cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Context effects on group-based employee selection decisions

The decoy effect occurs when preferences between two alternatives reverse as a result of the manipulation of a third alternative (i.e., a decoy) such that it is dominated by only one of the two original alternatives. Previous research has demonstrated this effect in employee selection decisions, but only when decisions were made by individuals. The present investigation was designed to test the generalizability of the phenomenon to decisions made by groups, and to determine the influence of process and outcome accountability on the decoy effect. Results showed that the overall decoy effect held for both individual and group decisions. However, for both individuals and groups, the decoy effect held only when decision makers knew they would have to justify their decision processes.
Reading and Phonological Awareness Skills in Children Exposed to Domestic Violence

This study examined whether children exposed to domestic violence perform worse on tests of reading and phonological awareness than children from nonviolent homes. Forty children, ages 6 to 9 years, were divided into control or domestic violence groups based on their mothers' responses on the revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). The groups were matched on age, gender, nonverbal IQ, and socioeconomic status. The domestic violence group performed worse than the control group on all measures of reading and phonological awareness. Significantly more children in the domestic violence group were identified as having reading difficulties compared to the control group. The results suggest that domestic violence may negatively impact children's reading skills, and appropriate intervention techniques should be developed.
Symmetry analysis of accurate H+H2 resonances for low partial waves

Abstract We have performed accurate quantum mechanical three-dimensional reactive scattering calculations for both parities of the J = 1 partial wave of the H + H2 system up to total energies of 1.75 eV. The collision lifetime resonance spectra for both J = 0 and J = 1 are discussed in terms of the characteristics of the system's potential energy surface and of a simple physical model involving its symmetry properties.
Exploiting the complete yeast genome sequence

The completion of the genome sequence of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae marks the dawn of an exciting new era in eukaryotic biology that will bring with it a new understanding of yeast, other model organisms, and human beings. This body of sequence data benefits yeast researchers by obviating the need for piecemeal sequencing of genes, and allows researchers working with other organisms to tap into experimental advantages inherent in the yeast system and learn from functionally characterized yeast gene products which are their proteins of interest. In addition, the yeast post-genome sequence era is serving as a testing ground for powerful new technologies, and proven experimental approaches are being applied for the first time in a comprehensive fashion on a complete eukaryotic gene repertoire.
A randomized trial of low-dose heparin and intermittent pneumatic calf compression for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after gynecologic oncology surgery

Objective: Our aim was to determine the relative efficacy and complications of low-dose heparin and intermittent pneumatic calf compression for the prevention of postoperative venous thrombosis in patients undergoing surgery for gynecologic malignancy. Study Design: Randomized trial comparing 107 patients treated with low-dose heparin to 101 patients treated with intermittent pneumatic calf compression was performed. All patients were evaluated with iodine-125 fibrinogen scanning of the legs. Clinical and laboratory variables associated with bleeding complications were recorded prospectively. Results: Venous thrombosis was diagnosed in seven patients receiving low-dose heparin and in four receiving intermittent pneumatic calf compression ( p = 0.54). Low-dose heparin patients received more blood transfusions postoperatively ( p = 0.02), had increased volume of retroperitoneal drainage ( p = 0.02), and the activated partial thromboplastin time was more frequently prolonged ( p = 0.001). Conclusions: Low-dose heparin and intermittent pneumatic calf compression provide similar reduction in reducing the incidence of postoperative venous thrombosis. However, low-dose heparin is more frequently associated with postoperative bleeding complications.
The antibiotic resistance proteome of Acinetobacter baumanii MDR isolate MMC#4

Background Two hundred and forty-seven isolates of Acinetobacter baumanii (AB) were identified in the Nashville General Hospital at Meharry epidemiology database for a three year period. Of these isolates, 77% were multi-drug resistant (MRAB). Mechanical ventilation and multiple site recovery were associated with MRAB, and MRAB isolates were associated with increased mortality relative to sensitive AB isolates [1]. AB acquires resistance rapidly and the mechanisms are still being identified. Proteomic analysis can identify proteins that change in their expression levels in the presence of antibiotics, a possible mechanism of resistance for AB. No proteome databases exist for this organism so antibiotic sensitivity and resistance proteomes were generated for MRAB bronchial wash isolate MMC#4. Materials and methods AB MMC#4 was grown in plain LB broth or LB broth supplemented with MIC50 concentrations of levofloxacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, cefotaxime and meropenem. Cell pellets were lysed and total protein run on an SDS-PAGE gel. Protein bands were excised and in-gel digested with trypsin. Resulting peptides were analyzed using a Thermo Finnigan LTQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a 1-D nanoLC pump (Eksigent), Nanospray source (James A Hill Company), and Xcalibur 2.0 SR2 instrument control (Thermo Scientific). Peptides were separated on a
Kinetic regimes in the tandem reactions of H-BEA catalyzed formation of p-xylene from dimethylfuran

