cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenal Oncocytic Neoplasm with Paradoxical Loss of Important Mitochondrial Steroidogenic Protein: The 18 kDA Translocator Protein

The adrenal glands produce a variety of hormones that play a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis, metabolism, immune system suppression, and the body's physiologic response to stress. Adrenal neoplasms can be asymptomatic or can overproduce certain hormones that lead to different clinical manifestations. Oncocytic adrenal neoplasms are infrequent tumors that arise from cells in the adrenal cortex and display a characteristic increase in the number of cytoplasmic mitochondria. Since the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis includes the transport of cholesterol across the mitochondrial membranes, in part carried out by the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), we assessed the expression of TSPO in a case of adrenal oncocytic neoplasm using residual adrenal gland of the patient as internal control. We observed a significant loss of TSPO immunofluorescence expression in the adrenal oncocytic tumor cells when compared to adjacent normal adrenal tissue. We further confirmed this finding by employing Western blot analysis to semiquantify TSPO expression in tumor and normal adrenal cells. Our findings could suggest a potential role of TSPO in the tumorigenesis of this case of adrenocortical oncocytic neoplasm.
Techno-economic and Life Cycle Analysis for Bioleaching Rare-Earth Elements from Waste Materials

A bioleaching process to extract rare-earth elements (REE) from fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts was optimized using a heterotrophic bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans to produce organic acids from glucose. Parameters optimized included agitation intensity, oxygen levels, glucose concentrations, and nutrient additions. Biolixiviants from the optimized batch process demonstrated REE leaching efficiencies up to 56%. A continuous bioreactor system was subsequently developed to feed a leach process and demonstrated leaching efficiencies of 51%. A techno-economic analysis showed glucose to be the single largest expense for the bioleach process, constituting 44% of the total cost. The bioleaching plant described here was found profitable, although the margin was small. Lower cost carbon and energy sources for producing the biolixiviant, sourcing FCC catalysts with higher total REE content (>1.5% by mass), and improved leaching efficiencies would significantly increase the overall profit. A life cycle a...
Understanding emerging forms of cannabis use through an online cannabis community: An analysis of relative post volume and subjective highness ratings.

Abstract Background Legalization of medical and recreational cannabis has coincided with an increase in novel forms of cannabis use and a burgeoning cannabis product industry. This research seeks to understand the occurrence of discussions about these emerging and traditional forms of use in an online social media discussion forum. Methods We analyzed posts to a cannabis-specific forum on the Reddit social media platform posted from January 2010–December 2016. For each of various keywords describing smoking, vaping, edibles, dabbing, and butane hash oil (BHO) concentrate use, we analyzed (1) relative prevalence of posts mentioning these cannabis forms of use; (2) user-reported subjective ratings of “highness” on a scale of 1–10; (3) the ten most common words mentioned in posts; and (4) the frequency of adverse health effect terms. Results Form of use was mentioned in approximately 17.7% of 2.26 million posts; smoking was the most commonly mentioned form of cannabis use. From 2010–2016, relative post volume increased significantly for posts mentioning dabbing (3.63/1000 additional posts per year, p Conclusions Despite limitations in representativeness, findings indicate a significant increase in online discussion of emerging cannabis forms of use over time and greater subjective effects of dabbing, butane hash oil, and edible use.
Elements of Point Estimation Theory

The problem of point estimation examined in this chapter is concerned with the estimation of the values of unknown parameters, or functions of parameters, that represent characteristics of interest relating to the probability space of some collection of economic, sociological, biological, or physical experiments. The outcomes generated by the collection of experiments are assumed to be outcomes of a random sample with some joint probability density function f(x 1 ,...,x n ; Θ). The random sample need not be from a population distribution, that is, it is not necessarily the case that X 1 ,..., X n are iid. The objective of point estimation will be to utilize functions of the random sample outcome to generate good (in some sense) estimates of the unknown characteristics of interest
Batch Coffee Roasting; Roasting Energy Use; Reducing That Use

The operation of batch, gas-fired coffee roasters equipped with afterburners that destroy roasting-generated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide is described. Overall heat and material balances are used to analyze and calculate energy use in such roasters and energy use reductions achievable by (a) transferring part of the heat now discharged in stack gas to gas streams in or entering the roaster or to coffee entering the roaster or (b) bypassing afterburners when VOC production is low.
Osteochondrosis of the tarsal navicular and medial cuneiform in a child

A 6-year-old boy presented to his primary care physician with complaints of left foot pain after minor recent trauma. Left foot radiographs demonstrated osteochondrosis of the tarsal navicular (also known as Kohler's disease) and medial cuneiform-benign self-limiting processes, though likely the source of the patient's pain.
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 is essential for development and maintenance of a functional TEC compartment

Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) are essential for thymocyte differentiation and repertoire selection. Despite their indispensable role in generating functional T cells, the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate TEC development from endodermal progenitors in the third pharyngeal pouch (3rd PP) are not fully understood. We recently reported that the T-box transcription factor TBX1 negatively regulates TEC development. Although initially expressed throughout the 3rd PP, Tbx1 becomes downregulated in thymus-fated progenitors and when ectopically expressed impairs TEC progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Here we show that ectopic Tbx1 expression in thymus fated endoderm increases expression of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) target genes in TEC. PRC2 is an epigenetic modifier that represses gene expression by catalyzing trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3. The increased expression of PRC2 target genes suggests that ectopic Tbx1 interferes with PRC2 activity and implicates PRC2 as an important regulator of TEC development. To test this hypothesis, we used Foxn1Cre to delete Eed, a PRC2 component required for complex stability and function in thymus fated 3rd PP endoderm. Proliferation and differentiation of fetal and newborn TEC were disrupted in the conditional knockout (EedCKO) mutants leading to severely dysplastic adult thymi. Consistent with PRC2-mediated transcriptional silencing, the majority of differentially expressed genes (DEG) were upregulated in EedCKO TEC. Moreover, a high frequency of EedCKO DEG overlapped with DEG in TEC that ectopically expressed Tbx1. These findings demonstrate that PRC2 plays a critical role in TEC development and suggest that Tbx1 expression must be downregulated in thymus fated 3rd PP endoderm to ensure optimal PRC2 function.
Behavioral, molecular and physiological responses of embryo-larval zebrafish exposed to types I and II pyrethroids.

Abstract Pyrethroids are potent neurotoxicants that may elicit multiple pathways of toxicity in non-target organisms. Comparative studies on the mechanistic and developmental effects of types I and II pyrethroids against non-target aquatic species are limited. This study assessed the effects of the two pyrethroid types against embryo-larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) at environmentally relevant and laboratory concentrations. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to type-I (permethrin, bifenthrin) and type-II (deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, esfenvalerate) pyrethroids at 1000, 10, 0.1, 0.01, 0.0 μg/L, starting at 5-h post-fertilization (hpf) through 5-d post-fertilization (dpf) under static exposure conditions. Swimming behavior (distance traveled and velocity) was assessed at 5-dpf. The relative expression of Nrf2a, GST, Casp-9 and p53 mRNA transcripts, carboxyl esterase (CES) activity and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. The stability of the pyrethroids across 5 days was analyzed. Bifenthrin-(10 μg/L) and esfenvalerate-(1000 μg/L) significantly (p
Four maternal characteristics determine the 12-month course of chronic severe postpartum depressive symptoms.

Background Postpartum depression is a heterogeneous disorder in phenotype and etiology. Characterizing the longitudinal course of depressive symptoms over the first year after birth and identifying variables that predict distinct symptom trajectories will expedite efficient mental health treatment planning. The purpose was to determine 12-month trajectories of postpartum depressive symptoms, identify characteristics that predict the trajectories, and provide a computational algorithm that predicts trajectory membership. Methods A prospective cohort of women delivering at an academic medical center (2006-2011) was recruited from an urban women's hospital in Pittsburgh, PA. Women with a postpartum depressive disorder (n = 507) participated and completed symptom severity assessments at 4-8 weeks (intake), 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Women were predominantly Caucasian (71.8%), married (53.3%), and college educated (38.7%). Clinician interviews of depressive symptom severity, medical and psychiatric history, assessment of function, obstetric experience, and infant status were conducted. Results Analyses resulted in identification of three distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms: (1) gradual remission (50.4%), (2) partial improvement (41.8%), and (3) chronic severe (7.8%). Key predictive characteristics of the chronic severe versus gradual remission and partial improvement trajectories included parity, education, and baseline global functioning and depression severity. We were able to predict trajectory membership with 72.8% accuracy from these characteristics. Conclusions Four maternal characteristics predicted membership in the chronic severe versus gradual remission and partial improvement trajectories with 72.8% accuracy. The trajectory groups comprise clinically relevant subgroups with the potential for tailored treatments to reduce the disease burden of postpartum depression.
Environmentally friendly near-dry machining of metals

Abstract: This chapter discusses the metal cutting and application aspects of near-dry machining (NDM) also known as minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining. It points out that a non-system approach to NDM applications and a misunderstanding of the metal cutting theory foundations of NDM significantly slow down implementations of this seemingly attractive and cost-effective technology in practice. This chapter lays out the metal cutting theory foundations of NDM, provides a distinctive classification of NDM methods, discussing their advantages and drawbacks, considers the essential components of the whole NDM system, arguing that a 360° vision approach is the key to successful implementation of NDM.
The Consumer Response to Corporate Political Advocacy: a Review and Future Directions

