cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local government policies and migration

Tiebout (1956) had suggested that local government policy differentials might exercise a major impact on individuals' locational decisions. The findings in this paper seem to support Tiebout's position. In particular, of the six results (coefficients) obtained in describing the migration-impact of local government policies, only two were not statistically significant determinants of migration. Of the remaining four coefficients, two were statistically significant at the five percent level and two were statistically significant at the one percent level. In addition, both white migrants and black migrants were affected by local government policy differentials. Thus, the diversity of local government economic policies exercises a profound impact on the spatial allocation of resources.
The recognition and categorization of upright and inverted emotional expressions by 7-month-old infants

Abstract Upright and inverted faces were used to determine whether 7-month-old infants discriminate emotional expressions on the basis of affectively relevant information. In Experiment 1, infants recognized the similarity of happy faces over changing identities and discriminated this expression from fear and anger when the stimuli were presented upright, but not when they were inverted. In Experiment 2, infants were able to discriminate happiness from fear and anger posed by a single model, regardless of the orientation of the stimuli. From these studies it was suggested that categorizing emotional expressions depends upon attending to affectively relevant, orientation-specific information, whereas the discrimination of emotional expressions can be done on a featural basis, something that remains invariant regardless of the orientation of the stimuli. In Experiment 3, infants discriminated toothy happiness posed by several models from nontoothy happiness and nontoothy anger when the stimuli were presented upright and inverted. Thus, when salient features were available, the infants based their discriminations on perceptual aspects rather than on conceptual aspects such as categories of emotions.
Was Hume a proper functionalist

Nicholas Wolterstorff has claimed that David Hume hinted at a proper functionalist account that anticipates the epistemology of Alvin Plantinga. In this paper, I shall argue that we should refrain from attributing a proper functionalist epistemology to Hume. I shall first raise doubts as to how one could fit a notion of proper functioning into Hume's descriptive project. Next, I shall argue that adopting a proper functionalist epistemology would undermine some of Hume's most famous claims about causal inferences.
REPLICATION AND REPORTING: A Commentary

In this paper we address the need for replication studies in the field of second language acquisition and discuss the problems surrounding standards of reporting research. A particular focus is on the level of detail necessary for replication to take place. The lack of uniform standards is noted with specific examples of problematic reporting taken from descriptions of second language learners' proficiency levels and measures of linguistic accuracy in second language writing research. We propose ways that we believe will lead to more thorough reporting of research and that will therefore allow others to engage in replication.
Is arteriosclerosis a life prolonging, adaptive process?

Abstract Arteriosclerosis is believed by many to represent the aging process of arteries and to be responsible for the cause-specific deaths at any age in industrialized countries. However, the increasing rate of (A) associated with steadily increasing life expectancy invited studies of the average age at death (AAD) of conditions with prominent (A) (ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease “atherosclerosis”). Data were obtained from “Vital Statistics of the U.S.A.”, (Vol. II, Mortality), Section 8, Tables VIII–V). Persons above the age of 40 were studied. The (A) groups were compared to the “normals” from whom (in addition to the groups with prominent arteriosclerosis,) accidents, suicides, homicides and other “external” causes of death were deducted. We also excluded malignancies because the AAD would have prejudiced the data in favor of our assumption. In general the (A) groups had significantly higher (AAD's) than that of the “normals”. Exceptions were white males with ischemic heart disease whose (AAD) was lower than that of the “normals”. This was also true for white males and females with myocardial infarction. Although (A) may exceed its normal function leading to lesions (e.g., myocardial infarction) in the majority of the cases it seems to be a life prolonging adaptive process which is in line with evoluntionary expectations.
Paradoxes of (Im)Purity: Affirming Heteronormativity and Queering Heterosexuality in Family Discourses of Purity Pledges

Queer theory, seldom used to critique heterosexuality, is used to examine discursive themes from interviews with 13 families who enacted purity pledges. Thematic analysis, values coding, and emotion coding reveal four salient themes: parents should want the best for their children; sex is terrifying; sex is a beautiful gift; and girls have no sexual agency. Results illustrate families use purity pledges and rings to mark a pure heterosexuality that contrasts with a more dominant impure heterosexuality.
Comparative limb development in insects and crustaceans

Abstract Developmental genetics has revealed several molecular players critical for patterning the adult leg inDrosophila. Comparisons throughout insects and crustaceans reveal that some of the molecular mechanisms that initiate limb patterning are conserved: limbs seem to always consist of anterior/posterior compartments, and their initial proximal/distal outgrowth is marked byDistallessexpression. It remains unknown whether the developmental mechanisms that subsequently generate differences in limb morphology are themselves diverse. A comparative perspective suggests that one important evolutionary transition in limb development was the evolution of joints and limb segmentation.
Adolescent cigarette smokers' and non-cigarette smokers' use of alternative tobacco products.

