cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An object-oriented traffic simulation with IVHS applications

Many traffic simulation models have been developed over the years; however, most existing models are not well-suited for evaluating Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems (IVHS) concepts. This paper describes a new model, the Vehicular Traffic Analysis Capability (VTAC), specifically designed to model Advanced Traffic Management and Advanced Traveler Information systems. The model was developed using object-oriented analysis and design principles, and implemented in a relatively new, object-oriented, simulation language. VTAC is believed to be the first traffic model developed using the object-oriented paradigm. The principles used in the new model's design and the preliminary results obtained to-date are described. The model can currently model arterial networks, and sufficient progress has been made to demonstrate the utility of the object-oriented approach to traffic modeling.
Epistemological Distinctions and Cultural Politics: Educational Reform and the Naturwissenschaft/Geisteswissenschaft Distinction in Nineteenth-Century Germany

The Erklaren/Verstehen debates of the late nineteenth century were, as several essays in this collection point out, peculiar to German-speaking Europe. Even when French or British scholars dealt with similar philosophical arguments, an epistemological distinction between two kinds of knowledge - one about human beings and texts, the other about the natural world - never took on the ubiquity or importance that it held in the German context (see Smith and Schmaus, in this volume). Why was this the case? What about the German intellectual scene made the issue of methodological differences between the sciences such an important theme in the second half of the nineteenth century?
Isoleucine and Valine Metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12: Detection and Measurement of ilv-Specific Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

Ribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid (RNA-DNA) hybridization was employed for the determination of messenger RNA transcribed from the ilv gene cluster of Escherichia coli K-12. Strains with derepressed levels of the isoleucine and valine biosynthetic enzymes owing to linked or unlinked genetic lesions were found to exhibit ilv messenger RNA levels from 1.5- to 4-fold higher than did their isogenic parents. When grown under conditions that specifically repressed the synthesis of isoleucine- and valine-forming enzymes, most strains exhibited drastically reduced ilv messenger RNA levels. Hybridization performed with the separated strands of ilv DNA showed that all the ilv genes are transcribed from the same strand, the "l strand" of lambdaphi80CI857St68dilv DNA. Sucrose gradient analyses of RNA extracted from cells starved for isoleucine, valine, or leucine resulted in the detection of at least two distinct types of ilv messenger RNA.
A social network perspective on peer supported learning in MOOCs for educators

A recent phenomenon in the MOOC space has been the development of courses tailored to educators serving in K-12 settings. MOOCs, particularly as a form of educator professional development, face a number of challenges. Academics, as well as pundits from traditional and new media, have raised a number of concerns about MOOCs, including the lack of instructional and social supports. It is an assumption of this study that challenges arising form this problem of scale can be addressed by leveraging these massive numbers to develop robust online learning communities. This mixed-methods case study addresses critical gaps in the literature and issues of peer support in MOOCs through an examination of the characteristics, mechanisms, and outcomes of peer networks. Findings from this study demonstrate that even with technology as basic as a discussion forum, MOOCs can be leveraged to foster these networks and facilitate peer-supported learning. Although this study was limited to two unique cases along the wide spectrum of MOOCs, the methods applied provide other researchers with an approach for better understanding the dynamic process of peer supported learning in MOOCs.
Variaciones en el uso de substancias entre clubbers de acuerdo con factores individuales y de nivel de escena

La investigacion sobre clubes nocturnos abarca numerosos campos y adopta diversos enfoques sobre las poblaciones examinadas. Sin embargo, solo ha emergido una narrativa un tanto homogenea sobre clubbers y uso de sustancias, aquella que se centra en el abuso, los comportamientos de riesgo y sus considerables consecuencias. El objetivo de este estudio es desarmar esta narrativa explorando como los patrones de uso de sustancias de las poblaciones de clubbers difieren en funcion de factores individuales y de nivel de escena. De esta forma, esperamos incrementar la comprension sobre la forma en que los factores culturales y sociales tienen un impacto en las relaciones entre clubbers y consumo de sustancias. Para ello recurrimos a la observacion directa de eventos en 29 clubes y, para completar nuestros objetivos de investigacion, realizamos entrevistas a 51 participantes de la escena hip hop (HH) y de musica electronica de baile (MEB) de Philadelphia. El analisis revelo dos criterios amplios para proporcionar una tipologia basada en el consumo de drogas de los clubbers: motivaciones para el clubbing y nivel y tipo de participacion en dicha escena. Partiendo de estas dos dimensiones, pudimos distinguir tres tipos de clubbers: miembros de la subcultura de la droga, clubbers comerciales y entendidos en musica. Los miembros de la subcultura de la droga describieron comienzos tempranos en el uso de la droga, asi como frecuencias actuales de uso mayores tanto en eventos de clubes de MEB, en gran parte clandestinos, como fuera de ellos. Los clubbers comerciales relataron historias benignas sobre uso de drogas, e indicaron haber asistido a eventos en su mayor parte comercializados de HH para emborracharse y tratar de conquistar al sexo opuesto. Los entendidos en musica refirieron, en la actualidad, consumos minimos de drogas y alcohol exclusivamente en eventos clandestinos de MEB y HH, despues de, en algunos casos, historiales de uso extensivo de drogas y alcohol. Las diferencias entre estos tres grupos, con distintos modelos de consumo de sustancias, arguimos, pueden atribuirse a la interaccion entre los numerosos factores sociales y culturales no considerados anteriormente.
Soil and Herbicide Properties Influenced Mobility of Atrazine, Metolachlor, and Primisulfuron-Methyl in Field Lysimeters

