cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some results on selectivity and self-reducibility

We show that complexity classes DTIME(T) and NTIME(T) ∩ coNTIME(T) can be characterized using selectivity and Turing self-reducibility, where T is a set of time bounds closed under addition and multiplication. This includes a recent result of Buhrman, van Helden and Torenvliet on the level of P as a special case [5]. What is more interesting is that our proof is not only simple but also general in the sense that a single proof works for arbitrary time complexity classes. Probabilistic selectivity is investigated as well.
Host-finding responses of onion and seedcorn flies to healthy and decomposing onions and several synthetic constituents of onion.

Decomposing onion seedlings and bulbing plants elicited a greater host-finding response by female (but not male) onion flies, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), than did healthy plants. Clear acetate cone traps baited with the onion chemical, n-dipropyl disulfide, caught more female and male onion flies than traps baited with plants or propanethiol. Of variously damaged onions, only mechanically injured plants released a significant male response, whereas female onion flies were caught by traps baited with maggot infested, Fusarium inoculated, and mechanically injured hosts. Seed corn fly, H. platura (Meigen), females showed a slight, but statistically significant, preference for rotting onion plants, rotting seedlings and healthy seedlings. These results suggest that distinctive blends of host plant volatiles, differing quantitatively or qualitatively, release varying degrees of female and male onion fly host-finding behavior. The apparent advantage of female preference for the decomposing onion would be increased larval survival due to easier larval penetration of onion bulbs and faster larval development.
Public Relations in a Global Context: The Relevance of Critical Modernism as a Theoretical Lens

This article aims to interrupt the modernist goals of public relations research that predominantly privileges a management discourse. The emergence of the intertwined nature of cultural phenomena in the context of globalization necessitates alternative ways of thinking about public relations. This article explores the possibilities of postmodernism to disrupt the accepted norms of the dominant discourse of public relations. However, given the fragmented nature of the discursive space in postmodernism, this article advances the argument that critical modernism provides a relevant alternative to the modernist paradigm of public relations research by utilizing globalization theories. It suggests a space for articulating the roles of power and structure situated within the constitutive spaces of discourse.
The Physical Diagnostics and Ionization Structure of the Orion Nebula

The most detailed study to date of the physical diagnostics and ionization structure of the core of M42 (the Orion Nebula) is presented using new long slit spectra and existing CCD imagery. Cospatial temperature and density diagnostics are presented for distances out to ~5 arcminutes from the Trapezium and clearly show gradients in Te and Ne. Temperatures are derived using S+, O+, N+, O++ and the Balmer Discontinuity, TBac. Values for T(S+) in the range 11,000-14,500 K are presented and suggest shock heating at the ionization front as predicted by some models. A gradient in TBac is derived with temperatures as low as 3000 K and is left open to interpretation. Density gradients for S+, O+ and Cl++ are also presented and are consistent with model predictions for an H II region in the champagne phase of evolution. Using imagery we have constructed a picture of the core of Orion, including previously unknown features. Ratio maps show a high ionization cavity centered on the Trapezium and a low ionization region to the southwest. Ripples and bends in the background molecular cloud are detected. Further to the southwest the ionization begins to increase with distance, which is interpreted as the molecular cloud curving back toward the observer. Additional features in the imagery include a bar-like structure to the northeast of the Trapezium and a high density knot and ellipse of material believed to be a Herbig Haro object. Our diagnostics provide unprecedented detail as to the variation of temperature fluctuations with position. The mean square temperature fluctuation, t2, for the ions O++ and N+ is similar on a global scale, with a value in the range 0.03-0.05 for an assumed constant recombination temperature. Using a gradient in TBac predicts t2 values of 0.01-0.15 with values increasing outward. The ion S+ gives unusually high values of t2 and is not a reliable indicator of fluctuations in the H+ zone since some of the S II emission arises from beyond the ionization front.
EFFECTS OF SENTENCING OPTIONS AND STRICT/LENIENT INSTRUCTIONS ON CONVICTING SUICIDE ATTEMPTERS

Sentence and strictness of instructions influence juries' willingness to convict. To see whether this result holds for suicide attempters, 240 undergraduates read jury instructions for a suicide attempt that varied sentence (jail term, fine, community service, or mandatory counseling) and instructions, voted guilty / not guilty, and rated their certainty and effectiveness. With sentences of 25 hours mandatory counseling, or strict instructions, more respondents voted guilty. Sentence did not impact certainty or effectiveness, but strictness enhanced certainty. Overall, respondents were neutral that convicting a suicide attempter would reduce future attempts. Consistent with terror management theory, present students were willing to punish regardless of whether they thought that the punishment was preventive.
The Activity of Guanine Exchange Factor NET1 Is Essential for Transforming Growth Factor-β-mediated Stress Fiber Formation

