cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Model for the Acute and Chronic Evaluation of Intra-Aneurysmal Pressure

PURPOSE To develop an animal model for the acute and chronic monitoring of pressure within abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) to be treated with endovascular grafts. METHODS A strain-gauge pressure transducer was placed within an AAA created from a prosthetic vascular graft. Prosthetic aneurysms were implanted into 17 canine infrarenal aortas. The intra-aneurysmal pressure was monitored and correlated with noninvasive forelimb sphygmomanometry for 2 weeks. After this time, an intravascular manometer catheter was passed into the aneurysm. Simultaneous pressure measurements were obtained using the implanted strain-gauge pressure transducer, the manometer catheter, and the forelimb sphygmomanometer. Angiography was performed to assess intraluminal morphology, aneurysm anastomoses, and adjoining aortic vessels. In addition, two control animals underwent intra-aneurysmal pressure monitoring after standard surgical aneurysm repair. RESULTS There was excellent correlation (r = 0.97) between the pressure measurements obtained with the implanted strain-gauge pressure transducer and the intravascular manometer. Close correlation was also observed between the implanted strain-gauge transducer and the forelimb sphygmomanometer (r = 0.88) during postprocedural monitoring. Intra-aneurysmal pressure was lowered dramatically by surgical exclusion (aneurysm: 15/5 +/- 7/4 mmHg; systemic: 124/66 +/- 34/17 mmHg; p < 0.001). The prosthetic aneurysms were successfully imaged with angiography. CONCLUSIONS This animal model provides an accurate and reproducible means for measuring intra-aneurysmal pressure on an acute and chronic basis. It may be possible to use this model in the assessment of endovascular devices to determine their efficacy in reducing intra-aneurysmal pressure. Evaluation of complications associated with their use, such as patent aneurysm side branches, perigraft channels, and perianastomotic reflux, may also be possible.
Drug discovery: Diversifying complexity.

A synthetic strategy that uses a series of simple reactions to distort the core architecture of complex natural products could provide libraries of stereochemically rich compounds that will help in the search for new biological probes and drugs.
Minimum principle sufficiency

We characterize the property of obtaining a solution to a convex program by minimizing over the feasible region a linearization of the objective function at any of its solution points (Minimum Principle Sufficiency). For the case of a monotone linear complementarity problem this MPS property is completely equivalent to the existence of a nondegenerate solution to the problem. For the case of a convex quadratic program, the MPS property is equivalent to the span of the Hessian of the objective function being contained in the normal cone to the feasible region at any solution point, plus the cone generated by the gradient of the objective function at any solution point. This in turn is equivalent to the quadratic program having a weak sharp minimum. An important application of the MPS property is that minimizing on the feasible region a linearization of the objective function at a point in a neighborhood of a solution point gives an exact solution of the convex program. This leads to finite termination of convergent algorithms that periodically minimize such a linearization.
Three Dimensional Visualization of Complex Environmental Data Sets of Variable Resolution

Three dimensional visualization of complex, variable resolution data sets is an inherent problem with the increase in data retrieval and processing methods. This problem translates across many disciplines in the sciences and engineering, but also in the arts, new media and social networking. In this paper the authors report on a project to integrate terrestrial and aerial based terrain data with variable degrees of resolution. Future implications of big data set visualization and the development of trans-disciplinary approaches that can be used in both the sciences and the arts are discussed.
Academic Motherhood: Managing Complex Roles in Research Universities

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/review_of_higher_education/v027/27.2ward.html.
Synthesis and physical properties of asymmetric diphenyldiacetylenic liquid crystals

Abstract Fifty-six asymmetric diphenyl-diacetylene liquid crystal homologs including dialkyl, alkyl-alkoxy, cyano-alkyl, chloro-alkyl, fluoro-alkyl, difluoro-alkyl, lateral chloro-substituted fluoro-alkyl (or alkoxy), lateral fluoro-substituted asymmetric dialkyl, and vinyl-alkyl are synthesized and their physical properties evaluated. Among these asymmetric diphenyl-diacetylene liquid crystals, many dialkyl homologs exhibit low melting point, wide nematic range, and low heat of fusion. They are ideal host candidates for formulating eutectic mixtures. The polar groups make important contributions to the phase transition temperature, dielectric anisotropy, refractive indices and viscosity. Detailed effects depend on the position of the substitution. These new liquid-crystals compounds and mixtures are particularly useful for electro-optic modulation of infrared radiation.
Synthesis of 1-[11c]methylpiperidin-4-yl propionate ([11c]pmp) for in vivo measurements of acetylcholinesterase activity

