cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic manifestations of opiate addiction: Evidence from historical data from colonial Indonesia

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate, using an example, the utility of historical data to illuminate important questions in the field of drug dependence research. The literature on the consumption of addictive substances often characterizes users as being one of two types: "addicts" and "casual users." An econometric characterization of the responses of opium consumers in the late-colonial Netherlands Indies to changes in the price of opium and other important variables is provided, which explicitly acknowledges the existence of different types of opium smokers, as modeled in the underlying theory. The results reveal systematic differences between the behavior of groups of high-intensity consumers and groups of low-intensity consumers. While the findings show that both groups showed similar total price elasticities, the high-intensity consumers were affected predominantly via changes in the number of users rather than in per capita consumption. In the course of the analysis, various analytic methods that are new to the field of drug dependence research are introduced.
Performance of two rapid, single-use immunoassays for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxin A.

Two rapid, single-use immunoassays for C. difficile toxin A, the Clearview C. DIFF A (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, N.J.) and the ImmunoCard Toxin A assays (Meridian Diagnostics Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio) were compared to the cytotoxin assay for their ability to detect C. difficile toxin in fecal specimens. A total of 537 specimens were tested and 47 (8.8%) were positive by the cytotoxin assay. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the toxin A assays were as follows: 70.2% (95% CI, 57.1 to 83.3), 98.8% (95% CI, 97.8 to 99.8), 84.6% (95% CI, 73.3 to 95.9), and 97.2% (95% CI, 95.7 to 98.6) respectively for the Clearview assay; and 74.5% (95% CI, 62.0 to 86.9), 99.0% (95% CI, 98.1 to 99.9), 87.5% (95% CI, 77.3 to 97.8), and 97.6% (95% CI, 96.2 to 98.9) respectively for the ImmunoCard assay. Both toxin A assays are less sensitive than the cytotoxin assay, however, these assays offer a rapid and easy-to-perform test that may be used in conjunction with the cytotoxin assay for laboratory confirmation of C. difficile-associated disease.
Framework for the Analysis of Teenagers' Agency and Self-Disclosure and Methodological Reflections on Knowledge Production During Qualitative Research

The development of participant driven methodologies, especially those involving research with teenagers about potentially stigmatizing and sensitive topics, can benefit from methodological reflections on participants' agency and disclosure in many ways. Not only will these reflections provide important insights about systems of power operating during data collection process, but they also will assist researchers in making stronger claims about participants' speaking positions, knowledge production, representativeness of participants' experiences, and trustworthiness of research findings. From a constructionist perspective, our purpose is twofold: 1) to develop a literature-based framework and methodological foci on how to analyze agency and disclosure in qualitative research projects, and 2) to share our methodological reflections of applying the framework to the context of two different qualitative data collection methods (experience sampling method and focus groups). We conclude that the participants' d...
Temperature studies of dielectric loss in Silicon Carbide

Results for the variation of loss tangent with temperature will be reported for crystalline Silicon Carbide and compared with theoretical expectations based on a two-phonon difference process.
Applications of Ion Beam Analysis Techniques to Erosion Studies

Proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE), ion implantation and combined Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and nuclear reaction (NR) analyses have been used in studies of hot gas erosion of steel surfaces. Three experiments will be discussed. (1) Steel nozzles were exposed to the erosive flows of a variety of burning propellants. Concentrations and depth profiles of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in the exposed surfaces were obtained by combined RBS 4nd NR analyses. The results are discussed in terms of the erosive properties of the propellants. (2) Two steel samples were implanted with nitrogen to investigate a possible improvement in wear characteristics when exposed to burning propellants. The sample implanted with 1 MeV nitrogens produced a small, but possibly significant, improvement in the wear. (3) Propellant combustion products expelled through a steel nozzle have been collected on rotating aluminum strips. PIXE analysis of the strips permits elemental identifications as well as the measurement of the time-of-expulsion profiles.
The role of octopamine in handling and exercise-induced hyperglycaemia and hyperlipaemia in Acheta domesticus

Abstract House crickets, Acheta domesticus , are different from related Orthoptera in that they give a hyperglycaemic and hyperlipaemic response to handling stress and to injections of octopamine instead of either hyperglycaemia (cockroaches) or hyperlipaemia (locusts). The rapid elevation of both lipids and sugars in response to handling stress is probably due to octopamine released into circulation from the head, because the response was eliminated with head ligation. Exercise stress caused a rapid hyperglycaemia and a delayed hyperlipaemia; we suggest that the rapid sugar elevation was due to release of octopamine from the corpora cardiaca and that the delayed elevation of lipids was due to the release of adipokinetic hormone. The age related depletion of fat body reserves through oogenesis appeared to lower the capacity of the cricket to mobilize sugar in response to stress.
Structural Thermodynamics: Prediction of Protein Stability and Protein Binding Affinities

