cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variations of the He II λ1640 line in B0e-B2.5e stars

Using the International Ultraviolet Explorer data archive, we have examined the SWP echellograms of 74 B0–B2.5e stars for statistically significant fluctuations in the He II (“Hα”) λ1640 line profile. In this sample we found that the He II line is occasionally variable in 10 stars over short to long timescales. The He II-variable stars discovered are λ Eri, ω Ori, µ Cen, 6 Cep, HD 67536, ψ 1 Ori, η Cen, π Aqr, 2 Vul, and 19 Mon. The most frequent two types of variability are an extended blue wing absorption and a weakening of the line along the profile. Other types of variability are a weak emission in the red wing and occasionally a narrow emission feature. In the overwhelming number of cases, the C IV resonance doublet exhibits a similar response; rarely, it can exhibit a variation in the opposite sense. Similar responses are also often seen in the Si IV doublet, and occasionally even the Si III λ1206 line. We interpret the weakenings of He II and of high-velocity absorptions of C IV to localized decreases in the photospheric temperature, although this may not be a unique interpretation. We discuss the variable blue wing absorptions and red wing emissions in terms of changes in the velocity law and mass flux carried by the wind. In the latter case, recent experimental models by Venero, Cidale, & Ringuelet require that during such events the wind must be heated by 35 000 K at some distance from the star.
Art Inquiry: Creative Inquiry for Integration and Metacognition

Drawing on an example of a creative inquiry project that explores natural forms as inspirations for concepts and symbolism, this chapter illustrates art inquiry integration (AII), an approach to arts integration that stems from contemporary art practice, specifically arts-based research (Sullivan, 2010). AII takes the methods and thinking of arts-based research and applies them to teaching and learning in K-12 classrooms—demonstrating how an arts-based inquiry can cross-disciplinary lines to create authentic, organic integration that enables learners to build deep and broad understanding of academic content, make vital connections among school subject areas, and find personal meaning in what they are learning. Practicing AII also helps learners build their thinking skills and become metacognitive about their art making, thinking, and learning processes. Moreover, AII builds creative, imaginative, and associative thinking as ways to learn. It is ultimately an approach to learning and teaching that enables learners to build fresh perspectives and holistic understandings through creative means. This chapter explains the theory that supports AII and the methods it employs, and it also discusses how this approach is being implemented in the Bay Area (Northern California) schools in the USA.
Educator Supports in Broadening Participation in Computing

Computing education needs to become more inclusive and equitable. K-12 educators play an important role in broadening partici- pation in computing. This document summarizes my plans for a study that will help us understand educator classroom experiences, challenges, and constraints with implementing equitable computing pedagogy, and explore how compting education researchers can best design support mechanisms for K-12 educators in making school experiences in computing equitable and inclusive.
Stable Operation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for 25 h at 400°C in air

Extreme environments such as the Venus atmosphere are among the emerging applications that demand electronics that can withstand high-temperature oxidizing conditions. While wide-bandgap technologies for integrated electronics have been developed so far, they either suffer from gate oxide and threshold voltage ( $V_{th}$ ) degradation over temperature, large power supply requirements, or intrinsic base current. In this letter, AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are suggested as an alternative platform for integrated sensors and analog circuits in extreme environments in oxidizing air atmosphere over a wide temperature range from 22°C to 400°C. An optimal biasing region, with a peak of transconductance ( $g_{m,peak}$ ) at −2.3 V with a negligible shift over the temperature range was observed. Moreover, remarkably low $V_{th}$ variation of 0.9% was observed, enabling the design of analog circuits that can operate over the entire temperature range. Finally, the operation of the devices at 400°C and 500°C over 25 hours was experimentally studied, demonstrating the stability of the DC characteristics after the 5 hours of burn-in, at 400°C.
Food Insecurity and Depression among Economically Disadvantaged Mothers: Does Maternal Efficacy Matter?

BACKGROUND Nearly 13 million American children experience food insecurity. Research suggests that maternal depression is associated with food insecurity, such that mothers who experience depression are more likely to be food insecure. Maternal self-efficacy may be an important protective factor against depression during the postpartum year, interrupting the link between depression and food insecurity. We extend prior research by examining food insecurity in households with infants and investigating the potential for maternal efficacy to moderate the relation between depression and food insecurity. METHODS Data were drawn from the Kids in Columbus Study, a longitudinal study of diverse, economically disadvantaged mothers and their young children in Columbus, Ohio (N = 219). Data for this study were drawn from data collected between July 2014 and June 2016. RESULTS Over one-third of families experienced food insecurity. Further, depression was positively and significantly related to household food insecurity; this relationship, however, was dependent on maternal efficacy. When maternal efficacy was high, the relationship between depression and food insecurity was nonsignificant; when maternal efficacy was low, there was a significant, positive association between depression and food insecurity. CONCLUSIONS Increasing maternal self-efficacy during the postpartum period may reduce food insecurity in low-income mothers who are experiencing depression.
Abstract MP22: Association Of Intra-individual Daily Variability In Sleep With Metabolic Outcomes In Youth: Multidimensional Assessment Of Preschoolers Study (MAPS)

