cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dust as a collection media for contaminant source attribution

Abstract Dust was investigated for its ability to retain source attribution profiles (SAPs) after chemical exposure. Three distinct sources of the organophosphate pesticide acephate were investigated as a proof-of-concept model. In addition, attribution profiles were created and tested using compounds related to chemical warfare agents (CWAs), specifically VX and G-series agents: O -ethyl methylphosphonothioate (EMPTA), N , N -diisopropylmethylamine (DIPMA), N , N -diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), diisopropylamine (DIPA), diethyl aniline (DEA), diethyl ethyl phosphonate (DEEP), trimethyl phosphite (TMP), dimethyl hydrogen phosphite (DMHP), diethyl hydrogen phosphite (DEHP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), ethyl methylphosphonate (EMPA), and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP). Dust was collected from a storage shed, aliquots deposited on carpet and loaded with distinct chemical profiles using an exposure chamber and aerosolizer. After a given period of time (1 h, 24 h, or 72 h), the dust was extracted and its SAP analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and/or liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to determine the association of dust exposed to the same and different chemical sources. PCA results demonstrate that dust samples exposed to distinct chemical sources are clearly differentiated from one another across all collection times. Furthermore, dust aliquots exposed to the same source can be clearly associated with one another across all collection times. When the CWA-related compounds were subjected to elevated temperature (90 °C) conditions, it was found that the signature was stable at the 1 h and 24 h collections. At 72 h and elevated temperature, larger deviations from the control were observed for some compounds. Elevated pH (10) affected the profile to a lesser degree than elevated temperature. Overall, dust is found to be an effective media for the in situ collection of source attribution profiles.
Dynamical difference equations

Abstract Dynamical difference equations are motivated and developed. Conservation and covariance laws are proved. Illustrative examples are described and discussed. Newtonian equations are stressed, but extensions to relativity and quantum mechanics are indicated. The physical problem of convergence to the limit as the time step goes to zero is shown to reveal an area in which quantum mechanics and relativity are in disagreement.
Genetic search methods in air traffic control

Of primary importance to the efficient operation and profitability of an airline is adherence to its flight schedule. This paper examines that segment of air traffic control, termed traffic management adviser (TMA), which is charged with the complex task of scheduling arriving aircraft to available runways in a manner that minimizes delays and satisfies safety constraints. In particular, we investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of using genetic search methods to support the scheduling decisions made by TMA.Four different genetic search methods are tested on TMA problems suggested by recent work at the NASA Ames Research Center. For problems of realistic size, optimal or near-optimal assignments of aircraft to runways are achieved in real time.
Reading through linguistic borderlands: Latino students’ transactions with narrative texts

This study examines the biliteracy development of a group of bilingual Latino third graders in an elementary school in the south-west USA. It focuses on the role of language in children’s reading comprehension of narrative texts in Spanish and English in a school context. The authors frame their analysis within the ‘Continua of Biliteracy’ model (Hornberger, 1989, 2003), highlighting how the youngsters drew on their linguistic resources to negotiate the contexts and contents of biliteracy. Data come from the students’ 24 retellings of story books, alternating between Spanish and English. The data were analyzed using story grammar and sociolinguistic analysis. The findings of the study show how, for young bilingual and bicultural students, their languages themselves exist on a continuum.That is, in developing their biliteracy, these children navigate linguistic borderlands through their use of Spanglish, reflecting their sociolinguistic and sociocultural realities where there are not necessarily strong dis...
Rare-earth element geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago, central Pacific☆☆☆

Abstract The rare-earth element (REE) composition of ferromanganese deposits from the Hawaiian Archipelago was determined as part of a geochemical investigation into the origin and environment of deposition of crusts. Most samples exhibit shale-normalized REE patterns which are typical of hydrogenous ferromanganese deposits. Patterns of two todorokite- and manjiroite-rich crusts are significantly different from those of the other samples. The range of concentrations in typical Hawaiian crusts (sum of REE 0.15–0.25 wt.%) is in the uppermost portion of that reported for deep-sea Fe-Mn nodules. Shallow-water ( 2000 m) as well as slightly greater REE fractionation. Large positive Ce anomalies attributed to the oxidative scavenging at the MnO 2 surface are observed on all samples except one. The slight light REE (LREE) depletion in shallow-water crusts relative to deeper samples is discussed in terms of variations in the REE concentrations in the water column and the relative complexing behavior of the REE. No significant trend in Ce concentration with depth is observed. Partition coefficient calculations suggest that concentrations of trivalent REE in crusts are affected by their availability in seawater to a greater extent than by the composition of the scavenging ferromanganese oxide flocs.
Reconstituted olfactory receptors in bilayer lipid membranes

