cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using heterogeneity of the patient-derived xenograft model to identify the chemoresistant population in ovarian cancer

// Zachary C. Dobbin 1,2 , Ashwini A. Katre 1 , Adam D. Steg 1 , Britt K. Erickson 1 , Monjri M. Shah 1 , Ronald D. Alvarez 1 , Michael G. Conner 3 , David Schneider 4 , Dongquan Chen 5 and Charles N. Landen 6 1 Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 2 NIH Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham 3 Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham 5 Division of Preventative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 6 Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA Correspondence: Charles N. Landen Jr, email: // Keywords : Ovarian Cancer, Patient-derived xenograft, cancer stem cells, chemoresistance, animal models of cancer Received : August 08, 2014 Accepted : August 18, 2014 Published : August 19, 2014 Abstract A cornerstone of preclinical cancer research has been the use of clonal cell lines. However, this resource has underperformed in its ability to effectively identify novel therapeutics and evaluate the heterogeneity in a patient’s tumor. The patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model retains the heterogeneity of patient tumors, allowing a means to not only examine efficacy of a therapy, but also basic tenets of cancer biology in response to treatment. Herein we describe the development and characterization of an ovarian-PDX model in order to study the development of chemoresistance. We demonstrate that PDX tumors are not simply composed of tumor-initiating cells, but recapitulate the original tumor’s heterogeneity, oncogene expression profiles, and clinical response to chemotherapy. Combined carboplatin/paclitaxel treatment of PDX tumors enriches the cancer stem cell populations, but persistent tumors are not entirely composed of these populations. RNA-Seq analysis of six pair of treated PDX tumors compared to untreated tumors demonstrates a consistently contrasting genetic profile after therapy, suggesting similar, but few, pathways are mediating chemoresistance. Pathways and genes identified by this methodology represent novel approaches to targeting the chemoresistant population in ovarian cancer
Amaranths (Amaranthus spp.): Potential Grain and Vegetable Crops

The genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) comprises ca. 50 species of herbaceous annual plants widely spread in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Most members of the genus are weeds, show rapid vegetative development, and produce large quantities of small seeds with a high content of good quality protein. Because of the extreme plasticity of Amaranthus shown in response to varying environmental conditions, taxonomical classification has been difficult (see Sauer 1950, 1967) and is still in a state of flux (Feine 1980, Huang 1980).
Generating Application Ontologies from Reference Ontologies

The semantic web provides the possiblity of linking together large numbers of biomedical ontologies. Unfortunately, many of the biomedical ontologies that have been developed are domain-specific and do not share a common structure that will allow them to be easily combined. Reference ontologies provide the necessary ontological framework for linking together these smaller, specialized ontologies. We present extensions to the semantic web query language SparQL that will allow researchers to develop application ontologies that are derived from reference ontologies. We have modified the ARQ query processor to support subqueries, recursive subqueries, and Skolem functions for node creation. We demonstrate the utility of these extensions by deriving an application ontology from the Foundational Model of Anatomy.
A Unique Case of Mediastinal Teratoma with Mature Pancreatic Tissue, Nesidioblastosis, and Aberrant Islet Differentiation: a Case Report and Literature Review

Mediastinal teratomas with elements of mature pancreatic tissue are rare. Only a very few cases of pancreatic tissue with nesidioblastosis in teratoma have been reported. Here, we report a case of a 12-year-old male who presented with pleural effusion and was revealed to have a large anterior mediastinal mass. Biopsy of the mass revealed benign mature teratoma. After biopsy, the teratoma ruptured into the right thoracic cavity. It was then excised and sent to pathology for further evaluation. Preoperatively, there was no evidence of hyperinsulinemia or hypoglycemia. Postoperatively, there was no change in blood glucose levels. Histologically, the mass showed large areas of mature pancreatic tissue flanking a small intestine-like structure. Numerous endocrine cell islets, poorly defined groups of neuroendocrine cells and ductular-insular complexes characteristic of nesidioblastosis were dispersed in the exocrine pancreatic parenchyma. In addition, other parts of the tumor containing keratinizing squamous epithelium with cutaneous adnexal glands, small intestine, and bronchus including cartilage and respiratory epithelium were observed. Some islets contained two or more cell types while others were monophenotypic. Immunohistochemical staining showed pronounced expression of pancreatic polypeptide, moderate expression of somatostatin and insulin and nearly complete absence of glucagon-containing cells. The selective deletion of glucagon might hold clues to an important regulatory mechanism in pancreatic development.
Transferências intergeracionais: uma análise internacional

