cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A microfabricated thermal field-flow fractionation system.

A microscale thermal field-flow fractionation (μ-TFFF) system has been designed, fabricated, and characterized. Motivation for miniaturization of TFFF systems was established by examining the geometrical scaling of the fundamental TFFF theory. Miniaturization of conventional macroscale TFFF systems was made possible through utilization of micromachining technologies. Fabrication of the μ-TFFF system was discussed in detail. The μ-TFFF system was characterized for plate height versus flow rate, single-component polystyrene retention, and multicomponent polystyrene separations. Retention, thermal diffusion coefficients, and maximum diameter-based selectivity values were extracted from separation data and found comparable with macroscale TFFF system results. Retention values ranged from 0.33 to 0.46. Thermal diffusion coefficients were between 3.0 × 10-8 and 5.4 × 10-8 cm2/s·K. The maximum diameter-based selectivity was 1.40.
Occupation/industry and-risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the United States

Aims: To identify occupations and industries associated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in a large population-based, case-control study in the USA. Methods: Cases (n = 1189) of histologically confirmed malignant NHL ages 20–74 were prospectively identified in four geographic areas covered by the National Cancer Institute SEER Program. Controls (n = 982) were selected from the general population by random digit dialling ( Results: Risk of NHL was increased for a few occupations and industries. Several white collar occupations, with no obvious hazardous exposures, had elevated risks, including purchasing agents and buyers, religious workers, physical therapists and information clerks. Occupations with excesses that may have exposures of interest include launderers and ironers, service occupations, food/beverage preparation supervisors, hand packers and packagers, roofing and siding, leather and leather products, transportation by air, nursing and personal care facilities, and specialty outpatient clinics. Significantly decreased risks of NHL were found for a number of occupations and industries including post-secondary teachers and chemical and allied products. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that several occupations and industries may alter the risk of NHL. Our results support previously reported increased risks among farmers, printers, medical professionals, electronic workers and leather workers. These findings should be evaluated further in larger studies that have the power to focus on specific exposures and histological subtypes of NHL.
Satisfying the constraints of causal modeling

Causal models often omit variables that should be included, use variables that are measured fallibly, and ignore time lags. Such practices can lead to severely biased estimates of effects. The discussion explains these biases and shows how to take them into account.
Doable General Equilibrium Models: Discussion

The three papers are different yet have a common theme, the application of computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling in agricultural policy analysis. Adelman and Robinson present a social accounting matrix (SAM) for the United States, emphasizing the agricultural sector. Derpanopoulos provides an optimal control formulation for CGE-like models. And lessons from experiences in applied CGE modeling are reviewed by Clarete and Roumasset. It is interesting and telling that the papers, although advocating the CGE approach, are about models only partially incorporating the associated concepts (Scarf). After some general comments on CGE modeling, brief observations are made on the three papers. Applications of CGE models in policy research raise a number of important questions on specification, estimation, solution approaches, and the selection of appropriate policy exercises. CGE models are static and have high prior information content. The separability and other assumptions on preferences and technology required to limit parameters and facilitate solutions are most plausible for more aggregate models. These aggregated specifications limit importantly the policy exercises that can be successfully undertaken with CGE models. "Extensions" to include dynamics in CGE-like structures are at present ad hoc and inconsistent with the CGE approach. There is interest presently in econometrically estimating CGE models (see Scarf and Shoven collection). But CGE models have high prior relative to empirical information content. If the empirical information content of the models is limited, then calibration and other estimation schemes that may not take best advantage of the data can be justified. Careful econometric estimation is most important for models with high empirical content. Since these models have high prior content, refinements in the way empirical information is introduced may have little impact on model outcomes. Arguments for calibration are better justified on this basis. Presently, it is possible to solve CGE models using readily available nonlinear programming algorithms. In fact, the dimensions of models solvable with the available technology are probably larger than can be justified, given the behavioral and technical underpinnings. Of course, currently available solution algorithms can be improved and extended to other general equilibrium models (Derpanopoulos). However, it is important to separate these extensions from the now-standard
Stress-strain behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of poly(1,1-dimethyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene), poly(1-methyl-1-phenyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene) and of these polymers after crosslinking with sulfur

Mechanical properties of polymers can be described by their stress/strain curves and by their behavior under dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The purpose of this paper is to report such mechanical properties for two unsaturated polycarbosilanes: poly(1, 1-dimethyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene) (I) and poly(1-methyl-1-phenyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene) (II). Tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus, bending modulus, Tg, and tan δ for I, II and for sulfur crosslinked I and II have been measured. The influence of polymer molecular weight, quantity of crosslinking agent, cure time, presence of carbon black filler, the effect of crosshead speed, and frequency on these properties was investigated.
The J.C.P. miller recurrence for exponentiating a polynomial, and its q- analog *

