cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inert Gas Scattering from Liquid Hydrocarbon Microjets

Collisions between gases and high vapor pressure liquids can be investigated by coupling narrow diameter liquid jets with gas-surface scattering experiments. In these initial studies, we monitor the scattering of Ar, Ne, and O2 from liquid dodecane (C12H26, Pvap = 0.1 Torr at 295 K) and from a reference liquid, squalane (C30H62, Pvap = 10–7 Torr). Collisions of Ar with a cylindrical squalane jet and a flat squalane film reveal similar scattering patterns despite differences in geometry. Further studies indicate that 50 kJ mol–1 Ne atoms scatter impulsively upon collision and transfer ∼55% of their energy to each liquid. Higher values are found for O2 collisions, where the overall energy transfer is 70–75% of the 30 kJ mol–1 incident energy. These studies imply that hot gases readily transfer their excess translational energy to liquid alkanes in processes such as the heating and evaporation of fuel droplets.
Darwinian dynamics of a juvenile-adult model

The bifurcation that occurs from the extinction equilibrium in a basic discrete time, nonlinear juvenile-adult model for semelparous populations, as the inherent net reproductive number $R_{0}$ increases through $1$, exhibits a dynamic dichotomy with two alternatives: an equilibrium with overlapping generations and a synchronous 2-cycle with non-overlapping generations. Which of the two alternatives is stable depends on the intensity of competition between juveniles and adults and on the direction of bifurcation. We study this dynamic dichotomy in an evolutionary setting by assuming adult fertility and juvenile survival are functions of a phenotypic trait $u$ subject to Darwinian evolution. Extinction equilibria for the Darwinian model exist only at traits $u^{\ast }$ that are critical points of $R_{0}\left( u\right) $. We establish the simultaneous bifurcation of positive equilibria and synchronous 2-cycles as the value of $R_{0}\left( u^{\ast }\right) $ increases through $1$ and describe how the stability of these dynamics depend on the direction of bifurcation, the intensity of between-class competition, and the extremal properties of $R_{0}\left( u\right) $ at $u^{\ast }$. These results can be equivalently stated in terms of the inherent population growth rate $r\left( u\right) $.
Synthesis and biological activities of [N-MeLeu5] didemnin B

Abstract Based on information from X-ray, NMR, and SAR data, the N,O-diMeTyr5 unit of didemnim B was believed to interact with receptors. To ascertain the importance of this unit, an analog was synthesized in which the N,O-diMeTyr5 moiety was replaced with N-McLeu. Preliminary biological testing showed that the analog retained antitumor activity and the ability to inhibit protein biosynthesis.
IMAGINATION AND INVENTION IN A THEORY

Too many laymen picture science as a sheer accumulation of facts and take a scientist for a living encyclopedia. They think it is possible to solve every problem by means of giant machines that register all human knowledge in their enormous, magnetic memories. A physical law is not solely a summary of empirical results. Such a summary, represented by curves, plots, and computing tables, corresponds to nothing more than the work of an empirical engineer, of a technician refusing to deviate from the facts, and not looking for an interpretation or complete understanding. The modern physics is full of bizarre interpretations, but the chosen models, no matter how strange they appear, are in close concordance with the facts. The nature exceeds the humanity's imagination, as long as the humanity remains too strictly tied to the everyday vision of the world. The simplest models, drawn from the experience on a human scale, are not acceptable for the interpretation of atomic and subatomic facts. The abstract symbols, impossible to represent simply, have to be played upon; words have to be created; and the scientist coins a scientific jargon, a bric-a-brac of contradictory notions, transposed and readapted for a new model.
Visualizing Document Content

Text is primarily made of words and always meant to contain content for information delivery. Content analysis is the earliest established method of text analysis (Holsti et al., The handbook of social psychology, vol 2, pp 596–692, 1968 [55]). Although studied extensively and systematically by linguists, related disciplines are roughly divided into two categories, structure and substance, according to their subjects of study (Ansari, Dimensions in discourse: elementary to essentials. Xlibris Corporation, Bloomington, 2013 [9]). Structure is about the surface characteristics that are visible for a valid text, such as word co-occurrence, text reuse, and grammar structure. On the other hand, substance is the umbrella term for all information that needs to be inferred from text, such as fingerprinting, topics, and events. Various techniques have been proposed to analyze these aspects. In this chapter, we will briefly review these techniques and the corresponding visualization systems.
Analysis of adults with congenital heart disease presenting to pediatric emergency departments with arrhythmias.

