cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frying Performance of No-trans, Low-Linolenic Acid Soybean Oils

Two extruded-expelled physically refined soybean oils with reduced contents of linolenic acid, ultra-low- linolenic acid (ULL, 1.5%) and low-linolenic acid (LL, 2.6%), and a extruded-expelled physically refined control oil (control, 5.3% linolenic acid) were evaluated by frying French fries in a commercial-like setting for 6 h day−1 during 23 days. The oils became darker, increased in yellow color at the beginning, and became redder and less green throughout the process. Free fatty acids levels were not different among the oils until day 14, after which, ULL was different from the control for the remainder of frying. The conjugated dienoic acid values were greatest in the control. Generally, ULL and LL oils had lower percentages of polar compounds than did the control, providing a frying life 2 days longer than the control and ~30% increase in frying time. A trained sensory panel evaluated the French fries on days 2, 5, and 6. Buttery and potato flavors decreased, and rancid and painty flavors increased over frying time for all products. Rancid flavor was highest in the fries from the control oil. Overall, the ULL and LL oils performed better than did the control oil and ULL tended to perform better than the LL.
Tidal waves in the atmosphere and their effects

A method of high resolution periodic signal reconstruction has been developed and implemented into software algorithms. This method, that utilizes a narrow band-pass filter, permits the detection of tidal waves in the atmosphere. Our paper describes and reviews the strength of this method, commonly referred to as the KZFT algorithm. The focus of this paper is given to the recovery of tides in the atmosphere as well as to a discussion of specifics of the reconstruction of these waves. We conclude with several examples regarding the impact of the tidal wave to other atmospheric variables, including wind speed and cloud cover, but details are left for further investigation.
New Antimicrobial Nitrofuran, trans-5-Amino-3-[2-(5-Nitro-2-Furyl)Vinyl]-Δ2 -1,2,4-Oxadiazole: Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiprotozoal Activities In Vitro

trans -5-amino-3-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl]-Δ 2 -1,2,4-oxadiazole, a new antimicrobial nitrofuran, has shown microbial activity in vitro against a wide range of bacteria and fungi, and against several protozoa. The antimicrobial activity of the nitrofuran is not significantly diminished in vitro in the presence of 50% human serum. The compound is not cross-resistant with a number of common antibiotics or synthetic antimicrobial agents; some cross-resistance with furazolidone is encountered. The development of resistance to the compound in vitro, when it occurs, is mixed, but is unrelated to increase in pathogenicity of the test organism.
Effects of participants' sex and targets' perceived need on supermarket helping behavior.

Summary.-A field experiment was focused on whether participants' sex and targets' perceived need influenced helping behavior. Confederates approached 332 (166 women, 166 men) same-sex participants in a supermarket and asked for 25 cents to help purchase one of three randomly assigned food items: milk which was defined as a high-need item, frozen cookie dough which served as a low-need item, or alcohol, which was a low-need item with negative social connotations. The dependent variable was whether a participant provided help. Participants' sex was not associated with helping behavior as equal proportions of men and women provided assistance to the confederate; however, perceived need strongly influenced whether the confederate received help. Specifically, the high-need item produced more helping behavior than did either of the low-need items, and the socially acceptable low-need item of cookie dough produced more helping behavior than the socially unacceptable low-need item of alcohol. This may be interpreted as showing that what one buys and how deserving of help one appears to be influence whether one is helped by others.
Patterns of concordance and non-concordance with clinician recommendations and parents’ explanatory models in children with asthma

Abstract Objective Many children with asthma do not take medications as prescribed. We studied parents of children with asthma to define patterns of non-concordance between families’ use of asthma controller medications and clinicians’ recommendations, examine parents’ explanatory models (EMs) of asthma, and describe relationships between patterns of non-concordance and EM. Methods Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with parents of children with persistent asthma. Grounded theory analysis identified recurrent themes and relationships between reported medication use, EMs, and other factors. Results Twelve of the 37 parents reported non-concordance with providers’ recommendations. Three types of non-concordance were identified: unintentional—parents believed they were following recommendations; unplanned—parents reported intending to give controller medications but could not; and intentional—parents stated giving medication was the wrong course of action. Analysis revealed two EMs of asthma: chronic—parents believed their child always has asthma; and intermittent—parents believed asthma was a problem their child sometimes developed. Conclusions Concordance or non-concordance with recommended use of medications were related to EM's and family context and took on three different patterns associated with medication underuse. Practice Implications Efforts to reduce medication underuse in children with asthma may be optimized by identifying different types of non-concordance and tailoring interventions accordingly.
Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy in a patient with prune belly syndrome and segmental atretic vas deferens

Vasal atresia is thought to be a contraindication to the successful performance of the Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy. A patient with the prune belly syndrome and a high intra-abdominal testis with segmental vasal atresia was managed by incision and ligation of the internal spermatic vessels followed by orchiopexy without testicular atrophy.
Ingroup identification and relative deprivation : an examination across multiple social comparisons