INTRODUCTION This study uses the most recent data from the nationally representative National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) to examine the use of alternative tobacco products among U.S. cigarette smokers and non-cigarette smokers aged 14-17. Alternative tobacco product use is defined as use of one or more of the following products: smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes, bidis, or kreteks. METHODS Using the results from the 2004, 2006, and 2009 NYTS, multivariate logistic regressions were used to investigate separately the extent of alternative tobacco product use in current cigarette smokers and in those who reported not smoking cigarettes controlling for demographic and other independent influences. RESULTS The results indicate that for adolescent smokers and nonsmokers, the use of one type of alternative tobacco product made it much more likely the individual would use one or more of the other alternative tobacco products. Non-cigarette smokers using these tobacco products appeared to exhibit symptoms of nicotine dependence comparable to those of cigarette smokers. CONCLUSIONS More information on adolescent use of alternative tobacco products is needed. Current cigarette use declined 3.4% annually over 2004-2009 for the NYTS 14- to 17-year-old population, but this cohort's use of alternative tobacco products was unchanged. The number of adolescents aged 14-17 who did not smoke cigarettes but used alternative tobacco products increased 5.9% per year over the same period. Current surveillance measures need to be expanded in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of adolescent alternative tobacco use.
Long-Term Care Insurance: Does Experience Matter?

We examine whether long-term care (LTC) experience helps explain the low demand for long-term care insurance (LTCI). We test if expectations about future informal care receipt, expectations about inheritance receipt, and LTCI purchase decisions vary between individuals whose parents or in-laws have used LTC versus those who have not. We find parental use of a nursing home decreases expectations that one's children will provide informal care, consistent with the demonstration effect. Nursing home use by in-laws does not have the same impact, suggesting that individuals are responding to information gained about their own aging trajectory. Nursing home use by either a parent or in-law increases LTCI purchase probability by 0.8 percentage points, with no significant difference in response between parents' and in-laws' use. The estimated increase in purchase probability from experience with LTC is about half the previously estimated increase from tax policy-induced price decreases.
Excision-repair patch lengths are similar for transcription-coupled repair and global genome repair in UV-irradiated human cells

Abstract We have used the buoyant density shift method to measure excision-repair patch lengths in UV-irradiated repair-proficient human cells and in primary fibroblasts belonging to xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XP-C), in which excision repair of UV-induced photoproducts is dependent upon transcription. The patch size was found to be about 30 nucleotides for both cell types. This agrees with the size of the DNA fragments excised in vitro by the dual incisions of the structure-specific nucleases XPG and ERCC1–XPF. We conclude that the XPC protein is not required to target the excision nucleases to sites of DNA cleavage in transcribed strands of expressed genes or to protect the newly incised DNA from further processing by exonucleases.
Bile Duct Restoration in Rana pipiens after Ligation of the Hepatoduodenal Ligament

A single cotton ligature closed the common bile duct, the hepatic artery, and the hepatic portal vein. The continuity of the bile duct was restored in 14 of 69 cases, the restoration process being associated with mitosis in the bile duct epithelium. There was evidence that the continuity of the blood vessels was also restored.
Histochemical studies on γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity of pancreatic acinar cell lesions induced by 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide and/or azaserine in rats

The utility of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP) as an enzyme marker during pancreatic acinar cell carcinogenesis in rats was assessed by measuring its enzyme-histochemical performance in pancreatic acinar cell lesions induced by 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) and/or azaserine in partially-pancreatectomized Fischer 344 and Wistar rats. Rats were given a single intravenous injection of 4-HAQO (10 or 7 mg/kg body weight) 3 days after partial pancreatectomy followed by intraperitoneal injections of azaserine (30 mg/kg) once a week for 10 weeks, or the same treatment without azaserine. The animals were sacrificed at 3, 6, 10, 12 and 18 months. 4-HAQO predominantly induced basophilic foci in Fischer rats, while in Wistar rats acidophilic foci and acidophilic hyperplastic nodules were predominant. A preferential enhancement of the induction of acidophilic foci and hyperplastic nodules was exhibited in Fischer rats following co-administration with azaserine. Normal acinar cells were positive for gamma-GTP. 90 to 100% of basophilic foci were either negative or slightly positive for gamma-GTP, whilst 68 to 98% of acidophilic foci were positive. The gamma-GTP activities of acidophilic hyperplastic nodules were more variable between nodules than within nodules, and either co-administration of azaserine or extension of experimental duration time appeared to increase the gamma-GTP positive nodules. Between the gamma-GTP positive and decreased nodules, no histological but some morphometrical differences were observed. As far as the nodules induced by 4-HAQO in Fischer rats were concerned, all of the gamma-GTP decreased nodules had thin fibrous capsules and exhibited ultrastructurally more atypia than the positive ones. Present study thus revealed that gamma-GTP is neither a useful nor invariable enzyme marker during pancreatic acinar cell carcinogenesis in rats.
Bladder tumor associated with phenacetin abuse

