cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spotted-Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Adult Movement, Activity, and Oviposition Behavior in Maine Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium; Ericales: Ericaceae)

Over a period of 5 yr (2012-2016), we conducted laboratory and field studies on activity, movement, and response to trap placement of adult Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton, fields in Maine. When measuring temporal patterns in fruit infestation, we found that D. suzukii females are most active in the morning and that they are 10 times more likely to lay eggs in blueberries at the top of the plant canopy compared with berries located in the lower part of the bush. Flies were found to be more abundant in fruit-bearing (crop) fields compared with pruned (vegetative) fields based on trap capture of adults. They are also most abundant along edges of fields compared with interiors. Trap efficiency is significantly better in traps 1.2 m above the ground and above the crop canopy of this low-growing crop plant than within the crop canopy. Three experiments involving the marking of laboratory-reared flies with fluorescent marker, their release, and capture with traps along a grid in fields suggest that: 1) fluorescent markers do not affect the distance moved of marked flies, 2) dispersal rates are not different between sexes, 3) there is little difference in the dispersal pattern through pruned fields and fruit-bearing fields, and 4) flies disperse at a low rate of 0.1-30 m per day, with an average of 5 m per day, but that long-distance dispersal over 1-2 km is feasible based on statistical model extrapolation.
The Lorentz Transformation of Maxwell's Equations

This kind of one-sidedness appears over and over again in the history of science. I am not saying this as a reproach: on the contrary, we must be glad that there are people who are courageous enough to be immoderate and one-sided. It is to them that we owe our discoveries. What is regrettable is that each should defend his one-sidedness so passionately. Scientific theories are merely suggestions as to how things might be observed.
Natural single-nucleotide deletion in chymotrypsinogen C gene increases severity of secretagogue-induced pancreatitis in C57BL/6 mice

Genetic susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis in humans is frequently associated with mutations that increase activation of the digestive protease trypsin. Intrapancreatic trypsin activation is an early event in experimental acute pancreatitis in rodents, suggesting that trypsin is a key driver of pathology. In contrast to trypsin, the pancreatic protease chymotrypsin serves a protective function by mitigating trypsin activation through degradation. In humans, loss-of-function mutations in chymotrypsin C (CTRC) are common risk factors for chronic pancreatitis; however, the pathogenic effect of CTRC deficiency has not been corroborated in animal models yet. Here we report that C57BL/6 mice that are widely used for genetic manipulations do not express functional CTRC due to a single-nucleotide deletion in exon 2 of the Ctrc gene. We restored a functional Ctrc locus in C57BL/6N mice and demonstrated that in the novel Ctrc+ strain the severity of cerulein-induced experimental acute and chronic pancreatitis was significantly ameliorated. Improved disease parameters were associated with reduced intrapancreatic trypsin activation suggesting a causal link between CTRC-mediated trypsinogen degradation and protection against pancreatitis. Taken together with prior human genetic and biochemical studies, the observations provide conclusive evidence for the protective role of CTRC against pancreatitis.
The Patient Selection Criteria for Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Mechanical Oxygenation.

Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) plays a crucial role in the management of patients with refractory cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction by providing temporary mechanical hemodynamic and respiratory support. However, the paucity of guidelines on indications for administering it and the failure to timely initiate VA-ECMO often result in a high in-hospital mortality rate and poor six-month outcomes after VA-ECMO deployment. Due to ethical issues, randomized controlled studies with VA-ECMO have not been conducted so that no recommended evidence-based guidelines exist for VA-ECMO patient-selection criteria. Therefore, the indication for administering the device depends solely on expert opinion after reviewing the literature. We conducted a review of the current literature to better understand and classify the need for proper patient selection, including proven indications for VA-ECMO.
Application of a coupled elasto-acoustic-damage system to acoustic emissions from sea ice fracture

Sea ice fracture and the resultant acoustic emissions have been studied extensively through observation, experiments, and theoretical analysis. This work demonstrates the applicability of a novel time-domain method for simulating dynamic damage evolution in a coupled structural-acoustic system for the prediction of acoustic emissions from sea ice fracture. The primary aim of this study is to employ first principles modeling of acoustic emissions from failure, as derived via the theory of continuum damage mechanics, including the transition of the acoustic waves from solid to fluid domains. The overall solution method is designed to be compatible with modern high-performance computing environments. The algorithm is staggered, where first the solution for the dynamic fracture evolution is found with an explicit step, and then the coupled computation of the structural-acoustic system response is computed using the new values of the damage and modified geometry. Code and solution verification of the fully coupled solution algorithm are presented, as are comparison to laboratory experiments and field observations for sea-ice fracture.
Survey of single image super-resolution reconstruction

