cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex Sentence Comprehension and Working Memory in Children With Specific Language Impairment

Purpose This study investigated the association of 2 mechanisms of working memory (phonological short-term memory [PSTM], attentional resource capacity/allocation) with the sentence comprehension of school-age children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 2 groups of control children. Method Twenty-four children with SLI, 18 age-matched (CA) children, and 16 language- and memory-matched (LMM) children completed a nonword repetition task (PSTM), the competing language processing task (CLPT; resource capacity/allocation), and a sentence comprehension task comprising complex and simple sentences. Results (1) The SLI group performed worse than the CA group on each memory task; (2) all 3 groups showed comparable simple sentence comprehension, but for complex sentences, the SLI and LMM groups performed worse than the CA group; (3) for the SLI group, (a) CLPT correlated with complex sentence comprehension, and (b) nonword repetition correlated with simple sentence comprehension; (4) for CA children, neith...
DISORDER AND POLYMORPHISM IN TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM METAPERIODATE

An improved synthesis is reported for N(CH3)4+IO4-, and its structure, low-temperature phase transition, polymorphism, and rotational disorder were studied by vibrational spectroscopy, differential...
Phenotypic and immunoregulatory characteristics of monocytic iris cells.

Summary The introduction of antigen into the anterior chamber of an eye induces the antigen-specific suppression of cell-mediated immunity and the antigen-induced production of immunoglobulin G2 antibodies. To define further the role of iris monocytic cells in the systemic suppression of cell-mediated immunity that follows the entry of foreign antigen into the anterior chamber, murine iris wholemounts or cell suspensions of iris cells were stained with fluorescent anti-F4/80 and/or anti-CD11c, anti-CD11b antibodies and examined by confocal microscopy or flow cytometry, respectively. Monocytic cells in iris cell suspensions were recovered from mice receiving an injection of trinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (TNP-BSA) into an anterior chamber and Percoll-enriched iris cells separated into cells expressing F4/80 or CD11c were injected intravenously into TNP-BSA-immunized or naive recipients. The recipients were challenged to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) or were provided with splenocytes or thymocytes that transfer the suppression of DTH. The homing of monocytic bone marrow cells to the iris was determined by the intravenous injection of bone marrow cells from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic donors into C57 mice, and the staining of recipient iris wholemounts with anti-F4/80 antibodies. Iris cells with a dendritic morphology expressing both F4/80 and/or CD11c and CD11b, some cells expressing only F4/80 or CD11c, were detected. The irides of irradiated GFP– mice that received intravenous GFP+ bone marrow cells contained GFP+ F4/80+ cells. F4/80+ and CD11c+ cells from the irides of donors that received intracameral TNP-BSA transferred the suppression of DTH when injected intravenously into TNP-BSA-immunized recipients, activated immunoregulatory thymocytes and activated antigen-specific splenic regulatory effector cells. These results support the hypothesis that iris monocytic cells may participate in the systemic induction of regulatory T cells.
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Didemnin B: How EF-1α Mediates Inhibition of Translocation†

The antineoplastic cyclic depsipeptide didemnin B (DB) inhibits protein synthesis in cells and in vitro. The stage at which DB inhibits protein synthesis in cells is not known, although dehydrodidemnin B arrests translation at the stage of polypeptide elongation. Inhibition of protein synthesis by DB in vitro also occurs at the elongation stage, and it was shown previously that DB prevents EF-2-dependent translocation in partial reaction models of protein synthesis. This inhibition of translocation displays an absolute requirement for EF-1alpha; however, the dependence upon EF-1alpha was previously unexplained. It is shown here that DB binds only weakly to EF-1alpha/GTP in solution, but binds to ribosome. EF-1alpha complexes with a dissociation constant K(d) = 4 microM. Thus, the inhibition of protein synthesis by DB appears to involve an interaction with both EF-1alpha and ribosomes in which all three components are required. Using diphtheria toxin-mediated ADP-ribosylation to assay for EF-2, it is demonstrated that DB blocks EF-2 binding to pre-translocative ribosome.EF-1alpha complexes, thus preventing ribosomal translocation. Based on this model for protein synthesis inhibition by DB, and the proposed mechanism of action of fusidic acid, evidence is presented in support of the Grasmuk model for EF-1alpha function in which this elongation factor does not fully depart the ribosome during polypeptide elongation.
A sufficient optimality theoriem for protoconvex programs

We establish two first order sufficient optimality theorems; one for unconstrained nonlinear minimization problem, and the other for constrained nonlinear minimization problems, both with non-differentiable protoconvex or quasiconvex data functions that are not necessarily locally Lipschitz
Phase-resolved measurements in a gas-injected liquid bath

