cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Change: Integrating Rancher Knowledge Into State-and-Transition Models

Arid and semiarid rangelands often behave unpredictably in response to management actions and environmental stressors, making it difficult for ranchers to manage for long-term sustainability. State-and-transition models (STMs) depict current understanding of vegetation responses to management and environmental change in box-and-arrow diagrams. They are based on existing knowledge of the system and can be improved with long-term ecological monitoring data, histories, and experimentation. Rancher knowledge has been integrated in STMs; however, there has been little systematic analysis of how ranchers describe vegetation change, how their knowledge informs model components, and what opportunities and challenges exist for integrating local knowledge into STMs. Semistructured and field interviews demonstrated that rancher knowledge is valuable for providing detailed management histories and identifying management-defined states for STMs. Interviews with ranchers also provided an assessment of how ranchers perceive vegetation change, information about the causes of transitions, and indicators of change. Interviews placed vegetation change within a broader context of social and economic history, including regional changes in land use and management. Despite its potential utility, rancher knowledge is often heterogeneous and partial and can be difficult to elicit. Ranchers’ feedback pointed to limitations in existing ecological site-based approaches to STM development, especially issues of spatial scale, resolution, and interactions among adjacent vegetation types. Incorporating local knowledge into STM development may also increase communication between researchers and ranchers, potentially yielding more management-relevant research and more structured ways to document and learn from the evolving experiential knowledge of ranchers.
New Data on Cranial Measurements and Body Length of the Mosasaur, Tylosaurus nepaeolicus (Squamata; Mosasauridae), from the Niobrara Formation of Western Kansas

Abstract Tylosaurus nepaeolicus (Cope 1874) is one of the least well known of the five species of mosasaurs that are recognized from the lower Smoky Hill Chalk Member (upper Coniacian) of the Niobrara Formation in western Kansas. In describing the type material, Cope stated that this species was one-third or less the size of T. proriger (Cope 1869), a species that appeared during the Santonian and is well represented in the middle and upper chalk. Additional data provided by Russell from a review of specimens in the American Museum of Natural History and the Yale Peabody Museum showed that most T. nepaeolicus material is somewhat larger than the type specimen, but is significantly smaller than adult T. proriger specimens. Measurements of two additional T. nepaeolicus skulls, an articulated series of Tylosaurus sp. vertebrae and other material in the Sternberg Museum of Natural History suggest that this species approached 8–9 m in size by the end of the Coniacian and was approximately the same size as a la...
The effect of gender on two-passenger vehicle highway crash-injury severity: a mixed logit empirical analysis

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the effect of gender on two-passenger vehicle crash-injury severity. Using detailed police-reported data from Washington State for the year 2011 along 150 highway segments, a mixed logit method was applied to unravel the effect of gender on two-passenger vehicle driver crash-injury severity (no injury, injury and fatal) at highway segments, while accounting for other factors including weather, traffic characteristics, and highway geometric. More than 57% of the variables produced statistically significant normally distributed random parameters. The results indicate that the effects were consistent in directions across gender but had significant differences in magnitudes. For example, snow fall weather condition, defined for no-injury function, was found to be statistically significant, and the estimated parameters indicate that for 61.4% (of the male drivers) and 74.52% (of female drivers), the presence of a snowfall weather condition decreases the likelihood of no-injury c...
Shopping For Law in a Coasean Market

In the twentieth century, two Nobel-Prize winning economists wrote two seemingly unrelated characterizations of the processes constraining human behavior. One, Ronald Coase, wrote a short article entitled The Nature of the Firm, in which he reduced all managerial decision-making to a choice between making the factors of production, or buying them. This article, and the "make or buy" decision for which it has come to be known, has proven to be among the most seminal in the history of financial economics and organizational behavior. The second economist, Friedrich Hayek, wrote what he thought to be a comprehensive treatment of the approach that ought to be taken to the generation of rules constraining human interaction. This voluminous work, Law, Legislation and Liberty, characterized the creation of legal rules as the product of either spontaneous or planned orders. Hayek argued that spontaneous orders like the common law were more efficient mechanisms for governing human behavior than planned or made orders like legislation. This thesis received a lukewarm reception generally, and in legal circles, virtually no reception at all. This Article demonstrates that Coase and Hayek were actually making the same observation, albeit in different contexts. Hayek's conception of rule-making is, in fact, a specific application of Coase's "make or buy" decision. Common law adjudication, as a retrospective, recurrent, and cumulative spontaneous order, has the ability to make use of more and better information about human interaction than legislation, as a prospective made order, can ever hope to access. Although rules generated through adjudication have been met with mistrust, it is the process that distinguishes informed from under-informed rule-making. The efficient rule generation processes of adjudication may be employed by courts, agencies, or legislatures. Likewise, the less efficient mechanisms of legislation can characterize rule generation by any legal institution, including courts. Properly understood, Hayek and Coase together demonstrate that if courts can be restrained from engaging in legislation, the rules they generate are more likely to promote social welfare than can be accomplished through central planning.
Field-Evolved Mode 1 Resistance of the Fall Armyworm to Transgenic Cry1Fa-Expressing Corn Associated with Reduced Cry1Fa Toxin Binding and Midgut Alkaline Phosphatase Expression

