cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mormonism's Raveling and Unraveling of a Geopolitical Thread

Salt Lake City Mormonism has long utilised its beliefs toward geopolitical ends. From its beginning in 1830, it never fully accepted the notion that religion exists primarily to promote private faith and moral interpersonal conduct. After a late nineteenth-century compromise between Mormonism and the American state, however, the movement's overt geopolitical agenda crumbled. Leaders and members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints cast their lots with the national geopolitical agenda and, for a time, a uniquely Mormon geopolitical voice faded. By the decades after mid-century, however, a more coherent Mormon geopolitical message again emerged. This strongly Americanist discourse utilised Mormon doctrine and prophecies to point toward the last days and Zion's triumph. Yet new conceptions of global space often promote different geopolitical visions. This paper argues that post-Cold War Mormon geopolitical eschatology has diminished greatly on an official level, even if a more unofficial, less ...
Continuity of filtrations of sigma algebras

Abstract Continuity of filtrations of sigma algebras is investigated. A countability condition for probability spaces is examined and its impact on the continuity of filtrations is explored. Also, an analogy between filtrations of sigma algebras and monotone real functions is established.
How nurses learn advocacy.

Purpose: To describe how nurses develop the skill of advocating for patients. Design & Methods: Hermeneutic phenomenological research methods. Both reserve and active U.S. Army nurses who cared for patients associated with the military operation in Bosnia were individually interviewed to gain an understanding of their experiences of advocating for patients and how they developed their advocating practices. Findings: The constitutive pattern identified was Developing Advocating Practices. The themes comprising this constitutive pattern were Who I Am, Watching Other Nurses Interact with Patients, and Gaining Confidence. Conclusions: For the nurses in this study, developing advocating practices was more haphazard and situationally dependent than methodically taught in their nursing education programs. Nurses would have a stronger foundation in advocacy if nurse educators consciously teach advocacy and if nurse administrators support new graduates' advocacy in the work environment.
Native and Succinylated Sunflower Proteins Use in Bread Baking

Mixing and baking properties were investigated on blends of Hard Red Spring wheat flour/chlorogenic acid-free native and succinylated sunflower protein concentrate and isolate. Dough properties were studied using a Brabender Farinograph and Extensigraph. Loaves were prepared from the various blends using the straight dough procedure and evaluated for volume, external score, crumb color, grain and texture. Loaves prepared from the 5% blends of native proteins were acceptable. However, 10 and 15% blends had a detrimental effect and potassium bromate did not improve bread quality. Loaves with 5 and 10% blends of succinylated proteins had over-fermented characteristics. Reduced fermentation times did not improve bread quality at the 5% level but improved volume at the 10% level.
BMI rebound, childhood height and obesity among adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

OBJECTIVE: The beginning of the post-infancy rise in the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) has been termed the adiposity rebound, and several studies have found that an early rebound increases the risk for overweight in adulthood. We examined whether this relation is independent of childhood BMI levels. DESIGN: A longitudinal study of 105 subjects who examined at ages 5, 6, 7, 8 and 19–23 y. RESULTS: Subjects with an age at the BMI rebound (agemin) of ≤5 y were, on average, 4–5 kg/m2 heavier in early adulthood than were subjects whose agemin was ≥7 y. Agemin, however, was also correlated with childhood BMI levels (r∼−0.5), and we found that agemin provided no additional information on adult overweight if the BMI level at age 7 y (or 8 y) was known. In contrast, childhood height, which was also correlated with agemin (r=−0.47), was independently related to adult BMI. Among relatively heavy (BMI=16.0 kg/m2) 5-y-olds, a child with a height of 120 cm was estimated to be 1.2 kg/m2 heavier in adulthood than would a 104 cm tall child. CONCLUSIONS: Although an early BMI rebound was related to higher levels of relative weight in adulthood, this association was not independent of childhood BMI levels. The relation of childhood height to adult BMI needs to confirmed in other cohorts, but it is possible that childhood height may help identify children who are likely to become overweight adults. International Journal of Obesity (2001) 25, 543–549
Why do people disagree with a statement they do not understand? Relations between comprehension and evaluation of a simple assertion

This article presents the results of a quasi-experimental study that examined the relation between the metacomprehension (i.e., understand/do not understand) and evaluative (i.e., agree/disagree) response to a simple one-sentence statement to compare the relative timing in which these two responses are generated in the course of sentence processing. In the study, participants were asked to provide metacomprehension and evaluative judgements to simple one-sentence assertions, and their response times were measured. Two of the main findings are: first, the response time for the evaluative judgement is faster than the response time for the metacomprehension judgement and, second, the faster response time of the evaluative judgement relative to the metacomprehension judgement is more pronounced either when they are not sure about whether they understand a statement or when they feel they do not understand a statement. The findings are analysed in relation to a multiple constraint satisfaction model of sentenc...
HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) and aortic valve calcium

