cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Complexity in Primitive Exchange: Empirical Tests

Abstract An evolutionary model of exchange is driven by transaction costs from economic complexity. A recursively simultaneous model is testable, even on the limited economic-anthropological data available. The coefficients on exogenous variables are from two-stage probit estimates. The association of different exchange systems within single economies is measured by χ 2 tests. Consistent with assumptions on recursive simultaneity, the endogenous right-hand-side variables of population and division of labor are found to be weakly exogenous. Two-stage probit estimates are therefore Consistent and efficient. J. Comp. Econom., April 1995, 20 (2), pp. 190-210. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180.
Kinematics, stress, deformation and material behavior

Abstract A compact review is given of some fundamentals of the theory of flow in materials and of the bulk behavior of experimentally deformed rocks. Kinematics is discussed first because it provides an easy introduction to second-order tensor quantities. These are explained as quantities linking the components of pairs of vectors to one another, for example velocity vectors to position vectors (the velocity gradient tensor) or stress vectors to plane-normal vectors (the stress tensor). The fundamental theorem of stress theory is derived from the requirement of force-balance at a point. Here and elsewhere the treatment is mostly two-dimensional. This saves space yet provides an introduction to principles that are important again in three dimensions. Mohr circles are used extensively to represent two-dimensional tensor quantities geometrically, including asymmetric velocity gradient and deformation tensors. The decomposition of a general deformation into components of translation, rotation and strain is explained, and this may lead to greater appreciation of such unfamiliar possibilities as coaxial accumulation of a simple shear deformation. The section on experimental deformation is concerned mainly with the measured strengths of rocks and how these can be extrapolated to strengths at geological strain-rates. The text is followed by a Glossary.
Beauty imagined: a history of the global beauty industry

Beauty imagined: a history of the global beauty industry, by Geoffrey Jones, New York, Oxford University Press, 2010, 416 pp., illus, $45.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-955649-6; $27.95 (paperback), ...
Antisickling effects of zinc.

Summary Low levels of zinc incorporated into sickle cells consistently improves their filterability at intermediate oxygen tensions. Zinc also appears to antagonize calcium binding by red cell membrane-hemoglobin complexes. Since calcium may be involved in the formation of irreversibly sickled cells, zinc may improve filterability of sickle cells by a calcium antoagonizing mechanism. Zinc appears to have important therapeutic potential in sickle cell disease.
Heating or freezing bone: Effects on angiogenesis induction and growth potential in mice

We have characterized the effect of bone graft treatment by heating or freezing (with or without dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)). Tissue culture and dorsal skin-fold chambers in mice were used as sites to quantify the effect on angiogenesis, growth and calcification of neonatal femora. Fresh femora increased in both length and cartilage diameter (calcification in vivo only), but cryopreservation or heating abolished the increase in femoral dimensions. In vivo, femora of all experimental groups elicited an angiogenic response from the host tissue, which was most pronounced for fresh femora, weaker for DMSO-preserved frozen bone and poor for unprotected frozen bone and boiled femora. Freezing in the presence of a cryopreservative (DMSO) was found to preserve the angiogenic potential of frozen bone, whereas unprotected heating or freezing significantly impaired angiogenesis induction and growth potential.
Electronic monitoring of in‐home television RCD usage

This study electronically‐monitored in‐home RCD activity. The frequency of channel changing and other RCD behaviors were recorded and discrepancies between self‐reported and actual RCD use are examined. This is one of a few academic studies of RCDs that does not rely on a survey (respondent recall) or on observation, but rather records actual behaviors in the participants’ home. This study also examines viewers’ uses of RCDs within the framework of selective exposure. Slightly over 374 hours of television viewing by 44 participants yielded 13,680 channel switches. It was found that viewers made an average of 36.6 channel changes per hour. In other words, they watched channels for an average of one minute and 38 seconds between switches. Further analyses revealed an audience of “rapid‐fire”; channel grazers as 80% of the switches took place after a channel was on for less than five seconds.
Nutritional therapies to improve health: lessons from companion animals.

Companion animals represent an under-utilised resource. The present paper is designed to encourage collaborative studies. Dogs and cats are out-bred animals that are willing to consume a consistent diet for long periods, so are ideal candidates for prospective studies of naturally-occurring disease. In some studies the effect of diet on survival has been substantial. Food restriction, for example, slows the development of osteoarthritis and increases the lifespan of Labrador retrievers by 2 years, protein and P restriction more than doubles the median survival time of dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease and adding n-3 fats and arginine to the diet of dogs with stage 3 lymphoma improves median survival time by one-quarter. Obesity is also very common in both dogs and cats and is also associated with disease as in human subjects. When interpreting these results, however, it is essential to take into account pathophysiological differences among species. Dogs and cats do not display all the characteristics of metabolic disease in human subjects, they metabolise fat well and atherosclerosis and cardiac infarction are uncommon. Such differences should not, however, preclude further study because differences among species often clarify knowledge. Monitoring of disease in companion animals may also provide a surveillance system for the safety of the food supply, as illustrated by recent outbreaks of acute renal failure and liver failure in cats and dogs in the USA caused respectively by melamine and mycotoxin contamination of pet foods.
Alterations in the field stimulation-induced release of endogenous norepinephrine from the coccygeal artery of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats☆