** *** O ciclo de vida economico e caracterizado por tres fases distintas: duas fases de dependencia economica intercaladas por uma fase produtiva, geradora de excedentes. Na maior parte das sociedades, criancas consomem recursos gerados por adultos, transferidos pela familia ou pelo setor publico. Idosos, por sua vez, dispoem de ativos acumulados durante a fase ativa, de recursos produzidos e transferidos por outros adultos ou ainda de operacoes de credito efetuadas no mercado. Cada sociedade, em determinada epoca, estabelece, mediante normas sociais, leis e decisoes individuais, a combinacao de mecanismos para a alocacao de recursos no ciclo de vida.
Management of Patients With Cytogenetically Normal Acute Myeloid Leukemia Who Have Neither Favorable nor Unfavorable Markers

The presence or absence of cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities present at the time of diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) not only provides important prognostic information, but also directs decisions regarding postremission therapy. In no other group has molecular analysis been more important than for the 40% to 50% of newly diagnosed patients in whom clonal chromosomal aberrations are not detected. Patients with cytogenetically normal (CN) AML were once considered a homogenous group, but are now classified into molecularly defined subgroups with distinct clinical outcomes. Evaluating FLT3, NPM1, and CEBPA mutational status is a routine component of the diagnostic evaluation for all patients with CN-AML and is used to determine outcome risk. However, in patients with FLT3 wild-type/NPM1 wild-type/CEBPA wild-type CN-AML, the optimal postremission therapy has not been well defined. This article reviews treatment outcomes for this group of patients after chemotherapy and autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. New recurrent somatic mutations and their prognostic significance in patients with FLT3 wild-type/NPM1 wild-type CN-AML are also addressed.
Roost selection by Rafinesque's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) in a pristine habitat at three spatial scales

Although several studies have described roost use by Rafinesque's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), few studies have examined roost selection. We examined roost use and selection by Rafinesque's big-eared bat at the tree, stand, and landscape scales during the maternity season in pristine old-growth habitat in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. We located 43 roosts (14 maternity, 29 solitary) through cavity searches and radio-telemetry. Maternity colonies and solitary individuals selected roosts based on similar characteristics. The best model explaining roost selection by all bats included tree and stand characteristics; landscape factors had little influence on roost use. Bats selected large diameter trees in areas with a high density of trees with cavities in the surrounding area. Most roosts (67.4%) were in water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) in semi-permanently flooded and saturated areas. Half of maternity roost cavities had upper bole openings whereas only 25.8% of solitary roosts had upper bo...
Michael-Type Addition Reactions in NIPAAm-Cysteamine Copolymers Follow Second Order Rate Laws with Steric Hindrance

This work investigates the differential reaction rates seen among several Michael-Type acceptors when reacted with poly(NIPAAm-co-cysteamine). This work differs from many of the previous studies upon mercaptans in that it examines systems used for network and gel formation. We find that the reaction rates of poly(NIPAAm-co-cysteamine) cross-linked with Michael type acceptors follow traditional second order rate laws. In addition, we further confirm that these reactions are pH sensitive, reliant upon the pKa of the conjugated thiols, and on local chain chemistry. Additionally, this work determines that the reaction of difunctional acrylates with the macromolecular NIPAAm molecules leads to an apparent, but not significant, increase in the rate of reaction. The low magnitude of this increase is likely indicative of increased steric hindrance arising from network formation, or reduced diffusion in the NIPAAm polymer chains. Statistical analysis shows pH and ratio of thiol to acrylates significantly affect reaction rates (p < 0.05). The type of acrylate (PEGDA, PEGMA, or HEA) does not return as significant globally or within a pH range. Since localizing charge on a chain raises the effective pKa of nearby acids, gains in reaction rate from increasing chain functionality are shown to increase much less than would be expected from the increased concentration.
Catabolic disposition of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine in hepatocytes with evidence of azido reduction being a general catabolic pathway of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides.

Abstract 3'-Azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (AzddU, CS-87) is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication in vitro with low bone marrow toxicity. Although AzddU is currently being evaluated in clinical trials, its catabolic disposition is unknown. Pharmacokinetic studies in rhesus monkeys have demonstrated that a 5'- O -glucuronide is excreted in urine. The present study examined the catabolic disposition of AzddU is isolated rat hepatocytes, a model for the study at the cellular level of biosynthetic, catabolic and transport phenomena in the liver. Following exposure of cells to 10 μM [ 3 H]AzddU, low intracellular levels of two catabolites, identified as 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-β- d -glucopyranosyluridine (GAzddU) and 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (AMddU), were detected. Studies using rat microsomes demonstrated that GAzddU formation was only detected in the presence of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid, and that the rate of AMddU formation increased significantly in the presence of NADPH. Under similar conditions, reduction of the 3'-azido function was also demonstrated herein with 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (AzddC), 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-methylcytidine (AzddMeC) and 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyguanine (AzddG), suggesting that enzymatic reduction to a 3'-amino derivative is a general catabolic pathway of3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides at the hepatic site.
Age does not predict need for reintervention in patients with critical limb ischemia