The relationships between the structure of a protein and the thermodynamic parameters that determine its stability constitute the focus of attention of an increasing number of research laboratories. Advances in this area have reached the point in which accurate protein stability predictions and interaction energetics based on crystallographic information appear to be within reach. The purpose of this article is to summarize these developments and discuss future goals and trends.
Further Results on Paracontracting Matrices and Correction to “Optimal Semistable Control in Ad Hoc Network Systems: A Sequential Two-Stage Approach”

This technical note has twofold aspects. The first aspect is to present some new results on characterization of matrix paracontraction and the second aspect is to correct some errors in the author's previous publication by means of these newly developed results for paracontraction. Specifically, new necessary and/or sufficient conditions to characterize paracontracting matrices using discrete-time semistability, singular value decomposition, normal matrices, and range symmetric matrices are provided. Using these results, one can rectify an error in the author's previous publication.
Bag descriptions of P-wave baryons

Abstract The Fiebig-Schwesinger description of P-wave baryons in the MIT bag model is analyzed and extended to the strange sector. Their method is found to give results in rough agreement with the method of DeGrand. It gives a rather good description of P-wave baryon masses or excitation energies in both nonstrange and strange sectors if the bag radii are reduced from 1.0–1.2 fm to about 0.6–0.7 fm. The limitations of the present study are briefly discussed.
Tunneling spectroscopy on graphite defects: implications for biological STM

Abstract Scanning-tunneling-microscope images are obtained for freshly cleaved graphite in air. Large flat regions of graphite are observed, as well as steps between graphite layers. Tunneling spectroscopy (TS) shows a lower surface density of states for graphite near surface defects at the bias voltages tested. This indicates that TS is sensitive to the state of the substrate and this may have implications regarding the use of TS to reveal detailed information about the presence of molecular adsorbates on surfaces with defects.
Measuring Multidimensional Latent Growth

As is the case for any statistical model, a multidimensional latent growth model comes with certain requirements with respect to the data collection design. In order to measure growth, repeated measurements of the same set of individuals are required. Furthermore, the data collection design should be specified such that no individual is given the same item twice, while at the same time allowing for common items over time so that different measurement occasions can be linked. An example of such a data collection design is presented. A computational challenge arises due to the high dimensional nature of a multidimensional latent growth model. Not only are there multiple dimensions within each measurement occasion, but insofar not all individuals change at the same rate for a given construct, that construct will also give rise to multiple dimensions over time. Fortunately, the computational burden can be overcome insofar as one is willing to incorporate assumptions on the latent structure, such as a bifactor or higher order structure within measurement occasions, and the assumption that the construct at a particular time point is independent of the construct at all previous time points given the construct at the immediately preceding time point (first order Markov assumption).
Synthesis of isotopomers of N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-cyano-l-phenylalanine methyl ester: choice of cyanation solvent

Abstract N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-cyano- l -phenylalanine methyl ester and three isotopomers (C15N, 13CN, and 13C15N) were successfully synthesized in two steps to expand the utility of the nitrile symmetric stretch vibration of this modified amino acid as a vibrational reporter of local environments. The choice of cyanation solvent directly impacted the level of isotopic enrichment of the isotopomers. The commonly used solvent acetonitrile resulted in an isotopic enrichment of only ∼80% with a cyanation reaction time of 4.5 h, however, the cyanation solvent N,N-dimethylformamide afforded the isotopomers with >98% isotopic enrichment.
Simulation of interphase percolation and gradients in polymer nanocomposites

Experimental data suggests that well dispersed nanoparticles within a polymer matrix induce a significant interphase zone of altered polymer mobility surrounding each nanoparticle, which can lead to a percolating interphase network inside of the composite. To investigate this concept and the nature of the interphase, a two-dimensional finite element model is developed to study the impact of interphase zones on the overall properties of the composite. Thirty non-overlapping identical circular inclusions are randomly distributed in the matrix with layers of interphase surrounding the inclusions. The simulation results clearly show that the loss moduli of composites are either broadened or shifted corresponding to the absence or presence of a geometrically percolating interphase network. Our numerical study correlates well with experimental data showing broadening of loss peaks for unfunctionalized composites and a large shift of the loss modulus for functionalized nanotube polymer composites. Further, our results indicate the existence of a gradient in properties of the interphase layer and that incorporating this gradient into modeling is critical to reflect the behavior of polymer nanocomposites.
Computational methods for analyzing bistability in biochemical reaction networks

Bistability plays a key role in important biological processes, such as cell division, differentiation, and apoptosis. Examples show that there is a very delicate relationship between the structure of a reaction network and its capacity for bistable behavior. We describe mathematical methods that discriminate between networks that have the capacity for bistability and those that do not, as well as algorithms derived from these methods. We have implemented some of these algorithms in the software package BioNetX. We present results obtained by using this package to analyze random samples from a comprehensive database of reaction networks.
URBAN VARIATION IN PERSONAL ECONOMIC LOCATIONAL OUTLOOK

