cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Policing Ourselves: A Republican Theory of Citizenship, Dignity and Policing - A Comment on Fagan

Legal scholars tend to have a binary view of police intervention; they naturally focus on whether a police officer was legally justified in engaging in any particular interaction. This view misses what may be the most important feature in most citizens’ interaction with the police, in particular the experience of the Black, Brown and poor. Policing is not only a question of whether a police stop is conducted but how a police stop is conducted. Our Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is both legally impoverished and practically limited because our Constitutional jurisprudence does not take note of how the police treat persons – whether one is subjected to racist language and purposeful humiliation – as part of the calculation of a reasonable search.Jeffrey Fagan’s contribution to this Fordham Urban Law Journal Symposium fills an important need by recognizing that how one is treated by the police is at least as important is if one is approached by the police. Fagan argues that recognizing the importance of dignity within our Fourth Amendment jurisprudence provides a legal response to commonplace acts of racist and humiliating policing. While Fagan is convincing in highlighting the need to import a commitment to reasonable dignity in police behavior, I argue in this comment that conceptions of human dignity are notoriously too broad and undefined to serve as a legal guide and additionally miss an important element in being wronged by the police. Rather, understanding that both the law and the police are especially tied to our place as citizens highlights the need for a republican view of the dignity of citizenship to guide our policing.
Why we have (only) five fingers per hand: hox genes and the evolution of paired limbs

Limb development has long been a model system for studying vertebrate pattern formation. The advent of molecular biology has allowed the identification of some of the key genes that regulate limb morphogenesis. One important class of such genes are the homeobox-containing, or Hox genes. Understanding of the roles these genes play in development additionally provides insights into the evolution of limb pattern. Hox gene expression patterns divide the embryonic limb bud into five sectors along the anterior/posterior axis. The expression of specific Hox genes in each domain specifies the developmental fate of that region. Because there are only five distinct Hox-encoded domains across the limb bud there is a developmental constraint prohibiting the evolution of more than five different types of digits. The expression patterns of Hox genes in modern embryonic limb buds also gives clues to the shape of the ancestral fin field from which the limb evolved, hence elucidating the evolution of the tetrapod limb.
Recursive partitioning analysis of prognostic factors in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD): a 120 case single institution series.

The post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) comprise a heterogeneous group of lymphocytic and plasma cell proliferations occurring in recipients of tissue allografts in the setting of immunosuppression. We describe our experience of 120 patients with PTLD seen between 1990 and 2009, one of the largest series reported by a single institution. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders characteristics were analysed with regard to paediatric and adult patients, and with regard to the decade of diagnosis, 1990-1999 (pre-rituximab era) versus 2000-2009 (the rituximab era). We present a new prognostic score using the recursive partitioning model, consisting of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score (0-1 vs. 2-4), age [paediatrics ( 60 years old)] and CD20 status (positive vs negative); separating patients into 4 risk categories based on overall survival. Low-risk included paediatric patients with ECOG score of 0-1; intermediate-low-risk included adults aged 16-60 years with an ECOG score of 0-1; intermediate-high-risk included elderly patients with an ECOG score 0-1 or paediatric patients and adults aged 16-60 years with an ECOG score of 2-4 and CD20 positive; high-risk group included patients of any age with an ECOG score of 2-4 and CD20 negative, and elderly patients with an ECOG score of 2-4 with CD20-positive PTLD.
Low-Revenue Equilibria in Simultaneous Ascending-Bid Auctions

Low-revenue equilibria allow participants in an auction to obtain goods at prices lower than would prevail in a competitive market. These outcomes are generated as perfect equilibria of ascending-bid, multiunit auctions. We show that these equilibria are possible under mild conditions-conditions that are likely to prevail in many situations where auction formats have recently been adopted. We argue that these equilibria could explain the low revenues of some recent auctions, and discuss potential remedies to eliminate low-revenue equilibria.
State-selective electron capture by O 3 + ions from atomic and molecular targets

State-selective electron-capture processes in low-energy collisions of ${\text{O}}^{3+}$ recoil ions with He, Ar, ${\text{D}}_{2}$, ${\text{O}}_{2}$, ${\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$, and ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ at impact energies between 0.3 and 1.2 keV and scattering angles between $0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and $6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ have been studied using a differential energy-gain spectrometer, capable of measuring simultaneously the energy-gain and the scattering angle of projectile products in ion-atom and -molecule collisions. The energy-gain spectra show that the dominant reaction channels are due to capture into excited states of the projectile product ${\text{O}}^{2+}$. In this work, no clear evidence of the processes involving long-lived metastable state ${\text{O}}^{3+}$ $(2s2{p}^{2}\text{ }^{4}P)$ was observed. The energy-gain spectra are interpreted qualitatively in terms of the reaction windows, which are calculated using the single-crossing Landau-Zener model and the extended version of the classical over-the-barrier model. The energy dependence of cross sections for electron capture are also measured and found to be nearly constant with changing collision energy. The data are also compared with available measurements and calculations and theoretical results based on the multichannel Landau-Zener model.
Last Glacial Maximum equilibrium-line altitudes and paleoclimate, northern Uinta Mountains, Utah, U.S.A.

