cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Importance of teaching the history of technology

In most engineering courses, students learn concepts, methods and tools. The education community seldom focused its attention on teaching the historical aspects of engineering and technology. As a result, students know very little about famous engineers, case histories, evolution of engineering science and technology, and influence of engineering activity on the society. The reading of engineering case histories emphasize the role of human error/failure in engineering design, the practice of engineering as an art form, and the difference between engineering and scientific activities. Due to the synergy between the product evolution and the product design, case histories can improve student learning in the capstone design courses. The paper presents a unique teaching approach, which backs away from the engineering achievements to the products and people behind the achievements, and then to the thought processes involved in the product design. This teaching approach exposes students to a few key engineering concepts and ties them with case histories. The paper illustrates the teaching paradigm using the case history of typewriters.
A feature registration framework using mixture models

The authors formulate feature registration problems as maximum likelihood or Bayesian maximum a posteriori estimation problems using mixture models. An EM-like algorithm is proposed to jointly solve for the feature correspondences as well as the geometric transformations. A novel aspect of the authors' approach is the embedding of the EM algorithm within a deterministic annealing scheme in order to directly control the fuzziness of the correspondences. The resulting algorithm-termed mixture point matching (MPM)-can solve for both rigid and high dimensional (thin-plate spline-based) non-rigid transformations between point sets in the presence of noise and outliers. The authors demonstrate the algorithm's performance on 2D and 3D data.
Validation of Lag Time and Growth Rate Models for Salmonella Typhimurium: Acceptable Prediction Zone Method

The prediction bias (B f ) and accuracy (A f ) factors are the most widely used measures of performance of predictive models for food pathogens. However, B f and Af have limitations that can produce inaccurate assessments of model performance. Consequently, an objective of the current study was to develop a method for quantifying model performance that overcomes limitations of B f and A f . Performance of published lag time and growth rate models for Salmonella Typhimurium were evaluated for data used in model development and for data not used in model development but that were inside (interpolation) or outside (extrapolation) the response surface of the models. In addition, performance of published models for growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was evaluated for data used in model development. Observed and predicted values were compared using B f , A f , and pRE, a new performance factor that quantified the proportion of relative errors (RE) in an acceptable prediction zone from an RE of -0.3 (fail-safe) to 0.15 (fail-dangerous). A decision diagram based on criteria for test data and model performance was used to validate the models. When B f and Af were used to quantify model performance, all models were validated. In contrast, when pRE was used to evaluate model performance, 2 models for S. Typhimurium and both models for E. coli O157:H7 failed validation. Overall, pRE was a more sensitive and reliable indicator of model performance than B f and Af because unacceptable pRE, which indicated a performance problem, were obtained for 8 of 20 evaluations, all of which had acceptable B f and A f . A limitation of pRE was the inability to distinguish between global and regional prediction problems. However, when used in combination with an RE plot, pRE provided a complete evaluation of model performance that overcame limitations of B f and A f .
An experimental algorithm versus standard advanced cardiac life support in a swine model of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Study objective: To compare an experimental algorithm with standard advanced cardiac life support in a swine model of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Design: Randomized, controlled experimental trial. Setting/type of participant: Animal laboratory using swine. Interventions: Eighteen swine (17.8 to 23.7 kg) were sedated, intubated, anesthetized, and instrumented for monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures and ECG. Ventricular fibrillation was induced using a bipolar pacing catheter. Animals were randomized to treatment with the experimental algorithm or standard advanced cardiac life support therapy after eight minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation. The experimental algorithm consisted of starting CPR; giving high-dose epinephrine (0.20 mg/kg), lidocaine (1.0 mg/kg), bretylium (5.0 mg/kg), and propranolol (0.5 to 1.0 mg) by peripheral IV; hyperventilating (20 to 25 breaths per minute); and delaying countershock (5 J/kg) 60 seconds after completion of drug delivery. Data were analyzed with the Student's t -test and Fisher's exact test. Measurements and main results: Outcome variables were arterial and central venous pressures, return of spontaneous circulation, and one-hour survival. Hemodynamics were not different between groups during CPR. Return of spontaneous circulation occurred in seven of nine swine (77%) in the experimental algorithm group versus two of nine swine (22%) in the advanced cardiac life support group ( P = .057). Four of nine swine (44%) in the experimental algorithm group survived to one hour versus none of the animals in the advanced cardiac life support group ( P = .041). Conclusion: In this swine model of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, animals treated with an experimental algorithm had a significant improvement in one-hour survival compared with those treated with advanced cardiac life support.
Problems of Substructure Search and Their Solution

This introductory paper describes some of the problems (both theoretical and practical) of substructure searching. An historical overview is given of the various solutions which have been devised, and some areas of current research interest are outlined.
Optimal Dynamic Assignment for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations

In this paper we investigate the problem of autonomous task assignment for a class of uncertain systems described by dynamic weighted bipartite graphs. Specifically, we consider the optimal assignment problem for this class of system. First, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a perfect matching in a given bipartite graph. Next, we present an algorithm to expand the original graph to a virtual graph that guarantees the existence of a perfect matching. These results are then used to solve the optimal assignment problem for dynamic weighted bipartite graphs. Finally, we apply this algorithm to a group of low-earth orbit satellites that have the task of tracking multiple ground targets simultaneously.
What Make Democracy Possible: A Predictive Modeling Approach

Data Mining techniques have been successfully applied to many disciplines, especially in business intelligence, medical and health related problems. This paper presents a case study using data mining predictive modeling techniques for identifying important factors associated with the making of democracy. Democracy has been a paradoxical phenomenon; it has appeared in countries that defy the theoretically proposed prerequisites such as high level of economic development, low level of illiteracy, and strong middle class among others. While other countries that have these prerequisites barely witnessed successful democratic transitions. This discrepancy between theory and empirical observation calls for an investigation of factors beyond social & economic factors associated with democratization. A predictive modeling approach will be applied to develop models using political factors, social-economic factors, degree of development, etc. to predict an index derived from the institutional and normative aspects of democracy.
Morphometric Analysis of Salamanders of the Plethodon vandykei Species Group

Abstract We used discriminant analysis to examine morphological variation within the Plethodon vandykei species group. Significant differentiation was found among the nine samples used in the study. Canonical discriminant analysis and UPGMA clustering of Mahalanobis' distances among samples revealed morphological divergence of P. vandykei and P. idahoensis. The greatest intraspecific differentiation was found between coastal and Cascade Mountains populations of P. vandykei. Morphological variation within the P. vandykei species group is consistent with protein variation revealed by previous studies. Our results support the long contested taxonomic validity of P. vandykei and P. idahoensis, and indicate that detailed morphometric analyses can be useful in evolutionary studies of Plethodon.
Semiconductor microlaser for intracavity flow cytometry

Semiconductor microlasers are attractive components for micro-analysis systems because of their ability to emit coherent intense light from a small aperture. By using a surface-emitting semiconductor geometry, we were able to incorporate fluid flow inside a laser microcavity for the first time. This confers significant advantages for high throughput screening of cells, particulates and fluid analytes in a sensitive microdevice. In this paper we discuss the intracavity microfluidics and present preliminary results with flowing blood and brain cells.
Development of Predictive Models for Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients using Bayesian Networks

Background : Existing prognostic tools for patient selection for ventricular assist devices (VADs) such as the Destination Therapy Risk Score (DTRS) and newly published HeartMate II Risk Score (HMRS) have limited predictive ability, especially with the current generation of continuous flow VADs (cfVADs). This study aims to use a modern machine learning approach, employing Bayesian Networks (BNs), which overcomes some of the limitations of traditional statistical methods. Methods : Retrospective data from 144 patients at Allegheny General Hospital and Integris Health System from 2007 to 2011 were analyzed. 43 data elements were grouped into four sets: demographics, laboratory tests, hemodynamics, and medications. Patients were stratified by survival at 90 days post LVAD. Results : The independent variables were ranked based on their predictive power and reduced to an optimal set of 10: hematocrit, aspartate aminotransferase, age, heart rate, transpulmonary gradient, mean pulmonary artery pressure, use of diuretics, platelet count, blood urea nitrogen and hemoglobin. Two BNs, NaA¯ve Bayes (NB) and Tree-Augmented NaA¯ve Bayes (TAN) outperformed the DTRS in identifying low risk patients (specificity: 91% and 93% vs. 78%) and outperformed HMRS predictions of high risk patients (sensitivity: 80% and 60% vs. 25%). Both models were more accurate than DTRS and HMRS (90% vs. 73% and 84%), Kappa (NB: 0.56 TAN: 0.48, DTRS: 0.14, HMRS: 0.22), and AUC (NB: 80%, TAN: 84%, DTRS: 59%, HMRS: 59%). Conclusion : The Bayesian Network models developed in this study consistently outperformed the DTRS and HMRS on all metrics. An added advantage is their intuitive graphical structure that closely mimics natural reasoning patterns. This warrants further investigation with an expanded patient cohort, and inclusion of adverse event outcomes.
Su Casa Es Nuestra Casa: Latino Politics Research and the Development of American Political Science

Since the 1970s, Latino politics research has evolved, alternately responding to real-world political events and demographic changes, embracing new and emerging trends in the broader discipline, and offering new insights of its own that contribute to the development of political science. In so doing, there have emerged both an intellectual foundation and a growing body of empirical results, each of which challenges long-held theories and findings in the discipline more broadly. Thus, Latino politics research is central in refining and broadening our understanding of American politics. Immigration, social marginality, and their uncertain status as a racial or ethnic minority make this population unique and raise important obstacles in applying existing interpretations and orthodoxies from the discipline's other traditions to this emerging and rapidly growing segment of American society. The major contributions of this line of inquiry are identified in five key areas: pluralism, group identity and mobilization, political participation, institutions and representation, and assimilation. We conclude with some thoughts regarding how the evolution of American society and its Latino population will pose important questions for future generations of political scientists.
Listeria monocytogenes Shows Temperature-Dependent and -Independent Responses to Salt Stress, Including Responses That Induce Cross-Protection against Other Stresses

