cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transformation parameters induced in chick cells by incubation in media of altered NaCl concentration.

Abstract Lowering the NaCl concentration of the medium in which normal chick cell cultures are incubated causes them to enlarge, vaculate, and appear morphologically similar to cells transformed by the Bryan strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Raising the NaCl concentration of the medium causes cells to become round or spindle shaped and to appear morphologically similar to cells transformed by the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of RSV. Uninfected chick cell cultures incubated in either low or high NaCl medium also express many characteristics of transformed cells. They lose contact inhibition of growth and movement, grow to higher saturation densities, synthesize reduced amounts of fibronectin, exhibit increased lectin agglutinability, transport increased amounts of hexoses, have reduced levels of succinic dehydrogenase activity, produce increased amounts of lactate and pyruvate, and can be serially passaged in culture significantly longer than normal chick fibroblasts. We were not able to induce normal chick cells to exhibit all transformation parameters by incubation an altered NaCl media: the cells did not grow in soft agar or in low serum medium. Cells transformed by the Bryan and Schmidt-Ruppin strains of RSV exhibit strain-specific changes in their intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations. Cells incubated in altered NaCl media exhibit altered intracellular monovalent cation concentrations similar to those seen in the cells they resemble morphologically. Results presented in this publication identify a possible new transformation parameter, alteration of the intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, and suggest that many, but not all transformation parameters may be consequences of the altered intracellular monovalent cation concentrations.
Reflections on the practice of research

Abstract In this essay, we consider the relevance of research. To support our argument of its relevance, we offer three cases – Hull House, the Indian Trust Fund, and accounting standard-setting – that examine the taken-for-grantedness of accountability and the ways in which the term is frequently used.
Turbogenerator Stator Core Study

The results of a failure analysis of a 460 MW turbogenerator are presented. The stator core melt-through holes are investigated using mathematical and finite element modeling, and the failure scenario model that closely matches the physical evidence and timeline is generated.
Rectus abdominis muscle graft post-talectomy: A new approach

This case represents an option a surgeon has when confronted with an extraordinary dilemma. A 43-year-old male presented to the emergency room with a septic ankle joint along with a fracture through the body of the talus. The surgeons incised and drained the ankle joint and performed a talectomy after finding intraoperatively that the soft, fractured, deformed talus was severely osteomyelitic. After weeks of intravenous antibiotics, a more definitive procedure was needed. After consulting different specialties for their opinion, a procedure was decided upon. The rectus abdominis muscle was hosted with its vascular supply intact and relocated into the ankle joint. The artery to this muscle was anastamosed to the anterior tibial artery. This, acts as both a spacer and a joint between the calcaneus and the tibia. After a few operations and months of physical therapy, this patient walks without a limp, free of pain or any gait-supporting device. There has not been any mention of this type of procedure in any of the literature to date.
Hemolysis and Pump Thrombus in Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients Does Not Affect Survival

Purpose Hemolysis and pump thrombosis (HT) may adversely affect survival in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). Our aim was to study the incidence and clinical outcomes of HT events in a large, single-center cohort. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed our prospectively collected database of all patients receiving a Heartmate II LVAD between 2005 & 2012. Demographic, clinical and outcome data were analyzed using standard statistical methods. Results Of 224 LVAD patients, we identified 36 (16.1%) patients with HT events (31 hemolysis, 6 thrombus, 1 both). The patients who experienced HT events were more likely female (26.7% vs. 19.1%, p =0.04) and younger (51.9 +/− 16.4 years vs. 56.7 +/− 13.8 years, p=0.04). Pump exchanges for thrombus occurred in 4 of 224 patients (1.8%). The median number of HT events was 1 (range 1-4). The time to first HT event occurred at a median of 171 days (range 11-2090). There was no difference in heart transplantation rate: 7 with HT (19.4%) and 57 without HT (30.3%) underwent transplantation, p=0.17. Mean time to transplantation between groups was similar: 368.3 days for HT as compared with 363.6 days for those without. There was no difference in 6month post implant survival (p=0.15). By Kaplan-Meier analysis, there was no difference in time to death, transplant, or last follow-up (p=0.42). [ figure 1 ] Conclusions In a contemporary cohort of LVAD recipients, HT incidence is 16.1%. Developing HT occurs 6 months post-implant and does not impact the rate of transplant, time to transplant, or long-term survival. Successful strategies to treat hemolysis and thrombus may contribute to the satisfactory outcomes in this patient population.
EVALUATION OF TWO CROP CANOPY SENSORS FOR NITROGEN RECOMMENDATIONS IN IRRIGATED MAIZE

Crop canopy sensors can provide valuable information about in-field nitrogen (N) variability in maize (Zea mays L.) and can serve as the basis for in-season N recommendations. However, few studies have been conducted to determine how the sensors compare. Therefore, a study was conducted using the two most prominent crop canopy sensors (NTech's GreenSeeker™ red and Holland Scientific's Crop Circle™ amber) to determine if the different sensors recommended different amounts of N at the V12 maize growth stage. Results show that each sensor recommended the same amount of N at the V12 growth stage (N recommendations by sensor were not significantly different). The N algorithms developed for each sensor also calculated unbiased N recommendations suggesting that the methodology of algorithm development was valid as was the estimate of required N at maize growth stage V12. Therefore, both crop canopy sensors performed equally in terms of N recommendations in this study.
Market Access or Efficient Production: Why Did South Korean Outward Direct Investment Persist After the Crisis?