Nineteen former valley glaciers were reconstructed for their Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) extents in the northern Uinta Mountains, Utah, U.S.A. Mean equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) calculated by four methods (accumulation-area ratio, toe-headwall altitude ratio, lateral moraines and cirque floors) range from 3050 to 3300 m a.s.l. Modern mean summer temperatures (T s ) at the ELAs range from 8.7° to 11.2°C, while modern winter precipitation (P) ranges from 354 to 590 mm snow water equivalent (SWE). Based on the difference in elevation of mean ELAs across the range, LGM P values must have ranged from 940 to 3040 mm SWE, assuming the modern summer lapse rate was the same during the LGM. A T s depression of 5.5°C is required for these precipitation values to plot in the range of modern ELA values. The reconstructed increase in P at the western end of the range is 10 times the modern increase, reflecting the influence of pluvial Lake Bonneville. Assuming ELA depression (ΔELA) resulted from this P increase and a uniform 5.5°C T s decrease, the regional LGM ΔELA was approximately 900 m.
A case for an international health elective training program during residency: a four-points call for action.

Background: International Health Electives (IHE) are becoming more popular among graduate training programs. This is likely due to the high demands from graduating medical students who are seeking to have an international health experience during their post-graduate training. Despite the important educational experiences associated with an IHE, this opportunity does not exist in all graduate medical programs and fewer have formal established programs. Summary: We are suggesting that graduate training programs are in a unique position to provide such experiences to our future physicians, in turn creating immediate benefits to host nations as well as long-term impacts on our society in the United States. We are proposing Four Points for stakeholders involved in training future physicians to use as they consider designing such opportunities for future trainees. The four points include: residents are capable of providing service to host nations, improve the quality of care to communities in the U.S., foster g...
Wavemechanical formulation of plasma dynamics in longitudinal electric fields

The macroscopic dynamics of classical many-component plasmas, in which the particles interact by the self-consistent electric field, is formulated in terms of scalar, complex wave equations. The wave equation of each component is shown to be mathematically equivalent to its nonlinear conservations equations for mass, vector momentum, and energy. Thus, the description through wave equations leads to a considerable mathematical simplification compared to the conventional many-fluid hydrodynamics. As an elementary illustration of the wave mechanical formalism, the dispersion of electrostatic waves in an electron plasma is treated.
Applications of sensing platforms with wearable computers

Use of mobile sensor-based platforms for human monitoring is an ever-growing area of research. These system are able to provide objective, quantitative measurements over a time period without being restricted to a clinical settings. However, these platforms also face some challenges in terms of wearability. Wearability concerns force sensor nodes to decrease in size and employ wireless communication. Both of these constraints pose a serious design challenge for realistic applications. In this paper, we present a variety of sensing platforms from inertial tracking with an accelerometer system to emotion recognition with a large set of physiological sensors. We aim to show that body sensor network's properties and design patterns can be useful not only in a traditional accelerometer based system applications, but also in applications that are better suited with other sensor modalities.
Oxidation of Chemically‐Vapor‐Deposited Silicon Nitride and Slnglem‐Crystal Silicon

The present 1000 C and 1300 C oxidation tests on 111-oriented single-crystal Si and dense CVD Si3N4 notes the oxidation rates of the latter in wet O2, dry O2, wet inert gas, and steam atmosphere conditions to be several orders of magnitude lower than the rates for the former in identical atmospheric conditions. Although the parabolic rate constant for Si increased linearly as the water vapor pressure increased, the parabolic rate constant for Si3N4 exhibited a nonlinear dependency on water vapor pressure in the presence of O2. NO and NH3 formation at the reaction interface of Si3N4, and the counterpermeation of these reaction products, are noted to dominate reaction kinetics.
A Model of Quasicrystal Growth

Entropically stabilized quasicrystals are usually modeled as equilibrium ensembles of random tilings. In several models, such as the two-dimensional square-triangle tiling studied here, the corresponding kinetics may be very slow because a large number of tiles must be rearranged at each step through the ensemble. Here we consider a simple growth model that generates a single element of the square-triangle tiling ensemble. Even though tile rearrangements occur only at the growth surface, in the limit of slow growth one obtains a structure that is representative of the equilibrium ensemble.
Estimates of interfacial properties in Cu/Ni multilayer thin films using hardness data