To examine signaling pathways underlying transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-mediated changes in cell morphology, we used a microarray system to identify downstream target genes that may play a role in this process. Through this approach, we found that the NET1 gene was induced upon TGF-beta treatment in several cell types. NET1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA whose activity has been implicated in stress fiber formation. In the Swiss 3T3 cell line, TGF-beta induces NET1 expression, and this correlated with an increase in stress fiber formation. Overexpression of the wild type NET1 gene increases stress fiber formation, and overexpression of a dominant negative NET1 mutant (L392E) prevented TGF-beta dependent increase in stress fiber formation. Furthermore, treatment of the cells with a RhoA kinase inhibitor Y-27632 blocks TGF-beta-induced stress fiber formation. By using a stable cell line expressing dominant negative Smad3, we found that the Smad signaling pathway is essential for the induction of NET1, which in turn leads to the increase of Rho activity. Taken together, those data suggest that induction of NET1 is important for the increase of Rho activity upon TGF-beta treatment, which may represent the critical trigger for a variety of downstream events in different cells. Our results support the presence of a novel signaling pathway by which TGF-beta may regulate the formation of stress fibers and reorganization of cytoskeletal structures.
Comprehension and recall of text as a function of content variables

Short English texts, controlled for number of words and number of propositions, but differing in the number of word concepts in the text base (many versus few), were read and recalled immediately. Reading times were longer and recall was less for texts with many different word concepts than for texts with fewer word concepts. Superordinate propositions were recalled better than subordinate propositions and forgotten less when recall was delayed. The probability that a word concept was recalled increased as a function of both the number of repetitions of that concept in the text base and the number of repetitions of the corresponding word in the actual text. These results also obtained when subjects listened to the experimental paragraphs.
The production of bacteria attached to particles suspended in a freshwater pond1

The biomass and activity of particle-bound bacteria in a small freshwater pond were cxamined during 2 years. The percentage of total bacteria attached to particles was highest (3%) in the months of July through October. During this period the number of bacteria per particle and the number of particles per milliliter were also relatively high. An average attached bacterium was larger than an unattached bacterium in July and August but not in February and May. Cell volumes of both populations were larger in summer than in winter. The uptake of three “C-labeled compounds and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into macromolecules were also examined. Although there was no seasonal pattern in the percentage of activity contributed by the >3.0-pm fraction, this fraction took up relatively more glucose (21% of total uptake) than glutamate (12%) or acetate (6.8%). Thymidine incorporation by the large bacteria was relatively low (2.8%). The production of bacteria attached to particles was estimated from rates of thymidine incorporation and used to estimate the remineralization rate of detrital carbon by particle-bound bacteria. Detrital carbon in Ice House Pond was apparently not remineralized substantially by particle-bound bacteria.
2D Lattice Extraction from Structured Environments

In this paper we investigate the problem of automatically detecting 2D grid structures such as windows on building facades from images taken in urban settings. The key assumption that the background is strongly structured allows searching for near-regular textures in the image. We describe a probabilistic framework using Markov Random Field modeling and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) optimization to explicitly recognize and group rectangular structures that appear in a grid-like pattern. Results on a variety of images of building facades are shown.
Approaches to Jewish Studies: Teaching a Methods Class

. Like religious studies, Jewish studies is an academic exploration of literature, ritual, history, philosophy, and experience across disciplinary boundaries. As with all area studies, Jewish studies balances itself – often precariously – as a bridge across that range of methodological options. The breadth of theories employed by each has complicated the teaching of an upper level seminar in Jewish studies. Conceived as a cross between a parade of scholars course and a senior capstone experience, the class employed the broad thematic principle of “identity.” In doing so, it exposed the biases of the students, the subject, and the instructor. (The appendix – abbreviated syllabus mentioned in this essay can be found on the Wabash Center Web site .)
The Meaning of Pro Bono: Institutional Variations in Professional Obligations among Lawyers

Recent data on lawyer participation in pro bono have suggested that such work flows from the intrinsic value one derives from volunteering as well as from workplace characteristics of those who provide pro bono service. This finding would imply that pro bono emerges not merely from individual personality traits but that the workplace environment structures motives and incentives for pro bono work. Such a finding points to a need to disentangle the effects of diverse workplace settings on the construction of different vocabularies of motive for engaging in pro bono work. In this article I employ an institutional framework to examine the impact of the workplace environment on participation in pro bono work among lawyers. Survey data were collected from 474 lawyers who graduated from three law schools that have mandatory pro bono requirements. Results indicate that lawyers' meanings of pro bono as well as their motivations for doing such work and the benefits they attribute to such work vary across workplace settings. These results are discussed in relation to institutional theory.
Cylindric Algebras with Terms