Most research on social identity and relative deprivation has focused on the salience of social identity in social comparisons. In contrast, little research has studied relative deprivation in relation to one's identification with the ingroup, and across a variety of comparison targets. Using samples of Latino and African–American respondents, the present study investigated ingroup identification and relative deprivation in comparisons with Ingroup Members, Other Minorities, and Whites. High-Identification respondents felt more group deprivation than Low-Identification respondents in comparisons with both Other Minorities and Whites. High-Identification respondents also reported more personal deprivation than Low-Identification respondents when comparing themselves with Whites and less personal satisfaction when comparing themselves with Other Minorities, yet they generally expressed satisfaction in comparisons with Ingroup Members. Results suggest that ingroup identification and comparison targets are important considerations for deprivation research, as one's relationships with targets may be associated with outcomes of social comparisons. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calmodulin antagonists and cAMP inhibit ionizing-radiation-enhancement of double-strand-break repair in human cells.

Abstract Ionizing radiation (IR) enhances double-strand-break (DSB)-repair fidelity in plasmids processed in normal lymphoblasts but not in lymphoblasts from ataxia telangiectasia (A–T) patients. Putatively, signal-transduction pathways mediate this DNA-repair induction. Because IR inhibition of DNA synthesis is defective in A–T cells and is mediated by a calmodulin (caM)-dependent pathway, we evaluated the involvement of caM-dependent pathways in DSB-repair induction. Human lymphoblasts were γ-irradiated with or without treatment with caM antagonists and the cells' abilities to repair shuttle pZ189 carrying a single DSB (linDNA) were assessed. In untreated controls, IR enhanced DSB-rejoining fidelity if transfection occurred promptly but diminished fidelity if transfection was delayed. Treatment with two caM antagonists, W-7 and W-13, prior to irradiation blocked this IR-enhancement of DSB-rejoining fidelity. Vinpocetine, a caM-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and 8-bromo-cAMP also inhibited IR enhancement of repair fidelity, but caM-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor KN62 had no effect. Other protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine and genistein, also did not inhibit IR enhancement of DSB repair fidelity. However, staurosporine blocked the twofold reduction in DSB-repair fidelity seen if linDNA transfection was delayed 2 h after irradiation. These findings point to the involvement of caM/cAMP-dependent pathway(s) in mediating IR-enhancement of DSB-rejoining fidelity in mammalian cells.
Theory of the Dynamical Jahn-Teller Effect

A theory is given of dynamical effects arising from configurational instability of the Jahn-Teller type due to electronic degeneracy in solid-state impurities or in molecules. The model assumes a bilinear interaction coupling one pair of degenerate electronic states to $n$ pairs of degenerate normal coordinates of lattice vibration in a system possessing a threefold symmetry axis. It is shown that in the strong-coupling approximation two modes of collective motion may be distinguished. In the first mode, the collective energy is small, the collective motion is stabilized by elastic restoring forces, and one angular collective coordinate is separable. In the second mode of collective motion, the collective energy is large, the motion is stabilized by pseudocentrifugal forces, and an additional, pseudoradial collective coordinate is approximately separable. Approximate formulas are given for the energy levels and widths of the second mode. It is suggested that these levels might be observable in solids with appropriate impurities or in molecules.
A Clear Victory for Air Power: NATO's Empty Threat to Invade Kosovo

President Slobodan Milosevi ae surrender control of Kosovo to NATO on June 9, 1999? Two reasons are most commonly cited: (1) the likelihood of continued and intensied NATO air strikes, and (2) the alliance s threat to launch a ground war. The distinction between the two is an important one. If NATO s ground threat did not play a role in Milosevi ae s decision to surrender, then Operation Allied Force, launched on March 24, 1999, demonstrates the ability of coercive air power—and air power alone—to achieve a major political goal. If, however, the ground threat factored into Milosevi ae s decisionmaking, then the Kosovo conict serves as an example of the inherent difculty of relying on air power alone to achieve political goals, even under favorable conditions. The conventional view of the war in Kosovo holds that the threat of ground invasion was an essential element of NATO s success. According to Daniel Byman and Matthew Waxman, this threat “probably played the largest role in motivating Milosevi ae s concessions.”1 Ivo Daalder and Michael O Hanlon argue that the turning point occurred when U.S. ofcials began to threaten a decisive invasion.2 Benjamin Lambeth contends that “there [was] no question that by the end of May, NATO had yielded to the inevitable and embraced in principle the need for a ground invasion. . . . There is also every reason to believe that awareness of that change in NATO s position . . . gured importantly in [Milosevi ae s] decision to capitulate.”3 In his memoirs, NATO s former Su-
Low [3H]Cytochalasin B Binding in the Cerebral Cortex of Newborn Rat