Modeling the defect structure and mechanical properties of metallic multilayer thin films requires estimates of dislocation parameters such as interfacial line energy and barrier strength, as well as resistance to confined layer slip. A method is presented to estimate these parameters using experimental measurements of hardness vs. individual layer thickness h . Application to Cu/Ni multilayers suggests that the interfacial line energy increases dramatically with h (5 ⩽ h ⩽ 50 nm), far in excess of values assumed in analytic and dislocation dynamics models.
How far to Conchucos? A GIS approach to assessing the implications of exotic materials at Chavín de Huántar

Abstract Chavin de Huantar has long been recognized as a site of pan-regional importance in the first millennium bce Central Andes. Multiple lines of evidence link the site to costa, sierra and selva. Using exotic goods for which provenance is known – for example, obsidian, cinnabar, selected ceramics and marine shell – specific areas with which Chavin interacted can be identified. These interactions are considered in the context of distinct ways of thinking about Central Andean space – a least-cost transportation surface, the Inca road network and ethno-historically reconstructed territories. I argue that explicitly modeling the implications of connecting such nodes and considering distance in multiple ways facilitates a better characterization of interregional interaction.
Novel organization of catechol meta pathway genes in the nitrobenzene degrader Comamonas sp. JS765 and its evolutionary implication

The catechol meta cleavage pathway is one of the central metabolic pathways for the degradation of aromatic compounds. A novel organization of the pathway genes, different from that of classical soil microorganisms, has been observed in Sphingomonas sp HV3 and Pseudomonas sp. DJ77. In a Comamonas sp. JS765, cdoE encoding catechol 2,3-dioxygenase shares a common ancestry only with tdnC of a Pseudomonas putida strain, while codG encoding 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase shows a higher degree of similarity to those genes in classical bacteria. Located between cdoE and cdoG are several putative genes, whose functions are unknown. These genes are not found in meta pathway operons of other microorganisms with the exception of cdoX2, which is similar to cmpX in strain HV3. Therefore, the gene cluster in JS765 reveals a third type of gene organization of the meta pathway.
Gel–water relationships: Dielectric dispersion

At low frequencies, the dielectric constant of gels of agar, carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, mid maize starch is much higher than that of water. It decreases continuously as the frequency increases, tending to level off at about 108 cps. The dielectric constant is lower the higher the concentration of polymer; it increases in the order: carboxymethyl cellulose, agar, starch, and gelatin. Results are most reasonably explained by assuming a more solid structure of water the lower the dielectric constant.
Measuring contact charge transfer at interfaces: a new experimental technique

Abstract A new experimental technique has been developed for measuring the amount of electric charge transferred when two dissimilar surfaces are brought into contact and separated without lateral motion in a controlled environment. The primary surfaces studied, silica and mica, are prepared with very low surface roughness (average roughness less than 0.5 nm); the macroscopic contact area, which can be measured directly, is therefore a better measure of microscopic contact area than is typically the case in contact electrification experiments, and the surface charge density can be more accurately determined. Observations reported include (1) the transfer of charge densities as high as 1 × 10−2 C/m2 after only a few contacts of mica and silica surface in dry air or N2 gas at room temperature and (2) a reduction in transferred charge density in the silica-mica system as the relative humidity of the air in the environmental chamber is increased from 0% to 98%. The technique also permits the study of the rate at which the surface charge decays under various environmental conditions.
Neuroligands evoke calcium signaling in cultured myenteric neurons.

Background. Myenteric neurons, which control gut motility and absorption, are heterogeneous in structure, electrophysiology, and neuropeptide content. We hypothesized that myenteric neurons would display heterogeneous responses to neuroligands found in enteric tissue. We examined increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ), an important second messenger, evoked by selected neuroligands in cultured myenteric neurons. Methods. Primary cultures of guinea pig myenteric neurons were characterized by using a standard immunocytochemical stain for microtubule-associated protein (MAP2). Increases in [Ca 2+ ] i were measured by digital imaging microscopy. Results expressed as mean ± SEM, Student's t test. Results. Cultured myenteric neurons examined with phase contrast and Nomarsky optics extend processes and stain positively with the neuron-selective stain MAP2. Histamine did not evoke calcium mobilization in cultured neurons, although progressive increases in [Ca 2+ ] i were seen with bradykinin, glutamate, serotonin, cholecystokinin, bombesin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), substance P, and acetylcholine. Enteric neurons differed from one another in the ability to respond to one, two, or three of the agonist combinations tested. Time in culture did not alter the percentage of neurons responding to ATP, substance P, or acetylcholine. ATP evoked equivalent [Ca 2+ ] i increases in neurons examined at the three time points, whereas significant decrements in neuronal calcium mobilization were seen after 8 days in culture with substance P or acetylcholine (p < 0.05 versus 1 day in vitro). Conclusions. Cultured myenteric neurons extend processes and retain expression of neuron-specific antigens. Selected neuroligands found in enteric tissue increase [Ca 2+ ] i as a second messenger in subsets of myenteric neurons. Heterogeneity exists among cultured neurons in their ability to respond to ligand combinations. Changes in [Ca 2+ ] i induced by neuroligands in myenteric neurons may be altered with time in vitro. (SURGERY 1995 ;118 :162-70.)
Radiation-induced carcinoma of the rectum

