cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diversification and germ-line determination

The species richness of extant metazoan phyla displays a strong association with the ontogenetic timing of germ-line determination. Taxa with early ontogenetic determination of the germ-line are characterized by low species number relative to taxa with late or variable determi- nation. A test for a similar association in fossil taxa is compromised by the fact that all phyla displaying early determination of the germ-line are small, soft-bodied groups which lack a reliable fossil record. To the extent that this correlation reflects causality, patterns of evolutionary diver- sification have been decidedly non-random. The fact that ontogenetic timing of germ-line deter- mination defines the extent to which genetic variation arising during the course of ontogeny may be inherited suggests a possible causal foundation for the pattern.
Arthritis and Women's Health: Prevalence, Impact, and Prevention

Introduction Our objectives were to review the prevalence and impact of arthritis in women and to present information regarding strategies for prevention of arthritis in women. Discussion Arthritis is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions in the United States and the most prevalent chronic condition in women. In addition, arthritis is one of the leading causes of disability and limitations in activities of daily living, and its economic, psychological, and social impact is enormous. Some of the effects of arthritis, such as medical care costs and lost wages, are easily translated into economic terms, but others, such as the inability to play sports, a reduction in housekeeping activities, or pain, are not. Conclusions Although arthritis is the most frequent and disabling chronic condition among women, its public health importance has not been previously emphasized. Public health agencies and health care providers should consider the following strategies to reduce the impact of arthritis among women: (1) promote primary prevention of arthritis through weight reduction and the reduction of sports- or occupational-related joint injury and (2) encourage the early detection and appropriate management of arthritis in women through use of medical and physical therapy, exercise, and established educational programs.
Engineering the Mechanical Properties of Monolayer Graphene Oxide at the Atomic Level.

The mechanical properties of graphene oxide (GO) are of great importance for applications in materials engineering. Previous mechanochemical studies of GO typically focused on the influence of the degree of oxidation on the mechanical behavior. In this study, using density functional-based tight binding simulations, validated using density functional theory simulations, we reveal that the deformation and failure of GO are strongly dependent on the relative concentrations of epoxide (−O−) and hydroxyl (−OH) functional groups. Hydroxyl groups cause GO to behave as a brittle material; by contrast, epoxide groups enhance material ductility through a mechanically driven epoxide-to-ether functional group transformation. Moreover, with increasing epoxide group concentration, the strain to failure and toughness of GO significantly increases without sacrificing material strength and stiffness. These findings demonstrate that GO should be treated as a versatile, tunable material that may be engineered by controllin...
Organizational Approaches: General Principles

This chapter reviews approaches to reduce restraint at the level of organizations. It begins by reviewing the six principles of the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors approach to restraint reduction which have been used extensively in psychiatric services, but may be useful more generally. These principles include leadership toward organizational change, using data to inform practice, workforce development, specific restraint and seclusion tools, peer roles in patient settings, and rigorous debriefing. The chapter describes examples of such practices. It also identifies counter-habilitative practices, such as denial, word magic, and euphemism for restrictive practices, cheating with data and management practices that implicitly and explicitly undermine restraint reduction. Examples are given from several contexts and populations. The chapter includes data collection and analysis tools and model data sheets that organizations can use to track and evaluate their efforts to reduce restraint and other restrictive behavior management practices.
Cognitive Enrichment Toughens

Will the crosswords make me smarter? You probably know already that mental stimulation is important for preserving cognitive capacities, especially as we approach our elderly years. Here, I examine the research that assesses just how much we are kept mentally sharp by lifetimes of mentally stimulating activities and by the proliferating programs designed to keep us mentally on track. Moreover, if a life filled with either mental stimulation or the commercially produced stimulation programs improve our cognitive abilities, do they grow our brains and improve our neurochemistry in measurable ways? Where, and how?
Building the Foundation of Acceptance Book by Book: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and/or Transgender-Themed Books for Grades K–5 Multicultural Libraries

AbstractThis article is an analysis of picture books and chapter books involving lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or transgender characters. Over 30 picture and chapter books were reviewed, each of which would be appropriate for use in elementary classrooms. For grades K–2, several picture books highlight different types of families, including families that have two moms or two dads. For grades 3–5, four chapter books that subtly and matter-of-factly include same-sex parents or lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender characters are recommended. A discussion focuses on the significance of including lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or transgender families and characters in the school-sanctioned curriculum beginning in the elementary grades. Families with same-sex parents is an increasing demographic in the United States; an inclusive curriculum would allow all children to see their families represented. For elementary students with “traditional” families, an inclusive curriculum extends their conceptions of family,...
What Makes a Difference to Children's Health in Rural China? Parental Migration, Remittances, and Social Support

