cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term development of tidal mitigation wetlands in Florida

Monitoring periods for compensatory wetland mitigation projects are relatively short, typically 3 to 5 years. Although forested wetlands may require decades to develop structural characteristics similar to those of natural systems, studies that describe long-term trends in site development are rare. Eighteen mitigation sites in Florida that had originally been sampled in 1988 were re-visited in 2005. Changes in mangrove community composition and stand structure occurring over this timeframe at ten of these sites are described and compared with other mangrove wetlands in Florida. Factors limiting development of the remaining sites are discussed. The continued persistence and development of the majority of these mitigation sites indicates that the mitigation process can be successful, at least in terms of compliance with the typical permit requirements. Basal area and height had increased at most sites, and some were difficult to visually distinguish from adjacent natural stands of mangroves. However, even after 13–25 years, stand structure in mangrove mitigation wetlands in Florida still differed from that of natural sites. Although the number of mangrove species was similar, mitigation sites had lower basal area and height than natural sites, and were more dense and complex than natural sites.
Shapes and stability of pendant and sessile dielectric drops in an electric field

Axisymmetric equilibrium shapes and stability of linearly polarizable dielectric (ferrofluid) drops of fixed volume which are pendant/sessile on one plate of a parallelplate capacitor and are subjected to an applied electric (magnetic) field are determined by solving simultaneously the free boundary problem comprised of the Young-Laplace equation for drop shape and the Laplace equation for electric (magnetic) field distribution. When the contact angle that the drop makes with the plate is fixed to be 90" and the distance between the plates is infinite, the results are identical to those of a free drop immersed in a uniform field and resolve discrepancies between previously reported theoretical predictions and experimental measurements. Remarkably, regardless of the value of the ratio of the permittivity (permeability) of the drop to that of the surrounding fluid, K, drop shapes develop conical tips as drop deformation increases. However, three types of behaviour are found, depending on the value of K. When K K~ > K~, families of equilibrium drop shapes become unstable at turning points with respect to field strength. Beyond the turning points, the unstable families terminate : the mean curvature at the virtually conical drop tip grows without bound. However, in the range K~ < K < K~, the new results predict that drop deformation exhibits hysteresis, in accord with experiments of Bacri, Salin & Massart (1982) and Bacri & Salin (1982, 1983). Such hysteresis phenomena have been surmized previously on the basis of approximate theories, though they have not been calculated systematically until now. Moreover, detailed computations reveal the importance of varying the drop size and plate spacing, and whether, along the three-phase contact line, the contact line is fixed or the contact angle is prescribed.
Interaction between lipids and antimicrobial oligomers studied by solid-state NMR.

Antimicrobial peptides and their synthetic analogues are well known to interact with the cell membrane, which has complex distributions of lipids. The phase behavior of DOPE/DOPG mixed lipids and the interaction between the lipids and several synthetic amphiphilic antimicrobial oligomers (AMOs) were studied by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A phase diagram of the lipids over a broad window of water content was constructed. There are large areas in the phase diagram where multiple phases coexist, and the fraction of each phase at a given state is dependent on the sample’s preparation and thermal history. The comparable stability of the different phases implies that even slight changes in the lipid condition could result in substantial changes to the phase structure, which may be utilized by living organisms to achieve many membrane functions. Nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy (NOESY) and several other NMR experiments indicated that the AMO primarily resides in the head group region of the lipi...
Financial Strain, Parenting Behaviors, and Adolescents' Achievement: Testing Model Equivalence between African American and European American Single- and Two-Parent Families

This study tested the equivalence of a theoretical model of parenting behaviors linking financial strain to adolescents' achievement for African American and European American families and for single- and two-parent families. The sample included an economic cross-section of African American (n = 387) and European American families (n = 230) from single- (n = 171) and two-parent (n = 446) homes. Multi-group analyses revealed no significant differences in the structural equation models between the African American and European American families, or between the single- and two-parent families. Results demonstrated that negative parent-adolescent relationships and parental school involvement mediated the relation between financial strain and adolescents' academic achievement.
Numerical Calculations Of Effective Barrier Heights Of Metal/Ge Contacts Formed By Ion Implantation

Schottky barrier heights may be modified by means of shallow ion implantation. In this paper, a numerical method is presented to calculate effective barrier heights for metal-semiconductor contacts with arbitrary doping profiles. Thermionic current, image force lowering and tunneling current are considered. The transmission (tunneling) coefficient is computed by numerical solution of Schrodinger's equation and wave function matching at boundaries. A metal-germanium contact test case is investigated. This scheme may be applicable to practical implant conditions where dopant redistribution is significant.
CLUSTERING IN A CONTINUUM PERCOLATION MODEL

