cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-infrared spectroscopy of (93) Minerva with the Lowell discovery telescope + near-infrared high throughput spectrograph: More evidence for widespread primitive materials

Abstract We present rotationally resolved spectroscopy of asteroid (93) Minerva using the Lowell Discovery Telescope with the Near-Infrared High Throughput Spectrograph (NIHTS). We obtained spectroscopy over ~34% of the asteroid's rotation period. Minerva has been shown to be spectrally similar to primitive carbonaceous chondrites (e.g., McAdam et al., 2018, Icarus 306, 32–49) indicating it has amorphous materials on its surface. The extent to which these materials appear over Minerva's surface could provide constraints on the asteroid's formation time and/or directly relate the asteroid to a chemical group of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Parent asteroids are thought to preserve primitive meteorites in either an outer shell of material or by avoiding parent body processing (e.g., accreting after the peak heat flux of 26Al or before the introduction of exogenous 26Al to the Solar System). These two scenarios are expected to have different properties: the no processing scenario produces an asteroid with a compositionally homogenous surface and interior while the outer shell scenario would have compositionally distinct surface and interior. Over the observed region, we report that Minerva's surface appears to have amorphous materials, potentially indicating a homogeneous surface. However, more data are needed to determine Minerva's compositional uniformity and which formation scenario is most appropriate.
The Importance of Oil in US-Iranian Relations Post-British Withdrawal (1968-79)

The following article seeks to examine the intricate relationship between the US and Iran, spanning four administra- tions between 1968 and 1973. Determining and clarifying the interplay between key considerations which resulted in the establishment of US Policy in Iran is the primary aim of this paper. In particular, analysing the role that Oil played in the establishment of US policy. This paper explores the following facets of US involvement in Iran: the roles of Oil; the Cold War; US domestic pressures; the importance of regional stability; and the personal relationships between US and Iranian leaders. Primary sources are used in the majority of cases and are evaluated in the context of modern historical interpretations and schools of thought. The author contends that the aforementioned elements are structurally linked to the dynamics of great power politics in the Cold War. Specifically, he refutes the assertion that US-Iran relations sought merely to further US Corporations oil interests, and contends that though oil was the main interest in the gulf, its importance was derived from it played in the containment of the USSR. Moreover, the paper seeks to outline how other factors may have influenced the implementation of US policy, rather than the policy aims themselves.
Planning, Control Systems and Lean Operations in IT Company

Planning and control systems control the delivery goals of a project in an organization and defining the approaches to accomplish them. Proper planning is mandatory to succeed in the project in an organization and plays a vital role in resource distributions, plans, responsibilities, and other activities. J. Andrew Grimson, David F. Pyke, (2007) described how sales and operations planning works, an exploratory study and it’s framework. The purpose of the article is to understand an operational plan and control systems for the delivery of the project for an IT (Information Technology) company. This article will also explain how planning and controlling works for any software project in an IT company. For proper planning, the project plan prepared and is considered a living document that is periodically reviewed and adjusted to reflect the needs of the project team and to provide continuous improvement in the development of an effective program. In project plan purposes, areas, actions, and timeline are described which is helpful for project managers and the employees to meet the deadline of the project. An operational plan in an IT company involves few steps like the departments who are in charge to complete the tasks or responsible for delivery, the department responsible for the cost of the project, marketing of the project after going live.
The status of required physical education in colleges and universities of the United States.

(1946). The Status of Required Physical Education in Colleges and Universities of the United States. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 2-9.
Application of Geostatistical Simulation to Enhance Satellite Image Products

With the deployment of Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites that provide daily, global imagery, there is increasing interest in defining the limitations of the data and derived products due to its coarse spatial resolution. Much of the detail, i.e. small fragments and notches in boundaries, is lost with coarse resolution imagery such as the EOS MODerate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Higher spatial resolution data such as the EOS Advanced Spaceborn Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Landsat and airborne sensor imagery provide more detailed information but are less frequently available. There are, however, both theoretical and analytical evidence that burn scars and other fragmented types of land covers form self-similar or self-affine patterns, that is, patterns that look similar when viewed at widely differing spatial scales. Therefore small features of the patterns should be predictable, at least in a statistical sense, with knowledge about the large features. Recent developments in fractal modeling for characterizing the spatial distribution of undiscovered petroleum deposits are thus applicable to generating simulations of finer resolution satellite image products. We will present example EOS products, analysis to investigate self-similarity, and simulation results.
Stochastic Submodular Maximization

We study stochastic submodular maximization problem with respect to a cardinality constraint. Our model can capture the effect of uncertainty in different problems, such as cascade effects in social networks, capital budgeting, sensor placement, etc. We study non-adaptive and adaptive policies and give optimal constant approximation algorithms for both cases. We also bound the adaptivity gap of the problem between 1.21 and 1.59.
Query Processing Techniques for Compliance with Data Confidence Policies

