cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concomitant antegrade stent grafting of the descending thoracic aorta during transverse hemiarch reconstruction for acute DeBakey I aortic dissection repair improves aortic remodeling.

Background and Aim Concomitant endovascular stent grafting of the descending thoracic aorta during open repair for acute DeBakey I aortic dissection can be performed in patients with extensive dissection and malperfusion. We analyzed the effects of this strategy on distal aortic remodeling. Methods From 2006-2014, acute DeBakey I dissection patients without primary aortic arch tear undergoing open distal hemiarch reconstruction (Standard group) versus those undergoing hemiarch with descending thoracic aorta (DTA) thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR group) were retrospectively reviewed. We studied aortic remodeling only in patients with three-dimensional computed tomography scans available at 1 and 12 months following surgery (Standard group n = 26; Stent group n = 21). Results At 1 month, abdominal aortic diameters were similar, but true lumen (TL) and true lumen to total diameter ratios (TL index [TLI]) in the DTA were significantly improved in the TEVAR group (P < 0.05). Mean number of fenestrations were similar (1.8 ± 1.5 vs. 2.4 ± 1.9, P = 0.32). At 12 months, DTA true lumen and TLI remained significantly improved in the TEVAR group at all locations (P < 0.01). This translated to increased complete false lumen thrombosis rates in the thoracic aorta (83% vs. 32%, P = 0.01) in the TEVAR group. In the Standard group, DTA true lumen diameter and TL index were significantly decreased at 12 months compared to 1 month time period (P < 0.05). In the TEVAR group, DTA true lumen diameters and TLI were significantly improved at 12 months (P < 0.05). Conclusions Antegrade TEVAR during open repair for DeBakey I dissection improves DTA remodeling by increasing true lumen diameter without enlargement of the total aortic diameter and by promoting false lumen thrombosis.
Frequency of College Student Smartphone Use: Impact on Classroom Homework Assignments

This mixed method study considers the effect of high-frequency (HF) smartphone use on homework behavior. Analyzing 393 surveys and an additional 210 semi-structured interviews conducted with undergraduates, this study explores the relationship between excessive smartphone use and homework at a college in New York City. Bivariate analyses indicate that students who check their phone more than 39 times a day report that smartphone use interferes with homework compared to those who check their phones less than 39 times a day. Semi-structured interviews also indicate excessive smartphone use interferes with homework. Other factors such as employment, number of courses taken, amount time spent at school, family obligations, and socializing all appear to affect if and when homework is undertaken. Nested within this web of obligations and activities is the frequency of smartphone use, which HF smartphone users claim interferes with homework. This research illuminates how often students use smartphones in relation to their daily life and their class assignments. The findings provide teachers, administrators, counselors, students, and other preliminary indication of how smartphones influence the initiation and completion of class assignments.
Non-natural amino acid peptide microarrays to discover Ebola virus glycoprotein ligands

We demonstrate a platform to screen a virus pseudotyped with Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) against a library of peptides that contain non-natural amino acids to develop GP affinity ligands. This system could be used for rapid development of peptide-based antivirals for other emerging or neglected tropical infectious diseases.
Sensory signals and the reaction space in predator–prey interactions

Non-consumptive effects of predators (NCEs) often occur when prey alter their behavior in response to sensory signals indicative of predatory threats. The purpose of this study was to assess how the reaction to predation risk by prey changes with environmental context and predator hunting mode. We placed prey (crayfish) in two different environments (flow and no flow) in one of the three predator treatments (active predator [bass], sit-and-wait predator [catfish], no predator) and monitored the behavior of the crayfish in a resource patchy environment. Crayfish rely on chemically mediated behaviors including foraging, agonistic, and predator detection, and inhabit flow and no flow environments. Our results show predator hunting mode changes prey behavior, but only in flow water that would enhance the transmission of predator cues. The most significant interaction between predator treatment and environmental conditions was found with the active predator in flow habitats, but changes in stimulus transmission dynamics did not alter NCEs from a sit-and-wait predator.
Killing of Leishmania Donovani Amastigotes by Murine Macrophages

Activated tissue macrophages are the effector cells responsible for containment of a variety of intracellular, bacterial, mycotic and protozoan parasites. The term “activated” macrophage employed originally to describe enhanced bactericidal capability (1) has been extended in recent years to tumoricidal activity (2,3). An activated macrophage system arises as a consequence of stimuli provided by one or more soluble mediators of T lymphocyte origin (4). The mechanisms responsible for destruction of intracellular parasites and killing of tumor cells by activated macrophages may be related (5,6).
Overview of 95Mo NMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance is a powerful technique for studying the structure and dynamics of molecules in solution. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments using 15N and 1H nuclei are discussed elsewhere in this volume and another potentially useful nucleus for NMR studies relative to nitrogen fixation is 95Mo. .The nuclear properties of 95Mo are listed in Table 1. The relatively low frequency for 95Mo, the quadrupole moment of the nucleus and the low sensitivity relative to many other common nuclei have limited the NMR investigations of this nucleus in chemical systems. An extensive review1 of heteronuclear NMR published in 1978 required only one page to tabulate and discuss all of the known NMR data for 95,97Mo. However, the recent advent of commercially available multinuclear NMR spectrometers with super-conducting magnets and moderately high fields promises to make 95Mo NMR spectroscopy more accessible. Herein, an overview of the chemical applications of 95Mo NMR is presented.
From Oligodactyly to Polydactyly