Abstract The field stimulation-induced release of endogenous NE from the isolated caudal artery from 5–6, 8–10 and 28–30 week old SHR resulted in a greater release of transmitter compared to age-matched WKY. The α 2 -selective adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine produced a significant enhancement in the release of NE from both SHR and WKY of 5–6 and 10–12 and 28 week old WKY but release was attenuated in 28 week old SHR. It is concluded that the enhanced release of NE contributes to the development of hypertension in the SHR.
Ironing out fatigue.

Women who are not anemic but who suffer from fatigue may benefit from iron supplementation. In this issue of Blood, Krayenbuhl et al provide strong evidence that women complaining of fatigue who were not anemic but who had reduced or absent iron stores were symptomatically improved after receiving parenteral iron. Given the numbers of women who are iron deficient, the findings could find broad application, but work needs to be done to refine the approach to this common problem.
Nonlinear theory of nonparaxial laser pulse propagation in plasma channels

Nonparaxial propagation of ultrashort, high-power laser pulses in plasma channels is examined. In the adiabatic limit, pulse energy conservation, nonlinear group velocity, damped betatron oscillations, self-steepening, self-phase modulation, and shock formation are analyzed. In the nonadiabatic limit, the coupling of forward Raman scattering (FRS) and the self-modulation instability (SMI) is analyzed and growth rates are derived, including regimes of reduced growth. The SMI is found to dominate FRS in most regimes of interest. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Markov state models provide insights into dynamic modulation of protein function.

ConspectusProtein function is inextricably linked to protein dynamics. As we move from a static structural picture to a dynamic ensemble view of protein structure and function, novel computational paradigms are required for observing and understanding conformational dynamics of proteins and its functional implications. In principle, molecular dynamics simulations can provide the time evolution of atomistic models of proteins, but the long time scales associated with functional dynamics make it difficult to observe rare dynamical transitions. The issue of extracting essential functional components of protein dynamics from noisy simulation data presents another set of challenges in obtaining an unbiased understanding of protein motions. Therefore, a methodology that provides a statistical framework for efficient sampling and a human-readable view of the key aspects of functional dynamics from data analysis is required. The Markov state model (MSM), which has recently become popular worldwide for studying pr...
Long-RP supraventricular tachycardia with 1:1 AV relationship: What is the mechanism?

d m f p n c m c f A m t t t c a Case summary A 24-year-old woman was seen in the clinic with a 5-year history of intermittent palpitations. Ambulatory monitoring recorded frequent episodes of regular narrow-complex supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) at a rate of 170 beats/min. After informed consent was obtained, she was taken to the electrophysiologic laboratory for diagnostic evaluation and treatment. Four catheters were placed in the standard locations: high right atrium, His bundle position, right ventricular outflow tract, and coronary sinus. All baseline intervals were within normal limits. Retrograde atrial activation during ventricular pacing was decremental, with the coronary sinus os activated earliest, just ahead of the atrial electrogram in the His bundle catheter. No evidence for dual atrioventricular nodal pathways could be demonstrated. SVT with a long RP interval and cycle length (CL) of 310to 420 ms was reliably induced by rapid atrial pacing. The retrograde atrial activation sequence during tachycardia was the same as during right ventricular pacing. Entrainment from the right ventricle was performed at pacing CL just shorter than the tachycardia CL (Figures 1 and 2). What is the mechanism of this tachycardia?
Depressive symptom patterns in patients with Parkinson's disease and other older adults

Research on depression in Parkinson's disease (PD) has suggested that PD patients experience a qualitatively different depression from that of other older adults, endorsing fewer cognitive symptoms of depression (e.g., guilt, failure) and greater somatic (e.g., poor sleep) and mood symptoms (e.g., sadness, hopelessness); however, this has never been tested directly. In the present study, two PD groups, one with cognitive impairment (PD + CI; n = 26) and one without cognitive impairment (PD; n = 45), and three control groups of older adults were compared on measures of depressive symptomatology. The control groups included a physically disabled group (n = 46), a cognitively impaired group (CI; n = 21), and a healthy group (n = 50). Confirmatory factor analysis verified a four-factor model of depressive symptoms (Cognitive, Mood, Somatic, and Fatigue symptoms). Comparisons revealed that the PD group had a depressive-symptom pattern that was not significantly different from the disabled and healthy groups. The PD + CI group had a symptom pattern that was more similar to the CI group than to the PD group. Implications for the conceptualization of depression in older adults are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1559–1569, 2001.
Applications for single cell trajectory analysis in inner ear development and regeneration

