cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides and Aryl Triflates: N-Hexyl-2-Methyl-4-Methoxyaniline and N-Methyl-N-(4-Chlorophenyl)Aniline

N-Hexyl-2-methyl-4-methoxylanaline R 4-Bromo-3-methylanisole m-Hexylamine P N-Hexyl-2-methyl-4-methoxylaniline N-Methyl-N-(4-chlorophenyl) aniline R 4-chlorophenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate N-Methylaniline P N-Methyl-N-(4-chlorophenyl) aniline Keywords: amines and salts, aromatic; ethers; replacement reactions, halogen by amino; sodium tert-butoxide; replacement reactions, sulfonate by amino; halogen compounds, chloro compounds; halogen compounds, fluorine compounds; sulfonation, o-sulfonation; palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl halides
La argumentación de Singer en Liberación animal : concepciones normativas, interés en vivir y agregacionismo

This paper examines the methodological, axiological and normative assumptions on which Animal Liberation—arguably the most poular work by Peter Singer— rests. It explores the tensions between the normative position this book intends to adopt, which tries to compromise as little as possible with any specific normative theory, and Singer’s views on preference utilitarianism and the replaceability argument. In particular, the paper tries to assess the way in which such tensions arise when aggregationism and the question of the interest in living are considered in relation to the use of nonhuman animals.
Nonconformity Defines the Self: The Role of Minority Opinion Status in Self-Concept Clarity

Drawing on distinctiveness and social identity theories, the present studies tested whether minority opinion holders would have a more clearly defined sense of self than majority opinion holders. In Study 1, participants who were induced to believe that they held a minority opinion on a controversial issue had higher subsequent self-concept clarity scores than did those who were induced to believe that they held a majority opinion, controlling for self-esteem. Furthermore, the relationship between minority opinion status and self-concept clarity was strongest among participants whose opinions were highly expressive of their values (Studies 2 and 3), as well as among participants who identified strongly with the group in which they were a minority (Study 3). Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
New Insights Into the Development of Infantile Intraocular Medulloepithelioma

Purpose To define the maturational sequence of 3 infantile intraocular medulloepitheliomas. Design Retrospective clinicohistopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Methods Immunoreactivity of paraffin sections for CRX (cone-rod homebox transcription factor) and NeuN (biomarker for neuronal differentiation) were investigated together with other biomarkers, including S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, epithelial membrane antigen, and various cytokeratins. Results Three infants (aged 1, 6, and 8 months) had iris neovascularization, 2 had anterior ciliary body tumors, and 1 a posterior tumor associated with a retinochoroidal coloboma. Each tumor displayed a premedullary monolayer of cuboidal epithelium that was S100 + , NeuN − , and CRX − and that transitioned into a multilaminar medullary epithelium forming neurotubules with adluminal cells that were CRX + . NeuN first appeared in ablumenal neurotubular cells in 1 tumor and was also discovered among neuroblast-appearing cells in another. The third tumor associated with a coloboma was CRX − and NeuN − . Conclusions A simple premedullary epithelial monolayer appears to be the fundamental source for the tumor and its multilaminar medullary epithelium. CRX + and NeuN + cells within the multilayered medullary layer approximate expression patterns similar to those found in retinal development and differentiation. Discovery of these biomarkers in the neoplastic ciliary epithelium in a small number of tumors indicates preliminarily that the most anterior layers of the optic cup have a retained retinal and neuroglial differentiation potentiality. The third case was CRX − and NeuN − and possibly arose from embryonic pigment epithelium at the edge of the retinochoroidal coloboma. These immunohistochemical findings offer histogenetic and potential diagnostic insights.
Aluminum/nickel silicide contacts on silicon

The results of a study of the interaction occurring at elevated temperatures between nickel silicide contacts on n-type 〈111〉 silicon and a thin aluminum overlayer are presented. The electrical and structural characteristics of the Al-nickel silicide interaction were investigated using Schottky barrier diodes, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. As-grown diodes were found to consist mainly of NiSi and the NiSi-Si interface exhibited a Schottky barrier energy φBn of 0.62 eV. Upon heat treatment the NiSi layer was transformed to the intermetallic NiAl3, and the barrier energy for the resulting NiAl3-Si interface was found to be 0.76 eV. The electrical characteristics of the NiAl3 layer were stable up to 500°C and no evidence of aluminum penetration into the silicon substrate was found.
Expression of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Recruits Regulatory T Cells to Avoid Immune Detection