Abstract:China is undergoing a remarkably large scale of rural-to-urban migration. In many cases this migration is individual rather than familial due to a variety of constraints, causing widespread separate living arrangements. Guided by an inquiry about the impacts of parental migration on children’s physical and mental health in rural China, the present study asks the following question: what roles do remittances and social support play in left-behind children’s health outcomes? The findings highlight the disadvantaged situation experienced by children whose both parents are migrants and point to the promising countervailing functions of remittances and family support in protecting these children from mental health decline. However, friend support does not seem helpful in the absence of parent(s), and a larger number of good friends even increase the risk of getting sick. Interestingly, my analysis also reveals a possible nonmonetary effect of remittances level, which may reflect a family’s economic re...
Catalytic Effect of Solvent Vapors on the Spontaneous Formation of Caffeine–Malonic Acid Cocrystal

Caffeine (a model pharmaceutical mimic) and malonic acid (a common excipient partner) are known to form a molecular cocrystal spontaneously over about 1 week when their powders are mixed at ambient conditions. We report the dramatic catalytic acceleration of this reaction when the mixture of powders is exposed to vapors of common laboratory solvents. Acetone and methanol vapors show rate enhancements over 1000-fold, effecting quantitative conversion in less than 5 min. The reaction progress was tracked ex situ by powder X-ray diffraction, and products were verified by 13C solid-state NMR. Our data show no evidence of an intermediate phase. Gravimetric experiments show that solvent vapor uptake is not stoichiometric and is reversible. This rare example of gas phase catalysis of supramolecular transformations has important implications for a deeper mechanistic understanding of diffusion-controlled solid–solid reactions.
Determining the Penetration Threshold for an ASA 5500 Firewall

The technology of today is dramatically more advanced than it was 30 years ago. With fiber optic cables becoming ever more present and the rapid expansion of storage, the volume of data passing through these devices is also becoming more abundant. Over time, it has become easier to launch many kinds of attacks. These attacks are often launched from one computer sending huge amounts of spoofed data for several minutes. It is no surprise then that multiple computers launching an attack will create a dire situation regardless of which PC or server is being attacked. A Denial of Service (DoS) attack occurs when an attacker floods a computer or server with illegitimate data so that the system will deny service to a legitimate user [3]. This occurs because that system is now lacking the resources to handle any more data. A Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack is the same idea, but amplified. A DDoS attack involves multiple systems striking a single target and flooding that target with data, overloading the target's computers, servers, and firewalls [3]. This often causes the physical devices to exhaust and deny legitimate requests. As if that wasn't enough, the attacker can plant a virus or Trojan in the system once they gain access to further sabotage the target. These types of attacks are very damaging to companies all around the world. That is where the Cisco ASA 5500 series firewall comes in. In this paper, we will be examining how efficiently a firewall of this type can defend against a DoS attack and a DDoS attack, and what adverse effects are displayed after the attacks have occurred.
Objective and Subjective Indices of Well-Being: Resolving the Easterlin Happiness–Income Paradox

Easterlin (The Public Interest 30:3–10, 1973) found that at any given point in time both among and within nations, measures of subjective well-being such as happiness or life satisfaction vary directly with levels of income, but over relatively long periods of time, such as 10 years or more, happiness does not increase when a country’s income increases. This paradox has motivated much research and commentary over the past four-plus decades. This chapter commences with a review of the paradox and the prior research literature and commentaries. It then describes the conceptual foundations and empirical properties of the US Child and Youth Well-Being Index (CWI). To assess the paradox within the context of trends in the CWI , two empirical comparisons are described. The first compares trends in a time series of overall life satisfaction responses for a continuous time series of annual national samples of US high school seniors with trends in median annual family income for families with children; the second compares trends in the life satisfaction measure with trends in the CWI . It is shown that the latter trends are much more highly correlated. These empirical findings are the first to corroborate the Easterlin et al.’s (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:22,463–22,468, 2010, p. 22,467) conjecture that a focus on “… urgent personal concerns relating to such things as health and family life” incorporated into a more comprehensive well-being could produce a stronger long-term association and thus resolve the paradox.
Is Treatment of Segond Fracture Necessary With Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:There is a paucity of clinical information to guide the treatment of a combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and Segond fracture.Purpose:To compare clinical outcomes, graft fail...
Computational Fluid Dynamics of Crossflow Filtration in Suspension-Feeding Fishes

Suspension-feeding fishes such as herring and anchovies engulf particle-concentrated water through their mouths and release the water through the posterior oral cavity. Food particles are separated from the water at the gill rakers that act like modern crossflow filters. This paper uses Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) techniques to study the feeding mechanism of these suspension feeders. By understanding how food is separated from the water, we can elucidate why fish gill rakers do not get clogged with particles in the same manner that industrial crossflow filters eventually become fouled.
The role of online faculty in supporting successful online learning enterprises: A literature review

