cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-situ investigation of partially deuterated fatty acid and phospholipid monolayers at the air-water interface by IR reflection-absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Partially deuterated fatty acid and phospholipid Langmuir films were examined by infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, thereby permitting a conformational analysis of different regions of the film-forming molecules from the frequencies of the CH 2 and CD 2 stretching vibrations. For hexadecanoic acid-d 17 , half-deuterated at the tail end, the observed CH 2 -stretching frequencies of ≈2 915 and 2 849 cm −1 were considerably lowered from those of completely protiated hexadecanoic acid, indicating that the conformational order adjacent to the headgroup is much higher than at the tail end. With the half-deuterated fatty acid as the acyl chain component in DPPC-d 34 , it was possible to probe different parts of the hydrocarbon moiety of phospholipid monolayers at the air-water interface. Results similar to those for the fatty acids were noted, with greater conformational disorder occurring toward the bilayer center.
Ab initio MO studies on the photodissociation of the methoxy family CX3Y (X H, F; Y O, S) from the Ã2A1 state

Abstract Ab initio MO calculations have been carried out for the photodissociation of the methxy radical family CX 3 Y (X  H, F; Y  O, S) from the A 2 A 1 state. Three channels are considered: (1) predissociation to CX 3 + Y, (2) isomerization to CX 2 −YX followed by dissociation to CX 2 + YX, and (3) dissociation of X giving CX 2 Y + X. Minima on the seam of crossing (MSXs) between the bound 2 A 1 state and 2 A 2 , 4 A 2 and 4 E repulsive states as well as transition states on each surface are located. The branching to the three channels is discussed based on the energetics of these critical points. Final internal energy distribution is briefly discussed based on the meta-intrinsic reaction coordinate.
The use of ternary phase diagrams in the study of high temperature corrosion products formed on Fe-5 wt% Al alloys in reducing and oxidizing environments

Abstract Ternary phase diagrams, in conjunction with microscopy techniques and reaction product chemistries, were used to describe the possible “diffusion paths” and resulting morphologies that may occur during formation of corrosion scales from high temperature gaseous exposure. Iron with 5 wt% of aluminum was exposed to reducing and oxidizing environments at 700°C. Characterization of the surface reaction products was conducted using microscopy techniques with energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis. Under both conditions, iron diffused outward to form surface reaction products, either iron sulfide or iron oxide. The ingress of sulfur or oxygen through the previously formed reaction products was found to produce internal corrosion phases within the alloy. By plotting chemical information acquired from the corrosion scales on ternary phase diagrams, development of the phase layer sequence and morphologies of the multiphase corrosion scales was schematically explained. This analysis was conducted using conventions summarized by Clarke ( Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engrs , 1963, 227 , 1250) for plotting diffusion paths in multiphase ternary diffusion studies from solid-state reactions. By presenting the experimental data in this manner, the morphological development of the scales was related to the composition path on the ternary phase diagrams.
Sensitivity to glucocorticoid-mediated fast-feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is dependent upon stressor specific neurocircuitry.

Abstract Fos-protein immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) was used to identify neurocircuits potentially participating in the regulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis sensitivity to glucocorticoid-mediated fast-feedback in rats exposed to the physical stressor, hemorrhage, or the psychological stressor, airpuff startle. Marked regional brain differences in the Fos-IR expression were observed in response to these stressors. Specifically, after hemorrhage, nuclear Fos-IR increased in the nucleus of the solitary tract and other brainstem regions known to regulate hemodynamic processes including the supraoptic nucleus, and the magnocellular division of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). In contrast, after airpuff startle Fos-IR increased in the dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamus as well as in the lateral septum. Thus, activation of brainstem neurocircuits predominated after hemorrhage whereas activation of forebrain neurocircuits predominated after airpuff startle. In other regions, the magnitude of stressor-induced Fos-IR expression varied in a region-specific manner. When stressor exposure was preceded by administration of corticosterone to achieve levels within the physiological range after stressors, HPA axis responses were suppressed in response to the airpuff startle but not to either a small or moderate hemorrhage. In conclusion: (1) fast-feedback mediated inhibition of HPA axis activity is critically dependent upon stressor modality; (2) this apparent selectivity is reflected by differences in the nature of the neurocircuitry mediating these stressors. It is suggested that determination of the central actions of glucocorticoids in mediating fast-feedback regulation of the HPA axis requires evaluation of the interactions between activated glucocorticoid receptors and intracellular signaling cascades evoked by convergent neuronal input.
Absorption of Light by Trapped Electrons

A new method of approach to the problem of absorption of light by trapped electrons in crystals is presented. The method is based upon the use of the Slater sum for an oscillator (density matrix). The absorption cross section is calculated under the assumption of an electron-lattice coupling which is linear in the normal coordinates of the lattice; this yields the shape of the absorption curve, but the maximum does not shift with temperature as required by experiment. This shift is then accounted for in a somewhat fundamental manner by considering the small change in the lattice frequencies which accompanies the photon induced electronic transition. The result is that the absorption maximum shifts with temperature, but the shape of the absorption curve is not effected by the change in the lattice frequencies.
Cell membrane fluidity: molecular modeling of particle aggregations seen in electron microscopy.

