cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron velocity at high electric fields in AlGaAs/GaAs modulation-doped heterostructures

Abstract We have measured the electron velocity in low-doped GaAs and in AlGaAs/GaAs modulation-doped heterostructures at electric fields up to 8000 V/cm at both 300 and 77 K. In order to avoid the charge domain formation which occurs in DC measurements at these fields, this measurement uses 35 GHz radiation to supply the electric field. These measurements indicate that the peak velocity for electrons in the heterostructures is lower than for electrons in bulk low-doped GaAs. This result is explained in terms of modified intervalley transfer, real space transfer, and an enhanced scattering with polar optical phonons.
Synthesis and nanoparticle encapsulation of 3,5-difuranylvinyl-boradiaza-s-indacenes for near-infrared fluorescence imaging

We report molecular design, synthesis, and photophysical study of a series of near-infrared absorbing and fluorescing dyes, 3,5-difuranylvinyl-boradiaza-s-indacenes, bearing various 5-membered heteroaromatic heads at the 8-position (FBs). The correlation between the molecular structure and the spectral shift has been studied by quantum chemical calculations at various levels (B3LYP/6-31G*, HF/6-31G* and HF/PM3), which conclude that the planarity determined by the bulkiness of the head unit controls the optical bandgap of FBs, by energetically affecting the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) rather than the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). We also show that incorporation of heavy atoms increased the capability of singlet oxygen generation as a result of enhanced intersystem crossing, which makes FBs potentially useful for near-infrared photodynamic therapy. In vitro near-infrared fluorescence imaging of live tumor cells has been demonstrated through a nanocarrier approach, by encapsulating one of the FB dyes in a stable aqueous formulation of organically modified silica nanoparticles which retains the fluorescence efficiency of the hydrophobic dye in water.
A user-oriented computer graphics system

A user-oriented Computer Graphics System (CGS) is described, which primarily has been designed to aid the application programmer, and not just the sophisticated computer graphics user. The system has been designed to provide a very simple interaction capability, where the interaction is based on a variety of input devices and a simple input/output graphics command language. The result of this system has been an increase in programming efficiency, reduction in span time from creations of design to actual implementation. Typical application developments have included such system as flowcharting systems, Computer Aided Architectural Space Planning, Animation, Vehicle-Pedestrian Interactions, Computer-aided designs, and the simulation of the NASA Space Shuttle.
Behavioral responses of bobcats and coyotes to habitat fragmentation and corridors in an urban environment

We examined the behavior of bobcats and coyotes in a fragmented urban area northwest of Los Angeles, California, from July 1998 to October 1999. Activity patterns of bobcats and coyotes were crepuscular with no apparent shift to nocturnality, but activity was somewhat lower during daylight hours than in an unfragmented reference area, implying some avoidance of humans. Home ranges were not significantly larger in fragmented than in unfragmented habitat, probably because unproductive development within a home range may have been balanced by availability of human-related food, such as fruit, garbage, and pets. Female bobcat home ranges were generally within a single fragment, while male bobcats and coyotes of both sexes included more than one fragment. Both species tended to cross over roads rather than use culverts. Culverts were more likely to be used earlier in the night, during heavier traffic, and if they contained less water. Bobcats and coyotes used corridors as habitat and, less often, for travel. Both species also crossed development to move between fragments, but seemed to prefer corridors when available. Our results indicate that bobcats and coyotes persisting in an urban environment adjust behaviorally to habitat fragmentation and human activities, in part through temporal and spatial avoidance. Both species appeared willing to cross well-travelled roads despite the availability of culverts; consequently, vehicular collision is an important cause of mortality (50%) and needs attention.
The use of partial temporal information in dating personal events

The use of different types of partial temporal information is shown to affect dating accuracy and the distribution of errors in event dating. Several different types of partial temporal information are discussed, but three are highlighted by the data. Specifically, subjects’ dating error patterns suggest that they (1) use different types of within-week information, (2) use recalled event sequences, and (3) use boundary landmarks to report the dates of events. In general, these data suggest that although precise temporal information is sometimes represented in the memory trace for an event, more often the date-related information is inferred from other aspects of memory.
Line Shapes in Nuclear Paramagnetism

This note discusses briefly several methods of describing the width and shape of the resonances characteristic of nuclear paramagnetism. Use of the so-called moments of the shape function is illustrated by an experimental determination of a root mean square line width which is in substantial agreement with a calculation by Van Vleck. The solutions of the Bloch equations, which lead to the Lorentz shape function traditional in the theory of radiation- and collision-broadened lines, are compared with susceptibility curves based on a Gauss absorption curve. A significant difference between the two dispersion curves serves as a criterion for determining whether or not either of these two shapes closely approximates to a given experimental curve, and experimental examples of each are given.
Risk of pulmonary embolism in trauma patients: Not all created equal.