This review examines research regarding instructors’ perceptions of the online teaching experience and explores ways in which university administrators can better support online faculty as their institutional online learning enterprises grow. The following sections examine how the growth in online education has led to increased interest in the experiences of online faculty. An examination of these issues illuminates many of the unacknowledged external factors that have a subtle, but strong influence on online instructors and their experiences in the virtual learning environment.
Reverse Engineering a Controversy: Technology and Content

In what may be a surprise to some, not everything that the information industry creates can be copyrighted. Copyright protection only applies to works that are original and expressive, not to works that consist of facts, ideas, concepts or processes. A classic, and still controversial example of this distinction, are “white pages” telephone directories. A 1992 Supreme Court decision held that the directory entries (name, address & phone number), were facts, and that the process (publishing in alphabetical order) was not creative enough to warrant copyright protection. Dozens of free online white pages Websites and proposed database protection legislation have been the result of that decision.A more complex situation arises when dealing with digital information and software. Many if not most digital products will contain both copyrighted elements and non-copyrighted elements. Unlike reading a book, however, accessing the non-copyrighted content may not be practical due to technological measures or licensing restrictions. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) strengthened these restrictions by making it illegal to circumvent a technological protection measure.A controversial solution to this situation, often applied in software applications, has been reverse engineering. This process generally involves digging down into an application to identify its underlying source and object codes in order to separate the protected elements from the unprotected elements. By then using the knowledge gained from the code and the unprotected elements, developers create new products, or variations on the original products. This was recently tested in a closely watched case involving Lexmark printers and toner cartridges.
Aspartame and Human Behavior: Cognitive and Behavioral Observations

Little is known regarding the possible cognitive and behavioral effects of the artificial sweetener aspartame in humans. Few, if any, studies have addressed the issues raised by the potential elevation of brain phenylalanine levels which may be induced by aspartame ingestion and the concomitant depletion in specific neurotransmitter supplies which may result. In this chapter, the relevant literature addressing this topic is reviewed, the results of a new double-blind, acute study are briefly summarized, and findings from the pilot phase of a new chronic exposure study are reviewed.
The Occurrence of Renal Scarring in Children with Unilateral Vesicoureteral Reflux

Purpose : We evaluated the occurrence of renal scarring in children with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux(VUR), and the relationships between renal scar formation and risk factors such as VUR, duration of fever, acute-phase reactant, age, and sex. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the data of 35 children newly diagnosed with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux after urinary tract infection(UTI) in Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital between January 1996 and December 2004. Ultrasonography, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR), and Creactive protein(CRP) were performed initially. Voiding cystourethrography(VCUG) was performed 1 to 3 weeks after treatment with UTI. 99m Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA) scan was performed 4 to 6 months after treatment. Results : Scintigraphic renal damage was present in 29 percent of the refluxing and in 3 percent of the nonrefluxing kidneys(P<0.05). The severity of VUR was significantly correlated with renal scar formation(P<0.05). The duration of fever before treatmen(5.0±1.3 vs 2.6±1.3) and prolonged fever of over 5 days were significantly different between renal scar group and non-renal scar group(P< 0.05). ESR(56.3±23.8 vs 27.9±18.1 mm/hr, P<0.05) and CRP(12.8±7.3 vs 3.9±3.8 mg/dL, P<0.05) at the diagnosis of UTI in the renal scar group were higher, compared to those of the non-renal scar group. There were no significant differences in age and sex between the two groups. Conclusion : The presence and grade of VUR, the duration of fever before treatment, prolonged fever over 5 days, ESR, and CRP were risk factors for renal scarring, irrespective of age and sex. Diagnosis and management of VUR, in children with UTI, is important to prevent renal scars. (Korean J Pediatr 2005;48:998-1003)
A Novel Platform Power Integrity Design Approach with Standard PI Model (SPIM) and Unified PI Dsign Target (UPIT)

A novel fast power integrity design approach has been implemented and deployed with SPIM and UPIT, to efficiently address customers' platform design differentiation for PDN design & optimization with trade-off, and review & sign off.
Formal Specification and Verification of Smart Contracts for Azure Blockchain

Ensuring correctness of smart contracts is paramount to ensuring trust in blockchain-based systems. This paper studies the safety and security of smart contracts in the \emph{Azure Blockchain Workbench}, an enterprise Blockchain-as-a-Service offering from Microsoft. As part of this study, we formalize \emph{semantic conformance} of smart contracts against a state machine model with access-control policy and develop a highly-automated formal verifier for Solidity that can produce proofs as well as counterexamples. We have applied our verifier {\sc VeriSol} to analyze {\it all} contracts shipped with the Azure Blockchain Workbench, which includes application samples as well as a governance contract for Proof of Authority (PoA). We have found previously unknown bugs in these published smart contracts. After fixing these bugs, {\sc VeriSol} was able to successfully perform full verification for all of these contracts.
Intraventricular empyema caused by Neisseria meningitidis

