cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
JDBC demonstration courseware using Servlets and Java Server Pages

This paper describes the design and functionality of courseware developed to demonstrate the JDBC API. The courseware is used in an advanced undergraduate database course that emphasizes the use of Web access to database systems. The JDBC courseware is written using Java Servlets and Java Server Pages, allowing the user to view the metadata associated with a database, to view and browse the information in a database according to the database metadata, and to query and/or manipulate data using SQL statements. The advantage of the courseware is that it demonstrates the main functionality of the JDBC API in an application-independent manner. The courseware can access any ODBC-compliant database, emphasizing the generality of the JDBC API and helping students understand how JDBC can be used to query the metadata of the database as well as the database contents.
Reliable processor coordination for distributed resource management in hypercubes

Under distributed resource management, processors in a multicomputer system must coordinate with each other through interprocessor communication to exchange state information, synchronize management activities, allocate and deallocate computing resources, and detect component faults. In this paper, we propose a reliable processor coordination scheme based on a communication mechanism, called recursively synchronized broadcast (RSB), to support these critical functions in a failure-prone distributed hypercube system.
Sex-Age Selectivity and Correlates of Capture for Winter-Trapped White-Tailed Deer

Abstract Despite the common use of Clover traps to capture white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), little published information exists quantifying trap success, trap selectivity (sex-age selection), or weather correlates of trap success. We quantified these relationships using white-tailed deer data from 3 study sites in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, USA, during winters 2001–2007. We captured 610 deer in 8,569 trap-nights; pooled capture success was 0.07 deer/trap-night, although site-year success varied from 0.021 to 0.086. We compared sex-age classes (fawn [pooled by sex], ad M, ad F) captured with sex-age classes estimated to be available on each study site during each capture season. We used generalized linear mixed modeling to construct 19 a priori models to describe probability of capture success as a function of weather covariates (daily min. temp [° C], daily snowfall [cm], daily snow depth [cm]), Julian day, site, and year. General selection patterns included fawns captured more than expec...
Critical Limb Ischemia: Will Atherectomy and Laser-Directed Therapy be the Answer?

The interventional treatment of peripheral atherosclerotic occlusive disease is increasingly becoming accepted as an appropriate initial form of therapy. Standard methods of treatment include balloon angioplasty and stent assisted angioplasty. Laser catheters and mechanical atherectomy catheters are newer tools, which can be utilized to assist in achieving and maintaining patency in these vessels. In this report, we review the efficacy, safety, and potential advantages of these ablative devices when used for the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
The Analysis of Ethanol in Serum, Blood, and Urine: A Comparison of the TDx REA Ethanol Assay with Gas Chromatography

Studies were performed to evaluate two Abbott TDx ethanol assays, one which is commercially available (TDx-INT) and the other which is under experimental trial (TDx-MTT). Both assays employ radiative energy attenuation (REA) and differ only in the dye used for the chromogen. TDx-INT and TDx-MTT were compared to a headspace gas chromatographic method of analysis. Four types of specimens were studied: serum, urine, postmortem blood, and blood from intoxicated drivers (DWI). Specimens not containing ethanol were also analyzed. Statistical evaluation by least square regression analysis revealed good correlation (greater than 0.98) for each group when ethanol values obtained by either TDx method were compared to the value obtained by gas chromatography. The slopes of the lines ranged from 0.96 to 1.02.
INTEGRATION OF AQUACULTURE AND ARID LANDS AGRICULTURE FOR WATER REUSE AND REDUCED FERTILIZER DEPENDENCY

Field irrigation is costly in arid regions, and over-fertilization of farmland can lead to high groundwater nitrate levels and significant environmental challenges. Integrative aquaculture and agriculture (IAA) systems allow the reuse of water and nutrients to offset production costs while promoting greater sustainability. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of an IAA system using treatments formed from one water source, groundwater (GRND) or fish pond effluent (EFF), and one chemical fertilizer regime, eliminated (ELIM) or historical (HIST). Treatments were applied to field plots of barley or cotton. There were typically positive effects of EFF applications on crop growth and yield relative to GRND applications under identical fertilizer regimes. However, GRND-HIST almost always outperformed EFF-ELIM, suggesting that substituting effluent irrigations for a historical fertilization regime without pond biosolid or reduced fertilizer applications could be detrimental to crop production.
The large-N limit of the Segal–Bargmann transform on UN

We study the (two-parameter) Segal‐Bargmann transform B N on the unitary group UN , for large N . Acting on matrix valued functions that are equivariant under the adjoint action of the group, the transform has a meaningful limit Gs,t as N → ∞, which can be identified as an operator on the space of complex Laurent polynomials. We introduce the space of trace polynomials, and use it to give effective computational methods to determine the action of the heat operator, and thus the Segal‐Bargmann transform. We prove several concentration of measure and limit theorems, giving a direct connection from the finite-dimensional transform B N to its limit Gs,t. We characterize the operator Gs,t through its inverse action on the standard polynomial basis. Finally, we show that, in the case s = t, the limit transform Gt,t is the “free Hall transform” G t introduced by Biane.
Osteotomy through the Lesser Trochanter for Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

