cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoradiographic localization of M1 and M2 muscarine receptors in the rat brain

Abstract The distribution of M1 and M2 muscarine receptors in the rat brain was investigated by in vitro autoradiography. Muscarine receptors were visualized after complete receptor uncoupling in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid buffer containing 1 mM N-ethyl maleimide and saturation with the ligand [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate. Pirenzepine, an M1-selective antagonist, was used in our assays as a counter ligand to occlude M1 sites, allowing the primary ligand, [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, to label the remaining M2 muscarine receptors. In adjacent sections, M1 muscarine receptors were labelled with [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in the presence of sufficient carbachol, an M2-selective agonist, to inhibit the binding to M2 sites. Our results reveal a heterogeneous distribution of M1 and M2 receptors. Increased densities of carbacholresistant and pirenzepine-sensitive sites (M1 receptor subtype) were apparent over many forebrain structures including the olfactory tubercle, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebral cortex. In contrast, pirenzepine-resistant and carbachol-sensitive sites (M2 receptor subtype) were distributed throughout the brain with increased densities apparent over regions known to contain large numbers of cholinergic cell bodies. M2 receptor localization patterns were largely coincident with the regional distribution and intensity of acetylcholinesterase positive sites. Since the M2 receptor pattern appears to parallel regional innervation densities, we conclude that the M2 receptor may serve as a marker for cholinergic pathways. The findings also suggest that M1 muscarine receptors are involved in the presumptive postsynaptic actions of acetylcholine in many forebrain structures.
Does Participatory Decision Making Improve Hypertension Self-Care Behaviors and Outcomes?

This study examined patients' perceptions of their providers' participatory decision making (PDM) style and hypertension self-care behaviors and outcomes. Five hundred fifty-four veterans with hypertension enrolled in the Veterans' Study to Improve the Control of Hypertension rated providers' PDM styles using a validated 3-item instrument. Behaviors assessed included presence of a home blood pressure monitor, monitoring frequency, and self-reported antihypertensive medication adherence. Overall, veterans with hypertension rated providers as highly participatory. In adjusted analyses, a lower PDM score was associated with decreased odds of having a home monitor (odds ratio, 0.90 per 10-point decrement in PDM score; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-0.98) but not with monitoring frequency, adherence, or blood pressure control. Providers' involvement of patients in decision making, reflected in ratings of PDM style, may be important to securing patients' participation in their own care, but alone this factor seems insufficient. No relationship between PDM score and blood pressure control was observed.
Dental microwear and diets of African early Homo

Conventional wisdom ties the origin and early evolution of the genus Homo to environmental changes that occurred near the end of the Pliocene. The basic idea is that changing habitats led to new diets emphasizing savanna resources, such as herd mammals or underground storage organs. Fossil teeth provide the most direct evidence available for evaluating this theory. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of dental microwear in Plio-Pleistocene Homo from Africa. We examined all available cheek teeth from Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa and found 18 that preserved antemortem microwear. Microwear features were measured and compared for these specimens and a baseline series of five extant primate species (Cebus apella, Gorilla gorilla, Lophocebus albigena, Pan troglodytes, and Papio ursinus) and two protohistoric human foraging groups (Aleut and Arikara) with documented differences in diet and subsistence strategies. Results confirmed that dental microwear reflects diet, such that hard-object specialists tend to have more large microwear pits, whereas tough food eaters usually have more striations and smaller microwear features. Early Homo specimens clustered with baseline groups that do not prefer fracture resistant foods. Still, Homo erectus and individuals from Swartkrans Member 1 had more small pits than Homo habilis and specimens from Sterkfontein Member 5C. These results suggest that none of the early Homo groups specialized on very hard or tough foods, but that H. erectus and Swartkrans Member 1 individuals ate, at least occasionally, more brittle or tough items than other fossil hominins studied.
Solubility of Eu(NO3)3·6H2O in water at 298.15 K

Abstract The solubility of Eu(NO 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O in water has been measured at 298.15 K using isopiestic equilibrations. Concordant results were obtained using 5, 7, and 9 d equilibrations; this indicates that thermodynamic equilibrium had been reached and that the hexahydrate is the stable hydrate at this temperature. The experimental molality of the saturated solution is (4.2732±0.0061) mol·kg −1 . Results for Eu(NO 3 ) 3 fall on a smooth curve for the solubilities of lanthanide nitrate hexahydrates (La through Yb). The thermodynamic solubility product was computed using published activities.
Monoclonal antibodies to proteokeratan sulfate of rabbit corneal stroma.