Background The mechanism by which pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cells escape immune detection and survive in lymph nodes is poorly understood. One possible mechanism by which PDA cells can escape immune detection is through upregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that can starve T lymphocytes of tryptophan. Study Design Seventeen cases of PDA were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for expression of IDO in tumor cells and the number of Forkhead box p3−expressing regulatory T cells. To validate IDO protein expression, Western blot analysis for IDO was performed on primary pancreatic cancer cell-line protein lysates. Results Upregulation of IDO in metastatic PDA cells was associated with an increased number of regulatory T cells. Cytoplasmic IDO expression was present in all tumors (primary and metastatic) from patients with lymph node metastases. Intensity of staining was stronger in the corresponding metastatic foci when compared with the primary tumor. Three nonmetastatic PDAs were negative or only focally positive for IDO. Additionally, IDO expression in PDA was independent of tumor histologic grade. Forkhead box p3 regulatory T cells were increased in lymph nodes containing metastatic tumor cells expressing IDO. Using Western blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis, we validated that IDO expression in pancreatic cancer cells is induced by interferon-γ as reported previously. Conclusions These data support the notion that metastatic PDA cells select for overexpression of IDO to evade immunologic detection. Future studies will define whether IDO expression in PDA patients with lymph node−positive metastases correlates with decreased survival. In addition, inhibition of IDO in PDA patients can be useful to enhance immunotherapeutic strategies.
Self-Assembly of Chemically Linked Rod−Disc Mesogenic Liquid Crystals

A series of new molecular discs (RDn, here n is the number of carbon atoms between the rod and disc mesogens) was synthesized via the chemical attachment of six cyanobiphenyl calamitic (rod) mesogens (R) linked to the triphenyl discotic (disc) mesogen (D) with a series of six alkyl chain linkages (n = 6−12). In this study, phase structures, transitions, and liquid crystalline (LC) behavior of the RD12 compound with 12 carbon atoms in each alkyl chain linkage between the rod and disc mesogens were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) allowed us to identify three ordered phases below the isotropization temperature: nematic (N) LC and K1 and K2 crystalline phases. On the basis of the structural results obtained via 2D WAXD experiments on oriented samples and SAED experiments on single crystals, the K1 crystalline unit cell was determined to be triclinic with the dimensions of a = 1.36 n...
Self-Regulation and the Income-Achievement Gap.

The pervasive income-related achievement gap among children has been partially explained by parental investments. Wealthier parents provide more cognitively enriched environments (e.g., books, informal learning opportunities such as music lessons) and converse more with their children relative to low-income parents. However parental investment only partially accounts for the income-achievement gap. On average, low-income children have more difficulty regulating their emotions and behavior in comparison to their wealthier counterparts. Academic achievement is a function not only of cognitive competencies but also encompasses emotional and behavioral components that could also contribute to the income-achievement gap. In Study 1, family income among rural, White 9-year-olds is positively related to delay of gratification skill. This, in turn, accounts for subsequent, middle school grades at age 13. In Study 2, family income during early childhood (age 2 to Grade 3) in an ethnically diverse, national sample predicts cognitive development in 5th graders, controlling for prior levels of cognitive development at 15 months. This prospective, longitudinal relation is again mediated by delay of gratification skills. Evidence is also presented in Study 2 that the income → self-regulation → achievement path operates independently of parental investment. Analyses of both sets of data also include multiple indices of familial characteristics (e.g., maternal education, ethnicity, single-parent status). Early childhood poverty matters for later academic achievement but reasons encompass both cognitive and socioemotional processes.
Analysis of weighted networks.

The connections in many networks are not merely binary entities, either present or not, but have associated weights that record their strengths relative to one another. Recent studies of networks have, by and large, steered clear of such weighted networks, which are often perceived as being harder to analyze than their unweighted counterparts. Here we point out that weighted networks can in many cases be analyzed using a simple mapping from a weighted network to an unweighted multigraph, allowing us to apply standard techniques for unweighted graphs to weighted ones as well. We give a number of examples of the method, including an algorithm for detecting community structure in weighted networks and a simple proof of the maximum-flow--minimum-cut theorem.
Model reference adaptive control for the azimuth-pointing system of a balloon-borne stabilized platform

A balloon-born stabilized platform has been developed for the remotely operated altitude-azimuth pointing of a millimeter wave telescope system. This paper presents a development and implementation of model reference adaptive control (MRAC) for the azimuth-pointing system of the stabilized platform. The primary goal of the controller is to achieve pointing rms better than 0.1 deg. Simulation results indicate that MRAC can achieve pointing rms better than 0.1 deg. Ground test results show pointing rms better than 0.03 deg. Data from the first flight at the National Scientific Balloon Facility (NSBF) Palestine, Texas show pointing rms better than 0.02 deg.
Novel ferromagnetism in digital GaAs/Mn and GaSb/Mn alloys