The technique for accurate biplane osteotomy at the level of the lesser trochanter for the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis by making reasonably accurate roentgenographic measurements is described and illustrated. Correction of one deformity by producing a reverse deformity at another level may not be esthetically appealing but an osteotomy through the lesser trochanter for slipped capital femoral epiphysis has the following advantages: 1. It does not seem to cause avascular necrosis of the head of the femur; 2. It does not open or directly assault the hip joint; 3. It seems to stimulate early closure of the slipped epiphyseal plate; 4. It does not prevent further corrective surgery at a second stage if need be; 5. If performed accurately it can be expected to restore hip function in almost every patient. Fifty-five patients have been treated by this method and avascular necrosis has not occurred. The results in twenty-six patients followed five years or more are reported in detail. Patients who have the complication of joint-space narrowing (not avascular necrosis) with joint stiffness should be given adequate time and rest, probably three years or more, to allow regeneration of the joint space to occur before consideration is given to reconstructive procedures. A possible mechanism for this narrowing and for the later restoration of the space is discussed.
Excimer Laser Keratectomy After Radial Keratotomy

Radial keratotomy to treat myopia has been characterized by a lack of predictability. Until recently, patients with undercorrected myopia who were unsatisfied with their visual outcome could only be offered secondary augmentation procedures, which were equally unpredictable. We performed excimer laser keratectomy in six eyes of five patients whose myopia was undercorrected after radial keratotomy. The average residual spherical equivalent refractive error after radial keratotomy was --2.40 diopters, and this was reduced to --0.48 diopters after laser treatment. Final uncorrected visual acuity ranged from 20/80 to 20/20, and visual acuity was corrected to within one line of the preoperative best-corrected value in all patients. Epithelialization of all eyes occurred within four to six days. There were no incidences of corneal neovascularization, including no vascularization of the radial keratotomy incisions. Our findings suggest excimer phototherapeutic keratectomy offers a safe and more controlled method of augmenting undercorrected myopia after radial keratotomy.
Complete pathologic response to neoadjuvant radiotherapy is predictive of oncological outcome in patients with soft tissue sarcoma.

External beam radiation therapy (RT) is an important component of the multi-modality treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Oncological outcomes have been shown to be essentially equivalent when either pre- or post operative RT is administered, particularly for primary STS located on the extremities (1). Consequently, neoadjuvant RT has gained popularity among sarcoma centers because among other potential advantages, response to therapy can be assessed using clinical, radiological, and pathological parameters (2,3). However, assessment of tumor response or treatment effectiveness remains poorly characterized, and novel imaging and molecular biomarkers remain a priority of clinical cancer research (4,5). Currently one of the few reproducible markers which is available to clinicians is the degree of induced pathologic necrosis in the surgical specimen. Studies in STS and other tumors have demonstrated that high levels of pathological tumor necrosis (pathCR) in surgical resection specimens are correlated with superior oncological outcomes including survival (6–13). However, these studies have been retrospective in nature, have analyzed varying thresholds of tumor necrosis (90% in osteosarcoma, 95% in STS, 99% in rectal cancer), and have employed heterogeneous preoperative regimens, including multi-agent chemotherapy or chemoradiation (6–13). Consequently, the exact nature of the relationship of complete pathologic necrosis to oncologic outcome following neoadjuvant therapy remains equivocal, and the significance of pathCR in STS following RT monotherapy has not been well established. Therefore, we sought to determine the histological response rates to neoadjuvant RT monotherapy for patients with STS receiving treatment with curative intent to determine if pathCR was associated with overall survival (OS), distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS), and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS). We hypothesized that greater than 95% tumor necrosis at the time of surgical resection would predict favorable oncologic outcomes.
Normal Speech and Language Development: An Overview

Normal Speech and Language Development Language consists of any symbol system for the storage and exchange of information. It commonly is described in terms of auditory expressive and receptive ability (speech and listening comprehension, respectively). However, language also is conveyed visually. Normal infants attend to gestures and initiate various gestures to make their needs known; visual language development in deaf infants exposed to a formal sign system, such as American Sign Language (ASL), parallels the stages of oral language development in hearing infants;1 and reading and writing are obvious manifestations of visual language in older children and adults. Precursors to auditory and visual language are readily observable from earliest infancy. Because these precursors lack symbolic value, they are termed prelinguistic. AUDITORY EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE Human infants produce a uniform sequence of prelinguistic utterances, regardless of the language spoken by their adult caretakers. The earliest of these utterances is cooing, which consists of musical, open vowel sounds. Cooing should be well established within the first 4 to 6 weeks of life. This is followed in the first few months of life by bilabial sounds: blowing bubbles or the "raspberry." By 5 months, laughing and a variety of monosyllables appear, such as "ba" or "ga." Between 6 and 8 months, infants produce polysyllabic babbling, which consists of the same syllable repeated over and over: "lalalalala," "mamamamama," "dadadadada," and so forth.
Three highly available data streaming techniques and their tradeoffs

