cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced velocities and a shear in daytime Esq over Kwajalein and their relationship to 150 km echoes over the dip equator

We present the first evidence of enhanced irregularity-drift velocities and a velocity shear in the daytime E region at 4.3°N dip latitude. These features, found in radar measurements from Kwajalein during q-type sporadic E (Esq) events, are interpreted in terms of a polarization electric field that develops in response to the presence of latitudinal gradients in field-line-integrated conductivity caused by sporadic-E layers. Because the E region over Kwajalein connects directly to 150-km altitude over the magnetic dip equator, we suggest that a similar polarization process is responsible for the so-called 150-km echoes that have been observed routinely by the Jicamarca radar.
Gas Exchange Across Abnormal Interstitial Tissue in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis—Results of Therapy

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous, inflammatory disorder that can affect any organ in the body. The interstitium of the lung is a frequent area of involvement. This tissue comprises the alveolar-capillary unit of the lung with the pulmonary vasculature affected either on a primary or (usually) secondary basis. Measurements of gas exchange across this tissue should be expected to parallel disease activity. Five patients with histologic and/or radiographic evidence of interstitial lung disease were evaluated by serial exercise studies over time with respect to therapy. Preexercise and postexercise values were obtained, for exercise is felt to make these measurements more sensitive to changes in gas transfer. Good correlations were seen in all five patients. Exercise studies are concluded to be of value in patients with interstitial lung disease due to sarcoidosis and may prove to be a sensitive form of follow-up during therapeutic intervention.
Enzymatic dephosphorylation of triphosphopyridine nucleotide.

Summary o 1. An enzyme preparation which hydrolyzes TPN to DPN and inorganic phosphate has been purified from pig kidney by ammonium sulfate fractionation and trypsin digestion. 2. The enzyme activity is optimal at pH 9.5 and it is activated by Mg ++ and to a lesser extent by Mn ++ and Ca ++ . Rate studies showed that the reaction was of the first order. 3. A method for the determination of TPN and DPN in mixtures in a single experiment is shown. 4. The enzyme preparation was not specific for TPN and hydrolyzed several phosphate esters including adenylic acids a and b . Purified preparations of alkaline phosphatase showed high TPN-dephosphorylating activity. The relationship of the TPN-dephosphorylating enzyme to alkaline phosphatase is discussed.
Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna

The 19th-century Bengali mystic Ramakrishna played a major role in the development of Hinduism and is regarded as a modern saint. Yet he remains an enigma to followers unable to reconcile his saintly status with his eroticized language and actions. In this work, Jeffrey J. Kripal attempts to untangle the paradox. He demonstrates that Ramakrishna's famous mystical experiences were driven by erotic energies that he neither fully accepted nor understood; the key to understanding him, Kripal argues, lies in Tantra and its ritual, symbolic and doctrinal equation of the mystical and the erotic. Moving through Ramakrishna's world both chronologically and conceptually, this book employs two complementary interpretive strategies: a nuanced phenomenological reinterpretation of original Bengali texts and a non-reductive psychoanalytic reading of Ramakrishna's mystical eroticism. Kripal shows how the heterosexual structure of Tantric symbolism, the abusive way its rituals were often forced upon the saint, and Ramakrishna's own homosexual desires all came together to produce in him profound feelings of shame, disgust and fear. Kripal establishes that the homosexuality of this great, if unwilling, Tantric mystic is linked inextricably to virtually every aspect of his life and teachings.
Microstructure coarsening during thermo-mechanical fatigue of Pb-Sn solder joints

Phase coarsening in as-cast solder joints produced by isothermal annealing and by thermo-mechanical cycling (TMC) (-30 to 130°C) was determined and its influence on the plastic deformation kinetics of 63Sn37Pb solder joints was investigated by stress relaxation (SR) tests. The static, isothermal coarsening kinetics were in accord with Senkov-Myshlyaev’s theory. The rate of coarsening by TMC was appreciably greater than that by isothermal annealing. The SR curves following TMC exhibited two regions with a stress exponent n > 5 at high stresses (Region A) and n ≈ 2-3 at low stresses (Region B). In both regions, the stress exponent varied in an irregular manner with the mean phase size. In Region A the plastic strain rate at a constant value of τn (τ = shear stress) was relatively independent of the average phase size, while in Region B the strain rate increased with increase in phase size. The activation energy in both regions appeared to be that for lattice diffusion. Possible reasons for the anomalous effects of phase size on the plastic deformation kinetics are offered.
Resonant Raman study of intrinsic defect modes in electron- and neutron-irradiated GaAs

We report the results of a resonant Raman study of GaAs samples which contain \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{17}$--${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ intrinsic defects that have been introduced by either electron or neutron irradiation. We observe several defect-related modes, two of which we identify as local modes of an intrinsic defect, most likely an As vacancy. In the vicinity of the ${E}_{0}$ transition we observe enhancements of these modes that are more dispersive than the enhancement of the TO-phonon scattering. We explain these observations phenomenologically with a fourth-order perturbation theory involving elastic scattering of either an electron or a hole by a defect. The theory predicts that strongly dispersive enhancement can occur for vibrational modes that involve enhanced motion of atoms in the immediate vicinity of a defect.
Soil microarthropod community structure and dynamics in organic and conventionally managed apple orchards in Western Colorado, USA

