cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Level Cache Model for Run-Time Optimization of Remote Visualization

Remote visualization is an enabling technology aiming to resolve the barrier of physical distance. Although many researchers have developed innovative algorithms for remote visualization, previous work has focused little on systematically investigating optimal configurations of remote visualization architectures. In this paper, we study caching and prefetching, an important aspect of such architecture design, in order to optimize the fetch time in a remote visualization system. Unlike a processor cache or Web cache, caching for remote visualization is unique and complex. Through actual experimentation and numerical simulation, we have discovered ways to systematically evaluate and search for optimal configurations of remote visualization caches under various scenarios, such as different network speeds, sizes of data for user requests, prefetch schemes, cache depletion schemes, etc. We have also designed a practical infrastructure software to adaptively optimize the caching architecture of general remote visualization systems, when a different application is started or the network condition varies. The lower bound of achievable latency discovered with our approach can aid the design of remote visualization algorithms and the selection of suitable network layouts for a remote visualization system.
RELATIVE IRRITANT PROPERTIES OF THE CHLORINE GROUP OF ANTISEPTICS.

1. The use of the ears of rabbits is proposed in testing the irritant effect of antiseptics. 2. It is necessary, because of individual variations, to use solutions having definite irritant actions as controls. 3. 0.5 per cent sodium hypochlorite solutions have minimum irritant effects over a range of alkalinity of from about 100 to 1,000 times that of water (pH about 9 to 10). Solutions may be adjusted within these limits by use of the end-points of powdered phenolphthalein, of alcoholic solutions of either o-cresolphthalein or phenolphthalein. 4. Sodium hypochlorite solutions kept within the above range of alkalinity by either borate or carbonate buffer salts, i.e. Dakin's solution, show the same irritative properties whether made from bleaching powder and sodium carbonate, or from chlorine and sodium carbonate. 5. Electrolytically prepared solutions of the same concentration have similar irritant action. 6. Solutions, however, that have an alkalinity less than that indicated by the end-point of alcoholic phenolphthalein solutions (pH of 8.5 to 8.8) or greater than that indicated by the end-point to powdered phenolphthalein (pH of 10.2) are intensely irritating. 7. 0.5 per cent sodium hypochlorite solution from which most of the calcium has been precipitated and calcium hypochlorite solution of equivalent hypochlorite concentration are only slightly irritating. 8. 2 per cent chloramine-T solution has no irritant action. 9. 5 per cent dichloramine-T in chlorcosane and chlorcosane alone irritate rabbit ears to a slight degree only.
Mutual phenomena of Jupiter's five inner satellites in 1979

In this paper, we first predict eclipses and occultations of the Galilean satellites in 1979 and find that, although circumstances are generally poor, about 75 events are observable. We have then made a special point of including 40 eclipses of J5 (Amalthea) by the Galilean satellites in the hope that both visual and far-infrared light curves can be obtained - the former giving accurate astrometric information for J5, and the latter possible bearing on its surface structure or composition.
Methods for assessing fertilization and embryonic/larval development in toxicity tests using the california mussel (Mytilus californianus)

The fertilized eggs, embryos and larvae of the California mussel (Mytilus californianus) were used to develop methods for assessing fertilization and larval development rates, and for conducting toxicity tests in standard exposure chambers and small volume (3 ml) chambers. Because the sperm/egg ratio resulting in high monospermic fertilization rates varied among females, the “optimal” ratio for each female was predetermined in an aliquot of eggs prior to fertilizing the entire batch for bioassay use. The fluorescent DNA probe Hoechst 33342 was used to rapidly differentiate unfertilized, monospermic and polyspermic eggs. Following fertilization of entire batches of eggs based on the predetermined sperm/egg ratio, monospermic fertilization rates of >90% were readily achieved. Fertilized embryos were then used in bioassays conducted in beakers or tissue-culture chamber slides (mini chambers), which could be viewed directly on the microscope. The response of the embryos and larvae to the metabolic inhibitor sodium azide was assessed in both types of test chambers. At 96 h postinsemination at 12°C, veliger or nonveliger larvae were assessed using polarization microscopy to determine the presence or absence of a complete shell. No significant difference in the response to sodium azide was detected between the beakers and mini chambers. This study demonstrates that M. californianus is suitable for static embryo/larval toxicity tests, and that small volume chambers allow successful larval development and eliminate the need for subsampling of larger test chambers. We also demonstrated the value of assessing fertilization rates prior to conducting the bioassay, and present an improved method for examining larval shell development using polarization microscopy.
Depressed left ventricular performance. Response to volume infusion in patients with sepsis and septic shock.