Meningitis is defined as an inflammation of the protective covering of brain and spinal cord collectively called as meninges. Meningeal infection can be complicated by intraventricular empyema. There are 9 cases of intraventricular empyema described in the literature out of which only three are described to be caused by Neisseria meningitidis. We report the fourth rare case. A 61-year-old female with past medical history of diabetes and hypertension presented with the chief complaint of fever with chills and headache of 1-day duration. CT head did not reveal any acute abnormalities. Lumbar puncture was obtained and empiric IV antimicrobial agents were started. CSF analysis showed gram negative diplococci with culture growing Neisseria meningitidis suggesting meningococcal meningitis. Due to persistent headache and lethargy after complicated meningitis was suspected and MRI of brain was obtained which reflected a diagnosis of intraventricular empyema. Pyogenic ventriculitis also known as intraventricular empyema or ependymitis, is a defined as an inflammation of the ependymal lining of the cerebral ventricular system and is characterized by the presence of suppurative fluid in the ventricles. It is a health care associated complication and is often confused with meningitis due to the similar presentation. Therefore, persistent symptoms despite optimal antimicrobial therapy (therapeutic failure) should alarm the presence of pyogenic ventriculitis. This is the fourth case of intraventricular empyema reported secondary to Neisseria meningitidis. Our case reiterates that clinicians should maintain an index of suspicion for complicated meningitis in patients not responding to standard antimicrobial therapy.
Fiber optoacoustic converter for spatially confined ultrasound neuromodulation (Conference Presentation)

Generation of ultrasound using the optoacoustic effect has received increasing attention in the field of imaging and translational medicine. However, none of the current optoacoustic converters has been used for neural modulation. Here, we developed a miniaturized Fiber-Optoacoustic Converter (FOC), which has a diameter of 600 μm, and can convert nano-second laser pulses into acoustic waves through the optoacoustic effect. The ball shaped FOC is composed of one ZnO /epoxy based diffusion layer and two graphite/epoxy based absorption layer. The radiofrequency spectrum of the generated US frequency ranges from 0.1-5 MHz, with multiple frequencies peaks at 0.5, 1 and 3MHz. Compared to traditional ultrasound transducers, the FOC system has the advantages of miniaturized size, superior spatial resolution, and produces omnidirectional propagating acoustic wave. Using this FOC system, we show that ultrasound can directly activate individual cortical neuron in vitro with a radius of 500 μm around the FOC tip, and generate intracellular Ca2+ transient without neural damage. Neural activation is the consequence of mechanical disturbance of neuronal membrane, rather than direct laser or photothermal stimulation. Finally, we combine FOC neural modulation with electrophysiology, and achieve direct and spatially confined neural stimulation in vivo. The FOC system opens new possibilities to use optoacoustic effect as a new method for precise neural modulation.
Chapter 4 Taxes and labor supply

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses taxes and labor supply. The effect of taxes on labor supply introduces interesting questions in economic theory, econometrics, and public finance. Since the greatest share of federal tax revenue, approximately 50% in 1980, is raised by the individual income tax. The federal income tax is based on the notion of “ability to pay,” and its progressive structure has received wide acceptance. To measure empirically the effect of taxes on labor supply, problems in economic theory and econometrics need to be treated. First, the effect of progressive taxation is to create a convex, non-linear budget set where the net, after-tax wage depends on hours worked. Since most of consumer theory is based on constant market prices which are independent of quantity purchased, theoretical notions such as the Slutsky equation need to be modified to assess the effect of a change in the tax rate. The other important aspect of the taxation of labor supply is the effect on economic welfare.
Synthetic Anthocyanidins from Natural Benzopyrans

A hydride abstraction strategy can be used to make anthocyanidins and isoflavylium salts from benzopyrans in good yields.
The Tevatron Hadron Collider