Reaction kinetics and pathways of p-xylene formation from 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) and ethylene via cascade reactions of Diels–Alder cycloaddition and subsequent dehydration over H-BEA zeolite (Si/Al = 12.5) were characterized. Two distinct kinetic regimes were discovered corresponding to the rate limiting reaction, namely Diels–Alder cycloaddition and cycloadduct dehydration, as the concentration of Bronsted acid sites decreases. At catalyst loadings with effective acid site concentrations exceeding a critical value (~2.0 mM), the rate of formation of Diels–Alder products becomes constant. Under these conditions, the measured activation energy of 17.7 ± 1.4 kcal mol−1 and reaction orders correspond to the [4 + 2] Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction of DMF and ethylene. Conversely, at catalyst loadings below the critical value, the formation rate of p-xylene becomes first order in catalyst loading, and the measured activation energy of 11.3 ± 3.5 kcal mol−1 is consistent with dehydration of the Diels–Alder cycloadduct to p-xylene. Experimental comparison between H-BEA and H-Y zeolite catalysts at identical conditions indicates that the micropore structure controls side reactions such as furan dimerization and hydrolysis; the latter is supported via molecular simulation revealing a substantially higher loading of DMF within H-Y than within H-BEA zeolites at reaction conditions.
Empowering mobile code using expressive security policies

Existing approaches for mobile code security tend to take a conservative view that mobile code is inherently risky, and hence focus on confining it. Such confinement is usually achieved using access control policies that restrict mobile code from taking any action that can potentially be used to harm the host system. While such policies can be helpful in keeping "bad applets" in check, they preclude a large number of useful applets. We therefore take an alternative view of mobile code security, one that is focused on empowering mobile code rather than disabling it. We propose an approach wherein highly expressive security policies provide the basis for such empowerment, while greatly mitigating the risks posed to the host system by such code. Our policies are represented as extended finite state automata, (a generalization of the finite-state automata to permit the use of variables) that can enforce these policies efficiently. We have built a prototype implementation of our approach for Java. Our implementation is based on rewriting Java byte code so that security-relevant events are intercepted and forwarded to the policy enforcement automata before they are executed. Early experimental results indicate that such expressive, enabling policies can be supported with low overheads.
You Make Me Sick: Marital Quality and Health Over the Life Course*

We work from a life course perspective and identify several reasons to expect age and gender differences in the link between marital quality and health. We present growth curve evidence from a national longitudinal survey to show that marital strain accelerates the typical decline in self-rated health that occurs over time and that this adverse effect is greater at older ages. These findings fit with recent theoretical work on cumulative adversity in that marital strain seems to have a cumulative effect on health over time—an effect that produces increasing vulnerability to marital strain with age. Contrary to expectations, marital quality seems to affect the health of men and women in similar ways across the life course.
Kidney Function and Cognitive Health in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study

Recent evidence has demonstrated the importance of kidney function in healthy aging. We examined the association between kidney function and change in cognitive function in 3,907 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study who were recruited from 4 US communities and studied from 1992 to 1999. Kidney function was measured by cystatin C–based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcys). Cognitive function was assessed using the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, which were administered up to 7 times during annual visits. There was an association between eGFRcys and change in cognitive function after adjustment for confounders; persons with an eGFRcys of less than 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 had a 0.64 (95% confidence interval: 0.51, 0.77) points/year faster decline in Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score and a 0.42 (95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.56) points/year faster decline in Digit Symbol Substitution Test score compared with persons with an eGFRcys of 90 or more mL/minute/1.73 m2. Additional adjustment for intermediate cardiovascular events modestly affected these associations. Participants with an eGFRcys of less than 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 had fewer cognitive impairment–free life-years on average compared with those with eGFRcys of 90 or more mL/minute/1.73 m2, independent of confounders and mediating cardiovascular events (mean difference = −0.44, 95% confidence interval: −0.62, −0.26). Older adults with lower kidney function are at higher risk of worsening cognitive function.
CNS expression of murine fragile X protein (FMRP) as a function of CGG-repeat size

