cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expandable Cage Technology—Transforaminal, Anterior, and Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion

This review of the literature will focus on the indications, surgical techniques, and outcomes for expandable transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), and lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) operations. The expandable TLIF cage has become a workhorse for common degenerative pathology, whereas expandable ALIF cages carry the promise of greater lordotic correction while evading the diseased posterior elements. Expandable LLIF cages call upon minimally invasive techniques for a retroperitoneal, transpsoas approach to the disc space, obviating the need for an access surgeon and decreasing risk of injury to the critical neurovascular structures. Nuances between expandable and static cages for all 3 TLIF, ALIF, and LLIF operations are discussed in this review.
Using an electronic discharge process to improve patient experience and timeliness in a pediatric urgent care setting.

Abstract Background Most patients in acute care settings are discharged home. Time waiting for discharge paperwork does not add value to patient experience. Quality discharge counseling is critical for patient experience and safety. Objective To increase online portal enrollment in order to decrease length of stay through use of an electronic discharge (e-discharge) process. Patient involvement We used patient tracers to evaluate the perception of the UC discharge process at baseline, which helped identify barriers to signing up for the patient portal. Methods We performed a manual audit of patient encounters twice a month (N = 1431) to determine rate of portal enrollment, e-discharge, and LOS. We calculated summary distributions of LOS for those that received hardcopy vs. e-discharge instructions. We measured the percentage of positive scores for overall experience and quality of anticipatory guidance for all completed surveys. Results For audited encounters portal enrollment increased from 22% to 37% (p Discussion Patients who received e-discharge instructions had significantly shorter LOS compared to those who received hardcopy instructions. The overall rating and perceived quality of anticipatory guidance were not negatively affected by e-discharge instructions. Practical value Enrolling children into an online portal requires additional steps to ensure that only patients and their legal guardians have access to protected patient information. However, the benefits of offering the portal include shorter LOS without impacting the perceived quality of discharge counseling. Funding Children’s Mercy supported all phases of this study.
Multiple epistatic DNA variants in a single gene affect gene expression in trans.

DNA variants that alter gene expression in trans are important sources of phenotypic variation. Nevertheless, the identity of trans-acting variants remains poorly understood. Single causal variants in several genes have been reported to affect the expression of numerous distant genes in trans. Whether these simple molecular architectures are representative of trans-acting variation is unknown. Here, we studied the large RAS signaling regulator gene IRA2, which contains variants with extensive trans-acting effects on gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used systematic CRISPR-based genome engineering and a sensitive phenotyping strategy to dissect causal variants to the nucleotide level. In contrast to the simple molecular architectures known so far, IRA2 contained at least seven causal nonsynonymous variants. The effects of these variants were modulated by non-additive, epistatic interactions. Two variants at the 5'-end affected gene expression and growth only when combined with a third variant that also had no effect in isolation. Our findings indicate that the molecular basis of trans-acting genetic variation may be considerably more complex than previously appreciated.
THERMAL CONTACT IN LIQUID 3He DOWN TO 0,4mK

Measurements of the thermal time constant at the heat capacity for liquid 3He in a nuclear cooling cryostat indicate that the "anomalous" Kapitza boundary conductance to Pd sinter is proportional to the heat capacity of the liquid in both the normal and superfluid phases.
Tackling the Debugging Challenge of Rule Based Systems

Rule based systems are often presented as a simpler and more natural way to build computer systems - compared to both imperative programming and other logic formalisms. However, with respect to finding and preventing faults this promise of simplicity remains elusive.
Pure granulomatous nocardiosis; a new form of disseminated infectious granulomatosis with massive retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy due to Nocardia intracellularis, n. sp.

A case of an infectious granulomatous disease, in which the clinical picture resembled that of a retroperitoneal tumor, is presented. The etiologic agent is shown to be an hitherto undescribed organism, Nocardia intracellularis, n.sp. The clinical similarity of this rare disease to xanthogranulomata and neoplasms is emphasized. The diagnosis rests primarily upon histopathologic studies of the lesions, especially with reference to intra cellular organisms. The condition may be suspected if atypical acid fast organisms are found in the stools of patients with clinically similar pictures.
Emerging Science and Research Opportunities for Metals and Metallic Nanostructures: A Report on the NSF MMN Workshop

In the next decade, fundamental research in metals and metallic nanostructures (MMN) has the potential to continue to transform science into innovative materials, devices, and systems. This talk summarizes the findings of a workshop to identify emerging and potentially transformative research areas in MMN. The metals and metallic nanostructures (MMNs) workshop aimed to identify significant research trends, scientific fundamentals, and recent breakthroughs that can enable new or enhanced MMN performance, either alone or in a more complex materials system, for a wide range of applications. Additionally, the role that MMN research can play in high-priority research and development (R&D) areas such as the U.S. Materials Genome Initiative, the National Nanotechnology Initiative, the Advanced Manufacturing Initiative, and other similar initiatives that exist internationally was assessed. The workshop also addressed critical issues related to materials research instrumentation and the cyberinfrastructure for materials science research and education, as well as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce development, with emphasis on the United States but with an appreciation that similar challenges and opportunities for the materials community exist internationally.
Subsurface hydrology and nutrient export from barrier island marshes at different tidal ranges.

