cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating an Improved Version Using Noisy OCR from Multiple Editions

This paper evaluates an automated scheme for aligning and combining optical character recognition (OCR) output from three scans of a book to generate a composite version with fewer OCR errors. While there has been some previous work on aligning multiple OCR versions of the same scan, the scheme introduced in this paper does not require that scans be from the same copy of the book, or even the same edition. The three OCR outputs are combined using an algorithm which builds upon an technique which aligns two sequences at a time. In the algorithm a multiple sequence alignment of the scans is generated by stitching together pair wise alignments and is used in turn to construct a corrected text. The approach is able to correct OCR errors so long as they do not occur in multiple scans. The proposed approach is shown to be effective even if some of the books contain additional content such as introductions or commentary. This scheme is used to generate improved versions from OCR texts taken from the Internet Archive. The accuracy of the original scans and the composite text are evaluated by comparing them to the version available from Project Gutenberg.
[3H]Ro5-4864 benzodiazepine binding in the kainate lesioned striatum and Huntington's diseased basal ganglia

[3H]Ro5-4864-labeled peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites in the brain were studied after kainic acid lesions of the rat striatum. Following intrastrial kainate injections [3H]Ro5-4864 binding increased to approximately 1000% of control over a period of 1 week and was maintained at this level for up to 6 weeks. Two weeks after lesioning the number of binding sites (Bmax) was selectively increased while the dissociation constant (Kd) was only minimally affected. [3H]Ro5-4864 binding in the Huntington's diseased (HD) basal ganglia was not changed as compared to non-neurological control in the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus. A highly significant 51% increase was found in the HD putamen. It is concluded that the peripheral-type, Ro5-4864-sensitive benzodiazepine receptor in the brain may be predominantly localized on glial elements.
Technological advance and hedging decisions in unbiased futures markets

Abstract This study investigates the effect of a productivity-improving technological advance on hedging behavior of producers in an environment where output price is uncertain and an unbiased futures market is available. A participation criterion that explicitly incorporates technology of production is stated as a minimum futures price required by a producer to participate in the futures market. It is shown that the effect of a technological advance on the minimum participation price is a function of the producer's attitude toward risk. The results indicate that a technological advance introduces an additional risk factor into the decision to assume risk by nonparticipation.
Enhanced performance of graphite anode materials by AlF3 coating for lithium-ion batteries

The surface of commercial graphite powders has been successfully modified with a thin AlF3 coating via chemical precipitation for the first time. A thin (∼2 nm thick) and uniform AlF3 coating up to 2 wt% content is observed without an evident change in the bulk structure of graphite particles. An AlF3-coated graphite anode delivers a higher initial discharge capacity with much improved rate performance when compared to an uncoated graphite anode. Additionally, the AlF3-coated graphite anode demonstrates a much better cycle life than the uncoated graphite. After 300 cycles, batteries with anodes made from 1 wt% AlF3-coated graphite and uncoated graphite show capacity retentions of 92% and 81%, respectively. It is believed that a more stable and conductive solid electrode interphase layer is formed on AlF3-coated graphite particles, which enhances the performance of graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries.
Molecular regulation of limb growth.

The ingenious work of Riddle et al.1, Tickle2, and others in manipulating limbs in chick embryos provided the basic understanding of limb development. It was such work that defined the terms as well as the role of the apical ectodermal ridge, the progress zone, and the zone of polarizing activity in patterning early limb development. Embryology has moved beyond the primitive understanding of which structures form when, into the molecular realm of developmental biology and genetics. As the signaling pathways for limb differentiation become well understood at a molecular level, morphological anomalies in limbs are seen as patterning errors and offer clues to the role of both genetic and epigenetic effects. Investigators now have more sophisticated tools of molecular genetics, such as microarray chips, which can simultaneously search for abnormalities in the expression of thousands of genes, and techniques that can snip and splice as well as amplify and analyze extremely small quantities of DNA. One of the most revolutionary tools is the “knockout” animal, bred specifically to answer the question “What happens if this particular gene is missing?” With the availability of these molecular genetic tools, and the compilation of the human genome, we now have a good, but not perfect, understanding of what should happen in the normal processes of limb development. Before it can be determined whether there is a genetic cause of a congenital malformation, it is necessary to have a baseline understanding of normal limb development—what starts it, what regulates it, and what stops it. From this understanding, we gain insights into uncontrolled growth, including congenital overgrowth conditions and the dysregulation of growth that causes the malignant tumors that occur throughout life. The interest of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons in these conditions stems from our limited control over the growth, ultimate size, and especially the function of limbs that have been affected by growth abnormalities. Because the scientific process of ascertaining the effect, the interactions, the order of cascading steps, and the feedback mechanisms is so very meticulous, a single scientist or team must focus on only one part of the puzzle. Much has been learned in a very short time and it is impossible to stay abreast of all that is now accepted as scientific fact. This paper delves into the regulation and patterning of limb growth, and in particular, the osteocartilaginous elements in the limb.
Coups d'etat and African tourism: A study of Ghana

