cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of A Novel Disc Formulation on Dry Mouth Symptoms and Enamel Remineralization in Patients With Hyposalivation: An In Vivo Study.

Background: The goal of this study was to identify the in vivo effects in patients with hyposalivation of a novel slowly dissolving adhering test disc upon on enamel remineralization, oral biofilm, salivary production, pH and buffering, gingival health, and on self-evaluation of oral well-being. Methods: Five subjects with xerostomia wore custom made retainers carrying 5 demineralized enamel chips for periods of 1 week each. In 1 study arm, subjects used the test agent plus oral hygiene self-care; in the other they used oral hygiene self-care only, with a 1 week washout in between arms. The treatment sequence was randomized. Before and after each study arm Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI) and Sulcus Bleeding Index (mSBI) were recorded. Clinical plaque staining was quantified using digital image analysis. Saliva production, pH and buffering capacity were recorded. Subjects completed a self -evaluation questionnaire for oral comfort. Enamel samples underwent standardized Knoop microhardness testing to quantify mineralization status. Results: Plaque presence and clinical Plaque Indices decreased significantly with test agent use (p<0.05). Fiveminute saliva production almost doubled 10 and 40 minutes after oral test disc insertion (significant, p<0.05). Salivary pH buffering improved in 4/5 subjects with disc use. All demineralized tooth samples re-hardened intraorally (p>0.05). The discs favorably impacted eating problems and dental sensitivity. Subjects were positive about disc flavor and mouth feel. Conclusion: Using established in vivo techniques, the effects of a novel product in xerostomic patients were evaluated and quantified. The adhering disc facilitated eating, reduced dental sensitivity, improved saliva production and buffering capacity, reduced plaque, and alleviated xerostomia symptoms. Clinical Relevance: Xerostomia management is challenging. A novel dry mouth disc was effective in alleviating dry mouth symptoms.
Inverse Correlation: Comparative Philosophy in an Upside Down World

Kitarō Nishida introduces the concept of “inverse correlation” (Jp. gyakutaiō 逆対応) in his final work, The Logic of Place and the Religious Worldview, which he uses to illuminate the relation between finite and infinite, human and divine/buddha, such that the greater the realization of human limitation and finitude, the greater that of the limitless, infinite divine or buddhahood. This essay explores the applicability of the logic and rhetoric of inverse correlation in the cases of the early Daoist Zhuangzi, medieval Japanese Buddhist Shinran, and modern Protestant Christian Kierkegaard, as well as broader ramifications for contemporary philosophy of religion.
Effects of tagcloud-anchored group discussions on pre-service teachers’ collaborative knowledge construction

Group discussions are critical for students constructing new understanding and knowledge in both classroom and distance education. Tagclouds can provide an intuitive overview about the group’s collective knowledge and could potentially be used as an anchor for group discussions. The effect of using tagclouds as anchors for group discussions was examined. Thirty-two pre-service teachers were randomly assigned into six groups, and they blogged for five weeks. At the end of the blogging activity, three groups were randomly selected to participate in tagcloud-anchored discussions. Evidence of knowledge construction was collected from participants’ concept maps, individual blog tags and group tagclouds. The result indicates tagcloud-anchored group discussions facilitated and enhanced the quality of knowledge construction as exhibited in their concept maps.
This Is Your New Normal: A Qualitative Study Of Barriers And Facilitators To Physical Activity In Veterans With Lower Extremity Loss

Abstract Background Regular physical activity (PA) is essential for aging well with a disability, preventing the onset or worsening of chronic conditions, functional loss, and maintaining or improving quality of life, yet PA levels are low in those with disabilities, including those with a lower extremity amputation (LEA). Objective To determine methods for promoting PA in this population, our objective was to better understand the barriers and facilitators to PA that persons with LEA face. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with male Veterans with a LEA. Two raters analyzed interview transcripts using a qualitative descriptive approach, involving both a priori and emergent themes. Results Among the 27 male Veterans (mean age = 54 years) interviewed, facilitators to PA included acceptance of their limb loss, confidence (to try new activities or adapt activities), creating a daily routine involving PA, resources, supportive others, perceived benefit, and having a history of being physically active. Barriers to PA were illnesses/injuries, poorly-fitting prostheses, low self-efficacy, insufficient resources, unsupportive others, and hassle. Conclusions Our study builds upon the literature indicating that individual, interpersonal, and environmental factors should be addressed to increase adoption and maintenance of PA, including making PA a regular, low-hassle activity, increasing access to resources that facilitate PA, and training health care providers, family and friends on how to best to support those with LEA to be more physically active. Addressing prosthetic socket issues that affect fit and stability and promoting acceptance and self-efficacy will also be instrumental.
Fine social aspiration: Twitter as a voice for cytopathology

