cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two cases of spontaneous remission of non-parasitic chyluria.

Abstract Objectives Chyluria is a medical condition with presence of chyle in urine. The disease is most prevalent in South East Asian countries mostly caused by parasitic ( Wuchereria bancrofti ) infections. Our objective was to investigate the spontaneous remission of non-parasitic chyluria. Design and methods The spontaneous remission of non-parasitic chyluria cases were worked up with diagnostic investigations, clinical assessment and studied in detail with respect to their natural evolution. Results We present two patients who were evaluated in the nephrology clinic with symptoms of milky urine and painless hematuria. Midnight blood smear was negative for filarial parasites. Urine culture was without mycobacteria. Urine cytology and IgG western blot for cysticercus were negative. Imaging for a lymphatic leak by lymphoscintigraphy was unrevealing. Chyluria resolved spontaneously in both patients. Conclusions In our cases, radiologic visualization via lymphoscintigraphy was unrevealing. The patients were managed conservatively and fortunately underwent spontaneous remission marked by the disappearance of chyluria within several months of her initial diagnosis. In our opinion this spontaneous remission could be due to unrevealed lymphatico-renal fistula collapse or sclerosis of lymphatics caused by contrast media.
Variation in receipt of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorders across racial/ethnic groups: A national study in the U.S. Veterans Health Administration

Abstract Objective Pharmacologic treatment is recommended for alcohol use disorders (AUD), but most patients do not receive it. Although racial/ethnic minorities have greater AUD consequences than whites, whether AUD medication receipt varies across race/ethnicity is unknown. We evaluate this in a national sample. Methods Electronic health records data were extracted for all black, Hispanic, and/or white patients who received care at the U.S. Veterans Health Administration (VA) during Fiscal Year 2012 and had a documented AUD diagnosis. Mixed effects regression models, with a random effect for facility, determined the likelihood of receiving AUD pharmacotherapy (acamprosate, disulfiram, topirimate or oral or injectable naltrexone ≤180 days after AUD diagnosis) for black and Hispanic patients relative to white patients. Models were unadjusted and then adjusted for patient- and facility-level factors. Results 297,506 patients had AUD; 26.4% were black patients, 7.1% were Hispanic patients and 66.5% were white patients; 5.1% received AUD medications. Before adjustment, black patients were less likely than white [Odds Ratio (OR) 0.77; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.75 −0.82; (p Conclusions In this national study of patients with AUD, blacks were less likely to receive AUD medications than whites. Future research is needed to identify why these disparities exist.
Phosphorescent 2-, 3- and 4-coordinate cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) Cu(I) complexes

The photophysical properties of several Cu(I) complexes coordinated with cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligands were examined. All the compounds were found to be phosphorescent, regardless of whether they are 2-, 3- or 4-coordinated. Aggregate and excimer emission were observed from 2-coordinate CAAC–CuCl derivatives in methylcyclohexane solution. Emission from the complex 4-coordinated with a trispyrazolylborate ligand is red-shifted with respect to both the chloro-derivative and an analogous complex with an NHC ligand.
How does sagittal imbalance affect the appropriateness of surgical indications and selection of procedure in the treatment of degenerative scoliosis? Findings from the RAND/UCLA Appropriate Use Criteria study

Abstract Background Context Degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS) is often associated with sagittal imbalance, which may affect patients' health outcomes before and after surgery. The appropriateness of surgery and preferred operative approaches has not been examined in detail for patients with DLS and sagittal imbalance. Purpose The goals of this article were to describe what is currently known about the relationship between sagittal imbalance and health outcomes among patients with DLS and to determine how indications for surgery in patients with DLS differ when sagittal imbalance is present. Study Design/Setting This study included a literature review and an expert panel using the RAND/University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Appropriateness Method. Methods To develop appropriate use criteria for DLS, researchers at the RAND Corporation recently employed the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, which involves a systematic review of the literature and multidisciplinary expert panel process. Experts reviewed a synopsis of published literature and rated the appropriateness of five common operative approaches for 260 different clinical scenarios. In the present work, we updated the literature review and compared panelists' ratings in scenarios where imbalance was present versus absent. This work was funded by the Collaborative Spine Research Foundation, a group of surgical specialty societies and device manufacturers. Results On the basis of 13 eligible studies that examined sagittal imbalance and outcomes in patients with DLS, imbalance was associated with worse functional status in the absence of surgery and worse symptoms and complications postoperatively. Panelists' ratings demonstrated a consistent pattern across the diverse clinical scenarios. In general, when imbalance was present, surgery was more likely to be appropriate or necessary, including in some situations where surgery would otherwise be inappropriate. For patients with moderate to severe symptoms and imbalance, a deformity correction procedure was usually appropriate and frequently necessary, except in some patients with severe risk factors for complications. Conversely, procedures that did not correct imbalance, when present, were usually inappropriate. Conclusions Clinical experts agreed that sagittal imbalance is a major factor affecting both when surgery is appropriate and which type of procedure is preferred among patients with DLS.
Differences in Screening and Treatment for Antepartum Versus Postpartum Patients: Are Providers Implementing the Guidelines of Care for Perinatal Depression?