J.C.P's Miller ‘symbolic exponentiation’ algorithm is exposited and a q-analog is given. It is pointed out that these simple method, that usesdifference equations in an essential way, are superior to the Fast FourierTransform.
Taliban and Anti-Taliban

Farhat Taj, Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011, 219 pages, appendix, glossary, notes, $59.99, ISBN (10): 1-4438-2960-9, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-2960-1 Few topics have aroused as...
Treatment Conditions, Dogmatism, and Perception of Demand Characteristics

In an attitude study 158 Ss' perceptions of demand characteristics were investigated in relation to treatment condition and dogmatism (Rokeach, 1960). Ss receiving the experimental treatment were e...
Sex-Specific Effect of Juvenile Diet on Adult Disease Resistance in a Field Cricket

Food limitation is expected to reduce an individual’s body condition (body mass scaled to body size) and cause a trade-off between growth and other fitness-related traits, such as immunity. We tested the condition-dependence of growth and disease resistance in male and female Gryllus texensis field crickets by manipulating diet quality via nutrient content for their entire life and then subjecting individuals to a host resistance test using the live bacterium Serratia marcescens. As predicted, crickets on a high-quality diet eclosed more quickly, and at a larger body size and mass. Crickets on a high-quality diet were not in better condition at the time of eclosion, but they were in better condition 7–11 days after eclosion, with females also being in better condition than males. Despite being in better condition, however, females provided with a high-quality diet had significantly poorer disease resistance than females on a low-quality diet and in poor condition. Similarly, males on low- and high-quality diets did not differ in their disease resistance, despite differing in their body condition. A sex difference in disease resistance under diet-restriction suggests that females might allocate resources toward immunity during development if they expect harsh environmental conditions as an adult or it might suggest that females allocate resources toward other life history activities (i.e. reproduction) when food availability increases. We do not know what immune effectors were altered under diet-restriction to increase disease resistance, but our findings suggest that increased immune function might provide an explanation for the sexually-dimorphic increase in longevity generally observed in diet-restricted animals.
GENETIC PRIVACY: A CHALLENGE TO MEDICO-LEGAL NORMS

Genetic discoveries offer great promise in medicine for the 21st century, and beyond. The palpable excitement and anticipation among molecular geneticists—who now hold new and powerful tools for de...
Organizing Diversity: Scales of Demographic Change and Neighborhood Organizing in St Paul, MN

Neighborhood involvement in urban governance remains a pressing goal in an era of globalization. Cities have instituted a variety of structures to facilitate this involvement, including quasi-formal neighborhood or district councils. At the same time, urban populations are changing rapidly because of multiple dynamics operating at multiple scales. Immigration, for example, continues to transform inner-city neighborhoods despite the emergence of suburban immigrant enclaves. Existing research inadequately addresses the interaction between efforts to organize neighborhood political involvement and the dynamic nature of urban populations. We examine St Paul, Minnesota—a locale with a well-established neighborhood district-council system and a vibrant and rapidly growing immigrant community. Indeed, immigrants from Southeast Asia and East Africa are moving into neighborhoods that up until the early 1990s were predominantly white. Using a multimethod empirical analysis, we argue that the district-council system...
Section II. Teacher Preparation

Section II of ATE Yearbook XXIII presents four articles that describe research conducted at diverse institutions of higher education, with various populations, and in assorted states; in each artic...
Experiments and Relational Studies in Problem Solving: A Meta-Analysis.

vs. concrete 9 (9, 0) 2536 4-12 -0.14* (-0.24, -0.04) Factual vs. hypothetical 9 (9, 0) 2616 4-12 0.02 (-0.08, 0.12) Familiar vs. unfamiliar 4 (4, 0) 1608 5-6, 12 0.40* (0.27, 0.53) Imaginative vs. ordinary 11 (11, 0) 4308 5-9 0.17* (0.09, 0.25) Personalized vs. impersonal 6 (6, 0) 579 4, 6 0.04 (-0.18, 0.26) Preferred vs. nonpreferred 5 (5, 0) 256 9, P -0.04 (-0.37, 0.29) aThe number outside the parentheses is the total number of studies. The first number inside the parentheses is the number of studies with standard problems; the second is the number of studies with nonstandard problems. *p <.01. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.172 on Fri, 07 Oct 2016 05:57:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
From Star Complexes to the Field: Open Cluster Families

