cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chevron and the Reasonable Legislator

This Essay uses the Court's shifting doctrines of judicial deference to agency interpretations of law to examine larger questions about the Legal Process approach to interpretation. Since the New Deal, the Court has adopted several distinctive deference regimes. First, the Hearst-Packard framework predicated the availability of judicial deference on a nonexclusive, multifactor test that asked, in effect, when it made sense, under all of the circumstances, to assume that Congress would want a court to defer. Second, the Chevron doctrine adopted a more categorical approach that instructed courts generally to defer to an agency's "reasonable" interpretation of a statute the agency administered. Third, the Mead doctrine, which is the Court's current approach, takes the intermediate position. Mead gives Chevron deference to agency interpretations announced through notice-and-comment rulemaking or formal adjudication. However, Mead also leaves open the possibility that other, unspecified factors might disclose a legislative intention to delegate interpretive lawmaking power to an agency outside those safe harbors. This Essay argues that all of these seemingly diverse approaches reflect a common foundation. They all grow out of the methodology of Legal Process School, which directs judges (a) to presume that legislature consists of "reasonable persons pursuing reasonable purposes reasonably" and (b) to read statutes accordingly. In determining appropriate deference frameworks, the Justices have almost never looked into the original meaning (if any) of the judicial review provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Nor have they explored the background legal expectations (if any) against which those provisions were enacted. Rather, virtually every Justice to address the question has asked, in effect, what deference framework a hypothetical reasonable legislator might prefer. Whatever else, this phenomenon tells us that Legal Process reasoning continues to exert a hold on the broader legal imagination—even, on occasion, that of the Court's textualists.
Bit error rate analysis of free-space optical communication over general Malaga turbulence channels with pointing error

In this work, we present a bit error rate (BER) and achievable spectral efficiency (ASE) performance of a freespace optical (FSO) link with pointing errors based on intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) and heterodyne detection over general Malaga turbulence channel. More specifically, we present exact closed-form expressions for adaptive and non-adaptive transmission. The closed form expressions are presented in terms of generalized power series of the Meijer's G-function. Moreover, asymptotic closed form expressions are provided to validate our work. In addition, all the presented analytical results are illustrated using a selected set of numerical results.
Cyp33-MLL Interaction Modulates Human HOX Gene Expression and Chromatin Structure.

The MLL gene is involved in translocations and fusion genes associated with human leukemia. We have identified a protein, Cyp33, which interacts with the PHD fingers of MLL, and modulates the expression of HOX genes regulated by MLL. In order to define possible mechanisms for this modulation, we set up an experimental system in which the Cyp33 protein is conditionally expressed from a transgene under the control of a tetracycline inducible promoter. Two different cell lines with such inducible gene were established, based on the human kidney epithelial cells HEK293, and the human lymphoblastic leukemia cell line Jurkat, respectively. In these systems we have shown that induction of Cyp33 expression over endogenous levels, leads to downregulation of the HOXC8 gene, but this downregulation is reversible, the HOXC8 being re-expressed when Cyp33 is de-induced and its levels go back to normal. This indicates that Cyp33 overexpression does not erase an epigenetic mark for HOXC8 gene expression. Concordantly, no change in methylation of histone H3 at lysines 4 or 9 is observed upon Cyp33 overexpression. We also showed that both MLL and Cyp33 bind to the promoter of HOXC8 , and that histones H3 and H4 at this promoter are de-acetylated upon Cyp33 overexpression. This deacetylation, as well as the downregulation of HOXC8 expression, are prevented by cyclosporin A and by trichostatin A, suggesting that the prolyl-isomerase activity of Cyp33 is necessary for these effects, and that histone deacetylation mediates these effects. We have previously shown that overexpression of Cyp33 enhances the recruitment of HDAC1 to the repression domain of MLL. We now show that this enhanced recruitment is inhibited by cyclosporin A. These results suggest a model in which Cyp33 is recruited to MLL and targets the MLL repression domain to promote the recruitment of histone deacetylases, thus allowing or promoting the silencing of the MLL regulated genes. In this model Cyp33 functions downstream of the gene activation or silencing epigenetic marks.
Addressing the Fentanyl Threat to Public Health

Governments can address widespread fentanyl-related deaths by pursuing a harm-reduction approach involving increased transparency for users and public health and public safety organizations, harm-reduction policing, expanded naloxone use, and targeted treatment.
Support Induced Control of Surface Composition in Cu–Ni/TiO2 Catalysts Enables High Yield Co-Conversion of HMF and Furfural to Methylated Furans

