cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fragility and aging behavior of SixSe1-x glasses and liquids.

The composition dependence of the fragility of SixSe1−x liquids with 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.33 is determined using the calorimetric method and is found to be rather similar to that characteristic of their Ge analogues. In addition, the nature and the time scale of the structural relaxation of the Si25Se75 glass during aging at 40 K below Tg are measured using Raman spectroscopy. The structural relaxation in this glass, which belongs to the so-called intermediate phase, involves progressive conversion of the doubly edge-shared SiSe4/2 tetrahedra E2 into singly edge-shared E1 and corner-shared E0 tetrahedra upon lowering of temperature. This tetrahedral speciation can be expressed in the form of the reaction 2 E2 → E0 + E1. The time scale of this tetrahedral conversion reaction corresponds well with that of shear relaxation. This result is inconsistent with the claim made previously in the literature that intermediate phase compositions do not undergo aging. Moreover, when taken together, the fragility and the structural relaxation results suggest that the constraint counting scheme typically adopted in the literature for edge- vs. corner-shared tetrahedra in chalcogenide networks may need to be revised. A rigid-polytope based constraint counting approach is shown to be more consistent with the experimental results.The composition dependence of the fragility of SixSe1−x liquids with 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.33 is determined using the calorimetric method and is found to be rather similar to that characteristic of their Ge analogues. In addition, the nature and the time scale of the structural relaxation of the Si25Se75 glass during aging at 40 K below Tg are measured using Raman spectroscopy. The structural relaxation in this glass, which belongs to the so-called intermediate phase, involves progressive conversion of the doubly edge-shared SiSe4/2 tetrahedra E2 into singly edge-shared E1 and corner-shared E0 tetrahedra upon lowering of temperature. This tetrahedral speciation can be expressed in the form of the reaction 2 E2 → E0 + E1. The time scale of this tetrahedral conversion reaction corresponds well with that of shear relaxation. This result is inconsistent with the claim made previously in the literature that intermediate phase compositions do not undergo aging. Moreover, when taken together, the fragility and the struct...
Different Psychological Worlds, Part 2

We continue our examination of the different psychological worlds students inhabit in this chapter, examining research from neuroscience about cognition and neuroplasticity; research conducted by psychologist Carol Dweck on “mindsets”; landmark longitudinal research on early childhood caregiving reported in The Development of the Person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood (Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, and Collins); and research conducted by social psychologist Claude M. Steele on “identity contingencies” and stereotype threat. We will also examine state and federal housing policies that produced segregated neighborhoods across America, what research tells us about the many challenges faced by first-generation college students, and James S. Coleman’s foundational research that first discovered the link between family resources and academic achievement.
Locating Women’s Mosques

To examine the concept of a mosque in more detail, Fewkes asks a series of questions in this chapter about how we define these spaces. Defining women’s mosques broadly as Muslim places of worship that are solely for women, with prayers for women led by women, she considers how these spaces are related to the women’s prayer rooms found in many Muslim communities. Fewkes then reviews the general phenomenon of women’s Islamic prayer spaces through case studies of spaces that have been called women’s mosques, in Egypt, China, Kenya, Senegal, Somalia, the Lakshadweep Islands, the Comoros Islands, India, Malaysia, and the Maldives. The chapter ends with a reflection on the common themes that draw these examples together.
Memristive crossbar arrays for brain-inspired computing

With their working mechanisms based on ion migration, the switching dynamics and electrical behaviour of memristive devices resemble those of synapses and neurons, making these devices promising candidates for brain-inspired computing. Built into large-scale crossbar arrays to form neural networks, they perform efficient in-memory computing with massive parallelism by directly using physical laws. The dynamical interactions between artificial synapses and neurons equip the networks with both supervised and unsupervised learning capabilities. Moreover, their ability to interface with analogue signals from sensors without analogue/digital conversions reduces the processing time and energy overhead. Although numerous simulations have indicated the potential of these networks for brain-inspired computing, experimental implementation of large-scale memristive arrays is still in its infancy. This Review looks at the progress, challenges and possible solutions for efficient brain-inspired computation with memristive implementations, both as accelerators for deep learning and as building blocks for spiking neural networks.
Diabetes Education Impact on Hypoglycemia Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Evidence and Gaps in the Literature:

PurposeThe primary purpose of this study is to report a systematic review of evidence and gaps in the literature among well-conducted studies assessing the impact of diabetes education on hypoglyce...
Correlation of Breath and Blood Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations and Release Kinetics Following Controlled Administration of Smoked Cannabis.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis use results in impaired driving and an increased risk of motor vehicle crashes. Cannabinoid concentrations in blood and other matrices can remain high long after use, prohibiting the differentiation between acute and chronic exposure. Exhaled breath has been proposed as an alternative matrix in which concentrations may more closely correspond to the window of impairment; however, efficient capture and analytically sensitive detection methods are required for measurement. METHODS: Timed blood and breath samples were collected from 20 volunteers before and after controlled administration of smoked cannabis. Cannabinoid concentrations were measured using LC-MS/MS to determine release kinetics and correlation between the 2 matrices. RESULTS: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was detected in exhaled breath for all individuals at baseline through 3 h after cannabis use. THC concentrations in breath were highest at the 15-min timepoint (median = 17.8 pg/L) and declined to CONCLUSIONS: THC can be reliably detected throughout the presumed 3-h impairment window following controlled administration of smoked cannabis. The findings support breath THC concentrations as representing a physiological process and are correlated to blood concentrations, albeit with a shorter window of detection.
Drought tolerance of a Pinus palustris plantation

Abstract Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests are thought to be drought tolerant and if so, planting longleaf pine presents a forest management strategy for climate change adaptation in the southeastern United States (U.S.). To better understand how longleaf pine copes with drought, leaf water relations, sap flow, canopy stomatal conductance (GS), and growth were studied over three growing seasons in response to ambient throughfall (ambient treatment) versus an approximate 40% reduction in throughfall (drought treatment) in a 13-year-old plantation. An exceptional drought occurred the first year of the study and decreased mean predawn (ΨPD) and midday (ΨMD) leaf water potential to −2.9 MPa and −3.6 MPa, respectively, and decreased average monthly midday Gs to near zero for at least one month in both treatments. Stomatal closure occurred at a ΨMD of −3.0 MPa in both treatments. Leaf water potentials and transpiration recovered quickly following significant rain events that terminated the drought and mortality was similar among years and treatments (2.8%). Longleaf pine responded to drought treatment with greater stomatal control of plant water loss rather than adjustments in leaf area, the sapwood to leaf area ratio, or leaf water potential at the turgor loss point (ΨTLP). Annual transpiration per unit leaf area was reduced 16% by drought treatment, but greater stomatal control of water loss in response to drought treatment was associated with decreases in growth efficiency and volume, and no improvement in water use efficiency.
Pembrolizumab-Induced Myasthenia Gravis (P4.2-007)

Objective: It is imperative to be acquainted with immune checkpoint modulator complications. Although effective for certain malignancies, they may induce neurological autoimmune disorders. Background: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune, postsynaptic neuromuscular disorder, characterized by fluctuating weakness of ocular, bulbar, respiratory, and limb muscles. Targeted immunotherapies, directed against immune checkpoint modulators such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), and the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1), have become important treatments for malignancies, but are associated with autoimmune-related adverse events. Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) has been associated with 3 exacerbations and 7 de novo presentations of MG. Design/Methods: A 73-year-old man presented with 3 days of fluctuating left eyelid droop and shortness of breath, after 3 weeks of receiving pembrolizumab for recurrent melanoma. Examination demonstrated increasing ptosis with sustained upgaze and reduced neck flexion, but motor power was otherwise normal. AChR-binding antibody was 6.4 nmoL. He required intubation and mechanical ventilation; NIF was □20 cm of H2O. Prednisone 60 mg daily was initiated with IVIg 2 g/kg, but later underwent plasmapheresis due to lack of improvement. After 5 weeks, he received another course of IVIg and was ultimately discharged home with home services. Results: Pembrolizumab (PD-1 inhibitor) prevents T-cell activation and autoimmunity while promoting self-tolerance in metastatic melanoma and other cancers. Pembrolizumab has been associated with 3 exacerbations, and 7 de novo MG. Ipilimumab (CTLA-4 inhibitor) has been linked to 5 de novo MG cases. In a large retrospective series (3,763 patients) treated with nivolumab ± ipilimumab: 35 developed neurologic complications including encephalitis (5 cases), meningitis (5 cases), peripheral neuropathy (14 cases), and MG (1 case). Conclusions: MG exacerbation is a life-threatening complication that requires collaborative decision-making with the patient, neurologist, and oncologist to consider permanent discontinuation of the checkpoint inhibitor. Early detection and treatment of MG with checkpoint inhibitors will likely limit mortality and morbidity. Disclosure: Dr. ALGaeed has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mukharesh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heinzelmann has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaminski has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Ra Pharmaceuticals and GT Biopharma.
Network-based Drug Repurposing for Human Coronavirus

Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), lead global epidemics with high morbidity and mortality. However, there are currently no effective drugs targeting 2019-nCoV. Drug repurposing, represented as an effective drug discovery strategy from existing drugs, could shorten the time and reduce the cost compared to de novo drug discovery. In this study, we present an integrative, antiviral drug repurposing methodology implementing a systems pharmacology-based network medicine platform, quantifying the interplay between the HCoV-host interactome and drug targets in the human protein-protein interaction network. Phylogenetic analyses of 15 HCoV whole genomes reveal that 2019-nCoV has the highest nucleotide sequence identity with SARS-CoV (79.7%) among the six other known pathogenic HCoVs. Specifically, the envelope and nucleocapsid proteins of 2019-nCoV are two evolutionarily conserved regions, having the sequence identities of 96% and 89.6%, respectively, compared to SARS-CoV. Using network proximity analyses of drug targets and known HCoV-host interactions in the human protein-protein interactome, we computationally identified 135 putative repurposable drugs for the potential prevention and treatment of HCoVs. In addition, we prioritized 16 potential anti-HCoV repurposable drugs (including melatonin, mercaptopurine, and sirolimus) that were further validated by enrichment analyses of drug-gene signatures and HCoV-induced transcriptomics data in human cell lines. Finally, we showcased three potential drug combinations (including sirolimus plus dactinomycin, mercaptopurine plus melatonin, and toremifene plus emodin) captured by the Complementary Exposure pattern: the targets of the drugs both hit the HCoV-host subnetwork, but target separate neighborhoods in the human protein-protein interactome network. In summary, this study offers powerful network-based methodologies for rapid identification of candidate repurposable drugs and potential drug combinations toward future clinical trials for HCoVs.
The Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policies on the Output Costs of Sudden Stops

There has been controversy about the appropriate responses of monetary and fiscal policies to sudden stops of capital inflows. There have been concerns that expansionary policies could undermine co...
Assessment of single isocenter linear accelerator radiosurgery for metastases and base of skull lesions.

Abstract Background Newer technology for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) should be assessed for different multi-leaf collimators (MLC). Objective Assess plan quality of an automated, frameless, linear accelerator based (linac) planning and delivery system (HyperArc) for SRS using both standard MLC (SMLC) and high definition MLC (HDMLC) compared to a cobalt-60 based SRS system (Gamma Knife, GK). Methods We re-planned twenty GK Perfexion-treated SRS patients (27 lesions) for HyperArc using SMLC and HDMLC. We assessed plan quality using the following metrics: gradient index (GI), Paddick and RTOG conformity indices (CIPaddick, CIRTOG), volume receiving half of prescription isodose (PIVhalf) and maximum dose to 0.03 cc for brainstem, optic chiasm and optic nerves, and V12Gy for brain-GTV. Results Linac plans had better conformity with HDMLC being most conformal. GK exhibited better GI. PIVhalf demonstrated no statistically significant difference between HDMLC and GK, and SMLC was nominally worse than GK. Mean PIVhalf was generally 0.85 cc larger for SMLC than HDMLC. For TV > 1.0 cc, the relative differences in CIRTOG, GI, and PIVhalf for SMLC vs. HDMLC were less than 21%. For TV less than Conclusions New linac-based plans positively compare to GK plans overall. HDMLC should be strongly considered for treatment of lesions
Nuanced navigation: narratives of the experiences of Black ‘All but Dissertation’ (ABD) women in the academy

In this article, the authors examine the experiences that contribute to the delayed completion of doctoral programs among Black women. Building upon prevailing applications of doctoral student soci...
Safety considerations for the management of cholestatic itch

Introduction: Pruritus is adisabling symptom common to cholestatic liver disorders. Its pathophysiology has not been completely elucidated and although multiple mediators have been identified, only...
Ceramide-1-Phosphate Transfer Protein Promotes Sphingolipid Reorientation Needed for Binding during Membrane Interaction

Lipid transfer proteins acquire and release their lipid cargoes by interacting transiently with source and destination biomembranes. In the GlycoLipid Transfer Protein (GLTP) superfamily, the two-layer all-α-helical GLTP-fold defines proteins that specifically target sphingolipids (SLs) containing either sugar or phosphate head groups via their conserved but evolutionarily-modified SL recognitions centers. Despite comprehensive structural insights provided by X-ray crystallography, the conformational dynamics associated with membrane interaction and SL uptake/release by GLTP superfamily members have remained unknown. Herein we report insights gained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations into the conformational dynamics that enable ceramide-1-phosphate transfer proteins (CPTPs) to acquire and deliver ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) during interaction with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayers. The focus on CPTP reflects this protein's involvement in regulating pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production and autophagy-dependent inflammasome assembly that drives interleukin (IL-1β and IL-18) production and release by surveillance cells. We found that membrane penetration by CPTP involved α-6 helix and the α-2 helix N-terminal region, was confined to one bilayer leaflet, and was relatively shallow. Large-scale dynamic conformational changes were minimal for CPTP during membrane interaction or C1P uptake except for the α-3/α-4 helices connecting loop, which is located near the membrane interface and interacts with certain phosphoinositide headgroups. Apart from functioning as a shallow membrane-docking element, α-6 helix was found to adeptly reorient membrane lipids to help guide C1P hydrocarbon chain insertion into the interior hydrophobic pocket. These findings support a proposed 'hydrocarbon chain-first' mechanism for C1P uptake, in contrast to the 'lipid polar headgroup-first' uptake used by most lipid transfer proteins.
Evaluating the Antinociceptive Efficacy of Cannabidiol Alone or in Combination with Morphine Using the Formalin Test in Male and Female Mice.