In recent years, a new trend has emerged: Chick-fil-A and Amazon took opposing positions in the gay marriage debate, companies have openly opposed many of President Trump’s policies and even dropped his daughter’s brand from their stores, Paypal gave an ultimatum to North Carolina over transgender bathroom access, Delta dropped NRA-specific benefits, and Nike signed the polarizing Colin Kaepernick. These actions, which significantly deviate from corporations’ historical forays into sociopolitical issues through lobbying for favorable regulations and corporate social responsibility (CSR), are characterized by participation in divisive political debates on topics which seemingly have no direct link to the bottom line. The public and divisive nature of these corporate acts (referred to as corporate political advocacy (CPA)), coupled with an increasingly politically polarized population, suggests that implied political values on behalf of companies are likely to produce divergent consumer reactions. Specifically, these acts are likely to simultaneously elicit disapproval and boycotts from those that oppose the company’s position, but approval and buycotts from those that support the company’s position. In this paper, we consider findings from existing literature in consumerism, CSR, and political orientation to shed light on our current understanding of the potential consumer response to CPA and to point to several avenues for future research.
Isolation and characterization of exosomes from IDH mutant gliomas.

152Background: Mutations in the metabolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) are found in > 70% of intermediate grade gliomas. Gain-of-function mutations in IDH1 promote diffuse glioma format...
Detecting and identifying arbitrage in the spot foreign exchange market

We propose a theoretical framework for the detection and identification of triangular arbitrage opportunities between currency exchange rates in the spot foreign exchange market. We obtain sufficie...
Two Cellular Mechanisms for Gamma-Globin Gene and Protein Silencing in Humans.

Abstract Although the genetic processes responsible for gamma-globin gene and protein silencing are not known, the prevailing model is that gamma-globin silencing results from a gradual change within a single hematopoietic cell lineage that is governed by intrinsic properties of the cells. In order to provide a more complete characterization of the silencing phenomenon, we studied globin expression patterns directly from clinical samples using single-cell, quantitative PCR, and globin protein phenotyping. We collected blood samples from untransfused donors: umbilical cords (n=3), infants (n=11; ages 1 day to 35 months), and adults (n=3). All samples were maintained at 4°C and analyzed within 72 hours. Flow cytometry (30,000 cells per donor) and HPLC analyses were used for globin protein phenotyping. For globin gene expression, we identified reticulocytes using a strategy that required no membrane permeabilization, and sorted them as single cells directly into lysis buffer. Oligo-dT reverse transcription of mRNA was followed by real-time PCR quantitation. Globin cDNA copy numbers were calculated using standard curves from serial dilutions of a plasmid DNA. We analyzed approximately 1000 single-cell quantitative PCR amplifications for gamma- and beta-globin gene expression. In cord blood, we detected both gamma- and beta-globin gene expression in 97.4% (112/115) of the reticulocytes. The average gamma-globin cDNA copy number was 1870±1390 copies, compared with an average beta-globin cDNA copy number of 2181±2138 copies per reticulocyte. HbF and HbA were also detected in >95% of the cord blood erythrocytes. In the adult samples, HbF was detected in
Immune response against the coiled coil domain of Sjögren's syndrome associated autoantigen Ro52 induces salivary gland dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES The structural domains of Ro52, termed the RING, B-box, coiled coil (CC) and B30.2/SPRY are targets of anti-Ro52 in multiple autoimmune disorders. In Sjogren's syndrome patients, the presence of anti-Ro52 is associated with higher disease severity, and in mice, they induce salivary gland hypofunction. This study was undertaken to investigate whether immune responses against different domains of Ro52, influences salivary gland disease in mice. METHODS Female NZM2758 mice were immunised with Ro52 domains expressed as recombinant fusion proteins with maltose binding protein (MBP) [MBP-RING-B-box, MBP-CC, MBP-CC(ΔC19), MBP-B30.2/SPRY]. Sera from immunised mice were studied for IgG antibodies to Ro52 by immunoprecipitation, and to salivary gland cells by immunofluorescence. Pilocarpine-induced saliva production was measured to evaluate salivary gland function. Submandibular glands were investigated by histopathology for inflammation and by immune-histochemistry for IgG deposition. RESULTS Mice immunised with different Ro52-domains had comparable reactivity to Ro52 and to salivary gland cells. However, only mice immunised with the CC domain and its C-terminal truncated version CC(ΔC19) showed a significant drop in saliva production. None of the mice developed severe salivary gland inflammation. The salivary gland hypofunction significantly correlated with increased intra-lobar IgG deposits in the submandibular salivary glands. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that epitope specificity of anti-Ro52 antibodies plays a critical role in the induction of glandular dysfunction. Clearly, screening Sjogren's syndrome patients for relative levels of Ro52 domain specific antibodies will be more informative for associating anti-Ro52 with clinical measures of the disorder.
A turbulent-entropic instability and the fragmentation of star-forming clouds

The kinetic energy of supersonic turbulence within interstellar clouds is subject to cooling by dissipation in shocks and subsequent line radiation. The clouds are therefore susceptible to a condensation process controlled by the specific entropy. In a form analogous to the thermodynamic entropy, the entropy for supersonic turbulence is proportional to the log of the product of the mean turbulent velocity and the size scale. We derive a dispersion relation for the growth of entropic instabilities in a spherical self-gravitating cloud and find that there is a critical maximum dissipation time scale, about equal to the crossing time, that allows for fragmentation and subsequent star formation. However, the time scale for the loss of turbulent energy may be shorter or longer, for example with rapid thermal cooling or the injection of mechanical energy. Differences in the time scale for energy loss in different star-forming regions may result in differences in the outcome, for example, in the initial mass function.
Extracellular glutamate and IDH1R132H inhibitor promote glioma growth by boosting redox potential.

