cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance microscopy in cardiac development.

Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) is a fast and non-destructive imaging technique that can analyze the three-dimensional structure of the embryonic heart both qualita- tively and quantitatively. Intravascular contrast agents have been developed to accentuate the anatomy of cardiac chambers, the cardiac outflow tract, and major arteries and veins throughout the embryonic body. MRM generates non-distorted three-dimensional data of vascular anatomy in a fraction of the time required by conventional optical image reconstruction techniques. The three-dimensional nature of these data allows the creation of visual models that can be manipu- lated for fast and easy interpretation of the complex relationships between heart chambers and aortic arches. This is particularly helpful because these relationships change in complex ways during development. The non-destructive nature of MRM makes it well suited for investigating rare or valuable specimens and live subjects. MRM techniques have been developed for imaging the embryo in utero and in vitro, although MRM studies of fixed embryo specimens are easier to perform and produce data with better contrast and higher resolution. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52: 323-330, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quasi-Conformal Transformation Optics Lenses for Conformal Arrays

Based on quasi-conformal coordinate transformation, lens designs for conformal array antenna applications are presented. Potentially over a broad bandwidth for the two-dimensional TE polarization, a physically linear array can be transformed into a virtual curved array, or vice versa, using a lens having only nonmagnetic medium parameters. Lens designs for transforming between linear and cylindrical arrays in conformal conducting ground planes as well as their predicted scanning performances are shown. Such lenses can be designed and applied to existing array antennas to enable new scanning capabilities.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH2-MSH3 and MSH2-MSH6 complexes display distinct requirements for DNA binding Domain I in mismatch recognition.

In eukaryotic mismatch repair (MMR) MSH2-MSH6 initiates the repair of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches while MSH2-MSH3 repairs larger insertion/deletion mismatches. In this study we showed that the msh2Δ1 mutation, containing a complete deletion of the conserved mismatch recognition Domain I of MSH2, conferred a separation of function phenotype with respect to MSH2-MSH3 and MSH2-MSH6 functions. Strains bearing the msh2Δ1 mutation were nearly wild-type in MSH2-MSH6-mediated MMR and in suppressing recombination between DNA sequences predicted to form mismatches recognized by MSH2-MSH6. However, these strains were completely defective in MSH2-MSH3-mediated MMR and recombination functions. This information encouraged us to analyze the contributions of Domain I to the mismatch binding specificity of MSH2-MSH3 in genetic and biochemical assays. We found that Domain I in MSH2 contributed a non-specific DNA binding activity while Domain I of MSH3 appeared important for mismatch binding specificity and for suppressing non-specific DNA-binding. These observations reveal distinct requirements for the MSH2 DNA binding Domain I in the repair of DNA mismatches and suggest that the binding of MSH2-MSH3 to mismatch DNA involves protein-DNA contacts that appear very different from those required for MSH2-MSH6 mismatch binding.
The impact of peer management on test-ordering behavior.

The authors studied the effect of a computer-based medical order entry system on unnecessary test ordering. Two strategies reduced test orders: computer prompts that questioned repetitive orders fo...
Hydrogen bonding Part 42. Proposed mechanism for the dissolution of succinic acid by fluoride ion

Abstract Addition of the fluoride ion to a saturated solution of succinic acid causes additional succinic acid to go into solution. This process follows the same stoichiometry as the fluoride ion assisted dissolution of phthalic acid; that is, slightly more than 2 F − are required for each diacid molecule taken into solution. We propose that the dissolution reaction is C 2 H 4 (CO 2 H) 2 +2 F − = {C 2 H 4 (CO 2 ) 2 H} − + HF 2 − and that the driving force for the process is the formation of strong covalent hydrogen bonds in the hydrogen succinate and hydrogen difluoride anions. L -Aspartic acid and succinamide, neither of which can form an internal symmetrical covalent hydrogen bond, show little or no effect with added fluoride ion, and trans -cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, which is more sterically hindered than succinic acid in forming such a bond, shows a reduced effect on addition of the fluoride ion relative to succinic acid.
Coenzyme binding of a folding intermediate of aspartate aminotransferase detected by HPLC fluorescence measurements.

