cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Hypocalcemia after Thyroidectomy: Results from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample

Hypocalcemia is a common complication following thyroidectomy. However, the incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia varies widely in the literature, and factors associated with hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery are not well established. We aimed to identify incidence trends and independent risk factors of postoperative hypocalcemia using the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) database from 1998 to 2008. Overall, 6,605 (5.5%) of 119,567 patients who underwent thyroidectomy developed hypocalcemia. Total thyroidectomy resulted in a significantly higher increased incidence (9.0%) of hypocalcemia when compared with unilateral thyroid lobectomy (1.9%; 𝑃 . 0 0 1 ). Thyroidectomy with bilateral neck dissection, the strongest independent risk factor of postoperative hypocalcemia (odds ratio, 9.42; 𝑃 . 0 0 1 ), resulted in an incidence of 23.4%. Patients aged 45 years to 84 years were less likely to have postoperative hypocalcemia compared with their younger and older counterparts ( 𝑃 . 0 0 1 ). Hispanic ( 𝑃 = . 0 0 3 ) and Asian ( 𝑃 = . 0 2 7 ) patients were more likely, and black patients were less likely ( 𝑃 = . 0 0 3 ) than white patients to develop hypocalcemia. Additional factors independently associated with postoperative hypocalcemia included female gender, nonteaching hospitals, and malignant neoplasms of thyroid gland. Hypocalcemia following thyroidectomy resulted in 1.47 days of extended hospital stay (3.33 versus 1.85 days 𝑃 . 0 0 1 ).
Perianal Bowen Disease in a Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers of the anogenital region. A majority of these cancers have been reported in adult patients; few reports are available regarding anogenital HPV-associated carcinomas developing in children. We report a case of perianal Bowen disease in an HIV-positive child. An 8-year-old HIV-positive boy with a history of perianal verrucous lesions presented to a clinic in Lesotho because his caregiver noted his lesions were changing in color, texture, and extent. Histologic sections revealed squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Several cases of anogenital condyloma in HIV-positive children have been reported, but very few cases of HPV-associated cancer. Children with vertically transmitted HIV may be uniquely susceptible to persistent infection with strains of HPV acquired perinatally. While the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has resulted in immune restoration, decreased opportunistic infection, and increased life expectancy for children and adults with HIV, it has not affected the incidence of HPV-related cancers in these patients. The increased life expectancy of children with HIV may actually put them at risk for developing an HPV-related anogenital cancer.
Combinatorial initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) for polymer thin film discovery

Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) is a technique used to synthesize polymer thin films and coatings from the vapor phase in situ on solid substrates via free-radical mechanisms. It is a solventless, low-temperature process capable of forming very thin conformal layers on complex architectures. By implementing a combinatorial approach that examines five initiation temperatures simultaneously, we have realized at least a five-fold increase in efficiency. The combinatorial films were compared to a series of blanket films deposited over the same conditions to ensure the combinatorial system provided the same information. Direct synthesis from the vapor phase allows for in situ control of film morphology, molecular weight and crosslinking, and the combinatorial system decreases the time required to find the relationship between these interrelated properties. Some coatings were tested for antimicrobial performance against E. coli and B. subtilis.
Effect of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and bacterial toxins on meningeal permeability in vitro.

Background and Objectives Epidural catheterization is associated with a significant bacterial colonization rate and occasionally frank infection. During epidural space infection, decreased analgesia despite increased epidural opioid doses has been described. One possible explanation for this observation is that bacterial infection decreases meningeal permeability. The purpose of the study was to determine whether Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the most common organism causing epidural space infection, or S. aureus toxins alter meningeal permeability. Methods Spinal meninges of M. nemestrina monkeys were mounted in a previously established in vitro diffusion cell model and exposed to S. aureus toxins A, B, and F. Simultaneous transmeningeal fluxes of mannitol and sufentanil were measured before and after toxin exposure and compared to controls. In a second series of experiments, diffusion cells were inoculated with live S. aureus bacteria in suspension and the permeability of sufentanil was investigated. Results Staphylococcus aureus toxin-A increased the transmeningeal flux of mannitol but not sufentanil. Toxins B and F did not alter the meningeal permeability of either drug. Inoculation with live S. aureus bacteria increased the transmeningeal flux of sufentanil by 115 ± 21% (P = .032). Conclusions These data demonstrate that S. aureus alpha-toxin and live S. aureus bacteria can increase meningeal permeability. Thus, clinical observations of decreased epidural analgesia in the face of bacterial infection cannot be explained by decreased meningeal permeability. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999: 24: 24–29.
An approach to the neurology of aggression

