cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the related knowledge,behavior and infection of HIV/Syphilis among men who have sex with men in Taizhou city

[Objective] To study the knowledge of HIV/AIDS,sexual behavior and HIV/Syphilis infection among MSM(men who have sex with men) in Taizhou,Zhejiang Province. [Methods] A cross-sectional study with a structural questionnaire was used together with blood sampling in 2 gathering sites of MSM in Taizhou. [Results] 106 MSM were investigated and 97 effective questionnaires were collected.Their average age was 27.9±6.0 years,83.5% of them acknowledged blood contact as a major transmission pathway of HIV,and 86.6% knew sexual transmission,with 74.2% understood mother-to-infant transmission.81.7% of them wished to have a voluntary consulting and testing of HIV infection.81.9% of them had traveled to almost all major cities in the nearby Yangzi Delta area to date with other MSM.72.9% had 1 or more female sexual partner;94.6% had 1 or more male anal intercourse partner with 22.1% participated in group mating,and condom was rarely used.38.9% of them had history of sex with female sex worker,and 35.5% had history of sex with MB(money boy,male-to-male sexal worker) while 15.3% had been a MB himsely.In blood test,3.9 % were positive with HIV antibody,24.7% positive of syphilis. [Conclusion] Risk behaviors,such as multiple sex partners,low proportion of condom use and commercial sex deals,both heterosexual and homosexual,were common in MSM of Taizhou,and prevalence of HIV/Syphilis was relatively high.Frequent migration made MSM in Taizhou tightly connected with those in other cities.MSM should be considered as key population for HIV/AIDS control in Taizhou.
Effect of Exchange Transfusion on Serum Immunoglobulins in Newborns with Hyperbilirubinemia

Objective Immunoglobulin was measured in newborns with hyperbilirubinemia before and after exchange transfusion therapy to observe the humoral immunity status and variation,and to investigate the effect of exchange transfusion therapy on immunoglobulin in neonates.Methods The infants with hyperbilirubinemia who needed exchange transfusion therapy were divided into 4 groups according to diffe-rent etiologies:ABO hemolysis group,Rh hemolysis group,sepsis group,other hyperbilirubinemia group.Blood levels of IgG,IgA and IgM were measured in each group before and after exchange transfusion and analyzed.Results 1.Before exchange transfusion,the IgG levels in ABO hemolysis group,Rh hemolysis group were higher than those in sepsis group and other hyperbilirubinemia group(Pa0.01),but there was no statistical difference in IgA,IgM levels between each group(Pa0.05).2.IgG levels in ABO hemolysis group and Rh hemolysis group after exchange transfusion decreased compared with those before the exchange transfusion therapy(Pa0.05),increased in single hyperbilirubinemia,but the differences were not significant(P=0.387,0.091).3.The IgA levels after exchange transfusion in all 4 groups were higher than those before exchange transfusion,the differences in ABO hemolysis group,Rh hemolysis group and other hyperbilirubinema group were significant(Pa=0.000),but no statistical difference was found in sepsis group(P=0.185).4.The IgM levels after the exchange transfusion in all 4 groups were higher than those before the exchange transfusion,and there was statistical difference in other hyperbilirubinemia group,ABO hemolysis group,Rh hemolysis group(Pa0.05),but there was no statistical difference in sepsis group(P=0.081),however,there was statistical difference among ABO hemolysis group,Rh hemolysis group and single hyperbilirubinemia group(P0.01).Conclusions 1.In neonates with hemolysis disease,the higher IgG levels,and IgG levels can be decreased by exchange transfusion,and IgA,IgM levels can be increased;2.The exchange transfusion therapy has no effect on IgG,IgA,IgM levels in sepsis group;3.The exchange transfusion therapy can increase IgA,IgM levels in single hyperbilirubinlimia without changes in IgG levels.
The Acute Effect of Fast and Slow Stepping Cadence on Regional Vascular Function

The aim of this study was to determine if stepping cadence when controlling for total steps has a differential impact on regional vascular function. 16 young adults (21±2 years) performed fast (125 steps per min) and slow (80 steps per min) walking for a total of 3 000 steps on separate days. Doppler ultrasound was used to measure compliance, blood flow and shear rate of the common carotid artery and superficial femoral artery before walking and at 30 and 60 min after walking. Carotid compliance was significantly (p<0.05) elevated 60 min after fast (17.1±25.9%) and slow (24.1±27.3%) walking with no difference between cadences. Both fast and slow walking failed to increase femoral compliance, despite significant (p<0.05) dilation in the femoral artery that was observed at 30 (4.2±3.9%) and 60 min (3.9±5.4%) after fast walking. Consistent with this latter finding, femoral blood flow and shear rate were significantly (p<0.05) increased at 30 min after fast walking. These results indicate that a single bout of walking at a fast or slow stepping cadence increases compliance of large elastic arteries but has no acute effect on compliance of peripheral (leg) arteries.
The New System of Formula-based Grants in Tanzania

