cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The median tour and maximal covering tour problems: Formulations and heuristics

Abstract In this paper, the authors introduce two bicriterion routing problems: the median tour problem (MTP) and the maximal covering tour problem (MCTP). In both problems the tour must visit only p of the n nodes on the network. In addition, both problems have as one of their objectives the minimization of total tour length. The second objective in both problems maximizes access to the tour for the nodes not directly on it. In the MTP, the access objective is the minimization of the total travel distance necessary for demand at the nodes to reach their nearest stop on the tour. In the MCTP, the access objective is to maximize the total demand within some prespecified maximal travel distance from a tour stop. It is shown that the MCTP may be viewed as a special case of the MTP; consequently, solution procedures developed for the MTP may also be employed to solve the MCTP. Unfortunately, both problems are NP-hard. In addition, the number of efficient solutions may grow exponentially with the number of nodes in the particular problem instance. Consequently a heuristic procedure is developed to generate a good approximation of the efficient frontier. Not only does this approximation provide the decision marker with insight into the magnitudes of the inherent tradeoffs between the two objectives, but it also provides him or her with a set of feasible options to consider. Computational experience, on a realistically scaled problem, is provided. Applications of the problems include the design of mobile service delivery systems (e.g. healthcare delivery in rural areas of developing countries), bi-modal transportation systems (e.g. overnight mail delivery), and distributed computer networks, among others.
Bipolar Disorder, Type A Behavior, and Coronary Disease

This is a preprint of an article submitted for consideration in the Health Psychology Review 2011 [copyright Taylor & Francis]; Health Psychology Review is available online at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ with the open URL of your article.
Free convection diffusion flames from burning solid fuels

Abstract A general analysis for free convection diffusion flames is presented for the burning of solid fuels having surface geometries which give rise to boundary layer flows. The combustion chemistry is treated at the level of a single global reaction. Thermal radiation from the flame and the burning fuel surface is included in the formulation of the problem as well as the possibility of radiation from an external source. Allowance is also made for the case in which the gaseous products of pyrolysis include an inert component in addition to the combustible fuel. Solutions are presented for a variety of cases which show the effects of varying the chemical reaction rate, the radiation parameters, the Lewis number and the inert component in the fuel. Extinction phenomena are discussed, and results are given which show how extinction limits are affected by ambient oxygen concentration, water droplet sprays and chemically active fire suppressants. A discussion of some of the numerical techniques developed to obtain and verify the solutions is included.
A finite range failure model

Abstract In the present article the characterstics of a finite range failure time distribution, that includes the rectangular distribution as a particular case, are studied. When shape parameter surpass unity then the distribution is IFR otherwise it always remains IFRA. A graphic shape of the distribution is also formed for certain admissible values of the constants.
Induction of Hepatomas in Hamsters by an Avian Adenovirus (CELO)

SummaryHepatomas were induced in approximately 4% of inbred LSH/LAK hamsters inoculated subcutaneously with CELO virus. The sera from these animals stained the CELO T antigen found in lytically infected chick kidney cells. The tumors contained hamster types A and C virus particles. The relationship between these indigenous hamster viruses and tumor induction by CELO virus is being investigated.
An Il-lumen-ating look at ryanodine receptor modulation by disruption in triadin and calsequestrin interactions in cardiac myocytes.

In cardiac muscle, ryanodine receptors (RyR) govern the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Among the various proteins that are involved in the functional modulation of single channels, triadin (Trd), junctin (Jn) and calsequestrin (CASQ2) are three that reside in the SR lumen. CASQ2, a high capacity calcium buffer, also has a secondary role as a luminal calcium sensor that inhibits RyR opening at low luminal calcium levels. Interactions of CASQ2 with RyR appear to be mediated through Trd and Jn as these proteins have binding sites for both CASQ2 and RyR. The domain structures of Trd and Jn are very similar: both proteins contain a KEKE protein–protein binding motif that is thought to be involved in interactions of Trd and Jn with each other and with RyR2 and CASQ2. The region identified as the CASQ2 binding region in Trd is a 25 amino acid site (200–224) that contains a single KEKE motif.
Approximate dynamic programming solutions with a single network adaptive critic for a class of nonlinear systems

