cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Learning of Visual Sense Models for Polysemous Words

Polysemy is a problem for methods that exploit image search engines to build object category models. Existing unsupervised approaches do not take word sense into consideration. We propose a new method that uses a dictionary to learn models of visual word sense from a large collection of unlabeled web data. The use of LDA to discover a latent sense space makes the model robust despite the very limited nature of dictionary definitions. The definitions are used to learn a distribution in the latent space that best represents a sense. The algorithm then uses the text surrounding image links to retrieve images with high probability of a particular dictionary sense. An object classifier is trained on the resulting sense-specific images. We evaluate our method on a dataset obtained by searching the web for polysemous words. Category classification experiments show that our dictionary-based approach outperforms baseline methods.
Software's invisible users

Software is deterministic. Given a starting state and a fixed series of inputs, software will produce the exact same output every single time those inputs are applied. In fact, many of the technologies we apply during development (reviews, formal proofs, testing, and so forth) rely on this determinism; they would not work otherwise. But if software is deterministic, why do weird things happen? Why is it that we can apply a sequence of inputs and observe a failure and then be unable to reproduce that failure? Why does software work on one machine and fail on another? How is it that you can return from lunch and find your Web browser has crashed when it wasn't being used? The answer is, of course, that modern software processes an enormous number of inputs and only a small percentage of these inputs originate from human users. When testers can't reproduce failures, the reason is that they are only resubmitting the human input without sufficient regard to the operating system return codes and input from runtime libraries. When software fails on a new computer after running successfully on another, the reason can only be that the new system is supplying input that differs in content from the old one. And the browser that crashes when you are at lunch is responding to input from a nonhuman external resource.
Evaluating multicore algorithms on the unified memory model

One of the challenges to achieving good performance on multicore architectures is the effective utilization of the underlying memory hierarchy. While this is an issue for single-core architectures, it is a critical problem for multicore chips. In this paper, we formulate the unified multicore model (UMM) to help understand the fundamental limits on cache performance on these architectures. The UMM seamlessly handles different types of multiple-core processors with varying degrees of cache sharing at different levels. We demonstrate that our model can be used to study a variety of multicore architectures on a variety of applications. In particular, we use it to analyze an option pricing problem using the trinomial model and develop an algorithm for it that has near-optimal memory traffic between cache levels. We have implemented the algorithm on a two Quad-Core Intel Xeon 5310 1.6 GHz processors (8 cores). It achieves a peak performance of 19.5 GFLOPs, which is 38% of the theoretical peak of the multicore system. We demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms compiler-optimized and auto-parallelized code by a factor of up to 7.5.
Metal ion detection by luminescent 1,3-bis(dimethylaminomethyl) phenyl receptor-modified chromophores and cruciforms

Chromophores ranging from simple small molecule π-conjugated systems comprised of phenylene ethynylene or fluorenylethynyl units to cross-conjugated Bunz-type cruciforms have been derivatized to include 1,3-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl moieties. The photophysical responsiveness of these diamino-substituted chromophores to metal ions has been examined. Both emission enhancement (turn-on) and ratiometric fluorescence detection of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions have been achieved in THF.
DESIGN OF AN EXPRESSION SYSTEM FOR DETECTING FOLDED PROTEIN DOMAINS AND MAPPING MACROMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS BY NMR

Two protein expression vectors have been designed for the preparation of NMR samples. The vectors encode the immunoglobulin-binding domain of streptococcal protein G (GB1 domain) linked to the N-terminus of the desired proteins. This fusion strategy takes advantage of the small size, stable fold, and high bacterial expression capability of the GB1 domain to allow direct NMR spectroscopic analysis of the fusion protein by 1H-15N correlation spectroscopy. Using this system accelerates the initial assessment of protein NMR projects such that, in a matter of days, the solubility and stability of a protein can be determined. In addition, 15N-labeling of peptides and their testing for DNA binding are facilitated. Several examples are presented that demonstrate the usefulness of this technique for screening protein/DNA complexes, as well as for probing ligand-receptor interactions, using 15N-labeled GB1-peptide fusions and unlabeled target.
Categorizing Search Results Using WordNet and Wikipedia

Terms used in search queries often have multiple meanings and usages. Consequently, search results corresponding to different meanings or usages may be retrieved, making identifying relevant results inconvenient and time-consuming. In this paper, we study the problem of grouping the search results based on the different meanings and usages of a query. We build on a previous work that identifies and ranks possible categories of any user query based on the meanings and common usages of the terms and phrases within the query. We use these categories to group search results. In this paper, we study different methods, including several new methods, to assign search result record (SRRs) to the categories. Our SRR grouping framework supports a combination of categorization, clustering and query rewriting techniques. Our experimental results show that some of our grouping methods can achieve high accuracy.
Performance comparison of MC-CDMA over frequency-selective Nakagami-m and Rayleigh fading channels

