cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pore-grain boundary configurations in lithium fluoride

A high-angle tilt boundary of LiF with attached pores was made to migrate under the influence of temperature and an imposed boundary curvature. The boundary was fractured along the boundary plane to observe its leading and trailing faces by stereo scanning electron microscopy. A detailed analysis of the attached pore shape and pore drag mechanism has been made. The quasi-equilibrium pore shape developed by pores detached from the boundary was used to determine the orientation dependence of surface energy in LiF.
Isolation of a protein-lipopolysaccharide complex from Verticillium albo-atrum

Abstract A protein-lipopolysaccharide (PLP) complex was isolated from dialyzed log-phase culture fluids of Verticillium albo-atrum by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, agarose gel filtration and column electrophoresis. Excised cotton leaves supplied 5 μg/ml of the purified PLP for 24 to 36 h were indistinguishable from leaves on the fungus-infected plants. The purified PLP was somewhat unstable, tending to aggregate and precipitate in very low ionic strength solutions and degrading to lower molecular weight products in very high ionic strength solutions. The PLP had a molecular weight of c. 3 × 10 6 and was a major component of log-phase Verticillium cultures. Older cultures contained progressively larger quantities of related lower molecular weight materials, presumed to be PLP degradation products. The PLP was highly acidic and was composed of about 70% polysaccharide and 15% each of protein and lipid. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the polysaccharide contained glucose, galactose, mannose and galacturonic acid.
Cardiac catheterization and selective coronary angiography in ascending aortic aneurysm or dissection

Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography can be technically demanding and is potentially risky in patients with ascending aortic aneurysm or dissection. We describe our approach to and results in catheterizing 63 patients with ascending aortic pathology. © 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc..
Quetiapine Induced Acute Dystonia in a Patient with History of Severe Head Injury

A patient with a history of severe head injury 10 years ago regained ability to walk after years of being bound to a wheelchair. During the last psychiatric hospitalization, quetiapine was increased to therapeutic dose using a normal titration. As a result the patient developed dystonia of multiple muscle groups requiring 4 days of hospitalization for remittance of symptoms. In this paper, we take a close look at the literature concerning extrapiramidal symptoms (EPS) in this context, and we suggest that in patients with a history of head injury, it is warranted to consider a slower titration of antipsychotic medications, including ones that are considered having a lower risk of EPS such as quetiapine.
The incorporation of quadratic convergence into open-shell self-consistent field equations

Abstract The quadratically convergent approach to solving the correct SCF equations for general open-shell systems (with orthogonal orbitals, i.e., multiconfiguration-SCF or Hartree-Fock) is derived and used to discuss other less complicated approaches. Representative calculations on He 2 1 [(1s) (2s)] and H 2 O 2 1 A 1 [(1a 1 ) 2 (2a 1 ) 2 (1b 1 ) 2 (1b 2 ) 2 (3a 1 ) (4a 1 )] are reported.
Pancreatic fistula rates after 462 distal pancreatectomies: Staplers do not decrease fistula rates

Introduction Pancreatic fistula is a major source of morbidity after distal pancreatectomy (DP). We reviewed 462 consecutive patients undergoing DP to determine if the method of stump closure impacted fistula rates.
Effects of intense tone exposure on choline acetyltransferase activity in the hamster cochlear nucleus

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity has been mapped in the cochlear nucleus (CN) of control hamsters and hamsters that had been exposed to an intense tone. ChAT activity in most CN regions of hamsters was only a third or less of the activity in rat CN, but in granular regions ChAT activity was similar in both species. Eight days after intense tone exposure, average ChAT activity increased on the tone-exposed side as compared to the opposite side, by 74% in the anteroventral CN (AVCN), by 55% in the granular region dorsolateral to it, and by 74% in the deep layer of the dorsal CN (DCN). In addition, average ChAT activity in the exposed-side AVCN and fusiform soma layer of DCN was higher than in controls, by 152% and 67%, respectively. Two months after exposure, average ChAT activity was still 53% higher in the exposed-side deep layer of DCN as compared to the opposite side. Increased ChAT activity after intense tone exposure may indicate that this exposure leads to plasticity of descending cholinergic innervation to the CN, which might affect spontaneous activity in the DCN that has been associated with tinnitus.
Heterogeneous expectations and capital intensity in an overlapping-generations model

Abstract In this paper we examine the macroeconomic effects of heterogeneous probability beliefs in the context of a modified Diamond-type overlapping-generations model. We derive the effect of an increase in the degree of heterogeneity on the steady-state savings rate, the capital intensity, and welfare.
RELATIVE NEPHROTOXIC PROPERTIES OF CHLORINATED METHANE, ETHANE, AND ETHYLENE DERIVATIVES IN MICE.

