cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of surface layering in a dielectric liquid

The temperature dependence of the density oscillations (layers) at the free surface of tetrakis(2-ethylhexoxy)silane, a nonmetallic molecular liquid, was investigated using x-ray reflectivity. Below $\ensuremath{\sim}215\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, the layer parameters weakly vary with temperature, if at all. Above this temperature, the layer spacings and intrinsic layer widths increase continuously, until there is no identifiable layering above $230\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. This transition occurs at $T∕{T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}0.23$, a temperature region that is usually accessible in metallic liquids but is preempted by freezing in many dielectric liquids.
Reduced-order models for staged separation columns—VI. Columns with steep and flat composition profiles

Abstract This series is concerned with the development of reduced-order models for staged, countercurrent separation columns which are typically modeled using stage-by-stage mass and energy balances. The earlier parts of this series discussed the development of models containing far fewer equations using the concept of approximating the composition, flow and temperature profiles in the column using polynomials. In Part V of this paper, it was shown that the extent of order reduction achievable depends on the nature of the composition profiles. A parameter called ORP (Order Reduction Parameter) was developed as an indicator of the order reduction achievable. Columns with steep and flat composition profiles exhibit ORP values and hence require high order polynomials to approximate them. Many multicomponent systems exhibit this type of profiles for the non-key components. In this article a modification to the polynomial approximation procedure is suggested to overcome this difficulty with components having high ORP. The modified approach is shown to work extremely well in a number of examples studied. An order of magnitude reduction in order and hence computing time is achievable using this approach without any significant loss in accuracy.
Kinetics of cleavage of intra- and extracellular simian virus 40 DNA with the enediyne anticancer drug C-1027.

Abstract A kinetic analysis of cleavage of simian virus DNA (SV40 DNA) inside and outside green monkey BSC-1 cells by the enediyne-protein antibiotic C-1027 and its free chromophore is described. Information on rate constants was obtained by fitting populations of forms I (closed circular DNA), II (nicked circular DNA) and III (linear DNA) of SV40 DNA as a function of drug concentration to a kinetic model which includes: cutting of form I to give form II with rate constant k1, cutting of form I to give form III with rate constant k4, and cutting of form II to give form III with rate constant k2. The ratio of single-strand (ss) to double-strand (ds) cutting for the holoantibiotic and the free chromophore, k 1 k 4 , is approximately 1.8 for extracellular SV40 DNA. For intracellular DNA and extracellular DNA which has been post-treated with putrescine, ds cutting is much more probable, with k4 about four times as large as k1. This observation suggests that amine groups present in the cell are able to convert abasic sites opposite an ss break into a ds break in SV40 chromatin. The overall rate of cleavage of form-I DNA inside the cell is much larger than the rate outside, the sum k1 + k4 being about three times as large for intracellular DNA as for extracellular DNA.
MOOD AS A CONFOUNDING VARIABLE IN EYE DOMINANCE FIELD DEPENDENCE AND READING

Summary.-Fast reading related to strong eye dominance and good comprehension for Ss in a good mood (but not for other Ss). Field dependence related to weak eye dominance and poor comprehension for Ss not in a good mood. Mood seems to interact with habitual tendencies to affect response. Relationships may seem conceptually satisfying when summarized briefly but be untidy on close examination. An example is the pattern of eye dominance, field dependence and reading. Good readers are likely to be field independent and to have strong eye dominance (Harris, 1957; Stuart, 1967); and strong eye dominance is associated with field independence (Oltman & Capobianco, 1967). This is neat. However, Oltman and Capobianco call for followup research to examine why 13 of their 24 field-dependent Ss showed strong eye dominance; Thurstone ( 1944) found no relation among eye dominance, field dependence and reading; and it has sometimes been suggested that alternating eye dominance is associated with high intelligence and thus presumably with good reading. Varying behavior within an individual S may be a confounding factor. Not only is any person's reading changeable, but eye dominance also can be voluntarily controlled (Meredith & Meredith, 1962) and varies with ocular input and attitude. We propose that Ss' mood differences can account for some discrepant findings, in other research as well as in the experiment described below. Ss were 35 students in an introductory psychology class. MN and DSS acted as co-Es, giving instructions, demonstrating procedures, answering questions, and assuring Ss that a wide range of scores appear at all levels of intelligence and abiliry. Tests were administered in the order given below, with an anonymous questionnaire for personal data and a set of reversible figures between the reading test and the mood scales.
The unidirectional testis tunneller: concerns about a new device and objections to suturing the testis or cauda epididymis.

