cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximum allowable temperature during quench in Nb3Sn accelerator magnets

This note aims at understanding the maximum allowable temperature at the hot spot during a quench in Nb3Sn accelerator magnets, through the analysis of experimental results previously presented.
Gametophytic cross-incompatibility in maize: resequencing the Ga1 locus

Maize is an important staple crop for many countries. Culture dictates maize use, processing, and incorporation into foods. The crop has a rich history of domestication and improvement. With its relative ease of genetic manipulation, maize is considered a model crop for plant genetic experimentation. Recent biotechnological advances, as well as the completed B73 reference genome sequence, have expedited maize improvement. One such profound advance that has greatly increased profitability of maize is the use of transgenes. Despite the many benefits, transgenic plants are problematic when they contaminate transgene-free maize. Maintaining the purity of transgene-free maize is crucial, but often difficult when in close proximity to transgenic fields. Past literature suggests the use of the Ga1 gametophytic cross-incompatibility system to control pollen flow and minimize contamination of transgene-free maize. Yet, information about how the gametophytic cross-incompatibility system functions at the molecular level is still lacking. Our research sought to assemble BACs containing the Ga1-m locus to better understand sequence variation with the B73 reference genome that may be causative of the male function in the Ga1 gametophytic cross-incompatibility system.
An Assessment of Bible Knowledge among Adult Southern Baptist Sunday School Participants

Biblical illiteracy is a major spiritual problem in America today. Churches and society pay a high price when so many cannot discern between good (what is biblical) and evil. This research examines...
Disposal of Domestic Wastewater by Hillside Sprays

Population pressures are creating waste disposal problems which threaten the high quality of mountain waters. Land confinement of sewage in California’s mountain areas has proven more reliable than other methods in controlling disposal problems. Spray irrigation of hillsides is a method of land confinement which is being used by 100 small systems located in the foothill and mountain areas. This method is most suitable for the disposal of seasonal flows and on soils with good infiltration capacity. The paper summarized California’s experience with hillside sprays and analyzes the use of adequate reliability features for the protection of public health.
A novel bystander effect involving tumor cell-derived Fas and FasL interactions following Ad.HSV-tk and Ad.mIL-12 gene therapies in experimental prostate cancer

To enhance the NK population induced by Herpes Simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene transduction and ganciclovir (GCV) treatment, adenovirus-mediated (Ad) expression of IL-12 was added to Ad.HSV-tk + GCV as combination gene therapy. This approach resulted in improved local and systemic growth suppression in a metastatic model of mouse prostate cancer (RM-1). In vitro assay of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes noted superior lysis of both RM-1 and Yac-1 targets with combination therapy, but in vivo depletion of NK cells only negatively impacted on systemic growth inhibition. TUNEL assay of primary tumors noted induction of apoptosis between two and four times higher than controls lasting for 6-8 days post-vector injection. After demonstrating that Ad.HSV-tk/GCV and Ad.mIL-12-induced IFN-gamma independently up-regulated expression of FasL and Fas, respectively, studies examined tumor cell-mediated death through Fas/FasL-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of primary tumor growth suppression. In vitro, combination therapy at low vector doses resulted in synergistic growth suppression, which could be negated by the addition of anti-FasL antibody. In vivo co-inoculation of an adenovirus expressing soluble Fas resulted in combination therapy-treated tumors, which were three times larger than expected, and a reduction in apoptosis to baseline levels. In FasL knockout mice, combination therapy maintained the superior results experienced in wild-type mice, indicating that tumor cell, not host cell FasL, was responsible for Fas transactivation. Therefore, the combination of Ad.HSV-tk/GCV + Ad.mIL-12 results in enhanced local growth control via apoptosis due to tumor cell expression of Fas and FasL and improved anti-metastatic activity secondary to a strong NK response.
Lithium Transport in Amorphous Al2O3 and AlF3 for Discovery of Battery Coatings

Lithium batteries have become a dominant power source for portable electronic devices and also for electric vehicles because of their superior energy density. Electrode coating materials, including amorphous metal oxides and fluorides, are beneficial to improve battery performance such as durability and safety. We use methods that combine first principles density functional theory calculations and statistical mechanics to investigate Li transport in amorphous Al2O3 and AlF3. Because of unfavorable Li binding sites and relatively high diffusion barriers, the Li diffusivities are found to be very low, about 1.1 × 10–13 (2.7 × 10–14) m2s–1 at 600 K for a-AlF3 (a-Al2O3). The diffusivities are also much lower than those in benchmark materials, Li-β-alumina and LiFePO4, which have open channel structures. This work is one part of a framework for understanding the battery performance improvement associated with coatings and should aid in future discovering of coating materials.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A TETHER BOOST FACILITY FOR MARTIAN SATELLITE TRANSFER