Hybrldomas were developed that secreted monoclonal antibodies against two proteokeratan sulfates (PKS) from rabbit corneal stroma. A total of 28 antibodies were isolated, all of the IgG type with k light chains. All were found to react with both PKSs. As judged by immunohistochemical staining, none of them reacted with scleral or eonjunctival components, nor with sections of skin, but all reacted with nasal cartilage. When tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, against components of the proteoglycans, all of the antibodies reacted with keratan sulfate-peptide (isolated from papain digests of PKS or of cartilage proteoglycan), and all but two reacted with oligosaccharide-containing protein cores (prepared by keratanase treatment of PKS). Reactivity with cores was probably due to residual portions of the keratan sulfate chains since the endogenous oligosaccharide-peptides (non-sulfated, non-keratan sulfate oligosaccharides isolated after papain digestion of PKS) were not active. None of the antibodie...
Isolation and characterization of novel dinucleotide repeat microsatellites in the Jamaican click beetle Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

We report 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Jamaican click beetle, Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus. A survey of 36 individuals from three populations in Jamaica showed that these are highly variable, with three to 17 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.250 to 0.917, and mean heterozygosity from 0.601 to 0.747. Most loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, although excess of homozygotes was observed in four tests (out of 20), suggesting the possibility of null alleles. Significant linkage disequilibrium was observed for only one pair. These newly developed markers will be useful in understanding the population structure of click beetles in Jamaica, and in identifying possible selective factors responsible for bioluminescent colour variation.
Exposure of peripubertal macaques to western-style diet (WSD) and chronic testosterone (T) in vivo alters secondary follicle function during encapsulated 3-dimensional (3D) culture

allele was present in genomic DNA extracted from ovaries in CKO mice, but not in control littermates (such as AKAP13). Histologic evaluation of CKO ovaries demonstrated minimal intervening stroma, multiple follicles, and no clear evidence of ovulation. Mean section area was 37% smaller in CKO than in control ovaries (p<0.003). Realtime RT-PCR demonstrated 75% greater akap13 mRNA expression in whole ovary of control versus CKO (p<0.001, normalized with18S rRNA). Aromatase expression was also significantly decreased in CKO ovary (p<0.002). CONCLUSION: Ovary-specific knockout of AKAP13 resulted in an in vivo phenotype that lacked evidence of ovulation and had decreased aromatase expression. This model has the potential to yield significant insight into various conditions marked by impaired folliculogenesis, such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Supported by: ZIA-HD008737-12, NIH Intramural General Research LRP to KD.
The influence of systemic cancer on the oral tissues.

T he purpose of this article is to discuss some of the findings in the oral cavity which should stimulate us to investigate the patient further from the standpoint of a systemic cancer. The influence of systemic cancer on the oral tissues is manifold, and its presence may be revealed blatantly or subtly. The most obvious way in which systemic cancer makes itself known is by the physical presence of the tumor in the oral cavity through metastasis in either soft tissue or bone. A biopsy is all that is really required to substantiate this. Alternatively, a tumor, by virtue of metastasis or invasion, may give secondary effects which are reflected in the oral tissues. Such an example might be thrombocytopenia seen in blood dyscrasias where the rapidly multiplying cells squeeze out the thrombocytes, creating a secondary thrombocytopenia seen in the oral cavity as purpuric spots or spontaneous gingival hemorrhage. By the same process, a decreased resistance to infection by virtue of the decrease in the number of functional white blood cells may be seen as herpes zoster, herpes simplex, moniliasis, and so forth. These infections tend to be widespread, severe, and difficult to eradicate. Other considerations are certain syndromes which appear to be genetically determined and which are really developmental errors. These are the areas in which the relationships of systemic cancer and oral signs are probably the best known, as these syndromes are more unique and clear cut, and therefore more striking, and consequently have received the most attention. Gardner’s syndrome is such an entity. Here the oral findings include multiple osteomas of the maxilla and mandible and supernumerary and impacted teeth. Lipomas, desmoid tumors, and epidermoid cysts are also found. Together with this, multiple polyposis of the large intestine occurs. Malignant transformation of these polyps occurs in
Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has recently emerged as a potential treatment option for tinnitus.1–6 TMS induces electrical stimulation of cortical neurons by creating a brief, focused magnetic field over the surface of the brain.7 When magnetic pulses are delivered repetitively and rhythmically, the process is called repetitive TMS (rTMS). The magnetic field induced by rTMS is brief (microseconds), relatively weak (except directly under the coil, where 1–3 cm of tissue is stimulated, depending on coil configuration),8 and declines rapidly with distance from the coil (falling off sharply after 2 cm).7,9 Pulse trains can be delivered at low (≤1 Hz) or high (>1 Hz) frequencies, which tend to decrease or increase neural activity beneath the coil, respectively. Standard TMS coils are only able to directly stimulate the superficial cortex, but deeper brain structures and structures in the opposite cerebral hemisphere may be affected by TMS via connecting neural pathways.10,11 Most studies using rTMS for the treatment of tinnitus have used low-frequency magnetic pulses applied to one temporal lobe for 30 minutes, once daily, for 3–10 consecutive days. Some have used functional imaging with neuronavigation to select the treatment site based on asymmetrical cortical activation, while others have targeted the left superior temporal lobe in all cases or the side opposite the loudest tinnitus. Regardless of targeting technique, beneficial results are obtained in about 50% of patients who receive active treatment. While treatment effects have been reported to persist for 6 months in some cases,2 most treatment studies have demonstrated tinnitus suppression effects lasting only a few days to a few weeks.3,5,6 This article will briefly review rTMS, the rationale for its use to treat tinnitus, and data relevant to its efficacy in treating tinnitus.
The histological lesions of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var erinacei infection in dogs

