cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface dynamics of the integral membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin

Recently, there has been great interest in determining the three-dimensional structures of membrane proteins, particularly bacteriorhodopsin, for which a variety of possible folding arrangements have been suggested1–4. In this paper we present nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra5–8 of deuterated bacteriorhodopsin, and use the data to help interpret the various suggested bacteriorhodopsin folding patterns. The results strongly indicate that (1) a membrane surface (±1 residue) may be defined by NMR in bacteriorhodopsin; (2) all amino acids inside the surface are essentially crystalline; (3) all amino acids outside the surface (surface residues) in bacteriorhodopsin are highly mobile on the time scale of the 2H NMR experiments; (4) NMR data may be used to help evaluate the various structural models that have been proposed; (5) aggregation of purple membrane sheets may lead to an immobilization of the surface residues.
The Amphipod Genus Grandifoxus Barnard (Gammaridea, Phoxocephalidae) in Alaska

ABSTRACT The Alaskan members of the genus Grandifoxus are described and illustrated. The species G. longirostris, G. lindbergi, and G. nasuta are redescribed based on Alaskan material and original descriptions. In addition, three new species, G. acanthinus, G. vulpinus, and G. aciculata, from the Bering Sea are described. The most important characters for determining the species are the spine and setal patterns on the uropods and antenna 2.
The mechanical properties and microstructure of a rapidly solidified Al3.99Cu2.34Li0.21Zr alloy

Abstract An Al3.99Cu2.34Li0.21Zr alloy was prepared by the ultrasonic gas atomization process with an average cooling rate of about 10 5 °C s −1 , achieving an excellent combination of density, strength and elastic moduli. Following cold compaction, the powders were hot extruded at 400 °C into a cylindrical bar of diameter 1.14 cm (0.45 in) with an area reduction ratio of 20:1. Tensile and notched impact tests were conducted at optimum heat treatment conditions. For the heat treatment condition of 525 ° C × 0.5 h + water quenching + 190 ° C × 9 h + water quenching , the ultimate tensile strength could reach up to 540.98 MPa (78.44 lbf in −2 × 10 3 ) and the yield strength could reach 474.21 MPa (68.76 lbf in −2 × 10 3 ) with an elongation of 7.8% and a reduction of area of 22%. Compared with traditional I/M 2024 aluminum alloys, the strength has been significantly improved with little sacrifice in ductility. The Young modulus also increased by about 18%. Density has decreased by about 7%, giving even higher specific strength and modulus values. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the fracture surfaces. Ductile dimple fracture surfaces were observed. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine and identify the precipitates. Various precipitates have been verified to exist in this alloy, and the precipitation reactions were interdependent.
NF-κB activation suppresses host cell apoptosis during Rickettsia rickettsii infection via regulatory effects on intracellular localization or levels of apoptogenic and anti-apoptotic proteins

Rickettsia rickettsii, a gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In human infections, the primary target of R. rickettsii infection is vascular endothelium. Our laboratory has shown that activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) during R. rickettsii infection of cultured human endothelial cells protects against apoptosis by preventing the activation of apical caspases-8 and -9, and the effector caspase-3. To understand upstream signaling mechanisms, we have determined the effect of NF-κB blockade on the status of different Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) proteins in this study. Quantitative analysis following TUNEL and Hoechst staining confirmed that infection of endothelial cells with R. rickettsii for 6 h in the presence of a specific NF-κB inhibitor, MG132, resulted in induction of apoptosis. Infection-induced apoptosis of EC was associated with decreased level of Bid and accumulation of Bad, while cytosolic level of Bax remained relatively unchanged. Further, the cellular levels of apoptosis antagonist Bcl-2 were found to be down-regulated and apoptogenic mitochondrial proteins Smac and cytochrome c were released into cytoplasm. These results implicate an important regulatory role for NF-κB in controlling the intracellular levels and/or localization of pro- as well as anti-apoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 family, the intricate balance of which is a critical determinant of downstream signaling mechanisms governing cell fate during intracellular infection.
Transportproteine für Bor identifiziert

Uber das Element Bor macht man sich normalerweise keine Gedanken, obwohl es lebensnotwendig ist. Bewussten Kontakt mit Bor haben wir hochstens in Form von „Borwasser” zur Augenspulung. Wenn aber nicht genugend Bor im Boden verfugbar ist, wachsen Pflanzen nicht richtig und kummern vor sich hin. Jetzt gelang es einer japanischen Arbeitsgruppe zum ersten Mal, die Molekule in Pflanzen zu identifizieren, die das Element Bor transportieren und seine Konzentration regulieren. Ahnliche Molekule sind in den menschlichen Nieren am Transport von Carbonat beteiligt.
Health Information Technology in Nursing Homes