Abstract We studied the influences of organic and conventional management practices on microarthropod diversity, densities, and dynamics in apple orchards on the Western Slope of Colorado. The ‘organic’ orchards differed from the ‘conventional’ orchards in that they used natural fertilizers (versus synthetic) and did not use insecticides and/or herbicides. Based on findings from annual agroecosystems, we hypothesized that the conventionally managed (CM) apple orchards would support a lower diversity and density of soil microarthropods than the organically managed (OM) apple orchards. We located nine sites, three OM orchards, three CM orchards, and three native sites. From each site, microarthropods were extracted from soil samples taken from June to September of 1997 and April to September of 1998. The richness and diversity of functional groups and families did not differ among the OM orchards, CM orchards and/or native sites. We did find significantly greater (P≤0.05) densities of soil microarthropods early in growing season, June 1997 and April 1998, in the OM orchards in comparison to the CM orchards and native sites. Furthermore, the densities of predatory mites were significantly greater in the OM orchards in comparison to both the CM orchards and native sites on selective dates throughout the period of study. Organic management practices have increased the densities of microarthropods above those found in CM orchards and native sites. These results may be due to the interaction between a greater accumulation of plant litter and organic matter in the OM orchards and the heavy pesticide use in the CM orchards.
Aryan Visions for the Future in the West Virginia Mountains

This article examines the worldview of William Pierce, a prominent figure among fringe right and neo‐Nazi groups. A self‐proclaimed ‘race separatist’, Pierce established his own spiritual community...
Using Individual Growth Curve Models to Predict Recovery and Activities of Daily Living After Spinal Cord Injury: An SCIRehab Project Study

Abstract Objective To evaluate change in functional outcomes over 1 year after spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Observational longitudinal secondary analysis. Setting Six rehabilitation facilities participating in the SCIRehab project. Participants Patients (N=1146) with SCI enrolled from 2007 to 2010. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures FIM instrument 13-item and 11-item motor, 3-item transfer, 6-item self-care, 3-item self-care upper-extremity, and 3-item self-care lower-extremity subscores modeled as trajectories of change. Results Patients were on average 37 years old, non-Hispanic white, with high school or higher education, a body mass index of 25, and a Comprehensive Severity Index score of 20. Most were men with paraplegia (37%) or high tetraplegia (27%). Median time frames were 22 days from injury to admission, 46 days from admission to discharge, 407 days from admission to follow-up, and 44 days for rehabilitation length of stay. The motor subscores were higher on admission for paraplegia and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) grade D groups, and recovered faster for the AIS grade D group. Lower function at admission was associated with older age, higher Comprehensive Severity Index score, longer length of stay, fewer physical therapy and therapeutic recreation hours, and more occupational therapy hours. Slower recovery rates were associated with older age, more days from injury to admission, and fewer physical therapy hours per week. Conclusions Longitudinal outcomes modeled as individual trajectories of change are clinically meaningful. Individual growth curve models could facilitate recovery prediction and outcome evaluation at individual and group levels. However, assessment of the effects of treatment on outcome trajectories will require the addition of outcome measures at time points during intervention and may require the use of outcome measures specific to aspects of rehabilitation, such as mobility and self-care.
The U.S. navy beyond the year 2000: A strategic forcast

Abstract The design of a national strategy requires a forecast of the international strategic environment. The forecast is made by trend analysis, taking account of certain factors, such as the natures of the U.S. and Soviet regimes, that are not likely to change and of other factors, such as state of military technology, that may undergo rapid or significant change. The role of the U.S. Navy in future U.S. strategy is projected, embracing the spectrum of conflict from nuclear war down to the variety of violations of world peace now known as low intensity conflicts. The Navy‐Marine Corps team, as a combined arms force, is uniquely qualified to play a major role in future U.S. national strategy.
Rational expectations in elections: some experimental results based on a multidimensional model

While our experimental results do not show convincingly the superiority of our model over alternative hypotheses, these results do not reject the rational expectations approach to handling incomplete information in elections. This is not to say, of course, that our model provides the most appropriate treatment of incomplete information since it relies primarily on one source of information—polls. Certainly, other data exist—such as the historical record of the parties, primary election outcomes, and the coalitions observed at nominating conventions—which voters might use for information on their choices. What we hope our analysis has begun, however, is a more rigorous study of how citizens can interpret such data and the role played by the various media in supplying these data.
Carbonaceous matter in peridotites and basalts studied by XPS, SALI, and LEED

