cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hinduism, Happiness and Wellbeing: A Case Study of Adulthood in an Oriya Hindu Temple Town

This essay explores Oriya Hindu understandings of wellbeing and happiness from the perspective of women who live in the temple town of Bhubaneswar in the eastern Indian state of Orissa. These women tend to discount happiness, preferring instead wellbeing. They believe that only children, unaware of the burdens of this life, can experience happiness; an adult, aware of these burdens, can never enjoy happiness for more than a few fleeting seconds. Based on these women’s conceptualizations of the life course, the family role associated with particular life phases and the levels of life satisfaction achieved during each phase, it appears that mature adulthood provides a woman with the best opportunities for achieving wellbeing. As mature adults, Oriya Hindu women are dominant within their households, they are central to its productive activities and they feel morally and emotionally coherent. Thus, for women in the temple town, dominance, centrality and coherence are the three key elements that constitute wellbeing.
Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning Systems: The Role of Learning from Failure

ERP implementations remain problematic despite the fact that many of the issues are by now quite well known. In this paper, we take a different perspective from the critical success factors and risks approaches that are common in the information systems discipline to explain why ERP implementations fail. Specifically, we adapt Sitkin’s theory of intelligent failure to ERP implementations resulting in a theory that we call “learning from failure.” We then examine from the viewpoint of this theory the details of two SAP R/3 implementations, one of which failed while the other succeeded. Although it is impossible to state, unequivocally, that the implementation that failed did so because it did not use the approach that was derived from the theory, the analysis reveals that the company that followed many of the tenets of the theory succeeded while the other did not.
Viral Pathogens of the Penaeid Shrimp

Publisher Summary While significant advances that have been made in determining the role of viruses involved in various epizootics occurring in penned shrimp aquaculture, viral diseases will continue to plague the industry. A major obstacle to the study of these diseases is the lack of convenient and quantitative methodologies, such as in vitro cell culture systems to grow and study (characterize) the virus. A beginning has been made with the recent development of protocols for the consistent preparation of primary shrimp lymphoid cells, which were employed for the quanta1 assay of some of the shrimp viral pathogens. The primary cell lines have also been used to analyze the synthesis of viral proteins at the cellular level and to study viral pathogenesis. With the further successful development of additional primary cell lines from other shrimp tissues and the establishment of continuous diploid and transformed shrimp cell lines, this problem is being solved. The value of cell culture systems is becoming increasingly clear. They present several obvious advantages because (1) they are more cost effective, sensitive, and convenient than whole animals, particularly for rapid monitoring of infectivity, (2) they yield quantitatively reproducible results, and (3) viral growth kinetics, biochemical and genetic characteristics, and so on can be studied more easily. Their biggest potential use is in future molecular biology and genetic studies of shrimp viruses.
The power of point mutations

Studies of human diseases have shown that nonsense mutations can alter pre-mRNA splicing. A new study, focusing on the breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA1, demonstrates that one explanation lies in a disrupted exonic splicing enhancer rather than a disrupted translational reading frame. Despite the growing appreciation of the frequent occurrence of exonic sequences that affect the use of splice sites, the prevalence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms that alter splicing has probably been vastly underestimated.
A Societal Cost of Obesity in Terms of Automobile Fuel Consumption

Growing obesity rates in the United States increase fuel consumption by adding passenger weight to vehicles, demonstrating a link between these two significant socioeconomic issues. This article quantifies several estimates for the annual amount of fuel consumed by noncommercial passenger highway vehicles (i.e., cars and light trucks) in the United States that can be attributed to passenger overweight and obesity. Using a previously published mathematical model, it is estimated that up to one billion gallons of fuel or more are consumed each year due to passenger weight that can be attributed to overweight and obesity, or up to 0.8% of the fuel consumed by cars and light trucks each year. Estimates are generated based on the increase in average weight in the US population over historical time periods, and by direct estimation of the average weight that can be attributed to overweight and obesity in the US population. From an environmental perspective, this additional fuel consumption has the effect of up to 20 billion pounds or more of carbon dioxide emissions, up to 0.5% of such emissions produced in the transportation sector. Keywords: fuel consumption; statistical models; public health; obesity; carbon emissions
Half-day tutorial proposal: describing, building, and using the Public Administration Genome (PAG)

This is an outline for a half-day tutorial program to introduce attendees to a new concept for a comprehensive support system intended for public administrators, theorists, consultants, students, and inquiring citizens alike. The system, called "COMPASS", is a product of the overarching Public Administration Genome Project (PAGP). The effort here will be directed towards describing, building, and making use of the PAGP and COMPASS.
Law and Ojibwe Indian “Traditional Cultural Property” in the Organized Resistance to the Crandon Mine in Wisconsin

