cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardioprotection following adenosine kinase inhibition in rat hearts

Adenosine kinase phosphorylates adenosine to AMP, the primary pathway for adenosine metabolism under basal conditions. Inhibition of adenosine kinase results in a site–specific increase in interstitial adenosine. Using a rat model of myocardial infarction, we examined the protective effects of adenosine kinase inhibition. Male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent 30 min regional occlusion followed by 90 min reperfusion. Infarct size, expressed as a percent of the area–at–risk, IS/AAR(%), was 58.0 ± 2.1 % in untreated rats. Pretreatment with the adenosine kinase inhibitor, 5–iodotubercidin (1 mg/kg), limited infarct development to 37.5±3.7% (P < 0.001). The A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) antagonist, DPCPX (100 µg/kg), abolished the infarct–sparing effect of 5–iodotubercidin (IS, 62.8 ± 1.3%). Similarly, the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) antagonist, MRS–1523 (2 mg/kg), and the δ–opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist, BNTX, (1 mg/kg) abolished the reduction of IS produced by iodotubercidin. Pretreatment with the ROS scavenger, 2–MPG (20 mg/kg), or the PKC–δ antagonist, rottlerin (0.3 mg/kg) also abolished iodotubercidin–mediated cardioprotection. Furthermore, pretreatment with 5–HD, a mitochondrial KATP (mitoKATP) channel inhibitor, but not the sarcolemmal KATP channel blocker, HMR–1098, abrogated the beneficial effects of adenosine kinase inhibition (IS, 59.5 ± 3.8%). These data suggest that inhibition of adenosine kinase is effective in reducing infarct development via A1AR, A3AR and DOR activation. Data also suggest that this protection is mediated via ROS, PKC–δ and mitoKATP channels.
Effectiveness of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.

This editorial refers to ‘Catheter ablation treatment in patients with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation: a prospective, multi-centre, randomized controlled study (Catheter Ablation for the Cure of Atrial Fibrillation Study)’† by G. Stabile et al. , on page 216 Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) has become increasingly popular in multiple centres worldwide as more studies have reported favourable success rates in preventing AF recurrences using various ablation techniques.1 Different strategies for ablating AF range from physiological approaches aimed at electrical segmental pulmonary vein (PV) isolation2,3 to anatomical circumferential PV ablation with or without the addition of linear ablation lines in the posterior left atrium and in the mitral isthmus.4,5 Recent randomized studies comparing these approaches have yielded conflicting results concerning the relative merits of segmental PV isolation vs. circumferential PV ablation.5,6 Despite numerous studies reporting results of different ablation techniques and more recent studies randomizing different techniques, surprisingly little data have been published comparing ablative therapy with medical therapy for AF. Catheter ablation of AF has been associated with major complications in 6% of patients;1 these include complications of vascular access, cardiac tamponade, stroke, PV stenosis, and rare but potentially fatal atrio-oesophageal fistulae. Given the risk of complications associated with AF ablation, randomized studies comparing ablation … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 617 632 7393; fax: +1 617 632 7620. E-mail address : mjoseph2{at}bidmc.harvard.edu
Outcome prediction with p53 immunostaining after radical prostatectomy in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer.

Purpose: Conventional pathological variables in prostate cancer may not provide optimal prediction of patient outcome. Pathological findings and p53 immunostaining were measured prospectively in radical prostatectomy specimens to determine the incremental improvement in prediction of patient outcome over clinical findings.Materials and Methods: From a previous prospective study of 392 consecutive patients with prostate cancer who did not receive preoperative therapy and were treated with radical prostatectomy 25 had pathological stage pT3aN0M0, 24 had pT3bN0M0, 2 had pT2bN1M0, 7 had pT3aN1M0 and 14 had pT3bN1 prostate cancer. These locally advanced stage cases comprise the current study population and further analysis was done with p53 immunostaining. All prostate specimens were totally embedded, serially sectioned and whole mounted. We examined pathological, clinical and laboratory findings as well as p53 immunostaining.Results: Median followup was 5.4 years (range 0.5 to 6.4). Univariate analysis reveal...
Hematopoiesis and hematopoietic organs in arthropods

Hemocytes (blood cells) are motile cells that move throughout the extracellular space and that exist in all clades of the animal kingdom. Hemocytes play an important role in shaping the extracellular environment and in the immune response. Developmentally, hemocytes are closely related to the epithelial cells lining the vascular system (endothelia) and the body cavity (mesothelia). In vertebrates and insects, common progenitors, called hemangioblasts, give rise to the endothelia and blood cells. In the adult animal, many differentiated hemocytes seem to retain the ability to proliferate; however, in most cases investigated closely, the bulk of hemocyte proliferation takes place in specialized hematopoietic organs. Hematopoietic organs provide an environment where undifferentiated blood stem cells are able to self-renew, and at the same time generate offspring that differentiate into different blood cell types. Hematopoiesis in vertebrates, taking place in the bone marrow, has been subject to intensive research by immunologists and stem cell biologists. Much less is known about blood cell formation in invertebrate animals. In this review, we will survey structural and functional properties of invertebrate hematopoietic organs, with a main focus on insects and other arthropod taxa. We will then discuss similarities, at the molecular and structural level, that are apparent when comparing the development of blood cells in hematopoietic organs of vertebrates and arthropods. Our comparative review is intended to elucidate aspects of the biology of blood stem cells that are more easily missed when focusing on one or a few model species.
Teratology and pathology of some Paleozoic conulariids