Data integrity and quality is a very critical issue in many data-intensive decision-making applications. In such applications, decision makers need to be provided with high quality data on which they can rely on with high confidence. A key issue is that obtaining high quality data may be very expensive. We thus need flexible solutions to the problem of data integrity and quality. This paper proposes one such solution based on four key elements. The first element is the association of a confidence value with each data item in the database. The second element is the computation of the confidence values of query results by using lineage propagation. The third element is the notion of confidence policies. Such a policy restricts access to the query results by specifying the minimum confidence level that is required for use in a certain task by a certain subject. The fourth element is an approach to dynamically increment the data confidence level to return query results that satisfy the stated confidence policies. In particular, we propose several algorithms for incrementing the data confidence level while minimizing the additional cost. Our experimental results have demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach.
Finding Long Paths, Cycles and Circuits

We present a polynomial-time algorithm to find a cycle of length $\exp(\Omega(\sqrt{\log \ell}))$ in an undirected graph having a cycle of length ≥ l. This is a slight improvement over previously known bounds. In addition the algorithm is more general, since it can similarly approximate the longest circuit, as well as the longest S-circuit (i.e., for S an arbitrary subset of vertices, a circuit that can visit each vertex in S at most once). We also show that any algorithm for approximating the longest cycle can approximate the longest circuit, with a square root reduction in length. For digraphs, we show that the long cycle and long circuit problems have the same approximation ratio up to a constant factor. We also give an algorithm to find a vw-path of length ≥ logn/loglogn if one exists; this is within a loglogn factor of a hardness result.
Role of the Monocyte/Macrophage Cell Lineage in Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance

Background Obesity is an important risk factor for resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal, and is a precursor of type 2 diabetes and other disorders. Objectives To identify molecular pathways in adipose tissue and inflammatory cells that may result in obesity-associated insulin resistance, we exploited the fact that not all obese individuals are prone to insulin resistance. Thus the degree of obesity as a variable was removed by studying obese subjects of similar body mass index (BMI) who are insulin-sensitive (IS) versus insulin-resistant (IR). Methods Combining gene expression profiling with computational approaches, we determined the global gene expression signatures of omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples obtained from 10 obese-IR and 10 obese-IS patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery. In a secondary study, we isolated monocytes from 4 obese-IR, 3 obese-IS, and 4 nonobese-IS adolescent and young adult subjects for purposes of assessing differences in expression of inflammatory genes in monocytes using RT-PCR.
An econometric model of internal migration and development: extensions and tests.

Abstract This paper extends an important and unique migration study from 1958–1976 to 1958–1981, tests for the stability of the model and its coefficients, and uses the model for policy simulations and forecasting. The model performs as well over the extended sample period as over the original period and, even more important for our purpose, the model is found to be quite stable. This is remarkable in view of the economic turmoil that characterized the years by which the original sample period was extended.
A Genetic Programming Methodology for Missile Countermeasures Optimization Under Uncertainty

This paper describes a new methodology for using genetic programming to solve the missile countermeasures optimization problem. The resulting system evolves programs that combine maneuvers with additional countermeasures to optimize aircraft survivability under conditions of uncertainty.
Gene therapy: trials and tribulations

The art and science of gene therapy has received much attention of late. The tragic death of 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger, a volunteer in a Phase I clinical trial, has overshadowed the successful treatment of three children suffering from a rare but fatal immunological disease. In the light of the success and tragedy, it is timely to consider the challenges faced by gene therapy--a novel form of molecular medicine that may be poised to have an important impact on human health in the new millennium.
Inflammation and Oxidation in Aging and Chronic Diseases

This chapter provides an overview of experimental models for human aging and age-related diseases. In most chronic diseases of aging, oxidative stress and inflammation are prominent. Moreover, many tissues without specific pathology that show modest inflammatory changes during aging share major subsets of those in chronic diseases of aging. An overview of inflammation and oxidant stress in host defense suggests a classification of bystander damage. Mechanisms of inflammation are outlined, including the energy costs. This chapter also reviews in more detail inflammation in arterial and Alzheimer disease. These details are critical to understanding human aging and the role of insulin-like metabolic pathways. Many inflammatory processes emerge during “normal” or usual aging, but in the absence of specific diseases. The slow creep of inflammation from early years may drive the accelerating incidence of chronic diseases.
Law at Work: The Endogenous Construction of Civil Rights

This chapter extends extant theory on organizational response to law by proposing a theory of law as endogenous—that is, as generated within the social realm that it seeks to regulate. As organizations respond to legal ideals by themselves becoming legalized, they shape social understandings of law and of the meaning of compliance. Courts, as actors within the same broad social environments—or organizational fields—as organizations, tend to incorporate ideas about law that have arisen and become institutionalized within these fields. Thus, as law becomes progressively institutionalized in organizational fields, it is simultaneously transformed by the very organizational institutions that it is designed to control.
Task Independence and Locus of Control Orientation in Children

