cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraining the braneworld with gravitational wave observations.

Some braneworld models may have observable consequences that, if detected, would validate a requisite element of string theory. In the infinite Randall-Sundrum model (RS2), the AdS radius of curvature, L, of the extra dimension supports a single bound state of the massless graviton on the brane, thereby reproducing Newtonian gravity in the weak-field limit. However, using the AdS/CFT correspondence, it has been suggested that one possible consequence of RS2 is an enormous increase in Hawking radiation emitted by black holes. We utilize this possibility to derive two novel methods for constraining L via gravitational wave measurements. We show that the EMRI event rate detected by LISA can constrain L at the approximately 1 micron level for optimal cases, while the observation of a single galactic black hole binary with LISA results in an optimal constraint of L less than or equal to 5 microns.
CXCL1/MGSA Is a Novel Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding Chemokine STRUCTURAL EVIDENCE FOR TWO DISTINCT NON-OVERLAPPING BINDING DOMAINS

In humans, the chemokine CXCL1/MGSA (hCXCL1) plays fundamental and diverse roles in pathophysiology, from microbial killing to cancer progression, by orchestrating the directed migration of immune and non-immune cells. Cellular trafficking is highly regulated and requires concentration gradients that are achieved by interactions with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). However, very little is known regarding the structural basis underlying hCXCL1-GAG interactions. We addressed this by characterizing the binding of GAG heparin oligosaccharides to hCXCL1 using NMR spectroscopy. Binding experiments under conditions at which hCXCL1 exists as monomers and dimers indicate that the dimer is the high-affinity GAG ligand. NMR experiments and modeling studies indicate that lysine and arginine residues mediate binding and that they are located in two non-overlapping domains. One domain, consisting of N-loop and C-helical residues (defined as α-domain) has also been identified previously as the GAG-binding domain for the related chemokine CXCL8/IL-8. The second domain, consisting of residues from the N terminus, 40s turn, and third β-strand (defined as β-domain) is novel. Eliminating β-domain binding by mutagenesis does not perturb α-domain binding, indicating two independent GAG-binding sites. It is known that N-loop and N-terminal residues mediate receptor activation, and we show that these residues are also involved in extensive GAG interactions. We also show that the GAG-bound hCXCL1 completely occlude receptor binding. We conclude that hCXCL1-GAG interactions provide stringent control over regulating chemokine levels and receptor accessibility and activation, and that chemotactic gradients mediate cellular trafficking to the target site.
Social Capital, Community Resilience, and Faith-based Organizations in Disaster Recovery

In August of 2005, Hurricane Katina struck the Gulf Coast, flooding eighty percent of the City of New Orleans (Associated Press, 2005). This disaster that continues to be defined as the most destructive natural disaster to impact the United States in recorded history illustrated the social vulnerability of urban populations living in hazard prone regions. Moreover, the disaster illustrated that a community’s vulnerability to disasters was not only a product of the built environment’s varying resistance to disasters and a community’s physical proximity to hazards, but also a byproduct of social dynamics that contribute to the vulnerability of populations (Miller and Rivera, 2008; Cutter et al., 2009). The subsequent effects of these social dynamics, when placed under the pressure of a severe natural disaster, illustrates to both the directly affected communities and the rest of the nation, that organizational, governmental, and private sector arrangements designed to mitigate detrimental disaster affects are inadequate (Gunter and Kroll-Smith, 2007), and that the public’s reliance on governmental structures can be more detrimental to the success of community survival than self-reliance (Miller and Rivera, 2008; Rivera and Miller, 2010). As a by-product of the public’s realization that governmental structures put in place to mitigate disaster risks and aid communities in the disaster recovery process were inadequate, reliance on other types of organizations was necessary for some communities to survive. Although there are a number of different actors that played a role in the reestablishment of communities within New Orleans since the Hurricane took place, the Mary Queen of Vietnam (MQVN) Catholic Church is a prime example of how a community based organization stepped in to address the needs of its community in the wake of the disaster. This paper examines how MQVN garnered social capital within its surrounding community to pursue successful community development in the absence of governmental support, and to a certain extent in the presence of political resistance. This paper will first review the government failure and decrease in civic trust that fostered a robust third sector response in disaster recovery and redevelopment. Then, using social capital theory, the paper follows Newton’s (2001) proposition that civic distrust and confidence is derived from government and institutional performance, rather than “increasing individualism, declining social trust, or the disintegration of community life” (Newton, 1999, p. 12); and argues that the social trust fostered by MQVN empowered community solidarity, bridged social networks and successfully pursued community redevelopment initiatives in the aftermath of disasters, even when resources are restricted and local political structures are at odds with neighborhood priorities. ct will be provided by author.
Exportation and Validation of Latent Constructs for Dementia Case Finding in a Mexican American Population–based Cohort

