cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geolocation assisted routing protocols for vehicular networks

The class of flooding-based DTN routing protocols that leverage (transitive) encounter probabilities have been shown to perform well in selected simulations and scenarios, however they are especially sensitive to heterogeneous mobility models in which some nodes' mobility pattern is on a significantly different timescale than others. In particular, military and disaster response scenarios can exhibit abrupt topology changes. We analytically show that the worst-case inputs to these existing DTN routing algorithms can drastically reduce their performance. In light of such scenarios, we develop new protocols that inherit the benefits of existing schemes, while leveraging geographic assistance to enable faster recovery from abrupt topology changes.
Zwischen Kategorisierung und Widerstand

Auch wenn Zugehorigkeiten biographisch erarbeitet werden und je nach Situation, Kontext oder Zeitpunkt im Lebenslauf eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung einnehmen, bedeutet dies nicht, dass sie frei erfunden werden (siehe 5.2.3). Vielmehr sind Zugehorigkeiten soziale Phanomene, die in Interaktionen hergestellt und sowohl von Selbst- als auch von Fremdwahrnehmungen beeinflusst werden. Wahrend in Kapitel sieben der Fokus auf der Selbstwahrnehmung und darstellung der mannlichen Jugendlichen lag, befasst sich das vorliegende Kapitel mit Fremdzuschreibungen im Sinne von gesellschaftlichen Einschrankungen.
Abundant solutions of various physical features for the (2+1)-dimensional modified KdV-Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff equation

By using various techniques, we investigate the (2\(+\)1)-dimensional modified KdV-Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff equation. This equation is integrable under the mean of the consistent Riccati expansion method. The truncated Painleve expansion, the simplified Hirota’s method and other methods are used as powerful vehicles to conduct the analysis. We formally derive, in explicit forms, abundant solutions of distinct physical structures, including multiple soliton solutions, multiple complex soliton solutions, kink solutions and singular solutions.
CompSim: Cross sectional modeling of geometrical complex and inhomogeneous slender structures

Abstract Many engineering disciplines require a fast and accurate estimate of structural properties in initial design phase for analysis and optimization studies. This paper presents an open-source computational code named CompSim to develop the structural properties of complex geometries with inhomogeneous materials. Weighted average technique is used to compute properties such as stiffness coefficients, area moment of inertia, and mass distribution. The accuracy of the code is evaluated for a multi-layer composite cross-section. As an illustrative example, the properties of the 20 MW common research wind turbine model are computed and presented. The code helps users to develop and optimize an initial structure in conceptual and preliminary design for further analysis in detailed design phase.
Can Students Evaluate Online Sources? Learning From Assessments of Civic Online Reasoning

AbstractTo be an informed citizen in today’s information-rich environment, individuals must be able to evaluate information they encounter on the Internet. However, teachers currently have limited options if they want to assess students’ evaluations of digital content. In response, we created a range of short tasks that assess students’ civic online reasoning—the ability to effectively search for, evaluate, and verify social and political information online. Assessments ranged from paper-and-pencil tasks to open Internet search tasks delivered via Google Forms. We outline a process of assessment development in which middle school, high school, and college students in 12 states completed tasks. We present a series of representative tasks and analyses of trends in student performance. Across tasks and grade levels, students struggled to effectively evaluate online claims, sources, and evidence. These results point to a need for curriculum materials that support students’ development of civic online reasonin...
TA-65, A Telomerase Activator improves Cardiovascular Markers in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.

BACKGROUND Telomerase Activator 65 (TA-65), a compound extracted from Astragalus membranaceus has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for extending lifespan. Scarce information exists on the effects of TA-65 on parameters of metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS We recruited 40 patients with MetS to determine the effects of TA-65 on dyslipidemias, hypertension, and oxidative stress in this at-risk population. The study was a double-blind, randomized crossover design in which patients were allocated to consume either 16 mg daily of a TA-65 supplement or a placebo for 12 weeks. Following a 3-week washout, participants were allocated to the alternate treatment for an additional 12 weeks. Anthropometric and biological markers were measured at the end of each treatment. Plasma lipids, glucose, CReactive Protein (CRP), liver enzymes, and glycosylated hemoglobin were measured using a Cobas c-111. Inflammatory cytokines were measured by Luminex technology and markers of oxidative stress by the use of spectroscopy. RESULTS Compared to the placebo period, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) was higher while body mass index, waist circumference, and the LDL/HDL ratio were lower (p < 0.05) during TA-65 treatment. In addition, plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was lower during the TA-65 period (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed in changes between the placebo and the TA-65 periods in HDL-C and CRP (r = -0.511, p < 0.01), alanine aminotransferase (r = -0.61, p < 0.001) and TNF-α (r = -0.550, p < 0.001) suggesting that the favorable changes observed in HDL were associated with decreases in inflammation. CONCLUSION TA-65 improved key markers of cardiovascular disease risk, which were also associated with reductions in inflammation.
Hybrid LSDA/Diffusion Quantum Monte-Carlo Method for Spin Sequences in Vertical Quantum Dots

