cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peeing under surveillance: bathrooms, gender policing, and hate violence

AbstractThe experiences of trans and gender non-conforming people in public restrooms confirms what feminist scholars have been saying for decades: public space is not a neutral space, rather it is where power is enacted. In this intervention, I extend Foucault’s analysis of docile bodies to gender, suggesting that sex-segregated bathrooms are technologies of disciplinary power, upholding the gender binary by forcing people to choose between men’s and women’s rooms. The resulting lack of safe access to public restrooms is an everyday reality for those who fall outside of gender binary norms. Faced with a built environment that denies their existence and facilitates gender policing, I argue that trans and gender non-conforming people sometimes engage in situational docility. Bodies are adjusted to comply with the cardinal rule of gender – to be readable at a glance – which is often due to safety concerns. Changing the structure of bathrooms to be gender inclusive and/or neutral may decrease gender policing...
Measuring Heterogeneous Reaction Rates with ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy To Evaluate Chemical Fates in an Atmospheric Environment: A Physical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory Experiment

This paper reports an undergraduate laboratory experiment to measure heterogeneous liquid/gas reaction kinetics (ozone-oleic acid and ozone-phenothrin) using a flow reactor coupled to an attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer. The experiment is specially designed for an upper-level undergraduate Physical Chemistry laboratory course and may be incorporated in environmental chemistry and toxicology laboratory courses as well. From the experiment, students can measure heterogeneous reaction rates, calculate reactive uptake coefficients, and evaluate the lifetime of chemicals in an atmospheric environment, which is conducive to their understanding of several important concepts related to physical chemistry and environmental chemistry.
Endocrine regulation of the ocular secretory immune system.

Past research has demonstrated that androgens stimulate the accumulation of both IgA and secretory component (SC) in tears of rats (1,2). This hormone action appears to be due to an enhancement of the synthesis and/or secretion of IgA and SC by the lacrimal gland (2,3) and seems to underly the sexual dimorphism known to exist in the ocular secretory immune system (1–4). However, whether this hormonal effect is unique to the eye or is shared by other mucosal sites has not been determined.
Slowing at Sunset: Administrative Procedures and the Pace of Reform in Korea

Abstract Overhaul of administrative procedures is an important part of most democratic transitions, and procedural regularization and transparency are often seen as steps toward the consolidation of democracy. Administrative procedures affect policy decisions, but whether particular procedural reforms facilitate or hinder democratic responsiveness depends on the details of the procedure and the political environment. In this article, we examine a particular procedural reform: the adoption of a sunset provision in Korea as part of an omnibus administrative procedures package at the end of Kim Young Sam's presidency. A sunset provision might be seen as clearly promoting democratic responsiveness by requiring the winner of the most recent election to explicitly decide whether to keep or drop old rules and regulations. Alternatively, it might be seen as limiting a democratically elected leader's ability to change policy in accordance with his mandate, by requiring expenditure of effort and resources just to m...
Antigen-Specific Suppressor T Cells as One Mode of Expression of Immune Response Genes

Two models to explain the cellular site and mechanism of expression of MHC linked immune response (Ir) genes are currently popular. One model holds that the immune response gene is expressed as a defect in the T cell receptor repertoire such that T cells from nonresponder animals are unable to recognize antigens under Ir gene control in the context of self MHC antigens and, thus, are not stimulated. However, the same antigen may be recognized in the context of allo-MHC components under conditions where alloreactivity has been abolished. Ample experimental evidence exists in the literature to support this model (1–4). The alternative model to explain Ir gene function, the determinant selection hypothesis, centers around the concept that antigen presenting cells from nonresponder animals fail to display foreign antigenic determinants in the proper array with self MHC determinants. Again, ample experimental evidence is available to support this model (5–8).
Natural Hazard in Human Ecological Perspective: Hypotheses and Models

(1971). Natural Hazard in Human Ecological Perspective: Hypotheses and Models. Economic Geography: Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 438-451.
RELATIONSHIP OF ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN TO LYSOZYME.

SummaryEndogenous pyrogen (EP) and lysozyme concentrations in serum paralleled one another when dogs were challenged with varying doses of endotoxin, were made tolerant to the action of the toxin, and were given endotoxin along with aminopyrine, adrenal steroids, and hypothermia. Despite these biologic parallels, there is no evidence that endogenous pyrogen and lysozyme are the same biochemical substance.
The cadmium resistance mechanisms of Phoma strain.