Image super-resolution reconstruction refers to a technique of recovering a high-resolution (HR) image (or multiple images) from a low-resolution (LR) degraded image (or multiple images). Due to the breakthrough progress in deep learning in other computer vision tasks, people try to introduce deep neural network and solve the problem of image super-resolution reconstruction by constructing a deep-level network for end-to-end training. The currently used deep learning models can divide the SISR model into four types: interpolation-based preprocessing-based model, original image processing based model, hierarchical feature-based model, and high-frequency detail-based model, or shared the network model. The current challenges for super-resolution reconstruction are mainly reflected in the actual application process, such as encountering an unknown scaling factor, losing paired LR–HR images, and so on.
Where's the Party?: Towards a Constitutional Biography of Political Parties in India

Although the original text of the Indian Constitution did not mention political parties, parties are one of the most crucial institutions for the actual functioning of our constitutional structures. I go back to the founding to inquire how the framers understood the relationship between party dynamics and constitutional design. The founding debates aptly demonstrate a two-way relationship between parties and constitutional law. These debates not only help us move towards a realist account of how our constitution works, but also demonstrate various modes and functions of constitutionalization of political parties. Constitutionalization of parties may not only restrain the distortion of division of State power, but also improve the health of party competition. Moving beyond founding, I will discuss the causes of the anti-defection amendment (the only provision in the Constitution that mentions ‘political party’) and the way it has fundamentally transformed the constitutional characterization of our democracy – from the old candidate-based representative democracy to a party-based one. This constitutional transformation causes an inconsistency in the Indian law of democracy: while the anti-defection jurisprudence recognizes parties as the fundamental unit of representation, general election law continues with the old conception of candidates as the primary representative unit – a point crucial to debates on a wide array of issues ranging from political finance to party liability.
The Glamorisation of Mental Illness in BBC’s Sherlock

This chapter employs an allegorical approach for mapping the intersections of genius and madness and psychopathy and sociopathy as depicted in BBC’s Sherlock (2010–2017). By analysing and evaluating episodic and historical notions of psychiatric disorders, it probes various symptoms of mental illnesses as represented by the characters of Sherlock Holmes, Jim Moriarty and Eurus Holmes. The series advances its narrative arc and explores the relationships between the three characters; however, it does so through oppressive therapeutic labelling, which promotes inaccurate assumptions about mental illness and all its varying complexities. Through remote interventions viewers are able to experience, diagnose, popularize and inevitably glamorise mental illnesses from within the receptive space of their televisual enclosure. In so doing they help to perpetuate a therapeutic culture that blurs the porous boundaries between fictional characters and the psychiatric disorders they are allowed to misrepresent.
Secure and Resilient Swarms: Autonomous Decentralized Lightweight UAVs to the Rescue

Distributed systems disseminate emergent behaviors across an interconnected group of lightweight agents. The SHARKS protocol (Secure, Heterogeneous, Autonomous, and Rotational Knowledge for Swarms) allows for a robotic swarm to encircle/ensphere a target. Motivated by security and resiliency, the SHARKS protocol addresses traditional vulnerabilities without creating a central point of vulnerability. The SHARKS protocol tolerates the loss of agents and continues to surround a target with as few as three individuals. Utilizing two movement algorithms, agents remain within a specified radial distance of the target while also evenly dispersing from their neighbors. SHARKS was tested in two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D fields. In 2-D fields, the efficiency (how quickly the swarm stabilizes) and the capacity (the number of agents that can stabilize) were tested across different configurations. In 3-D fields, the stability was tested across many additional configurations based on when each swarm reached 68%, 95%, and 100% stability.
Responsible Leadership and Reputation Management During a Crisis: The Cases of Delta and United Airlines

This study argues that actions taken during a crisis within the responsibility compass impacts reputation. The lens of responsible leadership was chosen from among the different foci of leadership scholarship because of its emphasis on relational and ethical dimensions. The focus of this study was the actions undertaken by the CEOs of United and Delta Airlines after the forceful removal of the passengers and its influence on the reputation capital as measured by the changes in the respective share prices of the airlines. The overarching question was whether there was clear statistical evidence that linked the actions undertaken as part of the crisis management efforts and the reputation of the airlines. Findings from this study suggest that actions taken as part of responsible leadership compass explained the variations in the share prices. In the case of United Airlines almost 70% of the variations in the share prices could be explained by responsible leadership, whereas in the case Delta airlines only 50.6% of the variations in the share value could be predicted based on the role of leadership in crisis management.
ClinePlotR: Visualizing genomic clines and detecting outliers in R

