cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Distribution, Excretion, and Metabolism of 14C-Labeled Quaternary Ammonium Compounds of Promazine, Chlorpromazine, and Triflupromazine

The tissue distribution and biotransformation patterns of the quaternary methiodides of promazine, chlorpromazine, and triflupromazine in rats were investigated. After parenteral administration, high concentrations of these compounds were found in the liver, kidneys, and intestines. The majority of these compounds was metabolized by the liver and excreted in the intestines via the bile duct. In contrast to the corresponding tertiary amine, the majority of these compounds was excreted unchanged; however, a trace of chlorpromazine sulfoxide methiodide was detected in the urine.
Morphinane alkaloids in cultured tissues and redifferentiated organs of Papaver somniferum

Abstract The capacity of alkaloid synthesis was examined in cultured tissues of Papaver somniferum . Callus, derived meristemoids, redifferentiated roots and
The joy of feedback: nonlinear and adaptive

It is argued that, for a cautious design, a nonlinear analysis is needed to reveal when and why linear tools fail. Emerging nonlinear tools that can be used to overcome the limitations of nonlinear designs are discussed. It is shown that some of these tools can be made adaptive and applied to nonlinear systems with unknown parameters. The emergence of robust designs for nonlinear 'interval' plants is pointed out. >
Execution Moratoriums, Commutations and Deterrence: The Case of Illinois

In an earlier work the impact of an execution moratorium in Texas on the monthly returns (first differences) of homicides was investigated. That moratorium was judicially imposed pending the appeal of a death sentence that could have had widespread consequences. A similar methodology is applied to the state of Illinois. In January 2000, the Governor of Illinois declared a moratorium on executions pending a review of the judicial process that condemned certain murderers to the death penalty. In January 2003 just prior to leaving office, the Governor commuted the death sentences of all of those who then occupied death row. It is found that these actions are coincident with the increased risk of homicide incurred by the residents of Illinois over the 48 month post-event period for which data were available. The increased risk produced an estimated 150 additional homicides during the post-event period.
Detection of Hydroxyl Ions in Bone Mineral by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Previous measurements of the hydroxyl (OH–) ion content of the calcium phosphate crystals of bone mineral have indicated a substantial depletion or near-absence of OH–, despite its presumed status as a constituent of the hydroxyapatite lattice. Analytical methods for determining bone crystal OH– content have depended on procedures or assumptions that may have biased the results, such as chemical pretreatment to eliminate interference from the organic matrix. We demonstrate a two-dimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy technique that detects the proton spectrum of bone crystals while suppressing the interfering matrix signals, eliminating the need for specimen pretreatment other than cryogenic grinding. Results on fresh-frozen and ground whole bone of several mammalian species show that the bone crystal OH– is readily detectable; a rough estimate yields an OH– content of human cortical bone of about 20% of the amount expected in stoichiometric hydroxyapatite. This finding sheds light on the biochemical processes underlying normal and abnormal bone mineral metabolism.
A survival pathway for Caenorhabditis elegans with a blocked unfolded protein response

The unfolded protein response (UPR) counteracts stress caused by unprocessed ER client proteins. A genome-wide survey showed impaired induction of many UPR target genes in xbp-1 mutant Caenorhabditis elegans that are unable to signal in the highly conserved IRE1-dependent UPR pathway. However a family of genes, abu (activated in blocked UPR), was induced to higher levels in ER-stressed xbp-1 mutant animals than in ER-stressed wild-type animals. RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) inactivation of a representative abu family member, abu-1 (AC3.3), activated the ER stress marker hsp-4::gfp in otherwise normal animals and killed 50% of ER-stressed ire-1 and xbp-1 mutant animals. Abu-1(RNAi) also enhanced the effect of inactivation of sel-1, an ER-associated protein degradation gene. The nine abu genes encode highly related type I transmembrane proteins whose lumenal domains have sequence similarity to a mammalian cell surface scavenger receptor of endothelial cells that binds chemically modified extracellular proteins and directs their lysosomal degradation. Our findings that ABU-1 is an intracellular protein located within the endomembrane system that is induced by ER stress in xbp-1 mutant animals suggest that ABU proteins may interact with abnormal ER client proteins and this function may be particularly important in animals with an impaired UPR.
Musculoskeletal Injuries: Description of an Under-Recognized Injury Problem Among Military Personnel