The vertical flux of water, ammonium, and phosphatewas measured from two developing barrier islandmarshes; Hog Island, VA (1.3 m tidal range) andPritchards Island, SC (2.5 m tidal range). Verticalflow and nutrient concentrations from the deposit weremeasured using seepage meters placed on the surface ofthe marsh. Measured water flow was not significantlydifferent between the sites (average = 60.1 and 57.4l m-2h-1for the VA and SC marsh). Verticalflow, calculated from piezometric head gradients andhydraulic conductivity, only accounted for 15 and 4%of measured flow at the VA and SC marshes,respectively. Horizontal flow, calculated as thedifference between measured total flow and calculatedvertical flow, was larger at the SC marsh. Therefore,tidal range seems to influence the direction(horizontal vs. vertical), but not the magnitude oftotal water flow from these developing marshes.Despite a lower tidal range, phosphate flux wassignificantly higher at the VA marsh (69 mmol m-2yr-1) relative to the SC marsh (11 mmol m-2yr-1) probably because of higher porewaterphosphate concentrations. Measured ammonium flux wasnot significantly different between the sites (194 and174 mmol m-2yr-1for the VA and SC marsh).Nutrient concentration must be considered togetherwith tidal range when assessing nutrient export. Thisstudy represents one of few that quantify nutrient andwater export from naturally-developing marshes.Although young marshes are thought to export smallquantities of nutrients and other materials, rates ofnutrient export from these developing marshes weresimilar to rates measured in older marshes. Therelatively high export rates from these developingmarshes were attributed to high rates of subsurfaceflow and high nutrient input from a buried marsh ormudflat located one meter below the present marshsurface. These results have implications fordevelopment of created or restored marshes especiallywhere the goals of those activities are to maximizewetland functions such as nutrient exchange.
Plenary Session III Sunday, April 2 nd , 2006, 9:00 am

One of the most daunting design tasks that man has confronted has been (and still remains) the replacement of diseased, deteriorated, or damaged body parts. This is particularly true of the development of cardiovascular devices, in which intuition, trial and error, and chance still play a prominent role. Unlike other engineering disciplines in which the practice of design is founded on proven principles of physics, the design of blood-wetted prosthetic devices still remains a black art. Consequently, the infiltration of modern prescriptive design methods has been slow.
PU.1, a Shared Transcriptional Regulator of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cell Fates

In the late 1980s many molecular biology laboratories were in search of tissue-specific transcription factors that regulated cell type-specific patterns of gene activity. The hope was that these key transcriptional regulatory proteins would provide molecular insight into the development and
Pseudoknot Identification through Learning TAGRNA

Studying the structure of RNA sequences is an important problem that helps in understanding the functional properties of RNA. Pseudoknot is one type of RNA structures that cannot be modeled with Context Free Grammars (CFG) because it exhibits crossing dependencies. Pseudoknot structures have functional importance since they appear, for example, in viral genome RNAs and ribozyme active sites. Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAG) is one example of a grammatical model that is more expressive than CFG and has the capability of dealing with crossing dependencies. In this paper, we describe a new inference algorithm for TAG RNA, a sub-model of TAG. We also introduce an RNA structure identification framework, TAG RNA Inf, within which the TAG RNA inference algorithm constitutes the core of the training phase. We present the results of using the proposed framework for identifying RNA sequences with pseudoknot structures. Our results outperform those reported in [14] for the same problem that employs a different grammatical formalism.
Fixity of facial expression following undermining of the skin over the nose

Abstract 1. 1. A waxy immobility of the tissues about the nose has often occurred after the operation for removal of nasal hump, in which the method of undermining the skin was used. 2. 2. It has been demonstrated that the condition of focal lack of facial motility following removal of nasal hump can be avoided by doing the entire operation by means of periosteal elevation.
Which Way Is Up? Thomas S. Kuhn’s Analogy to Conceptual Development in Childhood

In the Preface to his Structure Of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas S. Kuhn let it be known that his view of scientific development was indebted to the work of pioneering developmental psychologist Jean Piaget. Piaget’s model of conceptual development in childhood, on which the child passes through several discontinuous stages, served as the template for Kuhn’s reading of the history of a scientific discipline, on which mutually incommensurable periods of normal science are separated by scientific revolutions. The analogy to conceptual change in childhood pervades Kuhn’s corpus, serving as the central motif in his well-known essays, ‘A Function for Thought Experiments’ and’ second Thoughts on Paradigms’. But it is deeply problematic. For as a careful student of Piaget might note, Piaget, and the developmental psychologists he inspired, relied on the same analogy, but with the order of epistemic dependencies reversed. One begins to worry that Kuhn’s use of the analogy, and its subsequent re-use by developmental psychologists, sneaks a vicious circularity into our understanding of important processes. This circularity is grounds for some concern on the part of science educators accustomed to employing such Kuhnian notions as ‘incommensurability’ and ‘paradigm’.
Revealing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway of the human limbic system using high spatial resolution diffusion tensor tractography