Social media is an influential tool that has the power to transform cytopathology. Twitter is being used more and more to share cutting-edge updates from pathology meetings ("live-tweeting"). Modern smartphones can now take high resolution microscopic photographs and easily transmit them worldwide via Twitter, Facebook, and other social media, allowing cytopathologists to share educational pearls and discuss difficult cases on a global scale like never before. Social media also allows cytopathologists to share a behind-the-scenes look at their subspecialty with other physicians and even the non-medical public, helping them to better understand the crucial importance of cytopathology in modern medicine. This could positively impact rapport with other specialties, influence policy making, and possibly even improve delivery of patient care. Rare disease patient communities are being formed by patients on Facebook. By joining and volunteering with these patient groups, cytopathologists would have further opportunity to interact directly with patients and their family members, explaining the role of cytopathology in patient care and helping patients to better understand their own diseases. Social media enables cytopathologists and their colleagues in other pathology subspecialties to easily and rapidly form a broad and diverse worldwide network with one another. The authors believe that this is the key to a bright future for our specialty, a strong unified global community of pathologists all working together for education, patient advocacy, and outstanding patient care. Social media can allow us to build that community, strengthen its bonds, and harness its power like never before in history. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:705-713. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional Membrane Phospholipid Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease

Regional levels of membrane phospholipids [phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylcholine (PC)] were measured in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and control subjects. The levels of PE-derived and PI-derived total fatty acids were significantly decreased in the hippocampus of AD subjects. Here significant decreases were found in PE-derived stearic, oleic and arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, and in PI-derived oleic and arachidonic acids. In the inferior parietal lobule of AD subjects, significant decreases were found only in PE and those decreases were contributed by stearic, oleic and arachidonic acids. In the superior and middle temporal gyri and cerebellum of AD subjects, no significant decreases were found in PC-, PE- and PI-derived fatty acids. The decrease of PE and PI, which are rich in oxidizable arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, but not of PC, which contains lesser amounts of these fatty acids, suggests a role for oxidative stress in the increased degradation of brain phospholipids in AD.
An Implicit Projected Argument in Spanish Impersonal‐ and Passive‐Se Constructions

This article argues for the presence of an implicit projected argument in Spec,Voice in Spanish impersonal- and passive-se constructions. The main empirical support comes from an available inalienable-possession interpretation of the sole overt DP when it is a body part in both constructions. This interpretation is only possible in the presence of a syntactically present c-commanding possessor. I argue that the implicit projected external argument serves as the inalienable possessor of the body part. Neither the periphrastic passive nor the anticausative-se construction in Spanish allows an inalienable-possession interpretation of the sole overt DP when it is a body part. In these instances, I claim, no implicit argument projects in Spec,Voice. I discuss how the presence of a projected argument in Spec,Voice is responsible for by-phrase restrictions in impersonal- and passive-se constructions and person restrictions in passive-se constructions; the lack of a projected implicit argument in Spec,Voice of both the periphrastic passive and the anticausative-se construction is responsible for the lack of the person restrictions in both, and the lack of by-phrase restrictions in the periphrastic passive.
Sex Attractant Pheromones of Virgin Queens of Sympatric Slave-Making Ant Species in the Genus Polyergus, and their Possible Roles in Reproductive Isolation

Species of the ant genus Polyergus are social parasites that steal brood from colonies of their hosts in the closely related genus Formica. Upon emergence as adults in a mixed population, host Formica workers carry out all the normal worker functions within the Polyergus colony, including foraging, feeding, grooming, and rearing brood of the parasitic Polyergus ants. Some unmated Polyergus gynes (queens) run in the raiding columns of their colonies and attract males by releasing a pheromone from their mandibular glands. There are two Polyergus species groups in North America: an eastern P. lucidus group and a western P. breviceps group. One species of each of these groups, P. lucidus Mayr and P. mexicanus Emery, are sympatric in Missouri. In this study, we characterized the sex pheromones of virgin queens of two species of the P. lucidus group (P. lucidus sensu stricto and P. sanwaldi) and one species of the P. breviceps group (P. mexicanus), and compared these with the previously identified sex pheromone of P. topoffi of the P. breviceps group. We then used sex pheromone blends reconstructed from synthesized components of the two groups to test their efficacy at reproductively isolating these species. We found that methyl 6-methylsalicylate is conserved as the major component of the pheromone blends for both Polyergus species groups; however, methyl (R)-3-ethyl-4-methylpentanoate is the species-specific minor component produced by P. lucidus group queens, and (R)-3-ethyl-4-methylpentan-1-ol is the crucial minor component for P. breviceps group queens. The optimal ratio of the major and minor components for P. lucidus group queens was about 100:1 salicylate to ester. In concurrent field trials in Missouri, males of P. lucidus sensu stricto and P. mexicanus (a member of the P. breviceps group) were attracted almost exclusively to their particular blends of sex pheromone components. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a possible sex-pheromone-based reproductive isolating mechanism in ants.
Solar irradiance forecast using aerosols measurements: A data driven approach

