cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Telegraph in Nineteenth-Century America: Technology and Monopoly

In the United States, the technological optimism that accompanied the birth and diffusion of the magnetic telegraph between 1844 and 1880 had few predecessors-if any. Commercial telegraphy was barely a year old in 1847 when the telegraph was seen as “facilitating Human Intercourse and producing Harmony among Men and Nations\….[I]t may be regarded as an important element in Moral Progress.” “The telegraph system is invaluable,” a business journalist declared twenty years later, “and when the missing links shall have been completed of the great chain that will bring all civilized nations into instantaneous communication with each other, it will also be found to be the most potent of all the means of civilization, and the most effective in breaking down the barriers of evil prejudice and custom that interfere with the universal exchange of commodities.”
Single Dose of a Dopamine Agonist Impairs Reinforcement Learning in Humans: Evidence from Event-related Potentials and Computational Modeling of Striatal-Cortical Function

Animal findings have highlighted the modulatory role of phasic dopamine (DA) signaling in incentive learning, particularly in the acquisition of reward-related behavior. In humans, these processes remain largely unknown. In a recent study, we demonstrated that a single low dose of a D2/D3 agonist (pramipexole)-assumed to activate DA autoreceptors and thus reduce phasic DA bursts-impaired reward learning in healthy subjects performing a probabilistic reward task. The purpose of this study was to extend these behavioral findings using event-related potentials and computational modeling. Compared with the placebo group, participants receiving pramipexole showed increased feedback-related negativity to probabilistic rewards and decreased activation in dorsal anterior cingulate regions previously implicated in integrating reinforcement history over time. Additionally, findings of blunted reward learning in participants receiving pramipexole were simulated by reduced presynaptic DA signaling in response to reward in a neural network model of striatal-cortical function. These preliminary findings offer important insights on the role of phasic DA signals on reinforcement learning in humans and provide initial evidence regarding the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain mechanisms underlying these processes.
Dark Recovery Processes in Escherichia coli Irradiated with Ultraviolet Light II. Effect of uvr Genes on Liquid Holding Recovery

The uvr mutations of Escherichia coli K-12 decrease the ability of cells to survive ultraviolet light (UV), to excise pyrimidine dimers from their deoxyribonucleic acid and to reactivate bacteriophage exposed to UV. The rec mutations decrease the ability of the cells to survive UV and to undergo genetic recombination. Certain rec mutations, including recA1, rec-12, recA13, and rec-56, are necessary for the expression of liquid-holding recovery (LHR), observed as an increase in colony-forming ability when irradiated cells are held in buffer in the dark. These rec mutations appear to act indirectly to permit the detection of LHR rather than to affect its occurrence directly. We have tested the effect of uvr markers on LHR in cells containing one of these rec mutations. Recombinants containing rec-56 together with a uvr marker were constructed and tested for LHR. None of the 39 recombinants examined, carrying uvrA6, uvrB5, or uvrC34, showed LHR. Three rec−uvr− strains were also tested for photoreactivation. In all three, photoreactivation was observed, indicating that they contained detectable amounts of pyrimidine dimers. Our results are consistent with the idea that uvr mutations inactivate LHR, and suggest that LHR reflects excision-dependent repair of pyrimidine dimers.
Evaluating Innovative Sensors and Techniques for Measuring Traffic Loads

In this paper, evaluating the weigh in motion (WIM) sensors and the techniques for measuring traffic loads is presented. To conduct the evaluation of sensors, a remote WIM system is designed and installed. The designed system can be accessed remotely and is capable of conducting data acquisition for multiple sensors including piezoelectric sensors, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor and a novel microwave sensor. Piezoelectric sensors are relatively cheap, but its accuracy is often brought into question. Compared to piezoelectric sensors, FBG sensors with higher accuracy offer a simpler and more explicit load determination algorithm, and the life span of the sensors is longer. However, it is necessary to build a sensor holder for the FBG sensor. In addition to the evaluation of those regular WIM sensors, a novel WIM sensor was developed. It is an active sensor based on the perturbation theory of microwave resonant cavity. The microwave signal generated by a circuit is coupled into the sensor, and the returned signal is measured to determine the load applied to the sensor. The lab test results show the microwave WIM sensor can weigh the load to very high accuracy.
Examination of water phase transitions in Loblolly pine and cell wall components by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract This paper examines phase transformations of water in wood and isolated wood cell wall components using differential scanning calorimetry with the purpose of better understanding “Type II water” or “freezable bound water” that has been reported for cellulose and other hydrophilic polymers. Solid loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) milled pine, and holocellulose, cellulose, and lignin isolated from the same parent board were tested. For each sample preparation, the freezing and melting of water was examined at 10–20 different moisture contents. Only one freezing peak was observed for most sample preparations; in these cases, the phase transformation corresponded to the “Type I” or “free water” peak. The freezing and melting temperatures of this Type I peak depended on moisture content, and appreciable undercooling (−30 °C from bulk water) was observed at the lowest moisture contents. The isolated ball-milled cellulose exhibited a Type II peak, yet the Wiley-milled cellulose, from which the ball-milled cellulose was made, did not exhibit a Type II peak. When present, the Type II peak is consistent with the homogeneous nucleation temperature of bulk water. The results suggest that the detection of Type II or freezable bound water in wood may depend more on sample preparation than the chemical nature of the cell wall component in question; a point not discussed by previous researchers describing Type II water in hydrophilic polymers.
Microbially Mediated Transformations of Phosphorus in the Sea: New Views of an Old Cycle

