cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic topology in coupled binaries, spin-orbital resonances, and flares.

We consider topological configurations of the magnetically coupled spinning stellar binaries (e.g., merging neutron stars or interacting star-planet systems). We discuss conditions when the stellar spins and the orbital motion nearly `compensate' each other, leading to very {\it slow} overall winding of the coupled magnetic fields; slowly winding configurations allow gradual accumulation of magnetic energy that is eventually released in a flare when the instability threshold is reached. We find that this slow winding can be global and/or local. We describe the topology of the relevant space $\mathbb{F}=T^1S^2$ as the unit tangent bundle of the two-sphere and find conditions for slowly winding configurations in terms of magnetic moments, spins and orbital momentum. These conditions become ambiguous near the topological bifurcation points; in certain cases they also depend on the relative phases of the spin and orbital motions. In the case of merging magnetized neutron stars, if one of the stars is a millisecond pulsar, spinning at $\sim$ 10 msec, the global resonance $\omega_1+\omega_2= 2 \Omega$ (spin-plus beat is two times the orbital period) occurs approximately a second before the merger; the total energy of the flare can be as large as $10\%$ of the total magnetic energy, producing bursts of luminosity $\sim 10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$.
ANT2 drives proinflammatory macrophage activation in obesity

Macrophage proinflammatory activation is an important etiologic component of the development of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. Here, we demonstrate that a mitochondrial inner membrane protein, adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2), mediates proinflammatory activation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in obesity. Ant2 expression was increased in ATMs of obese mice compared with lean mice. Myeloid-specific ANT2-knockout (ANT2-MKO) mice showed decreased adipose tissue inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in HFD/obesity. At the molecular level, we found that ANT2 mediates free fatty acid-induced mitochondrial permeability transition, leading to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and damage. In turn, this increased HIF-1α expression and NF-κB activation, leading to proinflammatory macrophage activation. Our results provide a previously unknown mechanism for how obesity induces proinflammatory activation of macrophages with propagation of low-grade chronic inflammation (metaflammation).
Characterizing the Brittle Fracture and the Ductile to Brittle to Ductile Transition of Heat-Treated Binary Aluminum-Lithium Alloys

An aluminum alloy containing 2.6wt.% Li and 0.09wt.% Zr exhibited a very low value in tensile ductility consistently prior to the peakaged strength independent of thermal treatment. A transition was characterized by very low ductility in the slightly underaged condition up to the near peakaged condition, then followed by a substantial increase in ductility with aging after the peakaged treatment. In order to better understand the deformation and fracture, a scanning electron microscopy study of the fracture surfaces of Al-2.6wt.% Li-0.09wt.% Zr tensile samples solution heat-treated and artificially aged was performed to relate the mechanical behavior to microstructure in the precipitation hardened Al-Li alloy. SEM analysis of the surface features and fracture morphology of the alloy was performed to understand the mechanisms of fracture in relation to the ductile-to-brittle transition that resulted in the alloy from precipitation hardening. TEM analysis was also performed to characterize the deformation behavior, and revealed the distribution of precipitates (both Al$_3$Li ($\delta^\prime$) and Al$_3$Zr-Al$_3$Li) in the microstructure at very high magnifications as well as the dislocation subgrain structure of the alloy at lower magnification. It follows from this study that the presence of $\delta^\prime$ particles in the matrix promotes intense planar slip which was believed to be responsible for the ultra-low ductility prior to the peakaged temper. Based on a detailed quantitative microscopy study, it was proposed that the increase in the ductility of the alloy after aging was a consequence of particle coarsening with aging thus resulting the Orowan process due to the transition from dislocation particle shearing to dislocation particle bypassing.
Ctenacanthiform Cladodont Teeth from the Lower PermianWichita Group, Texas, U.S.A.

Isolated teeth of Glikmanius occidentalis occur in ten vertebrate faunas in theWaggoner Ranch Formation and in one fauna in the underlying Petrolia Formation. They range in size (anteromedial-posterolateral base length) from 1.28mmto 10.15mm(n = 12). In addition to the typical teeth, one with an asymmetrical base and one possible posterior tooth (both G. ? occidentalis ), and a questionable symphyseal tooth ( Glikmanius ?), occur in the collection.
Advanced cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma: An uncommon AIDS-related manifestation in the era of antiretroviral therapy

Abstract is not required for Clinical Images (This page in not part of the published article.) International Journal of Case Reports and Images, Vol. 5 No. 10, October 2014. ISSN – [0976-3198] Int J Case Rep Images 2014;5(10):731–733. www.ijcasereportsandimages.com Hilal 731 CLINICAL IMAGES OPEN ACCESS Advanced cutaneous Kaposi’s sarcoma: An uncommon AIDS-related manifestation in the era of antiretroviral therapy
Issues for library management when implementing large-scale programmatic change

