cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogenesis of the pyramidal cell of the mammalian neocortex and developmental cytoarchitectonics: a unifying theory.

The prenatal development of the mammalian neocortex has been analyzed, with the rapid Golgi method, in a variety of experimental animals (hamster, mouse, rat, and cat) and in humans. A new developmental conception of the structural organization of the mammalian neocortex is discussed. Neocortical development begins with the establishment of the primordial plexiform layer (PPL) which precedes and is a prerequisite for the subsequent formation of the cortical plate (CP). The formation of the CP occurs, in its entirety, within the PPL. During its development, three fundamental neuronal events occur: migration, early differentiation, and late maturation. All migrating neurons, travelling on radial glial fibers, reach layer I, develop an apical dendrite, and establish contacts with its elements. These newly differentiated neurons assume similar morphology resembling embryonic pyramidal cells. As such, an early differentiation stage common to all neurons of the CP is established. During the late maturation stage, all CP neurons acquire their specific phenotypic structural and functional features. Only pyramidal neurons retain and expand their original connections with layer I while other neuronal types lose these connections. The pyramidal cell is redefined in developmental terms: the neocortex's pyramidal cell is both structurally and functionally locked into position between layer I and the cortical depth of its soma. During mammalian evolution pyramidal cells are forced to structurally and functionally elongate their apical dendrite outwardly to accommodate an increasing amount of information without losing either their original anchorage to layer I or their cortical depth. This unique property of pyramidal neurons is considered to be a mammalian innovation. Based on these observations, a unifying developmental cytoarchitectonic theory applicable to all mammals is proposed. The theory considers the CP to be a mammalian innovation and to represent a single, stratified, and expanding telencephalic nucleus. The theory envisions the mammalian neocortex as an open biological system capable of progressive expansion by the recruitment and transformation of primitive neurons from upper layer II into pyramidal cells. Hence, the number of pyramidal cell strata increases over the course of mammalian phylogeny. The developmental roles of layer I in the migration of neurons, formation of the CP, unique morphology of pyramidal cells, and overall structural organization of the mammalian neocortex are emphasized. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prediction of oxy-coal flame stand-off using high-fidelity thermochemical models and the one-dimensional turbulence model

An Eulerian one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model is applied to simulate oxy-coal combustion, with specific aim at predicting flame stand-off distances. Detailed gas-phase chemical kinetics based on the GRI3.0 mechanism are utilized. A high-fidelity model for devolatilization is considered that predicts evolution of several light gas species as well as char as products of devolatilization. The mass, momentum and energy governing equations are fully coupled between the particle and the gas phase. Likewise, char oxidation and gasification are both considered. Results indicate that char oxidation and gasification are both significant during the later stages of devolatilization. The impact of radiative temperature and mixing rate on oxy-coal flame is simulated and discussed where flame stand-off is used as a metric to compare the simulation prediction with experimental data. The data show evidence that there is kinetic limitation to the flame standoff distance. Finally, results show that ODT can provide quantitative agreement with experimental data in predicting flame standoff in oxy-coal jet flames.
Immobilization of a catalytic DNA molecular beacon on Au for Pb(II) detection.

A Pb(II)-specific DNAzyme fluorescent sensor has been modified with a thiol moiety in order to immobilize it on a Au surface. Self-assembly of the DNAzyme is accomplished by first adsorbing the single-thiolated enzyme strand (HS-17E-Dy) followed by adsorption of mercaptohexanol, which serves to displace any Au-N interactions and ensure that DNA is bound only through the Sheadgroup. The preformed self-assembled monolayer is then hybridized with the complementary fluorophorecontaining substrate strand (17DS-Fl). Upon reaction with Pb(II), the substrate strand is cleaved, releasing a fluorescent fragment for detection. Fluorescence intensity may be correlated with original Pb(II) concentration, and a linear calibration was obtained over nearly four decades: 10 IM g [Pb(II)] g 1 nM. The immobilized DNAzyme is a robust system; it may be regenerated after cleavage, allowing multiple sensing cycles. In addition, drying of fully assembled DNAzyme before reaction with Pb(II) does not significantly affect analytical performance. These results demonstrate that, in comparison with solutionbased schemes, immobilization of the DNAzyme sensor onto a Au surface lowers the detection limit (from 10 to 1 nM), maintains activity and specificity, and allows sensor regeneration and long-term storage. Realization of Pb(II) detection through an immobilized DNAzyme is the first important step toward creation of a stand-alone, portable Pb(II) detection device such as those immobilizing DNAzyme recognition motifs in the nanofluidic pores of a microfluidic-nanofluidic hybrid multilayer device. Lead has historically been, and remains today, a persistent contaminant in the environment. Environmentally available Pb may originate from lead-based paints, soil and dust generated from gasoline and industrial pursuits, and water from pipes with leadcontaining connectors or joints.1 Regulatory improvements have
Recent Advances and Future Research Directions in Bulk Metallic Glasses