Approximate dynamic programming (ADP) formulation implemented with an adaptive critic (AC)-based neural network (NN) structure has evolved as a powerful technique for solving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations. As interest in ADP and the AC solutions are escalating with time, there is a dire need to consider possible enabling factors for their implementations. A typical AC structure consists of two interacting NNs, which is computationally expensive. In this paper, a new architecture, called the ‘cost-function-based single network adaptive critic (J-SNAC)’ is presented, which eliminates one of the networks in a typical AC structure. This approach is applicable to a wide class of nonlinear systems in engineering. In order to demonstrate the benefits and the control synthesis with the J-SNAC, two problems have been solved with the AC and the J-SNAC approaches. Results are presented, which show savings of about 50% of the computational costs by J-SNAC while having the same accuracy levels of the dual network structure in solving for optimal control. Furthermore, convergence of the J-SNAC iterations, which reduces to a least-squares problem, is discussed; for linear systems, the iterative process is shown to reduce to solving the familiar algebraic Ricatti equation.
Neutron Guinier camera

The feasibility of Guinier cameras for small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is commonly measured with Guinier cameras1 that use bent perfect crystals to focus to detector beams from point sources of characteristic X-rays. Neutron Guinier cameras do not exist yet, although focusing to detector has occasionally been tried. The philosophy of current SANS pinhole instruments is to gain intensity from broad wavelength bands at tight collimation. With characteristic X-rays, intensity gains can only come from broad angular divergences. Neutron focusing instruments represent a return, at a higher level, to the philosophy of characteristic X-rays. Such a return is advocated in this paper for SANS. The resolution of Guinier cameras is defined not by the collimation (which is relaxed), but by the beam size at focus and the spatial resolution of the position sensitive detector (which should match each other). Within the recent concept of neutron imaging2 multi-wafer monochromators can provide image sizes comparable to the thickness of one wafer in the bent packet. The imaging may be non-dispersive, at broad wavelength bands, like with mirrors in conventional optics. These are the right ingredients for convergent neutron beams in Guinier cameras. The paper addresses the question whether the increased angular divergence can compensate for the reduced size of the source that is imaged into a sharp spot at detector. A neutron Guinier camera at thermal neutron energies is evaluated. It turns to be quite feasible, providing moderate resolution at high intensity with detection systems in current use for high-resolution neutron diffraction. High-resolution SANS is also possible with detection by image plates or microchannel plate systems. Tests were performed using a single wafer and a packet of bent silicon wafers in both Bragg and Laue (transmission) geometry in non-dispersive imaging arrangements. Experiments have confirmed expectations. SANS data obtained in neutron Guinier camera conditions on samples of collagen and lipids are presented.
Information Processing in Toddlers: Continuity from Infancy and Persistence of Preterm Deficits.

Abstract The present report assesses information processing in the toddler years (24 and 36 months), using a cohort of preterms (
Offsite Emergency Radiation Measurement Systems

The draft recommendations of a Federal Interagency Task Force on Emergency Instrumentation on the establishment of emergency radiation detection and measurement systems operated offsite by State and local organizations to measure the direct exposure to an airborne release from an incident at a nuclear reactor are reviewed.
Application of the Sustainable Neighborhoods for Happiness Index (SNHI) to coastal cities in the United States

Abstract The Sustainable Neighborhoods for Happiness Index (SNHI) is a tool to assess and compare how well individual cities, towns, neighborhoods and communities embrace sustainable practices and how these practices translate to opportunities for residents to pursue happiness. Recent studies have shown that the majority of humanity is concentrated in coastal cities. Thus, it is crucial to consider how to develop/retrofit these areas in the coming years, as these populations continue to grow, sea levels rise and natural resources become more stressed. We applied the SNHI to nineteen coastal cities, all members of the fifty most populous cities in the United States, to assess the current state of sustainability and potential opportunities for residential happiness. SNHI scores were then plotted on The Sustainable Neighborhoods for Happiness Distribution (SNHD) for comparison and assessment. Finally, we perform sensitivity analysis by adjusting subjective measures, simulating reviewer bias, and comparatively rank all cities. Our results show that San Francisco has the greatest SNHI (82.73) while Detroit has the lowest (35.28) and that city rankings remain relatively stable when accounting for bias.
Harnessing the power of yeast to elucidate the role of sphingolipids in metabolic and signaling processes pertinent to psychiatric disorders

The development of therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders is hampered by the lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying their pathologies. While aberrant sphingolipid metabolism is associated with psychiatric illness, the role of sphingolipids in these disorders is not understood. The genetically tractable yeast model can be exploited in order to elucidate the cellular consequences of sphingolipid perturbation. Hypotheses generated from studies in yeast and tested in mammalian cells may contribute to our understanding of the role of sphingolipids in psychiatric disorders and to the development of new treatments. Here, we compare sphingolipid metabolism in yeast and mammalian cells, discuss studies implicating sphingolipids in psychiatric disorders and propose approaches that utilize yeast in order to elucidate sphingolipid function and identify drugs that target sphingolipid synthesis.
Federal Mortgage Insurance and the Characteristics of Intraurban Movers in the United States

