cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraterritoriality and Comparative Institutional Analysis: A Response to Professor Meyer

In the last few years, the Supreme Court has applied the presumption against extraterritoriality to narrow the reach of U.S. securities law in Morrison v. National Australia Bank and international-law tort claims in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum. By their terms, these decisions are limited to the interpretation of ambiguous federal statutes and claims under the Alien Tort Statute. A potential unintended consequence of these decisions, therefore, is that future plaintiffs will turn to common-law causes of action derived from state and foreign law, potentially filing such suits in state courts. These causes of action may include “human rights claims that arise from multinationals’ corporate activity,” as well as “a range of claims by U.S. citizens when they are injured abroad, such as when they are victims of foreign terrorist activity.” Professor Jeffrey A. Meyer’s important study (102 Georgetown L.J. 301, 314 (2014)) observes that debates about extraterritoriality are likely to turn to common-law causes of action, particularly as plaintiffs turn to these options in the wake of Kiobel. The thrust of Meyer’s article is a concern that future courts may consider applying the presumption against extraterritoriality to common-law claims, an outcome Meyer believes is unwarranted. On Meyer’s account, courts apply the presumption to statutes in order to avoid the “intrusion on the coequal regulatory authority of foreign sovereign states.” Meyer argues that several features of common law justify insulating it from the presumption: common law is “common” in its universal content, “commoner” in its bottom-up origins, and “constrained” in its development. Meyer’s article raises appropriate concern over an understudied issue. Recognizing that a focus on statutory interpretation has obscured the relevance of common law to many debates about extraterritoriality, Meyer rightly focuses on post-Kiobel (and post-Morrison) state-law claims. He also points out that conflict of laws has a role in these cases alongside the presumption against extraterritoriality. Meyer’s account is insufficient, however, when it comes to the comparison between common law and statutory law, and more importantly when it comes to the normative consequences of those comparisons for extraterritoriality. Meyer acknowledges many potential virtues of common law, but he does not consider judicial lawmaking in comparison to the legislative alternative. Even if Meyer is correct in his praise of common law, his analysis does not establish that all common-law causes of action deserve extraterritorial treatment (subject to choice-of-law) while statutory ones do not. A review of Meyer’s three features of common law — that it is “common,” “commoner” and “constrained” — reveals why these comparative institutional considerations are necessary for a complete picture of extraterritoriality, and indeed present perhaps the best hope for achieving Meyer’s goals of consistency, access to justice in U.S. courts, and regulatory harmony between co-equal sovereigns.
Testimony on 'Subprime Mortgage Market Turmoil: Examining the Role of Securitization'

This testimony, before the Senate Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investments, April 17, 2007, examines the role of securitization in the subprime market turmoil, describing how securitization atomized the lending process and turned over the de facto regulation of the subprime market to private entities such as rating agencies and investment banks. The testimony attributes the meltdown of the subprime market, the increased default rate and threat of rising foreclosures, as well as the difficulty of crafting an adequate response to that meltdown, to the effects of securitization. Securitization led to weakened and inconsistent underwriting standards and allowed many borrowers to obtain loans that, after a reset, the borrowers would be unable to repay and also be unable to refinance their way out of increasingly inappropriate loans. Securitization also decreases the discretion to modify the loan in meaningful ways to prevent foreclosure, as servicers of the loan are restricted by the pooling and servicing agreement and by their conflicting duties to different investors, leading to "tranche warfare."
Singularity in the Laboratory Frame Angular Distribution Derived in Two-Body Scattering Theory.

The laboratory (lab) frame angular distribution derived in two-body scattering theory exhibits a singularity at the maximum lab scattering angle. The singularity appears in the kinematic factor that transforms the centre of momentum (cm) angular distribution to the lab angular distribution. We show that it is caused in the transformation by the funnelling of a range of cm scattering angles into a much smaller range of lab angles. Correct treatment of this singularity is important when transforming angular distributions from the cm or projectile frame to the lab frame.
On dispersion of compound DMCs

Code for a compound discrete memoryless channel (DMC) is required to have small probability of error regardless of which channel in the collection perturbs the codewords. Capacity of the compound DMC has been derived classically: it equals the maximum (over input distributions) of the minimal (over channels in the collection) mutual information. In this paper the expression for the channel dispersion of the compound DMC is derived under certain regularity assumptions on the channel. Interestingly, dispersion is found to depend on a subtle interaction between the channels encoded in the geometric arrangement of the gradients of their mutual informations. It is also shown that the third-order term need not be logarithmic (unlike single-state DMCs). By a natural equivalence with compound DMC, all results (dispersion and bounds) carry over verbatim to a common message broadcast channel.
Photoluminescence due to a bound-to-bound transition in a GaAs-Al0.3Ga0.7As quantum-well structure.