Abstract The use of renewable energy resources has grown several fold in the last two decades. One of the main challenges is the uncertainty in their output power due to fluctuating meteorological conditions like sunshine intensity, cloud cover and humidity. In desert areas, another parameter that has a significant impact on solar irradiance is dust, which has been neglected in many studies. In this work, an hour-ahead solar irradiance forecasting model is proposed, this model utilizes both Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and the Angstrom Exponent data observed from a ground station at the previous hour. The proposed model was tested under different widely used data driven forecasting models, including Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Regression (SVR), k-nearest neighbors (kNN) and decision tree regression. Applying the MLP model using data from Saudi Arabia shows a root mean square average error of under 4% and forecast skill of over 42% for one-hour ahead forecast. The proposed forecasting model demonstrates a superior accuracy compared to other models when tested and verified under different feature selection schemes. The MLP model is especially applicable for desert areas under clear sky conditions, where dust storms are frequent and AOD in the air is high (>0.4).
Interferon-α-2b and ribavirin for retreatment of chronic hepatitis C

BACKGROUND/AIMS Subjects with chronic hepatitis C who fail treatment with interferon-alpha are generally divided into two groups: "relapsers" who normalized serum aminotransferase activity and have undetectable viral RNA during treatment and "non-responders" who do not achieve these results. The aim of this study was to examine retreatment of such subjects. METHODOLOGY We studied 117 subjects with chronic hepatitis C who failed treatment with interferon-alpha, 87 of whom were "non-responders" and 30 "relapsers." Retreatment was with either interferon-alpha-2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or with interferon-alpha-2b plus placebo for 24 weeks followed by 24 weeks of combined therapy. RESULTS Sustained response rates, defined as undetectable viral RNA in serum 6 months after retreatment, were 53% in "relapsers" and 10% in "non-responders" (P < 0.005). There was no significant difference if ribavirin was given for 24 or 48 weeks. In "non-responders" infected with genotypes other than type 1, 42% achieved a sustained response compared to 5% infected with genotype 1 (P = 0.027; odds ratio 7.09). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with interferon-alpha-2b plus ribavirin is effective in approximately 50% of "relapsers" and "non-responders" infected with non-type 1 genotypes of hepatitis C virus. This therapy is only marginally effective in "non-responders" infected with genotype 1a or 1b.
NATURAL MODES OF GENETIC EXCHANGE AND CHANGE

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the natural modes of genetic exchange and change. The natural mode of genetic exchange is mutation, which creates variation among individuals within a species. The total number of gene combinations potentially constructible by the action of genetic exchange within known populations is enormous. The chapter provides information derived from laboratory studies on genetic exchanges in prokaryotes, both intra and inter-specific. The transfer of genes between bacteria takes place in the laboratory by at least four different mechanisms—transformation, transduction, conjugation, and cell fusion. The chapter describes barriers to transfer and establishment of DNA. Genes can sometimes be transferred between distantly related organisms, but exchange between close relatives is more common. The factors limiting exchange in the former case is considered as barriers to free exchange. These include the properties of cell surface; restriction enzymes; incompatibility between entering and resident plasmids; and lack of homology in base sequence.
Correlates of sexual risk for HIV infection in female members of heterosexual California Latino couples: an application of a Bernoulli process model.

Individual HIV risk estimates were generated from reported sexual behavior for 1,146 California Latino Couples Study participants (573 couples). These Bernoulli process model-based estimates proved strongly associated with individual sexually transmitted disease history. Mean estimated background risk from sexual contacts other than with their primary partner was substantially lower for the females than the males (1.4 vs. 7.4 per 10,000). After including their chance of infection from each other, mean net estimated risk was higher for the females than the males (9.2 vs. 8.6 per 10,000). Individual background risk was predicted by individual demographic and psychosocial characteristics (females: coefficient of concordance C = 0.84 predicting any (nonzero) risk; adjusted R 2 = 36% predicting level of risk, given any risk; males: C = 0.78; R 2 = 24%). Characteristics of women with higher risk primary partners were also identifiable (C = 0.65; R 2 = 13%). There was no significant negative association between the male partner's background sexual risk and the aggregate infectivity of the woman from him (taking into account the total number of their condom-protected and unprotected acts of different types).
Active Imagination, Guided Daydreams, and Dreams

A male art therapy student illustrates the following dreams with two drawings: “My friend and I are diving into deep water to retrieve treasure from a sunken ship. There are sharks in the water threatening us, but we proceed with the diving. The scene changes and my friend and I are in a small boat being pursued by several boats with policemen” (Figs. 7.1 and 7.2).
Laparoscopic and Robotic Reconstruction of the Upper Genitourinary Tract

Reconstructive surgery of the upper urinary tract has historically been performed as an open surgical operation. Reasons for this included a combination of previously insufficient laparoscopic equipment and the mastering of a skill set with a steep learning curve (i.e., intracorporal suturing). As laparoscopic technology has advanced, and perhaps even more significantly with the addition of robotic assistance, minimally invasive approaches in upper tract urologic reconstruction have increased in scope. Currently, even uncommon and challenging reconstructive cases are being performed in a minimally invasive manner. This chapter seeks to discuss some of the less common minimally invasive reconstructive surgeries being performed by providing a detailed description of each in combination with a list of necessary equipment. Specific topics covered include distal ureteral reconstruction (ureteroneocystostomy, psoas hitch, Boari flap), ureteroneocystostomy, retrocaval ureter, and nephropexy. A brief review of the literature is also covered where applicable.
How would we combat menopause as an Alzheimer's risk factor?

Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and the sixth leading cause of death in Western societies, affecting over 50 million people worldwide, and projected to nearl...
HPV Knowledge and Attitudes Among Medical and Professional Students at a Nevada University: A Focus on Oropharyngeal Cancer and Mandating the Vaccine

Medical professionals and students often feel as if they do not have enough understanding of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in order to recommend or obtain vaccination themselves. A 25-question online survey regarding knowledge and attitudes about the HPV vaccine was distributed among professional students, including all classes of medical students, at a Nevada university. First- and second-year medical students were administered the same survey 1 week after a new vaccine workshop. One third of respondents were aware of the link between HPV and oropharyngeal cancer, and 63% believed that the HPV vaccine should be mandatory. Reported full vaccination status (OR = 2.63 compared with no vaccination, 95% CI = 1.53, 4.53), awareness of the link to oropharyngeal cancer (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.04, 3.29), and female sex (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.00, 2.70) positively predicted whether a student believed the HPV vaccine should be mandatory. After an interactive workshop, first- and second-year medical students improved on HPV knowledge questions, comfort in HPV vaccine counseling, and having enough information to counsel on the HPV vaccine. Post-test knowledge scores surpassed those of current third- and fourth-year medical students, who never underwent such curriculum. Medical, physician assistant, graduate, and undergraduate students lack HPV knowledge, with a low percentage aware of oropharyngeal cancer as a result of HPV infection. An interactive curriculum implemented for first- and second-year medical students improved knowledge and comfort in counseling on HPV vaccination.
Directions in 3-D printed RF systems for space applications

This paper explores the potential of a 3-D printing technology for the development of radio frequency (RF) systems with applications in small satellites in a low Earth orbit. 3-D printed materials must survive the harsh environment of space and meet the operational requirements of the spacecraft. The results of a material study and the development of RF 3-D printed circuits are summarized.
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Modulates CD94+ (KLRD1+) NK Cells in Rhesus Macaques.

Recently, we and others have shown that natural killer (NK) cells exhibit memory-like recall responses against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human immunodeficiency/virus simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infections. Although the mechanism(s) have not been fully delineated, several groups have shown that the activating receptor NKG2C is elevated on NK cells in the context of rhesus CMV (rhCMV) or human CMV (hCMV) infections. CD94, which heterodimerizes with NKG2C is also linked to adaptive NK cell responses. Because nonhuman primates (NHP) play a crucial role in modeling HIV (SIV) infections, it is crucial to be able to assess and characterize the NKG2 family in NHP. Unfortunately, it is not possible to detect CD94 using commercially available antibodies in NHP. Our work, a first for NHP, has focused on developing RNA flow cytometry using mRNA transcripts as proxies distinguishing NKG2C from NKG2A. We have expanded the application of this technology and here we show the first characterization of CD94+ (KLRD1+) NK cells in NHP using multiparametric RNA flow cytometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from naive and matched acutely (n = 4) or chronically (n = 12) SIV-infected rhesus macaques were analyzed by flow cytometry using commercially available antibodies, determining expression of transcripts for NKG2A, NKG2C, and CD94 (KLRC1, KLRC2, and KLRD1, respectively) on NK cells using RNA flow cytometry. Our data show that KLRC1+/- KLRC2+ KLRD1+ NK cells decrease following chronic, but not acute, infection with SIV. This approach will allow us to investigate the kinetics of infection and NK memory formation and will further improve our understanding of basic NK cell biology, especially in the context of SIV infection.IMPORTANCE Nonhuman primates play a crucial role in approximating human biology and many diseases that are difficult, if not impossible, to achieve in other animal models, notably HIV. Current advances in adaptive NK cell research positions us to address fundamental deficiencies in our fight against infection and disease at the earliest moments after infection or substantially earlier in disease progression. We show here that we can identify specific NK cell subpopulations that are modulated following chronic, but not acute, SIV infection. The ability to identify these subsets more precisely will inform therapeutic and vaccine strategies targeting an optimized NK cell response.
Machine Learning based Modeling of Power Electronic Converters