Abstract Synthesis of 1-[ 11 C]methylpiperidin-4-yl propionate ([ 11 C]PMP), an in vivo substrate for acetylcholinesterase, is reported. An improved preparation of 4-piperidinyl propionate (PHP), the immediate precursor for radiolabeling, was accomplished in three steps from 4-hydroxypiperidine by (a) protection of the amine as the benzyl carbamate, (b) acylation with propionyl chloride, and (c) deprotection of the carbamate by catalytic hydrogenation. The final product was obtained in an overall 82% yield. Reaction of the free base form of PHP with [ 11 C]methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate at room temperature in N,N -dimethylformamide, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification, provided [ 11 C]PMP in 57% radiochemical yield, >99% radiochemical purity, and >1500 Ci/mmol at the end of synthesis. The total synthesis time from end-of-bombardment was 35 min. [ 11 C]PMP can thus be reliably prepared for routine clinical studies of acetylcholinesterase in human brain using positron emission tomography.
Enhancement of stagnation flow heat and mass transfer through interactions of free stream turbulence

At the forward stagnation point of a bluff body the laminar flow is influenced by externally generated free-stream turbulence, such as from grids, in such a way that heat and mass transport are significantly enhanced above their normal values. The basis of this enhancement is an unsteady, threedimensional flow pattern formed at the forward stagnation point and triggered or altered by the free-stream turbulence. Such complex flows can be interpreted as roll cells oriented with their axes parallel to streamwise coordinates. Such roll cells have been observed by other investigators using special experimental visualization techniques. This complex flow was introduced into the momentum and transport equations, which were then solved numerically to produce the relationships between Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers and free-stream turbulence. Not only were these relationships nearly identical with earlier established empirical correlations, but they revealed in addition a strong augmentation for high Prandtl number flows. Predictions in slurry flows around bluff bodies were also found to be reasonable.
Asynchronous Random Boolean Network Model with Variable Number of Parents based on Elementary Cellular Automata Rule 126

A Boolean network with N nodes, each node's state at time t being determined by a certain number of parent nodes, which can vary from one node to another, is considered. This is a generalization of previous results obtained for a constant number of parent nodes, by Matache and Heidel in "Asynchronous Random Boolean Network Model Based on Elementary Cellular Automata Rule 126", Phys. Rev. E71, 026 232, 2005. The nodes, with randomly assigned neighborhoods, are updated based on various asynchronous schemes. The Boolean rule is a generalization of rule 126 of elementary cellular automata, and is assumed to be the same for all the nodes. We provide a model for the probability of finding a node in state 1 at a time t for the class of generalized asynchronous random Boolean networks (GARBN) in which a random number of nodes can be updated at each time point. We generate consecutive states of the network for both the real system and the models under the various schemes, and use simulation algorithms to show that the results match well. We use the model to study the dynamics of the system through sensitivity of the orbits to initial values, bifurcation diagrams, and fixed point analysis. We show that the GARBN's dynamics range from order to chaos, depending on the type of random variable generating the asynchrony and the parameter combinations.
Smuggled Sound: Bootleg Recording and the Pursuit of Popular Memory

This paper explores the meanings that bootleg recording holds in peoples’ lives. “Bootlegging” refers to the practice of making unauthorized recordings of live performances. Our paper is an interpretive analysis of interviews with bootleg producers and collectors. In their accounts, they suggest how their activities offer an extraordinary example of what it means to participate in contemporary popular culture. As bootleggers smuggle tape recorders into concerts, or trade tapes in underground networks, they pursue rare artifacts of popular culture. Their stories of bootleg taping, collecting and trading suggest an alternative to depictions of popular culture as merely a process of production and consumption. Instead, these accounts demonstrate how some people document their participation in mass cultural events on their own terms and for their own uses. Here, bootlegging is seen as an attempt by people to capture live performances, to collect them as a source of memory and authenticity, and to mediate the events of their lives through means of technological reproduction.
Paleolimnological analysis of Ullswater using testate amoebae

Tests of testate amoebae extracted from samples of bottom sediments from 33 tarns in the English Lake District reveal a relationship between their distribution and physical-chemical parameters of the tarn waters.Nebela and several species ofDifflugia appear to prefer more acidic conditions, i.e., pH less than 6.2, while others such asCentropyxis, Lesquereusia and some species ofCyclopyxis andDifflugia are more common in lakes with pH's above that value. Using these data, and inferring rates of sedimentation from the densities of tests found in a 6-m core, a paleolimnological history for the past 11 000 years is presented for Ullswater (English Lake District). The record of testate amoebae, beginning shortly after deglaciation, depicts an uneven increase in acidity and a history of episodes of rapid and slow deposition that correlate reasonably well with paleoclimatological changes and anthropogenic alterations in the catchment.
Cost-plus pricing when joint costs are present

Abstract Companies using cost-plus pricing often produce products that entail joint cost allocation. A problem they have encountered is that, while product prices are a function of the full cost, joint cost allocation methods using net realizable values depend on the product prices. This paper shows that when all costs and production quantities are known (or can be budgeted), it is possible to simultaneously determine unique product prices and cost allocations using the net realizable value method.
An International Perspective on Ultrasound Training and Use for Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease

Use of ultrasound (USN) by endocrine surgeons has dramatically increased. Presently, optimal training and certification requirements have not been standardized at any level (resident/fellow/attending). We sought to define the types of USN training endocrine surgeons receive and how USN is employed in practice. We hypothesized that in more recent years fellowship-trained endocrine surgeons were more likely to receive formal training in the use of USN during their endocrine surgery fellowship. A survey link was sent via email to a large group of endocrine surgeons around the world asking about the settings in which they received USN training, the type of instruction received, current use of USN, and other various questions. χ2 analysis was performed and P < 0.05 was considered significant. One hundred twenty-one surveys were collected from respondents in 27 countries. Median time from completion of residency to the present was 17 years (range = 2–49). Fifty-nine percent of both fellowship- and nonfellowship-trained endocrine surgeons currently use USN in their practice. Of those currently performing USN, 38% reported no USN training of any kind (47% international vs. 23% United States). USN experience among international and U.S. residents was not different (P = 0.27). Fifty-nine percent of respondents reported completing an endocrine surgery fellowship; of those, 85% reported no formal USN training. Forty-one percent reported not being comfortable performing USN at the completion of their endocrine surgery fellowships, requiring the presence of someone else to assist with the exam. USN training among endocrine surgeons varies widely around the world. Despite an increase in the number of formal endocrine surgery fellowships offered, it does not appear that the number with formal USN training and certification has increased. Formal USN certification is achieved in only a minority of cases among practicing endocrine surgeons. It is currently unknown whether there is a difference in competency between endocrine surgeons with formal versus informal USN training.
The impact of recent changes in public health insurance on community‐based health‐care in the USA

The impact of recent changes in public health insurance on community-based health-care in the USA Recent changes in US government-funded healthcare insurance are having profound impacts on all types of community-based health-care, reducing access to care by vulnerable populations. This article traces the impacts of recent policies on a range of community institutions in which nurses play a critical role, such as health centers, highlighting the effects on access to care and the survival of non-profit services in less-advantaged communities. In general, the new policies shifted revenues into fixed payment per client contracts (capitation) paid to for-profit managed care organizations and away from non-profit community services. The full impact of this competitive, market-oriented system of health services has just begun to be felt. The uncertainties and dissatisfactions assure continued activity to change current conditions, including efforts by groups that seek greater access to health services for all populations and security for committed providers and personnel, including nurses.
Water extraction by the major ampullate duct during silk formation in the spider, Argiope aurantia Lucas

Abstract The water, K+ and Na+ content of naturally produced major ampullate silk as well as silk mechanically drawn from the spider Argiope aurantia have been compared to that of the major ampullate gland. It is demonstrated that water is extracted by the major ampullate duct and that this process is accompanied by an exchange of K+ for Na+. The significance of these observations is discussed.
The Thick and Thin of It: What the Carotid Artery Can Tell Us

The purpose of the study was to determine (1) if there were early signs of intimal/medial wall thickening (IMT) in a sample of persons age 25 years and older and (2) what health problems and health behaviors were significant to this formation. The study comprised 85 participants. A health history questionnaire was used to obtain information on respondents’ health problems and health behavior. The measurements obtained from a sonogram of the carotid artery walls were compared with health history. Logistic regression and odds ratios were calculated to determine the rate of IMT associated with health behavior and health-related problems. It was found that increasing age and any history of smoking seem to increase the risk of IMT. Hypertension was only marginally significant in this study sample. Screening for IMT formation may be useful in health behavior change approaches.
Technical Note: Methods for interval constrained atmospheric inversion of methane

Abstract. Three interval constrained methods, including the interval constrained Kalman smoother, the interval constrained maximum likelihood ensemble smoother and the interval constrained ensemble Kalman smoother are developed to conduct inversions of atmospheric trace gas methane (CH 4 ). The negative values of fluxes in an unconstrained inversion are avoided in the constrained inversion. In a multi-year inversion experiment using pseudo observations derived from a forward transport simulation with known fluxes, the interval constrained fixed-lag Kalman smoother presents the best results, followed by the interval constrained fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother and the interval constrained maximum likelihood ensemble Kalman smoother. Consistent uncertainties are obtained for the posterior fluxes with these three methods. This study provides alternatives of the variable transform method to deal with interval constraints in atmospheric inversions.
EMOTION AND THE COGNITION OF REASONS IN MORAL MOTIVATION