This study describes nursing homes' use of Minimum Data Set (MDS) software and identifies features that are available in the most commonly used software packages. Data came from the On-line Survey, Certification and Reporting system and a national survey of nursing home administrators (N = 2,899) conducted in 2005. Results show that 2,397 (82.7%) of nursing homes used third-party MDS software, and more than 85% of those facilities purchased the software from one of five vendors. Advanced features in the software were available to most (87% to 98%) of the facilities; however, most features were not being used all the time. Findings are instructive in showing the use of health information technology in nursing homes. Nursing homes are often viewed as technologically impaired. With respect to MDS software, many nursing homes are using quite advanced health information technology.
Predation on Benthosema glaciale (Myctouhidae) by spawning mackerel (Scomber scombrus)

During spawning on the outer Dingle Bay Ground mackerel feed on myclnphids which migrate to the surface at night.
Low income mothers of overweight children had personal and environmental challenges in preventing and managing obesity.

(2001) Pediatrics 107, 1138. Jain A, Sherman SN, Chamberlin LA, et al. . Why don't low-income mothers worry about their preschoolers being overweight? . May; . : . –46 . [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] QUESTIONS: What are the perceptions of low income mothers about their overweight preschool children? What barriers exist to the prevention or management of childhood obesity? Qualitative study using focus groups. Clinic of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. 18 mothers (mean age 25 y, 72% black) of preschool children (mean age 44 mo, 61% girls) were enrolled in a nutrition clinic for women and their children living in low income households. 12 of the mothers (67%) were obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2, 4 were overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2), and 2 were neither overweight nor obese. All of the children had a weight for height percentile (WHP) ≥50th percentile; 15 (83%) met the WIC definition of overweight (WHP ≥90th percentile). Mothers participated in a 1 hour focus group (6 women per group). Open … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.stitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.issn%253D0031-4005%26rft.aulast%253DJain%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D107%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D1138%26rft.epage%253D1146%26rft.atitle%253DWhy%2BDon%2527t%2BLow-Income%2BMothers%2BWorry%2BAbout%2BTheir%2BPreschoolers%2BBeing%2BOverweight%253F%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1542%252Fpeds.107.5.1138%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11331699%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=pediatrics&resid=107/5/1138&atom=%2Febnurs%2F5%2F1%2F27.atom
Cancer Patients' and Patient Advocates' Perspectives on a Novel Information Source: A Qualitative Study of The Art of Oncology, When the Tumor Is Not the Target

Kristin S. Vickers, Section of Patient Education and Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Julie C. Hathaway, Section of Patient Education, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Christi A. Patten and Matthew M. Clark, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Teresa L. Britt, Nursing Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Sherry A. Looker, Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Phaedra T. Johnson, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI Charles L. Loprinzi, Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
Regulatory Errors with Endogenous Agendas

How do a regulator’s decisions depend on the characteristics and strategies of its external clients? We develop a theory of approval regulation in which an uninformed regulator may veto the submission of a better-informed rm. The rm can perform
Unsupervised Structure Discovery for Semantic Analysis of Audio

Approaches to audio classification and retrieval tasks largely rely on detection-based discriminative models. We submit that such models make a simplistic assumption in mapping acoustics directly to semantics, whereas the actual process is likely more complex. We present a generative model that maps acoustics in a hierarchical manner to increasingly higher-level semantics. Our model has two layers with the first layer modeling generalized sound units with no clear semantic associations, while the second layer models local patterns over these sound units. We evaluate our model on a large-scale retrieval task from TRECVID 2011, and report significant improvements over standard baselines.
Phospho-Regulation Pathways During Egg Activation in Drosophila melanogaster

Egg activation is the series of events that transition a mature oocyte to an egg capable of supporting embryogenesis. Increasing evidence points toward phosphorylation as a critical regulator of these events. We used Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the relationship between known egg activation genes and phosphorylation changes that occur upon egg activation. Using the phosphorylation states of four proteins—Giant Nuclei, Young Arrest, Spindly, and Vap-33-1—as molecular markers, we showed that the egg activation genes sarah, CanB2, and cortex are required for the phospho-regulation of multiple proteins. We show that an additional egg activation gene, prage, regulates the phosphorylation state of a subset of these proteins. Finally, we show that Sarah and calcineurin are required for the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C)-dependent degradation of Cortex following egg activation. From these data, we present a model in which Sarah, through the activation of calcineurin, positively regulates the APC/C at the time of egg activation, which leads to a change in phosphorylation state of numerous downstream proteins.
Page description languages

A page description language is a programming language used to describe the structure and appearance of a document page, in a device (printer) independent way. A document description language is a language which not only specifies structure and appearance of a page, but also the structure of a document, the global document composing environment, and relationships between pages, combining pages of one document within another document, etc. The printing environment specification subset of a language, is used to specify printing options like one sided, and two sided printing, paper-shift during the printing of a page, tray used to feed in paper to print the entire document or on a page basis, etc.
Sawtooth: interactive clarity and aesthetic complexity