Background: Average nightly sleep duration is associated with cardiometabolic health; both short- and long-sleep are associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. An e...
REGIONAL VARIATION IN INCIDENCE AND OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS ADMITTED WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: INSIGHT FROM THE NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE

There is limited information about variations in admission rate and outcomes in patients admitted with Acute coronary syndrome(ACS). Our study seeks to explore this gap; its importance in clinical and resource planning cannot be overemphasized. Using the National inpatient sample(NIS), we tested
Privacy protection schemes for fingerprint recognition systems

ABSTRACT The deployment of ngerprint recognition systems has always raised concerns related to personal privacy. A ngerprint is permanently associated with an individual and, generally, it cannot be reset if compromised in oneapplication. Given that ngerprints are not a secret, potential misuses besides personal recognition representprivacy threats and may lead to public distrust. Privacy mechanisms control access to personal informationand limit the likelihood of intrusions. In this paper, image- and feature-level schemes for privacy protection in ngerprint recognition systems are reviewed. Storing only key features of a biometric signature can reduce thelikelihood of biometric data being used for unintended purposes. In biometric cryptosystems and biometric-basedkey release, the biometric component veri es the identity of the user, while the cryptographic key protects thecommunication channel. Transformation-based approaches only a transformed version of the original biometricsignature is stored. Di erent applications can use di erent transforms. Matching is performed in the transformeddomain which enable the preservation of low error rates. Since such templates do not reveal information aboutindividuals, they are referred to as cancelable templates. A compromised template can be re-issued using adi erent transform. At image-level, de-identi cation schemes can remove identi ers disclosed for objectivesunrelated to the original purpose, while permitting other authorized uses of personal information. Fingerprintimages can be de-identi ed by, for example, mixing ngerprints or removing gender signature. In both cases,degradation of matching performance is minimized.Keywords: Fingerprint Recognition, Privacy, Image De-Identi cation
Off-task thinking among adults with and without social anxiety disorder: an ecological momentary assessment study

Although task-unrelated thinking (often conceptualised as “mind-wandering”) has been increasingly investigated in recent years, the content and correlates of everyday off-task thought in clinical d...
The Impact of Brief Mindfulness Training on Postevent Processing Among Individuals With Clinically Elevated Social Anxiety.

Abstract Postevent processing (PEP), the engagement in detailed and repetitive self-focused review of one’s performance in social situations, is theorized to maintain pathological social anxiety. However, little is known about interventions that may impact this maintenance factor. The current study examined the impact of brief mindfulness training (BMT) on PEP among socially anxious individuals. There were 77 participants (75.32% female, 63.64% non-Hispanic/Latinx White) with clinically elevated social anxiety who attended one appointment in the laboratory during which they were randomized to receive a brief mindfulness-based training (n = 37) or no training (i.e., thinking as usual control group; n = 40). After the training period, participants underwent a 3-minute social anxiety induction task, after which they were instructed to apply their thinking strategy. Participants were then asked to complete 2 weeks of daily online surveys that included a PEP induction task, instructions to use their thinking strategy following PEP induction, and a measure of state PEP. Individuals in the BMT condition reported a significant reduction in state anxiety posttraining compared to individuals in the control condition. Conditions did not differ on state PEP after the social anxiety induction task. However, compared to those in the control condition, participants in the BMT condition reported significantly greater decreases in state PEP over the 14-day follow-up period. Thus, this brief mindfulness-based strategy may be useful for individuals with clinically elevated social anxiety who engage in PEP, a cognitive vulnerability factor implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety.
The Origins of Early Christian Literature: Contextualizing the New Testament within Greco-Roman Literary Culture

Conventional approaches to the Synoptic gospels argue that the gospel authors acted as literate spokespersons for their religious communities. Whether described as documenting intra-group 'oral traditions' or preserving the collective perspectives of their fellow Christ-followers, these writers are treated as something akin to the Romantic poet speaking for their Volk - a questionable framework inherited from nineteenth-century German Romanticism. In this book, Robyn Faith Walsh argues that the Synoptic gospels were written by elite cultural producers working within a dynamic cadre of literate specialists, including persons who may or may not have been professed Christians. Comparing a range of ancient literature, her ground-breaking study demonstrates that the gospels are creative works produced by educated elites interested in Judean teachings, practices, and paradoxographical subjects in the aftermath of the Jewish War and in dialogue with the literature of their age. Walsh's study thus bridges the artificial divide between research on the Synoptic gospels and Classics.
Levels of evidence backing the AAOS clinical practice guidelines

Purpose:The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons produces clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of orthopedic injuries. We examined the strength of the evidence underlying these recomm...
Glutamate Signaling via the AMPAR Subunit GluR4 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Migration in the Developing Spinal Cord.

