cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Effects of Spinal Cord Injury on the Pituitary‐Testicular Hormone Axis and Sertoli Cell Functions: A Time Course Study

The present study investigated the time course of the onset of the abnormalities in spermatogenesis following spinal cord injury, and their relationship to changes in the pituitary testicular hormonal axis and Sertoli cell function. Spinal cord injury (SCI) was induced in adult male rats by surgical transection of the spinal cord at the level of T9 and L1 vertebrae. Animals were killed 3, 7, and 14 days after the operation. As early as 3 days following SCI, abnormalities in spermatogenesis, including delayed spermiation and vacuolization of the nucleus of spermatids, were noted in both the T9 and L1 animals. By 14 days, other lesions, including phagocytosis of mature spermatids, incomplete cellular associations, and total regression of seminiferous epithelium, became apparent. Concurrently a transient but significant (P 0.10). Northern blot analysis of testicular poly(A)+ RNA revealed a transient but significant reduction in the steady-state level of the 2.7-kilobase (kb) Sertoli cell transferrin mRNA transcript in both the T9 and the L1 animals 3 days after the operation (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the 1.7-kb androgen binding protein (ABP) mRNA remained unaffected during the 2-week study period. The steady-state level of mRNA transcripts for spermatogenic cell-specific hemiferrin and spermatid specific transition protein 2 and protamine 1 also remained unchanged. These results suggest that spinal cord injury will result in a temporary, but profound, effect on the pituitary-testicular hormone axis. These changes may impair certain aspects of Sertoli cell function that could render these cells incapable of supporting normal spermatogenesis. However, the severity of spermatogenic lesions and the disparate responses of the two major Sertoli cell proteins make it unlikely that hormone deficiency is the only mechanism responsible for the impaired spermatogenesis following spinal cord injury.
THE IMPORTANCE OF FACTORS THAT ARE NOT DOCUMENT ATTRIBUTES IN THE ORGANISATION OF PERSONAL DOCUMENTS

The purpose of the study was to investigate and describe the way in which people organise documents in their offices. Eight university faculty members were asked to describe their own offices in terms of the organisation of documents. Each respondent was also asked to sort a typical day's mail. Following the data analysis, four of the eight respondents were interviewed again, at which time the researcher used the results of the analysis as a guide and tried to sort and classify each respondent's mail as he or she might have. An inductively created content analysis of the data was performed and the results suggest that the criteria or factors that people take into account when classifying documents consist not only of document factors (such as the document's topic or form) but also, to a very important degree, of situational factors (such as the use to which the document is to be put). In addition, it was shown that people are able to articulate the process by which classification decisions were made, and the data produced by this articulation lend themselves to analysis at a level which can yield genera! rules about the behaviour. One implication of this study is that, in designing systems for organising documents, it might be advantageous to explore ways of modelling typical contexts of document use, since these seem to be very important in classification decisions made within personal information environments.
Observations on migration inhibition of sensitized peritoneal exudate cells as a function of time

Abstract The movement of sensitized guinea pig macrophages from peritoneal exudate on a nutrient agar base is inhibited by specific antigen for a period up to 48 hr. There-after, the macrophages gradually return to normal motility, although vacuoles persist in the cytoplasm and the pseudopodia tend to be elongated. Prolonged exposure of MIF to 37 °C tends not to reduce its activity significantly.
Theory X/Y assumptions as predictors of managers' propensity for participative decision making

Purpose – This study aims to explore whether McGregor's theory X/Y assumptions are determinants of managers' propensity for participative decision making (PDM).Design/methodology/approach – Surveys measuring theory X/Y assumptions and propensity for PDM were administered to 144 full‐time managers from divergent industries across the USA. The hypotheses were tested using linear regressions.Findings – Results generally support McGregor's assertion that managers' theory X/Y assumptions are linked to PDM. Findings suggest that theory X managers perceive that PDM negatively impacts their power while theory Y managers perceive a positive consequence of soliciting employee participation on their supervisory power and organizational effectiveness.Research limitations/implications – Although respondents represented diverse industries and organizations, the use of convenience sampling may temper generalizability of the findings. Also, the use of self‐reports may have elicited socially desirable responses. Greater a...
Energy-speed relation and optimal speed during level walking

Energy expenditures in 12 male and 7 female untrained adult subjects were measured with Max Planck respirometers while walking in the laboratory at speeds of 24.4, 48.8, 73.2 and 97.6 meters/ min. The results were collated with those of other investigators, and the following conclusions were drawn:
PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in the therapy of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs). Activation of this pathway is driven by aberrant tyrosine kinase receptor activities. Mutations in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway occur in 15% of pNETs, and expression of genes of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is altered in the majority of pNETs. The mTOR inhibitor everolimus has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of pNET, but its efficacy may be limited by its inability to prevent mTORC2-mediated activation of Akt. Specific inhibitors of PI3K, Akt, or other pathway nodes, and their concomitant use with mTOR inhibitors, or agents with dual activity, may be more effective. Preclinical studies demonstrate that inhibitors of the PI3K pathway have antitumor activity in pNET cells, either through direct inhibition of individual pathway nodes or indirect inhibition of molecular chaperones such as heat-shock protein 90. Clinical studies are underway evaluating individual node and dual node inhibitors.
Rapid Start of Oscillations in a Magnetron with a "Transparent" Cathode