Phosphorus (P) is a required element for life. Its various chemical forms are found throughout the lithosphere and hydrosphere, where they are acted on by numerous abiotic and biotic processes collectively referred to as the P cycle. In the sea, microorganisms are primarily responsible for P assimilation and remineralization, including recently discovered P reduction-oxidation bioenergetic processes that add new complexity to the marine microbial P cycle. Human-induced enhancement of the global P cycle via mining of phosphate-bearing rock will likely influence the pace of P-cycle dynamics, especially in coastal marine habitats. The inextricable link between the P cycle and cycles of other bioelements predicts future impacts on, for example, nitrogen fixation and carbon dioxide sequestration. Additional laboratory and field research is required to build a comprehensive understanding of the marine microbial P cycle.
Understanding and Preventing Violence: The Psychology of Human Destructiveness

DILEMMAS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY Constructive and Destructive Mentalities Mapping the Journey of Discovery Staying Alive and Awake Awakening to the Subtleties of Dehumanization Denial in the Twentieth Century The Art and Science of Covert Destructive Persuasion Basic Considerations: A Dialogue with the Devil's Advocate Summary Bibliography for Chapter 1 References for Chapter 1 SOCIAL INDUCEMENTS TO PARALETHAL AND LETHAL VIOLENCE The Violence Trend in the 20th Century Denials and Some "Solutions" that Contribute to Violence Casual Influences A Night at the Movies: Popcorn, Soda, and Splattered Brains Parties to the Sado-masochistic Violence-Addiction Contract The Social Structure and Dynamics of Paralethal Violence How We Can Counter and Replace our Violence Culture Summary Bibliography for Chapter 2 References for Chapter 2 INHIBITING FATAL GROUP AND INSTITUTIONAL AGGRESSION The Inherently Violent Tendency of Institutions Examples of Mandated, Legally Limited, Institutional Aggression Examples of Illegal Violence in Legal Situations Anti-Government Extremists, Terrorists, and Deadly Cults The Art and Science of Inculcating Violent Behavior Reality vs. Paranoia A Blueprint for Inhibiting Institutional Violence Summary Bibliography for Chapter 3 References for Chapter 3 THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY AND LETHAL VIOLENCE Early Development and Present Formation Cycles of Violation and Reform Ethics Questions Machinating Mentalities Mind Control Programs Psychic Warriors Efficacy Questions Prospects and Recommendations Summary Bibliography for Chapter 4 References for Chapter 4 LETHAL VIOLENCE BY ENTIRE GOVERNMENTS The Facts of Democide The Dynamics of Power and Freedom Authoritarian Personalities and Governments Human Destructiveness as Folly The Case of Adolph Hitler and Nazi Germany Psychological Understanding of Hitler Lessons Tyrants Have Taught Us Summary Bibliography for Chapter 5 References for Chapter 5 TRANSCENDENCE: CONSTRUCTIVE VERSUS DESTRUCTIVE MENTALITIES The Courage and Kindness of Rescue Conspiracies Transcendence in Concentration Camps Developing Constructive Mentality Conclusion Summary Bibliography for Chapter 6 References for Chapter 6 INDEX
Development and application of an updated whole-building coupled thermal, airflow and contaminant transport simulation program (TRNSYS/CONTAM)

The TRNSYS energy analysis tool has been capable of simulating whole-building coupled heat transfer and building airflow for about 10 years. The most recent implementation was based on two TRNSYS modules, Type 56 and Type 97. Type 97 is based on a subset of the airflow calculation capabilities of the CONTAM multizone airflow and contaminant transport program developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This paper describes the development of new CONTAM capabilities in support of an updated combined, multizone building heat transfer, airflow and contaminant transport simulation approach using TRNSYS. It presents an illustrative case that highlights the new coupling capability and also presents the application of this coupled simulation approach to a practical design problem of the energy use related to airflow through entry doors in non-residential buildings.
Correlation analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli shedding and faecal bacterial composition in beef cattle.

