cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature From Landsat TIR Time Series Images

Land surface temperature (LST) is a valuable parameter in studies of surface energy balance, landscape thermal patterns, and human–environment interactions. An effective way to quantify the LST dynamics over spatial and temporal domains is to utilize the consistent Landsat thermal infrared (TIR) data since 1982. Currently, only a small proportion of studies utilized the Landsat TIR data for investigating both the intra- and interannual LST variations. The objectives of the study are to provide statistical evidence for the existence of the annual temperature cycle (ATC) and to develop a decomposition technique to explore landscape thermal patterns by land cover. Eighty-two cloud-free TIR images of Los Angeles County from Landsat TM between 2000 and 2010 were collected and consistently calibrated to the LSTs. The LSTs were then analyzed by the Lomb–Scargle periodogram technique to test whether the time series LSTs showed rhythmic patterns and by a decomposition model to analyze the intra- and interannual landscape thermal patterns. The periodogram analysis confirmed that ATC was statistically significant with the periodic time of 362 days. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis showed that the Lomb–Scargle technique can still discover the ATC with the difference of up to five days, even when the number of images decreased to 60. Based on the periodogram analysis, a decomposition model was initialized to disassemble the time series LSTs into seasonality and trend components for comparisons among land covers. Results suggested that the developed areas exhibited relatively low seasonal amplitude of 11.7 K, while largest mean annual LST value is 302.8 K. The difference of the averaged trend component between urban and other land covers reached 1.1 K over the decade. Future research may be directed in dealing with the time-varying seasonality component for better quantifying the thermal patterns.
Exchange rate overvaluation and trade protection - lessons from experience

Despite a trend toward more flexible rates, more than half the world's countries maintain fixed or managed exchange rates. In the 1980s and 1990s, developing countries as a group progressively liberalized their trade regimes, but some governments defend their exchange rate in actions that run counter to long-run plans for liberalization. Without discussing the relative merits of fixed and flexible exchange rate systems, the authors note that exchange rate management in many countries has resulted in overvaluation of the real exchange rate. Roughly twenty five percent of the countries for which data are available have overvalued exchange rates, with black market premiums from 10 percent to more than 100 percent. After surveying the literature, the authors present lessons from experience about what has worked (or not) in response to crises involving external shocks and external trade deficits - and why. Trying to defend an overvalued exchange rate with protectionist trade policies is a classic pattern, but experience shows such protection does significantly retard the country's growth, and delay its integration into the world trading community. In fact, and overvalued exchange rate is often the root cause of protection, preventing the country from returning to more liberal trade policies that allow growth and integration into the world community without exchange rate adjustment. Most developing countries have downward price and wage rigidities and, with an external trade deficit, require some form of nominal exchange rate adjustment to restore external equilibrium. The authors present cross-country econometric and case study evidence - citing examples from Argentina, Chile, Ghana, The Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Turkey, Uruguay, and Sub-Saharan Africa (including the CFA zone) - that overvalued exchange rates reduce economic growth. Defending the exchange rate, they show, has nor no medium-term benefits, since falling reserves will eventually force devaluation. Better to have devaluation occur without further debilitating losses in reserves and lost productivity because of import controls. After devaluation the exchange rate will reach a new equilibrium, strongly influenced by government and central bank policies.
Control of Dimorphism in the Female Honeybee. 4. Techniques for Fractionating Royal Jelly Into its Major Components

SummaryMethods of fractionating royal jelly into proteins, lipids and small water-soluble molecules are presented. Techniques of dialysis, of precipitating proteins with acetone, methanol or ethanol, of centrifuging out less soluble proteins and lipids, and a combination of techniques, are reported in detail. A fractionation was considered to be successful if larvae could be reared in the laboratory on a food that included all or most of the fractions recombined with each other. The proportion of each fraction obtained from whole royal jelly and the problems commonly encountered with the fractions are presented.
Food Insecurity Impacts on the U.S. Poor as the World Warms

Despite the looming food crisis in the world, the impact of this crisis on vulnerable populations in the United States has not been given the attention due. Just as other aspects of the climate change crisis are important to study, so too is food access by the poor and other vulnerable groups in the warming world. Only then can we protect them, who are already too numerous in the richest nation in the world. Governments must plan now to ensure that we properly allocate funds to protect food nutrition programs and prepare other adaptation strategies to meet the enormous challenge of feeding our large population adequately and consistently.
Domain Decomposition as a Mechanism for Using Asymptotic Methods

This paper summarizes some recent advances in numerical analysis for PDEs, particularly those in algebraic domain decomposition techniques, and demonstrates how such methods may be combined with asymptotic methods to provide robust and effective solvers.
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Mental and Behavioural Disorders Section

