cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Implications of Global Convergence on IFRS for U.S. Regulators, Standard Setters, Accounting Profession and Educators

Recent progress towards a single set of high quality global accounting standards has been unprecedented. In 2002 the Parliament and Council of the European Union (EU) approved an accounting Regulation requiring listed companies to follow International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), adopted at the European level, in their consolidated financial statements. The Regulation applies to accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2005. Many countries in other parts of the world also have formal policies or other convergence plans in place. It is estimated that by 2005 IFRS will be required in at least 64 countries for all domestic listed companies and become the most widely accepted accounting model in the world. This paper discusses these developments and their implications for the SEC, the FASB, and the accounting profession. On this background, questions are raised as to the adequacy of our academic programs. Suggestions for future research are also provided.
Role of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1 (MALAT-1) in pancreatic cancer

Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1 (MALAT-1) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that is a negative prognostic factor for patients with pancreatic cancer and several other tumors. In this study, we show that knockdown of MALAT-1 in Panc1 and other pancreatic cancer cell lines decreases cell proliferation, survival and migration. We previously observed similar results for the lncRNAs HOTTIP and HOTAIR in Panc1 cells; however, RNAseq comparison of genes regulated by MALAT-1 shows minimal overlap with HOTTIP/HOTAIR-regulated genes. Analysis of changes in gene expression after MALAT-1 knockdown shows that this lncRNA represses several tumor suppressor-like genes including N-myc downregulated gene-1 (NDRG-1), a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer that is also corepressed by EZH2 (a PRC2 complex member). We also observed that Specificity proteins Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 are overexpressed in Panc1 cells and Sp knockdown or treatment with small molecules that decrease Sp proteins expression also decrease MALAT-1 expression. We also generated Kras-overexpressing p53L/L;LSL-KrasG12DL/+;p48Cre+/- (p53L/L/KrasG12D) and p53L/+;LSLKrasG12DL/+;p48Cre+/- (p53L/+/KrasG12D) mice which are p53 homo- and heterozygous, respectively. These mice rapidly develop pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-like tumors and were crossed with MALAT-1-/- mice. We observed that the loss of one or two MALAT-1 alleles in these Ras overexpressing mice does not significantly affect the time to death; however, the loss of MALAT-1 in the p53-/+ (heterozygote) mice slightly increases their lifespan.
Understanding Consumption during the Transition to Motherhood: An Exploration of Shopping Orientation among New Mothers

Approximately four million women become mothers every year in the United States alone (CDC, 2013). According to Michaels, Hoffman, and Goldberg (1982), the transition to motherhood is the most universally-occurring adult developmental transition, and one that has implications for an individual’s psychological, sociocultural, and biological state. This transition also has implications for consumption, in that, “From the moment a woman finds out she is pregnant, the way she thinks, feels, and shops changes” (Eric Mower and Associates, 2013, para. 3).
Net production by shrubs and winter annuals in Southern Nevada

The purpose of this article is to present new estimates for plants in Rock Valley and to examine the process of net production as related to rainfall and phenological patterns of the northern Mojave Desert
Alpha Adrenoceptor Agents

Alpha adrenoceptor agents include agonists and antagonists that bind to the alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors. These include the endogenous ligands for these receptors, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, which also bind to beta adrenoceptors. Some agents, such as the classical adrenoceptor antagonists phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, are considered to be non-selective in that the binding with somewhat similar affinities to both alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors, but do not bind with significant affinities to beta adrenoceptors. Most other agents have some selectivity for either alpha-1 or alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Some of the common alpha adrenoceptor agents are list below: Alpha-1 agonists: metaraminol, methoxamine, ozymetazoline, phenylephrine Alpha-1 antagonist: doxazosin, prazosin, tamsulosin, terazosin Alpha-2 agonists: brimonidine, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, guanabenz, guanfacine Alpha-2 antagonist: idazoxan, RX821002, yohimibine, rauwolscine
Revolting New York: How 400 years of riot, rebellion, uprising, and revolution shaped a city, edited by Neil Smith and Don Mitchell: Athens, University of Georgia Press, 2018

The writer and poet Alain Locke described the Harlem Riot of 1935 as a “revealing flash of lightning” because it exposed underlying racial tensions and economic inequality (p. 1). In Revolting New ...
Autoimmune inner ear disease secondary to Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a case report.

