cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requirement for endocytic antigen processing and influence of invariant chain and H-2M deficiencies in CNS autoimmunity

The role of processing in antigen (Ag) presentation and T cell activation in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was evaluated in wild-type mice, mice that selectively express either Ii p31 or p41, and mice completely deficient in Ii or H-2M. We demonstrate that processing of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is required for presentation of the dominant encephalitogenic MOG epitope, p35-55. Ii p31- and p41-expressing mice developed EAE with similar incidence to wild-type mice, although p41 mice had a more severe course. Ag-presenting cells (APCs) from Ii- or H-2M-deficient mice could present p35-55, but not MOG, demonstrating that these APCs could not process native MOG. Ii- and H-2M-deficient mice were not susceptible to EAE by immunization with p35-55 or MOG or by adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic T cells. However, CD4+ T cells from p35-55-immunized H-2M-deficient mice proliferated, secreted IFN-gamma, and transferred EAE to wild-type, but not H-2M-deficient, mice. Thus, EAE resistance in H-2M-deficient mice is not due to an inability of APCs to present p35-55, or an intrinsic defect in the encephalitogenic T cell repertoire, but reflects a defect in APC function. Our results indicate that processing is required for initial Ag presentation and CNS T cell activation and suggest that autopathogenic peptides of CNS autoantigen may not be readily available for presentation without processing.
Co-cultivation of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ with Actinobacteria from Citrus with Huanglongbing

Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease, is a devastating disease of citrus caused by phloem-limited bacteria that have not been grown in culture. Three species, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', 'Ca. L. africanus', and 'Ca. L. americanus', are known. 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and its insect vector, the psyllid Diaphorina citri, have been recently introduced into Florida. We attempted to isolate 'Ca. L. asiaticus' using media formulations developed in response to the growth of another bacterium that appears to be related to the liberibacters based on 16S rRNA gene identities. Cultures were obtained that were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. However, transmission electron microscope examination of the culture, PCR using generic primers, and sequencing of the PCR products revealed the presence of other bacteria in the cultures. These were actinobacteria related to Propionibacterium acnes based on 16S rRNA identities. The co-cultures remained after attempts to purify the cultures by single-colony isolation, suggesting that the bacteria might be mutually beneficial to each other in culture. The co-cultures have survived more than 10 weekly passages to fresh medium. PCR using P. acnes-specific primers indicated that actinobacteria are common inhabitants of citrus and psyllids, whether or not 'Ca. L. asiaticus' is present.
Neuroimaging Research with Children: Ethical Issues and Case Scenarios.

There are few available resources for learning and teaching about ethical issues in neuroimaging research with children, who constitute a special and vulnerable population. Here, a brief review of ethical issues in developmental research, situated within the emerging field of neuroethics, highlights the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of research with children. Traditional boundaries between behavioural, psychological, neuroscientific and educational research are being blurred by multidisciplinary studies of learning and human development. Developmental and educational researchers need to be aware of the ethical quandaries inherent in such research, and moral educators need to encourage researchers to consider the ethical aspects of developmental neuroimaging. To this end, fictional case scenarios were designed to address two topics in the ethical conduct of neuroimaging research with children: inadvertent findings in paediatric neuroimaging and inclusion of young children in pharmacological clinica...
The effects of non-stoichiometry and dopants in nanocrystalline cerium oxide-based catalysts on redox reactions

Abstract Nanocrystalline pure and doped non-stoichiometric CeO 2−x were synthesized by inert gas condensation. These materials were investigated as catalyst for redox reactions such as SO 2 reduction by CO, and CO oxidation by O 2 . By controlling the stoichiometry of the oxide catalyst, the effect of bulk oxygen-deficiency on surface catalytic activity was revealed. Nanocrystalline CeO t-x catalysts exhibited high catalytic activity, reversibility, and excellent resistance against deactivation by CO 2 . Cu-doping of CeO 2−x was found to further promote catalytic activity. Nanocrystalline homogeneous CuCe mixed-metal oxide was synthesized by magnetron sputtering from a mixed metal target. Annealing at 650°C resulted in Cu segregation and formation of CuO clusters. Catalytic activity in CO oxidation by O 2 was not affected by this annealing treatment. STEM Cu elemental mapping illustrated that although some large CuO clusters were formed in thermal treatments, substantial Cu still remained highly dispersed.
Framing the elusive concept of sustainability: A sustainability hierarchy

Usage of the word “sustainability” is widespread and incorporates a plethora of meanings. After reviewing four extant sustainability frameworks, we propose a Sustain ability Hierarchy to structure a broad array of issues that have been associated with sustainability. These issues vary widely in their urgency, severity and uncertainty of consequences, and temporal and spatial dimensions. It categorizes actions some view as unsustainable based on their direct or indirect potential to (i) endanger the survival of humans; (ii) impair human health, (iii) cause species extinction or violate human rights; or (iv) reduce quality of life or have consequences that are inconsistent with other values, beliefs, or aesthetic preferences. Effects considered include impediments to the ecosystem functions that support human life, human health, and species viability. This paper argues that for sustainability to become a more meaningful concept, the many worthy issues in the fourth category (values, beliefs, and aesthetic p...
Permo-Triassic arthropod trace fossils from the Beardmore Glacier area, central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