Objective As survivors of congenital heart disease (CHD) continue to age, healthcare utilization by this population has increased. It is unknown how often these patients utilize the emergency department (ED) at children's hospitals and how arrhythmias play a role in their utilization of care. Design Using a retrospective cohort design, the Pediatric Hospital Information System (PHIS) database was investigated and we studied adults (≥18 years) with CHD (ACHD) who presented to pediatric EDs from 2004 to 2014. Setting Tertiary care pediatric hospitals. Results Of the 6310 encounters to pediatric EDs, 1594 (25%) were for arrhythmias. The median age was 21 years (IQR 19.1–25.1). The most common tachyarrhythmia diagnoses during the study period were atrial flutter (32%), atrial fibrillation (15%), and paroxysmal VT (10%). Bradyarrhythmias represented a minority of total arrhythmias. Presentation with arrhythmias was associated with an increased risk of admission, ICU care, and death (P < .01). Arrhythmias are also highly associated with CHD severity with twice as many complex CHD having arrhythmias compared to simple CHD (P < .01). Conclusions Total admissions of adults with CHD from the ED of children's hospitals have increased over time while the transfers to outside facilities remain consistently low. While the population of ACHD continues to grow, utilization of pediatric EDs for this cohort has increased. Adults with higher CHD complexity are more likely to present with clinical arrhythmias but there is a growing number of ACHD patients with simple complexity presenting with arrhythmias in recent years. ACHD patients that present with arrhythmias are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality.
A Comparison of Item Parameter and Standard Error Recovery Across Different R Packages for Popular Unidimensional IRT Models

With the advent of the free statistical language R, several item response theory (IRT) programs have been introduced as psychometric packages in R. These R programs have an advantage of a free open source over commercial software. However, in research and practical settings, the quality of results produced by free programs may be called into questions. The aim of this study is to provide information regarding the performance of those free R IRT software for the recovery item parameters and their standard errors. The study conducts a series of comparisons via simulations for popular unidimensional IRT models: the Rasch, 2-parameter logistic, 3-parameter logistic, generalized partial credit, and graded response models. The R IRT programs included in the present study are “eRm,” “ltm,” “mirt,” “sirt,” and “TAM.” This study also reports convergence rates reported by both “eRm” and “ltm” and the elapsed times for the estimation of the models under different simulation conditions.
A Multiregional Approach for Estimating the Economic Impact of Harvest Restrictions on Saltwater Sportfishing

Previous economic impact studies associated with recreational fishing have used models that ignore impacts occurring outside of the modeled region. This study develops a multiregional computable ge...
Design and evaluation of line symbolizations for origin–destination flow maps:

We present the results of a user study comparing variants of commonly used line symbolizations for directed origin–destination flow maps. Our design and evaluation consisted of five line symbolizations that employ a combination of following visual variables: arrowheads, origin–destination coloring (color hue, and value), line shortening, line width, tapered edges (varying width from wide to narrow, and narrow to wide), and curvature asymmetry and strength. To guide our evaluation, we used a task-by-type typology and chose four representative tasks that are commonly used in flow map reading: identifying dominant direction of flows, flows with the highest magnitude (volume), spatial focusing of long flows toward a destination, and clusters of high net-exports (net-outflow). We systematically analyzed user responses and task performance which we measured by task completion time and accuracy. We designed a web-based flow mapping and testing framework and recruited the participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk....
Control system communication architecture for power electronic building blocks

Recent developments in SiC power devices have enabled the development of Power Electronic Building Blocks (PEBBs) having greater switching frequencies than Si-based devices such as IGBTs, but also require shorter time scales in their corresponding control systems. At the same time, system designers are scaling up modularized converter systems, such as the Modular Multilevel Converter, which can now comprise hundreds of PEBBs. Both of those trends present the need to evaluate architectural tradeoffs and communication requirements for hardware realizations of the Universal Controller Architecture. The control network should be designed to have minimal round-trip latency and maximal scalability. In this paper we present the results of a study to determine the most appropriate communication architecture and routing for networked PEBB control systems.
An extension of a theorem of Frobenius and Stickelberger to modules of projective dimension one over a factorial domain

Abstract Let R be a Cohen–Macaulay ring. A quasi-Gorenstein R-module is an R -module such that the grade of the module and the projective dimension of the module are equal and the canonical module of the module is isomorphic to the module itself. After discussing properties of finitely generated quasi-Gorenstein modules, it is shown that this definition allows for a characterization of diagonal matrices of maximal rank over a Cohen–Macaulay factorial domain R extending a theorem of Frobenius and Stickelberger to modules of projective dimension 1 over a commutative factorial Cohen–Macaulay domain.
Homestead and Other Legal Protections

In many legal systems, homes are given more legal protection than other types of property. Some of these legal rules protect possessory interests in a home – that is, the ability of a person to maintain possession of a home in the face of a competing claim made by some other party. For example, Homestead Acts protect homeowners from competing claims by creditors, and rent control protects tenants from claims by landlords. This article surveys legal protections relating to possession, discusses their theoretical justifications, and examines critiques that argue that the additional legal protection given to homes is not justified.
Spectral and Statistical Characteristics of Breaking Waves

