cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistent effects of antidepressants: EEG sleep studies in depressed patients during maintenance treatment

Electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep studies represent a research tool that can be used to examine depressed patients over different phases of their illness. We examined the long-term effects of imipramine on EEG sleep in 27 subjects who completed 3 years of maintenance treatment on imipramine without experiencing a recurrence. The analyses were performed on EEG sleep data collected prior to acute treatment, after 3 months in maintenance, and every 3 months thereafter. The major aim was to examine specific changes in rapid eye movement (REM) and slow-wave sleep (SWS) as they unfolded over the course of illness and recovery during long-term drug maintenance. The acute changes in the sleep profile produced by antidepressants remained essentially the same throughout the entire period of drug administration. The REM sleep parameters, which were affected immediately, remained essentially unchanged thereafter, even as long as 3 years into maintenance treatment. A rapid redistribution of slow-wave sleep in the first part of the night was also observed without an increase in the total amount of slow-wave sleep throughout the night. The application of spectral analysis confirmed that the sleep changes following drug administration remained stable throughout all phases of drug treatment. Thus, it appears that sustained clinical improvement is accompanied by persistent sleep alterations on tricyclic antidepressant medication.
Soil nitrogen mineralization during laboratory incubation: Dynamics and model fitting

Abstract Soil nitrogen mineralization kinetics were studied for eight treatments of two soils in an aerobic long-term (30 wk) incubation experiment. Soil mineral-N (NH 4 + and NO 3 − ) in the leachates was measured every week during the first 9 wk and every 2 or 3 wk thereafter. The NH 4 + percentage of the mineral-N ranged between 85 and 99% for all treatments in the first week of incubation and remained high (> 80%) in several treatments until the end of wk 4. Starting at wk 7, NH 4 + concentrations were negligible in all treatments. The net N mineralization rate was 15–24 mg N kg −1 wk −1 during the first 4–6 wk and 2–5 mg N kg −1 wk −1 from wk 8 until the end of the incubation. Four models, (i) a one-component, first-order exponential model (the single model), (ii) a two-component, first-order exponential model (the double model), (iii) a one-component, first-order exponential model including a constant term (the special model), and (iv) a hyperbolic model, were fit to the cumulative mineral-N vs time data using a non-linear regression procedure. The goodness of fit of the four models depended on the duration of incubation. With 30 wk data, the double and special models were significantly better than the other two models; with the first 15 wk data, the four models had essentially the same goodness of fit for seven out of eight treatments. The values of the regression parameters derived from each model also depended on the incubation duration. Results from this study show that the pool size and mineralization rate parameters in the different models are merely mathematically-defined quantities obtained from the kinetic analysis of the net N mineralization and do not represent any rigorously-defined pool sizes of potentially-mineralizable N and their mineralization rate constants in the soils.
Automating first-order relational logic

An automatic analysis method for first-order logic with sets and relations is described. A first-order formula is translated to a quantifier-free boolean formula, which has a model when the original formula has a model within a given scope (that is, involving no more than some finite number of atoms). Because the satisfiable formulas that occur in practice tend to have small models, a small scope usually suffices and the analysis is efficient.The paper presents a simple logic and gives a compositional translation scheme. It also reports briefly on experience using the Alloy Analyzer, a tool that implements the scheme.
Myocardial infarction postpartum in patients taking bromocriptine for the prevention of breast engorgement

Three cases of myocardial infarction (MI) in women taking bromocriptine for milk suppression are presented. The incidents occurred in 1993 and 1994, the last two only a few weeks before the withdrawal of the drug from the American market as a drug suitable for ablactation. In one patient, the MI presented on the 12th day postpartum and was accompanied by signs and symptoms reminiscent to ergotism. Another mother suffered MI, accompanied by hypertension, six days after a vaginal delivery complicated by postpartum haemorrhage. The third patient began to take bromocriptine more than 2 weeks postpartum and died suddenly 24 days after her childbirth. To the knowledge of the authors, these are the 12th to 14th literary reports describing an apparent association between the use of bromocriptine for ablactation and the occurrence of MI in the puerperium.
Elevated CO2 enhances resprouting of a tropical savanna tree.

The savannas (cerrado) of south-central Brazil are currently subjected to frequent anthropogenic burning, causing widespread reduction in tree density. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 could reduce the impact of such frequent burning by increasing the availability of nonstructural carbohydrate, which is necessary for resprouting. We tested the hypotheses that elevated CO2 stimulates resprouting and accelerates replenishment of carbohydrate reserves. Using a factorial experiment, seedlings of a common Brazilian savanna tree, Keilmeyera coriacea, were grown at 350 ppm and 700 ppm CO2 and at two nutrient levels. To simulate burning, the plants were either clipped at 15 weeks or were left unclipped. Among unclipped plants, CO2 and nutrients both stimulated growth, with no significant interaction between nutrient and CO2 effects. Among clipped plants, both CO2 and nutrients stimulated resprouting. However, there was a strong interaction between CO2 and nutrient effects, with CO2 having a significant effect only in the presence of high nutrient availability. Under elevated CO2, carbohydrate reserves remained at higher levels following clipping. Root total nonstructural carbohydrate remained above 36% in all treatments, so carbohydrate reserves did not limit regrowth. These results indicate that under elevated CO2 this species may be better able to endure the high frequency of anthropogenic burning in the Brazilian savannas.
Circadian variation of prostaglandin E(PGE) production in human gastric juice.