Somatic mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene, mostly substituting Arg132 with histidine, are associated with better patient survival, but glioma recurrence and progression are nearly inevitable, resulting in disproportionate morbidity and mortality. Our previous studies demonstrated that in contrast to hemizygous IDH1R132H (loss of wild-type allele), heterozygous IDH1R132H is intrinsically glioma suppressive but its suppression of three-dimensional (3D) growth is negated by extracellular glutamate and reducing equivalent. This study sought to understand the importance of 3D culture in IDH1R132H biology and the underlying mechanism of the glutamate effect. RNA sequencing data of IDH1R132H-heterozygous and IDH1R132H-hemizygous glioma cells cultured under two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions were subjected to unsupervised hierarchal clustering and gene set enrichment analysis. IDH1R132H-heterozygous and IDH1R132H-hemizygous tumor growth were compared in subcutaneous and intracranial transplantations. Short-hairpin RNA against glutamate dehydrogenase 2 gene (GLUD2) expression was employed to determine the effects of glutamate and the mutant IDH1 inhibitor AGI-5198 on redox potential in IDH1R132H-heterozygous cells. In contrast to IDH1R132H-heterozygous cells, 3D-cultured but not 2D-cultured IDH1R132H-hemizygous cells were clustered with more malignant gliomas, possessed the glioblastoma mesenchymal signature, and exhibited aggressive tumor growth. Although both extracellular glutamate and AGI-5198 stimulated redox potential for 3D growth of IDH1R132H-heterozygous cells, GLUD2 expression was required for glutamate, but not AGI-5198, stimulation. 3D culture is more relevant to IDH1R132H glioma biology. The importance of redox homeostasis in IDH1R132H glioma suggests that metabolic pathway(s) can be explored for therapeutic targeting, whereas IDH1R132H inhibitors may have counterproductive consequences in patient treatment.
Social Presence in Multidimensional Online Discussion: The Roles of Group Size and Requirements for Discussions

Literature has suggested numerous benefits of online learning. In this study, we focused on asynchronous online discussion in higher education. We defined effective online discussions as making soc...
Simvastatin ameliorates altered mechanotransduction in uterine leiomyoma cells

ABSTRACT Background Uterine leiomyomas, the most common tumors of the female reproductive system, feature excessive deposition of disordered stiff extracellular matrix (ECM) and fundamentally altered mechanical signaling pathways . Specifically, these alterations impact the normal dynamic state of responsiveness to mechanical cues in the extracellular environment. These mechanical cues are converted via integrins, cell membrane receptors, to biochemical signals including cytoskeletal signaling pathways to maintain mechanical homeostasis. Leiomyoma cells overexpress β1 integrin and other downstream mechanical signaling proteins. We previously reported that simvastatin, an anti-hyperlipidemic drug, has anti-leiomyoma effects through cellular, animal model and epidemiologic studies. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that simvastatin might influence altered mechanotransduction in leiomyoma cells. Study Design This is a laboratory-based experimental study. Primary leiomyoma cells were isolated from five patients who underwent hysterectomy at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Primary and immortalized human leiomyoma (HuLM) cells were treated with simvastatin at increasing concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1μM or control) for 48 h. Protein and mRNA levels of β1 integrin and ECM components involved in mechanical signaling were quantified by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. In addition, we examined the effect of simvastatin on RhoA activity using pull-down assay and gel contraction. Results We found that simvastatin significantly reduced the protein expression of β1 integrin by 44% and type I collagen by 60% compared to untreated leiomyoma cells. Simvastatin-treated cells reduced phosphorylation of FAK down to 26-60% of control whereas it increased total FAK protein expression. Using a RhoA pull-down activation assay, we observed that simvastatin-treated cells had reduced levels of active RhoA by 45-85% compared to control. Consistent with impaired RhoA activation, simvastatin treatment reduced tumor gel contraction where gel area was 122-153% larger compared to control. Furthermore, simvastatin treatment led to reduced levels of mechanical signaling proteins involved in β1 integrin downstream signaling, including AKAP13, ROCK1, MLCK, and cyclin D1. Conclusion The results of this study suggest a possible therapeutic role for simvastatin to restore the altered state of mechanotransduction signaling in leiomyoma. Collectively, the findings are aligned with previous epidemiologic and other reports and support the need for clinical trials.
Vehicle safety characteristics in vulnerable driver populations

National data suggest drivers who are younger, older, and have lower socioeconomic status (SES) have heightened crash-related injury rates. Ensuring vulnerable drivers are in the safest vehicles th...
Granular scaling laws for helically driven dynamics.