Abstract One of the main characteristics of postcolonial Africa is the high frequency of successful and abortive coups d'etat. The consequent political instability has had adverse impact on all sectors of Africa's economies. Upon achieving political independence, almost all African countries formulated economic development plans, including tourism, to diversify their economies. Nearly 25 years after the majority of African countries became independent, tourism is barely an industry in sub-Saharan Africa. The continent's share of global arrivals and receipts has remained stagnant over the last 20 years. Ghana, the first country to achieve independence in sub-Saharan Africa, had created an incipient tourist industry by 1966. This paper examines efforts to develop tourism in Ghana and how over two decades of political instability has stagnated those plans. A model is proposed to elucidate the impact of frequent coups d'etat and the resultant political instability on tourism.
Relative Motion Emulating Robotic System as a Test Bed for Aerial Refueling Using VISNAV and Mobile Stewart Platforms

This paper describes a relative motion emulating robotic system (RMERS) which is made up with a vision navigation (VISNAV), a novel method for proximity navigation and mobile Stewart platforms, parallel manipulators to have six degrees of freedom. The RMERS is a ground-based test bed for aerial refueling and enables already simulated results to physically demonstrate their performance in a ground level. The scope of REMES can reach any relative dynamical system which requires experimental tests. This paper presents theoretical introduction prior to making REMES tangible in the lab. The VISNAV system and the kinematics and dynamics of the Stewart platform will be shortly introduced and dynamical mapping from aerial refueling to mobile Stewart platforms will be given. Finally, some numerical results are simulated.© 2007 ASME
Noise characterization of a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser.

The phase and amplitude noise spectra of a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser are measured and compared with the noise characteristics of a colliding-pulse mode-locked (CPM) dye laser. The timing jitter of the Ti:sapphire laser is found to be approximately half that of the CPM laser for jitter rates above 50 Hz. The amplitude noise of both lasers is comparable for frequencies of as much as several hundred kilohertz. However, between 0.5 and 5 MHz the noise spectrum of the Ti:sapphire laser is 126–134 dB below the carrier, while the CPM laser noise is limited by the pump laser at 115–131 dB below the carrier.
Management strategies for acne vulgaris

Clinical question What are the most effective treatment(s) for mild, moderate, severe, and hormonally driven acne? Results Mild acne responds favorably to topical treatments such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and a low-dose retinoid. Moderate acne responds well to combination therapy comprising-topical benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, and/or retinoids, as well as oral antibiotics in refractory cases and oral contraceptive pills for female acne patients. Severe nodulocystic acne vulgaris responds best to oral isotretinoin therapy. In female patients with moderate to severe acne, facial hair, loss of scalp hair and irregular periods, polycystic ovarian syndrome should be considered and appropriate treatment with hormonal modulation given. Adjunctive procedures can also be considered for all acne patients. Implementation PITFALLS TO AVOID WHEN TREATING ACNE: treatment of acne in women of child-bearing age; familiarization of all acne treatments in order to individualize management for patients; indications for specialist referral.
Interaction of Heavy Primary Cosmic Rays in Lead

The energy spectrum of heavy primary cosmic-ray nuclei was measured and found to be in agreement with the assumption that no primaries with energy below the geomagnetic cutoff enter the earth. The mean free path of the primary nuclei in lead was measured. If the transparency of nuclear matter is taken into account, the present results for lead and the measurements by others for lighter elements are in good agreement. If the expression ${R}_{A}={R}_{0}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ is used for the radius of the nucleus, the data indicate for ${R}_{0}$ the value 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. It is also shown that the ratio of the abundances of the charge groups $Z=12 \mathrm{to} 17$ and $Z=18 \mathrm{to} 28$ is \ensuremath{\sim}2.1.
Evaluation of an extended-release formulation of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in koi (Cyprinus carpio)

The use of an extended release ceftiofur crystalline-free acid formulation (CCFA, Excede For Swine(®) , Pfizer Animal Health) in koi was evaluated after administration of single intramuscular (i.m.) or intracoelomic (i.c.) doses. Twenty koi were divided randomly into a control group and four treatment groups (20 mg/kg i.m., 60 mg/kg i.m., 30 mg/kg i.c., and 60 mg/kg i.c.). Serum ceftiofur-free acid equivalents (CFAE) concentrations were quantified. The pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed-effects approach. Following a CCFA injection of 60 mg/kg i.m., time durations that serum CFAE concentrations were above the target concentration of 4 μg/mL ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 weeks in 3 of 4 fish, while serum CFAE concentrations remained below 4 μg/mL for lower doses evaluated. Substantial inter-individual variations and intra-individual fluctuations of CFAE concentrations were observed for all treatment groups. Histological findings following euthanasia included aseptic granulomatous reactions, but no systemic adverse effects were detected. Given the unpredictable time vs. CFAE concentration profiles for treated koi, the authors would not recommend this product for therapeutic use in koi at this time. Further research would be necessary to correlate serum and tissue concentrations and to better establish MIC data for Aeromonas spp. isolated from naturally infected koi.
Studies on sulfatides by quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization: structural characterization and the fragmentation processes that include an unusual internal galactose residue loss and the classical charge-remote fragmentation.

