cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence on Diet Modification for Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment (P5.224)

Objective: Review evidence for dietary interventions for Alzheimer9s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prevention and treatment. Background: Evidence suggests nutrition may be a preventative and/or therapeutic option for AD/MCI. Grading the existing research via evidence-based review may augment current AD/MCI management plans via low-risk, non-pharmacological interventions, while also clarifying research gaps. Methods: PubMed, PsychINFO and Medline were used to identify clinical trials and additional studies addressing the relation between diet and AD/MCI. Based on the 2011 AAN Clinical Practice Guidelines manual criteria, evidence surrounding the use of dietary interventions for prevention and treatment of AD and MCI is rated as: Strong, Moderate, Weak or Insufficient. Results: Although clinical trials are lacking, the Mediterranean-style diet has the strongest data to support reduced risk of AD/MCI. Studies have also shown a positive relationship between low-carbohydrate, lower daily caloric intake (<2143), and higher antioxidant intake (e.g., flavonoid-rich berries) and memory function. However, one clinical trial found that neither a combination of Vitamin E, C, and alpha-lipoic acid nor CoQ-10 had an effect on AD. Trials demonstrated enhanced cognitive performance in MCI patients given omega-3 supplements, with some preliminary data suggesting pharmacogenomic considerations (APOE4+/-). Preliminary evidence supports disease modifying and/or therapeutic effects of B-complex vitamins and cocoa flavinols. To date, no trial/study has been conducted to assess the relation between coconut oil intake and the progression or treatment of AD/MCI. Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to recommend the use of specific dietary modification in clinical practice for risk reduction and management of AD/MCI. Adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet (strong), low-carbohydrate/caloric intake (moderate), omega-3 fatty acid intake (moderate), and B-vitamins (moderate) may lower the risk of AD. Antioxidants (moderate/weak) and coconut oil (insufficient) are less convincing. While further studies are warranted, certain low-risk dietary strategies should be considered as part of a multi-faceted therapeutic approach for AD/MCI. Disclosure: Dr. Glazer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Greer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Barrios has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ochner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Galvin has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer Inc., Eisai Inc., Novartis, Ortho-McNeil, and Forest Laboratories Inc. Dr. Isaacson has received personal compensation for activities with Novartis and Accera as a scientific advisor and consultant.
Criminal justice reform in Mexico: an overview

This article examines the package of constitutional and legislative reforms approved in 2008 with the goal of improving the Mexican criminal justice system. These reforms included new criminal procedures (oral adversarial trials, alternative sentencing, and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms), stronger due process protections for the accused, police and prosecutorial reforms to strengthen public security, criminal investigations, and new measures to combat organized crime. The author explains the procedural and institutional changes involved in the reforms. He argues that, while there has been significant progress in several states, there are several challenges for judicial reform in Mexico over the short-term, medium-term, and longer term. These challenges include the need to better coordinate across branches of government to establish new regulations and statutes; the need to properly prepare a wide array of judicial sector personnel to implement the new system; the need to construct new physical infrastructure for live, video-recorded court proceedings; and the need to properly monitor and evaluate the performance of the new system.
Adaptation of model genetically engineered microorganisms to lake water: growth rate enhancements and plasmid loss.

When a genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) is released into a natural ecosystem, its survival, and hence its potential environmental impact, depends on its genetic stability and potential for growth under highly oligotrophic conditions. In this study, we compared plasmid stability and potential for growth on low concentrations of organic nutrients of strains of Pseudomonas putida serving as model GEMs. Plasmid-free and plasmid-bearing (NAH7) prototrophic isogenic strains and two amino-acid auxotrophs, all containing antibiotic resistance markers, were held physically separate from but in chemical contact with lake water containing the natural bacterium-sized microbial populations. Cells were reisolated at intervals over a 2-month period to determine the percent retaining the plasmid and the specific growth rate on various media. Plasmid stability in lake water was strongly strain specific; the NAH7 plasmid was stably maintained by the prototrophic strain for the duration of the test but was lost within 24 h by both of the auxotrophs. Specific growth rates of reisolates, compared with those of the corresponding non-lake water-exposed strains (i.e., parental strains), were not different when measured in rich medium (Luria-Bertani broth). However, specific growth rates were 42, 55, and 63% higher in reisolates of auxotrophs and the plasmid-free prototroph, respectively, when measured in 10-fold-diluted medium after exposure of 15 days or longer to lake water. Moreover, lake water-exposed strains grew actively when reintroduced into sterile lake water (28- to 33-fold increase in numbers over 7 days), while the corresponding unadapted parental strains exhibited no growth over the same period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Images
Evidence that the 59-kDa protein synthesis initiation factor from wheat germ is functionally similar to the 80-kDa initiation factor 4B from mammalian cells.

