cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions at polymer-polymer interfaces for blend compatibilization

Coupling functionalized polymers at the interface between them is a major route to compatibilize immiscible polymer blends. The reactively formed block or graft copolymers both stabilize morphology and enhance adhesion. Reactive coupling can also be used to increase the adhesion between coextruded films and for solvent-free synthesis of block copolymers, producing new nanostructured materials, not possible by normal synthetic routes. To produce materials with desirable final properties, it is important to predict how much copolymer will be formed under the processing conditions. This demands characterizing and understanding the interfacial reaction under processing conditions. This review focuses on our research that has investigated the major factors influencing the interfacial reaction such as the inherent reactivity of functional polymers, thermodynamic interaction between polymers, functional group location along a chain, and the effect of processing flows. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Endocannabinoids mediate the glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission to dorsal raphe serotonin neurons

Glucocorticoids play a critical role in the modulation of stress responses by controlling the function of the serotonin (5-HT) system. However, the precise effects of glucocorticoids on the excitability of dorsal raphe (DR) 5-HT neurons remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of glucocorticoids on excitatory synaptic transmission to putative DR 5-HT neurons. We found that corticosterone or the synthetic glucocorticoid agonist dexamethasone rapidly suppressed glutamatergic synaptic transmission to DR 5-HT neurons by inhibiting glutamate release in the DR. This inhibitory effect was mimicked by membrane-impermeable glucocorticoids, indicating the involvement of membrane-located corticosteroid receptors. The glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of glutamatergic transmission was mediated by the activation of postsynaptic G-protein-coupled receptors and signalled by retrograde endocannabinoid (eCB) messengers. Examination of the downstream mechanisms revealed that glucocorticoids enhance eCB signalling via an inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Together, these findings unravel a novel mechanism by which glucocorticoids control the excitability of DR 5-HT neurons and provide new insight into the rapid effects of stress hormones on the function of the 5-HT system.
Steerable Array Radars

The general characteristics of radars using large planar steerable array antennas are discussed. The need for an amplifier for each element is shown, and the tolerances and stability requirements for the amplifiers are discussed. Array geometry, pattern formation and gain, mutual coupling, and beam-steering techniques are summarized. Element minimization and signal-processing techniques are analyzed.
A Systematic Screen of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Biological Threat Agents

Background The rapid development of effective medical countermeasures against potential biological threat agents is vital. Repurposing existing drugs that may have unanticipated activities as potential countermeasures is one way to meet this important goal, since currently approved drugs already have well-established safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in patients, as well as manufacturing and distribution networks. Therefore, approved drugs could rapidly be made available for a new indication in an emergency.
Visual representation of procedural knowledge

Traditionally, knowledge representation (KR) languages have declarative semantics based on classical logic and have a concrete syntax that is textual. Conversely, programming languages (PL) have mainly procedural semantics and are represented in visual terms. Moreover, PLs can only represent procedures at a very low level. Our conceptual programming language (CPL) bridges this gap, while still retaining visual appeal. It has both the declarative semantics of a KR language and the procedural semantics of a PL. CPL is a visual language for expressing procedural knowledge explicitly as programs.
The effect of octreotide on human gastric compliance and sensory perception.

Somatostatin or its analogue octreotide (OCT) has previously been shown to modulate gastric emptying, intestinal motor activity and visceral sensation. In the current study we sought to determine the effect of a single dose of OCT (1.25 micrograms kg-1 s.c.), which has previously been shown to have both motor and sensory effects, on proximal gastric compliance and on conscious perception of gastric distention. Gastric distention was performed in 13 healthy male volunteers, by either slow ramp distention (60 ml min-1) or by intermittent pressure steps (phasic distention; 4-20 mmHg) using an electronic distention device. Compliance curves (pressure-volume relationship), and thresholds for innocuous (fullness) and noxious sensations (discomfort, pain) were determined following vehicle or OCT injection. OCT consistently and significantly reduced the rate of the gastric accommodation reflex by 50%, resulting in a reduced compliance at distention pressures greater than 10 mmHg during phasic distention. In contrast, no effect was observed on the compliance curve obtained during ramp distention. OCT selectively increased the threshold for fullness during both ramp and phasic distention. During phasic distention, OCT decreased the volume thresholds for noxious (pain) sensations experienced at volumes greater than 300 ml, without affecting the corresponding pressure threshold. These findings suggest that at low distension volumes, OCT in the dosage used has a direct inhibitory effect on afferents mediating innocuous gastric sensations. The hyperalgesic effect observed during phasic distention may be secondary to OCT's inhibitory effect on the gastric accommodation reflex.
Conserved residues in yeast initiator tRNA calibrate initiation accuracy by regulating preinitiation complex stability at the start codon