Introduction: Phytocannabinoids have emerged as a potential alternative treatment option for individuals experiencing persistent pain. However, evidence-based research regarding their clinical utility in both males and females remains incomplete. In addition, it is unknown whether combining readily available cannabinoids with opioids has a synergistic or subadditive effect on pain modulation. To begin to fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the antinociceptive effects of the phytocannabinoid, CBD, either alone or in combination with opioids in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Results: Using the formalin test, our results show that CBD (10 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment evoked antinociception in phase I, but not in phase II, of the formalin test in male mice. However, in female mice, CBD showed no significant antinociceptive effect. In addition, a direct sex comparison showed that CBD evoked a significant increase in nociceptive behaviors in female versus male mice during phase I of the formalin test. Furthermore, we show that CBD (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in combination with low-dose morphine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was ineffective at eliciting a synergistic antinociceptive response in both male and female mice. Lastly, consistent with previous literature, we showed that females treated with a relatively higher dose of morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) displayed a significant increase in the variability of nociceptive behaviors compared to morphine-treated male mice. Conclusion: Overall, our results suggest that CBD treatment may have beneficial antinociceptive effects during the acute phase of persistent pain, but these effects are more beneficial to males than females. We provide further pre-clinical support that treatments geared toward reducing nociceptive behaviors differentially affect males and females.
AutoRef: Towards Real-Robot Soccer Complete Automated Refereeing

Preparing for robot soccer competitions by empirically evaluating different possible game strategies has been rather limited in leagues using real robots. Such limitation comes from factors related to the difficulty of extensively experimenting with games with real robots, such as their inevitable wear and tear and their usual limited number. RoboCup real robot teams have therefore developed simulation environments to enable experimentation. However, in order to run complete games in such simulation environments, an automated referee is needed. In this paper, we present AutoRef, as a contribution towards a complete automated referee for the RoboCup Small-Size League (SSL). We have developed and used AutoRef in an SSL simulation to run full games to evaluate different strategies, as we illustrate and show results. AutoRef is designed as a finite-state machine that transitions between the states of the game being either on or required to stop. AutoRef purposefully only uses the same visual and game information provided in SSL games with physical robots, which it uses to compute the features needed by the rules and to make decisions to transition between its states. Due to this real input to AutoRef, we have partially applied it to games of the physical robots. As AutoRef does not include all the rules of the real SSL games, we currently view it as an aid to human referees of SSL games, and discuss the challenges in automating several specific SSL game rules. AutoRef could be extended to other RoboCup real soccer leagues if a combined view of the game field, ball, and players is available.
Generating and applying rules for interval valued fuzzy observations

One of the objectives of intelligent data engineering and automated learning is to develop algorithms that learn the environment, generate rules, and take possible courses of actions. In this paper, we report our work on how to generate and apply such rules with a rule matrix model. Since the environments can be interval valued and rules often fuzzy, we further study how to obtain and apply rules for interval valued fuzzy observations.
A New Exact Minimizer for Two-Level Logic Synthesis

We present a new algorithm for exact two-level logic optimization. It differs from the classical approach; rather than generating the set of all prime implicants of a function, and then deriving a covering problem, we derive the covering problem directly and implicitly, and then generate only those primes involved in the covering problem. We represent a set of primes by the cube of their intersection. We then derive some properties of the sets of primes which form this set covering problem. We prove that the set of sets of primes which forms the covering problem for an incompletely-specified logic function.F. is unique. Hence the corresponding set of cubes forms a minimum canonical cover for F. We give a successive reduction algorithm for finding the minimum canonical cover from any initial cover. Using the minimum canonical cover, we then generate only those primes involved in at least one minimal cover of F. We discuss two related heuristic minimization procedures; a relaxed form of the exact procedure, and then an improved form of the ESPRESSO-II procedure. We give experimental results for the exact minimizer. The method is effective; solutions for 10 of the 20 hard examples in the ESPRESSO benchmark set are derived and proved minimum. In addition, for 5 of the remaining examples the minimum canonical cover is derived, but the covering problem remains to be solved exactly.
Perturbations in leaf development caused by the dominant knotted-mutation in maize

Leaf development provides a useful system for studying fundamental aspects of morphogenesis such as cell interactions, cell differentiation, and the establishment of shape (Hake and Sinha, 1991). Cell interaction occurs in the formation of guard cells and in the establishment of veins; the development of the bundle sheath in C4 plants provides a model system for the study of cell interactions (Nelson and Langdale, 1989). Cell differentiation is conveniently studied in the leaf, especially in non-essential structures such as trichomes (Marks and Feldman, 1989), ligules (Hake et al.,1985, Becraft et al., 1990), and tendrils (Marx, 1987). Opportunities for studying leaf shape can be found during heteroblastic growth, the change in shape that accompanies growth of the plant (Ashby, 1948); heterophylly, the change in shape accompanying environmental perturbations (Goliber and Feldman, 1990); and in mutations that specifically affect the leaf (Hake and Sinha, 1991). Mutational analysis is a compelling method of investigation as the alterations often reveal basic steps in the developmental pathway of the organ. With the advent of transposon tagging, the mutation also becomes the key to obtaining the gene whose absence or inappropriate expression is responsible for the defect. We are studying the Knotted (Knl) mutation in maize as a way to examine aspects of leaf development, in particular cell interactions and the establishment of cell fate.
Effective Media Theory Using Nearest Neighbor Pair Distributions