Abstract Ferromagnetic III-Mn-V semiconductors are under intensive investigation for spintronic applications. In the present work digital alloys of GaAs/Mn and GaSb/Mn were fabricated by a combination of molecular beam epitaxy and atomic layer epitaxy. The Mn fraction in the layers was varied at constant III–V spacer thickness, and the III–V spacer-layer thickness was varied at constant Mn fraction (0.5 monolayer). Transmission electron micrographs showed good crystal quality with no evidence of three-dimensional (3D) Mn-V precipitates. The GaAs/Mn samples have Curie temperatures in the vicinity of 40 K and exhibit an anomalous Hall effect (AHE) similar to that seen in GaMnAs random alloys. These samples all show thermally activated resistance at zero field, characteristic of hopping conduction with evidence of Coulomb-gap-like behavior. The GaSb/Mn samples exhibit ferromagnetism (with temperature dependent hysteresis loops) and a strong AHE up to 400 K . At low temperatures the remanent magnetization initially drops rapidly with increasing temperature, indicative of Curie temperatures between 10 and 50 K depending on the Mn concentration. However, a substantial remanent magnetization persists to high temperature, suggesting a second phase with a Curie temperature above 400 K . These samples all showed essentially metallic behavior and weak negative magnetoresistance at low temperatures. These results are discussed in the context of a model of quasi-2D MnSb islands (for which there is direct evidence) embedded in a matrix of GaMnSb in the Mn-containing layers.
How Much Backbone Motion in Ubiquitin Is Required To Account for Dipolar Coupling Data Measured in Multiple Alignment Media as Assessed by Independent Cross-Validation?

The magnitude of backbone internal motions in the small protein ubiquitin that needs to be invoked to account for dipolar coupling data measured in multiple alignment media is investigated using an intuitively straightforward approach. This involves simultaneous refinement of the coordinates (against NOE, torsion angle, and dipolar coupling restraints) and optimization of the magnitudes and orientations of the alignment tensors by means of torsion angle simulated annealing and Cartesian space minimization. We show that N−H dipolar couplings in 11 different alignment media and N−C‘, HN−C‘, and Cα−C‘ dipolar coupling in two alignment media can be accounted for, at approximately the level of uncertainty in the experimental data, by a single structure representation. Extension to a two-member ensemble representation which provides the simplest description of anisotropic motions in the form of a two-site jump model (in which the overall calculated dipolar couplings are the averages of the calculated dipolar co...
Stability analysis of swarms in a noisy environment

Bacteria, bees and birds often work together. A group of robots can be designed to coordinate their activities to collect objects. Networked cooperative uninhabited autonomous vehicles (UAVs) are being developed for various applications. We refer to all such groups of entities as "social foraging swarms." In order for such multi-agent systems to succeed it is often critical that they can both maintain cohesive behaviors and appropriately respond to environmental stimuli. In this paper we characterize swarm cohesiveness as a stability property and use a Lyapunov approach to develop conditions under which local agent actions will lead to cohesive foraging even in the presence of "noise," characterized by uncertainty on sensing other agent's position and velocity, and in sensing nutrients that each agent is foraging for. The results quantify earlier claims that social foraging is in a certain sense superior to individual foraging when noise is present, and provide clear connections between local agent-agent interactions and emergent group behavior.
Gamma radiations from excited states of Ne20

Abstract Gamma radiations from excited states of Ne20 have been measured with a lens type pair spectrometer. The nuclear reactions which have been used are F19(d, n)Ne20 and Na23(p, α) Ne20. Gamma radiation with Doppler corrected energies of 7.26, 8.26, 9.22, 9.98, 10.59 and 11.31 MeV has been attributed to Ne20. The 8.26 MeV and 10.59 MeV γ-rays are believed to be due to cascades: 9.98 → 1.63 and 12.22 → 1.63, and the remainder are due to ground state transitions. Gamma radiation was also observed with an energy of 6.67 MeV which is attibuted to F20, and a γ-ray with an energy of 6.17 MeV was observed and attributed to O16. A search was made for nuclear pairs from a 0+ excited state of Ne20 at 4.25 or 4.97 MeV using the Na23(p, α)Ne20 reaction. No nuclear pairs were observed which indicates that the 4.25 MeV state is not 0+.
Autonomic regulation of organ vascular resistances during hypoxemia in the cat

This study aimed to dissect the roles played by the autonomic interoreceptors, the carotid bodies (cbs) and the aortic bodies (abs) on the vascular resistances of several organs in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats challenged by systemic hypoxemia. Two 15 min challenges stimulated each of 5 animals in two different groups: (1) in the intact group hypoxic hypoxia (10% O2 in N2; HH) stimulated both abs and cbs, increasing neural output to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS); (2) in this group carbon monoxide hypoxia (30% O2 in N2 with the addition of CO; COH) stimulated only the abs, increasing neural output to the NTS. (3) In the second group in which their bilateral aortic depressor nerves had been transected only the cbs increased neural output to the NTS during the HH challenge; (4) in this aortic body resected group during COH neither abs nor cbs increased neural traffic to the NTS. CO and 10% O2 reduced Hb saturation to the same level. With the use of radiolabeled microspheres blood flow was measured in a variety of organs. Organ vascular resistance was calculated by dividing the aortic pressure by that organ's blood flow. The spleen and pancreas revealed a vasoconstriction in the face of systemic hypoxemia, thought to be sympathetic nervous system (SNS)-mediated. The adrenals and the eyes vasodilated only when cbs were stimulated. Vasodilation in the heart and diaphragm showed no effect of chemoreceptor stimulated increase in SNS output. Different chemoreceptor involvement had different effects on the organs.
Fostering Global Awareness and Global Learning for Gifted Students