Patterns of multi-locus differentiation (i.e., genomic clines) often extend broadly across hybrid zones and their quantification can help diagnose how species boundaries are shaped by adaptive processes, both intrinsic and extrinsic. In this sense, the transitioning of loci across admixed individuals can be contrasted as a function of the genome-wide trend, in turn allowing an expansion of clinal theory across a much wider array of biodiversity. However, computational tools that serve to interpret and consequently visualize 9genomic clines9 are limited. Here, we introduce the CLINEPLOTR R-package for visualizing genomic clines and detecting outlier loci using output generated by two popular software packages, BGC and INTROGRESS. CLINEPLOTR bundles both input generation (i.e, filtering datasets and creating specialized file formats) and output processing (e.g., MCMC thinning and burn-in) with functions that directly facilitate interpretation and hypothesis testing. Tools are also provided for post-hoc analyses that interface with external packages such as ENMEVAL and RIDEOGRAM. Our package increases the reproducibility and accessibility of genomic cline methods, thus allowing an expanded user base and promoting these methods as mechanisms to address diverse evolutionary questions in both model and non-model organisms.
The Effect of Temperature on COVID-19 Confirmed Cases: Evidence from US Counties

This paper studies the effect of air temperature on the transmission of COVID-19 in the U.S. using daily observations across counties. This study uses various ordinary least squares (OLS) models with a comprehensive set of fixed effects to overcome unobserved heterogeneity issues across counties as well as the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators as dynamic models to address endogeneity issue. Our main results indicate that an increase of one degree in temperature is associated with a reduction of 0.041 cases per 100,000 population at the county-level. We run several robustness tests and all the models confirm the impact of temperature on COVID-19 confirmed new cases. These results help policymakers and economists in optimizing decisions and investments to reduce COVID-19 new cases.
Diversifying an Academic Library’s Children’s and Young Adult Collection: A Case Study from the University of Florida’s Education Library

This case study focuses on the Education Library’s plan to diversify its children’s and young adult literature collection. After a large renovation, the author created a collection development plan...
C1-Inhibitor: Structure, Functional Diversity and Therapeutic Development.

Human C1-Inhibitor (C1INH), also known as C1-esterase inhibitor, is an important multifunctional plasma glycoprotein that is uniquely involved in a regulatory network of complement, contact, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. C1INH belongs to a superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitor (serpins) and exhibits its inhibitory activities towards several target proteases of plasmatic cascades, operating as a major anti-inflammatory protein in the circulation. In addition to its inhibitory activities, C1INH is also involved in non-inhibitory interactions with some endogenous proteins, polyanions, cells and infectious agents. While C1INH is essential for multiple physiological processes, it is better known for its deficiency with regards to Hereditary Angioedema (HAE), a rare autosomal dominant disease clinically manifested by recurrent acute attacks of increased vascular permeability and edema. Since the link was first established between functional C1INH deficiency in plasma and HAE in the 1960s, tremendous progress has been made in the biochemical characterization of C1INH and its therapeutic development for replacement therapies in patients with C1INH-dependent HAE. Various C1INH biological activities, recent advances in the HAE-targeted therapies, and availability of C1INH commercial products have prompted intensive investigation of the C1INH potential for treatment of clinical conditions other than HAE. This article provides an updated overview of the structure and biological activities of C1INH, its role in HAE pathogenesis, and recent advances in the research and therapeutic development of C1INH; it also considers some trends for using C1INH therapeutic preparations for applications other than angioedema, from sepsis and endotoxin shock to severe thrombotic complications in COVID-19 patients.
Negative density-dependent mortality varies over time in a wet tropical forest, advantaging rare species, common species, or no species

Although one of the most widely studied hypotheses for high tree diversity in the tropics, the Janzen–Connell hypothesis (JC), and the community compensatory trend upon which it is based, have conflicting support from prior studies. Some of this variation could arise from temporal variation in seedling survival of common and rare species. Using 10 years of data from La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica, we analyzed annual seedling survival and found that negative density-dependence (negative DD) was significantly stronger for rare species than for common species in 2 years and was significantly stronger for common species than for rare species in 4 years. This temporal variation in survival was correlated with climatic variables: in warmer and wetter years, common species had higher negative DD than rare species. The relationship between climate and variation in JC effects on seedling survival of common and rare species could have important consequences for the maintenance of tree species diversity in Central America, which is predicted to experience warmer and wetter years as global change proceeds.
Nase, Geruch-und Geschmacksinn

Die Produktion von Nasensekret dient physiologisch zur Befeuchtung der Atemluft und unterstutzt die Abwehrfunktion der Nasenschleimhaut. Abweichungen der normalen Nasensekretion in der Menge, Konsistenz, Farbe oder dem Geruch mussen als Krankheitssymptom gewertet werden.
Size effect on compression strength of fiber composites failing by kink band propagation

