cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Sampling Approach for Four Dimensional Data Assimilation

This paper studies a direct approach to smoothing by sampling the posterior distribution in four dimensional data assimilation. The methodology is based on a hybrid Monte Carlo approach and can be applied to non-linear models, non-linear observation operators, and non-Gaussian probability distributions. The generated ensemble is used to construct both the analysis state (the minimum variance estimator) and the analysis error covariance matrix. Numerical tests performed with the Lorenz-96 model and with both linear and quadratic observation operators illustrate the usefulness and performance of the approach.
Chapter 5 - Computer Modeling of MOSFETs

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the computer modeling of metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). Quantitatively accurate computer modeling of the short-channel MOSFET, the key element in VLSI, is now available. The excellent agreement between the simulated and experimental device performances testifies to the correctness of the model and the material parameters used. There are several attributes that make possible the accuracy of the simulation at a reasonable computing cost. Most notable is the complementary natures of the mathematical formulation and the grid system employed. The latter provides a very high spatial resolution in the critical regions while suppressing the total number of points. It also facilitates higher speed in the matrix inversion by maintaining the aspect ratio of all unit cells near unity and by allowing the subdivision of space within the unit cell to achieve ultrahigh resolution when necessary, without increasing the matrix size. The simulation results obtained demonstrate the necessity of the two-dimensional considerations.
The effect of reflow process variables on the wettability of lead-free solders

A quantitative dynamic solder wettability measurement was utilized to evaluate the effects of reflow processing on the wettability parameters associated with the lead-free solders 96.5Sn-3.5Ag and 58Bi-42Sn. Solder wettability was determined with respect to the final degree of spread and the extent of solder wetting onto the terminal areas of surface-mount components. The solder alloy composition of 96.5Sn-3.5Ag exhibited better wetting characteristics than the 58Bi-42Sn alloy. This wetting behavior was enhanced under the reflow conditions of a nitrogen atmosphere and the use of a gold metallization. The wetting of the conventional 63Sn-37Pb solder alloy was improved over the comparatively processed 58Bi-42Sn alloy. However, the 63Sn-37Pb solder alloy displayed a greater sensitivity to reflow atmosphere than the 96.5Sn-3.5Ag alloy, which generally exhibited better wetting characteristics than the Sn-Pb alloy.
On Value Identification and the Construction of the Core Value System of Social Work

The realization process of socialist core value system is not only the process of education instillation,but also the process of value identification.To realize the value identification with socialist core value system and truly transform the socialist core value system into the social worker’s voluntary pursuit,it is necessary to grasp the value guidance of cognitive psychological identity and practice.Value integrating foreign part with localizing is the only way and channel to form Chinese social worker value system.
The effects of paste moisture content before plate curing on the SLI battery performance

The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the effects of paste moisture content at the end of the flash drying oven on battery performance.It will give a direction on how to control the paste moisture content via better parameter setting.
Pregnancy outcome following microsurgical fimbrioplasty

A microsurgical technique of fimbrioplasty has been utilized in 40 patients operated on by the author. The subdivisions of deagglutination and incision of a peritoneal ring or tubal wall are described diagrammatically. Sixty-three percent of 35 patients who had a pure microsurgical fimbrioplasty conceived postoperatively. One of these 22 pregnancies was ectopic. In five patients who had a mixed procedure, all conceived postoperatively and one of five pregnancies was ectopic. Overall, pregnancy occurred in 68% of 40 patients. Uterine pregnancy was achieved in 63% and ectopic pregnancy in 5% of this series. It is of interest that 44% of those patients achieving a pregnancy did so within 3 months of surgery.
Biogeography of Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods date back to the Cambro–Ordovician (~510–471 mya), around the same time as land plants. Further diversification is thought to have started in the Silurian–Devonian. Their ancient history means that some of the early biogeographic patterns are associated with the break-up of Gondwana and Laurasia, which imposed isolation on previously connected biotas. However, more recent disjunctions, due to geological or climatological shifts, have continued to play a role. At the same time, biogeographic patterns have also been heavily influenced by dispersal (or loss of dispersal ability). Another major influence in terrestrial arthropod biogeography is that of interactions, in particular with plants as pollinators or herbivores. Islands, or insular systems, provide discrete areas within which to examine biogeographic phenomena, and have been very important in the development of the field. They have also been associated some spectacular examples of adaptive radiation. Specific island-like environments are mentioned, including various oceanic islands, sky islands, caves, and fragments.
Movement towards transdiagnostic psychotherapeutic practices for the affective disorders.