Prostaglandin E output in human gastric juice has been determined by radioimmunoassay and correlated with gastric acid secretion in 10 normal subjects and 10 patients with duodenal ulcer. PGE and acid outputs were higher in patients with peptic ulcer. Although not statistically significant these changes were probably secondary to changes in gastric juice volume. A circadian rhythm of gastric PGE production was observed in normal subjects with high output at midday, a spike at midnight, and low output in the early morning, in phase relationship to the circadian rhythm of gastric acid secretion. Disruption of PGE and acid rhythms was found in ulcer patients.Our study does not support the concept that prostaglandin deficiency may be an etiological factor in peptic ulcer disease. Nonetheless, a heretofore unrecognized disruption in gastric PGE rhythm may prove to be of physiologic significance.
What are the Best Radar Wavelengths, Incidence Angles, and Polanzations for Discrimination among Lava Flows and Sedimentary Rocks? A Statistical Approach

Linear discriminant analysis of multifrequency and multipolarization radar scatterometer data of lava flows and sedimentary rocks indicates that the lava flows sampled at the Snake River Plain, Idaho, and the sedimentary formations sampled at the San Rafael Swell, Utah, can be discriminated from one another. The necessary radar backscatter data, and optimum wavelengths, polarizations, and incidence angles among those available for these problems are indicated by the discriminant analysis program. For separation of the lava flows, shorter wavelengths and smaller incidence angles are best. For the sedimentary rocks, conversely, the longer wavelengths and somewhat larger incidence angles are preferred. Separation among the lava flows was slightly better using horizontally polarized data, while vertical polarization gave better separation with the sedimentary rocks. The method developed here may provide a rationale for user selection tion of operating parameters for advanced radar systems such as the Shuttle Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) and that proposed for the Earth Observation System (EOS). The analysis is being extended to other study sites for which we have scatterometer data to determine the generality of the results reported here.
Preterm delivery in patients admitted with preterm labor: a prediction study

Objective : To develop a model for prediction of preterm delivery in patients treated with parenteral tocolysis using combinations of maternal demographic and clinical factors. Methods : We performed a retrospective cohort study using a perinatal database to identify women admitted with preterm labor and treated with parenteral tocolysis from 1980 to 1994. We developed an explanatory model using multiple logistic regression to determine the effect of four variables (prior preterm delivery, substance abuse, maternal complications and third-trimester care) on the likelihood of preterm delivery. For the prediction model, we initially included these four variables and then removed them in a stepwise fashion to determine the combination of the variables that offered the greatest model sensitivity and specificity. Results : A total of 900 women were identified for the study and 247 (27%) had a preterm delivery. In the explanatory model, prior preterm delivery (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.5-3.6), substance abuse (OR 2.2; 9...
Talk matters: The role of pivot in the distribution of literacy knowledge among novice writers

Abstract Data drawn from an ethnographic study of kindergarten journal writing activity suggest that literacy knowledge is distributed socially through shifts in participant roles, or footings, within the participation framework of the activity. Discourse analysis of moment-to-moment talk and interaction reveals that activity participants assume a variety of participant roles available in the participation framework. By assuming these roles, literacy knowledge is distributed from restricted teacher—student dyads to other student overhearers. In this way, the participation framework highlights the ways in which participants in writing activity gain access to the social distribution of literacy knowledge that may otherwise be limited by restricting talk to dyadic interaction. Furthermore, the role of the participation framework as a mediating tool in purposeful writing activity is emphasized as a key factor in the distribution of literacy knowledge.
On the Fireline

