cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ imaging reveals different responses by naïve and memory CD8 T cells to late antigen presentation by lymph node DC after influenza virus infection

Pulmonary influenza infection causes prolonged lymph node hypertrophy while processed viral antigens continue to be presented to virus-specific CD8 T cells. We show that naive, but not central/memory, nucleoprotein (NP)-specific CD8 T cells recognized antigen-bearing CD11b+ DC in the draining lymph nodes more than 30 days after infection. After these late transfers, the naive CD8 T cells underwent an abortive proliferative response in the mediastinal lymph node (MLN), where large clusters of partially activated cells remained in the paracortex until at least a week after transfer. A majority of the endogenous NP-specific CD8 T cells that were in the MLN between 30 and 50 days after infection also showed signs of a continuing response to antigen stimulation. A high frequency of endogenous NP-specific CD8 T cells in the MLN indicates that late antigen presentation may help shape the epitope dominance hierarchy during reinfection.
Size heterogeneity of immunoreactive human ACTH in plasma and in extracts of pituitary glands and ACTH-producing thymoma

Abstract Immunoreactive ACTH in plasma and in extracts of pituitary glands and ACTH-producing thymoma was demonstrated using Sephadex gel filtration and separatory ultracentrifugation to be composed of at least two major components, one ACTH-like and the other of considerably greater molecular size. The relative distribution between the two major components varied greatly among plasmas. It is concluded that the larger molecular weight fraction originates in the pituitary and represents ACTH bound in covalent linkage to a larger peptide.
Evaluating the Occupational History of Lithic Scatters: Analysis of Obsidian Hydration Measurements

Surface lithic scatters often pose problems for archaeological interpretation because temporally different occupations cannot be distinguished stratigraphically. When composed primarily of obsidian, however, the occupational history of a lithic scatter can be assessed upon analysis of its hydration measurements. A sample of hydration measurements drawn from the scatter are visually displayed using box and whisker plots, and analyzed using two inferential procedures (the W test for normality and Chauvenet's criterion) designed to test whether or not the sample is drawn from a single population. Application of the inferential procedures relies on assumptions about the hydration phenomena. This analysis provides a visual and objective means to decide whether a population of obsidian artifacts was created over a short span of time, or during more than one discrete occupational episode.
High-pressure infrared spectroscopic evidence of water binding sites in 1,2-diacyl phospholipids

Abstract The sites of water binding in l -1,2-diacylphosphatidylcholines ( l -DPPC) were investigated by infrared spectroscopic methods. Evidence is provided that water molecules in fully hydrated samples, and the crystallation water in solid samples, are hydrogen-bonded to the phosphate oxygen atoms of the PO2− group in the head moiety, as well as to the ester CO group of the sn-2 acyl chain in the interfacial region. The results indicate that no hydrogen-bonding occurs between water molecules and the ester CO group of the sn-1 acyl chain of l -1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine ( l -DPPE), l -DPPC and l -1,2-dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine ( l -DMPC). Although there is no hydrogen-bonding between water and the choline moiety, water molecules are attached to the (CH3)3N+ group by polar interactions.
Reconfigurable plasmofluidic lenses

Utilizing laser-induced surface bubbles on a metal film, we demonstrate a reconfigurable plasmonic lens in a microfluidic environment to achieve divergence, collimation, and focusing of surface plasmons.
Shifted-update rotation: simple integration of the many-level Schrödinger equation to long times

Abstract Shifted-update direct propagation algorithms are used to calculate the survival probabilities and spectra of a matrix-scaling model for vibrational energy redistribution with 70 000 active states and nine degrees of freedom. A stabilized first-order method, shifted-update rotation has a simple geometrical interpretation, yet requires no storage overhead. Of the higher-order methods, only a third-order method executes faster in many cases, at the cost of stability and memory overhead. We compare shifted-update methods to others applicable to sparse systems.
Mathematical properties of the vacuum polarization function

This paper is an investigation of certain mathematical properties of the vacuum polarization function Σ(s). We show that Σ(s) is a Herglotz function, has no complex zeroes, and belongs to the class of functions called ‘typically real’. In addition, we obtain upper bounds on the higher derivatives of Σ(s), at s=0, given that we know the value of the first derivative at that point.
FIELD MONITORING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ASSESSING INDOOR EXPOSURES TO COMBUSTION POLLUTANTS

Abstract Laboratory and controlled field studies of indoor air quality (IAQ) have characterized pollutant emission rates from combustion sources and have measured other key indoor air pollution parameters such as air exchange rates and indoor reactivity rates for the houses investigated. In addition, several field studies have attempted to measure, with varying degrees of success, pollutant exposures, indoor pollutant concentrations, and other parameters in large populations. To date, there exists no comprehensive strategy for assessing distributions of exposures to combustion pollutants and distributions of factors that affect such exposures in large populations. This paper outlines important parameters that affect combustion-related indoor air pollution concentrations and exposures, delineates weaknesses in our current understanding of exposures and field sampling methodologies, and mentions important considerations in planning appropriate field sampling strategies.
Effect of the MN t(1;4) Translocation on Some Economic Traits of the Chicken