Abstract Background: National guidelines recommend universal depression screening for perinatal patients and provide treatment recommendations to prevent adverse maternal/child health outcomes. How...
Failure of gastric prophylaxis against stress bleeding reflects inadequate pH control.

Abstract Background Gastric prophylaxis against stress ulceration with histamine 2 blockers or protein pump inhibitors is a quality standard in septic Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) patients to reduce gastric pH below 3.5. This study assesses the efficacy of gastric prophylaxis with pH monitoring. Methods A total of 100 patients were studied for 481 days. All received histamine 2 blockers or protein pump inhibitors. Daily pH control was judged as poor (1–3), moderate (4–5), or good (>5). Patients with poor pH received double-dose or an infusion gastric prophylaxis. Nasogastric tube bile or blood and transfusions for stress ulceration were recorded. Results Gastric prophylaxis was poor for 37 days, moderate for 83 days, and good for 279 days. NGT blood occurred on 15 days (40%) with poor, 17 days (20%) with moderate, and 17 days (6%) with good control. Transfusions for stress ulceration occurred on 5 days (14%) during poor, 3 days (4%) during moderate, and 1 day (0.3%) during good control (P Conclusion Gastric prophylaxis against stress ulceration should be monitored by nasogastric tube pH.
Treatment utility of assessment: Myths and realities.

There are many assumptions regarding the treatment utility of assessment that are not supported by objective data. We identify and discuss three of these assumptions: (a) aptitude-treatment interac...
Chapter 24 Antioxidants and Photo-oxidative Stress Responses in Plants and Algae

Ever since the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis and the accumulation of molecular oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere over 2.2 billion years ago, living organisms have needed to adapt to life in an aerobic atmosphere and cope with reactive oxygen species (ROS). The term ROS refers to various forms of harmful oxygen excited states, radicals, and peroxides. Specifically, these molecules include singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion, which can readily react with and damage cell membrane lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Living organisms have evolved several ways to protect themselves from oxidative damage, including synthesis of various antioxidants and enzymes that neutralize ROS. When the ability to prevent and/or cope with oxidative damage is insufficient to protect cells, oxidative stress occurs. A number of antioxidants exist in photosynthetic organisms, and their roles in protecting cells against oxidative stress have been extensively studied. Some antioxidants seem to have overlapping functions, which might act as a backup mechanism under conditions when the capacity of one antioxidant is overwhelmed. Different antioxidants have roles in protecting cells in specific compartments and in particular conditions. Other than protecting cells from oxidative damage, these antioxidants also have been shown to have other roles such as cell signaling or maintaining cellular redox state. This chapter summarizes knowledge about oxidative damage in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms with a focus on ROS scavenging mechanisms and the roles of antioxidants and related enzymes.
Chapter 9 Activity During the Post-Knowledge of Results Interval Can Benefit Motor Skill Learning

Summary Information presented from an external source to a learner following a practice response is commonly termed 'knowledge of results' (KR). The importance of KR can be demonstrated by observing the influence on learning of interval length or activity conditions following the receipt of KR during the post-KR interval. The traditional view is that if interval conditions lead to an increased likelihood of forgetting KR or sensory feedback, or of disrupting strategy formation for the next practice response, then poorer learning should result than if more optimal conditions prevailed. Two experiments are presented that argue against this view. Results indicate that conditions involving post-KR activity or a 20-sec empty interval lead to no worse retention than a 5-sec no activity interval. Even more striking is that post-KR activity and a 20-sec empty interval facilitate novel response transfer. This benefit cannot be due to experiencing response Variations, contrary to schema theory predictions, since practising goal task variations during the post-KR interval did not lead to more accurate transfer performance than practising responses not related to the goal task. These results indicate the need to rethink current hypotheses relative to the influence of post-KR interval conditions on motor skill learning.
Correlation of Endoscopic and Histologic Severity Scores in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis at First Presentation

Detailed histologic scoring systems have been developed for the assessment of disease activity in ulcerative colitis. Literature from adult patients has shown some correlation between endoscopy and histology, and reproducibility of histologic scoring systems has also been supported. The effectiveness of endoscopic appearance at predicting histologic scores in pediatric patients has not been well studied, and none of the histologic scoring systems used in adults have had interobserver reproducibility assessed in pediatric patients. We reviewed endoscopic images and concurrent biopsies using Mayo and Geboes scores from the distal colon and rectum in untreated pediatric patients at the presentation of presumed ulcerative colitis based on clinical and endoscopic findings. Interobserver concordance was calculated by weighted-kappa statistic. The averaged histologic scores were compared to endoscopy scores using Spearman's coefficient. Correlation between endoscopic score and each histologic score was weakly to moderately positive, whereas interobserver agreement for histologic scores was fair to moderate, suggesting that the Geboes scoring system has value in pediatric patients. For each histologic parameter, the average score was lower than the average endoscopic score. Examination of larger pediatric cohorts, treated patients, correlations of clinical outcomes with individual histologic parameters, and alternate scoring systems may contextualize these findings.
The Role of PD-1 Checkpoint Inhibition in Gynecologic Malignancies.