Since firefighting represents one of the more dangerous occupations remaining in modern society, our culture tends to make heroes of its brave men and women in uniform—we cheer on their bright red trucks and trusty Dalmatians at hometown parades, venerate them for not only rescuing babies from burning high-rises, but terrified kittens from trees, and, most notably, as a country we lionized them as national martyrs in the wake of the tragedies surrounding 9 ⁄11. Yet while our gratitude toward firefighters charged with putting out building fires in populated residential areas and commercial districts (known as structural firefighters) appears infinite, as a largely urban people we tend to ignore the thankless work of the wildland firefighters of the U.S. Forest Service who spend their summers battling deadly flames from Montana to New Mexico. But, of course, containing a destructive fire as it burns out of control over thousands of acres of wooded wilderness surely invites comparison to the riskiest of human pursuits. Given its obvious dangers and lack of accompanying celebratory myths—after all, what five-year-old kid wants to play with a green fire engine?—what drives these firefighters of the West to chase black smoke, season after season, all while living in the isolated quarters of the American wild? According to Matthew Desmond’s gripping book, On the Fireline: Living and Dying with Wildland Firefighters, there are many reasons, but the penchant for risk, for seeking out what Erving Goffman once referred to as ‘‘where the action is,’’ does not necessarily rank as one of them. Desmond, a budding sociologist who spent his college summers working for the Forest Service as a wildland firefighter in northern Arizona, turned his final season into a reflexive ethnographic journey in which his constant companion was a field notebook tucked into his Nomex flame-resistant fire pants. Embracing the spirit of participation observation in the most literal way possible, Desmond tirelessly
The Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymers with Functional Side Chains

Trifunctional hydroxy-terminated oligomeric polyesters, Mn 500, 1000, and 2000, were prepared by initiating ring-opening copolymerization of δ-valerolactone and e-caprolactone with glycerol. The prepolymers were converted to crosslinked polyester-urethanes by their reaction with hexane-1,6-diisocyanate in proportions corresponding to 70, 80, 90, and 100% of the hydroxyl content. The moduli of the resulting elastomers varied between 0.12 MPa and 3.83 MPa, and the elongation at break between 60 and 2000%. The residual hydroxyl groups were derivatized by heterogeneous reaction with chloroacetic anhydride or excess hexane-1,6-diisocyanate, and these and further transformations of the functional groups were verified by infrared spectroscopy and electron probe x-ray microanalysis. A second series of hydroxy-substituted elastomers was synthesized by copolymerization of δ-valerolactone, e-caprolactone, and 4-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-e-caprolactone, using different amounts of 2,2-bis(caprolacton-4-yl)propane as the crosslinking agent; removal of the t-butyldimethylsilyl group to liberate pendant hydroxyl groups was achieved with acetic acid but not fluoride ion. The hydroxylated polyester (but not the polyesterurethanes) was shown to undergo enzymatic surface erosion in rabbit. The biodegradation data were compared with results previously obtained with low-modulus elastomeric polyesters.
Sexual Function Following Bowel Vaginoplasty

Purpose: We review our 23-year experience with bowel vaginoplasty, with particular attention to postoperative quality of life and sexual function.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 57 patients who underwent bowel replacement vaginoplasty between 1980 and 2004. A total of 42 patients had the Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome, of whom 6 had varying forms of intersexuality, 6 had undergone surgery for pelvic malignancy, 1 had aphallia, 1 had cloacal exstrophy and 1 was the survivor of a conjoined twin separation. Replacement vaginoplasty was done using sigmoid colon in 39 patients, ileum in 9 and cecum in 9. Followup ranged from 18 months to 24 years, with a mean of 8.8 years. Outcome was evaluated by retrospective chart review, and the FSDQ, a validated, IRB approved instrument, was used to evaluate postoperative sexual function.Results: Among the 57 patients postoperative sexual function was evaluated in 44, 9 were lost to followup and 4 were considered too young for evaluation. Of the 44 patients 3...
Sharing reasoning about faults in spreadsheets: An empirical study

Although researchers have developed several ways to reason about the location of faults in spreadsheets, no single form of reasoning is without limitations. Multiple types of errors can appear in spreadsheets, and various fault localization techniques differ in the kinds of errors that they are effective in locating. In this paper, we report empirical results from an emerging system that attempts to improve fault localization for end-user programmers by sharing the results of the reasoning systems found in WYSIWYT and UCheck. By evaluating the visual feedback from each fault localization system, we shed light on where these different forms of reasoning and combinations of them complement - and contradict - one another, and which heuristics can be used to generate the best advice from a combination of these systems.
NONRENAL COMPLICATIONS OF THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

The nephrotic syndrome is a consequence of urinary loss of intermediate-sized plasma proteins and the resulting homeostatic responses to those losses. Plasma protein composition is changed greatly. Pathophysiologic changes are a consequence of the nature of the proteins lost and of the proteins that are increased in plasma to replace them. Plasma oncotic pressure (pi) falls because of the replacement of relatively small plasma proteins by larger ones. Decreased pi increases transudation of fluid into the interstitium and favors edema. This is exacerbated by causing renal insensitivity to atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), primary renal sodium retention, and plasma volume expansion. Many proteins lost in the urine, such as erythropoietin and IgG, are not defended by increased synthesis. Their loss may result in reduced immunity, anemia, and endocrinopathies. Albumin synthesis can be increased by dietary protein augmentation; however, urinary protein losses also increase, offsetting any palliative effect of increased albumin synthesis on albumin stores. The synthesis of many other proteins secreted by the liver is also increased, causing an elevation in plasma levels of several large proteins, including lipoproteins and elements of the coagulation cascade. This results in hyperlipidemia and, in conjunction with the urinary loss of smaller proteins that impede coagulation, a hypercoagulable state. Lipoprotein catabolism is also reduced as a consequence of proteinuria contributing to increased lipid levels.
Using a manufacturing constraint network to identify cost-critical areas of designs

