cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a Low-Cost Autoclave for Developing World Health Clinics

Incidence of surgical site infection is 2–5 times higher in developing nations as compared to developed nations. A low-cost, easy to use autoclave was designed to address the unique technical, behavioral, and market challenges present in rural, health posts of the developing world. A thorough stakeholder analysis was performed very early in the design process to address non-technical needs for sustained user adoption as well as manufacturability and scalability. Twelve partnering clinics in Nepal trialed these autoclaves from July until December 2012. Usage statistics and follow-up observations highlight important factors for successful adoption. These findings were used to improve the autoclave design. The goal of this paper is to detail a case study and methodology to incorporate multiple stakeholder needs into the early design process.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Bupropion-induced psychosis: folklore or a fact? A systematic review of the literature

Abstract Objective Bupropion is a substituted phenyl-ethylamine that is extensively utilized for the treatment of major depressive disorder and for smoking cessation. It is a reuptake inhibitor of dopamine and norepinephrine, and it also has some nicotinic antagonism. There are concerns that it may increase the risk of psychosis due to its dopaminergic effects. Our objective is to review the literature and analyze the risk of bupropion precipitating a psychotic illness in the general population as well as in the populations with a history of psychotic symptoms. Methods A Medline database search limited to human and English-language studies was conducted using the keywords “bupropion” and “psychosis.” A total of 23 articles were selected based on the relevance of the articles and their references. The data from these articles were collated. Results Collated data show that there is some evidence to suggest that bupropion may cause or worsen psychosis in selected subpopulations. Higher doses of bupropion appear more likely to be associated with the outcome severity. Preexisting psychotic symptoms, substance abuse and drug interactions also seem to increase the risk. Concurrent use of antipsychotics at adequate doses appears to be protective. Conclusions The literature is incomplete and in some cases contradictory. In selected cases, bupropion appears to be associated with the induction of psychotic symptoms in addition to the precipitation or worsening of an existing psychotic syndrome. Further research including controlled studies is required to clarify the risk of bupropion precipitating a psychotic illness in vulnerable populations.
The effect of lesions in the locus coeruleus on the physiological responses of the cerebral blood vessels in cats

The effects of cerebral blood flow (CBF) of lesions placed stereotactically in or near the locus coeruleus were studied in 15 lightly anesthetized cats; 5 control cats in which the electrode was placed but no lesion created, and 10 experimental cats in which a lesion was created. The response of CBF to changes in Paco2 and in mean arterial blood pressure was determined by 133Xe-washout studies 10 days after the stereotactic procedures. The sites of the lesions were studied histologically, and their effects on catecholamine concentrations in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus, and parietal cortex were determined by radio-chemical assay. Control animals and those with lesions near, but not in, the locus coeruleus had normal Paco2--CBF response curves and normal catecholamine concentrations in the areas of biopsy. Bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus was confirmed in 3 animals on histological examination and in these animals there were decreased levels of catecholamines in the areas of assay, higher resting CBFs at normocapnia, and significantly abnormal CBF--Paco2 response curves. The autoregulatory response to changes in perfusion pressure was preserved. Thus, noradrenergic neurons originating in the locus coeruleus may contribute to the control of intraparenchymal cerebral vessels and disturbance of this control may be important in the pathology of cerebral ischemia.
Prediction of thermoelastic properties in short-fiber composites using image analysis techniques

Abstract Methods exist for predicting the effective thermoelastic properties of composite materials, but these methods require a knowledge of the fiber orientation distribution for representative fibers in the composite. Since the orientation of the short fibers used in many composite materials depends strongly on the fabrication conditions, there are infinitely many orientation distributions. Owing to the large numbers of fibers needed to get representative orientation results, digital methods such as the Fourier transform, and semi-manual methods such as a digitizer pad have been introduced for the planar fiber distributions found in many composites. Following a review of these methods, the two-dimensional Hough trandform is introduced as a method uniquely suited for detecting straight line segments such as fibers. In an improved block Hough form, this transform may be used in cases of more dense fiber distributions. A comparison of the results from Hough transform, Fourier transform, and digitizer pad methods have been used for four representative fiber orientations, with sufficient replicates to indicate the relative variance of these three estimators. The results indicate that although the orientation parameters calculated with the Hough transform have a higher variance than those calculated using the Fourier transform, the average predictions for typical thermoelastic properties are quite good, with substantial savings in computation time. Even the outlying value predictions for thermoelastic properties using the Hough transform lie generally within ±5% of the correct values; the Hough transform should thus be considered a viable candidate method for this application. The digitizer pad method gives similar results to Hough transform for 100 fiber samples after cosiderably greater manual effort.
A practical technique for controlling field profile in thin layers of n-GaAs

A practical technique has been developed for controlling the field profile in a thin epitaxial layer of n-GaAs biased above the transferred-electron threshold. This employs a special cathode composed of an electron-injecting n+contact complemented by an electron-blocking (reverse-biased Schottky barrier) contact, which extends a selected distance past the n+contact. The situation is characterized theoretically, and potential profile measurements confirm that the desired profile can be obtained in this manner.
Spontaneous anophthalmia and microphthalmia in white-tailed deer.