Secreted molecules encoded by the Hedgehog (Hh) gene family have emerged as key signals in regulating the growth and patterning of invertebrate and vertebrate embryos. One of the most prominent features among Hh members is thought to reside in their ability to impose distinct cell fates in a concentration-dependent manner. This ability is highlighted by the critical and indispensable role of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in specifying the anterior-posterior polarity of the embryonic limb. Alteration of Shh expression and signaling activity can lead to profound developmental abnormalities in digit numbers and identity in mice and humans. In this chapter, we discuss the Shh regulatory mechanism that establishes the anterior-posterior polarity of the limb and how misregulation of this mechanism can lead to severe limb malformations in humans.
The effect of various cell separation procedures on assays of neutrophil function. A critical appraisal.

Neutrophils are considered fragile cells, easily damaged by improper handling. Assays of neutrophil function frequently require preliminary isolation procedures that may be potentially harmful. The authors did an extensive investigation of the effects of currently used isolation procedures on a broad spectrum of functional assays that included: 1) phagocytosis; 2) bacterial killing by a culture technique and tritiated thymidine labeling; 3) candidacidal activity by methylene blue dye exclusion and differential Giemsa staining; 4) quantitative unstimulated and histochemical stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction; 5) chemiluminescence; 6) random locomotion; and 7) chemotaxis by the agarose method. In addition, cells were examined morphologically by electron microscopy, and the granule density was quantitated by morphometric analysis. Isolation techniques included erythrocyte sedimentation, hypotonic lysis, gradient density separation using Ficoll-Hypaque, and counterflow centrifugal elutriation. The purest neutrophil suspensions were obtained by density gradient separation and counterflow centrifugal elutriation with mean neutrophil percentages of greater than or equal to 94%. Regardless of the isolation procedure, neutrophils were similar in all groups (P greater than .05) in the following studies: phagocytosis, nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, bacterial killing, candidal killing, inhibition of candidal germ tube formation, and cytoplasmic granulation. Differences were noted in assays of neutrophil migration and chemiluminescence. Neutrophil suspensions isolated by counterflow centrifugal elutriation and Ficoll-Hypaque had the highest scores for random migration and chemotaxis. These differences can be related to the purity of the neutrophil suspension rather than the harmful effects of the isolation procedures. Erythrocyte contamination affected both the slope and the time to peak response in the chemiluminescence assay. Exposure of neutrophils to cold temperatures (0-4 degrees C) for 1.5 hours impaired both random locomotion and chemotaxis. Current recommendations for the storage, transport, and preparation of leukocytes for neutrophil function studies need to be reassessed.
Cholesterol and β -Amyloid

Cholesterol can be considered a molecule of life and death: an essential component of cellular membranes and a precursor of many hormones, and yet a risk factor for many life-threatening diseases, such as Niemann Pick type C disease, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Because of cholesterol’s central role in determining the physical properties of cellular membranes, even small changes in cholesterol homeostasis will affect numerous cellular events. A good example is a mutation in the NPC1 gene leading to the intracellular accumulation of cholesterol due to a failure to transport unesterified cholesterol out of late endosomal/lysosomal compartments (Carstea et al., 1997; Ikonen and Holtta-Vuori, 2004; Loftus et al., 1997). As the basic mechanisms of Aβ generation have been reviewed elsewhere in this book (see Chapters 1–3), we will begin this chapter at the basics of cholesterol biology and then review how cholesterol may be involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Genotype/Phenotype Relationships in FXTAS

In this chapter we explore the effects of molecular measures of the FMR1 gene on clinical, cognitive, radiological, and pathological phenotypes associated with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). In addition to reviewing the FXTAS phenotype, we will also present methods that have been developed for quantifying severity of FXTAS symptoms, including development and use of the FXTAS rating scale, the neuropathy screening scale, and use of the CATSYS system to assess early, prodromal symptoms. In our review of phenotypic features, we focus primarily on studies in which findings were correlated with FMR1 molecular measures. The phenotypes considered include (1) clinical neurological measures, (2) cognitive measures with a focus on executive function, (3) psychiatric phenotypes, (4) radiological outcomes, and (5) pathological measures. Because women are more mildly affected than men and may, in fact, have a different presentation, we will review FXTAS among men and women separately. Overall, our goal in this chapter is to begin to define alleles that are “at risk” for FXTAS. Based on this review, it is clear that there is a strong correlation of the increasing risk for FXTAS with increasing repeat size. However, much work needs to be done to further define the properties of the CGG repeat sequence that contribute to increased risk and severity of symptoms of FXTAS among men and women.
Three-dimensional extent of flow stagnation in transcatheter heart valves