Abstract The relative acute nephrotoxic properties of chlorinated methane, ethane, and ethylene derivatives has been studied in mice, using phenolsulfonephthalein (PSP) excretion, the presence of proteinuria and glucosuria (Combistix), and histopathology. Dose-response curves were obtained and all derivatives except trichloroethylene resulted in abnormalities in at least one of the parameters. However, most of the abnormalities occurred with doses within the acute lethal range. Only CHCl3 and 1,1,2-trichloroethane produced renal dysfunction in a majority of the animals in nonlethal doses. Ethanol intoxication failed to enhance the susceptibility of mice to the nephrotoxic action of CHCl3. Comparison of CHCl3 to CCl4 indicates that nephrotoxicity does not parallel hepatotoxicity.
Self-assembled nanomaterials for nonlinear fiber optics and tunable plasmonics

As an amorphous material with full inversion symmetry, silica-based microstructures cannot possess significant secondorder nonlinearity. We recently developed a method that can potentially overcome this deficiency by coating a silica fiber taper with layers of radially aligned nonlinear molecules. The coating process can be accomplished through layerby- layer self-assembly, where the alignment of the nonlinear molecules is maintained through electrostatic interaction. As a result, the nonlinear fiber structures are thermodynamically stable and can generate significant second-order nonlinear responses despite their full rotational symmetry. This prediction has been experimentally confirmed through SHG measurements. To further enhance the overall second-order nonlinearity, we have developed an UV-ablation-based approach that can generate second-order nonlinearity that is spatially periodic along the fiber taper. Our preliminary experiments suggest that SHG intensity can be enhanced by such quasi-phase-matching configurations. We can also use the self-assembly approach to construct tunable plasmonic systems. As a proof-of-concept study, we assembled swellable polymer films over a planar Au substrate through layer-by-layer assembly and covered the swellable polymer with a monolayer of quantum dots. After immersing the swellable plasmonic structure in solution and adjusting its pH value, we used a fluorescence lifetime based approach to demonstrate that the thickness of the swellable polymers can be modified by almost 400%. The fluorescence lifetime measurements also confirmed that the plasmonic resonance can be significantly modified by the swellable polymers.
Saphenous vein bypass grafts: Long-term patency and effect on the native coronary circulation

Abstract The long-term durability of saphenous vein bypass grafts and their effect on existing intrinsic coronary artery disease remain ill defined. Therefore, sequential catheterization studies were performed in patients selected for study solely on the basis of documentation of a patent graft at an earlier study performed three to nine months postoperatively; at that time 29 patent grafts were demonstrated in 20 patients. Fifteen to 36 months postoperatively (average 22 months), 27 grafts were unchanged, 1 manifested minimal luminal irregularities and 1 was occluded. In one additional patient, studied 4 months and 4 1 2 years postoperatively, the graft was widely patent and had good distal runoff at the second study. Sequential coronary arteriograms revealed that progression of disease to complete occlusion occurred in 24 percent of vessels with severe lesions proximal to a patent graft, whereas progression of disease distal to a graft anastomosis was uncommon. Of 25 vessels not receiving grafts, disease progressed in 5 (20 percent). Grafts that are patent 3 months after operation appear to remain patent for at least 2 to 3 years, and their presence does not unduly accelerate the disease process involving the native coronary arteries.
A universal homogeneous assay for high-throughput determination of binding kinetics.

There is an increasing demand for assay technologies that enable accurate, cost-effective, and high-throughput measurements of drug–target association and dissociation rates. Here we introduce a universal homogeneous kinetic probe competition assay (kPCA) that meets these requirements. The time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR–FRET) procedure combines the versatility of radioligand binding assays with the advantages of homogeneous nonradioactive techniques while approaching the time resolution of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and related biosensors. We show application of kPCA for three important target classes: enzymes, protein–protein interactions, and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This method is capable of supporting early stages of drug discovery with large amounts of kinetic information.
The identification of calmodulin-binding sites on mitochondria in cultured 3T3 cells

We have uniformly labeled calmodulin with tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (CaM-RITC) and used the derivative as a molecular probe in order to identify available, unoccupied calmodulin-binding sites. In mildly fixed (3% formalin) cultured 3T3 cells, the biologically active CaM-RITC bound predominantly to mitochondria. Binding was markedly reduced in the presence of 1 mM EGTA. Stelazine, a phenothiozine which binds to calmodulin, prevented the interaction of CaM-RITC with mitochondrial sites. A 10 fold excess of unlabeled CaM competitively inhibited binding. Fluorescently labeled troponin C and parvalbumin did not bind to mitochondria on any other cellular organelle. Rhodamine (TMRITC) alone did not bind to 3T3 mitochondria. Similar results were obtained using 125I-calmodulin binding to isolated rat liver mitochondria. When solubilized mitochondrial proteins were subjected to calmodulin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and eluted with 1 mM EGTA, there were two major polypeptides 120,000 and 67,000 daltons and at least three minor species (100,000, 60,000 and 40,000 daltons). The interaction required an active Ca2+-CaM complex and is specific for CaM. Double fluorescent staining with CaM-RITC and fluorescein-labeled antibodies to tubulin and DNAase I revealed a mitochondrial distribution pattern similar to that of microtubule arrays but unrelated to actin cabling. There was no evidence that CaM-RITC directly interacted with either microtubules or microfilaments.
Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on plasma and dialysate amino acid profiles in CAPD patients

Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on plasma and dialysate amino acid profiles in CAPD patients. Protein and calorie malnutrition is common in chronic dialysis patients. Several interventions have been proposed to prevent and/or to treat malnutrition including the use of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) as an anabolic agent. We have previously reported a significant decrease in net urea nitrogen appearance along with modest but statistically significant decrements in several blood chemistries including serum potassium, phosphorus, albumin and a small increase in creatinine concentration during rhGH administration in CAPD patients. In order to evaluate the underlying mechanism of these changes, we systematically evaluated the plasma and dialysate amino acid profiles in blood and dialysate samples of the same patients during their participation in the study. The design of the study was prospective, cross-over with the patients serving as their own controls. There were three study periods: baseline (PreGH), treatment (Tx), and follow-up (PostGH). During the seven days Tx period, patients self-administered 5 mg/day s.c of rhGH. Compared to PreGH period, administration of rhGH resulted in a significant decrease in essential amino acids (EAA), in both plasma (935 ± 243 μ mol/liter vs. 801 ± 186 μ mol/liter; P μ mol/liter vs. 415 ± 122 μ mol/liter; P μ mol/liter vs. 3177 ± 1259 μmol/liter; P
Angiotensin and thirst: studies with a converting enzyme inhibitor and a receptor antagonist.

Abstract Although exogenous angiotensin is recognized as a potent dipsogen, the participation of endogenous angiotensin in thirst has not been well established. To investigate this question, we produced thirst in rats by relative cellular dehydration (hypertonic NaCl injection), or hypovolemia (hyperoncotic polyethylene glycol injection). An angiotensin receptor antagonists (sar(1)-ala(8)- angiotensin II, P-113), or a converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ, 20, 881, SQ) given to thirsty rats by intracerebroventricular (IVT) or peripheral routes. P-113 infused i.v. (10 μg/kg/min) or injected IVT (10 μg) did not alter the drinking response to either thirst stimulus. The latter treatment reduced the drinking response to 50 ng of IVT angiotensin II (p
Nearly complete rRNA genes assembled from across the metazoan animals: effects of more taxa, a structure-based alignment, and paired-sites evolutionary models on phylogeny reconstruction.

Abstract This study (1) uses nearly complete rRNA-gene sequences from across Metazoa (197 taxa) to reconstruct animal phylogeny; (2) presents a highly annotated, manual alignment of these sequences with special reference to rRNA features including paired sites ( http://purl.oclc.org/NET/rRNA/Metazoan_alignment ) and (3) tests, after eliminating as few disruptive, rogue sequences as possible, if a likelihood framework can recover the main metazoan clades. We found that systematic elimination of ∼6% of the sequences, including the divergent or unstably placed sequences of cephalopods, arrowworm, symphylan and pauropod myriapods, and of myzostomid and nemertodermatid worms, led to a tree that supported Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, Protostomia, and Bilateria. Deuterostomia, however, was never recovered, because the rRNA of urochordates goes (nonsignificantly) near the base of the Bilateria. Counterintuitively, when we modeled the evolution of the paired sites, phylogenetic resolution was not increased over traditional tree-building models that assume all sites in rRNA evolve independently. The rRNA genes of non-bilaterians contain a higher % AT than do those of most bilaterians. The rRNA genes of Acoela and Myzostomida were found to be secondarily shortened, AT-enriched, and highly modified, throwing some doubt on the location of these worms at the base of Bilateria in the rRNA tree—especially myzostomids, which other evidence suggests are annelids instead. Other findings are marsupial-with-placental mammals, arrowworms in Ecdysozoa (well supported here but contradicted by morphology), and Placozoa as sister to Cnidaria. Finally, despite the difficulties, the rRNA-gene trees are in strong concordance with trees derived from multiple protein-coding genes in supporting the new animal phylogeny.
17O/16O and 18O/16O isotope measurements of atmospheric carbon monoxide and its sources

Simultaneous 17 O/ 16 O and 18 O/ 16 O measurements of atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and two of its major sources are presented. CO was collected in situ at ground level in La Jolla, CA, Pasadena, CA and White Mountain, CA, altitude 3.8 km. Samples were also taken directly from engine exhaust and during a local wild brushfire. Results indicate that atmospheric carbon monoxide has a significant mass independent component, which increases as carbon monoxide concentrations decrease. The origin of the observed mass independent fractionation is discussed. CO samples from engine exhaust and brushfires are clearly mass dependent, but with a wide variation in 18 O values from different engines.
Temporal responses in the disruption of iron regulation by manganese