To create a tunnel from the inguinal opening to the scrotum we, as many others, use a curved Kelly forceps (or mosquito forceps in infants), holding a rolled piece of gauze of size similar to the testis. The gauze is pushed against the scrotal walls; the skin and dartos are cut until the gauze is seen. Then a baby-mosquito forceps enters from outside the scrotal opening and grasps the gauze, is pulled cephalad by the Kelly, and exits from the inguinal wound. The mosquito grasps the mobilized gubernaculum and pulls the testis into the scrotum. This technique has the ergonomic virtues of UTT and is, in our opinion, atraumatic. We agree that finger-tunnelling is not as ergonomic, and it is unsafe to cut with the non-dominant hand. Using the traditional techniques, the width of the dartos’ hole can be shaped to the size of the testis. Instead, a standard 10-mm-wide hole is obtained by the UTT head. The ‘button-hole’ effect attributed to the narrow shaft of UTT depends instead on the width of the hole and on the dartos’ ability to return back to ‘native shape’. The maximum width of the baby-mosquito at its base is 10 mm, i.e., equal to the width of UTT head. However, for testes narrower than 10 mm, the baby-mosquito can support a smaller hole, i.e., a better ‘button-hole’ effect. The same applies for finger-tunnelling and baby-mosquito. More importantly, the UTT head, although designed for ages 1–4 years, was used by Evans et al. to accommodate testes of children up to 16 years old (age range is 6 months–16 years and 1 month), resulting in an evident discrepancy between size of the UTT head and the size of the operated testes. And in the photos of the authors, this head seems larger than the mean 0.3 cm or the maximum 0.5 cm testis volume for this age [range is 0.09–0.52 cm (±2SD)] [2]. Finally, we object to late orchiopexy (mean age for the patients of Evans et al. was 5 years and 3 months). The current view is that orchiopexy should be performed at about 1 year of age or earlier, from 6 months on, because there is evidence of early histological damage of the testis [3].
Media access protocols for spectral-sliced WDMA testbed

This paper briefly describes the spectral sliced testbed. The architecture pre-allocates channels for data reception and results in a system with M nodes and C subsystem at each node, since only a single wavelength channel is delivered to each node. In addition to the low complexity, the proposed spectral sliced approach supports multicast and broadcast modes in which one processor can simultaneously transfer data to more than one destination. Protocol complexity is the major constraint in this environment. The protocols must have both low implementational and operational complexity to maintain practical feasibility at the high operating speeds. Pre-allocation approaches appear to be very promising because of their low implementation and operational complexity. Two pre-allocation protocols are introduced that are targeted to the spectral sliced architecture. The resulting performance of the two protocols is examined in terms of average delay and throughput through discrete event simulation.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DECHLORINATION OF CHLORENDIC ACID WITH OZONE

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to investigate the use of ozone to dechlorinate chlorendic acid [1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo-(2,2,1)-hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid; CAS Number 115-28-6]. The dechlorination and subsequent degradation of chlorendic acid by ozonation is influenced by the pH, applied ozone dose and bicarbonate concentration. A change in the initial chlorendic acid concentration to 50, 100 and 200 mg/l did not influence the rate of degradation of chlorendic acid. Ultraviolet radiation alone also dechlorinated chlorendic acid. Ultraviolet radiation (u.v.) was also shown to greatly enhance the oxidation of chlorendic acid in the presence of ozone. In a typical case, 80% dechlorination of chlorendic acid was obtained in 60 min when using an ozone dose of 125 mg/min ozone at pH 7.4. In addition to the experimental results, a model describing the dechlorination of chlorendic acid is presented. The pseudo-first order rate constants for a two-step model were calculated and ranged from 0.002 to 0.295 min−1 for the first step and 0.008 to 6 × 1012 min−1 (calculated) for the second step. The magnitude of the rate constants and corresponding rates of dechlorination of chlorendic acid were shown to be dependent upon the production and/or scavenging of hydroxyl radicals in solution. Conditions favoring radicals in solution, such as high pH and the addition of u.v., resulted in much faster dechlorination. The conditions which did not favor radicals, such as low pH and the addition of bicarbonate, resulted in slower dechlorination.
Westphal-MMD 11: An Interacting, Submillimeter Luminous Lyman Break Galaxy

We present new Hubble Space Telescope, high-resolution optical imaging of the submillimeter luminous Lyman break galaxy (LBG), Westphal-MMD 11, an interacting starburst at z = 2.979. The new imaging data, in conjunction with reanalysis of Keck optical and near-IR spectra, demonstrate MMD 11 to be an interacting system of at least three components: a luminous blue source, a fainter blue source, and an extremely red object (ERO) with R-K 6. The separations between components are ~8 kpc (Λ = 0.7, ΩM = 0.3, h = 0.65), similar to some of the local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIGs). The lack of obvious active galactic nucleus in MMD 11, along with the fragmented, early-stage merger morphology, suggest a young forming environment. While we cannot unambiguously identify the location of the far-IR emission within the system, analogy to similar ULIGs suggests the ERO as the likely far-IR source. The greater than 1012 L☉ bolometric luminosity of MMD 11 can be predicted reasonably from its rest-frame UV properties once all components are taken into account; however, this is not typically the case for local galaxies of similar luminosities. While LBGs as red in g-R and R-K as MMD 11 are rare, they can only be found over the restricted 2.7 < z < 3.0 range. Therefore, a substantial number of MMD 11-like galaxies (0.62 arcmin-2) may exist when integrated over the likely redshift range of Submillimeter Common-User Bolometric Array (SCUBA) sources (z = 1-5), suggesting that SCUBA sources should not necessarily be seen as completely orthogonal to optically selected galaxies.
How white attitudes vary with the racial composition of local populations : Numbers count