Abstract Extensive ocular anomalies of 8 white-tailed deer are described. The abnormalities include true anophthalmia, congenital cystic eyes, and microphthalmic eyes with choristoma containing ectodermal derivatives including dysplastic retina mixed with pigment epithelial cells. The intimate association of the epithelial cells and ectodermal elements suggests that the ectodermal elements are derived from the pigment epithelium. The animals' chromosome counts were normal. Possible causes of the abnormalities are considered.
Exploiting substituent effects for the synthesis of a photooxidatively resistant heptacene derivative.

Substituent effects have been exploited to produce an unusually persistent heptacene derivative. In total, four new heptacene derivatives with varying levels of photooxidative resistance (1 < 2 < 3 < 4) have been synthesized. A combination of p-(t-butyl)thiophenyl substituents at positions 7 and 16 (i.e., arylthio substituents attached to the most reactive ring) and o-dimethylphenyl substituents at positions 5, 9, 14, and 18 (i.e., steric resistance on neighboring rings) make heptacene derivative 4 especially resistant to photooxidation. It persists for weeks as a solid, for 1−2 days in solution if shielded from light, and for several hours in solution when directly exposed to both light and air. Heptacene derivative 4 has been fully characterized. It possesses a small HOMO−LUMO gap of 1.37 eV.
Evolution and future prospects of inorganic photovoltaics

Inorganic semiconductors are the backbone of present day photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The highest performance solar cells use III-V based materials in complex multijunction device structures and are used primarily in the space industry. The crystalline Si technologies are the mainstay of the commercial terrestrial markets and range from single crystal through large grain polycrystalline materials. Thin film PV technologies, which are approaching large scale manufacturing production levels, consist of polycrystalline CdTe, CuInSe2 and related alloys, and amorphous silicon (a-Si) and related alloys. The paper provides an historical background on the development of these inorganic PV technologies, followed by a discussion of the present status of each technology. The future directions being pursued to improve performance will also be discussed with emphasis on synergies between the technologies.
Hierarchical organization of genetic variation in the Costa Rican livebearing fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora (Poeciliidae)

Abstract I examined the geographic distribution of genetic variation in the livebearing freshwater fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora in northwestern Costa Rica as revealed by allozymes and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Allelic variability at 11 enzyme-coding loci surveyed across 12 localities revealed marked genetic differentiation among populations within drainages ( P =0.36) and among drainages within regions ( D =0.17), but not between northern and southern geographic regions ( R =−0.02). Allozyme variation was hierarchically organized such that populations found within stream drainages were more similar to each other than to populations found in adjacent drainages, a result confirmed by cluster analysis. In contrast to the allozyme data, there was extremely little DNA sequence variation among populations in the mitochondrial control region (3 variable nucleotide positions out of 444 bp examined). The difference in genetic divergence between allozyme and mtDNA markers was unexpected and is discussed in terms of biogeographical colonization events and a molecular selective sweep on the mitochondrial genome, both processes that could explain the lack of mitochondrial variability in this highly subdivided species.
Examination of the Pharmacokinetics of Active Ingredients of Ginger in Humans

Ginger extracts have been studied in various clinical trials for different indications. However, the pharmacokinetics of the ginger active constituents in human biological matrices is not well investigated. This study aims to develop a LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous measurement of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol and study their pharmacokinetics in human plasma and colon tissues. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method was established and validated with a low limit of quantification of 2–5 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day accuracy ranged from −7.3% to 10.4% and from −9.4% to 9.8%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 0.9% to 10.9% and from 2.0% to 12.4%, respectively. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol in plasma and colon tissues were quantified after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase. After oral dosing of 2.0 g ginger extracts in human, free 10-gingerol and 6-shogaol were detected in plasma with peak concentrations (9.5 ± 2.2 and 13.6 ± 6.9 ng/mL, respectively) at 1 h after oral administration, but no free 6-gingerol and 8-gingerol were detected in plasma from 0.25 to 24 h. The peak concentrations of glucuronide metabolites of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol were 0.47 ± 0.31, 0.17 ± 0.14, 0.37 ± 0.19, and 0.73 ± 0.54 μg/mL at 1 h, respectively. The peak concentrations of the sulfate metabolites of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol were 0.28 ± 0.15, 0.027 ± 0.018, 0.018 ± 0.006, and 0.047 ± 0.035 μg/mL at 1 h, respectively. Very low concentrations (2–3 ng/mL) of 10-gingerol glucuronide and sulfate were found in colon tissues. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that half-lives of these four analytes and their metabolites were 1–3 h in human plasma. No accumulation was observed for 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol and their metabolites in both plasma and colon tissues after multiple daily dosing.
Synthesis of proteins by chloroplasts from iron-deficient Euglena gracilis