The currently accepted paradigm for star formation assumes that field stars are born in clusters. These are not formed in isolation but in stellar complexes born out of giant molecular clouds. In the Galactic disk, molecular clouds have distinctive orbits, which, as they disappear after star formation is complete, may seed the Galactic disk with families of young clusters. These families gradually disperse to become individual clusters and, eventually, field populations. We investigate the existence of dynamical families of open clusters in the solar neighborhood using both age- and volume-limited samples from WEBDA in the framework of scan statistics. Our analysis indicates that a significant number of known young clusters organize in groups when age, spatial distribution, and kinematics are taken into account simultaneously. We find compelling statistical evidence for the presence of at least five dynamical families of young open clusters in the Milky Way disk associated to the underlying spiral structure. The young cluster population seems to be dominated by families of 10-20 objects; they are short-lived and the likely progenitors of classical moving groups, and stellar streams. Available observational data suggests that 50%-80% of newly formed open clusters dissolve within 20 Myr of formation to become field population. The overall age distribution of open clusters shows a steep decline, -->dN/dτ τβ, with -->β = − 3.6 ± 0.5 for clusters younger than 100 Myr, although it could be dependent on the local conditions as it ranges from -->β = − 1.0 ± 0.2 in the direction of Puppis to -->β = − 2.8 ± 0.5 in Norma. Due to the high rate of destruction among young clusters, any cluster-related coherent substructure must be younger than about 30 Myr unless it is the result of dynamically induced corotation resonances within the Galactic disk or minor mergers. The characteristic timescale for stars to become part of the field stellar populations is 10-20 Myr.
An active all-pass network

An active all-pass network having phase properties similar to that of the conventional L-C all-pass lattice has been developed. The network is unbalanced in form and requires one quarter as many phase-shift-determining reactive elements as the equivalent passive lattice. Limitations due to the active nature of the device can be overcome by proper choice of source and load impedances. The circuit has been experimentally verified.
Battling in the Trenches: Case Managers’ Ability to Combat the Effects of Mental Illness Stigma on Consumers’ Perceived Quality of Life

Intervention effectiveness research requires that investigators include “real world” variables in the design of studies to develop an understanding of how interventions perform in the “real world.” Two areas that have been neglected in effectiveness research on mental health case management are mental illness self-stigma and the effects of different case managers. Self-stigma is a reality for many consumers that negatively impacts their lives. Case managers, themselves, are a potential source of autocorrelation and likely provide services differently. This study explores the relationship between self-stigma and quality of life for consumers receiving services from different case managers. Cross-sectional data were collected from 160 consumers of an urban case management agency. Self-stigma was negatively associated with quality of life. Case managers did not account for a significant amount of variance in quality of life scores. However, the interaction between case manager and self-stigma was significant. Some case managers were able to mitigate the negative effects of self-stigma on quality of life. Future effectiveness research in community mental health case management needs to account for the effects of self-stigma, case managers, and the interaction between the two in the research design.
Perceived Organizational Support as a Moderator of Emotional Labor/Outcomes Relationships

The current study investigates the interactive effects of perceptions of organizational support on 2 emotional labor outcomes: job satisfaction and job performance. A sample of 2 retail service firms (n = 338) supported the moderating effect of perceived organizational support (POS) on the emotional labor/outcomes relationships. POS attenuated the negative effects of the emotional labor/job satisfaction and emotional labor/performance relationships. Implications of these results, strengths and limitations of the current study, and directions for future research are discussed.
Epinephrine use by emergency medical technicians for presumed anaphylaxis.

Objective. The use of epinephrine for the treatment of anaphylaxis by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) has not been rigorously evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine whether first-tier EMTs use epinephrine safely and appropriately for anaphylactic reactions. Methods. The study used a case-control design. Cases were persons treated by EMTs with epinephrine for presumed anaphylaxis from January 1, 2000, through January 31, 2003, in King County, Washington (n = 22). Controls were emergency medical services (EMS)-treated persons matched to cases by diagnosis category, patient age, fire department, and year, but who had not been administered epinephrine by EMTs (n = 44). Cases and controls were compared with regard to history, symptoms, and examination characteristics. In a second assessment, physicians blinded to treatment (case/control) status reviewed events to determine whether they would have treated the patient with epinephrine Results. When cases were compared with controls, cases were mo...
Concepts within reach: Action performance predicts action language processing in stroke.

The relationship between the brain's conceptual or semantic and sensory–motor systems remains controversial. Here, we tested manual and conceptual abilities of 41 chronic stroke patients in order to examine their relationship. Manual abilities were assed through a reaching task using an exoskeleton robot. Semantic abilities were assessed with implicit as well as explicit semantic tasks, for both verbs and nouns. The results show that that the degree of selective impairment for action word processing was predicted by the degree of impairment in reaching performance. Moreover, the implicit semantic measures showed a correlation with a global reaching parameter, while the explicit semantic similarity judgment task predicted performance in action initiation. These results suggest that action concepts are dynamically grounded through motoric simulations, and that more details are simulated for more explicit semantic tasks. This is evidence for a close and causal relationship between sensory–motor and conceptual systems of the brain.
In Vitro Differences Between Keratinocyte Stem Cells and Transit-Amplifying Cells of the Human Hair Follicle

