cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Yao Wenyuan to Cui Zi'en: film, history, memory

AbstractThis essay discusses the various ways in which scholars have approached old and new Chinese cinema during the last 35 years. Adopting the perspective of a historian rather than the perspective of a film studies scholar, the essay points to significant breakthroughs in scholarship on Chinese cinema, but dwells on a wide range of problems still facing researchers. The essay takes the form of the author's personal reflection on the development of the Chinese film field, and concludes with an endorsement of multidisciplinary research strategies and methodological flexibility.
Fractional step methods for index-1 differential-algebraic equations

In the numerical solution of ordinary differential systems, the method of fractional steps (also known as operator splitting) yields high-order accurate schemes based on separate, computationally convenient treatments of distinct physical effects. Such schemes are equally desirable but much less accurate for semi-explicit index-1 differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). In the first half of this note, it is shown that [email protected]?ve application to DAEs of standard splitting schemes suffers from order reduction: both first and second-order schemes are only first-order accurate for DAEs. In the second half of this note, a new family of higher-order splitting schemes for semi-explicit index-1 DAEs is developed. The new schemes are based on a deferred correction paradigm in which an error equation is solved numerically, and therefore inherit a simple computationally convenient structure. Higher-order convergence of the new schemes is proved, and numerical results confirm the expected order of accuracy in addition to establishing efficiency.
The Electron Microscopy of Trichomonas muris

SUMMARY. Thin sections of Trichomonas muris, from the caecum of Mesocricetus auratus, were observed with the aid of the electron microscope in order to determine structural details of organelles of this species. The blepharoplast appears to be limited by a membrane. What seem to be basal granules occur in the blepharoplastic area for the axostyle and the lamellae of the undulating membrane and measure approximately 500 A in diameter. In cross section the anterior flagella and posterior flagellum are composed of eleven fibrils, two centrally and nine peripherally located. Each fibril measures about 380 A in diameter. The so-called “accessory filament” of the undulating membrane is devoid of any filamentous structure and appears to be composed of two differentiated mesh-work areas. The undulating membrane is composed of a series of lamellae ranging from 300 to 400 A in thickness. This organelle is attached to the external body surface by fine fibers ranging from 167 to 300 A in thickness. The costa consists of a series of disks embedded in a matrix. The costa is attached to the internal body surface by what appear to be extensions of the costal disks. These disks are approximately 370 A in thickness and spaced 490 A apart. The axostyle is limited by a double, corrugated membrane. The corrugations are about 150 A in thickness and spaced 110 A apart. The so-called chromatic ring is composed of a series of rods approximately 640 A in thickness. The parabasal body consists of a series of filaments approximately 190 A in thickness. Mitochondria, spheroidal in shape, are limited by a membrane about 180 A in thickness. The internal structure consists of a varying number of projections which make this organelle appear in section as a series of compartments. Chromatic granules (paracostal, para-axostylar, endo-axostylar and those scattered in the cytoplasm) are irregular in shape and limited by a membrane approximately 200 A in thickness. These granules typically display a vacuolated internal structure.
Structures mimicking sex cord‐stromal tumours and gonadoblastomas in the ovaries of normal infants and children

A chance finding of structures resembling gonadoblastomas in the ovaries of a child with lissencephaly prompted a detailed review of all ovarian histology obtained at autopsy over a 12 month period. Fifty-five stillbirths, infants and children were studied ranging from 20 weeks gestational age to 2.5 years post-natal age. In 19 infants structures mimicking gonadoblastomas and sex cord tumours with annular tubules were seen. In all but one case these structures were found in association with follicular cysts and they closely resembled the atretic follicles often seen in the stroma surrounding the follicular cysts. They differed from the atretic follicles only by virtue of their being larger. In addition, in several infants structures resembling Sertoli cell tubules or clusters of Leydig cells were found. When present, these structures always co-existed with sex cord tumours with annular tubules and gonadoblastoma-like lesions. The abnormal stromal lesions and follicular cysts were found most frequently at the stage of development when a massive 'physiological' reduction of oocytes occurs. It is suggested that the 'abnormal' structures identified in this report represent the 'first hit' of oncogenesis and could serve as the precursor of many of the sex cord-stromal tumours, and possibly germ cell neoplasms, seen in childhood.
Social institution, cognition, and survival: a cognitive–social simulation

Although computational models of cognitive agents that incorporate a wide range of cognitive functionalities have been developed in cognitive science, most of the work in social simulation still assumes rudimentary cognition on the part of the agents. In contrast, in this work, the interaction of cognition and social structures/processes is explored, through simulating survival strategies of tribal societies. The results of the simulation demonstrate interactions between cognitive and social factors. For example, we show that cognitive capabilities and tendencies may be relevant to what social institutions may be adopted. This work points to a cognitively based approach towards social simulation, as well as a new area of research—exploring the cognitive–social interaction through cognitively based social simulation.
The Mu transpososome structure sheds light on DDE recombinase evolution

