cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-Ion Transport in ZrO2-Y2O3-CeO2 Ceramics

Simultaneous conduction of oxide ions and electrons in solid ceramic systems provides the capability for oxygen transport under a concentration gradient without the need for an externally applied electric field. In the present study, ionic transference numbers have been measured in the ZrO2-5.8%Y2O3-10%CeO2 system by open circuit Emf measurements involving different metal/metal oxide electrodes. In order to correlate the ionic transference number with grain size, high-density ceramic discs of different grain sizes (50 nm–5 μm) were prepared by sintering pressed powders at various temperatures and times. Hydrothermal synthesis was used to prepare nanocrystalline powders of the above material with uniform crystallite size (10 nm) and chemistry. Emf measurements on the samples suggested both ionic and electronic transport, the ionic transference number decreasing with increase in the grain size. This observation was attributed to an increase in the amount of continuous crystalline grain boundary phase in the ceramics as the grain size increased. The presence of crystalline silicate and zirconate phases in the grain boundary region was confirmed by electron microscopic imaging combined with microanalysis. In the large grain (5 μm) ceramics, the ionic transference number decreased linearly with temperature. As the grain size decreased, a maximum occurred in the ionic transference number vs. temperature curve. This maximum became more pronounced at smaller grain sizes. Better grain-grain contact and the doping effect of trivalent Ce in the grain boundary core are proposed to explain this observation.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Suicide Prevention

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for reducing suicidal ideation and intent in acutely depressed patients with mood and psychotic disorders. Modern ECT and anesthesia techniques have made contemporary ECT much safer and better tolerated than in the past. Patients with severe depression who are suicidal should be offered ECT as a treatment option early in the course of their illness. The reluctance to prescribe ECT, a result of unfamiliarity with, and prejudice against it, is likely responsible for preventable deaths by suicide, as well as prolongation of suffering from depressive illness. Additional epidemiological studies are urgently needed to provide accurate data about the role of ECT in reducing suicide rates
Optoelectronic Multi-Chip Module Demonstration System

We present our work on a demonstration prototype of an optoelectronic 3-chip OE-MCM that implements a 64-channel non-blocking fiber optic switch.
Micellar bile salt mobile phases for the liquid chromatographic separation of routine compounds and optical, geometrical, and structural isomers.

Aqueous solutions of bile salts, i.e. sodium cholate (NaC), sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), and sodium taurocholate (NaTC), are characterized and evaluated as reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) mobile phases. The separation of the ASTM-recommended RPLC test mix in addition to more than 50 other compounds on a C18 column demonstrates the viability of these bile salts as HPLC mobile phases. The Armstrong-Nome theory was applied and found to adequately describe the partitioning behavior of solutes eluted with these bile salts at low surfactant concentrations. The effect of alcohol additives on chromatographic retention and efficiency was also assessed. Not only are the bile salt molecules rigid and chiral, but they form helical micellar aggregates as well. Consequently, many isomeric compounds can be easily resolved with this mobile phase additive. The base-line resolution of some binaphthyl-type enantiomers with a standard C18 column and the bile salt micellar mobile phases is also demonstrated. In addition, these bile salt mobile phases may be preferable to conventional hydroorganic mobile phase systems for the separation of many classes of routine compounds. A brief prospectus on the future utilization of bile salts in liquid chromatography is presented.
The Separation of Church and Work: Exploring the Antecedents and Consequences of Work-Faith Conflict

Despite the fact that the vast majority of Americans and individuals worldwide claim to be religious, organizational research has largely ignored the potential for conflict between individuals’ wor...
Approaches for Scattering Estimation and System Validation in X-Ray Guided Continuous Wave Near Infrared Spectral Tomographic Imaging of the Breast

A cohort of 15 normal women were imaged using a combined CW NIR tomography and breast tomosynthesis unit, as well as a handheld frequency domain NIR probe and three different methods for scattering estimation were compared.
Feeding Responses of Some Noctuid Larvae (Lepidoptera) to Plant Extracts

An arrestant-feeding stimulant obtained from lyophilized plant material was tested on filter paper for preference by larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie); the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith); and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). The response varied among the 6 species of plants tested, the plant portion used, and the species of insect. The ratios of feeding on plant extract to feeding on the untreated controls demonstrated that the preference of all 3 insect species was for extracts of plant fruiting bodies rather than for vegetative parts, an indication that more arrestant was present in the fruiting body than elsewhere in the plant. Although the sugar content in plant material seemed to influence feeding somewhat, in many instances larval preference for some plants and plant parts was due to factors other than presence of sucrose. In general, plant and insect feeding relationships were close to those reported from field observations.
Effect of oral streptomycin on the intestinal flora.