This research focuses on the white people's reactions to the racial composition of the local population. Multilevel modeling is applied to a micro/macro data file that links 1990 General Social Survey responses to census information about respondents' localities. On summary scales representing traditional prejudice, opposition to race-targeting, and policy-related beliefs, white negativity swells as the local black population share expands. Among non-Southern white, a 10-point rise in the local percentage of black brings an increase in traditional prejudice greater than the decrease in prejudice that comes with three additional years of education. South/non-South differences in the white people's views about black are generally reduced to about one-half of their original size and fall short of statistical significance when local racial composition is controlled. Interestingly, concentrations of local Asian American and Latino populations do not engender white antipathy toward these groups. If the white people's reactions to the presence of black is a threat response, the specific dynamics of this threat await description
EFFECT OF ACID PRETREATMENT ON THE STABILITY OF CITRIC AND MALIC ACID COMPLEXES WITH VARIOUS IRON SOURCES IN A WHEAT FLAKE CEREAL1

An in vitro incubation at pH 2 of citric and malic acids with each of five iron sources [(hydrogen (HRI) and electrolytically reduced elemental iron (ERI), ferric chloride (FeCl3), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and ferric orthophosphate (FOP)] at a 10:1 molar ratio (acid:iron) was evaluated for its effect on iron solubiliza-tion in a wheat flake cereal subjected to a sequential gastrointestinal pH treatment from endogenous pH (E) to 2 to 6. Citric acid maintained significantly more complexed and ionic iron (Fe+3) in solution than malic acid, with and without incubation, through the final stage of the sequential pH treatment with each of the five iron sources. However, the malate treated samples were affected less than the citrate by acidification from pH E to 2, with less of the soluble complexed iron being insolubilized and significantly more ionic iron (Fe+2) being produced. Incubation significantly enhanced the iron solubilizing capacity of citrate at all stages of the sequential pH treatment with HRI and at pH E with ERI, FeCl3 and FeSO4, As well, incubation increased the iron solubilization properties of malate at all stages with FeSO4 and at E and 2 with HRI and ERI. These results indicate that acid incubation to form an organic acid-iron chelate, particularly with elemental iron, has the potential to improve cereal iron fortificant bioavail-ability.
A COOPERATIVE MULTI-AGENT TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT AND ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM

Abstract Developing real-time approaches to manage roadway network congestion over time and space is a difficult problem. While many approaches to solving networking problems have been posed, the roadway routing problem is fundamentally different in that route choice behavior rests solely with the flow entities (drivers). The challenge is to find and implement solutions that achieve an efficient reallocation of network capacity over time and space without seriously violating any individual user’s preferences for mode, routing, departure, and/or arrival time. This paper proposes a solution approach based on cooperative multi-agent-based principled negotiation between agents that represent network managers, information service providers, and drivers equipped with route guidance systems. It is demonstrated that the cooperative, multi-agent approach is a natural extension of the National ITS Architecture. Furthermore, the approach is highly scalable and adaptable to a variety of networks and user populations.
The Carbon Dioxide Content of Field Air.

Measurements from 0 to 152 m over an Iowa cornfield showed that there is a daytime decrease in CO/sub 2/ content of the air among plants carrying on active photosynthesis, and that this effect is measureable to an altitude of 152 m. The drop is such that, on still days, the CO/sub 2/ content of the air may be expected to limit photosynthesis and crop yields. 25 references, 3 figures.
Light scattering by liquid crystals.

Abstract The scattering of light by liquid crystals is primarily a result of orientation fluctuations and is formally similar to the scattering by solid crystalline polymers. Some experimental results for the photographic scattering of mesophases of cholesteryl myristate are presented. The patterns for the cholesteric state are similar to those for spherulitic polymers and are analyzed using the theory for scattering from media exhibiting nonrandom orientation correlations. As a result of the light scattering studies it may be shown that the cholesteric state is characterized by disc-like correlations, while the smectic state and solid cholesteryl myristate both show random orientation correlations.
Coding for Recording and Recall of Information.

