cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crucible melt-out via monitoring thermal arrest

Abstract A limiting challenge of single crystal growth utilizing the Czochralski method is reusing crucibles after a growth because of the residual charge left in the crucible. It is shown that clean-out of residual charge from crucibles can be completed efficiently by monitoring thermal arrest during heating at a constant linear increase of power. This technique was demonstrated for removal of a range of oxide charges from iridium crucibles of varying sizes and for removal of copper charge from a graphite crucible. This simple and repeatable technique removes the need to use brute mechanical force, highly corrosive chemicals, or highly accurate temperature measurement to recover and reuse crucibles from crystal growths.
Unravelling the Dynamics of Online Ratings

Online product ratings are an immensely important source of information for consumers and accordingly a strong driver of commerce. Nonetheless, interpreting a particular rating in context can be very challenging. Ratings show significant variation over time, so understanding the reasons behind that variation is important for consumers, platform designers, and product creators. In this paper we contribute a set of tools and results that help shed light on the complexity of ratings dynamics. We consider multiple item types across multiple ratings platforms, and use a interpretable model to decompose ratings in a manner that facilitates comprehensibility. We show that the various kinds of dynamics observed in online ratings are largely understandable as a product of the nature of the ratings platform, the characteristics of the user population, known trends in ratings behavior, and the influence of recommendation systems. Taken together, these results provide a framework for both quantifying and interpreting the factors that drive the dynamics of online ratings.
Establishing an electronic health record-supported approach for outreach to and recruitment of persons at high risk of type 2 diabetes in clinical trials: The vitamin D and type 2 diabetes (D2d) study experience.

AimsTo establish recruitment approaches that leverage electronic health records in multicenter prediabetes/diabetes clinical trials and compare recruitment outcomes between electronic health record...
Perioperative point of care ultrasound in pediatric anesthesiology: a case series highlighting real-time intraoperative diagnosis and alteration of management augmenting physical examination

Use of diagnostic point of care ultrasound, has come to the forefront of interest within anesthesiology. Much data on the use of point of care ultrasound in emergency medicine and critical care medicine for diagnosis and treatment in acute situations exists. While use of point of care ultrasound has become more prevalent in anesthesia practice, documentation of its use and especially alteration in management based on real-time ultrasound findings in the perioperative period remains scarce. This case series discusses six pediatric patients in which real-time intra-operative use of point of care ultrasound resulted in alteration of management.
A Practical Framework for Learner Assessment

This chapter presents a model for assessing learner contributions to the cases presented throughout the book. Adaptation of Pangaro’s RIME vocabulary, widely used in clinical performance assessments, offers a flexible framework that can be used to provide consistent, meaningful feedback on learner performance on a single case or throughout a case series. The chapter includes practical considerations of some of the essential elements of quality assessment including educational context, purpose, rater training and calibration, learner reflection and processing, and system validation.
OPERATOR RADIATION EXPOSURE AND PHYSICAL DISCOMFORT DURING A RIGHT VERSUS LEFT RADIAL APPROACH FOR CORONARY INTERVENTIONS: A RANDOMIZED EVALUATION

Compared with a femoral approach, studies have shown increased radiation exposure with transradial approach (TRA). Right radial approach (RRA) is preferred over a left radial approach (LRA) due to perceived increased operator discomforts with LRA. However, no randomized study has evaluated these
Noninvasive Ventilation and High-Flow Nasal Cannula Alternate Use in Pediatric Patients

In this chapter, we described high-flow nasal cannula therapy (HFNC) and noninvasive ventilation treatment (NIV) modalities and told about their usage in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We discussed articles published within the last 2 years comparing NIV, especially continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and HFNC therapies in pediatric patients of different health situations as hypoxemic respiratory failure (RF), severe asthma exacerbations, acute bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory failure (ARF) after cardiac surgery. We paid special attention to choose the systematic reviews and meta-analysis and original articles with the largest study population issued in years between 2017 and 2019. However, our search for some of these topics resulted in only one or a few studies in childhood, and the issue dates were earlier than 2017. To ensure the integrity of the subject, we included some of the earlier studies and some of the adult studies where pediatric studies were not found.
Introduction to Procedural Sedation Within and Outside the ICU

Pediatric procedural sedation is a high-risk clinical activity that is ubiquitous in any hospital that cares for children. While no one pediatric subspecialty inherently owns sedation, PCCM physicians are frequently at the center of providing procedural sedation within an institution. On the surface, PCCM physicians, by virtue of their training, experience, and expertise, are well suited to perform procedural sedation on children. Yet, like many skills and competencies required in critical care, procedural sedation poses a number of special requirements and challenges to the PCCM practitioner.
Introduction to Law Review Symposium 2010: Reproductive Rights, Human Rights, and the Human Right To Health