Exploration of granular physics for three-dimensional geometries interacting with deformable media is crucial for further understanding of granular mechanics and vehicle-terrain dynamics. A modular screw propelled vehicle is, therefore, designed for testing the accuracy of a novel helical granular scaling law in predicting vehicle translational velocity and power. A dimensional analysis is performed on the vehicle and screw pontoons. Two additional pontoon pairs of increased size and mass are determined from dimensional scalars. The power and velocity of these larger pairs are predicted by the smaller pair using the scaling relationships. All three sets are subjected to ten trials of five angular velocities ranging from 13.7 to 75.0 revolutions per minute in a high interlock lunar regolith analog derived from mining tailings. Experimental agreement for prediction of power (3--9% error) and translational velocity (2--12% error) are observed. A similar set of geometries is subjected to multibody dynamics and discrete element method cosimulations of Earth and lunar gravity to verify a gravity-dependent subset of the scaling laws. These simulations show agreement (under 5% error for all sets) and support law validity for gravity between Earth and lunar magnitude. These results support further expansion of granular scaling models to enable prediction for vehicle-terrain dynamics for a variety of environments and geometries.
High-Frequency Transformer Design with High-Voltage Insulation for Modular Power Conversion from Medium-Voltage AC to 400-V DC

CCG Facility Integration proposed that the 4.16-kVAC power distribution in a data center greatly reduces the loss on cable, especially when compared to 480-VAC distribution. Also, it is suggested that the minimum stage of power conversion is obtained by powering each server rack with a 400-VDC bus that is directly step-downed from the 4.16-kVAC. An input-series-output-parallel (ISOP) structure becomes a promising topology for this power conversion. In addition to the modularity, the medium voltage (MV) is handled by efficient low-voltage devices connected in series, leading to high efficiency and high power density. The transformer in the DC/DC converter is crucial, since it is responsible for the MV insulation. Since insulation occupies a significant space in the transformer, the conventional optimization approach needs to be re-evaluated, especially in regard to switching frequency. The increase in spacing provides the opportunity to integrate the resonant inductor into the transformer. In this paper, a new optimization method for switching frequency is proposed with a better insulation structure. The design is demonstrated on a 200-kHz CLLC converter with 98.7 % efficiency and 61 W/in3 power density.
Growth in narrative retelling and inference abilities and relations with reading comprehension in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

Background and aimsExtant research indicates that children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) without an intellectual disability (ID) often experience difficulty comprehending writ...
Predicting in-hospital mortality after an in-hospital cardiac arrest: A multivariate analysis

Abstract Aim of the study Most survivors of an in-hospital cardiac arrest do not leave the hospital alive, and there is a need for a more patient-centered, holistic approach to the assessment of prognosis after an arrest. We sought to identify pre-, peri-, and post-arrest variables associated with in-hospital mortality amongst survivors of an in-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients ≥18 years of age who were resuscitated from an in-hospital arrest at our University Medical Center from January 1, 2013 to September 31, 2016. In-hospital mortality was chosen as a primary outcome and unfavorable discharge disposition (discharge disposition other than home or skilled nursing facility) as a secondary outcome. Results 925 patients comprised the in-hospital arrest cohort with 305 patients failing to survive the arrest and a further 349 patients surviving the initial arrest but dying prior to hospital discharge, resulting in an overall survival of 29%. 620 patients with a ROSC of greater than 20 min following the in-hospital arrest were included in the final analysis. In a stepwise multivariable regression analysis, recurrent cardiac arrest, increasing age, time to ROSC, higher serum creatinine levels, and a history of cancer were predictors of in-hospital mortality. A history of hypertension was found to exert a protective effect on outcomes. In the regression model including serum lactate, increasing lactate levels were associated with lower odds of survival. Conclusion Amongst survivors of in-hospital cardiac arrest, recurrent cardiac arrest was the strongest predictor of poor outcomes with age, time to ROSC, pre-existing malignancy, and serum creatinine levels linked with increased odds of in-hospital mortality.
The Development of a Novel International Elective in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

ABSTRACT Interest in global health is rising in graduate medical education. Trainees are increasingly seeking high-quality, ethically sound, and educationally robust opportunities for global medical rotations (Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2014;128(2):148-51). When based on best educational practices, these opportunities can provide a unique learning experience for residents in traditional physical medicine and rehabilitation programs. This article describes the development of an international rotation in physical medicine and rehabilitation including specific competency-based physical medicine and rehabilitation global health learning objectives, predeparture training, rotation structure, and postrotation feedback mechanisms. The aim is to present the development of the program as a resource for both residents and program directors to help create and maximize existing rotations at their own institutions. Learners must complete predeparture requirements that include completion of a musculoskeletal rotation and global health didactics intended to provide foundational knowledge in physiatry and global health. Postrotation requirements include the residency program's standardized evaluation form, resident survey, and self-reflection essay. Experience from a novel 4-wk pilot rotation to Punta Gorda, Belize, is described to exemplify Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-based learning objectives as well as the benefits of a formalized rotation structure. Using this unique set of learning objectives and proposed rotation requirements, the authors believe that physical medicine and rehabilitation residency programs can develop valuable global health learning experiences.
Emergency department nurses' care of psychiatric patients: A scoping review.

