cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological improvements following endovascular embolization of arteriovenous malformation.

Two right-handed patients with large, left-hemisphere arteriovenous malformations (AVM) underwent serial endovascular embolization and neuropsychological testing procedures. One patient presented with hemorrhage, hemiplegia, and aphasia; the other patient presented with a seizure only with multiple cognitive impairments. Case 1 was assessed for motor-sensory skills in the left hand and for visual recall (nondominant hemisphere). Case 2 was administered a more global assessment of cognitive functions. Both patients demonstrated significant improvements in neuropsychological functions 1 month following endovascular embolization with >50% reduction in AVM volume. The nature and extent of these improvements are discussed with respect to intervention-related, reversed impairments.
Isovector P-odd ππ exchange in the pp-system: Δ-isobar contribution

Abstract The contribution of the Δ-isobar excitation in the intermediate state to the weak two-pion exchange in the NN interaction is calculated. The structure of the nucleon is described in the potential quark model. The value of the Δ-isobar contribution to the longitudinal analyzing power A L in the low-energy pp scattering is linearly scaled by the constant f of the weak π NN coupling. For existing limits on the f -value the considered contribution proves to be small (⩽1%).
Comparative attractiveness of two chicken breeds to mosquitoes in southern California.

ABSTRACT Each transmission season (April–October), mosquito control districts deploy more than 2,000 white leghorn hens as sentinels in California's arbovirus surveillance program. In 2002, Rhode Island red hybrids were used instead, because of insufficient availability of leghorns. Although arboviral seroconversions occurred in both breeds, their attractiveness to host-seeking mosquitoes was not compared. During August and September 2004, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory traps, each containing 1 hen, were deployed twice weekly at each of 4 fixed locations at a southern California wetland area. The breed at each location was alternated each trap-night to account for intersite variation in the mosquito population. Six chickens of each breed were rotated through the traps to account for interchicken variation in mosquito attractiveness. Although the mosquito counts varied significantly among trap locations, no significant difference was found between the 2 breeds. Sera collected biweekly detected seroc...
The selectivity of conantokin-G for ion channel inhibition of NR2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors is regulated by amino acid residues in the S2 region of NR2B.

Abstract The conantokins are short, naturally occurring peptides that inhibit ion flow through N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR) channels. One member of this peptide family, conantokin-G (con-G), shows high selectivity for antagonism of NR2B-containing NMDAR channels, whereas other known conantokins are less selective inhibitors with regard to the nature of the NR2 subunit of the NMDAR complex. In order to define the molecular determinants of NR2B that govern con-G selectivity, we evaluated the ability of con-G to inhibit NMDAR ion channels expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells transfected with NR1, in combination with various NR2A/2B chimeras and point mutants, by electrophysiology using cells voltage-clamped in the whole-cell configuration. We found that a variant of the con-G-insensitive subunit, NR2A, in which the 158 residues comprising the S2 peptide segment (E657–I814) were replaced by the corresponding S2 region of NR2B (E658–I815), results in receptors that are highly sensitive to inhibition by con-G. Of the 22 amino acids that are different between the NR2A-S2 and the NR2B-S2 regions, exchange of one of these, M739 of NR2B for the equivalent K738 of NR2A, was sufficient to completely import the inhibitory activity of con-G into NR1b/NR2A-containing NMDARs. Some reinforcement of this effect was found by substitution of a second amino acid, K755 of NR2B for Y754 of NR2A. The discovery of the molecular determinants of NR2B selectivity with con-G has implications for the design of subunit-selective neurobiological probes and drug therapies, in addition to advancing our understanding of NR2B- versus NR2A-mediated neurological processes.
Modulation of the Spontaneous and Evoked Discharges of Ventral Posterior Thalamic Neurons During Shifts in Arousal

Abstract The responses of 154 ventral posterior thalamic neurons to a variety of somatic stimuli and to electrical stimulation of the midbrain spinal lemniscus were recorded in the awake squirrel monkey during varying states of arousal. Many VP ( 42 93 ) neurons showed changes in somatosensory responsiveness which correlated with shifts in arousal. Arousal related modulation (ARM) of somatic responses were not selective for any specific stimulus modality. Most cells (N = 36) responded maximally during quiet waking with responses significantly reduced during drowsiness or periods of waking movement. Other neurons (N = 5) responded maximally during drowsiness, and gave decreased responses as the level of arousal increased. Similar changes were seen for neurons driven by spinal lemniscal (SL) stimulation. All changes in evoked responses were independent of prestimulus background discharge frequency. At least one site of ARM takes place at the level of the VP thalamus.
Susac's syndrome: Intratympanic therapy for hearing loss and a review of the literature