A difficult task in concurrent engineering tasks is to provide appropriate manufacturability feedback to the designer in a timely manner. Many tools provide designers with cost and manufacturability evaluations, but they do not necessarily help the designer to identify what aspects of the design to change in order to improve it from a manufacturing perspective. A computer-assisted concurrent-engineering technology is described which identifies cost-critical tolerances in the design and generates cost-reducing design suggestions. The purpose of the system is to help focus the designer’s attention on the specific aspects of the design that influence manufacturing cost. This can aid the designer in optimizing the manufacturing costs of prismatic, one-off parts created on a CNC machining center. This work uses a program called the Manufacturing Evaluation Agent to produce cost-reducing design suggestions. The Manufacturing Evaluation is made up of two portions: a manufacturing planner and a suggestion generator. The manufacturing planner, P3, takes a design and generates a manufacturing constraint net that represents all manufacturing steps and their sequencing. Each constraint in the network has a label indicating the portions of the design (or manufacturing environment) that gave rise to that constraint. The Suggestion Generator analyzes the manufacturing constraint net to find the cost-critical areas, and uses the labels to find the portions of the design responsible for these cost-critical parts of the manufacturing plan. By pinpointing the cost-critical areas of the design and suggesting alternatives, the Manufacturing Evaluation Agent can help the de-signer to more quickly develop a superior design. This results in more rapid turnaround time, lower cost designs, and fewer engineering change orders once the design is sent to the factory floor.
High school students' knowledge of telemarketing fraud tactics in the U.S.A.

Telemarketing fraud is a rapidly increasing problem with widespread economic implications for consumers and society. Given the extent of the problem, government agencies and consumer organizations are involved in educational efforts aimed at reducing telemarketing fraud. But does education make a difference? The effects of an educational experience on the knowledge of high school students with regard to telemarketing fraud tactics were explored in a controlled setting, in this study. Analyses of pre- and post-test results for treatment and control groups revealed an increased knowledge of telemarketing fraud tactics from a lesson on legitimate and fraudulent telemarketing practices. Even after controlling for age, gender and rural/urban residence a significant difference in average test scores continued to exist.
Just-in-time provisioning for cyber foraging

Cloud offload is an important technique in mobile computing. VM-based cloudlets have been proposed as offload sites for the resource-intensive and latency-sensitive computations typically associated with mobile multimedia applications. Since cloud offload relies on precisely-configured back-end software, it is difficult to support at global scale across cloudlets in multiple domains. To address this problem, we describe just-in-time (JIT) provisioning of cloudlets under the control of an associated mobile device. Using a suite of five representative mobile applications, we demonstrate a prototype system that is capable of provisioning a cloudlet with a non-trivial VM image in 10 seconds. This speed is achieved through dynamic VM synthesis and a series of optimizations to aggressively reduce transfer costs and startup latency.
Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery in Gynecology: Review of Literature and Available Technology

The objective of this article was to review the published literature on laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) in gynecology and to present current advances in instruments used in LESS surgery. Inasmuch as LESS surgery is relatively new, the current literature on use of this technique in gynecology is somewhat limited. Sixteen articles were available for the literature review: 10 case series, 2 comparative studies, 3 case reports, and 1 surgical technique demonstration. In recent years, however, improvements in traditional laparoscopic techniques and availability of more advanced instruments has made single-incision laparoscopy more feasible and safer for the patient. There is increasing interest in LESS surgery both as an alternative to traditional laparoscopy and as an adjunct to robotic surgery when performing complicated procedures through a single incision. Although LESS surgery provides another option in the arena of minimally invasive gynecologic surgery, the ultimate role of this approach remains to be determined.
Re‐exposure to beta cell autoantigens in pancreatic allograft recipients with preexisting beta cell autoantibodies