The recent unexpected discovery of thrombosis in transcatheter heart valves (THVs) has led to increased concerns of long-term valve durability. Based on the clinical evidence combined with Virchow's triad, the primary hypothesis is that low-velocity blood flow around the valve could be a primary cause for thrombosis. However, due to limited optical access in such unsteady three-dimensional biomedical flows, measurements are challenging. In this study, for the first time, we employ a novel single camera volumetric velocimetry technique to investigate unsteady three-dimensional cardiovascular flows. Validation of the novel volumetric velocimetry technique with standard planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique demonstrated the feasibility of adopting this new technique to investigate biomedical flows. This technique was used to quantify the three-dimensional velocity field in the vicinity of a validated, custom developed, transparent THV in a bench-top pulsatile flow loop. Large volumetric regions of flow stagnation were observed in the neo-sinus throughout the cardiac cycle, with stagnation defined as a velocity magnitude lower than 0.05 m s-1. The volumetric scalar viscous shear stress quantified via the three-dimensional shear stress tensor was within the range of low shear-inducing thrombosis observed in the literature. Such high-fidelity volumetric quantitative data and novel imaging techniques used to obtain it will enable fundamental investigation of heart valve thrombosis in addition to providing a reliable and robust database for validation of computational tools.
Impact of bilateral biopsy-detected prostate cancer on an active surveillance population

To assess factors that can predict active surveillance (AS) failure on serial transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies in patients with low-risk prostate cancer. We evaluated the records of 144 consecutive patients enrolled in AS between 2007 and 2014 at a single academic institution. Low risk inclusion criteria included PSA < 10 ng/ml, cT1c or cT2a, Grade Group (GG) 1, < 3 positive cores, and < 50% tumor in a single core with the majority having a PSA density of < 0.15. AS reclassification was defined as progression to GG ≥2, 3 or more cores, or core tumor volume ≥ 50%. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to determine predictors of reclassification and a match-pair analysis performed on a control group of patients choosing surgery. Inclusion criteria were met by 130 men with a median follow-up of 52 months. The reclassification or AS failure rate was 38.5%, with the majority 41/50 (82%) finding GG ≥ 2 cancer. Most patients had unilateral disease on diagnostic biopsy (94.6%), but 40.7% had bilateral cancer detected during follow-up. Men with bilateral detected tumor were more likely to ultimately fail AS than patients with unilateral tumors (HR 4.089; P < 0.0001) and failed earlier with a reclassification-free survival of 32 vs 119 months respectively. In a matched-pair analysis using a population of 211 concurrent patients that chose radical prostatectomy rather than AS, 76% of patients with unilateral cancer on biopsy had bilateral cancer on final pathology. The finding of bilateral prostate cancer on biopsy is associated with earlier AS reclassification. Finding bilateral disease may not represent disease progression, but rather enhanced detection of more extensive disease highlighting the importance of confirmatory biopsy.
Confronting the Assessment Industrial Complex: A Call for a Shift from Testing Rhetoric

Given the pervasive and impactful nature of assessments on educational outcomes of all forms, the authors posit that assessments have morphed into the Assessment Industrial Complex (AIC). Critical analysis of AIC demonstrates a narrowing of participatory dialogue while reinforcing historical hierarchies of control and exploitation. This limits students’ capacity to eventually function as citizens in a democracy. More specifically, proponents of the AIC utilize test scores to persuade the general public that standardized testing policies are achieving their intended outcomes (e.g., creating equal opportunities for individuals to achieve their goals and aspirations), despite the lack of truth and evidence to support these claims. Moreover, under the AIC rhetoric, knowledge becomes anti-dialogical and reduced to the convergence of political and corporate values. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate the impact of the AIC on education and, thus, society, as well as to develop a counter-narrative that may offer an alternative discourse that empowers the public and reframes the current narrative.
A network analysis of hoarding symptoms, Saving and acquiring motives, and comorbidity