Activity of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors has been demonstrated in ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer, with a tolerable side effect profile and the highest response rate seen in mismatch repair–deficient endometrial cancers. Other biomarkers are under active investigation. Tumor testing for mismatch repair deficiency or high microsatellite instability for treatment with pembrolizumab should be considered an option for all women with progressive gynecologic malignancy.
Cutaneous Carcinogenesis in Organ Transplant Recipients

Organ transplant recipients (OTR) have a high risk of skin cancer, and skin cancer in OTR tends to be more aggressive. Skin cancer risk varies with immunosuppressive regimen. Azathioprine and cyclosporine are most associated with skin cancer, while sirolimus has a protective effect. OTR have a higher burden of actinic keratoses. Field treatments found to be safe and effective in OTR include diclofenac, imiquimod, 5-fluorouracil, and photodynamic therapy. Studies on ingenol mebutate in OTR are ongoing. Skin cancer chemoprevention with acitretin or nicotinamide should be considered in OTR with frequent skin cancers. Mohs micrographic surgery is often indicated in OTR. Dermatologic evaluation and management of OTR should include a thorough history taking and incorporation of patient preferences. There are currently no evidence-based consensus guidelines for skin cancer screening in OTR. Expert opinion recommends at least annual screening. A screening protocol for OTR based on a patient’s specific risk factors has been proposed.
Estimating flowering transition dates from status-based phenological observations: a test of methods

The scale of phenological research has expanded due to the digitization of herbarium specimens and volunteer based contributions. These data are status-based, representing the presence or absence of a specific phenophase. Modelling the progress of plant dormancy to growth and reproduction and back to dormancy requires estimating the transition dates from these status-based observations. There are several methods available for this ranging from statistical moments using the day of year to newly introduced methods using concepts from other fields. Comparing the proficiency of different estimators is difficult since true transition dates are rarely known. Here I use a recently released dataset of in-situ flowering observations of the perennial forb Echinacea angustifolia. In this dataset, due to high sampling frequency and unique physiology, the transition dates of onset, peak, and end of flowering are known to within 3 days. I used a Monte Carlo analysis to test eight different estimators across two scales using a range of sample sizes and proportion of flowering presence observations. I evaluated the estimators accuracy in predicting the onset, peak, and end of flowering at the population level, and predicting onset and end of flowering for individual plants. Overall, a method using a Weibull distribution performed the best for population level onset and end estimates, but other estimators may be more appropriate when there is a large amount of absence observations relative to presence observations. For individual estimates a method using the midway point between the first flower presence and most prior flower absence, within 7 days, is the best option as long as the restriction does not limit the final sample size. Otherwise, the Weibull method is adequate for individual estimates as well. These methods allow practitioners to effectively utilize the large amount of status-based phenological observations currently available.
In Situ Simulation

In situ simulation is unique, in that it is physically integrated into the clinical care environment. This can provide additional realism and more direct application to clinical practice. Additionally, in situ simulation can provide an opportunity to identify and address latent threats and other system issues. In this chapter, we will examine qualities and opportunities unique to in situ simulation and examine the differences from a more traditional simulation lab with dedicated space. While there are significant benefits to in situ simulation, there are distinct cultural and logistical challenges that must be considered, and that may create barriers to its use. An understanding of the benefits and barriers that exist will help create successful implementation strategies for in situ simulation. Specific applications of in situ simulation will be discussed.
Blockchain in Cybersecurity, Pros, and Cons

The blockchain is a new innovative technology which is in the phase of being adopted by organizations for managing records. The technology which was initially started as a concept of digital currency is now being watched as an alternative to traditional record keeping techniques. Since the development of blockchain application to solve the problem of integrity is still in infant stage we need to do a lot of research before we apply this technology to the real-world application. The blockchain is a distributed ledger where all the changes and updates on the network are verified by all the nodes on the network, it can solve the problem of integrity. It is almost impossible to tamper the data stored on the blockchain because of this feature there is a huge room to grow for this technology. We can develop an application on top of blockchain which will solve the problem of integrity, lack of trust and a single point of failure. Although blockchain technology can be used to solve the current problem of security and trust in the computer applications there are few limitations and dark side of this technology. There are many cryptocurrencies developed on the blockchain technology which are being used for money laundering and the method of the transaction in the dark web. Also, there is a certain rise on the malware and ransomware that uses the resources of the computer to mine and demand the cryptocurrencies from users and there is a rise in 51% attack on the blockchain network. The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the benefits of blockchain to solve the current problem in cyberspace and to finds, it's threats and limitation.
Cannabinoid CB 2 receptors mediate the anxiolytic-like effects of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition in a rat model of predator-induced fear

