cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zakat: A Case Study of Constraining Free Riding in Charity

When the private incentives faced by individuals in a society are not properly aligned with their shared goals, a collective action problem arises. This paper focuses on the free-rider problem of aid, the collective action problem of getting people to contribute privately to charity. It examines a unique Islamic solution to this problem. The third pillar of Islam, zakat, imposes internal religious constraints on free riding. In other words, zakat serves as a mechanism to coordinate expectations and effective communication between Muslims to mitigate the potential for free riding.
"The Gluten-Free Diet and Its Relationship with Metabolic Syndrome: Dietary Friend or Foe?"

Celiac disease (CD) is a prevalent digestive illness as well as a budding area of research in the field of gastroenterology. While investigations are underway to find new and improved pharmacological therapies for CD, the gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the only option to effectively manage the condition. While the GFD is recommended for patients diagnosed with CD and other gluten-related conditions, studies show the number of individuals on the GFD surpasses the projected number of patients with these medical indications (1). The implications of widespread adoption of this dietary approach are still being determined, with many patients believing this diet will improve overall health and cardiovascular risk. This review analyzes the relationship between a GFD and metabolic syndrome in both non-celiac and celiac patients, concluding that although the diet may slightly improve overall cardiac risk factors, weight, and/or insulin resistance, its use in the absence of a gluten-related disorder is controversial.
Provider views on rapid diagnostic tests and antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections: A mixed methods study.

Background Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are often inappropriately treated with antibiotics. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been developed with the aim of improving antibiotic prescribing but uptake remains low. The aim of this study was to examine provider knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding RDT use and their relationship to antibiotic prescribing decisions across multiple clinical departments in an urban safety-net hospital. Methods We conducted a mixed methods sequential explanatory study. Providers with prescribing authority (attending physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants) who had at least 20 RTI encounters from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018. Eighty-five providers completed surveys and 16 participated in interviews. We conducted electronic surveys via RedCap from April to July 2019, followed by semi-structured individual interviews from October to December 2019, to ascertain knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to RDT use and antibiotic prescribing. Results Survey findings indicated that providers felt knowledgeable about antibiotic prescribing guidelines. They reported high familiarity with the rapid streptococcus and rapid influenza tests. Familiarity with comprehensive respiratory panel PCR (RPP-respiratory panel PCR) and procalcitonin differed by clinical department. Qualitative interviews identified four main themes: providers trust their clinical judgment more than rapid test results; patient-provider relationships play an important role in prescribing decisions; there is patient demand for antibiotics and providers employ different strategies to address the demand and providers do not believe RDTs are implemented with sufficient education or evidence for clinical practice. Conclusion Prescribers are knowledgeable about prescribing guidelines but often rely on clinical judgement to make final decisions. The utility of RDTs is specific to the type of RDT and the clinical department. Given the low familiarity and clinical utility of RPP and procalcitonin, providers may require additional education and these tests may need to be implemented differently based on clinical department.
Self-Similarity and modeling of LTE/LTE-A data traffic

Abstract Forecasting and modeling the network traffic can help optimize it further. Extensive work has been done on Self-Similarity of Ethernet and Ad-Hoc networks data traffic as Self-Similar time-series can be forecasted. This work emphasizes the Self-Similarity of fast growing LTE and LTE-A networks which was left un-explored. It demonstrates Self-Similarity in live LTE and LTE-A networks data traffic. The degree of Self-Similarity is also evaluated and compared. Traffic modeling is very important in optimizing the network with efficient utilization of resources. Modeling of user arrival in live LTE network is performed in this work, which is important since the incoming users are predominantly using data traffic compared to that of traditional voice traffic.
On Self-Testing without the Generator Bottleneck

Suppose P is a program designed to compute a linear function f on a group G. The task of self-testing f, that is, testing if P computes f correctly on most inputs, usually involves checking if P computes f correctly on all the generators of G. Recently, F. Ergun presented self-testers that avoid this generator bottleneck for specific functions. In this paper, we generalize Ergun's results, and extend them to a much larger class of functions. Our results give efficient self-testers for polynomial differentiation, integration, arithmetic in large finite field extensions, and constant-degree polynomials over large rings.
Students' Clinical Assessments: Are They Affected by Stereotyping?