Carcinomas and sarcomas are known to develop after radiation therapy. A complete review of the literature regarding appearance of carcinoma of the rectum following radiation therapy to the pelvis was undertaken. The average interval between irradiation and diagnosis of the rectal cancer was 15.2 years, the range being from one year, two months to 33 years. We present a case of carcinoma of the rectum arising as two separate primaries 46 years after irradiation for an epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix. There were many pathologic changes related to the radiation therapy.
Voluntary Informed Consent in Research and Clinical Care: An Update

Informed consent is important: in research, it allows subjects to make an informed and voluntary choice to participate--or refuse to participate--in a project where they will be asked to take risks for the benefit of others. In both research and clinical care, informed consent represents a permission to intervene on a person's private sphere. The elements of informed consent are usually described as disclosure, understanding, decision-making capacity, and voluntariness. Each poses distinct difficulties, and can be amenable to improvements. However, research on the quality of informed consent and on strategies intended to improve it have only become the object of research relatively recently. In this article, we describe some results of this research, and outline how they can be relevant to informed consent in research and clinical care. Although much of the data suffers from limitations, it does suggest that disclosure has improved, but is still uneven, comprehension is often poor, for both patients and research subjects. Moreover, trust is a motivating factor for research participation, and thus we run risks if we allow false expectations and prove ourselves unworthy of this trust. Although improving consent forms does not have a clear effect on understanding, improving the consent process may help. Finally, better information may decrease anxiety and seems to have at most a small negative effect on research recruitment.
A Study of Surges: II. On the Relationship between Chromospheric Surges and Coronal Mass Ejections

Liu et al. (Astrophys. J. 628, 1056, 2005a) described one surge – coronal mass ejection (CME) event showing a close relationship between solar chromospheric surge ejection and CME that had not been noted before. In this work, large Hα surges (>72 Mm, or 100 arcsec) are studied. Eight of these were associated with CMEs. According to their distinct morphological features, Hα surges can be classified into three types: jetlike, diffuse, and closed loop. It was found that all of the jetlike surges were associated with jetlike CMEs (with angular widths ≤30 degrees); the diffuse surges were all associated with wide-angle CMEs (e.g., halo); the closed-loop surges were not associated with CMEs. The exclusive relation between Hα surges and CMEs indicates difference in magnetic field configurations. The jetlike surges and related narrow CMEs propagate along coronal fields that are originally open. The unusual transverse mass motions in the diffuse surges are suggested to be due to magnetic reconnections in the corona that produce wide-angle CMEs. For the closed-loop surges, their paths are just outlining stable closed loops close to the solar surface. Thus no CMEs are associated with them.
Acupuncture for Symptom Management in Cancer Care: an Update

In a previous systematic review of the worldwide literature of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving needle insertion into acupuncture points for symptom management in cancer patients, we identified only one high-quality RCT that was deemed to have a low risk of bias. Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane (all databases), Scopus, and PubMed were searched from inception through December 2011 with no language limits applied. A total of 41 RCTs met all inclusion criteria and were rated. In the current review, we examined 18 trials published since our last report. The purpose of this update was to emphasize important recent findings and discuss how concerns such as blinding, separating non-specific placebo effects from specific needling effects, determining biologic mechanisms and dosing parameters, evaluating determinants of response such as expectation, controlling for sources of bias, and the lack of standardization in treatment and study methods may affect the interpretation of study results.
Melatonin advances june breeding and fall lambing in range and farm-flock type ewes.

Influence of melatonin on reproductive performance was evaluated by randomly allotting Polypay-type ewes to four treatments: controls in drylot, melatonin-treated ewes in drylot, controls on range, and melatonin-treated ewes on range. An additional group of Targhees and Rambouillets was randomized by breed as control ewes or melatonin-treated ewes to test effect of melatonin in range ewes. All ewes were supplemented with 0.34 kg/head alfalfa-barley (1:1) pellets from 1600 to 1630 h daily, from April 15 to June 30. Ewes maintained on range received no further supplementation, while ewes in drylot received alfalfa pellets for maintenance. Melatonin was fed at 10 mg hd−1 d−1 in the pellet to designated ewes in drylot or on range. Three rams were put with each group of ewes on June 1 and rotated among groups at 7-d intervals during the first 30 d of breeding to reduce sire differences. After the first 30 d, ewe groups were combined with all rams. Melatonin induced (P < 0.01) an earlier onset of estrus (approximately 17 d) as indicated by earlier lambing dates in Polypay-type, Rambouillet, and Targhee ewes managed on spring range. Melatonin also increased (P < 0.01) the number of ewes that conceived during the first 30 d of breeding (June) for both management treatments (drylot and range) and for all breeds.
On the Use of Modal Parameters as Metrics for Condition-Based Monitoring of Rotating Machinery