The concentrations of glucose transporter in the cerebral cortex and brainstem of neonatal (4-7 days old) and adult rats were measured using [3H]cytochalasin B binding. There was significantly lower binding in neonatal cortex (1.9 +/- 0.7 pmol/mg protein) compared to adult (8.9 +/- 2.5 pmol/mg protein). Scatchard analysis indicates this difference is due to a lower Bmax (neonate, 9.7 pmol/mg protein; adult, 18.6 +/- 1.3 pmol/mg protein). Measurement of [3H]cytochalasin B binding in microvessels prepared from cortex of adult (28.1 +/- 3.5 pmol/mg protein) and neonate (12.8 +/- 1.9 pmol/mg protein) indicates a lower binding in the microvasculature of neonates, whereas no such difference was seen in the binding in microvessels prepared from adult and neonatal brainstem (adult, 11.8 +/- 2.3 pmol/mg protein; neonate, 9.4 +/- 2.7 pmol/mg protein). In both adult and neonate brain, there is an enrichment of glucose transporters in the microvasculature.
Features of the turbulent wall pressure field on a long towed cylinder

Turbulent wall pressure fluctuation correlation functions were measured in water on a towed cylindrical model of length 129.8 m and diameter 3.8 cm for steady speeds ranging from 6.2 to 15.5 m/s. The drag on the model was measured with a strut-mounted load cell to provide estimates of the momentum thickness and friction velocity that are used for scaling the correlation functions. Very high momentum thickness Reynolds numbers Reθ were achieved, and varied from 4.8 × 105 to 1.1 × 106. The ratio of boundary layer thickness to cylinder radius was approximately 24, which is an order of magnitude greater than previous laboratory investigations. The ratio of momentum thickness to viscous length scale is significantly greater than for flat plate cases at comparable Reθ. A similarity scaling is shown to be more effective than outer or inner boundary layer scalings for collapsing the correlation functions. Comparisons with the early streamwise and transverse correlation measurements of Willmarth and Yang are favorable, and show consistent trends of a more rapid loss of correlated energy for cylindrical turbulent boundary layers than for flat plate cases. Convection velocities are also presented and shown to collapse well with separation scaled on outer variables. A simple model that relates the peak of the correlation function to the average coherence levels is shown to be valid for spatial separations less than the approximate momentum thickness.
Numerical simulation of gravity waves

Abstract We present a new spectral method to simulate numerically the waterwave problem in a channel for a fluid of finite or infinite depth. It is formulated in terms of the free surface elevation η and the velocity potential ϕ. The numerical method is based on the reduction of this problem to a lower-dimensional computation involving surface variables alone. To accomplish this, we describe the Taylor expansion of the Dirichlet Neumann operator in homogeneous powers of the surface elevation η. Each term is a concatenation of Fourier multipliers with powers of η and its derivatives and is valid uniformly in wavenumber. These are easily calculated using the fast Fourier transform. The method is illustrated by computing the long time evolution of modulated wave packets and of approximations to the Stokes steady wave train. By imposing a surface pressure we observe surface steepening in large amplitude evolution, and wake and bow wave development for flows with a close to critical Froude number. Finally, we give an example of nonlinear evolution of the distribution of energy among normal modes.
Insights into brain development from neurogenetic syndromes: evidence from fragile X syndrome, Williams syndrome, Turner syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome

Over the past few decades, behavioral, neuroimaging and molecular studies of neurogenetic conditions, such as Williams, fragile X, Turner and velocardiofacial (22q11.2 deletion) syndromes, have led to important insights regarding brain development. These investigations allow researchers to examine "experiments of nature" in which the deletion or alteration of one gene or a contiguous set of genes can be linked to aberrant brain structure or function. Converging evidence across multiple imaging modalities has now begun to highlight the abnormal neural circuitry characterizing many individual neurogenetic syndromes. Furthermore, there has been renewed interest in combining analyses across neurogenetic conditions in order to search for common organizing principles in development. In this review, we highlight converging evidence across syndromes from multiple neuroimaging modalities, with a particular emphasis on functional imaging. In addition, we discuss the commonalities and differences pertaining to selective deficits in visuospatial processing that occur across four neurogenetic syndromes. We suggest avenues for future exploration, with the goal of achieving a deeper understanding of the neural abnormalities in these affected populations.
A self-paced fuzzy tracking controller for two-dimensional motion control

A heuristic controller is presented that takes the form of a set of fuzzy linguistic rules. Simulations show that the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) yields better results than the conventional PD controller. A self-paced fuzzy tracking controller (SPFTC) designed for two-dimensional path tracking is also presented. The SPFTC adjusts the tracking speed in accordance with contour conditions such as curvature; the fuzzy-rule-based adjustment of the tracking speed improves performance in terms of tracking precision and travel time. Advantages of the FLC and SPFTC are demonstrated by a simulation study. >
Software write detection for a distributed shared memory

Most software-based distributed shared memory (DSM) systems rely on the operating system's virtual memory interface to detect writes to shared data. Strategies based on virtual memory page protection create two problems for a DSM system. First, writes can have high overhead since they are detected with a page fault. As a result, a page must be written many times to amortize the cost of that fault. Second, the size of a virtual memory page is too big to serve as a unit of coherency, inducing false sharing. Mechanisms to handle false sharing can increase runtime overhead and may cause data to be unnecessarily communicated between processors.In this paper, we present a new method for write detection that solves these problems. Our method relies on the compiler and runtime system to detect writes to shared data without invoking the operating system. We measure and compare implementations of a distributed shared memory system using both strategies, virtual memory and compiler/runtime, running a range of applications on a small scale distributed memory multicomputer. We show that the new method has low average write latency and supports fine-grained sharing with low overhead. Further, we show that the dominant cost of write detection with either strategy is due to the mechanism used to handle fine-grain sharing.
Vertical dimension: a study of clinical rest position and jaw muscle activity.