Eukaryotic initiator tRNA (tRNAi) contains several highly conserved unique sequence features, but their importance in accurate start codon selection was unknown. Here we show that conserved bases throughout tRNAi, from the anticodon stem to acceptor stem, play key roles in ensuring the fidelity of start codon recognition in yeast cells. Substituting the conserved G31:C39 base pair in the anticodon stem with different pairs reduces accuracy (the Sui(-) [suppressor of initiation codon] phenotype), whereas eliminating base pairing increases accuracy (the Ssu(-) [suppressor of Sui(-)] phenotype). The latter defect is fully suppressed by a Sui(-) substitution of T-loop residue A54. These genetic data are paralleled by opposing effects of Sui(-) and Ssu(-) substitutions on the stability of methionylated tRNAi (Met-tRNA(i)) binding (in the ternary complex [TC] with eIF2-GTP) to reconstituted preinitiation complexes (PICs). Disrupting the C3:G70 base pair in the acceptor stem produces a Sui(-) phenotype and also reduces the rate of TC binding to 40S subunits in vitro and in vivo. Both defects are suppressed by an Ssu(-) substitution in eIF1A that stabilizes the open/P(OUT) conformation of the PIC that exists prior to start codon recognition. Our data indicate that these signature sequences of tRNA(i) regulate accuracy by distinct mechanisms, promoting the open/P(OUT) conformation of the PIC (for C3:G70) or destabilizing the closed/P(IN) state (for G31:C39 and A54) that is critical for start codon recognition.
Combining Collision Avoidance and Operator Workload Reduction with Cooperative Task Assignment and Path Planning

This paper develops a method of assignment and path allocation that incorporates a priori collision avoidance and operator workload reduction in assigning multiple tasks to cooperative unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The problem is posed as a combinatorial optimization problem. A branch and bound tree search algorithm is implemented for a satisficing solution using a cost function that integrates distance travelled, proximity to other UAVs, and target visitation times. The results demonstrate that the assigned path is near optimal with respect to distance travelled, significantly increases the expected proximity distance to other UAVs, and significantly increases the difference between visitation times of targets. The algorithm runs in less than a tenth of a second allowing on the fly replanning.
Transformation of nanocrystalline MgO pellets in reaction with 1‐chlorobutane

Nanoscale MgO, prepared by an aerogel method (AP–MgO), has been found to be a good destructive adsorbent for dehydrochlorination of 1-chlorobutane. MgO is converted to MgCl2 during reaction, but conversion continues because MgCl2 itself is a good catalyst for dehydrochlorination. Pelletization will likely be required in industrial use of AP–MgO to ensure lower pressure drop. Pelletization, however, can lead to internal diffusion limitations. In addition, the phase transformation of MgO to MgCl2 inside the pellets leads to physical changes that may limit the reaction rate. This study reports the changes in AP–MgO physical properties upon pelletization and reaction with 1-chlorobutane. Pore diffusion limitations are noted for all pellets. The phase transformation of MgO to MgCl2 plays an important role in the process, as the physical characteristics substantially change with this transformation. A layer of MgCl2 forms on top of MgO, rendering much of the starting pellet inaccessible to reactants. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3195–3205, 2004
Focusing Controlled Sensitivity of Geophysical Data

Different geophysical surveys have a specific sensitivity to geological targets, determined by the physical nature of the observed geophysical field, the design of the data acquisition system, and the configuration and type of the source of the recorded data. The sensitivity is usually limited to some part of the examined geological formation, located relatively close to the sensors. This paper introduces a concept of controlled sensitivity, which enables the sensitivity of a geophysical data to be increased within a specific target area of a geological formation. In particular, this method can be used to increase the sensitivity of the data with the depth. The developed approach is demonstrated with a numerical study of the sensitivity of marine Towed Streamer Electro-Magnetic (TSEM) surveys. However, a general mathematical formulation of the method, presented in this paper, makes it possible to apply the developed technique to a wide variety of geophysical data.
COMPUTER-BASED MODELING TO DETERMINE THE VISIBILITY AND MINIMUM RETROREFLECTIVITY OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS

The Federal Highway Administration was mandated by the U.S. Congress to establish in-service levels of minimum pavement-marking retroreflectivity and commissioned research to determine the minimum in-service level from a driver's point of view. Computer Aided Road Marking Visibility Evaluator (CARVE) was developed and refined to systematically investigate drivers' visual needs in terms of nighttime pavement-marking visibility and to allow the formulation of minimum retroreflectivity recommendations. The components within CARVE and the methods, algorithms, and equations that are used to determine the visibility distance of a given pavement-marking treatment are presented and discussed. CARVE systematically manipulates the pavement-marking efficiency (ηPM) up and down using a bisecting-search algorithm until the desired minimum required preview distance for selected conditions is achieved. Future expansions of CARVE, or the development of models that supersede it, may require additional research to investig...
The Africa Yoga Project: A Participant-Driven Concept Map of Kenyan Teachers' Reported Experiences

