cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biliary atresia registry, 1976 to 1989

The Registry provides information about 904 children with biliary atresia from more than 100 institutions. There was a 1.4 to 1 female predominance; racial distribution was 62% caucasian, 20% black, 11% Hispanic, 4.2% asian, and 1.5% American Indian. Eight hundred sixteen (90%) underwent corrective surgery (median age at operation, 69 days). Intraoperatively, 70% had totally obliterated extrahepatic bile ducts, 22% had patency of the gallbladder and distal common duct, whereas only 8% had "correctable" biliary atresia (proximal duct patency). A variety of reconstructions were used, but the majority of patients had a Roux-en-Y portoenterostomy with or without exteriorization. Follow-up was available for 670 children (74%) with average length of follow-up of 5 years (range, 1 to 16 years). Five-year actuarial survival was 48% following Kasai's operation, but was less than 10% (at 3 years) if no operative correction was done. Survival was unaffected by sex, type of reconstruction, or cholangitis. Predictors of a bad outcome were (1) caucasian race; (2) operative age greater than 60 days; (3) presence of cirrhosis at initial biopsy; (4) totally nonpatent extrahepatic ducts; (5) absent ducts at the level of transection in the liver hilus; and (6) subsequent development of varices or ascites. Identification of factors predictive of the ultimate outcome provide a basis for either continued efforts with management of Kasai's operation or for early referral for liver transplantation.
On the Metabolic Relationship between the Calvin Cycle and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: IV. A Plant Survey for Anomalous Acetyl Coenzyme A.

Leaves of 10 randomly selected plants representing eight dicotyledonous families were exposed to 14CO2 for a 10-minute period in the light. Citrate and alanine were isolated, purified isotopically, and degraded to obtain the 14C-isotope distribution of corresponding carbon atoms, i.e. citrate (C-1,2) and alanine (C-2,3). The cited carbon atoms of alanine were equally labeled as is typical of a 3-carbon intermediate derived from photosynthetic 3-phosphoglycerate. The carbon atoms of citrate, equivalent to acetyl-CoA, were unequally labeled. The citrate (C-1,2) isotope ratio ranged from 1.20 to 1.78 for the various plants compared to a ratio of unity in the uniformly labeled control. The results infer that 3-phosphoglycerate produced in the chloroplast is not the singular precursor of mitochondrial citrate.
Circadian Rhythm in Pineal N-Acetyltransferase Activity: Phase Shifting by Dark Pulses (III)

N-Acetyltransferase activity (NAT) in the pineal gland has a circadian rhythm which is responsive to environmental light-dark cycles. The rhythm entrains to (synchronizes with or is phased by) light-dark cycles. To assess the means by which phase resetting is accomplished, the phase response of the pineal NAT rhythm to light pulses was examined using chicks (Gallus domesticus). When 4-h light pulses were imposed on chicks at intervals over a 24-h period of darkness and the time of the next rise in NAT was determined in darkness, it was found that: (1) pulses early in the subjective dark time delayed the rise in NAT, (2) pulses late in the subjective dark time advanced the rise in NAT, and (3) pulses in the subjective light time were relatively ineffective. These results are typical of a circadian phase response curve and show that an enzyme with a circadian rhythm is similar to other circadian rhythms studied.
Behavior of gynandromorphs of the wasp Habrobracon juglandis

Abstract A study was made of sex behavior for 276 gynandromorphs of the wasp Habrobracon juglandis. In general, gynandromorphs with male heads behaved like males, those with female heads behaved like females, and those with mosaic heads as either male or female or both. These observations corroborate those made by P. W. Whiting in 1932 and confirm his view that the site of sex behavior is in the brain. Correlations between sex behavior and the sex of various body structures showed clearly that sex behavior is unrelated to the thorax, abdomen and genitalia. The sex behavior of gynandromorphs does not seem to be related to the sex of the external sensors of the head but rather to the genotype of the brain.
Oikonomia Theou: the Theological Voice of 1 Timothy From the Perspective of Pauline Authorship

The point of this thought-experiment is to assess the theological character of 1 Timothy. The perspective assumed—not argued for—is that of Pauline authorship: at the very least, this means that the letter is to be read as a production of the Pauline mission under the authority of Paul himself within his lifetime.1 The reader of the present essay should constantly bear in mind that the goal here is not to demonstrate the validity of such a perspective but to use it as a way of viewing this literary composition from what is today considered an unusual angle.
Role of the lectin domain of Mac-1/CR3 (CD11b/CD18) in regulating intercellular adhesion.

Leukocytediapedesis requires that Mac-1/CR3-dependent adhesion be regulated so that cells can move from one attachment site to another. The high affinity adhesion state of Mac-1/CR3 is generated when it forms alectin-dependent complex with the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR; CD87). The extensively glycosylated uPAR binds to the same C-terminal lectin domain of CD11b that had previously been shown to prime Mac-1/CR3 for cytotoxic degranulation in response to β-glucan uPAR and β-glucan compete for a lectin site that is near to the CBRM1/23 epitope (residues 943–1047) at the C-terminus of CD11b, and thus the lectin domain is critical to both the adhesion and cytotoxic functions of Mac-1/CR3. Adhesion is reversed when the uPA enzyme is captured by its receptor (uPAR), causing uPAR to bind to CD11b at a second site (residues 424–440) that is in between the N-terminal I-domain and the divalent cation binding region.
The Hippocratic Oath and Contemporary Medicine: Dialectic Between Past Ideals and Present Reality?