A constellation of navigation and communication microsatellites over Mars will greatly improve the precision and quality of future Mars exploration missions. Most past studies have focused on deploying and maintaining this constellation using conventional propulsion approaches. This study as an entry in the AIAA Undergraduate Spacecraft Design Competition looked at an alternative approach using tethers. The Asimov Red tether facility is a fully reusable momentum transfer transport system that can rapidly send constellations of satellites to Mars without requiring large expensive rockets paired with orbit transfer vehicles. The facility is a large spacecraft weighing 1 9,705 kg orbiting Earth in a 6773 x 18013 km elliptical orbit. A retractable tether 78 km long, paired with a grapple capable of independent target acquisition and payload capture, serves to pick up and toss payloads from a 350 km altitude LEO orbit into a lunar gravity assisted transfer orbit to Mars. The tether also possesses an electrical core, allowing it to restore its orbit through electrodynamic reboost after tossing payloads to its destination. This paper will discuss all facets of the Asimov Re d tether facility including the astrodynamics, logistics, and costs. Asimov Red was named the winner in the 2002 AIAA Undergraduate Spacecraft Design competition.
Associations between lipodystrophy or antiretroviral medications and cirrhosis in patients with HIV infection or HIV/HCV coinfection.

BackgroundMany HIV antiretroviral medications have been associated with chronic liver injury. HIV-infected patients frequently develop HIV and highly active antiretroviral treatment-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS), characterized by accumulation of intra-abdominal fat, insulin resistance, an
Transgenic Expression of Human Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor LPA2 in Mouse Intestinal Epithelial Cells Induces Intestinal Dysplasia

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acts on LPA2 receptor to mediate multiple pathological effects that are associated with tumorigenesis. The absence of LPA2 attenuates tumor progression in rodent models of colorectal cancer, but whether overexpression of LPA2 alone can lead to malignant transformation in the intestinal tract has not been studied. In this study, we expressed human LPA2 in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) under control of the villin promoter. Less than 4% of F1-generation mice had germline transmission of transgenic (TG) human LPA2; as such only 3 F1 mice out of 72 genotyped had TG expression. These TG mice appeared anemic with hematochezia and died shortly after birth. TG mice were smaller in size compared with the wild type mouse of the same age and sex. Morphological analysis showed that TG LPA2 colon had hyper-proliferation of IECs resulting in increased colonic crypt depth. Surprisingly, TG small intestine had villus blunting and decreased IEC proliferation and dysplasia. In both intestine and colon, TG expression of LPA2 compromised the terminal epithelial differentiation, consistent with epithelial dysplasia. Furthermore, we showed that epithelial dysplasia was observed in founder mouse intestine, correlating LPA2 overexpression with epithelial dysplasia. The current study demonstrates that overexpression of LPA2 alone can lead to intestinal dysplasia.
Faculty and student participation in online discussions of palliative care scenarios.

Background and objectives The use of online discussion is increasing in medical education curricula. Few studies have explored factors that affect patterns of participation in such an online learning environment. In this study, we examined how medical students interacted with one another in online discussions of end-of-life care during family medicine clerkships. Methods Based on factors that affect the quality of online discussions as identified in the literature, we developed a coding scheme for comments that facilitated social interactions (social presence) and learning (cognitive presence). Our study was based on available transcripts from discussions including two faculty and 42 students. Results Participants created social interactions by greeting one another, referring to students' names, and connecting their postings to previous comments. While faculty prompted student discussions and posed questions, they rarely highlighted learning points, corrected student errors, or summarized discussions. Students offered multiple perspectives on end-of-life issues based on personal and clinical experiences. However, they tended to share existing online resources without much interpretation or explanation. Conclusions Most comments by students lacked critical thinking skills in linking evidence from the literature with ongoing discussions. Students may need direct modeling by faculty to learn how to use existing resources to support statements, pose critical questions, and justify proposed solutions.
'Soft Spots' in China's Utility Model Patent System: Perceptions, Assessment and Reform

This article investigates what are perceived to be the most significant statutory, procedural and institutional “soft spots” in China’s utility model patent system; assesses which of these are most likely to be practically addressed in the near future and, if reformed, might have the most noteworthy positive impact on patent quality in China; and provides recommendations for reform.
Topical progesterone in treatment of vulvar dystrophy: Preliminary report of five cases

Topical progesterone was used in five cases of chronic vulvar dystrophy which were confirmed by biopsy. Good results were obtained in three of the cases through the sole use of topical progesterone. In one case, topical testosterone was substituted for the progesterone, and it was not as effective. The concomitant use of estrogen vaginal cream was required in order to achieve maximum results in another case due to the presence of senile vaginitis. The apparent failure of the progesterone preparation to achieve satisfactory results in a diabetic patient could possibly be explained by the presence of neurodermatitis.
Evolution of Brain and Culture: The Neurological and Cognitive Journey from Australopithecus to Albert Einstein