The structural characterization of sulfatides by collisional-activated dissociation (CAD) quadrupole ion-trap tandem mass spectrometric methods with electrospray ionization is described. When subjected to CAD in the negative-ion mode, the [M−H]− ions of sulfatides yield abundant structurally informative ions that permit unequivocal assignments of the long-chain base, and fatty acid constituent including the location of double bond. The identification of the position of the double bond on the fatty acyl substituent is based on the observation of the series of the ions arising from classical charge-remote fragmentation processes similar to those observed by high-energy CAD and by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. An unusual internal galactose residue loss due to a rearrangement process was also observed. The [M−H]− ions of sulfatides also dissociates to a ceramide anion, which undergoes consecutive fragmentation processes to yield ions informative for identification of the ceramide moiety and permits distinction the sulfatide with a sphingosine subclass from that with a sphinganine long-chain base subclass. The MS2-spectra of the sulfatide subclass with a sphingosine LCB and a α-hydroxy fatty acyl substituent (d18:1/hFA-sulfatide) are featured by the prominent ion sets of m/z 568, 550, 540, and 522, originated from a primary cleavage of the fatty acyl CO-CH(OH) bond, and are readily differentiable from those arising from the non-hydroxy sulfatide subclass (d18:1/nFA-sulfatide), in which the ion sets are of low abundance. The fragmentation pathways of sulfatides under low-energy CAD are proposed. The pathways are supported by the MS2- and MS3-spectra of various compounds, and of their H-D exchanged analogs.
Molecular basis of metal-ion selectivity and zeptomolar sensitivity by CueR

The earliest of a series of copper efflux genes in Escherichia coli are controlled by CueR, a member of the MerR family of transcriptional activators. Thermodynamic calibration of CueR reveals a zeptomolar (10(-21) molar) sensitivity to free Cu+, which is far less than one atom per cell. Atomic details of this extraordinary sensitivity and selectivity for +1transition-metal ions are revealed by comparing the crystal structures of CueR and a Zn2+-sensing homolog, ZntR. An unusual buried metal-receptor site in CueR restricts the metal to a linear, two-coordinate geometry and uses helix-dipole and hydrogen-bonding interactions to enhance metal binding. This binding mode is rare among metalloproteins but well suited for an ultrasensitive genetic switch.
A Prospective Study of Serum Lipids and Risk of Diabetic Macular Edema in Type 1 Diabetes

We evaluated the relationships between serum lipid levels and clinically significant macular edema (CSME), hard exudates, and other diabetic retinopathy (DR) end points in a population with type 1 diabetes. We studied data from serum lipids that were measured annually among the 1,441 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) participants. We used proportional hazards regression models to examine the relationship of the cumulative average of lipid levels (total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, and triglycerides) with development of CSME, hard exudate, DR progression, and development of proliferative DR (PDR). In models controlling for primary prevention versus secondary intervention subgroup, randomized treatment assignment, HbA(1c), and other risk factors, both total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio and LDL predicted development of CSME (rate ratio [RR] for extreme quintiles 3.84, P for trend = 0.03 for total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, and RR 1.95, P for trend = 0.03 for LDL) and hard exudate (RR 2.44, P for trend = 0.0004 for total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, and RR 2.77, P for trend = 0.002 for LDL). Relationships of lipids with progression of DR and development of PDR were weaker and not significant after adjustment for HbA(1c). Higher serum lipids are associated with increased risk of CSME and retinal hard exudate. Lipid-lowering treatment among type 1 diabetic subjects, recommended to prevent cardiovascular disease, may also decrease risk of CSME, an important cause of vision loss.
Metabolic Aspects of Positional Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Isomers

Absorption and distribution of positionalcis andtrans octadecenoic acid isomers in lipids from rat, egg and human tissues are reviewed. Selected data on enzyme, single-cell, and whole-animal studies with positional octadecenoic acid isomers are summarized and compared.
Community-based adaptation : lessons from a grant competition

What do local communities perceive as the key problems and challenges for adaptation to climate change? Lessons are identified from a major global grant competition, the development marketplace, focused on adaptation to climate change. Proposals developed by non-governmental actors at the local level were informed by deep concerns that ongoing climate change and its impacts undermine development and exacerbate poverty, migration and food insecurity. Drought and floods were the most commonly identified climate risks. Adaptation proposals simultaneously addressed local poverty and climate change challenges, and offered a wide range of approaches to render local development more resilient to current climate variability. The findings have important implications for design of support to community-based adaptation, which should exploit its strong local grounding and synergies with development; help connect local initiatives to higher levels; and use complementary approaches to address policy issues.
Progesterone secretion by induced corpora lutea (CL) of anestrous bitches after administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HOG).