Background The latent variable "δ" has been validated as a dementia phenotype. δ can be extracted from Spearman's general intelligence factor "g" in any data set that contains measures of cognition and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). We used δ composites ("d-scores") to estimate the prevalence of dementia in the Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiological Studies in the Elderly (H-EPESE). Method δ was constructed from Mini-Mental State Examination, a clock-drawing task (CLOX), and IADL. δ's H-EPESE factor weights were validated in the well-characterized Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium (TARCC). Optimal thresholds for the discrimination between "Alzheimer's disease" (AD) versus normal controls (NCs) were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve. Those thresholds were used to estimate the prevalence of dementia in H-EPESE. Results Each δ homolog fits its source's data well. d-scores were strongly associated with Clinical Dementia Rating scale Sum of Boxes (r = .74-.85, all p < .001], and accurately distinguished AD cases from NCs, in both Mexican Americans (MAs) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) [c = 0.94-0.96]. The TARCC MA threshold estimated the prevalence of dementia at 21.4% in H-EPESE. The NHW threshold estimated the prevalence of dementia at 21.0%. Conclusions It is possible to export δ composites from populations to well-characterized cohorts for validation.
Determination of Glyphosate in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography

A method for determination of glyphosate in water by ion chromatography was established in this paper.After removed residual chlorine by adding ascorbic acid and filtrated by micropore filtrer membrance,the water samples were directly injected into IC.The separation was carried out on IonPac AS11-HC anion-exchange column and the eluent was 20 mmol/L KOH at flow rate of 1.00 mL/min.The injection volume was 100 μL.The linearity of the method is from 0 to 1.5 mg/L.The detection limit was 0.1 mg/L.The recoveries were from 95% to 106%,and RSD was from 5.08% to 7.09%.The experiments verified that the method was simple,sensitive,and accurate.
Modeling of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of heart rate.

We evaluated R-R interval changes (delta R-R interval) in 13 subjects (27 +/- 6 yr; 7 men and 6 women) as a function of blood pressure changes at the carotid sinus and aortic arch and central venou...
Enhancing NMR Sensitivity of Natural-Abundance Low-γ Nuclei by Ultrafast Magic-Angle-Spinning Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.

Although magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been able to provide piercing atomic-level insights into the structure and dynamics of various solids, the poor sensitivity has limited its widespread application, especially when the sample amount is limited. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring high S/N ratio natural-abundance 13C NMR spectrum of a small amount of sample (~2.0 mg) by using multiple-contact cross polarization (MCP) under ultrafast MAS. As shown by our data from pharmaceutical compounds, the signal enhancement achieved depends on the number of CP contacts employed within a single scan, which depends on the T1ρ of protons. The use of MCP for fast 2D 1H/13C heteronuclear correlation experiments is also demonstrated. The significant signal enhancement can be greatly beneficial for the atomic-resolution characterization of many types of crystalline solids including polymorphic drugs and nanomaterials.
Computation and human experience: Representation and indexicality

World models As an agent gets along in the world, its actions are plainly about the world in some sense. In picking up a cup, I am not just extending my forearm and adjusting my fingers: those movements can be parsimoniously described only in relation to the cup and the ways that cups are used. A conversation about a malfunctioning refrigerator, likewise, really is about that refrigerator; it is not just a series of noises or grammatical constructions. When someone is studying maps and contemplating which road to take, it is probably impossible to provide any coherent account of what that person is doing except in relation to those roads. AI researchers have understood these phenomena in terms of representations: actions, discussions, and thoughts are held to relate to particular things in the world because they involve mental representations of those things. It can hardly be denied that people do employ representations of various sorts, from cookbooks and billboards to internalized speech and the retinotopic maps of early vision. But the mentalist computational theory of representation has been simultaneously broader and more specific. In this chapter I will discuss the nature and origins of this theory, as well as some reasons to doubt its utility as part of a theory of activity. Chapter 12 will suggest that the primordial forms of representation are best understood as facets of particular time-extended patterns of interaction with the physical and social world. Later sections of the present chapter will prepare some background for this idea by discussing indexicality (the dependence of reference on time and place) and the more fundamental phenomenon of intentionality (the “aboutness” of actions, discussions, and thoughts).
Phonons in Confined Geometries

A discussion is presented of properties of phonons in small particles, in topographic waveguide structures, and in infinite and semi-infinite layered media, from both a continuum and an atomistic point of view.
The Ethics of Influence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Science

In recent years, 'nudge units' or 'behavioral insights teams' have been created in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and other nations. All over the world, public officials are using the behavioral sciences to protect the environment, promote employment and economic growth, reduce poverty, and increase national security. In this book, Cass R. Sunstein, the eminent legal scholar and best-selling co-author of Nudge (2008), breaks new ground with a deep yet highly readable investigation into the ethical issues surrounding nudges, choice architecture, and mandates, addressing such issues as welfare, autonomy, self-government, dignity, manipulation, and the constraints and responsibilities of an ethical state. Complementing the ethical discussion, The Ethics of Influence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Science contains a wealth of new data on people's attitudes towards a broad range of nudges, choice architecture, and mandates.
Triple collinear emissions in parton showers

