cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of turbulent annular impinging jet flow and heat transfer from a flat surface

Abstract This paper presents the results of a numerical investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer due to a turbulent annular jet impingement on an isothermally heated flat surface. Annular impinging jets enhance the heat transfer and spread it more uniformly over the impingement surface compared to the round impinging jet, and have one noteworthy characteristic of forming a reverse stagnation flow. A parametric numerical study for turbulent annular jet impingement is conducted for various blockage ratios (0.4–0.8) and non-dimensional jet exit-to-target plate separation distances (0.5–4.0) at a wide range of jet exit Reynolds number (5000–25,000). The numerical computation on a highly refined mesh is performed using the ANSYS Fluent commercial code and the computational process is validated against other published experimental data on similar flow and geometric configuration. In order to choose an appropriate turbulence model for the computations, the performance of few different turbulence models is evaluated based on the comparison against experimental Nusselt number distribution on the flat surface. The Realizable k-e model was chosen over the other turbulence model in this study. There are two different distinguished critical jet-to-target plate distance for a specific blockage ratio and jet exit Reynolds number, that generates three different flow patterns. When the separation distance is large, the impinging annular jet flow patterns, defined as flow pattern-1, is comparable/similar to the flow patterns of conventional impinging round jet. For intermediate separation distance, a doughnut-shaped recirculation region develops just downstream of the annular nozzle exit and a reverse stagnation flow occurs near the domain axis and the impingement surface, which is defined as the flow pattern-2. For small separation distance, the flow diverges more to the outer side of the annular slot and a reverse stagnation flow develops, which influences the heat transfer rate on the impingement plate. This is designated as flow pattern-3. The separation distances at which the transition from one flow pattern to the other occurs are designated as Hc1 and Hc2. These critical distances are determined for each combination of the blockage ratio and the Reynolds number considered. Additionally, the heat transfer processes are analyzed and the average Nusselt number as a function of the blockage ratio and Reynolds number is calculated and presented.
Established and Emerging Environmental Contributors to Disparities in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Multiple respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), display significant socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities. The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence supporting a link between disproportionate environmental exposures and these health disparities. Studies suggest that various co-occurring factors related to the home environment, neighborhood environment, non-modifiable individual factors, and individual behaviors and attributes can increase or modify the risk of adverse respiratory outcomes among socioeconomically disadvantaged and racially/ethnically diverse populations. Pollutants in the home environment, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and pesticides, are elevated among lower socioeconomic status populations and have been implicated in the development or exacerbation of respiratory-related conditions. Neighborhood crime and green space are socioeconomically patterned and linked with asthma outcomes through psychosocial pathways. Non-modifiable individual factors such as genetic predisposition cannot explain environmental health disparities but can increase susceptibility to air pollution and other stressors. Individual behaviors and attributes, including obesity and physical activity, contribute to worse outcomes among those with asthma or COPD. The root causes of these multifactorial exposures are complex, but many likely stem from economic forces and racial/ethnic and economic segregation that influence the home environment, neighborhood environment, and access to healthy foods and consumer products. Critical research needs include investigations that characterize exposure to and health implications of numerous stressors simultaneously, both to guard against potential confounding in epidemiological investigations and to consider the cumulative impact of multiple elevated environmental exposures and sociodemographic stressors on health disparities.
Immediations: the humanitarian impulse in documentary

Pooja Rangan’s incisive and theoretically rigorous book, Immediations: The Humanitarian Impulse in Documentary, is a contribution that will be foundational to new scholarship on documentary in cine...
Double-beta decay to excited 0(+) states: Decay of 100Mo.

We develop a formalism for describing the 2\ensuremath{\nu} mode of double-beta decay to an excited final state in the quasiparticle random phase approximation (QRPA). With this, we deduce the half-lives for the $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}$ double-beta decays to both the ground and 1130 keV excited ${0}^{+}$ states in $^{100}\mathrm{Ru}$. We predict the matrix elements of these two transitions to be of a similar magnitude. We also calculate the strengths of the associated single-beta decays from the ground state of the intermediate nucleus, $^{100}\mathrm{Tc}$, and compare them with experiment. We find that the QRPA cannot simultaneously reproduce all of the experimental quantities, and, in particular, the single-beta transition between the initial and intermediate nuclei is overestimated by the theory. In addition, we demonstrate that the influence of the particle-particle force is an important factor in the calculation of both ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}^{+}$ transition strengths.
Learning tactical plans for pilot aiding

ABSTRACT We are developing an explanation based learning system to automate the acquisition of new plans for a large pilot-aiding expert system. We have developed a planning/learning shell that is based on DeJong's Explanation Based Learning system (DeJong & Mooney, 1986).
Design of Flat Dielectric Reflectarrays Using State-of-the-Art Additive Manufacturing

