cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Control of Autonomous Mobile Robots in Unknown Terrain

This paper presents a distributed control framework for groups of wheeled mobile robots with significant (non-negligible) vehicle dynamics driving on terrain with variable performance characteristics. A dynamic model of a high-speed robot is developed with attention to representation of wheel-terrain performance characteristics. Using this model, aspects of distributed, cooperative control on unknown terrain are investigated. A potential function path planning and cooperative control algorithm is combined with a local slip controller on each robot to provide high-speed control of vehicle formation. Local slip control is shown to reduce sensitivity of the distributed path planning and control method to tire-terrain performance variation and its resulting effect on dynamic behavior of the robots. Computationally efficient methods for real-time assessment of force-slip characteristics are presented to provide slip setpoints for this control architecture.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The neuro-steroid, 3β androstene 17α diol exhibits potent cytotoxic effects on human malignant glioma and lymphoma cells through different programmed cell death pathways

The neuro-steroids 3beta-androstene-17alpha-diol (17alpha-AED), 3beta-androstene-17beta-diol (17beta-AED), 3beta-androstene-7alpha,-17beta-triol (7alpha-AET) and 3beta-androstene-7beta,-17beta-triol (7beta-AET) are metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone and are produced in neuro-ectodermal tissue. Both epimers of androstenediols (17alpha-AED and 17beta-AED) and androstenetriols (7alpha-AET and 7beta-AET) have markedly different biological functions of their chemical analogue. We investigated the cytotoxic activity of these neuro-steroids on human T98G and U251MG glioblastoma and U937 lymphoma cells. Proliferation studies showed that 17alpha-AED is the most potent inhibitor, with an IC(50) approximately 15 microM. For T98G glioma, 90% inhibition was achieved with 25 muM of 17alpha-AED. Other neuro-steroids tested only marginally suppressed cell proliferation. Reduced cell adherence and viability could be detected after 18 h of 17alpha-AED exposure. Treatment with 17alpha-AED induced a significant level of apoptosis in U937 lymphoma cells, but not in the glioma cells. Cytopathology of 17alpha-AED-treated T98G cells revealed the presence of multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles. Acridine orange staining demonstrated the formation of acidic vesicular organelles in 17alpha-AED-treated T98G and U251MG, which was inhibited by bafilomycin A1. These findings indicate that 17alpha-AED bears the most potent cytotoxic activity of the neuro-steroids tested, and the effectiveness may depend on the number of hydroxyls and their position on the androstene molecule. These cytotoxic effects may utilize a non-apoptotic pathway in malignant glioma cells.
Cough expired volume and airflow rates during sequential induced cough

Cough effectiveness is determined by a combination of volume of air expired and maximum expiratory airflow rate. Studies of cough sensitivity identify cough thresholds based on at least 2 or 5-cough re-accelerations to a stimulus, however to date no study has examined the interplay between the distribution of cough expired air and cough airflow rates for these induced sequential coughs. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between reflex cough re-accelerations, cough airflow and cough inspired and expired volume. Twenty adults (18–40 years, 4 men) volunteered for study participation, and were outfitted with a facemask in-line with a pneumotachograph and a one-way valve for capsaicin delivery on inspiration. Cough inspired and expired volume (Liters of air) as well as airflow parameters (peak expiratory flow rates L/s) were measured for each cough response. Results demonstrate significant linear relationships between cough expired volume, flow rates, and the total number of coughs produced. Thus, as the number of coughs in an epoch increase, the mechanical effectiveness of coughs within the epoch may decrease according to peak expiratory flow rates and cough expired volume, particularly for coughs comprised of more than 3 re-accelerations.
Multiwavelets for Quantitative Pattern Matching

The purpose of this paper is to provide an in- troduction to the concepts of wavelets and multi- wavelets, and explain how these tools can be used by the analyst community tond patterns in quan- titative data. Three multiwavelet bases are intro- duced, the GHM basis from (3), a piecewise poly- nomial basis with approximation order 4 from (2), and a smoother approximation-order-4 basis devel- oped by the author in previous work (6). The tech- nique of using multiwavelets tond patterns is il- lustrated in a trac-analysis example.
Administrative rhetoric: An undemocratic response to protest

Much of the criticism of protest rhetoric has centered on the protestors themselves. This essay focuses on administrators, particularly those at the University of California at Berkeley, and the rhetoric they used in response to protest. It outlines the major lines of argument that administrators traditionally use.
Leveraging Cellular Infrastructure to Improve Fraud Prevention

