cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Costly Extremism: How High Voting Costs Deter Participation Among Moderates and Generate a Voting Population Dominated by Extremists

This paper demonstrates that increasing participation costs deters participation among ideological moderates more so than among extremists. A theoretical model demonstrates that extremists are willing to pay higher participation costs to affect a given outcome, independently from differences in information and passion. The predictions of the model are tested in a series of laboratory experiments. In addition to traditional sessions which assign subjects numerical identities and utility functions, additional sessions leverage "home grown" pre-existing political identities in a controlled laboratory setting. Subjects indicate how much they would pay to affect how money is donated between non-profit organizations on opposing sides of political issues. The analysis finds that subjects with extreme preferences are willing to pay higher voting costs - especially when information and issue importance are at moderate levels. As a result, institutions that make voting more costly are generating a more polarized and extremist-dominated voting population.
New Horizons in Geometry

New Horizons in Geometry represents the fruits of 15 years of work in geometry by a remarkable team of prize-winning authors-Tom Apostol and Mamikon Mnatsakanian. It serves as a capstone to an amazing collaboration. Apostol and Mamikon provide fresh and powerful insights into geometry that requires only a modest background in mathematics. Using new and intuitively rich methods, they give beautifully illustrated proofs of results, the majority of which are new, and frequently develop extensions of familiar theorems that are often surprising and sometimes astounding. It is mathematical exposition of the highest order. The hundreds of full color illustrations by Mamikon are visually enticing and provide great motivation to read further and savor the wonderful results. Lengths, areas, and volumes of curves, surfaces, and solids are explored from a visually captivating perspective. It is an understatement to say that Apostol and Mamikon have breathed new life into geometry.
Analysis for chromium traces in natural waters. I. Preconcentration of chromate from P.P.B. levels in aqueous solutions by ion exchange.

Abstract A new procedure for the preconcentration of p.p.b. concentrations of chromate from aqueous solutions has been developed. Water samples containing chromate are acidified to pH 5 and passed through an anion-exchange resin bed (AG1-X4, 100–200 mesh. Cl− form) in ascending flow, so that the chromate is adsorbed in a narrow zone at the lower end of the resin bed. The chromate is eluted rapidly with small volumes of an acidic reductant solution which reacts with chromate on the column to form chromium(III) during the actual elution step, thus producing very high concentration factors.
Contraction of diabetic rabbit aorta caused by endothelium-derived PGH2-TxA2

Endothelium-dependent relaxations and vasoactive prostanoid production caused by acetylcholine were determined in the aortas of rabbits with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan. Aortas of diabetic rabbits, contracted submaximally by phenylephrine, showed significantly decreased endothelium-dependent relaxations induced by acetylcholine compared with the aortas of normal rabbits. Indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and SQ 29548, a prostaglandin H2-thromboxane A2 (PGH2-TxA2) receptor antagonist, normalized the sensitivity of diabetic aortas to acetylcholine, whereas these agents had no effect on the response of normal aortas. The relaxations in response to a nonreceptor-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilator, A23187, and an endothelium-independent vasodilator, sodium nitroprusside, were not different between normal and diabetic aortas. Acetylcholine also caused contractions of resting aortic rings with endothelium from diabetic, but not normal rabbits; these contractions were inhibited by indomethacin. Synthesis of TxA2, measured as immunoreactive TxB2, was significantly increased in diabetic aortic segments only when the endothelium was present. These results suggest that in the diabetic state, the endothelium releases a major vasoconstrictor cyclooxygenase product that either directly counteracts the relaxation caused by or selectively interferes with the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s) induced by cholinergic receptor stimulation. The vasoconstrictor is most likely TxA2 or possibly its precursor, PGH2.
Competing Repressive Factors Control Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) in Mesenchymal Cells

The amount, timing, and location of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) synthesis influences the differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells in embryos and adults. The BMP2 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) contains a highly conserved AU-rich element (ARE) embedded in a sequence that commonly represses gene expression in mesenchymal cells. Computational analyses indicate that this site also may bind several microRNAs (miRNAs). Although miRNAs frequently target AU-rich regions, this ARE is unusual because the miRNAs directly span the ARE. We began to characterize the factors that may regulate Bmp2 expression via this complex site. The activating protein HuR (Hu antigen R, ELAVL1, HGNC:3312) directly binds this ARE and can activate gene expression. An miRNA was demonstrated to reverse HuR-mediated activation. Mutational and RNA-interference evidence also supports an AUF1 (AU-factor-1, HNRNPD, HGNC:5036) contribution to the observed repressive activity of the 3'UTR in mesenchymal cells. A limited number of studies describe how miRNAs interact with ARE-binding proteins that bind adjacent sites. This study is among the first to describe protein/miRNA interactions at the same site.
Economics of human performance and systems total ownership cost

