cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunophilins in the Nervous System

Supported by United States Public Health Service grant MH-18501, Research Scientist Award DA-00074 to S. H. S., and Training Grant GM-07309 to M. M. L. and P. E. B. S. H. S. owns stock in and is entitled to royalties from Guilford Pharmaceuticals, which is developing products related to immunophilins.
Identification of Δ5,7-24-methylene- and methylsterols in the brain and whole body of Atta cephalotes isthmicola

Abstract 1. 1. The principal sterol of both the brain and the whole body of the leaf-cutting ant, Atta cephalotes isthmicola, was identified as 24-methylcholesta-5,7,24(28)-trien-3β-ol (7-dehydro-24-methylenecholesterol, 5-dehydroepisterol). 2. 2. Smaller amounts of 24β-methylcholesta-5,7-dien-3β-ol (22-dihydroergosterol) and 24β-methylcholesta-5,7,22-trans-trien-3β-ol (ergosterol) were also present, but cholesterol was not detected. 3. 3. This demonstrates that a functional nervous system can exist in the absence of cholesterol.
Ultrafast heating and thermomechanical coupling induced by femstosecond lasers

This work focuses on the ultrafast thermomechanical waves generated by the hot electrons excited by ultrafast, ultra-intense lasers. The dominating effects during the short-time transient, including ultrafast thermalization and relaxation between electrons and phonons, result in thermomechanical coupling that cannot be described by Fourier’s law alone. The various thermomechanical properties are grouped to characterize the ultrafast heating and deformation. A finite-difference differential formulation is used as a general tool to tackle the new set of coupled equations that are formulated to describe the severe impingement of a hot-electron blast in the presence of nonequilibrium heating, rapid expansion/contraction of the metal lattices, phonon relaxation, and thermomechanical coupling.
Review of development and application of CRSTER and MPTER models

Abstract The CRSTER and MPTER computer codes are two of many air quality dispersion models recommended for use in a regulatory context by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. CRSTER and MPTER are generally applicable to tall stack sources, such as coal-fired electrical utility power plants located in flat or gently rolling terrain. This paper briefly reviews the developmental history, formulation, operation and application of the CRSTER and MPTER models. Also reviewed are performance evaluation studies which have included these two models. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future directions for regulatory modeling of tall stack sources.
Trichodesmium, a Globally Significant Marine Cyanobacterium

Planktonic marine cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium occur throughout the oligotrophic tropical and subtropical oceans. Their unusual adaptations, from the molecular to the macroscopic level, contribute to their ecological success and biogeochemical importance. Trichodesmium fixes nitrogen gas (N2) under fully aerobic conditions while photosynthetically evolving oxygen. Its temporal pattern of N2 fixation results from an endogenous daily cycle that confines N2 fixation to daylight hours. Trichodesmium colonies provide a unique pelagic habitat that supports a complex assemblage of consortial organisms. These colonies often represent a large fraction of the plant biomass in tropical, oligotrophic waters and contribute substantially to primary production. N2 fixation by Trichodesmium is likely a major input to the marine and global nitrogen cycle.
Aristotle versus Plato on public speaking

(1953). Aristotle versus Plato on public speaking. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 163-166.
Early transition metal carbenoid reagents in epimetallation and metallative dimerization of unsaturated organic substrates

Abstract The focus of this review is transition metal carbenoid reagents, which are considered to be subvalent transition metal compounds having at least one unshared electron pair on the metal center and are thus able to undergo oxidative addition to either σ- or π-bonds of substrate reactants. Illustrative carbenoids are Cp2*Ti and Bpy·Ni, which are contrasted with related carbene complexes, such as Cp2*TiCH2 and Bpy·NiCPh–CPhCHPh. The XRD and IR data for the carbenoid-like adducts of Cp2*Ti with H2CCH2 and of Bpy·Ni with PhCCPh have been analyzed to assess the electron-transfer bonding from the metal to the complexed hydrocarbon. Such considerations lead to the conclusion that such adducts have significant σ-bonding of a typical three-membered metallocycle. The impact of two other characteristics of these metal carbenoids, namely their singlet or triplet state and their electrophilic or nucleophilic reactivity towards π-bonded substrates, is also assessed in exploring their possible modes of reaction. The succeeding discussion of recent research then focuses on non-metallocene early transition metal carbenoids of the type, MtX2, Mt(OR)2 and MtH2−. The utility of alkylative reduction of transition metal salts, MtXm, by RMgX or RLi is shown to be widely applicable and the resulting neutral (MtXm−n) or anionic (CrH2−) carbenoids are shown to insert into or add to a diverse array of linkages, such as C–X, CO, CN, CC and CC bonds leading to C–C bond formation and thus to coupling, oligomerization and/or polymerization. Especially with CE bonds (E=C, N, O) and MtXm−n the initial three-membered metallocycle formed plays a demonstrable role in the organic products generated. Utilization of this metallocycle in selective organic synthesis has already been highly successful in the research groups of Kulinkovich, Sato and Eisch.
Design propagation in kinematics of mechanical systems