In some recent work I have developed a theory of moral reasons and their relation to the agent’s motivations.1 The theory is naturalistic in its approach, meaning that it seeks to integrate a conception of what moral reasons are and how they motivate with the best and most relevant science we currently have. I here develop my theory of moral reasons in relation to some of the most recent work in psychology on the nature of emotion and the ways in which it both underpins and undermines cognition. While the results in these fields are still evolving and to a degree speculative, there is enough there that ought to command the attention of philosophers with a naturalistic bent, and to challenge philosophers who do not possess such a bent. I also apply my theory of moral reasons to a real life case in which emotionally charged cognition changes a person’s motivations.
Experimental Cutting Tool Temperature Distributions

High temperatures in machining cutting zones activate wear mechanisms that decrease tool life and increase production costs and yet this phenomenon is not fully understood nor characterized. Although experimental work has been performed, the techniques used have generally been difficult to apply, and lacked sufficient resolution and or acceptable accuracy. Theoretical predictions and computational simulations have been performed to gain further insight into this problem but could not be accurately validated due to the lack of sufficient experimental temperature data. Experimental techniques using modern, digital infrared imaging were developed and successfully applied during this study to gather cutting tool temperature distributions from orthogonal machining operations. This new process has seemingly overcome many problems associated with past experimental techniques.
Superintendent Selection and Dismissal: A Changing Community Defines Its Values.

Discords of values -those of the community, the school board, the super intendenti-led to the sitvrintendent's dismissal which led to the defeat of yo' board members.
The reaction of myelin phospholipids with phospholipase C and D

Abstract Phospholipase C and D hydrolyze the membrane-bound phospholipids of isolated, untreated myelin. When the membrane is treated with detergents or solvents which disrupt the membrane structure, the activity of the enzymes against the membrane-bound lipids increases. Myelin in the central nervous system is derived from the cell membrane of the oligodendroglial cell. Because the phospholipids in erythrocyte cell membranes are strikingly resistent to phospholipase C and D hydrolysis the question is raised of whether myelin in situ , as opposed to isolated myelin, is susceptible to phospholipase hydrolysis.
Seismic Control of Base Isolated Structures Using Novel Magnetorheological Elastomeric Bearings

This paper presents the performance of a novel semi-active variable stiffness magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) bearing for seismic mitigation of civil structures. The proposed MRE bearing consists of a traditional steel-rubber vibration absorber, as the passive element, and a MRE with a controllable stiffness behavior. The controllability of the prototype MRE bearing is investigated experimentally under quasi-static and dynamic shear tests. The behavior of the MRE bearings is modeled using a phenomenological method which includes Bouc-Wen hysteresis element. The results show that both the single MRE bearing and an integrated system with four MRE bearings can increase the stiffness, damping, and hysteresis effect with a control input electric current. In addition, to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the MRE base isolation for seismic control of structures, a 1:16 scaled, three-story building supported by four MRE bearings, is constructed. A feedback control system is used to validate the effectiveness of the controlled MRE bearing in reducing structural responses. The scaled El-Centro seismic earthquake excitation is applied to the isolated building. The response of the controlled building shows significant reduction in displacement and acceleration compared to those of passive and on-state conditions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
SU-FF-T-02: Plan Comparison On Magnetic Resonance Image Between Inverse Planning Simulated Annealing and Point A Normalization for High Dose Rate Brachytherapy On a Cervical Cancer Patient

Purpose: The availabilities of CT/MRI compatible tandem and ovoid (TNO) applicators in recent years have improved the visibility of the tumor and organs at risk (OAR) in the treatment of cervical cancer using HDR brachytherapy. The purpose of this study was to observe the dose differences between different optimization methods shown on MRI.Method and Materials: A stage IIIB cervical cancer patient was treated with HDR brachytherapy using CT/MRI compatible TNO applicator. CT and MRIimages were taken for the first fraction. The patient was carefully transferred between the two image modalities to prevent applicator movements. Catheter reconstructions on the MRI were performed based on CT/MRI registration focusing mainly on the applicator and the soft tissue surrounding the applicator. Two plans using different optimization methods were generated on MRIimages, inverse planning simulated annealing (IPSA) and point A normalization. Dose distribution on each image slices were reviewed and DVHs for two plan protocols were compared. Results: The IPSA method showed better dose coverage to the target area(s) when compared with point A method. For the organs at risk (OAR), lower bladder dose (−16.5% for D2cm3) and higher rectal dose (10.9% for D2cm3) were found in IPSA plan. The rectal dose was increased due to better conformity at the ovoid level. Both plans have similar dose homogeneity index. Conclusion: Better target coverage was achieved with an IPSA plan compared to point A prescription plan. In this study, MRI provided superior soft tissue resolution and CT offered better image quality for catheter and source dwell position definition. It is advantageous to use both CT and MRI for HDR TNObrachytherapy planning.
Time-dependent density functional theory applied to superfluid nuclei