Re-exposure to beta cell autoantigens and its relevance in the presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) in pancreatic allograft recipients is not well known. Thirty-three patients requiring a pancreas transplant were enrolled in an IRB approved study. They underwent prospective monitoring for DSA and beta cell autoantibody (BCAA) levels to GAD65, insulinoma-associated antigen 2 (IA-2), insulin (micro-IAA [mIAA]), and islet-specific zinc transporter isoform-8 (ZnT8). Twenty-five (75.7%) had pre-transplant BCAA. Twenty had a single antibody (mIAA n = 15, GAD65 n = 5); five had two or more BCAA (GAD65 + mIAA n = 2, GAD65 + mIAA+IA-2 n = 2, GA65 + mIAA+IA-2 + ZnT8 = 1). No changes in GAD65 (p > 0.29), IA-2 (>0.16), and ZnT8 (p > 0.07) were observed between pre-transplant and post-transplant at 6 or 12 months. A decrease in mIAA from pre- to post-6 months (p < 0.0001), 12 months (p < 0.0001), and from post-6 to post-12 months (p = 0.0002) was seen. No new BCAA was observed at one yr. Seven (21.0%) developed de novo DSA. The incidence of DSA was 24% in patients with BCAA vs. 25% in patients without BCAA (p = 0.69). Pancreatic allograft function of patients with vs. without BCAA, and with and without BCAA + DSA was comparable until last follow-up (three yr). Re-exposure to beta cell autoantigens by pancreas transplant may not lead to increased levels or development of new BCAA or pancreatic allograft dysfunction.
On convection in ice I shells of outer Solar System bodies, with detailed application to Callisto

Abstract It has been argued that the dominant non-Newtonian creep mechanisms of water ice make the ice shell above Callisto's ocean, and by inference all radiogenically heated ice I shells in the outer Solar System, stable against solid-state convective overturn. Conductive heat transport and internal melting (oceans) are therefore predicted to be, or have been, widespread among midsize and larger icy satellites and Kuiper Belt objects. Alternatively, at low stresses (where non-Newtonian viscosities can be arbitrarily large), convective instabilities may arise in the diffusional creep regime for arbitrarily small temperature perturbations. For Callisto, ice viscosities are low enough that convection is expected over most of geologic time above the internal liquid layer for plausible ice grain sizes (⩽a few mm); the alternative for early Callisto, a conducting shell over a very deep ocean (>450 km), is not compatible with Callisto's present partially differentiated state. Moreover, if convection is occurring today, the stagnant lid would be quite thick (∼100 km) and compatible with the lack of active geology. Nevertheless, Callisto's steady-state heat flow may have fallen below the convective minimum for its ice I shell late in Solar System history. In this case convection ends, the ice shell melts back at its base, and the internal ocean widens considerably. The presence of such an ocean, of order 200 km thick, is compatible with Callisto's moment-of-inertia, but its formation would have caused an ∼0.25% radial expansion. The tectonic effects of such a late, slow expansion are not observed, so convection likely persists in Callisto, possibly subcritically. Ganymede, due to its greater size, rock fraction and full differentiation, has a substantially higher heat flow than Callisto and has not reached this tectonic end state. Titan, if differentiated, and Triton should be more similar to Ganymede in this regard. Pluto, like Callisto, may be near the tipping point for convective shutdown, but uncertainties in its size and rock fraction prevent a more definitive assessment.
On the road to ESD safe GaAs HBT MMICs

In order to design a robust electrostatic discharge (ESD) protected microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) in GaAs HBTs, a comprehensive assessment of device vulnerability to ESD events is presented. The results include not only the intrinsic HBT's ESD robustness performance but also its dependence on device layout, ballast resistor and process. Low capacitance loading ESD protection circuits for power and broadband amplifiers are also introduced to further improve the MMICs' ESD robustness along with examples.
Comparative effects of cardioselective versus noncardioselective beta blockade on subendocardial blood flow and contractile function in ischemic myocardium

Abstract The comparative effects of three beta adrenergic antagonists, bevantolol (CI-775, a new cardioselective agent), practolol and propranolol, on regional myocardial blood flow and contractile function distal to a severe flow-limiting stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery were studied in the anesthetized dog. Equivalent beta 1 receptor blocking doses of each agent were administered 30 minutes after production of a stenosis sufficient to reduce resting coronary blood flow and contractile force approximately 40 percent. Regional myocardial blood flow and contractile force were measured with radioactive labeled microspheres and Brodie-Walton strain gauge arches, respectively. After treatment with propranolol (0.3 mg/kg), subepicardial flow in the ischemic area decreased significantly whereas subendocardial flow was maintained, resulting in an increased endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio (0.59 ± 0.05 to 0.93 ± 0.09) (mean ± standard error of the mean). No significant change was observed in contractile performance of the ischemic area. Practolol (1.0 mg/kg) also produced a significant increase in endocardial/epicardial ratio (0.59 ± 0.05 to 0.69 ± 0.10) in the ischemic myocardium. Contractile performance remained unchanged. In contrast, after treatment with bevantolol (1.0 mg/kg), subendocardial flow (0.64 ± 0.13 to 0.77 ± 0.13 ml/min per g) and contractile function increased significantly (36.0 ± 11.0 percent) in ischemic myocardium. A marked increase in endocardial/ epicardial ratio (0.59 ± 0.05 to 0.93 ± 0.09) was also observed. These results suggest that a redistribution of blood flow within an ischemic region of the myocardium occurs with either beta 1 or a simultaneous beta 1 and beta 2 receptor blockade. Furthermore, these data indicate a possible advantage of a new cardioselective beta adrenergic antagonist, bevantolol, in improving ischemic subendocardial blood flow and contractile function.
Genomics and proteomics in process development: opportunities and challenges