The association between phenacetin abuse and renal papillary necrosis is widely known. Recently, reports in the European literature indicated a possible correlation between phenacetin abuse and the development of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and bladder. A case of transitional cell carcinoma associated with phenacetin abuse is presented. The pharmacology of phenacetin metabolites is discussed, and the world literature is reviewed. The data available warrant careful reappraisal of the ready availability of phenacetin.
Reversible inactivation of AT2 angiotensin II receptor from cysteine–disulfide bond exchange

Dithiothreitol (DTT) treatment of angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 (AT2) receptor potentiates ligand binding, but the underlying mechanism is not known. Two disulfide bonds proposed in the extracellular domain were examined in this report. Based on the analysis of ligand affinity of cysteine (Cys, C) to alanine (Ala, A) substitution mutants, we provide evidence that Cys35–Cys290 and Cys117–Cys195 disulfide bonds are formed in the wild-type AT2 receptor. Disruption of the highly conserved Cys117–Cys195 disulfide bond linking the second and third extracellular segments leads to inactivation of the receptor. The Cys35–Cys290 bond is highly sensitive to DTT. Its breakage results in an increased binding affinity for both Ang II and the AT2 receptor-specific antagonist PD123319. Surprisingly, in the single Cys mutants, C35A and C290A, a labile population of receptors is produced which can be re-folded to high-affinity state by DTT treatment. These results suggest that the free –SH group of Cys35 or Cys290 competes with the disulfide bond formation between Cys117 and Cys195. This Cys–disulfide bond exchange results in production of the inactive population of the mutant receptors through formation of a non-native disulfide bond.
Analysis of the Effect of Flow Rate on the Doppler Continuity Equation for Stenotic Orifice Area Calculations: A Numerical Study

Background—Flow-rate dependencies of the Doppler continuity equation are addressed in this study. Methods and Results—By use of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software with turbulence modeling, three-dimensional axisymmetric models of round stenotic orifices were created. Flow simulations were run for various orifice area sizes (0.785, 1.13, 1.76, and 3.14 cm2 ) and flow rates (0.37 to 25.0 L/min). Reynolds numbers ranged from 100 to 8000. Once adequate convergence was obtained with each simulation, the location of the vena contracta was determined. For each run, maximum and average velocities across the cross section of the vena contracta were tabulated and vena contracta cross-sectional area (effective orifice area) determined. The difference between the maximum velocity and the average velocity at the vena contracta was smallest at high-flow states, with more of a difference at low-flow states. At lower-flow states, the velocity vector profile at the vena contracta was parabolic, whereas at high-flo...
A Compact Chromatic Dispersion Compensator using Unequal and Mutually-Coupled Microring Resonators

We propose ultra-small silicon microring-based dispersion compensators, with -530 ps/nm dispersion over 8.5 μm and power fluctuation of 0.15 dB. Equivalent dispersion is up-to 6.23×1010ps/nm/km. Dispersion slope compensation is also achieved.
Topoisomerases in kinetoplastids

Topoisomerases are enzymes that mediate topological changes in DNA that are essential for nucleic acid biosynthesis and for cell survival. The kinetoplastid protozoa, which include pathogenic trypanosomes and Leishmania, have yielded an interesting variety of purified topoisomerase activities as well as several topoisomerase genes. In these parasites, topoisomerases are involved in the metabolism of both nuclear and mitochondrial (kinetoplast) DNA. In this review, Christian Burri, Armette Bodley and Theresa Shapiro summarize what is known about topoisomerases in kinetoplastids, and consider the intriguing possibility that these enzymes may act as valuable antiparasite drug targets.
A comparison between onestep and other multiconic trajectory propagation methods

The paper presents an optimized version of the one-step multiconic method of spacecraft trajectory propagation in the presence of two attracting bodies. This method is compared to eleven other methods ranging from simple conic propagation to full integration of the equations of motion by applying the methods to a wide variety of test cases taken from planned space missions. This optimize one-step method is shown to be an order of magnitude better than other single-step methods for interplanetary and most lunar trajectories. Multistep multiconics methods and integration of the state offer another order of magnitude improvement, but at a proportionally higher cost and calculation time.
A note on surfaces of separation in mixtures

Equations of balance of force for a mixture in which not all constituents overlap are derived. Particular attention is paid to the equation governing the jump of the force fields across the surface of separation and a simple example is examined.
Sonographic Evaluation of an Ocular Pellet Gun Injury