Abstract The local phase volume fraction, bubble frequency, bubble velocity and phase resolved temperature distributions were measured in vertical air-injected water and air-injected multifluor™ inert fluid baths under different injection conditions. An electroresistivity probe was employed for determination of the local volume fraction, bubble arrival frequency and bubble velocity. The phase resolved temperatures were measured using a microthermocouple. The phase resolved temperature measurements are reported for the first time in these types of flow systems. The measurements showed that in the region close to the injection point, the gradients of the flow variables exhibit steep changes in radial and axial directions.
Modeling geoscience data in a multisensory virtual environment

In this article, the author describes his ongoing efforts to combine high-quality 3D graphics, haptics (from the Greek word haptesthai, to grasp or to touch), and sonification (the use of sound for "visualization") into multisensory systems to interactively manipulate geoscientific data. These systems could facilitate many complex tasks that geoscientists in academia and industry face today, lead to new insights, and solve problems in less time. This research applies to many different geoscience branches, but here the author focuses on the oil and gas industry because he spent the last five years working in this domain. While many large oil companies are using interactive visualization (with large stereo screens in virtual theaters), the author focuses more on the application of haptics, a type of virtual reality, and briefly touches on geoscientific data sonification, an extensive topic by itself.
A study of hydrogenation in a high-purity silicon crystal

Abstract High-purity silicon crystal specimens have been hydrogenated in several ways. It appears that the incorporation and diffusion of hydrogen in silicon crystals are defect-related in nature.
Anchialine Cyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Galapagos Islands, with a review of the subfamily Paracypridinae

The five species of Cyprididae collected from anchialine habitats of the Galapagos Islands include Paracypris crispa, previously described from marine caves and reefs on Bermuda, and the freshwater species Strandesia stocki, which is widely distributed in wells of the West Indies. Three new species, Dolerocypria ensigera, Mungava recta and Hansacypris galapagosensis, contribute to more precise understanding of these circumtropical genera. A review of known soft-anatomical characters for 68 species of Paracypridinae, five of which are transferred to different genera, reveals too many inconsistencies for a simple hypothesis. The current classification of Paracypridinae into three tribes and 18 genera may be overly subdivided, and elevation of Paracypridinae to family rank is not warranted.
Intraobserver and interobserver reliability in assessment of neonatal cranial ultrasounds.

Abstract Intraobserver and interobserver reliability in assessing neonatal cranial ultrasounds for periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PVH-IVH) is not well studied; therefore, studies were designed to address this. For intraobserver reliability 180 cranial ultrasounds (360 hemispheres) were randomly selected from > 2000 ultrasounds and read twice by one radiologist in a blinded fashion. Ninety-eight percent were interpreted identically; of the 2% reinterpreted differently, all were initially abnormal but normal on the second reading. The least agreement occurred when interpreting ventricular size. Only four infants (1.1%) were placed in an unfavorable prognostic category (grades III and IV) on the first reading and a favorable prognostic category on the second interpretation (no bleed, grades I and II). To determine interobserver reliability, 20 sonograms were interpreted by eight independent observers representing five institutions. Using the multiple rater kappa κ statistic, we determined interobserver agreement on overall impression (normal vs. abnormal), presence and extent of PVH-IVH (i.e. grade), presence of residual cyst, and ventricular dilatation. Greatest degree of agreement occurred when determining normal vs. abnormal, residual cyst, no bleed, and grades III and IV PVH-IVH. Poorest agreement occurred when reading grades I and II PVH-IVH and ventricular dilatation. After condensing interpretations of cranial ultrasounds into two prognostic categories, i.e. favorable (no bleed, grades I and II) and unfavorable (grades III and IV), there was excellent agreement among the observers.
The laser as an analytical probe in glow discharge mass spectrometry

A pulsed dye laser was used alone and in combination with an auxiliary glow discharge for diagnostic studies. We have compared the mass ablation rate and ion signal in high vacuum and in the presence of an ambient buffer gas. Laser pulse energy and repetition rate were studied over the analytical range of the system. The effect of ambient gas pressure on redeposition was determined for three different gases: helium, neon, and argon. The laser/auxiliary discharge system was also shown to have analytical utility for the analysis of nonconducting samples. Spectra are included to illustrate the enhancement of the laser atomization/discharge ionization scheme over laser atomization/ionization.
Elevated testosterone and hypergonadotropism in active adolescents of normal weight with oligomenorrhea