The amygdala is known to have a role in core processes regulated by the limbic system such as motivation, memory, emotion, social behavior, self-awareness as well as certain primitive instincts. Several functional studies have investigated some of these brain tasks of the human limbic system. However, the underlying neuronal fiber connectivity of the amygdalo-diencephalon, as part of the limbic system, has not been delineated separately by prior diffusion-weighted imaging studies. The ability to trace the underlying fiber connections individually will be helpful in understanding the neurophysiology of these tracts in different functions. To date, few diffusion-weighted studies have focused on the amygdala, yet the fine connections of the amygdala, hypothalamus, septum or other adjacent limbic structures have yet to be elucidated by diffusion-weighted tractography studies. We therefore aimed to further investigate these fine neuronal connections using fiber tractography and high spatial resolution diffusion tensor imaging on 3T on 15 healthy right-handed male human subjects (age range 24–37 years). The ventral amygdalofugal pathway, anterior commissure and stria terminalis are the three main efferent pathways of the amygdala. We delineated the detailed trajectories of the ventral amygdalofugal tract, anterior commissure and their connections bilaterally in 15 normal adult human brains. Using a high-resolution diffusion tensor tractography technique, for the first time, we were able to demonstrate the trajectory of amygdalofugal tract and its connections to the hypothalamic and septal nuclei. We further revealed, for the first time, the close relationship of the amygdalofugal tract and anterior commissure with the fornix, stria terminalis and uncinate fasciculus bilaterally in 15 healthy adult human brains.
Benchmarks for scholarly investigations of teaching and learning

The scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) is a growing and vibrant field, and with that growth has come some serious reflection on the models we use to conduct SoTL and the robustness of thes...
Composition of freshly harvested and commercial royal jelly

SummaryRoyal jelly from Apis mellifera ligustica was examined by proximate analysis, amino acid analysis and chromatographic characterization of methylated fatty-acids using a pattern-recognition method. Crude protein was 11·9%, crude moisture 67·1% and crude lipid 4–3%. Amino acid analysis showed 17 standard protein amino acids and 5 unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds. Aspartic acid was the major amino acid, at 16·1% of the protein content. The major fatty-acid, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid was present at an average concentration of 50·3% of the total fatty acid content. The gross composition of 11 commercial royal jelly products was compared to that of the pure royal jelly used in this study. Six commercial royal jelly products were found to be adulterated.
Bipolar batteries based on Ebonex® technology

Abstract Continuing work by Atraverda on the production of a composite-laminate form of the Ebonex® material, that can be cheaply formulated and manufactured to form substrate plates for bipolar lead–acid batteries, is described. Ebonex® is the registered trade name of a range of titanium suboxide ceramic materials, typically Ti4O7 and Ti5O9, which combine electrical conductivity with high corrosion and oxidation resistance. Details of the structure of the composite, battery construction techniques and methods for filling and forming of batteries are discussed. In addition, lifetime and performance data obtained by Atraverda from laboratory bipolar lead–acid batteries and cells are presented. Battery production techniques for both conventional monopolar and bipolar batteries are reviewed. The findings indicate that substantial time and cost savings may be realised in the manufacture of bipolar batteries in comparison to conventional designs. This is due to the fewer processing steps required and more efficient formation. The results indicate that the use of Ebonex® composite material as a bipolar substrate will provide lightweight and durable high-voltage lead–acid batteries suitable for a wide range of applications including advanced automotive, stationary power and portable equipment.
Vocal cord paralysis after transcatheter coil embolization of patent ductus arteriosus

Abstract Background In patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) after Gianturco coil embolization, vocal cord paralysis (VCP) had not been previously described. This study investigates the risk factors of coil embolization associated with VCP. Methods We reviewed the medical records of all patients who had undergone transcatheter closure of PDA with a Gianturco coil between March 1998 and May 2001, and 75 patients (age range, 6 months to 55 years; mean age, 5.5 years) were identified. The procedure was performed with local anesthesia and with sedation in some young children. No patient required general anesthesia or endotracheal intubation. Results Three of the 75 patients had hoarseness caused by VCP after coil embolization. Patients with VCP had a longer ductus length ( P P Conclusions A long ductus length (≥12 mm) and a small ductus diameter (
Acceleration methods for Monte Carlo computer simulations

Abstract Recent developments in Monte Carlo methods for computer simulations of thermodynamic systems for the study of phase transitions have greatly improved the efficiency of this approach. This paper first describes the phenomenon of “critical slowing down,” which is both a very interesting physical phenomenon, and an important cause of inefficiency in standard Monte Carlo simulations. It then discusses a new approach to these simulations, which exploits a mapping between thermodynamic models and percolation models to construct a highly efficient simulation algorithm.
Commentary on Locurto's “beyond IQ in preschool programs?”

