cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the mechanism of the NADPH-catalyzed peroxidation of endogenous microsomal lipid.

Abstract The importance of metal chelation in the mechanism of microsomal lipid peroxidation has been studied using both phosphate- and sulfhydryl-containing compounds. The optimal concentration for maximum stimulation by each of these compounds has been determined, and the decrease in stimulation observed at concentrations above this maxima has been related to the ability of these compounds to form stable chelation complexes with non-heme iron. Of the compounds tested, only ADP and ATP facilitated the cooperative binding of NADPH to the membrane and thus suggested the possibility of three binding sites for NADPH. Neither of the other two phosphate-chelating agents (P i or PP i ) and neither of the two thiols (cysteine or dithiothreitol) faciltated cooperative binding of NADPH. These data suggested that the adenine ring of ADP or ATP is directly involved in the cooperativity of NADPH binding. They also emphasized that the binding of the chelation complex to the protein is an important parameter in the mechanism of the NADPH-catalyzed peroxidation of endogenous microsomal lipids. Furthermore, stimulation of the rate of lipid peroxidation by sulfhydryl-containing compounds, by freezing and thawing the microsomal protein, and by treatment of the protein with detergent may be due to a decrease in this cooperative binding effect. Since both cysteine and deoxycholate as well as freezing and thawing alter membrane structure, the stimulation of lipid peroxidation seems to involve some alteration to the structure of the microsomal membrane prior to the onset of enzymatic lipid peroxidation.
Modelling the spatial distribution of QSO absorption lines

A formalism has been developed for testing specific models for the three-dimensional spatial distributions of Ly-alpha clouds against the line-of-sight observations. The formalism can be used to compute the redshift density of lines and the distribution of line-interval sizes along a line-of-sight for comparison with the observations. A few simple models are considered: a Poisson distribution of Ly-alpha clouds, clouds arising from density fluctuations with a white-noise power spectrum, clouds distributed only on shells of constant comoving radii, clouds restricted to shells that are expanding in a self-similar fashion, and a Poisson distribution of clouds in the 'walls' between small-scale voids.
Case Report: Chronic granulocytic leukemia and carcinoma of the cervixin situ following renal transplantation

Abstract A 26-year-old white female presented with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic granulocytic leukemia five years after successful renal transplantation and prolonged therapy with azathioprine and prednisone. This patient represents the seventh case of the chronic granulocytic leukemia reported within the population of immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients. Of further interest in our case is the development of carcinoma in situ of the cervix two years following the transplant. Although multiple malignancies have been recognized in renal homografts, the occurrence of chronic granulocytic leukemia and carcinoma in situ in the same patient has not been previously described. A possible mechanism for the development of chronic granulocytic leukemia is the association of chromosome damage by azathioprine and immunoparalysis of the host, thus setting the stage for the emergence of a malignant clone. The importance of close follow-up of patients on prolonged immunosuppressive therapy is emphasized.
Management of atrial fibrillation in the acute setting

Purpose of review The review aims to describe the scope of the problem and potential therapeutic intervention for the management and risk stratification of patients with atrial fibrillation in the emergency department and acute care setting. Recent findings Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia prompting admission to the hospital. Management strategies include determining the trigger of the arrhythmia, rate control, and potential cardioversion. In the acute care setting the treatment is often dependent on the timing of the onset of arrhythmia. In those patients presenting with symptoms of less than 48 h of duration management may consist of rate control, pharmacologic, or electrical cardioversion. Recent studies suggest no difference in long-term outcomes with rate and rhythm control. In patients with symptoms greater that 48 h rate control is the initial option with potential for cardioversion as an outpatient. There are recent advances in ablation that provide additional options to patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. An essential component of the treatment strategy for these patients is risk stratification for stroke and the initiation of long-term anticoagulation in appropriate patients. Summary Management of atrial fibrillation is guided by underlying causes of the atrial fibrillation and duration of symptoms.
Reduce Administrative Burden

The administrative burden on practicing scientists has grown tremendously over the past decades and is limiting their ability to get important scientific work done. As the United States prepares for a new president to take office, there is an opportunity to take a fresh look at many of the government policies and regulations that concern the conduct of science. How might we find ways to reduce the administrative burden while still ensuring accountability to science funders, appropriate safeguards for human subjects, and broader societal protection from real dangers that can accompany some scientific research?
Risky sexual behavior in low-income African American women: the impact of sexual health variables.