The Hippocratic Oath, the Hippocratic tradition, and Hippocratic ethics are widely invoked in the popular medical culture as conveying a direction to medical practice and the medical profession. This study critically addresses these invocations of Hippocratic guideposts, noting that reliance on the Hippocratic ethos and the Oath requires establishing (1) what the Oath meant to its author, its original community of reception, and generally for ancient medicine (2) what relationships contemporary invocations of the Oath and the tradition have to the original meaning of the Oath and its original reception (3) what continuity exists and under what circumstances over the last two-and-a-half millenniums of medical-moral reflections (4) what continuity there is in the meaning of professionalism from the time of Hippocrates to the 21st century, and (5) what social factors in particular have transformed the medical profession in particular countries. This article argues that the resources for a better understanding of medical professionalism lie not in the Hippocratic Oath, tradition, or ethos in and of themselves. Rather, it must be found in a philosophy of medicine that explores the values internal to medicine, thus providing a medical-moral philosophy so as to be able to resist the deformation of medical professionalism by bioethics, biopolitics, and governmental regulation. The Oath, as well as Stephen H. Miles' recent monograph, The Hippocratic Oath and the Ethics of Medicine, are employed as heuristics, so as to throw into better light the extent to which the Hippocratic Oath, tradition, and ethics can provide guidance and direction, as well as to show the necessity of taking seriously the need for a substantive philosophy of medicine.
Absolute cross sections and excitation functions for α-particle-induced reactions of 165Ho, 164Er, 166Er and 167Er

Abstract Absolute cross sections and excitation functions for α-induced-reactions have been measured from 16 to 40.5 MeV by activation and stacked-foil techniques. The following reactions were observed: 165 Ho (α, n ) 168 Tm , 165 Ho (α, 2 n ) 167 Tm , 165 Ho (α, 3 n ) 166 Tm , 165 Ho (α, 4 n ) 165 Tm , 164 Er (α, n ) 167 Yb , 164 Er (α, 2 n ) 166 Yb , 164 Er (α, 3 n ) 165 Yb , 166 Er (α, 3 n ) 167 Yb , 166 Er (α, 4 n ) 166 Yb , 166 Er (α, pn ) 168 Tm , 167 Er (α, 4 n ) 167 Yb and 167 Er (α, p 2 n ) 168 Tm .
Some observations on unsymmetric radial basis function collocation methods for convection–diffusion problems

In this paper, we re-investigate the unsymmetric radial basis function (RBF) collocation method for solving convection–diffusion problems with high Peclet number as in Power and Barraco (Computers and Mathematics with Applications 2002; 43:551). By testing different RBFs and different numbers of nodes, we found that the unsymmetric method can still solve high Peclet number problems reasonably well by using more nodes and domain decomposition techniques. Compared to solving one large problem, the domain decomposition method is shown to be very efficient and can improve the accuracy especially when the Peclet number is not that high. From our tests, it seems that the RBFs r4 ln r and r8 ln r are not very stable, while r6 ln r, r5 and r7 perform very well. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological half-life of transfused antihaemophilic globulin (factor 8) in normal man.

SUMMARY The biological half-life of anti-haemophilic globulin (Factor VIII) was determined in two normal subjects. Using plasmapheresis, approximately 25 bags of plasma were collected from each over a 9-week period. From these plasma donations, cryoprecipitates were prepared and stored in the freezer. At the time of the study their pre-infusion Factor-VIII levels were carefully determined and then the pooled solutions of the cryoprecipitates rapidly administered and the post-infusion Factor-VIII levels determined serially. Although fluctuations in level interfered with the establishment of a smooth curve, the approximate half-life time was 2+ hours for each subject. It was concluded that the biological half-life for Factor VIII in the normal is no longer than, and possibly shorter than, that for the haemophilic subject and that this observation supports the hypothesis that haemophilia is a disease of inadequate synthesis of Factor VIII rather than of accelerated destruction.
Empirical calibration of a laser particle size analyzer for silica dust

An empirical calibration procedure for a non-ideal aerosol has been identified for the laser particle size analyzer (LPSA.) The procedure utilizes an SEM image analysis determined geometric size distribution for the calibrating silica dust aerosol. By comparing the size distributions of the LPSA and the SEM geometric size distribution at the same cumulative fraction, a new particle signal pulse voltage versus particle size curve can be developed. The calibration curve developed by this procedure could be used to measure (within instrument range) the geometric size distribution of silica dust produced from different manufacturing techniques and different equipment parameters for aerosol generation with good agreement to SEM size data. SEM operator controlled variables and count numbers have been identified as important error sources in establishing the empirical calibration.
Simulation of powder flow in a lab-scale tablet press feed frame: Effects of design and operating parameters on measures of tablet quality