Introduction to Case Western Law Review Symposium "Reproductive Rights, Human Rights, and the Human Right To Health" 2010, Cleveland, OH
Visualizing the Dynamics of T Cell-Dendritic Cell Interactions in Intact Lymph Nodes by Multiphoton Confocal Microscopy

Multiphoton microscopy has provided us the ability to visualize cell behavior and biology in intact organs due to its superiority in reaching deep into tissues. Because skin draining lymph nodes are readily accessible via minimal surgery, it is possible to characterize the intricate interactions taking place in peripheral lymph nodes intravitally. Here we describe our protocol to visualize antigen-specific T cell-dendritic cell interactions in the popliteal lymph node of immunocompetent mice. With this method, behaviors of up to four cell types, such as T cells with different antigen specificities, T cells differentiated into different effector and regulatory lineages and dendritic cells originating from mice that bear mutations in functional genes can be imaged simultaneously.
The zebra finch auditory cortex reconstructs occluded syllables in conspecific song

Sensory input provides incomplete and often misleading information about the physical world. To compensate, the brain uses internal models to predict what the inputs should be from context, experience, and innate biases. For example, when speech is interrupted by noise, humans perceive the missing sounds behind the noise, a perceptual illusion known as phonemic (or auditory) restoration. The neural mechanisms allowing the auditory system to generate predictions that override ascending sensory information remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) exhibits auditory restoration of conspecific song both in a behavioral task and in neural recordings from the equivalent of auditory cortex. Decoding the responses of a population of single units to occluded songs reveals the spectrotemporal structure of the missing syllables. Surprisingly, restoration occurs under anesthesia and for songs that the bird has not heard. These results show that an internal model of the general structure of conspecific vocalizations can bias sensory processing without attention.
A case report of mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis in a patient with Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteremia

Abstract Background Fusobacterium bacteria are fastidious commensals in the human oropharyngeal microbiome. As pathogens, Fusobacterium are associated with diverse infectious and inflammatory conditions, including Lemierre's syndrome, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Portal and mesenteric thromboses associated with Fusobacterium are case-reportable; due to the rarity of these reports, the full spectrum of presentations and outcomes remains unknown. Case presentation A 71-year-old man presented with two weeks of abdominal pain and night sweats. He was found to have extensive portal and mesenteric venous thromboses and pancolitis. Initial workup for hypercoagulable risk factors was negative; after discharge, blood cultures became positive for Fusobacterium nucleatum. The patient was treated with antibiotics and anticoagulation with complete resolution of symptoms, thromboses, and colitis. Conclusions This report demonstrates the protean nature of Fusobacterium-associated disease, which in this patient was portal and mesenteric venous thromboses without oropharyngeal disease. We discuss the modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection, and what remains unknown about the causes and consequences of Fusobacterium-associated disease. This report also demonstrates that cases with atypical abdominal thromboses, despite a negative comprehensive workup, deserve a high suspicion for other causal factors that are not part of standard diagnostic evaluation.
Integrating Model-Based Systems and Digital Engineering for Crewed Mars Mission Planning

With technological advances in the 21st century and the rise of the commercial space industry, crewed Mars missions to land humans on our red neighbor have become increasingly feasible. One of the ...
Influence of nanoimprint lithography on membrane structure and performance

Abstract Imparting sub-micron periodic patterns on the surface of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes has been shown to improve their antifouling characteristics. However, the deformation mechanism underlying membrane surface-patterning with nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is currently unclear. In response to this need, this study addresses the influence of nanoimprinting on the structural and performance characteristics of a commercial polyethersulfone (PES) UF membrane. The work utilized a flat (no pattern) as well as a pattern-containing mold such that local surface deformation associated with pattern formation could be isolated from the overall mechanical deformation in compression. The mechanical properties of the UF membrane as a function of temperature and deformation rate were characterized, and the overall thickness, molecular weight cutoff, and DI water permeance were measured for membranes imprinted using the flat mold. The data show that the influence of the NIL process on the membrane structure is length-scale dependent. Furthermore, imprinting of the UF membrane with the pattern-containing mold was examined experimentally as well as with finite element simulation. Results indicate that the non-uniform contact deformation at the membrane–mold interface provides the potential to optimize the NIL conditions for achieving desired pattern geometries without significantly increasing the membrane resistance.
Problems and Policy for Species Threatened by Hybridization: The Red Wolf as a Case Study

Hybridization involving rare and endangered species and subspecies may be a concern if it threatens their genetic integrity. The depth of concern depends somewhat on the definition of species and subspecies that is applied and the evolutionary significance of hybridization at different taxonomic levels. The Endangered Species Act does not distinguish among different taxonomic levels, nor does it directly address protection of hybrids. In this paper, we show, using molecular genetic techniques, that red wolves have hybridized extensively with coyotes and gray wolves. Three hypotheses are given for the origin of the red wolf phenotype and we discuss the policy implications of each hypothesis. We argue that if the captive-bred red wolves are descendants of a once distinct species or subspecies they deserve protection even though they are hybrids. However, if they are entirely a hybrid form, their protection and reintroduction should be questioned.
Histopathologic evaluation of the anterior segment of eyes enucleated due to glaucoma secondary to primary lens displacement in 13 canine globes