Objective: The Africa Yoga Project (AYP) trains and funds Kenyans to teach community yoga classes. Preliminary research with a small sample of AYP teachers suggested the program had a positive impact. This study used concept mapping to explore the experiences of a larger sample. Methods: Participants brainstormed statements about how practicing and/or teaching yoga changed them. They sorted statements into self-defined piles and rated them in terms of perceived importance. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) of sort data calculated statement coordinates wherein each statement is placed in proximity to other statements as a function of how frequently statements are sorted together by participants. These results are then and mapped in a two-dimensional space. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of these data identified clusters (i.e., concepts) among statements. Cluster average importance ratings gave the concept map depth and indicated concept importance. Bridging analysis and researchers' conceptual understand...
The Empathetic Lawyer's Training Ground: Fostering Resilience to Vulnerability in Legal Education Through Transformation of Reactive Institutions to Reflective Institutions and Waking the Sleepy Responsive State

This paper applies vulnerability theory to mental health issues in the context of the legal profession. A vulnerability approach argues that the “autonomous liberal legal subject” is the veritable linchpin of modern legal thought and fails due to the concept’s inability to capture the realities of the human condition and, thus, should be replaced with a “vulnerable legal subject.” Vulnerability theory recognizes that both individuals and institutions, including state government and private corporations, can be vulnerable subjects. The vulnerable legal subject, as theorized, is embodied and embedded in all social contexts.
Recommendations for the care of automated peritoneal dialysis machines: can the risk of peritonitis be reduced?

Automated peritoneal dialysis systems have helped make intermittent peritoneal dialysis an alternative to hemodialysis for long-term management of patients with end-stage renal disease. However, if not cleaned and maintained properly, these machines provide a reservoir for pathogens. The microbiologic barriers in these machines are not impenetrable, but sterile dialy-sate fluid can be produced if the machines are adequately cleaned and disinfected. Potential shortcomings of the microbiologic barriers are discussed, and guidelines to prevent contamination of the internal parts of a machine are suggested.
Family-Based Multi-SNP X Chromosome Analysis Using Parent Information

We propose a method for association analysis of haplotypes on the X chromosome that offers both improved power and robustness to population stratification in studies of affected offspring and their parents if all three have been genotyped. The method makes use of assumed parental haplotype exchangeability, a weaker assumption than Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Parental haplotype exchangeability requires that in the source population, of the three X chromosome haplotypes carried by the two parents, each is equally likely to be carried by the father. We propose a pseudo-sibling approach that exploits that exchangeability assumption. Our method extends the single-SNP PIX-LRT method to multiple SNPs in a high linkage block. We describe methods for testing the parental haplotype exchangeability assumption and also for determining how apparent violations can be distinguished from true fetal effects or maternally-mediated effects. We show results of simulations that demonstrate nominal type I error rate and good power. The methods are then applied to dbGaP data on the birth defect oral cleft, using both Asian and Caucasian families with cleft.
Relationships between Context-Free and Actual Equipment Troubleshooting Performance:

The present study was part of a project concerned with the validation of a microcomputer-based simulation task called Networker.' Designed to be used in training and evaluating troubleshooting skills, the program requires subjects to determine which component, among a number of interconnected and interdependent components and ourput devices, is causing some components and outputs not to work. Components and outputs are represented as circles and squares connected by arrows, respectively; and component/ output testing and solution attempts are accomplished by placing a mouse-controlled arrow over the component/output of interest and pressing a mouse button, A major aim was to compare troubleshooting performance on the "context-free" Netwo~ker task with performance on a conceptually comparable task using actual equipment. To this end, 20 undergraduate student volunteers ( M age = 21.7 yr.) were asked to solve eight problems generated by the Netzuorker program, followed by four problems on an actual-equipment electromechanical trainer (Allen, Hays, & Buffardi, 1986). Examination of response measures common to the two tasks showed two performance indices were significantly correlated, viz., (1) the average number of tests a subject made in solving problems ( r = .GI, p < .01) and ( 2 ) the average number of output tests made in solving problems ( T = .64, p < .01). Other measures such as totaltime-to-solution, intertest time, number of repeated tests, number of repeated solutions, etc. were not significantly related. Although preliminary, the data suggest that a generic test like Networker, in which subjects must observe output failures and test suspected components, may be useful in gauging the relative propensity of subjects to make component and output tests in real equipment situations. However, firmer conclusions with respect to the predictive power of Networker must await additional research in which larger numbers of subjects, as well as different kinds of real equipment troubleshooting tests, are used.
Correlates of ever having used electronic cigarettes among older adolescent children of alcoholic fathers.