A retrospective study of the histological features of four cases of canine Trichophyton mentagrophytes var erinacei infection is reported. In all four dogs the initial lesions affected the dorsal muzzle and in two dogs the lesions spread to more distant sites on the body. Clinically, the lesions were characterized by scaling, crusting and hair loss. Histologically, the main lesions were characterized by acanthosis, epidermal, ostial and infundibular hyperkeratosis, serocellular crusting, mural folliculitis and furunculosis. Fungal hyphae were usually sparse and often difficult to see in haematoxylin and eosin stained sections. When visible they were seen in the epidermal, ostial and infundibular scale and, less frequently, within hair shafts.
Terrain analysis from landsat using a color TV enhancement system

Abstract Visual interpretation of Landsat false-color composite imagery was employed to map terrain types on the Navajo Indian Reservation in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. Three main difficulties were encountered in the visual analysis:(1) determination of the exact boundary positions; (2) repeatability of the boundary decisions over an area; and (3) discrimination among subtle tone differences associated with certain terrain type groupings. A simple image enhancement technique, based on a color television system was developed to make the visual analysis more accurate. A color TV camera was used to view the image and a color monitor used for the display. Image enhancement was achieved by use of the chroma, hue, contrast, and brightness controls on the monitor. The use of a zoom lens on the camera allowed rapid scale change and facilitated study of small areas of the image. By working directly from a color image, the technique obviated the need for separation positives with their attendant registration problems.
A study of the fractal character in electronic noise processes

Abstract The time dependence of Johnson electronic noise in resistors is explored from the perspective of fractional Brownian motion (fBm). The electronic noise source, manufactured to generate broad white noise Fourier power spectrum, is studied for long-range dependence by the estimation of the Hurst exponent within the rescaled range analysis (R/S). It is found that most of the time series studied possessed characteristics of an ordinary Wiener–Brownian motion (H=0.5). However, a weak (4%), yet statistically significant deviation from this picture (H=0.521±0.004, df =62) was identified within one of the time series of considerable total size (450,000 data units), exhibiting persistent fBm. The R/S technique was also applied on pseudo-random computer simulated data, obeying the statistical distribution of the electronic noise records, to reveal anti-persistent fBm instead (H
Flash photolysis of ribonuclease A.

— Flash photolysis spectra show that ultraviolet irradiation of RNase (Λ > 250 nm) at pH 11.5 generates the hydrated electron and a long-lived transient with absorption maxima at 390 nm and 410 nm, attributed to the phenoxyl type radical from tyrosyl residues. Comparison of the initial yields with flash photolysis spectra obtained from aqueous tyrosine and mixtures of the chromophoric amino acids indicates that 3–4 tyrosyl residues are photoionized in the primary act. This process is almost completely quenched at pH 1–9, even though the p-alanylphenoxyl radical is obtained with tyrosine over this pH range and the accompanying electron is observed at pH 7. The negative result is not altered by denaturation of RNase with 8M urea or heating to 70°C, suggesting that a primary chain interaction is responsible for the suppression of tyrosyl residue photolysis. This mechanism is supported by flash photolysis spectra of small peptides, showing that the initial radical yield from tyrosylglycylglycine is strongly quenched compared to tyrosine when the phenolic group is protonated. Comparion of this work with published results on fluorescence and inactivation quantum yields indicates that photochemical electron ejection from RNase in alkaline solutions takes place in the dissociable residues and does not contribute to loss of enzymic activity.
Sedimentary Regime of San Miguel Gap: ABSTRACT