Deterioration of a rotordynamic system changes its modal properties. This paper initiates a study of the degree to which such changes can be detected by monitoring modal metrics obtained by a modern technique for experimental modal analysis (EMA). The eigenvalues and residues associated with a complex modal description of the frequency response are identified by processing response data derived from an analytical model. This model, which features an elastic shaft with attached rigid rotor and supported by hydrodynamic bearings, was previously used by Wagner and Ginsberg [Proc. of the 23rd International Modal Analysis Conf. (IMAC), forthcoming, 2005] to explore the merits of using standard or directional frequency response functions to perform EMA. The techniques used there, specfically the original version of the Algorithm of Mode Isolation (AMI) for FRFs and Two-Sided AMI for dFRFs, are used to extract the modal properties from the model’s frequency domain response. The modal eigenvalues and residues are identified for a range of bearing clearances within the limit of acceptable wear. One set of metrics that are considered describes the behavior of the system’s eigenvalues as clearance increases. Another set of metrics describes the modal residue factors, which depend on the drive and response locations. A defect is considered to be detectable if the change in the value of a metric due to deterioration exceeds the uncertainty in that metric’s value associated with the inexact nature of EMA. Although the eigenvalues are identified with great accuracy, they are found to be relatively insensitive to bearing clearance, so that metrics derived from them do not meet the detectability criterion. In contrast, the residue values are identified less accurately, but they are highly sensitivity to the clearance. It is concluded that metrics describing the behavior of the modal residue factors can unambiguously indicate bearing wear that is large, but still acceptable for continued operation. It also is found that it is preferable to monitor the residues obtained by processing standard FRFs using the original AMI version, rather than using Two-Sided AMI to process dFRFs.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A method for the experimental analysis of the behavior of autistic children.

Behavior of severely disturbed autistic children was brought under the control of an arbitrary environment by techniques of operant reinforcement. It was possible to sustain substantial amounts of behavior, as well as to widen aspects of the children's behavioral repertoire. The experimental methods suggest objective techniques for controlling the current repertoire of the child, as well as means for developing new behaviors by which the child may deal with the environment.
Cloning of large segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors

Fragments of exogenous DNA that range in size up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast by ligating them to vector sequences that allow their propagation as linear artificial chromosomes. Individual clones of yeast and human DNA that have been analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis appear to represent faithful replicas of the source DNA. The efficiency with which clones can be generated is high enough to allow the construction of comprehensive libraries from the genomes of higher organisms. By offering a tenfold increase in the size of the DNA molecules that can be cloned into a microbial host, this system addresses a major gap in existing experimental methods for analyzing complex DNA sources.
NULL-MODEL TESTS FOR COMPETITIVE DISPLACEMENT: THE FALLACY OF NOT FOCUSING ON THE WHOLE COMMUNITY'

Null-model tests for competitive displacement involve comparisons of species' relationships in an observed community with those of randomly constructed communities. I examine the performance of several parameters that have been used to characterize community structure for the purpose of this comparison. These parameters have in common the fact that they focus on selected species pairs within the community rather than con- sidering the community as a whole. Fleming and Partridge (1984) proposed a parameter for examining flowering phenologies that focuses on one species pair at a time. Fleming and Partridge compared the observed overlap between members of a particular species pair with the distribution of possible overlap values for this pair from randomly constructed communities. A second parameter, the overlap between a particular species and all other species combined, was employed in a similar way. Using hypothetical phenologies I show that using these parameters (a) will always result in acceptance of the null hypothesis when in fact a segregated flowering pattern exists, and (b) may lead to acceptance of the competition hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is true. A community-level parameter, mean pairwise overlap, is shown to make neither of these errors. Simberloff and Boecklen (1981) employed a family of parameters to examine the com- petition hypothesis that there is a constant difference in log body size (=a constant ratio of body sizes) between adjacent species ranked according to body size. Their parameters focus on the relative magnitude of the differences between two pairs of adjacent species, such as the two pairs with the smallest and largest log body size differences. Using hypo- thetical communities I show that these parameters may not always recognize a community with competitive displacement, and may mistake a clumped community for one with displacement. Several community-level parameters are shown to have greater power in discerning competitive displacement.
FBG Interrogation System on a Silicon Chip

We demonstrated a silicon-photonic approach to FBG sensor readout based on a thermooptic tunable filter(s). The resulting system has the potential to be compact, low cost and with high resolution when multiplexed.
Regional muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine administration enhances hepatic immune function and tumor surveillance.