The F2 progeny from an original mating between chickens that were carriers of the MN t(1;4) chromosome translocation and the inbred WI-ES line were compared to determine if the translocation had any effect on selected economic traits. Homozygous translocation (TT), heterozygous translocation (TN), and karyotypically normal (NN) individuals were compared. Traits analyzed were body weight at 8, 18, 39, and 55 wk of age; shell deformation; Haugh units; egg weights at 32 and 55 wk of age; sexual maturity; egg production; and male fecundity. The TT group had greater body weights at 39 and 55 wk than the TN and NN groups, and at 55 wk the TN group was heavier than NN group. Shell deformation was greater for TT birds at 32 wk. At 32 wk, Haugh units of the TT and TN birds, and the TN and NN birds were not significantly different. The TT eggs were heavier than the TN eggs at 32 wk, which in turn were heavier than the NN eggs. Sexual maturity was reached in the order NN, TN, then TT. Eggs from TT males had the lowest fertility and highest percentage of late dead embryos. There were increased early deaths among embryos from heterozygous males. An unexplained higher number of pips among embryos from normal males was noted. No differences were noted among any other traits in either sex. Results suggest that this translocation may have some effect on production traits.
A highly stereoselective total synthesis of (±)-isoalantolactone

Abstract (±)-Isoalantolactone (1) has been synthesized by a highly stereoselective route from the versatile bicyclic ketone, trans-5-methylene-9-methyl-2-decalone 2. Three major points in the synthesis involve (a) introduction of the acetic acid side chain; (b) stereoselective reduction of the ketone function yielding cis-lactone 6; and (c) introduction of the α-methylene group onto the butyrolactone ring.
Piece Work: Pedagogical Bricolage in the Creative Writing Classroom

Traditional workshop formats are not always effective in creative writing classrooms with large class sizes and differing student ability levels. Such course demographics call for new pedagogical strategies. Piecing together cross-disciplinary activities, for example, provides insights that assist writers with character development, precision of detail and exploratory play. When presenting, developing and supporting the creativity of students, innovative pedagogy provides an excellent foundation and a model of a wide range of creative responses and possibilities.
Vanadate-dependent oxidation of pyridine nucleotides in rat liver microsomal membranes

Abstract An enzymatic Na3VO4-dependent system for the oxidation of reduced pyridine nucleotides in purified rat liver microsomes was characterized. The system has a pH optimum of 6.5, and appears to be specific for vanadate, since activity in the presence of a related transition metal, molybdate, was not detected. Vanadate-dependent oxidation occurred with a concomitant consumption of O2 and, contrary to previous reports, preferred NADPH over NADH. At pH 6.5, the NADPH/NADH oxidase activity ratio was greater than 2:1. Sodium vanadate-dependent oxidation of NADH was inhibited by rotenone, antimycin A, NaN3, and NaCN. Conversely, Na3VO4-dependent NADPH oxidation was slightly affected by rotenone, but was insensitive to antimycin A, NaN3, NaCN, or quinacrine. Vanadate-dependent oxidation of either pyridine nucleotide was inhibited by the addition of either Superoxide dismutase or catalase, indicating that both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide may be intermediates in the process. Linear sucrose gradient purification of the microsomes showed that the vanadate-dependent system for NADPH oxidation resides primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum. These studies indicate the existence of separate and distinct enzymatic systems for vanadate-stimulated oxidation of NADPH and NADH in mammalian microsomal membranes, and argue against an exclusive role of endogenous Superoxide in the process.
Observations on Eimeria tenella in Feces of Inoculated Chickens

SYNOPSIS. In studies on coccidial excystation, Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts were fed to 5 individually caged chickens, and during the next 4.5 hours, all droppings were collected immediately after excretion, mixed with 0.85% NaCl solution, then promptly examined for the parasites. Some samples were placed in cold storage at 4 C and examined at intervals thereafter. Three of the birds were necropsied after 5 hours and the intestinal contents examined. Apparently unbroken oocysts containing active sporozoites were in chicken droppings beginning 1–2.25 hours postinoculation; some activated forms were inside and others outside the sporocysts. Free sporozoites, sometimes numerous, first appeared in the feces 1.1–2 hours postinoculation. At necropsy, the state and condition of the parasites in the lumen of bird intestines were similar to those in its last fecal dropping. After being in cold storage for 48 hours, free sporozoites inside and outside the oocysts became active and moved about when placed on the warming stage of the microscope.
Chromosome-specific recombinant DNA libraries from the fungus Aspergillus nidulans

