cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Reynolds number thick axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer measurements

Experimental measurements of the wall shear stress and momentum thickness for thick axisymmetric turbulent boundary layers are presented. The use of a full-scale towing tank allowed zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers to be developed on cylinders with diameters of 0.61, 0.89, and 2.5 mm and lengths ranging from 30 m to 150 m. Moderate to high Reynolds numbers (104<Re θ <105, 108<Re L<109) are considered. The relationship between the mean wall shear stress, cylinder diameter, cylinder length, and speed was investigated, and the spatial growth of the momentum thickness was determined. The wall shear stress is significantly higher, and the spatial growth of the boundary layers is shown to be lower than for a comparable flat-plate case. The mean wall shear stress exhibits variations with length that are not seen in zero pressure gradient flat plate turbulent boundary layers. The ratio of outer to inner boundary layer length scales is found to vary linearly with Re θ , which is qualitatively similar to a flat plate turbulent boundary layer. The quantitative effect of a riblet cylindrical cross-sectional geometry scaled for drag reduction based on flat plate criteria was also measured. The flat plate criteria do not lead to drag reduction for this class of boundary layer shear flows.
Estimation of heritability and prediction of selection response in plant populations

Abstract A unified presentation, a synthesis, and an evaluation of the methods employed in the estimation of heritability in plants are presented. Asexual, cross‐fertilizing, and self‐fertilizing diploid species, as well as annual and perennial ones, are considered. All broad‐ and narrow‐sense heritabilities are defined on individual and family bases for prediction of response to selection for a target population of environments in space and time. Narrow‐sense heritabilities are defined in cross‐fertilizing species for expected response to variations of mass, half‐sib, and full‐sib family selection for the next generation and the long term, and similarly in self‐fertilizing species. The use of both collateral and lineal relatives to estimate heritability is discussed, and the biases present in the estimators are given. Many departures and variations of the common procedures are discussed. The standard errors of heritability estimators and confidence intervals are presented.
An unusual presentation of hidradenitis suppurativa: case report and review of the literature

Abstract Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic suppurative and cicatricial process ofapocrine gland-bearing skin. The clinical course can range from mild to severe. We present a case of a urethral fistula and phimosis occurring secondary to hidradenitis suppurativa, and review the literature.
Central Avenue Legacies: African American Heritage in Tampa, Florida

The articles in this issue derive from a public heritage project initiated by Anthropology faculty and students at the University of South Florida. It was designed to salvage memories of the Central Avenue business and entertainment district, previously located on the edge of downtown Tampa, Florida. Central Avenue was eradicated in the mid 1970s as part of a large scale urban redevelopment project. For generations this area nurtured African American community life in Tampa. Twenty years after its destruction, in a city where the vast majority the population was born elsewhere, or were not born at all when redevelopment occurred, there are few citizens who knew anything about Central Avenue. Our goal was to resurrect this ghostly landscape, to make it part of the public heritage of Tampa, and to underscore its importance in the ongoing discourse about race relations and the historical contributions of African Americans.
JunB Does Not Inhibit the Induction of c-Jun During the Retinoic Acid Induced Differentiation of F9 Cells

JunB, a member of the jun gene family of transcription factors, is distinguished from c-Jun by its differential activity on certain arrangements of promoter regulatory elements and the ability of JunB to inhibit the action of c Jun in both transforming and trans-activating assays. We have tested the potential negative reg- ulatory role of JunB during the retinoic acid in- duced differentiation of F9 murine embryonal car- cinoma cells. Constitutive expression of high levels of JunB in F9 cells failed to inhibit the dif- ferentiation dependent induction of c-Jun or the coincident expression of differentiation markers keratin 8 and 18, tissue plasminogen activator, and laminin B1. Among these marker genes, ker- atin 18, has been shown to contain an AP-1 bind- ing site, TGA(C/G)TCA, which is essential for high level, differentiation dependent expression and which is transactivated by Jun and Fos proteins. These results suggest that JunB does not play a major negative or positive regulatory role during the retinoic acid induced differentiation of F9 cells.
Ovarian Cancer: Targeting the Untargetable

