cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Punishments and dispute settlement in trade agreements : the equivalent withdrawal of concessions

I interpret dispute settlement procedures and the principle of equivalent withdrawal of concessions as responses to the fact that trade agreements are incomplete contracts. With no adjudication phase and the degree of trade relatedness known with certainty, an agreement will feature commensurate punishments, will induce violation of the dispute settlement ruling, and will deliver optimal liberalization and optimal unilateral trade-related action. With an adjudication phase, the agreement will feature less liberalization, but still presumably approximate commensurate punishment. The agreement will likely induce abiding by the ruling when negotiators attach more importance to the adjudication phase, and violating it when they attach less.
CAPITAL INTENSITY AND EXPORT PROPENSITY IN SOME LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

This paper tests an eclectic theory of the relationship of choice of factor proportions to foreign ownershi p, export propensity, and level of development, using a sample of fir ms in several industries from four areas of Latin America. In eclecti c technology theory, provided that foreign ownership is a positive de terminant of capital intensity, higher export propensity by transnati onal firms is, ceteris paribus, a cause of lower capital intensity. M ore "appropriate" technology and the associated employment benefits will tend to follow from a policy of encouraging entry of exporter f irms and promoting international competition. Copyright 1987 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Spatial dependence and the relationship of soil organic carbon and soil moisture in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico

We used geo-spatial statistical techniques to examine the spatial variation and relationship of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil moisture (SM) in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), Puerto Rico, in order to test the hypothesis that mountainous terrain introduces spatial autocorrelation and crosscorrelation in ecosystem and soil properties. Soil samples (n = 100) were collected from the LEF in the summer of 1998 and analyzed for SOC, SM, and bulk density (BD). A global positioning system was used to georeference the location of each sampling site. At each site, elevation, slope and aspect were recorded. We calculated the isotropic and anisotropic semivariograms of soil and topographic properties, as well as the cross-variograms between SOC and SM, and between SOC and elevation. Then we used four models (random, linear, spherical and wave/hole) to test the semi-variances of SOC, SM, BD, elevation, slope and aspect for spatial dependence. Our results indicate that all the studied properties except slope angle exhibit spatial dependence within the scale of sampling (200 – 1000 m sampling interval). The spatially structured variance (the variance due to the location of sampling sites) accounted for a large proportion of the sample variance for elevation (99%), BD (90%), SOC (68%), aspect (56%) and SM (44%). The ranges of spatial dependence (the distances within which parameters are spatially dependent) for aspect, SOC, elevation, SM, and BD were 9810 m, 3070 m, 1120 m, 930 m and 430 m, respectively. Cross correlograms indicate that SOC varies closely with elevation and SM depending on the distances between samples. The correlation can shift from positive to negative as the separation distance increases. Larger ranges of spatial dependence of SOC, aspect and elevation indicate that the distribution of SOC in the LEF is determined by a combination of biotic (e.g., litterfall) and abiotic factors (e.g., microclimate and topographic features) related to elevation and aspect. This demonstrates the importance of both elevation and topographic gradients in controlling climate, vegetation distribution and soil properties as well as the associated biogeochemical processes in the LEF.
Scattering Relativity in Quantum Mechanics

Transforming from one reference frame to another yields an equivalent physical description. If quantum fields are transformed one way and quantum states transformed a different way then the physics changes. We show how to use the resulting changed physical description to obtain the equations of motion of charged, massive particles in electromagnetic and gravitational fields. The derivation is based entirely on special relativity and quantum mechanics.
The Likelihood of Experiencing Relative Poverty over the Life Course

Research on poverty in the United States has largely consisted of examining cross-sectional levels of absolute poverty. In this analysis, we focus on understanding relative poverty within a life course context. Specifically, we analyze the likelihood of individuals falling below the 20th percentile and the 10th percentile of the income distribution between the ages of 25 and 60. A series of life tables are constructed using the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics data set. This includes panel data from 1968 through 2011. Results indicate that the prevalence of relative poverty is quite high. Consequently, between the ages of 25 to 60, 61.8 percent of the population will experience a year below the 20th percentile, and 42.1 percent will experience a year below the 10th percentile. Characteristics associated with experiencing these levels of poverty include those who are younger, nonwhite, female, not married, with 12 years or less of education, or who have a work disability.
Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins: regulators of retinal cell death.