Penetrating eye injuries are a very frightening finding at any age and for any reason. Most eye injuries can be avoided if proper safety measures are in place. This ophthalmic sonogram demonstrated a penetrating eye injury from a pellet gun with significant vitreous hemorrhage, total retinal detachment, and pellet fragments seen in the posterior sclera adjacent to the optic nerve. Gray-scale ophthalmic sonographic imaging using standard linear array transducers is an effective, noninvasive method to determine the location and size of a foreign body and associated vitreous and orbital pathology. If clinically indicated, color and spectral analysis can be used to evaluate blood flow in the vessels supplying the orbit.
Results from First Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations on a-Si

We report on some recent results of first principles molecular dynamics simulations on a- Si. These simulations yield interesting results that challenge the standard beliefs about what constitutes a defect, how light induced defects arise, and about the origins of conduction band tailing.
Analysis of fluid dynamics of supersonic combustion process controlled by mixing

The fluid dynamics of supersonic combustion is discussed. The interference between the combustion process and the supersonic flow secondary to the combustion region is described. Multiple injector flow fields are described from the point of view of mixing and of interaction with the external flow. It is shown that the selection of injector location and combustion process can be utilized to produce compression waves of controlled strength. Such waves can be utilized to reduce the flow Mach number in front of subsequent injectors. This effect is called thermal compression. Engineering criteria for utilization of thermal compression are presented An example of such utilization is described. The example indicates that the interaction between combustion and geometry is of primary importance for the fluid-dynamic process. The effect of this interaction cannot be accounted for by a simple one-dimensional analysis. Only a judicious combination of mixing analyses and more complex analyses, that takes into account the formation and propagation of the waves due to combustion, can give detailed qualitative information on the fluid dynamics of supersonic combustion.
Single-molecule LATE-PCR analysis of human mitochondrial genomic sequence variations.

It is thought that changes in mitochondrial DNA are associated with many degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and diabetes. Much of the evidence, however, depends on correlating disease states with changing levels of heteroplasmy within populations of mitochondrial genomes, rather than individual mitochondrial genomes. Thus these measurements are likely to either overestimate the extent of heteroplasmy due to technical artifacts, or underestimate the actual level of heteroplasmy because only the most abundant changes are observable. In contrast, Single Molecule (SM) LATE-PCR analysis achieves efficient amplification of single-stranded amplicons from single target molecules. The product molecules, in turn, can be accurately sequenced using a convenient Dilute-‘N’-Go protocol, as shown here. Using these novel technologies we have rigorously analyzed levels of mitochondrial genome heteroplasmy found in single hair shafts of healthy adult individuals. Two of the single molecule sequences (7% of the samples) were found to contain mutations. Most of the mtDNA sequence changes, however, were due to the presence of laboratory contaminants. Amplification and sequencing errors did not result in mis-identification of mutations. We conclude that SM-LATE-PCR in combination with Dilute-‘N’-Go Sequencing are convenient technologies for detecting infrequent mutations in mitochondrial genomes, provided great care is taken to control and document contamination. We plan to use these technologies in the future to look for age, drug, and disease related mitochondrial genome changes in model systems and clinical samples.
STATUS OF AND PROBLEMS IN BOILING AND CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER

Abstract Our knowledge of heat transfer associated with boiling and condensation has been advanced considerably in the last two decades from the mysterious experimental data for overall coefficients for special geometrical arrangements to some rather detailed descriptions of mechanisms of various aspects of the processes. Nevertheless, there remain today many unanswered questions. In the following the state of art of various aspects of boiling and condensation will be presented along with some of the significant unanswered questions.
A program for the solution of ill-posed linear systems arising from the discretization of the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind

Abstract A computer program written in FORTRAN IV for obtaining smooth solutions of ill-posed systems of linear equations arising from the discretization of the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind is given. It is based on a novel algorithm by the author. The algorithm is iterative using linear programming techniques and is numerically stable. Numerical results show that it gives accuracy comparable to the truncated singular value decomposition method, yet it is about 2 to 5 times faster. The program may also obtain the least squares solution of ill-conditioned systems of linear equations under a simple condition. Numerical results are given.
A historical perspective on cystocele repair--from honey to pessaries to anterior colporrhaphy: lessons from the past.

Purpose: Ancient reports of the treatment of anterior vaginal wall prolapse (cystocele) include the use of honey, astringents and even turning the woman upside down. Various objects were inserted into the vagina to correct this condition. These have since evolved to modern day pessaries. There is limited information on the historical surgical management of cystocele. In this review we provide a historical perspective on the treatment of cystocele.Materials and Methods: A MEDLINE® search was conducted using the words prolapse, cystocele, etiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, classification systems and the modifications in the nonsurgical and surgical techniques involved in cystocele repair.Results: Development of pelvic surgery finds its roots in the Ebers papyrus (1550 BC) and evolved from Hippocrates (400 BC) who used pessaries with pomegranate to reduce uterine prolapse. Other maneuvers were also used. Vesalius was the first to provide a detailed description of the entire female genital tract. Adolf Retzi...
A generalized energy function for transient stability analysis of power systems