5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) and furfural (FF) have been identified as valuable biomass-derived fuel precursors suitable for catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) to produce high octane fuel additives such dimethyl furan (DMF) and methyl furan (MF), respectively. In order to realize economically viable production of DMF and MF from biomass, catalytic processes with high yields, low catalyst costs, and process simplicity are needed. Here, we demonstrate simultaneous coprocessing of HMF and FF over Cu–Ni/TiO2 catalysts, achieving 87.5% yield of DMF from HMF and 88.5% yield of MF from FF in a one pot reaction. The Cu–Ni/TiO2 catalyst exhibited improved stability and regeneration compared to Cu/TiO2 and Cu/Al2O3 catalysts for FF HDO, with a ∼7% loss in FF conversion over four sequential recycles, compared to a ∼50% loss in FF conversion for Cu/Al2O3 and a ∼30% loss in conversion for Cu/TiO2. Characterization of the Cu–Ni/TiO2 catalyst by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microsc...
Deep long short-term memory structures model temporal dependencies improving cognitive workload estimation

A deep LSTM architecture is proposed to improve cross-day EEG feature stationarity.Mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis input features are statistically evaluated.Models account for temporal dependencies in brain activity data, improving results.Achieves average classification accuracy of 93.0% using a deep LSTM architecture.A 59% reduction in error compared to best previously published results for dataset. Using deeply recurrent neural networks to account for temporal dependence in electroencephalograph (EEG)-based workload estimation is shown to considerably improve day-to-day feature stationarity resulting in significantly higher accuracy (p < .0001) than classifiers which do not consider the temporal dependence encoded within the EEG time-series signal. This improvement is demonstrated by training several deep Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) models including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architectures, a feedforward Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models on data from six participants who each perform several Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB) sessions on five separate days spread out over a month-long period. Each participant-specific classifier is trained on the first four days of data and tested using the fifths. Average classification accuracy of 93.0% is achieved using a deep LSTM architecture. These results represent a 59% decrease in error compared to the best previously published results for this dataset. This study additionally evaluates the significance of new features: all combinations of mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis of EEG frequency-domain power distributions. Mean and variance are statistically significant features, while skewness and kurtosis are not. The overall performance of this approach is high enough to warrant evaluation for inclusion in operational systems.
Trends in UAH Zonal Mean Lower Troposphere Temperatures

Full span OLS trends in zonal means for land and ocean of UAH satellite based measurements of lower troposphere temperatures 12/1978 to 4/2017 are tested for reliability and their information content in the context of OLS assumptions. Resampling and Gaussian simulations do not indicate instability of full span linear OLS trends in any of the sixteen zonal regions studied. However, comparison of split half trends and trends in a moving window show evidence of nonlinear behavior in nine of the sixteen zonal regions. It is proposed that in such cases trend profiles provide greater insight and more useful trend information than full span linear OLS trends.
How do Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimization Affect Fear and Coping among Students? An Application of General Strain Theory

School bullying victimization represents an important type of strain (or stressful event) experienced by individuals because it usually occurs frequently, over a long period of time, and is an intentional violation against another person. The current study utilizes the 2009 School Crime Supplement (SCS) of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to assess the effect of bullying victimization on avoidance behaviors and carrying weapons to school. This study also examines how bullying victimization affects fear and whether this emotion mediates the relationship between victimization and outcomes. As expected, traditional bullying and cyberbullying increase the likelihood of fear. In addition, traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization increase the likelihood of avoidance behaviors and bringing a weapon to school. Contrary to expectations, fear did not mediate the relationship between bullying and coping behaviors.
Attributes of Green Building or Site Which Could Impact Fire, Life Safety, Building or Fire Service Performance

In order to assess relative increases in fire hazard or risk or decreases in safety or performance of green building elements or attributes as compared with conventional construction, a list of risk, hazard or performance attributes of concern was required.
Order effects in human belief revision

The order effect, a phenomenon in which the final belief is significantly affected by the temporal order of information presentation, is a robust empirical finding in human belief revision. This paper investigates how order effects occur on the basis that human belief has a coherence foundation and a probability/confidence distinction. Both the experimental results and the UEcho modeling suggest that confidence play an important role in human belief revision. Order effects in human belief revision occur where confidence is low and disappear when confidence increases. UEcho provides a computational model of human belief revision and order effects
STATIC COMPRESSION TO MULTIMEGABAR PRESSURES

Diamond-cell techniques now permit detailed studies of the physical properties of materials, including dense solid hydrogen, under static conditions to multimegabar pressures (to 300 GPa). Recent diamond-cell experiments in this pressure range are reviewed, with particular emphasis on studies of the crystal structure, vibrational dynamics, and optical properties of hydrogen at very high densities. The continued investigations of pressure calibration standards and characterization of the diamond anvils at very high stresses are examined, and the results of relevant shock-wave studies are compared. Recent hydrogen results include further characterization of the 150-GPa transition, observations of changes in optical properties at higher pressures, and evidence for new transformations.
Buckling of spherical sandwich shells

