cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of unstable system using LQG controller

In this paper we apply predictor-based system identification technique to unstable system to identify system dynamics. Due to instability, we need to avoid diverging output by designing controller which can keep the system poles inside unit circle in discrete time domain. This technique is applied to identify highly oscillatory wind turbine systems. In both cases, the I/O data collected by forming feedback controller (in this case, LQG controller in 1-DOF) have been successfully used for identification of unstable and oscillatory wind turbine systems. Its effectiveness is demonstrated with simulation using the Matlab©.
Euler buckling of thin-walled composite columns

Abstract Pultruded composite structural members with open or closed thin-walled sections are being extensively used as columns for structural applications where buckling is the main consideration in the design. In this paper, global buckling is investigated and critical loads are experimentally determined for various fiber reinforced composite I-beams of long column length. Southwell's method is used to determine the critical buckling load about strong and weak axes. The experimentally determined buckling load is compared with theoretical predictions. A number of observations about testing methodology and data reduction techniques are presented.
The Ex Vivo Expansion of Feline Marrow Cells Leads to Increased Numbers of BFU-E and CFU-GM but a Loss of Reconstituting Ability

Some studies in mice suggest that hematopoietic stem cells can be maintained and possibly expanded ex vivo. As there is a paucity of data from larger animals, we have studied hematologic reconstitution following autologous marrow transplantation in cats. Transplantation of very low density marrow cells ( 200/μl by day 20 ± 2 and platelets >50 × 103/μl by day 21 ± 3). Recovery rates are comparable when 1-2 × 107 nucleated marrow cells/kg are infused, suggesting that reconstituting cells are enriched 50- to 100-fold in the 1050 cell preparation. To explore if the numbers of reconstituting cells could be expanded ex vivo, 1050 cells were cultured in the presence of 5 ng/ml recombinant human interleukin 1β, 10 ng/ml recombinant canine (rc)G-CSF, 2 U/ml rHu erythropoietin, and 5 ng/ml rc stem cell factor. Maximum numbers of BFU-E and colony-forming units-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) were generated at day 6. However, when 106 1050 cells/kg (5× that needed for hematologic recovery) were cultured for six days and all resulting cells infused into irradiated donor animals, two of nine (22%) engrafted. Even when flt3 ligand (100 ng/ml) was added to cultures, only two of five animals (40%) engrafted (p = NS versus studies without flt3 ligand). These data confirm that BFU-E and CFU-GM provide inaccurate estimates of reconstituting cells and demonstrate that the number or function of feline reconstituting cells is impaired by in vitro culture with cytokines.
Viscous Dissipation in Finite Thin-Gap Couette Devices

An analytical solution is reported for the temperature distribution in finite span thin-gap Couette devices which accounts for viscous dissipation. Taken in conjunction with an established solution for the stable velocity profile, this result describes the standard experimental configuration where no external heat fluxes are applied. We discuss physical aspects as well as conditions for which classical one-dimensional theory should be replaced by the present result
The multiple views of inter-organizational authoring

Collaborative authoring is a common workplace task. Yet, despite improvements in word processors, communication software, and file sharing, many problems continue to plague co-authors. We conducted a qualitative study in a setting where participants are loosely connected, physically separated, and work together over a period of 4-9 months to author a complex technical document-a clinical trial protocol. Our study differs from most prior work in that the collaboration is longer-lived, and that the collaborators do not share equivalent status, background, nor domains of expertise. Our data demonstrates that the participants do not share the same view or representation of the authoring process, even though it has a long organizational history. Nonetheless, the participants can still coordinate their activity while maintaining only partially consistent representations of what they are doing. We contend that partial consistency in the participants' concept of the collaborative process is a feature for their asynchronous collaboration at a distance. Based on our findings we suggest a number of improvements for both tools and tool usage that have direct impact on support for collaborative authoring.
A reappraisal of atrial dissociation

Abstract Although the existence of atrial dissociation has been doubted by some investigators, various clinical observations have provided further evidence for the true occurrence of this interesting arrhythmia. Atrial dissociation is characterized by a unilateral ectopic atrial rhythm independent of the basic rhythm. The basic rhythm and the unilateral atrial rhythm never interfere with each other, and the latter is always confined to a small or large portion of one atrium. The most important diagnostic feature of this arrhythmia is the independent atrial rhythm, which is never conducted to the ventricles. The unilateral atrial rhythm is commonly a slow rhythm; less commonly, unilateral atrial fibrillation or flutter and, rarely, unilateral atrial tachycardia may be observed. Atrial dissociation must be differentiated from atrial parasystole and various artifacts that may resemble unilateral atrial rhythm. The electrocardiogram after cardiac transplantation produces findings very similar or even identical to those of atrial dissociation. When atrial dissociation is observed, it is nearly always in critically ill patients with intractable congestive heart failure and generally occurs a few hours before death.
Blockade of monoamine uptake by 1-amino-4-phenylbicyclo(2,2,2)octane (EXP 561) in rat brain and heart.