The results of this investigation show that the 59kDa protein synthesis initiation factor from wheat germ, designated eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4G by Browning et al. (Browning, K. S., Maia, D. M., Lax, S. R., and Ravel, J. M. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262,539541), cross-links to the 5”terminal cap of oxidized mRNA in the presence of eIF-4A, eIF-4F, and ATP, stimulates the RNA-dependent ATPase activities of eIF-4A and a mixture of eIF-4A and eIF-4F, and stimulates the unwinding activities of eIF-4A, eIF-4F, and a mixture of eIF-4A and eIF-4F. These findings strongly suggest that the 59-kDa factor from wheat germ is the functional equivalent of the 80-kDa protein synthesis initiation factor, eIF-4B, from mammalian cells. Recent reports indicate that the wheat germ initiation factor which contains two subunits of 80
Stock Market Volatility and 401(k) Plans

Many workers today depend on their 401(k) plan to provide them with an adequate income during retirement. For these workers to achieve retirement income security, their 401(k) plan investments must perform well over their working lifetime. Employers’ selection of investment options for the 401(k) plan, a fiduciary duty under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), plays a critical role in determining investment performance. In this Article, Professor Medill uses a series of hypothetical litigation scenarios to illustrate how interpretation of the employer’s duty of prudence and duty of loyalty under ERISA present different policy choices for the federal courts. Professor Medill examines various hypothetical situations involving mutual fund fees and company stock where ERISA’s duty of loyalty will require the federal courts to determine if an employer has received permissible incidental benefits or engaged in prohibited self-interested conduct when selecting 401(k) plan investment options.Because employers today rely upon the Department of Labor’s 404(c) Regulations to allow participants to select among plan investment options without incurring potential fiduciary liability, Professor Medill examines various policy issues likely to arise as federal courts interpret the details of the 404(c) Regulations. The Article cautions against judicial interpretations of the 404(c) Regulations that will have a potential chilling effect on voluntary plan sponsorship by employers. The Article also addresses an important exception to the 404(c) Regulations, the automatic enrollment plan. Professor Medill argues for a judicial interpretation of ERISA that encourages employers to select a default investment option for automatically enrolled participants that is broadly diversified in the equity markets, rather than a low-earning money market fund.The Article concludes by examining the potential remedies available under ERISA for 401(k) plan participants injured by their employer’s breach of fiduciary duty. Professor Medill concludes that, consistent with existing caselaw precedent, federal courts can and should afford injured 401(k) plan participants a remedy under ERISA.
Cell cycle regulation of thymidine kinase: residues near the carboxyl terminus are essential for the specific degradation of the enzyme at mitosis.

Abstract The level of human thymidine kinase (TK) polypeptide is subject to cell cycle regulation. The enzyme is barely detectable in G1 phase but increases 10- to 20-fold by M phase. The low level of human TK in G1 phase is due primarily to the specific degradation of the protein during cell division. Substitution of heterologous promoters, removal of the introns, and deletion of all of the 3' untranslated region from the human TK gene do not affect cell cycle regulation of the enzyme. However, deletion of the carboxyl-terminal 40 amino acids or fusion of beta-galactosidase to the carboxyl terminus of human TK completely abolishes cell cycle regulation and stabilizes the protein throughout the cell cycle. These alterations do not significantly alter the specific enzymatic activity of TK. Changing the carboxyl terminus or deletion of the last 10 amino acids does not alter cell cycle regulation. These data demonstrate that residues near the carboxyl terminus of TK are essential for the cell cycle phase-specific degradation of the enzyme.
Hybrid Approach for Off-Pump Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients With a Dilated Right Ventricular Outflow Tract

We describe a hybrid method for minimally invasive pulmonary valve replacement without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass in 3 patients with high surgical risk and dilated right ventricular outflow tracts incompatible with currently available transcatheter devices. This procedure entails surgical creation of a landing zone in the main pulmonary artery through an anterior thoracotomy, followed by transcatheter Melody valve pulmonary valve replacement. Particularly in high-risk patients, this approach may limit morbidity and mortality associated with traditional surgical pulmonary valve replacement.
REASSESSING TRENDS IN BLACK VIOLENT CRIME, 1980–2008: SORTING OUT THE “HISPANIC EFFECT” IN UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS ARRESTS, NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY OFFENDER ESTIMATES, AND U.S. PRISONER COUNTS*