The relationship between physical security and critical infrastructure has traditionally been unidirectional - the former being necessary to sustain the latter. However, certain pieces of critical infrastructure hold the potential to significantly improve the security of individuals and their most sensitive information. In this paper, we develop a pair of mechanisms for cellular networks and mobile devices that augment the physical security of their users' financial credentials. In particular, we create FrauVent, a multi-modal protocol that provides users with information related to a pending questionable transaction (e.g., transaction value, location, vendor) in a way that improves the available context for approving or rejecting such exchanges. Through protocol design, formal verification and implementation of an application for the Android platform, we develop a robust tool to help reduce the costs of fraud without requiring financial institutions to significantly change their extensively deployed end systems (i.e., card readers). More critically, we provide a general framework that allows cellular infrastructure to actively improve the physical security of sensitive information.
Ethylene Oxide Resistance of Microorganisms Important in Spoilage of Acid and High‐Acid Foods

SUMMARY: Resistance values were determined for spores of Bacillus coagulans (var. thermoacidurans), conidiospores of Aspergillus niger, vegetative cells of Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Hansenula anomala and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (var. tetrasporus) exposed to a mixture of ethylene oxide (12%)and dichlorodifluoromethane (88%). Exposures were made of organisms deposited on glass and paper discs at 33% relative humidity, 30°C and a pressure to give 700 mg per liter of ethylene oxide. Spores of B. coagulans were also exposed at 40°, 50° and 60°C. The resistance parameter D was determined to characterize the resistance of each organism displaying logarithmic death. Values of z were determined for spores of B. coagulans. The most resistant organism was B. coagulans. The spores of this organism were approximately 1.8 to 8 times more resistant than the vegetative cells of L. mesenteroides or L. brevis. Vegetative cells of H. anomala, S. cerevisiae and conidiospores of A. niger displayed nonlogarithmic death. A. niger was the most resistant of the three.
The Physical State of Lipids of Biological Importance: Cholesteryl Esters, Cholesterol, Triglyceride

Alpha and beta serum lipoproteins and the lipids of the lesions of atherosclerosis contain a large fraction of cholesterol esters. Further, the lipid droplets of the fatty streak of the atherosclerotic lesions are probably nearly pure cholesteryl ester. Although there is a vast literature concerning the metabolism (1,2) and transport of cholesterol and its esters, very little is known of the physical state of the biologically important cholesteryl esters and even less about the physical state of these esters in mixtures of other naturally occurring lipids. Even more important, the state of these compounds in vivo has not even been studied. While it is true that pure cholesteryl esters of saturated fatty acids have been carefully examined (3–7), there has been no report of the state of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters as a function of temperature. Yet, it is these most important but neglected unsaturated and polyunsaturated esters which make up the bulk of cholesteryl esters of biologic or pathologic origin. The purpose of this report is to discuss briefly the physical state of cholesteryl esters of saturated, cis monounsaturated and cis polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids.
Zeptonewton force sensing with nanospheres in an optical lattice

Optically trapped nanospheres in high vacuum experience little friction and hence are promising for ultrasensitive force detection. Here we demonstrate measurement times exceeding ${10}^{5}$ s and zeptonewton force sensitivity with laser-cooled silica nanospheres trapped in an optical lattice. The sensitivity achieved exceeds that of conventional room-temperature solid-state force sensors by over an order of magnitude, and enables a variety of applications including electric-field sensing, inertial sensing, and gravimetry. The particle is confined at the antinodes of the optical standing wave, and by studying the motion of a particle which has been moved to an adjacent trapping site, the known spacing of the antinodes can be used to calibrate the displacement spectrum of the particle. Finally, we study the dependence of the trap stability and lifetime on the laser intensity and gas pressure, and examine the heating rate of the particle in vacuum without feedback cooling.
Conceptual Implementation of an Automated Structural Health Monitoring System

The work presented in this paper provides a view of the conceptual implementation of an automated structural health monitoring (SHM) system. The detection of natural frequency shifts in a structure indicate the presence of damage, i.e. a modal analysis of healthy and damaged structures will indicate the relationship between damage severity and natural frequency change. This approach is utilized to analyze a composite beam vibrating in coupled bending-torsion, where modal analysis is conducted on the composite beam in order to predict the natural frequency and the associated mode shapes. Results show how the introduction of a crack changes the beam natural frequency and how the crack size and location affect that change. The task of implementing such a scheme in an automated fashion on an actual structure may prove to be an arduous one, in the sense that a database for natural frequencies, corresponding to previously studies damage types, must be available for comparison by SHM system with acquired measurements. Therefore, another approach is introduced as a viable solution for a practical implementation of an automated SHM system. Based on applying an estimation scheme, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), this approach allows for the acquisition of a beam’s natural frequency, and does not require a previously conducted study on different damage types, it is also applicable to a practical implementation of an automated SHM system. Both approaches present several pros and cons pertaining to their implementation, some of which are discussed as a concluding remark of this study. A first prototype of the system is shown in the paper, where a simple circuit containing a microcontroller is implemented to simulate the automated SHM concept.
Mechanisms of Jet Mixing in a Supersonic Crossflow: A Study Using Large-Eddy Simulation