The premise that all tumors are targetable has been met with some controversy in the approach to epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Genomic analysis shows that these tumors (specifically, high-grade serous carcinomas) are genomically unstable and lack actionable driver mutations, much like HER2 in breast and gastric cancers. In this paper, Michael Birrer, MD, PhD, Massachusetts General Hospital, argues that the interpretation of genomic data in ovarian cancer requires a more thoughtful approach that necessitates a closer inspection of the data beyond the mere presence or absence of mutations. We must look at the extensive genomic alterations in DNA and, to understand more about the role of those genes affected by these changes, look beyond the tumor to the role of the stroma. As such, Dr. Birrer is arguing for the importance of translational research. This will be the key to precision medicine in ovarian cancer, as we approach drug discovery and improvements in treatment. Dr. Birrer is a world-renowned scientist who has devoted his career to the study of gynecologic cancers. He has published over 200 papers and written over 27 book chapters and reviews, served on numerous leadership positions in gynecologic oncology (including as co-chair of the National Cancer Institute's Gynecologic Cancer Steering Committee), and remains a clinician-scientist with an active lab and an active clinic. His career trajectory has shown me it is possible to be engaged as a researcher and a clinician and the work he has done has already impacted the care of patients with ovarian cancer. Don S. Dizon, MD, ASCO Educational Book Editor.
Modeling Non-Gaussian Time Series with Nonparametric Bayesian Model

We present a class of Bayesian copula models whose major components are the marginal (limiting) distribution of a stationary time series and the internal dynamics of the series. We argue that these are the two features with which an analyst is typically most familiar, and hence that these are natural components with which to work. For the marginal distribution, we use a nonparametric Bayesian prior distribution along with a cdf-inverse cdf transformation to obtain large support. For the internal dynamics, we rely on the traditionally successful techniques of normal-theory time series. Coupling the two components gives us a family of (Gaussian) copula transformed autoregressive models. The models provide coherent adjustments of time scales and are compatible with many extensions, including changes in volatility of the series. We describe basic properties of the models, show their ability to recover non-Gaussian marginal distributions, and use a GARCH modification of the basic model to analyze stock index return series. The models are found to provide better fit and improved short-range and long-range predictions than Gaussian competitors. The models are extensible to a large variety of fields, including continuous time models, spatial models, models for multiple series, models driven by external covariate streams, and non-stationary models.
UWB radar echo signal detection based on compressive sensing

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has been widely utilized in radar system because of the advantage of the ability of high spatial resolution and object-distinction capability. A major challenge in UWB signal processing is the requirement for very high sampling rate under Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem which exceeds the current ADC capacity. Recently, new approaches based on the Finite Rate of Innovation (FRI) allow significant reduction in the sampling rate. A system for sampling UWB radar echo signal at an ultra-low sampling rate and the estimation of time-delays is presented in the paper. An ultra-low rate sampling scheme based on FRI is applied, which often results in sparse parameter extraction for UWB radar signal detection. The parameters such as time-delays are estimated using the framework of compressed sensing based on total-variation norm minimization. With this system, the UWB radar signal can be accurately reconstructed and detected with overwhelming probability at the rate much lower than Nyquist rate. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective for sampling and detecting UWB radar signal at an ultra-low sampling rate.
P09-21 LB. Deep sequencing of HIV-1 from acute infection: low initial diversity, and rapid but variable CTL escape.

Address: 1Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA, 2Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, 3Group T-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA, 4Group B-6, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA, 5Depts. of Medicine and Microbiology, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, 6Division of Hematology/Oncology, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA and 7Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA * Corresponding author
Composition and structure of an urban woody plant community

Abstract The numbers and size of trees, saplings and shrubs were determined on 316 lots in an older Milwaukee suburb and recorded by lot location and land use. Vegetation pattern, structure, biomass and productivity were examined. Structurally, Shorewood vegetation resembles a savanna dominated by American elm but now shifting toward dominance by ash, maple and elm. Woody vegetation is predominant on back and front yards as opposed to side yards and parkways and on lots with one and two family residences as opposed to other land uses. Size class distribution for most species indicates high levels of reproduction and planting. Tree density is 32 stems per ha, sapling density is 64 stems per ha, and woody plants cover 42% of the surface. Biomass was estimated to be 36.48 t/ha, 97% of it in trees, while productivity is estimated at 0.49 kg/m 2 per year, to which trees contributed 45% and lawns 53%. The diversity of species and partitioning of biomass and productivity among vegetation strata make this urban ecosystem distinct from natural savannas.
Soft tissue sarcomas—New approaches to diagnosis and classification

The study of sarcoma pathology is a rapidly evolving field. The continued refinement of classic diagnostic techniques in conjunction with the molecular diagnostics has resulted in an abundance of data regarding this diverse and rare group of tumors. We anticipate that cutting edge technology including next generation sequencing will continue to further our understanding of saromagenesis and enable more precise classification and diagnosis of sarcomas in the future.
Phytoplankton primary productivity in the Santa Barbara Channel: Effects of wind-driven upwelling and mesoscale eddies

