cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Zn2+, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Citric Acid on the Antibacterial Activity of Ovotransferrin against E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in Model Systems and Ham

The antibacterial activity of natural apo-ovotransferrin against E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in model systems increased as the concentration of sodium bicarbonate increased. NaHCO3 at 100 mM markedly increased antibacterial activity of ovotransferrin against E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. Citric acid at 0.5% enhanced antibacterial activity of apo-ovotransferrin against E. coli O157:H7, but 0.5% citric acid alone also showed a strong bactericidal activity against L. monocytogenes. Addition of NaHCO3 negated the strong antibacterial activity of ovotransferrin plus citric acid against the two pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of ovotransferrin was greatly enhanced by acidic pH conditions. Zn-bound ovotransferrin produced a bacteriostatic effect against L. monocytogenes, but Fe-bound ovotransferrin had little or no antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. Considering these results, iron bind capacity of ovotransferrin is not the major cause of antibacterial action of ovotransferrin. Previous studies indicate that ovotransferrin directly interacts with bacterial membranes causing a variety of physiochemical changes which affect the survival of microorganisms. Ovotransferrin plus 100 mM NaHCO3 did not exhibit any antibacterial activity against two pathogens in commercial hams, whereas ovotransferrin + 0.5% citric acid suppressed L. monocytogenes in irradiated hams but not in non-irradiated hams. There are some limitations of using ovotransferrin to control pathogens in meat or meat products. To overcome these problems, further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms of antibacterial activity of ovotransferrin and to identify various factors that can improve the antibacterial activity of ovotransferrin.
Suggestions for strategic planning for the Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering

Abstract : The Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering, part of the recently formed National Nuclear Security Administration within the Department of Energy, conducts wide-ranging research for diverse end users at the federal and local level. As such, the Office faces a number of challenges in choosing how to best serve its users' various needs while justifying its budget. To help meet these challenges, this report suggests specific changes in the Office's planning of its research program. These suggestions are based on an understanding of the Office's activities and a survey of available planning methods. This report grew out of support provided to an advisory committee for the Office of Nonproliferation and National Security, an organization that includes the Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering. This report describes alternative methods for planning the research activities of the Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering and suggests which of those methods seem particularly appropriate to resolving the specific challenges the Office faces. As such, this report should be of interest not only to those within the Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering but also to anyone responsible for planning similar research programs.
Report on the Ninth U.S.-Japan Joint Seminar on Nanoscale Transport Phenomena

The Ninth U.S.-Japan Joint Seminar on Nanoscale Transport Phenomena was held in Tokyo, Japan from July 2 2017 to July 5 2017 at the KKR Hotel Tokyo. This seminar, held once every three years and al...
Spectral theory for systems of ordinary differential equations with distributional coefficients

Abstract We study the spectral theory for the first-order system J u ′ + q u = w f of differential equations on the real interval ( a , b ) when J is a constant, invertible skew-Hermitian matrix and q and w are matrices whose entries are distributions of order zero with q Hermitian and w non-negative. Also, we do not pose the definiteness condition often required for the coefficients of the equation. Specifically, we construct minimal and maximal relations, and study self-adjoint restrictions of the maximal relation. For these we determine Green's function and prove the existence of a spectral (or generalized Fourier) transformation. We have a closer look at the special cases when the endpoints of the interval ( a , b ) are regular as well as the case of a 2 × 2 system. Two appendices provide necessary details on distributions of order zero and the abstract spectral theory for relations.
Structural diversity in cobalt camphorate coordination polymers with flexible dipyridylamide ligands including looped layers and self-penetrated topologies

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of cobalt nitrate, d -camphoric acid, and flexible dipyridylamide ligands afforded a series of coordination polymers with diverse structural topologies, as characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction.{[Co2( dl -cam)2(edn)]·2H2O}n (1, edn = N,N′-(ethane-1,2-diyl)dinicotinamide) shows a 3D 41263 pcu net built from straight-pillaring of {Co2(OCO)4} paddlewheel dimer-based [Co2( dl -cam)2]n layer motifs. In contrast, [Co( d -cam)(edin)]n (2, edin = N,N′-(ethane-1,2-diyl)diisonicotinamide) manifests a two-fold parallel interpenetrated looped layer topology. {[Co2( dl -cam)2(bdin)]·2H2O}n (3, bdin = N,N′-(butane-1,4-diyl)diisonicotinamide) displays a very rare 3D 446108 roa self-penetrated net built from cross-pillaring of {Co2(OCO)4} paddlewheel dimer-based [Co2( dl -cam)2]n layer motifs, as does {[Co2( dl -cam)2(pedin)]·2H2O}n (4, pedin = N,N′-(pentane-1,5-diyl)diisonicotinamide). [Co( d -cam)(hdin)]n (5, hdin = N,N′-(hexane-1,6-diyl)diisonicotinamide) shows a simple stacked system of sawtooth (4,4) grid motifs. Thermal properties are discussed herein.
GP106 Macrocephaly: could improved referrals lead to gentler imaging?