Evidence-based cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) practices were first developed in the 1960s. Over the decades, refinements and alternative symptom foci resulted in the development of several CBT protocols/manuals for each of the many disorders, especially in the affective disorders. Although shown to be effective in highly trained providers, the proliferation of CBT protocols also has shown to demonstrate challenges in dissemination and implementation efforts due to the sheer number of CBT protocols and their related training requirements (eg, 6 months per protocol) and their related cost (eg, over US$2000 each; lost days/hours at work). To address these concerns, newer transdiagnostic CBT protocols have been developed to reduce the number of disorder-specific CBT protocols needed to treat patients with affective disorders. Transdiagnostic treatments are based on the notion that various disorder-specific CBT protocols contain important but overlapping treatment components that can be distilled into a single treatment and therefore address the symptoms and comorbidities across all of the disorders at once. 3 examples of transdiagnostic treatments include group CBT of anxiety, unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment for emotional disorders and transdiagnostic behaviour therapy. Each transdiagnostic protocol is designed for a different set of disorders, contains a varied amount of CBT treatment components and is tested in different types of samples. However, together, these 3 transdiagnostic psychotherapies represent the future of CBT practice.
Assessment of pain perception following periodontal and implant surgeries.

Objective To evaluate patients’ pain perception following periodontal or implant surgery and to explore risk factors associated with post-surgical pain. Materials and methods Patients undergoing periodontal or implant surgery were recruited. Post-surgical pain perception was evaluated by a numeric rating scale (NRS, 1 to 10) after one week. Self-reported durations of pain (DOP) and swelling (DOS), and consumption of prescriptions were also recorded. Demographic and surgical variables were compared between the groups of mild (MP) and moderate-to-severe post-surgical pain (SP). Factors associated with SP were analyzed statistically. Results Ten surgical types in 3 categories, comprising 330 surgeries in 253 patients, were included. Overall, 70.3% of the subjects experienced mild pain, 25.5% experienced moderate pain, and 4.2% experienced severe pain. The highest median NRS score was found in subjects having advanced implant surgery [4.0, interquartile range (IQR) 4.00], and the lowest in open flap debridement surgery (1.0, IQR 1.00). The median DOP was 2.0 days (IQR 2.00). Analgesic need (median=2.0 days, IQR 4.00) was correlated with the DOP (r=0.406, p<0.01) and the NRS score (r=0.358, p<0.01). Subjects receiving periodontal plastic surgery (OR=3.20, 95% CI=1.06-9.71), complex surgery (OR=2.63, 95% CI=1.31-5.25), increased surgical extension (OR=1.78, 95% CI=1.21-2.62) and increased anesthesia (OR=2.32, 95% CI=1.13-4.76) were more likely to experience (SP). Conclusions The majority of patients perceived mild post-surgical pain, but the pain level varied among different surgical procedures. Periodontal plastic surgery, complex surgery, surgical extension and anesthetic volume were associated with more pain. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Symptoms and Etiology of Serious Mental Illness

The symptoms of serious mental illnesses can be catastrophic in their impact, threatening the integrity of the person’s thoughts, feelings, and sense of self. This chapter and the next include brief vignettes about individuals with mental illnesses. All are factually based, but keep in mind that they represent only a brief interval in that person’s life and only one aspect of the life of a person with a severe mental illness. All individuals have characteristics, abilities, interests, and experiences that make them unique. A person who is utilizing mental health services should never be viewed simply as having an illness.
Button battery ingestion complications

Abstract Corrosive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract due to button batteries often require a multidisciplinary approach due to the potential for multiple complications. We present two cases of button battery ingestion in toddlers; one patient developed a corrosive tracheoesophageal fistula and the other a localized perforation.
Lexmark, Watermarks, Skylink and Marketplaces: Misuse and Misperception of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act's Anticircumvention Provision

The DMCA was intended to bring copyright law up to speed with technological advances. It was not meant to add a sui generis anticircumvention claim for reverse-engineering, nor was it meant to chill competition by eradicating competitors who depend on reverse-engineering. The Skylink case demonstrates a correct interpretation of the DMCA to aftermarket competitors by allowing the fair use doctrine to come into play as it would with any other copyrighted work.
Anterolateral entorhinal-hippocampal imbalance in older adults disrupts object pattern separation

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is among the earliest brain areas to deteriorate in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the extent to which functional properties of the EC are altered in the aging brain, even in the absence of clinical symptoms, is not understood. Recent human fMRI studies have identified a functional dissociation within the EC, similar to what is found in rodents. Here, we used high-resolution fMRI to identify a specific hypoactivity in the anterolateral EC (alEC) commensurate with major behavioral deficits on an object pattern separation task in asymptomatic older adults. Only subtle deficits were found in a comparable spatial condition, with no associated differences in posteromedial EC between young and older adults. We additionally link this condition to previously reported dentate/CA3 hyperactivity, both of which were associated with object mnemonic discrimination impairment. These results provide novel evidence of alEC-dentate/CA3 circuit dysfunction in cognitively normal aged humans.
The Posterior Bundle's Effect on Posteromedial Elbow Instability After a Transverse Coronoid Fracture: A Biomechanical Study.