Conulariids exhibiting various pathologies and teratological conditions have been examined from Paleozoic rocks of North America, South America, Europe, and Africa. Published examples of teratological conditions in conulariids have been reviewed. To these cases we add a specimen of Paraconularia missouriensis (Swallow) from the Mississippian of Ohio which possesses six faces. The supposed three-sided conulariid species Conularina triangulata (Raymond) is based upon a specimen which is not a conulariid. This genus is removed from the phylum Conulariida and is considered incertae sedis. Pathologies include injuries to the exoskeleton which are grouped into patterns termed scalloped, cleft, and embayed. Scalloped injuries represent minor chipping at the aperture of the conulariid exoskeleton, and may have occurred accidentally or through predation. Cleft and embayed injuries, found only on post-Silurian taxa, indicate that conulariids suffered severe sublethal attacks more frequently after the rise of several types of durophagous predators in the middle Paleozoic. Some middle and late Paleozoic conulariid species strengthened the exoskeleton, perhaps to resist predation. Regeneration of injured integument or rods has occurred in conulariids exhibiting damaged exoskeletons.
The cost-effectiveness of interbody fusions versus posterolateral fusions in 137 patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis.

Abstract Background context Reimbursements for interbody fusions have declined recently because of their questionable cost-effectiveness. Purpose A Markov model was adopted to compare the cost-effectiveness of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (/TLIF) versus noninterbody fusion and posterolateral fusion (PLF) in patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis. Study design/Setting Decision model analysis based on retrospective data from a single institutional series. Patient sample One hundred thirty-seven patients underwent first-time instrumented lumbar fusions for degenerative or isthmic spondylolisthesis. Outcome measures Quality of life adjustments and expenditures were assigned to each short-term complication (durotomy, surgical site infection, and medical complication) and long-term outcome (bowel/bladder dysfunction and paraplegia, neurologic deficit, and chronic back pain). Methods Patients were divided into a PLF cohort and a PLF plus PLIF/TLIF cohort. Anterior techniques and multilevel interbody fusions were excluded. Each short-term complication and long-term outcome was assigned a numerical quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), based on time trade-off values in the Beaver Dam Health Outcomes Study. The cost data for short-term complications were calculated from charges accrued by the institution's finance sector, and the cost data for long-term outcomes were estimated from the literature. The difference in cost of PLF plus PLIF/TLIF from the cost of PLF alone divided by the difference in QALY equals the cost-effectiveness ratio (CER). We do not report any study funding sources or any study-specific appraisal of potential conflict of interest–associated biases in this article. Results Of 137 first-time lumbar fusions for spondylolisthesis, 83 patients underwent PLF and 54 underwent PLIF/TLIF. The average time to reoperation was 3.5 years. The mean QALY over 3.5 years was 2.81 in the PLF cohort versus 2.66 in the PLIF o /TLIF cohort (p=.110). The mean 3.5-year costs of $54,827.05 after index interbody fusion were statistically higher than that of the $48,822.76 after PLF (p=.042). The CER of interbody fusion to PLF after the first operation was −$46,699.40 per QALY; however, of the 27 patients requiring reoperation, the incident (reoperation) rate ratio was 7.89 times higher after PLF (2.91, 26.67). The CER after the first reoperation was −$24,429.04 per QALY (relative to PLF). Two patients in the PLF cohort required a second reoperation, whereas none required a second reoperation in the PLIF/TLIF cohort. Taken collectively, the total CER for the interbody fusion is $9,883.97 per QALY. Conclusions The reoperation rate was statistically higher for PLF, whereas the negative CER for the initial operation and first reoperation favors PLF. However, when second reoperations were included, the CER for the interbody fusion became $9,883.97 per QALY, suggesting moderate long-term cost savings and better functional outcomes with the interbody fusion.
Topical Tranexamic Acid Does Not Affect Electrophysiologic or Neurovascular Sciatic Nerve Markers in an Animal Model

Background Tranexamic acid is a safe and effective antifibrinolytic agent used systemically and topically to reduce blood loss and transfusion rate in patients having TKA or THA. As the hip does not have a defined capsule, topical application of tranexamic acid may entirely envelop the sciatic nerve during THA. Accidental application of tranexamic acid onto the spinal cord in spinal anesthesia has been shown to produce seizures; therefore, we sought to investigate if topical application of tranexamic acid on the sciatic nerve has a deleterious effect.
280 nm Emission Deep UV LEDs with Integrated Fresnel Microlenses