We are living in an increasingly interdependent world, and in order for the peoples of the world to continue to progress without threat of catastrophic man-made disasters, we need to understand each other. This need can be met by fostering global awareness and global learning which focus on the process of developing and nurturing global citizens who are open, sensitive, and positive toward other cultures, as well as toward their own culture.
Methylation in the p21WAF1/cip1 promoter of Apc+/-, p21+/- mice and lack of response to sulindac.

Methylation in the p21 WAF1/cip1 promoter of Apc +/− , p21 +/− mice and lack of response to sulindac
A Tritium Box Model of the North Atlantic Thermocline

Abstract A box model of 1972 tritium observations on isopycnal surface in the main thermocline of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is used to estimate the time scales and volume of exchange of the thermocline with respect to surface waters. The flux of water between the surface and the thermocline implied by this model (∼40 × 106 m3 s−1) greatly exceeds the downward Ekman pumping (∼8 × 106 m3 s−1). This suggests that mixing and convective overturning are the dominant mechanisms for exchange between surface waters and the interior geostrophic flow. The flux rate is approximately the same size as conventions estimates of the Sverdrup transport. This suggests that ventilation of the thermocline may occur by recirculation combined with a very efficient exchange across the poleward boundary of the gyre.
Point processes associated with stationary stable processes

Abstract Point processes induced by stationary symmetric α -stable (S α S) processes can have diverse behavior. We distinguish two cases, depending on whether the stationary S α S process is governed by a dissipative or conservative flow. In the case of dissipative flows, the process is a mixed moving average and the family of scaled point processes converge to a Poisson cluster process. In the case of a conservative flow, we give two examples showing how diverse the behavior can be.
Sodium transport in polyimide-SiO2 systems

The use of polyimide (PI) in integrated circuits either as a passivant or as an interlevel dielectric requires an understanding of the potential for transfer of contaminant ions, always present to some degree in device-grade PI, from the PI to other device constituents. Sodium, in particular, if transferred from PI to SiO2 where it is relatively mobile at typical device operating temperatures, could affect device thresholds and create a reliability problem. In this paper, the quasistatic Q-V technique of Brown using metal-PI-SiO2-Si structures has been applied to the quantitative study of the transfer of Na between PI and SiO2. Removal of the PI after cure or after application of bias-temperature stress has been used to demonstrate that (1) quantitative, reversible ion transfer between PI and SiO2 does occur at temperatures above 200°C in the presence of an applied bias, but (2) in the absence of an applied bias, Na ions are not transferred from PI to SiO2 during PI cure at 350°C. It is also shown that the kinetics of Na transfer from PI to SiO2 in the presence of a bias are dominated by an activated diffusion process, with an activation energy on the order of 2.0eV and a prefactor on the order of 2x109 cm2/s.
Syntheses of epi-aigialomycin D and deoxy-aigialomycin C via a diastereoselective ring closing metathesis macrocyclization protocol

Syntheses of epi-aigialomycin D and deoxy-aigialomycin C are described via a remote stereocontrolled RCM macrocyclization.
Identification of nucleation loci in emulsion polymerization processes. II. A systematic study of liquid‐liquid emulsions

Identification of the main nucleation sites and characterizing them in terms of their size and composition is prime objective of this research effort. Different nucleation sites have been proposed as the most likely nucleation sites by various researchers. Recent advances in the development of the spectroscopic techniques enable comprehensive characterization of the emulsion at the beginning of the reaction. In this paper, we present the experimental evidence of the existence of a previously unidentified nano-droplet population of size range 30 to 100 nm in diameter using spectroscopy. Presence of about seventy to eighty percent of the dispersed phase in the nano-droplet population and large interfacial area make them the most probable particle nucleation loci in emulsion polymerization processes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2858–2866, 2006
High incorporation of labeled acetate into yeast ergosterol during sporulation

Es werden drei Methoden fur die Durchfuhrung von Versuchen mit13C-markierten Substraten (Einbau markierter Acetate in Hefeergosterol) verglichen: 1. Anaerobisches Wachstum mit nachfolgender Beluftung und Markierung. 2. Anaerobisches Wachstum in Nahrlosung mit ungenugendem CoA-Gehalt mit nachfolgender Beluftung und Markierung in einer mit CoA angereicherten Losung. 3. Sporenbildung mit markierten Acetaten.
Statistical evaluation of EIS and ENM data collected for monitoring corrosion barrier properties of organic coatings on Al-2024-T3