The food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes experiences osmotic stress in many habitats, including foods and the gastrointestinal tract of the host. During transmission, L. monocytogenes is likely to experience osmotic stress at different temperatures and may adapt to osmotic stress in a temperature-dependent manner. To understand the impact of temperature on the responses this pathogen uses to adapt to osmotic stress, we assessed genome-wide changes in the L. monocytogenes H7858 transcriptome during short-term and long-term adaptation to salt stress at 7°C and 37°C. At both temperatures, the short-term response to salt stress included increased transcript levels of sigB and SigB-regulated genes, as well as mrpABCDEFG, encoding a sodium/proton antiporter. This antiporter was found to play a role in adaptation to salt stress at both temperatures; ΔmrpABCDEFG had a significantly longer lag phase than the parent strain in BHI plus 6% NaCl at 7°C and 37°C. The short-term adaptation to salt stress at 7°C included increased transcript levels of two genes encoding carboxypeptidases that modify peptidoglycan. These carboxypeptidases play a role in the short-term adaptation to salt stress only at 7°C, where the deletion mutants had significantly different lag phases than the parent strain. Changes in the transcriptome at both temperatures suggested that exposure to salt stress could provide cross-protection to other stresses, including peroxide stress. Short-term exposure to salt stress significantly increased H(2)O(2) resistance at both temperatures. These results provide information for the development of knowledge-based intervention methods against this pathogen, as well as provide insight into potential mechanisms of cross-protection.
Interferon in Kaposi’s Sarcoma Biology and Therapy

Interferon alfa (IFN-α) was one of the first drugs shown to have activity against AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). Multiple clinical studies have defined IFN-α’s role as a single agent or in combination with antiretroviral drugs against KS and have indicated that preserved immune function and the absence of activation of the endogenous IFN system are markers for improved outcome. Infection with both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been associated with perturbations in the IFN system, but it is not known precisely how this influences the development of KS, its clinical course, or response to exogenous IFN therapy. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for IFN-α’s antitumor activity against KS including inhibition of cell proliferation, targeted inhibition of pathways leading to aberrant angiogenesis, and inhibition of both HIV and KSHV, but its precise mechanism of action is not known, nor is it known why some tumors fail to respond. The future development of IFN therapy for KS should include combinations of IFN with other agents and/or the use of IFN preparations that require less frequent administration.
Cryptography and Secure Communication: Cryptography based on the integer ring

All cryptographic systems require some form of key exchange. If there are only a few users engaged in a long-term relationship, then it may be possible to exchange keys over a secure private channel, such as by the use of a trusted courier. Then the security of the system is no better than the security of the private channel. If there are a great number of users in a network, however, and their relationships are unpredictable, unforeseen, and brief, then it is inappropriate to have a single shared key, and it is unreasonable to have an individual private key for each pair of users. Consequently, public-key cryptosystems are unavoidable. The keys must be exchanged, or created, over a public channel, but in a way that cannot be reproduced or broken by an adversary. The earliest public-key cryptographers used the fact that the factoring of large composite integers is apparently very hard. The historical evidence for this premise was compelling and remains so; mathematicians had been searching for suitable integer-factoring algorithms for hundreds of years with very limited success. Since the introduction of such public-key cryptosystems, there has been a continuing intense effort to find methods of factoring large composite integers. Accordingly, improved methods of factoring integers have been found, but these improvements are modest. For large n , even these improved methods of factoring are still impractical.
The Moroccan Crisis of 1905–1906: An Analytic Narrative

This paper interprets the Moroccan crisis of 1905–1906 in the context of an incomplete information game model, the Tripartite Crisis game, and one of its proper subgames, the Defender-Protege subgame. In the early stages of the crisis the action choices of the players were shown to be consistent with the players’ beliefs, but their beliefs were not tested. In the final phase, beliefs and action choices were brought into harmony. British support of France during the conference that ended the crisis, the firm stand that France took at the conference, and the German decision to press for a conference is explained in terms of the model’s principal variables. The explanation derived from the model is not necessarily at odds with consensus historical interpretations of the Moroccan crisis. Nonetheless, it offers several advantages over standard, largely atheoretical or ad hoc descriptions. One clear advantage is the convenient framework the model provides for organizing information about the crisis around a common set of assumptions and concepts and for the clear way the most salient causal variables are highlighted. Another is the model’s ability to point to a logically consistent set of expectations about the connections between certain action choices and the beliefs that drive them. Finally, the model’s straightforward applicability to an important and complicated watershed event is suggestive of its potential generality.
Maintenance of Granuloma Formation in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis by T Lymphocytes within the Lung

