cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polygalacturonic acid metabolism in bacteria. I. Enzymatic formation of 4-deoxy-L-threo-5-hexoseulose uronic acid.

SUMMARY A new intermediate in the bacterial metabolism of polygalac- turonic acid, 3-deoxy-n-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonic acid, has been POLYGALACTURONATE MUCIC NAD / \ ACID c-- DCALACTURONATE COMPOUND I it It D-T-AGATURONATE COhiPbUND II II NADH D-ALTRONATE H20 It - ZKETO-SDEOXY- D-GLUCONATE 1 ATP 2-KEfO-3-DEOXY- 6-PHOSPHO-D- GLUCONATE 21. DELEY, J., AND DOUDOROFF, M., J. Biol. Chem., 227, 745 (1957). 22. PALLERONI, N. J., AND DOUDOROFF, M., J. Biol. Chem., 223, It 499 (1956). PYRUVATE TRIO;E PHOSPHATE FIG. 8. Outline of polygalacturonate catabolism by extracts of an adapted pseudomonad. 25. LINKER, A., HOFFMAN, P., MEYER, K., SAMPSON, P., AND KORN, E. D., J. Biol. Chem., 235, 3061 (1960). 23. WEIMBERG, R., J. Biol. Chem., 234, 727 (1959). 24. MERRICK, J. M., AND ROSEMAN, S., J. Biol. Chem., 236, 1274 (1960). isolated and characterized. This compound has been shown to arise by the isomerization of 4-deoxy-L-threo-5-hexoseulose uranic acid and be converted 2-deoxy-3-keto-n-gluconic by a specific pyridine-linked dehydrogenase. The isomerase and the dehydrogenase enzymes responsible for this interconversion have been prepared in partially purified form, and a study of their properties has been undertaken. n-Galacturonic acid, the alternate monosaccharide end product of polygalacturonate metabolism, has been shown to be readily converted to n-tagaturonic, n-altronic, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-n- gluconic acids by extracts of the adapted pseudomonad employed in these studies. REFERENCES 1.
Off‐equatorial chorus occurrence and wave amplitude distributions as observed by the Polar Plasma Wave Instrument

[1] Determining the global distribution of chorus wave power in the off-equatorial region (i.e., magnetic latitude λ > 15°) is a crucial component of understanding the contribution of chorus to radiation belt acceleration and loss. In this paper we use a database of chorus power spectral density observations from the Plasma Wave Instrument (PWI) Sweep Frequency Receiver (SFR) on the Polar spacecraft to generate separate distributions of wave occurrence rate and magnetic field amplitude as a function of space and geomagnetic activity. Previous studies focused on a band-integrated and time-averaged data product to characterize the global distribution of wave power. Using a slightly different technique, we first estimate the wave amplitude from the peak wave power spectral density for times when chorus is observed. The mean wave amplitude at a given location is then multiplied by the wave occurrence rate to yield the time-averaged amplitude. We present the spatial distributions of wave occurrence rate, mean amplitude, and time-averaged amplitude in the region of maximum statistics, λ > 15° and R = 4−8 RE. We find that waves of significant amplitude (>10 pT) can be observed in all local time sectors, but significant wave occurrence (>20%) is confined to the dawn and noon local time sectors. Wave mean and time-averaged amplitudes are also highest in the dawn and noon sectors. The spatial extent of regions with high time-averaged amplitude is primarily defined by regions of high occurrence rate. Time-averaged amplitudes exceeding ∼6 pT are observed up to a magnetic latitude of 40° at dawn and 50° at noon, while at midnight and dusk the time-averaged amplitude tends to be below that value. We also examine the geomagnetic and solar wind dependence of the spatial distribution of wave occurrence, mean amplitude, and time-averaged amplitude. In the off-equatorial region (λ > 15°), wave amplitude and occurrence on the nightside increase dramatically during disturbed geomagnetic and solar wind conditions. In contrast, waves on the dayside occur over a wider range of activity, and even during quiet conditions, mean and time-averaged amplitudes at noon significantly exceed amplitudes at midnight for disturbed times. In the dusk sector, observation of waves is mostly limited to quiet conditions, and during those times, mean amplitudes at dusk exceed those at midnight and approach amplitudes observed in the dawn sector. Parallel investigation of the independent variability of occurrence and amplitude provides a more complete picture of the chorus wave environment, particularly for application to modeling radiation belt dynamics on both short and long time scales.
African-American literature for the young child: A selected annotated bibliography

A lack of books published reflecting African-American culture and identity has led to whitewashing of children’s literature. Curriculum lacks proper attribution to African-American culture due to the lack of books published in the field appropriate for younger children. In addition, young, African-American children are subject to psychological issues concerning self-esteem and are presented with the idea that they are not important or do not exist in society. In acknowledging the lack of African-American characters, the implicit racism in children’s literature can begin to be addressed. This selected, annotated subject bibliography includes twenty titles of children’s literature that feature an African-American character prominently in the story or a story that authentically describes African-American history. The books included are suited for children in Kindergarten through second grade. While the reading level of some books on the list might be higher than a second grade reading level, children can always listen at a higher level than they can read and these books were included with that in mind.
Preoperative radiation for retroperitoneal sarcoma is not associated with increased early postoperative morbidity.