This paper describes the statistical treatment of electrochemical noise (electrochemical noise methods, ENM) and impedance (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) data collected for corrosion monitoring of epoxy coated aluminum 2024-T3. The epoxy was applied using electrodeposition to Al-2024-T3 panels treated with one of three surface pretreatments. Six coating systems were prepared by varying the electrodeposition parameters and the pretreatment. Linear regression analysis of the data was used to detect the individual contributions relating to the analysis technique, topcoat application and pretreatment type. As a result of the statistical treatment it was found that EIS data has significantly less variance compared to ENM data, that EIS data can be used to differentiate the effects generated from the coating and pretreatment, and that ENM data cannot be used to differentiate the effects generated from the coating and pretreatment due to the high variance in data values associated with ENM. None of this information could be quantified without the statistical treatment.
Inflation-stabilization risk in economies with incomplete asset markets

Abstract In economies with high inflation nominal financial markets disappear. In the context of a general equilibrium model with incomplete asset markets, this paper shows that this phenomenon can be explained by an inflation process characterized by a high expected inflation coupled with a low probability of a stabilization of the price level, and that the disruption of trade in nominal contracts is socially costly.
The urine cyclic AMP response to parathyroid extract (PTE) administration in normal subjects and patients with parathyroid dysfunction.

Abstract Fourteen normal subjects, 21 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and 12 patients with hypoparathyroidism were studied to evaluate the effects of an excess or deficiency of endogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) and of serum calcium and phosphate upon urinary cyclic AMP and phosphate responses to PTE administration in man. Preoperatively, the hyperparathyroid patients were hypercalcemic and hypo- or normophosphatemic; post-operatively, they were hypo- or eucalcemic and euphosphatemic. The hypoparathyroid patients were hypocalcemic and hyperphosphatemic. Hourly urine specimens were collected from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon on two consecutive days and analyzed for their cyclic AMP, phosphate, and creatinine contents. On the second day, 200 USP units of PTE were administered intravenously over a period of 5 min beginning at 9:00 a.m. Cyclic AMP excretion in the control period, prior to PTE infusion, was significantly elevated in the hyperparathyroid patients preoperatively, but fell to normal postoperatively, and was significantly depressed in the hypoparathyroid patients. Phosphate excretion during the same control period was significantly elevated to near maximal levels in the hyperparathyroid patients preoperatively, but fell to normal postoperatively and was not significantly different from normal in the hypoparathyroid patients. Following PTE administration, the same maximal levels of cyclic AMP and phosphate excretions were observed in all of the groups studied. Thus, there were no apparent effects of endogenous PTH levels or serum calcium and phosphate levels on the maximum excretion rates of cyclic AMP or phosphate following PTE administration in patients with hyper- or hypoparathyroidism.
Some reflections on the current state of the monetarist debate

This paper has surveyed the status of five monetarist propositions. On one of them, the role of money in income changes, there has been a substantial coming together of Keynesians and monetarists, though the gap between them is still major. On the second, the transmission process, the standard Keynesian criticism of monetarism as a “black box” does not seem compelling, though this, of course, does not necessarily imply that the monetarist transmission process is superior to the Keynesian one. Concerning the third issue, the stability of the private sector, neither side is able to make a halfway convincing case; we just do not know the answer. The fourth issue, the use of a money stock target versus an interest rate target, is also an issue about which we know little, though the case for using a money stock target does seem the stronger. Finally, there is the dispute about a monetary growth rate rule. Here, too, the available evidence is far from convincing.
KNOWING TOO MUCH ABOUT OTHERS: MODERATORS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EAVESDROPPING AND RAPPORT IN SOCIAL INTERACTION

This study examined the association between a partner’s ability to eavesdrop on nonverbal cues and an actor’s feelings of rapport during interaction, as well as neuroticism and self-monitoring as moderators of this effect. Eavesdropping ability was defined as lower sensitivity to cues of the face, a source of overtly displayed emotions, relative to sensitivity to cues of the body, a source of “leakage” of covert or hidden emotions. Results showed that actors felt less rapport the higher their partner’s eavesdropping. High neuroticism actors were especially likely to feel worse about their interaction and themselves when their partners were good at eavesdropping. In both instances, the eavesdropper’s nonverbal behavior seems to have mediated the associations to a small degree.
Nutrition Service and Education Needs of Children With Disabilities and Chronic Illnesses