Abstract The first simulation of the fluid mosaic model is reported. Intra-membrane particles, initially “placed” randomly in a membrane with fluid properties, are allowed to diffuse in the plane of the membrane and to interact with one another, in a model using molecular parameters. The resulting particle aggregates are very similar to those observed in freeze-fracture electron microscopy.
The oxygen free radical system: Potential mediator of myocardial injury

The sequential univalent reduction of oxygen gives rise to very reactive intermediate products including superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide and free hydroxyl radicals. Normally, the tissue concentration of these intermediate products of oxygen is severely limited; however, if oxygen free radicals are produced in excess of the capacity of the tissues to eliminate them, they may cause serious damage. The biochemistry and possible sources of free radical generation in animal models of ischemic/reperfusion injury are reviewed. The ability of scavengers of oxygen free radicals to improve mechanical, mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum function in animal models of ischemic/reperfusion injury suggests that oxygen free radicals are partly responsible for myocardial injury in these models. Future research should be directed at establishing the relevance of oxygen radical-mediated myocardial injury in the experimental setting to analogous clinical situations.
Synthesis of the minor acrolein adducts of 2′-deoxyguanosine and their generation in oligomeric DNA

Abstract Acrolein, a known mutagen, undergoes reaction in vitro under physiological conditions with both 2 ′ -deoxyguanosine and native DNA to give rise to exocyclic adducts of the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrimido[1,2- a ]purine-10(3 H )-one class having an hydroxy group at either the 6 or the 8 position. Previously we have shown that the 8-hydroxy derivative in a bacterial system has very low mutagenicity probably because in double-stranded DNA this residue exists in the open-chain aldehydic form [ N 2 -(3-oxopropyl)-2 ′ -deoxyguanosine] ( 3 ). To continue our investigation in this area, we needed ample supplies of the 6-hydroxy isomers. This current paper describes high-yield simple methods for the synthesis in bulk of the 6-hydroxy adduct 1 and its incorporation into DNA oligomers. The basic methods for the synthesis of the adduct 1 , involve 1-substitution of dG derivatives with a 3-butenyl group, dihydroxylation of the olefin with osmium tetroxide and N -methylmorpholine N -oxide, then diol cleavage with periodate ion after incorporation of the 1-(3,4-diacetoxybutyl)-2 ′ -deoxyguanosine into oligomeric DNA.
Introduction to Economics, Markets and Policy Minitrack

Introduction Public concerns about the adverse environmental and health effects of using fossil fuels to generate electricity have led to a greater dependence on renewable sources of generation, particularly in Europe. Since most of these sources are inherently variable, the electric utility industry is facing new challenges for balancing demand and supply in the real-time operations and markets. These challenges go beyond the standard use of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) to provide fast regulation and must now deal with potential imbalances over much longer time periods. Storage capacity and deferrable demand are likely to become increasingly important components of the electric grid for providing balancing services and managing daily patterns of dispatch and demand. These new capabilities will supplement the traditional use of flexible generating units to provide balancing services. The theme of this minitrack is the economics of introducing new capabilities, including generation, storage, user equipment and market organizations, that will help the electric delivery system integrate renewable sources of generation and make the transition to a low-carbon economy in a financially viable way. 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Science
Time-resolved fluorescence studies of tomaymycin bonding to synthetic DNAs

Tomaymycin reacts covalently with guanine in the DNA minor groove, exhibiting considerable specificity for the flanking bases. The sequence dependence of tomaymycin bonding to DNA was investigated in synthetic DNA oligomers and polymers. The maximum extent of bonding to DNA is greater for homopurine and natural DNA sequences than for alternating purine-pyrimidine sequences. Saturation of DNA with tomaymycin has little effect on the melting temperature in the absence of unbound drug. Fluorescence lifetimes were measured for DNA adducts at seven of the ten unique trinucleotide bonding sites. Most of the adducts had two fluorescence lifetimes, representing two of the four possible binding modes. The lifetimes cluster around 2–3 ns and 5–7 ns; the longer lifetime is the major component for most bonding sites. The two lifetime classes were assigned to R and S diastereomeric adducts by comparison with previous NMR results for oligomer adducts. The lifetime difference between binding modes is interpreted in terms of an anomeric effect on the excited-state proton transfer reaction that quenches tomaymycin fluorescence. Bonding kinetics of polymer adducts were monitored by fluorescence lifetime measurements. Rates of adduct formation vary by two orders of magnitude with poly(dA-dG).poly(dC-dT), reacting the fastest at 4 x 10(-2) M-1 s-1. The sequence specificity of tomaymycin is discussed in light of these findings and other reports in the literature.
A NEW SOURCE OF CO 2 IN THE UNIVERSE: A PHOTOACTIVATED ELEY-RIDEAL SURFACE REACTION ON WATER ICES