Permian and Triassic lacustrine and fluvial-system deposits in the Beardmore Glacier area of the Transantarctic Mountains preserve a superb record of continental environments and evidence of life on extensive bedding plane exposures. They yielded the first invertebrate trackways reported from continental Permo-Triassic deposits of Antarctica, here assigned to the ichnogenera Diplichnites and Diplopodichnus, which were probably produced by myriapodous arthropods. A resting trace is compared to Orbiculichnus and interpreted as generated by a jumping insect. Plant life is represented by leaf impressions, fossil forests and peat, vertebrates by body and trace fossils, and invertebrate shallow infauna by near surface burrows. The small number and diversity of trackways recovered from the large bedding plane exposures suggest that trackway-producing arthropods were rare at these high southern palaeolatitudes.
Approximate solutions of systems of fuzzy relation equations

We generalize our previous results regarding approximate solutions of fuzzy relation equations (Yuan and Klir, 1993) to systems of fuzzy relation equations. By employing the equality index proposed by Gottwald (1985), we introduce a goodness measure of the performance of approximate solutions and derive a lower bound and an upper bound of solvability of systems of fuzzy relation equations. We also show that our results generalize those presented for one-dimensional fuzzy relation equations (Nola et al., 1989). >
Software defined radio for broadband OFDM protocols

We describe new concepts in broadband software define radio architectures optimized for very high bandwidth wireless communication protocols. This is important since a trend in wireless communication transceivers is the adoption of increasingly sophisticated radio link algorithms which maximize utility functions consisting of network capacity, data rate reliability, and throughput. Many prior efforts in software defined radio suffer from either a presumption that sufficiently high clock rates exist to employ traditional single instruction multiple data (SIMD) multi-processor architectures or that renaissance programmers are available to convert thousand page wireless protocol specifications into fine-grain data flow graphs at the operation level. The challenge for new generations of software defined radio is to maintain flexibility whiles simultaneously supporting computationally efficient broadband communication algorithms and ease of programming. Our system architecture is viable for wide varieties of communication protocols and physical data channels. We focus principally on OFDM transceiver styles due to their bandwidth scalability and their popularity in many next generation wireless air interfaces. Our SDR system jointly minimizes power, maximize algorithm flexibility, and to enable rapid software re-programming. We feel that these concepts are critical for the adoption of software defined radio in 21st century broadband wireless networks.
A Maximum Likelihood Estimator of Channel Impulse Response

It is assumed that a receiver's input is a digital signal corrupted by white Gaussian noise. The information symbols in the digital data stream are in general allowed to be correlated. The small signal maximum likelihood estimate of the channel impulse response is derived. We show that the estimator problem leads to a generalized eigenvalue problem. An example is presented.
The timing of TCRα expression critically influences T cell development and selection

Sequential rearrangement of the T cell receptor for antigen (TCR) β and α chains is a hallmark of thymocyte development. This temporal control is lost in TCR transgenics because the α chain is expressed prematurely at the CD4 − CD8 − double negative (DN) stage. To test the importance of this, we expressed the HY α chain at the physiological CD4 + CD8 + double positive (DP) stage. The reduced DP and increased DN cellularity typically seen in TCR transgenics was not observed when the α chain was expressed at the appropriate stage. Surprisingly, antigen-driven selection events were also altered. In male mice, thymocyte deletion now occurred at the single positive or medullary stage. In addition, no expansion of CD8 αα intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) was observed, despite the fact that HY transgenics have been used to model IEL development. Collectively, these data establish the importance of proper timing of TCR expression in thymic development and selection and emphasize the need to use models that most accurately reflect the physiologic process.
Blitzograms---Interactive Histograms

You probably know how to ride a bicycle, but would you even recognize the equations of bicycle motion? The equations are clearly not necessary for riding a bike, but are they sufficient? Suppose, that upon seeing your first bicycle, you had derived the equations of motion from scratch, starting with F=ma. Would you shout “Eureka” then jump on and start riding? No, the equations of motion are irrelevant to riding a bicycle. Designing a bicycle maybe, but riding one, no way. We learn to ride through interactions with bicycles using our hands and the seats of our pants. Michael Polanyi (1983) has referred to this as tacit learning as opposed to the formal learning required to understand equations. I will demonstrate below, a path toward gaining a tacit understanding of the concept of probability distributions.
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of childhood brain tumors