Understanding herbicide mobility in soils is necessary to prevent groundwater contamination. We studied the mass balance distribution of three 14 C-labeled herbicides (atrazine, metolachlor, and primisulfuron-methyl) in four soils (Dothan, Portsmouth, Rion, and Wagram) 128 d after application to soil column field lysimeters. Analyses were made of surface soil, subsoil, and leachate samples, and metabolites were identified in surface soil and leachate. Our objectives were to examine, measure, and correlate the leaching patterns of the chemicals and correlate their leaching characteristics with the physicochemical properties of the soils. Metolachlor was the most mobile herbicide as indicated by the retardation factor (R f ) (R f = 0.35 in 1992 and 0.17 in 1993), followed by atrazine (R, = 0.19 in 1992 and 0.09 in 1993) and primisulfuron-methyl (R f = 0.15 in 1992 and 0.12 in 1993). Herbicide mobility (R,) was related to leachate volume collected from the four soils, herbicide aqueous solubility, and longevity of the chemicals. The herbicides were of greatest mobility in Rion and Wagram soils and of lowest mobility in Portsmouth and Dothan soils. Soil factors affected the weakly basic atrazine differently than the nonionizable metolachlor or the weakly acidic primisulfuron-methyl. Volatility losses of the herbicides were inversely related to longevity (disappearance time in the field (DT 50 ) of the compounds and to humic matter contents of the soils. Carbon-14 herbicide in the subsoil and in the leachate was correlated with herbicide mobility (R f ), total leachate volume, and 50% disappearance time values. Herbicide mobility was in agreement with predictability using a simple decision-aid model.
Low Ligand Requirement for Deletion and Lack of Synapses in Positive Selection Enforce the Gauntlet of Thymic T Cell Maturation

Immature double-positive (CD4+CD8+) thymocytes respond to negatively selecting peptide-MHC ligands by forming an immune synapse that sustains contact with the antigen-presenting cell (APC). Using fluorescently labeled peptides, we showed that as few as two agonist ligands could promote APC contact and subsequent apoptosis in reactive thymocytes. Furthermore, we showed that productive signaling for positive selection, as gauged by nuclear translocation of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled NFATc construct, did not involve formation of a synapse between thymocytes and selecting epithelial cells in reaggregate thymus cultures. Antibody blockade of endogenous positively selecting ligands prevented NFAT nuclear accumulation in such cultures and reversed NFAT accumulation in previously stimulated thymocytes. Together, these data suggest a “gauntlet” model in which thymocytes mature by continually acquiring and reacquiring positively selecting signals without sustained contact with epithelial cells, thereby allowing them to sample many cell surfaces for potentially negatively selecting ligands.
Potential Benefits of Icosapent Ethyl on the Lipid Profile: Case Studies:

The cardiovascular benefits of marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids are supported by epidemiologic and clinical studies. Both healthy patients and those with confirmed coronary heart disease are advised by the American Heart Association to consume omega-3 fatty acids either through dietary fatty fish or fish oil products. We present two case reports of patients with dyslipidemia who were switched from an omega-3 dietary supplement or a prescription omega-3 drug containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to a new prescription EPA-only drug, icosapent ethyl (IPE). Products containing a combination of EPA and DHA, including dietary supplements and prescription products, are more likely to increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels compared with pure EPA-only products. The lipid profiles of these two patients were improved with IPE treatment, illustrating the potentially favorable effects of IPE compared with other products containing both EPA and DHA.
Aphid retention of maize dwarf mosaic virus (potyvirus): epidemiological implications