We study properties of the clusters of a system of fully penetrable balls, a model formed by centering equal-sized balls on the points of a Poisson process. We develop a formal expression for the density of connected clusters of k balls (called k-mers) in the system, first rigorously derived by Penrose (15). Our integral expressions are free of inherent redundancies, making them more tractable for numerical evaluation. We also derive and evaluate an integral expression for the average volume of k-mers. We consider systems of fully penetrable (i.e. spatially uncorrelated) equal-sized balls in one, two and three dimensions. In this model, balls of equal size are centered on the points of a stationary Poisson process. Since the balls are allowed to overlap, clusters of various sizes and volumes are formed. We call a cluster comprised of k balls a k-mer. This model is a special case of the Boolean model, which replaces the equal-sized balls with random shapes (10). This is a prototypical model for continuum (off-lattice) percolation (4,9) and has been given a variety of names, including 'fully penetrable spheres', 'overlapping spheres', the 'Swiss-cheese model' and the 'Poisson blob model'. The study of clustering behavior of particles in continuum systems is of importance in phenomena such as conduction in dispersions, flow in porous media, elastic behavior of composites, sol-gel transition in polymer systems, aggregation of colloids and microemulsions, and the structure of liquid water, to mention but a few examples. Certain types of 'connectedness' functions and related quantities have been analytically and numerically determined for this model (1-3, 6-8, 14, 15, 22-26). In this paper we study certain clustering properties of fully penetrable balls; in particular, we calculate the average number density of k-mers and the average
ErratumErratum to “Gouging induced fractures in tungsten long rods”: [International Journal of Impact Engineering 29 (2003) 621–630]

where H is in kg/mm, Ps is in GPa, V and C are in m/s, and r is in kg/m . Since Eq (2) is an empirical equation (based on experimental data) with inconsistent units, proper units as described above must be used in the calculations. In the calculations in the paper, however, the correct formulas were used, and hence all computed values in the paper are correct. The authors apologize for any confusion caused by this error. ARTICLE IN PRESS
A study of alpha hemispheric asymmetries for verbal and nonverbal stimuli in males and females.

Abstract The alpha hemispheric asymmetries of males and females were examined with electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques during exposure to connected speech and nonlinguistic stimuli. The subject selection controlled for familial handedness and each subject was administered the Block Design and Vocabulary Subtests of the WAIS as a general measure of “visual-spatial” and “verbal” ability. The results showed that there was less alpha in the right hemisphere for nonverbal tasks and less alpha in the left hemisphere for verbal tasks. The females showed significantly more “lateralization” during the tasks as compared to the males. The results are discussed in terms of processing differences and the possible effects of subject variables, stimulus mode, stimulus presentation, and task requirements on neurolinguistic research results.
Mutational Analysis of the Central Centromere Targeting Domain of Human Centromere Protein C, (CENP-C)

Human centromere protein C (CENP-C) is an essential component of the inner kinetochore plate. A central region of CENP-C can bind DNA in vitro and is sufficient for targeting the protein to centromeres in vivo, raising the possibility that this domain mediates centromere localization via direct DNA binding. We performed a detailed molecular dissection of this domain to understand the mechanism by which CENP-C assembles at centromeres. By a combination of PCR mutagenesis and transient expression of GFP-tagged proteins in HeLa cells, we identified mutations that disrupt centromere localization of CENP-C in vivo. These cluster in a 12 amino acid region adjacent to the core domain required for in vitro DNA binding. This region is conserved between human and mouse, but is divergent or absent in invertebrate and plant CENP-C homologues. We suggest that these 12 amino acids are essential to confer specificity to DNA binding by CENP-C in vivo, or to mediate interaction with another as yet unidentified centromere component. A differential yeast two-hybrid screen failed to identify interactions specific to this sequence, but nonetheless identified 14 candidate proteins that interact with the central region of CENP-C. This collection of mutations and interacting proteins comprise a useful resource for further elucidating centromere assembly.
Meta-analysis of exercise testing to detect coronary artery disease in women.

Abstract To determine the accuracy of the exercise electrocardiogram (ECG), exercise thallium, and exercise echocardiogram (echo) for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women, English language studies published between 1966 and 1995 were identified through a MEDLINE search. Studies that contained data on at least 50 women who underwent both an exercise test and coronary angiography were examined. Studies were reviewed for sensitivity, specificity, and methodologic characteristics by 2 independent reviewers. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria for exercise electrocardiography, 5 studies for exercise thallium, and 3 studies for exercise echo. The exercise ECG had a weighted mean sensitivity, specificity, and a likelihood ratio (LR) of 0.61 (95% confidence intervals 0.54 to 0.68), 0.70 (0.64 to 0.75), (+) LR 2.25 (1.84 to 2.66), (−) LR 0.55 (0.47 to 0.62), respectively. The exercise thallium had a weighted mean sensitivity, specificity, and LRs of 0.78 (0.72 to 0.83), 0.64 (0.51 to 0.77), (+) LR 2.87 (1.0 to 4.96), (−) LR 0.36 (0.27 to 0.45). The exercise echo had a weighted mean sensitivity, specificity, and LRs of 0.86 (0.75 to 0.96), 0.79 (0.72 to 0.86), (+) LR 4.29 (2.93 to 5.65), (−) LR 0.18 (0.05 to 0.31). Thallium subset analysis revealed that studies using planar imaging were more specific than those using tomographic imaging. Thus, currently available exercise tests are only moderately sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women.
Localization of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone in the mammalian hypothalamus