The Recall All Your Senses (RAYS) project envisions a social networking system that empowers its users to store, retrieve, and share data produced by streaming devices. An example device is the popular Apple iPhone that produces continuous media, audio and video clips. This paper focuses on the stream manager of RAYS, RAYS-SM, and its peer-to-peer overlay network. For a request that streams data from a device, RAYS-SM initiates more than one stream in order to minimize loss of data when nodes in its network fail. We present the design of 3 data availability techniques, quantifying their throughput and Mean Time To Data Loss (MTTDL). These two metrics highlight the tradeoff between the resource usage of each technique during normal mode of operation in order to minimize loss of data in the presence of node failures.
A Near-Field Investigation Into the Effects of Geometry and Compound Angle on the Flowfield of a Row of Film Cooling Holes

The goal of this study was to determine the effects that hole geometry and compound angle have on the near-field downstream from a row of jets injected into a crossflow. Velocity and vorticity fields are presented in cross-sectional planes oriented perpendicular to the mainstream flow. Instantaneous field measurements were obtained using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Data were recorded at locations of 0, 1, 2, and 3.5 hole diameters downstream of injection for three different hole geometries inclined at 35° to the mainstream flow. These geometries consisted of a cylindrical hole, a 12° laterally- diffused hole, and a 15° forward-expanded hole with compound angles of 0°, 45°, 60°, and 90. Data are presented for a blowing ratio of 1.25 and density ratio of 1. The influences on jet penetration, coverage width, flow structure elevation, and flow structure separation for each configuration are discussed. Vorticity is presented in terms of field distribution and peak magnitudes. These studies show the degradation of the counter-rotating vortex pair into a singular, recirculating structure as the compound angle increases. Peak levels of vorticity are not encountered until between one and two diameters downstream of injection. BACKGROUND Jets in crossflow are a common occurrence in many engineering systems.
Formation of spherical micelles in a supercritical solvent: Lattice Monte Carlo simulation and multicomponent solution model

We modify Larson's lattice model [Larson, R.G., Scriven, L.E. and Davis, H.T. (1985). J. Chem. Phys. , 83 , 2411-2420] and use it to study formation of spherical micelles in a supercritical solvent by large-scale Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and by the multicomponent solution model. Carbon dioxide and perfluoroalkylpoly(ethylene oxide) serve as prototypes for the solvent and surfactant, respectively. Larson-model type parameters for carbon dioxide and perfluoroalkylpoly(ethylene oxide) are obtained using experimental values of critical parameters and solubility along with a modified Berthelot combining rule. We perform canonical MC simulations at a supercritical temperature and low surfactant concentrations, varying the number of surfactant head and tail segments and the solvent density. Various properties such as the critical micelle concentration, the aggregate size distribution and the size of the micelles is evaluated. The multicomponent solution model and the simulation results for the aggregate size...
Some aspects of depolymerization kinetics

A brief discussion of the importance of the transfer step and its effect in the pyrolysis of polyethylene is given. In this case the removal, by molecular distillation, of smaller species from the reacting mixture modifies the kinetics. The molecular weight decreases less rapidly and tends to a limiting value depending on the maximum size of the evaporating molecules. The number distribution of the latter is, in a first approximation, independent of their size. The pertinent expressions are presented and the general solution of the rate equations which can be used to obtain higher approximations is given.
Hemodynamic studies in patients with borderline blood pressure elevation.

Ninety-four patients with occasionally elevated (borderline) blood pressure, 61 patients with asymptomatic established hypertension, and 63 normal subjects have been studied at rest and during a progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Subjects with borderline blood pressure had increased cardiac output in the resting recumbent position, but this was not maintained in the sitting position or during exercise. In the resting recumbent position there was overlap in the total peripheral resistance of normal subjects and patients with borderline blood pressure, but when analyzed in relation to the cardiac output, the total peripheral resistance of patients with borderline blood pressure was significantly elevated. In the sitting position the peripheral resistance of the patients with borderline blood pressure was elevated and remained elevated during light exercise, but fell into the normal range at higher loads. In this respect patients with borderline blood pressure differed from hypertensive patients...
The complex form of a fast algorithm for frequency estimation

A complex form of a fast frequency estimation technique based on the quotient-difference (QD) algorithm is presented. The complex stochastic process is modeled as a sum of nonharmonically related damped exponentials. This algorithm computes the zeros of the predictor polynomial in a single step, directly from the data and has computational complexity on the order of Np. >
A simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in human plasma or serum.