Background Macrocephaly and/or increasing occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) are common reasons for referral to our tertiary general paediatrics clinic. The main concern is excluding hydrocephalus, a serious but rare condition (79 per 100,000 births in high-income countries (Dewan et al, 2018)). The Triage of Referrals Clinic (TORC) is a new initiative that seeks to improve patient flow through outpatients by organising relevant investigations prior to appointments. Methods We performed retrospective analysis of referrals and imaging of patients triaged by TORC who subsequently had neuro-imaging requested due to large/enlarging OFC during August 2017 to October 2018. We devised a standard ‘ideal referral’ for large/increasing OFC based on a review by Seal (2013) and evaluated referrals of infants who went on to have neuro-imaging compared to this standard. Results Seventeen patients had neuro-imaging requested. Median age at referral was 9 months. Four infants (23.5%) were referred due to large OFC, one (5.9%) due to large anterior fontanelle and twelve (70.6%) due to increasing OFC-centile. One patient’s scan was cancelled as they were seen urgently and deemed clinically normal. Two with closed fontanelles went immediately for CT-scan (both normal). Fourteen had cranial ultrasounds; of these eleven (78.6%) were normal or showed increased subarachnoid fluid (considered normal variant). Three patients had abnormal cranial ultrasounds. The first infant had prominent lateral ventricles that were normal on subsequent CT. The second infant had a small cyst consistent with previous haemorrhage and was discharged after a normal clinical assessment. The third patient had enlarged ventricles that were confirmed on CT-scan, they had additional risk factors having undergone neonatal cardiac surgery. Regarding referrals, 14/17 (82.4%) included ≥2 OFC measurements. Three referrals (17.6%) did not mention infant development. Normal development was reported in the remaining fourteen. One referral mentioned the presence/absence of symptoms of increased intra-cranial pressure (ICP). Signs of increased ICP (absent/present) were included in three referrals (17.6%). Only eleven (64.7%) detailed if the anterior fontanelle was open. A family history (absent/present) of macrocephaly was mentioned in five (29.4%) and none mentioned family disability. Seven (41.2%) included weight/length centiles and three (17.6%) infant’s birth-gestation. Conclusions Of the seventeen patients referred for neuro-imaging, one had a significant abnormality. This raises the question of whether neuro-imaging is needed in all these cases and if we may be able to reduce the number of scans ordered by improving quality of referrals.
An Integrated Flood Risk Assessment and Mitigation Framework: A Case Study for Middle Cedar River Basin, Iowa, US

Abstract Property buyout is one of the most frequently preferred flood mitigation applications by decision-makers for long-term risk reduction. Due to its high-level funding requirements as a mitigation solution, it requires extensive benefits and costs analysis for the selected region. Many communities in the State of Iowa experienced extreme flood events (i.e., 1993, 2008, 2014, 2019), which resulted in a heavy economic impact over the last couple of decades. Nearly 3000 property acquisitions have been made between 2007 and 2017 using federal programs. This study presents a web-based Flood Risk Assessment and Mitigation Environment (FRAME), which provides visual data analytics capabilities to analyze property and community level benefit-cost analysis for property acquisitions. The FRAME allows users to explore and visualize historical mitigation projects and buyouts, and evaluate avoided damages for their communities. As a case study, a detailed benefit-cost analysis of historical property buyouts and direct losses of existing properties in the Middle Cedar watershed in Iowa is studied using stream gauge data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Projected stream gauge datasets, which are outputs of two climate scenarios (A1FI-fossil intensive and A2-low emission), are also utilized to assess future avoided losses for acquisitions and possible direct economic losses for existing properties. Case study results indicate that the average benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for buyouts in the studied region is around 0.86. Nearly half of the buyouts reached 4.72 BCR in low emission and 6.3 BCR in fossil intensive climate projections if future floods are considered.
Using structured writing communities to facilitate undergraduate research writing

This article outlines a structured writing community activity originally created to assist communication majors complete their capstone projects. This activity draws upon the Writing Accountability...
Importance of Considering Plant Ramp Rate Limits for Frequency Control in Zero Inertia Power Systems

Reduction in inertial energy injection and delivery of subsequent primary frequency response are key factors that can account for the decline in frequency following a load generation imbalance. While there are newer inverter control schemes that are proposed as a solution, every energy resource has a ramp rate limit that is linked to its natural characteristics. Although the value of this ramp rate can vary across types of resources, the importance of considering the impact of ramp rate during frequency response in a zero inertia power network is often ignored. This aspect will be highlighted here in this paper.
The Role of NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy in Ferroptosis

Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) is a selective cargo receptor that mediates the autophagic degradation of ferritin, the cytosolic iron storage complex, in a process known as ferritinophagy. NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy is required to maintain intracellular and systemic iron homeostasis and thereby iron-dependent physiologic processes such as erythropoiesis. Given this role of ferritinophagy in regulating iron homeostasis, modulating NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagic flux alters sensitivity to ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic iron-dependent form of cell death triggered by peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A role for ferroptosis has been established in the pathophysiology of cancer and neurodegeneration; however, the importance of ferritinophagy in these pathologies remains largely unknown. Here, we review the available evidence on biochemical regulation of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and its role in modulating sensitivity to innate and induced ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Finally, we evaluate the potential of modulating ferritinophagy in combination with ferroptosis inducers as a therapeutic strategy.
Modeling and Analyzing Attacker Behavior in IoT Botnet using Temporal Convolution Network (TCN).