The subject of this presentation was intended to cover the history of hadron colliders. However this broad topic is probably better left to historians. I will cover a much smaller portion of this subject and specialize my subject to the history of the Tevatron. As we will see, the Tevatron project is tightly entwined with the progress in collider technology. It occupies a unique place among accelerators in that it was the first to make use of superconducting magnets and indeed the basic design now forms a template for all machines using this technology. It was spawned in an incredibly productive era when new ideas were being generated almost monthly and it has matured into our highest energy collider complete with two large detectors that provide the major facility in the U.S. for probing high Pt physics for the coming decade.
Renal involvement in lupus is characterized by unique DNA methylation changes in naïve CD4+ T cells.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multi-system disease characterized by wide-spread DNA methylation changes. To identify epigenetic susceptibility loci for lupus nephritis, genome-wide DNA methylation changes in naive CD4+ T cells were compared between two sets of lupus patients with and without a history of renal involvement. A total of 56 lupus patients (28 with renal involvement and 28 without renal involvement), and 56 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched healthy controls were included in our study. We identified 191 CG sites and 121 genes that were only differentially methylated in lupus patients with but not without a history of renal involvement. The tyrosine kinase gene TNK2 involved in cell trafficking and tissue invasion, and the phosphatase gene DUSP5 which dephosphorylates and inhibits the ERK signaling pathway, were among the most hypomethylated. Independent of disease activity, renal involvement is characterized by more robust demethylation in interferon regulated genes differentially methylated in both sets of lupus patients with and without renal involvement (fold change 1.4, P = 0.0014). The type-I interferon master regulator gene IRF7 is only hypomethylated in lupus patients with renal involvement. IRF-7 is an upstream transcription factor that regulates several loci demethylated only with renal involvement such as CD80, HERC5, IFI44, IRF7, ISG15, ISG20, ITGAX, and PARP12 (P = 1.78 × 10−6). Among the CG sites only hypomethylated with renal involvement, CG10152449 in CHST12 has a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 64.3% for stratifying lupus patients for a history of renal involvement (P = 0.0029). Our data identified novel epigenetic susceptibility loci that are differentially methylated with renal involvement in lupus. These loci will help better understand lupus nephritis, and provide a proof of principle for the potential applicability of specific methylation changes as predictors for specific organ involvement in lupus.
Why Is an After-School Group-Centered Reading Program One of the Best Ways to Stop Reading Failure? Does Intrinsic Motivation Contribute to Mental Wellness in the Classroom?

Reading failure is a major problem in the United States. Neuroimaging research establishes that teaching methods can help determine whether a student learns to read or not. Unfortunately, schools are not making the necessary changes to help students learn to read. Community-based after-school programs can be one solution for reducing reading failure, improving academic achievement, and enhancing student mental health. A group-centered after-school program that combines learning and counseling can reduce reading failure and help students learn to read. A group-centered format’s purpose is to bring about therapeutic change. The educational component is to teach students how to read. The counseling component is to strengthen the students’ overall mental well-being and functioning. This chapter, which describes the theory behind group-centered prevention techniques, shows how learning and counseling can combine to meet the needs of at-risk students and outlines group-centered prevention’s central feature—intrinsic motivation. Research shows that group-centered interventions help struggling readers better than one-on-one tutoring.
Detecting Patterns of Physiological Response to Hemodynamic Stress via Unsupervised Deep Learning.

Monitoring physiological responses to hemodynamic stress can help in determining appropriate treatment and ensuring good patient outcomes. Physicians' intuition suggests that the human body has a number of physiological response patterns to hemorrhage which escalate as blood loss continues, however the exact etiology and phenotypes of such responses are not well known or understood only at a coarse level. Although previous research has shown that machine learning models can perform well in hemorrhage detection and survival prediction, it is unclear whether machine learning could help to identify and characterize the underlying physiological responses in raw vital sign data. We approach this problem by first transforming the high-dimensional vital sign time series into a tractable, lower-dimensional latent space using a dilated, causal convolutional encoder model trained purely unsupervised. Second, we identify informative clusters in the embeddings. By analyzing the clusters of latent embeddings and visualizing them over time, we hypothesize that the clusters correspond to the physiological response patterns that match physicians' intuition. Furthermore, we attempt to evaluate the latent embeddings using a variety of methods, such as predicting the cluster labels using explainable features.
A Case Study of a 5-Year-Old’s Elevator Mishap: Conspicuity, Cognitive Capability, and Parental Supervision:

We describe a case study of a civil suit involving an elevator incident causing serious injury to a 5-year-old male. We illustrate how scientific principles and measurements of conspicuity, cogniti...
Canoe societies in the Caribbean: Ethnography, archaeology, and ecology of precolonial canoe manufacturing and voyaging

Abstract In the Caribbean, there is little direct evidence of canoes in the archaeological record, while inter-island connectivity is ubiquitous in archaeological explanations. This contradiction suggests that aspects of society related to canoe manufacturing and voyaging have tended to be under-represented in our interpretations. This paper aims to contribute to correcting this under-representation and highlight the canoe as the foundation of precolonial infrastructure by examining the ecology of canoe-specific resources using habitat suitability modeling along with diverse lines of evidence from archaeological findings, ethnohistoric accounts, and experimental ethnoarchaeology. The synthesis of these diverse lines of evidence leads to a discussion of some implications that may follow from adopting a more canoe-centric perspective on the archaeological record.
Dialogue-awareness-*tolerance (DA*T): a multi-layered dialogue expanding tolerance for ambiguity and discomfort in working toward conflict resolution

The Dialogue-Awareness-*Tolerance (DA*T) Model stresses dialogue, intrapersonal and interpersonal, to (a) raise personal and community awareness, (b) reengage positive moral self-sanctioning mechan...
Elevated AT1R Antibody and Morbidity in Patients Bridged to Heart Transplant Using Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