Section 106 of the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires that federal agencies “must take into account” the impact of their regulatory actions on historical properties, among them the “traditional cultural properties” of American Indian tribes. Conceiving of tribes' own social practices in terms of property creates the possibility for making claims about its loss for tribes, but it also problematizes their cultures' inherent dynamism that implicates its putative authenticity. This article offers commentary on the implications of practicing a form of action anthropology for the concept of culture via discovery and explication of such property under the NHPA. The context is a small American Indian community's effort to resist the development of a copper-zinc mine adjacent to its reservation, on land that holds significant meaning for the community.
Two priority schemes for fair distributed queue (FDQ) networks

The absolute priority scheme is message preemptive and allows only the highest priority class to be present on the network under heavy load. The allocation priority scheme permits the transmission of low priority class data in a controllable proportion to the high priority data. Under heavy load, both schemes allocate equal bandwidth to the active nodes within each priority class without wasting bandwidth. They also have completely predictable worst-case delays. The delay characteristics of both schemes under Poisson load are studied via simulation. With the assumption of equal arrival rates, the high priority class achieves a much lower delay than the low priority class, in both schemes. Thus, the absolute and allocation priority schemes are fair and very efficient. >
Substrates and products of purified rat liver bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.

To determine whether the isoform of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase which catalyzes the formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide also mediates the formation of bilirubin diglucuronide and other specific sugar conjugates of bilirubin, Wistar rats were treated with clofibrate (300 mg per kg i.p. × 7 days); this resulted in a 200% increase in hepatic transferase specific activity for bilirubin. Proteins from hepatic microsomal fractions were solubilized, and the transferase isoform with activity toward bilirubin was purified by a combination of chromatofocusing, affinity chromatography and hydrophobic chromatography, to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified isoform catalyzed the formation of monoglucuronide and diglucuronide (with UDP-glucuronic acid as a cosubstrate), and glucoside and xyloside (with UDP-glucose and UDP-xylose as respective cosubstrates) of bilirubin and glucuronidation of the carcinogen metabolite 4′-hydroxydimethylaminoazobenzene. It also catalyzed the conversion of bilirubin monoglucuronide to diglucuronide (with UDP-glucuronic acid as cosubstrate, pH optimum 7.8), to mixed glucuronide-glucoside conjugate (with UDP-glucose as a cosubstrate) and to unconjugated bilirubin (with UDP as a cosubstrate, pH optimum 5.5). Each transferase activity was copurified at each purification step. Results of enzyme kinetic studies suggest that UDP-glucuronic acid, UDP-glucose and UDP-xylose recognize a common site. Transferase activities toward bilirubin were not detectable in homozygous Gunn rats liver microsomal fractions; in heterozygous Gunn rats, these activities were reduced by 40 to 60%. The results suggest that conjugation of bilirubin with glucuronic acid, glucose or xylose is catalyzed by a single transferase isoform.
Synergistic dual positive feedback loops established by molecular sequestration generate robust bimodal response

Feedback loops are ubiquitous features of biological networks and can produce significant phenotypic heterogeneity, including a bimodal distribution of gene expression across an isogenic cell population. In this work, a combination of experiments and computational modeling was used to explore the roles of multiple feedback loops in the bimodal, switch-like response of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactose regulatory network. Here, we show that bistability underlies the observed bimodality, as opposed to stochastic effects, and that two unique positive feedback loops established by Gal1p and Gal3p, which both regulate network activity by molecular sequestration of Gal80p, induce this bimodality. Indeed, systematically scanning through different single and multiple feedback loop knockouts, we demonstrate that there is always a concentration regime that preserves the system’s bimodality, except for the double deletion of GAL1 and the GAL3 feedback loop, which exhibits a graded response for all conditions tested. The constitutive production rates of Gal1p and Gal3p operate as bifurcation parameters because variations in these rates can also abolish the system’s bimodal response. Our model indicates that this second loss of bistability ensues from the inactivation of the remaining feedback loop by the overexpressed regulatory component. More broadly, we show that the sequestration binding affinity is a critical parameter that can tune the range of conditions for bistability in a circuit with positive feedback established by molecular sequestration. In this system, two positive feedback loops can significantly enhance the region of bistability and the dynamic response time.
Linear behaviour in the aperture pupil of single photoreceptors: Consequences related to the degree of inhomogeneity

An exact treatment of the initial field falling on the entrance face of a photoreceptor, so that the scattered field far from the latter vanishes, is presented. Its physical interest and some consequences are discussed. By establishing certain similarities between the behaviour of the photoreceptor as light penetrates into and propagates along, and an optical linear system, it is possible to define a spatial transverse impulse response containing information on the diffraction capability of each individual receptor. The distribution of this function across a transverse plane depends upon the particular form of the refractive index in the photoreceptor. Thus, certain differences are seen to occur between the case of an homogeneous receptor and an inhomogeneous one, for particular values in the degree of inhomogeneity. This fact allows to interpret the presence of inhomogeneities in the photoreceptor structure.
Climate change: A crack in the natural-gas bridge