SUMMARY In total, 17 589 aphids were assayed for rate of loss of inoculativity and maximum retention times of maize dwarf mosaic (MDMV). The Standard-treatment, involved acquisition access to MDMV-infected tissue followed by confinement of active aphids in Petri dishes. In addition various aphid immobilisation treatments were used to prevent probing on solid surfaces after acquisition access to simulate conditions experienced by wind-borne aphids when aloft. Immobilisation treatments, using nitrogen or argon gases at 25°C, or cold treatments at 6°C after acquisition access greatly increased the efficiency of MDMV transmission by greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum, in an experimental design where insects were individually assayed for transmission over a 7 h period. Further tests in which groups of greenbugs were assayed for MDMV transmission revealed that MDMV strains may be retained for over 21 h, regardless of post-acquisition access treatment. Experiments with other aphid vectors of MDMV (Dactynotus ambrosiae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Rhopalosiphum maidis and Myzus persicae) also demonstrated MDMV retention times exceeding 18 h. These results show that the rate at which aphids lose MDMV inoculativity is lower when solid surface probing behaviour is denied, and that MDMV retention times are longer than those previously published. The findings are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of nonpersistent viruses and their dispersal over great distances.
Risk factors, pregnancy complications, and prevention of hypertensive disorders in women with pregravid diabetes mellitus

Objective: To review the rate, risk factors, and potential prevention of preeclampsia in women with pregravid diabetes mellitus.Methods: Detailed review of recent English literature describing pregnancy outcome in women with pregravid insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1 diabetes). The primary focus of the review is risk factors for preeclampsia and potential methods suggested for prevention of preeclampsia. In addition, pitfalls in diagnosis of preeclampsia will be emphasized.Results: The reported rate of preeclampsia ranged from 9% to 66%. This rate increased with increased severity of diabetes by White's classification, with the highest rate reported in women with pregravid diabetic nephropathy. Risk factors identified for preeclampsia were nulliparity, chronic hypertension, microalbuminuria prior to pregnancy, nephropathy, and poor glycemic control early in pregnancy. There is lack of agreement among reports in the literature concerning criteria used to diagnose preeclampsia. There are two rand...
Large artery inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus

A 23-year-old African-American woman with a history of recurrent pneumonias presented to the hospital with 2 weeks of shortness of breath, chest pain, fevers, and lightheadedness. The histologic diagnosis proved to be lupus aortitis. Optimal Framingham risk factor management by itself may not be a completely successful approach in diminishing the extra risk of atherosclerosis conferred by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Therefore it remains possible that important modifiable cardiovascular risk factors may include low-grade SLE disease activity in medium-sized vessels. The implication of the idea that subclinical vessel inflammation is widespread in patients with lupus-and that this inflammation confers a significant part of the patients' risk of accelerated atherosclerosis-might be a lowering of the threshold for aggressive disease-modifying treatment of lupus, essentially a "treat-to-target" approach to systemic lupus.
Using Soap to Revive Mature Oil Fields

Most reservoirs in the US under operation by small producers have become mature due to extended waterflooding. In fact, an estimated 80% of the total number of oil wells in the US are now classified as “marginal.” The mature reservoirs accessed by these wells usually have a high water cut, in the range of 80% to 90%. Also, the industry typically leaves about 65% of oil behind after many years of waterflooding because of reservoir heterogeneity and incomplete sweep of the formation. Excessive water production becomes a major problem as these oil fields mature. High volumes of water production result in increased levels of corrosion and scale, increased load on fluid-handling facilities, increased environmental concerns, and eventually well abandonment (with associated workover costs). Consequently, producing zones are often abandoned in an attempt to avoid water contact, even when the intervals still retain large volumes of recoverable hydrocarbons. Controlling water production has been a challenging goal for most oil producers. Reservoir heterogeneity severely affects the flow of gas, oil, and water in the reservoir and thus affects the choice of production strategies, reservoir management, and ultimate oil recovery. Reservoir heterogeneity is the single most important reason for low oil recovery, early breakthrough, and excess water production. To maintain reservoir pressure, these reservoirs have usually been developed by waterflooding from an early stage in their development. Many of them have been hydraulically fractured, intentionally or unintentionally, or have channels due to mineral dissolution and production during many years of waterflooding. Reservoirs with induced fractures or high-permeability channels are quite common in mature oil fields. Resin, foam, polymer/gel treatments, and/or polymer flooding are among enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques typically used to correct the reservoir heterogeneity and improve oil production. Chemical EOR (CEOR), involving alkali, surfactant, and polymer chemicals, is currently gaining some attention in the oil industry to mobilize and recover large amounts of both unswept and residual oil from mature oil fields.
Catalytic antibodies to amyloid β peptide in defense against Alzheimer disease

Immunoglobulins (Igs) that bind amyloid β peptide (Aβ) are under clinical trials for immunotherapy of Alzheimer disease (AD). We have identified IgMs and recombinant Ig fragments that hydrolyze Aβ. Hydrolysis of peripheral Aβ by the IgMs may induce increased Aβ release from the brain. The catalytic IgMs are increased in AD patients, presumably reflecting a protective autoimmune response. Reduced Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity attributable to the catalytic function were evident. These findings provide a foundation for development of catalytic Igs for AD immunotherapy.
CuII Cross-Linked Antiparallel Dipeptide Duplexes Using Heterofunctional Ligand-Substituted Aminoethylglycine