The International classification of diseases (ICD) is the global standard for the diagnosis, treatment, research, and statistical reporting of health conditions, including mental and behavioral disorders. This entry provides a basic description of the ICD with regard to practice and research in clinical psychology and related disciplines. A brief overview summarizes the history of the ICD and its section on mental and behavioral disorders. Next, separate sections describe the full ICD-10 system, the Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, the Diagnostic criteria for research, and other related resources. Similarities and differences between the ICD and the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) are examined. Finally, the entry concludes with a discussion of the current usage, impending changes, and future directions for the ICD within the context of global mental health care. Keywords: anxiety disorders; cross-cultural psychology; DSM; World Health Organization; abnormal; assessment; classification; depression; diagnosis; mental and behavioral disorders
On kaon mass-shell form factors in Kl3 and Kl4 decay

Using factorization, meson dominance, PCAC and PCVC in the (3*, 3) ⊕ (3, 3*) model the form factorsf+ andf− in Kl3 decay, andf1 andf2 in Kl4 decay are obtained in the soft-pion limit with the kaon on mass shell. This procedure leads to considerable simplification in the computation for the current algebra approach and yields good agreement with experiment. Contact with the analyses of others is also given.
Staging studies for evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma

Primary hyperoxaluria is a rare congenital disorder of abnormal glyoxylate metabolism with resultant over-accumulation of oxalate, which then binds with calcium and precipitates in the kidneys, resulting in nephrocalcinosis and nephrourolithiasis. As renal function worsens, patients develop systemic oxalosis with calcium oxalate deposition in the soft tissues, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and eyes [1–5]. There are three common types of primary hyperoxaluria (types I–III). Type I is the most common and severe and involves a mutation in the alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) enzyme causing overproduction of oxalate glyoxylate [1]. Type II results from deficiency of glyoxylate reductase and hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR), which results in overproduction of oxalate and L-glyceric aciduria [1, 5]. Type III results from mutation in 4-hydroxy-2oxoglutarate aldolase (HOGA) and is the least aggressive hyperoxaluria type, with most patients not progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [1]. Imaging findings in primary hyperoxaluria vary depending on patient age and renal function [2–6]. Prior to renal function impairment, imaging is frequently normal. As renal failure develops, cortical nephrocalcinosis and nephrourolithiasis will be seen (Fig. 1). Calcium oxalate subsequently deposits in soft tissues, tendons, and joint capsules, with joint effusions and nodular-appearing tumoral calcinosis (especially in periarticular regions, which can cause erosive arthropathy) [2–6]. As ESRD develops toward the late stage of the disease, musculoskeletal imaging manifestations typically associated with renal osteodystrophy and secondary hyperparathyroidism will develop, such as osteosclerosis, subperiosteal resorption, Brugger-jersey^ spine, and vascular/soft tissue calcifications (also seen in Fig. 1). Abnormal skeletal maturation and pathologic fractures with delayed healing can also be seen but are similarly nonspecific. Oxalate deposition in the subcutaneous and dermal tissues can cause skin necrosis/ulceration, and oxalate deposition in the myocardium, pericardium, ocular and vascular regions has also been described [4–9]. Skeletal findings more specific to primary hyperoxaluria may include irregular diametaphyseal transverse sclerotic bands and wide metaphyseal zones [5]. Lytic lesions can be seen in primary hyperoxaluria, which histopathologically represent foci of calcium oxalate deposition with a granulomatous foreign body histiocytic reaction, which appear essentially identical to brown tumors on The case presentation can be found at doi: 10.1007/s00256-015-2161-1.
Developmental transitions to psychopathology: are there prodromes of substance use disorders?

One of the conceptual difficulties faced by developmental psychopathologists is the plethora of terms for “things that predate the full manifestation of a psychiatric disorder.” We have causes, vulnerabilities, susceptibilities, antecedents, risk factors, exposures, precursors, sub-threshold syndromes, and, of course, prodromes, the subject of this Annual Review. So we must first be clear as to what the word “prodrome” means, and how it differs from other terms for predictors. Merriam-Webster’s dictionary defines a “prodrome” as a “premonitory symptom of disease,” and “premonitory” as “giving warning.” Conflating these two, we define a prodrome as a “symptom or sign that gives warning that a disease is present prior to the full manifestation of that disease.” A review of medical dictionaries on the web shows consistent references to a prodrome as “An early symptom indicating the onset of an attack or disease”; “a premonitory clinical sign; a clinical sign indicating the onset of a disease”; “a symptom, often noted prior to monitoring and diagnosis that may signal the beginning of a disease”, or “the earliest phase of a developing condition or disease.”(http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com). Wikipedia provides an example: “…a prodrome is an early non-specific symptom (or set of symptoms) that might indicate the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur. For example fever, malaise, headache and anorexia (lack of desire to eat) frequently occur in the prodrome of many infective disorders“. There is an important objection to the “non-specificity” clause in the Wikipedia definition, because there are some highly specific prodromes. We are thinking here of, for instance, the auras of migraine and epilepsy. In both cases, these are actually symptoms of the pathological process underlying the disorders that appear before the most characteristic and florid symptoms (headaches and seizures respectively), but that sometimes occur without those more florid symptoms following. Indeed, medication in the aural phase of migraine is used to preempt the headaches. An intermediate example is the “bulls-eye” rash of Lyme disease, which may or may not be observed in its characteristic form prior to the onset of the full disease. Interest in prodromes of psychiatric disorders has been revived recently by work to intervene at the prodromal phase of first-onset psychosis (reviewed inOlsen, 2005). The key point here is that a prodrome is consistently defined as a manifestation of the disease itself, but non-specificity is not a necessary part of the definition of a prodrome.
Vascularized bone grafts to the upper extremities