Integrated assessment models show that, without new climate policies, abundant supplies of natural gas will have little impact on greenhouse-gas emissions and climate change. See Letter p.482 The development of hydraulic fracturing technologies has led to rapid growth in the use natural gas as an energy source. Some evidence has suggested that this growing adoption of natural gas might lead to a reduced greenhouse gas burden and consequent mitigation of climate change. This collaboration between five energy–climate modelling teams show that instead — under a scenario of abundant natural gas availability — increased consumption will have little or no impact on climate change. The authors suggest that expanded natural gas production and use is neither a substitute for a climate policy in the decades ahead nor a major new complication to the anthropogenic emissions problem.
Intelligent material systems - The dawn of a new materials age

The intelligent material system solution to such engineering problems as the design of a robotic arm borrows directly from biological analogs; materials that behave much as muscles do during contraction can be employed as induced strain actuators which work against the intrinsic structural impedance of the component. Unlike actual human arms, which are jointed, the intelligent structure may be a continuum. The adaptation of structural impedance may be regarded as the most fundamental and consequential concept in the field of intelligent material systems.
Extending landed cost models to improve offshore sourcing decisions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the components required for more robust landed cost models given the now widespread interest in sourcing finished goods, components for assembly, and basic raw materials from global sources. This study also seeks to establish the need for broad‐based participation in operationalizing such models.Design/methodology/approach – Interviews are conducted with several major firms that import a range of merchandise into the USA to develop in‐depth case studies. A taxonomy of variables found in increasingly comprehensive forms of landed cost models is developed from the case studies. These variables are assembled into modules and analyzed with the use of an expert panel consisting of executives responsible for import activities at major firms.Findings – Most major firms are relatively unsophisticated in their approach to making offshore sourcing decisions. Few employ models that are sufficiently detailed and some do not even embrace the basic logistical elements ...
Creating Local Knowledge through Learning in Community: A Case Study.

Learning in community means creating local knowledge from aspects of communal life. Through a six-stage process, adult educators can help community members become independent learners and co-creators of community knowledge.
Electroluminescence from hydrogenated amorphous silicon p-i-n diodes

Abstract The intensity of electroluminescence (EL) and its spectrum were studied as a function of generation rate, temperature, and intrinsic-layer thickness in a group of hydrogenated amorphous silicon p-i-n diodes (p = p-type, i = intrinsic, and n = n-type). It was found that: (a) the electroluminescence efficiency is as high as the photoluminescence efficiency; (b) there is a power-law dependence of the total EL intensity versus forward current density, except in the low-injection regime; (c) the defect luminescence is mainly a p-i junction effect, but the main band luminescence is a true i-layer bulk effect that is observed in thick samples at room temperature.
Hyperkalemia following exchange transfusion

side. Nursing bottle caries classically affects the maxillary incisors and first molars? 2 Since nearly all the infants left the hospital being bottle-fed, caries may have influenced the appearance of the teeth but would not explain the lateralization and the total failure of some teeth to develop. Enamel defects have been related to prenatal and postnatal hypoxic insults? 4 Though this might explain Some of the enamel hypoplasia seen in a number of the children, there should have been a more symmetrical involvement of the teeth. Neonatal hypocalcemic tetany) hyperbilirubinemia, and drug ingestion have been associated with enamel hypoplasia and discoloration, but none of these would result in the localized distribution of the dental defects described. At birth the maxillary central incisors are, on the average~ .the most developed but the enamel is as yet incompletely formed and the root is very rudimentary. The crown of the tooth and its surrounding dental sac are in close proximity to the alveolar mucosa. The follicles of the incisor teeth are quite vulnerable to mechanical trauma to the alveolar process. Any injury to the follicle is likely to disrupt the final development and eruption of the associated tooth. The deciduous canine and molar teeth are less fully developed, further from the mucosal surface, and thus less susceptible to trauma, which is consistent with the findings in this report. Because laryngoscopy is performed from the right side of the mouth and is frequently associated with trauma to the maxillary alveolar ridge from the right-angle flange of the laryngoscope blade, it is likely that such trauma is related to the defective dentition seen in these children. The presence of an oral endotracheal tube may be an additional aggravating factor. Better technique, the development of a laryngoscope blade with a broad, soft flange, and the use of nasal endotracheal tubes may circumvent much of the maxillary alveolar trauma seen following endotracheal intubation.
Desorption of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosive residues from soils detonated under controlled conditions

