cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creation of an Innovative Sustainability Science Undergraduate Degree Program: A 10-Step Process

We explain the process used at Kean University (New Jersey) to create an innovative undergraduate degree program in sustainability science. This interdisciplinary program provides students with the strong science background necessary to understand and address the opportunities associated with sustainability. We articulate seven steps taken during the first year of developing the major and three additional steps that explain its evolution. Sustainability is the primary focus of each course within the curriculum. By sharing our experiences, other institutions may be encouraged or assisted in developing a similar program.
Individual differences in achievement goals among young children.

Smiley, Patricia A., and Dweck, Carol S. Individual Differences in Achievement Goals among Young Children. Child Development, 1994 65, 1723–1743. Developmental research has generally not found evidence of helpless responses to failure in young children; a prevailing view is that young children lack the cognitive prerequisite for helplessness. However, recent evidence suggests that even preschoolers are vulnerable to helplessness in some situations. In the present study with 4- and 5-year-olds, we tested a goal-confidence model that predicts achievement behavior during failure for older children. We first categorized preschoolers' orientations toward “learning” or “performance” goals based on their preference for a challenging or nonchallenging task. As for older children, goal orientation was independent of ability and predicted cognitions and emotions during failure. Further, consistent with the model, within a learning goal, children displayed the mastery-oriented pattern regardless of confidence level, whereas within a performance goal, children with low confidence were most susceptible to helplessness. These behavior patterns were found on a second task as well. Thus, our findings show that individual differences in achievement goals emerge very early.
Systematics of fission based on the exponential mass formula

Fission threshold calculation for systematics of spontaneous fission rates and neutron-fission width ratio
Efficient, frequency-stable laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser

We have designed and tested a laser-diode-pumped monolithic Nd:YAG oscillator. The electrical-to-optical slope efficiency was 6.5%. The frequency jitter was less than 10 kHz over a 0.3-sec period, the best frequency stability reported for a Nd:YAG laser to date.
Estimating the water content of hydrated minerals using reflectance spectroscopy II. Effects of particle size

Abstract Visible-near infrared reflectance spectra for five particle size fractions of a Hawaiian palagonite (HWMK101) and a nontronite (ferruginous smectite, Clay Minerals Society source clay SWa-1) were measured under ambient, purged, and heated conditions to characterize the effects of surface and volume scattering on the relationship between absolute H2O content and the strength of the 3 μm absorption feature. Both materials were ground and dry sieved to particle sizes of 5 μm in diameter mixed with crystalline and glass particles 1 mm in diameter, whereas the nontronite particles are polycrystalline aggregates. We find that band parameters value relating the strength of the 3 μm hydration feature to water content increase with particle size for a given water content, regardless of whether reflectance or single scattering albedo spectra are used. Spectra generally increase in reflectance as particle size decreases, a result of the relative increase in volume to surface scattering. Spectra of large particles are commonly saturated in the 3 μm region due to an increase in optical path length, making an accurate estimate of water content indeterminate until the samples dehydrate to the volume-scattering regime. We find that the presence of fines in several of the size fractions of palagonite cause their spectra to be representative of the finest fraction rather than the mean particle size. The nontronite spectra appear to be representative of an effective particle size within the range of the sieved size fractions. Many planetary surfaces are expected to have a large number of small particles which can dominate their spectral signature. Our results for particles 45 μm provide a reasonable model for estimating the H2O content of hydrated asteroids and regions of Mars.
Ex Vivo expansion of suboptimal (low dose) cord blood products provides sufficient cells for transplantation of adult patients

Background: Recent trials have demonstrated the potential to combine two cord blood (CB) products to increase the cell dose delivered, however often CB products with sufficient cell dose, have a 2 antigen mismatch to each other or the recipient. Better matched products are routinely available however, their use is limited due to low cell content. We have developed ex vivo expansion techniques that can provide a 10 to 20 fold increase in cell numbers and evaluated the potential of ex vivo expansion to provide sufficient doses for these suboptimal products. Methods: CB products which were frozen for banking and rejected due to low cell doses (median cells dose 0.7x10 7 total nucleated cells (TNC)/kg for a 50kg individual) were expanded using co culture on allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The CB products were thawed and the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction isolated by density gradient centrifugation. The CB MNCs were cultured in T162 cm 2 tissue culture flasks pre established with MSC in expansion media plus SCF, G-CSF and Tpo. After culture for 2 weeks the TNC/kg were determined. Results: A median fold expansion of 9 fold was obtained (N=5) resulting in a median cell dose post expansion of 4.3 x10 7 TNC/kg (for a 50 kg individual). In addition, fractionation of the CD34+ve and CD34-ve subsets from the CB MNC, demonstrated that the expansion was almost exclusively from the CD34+ cells. Discussion: These data demonstrate that co culture of CB MNCs on MSC result in significant expansion of suboptimal CB products. The expanded CB products would meet the minimal cell requirements for use of CB in adults and therefore provide the potential use of better matched CB products. This could result in enhanced engraftment and less toxicities such as graft versus host disease that occurs with lower level HLA matched CB products.
ATP metabolism in cleavage-staged mouse embryos