We present an new hybrid Diffusion Quantum Monte-Carlo (DQMC)/Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA) method, to compute the electronic structure of vertical quantum dots (VQD). The exact many-body electronic configuration is computed with a realistic confining potential. Our model confirms the atomic-like model of 2D shell structures obeying Hund's rule already predicted by LSDA.
A Basic Study on High Bandwidth Streaming in Realtime over Multipath Using LDPC-IRA Codes

This paper describes a distributed video streaming system using widely disparsed storages, in which each storage hosts send chunked video packets to single receiver through multipath network. By adding parity packets by forward error correction (FEC) along with source video data in each storage hosts, this system enables realtime video streamings even if there are unbalance between those hosts. In this paper, we introduce a model of this unbalance and its effect to the amount of needed packet sending, then discuss how to design redundancy rate in FEC. The result are shown to have a trade off among the range of balancing and the additional amount of sending packet needed for stable video streaming.
Convex Hulls: Basic Algorithms

The problem of computing a convex hull is not only central to practical applications, but is also a vehicle for the solution of a number of apparently unrelated questions arising in computational geometry. The computation of the convex hull of a finite set of points, particularly in the plane, has been studied extensively and has applications, for example, in pattern recognition [Akl–CToussaint (1978); Duda–CHart (1973)], image processing [Rosenfeld (1969)] and stock cutting and allocation [Freeman (1974);Sklansky (1972); Freeman–CShapira (1975)].
Metal—Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors

The concept of a metal—semiconductor junction field-effect transistor (MESFET) is very similar to that of a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) discussed in Chapter 4. The geometry of the conducting channel in a MESFET is confined by the top and bottom gate depletion regions, which are controlled by the gate and drain voltages. Thus, before the two depletion regions touch each other (channel pinch-off), the MESFET, in essence, acts like a variable resistance. Beyond the channel pinch-off, however, the drain current increases only slowly with increasing drain voltage, and the device is operated in the saturation region. Unlike the JFET, which is a bulk device, the MESFET is a surface device; i. e., one of the boundaries of the primary region (channel region) is the interface between the metal and semiconductor. Because many trapping states can be present at the metal—semiconductor interface, current transport in the MESFET is fluctuated by the capture and release of free carriers at these surface states. As a result, the MESFET has a higher noise level than the JFET. The major difference between the MESFET and the metal—oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), which is also a surface device, is that a MOSFET is normally off until a voltage greater than the threshold is applied to the gate, whereas the MESFET is normally on unless a large reverse voltage is applied to the gate to cut off the conducting channel. If the channel layer (or epilayer) thickness is made very thin, however, the MESFET will be off unless a forward voltage is applied to the gate. Here, the normally on MESFET will be emphasized.
Regulation of Complement Synthesis in Mononuclear Phagocytes

The complement system is comprised of at least 20 distinct normal serum proteins, which are capable of interacting with each other, with antibody, and with cell membranes (Porter and Reid, 1978). These interactions lead to the generation of biological activities, which mediate the inflammatory response. Advances in tissue and cell culture techniques and methods for quantitation of individual serum components have made it possible to study the biosynthesis of complement proteins in vitro. The major sites for production of the proteins in the complement system are parenchymal cells of the liver, transitional epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, and mononuclear phagocytes. Early studies (Ehrlich and Morganroth, 1900; Rice et al., 1951) suggested that the liver was the principal site of synthesis for serum complement components. This was confirmed to a great extent when it was shown for C3, C6, C8, and factor B that orthotopic liver transplantation from a donor with a distinct genetic variant of the relevant proteins resulted in complete conversion of the serum complement from recipient to donor allotype (Alper and Nathan, 1981). This means that at least 90% of the serum C3, C6, C8, and factor B is synthesized in the liver. Epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts produce all three subcomponents of Cl, Clq, Clr, and Cls (Morris et al.,) and are probably responsible for a major portion of the serum Cl.
Cross-Linking of Proteins to Nucleic Acids by Ultraviolet Light

Early in the 1960s Smith (1962) and Alexander and Moroson (1962) independently published experimental results indicating that absorption of ultraviolet light could induce cross-linking of protein to DNA in living cells. Since these initial observations there has been increasing experimental interest in photoinduced cross-linking of proteins to nucleic acids. Photobiologists are intrigued by the possibility that nucleic acid-protein cross-linking is an important mode of ultraviolet light induced damage in biological systems. Molecular biologists and biochemists interested in structural relations in nucleic-acid-protein systems (e.g., chromatin, ribosomes) are examining the feasibility of using UV-cross-linking as a means of determining contact points between nucleic acid and protein in these complexes. Photochemists are exploring the structures and mechanisms of formation of adducts of nucleic acid bases and related compounds with amino acids and amino acid analogs; these studies may have direct relevance to the goal of understanding the chemical basis of UV-induced cross-linking in nucleic acid-protein complexes.
PubChem chemical structure standardization

