cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semantic Foundation of the Quantization Program

It is a well-known result of VON Neumann [1] that the representation of the commutation relations of the basic dynamical variables of quantum theory is unique modulo a unitary transformation. This result, valid only for systems having finite numbers of degrees of freedom, seems to imply that, for such mechanical systems, the procedure of quantization is not sensitive to the particular choice of classical canonical variables which one initially employs. This implication is in fact false. The choice of canonical variables which one employs to initiate a quantization of a given classical theory is quite critical.
Ghada Samman: Mosaic of Memory

Ghada Samman is a unique example of an avant-garde female author from the Arab world; her cross-cultural fame was earned through translating her work into a dozen languages or so. Samman started her literary career in her hometown of Damascus in the early 1960s, publishing short stories in local Syrian and Lebanese press.
Information-Theoretic Pilot Design for Downlink Channel Estimation in FDD Massive MIMO Systems

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is one of the most promising techniques for next generation wireless communications due to its superior capability to provide high spectrum and energy efficiency. Considering the very large number of antennas employed at the base station, however, the pilot overhead for downlink channel estimation becomes unaffordable in frequency division duplex (FDD) multiuser massive MIMO systems. In this paper, we propose an information-theoretic metric to design the pilot for downlink channel estimation in FDD multiuser massive MIMO systems. By exploiting the low-rank nature of the channel covariance matrix, we first derive the minimum number of pilot symbols required to ensure perfect channel recovery, which is much less than the number of antennas at the base station. Further, under a general channel model that the channel vector of each user follows a Gaussian mixture distribution, the pilot symbols are designed by maximizing the weighted sum of the Shannon mutual information between the measurements of the users and their corresponding channel vectors on the complex Grassmannian manifold. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed information-theoretic pilot design for the downlink channel estimation in FDD massive MIMO systems.
Rethinking Legitimation: Positional and Mediated Legitimation Processes for Croatian NGOs:

How do new forms of organizations legitimate themselves? Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have emerged as a dominant form of civil society organization in the past 35 years, often in societies ...
Household dependence on solid cooking fuels in Peru: An analysis of environmental and socioeconomic conditions

Abstract Solid fuel use is linked with adverse effects on the environment and human health. Yet, solid fuels remain an important energy source for households in developing countries. Even when country-level dependence on solid fuels is modest, there is often significant variation in within-country patterns of solid fuel use. This study examines a range of environmental and socioeconomic conditions to understand the relationship between them and household energy use within a country. While our results are derived from a study of regional patterns of solid fuel dependence in Peru, the contribution of this study is broad: variables that we include in our models of households’ fuel choice decisions are likely to shape such decisions in most developing countries. Our findings indicate that environmental conditions, such as elevation and forest cover, are associated with solid fuel use. Socioeconomic factors, including urbanization, poverty and female literacy, are similarly important. In addition, we identify nuanced links between types of female employment and indigenous population, on the one hand, and solid fuel use, on the other.
“The Great and Important Thing in Her Life”: Depicting Female Labor and Ambition in 1920s and 1930s US Movie Magazines

Kathleen A. Feeley examines the shifting and conflicted nature of actress Joan Crawford’s public persona from the mid-1920s until 1940, as it was constructed, displayed, and disputed in the pages of US film fan magazines, including Photoplay, Modern Screen, and Motion Picture Magazine. From the final years of the silent cinema through the transition to the sound at the onset of the Great Depression into the early years of World War II, the construction and revision of Crawford’s star persona offers a case study in the various rhetorical strategies and conventions developed by an emerging Hollywood press corps to both police and legitimize the film industry’s working women. Film magazine coverage of Crawford as a vexing female role model was representative of the complex and sometimes even feminist discourse that developed around many female celebrities (and their journalistic counterparts) and offers important insights into the cultural place and meaning of the female breadwinner for both the reporter and the reported upon in mid-twentieth-century America.
Graphene-assisted molecular beam epitaxy of AlN for AlGaN deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes

We report on the van der Waals epitaxy of high-quality single-crystalline AlN and the demonstration of AlGaN tunnel junction deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes directly on graphene, which were achieved by using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. It is observed that the substrate/template beneath graphene plays a critical role in governing the initial AlN nucleation. In situ reflection high energy electron diffraction and detailed scanning transmission electron microscopy studies confirm the epitaxial registry of the AlN epilayer with the underlying template. Detailed studies further suggest that the large-scale parallel epitaxial relationship for the AlN epilayer grown on graphene with the underlying template is driven by the strong surface electrostatic potential of AlN. The realization of high-quality AlN by van der Waals epitaxy is further confirmed through the demonstration of AlGaN deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes operating at ∼260 nm, which exhibit a maximum external quantum efficiency of 4% for an unpackaged device. This work provides a viable path for the van der Waals epitaxy of ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors, providing a path to achieve high performance deep-ultraviolet photonic and optoelectronic devices that were previously difficult.
Corporate Social Responsibility Through Women Empowerment in India as Inspired by Swami Vivekananda’s Teachings