The effect of structure size on the nominal strength of unidirectional fiber-polymer composites, failing by propagation of a kink band with fiber microbuckling, is analyzed experimentally and theoretically. Tests of novel geometrically similar carbon–PEEK specimens, with notches slanted so as to lead to a pure kink band (not accompanied by shear or splitting cracks), are conducted. They confirm the possibility of stable growth of long kind bands before the peak load, and reveal the existence of a strong (deterministic, non-statistical) size effect. The bi-logarithmic plot of the nominal strength (load divided by size and thickness) versus the characteristic size agrees with the approximate size effect law proposed for quasibrittle failures in 1983 by Bažant. The plot exhibits a gradual transition from a horizontal asymptote, representing the case of no size effect (characteristic of plasticity or strength criteria), to an asymptote of slope -1/2 (characteristic of linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM). A new derivation of this law by approximate (asymptotically correct) J-integral analysis of the energy release, as well as by the recently proposed nonlocal fracture mechanics, is given. The size effect law is further generalized to notch-free specimens attaining the maximum load after a stable growth of a kink band transmitting a uniform residual stress, and the generalized law is verified by Soutis, Curtis and Fleck's recent compression tests of specimens with holes of different diameters. The nominal strength of specimens failing at the initiation of a kink band from a smooth surface is predicted to also exhibit a (deterministic) size effect if there is a nonzero stress gradient at the surface. A different size effect law is derived for this case by analyzing the stress redistribution. The size effect law for notched specimens permits the fracture energy of the kink band and the length of the fracture process zone at the front of the band to be identified solely from the measurements of maximum loads. The results indicate that the current design practice, which relies on the strength criteria or plasticity and thus inevitably misses the size effect, is acceptable only for small structural parts and, in the interest of safety, should be revised in the case of large structural parts.
The mechanism for hydrogen adsorption on platinum electrodes from acidic aqueous media: Part I. Potential step relaxation theory for several adsorption mechanisms

Abstract Expressions for the relaxation time constants, equilibrium pseudocapacitances, and equilibrium faradaic resistances are derived for five adsorption mechanisms: (1) Langmuir-like adsorption onto an electrode with only one type of adsorption site, (2) adsorption as in the previous mechanism but with interactions between adsorbed species, (3) independent Langmuir-like adsorption onto each of the different types of sites found on a polycrystalline electrode, (4) adsorption onto an electrode with several different types of adsorption sites, all of which are in rapid surface equilibrium, and (5) adsorption onto a polycrystalline electrode where the movement of the adsorbate between different types of sites is the rate determining step.
Successful treatment of Histoplasma meningitis with amphotericin B

Summary A case of meningeal histoplasmosis in a young boy was successfully treated with amphotericin B, after failure of sulfonamide therapy. The toxic effects of intravenous therapy with amphotericin were alarming but transitory. Intrathecal administration, however, caused paralysis of both legs, which was only partially reversible. We recommend spinal fluid studies in all cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, and prolonged intravenous administration of amphotericin in patients who have meningeal involvement. This case appears to be the first recorded cure of meningitis due to Histoplasma capsulatum.
Efficient AlGaAs/GaAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) optimized for cryogenic operation at 6 K to 150 K

We have demonstrated AlGaAs/GaAs VCSELs optimized for operation in the cryogenic region from 150K to 10K, with superior DC lasing characteristics including a high output power, low and nearly constant threshold current, low operating voltage, a slope efficiency of /spl sim/100%, and a 11GHz modulation bandwidth that is limited by parasitics.
A brief history of U.S. Air Force prosthodontics

This article is a brief overview of the evolution of the U.S. Air Force Dental Service with special emphasis on the simultaneous development of the specialty of prosthodontics within the Dental Service. Of special note is a review of the outstanding Air Force Training programs and Area Dental Laboratory system.
Induction of Instability at Selected Loci in Maize

This is McClintock's only research article on controlling units to appear in a peer-reviewed journal. The article provides culture numbers, tables on the results of crosses, and explanations of tests for the presence and activity of Ac (Activator). McClintock demonstrates that she was able to select a specific gene and make it mutable.
The genetics of blind—a lethal factor in mice

The linkage relationships of the lethal gene blind (Bld) in the mouse were investigated. The gene is located on chromosome 15, between uw and bt. The distance uw--Bld is 28.2 +/- 5.1 cM: Bld--bt is 14.9 +/- 2.7 cM: and Bld--Ca is 24.6 +/- 2.6 cM. Incomplete penetrance and/or reduced viability of Bld/+ animals was found when blind animals were crossed to several strains, but the cross female DBA/2J X male blind yielded complete penetrance and specificity. Evidence is presented for the presence of X-linked modifiers affecting the penetrance and possible increased viability of Bld in strain DBA.
Practice Effectiveness: More Grounds for Optimism

social work practice in the United States. The first two reviews {Fischer, 1973; Wood, 1978) summarized ex periments that consistently reported findings suggesting that direct social work practice methods are ineffective. These reviews covered studies pub lished prior to 1973. Fischer covered 11 studies; Wood covered 22. The third review (Reid and Hanrahan, 1982) sought to discover whether ex periments conducted subsequent to the first two offered a different answer, in terms of particular programs with particular types of clients, to the question of effectiveness. Reid and Hanrahan's review covered 22 con
Pregnancy After Perinatal Loss: The Relationship Between Anxiety and Prenatal Attachment