Two artificial dipeptides containing both a pendant monodentate (pyridine (py)) and tridentate (terpyridine (tpy) or phenyl terpyridine (varphi-tpy)) ligand on an aminoethylglycine (aeg) backbone have been synthesized. These oligopeptides are fully characterized by one and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The ligands were chosen because they coordinate Cu(2+) to form [Cu(py)(tpy)](2+) complexes; when bound to the dipeptide scaffold, Cu(2+) chelation cross-links the strands to form double-stranded duplex structures with an antiparallel arrangement. Using spectrophotometric titrations, we observe coordination of one Cu(2+) metal per dipeptide strand. Mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, vapor pressure osmometry, and HPLC confirm that the resulting structures are the dipeptide duplex cross-linked by two metal centers.
Integrated optical pulse shapers for high-bandwidth data packet encoding

We describe distributed Bragg pulse shapers for the ultra-fast communication system wavepacket encoding. We discuss Bragg pulse shaper design and fabrication and we present experimental results from first and second generation devices.
Salespeople as knowledge brokers: a review and critique of the challenger sales model

Over the last several years, there has been increasing interest in a new sales training approach – referred to as the Challenger Sales model – to engage customers. This approach, focusing on purposefully generating tension with customers to spark new ways of thinking, has gained traction among leading sales organizations. Although generating tension with customers has received a great deal of interest, researchers have yet to complete a systematic, in-depth examination of the Challenger model. The purpose of this article is to provide a much needed comprehensive review and critique of the approach. By conducting both an empirical and conceptual review of the framework, we offer insight into its novelty, merits and weaknesses.
O20.3 Sex in Seattle: Mechanistic Modeling of Sexual Partnership Dynamics

Background To devise sexually-transmitted disease (STD) surveillance and intervention strategies based on the importance of individuals or relationships in pathogen diffusion, mechanistic models of sexual partnerships are needed.We modelled heterosexual partnerships, chose functions and estimated parameters by re-analysing information from a 2003–04 random-digit dialling survey among Seattle residents. Methods We created artificial populations having the joint distributions of age and gender from a recent U.S. census. We used partnership formation rates calculated from the complete histories of male and female survey participants with and without partners to determine stochastically at each time-step who in the population was eligible to form new partnerships; these were matched according to age preferences from the National Health and Social Life Survey using the algorithm for which Shapley received the 2012 Nobel Prize in Economics. Similarly, we used durations from survival analyses of partnerships formed by survey participants to schedule the dissolution of new and reschedule the dissolution of existing partnerships when concurrent partners would replace existing ones. Results Most modelled partnerships are short-lived, as are the gaps and overlaps between them. This finding matches those from several published studies. Heterosexual adolescents and young adults form and dissolve concurrent partnerships at approximately 0.1 and 10 times, respectively, the rates at which they form and dissolve exclusive ones. Consequently, concurrent partnerships are ephemeral relative to exclusive ones. We estimate that, by age 45 years, approximately 20% of men and women have had concurrent partners, but at any particular time, most have 0 or 1 partners. Conclusions Few individuals have multiple partners at any time, but lifetime partner numbers increase with age at gender-specific rates. The risk of infection increases with the number of partners; thus, public health messages that refer to concurrent partners may not adequately address the STD risk associated with lifetime partner numbers.
Ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy as a probe of nonequilibrium dynamics in ruthenium complexes

Abstract The ultrafast intersystem crossing in ruthenium complexes between the singlet and triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer states following photoexcitation is described. The absence of a clear decay mechanism between these states makes it difficult to explain this process within a conventional framework using rate equations based on Fermi’s golden rule. We show that the decay can be mediated by metal-centered (MC) triplet states leading to decay times of the order of several tens of femtoseconds. The calculated stable excited state probability is dominated by the 3 MLCT configuration. The detailed nature of this process is clearly reflected in the calculated spectral lineshapes of the time-dependent nonequilibrium X-ray absorption spectroscopy that show a transient crystal-field collapse, dynamic broadenings, and changes in the branching ratio. We demonstrate that ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy is a suitable probe to deliver detailed new insights or discriminate between competing physical scenarios.
The impact of upper tropospheric humidity from microwave limb sounder on the midlatitude greenhouse effect

This paper presents an analysis of upper tropospheric humidity, as measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder, and the impact of the humidity on the greenhouse effect in the midlatitudes. Enhanced upper tropospheric humidity and an enhanced greenhouse effect occur over the storm tracks in the North Pacific and North Atlantic. In these areas, strong baroclinic activity and the large number of deep convective clouds transport more water vapor to the upper troposphere, and hence increase greenhouse trapping. The greenhouse effect increases with upper tropospheric humidity in areas with a moist upper troposphere (such as areas over storm tracks), but it is not sensitive to changes in upper tropospheric humidity in regions with a dry upper troposphere, clearly demonstrating that there are different mechanisms controlling the geographical distribution of the greenhouse effect in the midlatitudes.
Jacot's Carabodes falcatus and C. clavatus redescribed (Acari: Oribatida: Carabodidae)

Abstract Carabodes falcatus and C. clavatus are figured and redescribed. Carabodes falcatus is found from West Virginia south to Georgia and west to Arkansas while C. clavatus is found from Pennsylvania south to Florida and west to Kentucky. Both species prefer leaf litter over other forest floor habitats
Pediatric visits to United States Emergency Departments for alcohol-related disorders.

