cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correction for McGuire et al., Diverse Recombinant HIV-1 Envs Fail To Activate B Cells Expressing the Germline B Cell Receptors of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies PG9 and 447-52D

Volume 88, no. 5, p. [2645–2657][1], 2014. Page 2655: The Acknowledgment section was inadvertently omitted and should appear as shown below. This work was supported by NIH grant P01 AI094419 (L.S.) and a Canadian Institutes of Health Research fellowship (A.T.M.). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/JVI.
Extraluminal or Intraluminal Inferior Vena Cava Occlusion in Pulmonary Embolism

Twenty-five cases of extraluminal and 47 of intraluminal inferior vena caval (IVC) occlusion for management of pulmonary embolism were reviewed. A comparison of results obtained with both methods suggests that the IVC umbrella filter provides the safer, more reliable means of IVC interruption in patients whose condition fulfills the criteria for caval occlusion. The simplicity of this technique and the fact that it can be performed under local anesthesia justify its consideration as the procedure of choice for IVC occlusion and permit its use in severely ill patients. On the basis of our positive findings, we now recommend that extraluminal occlusion be reserved for patients in whom insertion of the IVC umbrella is technically impossible.
The mission of land grant colleges of agriculture

Abstract. This paper examines what land grant colleges of agriculture were designed to be and do and, using theirpublished mission statements, discusses what they now claim to be and do. Teaching ‘such branches of learning as arerelated to the agriculture and the mechanic arts’ and ‘to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrialclasses’ is what land grant colleges were designed to do; it is the land grant mission. The paper asks whether thesethings are what land grant colleges of agriculture do now. The original mission has been amended with new challengesthat must be met in a time of declining public support for higher education, societal distrust of science and a negativepublic perception of agricultural technology, in a culture that wants cheap food. The agricultural community, includingcolleges of agriculture, has been slow to accept the challenges and opportunities inherent in the questions agriculturenow faces. Agriculture remains an essential human activity in our post-industrial, information-age society. Colleges ofagriculture are in trouble, and this paper suggests that the sensible thing to do may be to turn away from self-interestin survival to take a leadership role with emphasis on the obligations of service and humanism.
Protein and Nucleotide Biosynthesis Are Coupled by a Single Rate-Limiting Enzyme, PRPS2, to Drive Cancer

Summary Cancer cells must integrate multiple biosynthetic demands to drive indefinite proliferation. How these key cellular processes, such as metabolism and protein synthesis, crosstalk to fuel cancer cell growth is unknown. Here, we uncover the mechanism by which the Myc oncogene coordinates the production of the two most abundant classes of cellular macromolecules, proteins, and nucleic acids in cancer cells. We find that a single rate-limiting enzyme, phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase 2 (PRPS2), promotes increased nucleotide biosynthesis in Myc-transformed cells. Remarkably, Prps2 couples protein and nucleotide biosynthesis through a specialized cis -regulatory element within the Prps2 5′ UTR, which is controlled by the oncogene and translation initiation factor eIF4E downstream Myc activation. We demonstrate with a Prps2 knockout mouse that the nexus between protein and nucleotide biosynthesis controlled by PRPS2 is crucial for Myc-driven tumorigenesis. Together, these studies identify a translationally anchored anabolic circuit critical for cancer cell survival and an unexpected vulnerability for "undruggable" oncogenes, such as Myc. PaperFlick
Test and evaluation by genetic algorithms

A machine learning technique for automating the traditional controller tests process that evaluates autonomous-vehicle software controllers is discussed. In the proposed technique, a controller is subjected to an adaptively chosen set of fault scenarios in a vehicle simulator, and then a genetic algorithm is used to search for fault combinations that produce noteworthy actions in the controller. This approach has been applied to find a minimal set of faults that produces degraded vehicle performance and a maximal set of faults that can be tolerated without significant performance loss. >
Stochastic circuits for real-time image-processing applications

Real-time image-processing applications impose severe design constraints in terms of area and power. Examples of interest include retinal implants for vision restoration and on-the-fly feature extraction. This work addresses the design of image-processing circuits using stochastic computing techniques. We show how stochastic circuits can be integrated at the pixel level with image sensors, thus supporting efficient real-time (pre)processing of images. We present the design of several representative circuits, which demonstrate that stochastic designs can be significantly smaller, faster, more power-efficient, and more noise-tolerant than conventional ones. Furthermore, the stochastic designs naturally produce images with progressive quality improvement.
Fatigue crack propagation life analysis of solder joints under thermal cyclic loading

Abstract Fatigue crack propagation life analysis of solder joints under thermal cyclic loadings was investigated by the strain energy release rate method using finite element analysis. A relationship between the crack-growth rate and the strain energy release rate was derived. Finite element simulations were carried out to investigate the effect of crack growth along the interface of solder and lead in a solder joint assembly. The crack propagation life of the solder joint with an interface crack was predicted from the derived relationship between crack growth rate and values of the strain energy release rate. It was found that crack propagation life is much higher than the crack initiation life.
Does robotic technology make minimally invasive cardiac surgery too expensive? A hospital cost analysis of robotic and conventional techniques.