We describe the response of superfluid nuclei to any external time-dependent probe within an extension of the density functional theory, the time-dependent superfluid local density approximation (TD-SLDA). All quasi-particle wave functions (qpwfs) are represented on a three-dimensional spatial grid to allow for the breaking of all possible symmetries, and subsequently these functions are evolved in time using a high order multi-step algorithm. Mathematically this problem is a system of coupled, time-dependent, nonlinear partial differential equations, which when discretized becomes equivalent to a nonlinear classical mechanics problem with α Nx6 ≈ 1012 degrees of freedom, where Nx is number of spatial mesh points in one direction. The lattice representation of the qpwfs allows for fast and accurate evaluation of various spatial derivatives required for the construction of various physical quantities that appear in the theory. The total number of independent qpwfs is of the order of spatial mesh points, and the system is evolved for tens to hundreds of thousands of time steps. We describe how we implemented the TD-SLDA method and report some of the challenges encountered.
Microwave switching in evacuated waveguides by metal vapor arcs

Plasma from a triggered electrical discharge between copper electrodes in a vacuum was rapidly expanded into an X-band microwave waveguide. Propagation was interrupted to >40-dB attenuation within 0.5 µs, and the interruption typically lasted from 1-100 µs, depending upon the pulsed arc current and switch geometry. Recovery to normal propagation occurred in less than 1 µs. Most of the microwave energy was reflected from the arc plasma, which might allow its use as a duplexer.
Trust, Benefit, Satisfaction, and Burden: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Cancer Risk Through African- American Churches

BACKGROUND: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches that actively engage communities in a study are assumed to lead to relevant findings, trusting relationships, and greater satisfaction with the research process. OBJECTIVE: To examine community members’ perceptions of trust, benefit, satisfaction, and burden associated with their participation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized controlled trial tested a cancer prevention intervention in members of African-American churches. Data were collected at baseline and 1-year follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: Subscales measured perception of trust in the research project and the project team, benefit from involvement with the project, satisfaction with the project and the team, and perception of burden associated with participation. MAIN RESULTS: Overall, we found high levels of trust, perceived benefit, and satisfaction, and low perceived burden among community members in Partnership to Reach African Americans to Increase Smart Eating. In bivariate analyses, participants in the intervention group reported more perceived benefit and trust (P<.05). Participants in smaller churches reported more benefit, satisfaction and trust, while participants from churches without recent health activities perceived greater benefit, greater satisfaction, and lower burden with the project and the team (P<.05). Participants whose pastors had less educational attainment noted higher benefit and satisfaction; those whose pastors were making personal lifestyle changes noted higher benefit and satisfaction, but also reported higher burden (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: A randomized clinical trial designed with a CBPR approach was associated with high levels of trust and a perceived benefit of satisfaction with the research process. Understanding variations in responses to a research partnership will be helpful in guiding the design and implementation of future CBPR efforts.
Non-pulmonary CO2 loss during diving in the turtle, Pseudemys script a elegans

Abstract 1. 1. Non-pulmonary CO 2 loss from turtles during 4 hr experimental dives at 24°C increased to a peak of about twice the pre-dive rate by the 2nd hr of diving. 2. 2. Arterial PCO 2 increased during the dives to about 4 × the pre-dive value, indicating a decrease in CO 2 diffusing capacity. 3. 3. The net CO 2 loss from the turtles during diving appeared to derive principally from the extracellular fluid although CO 2 may have shifted into cells early in the dive. 4. 4. O 2 breathing prior to diving prevented the net fall in plasma [CO 2 ]because of increased metabolic CO 2 production. 5. 5. Submergence in a solution with high PCO 2 did not prevent net CO 2 loss but caused arterial PCO 2 to rise 60 torr higher than normal.
Ethnic differences in perceptual testing.

Two large random samples of male college freshmen were measured on a ten-test visual-tactile perceptual battery and on the College Boards Scholastic Aptitude Test. Ethnic group membership was found to be related to performance on the perceptual tests but not to scholastic aptitude. Implications of the findings and tentative directions for future research are discussed.
Improving the design of stochastic production lines: an approach using perturbation analysis

Abstract With the recent increase in expense and specialization of equipment, capacity decisions have taken on greater significance. As a result, companies are in need of a better understanding of the investment tradeoffs. In this paper, we examine the problem of determining the most profitable capacity configuration for a production line modelled as a series of single-server stations. In the context of a constant work-in-process (CONWIP) control system, an algorithm is developed for solving the general problem using a single-run simulation procedure. Various market structures are examined and sensitivity analysis is performed on the cost of capacity, quality and the amount of work-in-process allowed in the system.
ADAPTIVE DELAY CORRECTION FOR RUNTIME VARIATION IN DYNAMIC VOLTAGE SCALING SYSTEMS

Temperature and voltage fluctuations affect delay sensitivity differently, as supply voltage is reduced. These differences make runtime variations particularly difficult to manage in dynamic voltage scaling systems, which adjust supply voltage in accordance with the required operating frequency. To include process variation in current table-lookup methods, a worst-case process is typically assumed. We propose a new method that takes process variation into account and reduces the excessive runtime variation guardbands. Our approach uses a ring oscillator to generate baseline frequencies, and employs a guardband lookup table to offset this baseline. The new method ensures robust operation and reduces power consumption by up to 20% compared with a method that assumes worst-case process variation in filling a lookup table.
Comparison of delta opiate receptor agonist induced reward and motor effects between the ventral pallidum and dorsal striatum.