INTRODUCTION: Although injuries are recognized as a leading health problem in the military, the size of the problem is underestimated when only acute traumatic injuries are considered. Injury-related musculoskeletal conditions are common in this young, active population. Many of these involve physical damage caused by micro-trauma (overuse) in recreation, sports, training, and job performance. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the incidence of injury-related musculoskeletal conditions in the military services (2006) and describe a standardized format in which to categorize and report them. METHODS: The subset of musculoskeletal diagnoses found to be injury-related in previous military investigations was identified. Musculoskeletal injuries among nondeployed, active duty service members in 2006 were identified from military medical surveillance data. A matrix was used to report and categorize these conditions by injury type and body region. RESULTS: There were 743,547 injury-related musculoskeletal conditions in 2006 (outpatient and inpatient, combined), including primary and nonprimary diagnoses. In the matrix, 82% of injury-related musculoskeletal conditions were classified as inflammation/pain (overuse), followed by joint derangements (15%) and stress fractures (2%). The knee/lower leg (22%), lumbar spine (20%), and ankle/foot (13%) were leading body region categories. CONCLUSIONS: When assessing the magnitude of the injury problem in the military services, injury-related musculoskeletal conditions should be included. When these injuries are combined with acute traumatic injuries, there are almost 1.6 million injury-related medical encounters each year. The matrix provides a standardized format to categorize these injuries, make comparisons over time, and focus prevention efforts on leading injury types and/or body regions. Language: en
Changes in the steryl lipid content and composition of tomato fruit during ripening

Key Word Index--Lycoperszcon esculentum; Solanaceae, tomato fruit, phytosterols; sterol conJugates, changes with rlpcning Abstract-The content and sterol compositlon of free sterols (FS), steryl esters (SE), acylated steryl glycosldes (ASG) and steryl glycosldes (SG) were determmed in outer pencarp tissue from 'Rutgers' tomato fruit, ranging from mature green to red ripe, and from fruit of three isogemc non-ripening mutants, rin, nor and Cr. The stigmasterol:sitosterol ratlo in the four steryl liplds showed a large increase with ripening of Rutgers fruit, but only a small nse in rin, nor and Gr fruit of comparable age Sitosterol and stigmasterol were the two maJor sterols in FS, SG and ASG, composing > 80% of the total in both 'normal' and mutant tomatoes. In SE, the proportion of stigmasterol was much lower and that of cholesterol and/or methyl sterols substantially higher. The content of FS, SG and particularly SE Increased during ripenmg of Rutgers fruit, while there was little change in the content of ASG. Increases in the content of FS, SG and SE were far less m pencarp of rtn mutant frmt. Thus, the changes noted in the steryl hpid content and composition of normal tomato frmt appear to be associated with ripenmg rather than with aging.
HO-1 induction restores c-AMP-dependent lung epithelial fluid transport following severe hemorrhage in rats

Inhibition of cAMP-dependent stimulation of the vectorial fluid transport across the lung epithelium following hemorrhagic shock is mediated by NO released within the airspaces of the lung. We tested here the hypothesis that prior induction of HO-1 would attenuate the release of NO in the airspaces, thus preventing the inhibition of the c-AMP stimulation of alveolar fluid clearance (ALC) in rats. Indeed, HO-1 induction restored the cAMP-mediated up-regulation of ALC after hemorrhage by decreasing NO released within the airspaces of the lung. In vitro studies demonstrated that HO-1 induction significantly reduced the iNOS-mediated release of NO by alveolar macrophages stimulated with endotoxin for 24 h. This effect is explained in part by a HO-1-dependent attenuation of the LPS-mediated nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. In addition, HO-1 induction also significantly reduced the iNOS-mediated release of NO by MH-S cells that were stimulated with interferon-gamma by decreasing the phosphorylation of STAT 1, another transcription factor important for the activation of the iNOS promoter. In contrast, HO-1 induction did not affect the production of NO by rat alveolar epithelial type II cells that were stimulated with cytomix (a mixture of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma) for 24 h. In summary, these results provide the first in vivo evidence that the induction of HO-1 in the lung restores a normal fluid transport capacity of the alveolar epithelium following hemorrhagic shock by inhibiting the iNOS-mediated release of NO by alveolar macrophages.
Perforin and Gamma Interferon-Mediated Control of Coronavirus Central Nervous System Infection by CD8 T Cells in the Absence of CD4 T Cells

Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus produces acute and chronic demyelination. The contributions of perforin-mediated cytolysis and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion by CD8(+) T cells to the control of infection and the induction of demyelination were examined by adoptive transfer into infected SCID recipients. Untreated SCID mice exhibited uncontrolled virus replication in all CNS cell types but had little or no demyelination. Memory CD8(+) T cells from syngeneic wild-type (wt), perforin-deficient, or IFN-gamma-deficient (GKO) donors all trafficked into the infected CNS in the absence of CD4(+) T cells and localized to similar areas. Although CD8(+) T cells from all three donors suppressed virus replication in the CNS, GKO CD8(+) T cells expressed the least antiviral activity. A distinct viral antigen distribution in specific CNS cell types revealed different mechanisms of viral control. While wt CD8(+) T cells inhibited virus replication in all CNS cell types, cytolytic activity in the absence of IFN-gamma suppressed the infection of astrocytes, but not oligodendroglia. In contrast, cells that secreted IFN-gamma but lacked cytolytic activity inhibited replication in oligodendroglia, but not astrocytes. Demyelination was most severe following viral control by wt CD8(+) T cells but was independent of macrophage infiltration. These data demonstrate the effective control of virus replication by CD8(+) T cells in the absence of CD4(+) T cells and support the necessity for the expression of distinct effector mechanisms in the control of viral replication in distinct CNS glial cell types.
Modeling Heterogeneous Materials via Two-Point Correlation Functions: II. Algorithmic Details and Applications