Abstract National leaders in maternal and child health have recommended that nutrition services for children with special health care needs be culturally sensitive, family centered, and community based, and that families of children served be included in all levels of service development, implementation, and evaluation. The purpose of this research was to identify needs for nutrition services and nutrition education resources, as perceived by parents of children with special health care needs. Needs were assessed using the focus group technique, a qualitative research method that has been used for health promotion and nutrition education needs assessment in a variety of settings with various population groups. Focus groups were conducted with parents in three of four Children's Medical Program (CMP) regions of a southeastern state. Parents were invited to participate in the focus groups through region-specific mailings to families of children receiving services through the CMP or through notification in a parent support group newsletter. Four focus groups ranging in size from four to six parents were conducted. The groups were representative of the racial diversity and the variety of disabilities and chronic illnesses included in the population of children served by the CMP. Conditions represented included phenylketonuria, galactosemia, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, cleft Up/palate, and others. Focus group sessions were conducted by a social worker and a dietitian trained in the technique, and were recorded on audiotape. Tapes were transcribed following the sessions, and reviewed to identify common themes. Nutrition education needs identified included: need for information on reading food labels to determine if a particular food is appropriate for the child's dietary restrictions and for information on meal planning to address the family's nutritional needs as well as the specific needs of the chfld. Nutrition service needs included: need for more service delivery and follow-up care at the local level; need for assistance in working with school foodservice to meet child's special nutritional needs in the school setting. Parents are an important source of information about nutrition-related needs of children with chronic illnesses and disabilities. The focus group technique can be used to seek their input as a basis for development of programs, services, and educational materials.
Geometric Programming: A Technical State-of-the-Art Survey

Abstract This paper presents a detailed survey of the latest techniques for solving large geometric programs. Geometric programming is a very powerful method for solving a large class of nonlinear programming problems, but it has been severely restricted in practice due to the inability to handle even moderate sized problems; that is, those possessing more than a few degrees of difficulty. During the past two years, a number of significant break-throughs have taken place in regard to handling both large problems and the general signomial, or signed programs. Several new algorithms, some untested in practice, are presented and discussed in this paper.
An ethological classification system for verbal behavior

Abstract The role of language in social interaction has been given little attention by human ethologists. Social scientists have used a variety of scoring categories for verbal behavior, but they appear to rely upon subjective interpretations of motivation and function in making scoring decisions. In this paper an ethological perspective is applied to the development of language scoring categories. Scoring of these verbal behaviors is based almost entirely upon the objective “physical” criteria of presence of “key words” (usually a subject-predicate combination), word order, and vocal intonation. This method minimizes a priori subjective inferences about motivation and function. Interobserver agreement in scoring these objectively based verbal categories was high. A sequential analysis of within-individual and between-individual verbal behavior sequences revealed a number of consistent patterns of verbal interaction in the family mealtime situation studied. This demonstrated the usefulness of the verbal ethogram in investigating various social developmental issues.
Updating lower bounds when using Karmarkar's projective algorithm for linear programming

We give two results related to Gonzaga's recent paper showing that lower bounds derived from the Todd-Burrell update can be obtained by solving a one-variable linear programming problem involving the centering direction and the affine direction. We show how these results may be used to update the primal solution when using the dual affine variant of Karmarkar's algorithm. This leads to a dual projective algorithm.
Spin polarons in the double-exchange model

Abstract We consider the possible formation of spin polarons in the double exchange model at finite temperatures. We show that the average size of a spin polaron in this model increases as the temperature decreases. Based on this, we argue that the transition to the ferromagnetic phase in the double-exchange model happens when the spin polarons start overlapping. The effect of the external field is shown to reduce the effective temperature and thus to increase the size of the polarons. The theory predicts a linear increase of T c versus the applied external magnetic field, a temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility above T c , that deviates from Curie—Weiss behavior, and an increase of T c as the electron/hole density increases.
Condition of similarity and the existence of constant relative potencies

Abstract The similarity condition of bioassays is shown to be necessary and sufficient for the existence of the constant relative potency. Thus, the bioassays of relative potency for which the similarity condition does not hold are invalid only in the sense that the relative potencies are not constant. From these bioassays, estimates of a response specific relative potency can be obtained. This response specific relative potency and the condition for the existence of the constant relative potency are expressed in terms of the parameters of the models used for bioassays.
On numerically accurate finite element solutions in the fully plastic range

A general criterion for testing a mesh with topologically similar repeat units is given, and it is shown that only a few conventional element types and arrangements are suitable for computations in the fully plastic range. Further, a new variational principle, which can easily be incorporated into an existing finite element program, is presented. This makes it possible to perform accurate computations even for element designs that would not normally be suitable. An appendix extends the discussion to elastic-plastic computation at finite strain.
Replacing introductory programming courses with a broader perspective on computing

This poster describes an effort to create a different initial course sequence for computing degrees. This effort, the EntryPoint project, focuses primarily on the first two years of the undergraduate program. An intention of the project is to retain programming learning objectives, but move away from the traditional programming-focused introductory sequence. A three dimensional model, CAP (content, application, and process), is used to organize the discussion of introductory courses.
Carrier-Envelope Phase Stabilization of Modelocked Lasers

We present advances in carrier-envelope phase stabilization of mode-locked lasers within the scope of both optical frequency metrology and ultrafast science.
D-limonene rich volatile oil from blood oranges inhibits angiogenesis, metastasis and cell death in human colon cancer cells

Aims To identify the chemical constituents of volatile oil from blood orange (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck) and understand the possible mechanisms of inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation.
Sensory-specific amnesia and hypoemotionality in humans and monkeys: gateway for developing a hodology of memory.