In the equilibrium range of wind-generated waves, it is postulated that the processes of energy (or action) input from the wind, loss by wave breaking and net transfer by non-linear resonant wave interactions are of comparable importance throughout the range. Consideration of the action spectral density balance then indicates that the wave-number spectrum in this range is proportional to (cos θ)½ u* g-½ k-7/2, where θ is the angle between the wind and the wave-number k, and the frequency spectrum is of the form found empirically by Toba (1973), namely u*g -4. These forms have also been derived by Kitaigorodskii (1983) though on a quite different physical basis. The spectral rate of energy loss by wave breaking is found to be proportional to (cos θ)3/2 u*3 k-2 and the spectral rate of momentum loss from the waves to (cos θ)5/2 g-½ u*3 k-3/2. As the wave field develops with increasing fetch or duration, the total rate of energy input to the water turbulence by wave breaking increases as ρ au*3 ln(k1/k0) where k1 and k0 are the upper and lower wave-number limits to the range; the total momentum flux increases also but asymptotes to a fixed fraction of ρ au*2. The various constants of proportionality are found in terms of Toba’s constant and a coefficient expressing the rate of energy input from wind to waves.
Magnetic Moments for the 265 keV and 280 keV Levels in 75As

The directional — correlation measurement of magnetic moments of excited nuclear levels with lifetimes much less than a nanosecond requires a strong interaction to produce a perceptable perturbation in such a short period. The relatively high internal magnetic field experienced by 7S As nuclei following electron capture by 75Se impurities in a polarized Fe host lattice have been used in these experiments for this purpose. The presence of a longer — lived state in the same nucleus permits a more straightforward measurement of its magnetic moment and the determination of the internal field.
AN ANATOMICALLY-RELEVANT COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR PRIMARY BLAST EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN LOWER EXTREMITY

Explosions pose serious threats to US soldiers and civilians, often resulting in disability and death. Due to its direct contact with the ground, the lower extremity is commonly injured, and the bl...
Consolidating billions of Taxi rides with AWS EMR and Spark in the Cloud : Tuning, Analytics and Best Practices

Saving nature using Big Data Analytics is a very noble goal. Using New York taxi rides data, we decided to learn how many rides could be consolidated. It was a journey we would like to share.First, we had to choose the platform for calculation between Amazon Athena, Serverless Microservices, SQL or NoSql databases, Hadoop and Spark. Then, we had to find an optimal solution for the platform using assorted tuning and optimization techniques.Although the problem seems to be straight forward, it turned out that the solution is quite challenging because of the input size, data quality, calculation complexities and numerous EMR/Spark tuning options. We have been using New York taxi data from 2009 to 2017 to quantify the rides that can be joined together. The taxi rides were consolidated based on pickup location, pickup time and drop-off location. We have been calculating the percentage of taxi rides that can be joined. The benchmark originally set was rides within five minutes with a pickup and drop-off locations within half a kilometer. Then we started experimenting with different times and locations.We have been using parquet format, parallel Scala collections, compression, filtering, new column introduction, tuning parameters, I/O overhead tuning, bucketing, timeouts and partitioning.Over 1.2 billion rides were processed using Amazon EMR with Spark. We have been optimizing calculation time and processing price. Spark has hundreds of parameters, EMR has over fifty instances to choose from. It was challenging to process our data within reasonable time. We were able to find the optimal Spark queries (plans), tested different types of joins and compared their performances. Also, we were able to compare I/O and in-memory operations during partitioning and large files manipulation (the input file sizes were hundreds of Gigabytes).The results were amazing - we could consolidate around thirty five percent of total rides, saving tons of gas and improving environment and traffic in New York City.
The Function of Web Catalogs in Theological Libraries

SUMMARY The World Wide Web is an environment in which academic libraries are able to improve and extend their services, and help achieve the goals of their institutions. The Web catalog is one tool that can help advance these goals. Theological libraries are beginning to utilize Web catalogs in order to improve access to their unique collections. This article summarizes a study of 132 theological library Web catalogs in North America, and attempts to identify and interpret the roles these catalogs play. The essay concludes with thoughts on the future shape of Web OPACs, and an identification of the major gateways to these catalogs.
Cytokine Storm and Sepsis-Induced Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

The clinical features of primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, rheumatological disease-associated macrophage activation syndrome, and hyperferritinemic sepsis-induced multiple organ failure overlap; however, the distinctive pathobiology that causes hyperinflammation in each condition requires different therapies. Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and rheumatologic macrophage activation syndrome are defined by five of eight clinical criteria. In the former normal natural killer cell numbers with absent cytolytic activity allow T-cell activation and proliferation-driven interferon-γ-induced hyperinflammation which is treated with etoposide, dexamethasone, and interferon-γ monoclonal antibody; whereas, in the latter natural killer cell numbers are normal and cytolytic activity is only decreased leading to interleukin-18 driven inflammation that is treated with corticosteroids and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein. In hyperferritinemic sepsis-induced multiple organ failure, the combination of hepatobiliary dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation reflects reticuloendothelial system activation and defines sepsis-associated macrophage activation syndrome. In this condition profound T cell and NK cell lymphopenia with normal cytolytic activity allows free hemoglobin and pathogens to stimulate inflammasome activation in the absence of interferon γ production that is be treated with source control, IVIG, plasma exchange, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist.
Racially Liberatory Pedagogy: A Black Lives Matter Approach to Education.

