cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fos-like immunoreactivity in the auditory brain stem evoked by bipolar intracochlear electrical stimulation: effects of current level and pulse duration

Abstract Fos-like immunoreactivity was used to compare the auditory brain stem excitation elicited by bipolar electrical stimulation of the cochlea at various current levels relative to the electrically evoked auditory brain stem response threshold for a 50-μs/phase monophasic pulse. Fos-like immunoreactive cells were labeled in primary auditory brain stem regions. The distribution of labeled cells was restricted to regions known to be cochleotopically related to the stimulated region of the scala tympani. Some labeled cells were observed at 2× electrically evoked auditory brain stem response threshold. The number, density and spatial distribution of labeled cells were quantified in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus, and found to increase with increasing level of stimulation. For 50-μs pulses, the location of labeled neurons remained reasonably restricted to narrow bands within each region until the 10× level of stimulation (20 dB above electrically evoked auditory brain stem response threshold) was reached. While a monotonic increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity with increasing stimulus level was observed in most nuclei, for cells of the superficial layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, a non-monotonic change with increasing stimulus level was seen. This dorsal cochlear nucleus non-monotonicity may indicate that, at higher levels of stimulation, a secondary indirect inhibitory input, probably associated with activation of deep layer dorsal cochlear nucleus cells, reduces excitatory responses at the superficial layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Electrically evoked auditory brain stem response and Fos expression showed parallel changes as a function of stimulus level and pulse duration. The data indicate that discrete activation of cell populations within the central auditory pathways can occur with bipolar electrical stimulation to the highest levels of stimulation typically useful in humans. The data also indicate a close, but not identical, quantitative relationship between Fos-like immunoreactivity and electrophysiological response amplitude. These findings support the view that a study of Fos-like immunoreactivity can provide a powerful and quantitative tool for study of the dynamic response characteristics of cells of the central auditory system to electrical stimulation at suprathreshold levels. The data suggest that there is a monotonic increase in the number of neurons responsive to intracochlear electrical stimulation as a function of stimulus level, at least through the upper half of the dynamic range, but that this increase does not result in a complete loss of spatial selectivity. Coupled with previous psychophysical studies, these results suggest that the increase in the number of activated neurons is functionally beneficial, resulting in improved discrimination of changes in the electrical signals.
Fixed points of order-reversing maps in Rn>0 and chemical equilibrium

The problem of computing the equilibrium state of a reversible chemical reaction network has a natural interpretation as a fixed-point problem. Several authors have used fixed-point iterations in this context, yet there are no comprehensive investigations into the convergence of the algorithm. We address this void by studying the larger problem of the existence and uniqueness of fixed points, and the convergence of fixed-point iterations, for order-reversing maps in ℝ. By using the Thompson metric, we are able to apply fixed-point theorems based on the Lipschitz condition and obtain upper bounds on judiciously defined approximation errors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective peptide binding using facially amphiphilic dendrimers.

Amphiphilic dendrimers, which contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in every repeat unit, exhibit environment-dependent assemblies both in hydrophilic solvent, water, and in lipophilic solvent, toluene. Upon investigating the status of these assemblies in a mixture of immiscible solvents, these dendrimers were found to be kinetically trapped in the solvent in which they are initially assembled. This property has been exploited to selectively extract peptides from aqueous solution into an organic phase, where the peptides bind to the interior functionalities of the dendritic inverse micelles. While the corresponding small molecule surfactant does not exhibit any selective binding toward peptides, all dendrons (G1−G3) are capable of this selective binding. We show that the inverse micelle-type assembly itself is crucial for the binding event and that the assembly formed by the G1 dendron has a greater capability for binding compared to the G2 or G3 dendrons. We have also shown that the average app...
High-Field Effect in Boron-Doped Silicon

Two samples of boron-doped silicon were observed to have a linear current-voltage characteristic at liquid nitrogen temperature (77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) up to fields of ${10}^{4}$ volts/cm. This result was not expected since saturation of drift velocity is expected to occur at these high fields. Indeed, the current-voltage characteristic at 183\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K did show the saturation effects expected. The experimental data seem to indicate that there is an appreciable amount (94%) of de-ionization of the boron level at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and that the capture cross section of the ionized boron levels decreases as the hole drift velocity increases in the applied field. Since the thermal ionization rate is substantially independent of field, this implies that the steady-state number of carriers will be increased at the higher fields.
Teflon-HPLC: A novel chromatographic system for application to isotope geochemistry and other industries