Abstract Study Objective Oligomenorrhea in active adolescent females of normal weight is presumed to be related to hypoestrogenism secondary to physical activity and decreased fat mass. We hypothesized that active adolescents with oligomenorrhea would have lower estrogen levels than normal controls with similar levels of cardiovascular fitness. Design/Participants Twenty healthy participants between the ages of 16 and 20 years were recruited at least 2 years postmenarche. Adolescents reporting fewer than 9 cycles a year (n = 6) were compared to 14 controls with monthly menstrual cycles. Histories of eating disorder, hirsutism, severe acne, depression, or amenorrhea were cause for exclusion. Main Outcome Measures Body composition and bone density were measured by total body dual x-ray absorpitometry. Cardiovascular fitness was evaluated by measuring oxygen consumption during exercise. Control subjects were matched by age, body mass index (BMI), and fitness level. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol were obtained. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.1. Results Cardiovascular fitness in both groups was within normal limits for age. No significant differences in BMI, estradiol concentrations, or bone density were found, but trunk fat mass was lower in adolescents with oligomenorrhea who also reported more frequent exercise. Testosterone concentrations and LH/FSH ratios were significantly higher in participants with irregular menstrual cycles (P = 0.0018 and Conclusion Adolescents with oligomenorrhea were leaner, yet they had higher testosterone levels and a greater LH/FSH ratio than their BMI-matched, cyclic counterparts. We hypothesize that, in active adolescents of normal weight, elevated androgen and LH concentrations are linked to ovarian dysfunction, which can masquerade as exercise-induced oligomenorrhea.
Linear thermo-viscoelasticity of isotactic polypropylene

Observations are reported on injection-molded isotactic polypropylene in torsion oscillation tests at various temperatures from room temperature to T ¼ 150 C, as well as in torsion relaxation and bending creep tests in the range of temperatures between 30 and 80 C. Constitutive equations are derived for the viscoelastic response of a semicrystalline polymer at three-dimensional deformations with small strains. A polymer is treated as an equivalent transient network of strands connected by junctions (entanglements, physical cross-links on the surfaces of crystallites and lamellar blocks). The network is thought of as an ensemble of meso-regions with various activation energies for rearrangement of strands. The distribution of meso-domains is described by a generalized Gaussian function. The time-dependent behavior of the ensemble reflects separation of active strands from their junctions and merging of dangling strands with the network. The rearrangement events occur at random times, when the strands are excited by thermal fluctuations. Stress–strain relations involve five material constants that are found by fitting the experimental data. Good agreement in demonstrated between the observations and the results of numerical simulation. The study concentrates on the effect of temperature on the adjustable parameters. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Should I or shouldn't I: decision making, knowledge and behavioral effects of quadrivalent HPV vaccination in men who have sex with men.

Prior to FDA licensure in men, a surgical practice (SG) offered the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (qHPV) off-label to men who have sex with men (MSM). We administered a written or telephone survey to MSM to elicit drivers and barriers to vaccination, sexual behavior changes post-vaccination, and knowledge. 191 subjects enrolled: 68 refused qHPV, 71 received qHPV 1 year ago. History of HPV infection (86%, n=164) and level of HPV and qHPV knowledge were high, with a mean of 10.8 of 13 knowledge questions correct. Ninety-seven percent of participants understood that qHPV does not cure present infection or disease. MSM refused qHPV for reasons including cost and not FDA approved; prevention of future HPV infection was the paramount driver for immunization. Vaccination did not affect sexual behavior.
Survival after multimodality treatment for stage IIIC endometrial cancer

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to review our results of multimodality treatment of lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer (stage IIIC). Study Design: All patients underwent surgical staging for endometrial cancer with complete pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy. All macroscopic nodal metastases were resected. Patients with microscopic nodal metastasis received adjuvant teletherapy, whereas those with macroscopic nodal metastasis received chemotherapy (carboplatin AUC 5 and paclitaxel 135 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks for 6 courses) followed by teletherapy. Results: Twenty-one patients had stage IIIC disease, and one had stage IVB (inguinal nodal metastasis). Sixty-four percent of tumors were poorly differentiated. Fifty-five percent of patients had pelvic nodal metastasis only and 41% had macroscopic nodal metastasis. At a median follow-up of 3.8 years, 32% of patients had recurrence, all extrapelvic. Overall mean survival was 48 months and progression-free survival was 40 months. Overall survival for microscopic nodal metastasis was >60 months versus 35 months for macroscopic metastasis. Overall survival for pelvic nodal metastasis was 53 months versus 42 months for aorticinguinal metastasis. There were no complications from lymphadenectomy, a 22% chemotherapeutic toxicity, and a 14% radiation toxicity. Conclusion: Our surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation treatment protocol for stage IIIC endometrial cancer produced minimal toxicity and good survival. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1071-3.)
A model for the diffusive growth of hydrate saturation anomalies in layered sediments