Two cases of Susac's Syndrome are presented with a discussion of treatment modalities for the associated severe sensorineural deafness. Patients were managed with high dose oral steroids, anticoagulants and immunosuppressive drugs. The addition of intratympanic methylprednisolone injections were added to one patient's regimen with initial improvement but subsequent relapse and progression to profound deafness. The management of Susac's syndrome is difficult and still in need of innovative methods as the standard treatment continues to be ineffective in the long term.
Transport properties of alkali-metal-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes

We report in situ measurements of four-probe dc resistance (R) and thermopower (S) of Cs- and K-doped single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) mats as a function of a doping and temperature (T). With increasing dopant exposure, the mat resistance has been found to first decrease and then increase, exhibiting a minimum for optimal Cs doping. In contrast, for K doping, the mat resistance decreased monotonically and saturated. This unexpected result suggests that the diameter of the alkali-metal ion plays a role in the transport properties of the tube bundles. A doping-induced decrease in R by factors of \ensuremath{\sim}120 and \ensuremath{\sim}40 were observed for Cs- and K-doped SWNT mats, respectively. The low-temperature upturn of R(T) observed in all pristine SWNT samples was progressively suppressed with increased K doping. The optimally Cs-doped sample exhibited a positive dR/dT over the entire range of measurement (80 KT300 K). In contrast to the anomalously large positive ${S}_{300\mathrm{K}}\ensuremath{\sim}+40--+50\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K}$ observed in pristine SWNT at room temperature, the Cs-doped samples exhibited a small negative $S\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}7\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K}$ as expected for an ordinary metal.
The surgical approach to severe acute pancreatitis

The indications for surgery in severe acute pancreatitis include circumstances in which the diagnosis is uncertain, persistent biliary pancreatitis, infected pancreatic necrosis, and some patients with pancreatic abscess. The controversy surrounding surgical treatment for sterile pancreatic necrosis, and situations in which the disease persists in spite of intensive medical management are also addressed. Surgical principles and the merits of open versus closed drainage are reviewed.
Compelling Memory Illusions: The Qualitative Characteristics of False Memories

that never happened?due in large part to controversies such as the ones surrounding the accuracy of lost or repressed memories recov ered during psychotherapy (e.g., Pezdek & Banks, 1996), false iden tifications in eyewitness testimony (e.g., Wells & Bradford, 1997), and false memories produced during hypnosis (Lynn, Lock, Myers, & Payne, this issue). This intense in terest in false memory has also been accompanied by laboratory studies (e.g., Loftus & Pickrell, 1995; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) that have provided clear evi dence of false memories under con trolled conditions. There is now a
Evaluation of a flexible wall testing technique to minimize wall interferences in the NASA Langley 0.3-m Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel

Free air simulations in conventional transonic wind tunnels require improvement which adaptive wall testing techniques can provide primarily by minimizing wall interferences. In addition, these techniques offer other substantial advantages such as increased Reynolds number capability and a reduction in tunnel drive power. The combination of an adaptive wall test section with a continuous flow cryogenic wind tunnel is unique. The test section has four solid walls with two flexible walls mounted between rigid sidewalls. This modification of an existing major facility stresses the practicalities of the testing technique. These practicalities were evaluated in terms of flexible wall test section design and operation. Increased hardware and operating complexity of the new test section is offset by a significant improvement in real-time data accuracy in two-dimensional testing. Validation testing has expanded the experience with flexible walled test sections into the realms of flight Reynolds numbers and high lift. Data accuracy has been assessed with regard to test section geometry and operating tolerances. The successful evaluation of the testing technique in two-dimensional testing has proved that a production type operation is possible, with suitable control system and test section design. The 0.3-m Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel with an adaptive wall test section currently represents the most advanced two-dimensional facility anywhere.
A fundamental approach to debugging

We examine the costs and psychology of debugging. We propose a fundamental approach to debugging. We suggest that industry's outlook is perhaps not thorough.
Enhancing socially adaptive communicative repairs of beginning communicators with disabilities.

Young children with significant disability often have limited communicative repertoires. The means they have available to communicate with others might include natural gesturing, vocalizing, and oc...
Wives' motives and fertility.