Equilibrium dissociation and unfolding of dimeric aspartate aminotransferase from Escherichia coli proceeds via two compact monomeric intermediates which have similar hydrodynamic volumes but different fluorescence properties. We probed binding of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5′-phosphate to these intermediates by coupling fluorescence detection to size-exclusion HPLC. This procedure gave additionally an internal conformational probe of the unfolding transitions of the enzyme. It was shown that the first intermediate, M, is able to bind the coenzyme, whereas the second intermediate, M, is not. It is likely that M is the correctly folded monomer of the protein.
Diacritic extrametricality vs. diacritic accent: a reply to Hammond*

Although primary word stress regularly falls on the penult in Polish and on the antepenult in Macedonian, there are a number of lexical exceptions in both languages. In the first generative treatment of such exceptions, Comrie (1976) suggested two unrelated diacritic features, [?stressable] for Polish and [ +never posttonic] for Macedonian, in order to accommodate the accentual paradigms exhibited by exceptional words within the framework of Chomsky & Halle (1968). More recently, metrical accounts of exceptional stress have been proposed in Franks (1985), Halle & Vergnaud (1987) and Rubach & Booij (1985) for Polish and in Franks (1987, forthcoming) and Halle & Vergnaud (1987) for Macedonian. These analyse deviations from the regular patterns in the two languages in completely unrelated ways in Polish exceptional stress is a consequence of idiosyncratic extrametricality, whereas in Macedonian it results from the idiosyncratic presence of an inherent accent. Responding to this type of analysis, Hammond (1989) argues that an alternative treatment in which exceptional stress in both languages is treated similarly is conceptually more elegant and descriptively superior. He accomplishes this by employing roughly the same set of stress rules for Polish and Macedonian, with the exception that lexical accent is interpreted differently in the two languages. In this reply to Hammond (1989), I draw attention to several ways in which the 'advantages' of his analysis turn out to be spurious. Arguments are made against unifying the stress rules for Polish and Macedonian, and evidence from Polish is adduced that poses a potential problem for Hammond's analysis. I begin by presenting the analysis of Macedonian, which is essentially identical in both frameworks. I then present the contrasting analyses of Polish. The remainder of the reply concentrates on comparing the two analyses of Polish. It is demonstrated that in every respect in which the two might lead to empirical discrepancies, the assigned extrametricality account of Franks (1985) is more successful and offers more insight than the diacritic accent one of Hammond (1989).
Isolation of coxsackievirus B3 temperature-sensitive mutants and their assignment to complementation groups

Abstract Ten temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Coxsackievirus B3 were isolated from a parent strain capable of replication to similar yields at either 34° or 39.5°. Eight mutants were isolated following mutagenesis with 5-fluorouracil and two were spontaneous mutants. Complementation tests permitted assignment of the ts mutants into three non-overlapping groups with complementation indices of 12.4 to 2.0. One mutant was not assigned to a complementation group.
Return to work as a measure of outcome in adults hospitalized for acute burn treatment.

Rehabilitation of patients with burn injuries is receiving renewed interest because survival has improved, and health reform has mandated outcomes assessment. To determine factors affecting return to work, a survey was conducted among 234 employed patients treated from 1986 through 1993. The mean burn size was 13.3% total body surface area. Patients returned to work in a mean of 14.3 weeks; a number initially returned to light-duty or part-time jobs as a bridge to full-time employment. Length of hospitalization, number of surgeries, total and full-thickness burn size, and subjective assessments by patients of their functional ability correlated with time off work. Patients with health insurance were more likely to resume work than was expected, whereas those covered by Medicaid and those involved in injury-related lawsuits were less likely to return to work. It is hoped that this information can be used to design interventions aimed at improving this outcome of burn treatment. (J Burn Care Rehabil 1996;17:353-61)
Structure of vaccinia DNA: Analysis of the viral genorne by restriction endonucleases

DNA from the WR strain of vaccinia virus was cleaved with five restriction endonucleases and the molecular weight of each restriction fragment was determined. From a summation of the molecular weights of these DNA fragments, the molecular weight of the vaccinia genome was estimated to be approximately 130 × 106. By electrophoresis in agarose gels under alkaline conditions, two HindIII fragments (WR-HindIII-34.8, WR-HindIII-22.7) and two SalI fragments (WR-SaI-3.5 and either a WR-SalI-1.1 fragment or WR-Sall-0.9) were identified as arising from the cross-linked terminal regions of the vaccinia virus genome. Heterogeneity in the size of these two fragments was observed upon cleavage of DNA purified from vaccinia virus (WR strain) which was serially passaged in various cell lines, but not in plaque-purified virus preparations. The structure of DNA from the CV-1 strain of vaccinia virus was also analyzed by cleavage with restriction endonucleases and compared to that of the WR strain; with the exception of the terminal fragments, all HindIII fragments observed in the WR digest were also observed in the CV-1 digest. Among the digestion products of vaccinia DNA, we have observed restriction fragments which are present in submolar quantities. The presence and size of these bands appear to depend upon the host cell in which the virus is propagated.
Barotropic effects on atmospheric storm tracks

The effect of barotropic dynamics on atmospheric midlatitude storm tracks is investigated for the Northern Hemisphere winter season, using both observed data analyses and linear barotropic model experiments. It is shown that when the model flow is initialized with a realistic wave packet, barotropic processes alone can produce key features of the observed storm track structure. The author attributes this result both to the barotropic waveguide effect and to the fact that the geographical locations of barotropic growth coincide reasonably well with the baroclinic growth of the atmospheric storm track eddies. This study also shows that barotropic dynamics are more relevant for storm tracks in lower latitudes than for those in higher latitudes, consistent with the fact that the lower-latitude storm tracks are more closely associated with the subtropical jet, rather than with the polar front jet that is driven by baroclinic eddies.
Symmetric Generalized Logistic Distribution: Some Moment Properties and Approximation to the Normal Distribution