Fossil and comparative primatological evidence suggest that alterations in the development of prehistoric hominin infants kindled three consecutive evolutionary-developmental (evo-devo) trends that, ultimately, paved the way for the evolution of the human brain and cognition. In the earliest trend, infants' development of posture and locomotion became delayed because of anatomical changes that accompanied the prolonged evolution of bipedalism. Because modern humans have inherited these changes, our babies are much slower than other primates to reach developmental milestones such as standing, crawling, and walking. The delay in ancestral babies' physical development eventually precipitated an evolutionary reversal in which they became increasing unable to cling independently to their mothers. For the first time in prehistory, babies were, thus, periodically deprived of direct physical contact with their mothers. This prompted the emergence of a second evo-devo trend in which infants sought contact comfort from caregivers using evolved signals, including new ways of crying that are conserved in modern babies. Such signaling stimulated intense reciprocal interactions between prehistoric mothers and infants that seeded the eventual emergence of motherese and, subsequently, protolanguage. The third trend was for an extreme acceleration in brain growth that began prior to the last trimester of gestation and continued through infants' first postnatal year (early "brain spurt"). Conservation of this trend in modern babies explains why human brains reach adult sizes that are over three times those of chimpanzees. The fossil record of hominin cranial capacities together with comparative neuroanatomical data suggest that, around 3 million years ago, early brain spurts began to facilitate an evolutionary trajectory for increasingly large adult brains in association with neurological reorganization. The prehistoric increase in brain size eventually caused parturition to become exceedingly difficult, and this difficulty, known as the "obstetrical dilemma", is likely to constrain the future evolution of brain size and, thus, privilege ongoing evolution in neurological reorganization. In modern babies, the brain spurt is accompanied by formation and tuning (pruning) of neurological connections, and development of dynamic higher-order networks that facilitate acquisition of grammatical language and, later in development, other advanced computational abilities such as musical or mathematical perception and performance. The cumulative evidence suggests that the emergence and refinement of grammatical language was a prime mover of hominin brain evolution.
A randomized phase II trial of standard dose bevacizumab versus low dose bevacizumab plus lomustine (CCNU) in adults with recurrent glioblastoma

Antiangiogenic therapy can rapidly reduce vascular permeability and cerebral edema but high doses of bevacizumab may induce selective pressure to promote resistance. This trial evaluated the efficacy of low dose bevacizumab in combination with lomustine (CCNU) compared to standard dose bevacizumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Patients (N = 71) with recurrent glioblastoma who previously received radiation and temozolomide were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive bevacizumab monotherapy (10 mg/kg) or low dose bevacizumab (5 mg/kg) in combination with lomustine (90 mg/m(2)). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) based on a blinded, independent radiographic assessment of post-contrast T1-weighted and non-contrast T2/FLAIR weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using RANO criteria. For 69 evaluable patients, median PFS was not significantly longer in the low dose bevacizumab + lomustine arm (4.34 months, CI 2.96-8.34) compared to the bevacizumab alone arm (4.11 months, CI 2.69-5.55, p = 0.19). In patients with first recurrence, there was a trend towards longer median PFS time in the low dose bevacizumab + lomustine arm (4.96 months, CI 4.17-13.44) compared to the bevacizumab alone arm (3.22 months CI 2.5-6.01, p = 0.08). The combination of low dose bevacizumab plus lomustine was not superior to standard dose bevacizumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Although the study was not designed to exclusively evaluate patients at first recurrence, a strong trend towards improved PFS was seen in that subgroup for the combination of low dose bevacizumab plus lomustine. Further studies are needed to better identify such subgroups that may most benefit from the combination treatment.
Moral Progress and Human Agency

The idea of moral progress is a necessary presupposition of action for beings like us. We must believe that moral progress is possible and that it might have been realized in human experience, if we are to be confident that continued human action can have any morally constructive point. I discuss the implications of this truth for moral psychology. I also show that once we understand the complex nature and the complicated social sources of moral progress, we will appreciate why we cannot construct a plausible comprehensive action-guiding theory of moral progress. Yet while the nature and sources of moral progress consistently thwart many theoretical hopes, the idea of moral progress is a plausible, critically important and morally constructive principle of historical interpretation.
Roadmap to Eliminate Corruption Through Development of Integrated Human

Nowadays Indonesia has been overwhelmed by corruption. We all know the impact of corruption is very distressing since it restrains/arrests the economic development, the income is not distributed fairly. In other words, unemployment more and more increases and so does the poverty as well. The focus of this study is to look for some factors to eradicate corruptions, and based on the result of interview and literature study, which used the analytical descriptive method, the conclusion of those factors are come up to the Road map model which is consist of 4 factors, such as: (1) it is necessary to build People with Integrity that will do all their activities with honesty. In this study, people with integrity will produced through morale education; (2) Managing Clear and Integrity business; (3) Building Anti Corruptions Culture; and (4) Legal aspect with clear regulations.
The Intersections of Sport History and Sport Literature: Toward a Transdisciplinary Perspective