One strain of filamentous fungi possessing stronger resistance and accumulation abilities was screened from mine soil and numbered as phoma sp. F2. According to its characteristics of morphology being mainly the characteristics of pycnidium, it was identified as phoma fungi. Growth of F2 and pH value change of culture liquid were analyzed under culture liquid of different cadmium concentrations; and the cadmium precipitation and distribution outside and inside the cell were studied using combined technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Under the cadmium concentration of 100mg/L, there were much granular cadmium precipitate on the cell wall and surrounding area, and also precipitate adhering to the surface of the mycelium; therefore, precipitation inside and outside the cell might be an important way of cadmium resistance and accumulation of the fungi, and the precipitation might be related to the production of alkaline materials during the growth process of the fungi due to great increase of pH value in the growth process, especially in the high concentration of cadmium.
Application of digital image correlation to full-field measurement of shrinkage strain of dental composites

Objectives: Polymerization shrinkage of dental composites remains a major concern in restorative dentistry because it can lead to micro-cracking of the tooth and debonding at the tooth-restoration interface. The aim of this study was to measure the full-field polymerization shrinkage of dental composites using the optical digital image correlation (DIC) method and to evaluate how the measurement is influenced by the factors in experiment setup and image analysis. Methods: Four commercial dental composites, Premise Dentine, Z100, Z250 and Tetric EvoCeram, were tested. Composite was first placed into a slot mould to form a bar specimen with rectangular-section of 4 mm×2 mm, followed by the surface painting to create irregular speckles. Curing was then applied at one end of the specimen while the other part were covered against curing light for simulating the clinical curing condition of composite in dental cavity. The painted surface was recorded by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera before and after curing. Subsequently, the volumetric shrinkage of the specimen was calculated with specialist DIC software based on image cross correlation. In addition, a few factors that may influence the measuring accuracy, including the subset window size, speckle size, illumination light and specimen length, were also evaluated. Results: The volumetric shrinkage of the specimen generally decreases with increasing distance from the irradiated surface with a conspicuous exception being the composite Premise Dentine as its maximum shrinkage occurred at a subsurface distance of about 1 mm instead of the irradiated surface. Z100 had the greatest maximum shrinkage strain, followed by Z250, Tetric EvoCeram and then Premise Dentine. Larger subset window size made the shrinkage strain contour smoother. But the cost was that some details in the heterogeneity of the material were lost. Very small subset window size resulted in a lot of noise in the data, making it difficult to discern the general pattern in the strain distribution. Speckle size did not seem to have obvious effect on the volumetric shrinkage strain along specimen length; however, larger speckles resulted in higher level of noise or heterogeneity in the shrinkage distribution. Compared with bright illumination, dimmer lighting produced larger standard deviations in the measured shrinkage, indicating a higher level of noise. The longer the specimen, the greater was the rate of reduction with distance from the irradiated surface, especially for the longitudinal strain. Significance: The image correlation method is capable of producing full-field polymerization shrinkage of dental composites. The accuracy of the measurements relies on selection of optimal parameters in experimental setup and DIC analysis.
The Use of Intravesical Oxybutynin Chloride in Patients with Detrusor Hypertonicity and Detrusor Hyperreflexia

Intravesical oxybutynin chloride was administered to 11 children and 7 adults with upper motor neuron bladder dysfunction who were refractory to oral use or who had intolerable side effects from the medication. This therapy was combined with clean intermittent catheterization to ensure complete emptying of the bladder. Five children and 5 adults discontinued therapy due to side effects or the inconvenience of the procedure. The remaining 6 children and 2 adults continue the medication successfully and have shown on followup urodynamic studies that bladder volumes are greater and intravesical pressures are lower than before medication. Intravesical oxybutynin chloride seems to be an effective modality to treat some of these patients but it is not without significant side effects.
Childhood SES affects anticipatory language comprehension in college-aged adults.

Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) has a broad impact on cognitive development including nearly every aspect of language ability. In infancy, lower SES is associated with delays in real-time language processing skills, but it is not known whether or how this relationship carries into adulthood. We explore these questions by assessing the timecourse of anticipatory sentence interpretation in a visual-world eye-tracking task in college-aged adults from higher and lower SES backgrounds. While there were only subtle SES-related timing differences in anticipation of a sentence-final target noun, we found SES-related differences in looks to competitor items on the screen. Particularly, individuals from higher SES backgrounds showed relatively more looks to action-related competitors just prior to onset of the target noun. These findings suggest that early SES influences the dynamics of lexical activation during sentence processing even in adulthood and highlight the importance of early lexical input and experience for adult language skill.
Korean Survivors of the Japanese “Comfort Women” System: Understanding the Lifelong Consequences of Early Life Trauma