In the first part of this series of two papers, we proposed a theoretical formalism that enables one to model and categorize heterogeneous materials media via two-point correlation functions S2 and introduced an efficient heterogeneous-medium reconstruction algorithm called the “lattice-point” algorithm. Here we discuss the algorithmic details of the lattice-point procedure and an algorithm modification using surface optimization to further speed up the reconstruction process. The importance of the error tolerance, which indicates to what accuracy the media are reconstructed, is also emphasized and discussed. We apply the algorithm to generate three-dimensional digitized realizations of a Fontainebleau sandstone and a boron-carbide/aluminum composite from the two-dimensional tomographic images of their slices through the materials. To ascertain whether the information contained in S2 is sufficient to capture the salient structural features, we compute the two-point cluster functions of the media, which are superior signatures of the microstructure because they incorporate topological connectedness information. We also study the reconstruction of a binary laser-speckle pattern in two dimensions, in which the algorithm fails to reproduce the pattern accurately. We conclude that in general reconstructions using S2 only work well for heterogeneous materials with single-scale structures. However, two-point information via S2 is not sufficient to accurately model multiscale random media. Moreover, we construct realizations of hypothetical materials with desired structural characteristics obtained by manipulating their two-point correlation functions.
Speaker Identification in Room Reverberation Using GMM-UBM

Speaker recognition systems tend to degrade if the training and testing conditions differ significantly. Such situations may arise due to the use of different microphones, telephone and mobile handsets or different acoustic conditions. Recently, the effect of the room acoustics on speaker identification (SI) has been investigated and it has been shown that a loss in accuracy results when using clean training and reverberated testing signals. Various techniques like dereverberation, use of multiple microphones, compensations have been proposed to minimize/alleviate the mismatch thereby increasing the SI accuracies. In this paper, we propose to use a Gaussian mixture model-Universal background model (GMM-UBM), with the multiple speaker model approach previously proposed, to compensate for the acoustical mismatch. By using this approach, the SI accuracies have improved over the conventional GMM based SI systems in the presence of room reverberation.
Monitoring across Sectors: Examining the Effect of Nonprofit and For-Profit Contractor Ownership on Performance Monitoring in State and Local Contracts

What is the effect of contractors' nonprofit and for-profit ownership on the scope and nature of performance measurement used by government agencies? Quantitative and qualitative data were generated through semistructured interviews administered to a sample of state and local public agencies and private contractors across five jurisdictions. The findings of this study suggest that monitoring officers working with nonprofit rather than for-profit contractors are more likely to rely on qualitative performance data and examine equitable access to services, contractors' reputation, and compliance with industry rules and regulations. Although organizational ownership may not be well understood by practitioners, performance appears to be conceptualized differently across sectors. The author calls for a better understanding of the impact of the identified differences in performance measurement on the effectiveness of contract monitoring.
A set theory based approach on applying domain semantics to XML-structures

As XML is gathering more and more importance in the field of data interchange in distributed business to business (B2B) applications, it is increasingly important to provide a formal definition of XML-structures together with a well defined way to map business domain semantics to these structures. An XML-algebra, similar to the relational algebra, is required for the formal definition of operations and transformations and to prove the correctness and completeness of design methods. To develop an XML-algebra, we propose a sound mathematical foundation, modeling XML-structures as typed directed graphs based on set theory. Together with a formal method to apply domain semantics to directed graphs we present a three layer meta model to address the separation of structure and content, and we introduce extensible type hierarchies on nodes and links. This allows us to model and validate business domain semantics on different levels of abstraction.
‘Animal Behavioral Economics’: Lessons Learnt from Primate Research

The paper gives an overview of primate research and the economic-ethical lessons we can derive from it. In particular, it examines the complex, multi-faceted, and partially conflicting nature of (non-)human primates. Our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees and bonobos, are apparently walking on two legs: a selfish and a groupish leg. Given evolutionary continuity and gradualism between monkeys, apes and humans, human primates seem to be also bipolar apes. They, too, tend to display a dual structure: there seems to be a pro-social and a self-interested side to our species; a bipolar tension seems to exist between competition and cooperation respectively between self-interest and the common good. We are apparently at the same time Homines oeconomici and Homines culturali. Our inner ape tries to combine self-interested and common good motives. Based on de Waal’s Russian doll model, the essay investigates the evolutionary origins of morality and eusociality. With the help of selected case studies stemming from behavioral sciences/economics, the paper illustrates examples of empathy, altruism, reciprocal fairness, pro-social and other-regarding preferences, inequity aversion, and altruistic punishment in (non-)human primates. Beside this selfless and groupish side, the paper also reflects on the self-interest and egoistic nature of (non-)human primates and the behavioral and cognitive differences between monkeys, apes and humans.
Immunomodulation in myelodysplastic syndromes.