An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the critical buckling loads of several shallow spherical sandwich shells. A cold-forming process simultaneously using pressure and vacuum was employed to manufacture the nearly perfect spherical facing layers from 5052 aluminum-alloy sheets of 0.006 and of 0.008-in. thicknesses. Eight shallow spherical-shell specimens of 20-in. base diameter and of 20 and 30-in. radii with 1/8 and 1/4-in. thickness of “Flexcore” have been tested in a 300-psi autoclave specifically designed for these experiments. The pressure on shells was developed by the differential pressure between the inner and the outer chambers separated by the shell being tested. When the inner chamber was maintained at atmospheric pressure and gas pressure was applied in the outer chamber, the testing procedure was termed “soft.” Alternatively, the inner chamber would be filled with fluid with the outer chamber remaining filled with gas. By initially pressurizing both chambers equally, a load on the shell could be developed by the differential pressure due to controlled bleeding of the fluid inside the inner chamber, while the gas in the outer chamber was maintained at the initial pressure. This is an accurate volume-control experiment and this testing procedure was termed “hard.” In the latter case, it was possible to monitor the displacements of the shell for each load increment with a nest of clip gages of an unique design. It was found that there is no substantial difference in the buckling loads between the hard and “soft” systems. All shells buckled in the plastic range. A reasonably good correlation is obtained with a linear theory using the double modulus for the sandwich segments.
Expanding the Value of Corporate Universities: The Stakeholder Approach

For educational programs at traditional universities, it is clear who the primary stakeholders are: the students. In corporate universities, it is not as obvious. At a minimum, it is the student/employees as well as the organization itself. But a deeper look reveals that in addition to the students, their managers and co-workers benefit from the education, just as we can say that in addition to the organization as a whole, the department or division benefits. Peeling the onion a little deeper, we can expand the stakeholder network to include vendors, suppliers, business partners, customers, and possibly even governments, communities, and society. Since organizations are comprised of complex networks of stakeholders, both internal and external, the beneficiaries of organizational learning are an equally complex network of stakeholders. Moreover, as we will discuss in this chapter, it is these very networks that enable us to multiply the value of our learning.
Who is Targeted in Corruption? Disentangling the Effects of Wealth and Power on Exposure to Bribery

Who is Targeted in Corruption? Disentangling the Effects of Wealth and Power on Exposure to Bribery
Robust Detection of Motor-Produced Audio Signals

Indoor localization systems cannot rely on the same mechanisms, like GPS, that are used for outdoor or large-scale localization. Instead, autonomous or user-carried devices are often localized by measuring the time taken for an emitted signal to reach a known location; this signal can be sound, light, radio waves, or another similar sensed quantity. Autonomous mobile devices already contain motors, which produce sounds as a side effect of their operation, and so can potentially be included in a localization scheme without new hardware. In this paper, we briefly outline the challenges that need to be met for accurate detection and identification of motor-produced signals. We present a method for improving signal resolution for linear chirps that improves cross-correlation based signal detection by up to 2.8X.
Empathy-Related Reasoning Is Associated with Children's Moral Concerns for the Welfare and Rights of Animals

Abstract We investigated empathy-related reasoning as it emerged in children's developing environmental moral commitments. We drew on psychological research on morality and emotion and environmenta...
LEUCINE TRANSPORT IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Abstract The number and kinds of amino acid transport systems in E. coli have been determined using both genetic and kinetic approaches. One of these systems which serves for leucine, isoleucine and valine has been studied in detail. Osmotic shock treatment releases a binding protein (LIV-binding protein) from the cells. A large body of indirect data suggests that the LIV-binding protein contains the receptor site for the branched chain amino acid transport system. Mutants have been isolated which have derepressed levels of the binding protein and transport activity. The isolation of azaleucine-resistant mutants which show a loss of leucine transport but have normal levels of the LIV-binding protein indicates that there are additional components of the leucine transport system.
Carpal Instability Reconstruction and Wrist Procedures in the Medicare Population