Abstract Pulmonary granulomata of sarcoidosis are composed primarily of mononuclear phagocytic cells that are probably derived from blood monocytes. To evaluate the concept that recruitment of blood monocytes to the sarcoid lung is mediated by chemoattractants produced by immune effector cells within the lung, we obtained mononuclear cells from lung and blood of six patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis, six normal subjects, and six patients with active idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and studied their ability to secrete a chemotactic factor for monocytes. Lung T lymphocytes from all sarcoidosis patients, but not from normal subjects or patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, spontaneously secreted such a mediator. Lung T lymphocytes from patients with sarcoidosis secreted more monocyte chemotactic factor than did blood T lymphocytes from the same patients. The accumulation of monocytes in the lung in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis may be mediated by local production of monocyte chemotactic f...
UDE-Based Trajectory Tracking Control of Piezoelectric Stages

The robust and precise control of piezoelectric stages is quite challenging due to the existence of strong hysteresis nonlinearity. In this paper, the dynamics of a piezoelectric stage is identified as a second-order linear system preceded by an input hysteresis characterized by the Prandtl–Ishlinskii (PI) model. Then, a control strategy based on the uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE) is developed to mitigate the effect of hysteresis nonlinearity and improve the performance of the positioning control of the piezoelectric stage, without the detailed model of the hysteresis except the slope information of the PI hysteresis asymptotes. Moreover, the stability analysis of the closed-loop system with the UDE-based controller is provided. Extensive experimental studies are carried out on a Physik Instrumente P-753.31c piezoelectric stage to demonstrate that the UDE-based controller can achieve excellent performance in trajectory tracking and disturbance rejection, compared to the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller and a disturbance-observer-based controller.
H2 Production in the Radiolysis of Aqueous SiO2 Suspensions and Slurries

The production of H2 in the radiolysis of silica suspensions in aqueous solutions and slurries has been examined. Radiation chemical yields of H2 increase with increasing oxide weight fraction in suspensions of SiO2 nanoparticles (7- and 22-nm diameter) probably because of the escape of electrons initially produced in the oxide to the bulk water. Reactions of H2 with holes on the oxide surface or scavenging of precursors to H2 in the bulk water decrease its yield at high SiO2 loading. The production of H2 in the radiolysis of slurries of large SiO2 particles (8.1 m2/g, ∼343 nm diameter) is virtually identical to that expected in water alone suggesting little escape of electrons from the bulk oxide to the water. However, aqueous slurries of smaller SiO2 particles (312 m2/g, ∼8 nm diameter) can double the H2 production from water. Studies with varying the concentration of selenate, a good scavenger of the hydrated electron and its precursor, suggest that electron reactions on the μs time domain are responsi...
A small protein inhibits proliferating cell nuclear antigen by breaking the DNA clamp

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) forms a trimeric ring that encircles duplex DNA and acts as an anchor for a number of proteins involved in DNA metabolic processes. PCNA has two structurally similar domains (I and II) linked by a long loop (inter-domain connector loop, IDCL) on the outside of each monomer of the trimeric structure that makes up the DNA clamp. All proteins that bind to PCNA do so via a PCNA-interacting peptide (PIP) motif that binds near the IDCL. A small protein, called TIP, binds to PCNA and inhibits PCNA-dependent activities although it does not contain a canonical PIP motif. The X-ray crystal structure of TIP bound to PCNA reveals that TIP binds to the canonical PIP interaction site, but also extends beyond it through a helix that relocates the IDCL. TIP alters the relationship between domains I and II within the PCNA monomer such that the trimeric ring structure is broken, while the individual domains largely retain their native structure. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) confirms the disruption of the PCNA trimer upon addition of the TIP protein in solution and together with the X-ray crystal data, provides a structural basis for the mechanism of PCNA inhibition by TIP.
Epidemic Distribution of Pathogen and Drug Resistance Surveillance for Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Intensive Care Unit between 2002 to 2007

