cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why are infants so attractive to others? The form and function of infant handling in bonnet macaques.

Female macaques and baboons are intensely interested in other females’ infants, but provide little direct care for them. The selective factors that shape this strong attraction to neonates may differ from those that shape alloparental care in other taxa. The attraction to neonates may have evolved because (1) it enhances young females’ acquisition of maternal skills, (2) it is a form of reproductive competition among females, or (3) it is a by-product of selection for appropriate maternal care. I studied patterns of infant handling in a large group of bonnet macaques,Macaca radiata, at the California Primate Research Center at the University of California, Davis. Infant handling was generally gentle and nonintrusive, although females sometimes tugged on infants. Females were more strongly attracted to infants than were males, regardless of their age. Adult females handled infants as often as subadult females did. Male and female infants were handled at equal rates, and rates of handling towards all infants declined sharply as infants matured. Infants were handled by related females at higher rates than by unrelated females, and at higher rates by higher-ranking females than by lower-ranking females. The data provide little support for the ‘learning to mother’ hypothesis, because older females were as interested in infants as were subadult females. Although mothers were reluctant to allow their infants to be handled, the data do not support the reproductive competition hypothesis because patterns of infant handling did not match patterns of harassment of infants. The data provide a better fit to the by-product hypothesis. Females were most strongly attracted to infants when maternal care was most critical for infant survival and females of all ages were strongly attracted to infants. Taken together, these data suggest that a strong attraction to infants is favoured by selection because females that are highly responsive to infants make good mothers.
Genetic approaches for improvement of the crop potassium acquisition and utilization efficiency

Potassium (K) is one of the essential macronutrients for higher plants, not only important for plant growth and development, but also crucial for crop yield and quality. The deficiency in K in large areas of arable land worldwide has become a limitation for sustainable development of agriculture, and threatens the world food security. Along with the increased limitation of K fertilizer supply, the genetic improvement of K utilization efficiency (KUE) of crop plants may become a feasible way to solve the problem. K nutrition depends on an underlying relationship with metabolic regulation which together influence crop yield, quality and responses to environmental stress. Manipulation of root architecture together with K transport and distribution within the plant offer great potential to improve KUE.
Robotany: breeze

This paper describes Breeze, a live roboticized tree. Visitor interaction with Breeze is interpreted through a series of narratives. These narratives yield results with implications for human-computer interaction research.
The Impact of Liver and Renal Dysfunction on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Sedative and Analgesic Drugs in Critically Ill Adult Patients

The use of sedative and analgesic drug therapy is often necessary for the care of critically ill patients. Renal and hepatic dysfunction, which occurs frequently in this patient population, can significantly alter drugs' pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties. By anticipating how these medications may be affected by liver or kidney dysfunction, health care practitioners may be able to provide tailored dosing regimens that ensure optimal comfort while minimizing the risk of adverse events.
Both Trait and State Mindfulness Predict Lower Aggressiveness via Anger Rumination: a Multilevel Mediation Analysis

Trait mindfulness, or the capacity for nonjudgmental, present-centered attention, predicts lower aggression in cross-sectional samples, an effect mediated by reduced anger rumination. Experimental work also implicates state mindfulness (i.e., fluctuations around one’s typical mindfulness) in aggression. Despite evidence that both trait and state mindfulness predict lower aggression, their relative impact and their mechanisms remain unclear. Higher trait mindfulness and state increases in mindfulness facets may reduce aggression-related outcomes by (1) limiting the intensity of anger, or (2) limiting rumination on anger experiences. The present study tests two hypotheses: first, that both trait and state mindfulness contribute unique variance to lower aggressiveness, and second, that the impact of both trait and state mindfulness on aggressiveness will be uniquely partially mediated by both anger intensity and anger rumination. Eighty-six participants completed trait measures of mindfulness, anger intensity, and anger rumination, and then completed diaries for 35 days assessing mindfulness, anger intensity, anger rumination, anger expression, and self-reported and behavioral aggressiveness. Using multilevel zero-inflated regression, we examined unique contributions of trait and state mindfulness facets to daily anger expression and aggressiveness. We also examined the mediating roles of anger intensity and anger rumination at both trait and state levels. Mindfulness facets predicted anger expression and aggressiveness indirectly through anger rumination after controlling for indirect pathways through anger intensity. Individuals with high or fluctuating aggression may benefit from mindfulness training to reduce both intensity of and rumination on anger.
O1-S04.06 Pelvic inflammatory disease occurring between the time of testing and treatment for gonorrhoea and chlamydia