This paper presents a general applicable method for studying design propagations in kinematics of mechanical systems. The formulation for computing the effects of design changes in design parameters of mechanical parts or mechanisms (open- and closed-loop) is based on kinematic criteria from formulations used in multibody dynamics analyses. A geometric change is propagated throughout the mechanical part or mechanism, and its effect on the kinematical behavior is calculated. The classical variational approach is implemented to derive position, velocity, and acceleration propagations. This analysis enables selection of better design parameters, enhances the design process, and ultimately advances the state of intelligence in CAD systems.
Isotopic composition of waters from Ethiopia and Kenya: Insights into moisture sources for eastern Africa

[1] Oxygen and deuterium isotopic values of meteoric waters from Ethiopia are unusually high when compared to waters from other high-elevation settings in Africa and worldwide. These high values are well documented; however, the climatic processes responsible for the isotopic anomalies in Ethiopian waters have not been thoroughly investigated. We use isotopic data from waters and remote data products to demonstrate how different moisture sources affect the distribution of stable isotopes in waters from eastern Africa. Oxygen and deuterium stable isotopic data from 349 surface and near-surface groundwaters indicate isotopic distinctions between waters in Ethiopia and Kenya and confirm the anomalous nature of Ethiopian waters. Remote data products from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis project show strong westerly and southwesterly components to low-level winds during precipitation events in western and central Ethiopia. This is in contrast to the easterly and southeasterly winds that bring rainfall to Kenya and southeastern Ethiopia. Large regions of high equivalent potential temperatures (θe) at low levels over the Sudd and the Congo Basin demonstrate the potential for these areas as sources of moisture and convective instability. The combination of wind direction data from Ethiopia and θe distribution in Africa indicates that transpired moisture from the Sudd and the Congo Basin is likely responsible for the high isotopic values of rainfall in Ethiopia.
Quantitation of murine hematopoietic stem cells using a new lympho-myeloid colony forming cell assay

Abstract We have developed a new in vitro hematopoietic stem cell assay based on the stem cell s specific ability to produce both lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Importantly, this lympho-myeloid colony forming cell assay (LM-CFC) does not require stromal cells, the growth stimulus being provided by recombinant cytokines. The assay is made possible by the identification of growth conditions permissive for the simultaneous proliferation and development of both lymphoid and myeloid cells from a single stem cell. In the initial clonal stage, test cells are cultured for 14-18 days in a serum-free, semi-solid medium supplemented with SCF, Flt-3 ligand and IL-11. During this phase the stem cells form very large colonies containing lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cells. Prior to nutrient depletion a significant number of isolated, individual colonies are transferred to separate wells where they are cultured for 7 days in conditions which encourage their maturation into mature myeloid cells (neutrophils, macrophages and megakaryocytes) and lymphocytes (B and T cells). Neutrophils and B cells are identified by functional and immunocytochemical staining, the presence of both in a single well, identifies the original parent cell as having been a lympho-myeloid colony forming cell (LM-CFC). Using this assay the frequency of LM-CFC in the femur of a normal adult mouse is approximately 0.008%, depending on age and strain. This is a number in agreement with stem cell frequencies determined by in vivo methods. Furthermore, this assay is capable of detecting LM-CFC in a quiescent population of stem cells that has long-term repopulating ability but no CFU-S 8 , CFU-S 12 or radio-protective cells. These data strongly suggest that the LM-CFC are either identical to long-term repopulating stem cells or very closely related.
An upper limit on the evolution of carbon monoxide from Comet Kohoutek

The rate of evolution of CO from Comet Kohoutex is presented. The observations were made approximately two months after perihelion. The rate of evolution of CO at that time was apparently less than that of CH3CN observed before perihelion.
Ultraviolet/oxidation treatment of explosive wastewaters using a commercial process

The Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center evaluated the performance of two pilot-scale ultraviolet/oxidation systems for treatment of nitroglycerin production wastewater, Solarchem Environmental Systems and Peroxidation Systems, Inc. A commercial-scale system was purchased from Solarchem and its performance compared to that of the pilot-scale system using standard reaction kinetics procedures. The first-order reaction rate expression for nitroglycerin decomposition was developed for the commercial-scale Solarchem system. Studies were conducted using the commercial-scale UV/oxidation system to determine the treatment by-products from nitroglycerin decomposition. Nitroglycerin and partially nitrated derivatives of nitroglycerin, inorganic nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia, and total organic carbon analyses were conducted to determine the extent of nitroglycerin decomposition and probable by-products. Studies were also conducted on nitroguanidine wastewater to determine the effectiveness of UV/oxidation wastewater treatment for the nitroguanidine production process.
The contribution of external ligamentous attachments to function of the ileocecal junction.