1-Amino-4-phenylbicyclo[2,2,2]octane (EXP 561) inhibited the uptake of norepinephrine by synaptosomes isolated from the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex with IC50 values of 20 and 80 nM respectively. It also inhibited the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by synaptosomes of cerebral cortex and of whole brain with IC50 values of approx. 90 nM. However, EXP 561 was a relatively weak inhibitor of norepinephrine and dopamine uptake by striatal synaptosomes with IC50 values of 200 and 270 nM. In vivo EXP 561 successfully blocked the neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine and chloroamphetamine in noradrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic nerve terminals in hypothalamus. The intraperitoneal administration of EXP 561 led to a reduction in uptake of monoamines by heart and by synaptosomes of rat brain with an effective median dose of about 1.5–4 mg/kg for a period of 4 hr. The brain level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and conversion of [3H]-tryptophan to [3H]-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were reduced by 32 and 48%, respectively, suggesting a reduction of 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurones.
Molecular mechanism for eliminylation, a newly discovered post-translational modification.

The newly discovered bacterial phosphothreonine lyases perform a post-translational modification of host cell signaling proteins through a novel catalytic mechanism that irreversibly removes the phosphate group from a phosphorylated threonine via β-elimination. This “eliminylation” reaction is shown by ab initio QM/MM studies to proceed via an E1cB-like pathway, in which the carbanion intermediate is stabilized by an enzyme oxyanion hole provided by Lys104 and Tyr158 of SpvC.
Temporality and eternity

In "An Empirical Understanding of Eternality," James Harris argues for a conception of God as temporal eternity.1 His intent is to provide an account of God's eternity consistent with classical theism while allowing that temporal predicates be meaningfully applied to God and avoiding problems associated with speaking of God as timeless or outside time. Unless we can apply temporal predicates to God, Harris argues, it is difficult to maintain that God is or has been active in history. William James' conception of the specious present provides the model for Harris' development of the conception of temporal eternity. In developing the conception of an eternal specious present, Harris concludes that "It is always now within an eternal specious present, and there is no future." This raises the question whether we can apply temporal predicates to God while denying future in God. William James argues that the only fact of the human experience of time is what E.R. Clay called perjoratively the specious present. The expression 'specious present' refers to an immediate feeling or sensation; it is a duration block where as Clay says, "all of the notes of a bar of a song seem to the listener to be contained in the present." We are said "to feel the interval of time as a whole, with its two ends embedded in it."2 Harris extends this conception of the human specious present to God and argues that God's omniscience can be accounted for while allowing for man's future free activity because God can be said to know everything now in his eternal specious present. I agree with Harris that the concept of specious present provides a better model than the absolute or durationless present
Life Prediction Methodology for Composite Structures. Part I--Constant Amplitude and Two-Stress Level Fatigue

A strength-based wearout model is presented for predicting the residual strength and life of composite structures subjected to constant amplitude or two-stress level fatigue loadings. It is assumed...
An initial test of a normative Figure Of Merit for the quality of overall task performance

An overall indicator, or Figure Of Merit (FOM), of the quality of crew/vehicle system performance is needed to establish the effect of workload on efficiency and to identify overload conditions. A normative FOM is proposed in which performance is measured on a representative task and a normative data base obtained. FOMs for subsequent executions of the task are then reported in terms of weighted deviations from average task performance. Performance of discrete tasks is measured primarily in terms of subtask time and errors. Discrete task performance is then combined with a measure of continuous vehicle control. In order to test the normative FOM procedure, the technique was applied to an existing set of data from a simulated landing task in which standard communications with ATC was compared with a data link communications system. The results indicated that while mean task performance was not affected, task variability, as measured by the FOM, was significantly higher when data link communications were used. In order to establish the sensitivity of the normative FOM method, further testing of the measure is recommended.
Metal Gate Recessed Access Device (RAD) for DRAM Scaling

A functional DRAM with higher data retention characteristics than a planar access device has been demonstrated, using a metal gate recessed access device (RAD). Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) were used to deposit titanium nitride (TiN) and tantalum nitride (TaN), respectively. CVD TiN and ALD TaN-CVD TiN laminate gate stacks were integrated with a RAD module. ALD TaN-CVD TiN laminate gates showed enhanced drive current (IDS), higher transconductance (GM), higher mobility (?EFF) and reduced off current (IOFF) characteristics compared to CVD TiN gates. Device characteristics and reliability data for both the planar devices and RADs are presented. The ALD TaN-CVD TiN laminate metal gate RAD showed much improved data retention characteristics compared to a conventional planar device with a poly silicon gate. The optimum thickness of ALD TaN in the laminate stack is discussed.
Chemical reactions between YBa2Cu3O6+δ and potential hot-forging die materials