Large expansions of a CGG-repeat element (>200 repeats; full mutation) in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene cause fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading single-gene form of intellectual disability and of autism spectrum disorder. Smaller expansions (55-200 CGG repeats; premutation) result in the neurodegenerative disorder, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Whereas FXS is caused by gene silencing and insufficient FMR1 protein (FMRP), FXTAS is thought to be caused by 'toxicity' of expanded-CGG-repeat mRNA. However, as FMRP expression levels decrease with increasing CGG-repeat length, lowered protein may contribute to premutation-associated clinical involvement. To address this issue, we measured brain Fmr1 mRNA and FMRP levels as a function of CGG-repeat length in a congenic (CGG-repeat knock-in) mouse model using 57 wild-type and 97 expanded-CGG-repeat mice carrying up to ~250 CGG repeats. While Fmr1 message levels increased with repeat length, FMRP levels trended downward over the same range, subject to significant inter-subject variation. Human comparisons of protein levels in the frontal cortex of 7 normal and 17 FXTAS individuals revealed that the mild FMRP decrease in mice mirrored the more limited data for FMRP expression in the human samples. In addition, FMRP expression levels varied in a subset of mice across the cerebellum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus, as well as at different ages. These results provide a foundation for understanding both the CGG-repeat-dependence of FMRP expression and for interpreting clinical phenotypes in premutation carriers in terms of the balance between elevated mRNA and lowered FMRP expression levels.
CHANGES IN THE STOCK PRICE REACTION OF SMALL FIRMS TO COMMON INFORMATION

We hypothesize that changes in the technological and regulatory environment result in a more rapid response to marketwide information by small firms. We find that the correlations between small-firm returns and lagged large-firm returns decline over time, which suggests an increase in the efficiency of capital markets. Similar lead-lag patterns are found in the returns of portfolios sorted by dollar trading volume. The price response of low-volume stocks improves over time in much the same way as that of small-capitalization stocks.
Exploring the design of accessible goal crossing desktop widgets

Prior work has shown that goal crossing may be a more accessible interaction technique than conventional pointing-and-clicking for motor-impaired users. Although goal crossing with pen-based input devices has been studied, pen-based designs have limited applicability on the desktop because the pen can "fly in," cross, and "fly out," whereas a persistent mouse cursor cannot. We therefore explore possible designs for accessible mouse-based goal crossing widgets that avoid triggering unwanted goals by using secondary goals, gestures, and corners and edges. We identify four design principles for accessible desktop goal crossing widgets: ease of use for motor-impaired users, safety from false selections, efficiency, and scalability.
Clinical Review : Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Newborns: Survey and Appraisal as Exemplified in Two Case Histories

Abruptio placenta, asphyxia, toxemia of pregnancy, sepsis and gen eralized viral infections are common causes of disseminated intra vascular coagulation in newborn infants. Prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, low fibrinogen level, and throm bocytopenia are typical laboratory findings. The decision to give anticoagulation therapy with heparin rests upon bleeding or thrombosis or both, the question of intracranial bleeding, and the duration of the anticoagulation required. Significant bleeding or thrombosis of vessels of vital organs requires heparinization.
Neurite outgrowth activity of protease nexin-1 on neuroblastoma cells requires thrombin inhibition.

Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a protein proteinase inhibitor recently shown to be identical with the glial-derived neurite-promoting factor or glial-derived nexin. It has been shown to promote neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma cells and in sympathetic neurons. The present experiments were designed to further test the hypothesis that this activity on neuroblastoma cells is due to its ability to complex and inhibit thrombin. It has been suggested that PN-1 :thrombin complexes might mediate the neurite outgrowth activity of PN-1. However, the present studies showed that such complexes, unlike free PN-1, did not promote neurite outgrowth. The neurite outgrowth activity of PN-1 was only detected in the presence of thrombin or serum (which contains thrombin). PN-1 did not affect the rate or extent of neurite outgrowth that occurred when neuroblastoma cells were placed in serum-free medium. Retraction of neurites by thrombin was indistinguishable in cells whose neurites had been extended in the presence or absence of PN-1. The neurite-promoting activity of PN-1 was inhibited by an anti-PN-1 monoclonal antibody, which blocks its capacity to complex serine proteinases. The plasma thrombin inhibitor, antithrombin III, stimulated neurite outgrowth but only when its thrombin inhibitory activity was accelerated by heparin. The neurite outgrowth activity of both antithrombin III and PN-1 corresponded to their inhibition of thrombin. Together, these observations show that PN-1 promotes neurite outgrowth from neuroblastoma cells by inhibiting thrombin and suggest that this depends on the ability of thrombin to retract neurites.
Benefits of collaboration and diversity in teams of categorically-thinking decision makers

Certain information-processing limitations in hypothesis testing can be modeled as quantization of prior probabilities. While quantization hurts performance, a team of decision makers can minimize their performance loss by adopting diverse quantizers and collaborating on the design of their decision rules. In this paper, the benefits of diversity and collaboration in binary hypothesis testing are discussed. A set of N diverse K-level quantizers used by a team of N collaborating decision makers is as powerful as a single (N(K − 1) + 1)-level quantizer used by them all. If the decision makers do not collaborate, a set of diverse quantizers is less powerful, but it is still better than a set of identical quantizers.
The Impact of Hospice on Attitudes toward Funerals and Subsequent Bereavement Adjustment