Autoimmune inner ear disease is an important yet incompletely understood cause of hearing loss which can present to different medical disciplines. Its diagnostic significance is indicated by the fact that it is a reversible medical condition if recognized early with an excellent response to immunosuppressive agents. Therefore, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hearing disorders especially in the context of another autoimmune disease such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Metagenome to phenome approach enables isolation and genomics characterization of Kalamiella piersonii gen. nov., sp. nov. from the International Space Station

In our original published manuscript entitled "Metagenome to phenome approach enables isolation and genomics characterization of Kalamiella piersonii gen. nov., sp. nov. from the International Space Station" (Singh et al. 2019), we found a taxonomic description format error: As per the Rule 27.
Moral hazard at sea: how alliances actually increase low-level maritime provocations between allies

The management of maritime claims is becoming an important issue in the study of interstate conflict. Since World War II, most contested maritime claims have been associated with low-level conflict...
National Fiscal Policies to Fight Recessions in US States

Countercyclical fiscal policy generally focuses on national economic downturns. But US states experience significantly different patterns of unemployment, and demand shocks appear to drive much of that variation. State budget rules limit the ability of states to mount their own countercyclical policies. Federal taxes and spending programs have countercyclical effects within states, but the magnitude of those effects depends on policies that were designed based on other considerations (just as the extent of national automatic stabilizers is the result of policies based on other considerations). Enacting countercyclical fiscal policy calibrated to state unemployment rates would reduce the cost of recessions.
Barriers and facilitators to implementation of trauma support services at a large HIV treatment center in the Southern United States.

The high prevalence of trauma among people living with HIV underscore the need for tailored, integrated trauma management (“trauma-informed care” or TIC) to improve retention, adherence to care, an...
Law Enforcement and Persons with Mental Illness: Responding Responsibly

According to a Washington Post database, in the USA, police-involved shootings have killed over 5680 people since January 1, 2015, with 1359 (23%) of those deaths involving a person with a mental illness. It has been asserted by Fuller et al. that people with an untreated mental illness are approximately 16 times more likely to be killed in a police-involved shooting than other community members. In response to this issue, several practices have been implemented to help prevent negative outcomes in police and person with mental illness interactions and promote safety for all involved parties. Three practices have developed into models for police departments which include the following: Community Oriented Policing, Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) programs and training, and co-responder mental health teams. In addition to the foregoing three practices, other individual-level approaches and techniques can be implemented that are evidence-informed, such as increased utilization of stress-reduction training techniques and implicit bias training. Based on an additional examination of the existing literature, this problem can be addressed at the macro level, through amending policies and procedures (e.g., use-of-force guidelines, use of community-review board) as well as increased access to non-lethal weapons, presence of civilians on the police staff roster, and utilization of special consideration response registries. This review aims to incorporate existing literature in an effort to synthesize best practice responses for law enforcement in improving outcomes related to interactions with persons with mental illness.
Creating a harmonized time series of environmentally-extended input-output tables to assess the evolution of the US bioeconomy - A retrospective analysis of corn ethanol and soybean biodiesel

Abstract Expanding the domestic bioeconomy can help diversify the use of national resources and reduce emissions. Evaluating the sustainability of a growing bioeconomy, however, is inherently complex since it spans several sectors and supply chains. It requires a comprehensive, integrated analysis framework to assess the developments across the traditional sustainability dimensions. Further, the assessment of bioeconomy developments requires a robust baseline of historic data and trends. In this paper, we analyze the evolution of the biofuel portion of the US bioeconomy, focusing on two fuels that had an exponential growth in the last two decades: corn ethanol and soybean biodiesel. For this purpose, we created a novel time series of harmonized environmentally-extended input-output (EEIO) tables based on a publicly available model from the US Environmental Protection Agency and expanded its disaggregation to reflect the main supply chains of the biofuels sectors. The EEIO time series provides the historical evolution of these biofuels relative to the rest of the economy as well as on an energy-unit basis. We find that, except for energy use, the broader US economy declined in both resource intensity and most environmental impacts when normalized per one million dollars of gross domestic product. Deviating from this trend are freshwater ecotoxicity and human toxicity, mainly attributable to the expansion of commodity crops and the increase of domestic oil and gas extraction respectively. We also find that the biofuel industry's total socioeconomic, resource use and environmental impacts grew with their production increases over time. However, the industry's maturation and scale-up, combined with higher feedstock yields, contributed to a reduction of most impacts on an energy-unit basis over time.
A Comparison of MPI, SHMEM and Cache-Coherent Shared Address Space Programming Models on a Tightly-Coupled Multiprocessors

We compare the performance of three major programming models on a modern, 64-processor hardware cache-coherent machine, one of the two major types of platforms upon which high-performance computing is converging. We focus on applications that are either regular, predictable or at least do not require fine-grained dynamic replication of irregularly accessed data. Within this class, we use programs with a range of important communication patterns. We examine whether the basic parallel algorithm and communication structuring approaches needed for best performance are similar or different among the models, whether some models have substantial performance advantages over others as problem size and number of processors change, what the sources of these performance differences are, where the programs spend their time, and whether substantial improvements can be obtained by modifying either the application programming interfaces or the implementations of the programming models on this type of tightly-coupled multiprocessor platform.
Fundamentalism in American Religion and Law: Obama's Challenge to Patriarchy's Threat to Democracy