Summary There is no known pharmacological therapy for calcific aortic valvular sclerosis or stenosis. Because leaflet calcification occurs in areas of lipoprotein deposition, we hypothesised that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG COA) reductase inhibitors (statins) might slow aortic valve calcium (AVC) accumulation. We retrospectively identified 65 patients who had undergone two electron-beam computed tomography scans at a mean (SD) interval of 2·5 (1·6) years. 28 (43%) patients were receiving statins. Patients who were treated with statins had a 62–63% lower median rate of AVC accumulation (p=0·006) and 44–49% fewer statin patients had definite AVC progression (p=0·043). These findings suggest that statins may decrease AVC accumulation.
Monotonicity and mutability

This is a study of systems which possess several steady states and whose solutions approach the set of the steady states as time tends to infinity. One is especially interested in the property of mutability, which implies the ability of the system to execute transitions from one steady state to another. It will be shown that this type of behavior is secured if the system possesses some very simple properties of monotonicity. The general concept of mutability includes many cases studied before. Closely related to this paper are especially J. Moser's work on nonoscillating networks [1] and G. A. Leonov's paper [2], concerned with global asymptotic stability. Mutable systems have been often encountered, more or less explicitly, in investigating the limits of the methods of the theory of stability (see, for instance, J. A. Nohel and D. F. Shea [3]). In this paper one studies mutable systems of special structures, aiming at identifying systems with high mobility, whose transitions from state to state are sharp, fast and easily controllable. The method of study is based on a comparison approach (section 4) which establishes similarities between the investigated system and a "model". A simple example is the system
Effects of Calcium, Strontium, and Magnesium on the Coccolithophorid Cricosphaera (Hymenomonas) carterae. I. Calcification

The present investigation concerns the effects of calcium, strontium, and magnesium on calcification and mineralogy of the calcified bodies (coccoliths) of the coccolithophorid Cricosphaera (Hymenomonas) carterae. The capacity of cells to calcify in various concentrations of these ions was examined following preliminary decalcification in CO2. At a concentration of 10-2 M Ca, 75% of the cells formed coccoliths within 24 h and almost all cells were recalcified after 2 days. At 10-3 or 10-4 M Ca no recalcification occurred. However, with the addition of Sr to the Ca-deficient media, calcification took place as shown by observations of coccoliths and by analysis of Ca. The percentage of calcified cells increased with increasing concentrations of Sr. Strontium added to a Ca-deficient media was much more effective than an equivalent concentration of Ca. No Sr was deposited in the coccoliths. X-ray analysis demonstrated that calcite was deposited by cells in all concentrations of Ca and Sr at which calcification took place. At concentrations of Mg in the media from O. O to 4.2×10-2 M, the cells retained their ability to calcify, although calcification was markedly reduced in the absence of Mg. In low Mg concentrations (1.3×10-4 and 4.2×10-6 M), the coccoliths were 60% calcite and 40% aragonite, and in teh absence of Mg, only calcite was formed.
Urban Vehicle Emissions Management under Uncertainty - A Traffic Planning Model with Interval-Parameter Programming

In this study, an interval-parameter programming method has been used for urban vehicle emissions management under uncertainty. The model improves upon the existing optimization methods with advantages in uncertainty reflection, system costs and limitation of emission. Moreover, the model is applied to a case study of urban vehicle emissions management in a virtual city. The results indicate that the interval linear traffic planning model can effectively reduce the vehicles emission and provide strategies for authorities to deal with problems of transportation system.
Evaluation of wastewater contaminant transport in surface waters using verified Lagrangian sampling

Abstract Contaminants released from wastewater treatment plants can persist in surface waters for substantial distances. Much research has gone into evaluating the fate and transport of these contaminants, but this work has often assumed constant flow from wastewater treatment plants. However, effluent discharge commonly varies widely over a 24-hour period, and this variation controls contaminant loading and can profoundly influence interpretations of environmental data. We show that methodologies relying on the normalization of downstream data to conservative elements can give spurious results, and should not be used unless it can be verified that the same parcel of water was sampled. Lagrangian sampling, which in theory samples the same water parcel as it moves downstream (the Lagrangian parcel), links hydrologic and chemical transformation processes so that the in-stream fate of wastewater contaminants can be quantitatively evaluated. However, precise Lagrangian sampling is difficult, and small deviations – such as missing the Lagrangian parcel by less than 1 h – can cause large differences in measured concentrations of all dissolved compounds at downstream sites, leading to erroneous conclusions regarding in-stream processes controlling the fate and transport of wastewater contaminants. Therefore, we have developed a method termed “verified Lagrangian” sampling, which can be used to determine if the Lagrangian parcel was actually sampled, and if it was not, a means for correcting the data to reflect the concentrations which would have been obtained had the Lagrangian parcel been sampled. To apply the method, it is necessary to have concentration data for a number of conservative constituents from the upstream, effluent, and downstream sites, along with upstream and effluent concentrations that are constant over the short-term (typically 2–4 h). These corrections can subsequently be applied to all data, including non-conservative constituents. Finally, we show how data from other studies can be corrected.
XiAP-ping Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

