cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Wind and Turbulence in and above Model Forests

Abstract A model forest canopy was designed to simulate the meteorological characteristics of typical live forests. Measurements were made of velocity, turbulence, drag, and gaseous plume spread within the simulated canopy. The resulting data compares favorably with prototype field measurements in all cases. Several new aspects of the flow at the upwind edge of a forest are displayed.
High-speed analytical Sephadex chromatography for kinetic studies: application to hydrogen exchange of nucleic acids.

Abstract Refinements of the Englander tritium-Sephadex hydrogen exchange technique have made possible billion-fold reductions in the specific activity of tritiated water in as little as 20 sec. This improved high-speed “desalting” technique is discussed in relation to hydrogen exchange studies in DNA as well as in the general context of a tool for kinetic studies.
Colonialism and Human Rights, A Contradiction in Terms? The Case of France and West Africa, 1895–1914

ANY HISTORIAN IN THE FIELD OF modern European or American history sooner or later must confront one of the fundamental paradoxes of the last century: the acquisition and rule by force of colonies by the most advanced democracies, the United States, France, and Great Britain. Whatever the official claims, Western colonization during this period was in large part an act of state-sanctioned violence. On the crudest level, liberal regimes forcibly "pacified" native peoples who resisted colonization. On a more subtle level, their rule rested on a set of coercive practices that violated their own democratic values. Colonized persons were designated as subjects, not citizens. They had duties but few rights. In neither case, however, did the conquerors in question seem aware of any contradiction between their democratic institutions and the violent acquisition of overseas colonies. As even those among us who are only tangentially interested in the study of imperialism can attest, the faith of yesterday's empire builders in the moral legitimacy of their enterprise was all but absolute. In this essay, I would like to revisit the issue of Western belief in the moral legitimacy of overseas expansion, through an examination of how one modern democracy-France under the early Third Republic (1870-1914)-rationalized imperialism, both rhetorically and in practice, at the high-water mark of late nineteenth-century liberalism. In particular, this article provides an overview of the actions and ideas of a specific group of colonial administrators-the governors general of the French West African Federation, headquartered in Dakar, Senegalfrom the founding of the federation in 1895 to the advent of World War J.1 It is, of
New species and distribution records for Clavulina (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) from the Guiana Shield, with a key to the lowland neotropical taxa

Three new and one previously described species of Clavulina (Clavulinaceae, Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) are reported from the central Guiana Shield region from tropical rainforests dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees of the leguminous genus Dicymbe (Fabaceae subfam. Caesalpinioideae). We provide morphological, DNA sequence, habitat, and fruiting occurrence data for each species. The new species conform to a generic concept of Clavulina that includes coralloid, branched basidiomata with amphigenous hymenia, basidia with two or 2−4 incurved sterigmata and postpartal septa present or absent, and smooth, hyaline, guttulate basidiospores. Placements of the new species in Clavulina were corroborated with DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal repeat, and their infrageneric relationships were examined with phylogenetic analyses based on DNA from the region coding for the second largest subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (rpb2). To facilitate future studies of the genus in the neotropics, a key is provided for all Clavulina species described from the lowland neotropics.
RC-101, a Retrocyclin-1 Analogue with Enhanced Activity against Primary HIV Type 1 Isolates

Rhesus macaques express three θ-defensins (RTDs 1–3), cyclic octadecapeptides with antiviral and lectin-like properties. Corresponding θ-defensin genes exist and are expressed in humans, but a signal sequence mutation prevents the formation of mature θ-defensin peptides. Retrocyclin-1 is a θ-defensin peptide whose precursor is encoded by human θ-defensin pseudogenes. It can protect human peripheral blood lymphocytes from infection by R5 and X4 strains of HIV-1, and provides a molecular template for designing novel antiviral agents. In this study, we used JC53-BL reporter cells to assess the activity of retrocyclin-1 (RC-100) and several analogues against primary HIV-1 isolates, including R5 and R5X4 strains of subtypes A–D, CRF-01_AE, and recombinants. Each analogue differed from retrocyclin-1 by a single amino acid substitution: Gly ↠ Tyr in RC-106, RC-115, and RC-116, and Arg ↠ Lys in RC-101. Although the modification in RC-101 was chemically conservative, this peptide was significantly more potent than...
Changes in the chemical composition of orange juice during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Gluconobacter oxydans