Potentially toxic nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds are introduced onto soils during detonation of explosives. The present study was conducted to investigate the desorption and transformation of explosive compounds loaded onto three soils through controlled detonation. The soils were proximally detonated with Composition B, a commonly used military explosive containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). Gas-exchangeable surface areas were measured from pristine and detonated soils. Aqueous batches of detonated soils were prepared by mixing each soil with ultrapure water. Samples were collected for 141 d and concentrations of Composition B compounds and TNT transformation products 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT), and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (1,3,5-TNB) were measured. The RDX, HMX, and TNT concentrations in detonated soil batches exhibited first-order physical desorption for the first, roughly, 10 d and then reached steady state apparent equilibrium within 40 d. An aqueous batch containing powdered Composition B in water was sampled over time to quantify TNT, RDX, and HMX dissolution from undetonated Composition B particles. The TNT, RDX, and HMX concentrations in aqueous batches of pure Composition B reached equilibrium within 6, 11, and 20 d, respectively. Detonated soils exhibited lower gas-exchangeable surface areas than their pristine counterparts. This is likely due to an explosive residue coating on detonated soil surfaces, shock-induced compaction, sintering, and/or partial fusion of soil particles under the intense heat associated with detonation. Our results suggest that explosive compounds loaded to soils through detonation take longer to reach equilibrium concentrations in aqueous batches than soils loaded with explosive residues through aqueous addition. This is likely due to the heterogeneous interactions between explosive residues and soil particle surfaces.
Examining Response to Intervention Using a Framework of Best Practice from Early Childhood Special Education.

Response to Intervention (RTI) models are likely to be implemented in early childhood settings with greater frequency to target academic and developmental skills. With an increasing number of classrooms serving children with identified special needs, it is necessary to examine how current frameworks for RTI models meet the needs of all children in the classroom, including those with identified developmental delays and disabilities. To do this, we reviewed five comprehensive RTI models proposed for preschool classrooms according to a framework based on foundational tenets in early childhood special education practice. Two independent researchers coded articles that described RTI models for presence of the foundational tenets and associated evidence-based practices described by Odom and Wolery (2003). Several foundational tenets were contained in the majority of RTI models, whereas others were not addressed adequately. Results provide the early childhood education and early childhood special education field...
Pregnancy rates with bisected bovine embryos

A method for producing identical twin calves is described in which 5.5 to 7.5 day bovine embryos were bisected using a fine microsurgical blade. The resulting demi-embryos were transferred surgically or nonsurgically to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum of synchronous recipients (+/- 2 days), one demi-embryo per recipient. The mean pregnancy rate per demi-embryo was 48% (157/330), and per whole embryo split, it was 95% (157/165). Pregnancy rate was dependent on the stage of embryonic development. The pregnancy rate from bisected early morulae, 16% (7/44), was lower than that from bisected early blastocysts, 60% (58/96) P<0.01. The rate of identical twin production per embryo split reflected these pregnancy rates. Bisected blastocysts resulted in more identical twin sets, 39% (24/62), than early morulae, 9% (2/22) P<0.01. When used with normal embryo transfer procedures, this technique provides a method for routine production of identical twin calves. Furthermore, more calves are produced per two demi-embryos than per whole embryo.
Public Perceptions of Wisconsin Pavements and Trade-Offs in Pavement Improvement

Findings are reported from Phase II of a three-phase pooled-fund project in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota to determine perceptions of drivers regarding pavement of rural two-lane highways. Among the survey topics were drivers' trust in the state department of transportation (DOT), pavement improvement trade-offs, and pavement evaluation. Results of the Wisconsin portion of the survey data are the focus of this study. The survey questionnaire was based in part on Phase I focus groups conducted to gauge beliefs about pavements as well as the language describing ruts, tining, and other pavement characteristics. Phase II entailed a statewide telephone survey of at least 400 randomly selected drivers in each of the three states. Although the focus here is on Wisconsin results, survey responses across the three states were very consistent. Included in the findings discussed are perceptions of pavement and the state DOT and pavement improvement options relating to construction, travel time, and delays. Results disclose key public perceptions of priorities with regard to spending limited funds. Also discussed are statistically significant relationships providing additional insights into public perceptions and pavement improvement on rural two-lane highways.
Brain Tumor Clinical Trials: Pitfalls and Promise for the Future