A framework to include triple collinear splitting functions into parton showers is presented, and the implementation of flavor-changing next-to-leading-order (NLO) splitting kernels is discussed as a first application. The correspondence between the Monte Carlo integration and the analytic computation of NLO DGLAP evolution kernels is made explicit for both timelike and spacelike parton evolution. Numerical simulation results are obtained with two independent implementations of the new algorithm, using the two independent event generation frameworks PYTHIA and SHERPA.
Central cannulation strategy for extent I thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair of chronic type B aortic dissection

Introduction We evaluated the safety profile of a central cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) cannulation strategy for repair of extent I thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA) with chronic type B dissection in comparison to traditional peripheral CPB cannulation strategies. Methods Patients undergoing extent I TAAA repair for chronic type B dissection from 2002 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were grouped by their CPB cannulation strategy. Patients in Group I underwent central aortic cannulation (n = 28) through a left thoracotomy incision. The true lumen of the descending thoracic aorta was cannulated using an echocardiogram-guided Seldinger wire technique. The right atrium was directly accessed for venous drainage. In Group II (n = 31), arterial and venous cannulation of the femoral vessels was achieved using a left-sided groin incision. All patients underwent deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for proximal aortic reconstruction. Results Preoperative aortic dimensions (6.5 ± 0.79 cm in Group I vs 7.0 ± 1.15 cm in Group II p = 0.8) were similar between groups. CPB time (240 ± 37 min in Group I vs 174 ± 68 min in Group II p 0.05). Median follow-up was 3.6 ± 2.0 in Group I and 5.6 ± 2.6 years in Group II. Actuarial survival at 5 years was 84.6 % for Group I and 77.6% for Group II (p = 0.52). Conclusions Central true lumen cannulation through a left thoracotomy incision for repair of extent I TAAA with chronic type B dissection is an acceptable approach with equivalent early and midterm outcomes compared to more standard femoral cannulation techniques. It may provide a safe alternative cannulation site for patients with diseased femoral vessels.
Understanding materials challenges for rechargeable ion batteries with in situ transmission electron microscopy

An in-depth understanding of material behaviours under complex electrochemical environment is critical for the development of advanced materials for the next-generation rechargeable ion batteries. The dynamic conditions inside a working battery had not been intensively explored until the advent of various in situ characterization techniques. Real-time transmission electron microscopy of electrochemical reactions is one of the most significant breakthroughs poised to enable radical shift in our knowledge on how materials behave in the electrochemical environment. This review, therefore, summarizes the scientific discoveries enabled by in situ transmission electron microscopy, and specifically emphasizes the applicability of this technique to address the critical challenges in the rechargeable ion battery electrodes, electrolyte and their interfaces. New electrochemical systems such as lithium–oxygen, lithium–sulfur and sodium ion batteries are included, considering the rapidly increasing application of in situ transmission electron microscopy in these areas. A systematic comparison between lithium ion-based electrochemistry and sodium ion-based electrochemistry is also given in terms of their thermodynamic and kinetic differences. The effect of the electron beam on the validity of in situ observation is also covered. This review concludes by providing a renewed perspective for the future directions of in situ transmission electron microscopy in rechargeable ion batteries. In situ TEM is a powerful tool that helps to understand energy storage behaviors of various materials. This review summarizes the critical discoveries, enabled by in situTEM, in rechargeable ion batteries, and foresees its bright future for extensive applications.
Bioreduction of nitroxides by Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract Two nitroxide radicals (TEMPO, I; OXAN, II) and a spin labeled penicillin (III) were reduced by Staphylococcus aureus . A short induction period preceded zero order reduction of these substrates leading to a Km of 8 × 10−4M, 6.67 × 10−5M and 5.7 × 10−4M and Vmax of 106, 26 and 11 μ mole/min mg bacteria for I, II and III, respectively.
Comparison between particle swarm optimization and Cuckoo Search method for optimization in unbalanced active distribution system

Recently, the integration of distributed generation (DG) units to distribution networks has grown significantly. This integration provides an opportunity to control the power flow, resulting in the optimal power flow (OPF) at the distribution level. OPF can reduce system losses and decrease the DG generation costs. Additionally, it can improve the voltage profile. Applying OPF to distribution networks is a challenging task since the nature of distribution networks makes the OPF a nonlinear problem. In this paper, a multi-objective function is used to define the nonlinear power flow problem. To solve the OPF problem, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithms are applied. These approaches are investigated utilizing IEEE 37 nodes test case. Comparing the results of the two methods shows that the CS algorithm performs better than PSO. The advantages of the CS algorithm, including fewer initial solutions, strong optimization searching ability, and fast convergence speed, make it an effective tool for solving the nonlinear optimization problem.
The Surgical Management of Tibial Spine Fractures in Children: A Survey of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA).