Insecticidal protein genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are expressed by transgenic Bt crops (Bt crops) for effective and environmentally safe pest control. The development of resistance to these insecticidal proteins is considered the most serious threat to the sustainability of Bt crops. Resistance in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) populations from Puerto Rico to transgenic corn producing the Cry1Fa insecticidal protein resulted, for the first time in the United States, in practical resistance, and Bt corn was withdrawn from the local market. In this study, we used a field-collected Cry1Fa corn-resistant strain (456) of S. frugiperda to identify the mechanism responsible for field-evolved resistance. Binding assays detected reduced Cry1Fa, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac but not Cry1Ca toxin binding to midgut brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from the larvae of strain 456 compared to that from the larvae of a susceptible (Ben) strain. This binding phenotype is descriptive of the mode 1 type of resistance to Bt toxins. A comparison of the transcript levels for putative Cry1 toxin receptor genes identified a significant downregulation (>90%) of a membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which translated to reduced ALP protein levels and a 75% reduction in ALP activity in BBMV from 456 compared to that of Ben larvae. We cloned and heterologously expressed this ALP from susceptible S. frugiperda larvae and demonstrated that it specifically binds with Cry1Fa toxin. This study provides a thorough mechanistic description of field-evolved resistance to a transgenic Bt crop and supports an association between resistance and reduced Cry1Fa toxin binding and levels of a putative Cry1Fa toxin receptor, ALP, in the midguts of S. frugiperda larvae.
Factors Related to the Seeking and Contribution of Prenatal Care Among Ethnically Diverse Adolescents

The study was funded by the Center for Hispanic Research, University of Texas at Arlington, Sigma Theta Tau International, and Sharon Davies Memorial Awards, Freedom from Fear.
Are physical agents the same as rehabilitation

To the Editor: As dedicated advocates of evidence-based practice, we were both alarmed and disappointed following our reading of the Philadelphia Panel Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines on Selected Rehabilitation Interventions in the October 2001 issue of Physical Therapy. 1 We are concerned that based, on this special issue of the Journal, the vast majority of clinicians, payers, and regulatory agencies will view physical therapist practice as only a collection of physical agents with a little therapeutic exercise thrown in for good measure. It would appear that a purpose of the selection criteria for studies evaluated by the Philadelphia Panel members was to a priori exclude the very interventions that have some demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, in particular manual therapy (manipulation/mobilization). The relative uselessness of most physical agents as stand-alone interventions is well established, and it would seem to be a tremendous waste of resources to further study these interventions and ignore interventions that are used by physical therapists and that have some documented efficacy, such as manipulation. The Guide to Physical Therapist Practice 2(pp118–119) clearly outlines manual therapy techniques (including mobilization/manipulation) as procedural interventions used by physical therapists. Unfortunately, these interventions were excluded from consideration. If we included these interventions as part of our practice, why were they excluded from this systematic review? Were these interventions excluded because there is a “sufficient body of knowledge supporting their use or less frequent use”?1(p1631) The Philadelphia Panel members never explicitly stated the reason for this omission in the methods section. As faculty members in programs grounded in an evidence-based practice framework, we routinely teach and test students on mobilization and manipulation skills used in physical therapist management of musculoskeletal problems, particularly those with demonstrated efficacy in the management of spinal and extremity disorders.3–7 We …
Calmodulin activation and calcium regulation of parotid gland adenylate cyclase

The effect of Ca2+ on the adenylate cyclase activity associated with membranes prepared from mouse parotid gland has been examined. Ca2+ stimulated then inhibited adenylate cyclase activity, with v...
An algorithm for finding carriers of amplitude-modulated electromagnetic emanations in computer systems

This paper presents an algorithm for identifying carriers of amplitude-modulated electromagnetic (EM) emanations from computer systems. Computer systems create EM emanations across the RF spectrum making it difficult, error-prone, and time-consuming to find the relatively few emanations that expose sensitive information. One of the most common and simplest mechanisms for information leakage occurs when the amplitude of an existing strong signal (e.g. a processor or memory clock) is amplitude modulated by a system activity. If the system activity can be linked to sensitive information, this results in information leakage. We present an algorithm for finding these AM modulated signals, demonstrate the algorithm's performance on several different types of processors and systems (desktops, laptops, and smartphones), and compare the results to an exhaustive manual search. We also verify that all signals identified by the algorithm can be traced to plausible unintentional modulation mechanisms to illustrate that these signals can potentially cause information leakage. This algorithm can be an important tool for hardware designers to quickly identify circuits that are leaking sensitive information.
Stimulant Therapy for Benign Chorea and ADHD