Abstract Aggressive behavior is controlled at multiple anatomical levels within the human brain. To illustrate hierarchical neural controls over aggression, we compare and contrast the roles of the hypothalamus, amygdaloid complex, and orbital prefrontal cortex in terms of their distinctive sensory inputs, effector channels, and principles of integration as deduced from observations in animals and man. We illustrate characteristics syndromes of human aggression resulting from hypothalamic, temporolimbic, or frontal cortical lesions. The application of this perspective to research on criminal violence is discussed.
A Slope-Fan-Basin-Plain Model, Taconic Sequence, New York and Vermont

ABSTRACT Environmental reconstruction for the Cambrian portion of the Taconic Sequence, New York and Vermont, indicates a depositional environment analogous with a modern slope fan-basin-plain model. Carbonate sediment and generally coarse quartz sand were removed from the Cambrian shelf and deposited with muds of the slope, now slates and siltstones, by a variety of processes at work on the slope and within submarine canyons. The shelf-derived sediment can be divided into six main lithofacies, each bearing the imprint of the principal process or processes involved in its deposition. These include: (1) carbonate clast conglomerates (inferred products of debris flow), (2) massive, coarse sandstones (apparent deposits of fluidized sediment flow and grain flow), (3) graded sandstones and limeston s (presumed turbidites), (4) parallel-laminated sandstones and limestones (probable turbidites), (5) thin, structureless micrites (inferred deposits of vertical settling-out of suspension), and (6) current-ripple-laminated limestones and sandstones (thought to be the products of reworking by contour-following bottom currents or submarine overbank levee deposits). All of these processes were working together or in opposition. Analysis indicates that only the lower slope and base-of-slope portion of the early Paleozoic continental margin has been preserved in the Taconic Sequence.
Mixed rules in concept learning.

A mixed conceptual rule is one in which the correct response is determined both by the characteristics of the stimulus and by the position of the stimulus in the sequence. This experiment was designed to study mixed rules in concept learning by examining the effect of reversing the correct answer for a single trial every 4, 8, and 12 trials, along with a no-reversal control condition. Performance on both reversal and nonreversal trials improved as the spacing between reversal trials increased; the best performance was found with no reversals. The improvement from increased spacing appears to result from the increased opportunity to learn the basic concept between reversal trials.
High-Altitude Satellite Relative Navigation Using Carrier-Phase Differential Global Positioning System Techniques

A new carrier-phase differential global positioning system relative navigation estimator has been developed that extends the use of carrier-phase differential global positioning system techniques to spacecraft formations that operate at geostationary altitudes and above. The estimator achieves rapid convergence to the carrier-phase ambiguities and incorporates a cycle slip detection and recovery algorithm. It solves a linearized problem using least-squares square-root information processing that does not require spacecraft dynamics models. In this context, integer ambiguities are resolved using an integer least-squares algorithm. The cycle slip algorithm identifies the slip channel by statistical hypothesis testing and estimates the magnitude of the slip. Global positioning system receiver-in-the-loop tests with simulated low-Earth orbit data show nearly instantaneous convergence to the correct integer ambiguities and relative position error magnitudes of less than 3 mm. Truth-model simulations are used to simulate geostationary orbits and high-Earth orbit scenarios. The geostationary orbit scenario produces nearly instantaneous convergence to the ambiguities and error magnitudes of less than 0.1 m. The high-Earth orbit case at a radial distance of 17.8 Earth radii converges in minutes with error magnitudes of less than 3 m. Cycle slips, present in the hardware-in-the-loop simulations, are detected and corrected without significant accuracy degradation.
Improving the reliability in the SLC control system

Abstract During the past year, considerable emphasis has been placed on improving the overall reliability of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) control system. The Errorlog Facility has proven to be a useful tool to diagnose hardware and software problems. By analyzing the various error messages and their correlations, one can usually determine the software component or hardware module causing faults. Daily summaries help to identify problems so that they can be remedied before they become catastrophic, thereby bringing about a considerable increase in performance. We discuss the various tools that we use and our operational experience with them.
GEOGRAPHIC GEOMORPHOLOGY IN THE EIGHTIES

The geomorphic sciences will continue to be dynamic in the coming decade. Among other developments, there is a trend toward increased dependence on field reserch, more realistic expectations from reserch tools, a resurgence of interest in man-land relations with a renewed dependence on the historical approach, a reinvestigation of morphogenetic regions, study of planetary surfaces other than earth's, and involvement with applied problems, as well as cooperation and collaboration with scientists in related fields. The greatest need is the development of connections between academic and nonacademic geographers at all levels.
Autonomous plasmid‐like replication of a conjugative transposon