Aims The objectives of this study were to investigate the correlations between Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) shedding and faecal microflora in beef cattle and to identify functional species that might be used for STEC control. Methods and Results Faecal samples were collected from 110 calves and 92 dams. The number and prevalence of STEC were determined using CHROMagar™ STEC; denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was employed to analyse faecal bacterial composition. Six-month-old calves had the highest STEC shedding levels (3·03 ± 1·41 Log CFU g−1) and prevalence (95·5%). Both the number and prevalence decreased significantly as the calf age increased (P < 0·05). The DGGE analysis showed that faecal bacterial diversity increased, while cattle ages increased and STEC shedding levels decreased. Significant correlations between STEC shedding, cattle age and bacterial compositions were observed by redundancy analysis (P < 0·05). T-value biplots and sequencing results indicated that butyrate-producing bacteria (BPB) negatively correlated with STEC shedding. Conclusions Higher STEC shedding levels and prevalence were associated with younger cattle age, lower faecal bacterial diversity and lower BPB levels. Significance and Impact of the Study Butyrate-producing bacteria in GI tract might serve as an option for the future development of STEC shedding control strategy.
Alcohol self‐administration acutely stimulates the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, but alcohol dependence leads to a dampened neuroendocrine state

Clinical studies link disruption of the neuroendocrine stress system with alcoholism, but remaining unknown is whether functional differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis precede alcohol abuse and dependence or result from chronic exposure to this drug. Using an operant self-administration animal model of alcohol dependence and serial blood sampling, we show that longterm exposure to alcohol causes significant impairment of HPA function in adult male Wistar rats. Acute alcohol (voluntary self-administration or experimenter-administered) stimulated the release of corticosterone and its upstream regulator, adrenocorticotropic hormone, but chronic exposure sufficient to produce dependence led to a dampened neuroendocrine state. HPA responses to alcohol were most robust in 'low-responding' non-dependent animals (averaging < 0.2 mg/kg/session), intermediate in nondependent animals (averaging approximately 0.4 mg/kg/session), and most blunted in dependent animals (averaging approximately 1.0 mg/kg/session) following several weeks of daily 30-min self-administration sessions, suggesting that neuroendocrine tolerance can be initiated prior to dependence and relates to the amount of alcohol consumed. Decreased expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and reduced sensitivity of the pituitary to CRF may contribute to, but do not completely explain, neuroendocrine tolerance. The present results, combined with previous studies, suggest that multiple adaptations to stress regulatory systems may be brought about by excessive drinking, including a compromised hormonal response and a sensitized brain stress response that together contribute to dependence.
Regulation of the ribonucleotide reductase small subunit gene by DNA-damaging agents in Dictyostelium discoideum

In Escherichia coli, yeast and mammalian cells, the genes encoding ribonucleotide reductase, an essential enzyme for de novo DNA synthesis, are up-regulated in response to DNA damaging agents. We have examined the response of the rnrB gene, encoding the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase in Dictyostelium discoideum, to DNA damaging agents. We show here that the accumulation of rnrB transcript is increased in response to methyl methane sulfonate, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and irradiation with UV-light, but not to the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea. This response is rapid, transient and independent of protein synthesis. Moreover, cells from different developmental stages are able to respond to the drug in a similar fashion, regardless of the basal level of expression of the rnrB gene. We have defined the cis -acting elements of the rnrB promoter required for the response to methyl methane sulfonate and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide by deletion analysis. Our results indicate that there is one element, named box C, that can confer response to both drugs. Two other boxes, box A and box D, specifically conferred response to methyl methane sulfonate and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, respectively.
Subsidies and Crowding Out: A Double-Hurdle Model of Fertilizer Demand in Malawi

This article uses a double-hurdle model with panel data from Malawi to investigate how fertilizer subsidies affect farmer demand for commercial fertilizer. The article controls for potential endogeneity caused by the nonrandom targeting of fertilizer subsidy recipients. Results show that on average 1 additional kilogram of subsidized fertilizer crowds out 0.22 kg of commercial fertilizer, but crowding out ranges from 0.18 among the poorest farmers to 0.30 among relatively nonpoor farmers. This indicates that targeting fertilizer subsidies to the rural poor is likely to maximize the contribution of the subsidy program to total fertilizer use.
The Climatology of Deep Ocean Internal Waves

Abstract The search for regions of the deep ocean where the canonical Garrett-Munk spectrum does not apply is continued here in an effort to obtain a zero-order wave climatology and some insight into wave dynamics. A number of such regions have been found 1) within canyons, 2) in immediate proximity to topographic features, 3) in regions of high mean shear and 4) on the equator. Near topographic features energy levels are higher (especially within a canyon), and there is a pronounced anisotropy, but the shape of the frequency spectrum changes little. The absence of the inertial peak on the equator seems to make little difference to the frequency spectrum there. Elsewhere the level and shape of the internal wave frequency spectrum are remarkably constant. Apparent deviations in the wavenumber spectrum do occur in proximity to the equator and in the Florida Current. Horizontal polarization changes are associated with topography and large mean shears.
Abstract 574: Whole Body and Hepatocyte-specific Deletion of Bmal1 Induces Hyperlipidemia and Enhances Atherosclerosis