Many forms of neuronal degeneration are caused by events leading to increased oxidative stress, elevated levels of reactive oxygen radicals, and particularly the superoxide radical. Such elevated levels can initiate the irreversible cascade of reactions causing apoptotic cell death (Halliwell, 1992). In the neural components of the eye, oxidative stress can affect a number of cell types. In the inner retina there is extensive evidence that such stress occurs in a number of forms of glaucoma and optic nerve disorders that result in ganglion cell death. As energetically demanding cells, photoreceptors are also thought to be susceptible to oxidative stress induced by metabolic conditions, light or changes in intracellular metabolism induced by specific mutations (Sandbach et al., 2001).
Severity of Depression Predicts Remission Rates Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

Background: Multiple factors likely impact response and remission rates in the treatment of depression with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Notably the role of symptom severity in outcomes with rTMS is poorly understood. Objective/Hypothesis: This study investigated the predictors of achieving remission in patients suffering from depression who receive ≥3 rTMS treatments per week. Methods: Available data on 41 patients treated at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center from 2009 to 2014 were included for analysis. Patients received a range of pulse sequences from 3,000 to 5,000 with left sided or bilateral coil placement. Primary outcome measures were total score on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) or the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology—Self Rated (QIDS-SR). Remission was defined as a total score less than five, and response was defined as a 50% decrease in the total score on both outcome metrics. Outcomes in patients diagnosed as suffering from mild or moderate depression were compared to those suffering from severe depression. Results: Of the 41 patients receiving treatment, 16 reached remission by the end of treatment. Remission rate was associated with the initial severity of depression, with patients with mild or moderate depression reaching remission at a significantly higher rate than those with severe depression. Total number of rTMS sessions or length of treatment were not predictors of remission. Conclusion: Patients with a baseline level of depression characterized as mild or moderate had significantly better outcomes following rTMS compared to patients with severe depression.
Ionic versus nonionic contrast media.

T he Case A 26-year-old woman was referred for a venogram of a lower extremity because of pain and swelling in her left leg that had developed after childbirth. At the start of the examination, the radiologist inserted a 20-gauge needle attached to a plastic infusion set into a vein on the dorsum of the foot and began handinjecting 60% meglumine diatrizoate. The patient complained of pain, but the radiologist noticed nothing unusual and continued the injection. A few moments later, the radiologist observed swelling around the vein and, estimating that approximately 10-15 ml of contrast medium had extravasated, terminated the procedure. A cold compress was applied to the injection site, and the venogram was rescheduled. Within 2 hr, the skin on the dorsum of the patient’s foot discolored and blistered. Later, a slough of tissue formed a 5 x 7 cm necrotic ulcer (Fig. 1). During 8 months of treatment, the ulcer gradually healed by granulation tissue, leaving permanent residual scarring.
Isolation and Characterization of IIAChb, a Soluble Protein of the Enzyme II Complex Required for the Transport/Phosphorylation ofN,N′-Diacetylchitobiose in Escherichia coli

N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose is transported/phosphorylated in Escherichia coli by the (GlcNAc)(2)-specific Enzyme II permease of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system. IIA(Chb), one protein of the Enzyme II complex, was cloned and purified to homogeneity. IIA(Chb) and phospho-IIA(Chb) form stable homodimers (). Phospho-IIA(Chb) behaves as a typical epsilon2-N (i.e. N-3) phospho-His protein. However, the rate constants for hydrolysis of phospho-IIA(Chb) at pH 8.0 unexpectedly increased 7-fold between 25 and 37 degrees C and increased approximately 4-fold with decreasing protein concentration at 37 degrees C (but not 25 degrees C). The data were explained by thermal denaturation studies using CD spectroscopy. IIA(Chb) and phospho-IIA(Chb) exhibit virtually identical spectra at 25 degrees C (approximately 80% alpha-helix), but phospho-IIA(Chb) loses about 30% of its helicity at 37 degrees C, whereas IIA(Chb) shows only a slight change. Furthermore, the T(m) for thermal denaturation of IIA(Chb) was 54 degrees C, only slightly affected by concentration, whereas the T(m) for phospho-IIA(Chb) was much lower, ranging from 40 to 46 degrees C, depending on concentration. In addition, divalent cations (Mg(2+), Cu(2+), and Ni(2+)) have a dramatic and differential effect on the structure, depending on the state of phosphorylation of the protein. Thus, phosphorylation destabilizes IIA(Chb) at 37 degrees C, potentially affecting the monomer/dimer transition, which correlates with its chemical instability at this temperature. The physiological consequences of this phenomenon are briefly considered.
The risk and predictability of equity returns of the EU accession countries

Abstract This paper investigates the importance of global risk factors and the predictability of returns of the 13 EU accession countries, using both unconditional and conditional asset-pricing tests during the turbulent period of 1997–2002. Applied for the first time to the full sample of EU accession countries, we conclude that the world excess return has only somewhat importance for Hungary, Poland and Turkey, indicating low financial liberalization and low integration with the world. The real G-7 interest rate followed by the world excess return, global foreign exchange rate and global inflation rates are the most influential in their explanation of the variation of local market returns. Predictability of local returns is high and variant; global instrumental variables have higher predictive power for eight countries, especially for Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania and Hungary, whereas local instruments are more important for the Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland and Slovenia. The failure of the conditional asset-pricing model to correctly price assets confirms partial integration with the world. Except for Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia and Malta, predictability cannot be explained by time variation in economic risk premiums, but by local information, market inefficiency and/or investor irrationality.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE PENTOSE CYCLE TO GLUCOSE METABOLISM BY ADRENAL CORTEX IN VITRO.