Sawtooth (2009) is an artwork integrating performance, sound, and animation. This paper describes the design of Sawtooth, with particular reference to the balances it strikes between control, clarity, and complexity.
Experimental and Numerical Crossover Jet Impingement in a Rib-Roughened Airfoil Trailing-Edge Cooling Channel

Local and average heat transfer coefficients were measured in a test section simulating a rib-roughened trailing edge cooling cavity of a turbine airfoil. The test rig was made up of two adjacent channels, each with a trapezoidal cross sectional area. The first channel, simulating the cooling cavity adjacent to the trailing-edge cavity, supplied the cooling air to the trailing-edge channel through a row of racetrack-shaped slots on the partition wall between the two channels. Eleven crossover jets, issued from these slots entered the trailing-edge channel, impinged on eleven radial ribs and exited from a second row of race-track shaped slots on the opposite wall in staggered or inline arrangement. Two jet angles of 0 and 5° and a range of jet Reynolds number from 10,000 to 35,000 were tested and compared. The numerical models contained the entire trailing-edge and supply channels with all slots and ribs to simulate exactly the tested geometries. They were meshed with all-hexa structured mesh of high near-wall concentration. A pressure-correction based, multi-block, multi-grid, unstructured/adaptive commercial software was used in this investigation. Standard high Reynolds number k–e turbulence model in conjunction with the generalized wall function for most parts was used for turbulence closure. Boundary conditions identical to those of the experiments were applied and several turbulence model results were compared. The numerical analyses also provided the share of each crossover and each exit hole from the total flow for different geometries. The major conclusions of this study were: a) except for the first and last cross-flow jets which had different flow structures, other jets produced the same heat transfer results on their target surfaces, b) tilted crossover jets produced higher heat transfer coefficients on the target surface towards which they were tilted and lower values on the opposite surface and c) the numerical predictions of impingement heat transfer coefficients were in good agreement with the measured values for most cases thus CFD could be considered a viable tool in airfoil cooling circuit designs.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Mediation of estrogen mitogenic effect in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by PC-cell-derived growth factor (PCDGF/granulin precursor)

PC-cell-derived growth factor (PCDGF) is an 88-kDa glycoprotein corresponding to the granulin precursor. We have reported that PCDGF was expressed in human breast cancer cells. In estrogen-receptor positive cells, 17-β-estradiol (E2) transcriptionally stimulated PCDGF expression in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. We demonstrate here that PCDGF mediates the mitogenic effect of E2 in MCF-7 cells. PCDGF substituted for E2 to stimulate DNA synthesis. The E2 mitogenic effect was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by anti-PCDGF neutralizing antibody. Inhibition of PCDGF expression by antisense transfection also inhibited the E2 mitogenic effect. In contrast, overexpression of PCDGF in MCF-7 cells resulted in cells that were able to proliferate in the absence of estrogen and were tamoxifen resistant. The PCDGF signaling pathway was examined. Like E2, PCDGF stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. PCDGF could substitute for E2 in stimulating cyclin D1 expression. The cyclin D1 stimulation by E2 was 50% inhibited by anti-PCDGF antibody. In contrast, PCDGF did not stimulate c-myc expression, another molecular target of E2. We conclude that autocrine PCDGF mediates the E2 mitogenic effect via stimulation of cyclin D1. These studies provide information on estrogen action and identify an autocrine molecular target in human breast cancer cells.
A Comprehensive Six-Dimensional Quality of Web Services Assessment Model

We propose a six dimensional QoWS model including expected QoWS, agreed QoWS, delivered QoWS, perceived QoWS, transmitted QoWS, and statistic QoWS to assess quality of Web services comprehensively and objectively. Meanwhile, the proposed assessment mechanism evaluates Web services from the view of compliance, end-to-end performance, and long-term performance.
Societal Complexity and Interest-Group Lobbying in the American States

An analysis of more than 39 thousand lobbying efforts reveals four dimensions of activity. In broad outline, the proportion of lobbyists is the same at the state and national levels. The factors are used to test the hypothesis that societal complexity is the fundamental cause of this interest-group activity. Surprisingly, no measure of complexity except state population is associated with any type of lobbying, and even population is not significantly related to two of the four factors.
Expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase isoforms in marlin and swordfish muscle and heater cells.

