cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modular avionics and open systems architecture for future manned space flight

Alternative combinations of generic avionics modules for future manned space flight, such as in preliminary designs for the proposed NASA Advanced Manned Launch System/ Personnel Launch System (AMLS/PLS), are presented in this paper. The USAF Modular Avionics Systems Architecture (MASA) and the NASA/JSC "Space Generic Open Avionics Architecture (SGOAA)" standards are briefly described. Future manned space transportation will probably depend on a mix of vehicles, while anticipating continued use of the Shuttle Fleet through the first quarter of the 21st century. Proposed incremental avionics upgrade concepts to enable the Space Shuttle to operate to the year 2030, are also discussed. >
Electrodynamics at Galactic Center

Molecular clouds moving at Keplerian velocities can induce strong electric fields in ionized regions near the galactic center. The V × B induced field can drive currents over equivalent circuits ~ 100 pc. along the highly ordered magnetic fields, B ~ 10-3 G. Such current paths drive low-level ion acoustic turbulence, providing a resistance in the circuit. Small magnetic pinches form which are generally kink unstable, but can organize into larger, long-lived structures. Ohmic losses are energetically important in the molecular clouds, where high density regions should be most luminous. Electrons can accelerate in the induced fields to relativistic energies, yielding the radio luminosity. Electrodynamic flares may occur on year timescales. Such electrodynamic deceleration of clouds can powerfully increase accretion toward galactic centers and enhance their luminosities.
The Action Pattern of Porcine Pancreatic α-Amylase in Relationship to the Substrate Binding Site of the Enzyme

Abstract The position specificity of porcine pancreatic α-amylase action on maltotriose (G3) through maltooctaose (G8) has been studied with maltodextrins specifically labeled in the reducing glucose unit with 14C. The initial relative rates of formation of the labeled products were determined for each substrate. As the size of the maltodextrin increases, the point of maximum frequency of attack shifts from the first bond from the reducing end (bond 1) in G3 to bond 2 in G4 through G7 and to bond 3 in G8. All of the dextrins had more than one bond cleaved except G5, which was cleaved only at bond 2 giving labeled G2 (G2*). Further, neither bond 1 nor the nonreducing terminal bond was cleaved for G5 and higher dextrins in the series. The action patterns on G3 and G4 were observed to be concentration-dependent. At low concentrations of G3* (2.5 mm), G1* was formed at a faster rate than G2*; at 44 mm, the rates of formation of G1* and G2* were equal, and at 100 mm the rate of formation of G2* exceeded G1*. By kinetic analysis and specific labeling experiments, it has been shown that, at low concentrations of G3 the formation of products is due to hydrolysis. At high concentrations, the products are due to a condensation reaction in which 2 molecules of G3 condense to give G6 with subsequent hydrolysis and change in product distribution. The data are consistent with a five-glucose binding site, in which the catalytic groups are located at bond 2.
Imaging spectroscopy algorithms for mapping canopy foliar chemical and morphological traits and their uncertainties

A major goal of remote sensing is the development of generalizable algorithms to repeatedly and accurately map ecosystem properties across space and time. Imaging spectroscopy has great potential to map vegetation traits that cannot be retrieved from broadband spectral data, but rarely have such methods been tested across broad regions. Here we illustrate a general approach for estimating key foliar chemical and morphological traits through space and time using NASA's Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS-Classic). We apply partial least squares regression (PLSR) to data from 237 field plots within 51 images acquired between 2008 and 2011. Using a series of 500 randomized 50/50 subsets of the original data, we generated spatially explicit maps of seven traits (leaf mass per area ( M area ), percentage nitrogen, carbon, fiber, lignin, and cellulose, and isotopic nitrogen concentration, δ 15 N) as well as pixel-wise uncertainties in their estimates based on error propagation in the analytical methods. Both M area and %N PLSR models had a R 2 > 0.85. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) for both variables were less than 9% of the range of data. Fiber and lignin were predicted with R 2 > 0.65 and carbon and cellulose with R 2 > 0.45. Although R 2 of %C and cellulose were lower than M area and %N, the measured variability of these constituents (especially %C) was also lower, and their RMSE values were beneath 12% of the range in overall variability. Model performance for δ 15 N was the lowest ( R 2 = 0.48, RMSE = 0.95‰), but within 15% of the observed range. The resulting maps of chemical and morphological traits, together with their overall uncertainties, represent a first-of-its-kind approach for examining the spatiotemporal patterns of forest functioning and nutrient cycling across a broad range of temperate and sub-boreal ecosystems. These results offer an alternative to categorical maps of functional or physiognomic types by providing non-discrete maps (i.e., on a continuum) of traits that define those functional types. A key contribution of this work is the ability to assign retrieval uncertainties by pixel, a requirement to enable assimilation of these data products into ecosystem modeling frameworks to constrain carbon and nutrient cycling projections.
The analogue of the strong Szegö limit theorem on the 2- and 3-dimensional spheres

