cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Government, Taxation, Coercion, and Ideology: A Comment on Yeager

At the very origin of Latin America's institutional structure is the Spanish American encomienda. For economists interested in issues of growth divergence and path dependence, therefore, a clear undertanding of that institution's nature, evolution, and effects is imperative. Tim Yeager's analysis of it in a recent issue of this JOURNAL is a welcome, provocative, and interesting contribution but has conceptual and empirical weaknesses that call its conclusions into question.' I can refer here to the most salient only. The first section considers whether the encomienda was a "coerced labor system" that the Crown "chose" to "satisfy an ideological bias against slavery" and to collect "rents." The second section is devoted to the view that the Crown restricted the encomienda's inheritance "to secure its rule." The third section discusses whether the encomienda's adoption was "paradoxical" because its restrictions implied incentives "to destroy more quickly the human capital" of indigenous people than did slavery. The fourth section analyzes whether the encomienda was a "centralist" Castilian institution.
In Vitro and Computational Thrombosis on Artificial Surfaces With Shear Stress

Implantable devices in direct contact with flowing blood are associated with the risk of thromboembolic events. This study addresses the need to improve our understanding of the thrombosis mechanism and to identify areas on artificial surfaces susceptible to thrombus deposition. Thrombus deposits on artificial blood step transitions are quantified experimentally and compared with shear stress and shear rate distributions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Larger steps, and negative (expanding) steps result in larger thrombus deposits. Fitting CFD results to experimental deposit locations reveals a specific shear stress threshold of 0.41 Pa or a shear rate threshold of 54 s(-1) using a shear thinning blood viscosity model. Thrombosis will occur below this threshold, which is specific to solvent-polished polycarbonate surfaces under in vitro coagulation conditions with activated clotting time levels of 200-220 s. The experimental and computational models are valuable tools for thrombosis prediction and assessment that may be used before proceeding to clinical trials and to better understand existing clinical problems with thrombosis.
Lung Herniation After Supraclavicular Thoracic Outlet Decompression

Lung herniation after first rib resection for thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) has not been reported to our knowledge. We present a unique case of cervical lung herniation causing displacement of the brachial plexus and chronic pain in a patient who had previously undergone supraclavicular thoracic outlet decompression with first rib resection. This was successfully treated with thoracoscopic reduction and resection of the herniated lung and pleural flap closure of the defect.
Declining sea ice to lead to cloudier Arctic

Arctic sea ice has been declining over the past several decades as global climate has warmed. Moreover, sea ice has declined more quickly than many models predicted, indicating that climate models may not be correctly representing some processes controlling sea ice. One source of uncertainty in models is feedback from cloud cover. Sea ice can affect cloud cover, as melting sea ice and increased evaporation from the ocean surface can lead to increased cloud formation.
Neighborhood-level learning techniques for nonparametric scene models

A new stochastic learning algorithm for use in nonparametric pixel-level background models is presented in this paper. For the first time, we propose the use of kernel density estimation techniques in the model update step to identify outliers within the pixel-level sample collections and replace them with recently observed background pixel values. A neighborhood diffusion process that improves on recently reported scene model learning techniques is presented, wherein information sharing between similarly structured adjacent background models is encouraged to promote spatial consistency within localized image regions. We demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in comparison with the state-of-the-art visual background extraction system using the well-known percentage correct classification statistic and a new figure of merit, probability correct classification, presented here for the first time.
Traditions of Genesis and the Luba Diaspora

Origin stories are an important genre of central African oral traditions. Historians have long been intrigued by these stories, for their plots tell of the beginnings of societies and of the founding of ruling dynasties. It has been possible to cross-check the information in the oral traditions of many of the societies of west central Africa against data in Portuguese written records dating to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These documents have helped to direct investigators towards the best assumptions to make when analyzing the oral traditions of west central African societies. However, writing the early history of the savanna societies in the very middle of central Africa (in southern Zaire and northern Zambia) has always been hampered by the absence of written documents which describe the area much before the early nineteenth century. Historians studying the early political history of these societies have been forced to link the events and characters of origin stories to each other without any anchor in written documentation.Recently, doubts have been raised about the nature and function of origin stories. It is no longer clear that the first step in studying the early history of central African savanna societies is to compare different origin stories with each other, as one would a group of written documents, in order to establish a consistent historical story-line or narrative. Rather, questions raised about the nature of origin stories have brought out the point that the first step in writing the early history of this area is to resolve methodological and historiographical issues, before the historical essence can be distilled from these tales.
The portrait of a common HTML web page