Single cell trajectory analysis is a computational approach that orders cells along a pseudotime axis. This temporal modeling approach allows the characterization of transitional processes such as lineage development, response to insult, and tissue regeneration. The concept can also be applied to resolve spatial organization of cells within the originating tissue. Known as temporal and spatial transcriptomics, respectively, these methods belong to the most powerful analytical techniques for quantitative gene expression data currently available. Here, we discuss three different approaches: principal component analysis, the 'Monocle' algorithm, and self-organizing maps. We use a previously published qRT-PCR dataset of single neuroblast cells isolated from the developing mouse inner ear to highlight the basic features of the three methods and their individual limitations, as well as the distinct advantages that make them useful for research on the inner ear. The complex developmental morphogenesis of the inner ear and its specific challenges such as the paucity of cells as well as important open questions such as sensory hair cell regeneration render this organ a prime target for single cell trajectory analysis strategies.
Molecular Regulation of H3K4 Trimethylation by Wdr82, a Component of Human Set1/COMPASS

In yeast, the macromolecular complex Set1/COMPASS is capable of methylating H3K4, a posttranslational modification associated with actively transcribed genes. There is only one Set1 in yeast; yet in mammalian cells there are multiple H3K4 methylases, including Set1A/B, forming human COMPASS complexes, and MLL1-4, forming human COMPASS-like complexes. We have shown that Wdr82, which associates with chromatin in a histone H2B ubiquitination-dependent manner, is a specific component of Set1 complexes but not that of MLL1-4 complexes. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Wdr82 results in a reduction in the H3K4 trimethylation levels, although these cells still possess active MLL complexes. Comprehensive in vitro enzymatic studies with Set1 and MLL complexes demonstrated that the Set1 complex is a more robust H3K4 trimethylase in vitro than the MLL complexes. Given our in vivo and in vitro observations, it appears that the human Set1 complex plays a more widespread role in H3K4 trimethylation than do the MLL complexes in mammalian cells.
Forces between Polymer Surfaces and Self-Assembled Monolayers

Gold-coated atomic force microscope (AFM) tips functionalized with amine-, hydroxyl-, carboxylic acid-, and methyl-terminated alkanethiol molecules were used to probe the adhesive forces of polystyrene and poly(acrylic acid) films in dry air (relative humidity carboxylic acid > hydroxyl > amine. For poly(acrylic acid), the observed order was hydroxyl > amine > carboxylic acid > methyl.
Data-worth analysis for multiobjective optimal design of pump-and-treat remediation systems

The design and the management of pump-and-treat (PAT) remediation systems for contaminated aquifers under uncertain hydrogeological settings and parameters often involve decisions that trade off cost optimality against reliability. Both design objectives can be improved by planning site characterization programs that reduce subsurface parameter uncertainty. However, the cost for subsurface investigation often weighs heavily upon the budget of the remedial action and must thus be taken into account in the trade-off analysis. In this paper, we develop a stochastic data-worth framework with the purpose of estimating the economic opportunity of subsurface investigation programs. Since the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity is most often the major source of uncertainty, we focus on the direct sampling of hydraulic conductivity at prescribed locations of the aquifer. The data worth of hydraulic conductivity measurements is estimated from the reduction of the overall management cost ensuing from the reduction in parameter uncertainty obtained from sampling. The overall cost is estimated as the expected value of the cost of installing and operating the PAT system plus penalties incurred due to violations of cleanup goals and constraints. The crucial point of the data-worth framework is represented by the so-called pre-posterior analysis. Here, the tradeoff between decreasing overall costs and increasing site-investigation budgets is assessed to determine a management strategy proposed on the basis of the information available at the start of remediation. The goal of the pre-posterior analysis is to indicate whether the proposed management strategy should be implemented as is, or re-designed on the basis of additional data collected with a particular site-investigation program. The study indicates that the value of information is ultimately related to the estimates of cleanup target violations and decision makers’ degree of risk-aversion. � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Staphylococcal Endarteritis in a Renal Artery-Inferior Vena Cava Fistula

THE INTERESTING hemodynamic effects which may be produced by large abnormal communications between arteries and veins long have held the interest of physicians. More recently it has been recognized that bacteremia and a clinical picture indistinguishable from bacterial endocarditis can result when an arteriovenous (AV) communication becomes infected.1The case to be reported is of interest from several points of view: (1) it involved an AV fistula between the renal artery and inferior vena cava, a rather unusual location; (2) the mode of presentation was confusing; (3) the patient provided a number of clinical clues which finally led to the correct diagnosis; (4) treatment was successful. Report of Case A 36-year-old male professional gambler was admitted to the King County Hospital on Feb 26, 1965. Two weeks prior to admission he had developed fever and malaise. Twenty-one months earlier, during a game of cards, he had sustained a gunshot
Farm, Shop, Landing: The Rise of Market Society in the Hudson Valley, 1780–1860 . By Martin Bruegel. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. Pp. xiii, 305. $21.95, paper.