Slices of beef adrenal cortex incubated in vitro with glucose -1-C14 and 6-C14 yield a C14O2 ratio of carbons 1 to 6 of 5.9, and this decreases to 3.3 in the presence of ACTH. ACTH increases the oxidation of carbons 1 and 6 of glucose to CO2 and decreases their incorporation into glycogen. The ratio of incorporation of carbons 1 to 6 into glycogen is one. Corticosteroid concentration in the medium increases 2- to 3-fold on ACTH addition. Under these conditions, there is a 10% contribution of the pentose cycle to over-all glucose metabolism. This estimate is derived from the extent of randomization of carbon 2 of glucose during its incorporation into glycogen and depends upon a model for calculation in which a complete pentose cycle is assumed to exist. Evidence in support of this model is obtained from the occurrence of the same ratio of C14O2 yields from fructose-1-C14 and 6-C14 as from glucose-1-C14 and 6-C14.
Generation and Behavioral Characterization of β-catenin Forebrain-Specific Conditional Knock-Out Mice

The canonical Wnt pathway and beta-catenin have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. We generated forebrain-specific CRE-mediated conditional beta-catenin knock-out mice to begin exploring the behavioral implications of decreased Wnt pathway signaling in the central nervous system. In situ hybridization revealed a progressive knock-out of beta-catenin that began between 2 and 4 weeks of age, and by 12 weeks resulted in considerably decreased beta-catenin expression in regions of the forebrain, including the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. A significant decrease in protein levels of beta-catenin in these brain regions was observed by Western blot. Behavioral characterization of these mice in several tests (including the forced swim test, tail suspension test (TST), learned helplessness, response and sensitization to stimulants, and light/dark box among other tests) revealed relatively circumscribed alterations. In the TST, knock-out mice spent significantly less time struggling (a depression-like phenotype). However, knock-out mice did not differ from their wild-type littermates in the other behavioral tests of mood-related or anxiety-related behaviors. These results suggest that a 60-70% beta-catenin reduction in circumscribed brain regions is only capable of inducing subtle behavioral changes. Alternatively, regulating beta-catenin may modulate drug effects rather than being a model of mood disorder pathophysiology per se.
The structure and mechanism of growth of calcium carbonate minerals in early stages of shells of the oyster Crassostrea Virginica

Abstract In this paper, the nucleation and subsequent growth of the solid mineral phases of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in shells of the common eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica were investigated. Cross-polar analysis under the optical microscope demonstrated that mineralization began as early as 18 h post-fertilization. During early stages of the shell development the most prominent structural feature of the shell was the spherulitic orientation of minerals with their a -axis parallel to the radius of the shell. Electron microdiffraction was applied for the first time to the determination of the structure and orientation of the shell crystals. Single-crystal microdiffraction patterns showed the aragonite phase of CaCO 3 to be arranged in a manner such that (0 k 0) lattice planes were parallel to the circumference of the shell. Examination of more mature stages of shell development showed the appearance of calcite phase (with the c -axis of these crystals inclined at a 44° angle from the surface of the nacre in a direction towards the outer rim of the shell). These crystallographic studies of oyster shell formation suggest that the spherulitic arrangement of minerals observed in larva may act as a template for crystals to form during subsequent stages of shell development.
Ultra-Thin SOI CMOS Using Laser Spike Anneal

We have investigated the impact of laser spike anneal (LSA) on the performance of ultra-thin SOI MOSFETs. LSA was found to significantly reduce the parasitic external resistance in UTSOI devices. Reduced external resistance in conjunction with improved gate activation resulted in a substantial improvement in nFET performance. A conventional spike RTA followed by LSA at 1300C enhances nFET drive current, ION, by 20% and the effective drive current, IOFF, by 30% (at IOFF equiv 1 muA/mum). The RTA+LSA approach was found to have a smaller impact on pFET performance. This is attributed to boron loss due to segregation into the buried oxide (BOX) during the RTA. The RTA+LSA process also resulted in improved AC performance (~ 10% improvement in ring oscillator stage delay at fixed leakage current) compared to an RTA-only process. We have found that an LSA-only process significantly suppresses boron segregation and increases dopant activation, resulting in a 50% reduction in the p-type sheet resistance when compared to a conventional high temperature RTA-only process. The introduction of LSA provides a path for high performance UTSOI CMOS
Behaviour as a Complex Adaptive System: On the Role of Self-Organization in the Development of Individual and Collective Behaviour