SummaryThe oral administration of as little as 1.0 g of streptomycin daily eliminated E. coli from the stool of 5 patients within 2 days. The stool could be kept free of these microorganisms as lon...
Successful PET Imaging of Pancreatic Tumors in Mice, Achieved by Reverse Contrast CT

1284 Objectives Experimental therapy of pancreatic cancer is ideally carried out on tumors growing in the pancreas (orthotopic or GEMM). However, such models are difficult for PET imaging. We sought to overcome this by combining PET with a technique we describe as reverse contrast CT. Methods Mice bearing orthotopic pancreatic xenografts were injected with 18F tracers (FDG, FMISO, and the gemcitabine analog, FAC) and imaged on an Inveon PET/CT scanner. Immediately prior to imaging, mice were injected ip with 3 ml of the CT contrast agent, iohexol, diluted to 25% in saline; animals were sacrificed, and images were collected and quantified in terms of ID/g. Tumors were removed weighed and counted ex vivo. Results The internal structures of the mouse abdomen were well delineated with the CT imaging technique. They appear as uniformly dark objects bathed in a large volume of contrast; tumors growing in pancreas can be recognized as anomalous masses compared to tumor-free mice. Tumors identification was confirmed by MR imaging. When combined with PET, it was possible to delineate tumors on the CT scans, though PET images alone failed to identify the tumors. When CT ROIs were used for tracer quantification, a good correlation was found between %ID/G on the PET images and the ex vivo data. Conclusions IP contrast is a simple addition to PET/CT scanning that enhances our ability to conduct nuclear medicine experiments in murine models of pancreatic cancer. Research Support VL (MSKCC Small Animal Imaging Core Facility): The SAICF is supported in part by US National Institutes of Health (NIH) P30 CA008748-48, S10 RR020892-01, S10 RR028889-01 and the Geoffrey Beene Cancer Research Center. DLJT was supported by the R25T Molecular Imaging Fellowship: Molecular Imaging Training in Oncology (5R25CA096945-07; Principal Investigator H. Hricak) and the Steve Wynn Prostate Cancer Foundation Young Investigator Award.
Finite Element Model and Validation of Nasal Tip Deformation

Nasal tip mechanical stability is important for functional and cosmetic nasal airway surgery. Palpation of the nasal tip provides information on tip strength to the surgeon, though it is a purely subjective assessment. Providing a means to simulate nasal tip deformation with a validated model can offer a more objective approach in understanding the mechanics and nuances of the nasal tip support and eventual nasal mechanics as a whole. Herein we present validation of a finite element (FE) model of the nose using physical measurements recorded using an ABS plastic-silicone nasal phantom. Three-dimensional photogrammetry was used to capture the geometry of the phantom at rest and while under steady state load. The silicone used to make the phantom was mechanically tested and characterized using a linear elastic constitutive model. Surface point clouds of the silicone and FE model were compared for both the loaded and unloaded state. The average Hausdorff distance between actual measurements and FE simulations across the nose were 0.39 ± 1.04 mm and deviated up to 2 mm at the outermost boundaries of the model. FE simulation and measurements were in near complete agreement in the immediate vicinity of the nasal tip with millimeter accuracy. We have demonstrated validation of a two-component nasal FE model, which could be used to model more complex modes of deformation where direct measurement may be challenging. This is the first step in developing a nasal model to simulate nasal mechanics and ultimately the interaction between geometry and airflow.
A non-iterative method for design of linear robust controllers

A procedure is derived for determining a linear control law which guarantees asymptotic stability for an uncertain system. The technique is simpler to use than existing techniques since it does not require a numerical search procedure, but allows the control law to be obtained from some simple formulas. >
Effects of Low and High LET Radiation on Neoplastic Transformation in Cells and the Importance of Single Track Effects in Space

It has generally been agreed that one of the most important radiation-induced risks that must be faced on extended manned spaceflight is that of cancer induction. In this chapter, we present a brief review of the data on neoplastic cell transformation in in vitro cell lines at low dose rates for both low and high LET radiation. We discuss whether these data have implications for the very protracted periods envisaged for space missions.
Systematic review of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of radiation-induced skin necrosis

Every year, 1.2 million cancer patients receive radiation therapy in the United States. Late radiation tissue injury occurs in an estimated 5-15% of these patients. Tissue injury can include skin necrosis, which can lead to chronic nonhealing wounds. Despite many treatments available to help heal skin necrosis such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy, no clinical guidelines exist and evidence is lacking. The purpose of this review is to identify and comprehensively summarize studies published to date to evaluate the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of radiation-induced skin necrosis. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of currently published articles was performed, evaluating the use of hyperbaric oxygen to treat skin necrosis. Eight articles were identified, including one observational cohort, five case series, and two case reports. The articles describe changes in symptoms and alteration in wound healing of radiation-induced skin necrosis after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a safe intervention with promising outcomes; however, additional evidence is needed to endorse its application as a relevant therapy in the treatment of radiation-induced skin necrosis.
Inactivation of the Prelimbic Cortex Attenuates Context-Dependent Operant Responding.