Dielectric reflectarray antennas consisting of a solid and flat ceramic with spatial variation of dielectric constant are proposed for mm-wave applications. Additive manufacturing is used to tailor the dielectric constant to achieve the desirable reflection phase on the reflectarray aperture. The complete design process is outlined, and a Ka-band dielectric reflectarray with a gain of 33.1 dB and desirable radiation characteristics is demonstrated.
Decoding LDPC Codes on Binary Erasure Channels using Deep Recurrent Neural-Logic Layers

Iterative algorithms based on belief propagation can perform very close to optimal ML decoding for long LDPC codes. However, for short LDPC codes over Binary Erasure Channels (BEC) their performance drops significantly. In this paper, we introduce an iterative LDPC decoder over BEC by using our novel deep recurrent neural logic networks that learns Boolean logic algebra. It turned out that the neural logic network is capable of learning discrete algorithmic tasks and suitable for decoding LDPC codes. We show that the proposed decoding method can outperform the belief propagation algorithm for short LDPC code while using significantly fewer number of iterations. We further demonstrate that the proposed model is able to generalize very well. In other words, the model that was trained for specific settings such as channel erasure, parity check matrix, and code length, when tested under various other settings, still performed almost as if it was trained for those new settings.
Printable epoxy carbon fiber composites and their mechanical properties

Additive manufacturing (AM) of fiber reinforced thermosetting resins has not been well explored due to material and processing restrictions including high viscosity, poor reinforcement dispersion, dimensional tolerance, and porosity. Yet, such a process would enable tool-less and agile manufacturing of small and complex composite parts with temperature and environmental stability superior to traditional thermoplastics. Printed thermoset composites could also be combined with traditional epoxy prepregs to make complex co-cured structures. In this work, a direct write AM process for epoxy / chopped carbon fiber composites is used which has been shown to provide cured composites tensile modulus and strength values 90% and 66% of the fully aligned composite, respectively. The fibers are largely oriented in the print direction, but have sufficient localized material flow to achieve acceptable transverse properties and low porosity. Sandwich structures created with additively printed cores and co-cured prepreg face sheets were fabricated and evaluated. Rather than creating a sandwich structure by adhesively bonding standard sizes of honeycomb core to cured composite face sheets, this work examined co-curing customized additively printed core structures with prepreg face sheets. This process can be used to design and optimize properties for complex geometries while reducing the number of manufacturing steps.
Multiple spatially distinct introductions and not range expansion may explain colonization history in a non-native marine shrimp

Biological invasions are often characterized by a phase of post-establishment expansion in which the invading species increases its range through colonization of new geographic areas. These expansions are predicted to result in specific genetic signatures, most notably decreased genetic diversity with distance from the point of introduction. The Asian caridean shrimp Palaemon macrodactylus is an introduced species in many regions of the globe. It has most recently invaded the U.S. Atlantic coast, with the first reported sighting in New York in 2001. This study used mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence data and data for 1598 single-nucleotide polymorphisms generated through restriction enzyme-associated DNA sequencing to evaluate two potential invasion mechanisms describing the spread of P. macrodactylus north of New York: the first based on a single introduction followed by range expansion facilitated by ocean currents, coastal transport, and physical environment; the second based on multiple introductions from overseas into different ports along the coast. We compare population genetic results to predictions of genetic patterns for each of these potential invasion pathways. Results do not support range expansion in which diversity decreases with distance from the point of first detection. Rather, the data suggest that multiple introductions may have taken place with population genomic diversity increasing with distance from New York, and peaks of mitochondrial diversity in populations collected from New York and the Boston–Plymouth coastline. These results indicate that multiple human-mediated dispersal events may be as important as oceanographic and life history considerations during the colonization phases of a marine invasion.
Cardiac Pacing in the Critical Care Setting

Cardiac pacing can play an integral role in the management of critically ill patients. This role is not limited to the appropriate implementation of temporary cardiac pacing, but also includes maximizing therapies already available through a patient’s previously implanted permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Complications related to the implanted device can also lead to a need for management within the critical care setting. Finally, a permanent cardiac device can interact, and at times interfere, with therapies such as intravenous monitoring line placement, and external cardioversion and defibrillation.
Identification of methotrexate as a heterochromatin-promoting drug

Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA involved in gene silencing, chromosome segregation, and protection of genome stability. Heterochromatin is becoming more recognized in tumor suppression and may thus serve as a potential target for cancer therapy. However, to date there are no drugs that are well established to specifically promote heterochromatin formation. Here, we describe a screening method using Drosophila to identify small molecule compounds that promote heterochromatin formation, with the purpose of developing epigenetic cancer therapeutics. We took advantage of a Drosophila strain with a variegated eye color phenotype that is sensitive to heterochromatin levels, and screened a library of 97 FDA approved oncology drugs. This screen identified methotrexate as the most potent small molecule drug, among the 97 oncology drugs screened, in promoting heterochromatin formation. Interestingly, methotrexate has been identified as a JAK/STAT inhibitor in a functional screen, causing reduced phosphorylation of STAT proteins. These findings are in line with our previous observation that unphosphorylated STAT (uSTAT) promotes heterochromatin formation in both Drosophila and human cells and suppresses tumor growth in mouse xenografts. Thus, Drosophila with variegated eye color phenotypes could be an effective tool for screening heterochromatin-promoting compounds that could be candidates as cancer therapeutics.
Root Epidermal Cell Patterning Is Modulated by a Critical Residue in the WEREWOLF Transcription Factor

The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root epidermis exhibits a position-dependent pattern of root-hair and nonhair cell types. A highly orchestrated network of gene regulatory interactions, including the R2R3-type MYB transcription factor WEREWOLF (WER), is responsible for generating this cell pattern during root development. In this study, we identified a novel wer mutant from a genetic enhancer screen, designated wer-4, that exhibits an abnormal pattern of root-hair and nonhair cells. We established that wer-4 bears a single-residue substitution (D105N) in the DNA-binding R3 MYB repeat of WER, which differentially affects the transcription of WER target genes, including GLABRA2, CAPRICE, TRIPTYCHON, and ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1. This modulation of the gene regulatory network leads to altered levels and distributions of cell fate regulators in the differentiating epidermal cells that ultimately generate the abnormal cell-type pattern. We also created several WER variants with substitutions at the Asp-105 position, and these exhibited a variety of gene expression and cell-type pattern alterations, further supporting the critical role of this residue. These findings provide insight into WER protein function and its importance in generating the proper balance of downstream transcriptional factors in the gene regulatory network that establishes root epidermal cell fate.
Natural Language Processing to Assess Palliative Care and End-of-Life Process Measures in Patients With Breast Cancer With Leptomeningeal Disease.

Background:Palliative care consultation during serious life-limiting illness can reduce symptom burden and improve quality of care. However, quantifying the impact of palliative care is hindered by...
Ageing and the Case of Democratic Medicine in Japan.

Aging populations present serious challenges to societies for the provision of care and support for their eldest members. These include increased demands on families for care at home, shortages of professional care workers and facilities, and financial strains on governmental budgets. However, these conditions also provide space for the elderly to adapt institutions to secure care and support. This essay examines the ways the elderly work through Min-Iren, a federation of medical institutions in Japan, to meet their needs. Premised on a “democratic” model of solidarity, Min-Iren institutional structure provides participating elderly substantial power to modify ostensibly medical institutions. Drawing from 18 months of fieldwork, this essay ethnographically explores how the elderly refashion Min-Iren clinics and hospitals to offer venues for socializing, community building, and political action as well as conventional medical care. On the medical side, Min-Iren institutions enact a form of coproduction of health. However, interpreted from the perspective of social capital, Min-Iren institutions’ forays into local social milieus resemble activities of civic organizations and foster social engagement, collective action, and social support. In the hands of the elderly, Min-Iren medical institutions, thus, endeavor to improve individual and neighborhood wellbeing in ways beyond medical care. Min-Iren’s model that centers participation and local ownership is general and can be applied to other contexts.
Human Susceptibility to Influenza Infection and Severe Disease

Influenza viruses are a persistent threat to global human health. Increased susceptibility to infection and the risk factors associated with progression to severe influenza-related disease are determined by a multitude of viral, host, and environmental conditions. Decades of epidemiologic research have broadly defined high-risk groups, while new genomic association studies have identified specific host factors impacting an individual's response to influenza. Here, we review and highlight both human susceptibility to influenza infection and the conditions that lead to severe influenza disease.
The Effect of Process Parameters on the Apparent Defects of Tape-Cast SOFC Half-Cell

Using flawless components are important for a proper material selection and best working conditions to achieve the best performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Tape casting is the most used process for the fabrication of SOFC parts, especially anode and electrolyte due to its advantages regarding the other processes. In this study, the effect of slurry composition and milling time were successfully investigated on anode and electrolyte tapes defects. The results showed that the addition of terpineol to electrolyte slurry as a dispersant would reduce the size of agglomerates to 5μm. Furthermore, 6h of ball milling showed the optimum result for the anode slurry due to the disappearing of island defects, which agrees well with optical microscopy images of samples with minimum apparent defects on the surface. Afterward, the optimum tapes of anode and electrolyte were laminated and sintered at 1400°C for 4h. Half-cells had minimum apparent deformations and surface defects after sintering. Scanning electron microscopy images exhibited a uniform distribution of porosities without any separation in anode layers, as well as the full dense electrolyte.
Microstructure of the Dorsal Anterior Cingulum Bundle in Very Preterm Neonates Predicts the Preterm Behavioral Phenotype at 5 Years of Age.