Abstract Hoarding disorder is marked by strong attachments to everyday objects, extreme difficulties discarding, and impairing levels of clutter. We examined the associations between hoarding symptoms and associated clinical features using network analysis in a large sample of individuals with established hoarding disorder (n = 217) and matched healthy controls (n = 130). Network nodes included the three core features of hoarding (difficulties discarding, clutter, and acquiring), along with comorbid symptoms, impairment, and saving and acquiring motives. Models showed hoarding and comorbid symptoms as separate syndromes. Healthy and patient networks differed significantly in both global network strength and structure. For the hoarding patient network, the comorbidity and hoarding clusters were connected by acquiring and anxiety, which served as bridge symptoms. Clutter was the only hoarding node associated with impairment. Hoarding beliefs were not central to the model, and only difficulties discarding was associated with saving and acquiring motives, including emotional attachment and wastefulness beliefs. Our findings indicate that the network approach to mental disorders provides a new and complementary way to improve our understanding of the etiological model of hoarding, and may present novel hypotheses to examine in treatment development research.
Continuous Parkinsonian Tremor Estimation Using Motion Data

Tremor is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) that reduces the quality of life of affected patients. Tremor is measured as part of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III. However, the assessment is based on onsite physical examinations and do not necessarily represent the patients’ tremor experience in their day-to-day life. In this work, we developed two methods based on deep long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and gradient tree boosting to estimate Parkinsonian tremor using gyroscope sensor signals collected as the patients performed a variety of free body movements. The developed methods were assessed on data from 24 PD subjects. Subject-based, leave-one-out cross-validation demonstrated that the method based on gradient tree boosting provided a high correlation (r=0.93 (p<0.0001)) between the estimated and clinically-assessed tremor subscores in comparison to the LSTM-based method with (r=0.77 (p<0.0001)).
The molecular conformation and dipole moment of 1,4-thioxane from the microwave spectrum

Abstract The microwave spectrum of 1,4-thioxane, a heterocyclic analogue of cyclohexane, has been studied in the region 26.5–40 GHz. The molecule is a highly asymmetric rotor ( k = −0.0740917). From the analysis of the a -type transitions, the rotational constants determined are (in MHz) A = 4333.85, B = 3076.14 and C = 1991.96. A study of the Stark effect has yielded the dipole moment components (in Debye units) μ a = 0.290 ± 0.003, gm c = 0.0537 ± 0.0004, which give a total dipole moment of μ = 0.295 ± 0.003. These data are consistent with a chair conformation for the ring.
Type 2 diabetes impacts colorectal adenoma detection in screening colonoscopy.

Background: Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We conducted a retrospective analysis of adenoma detection rates (ADR) in initial screening colonoscopies to further investigate the role of diabetes in adenoma detection. Methods: A chart review was performed on initial average risk screening colonoscopies (ages 45–75) during 2012–2015. Data collected included basic demographics, insurance, BMI, family history of CRC, smoking, diabetes, and aspirin use. Multivariable generalized linear mixed models for binary outcomes were used to examine the relationship between diabetes and variables associated with CRC risk and ADR. Results: Of 2865 screening colonoscopies, 282 were performed on patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Multivariable analysis suggested that T2DM (OR = 1.49, 95% CI:1.13–1.97, p = 0.0047) was associated with an increased ADR, as well as smoking, older age, higher BMI and male sex (all p < 0.05). For patients with T2DM, those not taking diabetes medications were more likely to have an adenoma than those taking medication (OR = 2.38, 95% CI:1.09–5.2, p = 0.03). Conclusion: T2DM has an effect on ADR after controlling for multiple confounding variables. Early interventions for prevention of T2DM and prescribing anti-diabetes medications may reduce development of colonic adenomas and may contribute to CRC prevention.
Upper Airway Burn Injury

Airway burn injury continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the burn patient population. It is essential to identify patients with potential airway obstruction and also to avoid potential complications of airway manipulation in those with less severe injury. In this review, the initial evaluation and management of airway burn injuries will be discussed, including indications for observation versus intubation versus tracheotomy. Additionally, the long term sequelae of upper airway burn injury and management of these consequences will be reviewed.
Regulatory Intensity and Firm-Specific Exposure

Building on novel data, I develop the first daily measure of regulatory intensity: the costs of compliance with all federal paperwork regulations. I describe the evolution of regulatory intensity, its relation to the business cycle, and structural breaks around geopolitical and agency-specific events. At the company level, regulatory intensity raises costs and lowers profitability and productivity. Material changes in hiring and investment, especially by firms sensitive to financial pressures and to uncertainty, drive the results. For identification, I exploit plausibly exogenous sunset clauses embedded in each regulation. The findings highlight the real effects of regulation and the underlying mechanisms.
Social relationships and the importance of community-based fitness programs (CBFP).

Identifying opportunities for social interaction is key in addressing those at risk of social isolation. Drawing from focus groups with 55 women over the age of 60, this brief report outlines how t...
Sign tracking predicts suboptimal behavior in a rodent gambling task.