We report on the improvement of conditions for the rapid start of oscillations in magnetrons by increasing the amplitude of the operating wave that is responsible for the capture of electrons into spokes. This amplitude increase is achieved by using a hollow cathode with longitudinal strips removed, thereby making the cathode transparent to the wave electric field with azimuthal polarization. In addition, an optimal choice of the number and position of cathode strips provide favorable prebunching of the electron flow over the cathode for fast excitation of the operating mode. Particle-in-cell simulations of the A6 magnetron demonstrate these advantages of this novel cathode.
Religion, Gender and Education in a Durham Parish during the Early Nineteenth Century

Historians of religion and society are often confronted with the difficult task of defining the distinctive characteristics of the various adherents of Church and chapel. Certainly, one of the most useful as well as the most frequently employed analytical tools in this endeavour has been the correlation of occupation to religious preference.1 While this approach can be, and has been, enormously revealing, it still has several distinct drawbacks. First, of course, there is the common problem of appropriately identifying and grouping the enormous variety and gradations of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled occupations. While the grouping of occupations itself presents several inherent difficulties, its use as an analytical tool is further restricted by the fact that while occupational identification may provide a rough guide to status levels in society, it can in no way compensate for our lack of knowledge of, for example, the range of earnings within a specific occupational group at any particular time.
Federalist No. 67: Can the Executive Sustain Both Republican and Energetic Government?

Federalist No. 67 generally is read as a vigorous defense of the chief executive and contains intense language to alleviate fears of a dictatorial president. However, it also can be read as a much deeper explication of the blend of republican and energetic government. The author examines this defense within the larger stream of Federalist Papers and compares the Anti-Federalist attacks against a strong executive and Alexander Hamilton’s aggressive justifications.
Interferon Action and Chromosome 21 Trisomy (Down Syndrome): 15 Years Later

Abstract A hypothesis relating interferon action and the chromosome 21 trisomy genotype and phenotype was presented in this journal in 1980. Since that time a number of additional genes involved in interferon action have been mapped to the distal Down Syndrome region of chromosome 21 and a growing literature has documented highly relevant pleiotropic effects of interferon in the brain. Thus, interferon continues to provide a potential basis for the phenotypic anomalies seen in the interferon supersensitive Down Syndrome patient. Further, the hypothesis that ribosomal RNA gene “satellite association” induced by interferon action is involved in the induction of chromosome 21 misdistribution at meiosis, is supported by extension of the cyclic correlation of Down Syndrome prevalence and virus epidemics, first observed by Stoller & Collmann in Australia from 1942 to 1964, to incidence data gathered by the CDC in the U.S. from 1968 to 1992. In addition, data from spontaneous abortuses and gametes assembled from the literature argue for a uniquely high frequency of chromosome 21 hyperploidy which suggests that the genes present on chromosome 21 play a role in its frequent misdistribution at meiosis. Taken together, these observations provide continued support for the hypothesis presented in 1980 that interferon action could be involved in the induction of both the trisomy 21 genotype and its resultant phenotype.
Perineurial permeability and endoneurial edema during Wallerian degeneration of the frog peripheral nerve

Abstract Perineurial permeabilities to [ 3 H]sucrose and [ 14 C]dextran (MW= 70,000), and water content, conduction velocity (CV) and maximum amplitude (MAP) of the compound action potential, were determined in Wallerian degenerated nerves (sciatic or tibial) of the frog and compared with values in the contralateral uncut nerves. Three days after transection of the lumbosacral plexuses, about 2 cm proximal to the sciatic nerve, mean water content of the sciatic nerve was significantly higher than in the contralateral uncut nerve. After 10 days, the degenerating sciatic nerve showed significant increases in the mean perineurial permeabilities to [ 3 H]sucrose and [ 14 C]dextran when compared to values in the contralateral nerve. Means MAP's and CV's were significantly decreased. At 21 days and after, no compound action potential was detected and perineurial permeability and nerve water content had increased further. Decreases in mean MAP's and CV's and permeability increases of the perineurium were less in degenerating tibial nerves than in degenerating sciatic nerves. It is concluded that following transection, (1) Wallerian degeneration produces an irreversible increase in perineurial permeability, (2) the increase of perineurial permeability follows a proximodistal gradient, and (3) the frog peripheral nerve develops endoneurial edema during Wallerian degeneration as do degenerated nerves of mammals.
Comments on a new theory of macroscopic charge

Abstract We show that the experiments of Edwards, Kenyon and Lemon are not relevant to the theory of Ivezic.
A VALIDITY STUDY OF THE SOCIAL SKILLS RATING SYSTEM-TEACHER VERSION WITH DISABLED AND NONDISABLED PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