This paper examines the social, economic, demographic and locational characteristics of the clients of the Federal Housing Administration's mortgage insurance program. The program has been accused of fostering the development of white middle class suburbs and nonwhite central cities. The data used in this analysis are from 1976 and 1977, and indicate that the mortgage insurance program is less suburb oriented than private financing of houses in the same price range. White homebuyers under the program are more likely to purchase suburban homes than nonwhite, however. This is a result of a variety of actors in the housing market of which the Federal Housing Administration is one. The paper concludes with comments on what kinds of people use the program and ways to ensure that the users benefit from the insurance.
Circadian organization in Japanese quali

Our recent studies have implicated both the eyes and pinealas major components of the circadian system of Japanese quail. We assessed the role of these organs by examining the effect fo their removal on the circadian activity rhythm of quail exposed to either 24 hr light-dark (LD) cycles or to continuous darkness (DD). Removal of only the pineal had no effect on the activity rhythm of quail in either LD or DD. Blinding (by orbital enucleation) had a major effect under both LD and DD. One third of the blinded birds showed entrainment under LD although entrainment patterns were very variable, whereas two thirds of blinded birds were arrhythimic. All blinded plus pinealectomized brids were arrhythmic in LD as were all blinded and blinded plus pinealectomized birds in DD. Accordingly, effects of pinealectomy can be seem only when pinealectomy is combined with blinding. The fact that blinding disrupts circadian organization in both LD and DD indicates that the eyes must act as major components of the quail's circadian system. In view of the postulated role for melatonin, an indoleamine, in circadian systems, the eyes, pineal, and blood of quail were assayed for this compound. Robust daily rhythms in melatonin content were observed in all three tissues. The blood rhythm is due to secretion of melatonin into the vascular system by both the pineal and eyes. The ocular melatonin rhythm continued after sectioning of the optic nerve, was reentrainable to a shift in the phase of the LD cycle, and persisted for at least 2 days in DD. These data suggest that the eyes play a major role within the circadian system and support the hypothesis that circadian pacemakers may reside within the eyes of quail. The results are discussed in view of the findings of others in both quail and other avian species. A general model for circadian organization in birds in presented in which the eyes, the pineal, and the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus comprise major elements of a multioscillator circadian system.
A Multivariate Validation of the Defining Characteristics of Fatigue

PURPOSE. To validate the nursing diagnosis fatigue by providing evidence to identify, confirm, and consolidate the defining characteristics. METHODS. The Revised Piper Fatigue Scale and the Schwartz Measurement of Fatigue scales were used to collect data from four groups of healthy women (N = 182). Data were analyzed by maximum-likelihood factor analysis with varimax rotation, and major and minor defining characteristics were identified and clustered. FINDINGS. The identified defining characteristics tended to group into the dimensions identified in prior fatigue studies. Although the majority of the NANDA defining characteristics were validated, differences were found. CONCLUSIONS. atigue is a multidimensional construct. Replication of the study with a variety of samples from different geographic locations and a variety of patient populations will further cross-validate the defining characteristics of fatigue. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Fatigue is a commonly experienced phenomenon in both health and illness. As the knowledge base about fatigue builds, so will the accuracy of nursing assessments and the effectiveness of nursing interventions.
Digital asset management using a native XML database implementation

Digital Asset Management (DAM), the management of digital content so that it can be cataloged, searched and re-purposed, is extremely challenging for organizations that rely on image handling and expect to gain business value from these assets. Metadata plays a crucial role in their management, and XML, with its inherent support for structural representation, is an ideal technology for this. This paper analyzes the capabilities of a native XML database solution via the development of a "proof of concept" and describes implementation requirements, strategy, and advantages and disadvantages of this solution.
Creative Destruction: A Six-Stage Process for Transforming the Organization

The article reviews the book “Creative Destruction: A Six-Stage Process for Transforming the Organization,” by Richard L. Nolan and David C. Croson.
Ultrasonic measurement of arterial blood pressure in conditioned thoroughbreds.

SUMMARY Indirect systolic and diastolic arterial pressure measurements of 456 Thoroughbred horses of various ages and sex stabled at 9 different race tracks were measured with an ultrasonic-Doppler device interfaced with a sphygmomanometer cuff. The mean systolic pressure was 111.8 ± 13.3 mmHg and the mean diastolic pressure was 69.6 ± 13.8 mmHg in this population. RESUME La mesure des pressions arterielles systoliques et diastoliques a ete realisee sur 456 chevaux de Pur Sang, d'âge et de sexe differents, stationnes sur 9 differents champs de course en utilisant un systeme ultrasonique-Doppler en connection avec un sphygmomanometre. Pour cette population la pression systolique moyenne fut de 111.8 ± 13.3 mmHg et la pression diastolique moyenne fut de 69.6 ± 13.8 mmHg. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Bei 456 Vollblutern verschiedenen Alters und Geschlechts wurden die systolischen und diastolischen arteriellen Drucke indirekt gemessen. Die Pferde befanden sich auf 9 verschiedenen Rennbahnen; die Messungen erfolgten mit einem Ultraschall-Doppler-Apparat uber eine Sphygmomanometer-Manschette. Der mittlere systolische Druck betrug in dieser Population 111.8 ± 13.3 mmHg und der mittlere diastolische Druck 69.6 ± 13.8 mmHg.
Family-of-Origin, Differentiation of Self and Partner, and Adult Romantic Relationship Quality