A survey of the reactivity of YBa2Cu3O6+δ with several oxide and non-oxide materials was conducted to identify die materials for use in hot-forging studies of YBa2Cu3O6+δ. Reactivity was determined at 850 and 950 °C. The nature and extent of chemical reactions were assessed by electron probe microanalysis. Barium zirconate and silicon carbide showed negligible chemical reaction with YBa2Cu3O6+δ. Magnesium oxide and zirconium dioxide did react, but the products appear to have inhibited further reactions. Other materials such as aluminium nitride, zirconium diboride, and boron carbide, showed extensive chemical reactions with YBa2Cu3O6+δ.
Microwave and millimeter wave research before 1900 and the centenary of the horn antennna

Microwave and millimeter wave investigations carried out before 1900 are reviewed. Many of the circuit components proposed and developed at that time are still being used. The review emphasizes the research performed by the Indian Physicist J. C. Bose who was one of the pioneers in the area of microwaves and millimeter waves.
A Combined Bound for Errors in Auditing Based on Hoeffding's Inequality and the Bootstrap

For an accounting population's total error amount, confidence bounds that are reliable but not too conservative help auditors avoid costly overauditing. Parametric methods that have been proposed are not always robust. To date, none of the nonparametric methods proposed have shown superiority over the others in all population settings. This article describes a simulation study of a nonparametric bound on the total error amount in an auditing population when dollar-unit sampling is employed. The bound is a combination of two new bounds, one generated by Hoeffding's inequality and the other by a modified nonparametric bootstrap-t method that makes use of today's powerful yet cheap and readily available computer technology. At the 95% confidence level for sample size 120, the combined bound is reliable over a wide range of simulated study populations and is on average 13% smaller than the benchmark Stringer bound based on the binomial distribution. For real accounting populations, the combined bound remains ...
Photoelectrochemical investigations of thin metal-oxide films : TiO2, Al2O3, and HfO2 on the parent metals

Abstract Photoelectrochemical measurements on thin metal-oxide films are discussed. It is shown that for very thin films, multiple internal reflection effects cause the photocurrent to be a strong function of film thickness. The discussion also includes metal-oxide/electrolyte interface dominated photocurrent and metal-oxide/metal interface dominated internal photoemission processes.
Study of powder sintering-compaction by a micromechanics model

AbstractThe sintering-compaction process is one of the important methods of Ti-Al alloy component manufacturing. It is essential to obtain a thorough understanding of the mechanics involved in the process, such as the load-compaction relationship, void evolution, residual stress and plastic deformation. A unit cell micromechanics approach is used in this study to investigate the load-compaction relationship for various materials under different temperatures. The friction effect is evaluated and void evolution is observed. A formula based on the principle of soil mechanics is developed to describe the phenomenological pressure-compaction responses of materials during the sintering-compaction process.
Anticipatory motor patterns limit muscle stretch during landing in toads

To safely land after a jump or hop, muscles must be actively stretched to dissipate mechanical energy. Muscles that dissipate energy can be damaged if stretched to long lengths. The likelihood of damage may be mitigated by the nervous system, if anticipatory activation of muscles prior to impact alters the muscle's operating length. Anticipatory motor recruitment is well established in landing studies and motor patterns have been shown to be modulated based on the perceived magnitude of the impact. In this study, we examine whether motor recruitment in anticipation of landing can serve a protective function by limiting maximum muscle length during a landing event. We use the anconeus muscle of toads, a landing muscle whose recruitment is modulated in anticipation of landing. We combine in vivo measurements of muscle length during landing with in vitro characterization of the force–length curve to determine the muscle's operating length. We show that muscle shortening prior to impact increases with increasing hop distance. This initial increase in muscle shortening functions to accommodate the larger stretches required when landing after long hops. These predictive motor strategies may function to reduce stretch-induced muscle damage by constraining maximum muscle length, despite variation in the magnitude of impact.
Role of Exercise Doppler Echocardiography in Isolated Mitral Stenosis

This study reports the role of Doppler ultrasound during exercise for assessment of patients with mitral stenosis. Doppler echocardiography was performed at rest and during symptom-limited supine bicycle exercise in ten patients with isolated mitral stenosis. The mean mitral valvular gradient was calculated using modified Bernoulli's equation, and the mitral valvular area was estimated from the equation, 220/pressure half-time. During exercise the heart rate increased from 74±14 beats per minute (mean ± SD) at rest to 110±8 beats per minute (p
Entropy and Melting in Small Particles

We describe theoretical results for part of the Gibbs free energy surface as a function of shape and temperature for small particles. We predict the existence of true ‘quasi-melting’ at temperatures much below the conventional melting points and also phase transitions between different stable forms as the temperature is varied. A phase diagram for small particles is constructed for the first time, showing the stability ranges for different particle shapes as a function of size and temperature.
Protective killed Leptospira borgpetersenii vaccine induces potent Th1 immunity comprising responses by CD4 and γδ T lymphocytes

Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo is the most common cause of bovine leptospirosis and also causes zoonotic infections of humans. A protective killed vaccine against serovar hardjo was shown to induce strong antigen-specific proliferative responses by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from vaccinated cattle by 2 months after the first dose of vaccine. This response was absent from nonvaccinated control cattle. The mean response peaked by 2 months after completion of the two-dose vaccination regimen, and substantial proliferation was measured in in vitro cultures throughout the 7 months of the study period. Variations in magnitude of the response occurred among the vaccinated animals, but by 7 months postvaccination there was a substantial antigen-specific response with PBMC from all vaccinated animals. Up to one-third of the PBMC from vaccinated animals produced gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) after 7 days in culture with antigen, as ascertained by flow cytometric analysis, and significant levels of IFN-gamma were measured in culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two-color immunofluorescence revealed that one-third of the IFN-gamma-producing cells were gammadelta T cells, with the remaining cells being CD4(+) T cells. The significance of this study is the very potent Th1-type immune response induced and sustained following vaccination with a killed bacterial vaccine adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide and the involvement of gammadelta T cells in the response. Moreover, induction of this Th1-type cellular immune response is associated with the protection afforded by the bovine leptospiral vaccine against L. borgpetersenii serovar hardjo.
Performance of NBS Hydrogen Liquefier Plant

Because of urgent needs for liquid hydrogen and low temperature engineering information, this plant at Boulder, Colorado was rushed to completion, and the first hydrogen was liquefied on March 23, 1952. As laboratory facilities were completed and more low temperature engineering development projects were undertaken by NBS and others, the requirements for liquid hydrogen increased until it was necessary to produce as much as 12,000 liters in a month. The most produced in a single run was 5,300 liters.
Spinal Cord Infarction in Children

Two cases of ischemic spinal cord infarction (SCI) in children are reported and the literature reviewed by researchers at Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.
Germline stem cells: stems of the next generation

Germline stem cells (GSCs) sustain gametogenesis during the life of organisms. Recent progress has substantially extended our understanding of GSC behavior, including the mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal, asymmetric stem cell division, stem cell niches, dedifferentiation, and tissue aging. GSCs typically are highly proliferative, owing to organismal requirement to produce large number of differentiated cells. While many somatic stem cells are multipotent, with multiple differentiation pathways, GSCs are unipotent. For these relatively simple characteristics (e.g. constant proliferation and unipotency), GSCs have served as ideal model systems for the study of adult stem cell behavior, leading to many important discoveries. Here, we summarize recent progress in GSC biology, with an emphasis on evolutionarily conserved mechanisms.
Unsilencing voices: a study of zoo signs and their language of authority

Zoo signs are important for informal learning, but their effect on visitor perception of animals has been sparsely studied. Other studies have established the importance of informal learning in American society; this study discusses zoo signs in the context of such learning. Through the lens of Critical Theory framed by informal learning, and by applying critical discourse analysis, I discovered subtle institutional power on zoo signs. This may influence visitors through dominant ideological discursive formations and emergent discourse objects, adding to the paradox of “saving” wild animals while simultaneously oppressing them. Signs covering a variety of species from two different United States-accredited zoos were analyzed. Critical Theory looks to emancipate oppressed human populations; here I apply it zoo animals. As physical emancipation is not practical, I define emancipation in the sociological sense—in this case, freedom from silence. Through this research, perhaps we can find a way to represent animals as living beings who have their own lives and voices, by presenting them honestly, with care and compassion.
Assessing the dynamic capabilities view: spare change, everyone?

Why do some firms succeed in a dynamic competitive environment when others fail? Recently, concepts and models addressing this question have increasingly clustered around the dynamic capabilities view (DCV). Citation counts suggest that the DCV is the new touchstone firm-based performance-focused theory (Teece et al. [1997], for example, had received 1180 citations in the ISI Web of Knowledge as of June 2008), and case studies of innovative firms such as IDEO (Hargadon and Sutton, 1997) have fueled interest. We take a step back to assess the ability of the DCV to explain successful change with logical consistency, conceptual clarity and empirical rigor, criteria suggested by Laudan (1977). Such an assessment is important not only because of the DCV’s popularity, but also because of the theoretical and practical significance of the issues it addresses. While the arguably static resource-based view (RBV) emphasizes the value of resources, the DCV addresses the need to explain changes in valuable resources, e.g. the erosion of asset stocks (Dierickx and Cool, 1989) and the changes in asset values (Miller and Shamsie, 1996). The DCV also addresses a practical need to understand how firms can change effectively, given perceptions that many competitive environments now change at increasing rates, and that firms have difficulty changing successfully (Beer and Nohria, 2000; Strebel, 1996). Our assessment identifies four major problems that limit the potential contribution of the DCV: (1) unclear value-added relative to existing concepts; (2) lack of a coherent theoretical foundation; (3) weak empirical support; and (4) unclear practical implications. Although potentially interrelated, each problem presents different difficulties and raises different questions.
The Entextualization of Ayurveda as Intellectual Property