Utilizing immunohistochemistry with rabbit antiserum to synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH), LRH was localized in the peripheral region of the median eminence in the mouse and rat, and more generally in the median eminence of the guinea pig.
High resolution isoelectric focusing of immunoprecipitated proteins under denaturing conditions. A simple analytical method applied to the study of complement component polymorphisms.

Abstract A simple analytical method for the study of structural protein polymorphisms is described. It consists of the immunoprecipitation of non-radiolabeled proteins using monospecificpolyclonal antibodies followed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) under completely denaturing conditions in vertical polycrylamide slab gels. The method uses small amounts of sample (usually unfractioned plasma or serum), requires no sophisticated equipment and allows the screening of large numbers of samples with comparatively small effort. This method has been applied in the identification of 2 human complement-component polymorphisms, C4-binding protein (C4-bp) and factor H (β1H).
Rotavirus NSP1 Protein Inhibits Interferon-Mediated STAT1 Activation

Rotavirus (RV) replicates efficiently in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vivo despite the activation of a local host interferon (IFN) response. Previously, we demonstrated that homologous RV efficiently inhibits IFN induction in single infected and bystander villous IECs in vivo. Paradoxically, RV also induces significant type I IFN expression in the intestinal hematopoietic cell compartment in a relatively replication-independent manner. This suggests that RV replication and spread in IECs must occur despite exogenous stimulation of the STAT1-mediated IFN signaling pathway. Here we report that RV inhibits IFN-mediated STAT1 tyrosine 701 phosphorylation in human IECs in vitro and identify RV NSP1 as a direct inhibitor of the pathway. Infection of human HT29 IECs with simian (RRV) or porcine (SB1A or OSU) RV strains, which inhibit IFN induction by targeting either IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) or NF-κB, respectively, resulted in similar regulation of IFN secretion. By flow cytometric analysis at early times during infection, neither RRV nor SB1A effectively inhibited the activation of Y701-STAT1 in response to exogenously added IFN. However, at later times during infection, both RV strains efficiently inhibited IFN-mediated STAT1 activation within virus-infected cells, indicating that RV encodes inhibitors of IFN signaling targeting STAT1 phosphorylation. Expression of RV NSP1 in the absence of other viral proteins resulted in blockage of exogenous IFN-mediated STAT1 phosphorylation, and this function was conserved in NSP1 from simian, bovine, and murine RV strains. Analysis of NSP1 determinants responsible for the inhibition of IFN induction and signaling pathways revealed that these determinants are encoded on discrete domains of NSP1. Finally, we observed that at later times during infection with SB1A, there was almost complete inhibition of IFN-mediated Y701-STAT1 in bystander cells staining negative for viral antigen. This property segregated with the NSP1 gene and was observed in a simian SA11 monoreassortant that encoded porcine OSU NSP1 but not in wild-type SA11 or a reassortant encoding simian RRV NSP1.
LEAKY ACRES RECHARGE FACILITY: A TEN‐YEAR EVALUATION

From 1971-1980, studies were conducted at Fresno, California, to identify and quantify, where possible, the soil and water chemistry, subsurface geologic, hydrologic, biologic, and operational factors that determine the long term (10-year) effectiveness of basin type artificial ground water recharge through alluvial soils. This paper updates previous findings and refers to publications that describe the geology beneath the basins and regional geology that determine the transmission and storage properties for local ground water management and chemical quality enhancement. High quality irrigation water from the Kings River was used for recharge. Construction and land costs for the present expanded facility 83 ha (205.2 ac) using three parcels of land were $1,457,100. The nine-year annual mean costs for only canal water, maintenance, and operation were $110.42/ha·m ($13.62/ac·ft) based on an average recharge rate of 1338 ha·m/yr (10,848 ac·ft/yr) at 86 percent facility efficiency. The measured end of season recharge rate averaged 14.97 ± 0.24 cm/day. The 10-year mean actual recharge rate based on actual water delivered, total ponded area, and total days of recharge was 12.1 cm/day.
Fluorescence Detection of the Anticancer Drug Topotecan in Plasma and Whole Blood by Two-Photon Excitation