Abstract Traditional column chromatography techniques are restricted by several factors, including limitations on column length, resin grain size, elution time, and a general inability to slowly ramp up or down reagent concentrations along a gradient. Likewise, most existing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems are not amenable to certain column chromatography techniques that require highly concentrated acids. Here, we outline the development of a Teflon HPLC (T-HPLC) system for application to a wide variety of chromatography problems. The primary factors that set the T-HPLC system apart from any currently available chromatography procedure are the following: 1) a fluid flow path enclosed entirely by Teflon, 2) fully automated elution schemes controlled by computer software, which allows for fresh mixing of reagents for each elution step, and fine scale gradient/ramp elutions, 3) temperature control of the entire system (up to 80 °C) for enhanced chemical separations and, 4) a modular design making the system easily adaptable to a variety of separation schemes. The effectiveness of the T-HPLC system is tested on two column techniques that are of particular interest to the geochemistry/cosmochemistry communities. The first application involves the separation of Ni from Mg, which is required for high precision Ni isotopic studies and for investigating the abundance of the extinct 60Fe radionuclide. The T-HPLC system greatly simplifies and improves upon the classical technique. In a single pass on an 80 cm long column, we achieve excellent separation of Ni from Mg, with a much improved time frame (10 h versus 70 h). The second application is the separation of the individual rare earth elements from each other. The isotopic compositions of the multi-isotopic REEs (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb and Lu) may hold important information about nucleosynthetic processes, cosmic-ray exposure effects in meteorites and airless bodies, and mass fractionation effects. For this application, we also developed a computer simulation that uses experimentally determined partition coefficients to simulate an elution curve in order to optimize the actual column elution scheme. Overall, we were able to achieve excellent separation of the multi-isotopic REEs from each other. Although the two applications that we explore are in the fields of geochemistry/cosmochemistry, the modular design and adaptability make the T-HPLC system useful to a wide array of scientific fields and industries.
Evidence that ATP exerts control of the rate of glucose utilization in the intact Escherichia coli cell by altering the cellular level of glucose-6-P, an intermediate known to inhibit glucose transport in vitro.

Abstract The effects of treating nitrogen-starved cultures of Escherichia coli W4597 (K) with various doses of 2,4-dinitrophenol include increases in the rates of glucose utilization, decreases in ATP and glucose-6-P and maintenance of the level of fructose-1, 6-P 2 . A quantitative correlation was observed between the increases in the rates of glucose utilization and decreases in glucose-6-P in agreement with the observation made in vitro that glucose-6-P inhibits glucose transport in E. coli . A quantitative correlation was also observed between glucose-6-P and ATP indicating that the fall in glucose-6-P is effected by the fall in ATP which indirectly signals increased glucose utilization and increased ATP production.
The role of ad hoc networks in supporting climate change adaptation: a case study from the Southeastern United States

To examine the factors that support adaptation within a regional and sectoral context, this article explores five climate-sensitive sectors in North and South Carolina (Forestry, Government Administration, Tourism, Water Management, and Wildlife Management) and the role of partnerships, collaborations, and networks in facilitating climate adaptation and related activities. Drawing from 117 online questionnaires and interviews with sector leaders across the Carolinas, the article highlights several key functions of networks in regard to supporting adaptation—intra-sector information sharing; monitoring, data collection, and research; and education and outreach. Furthermore, the analysis examines how climate networks in the region have facilitated the development of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital while also noting factors that have constrained the growth and success of both intra- and cross-sector collaboration. Although no formal, or discrete, state or regional cross-sector climate change network exists in the Carolinas, climate adaptations and capacity-building efforts have been supported by ad hoc and decentralized networks, emerging collegial partnerships within and across sectors, and collaborative efforts to pool expertise and resources. The role of different forms of social capital within these networks is discussed in the context of a contentious political environment where support for activities designed to address climate change is limited. These findings enhance our understanding of the social factors and relational processes that shape and influence capacity to adapt to climate change.
Ln2Al3Si2 (Ln = Ho, Er, Tm): neue Silicide aus Aluminiumschmelzen – Bestimmung der Al/Si-Verteilung mit Neutronenkristallographie und metamagnetische Übergänge

Ausgepragt metallische Verbindungen mit einer quasi-eindimensionalen Struktur sind die ternaren Verbindungen Ln2Al3Si2 (Ln = Ho, Er, Tm), die in Aluminiumschmelzen ausgehend von metallischem Lanthanoid und Silicium synthetisiert wurden. In ihnen liegt ein formales [Al3Si2]6−-Gerust aus unendlichen Al-Zickzackketten und Si-Si-Dimeren vor, das Reihen von Ln3 +-Ionen in parallelen Tunneln beherbergt. Die Verbindungen weisen bei hohen Magnetfeldstarken metamagnetische Ubergange auf.
Fuzzy moves using normal fuzzy reasoning with fuzzy knowledge discovery