After the 1997–1998 Asian Financial Crisis, South Korean outward direct investment (ODI) remained at approximately the same level as before the crisis. What explains this remarkable persistence of outward investment, concurrent with a seven-point drop in GDP? After considering contemporary theories of foreign direct investment, this article posits that there are multiple explanations, which are contingent on the size of the firm involved in ODI. For the largest South Korean conglomerates — the five biggest chaebǒl — foreign investment was a way of opening markets to compensate for declining sales at home, whereas other firms used foreign investment to take advantage of production efficiencies made possible by the financial crisis's impact in other countries. In relation to South Korea, China represented an investment destination that could absorb both types of investment. The empirical evidence is suggestive, but not conclusive.
Indapamide regresses, but transdermal clonidine does not regress, left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive diabetic patients

Abstract This report describes the effects of indapamide versus transdermal clonidine on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in hypertensive diabetic patients. A sample of 24 hypertensive diabetic men, aged 40–68 years, with echocardiographically proven LVH was equally divided into 2 groups. Group I was treated with indapamide 2.5 mg/day, and group C with transdermal clonidine weekly. Left ventricular mass and posterior wall and septal thickness were measured by standard echocardiograms done at baseline and every 6 months. At 24 months, treatment crossover was done. Normotension was maintained throughout the study. With indapamide, LVH regression was measurable at 6 months, and left ventricular mass had returned to normal after 18 months. Transdermal clonidine did not regress LVH, but when the patients were switched to indapamide, LVH did regress. Clonidine maintained normal ventricular dimensions after regression had been induced by indapamide.
A generalized solution for the calculation of in-air output factors in irregular fields

Three major contributors of scatter radiation to the in-air output of a medicallinear accelerator are the flattening filter, wedge, and tertiary collimator. These were considered separately in the development of an algorithm to be used to set up an in-air output factor calculation formalism for open and wedge fields of irregular shape. A detector’s eye view (DEV) field defined at the source plane was used to account for the effects of collimator exchange and the partial blockage of the flattening filter by the tertiary collimator in the determination of head scatter. An irregular field determined at the source plane by a DEV was segmented and mapped back into the detector plane by a field-mapping method. Field mapping was performed by using a geometric conversion factor and equivalent field relationships for head scatter. The scatter contribution of each segmented equivalent field at the detector plane was summed by Clarkson integration. The same methodology was applied for determining both tertiary collimator and wedge scatter contribution. However, the field size that determined the amount of scatter contribution was not the same for each component. For tertiary collimator scatter and external wedge scatter, a field projected to the detector plane was used directly. Comparisons of calculated and measured values for in-air output factors showed good agreement for both open and external wedge fields. This algorithm can also be used for multileaf collimator(MLC) fields irrespective of the position of the MLC (i.e., whether the MLC replaces one secondary collimator or is used as a tertiary collimator). The measurement and parameterization of tertiary collimator scatter is necessary to account for its contribution to the in-air output. Because a source-plane field is mapped into the detector plane, no additional dosimetric data acquisition is necessary for the calculation of head scatter.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX II. CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED DISEASE

The clinical manifestations and course of disease observed in experimental rabbit pox have been described and analyzed. The condition differed from the acute fulminating and rapidly fatal type of experimental infection (1) in that the period of survival was longer, a variety of clinical manifestations developed and a considerable proportion of the cases recovered. The most conspicuous symptom was a generalized papular eruption on the skin and mucocutaneous borders. The production of the disease was associated with routes of inoculation other than the intratesticular or with a small dosage. The majority of cases were inoculated with Berkefeld V filtrates of tissue-virus emulsions and not with the more potent unfiltered emulsions. The local reactions resulting from various routes of inoculation were described. Of special interest were the pronounced cutaneous reactions induced by intradermal injection, the high instance of marked clinical manifestations after intravenous inoculation, the failure of lesions to localize in the lines of scarification of skin and cornea even in cases with a profuse cutaneous eruption, and the development of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the epithelial cells of the cornea following scarification and conjunctival instillation of virus. In the character of its clinical manifestations and course of disease, experimental rabbit pox was indistinguishable from cases of the spontaneous pox.
Characterization of Age Differences in Error Types in a Multitrial Spatial Learning Task