One hundred and twenty-three bereaved individuals (M age=36) whose loved ones had died of a terminal illness within the last year completed a series of self-report measures to ascertain the impact of hospice care use on funeral participation and bereavement adjustment. As a general rule, hospice users (n=57) reported better post-death adjustment and participated more fully in the funeral than did non-hospice users (n=66). Such effects for the most part were intensified when a loved one was perceived as either having suffered or having been in pain prior to death. Extent of hospice use did not affect bereavement adjustment or funeral participation. These data speak to the psychological benefits of hospice use on the post-death adjustment of bereaved individuals, particularly in cases where the death is a painful one.
The Challenges of Planetary Bandwagoning

This article explores a paradox at the heart of climate bandwagoning. Numerous actors have hitched their efforts to climate policy formation in an effort either to advance their own interests or genuinely contribute to addressing this most urgent global dilemma or both. At the same time, the large number of stakeholders complicates climate negotiations as exceeding numbers of actors bring related but tangential issues into discussions and demand to be heard. The international community is thus faced with an almost existential situation: to address climate change in an effective manner requires nearly everyone in the room (regime bandwagoning); with everyone in the room, however, less is accomplished (regime sclerosis). This article explains such a paradox by stepping back from the cases presented in this special issue, and bringing into high relief the lineaments of regime congestion as they manifest in global climate affairs, and outlining the promises and perils involved.
Faculty Support for Minority Engineering Programs

A survey was developed and mailed to a random sample of engineering professors at schools across the country with ABET-accredited (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) programs, asking them to assess the “value and appropriateness” of the existence of a formal, structured, general Minority Engineering Program in their School of Engineering, along with the following seven MEP-specific components: MEP student associations, scholarships, study centers, summer bridge programs, special tutoring programs, career fairs, and awards banquets. On a scale of 1–10 (1 = Very low, should not exist at all; 10 = Very high, critical), the engineering professors tended to express general endorsement of MEP's considering the middle of the scale (5.5) represents a neutral position and the sample average was 6.51. However, there was considerable variability (SD=3.13). Greatest support was found for financial and academic forms of assistance, with less support given to clustering-types of activities. In addition, attitudinal differences between types of institutions (public vs. private; research vs. non-research), size, and location of schools were explored. State schools yielded higher scores than private; regionally, the Midwest was the highest and the East was the lowest; and in terms of size, we found that the larger the school, the higher the score. Finally, open-ended comments were analyzed as a qualitative component to shed light on the numerical results.
Spark Breakdown of Particulate Clouds: A New Testing Device

A uniform cloud of particles is generated electrostatically between parallel plates of a capacitor. The particulate cloud is then triggered for spark breakdown by a high-speed injected needle electrode. The relevant characteristic times of the spark (first and second spark pulse times and time to ignition) are compared with event times associated with needle penetration and residence times and particle collision time to infer cloud disturbance effects caused by the needle. Both open (with particle diffusion) and closed systems of cloud confinement are discussed. The advantages of this electrostatically controlled sparking system include the uniformity of the clouds produced and the ease of measurement of the particle number density. Applications of this method are spark breakdown and ignition testing of inert or combustible particle and gas mixtures.
Visual thinking: reassessing the communication paradigm

The revolution that has accompanied the technological advances of the past twenty years has created a new area within the discipline of communication: visual communication. The objectives of this workshop are as follows: (1) to provide participants with a basic introduction to visual communication; (2) to acquaint participants with issues involved with visual literacy; and (3) to encourage participants in their own visual thinking through hands-on activities.
The Effects of the Verbal Developmental Capability of Naming on How Children Can Be Taught

Naming, a verbal developmental capability that is a source for children to acquire language incidentally, may affect how they learn best in school. We tested the presence/absence of Naming (Experiment I) and the induction of Naming (Experiment II) on the rates of learning under 2instructional conditions (9 -participants, ages 5-7) using a counterbalanced reversal design across matched pairs for Experiment I and stage 2 of Experiment II. In stage 1 Experiment II we used a delayed multiple probe design across participants to show the induction of Naming and then in stage 2 we tested the effects of the induction of Naming on rate of learning. The dependent variable in each study was numbers of instructional trials to meet curricular objectives. In Experiment 1, we compared learning under (a) standard learn unit presentations (SLUs) or instructional trials that met the criteria for learn units and (b) model demonstration learn units (MLUs)-- learn units with antecedent instructions. In Experiment I, MLUs correlated with faster rates of learning for all 4participants with Naming. For the 4-participants who lacked Naming, MLUs did not accelerate learning. In Experiment 2, we induced Naming for those 4-participants and then MLUs accelerated rates of learning. The findings suggest that the onset of Naming allows children to learn and be taught in new ways.
Second language acquisition by low-literate learners: An under-studied population