This theorem was first proved by G. Szego [3] for positive functions f in the class C with α > 0. Conditions on f were relaxed by several people (see, for example, [7] and [4]), until the sharp result above was obtained (see [2]). Let us make a small technical remark. It is certainly true that for some continuous functions f , (0.1) holds precisely, not just mod 2πi. It is not difficult to see that the spectrum of Pn[f ]Pn is contained in the closed convex hull of the image of f . If this set does not contain the origin, then there is a branch of the logarithm defined on it which can be used to define log f and logPn[f ]Pn. If we replace log detPn[f ]Pn in (0.1) by trace logPn[f ]Pn, the resulting formula holds precisely. We also remark that if we instead define Pn to be the space spanned by {e : |m| ≤ n}, then formula (0.1) holds if we replace the factor (n + 1) in the leading order term by (2n+ 1). In this paper, we will prove the analogue of this result on the 2and 3-dimensional spheres.
Reversal of acute ("malignant") myelosclerosis by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

A 28-yr-old woman with acute malignant myelosclerosis received, as primary treatment, ablative chemotherapy and total body radiation therapy followed by bone marrow transplantation from her histocompatible brother. The patient is now well more than 15 mo after bone marrow transplantation, with normal peripheral blood counts, a normal bone marrow, no evidence of graft-versus-host disease, and is on no therapy. In light of the poor results obtained with conventional chemotherapy in this disease, bone marrow transplantation may represent the treatment of choice for patients who have an appropriate donor.
The Cloak of Dreams: Chinese Fairy Tales

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Bela Balazs Translators: Jack Zipes Year: 2010 Pages: 177 Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 978-0-691-14711-6 (hard cover).
The Tendon Injury Response is Influenced by Decorin and Biglycan

Defining the constituent regulatory molecules in tendon is critical to understanding the process of tendon repair and instructive to the development of novel treatment modalities. The purpose of this study is to define the structural, expressional, and mechanical changes in the tendon injury response, and elucidate the roles of two class I small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs). We utilized biglycan-null, decorin-null and wild type mice with an established patellar tendon injury model. Mechanical testing demonstrated functional changes associated with injury and the incomplete recapitulation of mechanical properties after 6 weeks. In addition, SLRP deficiency influenced the mechanical properties with a marked lack of improvement between 3 and 6 weeks in decorin-null tendons. Morphological analyses of the injury response and role of SLRPs demonstrated alterations in cell density and shape as well as collagen alignment and fibril structure resulting from injury. SLRP gene expression was studied using RT-qPCR with alterations in expression associated with the injured tendons. Our results show that in the absence of biglycan initial healing may be impaired while in the absence of decorin later healing is clearly diminished. This suggests that biglycan and decorin may have sequential roles in the tendon response to injury.
Sequential modeling for obfuscated network attack action sequences

This work presents a preliminary study of modeling obfuscation techniques for network attack action sequences. The aim is to develop a systematic analytical methodology that shows how intentional obfuscation or unintentional noise may affect the modeling and classification of attack sequences. Discussions on different types of obfuscation techniques will be given, followed by a formal formulation to represent the effect of obfuscation within attack sequences. Preliminary simulation results are presented to demonstrate the impact of attack sequences with and without obfuscated attack actions.
Vegetation-modulated landscape evolution: Effects of vegetation on landscape processes, drainage density, and topography

[1] Topography acts as a template for numerous landscape processes that include hydrologic, ecologic, and biologic phenomena. These processes not only interact with each other but also contribute to shaping the landscape as they influence geomorphic processes. We have investigated the effects of vegetation on thresholds for channel initiation and landform evolution using both analytical and numerical approaches. Vegetation is assumed to form a uniform ground cover. Runoff erosion is modeled based on a power function of excess shear stress, in which shear stress efficiency is inversely proportional to vegetation cover. This approach is validated using data. Plant effect on slope stability is represented by additional cohesion provided by plant roots. Vegetation cover is assumed to reduce sediment transport rates due to physical creep processes (rainsplash, dry ravel, and expansion and contraction of sediments) according to a negative exponential relationship. Vegetation grows as a function of both available cover and unoccupied space by plants and is killed by geomorphic disturbances (runoff erosion and landsliding) and wildfires. Analytical results suggest that in an equilibrium basin with a fixed vegetation cover, plants may cause a transition in the dominant erosion process at the channel head. A runoff erosion–dominated landscape, under none or poor vegetation cover, may become landslide dominated under a denser vegetation cover. The sign of the predicted relationship between drainage density and vegetation cover depends on the relative influence of vegetation on different erosion phenomena. With model parameter values representative of the Oregon Coast Range (OCR), numerical experiments conducted using the Channel Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) model confirm the findings based on the analytical theory. A highly dissected fluvial landscape emerges when surface is assumed bare. When vegetation cover is modeled, landscape relief increases, resulting in hollow erosion dominated by landsliding. Interestingly, our simulations underscore the importance of vegetation disturbances by geomorphic events and wildfires on the landscape structure. Simulated landscapes resemble real-world catchments in the OCR when such disturbances are considered.
The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations

Abstract Two traits – warmth and competence – govern social judgments of individuals and groups, and these judgments shape people's emotions and behaviors. The present chapter describes the causes and consequences of warmth and competence judgments; how, when and why they determine significant professional and organizational outcomes, such as hiring, employee evaluation, and allocation of tasks and resources. Warmth and competence represent the central dimensions of group stereotypes, the majority of which are ambivalent – characterizing groups as warm but incompetent (e.g., older people, working mothers) or competent but cold (e.g., “model minorities,” female leaders), in turn eliciting ambivalent feelings (i.e., pity and envy, respectively) and actions toward members of those groups. However, through nonverbal behaviors that subtly communicate warmth and competence information, people can manage the impressions they make on colleagues, potential employers, and possible investors. Finally, we discuss important directions for future research, such as investigating the causes and consequences of how organizations and industries are evaluated on warmth and competence.
In Vivo Confocal Imaging Of The Eye Using Tandem Scanning Confocal Microscopy (TSCM)

The tandem scanning reflected light microscope (TSRLM) is a confocal light microscope which has the capability of looking into living tissue and obtaining high resolution, high magnification images of cellular structure. TSRLM can be used to study living tissue such as all layers of the corneal epithelium including basal epithelial cells, keratocytes, nerves, inflammatory cells, bacteria, and corneal endothelium. For the first time in vision research, real-time, in vivo, microscopic images of normal and pathologic tissues can be obtained from human or animal eyes using the TSRLM. Compared to other methods of vital microscopy, TSRLM has no present rival. Specifically, TSRLM will: (1) Allow the hitopathologic analysis of living eyes, in vivo, over multiple observation periods without the need for tissue fixation and/or processing; (2) Assist in the acquisition and analysis of histopathologic images from human eyes, in vivo, in corneal disease; and (3) Greatly reduce the need for large numbers of animals in the histopathologic evaluation of experimental corneal disease and surgical procedures.
Tristetraprolin is a regulator of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA stability

Abstract Tristetraprolin (TTP) deficient mice exhibit a complex syndrome characterized by myeloid hyperplasia with extramedullary hematopoiesis, inflammation of skin and joints and cachexia. Macrophages derived from TTP-deficient mice accumulated twice as much TNFα mRNA and secreted 5-7 times more protein than control cells, and TNFα mRNA in these cells had an increased half-life (85 min in TTP-deficient cells versus 39 min in control cells). In transfection experiments, TTP can destabilize mRNAs containing the AU-rich elements from the 3′ untranslated region of both TNFα and GM-CSF mRNAs. To determine whether TTP was acting as a regulator of GM-CSF mRNA stability, we used primary cultures of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). In the absence of TTP, BMSC secreted 5-6 times more GM-CSF than control cells, and the steady-state levels of GM-CSF mRNA were also increased, due to the increased half-life of the message. Furthermore, we found that in the absence of TTP, the typical pattern of GM-CSF mRNA (two equally represented species of 0.8 and 1 kb) was changed, so that there was a clear predominance of the 1 kb species; this was found to be the fully polyadenylated form, whereas the 0.8 kb form appeared to be deadenylated. Thus, TTP-deficiency results in the increased accumulation of the fully polyadenylated form of GM-CSF mRNA. These date implicate TTP as a normal physiological regulator of GM-CSF mRNA stability and adenylation, and GM-CSF secretion. They also describe a novel biochemical target for the development of drugs to combat neutropenic conditions.
Simulation of Nano- and Micro-Indentation Behavior of Bone via a Plastic-Damage Model

Damage results in a loss of material continuity, which distinguishes it from other types of material degradation. The loss of continuity can have an adverse effect on mechanical properties, and may be manifested in the form of cracks and/or voids. Bone tissue, as a composite material, contains voids and other non-homogeneities that are naturally occurring and distinct from damage. However, when subjected to mechanical loading, such as indentation, further damage accumulation may occur. Figure 1 shows a cross-section of a bovine cortical bone specimen after high-load conical indentation to a depth of 300 μm, resulting in a large permanently deformed region. Nanoindentation, using a Berkovich tip at 10 mN maximum load, was then performed at numerous locations within three defined damage “zones”. Zone 1 is adjacent to the bottom of the indent, defined at 25% of the maximum indent depth. Zones 2 and 3 extend further away, both scaled as a function of the indentation depth, d. Figure 2 shows the variation in Young’s modulus in the three damage zones, averaged over approximately 25 indents per zone. The data suggest that local changes in mechanical properties may occur as a result of compaction of voids or cracks. The purpose of this work, therefore, is to investigate the application of a plastic-damage model for simulation of bone nano- and micro-scale indentation behavior.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Marching athletes: injuries and illnesses at band camp.