These opening remarks will briefly mention recent advances in characterizing the atomic and electronic structure, glass forming ability, thermal stability, and mechanical and magnetic properties of bulk metallic glasses. Future research directions may include the development of first principles models to predict ranges of possible alloy compositions, under-cooling limits, and glass transition temperatures, etc.; the identification of thermodynamic, geometric, electronic, chemical and kinetic parameters for the models; and the correlation of glass nanostructure and chemistry with properties and behavior. The ultimate objective is to predict and control the high mechanical strength and fracture toughness, low sliding-friction coefficient and high wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and low magnetic energy loss corresponding to particular bulk metallic glass compositions and process parameters.
Synthesis of N-aryl-1-aminoindoles via intermolecular redox amination

A redox amination strategy was developed for the synthesis of N-aryl-1-aminoindoles by N–N bond formation. Reaction of nitrosobenzenes with readily available indolines using Bronsted acid catalysis allows N–N bond formation under mild conditions. This method exploits the inherent reducing power of indoline to synthesize biologically relevant molecular architectures via redox amination. A one-pot synthesis of 1-aminoindoles starting from simple aniline and indolines is likewise described.
The abacavir hypersensitivity reaction: a review.

Abstract Background: Abacavir sulfate is a recent addition to the nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor class of antiretroviral agents used in the treatment of HIV infection. It is approved for use in combination with other antiretroviral agents. Its tolerability has been studied, but the overall clinical relevance of the findings has yet to be determined. Objectives: This review investigates available data on the abacavir hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) and provides a clinical perspective on maximizing this agent's tolerability and effective incorporation into antiretroviral regimens. Methods: Relevant data were identified through MEDLINE and AIDSLINE searches of the English-language literature from 1966 through 2002 using the terms abacavir and 1592U89 , the investigational new drug designation for abacavir. The reference lists of identified articles were searched for additional documents. Additional information was obtained from the US Food and Drug Administration and the drug's manufacturer. Results: The abacavir HSR occurs in Conclusions: The risk of abacavir HSR must be taken into consideration when selecting initial antiretroviral therapy for patients with HIV infection. Careful, appropriate evaluation is necessary to rule out an HSR and determine whether the medication can be continued.
The transcription factor dHAND is a downstream effector of BMPs in sympathetic neuron specification

The dHAND basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor is expressed in neurons of sympathetic ganglia and has previously been shown to induce the differentiation of catecholaminergic neurons in avian neural crest cultures. We now demonstrate that dHAND expression is sufficient to elicit the generation of ectopic sympathetic neurons in vivo. The expression of the dHAND gene is controlled by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), as suggested by BMP4 overexpression in vivo and in vitro, and by noggin-mediated inhibition of BMP function in vivo. The timing of dHAND expression in sympathetic ganglion primordia, together with the induction of dHAND expression in response to Phox2b implicate a role for dHAND as transcriptional regulator downstream of Phox2b in BMP-induced sympathetic neuron differentiation.
A simulation study of security performance using multipath routing in ad hoc networks

In this paper, we investigate the security performance of the SPREAD scheme, which we proposed as a complementary mechanism to enhance data confidentiality in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). SPREAD is based on two principles, secret sharing and multipath routing. By a secret sharing scheme, a secret message can be divided into multiple shares; then by multipath routing, the shares can be delivered to the destination via multiple paths. Improved security is expected because an adversary (adversaries) will have more difficulty in collecting enough shares to compromise the secret message. As the broadcast wireless channel of a MANET has a significant impact on the performance of multipath routing, we examine the performance of SPREAD based on the shared single wireless channel model by simulation. Our results show that SPREAD scheme is effective in reducing the message compromising and eavesdropping probability. The impacts of node mobility and different share allocations on the performance of SPREAD are also investigated.
Age alterations in extent and severity of experimental intranasal infection with Chlamydophila pneumoniae in BALB/c mice

The intracellular bacterium Chlamydophila (“Chlamydia”) pneumoniae is a pathogen for several respiratory diseases and may be a factor in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases of aging including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. We assessed whether aging is coupled with increased burden of infection in BALB/c mice after intranasal infection by C. pneumoniae. Six- and twenty-month-old BALB/c mice were infected intranasally with 5 × 104 inclusion forming units (IFU) or 5 × 105 IFU of C. pneumoniae. Lung, brain, and heart tissue were analyzed for infectious C. pneumoniae and for Chlamydophila antigen by immunohistochemistry. At both doses, aging was associated with a decreased proportion of animals that cleared infection from the lung and greater burden of infectious organism within the lung. We observed dose-dependent spread to the heart/ascending aorta in animals infected with C. pneumoniae. In mice given 5 × 104 IFU, spread to the heart by day 14 was only observed in old mice. By day 28, all animals inoculated with 5 × 104 IFU showed evidence of spread to the heart, although higher C. pneumoniae titers were observed in the hearts from old mice. In mice inoculated with 5 × 105 IFU, spread of C. pneumoniae to the heart was evident by day 14, with no discernible age effect. C. pneumoniae was also recovered from the central nervous system (brain and olfactory bulb) of all mice by day 28 postinfection, with higher C. pneumoniae titers in old animals than in young animals. Our results suggest that infection with C. pneumoniae may be more severe in old animals.
A generalized Hamiltonian-based algorithm for rigorous equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation in the isobaric–isothermal ensemble