INTRODUCTION Few studies have examined predictors of ever having used electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes) among older adolescents. This study examined correlates of ever having used e-cigarettes among adolescent children of alcoholic fathers. METHODS Participants were 136 adolescents (50.7% male, 89.4% European American) from an ongoing longitudinal case-control study of children of alcoholic fathers. Adolescents reported on their mother's and father's parenting during middle adolescence (MA; M age = 13.8) and completed measures of their own, as well as their peers', substance use during late adolescence (LA; M age = 17.0). Parents completed measures of their own substance use at the MA assessment. RESULTS More than one third (36.9%) of the participants reported ever using e-cigarettes. Parental monitoring during MA (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85, p < .05), lifetime use of cigarettes (OR = 3.88, p < .01), alcohol use (OR = 7.72, p < .05), marijuana use (OR = 4.07, p < .01), and peer substance use (OR = 1.34, p < .05) during LA were each uniquely associated with ever having used e-cigarettes. Ever having used e-cigarettes also was associated with more frequent current cigarette use (β = .38, p < .05), alcohol use (β = .30, p < .01), and marijuana use (β = .31, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that ever having used e-cigarettes in LA is a risk marker for substance use. Interventions to promote parental monitoring may be effective in curbing use of e-cigarettes and other substances in LA.
Planning sensorless robot manipulation of sliding objects

The physics of motion of a sliding object can be used to plan sensorless robot manipulation strategies. Prediction of a sliding object's motion is difficult because the object's distribution of support on the surface, and the resulting frictional forces, are in general unknown. This paper describes a new approach to the analysis of sliding motion, which finds the set of object motions for all distributions of support. The analysis results in the definition of discrete regions of guaranteed sticking and slipping behavior which lend themselves to use in planning. Unlike previous work our approach produces quantitative bounds on the rate at which predicted motions can occur. To illustrate a manipulation plan which requires quantitative information for its construction, we consider a strategy based on "herding" a sliding disk toward a central goal by moving a robot finger in a decreasing spiral about the goal. The optimal spiral is constructed, and its performance discussed.
Thermodynamics of one-dimensional SU(4) and SU(6) fermions with attractive interactions

Motivated by advances in the manipulation and detection of ultracold atoms with multiple internal degrees of freedom, we present a finite-temperature lattice Monte Carlo calculation of the density and pressure equations of state, as well as Tan's contact, of attractively interacting SU(4)- and SU(6)-symmetric fermion systems in one spatial dimension. We also furnish a nonperturbative proof of a universal relation whereby quantities computable in the SU(2) case completely determine the virial coefficients of the SU($N_f$) case. These one-dimensional systems are appealing because they can be experimentally realized in highly constrained traps and because of the dominant role played by correlations. The latter are typically nonperturbative and are crucial for understanding ground states and quantum phase transitions. While quantum fluctuations are typically overpowered by thermal ones in one and two dimensions at any finite temperature, we find that quantum effects do leave their imprint in thermodynamic quantities. Our calculations show that the additional degrees of freedom, relative to the SU(2) case, provide a dramatic enhancement of the density and pressure (in units of their noninteracting counterparts) in a wide region around vanishing $\beta\mu$, where $\beta$ is the inverse temperature and $\mu$ the chemical potential. As shown recently in experiments, the thermodynamics we explore here can be measured in a controlled and precise fashion in highly constrained traps and optical lattices. Our results are a prediction for such experiments in one dimension with atoms of high nuclear spin.
Shared Decision-Making and the Patient-Provider Relationship

Shared decision making is a collaborative approach where clinicians and patients work together to reach an agreement regarding a preference-sensitive healthcare decision where valid treatment options are accompanied by both risks and benefits. It involves presenting the medical evidence clearly, eliciting patient preferences and values, and addressing potential outcomes to reach an agreement about a health decision. Several innovative applications of shared decision-making are discussed in this chapter. One innovative application in the field of surgery is to practice shared decision making about high-risk surgical procedures and postoperative care. This chapter discusses how shared decision-making could enhance informed consent and patient-centered care for high-risk surgical procedures that carry significant risk of need for intensive, life sustaining, postoperative care.
The Electronic Structures of Co and Ni Tetraazaannulenes

We compare the electronic structure of two metal-centered tetramethyldibenzo-tetraazaannulene (TMTAA) macrocyclic complex molecules: 5,7,12,14- tetramethyl-2,3:9,10-dibenzo[b,i]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecine nickel (II) and 5,7,12,14-tetramethyl-2,3:9,10-dibenzo[b,i]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecine cobalt (II). The experimental gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital for both molecules, obtained from combined ultraviolet photoemission and inverse photoemission studies, is close to the value of 6.6 eV expected from simple model calculations, but with the Fermi level placed closer to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. While both the Co(II) (s = 1/2) and Ni(II) (s = 0) TMTAA molecular electronic structures are very similar, the Ni(II) adopts a high-symmetry molecular configuration upon adsorption, with a strong preferential orientation.
Employee Engagement Using the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey

To determine the consistency of the practice-oriented Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey–Employee Engagement Index (FEVS-EEI) with growing academic consensus around engagement as a motivational state, we examined the fit of the FEVS-EEI within two major theoretical frameworks relative to an academically derived engagement scale. Using a government sample (n = 241,465), we first examined the factor structure of the FEVS-EEI (Leaders Lead, Intrinsic Work Experience, Supervisors). Using a second field sample (n = 206), our results from dominance and relative weights analyses showed that only one factor of the instrument significantly predicted worker engagement as assessed using a scale validated for measuring engagement and not antecedents of engagement. With the same field sample, we used structural equation modeling to examine the fit of the practice-oriented FEVS-EEI to science-oriented theoretical frameworks of engagement and found the FEVS-EEI acts like an indicator of job resources, which itself is a p...
Innovative design and realization of lightweight delta robot platform

In order to effectively reduce the cost of Delta robot in production applications and improve the application of Delta robot in the low industrialized area, this paper introduces the structure design and realization of a new type of Delta robot, which mainly by the traditional Delta robot dynamic and static platform structure inverting to achieve Delta structure of light weight and platform. In this paper, the design of the new Delta robot, kinematics inverse solution and the design of the control system of PC and motion controller are introduced in detail.
Challenges and Criticisms

This chapter explores the increasing number of obstacles, challenges, and criticisms encountered by the Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) as the pandemic worsened with increasing rates of new HIV infections and AIDS cases. Among these challenges was an ever growing sense of political and social complacency due in part to the development of new AIDS drugs and low infection rates among heterosexual populations in high-income nations. GPA sought to combat this complacency, increase political will, and promote AIDS awareness by enlisting the support of celebrities and increasing publicity around World AIDS Day. Meanwhile, the world press directed much of its attention to the dysfunctional relationships between the World Health Organization and other United Nations agencies, instead of on the pandemic itself. Growing attacks on the program by its previous Director Jonathan Mann and his newly formed “Global AIDS Policy Coalition added to public criticism.” It was in this climate that donors became less and less certain that GPA could continue to lead the global response.
What proportion of vulnerabilities can be attributed to ordinary coding errors?: poster

The analysis reported in this poster developed from questions that arose in discussions of the Reducing Software Vulnerabilities working group, sponsored by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy in 2016 [1]. The key question we sought to address is the degree to which vulnerabilities arise from ordinary program errors, which may be detected in code reviews and functional testing, rather than post-release.
From Bench to Clinic: Translation of Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Products to Clinical Applications

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. While improvements in prevention strategies and secondary interventions have led to enhanced survival, many patients still succumb to heart failure. This necessitates the development of novel strategies to target the microvascular dysfunction and malperfusion which lead to progressive functional deterioration. Cardiovascular tissue engineering strategies represent an important class of therapeutics which aim to address the insufficiencies of current management of heart failure and related sequelae. Here, we review the various tissue engineering strategies which address the limitations of current therapies and represent promising adjunct treatments to the current gold standard.
A Data-Driven Customer Segmentation Strategy Based on Contribution to System Peak Demand

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) enables utilities to obtain granular energy consumption data, which offers a unique opportunity to design customer segmentation strategies based on their impact on various operational metrics in distribution grids. However, performing utility-scale segmentation for unobservable customers with only monthly billing information, remains a challenging problem. To address this challenge, we propose a new metric, the coincident monthly peak contribution (CMPC), that quantifies the contribution of individual customers to system peak demand. Furthermore, a novel multi-state machine learning-based segmentation method is developed that estimates CMPC for customers without smart meters (SMs): first, a clustering technique is used to build a databank containing typical daily load patterns in different seasons using the SM data of observable customers. Next, to associate unobservable customers with the discovered typical load profiles, a classification approach is leveraged to compute the likelihood of daily consumption patterns for different unobservable households. In the third stage, a weighted clusterwise regression (WCR) model is utilized to estimate the CMPC of unobservable customers using their monthly billing data and the outcomes of the classification module. The proposed segmentation methodology has been tested and verified using real utility data.
Integrated regulation of the phosphatidylinositol cycle and phosphoinositide‐driven lipid transport at er‐pm contact sites