Bowen's family systems theory posits the importance of differentiation of self for functioning in adult romantic/marital relationships. His theory suggests that adults enter into marriages and marriage-like relationships with a basic level of differentiation of self developed largely in the parental home and this level of differentiation affects relationship quality. However, there has been limited research on these propositions. Therefore, we examine these ideas by hypothesizing that (a) a complex relationship exists between family-of-origin variables as they influence adult romantic relationship quality, (b) differentiation from negative family-of-origin processes is one means whereby the past carries forward into the present, (c) there is a actor-partner effect of differentiation of self on each partner's relationship quality, and (d) that gender differences are expected. We tested an SEM model with data from the RELATionship Evaluation (RELATE) (N = 1,839 couples). Results support the hypotheses and s...
On Characterizations of Rigid Graphs in the Plane Using Spanning Trees: On Characterizations of Rigid Graphs in the Plane

We study characterizations of generic rigid graphs and generic circuits in the plane using only few decompositions into spanning trees. Generic rigid graphs in the plane can be characterized by spanning tree decompositions [5,6]. A graph G with n vertices and 2n − 3 edges is generic rigid in the plane if and only if doubling any edge results in a graph which is the union of two spanning trees. This requires 2n − 3 decompositions into spanning trees. We show that n − 2 decompositions suffice: only edges of G − T can be doubled where T is a spanning tree of G. A recent result on tensegrity frameworks by Recski [7] implies a characterization of generic circuits in the plane. A graph G with n vertices and 2n − 2 edges is a generic circuit in the plane if and only if replacing any edge of G by any (possibly new) edge results in a graph which is the union of two spanning trees. This requires $$(2n-2)({n\choose 2} - 1)+1$$decompositions into spanning trees. We show that 2n − 2 decompositions suffice. Let $$e_1,e_2,\ldots,e_{2n-2}$$be any circular order of edges of G (i.e. $$e_0 = e_{2n-2}$$). The graph G is a generic circuit in the plane if and only if $$G + e_i - e_{i-1}$$is the union of two spanning trees for any $$i = 1,2, \ldots, 2n-2$$. Furthermore, we show that only n decompositions into spanning trees suffice.
Effects of Die Geometry on the Flow Field of the Melt-Blowing Process

Sharp dies are often used commercially to produce polymeric fibers in the melt-blowing process. In these sharp dies, the flow field results from two similar converging plane jet nozzles with no space between the nozzles. This study utilizes a computational fluid dynamics approach that is validated through experimental data to investigate the effect of recess or excess (inset or outset) of the die nose on the flow field. The Reynolds Stress Model is used to simulate the turbulence, and the model parameters are calibrated with experimental data. The flow field downstream from the sharp die is found to exhibit (a) a merging region, which includes a maximum in turbulence intensity, and (b) a self-similar region. The behavior of alternative die designs is correlated to the die configuration. The more that the nose piece is recessed, the larger is the mean velocity under the die, but at the same time the turbulence becomes stronger.
Universal high-temperature saturation in phonon and electron transport

High-temperature electrical conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of metals and thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ of insulators exhibit very similar saturation effects when the mean free path $l$ approaches the lattice constant $a$. Band-mixing effects are shown to be an important factor in this regime. We predict that TlBr and TlCl should exhibit saturation effects in $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, similar to those seen in CuCl.
Perestroika and the Third World

The official Soviet view of the world economic order has in recent years undergone a tremendous shift, a shift from that of two mutually exclusive world markets - one "socialist," the other capitalist - to that of world economic integration and interdependence. Accordingly, its view of Third World development, the so-called non-capitalist path of development, has likewise changed drastically: a change from that of extensive nationalizations, import-substitution, regional cooperation and exclusive ties with the Soviet Bloc countries to that of tripartite (East-West-South) industrial cooperation and comparative advantages of international division of labor. This study is an attempt to critically explore the relationship between these two global turnabouts: the signal change of the official Soviet view of the world economic order and of the East-West relations, on the one hand, and its view of the development path of the developing countries, on the other.
Negative affinity 3–5 photocathodes: Their physics and technology