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), a.k.a. conjugative transposons, are mobile genetic elements involved in many biological processes, including pathogenesis, symbiosis and the spread of antibiotic resistance. Unlike conjugative plasmids that are extra-chromosomal and replicate autonomously, ICEs are integrated in the chromosome and replicate passively during chromosomal replication. It is generally thought that ICEs do not replicate autonomously. We found that when induced, Bacillus subtilis ICEBs1 undergoes autonomous plasmid-like replication. Replication was unidirectional, initiated from the ICEBs1 origin of transfer, oriT, and required the ICEBs1-encoded relaxase NicK. Replication also required several host proteins needed for chromosomal replication, but did not require the replicative helicase DnaC or the helicase loader protein DnaB. Rather, replication of ICEBs1 required the helicase PcrA that is required for rolling circle replication of many plasmids. Transfer of ICEBs1 from the donor required PcrA, but did not require replication, indicating that PcrA, and not DNA replication, facilitates unwinding of ICEBs1 DNA for horizontal transfer. Although not needed for horizontal transfer, replication of ICEBs1 was needed for stability of the element. We propose that autonomous plasmid-like replication is a common property of ICEs and contributes to the stability and maintenance of these mobile genetic elements in bacterial populations.
Threat to high market value agricultural lands from urban encroachment: A national and regional perspecitve

Abstract A large proportion of the nation's cropland that produces high market value agricultural products is within close proximity to fast growing metropolitan areas. The conversion of high value cropland to urban land uses is taking place within and adjacent to metropolitan areas at the same time that cropland is increasing in nonmetropolitan areas with marginal lands. This study examines the spatial pattern of the nation's high market value cropland in relation to fast growing metropolitan regions, areas of increasing cropland, and areas with marginal lands. A case study of a rapidly urbanizing region in northern Illinois demonstrates the rate at which high value agricultural land is being lost to urban encroachment. The findings raise a number of policy questions that are difficult to address in the absence of national farmland protection policies.
SYMBOLIC EQUATION PROCESSING UTILIZING VECTOR/DYAD NOTATION

Abstract In previous work the author has presented a methodology for obtaining closed form equations of motion for general non-holonomic hybrid parameter multiple body systems (HPMBS). It is well known that generating closed form symbolic equations of motion for HPMBS of few degrees of freedom rapidly degenerates to an algebraic soup unless computer tools are utilized. Methods dependent on Lagrange multipliers are virtually unable to provide the constant free (minimal) symbolic equations for systems of moderate to high order due to the complication of eliminating the multipliers. In this paper, the intent is to provide the details, and example use of, a tool, based on commercial symbolic manipulation software, developed to assist the symbolic processing of the equations of motion as previously minimally formulated. The tool presented herein is novel in the way the vector notation of the formulation scheme is retained and the way that frame information is carried in the calculations. The symbolic tool provided in this paper allows the modelling methodology to be a practical tool for generating closed form equations of motion for extremely complicated HPMBS.
Convective diffusion in parallel flow fields

Laminar motion of two viscous incompressible fluids through each other is treated for two cases: flow along the axis of a circular cylinder, and flow between parallel flat plates. Motion of either fluid entails that of the other. Regarding one fluid as a solvent, the other as a solute, and supposing the system to have ends impermeable to the former, it is found that the solvent streams with the solute down the center of the system, to return in the opposite direction out nearer the walls. Thus diffusion of a dissolved substance through a region in which the solvent is confined produces continual streaming in the latter.
Effects of intravenously administered digoxin on mild left ventricular failure in acute myocardial infarction in man.

Abstract Studies were made in 10 patients with early mild left ventricular failure in acute myocardial infarction to determine the hemodynamic correlates of the condition and evaluate the effects of intravenously administered digoxin. Studies were performed within 72 hours of infarction. Patients with basilar rales, tachycardia and ventricular (S 3 ) gallop sound were selected for study. Findings during the control period were consistent with mild left ventricular failure. Stroke index was below normal (28 ± 7.1 ml/m 2 ), but cardiac index was within normal limits (3.22 ± 0.60 liters/min per m 2 ) because of tachycardia. Stroke work index was low (39 +- 13.7 g-m/m 2 ), and pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure was minimally increased (15.2 ± 3.5 mm Hg). After intravenous administration of digoxin (0.75 mg in 7 patients, 1.0 mg in 3 patients), there were no statistically significant changes in any of the measured variables when the whole group was considered. Relating stroke work index to pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure, 2 types of responses were found. Four patients had a distinct inotropic response; the other 6 patients had no significant change, or a worsening of function. The reasons for a variable response in the early phase of infarction may be related to the regional nature of infarction or possibly to humoral factors influencing myocardial performance. Data suggest that digitalis is of limited value during this stage of infarction. Further studies and more precise characterization of patients may provide insight into the role of digitalis in the early phases of acute infarction.
Separation and characterization of two UTP-utilizing hexose phosphate uridylyltransferases from Entamoeba histolytica.