I apprecmte the opportumty Douglas Detterman has g~ven me to comment on Charles Locurto's (1991) Important article questioning the claims that preschool education has produced gains m scholastic achievement and social adjustment Intervention programs, which I wtll use as a general term for early and preschool intervention or education, but not day-care programs, are widely used m th~s country at a cost, m one estimate, of bdhons of dollars a year (White & Casto, 1985) Interventlomsts have led the effort to have children start pubhc school earlier, but of course their major focus ~s on using intervention as a prescnpUon for bemgnly influencing the mental abdlty, scholasuc achievement, and social adjustment of at-risk children The philosophical roots of this movement extend at least from 17th-century Locklan empmclsm to present-day behawonsm Locurto chose two well-known intervention projects as examples the Perry Preschool ProJect and the Mdwaukee Project Anyone who has carefully examreed these two projects, as Locurto has, must be astomshed at the clmms that have been made for them, as Locurto is He dehneated many of the errors and flaws that make those clmms suspect, and I intend to add to h~s hst (Spitz, 1986, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c) The myth that intervention really produces lasting effects of some consequence is w~despread and entrenched, m part because ~t is so desirable and seemingly obwous, but also because of the favorable pubhcity it has recewed (or m the case of the Perry Project, has actually created) m the medm and from many psychologists The Perry Project was featured m an April 1987 APA Momtor article titled "Prevention at Its Best" (Bales, 1987) Among other things at stake ~s the view, stdl cherished by some of us, that psychology is a science and therefore psychologists are cautious, submit their evidence for critical peer review, and do not go beyond the evidence or make claims based on inadequate or faulty data Such precautions are particularly important when conclustons influence public pohcy Consequently, we should &scuss every aspect of these programs, and point out the often unscientific basis of their conclusions Th~s ~s necessary also because, by ~ts nature, mtervenuon research ~s the
HINDERED SETTLING AND HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION IN QUIESCENT SEDIMENTING SUSPENSIONS

Abstract The motion of an individual sphere settling in the midst of a suspension of like spheres has been examined experimentally for suspensions with volume concentrations, φ, of 2.5–10%, under creeping flow conditions and in the absence of Brownian motion. In the experiments, silvered glass spheres were tracked in optically transparent suspensions of glass beads. Arrival times measured at a series of horizontal planes were converted into average settling speeds. These average speeds yield the hindered settling speed as a function of concentration. The hindered settling speed, normalized by the isolated sphere settling speed, exhibits a 1 − 4φ + 8φ 2 dependence for the range of concentrations investigated. The settling speed fluctuations are quite large, ranging up to 46% of the average, and have long-time (large settling distance) behavior characteristic of a Fickian diffusion process. Dispersion coefficients have therefore been determined from the asymptotic dependence upon settling distance of the variance in settling speed. These coefficients scale with the product of the hindered settling speed and the sphere radius. The dimensionless dispersion coefficients, all O(1) , increase with concentration for φ , then slightly decrease at higher concentrations. Verification of the scaling through the use of two particle sizes, care taken to mix the suspensions to random, uniform initial conditions, and the robustness of the statistics over many realizations preclude the possibility of this phenomenon being an experimental artifact and support the hypothesis that hydrodynamic dispersion of suspended particles will result from viscous interactions between the particles.
B-flow, a non-Doppler technology for flow mapping: early experience in the abdomen.

B-flow imaging is a non-Doppler technology for blood flow imaging that was introduced on high-frequency transducers at the end of the last decade. It has only recently become available on convex array and sector transducers suitable for abdominal examina- tion. B-flow technology is not plagued by some of the troublesome pitfalls often encountered during color and power Doppler flow im- aging, and appears promising as an adjunct to Doppler evaluation of blood flow in the abdomen. This article introduces the author's early experience using B-flow in the abdomen, and illustrates the potential advantages this technique offers relative to Doppler flow mapping.
Violence and aggression in the lives of homeless children: A review