Abstract Bullfrog olfactory receptors were reconstituted in bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs). Three odorants were presented to the reconstituted system. The three structurally related odorants were diethylsulfide (DES), thiophene (THP) and diethanolsulfide (DOS). The ordorants were presented in pairs. DOS induced a response in the presence of either of the other two odorants. DES and THP did not induce a response in the presence of either of the other two odorants. These observations suggest that there are two substructures, one common to the three odorants and one that is unique to DOS. The results support the notion that olfactory receptors detect certain molecular segments of odorants.
Noninvasive Determination of the Location and Distribution of DNAPL Using Advanced Seismic Relfection Techniques

Recent advances in seismic reflection amplitude analysis (e.g., amplitude versus offset-AVO, bright spot mapping) technology to directly detect the presence of subsurface DNAPL (e.g., CCl4) were applied to 216–Z-9 crib, 200 West Area, DOE Hanford Site, Washington. Modeling to determine what type of anomaly might be present was performed. Model results were incorporated in the interpretation of the seismic data to determine the location of any seismic amplitude anomalies associated with the presence of high concentrations of CCl4. Seismic reflection profiles were collected and analyzed for the presence of DNAPL. Structure contour maps of the contact between the Hanford fine unit and the Plio/Pleistocene unit and between the Plio/Pleistocene unit and the caliche layer were interpreted to determine potential DNAPL flow direction. Models indicate that the contact between the Plio/Pleistocene unit and the caliche should have a positive reflection coefficient. When high concentrations of CCl4 are present, the reflection coefficient of this interface displays a noticeable positive increase in the seismic amplitude (i.e., bright spot). Amplitude data contoured on the Plio/Pleistocene-caliche boundary display high values indicating the presence of DNAPL to the north and east of the crib area. The seismic data agree well with the well control in areas of high concentrations of CCl4.
Codon-restriction theory of aging and development

Abstract This paper presents an extension of the codon modulation theory of development and aging to a number of areas that were not included in the original versions of this theory. The basic postulates of the model-that the kinds of proteins synthesized by a cell are controlled by the set of code words a cell can decode-are defined and analyzed within the context of recent findings on transfer RNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase changes in various tissues during development and aging. Consistencies and inconsistencies between model and observation are considered, and it appears that early predictions of the model are borne out by recent findings. The paper then deals with a mechanism for achieving sequential gene expression through a process in which a given set of codon-reading capacities leads automatically to additions of new (and/or subtractions of old) codon usages as a result of the translatability of messages for synthetases and synthetase-repressors (chalones?) encoded in the prior language set. The investiture of new or repressed codon usages through the action of virally coded tRNA's (and/or synthetases) by oncogenic viruses is discussed as a mechanism of oncognenesis directly derived from the above concepts. The concept is also developed that each modulated synthetase permits the decoding of messages which specify repressor templates, some of which may be integral parts of structural gene products. Extension of the concepts to the problem of antibody synthesis suggests that the variable portions of the light and heavy chains are the natural repressors of a limiting synthetase, and that the constant regions represent decoded “spacer” regions between structural genes. It was shown, from an analysis of the amino acid sequence in known gamma globulins, that a complementarity exists between the initial and terminal regions of the DNA sequences which specify four out of six of the chain segments. This implies that the DNA coding for those regions exists in the form of self-complementary single-stranded loops, and that these tertiary structures may serve as binding sites for basic proteins during mitotic DNA condensation. The model is suited to explain immune tolerance and loss of tolerance provided that effective antibodies possess more than two kinds of variable regions. Clonal aging, control of regeneration, and contact inhibition are explicable as the consequences of irreversible and reversible repressor accumulation on plasma membranes. The possibility that functions lost during development and aging may be derepressed through the administration of antibodies to such autogenic repressors is discussed.
Optimal and nonlinear decoupling control of systems with sandwiched backlash

A scheme is proposed for control of multi-body, multi-input and multi-output nonlinear systems with joint backlash, flexibility and damping, represented by a gun turret-barrel model which consists of two subsystems: two motors driving two loads (turret and barrel) coupled by nonlinear dynamics. The key feature of such systems is that the backlash is between two dynamic blocks. Optimal control schemes are employed for backlash compensation and nonlinear feedback control laws are used for control of nonlinear dynamics. When one load is in contact phase and the other load is in backlash phase, a feedback linearization design decouples the multivariable nonlinear dynamics so that backlash compensation and tracking control can be both achieved. Nonlinear zero dynamics systems caused by joint damping are bounded-input, bounded state stable so that feedback linearization control designs ensure that all closed-loop signals are bounded and asymptotic tracking is achievable. Simulation results verify the desired system tracking performance.
A Computational Model of “Active Vision” for Visual Search in Human–Computer Interaction