In this paper we discuss cylindric algebras with terms. The setting is two—sorted algebras—one sort for terms and one for Boolean elements. As with cylindric algebras, a cylindric algebra with terms has its roots in first order predicate logic [HMT1]. Let Σ be a set of sentences in a first order language with terms, equality and variables u 0 , u 1 , u 2 , …, Define a relation ≡ Σ on Fm, the set of formulas, by φ ≡ Σ θ if and only if Σ ⊢ φ ↔ θ , and on Tm, the set of terms, by τ ≡ Σ σ if and only if Σ ⊢ τ ≈ σ . The operations +, · , c κ , 0, 1 are defined as usual on equivalence classes. Define , where is σ with τ substituted for all occurrences of u κ . That the operation * κ , for κ , is well defined follows from the first order axioms of equality. Let v κ = [ u κ ] . To establish the link between terms and Booleans, define operations o κ as follows: , where φ' is a variant of φ such that u κ is free for τ in φ′ and is φ′ with τ substituted for all free occurrences of u κ in φ′ . From the first order axioms it follows that o κ , for κ , is well defined. Finally, instead of diagonal elements, we define a Boolean-valued operation on terms as follows: [ τ ] e [ σ ] = [ τ ≈ σ ].
Photoeffects at Semiconductor Surfaces

Photons absorbed by a semiconductor can induce three types of electron transitions involving the bands of the solid: (i) electron transitions from a filled band to a conduction band, (ii) electron transitions to or from an adsorbate or an equivalent surface state, or (iii) electron transitions to or from energy levels in the forbidden gap region in the bulk material. The last case is generally of little interest in surface studies even though it is of great interest in fluorescence and other bulk properties. Absorption associated with surface states is of interest because it can provide information about the energy levels at the surface.
Corporate Governance and Mutual Fund Performance: A First Look at the Morningstar Stewardship Grades

This paper documents for the first time the relationship between mutual fund governance and mutual fund performance. Using the first release of the Morningstar Stewardship Grades on August 24, 2004, we find that funds receiving good grades outperformed funds with bad grades by 19 to 23 basis points per month over 1/2001-7/2004 and by 10 to 16 basis points per month over 9/2004-12/2006. In an examination of daily fund flows subsequent to the announcement date, we see evidence that investors sold funds with poor grades and bought funds with good grades. Of the five variables Morningstar uses to compute their grades, the Board Quality and Fees variables shows the most explanatory power. These results broadly support the main conclusion of Gompers, Ishii and Metrick (2003 QJE), namely that corporate governance significantly affects performance.
Thermal Buckling of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Nonlocal Elasticity

The small internal length scales of nanomaterials/nano-devices may call the direct application of classical continuum models into question. In this research, a nonlocal elastic shell model, which takes the small scale effects into account, is developed to study the thermal buckling behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes are considered as concentric thin shells coupled with the van der Waals forces between adjacent nanotubes. Closed form solutions are formulated for two types of thermal buckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube: Radial thermal buckling (as in a shell under external pressure) and axial thermal buckling. The effects of small scale effects are demonstrated, and a significant influence of internal characteristic parameters such as the length of the C-C bond has been found on the thermal buckling critical temperature. The study interestingly shows that the axial buckling is not likely to happen, while the "radial" buckling may often take place when the carbon nano-tubes are subjected to thermal loading. Furthermore, a convenient method to determine the material constant, "e o " and the internal characteristic parameter, "a," is suggested.
Microbial Control of Insect Pests in Temperate Orchard Systems: Potential for Incorporation into IPM ∗

Because of their selectivity and safety, microbial control agents (MCAs) appear to be ready-made components of integrated pest management (IPM) systems that do not pose a threat to applica- tors or the environment and allow other natural enemies to func- tion. Control of several orchard pest insects using MCAs, including viruses, Bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, and entomopathogenic nema- todes (EPNs), have been demonstrated in apple, pear, stone fruits, citrus, and several nut crops. B. thuringiensis is the most used MCA for control of lepidopteran orchard pests. Significant use of EPNs in citrus for control of root weevils is also reported. The granulovirus of codling moth is used increasingly in apple and pear by organic growers, with interest also shown by conventional growers. Although some success has been achieved, in most orchard systems MCAs ac- count for a relatively small proportion of the pest control tactics employed, and in some systems they are not used at all. Research toward improving MCA efficacy and economic competitiveness is required to enhance the role of MCAs in IPM.
Temporal distance as a determinant of just world strategy

The authors investigated the impact of temporal distance on just world maintenance strategy. Across four studies, it was found that participants blamed the victim's actions more when victimization was temporally near (i.e., occurred within the last year, seemed to have occurred just yesterday, focused on how the abuse occurred). In contrast, perceivers blamed the victim's character more and expected the victim to find benefits for his or her suffering more when victimization was temporally distant (i.e., occurred five years ago, seemed to have occurred long ago, focused on why the abuse occurred). The effects of temporal distance on just world maintenance strategy were only found when just world threat was high. Implications for the study of just world theory and construal level theory are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Representation of Activity Knowledge for Project Management