Negative electron affinity (NEA) photocathodes are defined by the relationship between the potential barrier at the surface and the bottom of the conduction band in the bulk of the material. If the bottom of the conduction band liesabove the potential barrier at the surface, the device is said to have a negative electron affinity. In practice this condition is obtained by heavyp-doping of the semiconductor (to encourage downward band bending at the surface) and by adding a thin film (several atomic layers) of cesium richcesium oxide on the clean semiconductor surface. The physics, development, fabrication, and applications of the NEA cathode are reviewed.
Observation of low-energy Z oscillations in total electron-capture cross sections for bare projectiles colliding with H and H2.

An oscillatory charge dependence of total electron-capture cross sections has been observed for fully stripped projectiles having charge $6l~Zl~10$ incident on H and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ at collision energies below 3.0 keV/amu. The oscillations are attributed to the discreteness of the projectile final-state spectrum and the strong selectivity of the capture process at a given energy. Relative maxima in the cross sections occur for odd projectile charge in the case of H, and for even projectile charge in the case of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ target. This shift is explained in terms of a Landau-Zener curve-crossing picture of the electron-transfer collision.
Prophylactic Lead Extraction at Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Generator Change

Background— Current implantable cardiac devices have a finite battery life of ≈3 to 7 years for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. It is current practice to reuse all properly functioning intravascular leads. We tested the hypothesis that a strategy of prophylactic lead removal at the time of device change would be superior under some conditions to the current practice of lead reuse. Methods and Results— Using currently available data and a Monte Carlo microsimulation trial, we calculated the risks of leaving an indwelling lead until extraction is indicated because of malfunction versus an aggressive management strategy of prophylactic serial extraction at time of generator change. With a serial lead exchange strategy of leads at generator change, there is reduced overall extraction-related mortality because of fewer late complications attributable to extraction of leads with high dwell time because of infection, recall, or subsequent lead failure. This finding is limited to young patients or those with high expected indwell time of lead. This trend reverses for leads with <40 years expected dwell time. Sensitivity analysis shows high dependence on extraction performance and device longevity. In all cases, serial extraction would be expected to lead to increased adverse events related to the more complex procedure. Conclusions— A strategy of serial lead extraction, given best available current parameters, yields a lower procedural mortality risk in the long-term management of indwelling implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads in young patients (>40-year estimated dwell time) driven by high aggregate anticipated risk of lifetime lead complication.
Synthesis of SiO2 and SnO2 particles in diffusion flame reactors

Silica and stannic (tin) oxide powders were synthesized by oxidation of their respective chlorides in single and double (inverse) diffusion flame reactors. The effect of reactant gas mixing on the characteristics of these powders (size and morphology) was investigated by altering the position of the fuel (CH 4 ) and oxidant (air or O 2 ) streams in the burner. Reactant gas mixing plays a key role in controlling particle size since it affects the temperature history, residence time, and initial particle concentration in the flame, thus, yielding a simple technique for particle-size control over a wide size range in flame reactors. The different material properties (such as sintering) of silica and stannic oxide result in particles of different size and morphology, although they were made at nearly identical flame conditions. Moreover the oxidant composition affects significantly the properties of silica particles.
Intestinal Dysbiosis and Depletion of Butyrogenic Bacteria in Clostridium difficile Infection and Nosocomial Diarrhea

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes nearly half a million cases of diarrhea and colitis in the United States each year. Although the importance of the gut microbiota in C. difficile pathogenesis is well recognized, components of the human gut flora critical for colonization resistance are not known. Culture-independent high-density Roche 454 pyrosequencing was used to survey the distal gut microbiota for 39 individuals with CDI, 36 subjects with C. difficile-negative nosocomial diarrhea (CDN), and 40 healthy control subjects. A total of 526,071 partial 16S rRNA sequence reads of the V1 to V3 regions were aligned with 16S databases, identifying 3,531 bacterial phylotypes from 115 fecal samples. Genomic analysis revealed significant alterations of organism lineages in both the CDI and CDN groups, which were accompanied by marked decreases in microbial diversity and species richness driven primarily by a paucity of phylotypes within the Firmicutes phylum. Normally abundant gut commensal organisms, including the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families and butyrate-producing C2 to C4 anaerobic fermenters, were significantly depleted in the CDI and CDN groups. These data demonstrate associations between the depletion of Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and butyrogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota and nosocomial diarrhea, including C. difficile infection. Mechanistic studies focusing on the functional roles of these organisms in diarrheal diseases and resistance against C. difficile colonization are warranted.
Applied Epistemology and Professional Training in a Science-Based Cultural Enterprise