PubChem is a chemical information repository, consisting of three primary databases: Substance, Compound, and BioAssay. When individual data contributors submit chemical substance descriptions to Substance, the unique chemical structures are extracted and stored into Compound through an automated process called structure standardization. The present study describes the PubChem standardization approaches and analyzes them for their success rates, reasons that cause structures to be rejected, and modifications applied to structures during the standardization process. Furthermore, the PubChem standardization is compared to the structure normalization of the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) software, as manifested by conversion of the InChI back into a chemical structure. The observed rejection rate for substances processed by PubChem standardization was 0.36%, which is predominantly attributed to structures with invalid atom valences that cannot be readily corrected without additional information from contributors. Of all structures that pass standardization, 44% are modified in the process, reducing the count of unique structures from 53,574,724 in substance to 45,808,881 in compound as identified by de-aromatized canonical isomeric SMILES. Even though the processing time is very low on average (only 0.4% of structures have individual standardization time above 0.1 s), total standardization time is completely dominated by edge cases: 90% of the time to standardize all structures in PubChem substance is spent on the 2.05% of structures with the highest individual standardization time. It is worth noting that 60% of the structures obtained from PubChem structure standardization are not identical to the chemical structure resulting from the InChI (primarily due to preferences for a different tautomeric form). Standardization of chemical structures is complicated by the diversity of chemical information and their representations approaches. The PubChem standardization is an effective and efficient tool to account for molecular diversity and to eliminate invalid/incomplete structures. Further development will concentrate on improved tautomer consideration and an expanded stereocenter definition. Modifications are difficult to thoroughly validate, with slight changes often affecting many thousands of structures and various edge cases. The PubChem structure standardization service is accessible as a public resource ( https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/standardize ), and via programmatic interfaces.
AN EXPECTATION-DRIVEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING1

ELI, the English language interpreter for the SAM story understanding system at Yale, is a model of language understanding using productions. Productions are useful because they are flexible, but this flexibility means more work has to be spent controlling and manipulating them. ELI limits the number of productions that have to be manipulated with expectations. Expectations are constraints generated by frame structures that have been built by previously executed productions. Only productions that satisfy existing expectations are used.
Child Maltreatment, School Bonds, and Adult Violence: A Serial Mediation Model:

Physically abused youth are vulnerable to experiencing difficulties across multiple domains of school functioning. Most of the literature examining the relationship between child physical abuse (CP...
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome is an autoimmune disease of small vessel vasculitis characterized by eosinophilic granulomatosis that manifests as asthma, eosinophilia, granuloma formation, and eventual systemic vasculitis. Pulmonary infiltrates, skin lesions, and renal involvement also occur, but cardiac involvement is found in up to 60% of patients with Churg-Strauss and accounts for 50% of deaths. The disease progresses from an initial phase of asthma and allergy to the eosinophilic phase consisting of eosinophil invasion of tissues. This is followed by the final phase of systemic vasculitis with necrosis formation. Patients are treated with steroids and immunosuppressants and counseled to wait for remission to attempt pregnancy. Pregnancy may increase the chance for flares. Outcomes are comparable to other vasculitis in pregnancy, but EGPA can cause preterm birth, low birth weight, and pregnancy loss.
Return to racing after surgical management of third carpal bone slab fractures in thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses

Objective To determine the prognosis for racing of horses surgically treated for slab fractures of the third carpal bone (C3). Study design Retrospective case study. Animals Horses (n = 125) surgically treated for C3 slab fractures. Methods Medical records of horses surgically treated for dorsal or sagittal C3 fractures were reviewed for age, sex, breed, limb, fracture type, degree of cartilage damage, and surgical treatment. Radiographs were evaluated to determine fracture depth, width, and displacement. Osteophytes, C3 lysis, and fragmentation were scored. Racing performance was obtained from online databases. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to determine associations between independent variables and outcomes. Results Fifty-four (43%) horses raced postoperatively. Among thoroughbreds, 35% (30/86) with dorsal fractures and 63% (17/27) with sagittal fractures raced postoperatively. Among standardbreds, 77% (10/13) with dorsal fractures and 0% (0/2) with sagittal fractures raced postoperatively. Fracture displacement, C3 lysis, and cartilage damage affected the likelihood of racing postoperatively. Placement of 3.5-mm screws vs 4.5-mm screws and the placement of fewer screws were associated with improved likelihood of racing. Conclusion The prognosis for postoperative racing of thoroughbreds with dorsal C3 fractures was less favorable than that previously reported. Concurrent joint pathology, such as cartilage damage at time of surgery, affected the ability of the horse to race postoperatively. Clinical significance Although internal fixation of C3 slab fractures is required to restore joint congruity, return to racing should be expected in only 42% of thoroughbreds and 67% of standardbreds.
Epicurus on Freedom