Representation of activity knowledge is important to any application which must reason about activities such as new product management, factory scheduling, robot control, vehicle control, software engineering, and air traffic control. This paper provides an integration of the underlying theories needed for modeling activities. Using the domain of large computer design projects as an example, the semantics of activity modeling is described. While the past research in knowledge representation has discovered most of the underlying concepts, our attempt is toward their integration. This includes the epistemological concepts for erecting the required knowledge structure; the concepts of activity, state, goal, and manifestation for the adequate description of the plan and the progress; and the concepts of time and causality to infer the progression among the activities. We also address the issues which arise due to the integration of aggregation, time, and causality among activities and states.
Hypnosis: There’s an App for that. A systematic review of hypnosis apps

This study systematically reviews the hypnosis apps available via iTunes that were compatible with iPhone or iPad. Of 1455 apps identified on iTunes, 407 met inclusion criteria and were further reviewed. Most common hypnosis app targets were weight loss (23%), boosting self-esteem (20%), and relaxation/stress reduction (19%); 83% of apps delivered hypnosis via audio track, and 37% allowed tailoring. Less than 14% of apps reported disclaimers. None of the apps reported having been tested for efficacy, and none reported being evidence based. Although apps have the potential to enhance hypnosis delivery, it seems as though technology has raced ahead of the supporting science. Recommendations from clinical researchers and policy makers are needed to inform responsible hypnosis app development and use.
A geometrical core constant approach to integrated magnetics design

Integrated magnetics, which incorporates a multiple-output transformer and several coupled inductors on the same core, can reduce the total volume, weight and cost of converters while providing better performance through the coupled inductor current ripple steering phenomena, independent of the converter topology, control, and operation mode. In this paper, an improved integrated magnetics design procedure is developed using a geometrical core constant approach in which the copper power dissipation limit of the integrated magnetics can be specified. The procedure gives the core size, the numbers of turns and the wire gauges of the windings, and the air gap of the component without requiring design iterations. An integrated magnetic structure consisting of a two-output transformer and two coupled inductors designed by this procedure has achieved less than 3% peak-to-peak current ripple on both coupled inductors. Compared to separate magnetics with the same performance, magnetics integration uses about half of the volume by a separate magnetics approach.
Rh-BMP-2 for L5-S1 arthrodesis in long fusions to the pelvis for neuromuscular spinal deformity in the pediatric age group: analysis of 11 patients

Neuromuscular scoliosis is a challenging pathology to treat with high incidence of complications and failure of surgical fusion. Surgical correction can entail long fusion constructs extending to the pelvis. We report our experience in the use of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to augment L5–S1 arthrodesis in long segment fusions in pediatric patients with neuromuscular scoliosis. Retrospective review of 11 pediatric patients with neuromuscular spinal deformity (mean, age 13.7 years; range, 10–20 years) who underwent long (mean, 15 levels; range, 10–18 levels) spinal instrumentation and fusion to the pelvis at a single institution from 2007 to 2012 with an average follow-up of 34 months (range, 11–62 months). Of the 11 patients, one had pseudoarthrosis at L5–S1. The average coronal Cobb angle measured 59° before surgery and 42° immediately after surgery. The average preoperative thoracic kyphosis and lumbar sagittal lordosis measured 34 and 59°, respectively. Immediately after surgery, the thoracic and lumbar angles measured 28 and 39°, respectively. At last follow-up, the average coronal Cobb angle was maintained at 43° and the thoracic and lumbar sagittal angles were 28 and 44°, respectively. An average of 14.2 mg of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rh-BMP-2) was used for each case. L5–S1 arthrodesis may be effectively achieved in long fusions for pediatric neuromuscular spinal deformity with posterolateral fusion supplemented with rh-BMP-2. This surgical strategy may be associated with lower complication rates, decreased blood loss, and shorter operative times than circumferential fusion, which is particularly important in this complex fragile patient population.
Life History Attributes of Indian Meal Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Angoumois Grain Moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Reared on Transgenic Corn Kernels