Introduction Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are assumed to be at an increased risk for pulmonary embolism (PE). Delay in the initiation of chemoprophylaxis and prophylactic placement of inferior vena cava filters have been advocated by some because of concerns for increased intracranial hemorrhage in the presence of prophylactic anticoagulation. We hypothesized that patients with isolated TBI would not be at increased risk for the development of PE compared with the general trauma population. Methods Patients from the National Trauma Data Bank from the year 2008 were analyzed. Patient demographics, Injury Severity Score, and the prevalence of deep-vein thrombosis and PE were extracted. Studied injuries were assigned to six categories: thorax, abdominal solid organs, pelvic fracture, lower extremity fracture, spine fracture, and TBI. Results Of a total of 627,775 injured patients, 2,182 (0.35%) had a documented PE. The prevalence of PE in patients with isolated TBI, lower extremity, pelvic fracture, liver and/or spleen, thorax, spine, multiple injuries, and none of the studied injuries were 0.25%, 0.36%, 0.35%, 0.37%, 0.52%, 0.37%, 1.1%, and 0.12%, respectively. Using an age-, sex- and race-adjusted multivariable logistic regression model and controlling for interaction between inferior vena cava filters and injury types, we found that isolated TBI was not associated with PE. Conclusion Isolated TBI does not appear to be associated with an increased incidence of PE compared with other injuries. Patients with isolated TBI may not require early aggressive prophylaxis as is the standard for other high-risk groups.
Two Dimensional Model Based Boundary Matching Using Footprints

In this paper, we describe a technique for geometrically hash ing two-dimensional model objects. Used in conjunction with other methods for recognizing partially obscured and over lapping objects, ...
Detection and remediation of human-origin pollution at two public beaches in Virginia using multiple source tracking methods

Two public beaches (Anderson and Hilton) in Newport News, Virginia, were frequently closed to swimming in 2004 due to high Enterococcus spp. counts that exceeded the regulatory standard. The microbial source tracking (MST) methods of antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) and fluorometry (to detect optical brighteners) were used in the summer of 2004 to determine the origins of fecal pollution at the two beaches. Both MST methods detected substantial human-origin pollution at the two beaches, in locations producing consistently high levels of Enterococcus spp. Investigations by municipal officials led to the fluorometric detection and subsequent repair of sewage infrastructure problems at both beaches. The success of the mitigation efforts was confirmed during the summer of 2005 using ARA and fluorometry, with the results cross-validated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
Advanced trauma operative management course: participant survey.

Background The Advanced Trauma Operative Management (ATOM) course uses standardized porcine simulation to teach the repair of penetrating trauma. It is offered in 26 sites in the United States, Canada, Africa, the Middle East, and Japan. The purpose of the present study was to query ATOM participants regarding their perceptions of the value and influence of the ATOM course on knowledge, confidence, and skill to repair penetrating injuries.
MPI Spectroscopy Of NH 3 : Application To Rotational Energy Accommodation On Surfaces

An ultra-sensitive (> 10 6 cm-3/state) multiphoton ionization (MPI) spectroscopy for NH3 has been developed. This technique employs two-photon resonant, three-photon ionization via either the B or C' states of NH3. Symmetry constraints on the two-photon absorption enable the ground state inversion doublets to be easily resolved using conventional pulsed lasers. Computer simulations based on two-photon line strength factors and ground state rotational population distributions yield quantitative agreement with the observed spectra. Using this spectroscopy we have made the first measurement of rotational energy accommodation of a non-linear polyatomic molecule scattered from a surface. For NH3 scattered from polycrystalline tungsten, the scattering is dominated by trapping-desorption resulting in a high degree of rotational accommodation.
CP-66,948: an antisecretory histamine H2-receptor antagonist with mucosal protective properties.

CP-66,948 is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist with gastric antisecretory activity and mucosal protective properties. The affinity of CP-66,948 for the guinea pig atria histamine H2-receptor is 15 times greater than that of cimetidine and seven times greater than that of ranitidine.In vivo, the ED50 value for inhibition of gastric acid secretion in pylorusligated rats is 2 mg/kg intraduodenally, and in histamine or pentagastrin-stimulated Heidenhain pouch dogs the antisecretory ED50 values are 0.3 mg/kgper os and 1.0 mg/kgper os, respectively. CP-66,948 also inhibits ethanol-induced gastric hemorrhagic lesions in rats following either oral or systemic administration (ED50 values of 12 mg/kgper os and 6 mg/kg subcutaneously). In addition, the mucosal protective activity is independent of prostaglandin synthesis. CP-66,948 inhibits gastric acid secretion in man, and its mucosal protective activity may provide additional benefits in peptic ulcer therapy.
Information-Bearing Noncoherently Modulated Pilots for MIMO Training