The present review examines the role of violence and aggression in the lives of children in homeless families, focusing on possible connections among family violence and isolation, children's aggression, and children's problems with social isolation and rejection. Exposure to violence appears to come from violence in homeless environments and families as well as from aggression in parent-child relationships; that violence leads to further negative consequences for children through the social isolation that it produces. Diverse consequences of violence and aggression in the lives of homeless children include behavior problems, aggression in peer interactions, social isolation and rejection, and diverse other consequences arising from problematic parenting. The prevalence of aggression for homeless children is further reinforced by the diversity of sources of increased vulnerability to aggression. Different theories relevant to addressing sources of youth violence converge in predicting aggression among homeless youth; identified risk factors for youth violence overlap with risks linked to homelessness. Yet, pervasive violence may characterize the lives of many housed children living in extreme poverty as well. Overall, conclusions reached in this review emphasize the need to address violence and aggression in intervention programs for homeless children.
Effects of dietary vitamin E, selenium, and polyunsaturated fats on in vivo lipid peroxidation in the rat as measured by pentane production

Starting at 21 days of age, groups of six rats each were fed a basal Torula yeast diet supplemented with 0,4% L-methionine and varying amounts of vitamin E as dl-alpha tocopherol acetate, selenium as sodium selenite, and with either 10% stripped corn oil, stripped lard, or coconut oil. By 7 wk, pentane production by rats fed a corn oil diet deficient in both vitamin E and selenium was twice that by rats fed 0.1 or 1 mg of selenium per kg of the same basal diet. Blood glutathione peroxidase activity after 7 wk was proportional to the logarithm of dietary selenium. Groups of rats fed the vitamin E- and selenium-deficient diets with lard or coconut oil had one-half the pentane production of rats fed the vitamin E- and selenium-deficient corn oil diets. The plasma level of linoleic plus arachidonic acid was 1.8 times greater on a wt % basis in rats fed corn oil than in rats fed lard or coconut oil as the fat source. Pentane production by rats fed 40 i.u. dl-alpha tocopherol acetate per kg of the selenium-deficient corn oil diet was one-sixth of that by rats fed the same diet without vitamin E; the plasma of the rats fed the vitamin E-supplemented corn oil diet had a level of vitamin E that was about six times greater than that of the rats fed the vitamin E-deficient corn oil diet.
Hypomyelination alters K+ channel expression in mouse mutants shiverer and Trembler

Voltage-gated K+ channels are localized to juxtaparanodal regions of myelinated axons. To begin to understand the role of normal compact myelin in this localization, we examined mKv1.1 and mKv1.2 expression in the dysmyelinating mouse mutants shiverer and Trembler. In neonatal wild-type and shiverer mice, the focal localization of both proteins in axon fiber tracts is similar, suggesting that cues other than mature myelin can direct initial K+ channel localization in shiverer mutants. In contrast, K+ channel localization is altered in hypomyelinated axonal fiber tracts of adult mutants, suggesting that abnormal myelination leads to channel redistribution. In shiverer adult, K+ channel expression is up-regulated in both axons and glia, as revealed by immunocytochemistry, RNase protection, and in situ hybridization studies. This up-regulation of K+ channels in hypomyelinated axon tracts may reflect a compensatory reorganization of ionic currents, allowing impulse conduction to occur in these dysmyelinating mouse mutants.
Unrelated Donor Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Is Underused as a Curative Therapy in Eligible Patients from the United States

Abstract Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) is a curative therapy for hematologic disorders including acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic and myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and myelodysplastic syndrome. To determine the utilization of alloHCT from unrelated donors (URDs) in the United States, we calculated the number of patients diagnosed with hematologic disorders age 20 to 74 years based on 2004 to 2008 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results and 2007 US Census data, estimated the percentage of patients who would be eligible for URD alloHCT after discounting the mortality rate during induction therapy and the rate of severe comorbidities, and compared these with the actual 2007 alloHCTs facilitated by the National Marrow Donor Program. We found that the number of URD alloHCT as a percentage of the estimated potential transplantations ranged from 11% for multiple myeloma to 54% for chronic myeloid leukemia, with an average percentage of 26% for all the disorders considered. In an analysis stratified by age groups (20 to 44, 45 to 64, and 65 to 74 years), the utilization of URD alloHCT was higher in younger patients than in older patients for all disorders. Of acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia patients, approximately 66% underwent URD alloHCT later in the course of their disease (in second or greater complete remission). URD alloHCT is likely underused for potentially curable hematologic disorders, particularly in older patients. Understanding the reasons for low use of alloHCT may lead to strategies to expand the use of this curative therapy for more patients with hematologic disorders.
Neu is not involved in N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide- induced bladder carcinoma or 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole transformation of rat bladder epithelial cells.

