cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What They May Not Tell You and You May Not Know to Ask: What is Expected of Surgeons in Their First Year of Independent Practice

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the views and expectations that practicing general surgeons have of their junior colleagues who have recently finished training. DESIGN This is a qualitative study performed using focus group data consisting of open-ended questions concentrating on essential qualities and attributes of surgeons, behaviors observed in newly-graduated surgeons, and appropriate oversight of junior partners. Qualitative analysis was performed using grounded theory methodology with transcripts coded by 3 independent reviewers. SETTING Focus groups were conducted with surgeons practicing in rural and urban community settings. PARTICIPANTS Focus groups consisted of practicing general surgeons throughout the state of Oregon. RESULTS Focus groups were comprised of 31 practicing surgeons (10 female, 21 male) with varying ages and levels of experience practicing in both rural and urban environments. Qualitative analysis revealed the need for surgeons with strong interpersonal skills, teamwork, judgment, and broad technical skills who possess the appropriate amount of confidence and know when to ask for help. Frequently noted themes identified, included not knowing when to ask for help, overconfidence or underconfidence, as well as lack of judgment and lack of either quality or breadth of technical skill. Current oversight included direct observation, subjective evaluations from staff and colleagues, analysis of outcomes/quality, and either formal or informal mentorship arrangements. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for graduating surgeons to be competent in multiple domains. The importance of knowing when to ask for help was stressed by practicing surgeons in both the rural and urban community setting, but is underemphasized in residency training, possibly due to less indirect resident supervision. Surgeons also emphasized the importance of mentorship, as professional growth continues long after completion of training.
Messaging Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Inequities: A Qualitative Exploration:

Background. There are substantial health inequities for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people compared to their straight/cisgendered counterparts. As evidence of these inequities ha...
Autoimmunity to Tamm-Horsfall Protein

Although interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and tubular damage are prominent pathologic features in a variety of renal diseases, the pathogenesis of these lesions has received much less attention than have mechanisms of glomerular injury. Recently, clinical and experimental studies have shown that, in addition to well-established roles of immunologic mechanisms in glomerulonephritis, such immune mechanisms can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis also. Primary antibody-mediated tubular and interstitial lesions may be caused by either antibodies to tubular basement membranes (TBM) or by immune complexes. Anti-TBM-mediated nephritis is characterized by a smooth linear pattern of immunoglobulin fixed along the TBM, and the pathogenesis of these lesions has been discussed in detail (McCluskey and Colvin, 1978). In this discussion, features of tubulointerstitial nephritis mediated by immune complexes and having a granular staining pattern will be presented with emphasis on the pathogenesis of renal lesions produced by antibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein (TH), a urinary glycoprotein of renal origin.
Identification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients at risk for treatment-related vertebral density loss and fractures

Information on bone loss in treated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients is limited. In this study, we used CT to analyze bone loss as well as prevalent and incident fractures. We found severe bone loss, a high rate of fractures, and a novel association between bone loss and the international prognostic index. To investigate bone loss and fracture risk in non-Hodgkin-lymphoma (NHL) patients by (i) comparing treatment-related vertebral density (VD) loss in NHL patients with control subjects and (ii) investigating associations of VD loss versus fracture risk. Further, associations of VD loss and clinical parameters were investigated. VD of 123 NHL patients was measured pre- and post-treatment in the L1, L2, and L3 vertebrae in routine computed tomography (CT) scans, performed between Jan 2016 and Mar 2017. Control measurements (n = 52) were obtained from CT colonographies between Sept 2003 and Sept 2017 and their subsequent follow-up-exams (10–137 months). Prevalent and incident (between baseline and follow-up) fractures were assessed in all subjects, and VD loss per year was calculated. Linear regression models were used to (i) compare VD loss between patients and controls and (ii) identify associations between VD loss and clinical parameters. Using logistic regression models, ORs for fractures per SD change in VD were assessed in patients. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and contrast application. NHL patients experienced significantly greater VDL1–3 loss than controls (P = 0.003), and greater VDL1–3 loss was associated with a greater likelihood of incident fractures (OR, [95%-CI], P 1.90, [1.03, 3.51], 0.04). Patients with an initial international prognostic index (IPI) of 5 suffered significantly greater VD loss compared with an IPI of 0 (P = 0.01). Using VD measurements in routine CT scans, substantial vertebral bone loss in NHL patients could be documented with a high incidence of fractures.
The Kazakh Famine as a Product of Soviet Nation-Building: The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, by Sarah Cameron, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2018, 294 pp., US$49.95 (hardcover), ISBN: 9781501730450

Of Joseph Stalin’s many crimes in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, the Ukrainian famine of 1932–1933 stands out for the cold murderousness with which Stalin allowed millions of people to starve to de...
Woody species do not differ in dormancy progression: differences in time to budbreak due to forcing and cold hardiness