Prior to and during World War II, thousands of girls and young women were abducted from Korea and forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese government. Termed comfort women, these girls and young women suffered extreme sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and trauma. Research on this group is not well-developed and people know little of the impact of this early life trauma on the lives of these women who are now in later life. Using snowball sampling, 16 older adult survivors of the comfort women system participated in semistructured qualitative interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted to gain an understanding of the trauma that these women suffered and how it impacted their lives. Results revealed the depths of the abuse these women suffered, including repeated rapes, physical beatings, humiliation, forced surgery and sterilization, and social exclusion. These early traumatic experiences appeared to reverberate throughout their lives in their family relations, their inability to marry and to conceive children, and their emotional and physical well-being throughout the life course and into later life. The experiences of these survivors illustrate the lasting impact of early-life trauma and can guide interventions with current survivors of sexual abuse or trafficking.
Evolution of embedded intelligence

We are surrounded by products that have minds of their own. Computing power, in the form of microcontrollers, microprocessors, sensors, and data storage chips, has become so cheap that manufacturers are building microcomputers and embedded software programs into all types of consumer goods. According to market research firm Databeans, microcontroller shipments worldwide will reach fourteen billion units by the end of 2010 (Databeans, 2009). Along with these chips have come a host of advanced product features and the penetration of embedded product intelligence into daily life. Everyday appliances can now keep track of how often we use them and remind us when it is time to order new batteries or replacement parts. Alarm clocks get louder and louder, or flash a light if we ignore their morning summons. Coffee pots turn themselves on, grind the beans, and brew our first cup at just the strength we prefer. Mobile phones can download our email, display digital photos, remind us of today's appointments, and let us scan the Internet for breaking news over breakfast. Or we can start the day by listening to music on our iPod, watching the morning news reports on our high-definition television (TV), and setting up the recording of a new television series on the digital video recorder (DVR). If we forget about them in our rush to get to work, our steam irons, coffee pots, and toaster ovens will sound an alert, or simply switch themselves off to save power and avoid overheating.
Catalytic, Regioselective Hydrocarbofunctionalization of Unactivated Alkenes with Diverse C–H Nucleophiles

Reactions that forge carbon–carbon (C–C) bonds are the bedrock of organic synthesis, widely used across the chemical sciences. We report a transformation that enables C–C bonds to be constructed from two classes of commonly available starting materials, alkenes and carbon–hydrogen (C–H) bonds. The reaction employs a palladium(II) catalyst and utilizes a removable directing group to both control the regioselectivity of carbopalladation and enable subsequent protodepalladation. A wide range of alkenes and C–H nucleophiles, including 1,3-dicarbonyls, aryl carbonyls, and electron-rich aromatics, are viable reaction partners, allowing Michael-type reactivity to be expanded beyond α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to unactivated alkenes. Applications of this transformation in drug diversification and natural product total synthesis are described. Stoichiometric studies support each of the proposed steps in the catalytic cycle.
A Kinect-based system for promoting healthier living at home

In this paper, we present a novel system designed to promote healthy living at home. The system integrates Microsoft Kinect and wearable devices such as smart watches and fitness bands to enable selective tracking of user activities at the home setting. The objective of the system is to continuously monitor each user and detect bad postures that could increase the risk of back injuries, and prolonged sedentary bouts that are not conducive for a healthy lifestyle. The wearable device to be worn by each user also delivers realtime feedback to the user on detection of bad postures or inactivities. Furthermore, activities data are logged for each individual at a home server and can be assessed via mobile devices or regular Web browsers.
Development of an Active Curved Beam Model Using a Moving Frame Method

In order to develop an active large-deformation beam model for slender, flexible or soft robots, the d’Alembert principle of virtual work is derived for three-dimensional elastic solids from Hamilton’s principle. This derivation is accomplished by refining the definition of the Cauchy stress tensor as a vector-valued 2-form to exploit advanced geometrical operations available for differential forms.From the three-dimensional principle of virtual work, both the beam principle of virtual work and beam equations of motion with consistent boundary conditions are derived, adopting the kinematic assumption of rigid cross-sections of a deforming beam. In the derivation of the beam model, Elie Cartan’s moving frame method is utilized. The resulting large-deformation beam equations apply to both passive and active beams. The beam equations are validated with the previously reported results expressed in vector form.To transform passive beams to active beams, constitutive relations for internal actuation are presented in rate-form. Then, the resulting three-dimensional beam models are reduced to an active planar beam model. Finally, to illustrate the deformation due to internal actuation, an active Timoshenko-beam model is derived by linearizing the nonlinear planar equations. For an active, simply-supported Timoshenko-beam, the analytical solution is presented.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Creating a risk of readmission (ROR) score for gynecologic oncology (GO) patient.