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), and Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), are two globally distributed stored-grain pests. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the impact that corn (Zea mays L.) kernels (i.e., grain) of some Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) corn hybrids containing CrylAb Bt delta-endotoxin have on life history attributes of Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth. Stored grain is at risk to damage from Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth; therefore, Bt corn may provide a means of protecting this commodity from damage. Thus, the objective of this research was to quantify the effects of transgenic corn seed containing CrylAb delta-endotoxin on Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth survival, fecundity, and duration of development. Experiments with Bt grain, non-Bt isolines, and non-Bt grain were conducted in environmental chambers at 27 +/- 1 degrees C and > or = 60% RH in continuous dark. Fifty eggs were placed in ventilated pint jars containing 170 g of cracked or whole corn for the Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth, respectively. Emergence and fecundity were observed for 5 wk. Emergence and fecundity of Indian meal moth and emergence of Angoumois grain moth were significantly lower for individuals reared on P33V08 and N6800Bt, MON 810 and Bt-11 transformed hybrids, respectively, than on their non-Bt transformed isolines. Longer developmental times were observed for Indian meal moth reared on P33V08 and N6800Bt than their non-Bt-transformed isolines. These results indicate that MON 810 and Bt-11 CrylAb delta-endotoxin-containing kernels reduce laboratory populations of Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth. Thus, storing Bt-transformed grain is a management tactic that warrants bin scale testing and may effectively reduce Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth populations in grain without application of synthetic chemicals or pesticides.
Uneconomical Diagnosis of Cladograms: Comments on Wheeler and Nixon's Method for Sankoff Optimization

Abstract We provide three simple examples demonstrating that Wheeler and Nixon's method of recoding “stepmatrix'' characters can fail to yield most parsimonious reconstructions of character evolution under specified cost (transformation-weight) schemes. These examples variously indicate undercounting or overcounting of tree lengths due to an inappropriate assumption of independence among the recoded characters. Their method is therefore not equivalent to Sankoff's dynamic programming algorithm, contrary to their claim.
Three-dimensional analysis of nonhuman primate trabecular architecture using micro-computed tomography.

Until recently, detailed analyses of the architecture of nonhuman primate cancellous bone have not been possible due to a combination of methodological constraints, including poor resolution imaging or destructive protocols. The development of micro-computed tomography (microCT) and morphometric methods associated with this imaging modality offers anthropologists a new means to study the comparative architecture of cancellous bone. Specifically, microCT will allow anthropologists to investigate the relationship between locomotor behavior and trabecular structure. We conducted a preliminary study on the trabecular patterns in the proximal humerus and femur of Hylobates lar, Ateles paniscus, Macaca mulatta, and Papio anubis to investigate the quantitative differences in their trabecular architecture and evaluate the potential of microCT in anthropological inquiry. MicroCT allows the researcher to evaluate variables beyond simple two-dimensional orientations and radiographic densities. For example, this methodology facilitates the study of trabecular thickness and bone volume fraction using three-dimensional data. Results suggest that density-related parameters do not reliably differentiate suspensory-climbing species from quadrupedal species. However, preliminary results indicate that measurements of the degree of anisotropy, a measure of trabecular orientation uniformity, do distinguish suspensory-climbing taxa from more quadrupedal species. The microCT method is an advance over conventional radiography and medical CT because it can accurately resolve micron-sized struts that make up cancellous bone, and from these images a wide array of parameters that have been demonstrated to be related to cancellous bone mechanical properties can be measured. Methodological problems pertinent to any comparative microCT study of primate trabecular architecture are discussed.
UV and IR Properties of the NCSM

In this chapter we discuss some of the formal aspects of NCSM calculations and the subsequent extrapolations to \(N_\mathrm{max}\rightarrow \infty \). The NCSM calculations, even when the bare Hamiltonian is used, depend on two parameters: \(N_\mathrm{max}\) (the size of the basis) and \(\hbar \Omega \) (the HO ‘frequency’ chosen for the basis).
Large Teleseismic P Wavefront Deflections Observed with Broadband Arrays

We measure the plane wavefront incidence azimuth for teleseismic P at large-aperture (∼50 km) broadband arrays. The incidence azimuth is determined by crosscorrelation of the P arrivals on the vertical component seismograms filtered in successive frequency bands. The periods considered range from 10 to 35 sec. At the Anza array in southern California, the plane wave direction is deflected from the great circle azimuth of the event by up to 20°. In addition, we find a surprisingly strong frequency dependence of the same magnitude and a striking antisymmetric pattern of the deflection as a function of backazimuth, whereas the curvature of the wavefront is small. Similar characteristics are found at the Grafenberg array in Germany and the NORSAR array in Norway, however, with much weaker amplitudes of ∼5°. We ascribe the behavior at Anza to structure in the lower crust and uppermost mantle beneath the array, given that the observations are only a function of source backazimuth and not of source depth and source mechanism, that the wavelengths under consideration range from 50 to 270 km, and that the sign of the deviation is opposite to that predicted from shallow crustal structure and Moho topography. We are able to reproduce the magnitude and frequency dependence of the wavefront deflection using finite difference numerical modeling of plane wave propagation through simple 2D structures.
A partitioning and bounded variable algorithm for linear programming