Despite intensive effort in laboratory and clinical investigations, the prognosis for patients with malignant gliomas remains grim. Currently, patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have a median survival of less than 1 year, similar to that reported in 1980 [1]. The prognosis for patients with lower-grade tumors, such as anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), has shown some improvement with combined modality treatment, although the improvement has not been dramatic. One of the most significant advances in clinical research in brain tumor treatment has been the development of a better understanding of difficulties in interpreting clinical trials. This has led to a critical reappraisal of the standard of care of patients with malignant gliomas. The recent publication of a retrospective analysis of a large clinical database of patients with anaplastic astrocytoma by Prados et al. [2] underscores these concerns about the established treatment standards. These investigators reviewed the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) database and analyzed patients with newly diagnosed AA who were treated in a protocol that included either procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine (PCV; n=175) or BCNU (n=257) as adjuvant therapy. Extensive statistical analysis was performed to balance known prognostic factors (age, extent of initial tumor resection, and Karnofsky performance status). Cox proportional hazards modeling and analysis using matched cases between the groups failed to show any statistically significant improvement in survival between the two adjuvant treatments. Prior to this analysis, adjuvant PCV was considered the standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed AA. This treatment recommendation was based on the publication of a subset analysis of 73 patients with anaplastic glioma ([AG] anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic mixed glioma) extracted from a large randomized phase III trial comparing PCV with BCNU in patients with newly diagnosed malignant gliomas (GBM and AG) [3]. Although PCV has been considered the standard treatment for anaplastic glioma for many years, the analysis by Prados et al [2] has called the role of PCV into question. Criticisms of this earlier study include the small number of patients evaluated, the post-hoc nature of the analysis, and the inclusion of patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, who have a better prognosis and response to PCV [4]. These problems highlight some of the difficulties in establishing a treatment standard. Recent critical and insightful analyses by experts in the field have elucidated many other issues in brain tumor clinical trials that must be addressed as new treatments are tested and new standards are developed [5‐8].
National-State Relations: Cooperative Federalism in the Twentieth Century

DanielJ. Elazar's 1959 Ph.D. dissertation demonstrated conclusively the inadequate explanatory value of the theory of dual federalism and the prevalence of cooperative national-state relations in the period ending in 1913. Congressional employment of total and partial preemption and coercive regulatory powers since 1965 raises the question whether the theory of cooperative federalism explains fully the functioning of thefederal system at the beginning of the twenty-first century. An examination of nationalstate relations reveals that each of the two theories retains a degree of explanatory value. There is, however, a need for a more general theory incorporating elements of these theories and coercive use of congressional powers, highlighting the generally cooperative nature of national-state relations, and explaining the continuous readjustment of the respective powers of Congress and states.
An integrated signal processing and neural networks system for steam generator tubing diagnostics using eddy current inspection

Abstract The primary purpose of this research was to develop an integrated approach by combining information compression methods and artificial neural networks for the monitoring of plant components using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) data. Specifically, data from eddy current inspection of steam generator tubing were utilized to evaluate this technology. The focus of the research was to develop and test various data compression methods (for eddy current data) and the performance of different neural network paradigms for defect classification and defect parameter estimation. Feedforward, fully-connected neural networks, that use the back-propagation algorithm for network training, were implemented for defect classification and defect parameter estimation using a modular network architecture. A large eddy current tube inspection database was acquired from the Metals and Ceramics Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). These data were used to study the performance of artificial neural networks for defect type classification and for estimating defect parameters. Most of the study was made using the NeuralWorks Professional II/Plus software. A PC-based data pre-processing and display program was also developed as part of an expert system for data management and decision making. The results of the analysis showed that for effective (low-error) defect classification and estimation of parameters, it is necessary to identify proper feature vectors using different data representation methods. The integration of data compression and artificial neural networks for information processing was established as an efficient technique for automation of diagnostics using nondestructive evaluation methods.
The Optimal Form: Inadequacies and Excessiveness Within the Asiallinen [Matter of Fact] Nonverbal Style in Public and Civic Settings in Finland

As persons participate in any given setting, they may designate some communicative behaviors as either inadequate or excessive for the task at hand. This standardizing process is discussed as an optimal form of communication. This article explores the asiallinen [matter of fact] nonverbal style of communication occurring in public and civic contexts in the Hame Province in Finland through the optimal form. Key optimal strategies are identified with (a) moderating behaviors that keskeyttaa [interrupt], (b) maintaining a keskittynyt [concentrated] attitude, and (c) restraining movements in the face realizing an appropriate peruslukema [straight state]. Optimizing these nonverbal strategies yields the best possible context for disseminating information on the matter at hand. The article discusses the optimal form as an interpretive tool for formulating claims about cultural communication.
Solubilization of the primary nitrene sources (tosyliminoiodo)arenes (ArINTs)

Abstract The nitrene precursors ArINTs (Ts = p-toluenesulfonyl; Ar = phenyl ( 1 ), Ar = o-Tolyl ( 2 ), and Ar = Mesityl ( 3 )) can be fully solubilized in organic media upon addition of organic N-oxides. 1 H-NMR spectroscopy of CDCl 3 solutions of PhINTs and excess Me 3 NO reveals rapid exchange of free and coordinated Me 3 NO to the hypervalent iodine species. The implications of this phenomenon on nitrene transfer processes are discussed.
Are simulated aerosol-induced effects on deep convective clouds strongly dependent on saturation adjustment?