This paper proposes Bayesian Regularization (BR) along with artificial neural network (ANN) and random forest (RF) based machine learning to model power converters and analyze their performance. Unlike techniques such as PWM switch, state-space averaging, etc., this approach uses data from simulations or hardware experiments to develop the system model. The different steps involved in this modeling process are: (i) using an existing simulation or hardware prototype of the converter, collect data of different system parameters such as time, inductance, capacitance, resistance, voltages, currents, etc., (ii) categorize these parameters into inputs and outputs of the model, (iii) use BR-ANN to model transient performance and RF with bootstrap aggregation to model steady state response, (iv) validate the models with training and testing data sets, and (v) use the model to test with new values of input parameters. The proposed methodologies are tested using conventional buck and boost converters for proof of concept. It is envisioned that this technique can be used to create digital twins of power converters in practical circuits, optimize performance and predict fault conditions.
Assessment of Gender-based Qualitative Differences within Trainee Evaluations of Faculty.

Rationale: Recent studies of trainee evaluations of medical faculty have demonstrated subtle gender-based word choice differences. However, it is not known if this manifests in major contextual dif...
Social Loafing and Motivation Gains in Groups: An Integrative Review

Abstract Working with others on group or collective tasks often leads individuals to slack off and reduce their own efforts, but such motivation losses are not inevitable, and motivation gains can even occur under certain circumstances. In this chapter, we provide a detailed, integrative review of research and theory on individual motivation within groups and work teams. Specifically, we review historical foundations, classic studies, major theories, and key research findings and discuss the various group and team contexts and wide range of moderating variables that have been examined or identified by researchers. Coverage includes both motivation losses (i.e., social loafing) and motivation gains (including social compensation and the Kohler effect). We use the Collective Effort Model and meta-analytic results to integrate our review and highlight some promising directions for future research and practice. This chapter may serve both as a stand-alone review of the literature, and as an introduction to some of the more specific motivation loss and gain issues handled in greater depth in later chapters of this book.
Factors affecting the outcomes of tibiotalocalcaneal fusion.

AimsTibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) fusion is used to treat a variety of conditions affecting the ankle and subtalar joint, including osteoarthritis (OA), Charcot arthropathy, avascular necrosis (AVN) of ...
Head and Neck Cancer and Social Media: The Patient Experience and Cancer Survivorship.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To characterize the head and neck cancer patients' lived experiences with survivorship through Instagram and examine opportunities for health professionals to provide support and outreach specifically targeting these needs. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive observational study. METHODS We analyzed key head and neck cancer-related hashtags by querying medical and layman terminology. The top English-language posts for #headandneckcancer underwent further content examination using thematic analysis based in grounded theory for categorization for user engagement (determined by "likes" and comments), type of content, and category of the account that created the post. Of the survivorship posts by patients, the content of posts in top user accounts was further analyzed. RESULTS There were 11,600 Instagram posts on #headandneckcancer, 1,300 posts on #headandneckcancerawareness, 1,100 posts on #headandneckcancersurvivor, and several thousand posts for additional layman terms. The majority of posts were from patients (65%), with few from head and neck surgeons or medical organizations (26%). User engagement was primarily by nonmedical accounts (95%). Posts by patients discussed medical appointments and treatments (81%), managing treatment effects and symptoms (66%), and cancer screening and prevention (23%). Specific concerns included fatigue (53%), postsurgical cosmetic appearance (27%), and weight and nutrition (34%). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that Instagram accounts can be intimate records of the patient experience, and gaining a better understanding of the daily experience of survivorship may be critical for head and neck surgeons and other oncology providers to provide truly comprehensive cancer care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1214-E1219, 2021.
Physics-informed machine learning for composition-process-property alloy design: shape memory alloy demonstration

Machine learning (ML) is shown to predict new alloys and their performances in a high dimensional, multiple-target-property design space that considers chemistry, multi-step processing routes, and characterization methodology variations. A physics-informed featured engineering approach is shown to enable otherwise poorly performing ML models to perform well with the same data. Specifically, previously engineered elemental features based on alloy chemistries are combined with newly engineered heat treatment process features. The new features result from first transforming the heat treatment parameter data as it was previously recorded using nonlinear mathematical relationships known to describe the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations in alloys. The ability of the ML model to be used for predictive design is validated using blind predictions. Composition - process - property relationships for thermal hysteresis of shape memory alloys (SMAs) with complex microstructures created via multiple melting-homogenization-solutionization-precipitation processing stage variations are captured, in addition to the mean transformation temperatures of the SMAs. The quantitative models of hysteresis exhibited by such highly processed alloys demonstrate the ability for ML models to design for physical complexities that have challenged physics-based modeling approaches for decades.
The Treatment of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases of the Liver

Infections of the liver can be caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. This chapter will focus on treatment of the most common bacterial and parasitic infections of the liver. The dynamic interaction between infection, underlying liver disease/condition, host immunity/nutritional status, and antibiotic treatment has a significant impact on clinical presentation, management, and prognosis of the infection. Certain pathogens are seen more frequently or are more virulent in those with chronic liver diseases (CLD). Thus, this chapter will first discuss the principles in managing bacterial and parasitic diseases of the liver, including managing underlying CLD, immune and nutritional status, and taking precautions against drug-induced liver injury, in addition to antibiotic treatment. We then systematically review the most common bacterial and parasitic infections associated with patient’s underlying liver condition, i.e., those occurring in the setting of acute liver failure and CLD, as well as those occurring in individuals with normal liver function.
DNA replication: the recombination connection.