Financial costs of investing in people is associated with training, acquisition, recruiting, and resolving human errors have a significant impact on increased total ownership costs. These costs can also affect the exaggerate budgets and delayed schedules. The study of human performance economical assessment in the system acquisition process enhances the visibility of hidden cost drivers which support program management informed decisions. This paper presents the literature review of human total ownership cost (HTOC) and cost impacts on overall system performance. Economic value assessment models such as cost benefit analysis, risk-cost tradeoff analysis, expected value of utility function analysis (EV), growth readiness matrix, multi-attribute utility technique, and multi-regressions model were introduced to reflect the HTOC and human performance-technology tradeoffs in terms of the dollar value. The human total ownership regression model introduces to address the influencing human performance cost component measurement. Results from this study will increase understanding of relevant cost drivers in the system acquisition process over the long term.
Nicotine Dependence: Health Consequences, Smoking Cessation Therapies, and Pharmacotherapy

Nicotine dependence is a significant addiction with many health consequences. Consistent attempts and efforts at addressing this condition, guiding and advising afflicted patients using motivational techniques and the 5-A stepwise strategies, and instituting appropriate therapies will result in better health outcomes and less incidence of diseases. In pharmacotherapy, Nicotine replacement therapy and oral medications can be used alone or in combination with varying degrees of success.
Wood gasification at fire level heat fluxes

Abstract This study was motivated by a need to understand the source of pollutant species emitted by wood burning stoves; the results are relevant also to fire research. The study examines the products generated when wood is heated in controlled conditions, without flaming, in atmospheres of varying oxygen concentration (0–21 % O 2 in N 2 ). Small wood samples (typically 4 × 4 cm exposed face, 2–4 cm thick; mainly white pine and red oak, but also two tests with yellow pine) were subjected to uniform radiative heat fluxes (2–7.8 W/cm 2 ) on one face. Sample weight was followed in some tests and sample temperature (5 thermocouples in depth) in others since the two measurements could not be made together. In all tests, all evolved products were either monitored (H 2 O, CO, CO 2 , total hydrocarbons not condensible at −40°C) or trapped and analyzed (condensible organic species) by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Many of the trends of the major products (CO, CO 2 , H 2 O, THC, total organic condensible or tar) are qualitatively intelligible in terms of the expected impact of varying temperature or oxygen level, for example. The extent of change in these major products is rather limited (factor of two to four) over the range of variables explored here. The organic condensate was difficult to analyze; it is estimated that only 20% of it would pass through a gas chromatograph. More than 40 species in this analyzable portion were positively or tentatively identified and quantified. Chromatographic fingerprints of the organic condensate indicated that its composition does not vary a great deal for the conditions examined here. The fingerprints from the radiative heating tests bear a strong resemblance to those of the smoke condensate from a wood stove.
Polyadenylic acid sequences in ascites cells nuclear particles and membrane-bound messenger RNA

Abstract Ascites cells 43-S nuclear particles and membrane-bound mRNA have poly(A) sequences. The flow of mRNA starts by the addition of poly(A) to heterogeneous nRNA continues with cleavage of heterogeneous nRNA, assemblage with proteins to form the 43-S nuclear particles, transport into the cytoplasm and, finally, binding to cytoplasmic membranes.
Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times of metallic antimony at low temperatures

We have used pulsed Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) techniques to measure the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times in antimony at low temperatures. High quality echoes with strong signal/noise ratios were only observed for finely powdered samples of high purity (99.9999%). The samples were carefully annealed and diluted with fine silica to below the percolation limit to minimize RF heating. The powder mixture was immersed in liquid3He to ensure good thermal contact to a sintered silver heat exchanger attached to a copper nuclear demagnetization refrigerator. We report the temperature dependence of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times for the multiple level nuclear spin system.
Compassion and altruism: how our minds determine who is worthy of help

The causal role of affective experiences in the generation of altruistic behavior has emerged as a topic of great interest during the past decade. If continued advancement is to be made, however, two primary issues need to be addressed. The first involves the use of terms such as empathy and compassion. The second involves examination of the ability of these emotional states to be tuned to the ratio of costs and benefits inherent in any given opportunity for altruistic action. In this article, therefore, I attempt to delineate a specific use for the term compassion to capture one aspect of what has traditionally been termed empathy and then show how this specific emotional state is contextually responsive to trade-offs involving immediate and delayed reward.
Cognitive Style and DSS Design: A Comment on Huber's Paper

The paper by Huber Huber, G. P. 1983. Cognitive style as a basis for designing MIS and DSS: much ado about nothing? Management Sci.29 5 567-579. stimulates further comment. While his conclusions that cognitive styles research has not served and will not serve as a satisfactory basis for operational DSS design guidelines appear justified, some additional points need to be made. This paper looks at several of Huber's arguments more closely and suggests a potentially valuable role for cognitive style awareness in the DSS development process.
Hybrid modelling of a single‐layer half‐space system in SOIL–structure interaction