The low-temperature (2-K) photoluminescence (PL) spectra from a 200-\AA{} GaAs-${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.7}$As quantum-well structure shows a peak Q, which occurs 1.0 meV lower in energy than the heavy-hole free-exciton (HHFE) transition. Previously transition Q was tentatively assigned to the collapse of an exciton bound to an ionized donor (${\mathit{D}}^{+}$,X) located at the well edge or the barrier center [Reynolds et al., Phys. Rev. B 40, 6210 (1989)]. The present work conclusively demonstrates that transition Q is neither exciton related nor free-to-bound related and most likely is due to a bound-to-bound transition. Time-resolved PL measurements using 70-ps pulsed excitation, which is resonant with the light-hole free-exciton formation energy, show that emission from transition Q peaks much earlier in time after excitation than emission from both free- and bound-exciton (HHFE, ${\mathit{A}}^{0}$,X, and ${\mathit{D}}^{0}$,X) transitions. Magnetic-field-dependent PL measurements show that the diamagnetic shift of transition Q is significantly smaller than that expected for a free-to-bound transition and is consistent with that expected for a bound-to-bound transition. The drastically reduced lifetime of Q compared with the HHFE can be qualitatively explained as being due to a bound-to-bound transition in which the electron and hole are more closely spaced than they are in the exciton state.
Formation of a Biomimetic, Liquid-Crystalline Hydrogel by Self-Assembly and Polymerization of an Ionic Liquid

Preparation and polymerization of a methylimidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) that incorporates an acryloyl moiety at the terminus of a C8 alkyl chain is described. The IL monomer weakly self-assembles upon addition of water and oligomerizes on mild heating. Initiator-free polymerization (as evidenced by FT-IR spectroscopy) can be achieved by UV irradiation, forming an elastic, self-supporting hydrogel. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies on the unsupported polymer demonstrate that the hydrogel adopts an ordered lamellar structure. The polymer can absorb large quantities of water, swelling to nearly 200 times its original volume and, in the process, becoming a highly disordered lamellar structure. Swelling studies conducted using a range of organic solvents demonstrate that the polymer can also be swollen (albeit to a lesser extent) by polar, hydrogen-bonding solvents such as ethanol.
Ultrastructure of the eye of Aplysia.

The eye and optic nerve of the sea hare, Aplysia californica , were examined with the light and electron microscopes. The eye is a closed vesicle type with a spheroidal lens nearly completely surrounded by the retina. It contains several thousand receptor, pigmented, and other cells. Receptor cells are replete with 500–700 A clear vesicles, pigment granules, and have a diffusely organized microvillus rhabdomere that projects to the lens. The fibers of the receptor cells and other cells form a retinal neuropile where synapses occur between these fibers. Pigmented cells have a short microvillous distal segment and associated rudimentary cilia. Cellular processes which contain dense vesicles (900–1200 A) are prominent in the retinal neuropile. The majority of the processes appear to be the neurites of the receptor and other cells that contribute to the optic nerve. Some of these cellular processes end in microvillous processes on diffuse vascular spaces at the base of the retina near the epineural sheath. Receptor fibers and perhaps others contribute to the several thousand optic nerve fibers (0.3–3.0 μ in diameter).
Immobilizing and hyperglycemic effects of benzyl alcohol, a common preservative.

Abstract Injection of benzyl alcohol (700–900 mg/kg, i.p.) caused rapid immobilization of mice. The mice were immobilized within 2 min and remained unresponsive (no righting reflex, no wink reflex, and no leg reflex) for about 30 min. The immobilizing effect was accompanied by a marked hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia was not due to rapid glycogenolysis. Tracer studies using [U-14C] glucose indicated that the hyperglycemic effect may have resulted from increased gluconeogenesis; however, diminished peripheral uptake of glucose was not ruled out. The potential influence of benzyl alcohol which is used as a preservative in some commercial saline solutions, is discussed.
The process of recovery from breast cancer for younger and older patients. Changes during the first year

A representative community sample of 274 breast cancer (BC) patients from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer-Surveillance System was studied longitudinally during the year after their BC diagnosis. The adjustment of these patients to their disease was examined in terms of (1) the changes in their physical and mental health functioning; and (2) the factors that predict or facilitate the recovery process, including the independent and interactive effects of age. Comparison of the outcomes at 4 and 10 months after diagnosis manifested a significant and consistent improvement in physical functioning. In contrast, there was an absence of any improvement in indicators of mental health and well-being. Whereas the cross-sectional analyses demonstrated that stage of disease had an impact on physical impairment, the longitudinal analyses revealed that physical impairment at time 1 was the significant predictor of deteriorating mental health at time 2. Furthermore, younger age was shown to exacerbate the impact of impairment on mental health. The more seriously impaired younger patients experienced significantly greater deterioration in their mental health and well-being than similarly impaired older patients. However, older age was found to exacerbate the impact of more extensive surgery on symptoms that produce limitations in activity.
TU-A-12A-07: CT-Based Biomarkers to Characterize Lung Lesion: Effects of CT Dose, Slice Thickness and Reconstruction Algorithm Based Upon a Phantom Study