Abstract Budbreak is one of the most observed and studied phenological phases in perennial plants. Two dimensions of exposure to temperature are generally used to model budbreak: accumulation of time spent at low temperatures (chilling); and accumulation of heat units (forcing). These two effects have a well-established negative correlation: the more chilling, the less forcing required for budbreak. Furthermore, temperate plant species are assumed to vary in amount of chilling required to complete endodormancy and begin the transition to breaking bud. Still, prediction of budbreak remains a challenge. The present work demonstrates across a wide range of species how bud cold hardiness must be accounted for to study dormancy and accurately predict time to budbreak. Cold hardiness defines the path length to budbreak, meaning the difference between the cold hardiness buds attain during the winter, and the cold hardiness at which deacclimated buds are predicted to open. This distance varies among species and throughout winter within a species. Increases in rate of cold hardiness loss (deacclimation) measured throughout winter show that chilling controls deacclimation potential – the proportion of the maximum rate response attained at high chill accumulation – which has a sigmoid relationship to chilling accumulation. For forcing, rates of deacclimation increase non-linearly in response to temperature. Comparisons of deacclimation potential show a dormancy progresses similarly for all species. This observation suggests that comparisons of physiologic and genetic control of dormancy requires an understanding of cold hardiness dynamics and the necessity for an update of the framework for studying dormancy and its effects on spring phenology.
Cigarette Smoking and Estrogen-Related Cancer

Cigarette smoking is a known cause of many cancers, yet epidemiologic studies have found protective associations with the risk of four "estrogen-related" malignancies: endometrial cancer, endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancers, and thyroid cancer. This review considers epidemiologic and biological aspects of these associations, focusing particularly on estrogen signaling, and contrasts them with those for breast cancer, another estrogen-related malignancy. The observational findings regarding the inverse associations are consistent and remain after adjustment for possible confounding factors. In general, women who smoke do not have lower circulating estrogen levels than nonsmokers, eliminating one possible explanation for reduced risks of these malignancies. For endometrial and endometrioid ovarian cancer, the negative associations could plausibly be explained by interference with signaling through the estrogen receptor α. However, this is unlikely to explain the lower risks of thyroid and clear cell ovarian cancers. For thyroid cancer, an anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine and reduced TSH levels from smoking have been proposed explanations for the inverse association, but both lack convincing evidence. While the overall impact of cigarette smoking is overwhelmingly negative, protective associations such as those discussed here can provide potential clues to disease etiology, treatment, and prevention.
A tangled web: comparing inter- and intraspecific mating dynamics in Anasa squash bugs.

Reproductive interference, reproductive interactions between heterospecific individuals including mating, is commonly reported across taxa but its drivers are still unclear. Studying interspecific matings in the context of their conspecific mating system- by relating an individual's conspecific mating behavior to its heterospecific interactions- offers a powerful approach to address this uncertainty. Here we compare inter- and intraspecific mating dynamics in the squash bug Anasa tristis and its close relative Anasa andresii under semi-natural conditions. Using replicated enclosures, we surveyed the mating behavior of individually marked A. tristis and A. andresii (5 males and 5 females of each species per trial) at hourly intervals using a robotic camera system over a 14-day period. We uncovered high levels of reproductive interference (19% of individuals engaged in interspecific matings) but the majority of mating activity took place between conspecifics. A. tristis females which engaged in interspecific matings had comparable hatching success with those which did not. Therefore, in this system, relatively high levels of reproductive interference may emerge under semi-natural conditions as a byproduct of limited intraspecific pre-copulatory choice paired with limited fitness penalties for at least one of the species involved.
The Chemistry of Cytochrome P-450 Catalyzed Oxidation Reactions

One of the central problems of Homogeneous Catalysis is the stereospecific activation of aliphatic and aromatic carbon-hydrogen bonds (1, 2). This type of activation is quite difficult to achieve with synthetically prepared Homogeneous Catalysts but an enzyme, cytochrome P-450, is able to carry out these reactions at 37 in aqueous solution. Thus, an understanding of the chemistry and mechanism of cytochrome P-450 catalyzed reactions may enable us to design appropriate Homogeneous Catalysts.
Pediatric endoscopic third ventriculostomy: a population-based study

Object Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is an alternative to ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus treatment. Choice of treatment options raises questions about which patients are likely to benefit from ETV. The authors performed a population-based analysis using an administrative claims database, examining current practice and outcomes for pediatric patients in the US. Methods The authors queried the MarketScan (Truven Health Analytics) database for Current Procedural Terminology codes corresponding to ETV and ventriculoperitoneal shunting from 2003 to 2011; they included patients 19 years or younger and extracted data from initial and subsequent hospitalizations. Hydrocephalus etiology was classified with ICD-9-CM coding. ETV failure was defined as any subsequent ETV or shunt procedure. Results Five hundred one patients underwent ETV. Of these, 46% were female. The mean age was 8.7 ± 6.4 years (± SD). The mean follow-up was 1.9 ± 1.8 years. Etiology of hydrocephalus was primarily tumor (...
The analysis of fuzzy knowledge-based systems using cell-to-cell mapping