This article documents the practices of pharmaceutical creativity in Ayurveda, focusing in particular on how practitioners appropriate multiple sources to innovate medical knowledge. Drawing on research in linguistic anthropology on the social circulation of discourse—a process called entextualization—I describe how the ways in which Ayurveda practitioners innovate medical knowledge confounds the dichotomous logic of intellectual property (IP) rights discourse, which opposes traditional collective knowledge and modern individual innovation. While it is clear that these categories do not comprehend the complex nature of creativity in Ayurveda, I also use the concept of entextualization to describe how recent historical shifts in the circulation of discourse have caused a partial entailment of this opposition between the individual and the collectivity. Ultimately, I argue that the method exemplified in this article of tracking the social circulation of medical discourse highlights both the empirical complexity of so-called traditional creativity, and the politics of imposing the categories of IP rights discourse upon that creativity, situated as it often is, at the margins of the global economy.
Urological Problems After Surgical Treatment of Scoliosis in Children with Myelomeningocele

AbstractPurpose: We assessed urological problems and complications after scoliosis surgery in children with myelomeningocele.Materials and Methods: A total of 16 children with myelodysplasia underwent surgery for scoliosis using different surgical techniques and instrumentation systems. Mean patient age at operation was 11 years and mean postoperative followup was 3 years. All patients had urological assessment before and after surgery, including urodynamics.Results: Urological problems after surgical correction of scoliosis developed in 6 patients (38 percent). Three girls had difficulty performing clean intermittent self-catheterization postoperatively because of altered body posture, a genital pressure sore and a plaster body cast, respectively. In 4 patients, including 1 girl with problems performing clean intermittent self-catheterization, lower urinary tract function was altered, leading to upper urinary tract deterioration in 1 and worsening of urinary incontinence in 3.Conclusions: Children with m...
The Borah Peak, Idaho Earthquake of October 28, 1983—Structural Control of Groundwater Eruptions and Sediment Boil Formation in the Chilly Buttes Area

Abstract Groundwater eruptions attendant to the Borah Peak earthquake formed more than 40 sediment boils. The eruptions were strongly controlled by solution widened fractures in limestone underlying alluvium. The dominant fracture set oriented N15°‐20°W is imprinted upon the thin alluvial cover which is a confining layer. The fractures and shear zones in the alluvium served as important conduits for the discharge of groundwater. Water and air expulsed from the underlying carbonate entered the alluvium under high pressure and entrained and fluidized the alluvium forming sediment eruptions. The pressure surge which caused the eruptions probably resulted from a porewater pressure increase caused by compression of the carbonate in the hanging wall as it dropped.
Immunohistochemical staining for thyroid transcription factor-1: a helpful aid in discerning primary site of tumor origin in patients with brain metastases.

Metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary origin is a perplexing but common problem, accounting for up to 10% to 15% of all solid tumors at presentation. Many of these metastases presumably arise from primary lung carcinomas, but the morphologic features and immunohistochemical profile of lung cancer is often too nonspecific to permit unequivocal confirmation. Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is expressed in lung adenocarcinomas and thyroid carcinomas but not in adenocarcinomas arising from other sites. For patients with adenocarcinomas in the lung, TTF-1 staining is now routinely used to distinguish a primary lung cancer from a lung metastasis. Along these same lines, TTF-1 staining might prove useful in localizing the tumor origin of adenocarcinomas encountered outside of the lung. The archival surgical pathology files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital were searched for cases of brain metastases biopsied between 1990 and 2000. Tissue blocks were obtained and immunoperoxidase staining was performed using the TTF-1 antibody. The medical records were reviewed independent of the staining results to determine site of tumor origin. Seventy-five patients underwent biopsies of carcinomas metastatic to the brain. At the time of brain biopsy, the primary site of tumor origin was known in 45 cases and unknown in 30 cases. Ultimately, the primary site was established on clinical and radiographic grounds in 71 cases (95%). These included 40 (56%) metastases from a primary lung carcinoma and 31 (44%) metastases from some nonpulmonary carcinoma. TTF-1 staining was present in 31 of the 40 (78%) metastatic lung carcinomas, but in only 1 of the 31 (3%) metastatic nonpulmonary carcinomas (a small-cell carcinoma of the sinonasal tract). When the metastatic lung carcinomas were subtyped, TTF-1 staining was noted in 11 of 11 (100%) adenocarcinomas, in 6 of 7 (86%) small-cell carcinomas, in 15 of 19 (79%) large-cell carcinomas, and in none of 3 (0%) squamous cell carcinomas. TTF-1 staining is very reliable in discerning whether a brain metastasis has arisen from a pulmonary or nonpulmonary site, particularly when dealing with adenocarcinomas and large-cell carcinomas. TTF-1 immunohistochemistry could focus the search for the primary tumor for patients presenting with brain metastasis as the initial manifestation.
Ordinary Lives in the Early Caribbean: Religion, Colonial Competition, and the Politics of Profit. By Kristen Block. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2012. Pp. xiii, 309. $24.95.)