[1] Sediment particles affect the phase behavior of gas hydrates, both by increasing the surface energy where pore geometry forces hydrate crystals to attain high curvatures and through wetting interactions that cause aqueous films to coat particle surfaces. These effects produce only slight changes to the gas solubility through most of the hydrate stability zone, so the particle size has only a modest influence on the rate of hydrate accumulation when the sediments are homogeneous. In hydrate reservoirs, however, discontinuous changes in sediment properties are common and such stratigraphic boundaries often coincide with hydrate anomalies. These anomalies are a natural consequence of variations in subsurface sediment properties. By accounting for sediment-hydrate interactions, I show how compositional diffusion supplies the growth of hydrate spikes in coarse-grained sediments immediately adjacent to hydrate-free regions (HFRs) in more fine-grained sediments where the solubility is slightly elevated. Over timescales comparable with Milankovitch cycles, hydrate spikes are typically less than a meter in width and contain essentially all of the hydrate that would have otherwise occupied the much larger adjacent HFR if sediment heterogeneities were absent. Hydrate can form in the more fine-grained sediments only once the spike achieves a sufficiently high saturation level (often >90% of pore volume) that the solubility is continuous across the stratigraphic boundary. The wetting interactions that stabilize much of the residual liquid when hydrate forms an interconnected skeleton spanning many pore diameters can also partially unload sediment particle contacts, and lead to the growth of segregated hydrate nodules and lenses.
Codeine disposition in smokers and nonsmokers.

The bioavailability of codeine and extent of its transformation to morphine were studied in 12 smoking and 11 nonsmoking subjects after single doses of 60 mg IM codeine and 60 mg codeine sulfate orally, given 1 wk apart. Codeine and morphine plasma concentrations over the 12-hr period after drug were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). No differences were found between smokers and nonsmokers with respect to maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of codeine, time to attain this concentration (tmax), codeine plasma half-life (t½), or areas under plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) for codeine or morphine. There was a faster, but clinically unimportant, mean apparent plasma clearance in smokers (52.8 ± 2.3 (SEM) ml/min/70 kg) than in nonsmokers (45.0 ±2.1 ml/min/70 kg) after intramuscular injection only. Mean oral codeine bioavailability in smokers (54.8 ± 4.9%) and in nonsmokers (50.2 ± 2.1%) did not differ. Plasma morphine AUC values were higher after oral doses than after intramuscular injections, suggesting a first-pass O-demethylation of codeine. For six of these subjects plasma morphine AUC values were very low after both routes of administration, suggesting less O-demethylation of codeine in these than in the remaining 17 subjects. The observation of higher morphine AUC values after oral codeine, coupled with clinical reports of greater analgesic potency with intramuscular codeine, does not support the hypothesis that the analgesic properties of this drug are mediated entirely by biotransformation to morphine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 218–227; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.151
Trade as if children mattered

The use of abusive child labor in developing countries is investigated in terms of its violation of the fundamental human rights of children and its role in international production and trade. Evaluates efforts to eliminate the use of child labor in the knotted carpet and soccer ball industries through the use of corporate codes of conduct and product labeling. Given the limits to these voluntary efforts, explores existing and proposed linkages between international labor standards and trade policy as means to protecting the health and moral wellbeing of children.
Implementation of the medical research curriculum in graduate medical school.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the medical research curriculum on the students' satisfaction and the research self-efficacy. METHODS The curriculum was implemented to 79 graduate medical school students who entered in 2007 and 2008. This curriculum is implemented through 3 years consisting of 5 different sub-courses: Research design, Research ethics, Medical statistics, Writing medical paper, and Presentation. The effect of this program was measured with 2 self-administered surveys to students: the course satisfaction survey and the self-efficacy inventories. The Research Self-Efficacy Scale consisted of 18 items from 4 categories: Research design, Research ethics, Data analysis, and Result presentation. The descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were implemented. RESULTS The average point of satisfaction of the course was 2.74 out of 4, which told us that students generally satisfied with the course. The frequencies of tutoring for research course were 2 or 3 times on average and each session of tutorial lasted 1.5 to 2 hours. The research self-efficacy in three categories (Research design, Research ethics, and Result presentation) increased significantly (p<0.1). The self-efficacy of the male students was higher than females' one. The self-efficacy was not significantly different by the experience of research paper writing at undergraduate level. CONCLUSION The curriculum showed positive results in cultivating research self-efficacy of students. There is a need for improvement of the class of Statistical analysis as students reported that it was difficult.
When Images Cause Trouble

When do images cause trouble? One goal of this special issue is to discuss recent controversies in visual communication from a variety of fields—including photojournalism, social media, advertising...
Estimation of the Tryptophan Requirement of Male Broiler Chickens

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the response of the male broiler chick to tryptophan (TRP) supplementation. Chicks were fed from 7 to 18 or 7 to 20 days posthatch either a grain sorghum-soybean meal diet containing .16% TRP, supplemented with 0, .02, .04, .06, .09, or .11% L-TRP, or a corn-soybean meal positive control diet containing .25% TRP. Levels of TRP in all diets were confirmed by ion-exchange chromatography using an alkaline hydrolysis. The test diet contained 15.34% CP (N × 6.25) from intact ingredients and 20% CP (N × 6.25) when supplemented with other amino acids to 110% of National Research Council recommendations in 1984. No improvement in gain or feed efficiency was observed with chicks fed the grain sorghum-soybean meal diet at any level of TRP supplementation. Feed utilization but not weight gain of the chicks fed the TRP-supplemented test diets was significantly poorer than that of chicks fed the corn-soybean meal positive control diets. These results suggest that the TRP requirement of the young (0 to 21-day-old) broiler chicken is no greater than .16% of a diet containing 3,200 kcal ME/kg.
Education as a philanthropic enterprise: the dissenting academies of eighteenth‐century England