6636 Background: The annual cost of 30 day hospital readmissions in the US is $16 billion. The objectives of this study are to determine factors associated with readmission among GO patients, and t...
Knowledge Work and Human Resource Development

There is increasing awareness that most work is changing, and the predominant trend is toward greater complexity, becoming known as knowledge work. Two fundamental questions remain essentially unre...
“Doing Good” Scholarship: Considerations for Building Positive Social Change Through the Emerging Field of Public Interest Communications

Recognizing the birth and potential of the emerging field of public interest communications (PIC), and building on Fessmann’s work summarizing the field’s foci presented elsewhere in this journal, this article offers 10 considerations for PIC’s proponents to think about as the field’s body of knowledge begins to grow. These considerations suggest we consider that: doing good is a relative concept; interdisciplinary scholarship has great value; understanding practitioners’ lives in the field will enhance PIC scholarship; organizing PIC scholars will empower them; social media empower advocacy; a humanistic philosophy should drive the field’s research and teaching; multiple actors in the public policy process influence PIC; and being a do-gooder might not be such a bad thing.
Effect of phase change on the rheology and stability of paraffin wax-in-water Pickering emulsions

“Pickering” emulsions are widely found in nature and industry including food, pharmaceuticals, and oil industries. Often, Pickering emulsion studied have a Newtonian dispersed phase. However, the dispersed phase can be non-Newtonian such as one that can be subjected to a phase change under certain experimental conditions. This work examines how changing the physical state of dispersed phase alters the shear stability and bulk viscoelasticity of o/w emulsions. Model silica-stabilized, paraffin wax-in-water emulsions are synthesized. The wax, with a melting temperature of about 55 ∘C is subjected to a phase change by changing the temperature between 15 and 80 ∘C. At lower temperatures ( 55 ∘C), the wax melts and expands, making the emulsion droplets deformable and the particles more relaxed. These directly affect bulk emulsion rheology. Flow curves and oscillatory shear experiments indicate that emulsion droplets are flocculated and the emulsions behave as elastic solids. These properties are directly influenced by temperature, which alters the state of aggregation and network-structure of the emulsion droplets. The effect of emulsion concentration is also analyzed. Three different concentrations are tried—15, 30, and 45 vol% (as measured at 25 ∘C when the wax is solid). At a given temperature, the rheological properties seem to scale with concentration. Further, we show that the emulsions are sensitive to destabilization (gelation) under flow with the sensitivity directly varying with temperature and magnitude of shear fields (steady shear) applied.
Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, Fidarestat Prevents High-fat Diet-induced Intestinal Polyps in ApcMin/+ Mice.

Background Recent epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that obesity is a major risk factor for Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Regular intake of high fat-containing diet can promote obesity and metabolic syndrome by increasing the insulin resistance and inflammatory response which contribute to carcinogenesis. Previously, we have shown that inhibition of polyol pathway enzyme aldose reductase (AR) prevents carcinogens- and inflammatory growth factorsinduced CRC. However, the effect of AR inhibition on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced formation of intestinal polyps in Apc-deficient Min (multiple intestinal neoplasia; ApcMin/+) mice is not known. Methods We examined the effect of AR inhibitor, fidarestat on the HFD-induced formation of preneoplastic intestinal polyps in ApcMin/+ mice which is an excellent model of colon cancer. Results APCMin/+ mice fed for 12 weeks of HFD caused a significant increase in the formation of polyps in the small and large intestines and fidarestat given along with the HFD prevented the number of intestinal polyps. Fidarestat also decreased the size of the polyps in the intestines of HFDtreated APC Min mice. Further, the expression levels of beta-catenin, PCNA, PKC-β2, P-AKT, Pp65, COX-2, and iNOS in the small and large intestines of HFD-treated mice significantly increased, and AR inhibitor prevented it. Conclusion Our results thus suggest that fidarestat could be used as a potential chemopreventive drug for intestinal cancers due to APC gene mutations.
Social and Behavioral Simulation

Social and behavioral simulation is an emerging field at the intersection of computational social science and simulation modeling and analysis. Modeling how individual and heterogeneous agents “behave” by converting sensory inputs to decisions, emotions, or actions, is the essence of behavioral simulation. The essence of social simulation, analogously, is modeling how these agents “interact” with each other, and behave collectively as a group, as a function of their behavioral imperatives. When techniques from these two fields are combined, social and behavioral simulation connects individual behaviors at the micro-level to system-level behaviors at the macro-level, allowing the study of dynamic social behavior. This kind of modeling can lead to new insights into the causal mechanisms that underlie social systems. Until now, social and behavioral simulation has consisted largely of innovative applications of simulation to illustrate social or group behavior. More recently, the ability of agent-based modeling, system dynamics, network analysis, and associated techniques to study these micro-macro interactions is unparalleled. The field is ripe for methodological and theoretical advancements. This chapter describes the history of social and behavioral simulation from the perspective of the Winter Simulation Conference community, provides a thematic overview of the questions being addressed, and discusses possible future directions.
The Impact of Inflation Targeting on Attracting Foreign Direct Investment