Traditional reactive approach of blacklisting botnets fails to adapt to the rapidly evolving landscape of cyberattacks. An automated and proactive approach to detect and block botnet hosts will immensely benefit the industry. Behavioral analysis of attackers is shown to be effective against a wide variety of attack types. Previous works, however, focus solely on anomalies in network traffic to detect bots and botnet. In this work we take a more robust approach of analyzing the heterogeneous events including network traffic, file download events, SSH logins and chain of commands input by attackers in a compromised host. We have deployed several honeypots to simulate Linux shells and allowed attackers access to the shells. We have collected a large dataset of heterogeneous threat events from the honeypots. We have then combined and modeled the heterogeneous threat data to analyze attacker behavior. Then we have used a deep learning architecture called a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) to do sequential and predictive analysis on the data. A prediction accuracy of $85-97\%$ validates our data model as well as our analysis methodology. In this work, we have also developed an automated mechanism to collect and analyze these data. For the automation we have used CYbersecurity information Exchange (CYBEX). Finally, we have compared TCN with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and have showed that TCN outperforms LSTM and GRU for the task at hand.
Topological and hyperbolic dielectric materials from chirality-induced charge-parity symmetry

Parity-time $(\mathcal{PT})$ symmetry, originally conceived for non-Hermitian open quantum systems, has opened an exciting avenue towards coherent control of light for significant applications. Here we propose a paradigm towards non-Hermitian photonics based on the charge-parity $(\mathcal{CP})$ symmetry, in which the charge conjugation and parity symmetries are broken individually but preserved jointly. Such a symmetry-breaking scheme induces a transition from dielectric to hyperbolic dispersions in chiral dielectrics, leading to lossless all-dielectric hyperbolic metamaterials. More interestingly, the $\mathcal{CP}$-symmetry transition represents a non-Hermitian topological phase transition that occurs at infinite energy and requires no explicit band gap closing. We further showcase broad applications of $\mathcal{CP}$-symmetric photonics such as an all-angle polarization-dependent beam splitter and enhanced spontaneous emission. The $\mathcal{CP}$ symmetry opens an unexplored pathway for non-Hermitian topological photonics by bringing new physics into strong chiral metamaterials, therefore providing a powerful tool for engineering many promising applications in photonics and other related fields.
Changing a Lifestyle

“You can go home tomorrow, Ted. But we need to talk first. You’ve not been taking care of yourself.”
Quantitative estimation of protein. Separation of alkaline protein-copper complex from excess copper on Sephadex G-25.

Abstract When a reaction mixture containing protein and divalent copper in an alkaline tartrate solution was passed through a column of Sephadex G-25, the protein-copper complex was excluded as an entity, while the copper in the tartrate complex was taken up by the gel by what appears to be a specific binding process. This was used as a method for quantitative estimation of protein: samples were treated with a modified “biuret” reagent and passed through columns of G-25, and protein-bound copper was determined colorimetrically in the basic eluate after addition of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. The procedure increased the sensitivity of the biuret reaction 50-fold, and decreased interferences of several substances commonly encountered.
The Variable Effect of Congressional Competition on Incumbent Accountability: A Multilevel Model

In a representative democracy, electoral incentives are supposed to facilitate political accountability and encourage legislators to be more responsive to their constituents' preferences. I examine whether voters sanction incumbents with whom they disagree by utilizing multilevel modeling techniques with data that directly capture whether a citizen agrees with the position his representative has taken across a wide range of policy debates. I find that incumbents are sanctioned by voters who disagree with their positions, but that sanctioning is stronger when electoral competition is robust and varies by the type of policy at stake.
Stochastic optimization with inequality constraints using simultaneous perturbations and penalty functions

We present a stochastic approximation algorithm based on penalty function method and a simultaneous perturbation gradient estimate for solving stochastic optimization problems with general inequality constraints. We present a general convergence result that applies to a class of penalty functions including the quadratic penalty function, the augmented Lagrangian, and the absolute penalty function. We also establish an asymptotic normality result for the algorithm with smooth penalty functions under minor assumptions. Numerical results are given to compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with different penalty functions.
The HII Region W40 and its Molecular Cloud

Extensive new and published older observations of the HII region W40 and its associated molecular cloud have been analyzed. The HII region is near the center of an extensive dark cloud which is contracting at 3 km/s along the line of sight. The HII region is adjacent to the high-density, warm core of the molecular cloud and is responsible for heating it. The ionized hydrogen is expanding away from the high-density molecular gas at velocities up to 8 km/s and is just beginning to break through holes in the near side of the dark cloud.
Intercisternal Elements of the Golgi Apparatus