In this paper we discuss the complex system and adaptive nature of behaviour. The complex system nature of behaviour derives from the fact that behaviour and behavioural properties are phenomena that occur at a given time scale and result from several non-linear interactions occurring at a smaller time scale. Interactions occur in time (i.e. consist of sequence events in which future interactions are constrained by preceding interactions) and might eventually consist of a vector of concurrent interactions. Moreover, we argued that behaviour might involve several emergent dynamical processes, hierarchically organized, that affect each other bottom-up and top-down. The adaptive system nature of behaviour derives from the fact that, due to the very indirect relationship between the properties of the interacting elements and the emergent results of the interactions, behavioural systems can hardly be designed while they can be effectively developed through self-organizing methods in which properties emerging from interactions can be discovered and retained through an adaptive process based on exploration and selection. These two claims will be demonstrated in two concrete examples involving mobile robots in which non-trivial individual and collective behaviours have been developed through an evolutionary technique.
A cephalometric study of patients with cystic fibrosis.

When these patients are medically treated, their cephalometric measurements compare favorably with those of normal children. A cephalometric study of patients with cystic fibrosis Children with cystic fibrosis have skeletal maturation and epiphyseal anomalies similar to those in children with nutritional problems. However, these patients have been found to have normal somatic development if treatment is begun early. In a group of children with cystic fibrosis undergoing medical treatment, cephalometric measurements compared favorably with those established by normal standards.
TCT-426 “Balloon angioplasty tamponade facilitated seal” of large diameter arteriotomy vascular access during Endovascular interventions, from the SIMPLIPHieDE Study (Single center IMPella LVAD supported Pci in High Risk group of patients–Detroit Medical Center Experience)

In recent years there has been an increase in the use of percutaneous Impella LVAD supported high risk coronary interventions. Currently this technique requires large diameter arteriotomy via Common Femoral Access (CFA) to allow equipement passage. Most commonly up to 14 French size sheaths are
Surgical management of the patient with primary hyperparathyroidism

Abstract: The successful surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism requires a surgeon with a clear understanding of both the embryology and anatomy of the parathyroid glands. While the majority of patients may only have a single diseased gland, there is no 100% confirmation that can be attained in the preoperative period. For this reason, even when imaging is suggestive of a single diseased gland, additional intraoperative adjuncts should be used. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring is the most commonly used adjunct. When preoperative localization is not possible, or intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels fail to meet criteria for successful resection, the patient requires a four gland exploration. Cure is not confirmed until normocalcemia is documented for at least 6 months after surgery.
Assistive Technologies for Library Patrons with Visual Disabilities.

This study provides an overview of the various products available for library patrons with blindness or visual impairments. To provide some insight into the status of library services for patrons with blindness, a sample of American universities that are recognized for their programs for students with visual impairments was surveyed to discern which assistive technology products are available in their libraries. The results of the study are analyzed and conclusions are offered.
Using synthetic data safely in classification

When is it safe to use synthetic training data in supervised classification? Trainable classifier technologies require large representative training sets consisting of samples labeled with their true class. Acquiring such training sets is difficult and costly. One way to alleviate this problem is to enlarge training sets by generating artificial, synthetic samples. Of course this immediately raises many questions, perhaps the first being "Why should we trust artificially generated data to be an accurate representative of the real distributions?" Other questions include "When will training on synthetic data work as well as - or better than training on real data ?". We distinguish between sample space (the set of real samples), parameter space (all samples that can be generated synthetically), and finally, feature space (the set of samples in terms of finite numerical values). In this paper, we discuss a series of experiments, in which we produced synthetic data in parameter space, that is, by convex interpolation among the generating parameters for samples and showed we could amplify real data to produce a classifier that is as accurate as a classifier trained on real data. Specifically, we have explored the feasibility of varying the generating parameters for Knuth's Metafont system to see if previously unseen fonts could also be recognized. We also varied parameters for an image quality model. We have found that training on interpolated data is for the most part safe, that is to say never produced more errors. Furthermore, the classifier trained on interpolated data often improved class accuracy.
Smoke and mirrors: Event patterns in the discourse structure of a romance novel

This article investigates a paradox in popular romance novels. On the one hand, the plot of the typical popular novel of any genre consists of a series of actions, most of which are initiated by the main character. On the other hand, the ideal heroine in a romance is passive and therefore should be initiating few actions of any sort. An analysis of the climax of a novel by Barbara Cartland, an extremely popular and prolific romance writer, shows that she uses a series of stylistic strategies to resolve this paradox. Some of these strategies up-grade the apparent activity of the heroine, while others down-grade the actions of her opponents. In addition, the events of the climax as a whole are inflated by placing many of them in non-real contexts, such as dreams, threats, or memories.
Translational experimental therapeutics: The translation of laboratory-based discovery into disease-related therapy.