Operant responding in rats provides an analog to voluntary behavior in humans and is used to study maladaptive behaviors, such as overeating, drug taking, or relapse. In renewal paradigms, extinguished behavior recovers when tested outside the context where extinction was learned. Inactivation of the prelimbic (PL) region of the medial prefrontal cortex by baclofen/muscimol (B/M) during testing attenuates renewal when tested in the original acquisition context after extinction in another context (ABA renewal). Two experiments tested the hypothesis that the PL is important in context-dependent responding learned during conditioning. In the first, rats learned to lever-press for a sucrose-pellet reward. Following acquisition, animals were infused with either B/M or vehicle in the PL and tested in the acquisition context (A) and in a different context (B). All rats showed a decrement in responding when switched from Context A to Context B, but PL inactivation decreased responding only in Context A. Experiment 2a examined the effects of PL inactivation on ABC renewal in the same rats. Here, following reacquisition of the response, responding was extinguished in a new context (C). Following infusions of B/M or vehicle in the PL, responding was tested in Context C and another new context (D). The rats exhibited ACD renewal regardless of PL inactivation. Experiment 2b demonstrated that PL inactivation attenuated the ABA renewal effect in the same animals, replicating earlier results and demonstrating that cannulae were still functional. The results suggest that, rather than attenuating renewal generally, PL inactivation specifically affects ABA renewal by reducing responding in the conditioning context. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Extinguished operant behavior can recover (“renew”) when tested outside the extinction context. This suggests that behaviors, such as overeating or drug taking, might be especially prone to relapse following treatment. In rats, inactivation of the prelimbic cortex (PL) attenuates renewal. However, we report that PL inactivation after training attenuates responding in the context in which responding was acquired, but not in another one. A similar inactivation has no impact on renewal when testing occurs in a new, rather than the original, context following extinction. The PL thus has a more specific role in controlling contextually dependent operant behavior than has been previously reported.
Learning and teaching to care for young people

ABSTRACT“What is youth work, and what are the best ways to teach someone to be a high quality youth worker?” This is a thorny and contested question that many scholars (Emslie, 2013; Fusco & Baizerman, 2013; Magnuson & Baldwin, 2014; Starr, Yohalem & Gannett, 2009; Walker & Larsen, 2012) and directors of higher education programs in youth work (VanderVen, 2015) have been asking as youth work has emerged as a field of higher education study in the U.S. and other countries. Although there are many positions within the professionalization debate, most agree about the importance of better defining a knowledge base that describes youth work (Emslie, 2013). This base includes defining both content knowledge and context-dependent practices. For instance, Walker & Gran (2010) distinguish between competencies, which are discrete skills and content knowledge, and competence, which is the practice of knowing how to apply multiple skills and knowledge in particular situations and contexts. She writes that competence,...
Rescue and Destruction: Daily Life During a Mass Exodus

The IKG and the Mass Emigration of Vienna’s Jews, by Ilana F. Offenberger In this chapter, Offenberger explores why some Jews managed to escape from Vienna while others remained caught in the Nazi web. The intricate process of emigration/immigration is laid bare and the people and institutions that helped almost 130,000 Viennese Jews to emigrate between 1938 and1941 are credited. The IKG as an institution is recognized for its determination to promote emigration for all Jews who were able. Foreign aid committees are noted for providing the financial means to promote the Jewish community’s emigration endeavors and sustain its social welfare system. This chapter also identifies the many factors that could delay plans for flight, or hold applicants back for good: quotas, visas, affidavits, passports, tax-clearance certificates. Combining survivor testimony and official IKG documents, Offenberger describes emigration as an extremely difficult and risky process that required patience, diligence, and cooperation. Despite the IKG’s grand success enabling the flight of over two-thirds of Vienna’s Jews to countries around the world, Offenberger reveals the mass exodus as a period of turmoil, fear, and desperation. Family separation is a theme that looms large.
Usability Heuristic Evaluation of Scientific Data Analysis and Visualization Tools

Scientific data analysis and visualization (DAV) tools are a critical component of the software ecosystem. The growth in data volumes in various scientific domains is resulting in technical innovations in DAV tools. Usability of these tools is becoming extremely critical to facilitate next-generation scientific discoveries. Usability heuristics is a widely applied approach to inspect software usability. We expand Nielsen’s heuristics to include two additional criteria: analytical-reasoning and customized-experience to capture the usability dimensions of DAV tools. We evaluated three tools to test the proposed heuristics and demonstrate its fit to DAV tools of varying features. The contribution of our work is threefold: (i) identify DAV usability heuristics, (ii) develop a framework to inspect DAV tools, (iii) conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the usability of selected DAV tools. We also provide a discussion on the heuristics framework for DAV tools and future work.
The dynamic system of the traffic assignment problem: Part I. Theory