CO2 is one of the most abundant components of ices in the interstellar medium; however, its formation mechanism has not been clearly identified. Here we report an experimental observation of an Eley-Rideal-type reaction on a water ice surface, where CO gas molecules react by direct collisions with surface OH radicals, made by photodissociation of H2O molecules, to produce CO2 ice on the surface. The discovery of this source of CO2 provides a new mechanism to explain the high relative abundance of CO2 ice in space.
Developmental Changes of Cortical and Cerebellar Motor Control: A Clinical Positron Emission Tomography Study With Children and Adults:

Functional neuroimaging data regarding the development of motor organization in normal children and adolescents are virtually unavailable because of ethical concerns. As an alternative approach, we studied child and adult lesion patients, focusing on movement of the hand ipsilateral to the lesion and on brain activations in the contralesional hemisphere. [15O]-water positron emission tomography was performed during rest and sequential finger-thumb tapping in 10 children (aged 6 to 14 years) and 15 adults (aged 18 to 74 years) with unilateral lesion. We expected more distinct activation/deactivation patterns during movement in adults than in children. While there were no group differences in activation of primary and secondary motor cortices, deactivations in nonmotor cortex were significantly more pronounced in adults than in children. This indirectly supports our hypothesis of developmental focalization of cerebral motor control. Activations in the cerebellum and vermis were significantly stronger in the adults than in the children, possibly reflecting normal developmental patterns.
Mammalian adenylyl cyclase family members are randomly located on different chromosomes.

Molecular cloning studies have elucidated the presence of multiple isoforms of mammalian adenylyl cyclase. So far, six different isoforms (I to VI) have been fully characterized. Comparison of their structural and biochemical characteristics suggests that the mammalian adenylyl cyclase family can be classified into four sub-families: type I, type III, type II/IV, and type V/VI. We have determined the chromosomal localization of these genes. Type I gene was assigned to chromosome 7, type III to chromosome 2, types II and IV to chromosomes 5 and 14, and types V and VI to chromosomes 3 and 12. Our results indicate that the different adenylyl cyclase isoforms, even within the same subfamily, are distributed randomly in the genome, in contrast to the chromosomal organization of other components within the same signaling pathway, such as catecholamine receptors and G proteins.
High precision U–Pb zircon geochronology for Cenomanian Dakota Formation floras in Utah

Abstract The Cretaceous Dakota Formation on and near the Colorado Plateau represents the time-transgressive shoreline deposits of the Western Interior Seaway and is a rich repository of fossil plants and animals. However, given the basin architecture and depositional setting, correlations between localities are difficult without geochronology. Here we present new high precision ID-TIMS U–Pb zircon dates from five air-fall ash deposits from Westwater (n = 3) and Henrieville (n = 2) that obey stratigraphic superposition and precisely constrain the ages of these two floras. Three air-fall ashes from the Westwater locality record weighted mean Th-corrected 206Pb/238U dates of 97.949 ± 0.037/0.12 Ma, 97.943 ± 0.023/0.12 Ma, and 97.601 ± 0.049/0.13 Ma, providing the first U–Pb dates from this locality. Two ash beds from the Henrieville locality record weighted mean Th-corrected 206Pb/238U dates of 95.070 ± 0.036/0.12 Ma and 94.879 ± 0.032/0.11 Ma. The new dates indicate that the two floras are separated by ca 2.5 Ma and are both within the Cenomanian. The assemblage of fossil plants collected from the mudstone and ash-bed localities at Westwater show no compositional overlap, despite the presence of 28 distinct morphotypes. This lack of compositional overlap is repeated between the mudstone facies from the Westwater and Henrieville localities, where two different morphotypes of “Liriodendron” are the taxa in common. The species incongruence at Westwater is likely due to rapid colonization of early successional plants post deposition of the volcanic ash. For the mudstone floras at Westwater and Henrieville, the different floral composition may be due to rapid species evolution during the rise of angiosperms, the influence of climate in the mid-Cretaceous, the expression of high regional diversity of localities separated by 300 km, or a highly partitioned floodplain vegetation. Estimated sediment accumulation rates from the new radioisotopic dates, combined with existing proxy records for pCO2, suggest that the rise in pCO2 preceding Ocean Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) began 513 ka (range from 384 to 641 ka) prior to the positive δ13C excursion that defines the event. This estimate from terrestrial rocks is within error of estimates for the timing of changes in δ34Ssulfate (570 ka; range from 420 to 814 ka) in marine sections at the GSSP for the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary. The overlap indicates synchronous perturbation of marine and terrestrial environments related to an increase in pCO2 prior to the onset of OAE2, providing further support for the volcanic initiation hypothesis.
Terminal oxidases and growth in plant tissues. II. The terminal oxidase mediating water uptake by potato tissue.