Volume infusion, to increase preload and to enhance ventricular performance, is accepted as initial management of septic shock. Recent evidence has demonstrated depressed myocardial function in human septic shock. We analyzed left ventricular performance during volume infusion using serial data from simultaneously obtained pulmonary artery catheter hemodynamic measurements and radionuclide cineangiography. Critically ill control subjects (n=14), patients with sepsis but without shock (n = 21), and patients with septic shock (n = 21) had prevolume infusion hemodynamic measurements determined and received statistically similar volumes of fluid resulting in similar increases in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. There was a strong trend (p=0.004) toward less of a change in left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) after volume infusion in patients with sepsis and septic shock compared with control subjects. The LVSWI response after volume infusion was significantly less in patients with septic shock when compared with critically ill control subjects (p
Low temperature plasma-assisted oxidation and thin-film deposition processes for forming device-quality SiO2/Si and composite dielectric-SiO2/Si heterostructures

In the high-temperature thermal oxidation of Si, the SiO2/Si interface is continuously regenerated as the bulk oxide grows. This paper describes an alternative low temperature, 200–300 °C, plasma-assisted process that optimizes electrical properties of SiO2/Si interfaces and bulk SiO2 layers by separately controlling interface formation and bulk oxide deposition. Composite dielectrics, oxide/nitride (ON) and oxide (ONO), have been fabricated by extending the low temperature plasma-assisted processes to include deposition of Si3N4 films. The electrical properties of SiO2/Si structures formed by the two-step, low temperature oxidation-deposition process are essentially the same as those of SiO2/Si structures formed by high temperature, 850–1050 °C, thermal oxidation. The electrical properties of devices incorporating ON and ONO composite dielectrics are degraded with respect to the SiO2/Si structures, but are similar to those of composite dielectrics formed by combinations of high temperature processing.
Cosmic Ray Modulation in the 3-D Heliosphere

The basic physical processes that lead to the long-term modulation of cosmic rays by the solar wind have been known for many years. However our knowledge of the structure of the heliosphere, which determines which processes are most important for the modulation, and of the variation of this structure with time and solar activity level is still incomplete. Study of the modulation provides a tool for probing the scale and structure of the heliosphere. While the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft are surveying the radial structure and extent of the heliosphere at modest heliographic latitudes, the Ulysses mission is the first to undertake a nearly complete scan of the latitudinal structure of the modulated cosmic ray intensity in the inner heliosphere (R<5.4 AU). Ulysses will reach latitudes of ~80°S in September 1994 and ~80°N in July 1995 during the approach to minimum activity in the 11 year solar cycle. We present a first report of measurements extending to latitudes of ~52°S, which show surprisingly little latitudinal effect in the modulated intensities and suggest that at this time modulation in the inner heliosphere may be much more spherically symmetric than had generally been believed based upon models and previous observations.
Measurement of displacement field around an interfacial crack in a bimaterial sheet

Abstract The displacement field around a bimaterial interfacial crack was investigated using a laser speckle technique. The two half-plates of the bimaterial specimen were made of two different polyester resins cast together with a central crack embedded during casting. The bimaterial constant of the plate was close to the value of aluminium-iron combination. The specimen was loaded in remote pure shear by a specially designed loading jig. In contrast to the predictions by many of the theoretical models, the present measurements revealed no crack closure at either crack tip. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the present measured values and the Rice and Sih's theoretical solution of displacement jumps across the crack face. The result showed that while tangential displacement jump was in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions, the opening displacement jump measured was much larger than that predicted by the theory.
Opportunity to learn and student engagement: a HLM study on eighth grade science achievement

This study examined the individual, class, and school level variability of the students’ science achievement. It was hypothesized that there are school or teacher effects which contribute toward explaining achievement differences, besides the student level differences. Owing to the nested structure of the data in Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, we used the Hierarchical Linear Modeling methodology. Besides the significant effect of engagement, the teachers’ teaching certification in science and the topic coverage were both significant factors as were the effect of school SES and availability of remedial and enrichment programs in science. The study makes a contribution to a better understanding of the opportunity to learn variables at classroom and school level in students’ science achievement.
Magnetic field and current structures in the magnetosphere of Uranus

Voyager 2 magnetic field and plasma data are compared with theoretical model calculations for the magnetosphere of Uranus to derive a global picture from the limited set of measurements. The results suggest that Voyager 2 entered the Uranian magnetosphere during a relaxation phase which followed a compression of the entire magnetosphere. The plasma beta values in the Uranian neutral sheet were found to be smallar by a factor of 3-8 compared to corresponding beta values in the average terrestrial neutral sheet. The excellent agreement found between observed and calculated magnetic tail lobe field strengths indicates that the Uranian magnetosphere reaches the state of quasi-static (i.e., slowly time-dependent MHD equilibrium).
Experimental study on the structure of opposed flow gaseous diffusion flames doped with n-decane