Background and Objectives Preoperative radiation (PR) in the management of retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) is controversial. Concern for increased perioperative morbidity may influence the decision to recommend PR. Here we compare 30-day morbidity and mortality (M + M) after resection of RPS with and without PR. Methods Patients undergoing resection of RPS were identified using ACS NSQIP (2005–2011). Patients with known PR status within 90 days of operation were included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with M + M. Results Of 696 patients operated on for RPS, 70 (10%) underwent PR. PR patients were younger (mean 55 vs. 61 years), more frequently had hypoalbuminemia (<3 g/dl; 19% vs. 10%), concomitant kidney (29% vs. 18%), or pancreas resections (11% vs. 5%), longer operations (mean 327 vs. 253 min), and increased transfusion requirements (mean 4.1 vs. 2.1 units, each P < 0.05). Despite these differences, the M + M rate (31% with vs. 30% without PR, P = 0.75) was comparable between the two groups. After adjustment for confounders, no association was identified between PR and M + M. Conclusions In a national cohort of RPS patients, PR is infrequently utilized. Despite the increased prevalence of multiple risk factors, PR patients do not have an increased 30-day postoperative M + M. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:606–611. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Panoptic empowerment and reflective conformity in enterprise systems-enabled organizations

In this study of enterprise system (ES) use at a global manufacturing organization, we have taken an interpretive perspective and used a Glaserian grounded theory methodology to explore the ES-enabled changes in organizational control that emerged after system implementation. From our field data we identified two seemingly contradictory theoretical concepts: panoptic empowerment and reflective conformity. Panoptic empowerment refers to the greater visibility of information provided by the common shared database of an ES that empowers workers to do their work more efficiently and effectively, but which also makes them more visible to others throughout the organization who can then more easily exercise process and outcome control. Reflective conformity describes how the integrated nature of the ES with its embedded rules and procedures for organizational processes leads to greater employee discipline while simultaneously requiring them to be highly reflective as well in order to achieve organizational benefits from the ES. These concepts embody an understanding of organizational control that is rooted in a Foucauldian view of disciplinary power rather than a traditional perspective of mechanistic bureaucracy.
Hypothesis Generation in an Automobile Malfunction Inference Task.

Abstract Expert and novice subjects generated hypotheses in an automobile trouble-shooting inference task. Data collected included subjects' verbal protocols during the inference tasks and subjects' assessments of the probabilities of their generated sets of hypotheses. Analyses indicated that both expert and novice subjects had difficulty generating complete sets of hypotheses and were overconfident in their subjective judgments of the probabilities of the generated hypotheses.
Surface characteristics of malignant human urinary bladder epithelium studied with scanning electron microscopy.

Biopsies were obtained from 28 male and seven female patients with cystoscopically and histologically confirmed urinary bladder carcinoma. Tissue specimens for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were obtained from the tumours as well as from cystoscopically tumour-free mucosa of the dome, the lateral walls and the trigone of the urinary bladder and also from the proximal urethra. Certain surface structural changes, which seem to represent malignancy, present in different regions of the urinary bladder were detected by SEM, although not visible by light microscopy.
How Many “Friends” Do You Need? Teaching Students How to Network Using Social Media:

Student reliance on social media is undeniable. However, while we largely regard social media as a new phenomena, the concepts underlying it come directly from social network theory in sociology and organizational behavior. In this article, the authors examine how the social network concepts of size, quality, complexity, diffusion, and distance determine the situational usefulness of social media tools such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter. The authors also provide in-class and out-of-class teaching assignments that help students recognize the specific ways in which social networks can aid or hinder their professional endeavors.
Hiring you makes me look bad: Social-identity based reversals of the ingroup favoritism effect.

Abstract The current research attempts to explain reversals of ingroup favoritism in terms of one of the prevalent mechanisms generally used to account for positive ingroup bias: Tajfel’s social identity theory. We propose that individuals strategically evaluate ingroup targets in order to maximize their own self-esteem and to avoid costly errors. This strategic evaluation typically results in ingroup favoritism toward an ingroup target member. However, if a positive evaluation of the target poses a significant self-esteem threat, denigration of the target will result. Two studies examined how ingroup and outgroup targets were evaluated when applicants were qualified versus unqualified (Study 1), or when the ingroup target might confirm a negative ingroup stereotype (Study 2). Study 1 results indicated that participants showed ingroup favoritism only toward qualified applicants. Study 2 demonstrated that, when a marginally qualified ingroup applicant has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype, bias against the ingroup is observed. Results of both studies both confirm and provide explanations for ingroup denigration.
Mechanistic links between aging and lung fibrosis

Our understanding of the biology of aging has advanced significantly in recent years. This has resulted in the recent formulation of the “hallmarks of aging” that include genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease that results from the accumulation of scar tissue in the lungs of affected individuals. IPF is a disease of aging that most commonly affects human subjects older than 60 years of age. While progress has been made in elucidating key pathological processes in IPF, the relationship of these processes to those that occur during aging are not well defined. In this review, we explore existing and emerging paradigms in the pathogenesis of IPF in light of the recently defined hallmarks of aging.
High-energy behavior of the double photoionization of helium from 2 to 12 keV.