Sixteen bitches were treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG; 44 IU/kg bwt) intramuscularly (i.m.) for nine consecutive days and each was given 500 IU HOG i.m. on the tenth day or on the first day of induced estrus (Day 0). On Day 12, each bitch was randomly assigned to three groups and treated as follows: Group 1-six bitches, each given 10 mcg GnRH i.m.once every 24 hr; Group 2-six bitches, each given 500 IU HOG i.m. once every 24 hr; and Group 3-four bitches, each given 5 ml 0.9% saline i.m. once every 24 hr. Treatments were continued until Day 55. Blood samples were obtained prior to treatment and every other day until Day 55. Plasma progesterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and data arranged using a split-plot design, with treatment as the main plot and days of sampling as subplots. Analysis of data was by Duncan's Multiple Range Test and treatment-by-day interaction determined by the least-squares method. After treatment, progesterone concentrations from Group 2 were higher (P<0.05) than those of the other groups. A significant effect was seen on Day 20 (P<0.01), while on Day 50 the difference approached significance. These findings suggest that HOG is capable of stimulating the production of progesterone by induced CL in the bitch. However, neither HOG nor GnRH prevented premature regression of these induced CL. Results of this study suggest that premature luteolysis of induced CL is probably not due to lack of gonadotrophic support from either the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland.
Phase relationship between β′- and O′-sialon at 1623 K

β′-sialon whiskers and co-products of synthesis, such as β′-sialon powders and O′-sialon powders, were annealed at 1623 K for 8 h in a closed graphite reaction tube under 1 atm nitrogen. Phase stabilities, Si/Al ratios, and crystallographic features were investigated. The O′-sialon phase, which formed in the early stage of synthesis when oxygen partial pressure was relatively high, became less stable in the present annealing condition and decomposed. The majority of released aluminium and possibly oxygen from the decomposed O′-powder was incorporated into β′-sialon whiskers with little change in its lattice parameters, when the β′-sialon whiskers were included in annealing. The aluminium contents were always lower in the β′-whiskers than in the powders even after increasing its aluminium content during 8 h annealing. The lattice parameters of both β′-whiskers and powders increased with increasing aluminium content and became closer after annealing. The lattice parameters of β′-whiskers remained the same before and after annealing despite the increased aluminium content, while the lattice parameters of β′-powders decreased despite its aluminium content remaining unchanged. The lattice parameters of O′-sialon increased with increasing aluminium content, and the increase in thea direction is the largest when compared with other parameters.
Overview of clinical radioimmunodetection of human tumors

The role of radioimmunodetection in the detection of cancer has been established through the development of high affinity immunoconjugates and recent improvements in radiochemistry. Advances in imaging techniques, particularly single-photon emission computed tomography and image registration, also have dramatically improved the sensitivity and accuracy of tumor detection. Molecular engineering of immune constructs provides promise of enhanced tumor localization properties and reduced immunogenicity, allowing repeated studies to be performed. The role of radioimmunodetection in the evaluation of cancer patients will increase in importance in the future
Integrating genomic and clinical medicine: Searching for susceptibility genes in complex lung diseases

The integration of molecular, genomic, and clinical medicine in the post-genome era provides the promise of novel information on genetic variation and pathophysiologic cascades. The current challenge is to translate these discoveries rapidly into viable biomarkers that identify susceptible populations and into the development of precisely targeted therapies. In this article, we describe the application of comparative genomics, microarray platforms, genetic epidemiology, statistical genetics, and bioinformatic approaches within examples of complex pulmonary pathobiology. Our search for candidate genes, which are gene variations that drive susceptibility to and severity of enigmatic acute and chronic lung disorders, provides a logical framework to understand better the evolution of genomic medicine. The dissection of the genetic basis of complex diseases and the development of highly individualized therapies remain lofty but achievable goals.
Intrapeptide sequence homology in rubrerythrin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris: Identification of potential ligands to the diiron site

Two regions in the amino acid sequence of the 21.5 kDa subunit of rubrerythrin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) are shown to be homologous. Rubrerythrin contains a non-heme, non-sulfur diiron site, and the internally homologous regions share homology with at least one proposed iron binding region of the component A α subunit of methane monooxygenase, which also contains a non-heme, non-sulfur diiron site. Comparison of the rubrerythrin sequences with those of the B2 subunit of E. coli ribonucleotide reductase, whose diiron site ligands have been identified, suggests that two glutamate and two histidine residues at positions 53, 56, 129, and 131 within the rubrerythrin sequence furnish ligands to the diiron site. A pair of EXXH sequences appears to represent a diiron binding motif in all three aforementioned proteins. No propene monooxygenase activity was detected with rubrerythrin using the assay designed to test activity of methane monooxygenase component A in the absence of other protein components.
Analytical modeling of external latchup