Abstract The anticancer drug topotecan was detected in human plasma and whole blood using two-photon excitation at 730 or 820 nm. These wavelengths are longer than the main absorption bands of hemoglobin. Two-photon excitation of topotecan was demonstrated by a quadratic dependence of the emission intensity on the incident power, compared to a linear dependence for one-photon excitation at 410 nm. The observed emission centered at 525 nm was shown to be topotecan from the similarity of the emission spectrum and decay times observed for one-photon and two-photon excitation. Topotecan was detected at concentrations as low as 0.05 and 1 μ M in plasma and whole blood, respectively. Since skin blood and tissues are translucent at long wavelengths, these results suggest the possibility of homogeneous or noninvasive clinical sensing with two-photon excitation.
Determinants and the volumes of parallelotopes and zonotopes

Abstract The Minkowski sum of edges corresponding to the column vectors of a matrix A with real entries is the same as the image of a unit cube under the linear transformation defined by A with respect to the standard bases. The geometric object obtained in this way is a zonotope, Z ( A ) . If the columns of the matrix are linearly independent, the object is a parallelotope, P ( A ) . In the first section, we derive formulas for the volume of P ( A ) in various ways as A T A , as the square root of the sum of the squares of the maximal minors of A , and as the product of the lengths of the edges of P ( A ) times the square root of the determinant of the matrix of cosines of angles between pairs of edges. In the second section, we use the volume formulas to derive real-case versions of several well-known determinantal inequalities—those of Hadamard, Fischer, Koteljanskii, Fan, and Szasz—involving principal minors of a positive-definite Hermitian matrix. In the last section, we consider zonotopes, obtain a new proof of the decomposition of a zonotope into its generating parallelotopes, and obtain a volume formula for Z ( A ) .
Portable Automated Mesonet II

Abstract The Portable Automated Mesonet II (PAM II) system was developed by NCAR to provide surface mesoscale data for the research needs of the atmospheric science community. The PAM system has 60 remote stations with planned growth to 300. In such a distributed system, data communication is a vital subsystem and, since it dictates some key system constraints, deserves special attention. The NOAA/NESDIS satellite, GOES, is used to link the remote stations to the base stations. This provides very wide areas coverage but limits the data rate. Special attention was given to the design of the sensor subsystems to minimize the possibility for human error and to maintain the calibration in field conditions while using interchangeable modules. This was achieved by using a dedicated microprocessor in the psychrometer and the barometer. The microprocessor in the sensor modules controls the sensors, applies the individual calibration coefficients, and transmits the sensor data to the master data acquisition module...
Differential perturbation of erythrocyte membrane-associated transport and enzyme activities by structurally related lipophilic compounds.

Abstract The alteration of two erythrocyte plasma membrane functions, acetylcholine hydrolysis and glucose exchange, by a series of structurally related small lipophilic compounds which exhibit similar antihemolytic behavior was studied. 2-Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene is a more potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase than the 3′-methyl analogue, while the unsubstituted compound fails to inhibit. Esterase inhibition by the 2-methyl compound is noncompetitive and dependent on the anion composition of the assay buffer. The temperature dependence of acetylcholinesterase activity in the presence of the 2-methyl compound suggests that interaction with inhibitor is influenced by the state of lipids tightly bound to the enzyme. Glucose exchange is inhibited to the same extent by both methyl derivatives but not by the unsubstituted dye, and the temperature dependence in the presence of inhibitor is not grossly altered. The lack of correlation between inhibition of membrane function and stabilization of erythrocytes against osmotic hemolysis is discussed.
Beyond “health care reform”

The author discusses the need to make corrections in the U.S. health care system, describes the simplistic and money-oriented definition that many persons have of "health care reform," and discusses the issues he thinks will and will not be dealt with in the coming reforms of the health care system. He maintains that true reform would deal with matters such as restraining expansion of the health care industry, setting reasonable fees, and confronting the harmful social and environmental conditions that result in high "medical" care costs and poor health statistics. The medical profession--including academic medical centers--has a large role to play in true health care reform, which will involve facing the major barriers (which he outlines) that are now impeding important reforms (e.g., increasing the number of generalist physicians; finding better ways to pay for medical students' and residents' education). The profession cannot make progress in true reform without developing a vision of what the U.S. health care system should be and becoming active in moving toward that vision, acting in the interests of both the individual patient and the community as a whole. The author outlines some of the barriers to finding that vision (such as the influence of third-party payers on the doctor-patient relationship and the fragmentation of medicine and medical education by specialties and subspecialties) and proposes the characteristics and values of the kind of medical education and community involvement of academic medical centers that can help create the needed vision, regain the trust of the public, and thereby reform health care in the interests of both the community and the profession.
Heterogeneity of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan localization during early development of the striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