Objective To determine the difference between levels of pregnancy-specific anxiety and prenatal attachment in a group of pregnant women who previously had a late pregnancy loss and a group of primiparous women of similar gestational age. To also determine the relationship, if any, between anxiety and prenatal attachment in both groups. Design A nonrandom, comparative descriptive design. Setting Participants recruited from medical offices, childbirth classes, and perinatal support groups and newsletters. Participants A convenience sample of 31 expectant mothers (15 primiparae and 16 who previously experienced a late pregnancy miscarriage, stillbirth, or neonatal death). Both groups of women were in the 2nd or 3rd trimester of their current pregnancy. Main Outcome Measures Anxiety was measured using the Pregnancy Outcome Questionnaire; prenatal attachment was measured using the Prenatal Attachment Inventory. Results The loss group showed significantly greater levels of anxiety and significantly lower levels of prenatal attachment compared with a group of primiparous women of a similar gestational age. Conclusions Women who experienced a previous late pregnancy loss had a higher level of anxiety related to concerns about the pregnancy and decreased prenatal attachment with the child in the current pregnancy. Women in their first pregnancy had decreased anxiety compared with the loss group. Higher levels of prenatal attachment also were shown in the primiparous group. JOGNN, 27 , 183-189; 1998.
Pointwise control of burgers' equation — A numerical approach

Abstract We describe a methodology for numerically solving pointwise control problems for the viscous Burger's equation in one space dimension. The solution methods are based on a combination of finite difference and finite element techniques for the time and space discretizations with iterative algorithms such as quasi-Newton methods and GMRES. Numerical experiments validate the methods.
Virtual MIL-STD-1553

MIL-STD-1553B is a widely popular, standard multiplex data bus that has been employed with great success in a variety of aerospace and defense systems. However, use of real 1553 data busses within simulation and development environments can be unnecessarily restrictive. To use a real bus, expensive cards must be purchased and additional cabling must be used to connect the various system components. In these environments, it would be ideal if existing commodity hardware and communications infrastructure could be utilized to interconnect the simulation or development components. To realize this goal, the MIL-STD-1553 data bus must be virtualized, making the data bus's protocol independent of the communication mechanism used to transmit information. The idea is to move functionality from hardware into software, in essence, create a completely software-based 1553 card simulator (i.e. a virtual 1553 card). The author will refer to this simulation as virtual 1553 throughout this paper. Virtual 1553 can provide a great deal of flexibility and cost savings to developers of systems or simulations utilizing the 1553 data bus. At present, a prototype of this technology has been used to replace physical 1553 connections between the astronauts' command and control software and emulated flight computers in an International Space Station (ISS) simulator developed by United Space Alliance. Use of virtual 1553 has led to reduced deployment costs for the simulator, as neither 1553 cards nor cabling are required and existing hardware is used instead for the 1553 simulation.
Chemoautotrophic carbon dioxide fixation by extracts of Thiobacillus thiooxidans. I. Formation of oxalacetic acid

Abstract The cell-free extract of Thiobacillus thiooxidans is capable of forming carboxyl-labeled phosphoglyceric acid as a sole radioactive product from ribose 5-phosphate, ATP, and C14O2 in the presence of magnesium ion. Evidence is given for the presence in the extract of phosphoriboisomerase, phosphoribulokinase, carboxylation enzyme, 3-phosphoglycerokinase, phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, and aldolase. The presence of transketolase, transaldolase, and phosphoketopentose epimerase is also indicated. The pH optima of phosphoriboisomerase and aldolase were determined to be near 7 and 9, respectively. It is concluded that T. thiooxidans can synthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide by a cyclic mechanism similar to that of photosynthesis.
Cutaneous laser surgery

Abstract More than 30 years of experience have resulted in advances of the technology, technique, and therapeutic efficacy of dermatologic lasers. The original lasers have been modified and improved, and new lasers with a more sophisticated technology have been introduced. Laser therapy has provided novel ways of treating difficult conditions and, for several skin diseases, it is now considered the treatment of choice. The goal of this article is to review laser physics and laser-tissue interactions, discuss the various groups of lasers and their clinical uses in dermatology, and to contemplate future developments in laser skin surgery.
Bryce maxwell: Scientist, innovator, teacher

We first discuss two scientific publications by Maxwell: a pioneering paper on the nature and kinetics of crazing on atactic polystyrene; and his development of a new mechanical spectrometer with a frequency range from 6 × 10−4 to 1.6 × 102 Hz, and storage and loss modulus obtained with it on atactic poly(methyl methacrylate). An informal association with Maxwell and his group starting in 1970 has permitted us to appreciate him as an inventor and an innovator with a broad impact on the polymer field; and also to follow him in his role of teacher/professor.
A concise and complete solution for linearly graded p-n junctions