Background We conducted a prospective study to confirm our impression that incarcerated adolescents sometimes developed pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) during the brief interval between testing and treatment for gonorrhoeal and chlamydial cervicitis. Methods We performed the study at the Harris County Juvenile Detention Center, Texas, where PID in females is relatively common and where the prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections is high. At the time of their mandated medical assessment, all incarcerated adolescents submitted first-catch urine samples for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing. We used Gen-Probe NAAT assays. If at the time of testing a patient had symptoms suggestive of PID, we performed a bimanual pelvic examination and treated those who met the criteria for PID. For the diagnosis of PID, we used the criteria of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: the presence of adnexal or cervical motion or uterine tenderness. The pelvic examinations were performed by one of three experienced physicians. For the patients who did not have PID at the time of testing, we re-assessed them when we learnt that their urine test was positive. The tests were run in batches by the city health department, so that a variable length of time elapsed between the day of testing and the day that we received test results. At re-assessment, patients received a PID diagnosis if they had lower abdominal pain and met the PID diagnostic criteria on bimanual pelvic examination. Results We evaluated 99 subjects between 29 March 2010 and 27 December 2010. Their mean age was 15.8 (SD 1.1) years. Their race/ethnicity was 43% black, 32% Hispanic, and 25% white; 74% had chlamydia, 14% gonorrhoea, and 12% both. The interval between testing and treatment ranged from 2 to 17 days; the mean (SD) was 7.5 (2.9) days. During this interval, 13 of 99 (13%) developed lower abdominal pain and had bimanual pelvic examination findings that supported the diagnosis of PID. Of these 13, 10 (77%) had chlamydia, 2 (15%) had gonorrhoea, and 1 (8%) had both infections. Time from initial urine testing to treatment for PID ranged from 7 to 15 days. Conclusion In incarcerated adolescents infected with gonorrhoea and/or chlamydia, a surprisingly large proportion (13%) developed PID during the brief period between testing and treatment.
Operational status of an influenza surveillance system and evaluation of the quality of surveillance in Ji ning from 2011 to 2013

Objective To ascertain the operational status of an influenza surveillance network after influenza epidemics and evaluate the quality of influenza surveillance.Methods Data on influenza surveillance were collected from 2011 to 2013 in Jining,and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 after collating data in Excel 2007.Results The percentage of cases of influenza-like illness(ILI%)was 2.00% from 2011 to 2012,and the ILI% peaked at 4.89% in Week 50 of 2011.The ILI% was 1.38% from 2012 to 2013,and the ILI% peaked at 2.00% in Week 6 of 2013.There were significant differences(χ2=1080.69,P0.01) in the ILI% during the 2 years of surveillance.Winter and spring marked the peak in influenza epidemics.Patients were mostly children under the age of 5.The ILI%at state sentinel hospitals was higher than that at provincial sentinel hospitals.Responses to outbreaks were standardized.Up to 30 strains were isolated each year,but ILI is not promptly reported,specimens are not promptly inspected,and efforts to isolate viruses are not full-fledged.Conclusion The influenza surveillance system is operating normally in Jining,but there is varying decline in the quality of surveillance.Training of personnel and technical guidance should be enhanced,and the influenza surveillance network should be managed appropriately and its quality should be maintained.
Historical Teachings on Anger

In the present chapter we begin to explore in detail the social norms that help constitute anger. And, appropriately enough, we begin at the beginning, that is, with an analysis of historical teachings on anger. Our purpose is not to trace the history of ideas regarding anger; it is rather to examine, through the eyes of leading historical figures, certain issues that continue to be of significance today.
Quality assurance. Sisyphean or sibylline

Quality control and quality assurance are inseparable from the practice of anatomic and clinical pathology and are not new to either of these disciplines. Indeed, the laboratory comparison programs of the College of American Pathologists were founded on such principles nearly a half-century ago. The "rediscovery" of these principles has spawned an industry unto itself and in this event pathology is in danger of entangling itself in an expensive, parallel (not integral) process that may be Sisyphean.
Health-Care Consumerism and Access to Health Care: Educating Elders to Improve Both Preventive and End-of-Life Care

This chapter discusses challenges faced by older adult health-care consumers in obtaining access to responsive care from physicians relevant to a broad spectrum of health issues ranging from prevention to chronic illness and end-of-life care. Based on our prior research with community-dwelling elders (E. Kahana & B. Kahana, 2003, 2010), we propose a conceptual model of consumer self-advocacy for better access to effective health care in late life. We argue that older adults who are well informed and confident health-care partners and who involve their physicians in active dialogue will experience better care, and will be more satisfied with their health care. We present findings from our studies of cancer prevention and from our research focused on end-of-life care relevant to patient self-advocacy. We also discuss the role of educational interventions and of patient empowerment in facilitating greater access to responsive health communication and health care, particularly among elders who are disadvantaged and who have low health literacy.
Theory of Magnetic Recording: Review of magnetostatic fields

