cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moderate, intermittent voluntary exercise in a model of Gulf War Illness improves cognitive and mood function with alleviation of activated microglia and astrocytes, and enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

Abstract Persistent cognitive and mood impairments in Gulf War Illness (GWI) are associated with chronic neuroinflammation, typified by hypertrophied astrocytes, activated microglia, and increased proinflammatory mediators in the brain. Using a rat model, we investigated whether a simple lifestyle change such as moderate voluntary physical exercise would improve cognitive and mood function in GWI. Because veterans with GWI exhibit fatigue and post-exertional malaise, we employed an intermittent voluntary running exercise (RE) regimen, which prevented exercise-induced stress. The GWI rats were provided access to running wheels three days per week for 13 weeks, commencing ten weeks after the exposure to GWI-related chemicals and stress (GWI-RE group). Groups of age-matched sedentary GWI rats (GWI-SED group) and naive rats were maintained parallelly. Interrogation of rats with behavioral tests after the 13-week RE regimen revealed improved hippocampus-dependent object location memory and pattern separation function and reduced anxiety-like behavior in the GWI-RE group compared to the GWI-SED group. Moreover, 13 weeks of RE in GWI rats significantly reversed activated microglia with short and less ramified processes into non-inflammatory/antiinflammatory microglia with highly ramified processes and reduced the hypertrophy of astrocytes. Moreover, the production of new neurons in the hippocampus was enhanced when examined eight weeks after the commencement of RE. Notably, increased neurogenesis continued even after the cessation of RE. Collectively, the results suggest that even a moderate, intermittent physical exercise has the promise to improve brain function in veterans with GWI in association with suppression of neuroinflammation and enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis.
Making Research Possible: Barriers and Solutions For Those With ASD and ID

Participation in research can provide direct and indirect benefit to individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), their caregivers, families, and society at large. Unfortunately, individuals with high support needs, including those with intellectual disability, cognitive disability or minimal verbal ability, are often systematically excluded from research on ASD. This limits the ability to generalize discoveries to all people with ASD, and results in a disparity in who benefits from research. This piece outlines the importance and extent of the problem, which is part of a broader lack of inclusivity in ASD research. It also provides examples of studies that have directly addressed issues that arise when conducting inclusive research and makes recommendations for researchers to reduce disparities in research participation.
A Theory Of Irrationality As A ‘Reasonable’ Response To An Incomplete Specification

Suppose the principles explaining how the human mind (brain) reaches logical conclusions and judgments were different from – and independent of – thoseinvolved innormatively valid reasoning. Then such principles should affect both conclusion generation and recognition that particular conclusions are or are not justified. People, however, demonstrate a discrepancy between impaired performance in generating logical conclusions as opposed to rather impressive competence in recognizing rational (versus irrational) ones. This discrepancy is hypothesized to arise from often generating an incomplete specification of a logical or judgmental problem when attempting to solve it – versus a recognition of such incompleteness when it is pointed out. The basic argument is developed, with common examples, in the context of specifying or failing to specify all possible combinations in simple logical arguments and is then extended to probabilistic reasoning, where complete versus incomplete specification corresponds to attending to all or to only some components of Bayes theorem-based reasoning.
Invited: Transferred electron amplifiers and oscillators

The various modes of operation of transferred electron oscillators and amplifiers will be reviewed. Emphasis will be on physical models that aid in the design of optimum devices and circuits.
Assisted Reproductive Technology for HIV-1 Serodiscordant Couples: A Review of Current Controversies

Since 1992, assisted reproductive technology (ART) has been reported as a viable means of helping HIV-1 serodiscordant couples achieve pregnancy while theoretically reducing the risk for viral transmission. While the sum of the evidence suggests that ART is effective and safe, numerous controversies still exist. The following review addresses several of the important issues involved in the use of ART for HIV-serodiscordant couples, including patient selection, semen processing techniques, post-process HIV testing, the use of IUI vs IVF-ICSI.
A Botanical Survey in Grand Teton National Park: Plants Used by Native Americans

For the first time, in Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) an ethnobotanical plant collection, archaeological and historic site reports, and the literature of early plant usage have been integrated into one document.
Architectural Support for Compile-Time Speculation

Studies on instruction-level parallelism (ILP) have shown that there are few independent instructions within the basic blocks of non-numerical applications. To uncover more independent instructions within these applications, instruction schedulers and microarchitectures must support the speculative execution of instructions. This paper describes an architectural mechanism for speculative execution called boosting. Boosting exploits ILP across conditional branches without adversely affecting the instruction count of the application or the cycle time of the processor. This paper also presents the results of a case study which found that boosting can take full advantage of the parallel execution resources within a superscalar microarchitecture. For this case study, we implemented a novel trace-based, global scheduling algorithm that supports various configurations of boosting hardware.
Reconstruction of oncologic defects of the eyelid, lips and ear

Non melanomatous skin cancers constitute a major part of the cancers that occur in the face, especially in the darker skinned people. Surgical excision stays as the main modality of treatment in these giving very good cure rates. The major drawback of surgery is the resultant functional and esthetic deformity, which has been considerably reduced with proper application of reconstructive surgery principles. In order to achieve good outcome attention has to be given to understand the anatomy as well as tissue requirement at specific areas of the face. There is a great variation in the reconstructive methods in the different sites. This article reviews briefly the anatomy and methods of reconstruction available for the post cancer excisions involving the lips, eyelids and the auricle.
Mechanisms responsible for the cardiotoxic effects of cocaine.