This study investigates if nations adopting the inflation targeting monetary policy are more successful in attracting FDI than nations utilizing alternative monetary policies. Subsequently, we inquire if inflation targeting is more successful for developing or developed nations. Our results provide four contributions to inflation targeting literature: (i) inflation targeting has a positive impact on attracting FDI; (ii) the attraction is stronger for developed nations than for developing nations; (iii) the attraction is stronger for lower-middle income developing nations than for upper-middle income developing nations; (iv) the relationship between FDI and imports/exports is that of a substitute, not of a compliment.
Using electrophilic fatty acid derivatives to tame host-induced lung injury during influenza infection

In the past century, there have been four major Influenza A Virus (IAV) pandemics including the H1N1 strain that killed an estimated 50 million people in 1918. Seasonal strains still claim over 250,000 deaths globally each year and circulating strains in migratory birds and poultry that could potentially mutate and transmit in humans, are known to be highly pathogenic with reported mortality rates of over 50%. In cases of severe infection, an exuberant host-response induces lung injury by generating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, recruiting immune cells, and damaging the epithelial-endothelial barrier. Vaccines and antiviral treatments do not focus on host-mediated lung injury; therefore, novel therapeutic strategies that target the host to minimize lung damage are required. Electrophilic fatty acid derivatives (EFADs) can dampen inflammation through nuclear factor κB (NF-ĸB) inhibition as well as activate antioxidant responses via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by alkylating key cysteine residues involved in redox signaling. We hypothesized that EFADs will mitigate IAV-induced lung injury by dampening inflammation (NF-ĸB) and activating antioxidant responses (Nrf2). Our group successfully used nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA, an EFAD) to mitigate lung injury observed 70% survival of NO2-OA treated mice versus 10% survival in those treated with the vehicle. A significant decrease in both CD4 and CD8 T cell recruitment was observed on day 6 post infection and correlated with maximal plasma levels of NO2-OA. Furthermore, pilot study data showed decreased Nrf2 nuclear translocation during infection and subsequent restoration upon treatment with NO2-OA. Together, these data suggest EFADs can rescue mice infected with a lethal dose of IAV and both NF-ĸB and Nrf2 are possible mechanisms of action since they are implicated in immune cell infiltration through their ability to alter the expression of genes associated with cytokine/chemokine release, reaction oxygen and nitrogen species generation, and antiviral signaling. These studies will shed light on how EFADs can “tame” the host response to dampen the collateral damage associated with severe infection and how both Nrf2 and NF-ĸB are regulated during influenza infection.
Proactive Identification of Staff Development Needs: A Model and Methodology:

This paper demonstrates a means of obtaining information needed to plan effective solutions to a current service delivery problem, staff development. Specifically, a proactive approach to identification of staff development needs is presented. Results from implementation of the model indicate that behavioral training strategies are used nearly twice as often by staff identified as competent as by staff selected at random. Further, written behavior management programs tend to be used to decrease undesirable behaviors more often than to strengthen adaptive skills. Implications of these findings for staff development are discussed.
VIBRATIONAL CONTROL - AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF CONTROL FOR DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER SYSTEMS.

Abstract A problem of vibrational stabilization of systems described by partial differential equations is considered. After reviewing the vibrational control theory for lumped parameter systems, a few cases of vibrational stabilization of distributed parameter systems are discussed. A condition of vibrational stabilizability for a class of linear partial differential equations is given and an example of vibrational stabilization in a nonlinear situation (Benard instability) is presented.
Cloning, heterologous expression and developmental regulation of a Drosophila receptor for tachykinin-like peptides.

Abstract We identified clones encoding a Drosophila receptor for tachykinin-like peptides by low stringency screening of an embryonic cDNA library with probes from the bovine substance K receptor. The cDNAs encode a seven transmembrane domain protein (DTKR) of 519 amino acids with 40-48% amino acid identity to mammalian tachykinin receptors within transmembrane regions. Xenopus oocytes injected with DTKR cRNAs showed selective responses to vertebrate substance P, its agonists and not to other vertebrate tachykinin peptides. These responses were eliminated by treatment of oocytes with pertussis toxin. In the adult fly, Northern and PCR analysis demonstrated preferential expression of DTKR in the head; in situ hybridization indicated that DTKR is accumulated in the cell bodies of neurons in the adult CNS. The levels of DTKR transcript are regulated during development. Northern and PCR amplification analysis showed that while DTKR transcripts are present at all stages, high levels of expression occur in later stages of embryogenesis (starting at 10-14 h), coinciding with the beginning of major periods of neural development. Whole mount embryo in situ hybridization demonstrated that DTKR is expressed at these later stages of embryogenesis (11-15 h) in the brain and in a specific subset of neurons in each neuromere of the developing ventral ganglion. The gene encoding DTKR was mapped by in situ hybridization to a single location at 99D on the right arm of chromosome 3. These observations demonstrate that the tachykinin family of peptide transmitters and their receptors represent an evolutionarily ancient form of cellular communication within the nervous system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hepatitis C infection: a clinical review.