We report on the integration of flowable oxide-based Fresnel microlenses with 280 nm AlGaN multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The lenses were fabricated on the back side of the LED sapphire substrates using direct electron beam writing. Ten concentric rings with different widths and variable thicknesses were designed for a 360° phase correction. Within each ring the thickness was varied in five steps to approximate a linear profile. The width of each thickness step varied from 100 nm to several microns. The outer diameter of the lens was 65 µm. A focal distance of 68 µm was measured for the fabricated microlenses. At the focal plane a FWHM of intensity profile as small as 14 µm was measured for lenses integrated with 30 µm diameter UV LEDs. The maximum intensity at the focal plane exceeded the background radiation by a factor of 50. A comparison of the LED performance before and after the lens fabrication did not reveal any degradation of the integral efficiency of the devices. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using flowable oxide Fresnel microlenses in optical systems based on micro-pixel deep UV AlGaN LEDs.
College student's perceptions of sources of information about AIDS.

Abstract Public communication campaigns and social marketing literature identify principles for developing effective AIDS education and prevention efforts. Planners need to know the audience, identify salient audience segments, and understand the characteristics of information sources that the particular audience finds believable and is likely to use. In this study, the authors investigated college students' perceptions of (1) the credibility and likelihood of using a variety of interpersonal, media, and institutional sources of information about AIDS; (2) the sources that have provided them with the most information about AIDS; and (3) the relationships among those perceptions. They also investigated potential gender differences in perceptions of sources of AIDS information. Respondents to a larger probability sample survey rated 35 sources of information about AIDS. Although mass media sources clearly provided the greatest amount of information, they were conspicuously less prominent in their acceptabil...
A Cost Optimized, Heatsinkless RGB Amplifier

Are heatsinks really needed in the red-green-blue video amplifier? Their cost is appreciable. In large-volume consumer production, engineering effort to eliminate heatsinks is well worthwhile. This effort may make use of computer aid. In particular, computer programs having statistical analysis routines may be applied to power dissipation levels, thus providing greater information about transistor junction temperatures.
Incorporation of the Terminal Phosphate of ATP into Membranal Protein of Rabbit Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: CORRELATION WITH ACTIVE CALCIUM TRANSPORT AND STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF CYCLIC AMP

The transfer of the terminal phosphate of ATP to a material from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle which can be precipitated by trichloroacetic acid was studied, and the relationship of this biochemical event to active Ca2+ transport was examined. A component of the phosphoryl transfer reaction was stimulated specifically by Ca2+. Both the phosphorylation of the reticulum and the active sequestering of Ca2+ were proportional to the Ca2+ concentration between 10-7 and 10-5M. The time course of both phenomena was similar. These and other observations relating Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum with the activesequestering of Ca2+ suggest that the phosphoryl transfer reaction may represent the formation of a carrier system which facilitates the inward flux of Ca2+ against a concentration gradient. Cyclic AMP, theophylline, or the combination of these two agents did not influence the rate or extent of the phosphorylation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These ...
Pell Grants as Performance-Based Scholarships? An Examination of Satisfactory Academic Progress Requirements in the Nation’s Largest Need-Based Aid Program

The Federal Pell Grant Program is the nation’s largest need-based grant program. While students’ initial eligibility for the Pell is based on financial need, renewal is contingent on meeting minimum academic standards similar to those in models of performance-based scholarships, including a grade point average (GPA) requirement and ratio of credits completed compared to those attempted. In this study, we describe federal satisfactory academic progress (SAP) requirements and illustrate the policy’s implementation in a statewide community college system. Using state administrative data, we demonstrate that a substantial portion of Pell recipients are at risk for Pell ineligibility due to their failure to meet SAP GPA or credit completion requirements. We then leverage the GPA component of the policy to explore the impacts of failure to meet standards on early college persistence and achievement, earning a credential, and transferring to a 4-year college using two methodological approaches: regression discontinuity (RD) and difference-in-differences (DD). Our results across the two approaches are mixed, with the RD providing null estimates and the DD indicating statistically significant impacts, including a negative effect on early college persistence. We conclude by discussing the implications for future research.
Piloting the zebrafish genome browser

This correspondence is a primer for the zebrafish research community on zebrafish tracks available in the UCSC Genome Browser at http://genome.ucsc.edu based on Sanger's Zv4 assembly. A primary capability of this facility is comparative informatics between humans (as well as many other model organisms) and zebrafish. The zebrafish genome sequencing project has played important roles in mutant mapping and cloning, and comparative genomic research projects. This easy-to-use genome browser aims to display and download useful genome sequence information for zebrafish mutant mapping and cloning projects. Its user-friendly interface expedites annotation of the zebrafish genome sequence.
The Intensification of Hating: A Theory