Abstract Carbonaceous matter in peridotite xenoliths and basalt from the Hualalai Volcano, in a basalt glass collected directly from an active lava lake on the east rift of Kilauea, in garnet and diopside megacrysts from the Jagersfontein kimberlite, and in gabbros from the Stillwater and Bushveld Complexes has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal-desorption surface analysis by laser ionization (SALI), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). The basalt and two of the four xenoliths from Hualalai and both Jagersfontein megacrysts yielded trace quantities (≤ 10 nanomoles) of organic compounds on heating to 700°C. Organics were not detected in the rocks from the layered intrusions, and neither carbonaceous matter nor organics were detected in the glass from the lava lake. Where detected, organics appear to be associated with carbonaceous films on microcrack surfaces. Carbonaceous matter exists as films less than a few nm thick and particles up to 20 μm across, both of which contain elements expected to be present in significant quantities in magmatic vapors, namely Si, alkalis, halogens, N, and transition metals. LEED studies suggest that the carbonaceous films are amorphous. The data suggest two possible mechanisms for the formation of the organics. One is that they are a product of abiotic heterogeneous catalysis of volcanic gas on new, chemically active mineral surfaces formed by fracturing during cooling. Alternatively, organics may have been assimilated into the volcanic gases prior to eruption and then deposited on cracks formed during eruption and cooling. In any case, there is no evidence to suggest that the organics represent laboratory or field biogenic contamination.
The impact of culture on market timing in capital structure choices

Abstract This study uses Hofstede's (2001) cultural dimensions to investigate the impact of market reception on capital structure. We examine the interaction of these dimensions with stock returns, our proxy for market timing. Based on our market leverage results, we find evidence that firms do engage in market timing by reducing their leverage ratios when their share prices increase. Furthermore, we find that firms in countries with high uncertainty avoidance and high power distance have lower market leverage ratios and that these cultural dimensions serve to reduce the impact of market timing. These results are consistent for developed markets but mixed for emerging markets. On a book leverage basis, the results are generally consistent but less conclusive. To the extent that culture impacts manager perception of risk and investor reception of newly issued shares, we conclude that cultural dimensions impact the degree to which a firm can modify its capital structure to take advantage of perceived market mispricings.
The effect of pretreatment on the attrition resistance of spray-dried alumina

Abstract Spray-dried alumina is useful as a support for metal catalysts used in fluidized bed and slurry phase reactors. Catalyst attrition resistance, which can be affected by catalyst preparation and pretreatment, is a key characteristic determining successful use of a particular catalyst. In this study, the effects of calcination temperature and pH of an impregnating solution on the attrition resistance of spray-dried Vista-B alumina have been investigated. BET, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size distribution (PSD) were used to characterize the pretreated and attrited alumina. The results indicate that the attrition resistance of the boehmite/γ-Al 2 O 3 passes through a maximum for a calcination temperature of around 300°C. The impregnation of γ-Al 2 O 3 to incipient wetness using different pH-value solutions followed by drying does not itself cause much change in the PSD. However, this treatment changes significantly the attrition resistance of the γ-Al 2 O 3 that decreases with increasing pH value of the impregnation solution. The possible causes of the changes in attrition resistance are discussed.
Extralimital triradii as a putative marker of schizotypy

Dermatoglyphic anomalies are reported to occur at a higher rate in schizophrenic patients and schizotypic individuals than in the general population, supporting the hypothesis that they are a marker of vulnerability for such conditions. Dermatoglyphic anomalies are hypothesized to indicate severe disruptions in the second trimester of prenatal development, a time period that appears to be etiologically relevant to the development of schizophrenia and related conditions. The present study provides the first examination of extralimital triradii in schizotypic young adults (n=197) and control participants (n=135) identified by the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale [Eckblad, M., Chapman, L.J., Chapman, J.P., Mishlove, M., 1982. The Revised Social Anhedonia Scale. Unpublished test (copies available from T.R. Kwapil, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro P.O. Box 26164 Greensboro, NC 27402-6164)], the Perceptual Aberration Scale [Chapman, L.J., Chapman, J.P., Raulin, M.L., 1978. Body image aberration in schizophrenia. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 87, 399–407], the Magical Ideation Scale [Eckblad, M.L., Chapman, L.J., 1983. Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 51, 215–225], and the Physical Anhedonia Scale [Chapman, L.J., Chapman, J.P., Raulin, M.L., 1976. Scales for physical and social anhedonia. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 85, 374–382]. As hypothesized, the schizotypic participants (6.6%) exhibited significantly higher rates of extralimital triradii than control participants (1.5%). These findings strongly encourage the future investigation of extralimital triradii in at-risk and psychotic populations.
In the Light of Evolution V: Cooperation and Conflict