Failure to complete DNA replication is one of the major sources of genome instability leading to aneuploidy, chromosome breakage, and chromosome rearrangements that are associated with human cancer. One of the surprising revelations of the past decade is that the completion of replication at so-called common fragile sites (CFS) occurs very late in the cell cycle – at mitosis – through a process termed MiDAS (mitotic DNA synthesis). MiDAS is strongly related to another cancer-promoting phenomenon: the activation of alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Our understanding of the mechanisms of ALT and MiDAS in mammalian cells has drawn heavily from recent advances in the study of break-induced replication (BIR), especially in budding yeast. We provide new insights into the BIR, MiDAS, and ALT pathways and their shared similarities.
Beyond Adherence: Health Care Disparities and the Struggle to Get Screened for Colon Cancer

Dominant health care professional discourses on cancer take for granted high levels of individual responsibility in cancer prevention, especially in expectations about preventive screening. At the same time, adhering to screening guidelines can be difficult for lower income and under-insured individuals. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prime example. Since the advent of CRC screening, disparities in CRC mortality have widened along lines of income, insurance, and race in the United States. We used a community-engaged research method, Photovoice, to examine how people from medically under-served areas experienced and gave meaning to CRC screening. In our analysis, we first discuss ways in which participants recounted screening as a struggle. Second, we highlight a category that participants suggested was key to successful screening: social connections. Finally, we identify screening as an emotionally laden process that is underpinned by feelings of uncertainty, guilt, fear, and relief. We discuss the importance of these findings to research and practice.
Soluble epoxide hydrolase modulates adenosine receptor-induced vascular response in mouse mesenteric arteries

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) degrades epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to less active diols (dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids; DHETs). EETs are endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) w...
Spatial Autocorrelation: A Statistician’s Reflections

Improvements in both technology and statistical understanding have led to considerable advances in spatial model building over the past 40 years, yet major challenges remain both in model specification and in ensuring that the underlying statistical assumptions are validated. The basic concept in such modeling efforts is that of spatial dependence, often made operational by some measure of spatial autocorrelation. Such measures depend upon the specification or estimation of a set of weights that describe spatial relationships. We examine how the identification of weights has evolved and briefly describe recent developments.
Diffuse Gamma Rays of Galactic And Extragalactic Origin:Preliminary Results From Egret

The all-sky survey in high energy gamma rays (E>30 MeV) carried out by the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory provides for the first time an opportunity to examine in detail diffuse gamma-ray emission of extragalactic origin. The observed diffuse emission at high galactic latitudes is generally assumed to have a galactic component arising from cosmic-ray interactions with the local interstellar gas and radiation, in addition to an isotropic component presumably of extragalactic origin. The galactic component can be estimated from a model of the interstellar medium and cosmic-ray distribution. Since the derived extragalactic spectrum depends very much on the success of our galactic model, the consistency of the galactic diffuse emission model is examined both spectrally and spatially with existing EGRET. observations. In conjunction with this model, EGRET. observations of the high latitude emission are used to examine the flux and spectrum of the residual extragalactic emission. This residual emission could be either truly diffuse in origin or could arise from accumulated emission from unresolved sources particularly in the light of EGRET. observations showing the presence of numerous gamma-ray bright active galactic nuclei.
Testimonio y secretos de un pasado traumático: los 'tiempos del peligro' en el arte visual de Sarhua

RESUMEN El presente articulo discute el destino que tienen algunas memorias peligrosas asociadas al “conflicto armado interno” en el Peru. Mi estudio se centra en las experiencias con la violencia politica en la comunidad campesina de Sarhua y sus representaciones en la serie de tablas pintadas Piraq Causa (Quien es causante?). Un analisis detallado de este testimonio visual revela cuales son las memorias peligrosas a las que se les ha negado representacion. Sostengo que estos silencios y ausencias dan expresion a “huecos traumaticos” vinculados a la violencia fratricida y al apoyo inicial de la comunidad a Sendero Luminoso. Asimismo mantengo que la serie Piraq Causa refleja el secretismo magnificado que existia en la comunidad de Sarhua con respecto a aquellos eventos que acordaron de manera deliberada “recordar para olvidar”. Desde esa perspectiva, propongo que los vacios percibidos en la narrativa pictorica provocan el desenmascaramiento de lo “secretamente familiar” en Sarhua. En esa medida, Piraq Causa desenmascara tanto como afirma el secretismo sobre las memorias traumaticas de la violencia politica. Palabras clave: arte, memoria, Peru, Sarhua, secretismo, testimonio, trauma, violencia
Serine Transhydroxymethylase IDENTIFICATION AS THE THREONINE AND ALLOTHREONINE ALDOLASES