Reward-associated cues can promote maladaptive behavior, including risky decision-making in a gambling setting. A propensity for sign tracking over goal tracking—i.e., interaction with a reward-predictive cue rather than the site of reward—demonstrates an individual’s tendency to transfer motivational value to a cue. However, the relationship of sign tracking to risky decision-making remains unclear. To determine whether sign tracking predicts risky choice, we used a Pavlovian conditioned approach task to evaluate the tendency of male rats to sign track to a lever cue and then trained rats on a rodent gambling task (rGT) with win-associated cues. We also tested the effects of d-amphetamine, quinpirole (a D2/D3 receptor agonist), and PD128907 (a D3 receptor agonist) on gambling behavior in sign tracker and goal tracker individuals. Increased sign tracking relative to goal tracking was associated with suboptimal performance on the rGT, including decreased selection of the optimal choice, increased selection of a high-risk/high-reward option, and increased impulsive premature choices. Amphetamine increased choices of a low-risk/low-reward option at the expense of optimal and high-risk choices, whereas quinpirole and PD128907 had little effect on choice allocation, but reduced impulsivity. Drug effects were similar across sign tracker and goal tracker individuals. Cue reactivity, as measured by sign tracking, is predictive and may be an important driver of risky and impulsive choices in a gambling setting laden with salient audiovisual cues. Evaluating an individual’s sign tracking behavior may be an avenue to predict vulnerability to pathological gambling and the efficacy of treatments.
The Gay Conversion Therapist

At one time, in the United States, homosexuality was criminalized. (At present, in many countries, it is still illegal, and the death penalty is imposed on violators; that is, gays. There, they do not worry about whether or not they can get married to each other, or compel bakers to supply them wedding cakes; their very lives are always in danger from the government, and, indeed, from virtually the entire society). Then, we became more civilized, and this practice was legalized, but often subject to scorn, hatred and police brutality. Later on came their uprising in this country, when patrons of the Stonewall bath house physically and heroically fought the police who were raiding this establishment for no justified reason. After that, western society, in the main, adopted a more neutral stance with regard to gays. People were treated more equally in law; marriages between members of the same sex began to be allowed.
Performance Analysis of Adapting a MapReduce Framework to Dynamically Accommodate Heterogeneity

When data centers employ the common and economical practice of upgrading subsets of nodes incrementally, rather than replacing or upgrading all nodes at once, they end up with clusters whose nodes have non-uniform processing capability, which we also call performance-heterogeneity. Popular frameworks supporting the effective MapReduce programming model for Big Data applications do not flexibly adapt to these environments. Instead, existing MapReduce frameworks, including Hadoop, typically divide data evenly among worker nodes, thereby inducing the well-known problem of stragglers on slower nodes. Our alternative MapReduce framework, called MARLA, divides each worker’s labor into sub-tasks, delays the binding of data to worker processes, and thereby enables applications to run faster in performance-heterogeneous environments. This approach does introduce overhead, however. We explore and characterize the opportunity for performance gains, and identify when the benefits outweigh the costs. Our results suggest that frameworks should support finer grained sub-tasking and dynamic data partitioning when running on some performance-heterogeneous clusters. Blindly taking this approach in homogeneous clusters can slow applications down. Our study further suggests the opportunity for cluster managers to build performance-heterogeneous clusters by design, if they also run MapReduce frameworks that can exploit them.
Christian Theology and Human Disability

SUMMARY This article offers a review of the literature that explicitly connects theology and disability. The author draws from distinct yet related fields, such as sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, and education, that are potentially helpful towards the development of a theology of disability.
Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation

Focal cartilage defects of knee constitute a challenging clinical problem for the orthopedic surgeon. These injuries typically occur in active patients, can result in debilitating pain, and have a limited capacity for spontaneous healing. Autologous osteochondral transplantation has been advocated as a treatment for focal cartilage defects, as this surgical technique can restore hyaline cartilage architecture and, to some degree, the structural support of underlying subchondral bone. The short- and intermediate-term outcomes following this procedure are encouraging. This chapter serves to review the indications, surgical technique, and rehabilitation protocol for autologous osteochondral transplantation of the knee and provide a comparison of its clinical results to other cartilage restoration procedures.
Enabling peer review of expert testimony within government proceedings

Having developed Metavid.org, a site that archives video footage of the U.S. Congressional proceedings, we build upon the platform to enable peer review of expert testimony within government proceedings. By extending Metavid coverage to the bimonthly meetings of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and leveraging open source software technologies for peer production, we demonstrate the potential for expert peers to vet or dispute technological and scientific information provided to government by offering citations and commentary in a web-based, collaborative environment.
One-stage prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrin degradation product concentration, and antithrombin activity in healthy adult alpacas.