Considerable progress has been made toward improving survival for children with brain tumors, and yet there is still relatively little known regarding the molecular genetic events that contribute to tumor initiation or progression. Nonrandom patterns of chromosomal deletions in several types of childhood brain tumors suggest that the loss or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are critical events in tumorigenesis. Deletions of chromosomal regions 10q, 11 and 17p, and example, are frequent events in medulloblastoma, whereas loss of a region within 22q11.2, which contains the INI1 gene, is involved in the development of atypical teratoid and rhabdoid tumors. A review of the cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes identified to date in childhood brain tumors will be presented.
Holocene and deglacial ocean temperature variability in the Benguela upwelling region: Implications for low-latitude atmospheric circulation

[1] Mg/Ca analyses of G. bulloides and abundances of N. pachyderma (left coiling) from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 175 Hole 1084B in the Benguela coastal upwelling system document lower sea surface temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Younger Dryas, mid-Holocene, and Little Ice Age in the southeastern Atlantic. Taking into consideration the possible effects of differential carbonate dissolution, the Mg/Ca data indicate Younger Dryas temperatures 2°–3°C cooler than those of the early Holocene and LGM temperatures 4°–5°C cooler than those of the early Holocene. The cool interval during the deglacial period at Hole 1084B matches the timing of Younger Dryas shifts in Cariaco Basin and Greenland Ice Sheet records and that of a nearby alkenone record. Comparison of mid-Holocene cooling at Hole ODP1084B with other high-resolution records of Holocene and last deglacial sea surface temperatures from the tropical Atlantic implies consistent basin-wide changes in atmospheric circulation. A brief period of 1.5°–2°C cooling between 17.8 and 17.2 ka, if related to Heinrich event 1, is consistent with a previously hypothesized tropical origin of all Heinrich climate change events.
3-D multispectral monitoring of living cell signaling using confocal imaging and FPGA processing

Online control of living cell signal propagation experiments is being facilitated with field programmable gate array (FPGA) processing. The technology approach captures confocal fluorescence microscopy imagery in a manner that real-time, live-cell chemical signaling can be monitored during an experiment for extended time periods. The experiments obtain quantitative, spatial characteristics of the cell chemistry from the imagery through analysis, following a localized perturbation stimulus. The construction of a high-speed, confocal microscope provides simultaneous, two color image acquisition, at speeds of up to 30 fps, allowing near-real-time fluorescent resonance energy transfer and subsequent ratiometric, chemical signaling analysis. The FPGA provides real-time image processing hardware for observing adjustments of the microscope settings as the images are received, using real-time image registration and fusion algorithms displayed through a user interface.
Toward a reconstruction of `creativity' in music education

Creativity in human endeavours is being discussed and promoted in many fields and venues throughout the Western world. In this paper I discuss reasons for the current emphasis on creativity, especially in music education. I also describe some philosophical, psychological, cultural, and political/social/economic factors that have worked for and against the teaching of creativity in school music programmes, while recognising that technology also plays an important role.No poet shall compose anything in contravention of the public standards of law and right, honour and good…–Plato (Laws: VII: 28)
A Three-Subunit Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Free Flap for Single-Stage Coverage of the Hand and Three Adjacent Fingers:

A latissimus dorsi muscle flap was used to simultaneously resurface the dorsal index, middle, and ring fingers of a 10-year-old child who had sustained a severe abrasion burn from a go-kart injury. Rather than performing multiple individual flaps, or a single flap in which a secondary division procedure would have been needed, the flap was divided into three vascular territories, permitting a single-stage reconstruction. Use of this strategy minimized the need for prolonged rehabilitation, and the functional outcome was optimized.
Band Synchronization in the Control Channel of Cognitive Radio Systems: A Collaboration Game

Control channel design is an important issue in cognitive radio systems. One potential approach is to use licensed frequency bands and opportunistic spectrum access for conveying control messages. Multiple frequency bands should be reserved to meet the requirement of high reliability for control channel. However, the availabilities of these bands may be asymmetric at the transmitter and receiver. A bad design of control channel may cause deadlock, e.g. the transmitter keeps transmitting at one band which is unavailable for the receiver. Therefore, band synchronization for control channel is studied to avoid deadlock and achieve reliable connection. The band synchronization is considered as a two-party collaboration game and is then studied using game theory. For one-stage case, conditions of Bayesian equilibrium are proposed and explicit expressions are obtained for two-band case. For multiple-stage case, a heuristic algorithm is proposed. Numerical results show that the band synchronization algorithms can achieve good synchronization probability and thus yield a reliable control channel.
Tapping as a measure of cognitive load and website usability

This article examines how cognitive load theory applies to website design and then considers using a tapping test as a practical method of measuring cognitive load. By identifying the design elements causing cognitive overload, the designer can potentially redesign the website to reduce it. The results of a pilot tapping test study are discussed which respect to its ability to determine if it can identify points of cognitive overload in a design. The results showed that the tapping test was an acceptable method, which could be easily integrated into current usability testing procedures.
Type 2 Diabetes and Glycemic Response to Grapes or Grape Products