[1] The patterns and drivers of phytoplankton primary productivity in the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) were examined on 16 cruises conducted 3 times each year from 2001 to 2006. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis revealed 3 modes of variability that explained 89% of the variance in the productivity data set. The first mode, strongest during spring, describes seasonal productivity changes driven by coastal upwelling. The second mode, largest in spring and fall, describes productivity changes over the western SBC associated with cyclonic eddies. Eddy-enhanced productivity changes were superimposed on variable levels of channel-wide productivity caused by upwelling within the SBC. The cyclonic eddies influenced productivity through enhanced nutrient supply associated with the uplift of isopycnal surfaces and through the occasional entrainment of phytoplankton and nutrients from water upwelled north of Point Conception. The third EOF mode describes productivity gradients on the continental shelf along the mainland coast with enhanced productivity in the east during spring and fall. Overall, our analysis shows that coastal upwelling combined with the effects of cyclonic circulation on particle retention and vertical nutrient supply combine to enhance phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the western SBC.
The Scattering of Fast Neutrons by Wolfram

Employing good geometry, homogeneous fast neutrons of energy 4.3 Mev, supplied by the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ reaction in the Bartol Van de Graaff statitron, have been scattered in wolfram. Using binocular microscopes and Eastman NTA plates, twenty-four thousand fields of view were examined to obtain 2700 acceptable recoil proton tracks. The distribution in energy of the inelastically scattered neutrons is obtained. It is roughly estimated that the inelastic scattering cross section at 4.3 Mev is less than three-fourths as great as the elastic one.
Orchard floor management utilizing soil-applied coal dust for frost protection. Part I. Potential microclimate modification on radiation frost nights

Abstract Little is known of the microclimate differences in orchards posed by different floor management systems. Comparisons were made of microclimatic factors on eight radiation frost nights in the spring of 1986 between two adjacent 1.4 ha peach ( Prunus persica ( l. ) Batsch) plots in the Shenandoah Valley of West Virginia. The two plots were under different floor management systems; one plot with a complete grass cover (grass plot) and the other plot consisted of alternating 3-m-wide soil, 3-m-wide grass strips with coal dust applied to the soil strip of the tree row (coal dust plot). The net radiative flux ( R n ) on radiation frost nights from the coal dust plot was 10–15 W m −2 lower (greater radiative loss) than from the grass plot. Only 50% of this R n difference in the early morning hours at the beginning of this study was accounted for by the soil heat flux ( G ) difference. However, G accounted for an increased percentage of the R n difference in the early morning hours as the study progressed, reaching 100% at approximately 30 days from the commencement of this study. Differences of 0.5 and 1°C were found in bud and air temperatures, respectively, between plots, with bud temperature differences predicted by the Landsberg et al. model agreeing well with measured differences. Because the differences in R n and G were nearly equal during radiation frost nights, it is apparent that little of the energy liberated by the soil was intercepted by the canopy. Provided a means of trapping the energy from the soil in the canopy can be devised, a potential 2–3°C difference in canopy temperature may be realized between these floor management systems for the site studied. These differences in canopy temperature, however, would be site-specific due to the effect of aspect, slope, relative position on slope, and vegetation on solar energy partitioning. A greater potential in utilizing soil management for frost protection may exist in other regions where orchard floors are devoid of vegetation and the soil treated area can be expanded.
Hierarchical structural gradients in injection moulded poly(ethylene naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate) parts

Structural development in injection moulded poly(ethylene naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate) (PEN) was studied as a function of processing parameters including mould temperature, injection speed and holding time. This polymer exhibits a relatively low thermal crystallization rate and as a result quenches into wholly amorphous form when moulded into thick cavities at low mould temperatures. It, however, exhibits a three-layer structural gradient (an amorphous skin, a shear crystallized intermediate layer and an amorphous core) when moulded into thin cavities at mould temperatures up to about its cold crystallization temperature. Above this temperature, thermally activated crystallization starts playing a role particularly in the structural formation at the interior of the samples. At these temperatures the holding time in the mould becomes an important factor and as it gets longer the overall crystallinity in the sample increases. Thermal analysis results suggested that at mould temperatures up to its glass transition temperature the crystal structure of PEN consists of a mixture of ordinary α form and β that exhibits high melting temperature. Mechanical properties of injection moulded PEN were found to mostly depend on mould temperature and at high moulding temperatures on holding time.
Studies of prolonged neonatal jaundice in the breast-fed infant.