Purpose: Radiogenomics promises the ability to study cancer tumor genotype from the phenotype obtained through radiographic imaging. However, little attention has been paid to the sensitivity of image features, the image-based biomarkers, to imaging acquisition techniques. This study explores the impact of CT dose, slice thickness and reconstruction algorithm on measuring image features using a thorax phantom. Methods: Twentyfour phantom lesions of known volume (1 and 2mm), shape (spherical, elliptical, lobular and spicular) and density (-630, -10 and +100 HU) were scanned on a GE VCT at four doses (25, 50, 100, and 200 mAs). For each scan, six image series were reconstructed at three slice thicknesses of 5, 2.5 and 1.25mm with continuous intervals, using the lung and standard reconstruction algorithms. The lesions were segmented with an in-house 3D algorithm. Fifty (50) image features representing lesion size, shape, edge, and density distribution/texture were computed. Regression method was employed to analyze the effect of CT dose, slice of thickness and reconstruction algorithm on these features adjusting 3 confounding factors (size, density and shape of phantom lesions). Results: The coefficients of CT dose, slice thickness and reconstruction algorithm are presented in Table 1 in the supplementary material. No significant difference wasmore » found between the image features calculated on low dose CT scans (25mAs and 50mAs). About 50% texture features were found statistically different between low doses and high doses (100 and 200mAs). Significant differences were found for almost all features when calculated on 1.25mm, 2.5mm, and 5mm slice thickness images. Reconstruction algorithms significantly affected all density-based image features, but not morphological features. Conclusions: There is a great need to standardize the CT imaging protocols for radiogenomics study because CT dose, slice thickness and reconstruction algorithm impact quantitative image features to various degrees as our study has shown.« less
A new approach to grid generation

An entirely new approach to numerical grid generation, the deformation method, is presented. Each point of an existing grid is moved, in an inter-related manner, to a new position according to a system of n ordinary differential equations (n=spacial dimension). The resulting grid has prescribed mesh sizes.
Crevicular fluid prostaglandin E levels as a measure of the periodontal disease status of adult and juvenile periodontitis patients

The measurement of crevicular fluid PGE (CF-PGE) as an indicator of periodontal disease status was investigated. The association between CF-PGE levels and the PGE content of the adjacent periodontal tissues was found to be highly significant (P=5.3 × 10−6). The high correlation (r=0.925) between the log CF-PGE level and the tissue PGE concentration indicates that CF levels can be used to reliably predict tissue levels. The CF-PGE measurements at each periodontal site were found to be highly reproducible. Samples from adult and juvenile periodontitis patients demonstrated that the mean CF-PGE levels were correlated with disease severity, as determined by mean attachment loss. The mean CF-PGE level in juvenile periodontitis patients was almost three-fold higher than that present in adult periodontitis (144.0 ± 28.0 ng/ml vs 57.5 ± 8.7 ng/ml, mean ± S.E., significant at P = 0.002). The use of CF-PGE concentrations as an indicator of disease activity (i.e. longitudinal attachment loss) cannot be demonstrated by this cross-sectional study. However, the CF-PGE measurement has been demonstrated to be a non-invasive, sensitive, reproducible, and reliable reflection of tissue levels of PGE2. The association of increasing levels of CF-PGE with increased severity and aggressiveness of disease is consistent with PGE as an inflammatory mediator of tissue destruction.
Expression, Regulation and Function of the Costimulatory Molecules B7-1(CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) and MHC Class II on Human Enterocytes † 30

Expression, Regulation and Function of the Costimulatory Molecules B7-1(CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) and MHC Class II on Human Enterocytes † 30
The Journalism Writing Course Evaluation of Hybrid versus Online Grammar Instruction

This study examined introductory journalism writing courses and compared hybrid (part online/part classroom) versus online grammar instruction. The hybrid structure allowed for grammar topics to be...
Ultrafast multihop packet-switched optical time-division multiplexing: components and systems

Ultrafast processing techniques for the implementation of high-speed all-optical packet-switched networks are reviewed. Some of the key technologies required for building the next generation of high-speed interconnection networks include ultrafast packet generation, high-speed packet demultiplexing, and efficient packet routing. A review of recent component, subsystem, and system development as well as experimental demonstrations being conducted at Princeton University is presented to illustrate some of the capabilities of these technologies. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Do gorilla females join males to avoid infanticide? A quantitative model