Receptiveness toward evidence-based practice such as proposed by Chwalisz (2003 [this issue])is a function of how one defines the discipline and how one views counseling and psychotherapy. By acknowledging the dual nature of therapeutic psychology as a science-based cultural enterprise, one may be able to overcome schisms in the field and related resistance to the role of research in practice. This view calls for a broader definition of evidence and the criteria and processes involved in its evaluation. This article suggests that scientist-practitioner training and evidence-based practice can be strengthened by more attention to the applied epistemology of research and practice. Implications of this perspective for the professional culture and professional discourse and socialization are discussed.
Solubility of carbon dioxide in cellulose acetate at elevated pressures

The solubility of carbon dioxide in symmetric (dense) cellulose 2.4-acetate has been measured at temperatures from 0 to 70°C and pressures up to 45 atm. The polymer samples were prepared by slowly drying asymmetric reverse osmosis membranes. The solubility isotherms can be described satisfactorily up to 60°C by the “dual-sorption” model for glassy polymers. The model cannot represent the experimental data above 60°C, possibly because of a second-order transition in the polymer between 60 and 70°C. An analysis of the dual-sorption parameters and of the heats of solution and “hole filling” suggests that the polymer samples contained a relatively large volume of microcavities. Gas solution appears to occur predominantly in microcavities, a large fraction of the penetrant moleculers being immobilized or partially immobilized. The solubilities obtained in this work are compared with similar data computed from time-lag measurements of other investigators, and the validity of the dual-sorption model is examined for the present case.
Mesoporous TiO2–B microflowers composed of (1 1̄ 0) facet-exposed nanosheets for fast reversible lithium-ion storage

A new method was developed to synthesize nanosheet-assembled TiO2–B microflowers for Li-ion batteries. Significantly higher electrochemical performance of these microflowers compared to other TiO2–B nanostructures was attributed to their hierarchical microstructure and exposed (1 0) facets of the individual nanosheets.
Common Coding of Observation and Execution of Action in 9-Month-Old Infants

Do 9-month-old infants motorically simulate actions they perceive others perform? Two experiments tested whether action observation, like overt reaching, is sufficient to elicit the Piagetian A-not-B error. Infants recovered a toy hidden at location A or observed an experimenter recover the toy. After the toy was hidden at location B, infants in both conditions perseverated in reaching to A, demonstrating that active search by the infant is not necessary for the A-not-B error. Consistent with prior research, infants displayed an ipsilateral bias when reaching, the so-called mysterious midline barrier. A similar ipsilateral bias was also observed depending on the manner in which the experimenter reached; infants perseverated following observation of ipsi- but not contralateral reaches by the experimenter. Thus, infants perseverated only following observation of actions they themselves were able to perform, suggesting that they coded others' actions in terms of motor simulation.
Understanding the Effects of Faith: A Comparison of Religious and Secular HIV Prevention NGOS in Kenya

Religious non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are active in development efforts, yet the role faith plays in these organizations—and its effects on programs—remains unclear. Drawing on evidence from a study of Kenyan NGOs, I find that faith rarely emerges in the programs of Christian religious NGOs. I argue that both secular and religious NGOs are constrained by donor restrictions and a need for legitimacy that simultaneously remove religious elements from religious NGOs and promote minimal religious practices within secular organizations. The second half of the article discusses the nuanced ways in which faith does manifest within the organizational characteristics and practices of NGOs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative assessment of breast dense tissue on mammograms

This paper presents a method to automatically segment dense tissue from mammography images. The method uses unsupervised learning and multiple Levels of Detail (LoD) to adapt itself to various image characteristics and generate robust segmentation result, which can potentially be of great help in surveillance breast health and detecting breast cancer at early stage. Multiple LoD used in the method include 1. Initial entropy maximum based thresholding (low LoD); 2. FCM based “soft-threshold” estimation (mid LoD); 3 Pixel-wise dense tissue feature evaluation (high LodD). The performance validation, based on 220 cases from 6 different mammographic data sets, shows a strong correlation between computer and clinical BI-RADS ratings.
Optical fiber measurements of particle concentration in dense suspensions : calibration and simulation

A fiber-optic sensor that measures the particle volume fraction in dense suspensions is calibrated against a quantitative capacitance probe. For homogeneous, dense, random suspensions of smooth, monodisperse, transparent dielectric spheres, the calibration is simulated by using a ray-tracing Monte Carlo algorithm that predicts systematic uncertainties of the sensor's output, the extent of its measurement volume, and the effects of changing its optical properties. The simulation shows that the output and accuracy of the sensor increase with a decreasing sphere diameter and with an increasing N.A. of the fiber. The output also increases when the ratio of the indices of refraction of the sphere and the suspending medium is increased. For small particles the measurement volume scales as the average interparticle distance.
CHLOROPHYLL PHOTOSENSITIZED ELECTRON TRANSFER IN PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER VESICLE SYSTEMS: SECONDARY OXIDATION OF REDUCED VIOLOGEN ACCEPTORS BY Ru(NH3)63+

