full asymptotic expansion for the tail of the Laplace transform of the squared L2-norm of any multiply-integrated Brownian sheet. Through reversion we obtain corresponding strong small-deviation estimates.