A cell-to-cell mapping method is introduced and applied to the analysis of a fuzzy-knowledge-based mobile robot motion control system. The cell-to-cell mapping was originally used in nonlinear system analysis. This method is found to be very compatible with the fuzzy-knowledge-based system. By dividing the state space into cell state space, the multi-image fuzzy mapping is transformed to a fuzzy cell-to-cell mapping. The periodic solutions of the fuzzy dynamic system are located by using an algorithm. The global behavior of the fuzzy mapping is described by finding the domain of attraction of a periodic solution. >
Empire and Globalization: On the Recent Study of the Philippines in the United States

This short paper traces two of the more important developments in the study of the Philippines in the United States in the wake of critiques regarding American Orientalism in the late 1990s. The first is a rediscovery of the American empire at the heart of US national history, and by implication, of the buried significance of overseas colonies to metropolitan developments. Second is the emergence of robust cultural critiques of globalization from the perspective of those who have been globalized from below. The paper talks these developments with reference to Paul Kramer’s Blood of Government and Neferti Tadiar’s Things Fall Away, books that mark critically important advances not only in Philippine Studies in the US, but of American Studies in the age of imperial globalization.
Randomly coloring random graphs: Randomly Coloring Random Graphs

We consider the problem of generating a colouring of the random graph Gn,p uniformly at random using a natural Markov chain algorithm: the Glauber dynamics. We assume that there are β∆ colours available, where ∆ is the maximum degree of the graph, and we wish to determine the least β = β(p) such that the distribution is close to uniform in O(n log n) steps of the chain. This problem has been previously studied for Gn,p in cases where np is relatively small. Here we consider the “dense” cases, where np ∈ [ω lnn, n] and ω = ω(n) → ∞. Our methods are closely tailored to the random graph setting, but we obtain considerably better bounds on β(p) than can be achieved using more general techniques.
Arabidopsis Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase CPK10 Functions in Abscisic Acid- and Ca2+-Mediated Stomatal Regulation in Response to Drought Stress

Plant calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) may function as calcium sensors and play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development and in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome encodes 34 CDPKs, and most of them have not been functionally characterized. Here, we report the functional characterization of CPK10 in Arabidopsis response to drought stress. The cpk10 mutant, a T-DNA insertion mutant for the Arabidopsis CPK10 gene, showed a much more sensitive phenotype to drought stress compared with wild-type plants, while the CPK10 overexpression lines displayed enhanced tolerance to drought stress. Induction of stomatal closure and inhibition of stomatal opening by abscisic acid (ABA) and Ca2+ were impaired in the cpk10 mutants. Using yeast two-hybrid methods, a heat shock protein, HSP1, was identified as a CPK10-interacting protein. The interaction between CPK10 and HSP1 was further confirmed by pull-down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. The HSP1 knockout mutant (hsp1) plants showed a similar sensitive phenotype under drought stress as the cpk10 mutant plants and were similarly less sensitive to ABA and Ca2+ in regulation of stomatal movements. Electrophysiological experiments showed that ABA and Ca2+ inhibition of the inward K+ currents in stomatal guard cells were impaired in the cpk10 and hsp1 mutants. All presented data demonstrate that CPK10, possibly by interacting with HSP1, plays important roles in ABA- and Ca2+-mediated regulation of stomatal movements.
Mothering for the State Foster Parenting and the Challenges of Government-Contracted Carework

This article draws on ethnographic research with a nonprofit foster family agency to examine how payment affects caregivers’motivations and performance, as well as how state bureaucratic organization and professional supervision affect their carework. Findings suggest that contrary to conventional thought, economic interests and altruistic motives coexist for foster mothers. Although monetary compensation is a concern for these mostly working-class women, impetus for caring also stems from traditional gendered ideals of mothering, nurturing, and staying at home with their biological children. However, state regulations and rules (designed to protect children) intervene in foster mothers’parenting and private lives and undermine their intrinsic motivations and rewards. The conclusion reflects on what this case reveals about the challenges of paid carework, especially under conditions of government supervision and regulation.
Chilean conversations : Internet forum participants debate Augusto Pinochet's detention

Chileans from around the world discussed the October 1998 arrest of ex-dictator Augusto Pinochet in London and debated the legacy of the military government over an Internet forum associated with the publication La Tercera. This study of 1,670 letters argues the online forum is a public space and identifies 4 characteristics of the space as it relates to public sphere theories: access, freedom of communication, structure of deliberation, and the public use of reason. Participants in forum debates generated both public opinion and collective memories of the recent past, thus becoming part of the broader Chilean reconciliation process
p-Chloroamphetamine: short and long term effects upon shock-elicited aggression.