Background: Alpacas are increasingly presented to veterinarians for evaluation and care. Reports of alpaca reference intervals for one-stage prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), concentration of fibrin degradation products (FDP), and antithrombin (AT) activities are scarce or nonexistent. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine values for blood coagulation times (PT, aPTT, and TT), FDP concentrations, and AT activities in healthy adult alpacas. Methods: Of blood samples collected from 35 clinically healthy adult alpacas via jugular venipuncture and placed into sodium citrate and FDP tubes, 29 samples were assayable for coagulation testing. PT, aPTT, and TT were determined by physical (mechanical) clot detection; AT activity was determined using a thrombin-specific chromogenic substrate end-point assay; and FDP concentrations were determined by the slide agglutination method. Results: Median values and ranges (minimum–maximum) were determined for PT (8.7 seconds, 6.6–11.2 seconds), aPTT (17.3 seconds, 11.9–22.5 seconds), TT (10.2 seconds, 5.4–16.0 seconds), and AT activity (123.3%, 104.8–144.2%). The mean concentration of FDP was <8 μg/mL. Conclusion: These values for coagulation times, FDP concentration, and AT activity will provide a useful starting point in the diagnostic evaluation of ill adult alpacas.
Louis D. Brandeis and the Lawyer Advocacy System

The law practice of Louis Brandeis serves as an appropriate transition between this conference’s look at the history of the legal profession in the United States and its look at lawyers as philanthropists. Brandeis was one of America’s most successful and innovative lawyers at the turn of the twentieth century and serves as a role model for lawyers in his dedication to public service.
Plasma-lyte as dialysate for CRRT: institution of a new therapy and initial evaluation.

At the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, dialysate for CRRT has traditionally been 0.9% saline with 0.5 amp sodium bicarbonate/l. Replacement fluids were 0.9% saline or 0.45% saline with additives adjusted as indicated by laboratory results. Plasma-lyte® was suggested as a new dialysate due to its electrolyte composition.
A Tennessee Folklore Sampler: Selected Readings from the Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 1935–2009

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2009 Pages: 429 Publisher: University of Tennessee Press ISBN: 978-1572336681 (soft cover).
Postscript: where have we been?: Where are we going in the study of educational organizations?

Purpose – The paper shares observations on each article in this volume, concluding that educational administration has continued to evolve in the application of organizational theory to schools and universities. A very important but recent focus of several studies reviewed is the connections they illustrate between organizational characteristics and processes and teaching and learning. Suggestions for future inquiry conclude this article.Design/methodology/approach – Articles are summarized briefly and the author offers a brief critical commentary on each.Findings – Each of the studies is an excellent example of the power and utility of organizational theory and its applicability to educational organizations. There is a real sense of theoretical pluralism represented in this collection, and a focus on studying real problems of administrative and organizational practice.Originality/value – While the papers discussed illustrate advances in thinking since the early days of the “theory movement”, there remain...
Gifted Children: Myths And Realities

Nine Myths About Giftedness Globally Gifted: The Children Behind the Myth Unevenly Gifted, Even Learning Disabled Artistic and Musical Children The IQ Myth The Biology of Giftedness Giftedness and the Family So Different from Others: The Emotional Life of the Gifted Child Schools: How They Fail, How They Could Help What Happens to Gifted Children When They Grow Up? Sorting Myth from Reality.
How to draw three people in a botanical garden

AARON is a program designed to investigate the cognitive principles underlying visual representation. Under continuous development for fifteen years, it is now able autonomously to make "freehand" drawings of people in garden-like settings. This has required a complex interplay between two bodies of knowledge: object-specific knowledge of how people are constructed and how they move, together with morphological knowledge of plant growth: and procedural knowledge of representational strategy. AARON'S development through the events leading up to this recently-implemented knowledge-based form is discussed as an example of an "expert's system" as opposed to an "expert system." AARON demonstrates that, given appropriate interaction between domain knowledge and knowledge of representational strategy, relatively rich representations may result from sparse information.
A branched signaling pathway for nerve growth factor is revealed by Src-, Ras-, and Raf-mediated gene inductions.

Abstract A myriad of gene induction events underlie nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation of PC12 cells. To dissect the signal transduction pathways which lead to NGF actions, we have assessed the relative roles of NGF receptor, Src, Ras, and Raf activities in mediating specific gene inductions. We have used the PC12 cell line as well as sublines which inducibly express activated forms of either Src, Ras, or Raf or a dominant inhibitory form of Ras (p21N17 Ras) to study the expression of multiple NGF-inducible mRNAs. The NGF induction of NGFI-A, transin, and VGF mRNAs was mimicked by activated forms of Src, Ras, or Raf and was blocked by p21N17 Ras. The NGF induction of SCG10 mRNA was mimicked only by activated Src and Ras and was blocked by p21N17 Ras, while the induction of Thy-1 mRNA was mimicked only by activated Src and was not blocked by p21N17 Ras. The NGF induction of mRNAs for two sodium channel types was neither mimicked by any activated oncoprotein nor blocked by p21N17 Ras. From these and previous results, we suggest a model in which a linear order of NGF receptor, Src, Ras, and Raf activities is used by NGF to elicit gene inductions. These signaling components define branchpoints in the pathway to specific gene induction events, providing a mechanism for generating a host of diverse NGF actions.
Strategies for international cooperation.