Abstract A study was designed to determine if social work students are prone to rely on stereotypical categorizations to differentiate among patients. Students were shown a series of videotaped vignettes depicting five simulated doctor-patient interactions. The five patient-actors, whose portrayals included sociocultural characteristics, presented to the same physician-actor with a nondescript complaint of abdominal pain. The students were asked to assess each patient on various parameters. The results suggested that students inappropriately attributed both positive and negative characteristics to patients, apparently on the basis of certain stereotypes. Social work educators must address values and stereotyping in clinical assessments with their students to insure the inherent dignity and worth of clients.
Data Inserting with Visual C#.NET

This chapter contains sections titled: Insert New Data into a Database Insert Data into Microsoft Access Database Using Sample Project InsertWizard Insert Data into SQL Server Database Using Sample Project SQLInsertWizard Insert Data into Oracle Database Using Sample Project OracleInsertWizard General Runtime Objects Method Insert Data into SQL Server Database Using Runtime Objects Method Insert Data into Microsoft Access Database Using Runtime Objects Insert Data into Oracle Database Using Runtime Objects Insert Data into Database Using LINQ Queries Insert Data into Database Using Stored Procedures Chapter Summary Homework ]]>
Resource Prediction and Admission Control for Interactive Video

Highly interactive multimedia applications, like browsing in video databases, generate strongly varying loads on the media server during the presentation of media data. Existing admission control approaches for limiting the number of concurrent users and thus guaranteeing acceptable service quality are only suited for applications with uniform load characteristics like videoon-demand. We propose a session-oriented approach to admission control that is based on the stochastical model of Continuous Time Markov Chains, which allows to describe the different presentation states occurring in the interactive access to the multimedia database. The model is derived from semantic information on the forthcoming browsing session. In particular, it considers the relevance of the videos to the user. In this way a more precise prediction on resource usage can be given for achieving the two goals of Quality of Service (QoS) and good server utilization. The admission control mechanism is part of a multimedia database architecture for supporting efficient browsing in large video collections.
A Customizable Implementation of RMI for High Performance Computing

This paper describes an implementation of Java’s Remote Method Invocation (RMI) that is designed to run on top of the Globus high performance computing protocol. The primary contribution of this work is to illustrate how the object serialization mechanism used by RMI can be extended so that it becomes more configurable. This allows the implementation of object serialization protocols that are more efficient than the defaults or that are compatible with other distributed object models like HPC++, which is based on C++. Both issues are important when RMI is to be used in scientific computing.
Dipole excitons in coupled quantum wells: toward an equilibrium exciton condensate

In recent years, experiments by several groups have demonstrated spontaneous coherence in polariton systems, which can be viewed as a type of nonequilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation. In these systems, the polariton lifetime is longer than, but not much longer than, the polariton-polariton scattering time which leads to the thermalization. By contrast, over the past twenty years several groups have pursued experiments in a different system, which has very long exciton lifetime, up to 30 microseconds or more, essentially infinite compared to the thermalization time of the excitons. Thermal equilibrium of this type of exciton in a trap has been demonstrated experimentally. In this system, the interactions between the excitons are not short-range contact interactions, but instead are dipole-dipole interactions, with the force at long range going as $1/r^{3}$. Up to now there has not been a universally accepted demonstration of BEC in this type of system, and the way forward will require better understanding of the many-body effects of the excitons. I review what has been learned and accomplished in the past two decades in the search for an equilibrium BEC in this promising system.
Virtual Launch & Validation of Manufacturing Automation Controls

In the automotive industry an integrated set of manufacturing engineering activities lie on the critical path of the Vehicle Development Process (VDP). After the product integration design is finalized, the Production Tool Design and Build (PTDB) processes becomes the VDP critical path. It is in the PTDB where virtual launch and validation activities are performed. To increase throughput of the engineering factory and reduce product development cost, we propose a research initiative in the area of Virtual Launch & Validation (VLV) of Manufacturing Automation Controls (MAC). VLV of MAC is composed of a series of PTDB launch and pre-launch activities in a virtual environment using physical, emulated, and simulated hardware and software. It encompasses the testing of MAC, its interactions with MAC analysis tools, and its interfaces with IT systems and related business processes. VLV of MAC also supports the development and testing of new IT systems and business processes as well as its hardware and software plant floor systems constituents. The mission of VLV of MAC is to minimize the duration of the launch and ramp up activities by reducing the implementation and execution times for plant floor systems and equipments via a priori system emulation, validation and testing. Based on our findings, we conclude that the most pressing needs for VLV of MAC lie in the thrust areas of object-oriented standard logic, auto-generation of virtual models, logic validation and system wide emulation. In summary, we conservatively estimate that a successful VLV of MAC implementation will reduce the VDP duration by several weeks hence providing automakers with savings in the order of hundreds of millions of dollars per year.
Persistent luminescence strontium aluminate nanoparticles as reporters in lateral flow assays.