The behavior of heterogeneous materials is interesting on several levels. First, such materials are common in nature and our technological society. Their behavior is difficult to predict, to understand, and to explain. On a theoretical level, the nature of these materials leads naturally to questions of repeatability and averaging. The microscale problem is often describable by classical dynamical equations (Navier-Stokes, Fourier heat conduction, etc.), but using this information to obtain constitutive equations is difficult, and has led to the development of two theoretical techniques (viz., renormalization and effective media theory).
Fabry-Perot Imaging of Dust Grain Processing in M82

Iron is an abundant refractory element; however, it is highly depleted from the gas phase of the interstellar medium of galaxies as a result of condensation into dust grains. Forbidden line emission from low ionization states of iron is greatly enhanced behind hydrodynamic shock fronts where sputtering processes volatilize the grains such that the gas phase abundance of iron can reach near-solar values. This enhancement can provide a new sensitive measure of supernova activity in galaxies, and the rate at which condensed solids are returned to the gas phase of the ISM
New Landscape Urbanisms: Promising New Paths for Urban Design

In many ways this is a curious debate to still be having. As Matthew Heins' (2015) paper suggests, both New and Landscape Urbanists have imagined this as a territorial battle over urban design, and...
If it Please the Court Sociologist as Expert Witness in a Civil Rights Case

This article looks at the role sociologists can play as expert witnesses in the court of law. It does so by examining Agran vs. City of New York (1995), a federal civil rights case wherein original social research was undertaken specifically to establish whether the defendant did damages to the plaintiff. While the establishment of damages was secondary to the primary question of whether the plaintiff's civil rights were violated, this use of primary research in a civil case provides an interesting example of what possibilities exist for applied social researchers. Sociologists have increasingly become involved in courtroom appearances as expert witnesses. While at times their testimony is used to challenge the knowledge claims of medicine and psychology or attempts to define the limits of moral accountability of defendants (Jenkins and Kroll-Smith 1996), more often sociologists draw on their personal expertise to humanize defendants and/or help to clarify defendants 'criminal culpability (Yablonsky 2002).
Chikungunya virus in non-mammalian species: a possible new reservoir

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus distributed widely in tropical regions of the world that causes a febrile and often painful disease in adults and children. Recent outbreaks of CHIKV infection in the Caribbean have raised concerns about establishment of this virus in North America. A significant question about the transmission cycle of CHIKV is whether non-human reservoir hosts are important in maintenance or transmission of the virus. We conducted experimental infections with CHIKV and discovered that several reptiles and amphibians developed viremia of sufficient magnitude to possibly serve as reservoir hosts. One or two strains of CHIKV were inoculated into a variety of ball pythons, Burmese pythons, Northern garter snakes, American alligators, green iguanas, painted turtles, leopard frogs, Bufo species toads and cane toads. Viremia was not detected in alligators or cane toads but all other species developed viremia at variable magnitude. Peak viremia in the other species varied from 2.8 (Burmese pythons) to 4.7 (leopard frogs) log10 pfu/ml. We also conducted experiment to evaluate the effect of ambient temperature changes to monitor the “over wintering” capabilities of CHIKV in snakes. Northern garter snakes were inoculated a South African strain of CHIKV at temperatures of 16 C versus 26 C and tested for viremia. The snakes kept at 26 C developed a short term viremia, whereas in snakes kept at 16 C, the virus was maintained for a longer period and viremia titers as high as 7.2 log10 pfu/ml were achieved when animals were subsequently slowly warmed to 26 C.
Automated left ventricular border determination in cineangiograms based on a dynamic spider model

A dynamic spider model is presented to automatically extract the left ventricular border in a sequence of cineangiograms. The spider legs correspond to the medical involution chords of a confined region which resembles the shape of the left ventricle and encompasses its deformations in expansion and contraction of the heart. The recognition task is to find a congruence transformation of the spider by adaptively minimizing a deformity measure. The left ventricular border is then determined via the dynamic programming within the confined region of the registered spider. The method has been tested on cineangiograms of 30 subjects with reasonable success. >
Uptake and Metabolism of Sphingolipids in Isolated Intestinal Loops of Mice