At the onset of the 21st Century the Rural Sector is facing daunting global challenges from persistent poverty, undernourishment, in spite low global commodity prices, a new framework for rural life influenced by globalization, accelerating urbanization at the expense of rural areas, and continued natural resource degradation. However, recent studies (World Bank, 2001, IFAD, 2001) show that the agricultural sector as a whole is subject to a discernable decrease in support by national and international investors, while the food frights such as «mad cow» disease, the foot and mouth epidemic, and revelations of cancer-causing dioxin in food have sorely undermined the confidence of civil society at large in supporting new science applications required to increase farm productivity.
Cytochemistry of developing cotton fibers:: A hypothesized relationship between motes and non-dyeing fibers

Abstract Developing lint fibers from normally developing seeds and from motes of Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. cv Acala SJ2 and cv Acala Maxxa) were compared with respect to cell wall cytochemistry. Fibers from motes (unfertilized ovules or aborted seeds) were used as a model for non-dyeing fibers, a contributor to poor quality textiles. Primary and secondary fiber walls were stained for pectin, cutin, suberin, callose, and cellulose. Up to 25 days post-anthesis (DPA), mote fibers had pectinaceous primary walls with a thin layer of cellulose, indistinguishable from primary walls of normally developing fibers. However, secondary walls in mote fibers had scanty, irregularly deposited cellulose, while secondary walls in normal fibers were well developed with thick cellulosic layers. At 29 DPA and at later stages of development, fibers on normal seeds had well-developed secondary walls, which were proportionally less developed on medium-sized and small motes. Nonetheless, fibers, which varied in diameter and cell wall thickness, were found on all normal seeds, on medium-sized and on small motes; most fiber cell walls were smaller in thickness at the chalazal than at the micropylar end. Regardless of their thickness, fibers on seeds and motes had cellulosic secondary cell walls. As most industrial dyes are specific for cellulose, the paucity of cellulose in mote fibers is consistent with the suggested causal relationship between lack of cellulose and the non-dyeing nature of some fibers. There were indications that immature fibers at the chalazal end of seeds may also contribute to dye imperfections in fabrics.
Achievements and Opportunities in Initiating Governance for Urban Sustainability

The concept of urban sustainability governance has developed as an institutional guiding concept to holistically address the vitality of cities under a long-term perspective and is based on the collaborative efforts of government, administration, business, science, and the civil society. Yet, the initiation and implementation of this guiding concept faces a variety of barriers, including deficient conceptualization, unfamiliarity, detrimental organizational structures, and inertia. We examine the initiation of urban sustainability governance in the City of Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. On the basis of the reviews of administrative documents and interviews with staff across various administrative levels and units, we reflect on achievements and shortcomings against guidelines of urban sustainability governance spelled out in the literature. Our study indicates accomplishments in the conceptualization of a vision and overall framework to operate from, but also a number of deficits in specifying sustai...
Lithium-associated hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: what do we know?

Abstract Background Lithium has been reported to induce hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism, yet few studies have examined the impact on older patients. We therefore undertook this review and report our findings. Method We undertook a systematic review of articles on lithium-associated hypercalcemia and/or hyperparathyroidism that were identified via electronic English language database searches through PubMed. Results Among reported cases and case series of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism in which ages of specific subjects were provided, 40% of affected individuals were over age 60. Mean serum calcium levels are reported to be higher in lithium treated patients over age 60 compared with younger patients. While many patients who develop lithium-associated hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism are asymptomatic, symptomatic complications may be more of a concern in older patients, especially in those with co-morbid renal disease. Limitations To date, all cross-sectional studies of lithium-associated hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism are of mixed age group cohorts and more specific studies focused on older patients have yet to be performed. Conclusions Lithium-induced hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism are under-recognized potential complications of lithium therapy which may occur more frequently in older patients. Psychiatrists should be vigilant in screening for hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism in their older patients receiving lithium, both prior to starting treatment and at least annually thereafter.
Faculty Fellows Program: Enhancing Integrated Professional Development through Community Service