This article explores the relationship between philanthropy and education in the context of eighteenth‐century Protestant Dissent. More particularly, it examines the intersection between philanthropy, fund‐raising and educational administration as they evolved within the institutional lifecycle of the collegiate Dissenting academies. It argues that individual academies experienced at least three of four life stages, each of which had its own unique challenges. All academies went through the first two of these stages, namely ‘foundation’ and ‘maintenance’. Whether or not an academy experienced the last two stages – ‘transition’ and ‘dissolution’ – depended on factors such as the financial strength of an academy and the reliability of its principal supporters. To illustrate these stages and their philanthropic subtexts, the article focuses on three institutional ‘traditions’, those of the Northampton Academy and its successors, the Warrington Academy, and Trevecca College and its successor Cheshunt College.
Teaching Behaviors: Reliability of Measurement.

Reilability ratings were conducted on 18 operationally defined teacher behaviors within four competency-based teacher education categories: (a) Planning Instruction, (b) Methodology, (c) Behavior Management, and (d) Classroom Management. Percentages of agreement were calculated on product and performance sections of an observational checklist independently completed by the project director and a project consultant for each of 20 sessions. Agreements on the Product/Performance, Spring/Summer sessions and on the total checklist were all in the acceptable range of reliability, indicating a basically reliable assessment instrument. The question as to whether teaching behaviors can be objectively evaluated can be affirmed.
On the Use of Rotating Hydraulic Models

Abstract Two problems regarding the use of rotating hydraulic channel flow models are addressed. The first concerns the difficulties encountered when trying to identify the “potential” depth for a flow of uniform (but nonzero) potential vorticity in a practical situation. Guidelines are given to cheek whether a chosen value of the potential depth is consistent with the rotating hydraulic theory. The second problem deals with the applicability of the so-called zero potential vorticity approximation. It is shown that the accuracy of this approximation depends on the ratio of the channel width to the Rossby radius of deformation (based on the potential depth) and the ratio of the fluid depth to the potential depth. To establish when this simplified model yields an accurate approximation of a flow of constant (but nonzero) potential vorticity, the two models are compared for a variety of channel geometries.
Influence of chloride in mortar made of Portland cement types II, III, and V on the near-field microwave reflection properties

Corrosion of steel rebar in reinforced concrete structures, can be induced by the presence of chloride in the structure. Corrosion of steel rebar is a problematic issue in the construction industry as it compromises the strength and integrity of the structure. Although techniques exist for chloride detection and its migration into a structure, they are destructive, time consuming and cannot be used for the interrogation of large surfaces. In this investigation three different portland cement types; namely, ASTM types II, III and V were used, and six cubic (8' X 8' X 8') mortar specimens were produced all with water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.6 and sand-to-cement (s/c) ratio of 1.5. Tap water was used when producing three of these specimens (one of each cement type). For the other three specimens calcium chloride was added to the mixing tap water resulting in a salinity of 2.5%. These specimens were placed in a hydration room for one day and thereafter left it the room temperature with low humidity. The reflection properties of these specimens, using an open-ended rectangular waveguide probe, were monitored daily at 3 GHz (S-band) and 10 GHz (X-band). The results show the influence of cement type on the reflection coefficient as well as the influence of chloride on the curing process and setting time.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A meta-analysis of physiological and behavioral responses of parasitoid wasps to flowers of individual plant species

Abstract This meta-analysis summarizes published information on the use of various plant species by parasitoid wasps. Trials measured either a physiological response such as wasp longevity when supplied with flowers from a single plant species, or a behavioral response like attraction of wasps to field plantings. The log response ratio was the effect size used to standardize estimates and meta-analyses were conducted to make overall estimates for plant species included in multiple trials. Physiological response trials have been conducted on 126 different plant species and behavioral response trials tested 104 plant species. The log response ratio of different plant species ranged from 0 to 2.7 for longevity, and up to 4.1 for attraction. The longevity response ratio estimate is equivalent to a nearly 15-fold increase in the ratio of days longevity with the flower to days longevity in the starvation control. Wasp longevity increased the most with plants in the Polygonaceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae, Solanaceae, and Rosaceae. Plant species in the Onagraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae tended to slightly increase wasp life spans, but their effect was lower and less consistent among species. There were a number of families which did not increase wasp longevity over the controls at all such as Chenopodiaceae. This review can help identify plant species which have been proven to supply nectar for parasitoids for potential use in a conservation biological control program, but plant selection should not be limited to the small list of species that were included in these studies.
Expression of c-fos, fos B, and egr-1 in the medial preoptic area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during maternal behavior in rats.