Enhanced c-erbB-2/neu expression has been linked with a poor prognosis in human bladder cancer. Previous reports have shown that a point mutation at nucleotide T2012 in the coding region of the transmembrane domain of the rat gene is sufficient to confer transformation potential on this gene. We examined the comparative levels of p185neu as well as the sequence around the hotspot (T2012) of the neu gene of rat bladder cells transformed by 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (ANFT) or established in culture from N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT)-induced rat bladder tumors. We concluded that increased p185neu expression did not correlate significantly with tumorigenicity. No alterations in nucleotide sequences of the neu gene were observed in either in vitro model.
Romance, recovery and community re-entry for criminal justice-involved women: conceptualizing and measuring intimate relationship factors and power

Researchers have suggested that interpersonal relationships, particularly romantic relationships, may influence women's attempts at substance abuse recovery and community re-entry after criminal justice system involvement. The present paper evaluates relational and power theories to conceptualize the influence of romantic partner and romantic relationship qualities on pathways in and out of substance abuse and crime. The paper then combines these conceptualizations with a complementary empirical analysis to describe an ongoing research project that longitudinally investigates these relational and power driven factors on women's substance abuse recovery and community re-entry success among former substance abusing, recently criminally involved women. This paper is designed to encourage the integration of theory and empirical analysis by detailing how each of these concepts are operationalized and measured. Future research and clinical implications are also discussed.
Rapid quantitative determination of C-reactive protein at chair side in dental emergency patients

Objectives The objective of this study was to quantitatively determine, at chair side, the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in dental emergency patients. Study design Quantitative CRP test was performed at chair side in 40 patients with acute alveolar abscess (AAA), acute periodontal abscess (APA), and alveolar osteitis (AO) at the time of dental emergency treatment and 1 week after. CRP levels were compared between groups and before and after treatments using ANOVA and Fisher’s Exact tests. Results Serum CRP levels were greater than 5 mg/L in 30 (75%) of the 40 patients. At 1-week follow-up, the decline in CRP levels was evident in the AAA group ( P P > .05). Conclusion Serum CRP levels are often elevated in patients with odontogenic infections and postoperative complications. Rapid reduction in serum CRP levels was likely to occur following successful treatment of AAA, but less likely to occur in APA and AO.
George Bellamy Mackaness. 20 August 1922 — 4 March 2007

George Mackaness was an Australian immunologist, educated in Sydney, London and Oxford, who spent his professional career working in Australia and the USA. He is prominently recognized for his work elucidating the life history of the macrophage, the cell in animals so important in combating infection. Mackaness is credited with coining the term ‘activated macrophage’ to denote the enhanced abilities of a macrophage subset that he defined as particularly significant in controlling intracellular infections, of which tuberculosis (TB) is perhaps the most important. In collaboration with students and colleagues over many years, Mackaness built a body of work that better characterized the cellular immune response as complementary to the previously known humoral, or antibody, response and contributed to an understanding of the intercellular communications necessary in initiating and maintaining an effective immune response. In the end, he brought broad attention to the process by which blood monocytes gain increased destructive attributes as a necessary part of the immune response to intracellular infectious agents. Mackaness began his research career during the dawn of antibiotics and contributed importantly to the development of several novel antibiotics for the treatment of TB, among them isoniazid, which is still used to great effect. Less appreciated were his mid-career contributions to heart disease and his later role in bringing the first new class of therapeutics to clinical practice that changed and greatly improved the prevention and treatment of hypertension, stroke, kidney disease, heart attack and congestive heart failure.
Connotative Meaning of Time among Egyptian and American Students

Abstract The connotative meaning of time was investigated in Egyptian and American university students. A factor analysis of 16 semantic differential scales disclosed that both groups construed time in a somewhat similar fashion. A multivariate analysis of the scales revealed that the Egyptians described time in more favorable terms than did the Americans. In contrast, the Americans reported time to be more predictable and more understandable than did the Egyptians.
The effect of d + d final-state interactions on the 4He(γ, d)2H cross section

Abstract The cross section for the reaction 4 He(γ, d) 2 H has been calculated using the relative function for the final state deuterons obtained from a previous resonating-group calculation. It is found that the present calculation, which employs an Irving-Gunn function that gives the proper rms radius for 4 He, agrees with the experimental data, while a calculation using a plane wave relative function cannot fit all the data even when the α-particle size is treated as a variable parameter.
The Influence of Manager Behavior on Nurses' Job Satisfaction, Productivity, and Commitment

How do managers influence their nurses' job satisfaction, productivity, and commitment to the organization? The author discusses the findings of her study, drawing comparisons to other studies and suggesting implications for improving managerial supervision, organizational performance, and outcomes.
Photoimmunotherapy and biodistribution with an OC125-chlorin immunoconjugate in an in vivo murine ovarian cancer model