In a sample of 163 low‐income African American women, we used logistic regression analyses to test for associations between (a) 5 operationalized constructs theorized in the Sexual Health Model to impact one's overall sexual health (barriers to healthy sexuality, sexual anatomy and functioning, positive sexuality, sexual health care, and cultural identity) and (b) several measures of risky sexual behavior (consistent condom use, multiple concurrent partnerships, and overall sexual risk). No significant relationship was found between acculturation and risky sexual behaviors. Having sexual difficulties was positively associated with overall sexual risk and multiple concurrent partnerships. Favorable attitudes toward condoms were positively associated with consistent condom use. Desiring or intending pregnancy was positively associated with inconsistent condom use and overall sexual risk behavior. This is only the second study linking sexual difficulties and risky sexual behavior. The exact nature of this co...
An approximation for nucleon-nucleus polarization effects

Abstract A simple, approximate method of incorporating the effects of a nuclear spin-orbit potential in the wave function has been developed. When used with the appropriate optical-model wave function for the central potential, it permits closed-form solutions for polarizations and cross sections that are about as simple to obtain as the Born-approximation solutions. Its application is discussed in two types of problems: the elastic scattering of nucleous by nuclei, and the “direct” interaction type of nuclear rearrangement collision. In this latter problem it is found that the elastic scattering of initial and final state particles from the nuclear spin-orbit potential is primarily responsible for the observed polarization effects.
A New Technology in Dental Education Findings and Reactions

This article describes the conversion of slide/tape presentations to synchronized microfiche audiotape presentations under a project at the University of Florida College of Dentistry, funded by the...
Adrenaline-like Effects of Intracellular Iontophoresis of Cyclic AMP in Cardiac Purkinje Fibres

THERE is considerable indirect evidence for cyclic AMP as the mediator of the chronotropic effects of adrenaline in heart cells. Adrenaline-like changes in electrical activity have been evoked in cardiac preparations by exposure to inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase1,2 or butyryl cyclic AMP derivatives (refs 2 and 3, but compare ref. 4), which are thought to mimic adrenaline because of their presumed ability to raise intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations. This approach has been widely used5 but the interpretation depends heavily on assumptions as to the mode of action of the particular exogenous compound4. We have approached the problem more directly by examining the electrical effects of iontophoretic injection of cyclic AMP from intracellular microelectrodes in cardiac Purkinje fibres.
Transcriptional regulation of P450scc gene expression in neural and steroidogenic cells: implications for regulation of neurosteroidogenesis.

Regulation of steroidogenesis in classic endocrine tissues is mediated by transcriptional regulation of the P450scc gene, which encodes the first and rate-limiting cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. We previously showed that P450scc messenger RNA is regionally expressed in the adult rat brain, primary glial cultures, and C6 glioma cells. Expression of P450scc in the brain results in the de novo synthesis of neurosteroids, a class of steroid hormones that are active at gamma-aminobutyric acidA and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. We determined whether P450scc expression is transcriptionally regulated in neural cells, using the same DNA sequences and nuclear proteins as classic steroidogenic adrenal and Leydig cells. The transcriptional activity of deletional mutants of 2.5 kilobases of the 5'-flanking regulatory region of the rat P450scc gene cloned into a luciferase reporter gene was assessed in mouse adrenocortical Y-1, mouse Leydig MA-10, rat C6 glioma, rat GC somatotrope, and mouse GT1-7 neurosecre...
Non-electrolyte transport across renal proximal tubule cell membranes measured by tracer efflux and light scattering

Non-electrolyte transport in brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV), basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV) and in viable cells isolated from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of the rabbit kidney were measured by rapid filtration and stopped-flow light scattering techniques. Efflux of tracer solute was measured by loading packed vesicles or cells with14C solute, diluting into non-radioactive buffer and filtering rapidly at varying incubation times. In BBMV at 23°C, [14C-urea] decreased exponentially with time constant 3.2±0.3 s (S.D.,n=5) corresponding to a permeability coefficient (Purea) of 1.6×10−6 cm/s, assuming a BBMV surface-to-volume ratio of 2×105 cm−1.Purea decreased to 7×10−7 cm/s in the presence of 20 mM phenylurea. Tracer efflux determinations of BBMVPurea (1.6×10−6 cm/s) andPglycerol (0.6×10−6 cm/s), and BLMVPurea (1.8×10−6 cm/s) andPthiourea (2.5×10−6 cm/s) were in excellent agreement withPs values determined by stopped-flow light scattering, where the time course of vesicle volume (linearly related to scattered light intensity) was measured in response to 100 mM outwardly directed solute gradients. These results establish accuratePs value in brush border and basolateral membranes and support the application of light scattering to measurePs in vesicles. In PCT cells however, there were systematic differences in urea and thiourea transport measured by tracer efflux and light scattering, indicating the potential difficulties in applying light scattering toPs measurements in complex cell systems.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: A Bibliographic Examination of Ornithology

Ornithology is the study of birds. Birds are members of the class Aves. Their most distinguishing feature is the presence of feathers as a covering for their bodies. Feathers enable most birds to fly, which requires a lot of energy and low weight. Researchers study their high metabolism, hollow bones, gizzard, and one-way respiratory system. Birds must eat frequently to minimize heavy fat. They have complicated mating rituals, lay eggs, and make nests. Ornithological research also explores migration, taxonomy, evolution, conservation, and diversity. Volunteers of birdwatching hobbyists are utilized to collect data which lowers costs and workload. This paper presents an annotated bibliography of key monographs, organizations, data sources, field guides, and core journals.
Microchip devices for detecting terrorist weapons