Recent studies suggest a decline in the relative Black effect on violent crime in recent decades and interpret this decline as resulting from greater upward mobility among African Americans during the past several decades. However, other assessments of racial stratification in American society suggest at least as much durability as change in Black social mobility since the 1980s. Our goal is to assess how patterns of racial disparity in violent crime and incarceration have changed from 1980 to 2008. We argue that prior studies showing a shrinking Black share of violent crime might be in error because of reliance on White and Black national crime statistics that are confounded with Hispanic offenders, whose numbers have been increasing rapidly and whose violence rates are higher than that of Whites but lower than that of Blacks. Using 1980–2008 California and New York arrest data to adjust for this “Hispanic effect” in national Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data, we assess whether the observed national decline in racial disparities in violent crime is an artifact of the growth in Hispanic populations and offenders. Results suggest that little overall change has occurred in the Black share of violent offending in both UCR and NCVS estimates during the last 30 years. In addition, racial imbalances in arrest versus incarceration levels across the index violent crimes are both small and comparably sized across the study period. We conclude by discussing the consistency of these findings with trends in economic and social integration of Blacks in American society during the past 50 years.
Temperature effects on dynamic compressive behavior of an epoxy syntactic foam

This research addresses effects of temperature, including adiabatic temperature rise in specimen during dynamic compression and environmental temperature, on the dynamic compressive properties of an epoxy syntactic foam. The adiabatic temperature rise in specimen during dynamic compression is found to be so small that its effects may be neglected. However, environmental temperature has significant effects on dynamic compressive behavior. With decreasing temperature, the foam initially hardens but then softens when below a transitional temperature, which are dominated by mechanisms of thermal-softening and damage-softening, respectively. A phenomenological material model accounting for both temperature and strain-rate effects has been developed, which well describes the compressive and failure behaviors at various strain rates and environmental temperatures.
Electron microscopic analysis of lesion-induced changes in synaptic structure and immunogold labeling of neurotransmitters within the feline trigeminal nucleus.

This report uses lesion and postembedding immunogold protocols to examine the ultrastructural details of lesion-induced synaptic and neurotransmitter changes in the feline trigeminal nucleus. Electron microscopic (EM) analysis concentrated on lamina II (substantia gelatinosa) of the subnucleus pars caudalis (PC) which is one relay site of trigeminal fibers involved in nociception. Special attention was directed to analysis of reoccupation of synaptic sites vacated by primary afferent degeneration. Primary afferents were caused to degenerate by performing unilateral retrogasserian rhizotomy. After survival times of 1, 2, 6, and 7 days, sections of PC were processed for postembedding immunogold labeling with antibodies to the neurotransmitters gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu). The results show: (1) degenerating primary afferent terminals were easily identified in various stages of degeneration; (2) Glu immunoreactivity was observed in early forms of degenerated primary afferent terminals with clumped vesicles as well as in the highly distorted, electron dense terminals of later degeneration; and (3) some GABA immunoreactive terminals formed atypical synapses which exhibited both asymmetric (excitatory) and symmetric (inhibitory) synaptic densities. A possible model is presented of the progression of events following trigeminal nerve lesion which results in atypical synapse formation. Such altered synaptic relationships seen in PC following trigeminal rhizotomy may be related to hyperactivity that is seen in animals and to the atypical facial pain following nerve lesions in humans. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
STEPWISE REGRESSION IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SPLINES FOR FITTING NOISY DATA

In this study, we compared numerical methods that are used to fit noisy data. Comparisons included polynominal regression, stepwise polynomial regression and quintic spline approximation. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed in terms of curve fit quality, computational speed and ease, and solution compactness. Overall, the spline approximation and stepwise polynomial regression provide the best fits to the data. Stepwise regression provides the added utility of providing a simple, unconstrained function which can be easily implemented in simulation studies.
Voice Treatment for the Male-to-Female Transgendered Client

Male-to-female transsexuals are sometimes a part of a speech-language pathologist’s voice caseload. This article is intended to provide information and a suggested treatment approach to speech-lang...
Evidence for linkage disequilibrium between serotonin transporter protein gene (SLC6A4) and obsessive compulsive disorder

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent and intrusive thoughts that are distressing (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform (compulsions). OCD has a partly genetic basis. For treatment of OCD, potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) drugs (clomipramine (Anafranil), fluvoxamine (Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and paroxetine (Paxil)), which act on the serotonin transporter protein, are uniquely efficacious. A polymorphism in the promoter region of the gene (SLC6A4) encoding this protein, was recently reported to affect protein expression and to be associated with measures of anxiety and depression and with autism (using a family-controlled transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) design). SLC6A4 therefore has strong a priori support for potentially influencing risk for OCD: the protein it encodes is a medication target; a polymorphism in the gene affects function; and that polymorphism has been shown to be associated with behavioral phenotypes. We used the TDT with a set of 34 European-American family trios, 30 unrelated and four drawn from an extended pedigree, to test for linkage disequilibrium between OCD and alleles at the SLC6A4 promoter polymorphic locus. Of 35 heterozygous parents, 24 transmitted the 'l' SLC6A4 allele and 11 transmitted the 's' allele (chi 2 TDT = 4.83; P < 0.03). Considering only the 13 SRI drug nonresponders, there were 13 heterozygous parents, of whom 10 transmitted the 'l' allele and three the 's' allele (chi 2 TDT = 3.77; P < 0.052). These data provide preliminary support for association and linkage disequilibrium between the SLC6A4 'l' allele and OCD.
Ultrasound examination of adolescent females with lower abdominal pain