In 14 human autopsy specimens, obtained within two hours of death, the contribution of external ligamentous attachments to competence against reflux at the ileocecal junction (ICJ) was evaluated. The ascending colon was filled with saline by retrograde flow, and pressures at which coloileal reflux occurred were recorded. Twelve of 14 ICJ's were competent to pressures of up to 80 mm Hg; two incompetent ICJ's refluxed fluid into the ileum at intracecal pressures of approximately 40 mm Hg. Competent specimens were then restudied. Removal of mucosa at the ileocecal junction (N=6), or a strip of circular muscle (N=6), did not impair competence to pressures above 40 mm Hg. However, division of fibrous tissues which helped maintain an angulation between the ileum and cecum (superior and inferior ileocecal ligaments) rendered the junction incompetent in all specimens. In four samples tested, surgical reconstruction of the ileocecal angle restored competence. Comparable observations were made in three anesthetized dogsin vivo. These findings suggest that mechanical factors, maintained by the external anatomy, contribute to competence at the ICJ.
Accuracy and reliability of self-reported data in interorganizational networks

Abstract Although network analysis is becoming a more viable and informative methodology for the study of interorganizational behavior, issues involving the accuracy and reliability of self-reported or ‘cognitive’ network data are still unresolved. Two networks based on information and coordination relationships in each of four major cities are examined. Reliability of responses is assessed as the percent of confirmed relationships between agency respondents and by correlating the extent of agreement in each network. In addition, two possible measurement errors are examined: systematic errors which are network-independent and idiosyncratic errors which are network-dependent. These errors are assessed through correlational analyses of the intensity of an organization's relationships with the number of its relationships that are confirmed in each network. Also systematic errors are accounted for by calculating the proportion of confirmed relationships within the different response categories used to judge the strength of relationship between ego organizations in the network. It is concluded that boundary spanning personnel of organizations can provide fairly reliable responses to network generated questions, but that errors in the data tend to be systematic in the way that prior studies of interpersonal cognitive networks report.
Adaptation to change: Vertical and Horizontal integration in the drug industry

Abstract In the early 1990s, highly complex and wide-reaching movements triggered major changes in the drug industry. Referring to the theoretical debate on industrial organizational policies and change, industry is developing either towards increased centralization, economies of scale and an emphasis on controlling developments, or it is moving towards economies of scope, deregulation coupled with decentralization and increased flexibility, thus towards a ‘new industrial order’ The drug industry's adaptation to change, as shown in this article, is unambiguous: horizontal and vertical integration. ‘Bigger is better’ is the common denominator, accompanied by the attempt to stabilize and control the environment.
Two Surprising Facts of English

L'A. discute les implications morphologiques et semantiques de la variation en jeu dans le verbe floodlighted (derive de floodlit), dont l'emploi a ete releve dans le New York times. Il analyse ensuite l'usage transitif et intransitif du verbe hurt par un locuteur natif par rapport a l'usage indique par la lexicographie
Alternating frequency/coefficient (AFC) technique in the trigonometric collocation method

The trigonometric collocation method is extended to non-linear systems containing convolution terms. A complete solution procedure is developed by reformulating the Alternating Frequency/Coefficient technique in conjunction with the trigonometric collocation method. Numerical results show that the procedure is computationally more efficient for large non-linear systems as compared to the harmonic balance method. In addition, compared with the conventional trigonometric collocation method, the new procedure is more effective in dealing with complex non-linear phenomena, especially in the vicinity of a bifurcation point.
Corneal Markers and Reflections Yield Translation Invariance - A Theoretical Analysis

The theoretical significance of the simultaneous measurement of corneal markers and reflections in animals is evaluated. This measure yields a translation invariant estimate of eye rotation, but is complicated by several factors discussed in this communication. Computed range and accuracy estimates for an apparently feasible example of this approach provide modest performance when subjects (typical cats) are allowed ±2 mm of head translation movement.
An electronic strategy to identify hospitalized heart failure patients.

BACKGROUND A common challenge in improving performance measures regarding heart failure (HF) is identifying patients early in the course of their hospitalization so that multidisciplinary education and clinical interventions can be implemented. We describe the accuracy of using an electronic pharmacy-based strategy to identify hospitalized patients likely to have a principal diagnosis of HF at discharge. METHODS We evaluated 2 strategies. The first used the receipt of an intravenous loop diuretic as a single predictor; the second incorporated additional lab, pharmacy, and demographic information in a multivariable general estimating equation. RESULTS Receipt of an intravenous diuretic predicted a discharge diagnosis of heart failure with a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of 0.87. Adding age, B-type natriuretic peptide level, previous hospitalizations, attending physician specialty, and receipt of spironolactone into the predictor improved the sensitivity to 0.91 and the specificity to 0.89. CONCLUSIONS The receipt of intravenous loop diuretics is a reasonable and easily implemented screening test to identify patients likely to have a principal diagnosis of heart failure at discharge. The accuracy is improved by incorporating other electronically available variables. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:409–414. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Ballistic Missile Proliferation: An Empirical Investigation