— The kinetics of the oxidation of a homologous series of 4,4′-di(n-alkyl)-bipyridinium (viologen) radicals by Ru(NH3)63+ in vesicle suspensions was studied using laser flash photolysis. The viologen radicals were produced photochemically in the bilayer membrane phase of the vesicles by electron transfer from the triplet state of chlorophyll-α. At high concentrations of Ru(NH3)63+, the rate of oxidation of the viologen radicals in the aqueous phase was limited by the rate at which the radicals diffused from the membrane to the aqueous phase. The exit rate constant decreased from 2 × 105 s−1 for the methyl viologen radical to 4 × 103 s−1 for the pentyl viologen radical. Both the exit rate constants and the calculated values for the equilibrium association constants of the viologen radicals were unexpectedly insensitive to the length of their alkyl substituents. This, as well as other data, suggests that the radicals that diffused into the aqueous phase tended to remain associated with the membrane-water interface.
Protection of Bone Mass by Estrogens and Raloxifene during Exercise-Induced Weight Loss

The aim of this study was to determine whether estrogen and/or raloxifene help to conserve bone mineral density (BMD) during moderate weight loss. Postmenopausal women (n = 68) participated in a 6-month weight loss program that consisted primarily of supervised exercise training. Another 26 women were studied over 6 months of weight stability. All participants were randomized to three treatment arms: placebo, raloxifene (60 mg/d), or hormone therapy (HT; conjugated estrogens, 0.625 mg/d; trimonthly medroxyprogesterone acetate, 5 mg/d for 13 d, for women with a uterus). Changes in body weight (mean ± se) averaged 0.8 ± 0.5 kg in the weight-stable group and −4.1 ± 0.4 kg in the weight loss group. Across all measured skeletal sites, average changes in BMD in weight stable women were −0.6 ± 1.1% (n = 7), 0.9 ± 0.6% (n = 9), and 3.0 ± 0.7% (n = 10) in the placebo, raloxifene, and HT groups, respectively; comparable BMD changes in the weight loss groups were −1.5 ± 0.5% (n = 22), −0.5 ± 0.5% (n = 23), and 1.1 ±...
Pacemaker pseudodysfunction with a coronary sinus pacemaker

Abstract A permanent transvenous coronary sinus pacemaker functioned effectively for 22 months both as an atrial and ventricular pacemaker. Slow atrial flutter resulted in failure of the pacemaker to capture the myocardium and thus incorrectly suggested pacemaker dysfunction. Transtelephonic evaluation of this phenomenon was particularly difficult and could have resulted in unnecessary replacement of the pacing unit
Photoelectrochemical etching of epitaxial InGaN thin films: Self-limited kinetics and nanostructuring

We report here the characteristics of photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching of epitaxial InGaN semiconductor thin films using a narrowband laser with a linewidth less than ∼1 nm. In the initial stages of PEC etching, when the thin film is flat, characteristic voltammogram shapes are observed. At low photo-excitation rates, voltammograms are S-shaped, indicating the onset of a voltage-independent rate-limiting process associated with electron-hole-pair creation and/or annihilation. At high photo-excitation rates, voltammograms are superlinear in shape, indicating, for the voltage ranges studied here, a voltage-dependent rate-limiting process associated with surface electrochemical oxidation. As PEC etching proceeds, the thin film becomes rough at the nanoscale, and ultimately the self-limiting etch kinetics lead to an ensemble of nanoparticles. This change in InGaN film volume and morphology leads to a characteristic dependence of PEC etch rate on time: an incubation time, followed by a rise, then a peak, then a slow decay.
A novel adaptive algorithm for rotor-flux and slip estimation of sensorless field-oriented induction machine drives

A novel adaptive algorithm is presented for the rotor-flux and slip estimation of sensorless field-oriented induction machine drives. A Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) based scheme is employed to achieve parameter adaption and accurate estimation. The reference model of MRAS is designed to be insensitive to machine parameters. By utilizing the proposed scheme, the effect of the critical parameter variation on estimation in FOC can be removed. The validity of the adaptive observer has been verified by the initial research results.
Relative effects of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade, converting enzyme inhibitor therapy, and angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor blockade on ventricular remodeling in the dog.