This study examined the differences among social skills and problem behaviors of disabled (n = 22) and nondisabled (n = 27) preschoolers on Social Skills Rating System-Teacher Version. Significant differences were found between the two groups on all measures of social skills and all but one measure (internalizing problems) of problem behaviors. Also, correlations with a measure of social competence and 8 teachers' ratings strongly supported the validity of this measure of social skills for preschool children. Implications for designing early intervention programs are discussed.
Performance of commercial cotton cultivars under elevated densities of tobacco budworm

The development of improved cultivars is essential for continued economic production of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Information is limited on how different cotton cultivars compare under elevated densities of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (E), an economically important cotton pest. Seven field tests were conducted between 1988 and 1992 to evaluate cotton cultivars grown under elevated densities of tobacco budworm (TBW). Cultivars were grown under two regimes : (i) artificial elevated infestation, w/TBW, and (ii) elimination of tobacco budworm, w/o TBW. Elevated densities of TBW (w/TBW) significantly reduced yields compared with w/o TBW, but reduction varied among years and tests. The regression equation for lint yield w/TBW on lint yield w/o TBW was Y = -111.0 + 0.6X. Thus, for every 1.0 kg of lint yield increase per hectare due to cultivar improvement, the corresponding increase under artificial TBW infestation was only 0.6 kg. The regression coefficient for lint percentage on lint yield w/o TBW was Y = 30.85 + 0.006X. These data show that cotton breeders have developed high-yielding cultivars, but that progress is still needed in the development of resistance to the tobacco budworm injury. They also show that, as cultivars with higher yield potential were developed, these cultivars were better able to tolerate damage by the tobacco budworm. The parity between yield increase per se and yield under elevated densities of tobacco budworm is not 1.0 :1.0, but rather 1.0 :0.6. This is a useful and practical level of parity.
Individual learning styles and computer science education

Examination of the learning strategies of large samples of students reveals a natural classification on the basis of the strategy employed: serialist learners, who assimilate information by means of a “bottom-up” learning strategy, and holist learners, who utilize a “top-down” approach to learning. Since at present most teaching materials have a strong bias toward one or the other type of student, a significant subset of any class will receive mismatched instruction. This paper discusses techniques for designing educational material oriented toward each type of learning strategy, and describes an experiment designed to evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques.
Direct Model Reference Adaptive Control with Actuator Failures and Sensor Bias

ACTUATOR and sensor faults have been implicated in several aircraft loss-of-control accidents and incidents. Direct model reference adaptive control (MRAC) methods have been suggested as a promising approach for maintaining stability and controllability in the presence of uncertainties and actuator failures without requiring explicit fault detection, identification, and controller reconfiguration (e.g., [1,2]). (An extensive amount of literature is available on adaptive control in the presence of actuator failures, but could not be listed in this brief Note due to space limitations; however, a detailed reference list is available in [2]). In addition to actuator faults, sensor faults may also compromise safety [3–5]. A common type of sensor fault is unknown sensor bias, which can develop during operation in one or more sensors, such as rate gyros, accelerometers, altimeter, etc. If used directly in an MRAC law, such offsets in sensor measurements can have detrimental effects on closed-loop stability, which can no longer be theoretically guaranteed. Accommodation of sensor faults in an MRAC setting has been addressed (e.g., [6–8]). However, adaptive control of systemswith simultaneous actuator and sensor faults has not been adequately addressed. Toward that goal, MRAC control laws using state feedback for state tracking were developed in [9] for the case with simultaneous sensor bias and actuator failures, and signal boundedness as well as bounded or asymptotic tracking were obtained. This Note elaborates on the results of [9] and presents numerical examples to illustrate the methods.
Increased plasma enzyme concentrations in rats with functional ischaemia of muscle provide a possible model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

THE early and mid-stage histopathological lesions of Duchenne muscular dystrophy are highly characteristic1. The early lesions are focal groups of muscle fibres undergoing necrosis surrounded by a field of normal muscle fibres, while in the mid-stage lesions there is marked proliferation of endomysial connective tissue between muscle fibres that are small, enlarged and sometimes with internal nuclei. During these phases of the disease process, serum enzyme levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) are markedly increased2,3. These increases are often used in the diagnosis of Duchenne dystrophy.
Siliciclastic foundations of Quaternary reefs in the southernmost Belize Lagoon, British Honduras

Analyses of a closely spaced lattice of seismic profiles from the southernmost Belize Lagoon, combined with logs of nearby drill holes, reveal that the Quaternary (late Pleistocene plus Holocene) reefs and carbonate sediments are growing on siliciclastic sediments which have an alluvial and delta-like morphology. The residual relief of these coastal-plain deposits localized initial coral growth or an accumulation of calcareous skeletal material; favored sites for these were elevations such as levees and bars of remnant channels, and deltaic lobes.
Theoretical consideration of combustion effects on base pressure in supersonic flight