In this study, we sought to understand how Black lives matter (BLM) epistemology, as displayed through six months of social media content from official accounts, can inform a racially liberatory pe...
Algorithms to Categorize Levels of Activity in Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Date Presented 04/04/19 This project is an exploratory study of levels of physical activity in boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy collected in the natural environment using actigraphy. Data collected by the Actigraph GT9x is used to develop algorithms to categorize the distribution of energy expenditure throughout the day. This study presents inaccuracies with using typical pediatric actigraphy algorithms in children with disability and the need to develop custom algorithms that correlate to our population. Primary Author and Speaker: Natalie Little Additional Authors and Speakers: Margaret Feltman Contributing Authors: Amy Hartman, Annmarie Kelleher, Roxanna Bendixen
Racial Threat and Crime Control: Integrating Theory on Race and Extending its Application

The racial threat perspective has been applied increasingly to the study of crime control over the past several decades and demonstrates appealing and nuanced arguments for understanding racial bias and disparity. As recent tests of racial threat hypotheses have illustrated, however, the empirical results are mixed. This article seeks to refine the racial threat perspective and addresses methodological limitations. It also explores the application of the racial threat framework to contemporary social landscapes. Discussion concentrates on three distinct issues that seek to develop theory, methodology and epistemology in racial threat research: (1) theoretical integration of the nuances of race relations; (2) relativity of criminal justice systems; and (3) historical and structural racism in crime control.
Personal Environmental Monitoring

Advances in health information and sensor technologies have resulted in the production of devices designed to measure personal environmental exposures cheaply and conveniently. As some of these sensors become more accurate at measuring pollution levels and their ability to capture increasingly finer-scaled geographic differences in pollution is validated, personal measures for a variety of pollutants can be included in research studies that seek to understand relationships between exposures and disease. Ultimately, capturing personal exposure measures and integrating them into health monitoring tools will lead to improved lung precision medicine.
Stage III uterine serous carcinoma: modern trends in multimodality treatment.

Objective To examine outcomes in a modern treatment era for stage III uterine serous carcinoma (USC). Methods Fifty women were retrospectively identified as 2009 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage III USC patients who received radiotherapy (RT) at our institution between 1/2003-5/2018. The patients were divided into 2 cohorts: 20 in the early era (2003-2010) and 30 in the modern era (2011-2018). Patient characteristics were compared using χ² tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables. Recurrence free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier estimates, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards. Results The modern era differed from the early era in the increased use of volume-directed external beam RT (EBRT) as opposed to vaginal brachytherapy (VB) alone (33.3% vs 5.0%, p=0.048), minimally invasive surgery (56.7% vs. 25%, p=0.027), sentinel node sampling (26.7% vs. 0%, p=0.012), computed tomography imaging in the perioperative period (63.3% vs. 30%, p=0.044), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu testing (96.7% vs. 55%, p=0.001). Median follow-up for early and modern eras was 37.27 and 33.23 months, respectively. The early vs. modern 3-year RFS was 33% and 64% (p=0.039), respectively, while the 3-year OS was 55% and 90% (p=0.034). Regional nodal recurrence more common among the patients who received VB only (p=0.048). Conclusion Modern era treatment was associated with improved RFS and OS in patients with stage III USC. Regional nodal recurrences were significantly reduced in patients who received EBRT.
The ground impulse generated by a plane fuel–air explosion with side relief†

Detonations can be initiated in unconfined fuel-oxidizer clouds by blast waves of sufficient energy. The ground impulse generated by such detonations can cause considerable damage. An analytical theory is developed in the present paper, which makes it possible to predict this impulse, and experimental measurements which verify the theory are reported. A plane detonation wave propagating through a one-dimensional fuel-air cloud in contact with the ground and with the inert atmosphere at height h is considered. The wave is followed by an expansion wave which propagates from the inert gases into the combustion products, and an oblique shock is induced in the inert bounding the explosive. In computing the impulse only the region behind the detonation where the expansion is reflected from the ground is considered. The impulse per unit area is found to be the product of p2(h/C) and a universal impulse function Us(ξ), where p2 is the pressure behind the detonation and C is the Chapman–Jouguet velocity, and ξ = x/l is the dimensionless distance from the detonation. Experimental values of the pressure and impulse behind a plane wave were obtained using a plastic bag, 4 × 4 × 20 ft long, filled with a stoichiometric MAPP–air mixture. The detonation was initiated using an explosive initiator at one end of the bag. Pressure transducers placed on the ground plane along the center of the bags were used to determine the variation of the pressure and impulse per unit area with time. Theory and experiment were found to be in excellent agreement.
Adversarial Attacks and Defenses: Frontiers, Advances and Practice