Abstract Development of physical genomic maps is facilitated by identification of overlapping recombinant DNA clones containing long chromosomal DNA inserts. To simplify the analysis required to determine which clones in a genomic library overlap one another, we partitioned Aspergillus nidulans cosmid libraries into chromosome-specific subcollections. The eight A. nidulans chromosomes were resolved by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and hybridized to filter replicas of cosmid libraries. The subcollections obtained appeared to be representative of the chromosomes based on the correspondence between subcollection size and chromosome length. A sufficient number of clones was obtained in each chromosome-specific subcollection to predict the overlap and assembly of individual clones into a limited number of contiguous regions. This approach should be applicable to many organisms whose genomes can be resolved by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
Progress and challenges in graduate education in gerontology: the U.S. Experience.

Abstract The history and current status of graduate programs in gerontology in the United States are reviewed. Masters degree programs began in 1967, and currently exist at 57 universities in the United States. Challenges for these programs include maintaining enrollment and identifying employment for program graduates, given competition from graduates from other disciplines that have advantages such as state licensure. Doctoral programs in aging began in 1989, with nine current programs. Results to date suggest that graduates with doctorates in gerontology can succeed in academic, policy, research, and business settings. Challenges for these programs include competition from traditional disciplinary doctoral programs. The U.S. experience suggests that successful development of graduate programs in gerontology must be attentive to providing stable academic structures for these programs, and careful consideration of how gerontology graduates will compete with graduates from traditional disciplines and prof...
Strain-induced room temperature photoluminescence in CsI and CsI(Na)☆

Abstract The photoluminescence produced from mechanically deformed crystals of pure CsI and the photoluminescence increase of CsI(Na) crystals similarly prepared, where the amount of sodium is considerably less than that required for maximum photoluminescence efficiency was measured. Several interpretations of the results are suggested.
Mining compressed commodity workflows from massive RFID data sets

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is fast becoming a prevalent tool in tracking commodities in supply chain management applications. The movement of commodities through the supply chain forms a gigantic workflow that can be mined for the discovery of trends, flow correlations and outlier paths, that in turn can be valuable in understanding and optimizing business processes.In this paper, we propose a method to construct compressed probabilistic workflows that capture the movement trends and significant exceptions of the overall data sets, but with a size that is substantially smaller than that of the complete RFID workflow. Compression is achieved based on the following observations: (1) only a relatively small minority of items deviate from the general trend, (2)only truly non-redundant deviations, ie, those that substantially deviate from the previously recorded ones, are interesting, and (3) although RFID data is registered at the primitive level, data analysis usually takes place at a higher abstraction level. Techniques for workflow compression based on non-redundant transition and emission probabilities are derived; and an algorithm for computing approximate path probabilities is developed. Our experiments demonstrate the utility and feasibility of our design, data structure, and algorithms.
Black Political Representation: An Examination of Legislative Activity Within U.S. House Committees

How minority legislators influence policy development in Congress remains a relevant question for those interested in race and political representation. This article addresses this question using evidence from participation in committee work—a vantage point that has received minimal attention in scholarship on black political representation. I interpret racial differences in participation in House committees across a range of policy areas, demonstrating that black members participate at higher rates within committees than whites on both black interest and nonracial bills. The results suggest that race has a substantive effect on members' policy priorities and their legislative activity within committees.
Glycoprotein changes in vegetative to floral meristems of sorghum detected by biotinylated lectins

Abstract Glycoprotein changes following developmental transition from vegetative to floral initiation were detected in the meristematic tissue of sorghum head smut reaction classes (R1, R2, R3 and S1) by six biotinylated lectins (BS-I, Con A, PNA, SBA, UEA-I, and WGA) after sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and protein blotting. Screening using biotinylated lectins indicated that BS-I, PNA, and SBA showed binding to glycoproteins (which may be due to α- d -Gal, β- d -Gal[1–3]- d -gal Ac, and/or D-GalNAc) only from the vegetative meristem. Conversely, Con A showed binding to glycoproteins (which may be due to α- d -Glc and α- d -Man) only from the reproductive meristem. These BS-I, PNA, SBA, and Con A-binding reactions did not show any differences among R1, R2, R3, and S1. UEA-I (known to react with α- l -Fuc) binding was detected in all sorghum head smut reaction classes in vegetative meristems, but only in R2 and R3 in reproductive meristems. WGA (known to react with β- d -GlcNAc) binding was not detected in either vegetative or reproductive meristems.
Augmentation ileocystoplasty in neuropathic bladder