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are specified from discrete precursor populations during gliogenesis and migrate extensively from their origins, ultimately distributing throughout the brain and spinal cord during early development. Subsequently, a subset of OPCs differentiates into mature oligodendrocytes, which myelinate axons. This process is necessary for efficient neuronal signaling and organism survival. Previous studies have identified several factors that influence OPC development, including excitatory glutamatergic synapses that form between neurons and OPCs during myelination. However, little is known about how glutamate signaling affects OPC migration before myelination. In this study, we use in vivo, time-lapse imaging in zebrafish in conjunction with genetic and pharmacological perturbation to investigate OPC migration and myelination when the GluR4A ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit is disrupted. In our studies, we observed that gria4a mutant embryos and larvae displayed abnormal OPC migration and altered dorsoventral distribution in the spinal cord. Genetic mosaic analysis confirmed that these effects were cell-autonomous, and we identified that voltage-gated calcium channels were downstream of glutamate receptor signaling in OPCs and could rescue the migration and myelination defects we observed when glutamate signaling was perturbed. These results offer new insights into the complex system of neuron-OPC interactions and reveal a cell-autonomous role for glutamatergic signaling in OPCs during neural development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is an essential process during development that leads to uniform oligodendrocyte distribution and sufficient myelination for central nervous system function. Here, we demonstrate that the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluR4A is an important driver of OPC migration and myelination in vivo and that activated voltage-gated calcium channels are downstream of glutamate receptor signaling in mediating this migration.
Phthalate and Novel Plasticizer Concentrations in Food Items from U.S. Fast Food Chains

AbstractBackground: Phthalates exposures are linked with adverse health outcomes, and limited toxicity data is available for phthalate alternatives such as dioctyl terephthalate (DEHT) despite incr...
Perovskite oxynitrides as tunable materials for electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction to ammonia

The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) to ammonia is a potentially sustainable alternative to the Haber-Bosch (HB) process, but low Faradaic efficiencies and rates hinder its implementation. Perovskite oxynitrides are a tunable class of materials with unique chemistry for ENRR. Elucidating structure–property–mechanism relations for perovskite oxynitrides will aid ENRR catalyst design.
Clinical impact of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in evaluation for possible arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy

Methods Patients referred for assessment of ARVD/C were evaluated. Using 2010 ARVD/C Task Force criteria, clinical history, family history, ECG and other test results were evaluated with and without CMR findings to determine definite, borderline or possible ARVD/C. CMR included assessment of right ventricular(RV) size, function, and regional wall motion(RWM). For alternative diagnoses, tissue characterization and late gadolinium enhancement were routinely performed. Qp:Qs was performed when intracardiac shunt was suspected by the supervising physician.
Defining Areas in Paleobiogeography

The discipline of biogeography, as has been emphasized repeatedly, was developed because the same species are not found everywhere. Different regions do not have the same complement of species and, moreover, the climate alone is not sufficient explanation for why species are found where they are. As part of the discussion of biogeography and paleobiogeography, several other topics were introduced and discussed, including the role that vicariance and allopatric speciation play in influencing biogeographic patterns: they produce closely related species separated by geographic barriers. The role of geodispersal as a mechanism that alters the distribution of species by moving them from one region to another was also discussed, and it has been argued herein that this is an important biogeographic process that will lead to patterns of different species occurring in different regions or areas of the globe. Thus far, however, in this book the terms regions and areas have been treated in a fairly nebulous fashion, connoting something to do with geography and position on the Earth’s continents or in the Earth’s oceans. However, as biogeography is the study of how life is distributed on Earth, a more rigorous definition of regions and areas is required.
Preoperative Imaging of Liver Cancers: Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Patients with suspected hilar cholagiocarcinoma frequently present with obstructive jaundice. The conventional algorithm for imaging studies of those patients usually starts with an ultrasonography of the abdomen to exclude more common and benign conditions, such as choledocholithiasis, gallstones, cholecystitis, and Mirizzi syndrome.2,29,30 An MR cholangiography and CT of the abdomen has been advocated and increasingly used in clinical practices to fully evaluate the causes of jaundice. Once the benign conditions are excluded, or in patients with a highly suspicious malignant cause of obstructive jaundice such as a hilar cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, or gallbladder carcinoma, a more tailored examination will be needed to evaluate the cause, the extent, and the staging of the malignant disease. The primary signs of hilar cholangiocarcinoma on CT or MR imaging are the presence of soft tissue mass and the focal thickening of the ductal wall with periductal infiltration associated with constriction of the lumen, and the intraluminal nodule in the dilated duct.
Technical writing on self-directed teams

Many companies are reorganizing their work forces and encouraging teamwork by creating empowered or self-directed work teams (SDTs). While hardly a new management concept, companies are relying more heavily on teams to deliver competitive, high-quality goods and services. Consequently, employees of these companies find that they must change the way they work, in terms of both organization and process. This paper builds a definition of a genuine team and discusses the potential benefits of putting technical writers on cross-functional, self-directed, development teams. Based on interviews with 6 technical writers, the paper describes their experiences on projects that attempted to use teams, and measures their experiences to the definition of teams. Lastly, the paper attempts to answer the question: How can we create an environment for successful team building in which teams can benefit from the participation of technical writers?. >
Interaction of Dimethylbenzanthracene and Diethylstilbestrol on Mammary Adenocarcinoma Formation in Female ACI Rats