The aberrant accumulation of lipids in the plasma is associated with high incidence of atherosclerosis. Plasma lipids exhibit diurnal variations. Diurnal rhythms are controlled by two major transcription factors, Clock and Bmal1. Previously, we have shown that expression of a Clock mutant protein predisposes mice to hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Here we show that the complete and liver-specific ablation of Bmal1 gene expression in Apoe-/- mice promotes hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. We observed that Bmal1 deficiency increases of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) expression. Molecular studies indicated that Bmal1 deficiency decreases the expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP), a repressor MTP, to increase MTP expression and hepatic lipoprotein production. The effect of Bmal1 deficiency on MTP can be circumvented by the hepatic over expression of SHP. Over expression of SHP in the liver-specific Bmal1 deficient Apoe-/- mice reduced atherosclerosis and plasma lipids. These stud...
The Biochemistry of Sugars and Polysaccharides in Insects

Publisher Summary In their carbohydrate metabolism, insects make use of substances, enzymes and operational principles that are known from other living groups. Occupying a central place among the knowledge of carbohydrate metabolism in insects is the presence of trehalose as the predominant blood sugar. Its distribution and the relations of its metabolism to the mechanisms of nutrient absorption, storage and supply to the tissues, are discussed. Characteristic of insects and other arthropods is the presence of chitin as a structural component of the exoskeleton, which in its deposition and resorption interacts closely with the metabolism of other carbohydrates. The mucopolysaccharides of insect hemolymph and tissues have only recently begun to be investigated. This chapter focuses on a metabolic process, which apparently peculiar to insects and some other arthropods is the bulk conversion of glycogen to glycerol and sorbitol. Insects have provided the material for several well-known original biochemical discoveries. The chapter also presents an investigation of the biochemistry of this animal group, which has in general lagged far behind that of micro-organisms on the one hand and vertebrate animals on the other.
Temporal dynamics of three culturable γ-Proteobacteria taxa in salt marsh sediments

Temporal dynamics of three marine γ-Proteobacteria taxa withculturable members were followed in sediment communities in southeastern USsaltmarshes using a whole-genome hybridization approach. Labeled DNA from threebacterial isolates was used to probe sediment community DNA from two saltmarshes on Sapelo Island, GA at multiple time points over a three-year period.The relative abundance of the three isolates (and their close relatives)accounted for up to 28% of the total sediment community DNA. Hybridizationsignals for the taxon represented by isolate SIGA28M (with a 16S rRNA sequencesimilarity of 97% to Vibrio proteolyticus) showedsignificant temporal variation in both marshes, varying from 1% to 28% over thethree-year period. The taxa represented by isolates SIGA172a and SIGA198 (16SrRNA sequence similarities of 90% and 92% to Shewanellafrigidimarina and Vibrio nigripulchritudo,respectively) accounted for less than 6% of the sediment community at any timepoint. The variation in relative abundance of these three groups did not appearto follow clear seasonal trends, and could not be readily correlated withenvironmental variables.
On div-curl for higher order

We present new examples of complexes of differential operators of order $k$ (any given positive integer) that satisfy div-curl and/or $L^1$-duality estimates.
Treatment of severe post-kidney-transplant lung infection by integrative Chinese and Western medicine.

Objective: To explore treatments of severe post-kidney-transplant lung infection by integrative Chinese and Western medicine (ICWM), in order to elevate the curing rate as well as to lower the death rate.Methods: Based on conventional ways of Western medical treatments of 18 cases of severe post-kidney-transplant lung infection, such as putting the patients in single individual ward, antibiotics to prevent infection, respiratory machines, blood filtration, nutritional support, steroids, and maintaining electrolytes balance, we applied integrated Chinese medicinal treatments, like altering conventional prescription “pneumonia III”, and conducted clinical observation of effectiveness, and indexes including white blood cell (WBC), neutrophilic granulocyte, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood creatinine (Cr), etc.Results: Of the 18 cases studied, 7 were already cured, 8 proved the treatment effective, 3 died. All clinical indexes had statistically significant changes compared with those of before treatment (P<0.01).Conclusion: ICWM can increase curing rate and lower death rate.
Demonstration of New Surface Antigens in Cells Transformed by Papovavirus SV40 by Cytotoxic Tests.