Although increased age is associated with greater errors in spatial memory tasks, it is unclear if there are age differences in error types. To investigate this, 334 participants (ages 22–88) completed a task in which they remembered object locations across multiple study-test trials. Far and close error types were categorized based on the spatial proximity of recalled objects to their actual location. Younger adults showed a greater difference in the proportion of close and far errors, and middle-aged adults showed this pattern to a lesser extent. However, older adults committed close and far errors at an equal rate. Results revealed that all age groups reduced their far errors across trials, and task complexity similarly affected older and younger adults' error-type rates. Study time did not appear to predict error types. Overall, these results suggest that increased age is associated with more far errors, but that a reduction in these error types can occur through repeated learning trials.
Under-sea remote sensing using Brillouin precursors

In this contribution we propose a remote sensing technique for subsurface imaging through the seawater. The technique is based on the detection and processing of the evolving Brillouin precursors due to the ultrawideband(UWB) input electromagnetic waves traveling through the dispersive seawater and sand. The proposed technique is validated using simulation studies for layered media, i.e. Seawater and sand.
Assembly and bundling of marginal band microtubule protein : role of tau

Microtubule protein extracted from dogfish erythrocyte cytoskeletons by disassembly of marginal bands at low temperature formed linear microtubule (MT) bundles upon reassembly at 22°C. The bundles, which were readily visible by video-enhanced phase contrast or DIC microscopy, increased in length and thickness with time. At steady state after 1 hour, most bundles were 6–11 μm in length and 2–5 MTs in thickness. No inter-MT cross-bridges were visible by negative staining. The bundles exhibited mechanical stability in flow as well as flexibility, in this respect resembling native marginal bands. As analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, our standard extraction conditions yielded MT protein preparations and bundles containing tau protein but not high molecular weight MAPs such as MAP-2 or syncolin. In addition, late fractions of MT protein obtained by gel filtration were devoid of high molecular weight proteins but still produced MT bundles. The marginal band tau was salt-extractable and heat-stable, bound antibodies to mammalian brain tau, and formed aggregates upon desalting. Antibodies to tau blocked MT assembly, but both assembly and bundling occurred in the presence of antibodies to actin or syncolin. The MTs were “unbundled” by subtilisin or by high salt (0.5–1 M KCl or NaCl), consistent with tau involvement in bundling. High salt extracts retained bundling activity, and salt-induced unbundling was reversible with desalting. However, reversibility was observed only after salt-induced MT disassembly had occurred. Reconstitution experiments showed that addition of marginal band tau to preassembled MTs did not produce bundles, whereas tau presence during MT reassembly did yield bundles. Thus, in this system, tau appears to play a role in both MT assembly and bundling, serving in the latter function as a coassembly factor. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Isotope effects and the nature of stereo- and regioselectivity in hydroaminations of vinylarenes catalyzed by palladium(ii)-diphosphine complexes.

The hydroamination of styrene with aniline catalyzed by phosphine-ligated palladium triflates exhibits a substantial 13C isotope effect at the benzylic carbon. This supports rate-determining nucleophilic attack of amine on a η3-phenethyl palladium complex. Deuterium exchange observations and predicted isotope effects based on DFT calculations support this mechanism. Selectivity in these reactions is determined by the facility of palladium displacement after reversible hydropalladation of the alkene.
Helical flow of a simple fluid between eccentric cylinders

Abstract The helical flow of a third-grade fluid, between eccentric cylinders, is examined. Using a domain perturbation approach, secondary flow has been found, contrary to the previous analysis. The consistency of the slow-flow approximation has been tested considering the behavior of the fluid at intermediate and high Reynolds number.
‘I want to be all I can Irish’: the role of performance and performativity in the construction of ethnicity

Over the past few decades, ethnicity, amongst third generation and beyond descendants of European immigrants in America, is thought to have evolved from a group-oriented protectorate to a more individualized form of identity. ‘Symbolic ethnicity’ is the name given by sociologists, who, working in the 1980s and 1990s within the confines of traditional assimilation theory, thought this to be the final step in that process. More recently, however, research within the social sciences has moved on, not just in how assimilation is considered, but also to newer immigrant and ethnic groups. In this study, I return to the concept of symbolic ethnicity and to those ‘older’ ethnics who, despite the assimilation process, continue to construct and maintain powerful links to an ethnic ancestry and homeland. From my observations of and interviews with dozens of individuals learning the Irish language throughout North America, I attempt to uncover why this connection persists, beginning with the subjective nature of symb...
A Content Analysis of Obstetrics and Gynecology Scholarship: Implications for Women's Health