In this paper, the bit error rate performance of uplink MC-CDMA over frequency-selective Nakagami-m fading channels is analyzed. Both maximal ratio combining (MRC) and equal gain combining (EGC) receptions are considered in the evaluations. We address two scenarios: correlated subcarriers and independent subcarriers. Independency among subcarriers was often assumed in the literature; we shall demonstrate, however, that a frequency-selective Nakagami-m fading channel model may have been overemphasized for uplink MC-CDMA with MRC or EGC receptions compared to a frequency-selective Rayleigh fading model if all subcarriers are assumed to be independent.
How Government Spending Impacts Tax Compliance

This study examines how taxpayer level of goal congruence (the extent to which a taxpayer’s interests align with the interests of the tax collecting agency) can improve tax compliance. While there is ample evidence on the deterrent effect of audit probability on taxpayer noncompliance, there is no evidence related to the potential role that goal congruence may have on compliance behavior. Results of our study indicate that goal congruence influences taxpayer compliance decisions, in that those with higher goal congruence (i.e., greater support for how tax dollars are spent) report higher amounts of taxable income. In addition, we find that audit probability only influences taxpayer compliance decisions when there is support for the government’s use of tax dollars. When taxpayers do not support government programs, their compliance is lower regardless of the audit probability. This highlights the importance of gaining taxpayer support for government programs, and that attempts to align the goals of taxpayers with those of the government may increase voluntary compliance among taxpayers. We also examine the role that Machiavellianism, a measure of moral obligation, plays in taxpayers’ compliance decisions. We find that for certain individuals who are motivated more by self-interest (those with high Machiavellianism), a high audit rate as well as support for a program may be necessary to improve compliance behavior. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Shock-powered radio emission from V5589 Sagittarii (Nova Sgr 2012 #1)

Since the Fermi discovery of $\gamma$-rays from novae, one of the biggest questions in the field has been how novae generate such high-energy emission. Shocks must be a fundamental ingredient. Six months of radio observations of the 2012 nova V5589 Sgr with the VLA and 15 weeks of X-ray observations with Swift/XRT show that the radio emission consisted of: 1) a shock-powered, non-thermal flare; and 2) weak thermal emission from $10^{-5}$ M$_\odot$ of freely expanding, photoionized ejecta. Absorption features in the optical spectrum and the peak optical brightness suggest that V5589 Sgr lies 4 kpc away (3.2-4.6 kpc). The shock-powered flare dominated the radio light curve at low frequencies before day 100. The spectral evolution of the radio flare, its high radio brightness temperature, the presence of unusually hard ($kT_x > 33$ keV) X-rays, and the ratio of radio to X-ray flux near radio maximum all support the conclusions that the flare was shock-powered and non-thermal. Unlike most other novae with strong shock-powered radio emission, V5589 Sgr is not embedded in the wind of a red-giant companion. Based on the similar inclinations and optical line profiles of V5589 Sgr and V959 Mon, we propose that shocks in V5589 Sgr formed from collisions between a slow flow with an equatorial density enhancement and a subsequent faster flow. We speculate that the relatively high speed and low mass of the ejecta led to the unusual radio emission from V5589 Sgr, and perhaps also to the non-detection of $\gamma$-rays.
Recovering the Right to Not Marry

In June 2015, the United States Supreme Court announced its much-anticipated decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, the federal challenge to state-level laws that prohibited legal recognition of same-sex marriage. The Court’s opinion struck down opposite-sex only marriage laws as an unconstitutional violation of the right to marry. In doing so, the Court offered a full-throated endorsement of marriage as a social institution of critical importance, and underscored exclusion from marriage as a traumatic legal injury. Like most cases to consider the nature and scope of the marriage right, the Obergefell opinion is replete with references to Loving v. Virginia, the 1967 case that famously struck down Virginia’s anti-miscegenation law, and in doing so, spoke of a fundamental “freedom to marry.” Though this aspect of the Loving opinion has endured and, indeed, has provided crucial support to the effort to expand civil marriage to include same-sex couples, Loving had more to say. In invalidating the Virginia statute, the Loving Court specifically identified “the freedom to marry, or not marry.” In Loving’s wake, the jurisprudence has focused on the first part of this statement – the freedom to marry – while wholly ignoring the second – the freedom to not marry. This paper attempts to fill this void by considering the nature and scope of the right to not marry. In particular, it asks whether this right exists, and if so, what are its contours? Most importantly, it considers what reclaiming this right might mean for marriage, as well as efforts to foster a greater degree of sexual freedom and liberty in intimate life outside of that institution.
TECTONOGEOMETRY AND TECTONOKINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF LUDONG AREA