Abstract Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla , females associate permanently with males. What benefit do the females obtain from the association? Where males are larger than females, as in the gorilla, protection from predation is the long-standing answer. However, protection from infanticidal nonfather males is increasingly suggested as a better hypothesis. Given that a female's alternative strategy is to range alone and mate with many males, a hitherto ignored problem of the anti-infanticide hypothesis is that a female's joining a single male necessarily maximizes the proportion of males in the population who can use the infanticidal strategy. To ask whether lone gorilla females could mate with enough males to decrease the probability of infanticide below that observed in the wild, we use novel modifications of a gas molecule equation to model encounter rates of a lone female with males. The modifications include separation of encounter rates in fertile periods from those in nursing periods and, importantly, a decline function that converts infanticidal males to noninfanticidal, on mating. Parameters include density of males, speed of travel, and duration of fertile and nursing periods. In two other great apes (chimpanzee Pan , orang-utan Pongo ), females are more or less solitary, and infanticide rates are very low (≤5%). With these species' values in the model, equivalently low infanticide rates result. Thus, the model appears valid. For the gorilla, the model indicates that under most realistic conditions, solitary females mate with so few males that infanticide rates are more than three times the observed rate of 14% of births. Association with a male thus decreases the probability of infanticide. The anti-infanticide hypothesis for grouping is thus supported. But the antipredation hypothesis is not thereby negated, and remains a powerful hypothesis, given that predators are a danger to the female, as well as her infant.
A Novel Extractive Fermentation Process for Propionic Acid Production from Whey Lactose

An extractive fermentation process was developed to produce propionate from lactose. The bacterium Propionibacterium acidipropionici was immobilized in a spiral wound, fibrous matrix packed in the reactor. Propionic acid is the major product from lactose fermentation, with acetic acid and carbon dioxide as byproducts. Propionic acid is a strong inhibitor to this fermentation. A tertiary amine was used to selectively extract propionic acid from the bioreactor, hence enhancing reactor productivity by over 100 %. We also speculate that by selectively extracting propionic acid, lactose metabolism can be directed to yield more propionate and less byproducts. Other advantages of extractive fermentation include better pH control (by removing acid products) and a purer product. The propionic acid present in the extractant can be easily stripped with small amounts of an alkaline solution, resulting in a concentrated propionate salt. The extractant was also regenerated in this stripping step. Thus, the process is energy-efficient and economically attractive.
Microscale heat transfer effects under high incident heat flux conditions

A criterion is developed for determining the range of microscale heat transfer effects in systems exposed to laser radiation. Criteria in terms of the time and spatial scale for using microscale heat transfer mechanisms have been reported. The significance of microscale heat transfer effects during high incident laser radiation is investigated. Numerical simulations show the microscale heat transfer effects are scaleable with respect to the incident laser radiation. The significance of the microscale mechanism is shown to be dependent on the rate of heating. There is good agreement with values reported in the literature and the present model's predicted temperatures and normalized reflectance changes for a thermoreflectance problem.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sex-role expectations, power, and psychological distress

Data collected in a community survey of psychiatric epidemiology in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1967 are reanalyzed to examine the relationship of sex-role expectations and power to rates of psychological distress. The results indicate that people who occupy powerful roles have low rates of distress, regardless of whether they conform to or deviate from role expectations. The occupation of the powerless role, however, is particularly productive of distress when the occupant of this role deviates from sex-appropriate behavior. The findings suggest that sex differences in distress may in part be deducible from more general differences in power and role expectations.
RNA metabolism in normal and leukaemic leucocytes: further studies on RNA synthesis.

Summary The Synthesis of RNA* has been investigated in leucocytes isolated from the blood of normal subjects and patients with leukaemia. In addition to ribosomal and soluble RNA, white cells make a rapidly labelled RNA with properties of messenger RNA. RNA synthesis in leukaemic cells is sensitive to pancreatic ribonuclease and actinomycin D, thereby offering evidence in favour of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in these cells. Leucocytes from some patients with leukaemia manifest a two- to five-fold increase in uridine incorporation into RNA when compared to normal cells. Inhibition of RNA synthesis in leucocytes by alkylating agents administered in vivo or in vitro was observed.
Shear strengthens fibrin: the knob-hole interactions display 'catch-slip' kinetics.

The polymerization of fibrin occurs primarily via intermolecular noncovalent binding between knobs ‘A’ exposed by cleavage of fibrinopeptides A in the Aa chains of fibrinogen and holes ‘a’ constitutively present in the c chains [1]. We have previously investigated the interactions between knobs ‘A’ and holes ‘a’ at the single-molecule level and have found that they are strong and stable [2] with complex forced unbinding mechanisms [3]. The structural complexity and thermodynamics of these interactions must be reflected in the nontrivial dynamics of the mechanical response of the knob–hole bond to stress. By applying an original model system to quantify the mechanical dissociation of individual knob–hole complexes, we revealed an unusual strengthening of A:a knob–hole bonds in response to increasing pulling force, referred to as a ‘catch’ bond. Our model system is based on an optical trap that generates pico-Newton mechanical force [4,5]. Briefly, a single fibrinogen-coated latex bead is trapped and repeatedly brought into contact with a fibrin-coated pedestal. When fibrinogen (bearing holes ‘a’) on the bead binds to monomeric fibrin (bearing knobs ‘A’) on the pedestal, the trap exerts a force to dissociate the complex [5]. To form surface-attached monomeric fibrin, purified human fibrinogen was immobilized on stationary 5-lmdiameter pedestals [4] and treated with thrombin
On the Application of Faddeev Equations and the Coulomb t Matrix to Asymptotic Electron Capture in Hydrogen