Change, by its very nature, is unpredictable, and often unmanageable, yet an organization's success depends on an ability to predict and control change in some way. To derive maximum benefit from new opportunities and to avoid reactive situations, it is essential to manage organizational change. Further, as change accelerates, the more difficult and stressful it is to manage.The proliferation of change management literature in the library and information field indicates that these issues are becoming increasingly important as more academic libraries develop a virtual presence (Higuchi, 1990; Lee, 1993; Riggs, 1997; Meyer, 1997; Nozero & Vaughn, 2000). Nearly a decade ago, Dougherty and Dougherty (1993) observed that the current rate of change in the information field was higher than ever before, while libraries' ability to respond quickly and decisively had never been more constrained. Academic libraries, like other organizations, must respond proactively to their changing environment in order to take advantage of the opportunities for increasing their visibility, restructuring to meet the needs of their users, and achieving their objective of remaining the preeminent source of information within the academy.This chapter begins with an overview of the theoretical perspectives of change. Using Burke, Church and Waclawski's (1993) Managing Change model, the authors will discuss the structure of change, the culture of change, and the individual response to change within a case study framework.
Validation of diffusion tensor MRI in the central nervous system using light microscopy: quantitative comparison of fiber properties

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides an indirect measure of tissue structure on a microscopic scale. To date, DTI is the only imaging method that provides such information in vivo, and has proven to be a valuable tool in both research and clinical settings. In this study, we investigated the relationship between white matter structure and diffusion parameters measured by DTI. We used micrographs from light microscopy of fixed, myelin-stained brain sections as a gold standard for direct comparison with data from DTI. Relationships between microscopic tissue properties observed with light microscopy (fiber orientation, density and coherence) and fiber properties observed by DTI (tensor orientation, diffusivities and fractional anisotropy) were investigated. Agreement between the major eigenvector of the tensor and myelinated fibers was excellent in voxels with high fiber coherence. In addition, increased fiber spread was strongly associated with increased radial diffusivity (p = 6 × 10–6) and decreased fractional anisotropy (p = 5 × 10–8), and was weakly associated with decreased axial diffusivity (p = 0.07). Increased fiber density was associated with increased fractional anisotropy (p = 0.03), and weakly associated with decreased radial diffusivity (p < 0.06), but not with axial diffusivity (p = 0.97). The mean diffusivity was largely independent of fiber spread (p = 0.24) and fiber density (p = 0.34). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 27 KDA EXPRESSION AND PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATES ENDOTHELIAL CELL MIGRATION

The effects of enhanced HSP27 expression or expression of a nonphosphorylatable form of HSP27 on the migration of bovine arterial endothelial cells was assessed. Expression of the wild-type protein enhanced migration by twofold compared to control transfectants, whereas expression of the mutant protein retarded migration by 40%. Since homologs of the small heat shock protein inhibit F-actin polymerization in vitro and may alter basolateral F-actin content in vivo, it was postulated that the 27 kDa heat shock protein affects microfilament extension essential for cell motility. Expression of the wild-type protein promoted the generation of long cellular extensions, whereas expression of the dominant negative mutant protein resulted in a marked reduction of lamellipodia and generated aberrant microfilament morphology at the wound edge. Immunofluorescence combined with phalloidin staining demonstrated the colocalization of the HSP27 gene products with lamellipodial microfilament structures. These data suggest...
Vision-guided self-alignment and manipulation in a walking robot

One of the robots under development at the NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is the limbed excursion mechanical utility robot, or LEMUR. Several of the tasks slated for this robot require computer vision, as a system, to interface with the other systems in the robot, such as walking, body pose adjustment, and manipulation. This paper describes the vision algorithms used in several tasks, as well as the vision-guided manipulation algorithms developed to mitigate mismatches between the vision system and the limbs used for manipulation. Two system-level tasks are described, one involving a two meter walk culminating in a bolt-fastening task and one involving a vision-guided alignment ending with the robot mating with a docking station.
Optimized array-based spatially-coupled LDPC Codes: An absorbing set approach

In the infinite blocklength regime, spatially-coupled LDPC codes are capable of achieving capacity-approaching performance under message-passing decoding. In the finite blocklength regime, it is known that absorbing sets compete with the codewords to be the output of sub-optimal message-passing decoders: the existence of such sets in the Tanner graph of LDPC codes causes performance degradation in the low error rate region. This paper presents a mathematical approach to finding the exact number of absorbing sets in array-based spatially-coupled (AB-SC) codes. Our analysis is universal in the sense that it is in principle applicable to absorbing sets of any size. Moreover, all design parameters of AB-SC codes such as the coupling length, the circulant size, and the cutting vector are considered in the presented count. Based on our analysis, we present an approach to find provably minimal cutting vectors, with respect to the number of absorbing sets, for the construction of AB-SC codes with various circulant sizes. Simulation results show the superior error floor performance of AB-SC codes with the minimal cutting vector compared to AB-SC codes with randomly-selected cutting vectors. We also provide the average number of non-binary absorbing sets in the Tanner graph of non-binary AB-SC codes constructed by uninformed (random) assignment of edge weights to a binary AB-SC code.
Spatial distribution of the largest rainfall‐runoff floods from basins between 2.6 and 26,000 km2 in the United States and Puerto Rico