The author of this book has produced an important and well‐researched study that enhances our understanding of Spanish and English influence in the Caribbean during the early seventeenth to mid‐eig...
Magneto-optical detection of weak magnetic fields

Imaging modalities currently available for inexpensive imaging of biomagnetic fields are limited. Magneto-optical films have been used in magnetic field imaging systems with detection floors of 0.1-1 mT. A technique for magneto-optical detection of weak magnetic fields using bismuth-doped yttrium iron garnet (Bi:YIG) thin films is described. Results showing typical detected fields of 10 nT are presented. Such a device has potential clinical applications in MCG imaging and the tracking of magnetic particles.
Multiple-allergen oral immunotherapy improves quality of life in caregivers of food-allergic pediatric subjects

Background Food allergy (FA) negatively affects quality of life in caregivers of food-allergic children, imposing a psychosocial and economic burden. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is a promising investigational therapy for FA. However, OIT can be a source of anxiety as it carries risk for allergic reactions. The effect of OIT with multiple food allergens (mOIT) on FA-specific health-related quality of life (HRQL) has never been studied in participants with multiple, severe food allergies. This study is the first to investigate the effects of mOIT on FA-related HRQL in caregivers of pediatric subjects.
A Scale for Measuring Student Attitudes Toward Selected School Factors.

This article presents details of construction and initial validation of a Likert scale for assessing attitude toward six categories of school life with particular emphasis on school lunch. The scale was designed for use in a research project concerned with status of school lunch in North Carolina. The purposes were: (1) to measure attitude as it exists; (2) to measure change in attitude subsequent to nutrition education; and (3) to study relationships between attitude and acceptability of school-served food. The scale has been used for three successive years for obtaining data on six areas of school life from both elementary and high school students.
Quantitative X-ray measurements of high-pressure fuel sprays from a production heavy duty diesel injector

A quantitative and time-resolved X-ray radiography technique has been used for detailed measurements of high-pressure fuel sprays in the near-nozzle region of a diesel engine injector. The technique provides high spatial and temporal resolution, especially in the relatively dense core region. A single spray plume from a hydraulically actuated electronically controlled unit injector model 315B injector with a 6-hole nozzle was isolated and studied at engine-like densities for two different injection pressures. Optical spray imaging was also employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the shield used to isolate a single spray plume. The steady state fuel distributions for both injection pressures are similar and show a dense spray region along the axis of the spray, with the on-axis spray density decreasing as the spray progresses downstream. The higher injection pressure case exhibits a larger cone angle and spray broadening at the exit of the nozzle. For some time periods, the near-nozzle penetration speed is lower for the high injection pressure case than the low injection pressure case, which is unexpected, but can be attributed to the needle and flow dynamics inside the injector causing slower pressure build-up for the former case. Rate of injection testing was performed to further understand near-nozzle behavior. Mass distribution data were obtained and used to find mass-averaged velocity of the spray. Comparisons of the radiography data with that from a common rail single-hole light duty injectors under similar injection conditions show several significant differences. The current data show a larger cone angle and lower penetration speed than that from the light-duty injector. Moreover, these data display a Gaussian mass distribution across the spray near the injector, whereas in previous light-duty injector measurements, the mass distribution had steeper sides and a flatter peak. Measurements are also used to examine the spray models in the STAR-CD software.
Two New Species of Dorsipes (Acari: Podapolipidae) from Tefflus zebulianus reichardi (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Including a Key to Dorsipes Species

Abstract Two new species of podapolipid mites, Dorsipes tefflii and D. auncinius, are described, illustrated, and compared with related species of Dorsipes in the platysmae group. Both species are ectoparasites of Tefflus zebulianus reichardi Kolbe collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These are the 1st records of Dorsipes in Africa. Keys to the ten species of Dorsipes are provided.
Survival Benefit of Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy for Unresected Glioblastoma Multiforme in the Temozolomide Era