Abstract Two UTP-utilizing uridylyltransferases which react with both glucose 1-phosphate and galactose 1-phosphate were isolated from cell-free extracts of Entamoeba histolytica. The more specific of these enzymes, glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, acts preferentially on glucose 1-phosphate, having a maximum velocity 20-fold greater with this substrate than with galactose 1-phosphate. It was purified 200 fold with a 25% yield and has a molecular weight of 45 000. This enzyme requires a reducing agent for stability. The less specific transferase reacts with both hexose phosphates, having a maximum velocity of 1.35 times greater with galactose 1-phosphate. It was purified 1000 fold with a 20% yield, and has a molecular weight of 40 000. The common Leloir enzyme, UDPglucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12), was not found in this organism. To avoid confusion with the Leloir enzyme our experience suggests that the less specific enzyme, which is presently referred to in the literature as galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.10), should be named UTP:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.?). The more specific enzyme (EC 2.7.7.9) should be more clearly named UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.
Bi-layer disparity remapping for handheld 3D video communications

Handheld devices with “glasses-free” autostereoscopic displays present a new opportunity for 3D video communications. 3D can enhance realism and enrich the user experience, yet it must be employed without visual discomfort. A simple shift-convergence disparity remapping technique can align a user's face throughout a 3D video call, eliminating uncomfortable crossed disparities. However, this can produce large disparities in the background that the viewer is unable to fuse. Furthermore, reducing camera separation and thus all disparities may lead to a flat appearance that does not aid realism. Using foreground/background segmentation, we propose a novel bi-layer disparity remapping algorithm to limit uncomfortable background disparities during handheld 3D video communications. A user study with the HTC Evo 3D handheld device shows that this method improves visual comfort while preserving the critical depths within the face.
An Appraisal of the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Nanoscaffolds Developed by Different Techniques for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications: Electrospinning A Paradigm Shift

The electrospinning method for scaffold production has emerged as a technique of great versatility within the field of tissue engineering. It is a relatively simple technique that enables scaffolds to be manufactured of the required specifications without much ado. Bone scaffolds are challenging in their requirements for mechanical strength and degradability. Polymeric materials can be most efficiently tailored to meet these demands for such scaffolds. This review focuses on the existing technologies involved in the fabrication of polymeric fibrous and porous scaffolds in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, as well as on the emerging technologies that are more promising.
Performance of the CellSolutions Glucyte Liquid-Based Cytology in Comparison with the ThinPrep and SurePath Methods

Objective: Glucyte liquid-based cytology (LBC; BestPrep™;CellSolutions, LLC, Greensboro, N.C., USA) is a recently developed method. Its performance was assessed in comparison with ThinPrep (Hologic Inc., Marlborough, Mass., USA) and SurePath (BD Diagnostics, Burlington, N.C., USA) LBC platforms. Study Design: Two cervical samples obtained from each of 331 patients presenting for colposcopy were utilized. The first sample was placed in PreservCyt (Hologic) and the second in SurePath medium, and both were processed in accordance with the manufacturers’ protocols. From the residual SurePath sample, a Glucyte slide was prepared, stained, and read as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Results: Considering a threshold cytologic diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and using a histologic diagnosis of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or worse (CIN 2+) as the end point, there was no significant difference in the sensitivity of Glucyte for the detection of CIN 2+ compared with ThinPrep and SurePath (86.9 vs. 81.9% and 83.7%, respectively). However, Glucyte showed a specificity of 49.2% compared with 61.6% for ThinPrep (p = 0.002) and 66.9% for SurePath (p Conclusion: Glucyte appeared to perform reasonably well compared with ThinPrep and SurePath. It offers an alternative to these well recognized LBC systems.
Characterization of a novel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from a strain of Streptococcus mutans.

Abstract An alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Streptococcus mutans strain E-49 was isolated, partially purified and characterized. The enzyme exhibited specificity for NAD, and showed optimum activity with n -butanol as substrate. The saturation kinetics for both substrate and coenzyme were of the classical Michaelis-Menten type; the k m for NAD being 2.47 × 10 −4 M and the k m for n -butanol, 1.11 × 10 −3 M. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 10.5, and the partially purified ADH yielded multiple activity bands upon polyacrylamide, disc gel electrophoresis. In addition, the Strep. mutans ADH was shown to have a high molecular weight; 400,000 ± 20,000 as determined by Sepharose molecular exclusion chromatography. The enzyme was stabilized to thermal inactivation by its coenzyme, NAD, and the ADHs isolated from members of the four Strep. mutans genetic groups were somewhat dissimilar. The enzyme from Strep. mutans strain E-49 had a combination of the four following properties: specificity for n -butanol, multiple activity bands upon disc gel electrophoresis, high molecular weight, and high pH optimum which served to distinguish it from ADHs studied from other microbial and mammalian sources.
Three theorems on third-kind linear integral equations