Abstract To explore the potential fruitfulness of the mathematical theory of communication for information science, we examine the question of how to encode a message at the time it is encountered so that it will come to mind at the time it is needed or can be used. After describing some examples of this problem, we propose a prototype computer program and an experiment, and use these to analyze ways of extending or replacing the classical model of communication theory to include multi-channel, multiway networks with store-and-forward memories. Coding is discussed in the context of associational structures. The general purpose nature of information, and the analogy between “energy as an invariant of motion” and “information as an invariant of thinking” is suggested. It is unlikely that the classical mathematical theory of communication will have great potential applicability to information science without major modification, though some of its concepts have already exerted their influence. A central problem of information science on which to test its applicability is how to find representation mappings (encodings) so that increasingly effective plans and acts can be selected, using meaningful, action-oriented maps that stress use of human effort and time in attending to organized cumulative knowledge that can be brought to bear on human needs at strategic times.
The development of relational arcs in the lexical semantic memory structures of young children.

Forty-eight normally developing children, twelve each at ages three, four five, and six years, were asked to define and describe ten concrete nouns expressively with no attendant visual stimuli. Responses were coded according to the semantic relations expressed. Nineteen different semantic relationships were isolated in these definitions, and significant differences were found between the age levels in the various configurations of semantic relational categories represented in the first five relations elicited from each child by each noun. Compatible with recent hypotheses concerning the development of internal semantic memory structures, these differences also proved to be highly predictive of a subject's chronological age. The results suggest that semantic relational analysis may be a productive method of documenting the characteristics of lexical semantic systems of very young children.
Laminar Heat Transfer in a Channel With Unsteady Flow and Wall Heating Varying With Position and Time

Laminar heat transfer in a channel with unsteady flow and wall heating varying with position and time
Structures and luminescence of mononuclear and dinuclear base-stabilized gold(I) pyrazolate complexes

Abstract The mono- and dinuclear base-stabilized gold(I) pyrazolate complexes, (PPh3)Au(μ-3,5-Ph2pz)) (1), (TPA)Au(3,5-Ph2pz), TPA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phophaadamantane (2), [(PPh3)2Au(μ-3,5-Ph2pz)]NO3 (3) and [(dppp)Au(μ-3,5-Ph2pz)]NO3, dppp=bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (4), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The mononuclear gold(I) complexes 1 and 2 show intermolecular Au⋯Au interactions of 3.1540(6) and 3.092(6) A, while the dinuclear gold(I) complexes 3 and 4 show an intramolecular Au⋯Au distances of 3.3519(7) and 3.109(2) A, respectively, typical of an aurophilic attraction. Complexes 1–4 exhibit luminescence at 77 K when excited with ca. 333 nm UV light with an emission maximum at ca. 454 nm. The emission has been assigned to ligand-to-metal charge transfer, LMCT, based upon the vibronic structure that is observed.
An Adaptive Synchronization Technique for Parallel Simulation of Networked Clusters

Computer clusters are a very cost-effective approach for high performance computing, but simulating a complete cluster is still an open research problem. The obvious approach - to parallelize individual node simulators - is complex and slow. Combining individual parallel simulators implies synchronizing their progress of time. This can be accomplished with a variety of parallel discrete event simulation techniques, but unfortunately any straightforward approach introduces a synchronization overhead causing up two orders of magnitude of slowdown with respect to the simulation speed of an individual node. In this paper we present a novel adaptive technique that automatically adjusts the synchronization boundaries. By dynamically relaxing accuracy over the least interesting computational phases we dramatically increase performance with a marginal loss of precision. For example, in the simulation of an 8-node cluster running NAMD (a parallel molecular dynamics application) we show an acceleration factor of 26x over the deterministic "ground truth" simulation, at less than a 1% accuracy error.
Operon prediction using both genome-specific and general genomic information

We have carried out a systematic analysis of the contribution of a set of selected features that include three new features to the accuracy of operon prediction. Our analyses have led to a number of new insights about operon prediction, including that (i) different features have different levels of discerning power when used on adjacent gene pairs with different ranges of intergenic distance, (ii) certain features are universally useful for operon prediction while others are more genome-specific and (iii) the prediction reliability of operons is dependent on intergenic distances. Based on these new insights, our newly developed operon-prediction program achieves more accurate operon prediction than the previous ones, and it uses features that are most readily available from genomic sequences. Our prediction results indicate that our (non-linear) decision tree-based classifier can predict operons in a prokaryotic genome very accurately when a substantial number of operons in the genome are already known. For example, the prediction accuracy of our program can reach 90.2 and 93.7% on Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli genomes, respectively. When no such information is available, our (linear) logistic function-based classifier can reach the prediction accuracy at 84.6 and 83.3% for E.coli and B.subtilis, respectively.
Subchronic Oral Doses of Marihuana Extract

Subchronic oral doses of marihuana revealed no evidence of sensitization to the effects of two test doses of drug as compared to interval treatment with placebo. Slight evidence of tolerance to dizzines and tachycardia from the drug was noted, but not necessarily as a function of the amount of intervening drug exposure.
Nuclear analysis for the inertially confined direct drive laser fusion power reactor SIRIUS-P