Objective Conventional wisdom holds that patients with a need for intervention for femoropopliteal occlusive disease at a younger age have more aggressive disease, although there is a paucity of support in the literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this assumption. Methods A retrospective cohort of patients undergoing endovascular or open revascularization for femoropopliteal occlusive disease for critical limb ischemia during a 4-year period was assembled. Demographic information, comorbidities, disease characteristics, and time to last follow-up, repeat intervention, amputation, or death was recorded. The patients were stratified by age into a young (≤55 years) group, middle (56-77 years) group, and elderly (≥78 years) group. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to evaluate the primary outcome. Results The study included 124 patients with a mean age of 64.4 ± 0.8 years. Progression to reintervention or amputation occurred in 50% of the patients during the follow-up period, with 18% dying before having an outcome. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a trend toward significance ( P = .06) in time to reintervention, amputation, or death among the three groups, with time to event of 253, 1083, and 504 days for the young, middle, and elderly groups, respectively. However, differences based on age were not significant ( P = .57) in Cox regression analysis. Conclusions There does not appear to be an association between time to reintervention and patient age.
Cluster of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal intensive care unit: New Mexico, 2007.

Background Although the cause of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is unknown, infection control practices have been shown to play an important role in containing many outbreaks. We investigated the etiology of a cluster of NEC in a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit and monitored for new cases following the implementation of enhanced infection control measures. Methods Investigators performed a chart and laboratory review for neonates with a diagnosis of NEC during January 1, 2007, to February 13, 2007, to identify risk factors. Enhanced environmental cleaning, cohorting of infants and nurses, and increased attention to hand hygiene were instituted. Commercial feeding products in the unit were tested for bacterial contamination. Close monitoring for new cases continued for 2 months following the identification of the cluster. Results Eleven cases of NEC were identified during the study period. Patients had a median of 5 disease risk factors (range, 3-8). Four distinct pathogens were detected in blood or stool specimens from 4 different patients. One sample of human milk fortifier (HMF) tested contained a colony count of Bacillus cereus at the US Food and Drug Administration's upper microbiologic limit for contamination. Seven (65%) patients received HMF before symptom onset, and 9 (82%) patients received 1 or more types of liquid formula. Only 1 new case was identified during the period of close monitoring. Conclusion A microbiologic cause was not identified, and, although the cluster might have resolved spontaneously, enhanced infection control and changing batches of HMF might have played a role in controlling this outbreak.
Update on ambulatory anesthesia

MBULATORY surgery accounts for over 60% of all elective operative procedures performed in the United States. With the recent growth in major laparoscopic and office-based surgery, this percentage may increase to 70% in the future. When surgery is performed outside the conventional hospital environment, it can offer a number of advantages for patients, healthcare providers, third-party payers, and even hospitals. 1 Patients benefit from day-surgery because it minimizes costs, decreases separation from their home and family environment, reduces surgery waiting times, decreases their likelihood of contracting hospitalacquired infections, and appears to reduce postoperative complications. Compared to traditional hospital admissions, there is less pre- and postoperative lab testing and also a reduced demand for postoperative pain medication following ambulatory surgery. Unlike inpatient surgery, ambulatory surgery does not depend upon the availability of a hospital bed and may permit the patient greater flexibility in selecting the time of their elective operation. Furthermore, there is greater efficiency in the utilization of the operating and recovery rooms in the ambulatory setting, contributing to a decrease in the overall patient charges compared to similar hospital-based care. Comparison of general, spinal and local anesthesia The optimal anesthetic technique in the ambulatory setting would provide for excellent operating conditions, a rapid recovery, no postoperative side effects, and a high degree of patient satisfaction. In addition to increasing the quality and decreasing the costs of the anesthetic services, the ideal anesthetic technique would also improve operating room (OR) efficiency and provide for an early discharge home without side effects. Local anesthesia with iv sedation [so-called monitored anesthesia care (MAC)], spinal anesthesia, and general anesthesia are all commonly used anesthetic techniques for ambulatory surgery. However, opinions differ as to the "best" anesthetic technique for these surgical procedures. 2–15 Rather than simply
Why we are so good at catching cheaters.

Abstract Data that appear to exhibit a ‘cheater detection’ effect on performance in the Wason Selection task are widely interpreted as implying that deontic reasoning is effected by a domain specific, cognitive module. The ‘cheater detection module’ is said to offer a clear example of an effect of evolutionary selection on human cognitive architecture. This interpretation depends critically on assuming that deontic conditionals and their indicative controls are identical in structure; hence that the asymmetries in S's performance must be effects of content variables. I argue that this assumption is untrue and that structural features of deontic conditionals predict the ‘cheater detection’ data without assumptions about either the architecture or the history of cognition. According to this analysis, the putative cheater detection effect on the Wason task is actually a materials artifact.
A system-based model for the scattering by two spherical nanoparticles

We use a system-based model for nanoparticles that can capture the scattering by two spherical nanoparticles. The model considers the nanoparticle a system whose input is the sum of all incident electric fields around the nanoparticle and the output is the scattered field by the nanoparticles. The model uses the quasistatic approximation together with translation relations for spherical harmonics in order to efficiently capture the properties of plasmonic dimers.
Recovery of time estimation following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.