In this work, we employ a Hamiltonian-based procedure to derive a generalized Nose barostat, which generates trajectories that rigorously satisfy the statistical mechanical isobaric–isothermal (NpT) ensemble. This generalized algorithm, unlike Nose's original NpT algorithm, maintains rigor in the presence of (i) a non-zero system momentum and (ii) non-negligible external forces. The generalized algorithm reduces to the conventional Nose NpT algorithm when neither condition is satisfied. The key element of the generalized algorithm is that the thermostat and barostat are applied only to those degrees of freedom that contribute to the temperature and pressure, which excludes, e.g. the total system momentum. We show that the generalized algorithm satisfies the two criteria for rigor (Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian) that exist in the literature. Finally, we provide some numerical examples demonstrating the success of the generalized algorithm.
Expression of enzymatically active reverse transcriptase in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Reverse transcriptase of murine retroviruses is a monomeric protein of approximately 80,000 daltons, which is encoded by the central portion of the viral pol gene. To prepare large quantities of the enzyme, we have constructed gene fusions between the trpE gene and portions of the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus. The inserted pol gene sequences include the entire coding region for the mature enzyme and various amounts of additional coding sequences. Many of these constructs express high levels of reverse transcriptase activity even though the NH2 and COOH termini of the protein product only approximate the correct termini of the authentic protein.
Thiazide diuretics and the risk of hip fracture

Background Thiazide diuretics are one of the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive agents worldwide. Thiazides reduce urinary calcium excretion. Chronic ingestion of thiazides is associated with higher bone mineral density. It has been suggested that thiazides may prevent hip fracture. However, there are concerns that diuretics, by increasing the risk of fall in elderly, could potentially negate its beneficial effects on hip fracture. Objectives To assess any association between the use of thiazide diuretics and the risk of hip fracture in adults. Search methods We searched eligible studies up to December 2008 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, the Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects (DARE) and reference lists of previous reviews and included studies. Selection criteria All randomized controlled trials and observational studies, which assessed the association between thiazide diuretic use and hip fracture. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently applied the selection criteria, extracted data and assessed risk of bias of each study selected. The results were summarized descriptively and quantitatively. Cohort studies and case control studies were analysed separately. Main results No randomized control trials were found. Twenty-one observational studies with nearly four hundred thousand participants were included. Six of them were cohort studies and 15 were case-control studies. Two cohort studies appear to involve the same cohort so there were only 5 unique ones. The risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Five cohort studies had low risk of bias and one had moderate risk of bias. Seven case control studies had low risk of bias and 8 had moderate risk of bias. Meta-analysis of cohort studies showed that thiazide use was associated with a reduction in risk of hip fracture by 24%, pooled RR 0.76 (95% CI 0.64-0.89; p = 0.0009). We chose not to provide a pooled summary statistics for case-control studies because of high heterogeneity (Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 62%, p = 0.0008). Authors' conclusions Thiazides appear to reduce the risk of hip fracture based on observational studies. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.
A General Framework for Statistical Linkage Analysis in Multivalent Tetraploids

In multivalent polyploids, simultaneous pairings among homologous chromosomes at meiosis result in a unique cytological phenomenon—double reduction. Double reduction casts an impact on chromosome evolution in higher plants, but because of its confounded effect on the pattern of gene cosegregation, it complicates linkage analysis and map construction with polymorphic molecular markers. In this article, we have proposed a general statistical model for simultaneously estimating the frequencies of double reduction, the recombination fraction, and optimal parental linkage phases between any types of markers, both fully and partially informative, or dominant and codominant, for a tetraploid species that undergoes only multivalent pairing. This model provides an in-depth extension of our earlier linkage model that was built upon Fisher's classifications for different gamete formation modes during the polysomic inheritance of a multivalent polyploid. By implementing a two-stage hierarchical EM algorithm, we derived a closed-form solution for estimating the frequencies of double reduction through the estimation of gamete mode frequencies and the recombination fraction. We performed different settings of simulation studies to demonstrate the statistical properties of our model for estimating and testing double reduction and the linkage in multivalent tetraploids. As shown by a comparative analysis, our model provides a general framework that covers existing statistical approaches for linkage mapping in polyploids that are predominantly multivalent. The model will have great implications for understanding the genome structure and organization of polyploid species.
Efficient soybean transformation using hygromycin B selection in the cotyledonary-node method.