The transformation of the northern countryside during the first half of the nineteenth century is one of the central themes of American rural history, and it has formed the basis of many excellent studies by economic and social historians. Martin Bruegel's Farm, Shop, Landing , is the latest addition to this literature, and it is a valuable one. Bruegel extends our perspective beyond New England to New York's Hudson River Valley, and he demonstrates a theoretical sophistication and an eye for the telling details that give a familiar story fresh nuance and texture as well as a scope and sweep that transcend the local.
Is the Atmospheric Zonal Index Driven by an Eddy Feedback

Abstract The authors address the question of whether or not eddy feedback plays an important role in driving the anomalous relative angular momentum associated with the zonal index (ZI) in the atmosphere. For this purpose, composites of anomalous relative angular momentum and anomalous eddy angular momentum flux convergence (eddy forcing) are examined with National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis data. By using an empirical orthogonal function analysis, it is found that ZI behavior dominates the summer season of both hemispheres and also the winter season of the Southern Hemisphere. For the summer season, the ZI is characterized by meridional displacements of the midlatitude eddy-driven jet, and for the Southern Hemisphere winter it is characterized by a simultaneous movement of the subtropical and eddy-driven jets in the opposite direction. For the ZI of each of the above seasons, unfiltered eddy forcing did not exhibit a prominent eddy feedback. H...
Zinc‐cobalt colimitation of Phaeocystis antarctica

We present evidence demonstrating the capability of Phaeocystis antarctica colonies to substitute cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn) as micronutrients, in which Co limitation is alleviated by additions of Zn and vice versa. Maximal growth rates and biomass were determined by fluorescence and the values obtained under replete Zn and no added Co conditions were significantly higher than under replete Co and no added Zn conditions, suggesting a preference for Zn over Co. The observation of Zn-Co substitution in this high-latitude member of the Prymnesiophyceae class, coupled with similar previous observations in the coccolithophore Emiliana huxleyi and several centric diatoms, suggests that Zn-Co substitution could be a widespread global phenomenon in eukaryotic phytoplankton. The Zn-Co biochemical substitution seen in Phaeocystis might be the result of evolutionary pressure for maintaining growth rates in high export environments in which rapid depletion of Zn, Co, and carbon occur simultaneously in the upper water column.
The main source of ambient GABA responsible for tonic inhibition in the mouse hippocampus

The extracellular space of the brain contains γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that activates extrasynaptic GABAA receptors mediating tonic inhibition. The source of this GABA is uncertain: it could be overspill of vesicular release, non-vesicular leakage, reverse transport, dying cells or glia. Using a novel approach, we simultaneously measured phasic and tonic inhibitory currents and assessed their correlation. Enhancing or diminishing vesicular GABA release in hippocampal neurons caused highly correlated changes in the two inhibitions. During high-frequency phasic inhibitory bursts, tonic current was also enhanced as shown by simulating the summation of IPSCs and by recordings in knockout mice devoid of tonic inhibitory current. When vesicular release was reduced by blocking action potentials or the vesicular GABA transporter, phasic and tonic currents decreased in a correlated fashion. Our results are consistent with most of hippocampal tonic inhibitory current being mediated by GABA released from the very vesicles responsible for activating phasic inhibition.
Scattering of ultrasound from skeletal muscle tissue

The purpose of this work was to explore the mechanisms which are responsible for the scattering of ultrasound from skeletal muscle tissue. It was undertaken in response to an interesting phenomenon observed in the authors' laboratory whereby scattering power from avian skeletal muscle changed in concordance with passive stretch. Ultrasonic scattering from skeletal muscle samples was measured as they were stretched passively in increments of 10% of their original length up to 40%. The samples were illuminated with an ultrasound beam from a transducer which was oriented orthogonally to and at 20 degrees from the normal to the long axis of the muscle sample. It was found that the integrated backscatter increased significantly over the strain range for the orthogonal orientation, but it changed very little after the initial stretch when the orientation was 20 degrees . It is postulated that this phenomenon may be caused by reorientation of the endomysial collagen fibers surrounding each muscle fiber. >
Microballoon Wall Thickness Effects on Properties of Syntactic Foams

A novel approach for changing the density of syntactic foams, while keeping the microballoon (hollow particles) volume fraction constant, is adopted in this work. This is achieved by selecting microballoons of the same size but with different wall thickness. Five types of microballoons are selected to fabricate syntactic foams. All the types of microballoons have about 40 mm mean particle sizes, but different wall thicknesses. This approach allows to maintain the same volume fractions of constituents and interfacial area while changing the density of syntactic foams. The fabricated syntactic foams are tested for their compressive properties in accordance to the ASTM D 695-96 standard. The results of the experimental investigation show a strong dependence of the compressive properties and the fracture characteristics of syntactic foams on the microballoon wall thickness. Shear cracking followed by cracking under secondary tensile stresses has been observed as the fracture mode. The present approach is foun...
A brain-specific protein from Octopus vulgaris, Lam.

