cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress Evolution and Notch Formation During Polysilicon Gate Electrode Etching

We have developed a numerical simulation based on the boundary element method that models thermal contraction-induced stresses within semiconductor microstructures, and the effects of these stresses on surface evolution. The test case we have studied is that of polysilicon gate etch during over-etching in a plasma environment. We assume a local etch rate proportional to the normal component of the surface strain energy density gradient caused by the differential thermal contraction of polysilicon substrate and underlying silicon dioxide film. This leads to the prediction of stress-enhanced etching in the area near the polysilicon / gate oxide interface, where large stresses develop during cooling from deposition temperature to room temperature. It is proposed that stress-enhanced etching of this nature may be partially responsible for a common type of deleterious feature observed experimentally during gate electrode patterning known as “notching”.
State-dependent rotational diffusion of tetracene in n-alkanes. Evidence for a dominant energy relaxation pathway.

We have investigated the rotational diffusion of tetracene in the n-alkanes octane through hexadecane. Emission from the S1 state was monitored following excitation to the S1 state or the S2 state. Our data show that fast, non-radiative relaxation from S2 to S1 gives rise to local heating in the immediate vicinity of the chromophore. This local heating effect exhibits a solvent aliphatic chain length dependence for solvents C11 and longer, where solvents with an even number of carbons behave differently than those with an odd number of carbons. These data shed light on the possible origin(s) of odd–even effects in n-alkanes and suggest that a dominant intermolecular relaxation pathway for excess vibrational energy involves the S1 chromophore ring breathing mode (ca. 1383 cm–1) and the solvent terminal methyl group rocking mode (1375 cm–1).
Reversibility of scattered fields(Conference Presentation)

In recent years, tremendous efforts have been spent on deep tissue imaging using phase conjugation, a technique used to undo the effects of light scattering in a thick tissue. Despite the early debates between Yariv and Wolf, it is still not well understood physically how deep can a field propagate into biological tissue and still be phase conjugated. In order to answer this question, we developed a light scattering theory to describe the evolution of the phase associated with a field scattered by a thick tissue block. The multiple scattering through the sample is simplified to a series of single scattering through consecutive thin tissue slices. With this theory, we identify the limits of the phase conjugation operation and recover the previous results by Yariv and Wolf, which asserts that phase conjugation is rooted in small angle approximation. Importantly, we discover the fundamental principle that rules phase conjugation: the mean axial wavenumber of a field progressively decreases to zero as it scatters multiple times. At this point, phase becomes a spatially random variable and phase conjugation becomes impossible. This result describes a fundamental phenomenon: the interaction between a deterministic object and a deterministic field can result in a random scattered field. We show that this phenomenon is rooted into Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Cross-Sport Recruiting Effects in NCAA D1 Football and Basketball:

Using an extensive data set, we conduct an academic study of the determinants of recruiting success in Division 1 basketball and football. Among many findings, we show that football recruiting is c...
A REALISTIC 3D COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF THE CLOSURE OF SKIN WOUND WITH INTERRUPTED SUTURES

Wounds or cuts are the most common form of skin injuries. While a shallow wound may heal over time, deep wounds often require clinical interventions such as suturing to ensure the wound closure and timely healing. To date, suturing practices are based on a surgeon’s experience and there is no benchmark to what is right or wrong. In the literature, there have been few attempts to characterize wound closure and suture mechanics using simple 2D computational models. In our current work, for the first time, a realistic three-dimensional (3D) computational model of the skin with the two layers, namely the epidermis and dermis, have been developed. A 3D diamond shaped wound with a varying cross-section has been modeled, and interrupted sutures have been placed numerically in multiple steps to close the wound. Nonlinear hyperelastic material properties have been adopted for the skin and a skin pre-stress was applied bi-axially. The force requirements for each suture were estimated numerically using a novel suture pulling technique. The suture forces were found to lie in the range of 0–5 N with a maximum value at the center. Also, the center suture was observed to require an approximately four times pull force compared to the first end suture. All these findings provide important guidelines for suturing. Additionally, the suture force can be approximated as a polynomial function of the displacement. Given a wound geometry, wound depth, skin material properties, skin pre-stress, suture wire material and cross-sectional area, using our computational model, such a relationship can be used to estimate and characterize the suture force requirements accurately. To our knowledge, such a 3D computational model of skin wound closure with interrupted sutures have not been developed till date, and would be indispensable for planning robotic surgeries and improving clinical suturing practices in the future.
Three-state interactions determine the second-order nonlinear optical response