Total ATP, ATP/ADP ratios, the rates of synthesis and turnover of ATP, and the level of cyanide inhibition of ATP synthesis were determined for 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, late-morula and late-blastocyst mouse embryos. The results show that from the 2-cell stage to the late-blastocyst stage there are progressive decreases in total ATP and in the ATP/ADP ratios. These are accompanied by increases in the rates of ATP turnover as well as in the percentage of inhibition of ATP synthesis by cyanide. These data are discussed in relation to results from other metabolic studies on mouse cleavage-staged embryos and from studies describing configurational changes in the ultrastructure of mitochondria at these developmental stages. It is postulated that the mitochondrial ultrastructural changes during cleavage reflect differences in the levels of oxidative phosphorylation during specific metabolic steady states.
Recombination-Enhanced Defect Formation and Annealing in a-Si:H

Despite the many efforts to elucidate the light-induced (or current-induced) instability in a-Si:H, one fertile approach has been largely neglected. This approach is the exploitation of analogies between the formation and annealing of metastable defects (MSDs) in a-Si:H and the recombination-induced defect reactions in crystalline semiconductors. Defect reactions are any bond rearrangements around a defect, including the motion or creation of a defect. Recent efforts using this approach have (l)produced a conclusion that the light-induced effects in a-Si:H are probably of extrinsic origin, in disagreement with current intrinsic models; and (2)shown that a class of significant physical processes has been overlooked in kinetic analyses of MSD densities. This paper summarizes this approach and its results to date.
Vernacular knowledge and critical pedagogy: conceptualising sexual health education for young men who have sex with men

AbstractOver 30 years after HIV was first recognised in the USA, the epidemic continues to pose a disproportionate threat to vulnerable and marginalised populations. Increasing HIV incidence among young men who have sex with men has spurred debate around the content and approach to HIV prevention interventions directed towards this vulnerable population. A comprehensive model for conceptualising the content of sexual health education is described, which can be tailored to the unique needs and experiences of young men who have sex with men through the application of social theory. Vernacular knowledge is incorporated as a manner of nesting sexual health messages within the shared understandings of young men regarding same-sex sexual practices, gender roles and expectations, community mores and conventions and other shared knowledge of sex and sexuality. Critical pedagogy is then discussed as a way of guiding one’s pedagogical approach during intervention design and implementation that is most conducive to ...
Ten-nanometer dense hole arrays generated by nanoparticle lithography.

Large area dense hole arrays with a feature size of ∼10 nm were generated using self-assembled monolayers of nanoparticles as etch masks. To fabricate the hole arrays, monolayers of nanoparticles were irradiated by electron beam to turn surfactants into amorphous carbon, treated by acid to remove the nanoparticle cores, and then etched by CF4 to deepen the holes. Evaporated gold films preferentially diffuse into the holes to generate gold nanoparticle arrays. However no obvious diffusion into holes was observed for a sputtered iron platinum film.
The role of propulsive muscles of the shoulder during quadrupedalism in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): implications for neural control of locomotion in primates.

In comparative anatomical studies of the shoulder, the humeral retractors are often grouped together as propulsive muscles, which are important in the propulsive stroke of the forelimb during quadrupedal locomotion. Electromyographic (EMG) analyses of these muscles in opossums, cats, and dogs in general have confirmed such conclusions. An EMG study of chimpanzee shoulder muscles during knuckle-walking found, however, that the humeral retractors are either inactive or perform a function unrelated to propulsion (Larson & Stern, 1987). This contrast in muscle recruitment patterns between chimpanzees and more “typical” mammalian quadrupeds was attributed to the derived morphology of the chimpanzee shoulder. The present study examines the activity patterns of the humeral retractors in the vervet monkey, a primate more closely resembling nonprimate mammals in its shoulder morphology. The results of this EMG analysis show that despite the significant differences in anatomy between chimpanzees and vervets, the tw...
Text box size, skill, and iterative practice in a writing task

Although freewriting strategies are commonly taught in composition courses, there have been few empirical studies on freewriting. We address this gap by examining effects of prior writing skills (as measured by a pre-write essay), freewriting training, text-box size (1, 10, 20 lines), and repetitive writing on freewriting quality. Participants watched an agent-based vicarious learning freewriting instruction video or a control video including brief instructions on freewriting. After training, participants wrote six freewrites, two in each box size. Lesson delivery and text box size did not affect expert human ratings of the freewrites. Furthermore, participants did not benefit from writing successive freewrites regardless of their initial skill level. We describe how these results have been used to inform the design of Writing-Pal, an essay-writing intelligent tutoring system.
Circulatory shear flow alters the viability and proliferation of circulating colon cancer cells