In this correspondence, we deal with noncoherent communications over multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless links. For a Rayleigh flat block-fading channel with M transmit- and N receive-antennas and a channel coherence interval of length T, it is well known that for TGtM, or, at high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) rhoGt1 and Mlesmin{N,lfloorT/2rfloor}, unitary space-time modulation (USTM) is capacity-achieving, but incurs exponential demodulation complexity in T. On the other hand, conventional training-based schemes that rely on known pilot symbols for channel estimation simplify the receiver design, but they induce certain SNR loss. To achieve desirable tradeoffs between performance and complexity, we propose a novel training approach where USTM symbols over a short length Ttau(<T) are used as pilots which carry information to the receiver, and coherent communication is used for the remainder of the block. This new approach considerably reduces the receiver complexity when Ttau is a small fraction of T, and recovers part of the SNR loss experienced by the conventional training-based schemes. When rhorarrinfin and TgesTtau ges2M=2Nrarrinfin, but the ratios alpha=M/T, alpha1 =Ttau/T are fixed, we obtain analytical expressions of the asymptotic SNR loss for both the conventional and new training-based approaches, serving as a guideline for practical designs
Metal-silicate partitioning of nickel and cobalt: The influence of temperature and oxygen fugacity

Abstract We report new metal-silicate melt partitioning experiments for Co and Ni. One atmosphere, gas-mixing (H2CO2 or CO-CO2) experiments were run at 1300, 1425, and 1550°C and at oxygen fugacities between air and near or below the iron-wustite (IW) buffer. Bulk melt composition, at the diopsideanorthite-forsterite eutectic, was constant in all runs. Metals in these experiments were platinum alloys permitting a large oxygen fugacity range to be investigated while maintaining fixed bulk melt composition. Since activity-composition relations of Pt-Ni and Pt-Co alloys are reasonably well known, we calculated equilibrium constants for the metal-silicate partitioning reactions. Variations of the equilibrium constants as a function of experimental parameters allowed us to monitor the chemical behavior of Ni and Co in the silicate melt. Nickel and Co behave as divalent species in the silicate melt over the range of conditions investigated. However, differences in solubility between low and high oxygen fugacity could not be entirely explained by a simple oxidation-reduction equilibrium constant. Differences in melt solubility were correlated with which gas-mixing system was used, H2-CO2 gave larger NiO solubilities at low oxygen fugacity than CO-CO2. The difference in melt solubility was attributed to minor amounts of melt-dissolved volatile species, perhaps H2O. Along the IW buffer, Fe metal-silicate partition coefficients for Ni and Co decrease with increasing temperature, but strengths of the temperature dependencies, even in this simple system, appear to vary with experimental conditions. Such differences highlight the danger of extrapolation to conditions far beyond the experimental regime. For example, extrapolation to magma ocean temperatures (3000–4000°C) results in uncertainties larger than the order of magnitude difference in siderophility between Ni and Co.
Multiple α2‐Noradrenergic Receptor Sites in Rat Brain: Selective Regulation of High‐Affinity [3H] Clonidine Binding by Guanine Nucleotides and Divalent Cations

: Both kinetic and equilibrium experiments indicate the presence of distinct high- and low-affinity [3H]clonidine binding associated with α2- noradrenergic receptors in rat cerebral cortex membranes. Guanine nucleotides selectively decrease the numbers of high-affinity [3H]clonidine binding sites, with no influence on the low-affinity sites. The influence of nucleotides is exerted by GTP, its nonmetabolized analogue, guanyl-5′-yl imidodiphosphate, and GDP–but not by GMP, ADP, ATP, and AMP. In contrast, divalent cations increase high-affinity [3H]clonidine binding-an effect not evident at low-affinity sites. Manganese is the most potent of the divalent cations, while magnesium and calcium are less active. Divalent cations and guanine nucleotides appear to elicit interactive rather than simply additive influences upon α2-receptors. The inhibitory influence of sodium upon α2-receptor binding of [3H]clonidine is exerted to the same extent upon both high- and low-affinity [3H]clonidine binding.
IMMUNOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS OF TWO STRAINS OF THE MOUSE TYPHOID GROUP ISOLATED DURING TWO SPONTANEOUS OUTBREAKS AMONG THE SAME STOCK.

Two strains of the paratyphoid B-enteritidis group causing separate epidemics of mouse typhoid among 2,500 to 4,000 cancer breeding mice are found to be antigenically different. Mouse Typhoid I, isolated from the first outbreak, is related but not identical with two strains of enteritidis, while Mouse Typhoid II is related to but not identical with the human paratyphoid B strains. In a separate paper in this series, Webster has identified Mouse Typhoid II strain with Bacillus pestis caviae Smith and has suggested its close relation to the Bacillus aertrycke (mutton) group of Schutze.
Is cigarette smoking a gateway to alcohol and illicit drug use disorders? A study of youths with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Background The goal of this study was to assess whether cigarette smoking is a gateway drug for subsequent alcohol and illicit drug abuse and dependence in youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and to test if this association is stronger in ADHD youth relative to controls. Methods We used data from a case-control family study of female youth with and without ADHD. We studied 97 ADHD and 203 control youth of both sexes, aged at least 12 years. We assessed ADHD, smoking, and substance use status using structured diagnostic interviews. We tested the association between cigarette smoking and subsequent substance use outcomes using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results ADHD youth who smoked cigarettes (n = 15) were significantly more likely to subsequently use alcohol and illicit drugs as well as to develop abuse and dependence compared to ADHD youth who did not smoke (n = 76; p Conclusions These results extend the gateway hypothesis to an ADHD sample and provide evidence that this effect may be particularly robust in ADHD youth. If replicated in larger, community-based samples, these findings have important public health consequences, and underscore the already pressing need to prevent smoking in ADHD children.
A PARABLE OF BLESSING: THE SIGNIFICANCE AND MESSAGE OF THE QU'ANIC ACCOUNT OF ‘THE COMPANIONS OF THE CAVE’