SummaryImmunization of rabbits with cells transformed by papovavirus SV40 resulted in the production of cytotoxic antibodies specific for the homologous cells. Following absorption with normal hamster embryo fibroblasts, these sera failed to react with normal hamster cells, with BHK21 hamster cells, or with hamster cells transformed by adenovirus 7. Absorption with the homologous SV40 transformed cells removed all activity. The reaction observed was dependent on complement. The results suggest the presence of new specific antigens at the surface of cells transformed by SV40 and support the previous localization of surface antigens by the indirect immunofluorescent method.ADDENDUM. Since this work was completed, we have observed that absorption of the rabbit antisera with sheep erythrocytes decreases, but does not abolish, the cytotoxic reaction against the H-50 cells.
Growth Dynamics for DNA-Guided Nanoparticle Crystallization

Spherical nucleic acid (SNA) nanostructures assemble into a large variety of well-defined crystalline superlattices via DNA-directed hybridization. Crystallities of SNA with various shapes emerge during the assembly process, which coalesce during coarsening, leading to polycrystalline materials. Here, we investigate the growth dynamics of SNAs into body-centered cubic superlattices and the coalescence of SNA aggregates using a colloidal model formulated from the competition of electrostatic core repulsions and localized DNA hybridization attractions. We find that the growth law of isolated SNA crystallities is well-described by the power law t1/2, in agreement with experimental observations. At later times, coalescence slows the growth dynamics considerably and is dependent on the orientational mismatch (misorientation angle) of the coalescing crystallites. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the misorientation angle decreases continually during the coalescence, which is a signature of the grain rota...
Dependency and Compliance in Academic Research Infrastructures

The article explores the process by which academic research settings become influenced by external funders upon whom they depend for vital resources. The emerging resource relations between university research and external funders give rise to an academic infrastructure that deviates from the traditional model of autonomy and freedom of science, and increasingly comes to resemble the context of nonacademic research settings. Based on data collected in Israel, it was found that externally funded academic research shows a low degree of autonomy, a high degree of structural formalization, and low influence of the scientific literature on problem-choice processes. External control affects the nature of the research product as well. Whereas the rate of published papers (articles) declines, the rate of unpublished papers (technical reports) increases with external funds. These observations suggest that the distinction between academic and nonacademic research settings is inappropriate for explaining the varianc...
How and why a generation of radiologists must be trained to accurately interpret prostate mpMRI

This project was performed at the Departments of Radiology at Duke University Medical Center, University of Minnesota, and Mayo Clinic—Rochester.
Transaortic endoclamp for mitral valve operation through right minithoracotomy in 369 patients.

OBJECTIVE : The effects and benefits of a transaortic endoclamp for mitral valve operation through right minithoracotomy have not been established. METHODS : The records were examined in 671 patients undergoing mitral valve operation using aortic cannulation through a 6-cm right minithoracotomy in the fourth intercostal space. The ascending aorta was cannulated with a 24-Fr cannula through a 12-mm port in the first intercostal space. The experience from 1998 to 2006 with aortic endoclamping (group A, N = 436) was compared with the experience from 2006 to 2009 with external aortic clamping (group B, N = 235). Aortic endoclamping was achieved with a 30 mL endoclamp introduced through the aortic cannula into the ascending aorta to provide aortic endoclamping, anterograde cardioplegia, and root venting. Percutaneous femoral venous cannulation was used. RESULTS : Group A and group B had similar demographics. Endoclamp availability (group A) resulted in significantly less fibrillatory arrest (no clamping) in 67 of 436 (15%) versus 104 of 235 (44%) patients in group B (P = 0.001). In patients with aortic clamping, endoclamp (group A) versus external clamp (group B) was not a determinant of clamp time or pump time. Hospital and late outcomes were not different between groups. No patient complications could be attributed to the endoclamp. CONCLUSIONS : Aortic endoclamping requires no more clamp or pump time than external clamping and can provide a more bloodless field than ventricular fibrillation without obstructing hardware. Aortic endoclamping is a safe alternative for mitral surgery through right minithoracotomy.
Possible Jahn–Teller Effect and Strong Electron–Phonon Coupling in Beryllium Hydride

Possibility of Jahn–Teller effect in extended systems, such as polymers and quasi-one-dimensional metals, is discussed using beryllium hydride as an example. If this polymer compound could be made metallic by doping (e.g., with Lithium), we conjecture that it should show strong-electron phonon coupling and possibly superconductivity with a relatively high critical temperature.
Holistic atlases of functional networks and interactions (HAFNI)

After decades of active research using in vivo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), there has been numerous evidence that human brain functions emerge from and are realized by the interaction of multiple concurrent neural networks. Due to the lack of effective computational brain mapping approaches and the limitation of functional neuroimaging data quality/quantity, it is still challenging to faithfully and robustly reconstruct concurrent functional networks from fMRI data and to quantitatively investigate their interactions at network level. Therefore it is largely unknown how multiple interacting functional networks spatially overlap and jointly perform brain functions. In response, by developing innovative sparse representation of whole-brain fMRI signals, we found that many robust and reproducible functional networks, including both task-evoked and intrinsic connectivity networks, are simultaneously activated and distributed in distant neuroanatomic regions with substantially spatial overlaps, thus forming an initial collection of holistic atlases of functional networks and interactions (HAFNI).
A Real-Time Signal Control Strategy for Mitigating the Impact of Bus Stops on Urban Arterials