Objective: A simple reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method with a variable wavelength detection has been developed for determining the commonly used tricyclic antidepressant drugs in plasma. Methods: The assay procedure involves a liquid-liquid extraction with an initial extraction into hexane:ethyl acetate after basification of the homogenate. The column used was a Supelco Hypersil 5 μm, 150 × 3.2 mm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile, methanol, and phosphate buffer (0.01M, pH 7.4) at 12:3:5 ratio (v/v/v). Results: The recoveries ranged from 89 to 108% and the day-to-day precision was 1.1 to 13% CV depending on the compound. The method is sensitive to 15 ng/mL and linear to 400 ng/mL with a 25 μL injection. Conclusion: This method is simple, sensitive, precise, inexpensive, and is currently used in our laboratory for therapeutic monitoring of tricyclics. The data generated by this method were within the range outlined by the College of American Pathologists.
Antiphase Boundary Migration and Domain Coarsening in Bulk and Thin-Foil Fe-Al Specimens

The dynamics of microstructural coarsening processes has interested the materials science and condensed matter physics communities for a number of years now. There are many fascinating aspects of these problems, and much theoretical work on such problems has been done. One of the simplest processes to model is the coarsening of antiphase domains in ordered crystal structures like B2 (CsCl) having only two sublattices.
Modeling three-dimensional space use and overlap in birds

ABSTRACT How animals use space has fundamental behavioral and ecological implications. Utilization distributions are among the most common methods for quantifying space use and have advanced our knowledge of animal ecology in a variety of ways. However, until recently, they were limited to 2 spatial dimensions (2D), despite the fact that most taxa use their environments in all 3 dimensions (3D). We (1) created 3D utilization distributions via a multivariate kernel density estimator, (2) adapted 2 overlap indices for use with 3D data, (3) estimated the minimum sample sizes required for accurate estimation of territory size, and (4) assessed these methods using data from American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) during their nonbreeding season in Jamaica. We found that, compared to 3D methods, 2D methods overestimated individual (pairwise) spatial overlap by 3% in scrub habitat and 4% in mangrove habitat. Similarly, 2D methods overestimated total (all neighbors combined) spatial overlap by 9% in scrub and 12...
Direct experimental evidence for quadruplex–quadruplex interaction within the human ILPR

Here we report the analysis of dual G-quadruplexes formed in the four repeats of the consensus sequence from the insulin-linked polymorphic region (ACAGGGGTGTGGGG; ILPRn=4). Mobilities of ILPRn=4 in nondenaturing gel and circular dichroism (CD) studies confirmed the formation of two intramolecular G-quadruplexes in the sequence. Both CD and single molecule studies using optical tweezers showed that the two quadruplexes in the ILPRn=4 most likely adopt a hybrid G-quadruplex structure that was entirely different from the mixture of parallel and antiparallel conformers previously observed in the single G-quadruplex forming sequence (ILPRn=2). These results indicate that the structural knowledge of a single G-quadruplex cannot be automatically extrapolated to predict the conformation of multiple quadruplexes in tandem. Furthermore, mechanical pulling of the ILPRn=4 at the single molecule level suggests that the two quadruplexes are unfolded cooperatively, perhaps due to a quadruplex–quadruplex interaction (QQI) between them. Additional evidence for the QQI was provided by DMS footprinting on the ILPRn=4 that identified specific guanines only protected in the presence of a neighboring G-quadruplex. There have been very few experimental reports on multiple G-quadruplex-forming sequences and this report provides direct experimental evidence for the existence of a QQI between two contiguous G-quadruplexes in the ILPR.
Formation of Dimethyl Sulfide by Propionibacterium shermanii ATCC 9617

Abstract As an extension of earlier observations on the ability of Propionibacterium shermanii ATCC 9617 to produce dimethyl sulfide, the quantitative production of this compound was investigated to determine the precursor(s) for dimethyl sulfide formation. Dimethyl sulfide was produced in milk culture at both 8 and 30C. At 30C maximum production was attained in 24 hours, further incubation decreased dimethyl sulfide, apparently due to metabolism by the organism. Although the test organism grew readily in sodium lactate broth, it did not produce dimethyl sulfide. Pyruvate as well as cell-free extracts of Streptococcus cremoris and Leuconostoe citrovorum stimulated growth but not dimethyl sulfide formation. Addition of methionine, cysteine, cystathionine or β -dimethylpropiothetin chloride to the fermentation failed to enhance dimethyl sulfide accumulation. Upon rennet coagulation, the precursor fraction for dimethyl sulfide formation by the test organism was recovered mostly but not exclusively, in the whey fraction. After exhaustive dialysis of whey, the dialysate and nondialyzable fractions supported dimethyl sulfide production. When the dialysate was fractionated by gel filtration, the ability of fractions to support dimethyl sulfide production paralleled the protein elution profile. Addition of precipitated whey protein or α -lactalbumin to milk cultures enhanced dimethyl sulfide production. We conclude that P. shermanii ATCC 9617 produces dimethyl sulfide from sulfur-containing amino acids in peptide linkage.
Tools of the Trade: Analyzing Technology as Object in Nursing