Introduction: defining the problem 1. The progressive recognition of human rights under American constitutional law Part I. Fundamentalism in Law: 2. The fundamentalism of constitutional originalism 3. The motivations of constitutional fundamentalism Part II. Fundamentalism in Religion: 4. Fundamentalism in Roman Catholicism 5. Fundamentalism among Protestants 6. Mormon fundamentalism Part III. Fundamentalism in Law and Religion: 7. Patriarchal roots of constitutional fundamentalism 8. Fundamentalism in religion and law Conclusion: patriarchy as the American dilemma.
Topological vector spaces

One way to think of functional analysis is as the branch of mathematics that studies the extent to which the properties possessed by finite dimensional spaces generalize to infinite dimensional spaces. In the finite dimensional case there is only one natural linear topology. In that topology every linear functional is continuous, convex functions are continuous (at least on the interior of their domains), the convex hull of a compact set is compact, and nonempty disjoint closed convex sets can always be separated by hyperplanes. On an infinite dimensional vector space, there is generally more than one interesting topology, and the topological dual, the set of continuous linear functionals, depends on the topology. In infinite dimensional spaces convex functions are not always continuous, the convex hull of a compact set need not be compact, and nonempty disjoint closed convex sets cannot generally be separated by a hyperplane. However, with the right topology and perhaps some additional assumptions, each of these results has an appropriate infinite dimensional version.
Scharrer, Berta Vogel

1906–1995 German-born American physiologist who was one of the founders of neuroendocrinology. Keywords: physiology; neuroendocrinology; nervous system; neurochemistry; insects
The Role of CD45 in Signal Transduction

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the role of CD45 in signal transduction. The transmembrane receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) CD45 is one of the key enzymes responsible for the regulation of inducible tyrosine phosphorylation in cells of the hematopoietic lineage. The loss of CD45 expression and its associated PTP activity results in a profound block in the AgR signal transduction pathway at a point that is proximal to the receptor complex itself. The lack of inducible tyrosine phosphorylation, which is one of the earliest events triggered by the AgR ligation, suggests that CD45 expression is important for the proper regulation of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) function in the cell. The chapter also discusses the analysis of CD45 structure. The cytoplasmic tandem repeat domains of CD45 exhibit a significant degree of homology with PTPase IB and possess an intrinsic PTP activity. Extensive mutational analysis of the cytoplasmic domain of CD45 has identified a number of critical regulatory elements that are required for optimal catalytic function based on in vitro the dephosphorylation of exogenous substrates.
An Empirical Study of Innocent Spouse Relief: Do Courts Implement Congress's Legislative Intent

Under existing law spouses are jointly and severally liable for their joint tax returns. As a result, the IRS may pursue either spouse for any taxes owed on those returns. Concerned that the IRS was seeking taxes from the “wrong” spouse under the joint and several liability regime, Congress expanded relief for “innocent” spouses in 1998. Many critics of this relief complain that, as it is applied, the statute offers too little relief to spouses, generally wives, who sign returns while being deceived or compelled by their mates. However, there has been no empirical study of whether the current relief is, in fact, what Congress intended. This article fills the void by first evaluating the provision’s legislative history to determine what relief Congress intended to provide when it acted in 1998. The article then examines the 444 cases appealing for relief under this provision in order to evaluate whether judges are deciding cases invoking the provision in ways consistent with that congressional objective. Thus, this article provides an empirical study of the success and failure of the innocent spouse provision from Congress’s perspective.
The international impact of Federal Reserve Bank discount rate changes

Abstract Previous studies have found that American equity values move inversely to the direction of announced discount rate changes by the Federal Reserve Bank. In this study of the return behavior of a simple of American depository receipts (ADRs) to announcements of discount rate changes, we find no evidence of such a relationship. Indeed, ADRs exhibit no significant response to either rate increases or decreases. Our results hold for both market realignment and policy motivated changes. These findings suggest that ADRs can provide diversification to the American investor as international economies and monetary policies remain incompletely integrated.
From Gombe to the World

Jane Goodall . The Woman Who Redefined Man. By Dale Peterson . Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2006. 768 pp. $35, C$45.95. ISBN 9780395854051. In this authorized biography, Peterson offers an absorbing portrait of the life, fieldwork, and activism of the pioneering primatologist.
Prevalence of parasomnia in autistic children with sleep disorders