In this paper we discuss some moment properties of a symmetric generalized logistic distribution indexed by a shape parameter λ and denoted by GL(λ, λ), and show that it is asymptotically normal as λ → ∞, and asymptotically double exponential as λ → 0. We also show that GL(λ, λ) can be used to approximate the normal distribution. The proposed approximation is illustrated for specific values of λ.
Wave excitation in inhomogeneous dielectric media.

The equation describing the propagation of a mode driven by external currents in an inhomogeneous dielectric is derived from the principle of the conservation of wave energy density and wave momentum density. The wave amplitude in steady state is obtained in terms of a simple spatial integration of the driving current. The contribution from the spatial derivative of the dielectric response is found to be important. The analytical predictions are verified through comparison with $\ensuremath{\delta}f$ particle-in-cell computations of electron Bernstein wave propagation, thus showing applicability to kinetic systems.
Building a great public university: The role of funding at British and American universities

Public universities reflect the aspirations a state or society has for its young people and for itself. In this study we examine the level of public funding for universities and its relation to quality. We analyze funding data for British universities and a sample for American universities. Additionally, we examine data on the production of science by faculty at the institutions in our American sample. The data permit an analysis of the relation between investment in higher education and quality. We compare these data with the recent efforts to fund British universities based on measures of scholarship and scientific achievement. We conclude by examining the nature of the relationship between funding and research quality at British universities.
BIAS IN SELECTION

Possible bias in selection procedures used for employment and college admissions is of crucial social and educational importance. However, there are many different definitions of what constitutes bias with each definition based on different values and with different implications for how selection should be accomplished. A number of these definitions of bias and their implications are examined, and a new conditional probability model of fairness based on equal opportunity for potentially successful applicants is presented. This conditional probability model is proposed as an intuitively appealing and socially desirable model for use in many selection situations in employment and college admissions.
Noise insensitive image motion estimation using cumulants

A class of algorithms is presented that estimate the displacement vector from two successive image frames. The frames are assumed to be corrupted by Gaussian (perhaps correlated) noises of unknown covariance. Viewing image motion estimation as a 2-D time delay estimation problem, the displacement vector of a moving object is estimated by solving linear equations involving third-order auto-cumulants and cross-cumulants. Additionally, a block-matching type algorithm is developed which follows from a cumulant-error optimality criterion. Finally, using a recursive algorithm the displacement vector for each pel is estimated by minimizing a 2-D fourth-order cumulant criterion. Simulation results are presented and discussed. >
InteMon: continuous mining of sensor data in large-scale self-infrastructures

Modern data centers have a large number of components that must be monitored, including servers, switches/routers, and environmental control systems. This paper describes InteMon, a prototype monitoring and mining system for data centers. It uses the SNMP protocol to monitor a new data center at Carnegie Mellon. It stores the monitoring data in a MySQL database, allowing visualization of the time-series data using a JSP web-based frontend interface for system administrators. What sets InteMon apart from other cluster monitoring systems is its ability to automatically analyze correlations in the monitoring data in real time and alert administrators of potential anomalies. It uses efficient, state of the art stream mining methods to report broken correlations among input streams. It also uses these methods to intelligently compress historical data and avoid the need for administrators to configure threshold-based monitoring bands.
Achievement and Affiliation Motivation and their Correlates

The NachNaff scale is a 30-item questionnaire that requires examinees to choose between self-descriptions consistent with either need for achievement (n Ach) or need for affiliation (n Aff). This s...
Evidence for surface heterogeneity on Titan

Observational results are presented for two rotational periods of Titan which exhibit the albedo difference noted by Lemmon et al. (1993) between this moon's positions at eastern and western elongation relative to Saturn. The persistence of this difference indicates that this heterogeneity is unlikely to be associated with transient features, and must be intrinsic to the surface. The results presented also indicate that Titan is locked in a synchronous orbit around Saturn.
Deep-water temperatures in the FAMOUS area