A 6-year-old boy with benign familial chorea diagnosed at 1 year and ADHD evaluated and treated with methylphenidate (MPH) at 6 years is reported from the Department of Pediatrics, David Grant Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, California.
Evaluation of ambient Air quality of nearby village effected by LCL composting plant

Air monitoring is important to check the quality of air effected by the industry. The Lahore compost Pvt Ltd is a part of saif group of companies. The LCL utilize tons of municipal solid waste to make organic bio fertilizer. Almost 8,000 tons of organic waste is transported to the landfill site. This study was designed to check the effect of composting plant on nearby village of Mahmood Booti. The parameters for air monitoring were PM 10, CO and TSP. The results were satisfactory and below the baseline. The results are according to the standards provided by WHO for air quality.
Asynchronous behavior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and local glaciers during and since Termination 1, Salmon Valley, Antarctica

Abstract The stability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet under future warming remains an open question with broad implications for sea-level prediction and adaptation. In particular, knowledge of whether the ice sheet has the capacity for rapid drawdown or collapse, or whether it can remain stable during periods of warming, is essential for predicting its future behavior. Here we use 55 radiocarbon dates, coupled with geomorphologic mapping, to reconstruct the timing of changes in ice extent and elevation during the last ice-age termination in Salmon Valley, adjacent to McMurdo Sound in the western Ross Sea Embayment. Results indicate that a grounded ice sheet in the Ross Sea Embayment achieved its maximum elevation and extent along the headlands of Salmon Valley at ∼18,000 yr BP, during a period of increasing temperatures and accumulation over the Antarctic continent. This ice remained at or near its maximum on the headlands near the valley mouth until after ∼14,000 yr BP. Removal of grounded Ross Sea ice from Salmon Valley was complete shortly after ∼7900 yr BP, indicating that the grounding line had retreated through southern McMurdo Sound by that time. We suggest the primary driver of Ross Sea ice removal from McMurdo Sound was marine-based, either through basal melting or calving due to sea-level rise. When combined with regional data, the Salmon Valley record suggests that this sector of the Antarctic Ice Sheet did not contribute in a significant way to deglacial meltwater pulses, such as meltwater pulse 1a. In contrast to the Ross Sea ice, our work also shows that local, independent alpine glaciers in Salmon Valley have advanced through the Holocene. Land-terminating glaciers such as these elsewhere in the region show a similar pattern, and may reflect the continued influence of increased accumulation following the termination of the last ice age.
Eisosomes are metabolically regulated storage compartments for APC-type nutrient transporters

Eisosomes are lipid domains of the yeast plasma membrane that share similarities to caveolae of higher eukaryotes. Eisosomes harbor APC-type nutrient transporters for reasons that are poorly understood. Our analyses support the model that eisosomes function as storage compartments, keeping APC transporters in a stable, inactive state. By regulating eisosomes, yeast is able to balance the number of proton-driven APC transporters with the proton-pumping activity of Pma1, thereby maintaining the plasma membrane proton gradient. Environmental or metabolic changes that disrupt the proton gradient cause the rapid restructuring of eisosomes and results in the removal of the APC transporters from the cell surface. Furthermore, we show evidence that eisosomes require the presence of APC transporters, suggesting that regulating activity of nutrient transporters is a major function of eisosomes.
Techniques for Evaluating Plant Resistance to Insects

The development and deployment of crop varieties defended or tolerant against insect attack is a major tactic in pest management. In agricultural terms, plant resistance to insects is a property that enables a plant to avoid, tolerate, or recover from the injurious effects of insect feeding and oviposition. Plants vary considerably in their mechanisms for defense against insects. Defensive strategies range from disruption of insect behavior and development to repair or replacement of organs and tissues damaged through insect attack. The purpose of this chapter is to present research methods and considerations appropriate for: (1) evaluation and development of insect-resistant cultivars, and (2) analysis of plant traits conferring resistance. Additional information of this type is provided by Chesnokov (1962), Dahms (1972), Smith (1978), Tingey and Pillemer (1977), and Maxwell and Jennings (1980).
Surgical Left Ventricular Remodeling Procedures