Global gene expression profiling by genomic and proteomic analyses has changed the face of drug discovery and biological research in the past few years. The benefit of these technologies in the area of process development for recombinant protein production has been increasingly realized. This review discusses the application of genome-wide expression profiling tools in the design and optimization of bioprocesses, with the emphasis on the effect on process development of mammalian cell culture. Despite the lack of genome sequence information for most of the relevant mammalian cell lines used, these technologies can be applied during various process development steps. Although there are only a few examples in the literature that present a major improvement in productivity based on genomics and proteomics, further advances in analytical tools and genome sequencing technologies will greatly increase our knowledge at the molecular level and will drive the design of future bioprocesses.
Hydrogeology of the vicinity of Homestake mine, South Dakota, USA

The former Homestake mine in South Dakota (USA) cuts fractured metamorphic rock over a region several km2 in plan, and plunges to the SE to a depth of 2.4 km. Numerical simulations of the development and dewatering of the mine workings are based on idealizing the mine-workings system as two overlapping continua, one representing the open drifts and the other representing the host rock with hydrologic properties that vary with effective stress. Equating macroscopic hydrologic properties with characteristics of deformable fractures allows the number of parameters to be reduced, and it provides a physically based justification for changes in properties with depth. The simulations explain important observations, including the co-existence of shallow and deep flow systems, the total dewatering flow rate, the spatial distribution of in-flow, and the magnitude of porosity in the mine workings. The analysis indicates that a deep flow system induced by ~125 years of mining is contained within a surface-truncated ellipsoid roughly 8 km by 4 km in plan view and 5.5 km deep with its long-axis aligned to the strike of the workings. Groundwater flow into the southern side of the workings is characterized by short travel times from the ground surface, whereas flow into the northern side and at depth consists of old water removed from storage.
Autonomous Clustering-Based Heterogeneous Waveband Switching in WDM Networks

Employing waveband switching (WBS) in WDM networks can reduce the network operational cost and the call blocking probability. However, upgrading the existing optical switching architecture requires time and money. It is expected that a heterogeneous waveband switching (HeteroWBS) architecture would be desirable, where some nodes can support WBS functions and some cannot. We study the performance of HeteroWBS networks in terms of call blocking probability and cost savings under dynamic traffic requests. We propose an autonomous clustering-based HeteroWBS (AS-HeteroWBS) architecture to clusters the network into multiple autonomous systems (ASs). An AS may contain some specific nodes that provide WBS functions for all the nodes in the AS. Based on the architecture, three HeteroWBS algorithms are proposed. Our simulation results show that the HeteroWBS algorithms can achieve optimal cost savings while maintaining the same network throughput compared with the algorithm without WBS.
Want to Improve Undergraduate Thesis Writing? Engage Students and Their Faculty Readers in Scientific Peer Review

One of the best opportunities that undergraduates have to learn to write like a scientist is to write a thesis after participating in faculty-mentored undergraduate research. But developing writing skills doesn't happen automatically, and there are significant challenges associated with offering writing courses and with individualized mentoring. We present a hybrid model in which students have the structural support of a course plus the personalized benefits of working one-on-one with faculty. To optimize these one-on-one interactions, the course uses BioTAP, the Biology Thesis Assessment Protocol, to structure engagement in scientific peer review. By assessing theses written by students who took this course and comparable students who did not, we found that our approach not only improved student writing but also helped faculty members across the department—not only those teaching the course—to work more effectively and efficiently with student writers. Students who enrolled in this course were more likely to earn highest honors than students who only worked one-on-one with faculty. Further, students in the course scored significantly better on all higher-order writing and critical-thinking skills assessed.
PHASE-SPECIFIC GENES FOR MACROCONIDIATION IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Two new mutant genes in Neurospora crassa prevent the formation of free macroconidia from proconidial chains. These genes, called conidial separation-1 and conidial separation-2, are phase-specific, playing no role in either the sexual life cycle or other aspects of the asexual life cycle. A cell-wall-associated autolytic activity was found to increase in wild-type cultures at the time of active formation of free conidia from proconidial chains; no such increase was detected in mutant cultures. It appears that the products of these genes are both essential for and unique to macroconidiation.
Reproduction and population density: trade‐offs for the conservation of rhinos in situ