Abstract Background The cingulum bundle (CB), specifically the dorsal anterior portion of the CB, plays an important role in psychiatric illnesses; however, its role during early development is unclear. This study investigated whether neonatal white matter microstructure in the CB and its subregions is associated with subsequent preterm behavioral phenotype symptoms (internalizing, inattention, and social deficits) in very preterm (VPT) children. Methods Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained on a 3T scanner in 138 sleeping nonsedated neonates: 55 full-term neonates (gestational age ≥ 36 weeks) and 83 VPT neonates (gestational age Results Mean diffusivity in the anterior and posterior CB was increased in VPT neonates compared with full-term neonates. Increased fractional anisotropy and decreased mean diffusivity in the right anterior CB, but not in the posterior CB, were related to increased preterm behavioral phenotype symptoms in VPT children as reported by parents and teachers. Conclusions Aberrations in the anterior portion of the right CB may underlie the early development of the preterm behavioral phenotype. This finding provides the foundation for future mechanistic and therapeutic investigations into the role of the anterior cingulum in the development of psychopathology in VPT infants.
Palmitate‐TLR4 signaling regulates the histone demethylase, JMJD3, in macrophages and impairs diabetic wound healing

Chronic macrophage inflammation is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and linked to the development of secondary diabetic complications. T2D is characterized by excess concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFA) that activate innate immune inflammatory responses, however, mechanism(s) by which SFAs control inflammation is unknown. Using monocyte-macrophages isolated from human blood and murine models, we demonstrate that palmitate (C16:0), the most abundant circulating SFA in T2D, increases expression of the histone demethylase, Jmjd3. Upregulation of Jmjd3 results in removal of the repressive histone methylation (H3K27me3) mark on NFκB-mediated inflammatory gene promoters driving macrophage-mediated inflammation. We identify that the effects of palmitate are fatty acid specific, as laurate (C12:0) does not regulate Jmjd3 and the associated inflammatory profile. Further, palmitate-induced Jmjd3 expression is controlled via TLR4/MyD88-dependent signaling mechanism, where genetic depletion of TLR4 (Tlr4-/- ) or MyD88 (MyD88-/- ) negated the palmitate-induced changes in Jmjd3 and downstream NFκB-induced inflammation. Pharmacological inhibition of Jmjd3 using a small molecule inhibitor (GSK-J4) reduced macrophage inflammation and improved diabetic wound healing. Together, we conclude that palmitate contributes to the chronic Jmjd3-mediated activation of macrophages in diabetic peripheral tissue and a histone demethylase inhibitor-based therapy may represent a novel treatment for nonhealing diabetic wounds.
Training away face-type bias: perception and decisions about emotional expression in stereotypically Black faces.

Prior research indicates that stereotypical Black faces (e.g., wide nose, full lips) are perceived negatively relative to non-stereotypical faces (face-type bias). The current study investigated whether stereotypical faces may bias the interpretation of a neutral facial expression to seem threatening. Moreover, could biased responses be trained away with feedback? In two experiments, stimuli (face images) were presented in a speeded identification task that included corrective feedback, and participants indicated whether the face stimuli were stereotypical or not and threatening or not. Stimuli were pre-rated by face-type (stereotypical, non-stereotypical) and expression (neutral, threatening). Computational modeling based on General Recognition Theory indicated that training increased perceptual discriminability between all the faces. By the end of training (in both experiments), discriminability for emotional expression was slightly higher for stereotypical faces. Model parameters (for both experiments) also showed that, early in training, decision boundaries were more biased toward the threatening response for stereotypical faces relative to non-stereotypical faces. The results suggest that decision bias may be malleable with training.
How end-user programmers forage in online repositories? An information foraging perspective

Abstract End-user (non-professional) programmers often opportunistically create programs, they evaluate various alternatives and reuse existing code by merging components from it or modifying it to suit the context or problems of their programs. Finding and evaluating which program variants to reuse code from is challenging because the searching mechanisms within online repositories are not optimal. To understand the reuse behavior of end-user programmers and to provide implications on how to further support them, we conducted an empirical study in which eight end-user programmers foraged in online repositories, specifically App Inventor Gallery and File Exchange. Using Information Foraging Theory, we qualitatively analyzed the end-user programmers’ behavior and focused on not only program variants from a single source, but also on similar variants from various sources developed over time and by different authors. This analysis revealed new cue types and strategies specific to novice and experienced end-user programmers as they foraged between- and within-variants.
Evaluation of Postharvest Senescence in Broccoli Via Hyperspectral Imaging