The prevalence of sleep related complaints is reported by questionnaire studies to be as high as 83.3% in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Questionnaire studies report the presence of various parasomnia in ASD. However, no polysomnographic study reports non-REM parasomnias and only a single study reports REM related parasomnias in ASD. We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of sleep disorders by polysomnographic study and questionnaires in a cohort of 23 children with ASD and 23 age-matched children of a non-autistic comparison group. The results showed significantly more non-REM parasomnias in 14 children with ASD on polysomnograms (PSG) and 16 ASD children by questionnaire, a finding that was not associated with medication use, other comorbid medical or psychiatric disorders, or sleep disordered breathing. Of the 14 children with ASD who had PSG evidence of parasomnia, 11 of them had a history suggestive of parasomnia by questionnaire. There was a high sensitivity but a low spe...
Muon partial capture rates using28Si,32S,40Ca as targets and Ge-Li as detector

Certain nuclei have been observed to be produced after muon capture in a target material. These daughter nuclei were identified through decay of their excited states. The gammas so emitted were detected using germanium-lithium drifted detectors. Partial capture rates are quoted for captures to these excited states. Discussion involves the following nuclei produced from their respective target nucleus:28Al,27Al,27Mg and26Mg from28Si as target;32P,31P,30P,31Si and30Si from32S as target;40K,39K,39Ar and38Ar from40Ca as target.
Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Disasters

This chapter provides an overview of morbidity and mortality trends associated with a wide range of disasters, including physical as well as mental health effects, that have been documented within and beyond the U.S. The chapter begins with an introduction to morbidity, mortality, and related concepts within the disciplines of public health and epidemiology. The chapter then provides an overview of social vulnerability to disaster morbidity and mortality, which provides a useful lens for understanding and interpreting patterns. Next, morbidity and mortality findings for each of a variety of hazard types are presented, along with data from specific disaster events. Finally, the chapter considers the case of psychological injury and other mental health effects of disasters, followed by a brief discussion of methodological concerns. Concluding remarks summarize overall trends and patterns in disaster related death and injury, and outline future research needs.
The Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among American Indian Vietnam Veterans: Disparities and Context

This study employed data from two Congressionally mandated efforts (the American Indian Vietnam Veterans Project and the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study) to examine differential prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 5 ethnically defined samples of male Vietnam theater veterans. Lay interviews assessed individual experiences before, during, and after the war from 1,798 male Vietnam theater veterans. Clinical reinterviews using the SCID were conducted with subsamples (N = 487). The prevalence of both 1-month and lifetime PTSD was higher for the 2 American Indian samples than for Whites. Once logistic regressions controlled for differential exposure to war-zone stress, ethnicity was no longer a significant predictor of PTSD.
An illustration of the use of isotopes: the biosynthesis of porphyrins.

In this article, David Shemin, who is now in retirement, describes how in 1944 he ingested 66 g of 15N-labeled glycine in order to determine the half-life of hemoglobin and other blood proteins. The ramifications of the experiment led to the unravelling of the biosynthesis of porphyrins and the role of glycine and α-aminolevulinic acid in heme, vitamin B12 and chlorophyll synthesis.
Obituary: Tamara K. Hareven 1937–2002

In past years from time to time the Quarterly has published short announcements of the death of prominent scholars in the field of family history, marking their accomplishments and their contributi...
Predicting Ecological Effects of Watershed-Wide Rain Garden Implementation Using a Low-Cost Methodology

AbstractStormwater control measures (SCMs) have been employed to mitigate peak flows and pollutants associated with watershed urbanization. Downstream ecological effects caused by the implementation of SCMs are largely unknown, especially at the watershed scale. Knowledge of these effects could help with setting goals for and targeting locations of local restoration efforts. Unfortunately, studies such as these typically require a high level of time and effort for the investigating party, of which resources are often limited. This study proposes a low-cost investigation method for the prediction of ecological effects on the watershed scale with the implementation of rain garden systems by using publicly available data and software. For demonstration purposes, a typical urban watershed was modeled using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 5.0. Forty-five models were developed in which the percent impervious area was varied 3 to 80%, and the fraction of rain gardens implemented with respect to the number of...
Bargains of the Century: Part‐Time Librarians

A survey of 170 part‐time librarians reveals a variety of employment issues: rates of pay, benefits, professional development, commitment to parent institutions, education, geographical factors, motivation, career plans, and peer and administration perceptions.
Dodging Bullets: Changing U.S. Corporate Capital Structure in the 1980s and 1990s . By Robert N. McCauley, Judith S. Ruud, and Frank Iacono. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. Pp. xii, 415. $34.95.