Cocaine can induce lethal cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation. The mechanisms responsible for these cardiotoxic effects of cocaine remain largely to ...
A defined medium to investigate sliding motility in a Bacillus subtilis flagella-less mutant.

We have recently shown that undomesticated strains of Bacillus subtilis can extensively colonize the surfaces of rich, semi-solid media, by a flagellum-independent mechanism and suggested that sliding motility is responsible for surface migration. Here we have used a flagella-less hag null mutant to examine and confirm sliding motility. Using a defined semi-solid medium we determined that a B. subtilis hag mutant colonized the surface in two stages, first as tendril-like clusters of cells followed by a profuse pellicle-like film. We determined the levels of macro- and micro-nutrients required for the tendril-to-film transition. Sufficient levels of each of the macronutrients, glycerol, Na-glutamate, and Na-phosphate, and inorganic nutrients, K+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Mn2+, were required for robust film formation. The K+ requirement was quantified in more detail, and the thresholds for complete tendril coverage (50 μM KCl) or film coverage (2–3 mM KCl) were determined. In addition, disruption of the genes for the higher affinity K+ transporter (KtrAB), but not the lower affinity K+ transporter (KtrCD), strongly inhibited the formation of both tendrils and films, and could be partially overcome by high levels of KCl. Examination of hag tendrils by confocal scanning laser microscopy revealed that tendrils are multicellular structures, but that the cells are not as highly organized as cells in wild-type B. subtilis pellicles. These results suggest that B. subtilis can use sliding motility to colonize surfaces, using a tendril-like growth mode when various macronutrients or micronutrients are limiting. If nutrients are balanced and sufficient, the surfaces between tendrils can be colonized by robust surface films. Sliding motility may represent a strategy for nutrient-deprived cells to colonize surfaces in natural environments, such as plant roots, and the media described here may be useful in investigations of this growth phenotype.
Resonance Electron Scattering by O2 Monolayers on Graphite: Reinterpreted

Both electron stimulated desorption (ESD) and inelastic electron scattering (IES) are enhanced strongly by anion resonant states. Occasionally, peak features observed in ESD and IES arise from the same anion resonant states. IED, however, unlike ESD, provides information on the symmetry of the anion resonant states through the angular distributions of the inelastically scattered electrons. Such electron angular distributions from O2 on graphite have been studied extensively by Palmer and co-workers. Their results have been published in more than eight papers over the past four years [1–8] and summarized in two recent review articles [7,8].
The emergence of ethnic entrepreneurs in Seoul, South Korea: globalisation from below

In a globalising era, there have been many attempts to explain the processes of globalisation in urban studies. Beyond a global/world city hypothesis which mainly deals with macro-actors and top-down processes, this paper explores a grounded globalisation with the emergence of ethnic entrepreneurs who are rarely considered in global city research. We analyse business activities of Nigerian and Pakistani entrepreneurs within the district of Itaewon in Seoul, South Korea by examining two specific points: first, the division of ethnic entrepreneurs into two types: export-oriented and import-oriented, and second, the local-based transnational connections between home and host countries. We argue that the spontaneous transnational connections by ethnic entrepreneurs are an example of globalisation ‘from below’. In contrast to the homogenising Asian global cities, globalisation from below is crucial to understand the various forms of Asian global cities.
Challenges to postdoctoral orthodontic education.

In the words of educator Dr Sonia Crandall 1 from Wake Forest University School of Medicine (Winston-Salem, NC), in a constantly changing world, “the one unchanging feature of any professional is unceasing movement toward new levels of performance.” This is true not only of orthodontic residents, seasoned practitioners, and faculty, but of postdoctoral programs and the profession as a whole. With the challenges of knowledge acquisition, technological development, and societal upheaval, failure to change is a ticket to mediocrity for contemporary postdoctoral education. Continual elevation in orthodontic program performance entails attention on many fronts, one of which is the issue of what should be common knowledge for aspiring orthodontists. Because no one, no matter how talented, can know everything about the rich and diverse field of orthodontics, there must be a gap between the total orthodontic knowledge base and an orthodontic teacher’s knowledge. Bridging that gap depends on a clear conception by orthodontic educational leaders of the didactic, laboratory, and clinical knowledge and skills necessary to create competent orthodontists. Basing a curriculum on defined didactic and clinical competencies and using the abilities of a cadre of faculty are necessary steps, demanding firstorder educational leadership. Achieving optimal faculty balance among teaching, research, and departmental or institutional service likewise falls to the department head, who uses all 3 to build program excellence. The 7-year cycle of postgraduate accreditation provides both ordeal and impetus for program design, assessment, and improvement. “Teachers teach what they know” is a truism that illustrates the importance of multiple points of input in thoroughly educating and training orthodontic residents, and appreciation of the varied talents of orthodontic faculty to the tasks at hand.
Precipitation observed in Oklahoma mesoscale convective systems with a polarimetric radar