PURPOSE: To describe the frequency and types of injuries and illnesses sustained by student members of a high school marching band. METHODS: A descriptive, correlation retrospective study of 2 years of marching band camp health clinic logs. RESULTS: There were 378 nursing intervention clinic visits for 178 students in 2005 and 596 visits for 224 students in 2006. The visit frequency peaked on Day 3 of full band camp practice. The most common complaint was lower musculoskeletal injury, followed by skin rashes. Significant correlations were found between day of camp, blisters, menstruation, insect bites, asthma, heat distress, and musculoskeletal injuries. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Safeguards need to be investigated to protect the musculoskeletal integrity of these high school students. In response to the unique needs of marching band students, the National Athletic Trainers' Association has established guidelines to ensure the safety of these students on the practice field and in public performances. Nurses involved as parents or healthcare providers for adolescents taking part in high school marching bands should consider the athleticism required for this activity and help increase the students' physical activities in the months before the intensive band camp experience. Language: en
Trimeric intermediate in the in vivo folding and subunit assembly of the tail spike endorhamnosidase of bacteriophage P22

Abstract Newly synthesized tail spike polypeptide chains mature from trypsin- and NaDodSO4-sensitive unfolded chains to trypsin- and NaDodSO4-resistant native trimers with a t1/2 of 5 min at 30 degrees C. A metastable intermediate in subunit folding and assembly was trapped by chilling and isolated by electrophoresis through nondenaturing gels in the cold. A fraction of the intermediate could be matured into native trimers in vitro by incubating at physiological temperature. Mixing experiments with electrophoretically distinct mutant proteins showed that the precursor that matured in vitro represented three tail spike polypeptide chains already associated with each other but not fully folded. Identification of this intermediate reveals that the processes of polypeptide chain folding and subunit assembly are coupled in this large structural protein.
Further studies of the mechanism of stimulation by external acidification of the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers.

1. The efflux of sodium in ouabain-poisoned barnacle muscle fibers is markedly stimulated by injecting ATPNa2 but not by ATPMg. This response is partly or completely reversed by injecting the protein inhibitor of Walsh. Injection of EGTA following ATPNa2 partially reverses the stimulatory response; EGTA followed by protein inhibitor completely reverse together the response but only temporarily. Preinjection of EGTA enhances the response to an injection of ATPNa2. The enhanced response is almost completely reversed by an injection of protein inhibitor. 2. Stimulation of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux by acidification is completely reversed by injecting the protein inhibitor. It is also almost completely reversed following injection of 1–2 M-solutions of KHCO3. However, injection of KHCO3 fails to modify the response produced by injecting ATPNa2 or the partial reversal produced by injecting protein inhibitor. 3. Benzolamide (5×10−4 M) almost completely abolishes the stimulation caused by external acidification. Its action is dose-dependent, 38% inhibition being observed with a 10−7 M-solution.
Use of immobilized PCR primers to generate covalently immobilized DNAs for in vitro transcription/translation reactions

We have developed a novel biochemical method to simultaneously amplify and immobilize a target gene onto insoluble particles using PCR. This method employs the covalent attachment of one of two PCR primers to a particle surface either directly during DNA synthesis of the primer or post-DNA synthesis, through the use of chemical crosslinkers. Immobilization of the target gene can be achieved directly during PCR amplification, with one bead-bound primer and one soluble primer. Alternatively, this can be achieved post-PCR, through covalent attachment of a chemically modified primer incorporated into the amplicon to an activated particle. All of the immobilized DNA templates containing appropriate regulatory regions were fully competent for transcription and translation reactions and several could be re-used in serial reactions. The most successful strategy utilized amino-silanized controlled pore glass beads, which were coupled to phosphorylated primers using carbodiimide chemistry. These bead-bound primers were used during PCR to generate attached DNA templates that could be collected and re-used for at least seven sequential transcription reactions without significant loss in efficiency. This method has also been successfully applied to the amplification, transcription and translation of multiple DNA templates using a single, immobilized primer. The combined PCR-based amplification/immobilization method was shown to be more durable than post-PCR chemical immobilization and affords the convenience of performing sequential PCR amplification, transcription and translation reactions in a single tube.
A Framework for Evaluating Model Credibility for Warm-Season Precipitation in Northeastern North America: A Case Study of CMIP5 Simulations and Projections

AbstractFuture projections of northeastern North American warm-season precipitation [June–August (JJA)] indicate substantial uncertainty. Atmospheric processes important to the northeast-region JJA precipitation are identified and a first evaluation of the ability of five phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models to simulate these processes is performed. In this case study, the authors develop a set of process-based analyses forming a framework for evaluating model credibility in the northeast region. This framework includes evaluation of models’ ability to simulate observed spatial patterns and amounts of mean precipitation; dynamical atmospheric circulation features, moisture transport, and moisture divergence important to interannual precipitation variability; long-term trends; and SST patterns important to northeast-region summer precipitation.Wet summers in the northeast region are associated with 1) negative 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies centered near the Great Lake...
Parental Perspectives on Adolescent Hearing Loss Risk and Prevention