In the past decade, there has been an increasing emphasis on laboratory-based translational research. This has led to significant scientific advances in our understanding of disease mechanisms and in the development of novel approaches to therapy such as gene therapy, RNA interference, and stem cells. However, the translation of these remarkable scientific achievements into new and effective disease-modifying therapies has lagged behind these scientific accomplishments. We use the term “translational experimental therapeutics” to describe the pathway between the discovery of a basic disease mechanism or novel therapeutic approach and its translation into an effective treatment for patients with a specific disease. In this article, we review the components of this pathway, and discuss issues that might impede this process. Only by optimizing this pathway can we realize the full therapeutic potential of current scientific discoveries and translate the astounding advances that have been accomplished in the laboratory into effective treatments for our patients. Mt Sinai J Med 74: 7-14, 2007. Copyright © 2007 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Olfactory Testing as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease: Development of Optimal Discrimination Criteria

Abstract Since olfactory dysfunction is among the first signs of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), olfactory testing may aid in the early of ‘preclinical’ diagnosis of this disorder. Indeed, the proportion of early-stage PD patients with olfactory dysfunction appears to be greater than the proportion of early-stage PD patients exhibiting some of the cardinal signs of PD. Because olfactory function varies in the general population and declines with age, empirically-based criteria are needed by the clinician to establish whether the degree of olfactory loss observed in a given patient is concordant with the presence of PD. In this study, we present cutoff criteria for the optimal assessment of olfactory dysfunction in the evaluation of PD. Specifically, we present scores for the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) that best discriminate between PD patients and age-matched controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, based upon sensitivity and specificity estimates, were computed for three age groups (≤60 yrs, 61–70 yrs, and ≥71 yrs) and scores with highest sensitivity and specificity were determined. Sex- and age-related differences in the test scores were observed, with lower scores occurring for men and for the older patient groups.
Struggle for scientific authority: The reception of Watson's Behaviorism, 1913–1920

Supported by the Zeitgeist, Behaviorism supposedly spread quickly through American psychology after the publication of Watson's manifesto in 1913. But an extensive search of published and unpublished source material from 1913 to 1920 shows only limited support and a good deal of resistance; documentary evidence for the conversion of psychologists to radical behaviorism during these years is hard to find. Though faced with some troubling problems, the discipline was not eager to renounce its established scientific authority and expertise on the mind. Acceptance of Watson's claims for a new authority required drastic shifts in psychologists' perception of reality, and in their interests to problems of social control.
Google: Its Impact on the Library

Purpose – Aims to provide a comparison of a search results and relevancy ranking via Google Search, Google Scholar and InfoTrack Database.Design/methodology/approach – A summary of the results from each search engine is compared.Findings – This article provides an brief overview of impact of Google services on traditional library services.Originality/value – This paper is useful for information management professionals who seek greater understanding of how the Google service compared with an aggregated subscription database.
On the Diffuse Reflection of Parallel Rays by an Inhomogeneous Flat Layer as a Limiting Process

The diffuse reflection of parallel rays by an inhomogeneous, plane- parallel, nonemitting, and isotropically scattering atmosphere of finite optical thickness is developed. The S-function for the standard diffuse reflection problem is derived. The standard diffuse reflection problem is considered as a limiting process of a collimated point source problem and as a limiting process of a transient diffuse reflection problem when the incident intensity is given in the form of the unit step function of time. (C.E.S.)
CONFORMATIONAL COMPOSITION OF GASEOUS TRANS-1,4-DICHLOROCYCLOHEXANE. MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND ENERGY DIFFERENCES OF THE AA AND EE COMPONENTS FROM GAS- PHASE ELECTRON DIFFRACTION AND AB INITIO CALCULATIONS

Electron-diffraction patterns from gaseous trans-1,4-dichlorocyclohexane at a temperature of 105 °C have been analyzed with the help of results from ab initio molecular orbital calculations to yield the structures of the ee and aa forms (equatorially and axially disposed chlorine atoms, respectively) of the molecule and the composition of the mixture. The model of this complicated system was defined in terms of the structure of the ee form, tying many of the parameters of the aa form to those of the ee by parameter differences calculated ab initio. Some of the results (rg/A, ∠e/deg; 2σ uncertainties) for the ee (aa) forms from the preferred model are 〈r(C−H)〉 = 1.115(4) (1.113); r(C1−C2) = 1.525(6) (1.525); r(C2−C3) = 1.542(13) (1.535); r(C−Cl) = 1.799(3) (1.812); r(Cl···Cl) = 6.309(11) (5.236); ∠(C2C1C6) = 109.9(14) (110.1); ∠(CCCl) = 109.7(4) (109.8); flap (the angle between the planes C2C1C6 and C2C3C5C6) = 51.7(19) (47.2(12)). The mole fraction of the ee form was determined to be 0.46(6). The structur...
Analysis of left-right symmetric seesaw