Abstract In a series of experiments the effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on shock-elicited aggression in rats were investigated. 15 min after 5 mg/kg PCA, shock elicited aggression was inhibited. 2 h to 4 weeks after PCA, fighting was facilitated. Both the inhibitory and the excitatory effects of PCA were directly related to the dose of PCA (1.5, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg) and were blocked by pretreatment wtih p-chlorophenylalanine but not by α-methyl-p-tyrosine. PCA-increased pain thresholds 15 min after injection and then decreased pain thresholds over the next 24 h but not thereafter, even though shock-elicited aggression continued to to facilitated. The results are consistent with the idea that inhibition of shock-elicited aggression is associated with enhanced release of serotonin whereas enhancement of shock-elicited aggression is associated with serotonin depletion.
Divergence of noise vulnerability in cochleae of young CBA/J and CBA/CaJ mice

Abstract CBA/CaJ and CBA/J inbred mouse strains appear relatively resistant to age- and noise-related cochlear pathology, and constitute the predominant ‘good hearing’ control strains in mouse studies of hearing and deafness. These strains have often been treated as nearly equivalent in their hearing characteristics, and have even been mixed in some studies. Nevertheless, we recently showed that their trajectories with regard to age-associated cochlear pathology diverge after one year of age ( Ohlemiller et al., 2010a ). We also recently reported that they show quite different susceptibility to cochlear noise injury during the ‘sensitive period’ of heightened vulnerability to noise common to many models, CBA/J being far more vulnerable than CBA/CaJ ( Fernandez et al., 2010 J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 11:235–244). Here we explore this relation in a side-by-side comparison of the effect of varying noise exposure duration in young (6 week) and older (6 month) CBA/J and CBA/CaJ mice, and in F1 hybrids formed from these. Both the extent of permanent noise-induced threshold shifts (NIPTS) and the probability of a defined NIPTS were determined as exposure to intense broadband noise (4–45 kHz, 110 dB SPL) increased by factors of two from 7 s to 4 h. At 6 months of age the two strains appeared very similar by both measures. At 6 weeks of age, however, both the extent and probability of NIPTS grew much more rapidly with noise duration in CBA/J than in CBA/CaJ. The ‘threshold’ exposure duration for NIPTS was 4.0 min in CBA/CaJ. F1 hybrid mice showed both NIPTS and hair cell loss similar to that in CBA/J. This suggests that dominant-acting alleles at unknown loci distinguish CBA/J from CBA/CaJ. These loci have novel effects on hearing phenotype, as they come into play only during the sensitive period, and may encode factors that demarcate this period. Since the cochlear cells whose fragility defines the early window appear to be hair cells, these loci may principally impact the mechanical or metabolic resiliency of hair cells or the organ of Corti.
Neuroscience and humanistic psychiatry: a residency curriculum.

Psychiatry residencies with a commitment to humanism commonly prioritize training in psychotherapy, cultural psychiatry, mental health policy, promotion of human rights, and similar areas reliant upon dialogue and collaborative therapeutic relationships. The advent of neuroscience as a defining paradigm for psychiatry has challenged residencies with a humanistic focus due to common perceptions that it would entail constriction of psychiatric practice to diagnostic and psychopharmacology roles. The author describes a neuroscience curriculum that has taught psychopharmacology effectively, while also advancing effectiveness of language-based and relationship-based therapeutics. In 2000, the George Washington University psychiatry residency initiated a neuroscience curriculum consisting of (1) a foundational postgraduate year 2 seminar teaching cognitive and social neuroscience and its integration into clinical psychopharmacology, (2) advanced seminars that utilized a neuroscience perspective in teaching specific psychotherapeutic skill sets, and (3) case-based teaching in outpatient clinical supervisions that incorporated a neuroscience perspective into traditional psychotherapy supervisions. Curricular assessment was conducted by (1) RRC reaccreditation site visit feedback, (2) examining career trajectories of residency graduates, (3) comparing PRITE exam Somatic Treatments subscale scores for 2010–2012 residents with pre-implementation residents, and (4) postresidency survey assessment by 2010–2012 graduates. The 2011 RRC site visit report recommended a “notable practice” citation for “innovative neurosciences curriculum.” Three of twenty 2010–2012 graduates entered neuroscience research fellowships, as compared to none before the new curriculum. PRITE Somatic Treatments subscale scores improved from the 23rd percentile to the 62nd percentile in pre- to post-implementation of curriculum (p < .001). Recent graduates rated effectiveness of clinical psychopharmacology training as 8.6 on ten-point Likert scale. From multiple vantage points of assessment, these outcome results support effectiveness of this neuroscience curriculum for a residency committed to humanistic psychiatry as its primary mission. As a naturalistic study, further examination of its methods in pretest and posttest assessments and a multisite comparison is warranted.
Mitral valve prolapse in anxiety neurosis (panic disorder).