Web pages are not purely text, nor are they solely HTML. This paper surveys HTML web pages; not only on textual content, but with an emphasis on higher order visual features and supplementary technology. Using a crawler with an in-house developed rendering engine, data on a pseudo-random sample of web pages is collected. First, several basic attributes are collected to verify the collection process and confirm certain assumptions on web page text. Next, we take a look at the distribution of different types of page content (text, images, plug-in objects, and forms) in terms of rendered visual area. Those different types of content are broken down into a detailed view of the ways in which the content is used. This includes a look at the prevalence and usage of scripts and styles. We conclude that more complex page elements play a significant and underestimated role in the visually attractive, media rich, and highly interactive web pages that are currently being added to the World Wide Web.
TNF-α induces osteoclastogenesis by direct stimulation of macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK ligand

While TNF-α is pivotal to the pathogenesis of inflammatory osteolysis, the means by which it recruits osteoclasts and promotes bone destruction are unknown. We find that a pure population of murine osteoclast precursors fails to undergo osteoclastogenesis when treated with TNF-α alone. In contrast, the cytokine dramatically stimulates differentiation in macrophages primed by less than one percent of the amount of RANKL (ligand for the receptor activator of NF-κB) required to induce osteoclast formation. Mirroring their synergistic effects on osteoclast differentiation, TNF-α and RANKL markedly potentiate NF-κB and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activity, two signaling pathways essential for osteoclastogenesis. In vivo administration of TNF-α prompts robust osteoclast formation in chimeric animals in which β-galactosidase positive, TNF-responsive macrophages develop within a TNF-nonresponsive stromal environment. Thus, while TNF-α alone does not induce osteoclastogenesis, it does so both in vitro and in vivo by directly targeting macrophages within a stromal environment that expresses permissive levels of RANKL. Given the minuscule amount of RANKL sufficient to synergize with TNF-α to promote osteoclastogenesis, TNF-α appears to be a more convenient target in arresting inflammatory osteolysis.
No time to think: Reflections on information technology and contemplative scholarship

This paper argues that the accelerating pace of life is reducing the time for thoughtful reflection, and in particular for contemplative scholarship, within the academy. It notes that the loss of time to think is occurring at exactly the moment when scholars, educators, and students have gained access to digital tools of great value to scholarship. It goes on to explore how and why both of these facts might be true, what it says about the nature of scholarship, and what might be done to address this state of affairs.
Research Note: Effect of Removing Salt from the Diet of Broiler Breeder Hens

Abstract Two 28-day experiments were conducted utilizing 75-wk-old Arbor Acres broiler breeder hens to determine the effect of removing salt from the diet. Birds in Experiment 2 had been force-rested at 60 wk of age but were in production (65% hen-day) at experiment initiation. All hens received a corn-soybean meal diet either with or without added salt. Egg production was significantly reduced in both experiments by the end of the 4th wk for birds fed the diet with no added salt. However, egg production did not cease in hens receiving the diet with no added salt. Egg weights from hens receiving the diet with no added salt were significantly reduced by the end of Week 2 in Experiment 1 and Week 3 in Experiment 2. Specific gravity was only intermittently affected by dietary salt removal. Birds receiving no added salt lost 541 and 580 g in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Birds receiving added salt diets gained 55 and 23 g in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Removing salt from the diet was not an acceptable method of force-resting broiler breeder hens.
Group a streptococcal puerperal sepsis: historical review and 1990s resurgence.

There appears to be a resurgence of puerperal sepsis due to a historically important pathogen, group A β-hemolytic streptococcus.
Cluster: A Fast Tool to Identify Groups of Similar Programs

cluster is a tool to partition a large pool of C programs into groups according to structural similarity. Its method involves calculating an alignment score for each program against a mosaic made of randomly selected code fragments of fixed size from the pool. The scores are then grouped together so that the distance between two adjacent members of a group is at most some threshold value. cluster is effective in identifying tight clusters of similar programs and is capable of distributing its workload over a network of workstations to achieve very fast running times. As a tool, cluster is highly configurable: the user can adjust its alignment scoring scheme and clustering threshold as well as obtain visual alignments of programs suspected to be similar.
The effect of odours on ingestion by the blowfly

Abstract The effects of several attractants and repellents on the ingestion of sugar solutions by the blowfly, Phormia regina , are assessed. The duration of feeding and the amount ingested generally are remarkably unaffected by either. Very high concentrations of butanol do depress ingestion somewhat, and the depression appears to be mediated by olfactory receptors since antennectomy abolishes the effect.
DIRECT ESTIMATION OF ABOVEGROUND FOREST PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING OF CANOPY NITROGEN

The concentration of nitrogen in foliage has been related to rates of net photosynthesis across a wide range of plant species and functional groups and thus rep- resents a simple and biologically meaningful link between terrestrial cycles of carbon and nitrogen. Although foliar N is used by ecosystem models to predict rates of leaf-level photosynthesis, it has rarely been examined as a direct scalar to stand-level carbon gain. Establishment of such relationships would greatly simplify the nature of forest C and N linkages, enhancing our ability to derive estimates of forest productivity at landscape to regional scales. Here, we report on a highly predictive relationship between whole-canopy nitrogen concentration and aboveground forest productivity in diverse forested stands of varying age and species composition across the 360 000-ha White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire, USA. We also demonstrate that hyperspectral remote sensing can be used to estimate foliar N concentration, and hence forest production across a large number of contiguous images. Together these data suggest that canopy-level N concentration is an important correlate of productivity in these forested systems, and that imaging spectrometry of canopy N can provide direct estimates of forest productivity across large landscapes.
PAIDS: A Proximity-Assisted Intrusion Detection System for Unidentified Worms