Studies of bacteriophage Mu transposition paved the way for understanding retroviral integration and V(D)J recombination as well as many other DNA transposition reactions. Here we report the structure of the Mu transpososome—Mu transposase (MuA) in complex with bacteriophage DNA ends and target DNA—determined from data that extend anisotropically to 5.2 A, 5.2 A and 3.7 A resolution, in conjunction with previously determined structures of individual domains. The highly intertwined structure illustrates why chemical activity depends on formation of the synaptic complex, and reveals that individual domains have different roles when bound to different sites. The structure also provides explanations for the increased stability of the final product complex and for its preferential recognition by the ATP-dependent unfoldase ClpX. Although MuA and many other recombinases share a structurally conserved ‘DDE’ catalytic domain, comparisons among the limited set of available complex structures indicate that some conserved features, such as catalysis in trans and target DNA bending, arose through convergent evolution because they are important for function. The structure of the bacteriophage transposase MuA bound to DNA sequences that mimic both the transposon ends and the target DNA ends is solved; the picture of this synaptic complex illustrates the intricacy of Mu transposition, and exposes the architectural diversity among DDE recombinases in complex with substrate DNAs. DNA sequences known as transposons encode proteins that allow them to insert copies of themselves throughout the genome. The mechanism of transposition has similarities to processes involved in retroviral integration and during immunoglobulin and T-cell-receptor development. Phoebe Rice and colleagues have now solved the structure of a bacteriophage transposase (MuA) bound to DNA sequences that mimic both the transposon ends and the target DNA ends. Images of this synaptic complex show the roles that individual domains of MuA have, and highlight the benefits provided by the intertwined structure.
Projection x-ray imaging with photon energy weighting: experimental evaluation with a prototype detector.

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in x-ray imaging can be increased using a photon counting detector which could allow for rejecting electronics noise and for weighting x-ray photons according to their energies. This approach, however, was not feasible for a long time because photon counting x-ray detectors with very high count rates, good energy resolution and a large number of small pixels were required. These problems have been addressed with the advent of new detector materials, fast readout electronics and powerful computers. In this work, we report on the experimental evaluation of projection x-ray imaging with a photon counting cadmium?zinc?telluride (CZT) detector with energy resolving capabilities. The detector included two rows of pixels with 128 pixels per row with 0.9 ? 0.9 mm2 pixel size, and a 2 Mcount pixel?1 s?1 count rate. The x-ray tube operated at 120 kVp tube voltage with 2 mm Al-equivalent inherent filtration. The x-ray spectrum was split into five regions, and five independent x-ray images were acquired at a time. These five quasi-monochromatic x-ray images were used for x-ray energy weighting and material decomposition. A tissue-equivalent phantom was used including contrast elements simulating adipose, calcifications, iodine and air. X-ray energy weighting improved the SNR of calcifications and iodine by a factor of 1.32 and 1.36, respectively, as compared to charge integrating. Material decomposition was performed by dual energy subtraction. The low- and high-energy images were generated in the energy ranges of 25?60 keV and 60?120 keV, respectively, by combining five monochromatic image data into two. X-ray energy weighting was applied to low- and high-energy images prior to subtraction, and this improved the SNR of calcifications and iodine in dual energy subtracted images by a factor of 1.34 and 1.25, respectively, as compared to charge integrating. The detector energy resolution, spatial resolution, linearity, count rate, noise and image uniformity were investigated. The limitations of this technology were emphasized and possible solutions were discussed.
Sub-10 nm Platinum Nanocrystals with Size and Shape Control: Catalytic Study for Ethylene and Pyrrole Hydrogenation

Platinum nanocubes and nanopolyhedra with tunable size from 5 to 9 nm were synthesized by controlling the reducing rate of metal precursor ions in a one-pot polyol synthesis. A two-stage process is proposed for the simultaneous control of size and shape. In the first stage, the oxidation state of the metal ion precursors determined the nucleation rate and consequently the number of nuclei. The reaction temperature controlled the shape in the second stage by regulation of the growth kinetics. These well-defined nanocrystals were loaded into MCF-17 mesoporous silica for examination of catalytic properties. Pt loadings and dispersions of the supported catalysts were determined by elemental analysis (ICP-MS) and H2 chemisorption isotherms, respectively. Ethylene hydrogenation rates over the Pt nanocrystals were independent of both size and shape and comparable to Pt single crystals. For pyrrole hydrogenation, the nanocubes enhanced ring-opening ability and thus showed a higher selectivity to n-butylamine as compared to nanopolyhedra.
Cation-Dependent Behavior of Cardiolipin-Containing Membranes and Implications for Respiratory Complex II Assembly and Activity