The endocannabinoid system is a key regulator of the response to psychological stress. Inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the enzyme that deactivates the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), exert anxiolytic-like effects in rodent models via 2-AG-dependent activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors. In the present study, we examined whether the MGL inhibitor JZL184 might modulate persistent predator-induced fear in rats, a model that captures features of human post-traumatic stress disorder. Exposure to 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT), a volatile chemical that is innately aversive to some rodent species, produced in male rats a long-lasting anxiety-like state that was measured 7 days later in the elevated plus maze test. Systemic administration of JZL184 [4, 8 and 16 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)] 4 h before testing caused dose-dependent inhibition of MGL activity and elevation of 2-AG content in brain tissue. Concomitantly, the inhibitor suppressed TMT-induced fear behaviors with a median effective dose (ED50) of 4 mg/kg. A similar behavioral response was observed with another MGL inhibitor, KML29 (4 and 16 mg/kg, IP). Surprisingly, the effect of JZL184 was prevented by co-administration of the CB2 inverse agonist AM630 (5 mg/kg, IP), but not the CB1 inverse agonist rimonabant (1 mg/kg, IP). Supporting mediation of the response by CB2 receptors, the CB2 agonist JWH133 (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg, IP) also produced anxiolytic-like effects in TMT-stressed rats, which were suppressed by AM630. Notably, (i) JWH133 was behaviorally ineffective in animals that had no prior experience with TMT; and (ii) CB2 mRNA levels in rat prefrontal cortex were elevated 7 days after exposure to the aversive odorant. The results suggest that JZL184 attenuates the behavioral consequences of predator stress through a mechanism that requires 2-AG-mediated activation of CB2 receptors, whose transcription may be induced by the stress itself.
Nationalism, war and Jewish education: from the Roman empire to modern times, by David Aberbach

David Aberbach has written a very useful history of Jewish education. Weaving together his own work on Hebrew poetry and the scholarship of his late father, Moshe Aberbach, Dr Aberbach makes a case...
Atf-6 Regulates Lifespan through ER-Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis

Individually, dysfunction of both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria has been linked to aging, but how communication between these organelles might be targeted to promote longevity is unclear. Here, we provide evidence that, in Caenorhabditis elegans, inhibition of the conserved unfolded protein response (UPRER) mediator, activating transcription factor (atf)-6, increases lifespan by modulating calcium homeostasis and signaling to mitochondria. Atf-6 loss confers longevity via downregulation of the ER calcium buffer, calreticulin. ER calcium release via the inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R/itr-1) is required for longevity, while IP3R/itr-1 gain of function is sufficient to extend lifespan. Highlighting coordination between organelles, the mitochondrial calcium import channel mcu-1 is also required for atf-6 longevity. IP3R inhibition leads to impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics and hyperfusion, which is sufficient to suppress long life in atf-6 mutants. This study reveals the importance of organellar calcium handling as a critical output for the UPRER in determining the quality of aging.
ML-based Flood Forecasting: Advances in Scale, Accuracy and Reach

Floods are among the most common and deadly natural disasters in the world, and flood warning systems have been shown to be effective in reducing harm. Yet the majority of the world's vulnerable population does not have access to reliable and actionable warning systems, due to core challenges in scalability, computational costs, and data availability. In this paper we present two components of flood forecasting systems which were developed over the past year, providing access to these critical systems to 75 million people who didn't have this access before.
Space in Hand and Mind: Gesture and Spatial Frames of Reference in Bilingual Mexico

Speakers of many languages prefer allocentric frames of reference (FoRs) when talking about small-scale space, using words like "east" or "downhill." Ethnographic work has suggested that this preference is also reflected in how such speakers gesture. Here, we investigate this possibility with a field experiment in Juchitan, Mexico. In Juchitan, a preferentially allocentric language (Isthmus Zapotec) coexists with a preferentially egocentric one (Spanish). Using a novel task, we elicited spontaneous co-speech gestures about small-scale motion events (e.g., toppling blocks) in Zapotec-dominant speakers and in balanced Zapotec-Spanish bilinguals. Consistent with prior claims, speakers' spontaneous gestures reliably reflected either an egocentric or allocentric FoR. The use of the egocentric FoR was predicted-not by speakers' dominant language or the language they used in the task-but by mastery of words for "right" and "left," as well as by properties of the event they were describing. Additionally, use of the egocentric FoR in gesture predicted its use in a separate nonlinguistic memory task, suggesting a cohesive cognitive style. Our results show that the use of spatial FoRs in gesture is pervasive, systematic, and shaped by several factors. Spatial gestures, like other forms of spatial conceptualization, are thus best understood within broader ecologies of communication and cognition.
Coupled transient saturated–unsaturated seepage and limit equilibrium analysis for slopes: influence of rapid water level changes