Summary A new measure of locus of control orientation, the Gruen-Korte-Stephens IE Scale, was administered to 48 male and female second graders. These subjects were then tested for the amount of help-seeking and imitation in which they would engage in performing tasks. The chief findings, in addition to sex differences in help-seeking, were that internal males imitated an experimenter's behavior more than external males when the behavior was instrumental in task performance, but less when the behavior was irrelevant to the task. The findings for females were unclear, and several alternative explanations were discussed.
Detection of patent foramen ovale by doppler color flow mapping in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization

Abstract Autopsy studies have demonstrated that the foramen ovale is patent in 20 to 35% of the general population.1,2 Although it is generally considered to be an incidental finding, recent clinical studies suggest that the patent foramen ovale (PFO) may serve as an important route for paradoxical embolization.3,4 In addition, hypoxemia due to right-to-left shunting across a PFO may occur in the setting of elevated right heart pressures or decreased right ventricular compliance.5,6 Although contrast echocardiography has been used to identify right-to-left shunting in patients with a suspected PFO,4,7–10 this technique may be limited by its dependence on a right-to-left component of flow and by the small number of cardiac cycles in which to identify such flow. Doppler color flow mapping, which can image flow jets in either direction across an atrial septal defect, 11 also offers the potential to identify flow across a PFO. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that color flow mapping could accurately detect small jets resulting from flow across a PFO.
SU-FF-I-64: Breast Image Registration Using SIFT and TPS Hybrid Method

Purpose/Objectives(s): Breast images compose of soft tissues with low contrast in MRIimaging modality. However, even small amounts of motion can have large effects on clinical analysis, since each individual pixel needs to be careful checked. We investigate a strategy to obtain high precision deformable registration method for breast images.Materials: The data set contains 3 series. Each series contains 32 slices, with adifferent number of time points. Series 1 contains 15 time points (15×32 = 480 images), Series 2 contains 20 time points (20×32 = 640 images), and Series 3 contains 20 time points (20×32 = 640 images). Some potential complicating factors are: 1) In Series 1, the MRI flip angle is different for time points 1–5, 6–10, and 11–15, which causes each set of 5 time points to potentially have different contrast. 2) Contrast agent is administered in series 2, so the contrast changes over time. 3) There is a space of a few minutes between each series, when the patient may move. 4) Series 3 is a “wash‐out” series. As the contrast agent washes out, the imagecontrast may change. Methods: Our calculation consists of two natural steps. First, a number of control points are auto‐searched based on tissue intensity information. Control points in fixed image and moving image are matched together using SIFT (Scale Invariance Feature Transformation) method. In the second stage, the matched control points serve as a priori information for the TPS (Thin Plate Spline) deformable registration calculation. Results: Breast images are matched well using this hybrid registration method. The subtraction images are presented to show the registration results. Conclusions: The proposed method can be used in the soft tissueimages and large deformation images. Comparison to the conventional deformable registration, this method can effectively increase the local registration quality.
Statistical description of seismic reflection wavefields: a step towards quantitative interpretation of deep seismic reflection profiles

SUMMARY Seismic modelling designed to compare the statistics of a realistic acoustic impedance field with a statistical description of the resulting backscattered wavefield demonstrates a strong correlation between the spatial properties of the impedance field and the resulting wavefield. Experiments in the weak- and strong-scattering regimes indicate significant and predictable differences in the spatial properties of the wavefield depending upon the scattering mode. Wavefields generated in a mixed-scattering regime with concurrent weak and strong scattering are dominated by the strong-scattering response. The results of these experiments suggest that the statistical description of reflection wavefields may provide a basis for the quantitative interpretation of the complex reflection wavefields most commonly observed in seismic reflection profiles across crystalline basement rocks, and a tool for extracting more of the information content of the seismic data.
Professional Commitment and Satisfaction Among Teachers in Urban Middle Schools

Teacher job satisfaction is a multifaceted construct that is critical to teacher retention, teacher commitment, and school effectiveness. Interviews and questionnaires from 92 teachers in 4 urban middle schools were used to assess the importance and satisfaction they assigned to various aspects of their jobs. Teacher-pupil relationships ranked highest overall in terms of importance and satisfaction. Parent-teacher relationships commanded respondents' highest concern. Teachers in the lower achieving schools were more dissatisfied with teacher-teacher relationships and their school's curriculum than those in the higher achieving schools, and they reported a greater discrepancy in student achievement. Principals are advised to act on issues that erode teacher satisfaction by promoting teacher involvement in decision making and simultaneously focusing on education reforms.
Reorganization of the power distribution sector in India