— Several major brain-specific proteins have been detected in cephalopods by electrophoretic analysis of the soluble proteins extracted from the optic lobes and other organs of octopus and by 2-dimensional fractionation of the soluble proteins from optic lobes and hepatopancreases of octopus and squid. One of the brain-specific proteins from octopus, identified as 0-1, has been purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-150, and DEAE-Sephadex. The protein appears to be pure on the basis of several physicochemical criteria. Amino acid analysis indicates a high content of glutamic and aspartic acids or their amides (or both) and the lack of tryptophan. A molecular weight of 17,000 has been calculated from sodium dodecyl sulphate-gel electrophoresis, gel filtration and ultracentrifugation analysis. The preparation of a specific rabbit antiserum against 0-1 has allowed its determination by agar immunodiffusion and complement fixation techniques. With the latter procedure it has been shown that the protein is absent outside the nervous system, is present in a concentration of several mg/g wet weight in octopus brain and is widely distributed within the octopus central and peripheral nervous system and in several molluscan species. It is also present in optic lobes of octopus at early stages of development.
Linearity analysis and design optimisation for 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS RF mixer

Equations for the 1dB compression point and third-order intermodulation point as a function of circuit and technology parameters are derived using a Volterra series expansion. The linearity analysis for both single- and double-balanced CMOS Gilbert mixers is examined. The relation between the input third-order intercept point and source inductance is studied in depth. The gate to drain overlap capacitance, which is one of the dominant nonlinear elements in a MOSFET, is included in the model. The design methodology to satisfy the mixer noise figure and conversion gain while optimising linearity is summarized. The analytical predictions are verified with the Cadence SpectreRF circuit simulation and experimental data. Good agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is obtained.
Childhood cancer incidence trends in association with US folic acid fortification (1986-2008)

OBJECTIVE: Epidemiologic evidence indicates that prenatal vitamin supplementation reduces risk for some childhood cancers; however, a systematic evaluation of population-based childhood cancer incidence trends after fortification of enriched grain products with folic acid in the United States in 1996–1998 has not been previously reported. Here we describe temporal trends in childhood cancer incidence in association with US folic acid fortification. METHODS: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program data (1986–2008), we calculated incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals to compare pre- and postfortification cancer incidence rates in children aged 0 to 4 years. Incidence trends were also evaluated by using joinpoint and loess regression models. RESULTS: From 1986 through 2008, 8829 children aged 0 to 4 years were diagnosed with malignancies, including 3790 and 3299 in utero during the pre- and postfortification periods, respectively. Pre- and postfortification incidence rates were similar for all cancers combined and for most specific cancer types. Rates of Wilms tumor (WT), primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), and ependymomas were significantly lower postfortification. Joinpoint regression models detected increasing WT incidence from 1986 through 1997 followed by a sizable decline from 1997 through 2008, and increasing PNET incidence from 1986 through 1993 followed by a sharp decrease from 1993 through 2008. Loess curves indicated similar patterns. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for a decrease in WT and possibly PNET incidence, but not other childhood cancers, after US folic acid fortification. * Abbreviations: ALL — : acute lymphoblastic leukemia AML — : acute myeloid leukemia APC — : annual percent change CI — : confidence interval CNS — : central nervous system ICD-O-3 — : International Classification of Diseases for Oncology , Third Edition IR — : incidence rate IRR — : incidence rate ratio PNET — : primitive neuroectodermal tumors SEER — : Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results WT — : Wilms tumor
Drosophila Growth Cones Advance by Forward Translocation of the Neuronal Cytoskeletal Meshwork In Vivo

In vitro studies conducted in Aplysia and chick sensory neurons indicate that in addition to microtubule assembly, long microtubules in the C-domain of the growth cone move forward as a coherent bundle during axonal elongation. Nonetheless, whether this mode of microtubule translocation contributes to growth cone motility in vivo is unknown. To address this question, we turned to the model system Drosophila. Using docked mitochondria as fiduciary markers for the translocation of long microtubules, we first examined motion along the axon to test if the pattern of axonal elongation is conserved between Drosophila and other species in vitro. When Drosophila neurons were cultured on Drosophila extracellular matrix proteins collected from the Drosophila Kc167 cell line, docked mitochondria moved in a pattern indicative of bulk microtubule translocation, similar to that observed in chick sensory neurons grown on laminin. To investigate whether the C-domain is stationary or advances in vivo, we tracked the movement of mitochondria during elongation of the aCC motor neuron in stage 16 Drosophila embryos. We found docked mitochondria moved forward along the axon shaft and in the growth cone C-domain. This work confirms that the physical mechanism of growth cone advance is similar between Drosophila and vertebrate neurons and suggests forward translocation of the microtubule meshwork in the axon underlies the advance of the growth cone C-domain in vivo. These results highlight the need for incorporating en masse microtubule translocation, in addition to assembly, into models of axonal elongation.
A role for high intensity exercise on energy balance and weight control