This study investigates the influence of the water level fluctuation on the stability of soil slopes using coupled seepage and slope stability analysis. A simulation framework was proposed and implemented seamlessly using Python code to seek insights into three factors that have not been thoroughly studied for this issue: soil unit weight variation in the unsaturated zone, unsaturated shear strength models, and velocity of water drawdown. For this purpose, the seepage analysis was carried out by discretizing a numerical seepage analysis model using a finite element analysis platform, FEniCS. The output of the seepage analysis, i.e., pore water pressure distribution, was used as input for the slope stability analysis. Limit equilibrium methods including the Bishop Simplified method and the Ordinary Method of Slices were modified to take into consideration the unsaturated shear strength, unit weight variation in the unsaturated zone, and hydrostatic pressure changes in response to the water level fluctuation of a reservoir. Both seepage and slope analysis modules were validated against commercial programs. Analysis results obtained with the validated framework clearly revealed the distinct influences of the three factors in representative silty and sandy slopes.
Fight or flight: how gender influences follower responses to unethical leader behaviour

Does unethical leader behaviour produce gendered responses? We study follower response to unethical leader behaviours of bribery and workplace harassment. Our findings, based on an experiment, sugg...
Hubble Space Telescope observations of the very low mass companion to Gliese 105A

Hubble Space Telescope images of the astrometric binary GI 105A confirm the previous ground-based detection of a faint, very red companion (GI 105C) located 3.39 sec from GI 105A at P.A. 290 deg. The instrumental magnitudes of GI 105C are (visual magnitude) V(sub 555) = 16.86 and I(sub 814) = 13.54. The observed position of GI 105C differs significantly from the positions expected from current astrometric solutions. No other companions brighter than I(sub 814) = 20.3 are seen between 1 sec and 13.5 sec from GI 105A. Using the M dwarf model atmospheres of Allard and Hauschildt, we obtain for GI 105C a standard color of V - I = 4.6, which suggests a spectral type of M7 V.
Why Arguments from Expert Opinion are Weak Arguments

In this paper, I argue that arguments from expert opinion, i.e., inferences from “Expert E says that p” to “p,” where the truth value of p is unknown, are weak arguments. A weak argument is an argument in which the premises, even if true, provide weak support—or no support at all—for the conclusion. Such arguments from expert opinion are weak arguments unless the fact that an expert says that p makes p significantly more likely to be true. However, research on expertise shows that expert opinions are only slightly more accurate than chance and much less accurate than decision procedures. If this is correct, then it follows that arguments from expert opinion are weak arguments.
Applying Usage Models to Innovate Information Technology Solutions

The pro-innovation bias is frequently reflected in the deployment of new information technologies by IT departments. The implicit assumption is that IT innovations should be adopted, and if they are not, the problem lies with the target audience rather than with the innovation itself or with the diffusion methods applied.
The Search for New Cancerostatic Agents

Following the lead given by Albert Szent-Gyorgyi's bioelectronic theory of cancer, work was continued in two major directions: (i) designing new electrophilic molecules, related to methylglyoxal, and (ii) using L-ascorbic acid as a (non-toxic) carrier for methylglyoxal and its derivatives in the form of its acetals. The vinylogue of methylglyoxal, 4-oxopent-2-enal, was expected to be a most reactive electron acceptor, on the basis of quantum mechanical calculations by J.J. Ladik's group. A new reaction, the formation of the ene-2, 3-diol acetal and hemiacetal-hemiketal, was found to occur with 'conjugated' aldehydes, such as methylglyoxal, glyoxal, phenylglyoxal, malealdehyde and acrylaldehyde; the reaction proceeded very smoothly with 4-oxopent-2-enal. The structural determination of these new types of acetals by 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy and by chemical methods is discussed.
Hematoendothelial Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent a unique population of cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into all types of somatic cells, including hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Since the pattern of hematopoietic and endothelial development observed in the embryo can be reproduced using ESCs differentiated in culture, hESCs can be used as a model for studies of specification and diversification of hematoendothelial progenitors. In addition, hESCs can be seen as a scalable source of hematopoietic and endothelial cells for in vitro studies. This unit describes a method for efficient differentiation of hESCs into hematopoietic progenitors and endothelial cells through coculture with mouse OP9 bone marrow stromal cells, as well as an approach for their analysis and isolation. Support protocols are provided for culture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts, evaluation of hematopoietic and endothelial differentiation by flow cytometry and colony-forming assay, removal of OP9 cells, and propagation of hESC-derived endothelial cells. Curr. Protoc.
Deep-Elaborative Learning Of Introductory Management Accounting For Business Students