AbstractAs scholars embraced a ‘cultural turn’ in the humanities and social sciences in the 1980s, they began to use a vast array of new theories in these fields of knowledge with particular attention to language, symbols and systems of representation. This ‘cultural turn’ had a considerable influence on research in sports studies as historians and sociologists began to examine the cultural dimensions of sport with the viewpoint that sport is a reflection or mirror of culture a product, and sport historians began to consider a variety of sources for the writing of sport history, including creative texts, (novels most predominantly) and film in the writing of sport history. Initially, sport historians have tended to appropriate literature as yet another source for the writing of sport history, equating it with other sources such as archival material. It is contended that such a use of literature was limited by the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perspectives of recent scholarship. It is further mai...
No school business official left behind: School business officials, superintendents, and role theory--Association of school business officials (ASBO) international professional standards and job proficiency

The purpose of this study was to gain more understanding about the perceptions of school business officials’ “adequacy of performance” in skill areas and “role consensus” regarding three theoretical role groups: executive, manager, and technician. From a new webbased survey, the perceptual data of 169 superintendents and 182 school business officials employed by Iowa public school districts during the 2005-2006 school year were analyzed using Role Theory as the theoretical framework and the 25 Association of School Business Officials (ASBO) International Professional Standards sub-skill set areas as the content framework. The response rate was 55.3% for school business officials and 50.6% for superintendents. The distribution of proficiency ratings by both superintendents and school business officials about the performance proficiency of school business officials was skewed to higher proficiency ratings. Superintendents tended to select more “exemplary” proficiency ratings for their school business officials than school business officials selected for themselves with statistically significant differences (p < .000) between the two groups in each of the 25 skill areas. When the two respondent sample groups were merged and disaggregated by gender, male respondents selected significantly higher proficiency ratings than did females in each of the 25 skill areas. Superintendents and school business officials did not have statistically significant differences in their beliefs that school business officials should perform the job functions in each of three role groups: executive, manager, and technician. Theoretical recommendations for Role Theory, practical recommendations for professional development and policy makers, the future of school business officials in the age of accountability, and considerations for future study are shared.
A Comparison of Alternative Tobacco Product Usage, Knowledge and Beliefs Between the New York City Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Community and Heterosexuals

Within the United States, alternative tobacco product (ATP) and varies by geographic region, gender and age. Few articles have been published on the usage of these products among the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer (LGBTQ) population. A web-based anonymous survey administered through Google Forms, was used to collect data on current tobacco usage, knowledge and beliefs from adult heterosexuals, homosexuals, bisexuals and transgendered persons residing in New York City from May 2014 to July 2014. Sixty-four individuals completed the survey; 30 were heterosexual and 32 identified as either lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer. Heterosexuals were found to have tried cigarettes, on average, almost a year before the LGBTQ respondents. Social networks were influential to LGBTQ respondents for an introduction to smoking; 48.00% were introduced by friends, 28.00% by family, 12.00% by a significant other and 9.09% by someone else. For heterosexuals, 73.68% reported that friends introduced them to smoking. More heterosexuals reported trying hookah (N = 10), snus (N = 4) and roll your own cigarettes (N = 5). On average respondents knew of eight different tobacco products, regardless of sexual identity. To our knowledge, we present for the first time a comparison of people who tried, current and former users of ATPs, beliefs and knowledge about ATPs, and sources of knowledge of ATPs by sexual identity from NYC. More research is needed to examine the impact of social networks and the upcoming FDA regulations on ATPs have on the overall prevalence of usage among the LGBTQ community.
Using Metaphor to Find Meaning in Life

Pursuing meaning in life confronts the individual with abstract ideas about the connections between experiences and identities over time (continuity), the ends that life serves (purpose), and its worth (value). Conceptual metaphor theory is helpful to explain the cognitive strategies people use to understand these ideas. This theory posits that metaphor is a cognitive tool for understanding abstractions in terms of superficially dissimilar, relatively more concrete concepts. Early empirical tests of this claim focused on how activated metaphors influence judgments of other people, events, and social issues. Going further, an emerging area of research examines metaphor's roles in perceptions of life's continuity, purpose, and value. This article provides the first overview of this development. Specific aims are to organize previous findings, identify questions for future research, and discuss theoretical implications for the meaning of meaning.
Paths of Virtue: Legal Rhetorics in Judaism and Islam