Recent studies have suggested important functions for proteoglycan-associated chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) during embryonic and larval development in numerous organisms, including the teleost. Little is known, however, about the specific distribution of different chondroitin sulfate GAGs during early development. The present study utilized immunohistochemistry to localize chondroitin sulfate GAG antigens during development of the striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Immunoreagents utilized were monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) TC2, d1C4, and CS-56, which recognize, respectively, native epitopes on glycosaminoglycan chains enriched in chondroitin-4-, chondroitin-6-, and both chondroitin-4- and -6-sulfate. Little or no immunoreactivity was observed in gastrulating embryos at 18 hr postfertilization with any MAb tested. By 24 hr (8 somites), the CS-56 epitope was localized around the notochord. At hatching (48 hr) and early larval (72 hr) stages, d1C4 and CS-56 antigens codistributed in some sites (e.g., the notochord and myosepta), but a striking heterogeneity of chondroitin sulfate GAG localization was observed in other developing tissues, including the eye and specific subsets of basement membrane. At these latter time points, TC2 reacted primarily with the extracellular matrix of the developing heart, particularly the ventricular and conotruncal segments. Heterogeneous patterning of these chondroitin sulfate GAG epitopes suggests dynamic regulation of proteoglycan function during critical morphogenetic events in early development of the striped bass. Anat Rec 268:47–58, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Discovery of the Higgs boson by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC

The Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson was predicted by theorists in the 1960s during the development of the electroweak theory. Prior to the startup of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), experimental searches found no evidence of the Higgs boson. In July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC reported the discovery of a new boson in their searches for the SM Higgs boson. Subsequent experimental studies have revealed the spin-0 nature of this new boson and found its couplings to SM particles consistent to those of a Higgs boson. These measurements confirmed the newly discovered boson is indeed a Higgs boson. More measurements will be performed to compare the properties of the Higgs boson with the SM predictions.
Fluorous Mixture Synthesis of Two Libraries with Hydantoin-, and Benzodiazepinedione-Fused Heterocyclic Scaffolds

Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) and fluorous mixture synthesis (FMS) are two aspects of combinatorial chemistry. DOS generates library scaffolds with skeletal, substitution, and stereochemistry variations, whereas FMS is a highly efficient tool for library production. The combination of these two aspects in solution-phase synthesis of two novel heterocyclic compound libraries is presented in this paper. Mixtures of different fluorous amino acids undergo [3 + 2] cycloadditions followed by postcondensation reactions. The mixtures are then demixed by fluorous HPLC. Fluorous tags are removed by cyclization to afford hydantoin- and benzodiazepinedione-fused heterocyclic compounds as individual, pure, and structurally defined molecules. The application of MS-directed HPLC purification and parallel four-channel LC/MS analysis further increases the efficiency of FMS.
Structural refinement of 1/1 bcc approximants to quasicrystals: Bergman-type W(TiZrNi) and Mackay-type M(TiZrFe)

We report the structural refinement of large-unit-cell bcc crystalline phases found in Ti-Zr-Ni and Ti-Zr-Fe alloys, which are $1/1$ rational approximants of icosahedral quasicrystals in the same alloys. The structure of the stable $1/1$ phase $W(\mathrm{TiZrNi}),$ lattice constant ${a}_{o}=14.317\AA{},$ determined by a Rietveld analysis of x-ray and neutron powder diffraction data, is closely related to that of the $1/1$ phases $R(\mathrm{AlLiCu})$ and Bergman(AlMgZn), containing Bergman-type icosahedral clusters of atoms. Despite the similar chemistry of the $1/1$ phases in Ti-Zr-Ni and Ti-Zr-Fe alloys, the $1/1$ phase $M(\mathrm{TiZrFe})$ contains double-shell Mackay icosahedra, like those found in the $1/1$ phase \ensuremath{\alpha}(TiCrSiO). These results provide starting structures for six-dimensional refinements of the related quasicrystals.
Ubik: efficient cache sharing with strict qos for latency-critical workloads

Chip-multiprocessors (CMPs) must often execute workload mixes with different performance requirements. On one hand, user-facing, latency-critical applications (e.g., web search) need low tail (i.e., worst-case) latencies, often in the millisecond range, and have inherently low utilization. On the other hand, compute-intensive batch applications (e.g., MapReduce) only need high long-term average performance. In current CMPs, latency-critical and batch applications cannot run concurrently due to interference on shared resources. Unfortunately, prior work on quality of service (QoS) in CMPs has focused on guaranteeing average performance, not tail latency. In this work, we analyze several latency-critical workloads, and show that guaranteeing average performance is insufficient to maintain low tail latency, because microarchitectural resources with state, such as caches or cores, exert inertia on instantaneous workload performance. Last-level caches impart the highest inertia, as workloads take tens of milliseconds to warm them up. When left unmanaged, or when managed with conventional QoS frameworks, shared last-level caches degrade tail latency significantly. Instead, we propose Ubik, a dynamic partitioning technique that predicts and exploits the transient behavior of latency-critical workloads to maintain their tail latency while maximizing the cache space available to batch applications. Using extensive simulations, we show that, while conventional QoS frameworks degrade tail latency by up to 2.3x, Ubik simultaneously maintains the tail latency of latency-critical workloads and significantly improves the performance of batch applications.
Determination of Kinetic Parameters for Water Reduction on Copper