Purpose We conducted a retrospective study to determine the annual number of patients undergoing various wrist procedures in the Medicare population as well as the revision rate and common revision procedures after carpal instability reconstruction surgeries (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] billing code 25320). Methods We examined the Medicare orthopedic datasets using the PearlDiver application to identify patients who underwent 12 different common wrist procedures, including carpal instability reconstruction procedures, from 2005 to 2014. Carpal instability reconstruction procedures were those identified by CPT 25320, which includes various methods of reconstruction such as capsulodesis, ligament repair, and tendon transfer or graft. Medicare covers approximately 51 million Americans and consists of those aged 65 years and older as well as younger patients enrolled in Social Security disability or with end-stage renal disease. Demographic and payment data were determined for the entire cohort. Patients with less than 3 months of active insurance records after the wrist procedure were excluded. Results A total of 29,898 wrist procedures were performed over the study period. The most commonly performed procedure was wrist arthroscopy with joint debridement or triangular fibrocartilage complex repair (6,557 patients). A total of 2,949 patients underwent carpal instability reconstruction procedures, 174 of whom underwent revision or salvage surgeries (5.9%). The most common revision procedure was an additional reconstruction operation whereas the most common salvage procedure was proximal row carpectomy. Average Medicare payment was $4,107.67 for the index procedure and $3,760.95 for revision procedures. The number of wrist procedures increased 43% over the study period. Conclusions Carpal instability reconstruction procedures and wrist arthroscopies with joint debridement or TFCC repair are performed more commonly in elderly patients than anticipated or indicated. Procedures such as these, without quality evidence supporting their use in elderly patients, are going to be scrutinized as the United States moves toward value-based health care. Although it appears that carpal reconstruction procedures have a low revision rate in the short to medium term in the Medicare population, the wide variety of procedures captured by CPT 25320 makes outcome measurements challenging. A more specific coding system should be created to reflect the surgeon's effort more accurately, as well as better track revision rates. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Automated detection of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy risk factors in electronic medical records using natural language processing

OBJECTIVE Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is an important cause of mortality in epilepsy. However, there is a gap in how often providers counsel patients about SUDEP. One potential solution is to electronically prompt clinicians to provide counseling via automated detection of risk factors in electronic medical records (EMRs). We evaluated (1) the feasibility and generalizability of using regular expressions to identify risk factors in EMRs and (2) barriers to generalizability. METHODS Data included physician notes for 3000 patients from one medical center (home) and 1000 from five additional centers (away). Through chart review, we identified three SUDEP risk factors: (1) generalized tonic-clonic seizures, (2) refractory epilepsy, and (3) epilepsy surgery candidacy. Regular expressions of risk factors were manually created with home training data, and performance was evaluated with home test and away test data. Performance was evaluated by sensitivity, positive predictive value, and F-measure. Generalizability was defined as an absolute decrease in performance by <0.10 for away versus home test data. To evaluate underlying barriers to generalizability, we identified causes of errors seen more often in away data than home data. To demonstrate how small revisions can improve generalizability, we removed three "boilerplate" standard text phrases from away notes and repeated performance. RESULTS We observed high performance in home test data (F-measure range = 0.86-0.90), and low to high performance in away test data (F-measure range = 0.53-0.81). After removing three boilerplate phrases, away performance improved (F-measure range = 0.79-0.89) and generalizability was achieved for nearly all measures. The only significant barrier to generalizability was use of boilerplate phrases, causing 104 of 171 errors (61%) in away data. SIGNIFICANCE Regular expressions are a feasible and probably a generalizable method to identify variables related to SUDEP risk. Our methods may be implemented to create large patient cohorts for research and to generate electronic prompts for SUDEP counseling.
ESTROGEN METABOLITES AS BIOREACTIVE MODULATORS OF TUMOR INITIATORS AND PROMOTERS

A role for estrogens in the initiation and promotion of breast and endometrial cancer has been clear for more than 100 years since Beatson demonstrated that oophorectomy induced remissions in breast cancer (1). The details of these responses are still not clear and are under further study.
Introduction: Race and Utopian Desire

This introductory chapter proposes ways to link race with utopian desire. Drawing on the theories of both race and utopia, Ventura argues that race must be understood in historical context, including in the context of Trump-era racism. Resisting the belief that the world has no alternatives to the injustices of the present, Ventura argues for conceptualizing everyday life in terms of theories of the erotic in order to bridge the gap between the quotidian and utopian desires from which a politics of liberation arises.
Inactivation of single-chain urokinase (pro-urokinase) by thrombin and thrombin-like enzymes: relevance of the findings to the interpretation of fibrin-binding experiments

Whereas crude bovine thrombin activated single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA), otherwise called pro-urokinase (pro-UK), purified human thrombin converted pro-UK (scu-PA) to a two-chain form that had no amidolytic activity. The two chains (Mr approximately 33,000 and 22,000) were disulfide linked and resistant to subsequent activation by plasmin. By contrast, thrombin did not inactivate tissue plasminogen activator or two-chain urokinase. The enzyme from snake venom Agkistrodon contortrix, relatively specific for fibrinopeptide B, had an effect similar to thrombin, whereas the enzyme from Agkistrodon rhodostoma (ancrod), specific for fibrinopeptide A, did not. When pro-UK (scu-PA) was present during thrombin clotting of fibrinogen, degradation of 125I-pro-UK (scu-PA) in the clot supernatant was seen, whereas virtually full recovery (95%) of radioactivity was found. A loss of latent amidolytic activity in the clot supernatant was also found, the extent of which could be correlated with the degree of degradation of the radiolabeled probe. It was concluded that thrombin inactivation of pro-UK (scu-PA) accounts for the loss of amidolytic activity in the clot supernatant, which has been attributed to fibrin binding. Further confirmation was obtained from experiments in which ancrod was used as the clotting agent. Full recovery of both radioactivity and latent amidolytic activity of pro-UK (scu-PA) in the supernatant was obtained under these conditions. These findings indicate that thrombin may introduce an artifact in the results of certain experiments designed to study the fibrin affinity or fibrinolytic effect of pro-UK (scu-PA).
Chapter 1 – Nanodiffraction