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) – bone-marrow stem-cell malignancies that share pathogenetic overlap with acute myeloid leukemia – are characterized by peripheral-blood cytopenias and, in more advanced subtypes, varied degrees of maturation arrest. Premature apoptosis of bone-marrow cellular elements contributes to ineffective hematopoiesis, which is exacerbated by stromal production of inflammatory cytokines. Abrogation of the effects of these cytokines represents an area of active clinical research, particularly in the treatment of low-risk MDS. Agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, and infliximab have shown promising efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials, and may represent a springboard for future treatment combinations.
Adaptive Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Groundwater Remediation Design

Optimal groundwater remediation design problems are often complex, nonlinear, and computationally intensive. Genetic algorithms allow solution of more complex nonlinear problems than traditional gradient-based approaches, but they are more computationally intensive. One way to improve performance is through inclusion of local search, creating a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA). This paper presents a new self-adaptive HGA (SAHGA) and compares its performance to a nonadaptive hybrid genetic algorithm (NAHGA) and the simple genetic algorithm (SGA) on a groundwater remediation problem. Of the two hybrid algorithms, SAHGA is shown to be far more robust than NAHGA, providing fast convergence across a broad range of parameter settings. For the test problem, SAHGA needs 75% fewer function evaluations than SGA, even with an inefficient local search method. These findings demonstrate that SAHGA has substantial promise for enabling solution of larger-scale problems than was previously possible.
Contemporary Management Strategies for Epistaxis

■ Thorough knowledge of the nasal vascular anatomy is paramount for the evaluation and management of epistaxis.
Polymeric Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) Encoder and Decoder Modules

We propose a low cost polymeric optical waveguides-based optical CDMA encoder and decoder modules. The structures of the optical CDMA encoder and decoder modules are presented. The performance of the optical CDMA encoder and decoder modules is simulated using 10-chip binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) coding schemes. The optical CDMA encoder and decoder modules can effectively transmit and recover optical CDMA data streams. The SNR of the received signal is analyzed and determined to be primarily from the cross correlation with other channels.
Nonthermal effects of therapeutic ultrasound: the frequency resonance hypothesis.

Objective To present the frequency resonance hypothesis, a possible mechanical mechanism by which treatment with non-thermal levels of ultrasound stimulates therapeutic effects. The review encompasses a 4-decade history but focuses on recent reports describing the effects of nonthermal therapeutic levels of ultrasound at the cellular and molecular levels. Data sources A search of MEDLINE from 1965 through 2000 using the terms ultrasound and therapeutic ultrasound. Data synthesis The literature provides a number of examples in which exposure of cells to therapeutic ultrasound under nonthermal conditions modified cellular functions. Nonthermal levels of ultrasound are reported to modulate membrane properties, alter cellular proliferation, and produce increases in proteins associated with inflammation and injury repair. Combined, these data suggest that nonthermal effects of therapeutic ultrasound can modify the inflammatory response. Conclusions The concept of the absorption of ultrasonic energy by enzymatic proteins leading to changes in the enzymes activity is not novel. However, recent reports demonstrating that ultrasound affects enzyme activity and possibly gene regulation provide sufficient data to present a probable molecular mechanism of ultrasound's nonthermal therapeutic action. The frequency resonance hypothesis describes 2 possible biological mechanisms that may alter protein function as a result of the absorption of ultrasonic energy. First, absorption of mechanical energy by a protein may produce a transient conformational shift (modifying the 3-dimensional structure) and alter the protein's functional activity. Second, the resonance or shearing properties of the wave (or both) may dissociate a multimolecular complex, thereby disrupting the complex's function. This review focuses on recent studies that have reported cellular and molecular effects of therapeutic ultrasound and presents a mechanical mechanism that may lead to a better understanding of how the nonthermal effects of ultrasound may be therapeutic. Moreover, a better understanding of ultrasound's mechanical mechanism could lead to a better understanding of how and when ultrasound should be employed as a therapeutic modality.
THE EFFECTS OF RENAL HYPERTENSION ON THE VESSELS OF THE EARS OF RABBITS

1. The present experiments demonstrate by direct observation that peripheral arterioles in moat chambers in rabbits' ears constrict during the development of renal hypertension, and that they remain persistently constricted, although not sufficiently to interrupt the blood supply to the tissues. The arteriolar constriction in the hypertensive animals was not dependent upon nerves, since it occurred in newly formed arterioles which had probably never been supplied with nerves, as well as in older arterioles with a functional nerve supply. 2. No capillary constriction was observed during or following the development of hypertension, although the walls of the capillaries could be very clearly seen. Persistent hypertension was associated in two examples with increased sticking of leukocytes to the walls of the capillaries and venules, some emigration of leukocytes, and a few small hemorrhages. 3. During development of hypertension, new arteriovenous anastomoses were observed to appear in the chambers. 4. No evidence of change was noted in the viscosity of the blood or in the appearance of the blood corpuscles in the hypertensive rabbits. 5. The constriction of the arterioles during and following the development of hypertension closely resembled that produced by intravenous injections of angiotonin.
The origins of active galactic nuclei obscuration: the ‘torus’ as a dynamical, unstable driver of accretion