In this study, the effects of temperature, solution pH, and hydrogen pressure on the kinetics of hydrogen electrode reaction (HER) have been studied by means of steady-state polarization measurements on copper in borate buffer solution. In order to obtain electrokinetic parameters, such as the exchange current density and cathodic Tafel slope, two stages of optimization have been performed. From the optimization process, the apparent activation energy (Eac) of HER on copper was obtained as 32(kJ/mol). Moreover, the exchange current density i0(H2) and the cathodic transfer coefficient were obtained on copper as a function of temperature, solution pH, and hydrogen pressure.
Density functional study of the electric hyperfine interactions and the redox-structural correlations in the cofactor of nitrogenase. Analysis of general trends in 57Fe isomer shifts

The influence of the interstitial atom, X, discovered in a recent crystallographic study of the MoFe protein of nitrogenase, on the electric hyperfine interactions of 57Fe has been investigated with density functional theory. A semiempirical theory for the isomer shift, δ, is formulated and applied to the cofactor. The values of δ for the relevant redox states of the cofactor are predicted to be higher in the presence of X than in its absence. The analysis strongly suggests a [Mo4+4Fe2+3Fe3+] oxidation state for the S = 3/2 state MN. Among C4-, N3-, and O2-, oxide is found to be the least likely candidate for X. The analysis suggests that X should be present in the cofactor states MOX and MR as well as in the alternative nitrogenases. The calculations of the electric field gradients (EFGs) indicate that the small values for ΔEQ in MN result from an extensive cancellation between valence and ligand contributions. X emerges from the analysis of the hyperfine interactions as an ionically bonded species. Its ...
A phase I/II study of chemotherapy followed by donor lymphocyte infusion plus interleukin-2 for relapsed acute leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

The efficacy of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) for treatment of relapsed acute leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is limited. We hypothesized that interleukin-2 (IL-2) combined with DLI after chemotherapy might augment graft-versus-leukemia effects. To identify a safe and effective IL-2 regimen, a phase I/II study of DLI plus IL-2 therapy was performed for such patients. After chemotherapy, 17 patients received DLI (1 × 108 CD3/kg for patients with related donors, and 0.1 × 108 CD3/kg for those with unrelated donors) and an escalating dose of induction IL-2 (1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 × 106 IU/m2/day representing levels I [n = 7], Ia [n = 9], and II [n = 1]) for 5 days followed by maintenance (1.0 × 106 IU/m2/day) for 10 days as a continuous intravenous infusion. Unacceptable IL-2–related toxicities developed in 1 patient at level I, 2 at level Ia, and 1 at level II. Grades III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) developed in 5 patients, and extensive chronic GVHD (cGVHD) developed in 8. Eight patients had a complete remission after chemotherapy prior to DLI, and 2 additional patients had a complete remission after DLI plus IL-2 therapy. In conclusion, the maximal tolerated induction dose of IL-2 combined with DLI appears to be 1.0 × 106 IU/m2/day. IL-2 administration after DLI might increase the incidence of cGVHD.
Pharmacologic interventions after an LD50 cocaine insult in a chronically instrumented rat model: Are beta-blockers contraindicated?

Study purpose: To evaluate drug management of acute cocaine toxicity in a new animal model. The study null hypothesis was that no drug would affect outcome compared with a placebo control. Model: Chronically instrumented, conscious, unrestrained rats subjected to an LD 50 dose (1.4 mg/100 g body wt) of IV cocaine. Methods: Rapid injection of IV cocaine by IV vascular access port followed by injection of therapeutic study drugs. Outcome (survival vs death) with drug treatment was compared with a placebo group. Pharmacologic interventions: Normal saline placebo (0.2 mL/100 g), diazepam (0.5 mg/100 g), chlorpromazine (0.2 mg/100 g), propranolol (1.0 mg/100 g), labetalol (3.0 mg/100 g), or verapamil (0.1 mg/100 g) was given. There were ten rats in each treatment group. Allocation to treatment groups was nonrandomized. Statistical methods: Fisher's exact test. Results: IV injection of cocaine was followed by tonic-clonic seizure activity in all treatment groups. No study drug significantly improved survival compared with the placebo group. However, no animal treated with propranolol survived ( P P = .14 vs placebo group). Conclusion: In this conscious animal model subjected to an LD 50 IV cocaine insult, chlorpromazine and diazepam, previously shown to be of value in other animal models, had no effect on survival. Verapamil also did not affect outcome. Outcome was adversely affected by treatment with β -blocking agents.
Features governing symbiont persistence in the squid-vibrio association.