Abstract 1. 1. Auxin-induced water uptake by slices of potato tissue is shown to depend on oxygen tension, reaching its maximum only above 15% of an atmosphere of oxygen. 2. 2. The water uptake is decreased somewhat by positive pressures of nitrogen, helium, or argon superimposed upon air. 3. 3. Allowing for these effects it could be shown that positive pressures of carbon monoxide markedly inhibit water uptake, 2 atm. of carbon monoxide superimposed upon air causing an 80% inhibition. Upon return to air the tissues fully recover their power to take up water. 4. 4. The inhibition caused by carbon monoxide is largely reversed by light (70%), and reasons are given for considering the light reversal to be essentially complete. 5. 5. Copper-enzyme poisons produce no inhibition. 6. 6. It is deduced therefore that the water uptake process in potato tissue is controlled by cytochrome oxidase.
Purposeful Mentoring in Academic Libraries

ABSTRACT This article offers statistical information about the future of our profession and the role that mentoring may play in retaining and promoting academic librarians into leadership positions within an organization. An overview of the history and definition of the word mentor and current terminology is offered to provide the reader with understanding of the complexity surrounding the concept of mentoring. Mentoring as process is explained, and both formal and informal mentoring processes are discussed and examples provided. The benefits of mentoring are detailed and include the benefits for mentors, mentees, and academic libraries, with a special focus on minorities and generational considerations now prevalent in libraries. Qualitative methodologies are examined to determine relationships, and the methods used include interviews, questionnaires, and print and online surveys. Case studies from across the nation are analyzed and offered as evidence that mentoring does in fact work well in many academ...
Measuring Investor Sentiment in Equity Markets

Traditional research on asset pricing has focused on fundamental, firm-specific and economy-wide factors that affect asset prices. Recently, however, some researchers have turned to investor psychology to explain asset-price behaviour. It was previously assumed that there is little correlation among the sentiments of investors. The differing sentiments thus offset each other, and there is no resulting effect on market prices. If, however, there is enough of a consensus among investors, their viewpoints will not offset and will instead become an integral part of the price-setting process. In fact, some researchers (eg Eichengreen and Mody 1998) suggest that a change in one set of asset prices may, especially in the short run, trigger changes elsewhere, because such a change engenders shifts in the market’s attitude towards risk (ie because there is a change in investor sentiment). Such shifts in risk attitudes may explain short-term movements in asset prices better than any other set of fundamental factors (eg see Baek et al. (2005). Other studies have also recognised that investor sentiment may be an important component of the market pricing process (see Fisher and Statman, 2000; Baker and Wurgler, 2006).
Characterization of dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammation and colonic tumorigenesis in Smad3(-/-) mice with dysregulated TGFβ.

There are few mouse models that adequately mimic large bowel cancer in humans or the gastrointestinal inflammation which frequently precedes it. Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induces colitis in many animal models and has been used in combination with the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) to induce cancer in mice. Smad3−/− mice are deficient in the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling molecule, SMAD3, resulting in dysregulation of the cellular pathway most commonly affected in human colorectal cancer, and develop inflammation-associated colon cancer. Previous studies have shown a requirement for a bacterial trigger for the colitis and colon cancer phenotype in Smad3−/− mice. Studies presented here in Smad3−/− mice detail disease induction with DSS, without the use of AOM, and show a) Smad3−/− mice develop a spectrum of lesions ranging from acute and chronic colitis, crypt herniation, repair, dysplasia, adenomatous polyps, disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis, adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) and squamous metaplasia; b) the colon lesions have variable galactin-3 (Mac2) staining c) increased DSS concentration and duration of exposure leads to increased severity of colonic lesions; d) heterozygosity of SMAD3 does not confer increased susceptibility to DSS-induced disease and e) disease is partially controlled by the presence of T and B cells as Smad3−/−Rag2−/− double knock out (DKO) mice develop a more severe disease phenotype. DSS-induced disease in Smad3−/− mice may be a useful animal model to study not only inflammation-driven MAC but other human diseases such as colitis cystica profunda (CCP) and pseudomyxomatous peritonei (PMP).
Phosphorylation of Nuclear Protein Early in the Course of Gene Activation in Lymphocytes

Human lymphocytes treated with phytohemagglutinin undergo extensive gene activation, as evidenced by augmented synthesis of ribonucleic acids. This activation is preceded by an early stimulation in the rate of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of nuclear proteins. This finding is consistent with a hypothesized role of phosphoproteins in the modification of chromatin structure and in modulation of the template activity of DNA in vivo.
Nuclear-structure theory in the search for new fundamental physics

Nuclear-structure theory is an important ingredient in the interpretation of many experiments that look for physics beyond the Standard Model. I review the role of nuclear structure in attempts to learn more about neutrinos through double beta-decay and to discover new sources of CP violation through atomic electric-dipole moments.
Revisiting Irenaeus’ Philosophical Acumen