Faddeev equations together with the Coulomb $t$ matrix have been used to determine the asymptotic amplitude for electron capture from neutral hydrogen by fast protons. The results show that in the high-energy limit the capture cross section should go down as ${v}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$, where $v$ is the velocity of the incident proton. The capture amplitude is identical to Drisko's second-Born-approximation calculation except for a complex energy-dependent phase factor which ultimately approaches unity with sufficiently high incident energy. The major contribution to the three-body capture amplitude can be shown to come from the on-energy-shell two-body $t$ matrix, in agreement with general theorems concerning scattering from complex systems. At high incident energies, the on-energy-shell contribution to the capture amplitude (not the cross section) will decrease as ${v}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, while the off-energy-shell continuum contribution will decrease as ${v}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. The contributions from the sum of the infinite number of two-body bound-state poles can be shown to converge, and the sum can be explicitly performed at high enough incident energies in all except the forward direction. The bound-state contributions to the capture amplitude go down as ${v}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$, which is much less than the continuum contributions.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of new chromium(III) complexes of N-derivatized 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane ligands cis-[Cr(1,8-R(2)cyclam)Cl(2)]Cl, where R is a pendant chromophore. exclusive formation of the cis isomer.

Several new chromium(III) complexes have been synthesized utilizing derivatives of the macrocyclic ligand cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) with various N-substituted chromophores in the 1 and 8 positions (1,8-R(2)cyclam) where R = CH(3), CH(2)Ph, CH(2)Nph (Nph = naphthyl), and CH(2)Anth (Anth = anthracyl). X-ray crystal structures were determined for all four complexes, and these are formed exclusively in the cis configuration with the two tertiary amines in the "hinge" positions (i.e., along the folding axis) of the coordinated ligand. As a result, the cis isomers appear to be inert to isomerization under conditions dramatically more forcing than needed to effect the cis to trans isomerization of the unsubstituted Cr(cyclam)Cl(2)(+) ion. Photophysical studies demonstrated that emission occurs solely from the metal-centered ligand field doublet excited states regardless of whether initial excitation is into the quartet ligand field bands or into the pi-pi bands of the pendant chromophore. Thus, excitation of the pendant chromophore results in efficient intramolecular energy transfer to the metal centered ligand field excited states.
Stress CMR reduces revascularization, hospital readmission, and recurrent cardiac testing in intermediate-risk patients with acute chest pain.

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the effect of stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in an observation unit (OU) on revascularization, hospital readmission, and recurrent cardiac testing in intermediate-risk patients with possible acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Background Intermediate-risk patients commonly undergo hospital admission with high rates of coronary revascularization. It is unknown whether OU-based care with CMR is a more efficient alternative. Methods A total of 105 intermediate-risk participants with symptoms of ACS but without definite ACS on the basis of the first electrocardiogram and troponin were randomized to usual care provided by cardiologists and internists (n = 53) or to OU care with stress CMR (n = 52). The primary composite endpoint of coronary artery revascularization, hospital readmission, and recurrent cardiac testing at 90 days was determined. The secondary endpoint was length of stay from randomization to index visit discharge; safety was measured as ACS after discharge. Results The median age of participants was 56 years (range 35 to 91 years), 54% were men, and 20% had pre-existing coronary disease. Index hospital admission was avoided in 85% of the OU CMR participants. The primary outcome occurred in 20 usual care participants (38%) versus 7 OU CMR participants (13%) (hazard ratio: 3.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.4 to 8.0, p = 0.006). The OU CMR group experienced significant reductions in all components: revascularizations (15% vs. 2%, p = 0.03), hospital readmissions (23% vs. 8%, p = 0.03), and recurrent cardiac testing (17% vs. 4%, p = 0.03). Median length of stay was 26 h (interquartile range: 23 to 45 h) in the usual care group and 21 h (interquartile range: 15 to 25 h) in the OU CMR group (p Conclusions In this single-center trial, management of intermediate-risk patients with possible ACS in an OU with stress CMR reduced coronary artery revascularization, hospital readmissions, and recurrent cardiac testing, without an increase in post-discharge ACS at 90 days. (Randomized Investigation of Chest Pain Diagnostic Strategies; NCT01035047 )
Transport properties of intermetallic thulium compounds

Abstract The Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility of TmAl3 and TmPd3 are reported. TmAl3 melts peritectially and was prepared as a single phase sample for the first time. Like TmPd3 it is a ‘normal’ metal as indicated by both electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The room temperature thermopower of TmAl3 is moderate (15 μV/K) while that of TmPd3 falls within the expected range for typical metals (−5 μV/K). Further properties are also reported for YbAl3, TmAl2 and TmPd. From the magnetic susceptibility data it can be concluded that thulium adopts the normal trivalent state in all these compounds.
Simulations of the effects of vertical transport on the thermosphere and ionosphere using two coupled models