Buses stopping at transit stops reduce the capacity of signalized intersections, which can lead to excessive delays for all users. In order to avoid such phenomena signal control strategies can be used. This paper presents a signal control strategy to mitigate the impact of bus stop operations on traffic operations along an undersaturated approach. The objective of the proposed strategy is to increase the green time for the bus stop approach during the cycle after the bus has left the stop in order to ensure that the residual queue that was created by the presence of the bus at the bus stop can fully dissipate within the following cycle. In addition, this strategy ensures that the cross-street approaches can clear any residuals queues caused by this strategy within a cycle after its implementation. Kinematic wave theory is used to track the formation and dissipation of queues and determine the red truncation (or equivalently green extension). The benefits achieved from the proposed strategy are illustrated through simulation tests at a single intersection for a variety of bus stop and bus operation characteristics. Average delay and average queue length for the bus stop and cross-street approaches are used to assess the performance of the system. The tests performed indicate that the signal control strategy can achieve substantial reductions in delay for the bus stop approaches without adversely affecting the cross-street operations and the overall intersection delay, when the demand at those cross streets is low.
Design a reliable LDMOS module for avionic application

This paper describes a design technique of LDMOS module for avionics and military application. These techniques are particularly oriented in theories and computer aided design. We introduce a practical external matching network design topology to achieve a smaller physical size using microstrip line. The circuit analysis used both transmission line and electromagnetic method (EM) to avoid cover sensitivity effects and achieve equivalently current distribution. A practical LDMOS module was proposed to demonstrate the design module. As the result, the experimental data were in good agreement with the computer simulation data using AWR professional simulation tool.
Perturbation Theory for Reactor Neutronics

Perturbation theory in neutronic analysis for nuclear reactor system is often necessary, when we analyze and compute the effect of small changes on the behavior of a reactor. On the other hand, if there is a uniform occurrence of perturbation throughout the entire reactor or a region, then, we use methods that we have so far discussed and presented in previous chapters, although we never encounter uniform perturbation in practice of reactor operations. However, most of the changes, which occur in the operation mode of a reactor, are nonuniform, and there are numerous examples of such nonuniform perturbations.
Boundaries of journalism: Professionalism, practices, and participation, by Carlson, M., & Lewis, S. C. (2015). New York, NY: Routledge. 233 pp., (Pbk)

Journalists cannot forgive or forget Janet Cooke.Thirty-five years after the young Washington Post journalist was forced to relinquish a Pulitzer Prize for fabricating a story about an 8-year-old h...
Complementary roles of color-flow duplex imaging and intravascular ultrasound in the diagnosis of renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia: should renal arteriography serve as the "gold standard"?

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare color-flow duplex imaging (CFDI), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), and renal arteriography in diagnosing renal artery (RA) fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and correlating with the hemodynamic response to balloon angioplasty (BA) in patients with drug-resistant hypertension. Background Renal arteriography is generally regarded as the gold standard for diagnosing RA FMD. The observation that CFDI and IVUS depicted endoluminal abnormalities suggestive of RA FMD in some patients with normal renal arteriograms prompted comparison of these modalities in a consecutive series of patients. Methods Twenty hypertensive patients with CFDI suggestive of RA FMD (mid-to-distal flow derangement and velocity augmentation) underwent renal arteriography, IVUS, and BA, with both immediate and long-term blood pressure (BP) response assessment. Results All patients were women, aged 31 to 86 years (mean 62 years). On IVUS, various endoluminal defects (eccentric ridges; fluttering membranes; spiraling folds) were depicted at locations predicted by CFDI and were uniformly identified at sites where arteriography depicted classic evidence of FMD (8 patients). However, similar defects were detected by IVUS when angiography was borderline (7 patients) or normal (5 patients). Balloon angioplasty eliminated (16 patients) or reduced (4 patients) the IVUS findings and lowered systolic BP in all (mean reduction 53 mm Hg, p Conclusions Both CFDI and IVUS depict the blood flow and endoluminal abnormalities of RA FMD. Balloon angioplasty eliminates or improves IVUS findings and produces substantial, sustained BP reduction, an effect that is independent of baseline arteriographic appearance, calling into question the legitimacy of arteriography as the diagnostic gold standard.
Waste Management Policies in the United States of America

Waste management has become a major environmental management problem in recent years, as the quantity of waste streams increases and grows in complexity: the result of an ever-widening range of products in our consumer-based society. Hazardous waste in particular has been subject to detailed and costly regulations since the early 1980’s, when unregulated toxic wastes were associated with profound health effects in exposed populations at Love Canal, New York and Times Beach, Missouri. The legislative response in the United States has been comprehensive, yet a whole list of problems still exist which need more sophisticated management within the US regulatory framework. The United States regulates waste in terms of two broad categories, hazardous waste and municipal solid waste. The two categories together generated about 422 million tons during the year 1995–96. Solid waste is not considered hazardous, despite the fact that it contains household hazardous waste. Although household waste is, in fact, a mixture of inert and toxic components, it is regulated as municipal solid waste, without the strict federal regulations which apply to hazardous waste.
Assessment of Three Stereo Acuity Tests

An assessment of three stereo acuity tests was performed on fifty normal patients. Testing was done to determine the difference between the three tests. Tests included: the Titmus Stereo Fly and Ci...
Intermediate Care Units: A Survey of Organization Practices Across the United States.