San Miguel Gap is an offshore basin that intersects the continental margin at the extreme northwestern limit of the southern California borderland. The California current sweeps over the western portion of the gap, open to the deep sea through the Patton escarpment, whereas the eastern part lies close to the Channel Islands. Thus the bathymetry presents an enlargement of the continental slope, under both oceanic and terrestrial influences. A sedimentologic study of the basin and its surroundings was conducted. Virtually all sediments of the gap region are sands. Foraminiferal tests, glauconite grains, and fine quartz-feldspar sand dominate the sand fraction. Locally, volcanic shards, terrestrial pebbles, tar, palagonite rubble, sponge spicules, and diatom tests are conspicuous. Cores show few obvious turbidity-current sands, but there is evidence of traction sediment movement. The clay fraction is significant only in the deepest part of the basin. Sub-bottom profiles suggest two generations of relatively undisturbed sediments overlying a "basement" of Miocene(?) volcanic and sedimentary rocks; the general characteristics of both sedimentary sequences are similar. Biologic productivity, authigenesis of glauconite, and eolian introduction of terrestrial material, in that order, are the dominant sedimentary processes in the gap. These factors all can be directly related to climatic influences: productivity, to ocean currents and upwelling; glauconite, possibly to extreme weathering and low sedimentation rates; and the eolian sediments, to the occasional offshore windstorms. Because the ultimate control of sedimentation on the continental slope is climatologic, it is clear that valid paleoclimatic reconstruction in such areas may be based on the ancient sediments as well as on faunal data. End_of_Article - Last_Page 652------------
TH‐C‐BRA‐01: Online Adaptive Radiotherapy: Technical Barriers and Potential Solutions

By seamlessly integrating treatment simulation and planning into the treatment delivery process, online adaptive radiotherapy (ART) allows realtime treatment adaptations based on the current patient anatomy and therefore holds significant promise in maximally compensating for anatomical uncertainties. This new paradigm of cancerradiotherapy provides an opportunity to significantly reduce normal tissue toxicity and/or to improve tumor control. Additionally, online ART can also handle the interfraction variation of the organ motion pattern, the inaccuracy of patient positioning (fast but less accurate patient positioning is then allowed), direct treatment without a traditional CT simulation, and the change of treatment strategy in the middle of the treatment course. However, the clinical realization of online ART is extremely challenging, mainly due to three major barriers: the inability for real‐time treatment re‐planning, the concern of excessive imagingdose from daily CT/CBCT, and the lack of an efficient clinical workflow. To overcome these barriers, we have been developing a series of GPU‐based computational tools for real‐time re‐planning, GPU‐based low‐dose CT/CBCT reconstruction, and an innovative computational infrastructure for a streamlined clinical workflow. In this talk, we will discuss the current status of this effort and some initial clinical applications. This lecture will provide an overview of the technical barriers for the clinical realization of online adaptive radiotherapy as well as the current efforts to overcome these barriers. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the great potential of online adaptive radiotherapy; 2. Understand the major technical barriers for the clinical realization of online adaptive radiotherapy; 3. Understand the great potential of using graphics processing unit (GPU) to achieve high computational efficiency; 4. Understand an IMRT plan can be developed in seconds using GPU‐ based computational tools; 5. Understand CT/CBCT imagingdose can be reduced by 1–2 orders of magnitude using new reconstruction algorithms; 6. Understand a streamlined clinical workflow can be developed for online adaptive radiotherapy.
Philip Werner Baumeister (1929-2003): in memoriam

Philip Baumeister pioneered the design of optical thin films by computer methods. He has published many important papers on various aspects of optical coatings, and he initiated the Optical Society of America's Topical Meetings on Optical Interference Coatings. Most important, during his time at the University of Rochester and thereafter, he trained and mentored generations of researchers and engineers in the theory and practice of thin-film interference coatings. Originally, a talk was prepared to celebrate his 75th birthday at the ninth Topical Meeting on Optical Interference Coatings. Because of his untimely demise on 22 October 2003, it was presented at the conference to honor his memory. This is a written version of the tribute that contains a comprehensive list of Philip Baumeister's various publications.
Assisting Versus Repelling Force-Feedback for Learning of a Line Following Task in a Wheelchair

Previous work has shown that training with the “assist-as-needed” method using a force-feedback joystick can improve the driving performance of children and adults. This paper is the first study to evaluate training with a repelling force versus an assisting force for learning of a line following task in a wheelchair through a force-feedback joystick. We designed a robotic training wheelchair, that can accurately localize itself in the training environment, and implemented assisting and repelling force fields on the force-feedback joystick. The training protocol included three groups. The control (CT) group received no force feedback. The assisting force (AF) group was trained using the “assist-as-needed” paradigm. The repelling force (RF) group was trained with the repelling force field. We observed that both the AF and RF groups improved their driving skills. The error reductions of both groups were not statistically different under the current setting. We believe that this pilot study could provide a promising foundation regarding the effects of a robotic wheelchair training algorithm on motor learning.
GABA and benzodiazepine receptors in the cat motor thalamus after lesioning of nigro- and pallidothalamic pathways.