Recent multi-scale simulations have made it possible to follow gas inflows responsible for high-Eddington ratio accretion onto massive black holes (BHs) from galactic scales to the BH accretion disk. When sufficient gas is driven towards a BH, gravitational instabilities generically form lopsided, eccentric disks that propagate inwards from larger radii. The lopsided stellar disk exerts a strong torque on the gas, driving inflows that fuel the growth of the BH. Here, we investigate the possibility that the same disk, in its gas-rich phase, is the putative “torus” invoked to explain obscured active galactic nuclei and the cosmic X-ray background. The disk is generically thick and has characteristic 1 10 pc sizes and masses resembling those required of the torus. Interestingly, the scale heights and obscured fractions of the predicted torii are substantial even in the absence of strong stellar feedback providing the vertical support. Rather, they can be maintained by strong bending modes and warps/twists excited by the inflow-generating instabilities. A number of other observed properties commonly attributed to “feedback” processes may in fact be explained entirely by dynamical, gravitational effects: the lack of alignment between torus and host galaxy, correlations between local SFR and turbulent gas velocities, and the dependence of obscured fractions on AGN luminosity or SFR. We compare the predicted torus properties with observations of gas surface density profiles, kinematics, scale heights, and SFR densities in AGN nuclei, and find that they are consistent in all cases. We argue that it is not possible to reproduce these observations and the observed column density distribution without a clumpy gas distribution, but allowing for simple clumping on small scales the predicted column density distribution is in good agreement with observations from NH 10 20 10 27 cm 2 . We examine how the NH distribution scales with galaxy and AGN properties. The dependence is generally simple, but AGN feedback may be necessary to explain certain trends in obscured fraction with luminosity and/or redshift. In our paradigm, the torus is not merely a bystander or passive fuel source for accretion, but is itself the mechanism driving accretion. Its generic properties are not coincidence, but requirements for efficient accretion.
Can real-options analysis improve decision-making? Promises and pitfalls

Executive Overview Managers are faced with uncertainty in nearly every aspect of their decisions. Reducing uncertainty, then, often leads to better decisions and greater potential firm success. The real-options literature provides one tool to reduce uncertainty. A real option is commonly defined as any decision that creates the right, but not the obligation, to pursue a subsequent decision. Used effectively, these options can minimize losses while preserving potential gains. Real options are used both formally, as a modeling tool for specific decisions, and informally, as a perspective for framing decisions in a different light. We separate real options into four distinct types—immediate entry, immediate exit, delayed entry, and delayed exit. We then provide additional understanding into how they differ and how each can reduce uncertainty. We also suggest that firms should use all four types of real options to search for additional benefits beyond uncertainty reduction. We identify several pitfalls to avo...
Statistical simulation of rigid bodies

We describe a method for replacing certain stages of rigid body simulation with a statistically-based approximation. We begin by collecting statistical data regarding changes in linear and angular momentum for collisions of a given object. From this data we extract a statistical "signature" for the object, giving a compact representation of the object's response to collision events. During object simulation, both the collision detection and the collision response calculations are replaced by simpler calculations based on the statistical signature.Using this approach, we are able to achieve significant improvement in the performance of rigid body simulation. The statistical behavior of the simulation is maintained, including achieving valid resting positions. We present results from a variety of simulations that demonstrate the method and its performance improvement. The method is appropriate for rigid body simulation situations requiring significant performance improvement, and allowing for some loss in fidelity.
High performance, high temperature perovskite piezoelectrics

The industrial and scientific communities have expressed the need for sensing and actuation over a broad temperature range. This review presents high temperature piezoelectric materials that are commercially available and those that are under development. Key materials, in order of increasing Curie temperature (T/sub C/), are Pb(Zr,TiO)/sub 3/ (PZT), PbTiO/sub 3/, (Pb,Ba)Nb/sub 2/O/sub 6/, Na/sub 0.5/Bi/sub 4.5/Ti/sub 4/O/sub 15/, and LiNbO/sub 3/. The maximum operation temperature is limited by T/sub C/ and dielectric loss combined with the level of electrical resistivity. With increased T/sub C/ also comes the expense of reduced piezoelectric coefficient (d), being further reduced in non-morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) systems. Recently new high T/sub C/ systems with MPBs analogous to PZT have been developed. Predicted by a perovskite crystal structure tolerance factor relationship, compositions based on Bi(Me)O/sub 3/-PbTiO/sub 3/, where Me=Sc/sup +3/,(Mg/sup +2/,Ti/sup +4/), etc., exhibit piezoelectric activity compared to PZT, with T/sub C/s greater than 100/spl deg/C higher, making them promising candidates for high temperature applications.
Meperidine restriction in a pediatric hospital.