Objective To explore the epidemic distribution of pathogens and tendency of drug resistance surveillance in ventilator associated pneumonia(VAP) in intensive care unit(ICU)of Chengdu children′s hospital.Methods Pathogens were analyzed and the antibiotics sensitivity were determined in 326 children with mechanical ventilation over 48 hours in ICU of Chengdu children′s hospital in Jan.2002 to Dec.2007.After mechanical ventilation over 48 hours,specimen was collected from lower respiratory tract through endotracheal intubation tube with one-time suction tube and inspected at once.All specimen were cultured qualitatively and quantitatively in accordance with the standard method of microbiology and in continous 2 times,and the same advantages were regarded the strains of pathogens.Quality was controlled to all of reagents and antibiotics paper.Results One hundred and eighty-two cases of 326 cases with mechanical ventilation occured VAP,which 48 cases in 2002-2004,134 cases in 2005-2007;235 strain bacteria were isolated,among the total,196 strain gram-negative bacteria(83.4%),31 strain gram-positive bacteria(13.2%),8 strain eumycete(3.4%).The sequence of 10 leading pathogen were 36 strain klebsiella pneumonia(15.32%),30 strain escherichia coli(12.77%),26 strain enterobacter cloacae(11.06%),23 strain pseudomonas aeruginosa(9.79%),20 strain acinetobacter(8.51%),18 strain aerobacter aerogenes(7.66%),17 strain staphylococcus epidermidis(7.49%),15 strain serratia marcescens(6.38%),13 strain pseudomonas maltophilia(5.53%),12 strain staphylococcus aureus(5.11%).The top 5 bacteria in the proportion of gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to imipenem,amikacin sulfate and piperacillin/tazobactam,but were resistant to amoxicillin,ampicillin and cefazolins.Staphylococci was serious resistant to penicillin and erythromycin,but was more sensitive to vancomycin,quinolone and azithromycin.Except for pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter baumannii,other gram-negative bacteria rasistant to imipenem were not found.The detection rate of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus,methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus,klebsiella pneumoniae and E.coli strain extended spectrum β lactamases strains in 2005-2007 was marked increased than those in 2002-2004.Conclusions Tendency of drug resistance of clinical common pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics in our ICU showed polymorphic variation and incidence rate of VAP increased in 2005-2007 compared with 2002-2004.Surveillanced the tendency in time is critical to guide rational drug use in critical children.
Study a method for determination of protein content in foods

Objective:To establish a method for determination of protein content in foods by Nessler′s Colorimetry.Methods:In the 420 nm wavelength The sample pretreatment were determined by Nessler′s Colorimetry.Results:The calibration curves were linear in the ranges of 0.1～2.0 mg/L for Nitrogen content. And The RSD was 0.96%～3.13% when Protein content in the samples were 2.80 % to 66.3%.There was no significant difference between samples of different protein content determined separately by this method and the Kjeldahlmethod.Conclusion:This method is simple,rapid and accurate.
Epilogue: Alash Orda

The story of the Kazak intelligentsia, especially that of Bokeikhanov and Baitursynov, and the socio-political movement they led would not be complete without briefly recounting the history of the political movement Alash Orda. While not all Kazak nationalists joined the party, including Seralin, it did achieve a degree of independence during the civil war that was unique and is now regarded by many Kazak scholars as the first modern independent Kazak state. For nearly two years, Alash attempted to govern the immense steppe territory; however, the party and its independence eventually succumbed to Bolshevik rule in 1920.
On Deciphering the Book of Nature: Human Communication in Psychotherapy

This paper comments on the important immediate practical clinical significance of the investigative work of Badalamenti and Langs, which approaches individual sessions of psychoanalysis and psychot...
Gene Discovery in Congenital Myopathy

The congenital myopathies (CMs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited neuromuscular disorders that manifest as skeletal muscle weakness at birth or early in life and are defined by the predominant morphological features observed on biopsy. However, accurate molecular diagnoses are frequently confounded due to the substantial clinical and histological overlap between different forms of CM and have been limited by traditional sequencing technologies. Today, scientific investigators and clinicians are strongly focused on understanding both the mechanistic basis of these devastating disorders and on gene discovery. The identification of new causative genes will have considerable impact on the approximately 30–40 % of CM cases where the genetic cause remains unknown, on disease management, and on the development of effective gene-specific therapies. This chapter will discuss the most common forms of CM and detail the methods of gene discovery that have shaped this field from past and present.
Atlas of Atomic Fluorescence Spectral Lines

The inclusion of this section was also felt necessary for the sake of completeness. Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy is the youngest of the flame spectroscopic techniques. It originated in 1964 in Dr. Winefordner’s group at the University of Florida. Therefore, relatively little time has been permitted for the complete investigation of very many elements. In fact, this compilation gives more information as to the effects of various flame types on the most sensitive lines for many of the elements rather than a study of the relative intensities of the various lines within the element. A few elements, however, have been studied surprisingly well in terms of the various fluorescing lines. This atlas points to the vast amount of research there is to be done in the area of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy.
Karen L. Walloch The Antivaccine Heresy: Jacobson v. Massachusetts and the Troubled History of Compulsory Vaccination .