: The paper provides a simple method based on Euclidean distance to rank U.S. metropolitan areas for personal economic locational outlook. The suggested technique has advantages over the commonly used rank sum methods because the resulting measure is an absolute scale. This aspect allows the use of parametric probability distributions for statistical analysis of the results.
Psychiatrists as treatment team leaders: pitfalls and rewards

The multidisciplinary treatment team has become a conventional component of inpatient psychiatric care delivery. Treatment team dynamics and their implications for the patient, the team members, the organization, and the team leader in particular have been generally understated in the training of psychiatrists, however, as has its value as a model for learning about administration. This article highlights the history and evolution of the multidisciplinary treatment team in psychiatry, the mix of mental health disciplines, philosophies, and roles involved, the characteristics of mental health care professionals, the conflicting manifest and latent work group tasks, and the dynamics and functions of team leadership. While reviewing information on which to base a systematic approach to team leadership, the author advocates for application of universal standards for education in administrative psychiatry including supervised leadership of multidisciplinary treatment teams and discussions of complimentary readings, examples of which are provided.
Metabolic studies of skeletal muscle regeneration

Metabolic studies were carried out on regenerating skeletal muscle in the rat following intramuscular injection of the myotoxic agent Marcaine plus hyaluronidase or after mincing and autoimplantation. Both after mincing and following injection of Marcaine, the ability to oxidize glucose-6-14C and palmitate-1-14C was lost, while the oxidation of glucose-1-14C was markedly enhanced. The loss of oxidative metabolism was accompanied by decreased muscle activity of monoamine oxidase, suggesting diminished numbers of mitochondria. In addition, in Marcaine-treated rats, the activitities of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were markedly elevated and returned to the control level in parallel to the enhanced metabolism of glucose-1-14C. The elevation of these enzymes is consistent with activation of the hexose monophosphate shunt. Substrate utilization and total monoamine oxidase activity returned to control values in the Marcaine-treated muscles, while no recovery was observed following mincing and implantation. In addition, the activity of β-galactosidase, a lysosomal marker enzyme, was enhanced in both experimental systems. β-galactosidase activity returned to control values in Marcaine-treated muscles but not in minced muscles, within the time-course of these experiments. We conclude that the Marcaine plus hyaluronidase preparation is more suitable for metabolic studies in regenerating muscle than is mincing and autoimplantation.
Interaction between Cu(II) and thyroxine-like compounds in mitochondrial swelling studies.

Mitochondrial swelling experiments have been utilized to study the interaction between Cu(II) and compounds related to thyroxine (T4). When tested separately, both T4 and Cu(II) are potent mitochondrial swelling agents, but when tested together at a molar ratio of hormone to metal ion of approximately 3:1, they produce very little swelling. This mutual inhibition is attributed to chelation of the metal ion by the hormone to form a complex devoid of swelling activity. The ability of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) to interfere with Cu(II) swelling is about the same as that of T4. 3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) and thyronine (T0) are relatively ineffective inhibitors of Cu(II) swelling, the latter being weaker than the former. The effect of Cu(II) on the action of T3, 3,5-T2 and T0 cannot be assessed since these compounds produce little or no swelling under the prevailing experimental conditions. Cu(II) and a group of T4-like compounds devoid of amino groups do not inhibit, but enhance, each other’s swelling act...
Polynomial metamodel based fast optimization of nano-CMOS oscillator circuits

Modern consumer electronics are designed as analog/mixed-signal systems-on-chip (AMS-SoCs). In an AMS-SoC, the analog and mixed-signal portions have not received systematic attention due to their complex nature and the fact that their optimization and simulation consume significant portions of the design cycle time. This paper presents a new approach to reduce the design cycle time by combining accurate polynomial metamodels and optimization algorithms. The approach relies on a mathematical representation (metamodel or surrogate model) of AMS-SoC subsystems/components. Polynomial metamodels are created from post-layout parasitic netlists and provide an accurate representation for each figure-of-merit over the entire design space of the AMS-SoC component. The metamodel approach saves a very significant amount of time during design iterations. Polynomial metamodels are reusable and language independent. Three algorithms are investigated to compare the speed for optimization on the polynomial metamodels. Two widely used circuits have been designed in two different technologies as comparative case studies: an 180 nm LC-VCO and a 45 nm ring oscillator (RO). Experimental results prove that the metamodel-based optimization achieved speed-up as high as 21,600 $$\times$$ × for the LC-VCO circuit and 11,750 $$\times$$ × for the RO in comparison to the actual circuit netlist-based (SPICE) optimization, with less than 1 % error. Thus, the paper demonstrates that the polynomial metamodeling approach to the design problem is an effective and accurate means for fast design space exploration and optimization.
Anomalous separation of homogeneous particle-fluid mixtures: Further observations