The spatial and temporal pattern of expression of the protein products of immediate early genes (IEGs) c-fos, fos B, and egr-1 were mapped in medial preoptic area (MPOA) and ventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (VBST) during maternal behavior in rats. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated significant increases in the number of cells expressing c-Fos after 2 h of pup exposure, while Fos B levels showed a delayed response, reaching maximal levels after 6 h.
Paradoxical Hormonal and Behavioral Responses to Hypothyroid and Hyperthyroid States in the Wistar–Kyoto Rat

Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats show endogenous depressive behavior that can be reversed by antidepressants. Given that WKYs exhibit decreased sensitivity to some antidepressants and treatment-resistant depressed patients often show hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) dysregulation, we examined the behavioral and HPT hormonal responses of WKYs to altered thyroid status. “Euthyroid” WKYs had elevated basal plasma TSH and T3 levels as compared to Wistars. Hypothyroidism increased TSH levels more in WKYs than in Wistars and increased response latency in the open field test (OFT) of WKYs only. Administration of T4 and T3 suppressed plasma TSH equally in both strains. Wistars responded to increased T3 levels with decreased response latency and increased activity in the OFT, but increased immobility in the forced swim test. In contrast, WKYs responded only to the high T3 levels with decreased response latency in the OFT. These results suggest the existence of a decreased central nervous system sensitivity to thyroid hormones in WKYs that could be related to their depressive behavior.
Pyrimidine biosynthesis in rat brain.

—Studies on the incorporation of [14C]NaHCO3 into both orotic acid and RNA in tissue slices reveal the occurrence of the complete orotate pathway for the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines in the rat brain. A comparison of the rates of incorporation of bicarbonate into orotic acid and RNA in tissue slices of brain and liver indicate the brain to be one-fourth to one-half as active as the liver in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines. The results of this study favor the proposal that the adult rat brain can meet its needs for pyrimidines through de novo synthesis and is not dependent upon salvage activity and an extraneural supply of pyrimidines.
Minimum-Time Trajectory Optimization of Multiple Revolution Low-Thrust Earth-Orbit Transfers

The problem of determining high-accuracy minimum-time Earth-orbit transfers using low-thrust propulsion is considered. The optimal orbital transfer problem is posed as a constrained nonlinear optim...
Ejaculatory urine incontinence after radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives Urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction remain the long-term complications that affect most patients’ lives after radical prostatectomy. Previous reports evaluating incontinence have focused on volumes of urine loss and daily pad use to assess these issues. We have observed that small volumes of urinary incontinence during sexual activity can be just as disconcerting to patients. We attempt to further describe and assess the phenomenon of urinary incontinence with ejaculation in a series of patients. Methods We reviewed the experience of one physician who received referrals for the treatment of erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy from July 2002 to March 2005 and identified 26 men experiencing urine leak predominantly during ejaculation. Questionnaires assessing urinary incontinence were sent to all these patients. Results The mean age was 62 years (range 54 to 73). Sixteen patients underwent bilateral nerve-sparing, five unilateral nerve-sparing, and five nonnerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy. At a median follow-up of 42 months (range 15 to 118), all patients had experienced urine leakage (volume 0.5 teaspoon to 1 cup) during ejaculation. The incontinence questionnaire revealed that most patients had mild incontinence; however, they experienced ejaculatory urine incontinence “most, or all of the time” and considered it a “big problem.” Conclusions Although the prevalence of ejaculatory urine incontinence is unclear, in our experience it occurs often enough to be considered a part of the routine postprostatectomy evaluation. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of postprostatectomy incontinence will lead to targeted therapy and an improved quality of life for the patient.
Willingness to Take a Free Home HIV Test and Associated Factors among Internet-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men

Objectives: Online HIV prevention studies have been limited in their ability to obtain biological specimens to measure study outcomes. We describe factors associated with willingness of men who hav...
Calculating status with negative relations

Abstract A new measure of status or network centrality that takes into account both positive and negative relationships is suggested. This measure is based on the eigenvector measure of centrality, a standard measure in network research. Its use is illustrated with data from Sampson's well-known study of monks in a monastery.
Optimal short scan convolution reconstruction for fan beam CT

The problem of using a divergent fan beam convolution reconstruction algorithm in conjunction with a minimal complete (180 degrees plus the fan angle) data set is reviewed. It is shown that by proper weighting of the initial data set, image quality essentially equivalent to the quality of reconstructions from 360 degrees data sets is obtained. The constraints on the weights are that the sum of the two weights corresponding to the same line-integral must equal one, in regions of no data the weights must equal zero, and the weights themselves as well as the gradient of the weights must be continuous over the full 360 degrees. After weighting the initial data with weights that satisfy these constraints, image reconstruction can be conveniently achieved by using the standard (hardwired if available) convolver and backprojector of the specific scanner.
Sources of Northeast Pollution