The wide spread of worms poses serious challenges to today's Internet.Various IDSes (Intrusion Detection Systems) have been proposed to identify or prevent such spread. These IDSes can be largely classified as signature-based or anomaly-based ones depending on what type of knowledge the system knows. Signature-based IDSes are unable to detect the outbreak of new and unidentified worms when the worms' characteristic patterns are unknown. In addition, new worms are often sufficiently intelligent to hide their activities and evade anomaly detection. Moreover, modern worms tend to spread more quickly, and the outbreak period lasts in the order of hours or even minutes. Such characteristics render existing detection mechanisms less effective.In this work, we consider the drawbacks of current detection approaches and propose PAIDS, a proximity-assisted IDS approach for identifying the outbreak of unknown worms. PAIDS does not rely on signatures.Instead, it takes advantage of the proximity information of compromised hosts. PAIDS operates on an \emph{orthogonal} dimension with existing IDS approaches and can thus work \emph{collaboratively} with existing IDSes to achieve better performance. We test the effectiveness of PAIDS with trace-driven simulations and show that PAIDS has a high detection rate and a low false positive rate.
Spatio-temporal ozone variation in a case-crossover analysis of childhood asthma hospital visits in New York City.

Abstract Background Childhood asthma morbidity has been associated with short-term air pollution exposure. To date, most investigations have used time-series models, and it is not well understood how exposure misclassification arising from unmeasured spatial variation may impact epidemiological effect estimates. Here, we develop case-crossover models integrating temporal and spatial individual-level exposure information, toward reducing exposure misclassification in estimating associations between air pollution and child asthma exacerbations in New York City (NYC). Methods Air pollution data included: (a) highly spatially-resolved intra-urban concentration surfaces for ozone and co-pollutants (nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter) from the New York City Community Air Survey (NYCCAS), and (b) daily regulatory monitoring data. Case data included citywide hospital records for years 2005–2011 warm-season (June–August) asthma hospitalizations ( n =2353) and Emergency Department (ED) visits ( n =11,719) among children aged 5–17 years. Case residential locations were geocoded using a multi-step process to maximize positional accuracy and precision in near-residence exposure estimates. We used conditional logistic regression to model associations between ozone and child asthma exacerbations for lag days 0–6, adjusting for co-pollutant and temperature exposures. To evaluate the effect of increased exposure specificity through spatial air pollution information, we sequentially incorporated spatial variation into daily exposure estimates for ozone, temperature, and co-pollutants. Results Percent excess risk per 10 ppb ozone exposure in spatio-temporal models were significant on lag days 1 through 5, ranging from 6.5 (95% CI: 0.2–13.1) to 13.0 (6.0–20.6) for inpatient hospitalizations, and from 2.9 (95% CI: 0.1–5.7) to 9.4 (6.3–12.7) for ED visits, with strongest associations consistently observed on lag day 2. Spatio-temporal excess risk estimates were consistently but not statistically significantly higher than temporal-only estimates on lag days 0–3. Conclusion Incorporating case-level spatial exposure variation produced small, non-significant increases in excess risk estimates. Our modeling approach enables a refined understanding of potential measurement error in temporal-only versus spatio-temporal air pollution exposure assessments. As ozone generally varies over much larger spatial scales than that observed within NYC, further work is necessary to evaluate potential reductions in exposure misclassification for populations spanning wider geographic areas, and for other pollutants.
Evidence that REM sleep is controlled by the activation of brain stem pedunculopontine tegmental kainate receptor.

Glutamate, the neurotransmitter, enhances rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep when microinjected into the brain stem pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) of the cat and rat. Glutamate and its various recept...
Planning and Control of Aggressive Maneuvers for Perching on Inclined and Vertical Surfaces

It is important to enable micro aerial vehicles to land and perch on different surfaces to save energy by cutting power to motors and to perform tasks such as persistent surveillance. In many cases, the best available surfaces may be vertical windows, walls, or inclined roof tops. In this paper, we present approaches and algorithms for aggressive maneuvering to enable perching of underactuated quadrotors on surfaces that are not horizontal. We show the design of a custom foot/gripper for perching on smooth surfaces. Then, we present control and planning algorithms for maneuvering to land on specified surfaces while satisfying constraints on actuation and sensing. Experimental results that include successful perching on vertical, glass surfaces validate the proposed techniques.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Field Association of Female Face Flies with Moraxella bovis, an Etiological Agent of Bovine Pinkeye