Abstract Background We studied longitudinal levels of angiotensin-II type 1 receptor antibody (AT1R-Ab) and their effects on adverse events (death, treated rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy) in patients who were bridged to heart transplant using a continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Methods and Results Sera of 77 patients bridged to heart transplant (from 2009 to 2017) were tested for AT1R-Ab and CRP before and after LVAD. Elevated AT1R-Ab was defined as >10.0 U/mL. The median follow-up after transplant was 3.6 years (interquartile range, 2.2–5.6 years). After LVAD, AT1R-Ab levels increased from baseline and remained elevated until transplant. Freedom from adverse events at 5 years was lower in those with elevated AT1R-Ab levels at time of transplant. In an adjusted, multivariable Cox analysis, an AT1R-Ab level of >10 U/mL was associated with developing the primary end point (adjusted hazard ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2–9.2, P = .017). Although C-reactive protein levels were high before and after LVAD placement, C-reactive protein did not correlate with AT1R-Ab. Conclusions In LVAD patients bridged to heart transplant, an increased AT1R-Ab level at time of transplant was associated with poor outcomes after heart transplant. Post-LVAD AT1R-Ab elevations were not correlated with serum markers of systemic inflammation. Larger studies are needed to examine the pathologic role of AT1R-Ab in heart transplant.
Intergenerational Literacies: The Racial, Linguistic, and Cultural Resources of Families in Raising Young Children of Color.

In this article, we share findings from three qualitative studies, illustrating how children of color and their families make meaning of the racial, linguistic, cultural, and gendered worlds in whi...
Update on Acute Bone and Joint Infections in Paediatrics: A Narrative Review on the Most Recent Evidence-Based Recommendations and Appropriate Antinfective Therapy.

Acute bone and joint infections (BJIs) in children may clinically occur as osteomyelitis (OM) or septic arthritis (SA). In clinical practice, one-third of cases present a combination of both conditions. BJIs are usually caused by the haematogenous dissemination of septic emboli carried to the terminal blood vessels of bone and joints from distant infectious processes during transient bacteraemia. Early diagnosis is the cornerstone for the successful management of BJI, but it is still a challenge for paediatricians, particularly due to its nonspecific clinical presentation and to the poor specificity of the laboratory and imaging first-line tests that are available in emergency departments. Moreover, microbiological diagnosis is often difficult to achieve with common blood cultures, and further investigations require invasive procedures. The aim of this narrative review is to provide the most recent evidence-based recommendations on appropriate antinfective therapy in BJI in children. We conducted a review of recent literature by examining the MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) database using the search engines PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords used were “osteomyelitis”, OR “bone infection”, OR “septic arthritis”, AND “p(a)ediatric” OR “children”. When BJI diagnosis is clinically suspected or radiologically confirmed, empiric antibiotic therapy should be started as soon as possible. The choice of empiric antimicrobial therapy is based on the most likely causative pathogens according to patient age, immunisation status, underlying disease, and other clinical and epidemiological considerations, including the local prevalence of virulent pathogens, antibiotic bioavailability and bone penetration. Empiric antibiotic treatment consists of a short intravenous cycle based on anti-staphylococcal penicillin or a cephalosporin in children aged over 3 months with the addition of gentamicin in infants aged under 3 months. An oral regimen may be an option depending on the bioavailability of antibiotic chosen and clinical and laboratory data. Strict clinical and laboratory follow-up should be scheduled for the following 3–5 weeks. Further studies on the optimal therapeutic approach are needed in order to understand the best first-line regimen, the utility of biomarkers for the definition of therapy duration and treatment of complications.
Prevalence of Malignancy and Histopathological Association of Bosniak Classification, Version 2019 Class III and IV Cystic Renal Masses.

Purpose:Bosniak Classification, version 2019 (v2019) describes 2 types of class III and IV masses each: 1) thick, wall/septa ≥4 mm (III-WS), 2) obtuse protrusion ≤3 mm (III-OP), 3) obtuse protrusio...
Use of Audiovisual Assisted Therapeutic Ambience in Radiotherapy (AVATAR) for Anesthesia Avoidance in a Pediatric Patient With Down Syndrome.

Abstract Radiation therapy is an effective treatment for pediatric cancers, yet requires immobilization and often anesthesia for precision treatment. Patients with Down syndrome are at increased risk for anesthesia-associated complications. We have implemented an audiovisual system (AVATAR) that enables patients to watch videos during daily radiation therapy. We report a unique experience eliminating the need for anesthesia during radiation in a child with Down syndrome who previously required sedation in order to tolerate chemotherapy. AVATAR is a feasible alternative to daily anesthesia and may be useful for patients with special difficulty tolerating treatment.
Sleep disturbances in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders: demographic and clinical characteristics.

Study Objectives:Research indicates a deleterious effect of sleep disturbances on pain and illness-related functioning across pediatric populations. Sleep problems in youth with functional gastroin...
Influence of clinician gender, age, and geographic work location on the relative rankings of risk factors for biological complications with dental implant therapy.