Deep neural networks (DNN) have achieved unprecedented success in numerous machine learning tasks in various domains. However, the existence of adversarial examples leaves us a big hesitation when applying DNN models on safety-critical tasks such as autonomous vehicles and malware detection. These adversarial examples are intentionally crafted instances, either appearing in the train or test phase, which can fool the DNN models to make severe mistakes. Therefore, people are dedicated to devising more robust models to resist adversarial examples, but usually they are broken by new stronger attacks. This arms-race between adversarial attacks and defenses has been drawn increasing attention in recent years. In this tutorial, we provide a comprehensive overview on the frontiers and advances of adversarial attacks and their countermeasures. In particular, we give a detailed introduction of different types of attacks under different scenarios, including evasion and poisoning attacks, white-box and black box attacks. We will also discuss how the defending strategies develop to compete against these attacks, and how new attacks come out to break these defenses. Moreover, we will discuss the story of adversarial attacks and defenses in other data domains, especially in graph structured data. Then, we introduce DeepRobust, a Pytorch adversarial learning library which aims to build a comprehensive and easy-to-use platform to foster this research field. Finally, we summarize the tutorial with discussions on open issues and challenges about adversarial attacks and defenses. Via our tutorial, our audience can grip the main idea and key approaches of the game between adversarial attacks and defenses.
Predicting Response of Spontaneously Firing Afferents to Prosthetic Pulsatile Stimulation

Pulsatile electrical stimulation is used in neural prostheses such as the vestibular prosthesis. In a healthy vestibular system, head motion is encoded by changes in the firing rates of afferents around their spontaneous baseline rate. For people suffering from bilateral vestibular disorder (BVD), head motion no longer modulates firing rate. Vestibular prostheses use a gyroscope to detect head motion and stimulate neurons directly in a way that mimics natural modulation. Proper restoration of vestibular function relies on the ability of stimulation to evoke the same firing patterns as the healthy system. For this reason, it is necessary to understand what firing rates are produced for different stimulation parameters. Two stimulation parameters commonly controlled in pulsatile neuromodulation are pulse rate and pulse amplitude. Previous neural recording experiments in the vestibular nerve contradict widely held assumptions about the relationship between pulse rates and evoked spike activity, and the relationship between pulse amplitude and neural activity has not been explored. Here we use a well-established computational model of the vestibular afferent to simulate responses to different pulse rates and amplitudes. We confirm that our simulated neural results agree with the existing experimental data. Finally, we developed the "Action Potential Collision" (APC) equation that defines induced firing as a function of spontaneous firing rate, pulse rate, and pulse amplitude. We show that this relationship can successfully predict simulated vestibular activity by accounting for interactions between pulses and spontaneous firing.
Abstract 4791: Metabolic switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (ox-phos) provides survival advantage to anti-androgen-treated prostate cancer cells and make them vulnerable to mitochondrial metabolism inhibitors IACS-010759 and CB-839

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020; Philadelphia, PA Background: Most cancer cells depend more on glycolysis for their energy need compared with their normal counterparts incubated under identical condition. In addition to glycolysis, tumor cells also engage mitochondrial ox-phos to support growth. Here, we show that PCa cells surviving under anti-androgen enzalutamide (ENZA) treatment switch from glycolysis to ox-phos for their energy need and are more vulnerable to mitochondria-targeted metabolic inhibitors. We have also standardized a high-resolution quantitative fluorescence microscopic method to detect this metabolic switch in patient circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Methods: Seahorse assay has been used to compare mitochondrial metabolism in ENZA treated anti-androgen-sensitive LNCaP and -resistant C4-2 and PCa2b cells. The Seahorse data were supported by mass spectroscopic analysis of corresponding metabolites and metabolic fluxes. An ex vivo fluorescence staining for the CTC mitochondria with high ox-phos followed by high-resolution quantitative microscopic image analysis method has been standardized to follow such changes in cultured cells and patient CTCs. Results: Seahorse, mass spectroscopy and high-resolution microscopy of mitochondrial ox-phos showed that ENZA significantly decreases glycolysis and increases ox-phos in all surviving PCa cells within 24h of treatment. These cells are more vulnerable to treatment with mitochondrial ox-phos inhibitor IACS-010759 and a glutaminase inhibitor CB-839. High-resolution microscopic analysis of CTCs has thus far been performed in 18 patient blood samples. Six out of the 18 patients developed resistance to anti-androgen therapy within 0-6 months of sample collection. CTCs from all six patients showed a relatively higher average fluorescence due to high mitochondrial ox-phos as compared with the rest of the patients. Discussion: The data presented here may lead to informed combination therapy for selected PCa patients developing resistance to anti-androgen therapy for better clinical outcome. Citation Format: Hirak S. Basu, Nathaniel Wilganowski, Samantha Robertson, Sumankalai Ramachandran, Amado Zurita-Saavedra, Mark Titus, Evan Cohen, James Reuben, George Wilding. Metabolic switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (ox-phos) provides survival advantage to anti-androgen-treated prostate cancer cells and make them vulnerable to mitochondrial metabolism inhibitors IACS-010759 and CB-839 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4791.
Few keystone plant genera support the majority of Lepidoptera species.