Karen L. Walloch. The Antivaccine Heresy: Jacobson v. Massachusetts and the Troubled History of Compulsory Vaccination . (Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press. 2015). Pp. x + 352. $125 (hardcover). ISBN: 978-1-58046-537-3. Jacobson v. Massachusetts is the Rorschach test of constitutional law. Ever since the Supreme Court issued the decision in 1905, jurists and legal scholars have cited it for different, often inconsistent, principles, including the deference that courts should give to the state’s police power, the inclusion of public health within the social compact, the constitutionality of mandatory vaccination laws, a patient’s right under the Due Process Clause to reject unwanted medical treatment, the Constitution’s protection for individual privacy, and the constitutionality of mandatory sterilization. Karen L. Walloch’s new history adds yet another perspective to this most famous public health law case. Jacobson upheld the conviction of the Reverend Henning Jacobson who was fined $5 for refusing to be vaccinated during a smallpox outbreak, despite … w.parmet{at}neu.edu
Study of triacylglycerol assembly by Apiotrichum curvatum ATCC 20509 as a model system

The oleaginous yeast Apiotrichum curvatum was grown on various lipids as carbon sources. When commercial animal and vegetable oils were used as substrates, the yeast triglyceride had a fatty acid profile similar to that of the substrate oil, but the glyceride structures were altered. Saturated free fatty acids with less than 14 carbons could not be used as carbon sources by the yeast. An emulsion of palmitic acid was well utilized by the yeast, but it was extensively desaturated before being deposited in the yeast triglyceride. Stearic and arachidic acid emulsions gave very limited and no growth, respectively. Oleic acid supported very good yeast growth; eicosenoic acid supported limited growth; erucic acid gave very poor growth. The yeast grew on petroselinic acid and deposited it extensively in its triglyceride. When supplemented with 1000 ppm butylated hydroxyanisole, linoleic and linolenic acids showed excellent growth and lipid accumulation. The yeast deposited ricinoleic acid, eleostearic and vernolic acids in its triglyceride when the yeast was grown on triglycerides containing these fatty acids, but the yeast triglyceride contained less of these conjugated and oxygenated acids than were found in the substrate oils. When crambe oil was used as a carbon source for the yeast, fatty acids with 20 or more carbons were concentrated in the residual substrate oil while those with 16 and 18 carbons were almost completely utilized. When cholesterol was incorporated in the growth medium, the yeast incorporated very little of it into its depot fats.
Accuracy in Self-Report Measures of Arousal: Use of a Bogus Verification to Attenuate Sensitivity Bias in Sex-in-Advertising Experimentation

Researchers are aware of possible biases in responses to queries about sensitive areas such as sexual feelings or behaviors. Yet when researching issues related to the efficacy of sexual depictions and innuendoes in advertising, researchers have relied almost entirely on self-report measures. Several studies which compare self-report measures to physiological measures found severe incongruities between self-report and physiological measures of arousal-which is commonly used as an independent variable in sex-in-advertising studies. This study attempts (1) to determine if the disparities between physiological and self-report measures are a result of inaccurate self-reports and (2) to suggest and test a technique for improving the accuracy of self-report responses to sensitive inquiries.
The Financial Dimension: Mortgage Instruments

The failings of mortgage systems indexed to purchasing power in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay have made economists’ claims that mortgage indexation would be an effective way of making housing more affordable while simultaneously fighting inflation, appear naive.1 During the debt crisis two of these countries introduced policies of deindexation of prices. Chile closed down its mortgage lenders in the late 1970s, and Paraguay abandoned indexed mortgage finance in 1982.2
Toward a Theory of Police Effects

With the possible exception of the role biology plays in criminal behavior, few debates in criminology seem to get under scholars' skin more then the question of whether- or perhaps to what extent- the police matter and it comes to controlling crime. The most recent incarnation of the police-crime debate is that between Megan, Solow, and Lum (2015) and Pickett and Roche (2016). This debate is complex and the field will undoubtedly benefit substantially as we all wrestlewith how this group of accomplished scholaars are themselves thinkint about this issue. Language: en
The art of changing the brain: Enriching the practice of teaching by exploring the biology of learning, By James E. Zull; Facilitating learning with the adult brain in mind: A conceptual and practical guide, By Kathleen Taylor and Catherine Marienau

“The idea that the brain can change its own structure and function through thought and activity is, I believe, the most important alteration in our view of the brain since we first sketched out its...
Faculty development effects on clerkship grades

SummaryBackground Faculty member assessment of clerkship students’ clinical performance has been noted as a consistently problematic issue within most medical student clerkships, and thus a worthy target of faculty development. One of the primary challenges in such faculty development is creating a change that improves the clinical assessment of students in a meaningful way. Method In the current study we evaluated the effects of a pair of brief interventions designed to facilitate greater use of the ‘Not observed’ option in faculty member assessments of clerkship students (as opposed to use of ‘Meets expectations’ for skills actually not observed by the rater) within a psychiatry rotation for third-year medical students in the USA. Results The intervention demonstrated statistically significant effects, both intentional and unintentional. Specifically, faculty members rated themselves as having increased their own understanding and confidence regarding the use of the assessment forms after the intervention. With regard to actual ratings of clerkship students, faculty members were less likely to use the ‘Not observed’ option after the intervention. Also, the mean rating increased slightly, and to a greater degree than could be explained entirely by the shift away from using ‘Meets expectations’ when ‘Not observed’ was more appropriate. Faculty member assessment of ... students’ clinical performance [is] a consistently problematic issue Discussion Results are discussed with regards to suggestions for implementation of the intervention in other programmes, specifically with regard to proposed improvements and issues to consider and monitor.
Joint sentiment models for event detection and latent cultural structure assessment in nationalist text