Abstract In this paper, the fields of three radar polarimetric variables-differential reflectivity ZDR, specific differential phase KDP, and correlation coefficient between horizontally (H) and vertically (V) polarized echoes ρhv-along with radar reflectivity Zh, are examined within two Oklahoma mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). The analysis of the whole set of polarimetric variables reveals at least three types of hydrometeor populations in the precipitation within thew MCSs. It seems to be possible to discriminate between pure liquid raindrops, drops with ice cores inside them, and mixed-phase precipitation containing rain and hail using joint analysis of all the polarimetric measurands available. Hail-bearing zones are characterized by significant reduction of ZDR and ρhv, as well as large values of Zh. Specific differential phase KDP is usually high in these zones, and sometimes a pronounced differential phase shift upon scattering is evident. Experimental data show that the differential phase ΦDP ...
THE PERFECT RELATIVISTIC GAS.

A system of equations is obtained by direct extension of nonlinear differential equations for a perfect gas (devoid of viscosity and thermal conductivity) in general relativity theory. The propagation of sonic disturbances in the gas is discussed as an illustration. (R.E.U.)
New directions in martensite theory

Abstract Advances in materials science, applied mechanics, physics and mathematics offer new opportunities for the science and engineering of martensitic materials. A systems approach to multilevel dynamic microstructure emphasizes the importance of distributed defect hierarchy in predictive control of desired behaviors. Total energy electronic calculations and Landau free energy functions describe nonlinear energetics of lattice deformations with atomic shuffles, and incorporation of non-local strain gradient energies in Landau–Ginzburg models has allowed numerical simulation of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation as well as semicoherent growth and twin variant conversion. Analysis of multiscale defect interactions addresses growth in a plastic matrix and the nature of nucleation site potency distributions in both thermoelastic and nonthermoelastic systems. Predictive design theory incorporates macroscopic constraints in polycrystals and thin films. Biological molecular martensites underlying infection mechanisms in HIV and influenza viruses offer a fertile area for adaptation of martensite theory.
The choice of the concept of magnetic field lines or of electric current lines: Alfvén medal lecture

Abstract. In 1967, at the Birkeland Symposium in Sandefjord, Norway, Professor Hannes Alfven stated that the second approach (in solving unsolved problems by the standard MHD theory) to cosmic electrodynamics is to "thaw" the "frozen-in" magnetic field lines. "We can illustrate essential properties of the electromagnetic state of space either by depicting the magnetic field lines or by depicting electric current lines," he said. There has been much progress in space physics since the Birkeland Symposium more than 40 years ago, but unfortunately our scientific community has not really succeeded in thawing the frozen-in field lines. Instead, it has pursued magnetic reconnection, a concept that Alfven had been critical of. It is shown here that we have to study many unsolved problems and problems thought to be solved in terms of both the magnetic field line concept and the current system concept. In taking Alfven's approach, we must consider the whole system, including the power supply (dynamo process) and its transmission and distribution (electric currents) and observed phenomena (power dissipation processes). Such a consideration can provide physical insight into many of our unsolved problems and problems thought to be solved. In this paper, we consider substorm onset processes, the substorm current system, sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, the interplanetary current sheet, and the magnetic field configuration of the heliosphere in terms of the current system concept. In particular, it is shown that a study of the current system is essential in substorm studies, more than changes of the magnetic field configuration in the magnetotail.
Sexual harassment in universities during the 1980s

This review examines research studies since 1980 that investigate instructor-student sexual harassment in university settings. Implications are discussed.
Potential for abuse of buprenorphine in office-based treatment of opioid dependence.

To the Editor: Buprenorphine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002 for the treatment of opioid addiction in certified physicians' offices. However, the FDA and the Drug Enf...
The Arbitrage Pricing Theory and Foreign Exchange Risk Premia

This study explores the nature of the spot foreign exchange risk premium. Employing Ross's Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) as a vehicle, it tests the hypothesis that cross‐sectional differences in pure currency returns depend on measures of systematic (covariance) risk. These tests have greater power, in the sense of an enhanced ability to reject the hypothesis, since they explicitly allow for the possibility that idiosyncratic risk is priced. A battery of tests is unable to reject the hypothesis that expected exchange returns can be explained by a single‐factor APT. One implication of these results is that official intervention in exchange markets is unnecessary and undesirable.
Physician perspectives to inform a new recommendation for meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4).