Key components of nursing practice are the things nurses use in their work. Despite the importance that technological objects have played in both practicing and representing the practice of nursing, they have received only tangential attention in empirical and ethical studies of nursing practice and in theories of nursing. In this paper, technology is analyzed in its mode of manifestation as "object." An analytic emphasis on technology as object is necessary to draw attention to and garner respect for the independent force that objects exert in human/machine interactions. In addition, giving conceptual primacy to the material manifestation of technology can help to clarify (even as it raises other questions about) the long-standing and somewhat bittersweet relationship between nursing and technology.
384 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMTNATTON of CONTINUOUS DRIP FEEDING SYSTEMS

Continuous gastric and transpyloric feeding techniques have been advocated for low birth weight infants, but bacterial surveillance studies of these systems have not been reported. A preliminary investigation in our nursery showed that 176/576(31%) of formula samples obtained from the drip chamber were contaminated. Using the same feeding system with a broth of E. coli simulating the infant's stomach, 0/151 specimens of formula were contaminated, thereby eliminating the ascending route as the bacterial source. No positive cultures were obtained from 40 randomly sampled bottles of formula which were opened and exposed to room air for 8 hours. A prospective study in 115 infants showed that 255/902 (28%) of cultures from formula drip chambers were positive, but the presence of a vacuum flutter valve in the reservoir and the number of times formula was added to the chamber did not significantly affect the incidence of positive cultures. Milk reservoirs changed every 24 hours did not have a significantly different contamination rate from those changed every 12 hours. When cultures of formula were obtained from the original mixing bottle after being discarded by the nurse, 50/64 (78%) powdered formulas and 94/339 (28%) liquid formulas were positive. This study demonstrates a very high rate of bacterial contamination of infant formulas administered by continuous drip, elucidates contributing environmental factors, and emphasizes the need for meticulous care in formula mixing techniques.
Detecting association with rare variants for common diseases using haplotype-based methods

Current Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have successfully detected many genetic variants contributing to common diseases but not rare ones. Here two haplotypebased methods are proposed for detecting rare variants contributing a common disease. One method is a haplotypebased truncated product method (HTPM), for which we borrow a p-value combination method from testing for the multiple hypotheses, but use it for the purpose of clustering the information on rare risk haplotypes. The other method is the combined method, for which a set of risk haplotypes are chosen based on haplotype frequency comparison between cases and controls, and then testing for association using the same sample. Our simulation study demonstrates that both methods have improved power for detecting the association between rare variants and diseases, compared with other available methods. Both methods are applied to the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) coronary artery disease and hypertension data and replicated the previous findings of genes associated with hypertension and coronary artery disease respectively at a genome-wide significance level of 5%. These results suggest that haplotypebased methods are powerful methods in searching for rare genetic variants and can be applicable to the data from current GWAS.
Cellular responses of laboratory mice to feedings of Ornithodoros talaje (Acari: Argasidae) larvae.

Studies were carried out in which laboratory mice were subjected to sequential feedings by slow feeding Ornithodoros talaje (Guerin-Meneville) larvae to detect and characterize the host cellular response. After the first exposure, histological evidence showed a strong neutrophil infiltration at the site of attachment and feeding. By the third exposure, a marked shift to lymphocytes was noted in the mouse tissues using histological preparations of the feeding ticks. Lymphocyte proliferation tests also provided indirect evidence of a host lymphocyte response as a result of the three tick exposures and feedings.
Lectin histochemistry of gangliosidosis. II. Neurovisceral tissues from patients with Sandhoff's disease.

Lectin histochemical studies were performed on selected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of patients affected with the O variant of GM2-gangliosidosis (i.e., Sandhoff's disease). The purpose was to identify specific sugar residues of undegraded “stored” substances in cytoplasm of affected cells. We studied neural tissues from 13 patients, visceral tissues from four patients, and placentae from three affected fetuses. Neurons in all 13 cases studied stained withConcanavalia ensiformis agglutinin (Con A) and withUlex europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA-I). Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (S-WGA) stained affected visceral cells and astrocytes and macrophages in the central nervous system. These results demonstrate that α-d-mannosyl and α-l-fucosyl residues, which bind Con A and UEA-I, respectively, are present in affected neurons. Furthermore, they revealed the affected nonneuronal cells and astrocytes contain complex carbohydrates with nonreducing terminal β-N-acetylglucosamine, which binds S-WGA.
Effects of membrane depolarization on nicotinamide nucleotide fluorescence in brain slices