The fate of several compounds, including saccharides, has been followed in citrus juice during fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Gluconobacter oxydans . Concentrated juice reconstituted at 11·8° Brix was sterilized by filtration to give a clear serum and allowed to ferment with the micro-organisms which were isolated from the same juice. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were rapidly metabolized by the yeasts. The fall in sugar concentration was associated with a rise in ethanol and meso-inositol (MI) which reached a plateau, while epi-inositol (EP) remained unaffected. Production of oligosaccharides (OS) began after 24 h incubation at 25°C and were generated simultaneously during the next 24 h. OS and almost all the saccharides were eliminated from the solution by 56 h. The bacterium slowly utilized sucrose, glucose and ⅔ of the MI; however, fructose was poorly metabolized. Very large amounts of OS with increasing molecular size were produced over time. Results suggest that the yeast and the bacterium may have symbiotic interactions during an uninoculated, natural fermentation of reconstituted orange juice. This study also showed that OS generated by micro-organisms are significantly different from those produced by acid hydrolysis of sucrose.
Rapid isolation of DNA probes within specific chromosome regions by interspersed repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract A method was recently developed for the specific amplification of human DNA sequences from interspecific somatic cell hybrids by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers directed to Alu, a short interspersed repeat element (SINE). We now show human-specific amplification using a primer to the 3′ end of the human long interspersed repeat element L1Hs (LINE). A monochromosomal hybrid containing an intact human X chromosome yielded approximately 25 discrete products, ranging in size from 800 to 4500 bp. Combination of a single Alu primer and the L1Hs primer yielded a large number of smaller products (300–1000 bp) distinct from those observed with either primer alone. Inspection of ethidium bromidestained gels showed one Alu-Alu and three Alu-L1Hs products which were present in an intact X chromosome but absent in a hybrid containing an X chromosome deleted for the single metaphase band q28. These four fragments were isolated from the gel and used as probes on Southern blots which confirmed their localization to Xq28. These results demonstrate that primers can be constructed to a variety of interspersed repetitive sequences (IRS) and used individually or in combination for the rapid isolation of DNA fragments from defined chromosomal regions by IRS-PCR.
Radiotherapy as a cisplatin-sensitizer in a resistant ovarian carcinoma cell line.

BACKGROUND Stage III ovarian carcinoma has shown resistance to adjuvant chemotherapy following surgical cytoreduction. With recurrence of ovarian carcinoma, cell lines may develop resistance to previously used chemotherapy. This contributes to the fact that survival rates for patients with ovarian carcinoma have not been dramatically improved in decades. The objective of this study is to evaluate radiotherapy as a cisplatin-sensitizer in a cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma cell line. METHODS In vitro OVCAR-3 human ovarian carcinoma cells were irradiated with external beam radiation (XRT) at doses of 500, 1,500, and 4,500 centigray (cGy) in a single fractionation. Twelve hours after XRT, cells were treated with a dose of cisplatin for 2 hours (0, 1, 3, 9, 30, and 90 ug/mL). Cell attachment was determined by cell counts using a hemocytometer under phase-contrast microscopy. Analysis of variance followed by the Student Newman Keuls Test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Dose-response curves demonstrate the results of this study as follows: (1) XRT has a significant direct effect on cell attachment of OVCAR-3 cells in a dose-response relationship. (2) cisplatin has no effect on cell attachment in the absence of XRT. (3) When cells are exposed to XRT, cisplatin demonstrates a dose-response effect on cell attachment with a dose of XRT as low as 500 Gy. CONCLUSIONS This in vitro study suggests that XRT sensitizes cisplatin-resistant OVCAR-3 to cisplatin. This occurred with doses of radiation low enough to suggest a potential clinical role in treating resistant ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 1996;77:1850-3.
Multiscale image segmentation using a hierarchical self-organizing map

Abstract Multiscale structures and algorithms that unify the treatment of local and global scene information are of particular importance in image segmentation. Vector quantization, owing to its versatility, has proved to be an effective means of image segmentation. Although vector quantization can be achieved using self-organizing maps with competitive learning, self-organizing maps in their original single-layer structure, are inadequate for image segmentation. A hierarchical self-organizing neural network for image segmentation is presented. The Hierarchical Self-Organizing Map (HSOM) is an extension of the conventional (single-layer) Self-Organizing Map (SOM). The problem of image segmentation is formulated as one of vector quantization and mapped onto the HSOM. By combining the concepts of self-organization and topographic mapping with those of multiscale image segmentation the HSOM alleviates the shortcomings of the conventional SOM in the context of image segmentation.
Consequences of Prejudice Against the Null Hypothesis

The consequences of prejudice against accepting the null hypothesis were examined through (a) a mathematical model intended to stimulate the research-publication process and (b) case studies of apparent erroneous rejections of the null hypothesis in published psychological research. The input parameters for the model characterize investigators' probabilities of selecting a problem for which the null hypothesis is true, of reporting, following up on, or abandoning research when data do or do not reject the null hypothesis, and they characterize editors' probabilities of publishing manuscripts concluding in favor of or against the null hypothesis. With estimates of the input parameters based on a questionnaire survey of a sample of social psychologists, the model output indicates a dysfunctional research-publication system. Particularly, the model indicates that there may be relatively few publications on problems for which the null hypothesis is (at least to a reasonable approximation) true, and of these, a high proportion will erroneously reject the null hypothesis. The case studies provide additional support for this conclusion. Accordingly, it is concluded that research traditions and customs of discrimination against accepting the null hypothesis may be very detrimental to research progress. Some procedures that can help eliminate this bias are prescribed.
A new network structure for packet communication