In both vegetative and reproductive cells of various Nitella species, and in cells of other plant genera, there are fine, parallel, elongated elements lying between the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus but not in contact with the cisternal membranes.
Postsecondary School Transition Issues Affecting the Vocational Rehabilitation of Young Adults "With Learning Disabilities

This article examines selected variables related to the transition periodfrom high school to adulthood for individuals with learning disabilities. Adolescents with learning disabilities, a lifelong condition, become adults with learning disabilities who have difficulty maintaining employment, pursuing postsecondary education, a4J·usting to social and community structure, and effective independent living. Few postsecondary school and vocational rehabilitation resources are currently available to address these needs despite federal legislation advancing the training, employment, community membership, independent living, and civil rights of individuals with learning disabilities. To facilitate more successful postschool outcomes for young adults with learning disabilities, increased numbers and variability of transition rehabilitation programs are needed, as well as effective coordina­ tion among public schools, community services, and families.
Glucose Synthesis in a Protein-Based Artificial Photosynthesis System.

The objective of this study was to understand glucose synthesis of a protein-based artificial photosynthesis system affected by operating conditions, including the concentrations of reactants, reaction temperature, and illumination. Results from non-vesicle-based glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) and glucose synthesis showed that the initial concentrations of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lighting source, and temperature significantly affected glucose synthesis. Higher initial concentrations of RuBP and ATP significantly enhanced GAP synthesis, which was linearly correlated to glucose synthesis, confirming the proper functions of all catalyzing enzymes in the system. White fluorescent light inhibited artificial photosynthesis and reduced glucose synthesis by 79.2 % compared to in the dark. The reaction temperature of 40 °C was optimum, whereas lower or higher temperature reduced glucose synthesis. Glucose synthesis in the vesicle-based artificial photosynthesis system reconstituted with bacteriorhodopsin, F 0 F 1 ATP synthase, and polydimethylsiloxane-methyloxazoline-polydimethylsiloxane triblock copolymer was successfully demonstrated. This system efficiently utilized light-induced ATP to drive glucose synthesis, and 5.2 μg ml−1 glucose was synthesized in 0.78-ml reaction buffer in 7 h. Light-dependent reactions were found to be the bottleneck of the studied artificial photosynthesis system.
Community Participation and Psychological Empowerment Testing Reciprocal Causality Using a Cross-Lagged Panel Design and Latent Constructs

Empowerment theory provides both a value orientation for community-based research and practice, and a conceptual framework for understanding and evaluating interventions. One critical question in empowerment theory involves whether a reciprocal (bidirectional) relationship exists between community participation (CP) and psychological empowerment (PE). This study applied structural equation modeling (SEM) with two waves of survey data from a cross-lagged panel design to test reciprocal and unidirectional causal relations between latent variables representing CP and PE. Participants (n = 474) were randomly selected neighborhood residents and organizational members from the United States. Four models were tested using SEM: (a) a baseline model with autoregressive paths, (b) a model with autoregressive effects and CP predicting future PE, (c) a model with autoregressive effects and PE predicting future CP, and (d) a fully cross-lagged model. Results indicated that CP influenced future PE; however, reciprocal ...
Human urate oxidase gene: Cloning and partial sequence analysis reveal a stop codon within the fifth exon

Using the cDNA and selected genomic probes of rat urate oxidase, we have screened the human genomic library and isolated seven clones; one clone (clone 13) contained exonic regions which correspond to the exons 5, 6, and 7 of rat urate oxidase gene. The nucleotide sequence was determined for these three exons and exon/intron junctions, and compared with the sequence from the rat gene. A mutation resulting in a stop codon TGA was found in the fifth exon of the human urate oxidase gene. Sequence analysis of the polymerase chain reaction amplified DNA, corresponding to the fifth exon of urate oxidase from DNA samples from four different individuals, confirmed the same TGA stop codon in all. This single stop codon mutation and/or other mutation(s) in this gene may be responsible for the lack of urate oxidase activity in the human.
Inelastic neutron scattering in Mn55

Abstract Gamma rays excited by inelastic neutron scattering in Mn55 have been studied. Coincidence methods have been used to observe those gamma rays which cascade through the 127 keV first excited state. Branching ratios have been measured for four levels, as well as the cross sections for excitation of each level. Theoretical calculations of the cross section, using a diffuse-edge potential well, give good agreement with the experiment, if appropriate spin values are assigned to each level.
EXPRESSION OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN J CHAIN IN A MURINE B LYMPHOMA IS DRIVEN BY AUTOCRINE PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN 2