Using the sum rules, the sum-over-states expression for the diagonal term of first hyperpolarizability can be expressed as the sum of three-state interaction terms. We study the behavior of a generic three-state term to show that it is possible to tune the contribution of resonant terms by tuning the spectrum of the molecule. When extrapolated to the off-resonance regime, the three-state interaction terms are shown to behave in a similar manner as the three-level model used to derive the fundamental limits. We finally show that most results derived using the three-level ansatz are general, and apply to molecules where more than three levels contribute to the second-order nonlinear response and/or are far from optimization.
Nitrogen and Carbon Assimilation in Medicagosativa Mediated by Host Plant Genes for Nodule Effectiveness

Root nodule formation is mediated by both the host plant and Rhizobium genomes (Nutman, 1981; Holl and LaRue, 1976; Vance, 1983). Numerous studies with Rhizobium have led to substantial progress in identification of specific areas on either plasmids or chromosomes which regulate infection, nodule formation, nitrogenase expression and hydrogenase development (Ausubel, 1982; Beringer et al., 1979; Brewin et al., 1980, Nuti et al., 1979). In contrast to the proliferation of genetic information regarding bacterial control of root nodule symbiosis, relatively little progress has been made in understanding plant genes that regulate symbiosis. Several specific genes are known to control root nodule formation and effectiveness in pea, clover, soybeans and alfalfa (Holl and LaRue, 1976; Nutman, 1956; Vest and Caldwell, 1972; Peterson and Barnes, 1981). Yet, the physiological and biochemical manifestations of these genes are poorly understood. Studies with soybean (Verma et al., 1981; Legocki and Verma, 1979) and pea (Bisseling, this volume) have shown that plant genes code for nodule specific proteins (nodulins). However the physiological and biochemical function of most of these nodulins is not understood.
Organization and Perturbation of NeuronalAssemblies

The concept of neuronal assembly as the basic building block of brain activity dates back to Sherrington (Creed, 1932) and (1949). Most of our current knowledge about the nervous system is however based on observations of single neurons, one at a time, thus making possible only tenuous inference of what could be termed “pseudo-population” properties (Georgopoulos, 1988, 1989; Lee et al., 1988; Sparks et al., 1990 among many others). Full study of neuronal assemblies and their internal and external interactions and representations requires simultaneous observation of the activity of as many neurons as possible. Technical advances over the last decade are making this increasingly possible, although never easy (reviews in Kruger, 1983; Gerstein et al., 1983, 1989; and more recently McNaughton et al., 1983; Wilson et al., 1993; Nicoleiis et al., 1997). In addition to the several multiple electrode technologies, there has been a continuous stream of developments that allow the separation of different waveforms observed on each electrode (Abeles and Goldstein, 1977; Zardoshti and Wheeler, 1992; Salganicoff et al., 1988; and many others). Each such waveform presumably is the sign of activity of a distinct individual neuron; some of the sorting methods can accommodate the changes of waveform occurring in a rapid burst of firing, or deal with the complex biological noise background of a typical recording (Wilson et al., 1993, Fee et al., 1996).
Design Paradigm for Power Electronics-Based DC Distribution Systems

The design of a dc distribution system is posed as an optimization problem, which simultaneously utilizes time-domain analysis, distortion analysis, and stability analysis. The complete power distribution system is taken into consideration in the design process, capturing the interaction between various system components. Multiobjective optimization of mass and power loss metrics subject to transient performance constraints, distortion constraints (voltage and current ripple constraints), and stability constraints is carried out in the proposed design paradigm. This provides an organized framework for the design of dc power distribution systems. The approach is demonstrated through the design of a representative system that consists of a generation system, two isolating peak current controlled dc-dc converter modules, and two constant power loads. A sample design is chosen and verified using a detailed waveform level simulation.
Mitochondrial Changes in Cancer

Mitochondrial structural and functional integrity defines the health of a cell by regulating cellular metabolism. Thus, mitochondria play an important role in both cell proliferation and cell death. Cancer cells are metabolically altered compared to normal cells for their ability to survive better and proliferate faster. Resistance to apoptosis is an important characteristic of cancer cells and given the contribution of mitochondria to apoptosis, it is imperative that mitochondria could behave differently in a tumor situation. The other feature associated with cancer cells is the Warburg effect, which engages a shift in metabolism. Although the Warburg effect often occurs in conjunction with dysfunctional mitochondria, the relationship between mitochondria, the Warburg effect, and cancer cell metabolism is not clearly decoded. Other than these changes, several mitochondrial gene mutations occur in cancer cells, mitochondrial biogenesis is affected and mitochondria see structural and functional variations. In cancer pharmacology, targeting mitochondria and mitochondria associated signaling pathways to reduce tumor proliferation is a growing field of interest. This chapter summarizes various changes in mitochondria in relevance to cancer, behavior of mitochondria during tumorigenesis, and the progress on using mitochondria as a therapeutic target for cancer.
Novel rate distortion optimized region of interest video coding for embedded video SOCs