Demand for highly sensitive, robust diagnostics and environmental monitoring methods has led to extensive research in improving reporter technologies. Inorganic phosphorescent materials exhibiting persistent luminescence are commonly found in electroluminescent displays and glowing paints but are not widely used as reporters in diagnostic assays. Persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) offer advantages over conventional photoluminescent probes, including the potential for enhanced sensitivity by collecting time-resolved measurements or images with decreased background autofluorescence while eliminating the need for expensive optical hardware, superior resistance to photobleaching, amenability to quantitation, and facile bioconjugation schemes. We isolated rare-earth doped strontium aluminate PLNPs from larger-particle commercial materials by wet milling and differential sedimentation and water-stabilized the particles by silica encapsulation using a modified Stober process. Surface treatment with al...
The Advocate, the Auditor, and the Program Manager Statistical Decision Theory and Human Service Programs

Many decisions in administering human service programs, as well as other govern ment programs, involve value conflicts that often go unrecognized. This article uses statistical decision theory to analyze the disparate decision frameworks brought into the decision-making process by major participants. Using data collected to analyze the needs of the elderly, it illustrates the consequences for programs of different decision frameworks.
Perception of daily stress and oral coping behaviors in normal, overweight, and recovering alcoholic women.

One method of coping with perceived stress is the use of oral behaviors (e.g., eating, drinking, smoking). This study addressed the influence of perceived daily stress level (day rated as pleasant, neutral, or unpleasant) on oral behaviors in three groups of women, aged 25 to 45. Subjects included 37 female normal alcohol users of normal weight, 23 recovering alcoholics of normal weight, and 37 normal alcohol users who were 25% to 100% overweight. The normals responded to daily stress levels by changing their oral behaviors in predictable and consistent ways. On unpleasant days, the normals and the recovering alcoholic women ate more sweet, starchy, and salty/spicy foods. The overweight women ate more food, especially salty/spicy and sweet foods regardless of the type of day. The alcoholic women desired alcohol and smoked more than the other two groups all the time. Hence, the alcoholics and overweight women desired to or engaged in their habituated oral behaviors regardless of fluctuating daily stress levels.
Differentiation-Associated Expression of the Proto-Oncogene pim-1 in Cultured Human Keratinocytes

The proto-oncogene pim-1 was expressed in nine human tissues (including epidermis) examined by Northern blotting. Expression of pim-1 was also observed in a number of carcinoma-derived keratinocyte lines in addition to strains derived from normal epidermis. With the exception of a squamous carcinoma line that exhibits little differentiated character in culture (SCC-4), where it was not detected, pim-1 expression was substantially higher after confluence than during log-phase growth in each case. The differentiation marker keratinocyte transglutaminase showed the same pattern of expression as pim-1 in relation to confluence in each of the cell lines and strains studied. The influences on pim-1 mRNA levels of several known effectors of keratinocyte differentiation were studied in the squamous carcinoma line SCC-9. pim-1 mRNA was stimulated by hydrocortisone and suppressed by the tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate. pim-1 mRNA was also regulated by calcium ion concentration in the culture medium, with expression being threefold higher in 0.15 mM than in 0.03 mM calcium ion. Keratinocyte transglutaminase was regulated similarly by these effectors. Thus pim-1 expression was associated with keratinocyte differentiation in these cultured cells.
Coronary dissection: a predictor of restenosis?

Abstract To determine if arterial dissection resulting from transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA) leads to a greater incidence of restenosis, 273 consecutive patients who had undergone TCA with at least 1 year of follow-up were examined. Success was graded as a ≥20%. Increase in intraluminal diameter. Dissection was defined as a prominent intimal defect at the site of angioplasty. Restenosis was defined as a 50% loss of the initial angiographic gain. Of 216 patients in whom TCA was successful, 64 (30%) had dissections at the site of angioplasty and 152 (70%) had no dissection. During follow-up, 135 patients were asymptomatic with normal results of exercise tolerance tests, recurrent symptoms developed in 81 patients, and 64 patients underwent repeat angiography. The overall restenosis rate was 21%. In the dissection group, 11 (18%) had documented restenosis and 49 (82%) did not develop restenosis. In the nondissection group, 35 (24%) had documented restenosis and 113 (76%) did not develop restenosis. These data show that patients who develop dissections at the time of TCA are no more likely to develop restenosis during follow-up.
Effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha on human blood coagulation.

As prostaglandins are being used to induce labour and abortion in some women, it is necessary to know the effect of these compounds on the blood coagulation system. We have investigated this problem using plasma from normal women and prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2α (Upjohn).
Smooth nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation for population pharmacokinetics, with application to quinidine.