Abstract Our purpose was to determine the incidence of mitral valve prolapse in patients with anxiety neurosis or panic disorder, with symptoms including recurrent anxiety attacks, dyspnea, palpitations, chest pain, dizziness, and paresthesias. Twenty-one patients and 20 age- and sexmatched normal controls were studied. Objective cardiac abnormalities were significantly (p
Photoabsorption by ground-state alkali-metal atoms.

Principal-series oscillator strengths and ground-state photoionization cross sections are computed for sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. The degree of polarization of the photoelectrons is also predicted for each atom. The core-polarization correction to the dipole transition moment is included in all of the calculations, and the spin-orbit perturbation of valence-p-electron orbitals is included in the calculations of the Rb and Cs oscillator strengths and of all the photoionization cross sections. The results are compared with recent measurements.
Electronic structure of clean and carbon-covered closed-packed rhodium and ruthenium surfaces

In order to determine the nature of the active species which several groups have found to be important in catalytic carbon hydrogenation reactions, self-consistent linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) calculations have been performed of the electronic structure of clean and C-covered Rh(111) and Ru(0001) surfaces. Apart from the shift of the Fermi level to higher energy to accomodate an extra electron per atom in Rh, the results are quite similar for the two metals. A (1 x 1) layer of C's, occupying threefold-coordination sites binds by forming tetrahedral bonds with its neighbors, leaving a nonbonding p/sub z/ band at the Fermi energy. Thus the model C species examined here should be very reactive. Additionally, the C 2s--C 2pz binding-energy difference is about 10 eV, in accord with the Auger-peak separation seen by Goodman et al. for a reactive carbidic layer on Ni. Partial local density of states (LDOS) and energy-band dispersion curves are presented to permit the verification of the model carbidic overlayer. Results presented for the clean surfaces include work functions that are in excellent accord with the measured values, and band dispersions, notably a surface resonance band that has been observed on Ru, by Himpsel et al.more » Finally, surface-bulk core-level binding-energy shifts have been calculated. For the clean surfaces, they are in reasonable agreement with empirical heats of segregation. For the C-covered surfaces, they indicate that C binds most strongly to Ru, followed by Rh and Pd.« less
A sensitive method for the determination of RNA in DNA and vice versa

Abstract A mixture of 4 major deoxyribonucleosides and 4 major ribonucleosides was chromatographed on the Varian Aerograph LCS-1000. The run was slowed down to 50–60 min, and other parameters—pressure, temperature, pH, etc.—were optimized for each column and led to similar elution patterns. Except for an incomplete separation of rU from dT, all other nucleosides were clearly separated. The method is applicable to the detection of RNA in DNA vice versa on the level of 0.2–0.4%, with a sample in the range 5–10 A 260 units. The complete degradation to nucleosides is accomplished in two steps: nucleic acids are first digested with a mixture of pancreatic RNase and DNase I at pH 7.5, followed by digestion at pH 9 with a mixture of crude venom and alkaline phosphatase.
Effects of Nonlinearities on the Steady State Dynamic Behavior of Electric Actuated Microcantilever-based Resonators

This paper presents the dynamic behavior of microcantilever-based microresonators and compares their steady state behavior for polarized and nonpolarized systems at different levels of nonlinearities. A microcantilever, equipped with a time-varying capacitor, makes the microresonator system. The capacitor is activated by a constant polarization voltage, and an alternative actuating voltage. The partial differential equation of motion of the vibrating electrode can be reduced to a highly nonlinear parametric second order ordinary differential equation. The steady state behavior of the microresonator has been analyzed with and without polarization voltage. The main characteristic of the non-polarized model is explained by the stability of the system in parameter plane. A set of stability chart is provided to predict the boundary between the stable and unstable domains. Furthermore, the main characteristic of the polarized model is determination by the period-amplitude relationship of the system. Applying perturbation methods, analytical equations are derived to describe the frequency response of the system, which are suitable to be utilized in parameter study and design.
The Case Method of Instruction Teaching Application and Problem-Soloing Skills to Early Interventionists

The Case Method of Instruction (CMI) is presented as one alternative method of training early interventionists to perform the increasing number and complexity of skills expected of all professionals in our rapidly changing field. CMI focuses on the teaching of application and problem-solving skills through active participation of trainees in the solving of complex, realistic case situations. The basic principles of CMI are presented with a discussion of its suitability to preservice and inservice early intervention personnel preparation. Variations in extent of use and format of CMI are discussed and specific instructional strategies for conducting case discussions are provided.
An enzymatic assay for picomole levels of phosphatidate