During cancer metastasis, circulating tumor cells constantly experience hemodynamic shear stress in the circulation. Cellular responses to shear stress including cell viability and proliferation thus play critical roles in cancer metastasis. Here, we developed a microfluidic approach to establish a circulatory microenvironment and studied circulating human colon cancer HCT116 cells in response to a variety of magnitude of shear stress and circulating time. Our results showed that cell viability decreased with the increase of circulating time, but increased with the magnitude of wall shear stress. Proliferation of cells survived from circulation could be maintained when physiologically relevant wall shear stresses were applied. High wall shear stress (60.5 dyne/cm2), however, led to decreased cell proliferation at long circulating time (1 h). We further showed that the expression levels of β-catenin and c-myc, proliferation regulators, were significantly enhanced by increasing wall shear stress. The presented study provides a new insight to the roles of circulatory shear stress in cellular responses of circulating tumor cells in a physiologically relevant model and thus will be of interest for the study of cancer cell mechanosensing and cancer metastasis.
Abstract 5057: Mena at the nexus of chemotaxis and haptotaxis during tumor progression

Directed-cell migration is key step in the metastatic cascade, and multiple cues can promote local invasion. The most well studied mode of cell motility for metastasizing tumor cells is chemotaxis, the directional movement of cells attracted to a source of soluble cues. In contrast, haptotaxis, migration of cells on gradients of substrate-bound factors, remains poorly understood. Mena, an actin regulatory protein, plays an important role in cell motility and is upregulated in various cancers, driving migration in response to chemotactic and haptotactic cues. We have recently shown expression of the pro-metastatic isoform of Mena, MenaINV, increases sensitivity to growth factors (EGF, HGF and IGF) via dysregulation of the phosphatase PTP1B, as well as high concentrations of fibronectin (FN) via its interaction with the integrin α5β1. We hypothesized that MenaINV may also promote crosstalk between these two pathways to drive metastasis. First, we show that MenaINV-driven haptotaxis on FN gradients and FN-driven invasion requires crosstalk between α5β1 and EGFR. Indeed, we show evidence that MenaINV expression is associated high phosphorylation of EGFR in high FN environments in vitro and in human breast cancer databases. Second, we find that MenaINV promotes synergy between EGF and FN in vitro and in vivo, leading to hyper-invasive phenotypes that drive more invasion than which each cue alone. Finally, we show that MenaINV-driven haptotaxis, ECM reorganization and 3D invasion requires RCP-dependent recycling of α5β1 and EGFR. Together, our data demonstrate that MenaINV is a shared component of the machinery that mediates both haptotactic responses to FN and chemotactic responses to EGF, two pathways that promote tumor progression. Citation Format: Madeleine J. Oudin, Miles A. Miller, Tatsiana Kosciuk, Joelle Klazen, Alisha Lussiez, Douglas Lauffenburger, James E. Bear, Frank B. Gertler. Mena at the nexus of chemotaxis and haptotaxis during tumor progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5057.
Summary of Spacecraft

The number of spacecraft used in identifying CMEs, ICMEs and their characteristics are many, varied and can be confusing. In this chapter, a summary of the spacecraft that made significant contributions to our understanding of CMEs is presented. Each are presented in chronological order or launch date, citing dates of launch and completion, instrument payload aboard, orbit and milestones achieved in the advancement of our understanding of CMEs.
Stressful events, personality, and mood disturbance: Gender differences in alcoholics and problem drinkers

Abstract The present study examined relationships among stressful events, personality characteristics, and affective status in males and females of various alcohol drinking patterns. We examined a total of 154 participants from three distinct alcohol subgroups: alcohol dependent, problem drinker, and light social drinker. These subjects did not meet criteria for any concurrent nonalcohol comorbid psychiatric disorder. The study included an alcohol quantity–frequency interview and self-report questionnaires on stressful life events, depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, and personality characteristics. Results showed female alcoholics reported significantly greater depression, anxiety, and neuroticism compared to their male counterparts (and all other drinking groups). Female problem drinkers reported significantly greater depressive symptoms and health-related stressful events compared to male problem drinkers and the light drinkers. In contrast, male problem drinkers did not show elevations on these dimensions and more closely resembled light drinkers, of whom no gender differences were found. The findings support theories suggesting a “telescoping” of complications, health-related stress, and mood dysfunction in women at a lower threshold level of alcohol consumption compared to their male counterparts.
Integration of Dissimilar Materials