The clinical course of 20 breast-fed infants with prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is described. Severe jaundice began during the latter part of the first or beginning of the second week of life and maximum concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin in the serum ranged from 9.0 to 26.0 mg. per 100 ml. Milk from the mothers of the jaundiced infants markedly inhibited hepatic glucuronyl transferase activity in vitro. Pregnane-3(α),20(β)-diol was isolated from milk obtained from 4 mothers of infants with prolonged jaundice, but has not been isolated from normal human milk. The relationship between intensity and duration of inhibition by milk and intensity and duration of hyperbilirubinemia in the infants is illustrated. Two thirds of the breast-fed siblings of the infants studied had a history of prolonged jaundice, whereas none of the artificially fed siblings had a history of prolonged jaundice.
Differential aeolian redistribution rates on Mars

Data from the Viking Orbiters and Landers, which have been monitoring the Martian aeolian environment since 1976, are employed to study erosion rates and the redistribution of rocks and soil deposits on the planet. Examination of the Martian cratering history yields a computed erosion rate of about one meter per billion yr. The extent of deflation between ejecta deposits and the surrounding terrain, and the origin and age of Martian windblown drifts are also discussed. The study indicates that approximately the present aeolian environment has prevailed on the planet for a significant fraction of geological time.
The PedsQL: reliability and validity of the short-form generic core scales and Asthma Module.

Objective:We sought to assess the reliability and validity of the PedsQL™ 4.0 SF15, a shortened version of the 23-item PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales, which is a pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument, and the PedsQL™ 3.0 SF22 Asthma Module, a short-form of the PedsQL™ 3.0 Asth
Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy

Though much has been written about the southern black regiments organized by the Union during the Civil War, very little has been written about the white Southerners who risked their lives to fight the Confederacy in opposition to seccession. Over 100,000 men - ten per cent of General Lee's fighting force originally enlisted in the Confederate ranks - fought in the service of North. The majority of these men - over seventy per cent - came from Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, but every state in the Confederacy (except South Carolina) provided at least one battalion of white troops for the Union Army. Meticulously exploring the history of loyalists (known as "tories" to their enemies) in each Confederate State, Current provides an original and comprehensive account of this seldom examined topic. He examines why these soldiers fought for the Union, how they fared in battle, and the considerable personal risks endured by both themselves and their families. This book is intended for those interested in the American Civil War.
Hydroxynitrile lyase at the diisopropyl ether/water interface: Evidence for interfacial enzyme activity

A novel recycle reactor has been designed to determine the interfacial activity of hydroxynitrile lyase in a diisopropyl ether (DIPE)/water two-phase system. The reactor provides a known interfacial area. Enzyme activity toward mandelonitrile cleavage is continuously measured in the reactor by following benzaldehyde product formation in the DIPE organic phase with an optical flow cell. For the first time, we establish that this enzymatic reaction is carried out by the hydroxynitrile lyase residing at the organic solvent/water interface and not in the aqueous bulk phase. Hydroxynitrile lyase adsorbs at the interface and exhibits extraordinary stability. Denaturation does not occur over several hours, although the surface pressure increases under the same conditions over this time span. Increases in surface pressure indicate enzyme penetration through the interface although no loss of enzyme activity is observed. Adsorption of p-Hnl at the interface is fit by the Langmuir equilibrium adsorption model with an adsorption equilibrium constant of 0.032 L mg−1. For the mandelonitrile-cleavage reaction at ambient temperature, p-Hnl follows Michaelis–Menten kinetics at the interface with a Michaelis constant of 14.4 mM and a specific activity close that for the bulk aqueous phase. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 65: 425–436, 1999.
Microbial Growth Dependence on Ammonia Nitrogen in the Bovine Rumen: A Quantitative Study

Abstract A dry cow was fed rations of either alfalfa or alfalfa-barley pellets in two equal portions daily. Whole rumen digesta samples were withdrawn at intervals just before feeding and 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours after feeding. In each of these samples rates of ammonia nitrogen incorporation into ruminal microbes and rates of volatile fatty acid production were determined in vitro. Weights of digesta in the rumen were determined by emptying. Data from these measurements enabled estimation of daily yields of microbial cells dependent on ammonia nitrogen and of moles of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) potentially formed during fermentation of: 1,124.7 g microbial cells and 56 moles ATP pyrophosphate bonds (∼ P) ; and, 710.6 g cells and 34 moles ATP (∼ P) for the two rations. These estimates indicate that under the experimental conditions and range of nitrogen intake investigated, microbial growth derived from ammonia N was independent of nitrogen intake and dependent upon energy intake. Comparison of the estimates of microbial growth dependent on ammonia N in this study with estimates of total microbial growth in the literature of 15 to 33 g per 100 g of digestible organic matter fed, indicated that between 42 and 100% of microbial nitrogen could be derived from ammonia nitrogen
Hypoenergetic High-Carbohydrate or High-Fat Parenteral Nutrition Induces a Similar Metabolic Response with Differential Effects on Hepatic IGF-I mRNA in Dexamethasone-Treated Rats