Construction d'un modele hybride de l'interaction bidimensionnelle entre sol et structure dans le cas d'une couche unique reposant sur un milieu semiinfini. Applications numeriques de ce modele et comparaison avec des donnees publiees
Automatic Control of Small Hydroelectric Plants

A new model for depicting the dynamic behavior of reservoirs is introduced and its usefulness demonstrated in the design of automatic controllers for small hydroelectric plants. For plants equipped with propellor type turbines a flowrate bandwidth concept is defined and used to show that the propellor blade pitch angle performs the major flow control function in such installations. Regulation of the head is shown to be very desirable under run of the river mode operation and a simple and inexpensive modification to presently used governors is proposed to perform the head control. A complete system model for small hydroelectric plants is presented and its behavior illustrated with the results of digital computer simulations.
Nucleotide sequence of the LYS2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: homology to Bacillus brevis tyrocidine synthetase 1.

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae L YS2 gene, which encodes α-aminoadipate reductase, an essential enzyme in the yeast lysine biosynthetic pathway, has been sequenced. A large open reading frame (ORF) has been identified which can specify a 1392-amino acid protein with a deduced Mr of 155 344. A DNA database search using the translated LYS2 ORF as a probe has revealed significant aa sequence homology to the Bacillus brevis enzyme tyrocidine synthetase 1.
Introversion-extraversion and the verbal conditioning and generalization of meaning responses to nonsense syllables in normal and alcoholic subjects.

No adequate studies have extended Eysenck's theories to the area of classical verbal conditioning. Eyeblink, GSR and operant verbal conditioning studies have yielded equivocal results. In the present study Osgood's semantic differential technique was employed to establish classical conditioning and generalization of meaning responses to contiguously presented nonsense syllables. Neither conditioning nor generalization measures were consistently related either to extraversion or neuroticism as measured by the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Alcoholics conditioned as well as normals. Verbal fluency, intelligence and vocabulary measures were also unrelated either to conditioning or personality measures in any systematic fashion. The implications of this study are discussed briefly with respect to (1) the investigation of the relationships between conditioning and personality variables; (2) the premature incorporation of any presumed relationships between verbal conditioning and personality into any comprehensive theory of behaviour or behaviour modification.
Genetic algorithm based optimal powertrain component sizing and control strategy design for a fuel cell hybrid electric bus

Recent trends shows that hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are gaining universal attention, because of the need for more fuel-efficient vehicles. Advancement in fuel-cell technology has ignited interest in all-electric propulsion systems. Regardless of some drawbacks in terms of number of electrical storage components being used and relatively larger capacity of on-board energy storage required, compared to hybrid electric vehicles, all-electric propulsion systems offer the most effective solution for achieving zero emissions drive-trains. Both the sizing of powertrain components as well as the control strategy affects vehicle performance, due to their interdependency. Moreover, during sizing, various design constraints should also be satisfied simultaneously. Hence, optimization of fuel cell vehicle components can be simply treated as a multi-objective constrained nonlinear optimization. This paper considers a fuel cell powered electric transit bus, with battery and ultracapacitor as additional sources of power, to improve the overall drive performance and efficiency. Optimal sizing of the powertrain components is carried out, in conjunction with optimizing the overall control strategy design, through a suitably devised multi objective genetic algorithm method. The main goal is to achieve higher fuel economy with minimum power train cost.
Attractiveness and Income for Men and Women in Management1

It is commonly believed that attractive people are more successful, but the empirical support for this belief is mixed. A number of role-playing, laboratory studies have demonstrated that more attractive men are more often hired, but the laboratory data for women are less consistent. Few studies have explored the effects of attractiveness on actual hiring and starting salaries for men or women. Even less work has been done on the impact of attractiveness once on the job. It was predicted that there would be positive effects for attractiveness and that the effects would be stronger as people worked longer on their jobs. To test this prediction, a sample of 737 male and female MBA graduates from the years between 1973 and 1982 was used to explore how facial attractiveness relates to starting and later salaries. Results indicated that more attractive men had higher starting salaries and they continued to earn more over time. For women, there was no effect of attractiveness for starting salaries, but more attractive women earned more later on in their jobs. By 1983, men were found to earn $2600 more on the average for each unit of attractiveness (on a 5-point scale) and women earned $2150 more. Implications for research in this area are discussed.
A study of Facebook behavior

We retrieved data directly from 1327 participants' Facebook accounts to investigate users' personality.We calculated 154 features, covering demographics, profile descriptions, produced content, and interactions with friends.Neurotic users are inclined to share personally identifying information.Extroverts have significantly more Facebook friends than introverts.Neurotic and introverted persons are less likely to be "alone together" on Facebook. Social Network Sites offer users the opportunity to portray themselves with much freedom. People get an impression about a user based on this user's online profile, posted content and interactions with friends. In this paper, we examine how Neuroticism and Extraversion traits are expressed through such behaviors of a user on Facebook. While previous research relied on self-reported Facebook usage from small samples of college students, we developed a Facebook application to directly retrieve data from 1327 users. This enables us to study fine-grained signals embedded in users' behaviors, such as writing styles or number of "likes", and correlate them with users' personality. We present the features found to be significant and show that these features can be used to infer a user's Neuroticism and Extraversion.
Temporal Summation of Loudness: An Analysis