During the late 1980s the United States experienced a major wave of corporate leveraging as firms substituted debt for equity. The boom peaked in 1989, after which the junk bond market collapsed, bank credit tightened, and leveraged buyouts (LBOs) dropped off sharply. Beginning in 1991, the favorable stock market helped firms that had been taken private with largely borrowed money to survive by issuing public equity. As the economy recovered from recession, mergers and acquisitions resumed the acceleration that had begun in the 1980s. Corporate restructuring often occurred without much leveraging, however, and in the more friendly deals of the 1990s CEOs were likely to be in control.
Rapid axonal transport of tyrosine hydroxylase in rabbit sciatic nerves

Abstract We compared the axonal transport of tyrosine hydroxylawe with that of dopamine-β-hydroxylase by means of an in vitro stop-flow technique. Proximal to a locally cooled nerve region, the activity of both enzymes increased linearly for 3 h. Internal standards of partially purified adrenal enzyme showed that the increased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase was not due to changes in activators or inhibitors. Furthermore, this increased activity represented increased V max , unaccompanied by changes in K m for tyrosine; probably, therefore, it reflected increased concentrations of the enzyme. From the rates of increase of enzyme activity, we calculated that, on the average, tyrosine hydroxylase was transported at 0.78 mm/h, and dopamine-β-hydroxylase at 2.4 mm/h. Much less tyrosine hydroxylase than dopamine-β-hydroxylase seemed free to move in the nerves, suggesting greater similarity between true transport velocities than between average velocities of these enzymes. When nerves were rewarmed after local cooling for 3 h, waves of accumulated enzyme activity moved distally. The wave of dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity had a single peak moving at about 14 mm/h. The wave of tyrosine hydroxylase activity had a small component moving this fast, but more of it moved slower, at velocities down to 5 mm/h. Although tyrosine hydroxylase was apparently much more soluble than dopamine-β-hydroxylase there was no evidence that the rapidly transported fraction of either enzyme had a different subcellular distribution from that of slower transported or stationary fractions.
Nonradiative decay mechanisms of complexed indole derivatives studied by time-resolved fluorescence

Ground and excited state characteristics of substituted indole derivatives reveal a sensitivity of indoles' electronic properties to the nature and location of substitutions on the indole ring. These substitutions affect both the nature of the excited electronic state and the susceptibility of this state to non-radiative decay processes. A number of mechanisms that deactivate the excited state have been identified including intersystem crossing, electron photoejection into polar solvents, and >N-H dissociation in polar solvents (see Glasser & Lami,1986) . While the >N-H group has been implicated in non-radiative decay processes in polar solvents, covalent substitutions elsewhere on the indole molecule may modulate the importance of this site in non-radiative decay mechanisms or alternatively these substitutions may introduce new deactivation mechanisms. Additionally, complexes formed between indole derivatives and β-cyclodextrin cavities show different sensitivity to excited state deactivation mechanisms dependent upon the location and nature of the covalent substitution. We have investigated the excited states of some indole derivatives substituted at position 5, para to the >N-H group on the benzyl ring, to determine the effect of such covalent substitutions on the fluorescence emission characteristics of the indole ring as well as on its susceptibility to alternate excited state decay mechanisms.
Insulin and hypertension: lessons from obesity.

Hyperinsulinemia is a well-recognized if incompletely understood concomitant of obesity. Diminished sensitivity to the effects of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism in skeletal muscle, common...
Design of multi-functional microfluidic ladder networks to passively control droplet spacing using genetic algorithms

Abstract Accelerated progress in the use of droplet-based microfluidics for high throughput screening and biochemical analysis will require development of devices that are robust to experimental uncertainties and which offer multiple functionalities. Achieving precise functionalities in microfluidic devices is challenging because droplets exhibit complex dynamic behavior in these devices due to hydrodynamic interactions and discontinuities that are a result of discrete decision-making at junctions. For example, even a simple loop device can show transitions from periodic to aperiodic/chaotic behavior based on input conditions. Hence, rational design frameworks that handle this complexity are required to move this field from labs to industrial practice. Two main challenges that need to be confronted in the realization of such a rational design framework are: (i) computational science related to rapid simulation of very large networks; development of predictive models that will form the basis for characterizing droplet motion through interconnected and intricate large-scale networks, and (ii) conceptualization of a design approach that is generic in nature and not very narrowly defined limiting its application potential. In this paper, we develop a GA approach for the design of ladder networks that are used to control the relative droplet distance at the exit. Through several case studies, the potential of the proposed GA approach in designing exquisite ladder structures for multiple functions is demonstrated. A recently proposed network model is used as the basis for all the computational studies reported in this paper.
Toward an Anatomy of Mourning : Discipline, Devotion and Liberation in a Freudian-Buddhist Framework