Purpose To describe histologic anterior segment changes in eyes affected with primary lens displacement (PLD) and secondary glaucoma. Methods Histologic sections stained with H&E from canine eyes enucleated because of PLD and secondary glaucoma were examined. Results Thirteen eyes from 12 patients were evaluated. Four dogs were castrated males and eight spayed females. Median age was 8 years of age (range 3–13). Breeds included seven terriers and five other breeds. All eyes examined demonstrated varying degrees of inflammation involving the iris and cleft. Mononuclear and melanophagic infiltration of the cleft was found in all specimens. Four globes also showed polymorphonuclear infiltrate. Pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes were clearly identified in 10 of 13 eyes. Total inflammatory score was significantly greater in all globes examined compared with an age-matched group of normal dogs. The posterior pigmented iris epithelium demonstrated a consistent pattern of hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy and cystic degeneration, more prominent in the more central regions. In some cases, hyperplasia was of greatest severity in the mid-iris and associated with thinning or flattening of the pupillary region. Conclusions These results suggest that lens instability may be associated with chronic inflammation and secondary glaucoma. Mechanical irritation from an unstable lens may result in hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of the posterior pigmented iris epithelium and subsequent cellular exfoliation and release of melanin. An inflammatory reaction directly or indirectly related to melanin release may obstruct the outflow pathways ultimately leading to glaucoma and loss of vision. Use of topical steroids may be warranted in dogs with PLD.
A Homotopy Algorithm for Maximum Entropy Design

Maximum entropy design is a generalization of LQG that was developed to enable the synthesis of robust control laws for flexible structures. The method was developed by Hyland and motivated by insights gained from Statistical Energy Analysis. Maximum entropy design has been used successfully in control design for ground-based structural testbeds and certain benchmark problems. The maximum entropy design equations consist of two Riccati equations coupled to two Lyapunov equations. When the uncertainty is zero the equations decouple and the Riccati equations become the standard LQG regulator and estimator equations. A previous homotopy algorithm to solve the coupled equations relies on an iterative scheme that exhibits slow convergence properties as the uncertainty level is increased. This paper develops a new homotopy algorithm that does not suffer from this defect and in fact has quadratic convergence rates along the homotopy curve.
Synthetic Studies of Ambruticin: Preparation of the C1-C8 Tetrahydropyran and the C17-C24 Dihydropyran Segments

The C1-C8 tetrahydropyran and the C17-C24 dihdropyran segments of ambruticin were prepared from L-arabinose in 11 steps, 7.6% overall yield and from ( S )-ethyl lactate in 8 steps, 22.2% overall yield respectively.
A multimedia content retrieval algorithm for interactive broadband applications

There is an increasing demand in multimedia information systems for a passage retrieval facility that permits extracting individual excerpts of multimedia documents. In this paper, we propose an effective technique for multimedia passage retrieval. The approach is based on analyzing the full content of documents for the purpose of retrieving all multimedia passages that satisfy a query description. The proposed approach demonstrates that fast and effective retrieval of multimedia information is possible, despite the large amount of data involved in multimedia documents. >
One-and-a-half decades of global research output in Finance: 1990–2004

We provide a ranking of world finance research output by countries and institutions. Based upon 21 finance journals, the top five most productive countries are in the following order: U.S., U.K., Canada, Hong Kong, and Australia. We find that higher per capita GNP, English-speaking countries, and a capital market that offers her investors more protections are associated with higher level of finance literature production. New York University, the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, the University of Chicago, and UCLA take the top five spots among the 1,126 academic institutions with most JF-pages appeared in 21 finance journals during the 15-year period from 1990 to 2004. The share of U.S. in the top-100 institutions is overwhelming; 78 out of the top-100 institutions come from U.S. We also show some factors that help to explain the cross-institutional variations among a sub-sample of the institutions. Specifically, faculty size, catalyst effect, and per capita budget are positively associated with research output.
An integrated system for selecting optimum cutting speeds and tool replacement times

Abstract In machining using CNC machine tools, it is difficult to select the appropriate tools, machining parameters as well as tool replacement times for all the tools involved due to the variety of tools, the variation of tool life and the lack of human-machine interaction. In this paper, the characteristics and difficulties in making these tooling decisions are analyzed, and an integrated system for finding the optimum solutions is presented. The system consists of three related components: an expert system for tool selection; a set of probablistic models for machining parameter and tool replacement optimization; and a model for sequential parameter estimation. The underlying methodologies of each component, and the structure, are addressed in this paper.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides activate immune suppressor cells in newborn mice.