Augmentation cystoplasty is a viable treatment modality in patients with neuropathic bladder. Indications include incontinence despite pharmacologic manipulation, persistent hydroureteronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux, and propantheline bromide intolerance. Eight patients have had augmentation cystoplasties, with all obtaining normal bladder capacity, intravesical pressure, and voiding frequency. Reflux and hydronephrosis have been eliminated or significantly reduced in those patients who had experienced those problems prior to augmentation. Four cases are presented.
Options markets and stock return volatility

Abstract This study examines the variance of returns on common stocks around the time exchange-traded options are listed on these stocks. The evidence indicates that stock return variance declines after options listing, and that this phenomenon is not fully explained by contemporaneous shifts in market volatility. In addition, stock market trading volume increases, on average, after options are listed on firms' stocks. I examine the hypothesis that the variance changes are related to changes in ‘trading noise” in the stock, but find little direct support for this explanation.
Rational design of cyclic peptide modulators of the transcriptional coactivator CBP: a new class of p53 inhibitors.

The CREB binding protein (CBP) is a human transcriptional coactivator consisting of several conserved functional modules, which interacts with distinct transcription factors including nuclear recep...
Sociologics: An Analytical Tool for Examining Socioscientific Discourse.

Latour (1987) introduced the framework of sociologics to study the construction, accumulation, and mobilisation of knowledge in the face of controversy by means of unpredictable and heterogeneous networks. The framework centres around five questions: How are causes and effects attributed? What points (ideas) are linked to which other? What are the size and strength of these links? Who are the most legitimate spokespersons? and How are the elements in a network modified during the controversy? Latour calls the method of deriving answers to these five questions “sociologics”. Recognising the usual asymmetry of knowledge production, sociologics is concerned with how some knowledge is rendered more credible and powerful than others. The production of knowledge is considered contentious because knowledge is socially constructed in a world where discourse, politics, knowledge, and power are inextricably related. I argue that the framework of sociologics extends commonly used analytical frameworks in socioscientific research in education as, unlike many previous forms of analysis, sociologics foregrounds the social construction of knowledge (as evidenced in discourse) and highlights the contentious, complex, unpredictable, and dynamic nature of knowledge production prevalent in these issues.
Scanning Probe Microscopy Studies of Mesostructured Nonstoichiometric Polyelectrolyte−Surfactant Complexes

High-resolution tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) and near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) are used to study nonstoichiometric polyelectrolyte−surfactant complexes (PSCs) formed between poly(vinyl sulfate) and alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (CnTAB). The morphological evolution of PSC films prepared with different surfactant loadings (i.e., different surfactant/anionic-site stoichiometries) is explored as a function of surfactant chain length (n = 12, 14, 16, 18). PSC films were prepared with 1%, 10%, 25%, and 50% surfactant loading. At the lowest loading, relatively uniform films are obtained, despite the fact that the surfactant concentrations in the solutions employed were all above the critical aggregation concentration. At 10% loading, for the longer chain surfactants (n = 16 and 18), small protrusions (10−40 nm in height) appear in the films. These are attributed to the formation of spheroidal and/or discoidal polyelectrolyte−surfactant micelles. For films of 25−50% surfactant loadi...
DC SQUIDs as radiofrequency amplifiers

The optimization of radiofrequency amplifiers involving dc SQUIDs is discussed for both tuned and untuned input circuits. For a given frequency and input coil coupled to the SQUID, expressions are obtained for the optimum source resistance, gain, and noise temperature. The performance of two amplifiers designed according to these predictions is described. The gain of an untuned amplifier operated at 100 MHz and 4.2 K was 16.5±0.5 dB with a noise temperature of 3.8±0.9K; at 1.5 K the gain increased to 19.5±0.5 dB, while the noise temperature decreased to 0.9±0.4 K. A tuned amplifier operated at 93 MHz and 4.2 K had a gain of 18.6±0.5 dB and a noise temperature of 1.7±0.5 K. These results were in good agreement with predicted values.
Passing sheaths and electrode catheters through inferior vena cava filters: Safer than we think?

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are being inserted with increasing frequency for the prevention of pulmonary embolus. Previous case reports have documented the passage of up to three electrode catheters or an individual long sheath through an IVC filter. The current report expands on prior series with regard to the number of devices used. We describe our experience in 10 patients in whom up to five electrode catheters and/or sheaths were placed through an IVC filter using a transfemoral approach under fluoroscopic guidance without routine venography. Devices were successfully introduced and withdrawn in each case without filter dislodgment. Our series illustrates the feasibility and safety of passing multiple electrode catheters and long sheaths through an IVC filter. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that an IVC filter should not be considered an absolute contraindication to performing diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Trans-plasma membrane electron transport in Anacystis nidulans