The superior rectus muscles of marlin, swordfish, sailfish, and spearfish are modified for generating heat rather than force. This study focuses on the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-adenosinetriphosphatase (SR Ca(2+)-ATPase) to gain further insight into the muscle fiber type origin of the billfish “heater cell.” Direct sequencing and immunolocalization demonstrated that marlin and swordfish epaxial swimming muscles express two forms of the SR Ca(2+)-ATPase in a fiber type-specific manner; red slow-twitch skeletal and cardiac muscles express the same SERCA2 message, whereas white fast-twitch skeletal muscles express a SERCA1 message. Thus the expression pattern of the SR Ca2+ pump is similar in both billfish and tetrapod muscles. Molecular and immunological studies revealed that billfish heater tissue and superior rectus muscle express both fast and slow SR Ca2+ pump isoforms. Immunohistochemical results suggest that heater cells and most extraocular muscle fibers express the fast SR Ca2+ pump. Expression of the fast SR Ca(2+)-ATPase by heater cells has implications for heater cell origin and thermogenic control.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Rationale for a Neuropsychological Diagnosis of Diffuse Axonal Injury

Abstract Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) has been a diagnosis of exclusion in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients lacking positive findings on standard clinical neuroimaging. The absence of a reliable clinical diagnosis of DAI has hindered the development of effective TBI therapies. Research suggests that DAI may underlie many TBI symptoms, including cognitive dysfunction, and is probably the pathological substrate of cognitive dysfunction following mild TBI. Furthermore, evidence suggests that DAI initiates neurodegenerative processes that may contribute to the development of dementia. Cognitive findings could serve as the basis of a clinical DAI diagnosis. We review the literature on cognitive, behavioral, and neuropathological effects of TBI, and propose a paradigm shift in the neuropsychological approach to this disorder.
The smallest prime value of xn+a

Let a and n be positive integers such that f(x) = xn + a is irreducible over the integers. A conjecture made by Bouniakowsky [4] in 1857 would imply that there exist infinitely many integers x such that f(x) is prime. An even stronger conjecture of Bateman and Horn [1, 2] would imply that where π(x;f) is the number of integers m with 0 ≧ m ≧ x for which f(m) is prime, and where w(p) is the number of solutions of the congruence Except for the trivial case n = 1, neither of these conjectures has ever been resolved.
Fine Structure and Mechanical Properties of Fluoro Resins Molded under Reduced Pressure

The tensile strength and the morphology of polytetrafluoroethylene skived tapes and poly (vinyliden fluoride) sheets molded at 665Pa were investigated by tensile testing with an autograph and by transmission electron microscopy.The tensile strength of the tapes and sheets molded at 665Pa was greater by about 10% than that molded at atmospheric pressure. The bands observed at the surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene skived tape molded under reduced pressure were about 1.4 times wider than those at the surface of the tape molded at atmospheric pressure. Spherulites were observed at the surface of poly (vinylidene fluoride) sheet molded at atmospheric pressure, but were not recognized at the surface of the sheet molded at 665Pa. It seems that at atmospheric pressure a microvoid containing air and/or gases worked as a nucleus of the spherulite.
The Role of a Fabless Silicon Photonics Industry in the Era of Quantum Engineering

OpSIS is a foundry service for silicon photonics offering open processes and low access costs. We present the success of our project in conventional applications and how it can enable breakthroughs in applied quantum optics.
Effect of Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Invasion on Lone Star Tick (Acarina: Ixodidae) Populations

Surveys conducted in mid-March, April, and May 1974–1976 and 1974–1975 in DeSoto and Sabine Parishes, respectively, in northwestern Louisiana showed a dramatic reduction in populations of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), attracted to dry ice when the areas were invaded by the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Buren).
The Establishment of All-Citizen Juries as a Key Component of Mexico’s Judicial Reform: Cross-National Analyses of Lay Judge Participation and the Search for Mexico’s Judicial Sovereignty

The American anti-drug aid package to Mexico, termed the "Merida Initiative" (or "Plan Mexico" by its critics), has promised nearly $400 million worth of military and intelligence assistance to Mexico, becoming one of the key elements in the joint U.S.-Mexico strategy to combat the threat of drug trafficking in Mexico and across its borders. Currently, approximately eighty municipalities are considered to be dominated by the drug cartels. Equipping the Mexican military for the struggle against drug trafficking has nonetheless been viewed as a pretext to label and criminalize protesters, political dissenters, grassroots organizers, and social activists in Mexico. The military involvement in the "drug war" has also increased corruption within governmental institutions, leading to the commitment of unnumbered human rights violations and the failure to effectively deal with the trade in narcotics within Mexico‘s own borders. This military solution has also distracted public attention and diverted governmental resources away from the long-term reforms that are necessary to eliminate corruption in the domestic police and law enforcement branches, in order to effectively deal with the inter-related problems of illicit drugs, crime, and violence in Mexico. Dependence on the military, meanwhile, has come at the expense of adopting much needed structural reforms to Mexico‘s judicial institutions in order to establish more effective court systems that are free from corruption and are able to identify, prosecute, and punish documented drug traffickers. This paper proposes that the re-establishment of the jury system in Mexico could lead to important structural reforms to combat political and institutional corruption within the judicial branch of the government. We argue that a restructured jury system would constitute a major judicial reform, strengthening the rule of law and combating police and judicial corruption. Further, the re-introduction of a civic panel guiding legal institutions would strengthen Mexico‘s efforts to increase both accountability and transparency of the criminal justice process, and promote the civic oversight function of government institutions.
Trainee experience and success of urgent airway management.