Abstract Chloroplasts isolated from Euglena gracilis made iron deficient by growth on 0.5 μ m iron show distinct qualitative and quantitative changes in their polypeptide composition in comparison with iron-sufficient (40 μ m ) chloroplasts. These changes were noted in the stromal, thylakoid, and envelope subfractions. Iron-deficient chloroplasts have a sedimentation behavior similar to that of iron-sufficient chloroplasts and also contain substantial amounts of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. In addition, iron-deficient chloroplasts incorporate [3H]leucine into polypeptides at rates about one-third of those from control chloroplasts (40 μ m Fe) on a per-microgram-chlorophyll basis. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into specific polypeptides, resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, shows relatively normal synthesis of the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and two of the three major chloroplast-derived polypeptides of the thylakoids. No incorporation was detected, however, into a polypeptide of ca. 33 kd which is synthesized by normal plastids. Iron-deficient chloroplasts also synthesize a stromal polypeptide of ca. 85 kd not seen in chloroplasts from normal cells. This evidence is consistent with a direct or indirect role for iron in the regulation of synthesis of specific proteins in the chloroplast.
Truncation-Error Reduction in Spherical Near-Field Scanning Using Slepian Sequences: Formulation for Scalar Waves

We discuss the error that results when the far field is reconstructed from spatially truncated near-field samples and present an effective mitigation technique based on the Slepian sequence for acoustic spherical near-field scanning. We show that the truncation error is inevitable whenever the far field is reconstructed using the classical near-field-to-far-field transformation. After discussing the Slepian sequence for a truncated spherical surface and its analytic and numerical properties, we apply it to expand truncated NF samples and derive the near-field-to-far-field transformation of the resulting expansion coefficients, from which the far field can be computed. We demonstrate the efficacy of this transformation by applying it to near-field scanning for bistatic scattering from a sphere and radiation from a current distribution.
Community College Participation in the Pacific Sociological Association

Sociologists have many organizations to choose from when making decisions about attending professional conferences. The Pacific Sociological Association provides an opportunity to attend a more personal venue that fits the needs of full-time and adjunct community college professors.
Nephrology and the Percutaneous Renal Biopsy: A Procedure in Jeopardy of Being Lost Along the Way

The percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) of native kidneys was introduced by Iversen and Brun ([1][1]) in 1951. Prior to this time, insight into clinicopathologic correlation was limited to information obtained through surgically obtained specimens or from evaluation at autopsy. The development of the
A new piezoelectric manometer to record intracardiac pressures and for the simultaneous recording of intracardiac electrograms

Abstract 1. 1. A manometer which simultaneously records intracardiac pressure curves and intracardiac electrograms is described. 2. 2. Criteria are presented for estimating the accuracy of the pressure curves obtained with this apparatus. 3. 3. Electrograms obtained with the noninsulated tip of the manometer as it is pushed progressively farther through the right auricle, the A-V valve, and into the ventricle demonstrate changes in the action currents corresponding to these levels. 4. 4. The form of the electrogram obtained from within the ventricle is likewise discussed.
The Korteweg de Vries equation and water waves. Part 3. Oscillatory waves

Water-wave experiments are presented showing the evolution of finite amplitude waves in relatively shallow water when no solitons are present. In each case, the initial wave is rectangular in shape and wholly below the still water level; the amplitude of the wave is varied. The asymptotic solution of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation in the absence of solitons (Ablowitz & Segur 1976) is compared with observed evolution. In addition, the asymptotic solution of the linearized KdV equation (a linear dispersive model) is compared with both the KdV solution and experiments. This comparison is a natural consequence of the fact that, in the absence of solitons, the asymptotic solutions of the KdV equation and its linearized version are qualitatively similar. Both the experiments and the model equations suggest that the asymptotic wave structure consists of a negative triangular wave, travelling with a speed (gh)½, followed by a train of modulated oscillatory waves which travel more slowly. Quantitative comparisons are made for the amplitude, shape and decay rate of the leading wave and the amplitude, dominant wavenumbers and velocities of the trailing wave groups. Over the parameter range of the experiments, asymptotic KdV theory predicts more closely the observed behaviour. The leading wave is observed to decay more rapidly than the trailing wave groups; hence the leading wave becomes less prominent with time. This is in agreement with the KdV solution, whereas just the opposite is predicted by linear theory. Linear predictions for the trailing wave groups are accurate only when they agree with the KdV predictions. Both models predict the evolution of short waves in the trailing wave region. When the short waves are unstable (k gt; 1·36), either group disintegration or focusing into envelope solitons is possible. Both of these phenomena are observed in the experiments; neither is predicted by long-wave models. The nonlinear Schrodinger equation is reviewed and tested as a model of these unstable wave groups. There is some evidence that the KdV equation and the nonlinear Schrodinger equation can be patched together to provide an asymptotic description of these unstable groups.
“When perhaps the real problem is money itself!”: the practical materiality of Bitcoin