Abstract A model of fertility demand is constructed that incorporates a shift parameter for wives' motives. The model is used to test the hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship between a wife's taste for children and her level of education. Data from the 1976 survey of Americans' mental health indicate that wives who are motivated by both hope of power and affiliation in social interactions with their husbands do not have less education than wives with other personality dispositions, tend to have more children, and tend to work fewer hours.
Behavioral Treatment of Urinary Incontinence, Voiding Dysfunction, and Overactive Bladder

Behavioral treatments have been used for several decades to treat urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms. The spectrum of behavioral treatments includes those that target voiding habits and life style, as well as those that train pelvic floor muscles to improve strength and control. What they all have in common is that they improve symptoms by teaching skills and by changing the patient's behavior. Most patients are not cured through behavioral intervention, but the abundance of literature tells us that most patients experience significant reductions in symptoms and improvements in quality of life. Behavioral treatments should be a mainstay in the care of women of all ages with incontinence or other lower urinary tract symptoms.
A crisis in computer science education at liberal arts colleges

A crisis now pervades computer science education at small liberal arts colleges: too many programs are not able to boot strap their programs into existence at a level where they can sustain themselves. The costs, not necessarily in dollars, have far exceeded the original expectations of the colleges, resulting in inappropriate environments, inadequate educational goals, broken faculty careers and unrealistic research expectations, and ultimately failure of the programs as bonafide computer science. In what follows, I take as a given that computer science is not only an appropriate, but a central and important discipline for liberal arts colleges. This has been argued elsewhere and will not be addressed here, as my primary concern is with the institutions which have (at least officially) accepted this premise.I will first attempt to describe the major symptoms and then the causes of some of the problems encountered by many small liberal arts colleges. Finally, I will offer a preliminary set of suggestions for possible solution.
Home-ownership among opposite- and same-sex couples in the US

Abstract This paper explores the home-ownership implications of legal issues pertaining to marital status and of discrimination based on sexual orientation or marital status using United States 2000 Decennial Census data. Interesting differences are found between couple types in the effects of several variables. Same-sex couples are more likely than unmarried opposite-sex couples to own rather than rent homes but less likely to do so than married couples. In particular, the effects of household income and of a black householder are smaller for married couples than for same-sex and unmarried opposite-sex couples. Also, same-sex couples are not more likely to own homes in center city areas than elsewhere; married couples, however, are less likely to own homes in the city. Among high-income same-sex households, women are more likely than men to own homes but less likely to do so in US center city areas.
Conversion of Cheese Whey and Whey Permeate to Oil and Single-Cell Protein

Abstract Cheese whey and ultrafiltration permeate were used as media for producing oil and single-cell protein with two strains each of the yeasts Candida curvata and Trichosporon cutaneum. Optimum temperatures for cell multiplication and oil production by the four yeasts ranged from 28 to 33C. Optimum pH's for cell multiplication were from 5.4 to 5.8. The optimum pH for oil production differed slightly from that for cell multiplication. Greater cell numbers were obtained if ammonium hydroxide was added to the medium, and mineral supplements also were sometimes stimulatory. Fermentation of whey by these organisms for 60h reduced the chemical oxygen demand of the medium by a maximum of 85%, produced (depending on the organism) 6.3 to 9.3g of oil/liter of whey, and left most of the protein unused. Fermentation of permeate for 72h reduced chemical oxygen demand 95% and produced (depending on the organism) 4.0 to 15.6g oil, 19.6 to 26.8g cells, and 2.2 to 3.2g single-cell protein/liter of permeate. The two strains of C. curvata were the most efficient in producing oil and reducing oxygen demand. The fat contained oleic (∼50%), palmitic (∼30%), stearic (∼15%), and linoleic (∼8%) acids. The cell protein was rich in methionine and other essential amino acids except that the two C. curvata strains were deficient in lysine.
NATO's Mafia Ally: The Strategic Consequences of Bulgarian Corruption

By a number of accounts, NATO's membership expansion has been viewed favorably, with many analysts pointing to the positive impact NATO's enlargement has on the democratic development of civil-military relations across Central and Eastern Europe. Within this context, Moses Naim's recent essay in Foreign Affairs was especially striking due to his piercing criticism of Bulgaria due to its significant problems with internal domestic corruption. We examine the potential impact of a Bulgarian mafia-oriented society on NATO from three perspectives, which include assessments of Bulgaria's military, its military capabilities—including its recent weapons purchases—as well as its willingness and ability to participate in NATO's major operations. In our view, these measures provide at least a partial assessment of Bulgaria's role within the alliance in an era that parallels claims of widespread corruption. The findings suggest that Bulgaria's corruption does have some impact on its ability to contribute to NATO's ma...
Formation of and phase transitions in electrodeposited tellurium atomic layers on Au(1 1 1)