Abstract The feed frame of a pharmaceutical tablet press is an important process component critical in defining both the total tablet mass and the amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) within the tablets. In addition to these quantities, the mechanical agitation of the feeder can cause attrition or over-lubrication of the powder blend or granulation flowing through the device. In order to better understand these effects, the discrete element method is used to model powder flow in a single paddle wheel feed frame of a laboratory-scale tablet press with varying particle, process, and equipment parameters. Results show that widely varying particle flow patterns and residence time distributions are achieved for varying paddle wheel shape, rotation direction, and rotation speed. Faster paddle wheel speeds generally lead to more uniform tablet masses whereas slower paddle wheel speeds perform less work on the particles (a surrogate for attrition) and move the particles a smaller distance (a surrogate for the extent of lubrication) in the feed frame before they enter a die and are compressed into a tablet. Finally, the effects of paddle wheel design and powder cohesion are also described.
Decrease in the number of erythrogenic elements in the blood-forming tissues as the cause of anemia in hypophysectomized rats.

Male rats weighing 400 g were hypophysectomized, and erythropoietic marrow distribution, determination of number of erythroid cells in marrow and spleen, and iron kinetic studies were done 75-85 days after hypophysectomy. Rats of the same age served as normal controls. Positron camera pictures of the distribution of erythropoietic marrow within the skeleton using 52Fe showed the erythroid marrow of the hypophysectomized rats to be concentrated in the thoracic and lumbar spine, with less erythropoietic marrow in the extremities and proximal caudal vertebrae than in the controls. Total number of nucleated erythroid cells in marrow plus spleen, red cell mass, and rate of hemoglobin synthesis per 100 g of body weight in hypophysectomized rats were approximately 55% of the values in normal rats. The estimated mean erythron life span and mean effective erythron hemoglobinization time were similar in the 2 groups studied. It is concluded that erythropoiesis is decreased in the long-term hypophysectomized rat bec...
The effect of chronic methionine deficiency on the tissue distribution of 60Co-cyanacobalamin in the rat

Abstract The effect of methionine deficiency on the metabolic fate of cyanocobalamin in rats was studied. No significant differences in the absorption and excretion of orally administered 60 Co-labeled cyanocobalamin were noted between methionine-deficient and methionine-supplemented groups. The retention of injected 60 Co-labeled cyanocobalamin by the kidney, liver, spleen and heart of methionine-deficient rats was higher than that of methionine-supplemented rats. These results suggest that there may be an increase in the utilization of vitamin B 12 to ameliorate methionine deficiency by sparing methyl group and/or by increasing methionine synthesis.
Wolves outperform dogs in following human social cues

Domestic dogs, Canis familiaris, have been shown capable of finding hidden food by following pointing gestures made with different parts of the human body. However, previous studies have reported that hand-reared wolves, C. lupus, fail to locate hidden food in response to similar points in the absence of extensive training. The failure of wolves to perform this task has led to the proposal that the ability to understand others' intentions is a derived character in dogs, not present in the ancestral population (wolves). Here we show that wolves, given the right rearing environment and daily interaction with humans, can use momentary distal human pointing cues to find food without training, whereas dogs tested outdoors and dogs at an animal shelter do not follow the same human points. In line with past studies, pet dogs tested indoors were successful in following these points. We also show that the reported failure of wolves in some past studies may be due to differences in the testing environment. Our findings indicate that domestication is not a prerequisite for human-like social cognition in canids, and show the need for additional research on the role of rearing conditions and environmental factors in the development of higher-level cognitive abilities.
Seasonal responses of the mixed-function oxygenase system in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin 1791), to urban-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) system components (cytochrome P450 and b5, “423 peak” and NADPH cytochrome c reductase) and body burdens of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined seasonally in oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin 1791), collected from an undeveloped estuary (North Inlet, SC) and an urbanized estuary (Murrells Inlet, SC). All MFO system components monitored in oysters from North Inlet demonstrated seasonal variations; levels were lowest during October 1992. Whole oyster PAH tissue levels were always higher in Murrells Inlet oysters compared with North Inlet oysters. Seasonal variation of PAH body burdens was evident in oysters from Murrells Inlet; the highest levels occurred during April 1993. Differences between the two estuaries were seasonally evident in most oyster MFO system components. Reductase activity was highest at the most contaminated Murrells Inlet site during October 1992 and April 1993. This seasonal variation was positively correlated to that of their PAH body burdens. Cytochrome P450 content was also elevated at the most contaminated site during April 1993. These results suggest that reductase activity and cytochrome P450 content in Murrells Inlet oysters were induced by the high PAH body burdens during April 1993 and indicate their potential as molecular biomarkers of PAH contamination.
Teaching Engineering Concepts through a Middle School Transmedia Book.