Epithelial stem cells within the human hair follicle are critical for hair development, hair cycling, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. We and others have previously shown that the hair follicle bulge area contains keratinocyte stem cells, whereas the hair matrix represents the proliferating and differentiating transit-amplifying (TA) cell compartment. In order to better characterize the phenotypic differences between human keratinocyte stem cells and their daughter TA cells, we compared the in vitro properties of cell adhesion, cell migration, clonogenicity, and in vitro life span. Epithelial outgrowths from the hair matrix appeared within 2 d of explant, whereas stem cell outgrowths appeared between 7 and 10 d after explant. Both populations form colonies; however, stem cells from telogen follicles formed more total colonies, and more colonies greater than 3 mm. Upon subculture, stem cells formed colonies until passage 6 and terminally differentiated at passage 7, whereas TA cells only formed colonies until passage 2. Stem cells express more β1 integrin and adhere more rapidly to collagen IV. Most strikingly, TA cells showed a 7-fold greater mobility on migration assays than stem cells (0.704 vs 0.102 μm per min). These results help define the human hair follicle stem cell and TA cell phenotypes and correlate with the in vivo properties of these compartments.
Scanning electron-microscopic study of the surface characteristics of neoplastic endo-thelial cells of blood vessels

The morphological surface characteristics of neoplastic endothelial cells of blood vessels induced by oral administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride in mice were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The interconnecting vascular channels were lined by malignant endothelial cells which formed bridges, cord-like structures and had extended cytoplasmic processes which made the network more intricate. The endothelial cells were often in close approximation to each other and exhibited irregular growth patterns and orientation. The cell surface displayed a rugged, terrace-like microcontour of elevations, depressions, blebs and nodular structures. These findings correlate with the earlier morphological observation obtained by transmission electron microscopy.
Microstructure development in hot-pressed silicon carbide: Effects of aluminum, boron, and carbon additives

SiC was hot-pressed with aluminum, boron, and carbon additives. The Al content was modified either to obtain SiC samples containing a continuous Al gradient, or to vary the average Al content. In both cases, dramatic changes in microstructure, phase composition, and grain boundary structure were observed as a result of the Al variation. Similar processing and characterization were done with modified boron and carbon average contents. The systematic experiments allowed identification of the roles of Al, B, and C in developing grain morphology and phase composition. The experiments also clarified the mechanical property responses to microstructural modification. Tailoring of the SiC microstructure to suit different applications would be possible.
Amphetamine behavioral sensitization and the excitatory amino acids

The effects of 8 selective neuroeffector agonists and antagonists were measured in mice in order to identify specific functional changes associated with behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-induced stereotypy. The changes observed included a decreased convulsive threshold to N-methyl-spdl-aspartic acid, an increased convulsive threshold to bicuculline, and an increased head-twitch response to 5-hydroxytryptophan. Of these effects, only the persistence of the two convulsive threshold changes correlated with the persistence of the behavioral sensitization. The induction of behavioral sensitization was blocked by haloperidol, dizocilpine or ketamine, but not affected by cyproheptadine or diazepam; therefore, the mechanism of the enhanced responsiveness involves not only a functional dopamine system, but also a functional N-methyl-d-aspartic acid component of the excitatory amino acid system. The block of behavioral sensitization also prevented the amphetamine-induced changes in the convulsive thresholds. Finally, neither ketamine nor dizocilpine affected the expression of the enhanced response in the behaviorally sensitized animals. The data indicate that the characteristics of amphetamine behavioral sensitization to stereotypy are similar to those of long-term potentiation.
Knowledge of oral health professionals of treatment of avulsed teeth

Abstract – The management and immediate treatment of an avulsed permanent tooth will determine the long-term survival of the tooth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of oral health professionals on the new guidelines for emergency treatment of avulsed teeth. A 12-item questionnaire was distributed among general dentists, specialists, dental hygienists and dental assistants attending Continuing Education courses at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, between 2003 and 2004. This study reports only on the general practitioners who comprised 83% of the participants. The results revealed an uneven pattern of knowledge among them regarding the emergency management of an avulsed tooth. Statistically significant associations were related to the participants’ previous dental trauma education and their age. In conclusion, there is a need to improve the knowledge of general dentists in the current guidelines for emergency treatment of avulsed teeth.
Realities of Channel Dynamics: A Wholesaling Example

Using the formation of wholesaling institutions as an example, this paper argues that while perhaps conforming to established models of channel formation, channel structure results primarily from short-term and narrowly focused decision making. The paper describes a six step sequence that an evolving merchant wholesaler can be expected to pass through, each step characterized by immediate and short-term concerns.
Progress in color reflection holography