Previously, we reported the puzzling phenomenon of separation of components from an initially uniform mixture (air and smoke) in a rotating flow device (a cylindrical can with a rotating end disk). Here we summarize further studies of this phenomenon through experiments, analysis of particle forces, and direct numerical simulation (DNS). Separation of spherical polystyrene particles when immersed in water or pure alcohol lends further credence to the phenomenon. We have studied the dependence of the particle-free column size and its establishment time on particle size, particle concentration, disk and cylinder Reynolds numbers, and fluid composition. The evolution of passive markers in DNS shows segregation similar to that observed in experiments, supporting our kinematic separation hypothesis. However, kinematic action, though important, is inadequate to explain the ``antidiffusion'' phenomenon. Although estimates show that known particle forces cannot account for the particle separation, experimental results suggest the action of a yet unknown lift force whose effect is magnified kinematically in our apparatus. At high particle concentrations or when a small amount of solute (e.g. sugar, salt, or alcohol) is added to water polystyrene particle mixtures, the flow within the column becomes unstable and the particle-free column loses its axial symmetry; this unusual behavior is not yet clearly understood.
Spenser in the house of Busyrane: Transformations of reality in the faerie Queene iii and amoretti

(1992). Spenser in the house of Busyrane: Transformations of reality in the faerie Queene iii and amoretti. English Studies: Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 104-120.
Comparison of proximal isovelocity surface area method with pressure half-time and planimetry in evaluation of mitral stenosis

Objectives. This study sought to 1) compare the accuracy of the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) and Doppler pressure half-time methods and planimetry for echocardiographic estimation of mitral valve area; 2) evaluate the effect of atrial fibrillation on the accuracy of the PISA method; and 3) assess factors used to correct PISA area estimates for leaflet angulation. Background. Despite recognized limitations of traditional echocardiographic methods for estimating mitral valve area, there has been no systematic comparison with the PISA method in a single cohort. Methods. Area estimates were obtained in patients with mitral stenosis by the Gorlin hydraulic formula, PISA and pressure half-time method in 48 patients and by planimetry in 36. Two different factors were used to correct PISA estimates for leaflet angle (θ): 1) plane-angle factor (θ/180 [θ in degrees]); and 2) solid-angle factor [1 — cos(θ/2)]. Results. After exclusion of patients with significant mitral regurgitation, the correlation between Gorlin and PISA areas (0.88) was significantly greater (p < 0.04) than that between Gorlin and pressure half-time (0.78) or Gorlin and planimetry (0.72). The correlation between Gorlin and PISA area estimates was lower in atrial fibrillation than sinus rhythm (0.69 vs. 0.93), but the standard error of the estimate was only slightly greater (0.24 vs. 0.19 cm2). The average ratio of the solid- to the plane-angle correction factors was approximately equal to previously reported values of the orifice contraction coefficient for tapering stenosis. Conclusions. 1) The accuracy of PISA area estimates in mitral stenosis is at least comparable to those of planimetry and pressure half-time. 2) Reasonable accuracy of the PISA method is possible in irregular rhythms. 3) A simple leaflet angle correction factor, θ/180 (θ in degrees), yields the physical orifice area because it overestimates the vena contracta area by a factor approximately equal to the contraction coefficient for a tapering stenosis.
Diversification of response to hsp65 during the course of autoimmune arthritis is regulatory rather than pathogenic

Summary: Determinant spreading has been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases in animal models. We have observed that during the course of adjuvant arthritis (AA) in the Lewis rat, there is ‘diversification’ of response to the bacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein (Bhsp65) towards its carboxy-terminal determinants (BCTD). Strikingly, pretreatment of naive Lewis rats with BCTD affords significant protection from AA. Our preliminary studies indicate that the diversification of response to BCTD in the Lewis rat is probably triggered in vivo by the induction and enhanced processing of self(rat) hsp65. Thus, the self hsp65-directed T-cell responses appear to be involved in mediating natural remission from acute inflammatory arthritis induced by a foreign antigen, Myco-bacterium tuberculosis. This the first report describing that the new T-cell specificities arising during the course of an autoimmune disease are regulatory/protective rather than pathogenic. Moreover, our results suggest that a final common mechanism involving BCTD might be recruited by other rac strains which either are resistant to AA (WKY rats) or whose susceptibility to AA is modulated significantly by microbial flora (Fisher rats). The results of this study would contribute significantly to understanding of the pathogenesis of human rheumatoid arthritis, and in devising new therapeutic strategies for this disease.
Profit sharing and firm performance in the manufacturer-retailer dual-channel supply chain

With the rapid development of e-commerce and the adoption of dual channels, increasingly manufacturers and retailers are implementing profit sharing strategies in order to improve channel coordination and supply chain performance. In this study, we focus on the strategic role played by profit sharing in a manufacturer-retailer dual-channel supply chain. We use a game theory approach to investigate this issue. We compare the expected profits that each supply chain player receives in a traditional retail system with the profits that can be achieved in a profit-sharing dual-channel system. Our results show that both the manufacturer and the retailer always benefit from a dual-channel profit-sharing strategy because of the incremental profit gains generated by the dual-channel strategy. Furthermore, the Nash (Econometrica 18:155---162, 1950) bargaining model is utilized to implement profit sharing for the manufacturer and the retailer to achieve their channel coordination. Based on our results, optimal market strategies are derived and probable paths of future research are identified.
3H and 3He form factors with the Reid potential