Vascularized bone grafts have been used in patients with various kinds of intractable diseases. From 1979 to 2013, we performed 89 vascularized bone grafting for reconstruction of upper extremities. We reviewed results and postoperative complications of these cases.
Incidence of major cardiovascular events in black patients with normal myocardial stress perfusion study results.

Abstract Background. Previous studies have shown that the risk of major cardiovascular events at 1 year is less than 1% in patients with normal myocardial stress perfusion study results. However, the racial distribution of patients enrolled in these studies is not known. Hence, the prognostic value of normal stress perfusion study results in black patients is not well established. Our objective was to determine the incidence of major cardiovascular events in black patients with normal stress perfusion study results over a 12-month period. Methods and Results. We searched the nuclear cardiology database at our institution for all black patients who had normal stress perfusion study results between January 1990 and December 1996. We excluded patients with a history of coronary revascularization, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, left bundle branch block, or pre-excitation syndrome. Patients were followed up for at least 12 months from the time of inclusion. A total of 592 patients were enrolled and were followed up for 18 ± 6 months (mean ± SD). Of these, 388 underwent treadmill exercise testing, 155 underwent dipyridamole stress testing, and the remainder underwent dobutamine stress testing. Perfusion studies were performed in all patients with thallium 201 single photon emission computed tomography imaging. During the follow-up period, 11 cardiac deaths and 7 myocardial infarctions (MIs) occurred. The incidence of cardiac deaths was 1.2% per year, and that of nonfatal MIs was 0.8% per year. The total incidence of major cardiovascular events was 2% per year. In patients who underwent treadmill exercise testing, the incidence of major cardiovascular events was 1% per year. Performance of a pharmacologic stress test and a prior MI were significantly associated with death or nonfatal MI (P
Archaeal RNA ligase is a homodimeric protein that catalyzes intramolecular ligation of single-stranded RNA and DNA

RNA ligases participate in repair, splicing and editing pathways that either reseal broken RNAs or alter their primary structure. Here, we report the characterization of an RNA ligase from the thermophilic archaeon, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The 381-amino acid Methanobacterium RNA ligase (MthRnl) catalyzes intramolecular ligation of 5′-PO4 single-strand RNA to form a covalently closed circular RNA molecule through ligase-adenylylate and RNA-adenylylate (AppRNA) intermediates. At the optimal temperature of 65°C, AppRNA was predominantly ligated to a circular product. In contrast, at 35°C, phosphodiester bond formation was suppressed and the majority of the AppRNA was deadenylylated. Sedimentation analysis indicates that MthRnl is a homodimer in solution. The C-terminal 127-amino acid segment is required for dimerization, is itself capable of oligomeization and acts in trans to inhibit the ligation activity of native MthRnl. MthRnl can also join single-stranded DNA to form a circular molecule. The lack of specificity for RNA and DNA by MthRnl may exemplify an undifferentiated ancestral stage in the evolution of ATP-dependent ligases.
67Ga-subtraction scanning in Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas.

(1978). 67GA-Subtraction Scanning in Hodgkin's Disease and Lymphomas. Acta Radiologica: Oncology, Radiation, Physics, Biology: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 296-304.
Loudmouth: modifying text-to-speech synthesis in noise

Current speech synthesis technology is difficult to understand in everyday noise situations. Although there is a significant body of work on how humans modify their speech in noise, the results have yet to be implemented in a synthesizer. Algorithms capable of processing and incorporating these modifications may lead to improved speech intelligibility of assistive communication aids and more generally of spoken dialogue systems. We describe our efforts in building the Loudmouth synthesizer which emulates human modifications to speech in noise. A perceptual experiment indicated that Loudmouth achieved a statistically significant gain in intelligibility compared to a standard synthesizer in noise.
[3H]prostaglandin uptake in vivo by rabbit uterine tissues and blastocysts.