Abstract Background: While potential benefits of robotic technology include decreased morbidity and improved recovery, some have suggested a prohibitively high cost. This study was undertaken to compare actual hospital costs of robotically assisted cardiac procedures with conventional techniques. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of clinical and financial data of 20 patients who underwent atrial septal defect (ASD) closure and 20 patients who underwent mitral valve repair (MVr) using either robotic techniques or a conventional approach with a sternotomy. Total hospital cost (actual resource consumption) was subdivided into operative and postoperative costs. Results: Robotic technology did not significantly increase total hospital cost for ASD closure or MVr (p = 0.518 and p = 0.539). However, when including the initial capital investment for the robot through amortization of institutional costs, total hospital cost was increased by $3,773 for robotic ASD closure and $3,444 for robotic MVr (p = 0.021 and p = 0.004). The major driver of cost for robotic cases (operating room time) decreased over time. Conclusions: Robotic technology did not significantly increase hospital cost. While the absolute cost for robotic surgery was higher than conventional techniques after taking into account the institutional cost of the robot, the major driver of cost for robotic procedures will likely continue to decrease, as the surgical team becomes increasingly familiar with robotic technology. Furthermore, other benefits, such as improvement in postoperative quality of life and more expeditious return to work may make a robotic approach cost-effective. Thus, it is possible that the benefits of robotic surgery may justify investment in this technology.
Systematic non-dimensional parametric investigation for the thermo-fluid dynamics of two-layered fluid systems

Abstract Fluid dynamics and heat transfer of immiscible two-layered fluid systems have been of great importance in a variety of industrial as well as extraterrestrial exploration applications. Control and optimization of such a liquid–liquid arrangement need complete understanding of complex synergistic phenomena, especially those induced by surface tension at the fluid interface. Previously-reported investigations for the natural and Marangoni convection of two-layered immiscible systems have been incoherent, having no systematic presentation based on the key dimensionless parameters that govern the flow. The paper here presents a rigorous scheme and the results of a non-dimensional analysis, which allows a systematic and coherent interpretation of the system flow. The approach leads to ten non-dimensional parameters to completely characterize the thermo-fluid dynamics under the hypothesis of flat non-deformable interface. The system for a set of dimensionless parameters can have five degrees of freedom in physical variables, with fifteen dimensional physical variables appearing in the governing equations. The effect and importance of each non-dimensional parameter have also been numerically analyzed in search of a further reduction of the parameters describing the phenomena.
Retrospective analysis of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Background:Patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant are at a high risk for infection-related mortality in the immediate post-transplantation phase. Prophylaxis with a fluoroquinolone is now recommended to reduce this risk with the stipulation that surveillance for increased fluoroquinolone resistance Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea be conducted.Methods:We conducted a retrospective chart review of 48 patients who underwent an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and received a fluoroquinolone for prophylaxis and 48 patients who underwent an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant who did not receive a fluoroquinolone for prophylaxis. All patients received the same standard antifungal, antiviral and anti-pneumocystis prophylaxis.Results:Patients receiving fluoroquinolone prophylaxis had a lower incidence of febrile neutropenia than those not receiving prophylaxis, though the difference was not found to be statistically significant (83% vs. 67%, p = 0.098). S...
Coupled layerwise analysis of composite beams with embedded piezoelectric sensors and actuators

Unified mechanics are developed with the capability to model both sensory and active composite laminates with embedded piezoelectric layers. Two discretelayer (or layerwise) formulations enable analysis of both global and local electromechanical response. The first assumes constant through-the-thickness displacement, while the second permits piecewise continuous variation. The mechanics include the contributions from elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric components. The incorporation of electric potential into the state variables permits representation of general electromechanical boundary conditions. Approximate finite element solutions for the static and freevibration analysis of beams are presented. Applications on composite beams demonstrate the capability to represent either sensory or active structures, and to model the complicated stressstrain fields, the interactions between passive/active layers and interfacial phenomena between sensors and composite plies. The capability to predict the dynamic c...
An experimental study of interspecific interactions between two Puerto Rican Anolis lizards

We analyzed the impact of interspecific interactions between two ecologically and morphologically distinct Puerto Rican lizards, Anolis gundlachi and A. evermanni, in an experimental design consisting of six 20 × 20 m plots divided into three blocks, each consisting of a pair of experimental and control plots. We removed A. gundlachi from experimental plots and monitored the response of A. evermanni. The reduction in the number of A. gundlachi resulted in a significant increase in the abundance of both adult and juvenile A. evermanni. We found no evidence for a shift in structural habitat use in A. evermanni in experimental plots. Two possible mechanisms, interspecific competition and intraguild predation, could explain the increase in abundance of A. evermanni after the removal of A. gundlachi. These results make clear that interactions still occur between A. gundlachi and A. evermanni even given their morphological and ecological differences.
Regulation of gene expression by the intracellular second messengers IP3 and diacylglycerol.