Publisher Summary The term nanodiffraction has been coined to reflect the possibility of obtaining diffraction patterns from regions of solids having dimensions on the order of magnitude of 1 nm. It has become feasible because the strong electromagnetic lenses used for imaging in electron microscopes can also be used to form intense beams of electrons of diameter 1 nm or less for electron energies in the range of 50-1000 keV. The scattering of electrons of such energies by atoms is so strong that, when a suitably bright source of electrons, such as a field emission gun, is used, solid specimens only about 1 nm thick can give diffraction patterns that are readily observed and can be recorded in a small fraction of a second. The application of electron nanodiffraction methods is aided enormously by the possibility of imaging the sample with a high-resolution electron microscope, the image resolution of which is currently on the order of 0.2 nm. Nanodiffraction experiments are now invariably conducted either with conventional-type, fixed-beam transmission electron microscopy (TEM) instruments or in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) instruments, with which the transition between imaging and diffraction modes can be made very readily.
Associations of daily weather and ambient air pollution with objectively assessed sleep duration and fragmentation: a prospective cohort study.

Abstract Objective Given the lack of studies examining the associations between daily weather and air pollution with nightly objective sleep over multiple weeks, we quantified these associations in a prospective cohort of healthy participants with episodic migraine. Methods Ninety-eight participants completed daily electronic diaries and wore an actigraph for an average of 45 days, and a total 4,406 nights of data were collected. Nightly sleep characteristics including duration, wake after sleep onset (WASO), and efficiency were assessed using wrist actigraphy. Daily weather parameters and air pollution levels were collected from local weather station and ground-level air quality monitors. We used linear fixed effects models adjusting for participant, day of the week, and day of the year (for weather analysis), and additionally adjusted for temperature and relative humidity (for air pollution analysis). Results The participants were 35±12 years old and 86 were women. A 10°F higher daily average temperature was associated with 0.88 (95% CI: 0.06, 1.70) minutes longer WASO and 0.14% (95% CI: -0.01%, 0.30%) lower sleep efficiency on that night. A 14 parts per billion (ppb)(interquartile range) higher daily maximum 8-hour ozone was associated with 7.51 (95% CI: 3.23, 11.79) minutes longer sleep duration on that night. Associations did not differ between cold (October-March) and warm (April-September) seasons. Conclusions Higher daily ozone was associated with longer sleep duration and modest associations were observed between higher temperature and lower WASO and lower efficiency.
The immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccines

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, emerged in late 2019, and was declared a global pandemic on March 11th 2020. With over 50 million cases and 1.2 million deaths around the world, to date, this pandemic represents the gravest global health crisis of our times. Thus, the race to develop a COVID-19 vaccine is an urgent global imperative. At the time of writing, there are over 165 vaccine candidates being developed, with 33 in various stages of clinical testing. In this review, we discuss emerging insights about the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2, and their implications for vaccine design. We then review emerging knowledge of the immunogenicity of the numerous vaccine candidates that are currently being tested in the clinic and discuss the range of immune defense mechanisms that can be harnessed to develop novel vaccines that confer durable protection against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the potential role of a systems vaccinology approach in accelerating the clinical testing of vaccines, to meet the urgent needs posed by the pandemic.
Topological Field Theories and the Cobordism Hypothesis

Let \(\mathcal {C}^\otimes \) be a symmetric monoidal \(\infty \)-category, e.g. \({\mathsf {Vect}}^\otimes \), \(\mathcal {C}\mathsf {hain}^\otimes \) or \({\mathsf {Cat}}^\times \). An \(\mathbb {E}_n\)-algebra in \(\mathcal {C}\) is a symmetric monoidal functor \(\mathcal {D}\mathsf {isk}_{n,\mathsf {fr}}^{\coprod } \longrightarrow \mathcal {C}^\otimes \).
Splashing Pink in Technology: Highlighting Young Women’s Participation in Social Media Production

This study seeks to examine gender differences in social media production, which can highlight young women’ relationships with digital technologies and identify a potential way to use social media to increase young women’s interests in technology. Applying self-determination theory and using an online survey of young social media content creators ( N = 545) who are 15-24 years old, findings from this study indicate that young women are actively participating in graphic production and have interests in beauty and fashion while young men were more active in video production and producing content about gaming and sports. In addition, extrinsic motivation, especially tangible rewards, played a significant role in motivating young women to engage in social media production. The implications for recognizing social media as significant technology activities and their potential to positively support young women’s exploration of interests are discussed.
Studying Law in the Land Down Under