Hate, a simple word, is easily understood by young children. But as a concept, hate is vast, complex, and slippery. The study of hate is not limited to one discipline; it is studied throughout the humanities and social sciences. This paper, which presents a psychological theory of hating, argues that hate is an understudied psychological construct and has particular relevance to justice research. Hate can trigger injustice, and injustice has the capacity to trigger derogation, violence, and hate. Relying on four literatures—justice, psychology, psychoanalysis, and criminal justice—we present a theory of hating that describes the formation, perpetuation, and expression of this influential emotional state. The Intensification Theory of Hating describes hate as a dynamic process that moves from antecedents to emotions, cognitions, morals, and behaviors. Hate, we argue, is not only an emotion; it becomes systemic when interactions among its components unfold over time to intensify hate. We conclude by proposing research approaches and questions that could address hate in psychological and justice research.
Data Resource Profile: The Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) medical records-linkage system

The Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) medical records-linkage system was established in 1966 to capture health care information for the entire population of Olmsted County, MN, USA. The REP includes a dynamic cohort of 502 820 unique individuals who resided in Olmsted County at some point between 1966 and 2010, and received health care for any reason at a health care provider within the system. The data available electronically (electronic REP indexes) include demographic characteristics, medical diagnostic codes, surgical procedure codes and death information (including causes of death). In addition, for each resident, the system keeps a complete list of all paper records, electronic records and scanned documents that are available in full text for in-depth review and abstraction. The REP serves as the research infrastructure for studies of virtually all diseases that come to medical attention, and has supported over 2000 peer-reviewed publications since 1966. The system covers residents of all ages and both sexes, regardless of socio-economic status, ethnicity or insurance status. For further information regarding the use of the REP for a specific study, please visit our website at www.rochesterproject.org or contact us at gro.tcejorpretsehcor@ofni. Our website also provides access to an introductory video in English and Spanish.
Automatic registration of mammograms using texture-based anisotropic features

In this paper, an automated registration framework is proposed to identify the differences between corresponding mammographic images. The deformation between a pair of mammograms is approximated based on the matching of corresponding features on two images. First, a novel technique is employed to match the breast boundaries, aiming to maximize the mutual information between their curvature maps. Then, we apply Gabor filters onto the interior region of breast image, and extract texture-based anisotropic features. The registration process is accomplished through the recovery of the deformation field, in which both the positional and orientational attributes of the landmarks are registered correctly. The proposed technique is evaluated on three pairs of image pairs selected from MIAS digital mammogram database. The experimental results show that our method successfully registers corresponding mammograms with little human intervention, and becomes a valuable tool for effective detection of breast abnormalities.
Finance and politics: the wealth effects of special interest group influence during the nationalisation and privatisation of Conrail

Conrail, nationalised in 1976 and privatised in 1987, was the most significant nationalisation and privatisation by the US government in recent years. It was created from six bankrupt railroads under the pressure of interest groups, formed by customers, existing claimants, employees and related companies. We document the gains and losses to these special interest groups at key points in the nationalised and privatised time periods. Over this period, the US government had outlays of $6.59 billion, and cash inflow of $6.15 billion, and internal return of −6.4%. The paper provides evidence that a state-owned firm with good governance could deliver superior performance.
Lightweight Extraction of Frequent Spatio-Temporal Activities from GPS Traces

In this paper we present a classification of human movement in physical space into spatio-temporal activities (STAs) and classes thereof. Drawing from our experiences with real human data from GPS traces we define a clustering approach for STA extraction based on the amount of motion of the user in space and time. Our solution captures these properties in a lightweight online algorithm that can run inside mobile devices. We then cluster the discovered STAs into classes based on a similarity metric that aims to identify which activities (STAs) are consistent in time. In contrast to previous approaches of discovering important places, this work also utilizes the temporal properties of the data to extract more realistic STAs and STA classes. Our work is evaluated through simulations and real GPS traces.
Intumescent flame‐retardant system of phosphates and 5,5,5′,5′,5″,5″‐hexamethyltris (1,3,2‐dioxaphosphorinanemethan)amine 2,2′,2″‐ trioxide for polyolefins

A new halogen-free intumescent flame-retardant system was developed using melamine phosphates and 5,5,5′,5′,5″,5″- hexamethyltris (1,3,2- dioxaphosphorinanemethan) amine 2,2′,2″-trioxide (XPM-1000, Monsanto Co.). This intumescent system, optimally at a weight ratio of about 1 : 2, showed effective flame retardancy by oxygen index (OI) and UL 94 tests in ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyolefin formulations. At a constant loading and a constant weight ratio of phosphate/XPM-1000, the flame-retardant effectiveness was influenced by the phosphates in the order of melamine pyrophosphate > melamine phosphate ≈ dimelamine phosphate > melamine amyl phosphate. The rate of char formation, as measured under flaming conditions, appeared to correlate better than did the char yield to the observed flame-retardant effectiveness of the different phosphate/XPM-1000 combinations and to the different ratios of phosphate/XPM-1000. A test procedure was developed to measure the char-forming rate which proved to be well correlated with flame retardancy. The possible composition of intumescent char was suggested based on infrared, XPS, and elemental analysis. The presence of polycondensed phosphorus acids with some PNH bonds appears likely. Such phosphorus-nitrogen species may help explain the observed synergism, since their formation could reduce the volatility of the phosphorus acids and enable them to better protect the char. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intertwined structure of the DNA‐binding domain of intron endonuclease I‐TevI with its substrate