Abstract Purpose In January 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration licensed a new tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4). Before any policy decisions by the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) related to MCV4, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention requested a study to explore the perspective of primary care physicians regarding different recommendation scenarios for use of MCV4. Methods Cross-sectional mail survey of a national random sample of pediatricians (PDs) and family physicians (FPs), conducted January 2005. Respondents chose from four MCV4 recommendation scenarios in terms of ability to implement, perceived patient/parent preferences, scientific evidence, and overall best fit. Results Response rate to the single-mailing survey was 57%. In terms of ability to implement, respondents generally preferred an MCV4 recommendation targeted to middle-school entry (11–12 years old) or with the Td booster at any age, but on the basis of scientific evidence they favored MCV4 at high school completion. For "overall best fit," relatively equal proportions of respondents favored a recommendation at middle school entry and one linked to Td booster administration (whenever it occurred); there were no significant differences between PDs and FPs. Major influences on willingness to recommend MCV4 were vaccine safety/side effects and insurance coverage/reimbursement. Conclusions Support for an MCV4 recommendation at middle school entry is common but not universal among primary care providers. Data suggest that respondents appreciate the potential discrepancy between practical aspects of vaccine delivery and the need to protect those adolescents at greatest risk of disease. Respondents' preferences for the overall best fit appear to prioritize ease of implementation over epidemiologic patterns.
FRACTIONATION OF NEUTRAL URINARY STEROIDS1

AN EXTENSIVE LITERATURE dealing with the measurement of urinary 17-ketosteroids has accumulated in the past few years. The determinations are ordinarily based upon the color reaction of ketones with m-dinitrobenzene originally described by Zimmerman (1,2). It has been shown that the 17-ketosteroids give a characteristic color with m-dinitrobensene (2–5). But according to Holtorffand Koch (6), acetone and other ketones also give the same color. Steroids with carbonyl groups in positions other than the 17-position give a low color titer. It has indeed been generally recognized that urines contain materials either non-ketonic or non-steroidal that add to the color titer making it “too high” and in many cases lackingany semblance of agreement with biological activity. Several methods have been employed to bring this titer to rational levels. On the assumption that chromogenic pigments are largely responsible for the overestimate various adsorption methods have been resorted to for removing pigment from the ne...
Species Comparison of the Role of p38 MAP Kinase in the Female Reproductive System

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are members of discrete signal transduction pathways that have significant regulatory roles in a variety of biological processes, depending on the cell, tissue and organ type. p38 MAPKs are involved in inflammation, cell growth and differentiation and cell cycle. In the female reproductive system, p38 MAPKs are known to regulate various aspects of the reproductive process such as mammalian estrous and menstrual cycles as well as early pregnancy and parturition. p38 MAPKs have also been implicated in alterations and pathologies observed in the female reproductive system. Therefore, pharmacologic modulation of p38 MAPKs, and inter-connected signaling pathways (e.g., estrogen receptor signaling, c-fos, c-jun), may influence reproductive physiology and function. This article provides a critical, comparative review of available data on the roles of p38 MAPKs in the mammalian female reproductive system and in reproductive pathophysiology in humans and preclinical species. We first introduce fundamental differences and similarities of the mammalian female reproductive system that should be considered by toxicologists and toxicologic pathologists when assessing the effects of new pharmacologic agents on the female reproductive system. We then explore in detail the known roles for p38 MAPKs and related molecules in female reproduction. This foundation is then extended to pathological conditions in which p38 MAPKs are thought to play an integral role.
Using mathematical induction in systematic program development

This paper makes a contribution to the calculational paradigm of program development, a paradigm in which programs are calculated from their specifications by applying meaning preserving transformations. It introduces program induction, a technique analogous to mathematical induction, and iteration folding, a refinement rule. Using program induction, a specification is decomposed into a base case and an inductive case and their solutions are sequentially composed to derive the final program. The iteration folding rule is applied to transform potentially infinite nested if statements into a while statement. Our technique and rule augment the existing repertoire of techniques and rules in the calculus of program refinement.
Geographical Knowledge in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease

Geographical knowledge, a measure of remote memory for visuospatial information, was studied in mildly and moderately demented patients who met NINCDS-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease patients were moderately impaired on a test that emphasizes locating gross features of US geography and profoundly impaired in locating cities on a map of the region of the United States in which they resided. The possibility that performance on tests of geographical knowledge can be used to predict impending difficulties of demented patients in wayfinding is discussed. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:76-82).
Influence of hypophysectomy on dopamine receptors and dopaminergic behaviors