La parabole des compagnons de la caverne dont le contenu se trouve au chapitre 18 du Coran, est une mine de spiritualite et un veritable guide pour ceux qui la recitent. Il est possible de mettre en parallele la recitation de ce passage le vendredi avec la liturgie chretienne de l'eucharistie. Cette parabole est un temoignage de l'interaction entre les trois religions monotheistes. Le message reste, en dehors des differentes interpretations, a peu pres le meme: ceux qui s'ecartent du scintillement et de l'eclat du monde pour suivre leur foi, sont assures de recevoir la benediction divine
Grier(b), a ""Monomict,"" Brecciated Chondrite

The Grier(b), New Mexico meteorite, a single mass of 929.4 grams, was found in 1969. This brecciated chondrite can be classified as an L-group from the bulk chemical analysis, ∼ 8 wt % metal with an estimated total iron content of 25 wt %, and the constant olivine (Fa25.5) and orthopyroxene (Fs23) compositions. The main portion of the meteorite fits the criteria for an L5 (grey to intermediate hypersthene) chondrite. A conspicuous, large (several cm3) dense fragment, texturally an L6–7 chondrite, contains practically no metal or chondrules. However, there is little variation in the bulk silicate and individual phase compositions between the fragment and the matrix. In spite of this, it seems unlikely that the fragment was created in situ because metal and sulfide are not found in the fragment-matrix contact zone; thus the formation of olivines and pyroxenes in both parts, as well as the “draining” of metal from the fragment, occurred prior to accretion with little, if any, subsequent thermal metamorphism.
Calculating Earth–Moon system parameters from sub-yearly tidal deposit records: An example from the carboniferous tradewater formation

Abstract The secular evolution of the Earth–Moon system remains poorly constrained, largely because there are few continuous tidal rhythmite or foreset bundle sequences that preserve deposition over more than several neap–spring tidal cycles. Deposits recording less than one year of deposition do not facilitate direct calculation of past lunar distance directly from Kepler's Laws, but may prove necessary to reconstruct lunar orbital evolution because they are far more common than longer records. A method is demonstrated to make use of shorter tidal deposit sequences by utilizing conservation of angular momentum between the Earth and Moon and estimating the solar component of tidal deposition, while assuming a constant moment of inertia for Earth since the Proterozoic. The precision and accuracy of spectral estimates obtained from short records are considered, as are the limitations of subsequent calculations of Earth–Moon parameters. The Late Carboniferous Abbott sandstone of the Tradewater Formation in the Illinois Basin preserves just over 6 apparently continuous neap–spring cycles in its semidiurnal deposits. The quality of these data, as assessed via sedimentological evidence and statistical time series properties, produces spectral estimates that are likely within at least ± 5% of the actual underlying periodicity (90% accuracy). To test the usefulness of such records, we assessed the possible scenarios of 90% and 95% accuracy. At 90% accuracy, the error bounds on Earth–Moon parameter estimates become rather large and render individual data sets to be of limited use. At 95% accuracy, very general inferences about the evolution of the Earth–Moon system may be made. Calculated mean lunar orbital distance at 315 Ma is 3.798 × 10 8 m with error bounds of − 0.086 × 10 8 m and + 0.046 × 10 8 m. We conclude that short sequences of cyclic tidal deposits offer rather limited resolution of lunar distance estimates. Utilizing multiple sub-yearly data of similar age in ensemble may prove necessary if further investigations of secular changes in Earth–Moon parameters are to proceed.
Osteoblasts support B-lymphocyte commitment and differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells

Early B lymphopoiesis in mammals is induced within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, but which cells constitute this niche is not known. Previous studies had shown that osteoblasts (OBs) support hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation and myeloid differentiation. We now find that purified primary murine OBs also support the differentiation of primitive hematopoietic stem cells through lymphoid commitment and subsequent differentiation to all stages of B-cell precursors and mature B cells. Lin(-)Sca-1(+)Rag-2(-) BM cell differentiation to B cells requires their attachment to OBs in vitro, and this developmental process is mediated via VCAM-1, SDF-1, and IL-7 signaling induced by parathyroid hormone (PTH). Addition of cytokines produced by nonosteoblastic stromal cells (c-Kit ligand, IL-6, and IL-3) shifted the cultures toward myelopoiesis. Confirming the role of OBs in B lymphopoiesis, we found that selective elimination of osteoblasts in Col2.3Delta-TK transgenic mice severely depleted pre-pro-B and pro-B cells from BM, preceding any decline in HSCs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that osteoblasts are both necessary and sufficient for murine B-cell commitment and maturation, and thereby constitute the cellular homolog of the avian bursa of Fabricius.
A pathologic complete response of rectal cancer to preoperative combined-modality therapy results in improved oncological outcome compared with those who achieve no downstaging on the basis of preoperative endorectal ultrasonography.