Human visual search plays an important role in many human–computer interaction HCI tasks. Better models of visual search are needed not just to predict overall performance outcomes, such as whether people will be able to find the information needed to complete an HCI task, but to understand the many human processes that interact in visual search, which will in turn inform the detailed design of better user interfaces. This article describes a detailed instantiation, in the form of a computational cognitive model, of a comprehensive theory of human visual processing known as “active vision” Findlay & Gilchrist, 2003. The computational model is built using the Executive Process-Interactive Control cognitive architecture. Eye-tracking data from three experiments inform the development and validation of the model. The modeling asks—and at least partially answers—the four questions of active vision: a What can be perceived in a fixation? b When do the eyes move? c Where do the eyes move? d What information is integrated between eye movements? Answers include: a Items nearer the point of gaze are more likely to be perceived, and the visual features of objects are sometimes misidentified. b The eyes move after the fixated visual stimulus has been processed i.e., has entered working memory. c The eyes tend to go to nearby objects. d Only the coarse spatial information of what has been fixated is likely maintained between fixations. The model developed to answer these questions has both scientific and practical value in that the model gives HCI researchers and practitioners a better understanding of how people visually interact with computers, and provides a theoretical foundation for predictive analysis tools that can predict aspects of that interaction.
Capacity analysis in multi-state synaptic models: a retrieval probability perspective

We define the memory capacity of networks of binary neurons with finite-state synapses in terms of retrieval probabilities of learned patterns under standard asynchronous dynamics with a predetermined threshold. The threshold is set to control the proportion of non-selective neurons that fire. An optimal inhibition level is chosen to stabilize network behavior. For any local learning rule we provide a computationally efficient and highly accurate approximation to the retrieval probability of a pattern as a function of its age. The method is applied to the sequential models (Fusi and Abbott, Nat Neurosci 10:485---493, 2007) and meta-plasticity models (Fusi et al., Neuron 45(4):599---611, 2005; Leibold and Kempter, Cereb Cortex 18:67---77, 2008). We show that as the number of synaptic states increases, the capacity, as defined here, either plateaus or decreases. In the few cases where multi-state models exceed the capacity of binary synapse models the improvement is small.
Compound Formation in the Systems Lithium-Carbon and Lithium-Boron

The phases present in the 2 to 50 at.% lithium region for the system lithium-carbon below 700° C are carbon and stoichiometric Li2C2. The unit cell of Li2C2 was identified as primitive monoclinic. A lithium boride phase of composition LiBio10.85 ± 0.35 was synthesized in the lithium-boron system for samples containing up to 50 at.% lithium. The Debye-Scherrer X-ray powder pattern for this phase can be indexed on the basis of a tetragonal unit cell. Lithium reacts with boron carbide to form lithium carbide and lithium boride.
Hepatitis C: A sleeping giant?

In the United States, non-A, non-B hepatitis accounts for 20-40% of acute viral hepatitis. Although it has traditionally been considered a transfusion-associated disease, non-A, non-B hepatitis is more likely to occur outside the transfusion setting. Surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control show that in 1988 6% of patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis reported a history of blood transfusion, 46% parenteral drug use, 10% household or sexual exposure to a contact who had had hepatitis or exposure to multiple sex partners, 2% medical or dental employment involving frequent blood contact, less than 1% hemodialysis, and 40% no known source. Antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) is found in the majority of patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis independent of the source of infection; however, antibody may not appear for 6 to 9 months after exposure or onset of illness. Limited serologic studies of the prevalence of anti-HCV in various population groups have found high anti-HCV rates (50-80%) in parenteral drug users and hemophiliacs, intermediate rates among the sexually active (5-15%), and low rates among health care workers (1%). In persons with acute or chronic hepatitis C, the presence of anti-HCV appears to indicate infectivity. Persons with no history of hepatitis who are anti-HCV positive may or may not be infectious. More sensitive and specific markers for the detection of hepatitis C virus will be needed to resolve this question.
Size and conformation of organic molecules

Abstract Dimensions are given for several proteins and peptides based upon X-ray diffraction data. The size of the molecules is found not to increase substantially even though the molecular weight may increase several orders of magnitude.
Phase-transition plasticity response in uniaxially compressed silicon nanospheres

We present a microscopic description for the response of crystalline Si nanospheres up to 10 nm in radius for various uniaxial compression levels. The behavior at low compressions closely resembles the Hertzian predictions. At higher compressions the creation of a new beta-tin phase in the particle core leads to (i) volumetric changes (ii) an increase in elastic moduli, and (iii) significant hardening. Further, (iv) a reversible character of the transformation is obtained with molecular dynamics simulations. The agreement of (i)-(iv) with recent experimental findings challenges the current exclusive view of a dislocation plasticity response in somewhat larger nanoparticles. The phase-transition path should dominate in ultrasmall structures, where dislocation activity is prohibited.
Waveguide heterojunction phototransistors for the analog fiber optic link and signal processing applications