As the human population increases, wildlife is becoming restricted to protected remnants of ecosystems with boundaries that limit dispersal. The effect on large herbivores generally is an increase in population density. We investigated the relationship between population density and reproduction in white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum) in Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe. Two lines of evidence were examined: (1) a contrast in reproduction between a high-density and a low-density population; and (2) a longitudinal analysis of changes in reproductive parameters of a fenced population as density increased by >200%. As density increased within the fenced area, the rates of population growth and recruitment of calves decreased, and the age at first reproduction for females increased significantly. Females in the low-density population produced their first calves at significantly younger ages than those in the high-density population. Loss of body condition was related to both population density and female reproductive status. Because most African rhinos exist in relatively small reserves, an understanding of the implications of restricted dispersal and increased population density on their demography is critical to their conservation in situ. Managers need to consider trade-offs between enhanced safety from poaching and density-dependent effects on reproduction in developing conservation strategies for rhinos and other rare, large species confined to reserve systems.
Microbiology Survey of Equipment in Selected Poultry Processing Plants

Abstract Predetermined areas from 24 selected pieces of equipment in thirteen Georgia poultry processing plants were swabbed prior to start-up and before and after midday cleanup on two consecutive days in an attempt to detect potential sources of contamination and to determine the effectiveness of the cleanup procedure. A moistened calcium alginate swab was used to take samples from the surface of the equipment. A one percent sodium citrate solution was used in making serial dilutions. Significantly less contamination of equipment was found on Mondays than Tuesdays. Picker fingers were found to be the most difficult piece of equipment to clean. Knives and scissors used in the evisceration procedure and in cut-up operations were found to be highly contaminated before start-up in most of the plants surveyed which indicated inadequate cleanup. When scald tanks and chillers were permitted to overflow during lunch break, a dilution effect occurred which reduced the microbial load. Microbial counts of ice ranged from a low of 10 to a high of 4,500 per ml. Packaging materials were found to have higher microbial counts prior to start-up than before or after lunch break. Gloves were found to be more highly contaminated than the hands of the employees wearing the gloves. It was concluded that poultry processing plants need the information which a microbiological survey can provide in order to locate potential sources of microbial contamination throughout the plant. The control or elimination of such contamination can result in increased shelf life of the product.
Eating in response to exercise cues: Role of self-control fatigue, exercise habits, and eating restraint.

Identifying moderators of compensatory eating is important for understanding the failure of many people to lose weight in response to increased exercise levels. A previous study demonstrated that individuals shown action words (e.g., "active" or "go") were primed by these words to increase energy intake. Further studies have demonstrated that individual differences (e.g. differences in body mass) affect susceptibility to relevant priming cues. Based on these findings, this study examined individual differences, including exercise habits, tendencies toward compensatory eating, dietary restraint, and body mass that may serve as moderators of compensatory eating in the context of conceptual priming. A 2 × 2 design was utilized to analyze the effects of both priming and a self-control task on energy intake. Participants were presented with several snack foods under the guise of a taste test, with energy intake (kcal) during this taste test as the primary outcome variable. Results of this study indicate that, among those with higher baseline levels of exercise, lower energy intake was found for those exposed to exercise cues relative to those who did not receive these cues. In addition, the influence of the self-control fatigue condition was dependent on body mass index.
Studying Family Transitions from a Systems Perspective: The Role of Biomarkers

This chapter discusses biological measures as contributors to the family system and biomarker collection in large scale studies, framed primarily through our experiences in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). We illustrate field, laboratory, and data dissemination challenges for a selection of common biomarkers, leading to best practice recommendations. We also present illustrative findings of multilevel systems research integrating biomarker, social, and behavioral data that provide novel insights into social and behavioral phenomena. We close with a rationale for incorporating biomarkers into social science research, despite the challenges, and highlight future possibilities for expanded multilevel systems research capitalizing on intergenerational study designs.
The evolutionary theory of asymmetry by V. Geodakyan

For more than 150 years, all biological theories, including those of C. Darwin and Mendel, were based on the idea of synchronous evolution. They fit for unitary monomodal systems (asexual, symmetrical) but do not work for binary (dioecious, asymmetrical) ones. Examples of such binary conjugated differentiations are two sexes, DNA–proteins, autosomes–sex chromosomes, right and left brain hemispheres, and hands. For their understanding, “asynchronous” theories are needed. Such theories were proposed by Russian theoretical biologist Vigen A. Geodakyan for sexual, brain and body, and chromosomal differentiations. All theories are interconnected and are based on the principle of conjugated subsystems. This article covers the basic tenets of the evolutionary theory of asymmetry and answers the following questions: What benefits does lateralization provide? What logic, what principle is it based on? Why do brain hemispheres control the opposite sides of the body? Why laterality is closely related to sex? What ar...
Evaluation of Unknown Foundations Using Surface-Based Full Waveform Tomography

An application of two-dimensional (2D) time-domain full waveform tomography is presented to evaluate existing foundations using surface-based seismic wave fields. The full waveform inversion (FWI) technique is based on a finite-difference solution of 2D elastic wave equations and the Gauss–Newton inversion method. Both compression-wave (P-wave) and shear-wave (S-wave) velocities are inverted independently and simultaneously to increase the credibility of characterized profiles. The FWI technique was applied on both synthetic and real experimental data sets. Inverted results of synthetic data revealed that individual embedded foundation elements (piles) and soil between piles were distinguished. For real experimental data, seismic surface wave fields were measured next to two drilled shafts with a 1.2-m diameter and a 15-m length and then inverted by the FWI technique. The waveform analysis successfully profiled embedded shaft elements and subsurface soil stratigraphy, and shaft lengths of 15 m were also predicted.
Professional Associations and Archival Education: A Different Role, or a Different Theater?