Abstract Electromagnetic form factors for 3 H and 3 He are calculated with the Reid potential and found to be in agreement with experimental data.
The intron and 5′ distal region of the soybean Gmubi promoter contribute to very high levels of gene expression in transiently and stably transformed tissues

An extended version of an intron-containing soybean polyubiquitin promoter gave very high levels of gene expression using three different validation tools. The intron-containing Glycine max polyubiquitin promoter (Gmubi) is able to regulate expression levels five times higher than the widely used CaMV35S promoter. In this study, eleven Gmubi derivatives were designed and evaluated to determine which regions contributed to the high levels of gene expression, observed with this promoter. Derivative constructs regulating GFP were evaluated using transient expression in lima bean cotyledons and stable expression in soybean hairy roots. With both expression systems, removal of the intron in the 5′UTR led to reduced levels of gene expression suggesting a role of the intron in promoter activity. Promoter constructs containing an internal intron duplication and upstream translocations of the intron resulted in higher and similar expression levels to Gmubi, respectively, indicating the presence of enhancers within the intron. Evaluation of 5′ distal extensions of the Gmubi promoter resulted in significantly higher levels of GFP expression, suggesting the presence of upstream regulatory elements. A twofold increase in promoter strength was obtained when Gmubi was extended 1.5 kb upstream to generate GmubiXL (2.4 kb total length). In stably transformed soybean plants containing GFP regulated by CaMV35S, Gmubi and GmubiXL, the GmubiXL promoter clearly produced the highest levels of gene expression, with especially high GFP fluorescence in the vascular tissue and root tips. Use of GmubiXL leads to very high levels of gene expression in soybean and represents a native soybean promoter, which may be useful for regulating transgene expression for both basic and applied research.
The Establishment of Embryonic Axial Properties in the Nemertean,Cerebratulus lacteus

Abstract Experiments were performed to determine whether the first cleavage division plays a role in setting up the dorsoventral axis in embryos of the equal-cleaving nemerteanCerebratulus lacteus.Fertilized eggs were compressed to change the orientation of the first cleavage spindle, and thus the plane of the first cleavage division. One cell of the resulting two-celled embryos was then injected with lineage tracer to determine whether the first cleavage plane always maintains its normal relationships to the median and frontal planes or whether new relationships (and thus, novel cell lineages) could be created. Many of these compressed embryos gave rise to normal-appearing pilidium larvae in which the first cleavage plane had taken on various oblique angular relationships relative to the plane of bilateral symmetry and the dorsoventral axis of the larva. These findings indicate that the first cleavage plane can be dissociated from its normal relationships to these axial properties. Thus, the first cleavage division is not causally involved in the establishment of the dorsoventral and bilateral axes. We argue that the dorsoventral axis is specified prior to the first cleavage division.
The source of pretreatment serum prostate-specific antigen in clinically localized prostate cancer—T, N, or M?

Abstract Purpose : Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an important marker for prostate cancer and has been shown to be secreted from the primary tumor and from metastases. However, the relative contribution of the primary and micrometastatic disease to the serum level of PSA in patients with clinically localized disease has not been delineated. This study addresses the source of pretreatment serum PSA in patients with clinically localized disease. Methods and Materials : The fall in serum PSA level following radical prostatectomy (280 patients; 105 T1, 165 T2, 10 T3) or definitive radiotherapy (427 patients; 122 T1, 147 T2, 158 T3/T4) was analyzed with the assumption that any fall in PSA following local treatment reflects the fraction of PSA produced in the prostate and its primary tumor. Results : Serum PSA level became undetectable in 277 of the 280 (99%) patients within 6 months of radical prostatectomy. The three patients who did not achieve undetectable levels had postsurgical values ≤ 0.9 ng/ml. Following definitive radiotherapy, nadir serum PSA values were between ≤ 0.3 and 20.3 ng/ml, with mean and median values of 1.9 and 1.2 ng/ml, respectively. Nadir PSA was undetectable in 52 patients (12%). Four patients' PSA did not fall, but rose from the start, and each developed metastatic disease within 9 months, and in each metastases appeared to contribute to pretreatment serum PSA. In the remaining patients, the maximal factor by which PSA fell to its nadir was higher the higher the pretreatment PSA level. We present arguments that this is most consistent with the hypothesis that virtually all detectable pretreatment serum PSA derives from the primary tumor. Confirmatory evidence that little of the pretreatment serum PSA came from metastases was obtained by extrapolating the rising PSA profile in 97 patients back to pretreatment time. Back-extrapolated PSA contributed a mean of 7% and a median of 5% to the pretreatment serum value. Because such back-extrapolated values estimate the potentially maximal micrometastatic contribution, metastatic disease at diagnosis contributes little to pretreatment serum PSA. Conclusion : In patients with clinically localized prostate cancer, putative micrometastatic disease contributes negligibly to the pretreatment serum PSA level even when the latter is high. Most likely such patients, when they have metastases, have a very low metastatic burden.
Custody Battle Burnout