This analysis examines ballistic missile proliferation in the context of strategic interactions among neighboring states. The analysis finds that when faced with ballistic missile threats, nations respond rationally and acquire ballistic missiles as a deterrent. Using a panel data set of 119 countries from 1967 to 1997, this study shows that the probability of a country procuring ballistic missiles increases nonlinearly as the number of bordering states with ballistic missiles increases. Although international norms arising from the Missile Technology Control Regime reduced the probability of missile proliferation, these externalities did not offset a state's decision to arm in response to ballistic missile arsenals in neighboring states. This analysis also finds that surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) increased the probability of proliferation in two ways: first, because ballistic missiles provided states ``ensured penetration'' of a rival's air defenses; and second, because SAMs reduced the ability of a riv...
A familial disorder of uric acid metabolism and central nervous system function. II

A syndrome of mental retardation, spastic cerebral palsy, choreoathetosis, and self-destructive biting has been observed in a 22-month-old boy, who is described as the third and youngest patient studied. Hyperuricemia was found at 4 months of age. The excretion of uric acid in the urine was considerably higher than that of controls and was in the range of values found in those adults with gout who are classified as hyperexcretors. The conversion of C 14 -labeled glycine to uric acid exceeded that of controls by a factor of 200 times. These data provide confirmation for a chemical deviation from normality that is as striking as the clinical manifestations of the disorder. They suggest the possibility that intermediates of purine metabolism may be of importance for the integrity of the developing nervous system.
A history of identification to continent of origin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) at west Greenland, 1969–1997

Atlantic salmon caught in the commercial fishery at west Greenland have routinely been identified to continent of origin, viz., North American or European, since 1969, using scale pattern recognition techniques. Although specific details have varied over the 29-year period, the technique generally has remained the same. Discriminant analysis of scale samples collected in the commercial fishery (mixed samples) and a known origin database (training samples) collected in homewaters are used to identify the continental origin of individual fish. The proportions of North American salmon in the catch samples have ranged from a low of 34% in 1971 to a high of 75% in 1990. Comparisons of the North American proportions showed no consistent spatial trends, however, differences were noted in proportions with latitude along the west Greenland coast. The proportions of continent of origin, although varying annually, have generally shown an increasing proportion of North American salmon in recent years. Biological characteristics of individual salmon identified to continent of origin have been used in models to provide catch advice to managers for the west Greenland salmon fishery and to define the impacts of the fishery on salmon stocks.
Quantitative Modeling of the Behaviour of Microfluidic Autoregulatory Devices

We develop a theoretical model for a fluidic current source consisting of a via, a detour channel, and a push-up type micro-valve. The model accurately describes the non-linear behaviour of this type of device, which has been previously measured experimentally. We show how various structural parameters and material properties of the device influence the saturated flow rate and the minimum driving pressure required for the device to function as a current source. Conversely, the model can be used to design a fluidic current source with a desired saturated flow rate and low operational pressure. The present model can be straightforwardly applied to microfluidic circuits composed of many functional autoregulatory devices.
Holographic flow visualization of time-varying shock waves

Rapid-double-exposure, diffuse-illumination holography is evaluated analytically and experimentally as a flow visualization method for time-varying shock waves. Conditions are determined that minimize the distance (localization error) between the surface or curve of interference-fringe localization and the shock surface. Treated specifically are the cases of shock waves in a transonic compressor rotor for which there is laser anemometer data for comparison and shock waves in a flutter cascade.
Saturation of Brillouin Backscatter

Saturation of Brillouin backscatter is observed from underdense plasma targets with C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ laser intensities as low as 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Maximum reflectivity is about 5%, implying an ion-wave amplitude of 1%. The most likely limiting mechanism is found to be ion trapping, which is effective at our low $\frac{{T}_{e}}{{T}_{i}}$ ratio.
Detection of naphthalene by the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

Increases in the antennular flicking rate indicated that blue crabs,Callinectes sapidus, detected the petroleum hydrocarbon naphthalene. A low incidence of aggressive displays but no food searching or gathering followed naphthalene detection. The results suggest that the chemosensory abilities of decapod crustaceans cover a broader range of substances than previously supposed.
Desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) content and size of rat liver nuclei during thioac etamide intoxication and recovery

1. Thioacetamide administered to white rats by the drug-diet method brought about an increase in nuclear DNA content of their liver parenchyma cells in the sense that the frequencies of the higher ploidy classes were increased over those in the untreated normal liver. 2. The ploidy classes tended to show a loss of discreteness which was interpreted as being due to DNA synthesis incident to increased mitotic activity. 3. The nuclear volumes in TA treated livers maintained roughly the same proportionality to DNA content as in the controls. It is postulated that the greater variability resulted from more active mitosis combined with a deranged protein synthesis. 4. When TA treatment was stopped there was a gradual reversal of the effects just mentioned. The proportions of nuclei in the lower ploidy classes increased again and a few haploid nuclei appeared. 5. It is suggested that some type of somatic chromosome reduction is responsible for this return to normal conditions.
The "Compleat" Library Patron