Abstract Expression of the immunoglobulin J chain is initiated by lymphokine signals delivered to activated B cells during a primary immune response. In the mature murine B cell line, CH12.LX, IL-5 and LPS but not IL-2 were found to greatly enhance basal levels of J chain gene expression. Analysis of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) showed two defects: an unusually low expression of the IL-2Rα chain and little or no IL-2Rβ chain. Treatment with IL-5 strongly amplified IL-2Rα chain expression in CH12.LX cells, yet failed to confer IL-2 responsiveness. However, when the IL-2Rβ chain was introduced by stable transfection, the cells expressed 400–500 high affinity IL-2R and responded to IL-2 with increased J chain expression. Surprisingly, in the absence of exogenous lymphokine stimulation, the basal levels of J chain and IL-2Rα in all IL-2Rβ transfectants became significantly elevated over time. Analysis showed that CH12.LX cells constitutively synthesized IL-2 and, given a functional IL-2R, responded to the lymphokine in an autocrine fashion to upregulate both J chain and IL-2Rα. Thus, CH12.LX cells provide a model cell line in which the role of the IL-2Rβ chain in differentiative events such as J chain upregulation can be examined.
Thermoconvective Instability in a Rotating Magnetic Field

The effect of a rotating magnetic field (RMF) on the stability of a fluid contained in a cylindrical column and heated from below is investigated. The RMF increases the critical Rayleigh number for asymmetric flow modes but does not affect the onset of instability for axisymmetric modes. The critical Rayleigh number is dependent upon the relative penetration of the magnetic field into the cylinder and the Prandtl number of the fluid. Instability first develops in the form of a single asymmetric meridional roll rotating around the axis of the cylinder, driven by the azimuthal component of the magnetic field.
Gaf-1, a γ-SNAP-binding Protein Associated with the Mitochondria

The role of alpha/beta-SNAP (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) in vesicular trafficking is well established; however, the function of the ubiquitously expressed gamma-SNAP remains unclear. To further characterize the cellular role of this enigmatic protein, a two-hybrid screen was used to identify new, gamma-SNAP-binding proteins and to uncover potentially novel functions for gamma-SNAP. One such SNAP-binding protein, termed Gaf-1 (gamma-SNAP associate factor-1) specifically binds gamma- but not alpha-SNAP. The full-length Gaf-1 (75 kDa) is ubiquitously expressed and is found stoichiometrically associated with gamma-SNAP in cellular extracts. This binding is distinct from other SNAP interactions since no alpha-SNAP or NSF coprecipitated with Gaf-1. Subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence analysis show that Gaf-1 is peripherally associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane. Only a fraction of gamma-SNAP was mitochondrial with the balance being either cytosolic or associated with other membrane fractions. GFP-gamma-SNAP and the C-terminal domain of Gaf-1 both show a reticular distribution in HEK-293 cells. This reticular structure colocalizes with Gaf-1 and mitochondria as well as with microtubules but not with other cytoskeletal elements. These data identify a class of gamma-SNAP interactions that is distinct from other members of the SNAP family and point to a potential role for gamma-SNAP in mitochondrial dynamics.
Parallel power flow calculation based on Multi-port Inversed Matrix Method

Multi-port inversed matrix method is a universal parallel method for solving linear equations, which modifies only several parts from serial method, and is especial fit for rebuilding parallel program from serial one. The method has been used for some power system parallel analysis method, such as electromechanical transient stability analysis and small signal stability, and the parallel efficiency is high. Based on the Multi-port inversed matrix method, a parallel Newton power flow algorithm is presented in this paper. Simulation results on a large inter-connected system with several network division modes show that the proposed algorithm is correct and more efficient on parallel process.
Effect of mixing technique on surface characteristics of impression materials

Abstract Statement of problem. Previous studies have shown a relationship between the disinfection process, wettability, and mass change of impression materials. Hand-mixed high viscosity impression materials usually result in a material with numerous voids, which contribute to surface roughness and affect the surface characteristics of the material. Purpose. This study evaluated the effect of mixing technique on advancing contact angle, receding contact angle, imbibition, and mass loss of various high and low viscosity polyether and polyvinyl siloxane materials. The null hypothesis tested was no differences exist between the different mixing systems. Material and methods. The Wilhelmy technique was used for deriving wetting properties of the materials used (Impregum F and Penta, Permadyne Syringe, Garant and Penta, Dimension Penta and Garant L, Aquasil). Conditions included no disinfection (0 hours) and 1, 5, and 18 hours of immersion disinfection in a full-strength solution of 2% acid glutaraldehyde disinfectant (Banicide). Weight changes before and after disinfection were measured to detect weight loss or mass increase over time. Weight loss in air was also measured to detect mass loss. Data were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance at alpha=0.05. Results. All materials displayed some degree of imbibition of the disinfectant and experienced mass loss with polymerization, except the light viscosity polyvinyl that gained 0.18% at 5 hours. No significant differences were found in wettability among the polyether materials after 1 hour of disinfection. Less imbibition was observed for high viscosity mechanically mixed materials compared with the hand-mixed materials for both polyether and polyvinyl siloxane at 1-hour disinfection time. Conclusions. Polyether materials were more wettable than polyvinyl. Imbibition of high viscosity polyether and polyvinyl materials after 1 and 18 hours of disinfection were affected by the mixing system used. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:495-502.)
Mould counts and exacerbations of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