Each year approximately 100,000 custody battles take place in the U.S. These disputes are typically hostile and stressful. Despite the commonality of intrafamilial conflict over legal custody, there is an absence of scientific and professional literature on the psychological nature of participating in custody litigation. The present manuscript describes the phenomenology of the custody battle participant. In so doing, the author identifies a behavioral disturbance unique to the litigation over ones children: custody battle burnout. A typology of stressors specific to custody litigation is detailed. Criteria for identification of custody battle burnout are delineated. Recommendations for clinical practice and research are provided.
Present value criterion: the case of differing borrowing and lending rates

Abstract This paper examines the present value criterion in a capital market with differing borrowing and lending rates. The more general present value criterion not only extends its applicability, but also enables us to better understand some features of the traditional present value criterion for a perfect capital market.
Prevention of reperfusion lung injury by lidocaine in isolated rat lung ventilated with higher oxygen levels.

BACKGROUND: Lidocaine, an antiarrhythmic drug has been shown to be effective against post-ischaemic reperfusion injury in heart. However, its effect on pulmonary reperfusion injury has not been investigated. AIMS: We investigated the effects of lidocaine on a postischaemic reperfused rat lung model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lungs were isolated and perfused at constant flow with Krebs-Henseilet buffer containing 4% bovine serum albumin, and ventilated with 95% oxygen mixed with 5% CO2. Lungs were subjected to ischaemia by stopping perfusion for 60 minutes followed by reperfusion for 10 minutes. Ischaemia was induced in normothermic conditions. RESULTS: Postischaemic reperfusion caused significant (p < 0.0001) higher wet-to-dry lung weight ratio, pulmonary arterial pressure and peak airway pressure compared to control lungs. Lidocaine, at a dose of 5mg/Kg b.w. was found to significantly (p < 0.0001) attenuate the increase in the wet-to-dry lung weight ratio, pulmonary arterial pressure and peak airway pressure observed in post-ischaemic lungs. CONCLUSION: Lidocaine is effective in preventing post-ischaemic reperfusion injury in isolated, perfused rat lung.
A local similarity solution for the viscous boundary-layer flow longitudinal to a cylinder

swirl acts to reduce axial velocity on and near the core axis. This effect is reversed as radial distance from the axis increases, with a further, but only slight, reversal occurring toward the outer region of the core. It is of interest to investigate whether this modification will be sufficient to shift the axial velocity maximum off the core axis for a large enough degree of swirl in the jet case. This requires dw/dr\r=0>0, w\r=0>W0 which, from Eq. (29) may be found to imply SM W0z/v) >5127r/15, S(n(W0z/v) <5127r/5, respectively. However, since 5max -1 and S~z~ it is difficult to see how the former condition can ever be met. On the other hand, the solution indicates that the far field of the momentumless jet (F=0) exhibits an axial velocity profile with maximum velocity off the centerline.
Isolation and characterization of particle nuclei during the polymerization of silicic acid to colloidal silica

Abstract The polymerization of silicic acid through the stages of oligomers, nucleation, and growth of silica particles was investigated in 0.1 M silica solution at pH 1.75 and 25°C. The nuclei and larger polymer particles were separated from monomer and oligomers by extraction with tetrahydrofuran from samples of solution saturated with sodium chloride. The nuclei and larger particles dissolve in molybdic acid solution to form the yellow silicomolybdate ion as a first-order reaction for which rate constants were calculated. Based on data available in the literature, particle size was estimated from the rate constant. At an early stage, the particle size was confirmed by ultrafiltration. The nuclei appear in about 2 hr and are about 1 nm in diameter. These grow first at the expense of monomer and oligomers and after 40 hr mainly by Ostwald ripening, reaching about 4 nm in size in 20 days. During this period, the concentration of monomer, Si(OH)4, decreases as particle size increases. According to the Ostwald-Freundlich equation, the interfacial energy appears to be about 100 erg cm−2 which is double that reported for particles formed above pH 7.
Defect-mediated self-diffusion in calcium aluminosilicate glasses: A molecular modeling study

Abstract The mechanism of self-diffusion in calcium aluminosilicate glasses is investigated at the atomistic level using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We study nine glass compositions having the fixed ratio R = [CaO]/[Al2O3] = 1 and the concentration of SiO2 varied from 11.8 to 76.5 mol%. The diffusion coefficient is calculated for each composition at different temperatures from 300 to 6000 K in steps of 300 K. The self-diffusivities of the various elements are found to be close to each other in magnitude, signifying the cooperative nature of the atomic movement. Network “defects” such as miscoordinated cations, non-bridging oxygen, and oxygen triclusters are also studied as a function of temperature and composition. We find that the behavior of self-diffusion correlates well with the concentration of network defects. A model of self-diffusion in calcium aluminosilicate glasses is proposed where diffusion is considered as a defect-mediated process resulting from bond-switching reactions at high temperature.
Overview of Tiber-II - evolution toward an engineering test reactor