In this 2005 book, Tim O'Keefe reconstructs the theory of freedom of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus (341–271/0 BCE). Epicurus' theory has attracted much interest, but our attempts to understand it have been hampered by reading it anachronistically as the discovery of the modern problem of free will and determinism. O'Keefe argues that the sort of freedom which Epicurus wanted to preserve is significantly different from the 'free will' which philosophers debate today, and that in its emphasis on rational action it has much closer affinities with Aristotle's thought than with current preoccupations. His original and provocative book will be of interest to a wide range of readers in Hellenistic philosophy.
A new simplified tray efficiency model with improved accuracy for sieve trays

Abstract Engineers rarely use modern tray efficiency models due to the high effort required implementing them and due to their lack of accuracy. The more rigorous traditional models require many input parameters; newer mechanistic models increase the complexity even further. In sharp contrast, O’Connell’s empirical but simple correlation is widely applied despite its shortcomings. We will present a simplified model based on the traditional approach that allows a process engineer to estimate the tray efficiency during the hydraulic design phase, when an equilibrium stage simulation is available. Despite the simplifications, the new model achieves improved accuracy at predicting the section efficiencies when compared to both the O’Connell method and to more rigorous (and complicated) modern methods.
Visualizing Spatial Dependencies in Network Topology

Abstract : Increasingly, the data available to network analysts includes not only relationships between entities but the observation of entity attributes and relations in geographic space. Integrating this information with existing dynamic network analysis techniques demands new models and new tools. This paper introduces extensions to the ORA dynamic network analysis platform intended to meet this need. In particular, we present new visualization techniques for displaying the network topology of large, noisy datasets embedded in geographic space. We present these extensions and demonstrate them on some sample datasets.
Replacing Lab Report Grading by Online Lab Quizzes

This paper reports our work on replacing lab report grading by post-online lab quizzes using Desire2Learn (D2L, an online course management software), specifically, how we circumvent some of the limitations imposed by D2L and the outcomes.
Effect of the Cetane Number on Jet Fuel Spray Ignition at High-Temperature and -Pressure Conditions

This study investigates the impact of the fuel cetane number on the ignition and combustion dynamics of a high-pressure jet fuel spray under realistic diesel engine conditions. Under the desirable ...
Whose (Economic) Knowledge is it, Anyway? Authorship and Official Knowledge

This is a study of the politics of “official knowledge” in K-12 economics curriculum in the United States. The purpose of this study is to understand how reviews of literature both promote official knowledge and thus serve as useful sources of uncovering the authorship, or author-function at work in a social science discipline, which are usually thought to be anonymous and author-less.
Contribution of the ventrolateral thalamus to the locomotion-related activity of motor cortex

The activity of motor cortex is necessary for accurate stepping on a complex terrain. How this activity is generated remains unclear. The goal of this study was to clarify the contribution of signals from the ventrolateral thalamus (VL) to formation of locomotion-related activity of motor cortex during vision-independent and vision-dependent locomotion. In two cats, we recorded the activity of neurons in layer V of motor cortex as cats walked on a flat surface and a horizontal ladder. We reversibly inactivated ~10% of the VL unilaterally with the glutamatergic transmission antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and analyzed how this affected the activity of motor cortex neurons. We examined neuronal subpopulations with somatosensory receptive fields on different segments of the forelimb and pyramidal tract projecting neurons (PTNs). We found that the VL contribution to the locomotion-related activity of motor cortex is very powerful and has both excitatory and inhibitory components. The magnitudes of both the excitatory and inhibitory contributions fluctuate over the step cycle and depend on locomotion task. On a flat surface, the VL contributes more excitation to the shoulder- and elbow-related neurons than the wrist/paw-related cells. The VL excites the shoulder-related group the most during the transition from stance to swing phase, while most intensively exciting the elbow-related group during the transition from swing to stance. The VL contributes more excitation for the fast- than slow-conducting PTNs. Upon transition to vision-dependent locomotion on the ladder, the VL contribution increases more for the wrist/paw-related neurons and slow-conducting PTNs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY How the activity of motor cortex is generated and the roles that different inputs to motor cortex play in formation of response properties of motor cortex neurons during movements remain unclear. This is the first study to characterize the contribution of the input from the ventrolateral thalamus (VL), the main subcortical input to motor cortex, to the activity of motor cortex neurons during vision-independent and vision-dependent locomotion.
Information Gaps for Risk and Ambiguity