A quantitative psychophysiological theory is developed for loudness level and loudness as a function of stimulus duration. It is based on the psychophysical as well as neurophysiological evidence that the apparent temporal summation of acoustic energy is a result of neural summation at a high level of the auditory system. The theory shows how this can be achieved in spite of a nonlinear relationship between sound intensity and neural excitation. The temporal decay of neural firing preceding the final stage of temporal summation seems to be responsible for overcoming the nonlinearity.
Nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction between oligomycin-resistant mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1. A single-gene nuclear mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, isolated as oligomycin-resistant, exhibits in vivo cross-resistance to venturicidin and collateral sensitivity to Synthalin. All three compounds are inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Oligomycin resistance and Synthalin sensitivity are recessive, while venturicidin resistance is dominant. 2. A cytoplasmic mutant, also isolated as oligomycin-resistant, shows collateral sensitivity to both Synthalin and venturicidin. All three traits undergo mitotic segregation in diploids formed by crossing mutant and normal haploids. 3. A novel nucleocytoplasmic interaction is observed in diploids formed by crossing haploid strains containing the nuclear and the cytoplasmic mutations, respectively. The dominant venturicidin resistance determined by the nuclear gene undergoes mitotic segregation, which results from a suppression of the nuclear phenotype by the cytoplasmic mutation. When a diploid mitotic segregant contains primarily mutant-type mitochondria, venturicidin resistance is completely suppressed. In haploids containing both the nuclear and cytoplasmic mutations, suppression is only partial. 4. Oxidative phosphorylation and ATPase in mitochondrial fractions isolated from cytoplasmic mutant cells are less sensitive to inhibition by oligomycin than normal, but in vitro sensitivity to venturicidin is not significantly changed. In similar mitochondrial fractions isolated from normal and nuclear mutant cells, no significant differences in sensitivity to either inhibitor are detected. 5. The molecular basis for the nucleocytoplasmic suppression of venturicidin resistance may involve participation of mitochondrial membrane, plasma membrane or both. Either mitochondria can undergo changes in venturicidin sensitivity upon isolation, or the molecular entity which controls access of venturicidin to the mitochondria resides outside of the organelles. 6. Our data establish that aspects of the response in vivo of both venturicidin and Synthalin are controlled by the mitochondrial genome. 7. The nucleocytoplasmic interaction described here is the first example in which a specific restricted mitochondrial mutation modifies the phenotypic expression of a nuclear gene.
Crystal growth and scintillation properties of Cs3CeCl6 and CsCe2Cl7

Abstract Single crystals of Cs 3 CeCl 6 and CsCe 2 Cl 7 were grown by the Bridgman method. Both Cs 3 CeCl 6 and CsCe 2 Cl 7 have been evaluated for application in gamma ray detection. The scintillation properties of these crystals such as emission, decay time, light output and energy resolution are presented. Radioluminescence spectra showed emission band centered at around 400 nm for Cs 3 CeCl 6 and 385 nm for CsCe 2 Cl 7 . Principal scintillation decay time is approximately 50 ns for both scintillators. Scintillation light yield was measured 19,000 ph/MeV for Cs 3 CeCl 6 and 26,000 ph/MeV for CsCe 2 Cl 7 .
Fractionation of squalene from Amaranth seed oil

Amaranth seed oil was fractionated in a bench-scale short-path distillation unit to obtain fractions rich in squalene. Fractionations were conducted with degummed amaranth oil, alkali-refined amaranth oil, and simulated amaranth oil. Squalene concentration was increased about sevenfold with a squalene recovery of 76.0% in the distillate when degummed amaranth oil was fractionated at 180°C and 3 mtorr vacuum. Free fatty acids codistilled with squalene, lowering the squalene content of the distillate, and resulted in a semisolid distillate at room temperature. Alkali-refining was subsequently used to reduce the free fatty acid content before fractionation. A simulated oil (7% squalene/93% soybean oil) and alkali-refined amaranth oil were fractionated at three temperatures (160, 170, and 180°C) and five vacuum settings (10, 100, 200, 400, and 600 mtorr). The highest squalene recoveries from simulated oil and alkali-refined amaranth oil were 73.4 and 67.8%, respectively, both at 180°C and 100 mtorr, which translates to 12.1-and 9.2-fold increases in squalene concentration, respectively. The squalene recovery of the alkali-refined amaranth oil at 180°C was not significantly different at 10 mtorr vs. 100 mtorr. The results of this study can be used as a component to assess the economic feasibility of fractionating amaranth seed for starch, oil, meal, and squalene.
Educating Child Welfare Workers: The Effects of Professional Training On Service Delivery