As discussed in the previous chapter, the discretionary system of intergovernmental transfers that was in place in Tanzania prior to 2004 had numerous serious shortcomings. Given the prominent impact of these shortcomings on the overall local government finance system, the Government of Tanzania sought to replace its largely discretionary system of local government finances with a sound transfer system that would not only take on board the principles of sound transfer design (Chapter 7) but also achieve the degree of decentralization that it wished to pursue with its transfer system.
Bree Michaels: A Glimpse into the Life of an Elementary School Principal

First thing that Bree Michaels, an elementary school principal, does when she comes to work every morning is to compile The List of things she wants to accomplish on that day. For her, The List is as a symbolic action, a form of personal self-validation. She creates The List for that moment at the end of the day when she can draw lines through items completed. But as the day progresses, she gets distracted by all sorts of unexpected matters, managing a chain of mini-crises. In that, many public administrators can identify with Bree.
A cochlear implant phantom for evaluating CT acquisition parameters

Cochlear Implants (CIs) are surgically implantable neural prosthetic devices used to treat profound hearing loss. Recent literature indicates that there is a correlation between the positioning of the electrode array within the cochlea and the ultimate hearing outcome of the patient, indicating that further studies aimed at better understanding the relationship between electrode position and outcomes could have significant implications for future surgical techniques, array design, and processor programming methods. Post-implantation high resolution CT imaging is the best modality for localizing electrodes and provides the resolution necessary to visually identify electrode position, albeit with an unknown degree of accuracy depending on image acquisition parameters, like the HU range of reconstruction, radiation dose, and resolution of the image. In this paper, we report on the development of a phantom that will both permit studying which CT acquisition parameters are best for accurately identifying electrode position and serve as a ground truth for evaluating how different electrode localization methods perform when using different CT scanners and acquisition parameters. We conclude based on our tests that image resolution and HU range of reconstruction strongly affect how accurately the true position of the electrode array can be found by both experts and automatic analysis techniques. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that our phantom is a versatile tool for assessing how CT acquisition parameters affect the localization of CIs.
Visual Deficit From Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Anatomical Considerations.

Background Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is quickly emerging as an effective surgical therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). One of the most frequent complications of the procedure is postoperative visual field cuts, but the physiopathology of these deficits is unknown. Objective To evaluate potential causes of visual deficits after LITT for TLE in an attempt to minimize this complication. Methods This retrospective chart review compares the case of a 24-year-old male who developed homonymous hemianopsia following LITT for TLE to 17 prior patients who underwent the procedure and suffered no visual deficit. We examined both features of the surgical approach (trajectory, laser energy, ablation size) and of preoperative surgical anatomy, derived from volumetric tracings of mesiotemporal structures. Results For the patient with postoperative homonymous hemianopsia imaging suggested inadvertent ablation of the lateral geniculate nucleus, although the laser was positioned entirely within the hippocampus. This patient's laser trajectory, ablation number, energy delivered, and ablation size were not significantly different from the prior patients. However, the subject with the visual deficit did have significantly smaller choroidal fissure cerebrospinal fluid volume. Conclusion Visual deficits are the most common complication of LITT for mesiotemporal epilepsy and patients at most risk may have small cerebrospinal fluid volume in the choroidal fissure, allowing heat to spread from the hippocampal body to the lateral geniculate nucleus. When such anatomy is identified on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, we recommend lowering laser trajectory, decreasing ablation power through the hippocampal body, and using temperature safety markers at the lower thalamic border.
Multidisciplinary Management of Mycosis Fungoides/Sézary Syndrome

Purpose of Review Diagnosis and management of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome (MF/SS) require accurate clinicopathological correlation and a multidisciplinary approach. We reviewed major advances in the field regarding diagnostic and prognostic tools as well as skin-directed therapies (SDTs) and systemic agents for MF/SS published in the past 2 years.
Abstract P230: Orchestration of Cardiac Mitochondrial Biogenesis by Mitofusin2

Mitochondria generate energy and play central roles governing cell signaling and programmed death. As an energy dependant tissue, the heart is more affected by mitochondrial dysfunction than other tissues. Mitochondrial fusion and fission are essential for normal morphology and function. Mitofusins Mfn1 and Mfn2 are the key components to process mitochondrial fusion. Previous data shows that Mfn1 and Mfn2 are functional redundant in skeletal muscle and the drosophila heart tube. But the role for the mitochondrial fusion proteins in mammalian cardiac myocytes is unknown. The functional role of mitofusins in the mammalian heart was investigated by conditional gene deletion of Mfn1 and Mfn2 in mice. Mice with myh6Cre-directed inactivation of Mfn1 exhibited normal cardiac structure and function. In contrast, ablation of Mfn2 in mouse heart caused progressive dilated cardiomyopathy. At 6 weeks old, the cardiac structure and function were normal, but at 16 weeks old, Mfn2 null mice developed severe cardiac dilation and impaired contractile performance at baseline and in response to β-adrenergic stimulation without induction of programmed cell death. Cardiomyocytes from young Mfn2 null mice had normal excitation-contraction coupling, whereas older cardiomyocytes showed decreased fractional shortening with normal calcium cycling. mRNA resequencing of Mfn2 null hearts revealed that cardiac dysfunction was associated with induction of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Mfn2 deficient cardiac mitochondria displayed normal function of the mitochondrial permeability transition, respiration and expression of respiration chain complexes, but increased mitochondrial oxidant stress. Remarkably, the development of cardiomyopathy paralleled dramatic (60-80%) loss of mitochondria, measured both as the ratio of mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA, and as μg protein/mg cardiac protein. Conclusion: 1. Mfn1 and Mfn2 are not redundant in the heart.Mfn1 is dispensable for normal cardiac development and function. 2. Mfn2 deficiency reacts in a dilated cariomyopathy caused not by a failure of mitochondrial function, but by a crisis of mitochondrial biogenesis.
A Conceptual Framework for the Evaluation of Emergency Risk Communications.