An interesting new partitioning and bounded variable algorithm (PBVA) is proposed for solving linear programming problems. The PBVA is a variant of the simplex algorithm which uses a modified form of the simplex method followed by the dual simplex method for bounded variables. In contrast to the two-phase method and the big M method, the PBVA does not introduce artificial variables. In the PBVA, a reduced linear program is formed by eliminating as many variables as there are equality constraints. A subproblem containing one ‘less than or equal to’ constraint is solved by executing the simplex method modified such that an upper bound is placed on an unbounded entering variable. The remaining constraints of the reduced problem are added to the optimal tableau of the subproblem to form an augmented tableau, which is solved by applying the dual simplex method for bounded variables. Lastly, the variables that were eliminated are restored by substitution. Differences between the PBVA and two other variants of t...
STATCOM Operation Strategy under Power System Faults

The STATCOM (synchronous static compensator) operation can be adversely affected due to voltage source converter (VSC) over-currents and trips, during power system faults when its dynamic VAR support functionality is most required strict requirements of STATCOM losses and total system loss penalty preclude the use of PWM (pulse-width modulation) for VSC based STATCOM applications. This constraint of implementing VSC without PWM functionality, results in over- currents and trips of the STATCOM during and after system faults. In this paper, we propose an "emergency PWM" strategy to prevent over-currents (and trips) in the VSC during and after system faults, with slightly different B-H characteristics (due to manufacturing tolerances) for series connected transformers. Simulation results are presented for a 48-pulse VSC based plusmn100 MVAr STATCOM connected to a 2-bus power system. Simulation results validate the "emergency PWM" strategy to prevent VSC over-currents and to supply reactive power under all power system faults - single-line to ground, line-line and three-phase system faults.
Genotoxicity of the steroidal oestrogens oestrone and oestradiol: possible mechanism of uterine and mammary cancer development

Oestrogens, including the natural hormones oestrone and oestradiol, induce various tumours in laboratory animals and have been recognized to be carcinogens in humans, raising the risk for breast and uterine cancer. As part of the search for the mechanism of hormone-induced carcinogenesis, various types of DNA damage have been detected which have been induced by oestrogens in cell-free systems, in cells in culture, or in vivo. Nevertheless, oestrogens have been postulated to act only as promoters of mammary carcinogenesis by receptor-mediated growth stimulation without consideration of their genotoxicity because these hormones failed to induce mutations in commonly used assays. More recently, oestradiol-induced numerical chromosomal changes (aneuploidy) and structural chromosomal aberrations have been detected in cells in culture and in hamster kidney, a target of oestrogen-induced cancer. In this animal model, oestradiol generates c-myc gene amplification and microsatellite instability. Mutations of the hprt gene have been induced by oestradiol in V79 cells and by catecholoestrogen metabolites in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Sequencing of this gene isolated from V79 mutant clones revealed point mutations and deletions. It is concluded that oestradiol plays a dual role as mutagen/carcinogen and as growth-stimulating hormone in the induction of tumours.
Hypersonic laminar boundary layer approaching the base of a slender body.

An asymptotic description is obtained for the acceleration of a laminar, hypersonic boundary layer approaching a sharp corner, assuming small interaction with the outer inviscid flow. Viscous forces are neglected except in a thin sublayer. The initial part of the expansion takes place over a distance O(Mj), where Me is the external Mach number and d is the boundarylayer thickness. Here the transverse pressure gradient is small and a solution can be obtained analytically. Within a distance O(S) from the corner, the effect of streamline curvature is essential, and a numerical solution is obtained by the method of integral relations for a single strip. The solution for surface pressure is compared with experimental results and with a similar theory for a laminar, supersonic boundary layer approaching a corner, and an approximate velocity profile at the corner is calculated.
Systematic improvement of a classical molecular model of water.

We report the iAMOEBA (“inexpensive AMOEBA”) classical polarizable water model. The iAMOEBA model uses a direct approximation to describe electronic polarizability, in which the induced dipoles are determined directly from the permanent multipole electric fields and do not interact with one another. The direct approximation reduces the computational cost relative to a fully self-consistent polarizable model such as AMOEBA. The model is parameterized using ForceBalance, a systematic optimization method that simultaneously utilizes training data from experimental measurements and high-level ab initio calculations. We show that iAMOEBA is a highly accurate model for water in the solid, liquid, and gas phases, with the ability to fully capture the effects of electronic polarization and predict a comprehensive set of water properties beyond the training data set including the phase diagram. The increased accuracy of iAMOEBA over the fully polarizable AMOEBA model demonstrates ForceBalance as a method that allo...
Myopia, Hypotony, and Lenticular Shift Following Strabismus Surgery