(Received XX XXX XXXX; final version received XX XXX XXXX) This paper investigates the semiotics of Bitcoin, an electronic cash system that uses decentralized networking to enable irreversible payments. For enthusiasts, Bitcoin provides an alternative to currencies and payment systems that are seen to threaten users’ privacy, limit personal liberty, and undermine the value of money through state and corporate oversight. Bitcoin’s promise lies in its apparent capacity to resolve these concerns not through regulatory institutions or interpersonal trust, but through its cryptographic protocols. We characterize this semiotics as a ‘‘practical materialism’’ and suggest it replays debates about privacy, labor, and value.
The identification, purification, and characterization of a pancreatic beta-cell form of the microtubule adenosine triphosphatase kinesin.

Microtubules have been implicated as being necessary for the secretion of insulin from beta-cells, although the mechanism by which cytoplasmic microtubules contribute to the release of insulin is unknown. Kinesin is a microtubule-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) that is thought to be responsible for the intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles. In this manuscript, the purification and preliminary characterization of a beta-cell form of kinesin is described. A 120-kilodalton antikinesin-reactive polypeptide was identified on blots when cultured insulinoma tumor cell lines were subjected to immunoblot analysis using monoclonal antibodies specific for the heavy chain of mammalian kinesin. The beta-cell form of kinesin was isolated from solid rat insulinoma tumors by cosedimentation of the kinesin with microtubules from tissue homogenates in the presence of adenylyl-imidodiphosphate. The beta-cell kinesin was further purified by gel filtration chromatography, and then the pure enzyme was ...
Diffusion in computing networks: the case of BITNET

Using BITNET as a model, the author examines the adoption pattern of computing networks from the perspectives of innovation diffusion theory and economics.
A Detailed Evaluation of the Possible Contribution of Bacteria to Radioactive Precursor Incorporation Into Nucleic Acids of Plant Tissues

An investigation of the possible contribution of bacteria to the labeling patterns of soybean seedling nucleic acid was made. The results using sucrose gradient, MAK column, and acrylamide gel electrophoretic fractionation together with base composition analyses of nucleic acid preparations show that contaminating bacteria do not contribute to the incorporation of (32)P-orthophosphate into the RNA of excised hypocotyl or soybean root tip. Sterile, non-sterile, and CM-treated soybean hypocotyl synthesize D-RNA to the same extent. The contaminating bacteria do not synthesize an AMP-rich RNA. The G-C rich (32)P-DNA component of the soybean tissues used in these studied results, at least primarily, from the incorporation by contaminating bacteria. CM can be used successfully to eliminate the contribution of bacteria to the labeling of nucleic acids by etiolated plant tissues. Bacterial counts, although valuable, are not sufficient to determine if contaminating bacteria will significantly contribute to nucleic acid labeling in plants.
Detection and localization of events in imaging sensor nets

We consider an imaging sensor net, in which a stationary collector node employs imaging techniques for localization and data collection from sensor nodes without geolocation or inter-networking capabilities. Sensors that are near enough to an event of interest become active. We consider a dense sensor field, in which multiple sensors are activated by the same event. The collector scans the sensor field with a directional antenna. Active sensors which fall in the beam electronically reflect the collector's beacon, thus creating a radar-like geometry. The collector processes the observations obtained in multiple beams to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the locations of events of interest
Design integration of aerocapture and aeromaneuver vehicles for a Mars sample return mission

The concept of using an aerocapture vehicle for Mars and other planetary missions is a technology that yields significant fuel savings. This concept uses the planet's atmosphere to dissipate excess velocity of the entry vehicle allowing it to go into orbit. A conceptual design integration study of two configurations of aerocapture vehicles which can make an aerodynamically controlled entry has been made. The first configuration contains the existing Viking type Lander and an Orbiter. The second spacecraft is more general in payload and could be used to place an Orbiter and a Lander on other planets with a single aeroshell.
Weakly irregular quasiperiodic solutions of nonlinear Pfaff systems

We consider the nonlinear quasiperiodic Pfaff system $$ \frac{{\partial x}} {{\partial t_j }} = F^{(j)} (t,x) + G^{(j)} (t,x)(j = 1,...,m). $$ Let K(j) be a frequency basis with respect to tj of the functions F(1),...,F(m), and let L(j) be a frequency basis with respect to tj of the functions G(1),...,G(m). Suppose that the set K(j) ∪ L(j) of numbers is rationally linearly independent. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of quasiperiodic solutions with frequency bases L(1),..., L(m).
Synthesis and characterization of naphthalocyanines and phthalocyanines of use in sensitizer studies