We have explored the sensitivity of the thermosphere and ionosphere to dynamical forcing from altitudes near the mesopause (~95 km). We performed five simulations, all for the year 2009, with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)/Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). Two simulations were driven with the NCAR Global Scale Wind Model, and three used output from the Advanced Level Physics High Altitude (ALPHA) version of the Navy's Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS). Use of NOGAPS-ALPHA allows for realistic meteorological variability from the lower atmosphere to propagate up into the TIEGCM, including a rich spectrum of nonmigrating tides. We find that the additional vertical transport from these tides causes a significant reduction in the calculated peak electron density of the ionospheric F2 layer (NmF2). The mechanism for this effect is the enhanced downward transport of atomic oxygen to the base of the thermosphere. In turn, this yields a greater relative abundance of N2 and hence enhanced recombination of ions and electrons. To get improved agreement with observed electron densities, we must reduce (Kzz) by a factor of 5. However, even with lower Kzz, our calculation still underestimates the NmF2 compared with radio occultation observations by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate satellite system. This underestimate of NmF2 may be linked to an overestimate of the nonmigrating tides in the coupled TIEGCM-NOGAPS calculations or to uncertainties in the bottom boundary for atomic oxygen in the TIEGCM.
Algorithms to select I DDQ measurement points to detect bridging faults

IDDQ measurement is a time consuming process. Thus, reducing the number of IDDQ measurements have a great impact on the test time. Carefully selecting a few IDDQ measurement points is therefore an important problem. This problem has been studied for detecting leakage faults but not for bridging faults. We present novel algorithms to select IDDQ measurement points to detect bridging faults. Experimental results obtained are very encouraging. The method can also be used: by test generators to compress IDDQ test sets; and to maximize the fault coverage when a fixed number of measurement points are given.
Use of Hc2 to determine the temperature dependence of the spin-flip scattering in a Kondo superconductor: LaCe

Abstract The upper critical field has been measured for La Ce and Gd and the temperature dependence of the spin-flip scattering time has been determined using multiple pairbreaking theory. Further applications of this technique are presented.
Replication Needed to Distinguish Alterations in Cell Ratios, the Frequency of Individual Stages of the Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium, or the Appearance of Abnormalities in the Testes of Rodents, Rabbits, or Humans

The typical levels of inherent variability among untreated sexually mature rodents, rabbits, or men were determined for several endpoints used to characterize spermatogenesis. The latter included germ cell:germ cell and germ cell:Sertoli cell ratios, the frequency of specific stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, and the appearance of a variety of testicular abnormalities. Based on this variability, the number of replicates needed to provide future experiments of a predictable power and sensitivity was estimated. Replication requirements differed greatly as a function of species and/or among specific endpoints within a single species. In addition, the replication needed to provide robust experiments was substantially greater than that employed in most investigations. The application of these findings during the design and interpretation of future experiments was discussed.
Distribution and abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: An historical perspective

An historical summary of the distribution and abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Chesapeake Bay is presented. Evidence suggests that SAV has generally been common throughout the bay over the last several hundred years with several fluctuations in abundance. The decline ofZostera marina (eelgrass) in the 1930’s and the rapid expansion ofMyriophyllum spicatum (watermilfoil) in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s were two significant events involving a single species. Since 1965, however, there has been a significant reduction of all species in most sections of the bay. Declines were first observed in the Patuxent, Potomac and sections of other rivers in the Maryland portion of the Bay between 1965 and 1970. Dramatic reductions were observed over the entire length of the bay from 1970 to 1975. Particularly severe losses were observed at the head of the bay around Susquehanna Flats as well as in numerous rivers along Maryland’s eastern and western shores. Changes in the lower, Virginia portion of the bay occurred primarily in the western tributaries. Greatest losses of vegetation occurred in the years following Tropical Storm Agnes in 1972. Since 1975 little regrowth has been observed in the Chesapeake Bay. Other areas along the Atlantic Coast of the U.S. during the same period have experienced no similar widespread decline. It thus appears that the factors affecting the recent changes in distribution and abundance of submerged vegetation in the bay are regional in nature. Causes for this decline may be related to changes in water quality, primarily increased eutrophication and turbidity.
Full-spectrum interrogation of fiber Bragg grating sensors for dynamic measurements in composite laminates

This paper presents a new means for collecting fiber Bragg grating (FBG) data during drop-tower measurements used to assess damage to composite structures. The high repetition-rate collection process reveals transient features that cannot be resolved in quasi-static measurements. The experiments made at a repetition rate of about 500 Hz show that the detected FBG spectrum broadens for a short period of time and relaxes quickly to a narrower static state. Furthermore, this relaxation time increases dramatically as the strike count increases. The information gained by such measurements will enhance the ability to characterize and distinguish failure modes and predict the remaining lifetime in composite laminate structures.
Kinetoplastidae display naturally occurring ancillary DNA-containing structures.