Abstract Hypophysectomy (Hypox) has been proposed to alter the behavioral and biochemical indices of striatal dopamine (DA) function. Since the regulation of striatal DA receptors by hormones may involve the pituitary, it was relevant to reevaluate the effects of Hypox in male and female rats. Behaviorally, dopaminergic agonists exerted enhanced activity in Hypox male and female rats. It has been suggested that these changes are due to altered metabolism since no increase in the DA receptor populations was observed. Dopaminergic antagonists showed equivalent behavioral actions in male and female rats, whether intact or Hypox. Biochemically, neither the density nor the affinity of the striatal DA receptors is altered by Hypox in female rats for 1–2 weeks or male rats for 5–6 weeks. However, in female rats at 5–6 weeks after Hypox there is a significant decrease in receptor number. This decrease in density is not reflected in behavioral changes to either DA receptor agonists or antagonists. Therefore, all dopaminergic behavioral changes do not result from alterations in DA receptors and changes in DA receptors do not necessarily dictate altered behavioral responses to dopaminergic agents.
Resveratrol increases vascular oxidative stress resistance

Epidemiological studies suggest that Mediterranean diets rich in resveratrol are associated with reduced risk of coronary artery disease. However, the mechanisms by which resveratrol exerts its vasculoprotective effects are not completely understood. Because oxidative stress and endothelial cell injury play a critical role in vascular aging and atherogenesis, we evaluated whether resveratrol inhibits oxidative stress-induced endothelial apoptosis. We found that oxidized LDL and TNF-alpha elicited significant increases in caspase-3/7 activity in endothelial cells and cultured rat aortas, which were prevented by resveratrol pretreatment (10(-6)-10(-4) mol/l). The protective effect of resveratrol was attenuated by inhibition of glutathione peroxidase and heme oxygenase-1, suggesting a role for antioxidant systems in the antiapoptotic action of resveratrol. Indeed, resveratrol treatment protected cultured aortic segments and/or endothelial cells against increases in intracellular H(2)O(2) levels and H(2)O(2)-mediated apoptotic cell death induced by oxidative stressors (exogenous H(2)O(2), paraquat, and UV light). Resveratrol treatment also attenuated UV-induced DNA damage (comet assay). Resveratrol treatment upregulated the expression of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 in cultured arteries, whereas it had no significant effect on the expression of SOD isoforms. Resveratrol also effectively scavenged H(2)O(2) in vitro. Thus resveratrol seems to increase vascular oxidative stress resistance by scavenging H(2)O(2) and preventing oxidative stress-induced endothelial cell death. We propose that the antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of resveratrol, together with its previously described anti-inflammatory actions, are responsible, at least in part, for its cardioprotective effects.
Local quality of service provisioning to meet end-to-end requirements in ATM networks

Applications in high speed ATM networks will specify quality of service (QoS) requirements on an end-to-end basis. Typical application QoS metrics are cell loss rate, delay jitter, throughput, and maximum delay. Obviously, the individual network control components will need to provide more stringent quality of service than specified by the applicaiton. In this ppaer, we study (via simulation) how end-to-end QoS parameters provided by the application can be mapped into the QoS numbers used by the individual network control components.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Low level laser therapy activates NF-kB via generation of reactive oxygen species in mouse embryonic fibroblasts

Despite over forty years of investigation on low-level light therapy (LLLT), the fundamental mechanisms underlying photobiomodulation remain unclear. In this study, we isolated murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from transgenic NF-kB luciferase reporter mice and studied their response to 810-nm laser radiation. Significant activation of NFkB was observed for fluences higher than 0.003 J/cm 2 . NF-kB activation by laser was detectable at 1-hour time point. Moreover, we demonstrated that laser phosphorylated both IKK α/β and NF-kB 15 minutes after irradiation, which implied that laser activates NF-kB via phosphorylation of IKK α/β. Suspecting mitochondria as the source of NF-kB activation signaling pathway, we demonstrated that laser increased both intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by fluorescence microscopy with dichlorodihydrofluorescein and ATP synthesis by luciferase assay. Mitochondrial inhibitors, such as antimycin A, rotenone and paraquat increased ROS and NF-kB activation but had no effect on ATP. The ROS quenchers N-acetyl-L-cysteine and ascorbic acid abrogated laser-induced NF-kB and ROS but not ATP. These results suggested that ROS might play an important role in the signaling pathway of laser induced NF-kB activation. However, the western blot showed that antimycin A, a mitochondrial inhibitor, did not activate NF-kB via serine phosphorylation of IKK α/β as the laser did. On the other hand, LLLT, unlike mitochondrial inhibitors, induced increased cellular ATP levels, which indicates that light also upregulates mitochondrial respiration. ATP upregulation reached a maximum at 0.3 J/cm 2 or higher. We conclude that LLLT not only enhances mitochondrial respiration, but also activates the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kB by generating ROS as signaling molecules.
The Structure of a Binary Complex between a Mammalian Mevalonate Kinase and ATP INSIGHTS INTO THE REACTION MECHANISM AND HUMAN INHERITED DISEASE