A 5-year-old girl had hypotony, myopia, and anterior displacement of the lens-iris diaphragm following routine strabismus surgery. This constellation of findings suggests that surgical manipulation of the intact sclera produced a limited effusion involving the supraciliary space. Following cycloplegia, these findings resolved over several weeks, suggesting that this rare complications is self-limited and associated with a good prognosis for recovery.
A taxonomy for classifying terminologies that describe simulations with multiple models

Many terms exist within Modeling and Simulation that refer to models consisting of more than one modeling paradigm, more than one model, or more than one formalism. To provide some clarification this paper identifies nine terms from the Modeling and Simulation literature and compares them against a taxonomy of model characteristics including time representation, basis of value, behavior, expression, resolution, and execution in order to classify the various terminologies and allow for a discussion from a generalized perspective. Results show that all nine modeling terminologies share the characteristic of resolution, none of the terminologies deal with all six characteristics, and that many of the terminologies deal with only three or less of the characteristics. Finally, this paper explores challenges with using multiple models that contain competing characteristics that are not covered in the literature.
The Functional Model Complex [Fe2(BPMP)(OPr)(NO)2](BPh4)2 Provides Insight into the Mechanism of Flavodiiron NO Reductases

Flavodiiron nitric oxide reductases (FNORs), found in many pathogenic bacteria, are able to detoxify NO by reducing it to N2O. In this way, FNORs equip these pathogens with immunity to NO, which is a central immune defense agent in humans. Hence, FNORs are thought to promote infection of the human body, leading to chronic diseases. Despite this importance of FNORs for bacterial pathogenesis, the mechanism of NO reduction by these enzymes is not well understood. Here we present the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of the diiron dinitrosyl model complex [Fe2(BPMP)(OPr)(NO)2](BPh4)2. The crystal structure of this complex shows two end-on-coordinated {FeNO}7 units that, based on spectroscopic and electrochemical results, are only weakly electronically coupled. Importantly, reduction of this complex by two electrons leads to the clean formation of N2O in quantitative yield. This complex therefore represents the first example of a functional model system for FNORs. The results provide key mechanisti...
The Validity of Using Thin-Film Optics in Modeling the Bidirectional Reflectance of Coated Rough Surfaces

Modeling of the bidirectional reflectance of thin-film coatings on rough surfaces has been an important and challenging problem. Some previous works assumed that the reflection of the thin-film coating could be described by thin-film optics considering interference effects whereas the roughness effect can be modeled using the geometric optics approximation. However, the validity of this hybrid method has not been examined over a large range of film thickness and surface roughness parameters. The present work investigates the validation of this hybrid method that incorporates the thin-film optics into the ray-tracing algorithm, by comparing the predicted bidirectional reflectance with the rigorous electromagnetic-wave solution. The difference between two ray-tracing approaches, i.e., the surface generation method and the microfacet slope method is also investigated. An applicable regime of the hybrid method is constructed for silicon dioxide films on a silicon substrate in the visible wavelength region.
Investigations on the Lewis-Acids-Catalysed Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions of Thionyl Chloride and Selenyl Chloride, the Substituent Effects, and the Reaction Mechanisms:

The previously established aluminium-chloride-(AlCl3)-catalysed electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) of benzene (PhH) with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) has been extended to toluene (PhCH3), chlorobenzene (PhCl), and phenol (PhOH). –CH3 was found to be mainly a para-director with a minor ortho-directing effect on the EAS reactions giving diaryl sulfoxides (Ar2SO). –Cl was found to be exclusively a para-director for formation of Ar2SO. All the –CH3, –Cl, and –OH groups were shown to be exclusive para-directors for formation of diaryl sulfides (Ar2S) from the EAS reactions. Although the reactions of PhH and PhCH3 with SOCl2 in the presence of AlCl3 gave the major Ar2SO and minor Ar2S at ambient temperature, the phenol (PhOH) reaction was shown to give only the reduced sulfide (p-HOC6H4)2S with no sulfoxide (p-HOC6H4)2SO formed. The mixed diaryl sulfoxides ArSOAr’ (Ar, Ar'=C6H5, p-CH3C6H4; C6H5, o-CH3C6H4; and C6H5, p-ClC6H4) were produced in the AlCl3-catalysed reactions of SOCl2 with molar 1:1 PhH–PhX mixt...
Implementation of the Compiled Mode on the Programmable Logic Controller

Traditional programmable logic controller(PLC)can execute ladder-diagram by using interpreted mode,which is of a low efficiency work.This paper proposes a compiled mode instead of interpreted mode to improve the efficiency of the implementation.But general speaking the compiled mode has lots of difficulties to complete,thus we announce the solution which is to use GNU compiler collection(GCC)to compile.At the beginning,the ladder diagram is converted to C language,and then we can obtain the necessary tools of compiled mode through the open platform of GCC.The final objectives are to use the tools to achieve the compiled mode of PLC.According to the test the efficiency of compiled mode of PLC can be improved significantly.
Chinese Anthracite used for Coking Blend