This article describes the background and experiences of three graduate students who co-authored a print-based transmedia book during the summer of 2013. The article provides information about why the transmedia engineering book was designed and provides an overview of the book’s creation process. The project was funded through a National Science Foundation grant awarded to the Department of Learning Technologies at a large North American university. The transmedia book focused on providing learning opportunities for middle school students taking part in the agricultural engineering process to solve authentic tasks through problem solving and technology. Quick Response (QR) codes, web resources, and fabrication manipulatives (2-dimensional cutter and 3-dimensional fabricator) were integrated into the content of the book. A companion website was created as a resource.
Clastogen-induced micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes: The basis of an improved micronucleus test

Micronuclei induced in bone marrow erythroblasts by clastogenic chemicals are easily detected in peripheral blood. In mice treated with nitrogen mustard, 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, or cyclophosphamide, the peak incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in peripheral blood was at least as great as the maximum incidence in bone marrow. In each case the peak incidence in blood occurred on the day following the peak incidence observed in bone marrow. Thus, for general genetic screening purposes, monitoring micronuclei in peripheral blood rather than in bone marrow smears provides at least equal sensitivity, offers greater simplicity in sample preparation and scoring, permits multiple sampling of treated animals, and may also facilitate automated scoring and human cytogenetic monitoring.
Impaired platelet function in glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency.

Platelet function was evaluated in 13 patients with Corl's type I, III, VI, and IX glycogen storage disease. Onlypatients with G-6-Pase deficiency demonstrated evidence of platelet dysfunction. The most prominent findings were prolonged bleeding time, reduced platelet adhesion, and defective collagen and epinephrine-induced aggregation. Nucleotide content of platelets was normal, but release of ADP was markedly impaired. These data suggest an intrinsic defect in the platelet release reaction. The reversibility of abnormal platelet function on days 10 to 12 of TPM suggests that the defect is secondary to the metabolic changes associated with G-6-Pase deficiency and occurs as the platelet is developing in the megakaryocyte rather than while circulating in the plasma.
Hyperphagia after midbrain lesions involving the medial lemniscus

Abstract Alterations of the caloric intake of cats were investigated after lesions in various regions of the midbrain exlusive of the periaqueductal gray matter and tectum. Electrolytic destruction of the dorsolateral or ventromedial tegmentum, the region dorsolateral to the red nucleus or its rostral pole plus the prerubal field or direct section of the inferior quadrigeminal brachia produced no significant alterations in intake. Moderately extensive bilateral destruction of the ventrolateral region was followed by hyperphagia. However, smaller lesions representing the medial extent of the larger ventrolateral lesions had no effect; whereas smaller lateral lesions involving the medical lemnisci were followed by hyperphagia. Lesions at the mesodiencephalic junction restricted to the region of the medial lemniscus were also followed by hyperphagia. A discussion of the various sources of afferent input which might be interrupted by such lesions is presented. A tentative hypothesis is offered that destruction of the medial lemniscus blocks either oropharyngeal or visceral input which has an immediate regulatory effect on intake. As a result overeating occurs until later acting metabolic influences finally result in satiation.
Intron mobility in the T-even phages: High frequency inheritance of group I introns promoted by intron open reading frames

Abstract Intron mobility in the T-even phages has been demonstrated. Efficient nonreciprocal conversion of intron minus (In − ) alleles to intron plus (In + ) occurred for the td and sun Y genes, but not for nrd B. Conversion to In + was absolutely dependent on expression of the respective intron open reading frame (ORF). Introns were inserted at their cognate sites in an intronless phage genome via an RNA-independent, DNA-based, duplicative recombination event that was stimulated by exon homology. The td intron ORF product directs the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA, targeting the site of intron integration. A 21 nucleotide deletion of the integration site abolished high frequency intron inheritance. These experiments provide a novel example of gene conversion in prokaryotes, while suggesting a molecular rationale for the inconsistent distribution of introns within highly conserved exon contexts of the T-even phage genomes.
Test-retest stability of the Satz-Mogel WAIS-R short form in a sample of normal persons 75 to 87 years of age

The test-retest stability of the Sati-Mogel short form was evaluated in a sample of 61 persons 75 years and older. Means for age, education, and retest interval were 78.93 years (SD = 3.46), 9.74 years (SD = 1.91), and 64.92 days (SD = 26.84), respectively. Test-retest coefficients were.87,.70, and.89 for the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scales, respectively. Subtest stability ranged from.28 to.83. While the stability of the Verbal and Full Scales was adequate, it was unacceptable for the Performance Scale. Percent agreement for gain or loss between the complete WAIS-R and the Satz-Mogel short form was 80.0% for the Verbal Scale, 55.7% for the Performance Scale, and 67.2% for the Full Scale. The Satz-Mogel procedure reduces the stability of the Performance Scale to an unacceptable level in normal elderly persons.
Rhodamine-Labeled 2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)tropane Analogues as High-Affinity Fluorescent Probes for the Dopamine Transporter