We report the ratio of double-to-single photoionization of He at several photon energies from 2 to 12 keV. By time-of-flight methods, we find a ratio consistent with an asymptote at 1.5%\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2%, essentially reached by h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\approxeq}4 keV. Fair agreement is obtained with older shake calculations of Byron and Joachain [Phys. Rev. 164, 1 (1967)], of \AA{}berg [Phys. Rev. A 2, 1726 (1970)], and with recent many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) of Ishihara, Hino, and McGuire [Phys. Rev. A 44, 6980 (1991)]. The result lies below earlier MPBT calculations by Amusia et al. [J. Phys. B 8, 1248 (1975)] (2.3%), and well above semiempirical predictions of Samson [Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2861 (1990)], who expects no asymptote and predicts \ensuremath{\sigma}(${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$)/\ensuremath{\sigma}(${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$)=0.3% at 12 keV.
Directed sampling for electrolyte analysis and water content of micro-punch samples shows large differences between normal and ischemic rat brain cortex

Changes in sodium, potassium, and water content in brain tissue are important in the progression of pathology that follows ischemic stroke. Determining these parameters regionally in rodent models of experimental ischemia has been limited because typical tissue weights of more than 35 mg are too large. Identifying ischemic tissue to direct tissue sampling towards ischemic cortex is also represents a difficult generally unresolved area. We suggest that larger differences between normal and ischemic cortex of sodium, potassium, and water content than previously observed can be obtained from directed sampling of 2-mg brain tissue in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. In five rats, the middle cerebral artery and both common carotid arteries were occluded for 4.9+/-0.13 h (mean+/-SEM). Punch-sampling of 1-mm diameter tissue cores for water content (H(2)O%) by the wet-dry method, and [Na(+)] and [K(+)] by flame photometry, was guided by the observation of a subtle change in the surface reflectivity of ischemic cortex of quickly dried, 20-microm frozen brain sections, that was confirmed by MAP2 immunohistochemistry. The ratio of the lesion areas as determined by the reflective change and MAP2 immunoreactivity was 0.96+/-0.03 (n=5). In ischemic cortex H(2)O% was 79.9%+/-0.8%, [Na(+)] was 550+/-25 mEq/kg dry-weight, and [K(+)] 94.2+/-19.2 mEq/kg dry-weight (n=5), all significantly different from the values in border zone cortex, and in cortex contralateral to ischemic cortex and border zone (for all samples n=60, mean wet weight 2.037+/-0.046 mg). Differences between ischemic and normal cortex were 5.4+/-1.1%, 317+/-21 mEq/kg dry-weight, -304+/-27 mEq/kg dry-weight (n=5) for H(2)O%, [Na(+)], and [K(+)]. These differences between ischemic and normal cortex are 1.4-2.5, 1-3.11, and 1.4-3.5 times greater, respectively, than previous results obtained using samples weighing 35 mg or more. These results extend the association of sodium and potassium with ischemic brain edema in the rodent model, and show that these classical measurements can keep pace with the regionality of histochemical and morphological methods.
Isolation and Characterization of Caenorhabditis elegans Extracellular Matrix

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important structural and functional role in multicellular organisms. Because of the similarities between C. elegans and vertebrate development, this nematode could serve as a simplified model to study the biology of the ECM. In this study, a method for extracting mammalian ECM was adapted for the extraction of C. elegans ECM. ECM components from C. elegans were found to be homologous to mammalian ECM by immunoblotting. It was also demonstrated that antibodies generated against C. elegans ECM stained basement membrane-like structures in C. elegans eggs, larvae, and adults.
Visual performance of horseshoe crabs day and night

A circadian clock modulates the structure and function of the lateral eyes of Limulus polyphemus, greatly increasing their sensitivity at night. During the mating season, male Limulus are visually attracted both day and night to females and objects that resemble females. This paper asks how well Limulus can see day and night, and whether the circadian changes in retinal sensitivity might influence the ability of these animals to find mates. We recorded the visual behavior of male and female horseshoe crabs in the vicinity of an object – a cement hemisphere (29.5 cm diameter) similar in size and shape to a female horseshoe crab – placed in a mating area near Mashnee Dike, Bourne, Massachusetts. Males oriented toward this target from an average distance of 0.94 m during the day and 0.88 m at night; and females appeared to avoid the target. We conclude that males can see potential mates at night almost as well as they can during the day. Apparently the circadian changes in the retina help compensate for the daily changes in illumination in the animal's normal environment. This study provides the first evidence for a role of visual circadian rhythms in an animal's natural behavior.
Pragmatic encroachment in accounts of epistemic excellence