Three configurations of a bulk microphysics scheme in conjunction with a detailed bin scheme are implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to specifically address the role of the saturation adjustment assumption (i.e., condensing/evaporating the surplus/deficit water vapor relative to saturation in one time step) on aerosol-induced invigoration of deep convective clouds. The bulk model configurations are designed to treat cloud droplet condensation/evaporation using either saturation adjustment, as employed in most bulk models, or an explicit representation of supersaturation over a time step, as used in bin models. Results demonstrate that the use of saturation adjustment artificially enhances condensation and latent heating at low levels and limits the potential for an increase in aerosol concentration to increase buoyancy at mid to upper levels. This leads to a small weakening of the time- and domain-averaged convective mass flux (~-3%) in polluted compared to clean conditions. In contrast, the bin model and bulk scheme with explicit prediction of supersaturation simulate an increase in latent heating aloft and the convective updraft mass flux is weakly invigorated (~5%). The bin model also produces a large increase in domain-mean cumulative surface precipitation in polluted conditions (~18%), while all of the bulk model configurations simulate little change in precipitation. Finally, it is shown that the cold pool weakens substantially with increased aerosol loading when saturation adjustment is applied, which acts to reduce the low-level convergence and weaken the convective dynamics. With an explicit treatment of supersaturation in the bulk and bin models there is little change in cold pool strength, so that the convective response to polluted conditions is influenced more by changes in latent heating aloft. It is concluded that the use of saturation adjustment can explain differences in the response of cold pool evolution and convective dynamics with aerosol loading simulated by the bulk and bin models, but cannot explain large differences in the response of surface precipitation between these models.
Systemic Administration of LPS Worsens Delayed Deterioration Associated with Vasospasm After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Through a Myeloid Cell-Dependent Mechanism

Background Delayed deterioration associated with vasospasm (DDAV) after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a major cause of morbidity. We have previously shown that myeloid cell depletion before experimental SAH in a murine model ameliorates DDAV. In this study, we address whether systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) worsens DDAV in a myeloid cell-dependent fashion.
Optimization of in vivo X-ray fluorescence analysis methods for bone lead by simulation with the Monte Carlo code CEARXRF

In the design of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) systems for in vivo measurements of lead in human bone, the most important considerations are the minimum detectable concentration (MDC), and accuracy and precision. Possible design optimizations can be investigated much more easily and economically by Monte Carlo simulation than by experiment. The specific purpose Monte Carlo code CEARXRF has been used in the present study for: (1) improving the MDC of a hypothesized in vivo 109Cd source-based KXRF system and a 109Cd source or X-ray tube source-based LXRF system by investigating the effects of source polarization and source-bone-detector geometry modification on reducing the scattering background, and (2) investigating the effects of sample variables, such as overlying skin thickness on the MDC and the lead XRF intensity precision. In addition, the feasibility of the Monte Carlo-Library Least-Squares (MCLLS) approach has been investigated in a preliminary fashion for 109Cd-based KXRF spectroscopy analysis.
Liquid lithium divertor characteristics and plasma–material interactions in NSTX high-performance plasmas

Liquid metal plasma-facing components (PFCs) have been proposed as a means of solving several problems facing the creation of economically viable fusion power reactors. To date, few demonstrations exist of this approach in a diverted tokamak and we here provide an overview of such work on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). The Liquid Lithium Divertor (LLD) was installed and operated for the 2010 run campaign using evaporated coatings as the filling method. The LLD consisted of a copper-backed structure with a porous molybdenum front face. Nominal Li filling levels by the end of the run campaign exceeded the porosity void fraction by 150%. Despite a nominal liquid level exceeding the capillary structure and peak current densities into the PFCs exceeding 100 kA m−2, no macroscopic ejection events were observed. In addition, no substrate line emission was observed after achieving lithium-melt temperatures indicating the lithium wicks and provides a protective coating on the molybdenum porous layer. Impurity emission from the divertor suggests that the plasma is interacting with oxygen-contaminated lithium whether diverted on the LLD or not. A database of LLD discharges is analysed to consider whether there is a net effect on the discharges over the range of total deposited lithium in the machine. Examination of H-97L indicates that performance was constant throughout the run, consistent with the hypothesis that it is the quality of the surface layers of the lithium that impact performance. The accumulation of impurities suggests a fully flowing liquid lithium system to obtain a steady-state PFC on timescales relevant to NSTX.
Induction of tumor resistance with BCGa-associated tumor antigen