Objectives. To articulate a conceptual framework in support of evaluation activities in emergency risk communications (ERC).Methods. The framework proposed is based on a systematic review of the scientific literature (2001–2016) combined with data derived from a series of semistructured interviews with experts and practitioners in ERC, and it is designed to support local, national, and international public health organizations in implementing evaluation studies in ERC.Results. We identified a list of ERC outcomes from the full-text review of 152 articles and categorized these into 3 groups, depending upon the level at which the outcome was measured: (1) information environment, (2) population, and (3) public health system. We analyzed interviewees’ data from 18 interviews to identify practices and processes related to the effectiveness of ERC and included these as key structural components and processes in the developed evaluation framework.Conclusions. Researchers and public health practitioners interest...
Correction to: Chest computed tomography angiography in children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

The published version of this article incorrectly lists the authors’ affiliations. The correct affiliations are given below. The Publisher regrets this mistake.
Activating Aging Stereotypes Increases Source Recollection Confusions in Older Adults: Effect at Encoding but Not Retrieval

Objectives Activating aging stereotypes can impair older adult performance on episodic memory tasks, an effect attributed to stereotype threat. Here, we report the first study comparing the effects of explicitly activating aging stereotypes at encoding versus retrieval on recollection accuracy in older adults. Method During the encoding phase, older adults made semantic judgments about words, and during the retrieval phase, they had to recollect these judgments. To manipulate stereotype activation, participants read about aging-related decline (stereotype condition) or an aging-neutral passage (control condition), either before encoding or after encoding but before retrieval. We also assessed stereotype effects on metacognitive beliefs and two secondary tasks (working memory, general knowledge) administered after the recollection task. Results Stereotype activation at encoding, but not retrieval, significantly increased recollection confusion scores compared to the control condition. Stereotype activation also increased self-reports of cognitive decline with aging, but it did not reliably impact task-related metacognitive assessments or accuracy on the secondary tasks. Discussion Explicitly activating aging stereotypes at encoding increases the likelihood of false recollection in older adults, potentially by diminishing encoding processes. Stereotype activation also influenced global metacognitive assessments, but this effect may be unrelated to the effect of stereotypes on recollection accuracy.
Low-dose X-ray radiotherapy–radiodynamic therapy via nanoscale metal–organic frameworks enhances checkpoint blockade immunotherapy

Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy relies on energized cytotoxic T cells attacking tumour tissue systemically. However, for many cancers, the reliance on T cell infiltration leads to low response rates. Conversely, radiotherapy has served as a powerful therapy for local tumours over the past 100 years, yet is rarely sufficient to cause systemic tumour rejection. Here, we describe a treatment strategy that combines nanoscale metal–organic framework (nMOF)-enabled radiotherapy–radiodynamic therapy with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy for both local and systemic tumour elimination. In mouse models of breast and colorectal cancer, intratumorally injected nMOFs treated with low doses of X-ray irradiation led to the eradication of local tumours and, when loaded with an inhibitor of the immune checkpoint molecule indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, the irradiated nMOFs led to consistent abscopal responses that rejected distal tumours. By combining the advantages of local radiotherapy and systemic tumour rejection via synergistic X-ray-induced in situ vaccination and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibition, nMOFs may overcome some of the limitations of checkpoint blockade in cancer treatment.
Feasibility of geographic information systems approach for natural resource management

Geographic information systems (GIS) technology is altering the work environment for planning and decision-making tasks. This article is an account of a resource application that make use of the GIS technology. It provides some cost estimates and reasons for the fairly slow development toward an integrated resource data base for environmental planning and management. It tries to identify some of the constraints of such an integrated data-base approach toward environmental assessment.
Apoptosis in Inherited Retinal Degenerations