Abstract Background There are limited data regarding emergent, non-operating room, intubations performed by all levels of anesthesia residents. This study was a large retrospective review of all non-operating room emergent intubations performed at a single tertiary medical center. The study evaluated the rate of difficult intubations by level of resident training, compared success rates for direct versus video laryngoscopy and evaluated the rate and success of rescue video laryngoscopy following failed direct laryngoscopy. Methods All emergent non-operating room intubations at a tertiary university medical center from July 1, 2009, to August 1, 2012, were reviewed and all study data were collected from the medical records. Intubations were classified as being initiated with either direct or video methods. The total number of attempts required and the rate of success were compared by resident year and intubation type. Results Out of a total of 788 emergent intubations, 741 were performed by anesthesia residents. The higher level anesthesia residents (CA-2 and CA-3) had a statistically significant decrease in the number of attempts needed when compared to CA-1 residents. Rate of success did not vary by resident training year, but success rates were higher for cases initiated with video laryngoscopy. Among direct initiated cases, 8% failed initial direct laryngoscopy and were then successfully intubated with rescue video laryngoscopy. Conclusions During emergent, non-operating room intubations, senior level residents used fewer attempts at intubations with direct laryngoscopy. Successful intubation was improved by beginning residents when video laryngoscopy was utilized. Complications were not affected by the presence of the attending anesthesiologist.
Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in a Spray-Drying Process 1.

A frozen concentrate of Lactobacillus acidophilus was used as inoculum for milk solids-not-fat (MSNF) reconstituted to 25 and 40% solids. Initial count of the two milks was 1.2 × 109 and 7.0 × 108 CFU/g of solids, respectively. Sublots of these two concentrates were spray-dried at 85-, 80-, and 75-C exit air temperature in a Coulter/Townley pilot dryer (vertical, venturi nozzle spray system). Survival of L. acidophilus was greatest at the lowest outlet air temperature investigated, and in the milk of lower solids content. At 75-C exit air temperature the count following drying was 2.6 × 107 per gram of solids at 40 percent solids, and 9.8 × 107 per gram of solids at 25% solids. Percent survival after 30 days storage under nitrogen at 4 C was 1.29 and 4.17, respectively, for the two solids levels.
Structure of RNA Stem Loop B from the Picornavirus Replication Platform

The presumptive RNA cloverleaf at the start of the 5′-untranslated region of the picornavirus genome is an essential element in replication. Stem loop B (SLB) of the cloverleaf is a recognition site for the host polyC-binding protein, which initiates a switch from translation to replication. Here we present the solution structure of human rhinovirus isotype 14 SLB using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. SLB adopts a predominantly A-form helical structure. The stem contains five Watson–Crick base pairs and one wobble base pair and is capped by an eight-nucleotide loop. The wobble base pair introduces perturbations into the helical parameters but does not appear to introduce flexibility. However, the helix major groove appears to be accessible. Flexibility is seen throughout the loop and in the terminal nucleotides. The pyrimidine-rich region of the loop, the apparent recognition site for the polyC-binding protein, is the most disordered region of the structure.
Landscape Ecology of Mammoth Cave: How Surface and Cave Ecosystems Influence Each Other

At first, the surface of Mammoth Cave National Park and the caves below may seem like two different landscapes or even different worlds, but these surface and underground spaces interact in ways that are sometimes surprising. The roughly 645 documented kilometers (400 miles) of Mammoth Cave are part of a regional karst landscape, which is defined by subterranean drainage. From the southeast to the northwest corners of the park, there is a gradient of decreasing extent of karst development, which corresponds to the regional dip of the bedrock. The major cave-bearing carbonates (limestone and dolomite) are barely exposed in the northwestern part of the park, and so cave development there is in the earliest stages. The hydrogeology and landforms of this highly varied karst landscape have profound effects upon vegetation ecosystems. Surface rivers, cave aquatic, and cave terrestrial ecosystems are all largely dependent upon food energy from photosynthesis in the vegetation ecosystems. Therefore, this chapter will examine physical aspects of the landscape that determine what type of vegetation is found where, the status of park vegetation, and address how all the ecosystems interact.
Geophysical Waves and Flows: Theory and Applications in the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Geosphere