Type 2 diabetes affects approximately 7% of the population in the United States and is characterized by decreased disposal of glucose in peripheral tissues due to insulin resistance and overproduction of glucose by the liver, defects in pancreatic beta-cell function, and decreased beta-cell mass. Obesity, decreased physical exercise, and consumption of foods with a high glycemic index (GI) and load are major predisposing factors in the development of type 2 diabetes. The GI is used to evaluate the rise in blood glucose levels in response to food. The GI provides an indication of the quality of carbohydrate in a food. The glycemic load (GL) is used to provide information about the quantity of carbohydrates in a food and the insulin demand. Individuals with diabetes are advised to maintain a diet of low-GL foods, because low-GL diets improve diabetes symptoms. Grapes have a mean GI and GL in the low range. Little research has been performed with grapes and/or grape products to determine the glycemic response either alone or with a meal. Grapes and other fruits contain numerous polyphenols, including the stilbene resveratrol, the flavanol quercetin, catechins, and anthocyanins that have shown potential for reducing hyperglycemia, improving beta-cell function, and protecting against beta-cell loss. Therefore, with a low mean GI and GL, grapes or grape products may provide health benefits to type 2 diabetics.
Emergency Assistance in Laboratory Development for Control of Avian Influenza in Laos and Cambodia

Avian influenza (AI) diagnostic laboratories in Laos and Cambodia have been established recently to conduct AI surveillance and diagnostic tests to coordinate regional efforts for the control of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in South East Asia. Two laboratories have been provisioned with equipment, supplies, and reagents for routine diagnostic testing. Laboratory staff has received training to conduct serologic and virologic tests for isolation and identification of AI virus. Development of a disease reporting system and an AI surveillance program is in progress in Laos and Cambodia. There are plans to further upgrade laboratory facilities and to provide more comprehensive and advanced molecular diagnostic tests for control of HPAI in Laos and Cambodia. These two countries are on the frontline in the battle to fight HPAI H5N1 virus and to prevent it from spreading to other regions and mutating to a major human pathogen.
An Analysis Of The Return Dependence Between Large And Small Capitalization Stocks

In a Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation (SURE) framework, we examine the Granger-causal linkages between the monthly returns of small and large market capitalization stocks. Our initial results confirm that the returns of large stocks lead those of smaller stocks as reported by Lo and MacKinlay (1988). However, such causality disappears once we account for the small-firm January effect, the feedback of monetary policy, and the expectation of a recession. Thus, we attribute the lead-lag pattern correlation to model misspecification that fails to incorporate the macroeconomic environment and its seasonality.
Threshold pion photoproduction of nucleons in the chiral quark model.

In this paper, we show that the low energy theorem (LET) of threshold pion photoproduction can be fully recovered in the quark model. An essential result of this investigation is that the quark-pion operators are obtained from the effective chiral Lagrangian, and the low energy theorem does not require constraints on the internal structures of the nucleon. Changing from pseudovector to pseudoscalar quark-pion couplings generates an additional term at order \ensuremath{\mu}=${\mathit{m}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$/M only in the isospin amplitude ${\mathit{A}}^{(\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}})}$. The role of the transitions between the nucleon and the resonance ${\mathit{P}}_{33}$(1232) or P-wave baryons is also discussed; we find that the leading contributions to the isospin amplitudes at O(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{2}$) are from the transition between the P-wave baryons and the nucleon, and from the charge radius of the nucleon. The leading contribution from the P-wave baryons only affects neutral pion production, and improves the agreement with data significantly. The transition between the resonance ${\mathit{P}}_{33}$(1232) and the nucleon only gives an order ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{3}$ correction to ${\mathit{A}}^{(\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}})}$.
Particle-hole strength excited in the 48Ca(p,n)48Sc reaction at 134 and 160 MeV: ( pi f7/2, nu f7/2-1) band.

The $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$(p,n${)}^{48}$Sc reaction was studied at 134 and 160 MeV. Neutron energy spectra were measured by the time-of-flight technique with resolutions from 320 to 460 keV at 11 angles from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} spaced approximately 6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} apart. The neutron spectra reveal strong excitation of the (\ensuremath{\pi}${f}_{7/2}$,\ensuremath{\nu}${f}_{7/2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) band of states at low excitation energies; five of the known eight members of the band are excited strongly, generally consistent with distorted-wave-impulse-approximation calculations with 1f-2p shell-model wave functions. The normalization of the distorted-wave-impulse-approximation calculations to the extracted angular distributions at 135 MeV vary from 0.40 for the ${5}^{+}$ state to 0.93 for the ${0}^{+}$, isobaric analog state. The normalization factor of 0.60 required for the ${7}^{+}$, stretched-state transition is significantly larger than those required for similar distorted-wave-impulse-approximation calculations of various stretched-state excitations observed in inelastic proton scattering, which involve promoting a nucleon up into the next major shell (a ``1 \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}'' excitation). The larger normalization factor required for the (\ensuremath{\pi}${f}_{7/2}$,\ensuremath{\nu}${f}_{7/2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) ${7}^{+}$ excitation (a ``0 \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}'' excitation) indicates that this strength is more highly concentrated in a single state. The ${4}^{+}$ and ${6}^{+}$ states of this band are observed to be only weakly excited, consistent with predictions that transitions dominated by the tensor term of the nucleon-nucleon interaction will predominantly excite non-normal parity states. The excitation of the ${2}^{+}$ member of this band shows both \ensuremath{\Delta}l=0 and \ensuremath{\Delta}l=2 contributions to the angular distribution and may indicate significant two-step processes for this transition.
Shell maps