The first-line treatment for prostate cancer is androgen-deprivation therapy, which starves prostate cancer cells of testosterone. Although this treatment is initially successful, new genetic alterations usually drive the reappearance of cancer, but in an androgen-insensitive form—castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which CRPC develops could enable clinicians to identify which patients are most likely to eventually fail androgen-deprivation therapy and to target these mechanisms earlier to prevent disease progression. In a new study by Lunardi et al ., the authors show that that genetic alterations that underlie prostate cancer initiation and progression also underlie the development of CRPC. Drugs targeting these pathways can treat androgen-resistant prostate cancer. The authors used three genetic mouse models of prostate cancer: mice with conditional loss of the tumor suppressor Pten alone or together with Zbtb7a or Tp53 , all of which are known drivers of prostate cancer. These mice develop de novo prostate cancer, which after castration evolves to CRPC ( Pten null) or is initially castration-resistant (double null), mimicking aspects of the disease course of humans with prostate cancer. Indeed, in banked samples of human prostate cancer, tumors from patients with poorer responses (that is, despite androgen deprivation) exhibited down-regulation or loss of PTEN and ZBTB7A . To identify the mechanisms by which these genetic events lead to CRPC, Lunardi et al . profiled mRNA expression with microarrays in prostate tumors from their mice lacking Pten or with Pten + Zbtb7a double null mutations. Xaf1 was strongly down-regulated in the double-null tumors, which inhibited apoptosis because XAF1 opposes the proapoptotic protein XIAP . The authors further demonstrate that the mouse tumors lacking both Pten and Zbtb7a showed increased amounts of Srd5a1 , an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a more potent version of testosterone. To take these findings back to humans, the authors treated human prostate cancer cells or their double-null mice with combinations of agents targeting XIAP and SRD5A1 . Simultaneous treatment with inhibitors of both enzymes, along with androgen-deprivation therapy, was able to reverse CRPC in these mice. Not only have the authors identified new genetic biomarkers for tumors that may develop into CRPC, they have also demonstrated that targeting these genetic pathways may overcome CRPC. The next step is a clinical trial with a drug combination that targets both XIAP and SRD5A1. A. Lunardi et al. , A co-clinical approach identifies mechanisms and potential therapies for androgen deprivation resistance in prostate cancer. Nature 45 , 747–755 (2013). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v45/n7/abs/ng.2650.html
Parameter Recovery and Model Fit Using Multidimensional Composites: A Comparison of Four Empirical Parceling Algorithms

Manifest variables in covariance structure analysis are often combined to form parcels for use as indicators in a measurement model. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate four empirical algorithms for creating such parcels, focusing on the effects of dimensionality on accuracy of parameter estimation and model fit. Results suggest that accuracy of parameter estimation is primarily a function of the nature and number of dimensions in a composite, and that greater dimensionality also renders parceling methods more similar with respect to accuracy of estimation. Conversely, model fit is predominantly influenced by the parceling algorithm and number of parcels formed. An integrative analysis of the degree to which model fit signals accuracy of estimation highlights the respective advantages and disadvantages of the parceling algorithms. Results suggest that a Radial parceling algorithm may offer advantages over Correlational, Factorial, or Random assignment of items to parcels. The behavior of the ...
Strongly balanced graphs and random graphs

The concept of strongly balanced graph is introduced. It is shown that there exists a strongly balanced graph with v vertices and e edges if and only if I ν – 1 ⩽ e ⩽(). This result is applied to a classic question of Erdos and Renyi: What is the probability that a random graph on n vertices contains a given graph? A rooted version of this problem is also solved.
mGluR5-Antagonist Mediated Reversal of Elevated Stereotyped, Repetitive Behaviors in the VPA Model of Autism

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly disabling developmental disorders with a population prevalence of 1-3%. Despite a strong genetic etiology, there are no current therapeutic options that target the core symptoms of ASD. Emerging evidence suggests that dysfunction of glutamatergic signaling, in particular through metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) receptors, may contribute to phenotypic deficits and may be appropriate targets for pharmacologic intervention. This study assessed the therapeutic potential of 2-methyl-6-phenylethyl-pyrididine (MPEP), an mGluR5-receptor antagonist, on repetitive and anxiety-like behaviors in the valproic acid (VPA) mouse model of autism. Mice were exposed prenatally on day E13 to VPA and assessed for repetitive self-grooming and marble burying behaviors as adults. Anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity were measured in an open-field. VPA-exposed mice displayed increased repetitive and anxiety-like behaviors, consistent with previously published results. Across both marble burying and self-grooming assays, MPEP significantly reduced repetitive behaviors in VPA-treated mice, but had no effect on locomotor activity. These results are consistent with emerging preclinical literature that mGluR5-antagonists may have therapeutic efficacy for core symptoms of autism.
The Primary Immunodeficiencies