Abstract Detailed studies of the structures formed by the electrodeposition of atomic layers of Te on Au(1 1 1) surfaces from aqueous solutions were performed using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), as well as by UHV-EC techniques such as low energy electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. There are two features in the voltammetry that may be considered underpotential deposition (UPD). However, from the voltammetry, it is clear that the deposition process is kinetically slow, and from this study it appears that several atomic layer structures are actually formed at overpotentials. Prior to deposition, a surface excess of a tellurium oxide species coats the surface. This layer is then converted to a Au(1 1 1)(√3×√3)R30°–Te structure with an array of domain walls, at ∼1/3 ML. The initial structure appears to have a symmetric array of walls, resulting in a (13×13) periodicity, which then converts to a less symmetric structure where the domain walls form rhombi, with a larger periodicity. During the second UPD feature, the coverage increases, forming a (√7×√13) unit cell at 0.36 ML and then a (3×3) at 0.44 ML. Commensurate with the formation of these higher coverage structures, a roughening transition takes place, where the surface becomes pitted, resulting in about 40% of the surface being covered with single atom deep pits. This process appears to be related to the pits formed in the surfaces of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of thiols on Au surfaces, and layers of Se and S on Au surfaces. Several theories have been suggested to account for these pits. The model that appears to best explain the pits is based on shrinking of the size of the underlying Au atoms, reconstructing the underlying Au. There also appears to be a high coverage structure, near 0.9 ML, that forms at potentials near where the (3×3) forms, but only by holding the potential for an extended period of time. Subsequent dissolution of this high coverage structure produces domains of disordered Te atoms, which gradually decrease in coverage until the (3×3) is again formed at 0.44 ML.
Reduction of Brain Mitochondrial β-Oxidation Impairs Complex I and V in Chronic Alcohol Intake: The Underlying Mechanism for Neurodegeneration

Neuropathy and neurocognitive deficits are common among chronic alcohol users, which are believed to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain. The specific type of brain mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (mRCC) that are adversely affected by alcohol abuse has not been studied. Thus, we examined the alterations of mRCC in freshly isolated mitochondria from mice brain that were pair-fed the ethanol (4% v/v) and control liquid diets for 7–8 weeks. We observed that alcohol intake severely reduced the levels of complex I and V. A reduction in complex I was associated with a decrease in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cPT1) and cPT2 levels. The mitochondrial outer (cPT1) and inner (cPT2) membrane transporter enzymes are specialized in acylation of fatty acid from outer to inner membrane of mitochondria for ATP production. Thus, our results showed that alterations of cPT1 and cPT2 paralleled a decrease β-oxidation of palmitate and ATP production, suggesting that impairment of substrate entry step (complex I function) can cause a negative impact on ATP production (complex V function). Disruption of cPT1/cPT2 was accompanied by an increase in cytochrome C leakage, while reduction of complex I and V paralleled a decrease in depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ, monitored by JC-1 fluorescence) and ATP production in alcohol intake. We noted that acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC, a cofactor of cPT1 and cPT2) prevented the adverse effects of alcohol while coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) was not very effective against alcohol insults. These results suggest that understanding the molecular, biochemical, and signaling mechanisms of the CNS mitochondrial β-oxidation such as ALC can mitigate alcohol related neurological disorders.
Commentary: The Growing Utilization of Design-Based Research

Design experiments bring together two critical pieces in order to guide us to better educational refinement: a design focus and assessment of critical design elements. Ethnography provides qualitative methods for looking carefully at how a design plays out in practice, and how social and contextual variables interact with cognitive variables. Large-scale studies provide quantitative methods for evaluating the effects of independent variables on the dependent variables. Design experiments are contextualized in educational settings, but with a focus on generalizing from those settings to guide the design process. They fill a niche in the array of experimental methods that is needed to improve educational practices.
Do women know about what to do with skipped pills: Evidence from rural Bangladesh

The present study examines knowledge about correct actions with skipped oral contraceptive pills in rural Bangladesh. Although the majority of the pill users knew about what to do with one skipped pill, about one in ten had the correct knowledge about actions with two or three skipped pills. Logistic regression analysis identified predictors of correct knowledge about actions with the skipped pills. The present study underscores the need for providing women with more comprehensive, reliable, and updated information about how to take pills correctly.
Contrast and the structure of discourse

The semantics of the coordinator but does not fit neatly into the traditional distinction between entailments and conversational implicatures. In its counterexpectational use, but can convey an implication relating its two conjuncts, which Grice (1975) classifies as a conventional implicature because its behavior diverges from both entailments and conversational implicatures. I propose that this meaning component arises from but ’s interaction with the discourse context – specifically, how it makes conventional reference to the question under discussion (QUD) in the sense of Roberts (1996/2012, 2004). This derives the variable interpretation of the implication in the counterexpectational use, as well as its absence in the corrective and semantic opposition uses of but . This account provides a new perspective on the relationship between the different uses of but as a type of modal polysemy (Kratzer 1981, 1991), and it suggests that other expressions that have been argued to have conventional implicatures might also make conventional reference to the QUD. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.7.4 BibTeX info
Effect of interaction of gender and energy intake on lean body mass and fat mass gain in infant baboons