Abstract The SIRIUS-P commercial reactor design produces 1000 MWe and is driven by 60 KrF laser beams. The chamber has an inner radius of 6.5 m and consists of a first wall fabricated from a carbon/carbon composite and a blanket made of SiC. The chamber is cooled by a flowing granular bed of solid ceramic material, TiO 2 for the first wall and Li 2 O for the blanket. The overall tritium breeding ratio is 1.09 and the overall energy multiplication is 1.08. Adequate shielding is provided around the chamber to reduce the operational dose to acceptable levels. Grazing incidence metallic mirrors are utilized to enhance the lifetime of the dielectric coated final focusing mirrors.
Meta-generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation hole with an application to the jellium surface energy

We propose a model for the angle- and system-averaged exchange-correlation hole of a many-electron system. This hole analyzes the exchange-correlation energy into contributions of various distances $u$ from an electron. The model is ``reverse-engineered'' (derived from and not used to derive a density functional). It satisfies known exact hole constraints, including ones that can only be satisfied by a meta-generalized gradient approximation or meta-GGA. It incorporates the exchange-correlation energy density of the Tao-Perdew-Staroverov-Scuseria (TPSS) nonempirical meta-GGA. The hole model is tested for atoms and applied to jellium surfaces. The Fourier transform $(u\ensuremath{\rightarrow}k)$ of the hole is needed for wave-vector interpolation of the jellium surface energy from an exact small-$k$ or large-$u$ asymptote. We find essentially the same surface energies (close to the uncorrected TPSS values) whether we apply the wave-vector interpolation correction to the local spin density approximation, the GGA or the meta-GGA. These and other considerations suggest that these surface energies are accurate. Moreover, we find that the uncorrected TPSS surface energies have a realistic wave-vector analysis. Our TPSS hole model can be used to build the hole model for a TPSS-based global hybrid functional, or for a hyper-GGA that uses full exact exchange.
Hydrologic and aeolian controls on vegetation patterns in arid landscapes

[1] Hydrological and aeolian processes redistribute sediments and nutrients within arid landscapes with important effects on the composition and structure of vegetation. Despite the relevance of wind and water erosion to the dynamics of arid and semiarid ecosystems, the interactions between these two processes remain poorly understood. In this paper we present the results of an intensive set of infiltration experiments from the Chihuahuan Desert, showing that in this system the infiltration capacity under the shrub canopy is lower than that at the outer edges of the vegetated patches. Hence, runoff is more likely to occur from the middle of these shrub-dominated areas to the edges. These experimental results show that the differential rates of soil deposition and removal by aeolian processes result in differential rates of hydrological processes such as infiltration and runoff with important implications for the formation and expansion of mesquite dunes in arid landscapes.
Seasonal asthma and the house-dust mite in tropical Africa.

Summary The relationship between seasonal asthma and sensitivity to the house-dust mite has been investigated in a country with large seasonal variations in relative humidity. Of seventy-eight African asthmatics, 64.1% gave a history probably suggestive of sensitivity to house-dust, and 55.1% a history strongly suggestive of such sensitivity. On skin testing, 35.9% had strong reactions to the house-dust mite Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus, compared with 1.9% of fifty-one matched controls without symptoms of chest disease. Few had either a history or skin tests suggestive of pollen or mould sensitivity. Most of the asthmatics were worse during the hot, wet season when the humidity is highest. This is also the time when in-patient asthmatics are most numerous. D. pteronyssinus grows well in warm, damp conditions and it is suggested that sensitivity to this mite may play a significant role in the marked seasonal changes seen in our asthmatic patients.
Characterization of the heparin binding site in the N-terminus of human pro-islet amyloid polypeptide: implications for amyloid formation.

Islet amyloid deposits are a characteristic pathological hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), also referred to as amylin, aggregates in the islet extracellular space to form amyloid deposits in up to 95% of patients with the disease. IAPP is stored with insulin in β-islet cells and is processed in parallel by subtilisin-like prohormone convertases prior to secretion. There is indirect evidence that normal processing of the prohormone precursor, proIAPP, at the N-terminal cleavage site is defective in type 2 diabetes and results in secretion of an N-terminal extended proIAPP intermediate. The N-terminal flanking region of proIAPP is detected in amyloid deposits; however, the C-terminal flanking region is not. Immunohistochemical studies implicate the presence of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) perlecan in islet amyloid deposits, suggesting a role for HSPGs in mediating amyloid deposition in type 2 diabetes and implicating a binding domain in the N-terminus of proI...
Application of optimal control theory in marketing: What is the optimal number of choices on a shopping website?