The primary immunodeficiency disorders reflect abnormalities in the development and maturation of cells of the immune system. These defects result in an increased susceptibility to infection; recurrent pyogenic infections occur with defects of humoral immunity, and opportunistic infections with defects of cell-mediated immunity. These two broad categories of illness correspond roughly to defects in the two principal types of immunocompetent cells, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. Defective development of B cells results in abnormalities in humoral immunity, whereas defects in the development of T cells cause problems with cellular immunity. When pathogens are taken up by macrophages or dendritic cells, . . .
Mating systems of diploid and allotetraploid populations of Tragopogon (Asteraceae). II. Artificial populations.

Although polyploidy is a significant force in the diversification of plants, the evolutionary consequences of polyploidization are not thoroughly understood. One possible consequence of polyploidy predicted by most population genetic theories is that the newly synthesized polyploid will self-fertilize at a greater rate than its diploid progenitors. To test for increased selfing rates in a polyploid, the mating systems of the allotetraploid Tragopogon mirus and one of its diploid progenitors, T. dubius, were compared. Tragopogon mirus is a recently derived species that arose sometime in the last 80 years and thus provides an opportunity to probe how quickly a shift in outcrossing rates might occur. Based on analyses of variation in maternal plants and their progeny arrays, the two tetraploid populations surveyed have higher outcrossing rates than the two diploid populations. This result is the opposite of that predicted by population genetic theory. This discrepancy between theoretical and empirical results may result from bias in the genetic sample, traits in the natural histories of the taxa involved or a lack of sufficient time since the formation of the polyploid (80 years or 40–80 generations) for a shift towards increased selfing to have occurred. Alternatively, the partial dominance model of inbreeding depression typically applied to polyploids may not be appropriate; the overdominance model predicts outcrossing rates in diploids and their tetraploid derivatives that are consistent with those observed in T. dubius and T. mirus.
Historical changes in the food and water supply systems of the New York City Metropolitan Area

The history of New York City (NYC) is much shorter than those of most European cities, but New York shares in common the problem of providing sufficient water and food to its inhabitants from its watershed and foodshed. These resource provision areas have grown over time and changed in character as they expanded in tandem with the growth of the city. In contrast to some cities, such as Paris, which historically has been supported by local food production, NYC’s status as a trade center has enabled the supply of food from distant sources from early in its history. NYC’s transportation system has rapidly evolved from early roads to canals, railroads, and modern surface and air transport networks. The development of the hydraulic engineering of the City’s reservoir, aqueduct, and tunnel system determined the extent of its water supply watersheds. Deviations from general growth trends in food and water consumption have occurred due to environmental and economic disruptions. As the growth of the city slowed in the last few decades, environmental technology has reduced the impact of the City on its environment, due to water metering, reduction of leakage, and improvements in waste treatment. However, per capita food consumption in the US continues to increase, with implications for the environmental health of New York and its region, as well as other centers of net anthropogenic nutrient inputs.
Forage Yield of Stockpiled Perennial Grasses in the Upper Midwest USA

Stockpiling forage is an effective method to extend grazing beyond the growing season. This study was conducted to determine standing forage organic matter (SFOM) and vertical biomass distribution, with and without applied N fertilizer, of seven cool-season grasses (early- and late-maturing orchardgrass [Dactylis glomerata L.], quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski], reed canarygrass [Phalaris arundinacea L.], smooth bromegrass [Bromus inermis Leyss.], tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb.], and timothy [Phleum pratense L.]) stockpiled over winter. Forage was sampled pre- and postgrazing at one site and clipped to both 8 and 2.5 cm as layers of vertical distribution at two other sites in October, December, and late March. Four N fertilizer treatments ranged from 0 to 168 kg N ha -1 . Stockpiled SFOM ranged from 2.06 to 3.73 Mg ha -1 at the end of the growing season across three locations. Tall fescue and early-maturing orchardgrass yielded the highest and quackgrass and smooth bromegrass the lowest at all harvest dates. Tall fescue, early-maturing orchardgrass, and reed canarygrass were most suited for grazing beyond December, while the late-maturing orchardgrass and timothy would be utilized most efficiently by grazing before heavy and prolonged snow cover. Quackgrass and smooth bromegrass are not suitable grasses for stockpiling. Nitrogen fertilizer applied in late summer increased yield of the stockpiled forage by nearly 75%. Application of N also increased the distribution of biomass above 8 cm by nearly 50%.
Modular reservoir concept for MEMS-based transdermal drug delivery systems