A theoretical treatment is given for the behavior of base pressure on a two-dimensional body in supersonic flight when the inviscid stream adjacent to the turbulent reattachment zone is subjected to combustion effects. The analysis, which rests upon a simplified treatment of the combustion zone and the Crocco-Lees mixing theory for the reattachment region is intended to give an upper-limit estimate of thrust levels attainable on the base. Previous experimental work in this area is reviewed and is shown to suffer in performance because of experiment design; the maximum performance levels could not be expected and further work in this area is indicated. Analytically, it is shown that, despite the apperance of many base flow and combustion parameters, the specific impulse is primarily a function of only the air-fuel ratio, combustion length-body base height ratio, and the free stream Mach number. The major influence of combustion on the reattaching flow is shown to be the introduction of a new characteristics length, the combustion length, and the action of this scale in constraining the reattachment length.
China and the Spanish Empire

En este articulo argumentamos que Ming China desempeno un papel fundamental en el auge y decadencia del Imperio espanol. La demanda china de plata permitio elevados beneficios hasta 1640. El descenso de estos beneficios llevo a la reduccion de la produccion y la Monarquia se enfrento a una grave crisis financiera. La consecuencia fue una presion fiscal creciente con objeto de compensar la perdida de los ingresos externos procedentes de America.
Relative information loss under Type II censored exponential data

SUMMARY This paper uses information theory to quantify information loss in Type II censored samples drawn from an exponential distribution. Indexes of information loss for the maximum likelihood estimation and for Bayesian analysis are defined. Properties of the proposed information measures as functions of the sample size, the exponential parameter, and the parameters of the prior distribution are studied. It is shown that the relative loss of information in Type II censoring may be compensated by increasing the prior precision. Tables of the information loss indexes are provided.
Sonography of intrathyroid parathyroid adenomas: are there distinctive features that allow for preoperative identification?

Abstract Objective The purpose of our study was to determine if intra-thyroid parathyroid adenomas can be accurately identified by applying proposed criteria to preoperative ultrasound examinations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Materials/methods Fifty-three patients with pathology proven intra-thyroid parathyroid adenomas and pre-operative ultrasounds were identified from a surgical database for a blinded, retrospective review. A contemporary, age-matched cohort of 54 patients with extra-thyroid parathyroid adenomas was identified as a control. A total of 64 patients within these cohorts had co-existing thyroid nodules. Proposed ultrasound criteria for identifying a parathyroid adenoma included solid composition, profound hypoechogenicity, and presence of a feeding polar vessel. Parathyroid adenomas were classified as extra-thyroid or intra-thyroid (partial or complete) based on their relationship with the thyroid gland during ultrasound evaluation and results were compared to surgical and histopathology reports as the gold standard. The results from the blinded, retrospective review during which the proposed, specific ultrasound criteria were applied were compared to the initial, pre-operative reports during which the proposed criteria were not applied. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of the blinded, retrospective review and initial, pre-operative reports were calculated. Additionally, in patients with co-existing thyroid nodules, an attempt was made to differentiate parathyroid adenomas from the thyroid nodules. Results Application of the proposed ultrasound criteria during blinded retrospective review yielded a sensitivity and specificity for detecting intra-thyroid parathyroid adenomas of 76% and 92%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for detecting intra-thyroid parathyroid adenomas on the initial reports was 29% and 95%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for differentiating an intra-thyroid parathyroid adenoma from a thyroid nodule was 78% and 86%, respectively. Conclusion Application of specific ultrasound criteria facilitates pre-operative diagnosis of intra-thyroid parathyroid adenomas and facilitates surgical planning. This large series confirms previous, largely anecdotal reports of ultrasound's utility in detecting intra-thyroid parathyroid adenomas.
Kinetics of iron hexacyanide release from the ferric hemes of partially oxidized intermediates of human deoxy hemoglobin

Abstract A new experiment is presented in which the kinetics of iron hexacyanide release is measured from partially oxidized intermediates of human deoxy hemoglobin (T state). The intermediates were generated by briefly exposing a solution of hemoglobin and dithionite to various concentrations of ferricyanide at 6° C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7. The reaction of the residual dithionite with the partially oxidized intermediates was limited by the release of ferrocyanide and was strongly biphasic with about 75% fast phase and 25% slow and with the two phases differing in rate by a factor of 26. The predominance of rapid over slow phase is the result of a wide (approx. factor of 5) difference in the kinetics of oxidation of the alpha and beta chains by ferricyanide and is not due to heme-heme interaction. This experimental approach appears to offer a clear example of wide kinetic differences between the two types of subunits within the deoxy quaternary structure of human hemoglobin, uncomplicated by strong cooperative effects.
Solution Structures of the Prototypical 18 kDa Translocator Protein Ligand, PK 11195, Elucidated with 1H/13C NMR Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry

Eighteen kilodalton translocator protein (TSPO) is an important target for drug discovery and for clinical molecular imaging of brain and peripheral inflammatory processes. PK 11195 [1a; 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide] is the major prototypical high-affinity ligand for TSPO. Elucidation of the solution structure of 1a is of interest for understanding small-molecule ligand interactions with the lipophilic binding site of TSPO. Dynamic 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy of 1a revealed four quite stable but interconverting rotamers, due to amide bond and 2-chlorophenyl group rotation. These rotamers have been neglected in previous descriptions of the structure of 1a and of the binding of 1a to TSPO. Here, we used quantum chemistry at the level of B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) to calculate 13C and 1H chemical shifts for the rotamers of 1a and for the very weak TSPO ligand, N-desmethyl-PK 11195 (1b). These data, plus experimental NMR data, were then used to characterize the structures of ro...
Tumor Conference #13: Fatal Amelanotic Nodular Melanoma in a 15‐Year Old Girl

The patient was a 15-year-old girl who was found to have a amelanotic nodular melanoma on a leg. The local malignancy was widely excised and an elective lymph node dissection was performed. On microscopic examination of the removed inguinal lymph nodes, one showed metastatic involvement. She was free of obvious disease for slightly more than one year at which time a subcutaneous metastasis was found on the chest wall. Soon thereafter she suffered dissemination of malignant melanoma and, despite systemic chemotherapy, rapidly deteriorated and died of metastatic melanoma one year later. The salient features of this patient are: (1) the onset of malignant melanoma early in life (age 15); (2) the poorer prognosis of amelanotic melanoma; (3) the often hopeless situation once distant metastases appear.
Using 20-million-year-old amber to test the super-Arrhenius behaviour of glass-forming systems

Fossil amber offers the opportunity to investigate the dynamics of glass-forming materials far below the nominal glass transition temperature. This is important in the context of classical theory, as well as some new theories that challenge the idea of an 'ideal' glass transition. Here we report results from calorimetric and stress relaxation experiments using a 20-million-year-old Dominican amber. By performing the stress relaxation experiments in a step-wise fashion, we measured the relaxation time at each temperature and, above the fictive temperature of this 20-million-year-old glass, this is an upper bound to the equilibrium relaxation time. The results deviate dramatically from the expectation of classical theory and are consistent with some modern ideas, in which the diverging timescale signature of complex fluids disappears below the glass transition temperature.
A platform for on-site environmental analysis of explosives using high performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance and photo-assisted electrochemical detection.

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography with photo-assisted electrochemical detection (HPLC–PAED) is used in conjunction with ultraviolet absorbance (UV) detection for determining explosives in environmental samples. The system utilizes an on-line solid-phase extraction technique for sample pretreatment (i.e., fractionation and concentration), thus reducing the required ground water sample size from 1 L to 2 mL and minimizing sample handling. Limits of detection for explosives using solid-phase extraction and PAED range from 0.0007 to 0.4 μg/L, well below those achieved with UV detection for several important explosives (e.g., RDX). The method has demonstrated good accuracy, precision, and recovery for all tested explosives, thus proving that the method is suitable for evaluation of explosives in ground water with competitive advantages over the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 8330. A system adaptable for the on-site environmental analysis of explosives has been developed and validated.
Recent advances in ABS/PC blends

ABS/PC blending systems are triple phase mixtures of SAN copolymer, polycarbonate and polybutadiene rubber. In this paper, the solubility parameter approach is used to calculate the optimum volume fractions of acrylonitrile component in the continuous phase of ABS, at which the best solubility parameters of the blends of ABS with other polymers were obtained. To obtain the best result, one needs to separate solubility parameter into three components: dispersive δd, dipolar δp, and hydrogen bonding δh. The thermal, mechanical, and rheological, morphological characteristics and weathering as well as miscellaneous properties are reviewed.
An algebraic solution to surface recovery from cross-sectional contours

Abstract A new approach for reconstruction of 3D surfaces from 2D cross-sectional contours is presented. By using the so-called “equal importance criterion,” we reconstruct the surface based on the assumption that every point in the region contributes equally to the surface reconstruction process. In this context, the problem is formulated in terms of a partial differential equation, and we show that the solution for dense contours (contours in close proximity) can be efficiently derived from the distance transform. In the case of sparse contours, we add a regularization term to ensure smoothness in surface recovery. The approach is also generalized to other types of cross-sectional contours, where the spine may not be a straight line. The proposed technique allows for surface recovery at any desired resolution. The main advantages of our method is that inherent problems due to correspondence, tiling, and branching are avoided. In contrast to existing implicit methods, we find an optimal field function and develop an interpolation method that does not generate any artificial surfaces. We will demonstrate that the computed high-resolution surface is well represented for subsequent geometric analysis. We present results on both synthetic and real data.
A synchrotron-based facility for the in-situ location, chemical and mineralogical characterization of ∼10 μm particles captured in aerogel