[1] We assess the spatial distribution of the largest rainfall-generated streamflows from a database of 35,663 flow records composed of the largest 10% of annual peak flows from each of 14,815 U.S. Geological Survey stream gaging stations in the United States and Puerto Rico. High unit discharges (peak discharge per unit contributing area) from basins with areas of 2.6 to 26,000 km2 (1–10,000 mi2) are widespread, but streams in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Texas together account for more than 50% of the highest unit discharges. The Appalachians and western flanks of Pacific coastal mountain systems are also regions of high unit discharges, as are several areas in the southern Midwest. By contrast, few exceptional discharges have been recorded in the interior West, northern Midwest, and Atlantic Coastal Plain. Most areas of high unit discharges result from the combination of (1) regional atmospheric conditions that produce large precipitation volumes and (2) steep topography, which enhances precipitation by convective and orographic processes and allows flow to be quickly concentrated into stream channels. Within the conterminous United States, the greatest concentration of exceptional unit discharges is at the Balcones Escarpment of central Texas, where maximum U.S. rainfall amounts apparently coincide with appropriate basin physiography to produce many of the largest measured U.S. floods. Flood-related fatalities broadly correspond to the spatial distribution of high unit discharges, with Texas having nearly twice the average annual flood-related fatalities of any other state.
Analysis and measurements of coplanar waveguide discontinuities

A technique for characterizing the field distribution and modeling discontinuities in coplanar waveguides is presented. Several passive devices with discontinuities and parasitics have been fabricated on GaAs substrates and analyzed, and the models have been verified using network analysis and an optical sampling technique. >
The Present and Future Status of School Psychology in the United States.

Evidence concerning school psychology practitioners, graduate students, program graduates, degree levels, roles, and supply-demand relationships was reviewed. Historical trends and current directio...
Education, cumulative advantage, and health

Education’s positive effect on health gets larger as people age. The large socioeconomic differences in health among older Americans mostly accrue earlier in adulthood on gradients set by educational attainment. Education develops abilities that help individuals gain control of their own lives, encouraging and enabling a healthy life. The health-related consequences of education cumulate on many levels, from the socioeconomic (including work and income) and behavioral (including health behaviors like exercising) to the physiological and intracellular. Some accumulations influence each other. In particular, a low sense of control over one’s own life accelerates physical impairment, which in turn decreases the sense of control. That feedback progressively concentrates good physical functioning and a firm sense of personal control together in the better educated while concentrating physical impairment and a sense of powerlessness together in the less well educated, creating large differences in health in old age.
POLARIZATION OF ELECTRONS IN MUON DECAY WITH GENERAL PARITY-NONCONSERVING INTERACTIONS

The polarization of electrons in muon decay is studied in the case of the four-component neutrino theory with general parity-nonconserving interactions. The spectrum for each of the two states of longitudinal polarization is described by a set of three parameters of which only two are independent. By observing the electron polarization in arbitrary directions, one can determine ten parameters of which six are related to the two longitudinal polarizations and the rest to the transverse part. It is seen that the prediction of the two-component neutrino theory about the electron polarization in muon decay is quite specific and can be distinguished from that of the general case, if the latter involves the interactions of the $S$, $T$, $P$ types in charge-retention order. However, from the study of the polarization of electrons, it is impossible to distinguish the two-component theory from the four-component theory which involves only the vector-type interactions. It is noticed that the $\mathrm{TCP}$ theorem determines a detailed correspondence between the polarization dependence of the spectra for the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ decays. This provides us with an opportunity to determine experimentally whether weak interactions actually obey the $\mathrm{TCP}$ theorem or not.
Developmental regulation of sensory neuron number and limb innervation in the mouse

Although used widely in studies of naturally occurring cell death, systematic descriptions of the time course of changes in sensory neuron number and of limb innervation in the mouse are not available. The development of sensory innervation to the mouse forelimb was traced using the lipophilic carbocyanine dye, DiI, and correlated with neuron number in dorsal root ganglia contributing to the cervical enlargement. Axon invasion of the forelimb began at E10.5. Sensory axons reached the distal margin of the forelimb by E13.5. The difficulty of identifying immature neurons precluded estimating neuron numbers during the period of limb innervation. Neuron numbers in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) C5-C8 increased from E14 to E16 and from E18 to P4. No evidence of a decline in neuron numbers was found during the developmental periods studied. Neuron number was compared in neonates and adults to determine if sensory neurons are added as body size increases as found in the frog [J. Comp. Neurol. 314 (1991) 106] and the rat [J. Comp. Neurol. 386 (1997) 8]. In contrast to previous findings, no difference was found in sensory neuron number between neonate and adult mice in either cervical or lumbar DRGs.
Coupled fluid flow and reaction in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems: The behavior of silica