The recording technique of Denisyuk color reflection holograms has been simplified by using `white' laser light. The Slavich red-green-blue (RGB) sensitized ultra-high resolution silver halide emulsion was used for the hologram recording. The employed laser wavelengths were 633 nm, 531 nm, and 476 nm, generated by a helium-neon, a mixed argon- krypton ion, and an argon ion laser, respectively. A beam combination mechanism with dichroic filters enabled a simultaneously RGB exposure, which made the color balance and overall exposure energy easy to control as well as simplifying the recording procedure. Various approaches have been investigated in generating color hologram which have sufficiently high diffraction efficiency combined with improved color saturation. A specially designed test object consisting of the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram, a rainbow ribbon cable, pure yellow dots, and a cloisonne elephant was used for color recording experiments. In addition, the Macbeth Color Checker chart was used. Both colorimetric evaluation and scattering noise measurements were performed using the PR-650 Photo Research SpectraScan SpectraCalorimeter.
Robotic Radical Prostatectomy with the “Veil of Aphrodite” Technique: Histologic Evidence of Enhanced Nerve Sparing

Abstract Objective We have recently described a modification (Veil of Aphrodite) designed to preserve the lateral prostatic fascia (LPF) during robotic prostatectomy. Here, we histologically compare the Veil of Aphrodite technique (VT) and standard nerve-sparing technique (ST). Methods Thirty-six consecutive prostatectomies performed by a single surgeon were processed by the whole-mount method. The right and left anterolateral (AL) zones of each prostate were independently evaluated for LPF, plane of excision, capsular incision/margin status, margin clearance, and quantitative analysis of periprostatic nerve bundles using S100 immunostain. Results There were 42 AL zones with ST and 30 with VT. In all 42 ST zones, the plane of excision was outside the prostate and a rim of LPF was present. The mean margin clearance was 1.4mm (0.6–2.8mm) and the mean nerve bundle count was 10 (3–19). Capsular incision and margin status were negative in all 42. For VT, 24 of 30 zones lacked LPF and the plane of excision ran just by the prostatic edge. The mean margin clearance was 0.3mm (0–1.7mm) and the mean nerve bundle count was two (0–11). Two VT AL zones revealed capsular incision; the margin was negative for tumour in all 30. Differences in the margin clearances and nerve bundle counts between ST and VT were statistically significant ( p Conclusions The LPF contains nerve bundles that run along the surface of the AL zones. The VT is a safe procedure that effectively preserves the LPF and appears to provide enhanced nerve sparing as compared to the ST.
Design of a wing shape for study of hypersonic crossflow transition in flight

Computational fluid dynamics methods were used in the design of a wing shape for study of hypersonic crossflow transition in flight. The flight experiment is to be performed on the delta wing of the first stage of a Pegasus launch vehicle as a piggy-back experiment to support boundary-layer stability code development and validation. The design goal is to obtain crossflow-induced transition at 20-40 percent of the chord for a flight Mach number of approximately six. The present paper describes the design and analysis process utilized to obtain desired glove shape. A variety of schemes were used in the design, ranging from simple empirical crossflow correlations to three-dimensional Navier-Stokes codes in conjunction with linear stability/N-factor computations. The sensitivity to various parameters, such as trajectory variations, allowable wing thickness, leading-edge radius and surface temperature, is also discussed.
Linking the Global and the Local: The Future of Regions, Cities, and Neighborhoods

This review essay explores economic development initiatives and practices from the regional, city, and neighborhood level. Taken together, the three books discussed here provide a holistic account of urban realities and, in particular, of urban economic development. These books deepen our understanding of how structural, political, organizational, and individual factors and decisions interact to shape economic development initiatives and outcomes. In so doing, these books provide a refreshing antidote to the more typical scenario of urban dualities—for example, agency versus structure, global versus local, public versus private—that constrains much of the literature on urban economic development.
Roles of pituitary hormones in the regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450IIE1 in rats and mice.

Abstract Cytochrome P450IIE1 (P450IIE1) is responsible for the metabolic activation of N -nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a potent environmental carcinogen. This P450 enzyme displays a high-affinity NDMA demethylase (NDMAd) activity and is known to be induced by fasting and acetone administration. In the present work, the effects of pituitary hormones on the regulation of P450IIE1 in the liver were investigated and compared in rats and mice. There was no difference in liver microsomal NDMAd activity (nmol/min/mg protein) in rats in the intact (0.38 ± 0.12), sham-operated (0.44 ± 0.06), and hypophysectomized (0.52 ± 0.04) groups. However, hypophysectomy caused a 2-fold increase in hepatic P450IIE1 protein levels as determined by immunoblot analysis. The P450IIE1 mRNA level in hypophysectomized rat was also significantly increased. The levels of blood ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate) were not different in the intact, sham-operated, and hypophysectomized groups, suggesting that ketone bodies are not involved in the induction of P450IIE1 protein and its mRNA by hypophysectomy. The discrepancy between the NDMAd activity and the increased P450IIE1 protein in rat liver by hypophysectomy can be partially explained by the lower hepatic NADPH-P450 reductase activity (50% that of the control) in the hypophysectomized rats. Upon the induction of liver NDMAd activity by fasting and acetone, hypophysectomy attenuated the effect of acetone but abolished the effect of fasting completely. Nevertheless, fasting still caused a 3-fold increase in the liver P450IIE1 mRNA level. An involvement of pituitary hormones in the regulation of liver microsomal P450IIE1 in mouse, however, was not observed. There was no difference in constitutive NDMAd activity between genetically growth hormone-deficient ( lit/lit ) mice and their phenotypically normal heterozygotes ( lit /+). Fasting for 48 h caused 1.5- to 2-fold induction and acetone caused 2- to 3-fold induction, in both groups. The above changes in enzyme activity were due to the changes of P450IIE1 levels as verified by the immunoblot analysis. In male BALB/c mice, neither the hepatic NDMAd activity nor the P450IIE1 protein level was altered by hypophysectomy. The effects of acetone on the liver NDMAd activity were also similar in hypophysectomized and sham-operated mice. The results suggest that pituitary hormones are important in the regulation of the expression and activity of hepatic P450IIE1 in rats but not in the mouse strains investigated.
ATTENUATION OF PORCINE TISSUES IN VIVO AFTER HIGH- INTENSITY ULTRASOUND TREATMENT