Many adolescent and adult L2 learners in language classrooms, both in the US and other countries, have little or no alphabetic print literacy. Language teachers may turn to SLA research for assistance, yet almost all research on oral SLA has focused on educated, highly-literate learners (Bigelow & Tarone 2004; Tarone, Bigelow & Hansen 2009). The assumption seems to have been that the findings of this research hold for ALL learners, including learners with little to no literacy. However, research in cognitive and experimental psychology shows that the acquisition of grapheme–phoneme correspondence – the ability to associate a phoneme and a visual symbol – changes the way oral language is processed. The present paper shows the relevance of these findings for SLA. It summarizes a three-part study on oral L2 processing, a partial replication of previous SLA research, carried out in a population of low-literate adolescent Somali learners of L2 English. The findings confirm that alphabetic print literacy level had a significant impact on oral L2 processing. The paper concludes with a call to replicate current SLA studies and findings with populations of learners who have little or no alphabetic literacy.
Stripes, vibrations, and superconductivity

We propose a model of a spatially modulated collective charge state of superconducting cuprates. The regions of higher carrier density (stripes) are described in terms of Luttinger liquids and the regions of lower density as a two-dimensional interacting bosonic gas of d_{x^2-y^2} hole pairs. The interactions among the elementary excitations are repulsive and the transition to the superconducting state is driven by decay processes. Vibrations of the CCS and the lattice, although not participating directly in the binding mechanism, are fundamental for superconductivity. The superfluid density and the lattice have a strong tendency to modulation implying a still unobserved dimerized stripe phase in cuprates. The phase diagram of the model has a crossover from 1D to 2D behavior and a pseudogap region where the amplitude of the order parameters are finite but phase coherence is not established. We discuss the nature of the spin fluctuations and the unusual isotope effect within the model.
Spatial rigid body dynamics using dual quaternion components

The equations of motion of cooperating robot systems are obtained by connecting the individual equations of motion for each arm and the workpiece using the constraint equations of the closed chain. Dual quaternions have been shown to provide a convenient algebraic representation for these constraints. The equations of motion for a rigid body whose position is defined by the eight dual quaternion coordinates are derived. Because a rigid body has six degrees of freedom, the use of dual quaternion coordinates requires two additional differential constraint equations. The result is a set of ten differential equations prescribing the movement of the body. Use of these equations is demonstrated through a planar example of a double pendulum. >
Not all dysautonomias are created equal.

We read with interest the article by St. Aubin and colleagues about urinary dysfunction in patients with dysautonomia [1]. Out of an impressive sample of 815 patients evaluated during a 10-year period, 82 were studied with bladder ultrasound and videourodynamic studies. Unfortunately, rather than disclosing the specific diagnosis of these patients, the authors used the umbrella term ‘‘dysautonomia’’ in all of them. This missing information is important because the degree of autonomic dysfunction (including bladder dysfunction) in different disorders varies notably. Patients with multiple system atrophy or autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy can have incomplete bladder emptying requiring self-catheterization [2]. This is infrequent in other disorders such as pure autonomic failure [3]. In conditions in which the degree of autonomic dysfunction is unclear (e.g., postural tachycardia syndrome), patients may have urinary complains [4] with normal urodynamic tests [5]. Also, patients with Parkinson disease or multiple sclerosis were excluded from St. Aubin’s paper in spite of the fact that urinary problems in these disorders are frequently due to autonomic dysfunction [6, 7].
Incremental Realization of Safety Requirements: Non-determinism vs. Modularity

This paper investigates the impact of non-determinism and modularity on the complexity of incremental incorporation of safety requirements while preserving liveness (a.k.a. the problem of incremental synthesis). Previous work shows that realizing safety in non-deterministic programs under limited observability is an NP-complete problem (in the state space of the program), where limited observability imposes read restrictions on program components with respect to the local state of other components. In this paper, we present a surprising result that synthesizing safety remains an NP-complete problem even for deterministic programs! The results of this paper imply that non-determinism is not the source of the hardness of synthesizing safety in concurrent programs; instead, limited observability has a major impact on the complexity of realizing safety. We also provide a roadmap for future research on exploiting the benefits of modularization while keeping the complexity of incremental synthesis manageable.
Corticoid response to stress in the steroid-inhibited rat.