High-order compact differencing/filtering schemes are coupled with recently developed localized artificial diffusivity methodology in the context of large-eddy simulation (LES) to obtain insights into the physics of an under-expanded sonic jet injection into a supersonic crossflow. The flow conditions of the experiment by Santiago and Dutton [J. Prop. Power. 13 (1997) 264–273] are selected for detailed simulation. The present LES qualitatively reproduce the unsteady dynamics of both barrel shock and bow shock as observed in the experiment. It found that pressure fluctuation inside the upstream recirculation region induces unsteadiness of windward jet shear layer and causes large-scale dynamics of the barrel shock and front bow shock. Statistics obtained by the LES also show good agreement with the experiment. With regard to the processes controlling the jet mixing we studied the dynamics of vortex structures in the flow. Two regions of vortex formation which form hairpin-like structure are identified in the windward and leeward jet boundaries. These vortices play an important role in determining the behavior of jet fluid stirring and subsequent mixing. Also noted is the entrainment of rolled-up windward shear layer by the upstream recirculating flow.
Study on Sharing Earth Electrode by Rectifiers or Inverters of Some UHVDC Systems

Sharing earth electrode by three UHVDC system rectifiers or inverters are studied respectively by electromagnetic transient analysis software EMTP-RV based on the main parameters of ±800kV HVDC project from Xiangjiaba to Nanhui.This paper analyzes the different operation modes of the UHVDC system sharing earth electrode from the aspect of power system stable operation.The merits and demerits of sharing earth electrode are summarized in detail.The feasible suggestions for the corresponding control and protection of UHVDC system sharing earth electrode are put forward.The simulation results show that the scheme of sharing earth electrode is feasible.However,the resistors of both the earth electrode and earth electrode line should be restricted within a certain range.In addition,there are very strict requirements for choosing the position to bury the earth electrode and designing the shared earth electrode itself.
Tactical Police Officers, Romantic Attachment and Job-Related Stress: A Mixed-Methods Study

OF DISSERTATION TACTICAL POLICE OFFICERS, ROMANTIC ATTACHMENT AND JOB-RELATED STRESS: A MIXED-METHODS STUDY Stressors stemming from tactical policing such as social isolation and increased work responsibilities often spill over into the home and affect personal relationships. Using attachment theory as the guiding framework, this mixed methods study aimed to obtain a better understanding of the factors involved in maintaining long-term relationships between tactical officers and their romantic partners. Phase I consisted of surveys administered to tactical officers in Kentucky and measured romantic partner attachment, organizational and operational police stressors. Research questions examined how operational and organizational stress correlated with attachment while controlling for demographics. Analysis indicated that holding a rank above an officer has a significant relationship to both operational and organizational stress. Influenced by the findings from phase I, phase II consisted of 30 qualitative interviews with both tactical officers and their romantic partners. Using elements of attachment theory, symbolic interactionism, and components comprising the spirit of grounded theory, four primary themes with supporting subthemes were discovered: (1) communication, a key component of successful relationships; (2) isolation, particularly from socializing with those outside policing or tactical policing; (3) job related stress, where participants indicated more stress with tactical duties; and (4) tactical team as family and trust where participants indicated that personal support among team members was essential to building the mutual trust needed for the dangers of tactical policing. These themes indicated important findings including better communication between couples who had a romantic partner working in a criminal justice related field and discovery of stressors unique to tactical policing including increased job-related stress pertaining to the higher physical, moral and intellectual standards needed for tactical policing. Participant-based advice and recommendations for more tailored support services for tactical officers and their families were also developed from the findings of phase II and included a need for family notification systems and creation of family-oriented trainings. Relationships between the phases highlighted unique aspects of police subculture within tactical policing and its effects on the personal and occupational lives of tactical officers.
Results of Early Hypospadias Surgery Using Optical Magnification

AbstractBetween 1977 and 1981, 106 children were operated on for hypospadias anomalies. Of these patients 51 have undergone the modified flip-flap urethroplasty or meatal advancement and glanuloplasty, 30 were repaired using a 1-stage Hodgson or Duckett tube urethroplasty, 10 have completed a 2-stage Belt-Fuqua procedure and 15 were treated for multiple complications. A urethrocutaneous fistula developed in 4 patients (4 per cent), meatal stenosis in 3 (3 per cent) and a transient urethral stricture in 1 (1 per cent). All procedures were performed using optical magnification, 2.5 times during the first 1½ years followed by 4.5 times during the subsequent years. In addition, 58 children completed repair before age 2 years, with a mean age of 16 months, with no difference in complication rate. These resuits indicate that through the use of optical magnification hypospadias surgery can be accomplished safely using a 1-stage reconstruction repair before the child is 2 years old.
Weather in the Age of Technology An Autoethnographic Postcard