Swami Vivekananda was an epitome of strength and crusader of human values. He poured his mind and soul into identifying the obstacles encountered by the common man and tirelessly worked toward the upliftment of women’s education and their empowerment in society. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a decent social activity through which organizations have scope for ensuring a development in the position of Indian women. The objectives of this research are to (a) reflect upon Swami Vivekananda’s teachings on the need for women’s education and empowerment in India, (b) throw light on the present position of women’s education and empowerment in India, (c) understand how women empowerment acts as a road map for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in India, and (d) recognize the various schemes that have been implemented by our Government, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and companies (both public and private) for the promotion of women empowerment as a part of CSR activity in India.
Turbulence Profiling Along a Flying Drone Path with TILAS Transceiver & Downwash Effect

The possibility of target-in-the-loop atmospheric sensing (TILAS) using a low-power laser transceiver and a retro-target attached into a flying drone for atmospheric turbulence profiling is discussed and demonstrated. The results of first field tests focusing on the influence of rotor downwash on the TILAS measurements are presented.
'I Can't Even Buy Apples If I Don't Use Mobile Pay?': When Mobile Payments Become Infrastructural in China

Despite slow adoption in the US, mobile payments are thede facto solution for hundreds of millions of users in China for everything from paying bills to riding buses, from sending virtual "Red Packets'' to buying money-market funds. In this paper, we use the theoretical lens of infrastructure to study users' interactions with ubiquitous mobile payment systems in China, focusing on Alipay and WeChat Pay, the two dominant apps on the market. Based on data from a survey (n=466) and follow-up interviews (n=12) with users in China, we describe the diverse usage patterns across physical, social, and digital ubiquity, and a series of challenges people face. Reflecting on the lessons we learned from the Chinese case -- in particular, problems and pitfalls -- we discuss some implications both for design and for policy. Our findings have important implications for other countries that have been moving towards greater adoption of mobile payments.
Arthroscopic Fixation of Os Acetabuli and Labral Repair: Suture-on-Screw Technique.

Abstract Os acetabuli is thought to be the result of an unfused ossification center or an acetabular rim fracture in the setting of femoral-sided femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Historically, patients with symptomatic hips have been treated with resection alone; however, in patients with large bone fragments or with reduced acetabular coverage prior to surgical intervention, iatrogenic dysplasia and structural instability may develop after resection. Therefore, for patients with an acetabular os, labral tearing, and cam-type femoroacetabular impingement, internal fixation of the os acetabuli, femoral osteochondroplasty, and labral repair have been described. We propose a “suture-on-screw” arthroscopic technique to simultaneously address both the labral tear and os acetabuli, thereby reducing the number of suture anchors required for labral fixation, leading to an efficient and cost-effective approach for the treatment of these patients.
Ultrasonic Studies of Composites Undergoing Thermal and Fatigue Loading

New composite materials possess attractive properties for use in advanced aircraft. A necessary requirement for their introduction into aeronautic use is an accurate understanding of their long term aging processes so that proper design criteria can be established. In order to understand those properties, these composites must be exposed to thermal and load cycles that are characteristic of flight conditions. Additionally, airline companies will require nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods that can be used in the field to assess the condition of these new materials as they age.
Critical properties of the Kitaev-Heisenberg model.

We study the critical properties of the Kitaev-Heisenberg model on the honeycomb lattice at finite temperatures that might describe the physics of the quasi-two-dimensional compounds, ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$. The model undergoes two phase transitions as a function of temperature. At low temperature, thermal fluctuations induce magnetic long-range order by the order-by-disorder mechanism. This magnetically ordered state with a spontaneously broken ${Z}_{6}$ symmetry persists up to a certain critical temperature. We find that there is an intermediate phase between the low-temperature, ordered phase and the high-temperature, disordered phase. Finite-sized scaling analysis suggests that the intermediate phase is a critical Kosterlitz-Thouless phase with continuously variable exponents. We argue that the intermediate phase has been observed above the low-temperature, magnetically ordered phase in ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$, and also, likely exists in ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$.
Dehydration-melting of solid amphibolite at 10 kbar: Textural development, liquid interconnectivity and applications to the segregation of magmas