Abstract 1. Simultaneous measurement of tissue NAD(P)H fluorescence and respiration was used to elucidate some of the early chemical changes after depolarization of the membranes of cerebral-cortical cells. Depolarization was effected by the application of a train of short-duration voltage pulses across a slice of guinea-pig cerebral cortex. The pulses cause a biphasic change in fluorescence corresponding to an early (within 1s) oxidation and later (about 10s) reduction of nicotinamide nucleotide. The major portions of both these redox changes are unrelated to the accompanying increase in slice respiration of about 75%. 2. The early oxidation requires Ca2+ and phosphate in the bathing medium and appears to be largely due to an early mitochondrial uptake of these ions. 3. The ensuing reduction occurs in the cytosol, as judged by its almost complete elimination in the presence of exogenous pyruvate. It becomes markedly attenuated with increasing time of incubation. This and the ability of exogenous 6-N-2′-O-dibutyryl cyclic AMP to cause a reduction in the absence of electrical pulses suggest that it results from a cyclic AMP-mediated activation of glycogenolysis. 4. Further results, obtained in the presence of exogenous pyruvate, indicate that in addition to the above effects a net transfer of NADH from the mitochondrial to cytosolic space (presumably via a shuttle mechanism) is activated by the electrical pulses. 5. The lack of any sizeable (more than 2% of basal fluorescence) fluorescence change associated with the respiratory increase caused by the pulses, and the fact that any change which may be associated with it corresponds to a small reduction of mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide, show that a simple state 4 → state 3 mitochondrial transition cannot account for the increased respiration. The results suggest, rather, a co-ordinated control of respiration, at more than one site.
Analysis of the DNA fingerprinting features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis IS6110 in She nationality of Fujian province

The IS6110-PCR fingerprinting method was used to investigate the DNA finger-printing correlation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis IS6110 between She and Han nationality in Fujian province in order to find out the molecular epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in She nationality.Based on the IS6110-PCR fingerprinting pattern of 100 strains of M.tuberculosis isolated from these two nationalities,the genotypes of these isolated strains could be divided into 4 main types,in which 59 strains belonged to I type(Beijing genotype),38 strains were II type,2 strains were III type and one strain was IV type.The DNA finger-printing patterns in Han nationality were I and II types,mainly I type accounting to 80%;whereas those of She nationality were I.II,III and IV types,mainly II type accounting to 56%.As demonstrated by χ 2 analysis,significant difference in the DNA finger-printing pattern existed between these two nationalities in Fujian province(P0.01).In addition,the rate of developing drug-resistance in II type of strain of M.tuberculosis was rather higher than that of I type[47.4%(18/38)vs 20.3%(12/59)],suggesting that a connection should be considered on II type of M.tuberculosis and the high prevalence of tuberculosis in She nationality.
Resistance of macrophages to the suppressive effect of interleukin-10 following thermal injury.

The activation of a macrophage (Mφ)-dependent proinflammatory cascade following thermal injury plays an important role in the development of immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to subseq...
Functional comparison of Deinococcus radiodurans Dps proteins suggests distinct in vivo roles.

Deinococcus radiodurans exhibits extreme resistance to DNA damage and is one of only few bacteria that encode two Dps (DNA protection during starvation) proteins. Dps-1 was shown previously to bind DNA with high affinity and to localize to the D. radiodurans nucleoid. A unique feature of Dps-2 is its predicted signal peptide. In the present paper, we report that Dps-2 assembly into a dodecamer requires the C-terminal extension and, whereas Dps-2 binds DNA with low affinity, it protects against degradation by reactive oxygen species. Consistent with a role for Dps-2 in oxidative stress responses, the Dps-2 promoter is up-regulated by oxidative stress, whereas the Dps-1 promoter is not. Although DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining of Escherichia coli nucleoids shows that Dps-1 can compact genomic DNA, such nucleoid condensation is absent from cells expressing Dps-2. A fusion of EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) to the Dps-2 signal peptide results in green fluorescence at the perimeter of D. radiodurans cells. The differential response of the Dps-1 and Dps-2 promoters to oxidative stress, the distinct cellular localization of the proteins and the differential ability of Dps-1 and Dps-2 to attenuate hydroxyl radical production suggest distinct functional roles; whereas Dps-1 may function in DNA metabolism, Dps-2 may protect against exogenously derived reactive oxygen species.
Studies with Listeria monocytogenes lead the way.

Publisher Summary Listeria monocytogenes , a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen, has a limited infectivity and is not one of the major bacterial pathogens. This chapter discusses the importance of studies with L. monocytogenes. The impetus for the many investigations on L. monocytogenes lies in its fascinating life history. The tricks that L. monocytogenes uses have helped to learn many fundamental principles of immunology, pathogenesis, and cellular biology. Infection starts by invasion of epithelial surfaces through a series of well-defined invasins that target species-specific host cell-surface receptors. L. monocytogenes comes into the picture following Mackaness' establishment of the basic parameters for infection in mice. This led to a critical examination of the mechanisms of resistance, confirming an early observation that serum from infected animals did not transfer protection. Acquired immunity to L. monocytogenes was transferred only by live cells. The chapter mentions a number of recent contributors to this field.
Symbolic Computation Systems and Algebraic, Graphical, and Numerical Viewpoints in Elementary Calculus

Widespread dissatisfaction with the traditional calculus course and recent technological advances have created new opportunities and challenges for mathematics educators. Symbolic computation systems (and some hand-held calculators) can now do many of the routine problems frequently assigned in first-year calculus courses. In this paper we describe a project that explores how the graphical, symbolic, and numerical computation capabilities of a modern symbolic computation system can be used in a first-year calculus course that focuses on the development of reasoning skills based on an understanding of calculus concepts.
Structural biology: A picornavirus unlike the others.