Among the structural phospholipids that form the bulk of eukaryotic cell membranes, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is unique in that it also serves as the common precursor for low-abundance regulatory lipids, collectively referred to as polyphosphoinositides (PPIn). The metabolic turnover of PPIn species has received immense attention because of the essential functions of these lipids as universal regulators of membrane biology and their dysregulation in numerous human pathologies. The diverse functions of PPIn lipids occur, in part, by orchestrating the spatial organization and conformational dynamics of peripheral or integral membrane proteins within defined subcellular compartments. The emerging role of stable contact sites between adjacent membranes as specialized platforms for the coordinate control of ion exchange, cytoskeletal dynamics, and lipid transport has also revealed important new roles for PPIn species. In this review, we highlight the importance of membrane contact sites formed between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM) for the integrated regulation of PPIn metabolism within the PM. Special emphasis will be placed on non-vesicular lipid transport during control of the PtdIns biosynthetic cycle as well as toward balancing the turnover of the signaling PPIn species that define PM identity.
North Pillow Brings Bad Luck: Construction of Ideologies of English in a Japanese TV Drama, Massan

This article examines how ideologies of English are constructed and reproduced through the use of English by various television characters. It analyzes the form, content, and context in an NHK morn...
The Emergence of Class Politics in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts

How do economic and social position structure partisan affiliation? While neo-Durkheimian treatments of class and political behavior suggest the potential for extreme variability in the social bases of partisan affiliation, data limitations have largely restricted quantitative studies of this relationship to the postwar era. This temporal limitation restricts variation in observable social structure, thus limiting the ability of analysts to assess theoretical explanations. To address this gap, I introduce novel data on occupation and ethnicity for more than 20,000 Massachusetts state legislators in the nineteenth century. This allows me to find the “best fit” model for the social bases of party affiliation in four distinct periods in Massachusetts’ political history. I show that the Massachusetts political system transitioned from a system of occupational cleavages to proto-class cleavages between the First Party System (1795–1826) and Second Party System (1835–54). The Civil War and Reconstruction Era (1855–77) was characterized by the emergence of an ethnic cleavage, but near-modern class divisions emerged as the strongest predictors of legislators’ party affiliations for the remainder of the Third Party System (1878–93). Combined with historiographical accounts of the nineteenth century, these analyses suggest that the emergence of class politics requires intermediary organizations such as unions and professional associations, the liberalization of economic laws and regulation, and the increasingly unequal distribution of productive property.
Disease Management in the Respiratory Therapy Curriculum

Background: Comprehending disease management (DM) in a variety pulmonary conditions is a major pillar in building the future for Respiratory Therapy (RT) practice. Appropriate DM has been demonstrated to impact health outcomes in the healthcare system. The purpose of the study was to explore the extent to which DM is included in the RT program curriculum. Methods: Following IRB approval, two separate surveys were created: one for PDs and one for RT students graduating in 6 months or less. 433 Respiratory Therapy PDs throughout the United States were sent the link and PDs were asked to forward to their students. Each group was asked about the implementation of DM competencies into the RT curriculum, and students were asked about their level of preparedness and confidence to implement DM competencies. Results: 101 PDs responded, most from Associate Degree programs (67%). The DM competencies (11 out of 15) were implemented in didactic, lab, and clinical settings. Some PDs (28%) stated that they do not have a dedicated DM course and 2/92 (2.17%) were working toward implementation. PD9s stated that in the community their programs lacked experiences evaluating the patient disease process, implementing patient education tools, collaborating with other professions, and smoking cessation counseling. Barriers to including content were identified as resources (44%), time (36%), and faculty (2%). 190 students participated, mostly from Bachelor9s degree programs (50%). Students felt unprepared and were not confident in the following areas: providing education on nutrition/wellness, economic support, developing action plans, documenting outcomes, smoking cessation counseling, and evaluating health literacy. Conclusions: Increasing DM education in the curriculum is consistent with the current evolution of Respiratory Therapy practice. Opportunities for exposure to learning these skills may be abundant in the RT curriculum, such as community style clinical rotations, modules on health literacy, and online learning modules. These may be incorporated into the curriculum to benefit the students and the community. Broadening the Respiratory Therapists9 skills and competencies to areas outside of the acute care environment has the possibility to impact health outcomes and reduce readmissions related to improper disease management, thereby demonstrating the value of the RT to the interprofessional healthcare team.
Appropriate Opioid Use After Spine Surgery: Psychobehavioral Barriers and Patient Knowledge