A novel network structure, called the open-ring/active-bus structure, for packet switched, multiple-access communication over high-speed fiber-optic networks is studied. This structure has the advantages that it provides a higher capacity because it allows reuse of channel bandwidth just like open-ring networks with destination removal, e.g. register insertion rings, and it suffers from fewer synchronization constraints than a closed ring because the transmission process of its head station is independent of the activity at that station's receive interface. The author considers various access mechanisms for this structure and analyzes their channel capacity. He concludes that the structure is suitable for wide area integrated services network applications requiring high bandwidth. >
Identification and mitigation of potential logistical issues in the relocation of the UVA Health System's Outpatient Surgery Center

The University of Virginia Health System's Outpatient Surgery Center (OPSC) will move from its current freestanding facility into the newly constructed Battle Building in the summer of 2014. The Battle Building will consolidate pediatric outpatient services and the OPSC. The OPSC's current facility is a one-floor building with eight operating rooms, while the new location will operate across two floors, with twelve operating rooms. Differences in the physical layout pose potential challenges in the flow of people, materials, and information. The goal of this project is to identify and mitigate potential critical issues in patient and family movements, staff activities and interactions, communications and information flows, and materials movement, and to identify alternatives for addressing these issues to ensure safe, efficient, and efficacious delivery of outpatient surgery services. We assessed current operations of the OPSC through observation and interaction with multiple stakeholders. We defined goals, objectives, and requirements of the OPSC, including maximizing quality, safety, and efficiency of care, through a patient-centered analysis. Next, we documented current and future process flows of a patient's visit to the OPSC, including family, staff, and information flows. We identified processes that will significantly differ in the Battle Building, where the planning committees should focus to ensure successful operation following the transition. These include communication methods between staff, patients and guests, and guided patient and guest transport. We present and evaluate alternatives for these decision points, paying attention to critical processes, which affect patient care and experience. The documentation of current and future process flows, identification of major logistical changes, and guidance in decision-making assists our clients in determining how to best transition their operations into the Battle Building.
Platelet dysfunction detected at high shear in patients with heart valve disease

Whether patients with valvular heart disease have a defect of platelet function has been unclear. Despite evidence that these individuals have an abnormality detectable only under conditions of high shear stress, no methods have been widely available to adequately assess platelet function under such conditions. The Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA)-100 measures platelet function in a high shear environment and is well suited to the detection of platelet dysfunction in the clinical laboratory. The instrument records the time for platelets to occlude a membrane coated with collagen and either epinephrine (CEPI) or ADP (CADP). We studied the PFA-100 in 398 patients before open heart surgery; 308 for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and 90 for aortic or mitral valve replacement (VR). Patients were classified as normal (CEPI 153 s but CADP 153 s and CADP > 109 s). In the CABG group, 41.2% were classified as normal, 43.2% as 'aspirin effect' and 15.6% as abnormal. In contrast, in patients undergoing VR, these values were 6.7, 11.1 and 82.4%, respectively. Patients with valvular disease had significantly longer closure times for both CEPI and CADP tests (P 150 s) closure times in the CADP cartridge (43.3 vs. 3.6%, respectively). Only one (0.3%) patient in the CABG group had non-closure (> 300 s) in the CADP test compared to seven (7.8%) in the valvular disease group. Three of six patients in the latter group bled excessively during surgery. We conclude that abnormal CADP closure is much more frequent among patients with aortic or mitral valve disease compared to those with coronary artery disease. This may reflect pre-existing high-shear damage to platelets that renders them refractory to subsequent shear activation and aggregation in the PFA-100 system. Further studies are needed to more precisely define the platelet defect in these patients. Markedly prolonged CADP closure in patients with valvular disease may indicate an increased likelihood of intra-operative bleeding, although an appropriately designed prospective study is needed to adequately address this hypothesis.
High performance GaAs JFET with shallow implanted Cd-gate

Shallow p/sup +/-regions in GaAs, formed by Cd ion implantation, have been used as the gate region for GaAs JFETs. 0.7 mu m gate length JFETs demonstrated a transconductance of 165 mS/mm a saturation current of 130 mA/mm, an f/sub t/ of 26 GHz, and an f/sub max/ of 42 GHz. These frequency metrics are superior to previous Zn-gate JFETs of similar dimensions. >
Soliton robustness in optical fibers

Simulations and experiments indicate that solitons in optical fibers are robust in the presence of Hamiltonian deformations such as higher-order dispersion and birefringence but are destroyed in the presence of non-Hamiltonian deformations such as attenuation and the Raman effect. Two hypotheses are introduced that generalize these observations and give a recipe for when deformations will be Hamiltonian. Concepts from nonlinear dynamics are used to make these two hypotheses plausible. Soliton stabilization with frequency filtering is also briefly discussed from this point of view.
Administrative reform in Haiti: Problems, progress and prospects