Perhaps the most straightforward clinical application of validated regional ventricular mechanics models for diseased hearts is the simulation of a novel surgical procedure or medical device for treating heart failure or ischemic cardiomyopathy. In each study our cardiac biomechanics laboratory uses one of two different approaches: (1) an axisymmetric truncated ellipsoidal model with left ventricular (LV) cavity and wall volumes typical of the failing human heart or animal model of heart failure to determine efficacy of the surgical procedure or device; or (2) an animal- or patient-specific fully 3-D model of the infarcted LV created using echocardiography or MRI to optimize the design of the surgical procedure or device. This chapter is concerned with brief descriptions of the studies from our laboratory that provide the best examples of these two approaches.
Nonlinearly Interacting Gravitational Waves in the Gowdy T3 Cosmology

Nonlinear interactions between the two polarizations of the gravitational waves in the Gowdy T3 cosmology cause the generation of small-scale spatial structure from smooth initial data as the singularity is approached. The growth of this structure competes with the freezing of the spatial profile characteristic of the velocity dominated approach to the singularity conjectured for these models. Some properties of this phenomenon will be discussed.
Adaptive Quizzing Improves End-of-Program Exit Examination Scores.

Background A third of nursing schools use a standardized, end-of-program exit examination requiring minimum passing scores for student progression. Student failures on high-stakes tests have negative implications for students and schools of nursing. Adaptive quizzing has increased grades, graduation rates, and NCLEX-RN passing rates and reduced test anxiety in nursing students. Purpose To diminish the negative effects of high-stakes testing and increase standardized exit examination scores, an undergraduate nursing program incorporated customized adaptive quizzing for nursing students in their final nursing course before graduation. Methods End-of-program exit examination scores were compared in a preintervention cohort of students and postintervention cohort assigned individualized adaptive quizzing. Results Statistically significant increases in end-of-program exit examination scores were evident in groups of students completing the customized adaptive quizzing assignments. Conclusion The use of tailored adaptive quizzing increased exit examination scores, supporting the implementation of customized assignments for remediation.
“He is an Excellent Doctor if Called when Sober”: Temperance, Physicians and the American Middle Class, 1800–1860

AbstractDuring the early nineteenth century, many American physicians abandoned the personal and professional use of alcohol. This change in practice refected the growing infuence of Benjamin Rush ...
Torture and Homelessness: The Horrible Can Make No Claim to Singularity

This chapter elaborates Amery’s account of torture and forgiveness to show that the inherent tactile memory of the tortured body makes granting forgiveness challenging for Amery, despite his rational acknowledgment of its necessity. It elaborates the prowess of the body, which relies on the mechanisms of memory to bring the rational faculties to their limits. It provides an account of Amery’s belief that torture was the essence of the Third Reich and his critique of the view of evil as banal. The stance on evil provides his musings on this philosophical motif of the Frankfurt School, which is his contribution to the Frankfurt School intelligentsia’s attempt to configure a coherent genealogy of the rise of evil. The chapter concludes that Amery’s inability to reconcile his memories with Belgian socio-cultural practices, specifically the prevailing vernacular, confines him to an inner country.
Hostility, anger, and dominance as mediators of the sibling aggression-school fighting relationship: mechanisms of violence generalization

Objective Prior research indicates that siblings play a significant role in the formation of aggressive behavior inside and outside the home. The purpose of the current investigation was to identify the mechanism that links aggression toward siblings, referred to in this study as sibling aggression, with school-related violence and fighting, referred to in this study as school fighting. It was predicted that hostility, anger, and dominance would mediate the sibling aggression‒school fighting relationship. Method Three candidate intermediary variables (hostility, anger, and dominance) were tested as putative mediators of the sibling aggression‒school fighting relationship in a group of 713 middle-school students (339 boys, 374 girls). It was hypothesized that all three candidate intervening variables would mediate the relationship between sibling aggression and school fighting, with no significant differences in strength of effect between the three mediators. Results The research hypothesis was partially supported: hostility, but not anger or dominance, successfully mediated the sibling aggression‒school fighting relationship and there was no difference in strength of effect between the three candidate mediators. Conclusions A practical implication of these results is that aggression prevention and treatment programs may be enhanced by targeting children who display aggressive relationships with siblings and other children in the home in an effort to change cognitive and behavior patterns before they generalize to the school setting and negatively impact the child's relationships with schoolmates and peers.
Static Object Wi-Fi Imaging and Classifier