In this paper, an "energy function" is derived for transient stability analysis of power systems. The main contribution of this paper is the generality of the model for the loads. The loads are modeled as constant real power loads but the reactive part of the loads are modeled as arbitrary function of the load bus voltage. This model accounts for the voltage transients of the load busses and for this general model, it is shown that the system satisfies the law of conservation of energy. An efficient algorithm for determining the stability of the system for a given disturbance is described. Results of simulation of the system studied by El-Abiad and Nagappan [2] are included and it is shown that due to the fluctuations in the system voltages, the commonly used energy function over estimates the energy of the system during system transients.
Evaluation of the use of chlorine dioxide by fogging for decreasing postharvest decay of fig

Abstract Postharvest diseases limit the storage period and marketing life of figs. The efficacy of chlorine dioxide by fogging was tested for the control of postharvest diseases of black fig (Ficus carica L. cv. Bursa Siyahi). Fruit were fogged with various concentrations of chlorine dioxide in a cold storage unit for 60 min at room temperature. Treated fruit were stored either in air or modified atmosphere bags for 7 d at 1 °C followed by 2 d shelf-life at 20 °C. Fogging at 300–1000 μL L−1 significantly reduced natural incidence of decay, most of which was gray mold. The efficacies of fogging at 500 and 1000 μL L−1 were at the same level and fogging at 1000 μL L−1 was superior to that at 300 μL L−1 in fruit stored in air. Modified atmosphere packaging did not improve the efficacy of fogging in reducing decay incidence. The epiphytic population on the fruit surface was similarly reduced by chlorine dioxide fogging. All treatments significantly reduced total microorganisms, fungal and bacterial populations in fruit. In addition, microorganisms in the storage atmosphere were significantly reduced. None of the treatments affected the visual quality and taste of fruit.
Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: Report of three cases with unusual oral soft tissue involvement

Three cases of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X) are reported in which the clinical presentations were (1) soft-tissue enlargements, (2) oral ulcerations, and (3) leukoplakia. Each case was without bone involvement at the time of diagnosis, and two patients were older than 60 years of age. Definitive diagnoses were aided with the use of immunohistochemistry.
Effect of banana bunchy top virus infection on morphology and growth characteristics of banana

Field experiments were conducted in Oahu, Hawaii, to investigate the effects of banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) infection on growth and morphology of banana (Musa acuminata). The time interval between aphid inoculation of BBTV and the initial appearance of disease symptoms (i.e. incubation period) was also determined. Plants infected with BBTV showed a significant reduction in petiole size (i.e. length and distance), plant canopy and height, leaf area, pseudostem diameter and chlorophyll content compared with control plants. Growth differences between virus-infected and control plants were not observed until 40–50 days after the plants were inoculated with viruliferous aphids. Other growth parameters such as petiole width and leaf production were not statistically different between infected and control plants. The incubation period of banana bunchy top disease or appearance of symptoms ranged from 25 to 85 days after aphid inoculation. However, PCR assays provided earlier detection of BBTV in banana plants compared with visual symptoms.
Fetal infants: thoughts about what to do.

Does an editor who writes an article with 9 co-authors, has it reviewed by the journal’s Associate Editor’s selected reviewers in the Houston, Texas, office of Pediatrics , and then picks it as the second article in this month’s Pediatrics have a conflict of interest? Some people would say “yes.” I think I’m entitled to do this once every 30 years as Editor-in-Chief. I wanted to call special attention to what I consider a growing problem in neonatal care, which I believe could be improved. The development of obstetrical and neonatal networks over the last decade has made it possible to gather information on rare events such as the … Reprint requests to (J.F.L.) American Academy of Pediatrics, Burlington, VT 05405-0068. E-mail: jerold.lucey{at}uvm.edu
Detection of galactic halo magninos via their coherent interaction with heavy nuclei

Abstract Magninos (neutral spin 1 2 fermions with mass 4–10 GeV and anomalous magnetic moment μ≈10−2) have been proposed as a solution to both the solar neutrino and dark matter problems. Direct detection of galactic halo magninos is possible via their coherent interaction with heavy nuclei. In this paper we have calculated the relevant non-relativistic cross section. We find a typical counting rate of about 100 events per day per kilogram of either a silicon or germanium detector. The magnetic moment of the magnino was needed in order to solve the solar neutrino problem. When scattering off of heavy nuclei, the charge radius r of the magnino is also relevant.
Proteolytic activity during senescence of plants.