It has been reported that X-irradiation and diethylstilbestrol (DES) act synergistically on mammary adenocarcinoma formation in female ACI rats. The physical carcinogen, X-irradiation, was replaced by a chemical carcinogen, dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), and their interaction was studied in this system. Thirty-three female ACI rats were given 13.3 mg of DMBA per 100 grams of body weight. A total of 10 mammary adenocarcinomas were found, 8 in rats with a single mammary adenocarcinoma and 2 in a single rat, over a 266-day study period. Twenty-nine rats were implanted with a cholesterol pellet containing 5 mg of DES, and a total of 47 mammary adenocarcinomas were found, 5 in rats with a single mammary adenocarcinoma and 42 in 5 rats with 2 or more mammary adenocarcinomas. Twenty-four rats were given a combined treatment of both compounds, DES 2 days before DMBA, and a total of 126 mammary adenocarcinomas were found, 2 in rats with a single mammary adenocarcinoma and 124 in 18 rats with 2 or more mammary adenocarcinomas. The interaction between DMBA and DES was interpreted to be synergistic in regard to the proportion of rats with one or more mammary adenocarcinomas, the proportion of rats with two or more mammary adenocarcinomas, and the median times of appearance of both first and second mammary adenocarcinomas. These interactions between DMBA and DES resemble the previously reported synergistic interactions between radiation and DES on mammary adenocarcinoma formation in female ACI rats.
The Alignment-Distribution Graph

Implementing a data-parallel language such as Fortran 90 on a distributed-memory parallel computer requires distributing aggregate data objects (such as arrays) among the memory modules attached to the processors. The mapping of objects to the machine determines the amount of residual communication needed to bring operands of parallel operations into alignment with each other. We present a program representation called the alignment- distribution graph that makes these communication requirements explicit We describe the details of the representation, show how to model communication cost in this framework, and outline several algorithms for determining object mappings that approximately minimize residual communication.
Volltextsuche bei der Benutzerberatung

In mittleren und groseren Rechenzentren wird ein nicht unerheblicher Aufwand fur Benutzerberatung (Help Desk, Benutzerhilfe) investiert. Um das hohe Mas der Redundanz der Fragen und Probleme der verschiedenen Benutzer zu reduzieren, bietet sich die Verwaltuna einer Wissensbasis fur die entsprechenden Probleme samt deren Losunaen durch eine Volltextsuchanwendung an. Diese erlaubt Benutzern selbst eine Beantwortung der Fragen durch entsprechende Queries gegen den gefuhrten Index der Wissensbasis auf elektronischem Wege, ohne das eine Kommunikation mit der Benutzerberatung notig ist.
Regulation of expression of c-myc protooncogene in a clonal line of mouse lens epithelial cells by serum growth factors

Steady-state levels of c-myc mRNA were determined in a clonal line of mouse lens epithelial cells in quiescent and growth-stimulated states. Steady-state mRNA levels for c-myc increased rapidly from an undetectable amount in quiescent cells to the maximum level (8-fold) in growth-stimulated cells. In contrast to its steady-state mRNA levels, its rate of transcription increased by only 3.4-fold in serum-stimulated cells versus quiescent cells, indicating that the abundance of c-myc transcripts in lens epithelial cells during the serum-induced transition from quiescence to proliferation is regulated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Serum stimulation in combination with cycloheximide caused superinduction in the steady-state levels of c-myc mRNA in lens epithelial cells. These additive increases in c-myc mRNA levels in the presence of cycloheximide could be due to a decrease in the apparent turnover rate of c-myc mRNA, which, in fact, was observed in actively growing cells. DNA synthesis, as revealed by [3H]thymidine uptake, began 18 h after the addition of serum to quiescent cells and peaked at 24 h. From these results it is concluded that the expression of c-myc gene in mouse lens epithelial cells in response to serum induction is growth dependent.
Mg2+ binds to the surface of thymidylate synthase and affects hydride transfer at the interior active site.

Thymidylate synthase (TSase) produces the sole intracellular de novo source of thymidine (i.e., the DNA base T) and thus is a common target for antibiotic and anticancer drugs. Mg2+ has been reported to affect TSase activity, but the mechanism of this interaction has not been investigated. Here we show that Mg2+ binds to the surface of Escherichia coli TSase and affects the kinetics of hydride transfer at the interior active site (16 A away). Examination of the crystal structures identifies a Mg2+ near the glutamyl moiety of the folate cofactor, providing the first structural evidence for Mg2+ binding to TSase. The kinetics and NMR relaxation experiments suggest that the weak binding of Mg2+ to the protein surface stabilizes the closed conformation of the ternary enzyme complex and reduces the entropy of activation on the hydride transfer step. Mg2+ accelerates the hydride transfer by ∼7-fold but does not affect the magnitude or temperature dependence of the intrinsic kinetic isotope effect. These results...
Hand function in multiple sclerosis: force coordination in manipulation tasks.