The efficiency of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] transformation was significantly increased from an average of 0.7% to 16.4% by combining strategies to enhance Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated T-DNA delivery into cotyledonary-node cells with the development of a rapid, efficient selection protocol based on hygromycin B. Wounded cotyledonary-node explants were inoculated with A. tumefaciens carrying either a standard-binary or super-binary plasmid and co-cultivated in the presence of mixtures of the thiol compounds, L-cysteine, dithiothreitol, and sodium thiosulfate. Transformed shoots began elongating only 8 weeks after co-cultivation. Southern analysis confirmed integration of the T-DNA into genomic DNA and revealed no correlation between the complexity of the integration pattern and thiol treatment applied at co-cultivation. All T0 plants were fertile and the majority of the lines transmitted the β-glucuronidase (GUS) phenotype in 3:1 or 15:1 ratios to their progenies.
Cancer-related transcriptional targets of the circadian gene NPAS2 identified by genome-wide ChIP-on-chip analysis.

The transcription factor NPAS2 is one of nine human core circadian genes that influence a variety of biological processes by regulating the 24-h circadian rhythm. Recently, it has been shown that NPAS2 is a risk biomarker in human cancers and plays a role in tumorigenesis by affecting cancer-related gene expression, and relevant biological pathways. However, it is difficult to study the biological involvement of NPAS2 in cancer development, as little is known about its direct transcriptional targets. The aim of the current study is to create a transcriptional profile of genes regulated by NPAS2, using a human binding ChIP-on-chip analysis of NPAS2 in MCF-7 cells. This genome-wide mapping approach identified 26 genes that contain potential NPAS2 binding regions. Subsequent real-time PCR assays confirmed 16 of these targets, and 9 of these genes (ARHGAP29, CDC25A, CDKN2AIP, CX3CL1, ELF4, GNAL, KDELR1, POU4F2, and THRA) have a known role in tumorigenesis. In addition, a networking analysis of these validated NPAS2 targets revealed that all nine genes, together with REN, are involved in a “Cancer, Cell cycle, Neurological Disease” network. These results report the first list of direct transcriptional targets of NPAS2 and will shed light on the role of circadian genes in tumorigenesis.
Specific Uncoupling of Excitation and Contraction in Mammalian Cardiac Tissue by Lanthanum Kinetic studies

Arterially cannulated rabbit interventricular septal tissue was exposed to 5–40 µM La in 2.5 mM Ca perfusate. Immediately following perfusion with La two concurrent events were consistently observed: (a) a rapid decline of active tension to a lesser steady-state value, and (b) an abrupt, release of short duration of tissue-bound Ca. The magnitude of both events was directly related to the [La]o. If the duration of exposure to La was brief, contractility returned toward normal upon return to the La-free perfusate. Elevation of [Ca]o during exposure to La counteracted its effect and induced a concurrent displacement of tissue-bound La. Cellular action potentials recorded during brief perfusion with La demonstrated that essentially normal regenerative depolarization was maintained. Analysis of the quantities of 45Ca released following exposure to 10 µM La indicated that this La-susceptible Ca was being displaced from a homogeneous pool—the one previously shown by Langer to represent contractile dependent Ca. These data led to the following conclusions: During perfusion with 2.5 mM Ca contractile dependent Ca was derived primarily from "superficially" located sites. La effected the release of contractile dependent Ca by modifying the normal permselectivity of this "superficial" membrane for activator Ca. These and other data infer that contractile dependent Ca is derived primarily from superficially located sites.
Excitation of a dielectric sphere by a radial electric dipole taking into account the spatial dispersion

Excitation of dielectric sphere by radial electric dipole was studied with account spatial dispersion. Taking into account a spatial dispersion results in occurrence of the complementary E-type oscillations.
The influence of alcohol and aging on radio communication during flight.