A n understanding of factors which determine the position of the mandible with respect to the maxillae is critical for clinical dentistry. One of the more controversial aspects of jaw relation involves vertical rest position. Establishment of a correct vertical dimension of occlusion is of concern in several dental specialties. In the prosthodontic treatment of the edentulous patient, establishment of a correct vertical rest position is considered essential.” ’ Boucher et al.’ noted that if the vertical dimension is too great the patient may complain of soreness of the residual ridges, tightness of facial muscles, and clicking of the dentures during speech. If the vertical dimension is too small, the patient will look older as the lower half of the face is compressed, the cheeks and lips are slack, and the chin protrudes.’ For dentulous patients, Ramfjord and Ash’ have claimed that altering the vertical dimension of occlusion may result in traumatic occlusion. They also warn that altering the vertical dimension of occlusion can be a contributing factor in the progress of periodontal disease.’ Intruding upon the freeway space (interocclusal distance) is also believed to result in continuous hyperactivity of the masticatory muscles..’ Much of the controversy over the significance of clinical rest position stems from imprecise and inadequate definitions. Rest position, defined according to the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, is “the postural relation of the mandible to the maxillae when the patient is resting comfortably in the upright position and the condyles are in a neutral unstrained position in the glenoid fossae.“” One can easily see that this definition is inadequate. How is “postural position”
Selective accumulation of 3 H-serotonin by nerve terminals of raphe neurones: an autoradiographic study.

IT is possible to demonstrate an active, saturable uptake process for serotonin (5HT) in vitro in brain slices1–4 and to show accumulation of 5HT by nerve endings in vivo5,6. It has been thought that the high affinity portion of this uptake represents a selective accumulation of 5HT by 5HT-containing neurones4,7. In support of this proposition, we have recently found a selective reduction of the high affinity uptake of 3H-5HT into nuclei-free homogenates prepared from forebrains of rats in which the serotonin-containing cells of the midbrain raphe nuclei were destroyed7. Electrolytic destruction of the midbrain raphe nuclei results in degeneration of the serotonin-containing projections to the forebrain as shown by a selective reduction of forebrain 5HT levels and tryptophan hydroxylase activity and a loss of the histochemical fluorescence of 5HT-ontaining fibres and nerve terminals in the forebrain8–10. It s presumed that synaptosomes (isolated, intact nerve endings) were responsible for the uptake of 3H-5HT in the nuclei-free homogenates on the following basis: uptake of 3H-5HT was prevented by procedures known to disrupt the synaptosomal membrane, such as osmotic shock and freezing and thawing; after homogenates were centrifuged in discontinuous sucrose density gradients, most of the uptake activity was localized to tissue at the 0.8–1.2 M sucrose interface which contains the bulk of the synaptosomes in the gradient. To investigate further the site(s) of 3H-5HT uptake, we have conducted the following light and electron microscopic investigations.
The "neuro" in neurogenetics.

This issue of Science features a special section (see page [891][1]) that focuses on an emerging area of neurogenetics--the effort to link genomics and behavior. We are all intrigued by the notion that genomics may yield "simple" explanations for complex behaviors, including our own. The power of genomics has already revealed new insights into human disease and development. So what lessons has this new field taught us so far about behavior, and what can we look forward to in the coming decade? [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/322/5903/891
Mentoring Psychiatric Trainees’ First Paper for Publication

The authors describe their experience supervising and collaborating on projects that led to the first publications of several medical students and psychiatric residents. Rather than mandating a research project of all the residents, the faculty focus effort on the trainees with a sincere interest in writing a scholarly paper for publication. The authors break down the procedure of developing a published project into manageable steps that reflect and teach the scientific process. The mentoring required for these trainee-faculty publications is involved and time consuming, but the process is extremely rewarding. Four successful projects illustrate different levels of publication possibilities for trainees and demonstrate the positive effects the experiences had on their academic aspirations.
Measurements of iron(III)-rich fayalites

Recent measurements are reported here of the Mossbauer spectra of selected fayalites (members of the olivine group) from various localities, which indicate large amounts of iron(III) in several of the samples. These features in the spectra are not attributable to magnetite or haematite contamination, but are due to Fe3+ ions contained in the fayalite crystal structure. Such data are contrary to the generally held belief that fayalite is incapable of accommodating much iron(III) in its crystal structure. This discovery may have severe implications for the thermodynamics of the FeO–SiO2 system, as well as for the thermal conductivity of olivine.
Note---A Note on El-Shaieb's New Algorithm for Locating Sources Among Destinations