While MEMS-based transdermal drug delivery device development efforts have typically focused on tightly-integrated solutions, we propose an alternate conception based upon a novel, modular drug reservoir approach. By decoupling the drug storage functionality from the rest of the delivery system, this approach seeks to minimize cold chain storage volume, enhance compatibility with conventional pharmaceutical practices, and allow independent optimization of reservoir device design, materials, and fabrication. Herein, we report the design, fabrication, and preliminary characterization of modular reservoirs that demonstrate the virtue of this approach within the application context of transdermal insulin administration for diabetes management.
Reconstruction of suboccipital craniectomy defects with hydroxyapatite cement : a preliminary report

Hydroxyapatite cement, a new biomaterial presently under clinical investigation, has been demonstrated to have potentially wide application in cranial reconstruction. We describe our experience with this biologic bone cement in the reconstruction of suboccipital craniectomy defects in seven patients after vestibular schwannoma removal. With up to 2-year follow-up, cranial bone integrity has been reestablished in five patients. Dissolution of cement has occurred in dependent areas and appears to be technique related. Cranial bone contour appears dependent on the amount of cement used. The frequency of debilitating postoperative headache was reduced in these patients when compared to patients who had no reconstruction of the craniectomy defect. Reconstruction of the bony defect after suboccipital craniectomy with hydroxypatite cement is not only useful to restore cranial contour, but also appears to reduce some of the functional deficits attributed to this surgical approach
Computer networked scanning electron microscope for teaching, research, and industry applications.

A laboratory designed for teaching the operation of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been developed. The laboratory makes use of a computer network to allow remote operation of the SEM. Movable teaching stations, consisting of a computer, TV monitor, and joystick control, enable students to view the image on the SEM screen, move the sample, control the basic operating parameters of the microscope, and acquire X-ray spectra. Images can also be stored on the computers for image analysis or incorporation into reports. The great advantage of the system is that it has been designed to be flexible enough to allow operation from any location that has access to the Internet. The system is relatively inexpensive and uses nonproprietary computer technology available at any computer store. While the laboratory has been designed for teaching, the concept of a multiuser SEM facility that is inexpensive and easy to install should have applications in both industrial and research settings. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Involvement of opioid receptor subtypes in rat feeding behavior

The short-acting opiate antagonist naloxone decreases food intake in three models of ingestive behavior: free feeding, food-deprivation induced feeding and deoxyglucose-induced feeding. Twenty-four hours after administration, the long-acting, mu1 selective antagonist naloxonazine inhibits food intake to the same extent as naloxone in freely feeding and food-deprived rats, but not in animals treated with 2-deoxyglucose. These results indicate that 1) opiates modulate feeding through multiple opioid receptor mechanisms, one of which is the mu subtype, and 2) the feeding observed in various experimental paradigms are modulated by different receptor subtypes. Furthermore, these results illustrate the usefulness of naloxone in defining a behavior as opioid but point out its limitations in discriminating between opioid receptor subtypes.
Rates of Revision Surgery Using Chevron-Austin Osteotomy, Lapidus Arthrodesis, and Closing Base Wedge Osteotomy for Correction of Hallux Valgus Deformity

To identify complications that necessitated revision surgery after the primary operation, a multicenter retrospective chart review was conducted for 646 patients who received either a modified chevron-Austin osteotomy (270 patients), modified Lapidus arthrodesis (342 patients), or closing base wedge osteotomy (34 patients) to correct hallux valgus deformity. Revision surgery for complications was calculated and compared. All surgery was performed by 1 of 5 staff foot and ankle surgeons at Kaiser Permanente medical centers. Complications included recurrent hallux valgus, iatrogenic hallux varus, painful retained hardware, nonunion, postoperative infection, and capital fragment dislocation. The rates of revision surgery after Lapidus arthrodesis, closing base wedge osteotomy and chevron-Austin osteotomy were similar with no statistical difference between them. The total rate for re-operation was 5.56% among patients who received chevron-Austin osteotomy, 8.82% among those who had a closing base wedge osteotomy, and 8.19% for patients who received modified Lapidus arthrodesis. Among patients who had the chevron-Austin osteotomy procedure, rates of re-operation were 1.85% for recurrent hallux valgus and 1.48% for hallux varus. Among patients who had the modified Lapidus arthrodesis, rates of re-operation were 2.92% for recurrent hallux valgus and 0.29% for hallux varus. Among patients who had the closing base wedge osteotomy, rates of reoperation were 2.94% for recurrent hallux valgus and 2.94% for hallux varus. The collected comparative complication rates should serve to provide adjunctive information for foot and ankle surgeons and patients regarding hallux valgus surgery. Level of Clinical Evidence: 2.
Pion meson exchange contribution to K+ -nucleus scattering

Abstract We study the pion meson exchange current (MEC) contribution to K+ -nucleus elastic scattering. With the construction of a model for the off-shell Kπ scattering amplitude, we derive both real and imaginary forward scattering amplitudes for the MEC contribution. The addition of the MEC amplitudes to the optical model amplitudes removes partially the discrepancy between the experimental data and the optical model calculations. in particular, with regard to the energy dependence of the total cross section.
Patient and nurse evaluation of paient-controlled analgesia delivery systems for postoperative pian management