Objective To evaluate the methodology for exploring the specific aspects of functional impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) through the pattern of forces exerted in various manipulation tasks.
Differentiating Catalan and Italian Futurisms

The term futurism was used in aesthetic circles during the first decade of the twentieth century throughout Europe. The broad use of the term has sometimes led to critical attempts to link the various "futurisms" together into a coherent whole. In my article, I compare and contrast Alomar's Catalan futurism with the Italian futurism associated with Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876-1944). Although the two futurisms share the name and, to some extent, similar philosophical backgrounds, their foundational documents or manifestos are more different than they are similar, and Alomar's futurism cannot and should not be critically subordinated to Marinetti's Italian one. My article addresses what is futurist in Alomar's thought as well as its unique regionalist underpinnings that find no analogue in other European futurisms.
DEVELOPMENT OF NKR-P1 dim /αβTCR + CELL IS NOT THYMIC DEPENDENT IN XENOGENEIC (RAT-->MOUSE) CHIMERAS. † 924

Natural Killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes capable of non-MHC restricted lysis of tumor and virally infected cells without immunological priming. Rat NK cells, identified by the NKR-P1 marker, differentiate primarily in the spleen, and are present and functional in rat-->mouse xenogeneic chimeras. An NKR-P1dim/αβTCR+ population has also been identified in these xenochimeras. NKR-P1dim/αβTCR+ cells are relatively enriched in the spleen early after BMT and are characterized as small agranular cells lacking non-MHC restricted tumor lysis and rADCC activity. Large cytoplasmic granules and normal NK function develop when these cells are cultured in IL-2 enriched medium. To determine whether development of NKR-P1dim/αβTCR+ cells is thymic dependent, we prepared xenochimeras by inoculation of untreated rat bone marrow cells (BMC) into lethally irradiated, thymectomized mice. The animals were sacrificed at 1 week intervals; splenocytes and BMC were phenotyped by flow cytometric analyses for NKR-P1, αβTCR and other T-cell surface markers. Thymectomy did not diminish xenogeneic engraftment or delay splenocyte reconstitution. Importantly, the NKR-P1dim/αβTCR+ population was clearly identified in the thymectomized animals (see figure). Repopulation kinetics of these cells paralleled euthymic controls, with cell numbers peaking at 2 wks and few detected beyond 3 wks. Three color analysis demonstrated that >99% of these cells are CD3+ and CD5+, while 82% are CD8+. This cell, whose maturation is not thymus dependent, may be a common precursor for NK and T cell lines, and may play an important role in allograft rejection in immunosuppressed hosts.
ORDERING IN MONOLAYER HELIUM FILMS ON GRAPHITE

Some physically realizable epitaxial monolayer configurations and their relationship to the q-state Potts Model are discussed. The phase diagram for 2D helium is surveyed and a critical analysis of the ordered phase is described. Theoretical expectations for the order-disorder transition and possible future experimentation are presented.
The kinase domain of mitochondrial PINK1 faces the cytoplasm

Mutations in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) are a cause of autosomal recessive familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Efforts in deducing the PINK1 signaling pathway have been hindered by controversy around its subcellular and submitochondrial localization and the authenticity of its reported substrates. We show here that this mitochondrial protein exhibits a topology in which the kinase domain faces the cytoplasm and the N-terminal tail is inside the mitochondria. Although deletion of the transmembrane domain disrupts this topology, common PD-linked PINK1 mutations do not. These results are critical in rectifying the location and orientation of PINK1 in mitochondria, and they should help decipher its normal physiological function and potential pathogenic role in PD.
Using Reconfigurable Radios to Increase Throughput in Wireless Sensor Networks

In traditional wireless sensor networks communicating on a single channel the data throughput measured at the sink is constrained by the radio capability, contentions, and collisions, which increase in the region closer to the sink. Using SDR technology, different levels of configuration within a transceiver are allowed. In this paper we assume that the sink and sensor nodes are equipped with reconfigurable radios. We design a distributed algorithm used by sensor nodes to reconfigure their radio according to some predefined radio-modes, such that the resulting topology is connected to the sink. Collecting sensor data using this topology reduces the interference and increases the network throughput and the data delivery rate. We analyze the performance of our algorithm using ns-3 simulations.
“We're Leading America”: The Changing Organization and Form of High School Cheerleading

Abstract This essay examines the “professionalization” of high school cheerleading, a movement spawned by national cheerleading organizations whose rhetoric emphasizes cheerleaders' enhanced status and skill. An investigation of one national organization's impact on cheerleaders in a southern high school shows that increased status and skill included a bureaucratization of cheerleading and greater control by the national organization. The selection of cheerleaders was no longer made by students and teachers, but by outside experts according to objective, skill-based standards which ignored the relation of the cheerleaders to the student body. Associated with this rationalization of the selection, was a distinctive style of cheering that emphasized straight, clipped movements executed with great speed and precision, like a military drill team. Thus, the announced higher status and skill of cheerleaders is associated with the loss of popular selection, centralization of standards, and tighter control of the...
Effect of Cutaneous Hypoxia upon Erythema and Pigment Responses to UVA, UVB, and PUVA (8-MOP + UVA) in Human Skin*