Abstract Neonatal injection of C57B1/6 mice with bacterial LPS results in an impairment of the ability of splenic lymphocytes to respond to erythrocyte antigens in vitro 4 weeks later. This impairment is due either to a de novo activation of suppressor cells or to an enhancement of the longevity of “naturally occurring” suppressor cells found in the newborn spleen since cells from LPS-injected mice also inhibited normal control responses. The suppressor cells from LPS-injected mice are not macrophages and, by conventional criteria, appear to be T lymphocytes. Results of this study raise questions concerning the effects of suppressor cells on LPS-potentiated antibody formation and the multiplicity of pathways for activation of antibody-forming precursor cells.
Initial Test Results for a Passive Surface Water Fluxmeter to Measure Cumulative Water and Solute Mass Fluxes

The theoretical concept and initial test results of a Passive Surface Water Fluxmeter (PSFM) to directly and simultaneously measure cumulative water and solute mass fluxes in surface water flow systems are presented. The PSFM consists of a symmetric hydrofoil that is vertically installed in a stream and one or more sorbent columns that are connected to the nonuniform flow field around the hydrofoil. Depending on the ambient flow velocity, a flow occurs through each column, which elutes portions of initially present “resident” tracers in the column, while, at the same time, solutes in the water (e.g., contaminants or nutrients) are retained in the sorbent column. Quantification of the resident tracer mass remaining and the mass of solutes sorbed in the column enables determination of the local cumulative or time-averaged water and solute mass fluxes. Laboratory flume experiments show good agreement with independent measurements (R 2 ≥ 0.96) for instantaneous water fluxes (tested range: 0.3−0.7 m/s), cumul...
Failure of a Cast Aluminum Engine Head in a High Performance Application

The investigation described in this article examined a cast aluminum head used in a high performance (drag racing) application. These engine heads had been failing within a few seconds of startup. A sample head was examined to determine the cause. Visual inspection found two cracks on the exhaust side of the head. One crack initiated at the bottom of a spark plug well. The head was then sectioned for metallographic examination and fracture analysis. Metallographic examination revealed a large number of shrinkage pores throughout the casting. The fracture surface intersected many of these shrinkage pores. A significantly sized pore was located near the bottom of the suspect spark plug well near a stress-concentrating feature. This pore acted as the crack-initiating defect, which caused the engine head to fail.
Building an evolution transformation library

The authors have been developing knowledge-based tools to support the evolutionary development of specifications. Evolution is accomplished by means of evolution transformations, which are meaning-changing transformations applied to formal specifications. A sizable library of evolution transformations has been developed for the specification language Gist. The authors assess the results of their previous work on evolution transformations. They then describe their current efforts to build a versatile, usable evolution transformation library. They have identified important dimensions along which to describe transformation functionality, so that it is possible to assess the coverage of a library along each dimension. The potential applicability of this formal evolution paradigm to other environments is assessed. >
Nanocarrier for Poorly Water-Soluble Anticancer Drugs—Barriers of Translation and Solutions

Many existing chemotherapeutic drugs, repurposed drugs and newly developed small-molecule anticancer compounds have high lipophilicity and low water-solubility. Currently, these poorly water-soluble anticancer drugs (PWSAD) are generally solubilized using high concentrations of surfactants and co-solvents, which frequently lead to adverse side effects. In recent years, researchers have been actively exploring the use of nanotechnology as an alternative to the solvent-based drug solubilization approach. Several classes of nanocarrier systems (lipid-based, polymer-based and albumin-based) are widely studied for encapsulation and delivery of the existing and new PWSAD. These nanocarriers were also shown to offer several additional advantages such as enhanced tumour accumulation, reduced systemic toxicity and improved therapeutic effectiveness. In this article, the recent nanotechnological advances in PWSAD delivery will be reviewed. The barriers commonly encountered in the development of PWSAD nanoformulations (e.g. formulation issues and nanotoxicity issues) and the strategies to overcome these barriers will also be discussed. It is our goal to provide the pharmaceutical scientists and clinicians with more in-depth information about the nanodelivery approach, thus, more efficacious and safe PWSAD nanoformulations can be developed with improved translational success.
The expression of p53 antigen in primary malignant epithelial tumors of the liver: an immunohistochemical study

— We examined the expression of mutant p53 gene products in primary malignant epithelial tumors of the liver. Fourteen of 68 hepatocellular carcinomas, one of seven hepatoblastomas and one of nine intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas showed nuclear staining for p53 proteins. None of the surrounding non-tumorous tissues expressed nuclear staining. The detection of p53 proteins in tumor cells was significantly higher in hepatocellular carcinomas of Oriental patients (31.6%) compared to non-Orientals (6.7%, p<0.015). No significant differences were seen in p53 antigen expression between hepatitis B and non-hepatitis B associated hepatocellular carcinomas in Oriental patients. These results suggest a role for other environmental factors, such as aflatoxin, in the etiology of p53 mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma in Oriental patients.
Microwave photonics: The past and the future