In models with left-right symmetry, type I and II seesaw mechanisms contribute to the light neutrino mass matrix m in a correlated way, via the Higgs triplet Yukawa coupling matrix f. Once m is fixed, we show that a given structure of f satisfies the seesaw formula if and only if ≡ m − f does. We investigate the consequences of this ''seesaw duality''. Preprint SACLAY-T05/180
Chronic radiation leukemogenesis: postnatal hematopathologic effects resulting from in-utero irradiation.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that continuous whole-body exposure to low daily doses of gamma radiation is highly leukemogenic for beagles initially exposed during either young adulthood or fetal development. In contrast, terminated radiation-exposure regimens (continuous exposure terminated after accumulation of preset total radiation doses) markedly reduce leukemogenic potential. In this study, we examined leukemic incidences and postnatal hematopoietic function in three groups of dogs: (i) continuously irradiated (7.5 cGy/day) during both fetal life and after birth, (ii) continuously irradiated during fetal life only, and (iii) nonirradiated. Results were compared to results from studies with similarly irradiated and nonirradiated groups of young adult dogs initially tested at 400 days of age. Hematopoietic function was assessed in terms of both (a) circulating blood levels of red cells, platelets, granulocytes, and monocytes, and (b) marrow concentrations and radiosensitivities of hematopoietic progenitors. Results indicated that under continuous fetal/postnatal irradiation, i.e. the high leukemogenic exposure regimen, a marked, progressive suppression in hematopoietic function occurred following birth. This suppression continued to 100–150 days of age and was followed by partial hematopoietic recovery that was associated with an acquired radioresistance by hematopoietic progenitors. In contrast, neonates that had been continuously irradiated during fetal life, but not postnatally, i.e. the low leukemogenic regimen, exhibited a similar initial suppression of hematopoietic function followed by partial recovery. However, no temporally linked acquisition of radioresistance by hematopoietic progenitors was demonstrated. These results support the hypothesis, developed from earlier studies with adult dogs, that the processes of acquired radioresistance and recovery in numbers of transformable hematopoietic progenitors are causally linked to early stages of the leukemogenic process under continuous ionizing irradiation.
Measuring low frequency tilts

A borehole tiltmeter with a sensitivity of a few nanoradians is described. It is composed of two orthogonal horizontal pendulums with free periods of 1 s. The pendulums are insensitive to barometric pressure fluctuations, and the measured temperature coefficient is less than 30 nrad/°C. The range of the pendulums is about ±5 μ rad, and their response is linear within 1% and stable over several years. The performance of the tiltmeter in the field was evaluated using tidal data obtained from a closely spaced array of boreholes in Southern California. The long-term stability of the tiltmeter is generally better than 1 μ rad/yr. The data also indicate that instruments in boreholes at least 24 m deepare independent of surface effects. Several different capsules designed to couple the instrument to the surrounding material have been tested. In addition, an experimental method for estimating the magnitudes of local perturbation in the regional tilt field is described.
Pierre Janet and modern views of dissociation

Pierre Janet's numerous important contributions to the understanding of dissociative disorders grew out of his background in philosophy, psychology, and medicine. A religious and even mystical man, he tempered his lifetime studies of psychopathology with precise observation and rigorous documentation. Janet was the first to articulate the clinical principles of the dissociative disorders and to systematically explore and treat the traumatic memories underlying dissociated behavior. He pioneered the use of abreaction and age-regression hypnotherapy techniques for exploring hidden trauma. Our clinical understanding of the dissociative disorders and their treatment stems in large measure from Pierre Janet's careful and thoughtful investigations a century ago..
A Scalable Inter-AS QoS Routing Architecture in Software Defined Network (SDN)

All new networking architectures come with their own problems. Software Defined Networking (SDN) has its own challenges which are needed to be addressed by researchers as well. One of the crucial problems with SDN is the control plane scalability since it is a bottleneck for its evolution. As the network grows, the number of messages a controller receives also increases. This increase puts the controller scalability in the heart of problems of SDN. In this paper, we propose a hierarchy-based network architecture along with an inter-AS routing approach with QoS. We exploit idea of levels in which networks with controllers reside and a main controller, which works like a broker, is on top of them to keep the global network state and view. Our experiment results indicate that a controller in a hierarchic setting handles 50% less number of traffic than a controller in a non-hierarchic environment.
Reactor neutrino oscillation experiments: recent results and future prospects

Reactor neutrino experiments have played a key role in the history of neutrino physics. From the first observation of the free antineutrino by Reines and Cowan to the observation of e disappearance at KamLAND, reactors have been an invaluable tool in the study of neutrinos and helped shape our understanding of neutrinos and neutrino oscillation. Recent data from KamLAND unambiguously reveal the signature of neutrino oscillation in the observed e spectrum and determine the e oscillation parameter Δm212 to 2.8%. A suite of next-generation reactor experiments are now under construction to determine the yet unknown neutrino mixing angle θ13 with a sensitivity of sin22θ13 < 0.01. Stringent control of detector systematics and minimizing backgrounds will be key to the continued success of reactor neutrino oscillation experiments.
A New Perspective: The Common Factors Model as a Foundation for Social Work Practice Education