According to Tectonogeometry analysis of Ludong area,it is seen that the main characters of faulting in the area are the multi-phases,multi-types,dextrorotatory in the early stage,sinistral in the later stage; Tectonohnematlcs analysis of Ludong area indicates that every tectonic movement controlled directly the characters of sedimentation and evolution from the middle Hercynlan,and they had the features themselves.The compaction strength is larger In the east than In the west.
Cytogenetic and molecular delineation of a region of chromosome 7 commonly deleted in malignant myeloid diseases

Loss of a whole chromosome 7 or a deletion of the long arm, del(7q), are recurring abnormalities in malignant myeloid diseases. To determine the location of genes on 7q that are likely to play a role in leukemogenesis, we examined the deleted chromosome 7 homologs in a series of 81 patients with therapy-related or de novo myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia. Our analysis showed that the deletions were interstitial and that there were two distinct deleted segments of 7q. The majority of patients (65 of 81 [80%]) had proximal breakpoints in bands q11-22 and distal breakpoints in q31-36; the smallest overlapping deleted segment was within q22. The remaining 16 patients had deletions involving the distal q arm with a commonly deleted segment of q32-33. To define the proximal deleted segment at 7q22 at a molecular level, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization with a panel of mapped yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones from 7q to examine 15 patients with deletion breakpoints in 7q22. We determined that the smallest overlapping deleted segment is contained in a well-defined YAC contig that spans 2 to 3 Mb. These studies delineate the region of 7q that must be searched to isolate a putative myeloid leukemia suppressor gene, and provide the necessary cloned DNA for more detailed physical mapping and gene isolation.
AOS: adaptive overwrite scheme for energy-efficient MLC STT-RAM cache

Spin-Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM) has been identified as an advantageous candidate for on-chip memory technology due to its high density and ultra low leakage power. Recent research progress in Magnetic Tunneling Junction (MTJ) devices has developed Multi-Level Cell (MLC) STT-RAM to further enhance cell density. To correct the write disturbance in MLC strategy, data stored in the soft bit must be restored back immediately after the hard bit switching is completed. However, frequent restores are not only unnecessary, but also introduce a significant energy consumption overhead. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Overwrite Scheme (AOS) which alleviates restoration overhead by intentionally overwriting selected soft bit lines based on RRD (Read Reuse Distance). Our experimental results show 54.6% reduction in soft bit restoration, delivering 10.8% decrease in overall energy consumption. Moreover, AOS promotes MLC to be a preferable L2 design alternative in terms of energy, area and latency product.
Minorities Are Underrepresented in Clinical Trials of Pharmaceutical Agents for Cystic Fibrosis

Rationale: Members of racial or ethnic minorities make up an appreciable proportion of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and have worse outcomes than non-Latino white individuals. Between 1,999 and 2014, the CF Foundation Patient Registry reported an increase in minorities from 5 to 8.2% for Latinos, from 3 to 4.6% for black individuals and from 1.4 to 3.1% for “Other.”Objectives: To evaluate the representation of racial and ethnic minorities in pharmacology clinical trials for CF.Methods: We analyzed pharmacology clinical trials in CF published between 1999 and 2015 by searching PubMed and published study reference lists for qualifying study reports. We examined whether the race and ethnicity of study subjects were reported and, if so, what percentage of subjects represented major minority groups.Measurements and Main Results: Among 147 pharmacology clinical trials, only 19.7% reported the race or ethnicity of study subjects. Latinos were verified as included in 7.5% of clinical trials, black individual...
P08.17 Influence of chlamydia trachomatis organism load on reinfection risk

Background Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection remains highly prevalent. CT reinfection occurs in up to 20% of persons within months after treatment, likely contributing to sustaining the high chlamydia prevalence. Most studies evaluating predictors of reinfection have focused on epidemiological and behavioural factors. Our program is studying host immune responses and organism factors contributing to reinfection. In this study, we evaluate the influence of CT organism load on reinfection risk. Methods In an ongoing study, women presenting to an STD Clinic in Birmingham, AL, for CT infection treatment are enrolled, treated, and return for 3- and 6-month follow-up visits. At each visit, clinical information and endocervical swabs are collected. CT detection and organism load quantification is performed using real-time PCR. To estimate organism load, a CT calibrator is run using stock CT samples with known organism counts to create cycle threshold standard curves for comparison with clinical samples, providing reliable and reproducible results that allow for relative quantification on a log scale. Results Of 119 participants completing the study to date: 95% were African American and 56% had prior CT infection (per report and chart review). The median log10 CT load at enrollment was 5.8/mL (range 3.1 – 8.9). CT reinfection occurred in 22 (18%). The median log10 load at enrollment was significantly lower in those with subsequent reinfection compared with those without reinfection (5.05/mL vs. 6.1/mL; P = 0.012 by Wilcoxon rank sum test). Conclusion A lower endocervical CT organism load at the time of treatment was associated with a greater CT reinfection risk. The reason for this is unclear, but it is possible lower organism loads could elicit weaker protective cellular immune responses, predisposing to greater reinfection risk. In addition to continuing organism load testing on more samples to verify this association, we will be investigating cellular immune responses in this cohort. Disclosure of interest statement Nothing to Declare.
Toward More Rational Decision Making