Introduction Chapter 2 provides a review of basic electromagnetic theory as applied to static magnetic fields. Neither wave motion nor eddy current effects caused by conductive media are considered: it is presumed that all time scales are long compared to these phenomena. Time enters only through the constant head-to-medium relative speed, v , so that all temporal information is transformed immediately into the fundamental spatial recording process by x = vt or d x /d t . The purpose of this chapter is to provide useful relations for the determination of fields, both from integrals over field sources and solutions of differential equations for field potentials. Thus, the framework will be provided for the determination of magnetic fields from magnetized heads (Chapter 3) and media (Chapter 4), and in addition, expressions for Fourier and Hilbert transforms will be presented for utilization in spectral analysis of recording signals and noise. These transforms involve operations on the spatial variable, x , which represent the head-to-medium motion direction. In particular, the Fourier transform will be expressed in terms of the spatial transform variable, k : the wavenumber or inverse wavelength (2π/λ). For direct correspondence with measured frequency the simple transformation f = v κ/2π can be utilized. In magnetic recording the track width is generally large with respect to dimensions in the nominal recording plane, which includes the head-to-tape motion direction and the direction perpendicular to the medium surface (thickness direction). Therefore, two-dimensional field expressions are useful and will be given explicitly in this chapter. In two dimensions the Fourier transforms acquire a particularly simple form yielding the familiar exponential spacing loss.
Hegel’s Critique of Kant

One of the problems to be faced by anyone seeking to understand and to evaluate Hegel’s treatment of other philosophers is that he never seems to regard their thought as having any tenure beyond the framework of his own philosophical account of the history of philosophy.1 All philosophical standpoints and systems are understood by him in terms of his own comprehensive philosophy of spirit. To a large extent, of course, every philosopher proceeds in this way; how else are we to interpret and assess a given position except in terms established by our own view of what is real and what is true? But in Hegel’s case which is, admittedly, extraordinary because of his having made history decisive for philosophy, one feels both the presence and the force of his philosophical vision to a peculiar degree at just those points where he considers the thought of others. His treatment of Kant is no exception, and, in fact, he sees Kant as most penetrating in his understanding at precisely those points where he most nearly approximates Hegel’s own position. For example, according to Hegel, the singular merit of Kant’s Critique of Judgment is that in his treatment of the Ideas of nature and freedom, he approached genuinely “speculative” thought, in contrast to criticism, and at the same time caught a glimpse of the Idea as a self-determining reality. Or again, he claims that Kant was, in his treatment of the categories, closest of the truth when he grasped their interrelationship and attributed their triadic arrangement to the fact that the third category result from the application of the first category to the second, which, if we take the unity, plurality, totality triad as an example, means that as we proceed in the analysis of something from unity to plurality, we must understand its totality as the unity of the plurality which resulted.
Recalling the Good in the Good Old Days

In its early days, ca. 1945-1965, molecular biology was a particularly collegial undertaking, characterized by free sharing of research data and a relative lack of egotistical behavior. The reason for this marvel may well have been that there was so much to discover—so many low hanging fruits—that there was room for everybody and enough money for the pursuit. This was a special period in the history of science, not only because stunning discoveries were made with great frequency, but also for the way science was done.
Finger-eye: A wearable text reading assistive system for the blind and visually impaired

This paper presents our recent research work in developing a portable and refreshable text reading system, called Finger-eye. In the system, a small camera is added to the fingertip-electrode interface of the current Electro-tactile Braille Display and placed on a blind person's finger to continuously process images using a developed rapid optical character recognition (OCR) method. This will allow translation of text to braille or audio with natural movement as if they were reading any Braille Display or book. The braille system that will be used is a portable electrical-based braille system that will eliminate the problems associated with refreshable mechanical braille displays. The goal of the research is to aid the blind and visually impaired (BVI) with a portable means to translate any text to braille, whether in the digital realm or physically, on any surface.
Is Positive Bias in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder a Function of Low Competence or Disorder Status?:

Previous literature suggests that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit a positive bias (PB), defined as an over-estimation of one’s own ability as compared with actual ability. However, it is possible that the larger discrepancy (i.e., PB) in children with ADHD is accounted for by lower competence levels rather than unusually high perceptions of competence. In this study, we investigated the extent to which PB is a perceptual bias associated with ADHD and/or a function of low competence. Thirty-two children who met research diagnostic criteria for ADHD and 31 control children were exposed to a novel task where possible success on the task (i.e., competence) was manipulated. This procedure created low, medium, and high levels of competence in children with and without ADHD, and PB was measured at each level of competence. Six, 2 (ADHD or no ADHD) × 3 (competence levels: low, medium, or high) mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted with children’s estimation...
Human CD34+ Cells Expressing CBFβ-MYH11 Exhibit a Myelomonocytic Phenotype with Greatly Enhanced Proliferative Ability.