This article describes Cooley Law School's semester-long Down Under Foreign Study Program, which takes place from January to mid-April, along with an overview of legal education in the host countries, New Zealand and Australia.
1,3‐Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide–4‐Dimethylaminopyridine

(DCC) [538-75-0] C13H22N2 (MW 206.33) InChI = 1S/C13H22N2/c1-3-7-12(8-4-1)14-11-15-13-9-5-2-6-10-13/h12-13H,1-10H2 InChIKey = QOSSAOTZNIDXMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (DMAP) [1122-58-3] C7H10N2 (MW 122.17) InChI = 1S/C7H10N2/c1-9(2)7-3-5-8-6-4-7/h3-6H,1-2H3 InChIKey = VHYFNPMBLIVWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (powerful dehydrating mixture used for the preparation of esters,2 lactones,3, 4 and amides from carboxylic acids and alcohols or amines) Alternate Name: DCC/DMAP. Physical Data: DCC: mp 34–35 °C; bp 122–124 °C. DMAP: mp 108–110 °C. Solubility: DCC: highly sol dichloromethane, THF, acetonitrile, DMF. DMAP: sol dichloromethane, THF, acetonitrile, DMF, ethyl acetate. Form Supplied in: DCC: opalescent solid; widely available. DMAP: yellow to tan crystals; widely available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: DCC is an acute skin irritant in susceptible individuals. Because of its low melting point, it is conveniently handled as a liquid by gentle warming of the reagent container. It should be handled with gloves in a fume hood, and stored under anhydrous conditions. DMAP causes skin and eye burns, and is readily absorbed through the skin. It should be handled with gloves in a fume hood and stored under dry conditions.
Equal-channel angular pressing of an Al-6061 metal matrix composite

An Al-6061 metal matrix composite, reinforced with 10 vol % Al2O3 particulates, was subjected to equal-channel angular (ECA) pressing at room temperature to a total strain of ∼5. It is shown that the intense plastic straining introduced by ECA pressing reduces the grain size from ∼35 μm to ∼1 μm and this leads to an increase in the microhardness measured at room temperature. Inspection revealed some limit cracking of the larger Al2O3 particulates as a consequence of the ECA pressing. Tensile testing after ECA pressing gave a maximum ductility of ∼235% at a temperature of 853 K when testing at strain rates from ∼10−4 to ∼10−3 s−1. It is suggested that high strain rate superplasticity is not achieved in this material after ECA pressing due to the presence of relatively large Al2O3 particulates.
Assays of CYP2C8- and CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of taxol in vivo and in vitro.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the assays of CYP2C8– and CYP3A4–mediated metabolism of taxol in vivo and in vitro. Taxol is one of the newer anticancer drugs with a broad spectrum of clinical activity against solid tumors and acute leukemias. The drug is administered by slow intravenous infusion and is cleared from the body by metabolism and biliary/fecal elimination. The principal human metabolite is 6α-hydroxytaxol (6HOT), identified in vitro, using liver microsomes, and in vivo in bile and feces. Other human metabolic pathways include oxidation of a phenyl ring to 3'-(p-hydroxyphenyl)taxol (3'HOT), and oxidation in the 6α- and 3'-p-phenyl positions to a dihydroxylated taxol (DHOT). Using antibodies and recombinant enzymes, it has been concluded that the formation of the main metabolite, 6HOT, is catalyzed by CYP2C8 and one of the minor metabolites, 3'HOT, by CYP3A4, whereas the DHOT formation is dependent on both isoforms. Thus, in vivo and in vitro measurements of taxol metabolism in humans should be a reflection of the activities of these two isoforms.
Chapter 5 Stable isotopes in pharmaceutical research: Tandem mass spectrometry

4. Summary MS/MS is a versatile method for quantifying and characterizing compounds of pharmacological interest. When used in conjunction with stable isotope methods, an even greater degree of molecular specificity is attained. Advantages of these combined methodologies include their versatility (analyses range from quantitation, to pharmacokinetics, to structure elucidation), the small requisite sample sizes (e.g. 11 μ| dried blood spots), the speed of the analyses (min vs. hr), and the inherent selectivity which allows for the detection of trace components in complex biological matrices. Thus, MS/MS offers an attractive compliment to more conventional pharmacological methods of analysis.
Visualization Tools for Security Administrators

System Administrators are users too! While the focus of human-computer interaction in security has to this point in time been on end-users, an important class of users who manage networked systems should not be ignored. In fact, system administrators may have more effect on security than individual users since they manage larger systems on behalf of users. End-users have become dependent upon the availability of services such as network-attached storage, authentication servers, web servers, and email gateways. These Internet-scale services often have thousands of hardware and software components and require considerable amounts of human effort to plan, configure, install, upgrade, monitor, troubleshoot, and sunset. The complexity of managing these services is alarming in that a recent survey of three Internet site showed that 51% of all failures are caused by operator errors [1].
Characterization of the Circuits That Generate Spontaneous Episodes of Activity in the Early Embryonic Mouse Spinal Cord