This paper presents the central issues for electricity-sector reform in India, as they grew out of the reform process that began in 1991, and within the context of the sector's organization, regulatory structure, and other institutional characteristics. The paper argues that India's current reform policies will not be sufficient to achieve reliable, efficient power because distribution reform has not been done. Undertaking distribution reform is a difficult path to tread because of the absence of global consensus on best practices and conflicting forces, both economic and political. The paper analyzes alternative institutional structures for reform in the distribution sector. The findings include that the objectives of coverage and efficiency may conflict, that economically efficient reorganization may be politically unachievable and that the small, municipally owned firm may be the best compromise. Since many Indian states are economically and politically diverse from each other, and include both large served and unserved areas, there is scope to vary the organizational structure depending on the state's situation. This paper provides a means to do so. The agenda for policymakers is to identify the situation in their respective states and choose a reorganization path that is the best compromise.
System connectivity and matrix properties

To every square matrix may be associated a graph or network, the cyclic structure of which yields information on the roots of the matrix. The cofactor of the elementa ij may be expanded in terms of paths fromj toi. It is shown that certain types of connectivity lead to reciprocity relations. The importance of cutpoints in simplifying reciprocity relations is demonstrated.
Maraviroc: the first chemokine coreceptor 5 inhibitor

HIV viral entry occurs via viral interaction with host cell CD4 receptors and a second coreceptor, most commonly chemokine coreceptor (CCR)5. As a result, CCR5 antagonists have been developed to block HIV entry into CD4+ cells, thereby inhibiting viral replication. The first CCR5 inhibitor approved for use in the treatment of HIV was maraviroc. Maraviroc has been shown to be successful in reducing HIV replication in both antiretroviral treatment-experienced and treatment-naive populations. Since maraviroc is only efficacious against CCR5-tropic HIV virus, it is imperative to perform viral tropism testing prior to initiation of maraviroc. The currently available enhanced sensitivity Trofile™ assay (Monogram Biosciences, CA, USA) is the reference standard of tropism tests. Although it is highly sensitive, it remains a barrier to maraviroc use because it is expensive and has a long turnaround time. The development of simpler tropism assays may allow for more widespread use of maraviroc in the future. At pres...
Model studies for brain dialysis.

Abstract A dialysis cannula suitable for perfusing deep brain structures in animals is described and characterized in a series of model experiments. The effects of flow rate, concentration, variations in cannula construction, barriers to diffusion and pumping technique on the recovery of tryptophan from aqueous solutions at 37°C were examined. The 200 μm diameter dialysis cannula gave good recoveries which varied from about 8% at 6 μl/min to almost 90% at 0.15 μl/min. Prepurification of the extracellular fluid by dialysis allows the sample loop of a high performance liquid Chromatograph to be incorporated in the outflow line of the cannula for direct injection of dialysates.
SYMBIOTIC LUMINOUS SOIL BACTERIA: UNUSUAL REGULATION FOR AN UNUSUAL NICHE

Abstract— Analysis of the patterns of luminescence in Photorhabdus luminescens suggests that the factors that regulate light emission may be fundamentally different in this organism from those known in its marine luminous counterparts. Patterns of light emission seen in strain Hm, in response to the mRNA synthesis inhibitor, rifampicin (RIF), suggest that regulation may be at a posttranscriptional level. When RIF is added at concentrations that inhibit but do not totally stop growth, an increase in luminescence activity is seen approximately two generations later, independent of the rate of growth, or the cell density at which RIF is added. Furthermore, in secondary variants of this strain, which are strongly repressed for luminescence, the addition of RIF results in virtually complete expression of the luminous system. This is apparently the first demonstration of the phenotypic reversion of a trait associated with the primary/secondary transition in this organism.
Vegetation and disturbance history of a rare dwarf pitch pine community in western New England, USA

Aim This study documents the vegetation history and age-structure of a rare, ridgetop dwarf pine–oak community and compares the dynamics of this unusual vegetation with similar dwarf pine communities found elsewhere in the north-eastern United States (US). Location The study area is located on the summit of Mt Everett in the Taconic Mountains of south-western Berkshire County, Massachusetts, USA (42°06′N 73°26′W). Methods Vegetation composition, tree age-structure, physical site characteristics, and evidence of fire and other disturbances were determined for twelve 15 × 15 m plots in dwarf pine–oak vegetation and two plots in oak forests on the summit. Age-structure analyses, tree-ring patterns, and historical records of human and natural disturbance were used to investigate the long-term history and dynamics of the summit vegetation. Results The summit of Mt Everett has been dominated by dwarf pines (1–3 m tall) and ericaceous shrubs similar to the modern vegetation throughout the historical period; there is no evidence that tall-stature forests occurred on the site at any point in the past few centuries. The summit supports uneven-aged stands; pitch pine (Pinus rigida) recruitment began in the 1830s and occurred in every decade since the 1860s. Average pitch pine age is seventy-eight with a range of 12–170 years. Red oak (Quercus rubra) and red maple (Acer rubrum) increased in importance in the twentieth century, with most stems establishing from 1940 to 1980. Pitch pine radial growth rates averaged <0.5 mm year−1 while red oak and red maple averaged 1.0 and 0.8 mm year−1, respectively. In some areas, hardwoods have overtopped pitch pines, apparently resulting in pitch pine mortality. Whereas most dwarf pitch pine communities occur on sites that burn frequently and have a high degree of cone serotiny, we found no evidence of recent fires or cone serotiny. Small amounts of macroscopic charcoal that we documented may have resulted from fires in the pre-European or early historical periods. Conclusions Harsh edaphic conditions and chronic low-level disturbances on the summit, including frequent winter storms, have apparently contributed to the establishment, long-term persistence, and slow radial growth of dwarf pitch pines on Mt Everett. The ability of dwarf pines to persist on a site in the absence of frequent fire is highly unusual among North-eastern barrens and has not been well-incorporated into previous conceptual ecological models of these communities. Our results suggest that even among North-eastern barrens, the summit of Mt Everett is characterized by highly unusual vegetation and dynamics. The site has long been recognized as regionally significant and should be afforded the strictest conservation protection. With no evident history of human disturbance or recent fire, there is no apparent need for immediate active management of the site.
Analysis of Owners Safety Management Approaches in Design-Build Projects