The objective of this commentary is to remark on the impact, exercise intensity has on energy expenditure and its potential for body weight control. Exercise intensity can favorably impact on energy expenditure in a number of ways. First, exercise-associated energy expenditure is increased by decreasing exercise efficiency and increasing work rate. Second, resistance training that increases muscle mass, in turn increases resting energy expenditure. Third, aerobic exercise > 70% VO2max, increases resting energy expenditure separate from any change in muscle mass. High-intensity exercise training has the added benefit of improving fitness, thus making low-intensity exercise less difficult and more easily tolerated. Although continuous intense exercise is difficult to maintain for extended periods of time, intense interval exercise can be easily endured and may be an important adjunct to lifestyle modifications for body weight control.
Prosthetics may not affect the survival or complication rates of short implants.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Influence of prosthetic parameters on the survival and complication rates of short implants. Tawil G, Aboujaoude N, Younan R. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2006;21(2):275-82 . Level of Evidence 4 Purpose/Question To determine the influence of prosthetic factors on the survival and complication rates of short implants. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Case series
Deconstructing mammalian reproduction: using knockouts to define fertility pathways

Reproduction is the sine qua non for the propagation of species and continuation of life. It is a complex biological process that is regulated by multiple factors during the reproductive life of an organism. Over the past decade, the molecular mechanisms regulating reproduction in mammals have been rapidly unraveled by the study of a vast number of mouse gene knockouts with impaired fertility. The use of reverse genetics to generate null mutants in mice through targeted disruption of specific genes has enabled researchers to identify essential regulators of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in vivo and model human disorders affecting reproduction. This review focuses on the merits, utility, and the variations of the knockout technology in studies of reproduction in mammals.
Effect of stressful life events on the onset and duration of recurrent aphthous stomatitis

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 149–152 Background: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common and painful oral mucosal disease. Possible etiologies include genetics, vitamin deficiencies, trauma, immune dysfunction, and stress. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between the occurrence, type, and magnitude of stressful events and the onset and duration of RAS episodes. Methods: One hundred and sixty subjects with a history of RAS completed a weekly phone survey for up to 1 year, providing data on the occurrence of RAS episodes and details of any stressful events they experienced during the previous week. During RAS episodes, subjects also completed daily paper diaries that recorded incidence and duration of the RAS episode. Stressful events were quantified using the validated Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (RLCQ) and were classified as mental or physical stressors. Results: Stressful life events were significantly associated with the onset of RAS episodes (P < 0.001), however, not with the duration of the RAS episodes. Experiencing a stressful life event increased the odds of an RAS episode by almost three times (OR = 2.72; 95% CI = 2.04–3.62). When controlled for each other, mental stressors had a larger effect (OR = 3.46, 95% CI = 2.54–4.72) than physical stressors (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.04–1.99) on the occurrence of RAS episodes. RAS episodes did not occur more frequently or last longer with increasing stress severity. Conclusions: In patients with a history of RAS, stressful events may mediate changes involved in the initiation of new RAS episodes. Mental stressors are more strongly associated with RAS episodes than physical stressors.
Practical implementation of time covariance based spectrum sensing methods using warp

Cognitive radio is a promising technology to deal with the spectrum scarcity problem. One important application of cognitive radio is spectrum reuse. To reuse a licensed spectrum, secondary users (unlicensed users) must ensure the frequency bands are free and no primary users (licensed users) exist. Thus, accurate spectrum sensing is a fundamental requirement of cognitive radio for avoiding signal collision and several methods have been proposed. In this paper, we examine the performance of three spectrum sensing methods with Wireless Open Access Research Platform (WARP) which is developed by RICE University. Considered first is the conventional energy detection (ED) method which requires perfect knowledge of noise power and is very sensitive to noise uncertainty. Many approaches have been proposed to mitigate the noise uncertainty problem. We mainly focus on two methods based on the time covariance matrix of the received signal, called covariance method (COV) and maximum to minimum eigenvalue (MME) method. COV method utilizes ratios of time correlations with different time separations. MME method computes maximum and minimum eignvalues from the sample covariance matrix. Both COV and MME methods are insensitive to noise uncertainty and do not need any prior knowledge of signal properties of licensed users. Furthermore, these two methods are not affected theoretically by noise uncertainty. To examine the three above mentioned spectrum sensing methods in low SNR environment, we implement them by adjusting the setting in physical and network layer protocols of WARP. As predicted from theory, experimental and numerical results show that COV and MME outperform ED in large margins.
Engineering the Drosophila Genome: Chromosome Rearrangements by Design