The effect of oxygen deprivation upon UVA-, UVB-, and PUVA- induced pigment and erythema responses in normal human skin was examined. Before exposure, varying degrees of hypoxia in the skin of the forearm were achieved by inflating sphygmomanometer cuff applied to the upper arm. After the transcutaneously measured pO2 had stabilized, sites on the inner forearm were exposed to UVA, UVB, or 8-MOP + UVA radiation, to determine dose thresholds for the induction of erythema and pigmentation at different cuff pressures. Inflation of the cuff to greater than systolic pressure completely inhibited immediate and delayed pigment responses (IPD, DT) to UVA doses greater than 10 times the normal pigmentation threshold dose. UVA-induced delayed erythema responses were partially inhibited by cuff inflation: 2.7 times the minimal erythema dose of UVA was necessary to cause an erythema response when exposure occurred during vascular occlusion. In contrast, erythema and pigments responses to UVB and PUVA were unaltered by cuff pressures exceeding systolic pressure during exposure. Inhibition of UVA-induced erythema and pigment responses by vascular occlusion were reversed by the transcutaneous diffusion of 100% O2. These findings indicate that the cutaneous responses to UVA and UVB occur by separate pathways differing with respect to O2-dependence. Our findings agree with those of other studies which indicate that PUVA-induced phototoxicity and melanogenesis are not O2-dependent.
Speech signal prediction using feedforward neural network

The conflicting factors of performance and efficiency in a nonlinear predictor of speech signals based on the feedforward multilayer perceptron with one hidden layer are evaluated for various combinations of the number of input and hidden units.
Characterization of Un-stabilized Orthorhombic Zirconia Synthesized at Ambient Temperature and Pressure

Bulk structures of un-stabilized ZrO2-x with x in the 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.44 range under ambient pressure exist in three different structures (monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic). At ambient temperature and elevated pressures above 3.5 GPa, zirconia, at these compositions, a fourth phase is found, the orthorhombic structure. A dilute sol-gel method was used to produce nanoscale zirconia particles containing the unstabilized orthorhombic cotunnite structure for use in this project. Extensive characterization of this material indicates that the critical factor in determining the synthesized structures appears to be the number and placement of oxygen vacancies. These results also indicate that surface energy alone is not the controlling factor in determining the crystal structure synthesized.
Production of butyric acid by batch fermentation of cheese whey with Clostridium beijerinckii

The effect of pH on the fermentation of butyric acid byClostridium beijerinckii using cheese whey as a substrate was studied. Maximum concentrations of the acid were produced when the pH was controlled at 5.5. Raising or lowering of pH was found to reduce the total acid formation. This particular strain ofC. beijerinckii produced insignificant amounts of butanol in all the pure culture cases investigated. A comparative study of the fermentation in a synthetic glucose medium and in cheese whey showed the whey to produce more butyric acid.
Clinical aspects of coronary arteriography

Abstract Cinecoronary arteriography is a safe and accurate method for visualizing the coronary arterial circulation in living man. The indications for the study vary, depending upon whether the test is utilized for diagnostic, therapeutic or clinical research purposes. The ability to demonstrate the presence or absence of coronary vascular anatomic abnormalities is an important diagnostic advance. However, cinearteriography cannot assay a number of important factors regulating the balance between coronary flow and the metabolic requirements of the myocardium. Accordingly, the depiction of the origin, distribution and internal caliber of the coronary arteries cannot be accepted as a direct expression of their functional capacity. This reservation does not diminish the importance of such a study in clinical medicine and in the vast task of advancing the current concepts concerning coronary disease.
The instability of the Yee Scheme for the “Magic Time Step”

The Yee algorithm [1] for the Maxwell equations requires that the time step 1t be bounded in order to avoid numerical instability. In [2], it was stated that the scheme is stable under the conditions1t ≤ 1x in one dimension and1t ≤ 1/ √ (1/1x)2 + (1/1y)2 in two dimensions. In this paper, we show that the Yee scheme is not stable when 1t = 1x for the onedimensional case and 1t = 1/ √ (1/1x)2 + (1/1y)2 for the two-dimensional case. This means that one cannot take the maximum 1t referred to as the “magic time step” in [2]. Remis [5] found similar results by studying the eigenvalues of the iteration matrix for a specific boundary condition. However, in this paper, the analysis is carried out using the Kreiss matrix theorem [4] for the case with a periodic boundary condition. We consider the fully discrete Yee scheme applied to the dimensionless form of Maxwell’s equations in free space. Fourier transformation of the scheme gives us a linear system with an amplification matrix Q. In order to analyze the stability of the scheme, we investigate the properties of the amplification matrix. In Section 2, we first examine the stability of the one-dimensional scheme. It is shown that the scheme with the condition 1t > 1x does not satisfy the von Neumann condition [4], which implies that one of the eigenvalues of the amplification matrix is greater than one in magnitude and so the scheme is unstable. For the case 1t < 1x , the von Neumann condition becomes a necessary and sufficient condition for the stability due to the fact that
In-beam measurement of the position resolution of a highly segmented coaxial germanium detector