The Core Binding Factor (CBF) transcription factor complex is required for normal hematopoiesis. Knockout of either component of the complex, AML1 or CBFβ, results in embryonic lethality in mice due to a lack of definitive hematopoiesis. Chromosomal rearrangements involving the CBF genes are commonly associated with leukemia. The t(8:21) fuses the AML1 gene to ETO (AE) and is predominantly observed in leukemias of the FAB M2 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The t(16:16) and inv(16) are associated with FAB M4Eo leukemias and result in fusion of the CBFβ gene to MYH11 (CM). While knockin of either AE or CM is not sufficient to cause disease, expression of either protein increases the incidence of leukemia in mice when combined with mutagens or specific secondary genetic manipulations. We have previously shown that retroviral transduction of primary human CD34+ cells with AE causes a dramatic accumulation of CD34+ progenitor cells with increased CFU-C and CAFC activity during an increased lifespan in vitro. These cultures retain the ability to differentiate to myeloid, lymphoid, and erythroid lineages and the ability to engraft NOD/SCID mice. Consistent with mouse studies, these cells fail to cause disease in mice or become transformed in vitro. These cultures serve as a preleukemic model for human AML associated with AML1-ETO expression. We show here that retroviral transduction of CM into human CD34+ hematopoietic cells similarly mimics a putative pre-leukemic condition initiated by inv(16). Transduced cells proliferate for up to 7 months in culture with retention of CD34 expression on a subset of cells. Cells from CM cultures display a more mature morphology than AE cells, consistent with the association with M4Eo AMLs, and have a greatly reduced ability to differentiate to the erythroid lineage in methylcellulose assays. Nevertheless, long-term CM cultures retain CFU-C activity, the ability to engraft NOD/SCID-B2M mice, and the potential for B-cell development in vitro, implicating a primitive progenitor as the target cell rather than a committed granulocyte/monocyte progenitor. Microarray analysis of AML leukemias has identified specific genes with altered expression in inv(16) patient samples. We have found that a number of these inv(16)-associated transcripts are likewise altered in CD34+ cells from our CM cultures when compared to control CD34+ cells, while others are not affected. These data suggest that our system will be useful in examining the effects of CBFβ-MYH11 on gene expression in the human preleukemic cell, in characterizing the effect of this oncogene on human stem cell biology and in defining its contribution to the development of leukemia.
Solvation dynamics in water confined within layered manganese dioxide

Abstract The confined environment presented by layered transition metal oxides is conducive to a variety of chemical reactions. Despite intense interest in these materials, little is known regarding the microscopic details relevant to their catalytic activity. We characterize aspects of the dynamics governing a redox reaction in the interlayer environment between manganese dioxide sheets. The nonequilibrium solvation dynamics surrounding charge transfer between an ion and the surface are highly non-linear and exhibit long-time relaxation that is governed by collective dynamics. These dynamics are rationalized in terms of structural rearrangements, allowing connections to be made to more complex reactions in these materials.
The Effect of Military Operations on Desert Pavement

Military activities cause physical alteration of landscapes that can provide geomorphologists unique opportunities to better understand natural processes. Today’s desert pavement in western Arizona exhibits scars from 1940s era tracked vehicle maneuvers. This study examines the impact of these military maneuvers with particular attention to an unexpected field observation of deeper soil moisture penetration beneath scarred pavement than under undisturbed pavement, a condition that appears contradictory to results of previous work. Field work and backscatter electron microscopy images reveal destruction of the Av horizon and fractured soil plasma near the surface under track scars; this fracturing promotes soil moisture penetration relative to the naturally indurated, compact, surface material of undisturbed pavement. Increasing moisture penetration of the subsurface may encourage plant growth and have consequences to the ecological functioning of a largely barren
Microanatomical Location of Hyaluronic Acid Gel Following Injection of the Upper Lip Vermillion Border: Comparison of Needle and Microcannula Injection Technique.

PURPOSE To compare needle and microcannula injection techniques in regards to the microanatomical location of hyaluronic acid (HA) gel injected in the upper lip vermillion border of cadaver specimens. METHODS The upper lip vermillion border was injected transcutaneously with HA gel in 8 fresh hemifaces of 4 female human cadavers. Each hemiface was injected by a single experienced injector, the right side using a 27-gauge microcannula and the left side using a 30-gauge needle. A 2-cm region of each lip was excised lateral to a point 1-cm lateral to the philtrum. Specimens were fixed in 95% alcohol, embedded in paraffin, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histologic examination. RESULTS Most HA injected with either a needle or a microcannula was located within the orbicularis oris muscle, and the remaining HA resided within the subcutaneous fat. In 3/4 right (microcannula) hemifaces, 100% of the HA was located within the muscle. Only 2/4 left (needle) hemifaces had at least 95% of the HA located within the muscle. Overall, in right (microcannula) hemifaces, 93% of the filler was located within the muscle, and in left (needle) hemifaces, 79% of the filler was located within the muscle (p =0.14). CONCLUSIONS Most HA filler injected into the vermillion border after either microcannula or needle injection resides within the orbicularis oris muscle rather than in a subcutaneous/submucosal location. Injection with a microcannula shows a trend for more uniform intramuscular location compared with needle injection.
Corporate environmental investments: A cross-national study on managerial decision making