The hypothesis that energy intake influences differently the com position of mass gain during the preweaning period was tested in male and female baboons. Infant baboons were fed either a high (92 kcal/100 g formula) or a low (49 kcal/100 g formula) caloric formula from birth. Body mass, lean body mass and fat mass of each baboon were measured directly at weaning (18weeks of age). Lean mass and fat mass gained from birth to 18 weeks was estimated by using body composition data from eight newborn baboons. Both energy intake and gender significantly influ enced gain of total mass, lean mass and fat mass. There was a significant gender by diet interaction effect on the gain of fat mass. When fed the high caloric formula, males gained 145 g more lean mass than females, but the increase of fat mass was approximately the same. In contrast, on the low caloric formula, males gained 150 g more lean mass than females but 74 g less fat mass than females. These results indi cate that fundamental differences in the development of lean mass and fat mass exist between male and female baboons during preweaning life. J. Nutr. 114: 2021-2026, 1984. Body composition of human males clearly In the experiment reported here, we corn- differs from that of females after puberty, pared the composition of the mass gained with females having more subcutaneous fat during the preweaning period in female and and males more muscle mass. However, male infant baboons fed high and low calo- there are conflicting data in regard to differ- rie formulas. These results show that there enees in body composition between males are significant differences in the composi- and females earlier in life Measurements of tion of mass gain between male and female skinfold thickness suggest that female in- baboons. These effects are particularly fants may be fatter, or at least have more striking when baboons were fed a low calo- subcutaneous fat, than male infants (1). In rie formula, contrast, studies that used other methods for measuring adipose mass and adipocyte eel- hilarity have Shown nO Significant gender Â©1984 American Institute of Nutrition. Received for publication
Optimal structural modifications to enhance the active vibration control of flexible structures

This study provides a method of vibration control of large space structures by simultaneously integrating the structure and control design to reduce the structural response from a disturbance. The formulation of the design scheme is obtained by the structural modification of some nominal finite element model, which is controlled in an optimal fashion by a linear regulator, to increase the active modal damping factor beyond that of the nominal structure. The structural modifications are achieved by using a nonlinear mathematical optimization technique. The objective function is the weight of the structure with a constraint on the damping parameter of the closedloop system. The application of the algorithm is illustrated by designing an ACOSS-FOUR model with different constraint values.
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of expanded antiviral prophylaxis and adjuvanted vaccination strategies for an influenza A (H5N1) pandemic.

Proper planning for an influenza A (H5N1) pandemic is a public health priority. Khazeni and colleagues modeled 3 alternative pandemic mitigation strategies: a strategy with vaccination and extended...
Effects of terminal nonhomology and homeology on double-strand-break-induced gene conversion tract directionality

Double-strand breaks (DSBs) greatly enhance gene conversion in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In prior plasmid x chromosome crosses, conversion tracts were often short ( < 53 bp) and usually extended in only one direction from a DSB in an HO recognition sequence inserted into ura3. To allow fine-structure analysis of short and unidirectional tracts, phenotypically silent markers were introduced at 3- and 6-bp intervals flanking the HO site. These markers, which created a 70-bp homeologous region (71% homology), greatly increased the proportion of bidirectional tracts. Among products with short or unidirectional tracts, 85% were highly directional, converting markers on only one side (the nearest marker being 6 bp from the HO site). A DSB in an HO site insertion creates terminal nonhomologies. The high degree of directionality is a likely consequence of the precise cleavage at homology/nonhomology borders in hybrid DNA by Rad1/10 endonuclease. In contrast, terminal homeology alone yielded mostly unidirectional tracts. Thus, nonhomology flanked by homeology yields primarily bidirectional tracts, but terminal homeology or nonhomology alone yields primarily unidirectional tracts. These results are inconsistent with uni- and bidirectional tracts arising from one- and two-ended invasion mechanisms, respectively, as reduced homology would be expected to favor one-ended events. Tract spectra with terminal homeology alone with similar in RAD1 and rad1 cells, indicating that the high proportion of bidirectional tracts seen with homeology flanking nonhomology is not a consequence of Rad1/10 cleavage at homology/homeology boundaries. Instead, tract directionality appears to reflect the influence of the degree of broken-end homology on mismatch repair.
A Programming Style

A programming styIe is suggested which combinses the advantages of a very high-level language, SETL, and the approach of structured programming. This is achieved by first expressing algorithms in SETL then adding statements from a formally defined Data Struchue Elaboration Language to the SETL program. The result is an algorithm completely specilied in terms of logical structure and optimized implementation. The mechanization of the translation into a low-level language, is described and the programming style is illustrated with examples from the SETL compiler which, itself is written in SETL.
The effect of pre-shear on the extensional rheology of wormlike micelle solutions