In the context of studying the medicalization of women, we sought insight into the reflexive and mutually influential relationships between the prevailing social agenda and the formal knowledge base by analyzing the content, purpose and funding source of the scholarly work published in the three major, English-language obstetrics and gynecology journals. Our analysis of the 6103 articles published in 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1993 led us to the conclusion that, rather than responding to changing social needs and life-styles, the obstetrics and gynecology specialty has continued to emphasize the reproductive nature of women rather than the health and well-being requirements of non-pregnant and non-fertile women. The social values and attitudes toward women inferred from the priorities evident in these data are ideologically consistent with the view that women's primary role is that of reproduction. The implied importance of certain themes and the consequent allocation of resources may serve to perpetuate the politically oppressive view of women as biologically motivated and determined.
Multistart algorithms for MEG empirical data analysis reliably characterize locations and time courses of multiple sources.

Abstract We applied our newly developed Multistart algorithm (M. Huang et al., 1998, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 108, 32–44) to high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) somatosensory responses and low SNR visual data to demonstrate the reliability of this analysis tool for determining source locations and time courses of empirical multisource neuromagnetic data. This algorithm performs a downhill simplex search hundreds to thousands of times with multiple, randomly selected initial starting parameters from within the head volume, in order to avoid problems of local minima. Two subjects participated in two studies: (1) somatosensory (left and right median nerves were stimulated using a square wave pulse of 0.2 ms duration) and (2) visual (small black and white bull's-eye patterns were presented to central and peripheral locations in four quadrants of the visual field). One subject participated in both of the studies mentioned above and in a third study (i.e., simultaneous somatosensory/visual stimulation). The best-fitting solutions were tightly clustered in high SNR somatosensory data and all dominant regions of activity could be identified in some instances by using a single model order (e.g., six dipoles) applied to a single interval of time (e.g., 15–250 ms) that captured the entire somatosensory response. In low SNR visual data, solutions were obtained from several different model orders and time intervals in order to capture the dominant activity across the entire visual response (e.g., 60–300 ms). Our results demonstrate that Multistart MEG analysis procedures can localize multiple regions of activity and characterize their time courses in a reliable fashion. Sources for visual data were determined by comparing results across several different models, each of which was based on hundreds to thousands of different fits to the data.
Bahiagrass Production and Nutritive Value as Affected by Domestic Wastewater Residuals

Approximately 70% of Florida's biosolids is land-applied with little supporting agronomic information. This experiment was conducted on bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), on Pomona fine sand soil (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic Alaquods), to compare the agronomic value of aerobically digested slurry biosolid, lime-stabilized slurry biosolid, lime-stabilized cake biosolid, and ammonium nitrate all applied to supply 90 or 180 kg N ha -1 vs. an unfertilized control. Forage production (3-5 Mg ha -1 yr -1 ) was similar for the ammonium nitrate and the slurries in 1998 and 1999, highest for the lime-stabilized slurry in 2000, but always 30% lower for the cake biosolid due to the cake's lower N availability. The slurries and ammonium nitrate gave 50% or more forage and higher spring crude protein (CP) concentration (100-170 g kg -1 ) than the control (75-110 g kg -1 ). The CP was improved with ammonium nitrate in early spring, after which, there were no consistent differences in CP or in vitro organic matter digestion (460-600 g kg -1 ) among N sources. Tissue P (2.0-3.5 g kg -1 ), Ca (3.0-8.0 g kg -1 ), and Fe (40-250 mg kg -1 ) were increased by both biosolid slurries in the spring, whereas tissue Cu (6-15 mg kg -1 ) and Mn (10-100 mg kg -1 ) were elevated periodically only by the aerobically digested slurry. Forage was deficient in K and Mn in summer across treatments. Lime-stabilized biosolid could boost bahiagrass production in Florida because it is lower in pathogens, inexpensive, and provides lime and organic matter.
Identifying dynamic tuberculosis case-finding policies for HIV/TB coepidemics

The global tuberculosis (TB) control plan has historically emphasized passive case finding (PCF) as the most practical approach for identifying TB suspects in high burden settings. The success of this approach in controlling TB depends on infectious individuals recognizing their symptoms and voluntarily seeking diagnosis rapidly enough to reduce onward transmission. It now appears, at least in some settings, that more intensified case-finding (ICF) approaches may be needed to control TB transmission; these more aggressive approaches for detecting as-yet undiagnosed cases obviously require additional resources to implement. Given that TB control programs are resource constrained and that the incremental yield of ICF is expected to wane over time as the pool of undiagnosed cases is depleted, a tool that can help policymakers to identify when to implement or suspend an ICF intervention would be valuable. In this article, we propose dynamic case-finding policies that allow policymakers to use existing observations about the epidemic and resource availability to determine when to switch between PCF and ICF to efficiently use resources to optimize population health. Using mathematical models of TB/HIV coepidemics, we show that dynamic policies strictly dominate static policies that prespecify a frequency and duration of rounds of ICF. We also find that the use of a diagnostic tool with better sensitivity for detecting smear-negative cases (e.g., Xpert MTB/RIF) further improves the incremental benefit of these dynamic case-finding policies.
Martian CO abundance from the J = 1-0 rotational transition - Evidence for temporal variations