Anisotropic crystal structures and rock texture control liquid morphology and distribution during dehydration-melting at 10 kbar in solid cylinders of lineated amphibolite (mode: hornblende 70%, plagioclase 30%), sealed in gold capsules, in piston-cylinder runs ranging from 21 days at 850 °C to 4 days at 1000 °C. The shapes of most liquid pockets are crystallographically-controlled, with many corners having angles greater than 60°. Few crystal/liquid triple junctions develop the interfacial energy-controlled dihedral angles (≡), which form in experiments using finely-ground powders of minerals with poor cleavage. Liquid interconnectivity probably is attained at 875 °C with only 2% liquid, indicating that dihedral angles less than 60° may not be necessary to achieve interconnectivity in partially melted metamorphic rocks. The surfaces between elongated grains in lineated rocks can become pathways for the migration of liquid or the diffusion of components. By 850 °C, hornblende begins to dehydrate at internal nucleation sites, producing a texture of hornblende rims and clinopyroxene cores (generally attributed to hydration of clinopyroxene). Within the temperature interval of 850–900 °C, transient vapor generates layers of low viscosity, H2O-saturated, granitoid liquid between hornblende and plagiocase crystal faces, potentially capable of segregation if time-temperature relationships are suitable. At higher temperatures the increased liquid fraction is H2O-undersaturated, with viscosity too high to permit segregation. There is a prospect that segregation of initially hydrous liquids could contribute to the dehydration of low-potassium amphibolites and effectively remove incompatible trace elements during the transition from amphibolite-facies to granulite-facies. Further experiments are needed to study the effects of time and temperature on textures in anisotropic rocks, particularly lineated amphibolites.
Computerized counseling for folate knowledge and use: a randomized controlled trial.

Background Periconception folate supplementation significantly reduces the risk of neural-tube defects, but few U.S. women start folate supplementation before pregnancy, and the amount of clinician time available to counsel patients about folate is limited. This study evaluated whether computer-assisted counseling and the provision of free folate tablets increases women's knowledge and use of folate supplements. Design Randomized controlled trial; follow-up began 6 months after enrollment and was completed on average 7 months after enrollment. Setting/participants A total of 446 women, aged 18–45 years, were recruited from two urgent care clinics in San Francisco from March to July 2005 (data collection was completed in 2006; data were analyzed in 2007). Intervention Participants received a 15-minute computerized educational session and 200 folate tablets. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the knowledge that folate can prevent birth defects; secondary outcomes included the self-reported use of a folate supplement at follow-up. Results At follow-up, women in the intervention group were more likely to know that folate prevents birth defects (46% vs 27%, relative risk [RR]=1.72, 95% CI=1.32, 2.23); to know that folate is most important in early pregnancy (36% vs 17%, RR=2.11, 95% CI=1.50, 2.97); and to report the recent use of a folate supplement (32% vs 21%, RR=1.54, 95% CI=1.12, 2.13). Conclusions A one-time, brief, computerized counseling session about folate with the provision of free folate tablets increased the knowledge and use of folate supplements among women ≥6 months later. Trial registration NCT00177515 .
Separating function algebras

Recent results of Hoffman and Singer [7], Weiss [10] and Wilken [11] indicate that the study of separation properties play a central role in the theory of function algebras. Our purpose in this paper is to investigate a natural separation property of function algebras.
The question of biohydrogenation of fatty acids

Rats were fed methyl palmitoleate-1-C14 and the palmitic acid was isolated from their organs and depot fat. Degradation studies revealed that very little activity found its way into the palmitic acid by hydrogenation of the palmitoleate. The major route of carbon from the unsaturated to the saturated acids is through acetate.
K+Λ photoproduction from hydrogen at 1200 MeV

Measurements of the angular distribution of the cross section for the photoproduction of the K+Λ system from hydrogen have been made in the c.m. angular interval from 15° to 85° at a photon energy of 1200 MeV. The reaction was identified by detecting the K+ mesons with a magnet spectrometer and a velocity selection system consisting of two Cerenkov counters. The angular distribution at this energy is very similar to that at lower energies in that it is peaked forward and is easily fit with a quadratic in cosθc.m.. Special emphasis was placed on the forward direction in an attempt to find evidence for the one-K-exchange pole. A Taylor-Moravcsik analysis of the data is presented, but the results are inconclusive.
The dual rating of electrical apparatus

AIEE Standards Pamphlet No. 1A entitled “General Principles for Rating of Electrical Apparatus for Short Time, Intermittent, or Varying Duty,” recently was issued in report form for study and comment. In this article, the chairman of the committee that prepared the report discusses its significance, for the purpose of stimulating discussion of this important topic. Contributions to the Letters columns are invited.
When Storytelling Reframes Adultery: The Dramatics of Pirandello’s ‘La paura’

AbstractPirandello's 'La paura' (1897) represents the unusual case of a short story that was inspired by an existing drama, L'epilogo (1892), and then successively retitled and staged (La morsa, 1910). An example of textual metamorphosis, the novella departs from the theatrical source largely because of its open ending. The narrative's central plot, however, still echoes that of the drama, as they both stress the themes of money, love, family, and morality. In La morsa Pirandello conforms to naturalist conventions in his portrait of Giulia, the protagonist, who becomes ensnared by her husband into admitting her infidelity and is driven to suicide. In 'La paura', on the other hand, the author breaks with contemporary narrative trends, though maintaining the popular leitmotif of the love triangle. The wife waits for her husband's return, dominated by the ambivalent feelings of disillusion and the hope of regaining normalcy. If La morsa conforms to naturalist bourgeois drama and castigates Giulia according t...
Misfolded Proinsulin Affects Bystander Proinsulin in Neonatal Diabetes