Recently a number of philosophers have argued for a kind of encroachment of the practical into the epistemic. Fantl and McGrath, for example, argue that if a subject knows that p, then she is rational to act as if p (Fantl and McGrath, Phil Phenomenol Res LXXV(3):558–589 , 2007). In this paper I make a preliminary case for what we might call encroachment in, not knowledge or justification, but epistemic excellence, recent accounts of which include those of Roberts and Wood (Intellectual virtues: an essay in regulative epistemology, 2007), Bishop and Trout (Epistemology and the psychology of human judgment, 2005), and Baehr (The inquiring mind, 2011). I believe that practical considerations bear on whether a disposition is an epistemic excellence, and I propose a practical condition on epistemic excellence that is roughly analogous to the practical condition on knowledge proposed by Fantl and McGrath. Since the view is also an epistemic analogue to a kind of moral rationalism in ethics, we might also call it a variety of ‘epistemic rationalism’.
Three-dimensional object recognition

A general-purpose computer vision system must be capable of recognizing three-dimensional (3-D) objects. This paper proposes a precise definition of the 3-D object recognition problem, discusses basic concepts associated with this problem, and reviews the relevant literature. Because range images (or depth maps) are often used as sensor input instead of intensity images, techniques for obtaining, processing, and characterizing range data are also surveyed.
Reduced anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations in childhood OCD and major depression versus healthy controls

ABSTRACT Objective To examine in vivo glutamatergic neurochemical alterations in the anterior cingulate cortex of pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) without major depressive disorder (MDD) versus pediatric patients with MDD without OCD and healthy controls. Method Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic examinations of the anterior cingulate cortex were conducted in 14 psychotropic-naive children and adolescents with MDD without OCD, 10 to 19 years of age, 14 case-matched healthy controls, and 20 nondepressed, psychotropic-naive pediatric patients with OCD 7 to 19 years of age. Results Anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations were significantly reduced in both patients with OCD (15.1% decrease) and patients with MDD (18.7% decrease) compared with controls. Anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations did not differ significantly between patients with OCD and those with MDD. Conclusions Altered anterior cingulate glutamatergic neurotransmission may be involved in the pathogenesis of OCD and MDD. These preliminary findings further suggest that reduced anterior cingulate glutamate does not differentiate pediatric patients with OCD from pediatric patients with MDD.
Reported Topics of Conversation among Same-Sex Adults.

Conversational topics among same‐sex adult friends, co‐workers, siblings, parents and children were studied. A self‐report questionnaire revealed that women's talk tends to focus on family, relationship problems, men, health, pregnancy and menstruation, food, things they've read, movies, television, clothing, and rape. Men talk more about women, sex, money, news, sports, hunting and fishing. No sex difference was found in the most frequent topic of conversation in each context. Same‐sex friends of either sex are most likely talk about the other sex, co‐workers most frequently discuss work, and sisters, brothers, mothers and daughters, fathers and sons, talk most often about family.
Appropriated Martyrs: The Branch Davidians and the Radical Right

After the disastrous end of the Waco standoff in 1993, the Branch Davidian dead were idealized as martyrs by many on the radical right, despite the incompatibility between Davidian doctrine and right-wing ideology. This appropriation suggests the importance of martyrologists in identifying martyrs, as well as the increasing malleability of the concept of martyrdom. For martyrdom, as it appears in the right-wing treatment of the Waco affair, departs significantly from classical definitions of what constitutes a martyr.
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders

Gognitive-behavioral approaches to alcohol and drug use disorders have received considerable empirical support over the past 20 years. One cognitive-behavioral treatment, relapse prevention, was initially designed as an adjunct to existing treatments. It has also been extensively used as a stand-alone treatment and serves as the basis for several other cognitive and behavioral treatments. After a brief review of relapse prevention, as well as the hypothesized mechanisms of change in cognitive and behavioral treatments, we will describe a "new" approach to alcohol and drug problems called mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Preliminary data in support of mindfulness-meditation as a treatment for addictive behavior are provided and directions for future research are discussed.
CONCORD GRAPE PIGMENTS AS COLORANTS FOR BEVERAGES AND GELATIN DESSERTS

A dry powdered pigment extract was prepared from Concord grape juice sludge by methanol extraction, concentration and spray drying. The extract was added to a cherry flavored beverage mix and a strawberry flavored gelatin dessert mix. The former was packed in foil/paper pouches and the latter in polyethylene/paper pouches. Both were stored at −29°, 4.4°, 24°, 38°C and 38°C with 90% RH. All were evaluated for color, flavor and pigment stability and rated against samples containing Red No. 2. All samples were less stable for color than those containing Red No. 2. Samples stored at temperatures up to 24°C had considerable pigment breakdown after 12 wk of storage but still showed acceptable color. Pigment stability was greatly increased with nitrogen flushing, and decreased with storage at 38°C and even more at 34°C and 90% RH. The pigment extract imparted a flavor, which could be detected by triangular panels, but it was quite acceptable.
Effects of photoperiod and temperature on blood feeding, oögenesis and fat body development in the mosquito, Culiseta inornata.