Analog Photonics is here to stay. More and more RF applications are finding good uses for the technology to solve their particular problems. Generally RF systems utilizing long delays or multi-octave RF bandwidths are good insertion candidates. Integration and “Ruggedization” are needed to allow for more widespread use.
Picomole analysis of alkali metals by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry

The chemical analysis of sodium and potassium concentrations in picoliter to nanoliter quantities of physiologic fluid is critical to the understanding of potassium and sodium transport within the kidney. In 1965, Drs. Gerald Vurek and R. L. Bowman [1] developed the helium glow photometer, an instrument for analyzing sodium and potassium in picomole amounts. Unfortunately, this instrument is not commercially available, and its place has been largely supplanted by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA). Although flame and flameless AA have been commercially feasible for sometime, it is suprising how few micromethods exist for alkali metal analysis. Indeed, a recent reference text on the subject [2] has over 300 references for sodium and potassium analysis, but only ten deal with micromethods. Moreover, none of these micromethods are designed to measure such minute quantities of sodium and potassium that are present in 1 to 20nl of physiologic aqueous solutions. To our knowledge, only one other ultramicroassay for Na and K has been devised [3]. We were encouraged by the scientists at Allied Analytic (Timothy Corum and Michael Duffy) to persue a different method of analysis. Using this approach, we have developed a simple and highly reliable method of measuring sodium and potassium in volumes as small as 5nl. Multiple analyses can be performed on individual samples, and the samples may be saved for a week without deterioration. By choosing more sensitive spectral lines, it is possible to measure samples of 100 pl. By combining this technique and electrotitration for chloride, we can determine sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations in the same sample.
Capture orbits and Melnikov integrals in the planar three-body problem

The separatrix between bounded and unbounded orbits in the three-body problem is formed by the manifolds of forward and backward parabolic orbits. In an ideal problem these manifolds coincide and form the boundary between the sets of bounded and unbounded orbits. As a mass parameter increases the movement of the parabolic manifolds is approximated numerically and by Melnikov's method. The evidence indicates that for positive values of the mass parameter these manifolds no longer coincide, and that capture and oscillatory orbits exist.
Role of buffer layers in the laser-ablated films on metallic substrates

Critical current density above 10,000 A/sq cm at 77 K and zero magnetic field have been achieved for both YBa2Cu3O6.8(YBCO) thin films on metallic substrates. A transition buffer, consisting of sub-buffers deposited at different temperatures, was used to enhance the crystallinity and the transport properties of YBCO films on metallic substrates. YBCO films were fabricated, using in situ laser deposition, and they were strongly c-axis oriented. Critical temperature of 87 K and critical current density of 30,000 A/sq cm at 77 K were obtained for a 0.5 micron-thick YBCO film. This Jc value is the highest reported for YBCO films on metallic substrates. Also, the magnetic field dependence of Jc and the mechanical properties could be improved by using Pt-coated metallic substrates.
State-of-the-art flexible 2D nanoelectronics based on graphene and MoS 2

The authors report a flexible transistors based on 2D atomic sheets such as graphene and MoS2 that features record electrical-mechanical properties and offer the highest prospects for realizing Si-CMOS like performance on arbitrary plastic substrates. Graphene is ideal for analog RF devices while MoS2 is ideal for digital low-power FETs.
The Child in the Eyes of the Jury: Assessing Mock Jurors’ Perceptions of the Child Witness

In many criminal cases involving sexual abuse, kidnapping, and domestic violence, a child is the sole eyewitness to the crime (Goodman, Golding, & Haith, 1984). Prosecutors are often hesitant to bring these cases to trial because of burdensome legal obstacles concerning child witnesses (Berliner & Barbieri, 1984). Recently, however, there have been several legal changes that are easing this burden. For instance, several states have abolished their rule regarding corroborating evidence (Goodman et al., 1984; Melton, 1984). This rule specifies that a child’s testimony can be accepted in court only if it is supported by the testimony of an adult. The retraction of this rule may have a sizable impact on the number of crimes that are brought to trial. In 1983 there were 183 reported cases of sexual abuse in New York State. However, only one of these cases resulted in conviction. It is believed that the lack of corroborating evidence is one factor contributing to such low conviction rates (Berliner & Barbieri, 1984; Ceci, Ross, & Toglia, 1987).
Acid hydrolases and other enzymes in secondary demyelination: a quantitative histochemical study in the wobbler mouse.