Although information has rapidly developed concerning the intracellular localization of plant proteins, relatively few reports concern the intracellular location of endo- and exo-proteolytic activities. Relatively few proteases have been purified, characterized, and associated with a specific cellular location. With the exception of the processing proteases involved in transport of proteins across membranes, little progress has yet been made concerning determination of in vivo products of specific proteases. Information on the turnover of individual proteins and the assessment of rate-limiting steps in pathways as proteins are turned over is steadily appearing. Since chloroplasts are the major site of both protein synthesis and, during senescence, degradation, it was important to show unambiguously that chloroplasts can degrade their own constituents. Another important contribution was to obtain evidence that the chloroplasts contain proteases capable of degrading their constituents. This work has been more tenuous because of the low activities found and the possibility of contamination by vacuolar enzymes during the isolation of organelles. The possible targeting of cytoplasmic proteins for degradation by facilitating their transport into vacuoles is a field which hopefully will develop more rapidly in the future. Information on targeting of proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin (Ub) degradation pathway is developing rapidly. Future research must determine how much unity exists across the different eukaryotic systems. At present, it has important implications for protein turnover in plants, since apparently Ub is involved in the degradation of phytochrome. Little information has been developed regarding what triggers increased proteolysis with the onset of senescence, although it appears to involve protein synthesis. Thus far, the evidence indicates that the complement of proteases prior to senescence is sufficient to carry out the observed protein degradation. This field of study has great practical implications, e.g. maintaining photosynthesis during seed-fill in order to obtain greater crop yields. The current use of stay green' variants in the populations of several crop plants to produce increased yields shows the potential for future development. The near future should see exciting discoveries in these areas of research that will have far reaching effects on the construction of transgenic plants for future research accomplishments and agricultural use.
Migration behavior of naturally occurring radionuclides at the Nopal I uranium deposit, Chihuahua, Mexico

Oxidation of pyrite at the Nopal I uranium deposit, Pena Blanca district, Chihuahua, Mexico has resulted in the formation of Fe-oxides/hydroxides. Anomalous U concentrations (i.e. several hundred to several thousand ppm) measured in goethite, hematite, and amorphous Fe-oxyhydroxides in a major fracture that crosscuts the deposit and the absence of U minerals in the fracture suggest that U was retained during secondary mineral growth or sorbed on mineral surfaces. Mobilization and transport of U away from the deposit is suggested by decreasing U concentrations in fracture-infilling materials and in goethite and hematite with distance from the deposit. Greater than unity 234U238U activity ratios measured in fracture-infilling materials indicate relatively recent ( < 1 Ma) U uptake from fluids that carried excess 234U. Systematic decreases in 234U238U activity ratios of fracture materials with distance from the deposit suggest a multistage mobilization process, such as remobilization of U from 234U-enriched infill minerals or differential or diminished transport of U-bearing solutions containing excess 234U.
Isopycnic centrifugation of mammalian metaphase chromosomes in metrizamide.

Isopycnic centrifugation is a powerful separation technique, but when applied to metaphase chromosome research it has been technically frustrating. High concentrations of salt rapidly dissociate metaphase chromosomes, and MacGillivray, et al. [l] show that high concentrations of salt dissociate nucleoproteins. Chromatin will band isopycnically in CsCl after fixation with formaldehyde [2], but the reaction is irreversible and the material of little use thereafter. Obviously, formaldehyde treated chromosomes are equally useless. We have used sucrose, Ficoll, and fructose as the support media for isopycnic banding of metaphase chromosomes, but at the density required to band the chromosomes (p=l.3 1 g/cm3) the viscosity of the sugar solutions is so high as to make their use prohibitive. Chromatin has been shown to band in chloral hydrate gradients [3], but these gradients are very difficult to handle and are also quite viscous which again make them unsuitable for banding metaphase chromosomes. In order to circumvent these problems an elaborate system of nonaqueous gradients was developed by Stubblefield and Wray [4] for buoying chromosomes. These organic gradients accomplish their objective of isopycnically banding metaphase chromosomes co= 1.36 g/cm3) in a low viscosity media. However, the technical problems in preparing these gradients, the solvent properties of the organic chemicals and especially their ability to extract certain proteins from the chromosomes make this system amenable only to certain specified applications. The introduction of iodinated density gradient media for biological separations represents a signifi-
Hemodynamic effects of radical left ventricular scar resection in patients with and without congestive heart failure