The optimal level of energy for critically ill patients who require parenteral nutrition (PN) is unclear. Our objective was to determine whether 50% energy (50%E) restriction due to a reduction in carbohydrate or fat, with provision of adequate protein and micronutrients, ameliorates the detrimental effects of dexamethasone (Dex) on body protein catabolism, insulin resistance, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) responses in rats administered PN. The experiment included 6 PN groups, adequate energy (AE) +/- Dex, 50% AE with high carbohydrate (50%E CHO) +/- Dex and 50% AE with high fat (50%E FAT) +/- Dex. There was a significant interaction between energy level and Dex such that the increase in body catabolism due to 50%E from CHO or FAT was reduced by approximately 50%, although the amount of body weight and nitrogen lost over 7 d was significantly greater with 50%E than with AE. AE+Dex induced a 60% increase in liver mass, whereas 50%E+Dex reduced the increase to 26%. AE+Dex induced a 5-fold increase in serum insulin level, whereas 50%E+Dex normalized the insulin to glucose ratio. Serum IGF-I levels were reduced 14-18% by Dex and 30% by 50%E. Hepatic immunoreactive IGF-I was significantly correlated with serum IGF-I and nitrogen balance. 50%E CHO and 50%E FAT had differential effects on hepatic IGF-I mRNA with a 40% decrease in IGF-I mRNA due to 50%E FAT+Dex. In summary,CHO or FAT hypoenergetic PN with adequate protein had similar effects in normalizing hyperinsulinemia, attenuating hepatomegaly, and reducing the increment, but not the total amount of body protein catabolism, induced by glucocorticoid excess.
How American Core Values Influence Public Policy: Lessons From Federal Aid to Small Business, 1953–1993

Why does the federal government provide aid for small business? This article contends that American core values are one of the sources of small business aid. Rather than taking the values/policy congruence approach of the national values school, it demonstrates a mechanism through which core values have influenced small business aid and through which core values likely influence other policies. The focus is on the processes of policy problem definition. While a role for core values in problem definition processes has been noted previously, core values have neither been a center of attention, nor have the various paths of values influence been linked. Analysis of the problems defined in the legislative histories of 39 systemically selected small business aid enactments, 1953–1993, shows avenues of values influence that have been under-appreciated or not appreciated at all.
Stat3 defines three populations of Müller glia and is required for initiating maximal müller glia proliferation in the regenerating zebrafish retina.

We analyzed the role of Stat3, Ascl1a, and Lin28a in Muller glia reentry into the cell cycle following damage to the zebrafish retina. Immunohistochemical analysis was employed to determine the temporal and spatial expression of Stat3 and Ascl1a proteins following rod and cone photoreceptor cell apoptosis. Stat3 expression was observed in all Muller glia, whereas Ascl1a expression was restricted to only the mitotic Muller glia. Knockdown of Stat3 protein expression did not affect photoreceptor apoptosis, but significantly reduced, without abolishing, the number of proliferating Ascl1a-positive Muller glia. Knockdown of Ascl1a protein also did not change the extent of photoreceptor apoptosis, but did yield significantly fewer Muller glia that reentered the cell cycle relative to the stat3 morphant and significantly decreased the number and intensity of Stat3-expressing Muller glia. Finally, introduction of lin28a morpholinos resulted in decreased Muller glia expression of Stat3 and Ascl1a, significantly reducing the number of proliferating Muller glia. Thus, there are three populations of Muller glia in the light-damaged zebrafish retina: 1) Stat3-expressing Ascl1a-nonexpressing nonproliferating (quiescent) Muller glia; 2) Stat3-dependent Ascl1a-dependent proliferating Muller glia; and 3) Stat3-independent Ascl1a-dependent proliferating Muller glia. Whereas Ascl1a and Lin28a are required for Muller glia proliferation, Stat3 is necessary for the maximal number of Muller glia to proliferate during regeneration of the damaged zebrafish retina.
Organizational Design and the Intensity of Rivalry

We analyze the effect of managerial compensation schemes and organizational structure on competitive behavior in imperfectly competitive product markets. Previous research suggests that in cases of strategic substitutability, firms tend to choose organizational structures and compensation systems that commit the firm to behaving aggressively in the product market, reducing firm and industry profits. In contrast, we show that while compensation and structure in isolation lead to excessive aggressiveness, the combination of these two internal choice variables may reverse the outcome---organizational design can be used as a commitment device to reduce competitive rivalry. Finally, we find that in equilibrium, firms may choose to be different; one firm is decentralized and uses incentives that commit it to being aggressive, while the other is centralized and uses incentives that commit it to being soft. Hence, endogenous firm heterogeneity in the form of organizational differentiation allows firms to avoid a mutually detrimental outcome.
Functional and toxicological characteristics of isolated renal mitochondria: Impact of compensatory renal growth