In this essay I first articulate what I take to be an influential and for the most part persuasive model in the western psychoanalytic tradition that is a response to tragic loss, namely, the one that we find in Freud’s little essay entitled ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ (1917). I then use a well-known Buddhist folk tale about the plight of a young woman named Kisagotami to underscore central elements from Buddhist psychology on the subject of suffering that is a consequence of the loss of a young mother’s only child. Fortified by both traditions, I gather together the ingredients for a cross-cultural mental model that serves to explain and to justify as healthy a specific kind of response to a specific form of suffering, namely, the loss of ones’ loved one. I arrive at this model by asking a number of specific questions of both traditions. For instance, what constitutes a non-pathological response to this kind of suffering? What state of mind represents the cessation of such suffering? Is preoccupation with the dead beloved a way of escaping the fact that the person is dead? Is this a form of ignorance that needs to be removed? Is it a form of moral deficiency? Might certain forms and contexts of ignorance, in effect, put one on a path to enlightenment?
Effects of adherend deflections in single lap joints

Abstract The well-known analysis of the single lap joint by Goland and Reissner provided important contributions to the literature on stress analysis of adhesive joints by clarifying not only the importance of adhesive peel stresses in joint failure, but also the role of bending deflections of the joint in controlling the level of the stresses in the adhesive layer. Subsequent efforts have suggested the need for corrections to the Goland and Reissner analysis because of what have been conceived as deficiencies in the model used to describe bending deflections of the central part of the joint where a classical homogeneous beam model without shear or thickness normal deflections was used. The present paper addresses the issue through the use of a more realistic model in which adhesive layer deflections are allowed to decouple the two halves of the joint in the bending deflection analysis, as well as in the analysis of adhesive layer stresses where such a decoupling was allowed by Goland and Reissner. It is found that many of the predictions of the Goland-Reissner analysis are recovered in the limit of large adherend-to-adhesive layer thickness ratios, although substantial differences from the Goland-Reissner analysis can occur for relatively thin adherends.
Dimethyl(2-methylphenyl)ammonium hydroxotris(pentafluorophenyl)borate.

In the title compound, [(CH3)2(C7H7)NH][(C6F5)3B(OH)] or C9H14N+·C18HBF15O−, the distorted tetrahedral borate anions are strongly hydrogen bonded to the substituted ammonium cations. The N⋯O separation in the N—H⋯O hydrogen bond is 2.728 (3) A.
St. James at the Fair: Religious Ceremony, Civic Boosterism, and Commercial Development on the Colonial Mexican Frontier

Every year a fair is held in the last days of September at which not only the inhabitants of Saltillo provision themselves for the entire year, but also those of the Kingdom of Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Texas, and a great part of the colony of Santander as well. They come to sell wool, deer skins, salt, mules, and some other products that those places produce, and return with clothes, tanned hides, soap, saddles, and a variety of foodstuffs that come from Michoacan and Nueva Galicia, such as rice, sugar, chickpeas, and other commodities harvested in those lands. As a result, Saltillo has become a sort of warehouse, where the neighboring provinces provision themselves not only at fair time, but where they come between-times to stock themselves of those articles that they lack, which are considerable because of the impossibility of preserving them in such hot places.
Effects of segregating elements on the adhesive strength and structure of the α-Al2O3/β-NiAl interface

Abstract We investigate with first-principles density functional theory (DFT) the adhesion of the Al 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1)/NiAl(1 1 0) interface as a model for the thermally grown oxide/bond coat alloy interface in thermal barrier coatings. We find that the clean interface has an ideal work of adhesion of 0.66 J m −2 . We predict that S impurities reduce interfacial adhesion significantly, due to a reduction in cross-interface bonds. The presence of Pt alters the interface adhesion only slightly, while Hf dopants dramatically increase adhesion via formation of strong Hf–O bonds, as expected from Hf’s open-shell character. We discuss the implications of these predictions, which are consistent with experimental observations of the effects of S, Pt, and Hf on the lifetime of thermal barrier coatings.
CD of nucleic acids: III. Calculated CD of RNAs from new A, U, G, and C transition-moment parameters.

New adenine (A) and uracil (U) π π* transition-moment parameters have been derived from a recently developed semiempirical procedure. Using conformational energy probabilities based on the Boltzmann equation, the new parameters were assigned by optimizing the calculated CD of cyclic nucleotides against measured CD. The derived A-and U-parameters (along with guanine and cytosine parameters derived previously by the same procedure) have been assessed in CD spectral calculations of some polyribonucleic acid sequences, in assumed A-class geometries. Comparisons have been made between CD spectra calculated from the newly derived parameters and those calculated from parameters obtained from a combination of crystal optical measurements and quantum-mechanical calculations. Although some spectral differences do occur, for the RNA sequences considered, no major disagreements were found in CD spectral signs and shapes, between measurements and calculations. Overall, the results indicate that the newly derived A-, U-, G-, and C-parameters show better agreement between theory and experiment than those used in previous nucleic acid CD calculations.
Simple and Clear Approach to Industrial Boiler Circulation Analysis