Abstract The position resolution of a highly segmented coaxial germanium detector was determined by analyzing the 2055 keV γ -ray transition of Zr 90 excited in a fusion–evaporation reaction. The high velocity of the Zr 90 nuclei imparted large Doppler shifts. Digital analysis of the detector signals recovered the energy and position of individual γ -ray interactions. The location of the first interaction in the crystal was used to correct the Doppler energy shift. Comparison of the measured energy resolution with simulations implied a position resolution (root mean square) of 2 mm in three-dimensions.
Extension and validation of an unsteady wake model for rotors

A new three-dimensional, finite-state induced-flow model is extended to treat nonlinearities associated with the mass flow induced through the rotor plane. This new theory is then applied to the correlation of a recent set of unsteady, hover laser Doppler velocimetry inflow measurements conducted in the Aeroelastic Rotor Test Chamber at Georgia Institute of Technology. Although the model is intended primarily as a representation of unsteady aerodynamics for aeroelasticity applications, the results show that it has an excellent capability in predicting the inflow distribution in hover except near the root and tip. In addition, the computed unsteady spanwise lift distribution of a rotor is compared with that from an unsteady vortex lattice method for pitch oscillations at various frequencies. The new model is shown to be capable of prediction of unsteady loads typical of aeroelastic response.
Validation of the North American ASTER Land Surface Emissivity Database (NAALSED) version 2.0 using pseudo-invariant sand dune sites

Abstract Knowledge of the Land Surface Emissivity (LSE) in the Thermal Infrared (TIR: 8–12 µm) part of the electromagnetic spectrum is essential to derive accurate Land Surface Temperatures (LSTs) from spaceborne TIR measurements. This study focuses on validation of the emissivity product in the North American ASTER Land Surface Emissivity Database (NAALSED) v2.0 — a mean seasonal, gridded emissivity product produced at 100 m spatial resolution using all Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) scenes from 2000 to 2008 over North America ( http://emissivity.jpl.nasa.gov ). The NAALSED emissivity product was validated over bare surfaces with laboratory measurements of sand samples collected at nine pseudo-invariant sand dune sites located in the western/southwestern USA. The nine sand dune sites cover a broad range of surface emissivities in the TIR. Results show that the absolute mean emissivity difference between NAALSED and the laboratory results for the nine validation sites and all five ASTER TIR bands was 0.016 (1.6%). This emissivity difference is equivalent to approximately a 1 K error in the land surface temperature for a material at 300 K in the TIR.
Diffusion and adsorption of proteins in a model pore in the surface forces apparatus

Abstract When the energetic interactions between proteins and pore surfaces are favorable, both hindered diffusion and adsorption govern the overall transport rates in fine pores. To study these effects, we have used the narrow gap between mica surfaces in a surface forces apparatus (SFA) as a model slit-like pore that has a well-characterized geometry and surface chemistry. The optical technique of multiple beam interferometry used in the SFA for measuring surface separations also provides a means for determining protein concentrations inside the pore. The results obtained show the effect of ionic strength on the net transport rates for lysozyme diffusing in a mica-bounded pore, a consequence of the influence of electrolyte screening on the extent of adsorption. It is also seen how adsorption on opposing surfaces leads to pore blockage once the pore size decreases to 2–3 times the molecular diameter. Although quantitative determination of hindrance effects is potentially also possible using the method, an improved method for acquisition of the interferometry data must first be implemented.
Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa

A morphologically variable assemblage of stromatolites has been discovered in thin chert layers within the Fig Tree Group of the Swaziland Supergroup, South Africa. They are commonly low-relief, nearly stratiform, laterally linked domes. Rarer forms include pseudocolumns and crinkly stratiform stromatolites. The stromatolites grew on a substrate of altered komatiitic lava and sediments deposited on the lava surface, and in most places are covered by later komatiitic flows. Abundant fine-grained tourmaline included within the stromatolite laminae suggests that stromatolites formed in an environment dominated by boron-rich hot-spring emissions and evaporitic brines.
Classifying asthma severity : prospective symptom diary or retrospective symptom recall?