Abstract Background The use of alcohol by pediatric patients has not been thoroughly examined in the United States (US). Patients with complaints related to alcohol use frequently present to the Emergency Department initially. Objective Our aim was to determine the number of pediatric patients (ages 17 years and younger) presenting to Emergency Departments (EDs) in the US from 2006 to 2008 for alcohol-related disorders and examine selected clinical and demographic features of this population. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using 3 years (2006–2008) of data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. This database was used to identify patients younger than 18 years of age with an alcohol-related ED visit, and clinical and demographic features were examined. Results From 2006 to 2008, a total of 218,514 pediatric patients presented to US EDs and received a subsequent diagnosis of an alcohol-related disorder. Mean age of patients was 15.61 years. Most patients were male and tended to be from higher-income communities. Conclusions There were 218,514 visits to US EDs by patients younger than 18 years of age for alcohol-related disorders, accounting for >$850 million dollars in charges. ED-based brief alcohol interventions shown to work in adult populations should be explored for use in pediatric patients.
Phenomenology and pastoral care

The author discusses phenomenology as a potential resource for pastoral care generally and then illustrates its implications in two specific areas of pastoral care. After a brief discussion of the development of phenomenology, he defines pastoral care and identifies its methodological problem. Phenomenology, it is argued, offers potentially helpful methods and interpretative categories in its attitude, its attempts at self-aware, ordered discernment, and its anthropology. It serves to militate against the temptation in pastoral care to understand human problems in terms of individual and social pathology, in the case of individuals, and to illumine the ways the community functions as a dimension of pastoral care.
An assessment of microbial communities associated with surface mining-disturbed overburden

To assess the microbiological changes that occur during the maturation of overburden that has been disturbed by surface mining of coal, a surface mining-disturbed overburden unit in southeastern Ohio, USA was characterized. Overburden from the same unit that had been disturbed for 37 and 16 years were compared to undisturbed soil from the same region. Overburden and soil samples were collected as shallow subsurface cores from each subregion of the mined area (i.e., land 16 years and 37 years post-mining, and unmined land). Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of overburden samples were determined, as were microbial respiration rates. The composition of microbial communities associated with overburden and soil were determined using culture-independent, nucleic acid-based approaches. Chemical and mineralogical evaluation of overburden suggested that weathering of disturbed overburden gave rise to a setting with lower pH and more oxidized chemical constituents. Overburden-associated microbial biomass and respiration rates increased with time after overburden disturbance. Evaluation of 16S rRNA gene libraries that were produced by “next-generation” sequencing technology revealed that recently disturbed overburden contained an abundance of phylotypes attributable to sulfur-oxidizing Limnobacter spp., but with increasing time post-disturbance, overburden-associated microbial communities developed a structure similar to that of undisturbed soil, but retained characteristics of more recently disturbed overburden. Our results indicate that over time, the biogeochemical weathering of disturbed overburden leads to the development of geochemical conditions and microbial communities that approximate those of undisturbed soil, but that this transition is incomplete after 37 years of overburden maturation.
SU‐GG‐T‐543: 4D Imaging, Planning and Treatment with Cyberknife System

Purpose: Complete 4D imaging, planning and treatment delivery for pancreatic cancer.Method and Materials: The patient was scanned using a GECT scanner while recording respiratory excursion of the chest by monitoring an infrared reflector. Images and respiratory recordings were binned into 10 phases on a GE Advantage workstation. 4D animation was used to observe organ movement. Phase 5 was the most stable and selected as the primary planning CT for contouring on the Cyberknife system. Phases 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 were sent to Cyberknife as a 4D CT with phase tags. Multiplan loaded the primary CT, RT structures and 5 phase tagged CTs. 2 gold seeds inside the pancreas PTV were identified in the primary CT and automatically propagated and registered in the 5 phases. Automatic deformable registration based on intensity was performed. Inverse simplex planning was performed and optimized to give 30Gy in 5 fractions to PTV (GTV+3 mm margin in all directions except toward the duodenum). Results: In the static plan, the 79% isodose‐line (30Gy, maximum 38Gy) covered 96% of the PTV. With organ movement assigned an equal weight for each phase the 79% isodose‐line (29.3Gy, maximum 37Gy) covered 91% of the PTV in the 4D plan. During treatment delivery, detectors monitored respiratory excursion of infrared reflectors that were placed on the chest of the patient and orthogonal x‐ray images were taken every 3 beams. The fiducial seeds were identified in the x‐ray images and correlated with the movement of the infrared reflectors. A movement prediction model of the seeds in Synchrony tracking guided the robot during radiation delivery. Conclusion: True 4D dose delivered by the Cyberknife tracking and delivery system by taking into account of organ motion can be estimated with 4D images and dose calculation during all phases of the respiratory cycle.
Exhausting the differential.