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, though at elevated exposures it is also a neurotoxicant. Several mechanisms underlying manganese toxicity have been investigated, although a consistent mechanism(s) of action at low exposures has not been fully elucidated. Here we systematically evaluated the effects of in vitro manganese exposure on intracellular iron (Fe) homeostasis and iron-regulatory protein (IRP) binding activity in undifferentiated PC12 cells over a range of manganese exposure concentrations (1, 10, 50, and 200 μM MnCl2) and exposure durations (12, 24, 36, and 48 hr), to test the hypothesis that moderately elevated manganese exposure disrupts cellular iron regulation. Results demonstrate that manganese exposure produces a rapid and sustained dose-dependent dysregulation of cellular iron metabolism, with effects occurring as early as 12 hr exposure and at manganese doses as low as 1 μM. Manganese exposure altered the dynamics of IRP-1 binding and the intracellular abundance of IRP-2, and altered the cellular abundance of transferrin receptor, ferritin, and mitochondrial aconitase protein levels. Cellular levels of labile iron were significantly increased with manganese exposure, although total cellular iron levels were not. The overall pattern of effects shows that manganese produced an inappropriate cellular response akin to iron deficiency, to which the cells were able to mount a compensatory response. Consistent with our previous studies, these data indicate that even low to moderate exposures to Manganese in vitro significantly disrupt cellular iron metabolism, which may be an important contributory mechanism of manganese neurotoxicity. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Entropy flow and generation in radiative transfer between surfaces

Abstract Entropy of radiation has been used to derive the laws of blackbody radiation and determine the maximum efficiency of solar energy conversion. Along with the advancement in thermophotovoltaic technologies and nanoscale heat radiation, there is an urgent need to determine the entropy flow and generation in radiative transfer between nonideal surfaces when multiple reflections are significant. This paper investigates entropy flow and generation when incoherent multiple reflections are included, without considering the effects of interference and photon tunneling. The concept of partial equilibrium is applied to interpret the monochromatic radiation temperature of thermal radiation, T λ ( λ , Ω ), which is dependent on both wavelength λ and direction Ω . The entropy flux and generation can thus be evaluated for nonideal surfaces. It is shown that several approximate expressions found in the literature can result in significant errors in entropy analysis even for diffuse-gray surfaces. The present study advances the thermodynamics of nonequilibrium thermal radiation and will have a significant impact on the future development of thermophotovoltaic and other radiative energy conversion devices.
REACTANCE THEORY: A TEST WITH COLLEGIATE DRINKING

Reactance theory suggests that attempting to prevent alcohol consumption among underage college students will create reactance motivation and lead to increased drinking among such students. Since July of 1987, it has been illegal throughout the USA for those under 21 yr. of age to purchase alcohol. In a national sample of 3,375 college students during the 1987–1988 academic year, significantly more underage students were found to drink. This relationship is in marked contrast to the pattern documented by research extending back to the early 1950s and is interpreted as supporting reactance theory.
Remodeling of Kv4.3 potassium channel gene expression under the control of sex hormones.

Kv4.3 channels are important molecular components of transient K+ currents (Ito currents) in brain and heart. They are involved in setting the frequency of neuronal firing and heart pacing. Altered Kv4.3 channel expression has been demonstrated under pathological conditions like heart failure indicating their critical role in heart function. Thyroid hormone studies suggest that their expression in the heart may be hormonally regulated. To explore the possibility that sex hormones control Kv4.3 expression, we investigated whether its expression changes in the pregnant uterus. This organ represents a unique model to study Ito currents, because it possesses this type of K+ current and undergoes dramatic changes in function and excitability during pregnancy. We cloned Kv4.3 channel from myometrium and found that its protein and transcript expression is greatly diminished during pregnancy. Experiments in ovariectomized rats demonstrate that estrogen is one mechanism responsible for the dramatic reduction in Kv4.3 expression and function prior to parturition. Furthermore, the reduction of plasma membrane Kv4.3 protein is accompanied by a perinuclear localization suggesting that cell trafficking is also controlled by sex hormones. Thus, estrogen remodels the expression of Kv4.3 in myometrium by directly diminishing its transcription and, indirectly, by altering Kv4.3 delivery to the plasma membrane.
Cockroach amine oxidase: classification and substrate specificity.

Abstract 1. 1. The amine oxidases of Malpighian tubules of Periplaneta americana L. and Blaberus discoidalis Serville accepted agmatine and short-chain aliphatic diamines as substrates; heptamethylene diamine was the subtrate most rapidly oxidized. 2. 2. The Blaberus enzyme did not act upon any monoamine tested. New substrates of the Periplaneta oxidase included the straight-chain aliphatic monoamines. 3. 3. These reactions were not inhibited by semicarbazide.
Differential interaction between stressors and chronic amphetamine or phencyclidine upon operant behavior in the rat

Abstract Three types of stress were examined for their effects upon fixed-ratio 15 (FR-15) operant behavior in Sprague-Dawley rats before and after chronic dextroamphetamine to determine if cumulated drug could interact with stress to produce a state of behavioral toxicity. Six daily s.c. injections of saline were given to rats following 30-min behavioral sessions. Thirty minutes of exposure to a cold environment (7°C) or to electric footshock (2mA for 0.5 sec, 1 shock/min) had no significant effect upon FR-15 behavior beginning 15 min afterward. Five daily s.c. injections of 2.5 mg dextroamphetamine/kg after behavioral sessions suppressed behavior during the following days an average of 12%. Rats were again stressed twenty-two hours after the sixth injection. Footshock further suppressed behavior to 26% of the unstressed, chronic amphetamine-treated control group. Cold exposure failed to suppress behavior significantly below control levels. A similar experiment employing cold water exposure (15°C for 2 min) as the stressor showed that, although this stressor suppressed FR-15 behavior to 53% of the previous day's rates and reduced body temperature 2.1°C, chronic amphetamine failed to interact with the cold water stress to suppress behavior further. In a third experiment, 4.5 mg phencyclidine/kg, s.c., given after 30-min FR-15 sessions for six days, failed to interact with the footshock stress to cause behavioral suppression different from control treatment. While stress can interact with chronic treatment with lipophilic drugs, the quality of the stress, and the physical and pharmacologic properties of the drug are important determinants of the outcome upon conditioned behavior.
Structure of clones of northern prickly ash (Xanthoxylum americanum)