Blending 5% anthracite in coking blending is not only decreasing production cost but also decreasing ash and sulfur content in coke,enhancing coke quality based on the feasibility study on Chinese coal quality anthracite distribution and used in coking blending.
Urine Leukocyte Esterase and Nitrite Tests as an Aid to Predict Urine Culture Results

As a large health maintenance organization serving 200,000 persons, we have been performing approximately 33,000 urine cultures annually. Because of a seemingly low rate of positive cultures, we sought to discover whether any useful clinical laboratory indicators existed that might predict the presence or absence of a positive culture. Any such screening test would be helpful in deciding which urines should be cultured. Not only would such a screening test be more cost-effective, but it might also enable clinicians to rule out urinary tract infections sooner. Two simple tests now exist that appear to offer the advantage of a screening procedure: (1) the detection of urinary leukocyte esterase and (2) the detection of urinary nitrite. These chemically determined tests are currently available together on a urine dipstick, Chemstrip 9 or Chemstrip LN" (leukocyte, nitrite).
Treatment of acute pancreatitis.

Because specific therapy aimed at reducing pancreatic inflammation is not yet available, it remains a clinical truism that “treatment of acute pancreatitis is treatment of its complications.” In addition to preventive and supportive care, anticipation, early identification of local and systemic complications, and prompt initiation of appropriate therapy are of utmost importance.
Evidence Supporting a Lymphatic Endothelium Origin for Angiomyolipoma, a TSC2(-) Tumor Related to Lymphangioleiomyomatosis.

Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a tumor closely related to lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). Both entities are characterized by the proliferation of smooth muscle actin and melanocytic glycoprotein 100 (recognized by antibody HMB-45)–positive spindle-shaped and epithelioid cells. AML and LAM are etiologically linked to mutations in the tsc2 and tsc1 genes in the case of LAM. These genes encode the proteins tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-1 and TSC2, which are directly involved in suppressing the mechanistic target of rapamycin cell growth signaling pathway. Although significant progress has been made in characterizing and pharmacologically slowing the progression of AML and LAM with rapamycin, our understanding of their pathogenesis lacks an identified cell of origin. We used an AML-derived cell line to determine whether TSC2 restitution brings about the cell type from which AML arises. We found that AML cells express lymphatic endothelial cell markers consistent with lymphatic endothelial cell precursors in vivo and in vitro . Moreover, on TSC2 correction, AML cells mature into adult lymphatic endothelial cells and have functional attributes characteristic of this cell lineage, suggesting a lymphatic endothelial cell of origin for AML. These effects are dependent on TSC2-mediated mechanistic target of rapamycin inactivation. Finally, we demonstrate the in vitro effectiveness of norcantharidin, a lymphangiogenesis inhibitor, as a potential co-adjuvant therapy in the treatment of AML.
Lectin Staining of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells in Vitro

A survey of lectin-binding specificities present on rodent and human mesothelial cells propagated and maintained in tissue culture was made using fluorescein isothiocynate conjugated (FITC) lectins...
Semiosis for the Immune System but not the Immune Response or What can be Learned about Language by Studying the Immune System

Immunology, like grand opera, has always drawn on other disciplines. The elucidation of the structure and function of the antibody molecule, for example needed not only serology (the High Baroque foundation of immunology) but physical chemistry (the Classical period) and molecular biology (the avant garde). Similar uses of methods and advances in cell biology can be cited in the path toward the solution of the various problems of cellular immunology. Before the basic paradigms of the immune system were laid down there was much speculation about the similarities between the immune and the nervous systems. Because both systems are used to recognize and react to the outside world it was tempting to discuss the possibility that the two used similar mechanisms to solve the similar problems. I have discussed the shortcomings of this seemingly attractive notion elsewhere (1, 2) and have argued that we now know enough about both of the nervous and immune systems to see that at most levels of analysis the connection is probably illusory. Granted, the immune system may be under some kind of influence of the nervous system, but it would be hard to name a system of the body that is not (see various papers in ref. 3). In this essay I address the central question of this conference; is the immune system, like language, a sign system?
Effects of Raw Material on Flake Breakage Patterns

AbstractDifferences in the mechanical properties of raw materials can exert significant influences on resulting patterns of flake breakage within a debitage assemblage. A recent technique of debltage analysis based on flake breakage categories (Sullivan and Rozen 1985] is used to demonstrate these effects in archaeological and experimental situations. These cases demonstrate significant variation in flake breakage patterns that can be attributed to raw material differences. Therefore, attempts to use these breakage patterns to infer past human behavior or technological process must control for the effects of different raw materials.