Objective: Accurate time estimation abilities are thought to play an important role in efficient performance of many daily activities. This study investigated the role of episodic memory in the recovery of time estimation abilities following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Method: Using a prospective verbal time estimation paradigm, TBI participants were tested in the early phase of recovery from TBI and then again approximately one year later. Verbal time estimations were made for filled intervals both within (i.e., 10 s, 25 s) and beyond (i.e., 45 s 60 s) the time frame of working memory. Results: At baseline, when compared to controls, the TBI group significantly underestimated time durations at the 25 s, 45 s and 60 s intervals, indicating that the TBI group perceived less time as having passed than actually had passed. At follow-up, despite the presence of continued episodic memory impairment and little recovery in episodic memory performance, the TBI group exhibited estimates of time passage that were similar to controls. Conclusion: The pattern of data was interpreted at suggesting that episodic memory performance did not play a noteworthy role in the recovery of temporal perception in TBI participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Enigma: architectural and operating system support for reducing the impact of address translation

Most modern microprocessors provide hardware support for rapidly translating a program logical address to a system physical address (PA). Translation typically sits on the critical path of every memory access, since an access cannot usually be performed until after it has been translated. Enigma is a novel approach to address translation that defers the bulk of the work associated with address translation until data must be retrieved from physical memory. Enigma replaces the address translation unit that exists in each conventional core with a simpler unit to translate from the logical address space to a new intermediate address (IA) space. Intermediate addresses are unique across the entire system except where sharing is required or desired, and their use sidesteps the "synonym" problem present in logically tagged caches. All cache addressing, as well as I/O and coherence traffic, is carried out using IA. Enigma translates an IA to a PA only when no cache in the entire CMP can satisfy the request and memory or I/O must be accessed. A central translation unit attached to the system bus performs translations on IA that must be resolved to a PA. Deferring the bulk of address translation work and removing it from each individual processor core in this manner affords many benefits.
The role of elaborations in memory for prose

Abstract In two experiments, subjects read stories and were asked to make plausibility judgments about statements with respect to the stories. The inherent plausibility of the queried statements, the amount of attention subjects focused on information necessary for making a judgment, and the interval between presentation of the relevant story information and the test probe were varied orthogonally. The pattern of latencies obtained to make these judgments cast strong doubt on the notion that question answering is typically accomplished by searching for a single fact in memory. Rather, people seem to retrieve any relevant, available information and then use this to compute whether a statement seems true. The independent variables in these experiments can be interpreted according to whether they affect the retrieval or the judgment phase.
Audition electives during surgical residency and selection for post-residency fellowship positions

Abstract Purpose This study sought to determine the impact of surgical resident elective rotations, termed “audition” electives, upon the selection processes of surgical subspecialty residency positions, and to establish the incidence and character of resident personal contact before selection with the program where they ultimately located in order to appropriately council residents in achieving their educational and professional goals. Methods A national survey of all surgical subspecialty programs for academic year 1999/2000 was conducted to determine whether the current first-year subspecialty residents had been on a clinical rotation of the subspecialty at their institution during their general surgery residency, had participated in research efforts of the specific subspecialty at their institution, and whether the resident’s prerequisite general surgery training was obtained at their parent sponsoring institution. Results Seventy-two percent of 348 programs responded, representing 396 beginning surgical subspecialty residents for the surveyed academic year. Overall, 73% of first-year surgical subspecialty residents did not have direct prior personal contact with their subspecialty program either through a clinical rotation at the institution or through research as a general surgery resident. Eighty-four percent of first-year surgical subspecialty residents did not complete their general surgery residency at the parent sponsoring institution of the subspecialty program. Conclusions An audition elective does not appear to significantly influence the process of surgical subspecialty resident selection. The findings further validate the fairness of the selection processes.
Lost opportunities: Coral recruitment does not translate to reef recovery in the Florida Keys

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that the poor recovery of the coral populations on reefs in the Florida Keys is related to low coral recruitment. In the summer of 2011, we deployed 240 terracotta tiles at eight study sites in a balanced design: (i) among three depths; and (ii) between fished and unfished reefs. Corals recruited to ∼40% of the deployed tiles, with more corals settling on tiles on unfished reefs than on fished reefs. The apparent effect of protection was not a consequence of different densities of herbivorous fishes, but was more likely related to local hydrography and the tendency of the no-take reserves to act as larval sinks, particularly in the lower Florida Keys. There was a mismatch between the coral taxa that recruited and the adult coral assemblages, suggesting that recruits were arriving but not surviving to contribute to coral recovery.
Maximum lift of upper surface blowing STOL aircraft with swept wings