Abstract Statement of problem Clinician perceptions of risk factors influencing biologic complications with dental implants are poorly understood but are relevant to how clinicians manage conversations with patients seeking dental implant therapy. Purpose The purpose of this clinician survey was to assess the relative ranking of biologic risk factors with dental implants identified via the history, clinical examination, and clinical decisions and postimplant placement findings. Materials and methods A 10-item survey instrument was tested, refined, and distributed to past participants of the Future Leaders in Prosthodontics (FLIP) workshop series asking for their opinion on the relative ranking of commonly identified risk factors in the areas of patient history, clinical examination, and clinical decisions and postimplant placement findings. Descriptive statistics and frequency tables were developed to identify age groupings, geographic work location, and gender. Group differences with respect to risk factor rankings were identified by using Kruskal-Wallis H tests, and, if significant, paired comparisons were conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test with adjustments for Type I error (α=.05). Results Significant differences were found by gender, age, and geographic work location. Women viewed “implant placement in site of previous implant loss” (P=.013) and “treated moderate or severe chronic periodontitis” (P=.021) as having significantly greater relative importance than did men, yet men ranked “implant position closer than 1.5 mm from adjacent tooth” (P=.023), “currently using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs (SSRI)” (P=.001), and “heavy plaque index (PI>50%)” (P=.023) as having significantly greater relative importance than did women. Significant differences were found by geographic work location of practice with respondents from Australasia viewing “treatment plan includes prostheses that limit access for cleaning resulting in an increase in bacterial load” as having greater relative importance than did respondents from Africa (P Conclusions Clinicians viewed the relative importance of risk factors for biologic complications with dental implants differently, and those differences varied by clinicians' age, gender, and geographic location of practice.
Sclerosing cavernous hemangioma of the maxilla. Report of a case.

Abstract A case of sclerosing cavernous hemangioma of the maxilla has been presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such case reported in the literature.
A Least Squares, Frequency Domain Approach to Multivariable System Identification

Earlier work on using a digital computer to automate system identification using Bode plots is updated in several respects. First, a matrix of transfer functions is considered, each of which is the product of a ratio of polynomials and a pure delay term. Second, it is seen that a modern recursive least-squares approach may be applied to the problem. The inclusion of a delay term brings about considerably more applicability to the modeling of processes.
A Retrospective Study of Chronic Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy (CRION) (P6.293)

OBJECTIVE: To review the demographics, clinical course, diagnostic work-up, treatment and visual outcome in patients with chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy. BACKGROUND: CRION is a poorly understood disease leading to recurrent inflammation of the optic nerve. Very little is known about etio-pathogenesis, course and outcome of this rare entity. D ESIGN/METHODS: Clinic charts of patients with CRION who met the following criteria were reviewed • One episode of optic neuritis (ON) and at least 1 relapse •Absence of known causes of ON including neuromyelitis optica (NMO) •Absence of demyelinating disease (white matter lesions on MRI brain and additional neurological deficits). •Demonstrable response to immunosuppressive treatment with relapse on withdrawal or dose reduction. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (9 females, 4 males; age range: 15 to 69 years) with CRION seen between July 2010 and June 2013 were included. Twelve patients had bilateral ON (11 sequential; 1 simultaneous) and 1 unilateral. Disease activity ranged from 8 months to 34 years. Relapse rates ranged from 1 to 30. Final visual acuity (VA) was better than 20/40 in 64% eyes; 20% had severe visual loss (20/200 or worse) including 3 with no light perception. 43% eyes had severe visual field loss (>-15dB) while 60% eyes demonstrated retinal nerve fiber thickness (RNFLT) < 75µm, which was independent of relapse rate. CSF abnormalities included mononuclear pleocytosis (1patient) and elevated protein (1patient). Non-specific serological marker elevation included anti-thyroid antibodies (1patient) and ANA (2 patients). There was no predictable response to any of the treatment modalities- steroids (12 patients), methotrexate (2 patients), intravenous immunoglobulin (2 patients), combination (1 patient) and no therapy (4 patients). CONCLUSIONS: CRION appears to be a heterogeneous autoimmune disease that results in significant retinal nerve fiber loss and poor visual outcomes in more than a third of affected eyes. Study Supported by: Disclosure: Dr. Sudhakar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kedar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Berger has received personal compensation for activities with Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genzyme, Genentech, Millenium, Takeda, PML Consortium, Novartis, and Pfizer as a consultant and/or speaker. Dr. Berger has received research support from the PML Consortium.
An Efficient Implementation of the Spectral Partitioning Algorithm on Connection Machine Systems

A parallel implementation of the spectral partitioning algorithm is developed. A two-level parallelization is proposed to achieve maximum efficiency on massively parallel computers. Special features of the Connection Machine software such as scan operations and communication primitives are used to improve the efficiency of the algorithm. Decompositions of unstructured finite element meshes demonstrate the performance of this implementation.
Inositol deficiency in the gerbil: altered hepatic lipid metabolism and triglyceride secretion.