Abstract We present here a highly condensed solution consisting of the profiles for potential, electric field, net charge density and net mobile to net fixed charge density ratio, all as functions of distance for linearly graded p-n junctions. The condensed representation results from the use of the transformations for the potential and the distance variables that we have proposed earlier[4,5]. The important features of this solution are discussed and compared with the results of the depletion approximation. The method of using this solution to extract numerical results in specific situations is demonstrated in detail. The new scaling length used successfully in the distance transformation is compared with those previously used in the literature and some general relationships connecting them are established. The depletion widths under different normalizations are also compared.
The eclectic perspective on interpersonal communication: An explanation and a description

This perspective is designed to examine the structure, function, and process of interpersonal communication to locate the major sources of interpersonal communication problems in particular interactions. The article states assumptions of the perspective, defines the elements and processes of interpersonal communication, suggests ways to use the framework, and describes ways the perspective is currently being taught.
Ration digestibility and mineral balance in lactating cows fed rations containing dried whey.

Abstract Including dried whey in rations of nonruminants usually increases digestibilities and mineral retention, presumably because of the lactose in the whey. A trial with total collection had five lactating cows per treatment to determine the effects of 5% dried whey product in the concentrate on digestibility of the ration and on absorption and retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Rations included corn silage ad libitum, 3 kg alfalfa hay, and either control or dried whey product in concentrate ration at 1 kg/3 kg milk produced. Rations were balanced for content of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were not increased with dried whey product in the ration. Apparent absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus was not affected significantly by inclusion of whey in the ration. Productive (milk plus retained) calcium and magnesium were not increased when dried whey product was in the ration although productive phosphorus was slightly higher with the dried whey product. Adding small amounts of dried whey to a ruminant's ration will not increase mineral absorption and retention probably because the lactose in dried whey is fermented in the rumen and unavailable for aiding absorption from the small intestine.
A compact line and edge orientation detection sensor

Abstract A new line and edge orientation detection sensor using four position-sensitive devices is presented. This sensor is composed of four oblong position-sensing devices configured in a rectangular fashion. Each device detects the center of gravity of a light stripe on the device. By combining these positions obtained from four devices, a line orientation can be calculated. The simulation result demonstrates the translation invariance as well as the linewidth invariance if the sensor dimension is chosen such that the width/length ratio is smaller than or equal to 0.1. A pn diode formed by the n-well and the p-substrate shows the best position-sensing capability among the structures tested due to its relatively high well resistance. The position-sensing capability is investigated with different biases and under different levels of background illumination. Two position-sensing devices are used to measure the line orientation, which agrees well with the actual orientation.
Use of a food consumption model to estimate human contaminant intake.

A mathematical model is proposed for estimating daily contaminant intake by multiplying three variables related to consumption, from three independent consumption surveys. With lead as an example, the product of the three variables typified the mean and increasing intakes among infants 0–5 months, children 6–23 months and children 2–5 yr of age. Limitations implicit to the approach and the variables were discussed. Daily mean lead intake increased between the three respective age groups, 15, 59, and 82 μg lead. When intake was expressed on a body weight basis (μg lead/kg BW), the rate of daily lead exposure for children 6 to 23 months (6.1) and 2 to 5 yr (5.6) of age was similar but both were higher than the rate for the 0–5 month infant (2.7 μg kg-1 BW). The 90th percentile daily dietary lead intake for 0–5 month infants was double their mean intake and for children 6 months to 5 yr was one and a half times their corresponding mean intakes. Food sources which contributed to the daily lead intake of the infant differed from those for the two groups of older children.
SU-FF-T-357: Preliminary Results of In-Vivo Dosimetry in Prostate IMRT Patients Using DVS Implantable Dosimeters