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between the educational backgrounds of caseworkers and their ability to deliver public social services to children and their families. In presenting this paper, the authors drew on their analysis of data from the 1977 National Study of Social Services to Children and Their Families. Five groups were included in the study: BSWs, other BAs, those with incomplete graduate training, MSWs and DSWs, and those with other graduate degrees. The results showed significant differences in the educational backgrounds of workers and the kinds of services received by children and their families.
Systolic Implementation Of Kalman Filters Using Programmable Real - Time Incoherent Matrix Multiplier

The optical implementation of systolic Kalman filters is proposed in this paper. The systolic architecture employs the Faddeev algorithm to implement the complex equations present in the Kalman filtering. The programmable real-time incoherent matrix multiplier developed by the Hughes Research laboratories is employed in the proposed architecture for implementing the Faddeev algorithm.
Non-linear stability of forced vapour flow condensation

Abstract Non-linear stability of a liquid condensate film flowing on an inclined isothermal surface and adjacent to a flowing pure vapour is investigated by the method of multiple scales. Results from the analysis are discussed for the special cases of forced flow steam condensation on vertical surfaces, under horizontal surfaces, and above horizontal surfaces. It is found that increasing cocurrent steam velocity has a stabilizing effect on thin condensate films flowing on vertical surfaces and under horizontal surfaces when the vapour velocities are small. It is also found that thin condensate films flowing above horizontal surfaces under the action of cocurrent low velocity forced steam flow are stable with respect to both infinitesimal and finite amplitude disturbances but become unstable at high vapour velocities.
Hiatus hernia: a review of evidence for its origin in esophageal longitudinal muscle dysfunction

The axial forces exerted on the esophagus by the swallowing-induced contraction of its two longitudinally oriented muscle layers should, if unopposed, herniate the cardia through the diaphragm. A mathematical model of esophageal contraction shows that the magnitude of such a force becomes maximal just above the cardia, which is consistent with anatomic evidence of the existence of an inhibitory innervation in this same region. We propose that the inhibition exerted by these nerves when they discharge in swallowing prevents the supracardiac esophagus from shortening, allowing it to stretch and dissipating the pulling force of longitudinal muscle contraction above the diaphragm. Thus, hiatal hernia could originate from nerve disease, alteration in the viscoelastic properties of distal esophagus, or increased strength of the longitudinal muscle layers.
Energy System Design to Maximize Net Energy Production Considering Uncertainty in Scale-up: A case study in artificial photosynthesis

Abstract Increasing energy demands coupled with decreasing resources and increased concerns about the long-term impacts of energy production are driving the development and full-scale implementation of new energy production systems. In general, several considerations must be addressed to move technology from the prototype phase to complete deployment, while ensuring adequate return on investment. These considerations include: availability of capable manufacturing processes, appropriate material selection, and supply chain resiliency. For new energy production systems, it is also important to evaluate net energy production and life cycle impacts. There is significant uncertainty associated with each of these considerations. This paper proposes a framework for maximizing net energy production in full-scale systems considering these uncertainties. The utility of the framework is demonstrated through a case study focused on an analysis of prototyping and scale-up of artificial photosynthesis as a solar-fuel generator.
Efficiency Problems from User Fees in Municipal Wastewater Treatment

: The Environmental Protection Agency administers a construction grant program to encourage abatement of wastewater pollution by sharing with municipalities the costs of wastewater treatment facilities. The enabling legislation (P.L. 92–500) specifies that EPA's cost share will be 75% of construction costs. It further requires municipalities to collect user fees from industrial users of the facilities to repay that part of the federal grant allocable to the treatment of industrial wastewater. The municipality must return half of the user fees collected to the U.S. Treasury; the municipality is allowed to retain the remaining half. Retention by municipalities of these user fees lowers their effective cost shares and results in the following consequences: (1) a bias for municipalities to select certain kinds of abatement techniques regardless of whether or not they are the least-cost techniques from the national perspective; (2) a bias for municipalities to select larger-than-optimal scales of abatement facilities; (3) a hidden federal subsidy to industry; and (4) grants that favor industrial communities. This article examines the legislative and regulatory requirements for user charges, derives the algebraic expressions for calculating the real federal, municipal, and industrial cost shares with user fees; computes municipal cost shares for selected values of the determinant factors; evaluates efficiency and other consequences of current user fee arrangements; and concludes that the efficiency distortions brought about by the impacts of user fees on cost sharing could be eliminated by requiring that all user fees collected from industry against the federal cost share be returned to the U.S. Treasury.
LED‐Induced Thiol–ene Photopolymerizations