Mitochondria were isolated from renal cortical homogenates from control rats and rats that had undergone uninephrectomy and compensatory renal growth (NPX rats). Activities of selected mitochondrial processes, including key enzymes of intermediary metabolism, glutathione-dependent enzymes, and glutathione transport, were measured, and the effects of three mitochondrial toxicants were assessed to test the hypothesis that compensatory renal growth is accompanied by increases in mitochondrial metabolism and that this is associated with increased susceptibility to injury from oxidants or other mitochondrial toxicants. Activities of malic and succinic dehydrogenases were significantly higher in mitochondria from NPX rats than in mitochondria from control rats. Although the rates of state 3 respiration were significantly higher in mitochondria from NPX rats, the rates of state 4 respiration and respiratory control ratios were not different between mitochondria from control and NPX rats. Activities of glutathione redox cycle enzymes did not differ significantly between mitochondria from control and NPX rats. However, the rates of uptake of glutathione into mitochondria were approximately 2.5-fold higher in tissue from NPX rats than in tissue from control rats. Incubation of mitochondria from NPX rats with three mitochondrial toxicants [tert-butyl hydroperoxide, methyl vinyl ketone, and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine] caused greater inhibition of state 3 respiration and larger increases in malondialdehyde formation than similar incubations of mitochondria from control rats. These results indicate that mitochondria from hypertrophied renal cells are more sensitive to oxidants or mitochondrial toxicants. Baseline levels of malondialdehyde were also significantly higher in mitochondria from NPX rats, suggesting that a basal oxidant stress exists in mitochondria from hypertrophied cells.
Avoiding DEET through insect gustatory receptors

DEET is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide. In Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), DEET is detected through a mechanism employing the olfactory receptor, OR83b. However, it is controversial as to whether ORNs respond directly to DEET or whether DEET blocks the response to attractive odors. Here, we showed that DEET suppressed feeding behavior in Drosophila, and this effect was mediated by gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs). DEET was potent in suppressing feeding as <0.1% DEET elicited aversive behavior. Inhibition of feeding required multiple gustatory receptors (GRs) expressed in inhibitory GRNs. DEET stimulated action potentials in GRNs that respond to aversive compounds, and this response was lost in the Gr32a, Gr33a, and Gr66a mutants. Since 0.02% DEET elicited action potentials, we conclude that DEET directly activates of GRNs. We suggest that the effectiveness of DEET in pest control owes to its dual action in inducing avoidance simultaneously via GRNs and ORNs.
A precision dose control circuit for vertically aligned carbon nanofiber based maskless lithography

This paper presents a precision control circuit for the emission of desired number of electrons from vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) for the realization of a massively parallel maskless e-beam lithography system. The digitally addressable field emission arrays (DAFEAs) of the VACNFs function as the lithography heads for massively parallel e-beam exposure of resist eliminating the cost of photomasks [1]. A dose control circuit (DCC) to prevent under- or over-exposure of the resist has been integrated [2] by our research group. This paper describes further improvements in dose control electronics to reduce the parasitic effects while reducing the area of the chip and lowering the count of electrons for achieving the optimum dose from each of the nanofiber emitters.
Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT): practical implications

The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), is the largest outcome trial of antihypertensive treatment ever carried out and the only large blood pressure (BP) trial to be carried out in a US population in the past decade.1 The rationale for ALLHAT, which was designed in the early 1990s, was the urgent need to determine which of the several classes of antihypertensive drugs that had been developed and released for clinical use was most effective in preventing coronary heart disease (CHD), defined as fatal CHD and nonfatal myocardial infarction.2 The only randomized trials that had previously compared representatives of the antihypertensive drug classes, the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents3 and the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS),4 showed BP reductions with all classes but were not powered to evaluate CHD outcomes. Further, prior outcome trials had shown that the reduction in CHD event rates with antihypertensive treatment was less than expected based on epidemiologic data.5 Adverse effects of study drugs, particularly diuretics, including hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and ventricular ectopic activity, had been adduced to account for the disappointing outcomes of earlier trials by offsetting the beneficial effects of BP reduction.6,7 To further complicate the picture, benefits beyond BP reduction had been attributed to some antihypertensive drug classes, ie, improved survival and reduced morbidity in persons with heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors8–10 and improved insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles with α-blocker treatment.11 In contrast, another antihypertensive drug class, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCBs), had been associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina.12 There were no data …
Principal strain orientation in the normal human left ventricle.