We apply a model of preferences for information to the domain of decision making under risk and ambiguity. An uncertain prospect exposes an individual to an information gap. Gambling makes the missing information more important, attracting more attention to the information gap. To the extent that the uncertainty (or other circumstances) makes the information gap unpleasant to think about, an individual tends to be averse to risk and ambiguity. Yet in circumstances in which thinking about an information gap is pleasant, an individual may exhibit risk- and ambiguity-seeking. The model provides explanations for source preference regarding uncertainty, the comparative ignorance effect under conditions of ambiguity, aversion to compound risk, and a variety of other phenomena. We present an empirical test of one of the model’s novel predictions.
Eastern North Carolina Head Start Teachers’ personal and professional experiences with healthy eating and physical activity: a qualitative exploration

Objective: Explore the interrelationship between teachers’ personal and professional socio-ecological structures while examining Head Start (HS) teachers’ experiences with (1) trying to eat healthy and engage in physical activity (PA) and (2) promote healthy eating and PA in their classrooms. Design: In-depth semi-structured interviews were collected from March through June 2017. Researchers designed the data collection and analysis methods using a phenomenological approach. All interviews were recorded using digital audio and transcribed verbatim. Setting: Seven HS centres in two rural eastern North Carolina counties. Participants: Teachers (n 15) who had recently participated in a healthy eating and physical activity intervention. Participants were 100 % female, an average age of 43 years (sd 9·6) and primarily Black/African American (93·3 %). Results: Eighteen primary themes were identified providing unique insight into individual, social and environmental determinants that may influence teachers’ personal health behaviours and professional health promotion practices. Findings indicated that teachers want to improve health behaviours personally (individual/family health) and professionally (children/families served); however, barriers exist at all levels impacting their ability to improve their own health and facilitate positive behaviours among the children/families they serve. Many teachers observed connections between their personal and professional experiences, but not beyond the individual level. Conclusions: Study findings highlight the importance of considering and emphasising the potential relationship between personal and professional determinants of health when working with early childhood teachers. Findings from this study may be useful for informing the development, implementation and evaluation of future health promotion interventions using teachers as implementers.
Braid monodromy, orderings and transverse invariants

A closed braid β naturally gives rise to a transverse link K in the standard contact 3–space. We study the effect of the dynamical properties of the monodromy of β, such as right-veering, on the contact-topological properties of K and the values of transverse invariants in Heegaard Floer and Khovanov homologies. Using grid diagrams and the structure of Dehornoy’s braid ordering, we show that θ(K)∈HFK(m(K)) is nonzero whenever β has fractional Dehn twist coefficient C>1. (For a 3–braid, we get a sharp result: θ≠0 if and only if the braid is right-veering.)
SPARC: Statistical Performance Analysis With Relevance Conclusions

The performance of one computer relative to another is traditionally characterized through benchmarking, a practice occasionally deficient in statistical rigor. The performance is often trivialized through simplified measures, such as the approach of central tendency, but doing so risks a loss of perspective of the variability and non-determinism of modern computer systems. Authentic performance evaluations are derived from statistical methods that accurately interpret and assess data. Methods that currently exist within performance comparison frameworks are limited in efficacy, statistical inference is either overtly simplified or altogether avoided. A prevalent criticism from computer performance literature suggests that the results from difference hypothesis testing lack substance. To address this problem, we propose a new framework, SPARC, that pioneers a synthesis of difference and equivalence hypothesis testing to provide relevant conclusions. It is a union of three key components: (i) identifying either superiority or similarity through difference and equivalence hypotheses (ii) scalable methodology (based on the number of benchmarks), and (iii) a conditional feedback loop from test outcomes that produces informative conclusions of relevance, equivalence, trivial, or indeterminant. We present an experimental analysis characterizing the performance of a trio of RISC-V open-source processors to evaluate SPARC and its efficacy compared to similar frameworks.
The Violence of Fat Hatred in the “Obesity Epidemic” Discourse:

The concern globally over the “obesity epidemic” has become one of the most widely discussed social problems over the last twenty or so years. There is an intense focus from the media, popular cult...
New partition based measures for data compatibility and information gain.