In the developing nervous system, patterned spontaneous activity affects a variety of developmental processes. Thus, it is important to identify the earliest time that such activity occurs and to characterize the underlying circuitry. In isolated mouse spinal cord-limb preparations, highly rhythmic spontaneous activity occurred as early as embryonic day 11 (E11)-E12, when many lumbosacral motoneurons were still migrating and extending their peripheral projections. This activity required both electrical and chemical transmission, and acetylcholine, rather than glutamate, provided the main excitatory drive. Our data are consistent with motoneurons themselves playing a critical role in generating such activity by making excitatory connections on each other and on GABAergic interneurons via dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide (DHbetaE)-insensitive nicotinic receptors. This resulted in the generation of local bursts. Consistent with these observations, E12-E12.5 mouse motoneurons retrogradely labeled by HRP were observed to have extensive axon collaterals that projected locally within the lateral motor column and to interneuron-containing regions dorsal and medial of the lateral motor column. Cholinergic axons, presumably from motoneurons, were also observed in the ventral and lateral funiculi. However, for local bursts to propagate throughout the cord, a second DHbetaE-sensitive cholinergic pathway that also involved glycinergic interneurons was required. This circuit characterization should facilitate the use of genetic mutations that alter specific subpopulations of interneurons or cholinergic transmission to determine how modifying different aspects of this early activity affects subsequent development of the spinal motor circuit.
Purine salvage to adenine nucleotides in different skeletal muscle fiber types.

Rates of purine salvage of adenine and hypoxanthine into the adenine nucleotide (AdN) pool of the different skeletal muscle phenotype sections of the rat were measured using an isolated perfused hi...
Microbial ecophysiology of whey biomethanation: characterization of bacterial trophic populations and prevalent species in continuous culture

The organization and species composition of bacterial trophic groups associated with lactose biomethanation were investigated in a whey-processing chemostat by enumeration, isolation, and general characterization studies. The bacteria were spatially organized as free-living forms and as self-immobilized forms appearing in flocs. Three dominant bacterial trophic group populations were present (in most probable number per milliliter) whose species numbers varied with the substrate consumed: hydrolytic, 10; acetogenic, 10 to 10; and methanogenic, 10 to 10. The three prevalent species utilizing lactose were identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Clostridium butyricum. Clostridium propionicum and Desulfovibrio vulgaris were the dominant lactate-consuming, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria, while D. vulgaris was the only significant ethanol-degrading species. Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanothrix soehngenii were identified as the dominant acetate-utilizing methanogens, and Methanobacterium formicicum was the prevalent hydrogen-utilizing methanogen. A microbial food chain is proposed for lactose biomethanation that comprises multiple species in three different groups, with the major hydrogen-producing acetogen being a sulfate-reducing species, D. vulgaris, which functioned in the absence of significant levels of environmental sulfate.
Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP)

We report on the progress of the Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP), which aims to measure the 6D positions and velocities of all known brown dwarfs within 20 pc of the Sun and select sources of scientific interest. In this paper we report on the status of the 33 targets on our parallax list as well as the results of our proper motion survey where we have measured over 400 new proper motions for known late M, L and T dwarfs.
The Right Ventricle: An Emerging Concern in the Multiply Injured Patient

I N THE multiply injured patient, little attention has been paid to myocardial function unless the heart itself is directly injured, as in myocardial contusion or in cardiac tamponade. In general, these injuries have been described in terms of left ventricular failure with decreasing cardiac output. Studies of right ventricular function have been influenced by the early experimental work of Starr et al’ which suggested that the right ventricle was nothing more than a simple conduit that had little, if any, significant contractile function. In 1943, they found that if the canine right ventricle was completely destroyed with electrocautery, there was no detectable increase in venous pressures. Bakes* confirmed these findings and discovered no decrease in pulmonary artery pressures. Kagan3 postulated that contraction of the intraventricular septum maintained right ventricular function after destruction of the right ventricle. These experiments, and observations by Fontan and colleagues4*’ that children with congenital heart disease could survive right ventricular bypass, led to the concept of Sade and Castenada of the “dispensable” right ventricle.6 With improved techniques for cardiopulmonary monitoring, right ventricular function has been more thoroughly evaluated in the past 10 years. Although right ventricular dysfunction has been perceived in most clinical settings to be a less frequent and serious problem than left ventricular dysfunction, there are certain conditions in which an impaired right ventricle is likely
Asymptotic normality of the spectral density estimators for almost periodically correlated stochastic processes

Abstract A stochastic process is almost periodically correlated (APC) when its first and second moments exhibit periodicity in some approximative sense. The mathematical framework conveniently expressing such approximate periodicity is based on the theory of almost periodic functions (see Besicovitch, 1953). It is known that when APC process is strongly harmonizable then its covariance function may be represented by a countable family of distributions { G λ }. In the event when the distributions { G λ } have densities { g λ } we can consider the problem of estimating distributions of the APC process in terms of estimating corresponding spectral densities { g λ }. Following the previous results of Hurd and Leskow (1992a, b) we present here estimators of densities { g λ } of the APC process and show their asymptotic normality when the process has a ϕ-mixing property.
Kinetic investigation of the solvation of lithium salts in siloxanes.