Abstract We evaluated pelvic ultrasound examination in adolescent females as an aid in the diagnosis of acute and chronic lower abdominal pain resulting from suspected gynecologic disease. Of 41 subjects, 35 (85.4%) had a final diagnosis of a gynecologic disorder. Pelvic ultrasound examination was positive in 19 of 35(54.3%). Ten positive tests had relatively specific findings that supported (seven) or helped change (three) the initial clinical diagnosis. Nine positive tests had nonspecific findings that were consistent with (six) or helped change (three) the initial diagnosis. Twenty-one negative tests helped change the initial diagnosis (13); ruled out complications of acute salpingitis (five); or discriminated between alternative diagnoses (three). One test was falsely positive. Ultrasonography was most clearly cost-effective when surgery was being considered. We conclude that pelvic ultrasound examination may be a useful diagnostic adjunct in this type of adolescent patient.
A meta‐analysis of aggression in the presence of violent cues: Effects of gender differences and aversive provocation

Meta-analytically examines experimental studies that include violent cues in the setting and assesses the effects of aversive provocation on gender differences in aggression. The results show that when violent cues are present, men are more aggressive than women under neutral unprovoked conditions. However, when they are exposed to both violent cues and aversive provocation, men and women are equally aggressive. Differences in individual reactivity to violent cues as well as the type of aggressive response and the sex of the target also affected the magnitude of gender differences in the presence of violent cues. Aggr. Behav. 23:447–456, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On gradient simplex methods for linear programs

A variety of pivot column selection rules based upon the gradient criteria (including the steepest edge) have been explored to improve the efficiency of the primal simplex method. Simplex-like algorithms have been proposed imbedding the gradient direction (GD) which includes all variables whose increase or decrease leads to an improvement in the objective function. Recently a frame work has been developed in the simplex method to incorporate the reduced-gradient direction (RGD) consisting of only variables whose increase leads to an improvement in the objective function. In this paper, the results are extended to embed GD in the simplex method based on the concept of combining directions. Also mathematical properties related to combining directions as well as deleting a variable from all basic directions are presented.
Immunity to a challenge infection of Strongyloides stercoralis third‐stage larvae in the jird

SUMMARY Jirds support the entire life-cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis. We therefore used this host as a model to define the mechanism of the immune response to a challenge infection, as well as the parasite stage effected by the response. Jirds given a primary infection of S. stercoralis are resistant to re-infection. The use of implanted diffusion chambers containing larvae showed that the immune response killed the third-stage larvae, and this was confirmed by subcutaneous infections. The larvae of a challenge infection are killed within 48 h, a time period too short to allow for the development of L4 and adult worms. The immune response is dependent on both a serum factor and cells, suggestive of an ADCC type response.
Mechanism by which serotonin, norepinephrine and reserpine cause central vasomotor inhibition.

Several vasoconstrictor drugs and reserpine administered into a cerebral lateral ventricle inhibited the reflex pressor response to occlusion of the common carotid arteries in both anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs. This effect was opposed by central administration of the vasodilator drugs, nitroprusside and histamine. Serotonin, norepinephrine and their precursors, 5-hydroxytryptophan and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and reserpine caused lowering of arterial pressure and slowing of heart rate as well as inhibition of the carotid occlusion response; angiotensin and vasopressin did not. The central inhibitory effect of norepinephrine was opposed by phentolamine; that of 5-hydroxytryptophan was not affected by lysergic acid diethylamide or its brom derivative. Cooling of cerebrospinal fluid, which presumably caused local vasoconstriction, also caused inhibition of the carotid occlusion response, hypotension and bradycardia, and these effects were counteracted by central injection of vasodilator drugs. Warming of cerebrospinal fluid, presumably associated with local vasodilation, opposed the central inhibitory effect of vasoconstrictor drugs and of reserpine. In view of the consistently opposite effects of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator drugs and procedures on central vasomotor sympathetic activity, it is tentatively concluded that these effects depend on change in local blood flow. The acute cardiovascular effects of reserpine of central origin are probably due to local decrease of tissue perfusion caused by serotonin, norepinephrine or other vasoconstrictor agent released from a bound to an active form.
Hippocampal electrical activity II. Virtual generators

1. 1. Amplitude gradients for spontaneous “theta” activity, certain evoked potentials and rhythmic activity induced by eserine, have been plotted in the axis of the pyramidal neurons of area CA1 of the hippocampus. 2. 2. Under conditions specified in the text, the gradient curves are very similar in each case. 3. 3. The amplitude of hippocampal activity of these kinds is not related in level to the action potentials of cells recorded in the stratum pyramidale. It is maximal where cell action potentials are most difficult to record. 4. 4. The activities specified are of the nature of standing waves and are not vertically propagated.
Win or Go Home: Why College Football Coaches Get Fired