In Dictyostelium, extracellular cAMP interacts specifically with cell-surface receptors to promote the accumulation of a variety of intracellular second messengers, such as, 3′-5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 1,4,5 inositol trisphosphate (IP3). We and others have shown that activation of the cell-surface cAMP receptor can also modulate the expression of the Dictyostelium genome during development. In at least one instance, synthesis of intracellular cAMP is required for appropriate gene regulation. However, the induction of most cAMP-dependent gene expression can occur in the absence of receptor-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase and a consequent accumulation of intracellular cAMP. These results suggest that other intracellular second messengers produced in response to receptor activation may potentially act as signal transducers to modulate gene expression during development. In vertebrate cells, IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG) are intracellular activators of specific protein kinases; they are produced in equimolar amounts by cleavage of phosphoinositol bisphosphate after a receptor-mediated activation of a membrane-bound phosphodiesterase. IP3 and, thus, by inference, diacylglycerol are synthesized in Dictyostelium as a response to cAMP interacting with its cell-surface receptor. Using defined conditions to inhibit the accumulation of extracellular cAMP, we have examined the effects of these compounds on the accumulation of extracellular cAMP, we have examined the effects of these compounds on the expression of genes that require cAMP for their maximal expression. Our results suggest that intracellular IP3 and DAG may in part mediate the action of extracellular cAMP on the expression of the Dictyostelium genome.
Fertility trends in china's more developed urban districts: the case of four cities

This research examines fertility trends in more developed urban districts in China and provides empirical evidence which enhances our theoretical understanding of fertility. The research uses the study areas of Shanghai Beijing Changchun and Shenyang with the assumption that these cities might provide insights into future fertility trends in China. Data were collected using survey questionnaires and face-to-face and telephone interviews. Participants and their parents reported their demographic characteristics and reproductive desires and the reasons behind their decisions. Selected participants and family planning officials and workers were interviewed to check the reliability of the information provided on the surveys and to further examine explanations for fertility decline. The research found major differences in demographic characteristics and behaviours between generations and among different demographic groups and the four cities. Very low fertility and reproductive desire were found in these places together with a high proportion of childless families and a high male/female sex ratio. Career pressure and financial constraints were found to be more important than the one-child policy in explaining these trends. These findings generally agree with local reports and publications and common explanations of fertility change in developed countries. (authors)
A second-generation inhaled insulin for diabetes mellitus

Purpose The pharmacologic properties of a recently approved inhaled insulin product, its unique delivery system, and the results of clinical safety and efficacy trials are reviewed. Summary Afrezza (also called Technosphere Insulin, MannKind Corporation, Valencia, CA) is a novel ultrarapid-acting insulin formulation indicated for use in improving glycemic control in selected patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Afrezza is not intended as a substitute for traditional basal therapy with injectable long-acting insulin but may be used to provide prandial insulin coverage; it must be used in combination with long-acting insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. Administered before meals using a dry-powder inhalation device, Afrezza is formulated with a novel excipient (fumaryl diketopiperazine) that dissolves instantly in lung fluid and releases recombinant human insulin for absorption. In clinical trials, rates of hypoglycemia in Afrezza-treated patients were significantly lower than rates reported in comparator groups receiving injectable insulin products. The most commonly reported adverse effect of Afrezza is coughing, which tends to occur shortly after inhalation and is typically mild. Afrezza is not recommended for use in patients who smoke (or have recently stopped smoking) and those with a chronic lung disease such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Afrezza is not recommended for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Conclusion Afrezza is a safe and effective treatment for selected adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, potentially providing an alternative to injectable insulin for prandial blood glucose control.
Under Construction: The Continuing Evolution of Job Structures in Call Centers

We study inbound call centers in fourteen businesses, using interview-based case studies. Contrary to the notion that U.S. businesses are eliminating job security and internal career tracks, these firms still incorporate these features in their job structures, and in many cases businesses that initially dismantled job and career structures ended up rebuilding them. The paper suggests a more nuanced account of changing job structures that incorporates market, institutional, and agency factors.
On Poverty Traps and Equilibria in Growth Models