ABSTRACT Fresh fruits and vegetables are invaluable for human health, but their quality deteriorates before reaching consumers due to ongoing biochemical processes and compositional changes. The current lack of any objective indices for defining “freshness” of fruits or vegetables limits our capacity to control product quality leading to food loss and waste. It has been hypothesized that certain proteins and compounds such as glucosinolates can be used as an indicator to monitor the freshness of vegetables and fruits. However, it is challenging to “visualize” the proteins and bioactive compounds during the senescence processes. In this work, we propose machine learning hyperspectral image analysis approaches for estimating glucosinolates levels to detect postharvest senescence in broccoli. Therefore, we set out the research to quantify glucosinolates as “freshness-indicators” which aid in the development of an innovative and accessible tool to precisely estimate the freshness of produce. Such a tool would allow for significant advancement in postharvest logistics and supporting the availability for high-quality and nutritious fresh produce.
Not Your Parents’ Organization? Human Resource Development Practices for Sustainable Flex Work Environments

The Problem.Everything we know and understand about flexible work arrangements (FWAs) revolves around extant research exploring the effects and effectiveness of FWAs based on samples in which organ...
Detecting Community Structures Within Complex Networks Using a Discrete Unconscious Search Algorithm

Detecting the communities that exist within complex social networks has a wide range of application in business, engineering, and sociopolitical settings. As a result, many community detection methods are being developed by researchers in the academic community. If the communities within social networks can be more accurately detected, the behavior or characteristics of each community within the networks can be better understood, which implies that better decisions can be made. In this paper, a discrete version of an unconscious search algorithm was applied to three widely explored complex networks. After these networks were formulated as optimization problems, the unconscious search algorithm was applied, and the results were compared against the results found from a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art community detection methods. The comparative study shows that the unconscious search algorithm consistently produced the highest modularity that was discovered through the comprehensive review of the literature.
Early-life mitochondrial DNA damage results in lifelong deficits in energy production mediated by redox signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract The consequences of damage to the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) are poorly understood, although mtDNA is more susceptible to damage than nuclear DNA (nucDNA), and many environmental toxicants target the mitochondria. Reports from the toxicological literature suggest that exposure to early-life mitochondrial damage could lead to deleterious consequences later in life (the “Developmental Origins of Health and Disease” paradigm) but reports from other fields often report beneficial (“mitohormetic”) responses to such damage. Here, we test the effects of low (causing no change in lifespan) levels of ultraviolet C (UVC)-induced, irreparable mtDNA damage during early development in Caenorhabditis elegans. This exposure led to life-long reductions in mtDNA copy number and steady-state ATP levels, accompanied by increased oxygen consumption and altered metabolite profiles, suggesting inefficient mitochondrial function. Exposed nematodes were also developmentally delayed, reached smaller adult size, and were rendered more susceptible to subsequent exposure to chemical mitotoxicants. Metabolomic and genetic analysis of key signaling and metabolic pathways supported redox signaling during early development as a mechanism for establishing these persistent alterations. Our results highlight the importance of early-life exposures to environmental pollutants, especially in the context of exposure to chemicals that target mitochondria.
Force-stabilizing synergies in motor tasks involving two actors

We investigated the ability of two persons to produce force-stabilizing synergies in accurate multi-finger force production tasks under visual feedback on the total force only. The subjects produced a time profile of total force (the sum of two hand forces in one-person tasks and the sum of two subject forces in two-person tasks) consisting of a ramp-up, steady-state, and ramp-down segments; the steady-state segment was interrupted in the middle by a quick force pulse. Analyses of the structure of inter-trial finger force variance, motor equivalence, anticipatory synergy adjustments (ASAs), and the unintentional drift of the sharing pattern were performed. The two-person performance was characterized by a dramatically higher amount of inter-trial variance that did not affect total force, higher finger force deviations that did not affect total force (motor equivalent deviations), shorter ASAs, and larger drift of the sharing pattern. The rate of sharing pattern drift correlated with the initial disparity between the forces produced by the two persons (or two hands). The drift accelerated following the quick force pulse. Our observations show that sensory information on the task-specific performance variable is sufficient for the organization of performance-stabilizing synergies. They suggest, however, that two actors are less likely to follow a single optimization criterion as compared to a single performer. The presence of ASAs in the two-person condition might reflect fidgeting by one or both of the subjects. We discuss the characteristics of the drift in the sharing pattern as reflections of different characteristic times of motion within the subspaces that affect and do not affect salient performance variables.
THE (NON)CONTINUITY OF SYMMETRIC DECREASING REARRANGEMENT

The operation R, of symmetric decreasing rearrangement maps W1,P( Rn) to W1,p( Rn). Even though it is norm decreasing we show that R is not continuous for n>2. The functions at which R is continuous are precisely characterized by a new property called co-area regularity. Every sufficiently differentiate function is co-area regular, and both the regular and the irregular functions are dense in W 1 ,p (R n ).
Narcissism and discrepancy between self and friends' perceptions of personality.