Before outlining our ideas about how rationality can be enhanced in the criminal justice system, we should first look back upon the preceding chapters to see what general statements may be made about the empirical work we have summarized. We have reviewed a large number of studies, united only by their focus on a decision point of interest to our analysis. Methods, analyses, and theoretical directions have varied considerably. The questions that the authors of these studies have asked of their data have been diverse. Can any general statements be made about the whole of the system on the basis of this impressive, yet quite heterogeneous, body of empirical research? Is there any consistency to be found in the ways in which these various actors in the system—citizens, police, judges, correctional officials—made their decisions?
The international geography of general purpose technologies (GPTs) and internationalisation of corporate technological innovation

AbstractThis study is inspired by a discussion that there is a shift towards more internationalised innovation networks in multinational corporations. In this study, we introduce the concept of general purpose technologies (GPTs) and examine the role of GPTs in the internationalisation of innovation activities. Based on an U.S. Patent and Trademark Office database covering patents granted in the U.S. to large MNCs between 1969 and 1995, our empirical findings suggest that the development of GPTs is closely linked to the internationalisation of corporate innovations. Moreover, the internationalisation of GPTs is significantly associated with the level of centrality of GPTs within an industry. GPTs are more likely to be generated in an innovating firm’s foreign countries when they serve as the non-primary technologies in an industry. More importantly, a shift in the creations of GPTs to foreign countries is accompanied with increasingly more innovations in an industry’s primary technology areas being moved ...
Distribution grid reliability analysis considering regulation down load resources via micro-PMU data

There is a growing interest by power system operators to encourage load resources to offer frequency regulation. There are several studies that evaluate the system-wide benefits of such load resource participation. However, the current literature often overlooks the potential adverse impact on power distribution feeders. This paper seems to address this open problem. We focus on a scenario where load resources offer regulation down service. We start by developing a novel data-driven approach to use distribution-level μPMU data to analyze transient load behaviours. Subsequently, we model the aggregate load transient profile, in form of an aggregate three-phase surge current profile, that is induced on a distribution feeder once a group of loads responds to a regulation down event. The impact of delay, e.g., due to sensing, communications, and load response, is taken into consideration. Distribution grid reliability is then analyzed based on different characteristics of typical over-current protection relay devices. Both momentary and permanent reliability indices are calculated. Case studies suggest that it is possible to jeopardize power distribution grid reliability if several regulation down load resources are on the same feeder. The probability of failure depends on the distribution grid protection system and the amount and distribution of delay in the regulation aggregation system.
Of means and ends: The financialization and regulation of health care

Health care is at a critical stage: doctors and patients, the central protagonists in this field, are less and less satisfied with the outcomes. Much of the debate about health care has focused on the choice between large public or corporate solutions. This creates a false dichotomy and wrongheaded solution. As we evaluate proposed healthcare solutions, we ought to apply the frameworks of Catholic Social Doctrine. We can have a medical system that both meets financial objectives and makes a radical commitment to the person.
An Investigation into the Effect of Process Control Generated Information on Production Management Organization Structure

ABSTRACT Two studies, concerned with the use of process control computer-generated information for production management decision making, are discussed. One study which has been completed, used data from a large primary steel products company to study and propose a process control/business control interface. The other study deals with the use of process generated information as a basis for automatic decision making at the lower levels of production management.
Evaluating nurse staffing levels in perianesthesia care units using discrete event simulation

ABSTRACTHigh variability in patient flow and changing patient acuity in perianesthesia care units (preparation/postanesthesia recovery [PREP/PACU]) is a challenge to efficient management of nurse staffing. Common approaches to estimate required nurse staffing levels that use PACU patient census over time, multiplied by nurse to patient ratios (NPR), may systematically underestimate nurse staffing needs. The objective of this study is to use discrete event simulation (DES) coupled with a queuing model to project nurse staffing levels and account for the dynamics of assigning nurses to patients. We evaluated the reference timevarying NPR-based method, which takes into account changing patient acuities over time, and showed that the current reference methods underestimate staffing requirements. These data parameterized the DES, which modeled the temporal patterns of weekly perioperative patient flow and mimicked the nurse protocol to manage stochastically simulated patients for a PREP/PACU within an urban 10...
Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer to Thyroid Diagnosed by Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Technique