In this article, I use an autoethnographic postcard to consider the enduring impact of the weather, especially weather-related disasters, in an age of technology.
Synthesis of an energy-optimal self-heating strategy for Li-ion batteries

The resistance of Lithium-ion cells increases at sub-zero temperatures reducing the cells' power availability. One way to improve the cells' performance in these adverse operation conditions is to proactively heat them. In this paper, we consider the scenario in which a cell is heated from both inside and outside; a current is drawn from the cell to power a convective heater; Joule heating warms the cell from inside. A problem formulation to derive the time-limited energy-optimal current policy is presented, analyzed and numerically solved. It is observed that the optimal current policy resembles a sequence of constant voltage, constant current and phases, mirroring conventional wisdom. Finally, the notion of productive warm-up—a warm-up procedure that ensures that the cell can perform work once warmed-up—is introduced; and an approximation of the optimal solution is used to identify the lowest state of charge at various operating conditions (portion of the state-space) from which productive warm-up is feasible.
Extension of the ReaxFF Combustion Force Field toward Syngas Combustion and Initial Oxidation Kinetics

A detailed insight of key reactive events related to oxidation and pyrolysis of hydrocarbon fuels further enhances our understanding of combustion chemistry. Though comprehensive kinetic models are available for smaller hydrocarbons (typically C3 or lower), developing and validating reaction mechanisms for larger hydrocarbons is a daunting task, due to the complexity of their reaction networks. The ReaxFF method provides an attractive computational method to obtain reaction kinetics for complex fuel and fuel mixtures, providing an accuracy approaching ab-initio-based methods but with a significantly lower computational expense. The development of the first ReaxFF combustion force field by Chenoweth et al. (CHO-2008 parameter set) in 2008 has opened new avenues for researchers to investigate combustion chemistry from the atomistic level. In this article, we seek to address two issues with the CHO-2008 ReaxFF description. While the CHO-2008 description has achieved significant popularity for studying large ...
A Fourier Series Method for the Determination of the Components of Interatomic Distances in Crystals

A method for the direct determination of the components of interatomic distances in crystals has been developed from a consideration of the properties of the Fourier series whose coefficients are the squares of the $F$-coefficients for the crystal reflections. Valuable structural information is thus obtained without making any assumptions as to the phase to be allotted to the $F$-coefficients. The practical application of the method is illustrated by a discussion of the structures of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and hexachlorobenzene.
A systematic review of left unilateral electroconvulsive therapy

Objective To systematically review the published clinical trials, case series, and case reports on left unilateral (LUL) electrode placement for clinical electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Method PubMed, Ovid Medline, and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles concerning LUL ECT. Number of patients, efficacy, and cognitive outcomes were extracted from the papers that met our inclusion criteria. Results A total of 52 articles were included in this review, consisting of 33 clinical trials, seven case series, and 12 case reports. Conclusion Overall, the efficacy of LUL electrode placement for the treatment of depression and psychosis is similar to that of right unilateral (RUL) and bilateral (BL) electrode placements. Patients receiving LUL ECT tend to experience more verbal memory impairment than patients receiving RUL ECT, but less verbal impairment than patients receiving BL ECT. In contrast, patients receiving LUL ECT tended to experience the least visual and nonverbal memory impairment, compared to patients receiving RUL or BL ECT.
Vibrational CD, Theory and Application to Determination of Absolute Configuration

The vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra of the two enantiomers of a chiral molecule are of equal magnitude and opposite sign: i.e., mirror-image enantiomers give mirror-image VCD spectra. In principle, the absolute configuration (AC) of a chiral molecule can therefore be determined from its VCD spectrum. In practice, the determination of the AC of a chiral molecule from its experimental VCD spectrum requires a methodology that reliably predicts the VCD spectra of its enantiomers. The only reliable methodology developed to date uses the Stephens quantum-mechanical theory of the rotational strengths of fundamental transitions, developed in the early 1980s, implemented using ab initio density functional theory in the GAUSSIAN program in the mid-1990s. This methodology has by now been widely used in determining ACs from experimental VCD spectra. This article discusses the protocol for determining the ACs of chiral molecules with optimum reliability and its implementation for a variety of molecules, including the D3 symmetry perhydrotriphenylene; a thiazino-oxadiazolone recently shown to be a highly active calcium channel blocker; the alkaloid natural products schizozygine, isoschizogaline, and isoschizogamine; and the iridoid natural products plumericin, isoplumericin, and prismatomerin. The power of VCD spectroscopy in determining ACs, even for large organic molecules and for confomationally flexible organic molecules, is clearly documented.
Shantytown, USA: Forgotten Landscapes of the Working Poor: Goff, Lisa Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 320 pp., $35.00, ISBN 9780674660458 Publication Date: April 2016