A model is presented for external latchup. The effects of spacing, temperature, supply voltage and layout are captured in the model. The model shows a good fit to data in two different technologies, RF-CMOS and SmartMOS.
An economical approach to PaaS

In this paper, we attempt to create a platform of several services from free single service applications to form a modular infrastructure for a platform as a service (PaaS). The infrastructure simulates the power of cloud computing with the use of software as a service (SaaS) and bypass local client installations. With slight variations and configurations to each software service, the cloud platform is adjusted to the users' needs. This approach to a Free Platform as a Service (FPaaS) is an effort to demonstrate the power of cloud computing with no cost.
The unitary-group formulation of coupled-cluster many-electron theory

Coupled-cluster many-electron theory (CCMET) has been developed in the second-quantized formulation with and without spin projection. In this article CCMET is developed in the unitary-group formulation where the group is U(p) and p is the number of orbitals in the basis set. The zero-order ground state is the highest-weight state of an irreducibly invariant subspace of U(p) and the excitation operators are infinitesimal generators. These irreducible spaces are uniquely labeled by Young diagrams which the Pauli principle limits to no more than one column for fermion orbitals and no more than two columns for freeon (spin-free) orbitals. In the latter case the spin is one-half the difference in the lengths of the two columns. We employ both the Gel'fand and the generator bases for the irreducible invariant vector spaces. Matrix elements for the former are evaluated by techniques due to Gel'fand, Biedenharn, Louck, Paldus, and Shavitt and for the latter directly by Lie algebraic and diagrammatic techniques as a simple function of the weight components of the highest-weight state. For freeon or fermion orbitals the results are equivalent to those obtained by the second-quantized formulation with or without spin projection.
Electrical Phenomena Occurring during the Freezing of Dilute Aqueous Solutions and Their Possible Relationship to Thunderstorm Electricity

The discovery of an electrical effect accompanying the orderly freezing of dilute aqueous solutions is reported. Potential differences as great as 230 volts are measured across the water-ice interface during the the freezing process. At a freezing rate of about 1 cc per min., a current of 1 \ensuremath{\mu}amp. is measured. The character of the effect is a function of the nature and concentration of the solute. The dependence of the effect on the structure of the ions of the solute and the molecular structure of water is shown.Possible application of this effect to chemical detection and to the formation of thunderstorm electricity is discussed.
Metabolic activators of spinach leaf nitrate reductase: Effects on enzymatic activity and dephosphorylation by endogenous phosphatases

Nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves was inactivated in the dark and reactivated by light in vivo. When extracted from dark leaves, NR activity was lower and more strongly inhibited by Mg2+ relative to the enzyme extracted from leaves harvested in the light. When dark extracts were desalted at pH 6.5 and preincubated at 25° C prior to assay, enzyme activity (assayed either in the presence or absence of Mg2+) remained essentially constant, i.e. there was no spontaneous reactivation in vitro. However, addition of certain metabolites resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent activation of NR in vitro. Effective activators included inorganic phosphate (Pi), 5′-AMP, and certain of its derivatives such as FAD and pyridine nucleotides (both oxidized and reduced forms). All of the activators increased NR activity as assayed in the absence of Mg2+, whereas some activators (e.g. Pi, 5′-AMP and FAD) also reduced Mg2+ inhibition. The reduction of Mg2+ inhibition was also time-dependent and was almost completely prevented by a combination of okadaic acid plus KF, suggesting the involvement of dephosphorylation catalyzed by endogenous phosphatase(s). In contrast, the activation of NR (assayed minus Mg2+) was relatively insensitive to phosphatase inhibitors, indicating a different mechanism was involved. Compounds that were not effective activators of NR included sulfate, ribose-5-phosphate, adenosine 5′-monosulfate, coenzyme A, ADP and ATP. We postulate that NR can exist in at least two states that differ in enzymatic activity. The activators appear to interact with the NR molecule at a site distinct from the NADH active site, and induce a slow conformational change (hysteresis) that increases NR activity (assayed in the absence of Mg2+). Possibly as a result of the conformational change caused by certain activators, the regulatory phospho-seryl groups are more readily dephosphorylated by endogenous phosphatases, thereby reducing sensitivity to Mg2+ inhibition. Preliminary results suggest that light/dark transitions in vivo may alter the distribution of NR molecules between the low- and high-activity forms.
Self-pulsing in on-chip Er-doped microcavity lasers