Abstract The emergency department (ED) is a difficult place for psychiatric patients. However, individuals with mental illness often use the Emergency Department as a primary source of healthcare. This study was conducted to identify and examine published literature related to ED nurses’ care of individuals with mental illness and to identify associated research gaps. A scoping review within the Arksey and O’Malley [11] framework was undertaken to answer, “what factors influence ED nurses’ care of individuals with mental illness?” Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The PRISMA method [16] was used to illustrate the flow of studies. The review resulted in three main themes influencing ED nurses’ care for psychiatric patients. These were concerns related to environment; beliefs and perceptions; and knowledge and confidence. The results are described and framed within Biddle's role theory [33] , and the gaps in the literature related to research and recommendations for specific investigations are presented.
Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of 211At-labeled inhibitors of prostate-specific membrane antigen for targeted alpha particle therapy of prostate cancer

Abstract Introduction The high potency and short tissue range of α-particles are attractive features for targeted radionuclide therapy, particularly for cancers with micro-metastases. In the current study, we describe the synthesis of a series of 211At-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitors and their preliminary evaluation as potential agents for metastatic prostate cancer treatment. Methods Four novel Glu-urea based PSMA ligands containing a trialkyl stannyl group were synthesized and labeled with 211At, and for comparative purposes, 131I, via halodestannylation reactions with N-chlorosuccinimide as the oxidant. A PSMA inhibitory assay was performed to evaluate PSMA binding of the unlabeled, iodinated compounds. A series of paired-label biodistribution experiments were performed to compare each 211At-labeled PSMA ligand to its 131I-labeled counterpart in mice bearing subcutaneous PC3 PSMA+ PIP xenografts. Results Radiochemical yields ranged from 32% to 65% for the 211At-labeled PSMA inhibitors and were consistently lower than those obtained with the corresponding 131I-labeled analogue. Good localization in PC3 PSMA+ PIP but not control xenografts was observed for all labeled molecules studied, which exhibited a variable degree of in vivo dehalogenation as reflected by thyroid and stomach activity levels. Normal tissue uptake and in vivo stability for several of the compounds was markedly improved compared with the previously evaluated compounds, [211At]DCABzL and [*I]DCIBzL. Conclusions and implications for patient care Compared with the first generation compound [211At]DCABzL, several of the novel 211At-labeled PSMA ligands exhibited markedly improved stability in vivo and higher tumor-to-normal tissue ratios. [211At]GV-620 has the most promising characteristics and warrants further evaluation as a targeted radiotherapeutic for prostate cancer.
Sex differences in lung imaging and SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in a COVID-19 golden Syrian hamster model

In the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more severe outcomes are reported in males compared with females, including hospitalizations and deaths. Animal models can provide an opportunity to mechanistically interrogate causes of sex differences in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Adult male and female golden Syrian hamsters (8-10 weeks of age) were inoculated intranasally with 10 5 TCID 50 of SARS-CoV-2/USA-WA1/2020 and euthanized at several time points during the acute (i.e., virus actively replicating) and recovery (i.e., after the infectious virus has been cleared) phases of infection. There was no mortality, but infected male hamsters experienced greater morbidity, losing a greater percentage of body mass, developing more extensive pneumonia as noted on chest computed tomography, and recovering more slowly than females. Treatment of male hamsters with estradiol did not alter pulmonary damage. Virus titers in respiratory tissues, including nasal turbinates, trachea, and lungs, and pulmonary cytokine concentrations, including IFNb and TNFa, were comparable between the sexes. However, during the recovery phase of infection, females mounted two-fold greater IgM, IgG, and IgA responses against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein (S-RBD) in both plasma and respiratory tissues. Female hamsters also had significantly greater IgG antibodies against whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and mutant S-RBDs, as well as virus neutralizing antibodies in plasma. The development of an animal model to study COVID-19 sex differences will allow for a greater mechanistic understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 associated sex differences seen in the human population.
Is social-ecological risk associated with individual HIV risk beliefs and behaviours?: An analysis of Kenyan adolescents’ local communities and activity spaces