Abstract NASA’s Stardust mission collected dust from the coma of Comet Wild-2 on January 2nd, 2004, by direct capture into aerogel cells that flew through the dust coma at ∼6 km/s. Stardust collected several hundred comet particles >10 μm in size. These comet samples were delivered to Earth on January 15th, 2006. We developed a facility at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY, USA) for the in-situ characterization of ∼10 μm particles collected in aerogel. These analytical instruments allow us to perform extensive chemical, mineralogical, and size-frequency characterization of particles captured in aerogel. These analyses are conducted without any invasive extraction, minimizing the possibility of contamination or particle loss during preparation. This facility was used to determine the chemical composition, the oxidation state, the mineralogy and to provide an indication of the grain size of the Wild-2 particles before they were removed from the aerogel. This information provides a catalog of particle types, allowing a more reasoned allocation of the particles to subsequent investigators based on a relatively detailed knowledge of the chemical composition and mineralogy of each particle. These measurements allowed a comparison of the chemical and mineralogical properties of the Wild-2 particles with other types of extraterrestrial materials, including interplanetary dust particles and meteorites. The success of in-situ analysis for Wild 2 particles demonstrates that synchrotron-based facilities will be important for the analysis of particles collected in aerogel on future earth-orbiting satellites and spacecraft.
Forced Ventilated Enclosure Fires

Abstract Twenty-seven forced ventilation fire experiments were conducted in the Lawrence Liver-more National Laboratory (LLNL) fire test cell. A wide variety of fuels, ventilation rates and fire strengths were included. Experimental results revealed that "quasi-steady-state" was not reached until approximately 2000 s after ignition. It was found that 80 percent ±5 percent of the heat produced by the fire was deposited in the enclosure walls. Twice the stoichiometric ventilation was required to insure complete combustion of the provided fuel. Selected data was compared with predictions from several computer models and the attributes and difficulties of each are discussed.
Changes in Crystallite Size Distribution During the Isothermal Crystallization of Linear Polyethylene

Changes in the crystallite size distribution during the isothermal crystallization of linear polyethylene fractions were studied using low frequency Raman spectroscopy (LAM). Increases in the crystallite size and broadening distributions were observed as a function of time for all molecular weights studied. Large increases in size occurred even after most of the isothermal crystallinity had formed. The rate of increase was faster for higher crystallization temperatures, while the process was retarded for the higher molecular weights. Similar results were obtained for an unfractionated polymer except for complications that are likely due to molecular weight fractionation.
Carbohydrate-Lipid Effects on Cholesterol Metabolism

1962. Tissue Cholesterol Ester and Triglyceride Fatty Acid Composition of Rabbits Fed Cholesterol Diets High and Low in Lino]eic Acid. J. Nutrition, 76: 429. (34) Thomas, C. B., Hollies, H. W. D., a~d Eisenberg, F. F. 1961. Observations on Seasonal Variations in Total Serum Cholesterol Level Among Healthy Young Prisoners. Ann. Internal Med., 54: 413. (35) Virehow, R. 1856. Der atheromatose Prozess der Ar~erien. Wien. meal. Wochsehr., 6: 809. (36) Vogel, J. 1847. The Pathological Anatomy of the Human Body. Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (37) Weinhouse, S., and Hirseh, E. F. 1940. Chemistry of Atherosclerosis. I. Lipid and Calcium Content of the Intima and of the Media of Aorta. ~fith and Without Atherosclerosis. Arch. PathoL, 29: 31. (38) Werthessen, N. T. 1963. On the Inability of the Cholesterol Esters of the Aorta Wall to Be Identical with Those of the Serum. In Biochemical Problems of Lipids. p. 439. A. C. Frazer, ed. Elsevier Publ. Co., Amsterdam. (39) Windaus, A. 1910. 13ber den Gehalt normaler und Atheromatoser aorten an Cholesterin und Cholesterlnestem. Z. physiol. Chem., 67: 174. (40) Zemplenyi, T., L~jda, Z., and Mrhova, O. 1963. Enzymes of the Vascular Wall in Experimental Atherosclerosis in the Rabbit. In Atherosclerosis and Its Origin. p. 459. M. Sandler and G. H. Bourne, eds. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
Functional Outcome After Anal Sphincter Injury and Treatment With Mesenchymal Stem Cells

This research demonstrates the regenerative effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the injured anal sphincter by comparing anal sphincter pressures following intramuscular and serial intravascular MSC infusion in a rat model of anal sphincter injury. Fifty rats were divided into injury (n = 35) and no injury (NI; n = 15) groups. Each group was further divided into i.m., serial i.v., or no-treatment (n = 5) groups and followed for 5 weeks. The injury consisted of an excision of 25% of the anal sphincter complex. Twenty-four hours after injury, 5 × 10(5) green fluorescent protein-labeled MSCs in 0.2 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS alone (sham) were injected into the anal sphincter for i.m. treatment; i.v. and sham i.v. treatments were delivered daily for 6 consecutive days via the tail vein. Anal pressures were recorded before injury and 10 days and 5 weeks after treatment. Ten days after i.m. MSC treatment, resting and peak pressures were significantly increased compared with those in sham i.m. treatment (p < .001). When compared with the NI group, the injury groups had anal pressures that were not significantly different 5 weeks after i.m./i.v. treatment. Both resting and peak pressures were also significantly increased after i.m./i.v. MSC treatment compared with treatment with PBS (p < .001), suggesting recovery. Statistical analysis was done using paired t test with Bonferroni correction. Marked decrease in fibrosis and scar tissue was seen in both MSC-treated groups. Both i.m. and i.v. MSC treatment after injury caused an increase in anal pressures sustained at 5 weeks, although fewer cells were injected i.m. The MSC-treated groups showed less scarring than the PBS-treated groups, with the i.v. infusion group showing the least scarring.
Application of a Substructure-Based Hardening Model to Copper under Loading Path Changes