Cardiolipin (CL) is the signature phospholipid of energy-conserving mitochondrial inner membrane. It has a uniquely dimeric structure, with a headgroup composed of two phosphatidyl moieties linked by a glycerol bridge and a hydrophobic domain of four acyl chains. Despite having two phosphodiesters, CL is proposed to be monoanionic at physiological pH due to resonance stabilization of a bicyclic acid-anion structure that traps a proton. Moreover, CL displays phase polymorphism by undergoing a lamellar to inverted hexagonal transition in the presence of divalent cations. We have investigated the influence of divalent cations on lipid bilayers containing CLs with varying headgroups and acyl chains. We analyzed global physical properties of membranes in liposomes and nanodiscs, using fluorescent probes that localize to different bilayer depths. The environment-sensitive probe Laurdan was used to detect changes in hydration level of the interfacial region. With increasing concentrations of divalent cations, we observed a CL-dependent biphasic increase in degrees of lipid packing that is profoundly reduced for CL analogs lacking the resonance-stabilized headgroup or containing the anionic lipid phosphatidylglycerol. Parallel measurements of fluorescence anisotropy using diphenylhexatriene localized in the hydrophobic bilayer interior revealed much less pronounced effects on acyl chain dynamics with identical cation titrations. Finally, based on our recent report that CL is critical for respiratory Complex II structure and function, we investigated effects of divalent cations on activity and integrity of this enzyme. We observed cation-dependent disassembly of Complex II with an attendant loss of its redox activity that shows remarkable correlation with our fluorescence-detected alterations in bilayer structure. Based on these results, we propose a model in which coordination of divalent cations by CL causes specific changes in bilayer structure that are linked with structural alterations in CL-binding protein complexes.
Effect of correlation on conductivity and relaxation time.

The frequency-dependent conductivity and relaxation time of a correlated two-component plasma is calculated. We take into account the short-range correlation effect of the electron-electron, hole-hole, and electron-hole interactions by making use of the effective two-body interaction which is related to the pair correlation function. Our result for the conductivity is given in terms of the density fluctuation of the plasma. However, the present result depends on the dielectric response beyond the random-phase approximation. We take into account the effects of short-range correlations on the screening. Moreover, we consider the effect of the electron-hole short-range correlation on the electron-hole scattering-matrix element. Here we take into account the electron-hole attractive interaction during the scattering process, beyond the Born approximation, as it is commonly used.
Major Successes of Theory-and-Experiment-Combined Studies in Surface Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis.

Experimental discoveries followed by theoretical interpretations that pave the way of further advances by experimentalists is a developing pattern in modern surface chemistry and catalysis. The revolution of modern surface science started with the development of surface-sensitive techniques such as LEED, XPS, AES, ISS and SIMS, in which the close collaboration between experimentalists and theorists led to the quantitative determination of surface structure and composition. The experimental discovery of the chemical activity of surface defects and the trends in the reactivity of transitional metals followed by the explanations from the theoretical studies led to the molecular level understanding of active sites in catalysis. The molecular level knowledge, in turn, provided a guide for experiments to search for new generation of catalysts. These and many other examples of successes in experiment-and-theory-combined studies demonstrate the importance of the collaboration between experimentalists and theorists in the development of modern surface science.
Properties and significance of a small marker chromosome in amniotic fluid cells

We report the presence of a small supernumerary metacentric chromosome in an amniotic fluid cell culture. The extra chromosome was inherited from the mosaic mother, and was characterized by the presence of four satellite regions, two on each side of the centromere. The pregnancy proceeded to term, and our findings were confirmed in the clinically normal offspring. The problems posed by the presence of the marker chromosome, in terms of both cytogenetic diagnosis and genetic counseling, are discussed in the light of similar cases from the literature.
Control of cutaneous collagenolysis

Abstract Fibroblasts, both mouse and human, can induce collagenolytic enzyme, probably via the depression of an operon. This depression can be produced by cortisol, oxyphenylbutazone or indomethacin. The induced collagenase is released easily from within the fibroblast into the extracellular fluid. Apparently when a certain finite concentration of collagenase is reached in this extracellular fluid, further enzyme induction is inhibited. Presumably this may represent a novel “feedback” control system for collagenase induction in both mouse and diploid human fibroblasts.
On the Pleasures and Dangers of Culpability