Abstract Day-6 pregnant rabbits were anesthetized and subjected to a mid-ventral laparotomy. [ 3 H] Prostaglandin F 2α ) (PGF 2α ) [ 3 H]PGE 2 , [ 14 C]Urea or [ 14 C]Sucrose were instilled into the uterine lumen via the uterotubal junction. The amounts instilled/uterine horn were respectively 3.7 ± 0.3, 3.5 ± 0.3, 5.7 ± 1.3 and 2.7 ± 1.6 μCi in 20μl of buffer. Animals were killed at 1, 2, 9, 19 or 21 h after radioactive instillation, and the amounts of radioactivity in blastocysts, uterine tissue, peritoneal cavity washings and urine evaluated by liquid scintillation spectrometry. A gradient of radioactivity was observed from the uterotubal junction to the cervical end of the uterus. Large amounts of [ 3 H]PG were found in the injected horn and associated blastocysts with a considerable crossover to the non-injected horn, but little in the associated blastocysts. Much of the blastocyst associated-[ 3 H]PG remained unmetabolized. Large amounts of metabolized [ 3 H] were found in urine. [ 14 C]Urea was taken up by uterine tisse in the injected horn, but there was little crossover to the non-injected horn. Urea was also found in urine. Much of the [ 14 C]Sucrose remained in the injected horn, and little was recovered from the urine. It was found that at 9 h, but not at 19 h, after [ 3 H]PG instillation, the PG was localized at the site of the blastocysts in the injected but not in the contralateral horn. Significantly more [ 3 H]PGF 2α than [ 3 H]PGE 2 was localized in this situation. [ 14 C]Urea was not localized at the site of the blastocysts in urea injected horns. Injection of the same amount of [ 3 H]PGE 2 into the uterine lumen did not compromise subsequent implantation and short-term embryonic growth. These results indicate that PGs are handled differently by blastocysts and uterine tissue than urea, and imply some specificity related to the process of implantation.
CFOs’ and public accountants’ perceptions of material weaknesses in internal control areas as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley act

Abstract One of the most controversial aspects of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOA) is related to Section 404, which requires management to assess the entity’s internal controls, and then its independent auditor to attest and report on management’s assessment. The auditing standard governing this requirement was promulgated by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). Its title is Auditing Standard (AS) No. 2, An Audit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Performed in Conjunction with an Audit of Financial Statements [Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) (2004). An audit of internal control over financial reporting performed in conjunction with an audit of financial statements. Auditing Standard No. 2, Washington, DC: PCAOB]. AS No. 2 requires, among other things, that management must disclose any “material weaknesses” in internal controls. However, absent any guidance other than definitions from the PCAOB, management and independent auditors are left to their own judgment to define and recognize “material weakness in internal control” or “significant deficiency” while implementing AS No. 2. The research question, then, becomes to what extent, if any, are weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting consistently assessed, recognized and agreed upon by both parties? Or does their professional judgment and point of view cause different perceptions? Most of the Section 404 research has focused on the characteristics of the material weaknesses disclosed (and the capital market or other impacts of reported material weaknesses). This study, in contrast, is behavioral in context, and examines the perceptions of CFOs and CPAs as to whether they believe an internal control material weakness exists under four independent scenarios. The results indicate that the CPAs were significantly more conservative in their assessments in two of the four cases.
Central limit theorems for classical cusp forms

An abstract Central Limit Theorem is applied to give weighted Central Limit Theorems for classical holomorphic and Maass wave forms. Examples and conjectural related results are considered.
From Linear to Nonlinear Response in Spin Glasses: Importance of Mean-Field-Theory Predictions

important role in this approach. Yet, as usually happens in spin-glass physics, the theoretical predictions cannot be easily related to experimentally observable phenomena. Even those models of spin-glass dynamics that are based on the mean-field-like hierarchical picture of phase space tend to treat magnetic field effects phenomenologically in terms of the Zeeman energy. In this paper, we show that experimental results on the magnetic field dependence of spin-glass dynamics are consistent with the mean-field description. The second reason for this work is practical. Spin-glass relaxation properties are usually studied under a change in magnetic field. It is often believed that the subsequent response is linear in magnetic field “for reasonably small field values (say < 10 G)”. 9 We show in this paper that the very definition of what one means by “reasonably small” fields is impossible without knowledge of the spinglass phase diagram. This knowledge becomes vital when results for different temperatures or different samples are compared.
Enhanced susceptibility to infection in mice after exposure to dilute exhaust from light duty diesel engines