Waveguide npin heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs) are investigated for analog fiber-optic link applications. The device is fabricated on a semi-insulating InP substrate with an integrated CPW transmission line. At low optical power, an incremental DC responsivity of approximately 16 A/W is observed at 1.3 micrometers wavelength. It is demonstrated that the HPT responsivity at RF frequencies can be increased through a second optical beam. Signal mixing experiment using two RF-modulated optical beams shows that the waveguide npin HPT can be used as an effective integrated photodetector/mixer for RF signal up- and down-conversion.
A human vascular disorder, supravalvular aortic stenosis, maps to chromosome 7

The pathogenesis of vascular disease is unclear, but genetic factors play an important role. In this study we performed linkage analyses in two families with supravalvular aortic stenosis, an inherited vascular disorder that causes narrowing of major arteries and may lead to cardiac overload and failure. DNA markers on the long arm of chromosome 7 (D7S371, D7S395, D7S448, and ELN) were linked to supravalvular aortic stenosis in both families with a combined logarithm of likelihood for linkage (lod score) of 5.9 at the ELN locus. These findings indicate that a gene for supravalvular aortic stenosis is located in the same chromosomal subunit as elastin, which becomes a candidate for the disease gene.
Surface roughening in low-pressure chemical vapor deposition

We examine, using $(2+1)$-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations, the roughening behavior of a reemission model for chemical vapor deposition. We find that, for pure first-order reemission, the interface roughens logarithmically with time and that the scaling exponents are, for most sets of conditions, close to the exponents of the Edwards-Wilkinson model $(\ensuremath{\alpha}=0,$ $\ensuremath{\beta}=0,$ and $z=2).$ We compare our results to experimental results on chemical vapor deposition.
Liquid-crystal-display-based implementation of a real-time ICVision holographic stereogram display

The ICVision system is a diffractive display based on VLSI and liquid crystal technologies which displays the functional equivalent of a real-time holographic stereogram. We have previously reported several static ICVision displays, based on the partial pixel architecture, that displays a fixed 3D scene. Herein we report the first real-time implementation of an ICVision display (also based on the partial pixel architecture) that displays the functional equivalent of a real-time holographic stereogram. The device is constructed using a diffractive optical element and a separate liquid crystal display. The animated sequence is pre-computed then played back in real-time using standard VGA on a 80386 or higher PC. The display, drive electronics, and computer may be battery powered making the display suitable for portable use.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sensitization of malignant glioma to chemotherapy through dendritic cell vaccination

Drug resistance represents a major cause of chemotherapy failure in patients with cancer. The characterization of the molecular pathways involved in drug resistance has provided new targets to circumvent or reverse chemotherapy resistance. Many of these target proteins are often overexpressed in human glioma and have been identified as tumor antigens, which implicate the development of immunotherapy as a therapeutic strategy. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system and have been demonstrated to stimulate antibody and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor-associated antigens. Ex vivo-generated and tumor antigen-loaded DCs have been successfully introduced to clinical vaccination protocols, which have proven to be feasible and effective in some glioma patients. Most importantly, immunotherapy followed by chemotherapy could significantly increase 2-year survival in malignant glioma patients, which obviously demonstrates that DC vaccination could increase...
Genomic complexity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

In this issue of Blood , Kujawski and colleagues report that genetic complexity in CLL is associated with aggressive disease. These investigators examine the DNA of the leukemia cells from 178 CLL patients for loss or gain of genomic material using arrays capable of detecting SNPs.
Deep level defects in CdS/GaAs heterojunctions

Abstract Deep level defects in epitaxially grown CdS/GaAs heterojunctions were investigated using transient capacitance spectroscopy. Five different electron and hole traps were observed in the heterojunctions with activation energies of 0.31, 0.47, 0.69, and 0.16 and 0.32 eV respectively. The emission rate, capture cross section and concentration of these traps are reported in this paper. Trap concentrations ranged from 10 12 to 10 15 cm -3 depending on the heterojunction fabrication procedure.
Salivary cortisol responses in prepubertal boys: the effects of parental substance abuse and association with drug use behavior during adolescence