A growing awareness among officials in Haiti of the need for public service reforms has resulted in the reorganization and revitalization of the country's Administrative Reform Commission (Commission Administrative). At present there is no uniformity in organization, procedures, regulations or remuneration between the different government agencies. The bureaucrats have little security and the bureaucracy is completely dominated by the executive branch of government. Coupled with this, owing largely to the budgeting system, the public service has developed into virtually two separate services, one dealing with development and the other with recurrent tasks. The number of public servants has doubled in the past decade. The Administrative Reform Commission has identified its priorities including the creation of a unified career service system, a restructuring of the bureaucracy and decentralization. This article comments on the Commission's proposals and the problems of implementing them.
Neoclassical Modeling of Nonneutral Technological Change: An Experimental Appraisal

The results of an experimental evaluation of the performance of neoclassical models, using alternative indexes of the pace of introduction of innovations to measure the effects of technical change on the patterns of factor input usage, are reported. The analysis maintains that production processes should be viewed as engineering activities, so that neoclassical characterizations of them and of any innovations to them are best treated as approximations. Two large-scale process analysis models provide the description of the “true” production technology with and without access to six specific process innovations. The analysis considered both input aggregation and the index of the extent of technical innovation. The results suggest that indexes which are explicitly tied to the technical features of the innovations involved perform better in isolating the direction of the input effects associated with each innovation. Moreover this conclusion was found to hold with differing levels of input aggregation.
Receding Horizon Control Using Random Search for UAV Navigation with Passive, Non-cooperative Sensing

*This paper presents a receding time horizon (RTH) control algorithm for an unmanned aircraft using random search to generate the candidate maneuver set. Receding time horizon control methods are advantageous because they require limited computational resources compared to global planning methods and offer an explicit mechanism for responding to dynamic environments with obstacles. Previous work applying RTH methods to autonomous aircraft navigation have assumed perfect sensing. In this work, passive, non-cooperative sensing is considered and the measurement uncertainty is incorporated into the control cost using the Fisher Information Matrix. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate application of the algorithm to waypoint navigation, trajectory following, safe exploration of unknown environments, and aircraft see-and-avoid.
Reward improves long-term retention of a motor memory through induction of offline memory gains

Summary In humans, training in which good performance is rewarded or bad performance punished results in transient behavioral improvements [1–3]. The relative effects of reward and punishment on consolidation and long-term retention, critical behavioral stages for successful learning [4, 5], are not known. Here, we investigated the effects of reward and punishment on these different stages of human motor skill learning. We studied healthy subjects who trained on a motor task under rewarded, punished, or neutral control conditions. Performance was tested before and immediately, 6 hr, 24 hr, and 30 days after training in the absence of reward or punishment. Performance improvements immediately after training were comparable in the three groups. At 6 hr, the rewarded group maintained performance gains, whereas the other two groups experienced significant forgetting. At 24 hr, the reward group showed significant offline (posttraining) improvements, whereas the other two groups did not. At 30 days, the rewarded group retained the gains identified at 24 hr, whereas the other two groups experienced significant forgetting. We conclude that training under rewarded conditions is more effective than training under punished or neutral conditions in eliciting lasting motor learning, an advantage driven by offline memory gains that persist over time.
Photosynthesis, respiration, and net primary production of sunflower stands in ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations: an invariant NPP:GPP ratio?

The effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis, respiration, and growth efficiency of sunflower plants at the whole-stand level was investigated using a whole-system gas exchange facility (the EcoCELLs at the Desert Research Institute) and a 13 C natural tracer method. Total daily photosynthesis (GPP), net primary production (NPP), and respiration under the elevated CO2 treatment were consistently higher than under the ambient CO2 treatment. The overall level of enhancement due to elevated CO2 was consistent with published results for a typical C3 plant species. The patterns of daily GPP and NPP through time approximated logistic curves under both CO2 treatments. Regression analysis indicated that both the rate of increase (the parameter ‘r’) and the maximum value (the parameter ‘k’) of daily GPP and NPP under the elevated CO2 treatment were significantly higher than under the ambient CO2 treatment. The percentage increase in daily GPP due to elevated CO2 varied systematically through time according to the logistic equations used for the two treatments. The GPP increase due to elevated CO2 ranged from approximately 10% initially to 73% at the peak, while declining to about 33%, as predicted by the ratio of the two maximum values. Different values of percentage increase in GPP and NPP were obtained at different sampling times. This result demonstrated that one-time measurements of percentage increases due to elevated CO2 could be misleading, thereby making interpretation difficult. Although rhizosphere respiration was substantially enhanced by elevated CO2, no effect of elevated CO2 on R:P (respiration:photosynthesis) was found, suggesting an invariant NPP:GPP ratio during the entire experiment. Further validation of the notion of an invariant NPP:GPP ratio may significantly simplify the process of quantifying terrestrial carbon sequestration by directly relating total photosynthesis to net primary production.
Laterally etched undercut (LEU) technique to reduce base-collector capacitances in heterojunction bipolar transistors