La formation des utilisateurs a la pratique bibliographique est destinee a les rendre autonomes et a leur permettre d'utiliser tous les potentiels d'une bibliotheque. Elle est de plus indispensable dans cette nouvelle «ere de l'information»
Reliability and correlates of a three-phase code transformation task /3P-COTRAN/

Three phase code transformation task reliability and correlation, representing general/factor analytic intellectual abilities and personality characteristics
Nonparametric tests for continuous covariate effects with multistate survival data

Summary In clinical trials and observational studies, it is often of scientific interest to evaluate the effects of covariates on complex multistate event probabilities. With discrete covariates, nonparametric tests may be constructed using estimates of the relevant quantities. With continuous covariates, a common approach is to arbitrarily discretize the covariates, which may lead to substantial information loss. Another strategy is to formulate the covariate effects in a regression model. Model-based tests may have either low power or be biased under misspecification. We propose nonparametric tests not requiring arbitrary discretization. The tests involve integrals of estimates continuously indexed by dichotomizations of the covariates. General asymptotic results are derived under null and alternative hypotheses, and verified using empirical process theory in several special cases. The tests are consistent under stochastic ordering, which arises naturally with multistate data. A novel nonparametric measure of covariate effect is studied as a natural byproduct of the testing procedure. Simulation studies and two real data analyses demonstrate the gains of the new testing procedure over those based either on categorization or on regression models.
Cell-surface receptors and proteins on platelet membranes imaged by scanning force microscopy using immunogold contrast enhancement

High resolution scanning force microscope (SFM) images of fibrinogen-exposed platelet membranes are presented. Using ultrasharp carbon tips, we are able to obtain submolecular scale resolution of membrane surface features. Corroboration of SFM results is achieved using low voltage, high resolution scanning electron microscopy (LVHRSEM) to image the same protein molecule that is seen in the SFM. We obtain accurate height dimensions by SFM complemented by accurate lateral dimensions obtained by LVHRSEM. The use of 14- and 5-nm gold labels to identify specific membrane-bound biomolecules and to provide contrast enhancement with the SFM is explored as a useful adjunct to observation of unlabeled material. It is shown that the labels are useful for locating specific protein molecules on platelet membrane surfaces and for assessing the distribution of these molecules using the SFM. Fourteen nm labels are shown to be visible over the membrane corrugation, whereas 5-nm labels appear difficult to resolve using the present SFM instrumental configuration. When using the 5-nm labels, collateral use of LVHRSEM allows one to examine SFM images at submolecular resolution and associate function with the structures imaged after the SFM experiment is completed.
Prospective evaluation of the incontan transrectal stimulator in women with urinary incontinence

A prospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of transrectal electrical stimulation with the Incontan device in women with urinary incontinence. Since July 1986, 36 women with various types of urodynamically documented urinary incontinence were treated with an integrated, automatic, rectally inserted electrical stimulator (the Incontan device). Despite previous optimistic reports of successful treatment with this device, the study group experienced significant problems with electronic device failure (32 out of 64 Incontan devices distributed), as well as having a high “drop-out” rate (34 out of 36 women). At 6 months, only 2 of 36 women (6%) experienced subjective benefit from Incontan stimulation, although no significant change was documented on follow-up urodynamic study. Incontan transrectal electrical stimulation is not a viable treatment option for female urinary incontinence due to poor patient acceptance and an unacceptable electronic failure rate of the device.
Effects of Substitution on Reorganization Energies in Oligo(-phenylene ethynylene) Molecular Wires

Observations of nonlinear transport characteristics in nanoscale junctions triggered interest in phenylene ethynylene oligomers as potential electronic switching elements. Motivated by suggestions of vibronic origins for this behavior, we have studied intramolecular reorganization effects with a focus on examining the effect of −NO2 group substitution on reorganization energies, ereorg. Optical absorption and gas-phase photoelectron data provide experimental estimates for reorganization energies involved in the formation of excitonic and cationic states, respectively. These measurements suggest ereorg is in the range from about 200 to 400 meV for oligo(-phenylene ethynylene) (OPE). Measurements suggest a similar value for the −NO2 substituted molecule, with a value of 350 ± 100 meV being consistent with data for both OPE and NO2−OPE. Complementary calculations of ereorg, based on adiabatic potential energy surfaces, were also performed. Depending on the DFT functional and basis set employed, values range ...
Soil property changes after four decades of wastewater irrigation: A landscape perspective