RESULTS Data revealed that the use of meperidine dropped from 646 doses in 84 patients to 226 doses in 27 patients after restriction, as anticipated. Previous to implementation of these restrictions, orthopedics physicians ordered the majority of meperidine prescriptions, while the gastroenterology service ordered the majority of meperidine prescriptions after implementation of the restriction policy. However, the use of the required form was not widely adopted, with only 30% of practitioners utilizing it postrestriction. Widespread restriction of meperidine and education about use of the form at this institution are still under way. CONCLUSION Not only are there limited reasons for using meperidine, there are acceptable alternatives for every known indication. Limiting meperidine’s use via a restriction policy and/or removal from the institution formulary can help limit the use of this potentially toxic agent in the pediatric patient.
Pharmacologic Management of Hyperglycemia in Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Physical Therapy

Diabetes mellitus is a costly, chronic disease that affects millions of Americans each year. The classic triad of diabetes management includes diet, exercise, and pharmacological intervention. A variety of complications may result due to this chronic disease, and manipulation of the triad of treatment factors may be necessary in order to effectively treat the individual patient. Physical therapists are consulted in both the primary care of patients with diabetes and in the case of complications; therefore, an understanding of the various forms of the disease, the complications, and the treatment approaches is necessary for comprehensive patient management. The purposes of this article are to give an overview of the disease and its common complications and to discuss the various treatment approaches with emphasis on the pharmacological interventions and physical therapy concerns.
Beryllium-7 and lead-210 chronometry of modern soil processes: The Linked Radionuclide aCcumulation model, LRC

Abstract Soil systems are known to be repositories for atmospheric carbon and metal contaminants, but the complex processes that regulate the introduction, migration and fate of atmospheric elements in soils are poorly understood. This gap in knowledge is attributable, in part, to the lack of an established chronometer that is required for quantifying rates of relevant processes. Here we develop and test a framework for adapting atmospheric lead-210 chronometry ( 210 Pb; half-life 22 years) to soil systems. We propose a new empirical model, the Linked Radionuclide aCcumulation model (LRC, aka “lark”), that incorporates measurements of beryllium-7 ( 7 Be; half-life 54 days) to account for 210 Pb penetration of the soil surface during initial deposition, a process which is endemic to soils but omitted from conventional 210 Pb models (e.g., the Constant Rate of Supply, CRS model) and their application to sedimentary systems. We validate the LRC model using the 1963–1964 peak in bomb-fallout americium-241 ( 241 Am; half-life of 432 years) as an independent, corroborating time marker. In three different soils we locate a sharp 241 Am weapons horizon at disparate depths ranging from 2.5 to 6 cm, but with concordant ages averaging 1967 ± 4 via the LRC model. Similarly, at one site contaminated with mercury (Hg T ) we find that the LRC model is consistent with the recorded history of Hg emission. The close agreement of Pb, Am and Hg behavior demonstrated here suggests that organo-metallic colloid formation and migration incorporates many trace metals in universal soil processes and that these processes may be described quantitatively using atmospheric 210 Pb chronometry. The 210 Pb models evaluated here show that migration rates of soil colloids on the order of 1 mm yr −1 are typical, but also that these rates vary systematically with depth and are attributable to horizon-specific processes of leaf-litter decay, eluviation and illuviation. We thus interpret 210 Pb models to quantify (i) exposure of the soil system to atmospheric aerosol deposition in the context of (ii) organic carbon assimilation, colloid production, and advection through the soil profile. The behavior of some other elements, such as Cs, diverges from the conservative colloid behavior exemplified by Pb and Am, and in these cases the value of empirical 210 Pb chronometry models like LRC and CRS is as a comparator rather than as an absolute chronometer. We conclude that 210 Pb chronometry is valuable for tracing colloidally-mediated transport of Pb and similarly-refractory metals, as well as the mobile pool of carbon in soils.
Prevention of cobalt-induced polycythemia in rats by calcium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid.