Models of dismissals of sports executives frequently ignore the development of expectations regarding performance. The author explores the interplay between these expectations and the coach’s tenure by examining dismissals of college football head coaches from 1983 to 2006. Using a discrete-time hazard model, the author demonstrates that schools use prior performance in two ways: to evaluate the ability of the coach and to establish performance standards for retention. As recent performance is more relevant for estimating ability, the author shows that stronger recent performances decrease the chance of dismissal but stronger historic performances increase the chance of dismissal. Results describe a continual learning process on the part of schools. The author also considers the effects of race, insider-ness, rivalries, and rules violations on retention.
Analogies between the free electron laser and whistler mode amplification in the ionosphere

Abstract Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves, called “whistler waves”, propagating along magnetic field lines in the magnetosphere can be amplified by energetic electrons spiraling around the field lines near the geomagnetic equator. The electron and whistler wave interaction can be described by a theoretical model much like that used for the free electron laser (FEL). The electron phase-space dynamics for both interactions is governed by the pendulum equation describing saturation, electron trapping, tapering and sensitivity to energy distributions.
What Lessons Should Japan Learn from the U.S. Deposit-Insurance Mess?

In any representative democracy, public officials are subject to incentive conflict. Japan can benefit from understanding and eliminating the particular conflicts in bureaucratic incentives that make U.S. regulators reluctant to acknowledge and resolve deposit-institution insolvencies in a timely fashion. Weaknesses in accountability for the delayed consequences of regulatory decisions tempt regulators to help inefficient and insolvent banks to resist exit at the expense of other parties. To improve incentives, the consequences of regulatory choices must be made transparent enough for outsiders to monitor them. This can be done by assigning responsibility for privately insurable risks to private coinsurers and defining more fully government responsibilities for monitoring and minimizing financial institutions′ exposure to catastrophic risk. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 1993, 7(4), pp. 329–355. Department of Finance, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167.
The Role of Stromal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration and Wound Repair

The process of wound repair in epithelium-lined organs of mammals is complex and is influenced by numerous secreted factors including cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. However, the cellular organizers of this process are still not understood. Recent studies of tissue regeneration in organisms with simpler development have uncovered details about the activity of stem cells in the mesenchyme (the blastema) during this process. These blastemal cells are well positioned to interpret cues from the environment and to execute decisions about the direction of wound repair. In mammalian wounds, stromal stem cells appear to be positioned to perform functions similar to those of blastemal cells, including communication with both the overlying epithelium and the inflammatory cells in the mesenchyme.
An accurate means of detecting and characterizing abnormal patterns of ventricular activation by phase image analysis

The ability of scintigraphic phase image analysis to characterize patterns of abnormal ventricular activation was investigated. The pattern of phase distribution and sequential phase changes over both right and left ventricular regions of interest were evaluated in 16 patients with normal electrical activation and wall motion and compared with those in 8 patients with an artificial pacemaker and 4 patients with sinus rhythm with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and delta waves. Normally, the site of earliest phase angle was seen at the base of the interventricular septum, with sequential change affecting the body of the septum and the cardiac apex and then spreading laterally to involve the body of both ventricles. The site of earliest phase angle was located at the apex of the right ventricle in seven patients with a right ventricular endocardial pacemaker and on the lateral left ventricular wall in one patient with a left ventricular epicardial pacemaker. In each case the site corresponded exactly to the position of the pacing electrode as seen on posteroanterior and left lateral chest X-ray films, and sequential phase changes spread from the initial focus to affect both ventricles. In each of the patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, the site of earliest ventricular phase angle was located, and it corresponded exactly to the site of the bypass tract as determined by endocardial mapping. In this way, four bypass pathways, two posterior left paraseptal, one left lateral and one right lateral, were correctly localized scintigraphically. On the basis of the sequence of mechanical contraction, phase image analysis provides an accurate noninvasive method of detecting abnormal foci of ventricular activation.
Generation of nonthermal electron distributions by turbulent waves near the Sun

We present a model for the generation of the nonthermal electron distributions observed in interplanetary space and required in some solar wind acceleration and coronal heating theories. The particles are accelerated by fast mode waves generated by an unspecified mechanism (perhaps reconnection associated with microflares) in the upper chromosphere or lower transition region. The waves interact and cascade to higher wavenumbers where they eventually energize electrons out of an initially Maxwellian distribution. Coulomb collisions limit the number that are accelerated. As the electrons are driven to higher energy they more readily escape from the acceleration site. Escape limits the efficiency of the acceleration at high energies. The distributions do not extend into the ultrarelativistic regime like those generated under solar flare conditions, but do have significant nonthermal tails.
Abnormalities in renal dopamine signaling and hypertension: the role of GRK4.