The title of Lisa Goff's book, Shantytown, USA: Forgotten Landscapes of the Working Poor, might conjure up images of Depression-era Hoovervilles and not much else, but Goff argues convincingly that...
Reflection: Black Ghettoization and Marginalization – The Recent U.S. Experience

U.S. cities in 2016 continue to be haunted by the specter of isolated and disadvantaged African American ghettos. These spaces today exhibit deepened poverty and physical decay, struggling public schools, and heightened stigma. This current trend is exemplified in the likes of Cleveland’s Hough and Kinsman, Chicago’s sprawling South Side Black Belt, Los Angeles’s Watts, and New York’s Bedford Stuyvesant. Set in the shadows of spruced up downtowns and gentrified neighborhoods, these communities feel the ills of systematic neglect. While a new spit-and-polish uneven development provides shiny new “creative-class” residential and play zones, poor black communities are pushed to the margins as undeserving and culturally problematic. As I have suggested elsewhere, we can now think of a new kind of low-income terrain having formed in these cities, what I describe shortly as “glocal ghettos”.
High-altitude adaptation in humans: from genomics to integrative physiology

About 1.2 to 33% of high-altitude populations suffer from Monge’s disease or chronic mountain sickness (CMS). Number of factors such as age, sex, and population of origin (older, male, Andean) contribute to the percentage reported from a variety of samples. It is estimated that there are around 83 million people who live at altitudes > 2500 m worldwide and are at risk for CMS. In this review, we focus on a human “experiment in nature” in various high-altitude locations in the world—namely, Andean, Tibetan, and Ethiopian populations that have lived under chronic hypoxia conditions for thousands of years. We discuss the adaptive as well as mal-adaptive changes at the genomic and physiological levels. Although different genes seem to be involved in adaptation in the three populations, we can observe convergence at genetic and signaling, as well as physiological levels. What is important is that we and others have shown that lessons learned from the genes mined at high altitude can be helpful in better understanding and treating diseases that occur at sea level. We discuss two such examples: EDNRB and SENP1 and their role in cardiac tolerance and in the polycythemic response, respectively.
Unsteady droplet combustion with droplet heating

Abstract Unsteady droplet combustion caused by droplet heating is modelled by assuming quasi-steady gas-phase processes and the droplet temperature being spatially uniform but temporally varying. Results show droplet heating is a significant source for the experimentally observed unsteady combustion phenomena of Okajima and Kumagai.
70 Chemisorption and Catalysis on Germanium

The adsorption of hydrogen on germanium films is activated reversible, dissociative, and immobile. The rate of desorption of hydrogen from a surface completely covered with hydrogen atoms is equal to twice the rate of decomposition of germane on the same surface at the same temperature. The rate-determining step of the decomposition is thus identified as the desorption of hydrogen molecules from a monolayer of hydrogen atoms. If germane is decomposed in the presence of deuterium, no hydrogen deuteride is formed until the decomposition is complete. After that, exchange proceeds readily at a rate that can be predicted from rates of desorption and adsorption isotherms. The germanium surface does not exhibit a priori heterogeneity (active centers), which does not play a dominant role in decomposition or adsorption. The decrease in adsorption heat with coverage is tentatively attributed to induction. The rates of desorption of hydrogen and deuterium from a saturated surface are different. This isotopic rate effect shows that an electronic barrier layer is not rate determining in the desorption process.
How Violent Youth Offenders and Typically Developing Adolescents Construct Moral Agency in Narratives About Doing Harm

Experiences that involve having harmed another person tend to compel individuals to consider their own behavior in light of their understandings of right and wrong, thereby serving as an important context and source of moral development. Although this process begins in early childhood, adolescents become quite preoccupied with the type of person they want to become and are thus likely to be most fully engaged in constructing a sense of themselves as moral agents.
Laparoscopic transabdominal Morgagni hernia repair