There have been some recent interests in making websites responsive to the dynamic behaviour of users. We present a method for applying the steps of optimal control theory to internet shopping platforms. The information rate is a state variable to maximise and the rate of change in number of options available to the consumer is our control variable to minimise. We apply optimal control theory to identify the optimal number of options. We specify and solve the necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimal control for a class of objective functions, which gives a nonlinear two-point boundary value problem.
Biological and climatic consequences of a cold, stratified, high latitude ocean

Abstract The flux from deep- and shallow-living radiolarian assemblages provides evidence of a glacial, high latitude, cold ocean stratification that increased biological pump efficiency and promoted ocean carbon sequestration. Greater deep (>200 m) than shallow-living ( 45° N) sediments with the deep-living Cycladophora davisiana dominant (>24%). By contrast modern radiolarian flux consists primarily of shallow-living species ( C. davisiana Nimmergut and Abelmann, 2002 ). This biological stratification generates a radiolarian flux echoing that of the glacial northwest Pacific with C. davisiana 26% of total flux. Widespread C. davisiana percentages (>20%) in high latitude (>45°) glacial sediments of both hemispheres is evidence that these oceans were capped with an Okhotsk-Like Stratification (O-LS). O-LS provides mechanisms to (1) strip nutrients from surface waters depriving the deep-ocean of preformed nutrients, increasing biological pump efficiency and (2) deepen carbon re-mineralization increasing deep-ocean alkalinity. Both may have contributed to lower glacial atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. O-LS would also have amplified glacial climatic cycles by promoting the spread of high latitude sea ice in winter as occurs in the Sea of Okhotsk today, and reducing gas exchange between ocean and atmosphere in summer.
Alexander Dugin's Views on the Middle East

Abstract Alexander Dugin, influential Russian geo-politician and proponent of Eurasianism, regards Russia as a heartland state that should engage in a web of alliances with various Eurasian powers to confront Russia's natural enemy, the US. While Eurasianism has been quite popular in the late Yeltsin era and Putin regime, it is important for other reasons as well. It demonstrates that, in the wake of the Cold War, the most unexpected combinations could happen.
Venturi atomizers as potential sources of patient cross-infection.

Abstract Venturi-principle atomizers, which rely on compressed air to aerosolize medications, are commonly used in clinical practice to apply topical anesthetics and vasoconstrictors to the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. Unfortunately, the mechanism by which these devices operate leads to aspiration of external contaminants back into the device at the end of the spray cycle. This “flaw” in design may make Venturi-principle atomizers unsafe for clinical practice because of the risk of patient cross-infection. This article reviews the mechanism of action of Venturi-principle atomizers, presents the scientific literature regarding their potential for cross-infection of patients, and discusses alternative device options.
Aquatic bacterial populations and heavy metals—II. Influence of chemical content of aquatic environments on bacterial uptake of chemical elements

Abstract Bacterial populations from three aquatic sources (a coal ash basin, a brackish lake and a fresh water lake) were isolated, identified and tested for chemical element uptake under varying conditions. Elemental analysis was made by neutron activation. Increased concentrations of copper and/or mercury in the water affected the uptake of other elements in that overall concentrations of heavy metals was generally increased at 25°C while that of active metals and the halogens was decreased in brackish water (salinity 9 parts/10 3 ). Light metals were less affected. These effects were less pronounced in ash basin water and fresh water. Results indicate that elemental uptake by bacteria is affected by the particular combinations of chemical elements in an aquatic source.
Recovered, Reinvented, Reimagined: Treme, Television Studies and Writing New Orleans

This article explores the role of scripted cable television in the making and remaking of place in the conjuncture of postdisaster crisis and the neoliberal transformation of urban space. I suggest that Treme contributes to the remaking of New Orleans by engaging conceptions of authenticity, dwelling on the elements of cuisine, music, and diversity that mark New Orleans as distinctive, and highlighting individual enterprise as a condition of possibility for remaking post-Katrina New Orleans. I also suggest that because it makes for compelling quality television and provides badly needed publicity and temporary economic stimulus for the local economy, Treme, the show and the HBO production, through no fault of its own, displaces critical engagement with public policy choices and state-centered redress for economic, cultural, and social injustice and inequality.
Elderly Community Residents' Reactions to the Nursing Home: An Analysis of Nursing Home-Related Beliefs

Among older adults, the nursing home is widely accepted as an essentially unavoidable specter facing those in their later years. Survey responses from 250 older community dwellers indicated that beliefs regarding care-related issues were more important determinants of their reactions to nursing homes than were the risks their own situation entailed. As predicted, fears about one day entering a nursing home and the perceived likelihood of so doing are best understood as responses to beliefs regarding the quality of residents' care, residents' quality of life, the costs of care, and family's role in providing care. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Nodal inclusion cysts of the parotid gland and parapharyngeal space: A discussion of lymphoepithelial, aids‐related parotid, and branchial cysts, cystic warthin's tumors, and cysts in sjogren's syndrome