Abstract Background: The purpose of this investigation was threefold. First, we extended our original observation of decreased cortisol reactivity to an anticipated stressor in sons of fathers with a substance use disorder (SUD). Second, we examined the hypothesis that salivary cortisol underresponsivity in these high-risk prepubertal boys is an adaptation to the stress associated with having a father with a current, rather than remitted, SUD. Third, we tested the hypothesis that prepubertal cortisol underreactivity might be associated with subsequent drug use behavior during adolescence. Methods: Preadolescent salivary cortisol responses were examined in the context of risk-group status, paternal substance abuse offsets, and subsequent adolescent drug use behavior. Results: The results confirmed a decreased salivary cortisol response to an anticipated stressor among sons of SUD fathers in our expanded sample. In addition, sons of fathers with a current SUD and boys whose fathers had a SUD offset from their 3rd to 6th birthdays had lower anticipatory stress cortisol levels compared with sons of control fathers. Finally, lower preadolescent anticipatory cortisol responses were associated with regular monthly cigarette smoking and regular monthly marijuana use during adolescence. Conclusions: Hyporeactivity as an adaptation to chronic stress may be salient to the intergenerational transmission of substance abuse liability.
Quantifying the Persistence of Pro-Smoking Media Effects on College Students' Smoking Risk

Abstract Purpose To quantify the persistence of pro-smoking media exposure effects on college students' intentions to smoke and smoking refusal self-efficacy. Method A total of 134 college students (ages 18–24 years) were enrolled in an ecological momentary assessment study in which they carried handheld data collection devices for 3 weeks and reported their exposures to pro-smoking media as they occurred in the real world. Smoking intentions and smoking refusal self-efficacy were assessed after each exposure to pro-smoking media and at random prompts during each day of the 3-week assessment period. A generalized additive model was used to determine how long the effect of an exposure to pro-smoking media persisted. Results The effect of pro-smoking media exposures persisted for 7 days. After exposure, smoking intentions immediately increased (.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [.26, .87]) and then steadily decreased (−.12; 95% CI: [−.19, −.05]) each day for 7 days, while smoking refusal self-efficacy immediately decreased (−.42; 95% CI: [−.75, −.10]) and then steadily increased (.09; 95% CI: [.02, .16]) each day for 7 days. Daily changes occurring after 7 days were not statistically significant, suggesting that smoking intentions and refusal self-efficacy had stabilized and were no longer affected by pro-smoking media exposure. Conclusions Exposures to pro-smoking media may have strong implications for emerging young adults smoking risk as the impact of an individual exposure appears to persist for at least a week.
A membrane protein complex mediates retro-translocation from the ER lumen into the cytosol

Elimination of misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retro-translocation is an important physiological adaptation to ER stress. This process requires recognition of a substrate in the ER lumen and its subsequent movement through the membrane by the cytosolic p97 ATPase. Here we identify a p97-interacting membrane protein complex in the mammalian ER that links these two events. The central component of the complex, Derlin-1, is a homologue of Der1, a yeast protein whose inactivation prevents the elimination of misfolded luminal ER proteins. Derlin-1 associates with different substrates as they move through the membrane, and inactivation of Derlin-1 in C. elegans causes ER stress. Derlin-1 interacts with US11, a virally encoded ER protein that specifically targets MHC class I heavy chains for export from the ER, as well as with VIMP, a novel membrane protein that recruits the p97 ATPase and its cofactor.
Epidemiology of gingivitis

In recent years, tremendous strides have been made in understanding the etiology of gingivitis. This increase in knowledge has come, for the most part, from basic research in oral microbiology, immunology, histology and pathology. Over the past decade, less progress has been made in further refining the epidemiological relationships between gingivitis and various host and environmental factors. The major restraint has been the great difficulty in reliably measuring gingival inflammation. This problem has resulted in great inter- and intra-study variation in diagnosing the prevalence and severity of gingivitis in human populations. Consequently, it is almost impossible to estimate longitudinal trends in gingivitis and it is nearly as difficult to make comparisons among different population groups studied by different examiners. Nevertheless, by focusing on the most apparent and robust epidemiological relationships, an instructive overview of the epidemiology of gingivitis can be gained. A number of host and environmental factors have been studied in relation to gingivitis and some of these will be reviewed. With respect to age, there is general concensus that marginal gingivitis begins in early childhood, increases in prevalence and severity to the early teenage years, thereafter subsiding slightly and leveling off for the remainder of the second decade of life. Gingivitis during the adult period is much more difficult to characterize due to paucity of data. Estimates of the general prevalence of adult gingivitis vary from approximately 50 to 100% for dentate subjects. In terms of gingivitis prevalence, the dentate elderly do not deviate appreciably from the general adult pattern. When adjusted for cohort effects, gingival disease appears to be on the decline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Staining for Autoradiography of the Central Nervous System

Central nervous system (CNS) histological stains have been tested for their compatibility with autoradiography. Both paraffin and frozen sections were used. Frozen sections were mounted on subbed slides, dried overnight, dehydrated, defatted in xylene for 1 hr and then rehydrated. Slides were coated by dipping in Kodak NTB2 emulsion. All Nissl stains except gallocyanin gave good results when used after development. Myelin staining was more difficult because iron alum dissolved silver grains if used after development and Weil, Woelcke, and Weigert prestained sections are bleached by the photographic fixer. Luxol fast blue (LFB) used before coating was judged best for myelin staining of both paraffin and frozen sections. Bodian and Holmes silver stains for axons gave good results when used before coating. Stains requiring iron alum or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) were not usable on frozen sections due to severe suppression of grain formation in the emulsion. Many stains (Woelcke, lithium hematoxylin-Darrow re...
Buffering Effect of Parental Monitoring Knowledge and Parent-Adolescent Relationships on Consequences of Adolescent Substance Use.