SummaryCobalt injected intraperitoneally into rats receiving calcium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid subcutaneously did not produce the usual poycythemic response.
Synthesis and Characterization of Diazonium Salts with Polyethylene Glycol Appendages and Resulting Films Afforded by Electrodeposition for Use as a Battery Separator Material

The coating of three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes is a significant challenge for the future of many energy storage devices and, if successful, could profoundly increase battery power. The synthesis of a new class of monomers that can be electrochemically polymerized is a key first step in affording a conformally coated, nanoscale lithium-ion battery separator and is presented herein. Characterization of the monomers was accomplished via nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. Planar films electrodeposited from the monomers were characterized using redox probe experiments and impedance spectroscopy. The films are chemically grafted to the underlying substrate (conformal, pinhole free, <10 nm thick) and exhibit electrical resistivity values as high as 28000 MΩ/cm.
NC-14SPEECH MAPS GENERATED BY nTMS AND CORRELATION WITH DIRECT INTRAOPERATIVE ELECTRICAL STIMULATION

INTRODUCTION: IOM of language pathways is the gold standard for the safe resection of gliomas; navigated TMS has been shown to be useful in generating speech maps prior surgery. This study test the clinical utility of nTMS for mapping language and its concordance with intraoperative stimulation. METHODS: We describe 12 patients with gliomas adjacent to language areas. All cases were performed with nTMS, DES for language mapping. We analyzed, positive and negative sites preoperatively and intraoperatively, and correlated them to the extent of resection and a 1-mo follow-up. RESULTS: Navigated TMS positive maps, was achieved in 11 (92%), and 8 (80%) of cases had language errors during DES. 3527 site were stimulated during nTMS mapping, 225 (7%) was positive, 77 (34%) speech arrest, 78 (35%) performance errors and 70 (31%) semantic errors. TP correlation was achieved in 8 (67%) of cases, TN correlation 1 (8%) and FP correlation was achieved in 1 (8%) of cases. In TP cases, GTR was achieved in 6 (75%) of cases and after 1-mo follow-up 1 (14%) case developed new deficit and improvement was seen in 1(14%) case. In the only case of TN correlation, GTR resection was achieved, without deficits after 1-mo follow-up. CONCLUSION: nTMS correlated well with DES in generated language mapping, with a rate of TP according 67% and the only case with negative response in nTMS was TN. We have shown that nTMS has a high rate of concordance with DES; nTMS has 100% sensitivity, and 50% specificity when compared with DES. PPV at 89% and NPV 100%. The majority of positive sites were achieved in Broca's area and Wernicke's area. Additionally, if the nTMS reveal speech arrest distant from surgical exposure, this may be an additional utility for nTMS in explaining apparent negative mapping results in intraoperative stimulation.
The Basis of Communications and Exchanges of Chinese Painting and Calligraphy in the ASEAN

The communications and exchanges of Chinese painting and calligraphy in the ASEAN countries have profound cultural deposition,and also vast and solid social foundation.The foundation has three categories: the cultural foundation of the acceptance of Chinese painting and calligraphy in the ASEAN countries,the foundation of promotions and supports from the Chinese government and governments of the ASEAN countries,and that of the supports from the individual and group artists.
Amplification-Based Methods

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers simultaneous sequencing of thousands to millions of nucleic acid sequences in a massively parallel way. It provides significant advantages over the conventional sequencing technique, such as Sanger sequencing, by allowing to analyze large regions of the genome with higher sensitivity of detection of various genetic variants. Whereas large-scale genome analyses such as whole genome sequencing is essential for the discovery projects, it is more than likely that sequencing of a subset of genes or genetic regions using targeted sequencing panels will be advantageous for routine molecular diagnostics of human diseases, including cancer. Targeted amplification-based enrichment methods allow for high genome throughput at a reduced cost and offer opportunities for implementing NGS in clinical practice. This chapter discusses various approaches for targeted amplification-based NGS.
Applications of Magnetoencephalography to Neurolinguistic Research

This chapter describes the basic principles and procedures used for recording minute changes in the magnetic field that are generated by neuronal aggregates in the context of an experimental task. This technique, magnetoencephalography (MEG), is entirely noninvasive and combines high temporal resolution with great accuracy in the localization of intracerebral events. The advantages and shortcomings of the MEG technique as a tool for source localization are described. Moreover, the utility of MEG measurements in localizing the sources of activity associated with the subjects’ engagement in a variety of linguistic tasks is critically reviewed. These tasks included phonetic detection, sentence reading, semantic categorization of word pairs, and picture naming. An attempt is made throughout this chapter to identify the kinds of questions that MEG procedures are capable of addressing and those that MEG techniques are not in a position to address in a satisfactory way.
Multimodal Brain and Behavior Indices of Psychosis Risk.

The search for neural-based accounts of psychosis has initially applied neuropsychological measures based on the clinical-pathological correlation methodology. Specific behavioral disturbances were linked to brain systems through the study of patients with brain disorders, and psychological tests of these behavioral domains have been used in the diagnosis of such disorders, validated against post-mortem data or neurological signs. The advent of neuroimaging produced a paradigm shift in behavioral measures linkable to brain systems, because they provided in vivo parameters of brain structure and function. Structural measures enabled greater precision of localizing brain systems involved in behavioral disorders. Functional neuroimaging created the ability to probe recruitment of brain regions in response to carefully controlled behavioral task demands. Such “neurobehavioral probes” had to be computerized to fit scanning conditions—stimulus and response onset have to be yoked to scanner operations and you cannot easily shuffle papers and pencils in a scanner—a feature that made them poised for inclusion in large-scale studies required by the transitions in genomic research. Studies comparing phenotypically based disease classifications (case-control designs) had some spectacular successes but for few diseases, while for most disorders a more fruitful approach was to examine continuous “endophenotypes” or “biomarkers” that can be mechanistically linked to gene action. Such genomic studies require large sample sizes, and the increased affordability of neuroimaging and computerized neurocognitive measures allowed us to add the brain and its product, behavior, to the genomic revolution that is impacting all other organ systems. Multimodal neuroimaging parameters combined with behavioral measures offer powerful tools for elucidating the neurobiology of behavior and establishing indices of vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. This chapter will present the process as exemplified in our efforts to understand neural substrates for psychosis risk.
African American Perspectives and Experiences of Domestic Violence in a Rural Community