Experimental studies of the interaction between host and symbiont in a maturing symbiotic organ have presented a challenge for most animal–bacterial associations. Advances in the rearing of the host squid Euprymna scolopes have enabled us to explore the relationship between a defect in symbiont light production and late-stage development (e.g. symbiont persistence and tissue morphogenesis) by experimental colonization with specific strains of the symbiont Vibrio fischeri. During the first 4 weeks postinoculation of juvenile squid, the population of wild-type V. fischeri increased 100-fold; in contrast, a strain defective in light production (Δlux) colonized normally the first day, but exhibited an exponential decline to undetectable levels over subsequent weeks. Co-colonization of organs by both strains affected neither the trajectory of colonization by wild type nor the decline of Δlux levels. Uninfected animals retained the ability to be colonized for at least 2 weeks posthatch. However, once colonized by the wild-type strain for 5 days, a subsequent experimentally induced loss of the symbionts could not be followed by a successful recolonization, indicating the host's entry into a refractory state. However, animals colonized by the Δlux before the loss of their symbionts were receptive to recolonization. Analyses of animals colonized with either a wild-type or a Δlux strain revealed slight, if any, differences in the developmental regression of the ciliated light-organ tissues that facilitate the colonization process. Thus, some other feature(s) of the Δlux strain's defect also may be responsible for its inability to persist, and its failure to induce a refractory state in the host.
Responses to market information and the impact on price volatility and trading volume: the case of Class III milk futures

Under the intraday microstructure framework, we analyze the impact of traders’ responses to market information on daily futures price and trading activity by utilizing the unique features of the Class III milk futures contract. The cash settlement and classified pricing scheme distinguish milk futures from those of other commodities. We construct two variables, days to maturity and price deviates, to capture the distinctive features. While the number of days to maturity indicates the length of time before cash settlement in the maturity month, price deviates reflects traders’ aggregate responses to weekly announced information on milk prices. A structural price volatility–trading volume model is specified and estimated using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. The results confirm that (1) the closer to cash settlement, the lower milk price volatility, which is different from the typical “Samuelson effect” for other commodity futures, and (2) both price variability and trading volume increase with traders’ responses to market information and therefore are positively associated.
Quantification of substratum contact required for initiation of Colletotrichum graminicola appressoria

Colletotrichum graminicola, like many plant pathogenic fungi develop appressoria on germling apices, to facilitate penetration of their host. Induction of these structures occurs after contact with the host surface has been established by the germling. Surface contact and subsequent development of appressoria by germlings of C. graminicola was assessed using interference-reflection microscopy (IRM) and microfabricated pillared silicon substrata. Observations with IRM revealed that under low nutrient conditions, 90% of the germlings developed appressoria once they established 4.5 microm of continuous contact with the substratum. Substrata bearing pillars < or =5 microm in width supported < or =10% appressoria; however, as pillar width was increased the percentage of appressoria formed increased in a sigmoid fashion to a maximum of 80%. The percentage of appressoria produced experimentally on these surfaces was compared to data sets generated from a model designed to calculate the probability of appressorium development on similar pillar arrays at various germ tube contact lengths. These results indicate that germ tubes of C. graminicola require more than 4microm of continuous contact with a hydrophobic substratum for induction of appressoria.
Information survivability for evolvable and adaptable real-time command and control systems

MITRE's Evolvable Real-Time C3 (command, control and communications) project has developed an approach that would enable current real-time systems to evolve into the systems of the future. This paper first summarizes the design and implementation of an infrastructure for an evolvable real-time C3 system. Then, a detailed discussion of the infrastructure requirements for a survivable real-time C3 system is presented. Finally, security issues for survivability, as well as open implementation of the infrastructure are described. In particular, adaptable middleware for survivable systems is discussed.
Urban-scale Spatial-temporal Variability of Black Carbon and Winter Residential Wood Combustion Particles