Purpose:Intermediate care units (IMCUs) represent an alternative care setting with nurse staffing levels between those of the general ward and the intensive care unit (ICU). Despite rising prevalen...
Kinetic effects on the morphology and stability of the pressure-induced extended-solid of carbon monoxide

In this work, the dependence of the morphology and stability of the extended solid of carbon monoxide (CO) is correlated to the rate of transformation from the molecular CO to extended solid of CO using optical imaging, photoluminescence, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The analyses show the rate and pressure of the transformation to be strongly controlled by catalytic effects, both chemical and optical. In a larger volume per reaction area, the transformation was found to require either a longer time at an elevated pressure or a higher pressure compared to a sample synthesized in a smaller volume per reaction area, leading to the conclusion that the transformation rate is slower for a sample in a larger volume per reaction area. A faster rate of transformation was also noted when the reaction area of a CO sample was catalyzed with H2SO4. Through variation of the volume per reaction area, pressure or the addition of catalysts, it was possible to control the rate of the phase transition and ther...
Does a Newly Characterized Cell From the Bone Marrow Repair the Heart After Acute Myocardial Infarction

A new report in Circulation Research entitled “S1P–S1PR2 Axis Mediates Homing of Muse Cells Into Damaged Heart for Long-Lasting Tissue Repair and Functional Recovery After Acute Myocardial Infarction” suggests that injection of isolated multilineage-differentiating stress enduring (MUSE) cells into the venous circulation 24 hours after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) reduces scar size and adverse ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac pump function. The authors suggest that bone marrow–derived MUSE cells might be suitable for the treatment of patients who have suffered an AMI.1 Article, see p 1069 AMI leads to the death of the tissue within the infarct core and a surrounding peri-infarct region where myocytes are at risk of subsequent death. Subsequent wound healing is associated with death of myocytes in the peri-infarct zone, causing infarct expansion, the formation of scar tissue, and revascularization of this new tissue. With time the left ventricle dilates and there is progressive depression of cardiac pump function that can lead to heart failure. There is a need for novel therapies that can improve post-AMI remodeling by reducing scar formation, protecting damaged myocytes, and preventing the development of ventricular dilation and depressed pump function. Therapies that regenerate the tissue killed by the ischemic insult are still the holy grail of this field. Cell therapies for cardiac repair with cells from the bone marrow have been tested in AMI, and although some initially showed great promise in preclinical animal studies,2 beneficial effects in AMI patients have been small3 or absent.4 In the new study in Circulation Research ,1 the authors suggest that a subpopulation of bone marrow cells, MUSE cells, repair the rabbit heart after AMI. In this editorial, I will give my view of the aspects of this work that either have or have not convinced me that MUSE cells …
Revisiting CD28 Superagonist TGN1412 as Potential Therapeutic for Pediatric B Cell Leukemia: A Review

Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents the most common pediatric cancer diagnosis, with numbers rising gradually every year. This paper proposes a novel therapeutic agent for pediatric ALL on the basis of a failed clinical drug trial in 2006. TGN1412 was a promising therapeutic agent that yielded outstanding results in both in vitro studies and animal trials. It is a CD28 superagonist monoclonal antibody that activates T regulatory (TReg) cells in the absence of costimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR) by an antigen-presenting cell. This drug was intended as a solution to T cell deficient diseases such as B cell leukemia and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. When phase I clinical trials were conducted, all volunteers that received the drug experienced severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and faced multiple-organ failure within hours. TGN1412 was reassessed and re-entered clinical trials as a therapeutic for rheumatoid arthritis. A new assay was developed to better quantify T cell response, and volunteers in this trial experienced no pro-inflammatory cytokine release. This essay analyzes how misinformation contributed to the failure of TGN1412 in clinical trials and how revisiting this therapeutic could yield a novel treatment for pediatric B cell leukemia.
Tensile behavior of fusion-brazed aluminum alloy coach-peel joints fabricated by a dual-beam laser