Purpose of review This review will highlight recent findings concerning the role of the intrarenal dopaminergic system in hypertension, especially the role of alterations in GRK4 activity.
Age does not affect numbers of taste buds and papillae in adult rhesus monkeys

Taste buds and papillae in tongues of rhesus monkeys were examined and counted to determine if there are age-related differences in general morphology or numbers of receptor organs. Tongues from 15 monkeys in five groups aged 4-31 years were studied with light microscopy. Fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae were examined and taste buds in each papilla type were counted. Numbers of papillae did not differ with age through 31 years; however, at 24 years and older, fungiform papillae were reduced in number in some animals that had lost tongue tips due to trauma. There were no age-related differences in numbers of taste buds in any of the three gustatory papilla types, nor did taste bud diameter alter with age. From data on each papilla type, estimates were made of total numbers of lingual taste buds. Totals ranged from about 8,000 to 10,000 and there were no age-related differences. These results support other recent reports that taste buds are not decreased in number in old rats or humans. Since taste bud numbers and general morphology are maintained even in old age, any age-related differences in taste behavior cannot be attributed to gross degenerative changes in lingual taste buds.
Democracy and program planning

The authors in this chapter promote the democratic principle of participatory decision making by asking who benefits and who should benefit from adult education program planning.
Abstract IA16: Technologies for detecting and analyzing proteins in living cells

Two technologies will be described: (1) a generic way to label specific recombinant proteins inside living cells with any chemical probe, and (2) a way to map the proteomic composition of subcellular compartments of living, intact cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr IA16.
Entropy and heat capacity of europium(III) bromide from 5 to 340 K

The heat capacity of a polycrystalline sample of EuBr3 has been measured from 5 to 340 K and found to be without transitions in this region. Values of the thermodynamic functions Cp(T), {So(T) − So(5 K)}, and {Ho(T) − Ho(5 K)}T are 26.44, 43.70, and 19.66 calth K−1 mol−1 respectively at 298.15 K. A value of So(298.15 K) = 41.42 calth K−1 mol−1 for EuBr3 from which the Schottky contribution has been deleted, is compared with an estimate of the lattice heat capacity by an empirical method.
The concordance of MRI and quantitative autoradiography estimates of the transvascular transfer rate constant of albumin in a rat brain tumor model.

The apparent forward transfer constant, K transa, for albumin was measured in 9L cerebral tumors in 15 rats. An MRI study using gadolinium-labeled bovine serum albumin was followed by terminal quantitative autoradiography (QAR) using radioiodinated serum albumin. Look-Locker MRI estimates of T(1) followed gadolinium-labeled bovine serum albumin blood and tissue concentration. QAR and MRI maps of K transa were coregistered, a region of interest (ROI) that included the tumor and its surround was selected, and the two estimates of K transa from the ROI on QAR and MRI maps were compared by either mean per animal ROI or on pixel-by-pixel data using a generalized estimating equation. An ROI analysis showed a moderate correlation between the two measures (r = 0.57, P = 0.026); pixel-by-pixel generalized estimating equation analysis concurred (r = 0.54, P < 0.0001). The estimates of QAR with MRI of last time points (e.g., 25 min) showed a moderate correlation (ROI r = 0.55, P < 0.035; generalized estimating equation r = 0.58, P < 0.0001). Differences between the QAR and MRI estimates of K transa did not differ from zero, but the MRI 25-min estimate was significantly lower than the QAR estimate. Thus, noninvasive MRI estimates of vascular permeability can serve as a surrogate for QAR measures.
Narrowband Guided Fano Resonators for Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging

We report the demonstration of an array of high-performance one-layer narrowband mid-IR guided Fano resonators (GFRs) in the C-H stretching region (2700-3200 cm-1) for high-quality microspectroscopic mid-IR imaging.
Bioconversion of organic carbon to CH4 and CO2

Abstract The activities of populations in complex anaerobic microbial communities that perform complete bioconversion of organic matter to CH4 and CO2 are reviewed. Species of eubacteria produce acetate, H2, and CO2 from organic substrates, and methanogenic species of archaebacteria transform the acetate, H2, and CO2 to CH4. The characteristics and activities of the methanogenic bacteria are described. The impact of the use of H2 by methanogens on the fermentations that produce acetate, H2, and CO2 and the importance of syntrophy in complete bioconversion are discussed.
Isoparametric finite element methods to estimate discontinuous coefficients in two-dimensional elliptic equations

We present a summary of our findings for the problem of estimating discontinuous coefficients, including the locations of interfaces at which discontinuities occur, for elliptic equations on a two-dimensional domain. We construct finite element approximations based on an underlying grid that adaptively moves to follow locations of interfaces as they are iteratively updated in the numerical estimation process.
Metabolic basis for some of the nutritional peculiarities of the cat