In this article the author contends that as professional associations plan archival education programs they often do so from too narrow a perspective and without sufficient thought as to how their efforts mesh with those of other associations or with graduate archival education programs. He also argues that, because of the murky distinction between preappointment and postappointment education, both SAA and the regional archival associations share a common primary mission: to fill the gaps that exist in the present network of graduate archival education opportunities. To do so, archival associations need to (1) pay closer attention to the graduate programs and learn where gaps exist, (2) examine more closely some of their past assumptions concerning archival education in light of recent information, and (3) take a broader view of how their efforts may contribute to the development of the archival profession generally in addition to serving the needs of their primary constituency.
Modeling of band-3 protein diffusion in the normal and defective red blood cell membrane

We employ a two-component red blood cell (RBC) membrane model to simulate lateral diffusion of band-3 proteins in the normal RBC and in the RBC with defective membrane proteins. The defects reduce the connectivity between the lipid bilayer and the membrane skeleton (vertical connectivity), or the connectivity of the membrane skeleton itself (horizontal connectivity), and are associated with the blood disorders of hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) respectively. Initially, we demonstrate that the cytoskeleton limits band-3 lateral mobility by measuring the band-3 macroscopic diffusion coefficients in the normal RBC membrane and in a lipid bilayer without the cytoskeleton. Then, we study band-3 diffusion in the defective RBC membrane and quantify the relation between band-3 diffusion coefficients and percentage of protein defects in HE RBCs. In addition, we illustrate that at low spectrin network connectivity (horizontal connectivity) band-3 subdiffusion can be approximated as anomalous diffusion, while at high horizontal connectivity band-3 diffusion is characterized as confined diffusion. Our simulations show that the band-3 anomalous diffusion exponent depends on the percentage of protein defects in the membrane cytoskeleton. We also confirm that the introduction of attraction between the lipid bilayer and the spectrin network reduces band-3 diffusion, but we show that this reduction is lower than predicted by the percolation theory. Furthermore, we predict that the attractive force between the spectrin filament and the lipid bilayer is at least 20 times smaller than the binding forces at band-3 and glycophorin C, the two major membrane binding sites. Finally, we explore diffusion of band-3 particles in the RBC membrane with defects related to vertical connectivity. We demonstrate that in this case band-3 diffusion can be approximated as confined diffusion for all attraction levels between the spectrin network and the lipid bilayer. By comparing the diffusion coefficients measured in horizontal vs. vertical defects, we conclude that band-3 mobility is primarily controlled by the horizontal connectivity.
Distance functions and topologies

(1991). Distance Functions and Topologies. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 98, No. 7, pp. 620-623.
α and β Bands in Sodium Chloride

The peak energy of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ bands in sodium chloride crystals have been measured at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with a vacuum ultraviolet monochromator. The $\ensuremath{\beta}$ band was well defined, and occurred at 7.40 ev with a half-width of 0.4 ev. The oscillator strength of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ band was calculated to be 0.55. No resolved $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ band could be produced, but subtraction of absorption curves indicated that it occurred near 7.20 ev.
Defendant Wealth and Civil Litigation: The Effects of Profit Levels on Compensatory and Punitive Damages:

An experiment was conducted in order to examine the effects of defendant wealth on civil litigation damage award decisions. Wealth was manipulated in the form of company profits. This study combined two moderate profit values with the two extremes used in past research (Paige, et al 2003). All participants read three trial scenarios in which the Defendant Manufacturer was found responsible for the plaintiff's injuries and awarded either economic, punitive, or pain and suffering damages. Interestingly, with the inclusion of more moderate values, profit information was found to significantly influence punitive, pain and suffering, as well as economic damage awards. The pain and suffering relationship was not found in the previous study.
A Methodology for the Characterization of Urinary Glycosaminoglycans

This study presents a method for the isolation and identification of urinary glycosaminoglycans. Aliquots of 24-hour urine specimens are ultrafiltered through a Biogel filtration column to obtain the macromolecular fractions. These fractions are then subjected to electrophoretic, enzymatic and chemical analyses to obtain qualitative and quantitative information about the glycosaminoglycans contained. The methodology presented is intended to be used in subsequent studies where data can be analyzed and determinations can be made concerning the character of glycosaminoglycans in the urine of stone formers and non-stone formers.