Importance Data indicate that 1 in 6 adolescents has high-frequency hearing loss, which is typically noise related and preventable. Parental participation improves the success of adolescent behavioral interventions, yet little is known about parental perspectives regarding adolescent noise-induced hearing loss. Objective To perform a survey to determine parental knowledge of adolescent hearing loss and willingness to promote hearing conservation to discern information that is critical to design adolescent hearing loss prevention programs. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional, Internet-based survey of a nationally representative online sample of parents of 13- to 17-year-olds. Interventions A survey conducted with the C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital National Poll on Children’s Health, a recurring online survey. Main Outcomes and Measures Parental knowledge of adolescent hearing loss and willingness to promote hearing conservation. Results Of 716 eligible respondents, 96.3% of parents reported that their adolescent was slightly or not at all at risk of hearing problems from excessive noise, and 69.0% had not spoken with their adolescent about noise exposure, mainly because of the perceived low risk. Nonetheless, to protect their adolescents’ hearing, more than 65.0% of parents are either willing or very willing to consider limiting time listening to music, limiting access to excessively noisy situations, or insisting on the use of hearing protection (earplugs or earmuffs). Higher parental education increased the odds of promoting hearing-protective strategies. Parents were less likely to insist on hearing protection for older adolescents. Parents who understood that both volume and time of exposure affect hearing damage were more likely to have discussed hearing loss with their adolescent (odds ratio [OR], 1.98; 95% CI, 1.29-3.03). The odds of discussing hearing loss were also increased for those who were willing or very willing to limit time listening to music (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.19-2.26) and to insist on hearing protection (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.15-3.18) compared with parents who were very unwilling, unwilling, or neutral. Conclusions and Relevance Despite the rising prevalence of acquired adolescent hearing loss, few parents believe their adolescent is at risk. Those with higher education are more willing to promote hearing conservation, especially with younger adolescents. To create effective hearing conservation programs, parents need better education on this subject as well as effective and acceptable strategies to prevent adolescent noise exposure.
Increasing Incidence of Kidney Stones in Children Evaluated in the Emergency Department

Objective To test the hypothesis that there is an increase in the incidence of childhood nephrolithiasis in the state of South Carolina. Study design We analyzed demographic data from a statewide database on incidence of kidney stones from emergency department data and financial charges. Data were compared with population data from the US Census to control for population growth. Results There was a significant increase in the incidence of kidney stones in children between 1996 and 2007. The greatest rate of increase was seen in adolescents, pre-adolescents, and Caucasian children. Infants, toddlers, and African-American children did not show significantly increased incidence in the period. Girls show a growing predominance in our population. The amount of money charged for care of children with kidney stones has gone up >4-fold in our state. Conclusion The incidence of kidney stone disease has risen dramatically in the state of South Carolina since 1996. Further studies investigating potential contributing factors are needed to prevent this costly and painful condition.
"Infectious tolerance" develops after the spontaneous acceptance of Lewis-to-Dark Agouti rat liver transplants.

Abstract Background. After monoclonal antibody or donor-specific transfusion treatment, infectious tolerance to rat or mouse heart or skin transplants can be passed on to naive recipients by adoptive transfer of tolerant lymphocytes. We examined whether similar regulatory cells develop after the spontaneous acceptance of Lewis-to-Dark Agouti (DA) rat liver transplants without immunomodulating agents. Methods. After Lewis-to-DA rat liver transplantation, 100 × 106 splenocytes were harvested and adoptively transferred into a 450 rad-irradiated naive DA rat 24 hours before Lewis heart transplantation. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells was also examined. In some experiments, splenocytes from recipients with long-term accepted Lewis hearts induced by adoptive transfer were serially transferred to multiple generations of recipients before Lewis rat heart transplantation. In vitro mixed lymphocyte culture response and cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation were measured. Results. When splenocytes from a DA rat recipient >60 days after Lewis rat liver acceptance were transferred into irradiated DA rat recipients, all Lewis rat hearts were accepted, whereas third-party Brown-Norway rat hearts were rejected. However, splenocytes from DA rat recipients 30 days after liver transplantation did not prolong Lewis rat heart survival. Adoptive transfer of 40 × 106 CD4+, 10 × 106 CD4+ or 10 × 106 CD8+ cells from a DA rat bearing Lewis rat liver >60 days resulted in acceptance of 88%, 80%, or 57% acceptance of Lewis rat hearts, respectively. Serial second and third adoptive transfer of long-term survivor splenocytes resulted in the acceptance of all Lewis rat hearts. In mixed lymphocyte culture, splenocytes from a naive DA rat and a DA rat accepting a Lewis rat liver transplant for >60 days showed similar proliferative responses to both Lewis and Brown-Norway rat stimulators. An equivalent level of indirect cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was exhibited by splenocytes from both a naive DA and a DA rat accepting a Lewis rat liver transplant for >60 days. Conclusion. Regulatory cells developing after the spontaneous acceptance of a Lewis to DA liver transplant can serially adoptively transfer the acceptance of a Lewis rat cardiac graft in spite of the presence of in vitro antidonor reactivity. Both CD4+ and CD8+ populations have this regulatory activity, although the CD4+ population plays the dominant role. (Surgery 2003;134:227-34.)
Multistream input: an experimental study of document scrolling methods