It has previously been shown that misfolded mutant Akita proinsulin in the endoplasmic reticulum engages directly in protein complexes either with nonmutant proinsulin or with “hProCpepGFP” (human proinsulin bearing emerald-GFP within the C-peptide), impairing the trafficking of these “bystander” proinsulin molecules (Liu, M., Hodish, I., Rhodes, C. J., and Arvan, P. (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 15841–15846). Herein, we generated transgenic mice, which, in addition to expressing endogenous proinsulin, exhibit β-cell-specific expression of hProCpepGFP via the Ins1 promoter. In these mice, hProCpepGFP protein levels are physiologically regulated, and hProCpepGFP is packaged and processed to CpepGFP that is co-stored in β-secretory granules. Visualization of CpepGFP fluorescence provides a quantifiable measure of pancreatic islet insulin content that can be followed in live animals in states of health and disease. We examined loss of pancreatic insulin in hProCpepGFP transgenic mice mated to Akita mice that develop neonatal diabetes because of the expression of misfolded proinsulin. Loss of bystander insulin in Akita animals is detected initially as a block in CpepGFP/insulin production with intracellular accumulation of the precursor, followed ultimately by loss of pancreatic β-cells. The data support that misfolded proinsulin perturbs bystander proinsulin in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to β-cell failure.
Nexus of Science and Colonialism

Tilley examines the roles of medicine, the environment, geography, race, and ethnography in British colonial Africa.
Leptin inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation via p38-MAPK-dependent signalling.

Objectives Obesity is a significant risk factor for many liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Leptin has been identified as a central mediator of factors that regulate energy intake and expenditure, including appetite, metabolism and fat storage. The role of leptin in the initiation, development and progression of HCC remains poorly understood. The aims of this study were to determine the effect(s) of leptin on HCC cell proliferation and to identify potential signalling mechanism(s) by which leptin exerts these effects.
Quasi-elastic events and nuclear effects with the K2K Sci-Fi detector

Abstract The near detector complex of the K2K long-baseline neutrino experiment contains a scintillating fiber tracking detector. It is capable of detecting not only the muon but also the outgoing proton in neutrino-nucleon scattering. This allows for the enhancement of quasi-elastic interactions in the data sample. However, a proper modeling of the nuclear re-interactions of the proton is necessary to achieve reliable results.
Classical approach to increment-decrement life tables: an application to the study of the marital status of United States females 1970

Abstract The classical approach to the solution for a Markov transition probability matrix to the calculation of increment-decrement life tables is described. The method is applied to compute a marital status life table for United States females with 1970 census and vital statistics data on population and vital events. Comparison with the table for 1960 by Schoen and Nelson (1974) reflects the changing pattern of marital status over the period 1960–70.
Association of Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectations with Physical Activity in Adults with Arthritis

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study is to determine whether higher baseline levels of (a) self-efficacy for physical activity, (b) self-efficacy for arthritis self-management, and (c) outcome expectations for exercise are associated with higher physical activity levels following an exercise intervention for adults with arthritis. Methods. A secondary analysis of the intervention cohort () within a randomized controlled trial of the People with Arthritis Can Exercise program was performed. Multiple linear regression evaluated the relationship between physical activity at a time point three months after the completion of an exercise intervention and three main explanatory variables. Results. After controlling for baseline physical activity, neither self-efficacy for arthritis self-management nor outcome expectations for exercise related to three-month physical activity levels. There was a relationship between three-month physical activity and self-efficacy for physical activity. Conclusions. Future research is needed to evaluate the ability of self-efficacy-enhancing programs to increase physical activity in adults with arthritis.
Gender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder.

Background Gender is a critically important moderator of psychopathology. However, gender similarities and differences in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have received scant investigation. In this study, we examined gender similarities and differences in the broadest sample in which this topic has been examined.
Effects of microstructure on interconnect and via reliability: multimodal failure statistics

The reliability of interconnects and contacts depends on their microstructure. However, a large change in the average grain size does not necessarily positively affect reliability. When grain sizes and feature sizes are comparable, interconnect and via reliability depends much more strongly on the nature of the grain size distribution and the probability of occurrence of specific microstructural features, than on the average grain size. Also, when grain sizes and feature sizes are comparable, different microstructure-specific failure mechanisms can occur, and multimodal failure statistics are often observed. In this case, if failure data are incorrectly fit to a single failure-time distribution, the resulting reliability assessment may be pessimistic or optimistic, but is in any case, incorrect. In this regime, accurate reliability assessment requires a detailed knowledge of the microstructure of the interconnects, and a characterization of the failure of the weakest microstructural features present in the population to be assessed.
F2 Lanczos revisited