Abstract The destruction of n -decane is investigated with a perturbative approach by adding hundreds of ppm to the fuel stream of two gaseous counterflow diffusion flames at atmospheric pressure: a blue methane flame and an incipiently sooting ethylene flame that offer distinct reacting environments. The detailed chemical structure of the flames including the products of n -decane consumption is determined using a microprobe gas sampling technique followed by GC/MS analysis. Experimentally, principal products of n -decane destruction are C2–C9 linear alpha-olefins that are found at ever increasing concentrations with decreasing carbon number, starting with 1-nonene all the way to propene and ethylene, the most abundant products. Successive fragmentation steps of the n -decane primary products lead to the formation of C2–C5 dienes and other hydrocarbons with multiple unsaturated bonds. The consumption rate of n -decane is more abrupt in the methane flame as compared to the gentler decay observed in the ethylene flame. The addition of n -decane in the ethylene flame does not contribute to the formation of soot precursors such as aromatic compounds because the pool of C2–C4 fragments of the baseline flame, playing a key role in aromatic growth, is only marginally affected by n -decane addition. The comprehensive database of stable species of the experimental component of the study is tested by a comparison with the results of modeling the flames using two semi-detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms, Ranzi-mech and JetSurF. Shortcomings of these mechanisms are highlighted for different classes of compounds by comparison of the model results with the experimental data leaving room for future improvements in their formulation.
Péclet-dependent memory kernels for transport in heterogeneous media

Transport in heterogeneous media can be described by partial differential equations, which exhibit convolutions with time and/or space memory kernels. In this work, we characterize the full time spectrum of time-memory kernels by applying a nonparametric inversion algorithm to macroscopic synthetic data for heterogeneous porous media, Our findings put into evidence the inherent nonuniqueness of the transport parameters for nonlocal transport models. Notably, we find that the Peclet number can be interpreted as an ancillary parameter of a family of probability distribution functions that characterizes the memory kernels of transport.
Some aspects of the bimetallic μ‐oxo‐alkoxides for polymerizing epoxides to polyether elastomers

The bimetallic catalysts of Osgan and Teyssie, (RO)2Al-O-Zn-O-Al(OR)2, are effective, unusual catalysts for polymerizing epoxides. The polymer obtained from propylene oxide when R = n-Bu is preponderantly isotactic and highly crystalline and thus, largely head-to-tail. Crystallizable, sulfur vulcanizable propylene oxide rubber was made by copolymerizing propylene oxide (PO) with allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) with this catalyst. This product after S vulcanization exhibited gum tensile and other properties which were superior to the commercially available, amorphous PO–AGE copolymer of similar composition. However, the Osgan–Teyssie catalyst is very sensitive to reactive, polar impurities. Hindered alkyl aluminums and especially alkoxides such as Et2AlOtert–Bu can be added to help alleviate this problem. The reported favorable (but slow) copolymerization of epichlorohydrin with propylene oxide in nonpolar media with the Osgan–Teyssie catalyst has been confirmed and an alternate explanation for this unusual result suggested.
Dual basis functions in subspaces of inner product spaces

Dual basis functions are well-studied in the literature for certain inner product spaces. In this paper, we introduce dual basis functions in subspaces of inner product spaces. The goal is to construct a basis for a subspace that is dual to a basis in a different subspace of the same dimension. This problem reduces to the standard dual basis problem when the two subspaces and bases are the same. The paper begins with a characterization and properties of dual basis in subspaces, including requirements for existence. Then, the construction is carried out for subspaces of the space of polynomials in the Bernstein basis. Two configurations are of particular interest: a symmetric case in which the dual basis is affine and converges to Lagrange polynomial interpolation, and an end-point case that converges to Hermite interpolation.
Optimization of DNA amplification fingerprinting techniques to study genetic relationships of white lupin germplasm.

DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) techniques were used to evaluate genetic relationships among 24 randomly selected white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) accessions originating from four endemic regions. Parameters affecting DAF were optimized to obtain high resolution and reproducible banding patterns. DNA amplification was tolerant to a wide range of both template and primer concentrations but sensitive to Mg 2+ concentration, and annealing temperature and time. Pure template DNA was found to be essential for obtaining reproducible banding patterns. Primer annealing occurred at multiple sites, permitting detection of polymorphism using only a single primer. Of 56 octamer primers tested, 22 yielded highly polymorphic DAF bands that could be used to distinguish closely related accessions. Genetic similarity coefficients were calculated and a dendrogram, using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA), was constructed. A high level of genome diversity was found among the accessions, but several from the Middle East and West Africa tended to cluster together. The results support the future use of DAF markers for the characterization and identification of white lupin germplasm.
Current Trends in Institutional Repositories for Institutions Offering Master's and Baccalaureate Degrees

This article describes the current practices of institutional repositories at master's and baccalaureate institutions (M&BIs) in the United States. The focus includes repository content composition, operational style, development history, and accessibility. The research studies a group of institutional repositories through the analysis of their content elements. The article also discusses important management issues and identifies challenges. This research can provide a valuable resource to other libraries of similar type and size for the planning and implementation of new repositories, as well as assess the current environment of institutional repositories.
The Employer–Employee Relationship as a Building Block for Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility

One of the great challenges of pursuing the ideals of ethical behavior is discovering how to implement such an ideal at the applied level. As the unremitting stream of bad ethical news flows from the Wall Street Journal and other media outlets testifies, academicians have not performed especially well in applied ethics. In fact, as of this writing, business schools tend to downplay the importance of ethics relative to functionalist skills, or resist the alternative of establishing a course in ethics, let alone, minors or concentrations in the topic. Consequently, we were delighted to be called upon to forge this special issue addressing ways to balance ethics, social responsibility and the rights of employees and employers. There are numerous complex cases focusing on the practice of human resource management. We anticipate, as international economies continue to integrate, more ethical issues involving workers will emerge. Some of us can, all too clearly, recall the quandary of whether it was better for the injured party that American firms continue to operate in the apartheid regimes of South Africa, or pull out. We face much the same predicament today when we consider the charges of child, or otherwise “exploitive” labor practices, in many developing economic regions. We hope, and believe, that the following papers will provoke ideas about what it means to balance organizational ethical responsibilities. Ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) works at multiple levels in organizations, beginning at the individual level and the accountability of individual employees and managers, to the responsibility of corporations to their employees and the communities at large through CSR. One important theme we wanted to address in this special issue is the importance of considering the employee in an organization’s ethical and CSR assessment of stakeholders. While the primary stakeholder, shareholders, tends to get most of the media’s and the management team’s attention, the employee is one of the most important stakeholders organizations can face. Unfortunately, these individuals tend to get consistently ignored when considering the scope of ethical decisions. The impact of the Enron debacle comes to mind whereby employees lost not only their jobs in the aftermath, but also lost their retirement investments as most organizational incentives came to employees in the form of company stock and stock options. Along with the organization’s Employ Respons Rights J (2009) 21:275–277 DOI 10.1007/s10672-009-9124-4
Criteria for Intellectual Skills Training

Before attempting intellectual skills training, there are some important matters to consider. These matters take the form of a set of criteria, or prerequisites, for intellectual skills training programs. There are at least five reasons why a set of prerequisites is needed for skills training programs. First, the programs that have been implemented in the past have trained different skills in different ways, and, where they have been evaluated, they have been evaluated by different means (e.g., see Detterman & Sternberg, 1982). The variety in program evaluations has made comparison of success across training programs difficult. A common set of criteria for evaluating the programs and their evaluations should be useful in achieving some basic uniformity of standards in the face of great diversity of implementations. Second, it must be clear what it is we are supposed to train and what it is we are supposed to evaluate. Third, we seem to be emerging from a quiescent period for intellectual skills training programs that followed the most optimistic years of Head Start. After this period of retrenchment, we are witnessing a burgeoning of new programs. If there has ever been a time for some setting of guidelines, now is that time. Fourth, the costs of such programs--measured in terms of monetary, physical, and human resources (both the students and trainers)-can be monumental. Before making a massive investment of any kind, it would be helpful to know that a proposed program meets at least some basic guidelines. Finally, intellectual skills training programs may do considerable good, but they also may do considerable harm: A review of the history of educational interventions in this country would show that many of the innovations that were viewed with great favor when they were introduced were viewed with disfavor and dismay shortly thereafter. Anything that can be done to spare us the errors before they are committed will perform a service indeed. The eight prerequisites that I propose may seem obvious but they are important. What is less obvious is why few, if any, available programs have adhered to the full set of recommendations. Therefore, although these are not the only recommendations that could be listed, and although adherence to them will not necessarily guarantee a successful program, collectively taken they should enable investigators to avoid those errors that are avoidable.
Somatostatin stimulates coupled sodium chloride influx across the brush border of the rabbit ileum.

Summary Somatostatin has been previously shown to stimulate Na and Cl absorption in the rabbit ileum in vitro, but the transport pathways involved have not been determined. Therefore, we examined the effect of somatostatin on Na and Cl influx across the brush border of the rabbit ileum. Somatostatin increased Na influx from 3.25 to 4.72 μmoles/cm 2 · hr (p 2 ·hr (p
Effects of calcium channel blockers on coronary vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1 in closed chest pigs

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of endothelin-1 on the coronary vascular bed of closed chest pigs. Endothelin-1 (3 to 30 pmol/kg body weight) was selectively administered into the left anterior descending coronary artery. Coronary blood flow and epicardial vessel diameter were measured by quantitative arteriography. Arterial pressure increased after a 30 pmol/kg dose and heart rate was not changed. Coronary blood flow and vessel diameter of the left anterior descending artery significantly decreased by 74% and 32%, respectively (p less than 0.01 versus control) after the 30 pmol/kg dose, whereas these variables modestly decreased in the left circumflex artery. Endothelin-1 in doses of 10 to 30 pmol/kg produced electrocardiographic ST segment elevation associated with decreased oxygen saturation of coronary sinus venous blood. Endothelin-induced coronary vasoconstriction was significantly inhibited after treatment with intravenous diltiazem (0.2 mg/kg, n = 6) or nifedipine (0.1 mg/kg, n = 5), but not after vehicle administration (n = 4). This study demonstrates that intracoronary administration of endothelin-1 causes significant myocardial ischemia through coronary vasoconstriction, which is inhibited by a calcium channel blocker. The data suggest that calcium influx into the smooth muscle cells appears to be involved at least in part in the mechanism of endothelin-induced coronary vasoconstriction in vivo.
Extradiol cleavage of o-aminophenol by pyrocatechase.