SummaryA method is described which permits both the ascorbic acid and corticosteroid content of the same adrenal gland to be determined. Adrenal response to the stress of unilateral adrenalectomy was investigated in normal and hydrocortisone-inhibited rats. Hydrocortisone administration prevented the ascorbic acid depletion which occurred in untreated animals in response to stress. The steroid-inhibited animals, however, exhibited an increase in adrenal corticosterone concentrations equal to that of the saline treated controls, although the basal level from which this increase occurred was markedly lower. It is suggested that pre-treatment with hydrocortisone may alter the physiological “set” at which the corticoid component of the stress response is operating, but does not inhibit the response itself.
Informed Decision-Making, Multiple Perspectives, Approaches, and Methods

This chapter reviews the third theme-based strategy of a rights research approach is informed decision-making, multiple perspectives, approaches, and methods. It explores differing perspectives, methods, and approaches that influence the internal experience of a social worker’s informed decision-making process. It reviews how deductive and inductive thought processes applied to research that can contribute to an empowerment-based holistic approach to informed decision-making. Next, it provides examples of select theories, such as cumulative inequality and empowerment theories that are consistent with a rights research approach. The end of the chapter exercises provides critical thinking training exercises using case vignettes based on a mixed methods study on aging people in prison to explore differing perspectives, approaches, and methods that might be used to design future research or intervention choices.
Transforming algorithm of near-field to far-field for spherical wave circular scattering

An extrapolation algorithm from near-field scattering data to obtain RCS of aircraft is presented.According to the fact that objective reflectivity spatial distribution is unchanged with measurement state in ISAR imaging,here the multi-cattering center model is built at the very beginning.Then,the height of stealth target is always short,and the far-field condition can easily be satisfied on vertical plane,so the incident spherical wave is equivalent to cylindrical wave.Once more,the relationship between far-field and near-field is deduced by regarding image of the target as secondary radiation source.Finally,the RCS of target can be obtained with the scattering data of near-field extrapolated at full angular aspect.Taking derivative of the near-field data with respect to frequency,the error can be reduced in simplifying formula,and it meets the requirement of stepped-frequency system.The results of simulation and experiments show that the algorithm is precise as well as effective.
Kinetic investigation of methotrexate resistant human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) mutants at Phe31.

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of dihydrofolate (H2folate) to tetrahydrofolate (H4folate). This enzyme is necessary for maintaining adequate levels of H4folate and its derivatives, which are essential for the biosynthesis of purines, thymidylate and several amino acids. This enzyme is therefore a target for anticancer drugs such as methotrexate (MTX). Cancer patients receiving high dose MTX as part of their therapy frequently develop clinical resistance and molecular mechanisms of such resistance are of interest.
Brain Predictors of Individual Differences in Placebo Responding

Abstract Placebo responses are highly variable across individuals. Explaining this variability is one of the keys to understanding endogenous regulatory processes, and is critical for measuring and controlling placebo effects in all kinds of studies. In this chapter, we review literature on the personality and brain correlates of individual differences in placebo analgesia. An emerging brain literature has used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), opioid binding, dopamine binding, and structural brain imaging to predict the magnitude of individual placebo responses. Brain predictors in prefrontal cortices and ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens are relatively consistent across studies and methodologies, showing promise for understanding the neural bases of placebo analgesia. However, most studies use voxel-wise correlation maps to relate brain measures and placebo analgesia, which do not provide unbiased measures of predictive accuracy. Thus, the utility of these brain measures remains to be determined by larger-scale studies using appropriate analytic methods. Finally, we address an apparent paradox in the placebo literature: placebo responses appear to be both related to stable person-level variables (e.g. brain structure, genetics, personality) and highly variable across situational contexts. We suggest that a resolution lies in recognizing that placebo responses, like many other psychologic phenomena, arise from person × situation interactions, and that both must be considered jointly in order to understand and predict who will be a placebo ‘responder’ in a given situation.
24 – Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

It has been estimated that approximately one-third of the world's current population, or over 2 billion people, have been infected (i.e., have either latent or active infection) with the tubercle bacillus, with approximately 10 million new cases of active tuberculosis and approximately 1.8 million deaths occurring worldwide each year. The overwhelming majority of cases of active tuberculosis occur in developing countries. Tuberculosis remains an important public health problem in the United States and other industrialized countries, particularly in indigent and immigrant populations and patients with AIDS. This chapter reviews the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of tuberculosis, as well as diagnosis and management. The epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria are also reviewed.
Anadromous sturgeons—what’s in a name?