The places where adolescents live, learn, and play are thought to influence behaviours and health, but we have limited tools for measuring environmental risk on a hyperlocal (e.g. neighbourhood) level. Working with 218 adolescents and their parents/guardians in rural western Kenya, we combined participatory mapping activities with satellite imagery to identify adolescent activity spaces and create a novel measure of social-ecological risks. We then examined the associations between social-ecological risk and individual HIV risk beliefs and behaviours. We found support for the conjecture that social-ecological risks may be associated with individual beliefs and behaviours. As social-ecological risk increased for a sample of Kenyan adolescents, so did their reports of riskier sex beliefs and behaviours, as well as unsupervised outings at night. This study reinforces calls for disease prevention approaches that go beyond emphasising individual behaviour change.
Dynamized routing policies for minimizing expected waiting time in a multi-class multi-server system

Abstract Minimizing queue waiting time in multi-class multi-server systems, where the service time depends both on the job type and the server type, has wide applications in transportation systems such as emergency networks and taxi networks, service systems such as call centers, and distributed computing platforms. However, the optimal dynamic policy for this problem is not known and remains a hard open problem. In our approach, we develop a math program to model a static variant of this routing problem and use the solution from this math program to construct several novel dynamic policies. In three categories, namely, (i) policies that do not block jobs, (ii) policies that block jobs statically (i.e., blocking jobs using a predetermined blocking probability), and (ii) policies that block jobs dynamically (i.e., blocking jobs when all feasible servers are busy), we compare the performance of our policies with Fastest-Server-First (FSF), a well-known routing policy for such problems in practice and in the literature. Our experiments show that our proposed overflow dynamic routing policies outperform FSF and its extensions, FSFStaticBlock and FSFDynamicBlock. Moreover, to showcase our methodology, we apply our proposed policies to the problem of assigning fire incidents in Irvine, CA, to fire stations.
Negative Influence Gradients Lead to Lowered Information Processing Capacity on Social Networks

Communication networks are known to exhibit asymmetric influence structures, constructed of a spectrum from highly influential individuals to highly influenced individuals. Information Processing Capacity (IPC) determines the level of responsiveness expressed by individuals when communicating with others in such networks. In this study, we explore the asymmetric influence structure of GitHub’s cryptocurrency developer community and show how it affects the IPC of the users in such networks. We use an agent-based model of information diffusion and conversation based on dynamic individual-level probabilities extracted from data on activity from cryptocurrency-related GitHub repositories. In this model, users that receive notifications from their neighbors at a rate above their IPC enter an overloaded state. We show that users who are influenced substantially more than they influence other users are typically expected to be overloaded and constantly experience lower IPC. In other words, these users are influenced more than they are able to express this magnitude of influence toward their neighbors. These results have potential implications in the design of viral marketing and reducing the harm of misinformation campaigns.
Detoxification and immunogenic properties of endotoxin-containing precipitate of Brucella abortus.

Badakhsh, Fred F. (University of Georgia, Athens), and John W. Foster. Detoxification and immunogenic properties of endotoxin-containing precipitate of Brucella abortus . J. Bacteriol. 91: 494–498. 1966.—Endotoxin-containing precipitates (ECP) were prepared from Brucella abortus strain 19A by aqueous ether extraction followed by ethyl alcohol precipitation. Lysozyme was the most effective of several enzymes tried for detoxification of endotoxin present in the precipitate. Trypsin was shown to reduce mouse lethal toxicity but not rabbit dermal toxicity. Immunological studies of ECP and enzyme-treated ECP demonstrated that lysozyme did not harm the immunogenic property of ECP, whereas heat, ribonuclease, lipase, and proteolytic enzymes had an adverse effect. Serological reactivity of ECP was increased after lysozyme treatment, whereas ribonuclease reduced serological activity.
The winnowing: establishing the squid–vibrio symbiosis

Most symbiotic associations between animals and microorganisms are horizontally transmitted — the microorganisms are acquired from the environment by each generation of the host. How are exclusive partnerships established in the context of the thousands of other microbial species that are present in the environment? Similar to winnowing during a harvest, the symbiosis between the squid Euprymna scolopes and its luminous bacterial symbiont Vibrio fischeri involves a step-wise elimination of potential interlopers that ensures separation of the 'grain' from the 'chaff'.
Electron spin resonance studies with dioldehydrase. II. The hyperfine structure of proposed radical intermediates derived from isotopic substitution in 2-chloroacetaldehyde.