Abstract We apply a kinetic model of water-rock interaction to problems of silica mass transfer in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. A one-component steady state formulation is used to illustrate that the quartz geobarometer must be used with caution in mid-ocean ridge systems because the assumptions required by the technique may not be met. The results of this model suggest that there can be measurable mass transfer between wall rock and fluid in the upwelling zone of even vigorously flowing mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. In addition, we attempt to quantify the effect of conductive cooling in the upwelling zone on the accuracy of the quartz geobarometer. The porosity and permeability fields constitute a critical link between the fluid dynamic equations and the equations describing chemical reactions in water-rock systems. We utilize a quasi-steady state approximation to evaluate the changes in porosity over time due to dissolution and precipitation of quartz along the flow path of a mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal system. There is little doubt that many mid-ocean ridge fluids encounter pressure and temperature conditions in which the solubility of quartz reaches a maximum. Our calculations suggest that precipitation of quartz from fluids passing through the solubility maximum within the oceanic crust may decrease the local porosity on a time scale of decades.
An object-oriented modular framework for implementing the finite element method

Abstract The object oriented programming technique can greatly improve the implementation efficiency, extendibility and ease of maintenance of large engineering software. In this paper, an object-oriented framework for implementing the finite element method is presented. The framework was designed to exploit the commonalties in the methodology between the numerous types of analysis, applied loads, constraints and equation solving algorithms so that duplication is minimized and software reuse is maximized when new capabilities are added to the software. Furthermore, the framework ensures that minimal or no modifications are required to previously implemented functions and classes when the software is extended.
Surface Characterization of Some Novel Bonded Phase Packing Materials for HPLC Columns Using MAS-NMR Spectroscopy

Information on the surface properties of three novel chemically bonded phase packing materials for High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were obtained using spectra obtained by solid state cross-polarization (CP) magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic experiments for the 29Si, and 13C nuclei. These packing materials were: Cogent bidentate C18 bonded to type-C silica, hybrid packing materials XTerra MS C18, and XBridge Prep. C18. The spectra obtained using cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) on the Cogent bidentate C18 bonded to type-C silica show the surface to be densely populated with hydride groups (Si-H), with a relative surface coverage exceeding 80%. The hybrid packing materials XTerra and XBridge gave spectra that reveal the silicon atoms to be bonded to organic moieties embedded in the molecular structure of these materials with over 90% of the alkyl silicon atoms found within the completely condensed silicon environments. The hydrolytic stability of these materials were investigated in acidic aqueous solutions at pHs of 7.0 and 3.0, and it was found that while the samples of XTerra and XBridge were not affected by hydrolysis at this pH range, the sample of Cogent lost a significant proportion of its Si-H groups after five days of treatment in acidic aqueous solution.
THE NATURAL EQUALITY OF ALL THINGS

Etude de la these de l'egalite naturelle des daos qui fonde le relativisme perspectiviste de Zhuangzi. Definissant le dao comme la structure conceptuelle et linguistique qui guide le comportement et la connaissance du monde, l'A. rejette l'interpretation de Zuhangzi en termes de scepticisme relativiste developpee dans les «Chapitres internes» de Tchouhang-tseu, selon la lecture du daoisme faite par C. Hansen (in «A daoist theory of chinese thought», 1992), d'une part, et conclut a la position d'un realisme perspectiviste chez Zuhangzi a travers l'exemple du reve de Chouang Chou, d'autre part
Measure for Measure: The Relation between Forecast Accuracy and Recommendation Profitability of Analysts

We examine the contemporaneous relation between earnings forecast accuracy and recommendation profitability to assess the effectiveness with which analysts translate forecasts into profitable recommendations. We find that, after controlling for expertise, more accurate analysts make more profitable recommendations, albeit only for firms with value-relevant earnings. Next, we show that conflicts of interest from investment banking activities affect the relation between accuracy and profitability. In the case of buy recommendations, more accurate forecasts are associated with more profitable recommendations only for the nonconflicted analysts. For hold recommendations, higher levels of accuracy are associated with higher levels of profitability for conflicted analysts, provided these recommendations are treated as sells. Finally, we find that regulatory reforms aimed at mitigating analyst conflicts of interest appear to have improved the relation between accuracy and profitability. Specifically, the integrity of buy and hold recommendations has improved and the change is more pronounced for analysts expected to be most conflicted.
Studies of the Stability of Condensation Polymers in Oxygen-Containing Atmospheres