Research by Choo and Tan (1990; 1995) suggests that accounting students, who engage in deep-elaborative learning, have a better understanding of the course materials. The purposes of this paper are: (1) to describe a deep-elaborative instructional approach (hereafter DEIA) that promotes deep-elaborative learning of introductory management accounting for business students, and (2) to report the relationship between the DEIA and the students’ learning and recommendation of the DEIA in introductory management accounting.
The dietary guideline for sodium: should we shake it up? No

The current US dietary guideline for sodium is a limit of 2.4 g/d or 6 g NaCl/d. This amount of sodium is far in excess of any physiologic need and is likely an essential though not by itself sufficient primary cause of hypertension as well as a contributor to many other cardiovascular and renal abnormalities. The evidence incriminating the current excessive consumption of sodium derives from epidemiologic, experimental, and interventional data, most of which support a threshold of approximately 100 mmol/d for the harmful effects of sodium to be expressed. Although the current recommendation may not be low enough to go below that threshold, it is an appropriate and attainable goal for now.
The molecular biology of thyroid peroxidase: cloning, expression and role as autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid disease.

I. Introduction THYROID peroxidase (TPO) is the primary enzyme involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, catalyzing iodide oxidation, iodination of tyrosine residues, and coupling of iodotyrosines to generate the iodothyronines T3 and T4 (1). It is a membrane-bound glycoprotein with a heme prosthetic group. In addition to the pivotal physiological role of TPO, there was strong immunological evidence, even before its molecular cloning, that this enzyme was the elusive “thyroid microsomal antigen” in autoimmune thyroid disease (discussed below). The molecular cloning of the complementary DNA for a protein provides powerful new opportunities for studying protein structure and function at an unprecedented level of detail. In t h e past decade, three of the four major thyroid-specific proteins have been cloned, namely thyroglobulin (TG) (2–4), TPO (see below), and the TSH receptor (5–8). Molecular cloning of the thyroid iodide transporter may occur soon (9). As might be expected, these advances have been followed...
Design of an inexpensive waterproof housing

Last year, Lake Superior State University's engineering department started a program in undergraduate research and began the task of developing a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV). As the students researched the different technologies available for use they became aware that very little information was available for the design of underwater housings with through-hole connectors and motor shafts. Furthermore, commercially available housings were well beyond their budget. Because of this, they set out to design a low cost housing that could be manufactured either by them or by a local business. The goal was to develop 18" aluminum housings with endcaps for under $200. Multiple housings could then be connected to create an ROV. The housings would be designed for up to 300-foot depths. The endcaps would allow for either through-hole connectors or a motor shaft depending on the application. At this time the students have designed, built and tested the housing design and are well on their way to complete the ROV. It is believed that this information would be useful for a wide variety of audiences including any educational group interested in the development of their own ROV. This paper discusses the technical aspects of the design process and provides for development of a low-cost housing. A complete schematic and bill of materials are presented.
Effects of image force and tunneling on current transport in metal-semiconductor (Schottky barrier) contacts

Abstract Image force lowering of the potential energy barrier is included in a theoretical calculation of current transport in metal-semiconductor (Schottky barrier) contacts. Thermionic and thermionic-field (tunnel) emission are analyzed in a normalized formulation to yield the current (I) vs. voltage (V) relationship. Quantum-mechanical reflection of carriers near the top of the image force rounded barrier is included in the theory by the use of Kemble's transmission probability which incorporates the one-dimensional WKB-type tunneling approximation into a transmission probability applicable both above and below the top of the barrier. Carrier distributions in the semiconductor and in the metal are described by Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. For any given combination of three dimensionless input parameters E b kT , kT E 00 , and E 00 E 11 , which correspond to bias, temperature and donor concentration respectively, two dimensionless output parameters I f I m (current) and the diode n value (inverse slope of the semilog I vs. V relationship) are determined. Computer solutions are presented in both graphical and tabular form. The results permit a straightforward calculation of the barrier height and the semiconductor donor concentration from experimental I−V data. In comparison with the predictions of current transport models that neglect image force lowering, the present work shows that inclusion of image force leads to a significant increase in the predicted magnitude of the current density and to minor changes in the magnitude of the diode n value. Corrections to the predictions of models that neglect image force arise primarily from enhanced thermionic emission over the image force lowered barrier rather than from enhanced tunnel emission through the image force narrowed barrier. The Kemble transmission probability may be defined in terms of a characteristic transmission energy, Et, which is useful when thermionic emission dominates the conduction process to the extent that quantum-mechanical tunneling and reflection may be considered as a perturbation on thermionic emission. When this occurs Et can be used to estimate the magnitude of the perturbation.
An approach to using a data base management system in manufacturing system simulation