The nutritional requirements of most mammals exhibit a remarkable degree of similarity, a reflection of common evolutionary origin. However, among mammals two groups, ruminants and carnivores, appear to possess the greatest divergence in dietary requirements. The former group have been extensively studied, their nutritional peculiarities arising from a specialized pregastric digestive system. Carnivores have been largely neglected by nutritionists, and yet offer a most interesting divergence in dietary requirements amongst mammals. It would appear that the specialized diet, i.e. animal tissue, of true carnivores has permitted metabolic adaptation through modification of enzymes and enzyme systems which are expressed as peculiarities in nutritional requirements. The purpose of this paper is to review the metabolic basis for some of the nutritional peculiarities of the domestic cat, a true carnivore which has received the most attention. The following nutrients, or metabolic functions, are discussed: vitamin A, niacin, taurine, arginine, gluconeogenesis, nitrogen conservation and essential fatty acids. The latter two topics are covered by other discussants at this symposium and are only included here for completeness. The reader is requested to consult the relevant papers of Rogers & Morris (1982) and Rivers (1982).
Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Comments on the Analytic Attitude

SUMMARY. In this paper I have suggested that the analytic attitude is the contribution to psychiatry generally and should, at least to the extent of respecting the significance of and the security provided by symptoms in terms of the patient's psychic reality, characterise every form of psychotherapeutic intervention. I have also sought to make explicit and extend understanding of non-defensive passivity. The latter is implicit in Schafer's advocacy of action language and specifically referred to in his mention of excessive claiming of agency, and in his references to necessity, accidents and happenings (1982, pp. 100, 106).
What modulates the aortic valve interstitial cell phenotype

Age-related, degenerative aortic valve disease is of great concern for the current aging population, and the only current treatment option is replacement, necessitating open-chest surgery. While the initial disease mechanism may involve the endothelial cells that sheath the valve leaflets, there is strong evidence supporting the notion that it is in fact a malfunction of the robust interstitial cells within the leaflet tissue that perpetuate the disease through a presently unclear sequence of events. In this article, recent data are discussed regarding mechanobiology of the interstitial cell, with particular focus on modulation of the phenotype and subsequent biosynthetic function. Moreover, speculation of potential mechanisms that may ultimately lead to degenerative aortic valve disease are discussed.
Stage II initial transient in off-eutectic solidification

Abstract Cooperative growth of off-eutectic composition melts can be achieved if the temperature gradient is sufficiently high and stirring not excessive. The initial transient in this process occurs in two stages. The first, Stage I, raises the concentration of the single-phase solid freezing out to the solid solution concentration at the eutectic isotherm. After the interfacial melt composition reaches the eutectic, two-phase solidification occurs and asymptotically approaches the final steady state. This second part of the transient is called Stage II. Analytical solutions for composition profiles are not available for Stage II in the absence of convection. A numerical method was used here to solve for the composition profile and to study the length of the Stage II transient. The results were summarized in a form such that an approximation of Stage II may quickly be made.
A new look at the Lake Superior biomass size spectrum

We synthesized data from multiple sampling programs and years to describe the Lake Superior pelagic biomass size structure. Data consisted of Coulter counts for phytoplankton, optical plankton coun...
Cholecystokinin1 receptors mediate the increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat myenteric plexus following intestinal oleate infusion

Abstract Intestinal infusion of nutrients, such as glucose and oleic acid, increase Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in both the enteric nervous system and neurons of the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of the hindbrain. To test the hypothesis that increased Fos-LI in enteric neurons and the DVC, following intestinal nutrient infusions is mediated by cholecystokinin1 receptors (CCK1), we counted enteric and DVC neurons that expressed Fos-LI following intestinal infusion of oleate or glucose, with and without pretreatment with the CCK1 receptor antagonist, lorglumide. Both oleate and glucose infusions increased Fos-LI in the DVC. Oleate also increased Fos-LI in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the duodenum and the jejunum, but not the ileum, while glucose only increased Fos-LI in the submucosal plexus of the ileum. The CCK1 receptor antagonist, lorglumide, abolished Fos-LI in the DVC following infusions of either oleate or glucose. In addition, lorglumide attenuated oleate-induced Fos-LI in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the duodenum and jejunum. However, lorglumide failed to attenuate glucose-induced Fos-LI in the submucosal plexus of the ileum. These data confirm previous reports indicating that CCK1 receptors mediate increased DVC Fos-LI following intestinal infusion of oleate or glucose. CCK1 receptors also contribute to increased Fos-LI in enteric neurons following intestinal oleate infusion. However, failure of lorglumide to attenuate the increase of Fos-LI in the ileal submucosal plexus following intestinal glucose suggests that some intestinal nutrients trigger Fos-LI induction via CCK1 receptor-independent pathways.
Hsp27-induced MMP-9 expression is influenced by the Src tyrosine protein kinase yes.