Navigating through on-line documents has become an increasingly common task in human-computer interaction. This paper investigates alternative methods to improve user performance for browsing World Wide Web and other documents. In a task that involved both scrolling and pointing, we compared three input methods against the status quo. The results showed that a mouse with a finger wheel did not improve user's performance; two other methods, namely a mouse with an isometric rate-control joystick operated by the same hand and a two-handed system that put a mouse in the dominant hand and a joystick in the other, both significantly improved users' performance. A human factors analysis of each of the three input methods is presented.
Backstop: a tool for debugging runtime errors

The errors that Java programmers are likely to encounter can roughly be categorized into three groups: compile-time (semantic and syntactic), logical, and runtime (exceptions). While much work has focused on the first two, there are very few tools that exist for interpreting the sometimes cryptic messages that result from runtime errors. Novice programmers in particular have difficulty dealing with uncaught exceptions in their code and the resulting stack traces, which are by no means easy to understand. We present Backstop, a tool for debugging runtime errors in Java applications. This tool provides more user-friendly error messages when an uncaught exception occurs, and also provides debugging support by allowing users to watch the execution of the program and the changes to the values of variables. We also present the results of two preliminary studies conducted on introductory-level programmers using the two different features of the tool.
The value of serial measurement of both human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha‐fetoprotein for monitoring germinal cell tumors

Quantitative serial serum measurements of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels using sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoassays were performed in nine patients with germinal cell tumors before and during treatment. The sera of eight of the nine were found to have a hCG marker and five of the nine an AFP marker. The sera of four patients were found to have both. Serial serum levels of hCG, of AFP, or both were useful for monitoring disease activity during therapy in all nine patients. In two patients tumor masses failed to diminish during chemotherapy, but the tumor markers fell appropriately. At surgery one patient had a mature teratoma, the other a mature teratoma with a microscopic focus of an embryonal cell tumor. In one patient tumor reactivation was reflected by the emergence of only one of two previously elevated tumor markers. One patient had a rise in hCG, another a rise in both markers coincident with recurrence of tumor. Serial measurements of AFP and hCG are useful for following the response to therapy of germinal tumors, and can assist in making therapeutic decisions.
Imaging Features of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

Imaging studies are paramount in the diagnosis and treatment planning of femoral head osteonecrosis. Radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are all valuable diagnostic tools. The imaging characteristics allow for proper staging of ONFH, and certain findings are useful prognostic predictors. It is also important to distinguish ONFH from other entities which may have some overlapping MRI features.
Producer perceptions and information needs regarding their adoption of bioenergy crops

Abstract The availability of reliable information tailored to the needs of producers has a central role in the innovation decision process in agriculture. The authors explored the information needs and preferences for delivery formats and channels of farmers in the state of Illinois, USA, as they consider introducing bioenergy crops in their current production systems. We used surveys and focus groups to target farming populations from northern, central, and southern regions of the state to identify characteristics of potential adopters and evidence of regional differences. In addition, we examined farmers’ planning in response to energy uncertainties, and their opinions regarding the optimal crop to meet energy demands. Across the state, 24% of respondents were identified as potential adopters of bioenergy crops; regions within the state showed similar results. The likelihood of adoption increased 16 times if the farmer was categorized as a potential user of alternative fuels and increased two times for each new crop planned for the coming growing season. Four main areas of information needs were identified and categorized as (1) understanding agronomy and markets, (2) concerns and supporting policies, (3) market readiness and business uncertainty, and (4) operational advantages. Though no interaction of region by adopter was found, there are clear statistical differences among regions and potential adopters regarding information needs. Conferences, meetings and field days (venues with a high level of interaction among stakeholders) are preferred delivery formats. Other farmers, neighbors and friends, as well as university and extension services, were the most valued sources of information.
MPP Solution of Rayleigh - B&#233;nard - Marangoni Flows

A domain decomposition strategy and parallel gradient-type iterative solution scheme have been developed and implemented for computation of complex 3D viscous flow problems involving heat transfer and surface tension effects. Special attention has been paid to the kernels for the computationally intensive matrix-vector products and dot products, to memory management, and to overlapping communication and computation. Details of these implementation issues are described together with associated performance and scalability studies. Representative Rayleigh- Benard and microgravity Marangoni flow calculations on the Cray T3D are presented, and performance results verifying a sustained rate in excess of 16 gigaflops on 512 nodes of the T3D have been obtained. The work is currently being extended to the T3E and we have begun carrying out further performance benchmarks and scalability studies on this platform. Preliminary performance studies have recently been carried out and sustained rates above 50 gigaflops and 100 gigaflops have been achieved on the 512 node T3E-600 and 1024 node T3E-900 configurations respectively.
Oil, Islam, Women, and Geography: A Comment on Ross (2008) ∗