Have you ever thought about when and who first described and named the anadromous sturgeons in the genus Acipenser? Of the six North American species (not including one subspecies or the European sturgeon which was described by the Swedish C. Linnaeus in 1758) identified in this symposium publication five were each identified by a different investigator but in essentially the same time period, the early 1800s (Nelson et al. 2004). [It is also acknowledged that lake, shortnose and white sturgeons are not ‘true’ anadromous sturgeons—see first paper by Munro et al.].
Elasticity of calcium and calcium-sodium amphiboles

Abstract Measurements of single-crystal elastic moduli under ambient conditions are reported for nine calcium to calcium-sodium amphiboles that lie in the composition range of common crustal constituents. Velocities of body and surface acoustic waves measured by Impulsive Stimulated Light Scattering (ISLS) were inverted to determine the 13 moduli characterizing these monoclinic samples. Moduli show a consistent pattern: C33 > C22 > C11 and C23 > C12 > C13 and C44 > C55 ∼ C66 and for the uniquely monoclinic moduli, |C35| ≫ C46 ∼ |C25| > |C15| ∼ 0. Most of the compositionally-induced variance of moduli is associated with aluminum and iron content. Seven moduli (C11 C12 C13 C22 C44 C55 C66) increase with increasing aluminum while all diagonal moduli decrease with increasing iron. Three moduli (C11, C13 and C44) increase with increasing sodium and potassium occupancy in A-sites. The uniquely monoclinic moduli (C15 C25 and C35) have no significant compositional dependence. Moduli associated with the a∗ direction (C11 C12 C13 C55 and C66) are substantially smaller than values associated with structurally and chemically related clinopyroxenes. Other moduli are more similar for both inosilicates. The isotropically averaged adiabatic bulk modulus does not vary with iron content but increases with aluminum content from 85 GPa for tremolite to 99 GPa for pargasite. Increasing iron reduces while increasing aluminum increases the isotropic shear modulus which ranges from 47 GPa for ferro-actinolite to 64 GPa for pargasite. These results exhibit far greater anisotropy and higher velocities than apparent in earlier work. Quasi-longitudinal velocities are as fast as ∼9 km/s and (intermediate between the a∗- and c-axes) are as slow as ∼6 km/s. Voigt-Reuss-Hill averaging based on prior single crystal moduli resulted in calculated rock velocities lower than laboratory measurements, leading to adoption of the (higher velocity) Voigt bound. Thus, former uses of the upper Voigt bound can be understood as an ad hoc decision that compensated for inaccurate data. Furthermore, because properties of the end-member amphiboles deviate substantially from prior estimates, all predictions of rock velocities as a function of modal mineralogy and elemental partitioning require reconsideration.
Differential effects of iron and iron carrier on hematopoietic cells differentiation and human ADA gene transfer.

The role of iron and heme was examined in bone marrow cells from iron-deficient and chronically iron-overloaded rats. Erythroid colony cultures (CFU-E) demonstrated that iron-overloaded bone marrow cells were poor hemin (iron carrier) and CFU-E responders in vitro, whereas iron-deficient marrows grew exuberant numbers of CFU-E and responded to hemin. Results support the concept that iron, or associated factors, plays an important role in the manipulation of HO activity which modulates the hemopoietic potential of the organism.
Multiple Cryptic Binding Sites are Necessary for Robust Fibronectin Assembly: An In Silico Study

The mechanism of assembly of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) into elastic, insoluble fibrils is still poorly understood. FN fibrillogenesis requires cell-generated forces, which expose cryptic FN-FN binding sites buried in FN Type III domains. The number and location of cryptic binding sites have been debated, but experimental evidence suggests multiple domains may contain FN-FN binding sites. The requirement of cell-dependent forces to generate FN fibrils restricts investigation of the mechanism of assembly. To address this, we use a recently developed biophysical model of fibrillogenesis to test competing hypotheses for the location and number of cryptic FN-FN binding sites and quantify the effect of these molecular alterations on assembled FN fibril properties. Simulations predict that a single FN-FN binding site facilitates either negligible fibrillogenesis or produces FN fibrils that are neither robust nor physiological. However, inclusion of multiple FN-FN binding sites predicts robust fibrillogenesis, which minimally depends on individual domain properties. Multiple FN-FN binding site models predict a heterogeneous fibril population that contains two distinct phenotypes with unique viscoelastic properties, which we speculate may play a key role in generating heterogeneous mechanical signaling in the extracellular matrix of developing and regenerating tissues.
Motivation, Problems and Approach

High-dimensional data play an important and growing role in knowledge discovery, modeling, decision making, information management, and other areas. Visual representation of high-dimensional data opens the opportunity for understanding, comparing and analyzing visually hundreds of features of complicated multidimensional relations of n-D points in the multidimensional data space. ﻿This chapter presents motivation, problems, methodology and the approach used in this book for Visual Knowledge Discovery and Machine Learning. The chapter discussed the difference between reversible lossless and irreversible lossy visual representations of n-D data along with their impact on efficiency of solving Data Mining/Machine Learning tasks. The approach concentrates on reversible representations along with the hybrid methodology to mitigate deficiencies of different representations﻿.
Some Notes for a Theory of Mixed Enterprise