Abstract Background Methods that can improve the accuracy of application of directed intervention in the treatment of coronary artery disease deserve investigation. Magnetic resonance imaging with tissue tagging allows for noninvasive, quantitative determination of regionally varying minimum principal strain. Because the directional vector of minimum principal strain has been shown to be sensitive to ischemic involvement, my colleagues and I sought to fully characterize the normal range of vector direction in the in vivo human left ventricle at rest and during inotropic stimulation. Methods Tagged magnetic resonance imaging image sets were acquired in 20 healthy volunteers at rest and during dobutamine infusion. Strain was computed from the measured displacement data by using finite element software. Orientation of minimum principal strain was characterized by measuring the angle (principal strain angle) between the minimum principal strain vector and the local circumferential-longitudinal plane. Values of this angle were computed in 6 ventricular regions and globally. Results Resting values of the principal strain angle were small in every region, confirming that maximal normal myocardial contraction occurs primarily in the circumferential-longitudinal plane. Angles were similar during dobutamine infusion. Comparisons between ventricular walls, both at rest and with dobutamine, revealed no marked regional differences in the principal strain angle. Conclusions The direction of maximal myocardial contraction is known to change with ischemic injury to the myocardium and can be a sensitive, regionally varying index of myocardial ischemia. The critical first step in the clinical application of this technology is to accurately characterize normal ranges of principal strain angles.
Coherence revival multiplexed, buffered swept source optical coherence tomography: 400 kHz imaging with a 100 kHz source

The effective speed of a swept source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) imaging system was quadrupled using efficient sweep buffering along with coherence revival and spatial multiplexing. A polarizing beam splitter and fold mirror assembly were used to create a dual spot sample arm with a common objective designed for near-diffraction-limited retinal imaging. Using coherence revival, a variable optical delay line allowed for separate locations within a sample to be simultaneously imaged and frequency encoded by carefully controlling the optical path length of each sample path. This method can be used to efficiently quadruple the imaging speed of any SSOCT system employing a low duty-cycle laser that exhibits coherence revival. The system was used to image the retina of healthy human volunteers.
Computational Investigation of Airfoils with Miniature Trailing Edge Control Surfaces

Miniature trailing edge effectors (MiTEs) are small flaps (typically 1% to 5% chord) actuated with deflection angles up to 90 degrees. The small size, combined with little required power and good control authority enables the device to be used for high bandwidth control. Numerous experiments and computational simulations have been conducted for two dimensional airfoils with miniature flaps. However the three-dimensional effects of these devices haven’t been extensively investigated. The present study examines the steady three dimensional aerodynamics of MiTEs using incompressible Navier-Stokes flow solver. Preliminary contents • Spanwise lift distribution Preliminary computation shows that the influence of a single MiTE is widely distributed along the entire span of a wing. Spanwise lift distribution will be investigated. • Spanwise length of a individual actuator Since MiTEs do not usually encompass full span, it is necessary to investigate the effect of the spanwise length, in addition to the height. The influence of the length of MiTE on the control effectiveness will be examined. • Gap If more than two MiTEs are actuated separately, Gaps are required between the MiTEs, especially when the wing is flexible. Changes in the control effectiveness and drag due to the gaps between the actuators will be investigated. Doctoral Candidate, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA Student Member Professor, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA Fellow 1 2nd AIAA Flow Control Conference 28 June 1 July 2004, Portland, Oregon AIAA 2004-2693 Copyright © 2004 by Hak-Tae Lee. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission.
Effect of measurement noise and excitation on Generalized Response Surface Model Updating

This paper investigates the robustness of a parameter estimation procedure for nonlinear Finite Element (FE) model updating. Through this procedure, polynomial Response Surface (RS) models are constructed to approximate the response of a nonlinear FE model at every time step of the analysis. Subsequently, the optimization problem of model updating is solved iteratively in time which results in histograms of the updating parameters. With the assumption of White Gaussian measurement noise, it is shown that this parameter estimation technique has low sensitivity to the standard deviation of the measurement noise. In order to validate this, a parametric sensitivity study is performed through numerical simulations of nonlinear systems with single and multiple degrees of freedom. The results show the least sensitivity to measurement noise level, selected time window for model updating, and location of the true model parameters in RS regression domain, when vibration frequency of the system is outside the frequency bandwidth of the load. Further application of this method is also presented through a case study of a steel frame with bilinear material model under seismic loading. The results indicate the robustness of this parameter estimation technique for different cases of input excitation, measurement noise level, and true model parameters.
Alkyne-containing chelating ligands: synthesis, properties and metal coordination of 1,2-di(quinolin-8-yl)ethyne.