Abstract What drives developing country managers to raise their environmental investments? Using theoretical arguments set forth by the Convergence and Divergence Hypotheses in industrial economics, this study develops a series of hypotheses about the effects of country, consumer pressure, community pressure, and resource availability on managers' environmental investment decisions. Using a random assignment factorial survey experiment (FSE) that combines vignettes and questionnaires, it compares responses from managers in developing countries (349 managers from Brazil, China, and India) and those from developed countries (377 managers from Germany and USA). Results suggest that, given the same situation, developing country managers raise their investments to a lesser extent in response to consumer pressures, when compared to developed country managers. When community pressure moderates consumer pressure, developing country managers make notably larger investments. Greater availability of resources does not affect developing country managers' investment level contrary to developed country managers.
Establishing an Evidence-Based Method to Diagnose Cardiac Sarcoidosis: The Complementary Use of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and FDG-PET.

The diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) can be extremely challenging. Although there are several clinical criteria that have been reported and are used in clinical practice,1–3 these criteria are fraught with problems. For example, they are insensitive to downstream cardiac events in comparison to imaging findings seen on cardiac MRI (CMR) and cardiac 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scans. In addition, all of the published criteria require the a priori diagnosis of extracardiac sarcoidosis. Further, none of the clinical criteria was experimentally derived. Last, none of the 3 major diagnostic rubrics recapitulates the process of clinical reasoning, where each additional variable informs the interpretation of the others. For example, a single focus of delayed enhancement on CMR is far more meaningful in patients with sarcoidosis if there is also complete heart block and septal thinning. See Article by Vita et al Therefore, clinicians caring for patients with suspected CS (as well as the patients themselves) have urgently needed a more coherent conceptual framework for the diagnosis of CS that uses both modern cardiac imaging tools available in clinical practice as well as incorporation of their clinical context. In this regard, the study by Vita et al4 reported in this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging is an important step forward in our understanding of how to approach the diagnosis of CS. In this study, the cardiac imaging group at Brigham and Women’s Hospital retrospectively evaluated the combined use of CMR and FDG-PET imaging in patients being evaluated for CS. What is unique about this cohort of 107 patients is that all had …
Communicating With Nonprofit Publics In China: Applying the RISP Model to Prosocial Intentions

This study applied the Risk Information Seeking and Processing (RISP) model to social risk information seeking and processing on social media and prosocial behavioral intentions. Survey data were c...
A simulation method for the phase diagram of complex fluid mixtures

The phase behavior of complex fluid mixtures is of continuing interest, but obtaining the phase diagram from computer simulations can be challenging. In the Gibbs ensemble method, for example, each of the coexisting phases is simulated in a different cell, and ensuring the equality of chemical potentials of all components requires the transfer of molecules from one cell to the other. For complex fluids such as polymers, successful insertions are rare. An alternative method is to simulate both coexisting phases in a single simulation cell, with an interface between them. The challenge here is that the interface position moves during the simulation, making it difficult to determine the concentration profile and coexisting concentrations. In this work, we propose a new method for single cell simulations that uses a spatial concentration autocorrelation function to (spatially) align instantaneous concentration profiles from different snapshots. This allows one to obtain average concentration profiles and hence the coexisting concentrations. We test the method by calculating the phase diagrams of two systems: the Widom-Rowlinson model and the symmetric blends of freely jointed polymer molecules for which phase diagrams from conventional methods are available. Excellent agreement is found, except in the neighborhood of the critical point where the interface is broad and finite size effects are important. The method is easy to implement and readily applied to any mixture of complex fluids.
Surgical Treatment of Achalasia and Spastic Esophageal Disorders