We present a new variant of the block Lanczos algorithm for finding vectors in the kernel of a symmetric matrix over F2. Our algorithm is at least as efficient as that of Montgomery [Peter L. Montgomery, A block Lanczos algorithm for finding dependencies over GF(2). in: Advances in Cryptology—EUROCRYPT’95 (Saint-Malo, 1995), Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., vol. 921, Springer, Berlin, 1995, pp. 106–120], while the sequence of matrices Wi constructed here have different algebraic properties that may be useful in eventually providing a provable upper bound on the time required to solve this problem. Namely, our Wi satisfy WiTWj=0 for i≠j as opposed to WiTAWj=0 in [6].
Life-threatening anomalies of the thoracic duct: anatomic delineation dictates management.

Congenital anomalies of the thoracic duct are rare, poorly characterized, and difficult to manage. The spectrum of pathophysiologic perturbations, presenting symptoms, ra- diographic findings, and interventions performed in 4 pa- tients are shown. Accurate anatomic delineation of the mal- formation was only possible by direct injection contrast lymphangiography. Therapies tailored to address the ana- tomic aberrations included intralesional sclerotherapy, sur- gical excision and ligation, lymphovenous anastomosis, and omentalinterposition to interrupt dysfunctionalcol l ONGENITAL ANOMALIES of the thoracic duct are extremely rare, poorly characterized, and dif- ficult to manage. The functional, rheologic, and hemo- dynamic properties of the central lymphatics have not been well elucidated. Some clinical manifestations of central lymphatic dysfunction such as chylous pleural effusions and chylous ascites often are considered diffi- cult or impossible to eradicate. Imprecise nonanatomic therapies such as pleurodesis, prosthetic pleuro-perito- neal or peritoneovenous shunts, or even radiation therapy often are used. The lymphatics of the lower extremities and lower torso join with those of the bowel mesentery in the cisterna chyli, which lies in the lumbar prevertebral plane behind the aorta and inferior vena cava. Confluent with the cisterna chyli, the thoracic duct ascends in the tho- racic prevertebral plane, behind the esophagus and aorta. The lymphatic drainage of the mediastinum, upper torso, arms, head, and neck join the central lymphatic channels via thoracic tributaries. The thoracic duct proper empties into the central venous system near the junction of the left internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. The acces- sory thoracic duct empties in a similar fashion on the
Do numerical polymorphisms exist at the human 5 S locus

Grain count analysis following hybridization in situ was used to determine whether there are numerical polymorphisms, at the human genes that code for 5S RNA. Of seven individuals surveyed in this study, two showed significant, differences between the number of autoradiographic grains on the tips of the homologs of chromosome 1q. It is concluded that numerical polymorphisms exist at the locus that transcribes 5S RNA in some individuals.
Bulk diffusion limitations and phase boundary kinetics inferred using specimen resistance change

When a gas dissolves into a solid at constant temperature, the electrical resistance of the solid specimen is usually altered in a readily measurable fashion. However, such resistance changes can be simply interpreted in terms of phase boundary kinetic parameters only when bulk diffusion is sufficiently rapid to eliminate solute concentration gradients within the specimen. If this condition isnot fulfilled, inferred kinetic constants must be corrected for the effects of solute diffusion limitations, since the measured resistance is no longer dependent only ontotal gas content, but rather on its spatialdistribution within the specimen. A simple procedure for accomplishing this correction is presented herein, based on the recognition that: i) measured electrical resistance is a particularfunctional of the internal solute distribution, and ii) the latter distribution must at every instant be compatible with the laws governing transient diffusion within the specimen. Illustrative results are presented for the transient engassing of foils or filaments when the resistivity change is linear in local solute concentration. Applications are given to: i) the inference of kinetic parameters from resistance-time data, and ii) the design of kinetic experiments “free” of an appreciable bulk diffusion effect.
Headache caused by an intracranial aneurysm in a 32-year-old woman.

Abstract Objectives We describe the case of a woman with a headache later found to be a result of an intracranial aneurysm. Through this article, we aim to raise awareness regarding the red flags that should lead doctors of chiropractic to suspect the presence of this condition to facilitate appropriate patient management that increases the likelihood of patients' recovery. Clinical Presentation A 32-year-old woman sought care for a constant headache of 4 days' duration. She described the headache as severe throughout her entire head, centralized at the base of the occiput, and unlike any headache she had experienced. She had concomitant neck pain. Her left eye deviated toward the midline and had excessive tearing 12 hours after the onset of the headache. Intervention and Outcome No chiropractic adjustment was administered; immediate transfer for emergency treatment was arranged instead. The diagnosis of a bleeding intracranial aneurysm was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The patient was transferred to a local university hospital for surgical intervention. Unfortunately, she died of vasospastic complications. Conclusions The red flags to be considered in evaluating patients with such headache as that described for our case patient include a history of hypertension, cigarette smoking, oral contraceptive use, alcohol consumption, pregnancy, and cocaine use. Practitioners need to be aware of the signs and symptoms that indicate whether a headache may be a result of serious problems such as an aneurysm.
Present-Day Locoregional Control in Patients with T1 or T2 Breast Cancer with 0 and 1 to 3 Positive Lymph Nodes After Mastectomy Without Radiotherapy