Sphingolipids are found in all eukaryotic organisms. However, little is known about the digestion, uptake and subsequent metabolism of these constituents of food. In this study, radiolabeled sphingolipids were placed in isolated intestinal segments of female CF1 mice, and the metabolism and distribution of the radiolabel were followed. Most of the sphingomyelin was degraded to ceramide and other products in all regions of the intestine, and increasing amounts of several [3H]-labeled sphingolipids appeared in the tissues. Small amounts of the radiolabel disappeared from the intestinal loops and appeared in liver within the first 30 to 60 min implying that neither intact sphingomyelin nor its metabolites are transported very efficiently from the intestine to other organs. There were different degrees of uptake and metabolism of sphingomyelin, [4,5-3H-sphinganyl]ceramide, and [3H]sphingosine. The [3H]sphingomyelin was also administered by gavage and the appearance along the intestine measured. After 90 min, 12% was found in the cecum and colon. These results establish that some of the sphingomyelin that enters the gastrointestinal tract is hydrolyzed and taken up by the intestine, with the lipid backbone being degraded or reutilized for complex sphingolipid synthesis; however, at least a portion passes into the large intestine. The appearance of bioactive compounds throughout the gastrointestinal tract may alter the behavior of intestinal cells.
Lower-Wage Workers and the New Realities of Work and Family

Changes in both social policy and business conditions make this a critical as well as an opportune time to extend a work family perspective to lower-wage workers and to organizations in the community that, in addition to the workplace, affect the well-being of low-income families. Drawing on literature from the fields of work and family, public policy, and organizational sociology, the author reviews what current research tells us about the special challenges that confront lower-wage workers as they combine work and family responsibilities. Integrating knowledge from these fields leads to concerns about current welfare-to-work efforts and opens up new avenues for improving the prospects of lower-wage workers and their families.
Objectives of the U.S. DOE’s research

The principal goal of this research is to expand current levels of industry development and production efficiency of natural gas from the extensive tight gas resource base of the U.S. Such low permeability and currently marginally economical reservoirs have been recognized by the 1992 National Petroleum Council Gas Study as the source of one‐half or more of future national gas supplies. By the year 2030, over one‐half of expected domestic gas production will be from low permeability reservoirs. By 2010, about 20% of the expected gas production will be from these reservoirs. Presently, about 2 trillion ft3 is produced annually from these tight reservoirs. Low permeability reservoirs are located throughout the U.S., but concentrated in the Rocky Mountain basins.
Operator approximations with stable elgenvalues

Suppose λ is an isolated eigenvalue of the (bounded linear) operator T on the Banach space X and the algebraic multiplicity of λ is finite. Let Tn be a sequence of operators on X that converge to T pointwise, that is, Tnx → Tx for every x ∈ X. If ‖(T − Tn)Tn‖ and ‖Tn(T − Tn)‖ converge to 0 then Tn is strongly stable at λ.
A talin mutant that impairs talin-integrin binding in platelets decelerates αIIbβ3 activation without pathological bleeding

Tight regulation of integrin affinity is critical for hemostasis. A final step of integrin activation is talin binding to 2 sites within the integrin β cytoplasmic domain. Binding of talin to a membrane-distal NPxY sequence facilitates a second, weaker interaction of talin with an integrin membrane-proximal region (MPR) that is critical for integrin activation. To test the functional significance of these distinct interactions on platelet function in vivo, we generated knock-in mice expressing talin1 mutants with impaired capacity to interact with the β3 integrin MPR (L325R) or NPLY sequence (W359A). Both talin1(L325R) and talin1(W359A) mice were protected from experimental thrombosis. Talin1(L325R) mice, but not talin(W359A) mice, exhibited a severe bleeding phenotype. Activation of αIIbβ3 was completely blocked in talin1(L325R) platelets, whereas activation was reduced by approximately 50% in talin1(W359A) platelets. Quantitative biochemical measurements detected talin1(W359A) binding to β3 integrin, albeit with a 2.9-fold lower affinity than wild-type talin1. The rate of αIIbβ3 activation was slower in talin1(W359A) platelets, which consequently delayed aggregation under static conditions and reduced thrombus formation under physiological flow conditions. Together our data indicate that reduction of talin-β3 integrin binding affinity results in decelerated αIIbβ3 integrin activation and protection from arterial thrombosis without pathological bleeding.
Vertebrate receptor optics and orientation

Vertebrate photoreceptors act as optical waveguides. They exhibit directionality, non-uniform distribution of energy within and immediately about the receptor, etc. Photolabile pigment absorption favors light traveling axially down the receptor. Clearly these properties influence response of the transducer. Retinal receptors, rods and cones, are aligned normally with a point approximating the center of the exit pupil of the eye. Taken together, these findings suggest that a prime role of receptor optics is to favor acceptance of the pertinent visual stimulus passing through the pupillary aperture and to inhibit stray light noise contained in the integrating sphere-like eyes. Many intriguing problems remain to be resolved. It is necessary to relate the properties of the receptor as a waveguide to determinations of directional sensitivity of the retina (Stiles-Crawford effects), and in particular, to understand mechanisms leading to fine receptor alignment. There must also be a pathology of receptor orientation--a science still in its infancy.
Graphical regression models for polytomous variables