Circulation in the industrial boiler is the continuous supply of water to the boiler heated tubes in order to sustain steady steam output without overheating tubes. Adequate circulation occurs when there is sufficient flow of water into tubes for adequate cooling. In the natural circulation industrial boiler system the rate of flow in the circulation system is governed by flow resistances and differences in density between downcomer tube circuits and heated riser circuits. Control of these resistances allows adequate flow of water to parallel circuits. Adequate water flow through the boiler's heat-absorbing circuits is necessary to cool the tubes. To insure proper boiler circulation, a simple, clear, and comprehensive approach is described in this article covering all aspects in boiler circulation analysis. The analysis details all boiler circulation circuits, explaining all forces imposed on them, including thermosyphon as well as friction forces.
Critical behavior in truncated quantum O( n) spin systems

Abstract We present a truncated O(n) quantum hamiltonian which in one spatial dimension exhibits a behavior quite similar to the standard untruncated versions of the model. We find using finite size scaling theory that the truncated O(2) model has a behavior reminiscent of the planar model (i.e., a critical line). For the O(3) and O(4) versions of the model we find no transition.
A Review of Stereotactic Radiosurgery Practice in the Management of Skull Base Meningiomas

Gross total resection of skull base meningiomas poses a surgical challenge due to their proximity to neurovascular structures. Once the gold standard therapy for skull base meningiomas, microsurgery has been gradually replaced by or used in combination with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). This review surveys the safety and efficacy of SRS in the treatment of cranial base meningiomas including 36 articles from 1991 to 2010. SRS produces excellent tumor control with low morbidity rates compared with surgery alone for asymptomatic small skull base meningiomas, patients with risk factors precluding conventional surgery, and as adjuvant therapy for recurrent or residual lesions.
A mirror-image ‘ambiguity’ in honey bee pattern matching

Abstract Honey bees, Apis mellifera, preferred a figure that was a mirror image of a familiar, food-associated pattern over a novel pattern. This behaviour does not involve a complete ambiguity in the recognition/visual matching system, but rather a facultative ambiguity, since bees clearly prefer the familiar pattern over its mirror image when offered a choice. Bees did not show a similar preference for a figure that differed from a food-associated pattern because of a 90° rotation or because it was an up-down reversal of the training pattern. There are some interesting analogies with the ability of human infants and other animals to distinguish shapes.
A Proposal for a Common Minimal Topic Set in Introductory Biology Courses for Majors

A common complaint among instructors of introductory biology is that the courses cover too much material. Without a national consensus specifying which topics are essential, instructors are leery of excluding material. A survey was administered to two-year college and four-year college and university section members of the National Association of Biology Teachers to identify the topics and skills that college and university biology instructors believe students completing introductory biology should know and comprehend. Analysis identified a strong consensus for 20 topics and seven skills that should be included in all year-long introductory college biology course sequences for majors.
YY1 associates with the macrosatellite DXZ4 on the inactive X chromosome and binds with CTCF to a hypomethylated form in some male carcinomas

DXZ4 is an X-linked macrosatellite composed of 12-100 tandemly arranged 3-kb repeat units. In females, it adopts opposite chromatin arrangements at the two alleles in response to X-chromosome inactivation. In males and on the active X chromosome, it is packaged into heterochromatin, but on the inactive X chromosome (Xi), it adopts a euchromatic conformation bound by CTCF. Here we report that the ubiquitous transcription factor YY1 associates with the euchromatic form of DXZ4 on the Xi. The binding of YY1 close to CTCF is reminiscent of that at other epigenetically regulated sequences, including sites of genomic imprinting, and at the X-inactivation centre, suggesting a common mode of action in this arrangement. As with CTCF, binding of YY1 to DXZ4 in vitro is not blocked by CpG methylation, yet in vivo both proteins are restricted to the hypomethylated form. In several male carcinoma cell lines, DXZ4 can adopt a Xi-like conformation in response to cellular transformation, characterized by CpG hypomethylation and binding of YY1 and CTCF. Analysis of a male melanoma cell line and normal skin cells from the same individual confirmed that a transition in chromatin state occurred in response to transformation.
Triangulating Graduate Instructor Learning in FL Teaching Methods: Questionnaires, Concept Maps, and Reflective Teaching Journals