Abstract Ferricyanide is reduced in the dark by whole cells of Anacystis nidulans. A transmembrane redox system spanning the plasma membrane of these cells is proposed to be the mechanism involved in external ferricyanide reduction by these cells. Ferricyanide reduction is not due to the excretion of reductants, as indicated by a low rate of ferricyanide reduction in the supernatant after removal of cells. Low rates of cytochrome c reduction compared to ferricyanide indicate ferricyanide reduction is not due to release of low potential reducing agents. Catechol release by these cells is minimal. The ferricyanide is not reduced after entry into cells, since ferricyanide is recovered in the suspension media. Lack of inhibition by sulfhydryl reagents indicates that the excretion of sulfhydryl reductants or the presence of sulfhydryl sites on the membrane are not causing external ferricyanide reduction. No ferricyanide oxidation by whole cells of A. nidulans was detected. Inhibition of O2-uptake by ferricyanide suggests that a plasma membrane respiratory system may be partially involved. Stimulation of the rate of ferricyanide reduction by 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide (HOQNO) is a further indication of the selective involvement of the plasma membrane respiratory chain in the external ferricyanide reduction by A. nidulans.
Expressed sequence tags and chromosomal localization of cDNA clones from a subtracted retinal pigment epithelium library

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) provide useful molecular landmarks for physical mapping and identify the position of an expressed region in the genome. The use of subtracted cDNA libraries enriched for tissue-specific genes as a source of ESTs should reduce the repetitive isolation of constitutively expressed sequences. We report here the sequence tags from the 3'-end region of 58 new directionally cloned cDNAs from a subtracted human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell line library. Eight of the cDNAs have been assigned to human chromosomes using PCR-based EST assays. Chromosomal mapping of subtracted RPE cDNA clones may also help in identifying candidate genes for inherited eye diseases.
Role of miRNA in HIV-1 latency

Postintegration latency of HIV-1 is achieved when host cells contain integrated provirus but viral particles are not being produced. When the cells are activated, infectious viruses can be produced from the cells. Latent infection is one of the important characteristics for all HIV-1 strains to survive in vivo. To avoid exposing itself to immune recognition, HIV-1 has evolved various strategies to prevent the expression of viral antigens. The resting CD4+ T lymphocytes infected with HIV-1 in a state of latency are the major reservoir for viral relapse after termination of highly active antiretroviral therapy. It has been demonstrated that the latency could be due to the transcriptional inefficiency and post-transcriptional suppression. Recent studies have also found that the cellular miRNAs inhibit HIV-1 expression in primary resting CD4+ T cells by interactions with the 3´-termini of HIV-1 RNA, and therefore contribute to viral latency. It is known that almost all spliced or unspliced HIV-1 mRNAs share t...
Bounded Approximation: A New Criterion for Dimensionality Reduction Approximation in Similarity Search

We examine the problem of efficient distance-based similarity search over high-dimensional data. We show that a promising approach to this problem is to reduce dimensions and allow fast approximation. Conventional reduction approaches, however, entail a significant shortcoming: The approximation volume extends across the dataspace, which causes overestimation of retrieval sets and impairs performance. This paper focuses on a new criterion for dimensionality reduction methods: bounded approximation. We show that this requirement can be accomplished by a novel nonlinear transformation scheme that extracts two important parameters from the data. We devise two approximation formulations, namely, rectangular and spherical range search, each corresponding to a closed volume around the original search sphere. We discuss in detail how we can derive tight bounds for the parameters and prove further results, as well as highlight insights into the problems and our proposed solutions. To demonstrate the benefits of the new criterion, we study the effects of (un)boundedness on approximation performance, including selectivity, error toleration, and efficiency. Extensive experiments confirm the superiority of this technique over recent state-of-the-art schemes.
Intimate Partner Violence and Depressive Symptoms during Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Using longitudinal data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study, we examine the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and depressive symptoms during adolescence and young adulthood (N = 1,273) while controlling for time-stable and time-varying correlates. Results show temporal changes in depressive symptoms, such that increases in depressive symptoms correspond to IPV exposure. While prior work has theorized that certain populations may be at increased psychological vulnerability from IPV, results indicate that both perpetration and victimization are associated with increases in depressive symptoms for both men and women, and irrespective of whether IPV exposure occurred in adolescence or young adulthood. Cumulative exposure to IPV does not appear to increase depressive symptoms beyond the effect observed for the most recent IPV exposure, but physical maltreatment by a parent does appear to diminish the association between IPV perpetration and depressive symptoms for a small subset of the sample.
Electrophysiological study of mammalian neurons from ventral mesencephalon grown in primary dissociated cell culture

Abstract Mammalian neurons from ventral mesencephalon were grown in primary dissociated cell culture. While dopaminergic neurons were found in culture and used as a marker for this area of the nervous system, our study did not segregate the neurons in terms of their dopaminergic nature. Indeed all of the results were probably from nondopaminergic neurons. Action potentials dependent on sodium and potassium could be elicited from neurons placed in a balanced salt solution. Following blockage of sodium current by tetrodoxin and reduction of potassium current by tetraethylammonium and 3-aminopyridine, long-duration action potentials could be elicited by intracellular stimulation. These action potentials were most probably calcium-dependent since they could not be elicited in bathing solution containing manganese, a calcium-conductance blocker.
A note on eigenvalues of perturbed Hermitian matrices