Abstract: We show that, contrary to a widely spread error, when the savings and the population growth rates are constant, an unstable equilibrium cannot exist in a neoclassical model, because it would imply an increasing average productivity of capital and therefore a negative marginal productivity of labor. As a consequence, a poverty trap, a dire reality, cannot be explained by such an unstable equilibrium, nor cannot it be eliminated by a capital "big-push". We finally give necessary conditions for an economy to escape a poverty trap.
Significance of deeper molecular responses in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in early chronic phase treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Most patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase (CP) treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) achieve complete cytogenetic response (CCyR). An increasing number of patients also achieve deep molecular responses (MR). We determined the frequency and significance of deep MR after TKI therapy for CML in CP. MR included: major molecular response (MMR), MR4, MR4.5, and undetectable transcripts (UND), i.e., BCR-ABL/ABL of ≤0.1, ≤0.01, ≤0.0032%, and undetectable transcripts, respectively. Four hundred eighty-three patients received imatinib 400 mg/day (IM400, 71, July 2000 to April 2001), imatinib 800 mg/day (IM800, 204, June 2001 to July 2005), nilotinib (106, July 2005 to date), or dasatinib (102, November 2005 to date). UND rates at 36 months were 18.1, 30.6, 29.2, and 28.6%, respectively. Patients achieving UND have superior transformation-free survival (TFS) and overall survival (OS) versus those obtaining ≤MMR, but not other MR levels. At the 18- and 24-month landmark analysis, patients achieving UND have no advantage in TFS and OS compared to those achieving a lesser degree of MR. Among patients achieving MR4.5, those who maintain it for ≥2 years (susMR4·5) have no additional benefit in TFS or OS. Most patients with early CP CML receiving TKI achieve MMR. BCR-ABL transcripts become undetectable in a significant fraction of them. Deeper MR at 18 or 24 months are not associated with a benefit in TFS or OS. Furthermore, achieving susMR4·5 does not appear to further reduce the risk of transformation or death. Am. J. Hematol. 88:1024–1029, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of reinforcement and solvent content on moisture absorption in epoxy composite materials

Abstract The effect of fibrous reinforcement and solvent content on moisture uptake in composite laminate was investigated. Two materials using identical epoxy resin systems but different reinforcements—glass vs. carbon fibers—and of different solvent content—low vs. normal—were examined. Samples were characterized in terms of water absorption and desorption. Mechanical and thermal properties including flexural modulus, flexural strength, and glass transition temperature were measured. Results clearly show the contribution of the fiber reinforcement as well as solvent content on the water absorption rate and mechanical property changes.
GETTING IT TOGETHER: ANTHROPOLOGY AND GENERAL EDUCATION

constructing a course called anthropology for students who are not likely to become anthropologists, it is important to consider the students' situation and to select materials, concepts, and teaching techniques in terms of that perspective. To construct a course on the basis of alternative criteria (textbook formats, watereddown survey notes, and the like) would perhaps be more convenient but almost certainly less effective. The approach presented above is time-consuming; it is, however, quite generally applicable if priority can be given to depth rather than to content quantity.
Learning in neural network memories

Various algorithms for constructing a synaptic coupling matrix which can associatively map input patterns onto nearby stored memory patterns are reviewed. Issues discussed include performance, capacity, speed, efficiency and biological plausibility.
Transportation Apartheid: The Role of Transportation Policy in Societal Inequality

Transportation policy in the United States has historically been the locus of social change, playing a signifcant role in social policy – like the 20th century Civil Rights movement – and economic policy. This research suggests that current transportation policymaking practices favor certain groups, primarily automobile users and suburban commuters, at the expense of other groups, mostly poor and urban minority populations who rely on public transportation modes. Transportation policy in the United States is socially unjust because it does not reward the costs and benefits of public policy equally; current policies have negative implications for the efficacy of democracy. Public administrators are poised to play a significant role in ameliorating such injustices, and this research suggests a few ways all public agencies and their employees can contribute to a more just transportation policymaking environment.
Brain water content, brain blood volume, blood chemistry, and pathology in a model of cerebral edema.

Study objectives: The objective was to correlate regional changes during brain water content with alterations in blood chemistry and cerebral pathology during hypo-osmotic edema. Participants: Sprague-Dawley male adult rats were used in these studies. Design: Animals were block-randomized to receive either an intraperitoneal distilled water injection equivalent to 5% or 15% of their body weight or no injection (controls). Rats were sacrificed 15 or 60 minutes after water injection or at an equivalent time for controls. Interventions: No interventions were performed. Measurements and main results: Water content of cerebral cortical gray and white matter was calculated from measurements of tissue specific gravity. Blood plasma osmolality and sodium and potassium concentrations were determined at various times after water injection. An index of blood-brain barrier permeability was obtained by measuring brain red blood cell and plasma volumes. A qualitative assessment of edema was made from light and electron micrographs of the cerebral cortex. We found that water injection produced a dose-dependent decrease in plasma osmolality and sodium concentration within 15 minutes. Cortical water content was unchanged after this period. An influx of water into cerebral gray, and, less readily, into cerebral white matter occurred during the next 15 minutes. Whole blood specific gravity and brain blood content were unchanged and thus did not confound the measurement of cerebral water content. Hematocrit was increased 60 minutes after a 15% water injection. The blood-brain barrier remained intact throughout this period. Microscopy revealed astrocytic swelling with slight extracellular fluid accumulation 60 minutes after the water injection. Conclusions: Homeostatic mechanisms in the cerebral cortex can maintain constant water content for at least 15 minutes during maintained intravascular hypo-osmolality. Fluid that subsequently moves into the tissue primarily enters an intracellular compartment. This model will be useful in investigating physiological mechanisms of brain water regulation and the pathogenesis of brain edema, a common clinical entity in emergency conditions.
Costly Cell Phones: The Impact of Cell Phone Rings on Academic Performance