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted in which groups of mice were first exposed for various durations to diluted exhaust from light duty diesel engines and then briefly to an infectious aerosol generated by nebulizing cultures of a bacterial pathogen ( Streptococcus ). Typically, postinfection mortality was significantly greater in groups exposed to exhaust than in their corresponding control groups exposed to purified air only. Data of recent diesel and of past diesel- and catalyst-treated gasoline engine exhaust experiments suggest a somewhat greater excess mortality from (enhanced susceptibility to) bacterial infection in mice exposed to diesel exhaust than in those exposed to catalytic gasoline exhaust. Limited data on acute tests of NO 2 and acrolein vapor alone suggest that the infectivity-enhancing effect of diesel exhaust could be accounted for in large part by these components. Exposures to diesel exhaust, NO 2 , or acrolein did not enhance the mortality response to a viral pathogen (A/PR8-34).
The environmental control of hatching in Fundulus heteroclitus

Salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, hydration, and temperature were examined as possible environmental cues that might intiate hatching in Fundulus heterolitus. Incubation in or transfer to water adjusted to ranges of salinity, pH, and temperature within the physiological range of the species had no direct effect on hatching. Eggs incubated in water with dissolved oxygen concentrations greater than 6 ml O2/L or solutions of Carbowax PEG 4000 producing an osomotic flux of water out of the eggs delayed hatching indefinitely. Incubation of eggs in air delayed hatching, regardless of the pO2. Eggs delayed for periods of up to 1 mo by incubation in air or in highly oxygenated water hatched normally when placed in water of 4 ml O2/L or less. Additionally, eggs that were partially dehydrated by incubation in air did not hatch when placed in a pressurized container of mineral oil. These results indicate that both water and low dissolved oxygen concentration are necessary for hatching to occur. Both of these conditions are likely to exist in the field when stranded eggs are immersed in water.
Distributed detection for wireless sensor networks with fusion center under correlated noise

In this paper, we study a binary distributed detection problem under correlated noise by using wireless sensors and a fusion center (FC) with one antenna where the channel is a coherent multiple access. In order to decide between the two hypotheses, we design sensors to maximize the error exponent derived based on minimizing probability of error for Bayesian detection subject to network power constraint. We provide a closed form solution for the sensor encoders under correlated noise at the sensors. Furthermore, the effect of noise correlation at the sensors is investigated. It is shown that knowledge of noise correlation at the sensors will help to improve the system performance. Moreover, if correlation exists but the system is unaware of it, the system performance might improve depending on the correlation structure. Finally, simulations are provided to verify the analysis.
Lamb Shift in the ( Li 6 ) + + Ion

The energy difference between the $2{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $2{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ levels of the hydrogen-like atom ${({\mathrm{Li}}^{6})}^{++}$ was determined by measuring the lifetime of the metastable $2{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state in an electrostatic field (Stark quenching). The metastable ions were produced by charge equilibrating a lithium beam of energy \ensuremath{\sim}3 MeV in nitrogen gas and were then directed through the electrostatic field (about 10 kV/cm) between a pair of parallel plates. The field mixed the $2{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $2{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, and $2{P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ states and the photons from the subsequent decay from $2P$ to the ground state were detected with two thin-window GM counters, one of them fixed and the other movable along the quenching chamber in the beam direction. From the normalized counting rates of the movable counter and the separation between the two counters, the lifetime of the perturbed $2S$ state could be determined. It was found to be (2.629\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.021) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec and (1.764\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.035) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec for the field strengths 7425\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 and 9173\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 V/cm, respectively. From these values, the Bethe-Lamb theory of Stark quenching yields an averaged Lamb shift in the ${({\mathrm{Li}}^{6})}^{++}$ ion of 63 031\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}327 Mc/sec. This result agrees with the theoretical value 62 740\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}47 Mc/sec recently calculated by Erickson.
Differential root morphology response to no versus high phosphorus, in three hydroponically grown forage chicory cultivars

Abstract Forage chicory is a productive forage resource for eastern North America; however, many soils in the region are acidic and deficient in P and might restrict the widespread use of forage chicory. There is no published information on response of forage chicory to P, or P acquisition strategies for morphologically different chicory cultivars. The literature suggests the following null hypothesis: “specific root length (SRL) will increase with P deficiency”. We conducted controlled environment experiments using nutrient culture to determine plant mass, mineral composition, and root morphology of three forage chicory cultivars (Grasslands Puna (GP), LaCerta (LC) and Forage Feast (FF)) as a function of P supply, and test the null hypothesis with chicory. Phosphorus increased chicory growth irrespective of cultivar. Root morphology differed among cultivars independent of P supply with FF producing about twice the taproot mass of GP or LC. Root morphology was also impacted by P supply and the specific interactions between P and cultivar. Total root length and surface area of GP increased, and did not change in LC or FF under −P conditions. Thus, the null hypothesis must be rejected. Results suggest at least two different plant responses to −P conditions in chicory that seem to be attributes of specific cultivars: (a) increase in root length of the 0.28 mm root class (GP); (b) decrease in non-taproot mass density with −P and no change in root length or ratios between diameter classes (LC). The change in root length of small diameter class roots, as observed for GP, is typical of the responses to −P described in the literature. The decrease in root density seen with LC is probably an anatomical response that is not coupled with any observable morphological response. We conclude that use of the above null hypothesis as a paradigm for plant root response to P deficiency must be rejected. The routine use of specific root length as an indicator of environmentally induced changes in root system function is precluded by the presence of anatomical and physiological changes (adaptations) that have no concomitant gross morphological changes.
The role of antipsychotic agents in the development of diabetes mellitus.