Soluble material enriched in tumor-associated antigen was prepared by affinity chromatography from a KCl extract of the chemically-induced D-23 rat hepatoma. Microgram quantities of the above material bound spontaneously to living BCG when the two were incubated briefly in vitro. When injected into normal syngeneic rats, the BCG-associated tumor antigen induced a measure of resistance against challenge with D-23 tumor cells. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) obtained from such actively immunized subjects were able to suppress the growth of D-23 tumor cells at a test site in muscle. In contrast, immunization with either BCG alone, tumor protein alone, or tumor protein admixed with BCG in circumstances designed to impede association of the protein, failed to provoke the formation of tumor suppressor PEC. The results encourage of the belief that binding of tumor antigen to BCG favors the induction of a cell-mediated tumor suppressive response.
Gas permeable toric use and applications: survey of Section on Cornea and Contact Lens Diplomates of the American Academy of Optometry.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to survey Diplomates in the Section on Cornea and Contact Lenses of the American Academy of Optometry (AAO) to determine their fitting preferences for astigmatic patients, lens materials used, and their perception of simplicity or complexity of bitoric fitting. Methods A total of 180 practitioners, representing all active Diplomates in the Cornea and Contact Lens Section, were sent a survey of 11 questions pertaining to their astigmatic contact lens prescribing habits. Sixty-eight (38%) of those surveyed responded to the questionnaire. Results The results of this survey included the following: (1) gas permeable (GP) lenses represented 28.7% of all contact lenses fit; (2) a spherical power effect (SPE) bitoric lens was preferred (versus four other options) by 58.8% of respondents for a 3.5 diopter (D) refractive astigmat with no residual astigmatism, whereas a cylinder power effect (CPE) bitoric was preferred by 55.9% for a 3.5 D refractive astigmatic with more than 1 D of residual astigmatism; (3) only 10.4% of responding practitioners consider GP torics to be difficult to fit. Conclusions (1) Back surface toric and bitoric GP lenses are considered easy to design and fit by most Diplomates. (2) The Mandell-Moore guide is the preferred empirical method, and the Polycon SPE is the preferred diagnostic fitting method for bitoric lenses for those responding to the survey.
Effects of thermodynamically coupled reaction diffusion in microalgae growth and lipid accumulation: Model development and stability analysis

Abstract This study investigates and presents the effects of thermodynamically coupled nonisothermal reaction-diffusion processes on microalgae growth, substrate consumption and neutral lipid production in a pond or wastewater treatment plant. The non-stirred chemostat hypothesis and linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics theory are applied to formulate the model equations that account the bulk phase compositions and temperature, resistances to the heat and mass transfers, and cross effects due to the thermodynamic coupling of heat and mass flow in the presence of chemical reaction. Nondimensional forms of the model equations are numerically solved. Bulk phase concentrations and temperatures, external resistances to heat and substrate transfers, and thermodynamic coupling may generate substantial number of new parameters that control the evolution and stability in microalgal growth and lipid production that are important for biofuels. Instabilities due to perturbations in nutrient concentrations may lead to spatial structures where the wavenumber plays important role in reaction diffusion systems.
Preparation of sulfonated gel resins for use in ion chromatography

Abstract Conditions are studied for reproducibly sulfonating small, spherical poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) beads to obtain cation exchangers suitable for ion chromatography. The effects of wetting agents and sulfonation parameters are noted. Resin capacity is examined as a function of crosslinking under fixed sulfonation conditions. Sulfonated resins of the highest crosslinking studied (12%) are shown to be very efficient for ion chromatography. Electron-photomicrographs show that sulfonization occurs only on the outer surfaces of the spherical beads.
Reference Librarians at the Reference Desk in a Learning Commons: A Mixed Methods Evaluation

Abstract At the University of Massachusetts Amherst’s W.E.B. Du Bois Library’s Learning Commons, only reference librarians staff the Reference and Research Assistance Desk. Surveys, a focus group, reference question transcriptions, and question-type tallies indicate that this service model is strongly preferred by users and librarians over the previous tiered model.
The zero-one law holds for BPP

Abstract We show that BPP has p -measure zero if and only if BPP differs from EXP . The same holds when we replace BPP by any complexity class C that contains BPP and is closed under tt-reductions. The zero–one law for each of these classes C follows: Within EXP , C has either measure zero or else measure one.
Belief in God is not properly basic