Background: Immune status of the liver may affect growth of liver metastases. We analyzed the ability of muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE), an immunomodulatory bacterial cell wall analog, to stimulate Kupffer cells (KCs) and protect against tumor growth, with or without an immunosuppressive partial hepatectomy (PH). Impact of MTP-PE's route of administration on KC function was assessed. Methods: Buffalo rats (n = 7 to 12/group) were treated with saline, 40 μg MTP-PE intraportally (portal) or intravenously (IV) and challenged with 5 × 105 hepatoma cells, and tumors counted on day 21. To assess MTP-PE's impact on KC stimulation in animals undergoing PH, a known stimulant of tumor cell growth, groups were treated with saline or MTP-PE and challenged with tumor and underwent 30% PH. KCs were harvested and analyzed for superoxide production. Statistical analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square test. Results: MTP-PE–treated animals had fewer tumor nodules than control animals (19 vs 184, P <.005). MTP-PE-portal animals had fewer nodules than MTP-PE–IV (2 vs 36, P <.05). MTP-PE treatment before PH resulted in fewer tumor nodules compared with control animals (192 vs 276, P <.05). MTP-PE administration increased macrophage superoxide production (20.6 ± 2 vs 11.9 ± 1.1 nmol/106 cells, P <.005). Conclusions: MTP-PE improved KC function and decreased growth of microscopic tumor cells. MTP-PE's effects persist after an immunosuppressive hepatectomy. Portal administration was the most effective. MTP-PE administration may be useful as a neoadjuvant therapy for patients undergoing resection of liver malignancies. (Surgery 2000;128:213-8.)
A Preliminary Investigation of the Effectiveness of Attachment Therapy for Adopted Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder

The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to examine the effectiveness of attachment therapy for adopted children diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD). Although attachment therapy is widely utilized in the practice community, outcomes of such therapy have not been well documented. In this study a pretest–posttest one-group design was used with a sample of 24 adopted children who received attachment therapy from trained, licensed therapists. Therapy was funded by the Georgia Office of Adoptions under a contract with a non-profit adoptive parent advocacy group which provided training of therapists and direct services to families. RAD was measured with the Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire (RADQ), Third Edition; functional impairment was measured with the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS). Statistically significant decreases in scores on the RADQ and CAFAS from pretests to posttests indicate improvement for the children who received therapy. In spite of methodological limitations, the current study adds to the limited knowledge about effective treatment for RAD.
Psoas abscess — Fact and mimicry

Seven patients with processes involving the psoas muscle are presented. These included psoas abscess (3), metastatic tumor and abscess (1), lymphoma (1), and psoas hematoma (2). The role of radiologic studies in the diagnosis and management of these patients is discussed with particular reference to ultrasound and computed tomography.
COMMON PEDIATRIC DENTAL PROBLEMS

Physicians who provide primary care for children have a unique position to provide diagnostic, triage, educational, and preventive dental care for patients. Several papers have been published regarding primary pediatricians' participation in the preventive dental health care of their patients. One publication, a survey of physicians in Alabama focusing on physicians' overall awareness of dental issues, concluded that most physicians believe they have a role in the oral health of their patients, yet most were not aware of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry's recommendations. Most physicians report that they routinely perform oral examinations during physical examinations of children and deliver preventive, oral information by the age of 6 months or earlier; however, most recommend that infants' first visit should be at 3 years of age, not at the time of first-tooth eruption as the authors recommend. Furthermore, many primary care physicians do not talk about oral health during prenatal counseling. Many physicians understand the preventive advantages of fluoride, yet most do not prescribe vitamin combinations that contain fluoride. If an understanding of the aforementioned issues of dental care, as well as aspects of preventive care in infants and children, become more uniform among primary care physicians, the prevention-based practice of pediatric dentistry will become much more successful, and children and adults will enjoy better dental health.
Morphogenesis of rod cells in the retina of the albino rat: A scanning electronmicroscopic study†