The seminonparametric (SNP) method, popular in the econometrics literature, is proposed for use in population pharmacokinetic analysis. For data that can be described by the nonlinear mixed effects model, the method produces smooth nonparametric estimates of the entire random effects density and simultaneous estimates of fixed effects by maximum likelihood. A graphical modelbuilding strategy based on the SNP method is described. The methods are illustrated by a population analysis of plasma levels in 136 patients undergoing oral quinidine therapy.
Electrical transport in organic semiconductors

Organic semiconductors have processing and performance advantages for low cost and/or large area applications that have led to their rapid commercialization. Organic semiconductors are π conjugated materials, either small molecules or polymers. Their electrical transport properties are fundamentally distinct from those of inorganic semiconductors. Organic semiconductor thin films are amorphous or polycrystalline and their electronic structures consist of a distribution of localized electronic states with different energies. The localized sites are either individual molecules or isolated conjugated segments of a polymer chain. Electrical transport results from carrier hopping between neighboring sites. At room temperature, equilibration between neighboring sites of different energy is fast enough that carrier transport can be described using a mobility picture. Hopping transport in these disordered systems leads to a mobility that can depend strongly on both the electric field and carrier density. This article presents experimental measurements and theoretical analysis of the electrical transport properties of representative organic semiconductors.
Mitre data communication laboratory initiative for Departure Clearance (DCL)

In this paper, we present the preliminary results of a MITRE data communication initiative for FANS DCL procedures and requirements evaluation conducted in the MITRE Aviation Integration Demonstration and Experimentation for Aeronautics (IDEA) Lab and the Reconfigurable CNS/ATM Test (RCAT) Lab. Participants at the Integrated Communications Navigation and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference will find the data and observations of interest as the industry develops the avionics supporting data communications services and procedures. The FAA Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) and Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) Programs are becoming a reality. RTCA SC-214 and EUROCAE WG78 are jointly developing the data communication standards for safety, performance and Future Air Navigation System (FANS) interoperability requirements for Air Traffic Services (ATS). MITRE has been supporting the FAA Data Communication Program acquisition and implementation planning and is actively involved in SC-214 standardization. The FAA plans to implement a ground system, and operators are equipping with FANS avionics to support the Departure Clearance (DCL) service to be initially offered in the 2015 time frame. The work in this paper provides the first data towards SC-214/WG78 standards validation through laboratory experiments and data measurement for the Departure Clearance Service. The IDEA lab provides cockpit simulators that can be used for human in the loop (HITL) exercises and pilot response time measurement. The MITRE RCAT lab has an operational Flight Management System (FMS), Communication Management Unit (CMU), VHF Digital Radio (VDR), access to Data Service Provider (DSP) networks, and is capable of measuring the actual communication technical performance for both VDL2 and VDL0 sub networks in the Boston metroplex. The measured pilot response time and the actual communication technical performance are then statistically combined to estimate the actual communication performance at Boston for comparison with the required communication performance (RCP) in the RTCA SC 214 draft standards.
Vestigal Sideband Subchannel for Multichannel FM Broadcasting

The General Electric Company has expanded the two channel FM stereo broadcast system into a 4-channel one that provides compatibility with present stereophonic and monophonic FM broadcast receiversl. The system exhibits equal noise characteristics at each of the receiver output terminals and allows the use of the Subsidiary Communication Authorization (SCA) channel within the present 200 KHz channel allocations. The system transmits the full audio frequency range of 30 to 15000 Hz on each of the four audio channels and maintains in excess of 30 db audio separation between each of them. Figure 1 shows the total baseband utilization. In this paper, attention will be given to the 76 KHz subchannel with the unique vestigial sideband feature.
Observation of laser-jitter-enhanced hyperfine spectroscopy and two-photon spectral hole-burning

Abstract We have observed laser-jitter-enhanced high-resolution spectra of three hyperfine states in the ground level ( 3 H 4 ) of Pr 3+ :Y 2 SiO 5 using coherent population trapping and phase-correlated four-wave mixing. We have also observed optical Raman pulse excited two-photon spectral hole-burning. The observed high-resolution spectra are due to a laser-jitter-suppressed Raman coherence window in an inhomogeneously broadened solid system, and the observed two-photon spectral hole-burning has potential to increase data capacity in Raman excited optical memory (Opt. Lett. 22 (1997) 1849).
Engagement in paraprofessional home visitation: families' reasons for enrollment and program response to identified reasons.