Abstract Mevalonate kinase catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of mevalonic acid to form mevalonate 5-phosphate, a key intermediate in the pathways of isoprenoids and sterols. Deficiency in mevalonate kinase activity has been linked to mevalonic aciduria and hyperimmunoglobulinemia D/periodic fever syndrome (HIDS). The crystal structure of rat mevalonate kinase in complex with MgATP has been determined at 2.4-A resolution. Each monomer of this dimeric protein is composed of two domains with its active site located at the domain interface. The enzyme-bound ATP adopts an anti conformation, in contrast to the syn conformation reported for Methanococcus jannaschii homoserine kinase. The Mg2+ ion is coordinated to both β- and γ-phosphates of ATP and side chains of Glu193 and Ser146. Asp204is making a salt bridge with Lys13, which in turn interacts with the γ-phosphate. A model of mevalonic acid can be placed near the γ-phosphoryl group of ATP; thus, the C5 hydroxyl is located within 4 A from Asp204, Lys13, and the γ-phosphoryl of ATP. This arrangement of residues strongly suggests: 1) Asp204 abstracts the proton from C5 hydroxyl of mevalonate; 2) the penta-coordinated γ-phosphoryl group may be stabilized by Mg2+, Lys13, and Glu193; and 3) Lys13 is likely to influence the pK a of the C5 hydroxyl of the substrate. V377I and I268T are the most common mutations found in patients with HIDS. Val377 is located over 18 A away from the active site and a conservative replacement with Ile is unlikely to yield an inactive or unstable protein. Ile-268 is located at the dimer interface, and its Thr substitution may disrupt dimer formation.
The concentration process in sample preparation for atomic-absorption flame photometry

Summary A graphical representation can be used for choosing the appropriate preliminary concentration factors in preparing samples for atomic-absorption flame photometric determinations. The graph has been constructed on the basis of the percentual sensitivity obtained with a given instrumental system. The graph can be further simplified for practical applications. The use of the graph can also be extended to multielement concentrating extractions.
Neuroreplacement therapy and stem cell biology under disease conditions

Recent advances in stem cell technology are expanding our ability to replace a variety of cells throughout the body. In the past, neurological diseases caused by the degeneration of neuronal cells were considered incurable because of a long-held 'truism'; neurons do not regenerate during adulthood. However, this statement has been challenged, and we have now found much evidence that the brain is indeed capable of regenerating neurons after maturing. Based on this new concept, researchers have shown neural differentiation of stem cells and recovery of function following transplantation of these cells into the brain. These results may promise a bright future for clinical applications of stem cell strategies in neurological diseases; however, we must consider the pathophysiological environments of individual diseases that may affect stem cell biology. Before we begin to develop clinical applications, we must consider environmental factors that have not been discussed in the current preclinical studies. Here, we study cases of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia and discuss the effects of environmental factors under disease conditions.
Sub-diffraction-limited imaging by photobleaching imprinting microscopy

We present a generic sub-diffraction-limited imaging method – photobleaching imprinting microscopy (PIM) – for biological fluorescence imaging. A lateral resolution of 110 nm was measured, more than a two-fold improvement over the optical diffraction limit. Unlike other super-resolution imaging techniques, PIM does not require complicated illumination modules or specific fluorescent dyes. PIM is expected to facilitate the conversion of super-resolution imaging into a routine lab tool, making it accessible to a much broader biological research community.
Becoming a language teacher: a practical guide to second language learning andteaching

In consideration of the increasing number of language learners in today's diverse classrooms, especially English learners, conducting effective language instruction becomes more crucial for languag...
Healthy endothelium: The scientific basis for cardiovascular health promotion and chronic disease prevention

The vascular endothelium plays a critical role both in health and in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease. This review explores the underlying role of normal endothelial function in core public health interventions for health promotion and in the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, as well as the application of endothelial science toward innovative public health programs and further research. Increased collaboration among basic scientists, clinician-investigators, prevention research centers, and all public health practitioners is needed to facilitate the translation of the endothelial science into practice.
Microcycle conidiation by regenerating protoplasts of Aspergillus awamori

Abstract Enzymatically prepared protoplasts of Aspergillus awamori regenerate cell walls and become resistant to osmotic shock within 4 hours after their removal from the digestion mixture. By 6 hours, germ tubes have been formed by many of the reverting protoplasts. By 18–24 hours, approximately 1% of the germ tubes directly produce sporulating heads. However, in contradistinction to microcycle conidiation observed with conidial spores, no heat shock is required to trigger this process.
Inactivation of rat liver glycogen synthetase by 3':5'-cyclic nucleotides.