Clones of northern prickly ash (Xanthoxylum americanum) were excavated to expose their horizontal root structure and pattern of vegetative spread; stems and horizontal roots were mapped. Most of the root system was very shallow (< 10 cm deep). Stems and roots were aged from annual rings. The four clones studied ranged in age from 26 to 33 yrs. All root connections between shoots were maintained for the life of the clone. Clones were found to be single individuals in a physical as well as a genetic sense. There was virtually no overlap of adjacent clones; horizontal roots turned away or stopped growing when the border of another clone was encountered. No differences were found between male and female clones in above- or below-ground morphology. There was, however, a great deal of intrasexual variation among clones. CLONAL GROWTH is an important process for plants, especially for perennial herbs and for many species of shrubs. Clonal growth allows the genetic individual (genet) to exploit resources over a large area. For those clonal species in which shoots (ramets) remain connected, poor conditions in one part of the clone may be compensated by more favorable conditions elsewhere in the clone (Hartnett and
Effects of Δ9 - THC on growth hormone and ACTH secretion in rats

Abstract Δ 9 - THC in doses of 5 – 20 mg/kg caused inhibition of GH secretion and stimulation of ACTH secretion. A rise in plasma corticosterone concentration following injection of Δ 9 - THC was used as an index of increased ACTH secretion. Daily administration of 20 mg/kg of Δ 9 - THC for 20 days did not result in significant tolerance to its neuroendocrine effects. Dexamethasone blocked the acute stimulant ffect of Δ 9 - THC on ACTH secretion but did not alter its inhibitory effects on GH secretion. Pentobarbital also suppressed pituitary-adrenal activation by Δ 9 - THC but was less effective than dexamethasone; the pentobarbital-induced rise of plasma GH, however, was suppressed by Δ 9 - THC. These results show that Δ 9 - THC acts as a pharmacological stressor of hypothalamo-pituitary function in rats since the same changes in plasma corticosterone and GH concentrations are elicited in response to many stimuli that are commonly of a stressful nature.
Reliability and validity of a non-verbal measure of the speed and efficiency of long-term memory retrieval

Abstract This study examined the reliability and validity of a new elementary cognitive task (ECT) based on the Posner paradigm. This task measures the speed and efficiency of long-term memory retrieval using non-verbal stimuli. Results indicated that the non-verbal Posner task has acceptable test-retest reliability. Parameters of reaction time (RT) were found to correlate substantially (after correction for range restriction) with verbal IQ, but not with performance IQ.
Detecting code clones in binary executables

Large software projects contain significant code duplication, mainly due to copying and pasting code. Many techniques have been developed to identify duplicated code to enable applications such as refactoring, detecting bugs, and protecting intellectual property. Because source code is often unavailable, especially for third-party software, finding duplicated code in binaries becomes particularly important. However, existing techniques operate primarily on source code, and no effective tool exists for binaries.In this paper, we describe the first practical clone detection algorithm for binary executables. Our algorithm extends an existing tree similarity framework based on clustering of characteristic vectors of labeled trees with novel techniques to normalize assembly instructions and to accurately and compactly model their structural information. We have implemented our technique and evaluated it on Windows XP system binaries totaling over 50 million assembly instructions. Results show that it is both scalable and precise: it analyzed Windows XP system binaries in a few hours and produced few false positives. We believe our technique is a practical, enabling technology for many applications dealing with binary code.
13C NMR chemical shift titration of metal ion-carbohydrate complexes. An unexpected dichotomy for Ca+2 binding between anomeric derivatives of N-Acetylneuraminic acid (1)

Abstract The complexation of Ca +2 with N -Acetylneuraminic acid, its methyl ester and its α and β methyl glycosides was studied by titrating the 13 C NMR chemical shifts with added CaCl 2 . These studies demonstrate that the strong Ca +2 binding previously observed in the β anomer is not shared by the biochemically relevant α anomer. The strong β complex uses three oxygen atoms as binding sites for Ca +2 but these oxygens are not involved in the weak binding of the α anomer.
Rates of hexavalent chromium reduction in anoxic estuarine sediments: pH effects and the role of acid volatile sulfides.