Abstract Escalating threats of terrorist activity have led to urgent demands for innovative devices for on-site detection of chemical and biological agents and explosive materials. Field detection of such hazardous substances requires that a powerful analytical performance be coupled to miniaturized low-powered instrumentation. “Lab-on-a-Chip” devices, where liquids are manipulated in a microchannel network, offer great promise for converting large and sophisticated instruments into powerful field-deployable analyzers. Particularly attractive for on-site security applications is the very small footprint of microchip devices, high degree of integration, high performance, fast response, and versatility. This article reviews a variety of microchip-based protocols and devices for detecting terrorist weapons. Such microfluidic devices offer great promise for transporting the forensic laboratory to the sample source, and providing an early warning prior to terrorist activity, or a rapid post-analysis ‘fingerprints’ of a disaster site. Due to the small footprint of microchip devices, it could be possible to perform multiple assays simultaneously. Such prospects, challenges and applications are discussed.
Relevance of vascular biology to the ischemic syndromes of coronary atherosclerosis

The pathophysiologic basis for stable and unstable angina, as well as for myocardial infarction, has been clarified through clinical and pathologic studies. Only recently have we begun to understand these clinical syndromes in the context of biologic processes within the vessel wall. Atherosclerotic lesion formation is now characterized as an inflammatory response to both metabolic and physical injury. Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is of central importance in the initiation of this inflammatory cascade. The endothelium, a site of LDL oxidation, regulates vessel tone, inflammatory activity within the vessel wall, and vascular smooth muscle growth. In addition, it provides a nonthrombogenic surface within the vasculature. Endothelial damage could drastically alter these functions, predisposing to vasoconstriction, thrombosis, inflammation, and smooth muscle growth, the key components of atherogenesis. All ischemic coronary syndromes (stable angina, unstable angina, and myocardial infarction) are characterized by alterations in normal endothelium-mediated relaxation. Considerable evidence suggests that free-radical mediated nitric oxide destruction accounts for these abnormalities. In the oxidative environment of the atherosclerotic vessel wall, these free-radical by-products are plentiful. In addition to vasospasm, unstable angina and myocardial infarction are associated with plaque rupture and mural thrombus formation. We currently have little understanding of this conversion from a stable plaque to a rupture-prone, “active” atherosclerotic plaque, although monocyte and lymphocyte products, oxygen-derived free radicals, and degradative enzymes probably contribute. This concept of the unstable coronary syndromes in an inflammatory context with “episodic” plaque activation alters our traditional view of atherosclerosis. The high-risk life-threatening coronary lesion is not necessarily the most severely stenotic but, rather, the lesion having the most active state of inflammation. The biologic state of the atherosclerotic plaque is therefore a more important determinant of clinical course than is the extent of stenosis. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis evolves, even more effective and specific therapeutic approaches will emerge, diminishing the late and often catastrophic consequences of this disease.
Obstetrical choice among urban women in Benin.

This study examined the relationship between occupational status and reproductive behavior specifically the preference for delivery assistance. The data were derived from 144 urban women in Parakou Benin who represented 3 subgroups: 1) those currently employed in a cashew-processing factory 2) pregnant women attending a districit maternity clinic and 3) pregnant women interviewed at their homes. Options for delivery in Parakou include a hospital maternity center 2 private clinics or home delivery. The percentage of home deliveries in the sample was 22% which is lower than that found in the general population in Parakou (40%). 93.5% of all home births in the sample involved Bariba women suggesting that ethnicity plays an important role in reproductive patterns. However both Bariba and non-Bariba women indicated that a hosptial delivery was preferable to a home delivery due to increased safety. Job-related factors such as fringe benefits obtained if the child received a birth certificate also were reported to influence reproductive decision making. The concentration of home births among Bariba women may reflect the historical maldistribution of resources in Benin which has led to lower educational levels and a lack of infrastructure in the north compared to the south. Also important is the meanind of birth in Bariba culture. Women who manage to deliver without calling for assistance are held in high esteem. Moreover the presence of medical personnel at delivery is considered to interfere with the detection and disposal of witch babies. This research suggests that type of employment opportunities and obsterical care preferences are not directly correlated.
Time Away: A Skill-Building Alternative to Discipline

The time-away intervention model targets students in conflict with teachers or other students. The model features a 3-step intervention process: (a) time out, (b) redirection, and (c) conflict resolution. Schools that implement time away have documented an effective skill-building strategy for preventing the need for tertiary-level restrictive programming for students with emerging behavior problems.
Reduction of atherosclerotic disease in genetically obese rats by low calorie diet.