Abstract The small heat shock protein hsp27 is associated with aggressive tumor behavior in certain subsets of breast cancer patients. Previously we demonstrated that hsp27 overexpression in breast cancer cells increased in vitro and in vivo invasiveness, suggesting that hsp27 influences the metastatic process. To investigate this role for hsp27, we have utilized MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that overexpress hsp27 and cDNA expression array technology. We demonstrate that hsp27 overexpression up-regulates MMP-9 expression and activity and down-regulates Yes expression. Furthermore, our results suggest that Yes may be involved in regulating MMP-9 expression, as well as in vitro invasion. Reconstitution of Yes expression by transfection into hsp27-overexpressing cells decreased MMP-9 expression, and increased in vitro invasiveness, abrogating the phenotype conferred by hsp27 overexpression. Therefore, our results provide a new potential mechanism by which hsp27 affects the metastatic cascade—through regulation of MMP-9 and Yes expression.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FOLDABLE PROTEIN MODELS: THERMODYNAMICS, FOLDING KINETICS AND FORCE FIELD

We propose three analytical models that describe the characteristics of proteins that can be folded into unique native structures. Model I is characterized by a mean-field single-residue energy which favors the native state and has a large energy gap between the native and non-native states; Model II involves mean-field cooperative interactions among the residues in the native states, and Model III is characterized by the mean-field single-residue energy at a low degree of folding and by the cooperative interactions among native residues at a high degree of folding. The thermodynamics of all three protein models exhibit two-state transition behavior, in which the non-native state is dominated by large entropy while the native state is determined by low energy. The folding kinetics of the models are studied by means of the master equation method. While the kinetics of folding of all three models are driven by the energetic biases of individual residues which favor the native state, the different interaction modes lead to different folding rates. It is found that the models with long-range cooperativity (i.e., Models II and III) fold several orders of magnitude faster than the model with only localized interactions (Model I). The intramolecular interactions that are responsible for the different properties of these models are examined, and the ways that these models may be used for developing the force fields for realistic proteins are discussed.
Pyridylhalocarbenes and pyridiniumhalocarbenes

Abstract Pyridylhalocarbenes and pyridiniumhalocarbenes can be generated from diazirines. Absolute rate constants have been determined for additions of 2- and 3-pyridylchlorocarbenes to alkenes.
Third‐Party Dispute Resolution in India and the United States1

This study investigates the dispute-resolution approaches of 50 Indian panchayats (a team of 5 male elders), 50 Indian elders, and 50 U.S. informal mediators. A literature review as well as preliminary interviews with Indian students in the United States (n = 90) and with villagers in India (n = 60) established that Indian villagers rely principally on a panchayat or male elder to handle their disputes. Our subsequent study of panchayats and elders in India indicated that they do manage disputes and that their approaches differ in several distinctive ways. Subsequent qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the Indian elders' techniques with those of the U.S. mediators indicated that Indian elders were more assertive in their approaches.
OR Utilization in Nigeria: A Sample Survey

The study presents the results of a mail survey on the utilization of Operational Research (OR) techniques in tackling complex operational problems in the private sector in Nigeria. The survey was mailed to OR practitioners in nearly 1000 companies and was aimed at determining the familiarity with, and usage of, OR techniques, background of OR personnel, degree of computer usage, application areas, implementation and contributions of OR, problems attendant in using OR techniques, and future prospects for OR usage.
Procedure models for generating three-dimensional terrain

A method for generating arbitrary terrain models, including trees, bushes, mountains, and buildings, is described. Procedure models are used to combine fundamental data elements in the creation of unified objects comprising the terrain model. As an example, a procedure model to generate arbitrary trees of various species is implementation. These are the generation of the low level data elements, specification of input parameter requirements, and a brief explanation of the algorithmic structure. Terrain images rendered by this process are included, as are diagrams and illustrations explaining the procedure model organization. Comparisons with previous work are made.
Hadronic production of the new resonances: Probing gluon distributions

Assuming that the new resonances observed at 3095 and 3684 MeV are bound states of a new, heavy quark and its antiquark, we consider several models for the production of such states in hadronic collisions. The dominant mechanism by which these particles couple to other hadrons (composed of normal quarks) may be via gluons. In analogy with the Drell-Yan model for quark-antiquark annihilation into a massive virtual photon, those new particles with even charge conjugation may be regarded as produced by gluon-gluon annihilation. Thus the (presently) hypothetical ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}+}$ partner ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}$ of the observed particles may serve as a short-distance probe of the gluon distributions within hadrons. We estimate the production cross section of ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}$ in nucleon-nucleon collisions using various models for gluon distributions. In addition, estimates are made for the production of final states containing pairs of charmed hadrons in the central region.