Abstract In the laboratory, blood feeding rates, oogenesis and fat body development were utilized to assess the effects of photoperiod and temperature in the conditioning of adult female Culiseta inornata for aestivation. Long-day (16L:8D) and short-day (8L:16D) photoperiods were examined in combination with temperatures of 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C. All tested individuals were reared from egg to adult under one of six possible regimes. Blood feeding occurred in approximately 60% of the females subjected to short-day conditions. Females subjected to long-day regimes exhibited gonotrophic concordance (the inhibition of blood feeding), evidenced by a decrease in overall blood-feeding rate to 20%. Inhibition of blood feeding by long-day females decreased in a linear fashion with increasing temperature. No interaction of the effects of photoperiod and temperature upon blood feeding was apparent. Examination of the ovarioles of post-blood feeding females, reared under each of the above conditions, revealed no evidence of gonotrophic dissociation (the inhibition of oogenesis despite continued blood feeding). Fat body hypertrophy occurred in females reared under long-day conditions, whereas hypotrophy of this tissue was apparent in short-day females. No significant difference in fat body development occurred between parous and nulliparous females reared under long-day photoperiod conditions. Short-day blood-fed females reared at 15°C deposited a significantly greater amount of fat than short-day blood fed females reared at 20° and 25°C, and short-day nonbloodfed females reared at 15°, 20°, and 25°C. The primary stimulus for fat body hypertrophy appears to be long-day photoperiod conditions. Temperature exerted little discernible effect upon this process, and there was no interaction between the effects of photoperiod and temperature upon the degree of fat body development.
Factors affecting self-ratings of oral health.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of self-rated oral health to a comprehensive battery of clinical, sociodemographic, physical health, and mental health measures in a well-elderly urban population. METHODS: Results are based on telephone interviews and clinical assessments of 550 subjects over 65 years of age participating in a Los Angeles-based Medicare project during 1990. Subjects were mostly female, white (89%), with above-average income. RESULTS: Findings show that: (1) the DMF measure is not as strongly related to self-rated oral health as was a single measure of missing teeth; (2) the major predictors of self-rated oral health were "worry about teeth" and "appearance of teeth" followed by total missing teeth, race, education, and depression scores; and (3) self-rated general health is related to self-rated oral health. CONCLUSION: Self-rated oral health may be, for older adults, a better measure of "health" than of "morbidity".
Blocking and backward blocking involve learned inattention

Four experiments examine blocking of associative learning by human participants in a disease diagnosis procedure. The results indicate that after a cue is blocked, subsequent learning about the cue is attenuated. This attenuated learning after blocking is obtained for both standard blocking and for backward blocking. Attenuated learning after blocking cannot be accounted for by theories such as the Rescorla-Wagner model that rely on lack of learning about a redundant cue, nor can it be accounted for by extensions of the Rescorla-Wagner model designed to address backward blocking that encode absent cues with negative values. The results are predicted by the hypothesis that people learn not to attend to the blocked cue.
Wall shear stress calculations in space–time finite element computation of arterial fluid–structure interactions

The stabilized space–time fluid–structure interaction (SSTFSI) technique was applied to arterial FSI problems soon after its development by the Team for Advanced Flow Simulation and Modeling. The SSTFSI technique is based on the Deforming-Spatial-Domain/Stabilized Space–Time (DSD/SST) formulation and is supplemented with a number of special techniques developed for arterial FSI. The special techniques developed in the recent past include a recipe for pre-FSI computations that improve the convergence of the FSI computations, using an estimated zero-pressure arterial geometry, Sequentially Coupled Arterial FSI technique, using layers of refined fluid mechanics mesh near the arterial walls, and a special mapping technique for specifying the velocity profile at inflow boundaries with non-circular shape. In this paper we introduce some additional special techniques, related to the projection of fluid–structure interface stresses, calculation of the wall shear stress (WSS), and calculation of the oscillatory shear index. In the test computations reported here, we focus on WSS calculations in FSI modeling of a patient-specific middle cerebral artery segment with aneurysm. Two different structural mechanics meshes and three different fluid mechanics meshes are tested to investigate the influence of mesh refinement on the WSS calculations.
Endometrial carcinomas with significant mucinous differentiation associated with higher frequency of k-ras mutations: a morphologic and molecular correlation study.