When adolescents begin using substances, negative consequences are not always directly proportional to the amount used; heavy users may have few consequences whereas light users may have numerous consequences. This study examined how parental monitoring knowledge and parent–child relationship quality may serve as buffers against negative consequences when adolescents use substances. Self-report questionnaires were administered to a community sample of 200 healthy adolescents and their parents at two time points, one year apart. Results suggest that both parental monitoring knowledge and parent–child relationship quality serve as buffers against negative consequences of substance use—but only when adolescents report high levels of monitoring knowledge or strong parent–child relationship quality. Results suggests adolescent perceived parental monitoring knowledge and parent–child relationship quality each act independently to buffer adolescents against negative consequences of substance use over a 1-year period.
The hospitality and tourism industry in India: conclusions and solutions

Purpose – The paper aims to present answers to the strategic question: what contribution will hospitality and tourism make in securing sustainable economic growth in India? It attempts to integrate the conclusions of the six articles contributed by industry experts to the Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes (WHATT) issue on hospitality and tourism in India.Design/methodology/approach – The approach is to integrate the findings and recommendations from the six articles and to include the issues and suggestions that were made by practitioners and academics at the theme issue roundtable discussion.Findings – While discussing the overall challenges to the hospitality and tourism in India, the practitioners suggested measures which if addressed, could stimulate economic growth not only in this industry but also for India's economy as a whole. The most significant factors affecting hospitality and tourism in India are: infrastructure management; government policy; workforce issues and education in hospital...
Interaction of PH3 coadsorbed with H2, D2, O2 and H2O on Rh(100)

Abstract The coadsorption of PH3 with H2, D2, O2 and H2O on Rh(100) has been studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The adsorption and molecular desorption of PH3 is not affected by preadsorbed H2, D2 and O2. Preadsorbed PH3 blocks H2 desorption sites while postdosed PH3 displaces H2 (D21) from the Rh(100). When D2 and PH3 are coadsorbed, no D appears in desorbed phosphine. Preadsorbed O2 reduces the amount of H2 desorption (from PH3 decomposition) and increases the H2 desorption temperature. There is also some reaction between O(a) and H(a) to form water. Preexposure to H2O decreases the extent of PH3 adsorption and of PH3 decomposition.
The process of deciding about prophylactic surgery for breast and ovarian cancer: Patient questions, uncertainties, and communication.

Many women who have, or are at risk for, BRCA 1/2 mutations or breast cancer decline prophylactic surgery, but questions remain as to how they make and experience these decisions. Our methods consisted of interviewing 32 women for 2 hr each; 19 were tested, 20 were symptomatic. Our results showed that these surgical options forced women to confront questions, involving stresses and uncertainties, regarding: implications of test results, prognoses with and without surgery, and effects of surgery (e.g., on self-image). Given these dilemmas, many women turned to doctors who then ranged in what and how they communicated about these issues, and how strongly they offered input. Some patients felt disappointed at provider non-directiveness, while others found providers too directive. Patients turned to family members and friends, who also ranged in how and what they communicated, and whether they agreed with the patient and/or each other. Many women turned to patient communities, but then had to decide how involved to be, and what information to provide or accept. These data suggest that providers and others may need to be more aware of the series of questions, involving stresses and uncertainties, that these women face, and the complex roles providers themselves may play. These data highlight needs for physicians to be able to address these issues flexibly, gauging patient preferences for information and paternalism (vs. autonomy). These data suggest areas for future research: for example, on how providers decide whether, what and how to communicate about these issues, and how these choices shape treatment decisions.
Extending fieldbus standards to food processing and packaging industry: A review

Several fieldbus systems based on different standards are in use since a decade. Bearing in mind that a dedicated fieldbus for food plant operation and management (FOAM) does not exist, this paper highlights their applications in this sector. In recent years, such pressures as operational flexibility, state-of-the-art technology, regulations, quality control, productivity, and last but not the least the environmental issues have motivated the food processing and packaging industry to search for strategic ways to fulfill factory-wide automation, control, and management requirements. However, the acceptance of fieldbus technology especially for the food processing and packaging applications has been minimal. Because, new processing plants small to large including renovation and modernization sites are emerging almost everyday, there is a pressing need to extensively disseminate the characteristic features, so that the fieldbus revolution can spread to serve the food industries in a bigger way. This paper critically reviews the characteristic features of some popular fieldbus systems while advocating modern networked automation tools and systems scenarios that can meet the FPOM (food plant operation and management) requirements. In particular, the characteristic features of some contemporary fieldbus standards have been comprehensively described. Some applications are highlighted. A suggestion is made to develop a dedicated fieldbus for the food industry. Conceptual specification of requirements framework is outlined.
Cost accounting a network ‐ a case study