College students participated in a study on the “psychology of note taking” during which they took notes on video content and later completed a multiple-choice test on the material. Researchers assigned 71 participants to either the ringing condition (the video was disrupted by a ringing cell phone) or the control condition (no cell phone rings disrupted the video). The hypothesis that the cell phone rings would impair performance was confirmed. Compared to the control group, participants in the ringing condition performed significantly worse on the disrupted test items and were less likely to include the disrupted information in their notes. Citing empirical evidence of academic impairment in course syllabi may improve regulation of cell phone use in the classroom.
PERSISTENT MEGALOCYSTIC OVARY FOLLOWING IN VITRO FERTILIZATION IN A POSTPARTUM PATIENT WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME

Summary Objective Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is more severe when pregnancy occurs, as the developing pregnancy produces human chorionic gonadotropin, which stimulates the ovary's persistent growth. If no pregnancy occurs, the syndrome will typically resolve within 1 week. In a maintained pregnancy, slow resolution of symptoms usually occurs over 1-2 months. Case Report A 31-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, aborta 1, with polycystic ovary syndrome underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) with clomiphene citrate and follicle-stimulating hormone/gonadotropin releasing hormone-antagonist stimulation. During transvaginal oocyte retrieval, enlarged bilateral ovaries were noted. She had an episode of OHSS after IVF/embryo transfer, for which paracentesis was performed three times. Pregnancy was achieved. Throughout antenatal examinations, bilateral ovaries were enlarged. She delivered a healthy baby by cesarean section at term. However, 1 month after delivery, the bilateral ovary had not shrunk, and levels of tumor markers CA125 and CA199 were 50.84 and 41.34 U/mL, respectively. At laparotomy for suspected malignancy, both adnexae formed "kissing ovaries", which were multinodulated with yellow serous fluid. Specimens from wedge resection submitted for frozen section showed a benign ovarian cyst. The final pathology report showed bilateral follicle cysts. Conclusion With the increasing use of gonadotropins in the management of infertility, ovarian enlargement secondary to hyperstimulation is common. Generally, symptoms appear between the 6 th and 13 th weeks of pregnancy and disappear thereafter. The hyperstimulated ovary often subsides after the first trimester. This case is unusual as the megalocystic ovary persisted after delivery. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of enlarged bilateral ovaries persisting 2 months after delivery.
Molecular characterization of receptor binding proteins and immunogens of virulent Treponema pallidum

Receptor binding proteins of Treponema pallidum were identified by incubation of [35S]methionine-labeled, soluble T. pallidum preparations with formaldehyde-fixed HEp-2 cells. Three major treponemal proteins (bands 1--3) that avidly bound to the eucaryotic cell surface were detected by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Brief trypsin treatment of HEp-2 cells before formaldehyde fixation reduced the extent of the interaction of these treponemal macromolecules, which implicated receptor-mediated attachment mechanisms. The presence of unlabeled T. pallidum preparations directly competed with radiolabeled T. pallidum samples for the available HEp-2 cells, which suggested a limiting number of membrane binding sites. Samples of unlabeled avirulent Reiter treponeme did not compete. T. Pallidum immunogens were examined by radioimmunoprecipitation with human and rabbit syphilitic sera. Of interest were the similarities and extent of the humoral response represented by the detection of antigen-antibody complexes against numberous treponemal proteins, including bands 1--3. T. pallidum portein band 1 appeared to be the major antigenic stimulus. Formation of antigen-antibody complexes between 35S-labeled T. pallidum proteins and human syphilitic sera was prevented by unlabeled T. pallidum but not by T. phagedenis preparations, which demonstrated specificity of the reaction. Gel profiles of radioimmunoprecipitation assays using radiolabeled T. pallidum antigens and human syphilitic and yaws sera delineated both the similarities and differences in the humoral response to these two spirochetes. The latter suggested both overlapping and distinguishing antigenic properties between T. pallidum and T. pertenue. Detection in yaws sera of specific antibody against T. pallidum protein bands 1--3 further incriminates the role of these three treponemal proteins as virulence determinants.
An empirical comparison of methods for image-based motion estimation