Background:Tibial spine fractures are rare, complex injuries. Management remains varied given a lack of consensus about the optimal approach. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine prevailing strategies among pediatric orthopaedists and establish areas of agreement and ongoing controversy i
Information theoretic feature projection for single-trial brain-computer interfaces

Current approaches on optimal spatio-spectral feature extraction for single-trial BCIs exploit mutual information based feature ranking and selection algorithms. In order to overcome potential confounders underlying feature selection by information theoretic criteria, we propose a nonparametric feature projection framework for dimensionality reduction that utilizes mutual information based stochastic gradient descent. We demonstrate the feasibility of the protocol based on analyses of EEG data collected during execution of open and close palm hand gestures. We further discuss the approach in terms of potential insights in the context of neurophysiologically driven prosthetic hand control.
Polyoxovanadate-alkoxide clusters as multi-electron charge carriers for symmetric non-aqueous redox flow batteries

Non-aqueous redox flow batteries have emerged as promising systems for large-capacity, reversible energy storage, capable of meeting the variable demands of the electrical grid. Here, we investigate the potential for a series of Lindqvist polyoxovanadate-alkoxide (POV-alkoxide) clusters, [V6O7(OR)12] (R = CH3, C2H5), to serve as the electroactive species for a symmetric, non-aqueous redox flow battery. We demonstrate that the physical and electrochemical properties of these POV-alkoxides make them suitable for applications in redox flow batteries, as well as the ability for ligand modification at the bridging alkoxide moieties to yield significant improvements in cluster stability during charge–discharge cycling. Indeed, the metal–oxide core remains intact upon deep charge–discharge cycling, enabling extremely high coulombic efficiencies (∼97%) with minimal overpotential losses (∼0.3 V). Furthermore, the bulky POV-alkoxide demonstrates significant resistance to deleterious crossover, which will lead to improved lifetime and efficiency in a redox flow battery.
Randomized controlled trial of low (5%) versus ultralow (2%) oxygen for extended culture using bipronucleate and tripronucleate human preimplantation embryos.

Objective To determine whether [1] exposure of embryos to 5% oxygen (O2) from day 1 (D1) to D3, and then to 2% O2 from D3 to D5, improves total blastocyst yield, as compared with continuous exposure to 5% O2; and [2] extended culture in 2% O2 alters key metabolic processes and O2-regulated gene expression in human preimplantation embryos. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Bipronucleate and tripronucleate embryos donated for research. Intervention(s) On D1, sibling zygotes were randomized to culture in 5% O2 from D1 to D5 (n = 102; “5% group”) or 5% O2 from D1 to D3, then 2% O2 from D3 to D5 (n = 101, “2% group”). Main Outcome Measure(s) Developmental stage and grade; D5 total cell counts; mass spectrometry of spent media; quantitative polymerase chain reaction of 21 genes in inner cell mass and trophectoderm. Result(s) Among cleaved embryos (n = 176, 87%), those in the 2% group were less likely to arrest at the cleavage stage on D5 (34 of 87, 39.1%) compared with the 5% group (52 of 89, 58.4%) (adjusted odds ratio 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.18–0.80). Those in the 2% group were more likely to blastulate (35 of 87, 40.2%) than those in the 5% group (20 of 89, 22.5%) (adjusted odds ratio 2.55, 95% confidence interval 1.27–5.12). Culture in 2% O2 was associated with significantly fewer cells in early and advanced blastocysts, alteration in relative abundances of anabolic amino acids and metabolites involved in redox homeostasis, and differential expression of MUC1 in trophectoderm. Conclusion(s) These findings provide foundational evidence for future investigation of 2% O2 as the preferred O2 tension for extended culture of human embryos.
On the Representation of Temporal Dynamics

Research in temporal database management has suggested that the EntityRelationship model must be extended to compensate for its lack of constructs for representing the world’s dynamic nature. This claimed deficiency arises from the mistaken idea that Entity-Relationship diagrams represent only a snapshot of reality. Practitioners have long used Entity-Relationship diagrams without temporal extensions to design systems with rich support for temporality by using entities to represent the events that cause state changes, rather than by defining temporal attributes and relationships to record past states. While both approaches can represent temporality, only the event approach maintains modeling parsimony and represents why a particular state exists. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com IDEA GR UP PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the b ok, Advanced Topics in Database Research, edited by Keng Siau. Copyright © 2003, Idea Gr up Inc. Copying or distri uting in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
Protein-Fat Interactions

Most knowledge of the major interrelationships between fat and protein is derived, unfortunately for those attending this conference, from experiments in man, dog, and rat (in that order). The pre-eminence of human experimentation as the major source of this knowledge is due, apart from the great need for clinically relevant information, to several factors: man’s large blood volume, the ready availability of advanced techniques for regional vessel catheterization, subject cooperation, and finally, the relative uniformity of Homo sapiens, obviating major differences in size, strain, the lesser effect of many environmental phenomena such as diet, known to alter animal responses. This brief paper will therefore be concerned primarily with data derived from man with reference to experiments which might be relevant to animals of agricultural value, and which, in turn, might lead to further insights into the factors leading to variations in adipose tissue and muscle growth in such animals.
United States of America: The Burden of Proof in Tax Matters