Abstract The stability of polymeric substances in oxidizing atmospheres is almost always quite different from that observed in nonoxidizing media. The methods and techniques applicable to studies of the chemical changes taking place in a number of complex condensation polymers have been examined in detail in an effort to draw from the resultant data fundamental information regarding the mechanisms of thermooxidative degradation processes. In general terms, it has been of interest to examine condensation polymers at various stages of curing in both oxidizing and inert atmospheres in order to elucidate the chemical transformations that contribute to the over-all stability of these polymers. The use of structural modifications in specific polymer systems together with model-compound studies, solid-phase monitoring of functional-group changes, and gaseous-product analysis are exemplified as they pertain to an investigation of detailed degradation reactions. The results of these investigations and the mechanis...
The Development and Subsequent Elimination of Aberrant Peripheral Axon Projections in Semaphorin3A Null Mutant Mice

Abstract Semaphorin3A (previously known as Semaphorin III, Semaphorin D, or collapsin-1) is a member of the semaphorin gene family, many of which have been shown to guide axons during nervous system development. Semaphorin3A has been demonstrated to be a diffusible chemorepulsive molecule for axons of selected neuronal populations in vitro. Analysis of embryogenesis in two independent lines of Semaphorin3A knockout mice support the hypothesis that this molecule is an important guidance signal for neurons of the peripheral nervous system (M. Taniguchi et al., 1997, Neuron 19, 519–530; E. Ulupinar et al., 1999, Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 13, 281–292). Surprisingly, newborn Semaphorin3A null mutant mice exhibit no significant abnormalities (O. Behar et al., 1996, Nature 383, 525–528). In this study we have tested the hypothesis that guidance abnormalities that occurred during early stages of Semaphorin3A null mice development are corrected later in development. We have found that the extensive abnormalities formed during early developmental stages in the peripheral nervous system are largely eliminated by embryonic day 15.5. We demonstrate further that at least in one distinct anatomical location these abnormalities are mainly the result of aberrant projections. In conclusion, these findings suggest the existence of correction mechanisms that eliminate most sensory axon pathfinding errors early in development.
Technical considerations in the selection and performance of walkers.

The walker is a mobility aid that provides a portable base of support. People of all ages use different kinds of walkers for a variety of reasons. With the correct walker, many people stroll along at the same pace as their companion. Today, walkers are available in a variety of styles and colors and have numerous accessories. It is the purpose of this article to describe the various types and models of walkers and accessories that are available. Our goal is not to recommend or rate the walkers but to help you find the right walker. The ultimate selection of a walker will depend on a cooperative effort between the physiatrist, physical therapist, and medical equipment supplier. Before you purchase a walker you should test it out to decide if it is the right one for you. The physical therapist who supplies your walker should adjust for your height and should check the physical fit of the equipment. Moreover, the physical therapist should demonstrate the proper gait for walking. During the past few years radical changes have occurred in the design and style of walkers. We expect this trend to continue with more attractive, easier-to-use products to be introduced regularly. If you think that your walker is outdated and is not adapting to your lifestyle, talk with your physiatrist regarding alternatives. Today, walkers are as different as their users. Find the best one for you by taking a test walk in your home and community. Language: en
Cavitation detection using wavelet denoising

Cavitation in turbomachinery provides a source of damage to the hydrodynamic surfaces. Detection of cavitation at the earliest possible time after inception is desirable from a damage prevention standpoint. In order to detect cavitation in real time, acoustic sensing of the cavitation events has long been an accepted practice. A problem with this measurement technique is the potential contamination from electrical and acoustic background noise sources. This work employs an algorithm based on wavelet denoising. The wavelet denoising algorithm depends on a measurement of the acoustic background noise in the absence of cavitation. Cavitation measurements of a stationary object are evaluated with and without the application of the denoising process. The results of this comparison indicate that the wavelet denoising procedure allows an increased number of cavitation events to be detected at a given static pressure, and cavitation is detected at higher pressures than previous techniques.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The Formulation of Tablet Implants Using Polyethylene Glycol 6000 and Methylcellulose

A quantitative method is described for the evaluation of tablet implants. By use of a dye that is completely excreted from the system, the relative efficiency of different implant bases, Carbowax® 6000, mixture of Carbowax® and Methocel® 4000, pharmagel B, cholesterol, Sterotex® and Methocela 4000 has been determined. Cholesterol and Sterotex® were not absorbed even after eight weeks. Cholesterol excreted dye in a thirty-hour period whereas Sterotex® did not release at all. Pharmagel B can be satisfactorily used as a tablet implant meant to last not longer than seventy-two hours by itself. However, pharmagel tablets are difficult to make. Carbowax® 6000 can be satisfactorily used as a short period implant not lasting longer than thirty-six to forty-eight hours by itself and releasing the highly water-soluble drug in six hours. When mixed with Methocel® in different proportions, the rate of release can be controlled somewhat. Pure Methocel® 4000 can be used satisfactorily as a base. It is itself absorbed in seventeen to nineteen days and releases the dye in thirty hours. However, difficulty was observed in making tablets. This difficulty was due to the fluffiness and low density of Methocel® 4000.
Grain size and chemical controls on the ductile properties of mostly frictional faults at low-temperature hydrothermal conditions