The attenuation of ultrasound (US) waves in biologic tissues is an important determinant of energy absorption and wave propagation; thus, important in optimization of high-intensity focused US (HIFU) therapy. We measured attenuation of selected porcine tissues (liver, spleen and abdominal wall) in vivo in the frequency range of 1 to 5 MHz, using the pulse-transmission method, before and after HIFU treatment. In all tissues, an increase in attenuation was observed with increasing frequency. The attenuation coefficient was higher in HIFU-treated tissues than in the untreated tissues. The lowest attenuation was measured in the liver, both in normal and HIFU-treated cases. Mechanisms that may be responsible for the observed attenuation coefficient increase in HIFU-treated tissues include thermally induced change in the tissue macromolecular structure and presence of gas/vapor bubbles due to cavitation and/or boiling.
Demise of Open Vein Harvesting

In the course of a recent reoperative median sternotomy for aortic valve replacement in a patient who had a previous quadruple coronary artery bypass graft surgery, an injury to one of the previously placed vein grafts occurred. We needed to repair this injury with an interposition vein graft. The physician assistant (PA) assigned to the case was asked to harvest a short section of the greater saphenous vein. Because of the urgency of the situation, an open vein harvest (OVH) was thought to be the quickest way. The PA looked at me speechless with a great deal of apprehension. She stated that she had never seen an OVH, let alone done one before. An OVH was performed with the help of another PA. Article see p 147 Reflecting back on this incident, it is apparent that endoscopic vein harvest (EVH) has become well established at the Brigham and Women's Hospital. Currently, >95% of veins are harvested endoscopically. More important, our PAs, who do all of the vein harvesting, are so experienced in this method that it takes less time than OVH. In addition, all our recent PA graduates can do only EVH. Currently, 5 of 9 PAs at our unit have never performed OVH. This incident, along with the study from the Northern New England Cardio Vascular Disease Study Group published in this issue of Circulation ,1 led us to conclude that EVH is here to …
Implanted Electrical Stimulation of the Trunk for Seated Postural Stability and Function After Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Single Case Study

Abstract Triolo RJ, Boggs L, Miller ME, Nemunaitis G, Nagy J, Bailey SN. Implanted electrical stimulation of the trunk for seated postural stability and function after cervical spinal cord injury: a single case study. Objectives To explore and quantify the physical and functional effects of stabilizing the torso with electrical stimulation of the paralyzed hip and trunk musculature after motor complete tetraplegia. Design Single-subject case study with repeated measures and concurrent controls. Setting Academic outpatient rehabilitation center. Participants Forty-four-year–old man with C4 American Spinal Injury Association grade A tetraplegia 20 years postspinal cord injury. Intervention A surgically implanted multichannel pulse generator and intramuscular stimulating electrodes to activate lumbar erector spinae, quadratus lumborum, and gluteus maximus muscles bilaterally. Main Outcome Measures Outcomes assessed with and without stimulation included (1) spinal alignment and pelvic orientation, (2) pulmonary function and ventilatory volumes, (3) forward bimanual reaching distance, (4) seated stability and resistance to externally applied disturbances, (5) maximal force and speed of rowing-like movements, and the ability to (6) independently return to an erect seated position from full forward or lateral flexion and (7) roll in bed without assistance. Results Stimulation improved spinal convexity and kyphosis by 26° and 21°, reduced posterior pelvic tilt by 11°, increased forced expiratory volume and vital capacity by 10% and 22%, and improved forward reach by more than 7cm. Average resistance to sagittal disturbances increased by more than 40% ( P P =.014) with stimulation. Restoration of upright sitting in both sagittal and coronal planes and bed turning was made possible through appropriately timed activation of the hip and trunk muscles. Conclusions A neuroprosthesis for controlling the paralyzed torso can positively impact spinal alignment, seated posture, pulmonary function, trunk stability, and reach. Stimulation of hip and trunk muscles can improve performance of activities of daily living as well as enable independent wheelchair and bed mobility.
A Dynamic Process Simulator for Stochastically Defined Systems