Abstract Five different patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) delivery systems were evaluated for the treatment of acute postoperative pain in 423 patients undergoing elective operations at a large tertiary care hospital The PCA trial was conducted on four different postsurgical wards over a 5-mo period. All five devices were utilized on each ward for a 1-mo period. According to the nurses, the mean time (± SD) required to become comfortable using the Pharmacia Deltec CADD-PCA was significantly longer (50 ± 37 min) than that using the Abbott Lifecare Plus (19 ± 17 min), Bard PCA I (17 ± 14 min), IVAC PCA (17 ± 14 min), or Baxter PCA Infusor (7 ± 8 min). With respect to ease of documentation by the nursing staff, the Baxter device was superior to the Pharmacia device. Similarly, mechanical problems were less frequent with the Baxter (6%) compared with the Pharmacia device (71%). The patients felt that the nurses were more comfortable using the Baxter device than the Pharmacia device. The patients also found the Baxter device easier to use, especially at night, and the least likely to interfere with ambulation. In conclusion, 80% of the nurses at this teaching center preferred the Baxter PCA Infusor over four widely used electronic PCA devices for the management of acute postoperative pain. The Pharmacia device was felt by the nurses to be less user friendly than She other programmable PCA devices used in this trial. Of the electronic devices we studied, the Bard and IVAC devices were the most cost-effective.
Social mechanisms of population regulation in a captive group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata).

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the factors that contributed to annual variation in fertility and infant survival in a relatively undisturbed captive group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) over a 16-year period. The size and composition of this population fluctuated over time, and these changes were consistently associated with changes in female fertility and infant survival. Female fertility was highest when there were relatively few adult females in the group and when there were relatively few adult females per adult male. Similarly, infant survival was highest in years when there were relatively few adult females present and when cohorts of infants were small. Since environmental factors, such as availability of food and vulnerability to predation, were unlikely to constrain population growth in captivity, the data suggest that other mechanisms may have affected demographic processes in this captive group.
Quantum theory of two-photon correlated-spontaneous-emission lasers: exact atom-field interaction Hamiltonian approach

A linear quantum theory of two-photon correlated-spontaneous-emission lasers (two-photon CEL’s) has been formulated recently,1 which predicts, for the first time, the generation of squeezed states from an active device. More recently, a nonlinear theory of the two-photon CEL has been developed by using an effective interaction Hamiltonian for a two-photon transition.2
Steady Propagation of a Liquid Plug in a Two-Dimensional Channel

In this study, we investigate the steady propagation of a liquid plug within a two-dimensional channel lined by a uniform, thin liquid film. The Navier-Stokes equations with free-surface boundary conditions are solved using the finite volume numerical scheme. We examine the effect of varying plug propagation speed and plug length in both the Stokes flow limit and for finite Reynolds number (Re). For a fixed plug length, the trailing film thickness increases with plug propagation speed. If the plug length is greater than the channel width, the trailing film thickness agrees with previous theories for semi-infinite bubble propagation. As the plug length decreases below the channel width, the trailing film thickness decreases, and for finite Re there is significant interaction between the leading and trailing menisci and their local flow effects. A recirculation flow forms inside the plug core and is skewed towards the rear meniscus as Re increases. The recirculation velocity between both tips decreases with the plug length. The macroscopic pressure gradient, which is the pressure drop between the leading and trailing gas phases divided by the plug length, is a function of U and U 2 , where U is the plug propagation speed, when the fluid property and the channel geometry are fixed. The U 2 term becomes dominant at small values of the plug length. A capillary wave develops at the front meniscus, with an amplitude that increases with Re, and this causes large local changes in wall shear stresses and pressures.
Abstract 2965: ERG and ETV1 regulate a common transcriptional network in prostate cells but in an opposite fashion