Foundation social work practice education is critical to the preparation of BSW practitioners for professional practice and the establishment of a theoretical and skill base upon which graduate students may build competencies in the advanced curriculum. Issues in the foundation practice curriculum may hinder this development. The common factors model holds promise as an organizing framework for foundation social work practice education. This model may help to resolve some key issues in social work and social work education, and may provide a useful, coherent, and empirical base for the foundation practice curriculum.
A Surface Science and Catalytic Study of the Effects of Aluminum Oxide and Potassium on the Ammonia Synthesis Over Iron Single-Crystal Surfaces

The status of present-day ammonia synthesis is the product of research spanning almost a century. Much of the effort has been directed toward elucidating the mechanism of the promoter effects of potassium and aluminum oxide on the rate of ammonia synthesis. Out of this work has evolved a multitude of techniques, concepts, and ideas which have profoundly affected catalytic chemistry. Many reviews have been written on this subject,(1–3) but it becomes evident from them that an understanding at the molecular level of the promoters is still lacking. A principal reason for this deficiency is that the bulk of this early work could only use indirect methods to study the catalyst. For example, a large amount of kinetic data relating the gas phase ammonia concentration to the surface concentration of promoters has been obtained.(4,5) This type of information is important for optimizing the concentration of promoters but it fails to reveal the effects at the atomic level of the promoters within the working catalyst. With the advent of combined surface-science/high-pressure systems, high-pressure reaction data (>1 atmosphere) can now be correlated to the structure of the catalyst surface at the atomic level, which is determined in the ultrahigh vacuum environment (<10−8 torr). The combination of surface science and high-pressure catalysis provides powerful tools in the study of the reactivity and structure of surfaces. This chapter will be devoted to describing how surface science work, combined with high-pressure data, has elucidated the structure sensitivity and the role of potassium and aluminum oxide in ammonia synthesis. The structure sensitivity of ammonia synthesis will be presented first, since it serves as necessary background when explaining potassium and aluminum oxide promotion in ammonia synthesis.
Selective Reduction of NO with CO Over Titania Supported Transition Metal Oxide Catalysts

A series of transition metal oxides promoted titania catalysts (MO x /TiO2; M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu) were prepared by wet impregnation method using dilute solutions of metal nitrate precursors. The catalytic activity of these materials was evaluated for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with CO as reductant in the presence of excess oxygen (2 vol.%). Among various promoted oxides, the MnO x /TiO2 system showed very promising catalytic activity for NO + CO reaction, giving higher than 90% NO conversion over a wide temperature window and at high space velocity (GHSV) of 50,000 h−1. It is remarkable to note that the catalytic activity increased with oxygen, up to 4 vol.%, under these conditions leading primarily to nitrogen. Our TPR studies revealed the presence of mixed oxidation states of manganese on the catalyst surface. Characterization results indicated that the surface manganese oxide phase and the redox properties of the catalyst play an important role in final catalytic activity.
Architectures and languages for model building and reuse: organization and selection of reconfigurable models

This paper introduces the concept of reconfigurable simulation models and describes how these models can be used to support simulation-based design. As in object-oriented programming, a reconfigurable model consists of a separate interface and multiple implementations. An AND-OR tree represents which implementations can be bound to each interface. From the resulting model space, a designer can quickly select the simulation model that is most appropriate for the current design stage. We conclude the paper with an example that illustrates the XML-based implementation of reconfigurable models.
Midas: integrating public financial data

The primary goal of the Midas project is to build a system that enables easy and scalable integration of unstructured and semi-structured information present across multiple data sources. As a first step in this direction, we have built a system that extracts and integrates information from regulatory filings submitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Midas creates a repository of entities, events, and relationships by extracting, conceptualizing, integrating, and aggregating data from unstructured and semi-structured documents. This repository enables applications to use the extracted and integrated data in a variety of ways including mashups with other public data and complex risk analysis.
Ozone Conservation and Entrainment in Cumulus Congestus.

This study demonstrates that ozone mixing ratio is conserved during moist convection and can be used as a tracer for cloud entrainment studies. The approach is to apply mixing line analysis to pairs of liquid water potential temperature, total water mixing ratio, O3 and pseudo-equivalent potential temperature derived from aircraft penetrations of growing cumulus congestus. Conclusions about entrainment from the mixing diagrams employing O3 agree with those using thermodynamic quantities. Any disagreement uncovered deficiencies in the water substance measurement technique.
Factors affecting water willow establishment in a large reservoir