Purpose There has been increased interest in the role of the posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (pMUCL) in the elbow, particularly its effects on posteromedial rotatory stability. The ligament's effect in the context of an unfixable coronoid fracture has not been the focus of any study. The purposes of this biomechanical study were to evaluate the stabilizing effect of the pMUCL with a transverse coronoid fracture and to assess the effect of graft reconstruction of the ligament. Methods We simulated a varus and internal rotatory subluxation in 7 cadaveric elbows at 30°, 60°, and 90° elbow flexion. The amount of ulnar rotation and medial ulnohumeral joint gapping were assessed in the intact elbow after we created a transverse coronoid injury, after we divided the pMUCL, and finally, after we performed a graft reconstruction of the pMUCL. Results At all angles tested, some stability was lost after cutting the pMUCL once the coronoid had been injured, because mean proximal ulnohumeral joint gapping increased afterward by 2.1, 2.2, and 1.3 mm at 90°, 60°, and 30°, respectively. Ulnar internal rotation significantly increased after pMUCL transection at 90°. At 60° and 30° elbow flexion, ulnar rotation increased after resection of the coronoid but not after pMUCL resection. Conclusions An uninjured pMUCL stabilizes against varus internal rotatory instability in the setting of a transverse coronoid fracture at higher flexion angles. Further research is needed to optimize graft reconstruction of the pMUCL. Clinical relevance The pMUCL is an important secondary stabilizer against posteromedial instability in the coronoid-deficient elbow. In the setting of an unfixable coronoid fracture, the surgeon should examine for posteromedial instability and consider addressing the pMUCL surgically.
Black penguin: On the feasibility of detecting intrusion with homogeneous memory

Growing complexity in modern software is making signature-based intrusion detection an increasing challenge. Many recent intrusion detection systems rely on accurate recovery of application semantics from memory. In this paper, we approach the problem from a different angle. We observe that the user applications in corporate network often run in identical system environments due to standardized IT deployment procedure. The same applications share similar runtime statistics across different workstations through out the time, despite different uses by the end users. When an application is compromised on one workstation, its runtime profile would be different from the rest, similar to how a black penguin would look distinctly different from the rest of the colony. In this work, we present our preliminary study on Black Penguin, a compare-view based intrusion detection system leveraging homogeneity of application-level memory statistics in corporate environment. The detection system follows a three-step process that includes memory analysis, unsupervised learning and risk mitigation. To explore the feasibility of Black Penguin, we conduct two types of experiments using Internet Explorer and Firefox as target applications. First, we examine the statistical differences of the same application under different user usage. To this end, we collect and analyze memory statistics of browser when visiting the top 500 websites ranked by Moz. Second, we examine the difference when the application is under attack. Several browser attacks are used to generate the intrusion samples. Our preliminary evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of the approach. Lastly, we also provide discussions on the limitations of the proposed system as well as future directions.
An Experimental Study of Adhesion Between Aggregate Minerals and Asphalt Binders Using Particle Probe Scanning Force Microscopy

Accurate determination of adhesion between asphalt binders and aggregates is essential to the performance of pavement structures. In this study, particle probe scanning force microscopy was used to measure the adhesion between mineral microspheres representing the primary aggregate constituents and various control and modified binders. Average unit surface energies were applied to distinguish adhesion between various aggregate-binder pairs. Results showed that the alumina-binder pair exhibited higher adhesion than those of silica-binder and calcium carbonate-binder pairs. Microstructure variations were also detected for different modified binders that could lead to the adhesion differences.
The Influence of Counselors’ Religious Values on Clients’ Perceptions of the Counselor:

This research studies the effect of pretherapy information regarding counselors' religious values on clients' selection of a counselor. The subjects, 250 undergraduates, each read one of five couns...
Ultrasound imaging improves hormone therapy strategies for induction of ovulation and in vitro fertilization in the endangered dusky gopher frog (Lithobates sevosa).