Abstract Consider a solution space P τ consisting essentially of linear combinations of continuous functions and poles with integration over the poles defined by Cauchy's principal value. In P τ the linear integral equation of the third kind is shown to have properties similar to those of the Fredholm equation of the second kind. The space P τ is a subspace of a solution space Pτ previously studied where no unique solution to the non-homogeneous third-kind equation exists. Solutions in P τ may be explicitly constructed via Fredholm theory. For simplicity full details are presented only for the case involving a single pole. Generalization to the case of several poles is, however, briefly discussed.
X-ray crystal structures, molecular mechanics and quantum chemical calculations, and calculations of the nonlinear optical polarizabilities in the series of monohalogen substituted derivatives of dicyanovinylbenzene

Abstract The molecular and crystal structure of a series of potential non-linear optical (NLO) compounds — o-, m- and p-halogen-substituted derivatives of dicyanovinylbenzene, has been studied. The molecular geometry was investigated with an X-ray diffraction analysis and discussed along with results of the molecular mechanics (MM3) and ab initio quantum calculations (MP2 and DFT). The influence of the crystal packing on the molecular planarity has been revealed. Calculations of the dipole moments and molecular hyperpolarizabilities for molecules in question were carried out in the finite field approach. In addition to a several acentric compounds of this series found before, in the present investigation one more acentric crystal of the p-I substituted dicyanovinylbenzene was found (space group Pna21, Z=4). Second harmonic generation (SHG) of the laser light for this compound was confirmed by the Kurtz powder test.
Cost effectiveness of concurrent gemcitabine and cisplatin with radiation followed by adjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with stages IIB to IVA carcinoma of the cervix.

Abstract Objective A recent phase III trial reported gemcitabine with cisplatin chemoradiation followed by 2cycles of gemcitabine and cisplatin (G) significantly improved progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to standard cisplatin chemoradiation (C) for locally advanced cervix cancer. We evaluate the cost effectiveness (CE) of these treatment regimens. Methods A modified Markov model was constructed comparing CE between treatment arms using the published trial's five-year OS and treatment-related toxicity rates. Quality of life (QOL) utility scores during treatment were obtained from published literature and modeled for sensitivity analysis. Cost data was obtained from Medicare reimbursement figures and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. One-way sensitivity analyses assessed variations in cost and adverse events. Results Mean cost was $41,330 (US$) for C versus $60,974 for G. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for G compared to C was $33,080 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). In sensitivity analyses (SA), the ICER increased to common willingness-to-pay thresholds of 50K and 100K when QOL utility scores during G active treatment declined to 0.64 and 0.53 (baseline 0.76), respectively. The model was insensitive to changes in adverse event rates, costs of treatment, or adverse event hospitalization costs. Conclusions Gemcitabine with cisplatin chemoradiation followed by 2cycles of adjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin is a cost effective treatment for locally advanced cervix cancer compared to standard cisplatin chemoradiation. Common willingness to pay thresholds are exceeded during sensitivity analyses with realistic declines in QOL. Our results support ongoing investigations of novel adjuvants to standard cisplatin chemoradiation with potentially less toxicity.
Remarkable Lubricating Capabilities of Amniotic Surfactant

Summary: Surface-active phospholipid (SAPL) extracted from amniotic fluid or elutriated from the chorioamnionic sacs of placentas recovered from normal full term deliveries has been shown to be a remarkable lubricant. Coefficients of kinetic and static friction were reduced to 0.009 by SAPL from amniotic fluid and 0.011 for a membrane extract, even under high load (3 kg/cm2), compared with 0.04 for the best nonbiological boundary lubricants. The antiwear properties were equally remarkable, giving a mean scar diameter under extreme pressure of only 0.76mm for amniotic SAPL and 1.00 mm for membrane extract compared with 0.85-0.95 mm for aqueous lubricants commercially available. These results support the hypothesis that premature rupture (PROM) is less likely to occur if movement between the fetus and the amnion or between the decidual surface of the uterus and the chorion is well lubricated.
Relationships between sulfide-oxidizing bacterial mats and their carbon sources in northern Gulf of Mexico cold seeps

Abstract Chemical and isotopic characterization of microbial mats collected from methane and petroleum seeps in the Gulf of Mexico suggest microbial mat color is related to carbon utilization. A survey of white and orange-colored microbial mats collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico from the Brine Pool NR-1 (BP) and a hydrate mound site in Green Canyon 234 (GC 234) during Johnson Sea-Link submersible dives was conducted to explore the bacterial utilization of different carbon sources. Sedimentary organic matter at BP is predominantly derived from biogenic methane whereas organic material available in sediments at GC 234 originates from a mixture of methane and non-methane hydrocarbons. Interstitial sulfide concentrations were significantly elevated in porewater fluids below white mats collected from BP (1.2 ± 0.2 mM) and below orange mats at GC 234 (6.1 ± 0.7 mM). Sulfate reduction rates, ranging from 0.4 to 3.8 μmol SO 4 cm −3 d −1 , indicate rapid sulfate consumption below GC 234 orange mats. A model based on carbon isotopes was used to delineate possible inorganic and organic carbon sources to BP white mats and GC 234 orange mats. The results suggest the white mats are chemoautotrophic and that the orange mats may employ either heterotrophy or autotrophy.
Replication of Human Endothelial Cells in Culture