It is of great practical importance to compare and combine data from different studies in order to carry out appropriate and more powerful statistical inference. We propose a partition based measure to quantify the compatibility of two datasets using their respective posterior distributions. We further propose an information gain measure to quantify the information increase (or decrease) in combining two datasets. These measures are well calibrated and efficient computational algorithms are provided for their calculations. We use examples in a benchmark dose toxicology study, a six cities pollution data and a melanoma clinical trial to illustrate how these two measures are useful in combining current data with historical data and missing data.
Todo sobre mi madre/All About My Mother

A secret photograph portrays the author as a frightened boy standing with his mother and an unknown man. With time, the child’s quest for his paternal origins is eclipsed by his mother’s strength and steadfast devotion to him and his siblings. Still the youth longs for and wonders if a father would have prevented his homosexuality. To complicate matters even more, after coming out to his brother, the author eventually realizes his brother’s conditional acceptance of his sexuality is dehumanizing and unacceptable. After much reflection and after the writing process itself, the author concludes that meaningful guidance and support is what really distinguishes parenthood and he now understands his mother has been more than a father figure; she’s been both a female and male guide.
Bill Clinton: Building a Bridge to the New Millennium

Prologue: Inauguration 1993 Chapter 1 The Boy from Hope Becomes "The Man from Hope" Chapter 2 To the White House Chapter 3 Building the Bridge: Clinton's Domestic Agenda Chapter 4 Foreign Challenges in a Post-Cold War Environment Chapter 5 The Politics of Scandal and the Impeachment Crisis Chapter 6 After the White House Epilogue: On the Question of Presidential Greatness Documents Bibliography Index
In the Land of Agog: An Allegory for the Expert Witness

Taking its cue from Paul Bunyon's allegory, The Pilgrim's Progress, and the various recastings of the Arthurian legend, this paper presents a not altogether mythical allegory on the foibles of some expert witnesses and the ineffective response of the judicial system to them. In its first part, the paper recounts the fictional plight of the King of Agog, mysteriously striken with a crippling illness, whose last recourse for recovery seems to lie in the magic of three wizards. Each of these wizards. Lord Willifred Panbred. Lord Manny Quarryful, and Lady Prunella Prudence, is fashioned after the model of some experts who have ministered as witnesses in the judicial system. Each wizard bears his or her own bag of tricks, none of which give the King any but temporary relief from his affliction. In a second part, the paper dispenses with fiction and engages in a detailed, factual, case-by-case analysis of the ways in which these wizards from a fictional past and their stock of wizardry are paradigms for the conduct of some expert witnesses today. Prescriptions for a cure more permanent than the hocus-pocus the wizards offer the King are stated.
Soil Technology and Engineering Properties of Soils

Soil, in the engineering sense, comprises all materials found in the surface layer of the earth’s crust that are loose enough to be moved by spade or shovel. Such materials are natural systems that are normally composed of solid, liquid, and gaseous phases. The solid phases are contributed by particulate matter of inorganic or organic character. The liquid phase is usually an aqueous electrolyte solution. The gaseous phase in contact and exchange with the atmosphere may have a different composition from the latter, depending on location and biologic activity within the soil. Since water and air content vary with variation in environmental conditions, soils are normally characterized by their particulate components, while the air and water contents are considered together as porosity. However, in assaying the actual physical properties of a soil system, due consideration must be given to the volume percentages of the component phases as well as to the distribution of the different phases throughout the system.
Building Information Infrastructures for Social Worlds - The Role of Classifications and Standards

Through an analysis of information systems in medical communities - notably the development of the International Classification of Diseases and the design of a Nursing Interventions Classification scheme - we argue that community systems designers necessarily build for multiple social worlds simultaneously. So doing, we argue, they make a series of significant social and political choices. We draw some design implications from this observation: notably arguing for a sensitivity to the nature of the work of representing a community to itself.
Soluble Antigens of Vaccinia-infected Mammalian Cells II. Time Course of Synthesis of Soluble Antigens and Virus Structural Proteins

Virus-induced soluble antigens produced in mammalian cells after infection with vaccinia virus can be divided into two classes on the basis of molecular weight. Synthesis of the low molecular weight antigens begins early in the course of infection (1 to 2 hr), and is switched-off rather abruptly 4 to 5 hr after infection in a manner similar to that reported for the early enzymes characteristic of this same system. It was demonstrated, however, that these antigens do not include virus-induced thymidine kinase, a major virus-induced enzyme, nor is it likely that the low molecular weight antigens described here share identity with any of the virus-induced enzymes. A portion of the low molecular weight antigens appear to be incorporated into the structure of newly synthesized virus, probably as internal proteins. In contrast, synthesis of the high molecular weight antigen class is initiated later in the course of infection (4 to 5 hr), just prior to the appearance of newly synthesized virus. Antiserum directed specifically against virus structural proteins forms precipitin bands with all of the high molecular weight antigens recognizable by immunoelectrophoresis. This evidence, coupled with the observation that the high molecular weight antigen fraction elicits production of specific virus-neutralizing antibody, strongly suggests that this antigen class represents virus structural subunits produced in excess.
ON A THREE-TERM VARIANT OF THE LOMB PERIODOGRAM