Medical literature about the role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in identifying thyroid lesions is limited. We present a case of secondary thyroid cancer from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) metastasis, diagnosed by thyroid EUS-fine needle aspiration (FNA) approach that was done for staging of esophageal adenocarcinoma, in a patient with 11-year history of complete right nephrectomy for RCC. An 81-year-old female patient underwent EUS for the evaluation of a newly discovered distal esophageal cancer. A hypoechoic, round, and well-demarcated mass that measured 26.9 mm × 21.9 mm was noticed in the right lobe thyroid gland. Therefore FNA was performed. The cytological results were consistent with metastatic RCC. In conclusion, EUS-FNA of thyroid nodule is a feasible and safe technique that can be used to evaluate any suspicious thyroid nodule. This case emphasizes the importance of carefully examining the thyroid gland during routine upper esophageal EUS examinations in the presence of history of nonthyroidal cancer.
Effect of Novel Magnetic Nanoparticles on Morphology properties of Polyurethane Foam

Polyurethane rigid foam (PUR) nanocomposite contain of novel magnetic (MNPs) core-shell nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Silica@Urea-1 and 3wt%) was prepared by in situ polymerization method. The structure of nanoparticles was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of the MNPs nanoparticles on morphology properties of PUR was studied.
Management of the Maxillary Diastema by Various Dental Specialties.

Purpose There is considerable controversy in the literature concerning the indications for frenectomy for treating a maxillary diastema and for timing of the procedure. The purpose of this study was to survey pediatric dentists, orthodontists, and oral and maxillofacial surgeons on their opinion of this matter to develop a consensus. Materials and Methods An anonymous 7-item electronic questionnaire was sent to members of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentists, the American Association of Orthodontists, and the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons asking about the etiology of the maxillary diastema, its diagnosis, and treatment. Results Although there was no agreement among the oral and maxillofacial surgeons for the timing of frenectomy and when the diastema should be closed, the pediatric dentists and orthodontists generally agreed that frenectomy should not be performed before the permanent canines are erupted and that the operation should follow orthodontic closure of the space. Conclusion Although there was no complete consensus among the 3 groups, a logical treatment approach for the maxillary diastema is proposed.
Adaptive Signal Processing

GENERAL INTRODUCTION. Adaptive Systems. The Adaptive Linear Combiner. THEORY OF ADAPTATION WITH STATIONARY SIGNALS. Properties of the Quadratic Performance Surface. Searching the Performance Surface. Gradient Estimation and Its Effects on Adaptation. ADAPTIVE ALGORITHMS AND STRUCTURES. The LMS Algorithm. The Z-Transform in Adaptive Signal Processing. Other Adaptive Algorithms and Structures. Adaptive Lattice Filters. APPLICATIONS. Adaptive Modeling and System Identification. Inverse Adaptive Modeling, Deconvolution, and Equalization. Adaptive Control Systems. Adaptive Interference Cancelling. Introduction to Adaptive Arrays and Adaptive Beamforming. Analysis of Adaptive Beamformers.
Not just for boys: a rare case of symptomatic Osgood-Schlatter disease in a skeletally mature woman.

A 30-year-old woman with a history of symptomatic Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) in childhood presented to her primary care physician with pain in her right knee, gradually worsening over the past 6 months. Until this period of persistent pain, the patient reported occasional intermittent right
Maternal genetic markers for risk of celiac disease and their potential association with neural tube defects in offspring

BACKGROUND We examined the association between the maternal genotype for celiac disease-associated variants and risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). METHODS We conducted a case-control study, using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. We evaluated 667 cases (women with an offspring with NTD) and 743 controls (women with an offspring without a birth defect). We classified women as having low, intermediate, or high risk of celiac disease based on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants. We used logistic regression to assess the relationship between HLA celiac risk group (low, intermediate, high) and risk of NTDs. Fifteen non-HLA variants (identified from genome-wide association studies of celiac disease) were individually evaluated and modeled additively. RESULTS There was no association between HLA celiac risk group and NTDs (intermediate vs. low risk: aOR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8-1.3; high vs. low risk: aOR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.5-1.3). Of the fifteen non-HLA variants, we observed five significant associations after accounting for multiple comparisons. Three negative associations were observed with rs10903122, rs13314993, rs13151961 (aOR range: 0.69-0.81), and two positive associations were observed with rs13003464 and rs11221332 (aOR range: 1.27-1.73). CONCLUSION If confirmed, our results suggest that the maternal variants related to celiac disease may be involved in the risk of NTDs.
An Honest Discussion About Learning as a Bilingual Student in American Schools