We report a novel fabrication process aimed at reducing the parasitic junction capacitance of AlGaAs-GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors. The process, named as the Laterally Etched Undercut (LEU) process, physically removes the extrinsic base-collector junction area and results in a cantilever structure. The DC, small-signal, and large-signal performances of the LEU devices are compared to those obtained from the conventional devices.
Comparison of skin pressure measurements with the use of pelvic circumferential compression devices on pelvic ring injuries.

Abstract Objectives Pelvic circumferential compression devices are commonly used in the acute treatment of pelvic fractures for reduction of pelvic volume and initial stabilisation of the pelvic ring. There have been reports of catastrophic soft-tissue breakdown with their use. The aim of the current investigation was to determine whether various pelvic circumferential compression devices exert different amounts of pressure on the skin when applied with the force necessary to reduce the injury. The study hypothesis was that the device with the greatest surface area would have the lowest pressures on the soft-tissue. Methods Rotationally unstable pelvic injuries (OTA type 61-B) were surgically created in five fresh, whole human cadavers. The amount of displacement at the pubic symphysis was measured using a Fastrak, three-dimensional, electromagnetic motion analysis device (Polhemus Inc., Colchester, VT). The T-POD, Pelvic Binder, Sam Sling, and circumferential sheet were applied in random order for testing. The devices were applied with enough force to obtain a reduction of less than 10 mm of diastasis at the pubic symphysis. Pressure measurements, force required, and contact surface area were recorded with a Tekscan pressure mapping system. Results The mean skin pressures observed ranged from 23 to 31 kPa (173 to 233 mm of Hg). The highest pressures were observed with the Sam Sling, but no statistically significant skin pressure differences were observed with any of the four devices (p > 0.05). The Sam Sling also had the least mean contact area (590 cm 2 ). In greater than 70% of the trials, including all four devices tested, skin pressures exceeded what has been shown to be pressure high enough to cause skin breakdown (9.3 kPa or 70 mm of Hg). Conclusions Application of commercially available pelvic binders as well as circumferential sheeting commonly results in mean skin pressures that are considered to be above the threshold for skin breakdown. We therefore recommend that these devices only be used acutely, and definitive fixation or external fixation should be performed early as patient physiology allows. There may be some advantage of use of a simple sheet given its low cost, versatility, and ability to alter contact surface area.
[Effects of smoking and/or vitamin C on sulcular fluid rate in clinically healthy gingiva].

The purpose of this study was to (1) compare crevicular fluid flow in smokers and nonsmokers with clinically healthy gingiva; (2) compare crevicular fluid flow of smokers in the areas physically exposed to smoke (maxillary lingual) to that in areas not physically exposed to smoke (maxillary buccal); and (3) compare crevicular fluid flow in smokers and nonsmokers before and after 1 month of (500 mg) twice daily vitamin C supplementation. All sampled areas were required to exhibit clinical health for all measurements (gingival, plaque, and bleeding indices at 0). Ten smoking (at least one pack a day) and ten nonsmoking male dental students were subjects of the study. Areas sampled were midbuccal and midlingual of teeth 3, 5, 12, and 14. Smokers were found to have significantly less crevicular fluid flow than did nonsmokers. Lingual areas of smokers showed no significant difference from buccal areas in crevicular fluid flow. One month of (500 mg) twice daily vitamin C supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in crevicular fluid flow in smokers and nonsmokers. The effect of tobacco smoke on clinically healthy gingiva may be a physiologic result of vasoconstriction rather than a physical irritation.
Viscosity Measurements of Aviation Turbine Fuels

Kinematic viscosity has been measured for nine separate aviation turbine fuel samples. The nine samples span the range of fuel types available: conventional petroleum-derived fuels, synthetic fuels derived from the Fischer–Tropsch process, and renewable fuels derived from biomass feedstocks. Results for a tenth sample intended for use in quantifying the total sulfur in fuel oils are also included for comparison. All measurements were made at ambient pressure and over the temperature range of 293–373 K. A significant degree of variability is observed among the measured viscosities. Measurement data for the conventional fuel samples were also compared to the predictions of two existing surrogate mixture models.
Adrenal 5 alpha-reductase activity in the rat: effects of gonadectomy: some cofactor and substrate requirements.