The molecular biological descriptions of genetic defects in several forms of inherited blindness in humans, mice, and dogs leave us bewildered about the causes of photoreceptor death. Mutations of many different proteins interfere with normal development of photoreceptors or initiate a process that leads to premature photoreceptor death for obscure reasons. These mutations include the rhodopsin gene at many different sites (reviewed by Berson1), the β subunit of cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase in rd mice and red1 Irish setters2,3, the rds I peripher in gene in mice and man4,5,6,7 and the A component of geranylgeranyl transferase in human choroideremia8,9. Two features are common to some of these retinal degenerations: the loss of the polarized distribution of rhodopsin and the absence of an inflammatory response to the dying cells.
Economic Justice and Natural Law

Introduction 1. Foundations: property 2. Foundations: distribution 3. Foundations: work 4. Remedies: property 5. Remedies: distribution 6. Remedies: work Conclusion.
Clustering Seismocardiographic Events using Unsupervised Machine Learning

Seismocardiographic (SCG) signal morphology is known to be affected by cardio-pulmonary interactions, which introduce variability in the SCG signal. Hence, grouping of SCG signals according to their respiratory phase can reduce their morphological dissimilarity. In addition, correlating SCG with pulmonary phases may provide more insights into the nature of cardio-pulmonary interactions. This study uses unsupervised machine learning to cluster SCG events based on their morphology. Here, K-means clustering was employed using the time domain amplitude as the feature vector. The method is applied on measured SCG data from 5 male subjects (Age: 30 ± 5.8 years). The mean Silhouette values for different number of clusters suggested that optimal clustering was reached when SCG waveforms were divided into two groups. Using respiratory flow information, SCG waves were labeled as inspiratory vs. expiratory or high vs. low lung volume. The SCG clusters were then compared with these labels and purity values were calculated. The distributions of clustered SCG events in relation to respiratory flowrate and lung volume phases showed consistent trends in all subjects. Results suggested that grouping SCG based on lung volume phases would yield more homogeneous groups and, hence, would keep SCG variability (within each group) to a minimum. The demonstrated utility of the proposed machine learning approach in identifying respiratory phases from SCG waveforms may obviate the need for simultaneous respiratory measurements.
Home study course: summer 2003.

OBJECTIVE: The Home Study Course is intended for the practicing colposcopist or practitioner who is seeking to develop or enhance his or her colposcopic skills. The goal of the course is to present colposcopic cases that are unusual or instructive in terms of appearance, presentation, or management or that demonstrate new and important knowledge in the area of colposcopy or pathology. Participants may benefit from reading and studying the material or from testing their knowledge by answering the questions. ACCME ACCREDITATION: The American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to sponsor continuing medical education for physicians. The ASCCP designates this continuing medical education activity for 1 credit hour in Category I of the Physician's Recognition Award of the American Medical Association. Credit is available for those who choose to apply. The Home Study Course is planned and produced in accordance with the ACCME's Essential Areas and Elements.
Evaluation of Permanent Magnet Distribution Schemes for Toroid Power Inductor with Increased Saturation Current Using 3D Physical Models

Effects of different permanent magnet (PM) distribution schemes on the saturation performance of a permanent magnet toroid power inductor are presented and evaluated in this paper. By appropriately placing the PM in the gap of the power inductor, the flux induced by the winding current can be cancelled partially or completely by the flux induced by one or multiple PM pieces. This can lead to increase in the saturation current of the power inductor. Multi-PM distribution schemes are proposed for a power inductor in order to allow for improved and more uniform flux cancellation and therefore higher saturation current. Several PM distribution patterns in the power inductor are evaluated using results obtained from 3D physical models which are developed using ANSYS/Maxwell. The distribution schemes are compared in terms of their effects on the performance metrics of the power inductor. By appropriately selecting or tuning the air gap sizes and the PM dimensions using the 3D physical models in this paper, the multi-PM distribution method can yield higher saturation current with almost no drop in the inductance value.
Doping and Electrical Transport in Silicon Nanowires

Single-crystal n-type and p-type silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have been prepared and characterized by electrical transport measurements. Laser catalytic growth was used to introduce controllably either boron or phosphorus dopants during the vapor phase growth of SiNWs. Two-terminal, gate-dependent measurements made on individual boron-doped and phosphorus-doped SiNWs show that these materials behave as p-type and n-type materials, respectively. Estimates of the carrier mobility made from gate-dependent transport measurements are consistent with diffusive transport. In addition, these studies show it is possible to heavily dope SiNWs and approach a metallic regime. Temperature-dependent measurements made on heavily doped SiNWs show no evidence for Coulomb blockade at temperatures down to 4.2 K, and thus testify to the structural and electronic uniformity of the SiNWs. Potential applications of the doped SiNWs are discussed.
Online removal of volatile siloxanes in solid-state anaerobic digester biogas using a biofilter and an activated carbon filter