Objectives K-ras gene product in the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway is critical in the development of certain types of malignancies. K-ras mutation–associated pancreatic and ovarian carcinomas often display mucinous differentiation. Previous studies have shown that k-ras mutation is found in 10% to 30% of endometrial carcinomas. We investigated k-ras mutations in several morphologic subtypes of endometrial carcinomas with particular emphasis on various degrees of mucinous differentiation. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. Polymerase chain reaction amplification for k-ras codons 12 and 13 were performed, followed by sequencing using capillary electrophoresis. The Fisher exact test is used to compare the prevalent difference of k-ras mutation among the groups. P Results K-ras mutations were detected in 8 (80%) of 10 mucinous carcinomas, 12 (67%) of 18 endometrioid carcinomas (ECs) with significant mucinous differentiation (ECMD), 4 (25%) of 16 ECs, and 1 (9%) of 11 serous carcinomas. The differences were statistically significant between mucinous carcinomas versus EC (P Conclusion The findings suggest that mucinous carcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma with significant mucinous component are more likely to be associated with k-ras mutation. Potential clinical implications of k-ras mutation lies in the management of recurrent or higher-stage endometrial mucinous tumors, which would not be responsive to treatment protocols containing epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors.
Community study of infant mortality in San Diego County.

Infant mortality in San Diego County (USA) in 1988 was 6.9 per 1000 live births. This rate had remained unchanged since 1980. It rose to 8.3 in 1989 and fell to 7.0 in 1990. This study describes the results of an investigation into the causes of infant mortality during 1985. A total of 333 infant deaths were recorded. Nearly half the neonatal deaths were related to perinatal causes and more than half the post-neonatal deaths were attributed to the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Two-thirds of all infant deaths occurred in the neonatal period. The contribution of factors in the maternal background and those related to care during labour, as well as postnatally, is described. Language: en
The accumulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in cerebral cortical slices of the quaking mouse, a neurologic mutant.

Abstract Norepinephrine, adenosine, veratridine, and adenosine-biogenic amine combinations elicit an accumulation of cyclic AMP in cerebral cortical slices from C57B1/6J control (+/+), quaking (qk/qk) and heterozygous (qk/+) mice. The percent conversion of radioactive adenine nucleotides to cyclic AMP in slices previously incubated with radioactive adenine or adenosine is markedly lower in slices from quaking and heterozygous mice compared to controls with all stimulatory agents except an adenosine-norepinephrine combination. Total incorporation of radioactive adenine or adenosine into adenine nucleotides is, however, significantly higher with slices of quaking and heterozygous mice. The absolute amount of radioactive cyclic AMP and the levels of endogenous cyclic AMP are nearly identical in the 3 groups of mice following incubation with all stimulatory agents except adenosine. The absolute accumulation of both radioactive and endogenous cyclic AMP was significantly lower in quaking and heterozygous mice after incubation with adenosine. The ratio of [ 14 C]- to [ 3 H]cyclic AMP in slices previously incubated with [ 14 C]adenine and [ 3 H]adenosine is dependent upon the stimulatory agent. The ratio with each agent is consistently lower in quaking mice compared to controls. The data provide evidence for biochemical alterations in nucleotide metabolism in cortical slices of both quaking and heterozygous mice. These effects would not appear to be directly associated with hypomyelination and tremor of the quaking mouse, since the heterozygous mouse, with one quaking gene does not show the latter gross abnormalities.
Construction of autonomous canonical systems when the hamiltonian depends explicitly on time

Abstract If the Hamiltonian function of a dynamical system depends explicitly on the time variable, the resulting system of Hamilton's equations is not autonomous. An explicit method of extension is given whereby a new pair of conjugate variables is introduced so that the extended system remains Hamiltonian, but becomes autonomous. The new generalized coordinate turns out to be the instantaneous value of the original Hamiltonian function on the dynamical orbit, while the new conjugate momentum is the old time variable. A full canonical formalism is obtained, together with a redefined Poisson bracket, a Poisson algebra of smooth functions on the extended phase space, and a Hamilton-Jacobi theory.
The 1 Micron Fe II Lines of the Seyfert Galaxy I Zw 1

Infrared spectrophotometric observations from 0.8 to 2.5 μm are presented for the narrow-line, type 1 Seyfert galaxy I Zw 1. The data clearly reveal Fe II λ9997, λ10501, λ10863, and λ11126—the so-called "1 μm Fe II lines." These features are by far the strongest Fe II transitions in the entire 0.8-2.5 μm spectral region and, relative to the hydrogen lines, are equal or stronger in I Zw 1 than in any of the Galactic sources in which they have been detected previously. The 1 μm Fe II lines, which share a common upper term, are probably emitted by the broad line regions of many active galaxies but have escaped identification because of blending with nearby features of hydrogen and helium. A mechanism for their excitation through fluorescence by Lyα has been suggested previously in the literature, but the crucial cascade lines that feed the upper term in this process are not seen in I Zw 1. The low energy of the upper term indicates that the 1 μm Fe II lines are collisionally excited.
Review of selected oceanic EM/EO scattering problems