Preoperative combined-modality therapy (CMT) is the preferred treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (endorectal ultrasonography [ERUS] T3–4, N1, or clinically bulky) and achieves a pathologic complete response (pCR) in 4% to 33% of patients. However, the prognostic significance of pCR remains unclear. A prospectively collected database was queried to identify 200 patients with locally advanced disease treated from 1992 to 2002. The pCR group was defined as having no evidence of viable tumor on pathologic analysis. The no-downstaging group was defined as no difference between the pre-CMT ERUS stage and the pathologic stage. Those achieving some downstaging but not pCR were excluded. Patients were treated with CMT (5040 cGy of radiation and 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy) followed by surgery, and 51 (85%) in the pCR group and 129 (92%) in the no-downstaging group (P = .1) received postoperative chemotherapy. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined by using the Kaplan-Meier method. The median follow-up was 38.6 months (range, 18.2–124.9 months). The pCR (n = 60) and control (n = 140) groups were similar in age (P = .6), sex (P = .4), distance of the tumor from the anal verge (P = .3), pre-CMT ERUS stage (P = .2), and comorbidities (P = .2). The 5-year RFS was 96% and 54% in the pCR and control groups, respectively (P < .00001); the 5-year OS was 90% and 68% (P = .009). Sphincter-preservation rates were higher in the pCR group (P = .01). Rectal cancer patients with pCR after preoperative CMT have improved RFS, OS, and sphincter preservation compared with patients without downstaging. Because pCR seems to be associated with better outcome, an understanding of the factors governing the response to CMT should be pursued.
Size Bias in Visual Searches and Trapping of Brown Treesnakes on Guam

Abstract The accidental introduction of the brown treesnake (BTS; Boiga irregularis) to the island of Guam after World War II set off a chain of bird, bat, and lizard extirpations. Fortunately, many of the eliminated species have the potential to be restored following population reduction or eradication of the snake. The primary operational tool for population reduction is an effective snake trap, but areas subjected to long-term trapping continue to support BTS, suggesting that some adult snakes are refractory to trapping. We closed a 5-ha area to BTS emigration and immigration and surveyed the population using trapping and visual surveys to determine whether a refractory stratum of adult snakes existed and if trapping was effective for snakes of all sizes. Our surveys included 101 trapping occasions and 109 visual surveys over 309 days, resulting in 2,522 detections of 122 individuals. We detected 44 of 45 supplemented snakes by this intensive sampling effort, which also revealed that trapping was fully...
Reasoning about faulty quantum programs

We show how to use a programming language for formally describing and reasoning about errors in quantum computation. The formalisation is based on the concept of performing the correct operation with probability at least p, and the erroneous one with probability at most 1 − p. We apply the concept to two examples: Bell’s inequalities and the Deutsch–Jozsa quantum algorithm. The former is a fundamental thought experiment aimed at showing that Quantum Mechanics is not “local and realist”, and it is used in quantum cryptography protocols. We study it assuming faulty measurements, and we derive hardware reliability conditions that must be satisfied in order for the experiment to support its conclusions. The latter is a quantum algorithm for efficiently solving a classification problem for Boolean functions. The algorithm solves the problem with no error, but when we introduce faulty operations it becomes a two-sided error algorithm. Reasoning is accomplished via standard programming laws and quantum laws.
Field ion microscopy of hafnium

Abstract Field ion micrographs of hafnium with a satisfactory quality have been obtained. Imaging conditions are described. Single and double leaved spirals around the {1010}, {1011} and {202} planes were observed. The orbital model and the computed patterns of the hcp lattice are applied to explain the alternate dim and bright net plane layers of the {1010} planes. The regional brightness distribution of hafnium is compared with Co, Re, and Ru and is discussed from the orbital model's point of view.
Boolean near-rings and weak commutativity

It is shown that every boolean right near-ring R is weakly commutative, that is, that xyz = xzy for each x, y, z ∈ R. In addition, an elementary proof is given of a theorem due to S. Ligh which states that a d.g. boolean near-ring is a boolean ring. Finally, a characterization theorem is given for a boolean near-ring to be isomorphic to a particular collection of functions which form a boolean near-ring with respect to the customary operations of addition and composition of mappings.
View-based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition

We describe experiments with eigenfaces for recognition and interactive search in a large-scale face database. Accurate visual recognition is demonstrated using a database of O(10/sup 3/) faces. The problem of recognition under general viewing orientation is also examined. A view-based multiple-observer eigenspace technique is proposed for use in face recognition under variable pose. In addition, a modular eigenspace description technique is used which incorporates salient features such as the eyes, nose and mouth, in an eigenfeature layer. This modular representation yields higher recognition rates as well as a more robust framework for face recognition. An automatic feature extraction technique using feature eigentemplates is also demonstrated. >
Onychomycosis caused by Trichosporon beigelii in the United States