The integration of dissimilar materials can be accomplished through two principal pathways: direct growth and bonding. The direct growth of dissimilar materials through epitaxial processes and the technological considerations in the formation of useful materials for device fabrication are discussed. The issues of defect introduction and strategies that reduce the defect density developed during direct growth are addressed through strategies utilizing knowledge of the crystal growth process. The alternative approach of materials bonding, at the device or wafer scale, is used to create new materials structures, devices, and systems. The types of bonds, intermediate bonding layers, and practical considerations to materials integration through bonding are discussed along with examples of their application.
Strings attached? Linking Historically Black Colleges and Universities public revenue sources with efficiency

ABSTRACTHistorically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), a set of US higher education institutions historically tasked with educating African–American students, receive both state and federal funding. However, state governments often assert operational control through the political process, potentially influencing how key resources are used. Do these different sources of publicness have competing effects on efficiency? Using a 5-year panel of financial and organisational data of HBCUs, this study explores the relative effect of each of these revenue sources on efficiency. The study finds that the efficiency of HBCUs is negatively impacted by higher proportions of state revenue, and that higher proportions of federal revenue have a positive effect on efficiency. This suggests that state governments should consider their political roles in assessing the performance of HBCUs, and that HBCUs might look to lessons from other organisations for methods to reduce the impact of state external control.
Characterization of Laser Ablated Germanium Nanoclusters

Morphological characterization and the nonlinear optical properties of laser ablated germanium nanoclusters are discussed in this paper. Laser ablated films contain micron sized droplets that are composed of nanoclusters. The clusters have cubic and tetragonal symmetry. Results from TEM, AFM, and XRD are presented for the surface characterization. Nonlinear absorption is observed at very low light intensities and nonlinear absorption and refraction are seen at peak light intensities of 18 KW/cm2 at λ. = 532 nm. The estimated change in refractive index is 0.05 at these intensity levels.
Movements and home ranges of monk seals in the main Hawaiian Islands

Hawaiian monk seals (Neomonachus schauinslandi) began recolonizing the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) roughly 20 yr ago. The species’ abundance is still declining, but the subpopulation in the MHI is increasing by 6.5% per year. This difference may be due to differences in prey availability or habitat quality between the northwest (NWHI) and main Hawaiian Islands, which could be reflected in the movements and behavior of the seals. For example, foraging trip durations may be shorter in areas with higher forage quality. From 2007 to 2014 we deployed GPS phone tags on the islands of Molokai (n = 7), Kauai (n = 6), and Oahu (n = 6) to study movements and dive behavior. Foraging trips typically lasted 0.57 d (IQR: 0.34–0.83) and seals traveled 18 km (IQR: 10.2–30.5) per trip. Seals began benthic dives shortly after entering the water, with most dives to depths of 12–32 m. The median 95% and 50% kernel density isopleths for seals in the MHI were 149.2 km2 and 23.2 km2, respectively. The duration and distance of foraging trips in the MHI were shorter than that observed in other studies from the NWHI, suggesting that foraging habitat is currently better in the MHI.
Fine mapping of the soybean aphid-resistance genes Rag6 and Rag3c from Glycine soja 85-32

Rag6 and Rag3c were delimited to a 49-kb interval on chromosome 8 and a 150-kb interval on chromosome 16, respectively. Structural variants in the exons of candidate genes were identified. The soybean aphid, an invasive species, has significantly threatened soybean production in North America since 2000. Host-plant resistance is known as an ideal management strategy for aphids. Two novel aphid-resistance loci, Rag6 and Rag3c, from Glycine soja 85-32, were previously detected in a 10.5-cM interval on chromosome 8 and a 7.5-cM interval on chromosome 16, respectively. Defining the exact genomic position of these two genes is critical for improving the effectiveness of marker-assisted selection for aphid resistance and for identification of the functional genes. To pinpoint the locations of Rag6 and Rag3c, four populations segregating for Rag6 and Rag3c were used to fine map these two genes. The availability of the Illumina Infinium SoySNP50K/8K iSelect BeadChip, combined with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers discovered through the whole-genome re-sequencing of E12901, facilitated the fine mapping process. Rag6 was refined to a 49-kb interval on chromosome 8 with four candidate genes, including three clustered nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS–LRR) genes and an amine oxidase encoding gene. Rag3c was refined to a 150-kb interval on chromosome 16 with 11 candidate genes, two of which are a LRR gene and a lipase gene. Moreover, by sequencing the whole-genome exome-capture of the resistant source (E12901), structural variants were identified in the exons of the candidate genes of Rag6 and Rag3c. The closely linked SNP markers and the candidate gene information presented in this study will be significant resources for integrating Rag6 and Rag3c into elite cultivars and for future functional genetics studies.
Importance of Five Natural Christmas Tree Characteristics as Related to Socioeconomic Variables and Opinions of Choose-and-Cut Farms' Customers