Electromagnetic and electro-optical (EM/EO) propagation and scattering in the ocean is of interest for a wide range of science problems. For example, the biological productivity of ocean waters through photochemical processes is governed by the vertical attenuation of solar radiation. Also, EO scattering theory is the primary basis for determining biogeochemical parameters (e.g. phytoplankton, suspended sediments, and dissolved matter) from the water leaving optical radiance. In addition, EO scattering from suspended sediments and bubbles is the limiting factor for active lidar systems used to map the sea bottom. This work will review specific applications of EO/EM scattering theory with regard to the influence of bubbles and droplets on remote sensing in the nearshore ocean. The current state of understanding concerning models and applications for optical scattering from bubbles in the water column as well as microwave scattering from water droplets produced by breaking waves at the ocean surface will be discussed as well as future research directions.
Unconscious processing of multiple nonadjacent letters in visually masked words

Abstract The claim that visually masked, unidentifiable (“subliminal”) words are analyzed at the level of whole word meaning has been challenged by recent findings indicating that instead, analysis occurs mainly at the subword level. The present experiments examined possible limits on subword analysis. Experiment 1 obtained semantic priming from pleasant- and unpleasant-meaning subliminal words in which no individual letter contained diagnostic information about a word’s evaluative valence; thus analysis must operate on information more complex than that contained in individual letters. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that analysis must operate on information more complex than that represented by individual bigrams (adjacent letters) or trigrams (three consecutive letters). These findings suggest that while subliminal priming is driven by subword analysis, the effective units of analysis are distributed widely across at least short (four- and five-letter) words.
Comparison of interpolation methods for ISAR imaging

The purpose of this article is to describe and compare different numerical methods to reconstruct focused ISAR imagery via interpolation in either range-Doppler or frequency domains. Parameters such as amplitude deviation, image entropy, as well as computational efficiency are used to contrast the different approaches presented. It is shown that conventional linear and cubic interpolation techniques are less accurate than other weighted integration techniques, including the unified Fourier reconstruction algorithm which uses an Airy pattern as the interpolating kernel. The appearance of artifacts in linear and cubic interpolation methods is illustrated and discussed. A point target model of a navy drone is used to compare the effectiveness of each method.
Evidence of coupling between toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes and kinetic Alfvén waves

Abstract A 60 GHz microwave scattering system was used to search for kinetic Alfven waves when toroidal Alfven eigenmodes were excited by the energetic hydrogen ions produced during ion cyclotron resonance heating in the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR). Scattering signals from the expected location with the correct frequencies and wave wavelengths were observed. These data are presented as the first evidence for the coupling between toroidal Alfven eigenmodes and kinetic Alfven waves.
Capturing the H2–Metal Interaction in Mg-MOF-74 Using Classical Polarization

Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations of H2 sorption were performed in Mg-MOF-74, a metal–organic framework (MOF) that displays very high H2 sorption affinity. Experimental H2 sorption isotherms and isosteric heats of adsorption (Qst) values were reproduced using a general purpose materials sorption potential that includes many-body polarization interactions. In contrast, using two models that include only charge–quadrupole interactions failed to reproduce such experimental measurements even though they are the type normally employed in such classical force field calculations. Utilizing the present explicit polarizable model in GCMC simulation resulted in a Mg2+–H2 distance of 2.60 A, which is close to a previously reported value that was obtained using electronic structure methods and comparable to similar experimental measurements. The induced dipole distribution obtained from simulation assisted in the characterization of two previously identified sorption sites in the MOF: the Mg2+ ions and t...
Should Peritoneal Lavage Be Used with Suction During Laparoscopic Appendectomy for Perforated Appendicitis

HISTORICAL DEBATEThe debate over the efﬁcacy of peritoneal irrigation or lavage to treat entericcontamination has persisted for at least a century. Lavage was initially advo-cated in 1906 when Frank Torek described pouring salt water into all perito-neal recesses and ‘‘the hand, by some gentle to-and-fro motions, assists it inwashing all parts.’’[1] Furthermore, he advocated that purulent material shouldbe ‘‘dipped out, rather than wiped out, as the latter procedure would be morelikely to injure the peritoneum.’’ Surgeons in this era seem to have been work-ing under the assumption that cleansing the peritoneum with ﬂuid was impor-tant for controlling contamination. As might be expected, reports followed withthe suggestion that antibiotics should be added to the irrigant [2]. Thepro-irrigation group of surgeons has long held the mantra that ‘‘dilution is
Cognitive representation of personal stereotypes

A production task analogue of the traditional multiple choice trait checklist method was used to investigate stereotypes. Subjects were asked to supply rather than to select the most characteristic attributes of specified social groups. In a departure from tradition, stability of the content of stereotypes was analysed for personal stereotypes held by individuals rather than for social stereotypes shared by a cultural group. In contrast to the widely held belief that social stereotypes are fixed and unchanging, personal stereotypes were found to be only moderately stable over time. Only about two-fifths of the most characteristic attributes were duplicated in sessions separated by one week, and only about one-fifth of the most Characteristic attributes were duplicated in sessions separated by one-month or two-month intervals. Findings also supported the notion that general attributes, most characteristic attributes, and least characteristic attributes of a social category are not totally redundant and are represented quasi-independently in memory. Only about half of the most characteristic responses had also occurred on free response protocols and over half of the least characteristic responses tended not to be polar opposites of the most characteristic responses. It was the case, however, that with a production analogue of the multiple-choice trait checklist, trait-adjectives were the most frequent class of person information and accounted for between 50 and 60 per cent of the responses. However, eleven other classes of person information also occurred. Empirical results were applied toward a reexamination of the concepts of stereotype (data structure for the most characteristic attributes of a social group) and stereotyping (rigid procedures for processing data structures) and to a conceptual analysis of how stereotypes and social categories are structurally related.
An efficient partial synthesis of (+)-artemisinin and (+)-deoxoartemisinin