Abstract Binding parameters of [ 3 H]muscimol ([ 3 H]MUS) and [ 3 H]flunitrazepam ([ 3 H]FLU) were determined in the thalamic area of overlap of nigro- and pallidothalamic pathways at short- (1–10 weeks) and long-term (6–11 months) survival times after kainic acid lesioning of substantia nigra pars reticularis (SNr) and/or entopeduncular nucleus (EPN). No statistically significant lesion-induced changes in K d could be established in any of the lesioned groups. B max values for both binding sites, when corrected for nerve cell densities, revealed some changes in all but one instance (no statistically significant changes in the number of [ 3 H]MUS binding sites were detected after SNr lesions). Significant bilateral increase in the number of [ 3 H]MUS binding sites was found after unilateral EPN and combined EPN + SNr lesions. In the first group the changes were transient; in the second, the number of binding sites appeared to be still on the rise at 8 months postlesion. The latter increase was interpreted as resulting from plasticity type changes in GABAergic local circuit neurons in response to massive deafferentation from extrinsic inhibitory inputs. Changes in [ 3 H]FLU binding sites were of different character and of extremely low magnitude compared to changes in [ 3 H]MUS binding sites. Subtle, but statistically significant, ipsilateral increase in the number of [ 3 H]FLU binding sites as a function of time postlesion was found in the SNr lesioned group. In two other lesioned groups small magnitude increase occured bilaterally, although in the EPN lesioned group it was more pronounced on the operated side. The results are consistent with earlier suggestion that [ 3 H]MUS and [ 3 H]FLU binding sites in the motor thalamus appear to be associated with different types of GABAergic synapses with none of them being directly associated with the basal ganglia thalamic pathways.
Sample-specific ratio effects in matching to sample

In a symbolic matching-to-sample task, pigeons were trained using sample-specific, fixed-ratio "observing responses." Subsequently, in a mixed condition, each sample was presented equally often with each ratio requirement, i.e., the ratios were no longer correlated with the samples. In a second experiment, pigeons were trained initially in the mixed condition and subsequently shifted to the sample-specific condition in which the required ratios were correlated with the samples. Results of both experiments suggested joint control of choices by ratio value and by the exteroceptive stimuli. The discriminative properties of the ratios appeared to outweigh absolute ratio-size effects.
Ectopic hyperparathyroidism in a patient with metastatic hypernephroma.

Abstract A patient with hypercalcemia and a right renal tumor was found to have a significantly elevated serum parathyroid hormone (/PTH) concentration as determined by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. This /PTH could not be distinguished from either the bovine PTH standard or /PTH in serum from a patient with a parathyroid adenoma. The right renal venous serum /PTH concentration was significantly higher than the right renal arterial serum /PTH. At surgery, the patient was found to have a metastatic hypernephroma. Following right nephrectomy both the serum /PTH and serum calcium concentrations remained elevated. Terminally, the serum calcium became normal, but serum /PTH remained elevated. Radioimmunoassay of an extract of the primary tumor estimated the concentration of /PTH in the tissue at 20 ng/g. Data is presented demonstrating the specificity and sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay for PTH. The data support the hypothesis that nonendocrine tumors associated with hypercalcemia without osseous metastases secrete a PTH molecule that corresponds to a precursor form of PTH.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor protein expression in the prefrontal cortex and striatum in schizophrenia

We investigated the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum in schizophrenia. mGluRs modulate the release and reuptake of synaptic glutamate and mediate some molecular correlates of neuroplasticity, including long-term potentiation. The mGluRs are expressed widely in the PFC and striatum, regions often implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Thus, we hypothesized that abnormal expression of mGluRs might contribute to glutamatergic dysfunction observed in the PFC and striatum in schizophrenia. Accordingly, we measured the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in Brodmann areas 9, 11, 32, and 46 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenia (16 cases, 9 controls) by Western blot analysis. We found an increase in the expression of mGluR1a and mGluR2/3 immunoreactivity in the PFC in schizophrenia, while no changes in the expression of mGluR4a or mGluR5 were detected in this region. In the striatum we found no changes in the expression of any of the mGluRs studied. These results suggest that alterations of mGluR1a and mGluR2/3 expression in the PFC may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and support targeting these receptors for the generation of novel treatment modalities for this disabling illness.
Using Microanalysis to Examine how Elementary Students Self-regulate in Math: A Case Study☆

Abstract The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine how high, average, and low achieving elementary students engage in self-regulation in math. Participants were nine elementary students and their teachers from three different public schools who incorporated the International Baccalaureate Curriculum. Using a microanalytic methodology, students were asked a series of forethought, performance, and self-reflection process items about specific math problem solving. It was hypothesized that high achievers would display more self-regulated learning processes than either average or low achieving students. To provide a more detailed picture of self-regulatory functioning among the different math achievers, a case study of fifth grade students from each achievement level is also presented. Students’ reports of self-regulation were also compared with teacher ratings. Results also revealed that high achievers surpassed average achievers, who in turn surpassed the low achieving student in self-regulation. The results were discussed in terms of Zimmerman's social cognitive model of self-regulation. Implications, limitations, and future research are presented.
Abstract 1517: Pancreatic stellate cells and chemoresistant pancreatic cancer cells induce EMT gene expression in normal pancreatic ductal cells.

Pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest of human cancers, is associated with a collagen-rich pronounced stromal reaction. Previously, we showed that the collagen microenvironment increased the motility of human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells (Ottaviano AJ et al, Cancer Research 2006). Since stellate cells are one of the major contributors to the stromal reaction, we examined the effect of stellate cells on HPDE cells. HPDE cells were labeled with cell tracking dye and then co-cultured stellate cells to allow intimate cell-cell contact. HPDE cells were then isolated 72 hours later using FACS and changes in gene expression analyzed by real time PCR. We found that HPDE cells upregulated expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers Zeb1, Snail and vimentin. Stellate cells also increased expression of these EMT markers in HPDE cells expression Kras (HPDE-Kras). However, no change in these EMT markers were seen when the HPDE and stellate cells were prevented from direct cell-cell contact using transwell co-culture system. Treatment with TGF-b type I receptor inhibitor SB431542 blocked the effect of stellate cells on HPDE gene expression. Since ductal cells also encounter malignant cells in vivo, we also examined the effect of co-culture of ductal cells with cancer cells. HPDE cells failed to upregulate EMT markers when they were co-cultured with HPAFII/CD18 cell. However, when HPDE cells were co-cultured with chemo-resistant CD18 cells (CD18-CR), HPDE cells upregulated EMT markers. The effect of CD18-CR cells on HPDE gene expression was only observed when there was intimate cell-cell contact. Also, treatment with SB431542 blocked the effect on HPDE gene expression. These results indicate that the tumor microenvironment may affect the behavior of peri-tumoral non-malignant cells and thereby contribute to tumor progression. Citation Format: Krishan Kumar, Vaibhav Sahai, Kazumi Ebine, Hidayatullah G. Munshi. Pancreatic stellate cells and chemoresistant pancreatic cancer cells induce EMT gene expression in normal pancreatic ductal cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1517. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1517
Compensatory growth in shoot populations of young white pine trees

White pine (Pinus strobus L.) trees have shoot populations composed of subpopulations of terminal and lateral shoots. I tested whether the subpopulations would show compensatory (increased) growth when separated from each other. Ten-year-old white pine (Pinus strobus L.) trees growing under an oak (Quercus) overstory were untreated or treated in winter by removing either all terminal, or all lateral buds (10 trees per treatment). Growth was compared between control and treated shoot subpopulations. In the 1st year, shoot-length frequency distributions were similar between control and treated subpopulations. There was significant compensatory shoot elongation (mean of 1.5 cm per shoot) in both treated subpopulations. In the 2nd year each subpopulation produced both terminal and lateral shoots. Shoot-length frequency distributions were similar, but shifted toward longer shoots in treated populations. Shoot number, mean length and total shoot length were greater in treated populations. The increased growth in treated subpopulations was due both to differences in parent shoot length and to compensatory shoot production and elongation.
THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE, TOBACCO SMOKE AND CARBON MONOXIDE ON MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN TENSION IN THE ANAESTHETIZED CAT

1 The acute effects of nicotine, tobacco smoke, and carbon monoxide on myocardial oxygen tension (MPo(2)) were estimated amperometrically in 33 anaesthetized open-chest cats with a glass-insulated 25 mum platinum cathode within a 22-gauge needle implanted in the left ventricular wall.2 MPo(2) was 1.6-60 mmHg (mean 23.5 mmHg) when arterial Po(2) was >80 mmHg. Sequential intravenous infusions of nicotine (2-3 mug/kg every 45 s) or intracheal puffs (3-5 ml) of tobacco smoke commonly produced transitory increases (25-35 mmHg) of arterial pressure and 4-6 mmHg increments of MPo(2). Intratracheal puffs (5 ml) of 5% carbon monoxide sufficient to increase carboxyhaemoglobin from 0.8 to 1.5% to 4-7% had no effect on arterial Po(2) or blood pressure but typically decreased MPo(2) by approximately 1-4 mmHg. Augmentation of MPo(2) often succeeded carbon monoxide administration.3 Arterial hypoxia (arterial Po(2) < 60 mmHg) reduced mean MPo(2) to 14.4 mmHg but anoxic levels were not observed. Pressor responses to nicotine and tobacco smoke were accompanied by small increases (usually 1-3 mmHg) of MPo(2). Puffs of 5% carbon monoxide had less effect than during normoxia. Locations of low MPo(2) (<10 mmHg) were unaffected as carboxyhaemoglobin was raised to 7-11% during hypoxaemia.4 It is concluded that nicotine and tobacco smoke cause augmentation of myocardial oxygen supply, even during moderate hypoxaemia. By contrast, smoking dosages of carbon monoxide have the potential of producing a small reduction of MPo(2) during normoxia, but the effect is negligible during moderate hypoxaemia.
Water balance of a tick-fungus relationship, featuring the life cycle of the fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (sacc.) Bainier (Deuteromycota) in a tick host