Home visitation programs have exhibited modest impact in promoting maternal and child health outcomes; therefore, formative research is necessary to examine whether home visiting program models or actual implementation need to be modified. In particular, client engagement and retention have been identified as areas in which program implementation can be enhanced. This study assessed home visiting clients' reasons for entering home visiting programs and their perception of programs' response to these identified needs. We asked newly enrolled home visiting clients ( n = 123) to identify reasons for entering their home visiting program, including their first and second most important reasons. The most frequently cited reasons for enrolling were wanting information about job training, completing one's education, keeping in good health during pregnancy, and learning about infant growth and development. Home visiting programs' response to clients' identified needs varied. Needs more closely related to home visiting program goals of providing parenting education and promoting prenatal health were most often met, whereas needs less closely related to program goals (e.g., life course needs such as information about job training or education) were less often met. Our findings suggest that home visiting programs in urban contexts should consider modifying their program protocols to better respond to employment- and education-related issues facing their clients.
Neuroimaging of interval timing

Exactly how the brain is able to measure the durations of events lasting from seconds to minutes while maintaining time-scale invariance remains largely a mystery. Neuroimaging studies are only now beginning to unravel the nature of interval timing and reveal whether different timing mechanisms are required for the perception and production of sub- and supra-second intervals that can be defined by different stimulus modalities. We here review the impact that neuroimaging studies have had on the field of timing and time perception and outline the major challenges that remain to be addressed before a physiologically realistic theory of interval timing can be established involving cortico-striatal circuits.
Congressional committee reports

Abstract The importance of committee reports in the legislative process stems from their inseparable link to congressional bills. Reports are agents of action whose contents are historical, factual, analytical and political in nature. As retrospective documents they present a concise pre-legislative history of issues and legislative history of bills. As prospective documents they explain the purposes and provisions of measures so as to maximize potential support. The implicit and explicit political considerations interwoven with the account of facts, events, expectations and intentions that comprise reports are all essential for an understanding of federal legislation.
Serotonin reduces a voltage-dependent transient outward potassium current and enhances excitability of cerebellar Purkinje cells.

Abstract Utilizing current-clamp and single electrode voltage-clamp techniques we have studied the actions of serotonin (5-HT) on a transient outward voltage-dependent potassium current in adult rat Purkinje cells (PCs) in vitro. Under voltage-clamp, bath-applied 5-HT (10 nM-100 μM) reversibly depressed a transient outward potassium current in a dose-dependent manner in 24 of 26 neurons. This depression was apparent at all test command voltages. In current clamp, with normal bathing medium, 5-HT decreased the latency to first spike firing and increased the number of spikes in response to depolarization. Similar effects were evidence when 4-aminopyridine was applied. In bathing medium containing TTX, Cs + and Ni 2+ to block voltage-activated currents, 5-HT increased the trajectory of the electrotonic membrane response elicited by depolarizing current injection. Enhanced responsiveness of PCs by 5-HT was not related to changes in membraie potential or input resistance. These experiments indicate that one mechanism by which 5-HT can increase the excitability of PCs is via reduction of a transient outward current.
Nitric oxide increases calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of proteins in the postsynaptic density of adult rat cerebral cortex

Nitric oxide (NO) plays important roles in diverse processes, including neurotransmission in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme that catalyzes formation of NO from l-arginine, is an intrinsic component of the postsynaptic density (PSD), a specialization of the postsynaptic membrane. This raises the possibility that NO may play a role in postsynaptic function. To begin defining postsynaptic actions of NO, we examined effects of NO on Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation (C/C-DP) of proteins in the cortical PSD of adult rat brain. Treatment of the PSD with sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor, caused a 4-fold increase in C/C-DP of the major PSD protein (mPSDp), relative to C/C treatment alone. Another NO donor, S,S′-dinitrosodithiol, elicited a 2-fold increase in C/C-DP of the mPSDp. Treatment of PSD fractions with l-arginine, a substrate for endogenous NOS, caused a 3-fold increase in C/C-DP activity. The competitive NOS inhibitor, N-l-arginine-methyl ester, decreased basal C/C-DP of cortical mPSDp by 50% and blocked the increase elicited by l-arginine. The inhibitor had no effect on cAMP-dependent phosphorylation, suggesting specificity of NO action on C/C-DP. Our observations indicate that NO enhances C/C-DP of PSD proteins. As C/C-DP inactivates NOS, our findings raise the possibility that NO effects on C/C-DP consitute a feedback mechanism for regulation of NOS activity.
Mandibular replacements: a review of the literature

The literature on biologic and alloplastic implants used for mandibular reconstruction is reviewed. The use of various types of biologic and alloplastic implants for mandibular reconstruction is reviewed. Although repair with alloplastics has greatly increased since the 1930s, no one alloplastic material has been shown to be superior.
Incorporation of Radioactive Acetate and Sucrose into Amino Acids and Protein of Excised Organs of Red Kidney Bean.

This study was designed to test the possibility that the synthesis of certain amino acids is localized in organs other than leaves. Carbon 14 was used as a tracer. In both the acetate and the sucrose experiments, the protein radioactivity rises much more rapidly in the root tissue than in either the stem or the leaf. The ratio of incorporation into root protein to incorporation into leaf protein is 5:1 for the sucrose experiments and 6:1 for the acetate experiments after 12 hours. The data demonstrate that incorporation of amino acids proceeds at a considerably greater rate into protein of excised root than into protein of excised leaves. 15 references, 2 figures, 1 table.
The histochemistry of carbohydrate-rich substances in certain ungulate salivary glands.