When modeling the relationship between two nominal categorical variables, it is often desirable to include covariates to understand how individuals differ in their response behavior. Typically, however, not all the relevant covariates are available, with the result that the measured variables cannot fully account for the associations between the nominal variables. Under the assumption that the observed and unobserved variables follow a homogeneous conditional Gaussian distribution, this paper proposesRC(M) regression models to decompose the residual associations between the polytomous variables. Based on Goodman's (1979, 1985)RC(M) association model, a distinctive feature ofRC(M) regression models is that they facilitate the joint estimation of effects due to manifest and omitted (continuous) variables without requiring numerical integration. TheRC(M) regression models are illustrated using data from the High School and Beyond study (Tatsuoka & Lohnes, 1988).
Abstract 894: Targeting ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase gene fusions in non-small cell lung cancer

Genomic rearrangements that fuse kinase domain-containing 3′ regions of tyrosine kinase genes with 5′ regions of unrelated genes are well characterized in cancer. The resulting fusion proteins often drive proliferation and invasion of tumor cells and thus represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. One such kinase that has been demonstrated to be involved in various genomic rearrangement events in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), glioblastoma, and cholangiocarcinoma is the ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase (also known as c-ROS and ROS). To date, three different 5′ fusion partners for ROS1 have been identified. In this study, we examined the frequency of ROS1 gene rearrangement in a panel of 428 patient-derived NSCLC tumor samples using a break-apart FISH assay. We found that approximately 1.2% of samples were positive. In positive samples, the expression of the fusion gene and the identity of the fusion partner were examined. HCC78 is a NSCLC cell line that has been demonstrated by us and others to express the SLC34A2-ROS1 gene fusion. In order to assess the cellular consequences of ROS1 inhibition, we treated HCC78 cells with two distinct small molecule kinase inhibitors that have activity against ROS1 (crizotinib and TAE684). We found that both drugs inhibited proliferation of HCC78 cells, down-regulated signaling pathways known to control cellular growth and survival, and disrupted normal cell-cycle progression. Finally, we report clinical data from a NSCLC patient with a ROS1 gene rearrangement, as detected by the FISH break-apart assay, who demonstrated tumor shrinkage when treated with crizotinib. This patient9s tumor exhibited a novel ROS1 gene fusion partner. In conclusion, genomic rearrangements involving the ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase are present in a small subset of NSCLC patients, and drugs that target ROS1 may be an effective treatment strategy for these patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 894. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-894
High-speed stacked tunneling PiN electro-optical modulators

A novel design of a PiN electro-optical modulator is proposed. A PN junction tunneling structure is inserted into the intrinsic region of the PiN EO modulator. Theoretical study shows a speed improvement of two times.
Induction of Experienced Assistant Principals.

Any change in jobs creates stress. Veteran assistant principals who change jobs may encounter an entirely different set of stress-induc ing factors than do new assistant principals.
Motion of Drops on a Surface Induced by Thermal Gradient and Vibration

It is well known that a liquid drop with a low contact angle (∼45°) and low wetting hysteresis moves toward the colder region of a temperature gradient substrate as a result of the thermal Marangoni force. A moderately sized water drop, however, usually does not move on such a surface because of the overwhelming effect of hysteresis. The water drop can, however, be forced to move when it is vibrated on a temperature gradient surface with its velocity exhibiting maxima at the respective Rayleigh frequencies. A simple model is presented that captures the dependence of drop velocity on hysteresis, vibration amplitude, and the forcing and resonance frequencies of vibration.
The Islamic factor in African‐Arab relations

(1984). The Islamic factor in African‐Arab relations. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 687-702.
Laryngeal reflex apnea in neonates: effects of CO2 and the complex influence of hypoxia.

Abstract We have examined influence of hypocapnia, mild hypercapnia and hypoxia on the durations of fictive apnea and respiratory disruption elicited by injection of 0.1 ml of water into the laryngeal lumen—the laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR)—in 20 unanesthetized, decerebrate, vagotomized piglets aged 4–10 days that were paralyzed and ventilated with a constant frequency and tidal volume. The LCR was enhanced by hypocapnia and attenuated by hypercapnia as reported by others. The responses to laryngeal stimulation during hypoxia were varied and complex: some animals showed abbreviated responses during the tachypnea of early hypoxia, followed after 10–15 min by more prolonged apnea and respiratory disruption accompanying the reduction in ventilatory activity that commonly occurs during sustained hypoxia in neonates. We speculate that this later hypoxic enhancement of the LCR may be due to accumulation of adenosine in the brain stem.
Wave structure of a supersonic jet discharging into an opposing supersonic stream