TIBER II is designed to be a minimum size and cost candidate for an international Engineering Test Reactor. High-current density Nb3Sn superconducting magnets with radiation-tolerant polymide insulation is combined with a minimum thickness tungsten inbored shield and a common, external vacuum boundary to minimize the inner radial build of the tokamak core. This results in a major radius of 3 m, compared to 5 m for previous ETR designs such as INTOR, with correspondingly lower costs expected. Cyclic stress fatigue limits the number of pulses so that steady-state current drive, based on a combination of neutral beams, lower hybrid and ECH, is designed to achieve reactor-relevant nuclear testing conditions (Fluence ⩾ 3MW yr/m2, rwall > 1 MW/m2 in steady state).
Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks Involving the Temporal Bone: Report on 92 Patients

Objective: To investigate the success of different surgical and nonsurgical techniques in the management of cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea or otorhinorrhea. Study Design: Retrospective case analysis. Methods: Ninety-two patients with confirmed diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea or otorhinorrhea treated at our institution between 1976 and 1998 were followed up long-term by retrospective chart review and patient interviews. Results: Conservative treatment was successful in most cases of cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea or otorhinorrhea resulting from head injury (26 of 29 patients). In contrast, surgical intervention was required in all but 1 of 53 patients with cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea or otorhinorrhea caused surgically. The primary operative success rate was 76.9%. When relapse occurred, the interval ranged from 0 days to 24 months (mean interval, 3.9 mo; median, 1.3 mo). All leaks requiring surgery eventually were closed successfully. Surgical results were chronologically dependent. Before 1989, 11 failures occurred in 37 primary procedures. After 1989, only 4 failures occurred in 28 primary procedures. Of seven patients undergoing primary dural closure alone, three (43%) had recurrence of the leak. Closure rates were highest among patients in whom a multilayer technique for leak closure was used: combining a primary graft or sealing material such as bone wax, free muscle, or fascia for closure of the defect with additional autologous free grafts or allogenic materials. This resulted in a 2-year closure rate of 100% compared with a 2-year rate of 75.4% for patients whose primary closure was supported by a single layer of autologous or allogenic material (P = .034). Fibrin glue with primary closure alone did not have additional benefit. Postoperative meningitis occurred in two patients and was treated without sequelae. Conclusions: Conservative treatment should be reserved for cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea or otorhinorrhea resulting from head injury. Postoperative and nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea or otorhinorrhea should have early operative intervention. A multilayer technique combining allogenic materials with free autologous grafts is recommended.
Low plasma cholesterol levels caused by a short deletion in the apolipoprotein B gene

Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia is a syndrome in which the plasma levels of apolipoprotein B (apo-B) and cholesterol are abnormally low. A truncated species of apo-B was identified in the plasma lipoproteins of members of a kindred with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. DNA sequencing studies on genomic clones and enzymatically amplified genomic DNA samples revealed a four-base pair deletion in the apo-B gene. This short deletion, which results in a frameshift and a premature stop codon, accounts for the truncated apo-B species and explains the low apo-B and low cholesterol levels in this family.
Assessing the Differential Impact of Risk Indicators on the Delinquency of Latina and White Females

The criminal justice system has recognized the need to focus on the delinquent behavior of females; however, the research being conducted focuses on the differences between male and female delinquency and assumes that females are a homogeneous group. In addition, research on Latinas that offers insight into factors that impact their delinquency is limited. The present study uses a nationally representative data set to assess the differential impact of risk indicators on Latina and White female delinquency. The findings highlight the need for race-specific research. Implications for delinquency prevention and intervention programs are discussed.
Toward a Quality of Life Theory: Net Domestic Product of Happiness

Dans ce article, L'A. s'interesse a la mesure de la qualite de la vie et du bonheur. L'A. propose ici une theorie de definition de la qualite de la vie et du bonheur, ainsi qu'un ensemble methodologique d'indices et d'indicateurs economiques et sociaux differents des standards imposes par les economistes
TRAFFIC FLOW MANAGEMENT MODELING WITH THE TIME ASSIGNMENT MODEL.

Traffic growth and changes in traffic patterns have caused increasing congestion and delay in the National Airspace System (NAS). A national traffic flow management (TFM) strategy that reduces both...
Relative accuracy of length and velocity forms in oscillator-strength calculations

A procedure is given for comparing the accuracy of the length and velocity oscillator strengths for electric dipole transitions between bound states. Based upon qualitative use of upper- and lower-bound formulas, the procedure applies to electronic systems of any size, and emphasizes the importance of such factors as the transition energy, the magnitude of the transition moments, spatial diffuseness, momentum distributions, and quality of the wave functions. The method is illustrated with a set of 36 trial transitions for the two-electron atoms He and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$, where a variety of simple functions of varying quality are available to describe states of different nuclear charge and multiplicity, and where accurate $f$ values are available for comparison. The procedure proves to have high predictive power for cases where one $f$ value is clearly to be preferred, and it accurately identifies other cases where the $f$ values are of comparable quality. In addition, the method gives some qualitative assessment of the degree of preference for each formula.
Evaluating Arts-Based Cancer Education Using an Internet Survey among Alaska Community Health Workers