The primary place held by Scripture in the theology of Irenaeus of Lyons is beyond doubt. A number of scholars have pointed out, however, that Irenaeus also utilizes philosophy and rhetoric to his advantage. Despite the gains of this research there is a persistent tendency to trivialize Irenaeus’ philosophical and rhetorical ability. In this paper I argue against this tendency by calling more attention to the philosophical ability that Irenaeus displays. In the first place, I summarize the current state of scholarly opinion on the role of philosophy and rhetoric in Irenaeus’ thought. In the second, I illustrate Irenaeus’ use of philosophy by examining his comments in Against Heresies 3,24,2-3,25,5.
Euler buckling in a wheelbarrow obstacle course: A catastrophe with complex lag

This article studies human physical work capacity under increasing load from a general systems theory perspective. There are several points of generalization between the structure of nonliving (building materials) and living systems (humans) with respect to stress, strain, and fatigue. A catastrophe model for Euler buckling was transposed and tested for human performance in a wheelbarrow obstacle course under varying loads. Subjects were 129 employees of a Midwest manufacturing plant. A cusp model was hypothesized and verified (R2 = .68, control R2 =xs .11) where vertical load was the asymmetry factor, and body balance, height, and sex-related differences all contributed to bifurcation A catastrophe model in codimension 10 was also invoked to explain memory in the system. Principal control variables were exercise habits, weight, balance, and sex-related differences (R2 = .75). The core model of human load-to-failure was concluded to be similar to that for Euler buckling: additional complexities were discovered which were attributed in part to systemic memory. Discussion points included the use of large dimension catastrophe models for problems involving complex lag effects, and the transposability of the model to the organizational systemic level.
A STUDY OF T WAVE CHANGES IN THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS OF NORMAL INDIVIDUALS.

Abstract In the group of men studied, those with isolated T wave changes and no other evidence of any significant disease showed a significantlyincreased mortality. It also appears that the mortality is heaviest during the first few years after the discovery of the T wave change.
Preparation of Single-Crystal Graphite from Melts

SINGLE-CRYSTAL graphite demonstrates a very high degree of anisotropy between the properties obtained in directions parallel and normal to the basal plane. This has generated a great deal of scientific curiosity. The closest approach to single-crystal graphite so far has been in the purification and recovery of flakes of natural graphite. Unfortunately, the flakes of natural graphite are imperfect; well-developed single crystals are rather scarce, especially in the larger sizes. It is felt that the following technique for producing single-crystal graphite will provide basic material for work on carbon and graphite and for optical work requiring single-crystal lamellae.
Ilmenite-orthopyroxene intergrowths from the moon and the Skaergaard intrusion

Myrmekitic or eutectic-like intergrowths of ilmenite and orthopyroxene, which texturally resemble intergrowths from nodules in kimberlites have been observed in lunar breccia 60016,92 and in 'Lower Zone' a of the Skaergaard intrusion. The lunar sample is similar in mineral chemistry to kimberlife occurrences, while the Skaergaard sample is not as Mg-rich. In all cases, however, there is a systematic distribution of Mg between orthopyroxene and ilmenite. The similar textures were formed by different processes: the lunar intergrowth is probably a eutectic-type texture resulting from crystallization of a melt, while the Skaergaard intergrowth formed by a process of sub-solidus oxidation.
Regulation of adenovirus-2 gene expression at the level of transcriptional termination and RNA processing

The major late adenovirus-2 transcription unit is active early in infection at a rate equal to that of the other early transcription units. However, transcripts seem to terminate early in infection near map position 60-70 in contrast to late in infection, when termination occurs at map position 99. RNA processing, both poly(A) site selection and splicing, results in the production of a single L1 mRNA during early infection. All these processes are in contrast to those occurring late in infection, indicating that the events of transcriptional termination, poly(A) site selection and splicing can change depending on the conditions of the cell and therefore can participate in the regulation of gene expression.
Lewis-base silane activation: from reductive cleavage of aryl ethers to selective ortho-silylation

We report a transition-metal-free protocol for the efficient reductive cleavage of diaryl and aryl alkyl ethers. The combination of triethylsilane with common bases forms an unusually powerful reductive couple that regioselectively ruptures lignin- and coal-related C–O bonds in aromatic ethers. Interestingly, with certain bases and temperature regimes ortho-directed C–H silylation efficiently competes with the latter process. However, careful tuning of the reactions conditions allows for the selective reductive cleavage of lignin model compounds to their corresponding phenolic and aromatic constituents.
13C MRS of occipital and frontal lobes at 3 T using a volume coil for stochastic proton decoupling.