Background We sought to determine present-day locoregional recurrence (LRR) rates to better understand the role of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in women with 0 to 3 positive lymph nodes.
Radial and directional parts of a random vector

Abstract Let X be a random vector on R d and let R = ∥X∥ and for R ≠ 0 let W = W/R. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for R and W to be independent. If X has a non-singular normal distribution we show that the following three conditions are equivalent. 1. (i) the components of X are independent and identically distributed with 0 means and positive variances. 2. (ii) W is uniformly distributed on the unit sphere. 3. (iii) R and W are independent.
Training and technical assistance for compliance with beverage and physical activity components of New York City's regulations for early child care centers.

Introduction In 2006, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) passed regulations for child care centers that established standards for beverages provided to children and set a minimum amount of time for daily physical activity. DOHMH offered several types of training and technical assistance to support compliance with the regulations. This article analyzes the association between training and technical assistance provided and compliance with the regulations in a sample of 174 group child care centers.
The Current State of Imaging the Articular Cartilage of the Upper Extremity

MR imaging has increasingly been used to image joints since its inception. Historically, there has been more emphasis on the evaluation of internal derangement rather than cartilaginous disease. This article reviews cartilaginous diseases of the upper extremity emphasizing those that can be assessed using current clinical MR imaging protocols and addresses the limitations of current imaging techniques in evaluating the articular cartilage of smaller joints. It also provides a brief overview of novel techniques that may be instituted in the future to improve the diagnostic performance of MR imaging in the evaluation of the articular cartilage of the upper extremity.
On Estimating the Mean and Standard Deviation of Truncated Normal Distributions

Abstract The problem considered is that of estimating the mean and standard deviation of a normally distributed population from a truncated sample when neither count nor measurements of variates in the omitted portion of the sample is known. Formulas are developed whereby certain special functions required-in solutions given for this problem by Karl Pearson and Alice Lee and by R. A. Fisher may be readily evaluated with the aid of an ordinary table of the areas and ordinates of the normal curve. A method of successive approximations is illustrated which, with the aid of the above formulas permits the utilization of either the Pearson-Lee or the equivalent Fisher method to obtain the desired estimates with an improvement in accuracy regardless of whether or not the special tables ordinarily required by these two methods are available. * A portion of this paper was presented before the Southeastern Section of the Mathematical Association of America at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, March 19, 1949.
Vortex Load Reduction: Experiments in Optimal Helical Strake Geometry for Rigid Cylinders

The authors discuss vortex-induced lift loads and their energy spectra measured on laboratory-scale models of isolated, rigid, right circular cylinders subjected to steady, transverse currents. The control cylinder was smooth and the others were fitted with right-handed or left-handed, constant angle helicat strakes that protruded one-tenth the cylinder diameter. For Reynolds numbers of the order of 10/sup 4/, the results clearly show that, compared with the smooth cylinder counterpart, the geometry that most effectively reduces both the lift coefficient and also the peaks of the lift load energy spectra in the low frequency band is three evenly spaced strakes at a 60-deg angle with the cylinder's transverse axis.
New Micromomyid Plesiadapiforms (Mammalia, Euarchonta) from the Late Paleocene of Big Multi Quarry, Washakie Basin, Wyoming

ABSTRACT The family Micromomyidae includes diminutive plesiadapiforms characterized by highly specialized premolars and relatively primitive molars. Perhaps as a result of their small size, micromomyids show a spotty distribution through space and time, with documented records ranging from the middle Tiffanian of Alberta to the early Wasatchian of Wyoming. The micromomyids of Big Multi Quarry, an early Clarkforkian site in southwestern Wyoming that has yielded the most diverse plesiadapiform fauna known to date, are described here. Dryomomys dulcifer, new species, is the oldest and most primitive species of this rare micromomyid genus currently known. Tinimomys tribos, new species, retains primitive dental features that have been modified in Tinimomys graybulliensis Szalay, 1974. The apparent sympatry shown by Dryomomys and Tinimomys at Big Multi Quarry suggests that these closely related micromomyids occupied distinct ecological niches, although the nature of any such distinctions remains unknown.
Limits of calcium clearance by plasma membrane calcium ATPase in olfactory cilia.