Abstract Amnesia is a dramatic clinical syndrome caused by diverse pathologies and lesion localizations. Although amnesia is typically screened for by clinicians using verbal stimuli, amnestic syndromes have been described that do not impair verbal memory and may be confined to a single sensory system or a dominant or highly lateralized sensory function. Thus, the functional–anatomic basis for various types of amnestic disorders is complex and, in most instances, better understood as a disconnection syndrome rather than a primary processing deficit. Using the clinical disorder of sensory-specific visual amnesia in humans as a springboard, a hodological model for understanding the various types of amnestic syndromes encountered in the clinic and those produced by discrete experimental lesions in monkeys is offered. The model is then expanded to encompass memory functions, in general, including agnostic deficits and the role of prefrontal cortex in learning and remembering.
Illusory Contingency in Children at the State Fair

Accurate judgments about personal control depend in part on accurate judgments about the contingency of outcomes because noncontingent outcomes are inherently uncontrollable. Yet children often fail to recognize noncontingency when they see it. In a developmental study of such failures, children's contingency judgments were assessed following their participation in chance activities at a state fair. Younger children (aged 6-10 years) regarded the outcomes of these activities as controllable—that is, most of them saw the outcomes of their own performance as caused by skill-related factors and regarded such factors (age, intelligence, effort, and practice) as significantly influencing the outcomes of other children's performance. Older children (aged 11-14 years), by contrast, generally identified the outcomes of their own performance as caused by luck, and they minimized the role of skill-related factors in the performance outcomes of others. Yet even the older children regarded such factors as somewhat relevant to outcomes they predicted for others. This was true even of children at formal operational age levels and of children who explicitly identified outcomes as caused by "luck." Moreover, children at both age levels showed evidence of self-serving bias: Those who had won prizes they wanted saw outcomes as strongly affected by effort, but those who had failed to win did not. The findings support Piaget's views on the pervasiveness of perceived contingency in young children. Consistent with adult literature, however, the findings suggest that neither the attainment of formal operations nor the recognition that luck causes outcomes ensures accurate judgments about control.
The effects of pay schemes and ratchets on budgetary slack and performance: A multiperiod experiment☆

Abstract A widely recognized problem in planning and control is motivating subordinates both to maximize performance and to truthfully reveal their performance expectations. This study uses a multiperiod experiment to test the purported effects of a truth-inducing (TI) pay scheme suggested by the analytical literature, and a ratchet in standard-setting, on these subordinate choices. When the superior lacked information on subordinates' performance capability, subjects who self-set standards under the TI scheme inserted significantly less slack than those who did so under an alternate pay scheme which lacked the truth-introducing property. Howevers, as information became available on subordinates' past performance, imposing a ratchet was just as effective in reducing budgetary slack. The results also supported the prediction that a ratchet reduced the extent of standard overfulfilment.
Embracing globalization: university experiences among youth in contemporary Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyz government policy following independence called for the improvement and expansion of higher education as an important strategy to successfully enter the international market economy. Young people were to become a resource for economic growth and prosperity. However, even though the number of higher education institutions and enrolment levels have dramatically increased, the quality of secondary education, as well as the demand for professional and skilled labour, have decreased. These factors pose challenges for the organization of higher education and the quality of universities. Today, eager, but often unskilled, youth find themselves in university settings where many become disenchanted with formal instruction and seek other activities, purposes and futures This article describes and discusses these dynamics witnessed as part of a larger case study on universities and university reform in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, between 2007–09.
A Search for Meaning: Recognizing the Potential of Narrative Research in Social Policy-Making Efforts