Most research on narcissism and person perception has used strangers as perceivers. However, research has demonstrated that strangers' ratings are influenced by narcissists' stylish appearance (Back, Schmukle, & Egloff, 2010). In the present study, we recruited participants and their close friends, individuals whose close relationship should immunize them to participants' superficial appearance cues. We investigated the relation between narcissism and personality ratings by self and friends. Participants (N = 66; 38 women; Mage = 20.83 years) completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988) and described their personality on the 100-item California Adult Q-Sort (CAQ; Block, 2008). Participants' personality was also described on the CAQ by close friends. The "optimally adjusted individual" prototype was used to summarize participant and friend personality ratings (Block, 2008). Participants with high narcissism scores were ascribed higher optimal adjustment by self than by friends. Narcissistic individuals' self-ratings were extremely positive and more favorable than friends' ratings of them.
Determining information requirements for an EIS

Executive information systems (EISs) are challenging applications to develop, and many organizations are unsuccessful in their efforts. A major problem is determining the information requirements for the system. A multi-stage study was conducted to explore (1) methods used to determine the information requirements for the initial and ongoing version of an EIS; (2) how frequently the methods are used; (3) how useful the methods are; and (4) in what situations the methods are useful or not useful. Telephone interviews identified 16 methods used to determine information requirements and provided insights into what makes the methods useful or not useful. Survey questionnaires revealed how frequently the methods are used and how useful they are. The use of the 16 methods for the initial and ongoing versions of an EIS are discussed as are suggestions for further research.
Single-Cytokine-Producing CD4 Memory Cells Predominate in Type 1 and Type 2 Immunity

The patterns of Ag-induced cytokine coexpression in normal, in vivo-primed CD4 memory T cells has remained controversial because the low frequency at which these cells occur has effectively prevented direct ex vivo measurements. We have overcome this limitation by using two-color cytokine enzyme-linked immunospot assays and computer-assisted image analysis. We found CD4 memory cells that simultaneously expressed IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ to be rare (0–10%). This cytokine segregation was seen in adjuvant-induced type 1, type 2, and mixed immunity to OVA, in Leishmania infection regardless of the Ag dose used or how long after immunization the assay was performed. The data suggest that type 1 and type 2 immunity in vivo is not mediated by classic Th1 or Th2 cells but by single-cytokine-producing memory cells.
A unified quantum-chromodynamics picture of broken chiral symmetry

The concepts of running quark masses and light plane quark wave functions are utilized in the framework of QCD to demonstrate that the neutral PCAC scheme of perturbative chiral-symmetry breaking not only follows in a consistent theoretical manner but also accommodates spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry. The QCD-based results strongly suggest that the perturbative current quark masses are determined by the scalemcurr ≈ 60 MeV and the ratio (ms/m)curr ≈ 5, while concurrently the nonperturbative dynamically generated quark mass ismdyn≈315 MeV.
Performance characteristics of protocols with ordered shared locks

A family of locking-based protocols is analyzed that use a novel mode of locks called ordered sharing. Using a centralized database simulation model, it is demonstrated that these protocols exhibit comparable performance to that of traditional locking-based protocols when data contention is low and exhibit superior performance when data contention is high. It is shown that the performance of these protocols improves as physical resources become more plentiful. This is particularly significant since two-phase locking degrades due to data and not resource contention. Thus, introducing additional resources improves the performance of the proposed protocols while it does not benefit two-phase locking significantly. >
Caffeine and bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women

The effects of caffeine consumption on rates of change in bone mineral density (BMD) were examined in 205 healthy, nonsmoking, postmenopausal women. BMD of the spine and total body were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and dietary intakes by food-frequency questionnaire. Among women with calcium intakes above the median (744 mg/d), 1-y rates of bone change--adjusted for years since menopause, body mass index, physical activity, and baseline BMD--did not differ by caffeine intake. However, among women consuming less calcium, those with the highest caffeine intakes (> 450 mg/d) had significantly more bone loss (ANCOVA, P < 0.05) than did women consuming less caffeine (0-171 and 182-419 mg/d). Percent change in BMD by lowest to highest tertile of caffeine consumption was 0.26 +/- 2.74, 0.70 +/- 2.70, and -1.36 +/- 2.70 at the spine and -0.19 +/- 1.24, 0.23 +/- 1.23, and -0.68 +/- 1.25 at the total body. Daily consumption of caffeine in amounts equal to or greater than that obtained from about two to three servings of brewed coffee may accelerate bone loss from the spine and total body in women with calcium intakes below the recommended dietary allowance of 800 mg.
"Epistemología, ontología y el estudio de los regímenes internacionales", en Constructing The World Polity , Capítulo 3, Rouledge, Londres, 1998, ISBN: 0415099900