Abstract The addition of the substrate analog chloroacetaldehyde to the dioldehydrase-coenzyme B12 complex results in the appearance of an electron spin resonance signal at g = 2.2 and multiple signals at g = 2.0, amounting to a total of ∼2 unpaired electrons per molecule of enzyme-bound coenzyme. Substitution of deuterium for protium at the C-2 positions of chloroacetaldehyde results in a ∼5-G narrowing of the transition at g = 2.0 and in an additional transition in the g = 2.0 region, at 3285 G. Substitution of chloroacetaldehyde, uniformly enriched to 90% with 13C, results in a ∼10-G broadening of the signals at g = 2.0. No effect of such isotopic substitution is detected in the signal at g = 2.2, and little residual effect is noted at g = 2.0 after a 5-min preincubation. These results establish the transient appearance of spin density on carbon and possibly on hydrogen atoms derived from chloroacetaldehyde and partially assign the signals at g = 2.0 to radicals derived from chloroacetaldehyde. The presence of unpaired spin density on the methylene hydrogens of the substrate analog, the unusually wide ESR signals at g = 2.0 even at liquid nitrogen temperature, and the large kinetic isotope effects previously found with dioldehydrase, all suggest the participation of hydrogen atom transfer reactions in catalysis by coenzyme B12 enzymes.
Structural Equation Models with Latent Variables

In this chapter, we consider building structural equation models with latent (unobservable) variables with measurement errors.
Key Experimental Approaches in DNA Nanotechnology

DNA nanotechnology combines unusual DNA motifs with sticky-ended cohesion to build polyhedral objects, topological targets, nanomechanical devices, and both crystalline and aperiodic arrays. The goal of DNA nanotechnology is control of the structure of macroscopic matter on the finest possible scale. Applications are expected to arise in the areas of X-ray crystallography, nanoelectronics, nanorobotics, and DNA-based computation. DNA and its close molecular relatives appear extremely well suited for these goals. This overview covers the generation of new DNA motifs, construction methods (synthesis, hybridization, phosphorylation, ligation), and a variety of methods for characterization of motifs, devices, and arrays. Finally, the use of DNA nanotechnology as a tool in biochemistry is discussed.
Visualization of particle behavior within a porous medium: Mechanisms for particle filtration and retardation during downward transport

[1] A technique for visualizing particle transport in the interior of a porous medium is presented. The technique, which includes the construction of a translucent medium and the use of laser-induced fluorescence for particle tracking, was used to examine the behavior of a dilute suspension of negatively charged, micron-sized particles in the interior of uniform glass bead packs during one-dimensional, downward flow. Particle behavior as a function of pore fluid velocity and bead surface roughness was observed at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Experimental results show that particle filtration occurred only at solid-solid contact points (contact filtration) in smooth bead packs, while particle filtration occurred at the top of bead surfaces (surface filtration) as well as at solid-solid contact points in rough bead packs. Particle contact filtration was the result of physical straining at solid-solid contact points, while surface filtration was the result of particles interlocking on surface asperities. In both smooth and rough bead packs the filtration capacity of the medium decreased with the pore fluid velocity. In smooth bead packs the filtration capacity was approximately invariant with transport distance, while in the rough bead packs the filtration capacity showed a decrease with transport distance. This decrease was attributed to the early surface filtration of larger particles as a result of gravitational sedimentation. The accumulation of reversibly attached particles was observed even when particle pore fluid concentrations were stable.
An associated partial skeleton of Jainosaurus cf. septentrionalis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Chhota Simla, Central India

The Cretaceous dinosaur fauna of Indo-Pakistan has remained poorly understood because of a lack of asso- ciated and articulated remains, proliferation of named spe- cies, and an incomplete understanding of the dinosaur clades present (e.g. abelisaurid theropods; titanosaur sauro- pods). Continued work on existing collections, and new discoveries of dinosaur material from India, Pakistan and elsewhere in Gondwana, has begun to resolve the composi- tion and affinities of Indo-Pakistani dinosaurs. Here, we provide archival evidence that documents associations between postcranial remains of a sauropod collected from Chhota Simla, India by C. A. Matley in the 1930s and later described as 'Titanosaurus sp.' This partial skeleton, which represents only the fifth such documented association from Indo-Pakistan, is referable to Jainosaurus cf. septentrionalis and provides a fuller understanding of its anatomy and phylogenetic affinities.
A Bayesian model for quantifying the change in mortality associated with future ozone exposures under climate change

Summary Climate change is expected to have many impacts on the environment, including changes in ozone concentrations at the surface level. A key public health concern is the potential increase in ozone-related summertime mortality if surface ozone concentrations rise in response to climate change. Although ozone formation depends partly on summertime weather, which exhibits considerable inter-annual variability, previous health impact studies have not incorporated the variability of ozone into their prediction models. A major source of uncertainty in the health impacts is the variability of the modeled ozone concentrations. We propose a Bayesian model and Monte Carlo estimation method for quantifying health effects of future ozone. An advantage of this approach is that we include the uncertainty in both the health effect association and the modeled ozone concentrations. Using our proposed approach, we quantify the expected change in ozone-related summertime mortality in the contiguous United States between 2000 and 2050 under a changing climate. The mortality estimates show regional patterns in the expected degree of impact. We also illustrate the results when using a common technique in previous work that averages ozone to reduce the size of the data, and contrast these findings with our own. Our analysis yields more realistic inferences, providing clearer interpretation for decision making regarding the impacts of climate change.