Some of the results of Project FAMOUS studies, which were undertaken in the axial area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between approximately 36/sup 0/30' and 37/sup 0/N latitudes, are reported. The distribution of water temperatures in the FAMOUS area was investigated during the years 1972 to 1974. Forty-seven vertical temperature profiles were taken and bottom-water temperature measurements along 110 km of traverses were carried out during the course of four cruises. Potential temperatures in the FAMOUS area were found to range between 3.53 and 3.85/sup 0/C below a depth of 2,200 m. These temperatures are almost 1/sup 0/C higher than temperatures outside the axial zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at comparable depths. The potential temperature in deep waters was observed to increase from 3.53/sup 0/C in the western part of fracture zone B to 3.80/sup 0/C in the eastern part of fracture zone A. Vertical temperature gradients are smaller than 1 x 10/sup -4/ /sup 0/C/m at depths below 2,200 m in the various basins of the FAMOUS area. Between 2,000 and 1,800 m, the temperature differences between the different parts of the area gradually disappear; above 1,500 m, there are no significant differences between water temperatures in the ridge andmore » those in the surrounding ocean. The observed near-bottom temperature distribution in the FAMOUS area is related to the bottom topography. The temperatures in the various basins are determined mainly by their sill depth; the observed south-north increase of deep-water temperatures and the velocity of bottom-water currents in the area can be related quantitatively to hydrologic effects. The influence of hydrothermal activity and of heat flow through the ocean floor on the temperature distribution in the area is negligible.« less
EFFECT OF PROTEINS ON ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY OF RED CELLS

The isoelectric point of normal red cells cannot be measured but is certainly lower than that of any plasma protein. Red cells are easily damaged so that they will adsorb proteins from low concentrations. Normal red cells do not adsorb protein even from concentrated solutions, as is evidenced by the finding that the ratio of the mobility of the cells to that of the proteins themselves is at least as high in concentrated casein, albumin, gelatin, or fibrinogen solutions as in dilute. The finding that the observed mobility of red cells is unchanged or only slightly decreased when bulk viscosity is increased by added protein is interpreted as indicating that the red cell surfaces are hydrated. The aggregating effect of certain proteins has been determined and is assumed to be due to their dehydrating effect on the cells. Some types of cells, as beef, are not aggregated, presumably because they are resistant to this dehydrating effect. The difference in the behavior of different types of red cells demonstrates the importance of the nature of the cell as well as of the medium in determining the rate of aggregation and therefore of sedimentation.
"Something on the order of around forty to forty-four": Imprecise numerical expressions in biomedical slide talks'

To investigate forms and functions of imprecise numerical expressions in biomedical slide talks, tokens were extracted from fifty-two talks presented at the 1979 annual meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Imprecise expressions include rounding, extreme rounding (to multiples of five or ten), ranges (both explicit and implicit), common fractions, and common multiples, all of which can be hedged, either simply or multiply. Imprecision can be occasioned by factors such as preliminary nature of results, small number of experimental animals, questionably applicable technique or apparatus, and inability to measure all members of a class. Rhetorically, imprecision foregrounds other, more precise quantities which the experimenter considers important, and thus, it can be seen as modality. Imprecision marks the talks as preinformation in Ziman's model of the social production of science and also as simultaneous popularization and peer communication. (Biomedical slide talks, imprecise numerical expressions, scientific rhetoric, modality, Zimanian social production of science)
Striatal monoamine terminals in Lewy body dementia and Alzheimer's disease

We used positron emission tomography (PET) with ()-[ 11 C]dihydrotetrabenazine ([]-[ 11 C]DTBZ) to examine striatal monoaminergic presynaptic terminal density in 20 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 25 with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and 19 normal elderly controls. Six DLB patients developed parkinsonism at least 1 year before dementia (DLB/PD) and 14 developed dementia before parkinsonism or at about the same time (DLB/AD). Striatal mean binding potential was decreased by 62 to 77% in the DLB/PD group and 45 to 67% in the DLB/AD compared to AD and control. Binding was lower in the DLB/PD group than the DLB/AD, but the differences reached only marginal significance in the caudate nucleus. No differences were found between AD and control groups though a few AD patients had binding values below the range of the controls. Subsequent neuropathological examination in one AD patient revealed both AD and DLB changes despite the absence of clinical parkinsonism. Both DLB groups had an anterior to posterior binding deficit gradient relative to controls, largest in posterior putamen, smaller in anterior putamen, smallest in caudate nucleus. The DLB/AD group showed significant binding asymmetry only in posterior putamen. We conclude that PET with ()-[ 11 C]DTBZ differentiates DLB from AD, and decreased binding in AD may indicate subclinical DLB pathology in addition to AD pathology.
Interest Rate Uncertainty and the Founding of the Federal Reserve

This article examines the impact of what is undoubtedly the most important monetary regime change in U.S. history: the founding of the Federal Reserve System. We find, using a (G)ARCH model, a significant reduction in interest rate uncertainty following the founding of the Fed. Additionally, we show that the passage of the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908, another significant change in policy, also led to a reduction in interest rate uncertainty. These results are robust to alternative interest rate models, as well as to incorporating the impact of other events important to financial markets in our sample.
Kinetically driven self assembly of highly ordered nanoparticle monolayers