In addition to texture, plastic anisotropy of a polycrystalline fcc metal stems from the directional nature of the dislocation substructure within individual grains. This produces the marked work hardening or softening observed immediately following load path changes. Following the framework of Peeters et al., in bcc steel, we develop a dislocation substructure evolution-based stage III hardening model for copper, capable of capturing the constitutive response under load path changes. The present model accounts for the more complicated substructure geometry in fcc metals than in bcc. Using an optimization algorithm, the parameters governing substructure evolution in the model are fit to experimental stress-strain curves obtained during compression along the three orthogonal directions in samples previously rolled to various reductions. These experiments approximate monotonic, reverse, and cross-load paths. With parameters suitably chosen, the substructure model, embedded into a self-consistent polycrystal plasticity model, is able to reproduce the measured flow stress response of copper during load path change experiments. The sensitivity of the parameters to the assumed substructure geometry and their uniqueness are also discussed.
Effects of high carbohydrate or high protein energy-restricted diets combined with resistance-exercise on weight loss and markers of health in women with serum triglyceride levels above or below median values.

Effects of high carbohydrate or high protein energy-restricted diets combined with resistanceexercise on weight loss and markers of health in women with serum triglyceride levels above or below median values Jonathan M Oliver, Julie Y Kresta, Mike Byrd, Claire Canon, Michelle Mardock, Sunday Simbo, Peter Jung, Brittanie Lockard, Deepesh Khanna, Majid Koozehchian, Chris Rasmussen, Chad Kerksick, Richard Kreider
Manufacturing Operations Manuscripts Published in the First 52 Issues of POM: Review, Trends, and Opportunities

We review the manuscripts accepted for publication by the Manufacturing Operations Department of Production and Operations Management (POM) over 13 years (1992–2004). The manuscripts managed by this department deal with topics including scheduling, manufacturing systems management, inventory control and capacity management, maintenance management, and teaching and applications. In the process of this review, we highlight the significant contribution of POM to the field of operations management and illustrate how this body of work has served to further the mission of the journal and department. We then offer comments regarding characterizations of these manuscripts and a few ideas on how to expand this body of work in the future to further the mission of the journal.
Chromatin repression by COUP-TFII and HDAC dominates activation by NF-κB in regulating major histocompatibility complex class I transcription in adenovirus tumorigenic cells

Abstract In adenovirus type 12 transformed cells, the down-regulation of MHC class I transcription contributes to the tumorigenic phenotype and is solely mediated by Ad12 E1A. Previous in vitro studies with class I enhancer sequences have indicated that there is an increased binding of repressor COUP-TFII and its associated HDAC and a decreased binding of activator NF-κB. In this study, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay in order to determine in vivo whether these proteins regulate class I transcription by affecting chromatin. The ChIP assay revealed that there is lack of chromatin histone acetylation in the region of the class I enhancer in Ad12-transformed cells. This is regulated by histone deacetylation as it was further demonstrated in vivo that COUP-TFII and HDAC are associated with the class I enhancer chromatin. In agreement with in vitro studies, NF-κB could be recruited to the class I enhancer following induction by TNF-α. However, this enhancer-bound NF-κB failed to up-regulate class I expression because the class I enhancer chromatin remained repressed as a result of histone deacetylation by HDAC in association with COUP-TFII. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that repression of chromatin through histone deacetylation is a major mechanism in down-regulating class I transcription in Ad12-transformed cells. Finally, Ad12 E1A, a non-DNA binding protein, was shown to be present in the natural protein complex bound to the class I enhancer.
Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment on energy balance and evapotranspiration of cotton

Abstract The effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) at 550 μmol mol−1 on the energy balance and evapotranspiration, ET, of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were investigated. Latent heat flux, λET was calculated as the residual in an energy balance approach from determinations of net radiation, Rn minus surface soil heat flux, G0, minus sensible heat flux, H. Rn was directly measured. G0 was determined from measurements with soil heat flux plates at 10 mm depth, corrected for temperature changes in the soil above. H was determined from measurements of air temperature with aspirated psychrometers, of foliage temperature with IR thermometers, and of wind speed with cup anemometers. Under ambient CO2 (control) conditions (about 370 μmol mol−1), the λET from the energy balance approach agreed fairly well with values from several other methods, including the Bowen ratio method, lending credence to the technique. However, the results had an uncertainty of the order of 20% associated with the Rn measurements. Therefore, an apparent increase in ET of about 13% in the FACE plots was judged insignificant. The conclusion that any effects of CO2 enrichment to 550 μmol mol−1 on the ET of cotton were too small to be detected was consistent with the results of other investigators who determined ET in the same experiment using stem flow gauges and the soil water balance.
A skew-product which is Bernoulli