In this paper we present a state of the art, practical, realtime, region of interest (ROI) video encoder implemented on the Texas Instruments TMS320DM3x SOC. The proposed algorithm is a novel rate distortion optimized ROI coding algorithm with low complexity making it ideal for implementing on embedded video SOCs with low computational and memory resources while achieving excellent perceptual quality. The proposed solution is a complete solution incorporating ROI processing in the entire video chain from front-end face detection to back-end video compression. It is probably one of the first video capture and compression system implemented on an embedded SOC which relies on specialized rate distortion method for ROI coding using object detection methods from the front end or user inputs. Extensive subjective evaluation has been performed on the proposed algorithm for various resolutions ranging from CIF to 1080p video resolutions at different bitrates for over 300 test cases. Significant subjective quality enhancements have been observed for video sequences over all the different video resolutions at various different bitrates. With the proposed algorithm competitive subjective quality is achieved for video conferencing sequences at 300 kbps for 720p and at 96 kbps for CIF when compared to the case where no ROI based rate distortion methods for coding are used. On the Texas Instruments TMS320DM3x SOC the ROI videoencoder achieved realtime performance for 1080p video resolution at 30 fps.
Using WAXS to Study RNA Conformations

Wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) can reveal finer details of molecular structures than its counterpart, small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). WAXS also reports small scale changes in the structural features induced by surrounding ions and ligands. WAXS is easily implemented by decreasing the sample-to-detector distance in a SAXS experiment, increasing the scattering angles and momentum transfer q reached. Though the experimental setup is straightforward, the computational tools required to fully understand WAXS spectra are not yet fully developed. Currently, data interpretation focuses on variations in intensity within the high-q regime. Our recent work compared WAXS profiles of 25 base-pair (bp) double-stranded DNA and RNA in NaCl with and without added trivalent cobalt hexamine ions (CoHex). These profiles were compared with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (The Journal of Chemical Physics 2016, 144, 205102). The MD simulations of RNA conformational changes under different salt conditions were captured by WAXS. Here, we further show that WAXS is a powerful method to study fine structural changes in short RNAs. We compare WAXS data with single molecule FRET data to see how the duplex structure of double-stranded RNA responds to different salt atmospheres.
Design Lessons from a Micro-Randomized Pilot Study in Mobile Health

Micro-randomized trials (MRTs) offer promise for informing the development of effective mobile just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) intended to support individuals’ health behavior change, but both their novelty and the novelty of JITAIs introduces new problems in implementation. An understanding of the practical challenges unique to rolling out MRTs and JITAIs is a prerequisite to valid empirical tests of such interventions. In this chapter, we relay lessons learned from the first MRT pilot study of HeartSteps, a JITAI intended to encourage sedentary adults to increase their physical activity by sending contextually-relevant, actionable activity suggestions and by supporting activity planning for the following day. This chapter outlines the lessons our study team learned from the HeartSteps pilot across four domains: (1) study recruitment and retention; (2) technical challenges in architecting a just-in-time adaptive intervention; (3) considerations of treatment delivery unique to JITAIs and MRTs; and (4) participant usage of and reflections on the HeartSteps study.
Like an Animal: A Simile Instead of a Subject

One of the simplest ways that we have historically evinced the link between humans and other animals is by using animal terms to describe human behavior. The existence of animal metaphors in everyday parlance seems to testify overtly to our kinship with other animals. But rather than revealing our otherwise obscured affiliation between humans and animals, the animal terms used to describe human behavior paradoxically reveal our distinctiveness from the animal world—the excessiveness of subjectivity. We do not describe the everyday or typical actions of humans in animal terms but reserve these metaphors for human extremes, and this tendency reveals what is at work in such descriptions.
Blurring boundaries: Exploring tweets as a legitimate journalism artifact:

This study explores journalists’ use of Twitter and what it means for their craft. Based on 8 weeks newsroom observation and more than a dozen in-depth interviews with reporters and editors at a bi...
Contralateral pneumothorax and pneumopericardium after dual-chamber pacemaker implantation: Mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment.

Key Teaching Points • Contralateral pneumothorax and pneumopericardium commonly present with pleuritic chest pain and/or shortness of breath. Less commonly, patients may report syncope, diaphragmatic stimulation, hypotension, or they maybe asymptomatic. • Electrocardiography, echocardiography, chest radiography, and device interrogation can be normal. Computed tomography is the test of choice to detect contralateral pneumothorax, pneumopericardium, or lead perforation. • Management of contralateral pneumothorax and pneumopericardium should be guided by the amount of air leakage, the patient's hemodynamics status, and lead parameters. Conservative treatment may be sufficient in patients with stable vital signs, stable lead parameters, and small pneumothorax and pneumopericardium. • The anteromedial tip of the right atrial appendage and the medial right atrial wall have a thicker wall and might be safer locations for lead implantation.
Griffiths physics in an ultracold Bose gas