In the article, "Amplification and adaptation in regulatory and sensory systems" by D. E. Koshland, Jr., A. Goldbeter, and J. B. Stock (16 July, p. 220), the following errors should be corrected. On page 221, the ordinate on figure 1 was incorrect. The correct figure is given below. On page 223, in the first column, 23 lines from the bottom, the number 9 should be replaced by the number 7. [See Figure in the PDF file]
Fast algorithms for power grid analysis based on effective resistance

The size of on-chip power distribution networks is increasing with each technology generation. Accurate and computationally efficient analysis of these power distribution networks has therefore become increasingly challenging. High performance power distribution networks are generally implemented as a uniform mesh structure. The uniformity of these power distribution networks can be exploited for fast, accurate nodal analysis. A closed form expression is presented here for determining the voltage at any arbitrary node in a power distribution network. The error of the proposed method as compared with SPICE is less than 0.2%. Since no iterations are required, the proposed method significantly outperforms previously proposed power grid analysis techniques in terms of computational speed while exhibiting low error.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of Mo metal surface exposed to sulfate-reducing bacteria

Molybdenum (Mo) is known for its roles in microbial enzymes and in enhancing the corrosion resistance of engineering alloys. In this study, Mo coupons were exposed to a sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) culture Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and then changes in surface chemical states were analyzed by XPS and pitting resistance by potentiodynamic polarization in deaerated 0.1 M HCI. Further investigation was conducted using XPS after potentiostatic polarization of the SRB-exposed Mo coupons at - 160 mV SCE in deaerated 0.1 M HCI. The samples were analyzed with and without the presence of biofilm. Control samples were prepared in uninoculated medium. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed two effects: the surface stability of Mo coupon was compromised due to MoS 2 formation during exposure to SRB; and molybdate formation induced by bacterial H 2 S production was inhibitory to sulfate reduction by forming Mo(V)-S complexes with intermediate sulfur-containing amino groups and proteins. The Mo(V)-S complexes were sparingly soluble and thus protective in the hydrochloric solution.
Two-step mechanism for the nucleation of crystals from solution

Abstract A line of recent theories and simulations have suggested that the nucleation of crystals might, under certain conditions, proceed in two steps: the formation of a droplet of a dense liquid, metastable with respect to the crystalline state, followed by ordering within this droplet to produce a crystal. Here, experimental tests are discussed of the applicability of this mechanism to the nucleation of ordered solid phases: crystals, or linear, planar, branched, or otherwise ordered aggregates, of proteins and small-molecule materials from solution. The main arguments stem from results on the kinetics of homogenous nucleation of crystals of the protein lysozyme. These results indicate that under a very broad range of conditions the nucleation of lysozyme crystals occurs via a modification of the theoretically postulated mechanism—as a superposition of fluctuations along the order parameters density and structure. Depending on whether the system is above or below its liquid–liquid coexistence line, a density fluctuation may never or may selectively lead to the formation of a dense liquid droplet; in the former case the high-density region, the “quasi-droplet”, is metastable also with respect to the dilute solution. In both cases, the molecules contained in the high-density region may attain an ordered arrangement, i.e., a structure fluctuation is superimposed on the density fluctuation and a crystalline nucleus obtains. This outlook on the nucleation of ordered solids from dilute phases suggests that the rate of nucleation can be controlled either by shifting the phase region of the dense liquid phase, or by facilitating the structure fluctuations within a dense liquid droplet or quasi-droplet. Results from literature indicate that the proposed two-step nucleation mechanism and the related tools for nucleation control may be applicable to the formation of crystalline and non-crystalline ordered solid phases of other, protein and non-protein materials, from solution.
Arsenic incorporation in InAsP/InP Quantum Wells

InAsP/InP multiquantum well structures were grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy using either As2 or As4 over a substrate temperature range of 420–535°C. All quantum wells had similar arsenic compositions with a 2.2% standard deviation regardless of arsenic species or growth temperature. This temperature insensitivity of arsenic incorporation in InAsP is in sharp contrast to InGaAsP in which arsenic composition is very sensitive to both substrate temperature and gallium percentage in the compound. The insensitivity of arsenic incorporation in InAsP to substrate temperature may result from growth in a phosphorus rich condition with indium as the only available cation.
Magnetic Bearings for Precision Linear Slides

Early uses of scanning tunneling microscopes indicate that many areas of science could greatly benefit if centimeter scale objects could be probed on an atomic scale. This could be accomplished by the development of a linear slide having one Angstrom resolution and a one-tenth meter range of travel. Magnetic suspension technology has been proposed as an ideal candidate for the suspension of the linear slide. This technology is attractive since it combines low noise, excellent positioning accuracy, zero wear, and requires no lubrication. The paper examines the feasibility of developing a magnetic suspension with a required resolution exceeding one Angstrom and establishes the requirements for this suspension. The achievable resolution is shown to be determined by position measurement accuracy, suspension gain, suspension bandwidth, and disturbance force levels. Expected disturbance force levels from ground motion, air currents, and acoustic effects are projected. Given the expected disturbance force levels, measurement accuracy, and required controller performance, a magnetic suspension could be developed which would provide resolution better than the one Angstrom required.
Periodic solutions to some difference equations over the integers