Interdependence of trigonometric terms with the constant term in the current two-term form of the Lomb periodogram leads to cases where the maximum computed power does not correspond to the dominant frequency in the data, i.e., the dominant frequency is misidentified. This happens even in noiseless cases with only one frequency present. A three-term form of the Lomb periodogram is considered as a way of correcting the problem.
Neural Discharge and Local Field Potential Oscillations in Primate Motor Cortex During Voluntary Movements

Donoghue, John P., Jerome N. Sanes, Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos, and Gyongyi Gaal. Neural discharge and local field potential oscillations in primate motor cortex during voluntary movements. J. Neuroph...
Arc based cone-beam reconstruction algorithm using an equal weighting scheme

Conventionally, the FDK algorithm is used to reconstruct images in many imaging systems where cone-beam projections are acquired from a single circular scanning path in a 2π angular range (full scan mode) and has been heuristically extended to a π+fan angle angular range (short-scan mode). In this paper, a new cone-beam reconstruction algorithm is derived for a single arc source trajectory with an equal weighting scheme. This algorithm is derived in the Katsevich framework. Since the single arc does not satisfy Tuy's data sufficiency condition, the resulting algorithm is an approximate reconstruction algorithm. The feature of one-dimensional (1D) shift-invariant filtering in the conventional FDK algorithm is nicely preserved. The new algorithm includes a voxel dependent backprojection step of weighted combinations of 1D Hilbert filtered data, after an initial differentiation operation. In comparing the new algorithm with the standard FDK: the new algorithm intrinsically handles full scan, short scan and super-short scan modes. Numerical simulations have been performed to validate the algorithm, and demonstrate more quantitatively correct density values when reconstructing points away from the central slice. Noise performance was assessed for both the new algorithm and the FDK algorithm using simulated Poisson noise.
Culture And Universal Professional Values In Global Organizations: Is There A Divergence Or Convergence Of Cultural Values?

This article presents and discusses the theory of universal human values, the universal human values of people across cultures, and how culture and values impact organizations. This article reviews the history and research into human values, culture, and behavior, followed by reviews of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and Schwartz and Bilky’s Theory of Universal Human Values. A strong connection exists between these theories and their related empirical research, not only chronologically, but also theologically and methodologically. The subjects are presented in a temporal sequence. Thus, the work of Professor Gert Hofstede is presented first; the work of Schwartz, Bilsky, is more recent, but strongly linked to prior research by Hofstede on values and culture. The objective is to improve ones understanding of work-related values, culture, and the impact that values may have on individuals in different cultural environments that are found in international organizations. This study tests to see if there is a difference in individualism scores of Mexican and American engineers when compared to Hofstede’s original study in 1980. This study also looks at the Mexican and American engineer samples to see if their scores on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions show a correlation with the scores on Schwartz’s culture-level dimensions. The study attempts to determine if there is a divergence or convergence of cultural values. Findings of the study are reported.
Assessing Forest Fire and Vegetation Recovery in the Black Hills, South Dakota

After 110 years of sustained fire suppression, the 2000 Jasper fire consumed about 33,785 ha (83,500 acres), or 12% of the Black Hills National Forest. We mapped the severity of the Jasper fire using Landsat imagery and then investigated post-fire vegetation regeneration conditions using field data, Quickbird imagery, and regression modeling. We found that fire scar and severity could be delineated and mapped accurately based on remotely sensed and field-acquired data. Results also revealed that vegetative recovery relative to burn severity, topography, and soil factors could be modeled effectively using local geographically weighted regression (GWR). Further regeneration assessment revealed that severely or heavily burned areas were more rapidly re-vegetated with grasses, forbs, and woody shrubs in the short term. The field survey showed that prescribed burns retard crown fires and that after eight years ponderosa pine seedlings have not re-established.
Nonlocal diffusion and strain-induced liquification of particulate media

Abstract Previously the author has developed a nonlocal balance law for preasymptotic diffusion in media with microstructure and an approximate wavevector (k) and frequency dependent diffusion tensor which is valid for small |k|. The results have been applied to fractal media which induce a fractional Brownian trajectory. These concepts are reviewed and discussed in the context of granular media. The author, in conjunction with co-workers at Purdue, has also conducted numerical experiments related to phase changes which are induced by strain in a Lennard-Jones fluid confined between infinite structured planes. These results are also reviewed and discussed in the context of granular flows.
Utilization of Carbohydrates Introduced Directly into the Omaso-Abomasal Area of the Stomach of Cattle of Various Ages,