Achalasia is the most common primary esophageal motility disorder that is characterized by the inability of the LES to relax and by absence of esophageal body peristalsis due to the inflammatory loss of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus of the esophageal body and LES, causing dysphagia for solids and liquids, regurgitation of retained food, and chest pain. Pharmacological treatments such as smooth muscle relaxants and botulinum toxin injection are mainly reserved for patients who cannot tolerate more invasive interventions due to severe comorbidities or as a bridge to a more definite treatment option. Pneumatic dilation and laparoscopic Heller myotomy with a partial fundoplication are the most commonly performed to treat achalasia. Recent randomized controlled study to compare these two treatment options demonstrated the similar efficacy in the therapeutic success during the short-term follow-up. However, further modifications of the treatment protocol have the potential for improvement in the outcomes of each option. Since the widespread acceptance of laparoscopic Heller myotomy, the efficacy of pneumatic dilation has been probably underestimated, and gastroenterologists should be trained to successfully perform pneumatic dilation. Note that all treatment options are palliative and none of the treatment options can restore the impaired muscle function of the esophageal body and LES, and it is more important to stratify patients to the optimal initial treatment to accomplish long-term symptom control rather than to simply achieve initial success. For this purpose, the predictors of treatment outcomes should be considered.
The Concept of Energy in Psychological Theory

The first use of the term “energetics” in systematic psychological theory we were able to locate was in G L Freeman’s book “The Energetics of Human Behaviour”, published in 1948. In this book he acknowledges his debt to Titchener, who first suggested to Freeman that physiological study might aid in understanding the relation of motivation to behaviour. In this chapter we first trace the intellectual background to the energetic concept as employed by Freeman, Malmo, Duffy and others. Next we seek to establish links between this work and the information processing tradition. We believe that one key to making this connection lies in understanding the development of attentional systems early in life. Like Titchener (1908), we see attention as central to the psychological enterprise because it connects subjective experience and voluntary control to human performance. Moreover, the concept of attention has roots in both physiology and information processing.
Molecular and Functional Imaging in Radiation Oncology

Imaging has always played a very important role in radiation oncology. It started with the invention of X-rays over a century ago, through development of computed tomography (CT) imaging which significantly improved tumor localization and sensitivity [1–4] as well as enabled CT-based treatment planning of radiation therapy. Implementation of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques in medicine quickly led to an expanding field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [5–7], which has further revolutionized clinical practice due to the improved soft-tissue contrast. Both, CT and MRI are primarily modalities for determining anatomical information. However, for complete assessment of disease status, monitoring tissue function is of a great importance because the disease processes typically start at the molecular and cellular level that only later lead to visible structural changes to the tissue. Similarly, anatomical changes in response to therapy come after the response on the molecular and cellular level, which becomes important in treatment outcome prediction as well as treatment efficacy assessment. Functional imaging refers to either imaging of physiologic processes, such as blood flow to an organ or diseased tissue; visualizing ongoing biochemical and metabolic activities of normal and abnormal tissues; or using established pharmacologic methods to assess disease processes and develop new drugs [8]. Functional imaging is typically performed by the mainstream clinical radiology techniques like ultrasound, CT and MRI. On the other hand, the term molecular imaging typically refers to imaging specific molecular interactions and pathways, which reflect biochemical, physiological and pharmacological processes. The term molecular imaging was defined by the Commission on Molecular Imaging of the American College of Radiology as “the spatially localized and/or temporally resolved sensing of molecular and cellular processes in vivo.” The main modalities for molecular imaging are positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and optical imaging. Although they are based on quite different imaging processes, the terms functional and molecular imaging are often used interchangeably, due to a lack of consensus regarding their definitions. 4 Molecular and Functional Imaging in Radiation Oncology
Remote Charge Effects on the Oxygen-Atom-Transfer Reactivity and Their Relationship to Molybdenum Enzymes.

We report the syntheses, crystal structures, and characterization of the novel cis-dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes [Tpm*MoVIO2Cl](MoO2Cl3) (1) and [Tpm*MoVIO2Cl](ClO4) (2), which are supported by the charge-neutral tris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methane (Tpm*) ligand. A comparison between isostructural [Tpm*MoVIO2Cl]+ and Tp*MoVIO2Cl [Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate] reveals the effects of one unit of overall charge difference on their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, geometric and electronic structures, and O-atom-transfer (OAT) reactivities, providing new insight into pyranopterin molybdoenzyme OAT reactivity. Computational studies of these molecules indicate that the delocalized positive charge lowers the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of cationic [Tpm*MoO2Cl]+ relative to Tp*MoO2Cl. Despite their virtually identical geometric structures revealed by crystal structures, the MoVI/MoV redox potential of 2 is increased by 350 mV relative to that of Tp*MoVIO2Cl. ...
SNS Josephson Junctions With Tunable Ta─N Barriers

We report on the fabrication and characterization of Nb/Ta-N/Nb Josephson junctions grown by room temperature magnetron sputtering on 150-mm diameter Si wafers. Junction characteristics depend upon the Ta-N barrier composition, which was varied by adjusting the N2 flow during film deposition. Higher N 2 flow rates raise the barrier resistance and increase the junction critical current. This work demonstrates the viability of Ta-N as an alternative barrier to aluminum oxide, with the potential for large scale integration.
Reliability and validity of the function in sitting test among non-ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury.