This paper presents a comparison between methods that estimate motion of a camera from a sequence of video images. We implemented two methods: a homography based method that assumes planar environments; and shape-from-motion, a general method that can deal with a fully three dimensional world. Both methods were formulated in an iterative, online form to produce estimates of camera motion. We discuss a trade-off in accuracy and run time efficiency based on experimental results for these two general methods in relation to ground truth. We show how a variation of the homography method can produce accurate results in some cases when the environment is non-planar with low computational cost.
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Gene Knockout Mice Cardiac Phenotypes and the Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Abstract—We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) released by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is not only important in blood pressure regulation but also involved in cardiac function and remo...
Properties of the Neutron 1s1/2 Orbit in Light Nuclei

Experimental and theoretical properties of the neutron 1s 1 / 2 orbital in light nuclei are discussed. They include single-particle energies and residual interactions for the oxygen isotopes, the single-particle energies as a function of proton number, the halo and skin properties, and magnetic moments.
CD28 Promotes Plasma Cell Survival, Sustained Antibody Responses, and BLIMP-1 Upregulation through Its Distal PYAP Proline Motif

In health, long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are essential for durable protective humoral immunity, and, conversely, in disease are a major source of pathogenic Abs in autoimmunity, graft rejection, and allergy. However, the molecular basis for their longevity is largely unknown. We have recently found that CD28 signaling in plasma cells (PC) is essential for sustaining Ab titers, by supporting the survival of LLPC, but not short-lived PC (SLPC). We now find that, unlike SLPC, CD28 activation in LLPC induces prosurvival downstream Vav signaling. Knockin mice with CD28 cytoplasmic tail mutations that abrogate Vav signaling (CD28-AYAA) had significantly fewer LLPC but unaffected SLPC numbers, whereas mice with mutations that abrogate PI3K signaling (CD28-Y170F) were indistinguishable from wild-type controls. This was consistent with the loss of CD28’s prosurvival effect in LLPC from CD28-AYAA, but not CD28-Y170F, mice. Furthermore, the CD28 Vav motif in the B lineage was essential for the long-term maintenance of Ag-specific LLPC populations and Ab titers in vivo. Signaling downstream of the CD28 Vav motif induced previously undescribed transcriptional regulation of B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein-1, a key mediator of PC differentiation and maintenance. These findings suggest CD28 signaling in LLPC modulates the central B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein-1 transcriptional nexus involved in long-term survival and function.
Relationships of dead wood patterns with biophysical characteristics and ownership according to scale in Coastal Oregon, USA

Dead wood patterns and dynamics vary with biophysical factors, disturbance history, ownership, and management practices; the relative importance of these factors is poorly understood, especially at landscape to regional scales. This study examined current dead wood amounts in the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA, at multiple spatial scales. Objectives were to: (1) describe current regional amounts of several characteristics of dead wood; (2) compare dead wood amounts across ownerships; (3) determine the relative importance, according to spatial scale, of biophysical and ownership characteristics, to regional dead wood abundance. Dead wood plot data were evaluated with respect to explanatory variables at four spatial scales of resolution: plots, subwatersheds, watersheds and subbasins. The relationships of dead wood characteristics with biophysical attributes and ownership were diverse and scale-specific. Region-wide dead wood abundance and types varied among ownerships, with public lands typically having higher amounts of dead wood and more large dead wood than private lands. Regression analysis of total dead wood volume indicated that ownership was important at the subbasin scale. Growing season moisture stress was important at plot, subwatershed, and watershed scales. Topography was important at the two coarser scales. Multivariate analysis of dead wood gradients showed that ownership was important at all scales, topography at the subbasin scale, historical vegetation at watershed and subbasin scales, and current vegetation at plot and subwatershed scales. Management for dead wood and related biodiversity at watershed to landscape scales should consider the distinct dynamics of snags and logs, the importance of historical effects, and the relevance of ownership patterns.
Frequency, Spectrum, and Nonzero Fitness Costs of Resistance to Myxopyronin in Staphylococcus aureus