Rates of Cr(VI) reduction were assessed in batch kinetic experiments using dilute suspensions of anoxic sediments collected from the Baltimore Harbor. Rapid and complete Cr(VI) reduction occurred on the time scale of minutes (pseudo-first-order rate constants ranged from 0.01 to 0.40 min−1 for 1.0 g/L sediment suspensions at pH 7.0) via reaction with mineral surfaces. The reaction rate was first-order with respect to Cr(VI) concentration and proportional to the concentration of sediment acid volatile sulfides (AVS). AVS-normalized rates of Cr(VI) reduction decreased by approximately 2 orders of magnitude as the suspension pH increased from 5.0 to 8.2. The AVS-normalized rate constant was linearly correlated with the fraction of total dissolved Cr(VI) in the protonated HCrO4− form at a given pH (fHCrO4−). The following rate law was found to describe all the experimental data: d[Cr(VI)]/dt = −k[AVS]fHCrO4−[Cr(VI)]T, where the AVS- and pH-independent rate constant k = 3.14(±0.75) × 104 M−1 min−1. The results...
Distinguishing between Dexter and Rapid Sequential Electron Transfer in Covalently Linked Donor−Acceptor Assemblies

The syntheses, physical, and photophysical properties of a family of complexes having the general formula [M2(L)(mcb)(Ru(4,4‘-(X)2-bpy)2)](PF6)3 (where M = MnII or ZnII, X = CH3 or CF3, mcb is 4‘-methyl-4-carboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine, and L is a Schiff base macrocycle derived from 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol and bis(2-aminoethyl)-N-methylamine) are described. The isostructural molecules all consist of dinuclear metal cores covalently linked to a RuII polypyridyl complex. Photoexcitation of [Mn2(L)(mcb)(Ru((CF3)2-bpy)2)](PF6)3 (4) in deoxygenated CH2Cl2 solution results in emission characteristic of the 3MLCT excited state of the RuII chromophore but with a lifetime (τobs = 5.0 ± 0.1 ns) and radiative quantum yield (Φr ≈ 7 × 10-4) that are significantly attenuated relative to the ZnII model complex [Zn2(L)(mcb)(Ru((CF3)2-bpy)2)](PF6)3 (6) (τobs = 730 ± 30 ns and Φr = 0.024, respectively). Quenching of the 3MLCT excited state is even more extensive in the case of [Mn2(L)(mcb)(Ru((CH3)2-bpy)2)](PF6)3 (3), whose m...
Petrophysical and seismic properties of lower Eocene clastic rocks in the central Maracaibo Basin

High-resolution, well-log cross sections are used to map the continuity of hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone reservoirs in the Centro Lago fields, central Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. Because most sandstone reservoirs are below the limit of seismic resolution, reservoir mapping relies on detailed well-log correlations. Seismic data are used mainly to define the structural framework. A feasibility analysis based on the correlation of seismic data and petrophysical properties of Eocene clastic rocks was conducted to demonstrate that lithology and fluid content can be differentiated by acoustic impedance known from well-log data. However, low vertical resolution of the three-dimensional seismic data made available for this study (25 Hz dominant frequency) is not adequate to constrain the lateral and vertical continuity of the Eocene reservoirs. The main sandstone reservoirs in lower Eocene clastic rocks of the Centro Lago fields are found in distributary channels and tidal sand-bar facies. These reservoirs provide good-quality fluid-flow units. Channel complexes and sand bars are concentrated along the crest of a north-northeast–trending anticline bounded by parallel left-lateral strike-slip faults. Reservoirs are generally compartmentalized by transverse northwest-southeast–striking faults that intersect the main anticlinal axis. Detailed high-resolution well-log cross sections and mapping, integrated with the structural framework interpreted from the seismic data, indicate the presence of untested oil plays in the Centro Lago fields. These new plays are located along the flanks of the main anticline and are found in Eocene tidal bars in the central and northern areas of the Centro Lago fields.
Covariance propagation in spectral indices

Abstract The dosimetry community has a history of using spectral indices to support neutron spectrum characterization and cross section validation efforts. An important aspect to this type of analysis is the proper consideration of the contribution of the spectrum uncertainty to the total uncertainty in calculated spectral indices (SIs). This paper identifies deficiencies in the traditional treatment of the SI uncertainty, provides simple bounds to the spectral component in the SI uncertainty estimates, verifies that these estimates are reflected in actual applications, details a methodology that rigorously captures the spectral contribution to the uncertainty in the SI, and provides quantified examples that demonstrate the importance of the proper treatment the spectral contribution to the uncertainty in the SI.
Crystal structure of the specificity domain of Ribonuclease P

RNase P is the only endonuclease responsible for processing the 5' end of transfer RNA by cleaving a precursor and leading to tRNA maturation. It contains an RNA component and a protein component and has been identified in all organisms. It was one of the first catalytic RNAs identified and the first that acts as a multiple-turnover enzyme in vivo. RNase P and the ribosome are so far the only two ribozymes known to be conserved in all kingdoms of life. The RNA component of bacterial RNase P can catalyse pre-tRNA cleavage in the absence of the RNase P protein in vitro and consists of two domains: a specificity domain and a catalytic domain. Here we report a 3.15-A resolution crystal structure of the 154-nucleotide specificity domain of Bacillus subtilis RNase P. The structure reveals the architecture of this domain, the interactions that maintain the overall fold of the molecule, a large non-helical but well-structured module that is conserved in all RNase P RNA, and the regions that are involved in interactions with the substrate.
Gastric partition for morbid obesity: greater curvature gastroplasty or gastrogastrostomy.