CO 2.6-mm wavelength observations of Mars during March 29-April 1, 1980, were analyzed using a model atmosphere based on Viking measurements. A least-squares fit of the model to the observed line profile yielded an average CO mixing ratio of 0.0032 + or - 0.0011, a value four times larger than that obtained by Kaplan (1969) from the analysis of an infrared spectrum obtained in 1967. Martian atmospheric chemistry models indicate that the temporal variation implied could exist, being due primarily to variations in H2O abundance.
Neuromuscular Manifestations of Endocrine Disorders

This article reviews the neuromuscular disorders associated with many endocrine disturbances. The severity of neuromuscular disorders varies. Some of these disturbances are mild, and others are severe and life threatening.
The relationship of anxiety and depression with self‐reported knee pain in the community: Data from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging

Objective To investigate the relationship between anxiety and depression and reporting of knee pain in the community. Methods Subjects (n = 374) were community volunteers aged 40 years and above who are participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, a prospective multidisciplinary research study of normative aging. Knee pain was defined by the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey question “have you ever had pain in or around your knee on most days for at least one month?”; anxiety and depression were measured by the relevant subscales of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales questionnaire. All subjects had standing anteroposterior radiographs, read for Kellgren and Lawrence (K + L) grade. Results After adjustment for age, women reporting “ever” knee pain had significantly higher anxiety scores than those reporting “never” pain (3.06 ± 0.26 versus 2.35 ± 0.17; P = 0.025). Pain reporting was related neither to anxiety scores in men, nor to depression in either sex. Analysis stratified by radiographic severity, adjusted for age and gender, showed that differences in anxiety were confined to those reporting knee pain in the absence of radiographic change (i.e., K + L grade 0). Conclusions In the community, women reporting knee pain in the absence of radiographic osteoarthritis have higher anxiety scores than those without pain. Depression was not significantly related to knee pain in this population. Psychosocial factors may explain some of the discrepancy between reported knee pain and structural change as seen on x-ray.
Therapeutic irradiation and brain injury.

Abstract This is a review and reanalysis of the literature on adverse effects of therapeutic irradiation on the brain. Reactions have been grouped and considered according to time of appearance. The emphasis of the analysis is on delayed reactions, especially those that occur from a few months to several years after irradiation. Over 100 such cases are reported in the literature. Eighty cases were identified in which the patient was given a single course of radiation therapy and in which reasonable estimates of the time-dose-fractionation regimen could be made. Eleven of these patients had been irradiated for cancer of the skin, 17 for other extracranial tumors, 20 for either a pituitary tumor or a craniopharyngioma and 32 for primary brain tumors. All dose specifications were converted into equivalent megavoltage rads. The data were analyzed in terms of total dose, overall treatment time and number of treatment fractions. The data were also analyzed in terms of time-dose-fractionation (TDF) and nominal standard dose (NSD). NSD calculations were done according to the usual Ellis formula and also according to a modification in which the N exponent was −0.44 and the T exponent −0.06. When total dose was plotted against number of fractions, a line with slope 0.44 fitted well with the lower dose limits at which brain necrosis has been reported. Also discussed were acute radiation reactions, early delayed radiation reactions, somnolence and leukoencephalopathy post-irradiation/chemotherapy and combined effects of radiation and chemotherapy.
Development of an Open Path Laser Ignition System for a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine: Part 1 — System Design

Using a laser, as opposed to a conventional (electrical) spark plug, to create a combustion initiating spark is potentially advantageous for several reasons: flexibility in choosing and optimizing the spark location, in particular to move the spark away from solid heat sinks; production of a more robust spark containing more energy; and obviation of electrode erosion problems. These advantages may lead to an extension of the lean limit, an increase in engine thermal efficiency, and the concomitant benefits of reduced pollutant emissions. This paper presents the design of a laser ignition system appropriate for a large bore natural gas engine. Design considerations include: optimization of spark location, design of beam delivery system and optical plug, and mitigation of vibration and thermal effects. Engine test results will be presented in the second paper of this two-paper series.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Quantitative short-wave infrared multispectral imaging of in vivo tissue optical properties