I‐ Tev I is a site‐specific, sequence‐tolerant intron endonuclease. The crystal structure of the DNA‐binding domain of I‐ Tev I complexed with the 20 bp primary binding region of its DNA target reveals an unusually extended structure composed of three subdomains: a Zn finger, an elongated segment containing a minor groove‐binding α‐helix, and a helix–turn–helix. The protein wraps around the DNA, mostly following the minor groove, contacting the phosphate backbone along the full length of the duplex. Surprisingly, while the minor groove‐binding helix and the helix–turn–helix subdomain make hydrophobic contacts, the few base‐specific hydrogen bonds occur in segments that lack secondary structure and flank the intron insertion site. The multiple base‐specific interactions over a long segment of the substrate are consistent with the observed high site specificity in spite of sequence tolerance, while the modular composition of the domain is pertinent to the evolution of homing endonucleases.
Male Emotions/Relationships and Violence: A Case Study

In this article, a theory of the emotional/relational origins of male violence is outlined, and illustrated by episodes in Hitler's life. Drawing on earlier work on aggression and violence, it is proposed that three conditions lead to rage and violence: (i) no affectional attachments, (ii) a single overarching obsession, and (iii) the complete repression of shame. Only to the extent that all three of these conditions are fully met is destructive violence likely. Although women in whom these three conditions were present would be as likely as men to commit violent acts, men qualify much more frequently and fully than women. Key features of the theory are illustrated by applying it to details in biographies of Hitler. This case suggests a way in which emotions unite leaders and led, leading to collective violence. Finally, a method that would provide a preliminary test of the theory is suggested.
Synthesis of Practical Three-Input Majority Logic Networks

This paper deals with a method of realizing switching functions with three-input majority gates, utilizing a modification of the theory of Akers [1]. This approach attempts to minimize the total number of elements used for both gating and delay. The method derived is suitable for implementation on a digital computer and a program was written for the Burroughs 220 computer which produces excellent results for switching functions of 6 variables or less. Results of sample programs are given and limitations of the method are discussed.
A contemporary approach to thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism

Successfully utilized contemporary pulmonary embolism thrombolysis reverses right heart failure rapidly and safely. This therapeutic approach may lower mortality from pulmonary embolism and reduce morbidity from chronic pulmonary hypertension. Unlike myocardial infarction thrombolysis, a 2-week 'time window' is available, during which treatment can be initiated. A high concentration of the thrombolytic agent is administered in a brief infusion lasting several hours. No special laboratory testing is needed. Currently, the only contemporary thrombolytic regimen for pulmonary embolism that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration is tissue plasminogen activator, in a dose of 100 mg/2 h. New thrombolytic agents under development for pulmonary embolism include reteplase, saruplase, and recombinant staphylokinase. Future clinical trials will require multicenter collaboration and will focus on relevant endpoints such as the reduction of mortality and recurrent venous thromboembolism.
Bypassing the Requirement for an Essential MYST Acetyltransferase

Histone acetylation is a key regulatory feature for chromatin that is established by opposing enzymatic activities of lysine acetyltransferases (KATs/HATs) and deacetylases (KDACs/HDACs). Esa1, like its human homolog Tip60, is an essential MYST family enzyme that acetylates histones H4 and H2A and other nonhistone substrates. Here we report that the essential requirement for ESA1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be bypassed upon loss of Sds3, a noncatalytic subunit of the Rpd3L deacetylase complex. By studying the esa1∆ sds3∆ strain, we conclude that the essential function of Esa1 is in promoting the cellular balance of acetylation. We demonstrate this by fine-tuning acetylation through modulation of HDACs and the histone tails themselves. Functional interactions between Esa1 and HDACs of class I, class II, and the Sirtuin family define specific roles of these opposing activities in cellular viability, fitness, and response to stress. The fact that both increased and decreased expression of the ESA1 homolog TIP60 has cancer associations in humans underscores just how important the balance of its activity is likely to be for human well-being.
Behavioral Approaches to Illness Prevention for Native Americans