The objective of this note is i to identify and briefly review some references not included in [El-Shaieb, A. M. 1973. A new algorithm for locating sources among destinations. Management Sci.20 221--231.] as well as more recent additions and ii to give computational comparisons of three other solution methods with that of El-Shaieb on his 30-city test data.
Two distinct membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate phosphatases in bovine brain

Summary Solubilized phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 4-phosphatase from bovine brain resolved into two peaks of activity by ion exchange chromatography. Both exhibited substantial detergent binding characteristic of integral membrane proteins, and both appear specific for phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, but their pH optima differ: the earlier eluting fraction (peak 1) is optimally active between pH 5.5 and 6, whereas the later eluting fraction (peak 2) is most active around pH 8.5. Detergent inhibition studies suggest that peak 2, but not peak 1, interacts with phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate in the context of a single mixed micelle. Further characterization of these activities should help shed light on the biological function of polyphosphoinositide phosphatases.
The Inverse Problem in Transient Heat Conduction

A general theory is devised for determining the temperature and heat flux at the surface of a solid when the temperature at an interior location is a prescribed function of time. The theory is able to accommodate an initial temperature distribution which varies arbitrarily with position throughout the solid. Detailed analytical treatment is extended to the sphere, the plane slab, and the long cylinder; and it is additionally shown that the semi-infinite solid is a particular case of the general formulation. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by a numerical example. In addition, a numerical calculation procedure is devised which appears to provide smooth, nonoscillatory results.
Economics Of Tomato Production In Yewa North Local Government Area Of Ogun State, Nigeria

This study was carried out in Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, in 1995. Survey method was used to collect data from 70 respondents randomly chosen from a sample frame of tomato farmers obtained from National Agricultural Land Development Authority (NALDA), for the study area. Questions relating to the socio-economic characteristics of the tomato farmers, tomato outputs, output prices and cost of resources viz. labour, seed, fertilizer and land used in production, as well as constraints to tomato production were asked in the questionnaire. Production function analysis was used to show the equilibrium or disequilibrium of resource use from the optimum. Analysis of costs and return was used to establish the profit level of tomato production in the study area. The study revealed that most of the tomato farmers are married males with an average of 9 people in the household. Most of the tomato farmers were literate with an average of secondary school education, and their average age of 35 years fall within the active age group. The study also revealed that tomato production is a profitable venture, but the levels of resource use with respect to fertilizer, land and seed were below optimum. The problems militating against tomato production were identified to be high cost of fertilizer, pest and disease problems, and inefficient transportation network resulting in spoilage of output and inadequate credit facilities. To bring about sustainable production for an enhanced level of profit and resource use efficiency in tomato production, it was suggested among others in the short-run, that the road network should be improved. This will facilitate easy evacuation of tomato to urban centres where demand is high. The possibility of processing the tomato close to the production site should be explored in the long run, if the excess supply can justify putting in place a tomato processing plant of an appropriate plant size. In addition, farmers should be educated on the appropriate combination of inputs for economic optimum output. There is need for an increase in the levels of seeds, fertilizer and land allocation to tomato production than hither-to done for an achievement of economic optimum, which would make tomato production an attractive enterprise. Agro-Science Vol.2(1) 2001: 17-23
Glutamate stimulation of 45Ca uptake by rat striatal synaptosomes.

Abstract The effects of acidic excitatory amino acids and 60 mM K + on 45 Ca uptake by synaptosomes prepared from rat striatum were examined. Both glutamic acid and 60 mM K + significantly stimulated the uptake of 45 Ca and these effects were antagonized by 30 mM Mg 2+ and 0.5 mM La 3+ but not by 5 μM tetrodotoxin. Neither kainic acid nor N-methyl-D, L-aspartic acid significantly affected the uptake of 45 Ca. The results suggest that glutamate may activate a presynaptic receptor that is directly linked to calcium channels.
Creating Shared Understanding through Chats in a Community of Inquiry

This study investigated the process by which shared understanding develops in a chat learning space. It used a practical inquiry model to assess the development of cognitive presence. The study also explored how the pattern of conversation in synchronous discussion supports cognitive presence and how cognitive presence changes over time. Results show that there is a pattern among group members that involves reacquainting themselves through social presence and orienting themselves to the cognitive task through teaching presence. Individual meaning contributed by each member of the group through triggering events and exploratory statements is transformed as members see the text on the screen and respond to it through questioning and collective exploration. This group exploration enables the transition to shared understanding.
The Mean Squared Error of Small Area Predictors Constructed With Estimated Area Variances

In the small area estimation literature, the sampling error variances are customarily assumed to be known or to depend on a finite number of parameters. We consider the empirical best linear unbiased predictor (EBLUP) obtained by using the individual directly estimated variance for each small area. An approximation for the mean squared error (MSE) of the EBLUP that recognizes the impact on the predictors of estimation of the variance components is derived. Simulation studies show that the theoretical expressions are good approximations for the MSE of the predictors unless the between-area variance component is very small (relative to the within-area variance). An improved estimator of the MSE is developed that has smaller overestimation than the original estimator when the between-area variance component is small. The robustness of the MSE estimator is studied and predictors for nonnormal sampling errors are proposed. An example from the National Resources Inventory that motivated the development of the t...
Pitfalls in ecto-5'-nucleotidase enzyme cytochemistry as demonstrated by the immunogold-labelling technique on macrophages.