Extending the wavelength range of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) into the short-wave infra- red (SWIR) has the potential to provide enhanced sensitivity to chromophores such as water and lipids that have prominent absorption features in the SWIR region. Here, we present, for the first time, a method combining SFDI with unstructured (zero spatial frequency) illumination to extract tissue absorption and scattering properties over a wavelength range (850 to 1800 nm) largely unexplored by previous tissue optics techniques. To obtain images over this wavelength range, we employ a SWIR camera in conjunction with an SFDI system. We use SFDI to obtain in vivo tissue reduced scattering coefficients at the wavelengths from 850 to 1050 nm, and then use unstructured wide-field illumination and an extrapolated power-law fit to this scattering spectrum to extract the absorption spectrum from 850 to 1800 nm. Our proof-of-principle experiment in a rat burn model illustrates that the combination of multispectral SWIR imaging, SFDI, and unstructured illumination can characterize in vivo changes in skin optical properties over a greatly expanded wavelength range. In the rat burn experiment, these changes (relative to normal, unburned skin) included increased absorption and increased scattering amplitude and slope, consistent with changes that we previously reported in the near-infrared using SFDI. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires
A macrophage migration inhibitory factor is expressed in the differentiating cells of the eye lens.

Abstract A discrete 10-kDa polypeptide (10K) is expressed from early stages in the embryonic chicken lens. Since this has potential as a marker for lens cell development, chicken 10K and its homologues from mouse and human lenses were identified by protein sequencing and cloning. Surprisingly, lens 10K proteins appear to be identical to a lymphokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), originally identified in activated human T cells. Using microdissection and PCR techniques, we find that expression of 10K/MIF is strongly correlated with cell differentiation in the developing chicken lens. Northern blot analysis shows that 10K/MIF is widely expressed in mouse tissues. These results suggest that proteins with MIF activity may have roles beyond the immune system, perhaps as intercellular messengers or part of the machinery of differentiation itself. Indeed, partial sequence of other small lens proteins identifies another MIF-related protein (MRP8) in calf lens. The relatively abundant expression of MIF in lens may have clinical significance, with the possibility of involvement in ocular inflammations that may follow damage to the lens.
Functional MRI Applications in Clinical Epilepsy

Functional MRI holds great promise as a diagnostic tool in presurgical evaluation of patients with epilepsy. Recent research has used fMRI for localization of the seizure focus by tracking interictal spikes and by observing blood flow changes during seizure onset. Localization of the language-dominant hemisphere with fMRI has been well-validated in normal volunteers and left-hemisphere-dominant epilepsy patients, but is less developed for patients with mixed- or right-hemisphere language dominance. Intrahemispheric mapping of sensory and motor functions with fMRI is fairly well established, and progress is being made in mapping higher-level cognitive functions, particularly language. Little research has convincingly demonstrated hippocampal function in the normal brain during memory processing, and applications of memory mapping in epilepsy are still lacking. While the clinical use of fMRI in epilepsy needs substantially more study, this is nonetheless a very promising technique that may dramatically change the presurgical diagnostic regimen for these patients.
Supplementation of fibrin gels with sodium chloride enhances physical properties and ensuing osteogenic response

Modifying the relative concentrations of fibrinogen and thrombin can control the physical properties of fibrin gels, while the viability of associated cells has been linked to the gel's final network structure. It was hypothesized that increasing the gel ionic strength during fabrication through supplementation with sodium chloride (NaCl) would provide an improved approach for tailoring the physical properties of fibrin gels and maintaining the viability and osteogenic potential of entrapped cells. Fibrin gels were formed by mixing fibrinogen, thrombin and calcium chloride with varying masses of NaCl (0-4.40% w/v), and the osteogenic potential of entrapped human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) was examined over 14 days. Physical properties including gelation time, compressive modulus and fiber diameter were dependent upon NaCl content, with gels containing 2.60% NaCl possessing compressive moduli threefold higher than gels without NaCl. Alkaline phosphatase activity was highest for MSC entrapped in gels containing 2.15-2.60% NaCl after 14 days, and all gels exhibited increased calcium incorporation over the culture period. These data confirm that varying the salt concentration of the pre-gel solution can modulate the material properties of fibrin constructs without additional fibrinogen or thrombin, thereby offering a new approach for generating improved cell transplantation vehicles for use in bone tissue regeneration.
Translational Japanese: A Transformative Strangeness Within