Females of Musca autumnalis De Geer were collected from blood baits proximate to cattle herds with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK or “pinkeye”). These flies were examined via colonization and fluorescent-antibody techniques to determine the presence of viable Moraxella bovis (Hauduroy). Of 5,314 flies tested during a 2-year period, less than 1% were positive carriers of the bacterium. Correlations calculated between data suggested that face fly contamination with M. bovis . was positively related to active infection in a herd but not significantly proportional to the total fly populations sampled. The face fly did not appear to constitute an abundant type of M. bovis dissemination for the herds and time frame tested.
Role of laminin-1, collagen IV, and an autocrine factor(s) in regulated secretion by lacrimal acinar cells

Adhesion to novel basement membrane component BM180 in the presence of laminin-1 promotes stimulus-secretion coupling in lacrimal acinar cells [G. W. Laurie, J. D. Glass, R. A. Ogle, C. M. Stone, J...
POLYGLYCOLIDE BIOABSORBABLE SCREWS IN THE TREATMENT OF ANKLE FRACTURES

Twenty-one patients with unstable medial malleolar, bimalleolar, or trimalleolar ankle fractures underwent open reduction and internal fixation of the medial malleolus with 4.5-mm polyglycolide screws. All lateral malleolar fractures were internally fixed with standard metallic implants.Radiographic and clinical follow-up results were available on 16 of 21 patients. All fractures healed at an average of 3.4 months (range, 3–6 months), and there were no medial wound infections. Eight of 16 patients developed an inflammatory reaction to the biodegradable polyester at 3 to 4 months after implantation, including one who developed a sterile draining sinus tract. No surgical or nonsurgical treatment was required in those eight patients.We conclude that whereas polyester screws yield union rates and functional results similar to those of metallic screws in the treatment of medial malleolar fractures, the use of polyglycolide screws is associated with an unacceptable rate of inflammatory reactions.
A control study on the curative effect and reliability of reboxetine with fluoxetine for treatment of depression

Objective To evaluate efficacy and safety of reboxetine in treating depression.Methods In this randomized,double-blind,double-mimicry,fluoxetine parallel controlled,the study group was treated with reboxetine capsule and the control group with fluocetine.Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was taken to evalu- ate efficacy score while.Results At the end of six weekend,compared with the total scores of HAMD before and after treatment,rebocetine(16.8±5.8)and fluoxctine(16.0±6.3)group both showed the significant differ- enee,while the difference compared between two groups,the efficacy(78.6% and 64.3%)for depression and side effects were no significance.Conclusion Reboxetine is a efficient and safety antidepressant.
Collective Behaviors of the Hippocampal Slice — Epileptic and Nonepileptic

In this note, we shall review some experimental and computer-simulation results on neuronal population behaviors of the CA3 region in vitro. We are particularly interested in the phenomenon of synchronized neuronal bursting. Under what conditions can synchronization develop? Is disinhibition required? Can synchronization develop locally, and if so, what determines whether and at what velocity a synchronized event will propagate? These questions are important for understanding epilepsy, for the light they shed on synaptic actions and connectivity, and as a foundation for the investigation of experience-induced plasticity (since local tetanic stimulation leads to the development of synchrony within the tetanized region (Miles and Wong, in prep.)).
Autophagic Turnover of Inactive 26S Proteasomes in Yeast Is Directed by the Ubiquitin Receptor Cue5 and the Hsp42 Chaperone

The autophagic clearance of 26S proteasomes (proteaphagy) is an important homeostatic mechanism within the ubiquitin system that modulates proteolytic capacity and eliminates damaged particles. Here, we define two proteaphagy routes in yeast that respond to either nitrogen starvation or particle inactivation. Whereas the core autophagic machineries required for Atg8 lipidation and vesiculation are essential for both routes, the upstream Atg1 kinase participates only in starvation-induced proteaphagy. Following inactivation, 26S proteasomes become extensively modified with ubiquitin. Although prior studies with Arabidopsis implicated RPN10 in tethering ubiquitylated proteasomes to ATG8 lining the autophagic membranes, yeast proteaphagy employs the evolutionarily distinct receptor Cue5, which simultaneously binds ubiquitin and Atg8. Proteaphagy of inactivated proteasomes also requires the oligomeric Hsp42 chaperone, suggesting that ubiquitylated proteasomes are directed by Hsp42 to insoluble protein deposit (IPOD)-type structures before encapsulation. Together, Cue5 and Hsp42 provide a quality control checkpoint in yeast directed at recycling dysfunctional 26S proteasomes.
Explaining Mental Retardation and Autism to Parents