Previously, we devised a novel strategy for in vivo13C MRS using [2-13C]glucose infusion and low-power proton decoupling, and proposed that this strategy could be used to acquire 13C MR spectra from the frontal lobe of the human brain. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, in vivo13C MRS of human frontal lobe acquired at 3 T. Because the primary metabolites of [2-13C]glucose can be decoupled using very-low-radiofrequency power, we used a volume coil for proton decoupling in this study. The homogeneous B1 field of the volume coil was found to significantly enhance the decoupling efficiency of the stochastic decoupling sequence. Detailed specific absorption rates inside the human head were analyzed using the finite difference time domain method to ensure experimental safety. In vivo13C spectra from the occipital and frontal lobes of the human brain were obtained. At a decoupling power of 30 W (time-averaged power, 2.45 W), the spectra from the occipital lobe showed well-resolved spectral resolution and excellent signal-to-noise ratio. Although frontal lobe 13C spectra were affected by local B0 field inhomogeneity, we demonstrated that the spectral quality could be improved using post-acquisition data processing. In particular, we showed that the frontal lobe glutamine C5 at 178.5 ppm and aspartate C4 at 178.3 ppm could be spectrally resolved with effective proton decoupling and B0 field correction. Because of its large spatial coverage, volume coil decoupling provides the potential to acquire 13C MRS from more than one brain region simultaneously. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Navy Ocean Facilities Program - A Status Report

The Navy requires highly reliable and cost effective fixed ocean facilities to support its mission requirements. Design and construction of these ocean structures to meet stringent performance requirements, severe environmental conditions and minimum life cycle cost represents a significant challenge in light of todays constrained resources. The Navy's ocean facilities capability is reviewed in the paper including projects involving design and construction of unique ocean facilities.
Temperature Effect on the Quality of Ain Thin Films

AIN thin films were deposited at various substrate temperatures via Plasma Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy. The films were grown on 6H-SiC (0001) substrates. Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction and Atomic Force Microscopy showed a dramatic change in the surface morphology of the film grown at 640°C. This is attributed to a change in the growth mechanism from pseudomorphic at lower temperatures to three-dimensional at higher than 640°C temperatures. Photoreflectance measurements showed an absorption shift toward 200 nm as the deposition temperature increases which is attributed to the change in the growth mechanism at higher temperatures. X-Ray Diffraction was unable to conclusively determine the AIN (0002) peak due to a significant diffuse intensity from the SiC (0002) peak. A MIS structure was created by depositing Pt contacts on the film grown at 500°C. I-V measurements showed that the Pt/AIN contact is Schottky.
Population structure and plumage polymorphism: the intraspecific evolutionary relationships of a polymorphic raptor, Buteo jamaicensis harlani

Phenotypic and molecular genetic data often provide conflicting patterns of intraspecific relationships confounding phylogenetic inference, particularly among birds where a variety of environmental factors may influence plumage characters. Among diurnal raptors, the taxonomic relationship of Buteo jamaicensis harlani to other B. jamaicensis subspecies has been long debated because of the polytypic nature of the plumage characteristics used in subspecies or species designations. To address the evolutionary relationships within this group, we used data from 17 nuclear microsatellite loci, 430 base pairs of the mitochondrial control region, and 829 base pairs of the melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) to investigate molecular genetic differentiation among three B. jamaicensis subspecies (B. j. borealis, B. j. calurus, B. j. harlani). Bayesian clustering analyses of nuclear microsatellite loci showed no significant differences between B. j. harlani and B. j. borealis. Differences observed between B. j. harlani and B. j. borealis in mitochondrial and microsatellite data were equivalent to those found between morphologically similar subspecies, B. j. borealis and B. j. calurus, and estimates of migration rates among all three subspecies were high. No consistent differences were observed in Mc1r data between B. j. harlani and other B. jamaicensis subspecies or between light and dark color morphs within B. j. calurus, suggesting that Mc1r does not play a significant role in B. jamaicensis melanism. These data suggest recent interbreeding and gene flow between B. j. harlani and the other B. jamaicensis subspecies examined, providing no support for the historical designation of B. j. harlani as a distinct species.
Corticosteroids and wound healing: clinical considerations in the perioperative period

BACKGROUND: Determining whether systemic corticosteroids impair wound healing is a clinically relevant topic that has important management implications. METHODS: We reviewed literature on the effects of corticosteroids on wound healing from animal and human studies searching MEDLINE from 1949 to 2011. RESULTS: Some animal studies show a 30% reduction in wound tensile strength with perioperative corticosteroids at 15 to 40 mg/kg/day. The preponderance of human literature found that high-dose corticosteroid administration for ,10 days has no clinically important effect on wound healing. In patients taking chronic corticosteroids for at least 30 days before surgery, their rates of wound complications may be increased 2 to 5 times compared with those not taking corticosteroids. Complication rates may vary depending on dose and duration of steroid use, comorbidities, and types of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Acute, high-dose systemic corticosteroid use likely has no clinically significant effect on wound healing, whereas chronic systemic steroids may impair wound healing in susceptible individuals.
Latest rotary kiln burner technology possibilities and experiences

The author describes the development of a rotary kiln burner for pulverized coal. A distinction is made between three generations of burners, with their typical design and process philosophies. Since environmental concerns led to considerable research on the mechanisms of the formation and behavior of nitrogen oxides in rotary kilns, the possibilities burners give for less NO/sub x/ formation are given special attention. Experience with the latest developments in burners is described, and recommendations are given for further improvements. The author concludes that the latest flame philosophy, producing a slim, slightly longer but concentrated flame without divergence, is the right way to reduce NO/sub x/ formation and gives the best process results. >
From whence we came—A look at the history of the National Organization for Associate Degree Nursing