The historical relationship between Judaism and Islam has been the subject of scholarly inquiry for decades. Until recently, however, this fourteen-century-old relationship has gone unremarked on by theorists and historians of rhetoric. In this article, I explore the interconnectivities between legal rhetoric in Judaism and Islam. Looking at the Nicomachaean Ethics and Chaim Perelman’s analysis of rhetoric, justice, and law, I first investigate how, like Aristotle, Jewish and Muslim jurists link virtuousness to obedience to the law. Then, I show how sharia and halakha, Islamic and Jewish law, use rhetoric and systematic argumentation to articulate the place of law in the lives of Muslims and Jews. Finally, using the medieval Mamluk Sultanate and the Geniza community as the basis of a comparatist rhetorical analysis, I demonstrate the lived interconnectedness of Judeo-Muslim legal rhetorics pertaining to marriage, divorce, and the juristic agency of medieval Mediterranean women.
Processing-size correlations in the preparation of magnetic alginate microspheres through emulsification and ionic crosslinking

Magnetic alginate microspheres are biocompatible due to their alginate matrix, and motion-controllable by applied magnetic fields due to their magnetic character. Therefore, they have the potential of being used as vessels to a broad variety of materials, including drugs and therapeutic agents, facilitating entry to biological systems in a relatively non-invasive manner. Here, magnetic alginate microspheres were prepared through an emulsification and ionic cross-linking process, where a mixture of alginate and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles was initially dispersed in a continuous phase, followed by gelation of this dispersed phase into microspheres by cross-linking the dispersion with calcium ions. The resulting magnetic alginate microspheres were found to be superparamagnetic and to respond to applied magnetic fields by chain formation. The effect of shear rate, alginate concentration, and magnetic nanoparticle concentration on microsphere size was investigated with the aim to control the size of microspheres with respect to process and formulation parameters. Two of these parameters, shear rate and alginate concentration, were used to correlate experimental results with a theoretical model for the case where the dispersed phase is more viscous than the continuous phase.
Home Ownership: Non-Shelter Benefits

This article describes the nonshelter benefits and costs received by the owner-occupants of a dwelling. It focuses on four areas: the effects of homeownership on child and teenage outcomes, the residents’ health, the quality of the home environment, and homeowners’ participation in various types of social networks. The theoretical arguments of why homeownership should lead to nonshelter benefits are discussed and the empirical literatures on each are reviewed. The conclusion drawn is that there is mostly supportive evidence that homeownership affects the quality of the home environment and child and teenage cognitive and behavioural outcomes, and there is mixed evidence to support the claim that homeownership affects the residents’ health and participation in social networks.
AFRICA, CENTRAL | Great Lakes Area

The recorded archaeological sequence of the Great Lakes area stretches from the Middle Stone to the present. Stone Age settlements are few and widely scattered all over the region. The emergence of food producing economies and the later expansion of iron-using Bantu speakers resulted in a denser pattern of sites. Iron using communities from the later part of the Holocene developed small scale ranked socities with iron producers strongly linked to chiefly and kingly authority. Intensification in the real of livestock husbandry, salt production and long distance went along with the development of centralized states.
Using Data Visualizations to Foster Emotion Regulation During Self-Regulated Learning with Advanced Learning Technologies

Emotions play a critical role during learning and problem solving with advanced learning technologies. However, learners typically do not accurately monitor and regulate their emotions and may therefore not learn as much, disengage from the task, and not optimize their learning of the instructional material. Despite their importance, relatively few attempts have been made to understand learners’ emotional monitoring and regulation during learning with advanced learning technologies by using data visualizations of their own (and others’) cognitive, affective, metacognitive, and motivational (CAMM) self-regulated learning (SRL) processes to potentially foster their emotion regulation during learning with advanced learning technologies. We present a theoretically-based and empirically-driven conceptual framework that addresses emotion regulation by proposing the use of visualizations of one’s and others’ CAMM-SRL multichannel data (e.g., cognitive strategy use, metacognitive monitoring accuracy, facial expressions of emotions, physiological arousal, eye-movement behaviors, etc.) to facilitate learners’ monitoring and regulation of their emotions during learning with advanced learning technologies. We use examples from several of our laboratory and classroom studies to illustrate a possible mapping between theoretical assumptions, emotion-regulation strategies, and the types of data visualizations that can be used to enhance and scaffold learners’ emotion regulation, including key processes such as emotion flexibility, emotion adaptivity, and emotion efficacy. We conclude with future directions that can lead to a systematic interdisciplinary research agenda that addresses outstanding emotion regulation-related issues by integrating models, theories, methods, and analytical techniques for the areas of cognitive, learning, and affective sciences, human computer interaction, data visualization, big data, data mining, data science, learning analytics, open learner models, and SRL.
Steroid therapy effectively delays Duchenne's cardiomyopathy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common form of muscular dystrophy, is caused by a defective gene located on the X chromosome responsible for dystrophin production. The vast majority (70% to 85%) of dystrophin mutations are deletions; point mutations in the coding sequence or the splicing
Discretion and Major Crimes