When a drop of a colloidal solution of nanoparticles dries on a surface, it leaves behind coffee-stain-like rings of material with lace-like patterns or clumps of particles in the interior. These non-uniform mass distributions are manifestations of far-from-equilibrium effects, such as fluid flows and solvent fluctuations during late-stage drying. However, recently a strikingly different drying regime promising highly uniform, long-range-ordered nanocrystal monolayers has been found. Here we make direct, real-time and real-space observations of nanocrystal self-assembly to reveal the mechanism. We show how the morphology of drop-deposited nanoparticle films is controlled by evaporation kinetics and particle interactions with the liquid-air interface. In the presence of an attractive particle-interface interaction, rapid early-stage evaporation dynamically produces a two-dimensional solution of nanoparticles at the liquid-air interface, from which nanoparticle islands nucleate and grow. This self-assembly mechanism produces monolayers with exceptional long-range ordering that are compact over macroscopic areas, despite the far-from-equilibrium evaporation process. This new drop-drying regime is simple, robust and scalable, is insensitive to the substrate material and topography, and has a strong preference for forming monolayer films. As such, it stands out as an excellent candidate for the fabrication of technologically important ultra thin film materials for sensors, optical devices and magnetic storage media.
Information integration techniques to automate incident management

Service desks are used by customers to report IT issues in enterprise systems. Most of these service requests are resolved by level-1 persons (service desk attendants) by providing information/quick-fix solutions to customers. For each service request, level-1 personnel uses keyword search to see if the incoming incident is duplicate of any of historic incidents; otherwise, she creates an incident ticket and, with other related information, forwards it to incidentpsilas subject matter expert (SME). Incident management, responsible for managing the life cycle of all incidents, is the key to ensure availability of enterprise systems. Timely resolution of incoming incident is required to attain availability objectives. Currently, the incident management process is largely manual, error prone and time consuming. In this paper, we present a technique to correlate the incoming incident with configuration items (CIs) stored in configuration management database (CMDB). Such a correlation can be used for correctly routing the incident to service personnel, incident investigation and root cause analysis.
Quantum Dielectric Theory of Electronegativity in Covalent Systems. I. Electronic Dielectric Constant

Electronegativity difference is redefined as a scaling parameter, generalizing the concept of valence difference. A procedure for its evaluation is developed in terms of the dielectric constants of diatomic crystals. A simple alternative to the Clausius-Mossotti theory of the electronic dielectric constant is developed in terms of this concept. The effect of $d$-electron states and of hydrostatic pressure are discussed, and procedures for their approximate evaluation are developed. The treatment is extended to 68 crystals of the diamond, zincblende, wurtzite, and rock-salt types; values of the electronegativity parameter are tabulated for these crystals.
Adult Education History and the Issue of Gender: Toward A Different History of adult Education In America:

Adult education history suffers from gender bias. Historians of the field have marginalized or written women out of the historical narrative. Arguing for the inclusion of gender as a category of historical analysis, this paper first compares the visibility of women in the historical research literature with their visibility in field-sponsored publications drawn mainly from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. Second, it identifies mechanisms within the field that fostered women's invisibility in adult education histories. To move toward a more inclusive historiography, historical researchers can take a compensatory approach to women's marginalization or a critical approach that makes the interplay of gender and education problematic and thus the source of new research questions.
Infrainguinal reconstruction for patients with chronic renal insufficiency

Abstract Purpose: The efficacy of autogenous infrainguinal reconstruction for patients with varying degrees of chronic renal insufficiency was reviewed because it has not been well defined. Methods: Pertinent data were retrieved from hospital records and the vascular registry for all patients with chronic renal insufficiency (serum creatine > 2 mg/dl) who required surgical intervention for ischemic lower limbs during the past 15 years at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Results: During the past 15 years, 56 patients underwent 70 autogenous vein bypass procedures, and 31 underwent 42 primary major amputations. All patients had serum creatinine levels greater than 2 mg/dl. Limb salvage was the indication for intervention in 84% of reconstructed limbs, and 48% required infrapopliteal bypass. No significant difference was found in the operative mortality rate associated with primary amputation (17%) and reconstruction (11%), but overall 5-year survival for the group undergoing reconstruction (40%) was significantly superior to that observed in the group undergoing amputation (9%). The 5-year cumulative limb salvage rate for the group having reconstruction was 80%, with a primary graft patency of 74% and a secondary patency of 77%. Patients with diabetes had lower rates of both limb salvage (63%) and survival (21%). No patient on dialysis survived beyond the third-year interval, but the limb salvage rate after 2 years was 76%. Conclusion: Patients with chronic renal insufficiency achieved graft patency and limb salvage results comparable to those obtained in patients with normal kidney function, but they sustained higher perioperative morbidity and reduced survival. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:32-41.)
Freezing Time Prediction for Slab Shape Foodstuffs by an Improved Analytical Method

An improved analytical method for predicting the freezing time with one dimensional heat transfer for slabs was developed. Tylose- MH-1000 was used as a model test material. The new model is similar to Plank's equation, but has a more theoretical basis. Total enthalpy difference instead of latent heat and weighted average temperature difference instead of the temperature difference between initial freezing point and freezer temperature were used in the improved prediction method. Linear regression was used to estimate shape parameters. Four different foods were used to test the model. Predicted times for foods were within 6% of the measured times.
The shortage of critical care physicians: Is there a solution?