Coupled $XY$ model systems consisting of three-dimensional (3D) systems with disordered interlayer physics are of significant theoretical interest. We realize a set of coupled quasi-2D layers of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ in the presence of disordered interlayer coupling. This is achieved with our high bandwidth arbitrary optical lattice to obviate restrictions on the dimensionality of disorder with speckle-generated optical fields. We identify phase crossover regions compatible with the existence of a pair of intermediate Griffiths phases between a thermal state and the emergence of bulk 3D superfluidity.
Abstract 15865: Diastolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure to Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure Gradient (DPG) in Over 5700 Patients With an Elevated Transpulmonary Gradient Does Not Predict Survival After Cardiac Transplantation

Background: The transpulmonary gradient (TPG) has been commonly used to differentiate those patients with true pulmonary vascular disease from those with more passive pulmonary hypertension (PH). H...
Effects of Microsurgical Removal of the Rabbit Uterotubal Junction

25 mature New Zealand white rabbit does (weighing between 3500 and 4500 grams) were used in an investigation to determine whether resection of the uterotubal junction (UTJ) alters the postovulatory functional blocking mechanism which keeps newly fertilized ova in the oviduct from 72-96 hours. A unilateral resection of the UTJ was performed in each animal. 2 of the 25 rabbits died 1-3 days following the anastomosis. 2 other rabbits refused the male although isolated on 2 occasions for a period of 21 days. In these 2 rabbits laparotomy disclosed a paucity of follicles in either ovary; no corpora lutea or adhesions were found and the anastomosis was patent. 10 additional rabbits failed to have pregnancies in either side despite many corpora lutea present in their ovaries. Many adhesions had formed in these 10 animals immobilizing their oviducts. Dissection of these adhesions around the oviducts revealed that the fallopian tubes were not distended with accumulated fluid and the anastomosed area was patent. 11 of the rabbits were pregnant on both sides. 8 of these animals were in good condition. In 2 there were fine adhesions between omentum and bladder and between intestines. In all instances the oviducts and uterine horns were free and mobile. A good correlation between the number of corpora lutea and the number of implantations of the control side was found.
General Intervention Algorithm

It is difficult to employ a “cookbook” method in the treatment of behavioral problems because the child and family each possess unique characteristics. As a result, no one shoe fits all. Nonetheless, a general framework for defining and addressing behavioral problems is useful, with the option of individualized aspects being incorporated in each step. This general algorithm is outlined below and will be referred to throughout this chapter and again throughout Chapter 8.
Birational Geometry of Surfaces

The purpose of this chapter is to present the main features of birational geometry of surfaces in the framework of the Mori program following the main strategic schemes MP 1 through MP 4 as presented in the introduction.
Immunocytochemical detection of substance P neurons, their processes and connections by in vivo microinjections of monoclonal antibodies. Light and electron microscopy.

A procedure is described for the immunocytochemical detection of Substance P immunoreactive cells in the central and peripheral nervous system by the in vivo injection of characterized monoclonal antibody to Substance P directly into the living nervous tissue. Model studies are conducted in the raphe pallidus of the rat, a region known to contain numerous Substance P immunoreactive neurons that are generally difficult to localize by immunocytochemistry without prior use of axonal transport inhibitors such as colchicine. The raphe pallidus is surgically accessible from a ventral approach. Monoclonal antibody against Substance P is injected into the raphe pallidus of untreated, anesthetized animals directly by pressure through micropipettes. Following fixation, the immunocytochemical procedures for visualizing the antigen-antibody complexes are conducted using the indirect immunofluorescence method or the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The material is examined by light microscopy and by electron microscopy. Neurons are identified as positively labeled by the presence of large numbers of lysosomes and prelysosomal particles which mark the somata as well as axons and dendrites. These particles or complexes have intense, specific immunoreactivity to monoclonal Substance P antibody, and are not present in control injections with antibodies preadsorbed with Substance P. The antigen-antobidy lysosomal complexes are carried by axoplasmic transport in anterograde and retrograde fashion e.g. from the dorsal root ganglia to the spinal cord, and vice versa. Thus the method can be utilized for the tracing of chemically specific projections between different areas of the central or peripheral nervous systems.
Options for Covering Large Soft Tissue Defects in the Setting of Trauma

This review aims to describe the multiple surgical options available for soft tissue coverage following trauma. While advances in microsurgical techniques have provided additional options for wound coverage by free tissue transfer, these options have been limited by donor site morbidity. Recent developments in artificial dermal substitutes have provided surgeons with the ability to cover larger wounds while minimizing donor site morbidity. This has the potential to improve surgical outcomes while increasing overall patient satisfaction. This review describes the various surgical options for wound coverage of soft tissue defects secondary to trauma and discusses the factors that must be emphasized in surgical decision making to select a wound coverage option that will provide the patient with the best esthetic and functional outcomes.
Social Media Bytes: Daily Associations Between Social Media Use and Everyday Memory Failures Across the Adult Life Span.