Technological breakthroughs in cryo-electron microscopy are allowing the capture of virus structures, leading to advances in the field of viral microbiology almost daily. An innovative structure–function study on Aichi virus reveals that novel entry mechanisms, yet undiscovered, may exist for non-enveloped viruses.
Preparing for Two Cultures

It would be interesting to speculate what it says about the discipline of law and psychology in the United States that its putative parent, Hugo Munsterberg, was a German nationalist who was cajoled into emigrating to this country by William James, became president of the American Psychological Association one year after he arrived here, attempted to arouse sympathy among the American people for the German cause during World War I, never became an American citizen (Keller, 1979), and whose work, On the Witness Stand (Munsterberg, 1908), was so vilified by legal scholars (e.g., Wigmore, 1909) that it almost irreparably damaged the nascent attempt to apply the behavioral sciences to the law. In fact, it took 20 years and the legal realism movement before any such serious interdisciplinary work reappeared, primarily collaborative efforts by social scientists and law professors (Loh, 1981; Schlegel, 1979).
Reduced Regional Grey Matter Volumes in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Pediatric OSA is associated with cognitive risk. Since adult OSA manifests MRI evidence of brain injury, and animal models lead to regional neuronal losses, pediatric OSA patients may also be affected. We assessed the presence of neuronal injury, measured as regional grey matter volume, in 16 OSA children (8 male, 8.1 ± 2.2 years, AHI:11.1 ± 5.9 events/hr), and 200 control subjects (84 male, 8.2 ± 2.0 years), 191 of whom were from the NIH-Pediatric MRI database. High resolution T1-weighted whole-brain images were assessed between groups with voxel-based morphometry, using ANCOVA (covariates, age and gender; family-wise error correction, P < 0.01). Significant grey matter volume reductions appeared in OSA throughout areas of the superior frontal and prefrontal, and superior and lateral parietal cortices. Other affected sites included the brainstem, ventral medial prefrontal cortex, and superior temporal lobe, mostly on the left side. Thus, pediatric OSA subjects show extensive regionally-demarcated grey matter volume reductions in areas that control cognition and mood functions, even if such losses are apparently independent of cognitive deficits. Since OSA disease duration in our subjects is unknown, these findings may result from either delayed neuronal development, neuronal damaging processes, or a combination thereof, and could either reflect neuronal atrophy or reductions in cellular volume (neurons and glia).
Electronic Manning Boards

Abstract This paper describes the development of a specialised form of data-collection equipment to automate the function of attendance recording in the South African gold mining industry. The data processing hardware consists of a central computer with ruggedised terminals at each shaft having keyboard entry, gas panel display, and digital input and output facilities. These terminals control a series of electronic manning boards in which the presence or absence of a card is detected by means of a matrix of magnetically-operated switches.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatment of anal fissure

Anal fissure has a very large number of treatment options. The choice is difficult. In an effort to assist in that, choice presented here is a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published treatments for anal fissure that have been studied in randomized controlled trials. Randomized trials were sought in the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, EMBASE and the trials registry sites clinicaltrials.gov and who/int/ictrp/search/en. Abstracts were screened, full-text studies chosen, and finally eligible studies selected and abstracted. The review was then divided into those studies that compared two or more surgical procedures and those that had at least one arm that was non-surgical. Studies were further categorized by the specific interventions and comparisons. The outcome assessed was treatment failure. Negative effects of treatment assessed were headache and anal incontinence. Risk of bias was assessed for each study, and the strength of the evidence of each comparison was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. One hundred and forty-eight eligible trials were found and assessed, 31 in the surgical group and 117 in the non-surgical group. There were 14 different operations described in the surgical group and 29 different non-surgical treatments in the non-surgical group along with partial lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS). There were 61 different comparisons. Of these, 47 were reported in 2 or fewer studies, usually with quite small patient samples. The largest single comparison was glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) versus control with 19 studies. GTN was more effective than control in sustained cure (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.63–0.77), but the quality of evidence was very poor because of severe heterogeneity, and risk of bias due to inadequate clinical follow-up. The only comparison to have a GRADE quality of evidence of high was a subgroup analysis of LIS versus any medical therapy (OR 0.12; CI 0.07–0.21). Most of the other studies were downgraded in GRADE due to imprecision. LIS is superior to non-surgical therapies in achieving sustained cure of fissure. Calcium channel blockers were more effective than GTN and with less risk of headache, but with only a low quality of evidence. Anal incontinence, once thought to be a frequent risk with LIS, was found in various subgroups in this review to have a risk between 3.4 and 4.4%. Among the surgical studies, manual anal stretch performed worse than LIS in the treatment of chronic anal fissure in adults. For those patients requiring surgery for anal fissure, open LIS and closed LIS appear to be equally efficacious, with a moderate GRADE quality of evidence. All other GRADE evaluations of procedures were low to very low due mostly to imprecision.
Advances in Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2DCOS)