To be told that his or her child has a serious disability is one of the most painful experiences in a parent’s life. Numerous articles by parents eloquently describe the feelings of despair, anger, shock, or fear that the news of the child’s diagnosis precipitated (Massie and Massie, 1976; Murray and Murray, 1975; Shigley, 1980; Turnbull and Turnbull, 1978; Wolfensberger and Kurtz, 1969). Some of the distress that learning their child has a serious disability causes parents is unavoidable. Parents must grieve the loss of the hoped-for normal child, and the normal grief process is often lengthy and painful. Some pain is unnecessary, however; this is the pain caused by thoughtless or unskilled professionals. Unfortunately, many parents have described experiences of being told abruptly, coldly, or superficially about their child’s disabilities and future potential.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy During Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance

Abstract Background Fusion biopsy using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transrectal ultrasound has demonstrated favorable detection rates of high-grade prostate cancer (PCa) among previously undiagnosed men. However, the diagnostic yield among men with active surveillance (AS) remains undefined. Objective To determine the utility of MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy during AS by reporting rates of PCa upgrading and comparing findings with systematic biopsy. Design, setting, and participants We identified patients with low- and intermediate-risk PCa enrolled in AS who received MRI-ultrasound fusion surveillance biopsies. All completed prostate multiparametric MRI with 3-T and endorectal coil reviewed by radiologists selecting regions of interest, and all underwent MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy with concurrent systematic biopsy. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis We report MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy findings, rates of Gleason score (GS) upgrading to ≥3 + 4 (any upgrading) and to ≥4 + 3 (major upgrading), tumor involvement estimates using descriptive statistics, McNemar's test of symmetry, and multivariate logistic regression. Results and limitations Overall, 207 men underwent MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy following radiologic suspicion on multiparametric MRI and met inclusion criteria. Agreement between systematic and MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy GS was borderline statistically significant ( p p =0.03). Conclusions MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy resulted in upgrading otherwise undetected by systematic biopsy among a proportion of men with PCa managed with AS. However, upgrading also occurred in areas outside targeted biopsy, suggesting that systematic sampling should be offered to men with AS even with history of extended sextant biopsy. Patient summary This study examined the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–ultrasound fusion biopsy for men with prostate cancer managed with active surveillance (AS). In some patients, MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy resulted in the detection of upgrade otherwise missed with systematic sampling. The findings indicate that MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy may help with better sampling during AS.
CE-11 Epidemiologic evidence for the effect of poverty on SLE damage: a longitudinal study

Background The relationship between poverty and SLE damage has been observed in several cross-sectional studies, but it remains unclear whether the loss of work due to SLE caused poverty or the reverse. Use of longitudinal data reduces the risk of reverse causation. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of poverty at one point on subsequent damage, to assess whether the “dose” of poverty affects the extent of damage, and to evaluate the impact on damage of permanently exiting poverty. Materials and methods Data are from the Lupus Outcomes Study (LOS). LOS participants were recruited from diverse sources in 2003 and followed through 2015 through annual structured surveys. In each year we characterised the respondents’ poverty status based on household income and family size. Beginning in 2007, the survey included a validated measure of disease damage, the Brief Index of Lupus Damage. We used ordinary least squares regression to estimate the impact of 1) poverty in 2009, 2) the “dose” of poverty defined as the percentage of years in poverty between 2003 and 2009, and 3) the effect of permanently leaving poverty by 2009 on change in damage between 2009 and 2015, with and without adjustment for potential confounding variables (demographics, education, SLE duration, characteristics of health care, and health behaviours). To account for attrition and missing variables, multiple imputation was used. Results In 2009, there were 783 respondents to the LOS annual survey, of whom 94% were female, 35% non-white, and 15% were in poverty. They were 49.8 (SD12.3) years of age and had had SLE for 16.9 (SD8.3) years. BILD damage scores averaged 1.9 (SD2.0, range 0–12). Table 1 shows the effect of poverty in 2007, “dose of poverty” between 2009 and 2015, and exiting poverty on change in damage, with and without adjustment. Those in poverty had greater increases in damage as did those continuously poor vs. poor some years vs. never poor. Exiting poverty was associated with change in damage scores closer to that among those who were never poor with the passage of as little as a year and smaller than those who remained poor. In all analyses, adjustment had minimal effect on results, indicating that the effect of confounding variables was minimal. Conclusions The present study improves the certainty that poverty is etiologically related to damage and not an artefact of study design. Acknowledgements Robert Wood Johnson Investigator in Health Policy Award, NIAMS P60 AR-053308
From Distributed Supervisory Control to Enterprise Integration: Coordination Support for Operational Environments

Enterprise integration research focuses on the development and integration of models with the goal of analysis and improvement of an enterprise. Cognitive engineering research focuses on the problem solving requirements of humans in complex systems with the goal of designing more effective systems. This paper presents a particular approach to cognitive engineering - model-based intelligent support - and draws implications to the design and development of enterprise models and tools. Specifically, we discuss the realm of distributed supervisory control, propose a knowledge architecture and theory of human - machine interaction to support cooperative problem solving, and link this to current enterprise integration research. Examples are drawn from the spacecraft operations domain.
Establishing the limits of efficiency of perovskite solar cells from first principles modeling.