In order to investigate the effect of inositol deficiency on hepatic lipid metabolism and lipoprotein secretion, gerbils were fed a nigh fat diet containing 15</i coconut oil (COC) or safflower oil (SAP), or a low-fat, high carbohydrate diet containing \% safflower oil (CHO) with or without 0.1% inositol for 3 to 5 weeks. Hepatic lipid accumulation and in vitro incorporation of (1-14C)acetate and (l-14C)oleic acid into hepatic lipids were measured in liver slices while the hepatic triglycA©ridesecretion rate (lipoprotein secretion) was measured in vivo in fasting gerbils following Triton WR 1339 injection. Inositol-deficient gerbils accumulated more total hepatic lipid than the supplemented group independent of diet although coconut oil feeding alone exacerbated the lipid accumulation independent of inositol. Whereas inositol deficiency did not affect fatty acid esterifica- tion, it did result in a greater incorporation of (I-14C)acetate into hepatic lipids. In addition, the triglycA©ridesecretion rate was significantly reduced in deficient gerbils. Thus, both inositol and saturation of the dietary fat influenced hepatic lipid accumulation which appeared to result primarily from an inadequate secretion of very low density lipoprotein. J. Nutr. 108: 1588-1594, 1978.
Observational Properties of Pulsars

In the six years since the announcement [129] of the discovery of the first pulsar, a total of 105 pulsars have been discovered and a great deal has been learned of their properties. Pulsars are slowly rotating (~1 Hz) neutron stars with huge magnetic fields (~1012 G) which convert rotational energy into energy of (radio) radiation and relativistic particles. The pulsed radiation presumably arises from a beaming effect associated with the magnetic field.
Complete mutagenesis of the gene encoding TEM-1 β-lactamase

Publisher Summary The class A β-lactamases are a subset of the active-site serine β-lactamases. TEM-1 β-lactamase is a class A enzyme encoded by the blaTEM-1 gene that is present on the transposons Tn2 and Tn3. Epidemiological studies have shown that TEM-1 is the most common plasmid-mediated β-lactamase and is therefore a major determinant of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Compounding the problem of resistance is the discovery that TEM-1 mutant variants with altered substrate specificity have been identified in natural isolates. These variant enzymes contain from one to three amino acid substitutions that enable the enzyme to hydrolyze the newer extended-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotics, such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime. Thus, the selective pressure of antibiotic therapy leads to the creation of new enzymes with expanded hydrolytic capabilities. Because of the significant role of TEM-1 β-lactamase and its mutant derivatives in antibiotic resistance, it is of interest to understand how the amino acid sequence of the enzyme establishes its structure and activity. This chapter describes the tolerance of each residue in TEM-1 β-lactamase to amino acid substitutions to identify those residues that make critical contributions to the structure and activity of the enzyme. The tolerance of each residue has been determined by randomizing three to six contiguous codons to create a random library containing all possible amino acid substitutions for the region randomized. Functional random mutants are then selected from the libraries and sequenced to identify permissible substitutions at each position. The sequences for each set of mutants allowed the importance of individual positions to be assessed. Similar saturation mutagenesis approaches have been used to identify amino acid residues critical for the function of HIV-1 protease, X repressor, Lac repressor, T4 lysozyme, and bacteriophage f1 Gene V protein.
Chest Wall Reconstruction Using a Methyl Methacrylate Neo-Rib and Mesh

Prosthetic reconstruction of the chest wall after oncologic resection is performed by means of various techniques using different materials. We describe a new technique of chest wall reconstruction that includes the use of Marlex mesh and the creation of a neo-rib from a Steinmann pin and methyl methacrylate.
Inequality and the State: Gender, Race and Class in Social Policy Formation

Why do states address some forms of inequality with great effectiveness, while failing even to recognize other forms of inequality, even those that are closely related? In this project, I outline an institutionalist approach to the analysis of how gender, race and class combine to shape social policy. This approach argues that different institutional configurations facilitate government action to redress different kinds of inequalities. Particular conflicts, salient at the time of state formation, become encoded in foundational state institutions (such as constitutions). This institutional pattern shapes and constrains later efforts to address different forms of inequality in particular ways, refracting social movement pressure to adopt equality-advancing policies. In a broader project, I apply this approach in an analysis of a variety of areas of state action, including multicultural and immigration policies, policies on violence against women, family leaves, pensions and health policies, combining case studies of Canada, the US, the Netherlands and France with a statistical analysis of policies in OECD countries. In this paper, I focus on showing how these institutional patterns shape social spending and policies related to sex equality in the OECD countries