Context: Trunk impairment among non-ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) reduces the ability to maintain a functional sitting position and perform activities of daily living. Measur...
A study of the portrayal of information related to (central) auditory processing disorder on social media

AbstractPurpose: Individuals and family members of people with health-related conditions such as suspected or diagnosed (central) auditory processing disorder ((C)APD), often turn to social media t...
Incorporating Knowledge-Driven Insights into a Collaborative Filtering Model to Facilitate the Differential Diagnosis of Rare Diseases

Rare diseases, although individually rare, collectively affect one in ten Americans. Because of their rarity, patients with rare diseases are typically left misdiagnosed or undiagnosed, which leads to a prolonged medical journey. The diagnosis pathway of a rare disease is highly dependent on the associated clinical phenotypes, i.e., the observable characteristics, at the physical, morphologic, or biochemical level, of an individual. In our previous study, we applied a collaborative filtering model on clinical data generated at Mayo Clinic to stratify patients into subgroups of rare diseases. Information mined from clinical data, however, usually contains a certain level of noise, such as occurrences of comorbidities, which could impact the accuracy of differential diagnosis. In this study, we sought to incorporate a knowledge-driven approach into collaborative filtering to optimize results learned from clinical data. Our results demonstrated an improvement in performance over pure data-driven approaches with the potential to facilitate the differential diagnosis of rare diseases.
Vector-Scalar Version of the Dirac Lagrangian

Using the recent formulation of the exceptional equivalence of a pair of real Dirac spinors and a real spacetime vector plus four real scalars, the vector-scalar equivalent of the Dirac Lagrangian is derived. The field equations associated with this new Lagrangian describe the dynamical evolution of a spin-1/2 fermion whose corresponding wave function is not a complex Dirac spinor, but is instead a real spacetime vector plus four real scalars.
Joan Didion’s Democracy: Moderate Ruling-Elite Constituencies

In this chapter I show how Didion’s preoccupation with her own consciousness and her Goldwater conservatism influenced her satirical portrait of liberal politicians in Democracy. I focus on how the protagonist’s husband, a defeated politician trying to return to power by using a think tank as a means to attract attention in the media illustrates how politicians use “pseudo-events” to draw the attention to their campaigns, creating the illusion that they represent certain broad constituencies but that in fact these constituencies are small or even non-existent, giving free rein to their true constituency—the corporate world—represented in the novel by the protagonist’s business family and her lover, an international arms dealer.
Not all ventriculomegaly is created equal: diagnostic overview of fetal, neonatal and pediatric ventriculomegaly

Fetal ventriculomegaly refers to a condition in which there is enlargement of the ventricular spaces, typically on prenatal ultrasound. It can be associated with other CNS or extra-CNS abnormalities, and this relationship is crucial to understand as it affects overall neonatal outcome. Isolated ventriculomegaly has been described in the literature with variable clinical outcome. Typically, outcome is based on the etiology and degree of ventriculomegaly. When associated with a pathologic condition, ventriculomegaly can be a result of hydrocephalus. While initial diagnosis is usually made on prenatal ultrasound, fetal magnetic resonance imaging is preferred to further elucidate any associated CNS malformations. In this paper, the authors aim to provide a comprehensive review of the diagnosis, associated etiologies, prognosis, and treatment options related to fetal, neonatal, and pediatric ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus. In addition, preliminary data is provided from our institutional cohort of patients with a prenatal diagnosis of ventriculomegaly followed through the perinatal period.
Tradition and Change in Psychoanalysis