We show that site-specific recombination can be used to engineer chromosome rearrangements in Drosophila melanogaster. The FLP site-specific recombinase acts on chromosomal target sites located within specially constructed P elements to provide an easy screen for the recovery of rearrangements with breakpoints that can be chosen in advance. Paracentric and pericentric inversions are easily recovered when two elements lie in the same chromosome in opposite orientation. These inversions are readily reversible. Duplications and deficiencies can be recovered by recombination between two elements that lie in the same orientation on the same chromosome or on homologues. We observe that the frequency of recombination between FRTs at ectopic locations decreases as the distance that separates those FRTs increases. We also describe methods to determine the absolute orientation of these P elements within the chromosome. The ability to produce chromosome rearrangements precisely between preselected sites provides a powerful new tool for investigations into the relationships between chromosome arrangement, structure, and function.
Two Queues Under Preemptive Priority with Poisson Arrival and Service Rates

This paper extends the work of White and Christie, reported in Operations Research, vol 6, pp 79-95 January-February, 1958, on preemptive priority queuing. A random walk procedure yields recursive relations between the state probabilities in the steady state. Recursive relations for the moments of the length of the lower priority queue follow. Combined with the use of moment generating functions, this approach provides moments of the waiting time for elements of the lower priority class that arrive when the system is in a given state, i.e., the two queues are of given lengths. The moments of waiting time and time in the system are also obtained recursively for the steady state. Routines for computing and checking are provided.
Membrane Permeable Cyclic Peptidyl Inhibitors against Human Peptidylprolyl Isomerase Pin1

Peptidylprolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates the function and/or stability of phosphoproteins by altering the conformation of specific pSer/pThr-Pro peptide bonds. In this work, a cyclic peptide library was synthesized and screened against the catalytic domain of human Pin1. The selected inhibitors contained a consensus motif of D-pThr-Pip-Nal (where Pip is L-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid and Nal is L-2-naphthylalanine). Representative compounds were tested for binding to Pin1 by isothermal titration calorimetry and inhibition of Pin1 activity, and the most potent inhibitors had K(D) (and K(I)) values in the low nanomolar range. Treatment of breast cancer cells with the inhibitors, which were rendered membrane permeable by attachment of an octaarginine sequence, inhibited cell proliferation and increased the protein levels of two previously established Pin1 substrates, PML and SMRT. Finally, a second generation of cell permeable Pin1 inhibitors was designed by replacing the noncritical residues within the cyclic peptide ring with arginine residues and shown to have antiproliferative activity against the cancer cells.
Using focus groups to identify characteristics of an ideal work environment for Advanced Practice Clinicians.

Abstract Advanced Practice Clinicians (APCs) in collaborative practice represent a diverse and valuable group of health care professionals, including nurse practitioners, physician assistants, nurse anesthetists, and nurse midwives. Because these healthcare professionals have been identified as part of the solution to physician shortages, it is critical for health networks to examine and address issues affecting collaborative relationships. We invited our network APCs to participate in focus group sessions to determine both attributes and barriers to an ideal work environment. Four major themes emerged: (1) compensation, (2) network representation, (3) employment structure, and (4) workplace culture. While issues relating to compensation and representation were prevalent, discussions also revealed the importance of relationships and communication. To ensure successful collaboration and, thereby, reduce clinician turnover, leaders must address gaps between the existing and ideal states in structural factors affecting job satisfaction (Themes 1–3) as well as the behavioral factors represented in workplace culture (Theme 4).
The Theory of Motivated Information Management and Posttraumatic Growth: Emerging Adults’ Uncertainty Management in Response to an Adverse Life Experience

This study tested the degree to which the uncertainty management process that emerging adults go through following an adverse event predicts their perceptions of posttraumatic growth. Participants included 215 emerging adults who had experienced an adverse life event within the past year. Overall, the results largely supported the theory of motivated information management, as uncertainty discrepancies positively predicted negative emotions about the adverse event, which in turn predicted outcome expectancies, but not efficacy assessments. Outcome expectancies were predictive of efficacy assessments, which in turn were predictive of a willingness to seek information about the event from a parent. Collectively, uncertainty management behaviors predicted posttraumatic growth and included significant indirect effects for uncertainty discrepancies through communication and target efficacy, respectively.
Experience of a Lifetime: Study Abroad, Trauma, and Institutional Betrayal