PTV with the 90% isodose volume. Acute side effects were headache in 32%, nausea in 15%, conjunctivitis in 5%, keratitis in 5%, and optic papillitis in 2%. Fifteen percent of patients required corticosteroids during SRT. Chronic toxicities included retinopathy (7%), pituitary dysfunction (7%), chronic ocular pain (2%), and cataracts (2%). Visual acuity was stable in 65%, improved in 28%, and decreased in 8% of patients. Visual fields were stable in 71%, improved in 21% and reduced in 9% of patients. Actuarial 5-year local control rates were 100% for primary ONSM and 88% for secondary ONSM. Actuarial 5-year visual preservation rates were 100% for primary ONSM and 86% for secondary ONSM. Two patients with secondary ONSM experienced disease progression: one was salvaged with surgery while the other died of other causes before treatment for ONSM was required. Conclusion: SRT for primary and secondary ONSM was well tolerated and provided excellent local control and vision preservation at our institution. Longer follow-up is required to determine the risk of late ocular and pituitary sequelae. Author Disclosure: S. Hamilton: None. A. Nichol: None. F. Hsu: None. P. Truong: None. P. Dolman: None. A.K. Cheung: None. M. McKenzie: None. R. Ma: None.
Crisis in the Universities

“Joseph W. Barr, Under-Secretary of the Treasury, joined a growing group of experts in predicting that the end of the war in Vietnam could lead to very little reduction in defense spending, despite the stated cost of the war of about $28 billion a year, unless the nation's military and diplomatic objectives are changed.“‘If the State Department maintains its current diplomatic objectives and if the Department of Defense defines its mission relative to those objectives as it did in 1965 [before Vietnam], then there is not much opportunity for substantial budget cutting in this area in the foreseeable future.’”New York Times, June 26, 1968
Cell Compatible Polypyridyl Ru-Complex Based Fluorophore as Long-Life Lysosome Tracker

The integration of tetrapeptide with ruthenium(II)tris(bipyridine) complex affords a self-assembled supramolecular metallo-hydrogelator which can be applied as potential fluorescent nanomaterial for long-life lysosome tracking.
Adolescent intake of caffeinated energy drinks does not affect adult alcohol consumption in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice

The rise in marketing and mass consumption of energy drink products by adolescents poses a largely unknown risk on adolescent development and drug reward. Yet, with increasing reports of acute health issues present in young adults who ingest large quantities of energy drinks alone or in combination with alcohol, the need to elucidate these potential risks is pressing. Energy drinks contain high levels of caffeine and sucrose; therefore, exposure to energy drinks may lead to changes in drug-related behaviors since caffeine and sucrose consumption activates similar brain pathways engaged by substances of abuse. With a recent study observing that adolescent caffeine consumption increased cocaine sensitivity, we sought to investigate how prolonged energy drink exposure in adolescence alters alcohol use and preference in adulthood. To do so, we utilized three different energy drink exposure paradigms and two strains of male mice (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) to monitor the effect of caffeine exposure via energy drinks in adolescence on adult alcohol intake. These paradigms included two models of volitional consumption of energy drinks or energy drink-like substances and one model of forced consumption of sucrose solutions with different caffeine concentrations. Following adolescent exposure to these solutions, alcohol intake was monitored in a limited-access, two-bottle choice between water and increasing concentrations of alcohol during adulthood. In none of the three models or two strains of mice did we observe that adolescent ‘energy drink’ consumption or exposure was correlated with changes in adult alcohol intake or preference. While our current preclinical results suggest that exposure to large amounts of caffeine does not alter future alcohol intake, differences in caffeine metabolism between mice and humans need to be considered before translating these results to humans.
Honor codes and medical ethics in modern France

Les medecins et philosophes francais devraient appliquer la meme philosophie morale sur la prevention et le traitement du syndrome d'immunodeficience acquis, l'avortement et l'euthanasie, en respectant les droits des patients
Attenuation of arteriolar alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity during endotoxemia

It is well documented that adrenergic responses after endotoxin (ENDT) administration are greatly reduced. The hypothesis of this study is that either alpha 1- or alpha 2-receptor activity is attenuated and the other receptor type is minimally affected during ENDT shock. Reactivity of the arterioles of left cremaster muscles of male Wistar rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium was studied using videomicroscopy. Femoral mean arterial pressure and first-, second-, third-, and fourth-order arteriolar diameters were measured. In group I, the decreases in arteriolar diameter and half-maximal effective dose (ED50) values with increasing phenylephrine concentration (alpha 1-adrenergic receptor agonist) were similar in all four branching orders before and after ENDT. In group II, the decreases in arteriolar diameter with increasing clonidine concentrations (alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist) were effectively attenuated by ENDT, and ED50 values were increased above control in all four branching orders. In group III, idazoxan (alpha 2-receptor antagonist) effectively blocked the vasoconstrictor effects of clonidine but did not affect the responses to phenylephrine before or after ENDT in all four arteriolar orders. In group IV, prazosin (alpha 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist) blocked the vasoconstrictor effects of phenylephrine before and after the administration of ENDT. However, vasoconstriction due to clonidine post-ENDT even at maximal dosage (10(-3) M), was greatly attenuated in all four branching orders as in group II. It is concluded that during endotoxemia the reduced adrenergic vasoconstrictor response of cremaster muscle arterioles is the result of attenuated activity of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors with minimal if any effects on alpha 1-adrenergic receptor activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Selecting a contraceptive method. Role of MPA/E2C.