In this paper, we first define so-called J-functions of First-In-First-Out violation, from which we define J-equilibria and a corresponding dynamic model of changing path flows, called J-system. Then we demonstrate that for fixed demand the objective function in the BMW’s mathematical programming formulation (Beckmann, McGuire, and Winsten, 1956) can be interpreted as the total energy of J-system. This leads to a new definition of user equilibria as the only globally stable steady states of J-system. In this sense, J-system is the dynamic system of the traffic assignment problem. We further show the existence of J-system as the dynamic system of the traffic assignment problem with variable demand. From this study, we can see that the new formulation and the BMW formulation are internally related, and the former can have as wide applications as the latter. Then in a following paper, we develop computational methods intrinsic to this simple and intuitive formulation for solving traffic assignment problems. In yet another following paper, we propose J-system formulation of dynamic traffic assignment problem.
Hair Follicle Transglutaminases and the Formation of ε -( γ -Glutamyl) Cross-links

Transglutaminases are calcium-dependent enzymes essential to the formation of normal hair. By forming a covalent bond between the γ-carboxyl group of a glutamyl residue and the e-amino group of a lysyl residue, transglutaminases cross-link proteins in the inner root sheath of the follicle and in the medulla of the hair. In addition, structural analogues of the natural substrates can be covalently incorporated into the growing hair and follicle by these enzymes. These covalently incorporated analogues can alter the metabolism, formation, structure and properties of the hair and its follicle.
Level-set strategy for inverse DSA-lithography

Abstract We introduce a level-set strategy to find the geometry of confinement that will guide the self-assembly of block copolymers to a given target design in the context of lithography. The methodology is based on a shape optimization algorithm, where the level-set normal velocity is defined as the pressure field computed through a self-consistent field theory simulation. We present numerical simulations that demonstrate that this methodology is capable of finding guiding templates for a variety of target arrangements of cylinders and thus is an effective approach to the inverse directed self-assembly problem.
Use of propensity score and disease risk score for multiple treatments with time-to-event outcome: a simulation study.

Propensity score (PS) and disease risk score (DRS) are often used in pharmacoepidemiologic safety studies. Methods of applying these two balancing scores are extensively studied in binary treatment...
High Dynamic Range Imaging with Multiexposure Image fusion: A Variational Frame work

In this paper we present a method for combining the multiple exposure images to composite a single image that offers optimal contrast and saturation. A variational method is proposed for combining the images by designing a method to formulate the energy. The energy is formulated by two term, one consists of pixel information with color difference and another is the mean and standard deviation. Several experiments demonstrate the quality of our work with respect to other methods in the state of art.
Perceptual Ability Advancement of a Humanoid with Limited Sensors via Data Transmission from an Aerial Robot

This paper presents an approach to increase the perceptual space of a ground robot (humanoid which has limited sensory abilities) via its accompanying aerial robot’s data transmission. First, the robot which has only 2D camera sensor used the hip-sway motion to predict the target’s 3D position and orientation in its sensor coordinate. The pose data is refined with a iterative method using the ego-motion estimation of the humanoid. Then, the neighboring drone which is equipped with 3D camera system is controlled to detect the same target object. The measured pose of the target object in the aerial robot’s perceptual space is combined with the object’s calculated coordinate (which is constructed from the humanoid’s 2D sensor). The fusion process enabled the localization of the humanoid in the drone’s collected 3D point cloud data of the task environments. The combined coordinates are then used for motion-planning of the humanoid for its safe and effective task manipulation in the field. Through experiments with a small-sized humanoid robot and a drone, the presented approach is tested and evaluated in a mock-up of the task field.
Development and Evaluation of Penalized Image Reconstruction for the Total-Body EXPLORER