This United States report responds to a questionnaire that the general reporters prepared for the 2011 meeting of the European Association of Tax Law Professors in Uppsala, Sweden, June 3-5, 2011. The report describes and analyzes the U.S. law on burden of proof and burden of production in tax matters in the context of tax law procedure, including the settlement function of appeals and information reporting, uncertain tax positions (Form UTP) and foreign accounts of U.S. taxpayers. This report also addresses the interplay of burden of proof and the anti-abuse provisions, including the “economic substance” clarification in section 7701(o) and its related strict liability understatement penalty. A separate section of the report concerns itself with transfer pricing.
Protein Arginine Deiminases (PADs): Biochemistry and Chemical Biology of Protein Citrullination.

ConspectusProteins are well-known to undergo a variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs). One such PTM is citrullination, an arginine modification that is catalyzed by a group of hydrolases called protein arginine deiminases (PADs). Hundreds of proteins are known to be citrullinated and hypercitrullination is associated with autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lupus, ulcerative colitis (UC), Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and certain cancers. In this Account, we summarize our efforts to understand the structure and mechanism of the PADs and to develop small molecule chemical probes of protein citrullination. PAD activity is highly regulated by calcium. Structural studies with PAD2 revealed that calcium-binding occurs in a stepwise fashion and induces a series of dramatic conformational changes to form a catalytically competent active site. These studies also identified the presence of a calcium-switch that controls the overall calcium-dependence and a gatekeepe...
The Ribosome Cooperates with a Chaperone to Guide Multi-domain Protein Folding.

Multi-domain proteins, containing several structural units within a single polypeptide, constitute a large fraction of all proteomes. Co-translational folding is assumed to simplify the conformational search problem for large proteins, but the events leading to correctly folded, functional structures remain poorly characterized. Similarly, how the ribosome and molecular chaperones promote efficient folding remains obscure. Using optical tweezers, we have dissected early folding events of nascent elongation factor G, a multi-domain protein that requires chaperones for folding. The ribosome and the chaperone trigger factor reduce inter-domain misfolding, permitting folding of the N-terminal G-domain. Successful completion of this step is a crucial prerequisite for folding of the next domain. Unexpectedly, co-translational folding does not proceed unidirectionally; emerging unfolded polypeptide can denature an already-folded domain. Trigger factor, but not the ribosome, protects against denaturation. The chaperone thus serves a previously unappreciated function, helping multi-domain proteins overcome inherent challenges during co-translational folding.
Conversation Design: Principles, Strategies, and Practical Application

With the rise of digital assistants, chatbots, and other conversational interfaces, there's a huge demand for detail and instruction for Conversation Design. This course provides a focused walkthrough of the principles, strategies, and process of Conversation Design. Topics include understanding users, defining persona, analyzing conversation components, dialog writing strategies, and the detailed process of creating natural dialog. Interactive components at each stage engage participants with individual worksheets, small group exercises and reviews, and a team project. Participants will gain an understanding of the complexity and challenges of Conversation Design, and learn about resources and tools for doing it well.
A reference inventory for aquatic fauna of the Laurentian Great Lakes.

Abstract The Laurentian Great Lakes encompass an expansive and diverse set of freshwater ecosystems that contain a concordantly large and diverse vertebrate and invertebrate fauna. Although numerous publications exist concerning the composition and distribution of this fauna, there is at present no single readily available resource that brings all this information together. Here, we present and describe the compilation process for a comprehensive Great Lakes aquatic fauna inventory covering fishes, reptiles, amphibians, zooplankton, mollusks, annelids, insects, mites, and various other aquatic invertebrates. Inventory entries were developed via an extensive search of literature and internet sources and are attributed with detailed nomenclature information, general lake and habitat occurrences, and supporting citations and links to life history and genetic marker information. The inventory scope is the Laurentian Great Lakes proper and their connecting rivers, and their fringing coastal wetlands and lower tributaries. Over 2200 unique taxa are contained in the inventory – 85% resolved to species and 14% to genus. The listing substantially expands previous richness estimates for invertebrates in the Great Lakes, but taxonomic resolution and spatial distribution information for them remains quite uneven. Example pattern analyses for fauna in this inventory show that aquatic vertebrates are generally more widely distributed than invertebrates, and that biodiversity is concentrated in the coastal margins. The inventory is being packaged into a public, searchable database that showcases the biodiversity of the Great Lakes aquatic fauna and can assist the research and management community in their biological investigations.
Championing Humanity, Overlooking Atrocity: Edward R. Murrow and the Holocaust

What distinguished Edward R. Murrow’s April 1945 concentration camp broadcast was the people of Buchenwald. While other journalists focused on the dead as “dumps of unburied corpses” and the living...
Evaluation of an Educational Workshop on Acupuncture for Children

Background: Educational materials to introduce acupuncture to medical providers are scarce. An Educational Workshop on Acupuncture for Children was developed with support from the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Integrative Medicine. Objective: To assess the knowledge acquisition and attitude change after attendance at this workshop. Design/Methods: An Immediate Post-Workshop and One-Month Post-Workshop surveys were administered to workshop attendees. Workshop was presented at: Department …
Many Paradoxes of My Gastroenterology Practice.