Purpose: Report the initial clinical experience using an in‐vivo, implantable MOSFETdosimeters for measuring dose in prostate IMRT patients. Method and Materials: Six patients were implanted with 2 DVS® (Dose Verification System) dosimeters.CT scans for treatment planning were performed 4–5 days after implantation. The predicted dose for each dosimeter was calculated and compared to the measured dose. Patients were positioned daily with a MV digital images and ultrasound. The daily dose delivered was recorded and compared to the expected dose. Weekly analysis was performed to confirm the accuracy of the dose delivered and identify dose variation trends (random or systematic). For cases when the dose reading deviated more than 10% from the expected, an immediate analysis of the patient setup and treatment plan was performed. Results: The majority of the patient cases had an average variance ⩽ 5%. However, there were significant daily dose variations identified by the DVS that could easily have gone unnoticed without the DVS. One patient had deviations of 12–20% on the first fraction due to misreadings in the patient positioning images and the ultrasound localization. In addition to helping identify dose variations, the DVS confirmed that the prostate boost margins were appropriate and that target coverage was adequate on a daily basis. Conclusions: Significant variations between the measured and predicted doses were found in 2 out of 6 (33%) patients and required immediate action. The cause for the variation was easily identified and corrected. The DVS acts as an adjunct to IMRT and IGRT since it provides a final confirmation of the dose received in the target measuring the net effect of all the variables that can affect accurate dose delivery. The DVS can be a valuable tool in the continuing radiation therapy goal for improving accuracy of treatment delivery.
Developmental Regulation of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Herein we demonstrate that Drosophila larvae possess a synthetic activity capable of converting phenylalanine to tyrosine. This system is readily extractable and displays many characteristics of phenylalanine hydroxylase systems described in other organisms, the most notable being that a tetrahydropteridine is required for full expression of activity. The level of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity present in the organism varies with the stage of development: from an undetected level of activity at the first larval instar, there is a rapid increase in phenylalanine hydroxylase activity which reaches a peak at the time of puparium formation, after which there is a rapid decrease again to an undetected level.
Ultra-Sensitive Sequencing Reveals an Age-Related Increase in Somatic Mitochondrial Mutations That Are Inconsistent with Oxidative Damage

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is believed to be highly vulnerable to age-associated damage and mutagenesis by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, somatic mtDNA mutations have historically been difficult to study because of technical limitations in accurately quantifying rare mtDNA mutations. We have applied the highly sensitive Duplex Sequencing methodology, which can detect a single mutation among >107 wild type molecules, to sequence mtDNA purified from human brain tissue from both young and old individuals with unprecedented accuracy. We find that the frequency of point mutations increases ∼5-fold over the course of 80 years of life. Overall, the mutation spectra of both groups are comprised predominantly of transition mutations, consistent with misincorporation by DNA polymerase γ or deamination of cytidine and adenosine as the primary mutagenic events in mtDNA. Surprisingly, G→T mutations, considered the hallmark of oxidative damage to DNA, do not significantly increase with age. We observe a non-uniform, age-independent distribution of mutations in mtDNA, with the D-loop exhibiting a significantly higher mutation frequency than the rest of the genome. The coding regions, but not the D-loop, exhibit a pronounced asymmetric accumulation of mutations between the two strands, with G→A and T→C mutations occurring more often on the light strand than the heavy strand. The patterns and biases we observe in our data closely mirror the mutational spectrum which has been reported in studies of human populations and closely related species. Overall our results argue against oxidative damage being a major driver of aging and suggest that replication errors by DNA polymerase γ and/or spontaneous base hydrolysis are responsible for the bulk of accumulating point mutations in mtDNA.
Retinoic acid inhibits conversion of dissociated Müller glia into lens-like cells.

In monolayer cultures of dissociated retina cells, Muller gliocytes undergo conversion into a lens-like cell type (lentoidal cells): they become unable to adhere to neurons and accumulate lens antigens. Retinoic acid (RA) retards these changes. We present evidence that RA prevents the rapid loss of gliocyte adhesivity to neurons; and that, by promoting restoration of glia cell contacts with neurons, RA protects the gliocytes from phenotype alteration.
Cybernetic Filters and Management Information Systems

Examines two types of cybernetic filters which can be incorporated in a management information system (MIS). The design of these filters is dependent on the type of uncertainties which an organization experiences in its environment and also on the response time of the organization to environmental disturbances. The response time is in turn determined by Ashby's law of requisite variety. Incorporating these cybernetic filters into an MIS has three effects on the organization. First, it eliminates managerial activity in any organizational level which is not conducive to equilibrium and, consequently, consenes managerial resources Secondly, it blocks the conveyance of noise — in the customary heaps of computer printouts manufactured by the MIS — to management. Thirdly, it ensures that information is conveyed to the level of regulation which can most aptly deal with a particular disturbance.
Dynamical SUSY breaking in heterotic M-theory

Abstract It is shown that four-dimensional N = 1 supersymmetric QCD with massive flavors in the fundamental representation of the gauge group can be realized in the hidden sector of E 8 × E 8 heterotic string vacua. The number of flavors can be chosen to lie in the range of validity of the free-magnetic dual, using which one can demonstrate the existence of long-lived meta-stable non-supersymmetric vacua. This is shown explicitly for the gauge group Spin ( 10 ) , but the methods are applicable to Spin ( N c ) , SU ( N c ) and Sp ( N c ) for a wide range of color index N c . Hidden sectors of this type can potentially be used as a mechanism to break supersymmetry within the context of heterotic M-theory.
Value, attitude, and belief determinants of willingness to accept a facility for the homeless