A shell map is a bijective mapping between shell space and texture space that can be used to generate small-scale features on surfaces using a variety of modeling techniques. The method is based upon the generation of an offset surface and the construction of a tetrahedral mesh that fills the space between the base surface and its offset. By identifying a corresponding tetrahedral mesh in texture space, the shell map can be implemented through a straightforward barycentric-coordinate map between corresponding tetrahedra. The generality of shell maps allows texture space to contain geometric objects, procedural volume textures, scalar fields, or other shell-mapped objects.
Abstract OP-02: Accelerating cancer prevention through individual behavior and public health approaches

We must overcome skepticism that cancer can be prevented, and harness current knowledge to translate and implement effective programs that will reduce the global cancer burden. More than half of cancer can be prevented through effective prevention strategies that are not routinely implemented. These include changes through health care providers, through regulations to reduce our cancer risk, and through community and individual behavior changes. Effective prevention programs require all components of a prevention strategy to work together to reinforce changes that reduce the burden of cancer. Yet we do not act to prevention more than half of all cancers in high income countries where smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity and poor diet are dominant causes of cancer. In low and middle income countries, infection causes 25% of all cancers. We must align the time frame for research and outcomes to more directly relate to the time course of cancer development and the long time interval between successful interventions and reductions in cancer burden. Cancer incidence may be reduced 10 to 40 or more years after effective interventions. Accordingly, as prevention pays off over decades, we must communicate the time frame and align expectations for reducing the cancer burden with the underling knowledge of cancer etiology and prevention. Society must accept this time frame to commit resources to prevention. Infrastructure for academic and public health units to effectively achieve prevention goals will be discussed. A great emphasis and reward for implementing effective prevention programs is urgently needed to arrest the global cancer epidemic. Citation Format: Graham A. Colditz. Accelerating Cancer Prevention Through Individual Behavior and Public Health Approaches. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr OP-02.
Wearable holographic 3D display system

This talk introduces two types of holographic 3D display systems. One system realizes the 3D display by microlens array and the other modulates the wave front in real time based on the complex amplitude modulation. Article not available.
Protective effect of dl-3n-butyphthalide against cortical neuron injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation in rats

Objective To investigate the protective effect of dl-3n-butyphthalide on the injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation in primary cultured cortical neurons of rats. Methods The hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model of cortical neurons was established in primary cultured Wistar rat cortical neurons.The model rats were randomized into 4 groups:model group and dl-3n-butyphthalide groups.The model rats in dl-3n-butyphthalide groups were given different doses of dl-3n-butyphthalide(0.01,0.1,1.0 μmol/L),respectively.The vitality of neurons was tested by CCK-8 colorimetric assay,and the concentration changes of the free calcium ion labeled with Fluo-3/AM in neurons were detected by confocal laser scanning microscope. Results The decrease of neuronal vitality induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner after giving d1-3n-butyphthalide.The increment of intracellular free calcium ion induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation was also inhibited after giving d1-3n-butyphthalide(P0.01). Conclusion Dl-3n-butyphthalide can partially antagonize calcium overload induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation in primary cultured rat cortical neurons,which may be a significant mechanism of the protective effect of dl-3n-butyphthalide on neurotoxicity.
Occiput posterior: Incidence, significance, and management

Abstract Occiput posterior and occiput anterior occurred with about equal frequency in this series of 2,130 cases, where more than the usual care was taken to arrive at an early and accurate diagnosis. Occiput posterior was characterized by a somewhat longer first stage of labor. The difference, however, is not over one to one and one-half hours and the first stage in occiput right posterior is probably not much, if any, longer than in occiput anterior. The difference in the second stage is a matter of a few minutes only. Operative delivery, particularly low forceps, is more frequent in occiput left posterior than in the other three positions by about three cases in each one hundred. Fetal mortality is no greater in occiput posterior than in occiput anterior under the plan of management employed for this series. It should be noted that no pituitary extract was given previous to the delivery of the placenta and anesthesia was confined to nitrous oxide plus morphine on indication. Maternal morbidity was about 3 per cent greater for occiput left posterior than for the other three positions. Spontaneous internal rotation occurred in about 94 per cent of occiput posterior as compared with not over 96 per cent of occiput anterior. Inasmuch as nearly half of the unrotated babies were delivered spontaneously without injury to the mother and without a single fetal death, the problem of failure of spontaneous internal rotation would seem to be not greater than 3 per cent for occiput anterior and 3.5 per cent for occiput posterior. Our present attitude toward occiput posterior is identical to our attitude toward occiput anterior, except that we realize that patience to the extent of about one hour more of waiting is required. Williams 4 has, previously, expressed a similar attitude.
Economics of Utilizing Alternative Containers in Ornamental Crop Production Systems