Establishing captive breeding populations of amphibians is an important conservation strategy to safeguard against ongoing declines of wild populations and provide broodstock for reintroduction programs. The endangered dusky gopher frog (DGF) has never naturally reproduced in captivity and requires breeding intervention to sustain the population. Methods for inducing ovulation in female DGFs using hormone therapies have not been evaluated. To address this need, we tested four exogenous hormone treatments to induce ovulation in DGFs (n = 11/treatment), including: treatment (A) gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa); (B) GnRHa with dopamine antagonist metoclopramide hydrochloride; (C) GnRHa and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and (D) GnRHa with hCG following two low hCG priming doses. Treatments B, C and D resulted in a significantly greater (P 0.05). Results demonstrate multiple hormone therapies are available for stimulating ovulation in female DGFs and ultrasonography is a valuable tool to inform hormone therapy. Ultimately, these reproductive technologies are critical to enhance breeding and reintroduction efforts for the DGF.
Exploration and confirmation of a reflective-thinking scale to measure transformative learning in online courses

AbstractResponding to the ubiquity of information and the corresponding need to filter and make sense of it, transformative learning is increasingly being used to frame learning experiences in higher education. While several instruments have been developed to measure transformative learning in educational settings, little work has been done towards an understanding of transformative learning measurement in online environments. This study was conducted over two phases, an initial exploration of a reflective thinking questionnaire with students in an online MBA program of a higher education institution in the mid-Atlantic region of U.S., followed by a confirmatory phase of a refined, three-factor instrument in the same context. This study demonstrated the improved fit and overall interpretability of the three-factor instrument. The measurement invariance of the factor structure has also been examined with a set of covariates.
Validation of Yield Component Traits Identified by Genome-Wide Association Mapping in a tropical japonica × tropical japonica Rice Biparental Mapping Population

The Rice Diversity Panel 1 (RDP1) was developed for genome-wide association (GWA) studies to explore five rice ( L.) subpopulations (, , , , and ). The RDP1 was evaluated for over 30 traits, including agronomic, panicle architecture, seed, and disease traits and genotyped with 700,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Most rice grown in the southern United States is and thus the diversity in this subpopulation is interesting to U.S. breeders. Among the RDP1 accessions, 'Estrela' and 'NSFTV199' are both phenotypically and genotypically diverse, thus making them excellent parents for a biparental mapping population. The objectives were to (i) ascertain the GWA QTLs from the RDP1 GWA studies that overlapped with the QTLs uncovered in an Estrela × NSFTV199 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population evaluated for 15 yield traits, and (ii) identify known or novel genes potentially controlling specific yield component traits. The 256 RILs were genotyped with 132 simple sequence repeat markers and 70 QTLs were found. Perl scripts were developed for automatic identification of the underlying candidate genes in the GWA QTL regions. Approximately 100 GWA QTLs overlapped with 41 Estrela × NSFTV199 QTL (RIL QTL) regions and 47 known genes were identified. Two seed trait RIL QTLs with overlapping GWA QTLs were not associated with a known gene. Segregating SNPs in the overlapping GWA QTLs for RIL QTLs with high values will be evaluated as potential DNA markers useful to breeding programs for the associated yield trait.
Forced Quantitative Randomized Response Model Using Ranked Set Sampling

Abstract In this chapter, we will consider the problem of estimating the mean of a sensitive variable by combining the ideas of Bouza (2009) on the use of ranked set sampling and of Gjestvang and Singh (2007) on the use of a forced quantitative response. The proposed estimator is compared to the estimator of Bouza (2009), and situations are investigated where the new proposed estimator could be useful.
Pain Management in Recreation Therapy Practice

The purpose of this study was to determine the scope and breadth of recreation therapy (RT) treatment interventions currently used in practice that address pain management. A total of 1,296 Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialists participated in the study (a 21.6% response rate). Less than half (42.6%) reported that pain management (PM) was a RT treatment goal. For those not using PM, the predominant reason was a lack of training/education on pain. The top 10 RT interventions to manage pain included music, relaxation, deep breathing, exercise, distraction, coping skills, stress management, guided imagery, yoga, and play. Findings from this study provide some insight into the extent to which PM is used in RT programs and provides suggestions to address concerns regarding lack of expertise as well as lack of assessing pain. There is a clear need to develop additional training, PM protocols, and establish pain practice groups to address these needs.Subscribe to TRJ
Effectiveness of Standardized Patient Simulation Scenarios on Medication Administration Confidence in Nursing Students