1773 Objectives: The EXPLORER consortium is building a 194-cm axial field of view total-body PET scanner to create new opportunities for biomedical research and clinical applications [1]. This first EXPLORER prototype is currently under construction in collaboration with United-Imaging Healthcare. The scanner consists of 564,480 crystals and has ~100 billion lines-of-response (LORs), which presents a daunting challenge for data corrections and image reconstruction. In this work, we develop the penalized likelihood (PL) image reconstruction for the total-body scanner and evaluate the performance for image quantification and lesion detection. Methods: We conducted simulation studies using the SimSET Monte-Carlo toolkit for the EXPLORER scanner. The scanner consists of 8 axial rings, each formed by 24 modules of 5x14 detector blocks with an array of 6x7 LYSO scintillator crystals of size of 2.76 x 2.76 x 18.1 mm3 [2]. The detector modules have a measured energy resolution of 11.7 ± 1.5% and timing resolution of 409 ± 39 ps. We employed the XCAT2.0 phantom and modeled a clinical 18F-FDG scan with an injected activity of 25 MBq and 20-minute scan duration (1-hour post injection). A total of 1 billion true coincidences were detected. Randoms and scatters were not included in this study. The data were reconstructed using a 3D TOF list-mode OS-EM algorithm and PL algorithm with a Fair penalty. For fast reconstruction, we used the Siddon single-ray tracing projector in combination with a shift-variant image-based point spread function (PSF) model. Images were reconstructed into a 475x475x1355 matrix with 1.425-mm cubic voxels to cover a 68 cm transaxial and 194 cm axial FOV. The OSEM reconstruction was initialized with a uniform image and the PL reconstruction was initialized with one iteration OSEM reconstruction. Both algorithms used 20 subsets. We compared the image quality by evaluating the contrast recovery coefficient (CRC) of a 10-mm spherical lesion in the liver vs. the background noise in the liver. The CRC and background noise curves were generated by varying the iteration number of the OSEM algorithm and by varying the regularization parameter β value of the PL method. Results: Images reconstructed by both OSEM and PL algorithms show good image quality with low noise, thanks to the extremely high sensitivity of the EXPLORER scanner. The image quality was further improved by using the PL method. At a CRC level between 0.6 and 0.8, the PL method reduced the background standard deviation by nearly a factor of 2. When the regularization strength is reduced to the minimum, the PL method approaches the same performance of the OSEM algorithm as expected. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the EXPLORER with penalized likelihood reconstruction can achieve superior noise performance compared to OSEM for total-body imaging. Research Support: Support for this work includes NIH grants R01 CA206187 and R01 CA170874. We acknowledge Drs. Hongdi Li and Weiping Liu from United Imaging Healthcare for sharing the configuration of the UIH EXPLORER scanner.
CMOS interface with biological molecules and cells : Invited review paper

CMOS technology and its Moore’s Law scaling is an enormously successful technology paradigm that has continued to transform our computation and communication abilities. Outside the applications in computation and communication, CMOS technology has been increasingly applied to the life sciences, with a wealth of silicon integrated circuits developed to interface with biological molecules and cells. Concretely, large-scale arrays of active electrodes are integrated using CMOS technology for highly parallel electronic detection of biomolecular/ionic charges and cellular potentials for DNA sequencing, molecular diagnostics, and electrophysiology. Parallelism enabled by CMOS scalability is well suited to process the big data in these biotechnological applications. Here we offer a brief review on these CMOS-bio interfaces, while the corresponding presentation will focus on a sub-topic of CMOS electrophysiology with mammalian neurons.
On the Dedekind tessellation.

The Dedekind tessellation -- the regular tessellation of the upper half-plane by the Mobius action of the modular group -- is usually viewed as a system of ideal triangles. We change the focus from triangles to circles and give their complete algebraic characterization with the help of a representation of the modular group acting by Lorentz transformations on Minkowski space. This interesting example of the interplay of geometry, group theory and number theory leads also to convenient algorithms for computer drawing of the Dedekind tessellation.
An Energy-Efficient CMOS Dual-Mode Array Architecture for High-Density ECoG-Based Brain-Machine Interfaces

This article presents an energy-efficient electrocorticography (ECoG) array architecture for fully-implantable brain machine interface systems. A novel dual-mode analog signal processing method is introduced that extracts neural features from high- $\gamma$ band (80–160 Hz) at the early stages of signal acquisition. Initially, brain activity across the full-spectrum is momentarily observed to compute the feature weights in the digital back-end during full-band mode operation. Subsequently, these weights are fed back to the front-end and the system reverts to base-band mode to perform feature extraction. This approach utilizes a distinct optimized signal pathway based on power envelope extraction, resulting in 1.72× power reduction in the analog blocks and up to 50× potential power savings for digitization and processing (implemented off-chip in this article). A prototype incorporating a 32-channel ultra-low power signal acquisition front-end is fabricated in 180 nm CMOS process with 0.8 V supply. This chip consumes 1.05 $\mu$ W (0.205 $\mu$ W for feature extraction only) power and occupies 0.245 ${\text{mm}}^{\text{2}}$ die area per channel. The chip measurement shows better than 76.5-dB common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), 4.09 noise efficiency factor (NEF), and 10.04 power efficiency factor (PEF). In-vivo human tests have been carried out with electroencephalography and ECoG signals to validate the performance and dual-mode operation in comparison to commercial acquisition systems.
Narrative Bonds in Sophocles' Philoctetes

The telling of stories can generate powerful affective bonds between individuals. This is especially evident in Sophocles’ Philoctetes, where stories arouse feelings and attachments that lead chara...
Editor’s introduction: Our public service manifesto during pandemic

In this Editor's Introduction, we write during the COVID-19 pandemic response this manifesto for public service.
Citizen Reporters: S.S. McClure, Ida Tarbell, and the Magazine that Rewrote America

Stephanie Gorton’s first book, Citizen Reporters: S.S. McClure, Ida Tarbell, and the Magazine that Rewrote America, is a lofty project. While she contends that this is a story with two main charact...
Algorithmic bias: on the implicit biases of social technology