Abstract The 3′:5′-cyclic phosphate esters of adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine and uridine enhance the conversion of glycogen synthetase a to b in the perfused rat liver and in liver homogenates. This supports the possibility that these nucleotides activate a kinase which phosphorylates glycogen synthetase.
HLA-Based SaaS-Oriented Simulation Frameworks

SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) as a part of cloud computing is a new approach for software construction, evolution, and delivery. This paper proposes HLA-based SaaS-oriented simulation frameworks where simulation services will be organized into a SaaS framework running in a cloud environment. This SaaS-oriented frameworks can be applied to multiple application domains but illustrated by using HLA (High-Level Architecture). The framework will allow integration of a variety of modules, service-oriented design, flexible customization, multi-granularity simulation, high-performance computing, and system security. It has the potential to reduce system development time, and allows simulation to be run in a cloud environment taking advantages of resources offered by the cloud.
EZH2: a potential new target in T-cell lymphoma?

Aberrant epigenetic programming is a hallmark of cancer and an attractive target for pharmacologic therapy. Unlike the genome, which is fixed, the epigenome is dynamic and amenable to therapeutic m...
THYROID UPTAKE OF RADIOIODINE FOLLOWING VARIOUS ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION.

Thyroidal uptake of radioiodine following various routes of administration was studied in young sheep utilizing a double tracer technique and three detection systems. Iodine-125 and I/sup 131/ were given simultaneously by various combinations of intravenous, subcutaneous, oral, and topical routes. Thyroid burdens were determined using a whole-body monitor with a 9x 4 in. NaI crystal, a modified Geiger-Mueller tube assembly, a 2 x 2 in. NaI crystal, and a 2 x 0.04 in. NaI crystal. Rates and per cent of uptake and effective half life were similar following the oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes of administration. A lower uptake and a longer effective half life were seen following topical administration. Variations that may be associated with age and season were observed. No correlation coWd be made between the per cent thyroid uptake and the location or tota1 area of skin involved with topical application. Estimated total radiation dose to the thyroid from oral administration was 6-8 rad/ mu C, while that from topical administration was 2-3 rad/ mu C. (auth)
Signatures for the quark-gluon plasma

Abstract I survey the experimental signatures of a quark-gluon plasma in the light of present and future experiments. This includes a review of new theoretical results concerning the QCD equation of state and the formation of a dense parton plasma in high energy nuclear collisions.
Children as Victims, Witnesses, and Offenders: Psychological Science and the Law. By Bette L. Bottoms, Cynthia J. Najdowski, & Gail S. Goodman, eds.

Children as Victims, Witnesses, and Offenders: Psychological Science and the Law. By Bette L. Bottoms, Cynthia J. Najdowski, & Gail S. Goodman, eds. New York: Guilford Publications, 2009. 401 pp. $45.00 cloth. Prompted by the oft-cited daycare abuse cases of the 1980s, child advocates voiced concern about investigative practices with children. In the wake of these cases, participants in the legal system were made to address inappropriate interviewing techniques common with child victims, and social scientists began to examine the range of suggestive influences that might affect children's disclosures. Over the past 25 years, researchers and practitioners have produced an impressive body of work addressing critical issues that arise when children enter the justice system as victims, witnesses, or offenders. Child forensic interviewing has evolved from a piecemeal enterprise to a remarkable clinical consensus about a range of interviewing techniques and procedural reforms. Still, answers to questions about children's varied developmental capabilities, memories, disclosure of abuse, suggestibility, and culpability are fraught with controversy. Children as Victims, Witnesses, and Offenders offers a balanced, up-to-date review and critique of issues imperative to children's involvement in the legal system. The editors have brought together a renowned group of legal and social science scholars to address questions central in contemporary debates: When, and under what conditions, can researchers and practitioners believe children? What are children's competencies or vulnerabilities as victims, witnesses, and offenders? How are children treated within a legal context, and what accommodations are necessary? For example, when should children be protected from undue stress and harm (e.g., videotaped testimony and closed-circuit television in the courtroom) or treated as adults (e.g., traditional police interrogation techniques and the waiver of youth to adult court)? While much has been published on child abuse victims and juvenile offenders in the past two decades, the two have rarely been taken up together in this way. Equally, scholars often treat legal agencies, practices, and processes as discrete entities. The main strength of the book is its holistic approach to children and youth that present with a range of capabilities, at various points, and to a variety of agencies (often multiple) within the justice system. Beginning with an introduction through legal cases, this comprehensive volume is organized into two parts. The first part addresses issues that arise when children enter the legal system as victims or witnesses. Pertinent themes include disclosure, denial, and recantation of abuse; children's memory and suggestibility, especially with regard to the child forensic investigative interview; children in court and the effects of legal involvement on victims; expert testimony and jurors' perceptions of child victims and witnesses; and international perspectives on child witnesses. …
Temperature dependencies of Ca2+ current, Ca2+-activated CI- current and Ca2+ transients in sensory neurones