To this point, this book has detailed how the expansion of prosecutorial discretion in the disposition of low-level crimes has challenged the sacred norm of the “principle of legality.” I have shown how concerns for efficiency, in an era of tight fiscal constraints, have widened the ambit of discretionary case handling practices both, in practice, as well as under the law. As I will detail in Chap. 7, the legislature has also exempted the treatment of delinquent juvenile acts from a strict application of the “principle of legality” according to which prosecutors must initiate action against all criminal acts where sufficient evidence exists to warrant prosecution.
Analytical Framework for Protein Structure Determination by Solid-State NMR of Aligned Samples

A compact formulation of the experimental solid-state NMR observables in terms of the irreducible basis of rotations is presented. Quadratic-form representations are derived for the 15N and 1H chemical shift anisotropy, as well as 1H-15N and 1Hα-13Cα dipolar interactions. Peptide plane geometries together with the torsion angles Φ and Ψ are incorporated into the corresponding Wigner rotation matrices, which allow one to establish the mapping of the protein structure onto its multidimensional solid-state NMR spectra in analytically semi-closed form. The structural fitting of experimental two-dimensional NMR spectra of Pf1 bacteriophage is presented. Examples of protein structure calculations from simulated three-dimensional solid-state NMR spectra for protein G, two-helical hairpin fragment of bacteriorhodopsin, and a loop region from KcsA are also presented. Moreover, analytical expression is obtained for the periodicity of secondary structures as an explicit function of Φ and Ψ.
Slavery: Comparative Aspects

In the comparative study of slavery it is important to distinguish between slave holding societies and large-scale, or what Moses Finley called ‘genuine,’ slave societies. The former refers to any society in which slavery exists as a recognized institution, regardless of its structural significance. Genuine slave societies belong to that subset of slave holding societies in which important groups and social processes become heavily dependent on the institution. The institution of slavery goes back to the dawn of human history. It remained important down to the late nineteenth century, and persisted as a significant mode of labor exploitation in some Islamic lands as late as the second half of the twentieth century. Remnants of it are still to be found in the twenty-first century in a few areas. Yet it was only in a minority of cases that it metastasized socially into genuine slave societies, though in far more than the five cases erroneously claimed by Keith Hopkins. Thus, the institution existed throughout the ancient Mediterranean, but only in Greece and Rome (and, possibly, Carthage) did genuine slave societies emerge. It was found in every advanced precapitalist society of Asia, but only in Korea did it develop into large-scale slavery. All Islamic societies had slavery, but in only a few did there emerge structural dependence on the institution. In all, there were approximately 50 cases of large-scale slavery in the precapitalist world. With the rise of the modern world, slavery became the basis of a brutally efficient variant of capitalism. There were at least 40 such cases, counting the Caribbean slave colonies as separate units. This article examines two sets of problems. The first concerns those factors associated with the presence of institutionalized slaveholding. The critical question here is: why is the institution present in some societies yet not in other, apparently similar, ones? The second set of problems begins with the assumption that slavery exists, and attempts to account for the growth in significance of slavery. More specifically, such studies attempt to explain the origins, structure, dynamics, and consequences of genuine slave societies.
The Development, Remodeling and Aging of Neuronal Circuitry

This chapter describes development, remodeling, and aging of neuronal circuitry. Initially, no neurons are recognizable in the early embryo, but through inductive interactions they soon take form, ultimately attaining the fully differentiated status of mature nerve cells with characteristic patterns of dendritic branching and axonal ramification. The cortex consists mainly of three kinds of neurons: Purkinje cells, granule cells, and basket cells. These three types of cells are wired together in a definite and invariable manner. The chapter describes general principles of neural development, with a particular focus on the development of the cerebellar cortex. It discusses the trophic influences of nerves: how they act to maintain the integrity of the tissues of the body throughout its lifetime, offering routes of communication and control to and from the CNS, respectively. The chapter also discusses some of the ways in which the structure of the brain is affected by aging are also described.
On β ℕ and ℕ

The Stone-Cech compactification of the discrete space ℕ of natural numbers has become one of the most widely studied topological spaces for a number of reasons. First, βℕ and the growth ℕ* =βℕ\ℕ admit a seemingly endless flow of interesting subspaces. For example, βℕ contains a countably compact subspace whose square fails to be pseudocompact. On the other hand, there are 2C subspaces of βℕ such that every finite power of each of the subspaces is pseudocompact and no two of the subspaces are homeomorphic. ℕ* has a basis of c clopen subspaces each of which is homeomorphic with ℕ* itself and yet ℕ* also manages to contain 2c disjoint copies of itself.
Peaceable Kingdoms in the Digital World