In this article I shall concern myself with the question ‘Is some type of justification required in order for belief in God to be rational?’ Many philosophers and theologians in the past would have responded affirmatively to this question. However, in our own day, there are those who maintain that natural theology in any form is not necessary. This is because of the rise of a different understanding of the nature of religious belief. Unlike what most people in the past thought, religious belief is not in any sense arrived at or inferred on the basis of other known propositions. On the contrary, belief in God is taken to be as basic as a person's belief in the existence of himself, of the chair in which he is sitting, or the past. The old view that there must be a justification of religious belief, whether known or unknown, is held to be mistaken. One of the most outspoken advocates of this view is Alvin Plantinga. According to Plantinga the mature theist ought not to accept belief in God as a conclusion from other things he believes. Rather, he should accept it as basic, as a part of the bedrock of his noetic structure. ‘The mature theist commits himself to belief in God; this means that he accepts belief in God as basic.’
A highly modular, wireless, implantable interface to the cortex

The development of advanced neuroprosthetic systems and brain-machine interfaces for high-capacity, real-time, bi-directional communication with the nervous system is a major challenge to the emerging neural engineering discipline. In this paper, we summarize our first preliminary report on the design of a highly modular, wireless, adaptive, implantable large-scale interface to the cortex designed exclusively to permit faithful transmission of neural activity from high-density microelectrode array recordings to the outside world. The system is expected to augment the space of experimental design needed to improve our understanding of the nervous system functionality in freely behaving subjects interacting naturally with their surroundings. It will further accelerate the deployment of viable Brain Machine Interface technology in clinical applications.
Role of the actin cytoskeleton in ischemia-induced cell injury and repair

This paper reviews the role of the actin cytoskeleton in the establishment and maintenance of surface membrane structure and function in all epithelial cells. It describes in detail certain interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and the surface membrane. Recent studies show that ischemia and/or ATP depletion will rapidly disrupt the actin cytoskeleton, an important event in ischemia-induced cell injury. Finally, the review examines specific functional and structural interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and the surface membrane.
Stimulus interaction and problem difficulty in children's discrimination learning

Abstract The relative difficulty of two discrimination-learning problems was deduced from the Stimulus Interaction Hypothesis and tested with third- and fourth-grade children. The findings were inconsistent with the prediction derived from this theory. Although changes in the assumptions of some of the parameter values did not alter the original prediction, the assumed shape of the generalization gradients was found to influence the predicted outcome. Moreover, with the substitution of generalization gradients concave to the base for the original exponential functions, the Stimulus Interaction Hypothesis was able to account for the results of the experiment. However, further analysis revealed that the explanation underlying the successful deduction was not entirely adequate. It was suggested that this inadequacy may be due to the lack of an assumption that relational cues can function as effective stimuli for children in discrimination-learning problems.
EVAPORATION OF A DROPLET IN FREE MOLECULAR FLOW

Abstract : The problem of the evaporation of a moving spherical droplet in free molecular flow is studied. An exact solution for the reduction in the droplet size is derived by use of the free molecular limits for drag coefficient and modified Stanton number. An approximate solution is also presented that reduces the complexity of the velocity dependence in the heat transfer relation. Good agreement between the two solutions is demonstrated for a wide range of freestream temperatures. One particular case, using water as the droplet medium, is examined under reentry conditions. (Author)
A case of T-cell lymphoma with convoluted lymphocytes

A case of T-cell lymphoma, as defined by immunologic studies of lymph node, peripheral blood, and cultured cells, is presented. Convoluted lymphocytes were noted in the original lymph node biopsy, in cerebral spinal fluid preparations and terminally, in the peripheral blood. The prominent neuologic abnormalities representing both central and peripheral nervous system involvement were atypical. Other features included skin and testicular infiltration, leukemic transformation, and refractoriness to therapy. A somewhat similar clinical picture has been reported in other patients with diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas, some of which have proven to have a T-cell origin. T-cell lymphoma may represent a distinct clinical entity that calls for modifications of our traditional therapeutic approaches.
UPS of 2–30-atom carbon clusters: Chains and rings

Abstract Ultraviolet photoelectron spectra (UPS) of negative carbon clusters are reported in the size range from 2 through 29 atoms. The clusters were prepared in a supersonic beam by laser vaporization, and a F 2 excimer laser (7.9 eV) was used for photodetachment. The resultant UPS data indicate that carbon clusters in the 2–9-atom size range take the form of linear chains: the even-numbered chains having open shell electronic structures with high electron affinity, the odd chains having closed shell singlet ground states (for the neutral) and substantially lower electron affinity. Clusters in the 10–29-atom range give UPS patterns consistent with a monocyclic ring structure.
Room-Temperature Deintercalation and Self-Extrusion of Ga from Cr2GaN

Bulk samples of the layered ternary nitride Cr2GaN were observed to extrude filaments of pure elemental gallium at room temperature. This self-extrusion phenomenon is best described as a room-temperature deintercalation of gallium from the basal planes of porous Cr2GaN samples. The extruded filaments are single crystals with 2- to 100-micrometer diameters and can be several centimeters long.