The new monthly combination hormonal injections offer many unique features that many women may find attractive.
Coronary bypass without angiography: an unusual circumstance.

This paper presents an unusual case of an individual with myocardial ischemia, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction who also had an anaphylactic reaction to angiographic dye.
Chapter 6 The Inevitable Arbitrariness of Market Definitions and the Unjustifiability of Market-Oriented Antitrust Analyses

The concrete antitrust-law analyses of every country are virtually always market-oriented—i.e., virtually always derive their legal conclusions from data on parameters such as a firm’s market share or the concentration of the market(s) in which it is operating whose definitions assume that markets can be defined non-arbitrarily. Thus, courts, prosecutors, and administrative agencies that are applying treaties that prohibit the abuse of a dominant position or doctrines that assert that the possession of monopoly (or market) power is an element of an actual or alleged antitrust offense (such as engaging in monopolizing conduct) have all assumed that the dominance of any firm or its monopoly or market power should be determined primarily or exclusively by its market share, and courts, prosecutors, and administrative agencies that are seeking to prevent or break up horizontal mergers and acquisitions that manifest their participants’ specific anticompetitive intent or lessen competition have primarily or exclusively based their predictions of the competitive impact of such mergers or acquisitions (1) traditionally on the merger partners’ individual and combined shares of the relevant markets’ sales and the total of the shares of the sales of those markets made by the four or eight firms that had most sales in them and (2) more recently on the post-merger sum of the squares of the market shares of all firms placed within the relevant markets (the post-merger HHIs—Hirschman–Herfindahl Indices—of those markets) and the impact of the merger in question on these HHIs. I hasten to add that the implicit assumption of all such analytic protocols that markets can be defined non-arbitrarily is shared by virtually all industrial-organization economists.
Fuzzy set methods for uncertainty management in intelligence analysis: Research Articles

Considerable concern has arisen regarding the quality of intelligence analysis. This has been, in large part, motivated by the task of determining whether Iraq had weapons of mass destruction. One problem that made this analysis difficult was the uncertainty in much of the information available to the intelligence analysts. In this work, we introduce some tools that can be of use to intelligence analysts for representing and processing uncertain information. We make considerable use of technologies based on fuzzy sets and related disciplines such as approximate reasoning. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 21: 523–544, 2006.
Adding Stiffness to the Foot Modulates Soleus Force-Velocity Behaviour During Human Walking

Adding Stiffness to the Foot Modulates Soleus Force-Velocity Behaviour during Human Walking
Clinical Influences in the Multidisciplinary Management of Small Renal Masses at a Tertiary Referral Center

Abstract Introduction We designed a multidisciplinary Small Renal Mass Center to help patients decide among treatment options and individualize therapy for small renal masses. In this model physicians and support staff from multiple specialties work as a team to evaluate and devise a treatment plan for patients at the same organized visit. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 263 patients seen from 2009 to 2014. Monitored patient characteristics included age, Charlson comorbidity index, body mass index, nephrometry score, tumor size and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify patient characteristics associated with each treatment choice. Results Of the cohort 88 patients elected active surveillance, 64 underwent ablation and 111 were treated with surgery, including partial and radical nephrectomy in 74 and 37, respectively. There were significant associations between treatment modality and age, Charlson comorbidity index, tumor size and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Mean patient age at presentation was 61.1 years. Patients with a high Charlson comorbidity index score (greater than 5) or a decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (less than 60 ml/minute/1.73 m 2 ) were more likely to undergo active surveillance (41.6% and 35%) and ablative therapy (29.6% and 34%) vs partial nephrectomy (10.6% and 9%, respectively, each p Conclusions The Small Renal Mass Center enables patients to assess the various treatment modalities for a small renal mass in a single setting. By providing simultaneous access to the various specialists it provides an invaluable opportunity for informed patient decision making.
Conceptual Resources and Philosophical Grounds in Set-Theoretic Models of Vagueness: Fuzzy, Rough and Near Sets

The conclusions of my discussion of pictorial precision and certainty in informal philosophical analysis extend to the application of fuzzy formalism. In fact, they do so more broadly. In image analysis fuzzy formalism has been applied as part of different generalizations of set theory: near sets, rough sets and fuzzy sets, and their possible combinations. They are all different kinds of Cantor sets in which membership is established by a law that enables the grouping into a whole. Both fuzzy sets and rough sets generalize classical set theory; and near sets are more general than rough sets.