Nearly three million persons in the United States are viremic with hepatitis C (HCV). Despite a decreasing incidence of HCV in this country, the prevalence of HCV-related chronic liver disease is increasing. Most infections in the United States are acquired by intravenous drug use. The chronicity rate of HCV is high, reaching 85% in some populations, and the risk of progression to advanced liver disease is as high as 20% within twenty years of infection. Host factors like alcohol use accelerate the rate of progression. The enzyme immunoassay is the preferred initial test for diagnosis; the third generation assay has greater than a 99% specificity in immunocompetent patients. Barring contraindications, the standard of care for treatment of chronic HCV has become pegylated interferon and ribavirin. With this therapy, the cure rate for treatment-naive patients is about 55%, but rates are higher in certain groups. Common side effects of therapy include neuropsychiatric symptoms, influenza-like symptoms and hematological abnormalities.
Articulated Joint Distraction in a Cadaveric Model of the Canine Elbow.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine if articulated joint distraction in the canine elbow can effectively maintain a distraction gap between the articular surfaces of the canine elbow under a weight-bearing load. Study Design An articulated external skeletal fixator with turnbuckles was applied to seven canine cadaveric elbow specimens. Specimens were potted and mechanically tested at 135° of flexion, while joint contact pressure was recorded at three locations within the elbow. Joint distraction was sequentially increased, and loads of 5 N, 90 N and 180 N were incrementally applied. This process was repeated until no pressure was recorded at each of the three locations within the elbow under 180 N of applied load. Results To achieve 0 N of joint contact force with 180 N of axial load, the average amount of distraction needed was 2.3 ± 0.71 mm (range, 1.8–3.6 mm) at the distal turnbuckles and 1.67 ± 1.10 mm (range, 1.8–2.7 mm) at the proximal turnbuckles. Conclusion Results suggest that joint distraction can effectively decrease articular pressure within the canine elbow joint. A maximum of 3.6 mm of distraction between the fixator turnbuckles was necessary to eliminate joint contact for the construct tested. Clinical investigation is necessary to establish if articulated elbow joint distraction is a safe and effective for the treatment of canine elbow osteoarthritis.
Demonstration of Computational THz Diffractive Optical Elements Enabled by a Modified Direct Binary Search Technique

Computational diffractive optics is a powerful tool for designing THz optical elements. Furthermore, an optimization based modified search algorithm can enable us to find optimal solutions much faster than what is possible by employing search algorithms. In view of this, the proposed gradient descent optimization based modified binary search algorithm cannot just enable a faster convergence (up to l0-l00X), but also allows us to increase the dimension of the search space, thus the number of degrees of freedom on the problem, which can lead to much better design performance. Using this approach, we demonstrate a series of ultra-thin (1.5-3λ 0 ), error-tolerant and efficient THz optical elements including (i) large N.A. 1D and 2D lenses for aberration-rectified narrow and broadband focusing and (ii) the THz equivalent of an optical spectrometer, i.e. a structure focusing different THz frequencies at different points in space. We present experimental results performed using 3D printed structures, which are backed by full wave simulations.
Machine learning applications in detecting rip channels from images

Abstract Images containing rip channels are used in oceanographic studies and can be preprocessed for these studies by identifying which regions of the image contain rip channels. For thousands of images, this process can become cumbersome. In recent years, object detection has become a successful approach for identifying regions of an image. There are several different algorithms for detecting objects from images, however, there is no guidance as to which algorithm works well for detecting rip channels. This paper aims to compare and explore state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms, including the Viola–Jones algorithm, convolution neural networks, and a meta-learner on a dataset of rip channel images. Along with the comparison, another objective is to find suitable features for rip channels and to implement the meta-classifier for competition with the state of the art. The comparison suggests the meta-classifier is the most promising detection model. In addition, five new Haar features are found to successfully supplement the original Haar feature set. The final comparison of these models will help guide researchers when choosing an appropriate model for rip channel detection, the new Haar features provide researchers with valuable data for detecting rip channels, and the meta-classifier provides a method for increasing the accuracy of a detector through classifier stacking.
Micromechanics of Hydro-Thermo-Mechanical Processes in Rock Accounting for Thermal Convection

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a comprehensive micromechanical study to improve the understanding of the coupled hydro-thermo-mechanical (HTM) processes during injection of pressurized ...
Could the Benefits of the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program be Retroactively Curtailed