Abstract This study tested the feasibility of using a low-cost biofilter and an activated carbon filter to remove siloxanes from solid-state anaerobic digesters that had unsteady biogas production. The digesters were dosed with three commonly found siloxanes, D3 (Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane), D4 (Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane), and D5 (Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane). The removal efficiency of siloxanes by a biofilter and an activated carbon filter integrated system was compared to that using an activated carbon filter only. All solid-state anaerobic digesters were healthy throughout the 42-day test. The results showed that both methods removed siloxanes at a relatively consistent level, regardless of the fluctuating biogas yields. On average, the biofilter-activated carbon filter system showed 98.13%, 96.61%, and 78.58% removal efficiency for siloxanes D3, D4, and D5, respectively, while the ones with an activated carbon filter only gave 91.39%, 81.54%, and 69.43%. Likely, the biofilter either directly captured siloxanes from biogas or partially removed water vapor from biogas which enhanced siloxanes removal in the subsequent activated carbon filter.
PHYSICAL THERAPY STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS WORKING WITH PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA AFTER VARIOUS LEARNING EXPERIENCES

Working with people with dementia (PWD) can be challenging even for the most seasoned health professionals. Hence, teaching health professional students how to effectively work with this patient population is of importance. Two cohorts (n=43; aged 23-36 years) of Graduate Physical Therapy students participated in multi-modal learning experiences geared towards working with PWD within a geriatrics course. Modules included: 1) online lectures and readings followed by a team based learning activity, 2) 3 hours of ‘positive approaches to care’ along with a simulated experience of performing Activities of Daily living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living of PWD, and 3) one-on-one interactions during both lunch and dinnertime with at least three PWD residing in a state veteran’s home. The Dementia Attitudes Scale (DAS) was used to measure attitudes of students at baseline and following each activity. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant increase in positive attitudes of students working with PWD across each activity (98.2 +/- 10.5 baseline) with the most positive attitudes noted after interactions with PWD in a state veteran’s home (111.2 +/- 15.0), [F (2.0, 83.8) = 19.4, p < .01, partial eta^2 = .32]. However, this difference was not significant when controlling for students who had previous experience interacting with PWD . In conclusion, Doctor of Physical Therapy students’ attitudes towards PWD improve with different learning experiences, with the greatest improvements after one on one interactions with PWD if the student did not have prior experience interacting with PWD.
Teaching of chemistry before and after the periodic table

An Example of Teaching of Chemistry Before and After Mendeleev’s 1869 Periodic Table of Elements is presented. Prior to Mendeleev’s publication in 1869, only 63 elements were known. The ensuing discovery of the electron and the correspondence of the number of electrons to equivalent weight and atomic number is of singular importance to the impact of the Periodic Table of Elements and the way modern chemistry is taught. Without the identity of the electron and its alliance to atomic number, modern teaching of chemistry would be very different. Without it concepts of electronic configuration, oxidation and reduction, polarization, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, Lewis acid/base definition, etc. would disappear in our vernacular. Thus, we trace the origin of the electron.
Adjuvant Therapy is Effective for Melanoma Patients with a Positive Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Who Forego Completion Lymphadenectomy.

Multiple adjuvant therapies for melanoma have been approved since 2015 based on randomized trials demonstrating improvements in recurrence-free survival (RFS) with adjuvant therapy after surgical resection of high-risk disease. Inclusion criteria for these trials required performance of a completion lymph node dissection (CLND) for positive sentinel lymph node (pSLN) disease. We aimed to describe current practice for adjuvant therapies in patients with pSLN without CLND (active surveillance [AS]), and to evaluate recurrence in these patients. Melanoma patients with pSLN between 2016 and 2019 were identified at two institutions. Demographic information, disease and treatment characteristics, and recurrence details were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were stratified by recurrence and patient-, treatment- and tumor-related characteristics were compared using Fisher’s exact test and t test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Overall, 245 SLN biopsies were performed, of which 36 (14.7%) were pSLN. Of 36 pSLN, 4 underwent CLND and 32 underwent AS, of whom 22 (68.8%) received adjuvant therapy with the anti-programmed death-1 (PD1) inhibitor nivolumab (16/22), anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor ipilimumab (3/22), or BRAF/MEK inhibitors (3/22). At a median follow up of 13.3 months, 7/32 (21.9%) patients on AS recurred, including 4/22 (18.2%) who received adjuvant therapy and 3/10 (30.0%) who did not. Tumor ulceration was significantly associated with recurrence. While not significant, acral lentiginous subtype appeared more common among those with recurrence. The majority (68.8%) of patients with pSLN managed without CLND were treated with adjuvant therapy. The 1-year RFS for patients managed with adjuvant therapy without CLND was 82%, which is similar to modern adjuvant therapy trials requiring CLND.
Chapter 3 – Adrenocorticotropin