The effect of initial microstructural deformation, alignment, and morphology on the response of wormlike micelle solutions in transient uniaxial extensional flows is investigated using a pre-shear device attached to a filament stretching rheometer. In filament stretching experiments, increasing the strength and the duration of the pre-shear just before stretch is found to delay the onset of strain hardening. In these experiments, the wormlike micelle solution filaments fail through a rupture near the axial midplane. The value of the elastic tensile stress at rupture is found to decrease with increasing pre-shear rate and duration. The most dramatic effects are observed at shear rates for which shear banding has been independently observed. The reduction in the strain hardening suggests that pre-shear before filament stretching might break down the wormlike micelles reducing their size before stretch. Strain hardening is also observed in capillary breakup rheometry experiments; however, the pre-sheared wormlike micelle solutions strain harden faster, achieve larger steady-state extensional viscosities and an increase in the extensional relaxation time with increasing shear rate and duration. The difference between the response of the wormlike micelles in filament stretching and capillary breakup experiments demonstrates the sensitivity of these self-assembling micelle networks to pre-conditioning.
The far field of an oscillating airfoil in supersonic flow

An approach utilizing multiple scales and matched asymptotic expansions is developed for the description of small perturbations at large distances from a thin airfoil oscillating harmonically in a uniform supersonic flow. The problem of determining the unsteady perturbation potential is formulated in general, and an analytical solution is derived for an airfoil with parabolic or flat surfaces. The results describe the flow ahead of the region influenced by the trailing edge. The variation in the pressure jump across an attached leading-edge shock wave is also obtained.
De novo proteins from designed combinatorial libraries.

Combinatorial libraries of de novo amino acid sequences can provide a rich source of diversity for the discovery of novel proteins with interesting and important activities. Randomly generated sequences, however, rarely fold into well-ordered proteinlike structures. To enhance the quality of a library, features of rational design must be used to focus sequence diversity into those regions of sequence space that are most likely to yield folded structures. This review describes how focused libraries can be constructed by designing the binary pattern of polar and nonpolar amino acids to favor proteins that contain abundant secondary structure, while simultaneously burying hydrophobic side chains and exposing hydrophilic side chains to solvent. The “binary code” for protein design was used to construct several libraries of de novo proteins, including both -helical and -sheet structures. The recently determined solution structure of a binary patterned four-helix bundle is well ordered, thereby demonstrating that sequences that have neither been selected by evolution (in vivo or in vitro) nor designed by computer can form nativelike proteins. Examples are presented demonstrating how binary patterned libraries have successfully produced well-ordered structures, cofactor binding, catalytic activity, self-assembled monolayers, amyloid-like nanofibrils, and proteinbased biomaterials.
The Association between PTPN22 Genetic Polymorphism and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis.

Background: Limited studies have focused on the association between the protein tyrosine phosphates non-receptor type 22 ( PTPN22 ) genetic polymorphisms and Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) susceptibility in different populations, but the results were inconclusive. Therefore, this meta-analysis of PTPN22 polymorphism (1858 C＞T) was performed to get a precise systematic estimation. The "rs" number of the PTPN22 polymorphism (1858 C＞T) is 4. Methods: A systematic literature search strategy was carried out using English databases (PubMed, Embase.) for the eligible studies. We ultimately identified 11 records from 10 articles involving the relationship between PTPN22 genetic polymorphisms and JIA risk from PubMed and Embase databases. Overall, 4552 cases and 10161 controls were investigated in this study to evaluate the association between PTPN22 (C allele vs. T allele) genotype and JIA susceptibility. Results: Analysis using random effects model showed an increased risk of JIA with T allele of rs2476601 vs. A allele ( P <0.001). Subgroup analysis suggested that the PTPN22 polymorphism (1858C＞T) was significantly associated with JIA risk in America population (OR=1.52, 95%CI:1.30-1.78). Additionally, the subgroup analysis also showed that the associations were still significant in case number more than 500 (OR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.04-1.83), while in the case number less than 500 was OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.39-1.72. Conclusions: SNPs of PTPN22 (1858C＞T) showed an increased risk of developing JIA.
Development of Left-Right Discrimination in Normal Children:

A left-right discrimination test (LRDT) was developed to measure children's ability to discriminate between the words “left” and “right.” A description is given of previous studies in left-right awareness and/or confusion; many of these studies appear to be influenced by the lack of normative data relative to development of left-right discrimination. The procedures employed in developing the LRDT are specified. Item analysis, reliability, and validity studies with the LRDT are discussed. A trend analysis of errors found a significant linear component (p < .0001), suggesting continued growth in left-right discrimination ability from 5 yr. through age 10, with the 10-yr.-old making only chance left-right errors. Standard scores are presented for left-right discrimination ability for children ages 5 through 10 yr.
Noncoding RNAs produced by oncogenic human herpesviruses