Methods for the preparation of the naphthalocyanines SiNc(OSi(n-C6H13)3)2, SiNc(OSi(i-C4H9)2n-C18H37)2, GeNc(OSi(n-C6H13)3)2, SnNc(OSi(n-C6H13)3)2, AlNcOSi(n-C6H13)3 ' and GaNcOSi(n-C6H13)3 the halonaphthalocyanine isomer mixtures SiMc(Cl)4(OSi(n-C6H13)3)2 and SiNc(Br)4(OSi(n-C6H13)3)2; and the butoxyphthalocyanines GePc(0-n-C4H9)g(OSi(C2H5)3)2 , SnPc(O-n-C4H9)8(OSi(C2H5)3)2, Al(O-n- C4H9)8OSi(C2H5)3 , Ga(O-n-C4H9)8OSi(C2H5)3 , PdPc(O-n-C4H9)8, and Ru(O-n- C4H9)8(C6H5N)2 are outlined. Ultraviolet-visible spectra and other properties of these compounds are described, and their potential as sensitizers is touched upon.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV transmission

The consistent use of latex condoms continues to be advocated for primary prevention of HIV infection despite limited quantitative evidence regarding the effectiveness of condoms in blocking the sexual transmission of HIV. Although recent meta-analyses of condom effectiveness suggest that condoms are 60 to 70% effective when used for HIV prophylaxis, these studies do not isolate consistent condom use, and therefore provide only a lower bound on the true effectiveness of correct and consistent condom use. A reexamination of HIV seroconversion studies suggests that condoms are 90 to 95% effective when used consistently, i.e. consistent condom users are 10 to 20 times less likely to become infected when exposed to the virus than are inconsistent or non-users. Similar results are obtained utilizing model-based estimation techniques, which indicate that condoms decrease the per-contact probability of male-to-female transmission of HIV by about 95%. Though imperfect, condoms provide substantial protection against HIV infection. Condom promotion therefore remains an important international priority in the fight against AIDS.
Determining the uncertainty on the total heavy-flavor cross section

We assess the theoretical uncertainties on the total heavy-quark cross section. We discuss the importance of the quark mass, the choice of the scale, the number of light flavors and the parton densities on the estimate of the uncertainty. At first glance, the uncertainty bands on the total charm cross sections obtained by integrating the FONLL inclusive cross section and by integrating the partonic total cross sections appear to be incompatible. We explain how this apparent difference arises and describe how the two results can be reconciled. The small mass of the charm quark amplifies the effect of varying the other parameters in the calculation, making the uncertainty on the total charm cross section difficult to quantify. On the other hand, the bottom-quark total cross section is under much better theoretical control, and differences between the two approaches are small.
Electromagnetic Corrections to Isotopic Spin Conservation

If electromagnetic interactions are wholly responsible for all departures from isotopic spin invariance, then the strict conservation law $\ensuremath{\Delta}T=0$ may be replaced, to order ${e}^{2}$, by the rule $|\ensuremath{\Delta}T|l~2$. Consequences of this weaker restriction are discussed for elementary particle masses, scattering processes, and weak-inter-action decay processes. The apparent absence in nature of particles with isotopic spins greater than one makes it difficult to find very practical experimental tests of this rule.
Recognition of letters traced in the right and left palms: evidence for a process-oriented tactile asymmetry.

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to examine the relative ability of the cerebral hemispheres to identify capital letters traced in the palms of the hands. In Experiment 1, letters were presented either right side up or upside down, and the subject's task was to name the letter aloud or point to an identical letter using the stimulated hand. Analysis of the accuracy data revealed that the left palm/right hemisphere ( LP RH ) performed this task significantly better than did the right palm/left hemisphere ( RP LH ), particularly when the stimuli were presented in the upside-down orientation. In Experiments 2 and 3, subjects performed the same letter identification task; however, on half the trials, they were required to maintain either a spatial or verbal concurrent memory load (i.e., a 24-point Vanderplas & Garvin form or six low-imagery nouns, respectively). In the no-load condition of Experiment 2 (spatial forms), the previously observed LP RH advantage was replicated. However, in the load condition, this LP RH superiority was no longer in evidence. In Experiment 3 (low-imagery nouns), the presence of a concurrent verbal task had minimal impact on the previously observed performance asymmetry as the LP RH advantage was obtained in both the no-load and load conditions. The results of the three studies taken in composite suggest that (1) the operations utilized to identify letters traced in the palms of the hands are primarily spatial in nature and (2) that the observed performance asymmetry may be attributed to a right hemisphere superiority for the analysis and codification of information along a spatial dimension. These findings are discussed in terms of a “process-oriented” model of hemispheric asymmetry.
Dynamic Line Rating systems: Research and policy evaluation

Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) is a smart grid technology that allows the rating of electrical conductors to be increased based on local weather conditions. Overhead lines are conventionally given a conservative rating based on worst case scenarios. We demonstrate that observing the conditions in real time leads to additional capacity and safer operation. This paper provides a report of a pioneering scheme in the United States of America in which DLR has been applied. Thereby, we demonstrate that observing the local weather conditions in real time leads to additional capacity and safer operation. Secondly, we discuss limitations involved. In doing so, we arrive at novel insights which will inform and improve future DLR projects. Third, we provide a policy background and discussion to clarify the technology's potential and identifies barriers to the imminent adoption of dynamic line rating systems. We provide suggestions for regulatory bodies about possible improvements in policy to encourage adoption of this beneficial technology.
Assessing the Effect of E22 Fuel on Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Snowmobile Performance and Emissions