Abstract Starting at 3 months of age genetically obese rats were maintained on a low calorie diet of Purina chow for the rest of life. On ad libitum diet of Purina chow such animals exhibit endogenous hyperlipidemia and spontaneous hypertension and frequently develop atherosclerotic vascular disease. The low calorie regimen was well tolerated by the obese rats and proved to be highly beneficial. It diminished the obese state, almost eliminated the hypertriglyceridemia, reduced the hypercholesterolemia, and substantially lowered the incidence of atherosclerotic lesions, i.e., to 14% as compared to 48% among obese rats on ad libitum diet. Since the animals had persistent hypertension in spite of the low calorie diet, it appears likely that control of the hyperlipidemia played a significantly role in the prevention of vascular disease.
A production order-driven AGV control model with object-oriented implementation

Abstract To effectively manage the material handling in Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS), where a large amount of data is required in the dynamic decision-making, integrated control is needed to consider the overall production schedule. The focus of this research is on the development of an integrated Automated Guided Vehicle System (AGVS) control model that includes essential features like dynamic vehicle path determination and conflict-free routing. An object-oriented implementation of the AGVS model is proposed that forms the basis of systems integration with a production planning module such as MRP. Static and dynamic informational and functional models of the AGVS are developed. The system incorporates: (i) conflict-free shortest path routing procedures, and (ii) vehicle assignment rules or scheduling strategies. A prototype version of each of these has been developed for demonstrative purposes. This object-oriented modelling methodology provides the capability of rapid development and change. The approach has been demonstrated for a real manufactured product through simulation studies which confirm the superior performance of anticipatory AGVS control rules, even in a production orderdriven environment.
American Executives' Perception of Foreign State Enterprises

While Lamont (1979) and Monsen and Walters (1983) have taken a strong stance that foreign state enterprises are a threat to U.S. business, the question of how the senior level business executives in the U.S. firms view these companies in the 1980s remains unexplored. Executive perception of elements and events in the external environment are as important as facts and their interpretations. This research note reports the findings of a survey (questionnaire and telephone interviews) of 111 senior executives of U.S. firms and interprets the findings against the backdrop of the model of post-industrial organization expounded by Huber. The main finding of the survey is that in the mid-1980s the threat that loomed large in the minds of executives was rather ‘foreign imports’ than foreign state enterprises.
Nitrogen mineralization patterns of leaf-twig mixtures from tropical leguminous trees

Green manure applications in alley cropping systems often include twigs despite their potential to absorb (immobilize) nitrogen (N). To assess the impact of twigs on net N mineralization or immobilization from hedge row cuttings, we separated cuttings fromCalliandra calothyrsus andGliricidia sepium into leaf-only, twig-only, and mixed (leaf + twig) fractions and incubated them with moist soil in the laboratory. Soil extractable inorganic N did no differ among treatments after two weeks, but after four and eight weeks was greatest in leaf-only, and least in twig-only treatments. After two weeks, extractable N from the leaf-only treatment rose steadily, while that from the twig-only and mixed treatments was variable due to periods of net mineralization and net immobilization. The pattern of variation in mixed treatments paralleled that of twig-only, indicating that net immobilization in the mixture was largely caused by the presence of twigs. Extractable N from the mixture was somewhat lower than that predicted from the sum of leaf-only and twig-only treatments. We conclude that twigs in green manure reduce short-term N availability to associated crops in agroforestry systems.
Lasers: The healing tool of the future: Fulfillment of their far-reaching potential depends on the work of physicians and engineers to understand laser-tissue interactions and develop new technologies

Various features of the laser that make it suitable for medical applications are discussed. These include its high-intensity output, its high collimation, and its monochromatic output. The use of lasers in selective photothermolysis is discussed, and the way that selective absorption can be achieved using exogenous chromophores is explained. The advances in ablation that the laser has made possible are described, and the use of the excimer laser in photochemistry for light therapy is discussed.
Femtosecond Vibrational Dynamics of Self-Trapping in a Quasi-One-Dimensional System

We have directly time resolved the lattice motions associated with the formation of the self-trapped exciton in the quasi-one-dimensional system $[\mathrm{Pt}(\mathrm{en}{)}_{2}][\mathrm{Pt}(\mathrm{en}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{Br}}_{2}]\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}({\mathrm{PF}}_{6}{)}_{4}$ ( $\mathrm{en}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{ethylene}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{diamine}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$), using femtosecond impulsive excitation techniques. A strongly damped, low-frequency wave packet modulation at $\ensuremath{\sim}110{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ accompanies the formation of the self-trapped exciton on a $\ensuremath{\sim}200\mathrm{fs}$ time scale following excitation of the intervalence charge-transfer transition. Coherent oscillations at the ground state vibrational frequency and its harmonics are also detected.
Weight reduction decreases the circulating concentration of the N-terminus of the ANF prohormone.