The purpose of this study was to determine whether exacerbations of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) were associated with the total outdoor mould counts in the Chicago area. From 1976-1980, forty-nine flares of ABPA (new pulmonary infiltrate with elevation in total serum IgE) occurred in nineteen patients. Thirty-eight (77.5%) of flares occurred during months June through November in association with increased outdoor mould counts in Chicago. This association confirms earlier observations from the U.K. where during the peak mould season which occurs in winter months, there was an increased number of pulmonary infiltrates and average prednisone doses required in ABPA.
Poetic child realism: Scottish film and the construction of childhood

Abstract With this essay I suggest a move towards poetic realism in the representation of children in Scottish movies. After a brief discussion of the landscape context of film geographies I turn to the roots of Scottish film realism in British Free Cinema, with specific reference to filmmakers’ use of landscape and place‐characters. I then argue that Scottish filmmaker Lynne Ramsay moves most fully towards the context of poetic child realism. Ramsay frames and foments a quirky poetic realism with non‐professional child actors placed in carefully crafted landscapes to create important moral and social stories that evolve from a series of shocks and an emotive collision of ideas.
Estrogen effects on epithelial proliferation and benign proliferative lesions in the postmenopausal primate mammary gland

Proliferative lesions of the mammary gland are risk markers and potential precursors for the development of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. In this study we evaluated mammary epithelial proliferation and proliferative lesions in a group of 63 aged postmenopausal macaques randomized by social group to receive one of three experimental diets for 8 months: (1) control; (2) control with 17β-estradiol (E2) at the human equivalent dose of 1.0 mg per day; and (3) control with the soy phytoestrogen equol (EQ) at the human equivalent dose of 105 mg per day. In normal mammary epithelium, treatment with E2 but not EQ resulted in greater proliferation, epithelial area, and progesterone receptor expression (P<0.05 for all). Mammary lesions included columnar cell change (26/63), columnar cell hyperplasia with and without atypia (13/63), atypical ductal hyperplasia (6/63), and atypical lobular hyperplasia (3/63). Lesions were most common within terminal ductal lobular units. The prevalence of columnar cell hyperplasia (total and atypical cases) was higher in animals treated with E2 compared to control (P<0.05 for both). Compared to normal mammary epithelium, columnar cell lesions (CCLs) showed greater constitutive expression of estrogen receptor-α across all groups (P<0.001) and greater expression of progesterone receptor in response to E2 (P<0.01). Independent of treatment, animals with CCLs on histology had greater gene expression of estrogen receptor-α and markers of estrogen receptor activity (trefoil factor 1) and proliferation (gene for Ki67 antigen) at a site contralateral to the CCL (P<0.05 for all). These findings demonstrate that the terminal ductal lobular units of the postmenopausal mammary gland contain morphologically distinct cell populations that may hyperrespond to E2 exposure, resulting in specific types of hyperplastic lesions.
Localized in situ hydrogel-mediated protein digestion and extraction technique for on-tissue analysis.

A simultaneous on-tissue proteolytic digestion and extraction method is described for the in situ analysis of proteins from spatially distinct areas of a tissue section. The digestion occurs on-tissue within a hydrogel network, and peptides extracted from this gel are identified with liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-MS/MS). The hydrogels are compatible with solubility agents (e.g., chaotropes and detergents) known to improve enzymatic digestion of proteins. Additionally, digestions and extractions are compatible with imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) experiments. As an example application, an initial IMS experiment was conducted to profile lipid species using a traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometer. On-tissue MS/MS was also performed on the same tissue section to identify lipid ions that showed spatial differences. Subsequently, the section underwent an on-tissue hydrogel digestion to reveal 96 proteins that colocalized to the rat brain cerebellum. Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining was then ...
Simulations of quantum neural networks

We explore by simulation ways in which an array of quantum dot molecules could serve as a quantum neural computer. First, we show that a single quantum dot molecule evolving in real time can act as a recurrent temporal quantum neural network. Inputs are prepared by fixing the initial states of a quantum dot molecule, and outputs determined by reading its value at a given time T later. The nodes of the network are the instantaneous states of the molecule at successive time slices. The nodes interact indirectly through their mutual interaction with local and phononic modes of the substrate. These modes can be preferentially excited optically, and, therefore, controlled externally. The number of excitations can thus be used as trainable “weight” parameters for a neural network. This network is shown to perform classical logic gates. By preparing the input state as a superposition state, multiple inputs can be encoded as a single initial state. Second, we simulate the possibility of a spatial, rather than temporal, design, as a Hopfield net. The network consists of a regular array of quantum dot molecules on a suitable substrate. The molecules interact indirectly as before, and, now, with each other directly through Coulombic interactions. Both of the quantum networks have none of the “wiring problems” of traditional neural nets: the necessary connections are supplied by the physical system itself. Computation is performed by the intrinsic physics of the physical system. The long range character of the phononic interactions takes the net beyond traditional local connectionist structures. The hypothesized increase in complexity and power, in going to the quantum regime, is demonstrated. We train the quantum Hopfield net using simultaneous recurrent backpropagation.
Emergent Management of Malignancy-Related Acute Airway Obstruction