Increased interaction among distinct perspectives can lead to increased conflict. The multiplicity of available data can alleviate this burden by offering an informed avenue for comprehension. Parsing these data sources for relevant information is a time intensive and academically challenging task. Our research looks to explore the practicality of parsing these sources of data by attempting to surface latent cultural structures from organized texts. By analyzing sources that heavily rely on nationalistic subtexts, our research looks to find non-obvious sentiment on latent cultural events and topics that would typically require dedicated research to discover and dissect. The two data sources this work considers are nationalist journalistic efforts: An Phoblacht and TamilNet. We explore different paradigms for latent variable discovery in textual data, including topic modeling and word embedding, and synthesize them with sentiment analysis to produce a composite model for discovering and classifying unseen cultural context within the text. We pay additional consideration to evaluating how these composite models shift over time, and what implications this holds for identifying patterns of reaction for these populations. Our exploratory results show predicted latent cultural structures within the text, while our time series analysis indicates several outliers in the usage of language that indicate potential latent cultural perspectives.
Test for Trend With a Multinomial Outcome

There is no established procedure for testing for trend with nominal outcomes that would provide both a global hypothesis test and outcome-specific inference. We derive a simple formula for such a ...
The Management of Pain States: Pharmacologic Treatment

Pharmacotherapy remains a widely accepted modality for both acute and chronic pain conditions and often represents the patient’s first entry into a pain treatment algorithm. Many frequently used or prototypical agents are presented herein and are categorized by their mechanism of action. Common routes of administration, indications, adverse effects, and cautions are reviewed for each agent to provide an appreciation for the diversity of agents available.
Labor Law as Ideology: Toward a New Historiography of Collective Bargaining Law

* © Copyright 1981 by Karl E. Klare. t Professor of Law, Northeastern University School of Law. This article is a revised text of a paper presented to the Tenth Annual Meetings of the American Society for Legal History (ASLH), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 25, 1980. 1. See generally Atleson, Work Group Behavior and Wildcat Strikes: The Causes and Func tions of Industrial Civil Disobedience, 34 Ohio St. L.J. 750 (1973); Cloke, Political Loyalty, Labor Democracy and the Constitution, 5 San Fern. Valley L. Rev. 159 (1976); Klare, Judicial Deradi calization of the Wagner Act and the Origins of Modern Legal Consciousness, 1937-1941, 62 Minn. L. Rev. 265 (1978) [hereinafter cited as Judicial Deradicalization]; Lynd, Government Without Rights: The Labor Law Vision of Archibald Cox, 4 Indus. Rel. L.J. 483 ( 1981); Lynd, Investment Decisions and the Quid Pro Quo Myth, 29 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 396 (1979) [hereinafter cited as Investment Decisions]; Lynd, Reindustrialization: Brownfield or Greenfield?, Democracy, July 1981, at 22; Lynd, Employee Free Speech in the Private and Public Workplace: Two Doctrines or One?, 1 Indus. Rel. L.J. 711 (1977) [hereinafter Employee Free Speech]-, Lynd, Workers' Control in a Time of Diminished Workers' Rights, Radical America, Sept.-Oct. 1976, at 5; Lynd, The Right to Engage in Concerted Activity After Union Recognition: A Study of Legislative History, 50 Ind. L.J. 720 (1975); Stone, The Post-War Paradigm in American Labor Law, 90 Yale L.J. 1515 (1981) [hereinafter cited as Stone]; Atleson, Values and Assumptions in Labor Law (forthcoming) [hereinafter cited as Values and Assumptions]; Klare, The Quest for Industrial Democracy and the Struggle Against Racism: Perspectives on Labor Law and Civil Rights Law (forthcoming in Ore. L. Rev. 1981); Klare, The Bitter and the Sweet: Reflections On the Supreme Court's Yeshiva Decision (forthcoming in Socialist Rev. 1981). See also Feinman, The Development of the Employment at Will Rule, 20 Am. J. Legal Hist. 118 (1976); Freeman, Legitimizing Racial Discrimination Through Antidiscrimination Law: A Critical Review of Supreme Court Doctrine, 62 Minn. L. Rev. 1049 (1978). In addition to the works cited, I have learned much from discussions with, and the unpub lished work of, James Atleson, Alan Hyde, Howard Lesnick, Staughton Lynd, Theodore Lieverman, Ira Sills and Katherine Stone. In its original conception, this paper was intended to be a "report" to ASLH on the critical labor jurisprudence, and I wish to acknowledge that some of the ideas and approaches to collective bargaining law presented here derive from the work of the people listed. However, the scholars I have associated with the critical labor law hold a widely divergent spectrum of views on legal and political questions. Readers are therefore advised that I assume sole responsibility for the formulations contained herein, and that the presentation of critical labor law in this paper is heavily oriented toward my own approaches and research priorities.
Extracorporeal and Intracorporeal Knotting and Suturing Techniques