Summary The role of the ventral pallidum and the dorsal striatum in mediating the rewarding effects of the delta receptor specific agonist [2- d -penicillamine, 5- d -penicillamine]enkephalin (DPDPE) were evaluated in the rat using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Reward shifts were indicated by the change in frequency required to maintain half-maximal responding while motor/performance changes were identified by increases or decreases in the maximum responding. Each hour-long test session consisted of three identical, consecutive 20 min rate-frequency curves. In an effort to ascertain possible heterogeneity of function along the rostrocaudal axis, DPDPE (0.0 nmol = saline dose, 0.3 nmol = low dose, 1.0 nmol = medium dose, 3.0 nmol = high dose) was microinjected into either the rostral or caudal region of the two structures. Microinjections into the caudate were positioned directly above the ventral pallidum placements resulting in centromedial or caudomedial caudate placements. DPDPE microinjections into the rostral ventral pallidum resulted in a significant reward increase (28% increase or −0.14 log Hz shift) only at the high dose. In contrast, caudal ventral pallidal DPDPE microinjections showed a dose-response effect with reward increases of 19, 22 and 31% (−0.09, −0.11 and −0.16 log Hz) for the low, medium and high dose, respectively. DPDPE microinjections into the centromedial caudate resulted in a large reward increase (29% or −0.15 log Hz) at the high dose, while caudomedial caudate DPDPE microinjections had no effect on reward. Motor/ performance effects tended to follow the pattern of reward effects, with most regions showing motor increases ranging from 25 to 75% over baseline activity. The only exception was found in the caudomedial caudate, where microinjections of the high dose of DPDPE resulted in an approximate 20% suppression of motor/performance activity. These results demonstrate that the ventral pallidum and the mediocentral caudate play a role in modulating opiate rewards, and adds to the growing body of literature regarding the regional heterogeneity within the caudate and ventral pallidum.
Complexity metrics for ontology based information

An ontology defines technical terms and shows interrelationships between terms for particular application areas. XML-based standards such as OWL and DAML provide mechanisms to produce XML based ontologies. Ontologies are used in service matching and dynamic web service composition, and are heavily used in bioinformatics and genomics to characterise the structure of living things. Our research focuses on complexity metrics for ontologies. These complexity metrics are compiled from semantic relationships in an ontology. These metrics will help select the best ontologies in several application areas, including bioinformatics and genomics.
FATIGUE THRESHOLDS AND DUCTILE-BRITTLE TRANSITIONS IN Ti-30Mo

— Substantial effects of hydrogen are found on the DBTT and cleavage fracture stress in both cathodically and gas phase charged samples of a BCC Ti alloy. Fatigue thresholds when plotted as a function of temperature exhibit a peak and this peak shifts towards higher temperatures when the hydrogen level is increased. An elastic calculation of static threshold stress intensities using experimentally observed fracture stress parameters show a similar trend to fatigue threshold stress intensities.
Studies on the thermal behaviour of pea (Pisum sativum)vicilin

The effect of heat on pea (Pisum sativum L) vicilin has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel filtrtion chromatography and turbidimetry. By adjusting the variables of pII, ionic strength and protein concentration, two processes could be identified from the DSC thermograms: protein denaturation and protein aggregation. The results are discussed in terms of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. A mechanism for the thermal aggregation of pea vicilin is proposed.
Comments on “attributional styles for helplessness and depression”

In a recent article in this journal, Berndt, Berndt, and Kaiser (1982) described research investigating sex differences in attributional style and depression. On the basis of largely nonsignificant results, Berndt et al. questioned "the generalizability and usefulness" (p. 44 I) of the reformulated learned helplessness model of depression, which proposes that depressive symptoms are associated with a characteristic style of explaining bad events (Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978). In this comment, we question the conclusion of Berndt et al. There are several grounds for our criticism:
Sensory re-weighting in human postural control during moving-scene perturbations