We have used both the enzyme cytochemical method with lead nitrate as a capture agent and an immunological method at the electron microscope level to localize plasma membrane 5′-nucleotidase in rat peritoneal resident macrophages during the initial interactions of latex beads or heat-killedEscherichia coli with the cell during phagocytosis. In macrophages at rest, cytochemical reaction product was evenly distributed along the external surface of the plasma membrane. However, when the cells were phagocytosing latex beads or bacteria, reaction product covered the entire surface of the adhering particles. To determine whether the apparent redistribution of 5′-nucleotidase onto the adhering particle was fact or artifact, we localized 5′-nucleotidase using a monoclonal antibody and an immunogold labelling technique. In macrophages binding or beginning to ingest bacteria, gold particles were distributed along the plasma membrane, except at the sites of cell-bacterium internalization. More significantly, the adhering bacteria were free of gold particles and therefore had no 5′-nucleotidase on their surfaces. Latex beads proved to be unsuitable as a test particle because the gold particles stuck to them non-specifically. We conclude that the artifactual redistribution of lead-phosphate reaction product is a major drawback of enzyme cytochemical methods when used on cell surfaces and that the immunogold labelling technique is more reliable.
The Varying Effects of Family Relationships in Entrepreneurial Teams

A majority of entrepreneurial teams contain family relations but little is known about the implications of such family relationships in the formative stages of new venture creation. We examine two distinct types of family relationships in these teams; romantic couples and biologically linked teams and how such relationships influence the probability of ever achieving first sales. Relying on social identity theory, and a longitudinal sample of 295 nascent teams, we find that these relationships matter in important ways. Our conceptualizations and results have implications for the entrepreneurial teams and family business literatures.
CO2 exchange rates of red spruce during the second season of exposure to ozone and acidic cloud deposition

Abstract Red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) seedlings were exposed for two growing seasons to ambient ozone (O 3 ) and cloud water deposition at Whitetop Mountain, VA, a high elevation site in the Appalachian Mountains. Native seedlings collected from the site and seedlings grown from seed from the Great Smoky Mountain National Park (GSM seedlings) were used in the study. Field exclusion chambers were used to produce chamber treatments consisting of (1) exclusion of clouds and approximately 50% reduction in ambient ozone (COE), (2) exclusion of clouds (CE), and (3) exposure to clouds and ambient ozone (CC). Photosynthesis of native seedlings was not affected by chamber treatments. GSM seedlings in CC and ambient air plots (AA), however, maintained higher photosynthetic rates than CE and COE treatments into September and October, suggesting that acidic deposition prolonged photosynthesis later into the autumn for CC and AA seedlings. Light response curves of photosynthesis measured in the 1988 and 1989 seasons also showed evidence of higher photosynthetic rates for the September 1988 measurements for CC and AA seedlings, compared to CE and COE treatments. Respiration of previous year needles of native seedlings was enhanced in AA and CC treatments, as was current year needles of GSM seedlings, indicating that O 3 and acidic cloud water caused increased respiration in red spruce. Chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations of needles did not differ significantly throughout the season.
Synthesis, radiosynthesis, and biological evaluation of fluorinated thienylcyclohexyl piperidine derivatives as potential radiotracers for the NMDA receptor-linked calcium ionophore

Various thienylcyclohexyl piperidine (TCP) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as potential candidates for use as radiotracers for the in vivo study of the NMDA receptor ion-channel. Modification of the thienylcyclohexylpiperidine was accomplished by substituting its piperidine ring either with other cycloamine rings or N-alkyl-substituted amines, and these two classes of TCP derivatives were synthesized using two different methods. The compounds exhibited affinities ranging from 65 nM up to micromolar in competition assays for the receptor ion-channel labeled with 3H-(+)-MK-801 in rat brain homogenates. Radiosynthesis of 1-[1-(2-thienyl)-4-([18F]fluoro)-cyclohexyl]-1,2,5, 6-tetrahydropyridine was carried out by nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1-[1-(2-thienyl)-4-tosyloxycyclohexyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with no carrier added 18F-, and the yield was approximately 5-10% (decay corrected) in specific activities of 500-1000 Ci/mmol after reverse-phase HPLC purification. The tracer showed good uptake in rat brains after i.v. injection (approx. 0.10% injected dose/g at 30 min. p.i.). However, the specific uptake in receptor-rich regions (striata, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and parietal cortex) improved only marginally with time compared to cerebellum. Three hours postinjection, parietal cortex showed a maximum ratio of 1.9. Preliminary PET experiment with this radiotracer in a rhesus monkey showed good uptake in the brain regions. However, little retention of the radiotracer was observed in the receptor-rich regions.
Web sites usability, usability requirements specification & usability evaluation