The solvation of lithium salts in siloxanes was investigated with the aim to understand the key barriers that limit the ionic conductivity of siloxane-based electrolytes. The conductivity and kinetic data were measured for electrolytes with different salts, different salt concentrations, and solvents. The results show that both the conductivity and the kinetics of ionic transportation were greatly impacted by the specific interactions between ions and the solvent molecules. The high content of ion pairs in the electrolytes can be one of the main reasons for the low ionic conductivity observed in the siloxane-based electrolytes.
The undecidability of k-provability

Abstract Buss, S.R., The undecidability of k-provability, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 53 (1991) 75-102. The k-provability problem is, given a first-order formula o and an integer k, to determine if o has a proof consisting of k or fewer lines (i.e., formulas or sequents). This paper shows that the k-provability problem for the sequent calculus is undecidable. Indeed, for every r.e. set X there is a formula o(x) and an integer k such that for all n,o(Sn0) has a proof of ⩽k sequents if and only if n ϵ X.
A Low Cost Terminal for the 1980's: Project Green Thumb

During this decade, low cost informatiom retrieval terminals (IRT's) will be available to consumers, professionals, and small businessmen. The mass marketing and distributiom of IRT's through retail outlets and the accompanying developement of an information service industry will make it possible for users to have access to vast information banks through existing communication facilities. Despite the obvious complexity of the regulatory enviornment in which the "information age is evolving, market acceptance, technological barriers, the energy crisis, a drive for increased productivity, and other socio-economic factors will encourage the development of information services and equipment. Teletext and videotext information services are already available in Great Britain, France, Germany, Canada and Japan. Many of these are in the test phase and are jointly sponsored by government and industry. In the U.S.A., the first federally funded test is a videotext style farm information retrieval system (FIRS), and is currently being tested in Kentucky. A description of this particular FIRS, Project Green Thumb, its implementation and its future significance is the subject of this dissertation.
Chlamydia and programmed cell death

Discordant views regarding host cell death induction by Chlamydia are likely owing to the different methods used for evaluation of apoptosis. Apoptotic and non-apoptotic death owing to both caspase-dependent and -independent activation of the Bax protein occur late in the productive growth cycle. Evidence also suggests that Chlamydia inhibits apoptosis during productive growth as part of its intracellular survival strategy. This is in part owing to proteolytic degradation of the BH3-only family of pro-apoptotic proteins in the mitochondrial pathway. Chlamydia also inhibits apoptosis during persistent growth or in phagocytes, but induces apoptosis in T cells, which suggests that apoptosis has an immunomodulatory role in chlamydial infections. The contribution of apoptosis in disease pathogenesis remains a focus for future research.
Glc1.8 from Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus Induces a Loss of Adhesion and Phagocytosis in Insect High Five and S2 Cells

Polydnaviridae is a unique family of DNA viruses that are symbiotically associated with parasitoid wasps. Upon oviposition, wasps inject these viruses into their hosts, where they cause several physiological alterations, including suppression of the cellular immune response. Here we report that expression of the glc1.8 gene from Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) causes a loss of adhesion by two hemocyte-like cell lines, namely, High Five cells from the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni and S2 cells from the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. The expression of recombinant Glc1.8 also greatly reduced the ability of these cells to phagocytize foreign targets. Glc1.8 is characterized by a signal peptide at its N terminus, an extracellular domain comprised of five nearly perfect tandem repeats of 78 amino acids, and a C-terminal hydrophobic domain that encodes a putative membrane anchor sequence. The expression of a Glc1.8 mutant lacking the anchor sequence resulted in a secreted protein that had no effect on adhesion or phagocytosis. In contrast, sequential deletion of the repeats in the extracellular domain resulted in a progressive reduction in immunosuppressive activity. Since each repeat and its associated glycosylation sites are nearly identical, these results suggested that adhesion-blocking activity depends more on the overall number of repeats in the extracellular domain than on the specific determinants within each repeat. While it severely compromised adhesion and phagocytic functions, Glc1.8 did not cause cell death. Collectively, these results indicate that Glc1.8 is a major pathogenic determinant of MdBV that is involved in suppression of the insect cellular immune response.