Gastric partition is advocated as a better operation than gastric bypass for treatment of morbid obesity (although this is poorly documented) because it is simpler and faster to perform; has a lower complication rate; is more physiologic; and because it is possible to examine the distal stomach by endoscopy and barium contrast studies after operation. It has not been established which of the different gastric partition operations is the best. Greater curvature gastroplasty (GP) was performed upon 47 and gastrogastrostomy (GG) upon 144 patients between May, 1979, and May, 1981, at North Carolina Memorial Hospital. The techniques used in performing the operations are described and illustrated. Postoperative complications occurred in 25.5% of the GP and 10.4% of the GG patients. There were no deaths. Reoperation was required because of stomal obstruction in 14.9% of the GP compared with 1.4% of the GG patients. The percentage of excess weight lost in 12 months following GP was 60.5% and 51.3% after GG, and at 18 months was 68.7% following GP and 53.9% after GG. These differences in weight loss following GP and GG are not statistically significant. Because of the statistically significant lower incidence of stomal obstruction requiring reoperation after GG, although weight loss appeared to be better with GP, GG is currently our preferred operation for the treatment of morbid obesity. The changes in the technique of GG introduced to improve weight loss are discussed and illustrated.
Laboratory Experiments on Planetary and Stellar Convection Performed on Spacelab 3

Experiments on thermal convection in a rotating, differentially heated hemispherical shell with a radial buoyancy force were conducted in an orbiting microgravity laboratory. A variety of convective structures, or planforms, were observed, depending on the magnitude of the rotation and the nature of the imposed heating distribution. The results are compared with numerical simulations that can be conducted at the more modest heating rates, and suggest possible regimes of motion in rotating planets and stars.
The Millennium Arecibo 21 Centimeter Absorption-Line Survey. II. Properties of the Warm and Cold Neutral Media

We use the Gaussian fit results of Paper I to investigate the properties of interstellar H I in the solar neighborhood. The warm and cold neutral media (WNM and CNM) are physically distinct components. The CNM spin temperature histogram peaks at about 40 K; its median, weighted by column density, is 70 K. About 60% of all H I is WNM; there is no discernible change in this fraction at z = 0. At z = 0, we derive a volume filling fraction of about 0.50 for the WNM; this value is very rough. The upper limit WNM temperatures determined from line width range upward from ~500 K; a minimum of about 48% of the WNM lies in the thermally unstable region 500-5000 K. The WNM is a prominent constituent of the interstellar medium, and its properties depend on many factors, requiring global models that include all relevant energy sources, of which there are many. We use principal components analysis, together with a form of least-squares fitting that accounts for errors in both the independent and dependent parameters, to discuss the relationships among the four CNM Gaussian parameters. The spin temperature Ts and column density N(H I) are, approximately, the two most important eigenvectors; as such, they are sufficient, convenient, and physically meaningful primary parameters for describing CNM clouds. The Mach number of internal macroscopic motions for CNM clouds is typically about 3 so that they are strongly supersonic, but there are wide variations. We discuss the historical τ0-Ts relationship in some detail and show that it has little physical meaning. We discuss CNM morphology using the CNM pressure known from UV stellar absorption lines. Knowing the pressure allows us to show that CNM structures cannot be isotropic but instead are sheetlike, with length-to-thickness aspect ratios ranging up to about 280. We present large-scale maps of two regions where CNM lies in very large "blobby sheets." We test the McKee/Ostriker model of the interstellar medium by explicitly modeling our data with CNM cores contained in WNM envelopes. This modeling scheme works quite well for many sources and also predicts the WNM filling factor reasonably well. However, it has several deficiencies.
Giving Voice From the Perspectives of African American Women Leaders

The problem and the solution. This Issue overview introduces the problem, purpose, significance, and need for studying leadership from the perspectives of African American women. The concept of intersectionality is introduced and is a common thread throughout the articles contained in this Issue. The need for more sociocultural theories in the field of human resource development (HRD) that address intersectionality in the leadership experience is the overarching theme of this Issue. A discussion of the contribution to HRD is provided in this overview as well as a preview of each article contained in this Issue.
Thermomechanical fatigue behavior of Sn-Ag solder joints

Microstructural studies of thermomechanically fatigued actual electronic components consisting of metallized alumina substrate and tinned copper lead, soldered with Sn-Ag or 95.5Ag/4Ag/0.5Cu solder were carried out with an optical microscope and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Damage characterization was made on samples that underwent 250 and 1000 thermal shock cycles between −40°C and 125°C, with a 20 min hold time at each extreme. Surface roughening and grain boundary cracking were evident even in samples thermally cycled for 250 times. The cracks were found to originate on the free surface of the solder joint. With increased thermal cycles these cracks grew by grain boundary decohesion. The crack that will affect the integrity of the solder joint was found to originate from the free surface of the solder very near the alumina substrate and progress towards and continue along the solder region adjacent to the Ag3Sn intermetallic layer formed with the metallized alumina substrate. Re-examination of these thermally fatigued samples that were stored at room temperature after ten months revealed the effects of significant residual stress due to such thermal cycles. Such observations include enhanced surface relief effects delineating the grain boundaries and crack growth in regions inside the joint.
Apparent versus true carrier multiplication yields in semiconductor nanocrystals.