In ‘‘Oil, Islam, and Women,’’ Michael Ross (2008a) develops a gendered Dutch Disease theory, which points to oil wealth as a potential explanation for the slow progress towards gender equality in the Middle East. He then presents empirical analysis in support of this theory and concludes that ‘‘women in the Middle East are underrepresented in the workforce and in government because of oil — not Islam’’ (p. 107). This brief comment re-examines Ross’s data and finds that they do not justify his conclusion: upon closer examination, his data do not provide evidence that oil rents causally affect female labor force participation rates via the gendered Dutch Disease. We argue that, in fact, his data are as or more consistent with Islam playing an important role in explaining the lagging female labor force participation rates than they are with oil playing an important role.
Forecasting for a Large Field Program: STORM-FEST

Abstract Stormscale Operational and Research Meteorology-Fronts Experimental Systems Test (STORM-FEST) was held from 1 February to 15 March 1992 in the central United States as a preliminary field systems test for an eventual larger-scale program. One of the systems tested was a remote operations center, located in Boulder, Colorado, which was significantly displaced from the main field concentration of scientists and research aircraft. In concert with the remote operations center test was a test of remote forecasting support, also centered in Boulder. The remote forecasting for STORM-FEST was the first major cooperative effort for the Boulder-Denver Experimental Forecast Facility (EFF), a cooperative effort between operations and research aimed at finding more effective ways of addressing applied meteorological problems. Two other newly formed EFF's, at Norman, Oklahoma, and Kansas City, Missouri, also played key roles in the forecasting/nowcasting support. A description of the design and function of thi...
‘1/fnoise’ in music and speech

THE power spectrum S(f), of many fluctuating physical variables, V(t), is ‘1/f-like’, varying as f−γ (0.5≲γ≲1.5), over many decades of frequency (see ref. 1 for review). We have found that loudness fluctuations in music and speech, and pitch (melody) fluctuations in music exhibit 1/f power spectra.
Calf muscle perfusion maps from contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) to assess peripheral arterial disease

Background Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with impaired function of the lower extremities, manifested clinically as intermittent claudication or rest pain. Previous studies have suggested that alterations in microcirculation due to a paucity of collateralization may contribute to functional impairment in PAD patients. Therefore, small vessel blood flow at the level of leg muscles may be important. We hypothesized that microvascular perfusion can be measured with CE-MRI and will be heterogeneous in calf muscles of PAD patients compared with healthy controls. Methods
Methionine-35 of Aβ(1–42): Importance for Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder. This devastating disease is characterized by the presence of senile plaques (SP), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and loss of synapses. Amyloid beta-peptide 1–42 (Aβ(1–42)) is the main component of SP and is pivotal to AD pathogenesis. Brain of subjects with AD and arguably its earliest manifestation, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), demonstrate increased levels of oxidative stress markers. Our laboratory combined these two aspects of AD and MCI and proposed the Aβ(1–42)-associated free radical oxidative stress hypothesis to explain oxidative stress under which the MCI and AD brain exist and the loss of synapses in both disorders. A large number of in vitro and in vivo studies showed that Aβ causes protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species formation, and cell death in neuronal and synaptosomal systems. Methionine located at residue 35 of Aβ(1–42) is an important contributor to the oxidative stress associated with this neurotoxic peptide. In this paper, we summarize studies involving Met-35 of Aβ(1–42). Understanding the role of the single methionine residue of Aβ(1–42) may help in understanding underlying disease mechanisms in AD and MCI.
Radiological chronometry of uranium metal samples

Radiological chronometry is an important tool in nuclear forensics that uses several methods to determine the length of time that has elapsed since a material was last purified. One of the chronometers used in determining the age of metallic uranium involves measuring the fractional ingrowth of 230Th from its parent 234U with the assumption that the uranium metal contained no impurities, especially thorium, when it was purified. The affects of different etching procedures were evaluated for the removal of surface oxidation with three different types of uranium metal samples to determine whether the etching procedure affects the radiological age. The sample treated with a rigorous etching procedure had exhibited the most reliable radiological age while less rigorous etching yields a radiological age from 15 years to hundreds of years older than the known age. Any excess thorium on the surface of a uranium metal sample presents a bias in age determination and the sample will appear older than the true age. Although this research demonstrates the need for rigorous surface etching, a bias in the radiological age could have arisen if the uranium in the metal was heterogeneously distributed.
Dirac's Cosmology and the Dating of Meteorites

IT was long ago suggested by Dirac1 that, from considerations based upon the sizes of the important physical and astrophysical constants, there were reasons for believing that the gravitational constant, when expressed in atomic units, was not a true constant but that it varied inversely with the age of the universe. It has been pointed out that of the other physical constants, only the weak coupling constant would be expected to vary strongly with time, assuming the correctness of the Dirac hypothesis2.
Contribution of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase and hydroxylase pathways to afferent arteriolar autoregulatory responsiveness