BACKGROUND In any fine sensory organelle, a small influx of Ca(2+) can quickly elevate cytoplasmic Ca(2+). Mechanisms must exist to clear the ciliary Ca(2+) before it reaches toxic levels. One such organelle has been well studied: the vertebrate olfactory cilium. Recent studies have suggested that clearance from the olfactory cilium is mediated in part by plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, electrophysiological assays were devised to monitor cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) in single frog olfactory cilia. Ca(2+) was allowed to enter isolated cilia, either through the detached end or through membrane channels. Intraciliary Ca(2+) was monitored via the activity of ciliary Ca(2+)-gated Cl(-) channels, which are sensitive to free Ca(2+) from about 2 to 10 microM. No significant effect of MgATP on intraciliary free Ca(2+) could be found. Carboxyeosin, which has been used to inhibit PMCA, was found to substantially increase a ciliary transduction current activated by cyclic AMP. This increase was ATP-independent. CONCLUSIONS Alternative explanations are suggested for two previous experiments taken to support a role for PMCA in ciliary Ca(2+) clearance. It is concluded that PMCA in the cilium plays a very limited role in clearing the micromolar levels of intraciliary Ca(2+) produced during the odor response.
Use and Perception of Technology: Sex and Generational Differences in a Community Sample

A community sample of 431 adults (175 men and 256 women) ages 18 to 91 across three generations (young adults, adults, and older adults) were recruited for the current study. Participants completed a demographic and technology use questionnaire that ascertained their attitudes toward, and use of, various types of technology—such as cellular telephones—for calling, texting, and downloading purposes. Significant sex differences included females being more likely to send a text message and make a cellular telephone call when fighting with a significant other. Females were also more likely to make calls and send texts to share good news than males. Significant age differences included younger adults being most likely versus the oldest adult group to view technology as a useful tool for entertainment, as well as adapting to and having more comfort with current technology. Future research directions are suggested, such as the use of cellular telephones for work versus personal purposes, as it was found that adu...
Quantification of upland thermokarst features with high resolution remote sensing

Climate-induced changes to permafrost are altering high latitude landscapes in ways that could increase the vulnerability of the vast soil carbon pools of the region. Permafrost thaw is temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous because, in addition to the thickening of the active layer, localized thermokarst features form when ice-rich permafrost thaws and the ground subsides. Thermokarst produces a diversity of landforms and alters the physical environment in dynamic ways. To estimate potential changes to the carbon cycle it is imperative to quantify the size and distribution of thermokarst landforms. By performing a supervised classification on a high resolution IKONOS image, we detected and mapped small, irregular thermokarst features occurring within an upland watershed in discontinuous permafrost of Interior Alaska. We found that 12% of the Eight Mile Lake (EML) watershed has undergone thermokarst, predominantly in valleys where tussock tundra resides. About 35% of the 3.7 km2 tussock tundra class has likely transitioned to thermokarst. These landscape level changes created by permafrost thaw at EML have important implications for ecosystem carbon cycling because thermokarst features are forming in carbon-rich areas and are altering the hydrology in ways that increase seasonal thawing of the soil.
Should we treat subclinical hypothyroidism

Subclinical hypothyroidism is a laboratory definition: a raised concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) yet a normal concentration of free thyroid hormone, without specific symptoms of thyroid dysfunction. Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism have an increased risk of progressing to overt hypothyroidism. Yet uncertainty exists as to the benefits of treating such patients. Recent systematic reviews of cohort studies have shown a significant increase in coronary heart disease and cardiovascular related mortality in people with subclinical hypothyroidism and a TSH concentration >10 mU/l, but no difference in overall mortality.1 2 The benefits of treating subclinical hypothyroidism are also uncertain: although two systematic reviews have suggested that treatment may decrease total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, particularly in people with TSH concentrations of >10 mU/l,3 4 no research has shown a decrease in coronary heart disease or mortality with treatment. The Clinical Evidence review reports mixed results from small …
Comparative advantage and the welfare effects of uniform wage policies

This paper analyzes the theoretical impact of a commonly cited union goal — the elimination or reduction of wage differentials within occupations. By dropping the usual assumption of homogeneous labor, we show how, and under what market conditions, workers will receive rents due to individual comparative advantage. In competitive labor markets a union-imposed uniform wage may lower the earnings of workers holding a productive advantage, causing a reduction in employment and a welfare loss of comparative advantage rents. The implications of a strict uniform wage rule imply that unions may be forced to adapt their wage policy to allow more productive workers to receive wage differentials. This consideration helps explain some common trade union institutions.
Relativistic shell model. I. Calculation of the Migdal parameters