A limited amount of information exists on the effect of higher ethanol content fuel (greater than 10 vol%) for recreational vehicle engines. The possibility exists for misfueling of these vehicles, as ethanol content may increase at gas stations in the near future. Engine management systems in the recreational vehicle market are typically not equipped with feedback controls to adapt to the increased ethanol content. To address this concern and generate preliminary data related directly to the recreational industry, a study was conducted to evaluate the impact of E22 fuel on steady-state emissions and performance of two production snowmobiles. To fully analyze the impact of higher ethanol blends, cold-start, durability, and material compatibility tests should be performed, in conjunction with emissions and performance tests. While these additional tests were not performed as part of this study, there is a test program that is assessing all these factors on E15 fuel, which will be released in fall 2012. E0 fuel was used to establish baseline performance and emissions data. A 2009 four-stroke snowmobile with a 998cc, liquid-cooled, four-cylinder, intake port-fuel injected engine and a 2009 two-stroke snowmobile with a 599cc, liquid-cooled, two-cylinder, electronically controlled, crankcase-fuel injected engine were used for this study. Neither vehicle had any feedback air-fuel controls or after-treatment devices in the exhaust system. Power, fuel consumption, relevant engine temperatures, as well as, regulated exhaust emissions were recorded using the EPA 5-mode certification test cycle.The data showed no major impact on power output for either the four-stroke or two-stroke snowmobile. Brake specific fuel consumption varied with E22 as compared to E0. A reduction in CO emissions for both vehicles was observed for the E22 fuel. Both vehicles were factory calibrated rich of stoichiometric and hence, the addition of ethanol to the fuel effectively leaned out the air/fuel ratio and thus reduced the CO emissions. HC emissions were reduced for both the four-stroke and two-stroke engines, though certain test points of the two-stroke engine produced HC emissions that exceeded the analyzer measurement range (idle). Leaner operation reduced HC formation. Exhaust gas temperatures were observed to increase from 20°C – 50°C with E22 fuel, due to enleanment.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effects of trenching on soil processes and properties in a New Mexico mixed-conifer forest

Trenching was used to reduce root activity in treeless plots in a New Mexico mixed-conifer forest to examine the effects of plant roots on soil processes. Trenching led to increases in moisture content (104%), inorganic N concentration (115%), and mass loss from cellulose (196%). In laboratory incubations, trenched soils collected in the 1st and 2nd year after trenching evolved 52% and 115% more CO2, respectively, than control soils. Amending incubated trenched and control soils with moisture and inorganic N indicated that increased soil moisture content in trenched plots could explain the increased microbial activity. Trenching also had statistically significant but inconsistent effects on net N mineralization in incubated soils. The greatest effect of trenching was to increase net N mineralization under favorable temperature and moisture conditions. Irrigation of field plots increased both CO2 evolution and net N mineralization. Overall, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that plant roots reduced microbial activity by moisture uptake during the time of the study.
Metabolism of 5-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide and related five-membered heterocycles to 5'-triphosphates in human blood and L5178Y cells.

Abstract The facile metabolism of 5-amino-1-β- d -ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA ribonucleoside) and several of its structural analogs [5-fluoro-1-β- d -ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (FICA ribonucleoside), pyrazofurin and ribavirin] to their corresponding 5′-triphosphates in human blood cells has been demonstrated in vitro . Evidence is presented that both the β- and α-anomeric forms of pyrazofurin nucleotides were present in the extracts of pyrazofurin-treated blood. Determination of the extent of incorporation of radioactivity from [U- 14 C] d -glucose into analog ribonucleoside 5′-triphosphates formed in human blood cells indicated that AICA ribonucleoside and ribavirin were metabolized to their 5′-monophosphates mainly (> 90 per cent) via a nucleoside kinase; however, FICA ribonucleoside appeared to be metabolized to its 5′-monophosphate both via a nucleoside kinase ( ca . 67 per cent) and via phosphorolytic cleavage followed by a phosphoribosyltransferase-mediated reaction ( ca. 33 per cent). The aglycones of AICA ribonucleoside and FICA ribonucleoside were also metabolized extensively to their corresponding ribonucleoside 5′-triphosphates. 5′-Aminoimidazole-4-thiocarboxamide and 3-aminopyrazole-4-thiocarboxamide were metabolized only slightly to their ribonucleoside 5′-triphosphates. [ 3 H]ribavirin was metabolized extensively to its 5′-triphosphate in L5178Y cells but was not detectably incorporated into RNA. Ribavirin caused a substantial decrease in the pool size of GTP in L5178Y cells and a concomitant increase in the pool size of both CTP and UTP.
Implications for human adipose-derived stem cells in plastic surgery

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a subset of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that possess many of the same regenerative properties as other MSCs. However, the ubiquitous presence of ADSCs and their ease of access in human tissue have led to a burgeoning field of research. The plastic surgeon is uniquely positioned to harness this technology because of the relative frequency in which they perform procedures such as liposuction and autologous fat grafting. This review examines the current landscape of ADSC isolation and identification, summarizes the current applications of ADSCs in the field of plastic surgery, discusses the risks associated with their use, current barriers to universal clinical translatability, and surveys the latest research which may help to overcome these obstacles.
Lactose and milk replacer influence on lead absorption and lead toxicity in calves.