Novel fluorescent ligands were synthesized to identify a high-affinity probe that would enable visualization of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in living cells. Fluorescent tags were extended from the N- or 2-position of 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)tropane, using an ethylamino linker. The resulting 2-substituted (5) and N-substituted (9) rhodamine-labeled ligands provided the highest DAT binding affinities expressed in COS-7 cells (Ki = 27 and 18 nM, respectively) in the series. Visualization of the DAT with 5 and 9 was demonstrated by confocal fluorescence laser scanning microscopy in stably transfected HEK293 cells.
Geomorphology: Landscape texture set to scale

Why, in many landscapes, does ridge–valley spacing show such regularity? The combination of high-resolution data and an elegant model offers a solution to this long-standing puzzle, for some cases at least. Seen from above, it's clear that in many hilly landscapes the ridges and valleys appear uniformly spaced. Current physically based models of landscape evolution produce realistic looking topography, but cannot predict the 'wavelength' typical of evenly spaced ridges and valleys in natural landscapes. Taylor Perron and colleagues use equations of mass conservation and sediment transport to derive a characteristic length scale that is directly proportional to the ridge–valley wavelength in models of landform evolution and at five field study sites across the United States, including Nappa Valley in California and Point of the Mountain in Utah. The findings provide a quantitative explanation for one of the most widely observed characteristics of landscapes and suggest that valley spacing records the effects of material properties and climate on erosional processes.
Free networks: minimum norm solution as obtained by the inner adjustment constraint method

The main goal of this paper is to show that the solution obtained by adjusting a free network via the inner adjustment constraint method is the minimum norm solution. The latter is a special case of the class of “minimum trace” solutions, where the trace of the variance-covariance matrix for the adjusted parameters is a minimum. The derivations are carried out in terms of pseudo-inverses, the various other forms of generalized inverses having been left out of consideration.
Multiple magnetic flux entry into superconducting quantum-interference devices (SQUIDs): A general way of examining the cosphi conductance

A new type of experiment is proposed for obtaining information about the cosphi conductance of the Josephson effect. Based on measurement of fluxoid entry into a superconducting ring broken by a Josephson junction, the technique is to operate in the low-damping regime for which the voltage excursions associated with fluxoid entry are small. For this case, the constant-voltage expression containing the cosphi conductance should be valid. It is shown that the erraticity associated with the low-damping regime has a predictable statistical pattern, which is rather insensitive to noise but quite sensitive to the cosphi term. A shunt resistance can be used to vary the average voltage. Statistics can be accumulated over a large number of similar loops, or over one or a few loops at slightly varying bath temperature between runs, or even over one loop at one temperature provided the noise at the junction has appropriate properties. Thus, the technique would appear to be capable of estimating the controversial coefficient of the cosphi term as a function of voltage and temperature for any type of junction for which low damping can be achieved.
Microchemical analysis of retina layers in pigmented and albino rats by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy is a powerful technique that can be used to collect infrared spectra from microscopic regions of tissue sections. The infrared spectra are evaluated to chemically characterize the absorbing molecules. This technique can be applied to normal or diseased tissues. In the latter case, FT-IR microspectroscopy can reveal chemical changes that are associated with discrete regions of lesion sites, which can provide insights into the chemical mechanisms of disease processes. In the present study, FT-IR microspectroscopy was used to analyze sections of retina from normal (pigmented) and albino rats. The outer segments of retinas from pigmented animals were found to have unusually strong absorption values for CzC-H unsaturation and carbonyl functional groups. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a major constituent of lipids in the outer segments, also had particularly high absorption values for these functional groups, which suggests that it is responsible for those enhanced absorption values. Absorbance values for the unsaturation and carbonyl functional groups were substantially reduced in the outer segments of retinas from albino animals. This finding, together with data from other studies on light-induced oxidative events in the retina, indicates a loss of DHA by a light-induced mechanism in albino animals. The outer nuclear layer had strong absorbance values for H-C-OH and PzO functional groups, which is likely due to the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA. The outer and inner plexiform layers were found to contain greater concentrations of CH(2) and CzO functional groups than the outer and inner nuclear layers, which is due to the high concentration of synaptic connections in the former layers. In summary, FT-IR microspectroscopy revealed a unique chemical profile in the outer segments compared to other retinal layers, and this profile was altered in albino animals.
The Religious Institutional Base and Violent Crime in Rural Areas

Research on the relationship between religion and crime has typically focused on individual religiosity and delinquency, or moral communities and crime at the macro level. This study extends prior research by delineating the sociological implications of a strong religious institutional base, and investigating the ties between the religious institutional base and violent crime across rural communities. Multivariate regression analysis of Uniform Crime Report data on violent crime, Census of Churches and Church membership data, and U.S. Census data circa 2000 reveal that rural violent crime rates on average are consistently lower where there are more churches per capita. This relationship holds net of the overall adherence rates, the presence of civically engaged religious adherents, and the presence of conservative Protestant adherents. Moreover, regional variations are evident, with the South and the Midwest-two highly religious regions of the country-sustaining most of the observed institutional effects.
Serum S-100β Response to Exercise-Heat Strain before and after Acclimation