The antibiotic myxopyronin (Myx) functions by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP). The binding site on RNAP for Myx—the RNAP “switch region SW1/SW2 subregion”—is different from the binding site on RNAP for the RNAP inhibitor currently used in broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy, rifampin (Rif). Here, we report the frequency, spectrum, and fitness costs of Myx resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. The resistance rate for Myx is 4 × 10−8 to 7 × 10−8 per generation, which is equal within error to the resistance rate for Rif (3 × 10−8 to 10 × 10−8 per generation). Substitutions conferring Myx resistance were obtained in the RNAP β subunit [six substitutions: V1080(1275)I, V1080(1275)L, E1084(1279)K, D1101(1296)E, S1127(1322)L, and S1127(1322)P] and the RNAP β′ subunit [five substitutions: K334(345)N, T925(917)K, T925(917)R, G1172(1354)C, and G1172(1354)D] (residues numbered as in Staphylococcus aureus RNAP and, in parentheses, as in Escherichia coli RNAP). Sites of substitutions conferring Myx resistance map to the RNAP switch region SW1/SW2 subregion and do not overlap the binding site on RNAP for Rif, and, correspondingly, Myx-resistant mutants exhibit no cross-resistance to Rif. All substitutions conferring Myx resistance exhibit significant fitness costs (4 to 15% per generation). In contrast, at least three substitutions conferring Rif resistance exhibit no fitness costs (≤0% per generation). The observation that all Myx-resistant mutants have significant fitness costs whereas at least three Rif-resistant mutants have no fitness costs, together with the previously established inverse correlation between fitness cost and clinical prevalence, suggests that Myx resistance is likely to have lower clinical prevalence than Rif resistance.
The Biological Living Conditions of Nineteenth-Century Chinese Males in America

Anthropometric data from American prisons reveal that the stature of Chinese immigrants to the American West compared favorably to that of other Chinese of the period for whom documentation exists. Year of birth was more significant than socioeconomic status in explaining variations in Chinese immigrants' height, indicating that political and economic events were primary factors in the decline of their stature as the century progressed.
Habitat-Related Patterns of Productivity of the Foliaceous Reef Coral, Pavona Praetorta Dana

Reef corals contain mutualistic symbiotic zooxanthellae which photosynthesize and translocate photosynthate to the animal partner, although the animal is capable of tentacular feeding and other heterotrophic activities (Goreau, et al., 1971; Muscatine, 1973; Trench, 1974; Porter, 1974; Muscatine and Porter, 1976). Many workers have examined the photosynthesis of reef corals (McCloskey, et al., 1976) but habitat acclimation has generally been ignored.
Nondisplaced scaphoid fractures: assessment and treatment

To The Editor: I would like to express my appreciation and admiration of “Percutaneous Screw Fixation or Cast Immobilization for Nondisplaced Scaphoid Fractures” (2001;83:483-8), by Bond et al. The study, which was very carefully designed, raises important issues. It also illustrates some of the difficulties of this type of investigation and of the study of scaphoid fractures in particular. Randomized trials comparing operative and nonoperative treatment are prohibitively difficult to perform because patients are unwilling to leave such an important treatment decision to chance. The authors were able to enroll only twenty-five of sixty-two eligible patients under what might be considered ideal circumstances—a captive military population. I have been much less successful with such trials in my hospital, and I am grateful to the authors for their achievement. Alternative study methods such as open-label trials with careful accounting for important variables may be necessary to compare operative and nonoperative treatment. The distinction between displaced and nondisplaced fractures may be paramount, and the absence of such a distinction limits the usefulness of most prior studies of scaphoid fractures. Unfortunately, plain radiographic criteria may not be adequate to identify displacement. For instance, the fracture in Figure 1 is displaced by at least 1 mm, and, without use of computed tomography, it is not possible to tell how much angulation and displacement are present at the fracture site. Fracture union was used both as a criterion for cast removal and as an outcome variable. Time to union is an imprecise outcome measure, particularly …
Self-Regulation Of Faculty In Higher Education

Many of the disciplines in which faculty in institutions of higher education are trained, such as law, accounting or medicine, are characterized by a code of ethics and by the regulation of those guiding principles by the profession. Universally, however, academia, is neither guided by a single code of ethics, nor self-regulated by such a code. The tenure system, while compatible with progressive counseling, is less compatible with progressive discipline because of its limited exceptions for terminating tenure and few options for otherwise correcting problematic behavior. As state legislators seek to implement a system of performance checks through post-tenure review, faculty as a whole should consider implementing a code of ethics, coupled with a system of self-regulation for compliance. This paper will discuss these issues and propose that since all faculty members, not just faculty who are administrators, are potentially affected by the sub-standard performance of a colleague, the collective body of faculty should establish and maintain a disciplinary board for regulating professionalism in institutions of higher education.
Perception and representation of Mandarin fricatives

This study investigates the psychological reality of the complementary distributed palatal fricatives [?, ??, ?] and dental fricatives [ts, ts?, s] in Mandarin Chinese. An initial experiment following up on research showing a priming effect between allophonic variants but not between contrastive sounds, was conducted to see the extent to which the dental fricative [s] primes a palatal fricative [?], or vice versa. The results from semantic priming and lexical decision tasks suggest possible representations of the palatal fricative [?] and the dental fricative [s].
Transfer of Solutions to Conditional Probability Problems: Effects of Example Problem Format, Solution Format, and Problem Context.