The purpose of this report is to examine the computed tomography scans, magnetic resonance images, and pathologic findings in 44 patients, 42 of whom had inclusion-type cysts of the parotid and parapharyngeal space of varying etiologies. Two additional cases of cystic changes in the benign lymphoepithelial lesion (BLEL) of Sjogren's syndrome are highlighted here, since they had unusually large cystic components mimicking acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related parotid cysts (ARPCs). A retrospective examination identified 18 ARPCs, 3 lymphoepithelial cysts (LECs), 13 cystic Warthin's tumors, 8 branchial cysts, and 2 cases of cysts in patients with Sjogren's syndrome (BLEL), all of whom had imaging studies and pathologic confirmation. There were 30 men and 14 women with an age range of 25 to 72 years (median, 46.82 years). Any similarities in the imaging appearances were noted, as were any differences in pathologic detail. On imaging, only the cystic Warthin's tumors had any focal wall nodularity; the other cysts had smooth walls. When multiple parotid cysts were present, the distinguishing feature between ARPCs and cysts in BLEL (and some cystic Warthin's tumors) was the presence of diffuse cervical adenopathy in patients with ARPCs. Imaging usually could not differentiate between a solitary parotid LEC, a branchial cyst, and some cystic Warthin's tumors. Extraparotid lesions were either branchial cysts or cystic Warthin's tumors. Physicians should be aware of the variety of different inclusion-type cysts that may occur in the parotid gland and parapharyngeal space, all of which may have similar imaging appearances. Although imaging clearly identifies these cysts and may suggest a specific diagnosis, it must always be remembered that the precise diagnosis remains in the province of the pathologist.
A FEW REMARKABLE VARIATIONS IN LEPIDOPTERA

Papilio turnus , ♀, Linn.—I received a curious example of a ♀ P. turnus , which has the outer margin greatly produced towards the apex of the primaries; the secondaries are more rounded and not so elongate as in the typical form; and the black discal bars are broader and more suffused.
Comparison of Dinamap PRO-100 and mercury sphygmomanometer blood pressure measurements in a population-based study.

Background The accuracy of automated oscillometric devices has been questioned. In addition the acceptability of these devices for research under the field conditions is unclear. Methods We compared blood pressure (BP) readings obtained using the Dinamap PRO-100 with readings obtained using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer in 305 participants aged 48 to 86 years who were enrolled in the ongoing Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The BP was measured three times by each device in random order in each participant. Results Approximately one half of the participants were male and 46.6% had hypertension. The Dinamap and mercury measurements were well correlated (r = 0.89 for systolic BP and r = 0.81 for diastolic BP). Overall the Dinamap underestimated BP: the mean difference (Dinamap – mercury sphygmomanometer) was −0.5 mm Hg (P = .36, SD = 9.8 mm Hg) for systolic BP and −2.9 mm Hg (P Conclusions Although the BP measurements obtained by the Dinamap PRO-100 tend on average to be slightly lower than those obtained by the standard mercury sphygmomanometer in middle-aged and older persons, the discrepancies may vary with age, pulse pressure, and BP. Health care providers and researchers should know of this variation and should interpret Dinamap-measured BP with caution.
Internet-delivered lifestyle physical activity intervention improves body composition in multiple sclerosis: preliminary evidence from a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objective To examine the efficacy of a physical activity behavioral intervention for improving outcomes of body composition in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Design Secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Ambulatory persons with MS (N=82). Intervention A 6-month, internet-delivered physical activity behavioral intervention designed to increase lifestyle physical activity, primarily walking. The behavioral intervention was based on principles of social cognitive theory. Main Outcome Measures Whole-body bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and soft tissue composition, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results There were no significant differences between conditions posttrial on body composition outcomes using the adjusted critical value ( P P =.04, ω 2 P =.01, ω 2 =.003) using the unadjusted critical value ( P P =.09, ω 2 =.001) and whole-body fat mass ( P =.05, ω 2 =.003) approached significance using unadjusted criteria. There was not a significant effect on whole-body lean soft tissue ( P =.28, ω 2 P =.86, ω 2 Conclusions Our results provide preliminary evidence that an internet-delivered lifestyle physical activity intervention might improve bone health and body composition in MS. Such findings are important considering that physical activity is a modifiable behavior with the potential to confer long-term benefits for the prevention and management of fracture risk and comorbidities among those with MS.
Streaming algorithms measured in terms of the computed quantity

The last decade witnessed the extensive studies of algorithms for data streams. In this model, the input is given as a sequence of items passing only once or a few times, and we are required to compute (often approximately) some statistical quantity using a small amount of space. While many lower bounds on the space complexity have been proved for various tasks, almost all of them were done by reducing the problems to the cases where the desired statistical quantity is at one extreme end. For example, the lower bound of triangle-approximating was showed by reducing the problem to distinguishing between graphs without triangle and graphs with only one triangle. However, data in many practical applications are not in the extreme, and/or usually we are interested in computing the statistical quantity only if it is in some range (and otherwise reporting "too large" or "too small"). This paper takes this practical relaxation into account by putting the computed quantity itself into themeasure of space complexity. It turns out that all three possible types of dependence of the space complexity on the computed quantity exist: as the quantity goes from one end to the other, the space complexity can goes from max to min, remains at max, or goes to somewhere between.
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A mediates transformation through constitutive activation of the Ras/PI3-K/Akt pathway