SummarySteroid 5α-reductase activity is demonstrated in the adrenal cortex of male and female rats (F > M). Following either orchiectomy or ovariectomy, activity of the enzyme is elevated extending previous findings of increased adrenal 5a-metabolite formation in gonadectomized rats. Reductase activity in adrenal tissue from castrate males is greater than that from castrate females. NADH enhances enzyme activity in whole homogenates. Centrifugation studies demonstrate most of the activity to reside in the 105,000g sediment. Compared to corticosterone, testosterone is a more preferred substrate, whereas Cortisol is less well metabolized and aldosterone least of all.
Correspondence item: Equilibrium properties of the nash and stackelberg strategies

The Nash and Stackelberg strategies of a nonzero sum game have the common property that they are both noncooperative equilibrium solutions for which no player can achieve an improvement in his performance if he attempts to deviate from his strategy (cheat). In this note we show that the Nash solution is desirable only if it is not dominated by any of the Stackelberg solutions. Otherwise a Stackelberg strategy is always more favorable to both players and, as the Nash solution, it can be enforced once an agreement between the players, specifying the leader and the follower, is reached.
Effect of Substrate Thickness on Micro-Hardness of Direct Laser Deposited Ti-6Al-4V Parts

The heat transfer occurring during laser-based additive manufacturing (LBAM) processes can impact part quality and post-manufactured thermo-mechanical properties – including microstructure and hardness. Effectively managing the heat loss of the manufactured part to the substrate (conduction) and environment (convection) is of great importance. This study experimentally investigates the use of Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) for the additive manufacture of cylindrically-shaped Ti-6Al-4V parts. Using an OPTOMEC LENS ® 750 system, the effect of substrate thickness on post-LENS microhardness and porosity was experimentally investigated. The resultant, transient temperature distribution near the substrate/part intersection was measured using an array of substrate-embedded, type-C (tungsten-rhenium) thermocouples. The effect of the substrate on the substrate/part temperature response was investigated by varying the substrate thickness. The density of the LENS-manufactured part was found to be consistent by ± 0.04 g/cc in relation to each substrate thickness; however, these densities were less than the average density for wrought Ti-6Al-4V suggesting that the parts were somewhat porous for the selected LENS operating parameters. The average Vickers hardness along the crosssection of the part increased with substrate thickness. Compared to the average 349HV for Ti-6Al-4V, the hardness values were 343 HV for the 0.635 cm plate, 359 HV for the 1.27 cm plate, and 368 HV for the 2.54 cm plate. The maximum temperature experienced at the part intersection decreased as plate thickness increased. Heating rate calculated at the outer radius of the part appeared to cause the radial hardness of the first deposited layer to follow a similar curve when built upon the 1.27 cm and 2.54 cm plates.
Emerging nanotechnologies for cancer immunotherapy

Founded on the growing insight into the complex cancer-immune system interactions, adjuvant immunotherapies are rapidly emerging and being adapted for the treatment of various human malignancies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, for example, have already shown clinical success. Nevertheless, many approaches are not optimized, require frequent administration, are associated with systemic toxicities and only show modest efficacy as monotherapies. Nanotechnology can potentially enhance the efficacy of such immunotherapies by improving the delivery, retention and release of immunostimulatory agents and biologicals in targeted cell populations and tissues. This review presents the current status and emerging trends in such nanotechnology-based cancer immunotherapies including the role of nanoparticles as carriers of immunomodulators, nanoparticles-based cancer vaccines, and depots for sustained immunostimulation. Also highlighted are key translational challenges and opportunities in this rapidly growing field.
Agentes Computacionales Y Análisis Económico (Computational Agents and Economic Analysis)

Spanish Abstract: La simulacion de sistemas de agentes multiples y los modelos basados en agentes utilizan entidades virtuales que interactuan siguiendo reglas en ambientes controlados, y permiten entender el comportamiento de los agentes reales considerando aspectos como la heterogeneidad, la espacialidad y la racionalidad limitada. Asi se pueden modelar muchos fenomenos economicos y obtener resultados significativos. Este ensayo revisa los aportes de la economia computacional basada en agentes, destaca sus aspectos promisorios y sus limitaciones.English Abstract: Simulation of systems of multiple agents and agent-based modeling deal with virtual entities that interact according to the rules of controlled environments. Thereby, they help to understand the behavior of real economic agents, considering factors such us heterogeneity, spatiality, bounded rationality, among others. Many economic problems can be well modeled with significant results. This article surveys academic work on agent-based approaches in economics and highlights the promising features as well as the limitations of its implementation.
The San Francisco Travel Quality Study: tracking trials and tribulations of a transit taker