We characterize self-pulsing in erbium-doped microtoroidal lasers fabricated from solgel silica layer deposited on a silicon wafer. Effects of pump and taper-cavity coupling on peak power, period and width of laser pulses are investigated experimentally.
CHANGES IN THE CELLS AND TISSUES OF ROOT TIPS INDUCED BY THE ABSENCE OF CALCIUM

Because the effects of the absence of calcium from the culture medium are shown so quickly and the ultimate injury to the green plant is so severe, this element has attracted widespread attention. Notwithstanding the large amount of work which has been done in an effort to ascertain just what part calcium plays in the development of the plant, it will probably be long before our knowledge of its function is even approximately complete. In considering the role of an element in plant metabolism it is important to remember that it may be complex, perhaps manifold, and that possibly it may vary somewhat from organism to organism. Because of this complexity of the problem, a diversity of lines of attack is desirable. The present contribution deals with the effect of the absence of calcium on the cells and tissues. It is a continuation of studies of the effects of the absence of several of the essential elements on the root (Sommer and Sorokin, I928). In these studies the effect of the absence of calcium on the development of the root tip was early seen to be so strikingly different from anything found with the other elements that it seemed desirable to devote special attention to this element. The results are presented in the present paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ostrowski and Landau inequalities for Banach space valued functions

Abstract Very general univariate Ostrowski type inequalities are presented regarding Banach space valued functions. They provide norm estimates for the deviation of the average of the function from its vector values, and they involve the n th order vector derivative, n ≥ 1 , with respect to ‖ ⋅ ‖ p , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ . On the way to prove our results we establish useful functional vector identities. Using our vector Ostrowski inequalities we derive the vector Landau inequalities.
Characterizing defects in multi-layer materials using guided ultrasonic waves

Abstract A brief description is given of a methodology that exploits guided ultrasonic waves, lasers and fiber optics, and simultaneous time–frequency analysis to interrogate the state of a material, component, or structure. This system offers a means by which surface-guided (Lamb and Rayleigh), broadband, ultrasound can effectively be generated and detected in a wide variety of materials in real time and in a non-contact, non-invasive fashion. The propagating ultrasound interrogates the host material in a manner providing a wealth of information when coupled with application of the Gabor wavelet transform to broadband dispersive waveforms. Recent results are presented pertaining to delamination detection within layered copper/polymer films.
Negative Latin square type partial difference sets and amorphic association schemes with Galois rings

A partial difference set (PDS) having parameters (n2, r(n−1), n+r2−3r, r2−r) is called a Latin square type PDS, while a PDS having parameters (n2, r(n+1), −n+r2+3r, r2 +r) is called a negative Latin square type PDS. There are relatively few known constructions of negative Latin square type PDSs, and nearly all of these are in elementary abelian groups. We show that there are three different groups of order 256 that have all possible negative Latin square type parameters. We then give generalized constructions of negative Latin square type PDSs in 2-groups. We conclude by discussing how these results fit into the context of amorphic association schemes and by stating some open problems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 17: 266-282, 2009
Flattening Coefficients for Oleic Acid Droplets on Treated Glass Slides

Flattening coefficients for liquid oleic acid droplets were determined for droplets containing varyig concentrations of uranine when impacted on surfactant-treated glass slides. Flattening coefficients varied by surfactant and by uranine concentration. The results of this work suggest that interfacial forces between oleic acid droplets and surfactant-coated slides change with surfactant chemistry enough to have significant impacts on results from evaluation of size-selective aerosol sampler performance. The effects of uranine concentration and surfactant type should not be extrapolated from data generated using alternative surfactants when using microscopy to verify the size of monodisperse liquid particles utilized for sampler performance testing. Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research
Inhibition of isolation-induced aggressive behavior with GABA transaminase inhibitors.

Administration of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) and γ-acetylenic GABA (GAG) resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of aggressive behavior and a concomitant increase in brain GABA. The increase in GABA levels persisted beyond the time when AOAA and GAG exerted an anti-aggressive effect. Brain GABA levels remained significantly elevated over controls for 120 h after a single injection of AOAA and 46 h after a single dose of GAG.
Estrous Cycle Dependent Fluctuations of Regulatory Neuropeptides in the Lower Urinary Tract of Female Rats upon Colon-Bladder Cross-Sensitization