■ This article takes up the topic of culpability by asking why so many religious converts today are opting for morally strict faiths that are centered around lists of well-defined rules to be followed and that dwell on the consequences of failing to follow them. It answers this question by first reviewing the canonical Western philosophical distinction between deontological and consequentialist approaches to ethics. It then goes on to argue that these types of ethical system thrive in different kinds of social settings. Consequentialism only works as a guide to action in settings in which stability makes outcomes predictable. Deontological ethics, by contrast, is particularly suited to situations in which the future is unpredictable. I argue that globalization has led many people in the world to find themselves living in this latter kind of situation at present. This is why they find religions focused on deontological ethical ideas appealing. I support this argument with material both on Pentecostal and I...
Theory of neutrino oscillations with entanglement

We show that, despite appearances, a theoretical approach to neutrino oscillation in which the neutrino and its interaction partners are entangled yields the standard result for the neutrino oscillation wavelength. We also shed some light on the question of why plane-wave approaches to the neutrino oscillation problem can yield the correct oscillation wavelength even though they do not explicitly account for the localization of the neutrino source and the detector.
Efficacy of p120 Antisense-Mediated Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer

p120 Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were used to determine whether they inhibited cell growth of MIA PaCa-2, a highly tumorigenic human pancreatic carcinoma cell line. Growth inhibition assays were determined in vitro by the ability of these oligomers to inhibit DNA synthesis and cell growth. For in vivo studies, nude mice were injected with cells and palpable tumors were found in 16 of 20 animals by day 14. Sixteen animals (8 in each group) were then treated daily (25 mg/kg intraperitoneally) for up to 40 days with nonsense control oligomers or p120 antisense oligomers. p120 Antisense oligomers inhibited the in vitro proliferation of MIA PaCa-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and optimal growth inhibition of greater than 90% was achieved at an antisense oligomer concentration of 100 μmol/L. The tumor volume was calculated for antisense- and nonsense-treated animals. Fifteen days after the beginning of treatment, control animals had a significantly greater (P=0.0035) tumor volume (425±244 mm3 above baseline) as compared to p120 antisense-treated animals (166±116 mm3). Seven of the eight control animals formed tumors that had a volume greater than 1200 mm3 45 days after treatment was begun, whereas only three of eight p120 antisense-treated animals had tumors that were this large. Two of the latter three animals had relatively large, palpable tumors (>150 mm3) prior to treatment. Twenty days after treatment was stopped (day 60), all animals had tumors larger than 1200 mm3. p120 Antisense oligomers were effective for inhibiting in vitro growth of the pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2. In preliminary studies, p120 antisense oligomers appeared to inhibit the rate of growth in nude mice; however, no cures were achieved. The most effective response was seen in animals with initial low tumor burden.
Lunar electrical conductivity profile.

RECENT measurements and analysis of magnetic field fluctuations on the surface of the Moon have led Sonett et al.1 to conclude that the Moon is stratified into an upper mantle, a lower mantle and a core. Using an eight-layer model, their computer analysis of magnetic field fluctuation data led to the conclusion that there is a highly conducting shell about 100 km thick, located about 220 km below the lunar surface. In this article their experimental data are reanalysed in terms of a simple two layer model. I conclude that the field fluctuation spectrum observed accurately follows from a Moon with an inner core which has a uniform conductivity of 6 × 10−4 mho m−1 and an insulating mantle about 160 km thick. These results coincide more closely with the preliminary conclusions of Sonett et al.2 than their more refined calculations which indicate a very non-uniform and non-monotonic conductivity profile.
Acoustic Detection of Termite Infestations in Urban Trees

A portable, low-frequency acoustic system was used to detect termite infestations in urban trees. The likelihood of infestation was rated independently by a computer program and an experienced listener that distinguished insect sounds from background noises. Because soil is a good insulator, termite sounds could be detected easily underneath infested trees, despite the presence of high urban background noise. Termite sounds could be detected also in trunks, but background noise often made it difficult to identify termite signals unambiguously. High likelihoods of termite infestation were predicted at four live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill, Fagacae), two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L., Pinacae), and two baldcypress (Taxodium distichum Rich. Pinacae) trees that wood-baited traps had identified as infested with Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Infestations also were predicted at two pine trees with confirmed recoveries of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Low likelihoods of infestation were predicted in four oak trees where no termites were found. Additional tests were conducted in anechoic environments to determine the range of acoustic detectability and the feasibility of acoustically estimating termite population levels. There was a significant regression between the activity rate and the number of termites present in a wood trap block, with a minimum detectable number of approximately 50 workers per liter of wood. The success of these field tests suggests that currently available acoustic systems have considerable potential to detect and monitor hidden infestations of termites in urban trees and around building perimeters in addition to their present uses to detect and monitor termite infestations in buildings.
Studies on the TCA cycle of Macracanthornchus hirudinaceus (Acanthocephala)