Today we have a large array of imaging methods being visible light imaging, thermal imaging, night-vision imaging, but we need imaging in other cases such as smoke-filled areas, crowded areas, or where privacy is an issue. To see static objects in this arena, this research introduces Wi-Fi static object imaging and classification with low cost. It will allow detection of dangerous chest mounted explosives or weapons on buses and subways where expensive detection systems are not desired. However, this involves many challenges. The images created will be barely identifiable due to the low resolution of Wi-Fi, but the images need to be classified (identified). There are two major portions to this research. The first is the signal processing portion, where images are created, and the second is the image classification portion. In the signal processing portion, images will be created by using Wi-Fi signals transmitted and received on Ettus Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) hardware and directional antennas. These USRP’s are interfaced to GNU Radio for which the researchers have developed specialized routines to implement this portion of the research. In the image classification phase, the images created are very blob-like with different reflective intensities. These images need some form of intelligence to classify them, and the system needs to improve its classification over time. AI neural networks are employed and developed to work on the images. As a result of this research, dangerous objects can be Wi-Fi imaged, detected, and classified.
A Multi-Layered Approach to Autonomous Surface Vehicle Map-Based Autonomy

For Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs) to be integrated with society, autonomous decision-making capabilities must include reliability, robustness, and trustworthiness in a real-world environment. A major component of robot decision-making lies in intelligent path-planning. Serving as the brains of an autonomous system, an efficient and reliable path planner is crucial to mission success and overall safety. A hybrid global and local planner is implemented using a combination of the Potential Field Method (PFM) and A-star $(A^{*})$ algorithms. Created using a layered vector field strategy, this allows for flexibility along with the ability to add and remove layers to take into account other parameters such as currents, wind, dynamics, and the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLGREGS). Different weights can be attributed to each layer based on the determined level of importance in a hierarchical manner. Different obstacle scenarios are shown in simulation, and proof-of-concept validation of the path-planning algorithms on an actual ASV is accomplished in an indoor environment. Results show that the combination of PFM and $A^{*}$ complement each other to generate a successfully planned path to goal that alleviates local minima and entrapment issues. Additionally, the planner demonstrates the ability to update for new obstacles in real time using an obstacle detection sensor.
Parent Medical Traumatic Stress and Associated Family Outcomes After Pediatric Critical Illness: A Systematic Review.

Objectives To critically review, analyze, and synthesize the literature on parent medical traumatic stress from a child's critical illness requiring PICU admission and its association with outcomes of parent mental and physical health, and family functioning. Data sources Systematic literature search of Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsychInfo. Study selection Two reviewers identified peer-reviewed published articles with the following criteria: 1) published between January 1, 1980, and August 1, 2018; 2) published in English; 3) study population of parents of children with a PICU admission; and 4) quantitative studies examining factors associated with outcomes of parent mental health, parent physical health, or family functioning. Data extraction Literature search yielded 2,476 articles, of which 23 studies met inclusion criteria. Study data extracted included study characteristics, descriptive statistics of parent outcomes after critical illness, and variables associated with parent and family outcomes. Data synthesis Studies examined numerous variables associated with parent and family outcomes and used multiple survey measures. These variables were categorized according to their phase in the Integrative Trajectory Model of Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress, which included peri-trauma, acute medical care, and ongoing care or discharge from care. The majority of objective elements of a child's illness, such as severity of illness and length of hospitalization, did not have a clear relationship with parent and family outcomes. However, familial preexisting factors, a parent's subjective experience in the PICU, and family life stressors after discharge were often associated with parent and family outcomes. Conclusions This systematic literature review suggests that parent and family outcomes after pediatric critical illness are impacted by familial preexisting factors, a parent's subjective experience in the PICU, and family life stressors after discharge. Developing parent interventions focused on modifying the parent's subjective experience in the PICU could be an effective approach to improve parent outcomes.
Dunbar syndrome as a cause of chronic abdominal pain in a 24-year-old female

External compression of the celiac artery by the median arcuate ligament is referred to as Dunbar syndrome, which is an eponym for celiac axis syndrome or median arcuate ligament syndrome. It is correlated with the archetypal triad of postprandial abdominal pain, weight loss of greater than 20 pounds, and an abdominal bruit on auscultation. This is often accompanied by epigastric tenderness, vomiting, and nausea. Given its lack of symptomatic specificity, Dunbar syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion for unexplained episodic abdominal discomfort. Here, we present a unique case of a 24-year-old woman who experienced several months of chronic abdominal distress and an extensive workup prior to being diagnosed with Dunbar syndrome. The diagnosis was made via cross-sectional abdominal imaging and duplex ultrasound with respiratory maneuvers, which showed downward displacement of the celiac trunk, post-stenotic dilatation, and increased flow velocity on expiration. She underwent successful laparoscopic division of the median arcuate ligament which greatly alleviated her pain.
Selective organ targeting (SORT) nanoparticles for tissue-specific mRNA delivery and CRISPR–Cas gene editing