Acute obstruction of the airway in the emergent situation results from a wide variety of malignant and benign disease processes. Acute management involves establishing a secure and patent route for adequate gas exchange. This requires rapid determination of the location of the obstruction and nature of the obstruction followed by a thoughtful management approach based on findings. Difficult anatomy, hemorrhage, dense secretions, inflammation, and bulky tumor mass can significantly complicate the task of clearing the airway. Obstruction of the central airways by malignant tumor is associated with poor prognosis, but quality of life is considerably improved by restoration of adequate central airways. For both the patient and the clinician, the presentation can be frightening, and advanced interventional pulmonary/endobronchial techniques are required to achieve prompt relief of symptoms. The alleviation of central airway obstruction by tumor is most often palliative, with improvement of quality of life the primary goal rather than cure. This review will cover covers an approach to the patient with airway obstruction that results from malignancy involving the trachea or proximal bronchial tree and affecting gas exchange.
Experimental study of a two-phase surface jet

Results of an experimental study of a two-phase jet are presented, with the jet issued near and below a free surface, parallel to it. The jet under study is isothermal and in fresh water, with air injectors that allow variation of the inlet air volume fraction between 0 and 13 %. Measurements of water velocity have been performed using LDV, and the jet exit conditions measured with PIV. Air volume fraction, bubble velocity and chord length distributions were measured with sapphire optical local phase detection probes. The mean free surface elevation and RMS fluctuations were obtained using local phase detection probes as well. Visualization was performed with laser-induced fluorescence. Measurements reveal that the mean free surface elevation and turbulent fluctuations significantly increase with the injection of air. The water normal Reynolds stresses are damped by the presence of bubbles in the bulk of the liquid, but very close to the free surface the effect is reversed and the normal Reynolds stresses increase slightly for the bubbly flow. The Reynolds shear stresses $$\left\langle {u^{\prime } w^{\prime } } \right\rangle$$ decrease when bubbles are injected, indicating turbulence attenuation, and are negative at deeper locations, as turbulent eddies shed downward carry high axial momentum deeper into the flow. Flow visualization reveals that the two-phase jet is lifted with the presence of bubbles and reaches the free surface sooner. Significant bubble coalescence is observed, leading to an increase in mean bubble size as the jet develops. The coalescence near the free surface is particularly strong, due to the time it takes the bubbles to pierce the free surface, resulting in a considerable increase in the local air volume fraction. In addition to first explore a bubbly surface jet, the comprehensive dataset reported herein can be used to validate two-phase flow models and computational tools.
Type I interferon is required to mount an adaptive response to immunostimulatory DNA

Immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISS, CpG motifs) potently stimulate Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to antigens and have thus generated considerable interest due to their potential use in immunotherapeutics. An array of cytokines are produced in response to ISS exposure, but the relative importance of each of these mediators in the stimulation of innate and adaptive ISS-induced immunity has yet to be fully investigated. To address this issue, we measured immune responses in mice with targeted deletions of the ISS-induced genes encoding IL-12 (IL-12–/–), IFN-γ (IFN-γ–/–), the IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR–/–), and the IFN-α/β receptor (IFN-α/βR–/–) after immunization with ISS-containing oligodeoxynucleotides and model antigens. IL-12–/– and IFN-α/βR–/– mice were compromised in their ability to develop a cross-primed CTL response, whereas IFN-γ–/– and IFN-γR–/– mice were not. In addition, lymphocytes from immunized IFN-α/βR–/– mice had defective IFN-γ responses to antigen restimulation. Antigen nonspecific ISS-induced B cell proliferation was normal in the four deficient strains; however, innate IL-6 production was reduced in IFN-γ–/– and IFN-γR–/– splenocytes and eliminated in IFN-α/βR–/– cells. While IL-12 production was defective in only the IFN-γ–/– splenocytes, innate natural killer cell IFN-γ synthesis was virtually absent in the IL-12–/– and IFN-α/βR–/– mice. Thus, while IFN-α/β, IFN-γ, and IL-12 each play important and distinct roles in the development of the innate and adaptive immune responses to ISS, IFN-α/β is a particularly crucial and currently under-appreciated factor in this system.
Use of Data from Automatic Identification Systems to Generate Inland Waterway Trip Information

Data from archived automatic identification systems in the Paducah, Kentucky, region were analyzed to produce reliable trip data for inland waterway vessels. Because of confidentiality concerns, few options for finding such trip data exist; this lack of data affects the quality of risk calculations. A combination of geographic information systems, relational databases, custom programming, and data visualization tools was applied to extract meaningful vessel traffic information and to detect events occurring within ports and waterways. The geographic configuration of the Paducah port area made the generation of trip data more difficult. However, this problem was overcome by the categorization of all trips into general river movements and the calculation of the total number of towboat trips transiting in the area through river movements or engagement in fleeting, docking, or lockage operations. The data from automatic identification systems were discovered to be of high quality and capable of supporting man...
Hydrogen Delocalization in Cyclic Water Clusters