This paper serves as an introduction to the fifth in a series of Colloquia under the general title “In the Light of Evolution” (ILE; see Box 1). Papers from the first four colloquia in the “In the Light of Evolution” series, titled “Adaptation and Complex Design,” “Biodiversity and Extinction,” “Two Centuries of Darwin,” and “The Human Condition,” are refs. 1⇓⇓–4, respectively. The current volume explores recent developments in the study of cooperation and conflict, ranging from the level of the gene to societies and symbioses. Box 1. In the Light of Evolution In 1973, Dobzhansky (5) penned a short commentary titled “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.” Most scientists agree that evolution provides the unifying framework for interpreting biological phenomena that otherwise can often seem unrelated and perhaps unintelligible. Given the central position of evolutionary thought in biology, it is sadly ironic that evolutionary perspectives outside the sciences have often been neglected, misunderstood, or purposefully misrepresented. Biodiversity—the genetic variety of life—is an exuberant product of the evolutionary past, a vast human-supportive resource (aesthetic, intellectual, and material) of the present, and a rich legacy to cherish and preserve for the future. Two challenges (as well as opportunities) for 21st century science are to gain deeper insights into the evolutionary processes that foster biotic diversity and to translate that understanding into workable solutions for the regional and global crises that biodiversity currently faces. A grasp of evolutionary principles and processes is important in other societal arenas as well, such as education, medicine, sociology, and other applied fields including agriculture, pharmacology, and biotechnology. The ramifications of evolutionary thought extend into learned realms traditionally reserved for philosophy and religion. The central goal of the “In the Light of Evolution” series is to promote the … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: fjayala{at}uci.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
A Mathematical Model for Air Flow in a Vegetative Canopy

Abstract The objectives of this study are to investigate the turbulent transfer of momentum within a vegetative canopy and also to develop a mathematical model which expresses the aerodynamic roughness effects of the surface boundary in terms of the height, density, and drag characteristics of a vegetative canopy. To date three mathematical models have been formulated. The present model reflects both the theoretical and empirical aspects of the two previous models and other available canopy observations. Computed mixing length solutions showed that the mixing length, l, was nearly constant throughout most of the canopy's vertical extent and also that l increased linearly with height above the canopy. The computed canopy wind profile solutions verified that the mixing length is nearly constant with height within a mature corn plant canopy and that the simulated canopy wind profiles agreed quite well with the observed canopy wind data of a cornfield. An independent cheek on the model was performed using win...
Glycogenic Effect of Formaldehyde as Related to the Adrenal Cortex

Liver glycogen concentration was measured in fasting intact, adrenalectomized and cortisone-treated adrenalectomized rats 24 hours after subcutaneous injection of 1.5% formaldehyde. Formaldehyde caused an elevation in liver glycogen in intact rats fasted for 48 hours before the animals were killed. There was no change in glycogen concentration after formaldehyde in fasting adrenalectomized rats maintained only on 0.9% NaCl or given, in addition, 0.75 mg/ day cortisone acetate for 9 days. Formaldehyde failed to have a statistically significant effect on liver glycogen in intact rats that were fasted only 24 hours before sacrifice. In the control groups of the intact and the cortisone-treated adrenalectomized rats, liver glycogen levels were much higher after a 48- hr fast than after a 24-hr fast. Length of fast did not influence liver glycogen in untreated adrenalectomized rats.
The Association Between Milk Urea Nitrogen and DHI Production Variables in Western Commercial Dairy Herds

A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from Dairy Herd Improvement monthly tests to investigate the association between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration and milk yield, milk protein, milk fat percentage, SCC, and parity for commercial Holstein and Jersey herds in Utah, Idaho, and Montana. Mean MUN for Holstein cows was 15.5 mg/ dl (5.5 mmol/L) MUN and 14.1 mg/dl (5.0 mmol/L) for Jersey cows. Mean MUN, categorized by 30-d increments of days in milk (DIM), paralleled changes in milk values and followed a curvilinear shape. For Holstein cows, concentrations of MUN were different among lactation groups 1, 2, and 3+ for the first 90 DIM for Holsteins. Overall, concentrations of MUN were lower during for the first 30 DIM compared with all other DIM categories for both Holstein and Jersey cows. Multivariate regression models of MUN by milk protein showed that as the milk protein percentage increased, MUN concentration decreased; however, models for Jersey cows showed that MUN did not decrease significantly until above 3.4% milk protein. Milk fat percentage also decreased as MUN increased, but by only 1 mg/dl MUN over the range of 2.2 to 5.8% milk fat. Somatic cell count showed a negative relationship with MUN. Holstein cows with milk protein percentage >3.2% had lower MUN compared with cows having milk protein <3.2% for milk yields from 27.3 to 54.5 kg/d and lower than cows having a milk protein <3.0% for milk yield of 54.5 to 63.6 kg/d. In Jersey cows, MUN concentrations were not different among milk protein percentage categorized by milk yield. This study found that MUN was inversely associated with milk protein percentage and paralleled change in milk yield over time.
The alterations of magnetic resonance relaxation parameters in excised myocardial tissue during NMR spectroscopy: the effects of time, environmental exposure and TTC staining.