We used an observational within-subject control study at an inner-city school to compare asthma severity classification obtained by retrospective symptom recall with that obtained by a prospective symptom diary. The prospective symptom diary identified a higher proportion of persistent asthmatics than the retrospective symptom recall.
Latin American literature: a translator’s visible legacy

Book review of Gregory Rabassa’s Latin American literature: a translator’s visible legacy by Maria Costanza Guzman. Affiliated with Dr. Steven White with St. Lawrence University.
Tracking family businesses and their owners over time: panel attrition, manager departure and business demise

Abstract Analyses of business owners from whom data were gathered in 1997 and 2000 are used to predict two family business phenomena: the continued involvement by the owner-manager in the business and the continuation of the business. The most important factor in continuity is the respondent's assessment of the business as a success; successful businesses continue or are sold or gifted when the owner-manager leaves the business. Ceasing to be involved in a business should not be viewed as a business or a managerial failure. Some changes may be failures, but others should be viewed as ordinary business or family developments.
A unified approach to the design of optimum FIR linear-phase digital filters

A method for designing finite-duration impulse-response (FIR) linear-phase digital filters is presented in which the four possible cases for such filters are treated in a unified approach. It is shown how to reduce each case to the proper form so that the Remez exchange algorithm can be used to compute the best approximation to the desired frequency response. The result is that a very flexible and fast technique is available for FIR linear-phase filter design.
Accelerator-based plasma-wall interaction studies on the TEXTOR tokamak☆

Abstract Deposition probes are commonly used to determine plasma edge characteristics in tokamaks. Such probes are frequently analyzed using accelerator-based techniques and can yield information on impurity fluxes, hydrogen fluxes and energies and surface erosion rates in the plasma edge. Several types of deposition probes have been employed to investigate the plasma edge region of the TEXTOR tokamak in Julich, FRG. TEXTOR is a moderate size tokamak (major radius = 1.75 m) that is capable of 2–3 s discharges and contains a liner that can be heated to 600°C. These capabilities make TEXTOR particularly attractive for the study of plasma-wall interactions. Several countries, including the United States, Sweden and the host nation, are carrying on active research programs in the area of plasma edge studies. This research has included measurements of plasma, impurity and power fluxes at various radii in the scrapeoff layer. The results achieved in characterizing the plasma edge in these recent probe studies on TEXTOR will be reviewed.
Energy-Efficient Routing for Frequency-Hop Wireless Networks

The use of adaptive-transmission protocols in wireless, store-and-forward, packet communication networks may result in large differences in the energy requirements of the alternative paths that are available to the routing protocol. Routing metrics can provide quantitative measures of the quality and energy efficiency of the paths from the source to the destination. Such measures are required if the routing protocol is to take advantage of the potential energy savings that are made possible by an adaptive-transmission protocol. An energy-efficient protocol suite for routing and adaptive transmission in frequency-hop wireless networks is described and evaluated, several routing metrics are compared, and tradeoffs among energy efficiency, delay, and packet success probability are investigated.
Definition of molecule trajectories in diffusion flames by species stream functions

Abstract A species stream function (Ψs) has been defined to describe the mean molecule trajectories of individual species in two-dimensional nonreacting flow of nonuniform mixtures in which diffusion, Ψs, is defined by a pair of PDEs of form similar to those for the total stream function to which the equations reduce if the mixtures are uniform. For illustration, analytical solutions are given for Ψs for the Burke-Schumann (Ind. Eng. Chem. 20) diffusion flame conditions of vertical convection only; radial diffusion only; uniform temperature; and infinitely fast reaction at a thin flame surface. The solutions were obtained both for the double slot and for the circular (concentric tube) burners. The solutions can apply to normal or inverse flames, with or without reaction. Differentiation of the species stream functions yields the expressions for the species concentration, and the equations then obtained are identical to those first given by Burke and Schumann. Numerical evaluation shows that, without reaction, the species stream lines more than one diameter above the burner are almost parallel to the total stream lines, and with relatively mild curvature in the region below. With reaction, in sharp contrast, the species stream lines are so strongly curved that about 2 3 of the fuel is delivered (burned) in the bottom 25% of the flame, and for the conditions so far examined this is true of both over- and underventilated flames. It is important to emphasize that the function can only be applied to reactive species in the nonreacting regions of the flow system. However, it does apply to the nonreactive species (e.g., N2) even in the case of distributed reaction.
Synthesis and X-ray Powder Structure of a New Pillared Layered Cadmium Phosphonate, Giving Evidence that the Intercalation of Alkylamines into Cd(O3PR)·H2O Is Topotactic

A new pillared layered phosphonate, cadmium 2-aminoethylphosphonate, Cd(O3PC2H4NH2) (1), has been synthesized, and its structure was solved ab initio from X-ray powder diffraction data and refined by Rietveld methods. Compound 1 is orthorhombic: space group Pna21, a = 15.4643(2) A, b = 5.16512(7) A, c = 6.27650(8) A, and Z = 4. Its layer arrangement is similar to that in Cd(O3PR)·H2O, except that the water molecule coordinated to cadmium in Cd(O3PR)·H2O is replaced by the nitrogen atom from the amino ends of the ethyl chains borne by phosphorus of the upper and lower layers. The strong similarity of the IR, 31P, and 113Cd NMR data for Cd(O3PC2H4NH2) and Cd(O3PCH3)·n-NH2C4H9 clearly shows the topotactic character of the intercalation of n-alkylamines in the dehydrated form of Cd(O3PR)·H2O to yield Cd(O3PR)·n-NH2R‘.