There is a sharp tension between the expectations that hundreds of thousands to millions of persons have or will have regarding their right to have their federal student loan debts forgiven under the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (“PSLF”) program and the legitimate public concerns regarding the large costs and regressive incidence of the PSLF program’s benefits. In 2017, the Trump Administration proposed abolishing the PSLF program for future federal Direct Loans, but this proposal was not adopted. A similar proposal was made in 2019 as part of the Administration’s fiscal 2020 budget proposal, with little chance of adoption. But given the large costs of the program, which I estimate will eventually rise to $12 billion per year or more as an estimated 200,000 people per year who currently have outstanding federal Direct Loans will eventually seek debt forgiveness, and given the regressively skewed incidence of its benefits in favor of relatively affluent mid-career doctors and lawyers, I think that there will be further legislative curtailment efforts made in 2020 or later by the Trump Administration or by members of Congress, this time perhaps a more aggressive proposal for retroactive elimination of the program, or at least a push for a tax law amendment to include this forgiven debt as taxable income as is now done for debts forgiven under the other federal income-based loan forgiveness plans. This Article considers several contractual arguments as well as Constitutional arguments that opponents of such proposed statutes could offer. The contractual arguments against retroactive elimination of the PSLF program include arguments based on: the express loan terms; the implied contractual covenant of good faith and fair dealing; promissory estoppel; and unconscionability. Some of these arguments have considerable merit, at least for those Direct Loan borrowers who can make certain fact-specific showings. Opponents of such legislation might also be able to invoke constitutional substantive due process concerns under the authority of the 1986 Supreme Court case of Bowen v. POSSE. They also could offer a plausible Takings Clause argument against a tax law change if the courts choose to regard the PSLF program’s tax exemption for forgiven debt as a contractual commitment rather than as only a revocable privilege. This Article does not take a strong normative position on these potential legal issues. It does, however, suggest a compromise that might fairly balance the interests at issue: continue the PSLF program in its current form, but repeal the tax exemption for forgiven debt so as to recapture for the Treasury in a modestly progressive manner approximately one-quarter to one-third of the benefits of the debt forgiveness. Such a compromise should probably also include a provision for spreading the payment of those taxes over at least several years after debt forgiveness to avoid unduly burdening these persons with a sudden, large tax liability that is not accompanied by the receipt of funds to pay those taxes.
Diasporic Longings? Cahokia, Common Field, and Nostalgic Orientations

As Cahokia experienced its prolonged abandonment and violence spread throughout the Midwest and Southeast, thousands of people left the American Bottom region and either established new communities or integrated into others. Tracing where Cahokians went has been difficult to discern archaeologically, begging the questions: How do we distinguish between diasporic and other kinds of population movements? And what might a diasporic community born of thirteenth and fourteenth century violence look like? This article discusses the Common Field site in southeast Missouri and explores the possibility and utility of considering Common Field a diasporic community by highlighting the role of nostalgia in diasporic movements.
Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Ascending Aortic Aneurysm in a Twin Pregnancy.

Abstract Bicuspid aortic valve with ascending aortic aneurysm is a common condition encountered in pregnancy. There are limited data on how to manage these patients. To our knowledge, we report the...
Benchmarking national action plans on antimicrobial resistance in eight selected LMICs: Focus on the veterinary sector strategies.

Background The WHO Global Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance (GAP) provides a global strategy for combating antimicrobial resistance. Context-specific national action plans (NAP) translate GAP to reflect local priorities. However, the process by which countries translate GAP into NAPs, and the resultant concordance, is not well-known. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the NAPs of eight selected low- and lower-middle income countries (LMICs) against GAP and each other to identify best practices with a focus on the veterinary sector. Methods Using the WHO GAP, and the WHO Manual for designing NAPs, we performed a policy content evaluation for: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan and Uganda. NAPs were assessed as concordant with GAP if they contained ≥80% of the recommendations. Operational and monitoring and evaluation (ME except Afghanistan's. The M&E plans were not all SMAT. Detailed costing and funding sources were included for only Ghana and Uganda. Quantitative target for antimicrobial use reduction was found only in Nepal's NAP and legislation only for Bangladesh. Ghana's and Uganda's medicine quality assurance mechanisms were the most robust. Conclusions All NAPs were concordant with GAP. However, gaps exist in relation to M&E, diminishing the countries' capacity to be accountable and implement corrective action if necessary. Most lacked financing plans and targets for antimicrobial use reduction. The antimicrobial quality assurances strategies are limited in most of the NAPs assessed. A mechanism by which countries can benchmark their NAP would allow identification of specific limitations and areas of best practice.
A Review of Non-Surgical Pain Management in Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a prominent cause of disability in older adults, especially with an increasingly obese and aging population. Clinical management of pain secondary to osteoarthritis should focus on education and self-management with exercise and weight management as a priority. Surgical intervention should only be considered once conservative measures have failed. This review provides a clinical update on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of osteoarthritis.
Predictors of willingness to get a COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S.