Functional food webs are essential for the successful conservation of ecological communities, and in terrestrial systems, food webs are built on a foundation of coevolved interactions between plants and their consumers. Here, we collate published data on host plant ranges and associated host plant-Lepidoptera interactions from across the contiguous United States and demonstrate that among ecosystems, distributions of plant-herbivore interactions are consistently skewed, with a small percentage of plant genera supporting the majority of Lepidoptera. Plant identities critical for retaining interaction diversity are similar and independent of geography. Given the importance of Lepidoptera to food webs and ecosystem function, efficient and effective restoration of degraded landscapes depends on the inclusion of such ‘keystone’ plants. Not all plants are equally able to support native insects. Here, the authors use data on interactions among >12,000 Lepidoptera species and >2000 plant genera across the United States, showing that few plant genera host the majority of Lepidoptera species; this information is used to suggest priorities for plant restoration.
The importance of cellular and exosomal miRNAs in mesenchymal stem cell osteoblastic differentiation

The differentiation of osteoblasts is under complex regulation that includes autocrine and paracrine signaling from MSCs. Exosomes are important components of the MSC secretome and their cargo contains numerous miRNAs. In this study, the importance of MSC miRNAs in modulation of osteoblastic differentiation was examined by global reduction of miRNA biosynthesis in Dicer knock down hMSCs. We additionally impaired hMSC responses to miRNAs by knockdown of Argonaute 2 expression. Knockdown of Dicer and Argonaute 2 both reduced osteoblastic differentiation of hMSCs. This was observed at the levels of hMSC culture mineralization and osteoblastic gene expression. The treatment of Dicer deficient hMSCs with wild type hMSC exosomes effectively recovered the impaired osteoblastic differentiation. Dicer knockdown reduced the quantity and diversity of miRNAs present in hMSC exosomes. miRSeq data and KEGG analysis implicated the miRNA-dependent effects on multiple osteoinductive pathways in Dicer deficient cells, including the Hippo signaling and TGF-beta signaling pathways. Treatment of hMSCs with mimics of miRNAs significantly downregulated in Dicer knockdown cells recovered functions of exosome-mediated signaling in hMSCs. These results indicate that hMSC exosomes exert miRNA-dependent control that contributes to osteoblastic differentiation.
The phenotype of myositis patients with anti-Ku autoantibodies.

Abstract Objectives To define the clinical features of anti-Ku-positive myositis patients and to determine the reliability of the Euroline assay to detect anti-Ku autoantibodies. Methods Serum samples were screened for anti-Ku autoantibodies by Euroline and positive samples were confirmed by ELISA. The prevalence and severity of clinical features at onset and during follow-up in patients with anti-Ku-positive myositis were compared to those with dermatomyositis, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), the antisynthetase syndrome (AS), inclusion body myositis (IBM), anti-U1-RNP-positive myositis, and anti-PM/Scl-positive myositis. Results 72 (2.9%) of 2475 samples were anti-Ku positive by Euroline using the manufacturer's recommended cutoff of >15. Just 17 (23.6%) of these were confirmed by ELISA and considered anti-Ku-positive for the analysis. Comparators included 169 IMNM, 168 AS, 387 IBM, 20 anti-U1-RNP-positive, and 47 anti-PM/Scl-positive patients. Muscle weakness was a presenting feature in 38% of anti-Ku-positive patients; 81% developed weakness during follow-up. Anti-Ku-positive patients had increased distal weakness compared to the non-IBM comparators. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) was present in 19% of anti-Ku-positive patients at the first visit and eventually developed in 56% of them. Throughout the course of disease, Gottron's papules and/or heliotrope rashes were less common in anti-Ku-positive patients (19%) compared to those with dermatomyositis (94%) or anti-PM/Scl-positive myositis (89%). Anti-Ku-positive patients never developed calcinosis. Conclusions The phenotype of anti-Ku positive myositis is distinguished by distal weakness, frequent ILD, infrequent rash, and no calcinosis. When used according to the current manufacturer's instructions, the Euroline assay has a high false-positive rate for anti-Ku autoantibodies.
Proinflammatory responses in SARS-CoV-2 infected and soluble spike glycoprotein S1 subunit activated human macrophages

Critically ill COVID-19 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 display signs of generalized hyperinflammation. Macrophages trigger inflammation to eliminate pathogens and repair tissue, but this process can also lead to hyperinflammation and resulting exaggerated disease. The role of macrophages in dysregulated inflammation during SARS-CoV-2 infection is poorly understood. We used SARS-CoV-2 infected and glycosylated soluble SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 subunit (S1) treated THP-1 human-derived macrophage-like cell line to clarify the role of macrophages in pro-inflammatory responses. Soluble S1 upregulated TNF- and CXCL10 mRNAs, and induced secretion of TNF- from THP-1 macrophages. While THP-1 macrophages did not support productive SARS-CoV-2 replication, virus infection resulted in upregulation of both TNF- and CXCL10 genes. Our study shows that S1 is a key viral component inducing inflammatory response in macrophages, independently of virus replication. Thus, virus-infected or soluble S1-activated macrophages may become sources of pro-inflammatory mediators contributing to hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients.
Laryngeal Muscle Response to Neuromuscular Diseases and Specific Pathologies