In a recent large scale wind tunnel investigation of a 4 engine upper surface blowing configuration in the Ames 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel, the large nacelles extending well above the wing upper surface had a sizable adverse effect on maximum lift. The presence of the nacelles produced high upwash angles between the nacelles and near the fuselage. The severity and alleviation of this problem is discussed with the use of calculated spanwise loadings. The combined effects of wing leading edge stall control, wing sweep, and nacelle cross section modification were considered in maximum lift improvement. Experimental results of these effects are presented.
Mechanical interlocking of engineered cartilage to an underlying polymeric substrate: Towards a biohybrid tissue equivalent

This study investigates the feasibility of engineering a biohybrid cartilage equivalent (BCE) with the long-term goal of restoring the mechanical integrity and interfacial characteristics of severely damaged cartilage. The BCE depends on the successful adhesion, via mechanical interlocking, of a cartilage layer to a nondegradable composite scaffold or prosthesis. The model scaffold, consisting of a nonwoven mesh bonded to a solid core, was seeded with bovine articular chondrocytes. High molecular weight poly(l-lactic acid), which has a slow degradation time, was used to model the nondegradable polymer. Biochemical and histological analysis demonstrate that the BCE can support the growth of a cartilaginous matrix for at least 6 weeks in culture. Mechanical testing of the BCE showed cartilage adhesion strength increased from 19.27±1.62 to 43.79±3.88 kPa between 35 and 50 days in culture. Nonmechanically interlocked cartilage achieved less than 5% of this adhesion strength. For the first time, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize surface topography of tissue-engineered cartilage. Surface roughness of constructs after 8 and 10 weeks ranged from 153 to 171 nm, falling within the range of native cartilage (100–600 nm). This study demonstrates the feasibility of creating a biohybrid cartilage equivalent by mechanically interlocking a cartilaginous layer to an underlying polymeric matrix.
Effect of Oxygen Content of Furnace Atmosphere on Adherence of Vitreous Coatings to Iron

A series of porcelain enamel ground coats of the same basic composition but with various amounts of cobalt oxide was fired on enameling iron in atmospheres consisting of various oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. The effect of the oxygen content of the atmosphere on adherence was determined and the effect on interface roughness was estimated from an examination of metallographic cross sections. A decrease in the amount of oxygen in the firing atmosphere necessitated an increase in the amount of cobalt oxide in the enamel if optimum adherence was to be secured. Ground coats containing 3.2% cobalt oxide or more developed a weak but definite bond in oxygen concentrations as low as 0.02 mole %. A qualitative correlation was found between adherence and surface roughness regardless of the oxygen content of the firing atmosphere.
Optimizing duplex follow-up in patients with an asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis of less than 60%.

Abstract Objectives: The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study established benefit of carotid endarterectomy for 60% to 99% asymptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. Optimal follow-up intervals to detect progression from Methods: All patients who underwent initial carotid duplex examination for any indication since January 1, 1995, with at least one patent, asymptomatic, previously nonoperated ICA with Results: A total of 407 patients (640 asymptomatic ICAs with P P Conclusions: Patients with
A search for the kappa meson

Abstract An experiment has been completed in which we looked at the reaction K + + p → K o + π + + π − + π + + p using 3.52 GeV/ c K + mesons in the BNL 80 ″ chamber. This type of reaction produced a high yield of k 's for an incoming K + of 3.0 GeV/ c . No evidence is found of the k at this energy. Some evidence of k production is seen in the reaction K + + p → K o + ω o + π + + p. The conclusion is that the k is not a resonant state.
Differences in Patellar Cartilage Thickness, Transverse Relaxation Time, and Deformational Behavior: A Comparison of Young Women With and Without Patellofemoral Pain

Background: The origin of patellofemoral pain (PFP) may be associated with the inability of the patellofemoral joint cartilage to absorb and distribute patellofemoral joint forces.Hypothesis: When compared with a pain-free control group, young active women with PFP will demonstrate differences in their baseline patellar cartilage thickness and transverse (T2) relaxation time, as well as a less adaptive response to an acute bout of joint loading.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods: Ten women between the ages of 23 to 37 years with PFP and 10 sex-, age-, and activity-matched pain-free controls participated. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the patellofemoral joint was performed at baseline and after participants performed 50 deep knee bends. Differences in baseline cartilage thickness and T2 relaxation time, as well as the postexercise change in patellar cartilage thickness and T2 relaxation time, were compared between groups.Results: Individuals with PFP demons...
T-POP Array Identifies EcnR and PefI-SrgD as Novel Regulators of Flagellar Gene Expression