Abstract The photoinduced free radical condensation polymerization of multifunctional thiols with acrylate monomers takes place rapidly and with high efficiency even in the presence of air. These highly photosensitive systems can be effectively cured using long wavelength UV or visible light sources including light emitting diodes (LEDs). The key to this technology was the observation that only relatively small amounts of thiols are effective in reducing the oxygen inhibition effect in acrylate monomers. Particularly significant was the discovery of an especially effective titanium‐based photoinitiator that provides very high photosensitivity of these photopolymer systems at the long wavelengths emitted by LED light sources. The photopolymerization reactions were monitored using real‐time infra red spectroscopy and an optical pyrometry (OP) apparatus fitted with an InGaN LED array as a light source with an emission centered at 470 nm.
THE IDEA OF DEFENSE IN HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY THINKING ABOUT JUST WAR

What is, or should be, the role of defense in thinking about the justification of use of armed force? Contemporary just war thinking prioritizes defense as the principal, and perhaps the only, just cause for resorting to armed force. By contrast, classic just war tradition, while recognizing defense as justification for use of force by private persons, did not reason from self-defense to the justification of the use of force on behalf of the political community, but instead rendered the idea of just cause for resort to force in terms of the sovereign's responsibility to maintain justice, vindicating those who had suffered from injustice and punishing evildoers. This paper moves through three major stages in the historical development of just war thinking, first examining a critical phase in the formation of the classical idea of just cause as the responsibility to maintain justice, then discussing the shift, characteristic of the modern period, to an idea of sovereignty as connected to the state and the prioritization of defense of the state as just cause for use of force, and lastly showing how this conception of the priority of defense became part of the recovery of just war thinking in the latter part of the twentieth century. The paper concludes by noting recent changes in thought on international law that tend to emphasize justice at the expense of the right of self-defense, suggesting that the roots of just war thinking imply the need for a similar rethinking of contemporary just war discourse.
Influence of depositional setting and sedimentary fabric on mechanical layer evolution in carbonate aquifers

Abstract Carbonate aquifers in fold–thrust belt settings often have low-matrix porosity and permeability, and thus groundwater flow pathways depend on high porosity and permeability fracture and fault zones. Methods from sedimentology and structural geology are combined to understand the evolution of fracture controlled flow pathways and determine their spatial distribution. Through this process bed-parallel pressure-solution surfaces (PS1) are identified as a fracture type which influences fragmentation in peritidal and basinal carbonate, and upon shearing provides a major flow pathway in fold–thrust belt carbonate aquifers. Through stratigraphic analysis and fracture mapping, depositional setting is determined to play a critical role in PS1 localization and spacing where peritidal strata have closer spaced and less laterally continuous PS1 than basinal strata. In the peritidal platform facies, units with planar lamination have bed-parallel pressure-solution seams along mudstone laminae. In contrast, burrowed units of peritidal strata have solution seams with irregular and anastamosing geometries. Laminated units with closely spaced bed-parallel solution seams are more fragmented than bioturbated units with anastamosing solution seams. In the deeper-water depositional environment, pelagic settling and turbidity currents are the dominant sedimentation processes, resulting in laterally continuous deposits relative to the peritidal platform environment. To quantify the fracture patterns in the basinal environment, mechanical layer thickness values were measured from regions of low to high bed dip. The results define a trend in which mechanical layer thickness decreases as layer dip increases. A conceptual model is presented that emphasizes the link between sedimentary and structural fabric for the peritidal and basinal environments, where solution seams localize in mud-rich intervals, and the resulting pressure-solution surface geometry is influenced by sedimentary geometry (i.e., stacked fining upward cycles, burrows, planar laminations). In both facies types, laterally continuous PS1 can behave as mechanical layer boundaries. As layer-parallel slip increases to accommodate shear strain in the fold–thrust belt, more PS1 behave as mechanical layer boundaries.
Real-Time Hybrid Simulation of a Nonductile Reinforced Concrete Frame

AbstractThis paper reports about a real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) of a nonductile reinforced concrete frame that had previously been tested on a shake table (ST) at the University of California, Berkeley. This three-story, three-bay frame is numerically modeled with flexibility-based/layered nonlinear elements and over 400 degrees of freedom (DOFs), while one of the nonductile base columns is physically tested in the laboratory. RTHS is enabled through a new code developed by the authors, and these simulation results are compared with those obtained from the ST test. The comparison between ST tests and RTHS is encouraging, though still not acceptable (within 10%). Details of the simulation are provided, and preliminary results indicate that RTHS may be indeed provide the natural path for a gradual substitution of physical (and expensive) testing by numerical simulation. This contribution offers a small step in that direction.
Relationship of barbital disposition to auto-induced hypersusceptibility in the rat