Often machine learning programs inherit social patterns reflected in their training data without any directed effort by programmers to include such biases. Computer scientists call this algorithmic bias. This paper explores the relationship between machine bias and human cognitive bias. In it, I argue similarities between algorithmic and cognitive biases indicate a disconcerting sense in which sources of bias emerge out of seemingly innocuous patterns of information processing. The emergent nature of this bias obscures the existence of the bias itself, making it difficult to identify, mitigate, or evaluate using standard resources in epistemology and ethics. I demonstrate these points in the case of mitigation techniques by presenting what I call ‘the Proxy Problem’. One reason biases resist revision is that they rely on proxy attributes, seemingly innocuous attributes that correlate with socially-sensitive attributes, serving as proxies for the socially-sensitive attributes themselves. I argue that in both human and algorithmic domains, this problem presents a common dilemma for mitigation: attempts to discourage reliance on proxy attributes risk a tradeoff with judgement accuracy. This problem, I contend, admits of no purely algorithmic solution.
A Review of Recent Evidence for Utilizing Ultraviolet Irradiation Technology to Disinfect Both Indoor Air and Surfaces

Background: The implementation of “no-touch” technologies such as ultraviolet (UV)-based sanitizers to effectively disinfect the air and high-touch surfaces may be important to keeping working envi...
The Combined Burden of Hearing Loss and Cognitive Impairment in a Group Care Setting for Older Adults.

Purpose The purpose of the current study is to better characterize the medical and social health characteristics of older adults in a long-term group care setting and consider the impact of the dua...
Shock-and-kill versus block-and-lock: Targeting the fluctuating and heterogeneous HIV-1 gene expression.

Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 persistence in the latent reservoir remains the major barrier to cure. Current strategies for HIV-1 eradication require either inducing HIV-1 expression to expose latently infected cells for immune clearance [known as the “shock-and-kill strategy” (1)] or silencing HIV-1 expression for a prolonged drug-free remission [known as the “block-and-lock strategy” (2)]. Extensive small-molecule compound library screens have identified drugs that can reactivate HIV-1 from latency [known as latency-reversing agents (LRAs) (1)] as well as drugs that can reduce HIV-1 expression [known as HIV-1−suppressing agents (3) or latency-promoting agents (LPAs) (4)]. However, none of these agents have reached a durable HIV-1 remission in clinical trials, suggesting that more drug candidates should be identified and tested. Lu et al. (5) performed a drug screen to identify compounds that can modulate the fluctuations of HIV-1 gene expression. Gene expression does not always follow deterministic kinetics like an on/off switch: Instead, gene expression levels frequently fluctuate (“noise”), creating stochastic variations in cell fate determination (6). For example, if HIV-1 gene expression is deterministic, maximum T cell activation should be able to reactivate all HIV-1 proviruses from latency. However, ex vivo studies showed that each round of maximum T cell activation can only reactivate a subset of HIV-1 expression (7). This is because HIV-1 gene expression level is determined by the stochastic fluctuation of Tat expression (8). The fluctuation and stochastic nature of HIV-1 gene expression creates a barrier for effective HIV-1 eradication … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: ya-chi.ho{at}yale.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Solar geoengineering research on the U.S. policy agenda: when might its time come?

Solar geoengineering (SG) may be a helpful tool to reduce harms from climate change, yet further research into its potential benefits and risks must occur prior to any implementation. So far, howev...
Patients’ Behavioral Intention toward Using Healthcare Robots

Poor patient to doctor ratio in a large part of the world, rapid increase of the older adult population, and a growing shortage of nurses are acute problems that face the health care industry today. Despite of the broad undertaking in healthcare robot initiative, its success is dependent not only on health institutions and robot designers but also on patients’ willingness to adopt healthcare robots. To date, little research has attempted to explain the adoption of healthcare robots. This research is aimed to fill this gap by proposing a theoretical model. The model was tested using survey questionnaire. The empirical results confirm that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition and trust are determinants of patients’ behavioral intention to use healthcare robots. Several practical and theoretical implications are also discussed.
Transplacental Antibody-Induced Neonatal Syndromes

This review will be divided into the following segments: 1. Overview of what is known regarding the effects on the fetus of the transplacental passage of circulating antibodies that occur in autoimmune thyroid disease. 2. Description of what is known about the progression of development of the fetal thyroid-pituitary axis; relevant comparison will be made of the time frame for fetal and maternal contributions to the concentration of IgG in the fetal circulation. 3. Descriptions, with references to the above reviews, of fetal and neonatal thyroid disorders based on maternal autoimmune thyroid disease, collating published reports with experience garnered in this laboratory.
The Maternal Brain and its Plasticity in Humans