Objectives The prevalence of social media use in daily life is increasing; however, little is known about its cognitive costs and/or benefits. Social media use may help to offload memory to an external resource as well as to facilitate social relations, which could bolster or hinder everyday memory. Further, the relationship between social media use and memory may be moderated by age such that associations-whether positive or negative-could be exacerbated among older adults due to age-related declines. Methods Using an 8-day daily diary study from the Midlife in the United States Refresher cohort (n = 782, 25-75 years), multilevel models examined the impact of daily social media use, age, and their interaction on same-day and next-day memory failures. Results The concurrent model revealed that on days when social media use was high, individuals reported more memory failures. The lagged model further revealed that higher previous-day social media use was associated with more memory failures on the subsequent day, controlling for previous-day memory failures. These effects were not moderated by age. Post hoc analyses revealed no evidence of reverse-causation as previous-day memory failures did not predict next-day social media use. Conclusions Although past research has consistently shown that social engagement is a protective resource for memory, social media use may be a risk factor for memory failures for adults of any age. These findings highlight the growing importance of understanding the implications of social media use.
THE IMPACT OF CARDIAC ARREST AND CARDIOGENIC SHOCK ON OUTCOMES IN ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

While progress has been achieved in the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), two groups of STEMI patients remain a challenge: those presenting with cardiogenic shock (CS) and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We examined the interaction between CS and OHCA on in-
Notes on automorphisms of ultrapowers of II$_1$ factors

In functional analysis, approximative properties of an object become precise in its ultrapower. We discuss this idea and its consequences for automorphisms of II1 factors. Here are some sample results: (1) an automorphism is approximately inner if and only if its ultrapower is א0-locally inner; (2) the ultrapower of an outer automorphism is always outer; (3) for unital *-homomorphisms from a separable nuclear C*-algebra into an ultrapower of a II1 factor, equality of the induced traces implies unitary equivalence. All statements are proved using operator algebraic techniques, but in the last section of the paper we indicate how the underlying principle is related to theorems of Henson’s positive bounded logic.
Fat and Furious: Interrogating Fat Phobia and Nurturing Resistance in Medical Framings of Fat Bodies

This is a commentary on Ward and McPhail’s (2019) article “Fat Shame and Blame in Reproductive Care: Implications for Ethical Health Care Interactions.” Here I examine three aspects of fatness and ...
Structural Identification of CIS -Platinum II Polyhydrazines

Malignant neoplasms are the second leading cause of death in the USA. Prior to the work of Rosenberg, only totally organic compounds were investigated as possible antineoplastic agents. Rosenberg (1) in 1964 found that bacteria failed to divide, but continued to grow giving filamentous cells in the presence of platinum electrodes. The cause of this inhibition to cell division was eventually traced to the presence of a small crack in the electrode which permitted minute amounts (about 10 ppm) of cis -dichlorodiamineplatinum II, (cis-DDP), trans-dichloro-diamineplatinum II (trans-DPP) and cis -tetrachlorodiamineplatinum IV (cis-TCP), the activity of cis-DDP being the greatest. Experimentation with cancer cell lines, live animals, and human subjects followed, focusing on cis-DDP. It was found that cis-DDP is active against a wide range of tumors in man (2) and animals (3) leading to the licensing of cis-DDP under the name of Platinol.
Recent progress in mapping the emerging landscape of the small-cell lung cancer genome

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains the deadliest of all the lung cancer types. Its high mortality is largely attributed to the invariable development of resistance to standard chemo/radiotherapies, which have remained unchanged for the past 30 years, underscoring the need for new therapeutic approaches. The discovery of molecular targets for chemoprevention and treatment has been hampered by the poor understanding of SCLC progression. In recent years, comprehensive omics-based analyses have led to the discovery of recurrent alterations in patient tumors, and functional studies using genetically engineered mouse models and patient-derived tumor models have provided information about the alterations critical for SCLC pathogenesis. Defining the somatic alterations scattered throughout the SCLC genome will help to understand the underlying mechanism of this devastating disease and pave the way for the discovery of therapeutic vulnerabilities associated with the genomic alterations.
Unsupervised Machine Learning Reveals Novel Traumatic Brain Injury Patient Phenotypes with Distinct Acute Injury Profiles and Long-Term Outcomes.