Abstract For over 40 years, The Pennsylvania State University (PSU) has irrigated its wastewater onto both cropped and forested lands. Despite local weather conditions, approximately 50 mm/week of wastewater have been spray-irrigated onto the land since 1962. This irrigation, combined with the natural precipitation, amounts to approximately 3550 mm of water per year. The objective of this study was to investigate the morphological and functional changes in soils of this area as a result of this significantly-increased water load. The research area has a karst geology and is dominated by rolling hills with many small depressions that act as sinks for water and sediments. Together with six soil trenches, 47 soil cores were taken across a 6.5-ha field. Previous studies conducted at this site provided a reference for interpreting the changes in soil properties over time. Soil morphological properties, including structure, horizonation, and redoximorphic features, were evaluated from the soil cores and in situ soil pits. In addition, soil functional parameters, including saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), bulk density, organic matter content, and soil pH, were evaluated to determine the soil functional changes. Results indicate that the soils have experienced periods of local saturation and soil transport, which are reflected by the distribution of redoximorphic features and A-horizon thickness across the study area. Sample locations were grouped into three landscape positions (summit, midslope, and depression) that exhibited similar soil properties. The depth of the A-horizon was significantly greater in the depressions, while the midslope position had the highest manganese oxide coating percentage, and the summit position had the highest bulk density. This reflects the likely hydrologic path from the summit to the depression. The depression areas had the highest mean surface Ksat (10.2 cm/h), while the summit areas had the lowest mean surface Ksat (1.2 cm/h). Both organic matter content and soil pH have increased considerably since 1971. Overall, although soil properties have changed through the decades of irrigation, the wastewater spray irrigation system remains functional in this area and the soils are still performing reasonably well; however, some concerns about reduced soil functionality need to be addressed from a landscape perspective in order to sustain this system.
Shoe Preference Based on Subjective Comfort for Walking and Running

Background: Subjective comfort of footwear is important for shoe and orthosis design. This study compared shoe preferences between walking and running, using subjective comfort as an outcome tool. Methods: Forty-one participants walked and ran 20 times each along a runway in three types of footwear (cushioning, lightweight, and stability) and chose the model that they preferred most for walking and running separately based on subjective comfort. Results: More participants preferred the cushioning model (walking, 34%; running, 41%) or the lightweight model (walking, 44%; running, 41%) over the stability model (walking, 22%; running, 17%). v 2 tests revealed no differences between walking and running, runners and nonrunners, and lighter and heavier individuals. Women were more likely (odds ratio = 4.09) to prefer the lightweight model, whereas men preferred the cushioning (odds ratio = 2.05) and stability (odds ratio = 3.19) models. Most participants (71%) chose the same model for both activities. Conclusions: Shoe preference varies among individuals and is influenced by sex. Most people feel comfortable walking and running in the same shoe model. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 100(6): 456-462, 2010)
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer by perivitelline microinjection of mouse, rat, and cow embryos.

To determine the fate of an episomally expressed transgene, mouse, rat, and cow zygotes were injected into the perivitelline space with approximately 100 pl of buffer containing the replication-defective human adenovirus, AdCMVLacZ/sub360. Viral concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 2.5 x 10 5 plaque-forming units (pfu)/100 pl. As viral titer increased, fewer embryos were able to develop to blastocysts. In the mouse, the percentage of blastocysts formed ranged from 82% in controls to 16% after injection at the highest titer. In the rat and cow, a similar decrease in blastocyst formation was noted (62% to 6% and 26% to 4%, respectively). Reporter gene (galactosidase, LacZ) activity could be detected in mouse embryos after injection at a concentration of only 25 pfu/100 pl, whereas a tenfold higher titer was required in the other two species to observe the blue LacZ reaction product. When examined after 5 (mouse), 6 (rat), or 9 (cow) days of in vitro culture, the proportion of LacZ-positive embryos ranged from 15% to 96%, 6% to 76%, and 18% to 58% in mouse, rat, and cow embryos, respectively, depending upon viral concentration. However, a large percentage of positive embryos proved to be expression mosaics, the degree of which was likewise dependent on titer. While none of the embryos showed LacZ activity at 30 h after injection, 70% of mouse, 8% of rat, and 20% of cow embryos expressed the reporter gene at 42 h. Delaying the timing of injection revealed that the efficiency with which mouse and rat embryos could be infected decreased with increasing degree of differentiation. Only 35% and 18% of mouse embryos expressed the reporter gene after injection at the morula or blastocyst stage, respectively. A similar drop in efficiency was noted in rat embryos when injections took place at the 8-cell, morula, or blastocyst stage, with 70%, 33%, and 9% of embryos, respectively, subsequently showing LacZ activity. Likewise, advanced development resulted in a decrease in the efficiency of viral-mediated gene transfer in cow embryos, with 100%, 78%, and 68% of embryos being positive after injection at the 8-cell, morula, or blastocyst stage, respectively. These results demonstrate that a human adenovirus can be used to express a reporter gene transiently in nonhuman embryos.
Dynamic MIPS rate stabilization in out-of-order processors