Abstract To investigate the potential impact of air exposure, time delay and vital tissue staining on the MR relaxation parameters in normal and pathological heart tissues, myocardial samples from a canine model of myocardial infarction were subject to (a) air exposure for up to 20 hours or (b) wrapping in Parafilm for up to 20 hours; immersion in (c) full strength pathological stain consisting of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), or (d) half strength TTC, or (e) normal saline for 30 minutes. We found that (a) exposure to air produced rapid changes in both T 1 and T 2 such that there is a reduction of T 1 by 12.2% and T 2 by 14.4% ( p T 1 still was reduced by 2.9% and T 2 by 4.8% in one hour ( p T 1 did not change significantly after exposure to full strength TTC, but did increase significantly after exposure to half strength TTC, and increased even further after exposure to saline. T 2 on the other hand increased significantly with all of these test solutions. We conclude that the in vitro processing of excised myocardial tissues should be done by wrapping in an airtight container with T 1 and T 2 parameters measured within one hour, if possible. All tissue processing, including stains and saline exposure, should be done after spectrometer measurements.
Incidental Catch of Sport Fish in Cast Nets Used to Collect Baitfish in Lake Texoma, Oklahoma–Texas

Abstract Cast nets are a popular and effective means of collecting gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and threadfin shad D. petenense for use as bait. To evaluate the incidental catch of sport fish in cast nets, three sizes of cast nets (2.4-, 3.0-, and 3.7-m diameter) were fished twice per month, January–December 1990, in shallow-water (<3 m deep) and deepwater areas at six cove sites on Lake Texoma, Oklahoma–Texas. Additionally, 2.4-m-diameter nets were fished near (<10 m) and away from (≥10 m) each of six boathouses on the lake, Shad collectively accounted for 91% of the total catch at cove sites and 87% at boathouse sites, whereas sport-fish species (mostly centrarchids) accounted for 5 and 11% of the total, respectively. The numbers of sport fish collected at cove sites did not vary significantly with the size of the net, but were greatest in shallow-water areas. The numbers of sport fish collected at boathouse sites were greatest in the summer and near artificial structures (e.g., boat slips, piers). ...
SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RATINGS OF MMPI ITEMS AS RELATED TO POSITION OF FIRST PERSON PRONOUNS

This study focused on the position of first person pronouns in personality items of the MMPI and their social desirability ratings. Items beginning with first person pronouns received more favorable ratings by different groups of judges than items having a first person pronoun other than in the first position in the sentence. These results were discussed in terms of a “stimulus pull” hypothesis. Relevant literature on visual scanning patterns as influenced by sentence structure was briefly discussed.
Catalytically active alkaline molten globular enzyme: Effect of pH and temperature on the structural integrity of 5-aminolevulinate synthase.

Abstract 5-Aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS), a pyridoxal-5′phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme, catalyzes the first step of heme biosynthesis in mammals. Circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopies were used to examine the effects of pH (1.0–3.0 and 7.5–10.5) and temperature (20 and 37 °C) on the structural integrity of ALAS. The secondary structure, as deduced from far-UV CD, is mostly resilient to pH and temperature changes. Partial unfolding was observed at pH 2.0, but further decreasing pH resulted in acid-induced refolding of the secondary structure to nearly native levels. The tertiary structure rigidity, monitored by near-UV CD, is lost under acidic and specific alkaline conditions (pH 10.5 and pH 9.5/37 °C), where ALAS populates a molten globule state. As the enzyme becomes less structured with increased alkalinity, the chiral environment of the internal aldimine is also modified, with a shift from a 420 nm to 330 nm dichroic band. Under acidic conditions, the PLP cofactor dissociates from ALAS. Reaction with 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid corroborates increased exposure of hydrophobic clusters in the alkaline and acidic molten globules, although the reaction is more pronounced with the latter. Furthermore, quenching the intrinsic fluorescence of ALAS with acrylamide at pH 1.0 and 9.5 yielded subtly different dynamic quenching constants. The alkaline molten globule state of ALAS is catalytically active (pH 9.5/37 °C), although the kcat value is significantly decreased. Finally, the binding of 5-aminolevulinate restricts conformational fluctuations in the alkaline molten globule. Overall, our findings prove how the structural plasticity of ALAS contributes to reaching a functional enzyme.
Electrocatalysis of CO Tolerance by Carbon-Supported PtMo Electrocatalysts in PEMFCs

This paper is a full version of an earlier short communication, where significantly higher (up to threefold) CO tolerance was reported for PtMo/C (atomic ratio, Pt:Mo, 3:1) relative to the current state-of-the-art PtRu/C (1:1) in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) under standard operating conditions (85°C, 100% humidification, with H 2 + 100 pm CO//O 2 ). We report significantly different behavior for PtMo/C in contrast to PtRu/C, wherein there is negligible variation in CO tolerance (100 ppm CO in H 2 ) with variations in alloying compositions (Pt:Mo, 1:1 to 5:1). Further, in contrast to Pt/C and PtRu/C, significantly lower variations in overpotential losses is observed for PtMo/C as a function of temperature (55-115°C) and CO concentrations (5-100 ppm, balance H 2 ). In addition, excellent long-term stability is reported for PtMo/C (1:1) under steady-state conditions (constant potential conditions at 0.6 V) for a total duration of 1500 h, with anode gas composition varied between pure H 2 and those with 100 ppm CO, with or without the presence of other reformate gases (primarily CO 2 and N 2 ). These are discussed in the context of detailed physicochemical characterization of the nanoparticles using a combination of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and in situ synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
Partial duplicate detection for large book collections