Abstract As the stress-strain data of the fusion-brazed filler material AA4047 could not be easily or directly measured, an isotropic strain-hardening model of the fusion zone material AA4047 was estimated by an inverse method to quantify the tensile behavior of AA6111-T4 coach-peel joints. The Hill’s 1948 quadratic anisotropic yield stress function for the base sheet metal AA6111-T4 was first determined by conducting uniaxial tensile tests on the sheet metal in the rolling, diagonal, and transverse directions. Based on the yield stress function and isotropic strain hardening behavior determined for the base sheet metal, the linear-exponential strain hardening model was used to identify the fusion zone material AA4047 by an iterative correction and image-based finite element analysis of the welded joint. Modeling of joints with and without flawed brazing interface showed that the load-carrying capacity of coach-peel joints was insensitive to the existence of the brazing zone metal AA4047. When the fusion zone model was also applied to the brazing zone, the predicted and measured force-displacement curves of the coach-peel joint matched well. The failure stress of the coach-peel joint was identified as the von Mises fracture stress of 100 MPa at the brazing interface.
Response of DNA damage genes in acrolein-treated lung adenocarcinoma cells

Acrolein is a α-β-unsaturated aldehyde and is toxic to human upon its exposure from the environment. Sources of exposure to acrolein can be from heating cooking oil, automobile exhaust, tobacco smoke, and plastic waste. Acrolein exposure to lung is a major concern because of its volatile nature and due to its presence in the urban atmospheric air. Acrolein being highly reactive forms DNA and protein adducts, thereby making the cells vulnerable to long-term damage. Such long-term effect can lead to high susceptibility towards malignant transformation as has been reported in cigarette smokers. The response of DNA damaging genes by acrolein can perhaps give an insight to the cause of damage in the DNA by acrolein. The aim of this study was to examine the response of the DNA damage responsive genes by acrolein in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Acrolein treatment at IC50 concentration showed a robust response of the DNA repair genes but eventually failed to rescue the cells from undergoing apoptosis. The cells pretreated with acrolein and followed by growing the same cells in fresh medium in the absence of acrolein did not help the cells to proliferate. These results conclude that exposure to acrolein marks long-lasting damage to DNA, irrespective of the DNA repair response.
Internet-Based Delivery of CAD/CAM Capability: An Industry Case Study

This paper presents a case study in the use of the Internet as a medium for exchange of information and delivery of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) capability. The case study describes a collaboration among researchers and staff at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and Thar Designs, Inc., a small business in Pittsburgh, PA that designs and sells highpressure fluid pumps. The objective of this case study is to identify the needs of small businesses in engineering industry in the area of Internet-based CAD/CAM services. The Internetbased interaction performed in this study encompassed various stages in an iterative product development process, consisting of design, data exchange, manufacturability analysis, and fabrication of a prototype.
Uteroglobin production in the pseudopregnant rabbit uterus. Immunohistochemical studies.

Uteroglobin, a secretory protein of rabbit uterine epithelium, was localized by the direct immunoperoxidase method in control and hCG-induced pseudopregnant rabbits.
Impact of Food Preparation Video Exposure on Online Nutrition Education in Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program Participants: Retrospective Study.

Background: The impact of integrating video into health education delivery has been extensively investigated; however, the effect of integrating video on a learner’s subsequent performance in an online educational setting is rarely reported. Results of the relationship between the learner’s online video viewing and subsequent progression toward health behavior change in a self-directed online educational session are lacking. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between viewing a Health eKitchen online video and key engagement performance indicators associated with online nutrition education for women, infants, and children (WIC). Methods: This study involved a retrospective cohort of users grouped on the basis of whether Health eKitchen exposure occurred before or after completing a nutrition education lesson. A two-sample test for equality of proportions was performed to test the difference in the likelihood of progression between the groups overall and when stratified by lesson type, which was defined by whether the lesson focused on food preparation. Welch two-sample t tests were performed to test the difference in average link depth and duration of use between groups overall and stratified by lesson type. Logistic regression was conducted to validate the impact of video viewing prior to lesson completion while controlling for lesson type and factors known to be associated with WIC key performance indicators. Results: A greater stage of change progression was observed for both food preparation (χ2=12.6, P<.001) and non-food preparation (χ2=62.8, P<.001) lessons among early stage users who had viewed a Health eKitchen video before completing a lesson. Time spent viewing educational learning resource links within the lesson was also significantly longer for both food preparation (t=7.8, P<.001) and non-food preparation (t=2.5, P=.01) lessons. Logistic regression analysis corroborated these results while controlling for known confounding factors. The odds of user progression were nearly three times greater among those who viewed a Health eKitchen video prior to lesson completion (odds ratio=2.61; 95% CI=2.08-3.29). Type of lesson (food vs non-food preparation) was the strongest predictor of progression odds (odds ratio=3.12; 95% CI=2.47-3.95). Conclusions: User access to a Health eKitchen video prior to completion of an online educational session had a significant impact on achieving lesson goals, regardless of the food preparation focus. This observation suggests the potential benefit of providing an application-oriented video at the onset of online nutrition education lessons.
The case of a mass shooting and violence-related mental illness stigma on Twitter.

To determine how mental illness (MI) stigma messaging on Twitter manifests after a mass shooting, using the Fort Lauderdale Airport shooting (January 6, 2017) as a case study, we collected publicly available tweets about mental health/illness between December 23, 2016 and January 20, 2017 published