As high-input systems, plant production facilities for liner and container plants use large quantities of water, fertilizers, chemical pesticides, plastics, and labor. The use of renewable and biodegradable inputs for growing aesthetically pleasing and healthy plants could potentially improve the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of current production systems. However, costs for production components to integrate sustainable practices into established systems have not been fully explored to date. Our objectives were to determine the economic costs of commercial production systems using alternative containers in aboveground nursery systems. We determined the cost of production (COP) budgets for two woody plant species grown in several locations across the United States. Plants were grown in plastic pots and various alternative pots made from wood pulp (WP), fabric (FB), keratin (KT), and coconut fiber (coir). Cost of production inputs for aboveground nursery systems included the plant itself (liner), liner shipping costs, pot, pot shipping costs, substrate, substrate shipping costs, municipal water, and labor. Our results show that the main difference in the COP is the price of the pot. Although alternative containers could potentially increase water demands, water is currently an insignificant cost in relation to the entire production process. Use of alternative containers could reduce the carbon, water, and chemical footprints of nurseries and greenhouses; however, the cost of alternative containers must become more competitive with plastic to make them an acceptable routine choice for commercial growers.
NEURON's built-in editor

Many people are already comfortable with their own text editor and will find it most convenient to load text files into hoc with the xopen () or load_file() command. However, NEURON has a built-in editor that is closely related, if not identical, to MicroEMACS (http://uemacs.tripod.com/), and which we will simply call “emacs.” In this era of richly menued, GUI-based editing software, NEURON's tiny emacs editor is definitely showing its age, and no one would ever confuse it with the much more powerful EMACS that has Lisp-like syntax (Cameron and Rosenblatt 1991). Nonetheless, it is quite capable and has the advantage of having the same “look and feel” on all platforms. Like EMACS, emacs is a command-driven editor with modes and multiple buffers. What does this mean? Being “command-driven” means that there are no menus or buttons to click on with a mouse. Instead, special keystrokes, like the “keyboard shortcuts” in other editors, are used as commands to the editor. Having “modes” implies that some of these commands change how emacs responds to what you type, like the way many editors can be switched between “insert” and “replace” mode. The notion of “buffers” may seem strange, but if you have ever used any kind of editor or word processing software, then you have almost certainly worked with buffers even if you didn't realize it.
Computational models for simulations of lithium-ion battery modules under quasi-static and dynamic constrained compression tests

ABSTRACTA computational model is developed for simulations of representative volume element (RVE) specimens of lithium-ion battery modules under in-plane constrained compression tests. The model is based on the mechanical properties of the heat dissipater, the foam and the macro behaviour of the cell under quasi-static loading conditions. The semi-homogenised computational model allows for computational efficiency with sacrifice of the detailed buckling behaviour of the battery cell components. The results from the model under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions are compared to those from experiments. The nominal stress-strain responses of the specimen and the deformation patterns of the heat dissipater obtained from the computational results compare fairly well with the experimental results. Both experimental and computational results show that for the given dynamic displacement rates the nominal stress at which the heat dissipater begins to buckle under dynamic loading conditions is about twice ...
Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Levels at 5 min Can Identify Multigland Disease.

Background Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring is crucial in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Often, the 5 min IOPTH levels fall, but not by the requisite 50 %. In such cases, the surgeon must decide whether to wait for additional levels or to continue exploration. This study aimed to evaluate the 5 min drop in IOPTH for distinguishing single adenomas (SA) from multigland disease.
An integrated wavelength locker for waveguide DEMUXes

A simple technique for precisely monitoring a reference wavelength in order to lock the wavelength channels of a waveguide demultiplexer is proposed and experimentally verified. It incorporates a differential wavelength monolithically integrated on the DEMUX.
Sign of Pathology: U.S. Medical Rhetoric on Abortion, 1800s–1960s, by Nathan Stormer

While recently browsing online news, my eyes wandered to a particularly enticing headline: “Abortion Rates Drop to Historic Low in Wealthy Countries.” Eagerly, I clicked the link and was brought to...
Where Do We Stand? An Exploratory Analysis of Confidence in African Court Systems