Abstract 1. 1. Four tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes from female Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Acanthocephala) from swine were assayed in the mitochondrial pellet and supernatant of this pellet. 2. 2. The specific activity/mg protein indicates that aconitase and isocitric dehydrogenase are not present in detectable quantities. Fumarase is present and malate dehydrogenase activity is comparatively high. 3. 3. A comparison of the data on substrates and on enzymes from Acanthocephala supports the absence of an operational TCA cycle.
A Spy, a Shill, a Go-Between1, or a Sociologist: Unveiling the ‘Observer’ in Participant Observer:

Based on data gathered from two field research projects, the author examines two key questions that underlie her process of becoming a sociologist: (1) How did I negotiate my multiple identities in the field, and (2) What am I really, ‘a spy, a shill, a go-between’ or a sociologist? Drawing from Goffman’s dramaturgical model, the author contends that much of the process of becoming a sociologist occurs within the shifting front and back regions in the field. Through a systematic examination of her ‘personal’ and ‘methodological’ field notes, the author captures these shifts from front to back and back to front, and attempts to elucidate the moral, ethical, and professional decisions that must be traversed along the way. Her aim, in other words, is to show how the identity negotiations that characterize ‘doing fieldwork’ are a key element of the process of becoming a (moral and ethical) sociologist.
A robust algorithm for reading detection

As video cameras become cheaper and more pervasive, there is now increased opportunity for user interfaces to take advantage of user gaze data. Eye movements provide a powerful source of information that can be used to determine user intentions and interests. In this paper, we develop and test a method for recognizing when users are reading text based solely on eye-movement data. The experimental results show that our reading detection method is robust to noise, individual differences, and variations in text difficulty. Compared to a simple detection algorithm, our algorithm reliably, quickly, and accurately recognizes and tracks reading. Thus, we provide a means to capture normal user activity, enabling interfaces that incorporate more natural interactions of human and computer.
A Novel Route to Acenaphthylenone Carboxamides

Abstract A preparatively useful route to acenaphthylenone carboxamides by base-catalyzed rearrangement of N-substituted homonaphthalimides is described.
Effective parallelization of loops in the presence of I/O operations

Software-based thread-level parallelization has been widely studied for exploiting data parallelism in purely computational loops to improve program performance on multiprocessors. However, none of the previous efforts deal with efficient parallelization of hybrid loops, i.e., loops that contain a mix of computation and I/O operations. In this paper, we propose a set of techniques for efficiently parallelizing hybrid loops. Our techniques apply DOALL parallelism to hybrid loops by breaking the cross-iteration dependences caused by I/O operations. We also support speculative execution of I/O operations to enable speculative parallelization of hybrid loops. Helper threading is used to reduce the I/O bus contention caused by the improved parallelism. We provide an easy-to-use programming model for exploiting parallelism in loops with I/O operations. Parallelizing hybrid loops using our model requires few modifications to the code. We have developed a prototype implementation of our programming model. We have evaluated our implementation on a 24-core machine using eight applications, including a widely-used genomic sequence assembler and a multi-player game server, and others from PARSEC and SPEC CPU2000 benchmark suites. The hybrid loops in these applications take 23%-99% of the total execution time on our 24-core machine. The parallelized applications achieve speedups of 3.0x-12.8x with hybrid loop parallelization over the sequential versions of the same applications. Compared to the versions of applications where only computation loops are parallelized, hybrid loop parallelization improves the application performance by 68% on average.
A Dialogue on the Future of Nursing Practice

PURPOSE. The challenges of health care; its safety, effectiveness, and efficiency; the quality of care; and the outcomes patients experience are issues central to nursing practice. This centrality needs to be affirmed as the profession shapes its practice over the next 50 years. The purpose of this article is to initiate a dialogue on the future of nursing practice. METHODS. The methods used are observation, reflection, dialogue, and proposed actions. FINDINGS. The results of this process are preliminary. They suggest that the establishment of nursing hospitals is a distinct possibility. CONCLUSIONS. This article concludes with a series of arguments for and against this position along with an invitation for your participation in this dialogue. NURSING IMPLICATIONS. The major implications of this article are not “nursing” implications per se but client and patient implications and the future contribution of nursing to improved health and patient care. Search terms : Actions and future, classification, dialogue, health problems, life processes, NANDA, nursing diagnosis, nursing hospitals, nursing practice, observation, reflection
The Significance of Treating Somatic Symptoms on Functional Outcome Improvement in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Post Hoc Analysis of 2 Trials.