Abstract Let A = H 1 E ∗ E H 2 and A ∼ = H 1 O O H 2 be Hermitian matrices with eigenvalues λ 1 ⩾ ⋯ ⩾ λ k and λ ∼ 1 ⩾ ⋯ ⩾ λ ∼ k , respectively. Denote by ∥ E ∥ the spectral norm of the matrix E , and η the spectral gap between the spectra of H 1 and H 2 . It is shown that | λ i - λ ∼ i | ⩽ 2 ‖ E ‖ 2 η + η 2 + 4 ‖ E ‖ 2 , which improves all the existing results. Similar bounds are obtained for singular values of matrices under block perturbations.
A parallel approach to STAP implementation for fMRI data.

Purpose To exploit the capabilities of parallel processing in applying the space-time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithm, previously explored on a small scale for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) applications, to conventional size fMRI data sets. Materials and Methods STAP is a two-dimensional filter that is able to locate fMRI activations in both space and frequency. It is applied here for the construction of brain activation maps in fMRI using Visual Age® C, incorporating Engineering and Scientific Subroutine Library (ESSL®) functions, compiled in 64-bit, and executed on an IBM SP supercomputer. Results Computer simulations incorporating actual MRI noise indicate that STAP, incorporated using the method of steepest descent, is feasible on conventional size data sets and exhibits an improvement in detecting activations over the more traditional cross correlation method of fMRI analysis when the response is unknown. Conclusion STAP is feasible on traditional size fMRI data sets and useful in elucidating spatial and temporal connectivity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PP2ARts1 is a master regulator of pathways that control cell size

Cell size checkpoints ensure that passage through G1 and mitosis occurs only when sufficient growth has occurred. The mechanisms by which these checkpoints work are largely unknown. PP2A associated with the Rts1 regulatory subunit (PP2ARts1) is required for cell size control in budding yeast, but the relevant targets are unknown. In this paper, we used quantitative proteome-wide mass spectrometry to identify proteins controlled by PP2ARts1. This revealed that PP2ARts1 controls the two key checkpoint pathways thought to regulate the cell cycle in response to cell growth. To investigate the role of PP2ARts1 in these pathways, we focused on the Ace2 transcription factor, which is thought to delay cell cycle entry by repressing transcription of the G1 cyclin CLN3. Diverse experiments suggest that PP2ARts1 promotes cell cycle entry by inhibiting the repressor functions of Ace2. We hypothesize that control of Ace2 by PP2ARts1 plays a role in mechanisms that link G1 cyclin accumulation to cell growth.
Gesture coder: a tool for programming multi-touch gestures by demonstration

Multi-touch gestures have become popular on a wide range of touchscreen devices, but the programming of these gestures remains an art. It is time-consuming and error-prone for a developer to handle the complicated touch state transitions that result from multiple fingers and their simultaneous movements. In this paper, we present Gesture Coder, which by learning from a few examples given by the developer automatically generates code that recognizes multi-touch gestures, tracks their state changes and invokes corresponding application actions. Developers can easily test the generated code in Gesture Coder, refine it by adding more examples, and once they are satisfied with its performance integrate the code into their applications. We evaluated our learning algorithm exhaustively with various conditions over a large set of noisy data. Our results show that it is sufficient for rapid prototyping and can be improved with higher quality and more training data. We also evaluated Gesture Coder's usability through a within-subject study in which we asked participants to implement a set of multi-touch interactions with and without Gesture Coder. The results show overwhelmingly that Gesture Coder significantly lowers the threshold of programming multi-touch gestures.
Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-α by MDM2

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) belongs to the nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors and regulates lipid and glucose metabolism. Like other NRs, the regulation of gene expression by PPARα depends on cofactor recruitment to the transcription complex and multiple protein-protein interactions. In this study, Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is identified as a PPARα-interacting protein that regulates PPARα transcriptional activity. MDM2 modulated the transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARβ/δ, but not PPARγ in reporter assays. Knockdown of MDM2 by small interfering RNA in rat hepatoma cells inhibited ligand-induced mRNA levels of several PPARα target genes involved in lipid metabolism. MDM2 associated with PPARα on target gene promoters, and this association increased in response to Wy14,643 treatment. MDM2 interacted with PPARα and this interaction occurred with the A/B domain of PPARα. Coexpression of MDM2 increased PPARα ubiquitination and the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of MDM2 affected PPARα protein expression and transcriptional activity. MDM2 expression was decreased in response to clofibrate in wild-type (WT), but not in PPARα null mice, indicating a PPARα-dependent regulation. These studies identify a role for MDM2 in regulating PPARα-mediated pathways of lipid metabolism.
Trabecular bone exhibits fully linear elastic behavior and yields at low strains