Co-morbidity of bladder, bowel, and non-specific pelvic pain symptoms is highly prevalent in women. Little evidence is present on modulation of pelvic pain syndromes by sex hormones, therefore, the objective of this study was to clarify the effects of hormonal fluctuations within the estrous cycle on regulatory neuropeptides in female rats using a model of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The estrous cycle in female rats (Sprague-Dawley, 230–250 g) was assessed by vaginal smears and weight of uterine horns. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction was induced by a single inflammatory insult to the distal colon. Protein expression of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the pelvic organs, sensory ganglia and lumbosacral spinal cord was compared in rats in proestrus (high estrogen) vs diestrus (low estrogen). Under normal physiological conditions, concentration of SP and CGRP was similar in the distal colon and urinary bladder during all phases of the estrous cycle, however, acute colitis induced a significant up-regulation of CGRP content in the colon (by 63%) and urinary bladder (by 54%, p≤0.05 to control) of rats in proestrus. These changes were accompanied by a significant diminution of CGRP content in L6-S2 DRG after colonic treatment, likely associated with its release in the periphery. In rats with high estrogen at the time of testing (proestrus), experimental colitis caused a significant up-regulation of BDNF colonic content from 26.1±8.5 pg/ml to 83.4±32.5 pg/ml (N = 7, p≤0.05 to control) and also induced similar effects on BDNF in the urinary bladder which was also up-regulated by 5-fold in rats in proestrus (p≤0.05 to respective control). Our results demonstrate estrous cycle dependent fluctuations of regulatory neuropeptides in the lower urinary tract upon colon-bladder cross-sensitization, which may contribute to pain fluctuations in female patients with neurogenic bladder pain.
MCells, Gels and Motion: A Fresh Cellular Approach to Biomimetics

The cytoplasm is broadly acknowledged to be a polymer gel. Yet, textbook mechanisms build on the presumption that it is an aqueous solution. The concept of a gel-like cytoplasm is replete with power. Partitioning of ions between the inside and outside of the cell is directly explainable from the cytoplasm's gel-like character and the organization of its water molecules; such partitioning requires zero maintenance energy, unlike ion-pumping mechanisms. The cell's electrical potential is also explainable: substantial potentials are measured in gels, as well as in cells stripped of their membrane. Gels also undergo phase-transition - ransformation of protein and water from one physical state to another. In undergoing phase transition, the gels change volume, ion content, solvency, permeability, etc. changes similar to those experienced by organelles within the functioning cell. The polymer-gel phase transition therefore has the potential to be a central paradigm for mediating many aspects of cell function - particularly movement and including muscle contraction. These ideas are explored in depth in a recent book (Pollack, "Cells, Gels and the Engines of Life,", 2001, www.ebnerandsons.com). Movement by phase-transition is in fact the basis of many types of artificial motion. Hence, the broadly taken approach to artificial motion is in many ways similar to the approach taken by nature. These similarities will be discussed in the lecture.
Comment on a Recent Calculation of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the electron to Order alpha

We evaluate analytically the results given in integral form by Lai et al. for the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron to order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, We point out that for small cutoff energies (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\frac{1}{2}{m}_{e}$) the result is negative. A short critique of the nonrelativistic approximation is included.
Using areas-as-fleets selectivity to model spatial fishing: Asymptotic curves are unlikely under equilibrium conditions

Abstract Most population models and stock assessment approaches assume that fish and fishing are spatially uniform. Here, we examine the effects of spatial structure on fishery selection (selectivity). Selectivity refers to the fact that age- or size-classes of fish are not equally vulnerable to fishing; such differences in class-specific vulnerabilities will influence the age-structure of a fish stock, which in turn will determine the stock's productivity and ability to sustain harvest. The selectivity of the gear produces a characteristic selection curve that is generally assumed to be asymptotic. However, population-level selection curves can deviate considerably from an asymptotic shape given spatial structure in the population. For example, given time-invariant recruitment and time-invariant age-specific survival, the shape of the selection curve at the level of the population will be dome-shaped under a wide range of conditions, even though the gear-selection curves operating in common in all areas within the population are asymptotic. This paper explores the factors, under equilibrium conditions, influencing the areas-as-fleets selection curves that result from using selectivity coefficients to represent spatial catch-at-age in a non-spatial population dynamics model. We use a simplified set of survival equations from Sampson and Scott (Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 68 (2011) 1077–1086), in which there are three distinct spatial regions with the same asymptotic selection curve operating in each region, and show that while the overall population-selectivity is typically dome shaped, the corresponding areas-as-fleets selection curve shapes differ from each other and from the population-selection and gear-selection curves. Factors that influence how much the selectivity curves differ from each other include the magnitude of the differences in the regional fishing mortality rates, the rates of fish movement and whether the movements are diffusive or directional, and the regional distribution of the recruits. If fish movement rates are relatively slow (say, less than 20% per time-step), then in nearly all cases areas-as-fleets selectivity will differ from the underlying gear-selectivity, except under the extraordinary conditions of equal recruitment and equal fishing mortality across all spatial regions.
A high pressure mass spectrometric study of ion-molecule reactions in the fluoromethanes

Conventional high pressure mass spectrometric techniques have been employed to study the ion-molecule reactions in CH3F, CH2F2, CHF3, and CF4 at pressures up to one torr. At low pressures the results are in good agreement with studies reported by other workers. At high pressures, however, a number of higher order reactions are observed which have not been reported previously. These were for the most part condensation and condensation-elimination reactions which involve formation of an excited collision complex followed by collision stabilization or collision induced elimination of H2 and/or HF molecules. The ability of the fluoromethanes to undergo these reactions decreases dramatically with increasing fluorine substitution. Reaction mechanisms have been proposed for the processes observed, and rate constants have been calculated for the major reactions.
Software infrastructure and design challenges for ubiquitous computing applications