We show that if σ is the shift on sequences of {0,1} and τ is the entropy zero transformation used by Ornstein in constructing a counter-example toPinsker's conjecture, then the skew-product transformationT defined byT(x,y)=(σx,τ x0 y) is Bernoulli. ThisT is conditionally mixing with respect to the independent generator for σ, a partition with full entropy.
Continuous dielectric measurement of polymerizing systems

Abstract Frequency-dependent dielectric measurement techniques made over many decades, Hz to MHz, can provide a convenient automated technique for characterizing the polymerization reaction in thermoset polymers. The frequency dependence of the complex permittivity is used to simultaneously separate and measure the relaxation and diffusion parameters governing dipolar and ionic mobility. The quantitative relationship of the viscosity and degree of cure during polymerization to the ionic and dipolar mobility is discussed and analyzed in relation to the gel point and the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) equation. An interdigitated planer electrode permits measurement of the variation in the rate of polymerization in situ at various positions in the system due to exothermic and heat transfer effects.
Response of Friend virus-infected bone marrow cells to erythropoietin in vitro.

Erythropoietin stimuliert in vitro die Aufnahme von Fe59 in normale Knochenmarkzellen der Maus, nicht aber in Knochenmarkzellen polycythamischer Tiere.
Estrogenic inhibition of testicular growth by R2858 in preweanling rats.

Daily injections of physiologic doses of R2858 into preweanling rats from the 10th to the 19th day of age resulted in reduced testicular growth compared to controls. Body weights and other organ weights were unaffected. Leydig cells were smaller and less numerous, and showed distinct changes in ultrastructural morphology. Results of this study suggest that α-fetoprotein permits normal testicular development during postnatal life.
The Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Living Aquatic Organisms I. The Problem and General Behavioral Responses

Behavioral responses of marine and aquatic animals are characterized as R1 (a first response of prolonged excitation), T (tetany or paralysis), I (inactivity and relaxation) and death as measured by the LD50. R1, T, and I are reversible responses and temperature dependent with each response occurring at high pressures as temperature increases. The lethal response is also temperature dependent but the tolerance to pressure increases with decreasing temperature. The responses are examined with reference to the ability of animals to successfully cope with the high pressure and low temperature of the abyssal environment.
Let the Games Begin: Civic Playing on High-Tech Consoles

The author presents an overview of an emerging field that looks at the impact of video games on civic engagement. Some video games have explicit civics-related content and engage players in simulat...
Effect of the Age of Pollen Used in Pollen Supplements on Their Nutritive Value for the Honeybee. II. Effect of Vitamin Content of Pollens

SummaryThe pollens used in nutritional studies by Hagedorn and Moeller (1968) were analysed for niacin, riboflavin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, thiamine and ascorbic acid, and the results compared with those of the nutritional studies. The ascorbic acid content decreased with the age of the pollen, as did the pollen's effectiveness for brood rearing, hypopharyngeal gland development and rate of growth of honeybees. The pantothenic acid content of pollen one or two years old was higher if the pollen had been dried than if it had been frozen; this is thought to explain the faster growth of bees fed on supplements containing the dried pollen. The folic acid content of fresh pollen was twice as high as previously reported.
Rapid communications: antiperspirant induced DNA damage in canine cells by comet assay.

AbstractMillions of people around the world use antiperspirants to decrease or eliminate body odors. Most antiperspirants contain aluminum zirconium or another form of aluminum as its active ingredient. The present investigation applied Comet assay to detect if Secret Platinum for women, Old Spice for men, or Crystal Natural produced DNA damage in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCKII). This study has shown that antiperspirants cause DNA damage on a single-cell level. Additionally, our data showed us that in general, Secret Platinum for women and Old Spice for men, produced equivalent damage. Crystal Natural, marketed as being safer or less damaging, induced the most extensive damage of all three antiperspirants tested.
Sequence verification of oligonucleotides by electrospray quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry.

The combination of electrospray ionization (ESI) and quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-Tof) mass spectrometry presents a powerful tool to verify/determine the sequence of oligonucleotides. An ESI-Q-Tof instrument provides better sensitivity and much higher resolution compared with either ESI-triple quadrupole or ESI-ion trap devices. With high-resolution capability, the quadrupole time-of-flight instrument can provide an isotope pattern to support the charge state assignment. This will improve the reliability of the assignments of sequence-related w or a-Base series ions and lead to accurate determination of the oligonucleotide sequence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.