RoY SCHAFER: Tradition and Change in Psychoanalysis. International Universities Press, Madison, CT, 1997, xvi + 271 pp., $42.50, ISBN 0-8236-6632-8. It is always a pleasure to read and review anything published under Roy Schafer's name. The present collection might have been better entitled "Tradition and Change in Roy Schafer" since it predominantly consists of essays published by him during the last decade or so. All the familiar elements are here to delight Schafer buffs-the easy style, the thoughtful balancing of ideas, the complexity of perspective and, above all, the careful probing of controversial frontiers of analytic exploration. The material is divided into three parts. The first extends Schafer's longstanding and ambivalent debate with Hartmann regarding conceptualizing clinical facts, aspects of gender, and more. The second is more clinical, focusing on humiliation and mortification, "blocked" introjection, enactment and countertransference, and the third offers an extended reflection on issues related to authority, morality, and their reverberations in therapeutic technique. Much of the discussion revolves around familiar themes-the role of narrative as encompassing the range of clinical content and, along the same line, theories as forms of master narratives. One is reminded in this regard of Wittgenstein's approach to language games. There is also the strain of relativism in terms of which narratives, following Spence's now classic distinction between narrative and historical truth, are evaluated more in terms of their coherence and subjective appeal than objective truth. There is also Schafer's more recent assimilation of current Kleinian persuasions, particularly the emphasis on total countertransference. Schafer makes his case on all three counts, as he always has, persuasively. Schafer buffs will find much to savor, but as a skeptical reviewer, I find much to question. The narrative approach is salient and, without question, the analytic endeavor can be meaningfully cast in such terms. And there is no argument that there is no one narration that carries all the weight. But Schafer seems to neglect the narrator behind the narration who should, I would think, claim our primary attention regardless of the narration. Further, I would insist that only that narrative will do that encompasses the patient's experience, the analyst's experience (especially in comprehending the patient) and the relevant and knowable facts. Rather than simple narrative, there is tension between the evolving narrative process of the analysis and some asymptotic endpoint-perhaps never reached or known, but nonetheless relevant. There is a similar tension in the realm of theory-not only between the analyst's theory or theories and the patient's theory (the patient does have a theory), but between the analytic theories themselves. Again, consistent with Schafer's perspective, there is no single theory that encompasses everything-they all have a piece of the action. …
Doctoral Advising in COVID-19: Opportunity for Change.

Doctoral advising is a complex process. In times of uncertainty, doctoral programs offer a unique opportunity for advisors to embrace a new pedagogical and intersectional role.
Using GLOBE as a simulation lab to prepare STEM ready pre-service environmental science teachers: a liberal arts university’s approach

To prepare Pre-service teachers to meet the demands of an increasingly technological society, a GLOBE (Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment) simulation lab was infused into one of the pre-service teachers' science courses. This course was designed to support and engage pre-service teachers in understanding how to incorporate meaningful STEM activities into their own learning experiences, and how ultimately to infuse this learning experience into their future classrooms. Organized as a research project, the course emphasizes integrating inquiry-based teaching approaches to the learning environment for pre-service teachers to develop a holistic understanding of basic Earth Science concepts. The GLOBE simulation laboratory is equipped with computers, interfaced LabQuest probes and traditional laboratory equipment that enhance interactive learning and hands-on experiences. A major component of the course is the ability to develop activities into long-term research projects. Data for a 12-months period is highlighted in this paper. Results from an end of course survey indicated that pre-service teachers valued their experiences in the simulation lab and were more confident in their ability to incorporate Geoscience ideas into the learning environment.
Junglerice control with glyphosate and clethodim as influenced by dicamba and 2,4-D mixtures

Junglerice has become a major weed in the mid-south and other areas of the United States. Glyphosate resistance has been documented in junglerice populations and is part of the reason for the increase in its prevalence. However, reduced junglerice control with glyphosate + dicamba and clethodim + dicamba mixtures has been observed in many production fields where glyphosate resistance has not yet evolved. Therefore, research was conducted to assess reduced junglerice control with glyphosate and clethodim when applied with dicamba. Adding dicamba to the spray tank with glyphosate reduced junglerice control by 27%. Adding dicamba to the spray tank with clethodim reduced junglerice control by 11%. The use of Turbo Teejet Induction (TTI) nozzles reduced junglerice control an additional 8% compared to applications with an air induction extended range (AIXR) nozzle. When a drift reduction agent (DRA) was added to dicamba mixtures with glyphosate or clethodim, junglerice control was reduced 36%. Junglerice control was similar with the glyphosate + dicamba treatment compared to the glyphosate + 2,4-D mixture. There was no interaction between nozzles and herbicide treatment. Regardless of herbicide treatment junglerice control was always lower when applied with the ultracourse TTI nozzle. Many applicators in Tennessee prefer to make one application of glyphosate + dicamba in a mixture to save time (authors' personal experience). These results show that the addition of dicamba to glyphosate or clethodim applied with labeled nozzles and a DRA results in reduced junglerice control and should be avoided. Nomenclature: junglerice; Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Juliana, Climate Change, and the Constitution

The district court and Ninth Circuit decisions in Juliana v. United States brought constitutional environmental law to the forefront of climate change litigation. This short "Insights" article provides the federal constitutional background to the claimed substantive Due Process right to a functional climate system.
Preparatory Modules: Saturation Techniques

As mentioned in Chapter 8, the basic pulse sequence requires both an excitation module and a readout module. These pulse sequences can be modified, however, by adding preparatory modules (appetizers in the “pulse sequence menu” of Fig. 8-2). These preparatory modules are essentially different types of saturation techniques. In Chapter 8, we introduced the idea of saturation as a consequence of applying multiple RF pulses. In this chapter, we will apply additional RF pulses to deliberately cause specialized types of saturation in an effort to modulate image contrast in unique ways.