Today's microprocessor cores reach high performance levels not only by their high clock rate but also by the concurrent execution of a large number of instructions. Because of the relationship between power and frequency, it becomes attractive to run an OoO (Out-of-Order) core at a frequency lower than its nominal frequency in the context of embedded or real-time systems. Unfortunately, whereas OoO pipelines have high average throughput, their highly variable and hard-to-predict execution rate makes them unsuitable for real-time systems with hard or even soft deadlines. In this paper, we demonstrate that the execution time of an OoO processor can be stable and predictable by controlling its MIPS (Mega Instructions Per Second) rate via a PID (Proportional, Integral, and Differential gain) feedback controller and DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling). The stabilized processor uses much less power per committed instruction, because of the reduced average frequency. The EPI (Energy Per Instruction) is also cut by an average of 28% across our benchmark programs. Since a stable MIPS rate is maintained consistently with lower power/energy per instruction, OoO processors stabilized by a feedback controller can realistically be deployed in real-time systems. To demonstrate this capability we select a subset of the MiBench benchmarks that displays the widest execution rate variations and stabilize their MIPS rate in the context of a 1GHz Pentium III-like microarchitecture.
Neonatal pemphigus in an infant born to a mother with serologic evidence of both pemphigus vulgaris and gestational pemphigoid

Neonatal pemphigus is a rarely reported transitory autoimmune blistering disease caused by transfer of maternal IgG autoantibodies to desmoglein 3 to the neonate through the placenta when the mother is affected with pemphigus. It is clinically characterized by transient flaccid blisters and erosions on the skin and, rarely, the mucous membranes. Neonatal pemphigus vulgaris has never been reported to persist beyond the neonatal period and progress to adult disease. Gestational pemphigoid is an uncommon, pregnancy-associated, autoimmune blistering disease. This disease typically flares with delivery and then spontaneously resolves within months without treatment. In 5% to 10% of cases, the antibodies responsible for gestational pemphigoid are transferred to the neonate through the placenta, causing transitory blistering in the neonate. While both gestational pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris can occur during pregnancy, these clinically, histologically, and serologically distinct diseases are not known to occur simultaneously in the same patient. We describe a case of a 36-year-old woman with clinical evidence of mucocutaneous pemphigus, but not gestational pemphigoid, who had serum antibodies to the antigens responsible for pemphigus as well as those responsible for gestational pemphigoid. This patient gave birth to a neonate with neonatal pemphigus but no evidence of neonatal gestational pemphigoid.
A Fast Algorithm for Computation of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Half-Space

A new frequency-domain algorithm, the planar Taylor expansion through the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method, has been developed to speed the computation of the Green's function related formulas in the half-space scenario for both the near-field (NF) and the far-field (FF). Two types of Taylor-FFT algorithms are presented in this paper: the spatial Taylor-FFT and the spectral Taylor-FFT. The former is for the computation of the NF and the latter is for the computation of the FF or the Fourier spectrum. The planar Taylor-FFT algorithm has a computational complexity of O(N2 log2 N2) for an N times N computational grid, comparable to the multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMM). What's more important is that, the narrowband property of many electromagnetic fields allows the Taylor-FFT algorithm to use larger sampling spacing, which is limited by the transverse wave number. In addition, the algorithm is free of singularities. An accuracy of -50 for the planar Taylor-FFT algorithm is easily obtained and an accuracy of -80 dB is possible when the algorithm is optimized. The algorithm works particularly well for narrowband fields and quasi-planar geometries.
Enabling research synergies through a doctoral research network for systems engineering

As contrasted with traditional engineering and science fields, doctoral research in systems engineering is characterized by several unique factors. These include the relatively young tradition of systems engineering academic programs, the necessity for hybrid research methodologies, the existence of strong links with industry and government, and a nontraditional makeup of students in regard to their background, experience levels, and career goals. The International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) has set strategic objectives and policies to encourage doctoral level research in systems engineering, and has recently undertaken an initiative to create a doctoral student research network. This paper describes the motivations for and formation of the Systems Engineering and Architecting Doctoral Student Network (SEANET), and presents findings from a survey conducted at the 2006 inaugural workshop event. While limited, this survey gives insight into the demographics of students and underscores the essential role of a network in motivating, encouraging, and shaping doctoral research in systems engineering. Implications are discussed based on three key findings from the survey. These include: (1) The pool of systems engineering doctoral students is largely nontraditional; (2) students identified attending workshops and access to data as the two most pressing issues that professional societies can help with; and (3) doctoral students in systems engineering have a high diversity of career interests. Professional societies play an important role in encouraging and enabling systems engineering research, and sponsorship of a research network is an effective mechanism for this goal given that such societies can provide a neutral venue for this interchange. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 348–360, 2007
The Federal Habeas Corpus Process: Unraveling the Issues