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to provide a solution to the critical care physician shortage. Data sources The data sources are Medline search of published articles regarding the critical care physician shortage, the current training model, and the roll of family physicians. Data extraction The US population continues to age, increasing the need for critical care services due to the burden of acute and chronic illnesses. At the same time, it has been suggested that a highly staffed intensive care unit (ICU) including physicians, nurses, and pharmacists promotes standardized care that improves survival and length of stays (hospital and ICU). This has led to a rise in critical care physician staffing. Unfortunately, estimates indicate a shortage of critical care physicians over the next 10 years or even sooner if the Leapfrog initiative is implemented, making apparent the vulnerability of the field. Published estimates indicate that intensivists currently provide care to only 37% of all ICU patients in the United States and that they are located primarily in large hospitals and teaching institutions. Traditionally, to enter a fellowship in critical care, one would have to be trained through the internal medicine, anesthesia, or surgery pathways. Recently, the American Board of Emergency Medicine, in conjunction with The American Board of Internal Medicine, opened the pathway for emergency physicians to enter a critical care fellowship. Conclusions Family Practice is the second largest collective group of physicians in the United States—second only to internal medicine. In most of rural America, where there are limited physicians serving the population, family practitioners fill the gap and provide services otherwise unavailable to those patients. This group that can potentially be trained in critical care and help solve the crisis has been prevented from doing so.
The pharmacodynamics of lansoprazole administered via gastrostomy as intact, non‐encapsulated granules

Background: Because of its acid-labile nature, lansoprazole is usually administered as encapsulated enteric-coated granules. The gelatin capsule and acid-resistant coating of the granules have been considered essential for effective drug absorption and optimal bioavailability. Lansoprazole may attain effective plasma levels when given as non-encapsulated intact granules, but effects on intragastric acidity are unknown. Aim: To test the effectiveness of non-encapsulated, intact lansoprazole granules in suppressing intragastric acidity when administered through a gastrostomy. Methods: Eight men, each with an established gastrostomy, underwent baseline 24 h intragastric pH monitoring while off any acid-suppressing medication. Via the gastrostomy, they then received 7 days of once-daily dosing with 30 mg lansoprazole as intact granules in 3 fl. oz. of orange juice. Intragastric pH monitoring was repeated on day 7. Results: Mean intragastric pH pre-dosing was 1.96 ± 0.5 (s.d.). This increased to 4.7 ± 0.6 on day 7 (P < 0.0001). Median intragastric pH rose from 1.5 to 5.2 (P < 0.0001). Before lansoprazole, the proportions of time when intragastric pH was above 3, 4 and 5 were 23.2, 13.5 and 7.5%, respectively. Corresponding values after 7 days of lansoprazole were 81.1, 70.2 and 52.3% (P < 0.0001 for each comparison). Conclusion: Lansoprazole can effectively suppress intragastric acidity when given through a gastrostomy as intact, non-encapsulated granules in orange juice.
A PORTABLE PUMP FOR THE PROTRACTED INJECTION OF PARENTERAL FLUIDS.

Abstract A small portable electric motor and DeBakey type pump which weighs 115 grams has been constructed and tested. Rates of injection of 0.4 to 300 c.c. per hour with voltage control can be maintained for periods of over a week within a few per cent. The pump can be operated as a portable unit with batteries or at the bedside with a DC rectifier from the 115-volt AC lines.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis: nucleotide sequence and transcriptional regulation of the algD gene

Abstract Pulmonary infection by mucoid, alginate producing, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major complication in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). To analyze the mechanisms leading to the emergence of mucoid P. aeruginosa in CF lungs, control of the algD gene coding for GDPmannose dehydrogenase was studied. Transcriptional activation of algD was shown to be necessary for alginate production. Sequencing of algD and its promoter revealed multiple direct repeats upstream of the transcription start and throughout the promoter region. Using the algD-xy1E transcriptional fusion the algD promoter was demonstrated to be under positive control by the algR gene. This gene has previously been shown to undergo antibiotic promoted chromosomal amplification resulting in the emergence of the mucoid phenotype. These findings provide a basis for better understanding the control of mucoidy in P. aeruginosa.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CHRYSOTILE SAMPLES FOR THE PRESENCE OF AMPHIBOLES: THE CAREY CANADIAN DEPOSIT, SOUTHEASTERN QUEBEC, CANADA