The absorption, tissue deposition, retention, and excretion of ingested lead is in large part due to associated dietary factors. Young suckling calves are extremely susceptible to low doses of lead, especially when maintained totally on milk. Unfortunately, the complexity of milk makes it difficult to determine which constituent is actually responsible for increased Pb absorption. Recent studies have shown that lactose, the major carbohydrate of milk, is a dietary factor that increases the absorption of several minerals including Pb in rats. The authors laboratory has recently demonstrated that milk greatly increased the tissue deposition of lead in calves. Lactose, however, has not been considered in the ruminant animal. Moreover, liquid milk seems to increase the absorption of lead more significantly than powdered milk. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of lactose and powdered milk on lead uptake and tissue distribution in calves.
Influence of a Longitudinal Magnetic Field on an Electrical Discharge in Mercury Vapor at Low Pressure

The effect of a uniform longitudinal magnetic field on a low pressure arc has been investigated in an arc tube with a Hull type cathode and movable and fixed probes. The magnetic field collimated the current flow from the cathode into a luminous beam which disappeared rather abruptly 30 cm from the cathode into a tube-filling glow. This glow was more intense at the axis than in the absence of field. By making the field more intense at the cathode the beam was made to fill the tube and the subsequent glow was indistinguishable from that observed in the absence of field. It thus appeared that a uniform field exercised no constrictive effect on the arc. Distortion of the probe characteristics by the field limited the range within which the probes could be used to low field values at which interesting magnetic effects were still weak. It was demonstrable that the field imparted a transverse stiffness to the arc which caused the transmission of a disturbed condition over large distances in the direction of electron flow. The measurements showed that there was no marked change in electron temperature, gradient, or electron concentration in the presence of a field, and indicated that the limiting cross-sectional distribution of charge as transmitted disturbances die out is the same as in the absence of field. The change of transverse potential distribution with field was found to be roughly in accordance with the modified Boltzmann distribution for the electrons which was previously derived theoretically.
Raf-1 kinase mediates adenylyl cyclase sensitization by TNF-α in human airway smooth muscle cells

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a potent inflammatory cytokine implicated in the exacerbation of asthma. Chronic exposure to TNF-α has been reported to induce G protein-coupled receptor desensitiz...
Nanobeam photonic crystal cavity based multifunctional gas-phase chemical sensor

By applying chemical functionalization to a nanobeam photonic crystal cavity, an ultrasensitive gas-phase chemical sensor was demonstrated. Its nonlinear thermo-optical bi-stability is utilized to realize a novel threshold detector for cumulative chemical exposure.
Irreversible inhibition by acetaldehyde of cholecystokinin-induced amylase secretion from isolated rat pancreatic acini.

Abstract Acetaldehyde inhibited both amylase secretion induced by maximal concentrations (300 pM) of cholecystokinin octapeptide and the binding of radioiodinated cholecystokinin to receptors on isolated rat pancreatic acini. This inhibition was concentration dependent (10 mM to 1M for amylase secretion and 100 mM to 1M for binding). However, a correlation between the two inhibitory effects could not be obtained. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects were not reversible. Acetaldehyde did not alter the basal amylase secretion between 6 and 45 mM concentrations. However, 60, 100 and 300 mM acetaldehyde significantly decreased basal amylase secretion; no significant change in amylase secretion was observed at 600 mM and 1M. Higher concentrations of acetaldehyde produced a 2- to 10-fold increase in basal amylase secretion. 51 Cr release from prelabeled acini revealed no significant cell membrane damage between 10 and 600 mM acetaldehyde. These data suggest that acetaldehyde inhibition of cholecystokinin-induced amylase secretion is intracellularly mediated.
Kinetics of isocyanate amine reactions

Development of polyurea-urethane and polyurea reaction injection molding (RIM) systems has created a need for kinetics of polyurea formation. Adiabatic batch reactions in solution were used to determine heats of reaction and relative reactivity of several aromatic amines and n-butanol with phenyl isocyanate (PI). In addition to comparing times required to reach 25, 50 and 75% conversion for both catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions, n-th order models with Arrhenius rate constants were used to fit some of the exotherms. The reaction of 3,5-diethyl toluene (2,4 and 2,6)-diamine and PI could not be modeled due to unequal reactivity of the two amine groups. This unequal reactivity was studied using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of the reaction products. The reactions of primary aliphatic amines and aromatic isocyanates were too rapid to be monitored in the batch apparatus. With a flow apparatus the reaction half time was estimated to be ∼ 0.002 s.
Lens aberration control for fine patterning with PSM