Summary Blood reducing sugar responses were measured in dairy animals of five age groups (mean ages: 22, 50, 136, 227, and 600 days) following ingestion of single test meals of each of the following in water: glucose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, amylose, amylopectin, Flojel (acid-treated starch), and tapioca starch. Rate of administration was in proportion to body weight. Maximum increases in blood sugar levels in mg.% after carbohydrate ingestion at the five successive ages, from the youngest to the oldest, were glucose: 134, 130, 76, 82, 50; lactose: 147, 117, 36, 37, 14; maltose: 31, 72, 30, 34, 17. Sucrose and starch did not cause any appreciable change in blood reducing sugar at any age. Ingestion of sucrose and maltose caused diarrhea at all ages, but diarrhea due to glucose and lactose was more frequent in the older than in the younger animals. No diarrhea resulted from ingestion of starch. Intravenous injection of glucose (0.3 g. per kilogram of body weight) prior to ingestion of carbohydrate increased the sensitivity of blood reducing sugar as an estimator of absorption. The onset of absorption of hydrolytic products of starch, however, was too late for the single glucose injection, at feeding time, to be of maximum value. Absorption of ingested carbohydrates appeared to begin at approximately the following times (in minutes) after ingestion: glucose 15; maltose and lactose, 30; starches 30–60. Blood sugar responses to starch administration were moderately increased when the starches were autoclaved (at 15 p.s.i. for 30 min.) or heated in water suspension until gelling occurred.
PSF and MTF measurement methods for thick CCD sensor characterization

Knowledge of the point spread function (PSF) of the sensors to be used in the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) camera is essential for optimal extraction of subtle galaxy shape distortions caused by gravitational weak lensing. We have developed a number of techniques for measuring the PSF of candidate CCD sensors to be used in the LSST camera, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The two main optical PSF measurement techniques that we use are the direct Virtual Knife Edge (VKE) scan as developed by Karcher, et al. and the indirect interference fringe method after Andersen and Sorensen that measures the modulation transfer function (MTF) directly. The PSF is derived from the MTF by Fourier transform. Other non-optical PSF measurement techniques that we employ include {sup 55}Fe x-ray cluster image size measurements and statistical distribution analysis, and cosmic ray muon track size measurements, but are not addressed here. The VKE technique utilizes a diffraction-limited spot produced by a Point-Projection Microscope (PPM) that is scanned across the sensor with sub-pixel resolution. This technique closely simulates the actual operating condition of the sensor in the telescope with the source spot size having an f/number close to the actual telescope design value.more » The interference fringe method uses a simple equal-optical-path Michelson-type interferometer with a single-mode fiber source that produces interference fringes with 100% contrast over a wide spatial frequency range sufficient to measure the MTF of the sensor directly. The merits of each measurement technique and results from the various measurement techniques on prototype LSST sensors are presented and compared.« less
Sterol hydroperoxide metabolism by Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract In order to rationalize multiphasic dose-response data evincing mutagenicity towards Salmonella typhimurium TA 1537 for sterol hydroperoxides 3β-hydroxy-5α-cholest-6-ene-5-hydroperoxide and 3β-hydroxycholest-5-ene-7α-hydroperoxide their metabolism by the bacterial test strain was investigated. The 5α-hydroperoxide was isomerized to the 7α-hydroperoxide and reduced to 5α-cholest-6-ene-3β,5-diol; the 7α-hydroperoxide was reduced to cholest-5-ene-3β,7α-diol and transformed to 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-7-one. The 3β,5α-diol and 3β,7α-diol were not interconverted nor was either transformed to the 7-ketone.
Action of amino acids on bacterial dehydrogenases and glycolysis.

SummaryAmino acids, aerobically and anaerobically, cause an acceleration of the reduction of tetrazolium by Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus in the presence of glucose, and can be shown to shift glucose metabolism towards increased lactate production. This effect of amino acids appears to be related to the inhibition of normally occurring reactions resulting in an increased availability of hydrogen for the reduction of tetrazolium or pyruvate.Oxygen inhibits the reduction of tetrazolium in the absence of added amino acids, while sulfathiazole inhibits the amino acid accelerated reduction of tetrazolium. Since flavoprotein is reported to mediate tetrazolium reduction and to be susceptible to inhibition by sulfathiazole, the accelerative effect of amino acids on the reduction of tetrazolium could be related to an interaction of the amino acids with the flavoprotein enzyme. Competition for this enzyme site between tetrazolium, oxygen and pyruvate, modified by the presence of amino acids and sulfathiazole is ...
The Role of Peer Coaching in Teacher Education Programs

Field-based experiences are essential to develop preservice teachers' effective instruction skills. However, it is difficult for many teacher education programs to provide frequent field observations. Peer coaches can enhance field-based experiences by observing and recording the performance of their peers, providing feedback on observed teaching behaviors, and helping preservice teachers correct errors and improve instruction. This article reviews six peer coaching studies and discusses factors that are important to consider when using peer coaches to supervise preservice teachers during field-based experiences.