A major threat to patient safety is medication administration error (MAE) (Kim & Bates, 2013). Nurse educators are responsible for training future nurses to administer medications safely and competently. One barrier to achieving this goal is student lack of confidence due to limited experience and knowledge regarding human and system factors. A potential solution to increasing student confidence with medication administration (MA) is use of standardized patient simulation (SPS) experiences developed using the Nursing Education Simulation Framework (NESF). There is limited evidence in the literature to support the use of SPS to increase student confidence with MA. This project sought to answer the question: “Among fourth semester BSN students, what effect does the completion of three SPS MA scenarios have on confidence level?” A quantitative, quasi-experimental, one group pretest-posttest approach was used and involved 3 SPSs that highlighted system complexities (i.e. distractions and interruptions) of the MA process. Grundy’s C-Scale (1993) was used to measure student levels of confidence before and after the intervention. A paired-samples t-test revealed no statistically significant difference in confidence levels from Time 1 (M= 16.81, SD= 3.12) to Time 2 (M= 17.19, SD= 2.695), t (20) = .411, p= .685 (two-tailed). The mean change in confidence level was .381 with a 95% CI ranging from -2.32 to 1.55. Sample size (n=21), convenience sample, and a homogeneous group were limitations to the study. This study has provided some insight into the use of MA SPS scenarios in regard to the effect roles and human and system factors have on nursing student level of confidence with MA when the NESF is used for scenario development.
Chemically Induced Fusion of Plant Protoplasts

In recent years, the fusion of plant protoplasts has become an important mechanism of transferring genetic information between sexually incompatible species. The potential totipotency of plant culture systems together with the development of protoplast isolation and fusion procedures has increased the use of somatic hybridization as a viable tool of molecular biologists.
Sustainability of Handshake Stewardship: Extending a Hand Is Effective Years Later

Background Children's Hospital Colorado created a unique method of antimicrobial stewardship, called handshake stewardship, that effectively decreased hospital anti-infective use and costs in its pilot year (2013). Handshake stewardship is distinguished by: (1) the lack of prior authorization; (2) a review of all prescribed anti-infectives; (3) a shared review by the physician and the pharmacist; and (4) a daily, rounding-based, in-person approach to supporting providers. We sought to reevaluate the outcomes of the program after 5 years of experience, totaling 8 years of data. Methods We retrospectively measured anti-infective (antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal) use hospital-wide by unit and by drug for an 8-year period spanning October 2010 to October 2018. Aggregated monthly use was measured in days of therapy per thousand patient days (DOT/1000 PD). The percentage of children admitted ever receiving an anti-infective was also measured, as well as severity-adjusted mortality, readmissions, and lengths of stay. Results Hospital-wide mean anti-infective use significantly decreased, from 891 (95% confidence interval [CI] 859-923) in the pre-implementation phase to 655 (95% CI 637-694) DOT/1000 PD in post-implementation Year 5; in a segmented regression time series analysis, this was a rate of -2.6 DOT/1000 PD (95% CI -4.8 to -0.4). This is largely attributable to decreased antibacterial use, from 704 (95% CI 686-722) to 544 (95% CI 525 -562) DOT/1000 PD. The percentage of children ever receiving an anti-infective during admission likewise declined, from 65% to 52% (95% CI 49-54). There were no detrimental effects on severity adjusted mortality, readmissions, or lengths of stay. Conclusions The handshake method is an effective and sustainable approach to stewardship.
The outcomes of Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with diverticular disease: a nationwide analysis

AbstractBackground: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections. It contributes to significant morbidity and mortality among hospitalized pat...
Abstract 23: Using mutations in mismatch repair genes to predict response to palbociclib

Over 175,000 diagnoses of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer are made every year in the US. Of these, >40,000 patients will go on to die of their disease. We recently identified defects in a principal mismatch repair (MMR) gene, MLH1, as a driver of resistance to standard-care treatment and poor patient outcomes. Moreover, we demonstrated increased sensitivity to palbociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, in experimental model systems in vitro and in vivo and in clinical trial data. MLH1 is mutated in 5-10% of treatment-resistant tumors, i.e., 4,000 patient tumors every year. However, most of these mutations are missense and variants of unknown significance (VUS). The impact of these mutations on mismatch repair capability and on treatment resistance remains uncertain. Here, we use experimental model systems (MCF7 cells and a PDX mode, WHIM20) to phenotype MLH1 VUS´ in vitro and in vivo using xenograft systems. Specifically, we use nuclear localization of MLH1 and repair of mismatches through a mismatch repair deficiency assay to test for mismatch repair capability in ER+ breast cancer cells engineered to express mutations in MLH1 that are found in patient tumors associated with poor survival. Second, we assess the ability of variants of MLH1 to induce activation of G1/S cell cycle checkpoints by activating Chk2. Lastly, we directly test the ability of variants in MLH1 to induce resistance to standard-care endocrine therapies and sensitivity to palbociclib, using 2D and 3D growth assays and xenograft experiments. Results from these experiments serve to systematically catalog VUS´ in MLH1 based on their predictive potential. Currently, there are few tests available in the clinic to predict response to therapies early in the timeline of ER+ breast cancer patients. Due to the nature of the disease, this can result in years of overtreatment. Overtreatment comes at great financial, physical, and emotional cost to patients and their families. Simultaneously, a lack of predictive markers can result in missed opportunities of presenting patients likely to relapse on standard care with personalized alternative therapeutic strategies. With the increased feasibility of sequencing patient tumors in the clinic, there is a large gap in knowledge regarding the impact of VUS´ in various oncogenes on disease progression and treatment response. Data presented here address this gap by cataloging the impact of a range of VUS´ from patient tumors on protein localization and function, as well as macrophenotypes of tumor growth and therapeutic response. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Aloran Mazumder, Nindo Punturi, Sujita Khanal, Athena Jimenez, Svasti Haricharan. Using mutations in mismatch repair genes to predict response to palbociclib [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advancing Precision Medicine Drug Development: Incorporation of Real-World Data and Other Novel Strategies; Jan 9-12, 2020; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(12_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 23.
Injuries and Referral Patterns During Basic Combat Training: An Examination of Data From the Certified Athletic Trainer-Forward Program.