Samples were collected from the former chrysotile-producing mine operated by Carey Canadian Mines, located approximately 30 km northeast of Thetford Mines, Quebec, in the Eastern Townships mining district, and analyzed to determine if they contained amphiboles. A total of ten samples, six of ore, two in-place rock samples, and two tailings samples, were fi rst analyzed by routine PLM (polarized light microscopy) dispersion staining and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. One sample was found to contain trace amounts of an amphibole. Quantitative XRD methods were developed and showed this one sample contains between 500 to 1000 ppm amphibole; the detection limit of this new XRD method was between 100 to 500 ppm for tremolite mixed into a chrysotile ore. A chemical method was also developed to relate the calcium content of the samples and their possible maximum content of tremolite, assuming that all the Ca in the sample is in tremolite. This method showed that the single amphibole-containing sample could contain no more than 0.213% or 2130 ppm tremolite by weight. The same chemical predictor was applied to the other nine samples and showed ranges of maximum tremolite from 50 to 120 ppm; however, this method clearly overestimates the tremolite content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and PLM analyses of amphiboles in the one amphibole-containing sample revealed nonasbestiform amphiboles with approximately 50% anthophyllite and the remainder actinolite, plotting close to the tremolite–actinolite boundary as determined by SEM–EDS (energy-dispersive spectroscopy).
Cryptic speciation along a bathymetric gradient

The deep ocean supports a highly diverse and mostly endemic fauna, yet little is known about how or where new species form in this remote ecosystem. How speciation occurs is especially intriguing in the deep sea because few obvious barriers exist that would disrupt gene flow. Geographic and bathymetric patterns of genetic variation can provide key insights into how and where new species form. We quantified the population genetic structure of a protobranch bivalve, Neilonella salicensis, along a depth gradient (2200‐3800 m) in the western North Atlantic using both nuclear (28S and calmodulin intron) and mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) loci. A sharp genetic break occurred for each locus between populations above 2800 m and below 3200 m, defining two distinct clades with no nuclear or mitochondrial haplotypes shared between depth regimes. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses provided strong support for two clades, separated by depth, within N. salicensis. Although no morphological divergence was apparent, we suggest that the depth-related population genetic and phylogenetic divergence is indicative of a cryptic species. The frequent occurrence of various stages of divergence associated with species formation along bathymetric gradients suggests that depth, and the environmental gradients that attend changes in depth, probably play a fundamental role in the diversification of marine organisms, especially in deep water. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, ••, ••‐••.
Reflections on the Importance of Reference for Understanding Thinking

An intentional form of the semantics of algebraic expressions in the tradition starting with Frege is popular in mathematics education. On the other hand, mathematical logic including predicate calculus and lambda calculus is dominated for more than 50 years by referential semantics. A third field of investigation is the semantics of mathematics as realized in programming languages and computer algebra systems. The paper explores the tension between these approaches and tries to clarify the role of reference both in he developed mathematics as well as in the learning process. Referential semantics simplifies theories but requires mental objects to be constructed to be useful. This links the topic to reification theory. A small collection of observations of learners’ behavior adds support to the claim that reference is of some importance in the learning process.
Regulating VEGF signaling in platelet concentrates via specific VEGF sequestering

Platelets contain an abundance of growth factors that mimic the composition of the wound healing milieu, and platelet-derived VEGF in particular can negatively influence wound healing if unregulated. Here, we sought to capture and regulate the activity of VEGF factor from human platelets using poly(ethylene glycol) microspheres. In this communication, we demonstrate that platelet freeze/thaw produced significantly higher levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) than either calcium chloride treatment, protease activated receptor 1 activating peptide (PAR1AP) treatment, or thrombin treatment. PEG microspheres containing a VEGF-binding peptide (VBP), derived from VEGFR2, sequestered VEGF from platelet concentrate, prepared via freeze/thaw, and reduced the bioactivity of platelet concentrate in HUVEC culture, which suggests that VBP microspheres sequestered and reduced the activity of VEGF from patient-derived platelets. Here, we demonstrate the ability of VEGF sequestering microspheres to regulate the activity of VEGF derived from a growth factor-rich autologous human blood product.
Suppression of prednisone-induced gastric hypersecretion by an anticholinergic drug.