As an exploratory analysis, this research investigates the factors influencing public confidence in the court systems of five African nations; namely, South Africa, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Mali and Zambia. Incorporating frequency descriptive measurements and ordinal logistic regression, this research provides a comparative assessment across varying political, cultural, social and historical contexts to foster continued research within the criminal justice institutions, specifically the courts. The findings indicate that public confidence in the courts remains high, despite popular speculation to the contrary. There were, however, varying levels of confidence between the five nations; differences at theoretical and practical levels are discussed.
A New Southern Strategy of Multigroup Oppression: A Response to Standard White by Michael Morris

Building on a recent essay by Michael Morris in California Law Review, shows how conservative strategists deploy regional animus against Latinos to improve GOP electoral prospects and set one minority group against another to the detriment of both.
High-Dose Mitoxantrone-Based Induction Therapy in Newly-Diagnosed AML. Results of 171 Patients Treated at NYMC between 1991–2003.

We developed a high dose mitoxantrone-based induction regimen based on the steep dose-response curve for mitoxantrone. Currently we report long-term results of the treatment of patients with newly-diagnosed AML with a single high dose of mitoxantrone combined with once daily cytarabine. One-hundred sixty-five patients treated on four studies of high-dose mitoxantrone-based induction therapy are included. Study 1: Phase II study, age Induction: mitoxantrone 80 mg/m 2 x 1, ara-C 3 gm/m 2 /d x 5, VP-16 150 mg/m 2 /d qod x 3. Consolidation: 5 mos ara-C x 4d with mitoxantrone 20 mg/m 2 months 3 + 5, and with VP-16 150 mg/m 2 x 2 months 4 + 6. Study 2: randomized study of high vs standard dose mitoxantrone with ara-C in pts ≥ 60 yrs. Pts did not receive consolidation. Only pts with high dose mitoxantrone are included here. Study 3: Same as study 1 except pts received ATRA 45 mg/m 2 x 3 doses. Pts Study 4: Pts ≥ 60 yrs, same as study 2 + temozolomide postremission therapy. In each study, pts with prior antecedent hematologic disorder (AHD) or secondary AML were included . Median age: 59 (21–88); M/F: 91/80; cytogenetics(SWOG): good:13%, intermediate:50%, poor:26%, indeterminate:5%, IM:6%; Prior AHD: 32% of pts. The median follow up time is 65.9 months (95% CI: 55.7–86.2 months). The overall complete remission rate was 64%, with responses in 78% of patients less than 60 years of age and 52% of patients 60 years of age or older. The median duration of response is 21.2 months and 8.0 months, and overall survival is 15.4 months and 7.6 months, respectively. For a subset of patients who would be eligible for most US trials, the complete remission rate was 84% in younger patients and 60% in older patients. The median duration of response was 39.0 months and 8.2 months, and the median overall survival was 19.4 months and 7.6 months, respectively. Prospective analysis of secondary cytogenetic abnormalities showed such changes in 9 patients. Three of these were at the time of relapse, 3 had spontaneous resolution of these abnormalities, and 3 had MDS that evolved to AML. Two of the latter patients had Neurofibromatosis Type-1. Asymptomatic decreases in ejection fraction were common, however only 2 patients developed clinically significant cardiac dysfunction. The efficacy of these regimens compared favorably to results reported with standard “3+7” regimens. Use of a once-daily cytarabine regimen resulted in almost no neurotoxicity and allowed for administration of consolidation in the outpatient setting.
Methodology for the National Water Savings Models- Indoor Residential and Commercial/Institutional Products, and Outdoor Residential Products.

Author(s): Schein, Jonah; Chan, Peter; Chen, Yuting; Dunham, Camilla; Fuchs, Heidi; Letschert, Virginie; McNeil, Michael; Melody, Moya; Price, Sarah; Stratton, Hannah; Williams, Alison | Abstract: Since 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has operated WaterSense® in partnership with manufacturers, utilities, and consumer groups. Similar to EPA’s ENERGY STAR® role for energy-efficient products, WaterSense® employs a labeling system to identify water-efficient products, homes, and services. As of 2015, the WaterSense® program can claim credit for a total savings of 1.5 trillion gallons of water and $32.6 billion in consumer water and energy bills. Savings are tracked in the National Water Savings (NWS) model that combines innovative analyses with methodologies established in the energy sector. Merging life-cycle cost and national impact analysis models, the NWS model estimates savings from a bottom-up accounting method for individual products. The model extends those savings to the national level by employing parameters such as frequency of product use by number of people and building type, product lifetime, stock accounting, and market saturation. The NWS model tracks the water and consumer monetary savings of WaterSense-labeled products for residential and commercial water use both indoors and out.
Postprandial gut microbiota-driven choline metabolism links dietary cues to adipose tissue dysfunction.