Waves and flows are pervasive on and within Earth. This book presents a unified physical and mathematical approach to waves and flows in the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, volcanoes and the mantle, emphasizing the common physical principles and mathematical methods that apply to a variety of phenomena and disciplines. It is organized into seven parts: introductory material; kinematics, dynamics and rheology; waves in non-rotating fluids; waves in rotating fluids; non-rotating flows; rotating flows; and silicate flows. The chapters are supplemented by 47 'fundaments', containing knowledge that is fundamental to the material presented in the main text, organized into seven appendices: mathematics; dimensions and units; kinematics; dynamics; thermodynamics; waves; and flows. This book is an ideal reference for graduate students and researchers seeking an introduction to the mathematics of waves and flows in the Earth system, and will serve as a supplementary textbook for a number of courses in geophysical fluid dynamics.
Initiation and completion rates of inactivated hepatitis A vaccination among children born between 2005 and 2014 in Zhejiang province, east China.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To evaluate the initiation and completion and timeliness of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (HAV-I) series, to identify the missed opportunities for HAV-I series, and to examine determinants associated with the completion of HAV-I.Methods: Children born from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2014 and registered in Zhejiang provincial immunization information system (ZJIIS), were enrolled in this study. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the initiation and completion, the timeliness and the missed opportunities for HAV-I. Logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the determinants of the completeness of HAV-I.Results: The initiation rate of HAV-I increased from 8.1% for the 2005 birth cohort to 13.2% for the 2014 birth cohort. The completion rate of HAV-I increased from 4.2% for the 2005 birth cohort to 7.8% for the 2014 birth cohort. The timeliness rate of the 1st dose of HAV-I increased from 38.2% for the 2005 birth cohort to 57.9% for the 2014 birth cohort. The timelin...
Sexual bimaturation and sexual size dimorphism in animals with asymptotic growth after maturity

Many animal taxa exhibit a positive correlation between sexual size dimorphism and sex differences in age at maturity, such that members of the larger sex mature at older ages than members of the smaller sex. Previous workers have suggested that sexual bimaturation is a product of sex differences in growth trajectories, but to date no one has tested this hypothesis. The current study uses growth-based models to study relationships between sexual size dimorphism and sexual bimaturation in species with asymptotic growth after maturity. These models show that sex differences in asymptotic size would produce sexual bimaturation even if both sexes approach their respective asymptotic sizes at the same age, mature at the same proportion of asymptotic size and have otherwise equivalent growth and maturation patterns. Furthermore, our analyses show that there are three ways to reduce sexual bimaturation in sexually size-dimorphic species: (1) higher characteristic growth rates for members of the larger sex, (2) larger size at birth, hatching or metamorphosis for members of the larger sex or (3) smaller ratio of size at maturity to asymptotic size (relative size at maturity) for members of the larger sex. Of these three options, sex differences in relative size at maturity are most common in size-dimorphic species and, in both male-larger and female-larger species, members of the larger sex frequently mature at a smaller proportion of their asymptotic size than do members of the smaller sex. Information about the growth and maturation patterns of a taxon can be used to determine relationships between sexual size dimorphism and sexual bimaturation for the members of that taxon. This process is illustrated for Anolis lizards, a genus in which both sexes exhibit the same strong correlation (r ≥ 0.97) between size at maturity and asymptotic size, and in which the relative size at maturity is inversely related to asymptotic size for both sexes. As a result, sexually size-dimorphic species of anoles exhibit the expected pattern of a smaller relative size at maturity for members of the larger sex. However, for species in this genus, sex differences in the relative size at maturity are not strong enough to produce the same age at maturity for both sexes in sexually size-dimorphic species. Members of the larger sex (usually males) are still expected to mature at older ages than members of the smaller sex in Anolis lizards.
Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (t-SAH) is common across the spectrum of mild moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).
“I Want to Die as Myself”: Young Adult Dystopias, Cruelty, and Resistance

In William Sleator’s 1974 House of Stairs, five adolescents are confined in a terrifying House of Stairs by a dystopian political regime. In the House, they become subject to behaviorist conditioning that transforms them into cruel antagonists. This chapter considers the ways in which some of Sleator’s characters resist this coercion, as well as the limits of that resistance. Although these rebellious protagonists do not manage to dismantle the evil system in which they find themselves, they are exiled to an “island of misfits” which might permit healthier relationships and less destructive emotional patterns. While pessimistic about the capacity of rebellion to topple dystopias, Sleator can envision a better future for a select group of nonconforming individuals.
Parsing Stem Cell Lineage Development Using High Content Image Analysis of Epigenetic Spatial Markers

This unit describes a protocol for acquiring and analyzing high-content super-resolution images of human stem cell nuclei for the characterization and classification of the cell differentiation paths based on distinct patterns of epigenetic mark organization. Here, we describe the cell culture, immunocytochemical labeling, super-resolution imaging parameters, and MATLAB-based quantitative image analysis approaches for monitoring human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as the cells differentiate towards various lineages. Although this protocol uses specific cell types as examples, this approach could be easily extended to a variety of cell types and nuclear epigenetic and mechanosensitive biomarkers that are relevant to specific cell developmental scenarios. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Epitaxial deposition of nickel-based superalloy René 142 through scanning laser epitaxy (SLE)