A new alkyne-containing chelating ligand, 1,2-di(quinolin-8-yl)ethyne, is shown to form a mononuclear 1 : 1 complex with silver(I) and chelate the metal ion through both nitrogens and the ethyne moiety as seen by UV and NMR spectroscopy as well as X-ray crystallography.
Topology-aware placement and role assignment for energy-efficient information gathering in sensor networks

Consider a network of energy-constrained wireless nodes, capable of sensing and communicating, to be deployed over an area to be monitored. There is a set of points or regions of interest in that are, each of which must be sensed (covered) by at least one node. The nodes are allowed to perform in-network data aggregation. As a node may or may not cover one or more points/regions of interest, we allow nodes to assume two roles sensor (nodes that sense their vicinity and generate data packets) and relay (nodes that only aggregate and transmit data packets). We consider the problem of placing nodes in the monitoring area and assigning roles to them such that the system lifetime is maximized, while ensuring that each point/region of interest is covered by at least one sensor node. This is the maximum lifetime sensor deployment problem with coverage constraints. The paper presents a novel algorithm to solve this problem and provides experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Social phobia in a population-based female adolescent twin sample: co-morbidity and associated suicide-related symptoms.

Background. This report attempted to replicate and extend prior work examining social phobia (SP), co-morbid psychiatric illnesses, and the risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts incurred by their adolescent suerers. Methods. SP, alcohol dependence (ALD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnoses, and suicide-related symptoms, were assessed in a population-based adolescent female twin sample. The dierentiation of risks as a function of co-morbidity was explored. A trivariate model was fitted to estimate sharing of genetic and environmental vulnerability between SP and co-morbid disorders. Results. The lifetime prevalence of SP was 16‐3%. Significant risk for co-morbid MDD (OR fl 3‐2) and ALD (OR fl 2‐1) was observed. Strong evidence for shared genetic vulnerability between SP and MDD (respective heritabilities 28%, 45%; genetic r fl 1‐0) was observed with moderate support noted for similar sharing between SP and ALD (genetic r fl 0‐52, heritability for ALD 63%). SP with co-morbid MDD was associated with elevated risk for ALD and for suicide-related symptoms. Conclusions. SP is a common illness often followed by co-morbid MDD and ALD. SP with comorbid MDD predicts a substantially elevated risk of ALD and suicide-related symptoms, stressing the need for early SP detection.
Parenting in Adolescence and Young Adult Intimate Partner Violence

Most prior studies of intimate partner violence (IPV) have relied on traditional indices of parental support, control or coercion to examine the nature and extent of parental influences. We explore whether parents' more general attitudes toward their child's dating and associated parenting practices are related to the young adult child's report of IPV, once traditional parent factors and other covariates are introduced. Using data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (n = 625), results indicate that net of other parenting dimensions and controls for child and neighborhood characteristics, parental negativity about their child's dating and related parenting practices are associated with later reports of IPV during young adulthood. Parent-child conflict and the child's own feelings of gender mistrust were considered as potential mediators. Results suggest the importance of widening the lens beyond support, control and even the parents' own use of violence to include a range of parental attitudes and behaviors that influence the child's approach to and conduct within the romantic realm.
Religion, Context, and Constraint toward Strangers

Although it is widely believed that religion can constrain egoistic behavior, this has not been tested with behavioral data. This article provides such a test, using prisoner's dilemma data collected in Logan, Utah, and in Eugene-Springfield, Oregon—contexts that differ sharply in both the incidence of religious affiliation and the extent to which one religious group dominates that context. There were three major findings: a widespread belief, shared equally by religious and nonreligious people, that religious people will cooperate more than nonreligious people; no relationship, in fact, between religious affiliation and cooperation; and an increase of cooperation with church attendance but only among Mormons in Logan. Consistent with standard experimental method, subjects in these experiments were assigned to experimental treatments randomly, meaning that the people they confronted were randomly met strangers. It is proposed that involvement with a religious institution will constrain behavior toward str...
Time, Change, and Development The Temporal Perspective on Groups

This article reviews literature that takes a temporal perspective on groups, focusing particularly on the theories that guide such work. The temporal perspective is a process-focused view that treats groups as systems in which change occurs across multiple time scales. The review is organized around six themes that have been especially generative: (a) Time is socially constructed; (b) time is a resource; (c) time is a fundamental issue for theory and research; (d) groups change systematically over time; (e) group processes have temporal patterns; and (f) groups are complex systems characterized by nonlinear dynamics. The article closes by identifying the need for continued theory development and testing to better integrate the disparate theories and findings found in literature inspired by the temporal perspective.
Inosine, guanosine, uric acid, DNA, and RNA in developing eggs of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas)☆

Abstract Young Oncopeltus eggs contain relatively large amounts of inosine which disappears during development. The guanosine content similarly decreases but less dramatically. Uric acid, on the other hand, stays relatively constant, a result in contrast to previously published reports. There is a rough correlation between the disappearance of the purine nucleosides and the synthesis of DNA and RNA during development. Thus the nucleosides probably act as stored precursors for the synthesis of one or other or both of these macromolecules.