This essay argues that the biblical image of the peaceable kingdom offers a useful filter through which to examine and contemplate the passion and fervor for interspecies friendship in the digital era. I argue that the digital medium of the animal video (more specifically, animal videos that document and record interspecies friendships) can be read as an alternate spacetime: one alleged to be outside of predation. But I also argue that, when we look closer at both the biblical context of this passage as well as visions of interspecies kinship that derive from, or resonate with, the biblical text, the dystopian underside of this almost utopian image can be rendered with more clarity. Perhaps, however, this biblical image—with its messianic undertones—can also help us to set in sharper relief the non-predational, creaturely, potentialities that might still emerge from these digital peaceable kingdoms.
Student Self-Control as a Basis for Instructional Adaptation with Behaviorally Disordered Children:

A review of the literature suggests that the academic instruction of behaviorally disordered children has received far less attention than has the management of social behavior. While it is necessa...
Technique for lossless compression of color images based on hierarchical prediction, inversion, and context adaptive coding

Among the variety of multimedia formats, color images play a prominent role. A technique for lossless compression of color images is introduced. The technique is composed of first transforming a red, green, and blue image into luminance and chrominance domain (Y C u C v). Then, the luminance channel Y is compressed with a context-based, adaptive, lossless image coding technique (CALIC). After processing the chrominance channels with a hierarchical prediction technique that was introduced earlier, Burrows–Wheeler inversion coder or JPEG 2000 is used in compression of those C u and C v channels. It is demonstrated that, on a wide variety of images, particularly on medical images, the technique achieves substantial compression gains over other well-known compression schemes, such as CALIC, M-CALIC, Better Portable Graphics, JPEG-LS, JPEG 2000, and the previously proposed hierarchical prediction and context-adaptive coding technique LCIC.
Rediscovery of the Second β-Cell Hormone: Co-replacement With Pramlintide and Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes.

Insulin is always deficient relative to need in diabetes. Injected insulin is essential to replace the complete lack of insulin in type 1 diabetes and to supplement endogenous insulin for many people with type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, despite advances in insulin formulation and delivery and the effects of other glucose-lowering therapies instead of or in combination with insulin, the goals of therapy are seldom completely met. People using insulin (especially prandial insulin) are at risk for hypoglycemia and weight gain, and their postprandial glucose levels are rarely well controlled. Surprisingly, an obvious contributor to this dilemma has received little attention—a concurrent deficiency of the hormone amylin in all people with diabetes. Amylin was isolated and characterized three decades ago (1,2), about 70 years after insulin therapy became available, and “co-replacement therapy” with insulin and amylin was soon proposed for type 1 diabetes (3). Delay in characterization of amylin was partly due to its tendency to self-aggregate and cling to glass or plastic surfaces. In some species, notably cats and humans, amylin aggregates as “amyloid” in the endocrine pancreas and may contribute to injury of β-cells (4). Studies have been further hampered by difficulties in assaying amylin levels in blood, where significant proportions are modified and likely inactive (5). Even so, much has been learned about amylin’s distribution, regulation, and physiologic functions in animal and human studies (6). It is a 37–amino acid peptide that is produced in the pancreatic β-cell and secreted in parallel with insulin, and thus it is lacking in type 1 diabetes (6,7). Although present in other parts of the body, amylin is released into the blood only by β-cells. The actions of secreted amylin are mediated through parts of the brain that are outside the blood-brain barrier, and effects elsewhere depend on …
Accelerating TDECQ Assessments using Convolutional Neural Networks

We experimentally demonstrate the use of convolutional neural networks to accelerate TDECQ assessments for 400G direct-detect transmitter qualification. The method estimates TDECQ from static eye-diagrams ~1000 times faster than conventional methods with <0.25dB mean discrepancy.
Reflections on COVID-19 nasopharyngeal, fecal and peritoneal swabs in an infant with Wilms tumor: A case report

Proximal Sars-Cov-2 pandemic had radically changed the way surgeons work in many departments, forcing to reserve surgical treatment only for emergency and oncologic cases. We report a case of a ten months-old girl with right-sided Wilms tumor and a previous diagnosis of Sars-Cov-2 infection, who underwent open right nephrectomy. Surgery was planned after negativization of five nasopharyngeal tests, despite the simultaneous positivity of two rectal swabs. The procedure was performed safely with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). To better investigate viral excretion, the anesthetist repeated nasopharyngeal swab under general anesthesia, which resulted positive. At the same time, two peritoneal swabs were collected and showed the absence of the virus in the peritoneal fluid. This case highlights the importance of combining swabs from various sources to increase sensibility of the test. The value of nasopharyngeal swab under general anesthesia should be reinforced as it can result positive even after many negative tests. Very little is known about transmission of the virus through the peritoneum as both presence and absence of Sars-Cov-2 have been reported in the peritoneal fluid. Next literature will clarify which particular conditions determine viral penetration in this anatomical district.
Neural Mechanisms of Food Decision-Making in Children.