In this series, a clinician extemporaneously discusses the diagnostic approach (regular text) to sequentially presented clinical information (bold). Additional commentary on the diagnostic reasoning process (italic) is interspersed throughout the discussion.
Zirconia-silica based mesoporous desulfurization adsorbents

Abstract We report a series of mesoporous silicate sorbent materials templated by long-chain primary alkylamines that display record level of desulfurization of the jet fuel JP-8. Pure silica frameworks and those with a Si:Zr synthesis molar ratio ranging from 44:1 to 11:1 were investigated. The optimum sorbent was identified as dodecylamine-templated silica-zirconia synthesized from a gel with Si:Zr molar ratio of 15:1. With an optimized silver loading of 11 wt.%, a saturation adsorption capacity of 39.4 mgS g −1 and a silver efficiency of 1.21 molS mol Ag −1 were observed for JP-8. This sorbent displayed exceptional regenerability, maintaining 86% of its initial capacity in model fuel after solvent regeneration with diethyl ether. Low-cost, portable and reusable sorbents for the desulfurization of JP-8 jet fuel are needed to make solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) a reality for military power needs. SOFCs require ultra-low sulfur content fuel, which traditional desulfurization methods cannot achieve.
The hippocampus and the flexible use and processing of language

Fundamental to all human languages is an unlimited expressive capacity and creative flexibility that allow speakers to rapidly generate novel and complex utterances. In turn, listeners interpret language “on-line”, incrementally integrating multiple sources of information as words unfold over time. A challenge for theories of language processing has been to understand how speakers and listeners generate, gather, integrate, and maintain representations in service of language processing. We propose that many of the processes by which we use language place high demands on and receive contributions from the hippocampal declarative memory system. The hippocampal declarative memory system is long known to support relational binding and representational flexibility. Recent findings demonstrate that these same functions are engaged during the real-time processes that support behavior in-the-moment. Such findings point to the hippocampus as a potentially key contributor to cognitive functions that require on-line integration of multiple sources of information, such as on-line language processing. Evidence supporting this view comes from findings that individuals with hippocampal amnesia show deficits in the use of language flexibly and on-line. We conclude that the relational binding and representational flexibility afforded by the hippocampal declarative memory system positions the hippocampus as a key contributor to language use and processing.
Ionization potentials of some molecules

Abstract This report summarizes the measurements of molecular ionization potential by a photoionization method utilizing a 1 m vacuum monochromator in the photon energy range from7–15 eV. The adiabatic ionization potentials of about three hundred molecules determined by the present method are assembled in thirteen tables, which include estimates of experimental uncertainties. In nearly all cases (about forty) where comparisons can be made, the present results agree closely with the spectroscopic values. The identity of the most loosely bound electrons, the effect of alkyl substitution, and the relationship between ionization continua and absorption bands are suggested for some of the molecules.
Socratic erotics and Foucault's permanent revolution

In this paper, I argue that it is Foucault’s conception of Socratic erotics, presented in Volume 2 of the History of Sexuality series, which provides him with a theoretical ground in the history of philosophy for his notions of political activism, power and government. Once we understand this, it is possible to understand how Foucault, rather than using a mixture of demonstration and diplomacy to oppose the idealization of revolution that eventually leads to the ‘permanent revolution’ of Stalinism, opposes it instead with a philosophical mutation of it - that is, with a permanent revolution of his own: the ceaseless self-transgression of/by the citizen. It is a conception that is finally unsuccessful for grounding an effective theory of political activism.
Raffaele Pettazzoni from the Perspective of the Anglophone Academy1

AbstractThere should be no need to emphasize the significance of Raffaele Pettazzoni (1883–1959) to historians of religions. However, there are only two books by Pettazzoni available in the English language: the monograph The All-knowing God (1956; original: L’onniscienza di Dio, 1955) and an anthology of Essays on the History of Religions (1954), which is “a collection of sundry writings on various subjects connected with the History of Religions, which have been already published on different occasions in Italian and foreign periodicals” (Pettazzoni 1954).2 Added to this is a tiny collection of articles in English (in fact, the American Theological Libraries Association database references only three). This seems to constitute a serious neglect of such a productive scholar, who has been called an “exemplary historian of religions.” This paper will attempt to assess the reception of the work of Raffaele Pettazzoni in the Anglophone Academy, to question the adequacy and accuracy of that reception, and to indicate what might be learned from it.
Dose-related changes in LH bioactivity with intranasal GnRH agonist administration.