The carbohydrate-rich secretions of bovine, ovine and porcine submandibular and sublingual glands have been investigated histochemically. The strong PAS staining of mucous acini in all the glands indicates presence of mucin rich in residues with vic-glycols. This staining correlates well with the neutral sugar (hexose or deoxyhexose) content except in the bovine submandibular gland in which other types of residues as perhaps C-6 linked or terminal amino sugars with vicinal hydroxyls apparently account for PAS staining. Strong staining with a periodate-para diamine procedure is observed only in the glands with high hexose or deoxyhexose levels and is absent from those with strong PAS reactivity apparently attributable to amino sugars. Digestion with malt diastase diminishes the PAS staining of a mucous secretion in mucous acini of the sheep glands. The mucous acini of the submandibular glands form sialomucin uniformly and afford no evidence for the presence of a sulfomucin. The basophilia of this sialomucin in sow and ewe is fully susceptible to sialidase. Sialomucin basophilia in the bovine submandibular gland is only partially digestible, indicating presence of two kinds of neuraminic acid or two sialomucins in this gland. In the sublingual glands the proportion of sulformucin to sialomucin increases in the order cow-sow-ewe. The sialomucin in the bovine and porcine sublingual mucous acini revealed as blue-stained material with the high iron diamine-alcian blue sequence largely succumbs to sialidase. Much of that similarly demonstrated in the ovine sublingual gland resists digestion, suggesting presence herein of two sialomucins. The sialomucin in all the mucous acini of the ovine submandibular and some mucous acini of the ovine sublingual glands loses azurophilia and undergoes marked decrease in alcianophilia after digestion with malt diastase. Prominent seromucous demilunes in the ovine and bovine glands appear to secrete a sulfated mucosaccharide. The secretion in these sites stains well with the PAS method. The seromucous demilunes in the cow afford evidence also of a mucosaccharide-containing sialic acid.
On cooperative phenomena

The study is proposed of a group of phenomena so far not systematically treated. The term cooperative phenomena is adopted because of the fact that these phenomena are caused by interactions of a great number of elementary particles such as electrons, atoms, etc. These interactions extend over distances which are enormously greater than the usual action radii of the elementary particles. A brief survey of some possible cooperative phenomena in static and in stationary systems is given and their importance in physics, astrophysics, and biology is pointed out. Incidentally a generalization of thermodynamics from static systems to stationary systems is discussed. The view is advanced that the existence of crystals is due to certain cooperative phenomena which fact would in general necessitate the existence of a secondary structure of crystals. The various general contentions and conclusions of this paper are illustrated and applied in the case of ferromagnetism.
A Comparison of Stiffness Characteristics of Serial and Parallel Machine Tools

Abstract The stiffness characteristics of classical serial machine tools are compared with parallel kinematic, or hexapod, structures for high-speed milling applications. A structural stiffness requirement for this application is determined by the stiffness of current-generation high-speed spindles and the desire for stability against chatter. It is found that hexapod structures exhibit lower structural stiffness than can be achieved in serial machines using the same drive components. Furthermore, the stiffness varies widely across the workspace of hexapod machines, leading to difficulties in control and limiting achievable accuracy. Theoretically derived stiffnesses are compared with experimentally measured stiffnesses for two hexapod machines and are found to show good agreement.
Infrared imaging for leak detection of N95 filtering facepiece respirators: A pilot study

Background This study was undertaken to determine the utility of an infrared camera (IRC) for assessing leaks around filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) during quantitative respirator fit testing. Methods Eight subjects underwent quantitative fit testing on six N95 FFR models (48 total fit tests) while simultaneously being recorded with an IRC. Results The IRC detected 49 exhalation leaks during 39 tests and no leaks in nine tests. Exhalation leaks were identified in all failed fit tests (13) and a majority (26 of 35) of passed tests. Anatomically, the nasal region and malar (cheekbone) regions accounted for 71% of identified leak sites. Fit factors for fit tests without identified exhalation leaks were significantly higher than fit tests with leaks detected by IRC (P = 0.01). Conclusions Thermal imaging using IRC can detect leaks in respiratory protective equipment and has the potential as a screening tool for assessment of the adequacy of post-donning FFR fit. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:628–636, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Fifth Column---Some Reflections on Surviving as an Internal Consultant, Azerbaijan, & Two Thieves