Musculature of the craniofacial region represents a diverse group of skeletal muscles responsible for processes underlying respiration, deglutition, speech production, vision, hearing, and the display of emotions. Together, these muscles demonstrate a remarkable degree of anatomical specialization that permits their successful engagement in behavioral functions. Because the functional demands placed upon craniofacial muscles differ substantially from those imposed upon other skeletal muscles, the craniofacial muscles show marked anatomical, physiological, and biological deviations from typical limb skeletal muscles. The uniqueness of the craniofacial muscle phenotype has led to their being described by some as “paradoxical” members of the skeletal muscle group (Noden and Francis-West 2006).
A real time adaptive dynamic programming approach for planning and scheduling

Abstract In this paper we propose a real time dynamic programming architecture for learning a high quality policy through simulation geared towards multi-stage stochastic decision problems. The method of real-time dynamic programming is made computationally tractable for practical process scheduling problems by the adoption of a notion called ‘adaptive action set.” We apply the proposed approach to an exemplary manufacturing process with stochastic demand and product yield and compare its performance with an ‘ideal’ solution derived from a mixed integer programming formulation. We also investigate the effect of value table initialization by comparing two different initialization schemes.
Validation of Heavy Ion Transport Capabilities in PHITS

The performance of the Monte Carlo code system PHITS is validated for heavy ion transport capabilities by performing simulations and comparing results against experimental data from heavy ion reactions of benchmark quality. These data are from measurements of secondary neutron production cross sections in reactions of Xe at 400 MeV/u with lithium and lead targets, measurements of neutrons outside of thick concrete and iron shields, and measurements of isotope yields produced in the fragmentation of a 140 MeV/u 48Ca beam on a beryllium target and on a tantalum target. A practical example that tests magnetic field capabilities is shown for a simulated 48Ca beam at 500 MeV/u striking a lithium target to produce the rare isotope 44Si, with ion transport through a fragmentation‐reaction magnetic pre‐separator. The results of this study show that PHITS performs reliably for the simulation of radiation fields that is necessary for designing safe, reliable and cost effective future high‐powered heavy‐ion accelerators in rare isotope beam facilities.
A Component Architecture for LAM/MPI

To better manage the ever increasing complexity of LAM/ MPI, we have created a lightweight component architecture for it that is specifically designed for high-performance message passing. This paper describes the basic design of the component architecture, as well as some of the particular component instances that constitute the latest release of LAM/MPI. Performance comparisons against the previous, monolithic, version of LAM/MPI show no performance impact due to the new architecture—in fact, the newest version is slightly faster. The modular and extensible nature of this implementation is intended to make it significantly easier to add new functionality and to conduct new research using LAM/MPI as a development platform.
Distributed Intelligence in the Electric Smart Grid

Cyber-physical systems are physical infrastructures with deeply embedded computation, As these systems move beyond traditional control and response into more sophisticated planning and interaction, particularly with human elements, the need for intelligent cyber-physical systems emerges. This talk uses advanced electric smart grid technology as an example of distributed intelligence in a cyber-physical system from the point of view of energy management, human interfaces, and security and privacy.
Role of Escherichia coli K-12 rfa genes and the rfp gene of Shigella dysenteriae 1 in generation of lipopolysaccharide core heterogeneity and attachment of O antigen.

Abstract The rfp gene of Shigella dysenteriae 1 and the rfa genes of Escherichia coli K-12 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2 have been studied to determine their relationship to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core heterogeneity and their role in the attachment of O antigen to LPS. It has been inferred from the nucleotide sequence that the rfp gene encodes a protein of 41,864 Da which has a structure similar to that of RfaG protein. Expression of this gene in E. coli K-12 results in the loss of one of the three bands seen in gel analysis of the LPS and in the appearance of a new, more slowly migrating band. This is consistent with the hypothesis that Rfp is a sugar transferase which modifies a subset of core molecules so that they become substrates for attachment of S. dysenteriae O antigen. A shift in gel migration of the bands carrying S. dysenteriae O antigen and disappearance of the Rfp-modified band in strains producing O antigen suggest that the core may be trimmed or modified further before attachment of O antigen. Mutation of rfaL results in a loss of the rough LPS band which appears to be modified by Rfp and prevents the appearance of the Rfp-modified band. Thus, RfaL protein is involved in core modification and is more than just a component of the O-antigen ligase. The products of rfaK and rfaQ also appear to be involved in modification of the core prior to attachment of O antigen, and the sites of rfaK modification are different in E. coli K-12 and S. typhimurium. In contrast, mutations in rfaS and rfaZ result in changes in the LPS core but do not affect the attachment of O antigen. We propose that these genes are involved in an alternative pathway for the synthesis of rough LPS species which are similar to lipooligosaccharides of other species and which are not substrates for O-antigen attachment. All of these studies indicate that the apparent heterogeneity of E. coli K-12 LPS observed on gels is not an artifact but instead a reflection of functional differences among LPS species.
A Multiagent-based Intrusion Detection System with the Support of Multi-Class Supervised Classification