Publisher Summary By fetal anatomy, it is known that the anterior pituitary forms via invagination of the pharyngeal stomodeum in the region of contact with the diencephalon. By week five of human gestation, this invagination, termed Rathke's diverticulum, forms, but the downward migration of the diencephalic diverticulum, destined to be the neurohypophysis, does not commence. It is at this time that adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) is first detectable by immunocytochemistry in the collection of cells within Rathke's diverticulum which are furthest from contact with the diencephalon. This has been subsequently found to be due to the presence of complex sugars in corticotrophs, principally those containing α-L-fucose and complex N-glyosyl-protein, as well as terminal β-galactose. Corticotrophs constitute between 10 and 20% of the cell population of the anterior pituitary. They occur either singly or in clumps. They are most numerous in the midsagittal region of the pituitary (median wedge) but also occur in the lateral wings of the gland. Although the adult human pituitary does not contain an intermediate lobe, the junctional zone between the anterior and posterior lobes is known as the zona intermedia. This region, derived from the portion of Rathke's diverticulum posterior to Rathke's cleft, contains scattered cells immunopositive for ACTH. Tremendous progress has been made in recent years concerning the molecular mechanisms controlling pituitary organogenesis and pituitary cell-lineage specification in animal models. A complex network of transcriptional events mediated by extrinsic and intrinsic signals has been implicated in the determination and a stereotypical spatio-temporal differentiation of the five trophic cell types of the mature anterior pituitary gland.
Incidence of postoperative complications for thoracoscopy of esophageal atresia: a meta-analysis

Objective To evaluate the incidence of postoperative complications for thoracoscopy of esophageal atresia (EA) through a literature review. Methods A total of 407 domestic and foreign cases of thoracoscope of esophageal atresia were retrieved for the last decade. The relevant databases were Wanfang, China Hownet, Chinese Medical Knowledge Network and PubMed. Based upon the inclusion and exclusion criteria, all records of postoperative complications were collected. The Meta R 3.1.2 software package was utilized. And Freeman and Tukey double arc sine transformation method was employed for calculating the merger of rates. Heterogeneity inspection was performed first. If the result was P>0.05, homogeneity dictated using fixed effect model. If the result was P<0.05, random effect model was utilized. Then rank correlation test was used for estimating the number of studies for publication bias. If P≤0.05, the difference was deemed as statistically significant. Results There were 14 articles involving 407 cases of thoracoscopy of esophageal atresia with postoperative complications at a rate of 49%(95%CI: 37%-61%). Two most frequent complications were anastomotic stenosis and anastomotic leakage. The rate of anastomotic stenosis was 17%(95%CI: 11%-26%) and the rate of anastomotic leakage 11%(95%CI: 8%-15%). Conclusions As a new method of literature researches and analyses, meta-analysis may be used for comprehensive evaluations and quantitative analyses. Key words: Esophageal atresia; Video-assisted thoracic operation; Complication
Postoperative pain and psychological outcomes following minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair: A report from the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Improvement Network.

Background Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) is associated with less tissue trauma; however, it may result in increased postoperative pain. Pain experience is a known risk factor for the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms, though there are little data on its relationship with long-term psychological outcomes following major surgery in pediatric patients. Aims In this study, we examined the relationship between immediate postoperative pain and psychological outcomes at 2 weeks and three months after discharge in a cohort of pediatric patients who underwent MIRPE. We sought to determine whether immediate postoperative pain levels were associated with ongoing distress related to aspects of surgery at both time points. We were also interested in how psychological symptoms related to persistent pain concerns. Methods Data on patients undergoing MIRPE across 14 institutions were collected as part of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Improvement Network (SPAIN). Patients were contacted at 2 weeks and three months following discharge to track pain levels and assess psychological distress using a self-report questionnaire. Patients were grouped into cohorts based on self-report of distress related to aspects of surgery, nonsurgical distress, or absence of distress. Results Analysis revealed that a higher proportion of children reporting ongoing distress related to surgery at both 2 weeks and 3 months experienced higher immediate postoperative pain levels. A subset of patients with complete data sets for 2 weeks and 3 months (N = 76) was further examined. Among the 47 patients who endorsed surgical distress at 2 weeks, 25 (53.2%) continued to endorse surgical distress at 3 months. Additionally, report of surgical distress at 3 months was associated with longer-term postoperative pain. Conclusions Our data suggest that, in patients undergoing MIRPE, the presence of distress at 2 weeks and 3 months may be associated with higher immediate postoperative pain levels.
Letter to the editor: the evolution of manual therapy education: what are we waiting for?

Dear Editor,We read with great interest the editorial by Kolb et al titled, ‘The evolution of manual therapy education: what are we waiting for?’ and share the notion that manual therapy is at a cr...
Correction to: Reformulating prospect theory to become a von Neumann–Morgenstern theory

The authors regret the following errors occurred in the original publication of the article. The corrected text has been presented with this erratum.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Sorghum Grain Composition Including Protein and Tannins Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy

Chemical composition and grain quality traits are important factors related to the end-use quality of sorghum. Thus, rapid and non-destructive analytical methods for screening sorghum for desirable grain quality traits benefit the industries using sorghum for food, feed, and biofuels as well as sorghum breeders and seed companies working to improve the grain quality of sorghum. In the present study, a method based on Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was developed to characterize the major chemical components in sorghum flour. Sorghum flour had three major FTIR active regions from 1800 to 800 cm−1. As expected, FTIR spectra revealed that starch was the primary compound in sorghum flour, followed by protein with only minor amounts of lipids and phenolic acids. Phenolic acids were characterized by a peak at 1709 cm−1, which varied in intensity across sorghum varieties. Tannin sorghum could be discriminated from non-tannin sorghum by a shift in O–H stretch band around 3300 cm−1 and their C=C absorption peaks at 1608 and 1522 cm−1. Flour from the outer part of the kernel (corneous endosperm) had greater protein and lipid absorbance while the inner kernel (floury endosperm) had stronger starch absorbance. Pearson’s correlation analyses between FTIR peak intensities and protein/starch content showed that starch content did not have a significant correlation with infrared peaks, whereas the amide I peak at 1652 cm−1 (C=O stretching group), highly correlated with protein content (P ≤ 0.05). A calibration curve (Y = 127.79X-14.345, R2 = 0.9454) was built using peak height at 1652 cm−1 to predict protein content and this was applied to determining protein digestibility.
Modeling and Test Data Uncertainty Factors Used in Prior FEMA P695 Studies

AbstractThis technical note presents findings from a study investigating the correlation between the number of test data available and the choice of the uncertainty factors (called beta) used in th...
Abstract P422: Chronic Nicotine Exposure Increases Hematoma Growth Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Young Rats of Both Sexes

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is the deadliest stroke subtype. There is strong evidence that tobacco use / smoking increases the risk of sICH, and some epidemiological studies have ob...
On the pullout strength of human nasal hair

Abstract This study investigates nasal hair-to-dermis detachment in humans, quantifying the pullout force required in adult males. While many studies have investigated the behavior and function of human body hair, little is known concerning the mechanical properties of human nasal hair or the strength of the hair-to-dermis attachment. Improved understanding of nasal hair pullout in humans could aid nasal packing design, contaminant removal procedures, and even aid certain cosmetic procedures where nasal hair removal via pullout is the objective. In this study, pullout behavior of human nasal hair is investigated using sensitive force-measuring equipment and advanced scanning electron microscopy. Fifty nasal hair samples are collected from two human subjects (the study authors) representing a total of 100 pullout measurements. Results indicate that nasal hair thickness (diameter) is unrelated to required pullout force, and that the root-width-to-hair-diameter ratio appears to be a reasonable indicator of the resulting nasal hair pullout force. Larger root ratios generally correspond to larger required pullout forces. Nasal hair pullout strength from the combined 100 samples varied between 0.043 and 0.726 N with mean pullout strengths of 0.430 and 0.293 N for Subject 1 and Subject 2, respectively.
Foregrounding the Research Log in Information Literacy Instruction

Abstract Updating an earlier study, this article reviews the literature of information literacy (IL) instruction since 2008 for empirical evidence of the value of research logs or research journals for effective pedagogy, assessment, and prevention of plagiarism in IL instruction at the college level. The review reveals a mismatch between the acknowledged theoretical and practical value of research log assignments and the mixed advocacy for them in the literature. The article further analyzes the literature for the drawbacks of research log assignments and points toward ways of mitigating these drawbacks.
The role of char and tar in determining the gas-phase partitioning of nitrogen during biomass gasification

Abstract Gasification is an attractive option for converting biomass into fuels and chemicals. Most biomass contains significant amounts of fuel-bound nitrogen (FBN), which partially converts into ammonia (NH 3 ) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) during gasification. These nitrogen compounds are problematic as they can lead to NO X emissions or catalyst poisoning in downstream applications of syngas. FBN can convert to other products as well, including diatomic nitrogen (N 2 ), char-bound nitrogen (char-N), and tar-bound nitrogen (tar-N). Efforts to predict concentrations of NH 3 and HCN have been hindered by a lack of accurate, comprehensive measurements of nitrogen partitioning among gasification products. The present study gasified switchgrass under allothermal, short residence time conditions and measured NH 3 , HCN, char-N, and tar-N as a function of temperature in the range of 650–850 °C with diatomic nitrogen determined by difference. It was found that a major portion of FBN was retained in the char and tar products. As temperature was increased, char and tar were consumed, releasing nitrogen as gaseous NH 3 and HCN. This increase in undesirable nitrogen compounds is contrary to the predictions of most gasification models, which overlook the presence of significant nitrogen in char and tar even if they include tar cracking and char gasification reactions. The results of this study demonstrate that gas-phase reactions alone are not sufficient to predict the fate of nitrogen during gasification. In order for modeling efforts to obtain more accurate predictions of nitrogen partitioning, the reactions through which gaseous nitrogen-bearing species are released from char and tar must be considered.
Low-pH-induced effects on patterns of protein synthesis and on internal pH in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.

Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were grown in a supplemented minimal medium (SMM) at a pH of 7.0 or 5.0 or were shifted from pH 7.0 to 5.0. Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of proteins labeled with H2(35)SO4 for 20 min during the shift showed that in E. coli, 13 polypeptides were elevated 1.5- to 4-fold, whereas in S. typhimurium, 19 polypeptides were increased 2- to 14-fold over the pH 7.0 control. Upon long-term growth at pH 5.0, almost double the number of polypeptides were elevated twofold or more in S. typhimurium compared with E. coli. In E. coli, there was no apparent induction of heat shock proteins upon growth at pH 5.0 in SMM. However, growth of E. coli in a complex broth to pH 5.0, or subsequent growth of fresh E. coli cells in the filtrate from this culture, showed that a subset of five polypeptides is uniquely induced by low pH. Two of these polypeptides, D60.5, the inducible lysyl-tRNA synthetase, and C62.5, are known heat shock proteins. Measurements of the internal pH (pHi) and growth rates of both organisms were made during growth in SMM at pH 7.0, pH 5.0, and upon the pH shift. The data show that the pHi of E. coli decreases more severely than that of S. typhimurium at an external pH of 5.0; the growth rate of E. coli is about one-half that of S. typhimurium at this pH, whereas the two organisms have the same growth rate at pH 7.0. The two-dimensional gel, growth, and pHi experiments collectively suggest that, at least in SMM, S. typhimurium is more adaptive to low-pH stress than is E. coli. Images
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE RATE CONSTANT FOR THE ASSOCIATIVE DETACHMENT REACTION H– + H H2 + e – AT 300 K

We have determined the rate constant for the associative detachment reaction of hydride ions with hydrogen atoms (H– + H H2 + e –) at 300 K to be 2.0 (±0.6) × 10–9 cm3 s–1, where the error bars represent the total absolute error and include 1σ of the measured values; the error analysis is described in the Appendix. Experiments were carried out in a flowing afterglow instrument using the well-characterized reactions of Cl– + H and OH– + H to calibrate the concentration of hydrogen atoms. Our measurement represents a significant improvement over previous determinations and will reduce uncertainties in cosmological models that rely on this reaction rate constant.
Teaching introductory classes using LEGO robotics

This tutorial will give an introduction to the LEGO Mindstorm Robotic system. The participants will build a small robot and program it to perform simple functions in the hands-on portion of the tutorial. Presenters will then share their experience teaching an Introduction to Computer Systems class using LEGO robotics. After completing this tutorial, participants should have the basic concepts and resources to explore the possibility of using LEGO robotics in teaching introductory classes.
Note on the redistribution and dissipation of tidal energy over mid-ocean ridges

The redistribution and dissipation of internal wave energy arising from the conversion at mid-ocean ridges of the barotropic tide is studied in a set of numerical experiments. A two-dimensional non-hydrostatic model with 100 m horizontal and 10–25 m vertical resolution is used to represent the detailed processes near an idealised ridge. Conventional internal wave beams at the tidal frequency, , appear. At the ridge crest, strong tidal energy dissipation occurs that both mixes the fluid and generates strong near-inertial oscillations radiating in near-horizontal beams. Resonant triad interaction between the tidal and inertial motions in turn produces beams at and with high shear, thus effectively mixing fluid at considerable heights above the ridge crest. Keywords: tides, internal waves, energy dissipation, resonant triad interaction (Published: 13 August 2015) Citation: Tellus A 2015, 67 , 27385, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v67.27385
Mapping trajectories of Pgp-1 membrane protein patches on surfaces of motile fibroblasts reveals a distinct boundary separating capping on the lamella and forward transport on the retracting tail.

Patches of aggregated membrane proteins on motile fibroblasts are transported from the surfaces of the leading lamella to a site just ahead of the nucleus in the phenomenon known as capping. A major cell surface glycoprotein, Pgp-1 (GP80), was tagged with a monoclonal IgG and then aggregated with fluorescent secondary antibodies. Correlated digitized fluorescence and phase-contrast microscopy were used to map the trajectories of fluorescent Pgp-1 patches located in various regions of the cell surface. The response of patches located in lamellar and nonlamellar regions to spontaneous retraction of the trailing cell margin, or tail was examined in detail. During capping, Pgp-1 patches accumulated at a morphologically distinct site on the cell surface, the ‘null border’, corresponding to the boundary between lamelloplasm and endoplasm and the posterior edge of the dorsal cortical F-actin sheath. Posterior to this site, gradual forward movement of patches accompanied the gradual narrowing phase of the trailing edge retraction that occurs prior to abrupt detachment of the tail, but patches did not actually accumulate at the null border. The rate of forward patch movement was generally greater at positions further behind the boundary. Patch movement correlated approximately with forward organelle movement in the trailing region of the cell. The boundary was also apparent during simultaneous capping and retraction when forward patch transport on the trailing edge and rearward transport of patches across the lamellar surface appeared to converge on the null border. Forward patch transport was strictly confined to regions behind the boundary while retrograde patch transport was confined to the lamellar region ahead of the boundary. Patches are thought to be linked to the cortical cytoskeleton and their transport is discussed in terms of the very different cortical cytoskeletal dynamics occurring in the leading and trailing edges of locomoting cells.