A framework is presented for discovering partial duplicates in large collections of scanned books with optical character recognition (OCR) errors. Each book in the collection is represented by the sequence of words (in the order they appear in the text) which appear only once in the book. These words are referred to as "unique words" and they constitute a small percentage of all the words in a typical book. Along with the order information the set of unique words provides a compact representation which is highly descriptive of the content and the flow of ideas in the book. By aligning the sequence of unique words from two books using the longest common subsequence (LCS) one can discover whether two books are duplicates. Experiments on several datasets show that DUPNIQ is more accurate than traditional methods for duplicate detection such as shingling and is fast. On a collection of 100K scanned English books DUPNIQ detects partial duplicates in 30 min using 350 cores and has precision 0.996 and recall 0.833 compared to shingling with precision 0.992 and recall 0.720. The technique works on other languages as well and is demonstrated for a French dataset.
Spatial correlations in GaInAsN alloys and their effects on band-gap enhancement and electron localization.

In contrast to pseudobinary alloys, the relative number of bonds in quaternary alloys cannot be determined uniquely from the composition. Indeed, we do not know if the ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{In}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{As}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{N}}_{0.5}$ alloy should be thought of as $\mathrm{InAs}+\mathrm{GaN}$ or as $\mathrm{InN}+\mathrm{GaAs}$. We study the distribution of bonds using Monte Carlo simulation and find that the number of In-N and Ga-As bonds increases relative to random alloys. This quaternary-unique short range order affects the band structure: we calculate a blueshift of the band gap and predict the emergence of a broadband tail of localized states around the conduction band minimum.
Attitude-Behavior Relations: A Meta-Analysis of Attitudinal Relevance and Topic

The difficulty of finding a relationship between attitudes and behavior is one of the greatest controversies in recent social science research. The purpose of this study was to determine whether attitudinal relevance substantially affects the magnitude of the correlation between attitudes and behavior and whether the effects are content-free. Using meta- analysis the authors integrated findings from 138 attitude-behavior correlations with a total sample size of 90908. The behaviors they studied ranged over 19 different categories and a variety of miscellaneous topics. The results showed a strong overall attitude- behavior relationship (r = .79) when methodological artifacts were eliminated. As predicted the higher the attitudinal relevance the stronger the relationship between attitudes and behavior. This effect held true across diverse content domains. Implications for communication theory and practice are discussed. (authors)
Valve Operation: Evaluation of Handwheel Actuation Techniques in Terms of Muscle Loading, Perceived Comfort, and Efficiency:

The purpose of this study was to introduce an innovative design of a valve wrench and compare it to conventional tools/methods of handwheel actuation. Four methods of handwheel actuation were evaluated, including using bare hands, regular wrench-restricted (assumes the presence of obstructions), regular wrench-unrestricted (assumes no obstructions), and modified wrench. These methods were tested on a medium-sized gate valve at two torque settings (25 Nm and 50 Nm). The methods were compared to each other, in terms of efficiency (speed), subjective ratings of perceived exertion (Borg ratings), and electromyography (EMG) activity of the left bicep and right medial deltoid. The least efficient technique at both torques was the regular wrench-restricted, and the most efficient technique was the modified wrench. At 25 Nm, the modified wrench was optimal, in that it was the most efficient and had moderately low EMG activity and Borg ratings. At 50 Nm, the regular wrench-unrestricted seemed to be the best method...
Thorium-thorium dioxide phase equilibria☆

Various Th-ThO2 mixtures were investigated with thermal analysis, X-ray, and microscopic techniques. The following information on phase boundaries is deduced. The oxygen solubility in solid Th is less than the OTh ratio of 0.003. The solid-solid transition of Th saturated with ThO2 occurs at 1370 ± 30 °C. A Th-ThO2 eutectic occurs at 1735 ± 20 °C with the OTh ratio of 0.016 ± 0.005. A monotectic occurs at 2740 ± 100 °C with the Th-rich and the O-rich liquid OTh ratios of 0.40 and 1.5 ± 0.2, respectively. The Th-rich ThO2 solidus varies from the OTh ratio of 1.985 ± 0.01 at the eutectic to 1.87 ± 0.04 at the monotectic and to 1.997 ± 0.01 at the melting point.
Can a New Generation Bring about Regime Change

Peaceful protests and demonstrations have swept through the Arab world, toppling rulers and advancing programs of radical change. Some enthusiasts for these movements have already proclaimed them a revolution. They predict a new Middle Eastern political and economic order. A new generation of young people—men and women, mainly in their twenties and thirties, using their skills in cyberspace communication and fueled by many frustrations—assembled vast numbers in peaceful protests that have thus far claimed many triumphs. They forced the departures of the long-standing dictators of Egypt and Tunisia and have demanded that the monarchs of Jordan, Morocco, and Bahrain reign rather than rule.
Seasonal Nitrous Oxide and Methane Fluxes from Grain- and Forage-Based Production Systems in Wisconsin, USA