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is widely expressed in EBV-infected cells within the infected human host and EBV-associated malignancies, suggesting that LMP2A is important for EBV latency, persistence, and EBV-associated tumorigenesis. Previously, we demonstrated that LMP2A provides an antiapoptotic signal through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway in vitro. However, the exact function of LMP2A in tumor progression is not well understood. In this study, we found that LMP2A did not induce anchorage-independent cell growth in a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, but did in a human gastric carcinoma cell line, HSC-39. In addition, LMP2A activated the PI3-K/Akt pathway in both HaCaT and HSC-39 cells; however, LMP2A did not activate Ras in HaCaT cells but did in HSC-39 cells. Furthermore, the Ras inhibitors manumycin A and a dominant-negative form of Ras (RasN17) and the PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 blocked LMP2A-mediated Akt phosphorylation and anchorage-independent cell growth in HSC-39 cells. These results suggest that constitutive activation of the Ras/PI3-K/Akt pathway by LMP2A is a key factor for LMP2A-mediated transformation.
Dexter--A finger-spelling hand for the deaf-blind

Dexter is a five-fingered mechanical finger-spelling hand used by the deaf-blind. The hand is an output communication device which converts ASCII characters into the finger positions of the one-hand sign language. The deaf-blind user "reads" the letters by placing his or her hand over Dexter's hand and feeling the finger motions, in the same manner that he or she would "read" a human interpreter's hand. Initial testing confirms that Dexter can be used successfully by the deaf-blind. This paper reviews the background, design, construction and testing of Dexter.
Using A-weighting for psychoacoustic active noise control

Conventional adaptive active noise control (ANC) methods aim to attenuate the acoustic noise over the frequency band of interest indiscriminately using the sound pressure level (SPL) measurement (or the measurement of the residual error variance). However, SPL does not correctly reflect the human perception of attenuated noise due to the frequency selective sensitivity of human hearing system. A-weighting is a commonly used weighting filter for measuring the noise. This weighting filter quantifies frequency response of the human ears and hearing system. In this paper, we aim to improve the performance of adaptive noise cancellation method from the psychoacoustic point of view by incorporating the A-weighting into the ANC system design. Loudness is used as the psychoacoustic criterion for evaluating the ANC system performance. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Performance Evaluation on Traffic Control in Combined Input and Cross-point Queuing Switches

A wide range of emerging networking applications demand computer networks to provide Quality of Service (QoS). Packet switches play a crucial role in computer communications and traffic control in packet switches is a key to QoS provisioning. The Combined Input and Cross-point Queuing (CICQ) switch employs the crossbar-based switching fabric structure with distributed output buffer at switch fabric cross-points. The CICQ switch is being widely deployed in computer networks; therefore control traffic in CICQ switches to provide QoS guarantee becomes an important issue. The research reported in this paper investigates QoS performance of CICQ switches with a variety of traffic control algorithms. Since it is well known that the Output Queuing (OQ) switch is an ideal case that provides the optimal QoS performance, the achievable performance of CICQ and OQ switches with the same traffic control algorithm is compared. The performance analysis in this paper is based on a simulation system developed using OPNET Modeler.
Indirect capture augments leukocyte accumulation on P-selectin in flowing whole blood.

Leukocytes are captured directly by E- and P-selectin on activated endothelium and by indirect means, which includes attached leukocytes capturing free-flowing leukocytes. However, con- troversy exists as to whether the latter mechanism occurs in the presence of red blood cells. We an- alyzed leukocyte capture mechanisms on P-selectin under circulatory hydrodynamics using whole blood. The selective disruption of leukocyte-leu- kocyte interactions with an L-selectin monoclonal antibody reduced leukocyte accumulation by >50% under various stringencies (substrate con- centrations and shear stresses). In addition, a di- rect analysis of leukocyte capture events revealed that 69% were indirect. Our data indicate that in the presence of red blood cells, P-selectin-attached leukocytes, individually and as a monolayer, aug- ment leukocyte accumulation by indirect capture. This mechanism may contribute to increasing the density of leukocytes on discrete areas of activated endothelial cells at sites of inflammation. These findings are significant since L-selectin accounts for the majority of the leukocyte rolling flux in small venules at diverse inflammatory settings. Yet, the primary mechanism by which L-selectin mediates leukocyte accumulation remains unresolved. J. Leukoc. Biol. 73: 464-471; 2003.