Objective To identify spine patients' barriers to appropriate postoperative opioid use, comfort with naloxone, knowledge of safe opioid disposal practices, and associated factors. Methods We preoperatively surveyed 174 spine patients about psychobehavioral barriers to appropriate opioid use, comfort with naloxone, and knowledge about opioid disposal. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with barriers and knowledge (α = 0.05). Results Common barriers were fear of addiction (71%) and concern about disease progression (43%). Most patients (78%) had neutral/low confidence in the ability of nonopioid medications to control pain; most (57%) felt neutral or uncomfortable with using naloxone; and most (86%) were familiar with safe disposal. Anxiety was associated with fear of distracting the physician (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–14) and with lower odds of knowing safe disposal methods (aOR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04–0.72). Opioid use during the preceding month was associated with comfort with naloxone (aOR, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.1–12). Patients with a higher educational level had lower odds of reporting fear of distracting the physician (aOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.09–0.97), and those with previous postoperative opioid use had lower odds of concern about disease progression (aOR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09–0.63) and with a belief in tolerating pain (aOR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.12–0.95). Conclusions Many spine patients report barriers to appropriate postoperative opioid use and are neutral or uncomfortable with naloxone. Some are unfamiliar with safe disposal. Associated factors include anxiety, lack of recent opioid use, and no previous postoperative use.
Large-scale Discriminative n-gram Language Models for Statistical Machine Translation.

We extend discriminative n-gram language modeling techniques originally proposed for automatic speech recognition to a statistical machine translation task. In this context, we propose a novel data selection method that leads to good models using a fraction of the training data. We carry out systematic experiments on several benchmark tests for Chinese to English translation using a hierarchical phrase-based machine translation system, and show that a discriminative language model significantly improves upon a state-of-the-art baseline. The experiments also highlight the benefits of our data selection method.
Erotic Pleasure and Pleasure-Seeking Associated with Implicit and Explicit Sexual Motives

Two studies examined the proposal that implicit and explicit sexual motives are associated with the experience of pleasure in sexual situations, as well as with seeking out sexual pleasure. In Study 1, implicit and explicit motive scores of 145 heterosexually identified women and 152 heterosexually identified men were demonstrated to be independently associated with the experience of pleasure in response to videos of female–male sexual behavior, more consistently so for women than men. The implicit and explicit motive scales were also associated with the frequency of viewing erotic materials in daily life. The experience of pleasure within sexual relationships was additionally shown to be associated with sexual motives, although primarily implicit motives. In Study 2 involving 139 women and 65 men, implicit motive scales were associated with ratings of interest in a potential romantic partner. The results support the conceptualization of the two instruments as measures of sexual motivation. The difference between implicit versus explicit measures in the pattern of correlations involving acquainted versus non-acquainted individuals is consistent with research on ideal partner preference.
Collection of the International Hip Outcome Tool-12 Using a Smartphone Application Format Is Faster and Preferred When Compared With the Paper Version: A Pilot Study of rHip

Purpose To evaluate the agreeability between the mobile application-based International Hip Outcome Tool-12 (iHOT-12) survey with the paper version, as well as compare the time it takes patients each of the versions, and patient preferences between the two. Methods Patients seen with symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement syndrome were prospectively enrolled in February 2019 and completed both the paper and application-based iHOT-12, in randomized order. Outcomes scores and time to completion were recorded for each version, and patients were also asked which they preferred. Intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to assess for absolute agreement between the 2 versions. Bland–Altman plots were constructed to evaluate the agreeability between paper and application-based iHOT-12 scores. Bland–Altman plots were evaluated to identify systematic bias and data stratification was performed to identify sequence bias between the application and paper-based collection modalities. Results Twenty-nine patients (aged15-56 years) completed both the paper and application-based versions of the iHOT-12. Between the application-based and paper versions, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98, and Bland–Altman analysis showed agreement without bias between versions. There was no sequence bias. Accounting for completion order, the application-based iHOT-12 was faster for patients when compared to the paper version (61.4 ± 20.3 vs 71.9 ± 23.6 seconds, P = .02). Twenty-two patients reported a version preference where 19 of 22 (86%) chose application-based (P Conclusions The application-based iHOT-12 demonstrated absolute agreement with the paper iHOT-12, and is faster for patients to complete. Patients preferred using the application-based iHOT-12 over the paper-based version. Application-based PROs allow for collection of patient data at more frequent time points, which may be helpful in tracking the recovery progress of patients and predicting outcomes. Clinical Relevance As electronic-based outcome surveys become more common, it is important to know how the results may differ from traditional paper-based surveys.
The Impact of Clinical to Simulation Hour Ratios on Nursing Student Learning