A similarity parameter is suggested for the longitudinal dimensions of the wave structure of a supersonic underexpanded jet discharging into an opposing supersonic stream, and empirical equations are obtained for the calculation of these dimensions.
HZE particle shielding using confined magnetic fields

The great rigidities characteristic of high energy heavy ion (HZE) particles are judged to preclude near term use of confined magnetic fields of reasonable dimensions and strengths for small spacecraft shielding on long duration manned missions. It is noted that a Mars mission-class shield, although effective against solar protons, would be useless for HZE particles unless the mass and size of the shield are increased by several orders of magnitude (to yield a shield comparable to those contemplated for permanent space stations).
On the Site of Distributive Justice: Reflections on Cohen and Murphy

Comparaison de la conception de la justice distributive chez G. A. Cohen et J. Rawls. Examinant les criteres de la justice distributive que sont les conventions, l'ethos social et les choix personnels selon Cohen, et le principe de la difference chez Rawls, l'A. defend une approche dualiste des normes de la distribution contre la position de L. Murphy et Coehn.
NMDA receptors in layers II and III of rat cerebral cortex

Glutamate receptors are found in all layers of the cerebral cortex, but NMDA receptors are concentrated in layers II and III in the adult. We investigated the location of these receptors, and their contribution to the responses of cells in layers V and VI, by iontophoresing NMDA at various distances from the cell body along the apical dendrite of the cells, first in artificial CSF, then in TTX to abolish action potentials. Comparison of responses at various distances along the apical dendrite showed that the response generally increases as distance from the cell body decreases. Comparison of responses in layers II and III, before and after TTX, showed that TTX reduced the response considerably. We conclude first that NMDA receptors in layers II and III are located primarily on cells in layers II and III, rather than on the apical dendrites of cells in layers V and VI, and second that the contribution of NMDA receptors to the response of cells in layers V and VI comes primarily from receptors close to the cell body.
From Positive Reinforcement to Positive Behaviors: An Everyday Guide for the Practitioner.

There are various opinions concerning the value of positive reinforcement when discussing modifying behaviors of young children. In some cases, individuals considered positive reinforcement difficult to implement and, in extreme cases, even felt it to be detrimental. Educators often use praise interchangeably with positive reinforcement when indeed an important distinction exists between the two. This paper discusses the differences between positive reinforcement and praise and demonstrates how to effectively apply positive reinforcement to help manage behavior of young children.
For-profit or not-for-profit health care in today's environment: does it matter?

AbstractEDITOR’S NOTE: Historically, health care delivery systems have been primarily not-for-profit. In return for the charity care and community service they provide, they have been granted tax-exempt status. With increasing frequency, for-profit health care delivery systems have been supplanting not-for-profit systems. For-profit providers have a primary fiduciary responsibility to their board of directors and are highly sensitive to market forces. Some would argue that the distinctions between for-profit and not-for-profit systems are becoming increasingly blurred, with not-for-profit entities increasingly behaving like for-profit providers.For the next several ethics columns, we have invited Mr. Robert Sigmond, senior advisor to the Dean at the School of Public Health, Drexel University School of Public Health, to address these issues. The first column (presented here) focuses on not-for-profit and for-profit health care in rehabilitation. Subsequent columns will address the role of the government, c...
Autotrophic growth ofDesulfotomaculum orientis with reduction of sulfur dioxide

It has been demonstrated that the sulfate-reducing bacteriumDesulfotomaculum orientis can be grown in batch cultures on elemental hydrogen (H2) as an energy source, carbon dioxide (CO2) as a carbon source, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as a terminal electron acceptor. At sufficiently high H2 partial pressures, complete reduction of SO2 to H2S was observed with 1–2 s of gas-liquid contact time. The maximum specific activity for SO2 reduction was 6.5 mmol SO2/h-g of total biomass protein. The stoichiometry of SO2 reduction with H2 as the electron donor has been determined under these conditions. At low H2 partial pressures, SO2 was both oxidized to sulfate and reduced to hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Fluttering fountains: Stability criteria

The fluttering oscillations that have long been seen in falling sheets of water have recently been subjected to detailed theoretical analysis. In this study stability criteria for these oscillations are derived and discussed. These criteria provide insight into the physical mechanisms of the instability and may be employed in the design of fluttering waterfall systems.
The Mössbauer effect of iron in ion exchange resins

Abstract A Mossbauer effect has been observed for ferric and ferrous ions sorbed on a cation exchange resin and for ferrocyanide and ferricyanide complexes sorbed on an anion exchange resin. The isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings for the sorbed species have been compared with the parent compounds. The ferrous, ferricyanide, and ferrocyanide ions do not appear to be affected by the ion exchange resins, but two types of ferric species are indicated on the cation resin in proportions which depend on the resin moisture content. The anomalous results for the sorbed ferric ions are explained by a hydrolysis on the resin in which an iron dimer and ferric oxyl-hydroxide are produced.