By merging the theory of moves (TOM) and the fuzzy sets theory, we have developed the theory of fuzzy moves (TFM) to make better fuzzy moves for fuzzy games. Since the data granularity of conventionally used fuzzy sets is too low to contain more heuristic information and mined knowledge, we take primary fuzzy sets with higher data granularity as fundamental elements for fuzzy reasoning so as to make more reasonable moves. The simulation results indicate that (1) TFM with normal fuzzy reasoning can make better and more reasonable moves than TOM with precise reasoning since different global strategies are taken into account by TFM and (2) the novel fuzzy reasoning methodology is more reasonable and more useful to make fuzzy moves than the conventional one.
Pulse Shaper Based Strategies for Selective Single-Beam CARS Spectroscopy

The use of chirp, sinusoidal and binary phase shaping for mode-specific excitation in single-beam CARS is experimentally evaluated in terms of signal-to-background and selectivity. The advantages and disadvantages of each pulse shaping scheme are discussed.
Optimization of a heavy-duty compression–ignition engine fueled with diesel and gasoline-like fuels

Abstract Optimal injection strategies for a heavy-duty compression–ignition engine fueled with diesel and gasoline-like fuels (#91 gasoline and E10) and operated under mid- and high-load conditions are investigated. A state-of-the-art engine CFD tool with detailed fuel chemistry was used to evaluate the engine performance and pollutant emissions. The CFD tools feature a recently developed efficient chemistry solver that allowed the optimization tasks to be completed in practical computer times. A Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II) was coupled with the CFD tool to seek optimal combinations of injection system variables to achieve clean and efficient combustion. The optimization study identified several key parameters that influence engine performance. It was found that the fuel volatility and reactivity both play important roles at the mid-load condition, while the high-load condition is less sensitive to the fuel reactivity. However, high volatility fuels, such as gasoline and E10, were found to be beneficial to fuel economy at high-load. The study indicates that with an optimized injection system gasoline-like fuels are promising for heavy-duty CI engines due to their lower NOx and soot emissions and higher fuel economy compared to conventional diesel fuels. However, the high in-cylinder gas pressure rise rate associated with Partially Premixed Combustion of gasoline-like fuels can become problematic at high-load and the low-load operating limit is also a challenge. Potential solutions are discussed based on the present optimization results.
40 Gbit/s payload and 2.5 Gbit/s label generation using optical carrier suppression and separation

It has been experimentally demonstrated for the first time that 40 Gbit/s payload and 2.5 Gbit/s label are generated and transmitted by using the optical carrier suppression and separation (OCSS) technique. The power penalty for both the 40 Gbit/s payload and 2.5 Gbit/s label is less than 0.5 dB after they are transmitted over 100 km SMF-28 as well as DCF full-compensation fibre.
Terpenoid chemosystematic studies of Abies grandis

Abstract Cortial essential oil from 395 typical Abies grandis and Abies grandis - Abies concolor intermediate trees collected in 48 locations was analyzed for composition of its monoterpenoids. The monoterpenoids were composed primarily of α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, β-phellandrene and bornyl acetate, with tricyclene, 3-carene, myrcene and limonene in secondary quantities. Camphene, present in larger amounts in A. grandis and in smaller amounts in A. concolor var. lowiana , was used as a marker for studying intergradation of the two species in western and northwestern United States. A. grandis from northern Montana, Idaho and Washington, from British Columbia and Oregon and from Washington coastal areas could be classified as typical while the rest of the populations showed various degrees of intermediacy. The variability patterns agreed with the hypothesis that introgressive hybridization was the main reason for the intermediacy. Compared with morphological evaluations, the intermediate populations were chemically significantly more A. concolor -like. Typical A. grandis exhibited little population-to-population variability, in spite of its large geographic range. The results are correlated with and explained on the basis of existing paleobotanical records.
Biological Disposition of Rigid Analogs of Amphetamine

Abstract Tissue levels of amphetamine and of amphetamine analogs with a rigid conformation (2-aminoindan, 2-aminotetralin, and 2-aminobenzocycloheptene) were measured in rats by a spectrofluorometric method involving the reaction of the primary amine group with fluorescamine. Ail drugs were concentrated in tissues, the order of distribution being lungs > kidneys > liver = spleen = brain > muscle > fat = heart > blood. In brain, amphetamine and 2-aminoindan were present mostly in the supernatant fraction after high speed centrifugation of brain homogenates; the two higher molecular weight drugs were present at slightly greater concentrations in the particulate fraction. All four drugs disap-Deared from rat brain with half-lives of 1–2 hr. Iprindole pretreatment increased drug levels in brain and prolonged the half-lives by two- to threefold. The data suggest that the biological disposition of the rigid analogs resembles generally that of amphetamine and that of the drugs are probably metabolized by ring hydroxylation in the rat.
Topology of forward scattering of neutrons from imperfect multilayers

Neutrons sent at grazing incidence on imperfect multilayers of polymers are scattered both out of and within the plane of reflection. In the latter geometry the scattered intensity is highly structured in two series of ridges, whose loci can be labeled in terms of the neutron momenta. Intersecting ridges show evidence of mode coupling. Similar topology is expected for x-ray scattering.
A parametric analysis of the anatomy and physiology of the stomata