A conceptually simple process which establishes a steady grain size distribution is envisioned to control the ductile creep properties of fault zones that mainly slip by frictional processes. Fracture during earthquakes and aseismic frictional creep tend to reduce grain size. However, sufficiently small grains tend to dissolve so that larger grains grow at their expense, a process called Ostwald ripening. A dynamic stedy state is reached where grain size reduction by fracture is balanced by grain growth from Ostwald ripening. The ductile creep mechanism within fault zones in hard rock is probably pressure solution where the rate is limited by diffusion along load-bearing grain-grain contacts. The diffusion paths that limit Ostwald repening are to a considerable extent the same as those for pressure solution. Active Ostwald ripening thus implies conditions suitable for ductile creep. An analytic theory allows estimation of the steady-state mean grain size and the viscosity for creep implied by this dynamic steady state from material properties and from the width, shear traction, and long-term slip velocity of the fault zone. Numerical models were formulated to compute the steady state grain size distribution. The results indicate that ductile creep, as suggested in the companion paper, is a plausible mechanism for transiently increasing fluid pressure within mostly sealed fault zones so that frictional failure occurs at relatively low shear tractions, ∼10 MPa. The relevant material properties are too poorly known, however, for the steady state theory (or its extension to a fault that slips in infrequent large earthquakes) to have much predictive value without additional laboratory experiments and studies of exhumed faults.
Filling in the Gaps: A Survey of Nineteenth Century Institutions Associated with the Exploration and Natural History of the American West

SYNOPSIS. In many historical studies emphasis is placed on the scientist as an individual and little on the institutions that supported him or her. This article details the institutions that supported the explorer/naturalists of the American West during the nineteenth century. The institutions are arranged in chronological order of their founding. In discussing each institution I include information concerning its founding, its structure, the way in which it supported naturalists and their studies, and important naturalists associated with it.
The Spice of Popery: Converging Christianities on an Early American Frontier. By Laura Chmielewski. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012. Pp. xvi, 366. $38.00.)

This study offers a meticulously researched account of religion as it was lived on New England's eastern frontier in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. According to Laura Chmielew...
‘I was the special ed. girl’: urban working‐class young women of colour

Recent criticism of the over‐representation of minority students in special education do not adequately account for gender, despite the fact that urban special education classrooms in the USA are largely populated by young men of colour. In fact, we know very little about how being female shapes the experiences and understandings of young women of colour labelled disabled in schools. Using an interdisciplinary framework informed by Black feminist studies, disability studies, and class studies, we analyse autobiographical portraits of five young women of colour who received special education services. Focusing on their perspectives of life in and out of school, we examine how they understand and negotiate multiple subject positions and actively and creatively work to resist these constraints.
Structural characterization of a soluble and partially folded class I major histocompatibility heavy chain/β2m heterodimer

Class I major histocompatibility (MHC) heavy chain (HC) must fold and assemble with β2 microglobulin (β2m) prior to binding peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Each of these events is mediated by association with chaperones and other proteins and is an essential requirement for the maturation and normal cell surface expression of stable class I MHC-peptide complexes. Here we describe the biochemical and structural characterization of a soluble HC (B*0702)/β2m heterodimer, apparently free of peptide. Results suggest that the peptide binding domains (α1 and α2) of this folding intermediate are unstable and possess many of the properties ascribed to the molten globule state. The partially folded state of the HC/β2m heterodimer is consistent with the suggestion that it is stabilized by chaperones and other proteins in the ER. This soluble intermediate may be useful for studying protein-assisted folding and peptide binding of class I MHC molecules.
Effects of sic content on fatigue crack growth in