The heterogeneity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a core challenge for the success of interventional clinical trials. Data-driven approaches for patient stratification may help to identify ...
Sparse Learning and Structure Identification for Ultrahigh-Dimensional Image-on-Scalar Regression

This article considers high-dimensional image-on-scalar regression, where the spatial heterogeneity of covariate effects on imaging responses is investigated via a flexible partially linear spatial...
Advances in noninvasive detection of esophageal varices in primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis as autoimmune liver disease, due to conventional screening in recent years, the popularity of anti-mitochondrial antibodies to the number of patients with early primary biliary cirrhosis showed an upward trend. The development of esophageal varices is an important indicator of poor prognosis of primary biliary cirrhosis. The current assessment of esophageal variceal gold standard is endoscopy, but it is invasive examination, such as non-invasive examination to assess whether patients with esophageal varices, the selective endoscopy of the patient, can significantly reduce the patient's pain and the economic burden. In recent years, clinical studies have been carried out or carried out with non-invasive detection of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis complicated by esophageal varices. Key words: Liver cirrhosis, biliary/CO/DI; Blood glucose/CO/DI; Review
High prevalence of cardiometabolic risk features in adolescents with 47,XXY/Klinefelter syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) occurs in 1:600 males and is associated with high morbidity and mortality due to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Up to 50% of men with KS have metabolic syndrome, a cluster of features conferring increased risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These cardiometabolic (CM) risk features have not been studied in adolescents with KS. The objective of this cohort study was to compare CM risk features in adolescents with KS to controls matched for sex, age, and BMI z score. Fifty males with KS (age 10-17 years) were well-matched to male controls (n = 50) for age (14.0 ± 1.7 vs. 14.0 ± 1.5 years) and BMI z score (0.3 ± 1.3 vs. 0.4 ± 1.2). Three CM risk features were present in 30% of adolescents with KS compared to 12% of controls (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.9, p = .048). The KS group had significantly lower HDL cholesterol (p = .006), higher triglycerides (p < .001), and greater waist circumference percentile (p < .001). Despite a normal BMI, the prevalence of CM risk features was very high in adolescents with KS, particularly for central adiposity and dyslipidemia. The pathophysiology of this metabolic profile independent of obesity needs further investigation to facilitate prevention of the high morbidity of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in this population. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01585831 and NCT02723305.
Thoracic Computed Tomography Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients with Emphysema.

Supplemental Material This article contains supplemental material. Click here for additional data file.(92K, pdf) This case series presents the thoracic computed tomography (CT) findings of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) infection in 8 patients with a background of emphysema. While the predominant imaging findings were bilateral groundglass opacities with areas of consolidation as typically seen with COVID-19, patterns appear to be variable. The interplay between the underlying chronic lung disease and the acute viral illness in generating specific chest imaging findings needs to be better defined by larger studies. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and can lead to mild or severe respiratory illness.1 Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of developing severe infection and have higher mortality rates.2,3 Chest X-ray, unenhanced chest CT and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been used to aid diagnosis. Chest CT has been shown to be more rapid and more sensitive than PCR for the diagnosis of COVID-19, and these are important test characteristics in a pandemic setting.4,5 Chest CT also provides an estimate of disease burden and might be useful for management decisions. The most specific CT findings of COVID-19 pneumonia include bilateral peripheral groundglass opacities with or without consolidation and multifocal, rounded ground glass opacities with or without consolidation.6 We present a series of patients with a background of emphysema who were diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia based on clinical features and nasopharyngeal PCR.
Effective thermodynamics of strongly coupled qubits

Interactions between a quantum system and its environment at low temperatures can lead to apparent violations of thermal laws for the system. The source of these violations is the coupling between the system and environment, which prevents the system from entering into a thermal state, a state of Gibb?s form. On the other hand, for two-state systems, we show that one can define an effective temperature, placing the system into a ?pseudo-thermal? state where effective thermal laws can be applied. We then numerically explore these assertions for an n-state environment inspired by the spin-boson environment.
Stronger Association between Nucleus Accumbens Density and Body Mass Index in Low-Income and African American Children.

Background The nucleus accumbens' (NAc) size, function, and density influence individuals' body mass index (BMI). However, little is known about racial and socioeconomic status (SES) differences in the role of NAc density as a predictor of childhood BMI. Objectives We used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) data to investigate racial and SES differences in the effect of NAc density on childhood BMI. Methods This cross-sectional study included 9497 children between ages 9 and 10. Mixed-effects regression models were used to analyze the data. The predictor variable was NAc density measured using diffusion MRI (dMRI). The outcome variable was BMI, operationalized as a continuous variable. Covariates included sex, age, ethnicity, family structure, and parental education. Race (White, African American, Asian, and Other/mixed) and household income (< 50k, 50-100 k, and 100+ k) were the moderators. Results High NAc diffusion tension (density) was predictive of higher BMI, net of covariates. However, the positive association between NAc density and BMI was stronger in African Americans than in White, and in low-income than in high-income children. Conclusions Our findings suggest that although high NAc has implications for children's BMI, this effect varies across racial and SES groups. More research should be performed on the role of obesogenic environments in altering the effect of NAc on childhood BMI.
Malware Detection with Sequence-Based Machine Learning and Deep Learning