This study finds that alcohol and pilot age impair radio communication during simulated flight. Young (mean age 25 years) and older (mean age 42 years) pilots flew in a light aircraft simulator during alcohol and placebo conditions. In the alcohol condition, pilots drank alcohol and flew after reaching 0.04% BAC, after reaching 0.10% BAC, and then 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after they stopped drinking at 0.10% BAC. They flew at the same times in the placebo condition. Alcohol and age impaired communication-based and overall flying performance during and immediately after drinking. Most important, alcohol and age cumulatively impaired performance, since older pilots were more impaired by alcohol. Notably, performance was as impaired 2 h after reaching 0.10% BAC as it was at 0.10% BAC. Moreover, overall performance was impaired for 8 h after reaching 0.10% BAC. Language: en
Translational Research on Nicotine Dependence

Nicotine dependence is a chronic, relapsing disorder with complex biological mechanisms underlying the motivational basis for this behavior. Although more than 70 % of current smokers express a desire to quit, most relapse within one year, underscoring the need for novel treatments. A key focus of translational research models addressing nicotine dependence has been on cross-validation of human and animal models in order to improve the predictive value of medication screening paradigms. In this chapter, we review several lines of research highlighting the utility of cross-validation models in elucidating the biological underpinnings of nicotine reward and reinforcement, identifying factors which may influence individual response to treatment, and facilitating rapid translation of findings to practice.
Incidence and Survival Outcomes Of Extramedullary Myeloma

Background The survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has considerably improved during the last decade. MM at presentation is mostly limited to the bone marrow, with circulating plasma cells seen in a modest proportion of patients. Organ infiltration or soft tissue involvement by the tumor cells is relatively uncommon at diagnosis; however, several recent reports suggest an increasing number of patients presenting with extramedullary disease at the time of relapse. This could be related to several aspects, especially increased use of more sensitive imaging studies and the newer therapies. We undertook the current study to examine the changes in incidence and potential predisposing causes for development of clinically detected EMD. Patients and Methods We retrospectively examined the cohort of 1,051 patients with newly diagnosed MM seen at Mayo Clinic between Jan 2001 and Dec 2010, for their initial evaluation and treatment. Data regarding baseline characteristics, site of EMD, types of therapy and response were extracted from medical records. EMD was defined as a plasmacytoma outside the bone and not contiguous to any bone lesion. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the effect of variables on development of EMD. Results The median age at the diagnosis of MM was 66 years (range, 22-93) with 19% >75 years; 59% were male. The median estimated follow up for the entire cohort was 5.9 years, 492 (47%) were alive at the time of analysis. Over 4139 person years of follow up, 93 patients had an EMD detected (9%), including 32 patients (2.5%) in whom it was found at diagnosis. The median time to detection of EMD among the 61 patients in whom EMD developed after diagnosis, was 26 months (1 mo -10 yrs). The cumulative risk of developing EMD is shown in figure 1A and does not appear to be different between patients seen earlier (2001-2005) vs. (2006-2010), at least during the initial years. The most common sites were skin and soft tissue, lymph nodes, liver/ spleen and pleura/ peritoneum. Twelve patients had a second EMD diagnosed at a median of 5 months from the first EMD. The median OS from diagnosis of MM for the 93 patients with EMD was 3.3 years vs. 5.3 years for the rest; p 221 (ULN), PCLI >=3%, bone marrow plasma cell%, presence of high risk FISH abnormalities (Del 17p, t(14;16) and t (14;20) and use of SCT as part of therapy were risk factors for development of EMD. Only, a PCLI >=3 and presence of high-risk FISH increased the risk of developing EMD. Conclusion Extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma, both present at diagnosis and upon relapse, is associated with poor prognosis. While there is no clear evidence of recent increase in EMD, extended follow-up of patients seen in the recent years may alter that conclusion. Patients presenting with EMD clearly appear to have higher risk disease with more proliferative cells and high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Utility of Machine-Learning Approaches to Identify Behavioral Markers for Substance Use Disorders: Impulsivity Dimensions as Predictors of Current Cocaine Dependence

Background: Identifying objective and accurate markers of cocaine dependence (CD) can innovate its prevention and treatment. Existing evidence suggests that CD is characterized by a wide range of cognitive deficits, most notably by increased impulsivity. Impulsivity is multidimensional and it is unclear which of its various dimensions would have the highest predictive utility for CD. The machine learning approach is highly promising for discovering predictive markers of disease. Here we used machine learning to identify multivariate predictive patterns of impulsivity phenotypes that can accurately classify individuals with CD. Methods: Current cocaine-dependent users (N=31) and healthy controls (N=23) completed the self-report Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and five neurocognitive tasks indexing different dimensions of impulsivity: (1) Immediate Memory Task (IMT); (2) Stop-Signal Task (SST); (3) Delay-Discounting Task (DDT); (4) Iowa Gambling Task (IGT); and (5) Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL) task. We applied a machine learning algorithm to all impulsivity measures. Results: Machine learning accurately classified individuals with CD and predictions were generalizable to new samples (area under the curve of the ROC curve was 0.912 in the test set). CD membership was predicted by higher scores on motor and non-planning trait impulsivity, poor response inhibition and discriminability on the IMT, higher delay discounting on the DDT, and poor decision-making on the IGT. Conclusions: Our results suggest that multivariate behavioral impulsivity phenotypes can predict CD with high degree of accuracy, which can potentially be used to assess individuals’ vulnerability to CD in clinical settings.
The Writer and the Analyst on and in Time