Abstract Information about preferred tree features, purchasing habits, preference of a natural versus artificial tree, and socioeconomic characteristics was collected from customers of choose-and-cut Christmas tree farms in Georgia. The preferred tree features are shape, followed by density and height. Color and price are the least important. The test on means of consumers' socioeconomic characteristics revealed that male and female respondents differed in their preference for shape, height, and price; consumers' education impacted the importance of tree height and color; income influenced the importance attached to shape, density, and price. Estimation of models with preferred tree features (shape, density, height, color and price) as dependent variables identified significant negative and positive influences of independent variables. In general, college educated respondents were less concerned about the importance of tree features; female respondents were more concerned about tree shape and price than m...
Competition, Intellectual Property Rights and Collaboratively Set Standards: Federal Trade Commission Advocacy and Enforcement

Collaboratively set interoperability standards are a prominent feature of many modern markets, particularly in the information and communication technology (ICT) industries. These standards often incorporate technology contributed by a number of firms, which may have declared that they own patents essential to the standard. The assertion of such standard essential patents (SEPs), through both licensing and the courts, is not only a matter of economic significance but also raises a number of distinct legal issues. SEP assertion often involves litigation governed by patent law. In addition, owing to the collaborative nature of the standard setting process, SEP assertion often raises questions of competition law. Finally, standard setting organizations (SSOs) often adopt private contract that governs SEP assertion by their members. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) promotes innovation and competition through both law enforcement and competition advocacy. Section 5 of the FTC Act empowers the agency to prevent the use of “unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce.” In addition, Section 6 of the FTC Act provides the FTC with the ability to “gather and compile information,” thereby developing economic expertise relevant to competition in a number of markets. The FTC has a long history of engaging in competition advocacy before regulators, legislatures, the courts and others, sharing its expertise when these entities contemplate action that may affect competition. The FTC has drawn upon both its enforcement and its competition advocacy expertise to promote innovation and competition in markets impacted by SEPs. For over thirty years, the FTC has used its enforcement authority to police abuses of the collaborative standard setting process. For over twenty years, the FTC has also issued guidance regarding the application of competition law to intellectual property licensing. Finally, for over a decade, the FTC has been involved in competition advocacy regarding the patent system, offering its expertise on issues such as patent quality, notice, and remedies. This paper reviews the FTC’s use of both enforcement and competition advocacy to address competitive harms raised by the assertion of SEPs. In particular, it examines the limited circumstances in which the FTC has used its enforcement authority—to police opportunistic behavior in contravention of SSO policies or practices—and contrasts these circumstances to the situations where the FTC has used its role as an advocate to promote competition more generally.
Enhancement of forced convection heat transfer using aero-elastically fluttering reeds

Heat transport within high aspect ratio, rectangular mm-scale channels of air cooled heat sinks is significantly enhanced by deliberate formation of unsteady small-scale vortical motions induced by autonomous, aeroelastic fluttering of cantilevered planar thin-film reeds. The interactions between the reed and the channel flow are exploited to overcome conventional limits of forced convection heat transport by substantial increases in the local heat transfer coefficient at the fins' surfaces, and in the mixing between the thermal boundary layers and the cooler core flow. This approach is demonstrated for improving the thermal performance of low-Reynolds number air-cooled heat sinks where the global air-side pressure losses can be significantly reduced by lowering the required air volume flow rate for given heat flux and surface temperature. The thermal performance enhancement is investigated in a mm-scale model of the rectangular heated fin channels. Of particular interest are the increases in power dissipation and the associated fluid power over a range of flow rates and reed lengths. It is shown that the reed flutter increases the turbulent kinetic energy of the flow even when the base flow undergoes transition to turbulence and consequently their effectiveness as may be measured by the decrease in the thermal resistance and increase in the global Nusselt Number that rises with Re.
National Government Denial of Climate Change and State and Local Public Health Action in a Federalist System

An editorial is presented which addresses the authors' views about climate change denial under the leadership of U.S. President Donald Trump, and it mentions greenhouse gas and climate change mitigation efforts by governments in American states and municipalities. The relationship between public health and climate change is assessed, along with greenhouse gas emissions in China, Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement, and India's renewable energy sources.
A high-order accurate FDTD scheme for Maxwell's equations on overset grids

An efficient and high-order accurate finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme for solving Maxwell's equations on overset grids is described. Structured curvilinear boundary-fitted grids are used to accurately represent curved surfaces. These overlap with background Cartesian grids. Maxwell's equations for the electric field in second-order form are solved. Use of novel upwind schemes for the second-order form lead to stable discretization on non-orthogonal and overset grids. Use of structured and Cartesian grids together with high-order accurate approximations leads to a very efficient approach.
Bridging the Gap: Using Qualitative Evidence to Evaluate Formal Models