— The hereditary motor neuron degeneration found in the wobbler (wr) mouse was studied as a model of secondary demyelination. Lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, acid proteinase, β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase) were found elevated about three-fold in the white matter of the affected cervical spinal cord as compared with normal controls; but they were either not increased, or increased much less, in the anterior horn. Since gliosis and influx of phagocytic cells are minimal in this model, the high hydrolase levels are believed to arise primarily from (a) the accumulations of axonal dense bodies seen in involved areas, and (b) from indigenous cells engaged in breaking down the myelin fragments. Thus, secondary demyelination may, at least in this case, be initiated by enzymes of local origin. DNA levels per unit weight of tissue in both white and gray matter of wobbler cervical cord were elevated 40-50 per cent over controls. However, this was considered to reflect the stunted growth of wobbler mice rather than proliferation or influx of cells (an altered ratio of DNA to protein was demonstrated in the brain). Wobbler mice had similar levels of lactic dehydrogenase as controls; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was moderately elevated, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was less active in the anterior horn but more active in the white matter of the spinal cord.
Cognitive symptoms during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause

Purposes To describe changes in levels of cognitive symptoms (forgetting and difficulty concentrating) during the menopausal transition (MT) stages and early postmenopause, including effects of age, MT-related factors (MT stages, estrone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone), symptoms (hot flush, sleep, mood), health-related factors (alcohol use, smoking, exercise, perceived health), stress-related factors (perceived stress, history of sexual abuse, cortisol, catecholamines) and social factors (partner and parenting status, education, employment).Methods A subset was studied of Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study participants who provided data during the late reproductive, early and late MT stages or postmenopause (n = 292) including menstrual calendars for staging the MT, annual health questionnaires for social factors, morning urine samples assayed for estrone glucuronide (E1G), testosterone, FSH, cortisol and catecholamines and health diaries for rating symptoms several times each year. M...
Shakespearean Metaphysics, and Shakespeare's Double Helix (Shakespeare Now!)

MICHAEL WITMORE London and New York, Continuum, 2008 xii + 143 pp., ISBN: 978-0-8264-9044-5, £12.99 Shakespeare's Double Helix (Shakespeare Now!) HENRY S. TURNER London and New York, Continuum, 200...
Of Playoff Tickets and Preschools: Health Care Advertising and Inequality

“The Ethics of Advertising for Health Care Services” (Schenker, Arnold, and London 2014) discusses many of the ethical risks presented by health care advertisements, including risks that the pursui...
Buddhist-Inspired Meditation Increases the Value of Calm

Most studies of meditation have focused on "actual affect" (how people actually feel). We predict that meditation may even more significantly alter "ideal affect" (how people ideally want to feel). As predicted, meditators ideally wanted to feel calm more and excited less than nonmeditators, but the groups did not differ in their actual experience of calm or excited states (Study 1). We ruled out self-selection and nonspecific effects by randomly assigning participants to meditation classes, an improvisational theater class, or a no class control (Study 2). After eight weeks, meditators valued calm more but did not differ in their actual experience of calm compared with the other groups. There were no differences in ideal or actual excitement, suggesting that meditation selectively increases the value placed on calm. These findings were not due to expectancy effects (Study 3). We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding how meditation alters affective life.
Performance measurement of paging behavior in multiprogramming systems

This paper presents empirical results on the performance of CD, a compiler directed memory management policy, and the Working Set policy in a multiprogramming system. A description of the multiprogramming model used in the experiments is also presented. The results show that CD outperforms WS in terms of fault rate, space time cost, and throughput characteristics. Moreover, WS is shown to lack controllability. Two anomaly types are reported in this paper, both of which are exhibited by WS but not by CD.
Statistical analysis of bubble and crystal size distributions: Formulations and procedures

Abstract Bubble and crystal size distributions have previously been described only by either exponential or power law functions. Within this limited framework, it has not been possible to characterize size distributions in a fully quantitative manner. We have developed an analytical and computational formulation with which to characterize and study crystal and bubble size distributions (BSD). This formulation demonstrates that all distributions known to date belong to the logarithmic family of statistical distributions. Four functions within the logarithmic family are best suited to natural bubbles and crystals (log normal, logistic, Weibull, and exponential). This characterization is supported by the fact that the power law function widely used for crystal and bubble size analysis is not a statistical distribution function, but rather represents an approximation of the upper regions (larger bubbles/crystals) of the logistic distribution, whose sizes are much larger than the mode. The coefficients for each of the four logarithmic functions can be derived by 1) best fit exceedance function of the logarithmic distribution, and 2) best fit of the linear transformation of the distribution probability density. A close match of the coefficients derived by the above two methods can be used as an indicator of correct function fitting (choice of initial values). Function fitting by exceedance curves leads to the most accurate statistical results, but has certain strict limitations, including 1) a requirement to rescale the base distribution function; 2) a higher failure rate for function fitting than that for distribution density; 3) uncertainty in observational data error estimates; and 4) unsuitability for visual interpretation. The most productive approach to visualization and interpretation of size distributions is through linear transformation of logarithmic distributions on the basis of probability densities. This also makes it possible to 1) clearly discern bimodal distributions; 2) assess the range of observed objects relative to the full range of the indicated distribution; 3) determine number densities for each mode directly; and 4) integrate to obtain total volume fraction for comparison with available observations. The latter could, in some cases, provide more accurate results than many measurement methods. Unambiguous definition of Bubble Number Density (BND) must be based on the number of bubbles per melt volume (not number of bubbles per bulk volume), so that like is done with crystals, it can be directly used as an indicator of basic vesiculation processes such that: a) nucleation leads to increase of BND, b) diffusive or decompressive bubble growth keeps BND constant, and c) coalescence decreases BND.
Polychlorinated biphenyls in the fish and sediment of the Lower Fox River, Wisconsin