Cancer, considered a rare disease among Alaska Native people as recently as the 1950s, surpassed heart disease in the 1990s to become the leading cause of mortality. In response to Alaska's village-based Community Health Workers' (CHWs) desire to learn more about cancer for themselves and the people in their communities, cancer education that incorporated the expressive arts of moving, drawing, and sculpting was developed, implemented, and evaluated. Arts-based education integrates the dynamic wisdom and experiences of Alaska Native people and western medical knowledge to share cancer information in a culturally respectful way. Between May 2009 and March 2013, 12 5-day courses that included arts activities to support cancer information were provided for 118 CHWs in Anchorage, AK, USA. A post-course internet survey was conducted in April 2013, to learn how arts-based cancer education affected participants' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Surveys were completed by 54 of the 96 course participants; 22 course participants were lost to follow-up. As a result of integrating the arts with cancer education, respondents reported an increase in their cancer knowledge and comfort with talking about cancer. Additionally, 82 % (44) of respondents described feeling differently about cancer. By integrating the arts with cancer information, participants reported healthy behavior changes for themselves (76 %), with their families (70 %), and in their work (72 %). The expressive arts of moving, drawing, and sculpting provided a creative pathway for diverse adult learners in Alaska to increase their cancer knowledge, comfort with talking about cancer, and wellness behaviors.
β-Catenin Phosphorylated at Serine 45 Is Spatially Uncoupled from β-Catenin Phosphorylated in the GSK3 Domain: Implications for Signaling

C. elegans and Drosophila generate distinct signaling and adhesive forms of beta-catenin at the level of gene expression. Whether vertebrates, which rely on a single beta-catenin gene, generate unique adhesive and signaling forms at the level of protein modification remains unresolved. We show that beta-catenin unphosphorylated at serine 37 (S37) and threonine 41 (T41), commonly referred to as transcriptionally Active beta-Catenin (ABC), is a minor nuclear-enriched monomeric form of beta-catenin in SW480 cells, which express low levels of E-cadherin. Despite earlier indications, the superior signaling activity of ABC is not due to reduced cadherin binding, as ABC is readily incorporated into cadherin contacts in E-cadherin-restored cells. Beta-catenin phosphorylated at serine 45 (S45) or threonine 41 (T41) (T41/S45) or along the GSK3 regulatory cassette S33, S37 or T41 (S33/37/T41), however, is largely unable to associate with cadherins. Beta-catenin phosphorylated at T41/S45 and unphosphorylated at S37 and T41 is predominantly nuclear, while beta-catenin phosphorylated at S33/37/T41 is mostly cytoplasmic, suggesting that beta-catenin hypophosphorylated at S37 and T41 may be more active in transcription due to its enhanced nuclear accumulation. Evidence that phosphorylation at T41/S45 can be spatially separated from phosphorylations at S33/37/T41 suggests that these phosphorylations may not always be coupled, raising the possibility that phosphorylation at S45 serves a distinct nuclear function.
Plant wound compounds from oviposition scars used in host discrimination by a stem-galling sawfly

The stem-galling sawfly Euura lasiolepisuses one or more plant wound compounds resulting from oviposition scars as cues in host discrimination (avoiding sites occupied by conspecifics). Four experiments were conducted to test hypotheses about how Euurapartitions resources. Experiment 1 demonstrated that Euuraavoids ovipositing on nodes with scars from previous ovipositions. Experiment 2 showed no evidence that the sawfly uses oviposition-deterring pheromones and indicated there is a time lag following oviposition before the oviposition scar becomes a deterrent. Experiment 3 showed that sawflies avoid artificially formed scars, demonstrating that a plant cue alone can lead to host discrimination. Experiment 4 showed that visual or tactile cues are not necessary for host discrimination and indicated that a plant wound compound functions as an oviposition deterrent. Both experimental results and field surveys showed that Euuraoviposition scars were more uniformly distributed than expected if sawflies were ignoring previous ovipositions.
Rostral medial forebrain bundle lesions produce decrements in masculine, but not feminine, sexual behavior in spayed female rats.

Bilateral electrolytic lesions in the rostral medial forebrain bundle just caudal to the preoptic area resulted in disruption of the androgen-evoked masculine, but not of the estrogen- and progesterone-evoked feminine, behavior of ovariectomized female rats. Subjects with medial forebrain bundle damage, compared to sham-operated or unoperated animals, displayed masculine behavior during fewer postoperative test sessions and emitted fewer mounting responses in tests during which masculine behavior was observed to occur. The results are consistent with the notion that the medial forebrain bundle is importantly involved in the mediation of masculine, but not feminine, sexual behavior in the rat and support the concept of neural sexual dimorphism.