The increasing number of network security related incidents have made it necessary for the organizations to actively protect their sensitive data with network intrusion detection systems (IDSs). IDSs are expected to analyze a large volume of data while not placing a significantly added load on the monitoring systems and networks. This requires good data mining strategies which take less time and give accurate results. In this study, a novel data mining assisted multiagent-based intrusion detection system (DMAS-IDS) is proposed, particularly with the support of multiclass supervised classification. These agents can detect and take predefined actions against malicious activities, and data mining techniques can help detect them. Our proposed DMAS-IDS shows superior performance compared to central sniffing IDS techniques, and saves network resources compared to other distributed IDS with mobile agents that activate too many sniffers causing bottlenecks in the network. This is one of the major motivations to use a distributed model based on multiagent platform along with a supervised classification technique.
Collecting semantic data by Mechanical Turk for the lexical knowledge resource of a text-to-picture generating system

WordsEye is a system for automatically converting natural language text into 3D scenes representing the meaning of that text. At the core of WordsEye is the Scenario-Based Lexical Knowledge Resource (SBLR), a unified knowledge base and representational system for expressing lexical and real-world knowledge needed to depict scenes from text. To enrich a portion of the SBLR, we need to fill out some contextual information about its objects, including information about their typical parts, typical locations and typical objects located near them. This paper explores our proposed methodology to achieve this goal. First we try to collect some semantic information by using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (AMT). Then, we manually filter and classify the collected data and finally, we compare the manual results with the output of some automatic filtration techniques which use several WordNet similarity and corpus association measures.
Modulation of coordinated muscle activity during imposed sinusoidal hip movements in human spinal cord injury.

Individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) often demonstrate multijoint reflex activity that is clinically classified as an extensor spasm. These responses are commonly observed in conjuncti...
Lysis of erythrocytes by exposure to CW ultrasound

The threshold for lysis of erythrocytes suspended at concentrations of 0.5-1% in saline or plasma in rotating cylindrical exposure vessels is approximately spatial peak intensities of 2 W/cm2 at 1 MHz continuous wave (CW). Results of a series of experiments in which cell concentration, viscosity and gas composition of the suspending medium and rotation speed of the exposure vessel were varied combined with observations of sonoluminescence are all consistent with a hypothesis that cells are lysed by inertial (transient) acoustic cavitation. For the proposed mechanism to operate in cell suspensions, it is necessary that bubbles be brought into contact with the cells. Rotation of the chamber recycles bubbles that are driven by radiation forces to the far wall of the chamber in a matter of milliseconds. The physical and chemical properties of the wall of the chamber appear to be important as stabilizing sites for nuclei that serve as seeds for cavitation events.
Regards on two regards by Messiaen: Post-tonal music segmentation using pitch context distances in the spiral array

Abstract This paper describes an O(n) algorithm for segmenting music automatically by pitch context using the Spiral Array, a mathematical model for tonality, and applies it to the segmentation of post-tonal music, namely, Olivier Messiaen's Regards IV and XVI from his Vingt Regards sur l'Enfant Jesus. Using the idea of the centre of effect (c.e.), a summary point in the interior of the Spiral Array, segmentation boundaries map to peaks in the distances between the c.e.'s of adjacent segments of music. The best-case computed boundaries are, on average, within 0.94% (for Regard IV) and 0.11% (for Regard XVI) of their targets.
Measurements of wear in nuclear components

Abstract Measurements were made of the cobalt released to the primary coolant of light water reactors by wear of cobalt-based alloys used on the wear surfaces of valve end mechanisms. Reasonably accurate wear measurements were possible on reactor components by making replicas of the worn areas and using adjacent unworn areas for the reference. The highest wear rates were measured on feedwater regulator valves used to throttle coolant flow in a boiling water reactor. Wear rates as high as 900 mg dm−2 month−1 were recorded. The wear rate of these valves was reduced by a factor of 100 at one plant by substituting AISI 440C stainless steel for the traditional cobaltbased hardfacing. Wear measurements on components from pressurized water reactors showed that in general the wear rates were lower than observed on valve components from boiling water reactors. Typical wear rates on control element drive mechanisms, the largest contributors examined, were of the order of 10 mg dm−2 month−1 or less. Wear of gate valves contributed very little cobalt to the primary coolant. Apparently, corrosion causes a larger cobalt contribution than wear does in pressurized water reactors.