Investigative studies dealing with the properties and functions of endothelial cells have been hampered because there has been little or no success in the isolation, growth, and passage of individual cells in large numbers. We have developed a system whereby pure cultures of endothelial cells derived from umbilical veins can be subcultured for at least five serial passages. Many facets of endothelial function and interaction can be evaluated with the use of this new adaptive system of isolation and culture.
The development of children's action memory : when do actions speak louder than words ?

Although acting consistently has been found to improve memory, the reasons for this are unclear. In this investigation, we tested whether acting improves recall by integrating separate elements within an action into an organized whole and whether this process may be strategic. First graders, fourth graders, and college-aged adults listened to, acted out, or watched the performance of action-object phrases and then verbally reported or enacted the phrases. Phrases composed of transitive verbs were expected to be integrated more by action than phrases composed of intransitive verbs, and consequently recalled better, especially by the younger children. Recall increased between first and fourth grades, suggesting that some aspects of action memory may be strategic; however, there was no evidence that acting improves recall by means of integration. The pattern of results suggested that the nature of an action's outcome may contribute to the enactment effect.
Complex genome rearrangements reveal evolutionary dynamics of pericentromeric regions in the Triticeae.

Most pericentromeric regions of eukaryotic chromosomes are heterochromatic and are the most rapidly evolving regions of complex genomes. The closely related genomes within hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD), as well as in the related Triticeae taxa, share large conserved chromosome segments and provide a good model for the study of the evolution of pericentromeric regions. Here we report on the comparative analysis of pericentric inversions in the Triticeae, including Triticum aestivum, Aegilops speltoides, Ae. longissima, Ae. searsii, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, and Agropyron elongatum. Previously, 4 pericentric inversions were identified in the hexaploid wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ (‘CS’) involving chromosomes 2B, 4A, 4B, and 5A. In the present study, 2 additional pericentric inversions were detected in chromosomes 3B and 6B of ‘CS’ wheat. Only the 3B inversion pre-existed in chromosome 3S, 3Sl, and 3Ss of Aegilops species of the Sitopsis section, the remaining inversi...
Efron's bootstrap

The bootstrap was introduced by Brad Efron in the late 1970s. It is a computer-intensive method for approximating the sampling distribution of any statistic derived from a random sample. Here Dennis Boos and Leonard Stefanski give simple examples to show how the bootstrap is used and help to explain its enormous success as a tool of statistical inference.
Post-identification feedback: exploring the effects of sequential photospreads and eyewitnesses' awareness of the identification task

Two experiments tested whether the sequential photospread procedure would protect eyewitnesses against memory distortion from post-identification feedback. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 245) watched a videotaped event and then viewed a sequential or simultaneous target-absent photospread. After their identification, participants were randomly assigned to hear confirming feedback ‘Good, you identified the suspect.’ or no feedback (control). Participants then completed a questionnaire assessing testimony-relevant retrospective judgments. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the sequential photospread only protected against post-identification feedback effects for participants who reported that, while they watched the video, they did not expect to make an identification. A second experiment (N = 320) was conducted to manipulate expectations about the identification task and the presence of the target. This experiment revealed that the post-identification feedback effect persists across witnesses' expectations and lineup type. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ON BOTT POLYNOMIALS

R. Bott defined two combinatorial invariants for finite cell complexes in the 1950's [2]. As described in [3], they fit beautifully into a state model framework. Recently, it has been observed that for finite graphs, the coefficients of this polynomial are the same set of invariants as defined by H. Whitney in [5]. In section 1, we define the Bott-Whitney polynomial and prove some of its basic properties. In section 2, we show that for a planar connected graph, the Bott-Whitney polynomial is essentially the chromatic polynomial of its dual graph. In section 3, an interpretation of the coefficients of the Bott-Whitney polynomial is given following Whitney [5]. In section 4, we study more general Bott polynomials.
Inheritance and reproductive role of rare males in a parthenogenetic population of the brine shrimp, Artemia parthenogenetica

The occurrence and potential reproductive role of rare males produced by obligately parthenogenetic brine shrimp were examined. The study of sex ratios in offspring from 30 different parental lines through three generations indicated the existence of two groups of females (Group A and Group B), which were genetically distinct with regard to their tendency to produce males. Group A females consistently produced fewer males than did the Group B females, and thus had a lower ratio of males to females among their offspring than the average population sex ratio. A significant increase in ratios of males to females in broods of the Group B females in the third generation suggests that selection for females expressing this trait may have occurred.
Miocene to recent structural development of an extensional accommodation zone, northeastern Baja California, Mexico