We present the first case report of onychomycosis in the United States caused by Trichosporon beigelii in a normal, healthy man. The fungus, which was demonstrated histologically in the nails, was isolated on three different occasions with multiple cultures obtained each time.
Genomic and genetic variation in E2F transcription factor-1 in men with nonobstructive azoospermia

Objective To identify gene dosage changes associated with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Design Prospective study. Setting Medical school. Patient(s) One hundred ten men with NOA and 78 fertile controls. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) The study has four distinct analytic components: aCGH, a molecular karyotype that detects copy number variations (CNVs); Taqman CNV assays to validate CNVs; mutation identification by Sanger sequencing; and histological analyses of testicular tissues. Result(s) A microduplication at 20q11.22 encompassing E2F transcription factor-1 ( E2F1 ) was identified in one of eight men with NOA analyzed using aCGH. CNVs were confirmed and in an additional 102 men with NOA screened using Taqman CNV assays, for a total of 110 NOA men analyzed for CNVs in E2F1 . Eight of 110 (7.3%) NOA men had microduplications or microdeletions of E2F1 that were absent in fertile controls. Conclusion(s) E2F1 microduplications or microdeletions are present in men with NOA (7.3%). Duplications or deletions of E2F1 occur very rarely in the general population (0.011%), but E2F1 gene dosage changes, previously reported only in cancers, are present in a subset of NOA men. These results recapitulate the infertility phenotype seen in mice lacking or overexpressing E2f1 .
Wafer-level 3D manufacturing issues for streaming video processors

The performance of both 2D and 3D implementations of a streaming video processor is presented incorporating 130 nm technology node parameters. The reduced memory access time predicted for the 4 MB L2 cache (0.9 ns for 3D and 1.65 ns for 2D) is indicative of performance advantages projected for 3D implementations of memory-intensive architectures.
Pain Management in the Home-Care and Hospice Patient

Pain is one of the most common clinical complaints of home-care patients. As sicker patients are being sent home earlier due to federally mandated prospective reimbursement for hospitals, more patients in pain are being treated at home. However, pain is frequently not well managed even though we usually have the necessary treatment modalities to do so. This is due largely to most health care professionals lacking up-to-date information on the pathophysiology of pain and the pharmacology of analgesic drugs. There is a need for pharmacists to educate both health professionals and patients on appropriate drug therapy for pain management. Pain is a perception with physical and emotional components. Acute pain, chronic benign pain, and chronic malignant pain differ and often require different treatment. Drugs are one of several treatment modalities that are important in pain management. Titration of analgesics to effect is important. For chronic pain, time-contingent dosing is important. Relative analgesic dos...
Interactive computer graphic preprocessing for three-dimensional finite element analysis

An interactive computer graphic system has been developed for generating and editing three-dimensional finite element meshes. The various difficulties inherent to the generation of solid three-dimensional geometries through an effective use of computer graphic techniques are examined to explain the advantages of this system. The method is a combination of discrete transfinite mapping and cubic spline blending algorithms, used, respectively, to create plane cross-sectional meshes, and to generate the three-dimensional geometry by interpolaring between the cross-sections. The communication between analyst and machine is based on a digitizing tablet and a refresh vector scope. The dynamic viewing capabilities and depth cueing of the vector display greatly enhance the perception of the mesh three-dimensionality. Multi-view dynamic display is also employed to facilitate node or element selection. The flexibility and usefulness of the system are illustrated with the help of three examples of practical interest.
Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Mortality Related to Moisture, Season, Temperature, and Harvesting Practices for Compressed and Fumigated Hay Exported to Japan

A significant reduction in mortality of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), puparia was related to moistening infested wheat seedlings with water before exposure to a multiple-quarantine treatment of compression (72 g/cm2) and hydrogen phosphide (60 g/28.3 m3 aluminum phosphide) fumigation for 7 d in compressed hay for export to Japan. Mortality of puparia in laboratory tests was higher after a 3-wk exposure and significantly higher after exposures of 1, 2, and 4 wk to simulated summer (28°C days, 22.5°C nights; photoperiod of 12:12 [L:D] h; and 42-45% RH) versus simulated spring-fall conditions (25°C days, 12.5°C nights; photoperiod of 12:12 [L:D] h; and 60-65% RH) in laboratory tests. Mortality was higher in puparia exposed for 3-4 d than in those exposed for 1 d to 32.1, 34.9, or 37.7°C days, 23.8°C nights; and a photoperiod of 10:14 (L:D) h in laboratory tests. Hessian fly puparia did not survive field drying alone or in combination with any hay-harvesting practice including windrowing, baling, curing, or compression under normal seasonal temperatures in the field. We propose exposure of infested wheat seedlings to 25°C for 7 d before treatment as a method to fulfill regulatory agency requirements of no survivors in large-scale tests.
Physical chemistry: How to improve your image