Much evidence suggests that the health of Native Americans is worse than the health of America’s general population. In fact, Native American people suffer inordinately from cancers linked to both behavioral and lifestyle patterns (Beauvais, Oetting, Wolf, & Edwards, 1989; “Cancer hits all time high, 1991;” Mao, Morrison, Semenciw, & Wigle, 1986; National Cancer Institute, 1986). Cancer is the third leading cause of death among Native Americans (Rhoades, Hammond, Welty, Hander, & Amler, 1987). Whereas cancer was a relatively rare problem for Native Americans in the earlier part of this century, deaths from cancer among Alaska Natives and Indians in the northern United States now exceed average U.S. rates (Lanier, 1993). In addition, the 5-year survival rate for Native American people with cancer is the lowest of any ethnic group in the United States (Stillman, 1992).
Gender Differences in Serial Founding Rates

Men are far more likely to start new ventures than women. Drawing on the hubris theory of entrepreneurship, we argue that one explanation of this gap is that women have lower susceptibility to hubris and higher levels of humility, the “male hubris-female humility effect.” Decreased hubris suggests that women faced with low-quality founding opportunities are less likely to engage in entrepreneurship than men. Increased humility implies that women will also make fewer founding attempts than men when opportunity quality is high. Using a data set of serial founders in crowdfunding, we find evidence of both hubris and humility effects decreasing female founding attempts relative to men. While decreased hubris benefits women individually, we argue that it disadvantages women as a group, as it leads to by 23.2% fewer female-led foundings in our sample than would have occurred if women were as immodest and overconfident as men.
Precise detection statistics by probability transform (PT) simulation, applied to a hard-limited radar receiver

Probability transform (PT) simulation is a new method of calculating the detection statistics of radar and communication receivers. PT numerically computes the output probability density function (PDF) of a receiver from its input PDF. The existing methods for performing this simulation are closed form, and Monte Carlo. PT is a numerical version of closed form simulation. In some applications, PT simulation produces results far more quickly and accurately than the existing methods. Results can be obtained numerically when closed form results are not tractable or closed form approximations inaccurate. The utility of PT simulation is demonstrated in this paper by applying it to a hard-limited radar receiver. Accurate closed form expressions do not exist for the output PDF of the hard-limiter due to its high nonlinearity. In this application, PT is far faster and more accurate than the traditional Monte Carlo approach. Detection statistics for all five Swerling cases have been calculated for the hard-limited receiver. PT simulation is made far more practical by several innovations presented in this paper. These include the two-dimensional convolution formula to simulate coherent integration, the use of two-dimensional FFT to speed the two-dimensional convolution, holding target phase constant without affecting the simulation results and reversing the order of the Swerling integration and noncoherent integration simulation steps to correctly simulate either Swerling cases 1 and 3 or 2 and 4. More general applications of PT simulation such as to receivers with a linear channel and linear detector are discussed.
Simulating Therapeutics Using Multiscale Models of the VEGF Receptor System in Cancer

In recent years, Judah Folkman’s vision of anticancer therapeutics based on inhibiting angiogenesis pathways has begun to be realized. In particular, antibodies sequestering VEGF, and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting VEGF receptors, are now approved for various cancers, alone or in combination with other therapies. More are in the development pipeline, with similar or distinct mechanisms of action. The VEGF system is complex, involving multiple ligands and receptors, along with transport throughout the body via the bloodstream. Predicting outcomes of perturbing this system, either by a single agent or combinations, can be aided by in silico models. Here we discuss the ways in which the above drugs target the VEGF pathway in cancer, and describe the development and implementation of multiscale mathematical models to simulate the action of these drugs in order to predict and compare their likely efficacy for various types of tumors.
Remediation of Frozen Ground Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Feasibility and Limits

Petroleum pollution is a significant problem in cold regions. We define cold regions as Arctic and sub-Arctic, Antarctic and sub-Antarctic, and alpine regions that exhibit permafrost or seasonally frozen ground (Filler et al. 2008b). Encountered in gravel pads, roads, and abandoned waste dumps, at remote air strips, research stations, and legacy military and mine sites, with fuel storage and dispensing facilities, and as leaked or spilled product along transport corridors (i.e., pipeline and roads), petroleum is persistent in and difficult to remove from frozen ground. Economic limitations on cleanup are associated with remoteness, access (where regulated), scant local resources, and complex logistics. Physical changes to ground brought on by sub-freezing air temperatures reduce microbial activity and alter physicochemical properties of petroleum (e.g., partial pressures — aqueous/vapor phase partitioning — and volatility). We are beginning to understand freeze–thaw effects and cryoturbation in cold contaminated soils (Biggar and Neufeld 1996; Chuvilin et al. 2001; Barnes et al. 2004; Bigger et al. 2006; Barnes and Wolfe 2008; Barnes and Biggar 2008). Cleanup decision making is usually dictated by financial circumstances, regulatory pressure, perceived risks, and liability associated with lease responsibility or transfer of land ownership (Snape et al. 2008a). Ideally, a practical remediation strategy is chosen based on a feasibility study of alternatives, with consideration for sitespecific conditions, and acceptable trade-off between cost and treatment duration. From the responsible party perspective, the cost–time relationship (Fig. 19.1) is often the single most important aspect of decision making in environmental cleanup. The regulatory perspective also considers human and ecosystem health to be of paramount importance. Irrespective of stakeholder perspective, the development of cost-effective and timely remediation strategies benefits all. Figure 19.1 illustrates cost–time relationships for developed soil treatments that have been used in cold regions.
Oxygen and oxygen toxicity: the birth of concepts