The T-POP transposon was employed in a general screen for tetracycline (Tet)-induced chromosomal loci that exhibited Tet-activated or Tet-repressed expression of a fliC-lac transcriptional fusion. Insertions that activated flagellar transcription were located in flagellar genes. T-POP insertions that exhibited Tet-dependent fliC-lac inhibition were isolated upstream of the ecnR, fimZ, pefI-srgD, rcsB, and ydiV genes and in the flagellar gene flgA, which is located upstream of the anti-σ28 factor gene flgM. When expressed from the chromosomal ParaBAD promoter, EcnR, FimZ, PefI-SrgD, and RcsB inhibited the transcription of the flagellar class 1 flhDC operon. YdiV, which is weakly homologous to EAL domain proteins involved in cyclic-di-GMP regulation, appears to act at a step after class 1 transcription. By using a series of deletions of the regulatory genes to try to disrupt each pathway, these regulators were found to act largely independently of one another. These results identify EcnR and PefI-SrgD as additional components of the complex regulatory network controlling flagellar expression.
Early limb salvage : Open tibia fractures of Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) and Percivall Pott (1714-1789)

Ambroise Pare and Percivall Pott were preeminent clinicians, writers, and educators who advanced the cause of surgery through their independent thinking and insightful observations. In addition to their legacies and numerous enduring contributions, both men sustained open tibial fractures that were successfully managed during times when most often amputation was prescribed for such injuries. This article explores their lives and their fractures.
A method for determining the reversibility of a Markov sequence

This paper describes, given a tally matrix with strictly positive entries, a method to determine whether the associated Markov process is reversible, and (for reversible Markov processes) methods to compute the reversibility matrix from the tally matrix. If the tally matrixN is symmetric, then it is shown that the Markov process must be reversible and the reversibility matrixC equalss (R −1NR−1), whereR is the diagonal matrix whosei th diagonal entry is the sum of the entries of thei th row ofN (for everyi) ands denotes the sum of all the entries ofN. Because a symmetric tally matrix is of special importance in applications, a χ2 test is proposed for determining, in the presence of experimental errors, whether such a matrix is symmetric.
A Glucocorticoid/Retinoic Acid Receptor Chimera That Displays Cytoplasmic/Nuclear Translocation in Response to Retinoic Acid A REAL TIME SENSING ASSAY FOR NUCLEAR RECEPTOR LIGANDS

Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily play key roles in a host of physiologic and pathologic processes from embryogenesis to cancer. Some members, including the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), are activated by ligand binding but are unaffected in their subcellular distribution, which is predominantly nuclear. In contrast, several members of the steroid receptor family, including the glucocorticoid receptor, are cytoplasmic and only translocate to the nucleus after ligand binding. We have constructed chimeras between RAR and glucocorticoid receptor that selectively respond to RAR agonists but display cytoplasmic localization in the absence of ligand. These chimeric receptors manifest both nuclear translocation and gene activation functions in response to physiological concentrations of RAR ligands. The ability to achieve regulated subcellular trafficking with a heterologous ligand binding domain has implications both for current models of receptor translocation and for structural-functional conservation of ligand binding domains broadly across the receptor superfamily. When coupled to the green fluorescent protein, chimeric receptors offer a powerful new tool to 1) study mechanisms of steroid receptor translocation, 2) detect dynamic and graded distributions of ligands in complex microenvironments such as embryos, and 3) screen for novel ligands of "orphan" receptors in vivo.
Histopathologic Features of Superficial Granulomatous Pyoderma

Study of the histopathologic pattern of 28 cases of superficial granulomatous pyoderma demonstrated an ulcerative, verrucous pyoderma of the superficial dermis. Focal abscesses in the subepidermis or dermis were juxtaposed with granuloma formation and plasma cell inflammation. Hemorrhage and granulation tissue were present. The clinical lesions are indolent, and this feature is confirmed by chronic inflammatory elements, including sinus tract formation and focal fibrosis. Superficial granulomatous pyoderma must be added to the histologic differential diagnosis of the vegetative and ulcerative granulomas: blastomycosis, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis, and bromoderma.
Dynamics of flux creep in underdoped single crystals of Y 1-x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ

Transport as well as magnetic relaxation properties of the mixed state were studied on strongly underdoped Y{sub 1-x}Pr{sub x}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-{delta}} crystals. We observed two correlated phenomena--a coupling transition and a transition to quantum creep. The distribution of transport current below the coupling transition is highly nonuniform, which facilitates quantum creep. We speculate that in the mixed state below the coupling transition, where dissipation is non-Ohmic, the current distribution may be unstable with respect to self-channeling, resulting in the formation of very thin current-carrying layers. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Intercalative binding and photoredox behavior of [Cr(phen)2(dppz)]3+ with B-DNA