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an experimental approach to the treatment of neoplasms in which photosensitisers (PSs) accumulated in malignant tissues are photoactivated with appropriate wavelengths of light. The target specificity of PSs may be improved by linking them with carrier macromolecules such as monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). OC125 is a murine MAb that recognises the antigen CA 125, which is expressed on 80% of non-mucinous ovarian tumours. A chlorin derivative conjugated to OC125 was shown to be selectively phototoxic to ovarian cancer and other CA 125-positive cells in vitro and ex vivo. We now report in vivo studies using an ascitic Balb/c nude mouse ovarian cancer model. Ascites was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cells from the human ovarian cancer cell line NIH:OVCAR3. Six weeks after injection, when the animals had developed ascites, biodistribution studies were carried out by injecting the immunoconjugate (IC) or free PS intraperitoneally and sacrificing the animals at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h later. The PS was quantitated by extraction and fluorescence spectroscopy. For both the IC and free PS, peak tumour concentrations were reached at 24 h; however, the absolute concentrations for the IC were always higher (2- to 3-fold) than the free PS. Tumour to non-tumour ratios at 24 h for the IC were 6.8 for blood, 6.5 for liver, 7.2 for kidney, 5.7 for skin and 3.5 for intestine. Evaluation of viable tumour cells in ascites following in vivo PDT with a single light exposure demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship with fluence and IC concentration. However, there was significant treatment-related toxicity at all fluences. With multiple low-dose treatments, the percentage of viable tumour cells was also significantly reduced and there were no treatment-related deaths. These data suggest that, while photoimmunotherapy remains promising as a new treatment modality for ovarian cancers, careful quantitative dosimetry of both IC and light may need to be combined with multiple treatments (as with radiation therapy and chemotherapy) to control malignant disease yet maintain acceptable toxicity in vivo.
Mechanism of postextrasystolic potentiation in the right ventricle.

The mechanism of postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP) has been studied in the left ventricle in humans; however, this phenomenon has not been evaluated in the right ventricle. Accordingly, 18 sinus beats were compared to postextrasystolic beats during the same cineventriculogram using simultaneous high-fidelity right ventricular (RV) and pulmonary artery pressures and cast-validated biplane cineventriculographic volumes in normal patients. The increase in cycle length was 22 ± 12% (standard deviation) in the postextrasystolic beats. Right ventricular ejection fraction increased from 61 ± 10 to 68 ± 4% (p < 0.001) and RV stroke volume increased from 99 ± 18 to 128 ± 20 ml (p < 0.001) due to an increase in RV end-diastolic volume (165 ± 34 to 189 ± 30 ml, p < 0.001) as RV end-systolic volume (65 ± 24 to 61 ± 17 ml, difference not significant) and RV end-systolic pressure (16 ± 7 to 17 ± 6 mm Hg, difference not significant) remained unchanged. Despite an increase in RV systolic pressure from 29 ± 7 to 31 ± 7 mm Hg (p < 0.01) and an increase in RV end-diastolic pressure from 8 ± 4 to 10 ± 5 mm Hg (p < 0.001), RV +dPdtmax did not change (318 ± 102 to 294 ± 82 mm Hg/s, difference not significant). However, the difference between pulmonary artery diastolic pressure and RV end-diastolic pressure decreased from control (10 ± 4 mm Hg) to postextrasystolic beat (5 ± 3 mm Hg, range 0 to 10, p < 0.001) and dPdtmax occurred after pulmonic valve opening in 14 of 15 beats where simultaneous high-fidelity pulmonary artery pressure was recorded. These data indicate that the mechanism of PESP in the right ventricle may result from a preload-dependent mechanism rather than enhanced contractility because end-diastolic volume and stroke volume increase as end-systolic volume is unchanged. In the right ventricle peak +dPdtmax cannot be used as an index of contractility because developed pressure is small and dPdtmax is not isovolumic.
What’s New in Brazil’s New Social Movements?

The concept of “new social movements,” characterized by a focus on identity, cannot readily be transferred to a Latin American context. Latin America never experienced the postmaterialist turn that led some to call certain European social movements “new.” In addition, as the case of black organizing in Brazil demonstrates, identity-based Latin American social movements are much older than the literature suggests. What was indeed a Latin American novelty of the 1980s was the massive emergence of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). In the case of Brazil, these organizations emerged in response to new financial opportunities provided by international donors and the coercive and paternalistic actions of states, a reality that the concept of new social movements is unable to capture. Both the long history of identity-based organizing and the emergence of NGOs can be explained by focusing on political opportunities and changing protest repertoires.
Sign Data Derivative Recovery