In order to evaluate changes in bioactive (bio) and immunoreactive (i) luteinizing hormone (LH) and in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) after intranasal administration of a GnRH agonist 2 doses (125 mcg and 250 mcg) of nafarelin acetate were administered for 14 weeks to 7 normal women. Maximum changes in gonadotropins were observed 2-4 hours after both the 1st and last doses. However the maximum acute responses of iLH bioLH and FSH were significantly reduced after 14 weeks of treatment while no changes occurred in the bio:iLH ratio. The decrease in these acute responses were not dose-related. Serum iLH and FSH levels obtained prior to each dose (baseline) were not significantly altered by 14 weeks with either dose. However baseline serum bioLH was significantly reduced compared to pretreatment by 14 weeks but only with the 250 mcg dose (p < 0.05). This level was also significantly different from the level of bioLH achieved with 125 mcg (p < 0.05). The bio:iLH ratio was significantly decreased with the 250 mcg dose. Although serum estradiol and progesterone levels suggested ovarian follicular activity and luteinization with the 125 mcg dose this did not occur with 250 mcg of intranasal nafarelin. These data support a dose response effect of intranasal agonist treatment on the bioactivity of LH and also suggest the relevance of measurements of bioLH in assessing the effectiveness of agonist therapy. (authors)
Crystalline electric field effects on the paramagnetic susceptibility of polycrystalline materials

Abstract The paramagnetic susceptibility of polycrystalline materials having large magnetic anisotropies is considered. It is shown that polycrystalline data in many case may not reflect strong crystalline electric field phenomena, even though these are clearly seen in single crystal data.
Digitonin Effects on Photoreceptor Adenylate Cyclase

Adenylate cyclase is described in a number of photoreceptor membranes. Vertebrate rod outer segments contain light-regulated cyclase, and light regulation is abolished by digitonin. Disruption of microvilli in cone and rhabdomphotoreceptors is also associated with loss of light regulation and retention of full enzymic activity. The data suggest that inhibitory constraint provides regulation in cyclase systems and that disruption of membrane structure uncouples catalytic and regulatory elements.
Catecholamine predictors of complicated grief treatment outcomes

Could sympathetic hyperarousal limit treatment success in complicated grief? The present study investigated persons with complicated grief, a chronic condition with distinct symptoms including persistent intense yearning and longing for the person who died, avoidance of reminders that the person is gone, deep relentless sadness, self-blame, bitterness, or anger in connection with the death, and an inability to gain satisfaction or joy through engaging in meaningful activities or relationships with significant others. Length of bereavement did not correlate with complicated grief scores. Catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) in plasma were assessed pre- and post-psychotherapeutic treatment. Participants with the highest levels of epinephrine at pre-treatment had the highest levels of complicated grief symptoms at post-treatment, accounting for baseline levels of symptoms. This predictive relationship was not seen for depressive symptoms. The present study supports the hypothesis that catecholamine levels are affected by bereavement, and in turn, can affect the ability of those with complicated grief to benefit from psychotherapy.
The use of quinacrine (Atabrine) in rheumatic diseases: A reexamination

Abstract Atabrine has been available for nearly 60 years. It has a variety of actions and has been administered to millions of individuals. Its antirheumatic properties have been well documented but have not been exploited optimally for a variety of reasons. The drug is generally quite safe and could be used in low doses in lupus and rheumatoid arthritis patients as a steroid-sparing agent or synergistically with hydroxychloroquine. Its bothersome side effects should not deter the clinician from using it, because they are easy to deal with or prevent (Table 5). Future studies should attempt to better characterize the immunosuppressive actions of this powerful drug, particularly in the treatment of lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Studies of the role of combination or single-agent antimalarial therapy in combination with other “remittive” drugs could be of great potential benefit.
Pain and distress in agricultural animals.

P concern over the use and treatment of agricultural animals has increased since the 1994 publication of Ruth Harrison’s Animal Machines—The New Farming Industry. In this book, Harrison expressed concerns about farm animal care and use issues. Presently, in the United States, discussions addressing these same issues are in progress. Questions involved include: 1) Do farm animals experience pain and distress? 2) How can pain and distress be recognized? 3) What causes pain and distress? 4) How can pain and distress be managed? and 5) What improvements can be made to control pain and distress? The purpose of this article is to address these questions, to increase awareness of agricultural animal production and welfare, and to stress the need for the adoption of producer-developed guidelines on agricultural animal care and use.
A multi-agent planning system (abstract only)