Bilingual students are a distinctive portion of the population of American schools. While encountering these students is not a rare occurrence, the type of instruction and assistance that is provided varies greatly from district to district. This professional memo highlights a series of open conversations with an adult bilingual learner. One is able to see the impact of school-related responses (or lack thereof) from his youth upon his later life.
NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in Young and Older Adults: Reliability and Relationship to Adiposity and Physical Activity.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Executive function in normal aging may be modulated by body habitus and adiposity, both factors modified by physical therapist prescriptions. This study measured between-day reliability of executive function metrics in young and older individuals and examined associations between cognition, adiposity, and physical activity. METHODS Forty-three young and 24 older participants underwent executive function assessment via the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery (Dimensional Change Card Sort, Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention [Flanker], and List Sorting Working Memory [List Sorting]) at 7-day intervals. Between-day reliability was assessed via intraclass correlation (ICC). Responsiveness was assessed via between-day effect size and Cohen's d. Forward stepwise linear regression examined associations between cognition and age, body mass index, percent body fat, and a self-report measure of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Executive function scores were higher for young participants than for older participants (all P < .002), consistent with typical age-related cognitive decline. Reliability of cognitive metrics was higher for older participants (ICC = 0.483-0.917) than for young participants (ICC = 0.386-0.730). Between-day effect sizes were approximately 50% smaller for older participants. Percent body fat significantly correlated with the Flanker Unadjusted Scale (P = .004, R2 = 0.0772). Neither vigorous nor total physical activity correlated with any cognitive metric. CONCLUSIONS Older participants demonstrated greater between-day reliability for executive function measures, while young participants showed greater capacity to improve performance upon repeat exposure to a cognitive test (especially Flanker). Percent body fat correlated significantly with Flanker scores, while body mass index (an indirect measure of body fat) did not. Self-reported physical activity did not correlate with executive function. Cognitive response to physical therapist-prescribed exercise is a fertile ground for future research.
Taxonomy for evaluating the site-specific applicability of one-dimensional ground response analysis

Abstract Because one-dimensional (1D) ground response analysis remains the state-of-practice for geotechnical earthquake engineering, one crucial task is to identify whether the response of a site can be modeled well by 1D analysis. In this study, ground response analyses incorporating 1D transfer functions (TF) and the H/V Spectral Ratio (HVSR) technique are carried out for 34 downhole array sites and used to develop a taxonomy that assesses the suitability of 1D analysis for a site. The empirical HVSR is used to identify the first-mode resonant frequency of the site, and the within and outcrop TF are used to distinguish true outcrop-resonances from pseudo-resonances. The taxonomy is focused on capturing outcrop-resonances rather than pseudo-resonances because pseudo-resonances are an artifact of downhole array sites and are not present in the outcropping analysis of non-downhole array sites. Using the proposed taxonomy, 69% of the sites are considered suitable for 1D analysis, which is a much larger percentage than found in other studies. This more favorable result is a direct result of considering only true-resonances in the assessment of 1D applicability. This taxonomy system is developed using downhole array data but it can be applied to any site (even non-downhole array sites) in which the empirical HVSR curve and shear wave velocity profile are measured, making it easily applied in engineering practice.
Leveraging the Human Operator in the Design and Control of Supernumerary Robotic Limbs

A human has over 200 muscles in the body, creating a high degree of flexibility and redundancy in movement. This paper exploits this high degree of redundancy for the actuation and control of Supernumerary Robotic Limbs (SuperLimbs), which are attached to a human body. SuperLimbs containing many active joints tend to be too heavy to wear comfortably. Since SuperLimbs are attached to a human body at their base, Superlimbs can be positioned directly by moving the base with movements of the human body. No active joints are needed for the SuperLimbs in certain directions if the human body can generate the same movements as the SuperLimbs, thus allowing for the design of reduced-actuator Superlimbs. Here, we present a method for quantifying the usable degrees of freedom (DOFs) of a human body for a specific task so that the number of Superlimb actuators can be reduced. The high degree of redundant human DOFs can also be utilized for communication and control. Human's fingers are often redundant for performing a task, e.g. holding a box. Although both hands are busy, some combination of the finger forces is still available for generating signal patterns. An algorithm is developed for generating coded finger force patterns without interfering with the performance of the primary task. Both methods are implemented on a simple SuperLimb and a human subject demonstrates the usefulness of the methods.
FGF signaling is required for chemokinesis and ventral migration of trunk neural crest cells.

BACKGROUND Neural crest cells (NCCs) delaminate from the neural tube (NT) and migrate ventrally to generate the trunk peripheral nervous system (PNS). Although several signaling pathways have been identified that steer NCCs once they are on their ventral trajectory, no molecules have been identified that are required for the initial migration between the NT and the dorsal root ganglion. Given the critical role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in embryogenesis, we investigated its function in this initial migration. RESULTS FGFR1 signaling is required for the migration of newly delaminated NCCs onto the ventral pathway. Live imaging of migrating NCCs revealed that inhibition of FGFR1 signaling caused the dorsally stalled NCCs to lose their dorsal/ventral oriented polarity and instead adopt a rounded morphology while dynamically extending filopodia. FGF8, an FGFR1 ligand, increased motility of NCCs away from the NT by acting chemokinetically. Finally, we provide evidence that inhibition of FGFR1-mediated chemokinesis is partially rescued by increasing Akt signaling, inhibiting RhoA, and activation of N-cadherin signaling. CONCLUSION These data support a model in which NCCs are stimulated chemokinetically by FGF:FGFR1 signaling, and that this activation positions and orients NCCs on their ventral migratory route-a process that is essential for patterning the trunk PNS.
Why is Single-Layer MoS 2 a More EnergyEfficient Membrane for Water Desalination?