The previous chapter has identified the type of mixed corporation with which this study is primarily concerned as public and private participation in the equity capital of corporations with some share in the direction of the destinies of the enterprise. A comparative survey of mixed enterprise throughout the world revealed that there was a marked tendency to treat the phenomenon as merely a variant of public enterprise. This tendency was especially marked in the Anglo-Saxon countries where the tradition of the non-economic, guardian state was strong. India stood as an interesting approach to the mixed enterprise because the framework of its industrial policy called for an equality and mutuality of economic effort as between the public and private sectors. In short, the Indian dualistic approach is, at least on the theoretical level, an attempt to make the mixture more a partnership of equals. The present study takes India’s fundamental conception as a point of departure and seeks to explore the advantages and disadvantages to the participants. Assuming a mixed corporation in which public and private enterprise is participating on terms approaching a relationship of equals, what a priori conclusions can be drawn?1 This chapter offers a first approach by utilizing formal economic theory.
CEPHALOMETRY FOR EVALUATION OF GEOMETRY OF THE UPPER AIRWAY

Many authors confirm that the main cause of peripheral or central obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the neuromuscular dysfunction in oropharyngeal region (Brouil.lette and Thach, 1979; Remmers et al., 1978). However, in OSA patients anatomostructural abnormalites are present which may be primary to this physiological abnormality.
Venous Diseases in Malignancy

Malignancy is known to induce a hypercoagulable state and literature evidence has long supported that a significant proportion of morbidity and mortality in patients with a known malignancy is attributable to thromboembolic events. A high incidence of venous and, to a lesser extent, arterial thrombosis is observed and in several instances a thromboembolic event such as deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism may be the presenting event that leads to unmasking an underlying malignancy. This dates back to Trousseau’s astute description in 1860s of migratory thrombophlebitis harboring an occult malignancy [1].
A purinergic P2Y6 receptor agonist prodrug modulates airway inflammation, remodeling, and hyperreactivity in a mouse model of asthma.

Background Purinergic receptors control cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation, and cytokine secretion. Increased expression of specific purinergic receptors is reported in asthma. The role of purinergic P2Y6 receptors (P2Y6R) in asthma is controversial. Hypothesis P2Y6R activation in asthma improves pulmonary function and reduces inflammation and smooth muscle amount. Methods Female mice (C57/BL6, age 30 days) were randomly assigned to receive intranasal house dust mite (HDM) antigen (40 or 80 µg) or saline, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. Randomly selected subgroups received intraperitoneal P2Y6R agonist prodrug (GC021109; 10 or 100 µg/kg weight/dose) simultaneously with HDM. After 6 weeks, lung function was measured. Lung lavage fluid (LLF) was used to measure total cell count, total protein, and cytokines. Immunohistochemistry for alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was done. Airway wall thickness was measured on micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images. Results Pulmonary function testing revealed a HDM dose-dependent airway hyperresponsiveness. Airway resistance was increased 2-fold while compliance was decreased by 50% at the higher HDM dose (P<0.05). GC021109 prevented these changes. HDM-exposed mice had elevated inflammatory cell and total protein levels in LLF which were prevented by GC021109 (P<0.05). HDM mice also had elevated LLF levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-12, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, chemokine (C-X-C) motif ligand 1, and leukemia inhibitory factor that were reduced by GC021109 with a dose-dependent pattern. HDM mice had increased peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration and increased α-SMA; these changes were absent with GC021109. Airway wall thickness measured on micro-CT images was increased after HDM exposure and significantly reduced by GC021109 treatment. Conclusion The P2Y6R prodrug GC021109 inhibited allergen-induced changes in pulmonary function, inflammatory responses, and airway and vascular smooth muscle mass. P2Y6R activation may be an effective therapeutic maintenance strategy in asthma.
Semantic Incompleteness in Privacy Policy Goals

Companies that collect personal information online often maintain privacy policies that are required to accurately reflect their data practices and privacy goals. To be comprehensive and flexible for future practices, policies contain ambiguity that summarize practices over multiple types of products and business contexts. Ambiguity in data practice descriptions undermines policies as an effective way to communicate system design choices to users, and as a reliable regulatory mechanism. In this paper, we report an investigation to identify incompleteness by representing data practice descriptions as semantic frames. The approach is a grounded analysis to discover which data actions and semantic roles correspond are needed to construct complete data practice descriptions. Our results include 281 data action instances obtained from 202 manually annotated statements across five privacy policies. Therein, we identified 878 instances of 17 types of semantic roles. Incomplete data practice descriptions undermine user comprehension, and can affect the user's perceived privacy risk, which we measure using factorial vignette surveys. We observed that user perception of risk decreases when two roles are present in a statement: the condition under which a data action is performed, and the purpose for which the user's information is used.
Development of thrombocytopenia during first-line treatment and survival outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma

The prognostic significance of novel agent-induced thrombocytopenia in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) is unknown. We identified 665 newly diagnosed patients receiving proteasome inhibitors a...