Abstract Single-pass depositions of columnar Rene 142 on investment cast single-crystal (SX) Rene N5 substrates having [100] and [001] primary dendrite growth directions were obtained through scanning laser epitaxy (SLE), a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)-based additive manufacturing (AM) process. The microstructure and the microhardness properties of the Rene 142 deposits were investigated through high-resolution optical microscopy (HR-OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and micro-hardness measurements. HR-OM investigations revealed the capability of SLE in depositing more than 1000 μm of columnar Rene 142 in a single pass. SEM investigations demonstrated that the primary γ/γ′ precipitates in the deposit region were 90% finer in size compared to the substrate. XRD investigation revealed the presence of a strong [200] peak and EBSD analysis confirmed SX Rene 142 growth. Microhardness measurements showed an increase in the hardness values by ∼10% in the deposit region compared to the cast substrate. The results showed that the SLE process has tremendous potential in producing epitaxial deposits of nickel-based superalloys and, therefore, the findings reported in this work can pave ways to fabricate components with dissimilar-chemistry high-γ′ nickel-based superalloys using an LPBF-based AM process.
Introduction: Cooperation and Altruism

This book is about the evolution and nature of cooperation and “altruism” in social-living animals, focusing especially on nonhuman primates and on humans. Although cooperation and altruism are often thought to be simply remedies to competition and aggression within groups or related to the action of “selfish genes,” there is increasing evidence that these behaviors are the result of biological mechanisms that have developed through natural selection in group-living species. This evidence leads to the conclusion that cooperative and altruistic behaviors are not just by-products of competition but rather they are essential ingredients in evolution, ecology, and development (Weiss and Buchanan, 2009) and are the glue that underlies the ability for primates and humans to live in groups. The paleontological, behavioral, neurobiological, and psychological evidence provided in this book gives a more optimistic and realistic view of human nature than the more popular, conventional view of humans being naturally and basically aggressive and warlike. Competition and aggressive self-preservation are definite parts of the behavioral repertoire of all mammals, but they are primitive tendencies that are progressively regulated by higher cognitive processes increasing the capacity for cooperation, which emerged in a stepwise fashion in the evolution of nonhuman primates and human beings from their common ancestors. The evidence described in this book from many fields indicates that cooperation and altruism are the statistical norm and represent the more typical, “normal,” and healthy behavioral pattern in primates. In fact, cooperative sociality is a necessity for well-being in anthropoid primates.
Maximum Entropy Reconstruction Methods in Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) is a spectroscopic technique that detects and characterizes molecules with unpaired electrons (i.e., free radicals). Unlike the closely related nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, EPR is still under development as an imaging modality. Athough a number of physical factors have hindered its development, EPR's potential is quite promising in a number of important application areas, including in vivo oximetry. EPR images are generally reconstructed using a tomographic imaging technique, of which filtered backprojection (FBP) is the most commonly used. We apply two iterative methods for maximum-entropy image reconstruction in EPR. The first is the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART), a well-known row-action method. We propose a second method, known as LSEnt (least-squares entropy), that maximizes entropy and performs regularization by maintaining a desired distance from the measurements. LSEnt is in part motivated by the barrier method of interior-point programming. We present studies in which images of two physical phantoms, reconstructed using FBP, MART, and LSEnt, are compared. The images reconstructed using MART and LSEnt have lower variance, better contrast recovery, subjectively better resolution, and reduced streaking artifact than those reconstructed using FBP. These results suggest that maximum-entropy reconstruction methods (particularly the more flexible LSEnt) may be critical in overcoming some of the physical challenges of EPR imaging.
Functional Evaluation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene which encodes an epithelial anion channel and regulatory protein. Derangements of CFTR protein function result in thickened, viscous mucus in the airways, GI tract, pancreas, sweat gland, and reproductive tract. The diagnosis and prognosis of CF is facilitated by demonstrating functional decrements of CFTR activity, and is a cornerstone of the diagnostic criteria. This chapter details the conduct and interpretation of the two most widely available diagnostic tests for CFTR functional analysis: sweat chloride testing and nasal potential difference (NPD). Details regarding the methods for conduct of these tests, sources of error, and emerging results supporting their interpretation are discussed.
Facing reality: a survey of methods instructors’ perspectives on world language teacher development

This study reports the findings of a national survey on PreK–12 world language teacher development (WLTD), and was conducted in order to assist the profession as simultaneously it confronts the intersecting challenges of a nationwide world language (WL) teacher shortage, strives to meet new teacher preparation standards, and ensures the future of language teaching and learning in American schools. The 164 methods instructors (MIs) described the contexts in which they address pre‐service candidates' needs and aspirations, and shared their opinions on the current status of WLTD, the perceived impediments to promoting its well‐being, and the structures that are necessary to guarantee success in providing superior teachers for tomorrow's language learners. Implications for the profession are explored.
Timeliness of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis and Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation in the Era of Universal Testing and Treatment.