Use of the second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic agents has led to concerns about possible adverse metabolic effects, including an increased risk of diabetes mellitus. The potential mechanisms underlying treatment-emergent diabetes mellitus, and strategies for effective management of affected individuals, are explored by the author of this Viewpoint.
Neural regulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat muscle: effect of denervation and reinnervation

We tested the hypothesis that glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle is under neural control by studying changes in G6PD activity in EDL muscles following nerve crush-induced denervation and reinnervation. Changes in G6PD were correlated with choline acetyltransferase activity, as well as with neurological function, muscle weights, and muscle isometric twitch tension. The data show a dramatic increase in G6PD following denervation. The gradual recovery of enzyme activity toward normal levels correlates with the return of functional synaptogenesis manifested by the return of neurological function, choline acetyltransferase, and muscle twitch tension. We conclude, therefore, that muscle G6PD is under neural control. G6PD activity provides a facial biochemical indicator of muscle reinnervation.
Development, characterization and experimental performance of x-ray optics for the LCLS free-electron laser

This manuscript discusses the development of reflective optics for the x-ray offset mirror systems of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), a 0.15-1.5 nm free-electron laser (FEL) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The unique properties (such as the high peak brightness) of the LCLS FEL beam translate to strict limits in terms of materials choice, thus leading to an x-ray mirror design consisting of a reflective coating deposited on a silicon substrate. Furthermore, the physics requirements for these mirrors result in stringent surface figure and finish specifications that challenge the state-of-the-art in x-ray substrate manufacturing, thin film deposition, and metrology capabilities. Recent experimental results on the development, optimization, and characterization of the LCLS soft x-ray mirrors are presented in this manuscript, including: precision surface metrology on the silicon substrates, and the development of boron carbide reflective coatings with reduced stress and thickness variation < 0.14 nm rms across the 175-mm clear aperture area of the LCLS soft x-ray mirrors.
Readings of poetry—readings of music: intertextuality in Josquin’s Je me complains de mon amy

Josquin’s five-voice Je me complains de mon amy incorporates the melodic and poetic fragment ‘La tricoton, la tricoton / La belle tricotee’, derived from a pre-existing popular song, as its final couplet. Despite the unusual placement of the quotation and the obscure meaning of the word ‘tricotee’, the chanson has attracted little scholarly attention. Relying on the concept of intertextuality, this article explores the signifying function of the insertion. The above quotation forms the last phrase of the tune ‘La tricotee est par matin levee’, which survives in three 15th-century polyphonic settings. Its text is related to other ‘Je m’y levay par ung matin’ poems, whose associative meanings were easily recognizable by contemporary audiences. Comparison between the individual phrases of ‘La tricotee est par matin levee’ and the phrases of the canonic melody in Je me complains de mon amy reveals a one-to-one correspondence of their motivic content and structural layout. On the level of the poetry, the interaction of the ‘tricotee’ topos with the amorous complaint of the main poem creates a subtle layer of irony, present from beginning to end. The proposed reading reveals Josquin’s reliance on the full verbal and musical ‘text’ of ‘La tricotee est par matin levee’ and the social and cultural overtones with which the tune resonates.
Studies of the motion of equatorial 630.0 nm airglow depletions

Abstract An all-sky-mapping filter photometeer has been used to study equatorial 630.0 nm nightglow intensity depletions. A generally eastward drift of the ∼ 0m/sec. At times two airglow depletions moving at different velocities were observed simultaneously; in one case they merged. Simultaneous interferometric determinations of doppler shifts in the 630.0 nm line indicated that the velocity of the neutral atmosphere does not appear to be correlated with the drift of the airglow depletions. The results are compared with other observations.
Towards Defining Interprofessional Competencies for Global Health Education: Drawing on Educational Frameworks and the Experience of the UW‐Madison Global Health Institute

The experience and lessons to date from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Global Health Institute's global health programs, considered together with more recently published competency frameworks related to global health practice, can provide important insights into the development of a core set of interprofessional competencies for global health that can be used across disciplines and professions.
On the collection efficiency of a spherical sampler with suction