Kinetoplast-derived, DNA-containing structures were found in several members of the order Kinetoplastida. The structures, for which we propose the name ancillary DNA-containing structures (aDNA), were discovered during the course of low-light-level video fluorescence microscopy studies using several nucleic acid-specific fluorescent reagents. DNase treatment and supravital stain with Hoechst 33342 confirmed that aDNA is not an artifact of specimen preparation. Fluorescent in situ hybridization using either a 122-bp kinetoplast DNA-specific probe derived from a conserved region of minicircle DNA or a 188-bp nuclear DNA-specific probe derived from highly repetitive nuclear DNA demonstrated that aDNA is derived from the kinetoplast and not the nucleus. However, the structures do not contain minicircle DNA replication intermediates. Immunofluorescence assays using an anti-mitochondrial protein antibody, anti-mtp70, demonstrated that the structures contain mitochondrial protein and confirmed their kinetoplast origin. The frequency of occurrence of aDNA varies markedly between members of the Kinetoplastida. In the case of Trypanosoma cruzi stocks, the percentage of cells with aDNA was positively correlated to the population doubling time of the stock. However, there is no statistically significant relationship between the developmental or replicative stage of the parasite and the frequency of aDNA. An inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I had no effect upon the frequency of aDNA. An inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II gave equivocal results depending upon the parasite stock used. We speculate that aDNA may be the morphological consequence of a yet-to-be-determined biological process intrinsic to but variable within the Kinetoplastida.
CD1A Rich Inflammatory Stage of Lichen Sclerosus Et Atrophicans Mimicking Mycosis Fungoides and Extramammary Paget’S Disease

We report a case of inflammatory stage vulvar lichen sclerosus et atrophicans (LSA) with histopathologic features simulating both patch stage mycosis fungoides (MF) and extramammary Paget’s disease. The patient is a 79-year-old woman with an erythematous plaque on her vulva. A punch biopsy was performed that revealed mild psoriasiform hyperplasia of the epidermis with spongiosis, marked interface vacuolar alteration, scattered individual necrotic keratinocytes and Civatte bodies. A band-like mixed inflammatory infiltrate was present in the papillary/upper dermis with prominent intraepidermal lymphocytes. Some intraepidermal lymphocytes showed atypical nuclear contours simulating the cells seen in MF. The presence of numerous intraepidermal epithelioid cells with a pagetoid distribution raised the possibility of extramammary Paget’s disease. A panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) stains showed a reactive lichenoid mixed population of lymphocytes with numerous intraepidermal Langerhans cells. This confirmed the diagnosis of the inflammatory stage of lichen sclerosus. The presence of prominent epithelioid Langerhans cells with activated small lymphocytes represents an immune response in LSA and could cause diagnostic confusion with neoplastic conditions. IHC staining can confirm cell type and rule out MF and extramammary Paget’s disease.
Current treatment practices in obstructive sleep apnea and snoring.

Abstract Purpose To determine current management strategies of otolaryngologists involved in the treatment of sleep-disordered breathing. Materials and methods Survey of practitioners regarding their workup and treatment of patients suspected of obstructive sleep apnea. Results Of 305 respondents, 280 actively treated patients with obstructive sleep apnea or snoring, form the basis for this study. Respondents were from assorted practice settings, from a diverse geographic background, and varied length of time in practice. Although 48% see more than 3 new outpatients a week for snoring or obstructive sleep apnea, only 46% routinely ask their patients about sleep problems, and 49 % fail to ask all of their patients with sleep apnea about sleep-related automobile accidents. Although most regularly use nasopharyngoscopy, a significant proportion seldom uses the Muller maneuver. Most tend to rely predominantly on whole-night polysomnography, rather than split night or home testing. Half of respondents offer their patients with simple snoring more than 1 method of treatment. Although many different surgical procedures are offered by most, only 28% of respondents offer patients any procedure aimed at airway obstruction at the base of tongue level. Conclusions Otolaryngologists, with their unique expertise in airway management, need to be more vigilant for patients with sleep-disordered breathing. The hypopharynx fails to be frequently addressed by the respondents and could lead to inadequate treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Further research should seek to develop an evidence-based standard of care such that this disorder might be most effectively managed in the future.
Biology and host specificity ofOncochila simplex [Hem.: Tingidae], a candidate for the biological control of leafy spurgeEuphorbia esula L. “complex”

Bionomical and host-range studies of the lacebug,Oncochila simplex (Herrich-Shaeffer) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), a candidate for the biological control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L. “complex”) in the United States, were made during the years 1979 to 1982 at the USDA-ARS Rome Laboratory, and during 1981 and 1982 at the USDA-ARS Albany, California laboratory. A total of 26 test plant species, varieties, or population was used.
A radiation belt monitor for the high energy transient experiment satellite