In the ongoing debate about how to test formal models, the role of qualitative evidence has been oddly neglected, even though it is a commonly used by formal theorists. Moreover, qualitative research has played an important role in shaping our collective assessment of the value of many models. We argue that this is no accident, but rather reflects the shared focus of formal theorists and qualitative researchers on mechanisms. Despite this, the flourishing literature on qualitative methodology pays little attention to the specific issues involved in evaluating formal models, and formal modelers generally offer qualitative evidence with very little methodological self-consciousness. This paper takes a first step toward constructive engagement between the two literatures, offering ways that formal modelers can make their qualitative evidence more rigorous as well as providing insights for qualitative scholars interested in empirically evaluating formal theories.
School Influences on Child and Youth Development.

Schools play a key role in child and youth development as both social microcosms of the broader society and reciprocally influencing people and communities. As such, schools can function as a protective factor that promotes safety, motivation, relationships, and support for positive student outcomes. However, schools may also function as a risk factor with inflexible bureaucratic structures that employ harsh and exclusionary discipline that contributes to negative outcomes. This chapter discusses schools as a social institution by examining the student-, teacher-, and building-level predictors of academic and social and emotional success, as well as schools as a locus for preventive interventions.
Interview with Shelley E. Taylor

Shelley Taylor's autobiographical interview (conducted by Annual Review of Psychology Editor and long-time collaborator Susan Fiske) touches on some of her favorite ideas. For example, positive ill...
Eye-Hand Coordination Assessment Metrics Using a Multi-Platform Haptic System with Eye-Tracking and Motion Capture Feedback

In this paper, we discuss the possibility to determine assessment metrics for eye-hand coordination, using a mapping between a robotic haptic device to a virtual environment, and correlating it with the eye-gaze and upper arm movements. Our goal is to develop, implement and refine a system that will assess and improve eye-hand coordination in individuals with disabilities. A detailed analysis of patterns was conducted by therapists in order to select various levels of difficulty that could be included in the system, and which would yield the greatest benefit in terms of assessment of coordination as well as in training. Participants were instructed to use a haptic device (Omni) to follow the trajectories. This was completed while video data were collected using a Vicon motion capture system. Readings of traced trajectories, time, and upper limb motions were recorded for further analysis. One of the patterns was chosen to develop a multi-platform haptic system to be virtually rendered with any haptic device and a Graphic User Interface (GUI) with options to guide the user along the chosen pattern using a haptic tunnel calculated by using B-splines. Two types of haptic tunnels are presented and evaluated: one that follows the mid path of the pattern, and one that takes the smoothest path through the pattern. Finally, the Pearson coefficient was chosen as a metric to correlate the haptic device and the eye-gaze coordinates recorded simultaneously while the user traces a path.
Sun and wind cues guide dung-rolling beetles across the savannah

![Graphic][1] South African dung beetles compete fiercely for the chance to eat the poop of other animals. When a beetle comes across a pile of dung in the savannah, it quickly cuts off a piece, rolls it into a ball, and heads off in reverse with its stinky prize, away from other hungry
Changes in hip mechanics during gait modification to reduce knee abduction moment.

Abstract First peak knee abduction moment (KAM) has been associated with the severity and progression of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Gait modifications, including lateral trunk lean (TL), medial knee thrust (MKT), and reduced foot progression (FP) have decreased KAM. However, their effects on the hip joint are poorly understood. Reduced hip abduction moment has been found to be predictive of KOA progression and has been hypothesized to represent a decreased demand on the hip musculature. Lack of studies investigating changes in hip mechanics as a result of gait modification limits our understanding of their cumulative benefit, therefore, we investigated the effects of TL, MKT, and FP on internal hip abduction moment as well as rate change in net joint reaction force. Using real-time visual biofeedback, five trials were completed for each modification. Each modification target range was individualized to 3–5 SD greater (TL and FP) or lesser (MKT) than the participants mean baseline value. Kinematics and kinetics at the hip and knee were calculated at first peak KAM. Trunk lean and MKT decreased hip abduction moment compared to baseline (p
Basic Mechanisms Underpinning Severe Childhood Asthma

The immunopathogenesis of allergic asthma in children with controlled, mild-moderate disease is a Th2-driven eosinophilia, which is treated effectively in the majority of patients with maintenance inhaled steroid therapy. However, there is a small group of children with very severe disease that remain poorly controlled, with frequent exacerbations despite maximal doses of inhaled steroids and, in some cases, despite maintenance systemic steroids. These children, who are known to be adherent of their prescribed therapy, and in whom all modifiable factors that contribute to poor control such as persistent allergen exposure have been addressed, have severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA).
Electron dynamic analysis of few-cycle laser-induced damage (Conference Presentation)