Abstract Arteannuic acid and arteannuin B are separately convertible into intermediate 8 , which is transformed by four or five high-yielding steps into the title anti-malarial sesquiterpene peroxides.
Phase shift analysis of K+p scattering

Abstract We have analyzed data on K+p elastic scattering at 21 momenta covering the range 0.5–2.5 GeV/c. We present results of three phase shift analyses. One of these is an energy independent accelerated convergence expansion (ACE) analysis in which high partial waves are included through use of conformal mapping as suggested by analytic approximation theory. The other two are an energy independent and an energy smoothed conventional analysis. The ACE method gave, with the same number of parameters, a 20% average improvement in x2 as well as more unique phase shift solutions. The high partial waves gave significant contributions to total and inelastic cross sections. The ACE method is also sensitive to the value of gΛΣ2 = gKΛN2 + gKΣN2; we have obtained the value gΛΣ2 = 15.2 ± 2.3.
The normal organization of the lateral posterior nucleus of the golden hamster

As a first step in analyzing the influence of various afferent projections on the development of the hamster lateral posterior nucleus, its normal organization was studied using both light and electron microscopic techniques. Rostrolateral, rostromedial, and caudal subdivisions were identified. The rostrolateral subdivision receives dense projections from the ipsilateral superior colliculus and posterior neocortex, as well as sparser, more restricted projections from the contralateral colliculus and retina. The ipsilateral colliculus is by far the major source of medium-sized (M)terminals with round vesicles. These terminals synapse around the shafts of large central dendrites to form distinctive synaptic clusters. The contralateral colliculus and retina contribute a few M-terminals to the clusters. In contrast, axons from the posterior neocortex form very large (RL-)terminals with round vesicles from the posterior neocortex form very large (RL)terminals with round vesicles which synapse onto numerous appendages of a single proximal dendrite, are surrounded by glial lamellae, and rarely participate in the clusters. Axons from all four sources also form small (RS)terminals with round vesicles which synapse on the shafts of small dendrites. Finally, F-terminals with flat or pleomorphic vesicles form symmetric synaptic contacts both within and outside the clusters. The only identified projection to the rostromedial subdivision is from the ipsilateral posterior neocortex, which contributes RL- and RS- terminals. F-terminals are also found, but neither M-terminals nor synaptic clusters are present. The caudal subdivision also receives RL- and RS-terminals from the ipsilateral posterior neocortex. Small inputs from the ipsilateral and contralateral colliculi are present, but their axons form only RS-terminals. No M-terminals or synaptic clusters are found. These results indicate that a large neonatal superior colliculus lesion would eliminate the vast majority of the M-terminals in the synaptic clusters of the ipsilateral lateral posterior nucleus. In subsequent studies (Crain and Hall, '80 a, b, c), we will examine how the remaining inputs from the retina, contralateral superior colliculus, and posterior neocortex contribute to the synaptic organization when it develops after such a lesion.
Strain-Based Acceptance Criteria for Inelastic Analysis

Modern finite element codes used in the design of nuclear material transportation and storage casks can readily calculate the response of the packages beyond the elastic regime. These packages are designed to protect workers, the public, and the environment from the harmful effects of the transported radioactive material following a sequence of hypothetical accident conditions. Hypothetical accidents considered for transport packages include a 9-meter free drop onto an essentially unyielding target and a 1-meter free fall onto a 30-cm diameter puncture spike. For storage casks, accident conditions can include drops, tip-over, and aircraft impact. All of these accident events are energy-limited rather than load-limited, as is typically the case for boilers and pressure vessels. Therefore, it makes sense to have analysis acceptance criteria that are more closely related to absorbed energy than to applied load. Strain-based acceptance criteria are the best way to meet this objective. As cask vendors’ ability to perform non-linear impact analysis has improved, the need for a code-based method to interpret the results of this type of analysis has increased. The ASME Section III Working Group on Design of Division 3 Containments is working with Section III Working Group Design Methodology to develop strain-based acceptance criteria to use within the ASME Code for energy-limited events. This paper will briefly discuss the efforts within the ASME, detail the advantages of using strain-based criteria, discuss the problem areas associated with establishing strain-based criteria, and provide insights into inelastic analyses as applied to radioactive material transportation and storage casks in general. The views expressed represent those of the authors and not necessarily those of their respective organizations or the ASME.Copyright © 2008 by ASME and U.S. Government