SummaryThe effect of an anticholinergic drug was studied in 10 normal males who showed increased gastric secretory activity during administration of prednisone. It was found that concurrent administration of oxyphenonium bromide (Antrenyl®) suppressed the increase in gastric hydrochloric acid secretion and reduced uropepsin excretion.
Tissue Typing with Lymphocytes Prctreatcd with Ficin

Lymphocytes of 50 patients were treated with ficin and typed for the HL-A antigens with a panel of allogeneic typing sera. The resulting phenotypes were identical to those obtained when the same cells were typed in our standard cytotoxicity test, although in three specimens the antigen 4b and in one the antigen HL-A7 could not be defined as clearly as in the standard test. In comparison with the latter test, a 2 to 5% incidence of false reactions was noted with the ficin test. The sensitivity of the ficin test as determined by titration of sera of four sensitized kidney transplant recipients was comparable to that of the standard cytotoxicity test. By using ficinized lymphocytes for tissue typing by the cytotoxicity method, the durations of the incubation times of the cells with the antisera and with heterologous rabbit complement could be markedly reduced. As a result, it is possible to tissue type recipients and donors for kidney transplants in half the time necessary to type with the standard cytotoxicity method.
Aprotinin Reduces Nitric Oxide Production in Vitro and in Vivo in a Dose-Dependent Manner

1. Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with an increase in nitric oxide concentrations, and plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Aprotinin, a serine protease inhibitor, commonly used during cardiopulmonary bypass to reduce blood loss, has been demonstrated to exhibit significant anti-inflammatory effects during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. 2. Airway nitric oxide was measured during cardiopulmonary bypass in 10 controls (Group 1), 10 subjects receiving half-dose aprotinin (Group 2) and 10 patients receiving full-dose aprotinin (Group 3). In vitro, a murine bronchial epithelial cell line (LA-4) was cultured with cytomix (a combination of tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and (gamma-interferon) with and without aprotinin in increasing concentrations. Nitrite concentrations, the stable and measureable end-product of nitric oxide oxidative metabolism, were measured in the culture supernatant by chemiluminescence. 3. Airway nitric oxide concentrations were increased after 50 min cardiopulmonary bypass compared with that measured at 5 min in controls (53 +/- 5 versus 29 +/- 3 ppb, P < 0.05) but not in the aprotinin-treated groups (25 +/- 4 versus 14 +/- 5, Group 2; 21 +/- 6 versus 15 +/- 3 ppb, Group 3). 4. In a dose-dependent manner, nitrite levels (means +/- S.E.M.) were significantly reduced by aprotinin at 500 and 1000 units/ml when compared with cells cultured in the presence of cytomix alone (P < 0.05). 5. These data demonstrate that aprotinin, in a dose-responsive manner, reduces nitric oxide production in vivo and reduces cytokine-induced nitrite production by murine bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Since increased airway nitric oxide is found in inflammatory lung diseases, like asthma, and anti-inflammatory therapy reduces the concentration of airway nitric oxide, these data support the concept that aprotinin is anti-inflammatory during cardiopulmonary bypass.
The efficacy of spinal manipulation, amitriptyline and the combination of both therapies for the prophylaxis of migraine headache.

Background Migraine headache affects approximately 11 million adults in the United States. Spinal manipulation is a common alternative therapy for headaches, but its efficacy compared with standard medical therapies is unknown. Objective To measure the relative efficacy of amitriptyline, spinal manipulation and the combination of both therapies for the prophylaxis of migraine headache. Design A prospective, randomized, parallel-group comparison. After a 4-wk baseline period, patients were randomly assigned to 8 wk of treatment, after which there was a 4-wk follow-up period. Setting Chiropractic college outpatient clinic. Participants A total of 218 patients with the diagnosis of migraine headache. Interventions An 8-wk course of therapy with spinal manipulation, amitriptyline or a combination of the two treatments. Main outcome measures A headache index score derived from a daily headache pain diary during the last 4 wk of treatment and during the 4-wk follow-up period. Results Clinically important improvement was observed in both primary and secondary outcomes in all three study groups over time. The reduction in headache index scores during treatment compared with baseline was 49% for amitriptyline, 40% for spinal manipulation and 41% for the combined group; p = .66. During the posttreatment follow-up period the reduction from baseline was 24% for amitriptyline, 42% for spinal manipulation and 25% for the combined group; p = .05. Conclusion There was no advantage to combining amitriptyline and spinal manipulation for the treatment of migraine headache. Spinal manipulation seemed to be as effective as a well-established and efficacious treatment (amitriptyline), and on the basis of a benign side effects profile, it should be considered a treatment option for patients with frequent migraine headaches.
Correcting for ascertainment

Data used to study human genetics are often not obtained by simple random sampling, which is assumed by many statistical methods, especially those that are based on likelihood for making inferences. There is a well-developed theory to correct likelihoods based on sibship data whether or not the exact mode of ascertainment is known. In the case of larger pedigrees, however, the problem is much more difficult unless they are recruited into the sample by single ascertainment. There is no one piece of software that analyzes ascertainment in general, so most of this chapter is devoted to theory. A general method by which one general genetic analysis software package corrects pedigree data for ascertainment is briefly described.
Oral drug reactions

Topical as well as systemic medications produce a variety of oral reactions. These reactions may be nonspecific or may resemble distinct clinical entities. Correct diagnosis requires a good clinical history and examination, along with a high index of suspicion. Once the offending agent is identified, many general and specific therapies are successful in treating patients with oral drug reactions.