In this chapter, we review sequence-based machine learning methods that are used for malware detection and classification. We start by reviewing the datatypes extracted from code: static features and dynamic traces of program execution. We review recent research that applies machine learning on opcode and API call sequences, call graphs, system calls, registry changes, information flow traces, as well as hybrid and raw data, to detect and classify malware. With a focus on metamorphic malware, we discuss Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. We describe their input formats, such as one-hot encoding and vector embeddings, the architecture of the machine learning models, the training process, and the output formats. Finally, we discuss commercial and open-source tools that are used for data extraction from software.
Prevention of recurrent thromboembolism in myeloproliferative neoplasms: Review of literature and focus on direct oral anticoagulants.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (MF) are stem cell clonal neoplasms characterized by expansion of late myeloid cells. Thrombosis risk is elevated in MPNs and contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality. Current consensus guidelines make no specific recommendations regarding anticoagulant choice for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in MPNs, with most evidence supporting the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for secondary prophylaxis. However, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are now increasingly being used, although with limited data on safety and efficacy in MPNs specifically. The widespread adoption of DOACs is based on new, high-quality evidence demonstrating safety and efficacy of DOAC treatment for cancer-associated VTE. However, these studies include few if any MPN patients, and MPNs have disease-specific considerations that may elevate thrombosis and bleeding risk. The purpose of this review is to discuss evidence behind current treatment recommendations for thrombosis in MPNs, with special attention to the use of DOACs.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare Rating, Diabetes Self-efficacy, and Diabetes Management Among Non-pregnant Women of Childbearing Age: Does Socioeconomic Status Matter?

Patient perceptions of healthcare ratings, diabetes self-efficacy, and diabetes management play a role in diabetes-related outcomes, particularly among women of childbearing age. Guided by a modified Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior framework, the objective was to compare differences in perceptions of health care ratings, diabetes self-efficacy, and diabetes management among non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White women of childbearing age. The sample comprised 7 years (2012–2018) of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data. The sample was limited to women of childbearing age (18–45 years) who have ever been told they had diabetes (n = 691; weighted n = 932,426). Dependent variables were health care rating, diabetes self-efficacy, and diabetes care management. The key independent variable was race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White). We adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and perceived health status using multiple linear and multivariable logistic regressions. Non-Hispanic Black women (41.6%) self-reported their health status as fair or poor (44.9%) compared to non-Hispanic White (33.3%) and Hispanic (37.6%). In adjusted models, non-Hispanic Black women had 46% lower odds (95% CI = 0.31, 0.94) of reporting high health care ratings compared to non-Hispanic White women. Non-Hispanic Black women had 43% lower odds (95% CI = 0.35, 0.95) and Hispanic women had 47% lower odds (95% CI = 0.34, 0.80) of reporting higher levels of diabetes care management than non-Hispanic White women. This study provides important information regarding diabetes health care ratings, self-efficacy, and self-management behaviors. Because of the increasing prevalence of diabetes among women of childbearing age, it is important to improve health care particularly for racial/ethnic minority women with diabetes.
Introduction: Relational Activism in and through Pragmatist Feminism

This Hypatia cluster aims to create space for sharing stories and tools designed to support situated, embodied, and dialogical philosophical activism. It emerges from a new generation of pragmatist feminists, illustrating how the field has evolved. These pieces locate pragmatist feminism in place- and issue-based philosophical activism. As an activist and pragmatically grounded philosophy, this approach values the embodied and relational nature of social change as well as the need to create multiple pathways of engagement situated in and across communities.
Medical care equity for older persons in Chile: the role of the insurance sector

Governments play a central role in the organization and financing of health services, and their actions in promoting equitable health care contribute to their legitimacy. Chile’s system of health insurance and health care has raised concerns about equity in the financing of this care. This research extends the analysis of equity to the question of access to care, with special emphasis on the heaviest users of medical care: i.e., those aged 65 and over. Data from the 1998 Chilean national CASEN survey show that there were substantial inequities both between and within public and private insurance in this respect. The persistence of inequities within public health insurance indicates that even when financial equity and efficiency are improved, additional attention must be given to barriers to obtaining medical care if inequities in access are to be reduced.
Gas adsorption: A valuable tool for the pore size analysis and pore structure elucidation of ordered mesoporous materials

Abstract A overview and outlook is presented for the application of ordered mesoporous materials (OMMs) in the development of accurate and reliable methods for the determination of pore size distributions (PSDs) and the elucidation of the pore connectivity. Current status of the use of MCM-41 as a model adsorbent, including the evidence of suitability of adsorption branches of isotherms for the PSD calculations, and the methods for the consistent evaluation of PSDs from nitrogen adsorption at 77 K and argon adsorption at 77 and 87 K are discussed. Opportunities in the use of OMMs with various porous structures to develop PSD calculation methods are outlined. Recently proposed methods for the pore entrance size determination are overviewed and emerging opportunities in the pore connectivity elucidation based on gas adsorption isotherms are discussed.
Frenzy: A Platform for Friendsourcing