It has been suggested that certain organic aerosol components of wood smoke have enhanced ultraviolet absorption at 370 nm relative to 880 nm in two-wavelength aethalometer black carbon (BC) measurements. This enhanced absorption could serve as an indicator of wood combustion particles (“Delta-C” = UVBC370nm – BC880nm). From August 2009 to October 2010, week-long mobile monitoring campaigns were conducted during each season in Rochester, New York. The temporal and spatial variations of BC and Delta-C were investigated at twelve monitoring sites. A portable two-wavelength aethalometer housed in Clarkson’s Mobile Air Pollution Lab was used for data collection. The average BC concentrations were 0.94 µg/m 3 , 0.68 µg/m 3 , 0.47 µg/m 3 , and 0.81 µg/m 3 in summer, winter, spring, and fall, respectively. BC and DeltaC hotspots were identified. Coefficients of divergence (COD) and correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between site pairs to assess the spatial and temporal heterogeneity. High spatial divergence but uniform temporal variation in BC were found for these sites. Winter residential wood combustion (RWC) particles exhibited high spatial heterogeneity as well. In epidemiological studies, BC particles data from a central monitoring site are generally used as the basis in population exposure estimation. These results suggest that one central monitoring site may not adequately represent the actual BC and RWC particle exposure over a whole urban area.
Technology-related distracted walking behaviours in Manhattan's most dangerous intersections.

Use of mobile devices has been cited as a distraction while driving, and more recently, among pedestrians crossing urban streets. In 2010, over half of New York City traffic fatalities were pedestrians. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of distracted walking due to pedestrians’ use of headphones, mobile phones, or both. Data were gathered by direct observations at the 10 intersections in Manhattan with the highest frequency of pedestrian–motor vehicle collisions. More than 1 in 4 of the >3500 pedestrians observed were distracted by mobile electronic devices while crossing during the ‘walk’ (28.8%) and ‘don9t walk’ (26.3%) signals. Poisson regression analyses established there was a significant difference in individuals talking on a mobile device during the ‘walk’ signal versus the ‘don9t walk’ signal; however, no other significant differences in other distracted walking behaviours were observed. This study contributes to the emerging literature on distracted walking behaviour by pedestrians in busy urban areas and can help to inform pedestrian-focused safety efforts.
Artificial Intelligence, Religion, and Community Concern

Future developments in artificial intelligence (AI) will likely allow for a greater degree of human-machine convergence, with machines becoming more humanlike and intelligent machinery becoming more integrated into human brain function. This will pose many ethical challenges, and the necessity for a moral framework for evaluating these challenges will grow. This paper argues that community concern constitutes a central factor in both the evolution of religion and the human brain, and as such it should be used as the organizing principle for moral evaluations of AI technologies.
Acute pancreatitis after abdominal vascular surgery.

Abstract Background: Retroperitoneal dissection and ischemia have been proposed as risk factors for postoperative pancreatitis. Although both are routine components of abdominal vascular operations, postoperative pancreatitis has not been adequately evaluated in vascular patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and outcomes of pancreatitis after abdominal vascular surgery. Study Design: We collected pre-, intra-, and postoperative data on 21 patients who developed pancreatitis after abdominal vascular operations. For comparison, we studied 21 age- and gender-matched case controls undergoing identical operations during the same period. Results: The incidence of pancreatitis among all patients undergoing abdominal vascular operations during the 6-year study period was 1.8%. Pancreatitis was diagnosed 9.8 ± 8 days after operation and was associated with 3 or less Ranson signs in all 21 study subjects. The following outcomes data differed between the two groups: duration of npo (9 ± 6 days for subjects versus 3.9 ± 2 days for controls, p Conclusions: These data indicate that pancreatitis is a rare and self-limited complication of abdominal vascular surgery. Our findings suggest that pancreatitis is costly and inconvenient but rarely serious after abdominal vascular operations.
Scholars portal: beyond simple metasearch

The Scholars Portal Project is a collaborative venture joining seven ARL Libraries and a software vendor to develop an integrated web--based system that will connect researchers, instructors and students with appropriate, vetted information resources. The Project's initial focus has been on the meta--search discovery" and direct linking "delivery" tools that provide the software and metadata foundation for the Scholars Portal This paper will provide the current progress of implementation and plans for the future".
Nonparametric Bayesian factor analysis of multiple time series

We propose a nonparametric Bayesian factor analysis framework for characterization of multiple time-series. The proposed model automatically infers the number of factors and the noise/residual variance, and it is also able to cluster time series which behave similarly over prescribed time windows. We use a Pitman-Yor process to impose such clustering. We also provide a general MCMC inference scheme and demonstrate the proposed framework on the analysis of multi-year stock prices of companies in the S & P 500.
Workforce study in emergency medicine: a perspective from academic emergency medicine.

Abstract [Jacobson S, Wittlake WA: Workforce study in emergency medicine: A perspective from academic emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med May 1999;33:556-558.]
Introduction to BRAG: The Baryon Resonance Analysis Group

The Baryon Resonance Analysis Group (BRAG) was established in 1999 as a network of researchers dedicated to the extraction of resonance information from electromagnetic and hadronic facilities worldwide. This article presents an overview of the group and its activities.