Background: Functional impairment is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), and patients with MDD often present with somatic symptoms. Objective: To examine the relationships between improved global functioning and core depressive symptoms as well as painful and nonpainful somatic symptoms in patients with MDD. Method: This post hoc analysis of 2 identical trials compared the efficacy of duloxetine with that of paroxetine or placebo as treatment of MDD. In the trials, patients with DSM-IV–defined MDD received duloxetine 80 mg/day (N = 188), duloxetine 120 mg/day (N = 196), paroxetine 20 mg/day (N = 183), or placebo (N = 192) for 8 weeks. The Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), Maier subscale of the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 21-item Somatic Symptom Inventory, and Visual Analog Scale for overall pain were used to measure functional impairment, core symptoms of depression, and nonpainful and painful somatic symptoms, respectively. Baseline-to-endpoint mean changes in SDS total and subdomains were measured using analysis of variance with last-observation-carried-forward Pearson partial correlations, and path analysis was used to assess the significance of associations and relative contributions of improvement in global functional impairment, depression, and somatic symptoms. The trials were conducted from November 2000 to July 2002. Results: The difference between antidepressant treatment and placebo in SDS total and subdomains was significant (p < .001). At baseline and in change from baseline to endpoint, associations between global functional impairment and core depressive and somatic symptoms were all significant (p < .05). Path analysis demonstrated improvement of functional impairment attributed to treatment effect as 37.0% (core depressive symptoms), 13.0% (nonpainful somatic symptoms), and 11.0% (painful somatic symptoms). Conclusion: In patients with MDD, over a third of functional improvement associated with antidepressant therapy was mediated through improvement in core depressive symptoms. In addition, a significant proportion of functional improvement, although to a lesser degree, was associated with the treatment of both nonpainful and painful somatic symptoms.
Geographical variation in the song of Chrysoperla plorabunda (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae) in North America

Green Iacewings of the widespread North American Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch) are morphologically and ecologically homogeneous but polymorphic with respect to their substrate-borne courtship songs. At least three distinct song morphs can be recognized. One of these, here called P1, best corresponds to C. plorabunda as originally defined. Geographical variation in six major features of this P1 song is described, from individuals native to Connecticut, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. Differences between eastern (Connecticut) and western (Idaho, Washington, Oregon) populations are slight, exhibiting statistical significance only for frequency (pitch) measures. Additional small differences between the sexes are probably artifacts of the experimental protocol. The results are compared with preliminary data on the P2 and P3 song morphs, which are found sympatrically with P1 in western North America. We conclude that the P1 song morph is a valid taxonomic entity, synonymous with C. plorabunda as currently defined, and that the other song morphs probably represent additional, cryptic species.
Best Practices and Recommendations for Increasing Physical Activity in Youth

Many efforts to increase the physical activity levels of Americans have been introduced and implemented over the past 20 years. National Physical Activity Guidelines have been established, and the National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP) is now in place, which includes a specific sector dedicated to education. This article addresses the Education Sector of the NPAP and its seven strategies for implementation, as well as an overview of the Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program model (CSPAP). Included in this discussion is evidence supporting components of CSPAP, including physical education, in-school physical activity, out-of-school physical activity, staff involvement, and family and community engagement. This article also describes how physical and health educators, university programs, coaches and youth program directors, and higher education faculty can collaborate in implementing and sustaining school-based physical activity efforts.
Outcomes after Resection of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: External Validation and Comparison of Prognostic Models

Background Published prognostic models for overall survival after liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma require external validation before use in clinical practice. Study Design From January 1993 to May 2013, consecutive patients who underwent resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were identified from a prospective database. The Wang nomogram was derived in an Asian cohort (n = 367) and included clinicopathologic variables and preoperative CEA and cancer antigen 19-9 levels. The Hyder nomogram was derived in an Eastern and Western multicenter cohort (n = 514) using clinicopathologic variables only. The AJCC Cancer Staging System (7th ed) and the preoperative Fudan risk score were also evaluated. Prognostic performance was assessed in terms of discrimination, calibration, and stratification. Results One hundred and eighty-eight patients were included, with a median follow-up of 41 months. Median overall survival was 48.7 months and estimated 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 59% and 45%, respectively. Overall survival prediction accuracy, according to concordance-index calculation, was 0.72 with the Wang nomogram, 0.66 with the Hyder nomogram, 0.63 with the AJCC system, and 0.55 using the Fudan score. Both nomograms provided effective patient stratification in distinct survival groups. Conclusions Both the Wang and Hyder nomograms provided accurate patient prognosis estimation after liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and can be useful for decision making about adjuvant therapy. The Wang nomogram appears to be more appropriate in patients undergoing formal portal lymphadenectomy and requires preoperative CEA and cancer antigen 19-9 levels for optimal performance.
Urea and NaCl differentially regulate FAK and RAFTK/PYK2 in mIMCD3 renal medullary cells