In this paper, we investigate periodic integer solutions {a n } to where r is a rational number. We show that solutions can only exist, if − 1 ≤ r ≤ 1/2 and we give several infinite families of rs, for which the above recurrence has periodic solutions in the integers.
Characterization of Skn-1a/i POU Domain Factors and Linkage to Papillomavirus Gene Expression

Tissue-restricted POU domain transcription factors, which bind octamer or octamer-like gene sequences, play roles in cellular differentiation and the development of several organs. We have previously identified a POU domain gene, Skn-1a/i, expressed primarily in epidermis, that encodes at least two products through alternative splicing. One of these, Skn-1a, acts as a transcriptional activator, and the other, Skn-1i, contains an inhibitory domain in the NH2 terminus, which prevents DNA-binding in vitro and transcriptional activationin vivo. We now demonstrate that when Skn-1i is expressed in eukaryotic cells it can bind to an octamer site, suggesting thatin vivo cellular factors modulate the activity of the inhibitory domain to permit DNA-binding. Yet the inhibitory domain does not allow transactivation by Skn-1i or by a heterologous transactivator containing this domain in cis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Skn-1a, Tst-1, and Oct-1 are the major octamer-binding proteins in epidermis. Since Skn-1a is primarily expressed in suprabasal cells of the epidermis, we have tested its possible role in the regulation of epidermal papillomaviruses. In transient transfection assays, Skn-1a and Tst-1 can activate the long control region of the epidermis-specific human papillomavirus 1A (HPV-1A). Consistent with these in vivo transcription data, in vitro DNA binding studies identify three octamer-like sites, which are capable of binding Skn-1a, in the HPV-1A long control region. Mutations of all three octamer-like sites prevent transactivation by Skn-1a in transient transfection assays. Taken together, these results provide evidence that Skn-1a and Tst-1 may provide a molecular link between HPV gene expression and epidermal differentiation.
Raising High-Density Lipoprotein in Humans Through Inhibition of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein: An Initial Multidose Study of Torcetrapib

Objective— The ability of the potent cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor torcetrapib (CP-529,414) to raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in healthy young subjects was tested in this initial phase 1 multidose study. Methods and Results— Five groups of 8 subjects each were randomized to placebo (n=2) or torcetrapib (n=6) at 10, 30, 60, and 120 mg daily and 120 mg twice daily for 14 days. Torcetrapib was well tolerated, with all treated subjects completing the study. The correlation of plasma drug levels with inhibition (EC50=43 nM) was as expected based on in vitro potency (IC50 ≈50 nM), and increases in CETP mass were consistent with the proposed mechanism of inhibition. CETP inhibition increased with escalating dose, leading to elevations of HDL-C of 16% to 91%. Total plasma cholesterol did not change significantly because of a reduction in nonHDL-C, including a 21% to 42% lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol at the higher doses. Apolipoprotein A-I and E were elevated 27% and 66%, respectively, and apoB was reduced 26% with 120 mg twice daily. Cholesteryl ester content decreased and triglyceride increased in the nonHDL plasma fraction, with contrasting changes occurring in HDL. Conclusions— These effects of CETP inhibition resemble those observed in partial CETP deficiency. This work serves as a prelude to further studies in subjects with low HDL, or combinations of dyslipidemia, in assessing the role of CETP in atherosclerosis.
Web site credibility: Why do people believe what they believe?

This research investigates university students’ determinations of credibility of information on Web sites, confidence in their determinations, and perceptions of Web site authors’ vested interests. In Study 1, university-level computer science and education students selected Web sites determined to be credible and Web sites that exemplified misrepresentations. Categorization of Web site credibility determinations indicated that the most frequently provided reasons associated with high credibility included information focus or relevance, educational focus, and name recognition. Reasons for knowing a Web site’s content is wrong included lack of corroboration with other information, information focus and bias. Vested interests associated with commercial Web sites were regarded with distrust and vested interests of educational Web sites were not. In Study 2, credibility determinations of university students enrolled in computer science courses were examined for 3 provided Web sites dealing with the same computer science topic. Reasons for determining Web site inaccuracy included own expertise, information corroboration, information design and bias. As in Study 1, commercial vested interests were negatively regarded in contrast to educational interests. Instructional implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Template-based real-time dwell scheduling with energy constraint

This paper addresses the scheduling problem of radar dwells in multi-function phase array radars. Well-known and new challenges make it difficult to provide predictable performance for real-time dwell scheduling. We developed the template-based scheduling algorithm to guarantee the performance requirement with low on-line overhead. Simulation results show that the template-based scheduling approach increases utilization and provides predictable performance.