Abstract o-Aminophenol is cleaved by the intradiol dioxygenase, pyrocatechase, in an extradiol manner to give picolinic acid as the major product. Inhibition of o-aminophenol cleavage with various reagents was comparable to that observed for catechol cleavage, indicating that both reactions are catalyzed by the same enzyme. Though other substrate analogues have been shown to yield some extradiol cleavage products, this is the first case wherein >95% of the products characterized derived solely from the extradiol cleavage of the ring.
Finite element analysis of tube flaring process with a conical tool

The extended r min technique is incorporated into an incrementally updated Lagrangian formulation (ULF) of an elasto-plastic finite element computer code in order to handle contact boundary conditions to analyse the axisymmetric tube flaring process with a conical tool. A modified Coulomb friction law was adopted to calculate the influence of the friction coefficient on the tube flaring process. The effects of size and mechanical properties of tubes, as well as lubricants and tool semi-angle on flaring load were studied. It was found that good lubrication is effective in reducing flaring load. An optimum tool semi-angle (tool load is lower) in flaring is determined by frictional and bending activity at the tool inlet. In addition, the forming behaviour of the tube end is investigated to understand whether outward curling takes place and how much influence the tool semi-angle and tube size (initial thickness/initial mean diameter of tube) have on outward curling mode.
An Examination of the No Fail Policy in Thailand and the Effect on Community Relations

No fail or social promotion policies have been implemented in many countries around the world over the last sixty years. Are these policies harmful or helpful in regard to academic achievement and well being of students? This article examines the trends of social promotion policy in the United States and Thailand. Research has been conducted at Assumption College Primary Section. Interviews and questionnaires were conducted and analyzed in order to observe opinions of educators, parents and teachers in regard to these policies.
Lack of seasonal variations in urinary calcium/creatinine ratio in school-age children

Seasonal variations in urinary calcium excretion have been observed in adults and are thought to be due to seasonal changes in sunlight exposure, which results in fluctuation of blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The goal of the present study was to explore the possible effect of season on urinary calcium/creatinine ratio (UCa/Cr) in healthy school children. We studied 65 healthy Caucasian children aged 5.1-14.6 years (mean+/-SD 9.6+/-2.0, median 9.7 years). Random, non-fasting urine samples were collected from each participant between the 1st and 5th days of the month for 16 successive months and analyzed for UCa/Cr. In parallel, meteorological data, which included average monthly temperature and average monthly UV index, were collected for the whole study period. A mathematical model describing the monthly mean values of UCa/Cr as a sine function was used to determine the presence of seasonal variation. The observed maximum mean UCa/Cr, 0.092 mg/mg (0.260 mmol/mmol), occurred in the late summer months (August/September) and minimum mean UCa/Cr, 0.083 mg/mg (0.235 mmol/mmol), occurred in mid-winter (January/February), reflecting an infinitesimal and statistically insignificant change. Moreover, both values were well within the previously established normal range for UCa/Cr of </=0.20 mg/mg (0.566 mmol/mmol). The pattern seen in the last 4 months of the study repeated that seen in the first 4 months. The mean temperature in July of the 1st year was 27.1+/-2.6, January 1.8+/-5.4, and July of the 2nd year 27.0+/-2.2 degrees C. The mean UV index in July of the 1st year (7.61+/-1.01) was not different from that in July of the 2nd year (7.73+/-0.86), and both were statistically much higher than that in January (1.37+/-0.44) ( P<0.001). Evidently, in spite of significant changes in seasonal meteorological indices of sunlight, no significant seasonal variations in UCa/Cr were observed in a cohort of healthy school children. Thus the current UCa/Cr value used to diagnose hypercalciuria does not require a seasonal adjustment.
What Is Good Can Also Be Bad: The Prosocial and Antisocial In-Game Behaviors of Young Video Game Players