Pollution abatement technologies instituted by recycling paper mills have resulted in a decrease in PCBs in final effluents discharged to the Lower Fox River. Concurrent declines in fish PCB body burdens have also been noted. It is not certain, however, whether the resultant decrease in PCB final effluent concentrations is sufficient to protect aquatic life from bioaccumulation of PCBs above an acceptable level. Furthermore, sediment PCB concentrations remain high in previously impacted areas.
Newly discovered youngest Cambrian or oldest Ordovician fossils from the Robertson Bay terrane (formerly Precambrian), northern Victoria Land, Antarctica

Several species of fossils that indicate an age almost precisely at the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary were collected from a limestone olistolith found in turbidite sandstone and shale from Handler Ridge (lat 72°30.5′S, long 167°03′E), an area previously mapped as late Precambrian Robertson Bay Group. The rocks enclosing the olistolith are therefore of this age or younger, not Precambrian, and their presence in this position has important implications to the early Paleozoic history of the Transantarctic Mountains.
Negotiating the Viet Nam war through permeable genre borders: Aliens as Viet Nam War film; Platoon as horror film

(1994). Negotiating the Viet Nam war through permeable genre borders: Aliens as Viet Nam War film; Platoon as horror film. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 5, Horror, pp. 53-66.
Intraprotein electrostatics derived from first principles: divide-and-conquer approaches for QM/MM calculations.

Two divide-and-conquer (DAQ) approaches for building multipole-based molecular electrostatic potentials of proteins are presented and evaluated for use in QM/MM calculations. One approach is a further development of the neutralization method of Bellido and Rullmann (J Comput Chem 1989, 10, 479-487) while the other is based on removing part of the electron density before performing the multipole expansion. Both methods create systems with integer charges without using charge renormalization. To determine their performance in terms of location of cuts and distance to QM region, the new DAQ approaches are tested in calculations of the proton affinity of N(zeta) of Lys55 in the inhibitor turkey ovomucoid third domain. Finally, the two methods are used to build a variety of MM regions, applied to calculations of the pK(a) of Lys55, and compared to other computational methodologies in which force field charges are employed.
Pulmonary hemorrhage in children with glomerulonephritis

Pulmonary hemorrhage may occur in patients with immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. This association can be seen in a variety of disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, anaphylactoid purpura and Goodpasture's syndrome. Immune mechanisms, such as immune complexes and/or autoantibodies, play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary and glomerular injury. Acute pulmonary hemorrhage can lead to respiratory failure and has a high mortality. Therapy with immunosuppressive agents such as pulse methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide will control the hemorrhage and improve pulmonary function in most cases.
Fetal toxicity of cadmium chloride: The pharmacokinetics in the pregnant Wistar rat

The pharmacokinetics of a single subcutaneous injection of 40 mumol/kg CdCl2 in pregnant rats on day 18 were studied during an 18-hour time period. Previous studies demonstrated that this dose of CdCl2 induced fetal death, placental necrosis, and a reduction of uteroplacental blood flow without maternal lethality; direct fetal injections of CdCl2 indicated that the site of toxic action was not in the fetus. Cadmium was rapidly absorbed from the intrascapular subcutaneous depot with the highest blood levels occurring within 5 minutes of injection. The release from the depot appeared to be multiphasic with both rapid and slow absorption components observed in the blood. Uptake of cadmium was greatest in the liver, followed by the placenta, kidney, and pancreas. The best fit to the data was obtained by assuming the existence of two pools of cadmium in the organs: one freely exchangeable with the blood and the other nonexchangeable. Deviations from model predictions were observed for the placenta and adrenals; these deviations are consistent with the concomitant diminished blood flow to these organs. Cadmium uptake by the fetus was also investigated, and the results support the hypothesis that the placenta is relatively impermeable to the toxicant. It is concluded that the rapid and extensive accumulation of cadmium by the placenta may play a role in the development of early placental cellular damage and the eventual induction of fetal death through uteroplacental dysfunction.
A computationally efficient, physics-based model for simulating heat loss during compression and the delay period in RCM experiments