Other than mining and agriculture, construction jobsites are the most dangerous workplaces in the United States. However, owners and contractors remain primarily concerned with whether or not a project is completed within the scope of the contract, on schedule, and on budget (Rechenthin, 2004). With the emergence of the Design-Build (DB) delivery system as a prominent method in public projects, owners drafting requests for proposals (RFPs) are given a unique opportunity to place an emphasis on the importance of safety practices in the award of best value DB contracts. This study reviewed 115 RFPs to investigate the role of safety management in Design-Build RFPs. Out of the 115 RFPs reviewed, 62 RFPs mentioned safety. An in depth analysis of this 62 RFPs was performed to determine safety management approached in Design/Build projects. Results suggest that owners can include safety criteria in their RFPs which can be part of an overall risk management plan, particularly on projects with greater interface be...
Chain conformation and molecular packing in poly(p-oxybenzoate) single crystals at ambient temperature

Abstract The chain conformation and molecular packing of poly(p-oxybenzoate) (PpOBA) at room temperature have been determined using computer modelling and direct phasing based on electron diffraction data from lamellar and whisker single crystals. In the triclinic (metrically orthorhombic) phase I and orthorhombic phase II the unit cell parameters are a=7.45, b=5.64, c=12.47 A , α=β=γ=90° for I and a=11.15, b=3.80 and c=12.56 A for II. The best agreement between the computer modelling and the experimental diffraction patterns suggests the carbonyl groups in Phase I are nearly parallel to the planes of the phenyl rings in the [001] projection, the two phenyl rings being at an angle of 124° with respect to each other along the c-axis. The two chains in the unit cell of these ‘perfect’ crystals have a parallel orientation and are staggered by ±0.14 A along the c-axis from the positions they would have in the Pbc21 space group. In Phase II, space group Pca21 the conformation of the chain is nearly the same as in phase I (phenyl ring angle = ca 128°) and there is insufficient evidence to determine if chain stagger occurs. The results of the direct phasing are in good agreement, including the stagger in Phase I. Simulated X-ray diffraction scans are compared with measured scans for samples of various solution polymerization history and resulting morphology and phase composition.
Trends in publicly financed prenatal and related services, 1975-1984.

We studied trends in Title V and health department financed prenatal and related services in U.S. counties from 1975–1984, years during which Medicaid and health insurance coverage for poor women were eroding. Information on prenatal services was obtained from background reports and telephone interviews with staff of State Maternal and Child Health programs. The number of counties providing prenatal care, particularly comprehensive care, rose considerably from 1975 tO 1984; the largest rise occurred between 1982 and 1984. Federal initiatives accounted for about 25 percent of the increase in comprehensive care, while state-funded initiatives were responsible for the modest rise in counties offering routine care. The number of counties providing related components of care such as risk assessment and referral, obstetric or pediatric linkage with prenatal care, and outreach also rose markedly during the study years. Despite these secular trends, forty percent of U.S. counties did not offer prenatal care in health department operated or funded sites in 1984.
Risk Analysis of Fuselage Splices Containing Multisite Damage and Corrosion

repair of the components. This technology has been increasingly used in the maintenance and management of aging aircraft e eets to improve e ight safety and reduce costs. The output of risk analysis can be used to optimize the maintenance schedule of aging aircraft while maintaining the POF under an acceptable level. To examine the performance of fatigue critical structures, probabilistic risk analysis has been applied to both military and commercial aircraft, and it is believed to be the approach of choice for the future. 1 Various probabilistic risk analysis methodologies have been developed for aging aircraft structures. Generally, there are two aspects in the probabilistic risk analysis to be noted. First is deterministic damage tolerance and durability analysis, such as the analysis of the median crack growth data, the onset pattern of initial MSD, crack linkup criterion, and failure criterion. Considerable effort has been expended on this issue using fracture
The New York Botanical Garden and the making of The Bahama Flora, 1920