ABSTRACT DeMichele, D. W. and Sharpe, P. J. H., 1974. A parametric analysis of the anatomy and physiology of the stomata. Agric. Meteorol., 14: 229–241. This paper highlights the stomatal dimensions and pressure relationships which might be genetically or environmentally altered to improve a plant's water-use efficiency. A simplified mathematical model of the guard cell has been shown to be consistent with experimental observations, and based upon this model a parametric analysis has been carried out. The model presented herein has revealed that the following cellular characteristics affect stomatal response to water stress: (a) the osmotic potential of the guard cell; (b) the osmotic potential of the epidermal cells; (c) the semi-circumference of the pore; (d) the wall thickness of the guard cell; (e) the modulus of elasticity of the cell wall material; and (f) the size of the guard cell itself.
Associations between off-label feed additives and farm size, veterinary consultant use, and animal age.

Data from the United States National Swine Survey collected by the National Animal Health Monitoring System were used to describe the use of feed additives in swine feeds. Data were collected from 710 farms. The concentration of feed additives expressed in grams per ton of complete feed was described by stage of production, and the use of feed additives above the labeled treatment levels (i.e. off-label) was identified. Of the 3328 feeds, about 79% contained feed additives used in the labeled manner. For all classes of pigs, the prevalence of labeled feed additive use was greater than 75%. Penicillin was used according to its label most often, followed by apramycin, bacitracin, tetracyclines, lincomycin, and tylosin. Carbadox had the highest prevalence of off-label use. Of the 699 feeds that included feed additives in an off-label manner, about 57% included additives at greater than the recommended concentrations or were fed to an incorrect class of pig. About 56% of the feeds had off-label combinations of additives. Small farms were more likely to use rations with no feed additives than intermediate or large farms (P < 0.001). Of those farms using feed additives, the odds of a small farm using all feed additives in the labeled manner was 7.7 times that of an intermediate or large farm (P < 0.0001). After controlling for herd size, producers who used a veterinary consultant were 2.1 times more likely to use feeds with feed additives (P < 0.0001).
Cardiac History and Risk of Post-cystectomy Cardiac Complications

OBJECTIVES To evaluate risk factors for postoperative cardiac complications (POCC). Patients undergoing cystectomy often have significant baseline cardiac disease. Despite preoperative medical optimization, postoperative cardiac complications remain a significant source of morbidity. METHODS A retrospective review of all radical cystectomies for bladder cancer between January 2004 and September 2006 was performed. Twelve preoperative risk factors were evaluated, including age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, type of urinary diversion, and previous cardiac history. All complications, including myocardial infarction (MI) and new onset arrhythmia, were recorded for 90 days postoperatively. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. RESULTS A total of 283 patients underwent cystectomy for bladder cancer between January/2004 and September 2006. The median age of the cohort was 70 (35-90) years. Of 283 patients, 64 (23%) had a significant preoperative cardiac history, including 18 (6%) with prior coronary artery bypass and 30 (11%) with a history of MIs. Thirty-one (11%) patients had either new onset arrhythmia (22, 8%) or MI (10, 4%) and 1 had both. On univariate analysis, cardiac history, age, type of urinary diversion, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index demonstrated significance. The risk of POCC was associated with ileal conduit urinary diversion (P = .026, OR 5.58 [1.23-25.36]) and the Charlson Index score (P = .030, OR 1.28 [1.024-1.60]) on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Multiple, inter-related factors may predict cardiac complications in the early postoperative period. Despite perioperative optimization, patients with a prior cardiac history should be counseled, regarding the increased risk of postoperative cardiac complications. The association between cardiac complications and ileal conduit diversion highlights the selection bias toward patients with preexisting comorbid disease.
Student affective reactions and the teaching and learning of foreign languages

Abstract This chapter argues for the recognition of the importance of student affective reactions in discussions of second language learning and teaching. It is argued that language learning is a particularly intense and ego-involving undertaking which requires a positive emotional stance on the part of the learner. The chapter reviews literature on how affective reactions — particularly motivation for language learning, foreign language anxiety, and student beliefs about language learning — impact on the language learning process and makes suggestions as to how teachers can promote positive affective characteristics. As affective variables represent the learner's willingness to engage in the activities necessary to develop second language proficiency, it is essential that teachers make the emotional needs of their students an instructional priority.
Interactive property of large thrust sheets with footwall rocks—the Sub thrust interactive duplex hypothesis: A mechanism of dome formation in thrust sheets