Abstract A modified method for the purification of serine transhydroxymethylase from rabbit liver is presented. The purified enzyme is not only shown to catalyze the cleavage of serine but in addition, the cleavage of l-threonine and dl-allothreonine to glycine and acetaldehyde. The last two reactions had previously been thought to have been catalyzed by two separate enzymes, i.e. threonine aldolase and allothreonine aldolase. The evidence in support of a single enzyme catalyzing the three reactions includes the constant ratio for the specific activities during purification, similarity in affinity constants for substrates and inhibitors, and the ability of d-alanine to remove pyridoxal phosphate from the active site by transamination for both the allothreonine and serine reactions.
Aortic Valve Regurgitation

Aortic regurgitation (AR) may be caused by valve disease or aortic root anomalies, but it is rare in children without other congenital or acquired heart disease. It is more commonly associated with aortic stenosis, but may also be seen in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), D-transposition of the great arteries (DTGA), coarctation of the aorta (CoA), endocardial cushion defect, single ventricle, truncus arteriosus (TA), infective endocarditis, and mitral valve disease. Systemic diseases associated with AR include rheumatic fever, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Takayasu arteritis. AR related to significant dilation of the ascending aorta is seen in patients with Marfan syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, osteogenesis imperfecta, and rheumatoid arthritis. Significant ascending aortic dilation may, in turn, worsen the AR and lead to aortic dissection.
A dependent Fα-scheme

Abstract A dependent sequence of random variables { X n } is constructed so that the marginal distribution of X i is F α i for some continuous cdf F and some sequence {α n }. This generalizes the so-called F α -scheme considered by Nevzorov (1985, 1986) and Pfeifer (1989, 1991). The finite-dimensional distribution of the process is constructed through a specific Archimedean copula which allows the sequence to share many of the properties of an ordinary F α -scheme, such as independence among the maxima and record indicators, without embedding the successive maxima in an extremal process. This construction leads to a secretary problem with dependent ratings.
Properties of high-T c , A-15 Nb 3 Si: An extrapolation

We have measured the low-temperature specific heats of two samples of A-15 Nb-Si prepared by chemical vapor deposition. From the specific-heat data, low-T/sub c/, A-15 Nb-Si is found to have a ..gamma.. of 15.2 +- 1.5 mJ/mole K/sup 2/ and a Debye temperature, THETA/sub D/, of 319 +- 10 K, for a mole containing four atoms. In addition, the low-temperature specific heat of arc melted Nb/sub 0.82/Ge/sub 0.18/(A-15 structure) has been measured. The ..gamma.. was found to be 15.2 +- 1.0 mJ/mole K/sup 2/ and THETA/sub D/ was 345 +- 10 K. Using these data, the properties of stoichiometric (high-T/sub c/) Nb/sub 3/Si are extrapolated from the substoichiometric Nb-Si samples measured, by analogy to the Nb-Ge system. Stoichiometric, single-phase A-15 Nb/sub 3/Si, if preparable, should have a ..gamma.. of 30 mJ/mole K/sup 2/ and a THETA/sub D/ of 275 K. By calculating lambda, the electron-phonon coupling constant, and treating T/sub c/ as a variable (15--30 K), the electronic density of states, N (0), is extracted from this extrapolated ..gamma.. and is found to be low, varying from 1.38 states /(eV atom) at T/sub c/=15 K to 0.91 states /(eV atom) at T/sub c/=30 K. The N (0) calculated for themore » low-T/sub c/ Nb/sub 0.82/Ge/sub 0.18/ is 1.01 states/(eV atom) and is remarkably close to the 1.08 states/(eV atom) calculated for the high-T/sub c/ Nb/sub 3/Ge.« less
The optimal endpoint of resuscitation in trauma patients.

Although it has never been prospectively validated, the base excess (BE) is regarded as the standard end-point of resuscitation in trauma patients. In a rat hemorrhage model, in this edition of Critical Care, Totapally and colleagues demonstrate that the BE is an insensitive and slowly responsive indicator of changes in intravascular volume. This contrasts with changes in the esophageal-arterial carbon dioxide gap which more closely followed changes in blood volume. Esophageal or sublingual capnometry may prove to be a useful tool for monitoring the adequacy of resuscitation in trauma victims.
Structures of β-alumina-type compounds in terms of stacking of building units

Based on the behavior of microsyntactic intergrowth in β-alumina-type compounds, the separation of the D (defect) blocks by neutralizing it in synthesizing a three-layer β-alumina-type compound, and the microscopic mechanism revealed by transmission electron microscopy in a reduction reaction and its recovery process of Fe-doped β"-alumina, it is shown that the writing of the structure of β-alumina-type compounds in terms of structural unit building blocks, D and S (spinel), just as in ferromagnetic “hexagonal” ferrites is physically rationalized.
The evolution of evolutionary ecology