Although micro-task crowdwork was popularized by the Mechanical Turk (MTurk) labor-market platform, it is useful in many other contexts and communities as well. Unfortunately, several MTurk design choices, such as worker anonymity and isolation, are problematic in other environments. This paper introduces Frenzy, a platform for friendsourcing. Frenzy helps people who are closely connected in a community complete crowdsourcing tasks on a platform that affords more user control and freedom than traditional crowdsourcing platforms. Our evaluation of Frenzy shows that friendworkers can find meaningful work to do, effectively use discussion to reduce uncertainty, and finish the task. Most importantly, they are happy with the quality of the output and indicate a desire to use Frenzy for their own tasks such as: creating wedding albums, coding social science data, and creating sessions of accepted conference papers.
Modern Feminism, Religious Pluralism, and Scripture

the worship of “Sophia,” the goddess of wisdom, at a major American conference intensified my interest. Modern feminist writers have a profound grievance against Scripture because of what they describe as its “male” God and because of its “patriarchal” religion. As a result, some radically revise the biblical text; others determine to be rid of it altogether. The majority concur that the Bible has been a curse to humankind, and they insist they “are going to make a new place for women in contemporary religious life and thought.”
Regulation of NF-kappaB action by reversible acetylation.

Abstract While the proximal cytoplasmic signalling events controlling the activation of NF-kappaB are understood in considerable detail, the subsequent intranuclear events that regulate the strength and duration of NF-kappaB action remain poorly defined. Recently, we have demonstrated that the RelA subunit of the NF-kappaB heterodimer is subject to reversible acetylation. The p300/CBP acetyltransferases play a major role in the in vivo acetylation of RelA principally targeting lysines 218, 221 and 310 for modification. Acetylation of these distinct lysine residues regulates different functions of NF-kappaB, including transcriptional activation, DNA binding affinity, I-kappaBalpha assembly and subcellular localization. Specifically, acetylation of lysine 221 enhances DNA binding and impairs assembly with I-kappaBalpha while acetylation of lysine 310 is required for full transcriptional activity of RelA independent of changes in DNA binding or I-kappaBalpha binding. In turn, acetylated RelA is deacetylated by histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). Deacetylation of lysine 221 promotes high-affinity binding of RelA to newly synthesized I-kappaBalpha proteins whose expression is activated by NF-kappaB. I-kappaBalpha binding to deacetylated RelA promotes rapid nuclear export of the NF-kappaB complex. This export is dependent on CRM1 binding to a nuclear export signal present in I-KBalpha and promotes replenishment of the cytoplasmic pool of latent NF-kappaB/I-kappaBalpha complexes thus readying the cell for response to the next NF-kappaB inducing stimulus Together, these studies highlight how reversible acetylation of RelA serves as an intranuclear molecular switch promoting both positive and negative regulatory effects on nuclear NF-kappaB action.
Evaluation of nanoporous organosilicate films as supports for Pd based hydrogen sensing

We present our preliminary efforts on the evaluation of novel nanoporous organosilicate thin films as supports to drive the formation of Pd nanostructures for application as Pd based resistive sensors. Nanoporous organosilicate thin films are a recently developed technology offering great versatility in being able to fine tune their three dimensional nanostructure degree of porosity pore sizes and thicknesses. The underlying surface texture is then utilized to direct the formation of high surface area Pd nanoclusters by depositing Pd upon these films at different thicknesses (In this study — 5 nm and 10 nm). These samples where then configured to be used as resistance based hydrogen sensors. The response of the various samples to exposure to 1% hydrogen were studied and discussed. Pd films deposited upon nanoporous films exhibited improved sensor characteristics and interesting contrasting behavior when compared to Pd thin films of the same thickness deposited upon flat control substrates.
The General Circulation of Mars: Models and Observations

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the models and observations for the general circulation of Mars. The Mars surface is visible through a thin but significant atmosphere such that, as on Earth, atmospheric heating arises mainly from solar radiation absorbed at the surface and transferred back into the atmosphere. It is found that storms ranging in area from a few thousand square kilometers to the entire planet, as well as variable surface albedo markings apparently produced by shifting dust or sand were common and could account for the secular variability of Mars appearance. The winter high latitude warm belt is particularly striking during the second dust storm, and it is interpreted as evidence for subsidence in an expanded and intensified cross-equatorial Hadley circulation. Dust heating drives intensified diurnal and semidurnal thermal tides, but these two modes of circulation differ in their responses to the heating. The pressure standard deviation maxima can be seen in the two winters, but these are associated with enhancements of the diurnal tide and day-to-day variability rather than the semidiurnal tide, and they do not have the characteristic sawtooth signature of the global storms.