The aim of the current study was to further investigate a recently proposed "sensory re-weighting" hypothesis, by evoking anterior-posterior (AP) body sway using visual stimuli during sway-referencing of the support surface. Twelve healthy adults participated in this study. Subjects stood on the platform while looking at a visual scene that encompassed the full horizontal field of view. A sequence of scene movements was presented to the subjects consisting of multiple visual push/pull perturbations; in between the first two push/pull sequences, the scene either moved randomly or was stationary. The peak-squared velocity of AP center-of-pressure (COP) was computed within a 6 s window following each push and pull. The peak-squared velocity was lowest for the push/pull sequence immediately following the random moving scene. These results are consistent with the sensory re-weighting hypothesis, wherein the sensory integration process reduced the contribution of visual sensory input during the random moving scene interval. We also found evidence of habituation to moving scene perturbations with repeated exposure.
Belief Functions and Probability for General Spaces

This paper has two major contributions: 1) Shafer’s belief functions are extended from finite sets to general universes (sets). 2) Belief function theory on a universe with countable focal elements is interpreted as a probability theory on the product space $\Omega$ x [0; 1] A counter intuitive point of a belief function is its ignoring the impact of the intersections among focal elements. One obvious intuitive rational is: The basic probability assignment (bpa) is a measurement of some disjoint ”information” on focal elements. Item #2 show that this disjoint ”information” is a partition (equivalence relation) on the product space. Here are interesting corollary and new exploration: 3) Belief function is an inner probability, if all focal elements are disjoint. 4) Issues for Bel of uncountable focal elements are lightly touched.
268: The impact of gestational change in body mass index (BMI) on adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with gestational diabetes

267 Treating patients in HAPO glucose category to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes: cost effectiveness analysis John Mission, Mika Ohno, Yvonne Cheng, Aaron Caughey Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Obstetrics & ynecology, Portland, OR, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, San Jose, CA, University of California San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA OBJECTIVE: The HAPO study demonstrated a linear relationship beween maternal hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. ubjects were divided into seven categories according to fasting gluose levels, with Category 4 representing patients with glycemic levels n the top 12-23%, representing patients just below the cutoff for estational diabetes (GDM) under the new IADPSG guidelines. This tudy examines the cost-effectiveness of treating patients in HAPO ategory 4 for GDM, accounting for the costs and benefits of treating yperglycemia in pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: A decision analytic model was built using TreeAge software that compared treatment vs. no treatment for patients in HAPO Category 4. Outcomes included preeclampsia, mode of delivery, maternal death, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury (permanent and transient), hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and neonatal death. Existing randomized controlled trials were used to estimate the effect of treatment on outcomes. Utilities were applied to discounted life expectancy at a discount rate of 3% to generate QALYs. In addition, an index adjusting for treatment efficacy was used for sensitivity analysis. The cost-effectiveness threshold was set to $100,000 per QALY. RESULTS: Treating patients in HAPO Glucose Category 4 was more ffective (56.914280 QALYs with treatment vs 56.903297 without reatment) but more expensive ($12,660.70 with treatment vs 11,514.91 without treatment), with an incremental cost of 104,323.96/QALY. In a one-way sensitivity analysis of the effect of reatment on outcomes, treatment must exceed 102.6% of its exected effect for treating HAPO Group 4 to become cost-effective. CONCLUSION: Treating patients in Category 4 of the HAPO Study for GDM is not cost-effective. Further studies to investigate other methods of improving perinatal outcomes in this group are warranted.
‘Green’ Counseling: Integrating Reused Household Materials Into Creative Counseling Interventions

The use of reused or recycled materials in counseling interventions provides counselors with an opportunity to use unique counseling mediums while simultaneously being socially and fiscally responsible. In this article, ways that reused or recycled items can be used in counseling are discussed. Practical suggestions for using reused or recycled items in counseling and specific creative interventions in which recycled materials can be used are provided.
Sweet Potato Quality After Baking

Painter and Jewel sweet potatoes baked at oven temperatures of 150, 180, 200, and 230°C were judged for sensory qualities and were evaluated for resistance to pressure (softness) and content of sugars. Roots baked at 200 and 230°C were scored significantly higher for sweetness, mouthfeel, moistness, overall flavor, and over all quality; contained a greater percentage of reducing sugars; and were measured as softer than roots baked at 150 and 180°C. Painter roots were scored significantly higher for sweetness, mouthfeel, moistness, overall flavor, and overall quality than the Jewel variety. Positive correlations were observed between the concentration of reducing sugars, the resistance to pressure, and the sensory evaluation; and negative correlations were noted between the moisture content and the subjective measurements.
The Forces That Move the Eyes