This study presents scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations of topographicalchanges that occur during morphogenesis of rod cells in the albino rat. Correlative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also utilized. Albino rats ranging in age from birth to three weeks were used for the study. Tissues were prepared by conventional methods for SEM and TEM. At birth, numerous irregularly arranged inner segments extend from the external surface of the sensory retina. They are spherical, smooth surfaced and possess a randomly oriented cilium. The internal morphology of these immature inner segments is comparable to that observed in other vertebrate species. Statistical analysis reveals a rapid increase in the number of rod cells during the first week. This period is characterized by the elongation of inner segments and their associated cilia. Microvilli project from the apices of Muller cells, but not from adjacent inner segments. By day 5, cilia occasionally display small bulbous outer segments. They are more numerous by day 8 and are usually eccentrically positioned at the tips of cilia. By day 11, outer segments are abundant and frequently obscure from view the underlying inner segments and associated cilia. Elongated cylindrical outer segments are present within the posterior retina at the end of the second week. However, rod cell morphogenesis lags in the peripheral retina. Topographical variations between developing photoreceptor cells in mammalian and non-mammalian retinas are discussed.
Design and Verification of a New Computer Controlled Seating Buck

Appraising vehicle package design concepts using seating bucks — physical prototypes representing vehicle package, is an integral part of the vehicle package design process. Building such bucks is costly and may impose substantial burden on the vehicle design cycle time. Further, static seating bucks lack the flexibility to accommodate design iterations during the gradual progression of a vehicle program. A “Computer controlled seating buck”, as described in this paper, is a quick and inexpensive alternative to the traditional seating bucks with the desired degree of fidelity. It is particularly useful to perform package and ergonomic studies in the early stages of a vehicle program, long before the data is available to build a traditional seating buck. Such a seating buck has been developed to accommodate Ford vehicle package design needs. This paper presents the functional requirements, the high level conceptual design of how these requirements are realized, and the methods to verify, improve and sustain the dimensional accuracy and capability of the new computer controlled seating buck.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Effect of general anesthesia on distribution of cardiac output and organ blood flow in the rabbit: Halothane and chloralose-urethane

THE MAJOR CIRCULATORY ACTIONS of general anesthetics are known to consist in reduction of the myocardial contractile force and in changes in the neurogenic control of the vascular tone [ 131. The hypotensive effect of halothane is attributed partly to a reduced cardiac output and partly to a diminished arterial vascular resistance [ 5, 6, 131. Chloralose-urethane, however, is known to interfere little with cardiovascular reflexes and to produce anesthesia without significant arterial hypotension [ 51. Whereas halothane is widely used in clinical medicine, chloralose-urethane alone or after halothane induction is the anesthetic of choice when circulatory control mechanisms are studied experimentally [5, lo]. In view of their different effects on arterial pressure and cardiac output, it was thought interesting to investigate the reaction of all the individual vascular beds and to measure their contribution to these hemodynamic changes. When radioactively labelled microspheres are injected into the left ventricle as a bolus they are distributed to the body with blood flow and provide a method for measuring the distribution of cardiac output to all organs. This technique has been
A School Disaster—Intervention and Research Aspects

Various aspects of group, community, and individual interventions in a school pedestrian overpass accident are described and analyzed. A planning group of school personnel, parents, community mental health center staff and university child psychiatry faculty initiated a broad school based assessment and intervention program shortly after the accident occurred. The social dynamics of this collaborative effort involving different personalities, professional disciplines, and institutions were complex. Collaboration was sufficiently successful to achieve the primary goal of assisting a large population, assimilate an unpredictable catastrophic event and adapt again to a predictable world. A secondary research goal of studying the impact of the accident in depth on individuals was not sufficiently met.
Optical and magnetic studies of HoF3

Absorption spectra of Ho${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ at 0 and 9.05 T have been measured for optical transitions from the ground multiplet $^{5}I_{8}$ to the excited multiplets $^{5}G_{4}$ and $^{3}K_{8}$. All the Stark levels of these excited multiplets and the lowest three levels of the ground multiplet have been identified. A crystal-field Hamiltonian appropriate to the Ho site symmetry (${C}_{1h}$) has been fitted to the observed zero-magnetic-field energies. The rms deviation for 26 levels of the excited multiplets is 2.15 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The principle of spectroscopic stability has been used to obtain absolute magnetic shifts of electronic singlet states produced by higher-order effects. The $^{5}G_{4}$ multiplet shows rather small magnetic shifts, whereas large shifts are observed for the $^{5}I_{8}$ and $^{3}K_{8}$ multiplets. This is in complete agreement with the calculated results. The calculated Zeeman shifts are obtained from a simultaneous diagonalization of the crystal-field and magnetic interactions. Crystal-field parameters obtained from a least-squares fit to the zero-magnetic-field data are presented.
Partial Small Bowel Obstruction in a Traveler