Abstract We recorded Ca 2+ current (I ca ) and Ca 2+ -activated Cl- current (I cl(ca) ) in isolated chick dorsal root ganglion neurons. At room temperature, I Cl(Ca) is activated by Ca 2+ influx (e.g. I ca ) or by caffeine-stimulated release of Ca 2+ via ryanodine receptors. Warming from room temperature to 37°C increased the amplitude of Ica as well as the amplitude and rate of deactivation of I Cl(Ca) activated by Ca 2+ influx. In contrast, the activation of I CI(Ca) by caffeine-stimulated release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores abruptly failed between 19 and 28°C. Warming from 22 to 37°C reduced the amplitude of [Ca 2+ ] i transients (measured with Indo-1) in chick neurons by more than 50% and reduced [Ca 2+ ] i transients in mouse neurons by more than 40%. We investigated the role of mitochondria in these phenomena using carbonyl cyanide p -(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) to inhibit mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake. 1–4 μM FCCP slowed the deactivation of I ca activated I CI(Ca) at 20°C and at 36°C, having a greater effect at the higher temperature. In the presence of FCCP, the rate of deactivation of I Cl(Ca) was relatively insensitive to temperature in this protocol. In contrast, FCCP had little effect on I CI(Ca) activated by caffeine at warmer temperatures (> 22°C) but prolonged I Cl(Ca) at cooler temperatures ( 2+ release to raise [Ca 2+ ] i , increases the effect of mitochondria on the deactivation of I Cl(Ca) if I CI(Ca) is activated by Ca 2+ influx, and reduces the effect of mitochondria if I Cl(Ca) is activated by caffeine-stimulated Ca 2+ release.
Amitriptyline, clovoxamine and cognitive function: a placebo-controlled comparison in depressed outpatients.

No longer prescribed only for vegetative signs of depression, tricyclic antidepressants also lessen depressive cognitive distortions. Less clear is whether they ameliorate depressed patients' other cognitive deficits in memory, information processing speed, and psychomotor performance. We tested the alternative hypothesis that amitriptyline, because of its anticholinergic and sedative properties, would exacerbate depressed patients' cognitive disturbances. Depressed outpatients received double-blind placebo (n=15), amitriptyline (n=10), or clovoxamine fumarate (n=10), a serotonin reuptake inhibitor relatively lacking in anticholinergic properties. Depression, memory, and psychomotor performance were assessed at baseline and after 7 and 28 days of drug treatment. Depression was alleviated after all treatments, including placebo. Only amitriptyline impaired performance on tests of memory, producing a significant decrement, relative to placebo, after 4 weeks of treatment. None of the treatments adversely affected performance on psychomotor tasks. These findings add to the evidence that antidepressant drugs with high anticholinergic activity can impair memory, despite alleviation of depression.
Design of a Reaction Protocol for Decoupling Sulfur Removal and Thermal Aging Effects during Desulfation of Pt−BaO/Al2O3 Lean NOx Trap Catalysts

A novel reaction protocol was designed to decouple the effects of thermal deactivation from those due to incomplete sulfur removal during desulfation steps of Ba-based lean NOx trap catalysts. The protocol was applied to two samples: a Pt−BaO/Al2O3 model catalyst and an enhanced model sample doped with promoter species. The results obtained from the reaction protocol demonstrate that desulfation temperatures need to be maintained below those that lead to significant Pt sintering in order to prevent permanent deactivation. In addition, the modified reaction protocol allows us to compare the desulfation behavior of samples with varying degrees of sulfation, while other approaches have difficulty differentiating the effects of thermal aging from those of sulfation. We believe that this approach provides a convenient way both to assess the relative sensitivities of various catalysts to desulfation conditions, and to develop desulfation strategies that minimize the separate but often linked deactivation effec...
The Use of Shrinkage Estimators in Linear Discriminant Analysis

Probably the most common single discriminant algorithm in use today is the linear algorithm. Unfortunately, this algorithm has been shown to frequently behave poorly in high dimensions relative to other algorithms, even on suitable Gaussian data. This is because the algorithm uses sample estimates of the means and covariance matrix which are of poor quality in high dimensions. It seems reasonable that if these unbiased estimates were replaced by estimates which are more stable in high dimensions, then the resultant modified linear algorithm should be an improvement. This paper studies using a shrinkage estimate for the covariance matrix in the linear algorithm. We chose the linear algorithm, not because we particularly advocate its use, but because its simple structure allows one to more easily ascertain the effects of the use of shrinkage estimates. A simulation study assuming two underlying Gaussian populations with common covariance matrix found the shrinkage algorithm to significantly outperform the standard linear algorithm in most cases. Several different means, covariance matrices, and shrinkage rules were studied. A nonparametric algorithm, which previously had been shown to usually outperform the linear algorithm in high dimensions, was included in the simulation study for comparison.