Morgagni hernias are a rare finding in the adult population and represent 1%–3% of all congenital diaphragmatic hernias. Multiple approaches to these rare hernias have been described in the literature. Here, we present a novel technique of laparoscopic transabdominal repair using a combination of the Endo-Close device (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and the Ti-KNOT (LSI Solutions, Victor, NY, USA). In a patient with a large left anterior diaphragmatic defect, we performed transabdominal suturing utilizing the Endo-Close to perform primary closure of the defect, using the Ti-KNOT to secure the pledged sutures along the anterior fascia. Due to the size of the defect (7 cm × 10 cm), this primary repair was buttressed with polyester mesh. In a second patient with a smaller (6 cm × 8 cm) classic right-sided anterior diaphragmatic defect, we similarly performed laparoscopic transabdominal suturing using the Endo-Close to traverse both the anterior and posterior fascia and the Ti-KNOT to secure the sutures to perform a primary repair of the hernia. Both patients presented had an uneventful postoperative course and no indication of recurrence at 4 months. Morgagni hernias present unique technical challenges. In our experience, the combined use of transabdominal suture with laparoscopic knot placement device allowed for completion of both cases laparoscopically with minimal tension on the repairs.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma represents 20% of all skin cancers, resulting in 1 million cases in the United States each year. The lifetime risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma continues to increase annually and will likely continue to increase because of the aging population. Most cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are treated locally, with a subset leading to recurrence, metastasis, and death. This review of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma covers incidence, recurrence rates, mortality rates, risk factors, staging systems, treatment, prevention, and monitoring.
All shook up: the shifting Soviet response to catastrophes, 1917–1991

This book is a history of Soviet disaster management between the 1920s and the 1980s. The author tracks how changing leadership politics influenced state and society responses to unexpected calamit...
Underlay Cognitive Relay Network with Modulation Diversity

In this paper, modulation diversity is incorporated into an underlay cognitive relay network where a secondary source communicates with the secondary destination directly and via an intermediate secondary relay. Modulation diversity is employed both at the secondary source and the secondary relay, where it rotates and interleaves the signal components before transmission to enhance the diversity order as well as the system's performance. Due to the modulation diversity, source and relay transmit different symbols to the destination that improves the mutual information of the system and the conditional probability of error, therefore its performance analysis and results are different than the conventional underlay cognitive relay network. Exact outage probability of the proposed system is derived and validated with Monte Carlo simulations. Moreover, error probability of the system is derived and compared with the computer simulations. Furthermore, interference power constraints and correlation among received signal-to-noise ratios are considered in all of the performance analysis to accurately analyze the proposed system.
The impact of near-miss events on betting behavior: An examination of casino rapid roulette play

We examine how almost winning in roulette affects subsequent betting behavior. Our main finding is heterogeneity in gambler behavior with some gamblers less likely to bet on numbers that were near misses on the prior spin and other gamblers more likely to bet on near miss numbers. Using a unique data set from the game rapid roulette, we model the likelihood of a gambler betting on a near miss number while controlling for the favorite number bias and the likelihood of a number being a near miss. We also find no evidence that near misses in roulette leads to gamblers extending the time spent gambling or to the placing of more bets.
A Data Assimilation Framework for Discrete Event Simulations

Discrete event simulation (DES) is traditionally used as an offline tool to help users to carry out analysis for complex systems. As real-time sensor data become more and more available, there is increasing interest of assimilating real-time data into DES to achieve on-line simulation to support real-time decision making. This article presents a data assimilation framework that works with DES models. Solutions are proposed to address unique challenges associated with data assimilation for DES. A tutorial example of discrete event road traffic simulation is developed to demonstrate the data assimilation framework as well as principles of data assimilation in general. This article makes contributions to the DES community by presenting a data assimilation framework for DES and a concrete tutorial example that helps readers to grasp the details of data assimilation for DES.
Germ cell-mediated mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance

It is well established that lifestyle and other environmental factors have the potential to shape our own health and future. Research from the last two decades, however, provides mounting evidence that parental exposures or experiences such as dietary challenges, toxin exposure, or stress can impact the health and future of our offspring. There are indications that both the paternal and maternal germline are able to store information of the parental environment and pass certain information on to their progeny. These intergenerational effects are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. This review summarizes and discusses insights into germline epigenetic plasticity caused by environmental stimuli and how such alterations are transmitted to induce a stable phenotype in the offspring.
Demand Forecasting of Anti-Aircraft Missile Spare Parts Using Neural Network