Two cytosolic tyrosine kinases, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the newly described FAK homolog, related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK, also called PYK2 and CAKbeta), have been implicated in signaling to multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Therefore, the ability of NaCl and urea to activate these kinases was investigated by in vitro kinase assay and anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting. RAFTK was promptly but only transiently activated by urea (within 1 min; 45%), whereas NaCl activated this kinase at 1, 5, 15, and 30 min of treatment (35-60%). In contrast, FAK exhibited only subtle regulation by the two solutes; however, the time course of induction was distinct for each solute. NaCl activated FAK at 1, 5, and 15 min (25-40%), whereas urea-inducible FAK activation (30%) was not evident until fully 15 min of treatment. At 5 min of treatment with increasing concentrations of solute, both urea and NaCl activated RAFTK in a dose-dependent and comparable fashion, culminating in an approximately twofold activation at 800 mosmol/kgH2O solute. Consistent with these data, solute treatment also enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of RAFTK.
Human Herpesvirus 6B Genome Sequence: Coding Content and Comparison with Human Herpesvirus 6A

Human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are closely related viruses that can be readily distinguished by comparison of restriction endonuclease profiles and nucleotide sequences. The viruses are similar with respect to genomic and genetic organization, and their genomes cross-hybridize extensively, but they differ in biological and epidemiologic features. Differences include infectivity of T-cell lines, patterns of reactivity with monoclonal antibodies, and disease associations. Here we report the complete genome sequence of HHV-6B strain Z29 [HHV-6B(Z29)], describe its genetic content, and present an analysis of the relationships between HHV-6A and HHV-6B. As sequenced, the HHV-6B(Z29) genome is 162,114 bp long and is composed of a 144,528-bp unique segment (U) bracketed by 8,793-bp direct repeats (DR). The genomic sequence allows prediction of a total of 119 unique open reading frames (ORFs), 9 of which are present only in HHV-6B. Splicing is predicted in 11 genes, resulting in the 119 ORFs composing 97 unique genes. The overall nucleotide sequence identity between HHV-6A and HHV-6B is 90%. The most divergent regions are DR and the right end of U, spanning ORFs U86 to U100. These regions have 85 and 72% nucleotide sequence identity, respectively. The amino acid sequences of 13 of the 17 ORFs at the right end of U differ by more than 10%, with the notable exception of U94, the adeno-associated virus type 2 rep homolog, which differs by only 2.4%. This region also includes putative cis-acting sequences that are likely to be involved in transcriptional regulation of the major immediate-early locus. The catalog of variant-specific genetic differences resulting from our comparison of the genome sequences adds support to previous data indicating that HHV-6A and HHV-6B are distinct herpesvirus species.
Routing without routes: the backpressure collection protocol

Current data collection protocols for wireless sensor networks are mostly based on quasi-static minimum-cost routing trees. We consider an alternative, highly-agile approach called backpressure routing, in which routing and forwarding decisions are made on a per-packet basis. Although there is a considerable theoretical literature on backpressure routing, it has not been implemented on practical systems to date due to concerns about packet looping, the effect of link losses, large packet delays, and scalability. Addressing these concerns, we present the Backpressure Collection Protocol (BCP) for sensor networks, the first ever implementation of dynamic backpressure routing in wireless networks. In particular, we demonstrate for the first time that replacing the traditional FIFO queue service in backpressure routing with LIFO queues reduces the average end-to-end packet delays for delivered packets drastically (75% under high load, 98% under low load). Further, we improve backpressure scalability by introducing a new concept of floating queues into the backpressure framework. Under static network settings, BCP shows a more than 60% improvement in max-min rate over the state of the art Collection Tree Protocol (CTP). We also empirically demonstrate the superior delivery performance of BCP in highly dynamic network settings, including conditions of extreme external interference and highly mobile sinks.
Anatomical structural network analysis of human brain using partial correlations of gray matter volumes

Structural connectivity in human brain has been studied by modeling the statistical dependence between features of cortical regions, such as gray matter thickness. Statistical correlations between gray matter thickness have been mainly used as a metric to study this dependence. In this paper, we propose the use of partial correlations instead of Pearson correlation for inferring the brain structural connectivity using gray matter volumes from a large population of 466 subjects. We argue that partial-correlation is a better measure for extracting connectivity matrix from multivariate data because it removes the effects of confounding correlations that get introduced due to canonical dependence between data. Our experimental results on gray-matter volumes from a large population of brains compare and contrast the connectivities obtained by applying both correlation and partial correlation analysis.
The neurology and corresponding genetics of fragile X disorders: insights into the genetics of neurodegeneration