AbstractAppreciation of ecology as a setting or stage for evolution has a long history, but evolutionary ecology became an identifiable discipline in the 1960's, growing mostly out of efforts to understand the evolution of life history components and to formulate a theory of community ecology based on the evolution of species' niches. Since the 1960's, technological advances and conceptual developments, especially the use of null hypotheses and an appreciation of the effects of evolutionary history and Earth history on current patterns, have altered and expanded evolutionary ecology. Many challenging questions remain poorly answered, especially the pressing question of how successful ongoing and future evolution will be in rescuing species from anthropogenic climate change and other human assaults on the natural world.
Eigenvalues of the difference and product of projections

(1985). Eigenvalues of the difference and product of projections. Linear and Multilinear Algebra: Vol. 17, No. 3-4, pp. 295-299.
Anchored in the Florida Current

I once spent a week aboard a vessel anchored in the Florida current, in water 830 m deep, far from the sight of land. We were there to measure transport variations, and I recall the numbing hourly routine of profiling the current with an instrument that traveled down a weighted line suspended from the ship. In much sharper focus I remember the mighty current that ceaselessly swept past the vessel. The current raised a foaming bow wave and strummed the anchor cable with a note that permeated the quiet ship, giving the strange experience of being underway with silent engines while going nowhere.
THE INTEGRATED USE OF SIMULATION AND STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING FOR WHOLE FARM PLANNING UNDER RISK

Methods of whole-farm planning under risk are briefly reviewed, noting especially associated operational problems. A planning problem relating to spatial diversification of beef production in the Clarence region of N.S.W. is investigated using a model comprising both simulation and linear programming components. It is concluded that such composite models are valuable for the analysis of sequential stochastic decision processes not presently amenable to solution by stochastic programming alone.
Use encounter standards and curves for achieved privacy in wilderness

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between wilderness use encounters and degree of privacy achieved at three locations within a wilderness. The theoretical perspective of the research was grounded in environmental psychology, which emphasized the dynamic nature of person and situation fit, rather than the sociology of normative behavior. The study depicted privacy as a dependent measure and argued that privacy is not the opposite of perceived crowding. It also suggested that privacy may be a more appropriate dependent variable for encounter studies than those measures used in past recreation research. Privacy was operationalized as ‘'the level of desired privacy achieved,’’ measured on a 10‐point scale. It was then compared with level of actual, ideal, and maximum use encounters for 600 users of a South Carolina wilderness area. Results indicated that number of actual group encounters was inversely related to degree of desired privacy achieved, in the hypothesized inver...
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit erythrocytes

Abstract Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( d -glucose-6-phosphate:NADP + 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) was purified from rabbit erythrocytes. Initial velocity studies and product and dead-end inhibitor studies with this enzyme are consistent with a rapid equilibrium random mechanism with an enzyme-NADPH-glucose 6-phosphate dead-end complex.
Antitumor Activity of Certain Plants Due to Tannins

Four plants, i.e., Rubus odoratus, Cornus canadensis, Lespedeza capitata var. velutina, and Calycogonium squamulosum, were found to have antitumor activity against the Walker 256 (IM) carcinosarcoma. Fractionation of these plants revealed that the activity was concentrated in the water-soluble fraction. Selective removal of the tannins in each water-soluble fraction, followed by antitumor testing, revealed that the antitumor activity of these four plants was induced exclusively by the tannins present.
Formic acid desorption from graphitized Ni(110)

Abstract The adsorption/desorption behavior of formic acid from a monolayer of graphite carbon on Ni(110) was studied using AES, LEED and flash desorption spectroscopy. Formic acid adsorbed at 165 K did not form multilayers of adsorbate. Instead, due to strong hydrogen-bonding interactions the formic acid formed a two-dimensional condensed phase on the surface and exhibited zero-order desorption kinetics initially for a 30-fold change in initial coverage. The zero-order desorption rate constant was k d = 10 18 exp[−68.2 kJ mol −1 / RT ] s −1 , suggesting a desorption transition state with nearly full translational and rotational freedom on the surface. The desorption kinetics and the coverage limit were consistent with the formation of a surface polymer-monomer equilibrium.
A tatonnement model for dynamic adjustment of investment company share prices

This study utilizes a tonnement-type modelling process to provide evidence of the dynamic adjustment of investment company share prices toward an estimate of the underlying value of the shares. Friday closing prices and reported net asset values for 45 closed-end investment companies are investigated to test the model's ability to describe share price movements. Weekly price changes are shown to exhibit significant negative serial correlation, a result not anticipated by the traditional random-walk view. More importantly, one finds that returns generated from share price changes are significantly affected by the dynamic adjustment of price toward an estimate of the underlying value of the shares.