In helping understand the dynamics of travel choice behavior and traveler satisfaction over time, multi-day panel data is invaluable (McFadden in Am Econ Rev 91(3): 351–378, 2001). The collection of such data has become increasingly feasible thanks to smartphones, which researchers can use to present surveys to travelers and to collect additional information through the phones’ location services and other sensors. This paper describes the design and implementation of the San Francisco Travel Quality Study, a multi-day research study conducted in autumn 2013 with 838 participants. The objective of the study was to investigate the link between transit service quality, the satisfaction and subjective well-being of transit riders, and travel choice behavior, with a particular interest in the influence of travelers’ choice history and personal experiences on future transit use. For that purpose, a rich panel data set was collected from multiple sources, including a number of mobile travel experience surveys capturing traveler satisfaction and emotions, two online surveys capturing demographics, attitudes and mode choice intentions, as well as high-resolution phone location data and transit vehicle location data. By fusing the phone location data with transit vehicle location data, individual-level transit travel diaries could be automatically created, and by fusing the location data with the survey responses, additional information about the context of the responses could be derived. While the behavioral and satisfaction-related findings of the study are detailed in other publications, this paper is intended to serve two purposes. First, it describes the study design, data collection effort and challenges faced in order to provide a learning opportunity for other researchers considering similar studies. Second, it discusses the key sociodemographic data and characteristics of the study population in order to provide a foundation and reference for further publications that make use of the data set described here. The authors would like to invite other researchers to collaborate with them on the evaluation of the data.
The Ticking of the Epigenetic Clock: Antipsychotic Drugs in Old Age.

Abstract Background: Exposed to antipsychotic drugs (APDs), older individuals with dementing illness are at risk of cerebrovascular adverse effects (CVAE), including sudden death. Transient microvascular dysfunctions are known to occur in younger persons exposed to APDs, however they seldom progresses to CVAE, suggesting that APDs alone are insufficient for engendering this untoward effect. It is, therefore believed that a preexistent microvascular damage is necessary for CVAE to take place, but the exact nature of this lesion remains unclear. CNS small vessel disease (SVD) is a well-known age-related risk factor for strokes, dementia and sudden death, which may constitute the initial CVAE-predisposing pathology. We therefore propose a two strike CVAE paradigm in which SVD represents the first strike, while exposure to APDs, the second. In this model, both strikes must be present for CVAE to take place, and the neuroimaging load of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) may be directly proportional with the CVAE risk. To investigate this hypothesis at the molecular level, we focused on a seemingly unrelated phenomenon: both APDs and SVD were found protective against a similar repertoire of cancers and their spread to the brain (1-4). Since microRNA-29 has shown efficacy against the same malignancies, and has been associated with small vessels pathology, we narrowed our search down to this miR, hypothesizing that the APDs mechanism of action includes miR-29 up-regulation, which in turn facilitates the development of SVD. Aim: to assess whether miR-29 can be utilized as a peripheral blood biomarker for SVD and CVAE risk. Method: we conducted a search of experimentally verified miR-29 target genes utilizing the public domain tools miRanda, RNA22 and Weizemann Institute of Science miRNA Analysis. We identified in total 67 experimentally verified target genes for miR-29 family, 18 of which correlate with microvascular integrity, and may be relevant for CVAE. Conclusion: Up-regulated microRNA-29 silences the expression of 18 genes connected with capillary stability, engendering a major vulnerability for SVD (first strike) which in turn increases the risk for CVAE after exposure to APDs (second strike).
Emerging Data Center Thermal Management and Energy Efficiency Technologies

This chapter introduces a number of emerging topics in data center design and operation. The use of ambient air, water, or ground for heat rejection is attractive for many facilities whenever the environmental conditions are conducive. Changes in equipment layout and real-time control of cooling and information technology (IT) resources also offer opportunities for savings in cooling energy costs. As rack level powers continue to increase for several equipment classes, there is increasing interest in hybrid liquid/air cooling and liquid cooling approaches. Safety issues arising due to elevated temperatures and ambient noise are also receiving increasing attention. Broadening of equipment operation temperature and humidity ranges is resulting in concerns for wiring corrosion. Need for on-demand, rapidly deployable, and expandable computing resources has resulted in rapid development of modular data centers.
Analytical techniques for mechanistic characterization of EUV photoresists

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV, ~13.5 nm) lithography is the prospective technology for high volume manufacturing by the microelectronics industry. Significant strides towards achieving adequate EUV source power and availability have been made recently, but a limited rate of improvement in photoresist performance still delays the implementation of EUV. Many fundamental questions remain to be answered about the exposure mechanisms of even the relatively well understood chemically amplified EUV photoresists. Moreover, several groups around the world are developing revolutionary metal-based resists whose EUV exposure mechanisms are even less understood. Here, we describe several evaluation techniques to help elucidate mechanistic details of EUV exposure mechanisms of chemically amplified and metal-based resists. EUV absorption coefficients are determined experimentally by measuring the transmission through a resist coated on a silicon nitride membrane. Photochemistry can be evaluated by monitoring small outgassing reaction products to provide insight into photoacid generator or metal-based resist reactivity. Spectroscopic techniques such as thin-film Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can measure the chemical state of a photoresist system pre- and post-EUV exposure. Additionally, electrolysis can be used to study the interaction between photoresist components and low energy electrons. Collectively, these techniques improve our current understanding of photomechanisms for several EUV photoresist systems, which is needed to develop new, better performing materials needed for high volume manufacturing.
Two areas for familiar face recognition in the primate brain