A Radiation Belt Monitor (RBM) sensitive to protons and electrons with energy approximately greater than 0.5 MeV has been designed for the High Energy Transient Experiment (HETE) satellite in order to: first, control the on-off configuration of the experiments (i.e. those susceptible to proton damage); and second, to indicate the presence of proton and/or electron events that could masquerade as legitimate high energy photon events. One of the two RBM channels has an enhanced sensitivity to electrons. Each channel of the RBM, based on a PIN silicon diode, requires a typical power of 6 milliwatts. Tests have been performed with protons with energies from approximately 0.1 to 2.5 MeV (generated by a Cockcroft-Walton linear accelerator via the d(d,p)t reaction), and with electrons with energies up to 1 MeV (from a 1.0 microcurie Bi-207 source).
Magnetic field outflows from active galactic nuclei

We examine several models of injecting magnetic fields into clusters of galaxies from active galactic nuclei, which are the powerful outflows associated with supermassive black holes in the centers of clusters. Shown are magnetic field lines after six billion years of evolution.
Dynamic spin organization in dilute magnetic systems.

Low-temperature time-resolved Faraday-rotation measurements in ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ allow direct observation of the time evolution of the interaction between an electron spin and the magnetic moments of dilute impurity ions. The experiment displays real-time formation and evolution of magnetically organized states suggestive of the bound magnetic polaron.
Structural and functional investigations of biological catalysts for optimization of solar-driven, H2 production systems

Research efforts to develop efficient systems for H 2 production encompass a variety of biological and chemical approaches. For solar-driven H 2 production we are investigating an approach that integrates biological catalysts, the [FeFe] hydrogenases, with a photoelectrochemical cell as a novel bio-hybrid system. Structurally the [FeFe] hydrogenases consist of an iron-sulfur catalytic site that in some instances is electronically wired to accessory iron-sulfur clusters proposed to function in electron transfer. The inherent structural complexity of most examples of these enzymes is compensated by characteristics desired for bio-hybrid systems (i.e., low activation energy, high catalytic activity and solubility) with the benefit of utilizing abundant, less costly non-precious metals. Redesign and modification of [FeFe] hydrogenases is being undertaken to reduce complexity and to optimize structural properties for various integration strategies. The least complex examples of [FeFe] hydrogenase are found in the species of photosynthetic green algae and are being studied as design models for investigating the effects of structural minimization on substrate transfer, catalytic activity and oxygen sensitivity. Redesigning hydrogenases for effective use in bio-hybrid systems requires a detailed understanding of the relationship between structure and catalysis. To achieve better mechanistic understanding of [FeFe] hydrogenases both structural and dynamic models are being used to identify potential substrate transfer mechanisms which are tested in an experimental system. Here we report on recent progress of our investigations in the areas of [FeFe] hydrogenase overexpression, minimization and biochemical characterization.
Reliability of bedside evaluation in determining left ventricular function: Correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction determined by radionuclide ventriculography

Ninety-nine patients with chronic coronary artery disease were prospectively evaluated to determine the reliability of historical, physical, electrocardiographic and radiologic data in predicting left ventricular ejection fraction. The left ventricular ejection fraction measured by radionuclide angiography was normal (≥50%) in 44 patients (group 1) and abnormal ( The ejection fraction was correctly predicted in 33 of the 44 patients (75%) in group 1 and in 47 of the 55 patients (85%) with abnormal ejection fraction (groups 2 and 3), but the degree of ventricular dysfunction was correctly predicted in only 19 patients (53%) in group 2 and in only 9 patients (47%) in group 3. Stepwise linear regression analysis was performed. The single most predictive variable was cardiomegaly as seen on chest roentgenography (R2= 0.52). Four optimal predictive variables—cardiomegaly, myocardial infarction as seen on electrocardiography, dyspnea and rales—could explain only 61% of the observed variables in left ventricular ejection fraction. Thus, radionuclide ventriculography adds significantly to the discriminant power of the clinical, radiographic and electrocardiographic characterization of ventricular function in patients with chronic coronary heart disease.
In search of a democratic cultural “alternative”: Serbia's European heritage from Dositej Obradović to OTPOR

Developments in Serbia's democratic consolidation over the past six years have been both ongoing and progressive. Yet the establishment of a widely shared and collectively accepted political culture that has departed from the ethnocentric and euroskeptic narratives of the Milosevic era remains incomplete. Additionally, the failure by Serbian socio-political elites in appropriating alternative narratives of Serbian history and culture that demonstrate a tradition of shared values and identities with other European communities has stymied public acceptance of Serbia's European integration and public trust among its leaders. This paper argues that Serbian socio-political elites can appropriate narratives and symbols of Serbian collective identity that have been either sidelined or neglected by previously established ethnocentric narratives, and ascribe new systems of meaning and codes of behavior that qualify European liberal democratic values. I argue that a plentiful reservoir of democratic capital can be ...