Saccadic eye movements are the rapid, steplike, voluntary move ments of the eyes that people make as they read or scan a visual scene. Saccades play an important role in constructing a coherent perceptual representation of the environment, and they have been studied exten sively. The interest in saccades stems in part from the belief that they can be informative about details of the cognitive mechanisms that de pend on them (such as those in volved in reading and viewing com plex scenes).1 Saccades are also of considerable interest to researchers who study mechanisms of motor behavior in general. This is because the eye is biomechanically relatively simple, unlike limbs and other body parts. As a result, movements of the eye are believed to more or less faithfully reflect details of the underlying force pulses applied by the muscles. Such a property is important because sev eral theories of motor control make explicit predictions about detailed aspects of the force pulses for move ments. Many of these predictions, however, have been difficult to test because limb movements are rela tively complex. Saccades provide a better opportunity to examine the models. In addition to being nearly ideal for study of movement, saccades are special in that they are constrained by the motor system in a manner that may be unique. Specifically, people generally cannot consciously alter the velocity of their saccades, al though such adjustment is easy for limb movements. This constraint may eventually help us understand more about the kinds of simplifying assumptions that the motor system makes in order to produce efficient movements. This article reviews re cent research that has examined de
Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of crushed whole sugar beets

Abstract Pectinase and cellulase enzymes were used for hydrolysis of whole sugar beets and the hydrolyzates were fermented with Escherichia coli KO11 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Ethanol production rate was significantly higher for S. cerevisiae than for E. coli KO11. The combined effect of pectinase and cellulase loadings on ethanol production as well as residual galacturonic acid and arabinose concentrations were modeled for fermentations with S. cerevisiae . Ethanol yields of more than 92% were reached with moderate to high cellulase and pectinase loadings at 0.51 FPU g −1 and 51 U g −1 of dry biomass, respectively. Ethanol yields of 85% were achieved without any enzyme addition. However, addition of cellulase and pectinase enzymes increased effluent arabinose and galacturonic acid concentrations and reduced total suspended solids. This study demonstrated the yield potential of fermentation of crushed, whole sugar beets with or without the addition of cellulase and pectinase enzymes.
Neuronal development in Caenorhabditis elegans

Research on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has provided a description of the development and structure of a nervous system at an exceptional level of detail. Both the synaptic connectivity and the cell lineage origin of all of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite are known. This description serves as the background for studies into the genetic control of neuronal development. Numerous mutations have been isolated that affect the production, differentiation, structure and function of the C. elegans neurons.
Texture relationships and interface structure in Ag-sheathed Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting tapes

We have studied the phase composition, alignment, and bonding at the Ag/Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) interface for silver-sheathed tapes of both the 2212 and 2223 compositions which have been processed under different conditions. Strong texturing of the (001) planes of the BSCCO phases parallel to the Ag interface was seen, regardless of the Ag orientation. Short facets of non-(001) BSCCO planes accommodate local misalignments between the Ag and the (001) planes of the BSCCO phases. Whether the 2212 composites are processed by complete melting or by sintering below the melting point, there is always a residual half-layer of 2201 at the interface. By contrast, 2223 composites exhibit 2223 layers right up to the interface without any transition phases. Both compounds bond strongly to Ag and cracks, when present, occur preferentially away from the interface.
Enhancement of photoyield associated with disruption of bonding during adsorbate sublimation

A significant increase in the photoproduction of H2 is observed during sublimation of H2S ice layers on Cu(111), both bare and preadsorbed with a saturation CO spacer layer, and Si(111)7 × 7. UV irradiation (λ<360 nm) leads to photodissociation of adsorbed H2S and generation of H atoms which collide with nearby H2S to produce H2. The observed enhancement in the photoyield is associated with the disruption of the hydrogen-bonded H2S network during sublimation.
Choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase in skeletal muscle regeneration.

—The activities of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase have been measured in homogenates of rat anterior tibial muscles following intramuscular injection of the myotoxic agent Marcaine (plus hyaluronidase). Marcaine causes rapid degeneration of skeletal muscle followed by complete regeneration. By the first day after administration of Marcaine the activities of both enzymes decreased markedly. The activities then increased concomitantly with regeneration of drug-treated muscles. Choline acetyltransferase attained the control level by the 19th day following Marcaine treatment. Cholinesterase activity became greater than the control value by the seventh day and decreased to control activity by the 19th day following injection of Marcaine. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between nerve and muscle during Marcaine induced degeneration and regeneration.
Impact of Bicycle Lane Characteristics on Exposure of Bicyclists to Traffic-Related Particulate Matter:

Bicycling as a mode of transportation is increasingly seen as a healthy alternative to motorized transportation modes. However, in congested urban areas, the health benefits of bicycling can be diminished by the negative health effects associated with inhalation of particulate matter. Particles of small size (ultrafine particles <0.1 μm) are the most harmful, even during short-duration exposure. Because vehicular exhaust is the major source of ultrafine particles, the impact of traffic levels and bicycle lane characteristics on exposure of bicyclists was studied. Ultrafine particle exposure concentrations were compared in two settings: (a) a traditional bicycle lane adjacent to the vehicular traffic lanes and (b) a cycle track design with a parking lane separating bicyclists from vehicular traffic lanes. Traffic measurements were made alongside air quality measurements. The cycle track design mitigated ultrafine particle exposure concentrations for cyclists. Results showed statistically significant differ...