The goal of the current paper is to review the literature on the neural and behavioral factors involved in food decision-making in youth. Recent neuroimaging studies that employ passive viewing paradigms have found that exposure to food-related cues activate reward, motor planning, and attentional salience signals in children. Greater activations of reward signals and/or lower activations of control signals are associated with overeating and weight gain. Neuroimaging studies with decision-making paradigms have found the reward network in the brain activates during food choices, while control network activates less strongly. Findings suggest that exposure to food cues activates reward/valuation network, but activation of control network tends to be relatively weaker in children. Hedonic aspects of foods are predominantly considered in children’s food choices, and their dietary self-control is not matured yet. The increased activation in reward network and the decreased activation in control network are associated with risk of developing obesity.
Orthopaedic Surgery Sports Medicine Fellows See Substantial Increase in Hip Arthroscopy Procedural Volume With High Variability From 2011 to 2016.

Purpose To analyze the trends in operative experience, specifically procedures of the shoulder, hip and knee, of fellows graduating from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education orthopaedic sports medicine fellowships between 2011 and 2016. Methods The 2011-2016 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education orthopaedic surgery sports medicine fellow case logs were retrieved for analysis. Trends in the mean case volume for procedures of the shoulder, hip, and knee were analyzed. Linear regression was used to identify significant changes in trends over time for each surgical case/procedure. Variation in case volume between fellows in the lowest (10th) and highest (90th) centile was assessed for first and last year of the study. Results The average number of total procedures per fellow minimally decreased by 3.5% from 2011 to 2016 (726 to 701 cases) (P Conclusions In this study there was a 2.6-fold increase in hip procedures, largely driven by a 310% rise in arthroscopic hip cases. The average procedural volume per fellow minimally decreased, with no change in the mean number of shoulder and knee procedures. Clinical Relevance Understanding variability in case exposure among orthopaedic sports medicine fellowships is important for programs to ensure that fellows are appropriately exposed to all facets of sports medicine procedures.
Free-Surface Liquid Lithium Flow Modeling and Stability Analysis for Fusion Applications

Liquid metal plasma facing components are considered an attractive design choice for fusion devices including pilot plants. Virtual prototyping of such devices includes modeling of free-surface flow of the electrically conductive liquid, which requires computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations. Numerical tools capable of simulating flows and heat transfer in the free-surface MHD flow were developed at PPPL based on the customized ANSYS CFX. MHD is introduced using a magnetic vector potential approach. Free-surface flow capabilities are available in the code and were tested. Special stabilization procedures were derived and applied to improve convergence of the momentum equations with the source terms due to the Lorentz force and surface tension. Important characteristics of the fusion-relevant liquid metal flow is free surface smoothness and stability. Heat flux from the plasma impacts the liquid surface at a very acute angle, so any change of the free surface from axisymmetry can dramatically increase the local heat flux density and thus create excessive evaporation of liquid lithium into the plasma, which is detrimental to operations. Stability analysis of the liquid metal film flow was performed to determine applicable flow regimes. Thin film flow along horizontal wall is considered. Effects of gravity, magnetic field, and surface tension are included in the analysis.
On the potential uses of ultrasound imaging for the detection of anesthesia-induced neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain

Several preclinical studies have shown that prolonged exposure of a young developing brain to anesthetic agents can be detail use of H-scan ultrasound (US) imaging for the detection of early neurotoxic effects associated with isoflurane gas anesthesia in a neonatal animal model. Neonatal mice were exposed to either isoflurane ( $N=14$ ) or normal oxygen (control, $N=4$ ) for 2 h. Animals were then returned to their mothers for 48 h. After euthanasia, neonatal brains were excised and underwent 3D US imaging using a small animal US scanner (Vevo 3100, FUIJIFILM VisualSonics Inc). Raw radiofrequency data was acquired for processing and formation of the 3D H-scan US images. In addition to whole brain segmentation, an atlas-based approach was performed in order to analyze changes in the hippocampus and cortex regions, i.e. behavioral and neurocognitive function-dependent regions of the brain. Experimental ex vivo results indicate that the developing neonatal brain is extremely sensitive to isoflurane exposure. More specifically, mean H-scan US image intensity from the entire brain volume was found to be significantly higher in the isoflurane group when compared to control measurements $(11.3\pm 0.04 \%, p=0.001)$ . The cortex and hippocampal regions of the brain also demonstrated substantial sensitivity towards the neurotoxicity of isoflurane. Compared to control brain tissue measurements, H-scan US image intensity levels were $15.3\pm 0.06 \% (p=0.01)$ and $14.9\pm 0.06 \% (p=0.001)$ higher in the cortex and hippocampal regions, respectively, after exposure to isoflurane anesthesia for 2 h. Overall, our initial findings reveal that 3D H-scan US imaging can detect differences in neonatal brain tissue exposed to either isoflurane or control gas.