Molecular dioxygen (O2) is an essential element of aerobic life, yet incomplete reduction or excitation of O2 during aerobic metabolisms generates diverse oxygen-containing reactive species, commonly known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the one hand, ROS pose a serious threat to aerobic organisms via inducing oxidative damage to cellular constituents. On the other hand, these reactive species, when their generation is under homeostatic control, also play important physiological roles (e.g., constituting an important component of immunity and participating in redox signaling). This article defines oxygen and the key facts about oxygen, and discusses the relationship between oxygen and the emergence of early animals on Earth. The article then describes the discovery of oxygen by three historical figures and examines the birth of the concepts of oxygen toxicity and the underlying free radical mechanisms. The article ends with a brief introduction to the emerging field of ROS-mediated redox signaling and physiological responses.
Positive and Negative Ageism: The Role of Benevolent and Hostile Sexism

Addressing social injustice is an integral aspect to social work; however, the challenge lies in the fact that society is stratified by sociodemographic characteristics creating power and privilege for some and oppression for many. Understanding how biases that support this social structure are interrelated further elucidates the systemic nature of biases. This study examined the extent to which sexist beliefs would help explain ageism. Results indicated that benevolent sexism was associated with positive ageism, and hostile sexism helped explain negative ageism. These findings contribute to theory development on interlocking prejudices and inform pedagogical approaches that help address biases.
A LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of intracellular nucleoside triphosphate levels

3146 Purpose: Many anticancer drugs such as cytarabine and gemicitabine interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis and/or their nucleotides (NTPs) and deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) precursors. The determination of NTP and dNTP pools is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their actions and chemoresistance. Herein we developed a non-radioactive, sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method to quantify intracellular NTP and dNTP pools to assess their alteration by antitumor agents. Methods: Separations of NTPs and dNTPs were achieved on a Supelcolgel ODP-50 column using a gradient elution with pH 7.0, 5 mM N, N-dimethyl-n-hexylamine and 50% acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. An ion trap mass spectrometer was used to measure dNTPs and NTPs using a negative ion electrospray mode. The following multiple reaction monitoring at m/z 489.9→392.00, 481.00→383.00, 506.00→408.00, 466.00→368.00, 483.0→385.0, 522.0→424.0, 482.0→384.0, 540.0→441.9 were used for dATP, dTTP, dGTP/ATP, dCTP, UTP, GTP, CTP, and the internal standard 2-chloroadenosine-5’-triphosphate (ClATP), respectively. The calibration standards were prepared by spiking various amounts of dNTPs and NTPs and a constant amount of ClATP in 0.2 ml of acidic phosphatase treated and heat deactivated K562 cell lysate (~2x106 cells). This method was applied to measure the basal levels of dNTPs and NTPs in K562 cells and their changes induced by 5-azacytidine. Results: dGTP and ATP cannot be resolved and are analyzed as a composite. Linearity was demonstrated between 50 nM, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and 10 μM in K562 cell lysate. The within-day coefficients of variation (CVs, n=6) were between 11-23% at LLOQ and 3-12% between 500-5000 nM for dNTPs and 17-21% and 2-9% for NTPs, respectively. The between-day CVs (n=18) were 15-19% at LLOQ and 5-15% between 500-5000 nM for dNTPs and 12-19% and 5-9% for NTPs, respectively. The within-day accuracy values were 101-127% for both NTPs and dNTPs. In K562 cells, the basal levels of dATP, dTTP, dCTPs were 2.7, 17.6, 4.8 pmol/106 cells and of UTP, GTP, CTPs, dGTP+ATP were 1184.7, 1045.0, 329.6, 3532.1 pmol/106 cells, respectively. Following exposure with 2.0 and 5.0 μM of 5-azacytidine, the intracellular dCTP became non-detectable. Conclusion:We havedeveloped a non-radioactive LC-MS/MS method for quantifying intracellular NTP and dNTP pools and successfully applied it to measure their levels in K562 cells before and following the treatment with 5-azacytidine. Supported by NIH-NCI-RO1-CA102031, -UO1-CA76576, and by the BioMedical Mass Spectrometry Lab.
Young children as intercultural mediators: Mandarin-speaking Chinese families in Britain

This book explores the role that Mandarin-speaking children play in developing their parents’ understanding of their new home. The author focuses on cultural mediation, when and how it occurs, and ...
Fabrication and Characterization of a Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) Thin Film Micro-sensor for Hypergolic Vapor Detection