Generation of multiple electron−hole pairs (excitons) by single photons, known as carrier multiplication (CM), has the potential to appreciably improve the performance of solar photovoltaics. In semiconductor nanocrystals, this effect usually has been detected using a distinct dynamical signature of multiexcitons associated with their fast Auger recombination. Here, we show that uncontrolled photocharging of the nanocrystal core can lead to exaggeration of the Auger decay component and, as a result, significant deviations of the apparent CM efficiencies from their true values. Specifically, we observe that for the same sample, apparent multiexciton yields can differ by a factor of ∼3 depending on whether the nanocrystal solution is static or stirred. We show that this discrepancy is consistent with photoinduced charging of the nanocrystals in static solutions, the effect of which is minimized in the stirred case where the charged nanocrystals are swept from the excitation volume between sequential excitat...
Left and right adjoint operations on spaces and data types

Formal theories of higher types need to be augmented to permit treatment of some additional right adjoints which arise in mathematical practice. The concomitant mathematical scrutiny of supposedly well-established left adjoints resurrects a "critique of foundations" which may not be irrelevant for practice. Categorical methods based on mathematical experience with the diversity of toposes allow us to address such problems without getting entangled in sterile ontological debates.
Rethinking Emotional Intelligence: An Alternative Proposal

Scholars new to the emotional intelligence (EI) literature will find that it is often confusing, with multiple proposals for what EI is, and how organizations should go about measuring it. Some maj...
Dialectics, physical environments, and personal relationships

(1993). Dialectics, physical environments, and personal relationships. Communication Monographs: Vol. 60, Into the New Century, pp. 26-34.
Postulations of flame spread mechanisms

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to explore the flame spread mechanism over thin solid fuel sheets. Flame spread rates over paper at various inclined angles were measured, and Schlieren photography was used to qualitatively assess heat transfer to the unburnt material in front of the pyrolysis zone. Two different types of flame spread were observed. One is te downward flame spread observed in the range of −90 to −30 deg from the horizontal. In this region, flame spread rate was almost constant with time, although it increased slightly with increasing angle. The other type of spread observed was the accelerative upward flame spread at angles of zero to 90 deg. Flame spread at angles from −30 deg to zero seemed unsatable and increased by repetitive acceleration and deceleration In the range of inclined angles from −90 to −30 deg, heat transfer from the flame zone to the unburnt material seemed to take place mainly through the gas phase in the region 0.2 ∼ 0.4 cm in front of the pyrolysis zone. In this case, the direction of the gas stream could be considered to oppose that of the flame spread. In the case of upward flame spread, the unburnt material in front of the pyrolysis zone seemed to be heated by convection of the bottom side, where the direction of the gas stream was obviously parallel with that of flame spread.
When the study of delinquent groups stood still: In defense of a classical tradition

This essay focuses on reductionism, the study of delinquent groups, and citation analysis. It describes Frederick Thrasher’s epistemological break with reductionists like Sigmund Freud and William Healy. It shows how Freudian, neoFreudian, and social-control theorists attributed ‘the group factor’ in delinquency to pathological traits, early childhood disorders, frustrated desires for mobility, or social disabilities of group members. From 1950 to 1970, the mobilization of bias accompanying these regressive developments nullified a classical sociological view of delinquent groups by transforming a fruitful legacy of non-reductionist theory and research into ‘non events’. When criminologists employ citation indices to legitimate such degenerative developments, they rely on spurious subjective criteria for gauging scientific contributions to knowledge.
In God We Trust: Images of God and Trust in the United States among the Highly Religious:

In this analysis, the authors use Greeley's “religion as poetry” model to frame an analysis of images of God and trust among the highly religious. Using the 2005 Baylor Religion Survey, the authors...
Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type.

Compared 2 groups of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type (ADHD/IA)-those with high scores on a composite measure of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and those without-using a large, school-based sample of children for which previous comparisons between ADHD subtypes have been reported. Although the 2 groups did not differ on level of attention or learning problems, high-SCT ADHD/IA children were rated by teachers as showing less externalizing behavior and higher levels of unhappiness, anxiety/depression, withdrawn behavior, and social dysfunction. Thus, SCT identifies a more homogeneous subgroup of ADHD/IA children who are, relative to the entire Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV]; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994) diagnosed ADHD/IA group, more similar to those classified in previous research as "attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity." These results support a reconsideration of SCT symptoms as a co...
A method for sectioning and handling frozen sections for scanning electron microscopy

Glutaraldehyde-fixed insects were embedded in Tissue-TekR and sectioned on a liquid-nitrogen-cooled stage. The sections were sandwiched between two layers of microscope lens paper and all postsectioning treatments were carried out on this sandwich, including dehydration and critical-point drying. In some cases, the sections were placed on filter membranes and lyophilized. These procedures produced intact specimens which maintained internal morphology as well as inter- and intracellular integrity without expensive or specialized equipment.