Basic values, attitudes toward the homeless, and specific beliefs about a proposed facility were examined, along with the NIMBY (Not In My BackYard) phenomenon, to explore if, and to what degree, these factors affect community acceptance or rejection of a facility for the homeless. Previously designed Protestant ethic (PE) and Humanitarian-Egalitarian (HE) scales were used to measure two basic values (Katz & Hass, 1988). Scales to measure attitudes toward the homeless and beliefs about a planned facility were developed. As predicted, values, attitudes, and beliefs correlated with each other and were related to plan acceptance, so that HE, pro-homeless attitudes, and positive beliefs about the plan were positively related to acceptance, and PE, anti-homeless attitudes, and negative beliefs about the plan were positively related to rejection. Also as predicted, four proximity measures were all related to acceptance of the plan.
Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic sarcoidosis

The presence of granulomas in the liver raises consideration of a wide differential diagnosis, but in most Western series, sarcoidosis accounts for a majority of cases. This review will focus specifically on the diagnosis of and therapy for hepatic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Hepatic involvement of sarcoidosis was described in 11.5% of 736 patients enrolled in the ACCESS study. However, presence alone of granulomas in an organ in sarcoidosis does not dictate treatment. The decision to treat should be based on symptoms and severity of disease. Although hepatic involvement usually is asymptomatic, a minority of patients progress to chronic cholestatic disease, portal hypertension, and cirrhosis that may require liver transplantation. Treatment of hepatic sarcoidosis should be reserved for patients who manifest this spectrum of disease. Glucocorticoid treatment is first-line therapy for hepatic sarcoidosis, improving symptoms and abnormal laboratory values but generally having no effect on progression of disease. In addition to glucocorticoids, immunomodulators such as azathioprine, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and infliximab have been used with some positive effects on symptoms, liver enzyme abnormalities, and hepatomegaly, but none has been shown to prevent progression of disease. Ultimately, in cases of overt liver failure, liver transplantation is the definitive treatment. Overall, treatment for hepatic sarcoidosis is targeted toward alleviation of symptoms but has no curative potential at this time. Focus should be on discovering the etiology of the disease to target therapy at prevention, not cure.
The Effect of Supplemental Methionine in a Corn-Soybean Diet for Laying Chickens

Abstract RELATIVELY little is known about the methionine requirements of laying and breeding chickens. Ingram et al. (1951), who fed diets containing peanut meal supplemented with trytophane and lysine as the source of protein, reported that the requirement of the laying hen for methionine is not more than 0.38 percent of the diet and the combined methionine and cystine requirement is not more than 0.63 percent. Leong and McGinnis (1952), who fed diets in which most of the protein was supplied by Alaska pea meal, stated that the level of methionine required for supporting maximum egg production, gain in live weight, and egg size appeared to be about 0.28 percent in the presence of 0.25 percent cystine. No consistent improvement in egg production was observed when Reid, Quisenberry and Couch (1951) added methionine to a corn-soybean type of diet containing 13 percent protein. Mehring, Titus and Waddell (1954) found that the …
Coordination of spinal locomotor activity in the lamprey: long-distance coupling of spinal oscillators.

The extent and strength of long-distance coupling between locomotor networks in the rostral and caudal spinal cord of larval lamprey were examined with in vitro brain/spinal cord preparations, in which spinal locomotor activity was initiated by chemical microstimulation in the brain, as well as with computer modeling. When locomotor activity and short-distance coupling were blocked in the middle spinal cord for at least 40 segments, burst activity in the rostral and caudal spinal cord was still coupled 1:1, indicating that long-distance coupling is extensive. However, in the absence of short-distance coupling, intersegmental phase lags were not constant but decreased significantly with increasing cycle times, suggesting that long-distance coupling maintains a relatively constant delay rather than a constant phase lag between rostral and caudal bursts. In addition, under these conditions, intersegmental phase lags, measured between rostral and caudal burst activity, were significantly less than normal, and the decrease was greater for longer distances between rostral and caudal locomotor networks. The above result could be mimicked by a computer model consisting of pairs of oscillators in the rostral, middle, and caudal spinal cord that were connected by short- and long-distance coupling. With short-distance coupling blocked in the middle spinal cord, strychnine was applied to either the rostral or caudal spinal cord to convert the pattern locally from right-left alternation to synchronous burst activity. Synchronous burst activity in the rostral spinal cord resulted in a reduction in right-left phase values for burst activity in the caudal cord. These results also could be mimicked by the computer model. Strychnine-induced synchronous burst activity in the caudal spinal cord did not appear to alter the right-left phase values of rostral burst activity. Taken together, the experimental and modeling results suggest that the descending and ascending components of long-distance coupling, although producing qualitatively different effects, are comparatively weak. In particular, the descending component of long-distance coupling appears to become progressively weaker with increasing distance between two given regions of spinal cord. Therefore, short-distance coupling probably contributes substantially to normal rostrocaudal phase lags for locomotor activity along the spinal cord. However, short-distance coupling may be more extensive than ”nearest neighbor coupling.”