Abstract A theoretical study is made of a spherical sampler head which has an orifice through which particles can be sucked at a constant rate from a suspension of particulate material in a fluid. Account is taken of the inertia of the particles, the effect of settling under gravity, and allowance is made for the fluid to have a uniform streaming motion in the absence of the head. Assuming unseparated potential flow for the fluid motion, calculations are carried out to determine the variation of collection efficiency with Stokes number for a variety of values of the parameters characterizing the effects of settling and suction velocity.
Tonic arousal and activity: Relationships to personality and personality disorder traits in panic patients

Personality theorists have long predicted a relationship between personality traits and autonomic activation. In this study, 48 patients with panic disorder underwent personality assessment by questionnaire (Eysenck Personality Inventory: 48 patients) and by interview (Personality Disorders Examination: 35 patients). Ambulatory heart rate and activity were measured by the Vitalog method and were used as measures of activation and autonomic arousal. There was a significant positive correlation between histrionic traits and activity level and a significant negative correlation between sociability and heart rate. The findings are consistent with previous studies showing a negative relationship between sensation-seeking personality traits and cerebrospinal fluid levels of norepinephrine and a positive relationship between extroversion and cerebrospinal fluid levels of dopamine.
An assessment of the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion using cone beam computed tomography in growing children

INTRODUCTION: With the advent of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), it is now possible to quantitatively evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the entire maxillary complex in growing patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to use three-dimensional images to evaluate the displacement that occurs at the circummaxillary sutures (frontonasal, zygomaticomaxillary, intermaxillary, midpalatal, and transpalatal sutures) following rapid maxillary expansion in growing children. METHODS: The CBCT scans of 25 consecutively treated RME patients (10 male, 15 female) with mean age of 12.3 ± 2.6 years, were examined before expansion and immediately following the last activation of the expansion appliance. RESULTS: Statistically significant (P < 0.05) amounts of separation were found for the displacement of the bones of the frontonasal suture, the intermaxillary suture, the zygomaticomaxillary sutures, and the midpalatal suture. The change in angulation of the maxillary first molars due to RME was also statistically significant. There was no statistically significant displacement of the transpalatal suture. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid maxillary expansion results in significant displacement of the bones of circummaxillary sutures in growing children.
Quantitative Ultrasonic Nakagami Imaging of Neck Fibrosis After Head and Neck Radiation Therapy.

Purpose To investigate the feasibility of ultrasound Nakagami imaging to quantitatively assess radiation-induced neck fibrosis, a common sequela of radiation therapy (RT) to the head and neck. Methods and Materials In a pilot study, 40 study participants were enrolled and classified into 3 subgroups: ( 1 ) a control group of 12 healthy volunteers; ( 2 ) an asymptomatic group of 11 patients who had received intensity modulated RT for head and neck cancer and had experienced no neck fibrosis; and ( 3 ) a symptomatic group of 17 post-RT patients with neck fibrosis. Each study participant underwent 1 ultrasound study in which scans were performed in the longitudinal orientation of the bilateral neck. Three Nakagami parameters were calculated to quantify radiation-induced tissue injury: Nakagami probability distribution function, shape, and scaling parameters. Physician-based assessments of the neck fibrosis were performed according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group late morbidity scoring scheme, and patient-based fibrosis assessments were rated based on symptoms such as pain and stiffness. Results Major discrepancies existed between physician-based and patient-based assessments of radiation-induced fibrosis. Significant differences in all Nakagami parameters were observed between the control group and 2 post-RT groups. Moreover, significant differences in Nakagami shape and scaling parameters were observed among asymptomatic and symptomatic groups. Compared with the control group, the average Nakagami shape parameter value increased by 32.1% ( P P P P Conclusions Ultrasonic Nakagami imaging is a potential quantitative tool to characterize radiation-induced asymptomatic and symptomatic neck fibrosis.
Design and implementation of a parallel object-oriented image processing toolkit

Advances in technology have enabled us to collect data from observations, experiments, and simulations at an ever increasing pace. As these data sets approach the terabyte and petabyte range, scientists are increasingly using semi-automated techniques from data mining and pattern recognition to find useful information in the data. In order for data mining to be successful, the raw data must first be processed into a form suitable for the detection of patterns. When the data is in the form of images, this can involve a substantial amount of processing on very large data sets. To help make this task more efficient, we are designing and implementing an object-oriented image processing toolkit that specifically targets massively-parallel, distributed-memory architectures. We first show that it is possible to use object-oriented technology to effectively address the diverse needs of image applications. Next, we describe how we abstract out the similarities in image processing algorithms to enable re-use in our software. We will also discuss the difficulties encountered in parallelizing image algorithms on the massively parallel machines as well as the bottlenecks to high performance. We will demonstrate our work using images from an astronomical data set, and illustrate how techniques such as filters and denoising through the thresholding of wavelet coefficients can be applied when a large image is distributed across several processors.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Community Factors in Secondary Educational Achievement in Appalachia