CRISPR–Cas gene editing and messenger RNA-based protein replacement therapy hold tremendous potential to effectively treat disease-causing mutations with diverse cellular origin. However, it is currently impossible to rationally design nanoparticles that selectively target specific tissues. Here, we report a strategy termed selective organ targeting (SORT) wherein multiple classes of lipid nanoparticles are systematically engineered to exclusively edit extrahepatic tissues via addition of a supplemental SORT molecule. Lung-, spleen- and liver-targeted SORT lipid nanoparticles were designed to selectively edit therapeutically relevant cell types including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, B cells, T cells and hepatocytes. SORT is compatible with multiple gene editing techniques, including mRNA, Cas9 mRNA/single guide RNA and Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes, and is envisioned to aid the development of protein replacement and gene correction therapeutics in targeted tissues. The addition of selective organ targeting molecules to nanoparticles allows the specific targeting of extrahepatic tissues, enabling gene editing of distinct cell populations outside the liver.
Reported Needs and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults Entering Long-Term Services and Supports.

Background and objectives Long-term services and supports (LTSS) are vital for older adults with physical and cognitive disabilities. LTSS can be provided in settings such as nursing homes, assisted living, or via community-based services. During the transition to LTSS, older adults are at risk of increased depressive symptoms. In addition, older adults may identify unmet needs despite having access to new LTSS resources. The goal of this study was to examine the factors associated with increased depressive symptoms among a pool of older adults, with a focus on change in reported needs after starting LTSS. Research design and methods This cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study included 352 older adults new to LTSS (R01AG025524). The outcome of depressive symptoms was measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form. Reported needs included supportive equipment, devices, transportation, and social activities. Bivariate and linear regression modeling using change in needs 3 months later were performed. Results Depressive symptoms were present among 40% of the LTSS recipients at enrollment and 3 months. At baseline, 29% of LTSS recipients reported a need for supportive equipment, 30% for transportation, and 23% for social activities. After 3 months, an average of 12% of LTSS recipients' needs were met, 13% of LTSS recipients' needs persisted, and 11% of LTSS recipients reported new needs. Depressive symptoms 3 months later were higher for those who reported persistent unmet needs compared with those who reported no needs at all, controlling for functional status and LTSS type. Discussion and implications The transition to LTSS is a vulnerable time for older adults. Assessing the need for equipment, transportation, and social activities during this period may identify opportunities to improve the lives and emotional status of this population.
An executive functioning perspective in neurofibromatosis type 1: from ADHD and autism spectrum disorder to research domains.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a rare monogenic disorder associated with executive function (EF) deficits and heightened risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The goal of this paper is to understand how EFs provide a common foundation to understand vulnerabilities for ADHD and ASD within NF1. A literature review and synthesis was conducted. EF difficulties in working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and planning are evident in NF1, ADHD, and ASD. However, relatively little is known about the heterogeneity of EFs and ADHD and ASD outcomes in NF1. Assessment of ADHD and ASD in NF1 is based on behavioral symptoms without understanding neurobiological contributions. Recent efforts are promoting the use of dimensional and multidisciplinary methods to better understand normal and abnormal behavior, including integrating information from genetics to self-report measures. NF1 is a monogenic disease with well-developed molecular and phenotypic research as well as complementary animal models. NF1 presents an excellent opportunity to advance our understanding of the neurobiological impact of known pathogenic variation in normal and abnormal neural pathways implicated in human psychopathology. EFs are core features of NF1, ADHD, and ASD, and these neurodevelopmental outcomes are highly prevalent in NF1. We propose a multilevel approach for understanding EFs in patients with NF1.This is essential to advance targeted interventions for NF1 patients and to advance the exciting field of research in this condition.
Assembly of Disordered Cocontinuous Morphologies byMultiblock Copolymers with Random Block Sequence and Length Dispersity

Among the wide variety of nanostructures accessible by self-assembly of block copolymers, cocontinuous morphologies are of great interest for separations, catalysis, sensing, and energy storage bec...
Otitis, Sinusitis, and Mastoiditis

A 13-month-old immunized female is seen in the pediatrician’s office for evaluation of fever. She was well until one week prior to the office visit, when her illness began with a runny nose and mild cough. Three days prior to the office visit, she developed fevers to 103 ° F, increased fussiness, and difficulty sleeping. On physical examination, she is tired and fussy but not toxic in appearance. Rhinorrhea is present. Her right tympanic membrane is erythematous and bulging, with an effusion present. Pneumatic otoscopy reveals reduced mobility of the tympanic membrane. She is diagnosed with a right acute otitis media and prescribed amoxicillin to cover for the most common causes of AOM including Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Optimizing and Profiling Prostaglandin E2 as a Medical Countermeasure for the Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome

Identification of medical countermeasures (MCM) to mitigate radiation damage and/or protect first responders is a compelling unmet medical need. The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) analog, 16,16 dimethyl-PGE2 (dmPGE2), has shown efficacy as a radioprotectant and radiomitigator that can enhance hematopoiesis and ameliorate intestinal mucosal cell damage. In this study, we optimized the time of administration of dmPGE2 for protection and mitigation against mortality from the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) in young adult mice, evaluated its activity in pediatric and geriatric populations, and investigated potential mechanisms of action. Windows of 30-day survival efficacy for single administration of dmPGE2 were defined as within 3 h prior to and 6-30 h after total-body γ irradiation (TBI). Radioprotective and radio-mitigating efficacy was also observed in 2-year-old geriatric mice and 6-week-old pediatric mice. PGE2 receptor agonist studies suggest that signaling through EP4 is primarily responsible for the radioprotective effects. DmPGE2 administration prior to TBI attenuated the drop in red blood cells and platelets, accelerated recovery of all peripheral blood cell types, and resulted in higher hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells in survivor bone marrow. Multiplex analysis of bone marrow cytokines together with RNA sequencing of hematopoietic stem cells indicated a pro-hematopoiesis cytokine milieu induced by dmPGE2, with IL-6 and G-CSF strongly implicated in dmPGE2-mediated radioprotective activity. In summary, we have identified windows of administration for significant radio-mitigation and radioprotection by dmPGE2 in H-ARS, demonstrated survival efficacy in special populations, and gained insight into radioprotective mechanisms, information useful towards development of dmPGE2 as a MCM for first responders, military personnel, and civilians facing radiation threats.
Laparoscopic RAMPS Distal Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Cancer

Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) may offer reduced blood loss, decreased hospital length of stay, and faster patient recovery without compromising patient safety when compared with open distal pancreatectomy (ODP). There are randomized data supporting safe use of (LDP) for indolent left-sided indolent pancreatic pathology and growing evidence supporting use of LDP for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) (de Rooij T, van Hilst J, van Santvoort H, et al. Minimally invasive versus open distal pancreatectomy (LEOPARD): a multicenter patient-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2019; 269(1):2–9). LDP for PDAC is typically more complex as most proponents favor use of the Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreato Splenectomy (RAMPS) approach championed by Steven Strasberg, MD, in which the resection includes Gernota’s fascia covering the left kidney along with a thorough node dissection along the mesenteric and celiac vasculature to optimize surgical margins and lymph node harvest (Strasberg SM, Linehan DC, Hawkins WG. Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy procedure for adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas: ability to obtain negative tangential margins. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 204(2):244–9).RAMPS can further be stratified as “anterior” or “posterior” based on en bloc resection of the left adrenal gland. In this chapter, we illustrate basic operative techniques of posterior RAMPS for PDAC and suggest ways to troubleshoot potential complications to optimize success. Robotic approaches will be covered in another chapter.
ARCoD: An Augmented Reality Serious Game to Identify Cognitive Distortion

The widespread presence of mental disorders is increasing at an alarming rate around the globe. According to World Health Organization (WHO), mental health circumstances have worsened all over the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In spite of the existence of effective psychotherapy strategies, a significant percentage of individuals do not get access to mental healthcare facilities. Under these circumstances, technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR) and its availability in handheld devices can unveil an expansive opportunity to utilize these features in fields of mental health treatment via digital gaming. In this paper, we have proposed a serious game embedding smart Augmented Reality (AR) technology to identify the Cognitive Distortions of the individual playing the game. Later, a comprehensive analysis of clinical impact of the AR gaming on mental health treatment will be conducted followed by evaluation of Player Experience (PX).
Conspecific attraction for conservation and management of terrestrial breeding birds: Current knowledge and future research directions