The N-terminus of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) prohormone (ie, proANF 1-98) contains two vasodilatory peptides consisting of amino acids (aa): aa 1-30 (ie, proANF 1-30) and aa 31-67 (ie, proANF 31-67) of the 126 aa prohormone. The relationship of this N-terminus to the renin-aldosterone axis and blood pressure reduction was investigated in 18 obese subjects (5 hypertensive and 13 normotensive) placed on a 12-week, low sodium (40 mmol), weight reducing diet. The N-terminus of the ANF prohormone and proANF 31-67, which circulates as a distinct entity after being proteolytically cleaved from the N-terminus, were significantly (p less than 0.001) higher (767 +/- 1.01 and 816 +/- 135 fmol/ml) in the obese hypertensive group compared with the obese normotensive group (377 +/- 24 and 356 +/- 17 fmol/ml, respectively) prior to beginning the weight reduction program. There was a dramatic fall in the N-terminus and in proANF 31-67 after 1 week of weight reduction in both obese groups, which correlated with the decrease in mean arterial pressure during the first week and throughout the 12 weeks of weight reduction (r = .54, p less than 0.001 and r = .59, p less than 0.001, respectively). ProANF 1-98 had a significant (p less than 0.01) inverse correlation with plasma renin in both obese groups. ProANF 31-67, likewise, had an inverse correlation with plasma renin in the hypertensive (p less than 0.002), as well as the normotensive (p less than 0.03) subjects. ProANF 31-67 did not significantly correlate with aldosterone in either group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Methane flux response to nitrogen amendment in an upland pine forest soil and riparian zone

[1] Methane (CH4) is an important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, up to 15% of which is consumed by terrestrial soils. In this field study of the CH4cycle of a pine forest, 18 plots were established at each of two sites, located 40 m apart. The upper site was well-drained and the lower site was poorly drained, but they shared similar overstory tree composition. Nitrogen was added as NH4NO3 incrementally across the 2009 growing season in a high (67 kg NH4NO3 ha−1 yr−1) and a low (5 kg NH4NO3 ha−1 yr−1) concentration. The sites were monitored for soil and air temperature, soil moisture, precipitation, air pressure, and NH4 and NO2+NO3 concentrations throughout the growing season. Across all treatments for the duration of the field season, average CH4 flux showed consumption of −0.84 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1, but CH4 flux differed between the upper and lower sites. Across all treatments, upper site CH4 flux averaged −5.38 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1, while lower site flux averaged 3.72 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1, with greater variance than was observed at the upper site. High N treatments caused greater CH4 release than the control in the lower, but not the upper, site. The main correlated variable with CH4 flux was soil moisture; however, it accounted for <14% of the variation. Statistics were run several different ways, resulting in multiple environmental factors contributing up to 84% of the variation in CH4flux. Long-term drainage differences between the sites likely drove the differences in CH4 flux.
Cross-Spectral Phase Method for Distinguishing Waves from Turbulence in Single-Point Boundary Layer Flow Measurements

Cross-spectral analysis was applied to fixed single-point current measurements obtained using a Modular Acoustic Velocity Sensor (MAVS) from a shallow deployment in a tidal channel in Vineyard Sound south of Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Distinct phase signatures at different frequency bands were found in the cross power spectra between the vector components of velocity and between velocity and pressure. Velocity and pressure data had been obtained in burst samples both during periods when the flow was dominated by tidal currents and during periods when the flow was dominated by surface waves. Our analyses show that the phase signature in the cross power spectra can be used to effectively separate waves from turbulence over a broad range of scales that we sampled. In addition, the phase signature of the Cartesian velocity components has been derived in terms of the acoustic axes that comprise the raw measurements of velocity from MAVS. This association is used to distinguish between turbulence contributions and electronic noise at the intermediate to high frequency bands. By separating flow fluctuations due to turbulence from those due to waves a more accurate and representative observation of boundary layer dynamics can be obtained from a single-point vector flow measurement in the bottom boundary layer. Where these bands can be separated in frequency, Reynolds stress as well as structural eddies can be distinguished from waves.
Evidence-based case report: the prevention and management of postherpetic neuralgia with emphasis on interventional procedures.