Whenever I speak before a local TIMS and/or ORSA chapter, certain questions keep occuring. One of the most frequent questions runs something like: “Well, I agree that you can do what you suggest, but you must recognize that I am an internal consultant, now tell me what will work for me.” The inference is clear, that there is a profound difference between being an internal consultant and an external consultant. Further it is usually implied that an external consultant has much more freedom to say and do outrageous things than the internal one. Also everyone understands that the external consultant can always leave money in hand, and never be seen again, while the internal consultant has to stay and face the music. For this reason many internal consultants count the days when they can leave Amalgamated Conglomerate Inc. and go into business for themselves. It doesn't often take too long before they are back being an internal consultant again, sadder, wiser, and in debt. Let's take some of the common problems of the internal consultant and consider some tactics for survival.
BIN1 Localizes the L-Type Calcium Channel to Cardiac T-Tubules

The BAR domain protein superfamily is involved in membrane invagination and endocytosis, but its role in organizing membrane proteins has not been explored. In particular, the membrane scaffolding protein BIN1 functions to initiate T-tubule genesis in skeletal muscle cells. Constitutive knockdown of BIN1 in mice is perinatal lethal, which is associated with an induced dilated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. However, the functional role of BIN1 in cardiomyocytes is not known. An important function of cardiac T-tubules is to allow L-type calcium channels (Cav1.2) to be in close proximity to sarcoplasmic reticulum-based ryanodine receptors to initiate the intracellular calcium transient. Efficient excitation-contraction (EC) coupling and normal cardiac contractility depend upon Cav1.2 localization to T-tubules. We hypothesized that BIN1 not only exists at cardiac T-tubules, but it also localizes Cav1.2 to these membrane structures. We report that BIN1 localizes to cardiac T-tubules and clusters there with Cav1.2. Studies involve freshly acquired human and mouse adult cardiomyocytes using complementary immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy with dual immunogold labeling, and co-immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, we use surface biotinylation and live cell confocal and total internal fluorescence microscopy imaging in cardiomyocytes and cell lines to explore delivery of Cav1.2 to BIN1 structures. We find visually and quantitatively that dynamic microtubules are tethered to membrane scaffolded by BIN1, allowing targeted delivery of Cav1.2 from the microtubules to the associated membrane. Since Cav1.2 delivery to BIN1 occurs in reductionist non-myocyte cell lines, we find that other myocyte-specific structures are not essential and there is an intrinsic relationship between microtubule-based Cav1.2 delivery and its BIN1 scaffold. In differentiated mouse cardiomyocytes, knockdown of BIN1 reduces surface Cav1.2 and delays development of the calcium transient, indicating that Cav1.2 targeting to BIN1 is functionally important to cardiac calcium signaling. We have identified that membrane-associated BIN1 not only induces membrane curvature but can direct specific antegrade delivery of microtubule-transported membrane proteins. Furthermore, this paradigm provides a microtubule and BIN1-dependent mechanism of Cav1.2 delivery to T-tubules. This novel Cav1.2 trafficking pathway should serve as an important regulatory aspect of EC coupling, affecting cardiac contractility in mammalian hearts.
From black and white to living color: A dialogic exposition into the social (re) construction of race, gender, and crime

Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for “Blackness.” By Herman Gray. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995; pp.xii + 201; cloth $22.95. Feminism, Multiculturalism, and the Media: Global Diversities. By Angharad N. Valdivia (Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995; pp. viii + 332; paper $19.95. Media, Process, and the Social Construction of Crime: Studies in Newsmaking Criminology. By Gregg Barak (Ed.). New York: Garland Publishing, 1994; pp. xviii + 322; paperback $18.95.
The Menopause—An Introduction

THE MENOPAUSE is an integral part of the process of aging in women. It is not a new experience in the life of women, but has perhaps been more widely publicized and discussed in the last decade because of means for endocrine therapy. Historically, the use of the word menopause appears to be of relatively recent origin. The Oxford English Dictionary quotes J. M. Good who stated in 1834 that “when menstruation is about to cease, the period is called the ‘change of turn of life,’” and cites Peaslee who in 1872 referred to “the 30 or 35 years of menstrual life, i.e. from puberty to the menopause.” An instructive treatise, “The Change of Life,” by Edward John Tilt (1) has a well-informed chapter on the physiology of the “change of life,” with statistical data which are useful today. This work was written before the clinical use of hormones and the author ascribes the multiform disturbances of the menopause to disease of the “ganglionic nervous system.”
Comparison of hormone and glucose responses of overweight women to barley and oats.