Water desalination technologies are extensively utilized to solve water scarcity problems in many regions of the world. Discovery and application of two-dimensional (2D) nanoporous materials provid...
Management of Dental Anxiety via Distraction Technique

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a stress ball as a distraction technique on stress levels of patients undergoing a dental procedure. Material and methods A randomized, split-mouth design was conducted using 20 adult subjects requiring scaling and root planing (Sc/RP) in all four quadrants. Each side of the mouth (maxillary/mandibular) received Sc/RP with local anesthetic with or without the use of a stress-ball distraction over two separate sessions. Subjects completed two pre-procedural questionnaires (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI; Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, MDAS) before and after each treatment session. A Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) sensor (Neulog) was used throughout each session to measure skin conductance or sweat. Results No significant difference in GSR scores was found during treatment with or without the use of the stress ball. Also, no significant differences in the change in STAI or MDAS scores were found with or without the use of a stress ball. Conclusions The results of this study found that the use of a stress ball as a distraction technique did not result in any significant reduction in stress levels in subjects undergoing scaling and root planing with local anesthesia. Key words:Anxiety, distraction, stress ball.
Herding Among Retail Shoppers: the Case of Television Shopping Network

Herding behavior refers to the behavior of individuals behaving similarly as a group without directions to coordinate. Herding can demonstrate rational characteristics. When consumers believe that others may have private information about a product, they infer unobserved information through other people’s behaviors, thereby engaging in similar actions themselves. While rational herding behavior has been found mostly in high involvement environments such as the financial markets, this paper provides evidence that such behavior may also occur in a comparatively lower involvement environment such as retailing. To demonstrate herding behavior and test shoppers’ rationality in such, the authors employ a unique dataset from a major TV shopping channel. In this setting, information about other buyers’ purchase decisions is only sometimes observed by shoppers. Evidence suggests that herding happens among shoppers and the herding behavior appears to exhibit rationality. The authors find that herding effects (1) are stronger when relative price discount is smaller, (2) are more prominent for a product category with less digitalizable attributes, and (3) appear to happen mainly in the earlier part of a sales pitch when shoppers have less information about a product and are more uncertain about their product valuation.
The Master Field in Generalised $QCD_2$

As an illustration of the formalism of the master field we consider generalised $QCD_2$. We show how Wilson Loop averages for an arbitrary contour can be computed explicitly and with some ease. A generalised Hopf equation is shown to govern the behaviour of the eigenvalue density of Wilson loops. The collective field description of the theory is therefore deduced. Finally, the non-trivial master gauge field and field strengths are obtained. These results do not seem easily accessible with conventional means.
Take a Walk to the Wild Side of Caenorhabditis elegans-Pathogen Interactions

Microbiomes form intimate functional associations with their hosts. Much has been learned from correlating changes in microbiome composition to host organismal functions. However, in-depth functional studies require the manipulation of microbiome composition coupled with the precise interrogation of organismal physiology-features available in few host study systems. Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be an excellent genetic model organism to study innate immunity and, more recently, microbiome interactions. The study of C. elegans-pathogen interactions has provided in depth understanding of innate immune pathways, many of which are conserved in other animals. However, many bacteria were chosen for these studies because of their convenience in the lab setting or their implication in human health rather than their native interactions with C. elegans In their natural environment, C. elegans feed on a variety of bacteria found in rotting organic matter, such as rotting fruits, flowers, and stems. Recent work has begun to characterize the native microbiome and has identified a common set of bacteria found in the microbiome of C. elegans While some of these bacteria are beneficial to C. elegans health, others are detrimental, leading to a complex, multifaceted understanding of bacterium-nematode interactions. Current research on nematode-bacterium interactions is focused on these native microbiome components, both their interactions with each other and with C. elegans We will summarize our knowledge of bacterial pathogen-host interactions in C. elegans, as well as recent work on the native microbiome, and explore the incorporation of these bacterium-nematode interactions into studies of innate immunity and pathogenesis.
La configuración del cuerpo humano en el espacio virtual. The Visible Human Project. Un acercamiento a la práctica artística