Objective: A patient with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) did not respond to medications, either singly or in combination, or to intrathecal methylprednisolone but responded to intrathecal alcohol. This evidenced-based case management article evaluates and grades the evidence for the prevention and treatment of PHN. Methods: A search of published English-language studies on the prevention and treatment of PHN was made. Results: Randomized clinical studies showed the efficacy of antiviral agents in the prevention of PHN and the use of anticonvulsants, antidepressants, opioids, and Lidoderm patch in the treatment of PHN (level A evidence). The role of epidural local anesthetic and steroid injections in preventing PHN has not been completely established (level B evidence). Intrathecal steroid injections and topical capsaicin may be effective in PHN (level B evidence). No randomized controlled study supports the usefulness of spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal alcohol. Conclusions: Postherpetic neuralgia should be managed pharmacologically. If not effective, intrathecal steroid injections or nerve blocks may be tried. Spinal cord stimulation or intrathecal alcohol should be used only as a last resort.
The Quality of the Evidence: Qualitative Research in Trauma Psychology

The efficacy of evidence-based practices with underprivileged groups and non-Western cultures has been a subject of controversy in the trauma psychology and disaster mental health literature. There has been a debate as to whether evidence based assessments and interventions work equally well for diverse populations. Resolving this controversy has been difficult in part because of the methodological challenges involved in the study of cultural mediation of psychological phenomena. The authors argue that adding qualitative research to the evidence base supporting trauma treatments, as a matter of standard practice, can fill this need. Qualitative research can provide a rigorous research basis for the identification of cultural factors to be accounted for in quantitative outcome studies, as well as a rigorous means of understanding the real-world meaning of quantitative outcome findings. This would address Evidence-based practices (EBP) advocates’ concerns about the unscientific nature of the multicultural literature’s critique, and multiculturalism advocate’s concerns about the lack of contextualism in EBP outcome studies of trauma treatments.
The interactions of polarographic measurements of oxygen tension and histological grade in human glioma and surrounding peritumoral brain tissue

Purpose/Objective: Hypoxia has been shown to be prognostic for survival in several malignancies. We and others showed previously that the extent of hypoxia correlated with higher histological grade in patients with primary brain tumors. Here we investigated the interaction between hypoxia, measured intraoperatively using an Eppendorf pO2 Histograph, and histological grade of patients with gliomas and examined the implications of these factors for the survival of the patients.
Connecting National Freedom and Population Concentration

This article considers the relationship of national political systems, freedom and individual rights, with the spatial distribution of population. It is hypothesized that nations lacking sufficient levels of political freedoms and rights will have high percentages of population clustered in their principal urban agglomerations, where the majority of national investments are concentrated; as it is in these cities where quality-of-life access opportunities will be most abundant. This study employs multivariate OLS regression analysis to measure correlations between political systems, political rights and civil liberties with compiled population data from 89 countries and territories. Findings show the hypothesis to have merit and offer contribution to international development planning discourse.
An essential protein that interacts with endosomes and promotes movement of the SHORT-ROOT transcription factor.

Summary Plant cells can communicate through the direct transport of transcription factors [1–7]. One of the best-studied examples of this phenomenon is SHORT-ROOT (SHR), which moves from the stele cells into the endodermis and root tip of Arabidopsis , where it specifies endodermal cell identity and stem cell function, respectively [8–10]. In the endodermis, SHR upregulates the transcription factors SCARECROW (SCR) [2] and JACKDAW (JKD), which in turn inhibit movement of SHR from the endodermis [11]. Although much is known about the regulatory pathways that mediate expression and activity of SHR [1, 8–14], little is known about the factors that promote its movement or the movement of other transcription factors. We have identified a novel protein, SHORT-ROOT INTERACTING EMBRYONIC LETHAL (SIEL), that interacts with SHR, CAPRICE (CPC), TARGET OF MONOPTEROUS 7 (TMO7), and AGAMOUS-LIKE 21 (AGL21). Null alleles of SIEL are embryonic lethal. Hypomorphic alleles produce defects in root patterning and reduce SHR movement. Surprisingly, both SHR and SCR regulate expression of SIEL, so that siel/scr and siel/shr double mutants have extremely disorganized roots. SIEL localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm of root cells where it is associated with endosomes. We propose that SIEL is an endosome-associated protein that promotes intercellular movement.
Consequences of Age-Related Cognitive Declines

Adult age differences in a variety of cognitive abilities are well documented, and many of those abilities have been found to be related to success in the workplace and in everyday life. However, increased age is seldom associated with lower levels of real-world functioning, and the reasons for this lab-life discrepancy are not well understood. This article briefly reviews research concerned with relations of age to cognition, relations of cognition to successful functioning outside the laboratory, and relations of age to measures of work performance and achievement. The final section discusses several possible explanations for why there are often little or no consequences of age-related cognitive declines in everyday functioning.
Nifedipine in chronic cor pulmonale: acute and relatively long-term effects.