Abstract We report isolation of the fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis from the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), and document its association with hemolymph and integumental glands. The relationship thrives because the water balance of both the fungus and the tick are mutually preserved in spite of enormous fungus burdens, based on moisture requirements and antimycotic fungus removal. The fact that ticks are ideal to perpetuate this fungal life cycle is of public health interest because S. brevicaulis is known to cause infections in humans.
Detecting heterogeneity of substitution along DNA and protein sequences.

Regions of differing constraint, mutation rate or recombination along a sequence of DNA or amino acids lead to a nonuniform distribution of polymorphism within species or fixed differences between species. The power of five tests to reject the null hypothesis of a uniform distribution is studied for four classes of alternate hypothesis. The tests explored are the variance of interval lengths; a modified variance test, which includes covariance between neighboring intervals; the length of the longest interval; the length of the shortest third-order interval; and a composite test. Although there is no uniformly most powerful test over the range of alternate hypotheses tested, the variance and modified variance tests usually have the highest power. Therefore, we recommend that one of these two tests be used to test departure from uniformity in all circumstances. Tables of critical values for the variance and modified variance tests are given. The critical values depend both on the number of events and the number of positions in the sequence. A computer program is available on request that calculates both the critical values for a specified number of events and number of positions as well as the significance level of a given data set.
Statistical entity-topic models

The primary purpose of news articles is to convey information about who, what, when and where. But learning and summarizing these relationships for collections of thousands to millions of articles is difficult. While statistical topic models have been highly successful at topically summarizing huge collections of text documents, they do not explicitly address the textual interactions between who/where, i.e. named entities (persons, organizations, locations) and what, i.e. the topics. We present new graphical models that directly learn the relationship between topics discussed in news articles and entities mentioned in each article. We show how these entity-topic models, through a better understanding of the entity-topic relationships, are better at making predictions about entities.
Steady-state laboratory flow laws alone fail to explain postseismic observations

Abstract We test whether laboratory derived steady-state flow laws for wet olivine can be used to explain postseismic relaxation in the upper mantle following the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. This is accomplished using rate changes in GPS observed displacement time-series at far-field stations as constraints on the parameters associated with laboratory derived temperature- and stress-dependent flow laws for diffusion and dislocation creep of olivine. We primarily concentrate on the influences of temperature, grain size, and background strain rate to explain observed fast early displacement rates that slow rapidly in the 7 years of postseismic observations. We find that a reasonable fit to the observed time-series cannot be achieved by any combination of flow law parameters and plausible assumptions for the tectonic environment of the mantle beneath the Mojave Desert. We conclude that postseismic relaxation within the mantle following the Hector Mine earthquake likely includes an initial transient weakening phase, suggesting that steady-state flow laws by themselves are insufficient to characterize the flow of mantle rocks when stress conditions evolve.
Today's Law School Curriculum

In this article I have attempted to provide for those interested a brief overview of the K.U. Law School curriculum. The word "overview" is important, because persons outside the law schools often place too much emphasis on such matters as the presence or absence of a particular course, the number of credit hours assigned to each course, or the list of required courses. Others may attempt to judge a curriculum by scanning the often misleading catalog listing of courses. The far more important test is the overall program of study of the typical graduate. The emphasis should not be on specific courses, but on the extent of training provided in each of the several broad areas of the law.
Search for entrance channel effects in the decay of the 164Yb compound nucleus at E