Abstract Recently acquired Appalachian Ultradeep Core Hole (ADCOH) Project site investigation seismic reflection data and geologic data from the Appalachians and several other orogenic belts suggest an important mutually interdependent relationship exists between emplacement of large crystalline thrust sheets and the deforming foreland rocks beneath. This relationship suggests isolated domes beneath crystalline thrust sheets may be produced by passive folding of the sheet as a result of formation of an antiformal stack duplex in the platform sedimentary sequence beneath. Suggestions that domes in crystalline thrust sheets formed by interference of late open folds is doubtlessly still valid in places, but the platform duplex mechanism is probably also valid to explain the late doming of many crystalline and other large thrust sheets. The dome beneath the Shooting Creek and Brasstown Bald windows in the ADCOH site region is imaged as an antiformal stack duplex at depth. The Tallulah Falls dome, Grandfather Mountain and Mountain City windows, and Smokies Foothills duplex in the site region and elsewhere in the southern Blue Ridge are all late isolated domes and all are probably or demonstrably underlain by antiformal stack duplexes beneath the Blue Ridge-Piedmont composite crystalline thrust sheet. The Assynt window and footwall duplex benath the Arnabol and Moine thrusts in Scotland, and the Engadine window in the Alps may be similar structures.
Fabrication and characterization of thin-film nanostructured Lüneburg lens

A thin-film nanostructured Luneburg lens with guidance condition correction has been fabricated by patterning a slab of silicon-rods on silicon-on-insulator wafer, and has been characterized using a near-field scanning optical microscope.
The effects of mycorrhizal infection on components of plant growth and reproduction

summary We studied the effects of mycorrhizal infection by Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. and P amendment (three levels) on growth and reproduction of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. Mycorrhizal infection increased total leaf area, but individual leaf size was more-affected than leaf number. Mycorrhizal infection decreased the time taken to initiate flowering, increased the total duration of flowering, and increased seed production by increasing the number of flowers produced, the proportion of flowers producing fruits, and the number of seeds per fruit. Seeds produced by mycorrhizal plants were also heavier and contained more N and P than those produced by non-mycorrhizal plants, P amendment generally had similar influences to mycorrhizal infection, but seed P content was far more plastic in response TO P amendment than to mycorrhizal infection. The various components of reproduction were not uniformly affected by either mycorrhizal infection or P amendment. The most phenotypically plastic reproductive components were fruit production and seed P content. The least plastic components were seed weight and seed N content.
LIGAND FIELD PARAMETERS IN PENTAAMMINE COMPLEXES OF CHROMIUM(III) WITH A CARBON-OXYGEN OR PHOSPHORUS-OXYGEN DONOR

Coordination of oxyphosphorus ligands to pentaamminechromium(III) lowers the ligand field strength of the ammines to a much greater extent than trichloroacetate. This presumably signifies a weaker metal-nitrogen bond, and may contribute to the reluctance of the amines in aminophosphonate ligands to coordinate.
Disaggregating Data Using Related Series

Quarterly real GNP and implicit GNP deflator series are derived for the 1948–1970 period using the related series technique of Chow and Lin. These estimated series are compared with the official, revised series; to official, unrevised series; and to univariate proxies using regression, time series, and spectral methods. The derived series possess autocorrelation and turning point characteristics similar to those of the official, revised series. The derived series also deliver structural equation parameter estimates similar to those based on official, revised data.
Ingestion and Nutrient Budget of Attwater's Pocket Gopher (Geomys attwateri)

Abstract We measured ingestion by Attwater's pocket gopher (Geomys attwateri) in the coastal prairie of Texas by placing feeding chambers in their tunnels. We constructed a nutrient budget from ingestion, species of plants eaten, and nutrient content of these plants, and we compared it to that for the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), also common in this habitat, and the laboratory rat. Concentration of minerals ingested by G. attwateri appeared sufficient for growth and reproduction. Concentration of protein was lower and concentration of fiber was higher in diets of G. attwateri than in diets of S. hispidus or that was required for laboratory rats. High concentration of fiber reduces digestibility and impedes assimilation of protein. We concluded that protein was likely a limiting nutrient and that a low protein:fiber ratio in the diet during summer could be responsible for the observed decline in reproduction in that season.
A mammalian expression vector for expression and purification of secreted proteins for structural studies

A mammalian expression vector with features optimized for simple expression and purification of secreted proteins has been developed. This vector was constructed to facilitate X-ray crystallographic studies of cysteine-rich glycoproteins that are difficult to express by other means. Proteins expressed with this vector possess an N-terminal human growth hormone domain and an octahistidine tag separated from the desired polypeptide sequences by a tobacco etch virus protease recognition site. Advantages of this vector are high levels of expression, simple detection and purification of expressed proteins, and reliable cleavage of the fusion protein. Cotransfection of this vector with a dihydrofolate reductase gene allows amplification of expression levels with methotrexate. Over one dozen cysteine-rich secreted proteins have been expressed in sufficient quantity for structural studies using this vector; the structure of at least one of these proteins has been determined.
Neurokinin A coexists with substance P and serotonin in ventral medullary spinally projecting neurons of the rat