After 20 mg sublingual nifedipine in 12 men with clinically stable chronic cor pulmonale the mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance fell, cardiac index rose, and mean pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and wedge (Ppaw) pressures, right atrial pressure, and PaO2 remained unchanged. After 20 mg orally every 6 hours for 24 hours in 11 patients, the mean arterial pressure fell further, systemic vascular resistance remained low, and the cardiac index returned to baseline, whereas the Ppa and Ppaw decreased, but the pulmonary vascular driving pressure (Ppa - Ppaw), right atrial pressure, PaO2, and spirometry and ejection fractions remained unchanged. Of eight patients receiving maintenance therapy four developed untoward side effects in 1 to 3 weeks and one was noncompliant. The remaining three patients evaluated at 6 weeks failed to improve and had unchanged resting hemodynamics. Thus in the absence of a potentially reversible hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, nifedipine may not improve pulmonary arterial pressure and cardiac function in clinically stable patients with cor pulmonale. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 44, 289–296; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.152
Overrating the X‐Rating: The Third‐Person Perception and Support for Censorship of Pornography

Research has produced plentiful evidence of the third-person perception—the tendency for people to think others are more influenced by mass media than they are themselves. But until now there has been scant evidence of the effects of that perceptual bias. Consistent with past third-person effect findings, the data in this study indicate that a substantial majority of U.S. adults see others as more adversely influenced by pornography than themselves. In addition, the results show that peoples' support for pornography restrictions parallels the discrepancy they perceive between effect on self and effect on others.
Reducing Diabetes Risk in American Indian Women

Background American Indians experience high rates of type 2 diabetes. The impact of low-intensity interventions on diabetes risk among young American Indian women is unknown. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting/Participants Community-based; participants were 200 young urban American Indian women who were block-randomized on fasting blood glucose (FBG) into intervention and control groups. Inclusion criteria included self-reported identity, aged 18–40 years, not pregnant, willingness to stay in urban area for 2 years, and not having type 2 diabetes. Measures were taken at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months. Data were gathered in 2002–2006 and analyzed in 2006–2007. Intervention Five discussion group sessions (one meeting per month for 5 months) were held focusing on healthful eating, physical activity, goal-setting, and social support. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcomes included dietary fat and vegetable consumption and self-reported physical activity. Secondary outcomes included cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid profiles, percent body fat, BMI, intake of fruit, total sugar and sweetened beverages, FBG, and television viewing. Results Mean vegetable and fruit intake increased significantly more in the intervention group than in the control group over time (group by visit interaction, p =0.02 and p =0.002, respectively). Both groups had significant increases in percent body fat and decreases in waist circumference, insulin sensitivity, blood cholesterol, LDL, television viewing, and total intakes of energy, saturated fat, sugar, and sweetened beverages. Conclusions A culturally influenced, low-intensity lifestyle intervention can improve self-reported intakes of vegetables and fruit over 18 months in young, urban American Indian women. Trial Registration NCT00438126
EMIT-st Screening for Drugs of Abuse: Methaqualone

The Emit-st (single test) drug detection system was determined, for methaqualone and several of its metabolites, to be reliable and simple to perform. Its sensitivity was 0.3 micrograms/mL for methaqualone and 0.4 micrograms/mL for the only methaqualolne metabolite (4-hydroxymethaqualone) known to be excreted unconjugated. This assay also detects mecloqualone, a Schedule I drug marketed in Europe and South Africa.
Expression of avian urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activator messenger ribonucleic acid during follicle development and atresia.

While several studies have documented the presence of plasminogen activator (PA) activity in hen ovarian follicle granulosa and theca tissues, to date it has not been possible to conclusively distinguish between the urokinase (u) and the tissue-type (t) form of the enzyme; this inability is due, in part, to lack of the cloned or characterized chicken tPA gene or gene product. Thus, the present studies were conducted to identify a partial cDNA for chicken tPA and subsequently to evaluate expression of uPA and tPA mRNA in granulosa and theca tissues in vivo and in vitro. Urokinase PA mRNA levels were highest in prehierarchical-follicle granulosa (3- to 5- and 6- to 8-mm follicles) and theca (6- to 8-mm follicles) tissue compared to hierarchical (912 mm through largest preovulatory) follicles. In vitro treatment with a phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate), but not a cAMP analogue (8-bromo-cAMP), significantly increased uPA mRNA levels in both granulosa and theca tissue from the largest and second-largest preovulatory follicles. Of special interest was the finding that levels of uPA mRNA were 10.9-fold higher in atretic compared to morphologically normal 3- to 5-mm follicles. Moreover, 4- to 8-mm-follicle granulosa cells, which spontaneously undergo apoptosis in vitro, demonstrated a rapid increase in uPA mRNA levels after 1 h of incubation (prior to the detection of oligonucleosome formation) while levels in preovulatory-follicle granulosa cells, which do not undergo spontaneous apoptosis, were not altered after 18 h of incubation. By contrast, while tPA mRNA can be identified in granulosa and theca tissues from prehierarchical and preovulatory follicles following polymerase chain reaction amplification, constitutively expressed levels of the transcript were too low to reliably measure by Northern blot analysis. These data indicate that while the chicken expresses a tPA gene that is homologous to the mammalian tPA, uPA is the predominant PA expressed in the hen ovary. In addition, the higher levels of uPA mRNA found in granulosa cells actively undergoing apoptosis and in follicles most susceptible to atresia (4-8 mm) suggest a role for this protease in mediating processes both during the early stages of programmed cell death and in the later stages of follicle atresia and resorption.
The Doll Technique: A Measure of Racial Ethnocentrism?