The two human herpesviruses that are causally associated with cancer are Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Both are lymphocryptoviruses that establish latency in B lymphocytes and persist for the lifetime of the host. EBV and KSHV are both linked to a variety of lymphomas. EBV is also a causative agent or cofactor in epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma whereas Kaposi's sarcoma is of endothelial cell origin. Both viruses encode a limited number of proteins during latent replication that are important for growth transformation and evasion of the immune system. In addition, they express noncoding RNAs during both latent and lytic infection. Many of these RNAs have been highly conserved during evolution and are expressed in a wide variety of clinical settings, suggesting their fundamental importance in the viral life cycle. The function of some of these RNAs such as the nuclear EBV EBER RNAs remains elusive although they are some of the most abundant transcripts produced by each virus. Both EBV and KSHV also have recently been shown to encode and express microRNAs. The study of these viral microRNAs is just beginning although several of their cellular and viral gene targets have been established. Viral microRNAs appear to be involved in both modulation of the immune response as well as oncogenesis. Because each target gene may have many microRNAs acting on its mRNA, and each microRNA may have more than one target, there are likely to be many new discoveries regarding the complex interactions of viral microRNAs and host cell genes.
Glucocorticoid Release and Memory Consolidation in Men and Women

Glucocorticoid hormones have been shown to enhance memory consolidation when applied at low doses posttraining, but are ineffective or impair memory at high doses. In a test of whether this quadratic relationship also exists for endogenously released glucocorticoids, healthy men and women received cold-pressor stress (CPS) or a control procedure immediately after reading a relatively neutral story and were tested for retention 1 week later. Cortisol levels in response to the stressor were assayed from saliva. CPS significantly elevated salivary cortisol in both sexes, but enhanced memory only in male subjects. Among CPS-treated male subjects, there was a significant quadratic correlation between cortisol release posttraining and subsequent memory. Thus, these findings represent the first demonstration of an inverted-U relationship between activity of endogenous stress hormones and human memory.
Pocket Hypervisors: Opportunities and Challenges

In this position paper, we explore the opportunities and challenges of running pocket hypervisors on commodity mobile devices through four proposed applications: secure operating systems, security services, mobile testbeds, and opportunistic sensor networks. We believe that pocket hypervisors can benefit mobile computing, but that mobility presents several important and unique challenges to virtualization.
An architecture for a generic dialogue shell

This paper describes our work on dialogue systems that can mimic human conversation, with the goal of providing intuitive access to a wide range of applications by expanding the user's options in the interaction. We concentrate on practical dialogue: dialogues in which the participants need to accomplish some objective or perform some task. Two hypotheses regarding practical dialogue motivate our research. First, that the conversational competence required for practical dialogues, while still complex, is significantly simpler to achieve than general human conversational competence. And second, that within the genre of practical dialogue, the bulk of the complexity in the language interpretation and dialogue management is independent of the task being performed. If these hypotheses are true, then it should be possible to build a generic dialogue shell for practical dialogue, by which we mean the full range of components required in a dialogue system, including speech recognition, language processing, dialogue management and response planning, built in such a way as to be readily adapted to new applications by specifying the domain and task models. This paper documents our progress and what we have learned so far based on building and adapting systems in a series of different problem solving domains.
Distinguishing phenogrammar from tectogrammar simplifies the analysis of interrogatives

Oehrle (1994) introduced a categorial grammar architecture in which word order is represented using the terms of a typed λ-calculus and the syntactic type system is based on linear logic. In this paper, we use a variant of this architecture to analyze interrogatives in English and Chinese. We show that separating word order (phenogrammar) and syntactic combinatorics (tectogrammar) in this way brings out the underlying similarities between different question-forming strategies. In particular, the difference between wh extraction (overt movement) and wh in situ (covert movement) turns out to be purely phenogrammatical.
Chemiluminescence and the Study of Phagocyte Redox Metabolism

The phenomenon of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) chemiluminescence (CL) is a natural consequence of the redox metabolism that follows phagocytosis or chemical stimulation. These metabolic alterations are collectively referred to as the respiratory burst. As the term implies, there is a rapid increase in non-mitochondrial O2 consumption, and a corresponding increase in glucose metabolism via the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt (Karnovsky, 1968; Rossi et al., 1971).
Critical role of JNK in promoting mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury

Aims: The mechanism by which c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) promotes tissue injury is poorly understood. Methodology: Young male mice were exposed to a single dose of CCl4 (50 mg/kg, ip). Liver histology, blood ALT and other enzyme activities were measured in CCl4-exposed mice without and with the highly-specific JNK inhibitor. Phosphoprotein were purified from control and CCL4-exposed mice and analyzed by differential mass-spectrometry. Results: JNK was activated within 1 h while liver damage was maximal at 24 h post-CCl4 injection. Increased phosphorylation of many mitochondrial proteins was observed between 1 and 8 h. Pretreatment with JNK inhibitors SU3327 and BI-78D3 or mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mito-TEMPO significantly reduced phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins and liver damage. Differential proteomics analysis identified many mitochondrial phosphoproteins involved in antioxidant defense and energy metabolism. The activities of some selected phosphoproteins were suppressed and restored by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, respectively, in the absence and presence of SU3327 pretreatment. Conclusion: These results provide a novel mechanism by which JNK, rapidly activated by CCl4, and its phospho-target proteins promote mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury. We believe that this approach can be employed for studying the mechanisms and identifying therapeutic targets of chronic liver or brain diseases with activated JNK.
Grounded Theory and Multi-Agent Simulation for a Small Firm

There is a problematic disconnection in much research on organizational behavior between empirical evidence, mostly from case studies, and theorizing, most of which has been discursive rather than formal. This paper presents an empirically based, bottom-up view of organizational behavior, obtained by performing case studies of small firms in the New Jersey plastic injection molding industry, and then developing a multi-agent simulation model of such a firm. The model embodies a formal, explicit, and grounded (limited) theory of organizational behavior. Results suggest that a realistic account of corporate behavior depends in part on representing employees not as homo economicus but as agents having bounded rationality and subject to social influences.
Idempotent lifting and ring extensions

We answer multiple open questions concerning lifting of idempotents that appear in the literature. Most of the results are obtained by constructing explicit counter-examples. For instance, we provide a ring R for which idempotents lift modulo the Jacobson radical J(R), but idempotents do not lift modulo J(&#x1d544;2(R)). Thus, the property “idempotents lift modulo the Jacobson radical” is not a Morita invariant. We also prove that if I and J are ideals of R for which idempotents lift (even strongly), then it can be the case that idempotents do not lift over I + J. On the positive side, if I and J are enabling ideals in R, then I + J is also an enabling ideal. We show that if I ⊴ R is (weakly) enabling in R, then I[t] is not necessarily (weakly) enabling in R[t] while I⟦t⟧ is (weakly) enabling in R⟦t⟧. The latter result is a special case of a more general theorem about completions. Finally, we give examples showing that conjugate idempotents are not necessarily related by a string of perspectivities.
A Substratum of Unprejudiced Art History

This essay investigates questions of Jewish art in early twentieth-century Germany, the motivations and contexts for such questions, and the methods used to understand them. Focusing on the 1907 “Exhibition of Jewish Artists” in Berlin and its critical reception as a primary case study, the essay grounds the discourse of Jewish art within its own particularities of production. It concludes with a brief analysis of the first major publication to present a history of Jewish art. The discourse of Jewish art in early twentieth-century Germany grappled with the challenges of determining a distinctly Jewish art using the tools of art history. Notions of Jewish artists and Jewish art, however, also presented challenges to the modernist structures of art history with its claims of secular universality and reason, exposing the contradictory assumptions of national and religious particularities.
Shorter sleep duration is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity in healthy white men.

Study objectives Short sleep has been linked to increased risk for type 2 diabetes and incident cardiovascular disease and acute sleep restriction impairs insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Here, we examined whether indices of glucose metabolism vary with naturally occurring differences in sleep duration. Design and measures Subjects were midlife, nondiabetic community volunteers (N = 224; mean age 44.5 ± 6.6 y [range: 30-54]; 52% female; 89% white). Laboratory measures of insulin sensitivity (Si) and acute secretion (AIRg), glucose effectiveness (Sg), and disposition index (Di) were obtained from a 180-min, intravenous glucose tolerance test. Results Shorter self-reported sleep duration (in hours) was associated with lower Si (P = 0.043), although an interaction of sleep duration with participant race (β = -0.81, P = 0.002) showed this association significant only in whites. Moreover, sex-stratified analyses revealed that shorter sleep duration predicted lower Si in white men (β = 0.29, P = 0.003) but not in white women (P = 0.22). Findings were similar for AIRg. The relationship between sleep duration and AIRg was moderated by race as well as sex, such that shorter sleep duration associated with greater insulin release only in white men (β = -0.28, P = 0.004). Sleep duration was unrelated to Sg and Di (P's > 0.05). Conclusions Our findings suggest that shorter sleep duration may impair insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in nondiabetic white men, possibly contributing to later type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Comments on the DDREF estimate of the BEIR VII Committee.

AbstractRadiation cancer risk estimates have been based primarily on the atomic bomb survivor cohorts, which involve an acute exposure. To adjust for lower dose and continuous exposures, a dose and dose rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) is applied to the acute risk estimates. The commonly accepted v
Writing travel in Central Asian history

Travel narratives routinely inform histories of Central Asia that speak to the region’s perennial place as a social, political and economic crossroads. This volume, edited by Nile Green, extends th...