World Wide Web has gained its dominant status in the information and services delivery world in recent years, but how to build a good usability web site is still a problem. In this paper, we proposed a methodology for structured use-centered quantitative full-life-cycle usability requirements specification and usability evaluation of web sites. Our approach is that: the system's usability is defined in terms of its consisting goal-tasks' usability; a goal-task's usability is defined in terms of several major usability aspects; each major usability aspect is further defined in terms of several basic use features. In this way, a quantitative web sites usability engineering framework is set up. According to this framework, each goal-task's usability requirements are specified in terms of its basic use features, and then are tested against to see if they are satisfied; a system's usability can be easily derived by combining its consisting goal-tasks' usabilities through a weighted scheme.
Weed growth and crop performance following hairy vetch, rye, and wheat cover crops in a cool semiarid region

Tillage is used to control weeds but can degrade soil quality. Our objective was to determine if tillage could be replaced by killed cover crop mulch for weed control when growing organic grain crops. An attempt was made to kill winter cereal and hairy vetch cover crops using a roller-crimper, wide-sweep blade plow, and disk (control) and then followed with warm-season buckwheat, dry bean, and maize grain crops during three growing seasons in southwestern North Dakota, USA. Aboveground weed production was greater in rolled-crimped hairy vetch than in rolled-crimped and disked rye plots. Maize failed to produce grain in any season, while buckwheat and dry bean produced harvestable grain following undercut or rolled-crimped cover crops in only one season. Even then, grain yield averaged only 37 kg ha−1 across cover crop and grain crop treatments in rolled-crimped plots, compared with 255 kg ha−1 in undercut plots and 487 kg ha−1 in disked plots. Yield likely would have been higher in tilled plots but tillage was imposed within 13 days of rolling-crimping, which required cover crops to reach advanced growth stages for effective termination. Rolled-crimped rye mulch can suppress weeds, but soil water deficits following cover crops and the delay needed for consistent termination may prevent timely seeding and successful grain crop production in single-season cover crop/grain crop relay systems in semiarid upper-latitude environments. Preliminary research indicates potential for use of rolled-crimped cover crop mulch for weed suppression in multi-year cover crop/grain crop relay systems in these regions, though additional research is needed which demonstrates commercial viability of this 2-year cropping strategy.
Orienting DNA helices on gold using applied electric fields

Gold surfaces modified with thiol-derivatized DNA duplexes have been investigated as a function of applied electrochemical potential via atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM). At open circuit, monolayers of well-packed DNA helices form with a film depth of 45(3) A. On the basis of the anisotropic dimensions of these 15 base pair duplexes (20 A in diameter versus 50 A in length), this corresponds to an average ∼45° orientation of the helical axis with respect to the gold surface. Under potential control, the monolayer thickness (and therefore the orientation of the helices) changes dramatically with applied potential. At potentials negative of ∼0.45 V (versus a Ag wire quasi-reference electrode) film thicknesses of ∼55 A are observed, whereas at more positive potentials the monolayer thickness drops to a limiting value of ∼20 A. These results are consistent with a morphology change in which the helices either stand straight up or lie flat down on the metal surface, depending on the electrode potential relative to the potential of zero charge (pzc). This voltage-induced morphology change is reversible and effectively constitutes a nanoscale mechanical “switch”.
MK-801 protects against seizures induced by the cholinesterase inhibitor soman

Abstract MK-801, a novel anticonvulsant which is a potent N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist, attenuated or blocked seizures and convulsions induced by the irreversible organophosphorus anticholinesterase inhibitor soman. Guinea pigs chronically instrumented for electrocorticogram recording were given a low dose (1 mg/kg) or a high dose (5 mg/kg) of MK-801 or saline vehicle 30 min prior to receiving2 × LD50of soman. All animals were treated with atropine methylnitrate and pralidoxime chloride 30 sec after soman injection. All saline control subjects exhibited severe seizures and convulsions shortly after receiving soman. Low dose MK-801 greatly attenuated and high dose MK-801 completely blocked seizure activity. Animals treated with MK-801 recovered faster and had a much greater probability of survival for 48 hr after soman exposure than did controls. This is the first demonstration of the involvement of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter system in seizures and convulsions induced by a Cholinesterase inhibitor.
The Fiscal Pit and the Federalist Pendulum: Explaining Differences Between US States in Protecting Health and the Environment

The US federal government has deliberately shifted a great deal of responsibility for protecting public health and the environment to the 50 US States. Some States are able and willing to assume control, but many others cannot or will not. It is argued that the American federal government should be prepared to intervene in those States that do not place health and environment on their agenda.
Mathematical model of a parallel plate ammonia electrolyzer for combined wastewater remediation and hydrogen production