The recent surge in research on metal-halide-perovskite solar cells has led to a seven-fold increase of efficiency, from ~3% in early devices to over 22% in research prototypes. Oft-cited reasons for this increase are: (i) a carrier diffusion length reaching hundreds of microns; (ii) a low exciton binding energy; and (iii) a high optical absorption coefficient. These hybrid organic-inorganic materials span a large chemical space with the perovskite structure. Here, using first-principles calculations and thermodynamic modelling, we establish that, given the range of band-gaps of the metal-halide-perovskites, the theoretical maximum efficiency limit is in the range of ~25–27%. Our conclusions are based on the effect of level alignment between the perovskite absorber layer and carrier-transporting materials on the performance of the solar cell as a whole. Our results provide a useful framework for experimental searches toward more efficient devices.
Metasurfaces created by moiré nanosphere lithography

Moire nanosphere lithography (MNSL) is found to be an efficient approach to create moire metasurfaces with Au and graphene to achieve tunable and multiband optical properties from visible to mid-infrared region.
Galois Theory of B dR

We formulate and prove necessary and sufficient conditions for the Galois correspondence to hold for the ring of p-adic periods B+dR.
The Life and Times of Paul H. Emmett

Another of the great pioneers in the areas of surface science and catalysis has departed. Professor Paul H. Emmett died on April 22, 1985 just a few months before his 85th birthday. It is my privilege to present here a personal account of his career.
An Overview of the Mathematics Achievement Tests Offered in the Admissions Testing Program of the College Entrance Examination Board.

IN THE 1964-65 academic year, the Col lege Entrance Examination Board in troduced two new levels of mathematics Achievement Tests in its Admissions Test ing Program (ATP): Mathematics Level I and Mathematics Level II. They replaced the intermediate and advanced mathemat ics examinations in response to factors af fecting mathematics education, from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. Among these factors were the work of such major cur riculum projects as the School Mathemat ics Study Group (SMSG) and the Univer sity of Illinois Committee on School Mathematics (UICSM), the updating of mathematics textbooks, and the recom mendations concerning secondary school mathematics from the College Board Com mission on Mathematics and the Secondary School Curriculum Committee of the Na tional Council of Teachers of Mathematics. The introduction of the level I and level II tests furthered the College Board's wish to exert beneficial though moderate influence on the existing mathematics curriculum by reflecting in its examinations a desirable improvement in content without radical changes that might force abrupt curriculum shifts or discourage experimental programs from being developed or tried. After more than a decade of use, some confusion remains about the content do mains and other distinguishing features of these two Achievement Tests. This article endeavors to clarify both the differences and the similarities between the tests and to describe briefly how they are developed. The confusion between the tests is often compounded by the fact that the Admis sions Testing Program also offers the Scho lastic Aptitude Test (SAT), which contains a mathematics section (SAT-M). The dis tinction between the mathematics aptitude and the mathematics Achievement Tests will be considered in an article on the SAT M to appear in a fall issue of the Mathemat ics Teacher. (That article will also report on results of some studies being done by the College Board on the widely publicized de cline in scores on the SAT since 1962-63.) This article discusses only the mathematics Achievement Tests.
Comparison of the Chinese bamboo partridge and red Junglefowl genome sequences highlights the importance of demography in genome evolution

Recent large-scale whole genome sequencing efforts in birds have elucidated broad patterns of avian phylogeny and genome evolution. However, despite the great interest in economically important phasianids like Gallus gallus (Red Junglefowl, the progenitor of the chicken), we know little about the genomes of closely related species. Gallus gallus is highly sexually dichromatic and polygynous, but its sister genus, Bambusicola, is smaller, sexually monomorphic, and monogamous with biparental care. We sequenced the genome of Bambusicola thoracicus (Chinese Bamboo Partridge) using a single insert library to test hypotheses about genome evolution in galliforms. Selection acting at the phenotypic level could result in more evidence of positive selection in the Gallus genome than in Bambusicola. However, the historical range size of Bambusicola was likely smaller than Gallus, and demographic effects could lead to higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution in Bambusicola than in Gallus. We generated a genome assembly suitable for evolutionary analyses. We examined the impact of selection on coding regions by examining shifts in the average nonsynonymous to synonymous rate ratio (dN/dS) and the proportion of sites subject to episodic positive selection. We observed elevated dN/dS in Bambusicola relative to Gallus, which is consistent with our hypothesis that demographic effects may be important drivers of genome evolution in Bambusicola. We also demonstrated that alignment error can greatly inflate estimates of the number of genes that experienced episodic positive selection and heterogeneity in dN/dS. However, overall patterns of molecular evolution were robust to alignment uncertainty. Bambusicola thoracicus has higher estimates of heterozygosity than Gallus gallus, possibly due to migration events over the past 100,000 years. Our results emphasized the importance of demographic processes in generating the patterns of variation between Bambusicola and Gallus. We also demonstrated that genome assemblies generated using a single library can provide valuable insights into avian evolutionary history and found that it is important to account for alignment uncertainty in evolutionary inferences from draft genomes.
Actualism Versus Possibilism in Formal Ontology