Exercise alone or in combination with environmental heat stress can elevate blood S-100[beta] protein concentrations. However, the explanatory power of exercise with marked environmental heat stress on the appearance of S-100[beta] is questionable. It is possible that the process of heat acclimation might afford additional insight. Purpose: Determine the S-100[beta] response to moderate-intensity exercise with heat strain before and after heat acclimation. Methods: Nine healthy male volunteers completed 10 consecutive days of heat acclimation consisting of up to 100 min of treadmill walking (1.56 m[middle dot]s-1, 4% grade) in the heat (45[degrees]C, 20% relative humidity). Changes in HR, rectal temperature (Tre), and sweat rate (SR) were examined to determine successful acclimation. Area under the curve (AUC) for Tre greater than 38.5[degrees]C was calculated to assess cumulative hyperthermia. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise on days 1 and 10 and were analyzed for serum osmolality and S-100[beta] concentration. Results: All subjects displayed physiological adaptations to heat acclimation including a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in final HR (161 to 145 bpm) and Tre (39.0 to 38.4[degrees]C), as well as a modest (~10%) increase in SR (1.10 to 1.20 L[middle dot]h-1; P = 0.09). No differences were observed in pre- to postexercise serum S-100[beta] concentrations on day 1 or 10, and no differences were observed in S-100[beta] values between days 1 and 10. No significant correlations were found between S-100[beta] values and any variable of interest. Conclusions: S-100[beta] concentrations do not necessarily increase in response to exercise-heat strain, and no effect of heat acclimation on S-100[beta] could be observed despite other quantifiable physiological adaptations.
Photochemical and chemical oxidation of alpha-dimine-dithiolene metal complexes: insight into the role of the metal atom.

[Pd(bpy)(bdt)], 2 (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine, bdt = 1,2-benzenedithiolate), was prepared in good yield by the reaction of bdtNa2 with [(bpy)PdCl2] in DMSO. The analogous nickel complex, 1, was prepared in a similar reaction using MeOH/CH2Cl2 and [(bpy)NiCl2·dmf]2. Both 1 (a = 7.9920(1) A, b = 11.4385(1) A, c = 16.1415(1) A, β = 103.327(1)°, V = 1435.86(2) A3, Z = 4) and 2 (a = 8.1631(5) A, b = 11.4379(7) A, c = 16.2475(10) A, β = 103.7010(10)°, V = 1473.84(12) A3, Z = 4) crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c and are isostructural with their previously reported platinum analogue. In accord with the results observed for platinum but not nickel, photochemical oxidation of 2 in DMF provides the monosulfinate complex [Pd(bpy)(bdtO2)], 4, along with a minor amount of the corresponding disulfinate [Pd(bpy)(bdtO4)], 5, while chemical oxidation yields only the latter. 4 cocrystallizes with 5 in the monoclinic space group P21/c (a = 8.026(3) A, b = 14.600(6) A, c = 13.371(3) A, β = 101.80(3)°, V = 1533.8(9) A...
GENETIC DAMAGE AS A FUNCTION OF LET.

Treatment of radiobiological data taken with different LET distributions in order to determine the true curve of response versus JET is demonstrated. For chromosomal aberrations in Tradescantia neither the energy average nor the track average LET is appropriate for plotting data. For chromatid aberrations in Tradescantia an empirical fit was obtained with a marked peak in sensitivity near 65 kev/ mu . Finally, general speculations on the variation of radiosensitivity with LET are offered. (auth)
LATE OUTCOME AFTER SUCCESSFUL BALLOON DILATATION OF BLALOCK-TAUSSIG VARIANT SHUNT STENOSIS

Complications after successful angioplastic dilatation of pulmonary artery narrowings have been well documented, and are known to include rupture and death.1 Transient unilateral pulmonary edema, resolving within a few days after dilatation has occurred.2 Successful dilatation of stenosed Blalock-Taussig (B-T) shunts, both classic and modified, has been performed for palliation in selected patients.2–4 This report notes a late complication of shunt angioplasty—the development of excessive pulmonary blood flow.
A direct comparison of unconscious face processing under masking and interocular suppression

Different combinations of forward and backward masking as well as interocular suppression have been used extensively to render stimuli invisible and to study those aspects of visual stimuli that are processed in the absence of conscious experience. Although the two techniques—masking vs. interocular suppression—obviously differ both in their applications and mechanisms, only little effort has been made to compare them systematically. Yet, such a comparison is crucial: existing discrepancies in the extent of unconscious processing inferred from these two techniques must be reconciled, as our understanding of unconscious vision should be independent of the technique used to prevent visibility. Here, we studied similarities and differences between faces rendered invisible by masking vs. interocular suppression using a priming paradigm. By carefully equating stimulus strength across the two techniques, we analyzed the effects of face primes with the same viewpoint (repetition priming, Experiment 1) and of face primes with a different viewpoint (identity priming, Experiment 2) on the reaction times for a fame categorization task. Overall, we found that the magnitude of both repetition and identity priming largely depended on stimulus visibility. Moreover, when the primes were subjectively invisible, both repetition and identity priming were found to be qualitatively stronger under masking than under interocular suppression. Taken together, these results help refine our understanding of which level of visual processing each technique disrupts, and illustrate the importance of systematic methodological comparisons in the field of unconscious vision.
An Experimental Study of the Factors Influencing Apparent Wetting Phase Residual Saturation in Dynamically Drained Porous Media