The Gulf of California Extensional Province in northeastern Baja California contains a major structural transition from a northern domain of widely spaced basins and ranges to a southern domain of closely spaced, NNW-striking high-angle faults. In the northern domain, the western boundary of the province (the Main Gulf Escarpment) is a single listric normal fault, the San Pedro Martir fault; in the southern domain it is a 5 km wide zone of numerous E-dipping high-angle normal faults. The western half of this structural transition, studied here, does not occur by a single ‘transfer fault’ but rather by: (1) transfer of displacement from the San Pedro Martir fault onto multiple fault zones in the footwall, without intervening cross-faults; and (2) increased southward disruption of the hanging wall by WNW-striking strike-slip faults (oblique to the extension direction) and NNW-striking normal faults and extension fractures. This structural transition involves both the hanging wall and the footwall of the escarpment. The lack of a discrete transfer structure is attributed either to insufficient extension (<10%) or to a gradual change in geometry of the basal detachment.
"Please Include This in Your Book": Readers Respond to Our Bodies, Ourselves

This paper focuses on those ordinary women who responded to editions of Our Bodies, Ourselves in the 1970s and 1980s, illustrating how readers played a crucial role in the development and articulation of health feminism. By analyzing the exchange between writers and readers of the most popular and influential women's health text of this era, it reveals the process by which feminists translated and interpreted medical information about women's bodies. The personal stories of readers challenge us to consider the role of ordinary women in shaping the development of the women's health movement.
A Mixture-Model Approach to Linking ADHD to Adolescent Onset of Illicit Drug Use

Prior research findings have been mixed as to whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to illicit drug use independent of conduct problems (CP). With the current study, the authors add to this literature by investigating the association between trajectories of ADHD symptoms across childhood and adolescence and onset of illicit drug use, with and without controlling for CP. In a longitudinal panel study of a community sample of 754 girls and boys recruited in kindergarten, this research question was examined with a combination of growth mixture modeling (to model parent-reported ADHD symptom trajectories) and survival analysis (to model youth-reported initiation of illicit drug use). Results revealed a 3-class model of ADHD trajectories, with 1 class exhibiting no or minimal symptoms throughout childhood and adolescence, another class showing a convex shape (an increase, then a decrease in symptoms) across time, and a third class showing a concave shape (a decrease, then a slight increase in symptoms) over time. The concave-trajectory class demonstrated significantly earlier onset of illicit drug use than the minimal-problem class, with the convex-trajectory class falling between (but not significantly different from either of the other two classes). These results did not change when the authors added CP to the model as a covariate. Implications of findings for theory and practice are discussed.
Theory of angular distributions of electrons resonantly scattered by molecules. I. Vibrational and rotational excitation of diatomic molecules

Resonant angular distributions for low-energy electrons scattered by diatomic molecules are derived. For homonuclear molecules, our expression for vibrational excitation is equivalent to those of others. However, we are able to clarify the role of parity favoredness. For heteronuclear molecules, our expressions are new. In particular, they contain only one parameter and are necessarily symmetric about 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Furthermore, the individual rotational cross sections within the vibrational band can be determined in terms of the same parameter. Asymmetry about 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} is predicted for these. Finally, a theorem relating these integrated rotational cross sections is derived. Results for the angular distributions are given in tabular form for easy usage.
Angular distribution of fluorescence from dye-filled capillaries

We studied the angular distribution of fluorescence from a small, lossy capillary filled with a laser-dye solution. We found that the fluorescence is isotropic for the liquid core and that, far from the liquid–solid phase transition, this isotropy shows no temperature dependence. This result, an extension of studies with solid cylinders, is at variance with theoretical expectations for solids as well as with previous reports by other investigators but is explained by the motion of the molecules in the liquid. Therefore the optimal viewing angle for capillary zone electrophoresis experiments is near 90° because the elastic scattering of the incident laser light is at or near a minimum for these small capillaries. This reduces contamination of the fluorescence signal as a result of stray laser light in the optical system.
Scheffe's method for constructing simultaneous confidence intervals subject to cone constraints

We discuss in this paper Scheffe's method for constructing simultaneous confidence intervals which hold for all linear combinations of the parameters subject to the weight vector being restricted to a convex cone.
Entropy from Extra Dimensions

The phenomenon of ''dynamical compactification'' in a universe with 4+n/sub c/ dimensions is studied, and it is found that if the whole process is adiabatic, entropy is pumped into the effective four-dimensional universe. Some cosmological consequences of this fact are discussed.
Multivariate Modeling of Anxiety and Depression in Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons

A sample of community-dwelling geriatric primary care patients were given survey measuring which demographic, medical, and environmental factors predict higher levels of state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxiety-depression. The authors used multivariate linear regression methods to predict scores for the outcome measures. Younger age, more stressful life events, increasing medical comorbidity, and fewer years of formal education predicted higher levels of state anxiety. Lower perceived health status, and comparative health status, and benzodiazepine use predicted higher trait anxiety scores. Older age, male gender, benzodiazepine use, more stressful life events, worse comparative health status, and less social support predicted higher depression scores. More stressful life events, less social support, poorer perceived general health status, and benzodiazepine use predicted higher comorbid anxiety-depression scores. The authors discuss the utility of developing clinical models to predict anxiety and depression in geriatric patients. Anxiety and depressive symptoms are distinguished by different psychosocial, clinical, and environmental factors, even in a sample of older subjects, who, by all measures, have good physical and psychological health.
Biosynthesis and Secretion of Rat Salivary Proteins by Xenopus laevis Oocytes

Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with poly (A+) RNA isolated from rat parotid and submandibular glands synthesize and secrete salivary proteins. Amylase was identified in the media of cultured oocytes injected with rat parotid mRNA by size and immunoprecipitation with anti-human amylase serum. Secretion of the salivary proteins was detectable in the medium eight h following the parotid mRNA injection and continued in a time-dependent fashion for up to 96 h.In contrast to rat parotid slices in culture, which demonstrate a regulated pathway of secretion highly responsive to the secretagogue isoproterenol, secretion of salivary proteins by oocytes did not respond to the stimulation by isoproterenol. Though parotid mRNA is presumed to contain the templates encoding the regulated pathway of secretion, reconstitution of this pathway of secretion in oocytes was not observed in our experiments.Since Xenopus laevis oocytes secrete constitutively significant amounts of proteins when injected with salivary gland mRNA...
Non-malleable cryptography

The notion of non-malleable cryptography, an extension of semantically secure cryptography, is defined. Informally, the additional requirement is that given the ciphertext it is impossible to generate a different ciphertext so that the respective plaintexts are related. The same concept makes sense in the contexts of string commitment and zero-knowledge proofs of possession of knowledge. Non-malleable schemes for each of these three problems are presented. The schemes do not assume a trusted center; a user need not know anything about the number or identity of other system users.
Diet overlap between native bigmouth sleepers (Gobiomorus dormitor) and introduced predatory fishes in a Puerto Rico reservoir

Native fish species coexist with introduced species in Puerto Rico's freshwater systems, yet competition between these species has not been evaluated. We examined the extent of diet overlap between native bigmouth sleepers Gobiomorus dormitor and introduced largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and peacock bass Cichla ocellaris in a Puerto Rico reservoir. Bigmouth sleepers and largemouth bass exhibited an ontogenetic shift in feeding habits, whereas peacock bass were exclusively piscivorous at all sizes collected in this study. Biologically significant diet overlap was observed between large bigmouth sleepers and largemouth bass, but not between large bigmouth sleepers and peacock bass, or between large largemouth bass and adult peacock bass. No significant diet overlap in any species combination was observed in small or medium size classes. Better understanding of the ecology of these coexisting predators should lead to improved conservation of bigmouth sleepers, and improved fisheries management for all three predatory species.
Line-Source E-Beam Crystallization of Si on Silicon Nitride Layers

The use of a swept line-source electron beam is reported for liquid phase recrystallization of Si films on Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ layers over Si substrates. For the case of 5000A of Si on 1000A of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ layers over Si the growth of Si crystalline regions as large as 0.5 x 5 mm of predominately (100) orientation normal to the film and (010) in the sweep direction has been demonstrated. The nucleation of grain growth for this case occurred at small defects in the nitride layer at the edge of the treated area, growing out as far as 500 ..mu..m over intact nitride. Thicker nitrides (2500A) remained intact at power densities useful for treating the Si film. For this thicker nitride non-seeded growth is demonstrated for single and repetitively melted Si. In all cases the surface morphology of the regrown regions is suggestive of rapid growth along directions.
Model-driven system identification of transcritical vapor compression systems

This brief uses an air conditioning system to illustrate the benefits of iteratively combining first principles and system identification techniques to develop control-oriented models of complex systems. A transcritical vapor compression system is initially modeled with first principles and then verified with experimental data. Both single-input-single-output (SISO) and multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) system identification techniques are then used to construct locally linear models. Motivated by the ability to capture the salient dynamic characteristics with low-order identified models, the physical model is evaluated for essentially nonminimal dynamics. A singular perturbation model reduction approach is then applied to obtain a minimal representation of the dynamics more suitable for control design, and yielding insight to the underlying system dynamics previously unavailable in the literature. The results demonstrate that iteratively modeling a complex system with first principles and system identification techniques gives greater confidence in the first principles model, and better understanding of the underlying physical dynamics. Although this iterative process requires more time and effort, significant insight and model improvements can be realized.