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, The New York Botanical Garden, under the leadership of its Director-in-Chief, Nathaniel Lord Britton, launched an intensive program of exploration and publication on the plants of the Western Hemisphere, particularly in the northern Caribbean region. One major geographic focus during this period was the Bahama archipelago, resulting in the 1920 publication The Bahama Flora. Dr. Britton personally led four expeditions to the Bahamas between 1904 and 1907, but most of his effort on this project was devoted to coordinating and seeking funding for some two dozen expeditions from 1904 to 1911 undertaken by collaborators, most notably Charles Frederick Millspaugh of the Field Museum, co-author with N.L. Britton of The Bahama Flora. In total, the Flora reported 1,982 species. The present paper recounts the itineraries of the expeditions and provides examples of the principal botanical discoveries realized in the making of The Bahama Flora.
Food limitation and seasonal population declines of rotifers.

Keratella cochlearis exhibited consistent seasonal abundance patterns during a four-year study in Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin, U.S.A. In each year, spring population peaks were followed by strong summer reductions. Concomitant with population declines, there were reductions in rotifer egg ratios. Keratella taurocephala abundance patterns were similar to those of K. cochlearis during 1984 and 1985, but not in 1986 and 1987, when spring peaks and summer declines were not apparent. However, summer declines in the egg ratio of K. taurocephala were observed during each year. The reduction in rotifer populations simultaneously with decreased egg ratios suggested that population declines were caused by food limitation. Food-addition experiments conducted in situ in small enclosures indicated that food was limiting for K. cochlearis when its populations were declining, but not during other periods of the year. Keratella taurocephala did not show a consistent response to food addition.
Structural model for an alkaline form of ferricytochrome C.

An ^(15)N-enriched sample of the yeast iso-1-ferricytochrome c triple variant (Lys72Ala/Lys79Ala/Cys102Thr) in an alkaline conformation was examined by NMR spectroscopy. The mutations were planned to produce a cytochrome c with a single conformer. Despite suboptimal conditions for the collection of spectra (i.e., pH ≈ 11), NMR remains a suitable investigation technique capable of taking advantage of paramagnetism. 76% of amino acids and 49% of protons were assigned successfully. The assignment was in part achieved through standard methods, in part through the identification of groups maintaining the same conformation as in the native protein at pH 7 and, for a few other residues, through a tentative analysis of internuclear distance predictions. Lys73 was assigned as the axial ligand together with His18. In this manner, 838 meaningful NOEs for 108 amino acids, 50 backbone angle constraints, and 203 pseudocontact shifts permitted the convergence of randomly generated structures to a family of conformers with a backbone RMSD of 1.5 ± 0.2 A. Most of the native cytochrome c conformation is maintained at high pH. The NOE pattern that involves His18 clearly indicates that the proximal side of the protein, including the 20s and 40s loops, remains essentially intact. Structural differences are concentrated in the 70−80 loop, because of the replacement of Met80 by Lys73 as an axial ligand, and in the 50s helix facing that loop; as a consequence, there is increased exposure of the heme group to solvent. Based on several spectral features, we conclude that the folded polypeptide is highly fluxional.
Time-sharing (APL) computer assistance in GLC

Computer assistance enables the analytical chemist to process data more reliably, efficiently, and expeditiously. The use of the time-sharing computer for this purpose has proved significantly advantageous in our small research-oriented laboratory. The APL time-sharing computer software is described as typically exemplified in the development and recent collaborative study of the GLC assay of griseofulvin. This discussion focuses principally on the processing of the data post-acquisition, and presentss APL as an interactive communication system for data reduction and subsequent formating of output on hard copy. This includes examples of its application with linear regression and plotting of standards, performance requirements of columns, assay determinations by comparison with standards, confidence limits of the mean and various statistical treatments for the evaluation of individual and collective data from the participants of the collaborative study, and a brief critique of the system.
HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS OF FLAME INTERMEDIATES

Chemical kinetics - homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of flame intermediates - measurement of surface activities of atom recombination
Alterations in Mitochondrial Function During Acute Hypoglycemia in Newborn Piglets • 1496