The organization and management of the data in a computer simulation of a discrete event system can be a significant task. This task can be facilitated by linking a data base management system with the computer language used for the simulation. This paper presents such a linkage using dBase III for the data base management system and TURBO-PASCAL for the computer language. dBase provides the means to file system model parameters, simulation input data and simulation output data. Since dBase III has a capacity of about 109 records per data file, the user can store a large amount of experimental data.Data for several models can be stored and conveniently retrieved, processed and compared via dBase independently of the TURBO-PASCAL simulation model. The retrieved and processed data can be displayed in graphical or tabular form.The combined use of the data base management system and a computer language can significantly facilitate many discrete event simulation projects.This paper presents a manufacturing system simulation model as an example.
Conversion of the AGS Linac to H- Acceleration

The AGS 200 MeV linac was converted to an H- accelerator during the summer of 1982 using a magnetron-type source in the column of the second pre-injector pit. Because of the re-entrant electrode design, a 20 keV transport line was required to carry the beam to the first electrode. Several changes were made to the source which enhanced its performance over previous designs. The same H- beam current is available at 2.75 times the duty factor with reduced deterioration of its output over several months of operation. The source, 750 keV transport, and linac modifications and performance will be presented.
In vivo macrophage-mediated tumor cytotoxicity in the mouse.

Abstract Tumor-bearing animals injected with either LPS-activated or control macrophages were capable of suppressing tumor growth in vivo. Tumor growth rate and survival times were assessed for each group of animals. At day 12 after injection of the P815 tumor cells, no difference in tumor size could be demonstrated in any of the groups. However, by day 17 the tumors in the animals treated with 2.5 × 10 6 or 5 × 10 6 control as well as LPS-activated macrophages did not continue to increase in size as was seen in the case of the control animals. When examining survival times, it appeared that the animals treated with control or activated macrophages generally survived approximately 10 days longer than did the animals receiving no treatment (30-day vs 20 day survival). Thus, it appears that tumor cell growth can be slowed down in vivo when control or activated macrophages are injected into the site of the tumor mass.
PRIVACY, PROTEST, AND THE REHNQUIST COURT

This article reviews and analyzes decisions of the Rehnquist Court involving the interpretation of constitutional rights applicable to both abortion access and antiabortion protest. By the mid-1990s the Court was attempting to balance the rights of antiabortion protesters with the rights and interests of those seeking and performing abortions. In previous Terms the Rehnquist Court had reaffirmed the central holding in Roe v. Wade (1973). Nonetheless, conservatives on and off the Court continued to push for the overruling of Roe. Moreover, antiabortion activists persisted in their efforts to inhibit access to abortion clinics and their operations. The first part of this article develops a model of pragmatic jurisprudence and its application to privacy issues, with emphasis on abortion interests. The second part focuses on the abortion cases brought before the Rehnquist Court, with one section covering cases decided prior to the 1993 Term, and another section covering abortion protest cases decided during that Term. The article concludes with observations about alternative approaches in this complex area of political jurisprudence, giving particular attention to the views of Justice Scalia.
Airway epithelial regulation of allergic sensitization in asthma.

While many of the contributing cell types and mediators of allergic asthma are known, less well understood are the factors that influence the development of allergic responses that lead to the development of allergic asthma. As the first airway cell type to respond to inhaled factors, the epithelium orchestrates downstream interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and CD4+ T cells that quantitatively and qualitatively dictate the degree and type of the allergic asthma phenotype, making the epithelium of critical importance for the genesis of allergies that later manifest in allergic asthma. Amongst the molecular processes of critical importance in airway epithelium is the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). This review will focus primarily on the genesis of pulmonary allergies and the participation of airway epithelial NF-κB activation therein, using examples from our own work on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure and genetic modulation of airway epithelial NF-κB activation. In addition, the mechanisms through which Serum Amyloid A (SAA), an NF-κB-regulated, epithelial-derived mediator, influences allergic sensitization and asthma severity will be presented. Knowledge of the molecular and cellular processes regulating allergic sensitization in the airways has the potential to provide powerful insight into the pathogenesis of allergy, as well as targets for the prevention and treatment of asthma.
Fibrinogen structure after spraying on mica: Assessing the electron microscopic basis for a trinodular model