Nuestra discusion esta organizada de la siguiente manera. La primera seccion resume los antecedentes inmediatos al enfoque sobre los regimenes internacionales, demostrando su caracter evolutivo. La seccion segunda explora varios de los problemas epistemologicos comunes que las aproximaciones teoricas dominantes en Relaciones Internacionales exhiben, y de los cuales la literatura sobre regimenes no se halla exenta. La tercera seccion muestra como estos problemas generales afectan al analisis de regimenes especificamente, y plantea algunas modestas sugerencias sobre como afrontarlo. Our discussion is organized as follows. The first section summarizes the immediate antecedents to the focus on international regimes, demonstrating their evolutionary pattern. Section two explores several core epistemological problems exhibited by the dominant theoretical approaches in international relations, from which the regimes literature is not exempt. The third section shows how these general problems affect regimes analysis specifically, and it makes some modest suggestions for how they might be dealts with.
Domestic Violence, Custody, and Visitation

The possibility of domestic violence is an incredibly important, but often overlooked matter when dealing with divorce, custody, and visitation. Separation is often the most dangerous time for a woman, the very attempt to leave inciting an abusive partner. Abusive husbands can threaten to seek custody as a ploy in post-separation negotiations. Judges must confront the possibility that the very judicial system in which they make family decisions can become weapons of further abuse.This paper looks at the uncomfortable tension inherent in the introduction of domestic violence into discussion of family law, particularly in regard to custody and visitation. This paper also touches on The Deskbook for Judges to show the schizophrenic way in which society approaches the issue of spousal violence.Judges should be instructed to see that many custody and visitation disputes are actually continuations of abuse that occurred during marriage. Spousal violence should not be taken out of the larger context of subordination of women to men.
Quality, appropriateness, incentive, and time: A model of instructional effectiveness

Abstract This chapter describes a theory relating four alterable elements of classroom organization and instruction to instructional effectiveness: Quality of instruction, appropriate levels of instruction, incentive, and time (QAIT). These elements are hypothesized to be multiplicatively related to student achievement gain, so that multiple elements may have to be improved if classroom innovations are to produce substantial achievement gains. Evidence on classroom strategies and behaviors that contribute to each element is reviewed, and the QAIT model is applied to discussions of effects of individualized instruction, ability grouping, and tutoring.
Comparative Study of Laparoscopic Oophorectomy

Abstract Study Objective. To determine the differences between laparoscopic oophorectomies and oophorectomies performed by laparotomy with respect to total hospital cost, length of hospital stay, and operative time. Design. A prospective analysis of all women who underwent one of these procedures from January 1, 1992, to December 31, 1992. Setting. A university-affiliated hospital. Patients. Fifty-seven women requiring surgery for the management of pelvic pain, adnexal masses, or endometriosis. Interventions. Twenty-six women underwent laparoscopic surgery and 31 had laparotomy. Measurements and Main Results. The results for laparoscopy and laparotomy, respectively, were as follows: mean hospital cost $6139 versus $7053 (p=0.02); hospital stay 1.07 versus 3.87 days (p=0.00); and mean operative time 175.23 versus 136.94 minutes (p=0.003). No woman had a serious complication, and none in the laparoscopy group required a laparotomy. Conclusion. Laparoscopic oophorectomy is a safe, highly successful, and cost-effective procedure, although it is associated with a longer operative time than laparotomy.
Effects of piracetam (SKF 38462) on acquisition, retention, and activity in the goldfish.

Goldfish treated by immersion with the drug piracetam (SKF 38462 or UCB 6215) in their home tanks obtained higher mean levels of correct active dark-avoidance responding than non-drug-treated controls; the difference did not emerge until the last two days of the five days of training. In another experiment, fish immersed in the drug solution before a single session of group training for dark avoidance scored more correct responses during retention testing than fish exposed to only water before training. However, no difference in correct retention responding was found between fish exposed, during the interval between training and testing, to the drug solution and fish exposed to only water. General activity during retention testing was unaffected with respect to pretraining immersion in water or drug solution; however, immersion in the drug solution between training and testing resulted in lower levels of general activity during retention testing.
The Changing Landscape of Transportation Decision Making

This paper examines the changes taking place in the way transportation policy and investment decisions are made. To provide an understanding of these changes, they are placed in the larger context of major trends in public-sector decision making: devolution, fragmentation, and privatization. The changes taking place in the transport sector are viewed as consistent with larger trends. The changes pose particular challenges in transportation because of its unique characteristics, and they have contributed to four problems: (a) preserving and enhancing system network benefits, (b) avoiding inefficient decisions, (c) solving transportation's externalities, and (d) ensuring accountability. The Alameda Corridor is used as an example of managing the new decision-making landscape. The paper closes with thoughts on improving the transportation decision-making process.
Some problems of computer-based instruction.