An assay for phosphatidate that is sensitive, specific, and highly reproducible is described. Phosphatidate is transacylated with methylamine and the glycerol 3-phosphate produced is measured enzymatically. The assay is linear from 50 to 1500 pmol of phosphatidate and can be used to quantitate phosphatidate in small amounts of biological materials.
Favoritism as a Strategy in Race Relations

Social policies of favoritism are among the strategies used to compensate people for socioeconomic disadvantages suffered due to racial discrimination. The range is from preferential treatment to discrimination-in-reverse. In the former the emphasis is on equity restoration; in the latter on indemnification. Preferential treatment and discrimination-in-reverse vary in their effect on potential beneficiaries, their technical qualifications, and their self-perception. Socially sanctioned favoritism is a relatively new approach in the area of race relations. The subject is inherently sensitive. Research data concerning the impact of these policies on individuals and the society are sparse. In the absence of such findings, a number of plausible propositions are presented to stimulate empirically tested comparisons between these two policies in terms of their possible social consequences as well as on the individuals who are affected.
FROM THE DAGGER TO THE BOMB: KARL HEINZEN AND THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL TERROR

Historians and political scientists have been quick to draw a continuum between the tyrannicide theories of years gone by and the modern terrorism of today. Yet the underlying motivations and intended results are very different in tyrannicide and terrorism. The question this raises is what changes occurred in the theory of political violence to make the transition between tyrannicide and terrorism possible? In this article, the author looks at the writings of a little-known nineteenth-century journalist, Karl Heinzen, to gain insight into the connection made in the mind of a terrorist between tyrannicide theory and terrorism.
An Examination of Entrepreneurial Relationships Between the State and Nonstate in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Using evidence from the Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam tourism industry, this study critiques the entrepreneurial city model on the grounds that it posits a normative argument separating the governance practices of the urban state from the for-profit activities of the private sector. This division masks the long-standing encroachment of the public (or state) sector into "private" (or nonstate) arenas, and limits the nonstate sector's role in forging entrepreneurial schemes. Using interview data that illustrate the ambiguous relationships between the state and nonstate, I will analyze entrepreneurial cities based on the blurriness of the boundaries between the state and nonstate sectors as they negotiate their charges and collaborate for purposes entrepreneurial.
Biomonitoring state of the science: a report on a panel presentation and round table discussion.

ABSTRACT The paper summarizes an open panel discussion and breakout session by scientists and lay participants that focused on new approaches to identifying exposure to pesticides in humans during the New Paths: Health and Safety in Western Agriculture conference, November 11–13, 2008. Featured were reports on the available results from the Washington State Cholinesterase Monitoring Program, a statewide program for handlers of class I and II organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides, identification of adducts to inhibited cholinesterase by use of protein digestion and mass spectrometry and antibody-based methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for pyrethroids. One presenter proposed that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should establish that pesticide registrants develop and provide diagnostic and/or biomonitoring tools to assess human exposure to their chemicals in the process of and as a requirement for pesticide registration. Finally, a follow-up breakout session focus...
Globorotalia truncatulinoides: a Palaeo-oceanographic Indicator

STUDIES of living planktonic foraminifers have established that many species have limited tolerance to changes in temperature and salinity; they are adapted to various water depths and their distribution on the seafloor usually resembles that in the water layers above. Planktonic foraminifers are therefore useful in reconstructing the history of oceans and seas, and here I describe the distribution of Globorotalia truncatulinoides and associated fauna in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, demonstrating their potential value as tracers of palaeocurrents and specific water masses.
High Cardiac Output State in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Summary: A high cardiac output state, with or without congestive heart failure, has recently been recognized in patients with multiple myeloma. This case report deals with a 62-yearold man with multiple myeloma refractory to treatment, a high cardiac output state, and life-threatening pulmonary edema. In addition, a brief review of the literature is presented.
Molecular characterization of a swelling-induced chloride conductance regulatory protein, plCIn

Abstract Cells maintain control of their volume by the passage of KCI and water across their membranes, but the regulatory proteins are unknown. Expression in Xenopus oocytes of a novel protein, pl Cln , activated a chloride conductance. We have cloned analogs of pl Cln from rat heart and Xenopus ovary. pl Cln was identified as an abundant soluble cytosolic protein (∼40 kd) that does not immunolocalize with the plasma membrane. pl Cln was found in epithelial and cardiac cells, brain, and Xenopus oocytes, forming complexes with soluble actin and other cytosolic proteins. Monoclonal antibodies recognizing pl Cln blocked activation of a native hypotonicity-induced chloride conductance (I Cl.swell ) in Xenopus oocytes, suggesting that pl Cln may link actin-bound cytoskeletal elements to an unidentified volume-sensitive chloride channel. The high degree of sequence conservation and widespread expression of pl Cln suggest that it is an important element in cellular volume regulation.
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy reduces the dose to normal tissue in T2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx

The purpose of this paper was to compare intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and conventional planning for T2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) of the glottic larynx. Three patients with T2N0M0 SQCC are presented who were treated with IMRT. Conventional plans were also generated for comparison purposes. Isodose distributions and dose-volume histograms (DVHs) were generated for all the plans to evaluate the fitness of the plan as well as the differential benefit of IMRT vs. conventional treatment. The isodose distributions that were obtained by the IMRT plan are much more conformal to the planning target volume (PTV) and clearly show that less healthy tissue is subjected to a high-dose level, thus reducing toxicity. IMRT offers better comformality without compromising the PTV coverage and delivers less dose to normal tissues as compared to conventional radiation therapy in T2N0M0 SQCC of the glottic larynx. With an increase in conformality, it is expected to have an increase in the therapeutic ratio.
A note on ‘the sensory-tonic theory of figural after-effect — A failure to replicate’

Abstract The claim that McEwen and Templeton repeated Pollack's earlier experiments is disputed. It appears that the inspection figures used in the experiments were not identical. The further statement that Pollack's results might have been due to ‘... vertical retinal movement of stimuli situated below eye level’ is also disputed due to the results of two later experiments in which all stimuli were at eye level.
Relationships between Crystal Structures, Thermal Properties, and Solvate Stability of Dialkylhydroxypyridones and Their Formic Acid Solvates

Four 1,2-dialkyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridones (DAHPs), which are iron chelators potentially suitable for oral administration, and their formic acid solvates (DAHP-Fs) were examined in powder form by powder X-ray diffraction (PXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and hot-stage microscopy (HSM). The experimental PXD pattern of each DAHP-F is different from that of the corresponding DAHP, indicating different crystalline phases. The PXD patterns calculated from the published crystal structures closely resemble the corresponding PXD patterns determined experimentally, indicating that the powdered materials studied are structurally identical with the single crystals previously examined. The DAHPs have similar DSC profiles consisting of melting followed by vaporization. The DSC profiles of the DAHP-Fs share five common features: melting and desolvation of the solvate, crystallization of the nonsolvate, vaporization of the released formic acid, melting of the nonsolvate, and vaporization of the nonsolvate. The weight loss steps in TGA indicate that each DAHP-F contains 1 mol of formic acid/mol of DAHP. The threshold temperature for desolvation of each DAHP increases with decreasing length of the hydrogen bond between the pyridone carbonyl oxygen and the formic acid carboxyl proton, corresponding to an increase in solvate stability. Thus, the relative stabilities of the solvates are delineated and are related to the length of the hydrogen bond between the DAHP and the formic acid molecules.
Neutron moderation in the Oklo natural reactor and the time variation of α

In previous analyses of the Oklo (Gabon) natural reactor to test for a possible time variation of the fine-structure constant $\ensuremath{\alpha},$ a Maxwell-Boltzmann low energy neutron spectrum was assumed. We present here an analysis where a more realistic spectrum is employed and show that the most recent isotopic analysis of samples implies a decrease in $\ensuremath{\alpha},$ over the last $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}$ years since the reactor was operating, of $({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{past}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{now}})/\ensuremath{\alpha}g~4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ $(6\ensuremath{\sigma}$ confidence). Issues regarding the interpretation of the shifts of the low energy neutron absorption resonances are discussed.
Properties of Endogenous Post-Stratified Estimation using remote sensing data

article i nfo Endogenous post-stratification Forest inventory analysis Landsat ETM+ Random Forest Improved precision Post-stratification is commonly used to improve the precision of survey estimates. In traditional post- stratification methods, the stratification variable must be known at the population level. When suitable covari- ates are available at the population level, an alternative approach consists of fitting a model on the covariates, making predictions for the population and then stratifying on these predicted values. This method is called En- dogenous Post-Stratification Estimation (EPSE) and it is well suited for applications using remote sensing data. In this article, we investigate the performance of EPSE in a realistic setting using data from the United States For- est Service Forest Inventory Analysis and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus. This article has three specific objectives: first, to evaluate the statistical properties of EPSE when using linear regression, spline regression, and the machine learning tool Random Forest to predict tree canopy cover using remote sensing and Geographic In- formation System data; second, to investigate the effect on the EPSE variance estimator using estimated stratum boundaries instead of fixed stratum boundaries; and third, to investigate the effect on the EPSE variance estima- tor when optimizing the stratum boundaries to minimize the variance estimate. The main findings of this article are that the EPSE variance estimator performs well using Random Forests, but can underestimate the true vari- ance if an optimization isperformed on the stratum boundaries in an attempt to minimize the variance estimate. This result supports the use of the EPSE estimator using remote sensing data in cases where there is no optimi- zation on the variance estimator.
Specificity for 3′,5′-linked substrates in RNA-catalyzed RNA polymerization