To evaluate the hemodynamic changes that occur following radical left ventricular scar resection we studied 40 patients (mean age, 59.2 years; 36 males) with complete hemodynamic evaluation preoperatively (preop) and 5 to 12 days postoperatively (postop). Severe congestive heart failure (CHF) was present in 15 patients, ventricular arrhythmias in 19, and angina in 19 patients preop. The operation consisted of extensive scar resection with complete myocardial revascularization (average 2.4 grafts per patient). Ten patients required intraaortic balloon pump assist for up to 8 days postop. Postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was estimated with multiple gated acquisition scanning. A significant rise in heart rate was observed in the whole group of patients postop (P = 0.000). In the group of patients with CHF preop the EF was increased from 25.1 +/- 8.4% (mean +/- SD) preop to 30.9 +/- 11.2% postop (P = 0.003), the cardiac index was increased from 2.2 +/- 0.5 liters/min/m2 preop to 2.7 +/- 0.5 liters/min/m2 postop (P = 0.02), and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure was decreased from 22.0 +/- 7.7 mm Hg preop to 15.5 +/- 4.3 mm Hg postop (P = 0.005). In the patients without active CHF preop no improvement in the above hemodynamics was noted. In conclusion, radical left ventricular scar resection significantly increased EF and CI and decreased PAW in patients with preop CHF, whereas in the absence of CHF this procedure resulted in minimal hemodynamic changes.
Global Illumination Compensation for Spatially Augmented Reality

When projectors are used to display images on complex, non-planar surface geometry, indirect illumination between the surfaces will disrupt the final appearance of this imagery, generally increasing brightness, decreasing contrast, and washing out colors. In this paper we predict through global illumination simulation this unintentional indirect component and solve for the optimal compensated projection imagery that will minimize the difference between the desired imagery and the actual total illumination in the resulting physical scene. Our method makes use of quadratic programming to minimize this error within the constraints of the physical system, namely, that negative light is physically impossible. We demonstrate our compensation optimization in both computer simulation and physical validation within a table-top spatially augmented reality system. We present an application of these results for visualization of interior architectural illumination. To facilitate interactive modifications to the scene geometry and desired appearance, our system is accelerated with a CUDA implementation of the QP optimization method.
Carotenoid composition and down regulation of photosystem II in three conifer species during the winter

The carotenoid composition of the needles of three conifer species. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesu) and blue spruce (Picea pun—gens). growing in full sunlight was found to differ between the summer and the winter, with higher levels of lutein and the carotenoids of the xanthophyll cycle and lower levels of α-carotene being present during the winter. In addition, the extent of the de-epoxidation of violaxunthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin at midday was greater during the winter than during the summer. The latter two carotenoids were also found to be retained at high levels overnight on cold days during the winter. Associated with the retention of antheraxanlhin and zeaxanthin were sustained depressions of photosystem II (PSII) efficiency. These decreases in photo system II efficiency were accompanied by changes in chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics that are indicative of increased levels of energy dissipation in the chlorophyll pigment bed. Sustained depressions in PSII efficiency are commonly interpreted as “photoinhibitton”. We therefore suggest that low temperature-induced photo inhibition in these conifers during the winter was due to a down regulation of photosystem II that involved sustained xanthophyll cycle-associated energy dissipation. Furthermore, the predawn conversion state of the xanthophyll cycle responded rapidly to day to day variation in temperature. Being less epoxidized on colder days and more epoxidized on both previous and subsequent warmer days. Such flexibility in the response of the santhophyll cycle to changes in temperature may be important in the regulation and protection of the photosynthetic apparatus of such evergreen plants in a climate that experiences relatively rapid changes in temperature.
Stem Cell Transplantation: Superiority of Fetal Bone Marrow Over Cord Blood and Adult Bone Marrow. • 1290

Stem Cell Transplantation: Superiority of Fetal Bone Marrow Over Cord Blood and Adult Bone Marrow. • 1290
Movements of sodium and potassium into ejaculated boar spermatozoa suspended in seminal plasma and a biological salt solution

Uptake of 22Na and 42K into ejaculated boar spermatozoa was measured in vitro. Cells were suspended either in seminal plasma or in a biological salt solution of essentially the same composition as boar seminal plasma. Samples were incubated at 30°C. Correction was made for extracellular space in the centrifuged sperm pellet. This was determined as 22Na-space, which was less (P < 0.001) than [14C]carboxyinulin space. Large differences were observed among individual ejaculates. The half-time for potassium uptake into the spermatozoa averaged 11.5 min, which is much faster than that for leukocytes or erythrocytes. When the spermatozoa were suspended in the biological salt solution, the initial rate of 42K uptake was significantly decreased. This may be due to disturbances of the protein components of the sperm membrane. The uptake of 22Na into the spermatozoa was slow. Sodium and potassium transport appeared not to be coupled in the 32 ratio which has been reported for erythrocyte membranes. The average concentration of sodium was 108 mM in seminal plasma and 26mM in the spermatozoa (112 mmol/kg water and 38 mmol/ kg water, respectively). The corresponding figures for potassium were 26 mM and 51 mM (27 mmol/kg water and 74 mmol/kg water). The random error for a single determination for the various methods used varied between 2.4 and 13.3% of the mean.
The relationship between personal and collective identity: A narrative analysis of a campus ministry community