Previous studies have demonstrated an important role for the cytochrome P450 (CYT-P450) pathway in afferent arteriole autoregulatory responses but the involvement of specific pathways remains unknown. Experiments were performed to determine the role of CYT-P450 epoxygenase and hydroxylase pathways in pressure mediated preglomerular autoregulatory responses. Afferent arteriolar diameter was measured as renal perfusion pressure was increased from 80–160 mmHg. Afferent arteriolar diameter averaged 19±2 μm at a renal perfusion pressure of 80 mmHg and decreased by 15±2% when pressure was increased to 160 mmHg. Inhibition of the epoxygenase pathway with 6-(2-proparglyloxyphenyl)hexanoic acid (PPOH), enhanced the microvascular response to increasing renal perfusion pressure. In the presence of 50 μM PPOH, afferent arteriolar diameter decreased by 29±4% when pressure was increased from 80–160 mmHg. Likewise, the sulphonimide derivative of PPOH, N-methylsulphonyl-6-(2-proparglyloxyphenyl) hexanamide (MS-PPOH, 50 μM), enhanced the afferent arteriolar response to increasing renal perfusion pressure. In contrast, the selective CYT-P450 hydroxylase inhibitor, N-methylsulphonyl-12,12-dibromododec-11-enamide (DDMS) attenuated the vascular response to increasing renal perfusion pressure. In the pressure of 25 μM DDMS, afferent arteriolar diameter decreased by 4±2% when pressure was increased from 80–160 mmHg. These results suggest that CYT-P450 metabolites of the epoxygenase pathway alter afferent arteriolar responsiveness and thereby modify the ability of the preglomerular vasculature to autoregulate renal blood flow. Additionally, these results provide further support to the concept that a metabolite of the hydroxylase pathway is an integral component of the afferent arteriolar response to elevations in perfusion pressure. British Journal of Pharmacology (1999) 127, 1399–1405; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702662
Opaque financial reports and R2: Revisited

Abstract In this study, we revisit the link between R2 (synchronicity) and earnings management (opacity) because of the importance of the ongoing debate on the relation between idiosyncratic risk and earnings management in the finance and accounting literatures. Hutton et al. (J. Financial Economics, 2009) provide evidence of a positive link between opacity and R2. They interpret their finding to imply that firms with high R2 (high synchronicity) have less firm-specific information impounded in their stock price. Our results for this relationship fail to unequivocally support the results reported in Hutton et al. (2009). We show that their results are not only time variant but also not robust to the alternative empirical technique recommended for panel data by Petersen (2009) and alternative estimation of discretionary accruals adjusted for firm performance prescribed by Kothari et al. (2005). We also find no support for a convex relation between idiosyncratic risk and opacity. The findings documented in this study substantially revise some of Hutton et al.'s findings in this important and growing area of research.
Phase transition studies of germanium to 1.25 Mbar.

New phase transitions in Ge were observed by energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction techniques for pressures up to 125 GPa (1.25 Mbar) as follows: the ..beta..-Sn structure to the simple hexagonal (sh) phase at 75 +- 3 GPa and to the double hexagonal close-packed structure (dhcp) at 102 +- 5 GPa. These are the highest pressures for which a crystalline structure change has been directly observed in any material by x-ray diffraction. Total-energy pseudopotential calculations predict 84 +- 10 GPa for the ..beta..-Sn to sh phase transition and 105 +- 21 GPa for sh to hcp (not dhcp) transition. The role of 3d core electrons in increasing the transformation pressures in Ge, as compared to Si, is emphasized.
ESD and IID study of CO on nickel

Abstract Electron and ion induced desorption has been used to study release of ionic species from CO on nickel. O + , CO + , and O − are found to be released by electron impact. Thermal desorption spectra indicate the presence of two binding states. The O + species is observed to be released from state 1, the state of higher binding energy, while state 2, a more loosely bound state is the source of CO + . O − species appear to be released from both states. The cluster ions NiCO + and Ni 2 CO + released by argon ion impact were observed to originate from state 2.
A comparison of exhaustive and non-exhaustive group scheduling heuristics in a manufacturing cell

Previous group scheduling research has primarily focused on developing exhaustive two-stage heuristics in order to manage product flow through manufacturing cells. The objective of this paper is to present new, non-exhaustive heuristics and compare them with existing exhaustive heuristics in a job shop cell environment. Computer simulation is utilized to examine six non-exhaustive and six exhaustive heuristics under eight experimental conditions. The results indicate that although some non-exhaustive heuristics dominate the exhaustive heuristics on the average tardiness measure, the performance of exhaustive heuristics are generally superior to that of non-exhaustive heuristics. Furthermore, the performance of the exhaustive heuristics is more robust to the experimental factors.