In recent decades, narrative research has gained increasing prominence in social and health sciences. However, the role that narrative research has played in social policy-making efforts has been small compared to that of quantitative research. This paper highlights the ways in which theoretical stances, questions, methods, and findings from narrative research can be useful in social policy-making arenas. Particular attention is paid to research conducted in the narrative study of lives tradition in psychology, gerontology, and related social sciences. Narrative research that seeks to understand individual lives in all their complexity and in the contexts in which they are lived can be particularly useful in informing sexuality-related policy concerns given the complex nature of sexuality. By focusing on the current policy concern of same-sex relationship recognition, this paper demonstrates that (a) narrative research offers much to the study of social policy and social justice via its ability to illuminate the complex interplay between everyday lived experience and social structures and (b) there is a need to redefine what counts as research evidence in policy-making efforts to be more inclusive of narrative work. In making these arguments, examples of recent narrative research are highlighted regarding their direct relevance to sexuality-related social policy. The paper concludes with suggestions by which researchers and policy makers can productively incorporate narrative research into their work by focusing on the complimentary potential for findings from quantitative and narrative research.
Free energy of an inhomogeneous polymer-polymer-solvent system

The free energy of an inhomogeneous polymer-polymer-solvent system has been obtained by extending Debye's approach for a polymer-solvent system. Our ternary result reduces to Debye's result for a binary polymer-solvent system and to McMaster's result for a binary polymer-polymer system at the appropriate limits. Like Debye's work, we neglect the entropic gradient contribution to free energy. Based on the ternary result we suggest a generalized expression for the free energy of multiple polymers dissolved in a common solvent. This expression is used to find the free energy of an inhomogeneous polydispersed polymer-solvent system.
Gender Differences and Similarities in Management Communication: A Meta-Analysis.

An abundance of primary research studies on managerial gender communication has produced no definitive findings regarding differences in the communication behaviors of male and female managers. A meta-analysis provides a synthesis of 25 primary studies. Six research questions address issues of behavioral differences and methodologies regarding managerial gender communication research and findings. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that communication differences between male and female managers are minimal, and of little social importance. The researchers suggest a position of sex similarities, advocate the use of an interactionist perspective, and urge future researchers to conduct high-quality research from which theory may be posited.
Expression and localization of thymidine phosphorylase/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor in skin and cutaneous tumors.

Thymidine phosphorylase/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (TPase/PD-ECGF) is a catabolic enzyme that has been shown to be chemotactic for endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenic in vivo. TPase/PD-ECGF expression is increased in a variety of tumors. In the skin, TPase is active in normal keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. Our objective was to study the expression and localization of TPase/PD-ECGF by immunohistochemical analysis in normal skin and cutaneous tumors and to correlate this information with enzymatic activity of TPase. TPase/PD-ECGF expression was observed in keratinocytes with intense staining of the infundibulum of hair follicles but no staining of hair bulbs. Expression localized primarily to the nucleus of keratinocytes in the basal layer but was more intense and cytoplasmic in suprabasal keratinocytes. Increased expression of TPase/PD-ECGF in differentiated cells was confirmed by in vitro studies of TPase activity. In cutaneous tumors, there was positive staining for TPase/ PD-ECGF in squamous cell carcinomas (10/10), eccrine poromas (3/4), eccrine syringomas (4/4), trichoepitheliomas (1/3), and tumors of the follicular infundibulum (2/3) and melanomas (5/8). There was no staining of any intradermal nevi (0/2), basal cell carcinomas (0/ 10) or Merkel cell carcinoma (0/1). We conclude TPase/PD-ECGF is found throughout the epidermis and its expression increases with differentiation of keratinocytes. In cutaneous tumors, expression of TPase/PD-ECGF may be linked to the cell of origin of the tumor as well as the tumor's degree of differentiation.
Use of sarcoma 180 to prepare hemagglutinating and complement-fixing antigens for viruses in adult mice.

SummaryWhen sarcomatous adult mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with certain viruses, virus replication took place and the ascitic fluids subsequently harvested provided a good source of virus stocks and antigens for hemagglutination and complement-fixation tests. Satisfactory antigens were obtained for arboviruses of groups A, B, C, Phlebotomus fever, Simbu, Uukuniemi, and Congo.
Regulation of hepatic estrogen receptor isoform mRNA expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract The complete nuclear estrogen receptor family in rainbow trout consists of two subtypes (ERα and ERβ) each of which consists of two isoforms (α1/α2 and β 1/β2). Transcription rate and mRNA stability of ERα1 is affected by 17β-estradiol (E2) but no information on estrogen regulation exists for the other isoforms. The objective of this study was to compare the mRNA expression patterns of the four ER isoforms in the liver of male trout and in immortalized trout hepatocyte lines (RTH-149 and SOB-15) treated with E2 or 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) using quantitative RT-PCR. To determine the in vivo dose–response, isogenic male trout were injected intra-peritoneally with 0, 1.5, 15 or 150 μg E2 or an equimolar amount of EE2 and the liver sampled 24 h later. Treatment with either E2 or EE2 significantly ( p in vitro dose–response was tested by treating both cell lines with 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 μM E2 for 48 h. In RTH-149 cells, ERα1, ERα2 and ERβ2 mRNAs were significantly higher in cells incubated with 10 μM E2 as compared to cells treated with only vehicle ( p p