Background We describe the timing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis and antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation after implementation of universal testing and treatment policies in New York City (NYC). Methods Using NYC population-based HIV registry data for persons with HIV diagnosed from 2012 through 2015 and followed up through June 2017, we examined trends in the proportion with diagnosis soon after HIV infection (ie, with CD4 cell count ≥500/μL or with acute HIV infection) and used Kaplan-Meier plots and proportional hazards regression to examine the timing of ART initiation after diagnosis. Results Among 9987 NYC residents with HIV diagnosed from 2012 to 2015, diagnosis was early in 35%, and 87% started ART by June 2017. The annual proportion of persons with early diagnosis did not increase appreciably (35% in 2012 vs 37% in 2015; P = .08). By 6 months after diagnosis, 62%, 67%, 72% and 77% of persons with HIV diagnosed in 2012, 2013, 2014, or 2015, respectively, had started ART, with median (interquartile range) times to ART initiation of 3.34 (1.34-12.75), 2.62 (1.28-10.13), 2.16 (1.15-7.11), and 2.03 (1.11-5.61) months, respectively. Conclusions Although recommendations for ART initiation on diagnosis are increasingly being implemented, the findings of the current study suggest that immediate treatment initiation is not universal. Continued efforts are needed to expand and better target HIV testing to promote earlier diagnosis.
Thyroid Trauma-A National Analysis of Incidence, Mortality, and Concomitant Injury.

BACKGROUND Traumatic injury to the thyroid is rare with no large national studies in the literature. We sought to describe the incidence of traumatic thyroid injury and to compare injury characteristics, operative interventions, and outcomes of isolated thyroid versus thyroid and concomitant neck injury. METHODS The National Trauma Data Bank (2007-2015) was used to identify patients with thyroid injury. Concomitant injury to surrounding neck structures included the trachea, esophagus, carotid arteries, cervical spine vertebrae, or vertebral arteries. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS The incidence of thyroid injury was <0.1%. Of these, 59.7% of patients had isolated thyroid injury and 40.3% had thyroid and concomitant neck injury. Most patients in both groups had a penetrating mechanism (75.8% and 85.6%). Thyroid operative intervention was rare in both groups (isolated thyroid injury 19.3%, thyroid and concomitant neck injury 22.1%). Direct thyroid repair was the most common type of surgical intervention performed (isolated thyroid 13.1% versus thyroid and concomitant neck injury 15.1%; P = 0.280), whereas total thyroidectomy was only performed in a single patient. Mortality was decreased for patients with isolated thyroid injury compared with thyroid and concomitant neck injury (8.9% versus 19%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Thyroid injury in trauma patients is extremely rare and occurs more frequently with penetrating trauma. Isolated thyroid trauma is associated with a lower risk of mortality, compared to thyroid trauma with concomitant neck injury. Most thyroid injury is treated nonoperatively, and when operative intervention is required, direct thyroid repair is most commonly performed.
Abstract 3602: Novel BRCA1 mimetic 35446HCl inhibits growth of anti estrogen resistant breast cancer cells through the NF-κB pathway

Nearly a third of breast cancer patients develop resistance to antiestrogen treatments although the estrogen receptor ER-α continues to affect cell survival and proliferation. Thus there is a need for new interventions to inhibit ER-α function. Based on high-resolution mapping, we proposed interaction sites on both BRCA1 and ER-α in a three-dimensional model of BRCA1. Utilizing this model, we identified a class of compounds that fits into a predicted BRCA1-binding cavity within ER-α, mimics the ability of BRCA1 to repress ER-α activity, and functions differently than other antiestrogens. Previous publication has shown that the 1st generation BRCA1 mimetic compound (A7) reduced proliferation and inhibited ER-α activity in antiestrogen-sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells with negligible non-specific toxicity. More importantly we have shown that the 2nd generation compounds (35446, 4631) partially restored sensitivity to Tam/ICI-resistant cells (LCC9), caused dissociation of ER-α from a model estrogen response element (ERE) in MCF-7 cells, and inhibited growth of LCC9 tumor xenografts at nontoxic concentrations utilizing compound 35446-HCl (35446 prepared as a hydrochloride salt). The focus of this study is the mechanism of action of 35446-HCl compound’s inhibition of ER-α, which includes inhibition of a major signaling pathway and mode of cell death. Eight genes identified from RNA-seq in LCC9 cells treated with BRCA1 mimetic A7 were verified by qPCR using 35446-HCl. One verified gene is the NF-κB activator IKKB, which is linked to therapy resistance. Treatment with 35446-HCl inhibited IKKB expression and proliferation in LCC9 cells compared to untreated Control at 48 and 72 hrs (p Citation Format: Shyam Nathan, Eliot M. Rosen. Novel BRCA1 mimetic 35446HCl inhibits growth of anti estrogen resistant breast cancer cells through the NF-κB pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3602. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3602