INTRODUCTION Injuries sustained during basic combat training (BCT) result in large economic costs to the U.S. Army. The inclusion of athletic trainers (ATs) in other military branches has reduced Troop Medical Clinic (TMC) referrals. However, the inclusion of ATs during BCT has yet to be studied. The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency and nature of sick call visits during BCT and determine how the presence of an AT affects referrals to the TMC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Fort Jackson Army Training Center for one calendar year. Soldiers in BCT, aged 18-42, who reported to sick call were included. Independent variables collected included: Soldier demographics (sex and age), visit reason, and provider impression. Training battalions were placed in three conditions: control (CON), full-time medic (FTM), and part-time athletic trainer (PAT). The dependent variable was disposition (referred or returned to duty [RTD]). Frequencies and proportions were calculated. Logistic regression compared conditions while considering the other independent variables. Return on investment was calculated. RESULTS Fourteen thousand three hundred and four visits were documented. Most soldiers were female (n = 7,650; 53.5%) and under 20 years old (n = 5,328; 37.2%). Visits were most commonly due to physical injury (n = 7,926; 55.4%), injuries affecting the knee (n = 2,264; 15.8%) and chronic/overuse conditions (n = 2,031; 14.2%). By condition, the FTM and PAT conditions resulted in 1.303 (95%CI: 1.187, 1.430; P < .001) and 1.219 (95%CI: 1.103, 1.348; P < .001), or 30.3% and 21.9% higher, odds of being RTD compared to the CON condition, respectively. Return on investment was $23,363,596 overall and $2,423,306 for musculoskeletal-related cases. CONCLUSIONS Injuries were common in BCT, particularly in females. Soldiers in both the PAT and FTM conditions were more likely to be RTD compared to those in the CON condition. Athletic trainers (ATs) are effective at reducing potentially unnecessary referrals, demonstrating their value as healthcare providers in the BCT environment. Understanding variables associated with recruit disposition may aid medics and ATs in the development of triage protocols and further reduction of potentially unnecessary soldier referrals. The Certified Athletic Trainer-Forward Program resulted in significant return on investment, further supporting the inclusion of ATs in BCT.
Subtypes of inhibitory and reward activation associated with substance use variation in adolescence: A latent profile analysis of brain imaging data

The present study identified subgroups based on inhibitory and reward activation, two key neural functions involved in risk-taking behavior, and then tested the extent to which subgroup differences varied by age, sex, behavioral and familial risk, and substance use. Participants were 145 young adults (18-21 years old; 40.0% female) from the Michigan Longitudinal Study. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to establish subgroups using task-based brain activations. Demographic and substance use differences between subgroups were then examined in logistic regression analyses. Whole-brain task activations during a functional magnetic resonance imaging go/no-go task and monetary incentive delay task were used to identify beta weights as input for LPA modeling. A four-class model showed the best fit with the data. Subgroups were categorized as: (1) low inhibitory activation/moderate reward activation (39.7%), (2) moderate inhibitory activation/low reward activation (22.7%), (3) moderate inhibitory activation/high reward activation (25.2%), and (4) high inhibitory activation/high reward activation (12.4%). Compared with the other subgroups, Class 2 was older, less likely to have parental alcohol use disorder, and had less alcohol use. Class 4 was the youngest and had greater marijuana use. Classes 1 and 3 did not differ significantly from the other subgroups. These findings demonstrate that LPA applied to brain activations can be used to identify distinct neural profiles that may explain heterogeneity in substance use outcomes and may inform more targeted substance use prevention and intervention efforts.
Genetic Algorithms Applications to Set Covering and Traveling Salesman Problems