An experimental study has been conducted with the purpose of examining the fatigue crack growth characteristics of cast aluminum alloy matrix composites reinforced with different vol- ume fractions of silicon carbide particles. Particular attention has been paid to developing com- posite microstructures with similar matrix aging condition, precipitation, matrix strength, reinforcement particle size distribution, and interfacial characteristics but with different con- trolled amounts of reinforcement particles. Fatigue crack growth experiments have been con- ducted using constant stress amplitude methods with a fixed load ratio as well as constant Kmax control involving a varying load ratio. The development of crack closure and the microscopic path of the crack through the composite microstructure are monitored optically and using the electron microscope in an attempt to examine the mechanisms of fatigue fracture. The results indicate that an increase in SiC content results in the suppression of striation formation in the ductile matrix. Although ductile matrix failure involving the formation of striations in the low SiC content composite or of void growth in the high SiC content composite is evident, the results also show that fracture of the reinforcement particles plays a significant role in dictating the rates of fatigue crack growth. Detailed quantitative analyses of the extent of particle fracture as a function of the reinforcement content have been performed to elucidate the mechanistic origins of fatigue resistance. The propensity of particle fracture increases with particle size and with the imposed value of stress intensity factor range. While discontinuously reinforced metal- matrix composites with predominantly matrix cracking are known to exhibit superior fatigue crack growth resistance as compared to the unreinforced matrix alloy, the tendency for particle fracture in the present set of experiments appears to engender fatigue fracture characteristics in the composite which are inferior to those seen in the unreinforced matrix material. Particle fracture also results in noticeable differences in the microscopic fracture path and causes a reduction in crack closure in the composites as compared to that in the matrix alloy. The results of this work are discussed in light of other related studies available in the literature in an attempt to develop a mechanistic perspective on fatigue crack growth resistance in metal-matrix composites.
Wetting of positive ions in liquid helium mixtures

Abstract The mobility of positive ions in 3He-rich liquid helium mixtures shows a discontinuous increase as the temperature is lowered. We suggest that this jump can be interpreted by analogy with a wetting-nonwetting transition.
Variation in nitrogen use efficiency among soft red winter wheat genotypes

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), defined as grain dry weight or grain nitrogen as a function of N supply, was evaluated in 25 soft red winter wheat genotypes for two years at one location. Significant genotypic variation was observed for NUE, nitrogen harvest index, and grain yield. Genotype x environment interaction for these traits was not significant. Several variables including N uptake efficiency (total plant N as a function of N supply), grain harvest index, and N concentration at maturity were evaluated for their role in determining differences in NUE. Nitrogen uptake efficiency accounted for 54% of the genotypic variation in NUE for yield and 72% of the genotypic variation in NUE for protein. A path coefficient analysis revealed that the direct effect of uptake efficiency on NUE was high relative to indirect effects.
Policy, legal and institutional reforms for public–private partnerships needed to sustain large marine ecosystems of East Asia

Abstract The legacy of overfishing, destruction of coastal habitats, and accelerated pollution loading has dramatically reduced the biomass and diversity of marine waters in East Asia. Coasts can no longer support the numbers of people migrating to them, thus risking future economic benefits and social stability. Some countries are adopting needed reforms while, in others, less priority is given to reforms. National budgets for the environment, as well as international financial flows for environmental sustainability, remain disappointing. In the water sector alone, a global shortfall of US$100 billion annually will frustrate the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The paper argues that reforms are essential in the North and the South in order to reverse the gloomy outlook for East Asia, including global trade reforms and reduction of agricultural/fisheries subsidies in the North. Reforms to facilitate creation of public–private partnerships and their international support may be the only viable options for improving water service delivery, sewage/industrial effluent treatment, fisheries, and maritime transport to reduce impacts on coastal and marine waters to meet MDGs. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has supported a series of projects since 1991, totaling US$657 million for East Asia, with an emphasis on practical application of integrated coastal management for the large marine ecosystems. Among reforms identified to mobilize the private sector are revolving funds, reinsurance facilities, sub-sovereign lending, risk mitigation, partnerships, and corporate responsibility. GEF advocated these reforms in the run-up to the World Summit on Sustainable Development and is supporting a new generation of projects for countries desiring to pursue them.
IBM Parallel Sysplex clustering: technology options for continuous availability

IBM Parallel Sysplex® is a clustering technology that was designed to address specific client business objectives for IBM mainframe System z® servers. The nondisruptive addition of scalable processing capacity and improved application availability with respect to unplanned and planned outages were two key design objectives. This paper focuses on the evolving technology options that support the business objective of continuous availability. Key technology options are discussed relative to their importance to achieving continuous availability. Best practices for effectively using these technology options to improve availability, based on extensive client experiences, are recommended.
Lung carcinoma patients with a family history of cancer and lymphocyte primary chromosome 9 aberrations.