ABSTRACT A paradox describes the clash between 2 seemingly reasonable prepositions whose joint occurrence appears impossible. Like any other human endeavor, medicine is also filled with paradoxes that await resolution. This editorial lists several common paradoxes frequently encountered by clinical gastroenterologists. These examples illustrate the interplay between risk and benefit, cost and effect, disease and cure, and escape and exposure. It is hoped that addressing these paradoxes and trying to resolve their underlying contradictions will ultimately lead to a more efficacious and rational delivery of healthcare.
Diagnostic findings and successful management of central diabetes insipidus following a self-inflicted penetrating brain injury in a dog

A 6-year-old 12 kg male neutered mixed breed dog presented in lateral recumbency with dysphoria and vocalization following a self-inflicted fork impalement injury. Computed tomography (CT) was performed which showed a penetrating wound through the right orbit, into the calvarium, and through the brain parenchyma. The dog was hospitalized with supportive care, sedatives, analgesia, antiepileptics, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, and desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) to control post-traumatic central diabetes insipidus (PTCDI) which developed during recovery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings 16 days later revealed resolving ventricular hemorrhage and mild perilesional edema and inflammation. Normal mentation and ambulation slowly returned and 3 months later the dog was clinically normal. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first report of a self-inflicted penetrating brain injury in a dog. This case demonstrates successful medical management of a dog with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and PTCDI which is an uncommon occurrence in veterinary medicine.
Graphs and Grids

In this chapter we shall review some concepts from graph theory and discrete geometry which are useful in picture processing. The description of pictures in terms of graphs is quite natural and it has been done, explicitly or implicitly, in most of the literature on pictorial pattern recognition and scene analysis. Unfortunately there is wide variability in graph terminology among various users and part of the purpose of the review is to give the definitions for the terms which we will be using later on.
Star Formation Processes versus Planet Formation Processes

The processes of star formation are fundamentally different from those of planet formation. Since the mass of a very-low-mass object alone doesn't allow us to uniquely determine its basic nature, we have to look at its other characteristics, such as its motion, its age, its atmospheric composition, its internal structure and composition, etc., in order to ascertain its formation mechanism.
Mixture of Endogenous and Exogenous Protein in the Alimentary Tract

Ingestion of any meal sets off a series of neural, hormonal, chemical and me chanical stimuli which excite salivary, gas tric, hepatic, pancreatic and intestinal se cretory cells to pour out enzyme and other proteins into the lumen of the digestive tract. The magnitude of these responses indicates a large and rapid turnover of protein in the glandular tissues of the di gestive tract. The hydrolytic enzymes, other secreted proteins, and sloughed mu cosa provide enough endogenous amino acids to the mixture in the gut lumen to obliterate the unique chemical character istics of the amino acid mixture derivable solely from the ingested exogenous protein (Nasset et al., '55). A calculation made from the amino acid composition of 5 di gestive enzymes suggested that ingested protein is mixed in the gut lumen with at least an equal mass of endogenous pro tein (NA¤sset, '57). The feeding of test meals containing C14-labeledcasein, as de scribed in the present paper, provides a more direct approach to this problem. The results indicate that exogenous protein in the small intestine is mixed with more en dogenous protein than was previously sug gested. Some results of the present work appeared in a preliminary report.1 METHODS
Adaptive Fuzzy Connectedness-Based Medical Image Segmentation.

In this paper, we present an enhancement of the fuzzy connectedness-based image segmentation method based on dynamic computation of adaptive weights for the homogeneity and the directional gradient energy functions. Adaptive weights enhance the performance and robustness of the conventional fuzzy connectedness-based segmentation while decreasing the degree of user interaction. The accuracy of the adaptive fuzzy connectedness-based segmentation of typical fuzzy medical images is assessed with respect to the conventional fuzzy connectedness.
Fear of losing emotional control is associated with cognitive processing therapy outcomes in U.S. Veterans of Afghanistan and Iraq

Evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can reduce symptoms and improve veterans' psychological health. Unfortunately, many veterans leave treatment before receiving maximum benefit. Fear of emotions is related to severity of PTSD, and changes in fear of emotions are correlated with changes in PTSD symptoms. This study built upon the literature linking greater fear of emotions to PTSD severity by examining whether pretreatment fear of emotions, measured by the Affect Control Scale, was associated with completion of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and severity of posttreatment PTSD in a sample of 89 U.S. veterans who had served in Afghanistan and Iraq. About 60% of veterans completed 10 or more therapy sessions. A logistic regression on 51 of the 89 subjects that more fear of anxiety at pretreatment was associated with decreased likelihood of completing treatment, OR = 0.93, 95% CI [0.87, 1.00]. Of those veterans who completed treatment, higher fear of anger at pretreatment was negatively related to severity of PTSD posttreatment (β = -.29, p = .037), in a model with the other predictors. Assessing veterans for fear of anxiety and anger before CPT and teaching emotion regulation skills to those in need may reduce treatment dropout.
The case history of a German terrorist

Abstract Guerrilla fighters and terrorists who have sprung up in recent years, vary in their commitments and causes. Some may be motivated by their violent desire for national liberation blind to all other considerations. Others have only vague goals speaking of anti‐imperialist and anti‐authoritarian aims. They are mainly the German, Italian, and possibly Japanese terrorists who seek insoluble answers to their own conflicts. They become involved in a hopeless struggle that they cannot win; they can only destroy. This article reviews the life history of a German “urban guerrilla.” Coming from a regionally prominent family known in the arts, he suffered emotional deprivations. An attempt is made to reach an understanding of the interplay between his personal and the sociocultural conflicts of his time that may have led to his terrorist acts.
Computerized axial tomographic reconstruction of coronary tree cross sections from a small number of cineradiographic views

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the coronary tree from a conventional cineangiographic study is limited, in part, by the small number of available cineangiographic views. The potential utility of a maximum entropy iterative algorithm (MENT) for reconstruction of myocardial planes perpendicular to the axis of cineangiographic rotation from a small number (n = 6–18) of cineangiographic views was tested in vitro. The coronary arteries of postmortem human, canine, and calf hearts were filled with a silicone/thorium oxide mold to simulate in vivo angiographic contrast. Thirty-five-millimeter cineradiographs of each heart were obtained at 10° intervals over 180° about a myocardial central axis of rotation under exposure conditions which simulated the clinical setting. Projection data were derived from cinedensitometric scans across the entire myocardial shadow, perpendicular to the axis of rotation in each view, after 512 × 512 digitization with a vidicon camera/digitizer interfaced to a VAX computer. Comparison of MENT-reconstructed images with corresponding anatomic myocardial cross sections indicate that as few as 6 to 12 views can be used to reconstruct the cross sections of the multiple coronary branches (n = 6–11) within a plane of reconstruction.
Manualization of Occupational Therapy Interventions: Illustrations From the Pressure Ulcer Prevention Research Program

The manualization of a complex occupational therapy intervention is a crucial step in ensuring treatment fidelity for both clinical application and research purposes. Toward the latter end, intervention manuals are essential for ensuring trustworthiness and replicability of randomized controlled trials that aim to provide evidence of the effectiveness of occupational therapy. In this article, we review the literature on the process of intervention manualization. We then illustrate the prescribed steps through our experience in implementing the University of Southern California/Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center's collaborative Pressure Ulcer Prevention Project. In this research program, qualitative research provided the initial foundation for manualization of a multifaceted occupational therapy intervention designed to reduce the incidence of medically serious pressure ulcers in adults with spinal cord injury.
Preparation and characterization of aerogels derived from Al(OH)3 and CrO3

Abstract Aerogels containing both Al2O3 and Cr2O3 were prepared by the reduction, by alcohols, of a precursor salt solution derived from Al(OH)3 and CrO3, followed by supercritical drying in either CO2 or ethanol. TEM analyses showed a microstructure typical of aerogels, with a connected matrix of ∼10-nm diameter particles and an open pore network. Subsequent thermal processing converts the initial aerogels to a high surface-area material comprised of Al2O3 and Cr2C3. Addition of ∼6% SiO2, relative to Al results in an increased retention of surface area at high temperatures. Surface areas of the aerogels after supercritical drying ranged from 240 to 700 m2/g, while after treatment at 1000 °C values ranged from 110 to 170 m2/g. The composition which showed the greatest temperature stability was 2(0.94Al2O3 · 0.06SiO2)Cr2O3. After treatment at 1000 °C, all a samples contained a large number of crystallites of the Cr2O3 phase, eskolaite, with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 μm. An additional unidentified phase may also be present. The presence of these larger crystallites leads to a lower transmittance in the near-IR due to increased scattering.
Decline of pediatric admissions with Haemophilus influenzae type b in New York State, 1982 through 1993: Relation to immunizations