In 1813 Friedrich Schleiermacher proposed a ‘special domain just for translations’, where things not permitted elsewhere are allowed. Quite independently, Japanese society has reserved for translations a separate but not marginalized area that has even affected original writing. With its recognizably translational origin or influence, this language (hon’yakuch?) blurs the lines and hierarchy between translating and original writing, and also the source-target dichotomy. It traces back to encounters with Japan’s cultural ‘superiors’, China and the West, but today it stems from Japanese expectations toward translations as a genre, rather than the prestige of the source cultures. There is a belief that hon’yakuch? reflects the source text more transparently, allowing experience of the foreign, whereas rendering foreign texts into natural Japanese might give a sense of dislocation. Tymoczko (2003: 201) argues that translators are not positioned in a ‘space between’—which would imply a lack of ideological engagement—but are inevitably committed to a particular cultural framework. Likewise, hon’yakuch? is not a neutral space between, but a site of engagement within the language proper. It would be inappropriate to describe translational Japanese as ‘foreignizing’ in the sense used by Venuti (1995), since it is not primarily motivated by a desire to disrupt readers’ complacency. Rather than constituting a locus of difference and respect for Otherness, hon’yakuch? represents a certain homogeneity in and of itself that does, nevertheless, help mediate between the foreign and the domestic. Recently Japan’s growing cultural confidence has coincided with a shift toward domestication in translation, resulting in fewer opportunities to reorient the language through hon’yakuch?. Although it has become the target of some criticism and no longer strikes readers as fresh, it still has supporters and practitioners and continues to challenge the common Western conception of translationese as undesirable.
Luteal and follicular glucose fluxes during rest and exercise in 3-h postabsorptive women.

We examined the effects of exercise intensity and menstrual cycle phase on glucose flux rates during rest and exercise in rested and fed (3-h postabsorptive) women. Eight moderately active, eumenor...
Enhanced security checks at airports: minimizing time to detection or probability of escape?

A recent featured article in Significance on enhanced security checks at airports presented an argument that permitted a sampling probability to exceed one. The argument itself therefore cannot be valid, regardless of whether its intended conclusion is justifiable on other grounds. The fact that such an argument could pass the security check of a statistical publication reminds us of the grand challenge we still face: making principled statistical reasoning a routine vocabulary of our civilization. An attempt to correct the argument also demonstrates how oversights can inspire insights: we show that in a design-based context, the impact of prior can persist even if we have the resources to collect an infinite amount of data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of integral α-helical membrane proteins

Membrane proteins serve as cellular gatekeepers, regulators, and sensors. Prior studies have explored the functional breadth and evolution of proteins and families of particular interest, such as the diversity of transport-associated membrane protein families in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the composition of integral membrane proteins, and family classification of all human G-protein coupled receptors. However, a comprehensive analysis of the content and evolutionary associations between membrane proteins and families in a diverse set of genomes is lacking. Here, a membrane protein annotation pipeline was developed to define the integral membrane genome and associations between 21,379 proteins from 34 genomes; most, but not all of these proteins belong to 598 defined families. The pipeline was used to provide target input for a structural genomics project that successfully cloned, expressed, and purified 61 of our first 96 selected targets in yeast. Furthermore, the methodology was applied (1) to explore the evolutionary history of the substrate-binding transmembrane domains of the human ABC transporter superfamily, (2) to identify the multidrug resistance-associated membrane proteins in whole genomes, and (3) to identify putative new membrane protein families.
Fatal adenovirus pneumonia in two newborn infants, one case caused by adenovirus type 30.

Adenovirus rarely causes pneumonia in the newborn infant. We added 2 cases of fatal adenovirus neonatal pneumonia to the 3 cases previously reported. One of our cases was caused by adenovirus type 30, which is not previously known to be a pathogen. While the pneumonia could have been acquired in the nursery, the presence of chonoamnionilis and mixed infection with group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus suggests that an ascending infection from the birth canal might be another mode of transmission for neonatal adenovirus pneumonia.
A radiological study of the central circulation in the lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus.

The dipnoan heart is only in part structurally developed to support a separated circulation in pulmonary and systemic circuits. In the present investigation biplane angiocardiography has been used to describe the extent of such a double circulation and the factors which may modify it in the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. Contrast injections in the pulmonary vein revealed a clear tendency for aerated blood returing from the lungs to be selectively dispatched to the anterior branchial arteries giving rise to the major systemic circulation. Contrast injections in the vena cava delineated the sinus venosus as a large receiving chamber for systemic venous blood. Contraction of the sinus venosus discharged blood into the right, posterior part of the partially divided atrial space. Contrast injection in the pulmonary vein showed that vessel to pass obliquely from right to left such that blood was emptied distinctly into the left side of the atrium. During contraction the atrial space tended to retain a residual volume in its anterior undivided part which minized mixing. Ventricular filling occurred through separate right and left atrio-ventricular connections. Right-left separation in most of the ventricle was maintained by the partial ventricular septum, the trabeculated, spongelike myocardium and the mode of inflow from the atria. Mixing in the anterior undivided portion of the ventricle during the ejection phase was slight due to a streamlined ejection pattern. The outflow through the bulbus cordis occurred in discrete streams which in part were structurally separated by well developed spiral folds. In the anterior bulbus segment the spiral folds are fused and make completely separate dorsal and ventral outflow tracts. The ventral bulbus channel provides blood to the three anterior branchial arteries. The second and third branchial arteries are large and represent direct shunts to the dorsal aorta. The fourth and fifth branchial arteries are gill bearing and receive blood form the dorsal bulbus channel. The most posterior epibranchial vessels give rise to the pulmonary arteries.
Exact mapping of the d(x(2)-y(2)) Cooper-pair wavefunction onto the spin fluctuations in cuprates: the Fermi surface as a driver for 'high T(c)' superconductivity.