This report describes a planning system that generates a sequence of operations (actions) assignments for each agent to achieve a goal statement in a multi-agent problem domain. The system is characterized by a pre-analysis of the goal statement and a representation of the breakable and unbreakable operations. The analysis would yield a sequence of parallel groups of subgoals and the execution sequence of subgoals within a group. (Two groups of subgoals are parallel to each other, if they can be achieved separately by different agents). Following this analysis result, a plan generator dynamically assigns a group of subgoals to each agent and formulates the detailed plans. In order to increase the utility of agents, the plan generator always tries to assign an idle agent to assist a busy agent if a group of subgoals is not available at that particular instance. This is done by identifying the breakable and the unbreakable subtasks of an agent and assigning one part of the breakable subtask or a sequence of unbreakable subtasks to an idle agent.Two major system components are being investigated: the goal statement analysis and the operation representations.The purpose of the goal statement analysis is to use the domain specific knowledge to examine the relationships among the subgoals, to group the correlated subgoals, to find the parallelism among the groups, and to determine the execution sequences of subgoals within a group and the pursuing orders of the groups. The system described here avoids the fruitless search efforts by 1. grouping the correlated subgoals together and assigning each group to an agent so that the complexity of a problem is reduced, 2. ordering the subgoal sequence within a group so that the trial-and-error search can be eliminated.The study of the operation representations has focused on the representations of the breakable and the unbreakable operation sequences. A sequence of operations is called breakable if each component in the sequence can be carried out by different agents. In contrast to the breakable sequence, an unbreakable sequence consists of operations that must be carried out by the same agent. The purpose of this distinction is to specify what portion of a task can be assisted by an idle agent and what portion has to be completed by the same agent if this agent has started it.
Centromere Glue Provides Spindle Cue

During cell division, accurate distribution of the genome by the mitotic spindle requires that sister chromatids remain tethered until the right moment. Studies of an uncharacterized vertebrate protein, Sgo (Salic et al., 2004 [this issue of Cell]), reveal dual roles as a chromosome cohesion factor and a regulator of spindle microtubule dynamics.
Targeting school-based dental sealant programs: who is at "higher risk"?

Objectives To assess the effect of various school-level Free and Reduced Price Meal Program (FRPMP) enrollment-based risk thresholds on the ability of school-based sealant programs (S-BSPs) to reach higher risk children. Methods We used data from a statewide third grade oral health survey to compare: a) prevalence of dental caries for higher-risk children, using three different sets of child risk criteria based on social determinants; and b) dental caries and other access-related indicators for children at higher-risk schools based on four FRPMP-based thresholds (> or = 60 percent of children FRPMP-enrolled, > or = 50 percent, > or = 40 percent, > or = 30 percent). In addition, we used school enrollment and FRPMP enrollment data to compare the percentages of eligible schools and of higher-risk children resulting from the various thresholds. Results The prevalence of caries experiences and untreated caries were not significantly different for higher risk children categorized by the respective child caries risk criteria. Regardless of school-level risk threshold, children at higher risk schools were more likely to have caries experience, untreated caries, and no recent dental visit and less likely to have private dental insurance than children at lower risk schools. For these measures, children at higher risk schools were similar to each other regardless of risk threshold and were similar to higher risk children at all schools. The number of additional higher risk children per additional higher risk school showed a large decline between the 40-49 percent and 30-39 percent FRPMP enrollment tiers. Conclusions Targeting higher risk schools to reach higher risk children is a practical and effective approach for increasing sealant prevalence through S-BSPs.
In a Distorted Mirror: The Cold War and U.S.-Soviet Biomedical Cooperation and (Mis)understanding, 1956-1977

This article discusses how images and perceptions shaped by the Cold War led to misunderstandings on both sides of U.S.-Soviet biomedical exchanges. The article explores these misunderstandings and shows that their origins are to be found in the Cold War interactions between the two superpowers. The Cold War was more than just a structural constraint on the two sides' interactions. Political tensions between the superpowers interfered in the process of scientific cooperation, and the geopolitics of the period imbued science with political significance, but the crucial thing was the way the Cold War framed cooperation in the sphere of biomedicine. When exchange participants were interpreting and responding to interactions with their foreign colleagues, the analytical framework they used was the Cold War. Their adoption of this framework posed a barrier to achieving mutual understanding not only of the other side's motives or intentions but of the science itself. The exchange participants came away with a d...
Isospin mixing in the electric-dipole 4He(γ, n) and 4He(γ, p) reactions

Abstract Possible isospin mixing of the J π = 1 − excited states of 4 He leading to sizable differences in the 4 He(γ, n) 3 He and 4 He(γ, p) 3 H cross sections in the giant-resonance region is examined in a bound-state approximation. Results indicate that the general features of certain experimental data can be accounted for by the presence of Coulomb mixing of the ( S = 1, T = 0) and ( S = 1, T = 1) states in addition to the usual spin-orbit mixing of the ( S = 0, T = 1) and ( S = 1, T = 1) states.