Abstract A tutorial for generalized two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) is provided to show how this technique can be applied to a wide range of spectroscopic and other analytic problems. In generalized 2DCOS, similarity or dissimilarity among variations of spectroscopic intensities, which are induced by applying an external perturbation to the sample system, is examined by constructing correlation spectra defined by two independent spectral variable axes. By spreading congested or overlapped peaks along the second dimension, apparent spectral resolution is enhanced, and interpretation of complex spectra becomes simplified. A set of simple rules for the intensities and signs of correlation peaks is used to extract insightful information. Simulated model spectra and experimental IR spectra obtained during the melt crystallization of a biodegradable copolymer are used to demonstrate the utility of 2DCOS. Additional tools useful in 2DCOS analysis, such as 2D heterocorrelation, moving-window analysis, codistribution analysis, Pareto scaling, and null-space projection, are also discussed with illustrative examples.
Elastic Properties of Novel Co- and CoNi-Based Superalloys Determined through Bayesian Inference and Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

Bayesian inference is employed to precisely evaluate single crystal elastic properties of novel $$\gamma -\gamma '$$ Co- and CoNi-based superalloys from simple and non-destructive resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) measurements. Nine alloys from three Co-, CoNi-, and Ni-based alloy classes were evaluated in the fully aged condition, with one alloy per class also evaluated in the solution heat-treated condition. Comparisons are made between the elastic properties of the three alloy classes and among the alloys of a single class, with the following trends observed. A monotonic rise in the $$c_{44}$$ (shear) elastic constant by a total of 12 pct is observed between the three alloy classes as Co is substituted for Ni. Elastic anisotropy (A) is also increased, with a large majority of the nearly 13 pct increase occurring after Co becomes the dominant constituent. Together the five CoNi alloys, with Co:Ni ratios from 1:1 to 1.5:1, exhibited remarkably similar properties with an average A 1.8 pct greater than the Ni-based alloy CMSX-4. Custom code demonstrating a substantial advance over previously reported methods for RUS inversion is also reported here for the first time. CmdStan-RUS is built upon the open-source probabilistic programing language of Stan and formulates the inverse problem using Bayesian methods. Bayesian posterior distributions are efficiently computed with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC), while initial parameterization is randomly generated from weakly informative prior distributions. Remarkably robust convergence behavior is demonstrated across multiple independent HMC chains in spite of initial parameterization often very far from actual parameter values. Experimental procedures are substantially simplified by allowing any arbitrary misorientation between the specimen and crystal axes, as elastic properties and misorientation are estimated simultaneously.
Labeling and the Differential Impact of School Discipline on Negative Life Outcomes: Assessing Ethno-Racial Variation in the School-to-Prison Pipeline:

The relationship between educational attainment and involvement in the criminal justice system is one of the most consistent findings in the criminological literature. Contributing to this relationship is the increased and disproportionate use of exclusionary discipline, particularly among ethno-racial minorities. Exclusionary discipline is correlated with negative life outcomes however; scholars have yet to examine the impact of school discipline on behavioral outcomes across race and ethnicity. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health, this study addresses this gap by modeling the pathways from school exclusion to future dropout, delinquency, and criminal offending for White, Black, and Hispanic youth. Results suggest significant differences in the effect of school exclusion on future outcomes across ethno-racial groups.
Nonword Repetition and Language Outcomes in Young Children Born Preterm

Purpose The aims of this study were to examine phonological short-term memory in children born preterm (PT) and to explore relations between this neuropsychological process and later language skill...
Transurethral electrical bladder stimulation: initial results.

AbstractTransurethral electrical bladder stimulation to rehabilitate the neurogenic bladder initially proposed by Katona has been promoted in the United States by Kaplan and Richards since the mid 1980s. Encouraged by their results, 2½ years ago we instituted a program patterned on their experience. Since January 1989 we performed transurethral electrical bladder stimulation in 21 patients ranging in age from 4 months to 26 years. The cause of the neurogenic bladder was myelomeningocele in 16 patients, lipomeningocele in 4 and an incomplete spinal cord injury in 1. The stimulation was performed using equipment supplied by Kaplan and Richards, and the stimulation protocol followed their recommendations. The treatments were delivered in daily sessions of 90 minutes with about 20 sessions in a series. Of the patients 11 have undergone 1, 6 have finished 2 and 4 have completed 3 series of stimulation.The ultimate objective of the program is to achieve volitional voiding. To reach that goal the stimulation mus...