The impact of lens aberration on linewidth control and pattern shift is investigated with aerial image simulation using Zernike sensitivity method through focus to secure sufficient depth-of-focus (DOF). We found 0 and even theta component has large amount of impact on linewidth control in defocused condition due to best focus shift. This phenomenon makes degradation of DOF performance. For actual phase shift mask (PSM) application, DOF performance is very important, so as to reduce the focus shift by lens aberration, and the lens is controlled with pre-correction of best focus deviation in the field. This method is effective to obtain large DOF with PSM.
The dynamics of health insurance coverage: identifying trigger events for insurance loss and gain

By linking consecutive years of the 1996–2004 Current Population Survey (CPS), we create new estimates of annual transitions into and out of health insurance coverage. Using the matched CPS panel data, we explore the dynamic factors—including job loss, changes in hours or weeks worked, and movement between firm sizes—associated with health insurance loss and gain. Job loss is strongly associated with losing insurance, whereas becoming reemployed is only weakly associated with gaining insurance. Movement down (up) in employment size is associated with insurance loss (gain), but movement to employers with fewer than 10 employees is associated with especially high rates of loss. Changes in hours or weeks worked and employment type are also strongly associated with insurance transitions.
Rust Disease of Oregano and Sweet Marjoram in California

In 1996 and 1997, a rust disease was detected on commercial, fieldgrown oregano (Origanum vulgare) and sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana) in coastal California. Symptoms on both plants were similar and mostly consisted of small (2 to 5 mm in diameter), circular, brown, necrotic leaf spots that developed cinnamon brown pustules in the center of the spot or in concentric groups on the spot periphery. Pustules sometimes developed without spots. On sweet marjoram, leaf spots were sometimes surrounded by a chlorotic halo. Teliospores were not detected on either host. Ellipsoidal urediniospores measured 22 to 25 μm by 19 to 22μm and contained 2 to 3 germ pores in an equatorial configuration. The rust was identified as Puccinia menthae. Pathogenicity was tested by depositing urediniospores onto leaves of healthy plants and then incubating plants in a humidity chamber for 48 h. Urediniospores from oregano infected Italian (Origanum× majoricum), Sicilian (Origanum × marjorana), trailing (O. prostrata), and Greek (O. heracleoticum) oregano, and sweet marjoram. Urediniospores from sweet marjoram infected sweet marjoram and the one oregano tested, Italian oregano. With all inoculations, both symptoms and fungal fruiting bodies were similar to those observed in the field. Neither the oregano nor the sweet marjoram isolates infected spearmint (Mentha spicata), which is consistent with previous studies (1,2). This is the first report of a rust disease of oregano and sweet marjoram in California. Rust significantly reduced the quality and yield of both crops. References: (1) J. T. Fletcher. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 46:345, 1963. (2) M. Wilson and D. M. Henderson. 1966. British Rust Fungi, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Errors in trapped-ion quantum gates due to spontaneous photon scattering

We analyze the error in trapped-ion, hyperfine qubit, quantum gates due to spontaneous scattering of photons from the gate laser beams. We investigate single-qubit rotations that are based on stimulated Raman transitions and two-qubit entangling phase gates that are based on spin-dependent optical dipole forces. This error is compared between different ion species currently being investigated as possible quantum-information carriers. For both gate types we show that with attainable laser powers the scattering error can be reduced to below current estimates of the fault-tolerance error threshold.
Approximation to complex ξ from within a wedge

Abstract It is shown that for any complex ξ ∉ Q [i] and any angles θ1 |ξ − P Q | C |Q| 2 and θ 1 arg (ξ − P Q ) 2 .
What kind of physical examination does a young athlete need before participating in sports

Recommendations exist for preparticipation physical examinations, but there is no national standard, and the recommendations are not widely followed. The most common reasons for denying clearance to play are musculoskeletal conditions, hypertension, and visual acuity problems. Although detecting potentially life-threatening conditions is an appropriate goal, preparticipation physical examinations have only a limited ability to detect cardiac abnormalities that dispose athletes to sudden death on the playing field; fortunately, these events are very rare.
EXCLUSION AND THE MAKING OF JORDANIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY: AN ANALYSIS OF SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS

This study analyzes school history textbooks to discuss how the Jordanian national narrative constructs the nation through exclusion. It argues that the Jordanian identity is achieved dialectically by simultaneously advocating for multiple identification with pan-Arabism and pan-Islamism; a strategy that makes it possible for that narrative to exclude the majority of Jordan's population, the Palestinians. Theoretically, the article argues that national identity is polycentric; it is not unidimensional. It applies the polycentric approach to expand the theoretical scope of the study of Arab nationalism. In addition, the article offers a practical analytical tool to the analysis of identity in history school textbooks.