Using a protocol designed to reduce experimental artifacts associated with the conventional compression test for trabecular bone, we performed in vitro mechanical testing on bovine tibial trabecular bone to obtain accurate descriptions of the elastic and yield behaviors. Reduced-section cylindrical specimens were preconditioned for eight tension-compression (+/- 0.5% strain) cycles and then loaded to failure either in tension (n = 15) or compression (n = 14). We found that the pre-yield behavior for every specimen was fully linear, indicating that the initial nonlinear 'toe' is an experimental artifact. Analysis of variance on the moduli indicated that there was no significant difference between the tensile and compressive moduli before preconditioning. However, preconditioning decreased the tensile and compressive moduli on average by 8.8% (p < 0.01) and 5.3% (p < 0.01), respectively, with the decrease in tensile modulus being larger (p < 0.01). These small but significant decreases in modulus suggest that initial yielding involves microstructural damage (as opposed to plastic slip) of individual trabeculae and also indicate that the tensile and/or the compressive yield strain of (bovine tibial) trabecular bone is less than 0.5%. The mean tensile strength was approximately 70% of the mean compressive strength, although this difference in strengths may have been affected by the preconditioning-induced damage. Taken together, these results suggest that there are more similarities between the elastic and yield behaviors of trabecular and cortical bone than had been assumed previously.
Comprehensive Identification of Protein Substrates of the Dot/Icm Type IV Transporter of Legionella pneumophila

A large number of proteins transferred by the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm system have been identified by various strategies. With no exceptions, these strategies are based on one or more characteristics associated with the tested proteins. Given the high level of diversity exhibited by the identified proteins, it is possible that some substrates have been missed in these screenings. In this study, we took a systematic method to survey the L. pneumophila genome by testing hypothetical orfs larger than 300 base pairs for Dot/Icm-dependent translocation. 798 of the 832 analyzed orfs were successfully fused to the carboxyl end of β-lactamase. The transfer of the fusions into mammalian cells was determined using the β-lactamase reporter substrate CCF4-AM. These efforts led to the identification of 164 proteins positive in translocation. Among these, 70 proteins are novel substrates of the Dot/Icm system. These results brought the total number of experimentally confirmed Dot/Icm substrates to 275. Sequence analysis of the C-termini of these identified proteins revealed that Lpg2844, which contains few features known to be important for Dot/Icm-dependent protein transfer can be translocated at a high efficiency. Thus, our efforts have identified a large number of novel substrates of the Dot/Icm system and have revealed the diverse features recognizable by this protein transporter.
Regression models for group testing data with pool dilution effects

Group testing is widely used to reduce the cost of screening individuals for infectious diseases. There is an extensive literature on group testing, most of which traditionally has focused on estimating the probability of infection in a homogeneous population. More recently, this research area has shifted towards estimating individual-specific probabilities in a regression context. However, existing regression approaches have assumed that the sensitivity and specificity of pooled biospecimens are constant and do not depend on the pool sizes. For those applications, where this assumption may not be realistic, these existing approaches can lead to inaccurate inference, especially when pool sizes are large. Our new approach, which exploits the information readily available from underlying continuous biomarker distributions, provides reliable inference in settings where pooling would be most beneficial and does so even for larger pool sizes. We illustrate our methodology using hepatitis B data from a study involving Irish prisoners.
Pseudo-spectral numerical simulation of miscible fluids with a high density ratio

Abstract A computational algorithm is described for direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent mixing of two incompressible miscible fluids having greatly differing densities. The algorithm uses Fourier pseudo-spectral methods to compute spatial derivatives and a fractional step method involving the third-order Adams–Bashforth–Moulton predictor–corrector scheme to advance the solution in time. The pressure projection technique is shown to eliminate stability problems, previously observed, when the ratio of the densities in the two streams is as high as 35. The algorithm is investigated in detail for mixing in isotropic homogeneous turbulence of two fluids with a density ratio of 10. The limit on the density ratio is imposed so that the flow is both everywhere turbulent and spatially resolved. Both fluids have the same molecular viscosities, the nominal Schmidt number is 0.7, and the initial nominal Reynolds number based on the integral length scale and the rms velocity is 158. No body force is considered. It is shown that the pressure projection scheme does not limit the temporal accuracy of the solution when periodic boundary conditions are used, but that it significantly affects the stability of the simulations. It is also shown that the rate at which turbulence kinetic energy dissipates averaged for the whole computational domain is almost unaffected by density ratio.
Prevalence of dissociated strabismus in children with ocular misalignment: a population-based study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of dissociated strabismus among a population-based cohort of children diagnosed with all forms of ocular misalignment. Methods The medical records of all children ( Results Of 627 children with strabismus, 12 (1.9%) were found to have DVD at their initial diagnosis at a mean age of 52 months (range, 3.5-206 months). During a mean follow-up of 10.4 years (range, 1-20 years), an additional 44 children were diagnosed with DVD, yielding a total of 50 children (7.9%). The common strabismus subtypes with the highest prevalence of DVD were, in declining order, congenital esotropia (53%), esotropia in the setting of a developmental deficit (25%), and accommodative esotropia (3.4%). None of the subjects were recorded as having DHD. Conclusions In this patient cohort, DVD was relatively uncommon and occurred most frequently among those with early-onset strabismus and strabismus in the setting of a developmental deficit.
Sustainability of meat-based and plant-based diets and the environment

Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people live primarily on a meat-based diet, while an estimated 4 billion live primarily on a plant-based diet. The US food production system uses about 50% of the total US land area, 80% of the fresh water, and 17% of the fossil energy used in the country. The heavy dependence on fossil energy suggests that the US food system, whether meat-based or plant-based, is not sustainable. The use of land and energy resources devoted to an average meat-based diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian (plant-based) diet is analyzed in this report. In both diets, the daily quantity of calories consumed are kept constant at about 3533 kcal per person. The meat-based food system requires more energy, land, and water resources than the lactoovovegetarian diet. In this limited sense, the lactoovovegetarian diet is more sustainable than the average American meat-based diet.
To Act or not to Act: The Dilemma Faced by Sexual Harassment Observers

Efforts to end sexual harassment that rely primarily on target reporting are unlikely to be successful because most targets do not report their experiences. Thus, we explore an alternative mechanism for controlling sexual harassment—observer intervention. We examine observer intervention in sexual harassment using the literature on bystander intervention for guidance. We describe the concept of observer intervention, develop a taxonomy of intervention types, and discuss factors promoting and inhibiting its occurrence.
Doing Better but Feeling Worse Looking for the “Best” Job Undermines Satisfaction

Expanding upon Simon's (1955) seminal theory, this investigation compared the choice-making strategies of maximizers and satisficers, finding that maximizing tendencies, although positively correlated with objectively better decision outcomes, are also associated with more negative subjective evaluations of these decision outcomes. Specifically, in the fall of their final year in school, students were administered a scale that measured maximizing tendencies and were then followed over the course of the year as they searched for jobs. Students with high maximizing tendencies secured jobs with 20% higher starting salaries than did students with low maximizing tendencies. However, maximizers were less satisfied than satisficers with the jobs they obtained, and experienced more negative affect throughout the job-search process. These effects were mediated by maximizers' greater reliance on external sources of information and their fixation on realized and unrealized options during the search and selection process.
Obstacle avoidance through incremental learning with attention selection

This work presents a learning-based approach to the task of generating local reactive obstacle avoidance. The learning is performed online in real-time by a mobile robot. The robot operated in an unknown bounded 2-D environment populated by static or moving obstacles (with slow speeds) of arbitrary shape. The sensory perception was based on a laser range finder. To greatly reduce the number of training samples needed, an attentional mechanism was used. An efficient, real-time implementation of the approach had been tested, demonstrating smooth obstacle-avoidance behaviors in a corridor with a crowd of moving students as well as static obstacles.
A shared execution strategy for multiple pattern mining requests over streaming data

In diverse applications ranging from stock trading to traffic monitoring, popular data streams are typically monitored by multiple analysts for patterns of interest. These analysts may submit similar pattern mining requests, such as cluster detection queries, yet customized with different parameter settings. In this work, we present an efficient shared execution strategy for processing a large number of density-based cluster detection queries with arbitrary parameter settings. Given the high algorithmic complexity of the clustering process and the real-time responsiveness required by streaming applications, serving multiple such queries in a single system is extremely resource intensive. The naive method of detecting and maintaining clusters for different queries independently is often in-feasible in practice, as its demands on system resources increase dramatically with the cardinality of the query workload. To overcome this, we analyze the interrelations between the cluster sets identified by queries with different parameters settings, including both pattern-specific and window-specific parameters. We introduce the notion of the growth property among the cluster sets identified by different queries, and characterize the conditions under which it holds. By exploiting this growth property we propose a uniform solution, called Chandi, which represents identified cluster sets as one single compact structure and performs integrated maintenance on them -- resulting in significant sharing of computational and memory resources. Our comprehensive experimental study, using real data streams from domains of stock trades and moving object monitoring, demonstrates that Chandi is on average four times faster than the best alternative methods, while using 85% less memory space in our test cases. It also shows that Chandi scales in handling large numbers of queries on the order of hundreds or even thousands under high input data rates.