Comparative formal ontology is the study of how different informal ontologies can be formalized and compared with one another in their overall adequacy as explanatory frameworks. One important criterion of adequacy of course is consistency, a condition that can be satisfied only by formalization. Formalization also makes explicit the commitments of an ontology.
Direct Numerical Simulations of Compressible Turbulent Flows: Fundamentals and Applications

The equations governing a time-dependent compressible flow are first discussed to bring out the key features associated with compressibility and the limiting behavior at low speed. Concepts of linear eigenmodes representing vortical, entropic and acoustic disturbances are introduced via analysis of disturbances in a compressible parallel shear flow. Linear and nonlinear coupling of such modes is stressed.
What Should Be Done for Manufacturing

This session was organized to address a straightforward question: What should government do for manufacturing?
The Sources of Modern Methodology: Two Models of Change

In its most general form, the thesis of this chapter can be succinctly put: we have brought to the writing of the history of methodology certain preconceptions which jointly render it almost impossible to understand the evolution of this subject. These preconceptions concern both the nature of philosophy and the aims of history. Until those conceptions are altered, I venture to claim, the history of methodology will not deserve the serious attention which it would otherwise warrant. I want to talk about this family of related philosophico-historical conceptions, using some specific examples to indicate the problem and to underscore its acuteness.
Noise Performance of the Channel Electron Multiplier

Many forms of photoelectronic devices employ a gain mechanism dependent upon multiplication of the energy of electrons forming the image, the number or flux density of electrons forming the image, or both.
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM)

The structure of the MSSM is reviewed. We first motivate the particle content of the theory by examining the quantum numbers of the known standard model particles and by the requirement of anomaly cancellation. Once the particle content is fixed we can write down the most general renormalizable superpotential. However such a superpotential will contain terms breaking lepton and baryon number which leads us to the concept of R-parity conservation. The question of supersymmetry breaking is discussed next. We list the possible soft breaking terms. However the Lagrangian involving the most general soft breaking terms is phenomenologically intractable because of the appearance of the many new parameters. It also leads to some unacceptable predictions. To reduce the number of parameters we restrict ourself to the case with universal soft breaking terms at the GUT scale. We motivate the need for universal soft breaking terms by the apparent unification of gauge couplings in the MSSM and by the absence of flavor changing neutral currents. Then we discuss radiative electroweak symmetry breaking. Radiative breaking arises because the one loop corrections involving the large top Yukawa coupling change the sign of the soft breaking mass parameter of the up-type Higgs doublet, this way introducing a nontrivial minimum in the Higgs potential. Finally we give an overview of the possible mixings in the MSSM and enumerate the physical (mass eigenstate) fields together with the mass matrices.
DELIVERING GENES TO THE HEART-RIGHT WHERE IT COUNTS !

In utero gene therapy to block fibronectin synthesis prevents closure of the ductus arteriosus in fetal lambs and may be a useful approach to treating certain congenital heart defects (pages 176–182).
T-Cell Recognition and Antigen Presentaion of Myoglobin

Determination of the T-cell recognition profile of Mb by the overlapping peptide strategy revealed that the protein has six T sites. Five of these coincide with the antigenic sites while one site was recognized exclusively by T cells and not by any detectable levels of antibody. Recognition of the synthetic T sites by protein-primed T cell lines or clones indicated that T cells display an unusual peptide size requirement beyond the essential contact residues of the T site. The antigen presentation of Mb has been examined with the significant advantage of knowing the full profiles of T- and B-cell recognition of this multi-determinant antigen. Significant differences in the patterns of T-cell recognition were observed following protein-priming as compared to peptide-priming. The absence of a clear relationship between these patterns of recognition presents a strong evidence against a mechanism of antigen presentation which is dependent on the generation of peptide fragments with the latter being the ‘presented’ species. From this new perspective, the protein molecule must be predominantly presented in its intact form.
Sampling Distributions II: Significance

You have been studying properties of randomness, specifically investigating how sample statistics vary from sample to sample under repeated random sampling from a population. This topic asks you to continue to develop your understanding of sampling distributions. The contexts in which you study these sampling distributions will introduce the very important idea of statistical significance.
Personalize Warfarin Trearment by Optimizing Protocol Assignment

We describe a 3-step approach pipeline to personalize warfarin treatment by predicting which one of a collection of protocols optimize outcomes based on an individual's clinical and genetic characteristics. We demonstrate an example using a collection of 5 existing treatment protocols. In our clinical trial simulations, such a personalized protocol show 15% - 51% significantly better outcome (P<0.00001) than all 5 one-size-fits-all protocols.
Kinerja Berbasis Pelayanan Pada Perpustakaan Digital Kantor Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta

Kebutuhan manusia yang semakin kompleks mendorong mereka menginginkan pelayanan yang cepat dan tepat. Hal ini tentunya dapat terpenuhi apabila didukung suatu perusahaan atau instansi memiliki pegawai dengan kinerja yang tinggi. Pemberian pelayanan berarti melakukan kinerja atas dasar pelayanan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Bagian Pelayanan Statistik Terpadu memberikan.layanan varian data yang meliputi kependudukan, pendidikan, ketenagakerjaan, perekonomian, pertambangan, ekspor impor dan lain sebagainya, semuanya bisa diakses sesuai kebutuhan dengan mudah karena didukung oleh SOP. Dalam pelaksanaannya masih adanya kendala, yakni para pengguna data yang belum sepenuhnya memahami alur layanan. Oleh karena itu, kinerja berbasis pelayanan sangat diperlukan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan data bagi penggunannya
Concurrent validity and acceptability of health literacy measures of adults hospitalized with heart failure.

Abstract Objectives To test concurrent validity and acceptability of the Single Item Literacy Screener (SILS), Test of Functional Health Literacy (S-TOFHLA) and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) in hospitalized adults with heart failure (HF). Background Health literacy is not routinely evaluated in adults hospitalized with HF. Low health literacy is linked to poor HF self-care and hospital readmissions. Methods SILS, NVS and S-TOFHLA were completed by 85 patients with HF. Measures were examined for internal consistency reliability and acceptability. The NVS and S-TOFHLA were correlated with the SILS to establish concurrent validity. Results The NVS (α = 0.70) and S-TOFHLA (α = 0.88) were reliable. The SILS significantly correlated with the S-TOFHLA (r = −0.308). The S-TOFHLA (M = 6.16) and NVS (M = 6.10) were acceptable measures. Conclusion The S-TOFHLA and NVS were reliable and acceptable measures of health literacy in hospitalized HF population. The SILS correlated with the S-TOFHLA and may predict low health literacy when hospitalized. NVS total scores in this population aligned with the recent NAAL survey. Hospitalized adults with HF agreed to share the health literacy scores with their providers.
Influence of Perinatal Polychlorinated Biphenyl or Thiouracil on Dopamine Function

Objective: Dopamine function is sensitive to toxin exposure. The environmental toxin polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) alters dopamine physiology in several, harmful ways. Intermediary signals include thyroid hormones as PCB exposure alters thyroid function leading to changes in dopamine neurochemistry. To compare PCB and thyroid alterations directly, we exposed rats perinatally to either PCB (25 ppm) or thiouracil (THIO; 0.625%) from gestational day 1 to separation from the dam at postnatal day (PND) 25 and examined a set of tests sensitive to dopamine function. Methods: We measured behaviors including prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) in adulthood (60-90 PND) and ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during pup and adult periods. Dopamine levels in striatum were estimated using tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and thyroid hormone levels were assayed in adulthood. Results: Animals exposed to thiouracil had significantly elevated startle response and impaired PPI relative to controls and PCB exposed animals. This group also had significant reductions in both USV emission during PPI and tyrosine hydroxylase staining within striatum. Conversely, PCB exposure during the perinatal period did not lead to alterations in gating or dopamine levels in adulthood. Similar to previous studies using perinatal exposure to PCB or THIO, thyroid hormone levels were unchanged (THIO group) relative to controls or actually increased (PCB group) by adulthood. Conclusion: The findings support an important role for thyroid function in dopamine-dependent behaviors. Results suggest PCB exposure leads to different outcomes in comparison to direct thyroid manipulations suggesting PCB exposure has distinct mechanisms of developmental hormone dysfunction and potential compensatory changes in response to endocrine disruption.
Spatiotemporal Real-Time Anomaly Detection for Supercomputing Systems

The demands of increasingly large scientific application workflows lead to the need for more powerful supercomputers. As the scale of supercomputing systems have grown, the prediction of fault tolerance has become an increasingly critical area of study, since the prediction of system failures can improve performance by saving checkpoints in advance. We propose a real-time failure detection algorithm that adopts an event-based prediction model. The prediction model is a convolutional neural network that utilizes both traditional event attributes and additional spatio-temporal features. We present a case study using our proposed method with six years of reliability, availability, and serviceability event logs recorded by Mira, a Blue Gene/Q supercomputer at Argonne National Laboratory. In the case study, we have shown that our failure prediction model is not limited to predict the occurrence of failures in general. It is capable of accurately detecting specific types of critical failures such as coolant and power problems within reasonable lead time ranges. Our case study shows that the proposed method can achieve a F 1 score of 0.56 for general failures, 0.97 for coolant failures, and 0.86 for power failures.
A Call for Intervention Research to Reduce Event Centrality in Trauma-Exposed Individuals

Since the initial paper on event centrality was published by Berntsen and Rubin nearly 15 years ago, there has been a plethora of research demonstrating event centrality as one of the strongest and...