A majority of the video game literature focuses on the negative effects of violent gaming. In addition, research tends not to analyze in-game practices of varying game genres; instead, researchers treat games as largely uniform interactive media. This study addresses gaming from multiple perspectives, including in-game prosocial actions, learning about civics, and witnessing or practicing antisocial behaviors while gaming. Using the uses and gratifications perspective and social-cognitive theories of gaming as the theoretical backbones, this study analyzed a nationally representative and convenience sample dataset using multiple regression analyses. Several genres revealed positive associations with in-game prosocial actions, learning about civics, and witnessing and/or practicing antisocial behaviors while gaming. Specifically, the role-playing genre was related to prosocial behaviors, learning about civics, and the antisocial behaviors. Similarly, the first-person shooter genre correlated significantly ...
Abstract IA23: Diagnosing prostate cancer with image fusion (MRI, PET, CT, US)

The localization of cancer within the prostate is important for diagnosis, staging, biopsy guidance, focal therapy and active surveillance. Among the available imaging methods ultrasound offers real time monitoring but poor sensitivity, MRI offers higher sensitivity but is not real time, PET has the highest sensitivity but poor resolution and CT offers high resolution with poor sensitivity. Thus, no single imaging modality is ideal for this challenging application. This talk will focus on how we can use image fusion to combine the best aspects of each modality into a “hybrid scan” that is more than additive in its value. MRI is the best current modality for localizing prostate cancer. MRI depends on the use of multiple parameters such as T2 weighting, diffusion weighting, spectroscopy and dynamic contrast enhancement. Since each of these methods are slightly different in their acquisition parameters, these images must first be fused to create a composite multiparametric MRI. However, having localized a suspicious area on MRI, it is necessary to direct a biopsy into it. Unfortunately, doing this under MR is a tedious and imperfect process. Thus, MRI can be fused to transrectal Ultrasound for purposes of biopsy. Under ultrasound (with MR guidance), real time biopsies and even focal therapies can be performed. One disadvantage of this approach is that with focal therapies the ability to perform real time MR thermometry is lost. PET scanning has the highest sensitivity among the available modalities. To date, however, there is no ideal PET agent for localizing prostate cancer while it is still confined to the gland. However, there are a growing number of exciting PET agents that will be useful in the setting of local recurrence and advanced disease. For instance, agents such as Sodium Fluoride (F18 NaF), Dihydrotestosterone (F18-DHT), Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (F18 DCFBC) and synthetic leucine analogs (F18-FACBC) are among the promising agents available for advanced prostate cancer. Unfortunately, PET suffers from poor spatial resolution, however fusion with CT is now commonplace. Newer scanners combine PET and MRI, thus completing the circle of possible fusions between MRI, PET, CT and Ultrasound. Such hybrid imaging promises great dividends for the management of patients with prostate cancer. Citation Format: Peter L. Choyke. Diagnosing prostate cancer with image fusion (MRI, PET, CT, US) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA23.
In what sense can a deterministic system be random

Abstract Many deterministic dynamical systems exhibit essentially random behavior. Results in ergodic theory can be interpreted as giving, in certain cases, a deeper and more precise meaning to ‘essentially random behavior’.
Injection of botulinum A toxin into the gastrocnemius muscle of patients with cerebral palsy: a 3-dimensional motion analysis study

Abstract Botulinum A toxin (BOTOX ® ) was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle of 26 cerebral palsy subjects with equinus gait. All subjects were equinus walkers without fixed contracture of the triceps-surae muscle. Injections were performed at 3 month intervals, if needed, as determined by the treating clinician. There were 14 subjects with spastic hemiplegia, 11 subjects with spastic diplegia and 1 subject with spastic quadriplegia. In the case of those subjects with bilateral equinus gait the dose was divided and given into both the right and left gastrocnemius muscle. Gait analysis data was collected prior to the first injection and subsequently at 3 month intervals for 1 year. Kinematic and electromyographic data was obtained. This data was analyzed to provide objective information about the outcome of treatment. Four subjects moved away and were lost to follow-up. Seven subjects left the study to have surgery. The data collected revealed statistically significant improvements in dynamic ankle dorsiflexion in both stance and swing phases, stride length, and electromyography of the tibialis anterior. There were no complications. While the results of this study are promising, additional prospective studies are needed to determine the feasibility of preventing muscle contractures over a longer time period. Furthermore, there is a need for inclusion of other muscles in future research. Future research should also compare BOTOX ® treatment with alternative methods of dealing with muscle spasticity such as: casting, orthotic devices, physical therapy, selective dorsal rhizotomy, and surgical lengthening.
A study of the action of calcitonin by its effects on lead-induced hypercalcemia.