The technique of second harmonic generation microscopy is used to obtain pictures of living systems, but the dyes required provide only modest imaging contrast per molecule. The latest dyes give a much better picture.
Understanding the codevelopment of modeling practice and ecological knowledge

Despite a recent focus on engaging students in epistemic practices, there is relatively little research on how learning environments can support the simultaneous, coordinated development of both practice and the knowledge that emerges from and supports scientific activity. This study reports on the co-construction of modeling practice and ecological knowledge by following the development of one seminal disciplinary concept, plant reproduction, through third graders' yearlong investigation of a wild backyard area. Representational activity facilitated the visibility and utility of meanings for reproduction; these meanings, in turn, shaped students' subsequent modeling practice. Over time, shifts were evident in both the community's meanings for reproduction and their framing of meanings in relation to modeling activity. The analysis affirms the utility of attending to student knowledge as it is used in practice to navigate complexity and uncertainty, rather than as assimilation of declarative statements. It also provides images of productive relations between modeling and knowledge, with implications for how the two might bootstrap each other in extended classroom investigation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96: 1071–1105, 2012
A NATIONAL SURVEY OF US POLICE ON PREPARATION AND CONDUCT OF IDENTIFICATION LINEUPS

A great deal of research has been aimed at identifying the factors that produce errors in eyewitness identification. However, most of this work has been conducted in laboratory environments using undergraduates and naive lay persons as research participants. Little information is available on what police officers do in the course of their identification activities. The present research investigated the procedures that police officers report employing when constructing and administering eyewitness identification lineups. We developed a survey that addresses a number of these issues, including experience, sources of lineup foils, lineup formation and display, lineup fairness evaluation, presence of suspect's attorney, witness instructions, historical records, and legal challenges. Surveys were sent to 500 US police jurisdictions; 220 were returned. Several survey items showed results consistent with previous laboratory research, however police officers reported using some procedures that are different from ...
Consistent linear speedup in parallel alpha-beta search

Alpha-beta search is an important heuristic technique used in pruning a game tree. Recently, parallelism has been introduced to further improve the efficiency of such heuristic searches. The paper presents a new parallel alpha-beta search algorithm that applies a prioritizing scheme. To verify its performance, the algorithm was implemented on sequent symmetry shared memory multiprocessor system. Experimental results show that for the best ordering uniform trees, one is able to obtain a consistent speedup of a linear order to the number of processors used. An overall speedup with random node ordering is illustrated. The paper concludes with some characteristics of the alpha-beta search that make the application of priorities suitable for its corresponding parallel algorithm. >
Television Station Ownership in the United States: A Comprehensive Study (1940–2005):

Multiple-station, or group, ownership is a long established characteristic of broadcasting in the United States. It exists whenever a single organization owns more than one station or one medium. T...
Characterization of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Patients Treated With High-Dose Interleukin-2 for Metastatic Melanoma or Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose To characterize the number and functional status of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in patients with metastatic melanoma (MM) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated with high-dose bolus interleukin-2 (IL-2). Patients and Methods Patients with MM or RCC treated with high-dose bolus IL-2 (600,000 IU/kg every 8 hours) at a single center provided pre- and post-treatment whole blood specimens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, separated into cellular subsets, and analyzed by flow cytometry or used for in vitro proliferation assays. Results Between September 2003 and July 2005 57 patients were enrolled in the study with 48 patients available for analysis (45 MM, 12 RCC). Tregs were defined as CD4+CD25hi T cells, and this subset was significantly elevated in the cancer patients compared with normal donors (7.75% v 2.24%). The CD4+CD25hi T-cell pool in the patients constitutively expressed intracellular FoxP3, CTLA-4, and produced high amounts...
Cramer-Rao Lower Bound of Variance in Randomized Response Sampling

In this note, the Cramer-Rao lower bound of variance by using the two decks of cards in randomized response sampling has been developed. The lower bound of variance has been compared with the recent estimator proposed by Odumade and Singh at equal protection of respondents. A real practical face-to-face interview data collected using two decks of cards has been analyzed and the results are discussed.
Exome sequencing in congenital heart disease points to importance of DNA methylation.

1. Bruneau BG. The developmental genetics of congenital heart disease. Nature . 2008;451:943–948. 2. Oyen N, Poulsen G, Boyd HA, Wohlfahrt J, Jensen PK, Melbye M. Recurrence of congenital heart defects in families. Circulation . 2009;120:295–301. 3. Pierpont ME, Basson CT, Benson DW Jr, Gelb BD, Giglia TM, Goldmuntz E, et al. Genetic basis for congenital heart defects: current knowledge: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation . 2007;115:3015–3038. 4. Zaidi S, Choi M, Wakimoto H, Ma L, Jiang J, Overton JD, et al. De novo mutations in histone-modifying genes in congenital heart disease. Nature . 2013;498:220–223. Although congenital heart disease (CHD) comprises many different and seemingly divergent diseases, there does seem to be a shared genetic …
The Athlete and the Grade Change.