A recently developed relativistic many-body theory which has been used to explain the saturation properties of nuclear matter is applied to the study of the interaction between relativistic quasiparticles. Specifically, we calculate the scattering amplitude for two quasiparticles at the Fermi surface. From a calculation of the forward scattering amplitude we may extract the Landau-Migdal parameters of the interaction. We compare our results with the parameters determined in extensive phenomenological studies of the properties of finite nuclei. In the relativistic theory the Landau-Migdal parameter F/sub 0/ exhibits a very strong density dependence. Recently, phenomenological studies have indicated that this parameter is about ten times larger in the less dense regions of the nuclear surface than in the interior of a large nucleus. From our work we see that this large reduction of F/sub 0/ with increasing density (found in phenomenological studies) may be a relativistic effect closely related to the mechanism giving rise to nuclear saturation in the relativistic theory. In addition, if we contrast the results of the relativistic model with those of the nonrelativistic model, we find that the parameter F/sub 1/ is a larger (negative) number in the relativistic theory. (In turn this implies that the effectivemore » mass parameter, m*, is somewhat smaller.) The parameters F and m* exhibit a stronger density dependence in the relativistic theory. The physical basis for the increased magnitude of F/sub 1/ in the relativistic analysis and the strong density dependence of F/sub 0/ is discussed.« less
Renal arachidonic acid metabolism and cellular changes in the rabbit renal vein constricted kidney: inflammation as a common process in renal injury models.

Abstract The process of renal inflammation was examined using the partial renal vein constricted rabbit kidney (RVC) as a model. Forty eight hours of partial renal vein constriction in the rabbit was associated with an increase in prostaglandin (PG) and thromboxane (Tx) production. The ex vivo perfused RVC kidney showed an enhanced time-dependent increase in PG and Tx production in response to bradykinin stimulation when compared with the unlatered contralateral (CLK) or normal kidney. At 6 hrs of perfusion bradykinin stimulation lateral (CLK) or normal kidney. At 6 hrs of perfusion bradykinin stimulation released 2950±350 ng PGE2, 61±15 ng TxB2 from the RVC, and 225±85 ng PGE2 and undetectable TxB2 from the CLK. Histological examination of the RVC cortex showed an increase in fibroblast-like cells, a modest increase in the interstitial space and an appearance of macrophages and lymphocytes not seen in the normal of CLK. Endotoxin has been reported to stimulate macrophages in culture to produce PGE2 and TxB2. Endotoxin (100 ng)_stimulation of the perfused RVC kidney caused an immediate, followed by a chronically increasing, release of PGs and Tx. Two hours after endotoxin injection 50 ml of effluent fromt the RVC contained 1450±107 ng PGE2 and 15.0±4.5 ng TxB2. Other models of renal inflammation (e.g., the hydronephrotic kidney, chronic glomerulonephritis) also show the histological appearance of macrophages. In addition, hydronephrotic kidneys undergo fibroblast proliferation and changes in arachidonic acid metabolism similar to what we observed in the RVC. This work suggests that the inflammatory process (mononuclear cell infiltration), fibroblast-like cell proliferation, and accompanying changes in arachidonate metabolism) is common among different forms of renal injury.
Graphical evolution of spin network states

The evolution of spin network states in loop quantum gravity can be defined with respect to a time variable, given by the surfaces of constant value of an auxiliary scalar field. We regulate the Hamiltonian, generating such an evolution, and evaluate its action both on edges and on vertices of the spin network states. The analytical computations are carried out completely to yield a finite, diffeomorphism-invariant result. We use techniques from the recoupling theory of colored graphs with trivalent vertices to evaluate the graphical part of the Hamiltonian action. We show that the action on edges is equivalent to a diffeomorphism transformation, while the action on vertices adds new edges and reroutes the loops through the vertices. A remaining unresolved problem is to take the square root of the infinite-dimensional matrix of the Hamiltonian constraint and to obtain the eigenspectrum of the ``clock field'' Hamiltonian.
Prediction of fluid responsiveness with the LiDCO system

Variation in stroke volume (SV) or related parameters induced by passive leg raising (PLR) measured by several non-invasive methods has been demonstrated to reliably predict fluid responsiveness [1]. The aim of this study was to assess whether variation in SV measured by LiDCO can predict fluid responsiveness in shock states.
Estimation of disulfide bonds using 2-nitro-5-thiosulfobenzoic acid: limitations.

Recently an elegant method for the quantification of the number of disulfide bonds in proteins and peptides has been reported [T.W. Thannhauser, Y. Konishi, and H.A. Scheraga (1984) Anal. Biochem. 138, 181-188]. The method is based on the quantification of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoate (NTB) formed from the reaction of 2-nitro-5-thiosulfobenzoate with disulfides in the presence of excess sodium sulfite. Here it is reported that the NTB anion undergoes photochemical reaction with excess sulfite in the system, which results in the rapid disappearance of absorbance at 412 nm in the presence of light. The nonchromophoric derivative of this photochemical reaction is tentatively identified as a sulfo derivative of NTB. Based on these observations it is suggested that, for the quantification of disulfide bonds using the NTSB method, the assay should be carried out in the dark.