Abstract Dramatically increased binding to calf thymus B-DNA is reported for the complex Cr(phen)2(dppz)3+ (where dppz is dipyridophenazine) relative to that observed for Cr(phen)3 3+. UV–Vis absorption, viscosity, and equilibrium dialysis data provide convincing evidence that this enhanced binding by Cr(phen)2(dppz)3+ is associated with intercalation by the dppz ligand. In aqueous buffer solution (pH 7.4), the 2Eg→4A2g phosphorescence signal of Cr(phen)2(dppz)3+ centered at 730 nm is quenched in the presence of calf thymus DNA or the mononucleotides deoxyguanosine-5′-monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxyadenosine-5′-monophosphate (dAMP). Stern–Volmer lifetime plots for calf thymus DNA, dGMP, and dAMP yield bimolecular quenching rate constants of 3.0×107, 2.4×109, and 1.8×107 M−1 s−1, respectively. The study demonstrates that Cr(phen)2(dppz)3+ is a stronger photooxidant than Cr(phen)3 3+ and Cr(bpy)3 3+ (and markedly stronger than Ru(phen)2(dppz)2+), and is capable of both guanine and adenine nucleobase oxidation.
Effect of Sodium Salicylate on Renal Elimination of a Quaternary Ammonium Compound

Abstract Administration of sodium salicylate inhibited elimination of the tetraethylammonium ion in rats. A two‐compartment open model was used to describe plasma decline of tetraethylammonium bromide administered intravenously. The rate constant describing elimination from the central compartment was decreased by 25 and 40% in rats predosed with sodium salicylate at 30 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Salicylate also enhanced the distribution of the tetraethylammonium ion to the peripheral compartment. Urinary excretion is the principal route of elimination for the tetraethylammonium ion, and studies of the effect of sodium salicylate on the uptake of the tetraethylammonium ion by rat renal cortical tissue indicated noncompetitive inhibition by salicylate.
Food web of an Antarctic midwater ecosystem

The diets of 93 species of plankton and micronekton taken in the upper 1000 m of Croker Passage (Gerlache Strait) in the austral fall, 1983, were examined and the principal features of the food web were characterized. Most species were small particle feeders, with phytoplankton and debris (of phytoplankton and krill) being the principal diet components. Krill remains were found in the guts of the majority of species examined, with the krill playing a greater role in the form of molts and debris than as living prey. Carcinores fed mostly on copepods, coelenterates and salps. Some of the larger species fed on live krill. No-hierarchical cluster analysis of diet information supported the concept of resource partitioning and determined the arrangement of the species into 21 feeding groups. Cluster analysis groupings tended to be along genetic lines with closely related and morphologically similar species having similar diets. These analyses were based on collections made in the austral fall (March–April, 1983) when phytoplankton standing crop was low, most zooplankton species had descended into the mesopelagic zone, and some of the more abundant species, such as Calanoides acutus, had ceased feeding. Because the trophodynamics of Antarctic ecosystems is strongly pulse-induced, it is essential to examine the food web at different periods in the seasonal cycle.
Psychosomatic medicine and the philosophy of life.

Basing ourselves on the writings of Hans Jonas, we offer to psychosomatic medicine a philosophy of life that surmounts the mind-body dualism which has plagued Western thought since the origins of modern science in seventeenth century Europe. Any present-day account of reality must draw upon everything we know about the living and the non-living. Since we are living beings ourselves, we know what it means to be alive from our own first-hand experience. Therefore, our philosophy of life, in addition to starting with what empirical science tells us about inorganic and organic reality, must also begin from our own direct experience of life in ourselves and in others; it can then show how the two meet in the living being. Since life is ultimately one reality, our theory must reintegrate psyche with soma such that no component of the whole is short-changed, neither the objective nor the subjective. In this essay, we lay out the foundational components of such a theory by clarifying the defining features of living beings as polarities. We describe three such polarities: We then discuss important features of the polarities of life: Metabolism; organic structure; enclosure by a semi-permeable membrane; distinction between "self" and "other"; autonomy; neediness; teleology; sensitivity; values. Moral needs and values already arise at the most basic levels of life, even if only human beings can recognize such values as moral requirements and develop responses to them.
The Transition between the Old and New Traditional Economies in India

We extend Karl Polanyi's traditional economy concept to modern economies with advanced technology that are embedded in a traditional socio-cultural framework. This is the New Traditional economy, seen in parts of the Islamic world and with the Hindu nationalist movement in India. However, rural India is also the largest repository of the Old Traditional economy with its Hindu caste and jajmani system of reciprocal labour relations. The changes in India's complexly mixed economy, with its increasing market and strong planned elements, constitute a transition from the Old to the New Traditional economy. We shall consider this transition both ideologically and systemically.
GM2 ganglioside lysosomal storage disease in cats with beta-hexosaminidase deficiency