The Stochastic Dynamic Simulator (SDS) is a general purpose process simulator that allows individual process units to be defined in terms of discrete experimental data. The process is viewed as a network of interconnected process units. The dynamic model of each unit may be either chosen from among a selection of pre-defined unit types, or defined by the user. The pre-defined units include a stochastic discrete-time model, and a module that will regress the coefficients for the discrete-time model from stochastic input/output data. When the computer is connected to an actual operating system through an A/D-D/A interface, SDS will function as a real time digital control system. To simplify the use of the simulator, an intelligent parser has been written which converts English-like instructions into the proper format for the simulator.
Sampling of nitrates in ambient air

Abstract Methods for the measurement of nitric acid, particulate nitrate and total inorganic nitrate (i.e. HNO3 plus particulate nitrate) are compared using atmospheric samples from the Los Angeles Basin. Nitric acid was measured by (1) the nitrate collected on nylon or NaCl-impregnated cellulose filters after removal of particulate matter with Teflon prefilters, (2) long-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) performed by a collaborating investigator, and (3) the difference between total inorganic nitrate (TIN) and particulate nitrate (PN). TIN was measured by the sum of the nitrate collected with a Teflon prefilter and nylon or NaCl-impregnated after-filter. PN was measured by the nitrate able to penetrate a diffusion denuder coated to remove acidic gases (e.g. HNO3). Losses of nitrate from Teflon prefilters were determined by comparing the nitrate retained by these filters to the nitrate penetrating the acid gas denuder. TIN and the nitrate collected with glass fiber filters were compared to assess the origin of the artifact particulate nitrate on the latter. Nitric acid measurements using nylon or NaCl-impregnated after-filters were substantially higher than those by the difference technique. This correlated with losses of nitrate from the Teflon prefilters, which exceeded 50 % at high ambient temperature and low relative humidity. Nitric acid by the difference method exceeded that by FTIR by, on average, 20 %. Thus errors inferred in HNO3 measurements by comparison to the difference measurements are considered minimum values. The high values for HNO3 by the difference method are consistent with the partial loss of PN in the acid gas denuder. However, no loss of 0.1 μm to 3 μm diameter NH4NO3 particles was observed. Thus, if significant, such loss is restricted to coarse particulate nitrate. Heating the filter samplers was shown to increase sampling errors. Nitrate results obtained in short-term, low volume sampling with Gelman A glass fiber filters approximated those with the TIN samplers. Accordingly, these glass fiber filters retained essentially all the gaseous nitric acid sampled.
Low‐Density Lipoprotein Apheresis Using the Liposorber System: Features of the System and Clinical Benefits

Abstract: LDL apheresis using the Liposorber system is indicated for use to remove selectively LDL from the plasma of hypercholesterolemic patients for whom diet and maximum cholesterol-lowering drug therapy have been ineffective or not tolerated. The dextran sulfate immobilized to porous cellulose beads is contained in the adsorption column as the adsorbent. The dextran sulfate has a structure similar to that of the LDL receptor and seems to act as a type of pseudoreceptor for LDL. There have been reported a number of clinical benefits using the Liposorber system for drug refractory hypercholesterolemic patients. Among them, the improvement of endothelial cell function of coronary and brachial arteries by a single treatment is the focus of the world's attention. Moreover, it is also noteworthy that LDL apheresis reduced the incidence of the cardiac events by 70% compared to drug therapy alone. In addition to the clinical benefits of the Liposorber system on familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), the preliminary data suggest that LDL apheresis may improve arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) of the lower extremities and focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS).
Basics of integrated information and physical spaces: the state of the art

This paper presents an overview of selected work relevant to the problem domain of the suite “Integrated design of real architectural spaces and virtual information spaces”.
Demonstration of wavelength conversion in a reconfigurable coupled resonator in silicon

A coupled-resonator device consisting of three compact microresonators is proposed and demonstrated for reconfigurable four wave mixing (FWM) in silicon. We demonstrate the reconfiguration of the signal/idler wavelengths for the first time in a resonator-based nonlinear device.
Comparisons of glucose and amino acid use in adults and microfilariae of Brugia pahangi

With [U-14C]glucose we confirmed that essentially all of the glucose carbon used aerobically by intactBrugia pahangi adults was accounted for in the recovered lactate, in spite of the presence of cristate mitochondria in these parasites. Approximately 0.2% of the glucose carbon that disappeared was recovered in CO2. However, aerobiosis was required for the incorporation of alanine, proline, and glutamate into both respiratory CO2 and protein, but the glucose was used on the order of 1000 times faster than the amino acids. Homogenate fractions were examined for amino acid use, and all except the 100 000g soluble fraction showed activity. However, all of the active fractions also contained living microfilariae and other developmental stages that arise from the adult uterus, since the females give birth to living larvae. Sonicates of the microfilariae formed CO2 from proline 30 times more rapidly than crude homogenates of the adult. Similarly, CO2 was formed from glucose 14 times more rapidly by intact microfilariae than by intact adults. The possibility arises that the low rates of CO2 formation from both the amino acids and glucose by intact adults may arise from the metabolism of the aerobic microfilariae and other developmental stages present in utero.
The Homocysteine Hypothesis of Depression