With traditional measures of children's racial preference multiple requests, all presumed to measure racial preference, are made. However, children change their racial preference across the requests. Two interpretations of these changes are offered. One, suggested by Piaget, views these changes as self-contradictory and due to cognitive incapacity. The second is that children intend to express a liking for dolls of both races. The data support this latter interpretation suggesting the use of the doll technique as a measure of racial ethnocentrism. The racial preference of children, especially black children, is a continuing research interest. Clark and Clark (1947) found that black children, four through seven years of age, preferred white dolls rather than black dolls. Similar observations have been made in subsequent studies (Asher and Allen, 1969; FrenkelBrunswik, 1948; Goodman, 1952; Greenwald and Oppenheim, 1968; Landreth and Johnson, 1953; Morland, 1958, 1966; Radke et al., 1949; Radke et al., 1950; Trager and Yarrow, 1952). Others have found black children preferring black dolls (Gregor and McPherson, 1966; Hraba and Grant, 1970). Although the testing materials have varied, these studies have commonly asked children multiple questions about racial preference. For example, Hraba and Grant (1970) duplicating the Clarks' (1947) doll technique in May 1969 at Lincoln, Nebraska made four requests in regard to racial preference:' 1. Give me the doll that you want to play with. 2. Give me the doll that is a nice doll. 3. Give me the doll that looks bad. 4. Give me the doll that is a nice color. The response of the 1969 Lincoln sample to these requests is shown in Table 1. Note that the racial preferences of many respondents change with the requests. That is, many respondents (73 percent of the 1969 Lincoln sample) do not favor a doll of one race on all four requests: they do not choose a doll of one race on requests (1), (2), and (4) and a doll of the other race on request (3). Asher and Allen (1969) also note changes in racial preference across similar requests made with puppets. These changes raise a methodological question: are the four requests unidimensional as presumed, all measuring racial preference? If not, which requests measure what? This paper will investigate this phenomenon and its Table 1. The Racial Preferences of the 1969 Lincoln
Not All Nonlabelers Are Created Equal: Distinguishing Between Quasi-Feminists and Neoliberals

Past research regarding feminist identity has revealed that a significant number of women endorse feminist attitudes yet reject a feminist identity. In the current study, we sought to examine whether these nonlabeling women fall into two distinct groups: (a) one that falls on the same ideological continuum of their feminist peers and (b) the other that represents an attitudinally unique group of women characterized by their neoliberal beliefs that prioritize individual merit as the sole determinant of success. Two samples of undergraduate women self-reported their feminist identity and political and sexist attitudes. In our first sample (N = 231), we used k-means cluster analysis to identify two types of nonlabelers: quasi-feminists and neoliberals. Results revealed that, despite both groups’ shared belief in gender equality, quasi-feminists reported relatively lower levels of meritocratic, just world, and modern sexist beliefs, all of which were similar to those of their feminist-identified peers, wherea...
Measurements of stratospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor at northern midlatitudes: Implications for troposphere‐to‐stratosphere transport

Simultaneous in situ measurements of CO2 and water vapor in the lower stratosphere were obtained in November 1992 and May 1993 up to 21 km at midlatitudes. Seasonal changes in both species were observed up to pressure-altitudes of 19 km (∼440 K), a result of vertical propagation of seasonal oscillations in CO2 and H2O mixing ratios for air entering the stratosphere in the tropics followed by horizontal transport to midlatitudes. The inferred phase difference between their seasonal cycles at the tropical tropopause (2 months) remained coherent at midlatitudes, although the amplitudes were reduced, implying a mean transport time of 4–6 months from the tropical tropopause (∼16 km) to ∼18.5–19 km at midlatitudes in both November and May. The measurements indicate that air enters the stratosphere throughout the year and suggest that vertical propagation of the seasonal minimum in water vapor, rather than deep convective overshoot, is both sufficient and necessary to explain the minimum in water (“hygropause”) observed several kilometers above the tropopause.
Integrated peer-to-peer applications for advanced emergency response systems. Part I. Concept of operations

The catastrophes of September 11, 2001 put Arlington County's emergency response system to the test. They revealed capabilities and limitations otherwise overlooked during previous standard emergency response assessments. There were three key issues in the response to 9/11 that are recurring in jurisdictions across the nation: 1) reliance on voice-oriented communications; 2) limited situational awareness; and 3) lack of interoperability. A concept of operations integrating current commercially available technology in a system designed for the emergency response coordinator addresses these issues. To visualize this concept, a graphical user interface that displays the required functionalities described in the concept of operations is presented. High-ranking emergency response personnel from Arlington County, Virginia have conveyed that this solution is, indeed, feasible. The next step towards implementation includes exploring peer-to-peer networks in integrating the technologies described.