Our work simulated the electron dynamic process based on different models, field-cycle-resolved photoionization theory and Keldysh theory. The central idea for predicting laser-induced damage threshold of few-cycle laser pulse based on the total laser energy coupled with the electron energy transfer in the crystal lattice. With this approach, predictions of the physical model start to converge to the available experimental data of 1-on-1 few-cycle laser damage experiments on the semiconductor (e.g. ZnSe) surface.
Economic Impact of Craft Beer Festivals

The economic impact of craft beer festivals is not well understood. While the craft beer industry generated an estimated $76.2 billion to the U.S. economy in 2017, this robust figure excludes an assessment of the role craft beer festivals play within state and local economies. Locales hosting these community events may enjoy significant impacts on a wide range of tourism related industries, including lodging, food and drink, and retail. The economic impact of craft beer festivals is inextricably linked to geographic considerations, as the ability to attract out-of-town visitors is the primary driver of the overall impact of these community events. Furthermore, craft beer festivals provide a vehicle for neolocalism-related initiatives such as community branding, further growth opportunities for local craft breweries and associated (beer tourism) activities. Craft beer festivals also have significant political implications as these community events generate sizeable tax revenue for state and local governments. The chapter utilizes a case study of the 2017 Oregon Brewers Festival to highlight the prospects and challenges in utilizing economic impact analysis to buttress tourism, economic development, and government relations efforts. Potential benefits of economic impact studies of craft beer festivals to state and local craft beer industry leaders, event organizers, tourism officials, and government partners are highlighted. Methodological and analytical lessons and their application to a wide range of craft beer events are explored.
Pulse Width Evolution in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for Internal Shocks

Many cosmological models of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) envision the energy source to be a cataclysmic stellar event leading to a relativistically expanding fireball. Particles are thought to be accelerated at shocks and produce nonthermal radiation. The highly variable temporal structure observed in most GRBs has significantly constrained models. By using different methods of statistical analysis in the time domain, we find that the width of the large-amplitude pulses in GRB time histories remains remarkably constant throughout the classic GRB phase. This is also true for small-amplitude pulses. However, small and large pulses do not have the same pulse width within a single time history. We find a quantitative relationship between pulse amplitude and pulse width: the smaller amplitude peaks tend to be wider, with the pulse width following a power law with an index of about -2.8. Internal shocks simulated by randomly selecting the Lorentz factor and energy per shell are consistent with a power-law relationship. This is strong quantitative evidence that GRBs are indeed caused by internal shocks. The dependency of the width-versus-intensity relationship on the maximum Lorentz factor provides a way to estimate that elusive parameter. Our observed power-law index indicates that Γmax is 103. We also interpret the narrowness of the pulse width distribution as indicating that the emission that occurs when one shell overtakes another is produced over a small range of distances from the central site.
Abstract WP117: High-dimensional Analysis of Inflammatory Cells in Ischemic Stroke Mice

Background: Inflammatory leukocytes in the ischemic brain modulate brain injury, but their functions are not fully understood. The purpose of this study is to establish a novel technique of mass cy...
Social Media Opinions on Working From Home in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Study.

Background: Since March 2020, companies nationwide have started work from home (WFH) owing to the rapid increase of confirmed COVID-19 cases in an attempt to help prevent the disease from spreading and to rescue the economy from the pandemic. Many organizations have conducted surveys to understand people’s opinions toward WFH. However, the findings are limited owing to a small sample size and the dynamic topics over time. Objective: This study aims to understand public opinions regarding WFH in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We conducted a large-scale social media study using Twitter data to portray different groups of individuals who have positive or negative opinions on WFH. We performed an ordinary least squares regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the sentiment about WFH and user characteristics including gender, age, ethnicity, median household income, and population density. To better understand the public opinion, we used latent Dirichlet allocation to extract topics and investigate how tweet contents are related to people’s attitude. Results: On performing ordinary least squares regression analysis using a large-scale data set of publicly available Twitter posts (n=28,579) regarding WFH during April 10-22, 2020, we found that the sentiment on WFH varies across user characteristics. In particular, women tend to be more positive about WFH (P<.001). People in their 40s are more positive toward WFH than those in other age groups (P<.001). People from high-income areas are more likely to have positive opinions about WFH (P<.001). These nuanced differences are supported by a more fine-grained topic analysis. At a higher level, we found that the most negative sentiment about WFH roughly corresponds to the discussion on government policy. However, people express a more positive sentiment when discussing topics on “remote work or study” and “encouragement.” Furthermore, topic distributions vary across different user groups. Women pay more attention to family activities than men (P<.05). Older people talk more about work and express a more positive sentiment regarding WFH. Conclusions: This paper presents a large-scale social media–based study to understand the public opinion on WFH in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope that this study can contribute to policymaking both at the national and institution or company levels to improve the overall population’s experience with WFH.
Protonating Metal-Metal Bonds: Changing the Metal-Metal Interaction from Bonding, to Nonbonding, and to Antibonding