Relatively few studies have explored domestic violence from a multiplicity of African American perspectives, experiences, and socio-demographic backgrounds within rural African American communities. Community-based participatory action research methods were used to explore domestic violence perceptions of African Americans with heterogeneous backgrounds and experiences of violence. Ten focus groups were held throughout the community with 52 diverse women (n = 33) and men (n = 19) living in the northwest region of Arkansas. Demographic data were collected from 47 women (n = 28) and men (n = 19) participating in focus groups regarding their perceptions and experiences of domestic violence, media messages, help-seeking behaviors, and services. Data were analyzed using grounded theory methods. Three major themes emerged, including (a) a heightened awareness of race, gender, and class differences; (b) imbalanced and mixed messages from media; and (c) multi-systemic dynamics influencing abusive behavior and relationships. Results indicate that study participants' perspectives and experiences with domestic violence reflect a complex interrelated gamut of societal, community, familial, and individual dynamics. Participant recommendations related to interpersonal dynamics, media messages, and societal influences are reported with implications for practice, policy, and future research.
Cure mechanisms of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy with diethanolamine

Abstract When diethanolamine (DEA) is used as a curative for a DGEBA epoxy, a rapid “adduct-forming” reaction of epoxide with the secondary amine of DEA is followed by a slow “gelation” reaction of epoxide with hydroxyl and with other epoxide. Through an extensive review of previous investigations of simpler, but chemically similar, reactions, it is deduced that at low temperature the DGEBA/DEA gelation reaction is “activated” (shows a pronounced induction time, similar to autocatalytic behavior) by the tertiary amine in the adduct. At high temperature, the activated nature of the reaction disappears. The impact of this mechanism change on the kinetics of the gelation reaction, as resolved with differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and isothermal microcalorimetry, is presented. It is shown that the kinetic characteristics of the gelation-reaction of the DGEBA/DEA system are similar to other tertiary-amine activated epoxy reactions and consistent with the anionic polymerization model previously proposed for this class of materials. Principle results are the time-temperature-transformation diagram, the effective activation energy, and the upper stability temperature of the zwitterion initiator of the activated gelation reaction. It is established that the rate of epoxide consumption cannot be generically represented as a function only of temperature and degree of epoxy conversion. The complex chemistry active in the material requires specific consideration of the dilute intermediates in the reaction sequence in order to define a model of the reaction kinetics applicable to all time-temperature cure histories.
Assortative Mating and Linkage Disequilibrium

Assortative mating has been suggested to result in an increase in heritability and additive genetic variance through an increase in linkage disequilibrium. The impact of assortative mating on linkage disequilibrium was explicitly examined for the two-locus model of Wright (1921) and two selective assortative mating models. For the Wright (1921) model, when the proportion of assortative mating was high, positive linkage disequilibrium was generated. However, when the proportion of assortative mating was similar to that found in some studies, the amount of linkage disequilibrium was quite low. In addition, the amount of linkage disequilibrium was independent of the level of recombination. For two selective assortative models, the amount of linkage disequilibrium was a function of the amount of recombination. For these models, the linkage disequilibrium generated was negative mainly because repulsion heterozygotes were favored over coupling heterozygotes. From these findings, the impact of assortative mating on linkage disequilibrium, and consequently heritability and additive genetic variance, appears to be small and model-specific.
Morphometric Analysis of Cochlear Structures in the Mustached Bat, Pteronotus Parnellii Parnellii

Mustached bats, Pteronotus parnellii, emit complex biosonar signals with a constant frequency (CF) component which is preceded and terminated by brief frequency modulated (FM) components. Each component is present in a series of at least four harmonics and the sense of hearing is very sharply tuned to the CF component frequencies of the second (ca 61kHz) and third (ca 91.5 kHz) harmonics (Pollak et al., 1979). The cochlea of P. parnellii is large and has a number of unusual anatomical and physiological properties (A. Pye, 1967; M. Henson, 1973; 1978; O. Henson et al., 1985; Kossl and Vater, 1985). The purpose of this paper is to report new observations on cochlear morphometry. These data will be related to the cochlear frequency map data of Kossl and Vater (1985) and Leake and Zook (1985), and to theories concerning cochlear micromechanics.