The writ of habeas corpus, especially the so-called federal application of the writ in death-penalty cases, has created a great deal of controversy. Yet, for all of its publicity and its wide-ranging criticism, habeas corpus largely remains a little understood area of the law. This article explores the historical origins of the writ, its evolved and evolving characteristics, and discusses the four major issues it presents today. The article points out the complexities and subtleties of the legal, political, ideological and policy-making issues that have come to define both its character and its use. It also examines recent Congressional and Supreme Court attempts at reformulating the authority of the federal courts in its application.
Why is there no in-plane H-atom transfer from aryloxy radicals? A theoretical and experimental investigation

A combined experimental and theoretical study of the mechanisms and energies associated with intramolecular H-atom transfers from methyl groups with varying numbers of phenyl substituents to oxygen atoms of aryloxy radicals is reported. It is shown that the transfers within the six aryloxy radicals investigated would have high activation energies and, in all but one case, are endothermic. A detailed analysis of the calculated reaction coordinates indicates proton-coupled electron transfers as the favored mechanisms.
Risk of rupture of large abdominal aortic aneurysms. Disagreement among vascular surgeons.

Background: Many patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) who are cared for by internists are not good candidates for surgery. Elective repair is usually deferred in these patients until the AAA reaches a diameter at which the estimated risk of rupture is believed to outweigh the operative risk. The risk of rupture is usually estimated by a consulting vascular surgeon, but whether these estimates are well-supported or consistent has not previously been assessed. Objective: To determine the agreement among vascular surgeons about the risk of rupture of large AAAs. Methods: All individual members of the Society for Vascular Surgery (Manchester, Mass) residing in the United States were mailed a survey asking for their estimates of the likelihood of rupture of large AAAs. Results: The response rate was 66% and the 257 respondents who reported that they were practicing vascular surgeons constitute the study group. The median estimates of the 1-year risk of rupture were 20% for 6.5-cm AAAs and 30% for 7.5-cm AAAs, with one third of respondents estimating 50% or greater risk of rupture for 7.5-cm AAAs and nearly one third estimating 30% or greater risk of rupture for 6.5-cm AAAs. The responses spanned a wide range and were generally much higher than would be expected based on published data and estimates. Conclusions: This survey demonstrates profound disagreement among vascular surgeons about the risk of rupture of large AAAs, reflecting a lack of pertinent published data. Better data are necessary and are being collected. (Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1007-1009)
Une expérience sur la précision des techniques d‘évaluation des probabilités en vérification

Resume. Soixante-deux verificateurs/praticiens ont pris part a une experience d'estimation du solde d'un compte. Ayant recu au prealable un materiel d'apprentissage a la fois ecrit et oral, ils ont utilise quatre techniques de deduction (FDC, FDP, EPE, et EFH) afin de quantifier leurs croyances subjectives ayant trait au solde de comptes clients d'un cas de verification. Leurs reponses furent par la suite comparees aux resultats d'une etude de simulation portant sur six cents (600) echantillons, au moyen de la regle de pointage quadratique, de meme qu'a la distribution resultant d'un consensus parmi tous les sujets en utilisant la mesure de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Les resultats montrent que la technique de deduction FDP produit la distribution de probabilites prealables la plus precise pour utilisation dans le contexte de l'analyse Bayesienne. Les trois autres techniques de deduction se sont revelees egales entre elles, dans la mesure ou leur precision etait inferieure a celle de la technique de deduction FDP.
Convergent Validity and Interrater Reliability of Estimating the ABCD2 Score From Medical Records

Background and Purpose— The ABCD 2 score is increasingly used for risk stratification of transient ischemic attack patients. We sought to determine the reliability and convergent validity of retrospective ABCD 2 score estimation from medical records. Methods— We compared ABCD 2 scores that were prospectively determined by a vascular neurology attending to scores determined retrospectively from medical record review. Emergency department records and neurology consult notes for patients with acute transient ischemic attack were abstracted with explicit ABCD 2 scoring redacted. Scores were estimated by 2 independent raters using these records. Estimated ABCD 2 component scores, total scores, and risk category were compared both between retrospective raters and with prospectively obtained scores. Reliability was assessed using unweighted κ statistics. Results— Interrater reliability was substantial with 72% exact agreement in total score between retrospective raters (κ=0.64) and nearly perfect with 82% agreement for ABCD 2 category (κ=0.71). Interrater agreement was best for age and diabetes mellitus and poorest for clinical features and duration. Agreement between the retrospective raters and prospectively obtained score was >90% for age, blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus, but only ≈70% for clinical features and duration. Retrospectively, estimated total ABCD 2 score exactly matched the prospective score in 58% of patients for rater 1 and 44% of patients for rater 2. Retrospectively, estimated ABCD 2 category matched the prospectively scored category in 67% of patients for rater 1 and 71% of patients for rater 2. Conclusions— The ABCD 2 score can be abstracted from medical records with substantial interrater reliability but limited convergent validity. This may lead to misclassification of risk category in more than one third of patients.