Abstract A mathematical model was developed for the simulation of a parallel plate ammonia electrolyzer to convert ammonia in wastewater to nitrogen and hydrogen under basic conditions. The model consists of fundamental transport equations, the ammonia oxidation kinetics at the anode, and the hydrogen evolution kinetics at the cathode of the electrochemical reactor. The model shows both qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental measurements at ammonia concentrations found within wastewater (200–1200 mg L−1). The optimum electrolyzer performance is dependent on both the applied voltage and the inlet concentrations. Maximum conversion of ammonia to nitrogen at the rates of 0.569 and 0.766 mg L−1 min−1 are achieved at low (0.01 M NH4Cl and 0.1 M KOH) and high (0.07 M NH4Cl and 0.15 M KOH) inlet concentrations, respectively. At high and low concentrations, an initial increase in the cell voltage will cause an increase in the system response – current density generated and ammonia converted. These system responses will approach a peak value before they start to decrease due to surface blockage and/or depletion of solvated species at the electrode surface. Furthermore, the model predicts that by increasing the reactant and electrolyte concentrations at a certain voltage, the peak current density will plateau, showing an asymptotic response.
The emergence of Dutch casinos: A case study of mismarketing?

Ostensibly, the approval of legalized casino type gambling in the Netherlands was intended to combat illegal and uncontrolled gambling. Very early on, however, the plan conceived and implemented by the Netherlands Parliament demonstrated serious mismarketing strategies and tactics. The new legal casinos were appealing to people other than those engaged in illegal gambling, in particular foreign tourists and local “high rollers.” This paper attempts to analyze the ultimate process of goal displacement, as the state casino industry allowed economic objectives to supplant desires to utilize legal casinos primarily as controls over illegal gambling.
Species differences and interindividual variation in liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2A enzymes: Effects on coumarin, dicumarol, and testosterone oxidation

Antibody against purified CYP2A1 recognizes two rat liver microsomal P450 enzymes, CYP2A1 and CYP2A2, that catalyze the 7 alpha- and 15 alpha-hydroxylation of testosterone, respectively. In human liver microsomes, this antibody recognizes a single protein, namely CYP2A6, which catalyzes the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin. To examine species differences in CYP2A function, liver microsomes from nine mammalian species (rat, mouse, hamster, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, dog, cynomolgus monkey, and human) were tested for their ability to catalyze the 7 alpha- and 15 alpha-hydroxylation of testosterone and the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin. Antibody against rat CYP2A1 recognized one or more proteins in liver microsomes from all mammalian species examined. However, liver microsomes from cat, dog, cynomolgus monkey, and human catalyzed negligible rates of testosterone 7 alpha- and/or 15 alpha-hydroxylation, whereas rat and cat liver microsomes catalyzed negligible rates of coumarin 7-hydroxylation. Formation of 7-hydroxycoumarin accounted for a different proportion of the coumarin metabolites formed by liver microsomes from each of the various species examined. 7-Hydroxycoumarin was the major metabolite (greater than 70%) in human and monkey, but only a minor metabolite (less than 1%) in rat. The 7-hydroxylation of coumarin by human liver microsomes was catalyzed by a single, high-affinity enzyme (Km 0.2-0.6 microM), which was markedly inhibited (greater than 95%) by antibody against rat CYP2A1. The rate of coumarin 7-hydroxylation varied approximately 17-fold among liver microsomes from 22 human subjects. This variation was highly correlated (r2 = 0.956) with interindividual differences in the levels of CYP2A6, as determined by immunoblotting. These results indicate that CYP2A6 is largely or entirely responsible for catalyzing the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin in human liver microsomes. Treatment of monkeys with phenobarbital or dexamethasone increased coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity, whereas treatment with beta-naphthoflavone caused a slight decrease. These results suggest that environmental factors can increase or decrease CYP2A expression in cynomolgus monkeys, which implies that environmental factors may be responsible for the large variation in CYP2A6 levels in humans, although genetic factors may also be important. In contrast to rats and mice, the expression of CYP2A enzymes in cynomolgus monkeys and humans was not sexually differentiated. Despite their structural similarity to coumarin, the anticoagulants dicumarol and warfarin do not appear to be substrates for CYP2A6. The overall rate of dicumarol metabolism varied approximately 5-fold among the human liver microsomal samples, but this variation correlated poorly (r2 = 0.126) with the variation observed in CYP2A6 levels and coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Distribution theory of runs via exchangeable random variables

The conditional distribution theory of the number of runs R in a randomly ordered sequence s of length N = m + n of two types of symbols, say m of type F (failures) and n of type S (successes), is studied via the representation R = 1 + ∑m + 1k = 1αkIk where I1,…, Im + 1 are exchangeable Bernoulli random variables with α1 = αm + 1 = 1 and αk = 2, otherwise. This exchangeable representation of R, and related statistics, considerably facilitates the study of distribution theory of these statistics.