The author describes some of the problems to be faced when trying to program the digital computer to deal with language. He cautions against overoptimism.
Viscous flow in the stress ensemble

The stress ensemble has advantages for studying shear flow in highly viscous media. We derive a simple method for performing nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations in this ensemble. We also derive the associated equilibrium fluctuation expressions for the zero frequency shear viscosity. These expressions relate the reciprocal of the shear viscosity to strain rate fluctuations in the zero stress equilibrium ensemble. Our analysis is based upon the Nose-Hoover method of treating non-holonomic constraints. We show that for generating the stress ensemble, the Nose-Hoover method is much simpler to implement than the corresponding gaussian approach.
Homicide in a ninteenth‐century rural community: The Talbott/bell case of 1879∗

Most criminal justice histories have focused on crime in the context of relatively large cities undergoing the effects of urbanization, industrialization, and immigration. Many of those studies on urban crime and its processing have been done on an aggregate basis. We know relatively little about the nature of crime in rural areas. This study explores the most famous nineteenth‐century murder case in a rural Illinois county. The case involves the effects of the Civil War on post‐war crime patterns, issues of self‐defense and the carrying of concealed weapons, and the escalation of disputes from civil into criminal courts. The case eventually involved some of the most prestigious legal talent in the state who displayed a legal sophistication beyond that which many historians have outlined. And three change of venue trials led to a newspaper war that stretched across county Unes and showed the social and moral context of serious violent crime in the rural, nineteenth‐century Midwest.
Chemical and physical behavior of two kentucky soils: III. Saturated hydraulic conductivity ‐imhoff cone test relationships

Abstract Clay dispersion is considered to be one of the most pronounced causes for reduction in soil hydraulic conductivity. The purpose of this study was to establish the dispersion potential of two Kentucky soils (Pembroke and Uniontown) as a function of solution ionic strength, solution composition (sodium absorption ratio, SAR) and pH through the quantification of a dispersion index (DI) and related the latter to soil relative saturated hydraulic conductivity (RSHC). The study demonstrated that DI increased as the electrolyte concentration decreased and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and pH increased. Furthermore, the DI of the Uniontown soil was more dependent on electrolyte concentration, and SAR changes, but less dependent on pH changes than that of the Pembroke soil. The relationship between RSHC and DI also appeared to be dependent on electrolyte concentration SAR and pH. These components were shown to regulate saturated hydraulic conductivity via two mechanisms: (1) clay dispersion and (2) cl...
Mammalian gamete interactions: what can be gained from observations on living eggs?

Studies on fertilization have involved a variety of investigational techniques from the simple to the very complex. Perhaps the most direct approach has been the observation and photographic recording of the interactions of living gametes in vitro. The purpose of this paper is to review the major contributions that have been made, by means of this technique, to our knowledge of mammalian fertilization, and to examine its advantages and limitations. Some of the events of mammalian fertilization that have been observed in living eggs and are reviewed herein include (1) sperm penetration through the zona pellucida, (2) contact of the fertilizing spermatozoon with the oocyte surface and the subsequent incorporation of the sperm head into the oocyte cytoplasm, (3) the formation and disappearance of the incorporation cone, (4) the gradual incorporation of the sperm flagellum, (5) surfac movements of the oocyte after activation, and (6) the formation of the second polar body. One advantage of studying living eggs is the opportunity it affords to witness events as they actually occur and, under favorable circumstances, to observe the whole series of events in individual eggs. Only by this mechanism can certain features of the process be fully appreciated and accurate data obtained on the timing of events. With the addition of time-lapse photographic methods, some of the more subtle changes become more amenable to study. Among the limitations of the technique are its limited resolution and the necessity for examining the gametes outside their normal in vivo environment.
Lagrangian methods in plasma dynamics. I. General theory of the method of the averaged Lagrangian

Whitham's averaged Lagrangian method is used to yield a relativistically covariant formalism for wave packets in a weakly inhomogeneous (and time dependent) medium. Provided the physics of the medium can be based on a Lagrangian density, a procedure of expansion and averaging is available which gives separate Lagrangians for the dynamics of the background and of the waves. The Euler—Lagrange equations then give immediately the equations of motion for the background, including non-linear reaction of the waves, and the dispersion relation, equations for ray tracing, conservation of wave action and non-linear coupling coefficients, for the waves. Many of these results can be interpreted in an illuminating way by considering the corresponding expansion of the canonical four-dimensional stress tensor.