This case study focuses on the moral and ethical issues surrounding changing an athlete's grade to make him eligible to play in a championship game. Jerome, a senior attending Woodrow Wilson High School, earned a D in his typing class, which made him ineligible to play in the basketball championship games. The principal and basketball coach made the decision to change Jerome's grade so he could play, and the team would have a better chance of winning. When Mrs. Walton learned of the grade change, she felt betrayed by the principal's actions.
Effects of Inquiry-Based Learning on Students' Science Literacy Skills and Confidence.

Calls for reform in university education have prompted a movement from teacher- to student-centered course design, and included developments such as peer-teaching, problem and inquiry-based learning. In the sciences, inquiry-based learning has been widely promoted to increase literacy and skill development, but there has been little comparison to more traditional curricula. In this study, we demonstrated greater improvements in students’ science literacy and research skills using inquiry lab instruction. We also found that inquiry students gained self-confidence in scientific abilities, but traditional students’ gain was greater ‐likely indicating that the traditional curriculum promoted over-confidence. Inquiry lab students valued more authentic science exposure but acknowledged that experiencing the complexity and frustrations faced by practicing scientists was challenging, and may explain the widespread reported student resistance to inquiry curricula.
A Universal Method to Determine Crack Age in Construction Materials

Cracks in structures are often the source of litigation claiming some nearby atypical event, like heavy construction or an earthquake, caused the cracking. Current methods of determining crack age are subjective and limited in their scope. This body of research proposes to use accumulated biomass to evaluate the age of these cracks. A common bacterium, Pseudomonas putida was used to colonize various construction material surfaces to verify visualization using confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantification methods of sparse biofilms, developed with glass and mortar in previous work, for the purpose of crack dating.
Quantizer Dynamics and their Effect on the Performance of Digital Feedback Control Systems

We investigate in some specific cases the ramifications for the behavior of digital feedback control systems of the fact that many analog-to-digital converters have dynamics of their own. Even when a feedback system employs static A-to-D converters, its dynamics can be rather complicated due to an unstable open loop and the presence of hard nonlinearities in the controller. If the A-to-D converters in a system are dynamic converters such as oversampling delta-sigma modulators, the story is even more intriguing.
A PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT DECISION MODEL FOR COCKPIT WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEMS

There is a significant market demand for advanced cockpit weather information products. However, it is unclear how to identify the most promising technological options that provide the desired mix of consumer requirements by employing feasible technical systems at a price that achieves market success. This study develops a unique product development decision model that employs Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Kano's model of consumer choice. This model is specifically designed for exploration and resolution of this and similar information technology related product development problems.
Accurate analytical delay modeling of CMOS clock buffers considering power supply variations

In this paper, we present an accurate method for analytical derivation of CMOS clock buffers delay under power supply variations. The method involves modeling of the pull-up and pull-down resistances using approximated drain saturation current device equations for the buffers together with lumped resistive capacitive elements for the interconnects. Compared to circuit simulation results, the analytical model provides more than four orders of magnitude speedup while maintaining an average error of 0.26% with 3.0% standard deviation over the entire range of power supply and circuit parameters variations, making it suitable for timing analysis and optimization.
Association of plasma ADMA levels with MRI markers of vascular brain injury: Framingham offspring study.

Background and Purpose— Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), an inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, is a marker of endothelial dysfunction. Elevated circulating ADMA concentrations have been associated with systemic and carotid atherosclerosis, an elevated risk of developing stroke, and magnetic resonance imaging white-matter hyperintensities (WMHs). The relation of plasma ADMA to subclinical vascular brain injury has not been previously studied in a middle-aged, community-based sample. Methods— In 2013 stroke-free Framingham offspring (mean±SD age, 58±9.5 years; 53% women), we related baseline plasma ADMA levels (1995–1998) to subsequent brain magnetic resonance imaging measures (1999–2004) of subclinical vascular injury: presence of silent brain infarcts (SBIs) and large white-matter hyperintensity volumes (LWMHs; defined as >1 SD above the age-specific mean). Results— Prevalences of SBIs and LWMHs were 10.7% and 12.6%, respectively. In multivariable analyses adjusting for age, sex and trad...
Imposition Of Diversity: The Imposition Of Diversity-Training Through Top Down Management Communication

Top managers should impose diversity-training programs requiring all managers to participate. A diversity program must focus on enhancing managerial communication competence, while taking into consideration the impact that various cultures, religions, family structures and attitudes will have on managerial communication processes. If executives are to attain goal achievement and motivate employees, they must be prepared to effectively impose diversity training on an inherently diverse workforce. The benefits of properly implementing and consistently supporting a diversity-training program could outweigh managerial resistance.
Student Clinicians Self-Evaluating Performance by Reviewing Session Videos and Using a Rubric

Development of self-evaluation skills in student clinicians is a crucial element of clinical education. This article reviews pertinent information regarding supervisors' responsibilities related to...