Human capital theory suggests that job opportunities will create incentives for students to invest, or not invest, in education. If the economic structure of the community does not reward education, students might drop out of school. The existing research on this topic, which is based on several disciplinary perspectives, is reviewed. Data from Virginia indicate that a higher percentage of service occupations in the county increases the dropout rate. A higher percentage of managerial/professional occupations decreases the dropout rate and increases the percentage of graduates continuing their education. In addition, the model tested for differences in educational achievement in Appalachian and non-Appalachian counties. Appalachian counties differ from urban, but not from other rural counties. Urban counties have a higher percentage of both dropouts and graduates continuing their education.
Grain-level analysis of dynamic fragmentation of ceramics under multi-axial compression

Fragmentation of a small ceramic specimen subjected to a dynamic compressive load is analyzed numerically at the mesoscale level using a cohesive/volumetric finite element scheme. Special emphasis is placed on the effect of lateral confinement on the dynamic fragmentation process. The analysis is performed in plane strain condition and assumes intergranular crack motion. The scheme relies on Voronoi tessellation to generate the granular microstructure. A nonlinear kinematic description is used to account for the possible large deformations and/or rotations of the grains during the fracture event. A cohesive unilateral contact enforcement scheme is used to model the complex interaction between the fracture surfaces and the fragments formed. The brittle to ductile transition in the constitutive response along with the associated change in the mode of failure of this class of materials from axial splitting to shear localization are captured through detailed simulations. It is quantified together with the effect of the applied strain rate and granular microstructure on the dynamic fragmentation process. Results are in good agreement with the analytical wing crack model and experimental observations of dynamic fragmentation for this class of materials. The apparent ductility exhibited by confined ceramics is found to be associated with the suppression of lateral dilation rather than the onset of shear localization.
Structural alterations in aquatic insect communities exposed to copper in laboratory streams

The effects of copper on aquatic insect communities were examined using rock-filled trays colonized in the field for 30 d, transferred to laboratory streams, and dosed with CuSO4. Each stream was randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control (0 μg/L), low dose (15–32 μg/L), and high dose (135–178 μg/L). Experiments were replicated over three seasons. Exposure to copper for 96 h significantly reduced both the total number of individuals and number of taxa during each season, with greatest effects observed in summer. Owing to differences in sensitivity to copper, the percent composition of dominant orders of aquatic insects varied among treatments. The relative abundance of Ephemeroptera decreased in treated streams during each season. The response of other aquatic insects, including Diptera and Plecoptera, varied between seasons, but these groups were generally less sensitive to copper exposure. These results indicate that the artificial substrates employed in this study are amenable to experimental manipulation and will provide a unique opportunity to examine the community responses of aquatic insects to toxicants under environmentally realistic conditions.
Sing softly and carry a big stick: signals of aggressive intent in the song sparrow

Reliability of signalling has been the focus of much research in behavioural ecology, yet few studies have been able to show that putative aggressive signals actually predict subsequent escalation (e.g. attack). This is partly because until recently researchers have usually used stimuli (e.g. song playback) that did not permit subsequent escalation in the form of attack. We presented male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, with a traditional simulated intrusion that involved only playback of their own song (no-mount condition), or a simulated intrusion that coupled playback of their own song with a taxidermic mount. We hypothesized that aggressive signals that are predictive of attack should increase in frequency when there is a visible intruder present (i.e. in the mount trials). Our results showed that only low-amplitude song (soft song) and wing waves (the latter effect only approached significance) increased in frequency when there was a mount present, consistent with previous research. We discuss these results in the context of how reliability of such a low-cost signal can be maintained, and propose new hypotheses for future research.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals from Designed Helical β-Peptides

We demonstrate that 14-helical β-peptides can self-assemble to form lyotropic liquid crystalline (LC) phases in water. β-Peptides 1−4 were designed to form globally amphiphilic 14-helices of increasing length. Optical microscopy showed that several of these β-peptides formed LC phases in aqueous solutions at concentrations as low as 2.5 wt % (15 mM). Liquid crystallinity appears to require the adoption of a globally amphiphilic conformation because a scrambled sequence, 5, does not display LC behavior. Thermal stability and reversibility of LC phase formation were assessed by variable temperature 2H NMR spectroscopy and optical microscopy. The LC phase formed by β-peptide 3 at 10 wt % is disrupted above 40 °C in D2O and re-forms within minutes upon cooling. LC phase behavior for solutions of 3 is influenced by concentration and net charge. These studies demonstrate that highly folded 14-helical β-peptides can produce LC phases at shorter lengths than do α-helical α-peptide mesogens and can provide a basis...