Conspecific presence can indicate the location or quality of resources, and animals settling near conspecifics often gain fitness benefits. This can result in adaptive conspecific attraction during breeding habitat selection as demonstrated in numerous terrestrial, territorial birds. There is growing interest in using simulated conspecific social cues (e.g., decoys, broadcasted vocalizations) to manage bird distributions, yet it remains unclear when this approach is likely to succeed. We reviewed published studies to evaluate whether the strength of conspecific attraction in terrestrial birds is mediated by characteristics of species (life history traits), simulated cues (e.g., timing and duration), sites (e.g., quality), and how conspecific attraction was measured. We identified 31 experiments that simulated social cues and compared conspecific settlement between treatment and control sites. We then used phylogenetically controlled meta-regression to assess the impacts of 19 moderators on settlement. Nearly all species included in these experiments were migratory passerines, and social cues generally had a strong, positive influence on their settlement decisions, as the odds of site occupancy were 3.12× (95% CI: 0.81–11.69) greater in treatment sites relative to control sites. Within this group, conspecific attraction was evolutionarily conserved with ≥25.5% (95% CI: 5.1%–65.4%) of the variance in treatment effects explained by phylogenetic relatedness. However, we found no evidence that any covariates influenced the response to social cues, and we posit this stems from limited research specifically designed to identify the mechanisms mediating conspecific attraction. We therefore developed a research agenda that provides a framework for testing mechanistic hypotheses regarding how cue characteristics, species traits, and spatial contexts may mediate attraction to conspecifics. Evaluating these hypotheses will greatly advance the field by helping managers understand when, where, and why simulating social cues can be used to enhance populations of species that are of conservation concern.LAY SUMMARYSimulating the presence of terrestrial birds often attracts breeders of the same species, though how this varies among species, simulated cues, or locations remains unknown.We reviewed 31 experiments that examined conspecific attraction to simulated social cues in terrestrial breeding birds and tested the effects of 19 variables on attraction.These experiments, which focused primarily on migratory songbirds, revealed strong effects of simulated presence on settlement rates, but no strong evidence that any other variables affected settlement rate.Simulating social cues such as vocalizations could be useful for managers interested in attracting migratory songbirds, although whether this extends to other terrestrial species remains unknown.A greater understanding of how and where to use this technique will improve its utility as a tool for enhancing populations of species of conservation concern.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM (AMARANTH GLOBE) TO SOURCES AND RATES OF ORGANIC MANURES IN AN ACID SOIL ENVIRONMENT OF TROPICAL REGIONS

A field potted experiment was carried out in Asaba area of Delta State, Nigeria to evaluate sources and rates of organic manures (poultry and farmyard) on growth responses of Gongronema latifolium in an acid soil environment. It was a factorial experiment laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated 3 times. Data on plant height, number of leaves/branches, leaf area and stem girth were collected at 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 Weeks after sowing (WAS) and subjected to analysis of variance. The results that the effects on growth parameters of the crop were not significant and that higher application rates significantly increased plant height, number of leaves/branches and stem girth of G. latifolium. Application rates of 15 and 20 t/ha of both poultry and farm yard manures increased plant height from 10.45 cm to 12.52 cm and 8.12 cm and 10.68 cm respectively. The overall result indicated that the higher rate of organic manure, the better the response of growth indices of G. latifolium, though interaction effect was not significant. Poultry manure produced higher values of growth indices than farm yards manure, hence was recommended for increased productivity of G.latifolium in the study area.
Perspectives on preconception health among formerly incarcerated women with substance use disorders.

Abstract Introduction Women involved in the criminal justice system have high rates of substance use disorders (SUD) placing them at increased risk for unintended pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Little is known about the factors that influence the decision-making of formerly incarcerated women with SUD prior to becoming pregnant, in the preconception period. The goal of this study is to understand formerly incarcerated women's perceptions of changing substance use behaviors before pregnancy. Methods We analyzed 33 semi-structured interviews with formerly incarcerated women in Saint Louis, Missouri. We asked questions about factors that influenced decision-making related to substance use and pregnancy. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using a grounded theoretical approach with ATLAS.ti software. Results Four main themes emerged: (1) participants' understanding of preconception behavior change was influenced by their experiences with unplanned pregnancies and lack of control over outcomes; (2) substance use created challenges for women in considering their reproductive wishes; (3) while pregnant, participants weighed the medical and legal risks in their decision-making about their substance use; and (4) participants described how the internal motivation necessary to stop substance use during pregnancy was influenced by factors such as hitting rock bottom and witnessing negative outcomes experienced by others. Conclusions Preconception health services must be provided to women with SUD during opportunistic times such as during incarceration or while in SUD treatment. Services need to be non-judgmental and supportive rather than penalizing and should increase internal motivation to adopt behavior change.
A “Binary Choice” for Families in ICE Detention: Examining the Legitimation Costs of Litigating the Flores Settlement Agreement

In the spring of 2020, as the world came to terms with the dangers of the COVID-19 pandemic, immigrant advocates in the United States turned to the courts and the 23-year-old Flores Settlement Agreement (“FSA”) to argue for the release of migrant children detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement. But 23 years of litigating the FSA and consistent non-compliance with its terms had whittled away the FSA’s protection for accompanied children. Rights under the FSA became a “binary choice”: parents could choose to allow ICE to release their children and separate their family or they could waive their children’s right to freedom under the FSA and maintain family unity. Drawing on critical legal and socio-legal scholarship, this article refutes parental “choice” and highlights how relying on formal legal tools has truncated advocates’ aspirations for social change and legitimated the broader system of immigration detention. Instead of ending family detention, litigating the FSA has insulated it from critique. With President Biden signaling a willingness to end family detention, advocates must shift away from litigation towards advocating for durable legislation and formal regulation.