Abstract Two daily doses of barbital induce, in the female rat, a hypersusceptibility to the drug which is present after 18 days, and absent after 38 days of abstinence. Spectro-photometric and radiometric assays of barbital tissue levels, at various times from 10 to 360 min after drug administration, reveal no differences in blood, brain or urinary barbiturate levels among control, hypersusceptible or posthypersusceptible animals. The data support the suggestion that induced hypersusceptibility does not result from changes in the disposition of barbiturate in vivo. It appears likely that this phenomenon results from central nervous system alterations in the localization of, or sensitivity to, the drug.
Comparison of Five β‐Lactam Antibiotics Against Common Nosocomial Pathogens Using the Time Above MIC at Different Creatinine Clearances

Study Objective. To compare the time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) for five parenteral β-lactam antibiotics against common nosocomial bacterial pathogens at different creatinine clearances (Cl cr ). Interventions. Serum concentration-time profiles were simulated for cefepime, ceftazidime, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and imipenem at Cl cr ranging from 120-30 ml/minute. The MIC data for 90% of organisms (MIC 90 ) were collected for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, and a weighted geometric mean MIC 90 was calculated. The T>MIC was calculated as percentage of the dosing interval in which free concentrations exceeded the weighted geometric mean MIC 90 . A T>MIC of 70% or greater was considered desirable for all organisms except S. aureus (≥ 50%). Measurements and Main Results. Cefepime 2 g every 12 hours (Cl cr ≥ 70 ml/min) and every 24 hours (Cl cr ≤ 60 ml/min) achieved desirable T>MIC for all Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus at every Cl cr . Imipenem 0.5 g achieved desirable T>MIC for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, and S. aureus at every Cl cr . However, imipenem T>MIC was less than 70% for the following regimens and organisms: S. marcescens 0.5 g every 6 hours (Cl cr ≥ 90 ml/min), E. aerogenes 0.5 g every 6 hours (Cl cr ≥ 80 ml/min), E. cloacae 0.5 g every 6 hours (Cl cr ≥ 100 ml/min), S. marcescens 0.5 g every 8 hours (Cl cr 60-70 ml/min), E. cloacae 0.5 g every 8 hours (Cl cr 60-70 ml/min), and E. aerogenes 0.5 g every 8 hours (Cl cr 50-70 ml/min). Ceftazidime 2 g every 8 hours (Cl cr 60-100 ml/min) and every 12 hours (Cl cr 40-50 ml/min) achieved desirable T>MIC for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and S. aureus only. At every dose and Cl cr . piperacillin-tazobactam achieved desirable T>MIC for S. aureus but not for any Enterobacteriaceae at Cl cr > 50 ml/minute. Piperacillin did not achieve desirable T>MIC for any organism, and none of the β-lactams attained a T>MIC of 70% or above for P aeruginosa at any Cl cr . Conclusion. At every Cl cr , cefepime achieved a desirable T>MIC for more nosocomial pathogens than any other β-lactam evaluated. Based on pharmacodynamic data, cefepime is an appropriate empiric choice for treatment of nosocomial infections. However, when P aeruginosa is a potential pathogen, empiric combination therapy should be considered.
On the capacity region of the partially cooperative relay cognitive interference channel

We derive a new upper bound on the capacity region of the discrete memoryless partially cooperative relay cognitive interference channel (PC-RCIC). We show that our new upper bound is the capacity region of the semideterministic discrete memoryless PC-RCIC, where the channel output observed by the relay is a deterministic function of the channel inputs.
Mass spectrometry of five ketene dimers

Abstract The mass spectra of 4-methylene-2-oxetanone, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione, dispiro[3.1.3.1]decane-5,10-dione; dispiro[4.1.4.1]-dodecane-6,12-dione, and dispiro[5.1.5.1]tetradecane-7,14-dione are reported. Ionization energies of these compounds and appearance energies for fragments of interest are also reported. A general dissociation path discerned from parent ion scans for particular fragments is given and used in estimating the heats of formation of these compounds. Structure assignments for selected fragment ions are made using collisional activation dissociation mass spectra.
Plasma levels, excretion and metabolic disposition of 4-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-quinoline dihydrochloride in dogs.

Summary1. A specific sensitive method for detection in biological materials of 4M20 has been presented. 2. Plasma levels, urinary and fecal excretion of 4M20 in the dog after intravenous and oral administration were studied. These studies indicate almost complete destruction of the material after administration by both routes. Less than 0.5% of unchanged material was recovered in urine after intravenous administration and only traces were found in feces. After oral administration only traces of unchanged material were found in urine and feces. 3. The major metabolite of the drug was isolated by means of chromatography. It has been partially characterized as oxidation product with hydroxylation occurring at position 2. Other undetermined changes also occur in the molecule.
Reflection holograms using peristrophic multiplexing

In this paper, we consider a peristrophic multiplexing for reflection holograms. This type of multiplexing the rotation of either the material or the reference beam causes the grating vector to be off the plane of the reference and image beams. In the case of reflection hologram, we developed a relationship for the angular selectivity which is verified experimentally.
Changes in Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Tissue Inhibitors of MMPs Plasma Profiles in Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Background Transient changes in the composition of the myocardial extracellular matrix may contribute to the ventricular systolic dysfunction in Stress-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC). We examined the changes in plasma matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) that occur early after the clinical presentation of SIC.
Comparison of hydroponic solutions for poinsettia nutritional studies 1