Chromosomal rearrangements involving ERG or ETV1 have been reported in >50% prostate cancer cases. It is presently unknown how ERG and ETV1 function leads to prostate tumorigenesis, and whether the factors play similar roles in this process. To address this, we focused on identification of their direct chromosomal targets relevant for prostate cancer initiation and progression. We also generated Tmprss2-ERG and Tmprss2-ETV1 knockin mouse models to interrogate the in vivo roles of these two most prevalent gene fusions. To investigate the transcriptional program regulated by ERG and ETV1, we performed siRNA silencing experiments in prostate cancer cells and overexpression studies in normal prostate immortalized cells. With the aid of a biotin-tagging approach, we also identified chromatin sites occupied by ERG and ETV1 in prostate cells. Cross-referencing ETV1 and ERG gene promoter binding to global expression profiling data permitted characterization of ERG and ETV1 -regulated programs in prostate cells. These combined transcriptional studies revealed that a common transcriptional network regulated by ERG and ETV1 but in an opposite fashion. Indeed, ETV1 enhanced the androgen receptor (AR) pathway, favoring tumor growth, while ERG showed a negative effect over the same pathway. Consistent with this, in the mouse models, ERG and ETV1 also exhibited differential regulation of common pathways: exogenous expression of ERG from the endogenous Tmprss2 promoter was much lower than that of ETV1, possibly due to a negative regulation of AR target genes (including Tmprss2) by ERG; however, transgenic overexpression of a mutated version of AR was able to break this negative regulation and significantly upregulated Tmprss2-ERG expression in vivo. In contrast, Tmprss2-ETV1 expression alone was able to upregulate expression of AR targets in vivo. Moreover, although ectopic expression of either ERG or ETV1 from the endogenous Tmprss2 locus alone in mouse prostate was insufficient to initiate prostate tumorigenesis in vivo, Tmprss2-ETV1 cooperated with Pten loss to enhance the prostate cancer phenotype, whereas Tmprss2-ERG failed to significantly affect the prostate phenotype induced by Pten-loss. Finally, analysis of patient data supported a differential outcome based on the presence of ERG or ETV1 fusions. In summary, we conclude that ERG and ETV1 play different roles in prostate tumorigenesis, and accordingly prostate cancers with ERG or ETV1 fusions should be considered different molecular subtypes. These findings have important implications for the development of targeted therapy for ERG- and ETV1-associated prostate cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2965. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2965
The Effects of Developmental Placement and Early Retention on Children's Later Scores on Standardized Tests.

The relationship between early school retention as a result of preschool and kindergarten developmental testing and children's later academic achievement was examined. Two hundred twenty-three children were coded as Traditional, Overplaced, or “Buy a Year,” depending on their scores on the Gesell Screening Test and their subsequent school placement. Their performances on the full Gesell Developmental Test, 3rd grade New York State PEP Tests in reading and math, and the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT) were compared. Those children who scored as immature on the Gesell Screening Test and who were retained a year according to the Gesell Developmental Placement Program had the lowest scores on all measures, even though they were almost a year older than the other two groups of children at the time of the PEP and SAT testing.
Miranda: The Story of America's Right to Remain Silent

Miranda: The Story of America's Right to Remain Silent Gary L. Stuart. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) became one of the best-known cases in the history of American criminal justice. Ernesto Miranda had confessed to police that he was guilty of multiple robberies and a rape. Simply stated, the Miranda decision by the Supreme Court allows a suspect to remain silent after an explicit statement of that right by the police, along with the warning that anything said can become part of subsequent proceedings. Combined with the earlier Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), which established the indigent person's right to counsel, and Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), establishing the right to counsel during interrogation, Miranda seemed revolutionary. The decision was a comprehensive effort to state the rights of criminal suspects as required by the US Constitution. The Fifth Amendment in the Bill of Rights states that no person "shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." The Sixth Amendment further specifies that "in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial." The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution required the states to accord federal rights to its citizens. How are these conceptions of fair procedure and national citizen rights translated to the street, to the suspect's home, to the jailhouse interrogation room? Gary L. Stuart contributes notably to understanding the maze of issues and emotions embedded in Miranda. A civil litigator, Stuart served as a colleague in the same Arizona firm with John P. Frank and John J. Flynn, the criminal defense attorneys who laid out the legal strategy for appealing Ernesto Miranda's convictions for murder and rape. In addition, Stuart has a narrative bent, evident in his earlier crime novel The Gallup 14 (2000). As an Arizona resident, he has been able to interview many criminal justice principals who were part of Ernesto Miranda's prosecution or defense. In addition to offering fine thumbnail sketches of cases, individuals, and decisions, Stuart is especially good at explaining how the American judicial system evolves. As he explains, "the law protecting our privilege against self incrimination did not spring forth fully formed, like Athena from the forehead of Zeus, for constitutional rights, like genetic codes, take time to evolve" (40). In addition to providing narratives for cases that impinge on Miranda and giving a blowby-blow account of the related pleadings before the Supreme Court, Stuart summarizes the matrix of police abuses that weighed so heavily with the Warren court. …
A monolithically integrated surface micromachined touch mode capacitive pressure sensor

Abstract A monolithically integrated surface micromachined touch mode capacitive pressure sensor and its interface circuits are presented. The device includes the capacitance to voltage, and capacitance to frequency converters on the same chip. The sensor is fabricated using a surface micromachining technology, which is processed simultaneously with a conventional 2.0-μm double-poly, double-metal n-well CMOS process. The performance of the integrated sensor meets the design specifications of good linearity and good stability. Evaluation results on the completed `sensor and circuit' chip are presented.
High Current DC Ion Beams

The beam systems which have been developed for use in high energy injection experiments in thermonuclear research are described. An attempt is made to compare the quality of these beams (not the relative merit of the injection systems). Problems peculiar to the production of intense dc beams are discussed.
Of Greek Heroes, Wiggling Worms, Mighty Mice, and Old Body Builders