Regardless of how they are budgeted, information technology (IT) costs must be paid. Most schools offer some computing services at no cost to the individual or unit and some that are charged back to users and units. Typically, common good services are centrally funded, and services that differentially benefit specific individuals or units are charged for. How services are funded often reflects a school’s philosophy about IT and about finances. Preferably, IT funding mechanisms deliberately help shape and influence an institution’s IT and services philosophy, as opposed to an IT or service philosophy being unintentionally shaped by fiscal policies that follow no particular strategy. Levying fees to users on an individual or departmental basis may yield a different demand and expectation of IT services than when costs are borne by a central budget. Quantity and quality, degree of centralization, and administrative complexity of services are major variables in determining funding. Also at stake is the degree to which an institution wishes to endorse, suppress, control or expand IT services. These issues are specifically illustrated through a case study of the formulation of a new budget and cost accounting model to both finance an institution‐wide network upgrade and to maintain that network.
Pseudospherical integration scheme for electronic-structure calculations.

Contemporary electronic-structure methods avoid shape approximations but in doing so encounter the difficult problem of integral evaluation over complicated interstitial volumes. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient technique for applying rapidly convergent Gaussian product formulas to general interstitial regions. Like the recent methods of Boerrigter, te Velde, and Baerends, it is based upon partitioning space into Voronoi cells and atomic spheres. In the present work, introduction of a general pseudospherical local-coordinate system unifies the integration procedures and effects a simplified approach. A systematic procedure is derived for determining the number of Gaussian points required for a specified level of numerical precision.
The exact proability that the roots of quadratic, cubic, and quartic equations are all real if the equation coefficients are random

Suppose that the coefficients of a polynomial equation are Independent random variables defined on subsets of real numbers, The purpose of this paper is to find the exact probability that all roots of a random polynomial equation are real. Since a polynomial equation of degree higher than four with arbitrary coefficients cannot be solved algrebraically, this paper will consider quadratic, cubic and quartic equations only. The general results are obtained in each case, Also, a number of special cases are furnished.
Urine pH and phencyclidine excretion.

Subeffective doses (0.5 mg) of 3H-phencyclidine (PCP) were given intravenously to three healthy men under two regimens designed to alkalinize or acidify their urine (oral sodium bicarbonate or ammonium chloride). The concentrations of PCP and its metabolites in saliva, plasma, and urine for 7 hr after drug injection were determined by high-performance liquid radiochromatography. A sample of perspiration from one subject was analyzed. The effects of physical exercise on the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of PCP were also studied. Multiple linear regression analysis showed the logarithm of renal clearance to be dependent on urine pH (P < 0.0001), the logarithm of urine volume per unit time (P = 0.003), and the individual subject (P =0.016). Exercise decreased urine pH and increased the renal clearance of PCP. PCP and its metabolites are also excreted in perspiration. Our results support clinical reports of the importance of vigorous acidification of urine and diuresis in treatment of PCP intoxication. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 635–641; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.214
Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes proliferation of cortical neuron precursors by regulating E2F expression

Neurogenesis, or the production of new neurons, is regulated by physiological and pathological processes including aging, stress, and brain injury. Many mitogenic and trophic factors that regulate proliferation of nonneuronal cells are also involved in neurogenesis. These include vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), which stimulates the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into neuronal precursor cells in vitro and in the adult rat brain in vivo. Using BrdU labeling as an index of cell proliferation, we found that the in vitro neuroproliferative effect of VEGF was associated with up-regulation of E2F family transcription factors, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cdc25. VEGF also increased nuclear expression of E2F1, E2F2, and E2F3, consistent with regulation of the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle. The proliferative effect of VEGF was inhibited by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059, the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122, the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF102390X, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, indicating involvement of multiple signaling pathways. These findings help to provide a molecular basis for some of the recently identified neuronal effects of VEGF.
Accumulation and age-related elevation of amyloid-β within basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the rhesus monkey

Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) are selectively vulnerable to damage and loss in a number of neurodegenerative disorders that afflict the elderly, particularly Alzheimer's disease. The reasons for this selective vulnerability remain poorly understood. Given that intraneuronal accumulation of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) has been shown to exert deleterious effects on neurons, we tested potential accumulation of Aβ within BFCN in rhesus monkeys, which like the human display age-related accumulation of this peptide in plaques. The non-isoform-specific Aβ antibodies 1282 and 6E10 and the specific antibodies to 1-40 amino acid isoform of Aβ (Aβ1-40) and 1-42 amino acid isoform of Aβ (Aβ1-42) species were used in immunohistochemical experiments of basal forebrain in young and aged rhesus monkeys. All four antibodies visualized cortical plaques in the same sections in which BFCN were examined, in aged but not in young animals. The basal forebrain region within which the BFCN are localized was virtually free of plaques. Appreciable Aβ immunoreactivity was present within the nucleus basalis of Meynert-cholinergic cell group 4 (nbM-Ch4), the major component of BFCN, with all antibodies used. Quantitation of optical density indicated significant age-related increases in immunoreactivity in nbM-Ch4 neurons with the Aβ1-40 (p 0.05). No age-related changes were detected in Aβ1-42 immunoreactivity in these neurons. Unlike the BFCN, cortical neurons within the same sections were virtually devoid of Aβ immunoreactivity, particularly with isoform-specific antibodies. Both smooth and granular intraneuronal Aβ immunoreactivity, reminiscent of endosomal/lysosomal packaged peptide, were observed within nbM-Ch4 neurons. In some nbM-Ch4 neurons, 1282 immunoreactivity had the appearance of large peptide aggregates. Significant accumulation and age-related increase of Aβ in BFCN is likely to interfere with the normal functioning of these neurons. It remains to be determined if similar accumulation of Aβ occurs in human BFCN.
The immediate and long-term impact of physical and/or emotional stress from motor vehicle accidents on circulating stress hormones and adipo-cytokines in children and adolescents.

Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) represent a complex physical and emotional stressor. Consequent short- and/or long-term alterations on the circulating concentrations of stress hormones and adipo-cytokines may have potential health implications. Fifty-nine children and adolescents, aged 7–18 years, were evaluated within 24 h after hospitalization for a MVA, and 1 and 6 months later; 40 children served as controls. We examined longitudinally the effects of physical injury-associated (PI) group vs. emotional-only stress (ES) group on circulating cortisol, catecholamine, interleukin (IL)-6, leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Within 24 h after the accident, serum cortisol concentration was greater than the controls in the PI but not the ES group (p = 0.02), while serum IL-6 concentration was greater in both trauma groups than in the controls (p = 0.004 for PI, p = 0.04 for ES). Adiponectin concentration was lower in the PI than the ES (p = 0.031) and the control (p = 0.019) groups and this was mainly attribu...
In Vivo Skeletal Responses to Porous-Surfaced Implants Subjected to Small Induced Motions*

Cylindrical porous-coated implants were placed in the distal femoral metaphyses of twenty dogs and were subjected to zero, twenty, forty, or 150 micrometers of oscillatory motion for eight hours each day for six weeks with use of a specially designed loading apparatus. The in vivo skeletal responses to the different magnitudes of relative motion were evaluated. Histological analysis demonstrated growth of bone into the porous coatings of all of the implants, including those that had been subjected to 150 micrometers of motion. However, the ingrown bone was in continuity with the surrounding bone only in the groups of implants that had not been subjected to motion or that had been subjected to twenty micrometers of motion; in contrast, the implants that had been subjected to forty micrometers of motion were surrounded in part by trabecular bone but also in part by fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue, and those that had been subjected to 150 micrometers of motion were surrounded by dense fibrous tissue. Trabecular microfractures were identified around three of the five implants that had been subjected to forty micrometers of motion and around four of the five that had been subjected to 150 micrometers of motion, suggesting that the ingrown bone had failed at the interface because of the large movements. The architecture of the surrounding trabecular bone also was altered by the micromotion of the implant. The implants that had stable ingrowth of bone were surrounded by a zone of trabecular atrophy, whereas those that had unstable ingrowth of bone were surrounded by a zone of trabecular hypertrophy. The trabeculae surrounding the fibrocartilage or fibrous tissue that had formed around the implants that had been subjected to forty or 150 micrometers of motion had been organized into a shell of dense bone tangential to the implant (that is, a neocortex outside the non-osseous tissue). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings of the present study quantitate the in vivo patterns of bone ingrowth and remodeling that occur in association with different magnitudes of micromovement of porous-coated implants. Small movements (zero and twenty micrometers) are compatible with stable ingrowth of bone and atrophy of the surrounding trabecular bone, whereas larger movements (forty and 150 micrometers) result in less stable or unstable ingrowth of bone, the formation of fibrocartilage or fibrous tissue around the implant, and hypertrophy of the surrounding trabecular bone. This study not only quantified the magnitudes of relative micromotion that cause these different skeletal responses but also may help in the interpretation of radiographs of patients who have a porous-coated prosthesis.