BACKGROUND Deletion of chromosome 9p has been reported in numerous tumor types. The authors demonstrated in an earlier study that spontaneous chromosome aberrations on chromosome 9 in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were a significant risk predictor for lung carcinoma. METHODS The current study evaluated the relationship between self-reported family history of cancer and spontaneous chromosome aberrations in the PBLs of 97 previously untreated lung carcinoma patients. The authors' hypothesis was that individuals exhibiting specific chromosome aberrations might have inherited genetic instability and thus be more likely to report a family history of cancer. For each individual, a personal interview was conducted to construct a detailed family history, and 100 metaphases from PBLs were analyzed for spontaneous aberrations by G-banding. RESULTS The patients reported having 829 first-degree relatives, including 74 (8.9%) with cancer. A significantly elevated odds ratio (OR) of 2.7 was noted in smokers for having chromosome 9 aberrations and a first-degree relative with cancer. When the family history of cancer was dichotomized into lung carcinoma or other cancers, the OR associated with chromosomal aberrations was 8.5 for lung carcinoma but only 2.3 for other cancers. In addition to chromosome 9 aberrations, other spontaneous chromosome aberrations and family history of cancer were also evaluated, but no associations were found. There were no associations between age, gender, ethnicity, or smoking status and the chromosome 9 aberration profile. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that chromosome 9 aberrations may be a marker of cancer susceptibility and may be associated with familial aggregation of cancer. Cancer 1997; 79:1527-32. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
USAF Toxicology Research on Petroleum and Shale-Derived Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels

As one of the nation’s largest users of aircraft turbine fuels, the USAF has interest in assuring the safe use of these hydrocarbons by its military and civilian workers. This concern stimulated research to define potential adverse health effects and develop criteria for safe exposure limits for military aviation fuels. The first inhalation exposure to JP-4, the primary fuel used in USAF aircraft, was conducted in 1973. Since this initial subchronic study, the USAF has conducted numerous subchronic and one-year oncogenic inhalation studies to establish health criteria for aviation fuels. This paper summarizes the status of studies to define the toxicity of petroleum and shale-derived aircraft turbine engine fuels and discusses the preliminary findings of toxic nephropathy and primary renal tumors observed in male Fischer 344 rats.
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER PERMEABILITY (BBBP) FOLLOWING ASPHYXIA AND HYPOTENSION IN PIGLETS

Asphyxia (A) and hypotension (H) may alter BBBP and cause cytotoxic edema in piglets (P). 2-4 day old spontaneously breathing P underwent A for 1 hour by exposure to 15% CO2, 12% O2 and balanced nitrogen resulting in pH=6.6±0.2, PaO2=34±3mmHg and PaCO2=70±6mmHg, M±SD. During the last 20 min of A, superimposed hemorragic H by phlebotomy (blood removed=30±9 ml/kg), resulted in a fall in mean arterial blood pressure to 29±10 mmHg. BBBP to 24Na and 14C- mannitol was measured as the permeability X surface area product (PS). BBBP, brain water and brain electrolytes were determined 10 min (acute A&H) or 24 hours (post A&H) after A&H. Compared to age matched controls, A&H resulted in the following changes: M±SD, *p<0.05 compared to age matched C, ND:not determined Brain water & electrolytes were similar in all groups. PS for 24Na and M was decreased following acute A&H. Na/M values were similar in acute A & H vs C indicating a lack of change in the endothelial "pore" size. The decrease in PS may indicate a reduction in Na and M transport and/or more likely a reduction in brain endothelial capillary surface area.
Coronal cuff: a problem site for buccal mucosal grafts.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Urethral reconstruction of complex hypospadias or epispadias continues to present a significant challenge. Buccal mucosa as an onlay or tube graft is an excellent option when faced with paucity of penile skin. We identified the factors that lead to success or failure in these repairs.Materials and Methods: During 6 years we placed 34 buccal mucosal grafts in 31 patients to repair complex hypospadias and epispadias. Penile skin was preferentially used for urethroplasty but a free buccal mucosal graft was used for reconstruction due to lack of adequate penile skin. The cases were complicated with an average of 5 previous unsuccessful repairs each in 16. Grafts ranged from 1.5 to 10 cm. and 10 patients required pieced grafts. We created 1 combination, 16 onlay and 17 full tube grafts. Buccal mucosa was used with a Thiersch-Duplay urethroplasty in 8 patients.Results: Anastomotic stricture in 5 patients was proximal in 4. Fistula was a complication in 13 grafts that generally developed on the ...
EFFECTS OF 17-BETA-OESTRADIOL ON THE PRODUCTION OF ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES BY CELL CULTURES OF HUMAN FIBROBLASTS.

FIBROBLASTS from various tissues of origin have been shown to produce acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) in vitro for long periods of time up to several years1. It has also been pointed out that cultured fibroblasts, regardless of their original derivation, secrete predominantly hyaluronate and only small amounts of sulphated AMPS2. Only ‘fibroblasts’ growing from explants of beef embryo cartilage have been found to produce mainly chondroitin sulphate (A and C) in vitro3. This is somewhat at variance with what happens in vivo where different spectra of AMPS typify different tissues4. Nevertheless, in spite of lack of qualitative differences in AMPS secreted in vitro, fibroblasts grown from different tissues of origin have been found to produce different amounts of AMPS5. The experiments recorded here are intended to show that fibroblasts of different origin produce different amounts of AMPS in vitro in response to œstrogenic stimulation.