The Indiana Campus Compact Faculty Fellows program promotes faculty development of Boyer's scholarship of engagement by integrating community service with teaching, research, and service among faculty experienced with community engagement. The Faculty Fellows program has succeeded in increasing the quantity and quality of service-learning courses, developing faculty leadership, promoting advocacy for service learning, and targeting institutional change so that administrators better understand and reward service learning and professional service in the community.
HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN DUTCH CITIES

Of the three most commonly posited goals for economic policy growth, stability, and equality - far more serious research has been concerned with the analysis of growth and stability than of equality. Several reasons account for the fact that equality is one of the less developed areas of inquiry by economists. First, the whole concept of an income distribution is ambiguous and elusive from the standpoints of both comprehension and analysis. It is far easier to understand the concepts of growth as a familiar process of change and stability as fluctuations about a trend. Moreover, systematic analysis of growth and stability, whether quantitative or qualitative, tends to follow a more structured analytical tradition. Comprehension of a distribution is more difficult. Lorenz curves have clarified our understanding of the extent of inequality and permit comparisons of differences in inequality among groups, areas, or points in time. But, since they are geometrical representations, Lorenz curves are analytically awkward, particularly when causation is sought. The problem is simplified, though generality of the entire distribution is sacriticed, when attention is focused on segments of the distribution, as in analyses of the poverty population or of the rich and 'super-rich'. Second, it is more difficult to arrive at a consensus on an optimal
Comparison of the flows and radial electric field in the HSX stellarator to neoclassical calculations

Intrinsic flow velocities of up to ?20?km?s?1 have been measured using charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CHERS) in the quasi-helically symmetric HSX stellarator and are compared with the neoclassical values calculated using an updated version (Lore 2010 Measurement and Transport Modeling with Momentum Conservation of an Electron Internal Transport Barrier in HSX (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin); Lore et al 2010 Phys. Plasmas 17 056101) of the PENTA code (Spong 2005 Phys. Plasmas. 12 056114). PENTA uses the monoenergetic transport coefficients calculated by the drift kinetic equation solver code (Hirshman et al 1986 Phys. Fluids 29 2951; van Rij and Hirshman 1989 Phys. Fluids B 1 563), but corrects for momentum conservation. In the outer half of the plasma good agreement is seen between the measured parallel flow profile and the calculated neoclassical values when momentum correction is included. The flow velocity in HSX is underpredicted by an order of magnitude when this momentum correction is not applied. The parallel flow is calculated to be approximately equal for the majority hydrogen ions and the C6+ ions used for the CHERS measurements. The pressure gradient of the protons is the primary drive of the calculated parallel flow for a significant portion of the outer half of the plasma. The values of the radial electric field calculated with and without momentum correction were similar, but both were smaller than the measured values in the outer half of the plasma. Differences between the measured and predicted radial electric field are possibly a result of uncertainty in the composition of the ion population and sensitivity of the ion flux calculation to resonances in the radial electric field.
Morphological instability in rapid directional solidification

Mullins and Sekerka (1964) showed for fixed temperature gradient that the planar interface is linearly stable for all pulling speeds V above some critical value, the absolute stability limit. Near this limit, where solidification rates are rapid, the assumption of local equilibrium at the interface may be violated. Here, nonequilibrium effects are incorporated into a linear stability analysis of the planar front by allowing the segregation coefficient and interface temperature to depend on V in a thermodynamically consistent way. The absolute stability limit of the cellular mode is modified. A new oscillatory state is formed which, in the absence of latent heat, has a critical wavenumber of zero; by itself this instability would lead to the formation of solute bands in the solid. This mode has its own absolute-stability limit determined by solute trapping and kinetics. Under certain conditions, there exists a window of stability above the steady absolute-stability boundary and below the oscillatory-stability boundary; here the planar segregation-free state is restabilized.
VHDL implementation of wavelet packet transforms using SIMULINK tools

The wavelet transform is currently being used in many engineering fields. The real-time implementation of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is a current area of research as it is one of the most time consuming steps in the JPEG2000 standard. The standard implements two different wavelet transforms: irreversible and reversible Daubechies. The former is a lossy transform, whereas the latter is a lossless transform. Many current JPEG2000 implementations are software-based and not efficient enough to meet real-time deadlines. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are revolutionizing image and signal processing. Many major FPGA vendors like Altera and Xilinx have recently developed SIMULINK tools to support their FPGAs. These tools are intended to provide a seamless path from system-level algorithm design to FPGA implementation. In this paper, we investigate FPGA implementation of 2-D lifting-based Daubechies 9/7 and Daubechies 5/3 transforms using a Matlab/Simulink tool that generates synthesizable VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) code. The goal is to study the feasibility of this approach for real time image processing by comparing the performance of the high-level toolbox with a handwritten VHDL implementation. The hardware platform used is an Altera DE2 board with a 50MHz Cyclone II FPGA chip and the Simulink tool chosen is DSPBuilder by Altera.