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to determine the geometric and electronic structure of the series [cis-{(η5-C5H3)2(CMe2)2}-Ru2(CO)4(μ-H)n]n+ (n = 0, 1, 2) and their di-tert-butyl-bipyridine (bipy) analogs ((CO)2 = bipy). The results have been analyzed by using natural bond orbitals (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). This series provide a thorough description of the changes in the bonding that occur as the Ru-Ru bond in the n = 0 complexes is first protonated to form the 18-electron hydrogen bridged complexes, which each have a 3-center/2-electron Ru-H-Ru bond but not a direct Ru-Ru bond, and then protonated again to form dibridged complexes, which have two 3-center/2-electron Ru-H-Ru bonds and even without a direct Ru-Ru bond have an electron count of 19 electrons, which is compensated by having one more antibonding than bonding Ru-Ru molecular orbitals.
Mapping the Stiffness of Nanomaterials and Thin Films by Acoustic AFM Techniques

The determination of the stiffness of nanomaterials is essential to understanding their response to force and for the successful integration of these materials into devices. In this chapter we review acoustic atomic force microscope (AFM) techniques that are used to map the stiffness distribution of nanomaterials and thin films nondestructively and with high lateral resolution. We focus on three acoustic AFM techniques: force modulation microscopy (FMM), ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM), and contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM). We explain the basics of the AFM tip–surface contact mechanics, the theoretical background of each acoustic AFM method, its use to determine the stiffness properties of nanomaterials and thin films, and its limitation. The techniques we discuss have been used to characterize the mechanical properties of a broad range of nanomaterials and thin films, including self-assembled monolayers, thin polymer films, nanocomposites, and biomaterials.
Reducing Hospital Acquired Pressure Ulcers

Pressure ulcers have been a persistent issue in hospitals for many years and continue to remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Most hospital acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) are considered preventable and are identified by the National Quality Forum as a nurse-sensitive quality indicator. Intensive care patients in particular tend to be at a higher risk to develop PUs and prevention in the intensive care population continues to be a major challenge in many hospitals. Recently, some intensive care units have been utilizing a preventative silicone foam barrier dressing applied to patients admitted to the unit in order reduce the incidence of HAPUs. The purpose of this research was to determine if a silicone foam border dressing applied to medical intensive care patients would result in a decreased sacral HAPU occurrence rate in the medical ICU. The data collection took place at the Miriam Hospital, a 247-bed tertiary care hospital in Providence, Rhode Island. The medical ICU at the Miriam Hospital is a 16-bed unit. A retrospective chart review was conducted on 250 medical records that were coded with ICD-9 codes for pressure ulcers. Group One (treatment group) included medical intensive care unit patients who had preventative dressings applied to the sacrum. Group Two (comparison group) included patients who did not have a preventative dressing applied. Results demonstrated that there was a decrease in the occurrence rate of HAPUs after the preventative dressings were initiated. Recommendations and implications for advanced practice nursing are discussed.
Evidence for a physical association of CD4 and the CD3: α : β T-cell receptor

CD4 is a molecule expressed on the surface of T lymphocytes which recognize foreign protein antigens in the context of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Recognition of antigen:class II MHC complexes by CD4+ T cells can be inhibited by anti-CD4 (ref. 3). Nevertheless, specific recognition of the antigen:Ia complex is clearly a function of the T-cell receptor, which is composed of CD3 and the variable polypeptides alpha and beta. Thus, it has been proposed that CD4 serves an accessory function in the interaction of CD4+ T cells and Ia-bearing antigen-presenting cells by binding to non-polymorphic portions of class II MHC molecules and stabilizing the cell interaction. Based on our observation that anti-CD4 could inhibit activation of a cloned line of CD4+ T cells by antibodies directed at a particular epitope on the variable region of the T-cell receptor, we have recently proposed that CD4 is actually part of the T-cell antigen recognition complex, physically associated with CD3:alpha:beta. But numerous studies showing that CD3 and CD4 are not stably associated on the T-cell surface would appear to contradict this model. Here we show that anti-T-cell-receptor antibodies can co-modulate expression of the T-cell receptor and CD4, and that the monovalent Fab fragment of such an anti-T-cell-receptor antibody can, in conjunction with bivalent anti-CD4 antibody, generate an activating signal for the T cell. These findings provide further evidence for a physical association of the T-cell receptor complex and CD4.