Laparoscopic suturing and knotting techniques (especially intracorporeal knotting) are fundamental skills the complete laparoscopic surgeon must possess. Exclusive reliance on mechanical devices for tissue approximation restricts the surgeon to the devices’ limitations. The principles, approach, and techniques of efficient precision laparoscopic suturing and knotting techniques are described that, when mastered, result in obtaining high-quality repairs in conjunction with an improvement in the surgeon’s overall laparoscopic surgical skills.
General Relativistic Hydrodynamics: The Comoving, Eulerian, and Velocity Potential Formalisms

We compare the three major approaches to general relativistic hydrodynamics: comoving, Eulerian, or mixed Euler–Lagrange, and velocity potential. We show that the comoving gauge has three major disadvantages: (1) shocks cause discontinuities in the spacetime metric; (2) the formation of black holes can lead to time slicing singularities; (3) coordinate lines can become tangled in nonspherical flows. The mixed Euler–Lagrange scheme we use solves these three problems. We show how the comoving limit is obtained from our general equations. The circulation of a fluid flow in the presence of shocks is discussed and illustrated by numerical example. We suggest a possible relevance for this to supernova ejection mechanisms. Finally, the velocity potential formalism is discussed and compared to the comoving and Eulerian approaches. Taub's contributions are stressed throughout the discussion.
Dynamic network modeling and dimensionality reduction for human ECoG activity.

Objective. Developing dynamic network models for multisite electrocorticogram (ECoG) activity can help study neural representations and design neurotechnologies in humans given the clinical promise of ECoG. However, dynamic network models have so far largely focused on spike recordings rather than ECoG. A dynamic network model for ECoG recordings, which constitute a network, should describe their temporal dynamics while also achieving dimensionality reduction given the inherent spatial and temporal correlations. Approach. We devise both linear and nonlinear dynamic models for ECoG power features and comprehensively evaluate their accuracy in predicting feature dynamics. Linear state-space models (LSSMs) provide a general linear dynamic network model and can simultaneously achieve dimensionality reduction by describing high-dimensional signals in terms of a low-dimensional latent state. We thus study whether and how well LSSMs can predict ECoG dynamics and achieve dimensionality reduction. Further, we fit a general family of nonlinear dynamic models termed radial basis function (RBF) auto-regressive (AR) models for ECoG to study how the linear form of LSSMs affects the prediction of ECoG dynamics. Finally, we study the differences in dynamics and predictability of ECoG power features across different frequency bands. We use both numerical simulations and large-scale ECoG activity recorded from 10 human epilepsy subjects to evaluate the models. Results. First, we find that LSSMs can significantly predict the dynamics of ECoG power features using latent states with a much lower dimension compared to the number of features. Second, compared with LSSMs, nonlinear RBF-AR models do not improve the prediction of human ECoG power features, thus suggesting the usefulness of the linear assumption in describing ECoG dynamics. Finally, compared with other frequency bands, the dynamics of ECoG power features in 1-8 Hz (delta+theta) can be predicted significantly better and is more dominated by slow dynamics. Significance. Our results suggest that LSSMs with low-dimensional latent states can capture important dynamics in human large-scale ECoG power features, thus achieving dynamic modeling and dimensionality reduction. These results have significant implications for studying human brain function and dysfunction and for future design of closed-loop neurotechnologies for decoding and stimulation.
Abstract MP70: Conventional and Novel Lipid Measures and Subsequent Risk of Lower-extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (aric) Study

Introduction: The association of conventional lipids (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and triglycerides [TG]) with inci...
Hematopoietic maladaptation facilitates septic screening

Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood cells from patients with bacterial infections reveals a monocyte subset that can distinguish those at risk of sepsis.
Derrida and Saussure: Entrainment and Contamination

A critical study of the Course in General Linguistics is here expanded to include Derrida’s influential interpretation of this canonical text. It develops a critique of the philosopher’s own critical reading of Saussure’s linguistics, and it reveals a profound rapprochement between their respective views. The chapter re-examines relevant sections of the Course, approaching them through the lens of their deconstructive reading by Derrida in Of Grammatology (2016) and Glas (1986), and considering them in conjunction with relevant sources from Saussure’s Nachlass. The goal is not simply to dismiss Derrida’s insightful reading of Saussure. Instead, it turns out that general linguistics and deconstruction are closer than usually thought, and they can be productively combined in contemporary studies of cultural signification. For both Derrida and Saussure, cultural signification is mediated by the plexus of differences within the language system, and it is shaped by the so-called extralinguistic world.