We propose that the extraordinarily high superconducting transition temperatures in the cuprates are driven by an exact mapping of the dx2−y2 Cooper-pair wavefunction onto the incommensurate spin fluctuations observed in neutron-scattering experiments. This is manifested in the direct correspondence between the inverse of the incommensurability factor δ seen in inelastic neutron-scattering experiments and the measured superconducting coherence length ξ0. Strikingly, the relationship between ξ0 and δ is valid for both La2−xSrxCuO4 and YBa2Cu3O7−x, suggesting a common mechanism for superconductivity across the entire hole-doped cuprate family. Using data from recent quantum-oscillation experiments in the cuprates, we propose that the fluctuations responsible for superconductivity are driven by a Fermi-surface instability. On the basis of these findings, one can specify the optimal characteristics of a solid that will exhibit 'high Tc' superconductivity.
Characterization of two new electrophoretic variants of human triosephosphate isomerase: stability, kinetic, and immunological properties.

Two new electrophoretic variants of human triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) have been partially purified and characterized. The TPI Manchester variant, a cathodally migrating electrophoretic allozyme identified in an individual with the phenotype TPI 1-Manchester, is associated with a normal level of enzyme activity in erythrocytes and normal kinetic properties. It is very thermolabile at 55 and 57° C, although it is not uniquely sensitive to either guanidine-HCl or urea denaturation. The TPI Hiroshima-2 variant is an anodally migrating allozyme (the phenotype of proband is TPI 1-Hiroshima-2) with normal activity and kinetic properties and also normal stability characteristics. It is inactivated less by antisera raised against normal human TPI than either the normal or the Manchester allozyme. Dissociation-reassociation experiments utilizing these allozymes have confirmed that normal human red blood cell TPI isozymes are produced by a sequence of reactions (presumably deamidations) involving alternating subunits.
Improving Markov Chain models for road profiles simulation via definition of states

Road profiles are a major excitation to the chassis and the resulting loads drive vehicle designs. The physical resources needed to measure, record, analyze, and characterize an entire set of real, spectrally broad roads is often infeasible for simulation. This motivates the need for more accurate models for characterizing roads and for generating synthetic road profiles of a specific type. First order Markov Chain models using uniform sized bins to define the states have been previously proposed to characterize and synthetically generate road profiles. This method, however, was found to be unreliable when the number of states is increased to improve resolution. In an effort to solve this problem, this work develops a method by which states are defined using nonuniform sized, percentile-based bins which results in a more fully populated transition matrix. A statistical test is developed to quantify the confidence with which the estimated transition matrix represents the true underlying stochastic process. The order of the Markov Chain representation of the original and synthetic profiles is checked using a series of preexisting likelihood ratio criteria. This method is demonstrated on data obtained at the Virginia Tech VTTI location and shows a considerable improvement in the estimation of the transition properties of the stochastic process. This is evidenced in the subsequent generation of synthetic profiles.
Bias associated with differential hospitalization rates in incident case-control studies

Berkson's bias reflects a statistical phenomenon in which differential hospitalization rates create an exposure distribution among hospitalized cases that differs from that among other cases. Importantly, previous work on Berkson's bias has not explicitly addressed the possibility of excluding prevalent or previously diagnosed cases--exclusions that are key features of many study designs. We indicate that the classically described bias differs from the corresponding bias in studies, such as incidence density studies, in which cases are restricted to those with recent diagnoses. We present methods that may be used to assess the magnitude of Berkson's bias in incidence-density studies. In many, though not all, situations the bias should be small and of little practical concern.
Adaptive Control of a Total Artificial Heart: An Experimental Investigation

A real-time dSPACE-based control system for an artificial heart model based on electrical hardware has been developed. The control algorithm, based on an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model for a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system that includes a baroreceptor model is proposed. The baroreceptor model plays a crucial role in heart rate control by the central nervous system (CNS) over the short term. The ARMA model for blood pressure control has shown to be useful in computer simulations. A minimum prediction error controller of the heart has been designed that uses a one-step-ahead design method for the MIMO system. This paper applies heart rate control and pressure control to the adaptive control of an artificial heart model. The dSPACE hardware and Simulink provide the means for modeling the controller in software and then applying it to the actual hardware via a digital signal processing board. This paper presents a comparison between the simulation results and dSPACE-based actual hardware results, which agree reasonably well.