Abstract The coexistence of neurokinin A (NKA) with substance P (SP) and serotonin (5-HT) in ventral medullary neurons of the parapyramidal region and nucleus raphe pallidus of the rat was studied using multiple immunofluorescence labeling. Nearly all of the NKA-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the parapyramidal region and raphe pallidus were SP-IR and 5-HT-IR, whereas about 70% of the SP-IR neurons and about 60% of the 5-HT-IR neurons contained NKA-IR. There were no apparent differences in the patterns of coexistence between parapyramidal and raphe pallidus neurons. NKA-IR neurons, which colocalized SP-IR and 5-HT-IR, were studied for projections to the lumbar and thoracic spinal cord by use of retrograde transport of fluorescent tracer. Whereas about 50% of the retrogradely labeled neurons of the parapyramidal region and raphe pallidus contained NKA-IR, nearly all of the NKA-IR neurons projected to the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. In addition, some NKA-IR neurons in the ventral medulla were retrogradely labeled with tracer from localized injections into the thoracic intermediolateral cell column. In summary, this study demonstrated that NKA-IR is colocalized with SP-IR in bulbospinal serotonergic neurons of the parapyramidal region and raphe pallidus, which are known to regulate sensory, motor, and autonomic activities of the spinal cord.
Single Neuron Activity and Theta Modulation in Postrhinal Cortex during Visual Object Discrimination

Postrhinal cortex, rodent homolog of the primate parahippocampal cortex, processes spatial and contextual information. Our hypothesis of postrhinal function is that it serves to encode context, in part, by forming representations that link objects to places. To test this hypothesis, we recorded postrhinal neurons and local field potentials (LFPs) in rats trained on a two-choice, visual discrimination task. As predicted, many postrhinal neurons signaled object-location conjunctions. Another large proportion encoded egocentric motor responses. In addition, postrhinal LFPs exhibited strong oscillatory rhythms in the theta band, and many postrhinal neurons were phase locked to theta. Although correlated with running speed, theta power was lower than predicted by speed alone immediately before and after choice. However, theta power was significantly increased following incorrect decisions, suggesting a role in signaling error. These findings provide evidence that postrhinal cortex encodes representations that link objects to places and suggest postrhinal theta modulation extends to cognitive as well as spatial functions.
Going the distance: Extra-symbolic contributions to the symbolic control of spatial attention

Over the past 30 years, researchers have used symbolic cues such as spatial words and arrows to direct observers' attention to the location of target objects that appear at a single, fixed distance in simple visual environments; however, they have done so by using symbolic cues that provide only partial—directional—information about the spatial location of target objects. Thus, it remains unclear whether observers can only shift their attention broadly in the cued direction in response to these cues or whether they can shift their attention to the specific location of the target by combining an expectation about direction (derived from apprehension of the directional cue) with an expectation about distance (derived from some extra-symbolic cue). The results of two experiments showed that observers do shift their attention to relatively coarse spatial locations by combining expectancies about direction and distance, and that the extent to which observers do so is modulated by the presence of visible marker...
Variability of macroinvertebrate community composition in an arctic and subarctic stream

The macroinvertebrate community composition was compared in two Alaskan streams (USA) for numeric and species constancy during the ice-free period from 1981 to 1983. Imnavait Creek is a first order arctic stream (60° 39′ N, 149° 21′ W) draining upland tundra in the foothills of the Brooks Range. Caribou-Poker Creek is a 4th order subarctic stream (65° 08′ N, 147° 28′ W) draining the taiga forest north of Fairbanks, Alaska. The aquatic insect larvae and other macroinvertebrates were sampled with drift nets and Hess bottom samplers for four periods, each 1 week long in the ice free season of three years. We found 112 species in the arctic stream and 138 species in the subarctic stream in a chironomid-dominated community. In any sample period the communities contained 51–60 species in the arctic and 49–92 species in the subarctic. Between the four sample periods on average 39% and 50% of the species were present in two sequential samples in the arctic and subarctic stream, respectively. New immigrants, never before found in the system, averaged 37% and 31 % of the community, respectively. These systems are exposed to several intermediate disturbances: prolonged and variable freeze-up, extreme variation in discharge, wide diel and seasonal changes in temperature, and erosion by frazil and anchor ice. The dipterans that compose the most numerous and variable taxa must have variable diapause, ability to grow in cold waters, and good dispersal powers, even migrating across drainages in the arctic. Much of the seasonal dominance pattern appears therefore to be stochastic.
Planning youth violence prevention efforts: decision-making across community sectors.