A 63-year-old Japanese woman with a remote history of a partial hysterectomy for fibroids was admitted to the general surgery service after 2 days of nausea, nonbloody emesis, and intermittent, crampy, epigastric pain. She denied any fevers, chills, cough, sore throat, dysuria, diarrhea, easy bruising, or rash. Born in Japan, the patient immigrated to the United States in 1973 and has lived in San Diego since that time. Travel history during the past 7 years included urban areas of Egypt, China, India, and Japan. The patient lived with her husband and had 2 cats. She denied any ill contacts. The findings of a physical examination were unrevealing, with the exception of diffuse abdominal tenderness to palpation without peritoneal signs or rebound. The results of laboratory tests performed at admission to the hospital revealed a WBC count of 8100 cells/mm3 with a differential cell count of 90% neutrophils, 6.7% lymphocytes, 2.6% monocytes, and 0% eosinophils; a hematocrit of 41.5%; and a platelet count of 233,000 platelets/mm3. The chemistry panel and liver function test results were normal except for a decreased total protein level of 5.6 g/dL (normal range, 6.1-7.9 g/dL), an elevated lactate dehydrogenase level of 204 IU/L (normal range, 99-192 IU/L), and an elevated amylase level of 494 IU/L (normal range, 36128 IU/L). A series of acute abdominal radiographic images revealed multiple dilated loops of small bowel with air-fluid levels consistent with partial small bowel obstruction. An abdominal and pelvic CT scan revealed the cause of the patient's abdominal complaints (figure 1). What is your diagnosis?
Equilibrium and kinetic allosteric mechanisms for anesthetic and structure function studies of GABAA receptors

Abstract GABAA receptors and related ligand-gated channels are allosteric proteins. Agonism of these channels has been described using classical Monod–Wyman–Changeux (MWC) models that couple ligand binding to the fundamental two-state (closed–open) equilibrium. A highly constrained MWC co-agonist model can also explain etomidate actions on GABAA receptors, both in the absence and in presence of GABA. Importantly, this model provides mechanistic insight into etomidate binding and efficacy, and a strategy for interpreting the effects of structural alterations in the protein or ligand. Expanding MWC models to three fundamental states (closed–open–desensitized) and incorporating rate-constants and several empiric constraints allows simulation of receptor kinetic behavior. This model has been used to gain insight into anesthetic actions and several pore-domain mutations that alter macrocurrent kinetics.
Credibility assessment of simulation results

The purpose of this paper is to provide some guidelines for assessing the credibility of simulation results. The life cycle of a simulation study is characterized in terms of 10 phases, 10 processes, and 13 credibility assessment stages (CASs). The credibility of simulation results is assessed by integrating ten CASs: formulated problem verification, feasibility assessment, system and objectives definition verification, model qualification, communicative model verification, programmed model verification, experiment design verification, data validation, model validation, and quality assurance of experimental model. Indicators are identified for evaluating credibility in most of the CASs. The guidelines provided herein are essential for the success of a simulation study.
Actomyosin Sliding is Attenuated in Contractile Biomimetic Cortices

Myosin II motors embedded within the actin cortex generate contractile forces to modulate cell shape in essential behaviors, including polarization, migration, and division. In sarcomeres, myosin II-mediated sliding of antiparallel F-actin is tightly coupled to myofibril contraction. By contrast, cortical F-actin is highly disordered in polarity, orientation, and length. How the disordered nature of the actin cortex affects actin and myosin movements and resultant contraction is unknown. Here we reconstitute a model cortex in vitro to monitor the relative movements of actin and myosin under conditions that promote or abrogate network contraction. In weakly contractile networks, myosin can translocate large distances across stationary F-actin. By contrast, the extent of relative actomyosin sliding is attenuated during contraction. Thus actomyosin sliding efficiently drives contraction in actomyosin networks despite the high degree of disorder. These results are consistent with the nominal degree of relative actomyosin movement observed in actomyosin assemblies in nonmuscle cells.
Integrated design strategy for product life-cycle management

Two major trends suggest new considerations for environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM) -- the continuation of dematerialization and the growing trend toward goods becoming services. A diversity of existing research could be integrated around those trends in ways that can enhance ECM. Major research-based achievements in information, computation, and communications systems, sophisticated and inexpensive sensing capabilities, highly automated and precise manufacturing technologies, and new materials continue to drive the phenomenon of dematerialization – the reduction of the material and energy content of per capita GDP. Knowledge is also growing about the sociology, economics, mathematics, management and organization of complex socio-economic systems. And that has driven a trend towards goods evolving into services. But even with these significant trends, the value of material, energy, information and human resources incorporated into the manufacture, use and disposal of modern products and services often far exceeds the benefits realized. Multi-disciplinary research integrating these drivers with advances in ECM concepts could be the basis for a new strategy of production. It is argued that a strategy of integrating information resources with physical and human resources over product life cycles, together with considering products as streams of service over time, could lead to significant economic payoff. That strategy leads to an overall design concept to minimize costs of all resources over the product life cycle to more fully capture benefits of all resources incorporated into modern products. It is possible by including life cycle monitoring, periodic component replacement, re-manufacture, salvage and human factor skill enhancement into initial design.