Abstract Collingsworth, P.D., R.A. Oster, C.W. Hickey, R.C. Heidinger and C.C. Kohler. 2009. Factors affecting water willow establishment in a large reservoir. Lake Reserv. Manage. 25:200–207. We evaluated the transplanting potential of an emergent macrophyte, water willow (Justicia americana), into Rend Lake, a large, relatively unvegetated reservoir in southern Illinois. We transplanted water willow over two years into sites varying in physical conditions and using four propagule types. Transplanting in 2001 was performed to compare the durability of root crowns, plugs, and stem fragments, as well as to measure the effect of open water versus backwater sites on water willow survival. Water willow was transplanted in 2002 to explore how different planting protocols, such as planting in different months, planting different propagule types, and shoreline slope affect water willow survival. We found that water willow transplanted early in the summer had better post-winter colony survival and vigor (stem den...
Educating air force mortuary officers: Confronting death anxiety

Abstract As an instructor at the Air Force Institute of Technology, I prepare officers and noncommissioned officers for what has been called the “toughest part-time job in the Air Force.” These officers, in addition to other duties, are called upon to care for the Air Force's dead, thus becoming mortuary officers. These officers possess no special skills, they are not tested for psychological aptitude, nor given any initial special/ additional training; yet they are in one of the most sensitive, psychologically demanding fields known—mortuary affairs. In early 1990, AFIT published its first article concerning mortuary affairs, which described the progress we had made so far in mortuary affairs education. This article describes the next step, i. e., the psychological aspects of our profession.
Evaluation of gene expression in muscle in mouse model lacking of vitamin C synthesis

Background Human species and guinea pigs have to obtain vitamin C (VC) from food because they are unable to synthesize ascorbic acid due to the absence of the gene that encodes L-gulonolactone oxidase (Gulo). The spontaneous bone fracture (sfx) mouse is a mouse model which is deficient in the synthesis of VC because of the deletion in Gulo gene. Because muscle forces are a strong determinant of bone structure, particularly during the process of growth and development, we examined the gene expression of muscle in sfx mice.
Study on Microstructure of Laser In Situ Formation of TiBX and TiC Titanium Composite Coatings

Two kinds of mixed powders:Ti-6Al-4V/B/C and Ti-6Al-4V/B4C which are pre-pasted or synchronized fed on Ti-6Al-4V substrates separately were scanned by a 500W pulsed YAG laser to induce in situ formation of titanium composite coatings contained TiBx and TiC ceramic reinforced phases. The influences of laser processing parameters including Pulse Frequency (PF), Pulse Width (PW), Laser Power (P) and Scanning Speed (V) together with the powder proportions on the microstructure and properties of the coatings were investigated. Microstructures, phase components of the coating were analyzed by OM, SEM, TEM and XRD respectively. Experimental results show that two and more kinds of ceramic reinforcements were in situ formatted in the matrix of Ti-6Al-4V. TiB and TiC ceramics were formed evenly with the morphology of needle, tiny dendrites and disperse particles in the prepasted single path specimens. For the powder feed laser cladding layers, the ceramic reinforcements were TiB (needlelike), TiB2 (hexagonal prism or rodlike), a small amount of TiC (disperse particles) and non fully reacted B4C. The microhardness increased with the increase of the amount of B4C and B+C additions. When the added B and C contents are the same, the microhardness of the coating with B4C addition is higher than that of the coating with B+C addition. The average micro-hardness of a powder prepasted (with 20 wt.% B4C addition) multi-path laser cladding layer formed under the optimized processing parameters is up to 800HV, which is more than 2 times of that of the substrate (340Hv), and the wear weight loss of the layer decreased nearly 3 times that of the substrate.
A discontinuity expansion solution to plane problems in magnetoelastodynamics

Abstract The equations describing the plane dynamic deformation of a perfectly conducting elastic solid in the presence of a magnetic field are considered as a symmetrical hyperbolic system of first-order equations. A method for the solution, near the boundary, of the general mixed initial and boundary value problem is developed based on discontinuity relations applied across characteristic surfaces intersecting the boundary curve. The series solution developed is applied to an example and the effects of the magnetic field on the dynamic response of the body are shown.
On depolarization of electromagnetic waves backscattered from a rough surface

Abstract A general theory of depolarization of electromagnetic waves backscattered from a rough surface boundary is developed. It is shown that the absolute magnitude of the backscattered horizontal field component obtained by transmitting a vertically polarized field is the same as that of the backscattered vertical field component obtained by transmitting a horizontally polarized field. This result checks with the reciprocity theorem in electromagnetic theory. (1)
Making the Moon from a fast-spinning Earth: a giant impact followed by resonant despinning.

A common origin for the Moon and Earth is required by their identical isotopic composition. However, simulations of the current giant impact hypothesis for Moon formation find that most lunar material originated from the impactor, which should have had a different isotopic signature. Previous Moon-formation studies assumed that the angular momentum after the impact was similar to that of the present day; however, Earth-mass planets are expected to have higher spin rates at the end of accretion. Here, we show that typical last giant impacts onto a fast-spinning proto-Earth can produce a Moon-forming disk derived primarily from Earth’s mantle. Furthermore, we find that a faster-spinning early Earth-Moon system can lose angular momentum and reach the present state through an orbital resonance between the Sun and Moon.