Agriculture in the midwestern United States is a major anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (NO) and is both a source and sink for methane (CH), but the degree to which cropping systems differ in emissions of these gases is not well understood. Our objectives were to determine if fluxes of NO and CH varied among cropping systems and among crop phases within a cropping system. We compare NO and CH fluxes over the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons from the six cropping systems at the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial (WICST), a 20-yr-old cropping systems experiment. The study is composed of three grain and three forage cropping systems spanning a spectrum of crop diversity and perenniality that model a wide range of realistic cropping systems that differ in management, crop rotation, and fertilizer regimes. Among the grain systems, cumulative growing season NO emissions were greater for continuous corn ( L.) (3.7 kg NO-N ha) than corn-soybean [ (L.) Merr.] (2.0 kg NO-N ha) or organic corn-soybean-wheat ( L.) (1.7 kg NO-N ha). Among the forage systems, cumulative growing-season NO emissions were greater for organic corn-alfalfa ( L.)-alfalfa (2.9 kg NO-N ha) and conventional corn-alfalfa-alfalfa-alfalfa (2.5 kg NO-N ha), and lower for rotational pasture (1.9 kg NO-N ha). Application of mineral or organic N fertilizer was associated with elevated NO emissions. Yield-scaled emissions (kg NO-N Mg) did not differ by cropping system. Methane fluxes were highly variable and no effect of cropping system was observed. These results suggest that extended and diversified cropping systems could reduce area-scaled NO emissions from agriculture, but none of the systems studied significantly reduced yield-scaled NO emissions.
Multimodal assessment of microscopic morphology and retinal function in patients with geographic atrophy.

RESULTS. The AO-OCT imaging provided detailed cross-sectional structural representation of the retina. Up to 12 retinal layers were identified in the normal subject while many severe retinal abnormalities (i.e., calcified drusen, drusenoid pigment epithelium detachment, outer retinal tubulation) were identified in the retinae of the GA patients. The functional tests showed preservation of sensitivities, although somewhat compromised, at the border of the GA. CONCLUSIONS. The images provided here advance our knowledge of the morphology of retinal layers in GA patients. While there was a strong correlation between altered retinal structure and reduction in visual function, there were a number of examples in which the photoreceptor inner/outer segment (IS/OS) junctions lost reflectivity at the margins of GA, while visual function was still demonstrated. This was shown to be due to changes in photoreceptor orientation near the GA border.
Short-range tests of the equivalence principle

The most precise tests of the equivalence principle, the underlying symmetry of general relativity, are made by comparing the accelerations of test bodies toward a massive attractor. The equivalence principle, which states that gravitation is locally equivalent to an acceleration of the reference frame, predicts that these gravitational accelerations will be identical if tidal forces can be neglected. The classic Princeton @1# and Moscow @2# equivalence-principle tests compared the accelerations of Al and Au or Pt test bodies toward the Sun, implicitly assuming that any violation of the equivalence principle, or more precisely the universality of free fall ~UFF!, would have an infinite range. This was a natural assumption in a classical context where the equivalence principle can be viewed in Newtonian terms; i.e., are gravitational and inertial masses identical? However, in a quantum context it is natural to view equivalence principle tests as probes for new Yukawa interactions arising from exchange of exotic, low-mass bosons. In this context the tests should be sensitive to UFF violation over a broad variety of Yukawa length scales and should utilize a variety of test bodies whose relevant properties, such as binding energy per unit mass, atomic charge Z, neutron-to-proton ratio N/Z, etc., differ by the greatest practical amount. Such UFF tests are powerful probes of new physics because interactions arising from exchange of scalar or vector bosons generically violate the UFF ~see Ref. @3#!. We have undertaken a series of experiments with the goal of testing the UFF with as much generality as is practical. In designing these tests, we imagine UFF-violating interactions arising from the exchange of scalar or vector bosons of mass mb . These will produce a potential between point bodies with a Yukawa form
BRCA2 in meiosis: turning over a new leaf

Although originally thought to be confined to mammals, putative orthologues of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2 have now been found in a wide range of evolutionarily diverse taxa. These include the smut fungus Ustilago maydis, intracellular parasites, flies and vertebrates. A recent article demonstrates that two BRCA2-like genes in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana have a key role in meiosis. Investigating BRCA2 in distantly related organisms is likely to help to elucidate how the dysfunction of this gene leads to tumourigenesis.
Shifts in plant functional types have time-dependent and regionally variable impacts on dryland ecosystem water balance