A passive chemiresistor micro-sensor was investigated for the detection of hydrazine compounds. Hydrazine compounds are a highly toxic and carcinogenic species exhibiting toxic effects in humans at very low levels of exposure. Therefore, a sensor capable of detecting ppb levels of hydrazine compounds is required to insure the safety of personnel. The present study describes the fabrication, testing, and characterization of a low-cost, ultrasensitive Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin film-based micro-sensor for the detection of hydrazine compounds. Standard microelectronic manufacturing techniques were used to form a micro-sensor composed of a silicon substrate, interdigitated gold electrodes, and P3HT sensing film. Responses of the micro-sensor to hydrazine compounds at different temperatures and concentration levels are reported. When exposed to 25 ppm hydrazine in nitrogen, the sensor’s resistance was measured to change from a few ohms to over 10 Megaohms. The thermal stability of the P3HT micro-sensor and the method to improve thermal stability are also explored. Thermally annealing the P3HT micro-sensor was found to improve thermal stability at high temperatures. Moreover, the sensor exhibits good specificity to hydrazine and does not respond to the presence of NO2 and/or N2O.
Oxidation of Strained Si-Ge Layers Grown by MBE

The oxidation of strained SiGe alloy layers grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) was studied. An initial fast growth regime was identified for 800°C steam oxidations, where the growth rate is 2.5 times that of silicon. The oxides formed on SiGe were found to be essentially Ge-free: Ge present in the material is rejected by the oxide, resulting in the formation of a Ge-rich epitaxial layer at the oxide/substrate interface.
Canadian Glacier Hydrology and Mass Balance Studies; A History of Accomplishments and Recommendations for Future Work

This is a review paper describing the history of glacier mass balance and runoff studies in Canada, evaluating the accomplishments and recommending some areas for future research and development.Th...
Does law matter? An old bail law confronts the New Penology

The New Penology paradigm stipulates that governments increasingly incarcerate ‘unruly classes’ in order to manage rather than punish these groups. Even more than in previous decades, post-industrial society is said to utilize the criminal sanction as a means of repressing the poor, urban, unemployed, and members of minority groups. Drawing on the New Penology framework, the current research uses the example of bail to assess whether risk management rationales have migrated into judges’ decision making despite a law that favors non-incarceration. Using a sample of 975 felony cases, this study investigates factors that impact bail decisions and outcomes in New Jersey, a state that does not permit preventive detention and in which the Constitution favors release on bail. Our findings suggest that the New Penology is generally not prevalent in New Jersey bail practice. Specifically, results suggest that judges do not seek to preventively detain the ‘urban underclass’ and that criminal history (traditionally ...
Discussion on Design of Single-Board RF Circuit and RF/Digital Mixed Circuit

Problems associated with microwave effect,layout,grounding,filtering signal transmission and EMC,to which attentions need to be paid in designing single-board RF and RF/digital mixed PCB,were discussed from the viewpoint of engineering applications.Various printing microwave effects,such as resonator,coupler,capacitor,printing antenna and filter,were described.Finally,practical suggestions were put forward,and design examples were given for reference in designing single-board RF and RF/digital mixed PCB's.
Relative Difference and Burglary Location Can Ecological Characteristics of a Burglar’s Home Neighborhood Predict Offense Location?

Objectives:Neighborhood characteristics predict burglary targets, but target attractiveness may be colored by the conditions in which a potential offender resides. We test whether relative differences in concentrated disadvantage, racial/ethnic composition, and ethnic heterogeneity influence where burglars offend, controlling for distance. From a relative deprivation perspective, economically advantaged areas make more attractive targets to burglars residing in disadvantage neighborhoods, but a social disorganization perspective predicts areas lower in social cohesion are most attractive, which may be neighborhoods with greater disadvantage.Methods:Drawing upon a unique sample of cleared burglaries in the City of Tampa, Florida from 2000 to 2012, we utilize discrete choice modeling to predict burglar offense destination.Results:Offenders target neighborhoods that are geographically proximate or ecologically similar to their own. When accounting for relative differences, burglars from all neighborhood type...
Laser Atheroablation in Challenging Coronary Lesions

Excimer laser coronary atherectomy (ELCA) has been used for coronary intervention for more than 20 years for the treatment of obstructed coronary arteries. This technology is designed to ablate the obstructive atherothrombotic plaque. The initial data have failed to show better angiographic, procedural, or clinical outcome results when compared to balloon angioplasty or stenting. Advances in delivery systems for laser energy using the xenon-chlorine pulsed laser catheter deliver higher energy density with lower heat production and have led to better results in terms of efficacy and safety with low complication rate. The Spectranetics CVX-300® (Spectranetics Corporation, Colorado Springs, CO) excimer laser catheter system has been used for the treatment of several coronary indications. This chapter will focus on complex coronary lesions, including balloon-resistant lesions, chronic total occlusions, in-stent restenosis (ISR), and underexpanded stents in calcified lesions. ELCA is used for thrombus containing lesions in acute myocardial infarction and degenerated saphenous vein graft lesions (not discussed in this chapter).