Familiarity alters face recognition: Familiar faces are recognized more accurately than unfamiliar ones and under difficult viewing conditions when unfamiliar face recognition fails. The neural basis for this fundamental difference remains unknown. Using whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that personally familiar faces engage the macaque face-processing network more than unfamiliar faces. Familiar faces also recruited two hitherto unknown face areas at anatomically conserved locations within the perirhinal cortex and the temporal pole. These two areas, but not the core face-processing network, responded to familiar faces emerging from a blur with a characteristic nonlinear surge, akin to the abruptness of familiar face recognition. In contrast, responses to unfamiliar faces and objects remained linear. Thus, two temporal lobe areas extend the core face-processing network into a familiar face-recognition system.
The Idea Man: An Interview with Lynn Steen

SummaryAn interview with Lynn Arthur Steen, this article questions this consummate idea man about his childhood, editing MATHEMATICS MAGAZINE with Arthur Seebach, being a member of the St. Olaf Math Department through its period of phenomenal growth, serving as MAA President, being on the front lines of math education—writing and being involved in the conversations about the NCTM Standards and Quantitative Literacy, and also commenting on what he sees as the most important issue facing the MAA today.
Some experimental aspects of absolute configuration determination using single crystal X-ray diffraction

Abstract Students of single crystal X-ray diffraction are often give advice as to how best to collect their data when attempting absolute configuration determination. These ‘rules’ often have more grounding in gut-feeling than evidence. Thus, in an effort to provide advice and evidence that today’s crystallographers can pass onto to tomorrow’s young scientists, we present a systematic study of 1-deoxy- l -arabinitol, a straight chain sugar which crystalises well in the space group I 4 1 .
Mainstreaming Gender: The Influence of Women's Networks on Prosecuting Sexual Violence at the International Criminal Court

The fall of the Soviet Union in combination with the failures of the international community to intervene in the genocides of the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda spurred a new enthusiasm for human rights as a wholly independent movement, termed the human rights wave. This paradigm shift, identified by Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, was an embrace of human rights rooted in the redemption of past wrongs. This project is structured as a jurisprudential genealogy that will explore the human rights wave in the context of the Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice, a facet of the transnational women’s network, and their quest to mainstream sexual and gender based violence into law at the International Criminal Court. Timing was essential to the Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice’s formation before the Rome Conference. At the same time as the human rights wave characterized by Hoffmann emerged, a furor for anti-impunity prosecutions engulfed the focus of the international community. These two phenomena came together at a time in which organizing at the United Nations over gender issues was about to reach a fever pitch. The thirst for anti-impunity sparked a renewed interest in international criminal tribunals, resulting in the ad hoc tribunals and the International Criminal Court forming throughout the 1990s. This project argues that the confluence of these aforementioned events provided the Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice with a fortuitous opportunity to ride the human rights wave and institutionalize gender in a way that other activists would not be able to accomplish in contemporary times.
First Digits of Squares and Cubes

SummaryBenford's Law is the observation that in many lists of numbers that arise in the real world, for d = 1, 2, …, 9, the likelihood that the first digit is d is log10 ((d + 1)/d). A similar phenomenon is known for essentially all geometric sequences ark, namely the relative frequencies RN(d) of the first digit d of the first N terms in such a sequence tend to log10((d + 1)/d). In this note, it is shown that the analogous statements for the sequence of squares and the sequence of cubes do not hold. However, in these cases, interesting subsequences of RN(d) do converge, but not to log10((d + 1)/d).
Capital Gains Taxes

The capital gains tax is assessed when certain assets1 are sold at a “profit.” For example, let’s say that an individual (or corporation) bought 100 shares of stock in 1975 for $1,000 and sold the stock in 1993 for $1,500. The “profit” on the. sale is $500. If the capital gains tax is 30%,2 then the tax liability is $150 (30% of $500). But has there really been a gain? If inflation between 1975 and 1993 has been 300%, then the purchasing power of $1,000 in 1975 dollars would be the equivalent of $3,000 in 1993 dollars. So, in fact, the owner of the stock incurred a real loss of $1,500 on the sale of the stock — the difference between the $3,000 purchasing power equivalent in 1993 dollars and the $1,500 received on the sale. But although there has been a real loss of $1,500 on the sale — the difference between the $3,000 purchasing power equivalent and the $1,500 proceeds from the sale — the shareholder has to pay a tax.
Antimicrobial Mode-of-Action of Colloidal Ti3C2Tx MXene Nanosheets

Antibacterial properties of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are of great interest in fields such as environmental engineering, biomedical engineering, and medicine. Ti3C2Tx MXene, a novel 2D nan...