When a porous medium drains, the wetting phase saturation in the medium [the fractional volume of wetting phase (often water) in the pores] is typically observed to approach a minimum value, referred to as the wetting phase residual saturation ( $$S_{\text {wr}}$$ ). While many simulators of unsaturated and multiphase flow assume $$S_{\text {wr}}$$ to be a single value for a given fluid and porous medium system, there is considerable evidence that $$S_{\text {wr}}$$ may be a dynamic property, with its value a function of the rate of saturation change. The objective of this work was to study this relationship, with emphasis on understanding the effect of drainage rate on the apparent residual ( $$S_{\text {wr-apparent}}$$ ) at moderate capillary pressures and over short time frames. Dynamic unsaturated drainage experiments were conducted to explore this relationship. A total of 61 experiments were conducted, involving 363 individual secondary drainages. Experiments covered a total of four different porous media, and three wetting phases. Results indicate that systems that exhibit greater resistance to flow (lower mean grain size and higher kinematic viscosity) also exhibit a greater sensitivity in $$S_{\text {wr-apparent}}$$ to drainage rate. An imaging experiment was conducted to examine whether the source of the relationship could be observed through continuum-scale imaging. Results of the imaging were able to rule out membrane desaturation artifacts as a cause of the relationship, but were unable to identify significant differences in fluid configurations between fast and slow drainages that might lead to the observed effects.
Ultralow-Power Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Interconnects for Subthreshold Circuits

Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) interconnects, though seem promising, have fundamental and practical limitations. The resistance of individual SWNTs is quite large because of which dense SWNT bundles are needed. However, there has been little progress in wafer-level fabrication of horizontal bundles of densely packed nanotubes. This letter reports that individual SWNTs can be used as interconnects in subthreshold circuits to improve delay and energy-per-bit by up to 5 times and 6 times, respectively. In light of recent advances in wafer-level fabrication of long aligned isolated SWNTs, the presented results can potentially open up a new and less challenging path toward SWNT interconnects.
The Development of Children's Problem Solving in a Gears Task: A Problem Space Perspective

I examined two contexts of development in children's problem solving: (1) the macro-context of different age cohorts (8–9 vs 11–12 years of age); and (2) the micro-context of an approximately one-hour experimental session. Twenty subjects (even divided across sexes and these two age groups) were individually presented a collection of variously sized gears, a board onto which these gears could be easily attached and rotated, and a knob. Each subject was asked to find all solutions, in which two marked gears were turning the same way, and to represent these solutions graphically. Subjects applied four different problem spaces to the task: the Euclidean, the Kinematic, the Dynamic, and the Topological. The Arithmetic Modifier could be applied to any of these problem spaces, resulting in a numerical characterization of the gear constructions and/or production strategies. The 11–12's tended to shift problem spaces adaptively; the 8–9's seldom did so. Analysis of the pathways of transition between the problem spaces revealed a complex picture of partial or complete incorporation, and substitution.
The effect of teratogenic antiserum on yolk-sac function in rat embryos cultured in vitro

The teratogenicity of rabbit anti-rat visceral yolk-sac antiserum, injected into pregnant rats at either 8·5 or 9·5 days of gestation, has been confirmed. Normal rabbit serum was found not to be teratogenic. When conceptuses from 9·5-day pregnant rats were cultured for 48 h in heat-denatured homologous serum, to which antiserum was added for the final (or the penultimate) 6 h of culture, embryonic development was normal. The protein contents of embryos and yolk sacs (at harvesting) were however decreased. When antiserum was present in cultures for the final 6 h, pinocytosis by the yolk sac, as measured by the uptake of 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), was decreased to an extent related to the concentration of antiserum in the culture medium and to a minimum level of about 40%. The presence of antiserum in cultures for the penultimate 6 h only, with 125I-labelled PVP present for the final 6 h only, produced an identical result. No uptake of radioactivity into the embryo was observed, in either the absence or presence of antiserum. When conceptuses were cultured for the final 6 h in vitamin- and glucose-supplemented dialysed homologous serum whose proteins were [3H]leucine-labelled, the presence of antiserum for either the final or penultimate 6 h again resulted in a decrease in the uptake of radioactivity by conceptuses. Uptake of radioactivity into yolk sac and embryo was decreased by the same amount, indicating that proteolysis in yolk-sac lysosomes was not inhibited. In parallel control experiments in which normal rabbit serum replaced rabbit anti-rat visceral yolk-sac antiserum, no effects on embryonic development, on protein contents of yolk sacs and embryos at harvesting, or on the uptake of radioactivity by conceptuses were observed. These results are interpreted as providing evidence that teratogenic antibodies decrease pinocytosis of protein by visceral yolk sac at the early organogenesis stage and consequentially decrease the availability of amino acids and thus protein synthesis in both yolk sac and embryo. It is proposed that this effect constitutes the mechanism of action of teratogenic antisera.
Development of hand‐arm bimanual intensive training (HABIT) for improving bimanual coordination in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy

Constraint-induced (CI) movement therapy is a physical intervention that has been receiving increasing attention in pediatric rehabilitation. So far, the evidence suggests that practice associated with CI therapy may improve impaired unimanual hand function in some children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). However, CI therapy has several important limitations. Most importantly, children with hemiplegia have impairments in bimanual coordination beyond their unilateral impairments. Thus, an intervention approach to increase functional independence during activities of daily living by using both hands in cooperation is needed. Here we briefly review the etiology of hemiplegic CP, describe studies of pediatric CI therapy efficacy in relation to the etiology, discuss the conceptual and practical limitations of CI therapy for this population, and describe bimanual coordination impairments in children with hemiplegia. Finally, we introduce a new intervention for children with hemiplegia, hand-arm bimanual intensive training (HABIT), to address the limitations of CI therapy and to improve bimanual coordination. HABIT retains the two major elements of pediatric CI therapy (intensive structured practice and child-friendliness). The proposed methodology demonstrates that extensive targeted practice can be provided in a child-friendly manner without using a physical restraint, although the efficacy of such an approach remains to be determined.
A comparison of MRI and laparoscopy in detecting pelvic structures in cases of vaginal agenesis.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether laparoscopy improves detection of uterine structures over MRI in cases of vaginal agenesis. Design: Prospective case series. Setting: Ambulatory pediatric gynecology clinic in a tertiary care children's hospital. Participants: Subjects with vaginal agenesis who had an MRI to detect uterine structures. Main Outcome Measures: A chart review identified subjects with vaginal agenesis who had an MRI to assess mullerian structures. The MRI findings were correlated with physical exam, presenting symptoms, and operative findings. We assessed degree of agreement between laparoscopy and MRI in patients both with and without pelvic pain to determine sensitivity and specificity of MRI in predicting uterine structures confirmed on laparoscopy. Results: Twenty-two subjects with vaginal agenesis were identified and 14 had both an MRI and laparoscopic evaluation. MRI successfully predicted uterine anomalies in six cases (43%) and lack of uterine structures in one case (8%). MRI diagnosis did not correlate with laparoscopic findings in the remaining seven cases (50%). Among subjects presenting with no complaints of pelvic pain (n = 6), three had negative MR imaging but positive laparoscopy. Using laparoscopy as a gold standard, MRI had a sensitivity of 53% for accurately detecting uterine anomalies confirmed on laparoscopy. Conclusion: Laparoscopy improves detection of uterine structures over MRI alone in women with vaginal agenesis.
Decomposition constructions for secret-sharing schemes

The paper describes a very powerful decomposition construction for perfect secret-sharing schemes. The author gives several applications of the construction and improves previous results by showing that for any graph G of maximum degree d, there is a perfect secret-sharing scheme for G with information rate 2/(d+1). As a corollary, the maximum information rate of secret-sharing schemes for paths on more than three vertices and for cycles on more than four vertices is shown to be 2/3. >
Theory of necking localization in unconstrained electromagnetic expansion of thin sheets

Abstract Certain sheet metal alloys of industrial interest show a significant increase in ductility, over conventional forming methods, when high speed electromagnetic processes are used. The present work models the necking localization of a metal sheet during an electromagnetic process and examines the factors that influence this process. A Marciniak–Kuczynski “weak band” model is used to predict the onset of necking of a thin sheet under plane stress, an idealization of the local conditions in a thin sheet subjected to unconstrained electromagnetic loading. It is found that electromagnetic forming (EMF) increases ductility over quasistatic techniques due to the material’s strain-rate sensitivity, with ductility increasing monotonically with applied strain rates. The electric current also increases onset of necking strains, but the details depend on thermal sensitivity and temperature-dependence of the strain-rate sensitivity exponent. Given the insensitivity of the results to actual strain profiles, this local type analysis provides a useful tool that can be used for ductility predictions involving EMF processes.
Oxidation Dynamics of Aluminum Nanorods

Understanding of combustion of metastable intermolecular composites, including the burning of aluminum nanoparticles, is critical for broad applications such as propulsion, explosives and other pyrotechnics. Aluminum nanorods (Al-NR) with oxidized shells are good candidates for stable fuel-oxidizer combinations. We investigate the oxidation dynamics of Al-NRs of different diameters (26, 36 and 46 nm) but the same aspect ratio using molecular dynamics simulations. We heat one end of the Al-NR to 1100 K and then study the oxidation reaction at the interface of the alumina shell and the Al core. We find: (1) heat produced by oxidation causes the melting of nanorods; (2) heat release is accelerated due to Al-O reaction at outside-shell and core-shell interfaces; and (3) the larger surface-to-volume ratio causes faster burning of thinner nanorods. We present results for the oxidation speed of nanorods.