The finding that ribozymes can catalyze RNA chain elongation has led to the proposal that an early self-replicating system could have consisted of RNA alone. In such a chain elongation reaction, the Tetrahymena ribozyme was found to select 3',5'-linked substrates from a pool that contained a large molar excess of 2',5'-linked dinucleotides. The enzyme neither reacted with nor was inhibited by 2',5' phosphodiester linkages. The ability to exclude incorrectly linked substrates would have conferred an important selective advantage to a primordial RNA molecule with RNA replicase activity.
Cancer Therapy and Tumor Physiology

In her Research News article “Systems for identifying new drugs are often faulty” (7 Nov., p. [1041][1]), Trisha Gura describes numerous studies with xenograft models used in drug sensitivity screens that have failed to detect active compounds to take into clinical trials. She hypothesizes that by applying our rapidly accumulating knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in cancer susceptibility and resistance to this problem, a new rational approach will lead to more specific and efficacious drugs. We submit that the failure to identify potent anticancer compounds with xenograft testing does not result from the lack of tumor models that are genetically matched at a given susceptibility locus, or the site of tumor implantation; instead, the problem lies in the microphysiology of the tumor. If test compounds are physically or metabolically impeded from being uniformly distributed throughout the tumor because of temporarily closed blood vessels or decreased proliferation of tumor cells in poorly perfused regions, then no compound will ever achieve its in vitro killing potential in vivo. If one uses an agent, namely, ionizing radiation, which gives the same dose to all cancer cells, xenograft response is well predicted by the level of DNA damage to the cells. This response of xenografted tumors to ionizing radiation is often measured by a clonogenic assay method, where tumors treated in vivo are dissociated into a single-cell suspension and plated for their ability to form a multicellular colony from a single cell. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the ability to control tumor growth is tightly linked with its clonogenic efficiency. This holds true for tumors that die by activating their endogenous pathway for apoptotic cell death ([1][2]). Rational drug design that takes into account tumor physiology will truly be the next major frontier in cancer therapy. 1. [↵][3]1. B. G. Wouters, 2. A. J. Giaccia, 3. N. C. Denko, 4. J. M. Brown , Cancer Res. 57, 4703 (1997). [OpenUrl][4][Abstract/FREE Full Text][5] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.278.5340.1041 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCancer%2BResearch%26rft.stitle%253DCancer%2BRes.%26rft.issn%253D0008-5472%26rft.aulast%253DWouters%26rft.auinit1%253DB.%2BG.%26rft.volume%253D57%26rft.issue%253D21%26rft.spage%253D4703%26rft.epage%253D4706%26rft.atitle%253DLoss%2Bof%2Bp21Waf1%252FCip1%2BSensitizes%2BTumors%2Bto%2BRadiation%2Bby%2Ban%2BApoptosis-independent%2BMechanism%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9354425%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiY2FucmVzIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEwOiI1Ny8yMS80NzAzIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjM6Ii9zY2kvMjc5LzUzNDcvMTAuNS5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=
Effects of cooperative learning and need for affiliation on performance, time on task, and satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cooperative learning and the need for affiliation on performance, time on task, and satisfaction. Subjects used either a cooperative or individual learning strategy while receiving information, examples, practice, and feedback from an instructional television lesson. Results indicated that subjects who worked cooperatively spent more time working on practice exercises and reported greater satisfaction than those who worked individually. In addition, results revealed an interaction between instructional method and the need for affiliation. Performance of subjects with a high need for affiliation who worked alone was lower than that of all other groups when subjects were asked to apply what they had learned from the lesson. Implications for employing cooperative groups in settings that were originally designed for individual learning are provided.
Noise-induced hearing loss, auditory evoked potentials, and protection from audiogenic seizures in mice

Abstract Protection from audiogenic seizures by exposing susceptible mice to intense acoustic stimulation prior to seizure testing was investigated in three experiments. Auditory evoked potentials were measured from the inferior colliculi of two strains of mouse, the C57BL 6J and DBA 2J , and were related to parallel measures of the acoustic startle (Preyer) response and audiogenic seizures. Exposed groups were subjected to intense sound while they were anesthetized with ether prior to testing. Control groups were treated identically but not exposed to sound before testing. As a result of this prior exposure to sound, audiogenic seizures were reduced, Preyer thresholds were elevated, and the absolute threshold for auditory evoked potentials was elevated. However, at intensities sufficient to induce audiogenic seizures, the amplitudes of the auditory evoked potentials were not affected. These results suggest that whatever noise-induced hearing loss occurred, it was not observed at high intensities. Interference with patterns of neural activity was suggested as the mechanism of protection from seizures.