The paper reflects on the metaphors of time that Dr. Seligman’s piece make available to us, specifically on his deep and inspiring account of the role of time in the analytic process.
Material-Process Interactions in the Annealing of Gallium Arsenide

This review article provides an overview of the current understanding of the physical mechanisms involved in the annealing of ion implanted GaAs by thermal techniques and by CW and pulsed laser and electron beams. The successfulness of these techniques is evaluated in terms of the electrical and optical properties of the annealed layers. Promising areas of investigation for the improvement of the electrical properties of n-type layers produced by pulsed annealing are identified.
Novel Radiographic Analysis of Guided Growth for Knee Flexion Contractures: A Retrospective Analysis of Anterior-Distal Hemiepiphysiodesis of the Femur via Utilization of Blumensaat's Line

In 2007, Stevens and Klatt introduced the guided growth concept, which advanced the surgical treatment of knee deformities, particularly in the coronal plane. In the case of sagittal plane deformity, further analyses of guided growth are needed. The incorporation of a consistent and effective radiographic measuring technique to evaluate knee flexion contracture deformity (KFCD) angular correction does not currently exist and would greatly supplement patient evaluation. This retrospective study investigated the guided growth procedure via a novel radiographic measuring technique involving Blumensaat's line. The radiographs of 8 …
The Effect of Multilayer Patterns on Thermal Stress During Rapid Thermal Processing

Multilayer patterns can lead to temperature non-uniformity and undesirable levels of thermal stress in silicon wafers during rapid thermal processing (RTP). Thermal stress can, in turn, cause problems such as photolithography overlay errors and degraded device performance through plastic deformation. In this work, the temperature and stress fields in patterned wafers are simulated using detailed finite-element based reactor transport models coupled with electromagnetic theory for predicting radiative properties of multilayers. The temperature distributions are then used to predict the stress fields in the wafer and the onset of plastic deformation. Results are presented for two generic two-dimensional axi-symmetric reactors employing single and double side illumination. The effect of patterns and processing parameters are explored, and strategies for avoiding pattern induced plastic deformation are evaluated.
A mathematical model of rat collecting duct III. Paradigms for distal acidification defects

The present clinical taxonomy of distal renal tubular acidoses includes “gradient,” “secretory,” and “voltage” defects. These categories refer to presumed collecting duct defects in which the epith...
Efficacy of earphones for 12- to 24-month-old children during visual reinforcement audiometry.

AbstractObjective: Efficacy of insert and supra-aural earphones during visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) was investigated for 12- to 24-month-old children. Design: VRA testing began in the soundfield and transitioned to either insert or supra-aural earphones. Audiologists recorded threshold estimates, participant behaviors, and an overall subjective rating of earphone acceptance. Study sample: One hundred and eighty-six 12- to 24-month-old children referred to the Department of Audiology at St. Louis Children’s Hospital for a variety of reasons. Results: Subjective ratings indicated high acceptance of insert earphones (84%) and supra-aural earphones (80%) despite negative behaviors. There was no significant difference in the number of threshold estimates based on earphone type for 12- to 17-month-old participants. Participants in the 18- to 24-month-old age group provided significantly more threshold estimates with insert earphones (mean = 5.3 threshold estimates, SD = 3.5) than with supra-aural earph...
Examination of the Usage of Unethical Nazi Era Brain Research Over Time (P2.393)

Objective: To examine the usage of unethical Nazi era brain research over time. Background: Some studies have elucidated neuroscientist collaboration in the Nazi era. But little research has been done on publications derived from unethical sources and materials. In the Nazi era, research was performed on neuropsychiatric patient victims of “euthanasia” murder programs. From 1939-1945 about 275,000 patients were murdered in these programs and several neuroscientists saw an opportunity for research. At least 2097 brains were harvested from killed patients, and other patients were used for unethical experiments while still living. We examined unethical Nazi brain research over time with a hypothesis that resultant publications continued to be used well after the end of World War II (WWII). Design/Methods: A total of 46 confirmed unethical papers were identified. Citations over time for these papers were evaluated using Google Scholar. Google Scholar provided the largest pool of articles spanning back to WWII. Articles citing the unethical papers were sorted by year and decade and statistically analyzed. Results: Of the 1092 citations of the unethical papers from the 1940s-2000s, the highest usage was during the 1960s (30.59[percnt]) and the lowest in the 1940s (1.65[percnt]) and 1990s (5.49[percnt]).There were significant changes (p<0.0001) between all decades except between the 1950s-1970s, 1970s-1980s, and 1990s-2000s. Conclusions: Despite a significant surge in citations in the 1960s, a decline was seen into the 2000s. While the surge may be due to ignorance or cover-up of the unethical source of the material or experimental design, the exhibited decrease was likely due to changing attitudes and discussions about unethical research, as well as data obsolescence. Failure to consider the ethics of experimental design and publications can lead to perpetuation of past transgressions and dishonors patient victims. These consequences are important to consider in modern science which is heavily result driven. Disclosure: Dr. Liu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zeidman has nothing to disclose.
Compulsive Buying: Prevalence, Irrational Beliefs and Purchasing