This article traces the history of the National Organization for Associate Degree Nursing from its inception as a state organization in 1984 to the present. The goal of being the voice for associate degree nursing education and practice remains the central theme of this vibrant and growing professional nursing organization today.
National pride, global capital: a social semiotic analysis of transnational visual branding in the airline industry:

In this article we examine 561 different airline tailfin designs as a visual genre, revealing how the global-local binary may be managed and realized semiotically. Our analysis is organized into three strands: (a) a descriptive analysis identifies the strikingly restricted visual lexicon and dominant corporate aesthetic established by tailfin design; (b) an interpretive analysis considers the communicative strategies at play and the meaning potentials which underpin different visual resources; (c) a critical analysis links these decisions of design and branding to the political and cultural economies of globalism and the airline industry. Specifically, we show how airlines are able to service national identity concerns through the use of highly localized visual meanings while also appealing to the meaning systems of the international market in their pursuit of symbolic and economic capital. One key semiotic resource is the balancing of cultural symbolism and perceptual iconicity in the form of abstracted ...
A distortion-minimizing rate controller for wireless multimedia sensor networks

The availability of inexpensive CMOS cameras and microphones that can ubiquitously capture multimedia content from the environment is fostering the development of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), i.e., distributed systems of wirelessly networked devices that can retrieve video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data. A new cross-layer rate control scheme for WMSNs is introduced in this paper with a twofold objective: (i) maximize the video quality of each individual video stream; (ii) maintain fairness in the domain of video quality between different video streams. The rate control scheme is based on analytical and empirical models of video distortion and consists of a new cross-layer control algorithm that jointly regulates the end-to-end data rate, the video quality, and the strength of the channel coding at the physical layer. The end-to-end data rate is regulated to avoid congestion while maintaining fairness in the domain of video quality rather than data rate. Once the end-to-end data rate has been determined, the sender adjusts the video encoder rate and the channel encoder rate based on the overall rate and the current channel quality, with the objective of minimizing the distortion of the received video. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm considerably improves the received video quality with respect to state-of-the art rate control algorithms, without sacrificing on fairness.
Modulation of γ‐Aminobutyric AcidA Receptor‐Operated Chloride Channels by Benzodiazepine Inverse Agonists Is Related to Genetic Differences in Ethanol Withdrawal Seizure Severity

To determine whether genetic differences in development of ethanol dependence are related to changes in gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor function, we measured 36Cl- uptake by brain cortical membrane vesicles from withdrawal seizure prone and withdrawal seizure resistant (WSP/WSR) mice treated chronically with ethanol. Muscimol-stimulated chloride flux was not different between WSP and WSR mice before or after ethanol treatment. Also, augmentation of muscimol action by flunitrazepam or inhibition of muscimol action by the inverse agonists Ro 15-4513 (ethyl-8-azido-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5a]- [1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate) and methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM) was not different for ethanol-naive WSP and WSR mice. However, chronic ethanol administration enhanced the inhibitory actions of DMCM and Ro 15-4513 on membranes from WSP but not WSR mice. Conversely, chronic ethanol treatment attenuated the action of flunitrazepam on membranes from WSR but not WSP mice, suggesting that the actions of benzodiazepine agonists and inverse agonists are under separate genetic control. These genetic differences in actions of DMCM and Ro 15-4513 indicate that sensitization to benzodiazepine inverse agonists produced by chronic ethanol treatment may be related to development of withdrawal seizures and suggest that differences in the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex represent alleles that have segregated during the selection of the WSP/WSR mice.
Factors affecting tumor 18 F-FDG uptake in longitudinal mouse PET studies

Many biological factors of 2-[18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18 F-FDG) in blood can affect 18 F-FDG uptake in tumors. In this study, longitudinal 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) studies were performed on tumor-bearing mice to investigate the effect of blood glucose level and tumor size on 18 F-FDG uptake in tumors. Six- to eight-week-old severe combined immunodeficiency mice were implanted with glioblastoma U87 (n = 8) or adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 (MDA) (n = 11) in the shoulder. When the tumor diameter was approximately 2.5 mm, a 60-min dynamic 18 F-FDG PET scan was performed weekly until the tumor diameter reached 10 mm. Regions of interests were defined in major organs and tumor. A plasma curve was derived based on a modeling method that utilizes the early heart time-activity curve and a late-time blood sample. The 18 F-FDG uptake constant K i was calculated using Patlak analysis on the tumors without an apparent necrotic center shown in the PET images. For each tumor type, the measured K i was corrected for partial volume (PV), and multivariate regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of blood glucose level ([Glc]) and tumor growth. Corrected Akaike's information criterion was used to determine the best model. The regression model that best fit the PV-corrected K i for U87 data was K i /RC = (1/[Glc]) × (0.27 ± 0.027) mL/min/mL (where [Glc] is in mmol/L), and for MDA, it was K i /RC = (0.04 ± 0.005) mL/min/mL, where K i /RC denotes the PV-corrected K i using an individual recovery coefficient (RC). The results indicated that 18 F-FDG K i /RC for U87 was inversely related to [Glc], while [Glc] had no effect on 18 F-FDG K i /RC of MDA. After the effects of PV and [Glc] were accounted for, the data did not support any increase of 18 F-FDG K i as the tumor (of either type) grew larger in size. The effect of [Glc] on the tumor 18 F-FDG K i was tumor-dependent. PV- and [Glc]-corrected 18 F-FDG K i did not show significant increase as the tumor of either type grew in size.
Circulation de la religion sur la place publique locale aux États-Unis