espanolLas representaciones del interior del cuerpo humano obtenidas mediante tecnicas de diagnostico por imagen como la Resonancia Magnetica estan cada vez mas presentes en nuestra cultura. La representacion del interior del cuerpo ya no es un objeto fisico perecedero, sino un conjunto de datos incorruptible y manipulable al que se puede acceder desde cualquier ordenador y que se puede abordar desde cualquier disciplina. Mi objetivo es poner de manifiesto el uso por parte de artistas de este material medico anatomico, estableciendo niveles de lectura de las imagenes distintos del diagnostico. El nexo comun entre los ejemplos que cito es el proyecto de la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los EEUU The Visible Human Project (1994-1996). El proyecto, que llevo a cabo la digitalizacion de dos cadaveres para su libre difusion en la Red, ha creado una iconografia inconfundible en el espacio cibernetico de la mano de cientificos, artistas, publicistas y usuarios anonimos. Sus obras introducen conceptos como la hipervisibilidad, el espacio virtual, la manipulacion de datos, los avatares o la transparencia, que determinan las nuevas formas de representacion del cuerpo en nuestra sociedad contemporanea. EnglishMedical images of the interior body through imaging technologies as Magnetic Resonance are increasingly presents in our culture. The representation of the interior body is no longer a perishable physical object, but an incorruptible and manipulable set of data you can approach from wherever you are and from any field of knowledge. The aim of this article is bringing to light the use of medical imaging data by artists, considering different levels of reading apart from the diagnostic one. The connection between the cases brought in this article is the Visible Human Project, supported by the National Library of Medicine (1994-1996), from which an extend iconography has unmistakably filled the cyberspace. Two cadavers dataset are freely used by scientists, artists, publicists and anonymous users, and enable us to think about concepts as hypervisibility, virtual space, data manipulation, avatar and transparency, all of them determining new ways of body representation in our society.
G. E. Moore's Ethical Theory: Resistance and Reconciliation

Introduction: irony, naivete and Moore 1. Simplicity, indefinability, non-naturalness 2. Good's non-naturalness 3. The paradox of ethics and its resolution 4. The status of ethics: dimming the future and brightening the past 5. The origin of the awareness of good and the theory of common sense 6. Moore's argument against egoism 7. The diagnosis of egoism and the consequences of its rejection 8. Moore's practical and political philosophy 9. Moore's cosmic conservatism 10. Cosmic conservatism II Bibliography Index.
Pinhole SPECT for imaging In-111 in the head

With the development of targeted radiotherapy techniques, quantitation of radionuclides that emit high energy photons (>140 keV) by gamma camera scintigraphy has become increasingly important in external imaging applications. The radionuclide In-111 (171 and 245 keV) has been used experimentally with monoclonal antibodies and receptor specific pharmaceuticals to obtain pre-treatment information for various types of brain tumors. Conventional protocols for imaging In-111 utilize parallel-hole collimators designed for medium energy (ME) applications. The performance of ME collimators suffers from decreased spatial resolution and/or sensitivity. Septal penetration can also lead to image degradation. Pinhole collimation can offer improved spatial resolution and/or sensitivity compared with ME collimators when imaging In-111 in objects the size of the head or smaller, especially when restricting the field-of-view to regions near the central plane. Simulation and experimental phantom studies have been used to investigate pinhole SPECT for imaging In-111 in the head. Chang attenuation and dual-window scatter subtraction compensation methods have been evaluated for potential accuracy in pinhole geometry. Results have shown improved image quality with pinhole collimation with a /spl les/15% quantitative accuracy in phantom studies. The authors demonstrate that pinhole SPECT is a viable alternative to ME collimator imaging of In-111 in objects the size of the head. >
Prospects for precision measurements in nuclear β decay in the LHC era

Precision measurements in nuclear β decay offer a sensitive window to search for new physics beyond the standard electroweak model. Searches for new physics are also a strong motivation for experiments carried out at the high energy frontier. It is instructive to confront results from the low energy and the high energy frontiers in order to look for possible complementarities. This paper reviews the constraints on new physics obtained from nuclear and neutron decays and compares them to those from other semi-leptonic processes and from the LHC. The sensitivity requirements of new precision experiments in β decay, to impact the search for new physics at the light of current and projected LHC results, are updated. Experimental developments in nuclear and neutron β decay are discussed with emphasis on their projected goals to improve the limits on exotic weak couplings.
Representation by Correspondence: An Inadequate Conception of Knowledge for Artifical Systems

In the Artificial Intelligence community knowledge is normally viewed as structures in the mind (symbols, features, images, etc.) that correspond to structures in the environment. I argue that the standard view is inadequate and that it cannot aid in the construction of truly intelligent systems. Representations by correspondence require prior knowledge of the structure in the mind, the structure in the world, and of the correspondence between them. Unless some other kind of knowledge is already available to the system, it can have no knowledge by correspondence. Various derivatives of this fundamental problem are discussed, including the proliferation of correspondences; the need to posit an observer; the inability to account for error from the system’s point of view; and the radical incompatibility between representation by correspondence and evolutionary or developmental accounts of knowledge.