The aims of this study are to examine the characteristics of compulsive buying among college students at an American public university. More specifically we explored how irrational beliefs impact compulsive buying among this population; and, to investigate the types and frequency of consumer goods purchased by college students at an American public university. The study is based on data collected from a self-administered survey of 175 American college women. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of women are compulsive buyers was consistent with an earlier estimate using the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (27 %); irrational beliefs were associated with and predicted compulsive buying; and compulsive and non-compulsive buyers did not differ in the types of consumer goods purchased but in the frequency with which consumer goods are purchased. The study has significance by replicating the impact irrational beliefs have on compulsive buying. Such beliefs should be addressed in any preventative program targeting compulsive buying.
Maintaining the Middle-Class Majority on the High-Technology Industrial Capitalist Base

A middle-class majority in and of itself is not sufficient for the engendering of, and maintenance of, democracy. The character of the upper class, the ideology and political culture, and the stmcture of the economy and the state, are equally important. However, Aristotle’s theory of the link between a middle-class majority and a stable, relatively democratic, mixed polity,1 still holds, in that the rise of a majority middle class remains one of the critical causal factors engendering democracy.
Confounding of the association between statins and Parkinson disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose Both statins and higher serum cholesterol have been reported to reduce to risk of Parkinson Disease (PD). Given the importance of adjusting for cholesterol levels when evaluating the effect of statins, we assessed whether the protective effect of statins would remain when adjustment for cholesterol is performed. Methods We conducted a systematic review of epidemiologic studies that reported quantitative estimates of the association between statins and incident PD and were published through February 2016. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to assess the effect of statins on PD separately among the studies that adjusted for either cholesterol or hyperlipidemia and studies that did not. Results Ten eligible studies that evaluated the use of statins and incident PD were identified. Among the six studies that did not adjust for cholesterol, a protective effect of statins was observed (relative risk 0.75; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.60 to 0.92). Excluding studies with possible bias because of reverse causation or stratifying on study design did not affect the results. No protective effect was observed among the four studies that adjusted for either cholesterol of hyperlipidemia (relative risk 0.91; 95%CI 0.68 to 1.22). The effect estimate for studies that adjusted for cholesterol was 1.04 (95%CI 0.68 to 1.59) when a study with immortal time bias was excluded. Conclusions The apparent protective effect of statins on risk of PD is at least partially explained by confounding by statin indication. Immortal time bias and healthy user effects also could have contributed to biased results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Use of Nitrous Oxide To Treat Pain of Lumbar Punctures in Ambulatory Pediatric Leukemia and Lymphoma Patients.

Abstract Nitrous oxide is an anesthetic gas that has been used extensively to decrease pain during dental procedures. Recent publications report that nitrous oxide administration to pediatric patients is safe and effective in reducing pain and anxiety associated with a variety of medical procedures. We completed a randomized, crossover, pilot study in our outpatient clinic to compare the efficacy of nitrous oxide (N2O) to standard conscious sedation (SCS) in providing analgesia during lumbar puncture (LP) in children with leukemia and lymphoma. Two nurses evaluated 12 subjects during a N2O LP and 10 subjects during a SCS LP (midazolam and either fentanyl or morphine). Inter-nurse reliability was not different for any measure. The mean time for clinic visit was statistically shorter for the N2O group, 34 minutes, compared to 57 minutes for SCS (p=0.010). The mean length of procedure was 9 minutes using N2O or SCS. The type of sedation did not affect the difficulty performing the LP. The incidence of side effects (nausea, vomiting, combative behavior, and unsteadiness when leaving for home) was similar in the N2O and SCS groups. Pain control was equivalent. The nurse, parent, and subject reported pain during the procedure as zero for 5/12 subjects with N2O and 3/10 subjects with SCS. Parents and subjects were very satisfied with N2O (parent=1.8, child=2.8) and SCS (parent=1.5, child=2.2) sedation (10-point Likert scale with 1=very satisfied, 10=very dissatisfied). After completion of both procedures, 8/12 subjects preferred N2O whereas 2/10 preferred SCS. All twelve subjects who received N2O returned to normal activity within an hour of leaving the clinic and 3/10 subjects who received SCS required longer than one hour. Nitrous oxide is effective in reducing procedural pain with few side effects while decreasing time required for clinic visit and return to normal activity. Patient and parent satisfaction was high with more patients and families preferring N2O sedation to SCS. Parent and Nurse Mean Pain Scores Before, During, and After Lumbar Puncture Using N2O and SCS (10-point Likert Scale) Pre-Procedure Pain During Procedure Pain Post-Procedure Pain Parent Nurse Parent Nurse Parent Nurse N2O 0.3 0 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.3 SCS 0.3 0.1 2.5 1.9 1.5 0.7
Frequency control of DC/AC inverter