Abstract A computationally efficient, physics-based model is developed to account for the heat loss that occurs during the compression process and delay period in rapid compression machine (RCM) experiments. The model is formulated using multiple zones (MZs) and accounts for conductive losses in the main reaction chamber as well as convective losses in the piston crevice and ringpack regions. Blowby past the piston ringpack is also considered. The loss terms can be incorporated into the widely-utilized ‘adiabatic core’ model in order to perform ‘volumetric expansion’ calculations during chemical kinetic simulations that correct for pressure and temperature reductions resulting from these energy losses. An advantage of this approach over existing models and ‘ad-hoc’, or empirical methods is that the MZM constants are only a function of the machine geometry and therefore do not vary from experiment to experiment. As such, fewer experiments need to be conducted (e.g., non-reacting tests + reacting tests at each condition), while existing literature data can be more reliably utilized for kinetic model validation and improvement. This formulation also has the potential to account for effects of multi-stage ignition, as well as phase change that can occur during experiments with involatile, transportation-relevant fuels. The performance of the new MZM is validated here via comparisons with multi-dimensional RCM simulations as well as experiments employing non-reacting and reacting mixtures. Excellent agreement is demonstrated for the overall pressure decay experienced in the reaction chamber during the delay period, as well as the computed gas temperature and velocity behavior within the crevice. Predicted thermal stratification within the reaction chamber also agrees well when high pressure, low viscosity conditions are utilized, i.e., when no vorticular motion is present. Computed ignition delay times for H 2 /O 2 /diluent mixtures using the new model agree favorably with the reactive CFD simulations and experimental measurements.
A gammaherpesvirus cooperates with interferon-alpha/beta-induced IRF2 to halt viral replication, control reactivation, and minimize host lethality.

The gammaherpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), establish latency in memory B lymphocytes and promote lymphoproliferative disease in immunocompromised individuals. The precise immune mechanisms that prevent gammaherpesvirus reactivation and tumorigenesis are poorly defined. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) is closely related to EBV and KSHV, and type I (alpha/beta) interferons (IFNαβ) regulate MHV68 reactivation from both B cells and macrophages by unknown mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that IFNβ is highly upregulated during latent infection, in the absence of detectable MHV68 replication. We identify an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in the MHV68 M2 gene promoter that is bound by the IFNαβ-induced transcriptional repressor IRF2 during latency in vivo. The M2 protein regulates B cell signaling to promote establishment of latency and reactivation. Virus lacking the M2 ISRE (ISREΔ) overexpresses M2 mRNA and displays uncontrolled acute replication in vivo, higher latent viral load, and aberrantly high reactivation from latency. These phenotypes of the ISREΔ mutant are B-cell-specific, require IRF2, and correlate with a significant increase in virulence in a model of acute viral pneumonia. We therefore identify a mechanism by which a gammaherpesvirus subverts host IFNαβ signaling in a surprisingly cooperative manner, to directly repress viral replication and reactivation and enforce latency, thereby minimizing acute host disease. Since we find ISREs 5′ to the major lymphocyte latency genes of multiple rodent, primate, and human gammaherpesviruses, we propose that cooperative subversion of IFNαβ-induced IRFs to promote latent infection is an ancient strategy that ensures a stable, minimally-pathogenic virus-host relationship.
Evaluation and Outcome Measures in Patient Navigation

Objectives To review evaluation and outcome measures, including patient-reported outcomes, for assessing the impact of patient navigation. Data Sources Published peer-reviewed papers, systematic reviews, clinical reports, research and clinical experience. Conclusion Research is demonstrating that patient navigation has beneficial outcomes across the cancer care continuum. More research is needed on outcomes of patient navigation by oncology nurses, to include baseline assessments that identify the areas of program focus, ongoing evaluation, and achievement of desired outcomes. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology nurses who provide patient navigation as care coordinators, navigators, case managers, or team members have the potential to affect many positive outcomes in oncology care. Nursing research is needed to define oncology nursing patient navigation interventions and associated outcomes.
Direct measurement of neutral collagenase activity in homogenates from baboon and human liver.

Abstract Neutral collagenase (EC 3.4.24.7) has been detected in human liver biopsies, baboon liver biopsies and human autopsy liver for the first time. The reaction mixtures were composed of collagen in solution and total liver homogenate in 0.5 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 at 25°C/0.2M NaCl/10 mM CaCl2/3 mM p- chloromercuribenzoic acid. Collagenase activity was found by directly subjecting the reaction mixtures to viscometric assay and the activity was confirmed to be due to neutral collagenase by identifying the products using disc gel electrophoresis. It proved necessary to use p- chloromercuribenzoic acid in order to reveal collagenase activity in total liver homogenates from these species. The p- chloromercuribenzoic acid served to inhibit thiol proteinases and all other signs of nonspecific collagenolysis on disc gel electrophoresis, and it was able to activate latent collagenase which trypsin could not.