Les chercheurs et les critiques sociaux presument souvent que la religion influe sur la vie publique en nous fournissant des motifs que nous utilisons pour justifier nos opinions sur les enjeux sociaux. Cet article examine etroitement, d’un point de vue ethnographique, la facon dont le langage religieux circule dans deux associations volontaires locales, des sites de ce que j’appellerai la place publique locale. Dans ces deux associations de denomination protestante, l’une ayant une theologie liberale et l’autre conservatrice, les membres presument qu’un « bon » croyant n’est pas quelqu’un qui parle abondamment de ses motifs religieux, mais quelqu’un qui agit en fonction de ces motifs. Dans les deux cas, cette notion commune d’identite religieuse impose des limites ou meme le bâillon aux discussions religieuses. Contrairement a ce que croient les sceptiques et les defenseurs de la religion sur la place publique, il est fort possible que le simple citoyen americain ne soit pas interesse a faire intervenir la religion dans les discussions publiques.
The quality of adolescents’ peer relationships modulates neural sensitivity to risk taking

Adolescents' peer culture plays a key role in the development and maintenance of risk-taking behavior. Despite recent advances in developmental neuroscience suggesting that peers may increase neural sensitivity to rewards, we know relatively little about how the quality of peer relations impact adolescent risk taking. In the current 2-year three-wave longitudinal study, we examined how chronic levels of peer conflict relate to risk taking behaviorally and neurally, and whether this is modified by high-quality peer relationships. Forty-six adolescents completed daily diaries assessing peer conflict across 2 years as well as a measure of peer support. During a functional brain scan, adolescents completed a risk-taking task. Behaviorally, peer conflict was associated with greater risk-taking behavior, especially for adolescents reporting low peer support. High levels of peer support buffered this association. At the neural level, peer conflict was associated with greater activation in the striatum and insula, especially among adolescents reporting low peer support, whereas this association was buffered for adolescents reporting high peer support. Results are consistent with the stress-buffering model of social relationships and underscore the importance of the quality of adolescents' peer relationships for their risk taking.
Canine and feline parvoviruses preferentially recognize the non-human cell surface sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a pathogen whose canine-adapted form (canine parvovirus (CPV)) emerged in 1978. These viruses infect by binding host transferrin receptor type-1 (TfR), but also hemagglutinate erythrocytes. We show that hemagglutination involves selective recognition of the non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) but not N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), which differs by only one oxygen atom from Neu5Gc. Overexpression of α2-6 sialyltransferase did not change binding, indicating that both α2-3 and α2-6 linkages are recognized. However, Neu5Gc expression on target cells did not enhance CPV or FPV infection in vitro. Thus, the conserved Neu5Gc-binding preference of these viruses likely plays a role in the natural history of the virus in vivo. Further studies must clarify relationships between virus infection and host Neu5Gc expression. As a first step, we show that transcripts of CMAH (which generates Neu5Gc from Neu5Ac) are at very low levels in Western dog breed cells.
Genome Sequence of Moraxella macacae 0408225, a Novel Bacterial Species Isolated from a Cynomolgus Macaque with Epistaxis.

ABSTRACT Moraxella macacae is a recently described bacterial species that has been associated with at least two outbreaks of epistaxis in macaques. Here we present the first genome sequence of this novel species, isolated from a symptomatic cynomolgus macaque at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases.
A generic, peer-to-peer repository for distributed configuration management

Distributed configuration management is intended to support the activities of projects that span multiple sites. NUCM (Network-Unified Configuration Management) is a testbed that we are developing to help us explore the issues of distributed configuration management. NUCM separates configuration management repositories (i.e. the stores for versions of artifacts) from configuration management policies (i.e. the procedures by which the versions are manipulated) by providing a generic model of a distributed repository and an associated programmatic interface. This paper describes the model and the interface, presents an initial repository distribution mechanism, and sketches how NUCM can be used to implement two rather different configuration management policies, namely check-in/check-out and change sets.
High-resolution, three-dimensional diffusion-weighted breast imaging using DESS

Purpose To evaluate the use of the double-echo steady-state (DESS) sequence for acquiring high-resolution breast images with diffusion and T2 weighting.