Given only the signs of signal plus noise added repetitively or sign data, signal amplitudes can be recovered with minimal variance. However, discrete derivatives of the signal are recovered from sign data with a variance which approaches infinity with decreasing step size and increasing order. For industries such as the seismic industry, which exploits amplitude recovery from sign data, these results place constraints on processing, which includes differentiation of the data. While methods for smoothing noisy data for finite difference calculations are known, sign data requires noisy data. In this paper, we derive the expectation values of continuous and discrete sign data derivatives and we explicitly characterize the variance of discrete sign data derivatives.
Prostaglandin E2 potentiation of P2X3 receptor mediated currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a well-known inflammatory mediator that enhances the excitability of DRG neurons. Homomeric P2X3 and heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors are abundantly expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and participate in the transmission of nociceptive signals. The interaction between PGE2 and P2X3 receptors has not been well delineated. We studied the actions of PGE2 on ATP-activated currents in dissociated DRG neurons under voltage-clamp conditions. PGE2 had no effects on P2X2/3 receptor-mediated responses, but significantly potentiated fast-inactivating ATP currents mediated by homomeric P2X3 receptors. PGE2 exerted its action by activating EP3 receptors. To study the mechanism underlying the action of PGE2, we found that the adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin and the membrane-permeable cAMP analogue, 8-Br-cAMP increased ATP currents, mimicking the effect of PGE2. In addition, forskolin occluded the enhancement produced by PGE2. The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, H89 and PKA-I blocked the PGE2 effect. In contrast, the PKC inhibitor, bisindolymaleimide (Bis) did not change the potentiating action of PGE2. We further showed that PGE2 enhanced α,β-meATP-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia and the enhancement was blocked by H89. These observations suggest that PGE2 binds to EP3 receptors, resulting in the activation of cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and leading to an enhancement of P2X3 homomeric receptor-mediated ATP responses in DRG neurons.
Rank-One Round Robin Designs

Abstract A class of analysis of variance models is proposed for analyzing round robin interaction data, where the actor and partner effects of any member are linearly related, thus forcing the covariance matrix of these effects to have rank one. Such data arise frequently in applications, for instance, in sociometric studies on structures of social relationships. A factor analytic approach is proposed for studying these models. Statistical inference about the linear effects is discussed and a convergent algorithm is presented for obtaining the maximum likelihood estimates of the covariance components. A data set is analyzed using the methodology developed.
Postmenopausal Function in Context: Biocultural Observations on Amish, Neighboring Non-Amish, and Ifugao Household Health

Ecological approaches to female post-reproductive function must consider the social context and microenvironment of the household. A model integrating these environmental factors into the analysis of late-life well-being (operationally defined as household health) is presented and explored in three settings: an Old Order Amish community, the neighboring community of non-Amish, and an Ifugao community in the Philippine highlands. Intensive interview and observation of function were completed in a sample of at least 25 households in each community. The complex interaction of social and biological factors is explored in case studies and through multiple regression analysis with household health as the dependent variable. The results emphasize the importance of social support and assessing capabilities within the household. The results also suggest the need for natural field observation of work to better understand the influence of pacing and scheduling, necessity of work, and the role of environmental modification in postmenopausal function. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:521–530, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phase I and pharmacokinetic evaluation of floxuridine/leucovorin given on the Roswell Park weekly regimen

A phase I and pharmacokinetics study was carried out of floxuridine (FdUrd) modulated by leucovorin (LV) given on the Roswell Park regimen (LV given at 500 mg/m2 by 2-h infusion and FdUrd given by i.v. push at 1 h after the start of LV infusion, treatment being given weekly×6). The dose-limiting toxicity was diarrhea; the MTD and recommended dose for phase II studies was 1,650 mg/m2 per week of FdUrd. The dose-response curve was steep, with 3/3 patients treated at a dose of 1,750 mg/m2 developing grade IV diarrhea. With this schedule there was no significant mucositis. Pharmacokinetic parameters showed very wide interpatient variability. Plasma decay was biphasic with at1/2β of approximately 2 h. Plasma clearance was high (>200 l h−1). No correlation between pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicity could be identified.
Complex patterns of speciation in cosmopolitan "rock posy" lichens--discovering and delimiting cryptic fungal species in the lichen-forming Rhizoplaca melanophthalma species-complex (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota).

Abstract A growing body of evidence indicates that in some cases morphology-based species circumscription of lichenized fungi misrepresents the number of existing species. The cosmopolitan “rock posy” lichen ( Rhizoplaca melanophthalma ) species-complex includes a number of morphologically distinct species that are both geographically and ecologically widespread, providing a model system to evaluate speciation in lichen-forming ascomycetes. In this study, we assembled multiple lines of evidence from nuclear DNA sequence data, morphology, and biochemistry for species delimitation in the R. melanophthalma species-complex. We identify a total of ten candidate species in this study, four of which were previously recognized as distinct taxa and six previously unrecognized lineages found within what has been thus far considered a single species. Candidate species are supported using inferences from multiple empirical operational criteria. Multiple instances of sympatry support the view that these lineages merit recognition as distinct taxa. Generally, we found little corroboration between morphological and chemical characters, and previously unidentified lineages were morphologically polymorphic. However, secondary metabolite data supported one cryptic saxicolous lineage, characterized by orsellinic-derived gyrophoric and lecanoric acids, which we consider to be taxonomically significant. Our study of the R. melanophthalma species-complex indicates that the genus Rhizoplaca , as presently circumscribed, is more diverse in western North American than originally perceived, and we present our analyses as a working example of species delimitation in morphologically cryptic and recently diverged lichenized fungi.