The human body is an integrated circuit between microbial symbionts and our Homo sapien genome, which communicate bi-directionally to maintain homeostasis within the human meta-organism. There is n...
Water choice as a counterstrategy to faecally transmitted disease: an experimental study in captive lemurs

Many parasites and pathogens are transmitted via water, including through faecal contamination of water sources. Yet water is essential for survival, and some species gain nutritional and other benefits from coprophagy. We investigated how primates balance the risks of faecal pathogen transmission with potential benefits of faeces ingestion in their selection of water sources by conducting behavioural experiments with five species of lemurs (Family Lemuridae) in captivity. Subjects were given a choice between clean water and water ‘contaminated’ with disinfected faecal material, which contained cues associated with faecally transmitted parasites, but minimal risk. We found that lemurs exhibited strong preferences for the clean water. This pattern was supported even at low levels of faecal contamination and in species adapted to water-limited habitats, for which choosiness about water quality could present a dehydration risk. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that avoiding faecal contamination is important in water selection.
Do Downscaled General Circulation Models Reliably Simulate Historical Climatic Conditions

AbstractThe accuracy of statistically downscaled (SD) general circulation model (GCM) simulations of monthly surface climate for historical conditions (1950–2005) was assessed for the conterminous ...
DNAJC5 facilitates USP19-dependent unconventional secretion of misfolded cytosolic proteins

Cell-to-cell transmission of misfolded proteins propagates proteotoxic stress in multicellular organisms when transmitted polypeptides serve as a seeding template to cause protein misfolding in recipient cells, but how misfolded proteins are released from cells to initiate this process is unclear. Misfolding-associated protein secretion (MAPS) is an unconventional protein-disposing mechanism that specifically exports misfolded cytosolic proteins including various neurodegenerative disease-causing proteins. Here we establish the HSC70 co-chaperone DNAJC5 as an essential mediator of MAPS. USP19, a previously uncovered MAPS regulator binds HSC70 and acts upstream of HSC70 and DNAJC5. We further show that as a membrane-associated protein localized preferentially to late endosomes and lysosomes, DNAJC5 can chaperone MAPS client proteins to the cell exterior. Intriguingly, upon secretion, misfolded proteins can be taken up through endocytosis and eventually degraded in the lysosome. Collectively, these findings suggest a transcellular protein quality control regulatory pathway in which a deubiquitinase-chaperone axis forms a “triaging hub”, transferring aberrant polypeptides from stressed cells to healthy ones for disposal.
A Case of Severe Legionella Pneumonia following the Second Treatment Course of Alemtuzumab Infusion for Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P5.352)

Objective: To present a case of Legionella Pneumonia following treatment with Alemtuzumab. Background: Alemtuzumab is an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody that has been approved for use in treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Its depletion of T and B cells makes respiratory infections a common adverse event, and more serious pulmonary infections have recently been described. There has been only one case report of Legionella pneumonia after treatment with Alemtuzumab. We present a second case of Legionella pneumonia after the second course of Alemtuzumab infusion. Design/Methods: A 35 year old male with RRMS was previously treated with Copaxone (four years), Tecfidera (six months) and eventually transitioned to Alemtuzumab for disease progression. During his second annual infusion with Alemtuzumab, he developed severe chest pain and shortness of breath. He was eventually admitted and transferred to the ICU for urgent intubation due to ARDS. CT chest showed diffuse nodular and mass-like consolidations. Work-up showed a positive Legionella urine antigen and culture from broncheoalveolar lavage. He was treated with azithromycin followed by levofloxacin. He showed clinical improvement and was discharged to complete 21 days of levofloxacin. Repeat chest CT one month after discharged showed persistence of nodular and mass-like consolidations but with interval improvement. Results: N/A Conclusions: Alemtuzumab is a highly effective yet potent treatment for RRMS. We report only the second case of Legionella pneumonia, occurring the last day of infusion (second course). The first case report of Legionella pneumonia occurred five days after infusion (first course). Other case reports of severe pulmonary infections have occurred days to weeks after the end of an infusion cycle. Due to the consistent timing of these rare infections, practitioners may want to reinforce best practices to prevent infections during this time period. This further highlights the need to diligently prevent and monitor this population for severe respiratory infections. Disclosure: Dr. Spurgeon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abbatemarco has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rensel has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Dr. Mary Rensel serves as a consultant or speaker for Biogen, Teva, Genzyme and Novartis. Dr. Rensel has received research support from Medimmune.
Portacaval Shunting for Portal Hypertension

Normal portal venous blood pressure varies between 5 and 10 mmHg. Portal hypertension exists when the pressure gradient between the portal and systemic venous circulation exceeds 5 mmHg. Portal hypertension is a sequela of cirrhosis in more than 90% of cases. Most common clinical manifestations include variceal bleeding, intractable ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Decompression of the portal system by the creation of shunts between the portal and systemic veins is a well-recognized option for the treatment of portal hypertension. Various surgical and percutaneous techniques have been used to create these shunts. In this chapter, we will discuss the types of portocaval shunts, their indications and contraindications, a brief technical description of their creation, and their outcomes and complications.