For set covering problems, genetic algorithms with two types of crossover operators are investigated in conjunction with three penalty function and two multiobjective formulations. A Pareto multiobjective formulation and greedy crossover are suggested to work well. On the other hand, for traveling salesman problems, the results appear to be discouraging; genetic algorithm performance hardly exceeds that of a simple swapping rule. These results suggest that genetic algorithms have their place in optimization of constrained problems. However, lack of, or insufficient use of fundamental building blocks seems to keep the tested genetic algorithm variants from being competitive with specialized search algorithms on ordering problems.
Domains for Denotational Semantics

The purpose of the theory of domains is to give models for spaces on which to define computable functions. The kinds of spaces needed for denotational sematics involve not only spaces of higher type (e.g. function spaces) but also spaces defined recursively (e.g. reflexive domains). Also required are many special domain constructs (or functors) in order to create the desired structures. There are several choices of a suitable category of domains, but the basic one which has the simplest properties is the one sometimes called consistently complete algebraic cpo's. This category of domains is studied in this paper from a new, and it is to be hoped, simpler point of view incorporating the approaches of many authors into a unified presentation. Briefly, the domains of elements are represented set theoretically with the aid of structures called information systems. These systems are very familiar from mathematical logic, and their use seems to accord well with intuition. Many things that were done previously axiomatically can now be proved in a straightfoward way as theorems. The present paper discusses many examples in an informal way that should serve as an introduction to the subject.
Global resource management: a systems approach to environmental problems

The end ofthe Cold War offers an unprecedented opportunity to move defense technology into the arena of the commercial information age. One example of this conversion is Raytheon's Wide Area Surveillance (WAS) initiative, designed to provide information products to the public and governmental agencies of developing nations. Specifically, the WAS system integrates sensors, storage technology, data fusion techniques, and rule-based reasoning tools into a system capable of converting raw data from disparate sources into the products needed to support: environmental monitoring and protection; national resource development; economic development; and national sovereignty. A real-world application of this process is the WAS program designed to assist the Brazilian government with the sustainable development of the Amazon rain forest. The goal of this presentation is to address the objectives and methods of Wide Area Surveillance programs. The size and complexity of Brazil's System for the Vigilance of the Amazon (SIVAM) will offer an excellent forum for discussing the challenges of data acquisition, sensor fusion, system integration, and program financing in developing nations. The SIVAM program addresses issues such as illegal mining, deforestation, air and water pollution, protection of indigenous peoples, land use, smuggling, and narcotics trafficking.
Osteopathic Postdoctoral Training Institutions

The Osteopathic Postdoctoral Training Institution (OPTI) program was established by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) in 1995 as a support and accreditation structure for osteopathic graduate medical education. Since 1999, when the AOA began to require that all AOA-approved osteopathic internships and residencies take place within this structure, the individual programs have been evolving separately, with little interaction--and with varying degrees of success. The AOA's 2007 Annual OPTI Workshop, scheduled to take place this April, is being organized with the primary goal of improving OPTI collaboration to better define standards for quality and promote program development. In response to common challenges and concerns, workshop participants will also be asked to define and reevaluate internal partnerships and shared goals as components of the larger system.
Assessing both safe haven and secure base support in parent-child relationships.

Although the attachment construct refers to a child’s tendency to use an attachment figure both as a safe haven in times of distress as well as a secure base from which to explore, approaches to assessing attachment at older ages have focused on safe haven behavior. We tested modified versions of the Friends and Family Interview and the Security Scale Questionnaire to examine separately the correlates of safe haven and secure base support from parents. The main study (n = 107 children, 10–14-year-olds) included both interview and questionnaire assessments of safe haven and secure base support from mothers and fathers. The two methods converged in expected ways, and both showed associations with narrative coherence. Children reported greater safe haven support from mothers and greater secure base support from fathers, suggesting secure base support is a key aspect of father–child attachment. Both mother–child and father–child relationships were related to children’s school adjustment and coping.
Defining a tissue stem cell-driven Runx1/Stat3 signalling axis in epithelial cancer