ABSTRACTThis study is the first to expand the investigation of study-abroad risks to include a range of traumatic experiences for male and female students and to examine effects of institutional betrayal (i.e., an institution’s failure to prevent trauma or support survivors). In an online survey of 173 university students who had studied abroad, many respondents (45.44%, n = 79) reported exposure to at least 1 traumatic experience while abroad, most frequently natural disasters, sexual assault, and unwanted sexual experiences. Of students exposed to potentially traumatic events, more than one third (35.44%, n = 28) also reported at least 1 form of related institutional betrayal, which uniquely correlated with posttraumatic distress in some participants, when controlling for lifetime trauma history.
Kinetic Analyses of Conformational Changes and Charge Transfer by Na+/K+ -ATPase

How does the Na+/K+-ATPase couple ATP hydrolysis with transport? According to common interpretations of the Albers-Post reaction scheme, the enzyme cycles through phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of two conformations, E1 and E2; ion transport is mediated by transitions between these conformations. Evidence for these two conformations include differences in: (a) affinity for Na+ and K+, (b) tryptic digestion patterns, (c) fluorescence quantum efficiencies of various probes, and (d) sensitivity to dephosphorylation induced by ADP (E1P) and by K+ (E2P).
Fracture of Copper/Alumina Interfaces: the Role of Microstructure and Chemistry

Crack propagation at metal/ceramic interfaces may depend on the presence of chemical interphases. A particularly convenient model system for examining this dependence is copper/alumina. The recently developed ability to control the interface chemistry has made possible systematic experiments. In particular, it has been observed that the presence of discontinuous Cu2O at the Cu/Al2O3 interface accelerates crack propagation, while the presence of discontinuous CuAlO2 impedes it. The reason for these effects are not well-known, and are explored in this paper, in the context of microstructural observations obtained using electron microscopy. The nature of the chemical and structural bonding likely plays a role in governing the adhesive strength, but other important variables include the degree of growth of the interphase into the oxide and the metal, and the thermal expansion coefficient of the interphase. The relative importance of these variables is discussed.
Evolution of gustation

The evolutionary success of most mammalian species results in part from their ability to efficiently select nutrients in order to maintain energy, fluid and temperature homeostasis. It is shown that efficient ingestive behavior depends on several structures located in the mammalian cortex. Moreover, the anatomical and functional markers of these structures were largely conserved across different species. In particular, the mammalian gustatory cortex achieves integration of visceral, metabolic, olfactory, somatosensory and taste inputs in order to appropriately control feeding.
The Vascular Quality Initiative Cardiac Risk Index for prediction of myocardial infarction after vascular surgery

Objective The objective of this study was to develop and to validate the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) for prediction of postoperative myocardial infarction (POMI) after vascular surgery. Methods We developed risk models for in-hospital POMI after 88,791 nonemergent operations from the VQI registry, including carotid endarterectomy (CEA; n = 45,340), infrainguinal bypass (INFRA; n = 18,054), suprainguinal bypass (SUPRA; n = 2678), endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR; n = 18,539), and open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (OAAA repair; n = 4180). Multivariable logistic regression was used to create an all-procedure and four procedure-specific risk calculators based on the derivation cohort from 2012 to 2014 (N = 61,236). Generalizability of the all-procedure model was evaluated by applying it to each procedure subtype. The models were validated using a cohort (N = 27,555) from January 2015 to February 2016. Model discrimination was measured by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and performance was validated by bootstrapping 5000 iterations. The VQI CRI calculator was made available on the Internet and as a free smart phone app available through QxCalculate. Results Overall POMI incidence was 1.6%, with variation by procedure type as follows: CEA, 0.8%; EVAR, 1.0%; INFRA, 2.6%; SUPRA, 3.1%; and OAAA repair, 4.3% ( P 1.8 mg/dL, stress test status, and body mass index (AUC, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.76). The all-procedure model demonstrated only minimally reduced accuracy when it was applied to each procedure, with the following AUCs: CEA, 0.65 (95% CI, 0.59-0.70); INFRA, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.64-0.73); EVAR, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.65-0.80); SUPRA, 0.62 (95% CI, 0.52-0.72); and OAAA, 0.63 (95% CI, 0.56-0.70). Procedure-specific models had unique predictors and showed improved prediction compared with the all-procedure model, with the following AUCs: CEA, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.66-0.72); INFRA, 0.75 (95% CI, 0.73-0.78); EVAR, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.73-0.80); and OAAA, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.69-0.77). Bias-corrected AUC (95% CI) from internal validation for the models was as follows: all procedures, 0.75 (0.73-0.76); CEA, 0.68 (0.65-0.71); INFRA, 0.74 (0.72-0.76); EVAR, 0.73 (0.70-0.78); and OAAA repair, 0.68 (0.65-0.73). Conclusions The VQI CRI is a useful and valid clinical decision-making tool to predict POMI after vascular surgery. Procedure-specific models improve accuracy when they include unique risk factors.