Decreased substrate availability may lead to increased generation of oxygen free radicals in mitochondria due to partial reduction of oxygen. The present study tests the hypothesis that acute hypoglycemia alters mitochondrial function, resulting in oxygen free radical-induced mitochondrial damage. Studies were performed in newborn piglets exposed to normoglycemia (n=7) or 2 hr of hypoglycemia (n=6). Hypoglycemia (blood glucose 1 mmol/L) was induced with a bolus of regular insulin, 100 U/kg IV, followed by a continuous IV infusion of insulin, 2 U/kg/min. Mitochondria were isolated from cerebral cortex using a discontinuous Ficoll gradient and mitochondrial DNA was extracted. Cerebral oxidative phosphorylation was assessed biochemically by measuring tissue levels of ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr). Lipid peroxidation products (fluorescent compounds and conjugated dienes) were measured in mitochondrial membranes as an index of free radical-induced modification of membrane structure. Mitochondrial DNA analysis was performed using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis as an additional marker of mitochondrial damage. During hypoglycemia, blood glucose concentration decreased from the baseline value(mean ± SD) of 5.8 ± 1.2 mmol/l to 1.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L (p<0.005). ATP concentration (mmoles/g brain) was 4.7 ± 1.0 and 3.8± 0.7 in control and hypoglycemia respectively (p=ns); PCr (mmoles/g brain) decreased by 50% during hypoglycemia to 1.4 ± 0.8 from the control value of 2.7 ± 0.4 (p<0.05). Conjugated dienes were significantly increased in mitochondrial membranes during hypoglycemia to 4.14± 1.72 mmoles/g protein (p<0.05 compared to the reference value of 0 in controls). Fluorescent compounds (mg quinine sulfate/g protein) were also increased during hypoglycemia from the control value of 15.2 ± 9.5 to 62.2 ± 15.8 (p<0.001). Mitochondrial DNA from hypoglycemic brain showed marked fragmentation with a random distribution of fragment sizes ranging from 100-1500 bp, while control DNA showed no significant fragmentation. Thus we conclude that 2 hr of acute hypoglycemia in newborn piglets increased mitochondrial free radical generation as demonstrated by peroxidation of mitochondrial membranes. The observed pattern of mitochondrial DNA fragmentation could also be due to modification of DNA by oxygen free radicals. We speculate that free radical-induced changes in mitochondrial function during acute hypoglycemia may lead to progressive mitochondrial failure and subsequent cell death.
Incremental dynamic semantics for language-based programming environments

Attribute grammars are a formal notation for expressing the static semantics of programming languages—those properties that can be derived from inspection of the program text. Attribute grammars have become popular as a mechanism for generating language-based programming environments that incrementally perform symbol resolution, type checking, code generation, and derivation of other static semantic properties as the program is modified. However, attribute grammars are not suitable for expressing dynamic semantics—those properties that reflect the history of program execution and/or user interactions with the programming environment. This paper presents action equations, an extension of attribute grammars suitable for specifying the static and the dynamic semantics of programming languages. It describes how action equations can be used to generate language-based programming environments that incrementally derive static and dynamic properties as the user modifies and debugs th e program.
Structure and Function of the Stratum Corneum Extracellular Matrix

The stratum corneum extracellular matrix (ECM) is enriched in lipids that are organized into lamellar bilayers, whose molecular architecture is now known. Although these bilayers are important for the permeability barrier, the ECM contains not only lipids but also enzymes, structural proteins, and antimicrobial peptides that impact barrier function. Yet, how such diverse components affect barrier function remains largely unknown. Static models of the epidermis may not do justice to the ECM, which is metabolically active, as it changes both structure and function as it transits to the surface.
Numerical Simulation of AC Electrothermal Microfluidic Pumping

AC electrokinetic forces, such as AC electroosmosis (AC EO), AC electrothermal (AC ET) and dielectrophoresis (DEP) have been intensively investigated in manipulation of microfluids and micro/nanoparticles. AC EO effects are prone to manipulate relatively dilute electrolytes while AC ET effects extend the manipulation into conductive fluid domain. In the case of pumping high conductivity fluid, electric traveling wave signals on interdigitated electrode arrays and single-phase AC signals on asymmetric electrode structures are the two reported methods for AC ET based fluidic manipulation. This paper presents numerical simulation of the AC electric field induced electrothermal fluidic motion and pumping capacity of high conductivity fluids with stepped asymmetric electrode arrays. We investigated the effects of electrode profile and layout on pumping action and temperature rise distribution. Forward pumping mode and backward pumping mode are identified theoretically and numerically. Compared with the planar asymmetric electrode arrays, utilization of steps on electrode profile can result in significant improvement on the pumping capacity.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Mechanisms of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy: A study of glomerular barrier function

The fractional clearance of neutral dextrans (theta D) with Einstein-Stokes radii between 30 and 64 A was determined in normal subjects (controls, N = 15) and in diabetic patients with heavy proteinuria (advanced nephropathy, N = 16) or trace proteinuria (early nephropathy, N = 8). When plotted on log normal probability coordinates, the correlation between theta D and radius in controls and in early diabetic nephropathy was linear, suggesting that glomerular pores form one population with a normal distribution. In advanced diabetic nephropathy, however, theta D for large molecules (radius greater than 46 A) was elevated and departed from linearity suggesting a bimodal pore size distribution within the glomerular membrane. A mathematical model was devised, which revealed the mean fraction of glomerular filtrate permeating the upper pore mode to be 0.009 +/- 0.002, and the pores to be totally nondiscriminatory toward molecules with radii up to 64 A. We conclude that the development of large pores (or defects) within the glomerular membrane in advanced diabetic nephropathy permits the unrestricted passage of large plasma proteins into the urine.
RELATIVE PARTIAL WAVE THEORY OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES

The method of expanding the Hamiltonian in (relative) partial waves and introducing similarly expanded but truncated series as approximate solutions is utilized in the case of (H2)+ as a prototype of diatomic molecules. Thirteen states have been examined at four internuclear separations and results compared to exact results. In particular, oscillator strengths have been computed, and various properties of the approximate solutions are exhibited which make this method potentially very useful especially for some astrophysical applications. A simple modification of the theory can be made which ensures that the oscillator strengths satisfy the sum rules.
Multiscale characterization of materials with distributed pores and inclusions and application to crack formation in an aluminum alloy

Abstract The paper reports a study on the mechanical behavior of materials containing pores and inclusions distributed over a wide range of length scales. Utilizing a wavelet-based multiscale process such microstructures are characterized and their effects on material properties is studied. In order to present the process in a semi-analytical fashion, the variance of the strain field for an approximated one-dimensional deformation problem is examined in detail. It is shown that with respect to crack initiation, there is a strong interplay between the distribution of pores and inclusions. Furthermore, their interaction with boundaries proves to be paramount. The process is applied to a particular cast aluminum alloy where pores are, in general, about two orders of magnitude larger than the silicon particles (inclusions). Results agree well with recent experimental reports on crack initiation where the interplay of pores, inclusions, and boundaries is observed, yet not explained on a fundamental basis. The present work extends recent efforts on porous materials [Frantziskonis G. Wavelet-based analysis of multiscale phenomena—application to material porosity and identification of dominant scales. Prob Eng Mech (this issue). PII: S0266-8920(2)00032-2] to include the interaction of pores at certain scales with inclusions at other scales as well as the interaction of both with boundaries.
Visual reinforcement audiometry using digital video disc and conventional reinforcers.

Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) is a test procedure routinely used to evaluate hearing in infants and young children (6 months to 2 years). Most research and current clinical practice uses fl...
Carboxythiazole (2-Sulfanilamido-5-Carboxythiazole) in Blood, Urine and Feces After Oral Administration in Humans

Conclusions“Carboxythiazole” (2-sulfan-ilamido-5-carboxythiazole) is poorly absorbed after oral administration to man and produced no toxic symptoms in 5 patients receiving 4 g initially and 1 g every 4 hours for 3-15 days. The drug may be useful in the treatment of enteric infections and in boweI surgery.
Effect of soman exposure on the acquisition of an operant alternation task.

Abstract Following recovery from soman administration, rats were trained on an operant alternation task with a time-out between response periods. As animals became proficient at the task, both the operant requirements and the length of time-out periods were gradually raised to Fixed Ratio 20 with a 20-second Intertrial Interval. Training sessions continued until animals attained criterion or 100 training sessions had been given. Soman produced a dose-related lethality and signs of cholinergic hyperstimulation. Although all saline controls and 90% of animals receiving 75 μg/kg soman attained terminal performance, only one-third of the animals given either 85 or 95 μg/kg soman were able to learn this task. Sessions to attain criterion performance produced similar dose-dependent results: All saline animals attained criterion, while only 60%, 33% and33% of the animals given 75, 85 or 95 μg/kg soman respectively reached criterion. Additionally, both 85 and 95 μg/kg soman produced severe neural lesions, including cortical atrophy and ventricular dilation.
The Mechanism of Mus81-Mms4 Cleavage Site Selection Distinguishes It from the Homologous Endonuclease Rad1-Rad10

Mus81-Mms4 and Rad1-Rad10 are homologous structure-specific endonucleases that cleave 3′ branches from distinct substrates and are required for replication fork stability and nucleotide excision repair, respectively, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We explored the basis of this biochemical and genetic specificity. The Mus81-Mms4 cleavage site, a nick 5 nucleotides (nt) 5′ of the flap, is determined not by the branch point, like Rad1-Rad10, but by the 5′ end of the DNA strand at the flap junction. As a result, the endonucleases show inverse substrate specificity; substrates lacking a 5′ end within 4 nt of the flap are cleaved poorly by Mus81-Mms4 but are cleaved well by Rad1-10. Genetically, we show that both mus81 and sgs1 mutants are sensitive to camptothecin-induced DNA damage. Further, mus81 sgs1 synthetic lethality requires homologous recombination, as does suppression of mutant phenotypes by RusA expression. These data are most easily explained by a model in which the in vivo substrate of Mus81-Mms4 and Sgs1-Top3 is a 3′ flap recombination intermediate downstream of replication fork collapse.