Abstract Purpose: To identify practical components of decision-making for youth violence prevention program planning and to identify differences in decision-making across various provider sectors of the community. Methods: Data were collected in seven focus groups ( n = 82) representing seven key sectors of the community involved in youth violence prevention activities (e.g., educators, law enforcement officers, and healthcare providers). Discussion was guided by a series of open-ended questions that we developed. Transcript-based content analysis using NVivo software identified common themes among and across sectors. Results: Similarities and differences in planning and selecting prevention efforts were found across sectors. Educators targeted behaviors that disrupt the school process, while other sectors focused on precursors and concurrent factors of violent behavior and the development of desirable behaviors. Public health and public policy participants underscored outcome measures, benchmarks, and a match between funding and effective programs as essential elements. Youth identified the need for respect from adults and the recognition of positive youth behaviors. All groups noted the lack of a systematic method of considering potential programs, the importance of youth and parental involvement in efforts, the lack of a scientific base for many programs, concerns about exposure to violence, and inappropriate role models in multiple environments. Conclusions: Healthcare providers often participate in the development of youth violence prevention programs. Understanding similarities and differences in focus among key sectors of the community is essential in developing coordinated interdisciplinary approaches.
Kalrn plays key roles within and outside of the nervous system

The human KALRN gene, which encodes a complex, multifunctional Rho GDP/GTP exchange factor, has been linked to cardiovascular disease, psychiatric disorders and neurodegeneration. Examination of existing Kalrn knockout mouse models has focused only on neuronal phenotypes. However, Kalirin was first identified through its interaction with an enzyme involved in the synthesis and secretion of multiple bioactive peptides, and studies in C.elegans revealed roles for its orthologue in neurosecretion. We used a broad array of tests to evaluate the effects of ablating a single exon in the spectrin repeat region of Kalrn (KalSRKO/KO); transcripts encoding Kalrn isoforms containing only the second GEF domain can still be produced from the single remaining functional Kalrn promoter. As expected, KalSRKO/KO mice showed a decrease in anxiety-like behavior and a passive avoidance deficit. No changes were observed in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle or tests of depression-like behavior. Growth rate, parturition and pituitary secretion of growth hormone and prolactin were deficient in the KalSRKO/KO mice. Based on the fact that a subset of Kalrn isoforms is expressed in mouse skeletal muscle and the observation that muscle function in C.elegans requires its Kalrn orthologue, KalSRKO/KO mice were evaluated in the rotarod and wire hang tests. KalSRKO/KO mice showed a profound decrease in neuromuscular function, with deficits apparent in KalSR+/KO mice; these deficits were not as marked when loss of Kalrn expression was restricted to the nervous system. Pre- and postsynaptic deficits in the neuromuscular junction were observed, along with alterations in sarcomere length. Many of the widespread and diverse deficits observed both within and outside of the nervous system when expression of Kalrn is eliminated may reflect its role in secretory granule function and its expression outside of the nervous system.
Mathematics in Early Childhood Education: Revolution or Evolution?

Hachey (2013) aptly describes a recent surge in attention to mathematics for young children. The value of math for children as young as preschool age, however, was discovered before the 21st centur...
Suspected respiratory tract infection in the tracheostomized child: the pediatric pulmonologist's approach.

Study objectives It is difficult to determine, in the child with a long-term tracheostomy, when bacterial airway colonization has progressed to a respiratory infection requiring antibiotic treatment. Our aim was to investigate whether there is a consensus regarding this and related chronic care issues among clinicians treating these patients. Design and setting A questionnaire asking about practices regarding use of tracheal aspirate cultures and antibiotics was distributed to 47 pediatric pulmonary centers. Participants Individuals representing 34 centers (72%), caring for 10 to 400 patients, responded. Interventions None. Results At 65% of centers, management is variable, dependent on the patient's underlying condition. The most common indications to obtain a culture were change in secretions (91%) or fever without an obvious source (21 centers). Indications to treat with antibiotics included many leukocytes in secretions (21 centers) or a respiratory illness (18 centers). When treating, 97% prescribe antibiotics empirically, most often enterally; nine centers use inhaled antibiotics. In most centers (79%), management is often done by telephone. Conclusions Although pediatric pulmonologists tend to have similar approaches to assessment and management of suspected respiratory tract infections in tracheostomized children, no clear consensus exists, and much of current practice is empirical. To optimize care of these patients, studies should be conducted to develop criteria to objectively differentiate bacterial airway “colonization” from “infection.”
How to Deal with the Past

Abstract The conclusion first discusses the ways in which dealing with an authoritarian or totalitarian past is relevant to present concerns. It then analyses different approaches: honest reckoning and repentance, reconciliation and forgiveness, drawing a line between past and present, and forgetting the past or forging a new narrative about it. The importance of historical distance is analysed, followed by the problems of identifying who are perpetrators, accomplices, bystanders and victims. The next sections treat transitional justice, and the role and character of different national narratives, which sometimes creates a new myth of victimhood. ‘Collective memory’ and ‘selective memory’ are treated, concluding with a discussion of the limits of retribution and its role in successful democratisation.
Value, cost, and sharing: open issues in constrained clustering