Summary 1. Terrestrial vegetation influences hydrologic cycling. In water-limited, dryland ecosystems, altered ecohydrology as a consequence of vegetation change can impact vegetation structure, ecological functioning and ecosystem services. Shrub steppe ecosystems dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) are widespread across western North America, and provide a range of ecosystem services. While sagebrush abundance in these ecosystems has been altered over the past century, and changes are likely to continue, the ecohydrological consequences of sagebrush removal and reestablishment remain unclear. 2. To characterize the immediate and medium-term patterns of water cycling and availability following sagebrush plant community alteration, we applied the SOILWAT ecosystem water balance model to 898 sites across the distribution of sagebrush ecosystems, representing the three primary sagebrush ecosystem types: sagebrush shrublands, sagebrush steppe and montane sagebrush. At each site, we examined three vegetation conditions representing intact sagebrush, recently disturbed sagebrush and recovered but grass-dominated vegetation. 3. Transition from shrub to grass dominance decreased precipitation interception and transpiration and increased soil evaporation and deep drainage. Relative to intact sagebrush vegetation, simulated soils in the herbaceous vegetation phases typically had drier surface layers and wetter deep layers. 4. Our simulations suggested that alterations in ecosystem water balance may be most pronounced in vegetation representing recently disturbed conditions (herbaceous vegetation with low biomass) and only modest in conditions representing recovered, but still grass-dominated vegetation. Furthermore, the ecohydrological impact of simulated sagebrush removal depended on climate; while short-term changes in water balance were greatest in wet areas represented by the montane sagebrush ecosystem type, medium-term impacts were greatest in dry areas of sagebrush shrublands and sagebrush steppe. 5. Synthesis. This study provides a novel, regional-scale assessment of how plant functional type transitions may impact ecosystem water balance in sagebrush-dominated ecosystems of North America. Results illustrate that the ecohydrological consequences of changing vegetation depend strongly on climate and suggest that decreasing woody plant abundance may have only limited impact on evapotranspiration and water yield.
Role of synovial membrane inflammation in cartilage matrix breakdown in the Pond-Nuki dog model of osteoarthritis.

Using the Pond-Nuki procedure, osteoarthritis was induced in 26 crossbred dogs. Their right knees were subjected to anterior cruciate ligament sectioning, and their left knees received a sham operation. The unoperated knees of 7 additional dogs served as controls. Cartilage and synovial membranes were excised 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. Collagenolytic activity, determined by direct tissue assay, was higher at all times tested in osteoarthritic cartilage and synovia than in sham operated and control specimens. The increased collagenolytic activity of the cartilage did not correlate with the collagenolytic activity of the synovium, but it did correlate (r = 0.57) with the degree of synovial inflammation, which was graded histologically. Treatment for 4 weeks with prednisone (0.20–0.25 mg/kg/day) blocked the increased collagenolytic activity of the cartilage. Our results indicate that stimulating factors may, but collagenolytic enzymes probably do not, diffuse from the synovium to the cartilage and modulate tissue breakdown. Prednisone may also suppress cartilage breakdown by either acting at the level of the synthesis or by acting on the release/action of the stimulating factors.
Simulated cavity tree dynamics under alternative timber harvest regimes

Abstract We modeled cavity tree abundance on a landscape as a function of forest stand age classes and as a function of aggregate stand size classes. We explored the impact of five timber harvest regimes on cavity tree abundance on a 3261 ha landscape in southeast Missouri, USA, by linking the stand level cavity tree distribution model to the landscape age structure simulated by the LANDIS model. Over 100 years, mean cavity tree density increased constantly under all timber harvest regimes except for even-aged intensive management. This was due in large part to the continued maturation of the numerous stands that were >70 years old at the start of the simulations. However, compared to the no harvest (control) regime, the uneven-aged, the mixed, the even-aged long rotation, and the even-aged intensive harvest regimes reduced the cavity tree density by 9–11, 11–13, 15–18, and 28–34%, respectively, as more old stands were cut. Forest managers and planners can use this information to evaluate the practical consequences of alternative timber harvest regimes and consider the need for activities such as cavity tree retention.
Effects of phosphodiesterase isoenzyme inhibitors on cutaneous inflammation in the guinea-pig

1. Inflammation is central to the pathophysiology of asthma. The recent findings that different inflammatory cells may express different phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes have centered attention on inhibitors of these isoenzymes as new drugs for the treatment of asthma. In this study, we investigated the effect of different PDE isoenzyme inhibitors on the accumulation of 111In-labelled eosinophils and local oedema formation at sites of allergic- and mediator-induced inflammation in guinea-pig skin. 2. Systemic treatment with SK&F 94120, a type III PDE inhibitor, or zaprinast, a type V PDE inhibitor, had no effect on the 111In-eosinophil accumulation and oedema formation induced by i.d. injection of zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP), PAF, histamine or in a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction. 3. Systemic treatment with rolipram, a type IV PDE inhibitor, effectively inhibited 111In-eosinophil accumulation induced by ZAP, PAF, histamine and in a PCA reaction. However, oedema formation measured in the same sites was not affected. Systemic administration of higher doses of theophylline produced similar results. In contrast, 111In-neutrophil accumulation induced by ZAP or in a PCA reaction was not altered by systemic treatment with rolipram. 4. Locally-injected rolipram had little effect on 111In-eosinophil accumulation and oedema formation induced by histamine, PAF and in a PCA reaction. 5. These data show that systemic, but not local, treatment with rolipram effectively inhibits allergic- and mediator-induced 111In-eosinophil accumulation but not oedema formation or 111In-neutrophil accumulation. This, taken together with the potent inhibitory effects of PDE type IV inhibitors on eosinophil function in vitro, suggest that this class of drugs may be beneficial in disease states such as asthma where eosinophils are thought to play a major pathophysiological role.