Abstract Graduate students who teach languages in university settings often receive their training in an intensive, semester-long teaching methodology course. Measuring learning in this context is often a challenge, as graduate students enter with varying levels of knowledge and experience and are often expected to simultaneously learn and apply this knowledge to the courses they are teaching. While common means of measuring instructor learning via cognitive change has been documented for more experienced language instructors (cf. Borg, 2006 ) [1], graduate instructors are an often-overlooked population (cf. Gurzynski- Weiss, 2013; in press) [2] [3]. In hopes of encouraging robust research in this critical area, this paper details three instruments that can be utilized to examine graduate instructor cognition and evidence of learning in a methods course: questionnaires, concept maps, and reflective teaching journals. Design and implementation techniques of each instrument, along with strengths and limitations, are discussed. Illustrative examples from an on-going research project are presented to demonstrate how each instrument can elicit evidence of graduate instructor cognitive change (e.g., learning), and be utilized in other graduate instructor teaching methods courses.
“THE CHILD'S LEARNING OF ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY” REVISITED

This paper reviews the methodologies of both experimental structure and data analysis of recent studies of child learning of English morphology, in particular, Jean Berko's work of 1958. It concentrates on the child s acquisition of English plurals, noting that possibilities for the refinement of these studies lie in subject-sample selection and the control of subject aptitude and socio-economic status. It points out that increased reliability can result from a reduction of the number of linguistic parameters selected for study, concomitant with an increase in the number of stimulus items in an instrument. The procedural difficulties of item sequence and subject misperception of stimuli are explored with the suggestion that subject repetition of the stimuli is a way of separating error of misperception from actual errors in plural formation. The Kernan and Bount study (1966) is regarded as derivative from Berko's work, and (it is noted) that their interpretation of results concerning plural formation performance of given final segments is statistically unfounded. This paper suggests that researchers must take more care to present all the data relevant to the statistical analysis from which the study's conclusions are drawn so that discussion is diverted from interpretation of the findings to the evidence itself.
Optimization of interconnections between packaging levels

In large-scale integrated circuits, the interface between ceramic modules and the next level-- epoxy-glass circuit boards or cards--contains a large number of pin arrays. Because the modules and the card are usually quite rigid and mechanically strong, the interface between the module and the card is commonly the weakest region in the assembly system. This interface is where the differential deformations between the two levels of packaging are accommodated. This paper describes a theoretical and experimental program to understand the loadings and stresses present, and to optimize the design of the connecting pin in order to distribute the stresses more evenly across the surfaces of the braze joint that connects the pin to the ceramic module. This work was done jointly by members of the East Fishkill and Endicott laboratories.
Neural Learning from Unbalanced Data

This paper describes the result of our study on neural learning to solve the classification problems in which data is unbalanced and noisy. We conducted the study on three different neural network architectures, multi-layered Back Propagation, Radial Basis Function, and Fuzzy ARTMAP using three different training methods, duplicating minority class examples, Snowball technique and multidimensional Gaussian modeling of data noise. Three major issues are addressed: neural learning from unbalanced data examples, neural learning from noisy data, and making intentional biased decisions. We argue that by properly generated extra training data examples around the noise densities, we can train a neural network that has a stronger capability of generalization and better control of the classification error of the trained neural network. In particular, we focus on problems that require a neural network to make favorable classification to a particular class such as classifying normal(pass)/abnormal(fail) vehicles in an assembly plant. In addition, we present three methods that quantitatively measure the noise level of a given data set. All experiments were conducted using data examples downloaded directly from test sites of an automobile assembly plant. The experimental results showed that the proposed multidimensional Gaussian noise modeling algorithm was very effective in generating extra data examples that can be used to train a neural network to make favorable decisions for the minority class and to have increased generalization capability.
Employee Health and Well-Being: The Role of Flexibility and Work–Family Balance

There is substantial interest in the potential health effects of workplace flexibility; however, the literature linking flexibility to health is limited. The purpose of this study was to enhance understanding of the potential benefits of flexibility for employee health and well-being. Additionally, this study determines if this association is mediated by work–family balance. Results from longitudinal data obtained from a large multinational company showed that increased flexibility was associated with decreased sickness absence and work-related impairment and improved job commitment over a 1-year period. Furthermore, work–family balance partially mediated the effects of flexibility on impairment and job commitment but not sickness absence. This study strengthens the evidence base for the beneficial health effects of workplace flexibility and suggests that organizations benefit from building a culture of flexibility in the organization.
Ice Age storm trajectories inferred from radar stratigraphy at Taylor Dome, Antarctica

The Taylor Dome ice core, East Antarctica, provides a climate record that extends through the previous interglacial. We use ice dynamics modeling and geochemical records to infer the local accumulation rate history. A pronounced accumulation reduction occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The spatial gradient of accumulation across the surface of Taylor Dome indicates the modern local prevailing storm direction. Radar internal layering shows that this gradient was reversed during the LGM, suggesting a reorganization of synoptic weather systems occurred, possibly linked to the advance and retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.