This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care". Early mother-infant relationships play important roles in infants' optimal development. New mothers undergo neurobiological changes that support developing mother-infant relationships regardless of great individual differences in those relationships. In this article, we review the neural plasticity in human mothers' brains based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. First, we review the neural circuits that are involved in establishing and maintaining mother-infant relationships. Second, we discuss early postpartum factors (e.g., birth and feeding methods, hormones, and parental sensitivity) that are associated with individual differences in maternal brain neuroplasticity. Third, we discuss abnormal changes in the maternal brain related to psychopathology (i.e., postpartum depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse) and potential brain remodeling associated with interventions. Last, we highlight potentially important future research directions to better understand normative changes in the maternal brain and risks for abnormal changes that may disrupt early mother-infant relationships.
SOLAR COSMIC RAYS - THEIR INJECTION, ACCELERATION, AND PROPAGATION

Selected aspects of the injection, acceleration, and propagation of solar cosmic rays are discussed. In particular, an injection mechanism which determines the composition of the accelerated particles is reviewed; the limitations on our current understanding of the flare acceleration process are described briefly; and the theory governing particle diffusion in the solar wind and its apparent inadequacy is discussed.
Brefeldin A causes a defect in secretion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Brefeldin A (BFA) blocks secretion in mammalian cells and causes the redistribution of Golgi resident membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (Klausner, R. D., Donaldson, J. G., and Lippincott-Schwartz, J. (1992) J. Cell Biol. 116, 1071-1080). The target(s) of BFA and its mechanism of action remain unknown. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents an ideal organism in which to identify the BFA targets, since many molecules essential for vesicular traffic have been already identified taking advantage of the powerful genetics of this system. Unfortunately, wild type S. cerevisiae strains are largely insensitive to BFA (Hayashi, T., Takatsuki, A., and Tamura, G. (1982) Agric. Biol. Chem. 46, 2241-2248). Here we demonstrate that an erg6 mutant (Gaber, R., Copple, D., Kennedy, B., Vidal, M., and Bard, M. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 3447-3456) defective in the biosynthesis of ergosterol is sensitive to BFA. Treatment of erg6 cells with BFA results in an arrest in growth and causes a block in secretion similar to that seen in mammalian cells treated with BFA. Our data suggest that the changes in the erg6 strain allows BFA entry and that this strain can be used to examine the molecular mechanism of BFA action.
A Role for Ribonuclease III in Processing of Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid and Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Precursors in Escherichia coli

Abstract AB105, a strain deficient in RNase III, produces a 30 S precursor to ribosomal RNA (mol wt, 2.1 x 106) that is then metabolized to 25 and 17.5 S rRNA; after infection of the strain with T7 phage, a precursor of T7 messenger RNA of molecular weight 3.5 x 106 is formed and then metabolized to smaller mRNA chains. Purified RNase III cleaves the extracted large RNAs to products with the electrophoretic mobilities of the cleavage products produced in vivo.
Distributed algorithm for SDP state estimation

Smart Grid State Estimation (SE) aims at providing robust and accurate system state estimate for subsequent control operations to accommodate the disturbance of highly intermittent components. Conventional SE for AC Power Grid formulates the estimation process as a non-convex optimization problem, which may reach a local optimal and stop. To compensate the drawback, Semidefinite Programming (SDP) was recently applied to convexify the non-convex problem with rank one relaxation technique, which shows perspectives with approximately globally optimal estimate. However, as the SDP approach is essentially a centralized algorithm, it is computationally expensive and non-robust to partial network failure, bad data. etc. To ameliorate the current SDP SE approach, this paper presents a distributed algorithm by employing Lagrangian method and graph theory results and particularly by dividing power networks in accordance with network `cliques'. Correspondingly, significant improvements are illustrated in simulations on IEEE test beds.
Participants' motivation factors and profile in crowdsourced law reform

This paper examines participants' motivation factors and identity in crowdsourced policy-making, in which citizens collaboratively participate in online ideation and knowledge creation for policy reforms. Drawing on data from a crowdsourced law reform in Finland, this paper examines the drivers of the participants and their demographic profile. The findings show that the participants typically are male, educated, full-time working professionals with a strong interest in the off-road traffic issue. The motivations to contribute to crowdsourced policy-making are a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic drivers include the desire to do what is one's "civic duty," that is, to participate constructively in a political process, and the desire to deliberate with peers and learn from them. Extrinsic motivations include the desire to have an impact on an issue of importance to participants. The drivers are, in part, similar to those that drive participation in traditional democratic processes like voting, and to those that motivate other volunteer-based large-scale online collaborations, like Wikipedia creation.
Visual analysis of supply network risks