Abstract The conception that fibrinogen is an elongated trinodular molecule is based in part upon the electron microscopic observations of Hall and Slayter; their interpretation relied upon the assumption that polydispersity manifested in their micrographs as numerous mononodular (“monads”) and dinodular (“dyads”) forms was due to fragmentation of “intact” trinodular molecules (“triads”) during sample preparation. At least three covalent bonds must be disrupted for this sort of molecular fragmentation to occur. Therefore, the “molecular fragmentation” assumption could be tested by using dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to assess whether fibrinogen undergoes covalent bond cleavage when subjected to the procedure used in preparing samples for electron microscopy. When compared with the starting material, such samples showed no changes in their electrophoretic characteristics. This finding indicated that significant disruption of covalent bonds had not taken place and implied that the assumption of molecular fragmentation was incorrect. It is speculated that the polydispersity observed may have been a reflection of aggregates of individual fibrinogen molecules (monads).
Static four-dimensional Abelian black holes in Kaluza-Klein theory

Static, four-dimensional (4D) black holes (BH`s) in (4+{ital n})D Kaluza-Klein (KK) theory with Abelian isometry and a diagonal internal metric have at most one electric ({ital Q}) and one magnetic ({ital P}) charge, which can either come from the same U(1)-gauge field (corresponding to BH`s in effective 5D KK theory) or from different ones [corresponding to BH`s with U(1){sub {ital M}}{times}U(1){sub {ital E}} isometry of an effective 6D KK theory]. In the later case, explicit nonextreme solutions have the global space-time of Schwarzschild BH`s, finite temperature, and nonzero entropy. In the extreme (supersymmetric) limit the singularity becomes null, the temperature saturates the upper bound {ital T}{sub {ital H}}=1/(4{pi} {radical}{vert_bar}{ital QP}{vert_bar} ), and entropy is zero. A class of KK BH`s with constrained charge configurations, exhibiting a continuous electric-magnetic duality, is generated by global SO({ital n}) transformations on the above classes of the solutions.
21 Relaxin Levels Elevated in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

REVEAL enrollment) aged 19 yrs were divided by reported presyncope/ syncope history: initial pre-diagnosis symptoms only (IS), first PAH-clinic visit only (FV), both IS and FV, or neither IS nor FV. Means (SD) or frequencies (%) describe characteristics at enrollment by presyncope/syncope history. Kaplan-Meier methodology estimated up to three-year survival from enrollment. Results: Patients with presyncope/syncope history at IS and FV (n 70) were younger, had a poorer functional class, higher mPAP and mRAP and lower cardiac index compared with patients who did not have presyncope/ syncope history (Table). Three-year survival appears worse for the IS group despite being younger and having better exercise capacity. Conclusions: PAH patients with presyncope/syncope history appear to have more severe disease. It is important to validate the effect and prognosis of reported syncope in PAH as evidence-based PAH treatment guidelines are further defined.
Integrated management to address the incidental mortality of seabirds in longline fisheries

Of the myriad of anthropogenic and natural threats to seabirds, one of the most critical global problems is incidental mortality in longline fisheries. Hesitance or failure by fishery managers and longline industries to adequately address this acute problem could result in the extinction of several albatross and petrel species within our lifetimes. 2. An integrated management approach is needed to comprehensively manage longline fisheries to address seabird bycatch. A review of relevant multilateral accords, declarations and actions by regional and international organizations reveals the need to augment international collaboration, especially to address pirate longline fishing. Management authorities and stakeholders need to collaborate to: promote adoption and compliance with effective legally binding accords that cover the ranges of all affected seabirds; ensure that all Range States and relevant distant water fishing nations become contracting parties to these accords; coordinate national implementation of the Food and Agriculture Organization's International Plan of Action on seabirds; set management goals; establish and implement policies to employ seabird deterrent measures; disseminate information on new deterrent measures; locally tailor seabird deterrent measures; standardize data reporting and establish a centralized data repository; coordinate research and monitoring; develop regional surveillance and enforcement systems; and augment less developed countries' capacity and resources to mitigate seabird and longline fishery interactions. 3. Establishing protected areas containing seabird colonies and adjacent waters within a nation's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is potentially an expedient method to reduce interactions between seabirds and longline fisheries. However, establishing high seas marine protected areas to restrict longline fishing in seabird foraging areas, which would require extensive and dynamic boundaries and large buffer zones, may not be a viable short-term solution due to the long time it is anticipated it could take to resolve legal complications with international treaties, to achieve international consensus and political will, and to acquire requisite extensive resources for surveillance and enforcement. High seas marine protected areas may eventually become a feasible mechanism to address seabird bycatch if nations develop the will to close ocean areas to commercial fisheries to attempt to rehabilitate depleted pelagic fish stocks. 4. Direct involvement of longline industries, through partnerships with national governments and regional organizations, to develop seabird mitigation measures and policies prescribing the use of these measures, is critical. Direct involvement of stakeholders to find solutions to resource management problems leads to stakeholder groups taking ownership of and supporting rules. Bottom-up approaches are successful in changing interest groups' attitudes and behaviour, to maximize voluntary compliance and minimize conflict and resources required for enforcement.