The existence of entrance channel effects in the decay of $^{164}\mathrm{Yb}^{\mathrm{*}}$, formed at ${\mathit{E}}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}54 MeV in the reactions $^{16}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{148}$Sm and $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$${+}^{100}$Mo is investigated. Evaporation residue cross sections, entry state \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray fold distributions as well as energy and angular distributions of exit channel selected charged particles were obtained for each reaction, using 4\ensuremath{\pi} detection systems for both particles and \ensuremath{\gamma} rays. In the $^{64}\mathrm{induced}$ reaction, the center-of-mass \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle angular distributions were found to be symmetric around 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} indicating emission from a fully equilibrated compound nucleus. However, the corresponding angular distributions in the $^{16}\mathrm{induced}$ reaction show a forward component which exclusively affects the population of the \ensuremath{\alpha}xn residue channels. The \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray fold distributions for the \ensuremath{\alpha}xn and xn channels show differences depending on the entrance channel as reported previously for similar systems. These differences can be understood in terms of contributions from the equilibrium decay of incompletely fused $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ with $^{148}\mathrm{Sm}$ and the mapping of the compound nucleus spin distributions, obtained from realistic fusion models, to the evaporation residue \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray fold distributions. It is concluded that the initial population of the compound nucleus is the only reason for the observed differences in the decay of $^{164}\mathrm{Yb}^{\mathrm{*}}$ populated in these reactions.
Report on ACM Workshop on Health Information and Knowledge Management (HIKM 2006)

Health information technology is receiving a tremendous amount of attention as a strategic area that will benefit the society in the 21st century. The continued advances in healthcare such as digitization of medical records, creation of central record systems, development of healthcare data warehouses increasingly pose new challenges to information and knowledge management. The high stakes and unique characteristics of healthcare data such as the long-term value of the data, varied data quality, the complexity of the data, the privacy constraints, as well as the availability requirements in emergent situations require a special treatment of traditional information management techniques.
Evaluation of a pre-reckoning algorithm for distributed virtual environments

The recently introduced pre-reckoning algorithm is an alternative to the traditional dead reckoning algorithm used in DIS-compliant distributed virtual environments. Before the algorithm can be applied to distributed virtual environments, a detailed evaluation is needed. The pre-reckoning algorithm and the general dead reckoning algorithm are implemented within a simple distributed virtual environment system - CUBE. A comparison between the two algorithms is provided and the evaluation of performance and accuracy of two algorithms is presented. The results indicate that the pre-reckoning algorithm achieves a much more accurate model of the actual trajectory of an entity controlled by a remote host than the general dead reckoning algorithm. Moreover, the pre-reckoning algorithm improves accuracy while generating fewer state update packets. Based on the demonstrated performance, the pre-reckoning has a potential to improve scalability of distributed virtual environments and enhance consistency of users' view of the dynamic shared state.
Towards a method for harmonizing information standards

Designers and engineers use various engineering authoring tools, such as CAD, CAE, and PDM,, to generate information objects (engineering objects). On the business side, enterprise level business process modelers use various business authoring tools, such as ERP, CRM, and LCA, to generate information objects (business objects). These information objects, both engineering and business, are represented using information standards. These standards are used to exchange information about engineering and business systems for enterprise level interoperability. One of the main problems of designers, engineers and process modelers is the selection of appropriate standards for interoperability. To ensure enterprise level interoperability, it is absolutely critical that information standards are compared and harmonized as there are overlapping and dissimilar standards available. In this paper, we will sketch a method towards comparing and harmonizing standards based on: 1) informal approach, 2) typology of standards, 3) use-case scenarios, and 4) ontologies. The method is explained using some engineering and business standards.
White-Headed Woodpecker Nesting Ecology After Wildfire

Within forests susceptible to wildfire and insect infestations, land managers need to balance dead tree removal and habitat requirements for wildlife species associated with snags. We used Mahalanobis distance methods to develop predictive models of white-headed woodpecker (Picoides albolarvatus) nesting habitat in postfire ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)-dominated landscapes on the Fremont-Winema National Forests in south central Oregon, USA. The 1-km radius (314 ha) surrounding 45 nest sites was open-canopied before fire and a mosaic of burn severities after wildfire. The 1-ha surrounding nests of white-headed woodpeckers had fewer live trees per hectare and more decayed and larger diameter snags than at non-nest sites. The leading cause of nest failure seemed to be predation. Habitat and abiotic features were not associated with nest survival. High daily survival rates and little variation within habitat features among nest locations suggest white-headed woodpeckers were consistently selecting high suitability habitats. Management activities that open the forest canopy and create conditions conducive to a mosaic burn pattern will probably provide suitable white-headed woodpecker nesting habitat after wildfire. When making postfire salvage logging decisions, we suggest that retention of larger, more decayed snags will provide nesting habitat in recently burned forests.
Shallow seismic reflection section—Introduction

For those interested in shallow seismic reflection (SSR) techniques, this special issue of Geophysics is likely to serve as a useful reference for years to come. The idea for this issue grew out of discussions that took place at the Shallow Seismic Reflection Workshop at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, California, in September 1996. The content of those discussions is the subject of a published report elsewhere (Steeples et al., 1997). Several workshop participants and their colleagues contributed to the papers in this issue as authors and as reviewers. The articles include case histories, novel uses of the SSR technique, state‐of‐the‐art planning considerations for 3-D SSR surveys, and some examples of problems unique to SSR surveying.