Two kitteens with progressive neurologic disease had increased concentrations of GM2 ganglioside in their cerebral cortex. Examination under the light microscope revealed cytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons and hepatocytes. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy demosntrated cytoplasmic inclusions encompassed by membranes in various central nervous system cell types and in hepatocytes. Beta-D-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase activity was reduced to about 1.0 percent of normal in brain, liver, and cultured skin fibroblasts of the diseased kittens; both major electrophoretic forms, A and B, of the enzyme were deficient. In fibroblasts from the parents of the diseased kittens, this enzyme activity was intermediate between that of affected and normal cats, suggesting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of the enzyme defect. Histopahtological and ultrastructural lesions, glycolipid storage, enzyme defect, and pattern of inheritance are similar to those of human GM2 gangliosidosis type 2.
Disgust and the Anthropological Imagination

Although disgust often features in anthropological shop talk and teaching, it has not been explored as a heuristic in formal anthropological studies. I suggest that studying disgust would contribute to understanding the tensions and revealing underdeveloped elements in some common analytical frameworks, including the mind–body relationship, the nature of the self, anthropological approaches to the senses and to emotion, recent interest in intimacy, and the invocation of the imagination as part of social and cultural process, as well as the ways we think about fieldwork and write ethnographies.
A search for narrow band signals with SERENDIP II: A progress report

Commensal programs for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), carried out concurrently with conventional radio astronomical observing programs, can be an attractive and cost-effective means of exploring the large multidimensional search space intrinsic to this effort. Our automated commensal system, SERENDIP II, is a high resolution 131,072 channel spectrometer. It searches for 0.49 Hz signals in sequential 64,700 Hz bands of the IF signal from a radio telescope being used for an astronomical observation. Upon detection of a narrow band signal with power above a preset threshold, the frequency, power, time, and telescope direction are recorded for later study. The system has been tested at the Hat Creek Radio Astronomy Observatory 85 ft telescope and the NASA-JPL Deep Space Station (DSS 14) 64 m telescope. It is currently collecting data at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory 300 ft telescope.
Transient behavior analysis of Doubly-fed induction generator under unbalanced voltage dips and testing validation

Normally, it's more difficult to realize Low Voltage Ride through (LVRT) for Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) under unbalanced voltage dips than in balanced voltage dips. Unbalanced dips are more harmful to the Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) than balanced dips, because they induce higher voltages in the rotor. Besides, the influence of unbalanced grid voltage dips to DFIG is studied together with the transient behavior of DFIG. A theoretical analysis is given to the reasons of the over current occurring during an unbalanced grid voltage dips in this paper. Field testing results with mobile LVRT testing container are also presented to support the analysis.
Do mouse models reflect the diversity of osteoarthritis in humans

While osteoarthritis (OA) is a “whole joint” disorder involving all joint tissues, progressive cartilage erosion is the major pathological indicator leading to joint replacement surgery. We have learned much about the molecular mechanisms driving cartilage destruction from studies of gene and protein expression in clinical material and in cell culture models, derived from human tissues. However, it is not possible to follow human patients longitudinally with regard to changes in gene expression in joint tissues in situ, since observations must be made as endpoints in operative specimens. Furthermore, biomarkers in synovial fluid, serum, and urine, as well as MRI, for early diagnosis or therapeutic outcome have yet to be fully characterized for use in cohorts, let alone in individual patients.
Analysis of time series subject to changes in regime

Abstract This paper introduces an EM algorithm for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of parameters for processes subject to discrete shifts in autoregressive parameters, with the shifts themselves modeled as the outcome of a discrete-valued Markov process. The simplicity of the EM algorithm permits potential application of the approach to large vector systems.
Spectroelectrochemistry of carotenoids in solution

Abstract The D0→D2 optical absorption spectra of the cation radicals of β-carotene and canthaxanthin in solution prepared using in situ spectroelectrochemical techniques at 300 K are reported. The weak and usually not reported D0→D1 transition of the cation radicals of the carotenoids are also observed in the optical spectra. The upper limit of the apparent molar extinction coefficient of carotenoid dications in solution is estimated to be on the order of 103 to 104. Under equilibrium conditions, the contribution of the dication absorption spectrum to that of the cation radical spectrum is negligible for the canthaxanthin cation radical and estimated to be approximately 10% for β-carotene.
The laryngeal mask airway for outpatient anesthesia

The LMA has been commercially available since 1988, and in the United States since 1992. The device combines several advantages of endotracheal tubes and face masks and may be used in many situations where either device was previously used routinely. Its principal advantage is a clearer airway, without the morbidity associated with endotracheal intubation. Although not suitable for all patients and procedures, the LMA has become widely used in all other countries where it is available. Many of the surgical procedures for which the LMA is most suited are performed in outpatients, and we expect this device will soon become popular in carefully selected cases in this country.