HERACLES (Hercules according to the Romans) was probably the earliest and greatest body builder of all times and, without doubt, the greatest hero of Greek mythology. His conception, the result of a brief affair between the supreme deity Zeus and a mortal woman, made Zeus's wife Hera furious. She surreptitiously inserted two deadly snakes into Heracle's crib. According to legend, that evening, a nurse found the delighted baby giggling and joyfully playing with a strangled serpent in each hand. Are stronger people already stronger at birth, as the Heracles legend seems to suggest? Is the destiny of our muscles already encoded in our genes (1)? Perhaps more importantly, what is the role of genetics as opposed to behavioral and environmental factors in the maintenance of muscle mass and strength with aging?
Homological methods in group varieties

In papers by Stallings [9] and the author [10], [11] the homology theory of groups has been applied to central series, and meaningful group theoretical results have been obtained. In the present paper we show how similar homological methods can be used to obtain interesting results in arbitrary varieties of groups. It is not surprising that the methods are most successful if applied to problems involving central series. It is the nature of a paper introducing new methods to repeat many well known results. However the approach presented here leads to an interestingly unifying point of view. Also, it is possible to simplify the proofs of many well known results. Given a variety ~ , we first define a functor S o from ~ to abelian groups. This functor is defined in terms of the integral second homology group functor H 2 ( , Z). We then prove that a surjective group homomorphism G ~ Q in ~ , with kernel N, gives rise to an exact sequence
The roles of two amino acid residues in the active site of L-lactate monooxygenase. Mutation of arginine 187 to methionine and histidine 240 to glutamine.

Lactate monooxygenase (LMO) catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate to acetate, CO(2), and water with the incorporation of molecular oxygen. Arginine 187 of LMO is highly conserved within the family of L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidizing enzymes (Le, K. H. D., and Lederer, F. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 20877-20881). By comparison with the equivalent residue in flavocytochrome b(2) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Pike, A. D., Chapman, S. K, Manson, F. D. C,. Reid, G. A. , Gondry, M., and Lederer, F. (1996) in Flavins and Flavoproteins (Stevenson, K. J., Massey, V., and Williams, C. H., Jr., eds) pp. 571-574, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, AB, Canada), arginine 187 might be expected to have an important role in catalytic efficiency and substrate binding in LMO. Histidine 240 is predicted to be close to the substrate binding site of LMO, although it is not conserved within the enzyme family. Arginine 187 has been replaced with methionine (R187M), and histidine 240 has been replaced with glutamine (H240Q). L-Lactate oxidation by R187M is very slow. The binding of L-lactate to the mutant enzyme appears to be very weak, as is the binding of oxalate, a transition state analogue. The binding of pyruvate to the reduced enzyme is also very weak, resulting in complete uncoupling of enzyme turnover, with H(2)O(2) and pyruvate as the final products. In addition, anionic forms of the flavin are unstable. The K(d) for sulfite is increased nearly 400-fold by this mutation. The semiquinone form of R187M is also thermodynamically unstable, although the overall midpoint potential for the two-electron reduction of R187M is only 34 mV lower than for the wild-type enzyme. H240Q more closely resembles the wild-type enzyme. The steady-state activity of H240Q is completely coupled. The k(cat) is similar to that for the wild-type enzyme.
Management of Hirschsprung's disease with the Swenson procedure.

Abstract Forty-one patients with Hirschsprung's disease treated with the Swenson pull-through procedure are reported. There was no operative mortality; one death occurred 10 mo postoperatively from enterocolitis. There are no rectal strictures or instances of urinary dysfunction. Of the 24 patients old enough to evaluate, rectal function is excellent in 14, good in five, and fair in four. The one poor result occurred in a child with Down's syndrome.
The Whole World Could Hear: The Structure of Haitian-American Children's Narratives:

The ability to tell personal narrative is an important aspect of developing communicative competence, as well as predictive of literacy achievement. Although cultural differences in narrative struc...
Energy: government policy or market result

From the Truman presidency through that of Carter, the United States worked fitfully toward the development of an energy policy. Now, consistent with the “free market — get government off the backs of the people” philosophy of the Reagan Administration, the 1981 National Energy Policy Plan proposes that “individual choices” and “reliance on market decisions” replace regulations and subsidies in the nation's strategy for energy. This paper starts from the assumption that the Spring, 1982 oil “glut” may turn out to be a rather temporary thing. If one therefore wants to pursue a policy strategy that will protect us in the case of sudden short-term supply disruptions and also work toward long-term energy supply diversification, how far will market reliance carry us? What is a range of policies and programs that might usefully supplement the market? What are the externalities for which compensatory actions may still be needed if one would like to employ the market strategy as a basic thrust? The scope of the paper includes contingency planning, synthetic fuel development, renewables (especially solar energy), conservation, equity issues, environmental externalities, and the conceptualization of policies differentiated as “energy,”“environmental,” or “economic.”