In this paper, sliding mode control (SMC) methodology is developed for control of the switching frequency for a DC/AC inverter. The Sliding mode control design for three phase load is formulated in terms of switching devices of the power converter. The main obstacle for application of the sliding mode control is called chattering and the amplitude of chattering can be reduced by increasing switching frequency. However, it should not exceed some certain value. Otherwise, it causes non-admissible heat losses in the power converters. The two problems are handled in this paper. The first one is minimizing the switching frequency for a given hysteresis loop of switching devices. The second problem is minimizing the hysteresis loop such that switching frequency does not exceed the admissible value, which would let us improve the accuracy of the system.
Interaction of crystalline topological insulator with an ultrashort laser pulse

We theoretically study the interaction of crystalline topological insulator (CTIs), characterized by surface quadratic gapless bands, with an ultrashort (few-femtosecond) optical pulse. The electron dynamics in such an optical pulse is determined by a strong lattice-momentum dependence of the interband dipole coupling, which is anisotropic and singular at the degeneracy point. The interband mixing induced by the ultrashort pulse results in a finite conduction band population, the distribution of which in the reciprocal space is correlated with the profile of the interband dipole matrix elements and has high contrast. The number of such high-contrast regions depends on the polarization direction of the optical pulse. The ultrashort pulse also causes an electrical current and a net charge transfer through the system in the direction of the maximum field. These findings open up roots to ultrafast optical-field control of the CTIs and petahertz-band optoelectronics.
A Zaydī Multitext Manuscript from the Glaser Collection (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin): MS Glaser 37

This communication provides an expanded description of the contents of a Yemeni codex from the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, MS Glaser 37. It discusses the dating of the codex and some of the unique texts preserved in it.
Assessment of Hippocampal Dendritic Complexity in Aged Mice Using the Golgi-Cox Method

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching variations of the neuronal dendrites within the hippocampus are implicated in cognition and memory formation. There are several approaches to Golgi staining, all of which have been useful for determining the morphological characteristics of dendritic arbors and produce a clear background. The present Golgi-Cox method, (a slight variation of the protocol that is provided with a commercial Golgi staining kit), was designed to assess how a relatively low dose of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-flurouracil (5-Fu) would affect dendritic morphology, the number of spines, and the complexity of arborization within the hippocampus. The 5-Fu significantly modulated the dendritic complexity and decreased the spine density throughout the hippocampus in a region-specific manner. The data presented show that the Golgi staining method effectively stained the mature neurons in the CA1, the CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. This protocol reports the details for each step so that other researchers can reliably stain tissue throughout the brain with high quality results and minimal troubleshooting.
Does IP Need IP? Accommodating Intellectual Production Outside the Intellectual Property Paradigm

Arguments for strong intellectual property protection proceed on the assumption that exclusive rights are necessary to generate the incentives that encourage intellectual production. However, recent events suggest that that this assumption is questionable. Many creative endeavors are flourishing without strong intellectual property protection. Examples include fashion, stand-up comedy, magic, cuisine, and software (consider Linux, Apache, Firefox). Academic research has long been conducted under a sharing regime, and even after the Bayh-Dole Act permitted universities to claim patent rights in faculty inventions, the Mertonian norm of communalism continues to exert a strong influence over academic practices. And as Eric von Hippel has amply demonstrated, users generate and share the fruits of their creativity in contexts as varied as extreme sports, surgery, library science, and commercial high-tech manufacturing. Now that the existence of these robust forms of production has been recognized, it is tempting to argue that traditional intellectual property rights should be abolished. At the same time, however, there may be limits to creative production outside the intellectual property paradigm. Ostensibly open systems are sometimes functionally dependent on copyright, patent, trademark, or trade secrecy law. The operation of these systems can also be highly contingent – sometimes on the innovative industry at issue or the technological infrastructure supporting it; sometimes on the sensibilities of particular individuals. Much of the theoretical work treats the education of creative workers as exogenous to the problem of innovation, but the calculus can vary once the need to motivate the acquisition of human capital is taken into account. There are also normative problems: Open innovation may be nonoptimal, it may lead to undesirable strategies for maintaining a competitive advantage, and it can be exploitative of knowledge workers. This paper therefore starts from the proposition that intellectual property rights will not soon disappear. It is intended to contribute to a new conversation on how intellectual property law ought to change in order to accommodate and sustain what Mario Biagioli has termed IP without IP (Intellectual Production without Intellectual Property).