Simulation is utilized in nursing education worldwide as an adjunctive experiential method of learning, either in replace of, or addition to, traditional clinical instruction. While every state in the nation incorporates simulation in their nursing curriculum, there is remarkable variation among state authorizing agencies as to which clinical to simulation hour ratio is ideal. The purpose of this quantitative, non-experimental, retrospective cohort project was to determine the impact of a 2:1 clinical to simulation hours ratio (whereby two hours of clinical are fulfilled by one hour of high-fidelity simulation [HFS]) on baccalaureate prelicensure nursing student learning in a medical-surgical course by examining Health Education Systems Incorporated (HESI) medical-surgical specialty exam scores amongst two independent groups. The research institution transitioned from a 1:1 to a 2:1 ratio at a 20% substitution rate pursuant to the Colorado State Board of Nursing (BON) rules that state if the school is nationally accredited and follows the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning (INACSL) Standards of Best Practice, the nursing program may replace two hours of traditional clinical with one hour of simulation. An independent sample t-test compared the HESI medical-surgical specialty exam scores for the 1:1 (Group A) and the 2:1 (Group B) clinical to simulation hours ratio groups. There were no significant differences in scores for Group A (M = 927.13, SD = 136.18) and Group B (M = 956.09, SD = 144.24; t (331) = -1.88, p = .06, two-tailed). The magnitude of the differences in the means (mean difference = -28.95, 95% CI: -59.22 to 1.31) was small according to Cohen’s (1988) convention (d = 0.21). The results of this project suggest that a 2:1 ratio may be implemented without negatively affecting standardized examination scores. More research is needed to explore the impact that higher ratios have in other courses, at other institutions, and among associate degree students.
Single-particle tracking of dynein identifies PP2A B55/SUR-6 as a cell cycle regulator of cortical force generation

Convergence and positioning of the pronuclei and mitotic spindle of many zygotes aids efficient division and is essential for early embryonic patterning. In the C. elegans zygote, interactions between microtubules and cortically anchored dynein are key to early development. However, how cortical microtubule pulling forces are controlled through the cell cycle is less well understood. We used single-molecule imaging and a windowed mean squared displacement analysis to uncover the behavior of dynein during cortical force generation, and provide a regulatory role for protein phosphatase PP2A-B55/SUR6 via NuMA-like protein LIN-5 in this process. Previous findings and our results suggest that PP2A regulates cortical microtubule pulling forces by increasing dynein binding and unbinding to the cortical force generation complex. Our data also suggests that cortical occupancy of dynein is abrogated to vary force generation. Our approach will be broadly applicable to classify the force generation behavior of single molecules in living organisms.
The Pittsburgh Principles: Fair and Equitable Trade-Offs

In Chap. 4, we developed a model to identify trade-offs that could be used to build an agreement. The next step is finding out which trade-offs are feasible. We need to identify trade-offs that provide the same or almost the same (within a small percentage) gain/loss ratio for both parties. For example, the trade-off (I12, P6) yields the gain/loss ratios 1.062 in Table 5.16 and 1.052 in Table 5.17, for the Israelis and Palestinians, respectively. The values of those trade-offs are within one percent of each other. One could think that if no single sets of concessions can be mapped into trade-offs, bundles of two, three, and more concessions could be used. But in this case, the issues are complex enough to complicate life even more if bundles are created. But the possibility exists.
Background and Literature Review

It was not until a few centuries ago that the teaching of the healing arts was formalized into a planned curriculum. Although there are some earlier examples, many European universities did not develop faculties of medicine as integrated components of their academic organizations until the 16th or 17th centuries. In the United States, this evolution did not occur, in most instances, until the 19th century, when Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Johns Hopkins University led the way in this regard.
Resistance of adenoviral DNA replication to aphidicolin is dependent on the 72-kilodalton DNA-binding protein.

Aphidicolin is a highly specific inhibitor of DNA polymerase α and has been most useful for assessing the role of this enzyme in various replication processes (J. A. Huberman, Cell 23 :647-648, 1981). Both nuclear DNA replication and simian virus 40 DNA replication are highly sensitive to this drug (Krokan et al., Biochemistry 18 :4431-4443, 1979), whereas mitochondrial DNA synthesis is completely insensitive (Zimmerman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255 :11847-11852, 1980). Adenovirus DNA replication is sensitive to aphidicolin, but only at much higher concentrations. These patterns of sensitivity are seen both in vivo and in vitro (Krokan et al., Biochemistry 18 :4431-4443, 1979). A temperature-sensitive mutant of adenovirus type 5 known as H5 ts 125 is able to complete but not initiate new rounds of replication at nonpermissive temperatures (P. C. van der Vliet and J. S. Sussenbach, Virology 67 :415-426, 1975). When cells infected with H5 ts 125 were shifted from permissive (33°C) to nonpermissive (41°C) conditions, the residual DNA synthesis (elongation) showed a striking increase in sensitivity to aphidicolin. The temperature-sensitive mutation of H5 ts 125 is in the gene for the 72-kilodalton single-stranded DNA-binding protein. This demonstrated that the increased resistance to aphidicolin shown by adenovirus DNA replication was dependent on that protein. It also supports an elongation role for both DNA polymerase α and the 72-kilodalton single-stranded DNA-binding protein in adenovirus DNA replication. Further support for an elongation role of DNA polymerase α came from experiments with permissive temperature conditions and inhibiting levels of aphidicolin in which it was shown that newly initiated strands failed to elongate to completion. Images