Intravenous (i.v.) injection of lead acetate produces an immediate elevation in total plasma calcium and phosphate levels. This is due to the formation of calcium-phosphate compounds which can be removed by centrifugation at 25,000 ×g. For this study, the effect of salmon calcitonin (CT) on these lead-induced plasma changes was studied. Intact male rats (175–250 g) were injected i.v. with lead acetate 10–30 mg/kg. Sodium acetateinjected rats served as controls. CT (0.1–0.2 mU/g) injected 30 min prior to lead modified the lead-induced plasma changes as follows: The concentration of lead remaining in plasma was statistically reduced. This was accompanied by a decrease in the amount of colloidal calcium-phosphate removed by ultracentrifugation and a corresponding decrease in the lead-induced elevation of total plasma calcium and phosphate levels. This action of CT was still effective in actuely nephrectomized rats. However, a 15-day pretreatment with a diphosphonate (20 mg EHDP/kg/day) abolished the hypocalcemic effect of CT and also abolished the ability of CT to affect the lead-induced plasma changes. Finally, CT was ineffective if injected in as short a time period as 30 min after lead injection.
Polymer-based photonic integrated circuits☆

A myriad of passive and active guided-wave devices has been successfully demonstrated using the photolime gel polymer. These include high density linear and curved channel waveguide arrays, electro-optic modulator and modulator arrays, highly multiplexed waveguide holograms for wavelength division demultiplexing and optical interconnects, waveguide lens, and rare-earth ion-doped polymer waveguide amplifiers. A single-mode linear channel waveguide array with device packaging density of 1250 channels cm-1 has been achieved. The first 12-channel wavelength division demultiplexer working at 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930 and 940 nm on a GaAs substrate is also described in this paper. A polymer-based electro-optic travelling wave modulator with 40 GHz electrical bandwidth is further delineated. A rare-earth ion-doped polymer waveguide amplifier working at 1.06 μm with 8.5 dB optical gain is also achieved using this polymer matrix. The tunability of the waveguide refractive index of photolime gel polymer allows the formation of a graded index (GRIN) layer. As a result, these active and passive guided wave devices can be realized on any substrate of interest. High quality waveguides (loss<0.1 dB cm-1) have been made on glass, LiNbO3, fused silica, quartz, PC board, GaAs, Si, Al, Cu, Cr, Au, Kovar, BeO, Al2O3 and AIN.
Classifying Party Affiliation from Political Speech

ABSTRACT In this article, we discuss the design of party classifiers for Congressional speech data. We then examine these party classifiers' person-dependency and time-dependency. We found that party classifiers trained on 2005 House speeches can be generalized to the Senate speeches of the same year, but not vice versa. The classifiers trained on 2005 House speeches performed better on Senate speeches from recent years than on older ones, which indicates the classifiers' time-dependency. This dependency may be caused by changes in the issue agenda or the ideological composition of Congress.
Discrete synchronous neural algorithm for minimization

A general discrete minimization algorithm that can be implemented by highly parallel neural networks is developed. It can be applied to the energy functions that can be expressed as arbitrary types of polynomial functions of the state variables. The algorithm can be operated in a synchronous way.
Twenty years of vocational research: Looking back and ahead

Abstract The salutary effect of the founding of the Journal of Vocational Behavior on our science is analyzed and the important role of Samuel H. Osipow in founding the journal is recognized. In spite of the progress made in the last 20 years, a number of mistakes continue to occur with great regularity. Five recommendations made by the authors of articles in this commemorative series are underscored as a means of providing guidance for the improvement of future research and theoretical efforts.
Isolation and Characterization of DNA-Binding Mutants of a Plasmid Replication Initiation Protein Utilizing an in Vivo Binding Assay

Abstract An in vivo screen was developed for the identification of mutants of the RK2 replication initiation protein, TrfA, that were altered in their binding to the iterons within the plasmid RK2 origin of replication. This assay is based on an antibiotic selection system originally described by Elledge, Sugiono, Guarente, and Davis (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA86, 3689-3693, 1989) for the isolation in vivo of genes encoding sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. A TrfA-specific binding site consisting of two 17-bp iterons separated by a nonrandom 6-bp spacer was placed 3 to a strong constitutive promoter. This promoter-iteron fragment was then inserted into the assay vector convergent to the aadA gene such that an increased level of spectinomycin resistance by the Escherichia coli host was dependent on the binding of wild-type TrfA protein to the binding site. The in vivo system was used to specifically isolate TrfA mutants which were either defective in binding or capable of effecting increased levels of spectinomycin resistance as compared to wild-type TrfA. The defective TrfA mutants isolated by this screen were purified and found to be considerably less effective in DNA binding by in vitro gel mobility shift assays. The map location was determined for these six defective TrfA mutants. Each of the mutations consisted of a single base change and mapped within codons extending over a 162 amino acid sequence. All of the mutants which were capable of effecting increased levels of spectinomycin resistance in the in vivo DNA-binding assay also showed some alteration in RK2 replication in vivo with most of the mutants having a copy-up phenotype similar to previously isolated TrfA mutants able to maintain an eight-iteron RK2 origin plasmid at a higher copy number.
Global optimization based on subspaces elimination: Applications to generalized pooling and water management problems