High levels of homocysteine are associated with cerebrovascular disease, monoamine neurotransmitters, and depression of mood. A plausible hypothesis for these associations is that high homocysteine...
Gender Differences of Revascularization in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

Women are less likely to undergo revascularization after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We assessed whether this was due to patterns of hospital admission or less frequent revascularization even when resources are available. Using New York City hospital discharge records from 1995 to 2002, we determined revascularization rates for patients who were hospitalized for AMI. Rates of admission to hospitals capable of revascularizing and revascularization use were assessed by gender. Odds ratios of admission and procedure use were determined after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and accounting for availability of revascularization in neighborhoods of residence. Of 93,978 patients with AMI (43.7% women), 27% were revascularized (32% and 20% for men and women, respectively, p
A 100,000 Gigabyte On-Line Storage System

Nanosecond read, write and access times, system volumes of one cubic foot, and costs of 10-8 cents per bit characterize this new volumetric optical technology.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of protein‐linked glycoconjugates produced by identified neurons of Aplysia californica

The biosynthetic capabilities of individual neurons of the abdominal ganglion of the marine mollusc Aplysia californica have been analyzed after intrasomatic injection of 3H-monosaccharides. Glycopeptides prepared from the metabolically labeled cells were fractionated using serial lectin affinity and gel filtration chromatography. The fractionation procedure yielded eight populations of glycopeptides, and comparison of two different neurons (R2 and R14) showed that the quantity of the individual species produced is cell-dependent. Structural analysis indicated that the glycoconjugates produced by the Aplysia neuron constitute both O- and N-linked structures as well as an unusual class of oligosaccharide whose linkage to protein is unknown. The O-linked units are small and consist only of N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine attached to protein. High-mannose-type asparagine-linked units are produced by the neurons, and some of these appear to be processed to biantennary complex-type units that bind to lentil lectin-agarose. Overall, although the Aplysia neurons produce oligosaccharides of a nature similar to that produced by higher eucaryotes, the N- and O-linked structures produced by the neurons do not achieve the complexity of the comparable structures produced by mammalian cells. The results provide a basis for further studies aimed at understanding the role of glycoconjugates in the development of the nervous system.
Ebola in Western Africa

University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA *Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 831 332 1812; kent@soe.ucsc.edu
X-ray lithography studies of polysilane using a laser plasma x-ray source

A laser-generated plasma source on monochromatized soft x-rays has been used to study the x-ray lithographic resist properties of poly(cyclohexylmethysilane-co-dimethysilane). X-ray absorption spectra near the Si L/sub 2,3/ edge of unexposed samples were measured to guide the choice of exposure photon energy. We find that poly(cyclohexyl-methylsilane-co-dimethylsilane) exhibits positive tone at x-ray energies near 105 eV (Si 2p resonance), a sensitivity of 1000 mJ/cm/sup 2/ and a contrast of 1.5. Sensitivity is found to increase markedly when exposed samples are held in air before development. Using simple wire mesh masks, estimates of the minimum achievable linewidth have been made. 17 refs., 4 figs.
Foraminiferal Densities and Environmental Variables: Use of Statistical Models to Examine Estuarine Environment: ABSTRACT

Many environmental variables have been suggested to explain species distributions. However, species distributions generally cannot be evaluated statistically because of inadequate sampling procedures. The purpose of the present study is to outline a method of analysis using statistical models. A pilot study in the Choptank River, Maryland, indicated that Elphidium clavatum density decreases progressively upstream, whereas Ammobaculites exiguus and Ammonia beccarii densities change very little. From this pilot study, three stations were selected for detailed analysis. Four foraminiferal samples were taken monthly at each station for a year. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, and chlorophyll a, b, and c were measured each month at every station. A general multiple regression-analysis of variance model was constructed containing 21 parameters for environmental variables, station differences, overall periodic differences, and interaction of station and periodic differences. This model was compared with several containing fewer parameters. Restricted models containing 15 parameters sufficiently accounted for observed species densities in each example. The set of environmental variables is significant at the 95% level for all species, but none is significant individually. However, relatively large values of regression coefficients for chlorophylls, especially b, suggest that food (amount and kind) is important in determining species densities. Each species exhibits periodicity, and for each, periodicity differs at the three stations. Results indicate that the use of statistical models permits greater understanding of relations between foraminiferal species and environments. Such understanding will be of great value in paleoecology. End_of_Article - Last_Page 710------------