In today's complex, global supply networks it has become increasingly challenging to identify, evaluate, and mitigate risks of disruption. Traditional supply chain practices have primarily focused on dyadic risk management, rarely considering risks in the sub-tier supply network. However, this approach severely limits a decision maker's ability to understand the highly interconnected nature of systemic risks and develop corresponding mitigation strategies. Grounded in theories of supply chains as complex systems, network analysis, and risk management, we demonstrate the importance of visual decision support for supply network risk assessment. We empirically illustrate our approach with supply network visualization examples from the electronics industry. We conclude the study with implications for the design and implementation of visual supply network decision support systems and future research opportunities. A visual network analytic approach allows mapping of flow, information, and risk.Subtier risk is prevalent in electronics industry and distributions differ by tier.The study provides macroscopic view of supply network risk issues across multiple tiers.Multiple visual depictions reveal distribution of risk levels across supply network.Integrating depictions enables timely identification of dependencies and risks.
The use of thin specimens for X‐ray microanalysis in biology

SUMMARY The quantitative X-ray microanalysis of ultrathin biological sections is exemplified by a recent study of the distribution of calcium in mineralizing cartilage and bone. The determination of calcium mass-fraction in one microarea of a vesicle within a section of rabbit epiphyseal plate cartilage is presented in detail in order to display all steps of the processing of the data. Mass fractions are obtained from an equation which is approximate but which is adequately accurate for most cases of interest, specifically for ultrathin biological sections where the analysed area consists predominantly of organic matrix. We shall examine the physical assumptions behind the computation, and the extent to which these assumptions have been verified in the analytical microscope. The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail the scheme of data collection and processing, which has now been in use for some years in the Cavendish Laboratory, for the measurement of local elemental mass fractions in thin biological specimens in instruments like the EMMA. After an outline of the physical theory we shall describe the handling of the data by means of working through an example of an actual measurement, and finally we shall add some comments, mainly precautions and reservations.
An evaluation of an operational sounding rocket to fulfill a new 100 kilometer requirement

Analysis of flight characteristics and static stability of Tomahawk vehicle for use with 100-kilometer sounding rocket
Defending democracy with international law: preventing coup attempts with democracy clauses

In recent decades many regional inter-governmental organizations have adopted agreements committing all member states to maintain democratic governments, and specifying punishments to be levied against member states that revert to authoritarianism. These treaties have a surprisingly high enforcement rate – nearly all states subject to them that have experienced governmental succession by coup have been suspended by the relevant IGO(s). However, relatively little is known about whether these treaties are deterring coups. This article offers an original theory of how these international agreements could deter coups d’etat, focusing on the way that a predictably adverse international reaction complicates the incentives of potential coup participants. An analysis of the likelihood of coups for the period of 1991–2008 shows that states subject to democracy were on average less likely to experience coups, but that this finding was not statistically significant in most models. However, when restricting the analy...
The Communication Strategies of Children.

Based on a theory of communicative competence, this study examines communication strategies of children two years old to 11 years old in contexts of “behavioral universals"—e.g., eating, sleeping, and playing. Implications for classroom instruction on the elementary school level are aimed at building a child's repertoire of communication strategies.
Contribution of the Change of Entropy to the Directions of Spines of Shock Polar

The directions of spines of shock polar in two-dimensional iso-energetic flow of a compressible fluid are calculated and compared with approximated results as obtained by neglecting the variation of entropy change on the successive streamlines experienced at the shock wave surface. The series of numerical values of the spines show certain deviations, which would be due to the neglect of the entropy variations. The deviations are considered when the angle of inclination of the shock wave to the uniform stream is large, and the flow behind the shock wave is subsonic, which is the case of frequent occurrence in the study of the detached shock wave problem. Therefore, the present analysis indicates the necessity of computing the entropy variation in such a problem.
Regulation of sociosexual communication in female Long-Evans rats by ovarian hormones.

Abstract Two experiments examined the role of the steroid hormones, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and testosterone (T), in activating scent marking and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in ovariecomized Long-Evans rats in response to a devocalized male rat. In Experiment 1, females received, in a counterbalanced order, a series of six hormone treatments consisting of two injections (48–54 and 4 hr before behavioral tests). The six treatments were 8 μg E2 followed by 500 μg P or oil, 2 μg E2 followed by 500 μg P or oil, and oil followed by 500 μg P or oil. Injections of either the high or low dose of E2 followed by P resulted in high levels of vocalizations. Neither E2 by itself or P by itself were very effective. Surprisingly, none of the hormone treatments were effective in activating marking above the level seen when the females received control injections of oil. Four other hormone treatments were examined in Experiment 2: daily injections of 500 μg T, daily injections of 50μg E2, implantation of silastic capsules of E2 (5% E2, 5 mm length) followed by 500-μg P injections before behavioral tests, and implantation of silastic capsules of E2 followed by oil injections. Animals receiving e2 by silastic capsule followed by P injection displayed the highest levels of marking and vocalizations across the five weekly tests. These results suggest that while E2 and P synergize for the display of female-typical behaviors similar to the hormonal regulation of lordosis, the mechanism of E2 action may be different for the two signaling behaviors. Scent marking appears to be responsive to the tonic levels of E2 released from silastic capsules.