A global optimization strategy based on the partition of the feasible region in boxed subspaces defined by the partition of specific variables into intervals is described. Using a valid lower bound model, we create a master problem that determines several subspaces where the global optimum may exist, disregarding the others. Each subspace is then explored using a global optimization methodology of choice. The purpose of the method is to speed up the search for a global solution by taking advantage of the fact that tighter lower bounds can be generated within each subspace. We illustrate the method using the generalized pooling problem and a water management problem, which is a bilinear problem that has proven to be difficult to solve using other methods. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2336–2345, 2012
Reactor residence-time distribution effects on the multistage polymerization of olefins—III. Multi-layered products: impact polypropylene

Commercially important impact polypropylene is usually produced in a cascade of reactors in series using a solid catalyst. The product is made in situ by the addition of an ethylene-propylene copolymer phase to isotactic polypropylene. Since all industrial processes are continuous in nature, reactor residence-time distributions imply a natural distribution of polymer properties from polymer particle to particle as they exit the process. In this paper we apply the methods of population balances to impact polypropylene produced in several industrially significant multistage processes. The presence of monomer diffusion, due to the changing morphology of the growing copolymer particles is also included. It is shown that catalyst residence-time distribution has a significant effect on the copolymer content, ethylene content and total yield distribution of the product. The performance of each commercial process is compared, and issues such as the role of diffusion and particle sticking in the reactor are discussed.
Signalling through TEC kinases regulates conventional versus innate CD8+ T-cell development

Recent data from three laboratories have identified the TEC kinases, ITK and RLK, as crucial regulators of CD8(+) T-cell development into the conventional lymphocyte lineage. In the absence of ITK and RLK, CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes upregulate the T-box transcription factor eomesodermin, and develop into mature CD8(+) T cells that resemble memory cells, exhibit immediate effector cytokine production and depend on IL-15. Furthermore, the selection of these non-conventional 'innate' T cells results from interactions with haematopoietic cells in the thymus. These findings lead to the hypothesis that altered TCR signalling, together with distinct co-stimulatory signals, is the basis for the development of non-conventional T-cell lineages.
Characterization of the c-type lysozyme gene family in Anopheles gambiae

Seven new c-type lysozyme genes were found using the Anopheles gambiae genome sequence, increasing to eight the total number of genes in this family identified in this species. The eight lysozymes in An. gambiae have considerable variation in gene structure and expression patterns. Lys c-6 has the most unusual primary amino acid structure as the predicted protein consists of five lysozyme-like domains. Transcript abundance of each c-type lysozyme was determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Lys c-1, c-6 and c-7 are expressed constitutively in all developmental stages from egg to adult. Lys c-2 and c-4 also are found in all stages, but with relatively much higher levels in adults. Conversely, Lys c-3 and c-8 transcripts are highest in larvae. Lys c-1, c-6 and c-7 transcripts are found in nearly all the adult tissue samples examined while Lys c-2 and Lys c-4 are more restricted in their expression. Lys c-1 and c-2 transcripts are clearly immune responsive and are increased significantly 6-12 h post challenge with bacteria. The functional adaptive changes that may have evolved during the expansion of this gene family are briefly discussed in terms of the expression patterns, gene and protein structures.
Abstract 3838: Akt isoform-specific signaling in breast cancer cell invasive migration

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Akt/PKB (protein kinase B) is a proto-oncogene that plays critical roles in cell survival, proliferation and metabolism. There are three mammalian Akt isoforms: Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3. They share a high degree of amino acid similarity and are activated by similar mechanisms. The current paradigm is that all three Akt isoforms promote cancer cell survival and growth. Interestingly, recent studies from our laboratory have shown that Akt1 inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Conversely, Akt2 has been shown to promote breast cancer cell migration. We therefore seek to test the hypothesis that Akt isoforms regulate breast cancer cell invasive migration in a distinct manner, and investigate the mechanistic basis for this selectivity. Current experiments are undertaken to identify novel substrates of Akt1 and Akt2, which modulate cell motility, with a combination of shRNA and phospho-proteomic approaches. shRNAs specific to Akt1 or Akt2 have been generated and delivered into human breast cancer cells by lentiviral vectors. Using an antibody that recognizes phosphorylated serine/threonine residues contained within a consensus Akt motif (RXRXXS/T), we showed that palladin, a component of actin-containing microfilaments, is phosphorylated at serine 507 by Akt1 but not Akt2. Downregulation of palladin using RNA interference enhances migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and induces abnormal branching morphogenesis in 3D cultures, indicative of an anti-migratory function for palladin. Importantly, palladin is required for Akt1-mediated inhibition of breast cancer cell migration, whereby the migratory effect induced by palladin silencing is reversed by wild-type but not a S507A mutant. Finally, palladin phosphorylation by Akt1 is functionally required for bundling F-actin and maintaining an organized actin cytoskeleton network in cells. These findings identify palladin as an Akt1-specific substrate that regulates cell motility and further provide a molecular mechanism that accounts for the functional distinction between Akt isoforms in breast cancer cell migration. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3838.