Cancers and tissue stem cells (SCs) share similar molecular pathways for their self-renewal and differentiation. The race is on to identify unique pathways to specifically target the cancer, while sparing normal SCs. Here, we uncover the transcription factor Runx1/AML1, a known haematopoietic and leukaemia factor, albeit dispensable for normal adult SC homeostasis, as being important for some mouse and human epithelial cancers. We implicate Runx1 as a SC-intrinsic gene in mouse hair follicle and oral epithelia by genetic lineage tracing in adulthood. Runx1-expressing SCs, but not other cells that ectopically upregulate Runx1 by injury and inflammation, are at the skin tumour origin. Runx1 loss impairs tumour initiation and maintenance and the growth of oral, skin, and ovarian epithelial human cancer cells. Runx1 stimulates Stat3 signalling via direct transcriptional repression of SOCS3 and SOCS4 and this is essential for cancer cell growth. Thus, Runx1 is a broader epithelial SC and cancer factor than previously recognized, and qualifies as an attractive potential target for both prevention and therapy of several epithelial cancers.
Histopathologic Characteristics of a Chronic Arteriovenous Malformation in a Swine Model: Preliminary Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The experimental induction of histologic transformations in microvessels of similar caliber to those of nidus vessels of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has not been attempted previously. Our goal was to examine preliminarily the histopathologic characteristics of nidus vessels and the angiographic features of a chronic AVM model in swine. METHODS: AVM models were fashioned from bilateral carotid retia mirabilia of seven swine after the surgical formation of large unilateral carotid-jugular fistulas. One AVM model was made for immediate use, whereas in the other six, follow-up angiography was obtained at varying intervals (2 to 180 days) after model creation. Light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry (using monoclonal antibodies against smooth muscle actin and PC10 against proliferating cell nuclear antigen), and histometry were performed on the nidus vessels of three swine: one acutely created, one 2 months old, and one 6 months old. RESULTS: Vascular dilatation and tortuosity of the main arterial feeder and draining vein were evident angiographically as early as 4 days after AVM creation, and were maximal in the 6-month-old model. Compared with the acutely created nidus vessels, those in the two chronic models revealed disrupted and attenuated elastica and intimal hyperplasia that was focal (“cushions”) or generalized, leading to luminal occlusion. Variable numbers of cells in the tunica media of chronic nidus vessels contained smooth muscle actin. PC10/proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunoreactivity was observed in the endothelium and subendothelial layers. Histometry showed increases in intimal hyperplasia and medial thickness in the chronic vessels. CONCLUSION: Nidus vessels in this chronic swine AVM model exhibited striking histologic changes similar to those seen in cerebral AVMs. The induced vessel growth seen angiographically and histologically in components of the chronic AVMs was consistent with the presence of persistently raised intravascular hemodynamic loads. This preliminary feasibility study suggests that the realistic histologic characteristics of this chronic AVM model are an attractive feature, and if confirmed in future, more comprehensive, studies would be of benefit in accurate histopathologic interpretation of the effects of superimposed experimental embolotherapy or radiosurgery. This model may provide a useful experimental tool to study the dynamic cellular and tissue events that dictate the development and natural history of AVMs.
Analysis of Kelvin Probe operational models with application to SR-POEM

We present a study of several models on which Kelvin Probe (KP) instruments with flat and spherical tips rely for operation and for the determination of the contact potential difference (CPD). The study is part of the development of a high-performance KP instrument that will be used in investigations of the patch effect for the sounding rocket principle of equivalence measurement experiment. Using covariance analysis for each model we investigate its performance as imposed by the Cramer–Rao bounds and the biases introduced in the estimation of the CPD, as well as its applicability to instrument control.
Diffusion/microcirculation MRI in the rat brain

The CO2 fraction of an anesthetized rat's breathing mixture was changed (from 0 to 10%) to attempt to change the brain microcirculation and observe these changes in diffusion measurements of the neural tissue. Brain apparent diffusion coefficients were measured to be (0.71 ± 0.01) × 10−1 mm2/s before sacrifice and (0.39 ± 0.01) × 10−3 mm2/s after sacrifice. Multiple diffusion components were observed, consistent with flowing material, but the extra components did not increase with increased CO2. It is proposed that the additional components may be due to extracellular, extravascular water such as CSF. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Progesterone and Its Downstream Molecules as Blastocyst Implantation Essential Factors

This review is to update the previous review (Am J Reprod Immunol, 63, 2010 and 413) on the research on blastocyst implantation essential factors (BIEFs). Focus of the current review is on progesterone and its downstream molecules in the process of blastocyst implantation. To understand the process of implantation, we need to know where and when the BIEFs are expressed and what they do. Progress in this research area is rapid, and its update is indeed necessary. The basic concept of BIEFs is that they have dual functions, one physiological and the other immunological (J Reprod Dev, 58, 2012 and 196). As we are still exploring the mechanism of implantation, available data are incomplete and human data are few. Thus, I will use information obtained through research on animal models, in vitro studies, cell lines, and some human studies where available. The ultimate goal of the review is to understand human blastocyst implantation.
Synthesis, properties, and device applications of functionalized acenes

Face-to-face interactions of aromatic molecules in the crystalline state may prove to be the most relevant for materials destined to be used in thin-film transistor or photovoltaic applications. We have designed functionalized pentacene derivatives that maximize these interactions in the solid state. We present here a description of a number of pi-stacked crystalline motifs that we can access, along with a discussion of the dependence of resistivity and band gap on the nature and amount of pi-overlap in the crystal.