Abstract Poinsettia cultivars Supjibi and Freedom were grown in eight hydroponic solutions to develop a baseline solution for further nutritional studies. Four solutions contained nitrogen (N) from Ca(NO3)2‐4H2O and KNO3 (denoted as ‐NH4) and four contained Ca(NO3)2‐4H2O, KNO3, nitric acid, and NH4NO3 as the N sources (denoted as +NH4). The four ‐NH4 and +NH4 solutions were further divided by an IX or 2X rate of micronutrients [boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn)] (denoted as IX or 2X). A factorial of these four solutions at 2 concentrations (100 mg L1 of N and potassium (K) and 15 mg L1 phosphorus (P), or 300 mg L1 of N and K and 46 mg L‐1 P) was studied. Greater leaf and stem dry weight for both ‘Supjibi’ and ‘Freedom’ was observed in plants grown with the +NH4 solutions, with a larger increase occurring with’ Supjibi’. Leaf NH4‐N content for both cultivars was higher for both the 100 and 300 mg L‐1 N and K fertilization rates when NH4‐N was included. The le...
Monitoring the kinetics of uptake of a nucleic acid dye during the germination of single spores of Bacillus species.

Dormant bacterial spores do not take up and bind nucleic acid dyes in the spore core but readily take up such dyes when they are fully germinated. We present a methodology that combines fluorescence microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, and laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy to monitor the kinetics of uptake of the nucleic acid dye SYTO 16 during germination of individual Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis spores. The level of dye bound to nucleic acids of individual spores was measured by fluorescence emission, while changes in spore refractility and the level of the 1:1 chelate of dipicolinic acid and Ca2+ (CaDPA) were monitored by phase contrast microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The results obtained include (1) during nutrient germination, SYTO 16 began to enter the spore core and bind to nucleic acids just when spores had released all CaDPA and continued until hydrolysis of spores’ peptidoglycan cortex was complete; (2) during germination with exogenous CaDPA, rapid SYTO 16 uptake be...
Challenges of using advanced multichip packaging for next generation spaceborne computers

The Strategic Defense Initiative and other space programs have accelerated the requirement to put fast powerful computers with large memory requirements into space on various satellites. Operation during launch and in space environments places some challenging requirements on siliconbased electronics. They must survive large thermal and mechanical shocks and exposure to radiation. This paper presents one of the approaches taken to date to build spaceborne computers with high density multi-chip packaging technology.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Distinctiveness and Influence of Subjective Norms, Personal Descriptive and Injunctive Norms, and Societal Descriptive and Injunctive Norms on Behavioral Intent: A Case of Two Behaviors Critical to Organ Donation

The effects of the attitudinal, normative, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) components of the theory of planned behavior and personal- and societal-level descriptive and injunctive norms were investigated with regard to their impact on the intent to enroll on a state organ-donor registry and the intent to engage in family discussion about organ donation. The results indicated that the 5 types of norms were distinct across the 2 behaviors. Different types of norms served as predictors and as moderators for the 2 behavioral intentions. The effects of attitudes toward each behavior and PBC were moderated by personal descriptive norms for behavioral intention to sign and by subjective norms for behavioral intention to talk with family.
Sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate: regulators in autoimmune and inflammatory disease

Sphingolipids and their metabolizing enzymes are beginning to be recognized as critical mediators in biological processes, specifically in inflammation and autoimmunity. Sphingosine kinases (SKs) and their lipid product sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) play essential roles in inflammatory signaling processes, as well as disease development and progression. SKs can be activated by numerous growth factors and cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β, leading to the generation of S1P. S1P exerts its biological effects on intracellular and extracellular targets, such as S1P receptors. In addition to roles in inflammatory signaling pathways SKs, S1P and S1P receptors have been implicated in immune cell function and trafficking, specifically in lymphocytes. This review will discuss the contribution of the bioactive sphingolipid S1P, its generating enzyme SK, and its cell surface receptors in the inflammatory and autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus, arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
Capability Transfer Across International Boundaries: A Critical Analysis

The AOM Africa Conference provides an interesting challenge to management theorists, to take a difficult look at our theories and infuse them with contextual dynamics that have been left behind in more traditional research. In this paper, we attempt to rise to this challenge, by deploying our research from an organizational setting to derive some relatively untheorized conclusions about organizational capability transfer. We empirically study the transfer of capabilities across international boundaries through an ethnographic study. Using data from field-based research in India, we comment on the similarities between the encounter between an MNC and its contractor, and older relationships between institutions in the era of colonialism. We analyze this episode of capability transfer using the theoretical constructs of signification and hegemony, where dominant social groups seek to manufacture the consent of subordinate groups, an act that often remains incomplete and contested.