An alternative model of the dynamics in the low energy states of the water trimer is presented. In this model the dynamically averaged pseudorotational levels reflect the D 3 h molecular symmetry group. In contrast to thecurrently accepted C 3 h model, in the present model transitions through much higher energy barriers, such as clockwise to counterclockwise rearrangements, are allowed. This leads to a significantly different picture of the trimer dynamics. This paper identifies a difference between the two models which can be tested experimentally and will thereby facilitate the selection of the model that is closer to nature.
Homogeneous catalysis of the water gas shift reaction by ruthenium and other metal carbonyls. Studies in alkaline solutions

Homogeneous catalysis of the water gas shift reaction (H/sub 2/O + CO reversible H/sub 2/ + CO/sub 2/) has been demonstrated for a number of metal carbonyl complexes under alkaline conditions. Characterization of the catalysts based on ruthenium carbonyl in alkaline, aqueous ethoxyethanol solution demonstrates that the principal species present under the reaction conditions are the carbonyl hydride anions H/sub 3/Ru/sub 4/(CO)/sub 12//sup -/ and HRu/sub 3/CO)/sub 11//sup -/. (The room temperature synthesis of the latter ion by the reaction of Ru/sub 3/(CO)/sub 12/ in alcoholic KOH is described). The catalysis rate shows a first-order dependence on both the CO partial pressure and the total ruthenium concentration. Cyclic mechanisms proposed to explain these observations involve nucleophilic attack of water or of hydroxide on coordinated CO followed by decarboxylation to give hydridic species from which H/sub 2/ is eliminated in a CO-assisted, rate-limiting step. It is noted that catalysts prepared by adding both iron and ruthenium carbonyls to the same solution are more active than either the ruthenium-based or the iron-based catalysts alone. These mixed metal catalyst solutions are shown to contain mixed metal clusters, and it is proposed that the synergetic effect on catalytic activity may result from greater reactivitymore » of the mixed metal clusters toward elimination of dihydrogen.« less
Conditions equivalent to unit representations of ordered relational structures

Abstract This paper studies several concepts about subgroups of automorphisms of linearly ordered relational structures. In particular, it focuses on conditions that are equivalent to the translations (automorphisms with no fixed points plus the identity) forming a homogeneous, Archimedean ordered group under the asymptotic order. For the automorphisms of an ordered relational structure, these properties are equivalent to the structure having a numerical representation whose scale type lies between, but does not exclude, the ratio and interval types (Alper, 1987; Luce, 1987; Narens, 1981a, 1981b). One result of this paper (Theorem 5) is that for the automorphisms of an ordered relational structure the following necessary conditions for such a representation are also sufficient: the asymptotic order induced on the automorphisms is connected, the structure is homogeneous, the translations are Archimedean, and the dilations (i.e., automorphisms with fixed points) are Archimedean relative to all automorphisms. The last property is equivalent to there being at most one proper, nontrivial convex subgroup. Contrary to hope, these results do not seem to lead to a simpler proof than Alper's for the Dedekind complete case. The paper concludes with an examination of the structure of parallel automorphisms.
Little solar impact from planets' alignment

Contrary to some projections, planetary alignments of the type that have begun recently (when the sun, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn move into almost perfect alignment) should have no perceptible effect on solar flare activity. Some researchers have postulated that the increased gravitational attraction exerted on the sun by the aligned planets could produce massive eruptions near sunspots. The radiation and particles directed earthward by the sun, according to this hypothesis, would change the atmosphere in a way that would slow the earth's rotation; and this change in rotation rate would cause the large plates which constitute the earth's crust to grind together more vigorously and cause major earthquakes. Because Jupiter is the largest of the planets, and so exerts the most gravitational attraction, this geophysical domino theory is sometimes referred to as the Jupiter Effect. But, at least at the solar end of this theory, one would not expect much change in solar activity from planetary alignments of this type.
The effect of ultraviolet light on the fermenting ability of Yeasts

1. Yeasts are destroyed when exposed directly to the effects of ultraviolet light. 2. Irradiation of dextrose-broth cultures of fermenting yeasts in quartz apparatus for periods of time totaling 1 hour and 20 minutes seriously inhibited their fermenting ability. 3. Exposure of yeasts in aqueous suspension to ultraviolet light destroyed so many cells that no gas was formed in 24 hours; very small amounts were formed in 31 hours. The non-irradiated controls showed regular active gas formation. 4. Exposure of dextrose broth cultures to ultraviolet light, after fermentation had begun, greatly inhibited gas formation. 5. Dextrose broth irradiated for a long time before inoculation tended to ferment more slowly than the non-irradiated control media. 6. No observations were made to indicate that exposure of yeasts or media to ultraviolet before inoculation increased the amount of gas formed.