One of the major hurdles today is maintaining the right amount of stock keeping units since it may lead to under utilization or over utilization. Spare parts play a very vital role in any inventory or industrial companies. The importance of spare parts can be identified by their sizeable amount and their impact on business operations. One of the major industries today is aircraft industry which includes some of the most fundamental factors like increasing terrorist activities across the world, rising request for technologically robust anti-aircraft missiles and the growing defense funds of emerging countries. Inventory needs to keep an eye on these activities so as to estimate the future consumption. In this study, the dataset used is that of Vietnam War Bombing Operations .The proposed modeling involved- the aircraft name along with its unit of issue, how many spare parts are exhausted and how many are remaining. This helps in finding out the quantity required for demanding the exhausted spare parts by maintaining the budget .The trial about Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) and XGBoost demonstrates effectiveness in terms of time and memory which is the ultimate aim to improve the precision in terms of demand accuracy.
Real-world study of direct oral anticoagulant dosing patterns in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Background Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are preferred for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF). However, off-label doses have been associated with increased risk of adverse events. Objective The objective of this study was to compare the frequency and outcomes of labeled versus off-label DOAC dosing in patients with AF. Methods This retrospective cohort study included adults diagnosed with nonvalvular AF (NVAF), discharged from University of Utah Health on DOAC therapy between 7/1/2017 and 9/30/2017. The primary outcome was off-label DOAC dosing frequency, defined as dosing inconsistent with manufacturer labeling. Secondary outcomes included variables associated with off-label dosing and a composite of adverse events (major bleeding, thromboembolism, and all-cause mortality) in the 90 days following the index hospital discharge. Results Of 249 included patients, 16.1% were discharged with off-label dosing. Factors associated with off-label dosing included advanced age, lower body mass index, decreased renal function, use of rivaroxaban, and hepatic impairment. The majority of off-label patients (70%) received lower-than-recommended DOAC dosing. Prescriber rationale for off-label prescribing was documented in 25% of patients and included anti-Xa guided dosing, high risk for bleeding or thromboembolism, and prior history of on-therapy adverse events. The rate of adverse events between labeled and off-label DOAC doses was not statistically different (10.0% vs. 6.7%, p=0.299), although this is likely due to small sample size. Conclusions Off-label DOAC prescribing for stroke prevention in NVAF at University of Utah Health was consistent or lower than previously published studies. Off-label dosing most often involved under-dosing of rivaroxaban. Future research should investigate the role of provider rationale and insight in optimizing DOAC therapy outcomes.
The Economic Burden of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder; through its prevalence and utilization of healthcare resources, the disease creates an enormous medical and economic burden that is set to worsen based on current population predictions. The transition of US healthcare from a volume-based to value-based reimbursement system presents an opportunity to address large population health problems such as osteoporosis. By reorganizing treatment plans and outcomes around the needs of the patient, the burden of osteoporosis can be managed in a more cost-effective way.
Fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Abstract More than 1 million orthopedic procedures are performed in the U.S. each year, for reconstructive surgery, trauma, or abnormal skeletal defects. Bone grafts are typically used in these procedures. However, due to current limitations with bone grafts, autografts, and allografts, bone tissue engineering strategies have been sought. Bone tissue engineering uses cells and/or growth factors in combination with biomaterials that act as scaffolds to repair bone tissue. Fiber-containing scaffolds are of interest because they mimic the structure of the native collagen matrix in the bone ECM. Fibers provide a surface conducive for cellular attachment, growth, and other cellular behaviors that are favorable for bone tissue formation. This chapter will review bone biology, processing techniques commonly used to prepare fibrous scaffolds, and recent advances using fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering application.
The most recent advances in understanding and managing hidradenitis suppurativa

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, recurrent, and debilitating skin disease of the hair follicle unit that typically develops after puberty. HS has a significant negative impact on both the quality of life (QOL) of patients affected by this disease as well as family members and caregivers. However, the pathogenesis of HS is multifactorial and still remains to be fully elucidated, which makes the development of treatments difficult. The last 10 years have seen a surge in HS research, and many new findings have come to light, yet much more remains to be elucidated. Physicians must employ a multidisciplinary approach to maximally address all facets of HS. Clinical characteristics of the disease that differ between females and males as well as across different races and ethnic groups must be considered. Targeted topical, oral, and injectable therapies continue to be developed for HS as a greater understanding of the pathogenesis is reached. However, randomized controlled trials regarding dietary factors that may contribute to HS are needed to meet our patients' growing concerns and questions about the role of diet in HS pathogenesis. Finally, improved outcome measures are needed to standardize HS severity and grading between physicians and clinical trials, and a more diverse representation of HS populations is needed in clinical trials.
Anatomic Approach Does Not Influence Technical Outcomes of Pericardiocentesis in the Pediatric Population

BACKGROUND: The standard approach to pericardiocentesis is a subcostal approach with echocardiographic guidance. Hepatomegaly and noncircumferential effusions warrant nonstandard approaches to drain effusions; echocardiographic guidance has made other, less traditional, non-subcostal approaches feasible. METHODS: All pediatric patients undergoing pericardiocentesis from August 2008 to June 2016 at a tertiary care hospital were included. Procedure-related complications, approach to procedure, the location …
Design, Analysis, and Optimization of the Array of Axial Rectangular Slots on a Cylindrical Waveguide

In the current work, for the first time, the design equations for an array of rectangular slots axially placed on a cylindrical waveguide are driven and presented, making it possible to attain asymmetrical and non-broadside patterns with higher bandwidths. The method of least squares is then used for both the radiation pattern synthesis with the specified side lobe level and the array input impedance matching. For optimization, the error function comprised of the three terms of impedance matching, array pattern synthesis, and slot design equations is constructed. To minimize the error function, the genetic algorithm combined with the conjugate gradient method is utilized and the geometrical characteristic of the slots defined. This procedure increases the design speed and provides the means to synthesize any desired pattern for an array of axial rectangular slots on a cylindrical waveguide. Numerical and fabrication examples are presented as illustrations of the proposed synthesis method. The results of the proposed method are verified by using the commercial software High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) in comparison to measurement results obtained out of the proposed prototype of a fabricated antenna operating at the frequency of 9 GHz.
Medical Student Attitudes and Perceptions on the Relevance of Neuroscience to Psychiatry: a Mixed Methods Study.