Analyzed the community narrative of a student religious community using participant observation, structured interviews, and document analysis. Themes of the narrative included the value of accepting others' differences as diversity, the value of creating and building places where people feel “at home,” the importance of personal growth through asking open and honest questions, and healing past hurt. Social organization and processes in the campus ministry reflected these narrative themes, indicating the translation of the narrative into practice. Personal stories told by individual members also reflected these themes, suggesting that community narratives are a powerful psychological resource used by members to develop and maintain personal identity. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Systemic staging of supratentorial extra‐axial brain tumors in children craniopharyngiomas, atypical teratoma and teratoid tumors of the suprasellar region (germinomas), and intracranial teratomas

A staging system has been proposed for the following tumors: craniopharyngiomas, germinomas, and intracranial teratomas. Various aspects of the specific pathologic and growth characteristics of the tumor determines such categorization and subclassifiation of the tumors. A brief analysis of the clinical aspects in reference to classification is presented. The suggested systems will need to be tested in clinical studies to determine their validity. Cancer 56: 1800-1803, 1985.
Are discontinuous chondrite-normalized REE patterns in pegmatitic granite systems the results of monazite fractionation?

Abstract All 14 stable rare earth elements (REEs) in biotite-muscovite granite and tourmaline-rich granite of the Harney Peak Granite, Black Hills, South Dakota, USA, have been analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Chrondrite-normalized REE patterns of the tourmaline-rich granites are discontinuous between Nd and Sm. The discontinuity was modeled successfully by the fractional crystallization of monazite from a biotite-muscovite granite initial composition. This explanation may also apply to the development of such discontinuous patterns in other highly evolved rocks.
Effects of hydrogen peroxide on oral carcinogenesis in hamsters

The effects of twice weekly topical applications of hydrogen peroxide on the buccal epithelium of Syrian hamsters were studied. Animals were treated either with hydrogen peroxide alone, with hydrogen peroxide and the carcinogen 9, 10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA), or with DMBA alone. In animals treated with 30% H2O2 alone, histopathologic examination after 22 weeks revealed hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia in all animals with hyperchromatic cells and mild dysplasia in four of nine: no tumors were seen. In animals treated with DMBA alone, three of seven (43%) developed epidermoid carcinoma, while six of 11 (55%) of animals treated with DMBA plus 3% hydrogen peroxide and five of five (100%) of animals treated with DMBA plus 30% hydrogen peroxide (P = 0.054) developed carcinoma. Thus, hydrogen peroxide can, by itself, induce pathologic changes frequently associated with preneoplastic lesions; it may also augment carcinogenesis associated with DMBA.
BACTERIA AS SPECIFIC BINDING AGENTS FOR AN ISOTOPIC ASSAY OF SERUM FOLATE.

SummarySaturation analysis or competitive inhibition utilizing bacteria (L. casei) as the specific binder permitted the measurement of serum folate. Unlike conventional microbiologic techniques, organism growth rate was not determined. This new “radiomicrobiologic” approach quantitated serum folate by competitive binding of tritiated folic acid during the early “lag” phase of bacterial growth.
Numerical simulations of freely evolving turbulence in stably stratified fluids

Results of direct numerical simulations of stably stratified, freely evolving, homogeneous turbulence are presented. An examination of initial data designed to give insight into laboratory flows suggests that the numerical simulations have a satisfactory degree of realism, insofar as statistical parameters such as total energy and length scales are concerned. The motion is decomposed into a stratified turbulence (vortical) component and a wave component. For initial-value problems similar to laboratory studies of stratified flows, the vortical component decays at a rate virtually identical to that of the non-buoyant case up to t = 6N−1 (N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency). The decay rate decreases after this time, suggesting a kind of turbulence ‘collapse’. The temperature structure that emerges clearly shows the development of the collapse stage of the flow, which is also diagnosed by the behaviour of parameters such as the Thorpe scale.We next examine the very small-Froude-number regime in order to understand possible universal aspects of the flow. An examination of various initial conditions with different proportions of stratified and wave components indicates a lack of universality. For initial data containing only vortical motion (motions derived from the vertical vorticity field), the vortical field tends to dominate, in subsequent evolution, at strong stratification. However, contrary to two-dimensional turbulence, the flow is more strongly dissipative than two-dimensional flows due to the frictional effect associated with layering. Other quantities examined are frequency spectra, and the probability distribution for vertical shear. The frequency spectra exhibit some features in common with spectra extracted from oceanographic data.
A three-terminal single-walled carbon nanotube thin film MEMS switch for digital logic applications

An all single-walled carbon nanotube film was deposited through layer-by-layer self-assembly without use of a copolymer, resulting in 75% reduction of resistivity compared to previous composite films made with copolymer. The deposited film thickness could be well controlled by changing the number of dipping cycles. Moreover, a 3-terminal electromechanical switch built with this thin film behaved like a NAND gate. The on/off ratio of the device and the electrical properties of the film were dramatically improved through thermal treatments.