As COVID-19 vaccine distribution efforts continue, public health workers can strategize about vaccine promotion in an effort to increase willingness among those who may be hesitant. In April 2020, we surveyed a national probability sample of 2279 U.S. adults using an online panel recruited through address-based sampling. Households received a computer and internet access if needed to participate in the panel. Participants were invited via e-mail and answered online survey questions about their willingness to get a novel coronavirus vaccine when one became available. The survey was completed in English and Spanish. We report weighted percentages. Most respondents were willing to get the vaccine for themselves (75%) or their children (73%). Notably, Black respondents were less willing than White respondents (47% vs. 79%, p < 0.001), while Hispanic respondents were more willing than White respondents (80% vs. 75%, p < 0.003). Females were less likely than makes (72% vs. 79%, p < 0.001). Those without insurance were less willing than the insured (47% vs. 78%, p < 0.001). Willingness to vaccinate was higher for those age 65 and older than for some younger age groups (85% for those 65 and older vs. 75% for those 50–64, p < 0.017; 72% for those 35–49, p < 0.002; 70% for those 25–34, p = NS and 75% for ages 18–24, p = NS), but other groups at increased risk because of underlying medical conditions or morbid obesity were not more willing to get vaccinated than their lower risk counterparts. Most Americans were willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine, but several vulnerable populations reported low willingness. Public health efforts should address these gaps as national implementation efforts continue.
Our Dynamic Being Within: A Smithian Critique of the New Paternalism

Adam Smith’s ideas in The Theory of Moral Sentiments anticipate formulations in behavioral welfare economics. Smith often models the person as a duality: an acting self and a being within. Like many behavioral welfare economists, he recognizes that our true desires, which in a static framework correspond to the sentiments of our inner being, may go unfulfilled from the appetites of our acting self. Despite the similarities, Smith’s ideas pose challenges to the behavioral paternalist programs which derive from such views. Smith understands that the desires of our being within would cash out differently in different circumstances. There is no algorithm for discerning error in choice from an impersonal, external perspective. Such considerations pose an identification problem for behavioral paternalist efforts. At a deeper level Smith understands that our being within is not a static rational agent, but a learning and discovering being, a being in the process of discovering what his or her preferences actually are. Developing Smith’s views, I argue that a Smithian ought to conceive of the continuing self as a locus of affirmation, a being who affirms her present desires, despite her knowledge that those desires may yet evolve into something else.
Quantifying interdisciplinarity: Subject librarians as research collaborators

Abstract Interdisciplinary research presents unique challenges and unique opportunities for collaboration, but measuring the impact of interdisciplinary research creates particular opportunities for subject librarians. Researchers working in the field of applied zooarchaeology collect data about ancient animal populations by examining animal remains found at archaeological sites. These data provide historic insights that would be of use to scholars working in a variety of disciplines, but the question has lingered among applied zooarchaeologists as to whether their colleagues in other disciplines have been discovering and citing the published data. The authors of the current study designed a citation analysis to measure the impact of applied zooarchaeological publications beyond the traditional disciplinary boundaries of anthropology/archaeology. The authors then reflect on the implications of the findings for not just applied zooarchaeology, but for interdisciplinarity, for discovery and collection management, and for collaboration and demonstrating value.
The validity urine color scoring at different light conditions to assess low versus high urine concentration.

CONTEXT Urine color (Uc) is used to asses urine concentration when lab techniques are not feasible. OBJECTIVE To compare the accuracy of Uc scoring using four different light conditions and two different scoring techniques with a 7-color Uc chart. Additionally to assess the results' generalizability, a subsample was compared to scores obtained from fresh samples. DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. SAMPLES 178 previously frozen urine samples were scored and n=78 samples were compared to its own fresh outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Urine color and accuracy for classifying urine samples were calculated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, allowing to compare the diagnostic capacity against a 1.020 urine specific gravity (USG) cut-off and defining optimal Uc cut-off value. RESULTS Uc was significantly different between light conditions (P<0.01), with the highest accuracy (80.3%) of correctly classifications of low or high urine concentrations occurring at the brightest light condition. Lower light intensity scored 1.5-2 shades darker on a 7-color Uc scale than bright conditions (P<0.001), with urine color but no further practical differences for accuracy between scoring techniques. Frozen was 0.5-1 shade darker than freshly measured Uc (P<0.004), but they were moderately correlated (r=0.64). A Bland-Altman plot showed that reporting bias mainly affects darker Uc without impacting the diagnostic ability of the method. CONCLUSIONS Uc scoring, accuracy and Uc cut-off values are affected by lighting condition but not by scoring technique, with higher accuracy and a one-shade lower Uc cut-off value at the brightest light (i.e. LED flashlight).