Clustering is an important tool for data mining, since it can identify major patterns or trends without any supervision (labeled data). Over the past five years, semi-supervised (constrained) clustering methods have become very popular. These methods began with incorporating pairwise constraints and have developed into more general methods that can learn appropriate distance metrics. However, several important open questions have arisen about which constraints are most useful, how they can be actively acquired, and when and how they should be propagated to neighboring points. This position paper describes these open questions and suggests future directions for constrained clustering research.
Magnetization reversal in electrodeposited CoNi/Cu multilayer nanowires

Magnetization reversal and superparamagnetic behavior in electrodeposited CoNi/Cu multilayer nanowires with the CoNi layer thicknesses t(CoNi) ranging from nanometer to micrometer scales were investigated using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The angular dependence of the magnetization measurements with respect to the wire axis shows that CoNi/Cu nanowires exhibit different magnetization reversal processes depending on t(CoNi). The reversal for nanowires with thin disk-shaped CoNi layers (nanometer thickness) is of coherent rotation type, while that for long rod shaped CoNi layers (micrometer thickness) is consistent with a combination of coherent rotation and curling modes. The coercivity of the nanowires measured at room temperature decreases when t(CoNi) decreases (< 7 nm) and becomes nearly zero when t(CoNi) further decreases (< 2 nm), indicating a superparamagnetic behavior in the thin CoNi layers.
Relationships among applications of tacit knowledge and transformational/transactional leader styles: An exploratory comparison of the MLQ and TKML

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine intercorrelational relations among the self-report behavioral construct Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) 5X transformational and transactional subscales and the Tacit Knowledge for Military Leaders Inventory (TKML) leader-level specific situational judgment test scenarios. Design/methodology/approach – In total, two leadership measures, the behavioral construct MLQ and the cognitive construct TKML assess different aspects of how a leader functions and were administered to 125 active US Army officers representing three leader levels: platoon, company, and battalion. The authors examine the intercorrelational relationship between these two measures. Findings – Results show a correlational pattern that contours the evolution of a leader’s skills (from novice platoon leader to expert battalion leader), with the strongest correlation at the higher leader levels. Research limitations/implications – The decision to restrict the number of TKML scenarios ...
Progressive Loss of Memory T Cell Potential and Commitment to Exhaustion during Chronic Viral Infection

T cell exhaustion and loss of memory potential occur during many chronic viral infections and cancer. We investigated when during chronic viral infection virus-specific CD8 T cells lose the potential to form memory. Virus-specific CD8 T cells from established chronic infection were unable to become memory CD8 T cells if removed from infection. However, at earlier stages of chronic infection, these virus-specific CD8 T cells retained the potential to partially or fully revert to a memory differentiation program after transfer to infection-free mice. Conversely, effector CD8 T cells primed during acute infection were not protected from exhaustion if transferred to a chronic infection. We also tested whether memory and exhausted CD8 T cells arose from different subpopulations of effector CD8 T cells and found that only the KLRG1(lo) memory precursor subset gave rise to exhausted CD8 T cells. Together, these studies demonstrate that CD8 T cell exhaustion is a progressive developmental process. Early during chronic infection, the fate of virus-specific CD8 T cells remains plastic, while later, exhausted CD8 T cells become fixed in their differentiation state. Moreover, exhausted CD8 T cells arise from the memory precursor and not the terminally differentiated subset of effector CD8 T cells. These studies have implications for our understanding of senescence versus exhaustion and for therapeutic interventions during chronic infection.
Wavelet-Based Image Registration on Parallel Computers

Digital image registration is very important in many applications, such as medical imagery, robotics, visual inspection, and remotely sensed data processing. NASA s Mission To Planet Earth (MTPE) program will be producing enormous Earth global change data, reaching hundreds of Gigabytes per day, that are collected form different spacecrafts and different perspectives using many sensors with diverse resolutions and characteristics. The analysis of such data requires integration, therefore, accurate registration of these data. Image registration is defined as the process which determines the most accurate relative orientation between two or more images, acquired at the same or different times by different or identical sensors. Registration can also provide the absolute orientation between an image and a map.
Development of a subdural vein thrombosis following aggressive factor VII replacement for postnatal intracranial haemorrhage in a homozygous factor VII-deficient infant.

Congenital factor VII deficiency is a rare (1:500,000) autosomally recessive coagulopathy with variable expression and high penetration. In infants the most devastating presentation is that of intracranial haemorrhage. An infant is described with severe factor VII deficiency who developed postnatal intracranial haemorrhage. The baby was treated with factor VII concentrate (ImmunoA.G., Vienna, Austria). Three weeks after the haemorrhage he developed a dural venous sinus thrombosis. Although factor VII-deficient patients may need treatment with factor VII concentrate, this needs to be carefully monitored because of the thrombotic risk.