Many psychiatry residency programs are actively incorporating neuroscience training into their curricula; however, relatively little scholarship exploring neuroscience and psychiatry integration in undergraduate medical education has been conducted. This study investigated second-year, pre-clerkship medical students’ perceptions on the relationship between neuroscience and psychiatry following foundational neuroscience and behavior instruction to identify their views before they enter clerkships. A mixed methods design combined qualitative analysis of medical students’ essays in response to the prompt: “What is the relationship between neuroscience and psychiatry?” with quantitative analysis of survey responses on a 7-point scale. Ninety-three percent of the class participated in the study (n = 77). Learners rated neuroscience as important for understanding and treating psychiatric disorders, albeit less important for psychiatric compared to neurological disorders. Using applied thematic analysis, the authors identified qualitative themes. Specifically, participants recognized neuroscience as a foundational science for psychiatry, but some emphasized that factors other than neuroscience are needed to explain psychiatric disorders. Some students perceived neuroscience and psychiatry as complementary approaches to understanding the brain and behavior. Others identified a role for neuroscience in reducing the stigma of psychiatric disorders and thereby improving access to psychiatric care. The quantitative and qualitative findings reinforced each other and provided novel insight to pre-clerkship medical students’ views on the relevance of neuroscience for psychiatry. Educating all medical students, not just psychiatry residents, on the neuroscience of psychiatric disorders may better equip the next generation of physicians, regardless of specialty, to care for their patients with psychiatric conditions.
Meso-scale model for simulations of concrete subjected to cryogenic temperatures

This paper includes computational analysis of the behavior of concrete subjected to cryogenic temperatures. The analysis is performed by developing a computationally implemented meso-scale model of concrete as a 3-phase composite that consists of mortar matrix, aggregate, and interfacial transition zone. The modeling results provide insight on the effects of concrete mixture design and properties on resistance to damage during cooling to cryogenic temperatures. The results show that the most important factor that affects damage is the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the mortar and aggregates. Models in which the mortar and aggregate had close values of positive coefficients are predicted to experience less damage. The modeled material with irregular shape particles is predicted to experience more localized damage than the modeled material with circular shape particles. In addition, the model predicts a reduction in damage when air entrainment is present. The damage results predicted by the model for air entrained and non-air entrained concrete are in general agreement with experimental data from the literature.
Negative Feelings of Gratitude

Gratitude is a topic of great disagreement among philosophers. They dispute when it is owed, to whom it can be owed, what it amounts to. One point on which philosophers seem to agree, however, is that gratitude involves feelings, and that these feelings of gratitude are fundamentally positive. My goal in this paper is to argue against this claim. Gratitude does imply certain feelings, but there is no single positive feeling of gratitude, the way there may be a single positive feeling of joy or of pride. Instead, gratitude is (in part) an affective disposition—a disposition to have certain feelings in certain situations. Philosophers have overlooked this fact because they tend to consider cases of gratitude in a narrow context—namely, a context in which the benefactor’s sacrifice is minimal, and in which the benefactor generally fares well after performing an act of benevolence. When we consider gratitude outside this context, I will show, the feelings associated with gratitude can be negative, and indeed quite painful. This essay proceeds as follows. In Sect. 2, I define ‘‘gratitude’’ and ‘‘feeling,’’ and refine the question this essay aims to answer. In Sects. 3 and 4, I summarize what philosophers have taken feelings of gratitude to be, and argue against what I call the Consensus View on feelings of gratitude: that feelings of gratitude are invariably positive. In Sect. 5, I identify one normative implication my conclusion has for the question of when gratitude is warranted. In Sect. 6, I explore my
Phylter: A System for Modulating Notifications in Wearables Using Physiological Sensing

As wearable computing becomes more mainstream, it holds the promise of delivering timely, relevant notifications to the user. However, these devices can potentially inundate the user, distracting them at the wrong times and providing the wrong amount of information. As physiological sensing also becomes consumer-grade, it holds the promise of helping to control these notifications. To solve this, we build a system Phylter that uses physiological sensing to modulate notifications to the user. Phylter receives streaming data about a user’s cognitive state, and uses this to modulate whether the user should receive the information. We discuss the components of the system and how they interact.