In traditional computing environments, users actively choose to interact with computers. Ubiquitous computing applications are likely to be different—they will be embedded in the users’ physical environments and integrate seamlessly with their everyday tasks. This vision leads to a set of defining characteristics, requirements, and research challenges for ubiquitous applications. This article identifies some of the key characteristics via a possible real-world scenario and derives the important application design and software infrastructure challenges that must be addressed by the computing research community.
Experimental and modeling investigation of aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in a premixed ethylene flame

Experimental and detailed chemical kinetic modeling has been performed to investigate aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbon formation pathways in a rich, sooting, ethylene-oxygen-argon premixed flame. An atmospheric pressure, laminar flat flame operated at an equivalence ratio of 2.5 was used to acquire experimental data for model validation. Gas composition analysis was conducted by an on-line gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) technique. Measurements were made in the flame and post-flame zone for a number of low molecular weight species, aliphatics, aromatics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranging from two to five-aromatic fused rings. The modeling results show the key reaction sequences leading to aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon growth involve the combination of resonantly stabilized radicals. In particular, propargyl and 1-methylallenyl combination reactions lead to benzene and methyl substituted benzene formation, while polycyclic aromatics are formed from cyclopentadienyl radicals and fused rings that have a shared C{sub 5} side structure. Naphthalene production through the reaction step of cyclopentadienyl self-combination and phenanthrene formation from indenyl and cyclopentadienyl combination were shown to be important in the flame modeling study. The removal of phenyl by O{sub 2} leading to cyclopentadienyl formation is expected to play a pivotal role in the PAH or soot precursor growth process under fuel-rich oxidation conditions.
Evidence-Based Practice: Perceptions, Skills, and Activities of Pediatric Health Care Professionals

The purposes of this descriptive study were to evaluate pediatric professional staffs' perceptions of evidence-based practice (EBP), to identify individual and organizational barriers experienced when applying EBP into practice, and to determine differences in perceptions by those attending and not attending an EBP education series. A total of 486 pediatric health care professionals, 56 of whom attended all of the sessions, completed an anonymous online survey. Professional staff participated in and valued EBP activities but identified barriers to full implementation. Participants in the EBP series were significantly different in several positive ways. Implications for further education and research are delineated based on survey results.
Quantification of five- and six-coordinated aluminum ions in aluminosilicate and fluoride-containing glasses by high-field, high-resolution 27Al NMR

Aluminum cation sites with five ([5]Al) or six ([6]Al) anion neighbors are minor species in aluminosilicate glasses that are interesting in models of structure, diffusion, and viscous flow. Using 27Al NMR, we present the first direct evidence for [5]Al in a calcium-aluminosilicate glass without excess aluminum over charge-balancing cations, and quantify small concentrations of both [5]Al and [6]Al in several fluoride-containing aluminosilicate glasses. NMR techniques that enhance resolution by decreasing the effects of second-order quadrupolar broadening, including triple-quantum magic-angle spinning (3QMAS), analysis of spinning sidebands, and data collection at very high external magnetic fields (14.1 and 18.8 T), are particularly effective in accurately observing such species.
Energy shift procedure for the inner potential in LEED crystallography

Abstract The accuracy of the assumption that LEED spectra for differing inner potentials can be found by shifting calculated spectra along the energy axis is studied. The spread in angle of refraction in typical conditions up to angle of incidence θ = 25° is shown to be small. The variation of θ with energy that minimizes the spread is found. Statistical analysis of data from three different surface structures shows the assumption to be adequate at least up to θ = 25°.
Multiple C-terminal tails within a single E. coli SSB homotetramer coordinate DNA replication and repair.

Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) plays essential roles in DNA replication, recombination and repair. SSB functions as a homotetramer with each subunit possessing a DNA binding domain (OB-fold) and an intrinsically disordered C-terminus, of which the last nine amino acids provide the site for interaction with at least a dozen other proteins that function in DNA metabolism. To examine how many C-termini are needed for SSB function, we engineered covalently linked forms of SSB that possess only one or two C-termini within a four-OB-fold “tetramer”. Whereas E. coli expressing SSB with only two tails can survive, expression of a single-tailed SSB is dominant lethal. E. coli expressing only the two-tailed SSB recovers faster from exposure to DNA damaging agents but accumulates more mutations. A single-tailed SSB shows defects in coupled leading and lagging strand DNA replication and does not support replication restart in vitro. These deficiencies in vitro provide a plausible explanation for the lethality observed in vivo. These results indicate that a single SSB tetramer must interact simultaneously with multiple protein partners during some essential roles in genome maintenance.