This study reports the results of a study examining how easily students are able to transfer frequency solutions to conditional probability problems to novel situations. University students studied either a problem solved using the traditional Bayes formula format or using a natural frequency (tree diagram) format. In addition, the example problem and the target problem presented for solution had matched or mismatched context. The results found better performance when students studied frequency solutions and when the content of the study problem and target problem were matched. Beyond solution to the target problem, students did not show any differences in performance on a subsequent multiple choice task. Results are discussed in light of Gigerenzer and Hoffrage’s Psychological Review, 106, 425–430 (1999) claims about the effectiveness of using frequency solutions to help teach Bayesian conditional probability concepts.
Defensive Killing, by Frowe, Helen

Helen Frowe's Defensive Killing develops an account of individual liability to defensive violence and then applies it to the morality of warfare. In doing so, she defends ‘reductive individualism’ ...
Segmental Dynamics of Dilute Poly(ethylene oxide) in Low and High Molecular Weight Glass-Formers

Deuterium NMR at Larmor frequencies of 15.6 and 76.7 MHz was used to study the segmental dynamics of dilute perdeuteriopoly(ethylene oxide) (d4PEO) in equilibrium miscible mixtures with four low molecular weight glass-formers: indomethacin, sucrose benzoate, o-terphenyl, and toluene. Results are compared with literature data for dilute PEO in two polymer hosts: poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc). The segmental dynamics of PEO are found to strongly correlate with the dynamics of both high and low molecular weight hosts. For dilute PEO in mixtures with PMMA, PVAc, and sucrose benzoate, the Lodge–McLeish model with a ϕself (self-concentration) of 0.35 gives a good fit to the dynamics of dilute PEO, similar to previously reported dilute polyisoprene blends and dilute polystyrene blends. A smaller ϕself is obtained for dilute PEO in indomethacin, consistent with the presence of a hydrogen-bonding effect. For PEO in o-terphenyl and toluene, the implementation of the Lodge–McLeish mo...
Thiazides III. Evidence of Dose Proportionality of Hydrochlorothiazide 25, 50 and 100 Mg Tablets

A pilot bioavailability study was carried out where two subjects each were administered a dose of 25, 50 or 100 mg of commercially available hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) tablets. Plasma and urine samples were collected and analyzed by HPLC. A maximum plasma concentration of 50-285 ng/ml was reached in 1-2 hours, and plasma levels declined very rapidly with a half life of about 2-4 hours during first 12 hours period. The AUC was calculated using the trapezodial rule. A linear correlation was seen between the dose administered and amount of drug excreted.
Survivorship analysis of Paleozoic Crinoidea: effect of filter morphology on evolutionary rates

The evolutionary rates of Paleozoic Crinoidea were obtained using dynamic survivorship analysis. The stratigraphic ranges of 838 genera were used in the analyses, revealing a mean generic duration of 12.0 m.y. and a mean species duration of 6.7 m.y., values within the range of longevities reported for other taxa. Further analyses showed differences in evolutionary rates among crinoid taxa: camerate species and genera were shorter-lived than species and genera of flexibles and inadunates. This pattern may result from ecological differences among these taxa: an energy budget equation solved for crinoids with various filter morphologies revealed that crinoids with fine-mesh filters require higher current velocities to supply them with sufficient particulate nutrients than do crinoids with coarse- mesh filters. A hypothesis stipulating that these differences control the distribution of crinoids among different environments is supported by patterns of occurrence of Mississippian crinoids: the pinnulate camerates (fine filter) dominate higher energy settings while the non-pinnulate inadu- nates and flexibles (coarse filter) are found in all environments. The "specialized" pinnulate crinoids may therefore be more prone to speciation and extinction than the non-pinnulate "generalists," thus accounting for the observed differences in the evolutionary rates of the three subclasses. The above hypothesis was tested by comparing evolutionary rates of two morphological groups: fine-filtered crinoids (camerates) and coarse-filtered crinoids (non-pinnulate Paleozoic crinoids). As
Primary Renal Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma has been reported as a primary renal tumor in 7 cases, of which 4 had relevant clinical histories and followup. We report an additional case noting, as others have, the similarity in clinical presentation with renal cell carcinoma. Despite a radical operation this tumor often manifests local recurrence with subsequent distant metastases.
Have We Learned Anything

One thing should be clear from all this sad history: there is no satisfactory solution to the complicated problem of educating children considered by the dominant members of the society so different as to make them incapable of benefitting fully from the sort of education provided to children of the majority. It is not a question of resources only, or of technique, or of the structure of schooling, but more fundamentally of the whole enterprise of “minority education.” Inevitably, such education, even with the best of intentions, is a preparation to occupy (and to internalize) a separate and inferior position. As a result, public schools, which Horace Mann and his allies saw as “the great equalizers of the conditions of men,” have been reproducers and confirmers of inequality for Indian pupils for many decades. Some schools have subtracted rather than added value, and have sent Indian youth out into the world less competent and less capable of learning life’s lessons than they would have been without such schooling.