Objective: To determine the effect of particle size (flour vs. flakes) on glycemic responses after oats and barley (Prowashonupana cultivar), which contain high amounts of soluble fiber, are consumed by overweight women.Design: Ten women, average age 50 years and body mass index 30, consumed glucose (1 g/kg body weight) and four test meals (1 g carbohydrate/kg body weight; 2/3 of the carbohydrate from oat flour, oatmeal, barley flour, or barley flakes and 1/3 from pudding) in a Latin square design after consuming controlled diets for 2 days. Blood samples were collected at fasting and periodically after each meal.Results: Peak glucose and insulin levels after barley were significantly lower than those after glucose or oats. Glucose areas under the curve (AUCs) after test meals compared with AUCs after glucose were reduced after both oats and barley (29–36% by oats and 59–65% by barley) (p < 0.002). Insulin AUCs after test meals compared with glucose AUCs were significantly reduced only by barley (44–56%) ...
Heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity in myocardial infarction.

The mortality rate during the year after myocardial infarction (MI) is in the range of 5 % to 15% .la 2 Survival curves after an MI generally demonstrate that the highest attrition rate occurs immediately after the event and then declines so that by 1 to 2 years after the infarction, the slope of the survival curve remains constant. In one study 50% of the deaths that occurred within 4 years after an MI occurred within the first 6 months.3 Approximately 50 % of all deaths after an MI occur with little or no warning.4-7 These deaths are usually referred to as sudden deaths; however, the definition of sudden death has not been uniform.s1° The incidence ranges from 3 % to 8 % in the first year and 2 % to 4% per year thereafter.6q 11-14 The majority of these events begin as ventricular tachycardia, which degenerates into ventricular fibrillation; and such events are seldom associated with either acute infarction or significant ischemia.i53 l6 Bradycardia and asystole are infrequently the cause of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease but account for 13 % to 20% of deaths among patients with end-stage congestive heart failure.lsls Extensive research has been focused on risk stratification after MI during the last 2 decades. This research has been complicated by difficulty in accurately determining the mechanisms of death. Many clinical variables, as well as noninvasive and invasive tests, have proved to be of value in risk stratification. However, the ability of individual tests to accurately predict arrhythmic events and/or sudden death is limited. The most important determinant for both shortand long-term survival is left ventricular function. A progressive increase in l-year mortality rate is seen as left ventricular ejection fraction falls below 40 % .2 However, left ventricular dysfunction
Seam based dynamic programming for stereo matching

In recent years, stereo matching gets more and more attention in the fields of gaming and 3D display, as the need of intuitive human-computer interaction and image based multi-view rendering getting higher. To fit these kinds of applications, cost and memory efficiency of the matching algorithm are as important as the quality of the matching result. Therefore, dynamic programming (DP) which uses semi-global optimization and provides compromise between complexity and quality can perform stereo matching effectively and efficiently.
Aggression on Prosocial Television Programs

Aggression on 2 types of children's cartoons (prosocial and standard) was examined. Overall aggression did not differ but antagonists were more aggressive than protagonists. RESULTS relate to children's learning of moral messages from television characters and confusion with aggrfessive heros create. VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: This article by Liss and Reinhardt analyzed violence in children's cartoons by comparing "prosocial" cartoons (cartoons that attempt to teach moral messages) with "standard" cartoons. METHODOLOGY: A quasi-experimental content analysis was done on 24 children's cartoons which aired the first two Saturday mornings in January 1978. The major networks were randomly selected and programs were classified into two groups: prosocial programs (those with moral message plots such as "Superfriends") and standard programs (shows without prosocial lessons, traditional fare such as "Bugs Bunny"). Coding was done independently by two undergraduates who were ignorant of the hypothesis or program. Coding included both aggressive acts and identification of the aggressor. Interobserver reliability was assessed at.9 using Pearson coefficients. The definition of aggression was "overt expression of physical force against others or self, or the compelling of actions against one's own will on pain of being hurt or killed." Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The data was subjected to Newman-Keuls planned comparisons. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: Number of acts of aggression per program was the dependent measure in a 2 (program type: prosocial/standard) x 2 (character type: protagonist/antagonist) design with repeated measures on the last factor. Analysis of variance showed a significant (p Further research on the impact of cartoons on children's learning of aggression and in defining what is meant by a prosocial program was suggested by the authors. EVALUATION: Children spend a great deal of time watching TV, including cartoons, that includes much aggression and violence. This study can not make any direct suggestions about what effects this viewing has on children; it has shown, however, that there was a great deal of aggression among all characters. This study is difficult to generalize from because there is a very small time period covered in the study (2 weeks in January of 1978). Problems with validity arise in the ambiguity of the coding of the shows, though interobserver reliability was high. Overall, the study raises issues in what cartoons are portraying, but ultimately, this information needs to be combined with empirical studies of the direct effects of such viewing on children. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) KW - Prosocial Television KW - Cartoons KW - Child Aggression KW - Media Violence Effects KW - Television Viewing KW - Television Violence KW - Program-Film Content KW - Program-Film Popularity KW - Aggression Causes