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the impact of vaccination for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) on pediatric hospital admissions in New York State, and to identify risk factors in children who continue to be admitted for Hib invasive disease. Methods: Retrospective review of hospitalizations in New York state from 1982 through 1993 and a survey of immunization records from physician offices in Monroe County, New York. Results: In 1982, 769 children were admitted to New York state hospitals for Hib-related conditions; by 1993, this had decreased to 133. Significant declines during the study period occurred in the age-adjusted admission rates for Hib meningitis, septicemia, pneumonia, and epiglottitis, but not for arthritis and osteomyelitis. In 1993 alone, 712 admissions, 18 deaths, and 135 episodes of morbidity were avoided. Since 1991, the rates of admissions for Hib-related conditions have remained fairly constant. Minority subjects continue to be twice as likely as white subjects to be admitted for invasive Hib disease (0.44 vs 0.17/100,000). Children living in urban Rochester also are more likely to be admitted and less likely to be completely immunized against Hib (61%) than those living in suburban areas (82%). Conclusions: Although Hib vaccine has had a major impact on hospital admissions for Hib-related conditions, the goal of completely eliminating Hib disease will require programs targeted at groups at high risk, such as minorities and those living in cities. (J Pediatr 1997;130:923-30)
The transient electrical response of electrochemical systems containing insertion reaction electrodes

Abstract The transient electrical response of electrochemical systems containing an insertion reaction solid-solution electrode is derived using Laplace transform methods. An electrode impedance is first calculated which allows the response of the system to any input signal to be calculated, either for the electrode alone, or in combination with other circuit elements. Effects of finite length are included and steady-state ac response is also derived. The results are illustrated by calculation of the effect of a series resistance on the rate of charge accumulation in an electrode under voltage control.
Synthesis of the benzofuran analogue of ILV, a new protein kinase C(PKC) activator

Abstract In order to probe the effect of small structural changes on the PKC activity of the natural product indolactam V (ILV), a synthesis of its benzofuran analogue was developed. This compound was found to be similar in its activity to ILV, exhibiting a Ki of 17.3 ± 3.7 nM in the displacement of [3H]PDBU from PKCα.
Conformational Interconversions in [2]Catenanes Containing a Wide Rigid Bis(p-benzyl)methyl Spacer

The conformational interconversions of four [2]catenanes (1−4) containing a dibenzo-34-crown-10 ether (BPP34C10) interlocked with rings containing two 4,4‘-dipyridiniums tethered by 1,3-bis(ethylox...
French History in the College Curriculum: Survey Results

In 1989, as it had done eight years before, the Society for French His torical Studies mailed a questionnaire on French history courses to all its members. By December 1989, 126 professors at 105 colleges and universities in the United States and Canada had responded with information on 165 courses. These responses constitute a sample which, in its global characteristics, is quite similar to the sample gathered in 1981 (see table 1).1 Neither sample, of course, is random. Quite the opposite, both are highly self-selected. Still, they are the only samples available. It is reasonable to treat them as meaningful cross-sections of the French history courses taught in the United States and Canada and to consider what they tell us about the place of French history in the college curriculum in the past decade.
A molecular recognition hypothesis for nonpeptides: Na+ K+ ATPase and endogenous digitalis-like peptides.

The molecular recognition hypothesis for peptides is that binding sites of ligands and their receptors are encoded by short, complementary segments of DNA. A corollary hypothesis for nonpeptide ligands posited here is that peptide replicas may be encoded by the DNA segment complementary to the receptor binding sites for nonpeptides. This corollary was tested for digitalis, a family of cardiotonic and natriuretic steroids including ouabain. A hexapeptide (ouabain-like peptide, OLP) complementary to a ouabain binding site on sodium/potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na+ K+ ATPase) exhibited activity in a digitalis bioassay. Antisera to the complementary peptide (OLP) stained the neurohypophysis in an immunocytochemical procedure. The complementary peptide was found to share an identical 4-amino acid region with the 39-amino acid glycopeptide moiety of the vasopressin-neurophysin precursor. This glycopeptide was isolated from pituitary extracts; it exhibited digitalis-like activity in the submicromolar range and cross-reacted with complementary peptide antibodies. Another digitalis-like substance with high activity also was detected in the extracts. These results demonstrate that the vasopressin-neurophysin glycopeptide has digitalis-like activity. Moreover, the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that peptide mimetics of nonpeptides are encoded in the genome.
Knowledge representation by conjunctive normal forms and disjunctive normal forms based on n -variable- m -dimensional fundamental clauses and phrases

Abstract In this paper, the n-variable-m-dimensional fundamental phrases and clauses are used to completely build the universal basis for the general CNF and DNF. Furthermore, the general n-variable-m-dimensional CNF and DNF are also defined in order to construct the generally standard expressions of different axiom-based CNFs and DNFs such as 11-axiom-based Boolean CNF and Boolean DNF, 9-axiom-based fuzzy CNF and fuzzy DNF, and 5-axiom-based t -norm- t -conorm CNF and t -norm- t -conorm DNF. Especially, the general algorithm to construct the general n -variable- m -dimensional CNF (DNF) from any given DNF (CNF) is proposed. In general, the intrinsic relations among the axioms, the space of the fundamental phrases (clauses), and the general CNF and DNF are briefly studied. Additionally, some interesting applications of knowledge representation by using the axiom-based CNF and DNF are also discussed. Finally, some new conclusions are drawn based on the new algorithm and the applications.