There have been significant advances in understanding how the fragile X gene (FMR1) can lead to distinct neurological syndromes. Clinical features of two disorders – fragile X syndrome and fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) – are highlighted in this article. These two disorders – one a neurodevelopmental disorder, the other a neurodegenerative disorder – are caused by a single expanded CGG repeat sequence within the FMR1 gene. Minor differences in repeat length result in the markedly different phenotypes. Understanding the action of FMR1 in FXTAS and fragile X syndrome has yielded significant insights into the genetics of neurodegeneration. Moreover, the genetic model in FXTAS is similar to several other neurologic genetic disorders, suggesting there are common pathways shared by many phenotypically diverse progressive neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, it is possible that targeted therapies for disorders such as FXTAS may also be effective in other neurodegenerative disorders that sha...
Quantifying the flux of hydrothermal fluids into Mono Lake by use of helium isotopes

In Mono Lake, concentrations of 3 He and 4 He are greater than atmospheric equilibrium values, indicating a subsurface helium source. This assertion is supported by vertical concentration profiles that show maximum d 3 He values (168%) occurring within the pycnocline. The slope of the regression between 3 He and 4 He concentrations is near 2.8 Ra (Ra is the atmospheric helium isotope ratio), indicating that the subsurface source has a component of mantle helium. Hydrothermal springs and gas vents from Paoha Island have similar ratios, which suggests that discharge from this thermal system is the most important source. A 3 He mass balance indicated that below the deep pycnocline at 17 m, ;25 cc STP of 3 He accumulates each year (;90% from the influx of hydrothermal water and ;10% from the in situ decay of tritium). Although it is not retained because of gas transfer across the air‐water interface, ;70 cc STP of 3 He is injected each year into the upper 17 m. When 3 He is used as a tracer, the influx of hydrothermal water below the deep pycnocline was estimated to be 0.045 6 0.025 m 3 s 21 . Because the hydrothermal water is fresher than Mono Lake, this influx causes the salinity of the monimolimnion to decrease by ;0.1 salinity units per year and may play a small but important role in the salinity budget of this layer, which is presently denser than and isolated from the surface water. The isotopes of helium ( 3 He and 4 He) have become important tracers for continental fluids for a number of reasons. First, helium isotope ratios vary significantly between the different reservoirs in the geosphere. The 3 He/ 4 He isotope ratio of the atmosphere (;1.4 3 10 26 ) lies between that of the deep crust (,5 3 10 28 ) and that of the upper mantle (;10 25 ). Second, continental fluids retain in their helium isotopes a record of the different reservoirs they have contacted. Hence, in bodies of water—such as lakes that receive the influx of water from many sources—the helium isotope signature can be used to identify the different sources. Third, the isotopic composition of helium can change as a result of the production of
Intra- and Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding Control of Supramolecular Structure

Hydrogen bonding is used to control supramolecular structure in two distinct ways. The first involves intramolecular hydrogen bonds to stabilize linear and helical conformations in synthetic oligomers. The second uses intermolecular hydrogen bonding to direct the self-assembly of several interacting subunits.
Determining the Chiral Index of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes Using Photoconductivity Resonances

We utilize photoconductivity spectroscopy to identify the unique chiral structure of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Peaks in photo- conductivity are measured throughout the visible and near-IR wavelength ranges. Photoconductivity peaks associated with individual CNTs are referenced against existing Rayleigh scattering measurements to uniquely identify chiral indices. We find close agreement between our assigned exciton resonances and the previously published exciton resonances. The typical net energy mismatch is ≤20 meV. By enabling chiral identification of CNTs after the completion of device fabrication, the technique offers a facile method for investigating relationships between CNT structure and electronic/optoelectronic properties.
Feedbacks between phosphorus deposition and canopy cover: The emergence of multiple stable states in tropical dry forests

Dry forests represent a large percentage of tropical forests and are vulnerable to both anthropogenic and natural disturbances, yet important aspects of their sensitivity to disruption remain poorly understood. It is particularly unclear how changes in land-use or tropical storm patterns may affect the resiliency of phosphorus (P)-limited neotropical forests. In these systems, vegetation is sustained in the long-term by atmospheric P-inputs through rainfall, dust, or fog. Past research supports the idea that dust and fog deposition are dependent on canopy density (e.g. leaf area index). Thus, the canopy may function as a 'trap' for P, enabling a positive feedback between vegetation and P-deposition. We developed a conceptual model to investigate how Neotropical vegetation may respond to reduced P-deposition due to canopy losses. The model suggests that a canopy-deposition feedback may induce bistable vegetation dynamics; under some conditions, forests may be unable to naturally recover from relatively small disturbances.