BACKGROUNDProgressive ventricular remodeling after myocardial damage is associated with a poor prognosis. Optimal prevention of the histopathological processes involved in remodeling requires a more complete understanding of the mechanisms involved in initiating and maintaining these structural changes. Since the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system may be involved in the remodeling process, the structural effects of pharmacological inhibitors have been evaluated in a canine model of localized myocardial injury resulting from transmyocardial DC shock.METHODS AND RESULTSThe study is comprised of two protocols run in series. In protocol 1, zofenopril (Z), a converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI), prevented the increase in left ventricular mass (LVM) and end-diastolic volume (LVV) observed in the control group (C) at 16 weeks (Z: LVM, 69.8 +/- 3.4 to 65.4 +/- 2.6 g, P = NS; LVV, 45.4 +/- 2.7 to 51.6 +/- 2.7 mL, P = NS; C: LVM, 68.4 +/- 3.2 to 91.4 +/- 2.9 g, P = .0001; LVV, 56.6 +/- 3.0 to ...
Chromium(III) Azidoaquo Complexes with a Tridentate, Bidentate, or Unidentate Triethylenetetraamine Ligand

Abstract The new complexes 1, 2, 3- and 1, 2, 6-Cr(trienH)(OH2)2N3 3+, Cr(trienH2)(OH2)3N3 4+ and Cr(trienH3)(OH2N3 5+, all of which have a protonated “partially unwrapped” triethylenetetraamine ligand, have been synthesized, isolated in aqueous solution, and characterized. Their d-d absorption maxima and minima are reported
A New Recovery Escalation Algorithm with Load Balancing and Backup Resources Sharing in Path Protected WDM Optical Networks

This paper proposes a new survivable algorithm, enhanced shared-path protection (ESPP), to tolerate multi-link failures in WDM optical networks. In ESPP, we consider the load balancing to reduce the blocking probability, use resources sharing to save backup resources, and perform recovery escalation to carry the affected traffic. Compared with the conventional algorithm, ESPP has better resource utilization ratio, lower blocking probability and higher protection ability. Simulation results are shown to be promising.
Effects of leadership consideration and structure on employee perceptions of justice and counterproductive work behavior

Summary In this paper, we examine the effects of leadership consideration and structure on two important organizational behavior outcomes: employee perceptions of organizational justice and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). We examine these effects across two studies using multisource data (employees and supervisors in Study 1; employees and coworkers in Study 2). Results reveal that consideration and structure have distinct effects across distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal dimensions of justice. Moreover, results suggest that consideration and structure have multiplicative effects on employee CWB. We find the highest levels of CWB among employees of supervisors who exhibit high structure and low consideration. Interestingly, results also suggest that the effects of structure on CWB may be curvilinear (u-shaped) such that moderate levels of structure are associated with the lowest levels of CWB. We discuss implications for future consideration and structure research as well as managerial practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4-Vinylphenol-Induced Pneumotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Mice

4-Vinylphenol (4-hydroxystyrene , 4-ethenylphenol , 4-VP) occurs naturally in some foods and has been used as a flavoring agent in food products. It is used synthetically in the production of polym...
Odd/Even bus invert with two-phase transfer for buses with coupling

The coupling capacitances between on-chip bus lines become dominant in deep-submicron technologies. Coding to reduce the switching activity of the individual lines was enough to reduce power on buses in older technologies, but new coding techniques that reduce the coupling activity between lines are needed for deep-submicron buses. One such coding technique uses the simple observation that coupling capacitances are always charged and discharged by activity on neighboring bus lines, where one line has an odd number and the other has an even number (if bus lines are numbered "in-order"). We thus propose to reduce the coupling activity by independently controlling the odd and even bus lines with two separate lines, the Odd Invert, and Even Invert line, respectively. We obtain significant reductions in power simply by comparing the coupling activity for the four possible cases of the Odd and Even Invert lines (00, 01, 10, 11), and then choosing the value with the smallest coupling activity to transmit on the bus. Even after encoding, the coupling activity for a pair of bus lines is still strongly dependent on the data. In particular the toggling sequences 01/spl rarr/10 and 10/spl rarr/01 result in 4 times more coupling energy dissipation than other coupling events. We thus propose a targeted Two-Phase transfer in order to reduce total power only on the pairs of lines that carry such toggling events.
Determination of amprolium, carbadox, monensin, and tylosin in surface water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Antibiotics present in the environment are recently considered as emerging contaminants, and have raised increasing concerns about their potential risks to ecosystems and human health. In addition to the utilization for treatment, antibiotics are also routinely added as supplements in livestock feed to promote animal growth. A portion of the administered dose used for these purposes can be excreted into animal manure, and land application of the animal manure as plant fertilizers enhances the dissemination of antibiotics in the environment. It is a common practice to simultaneously administer multiple classes of antibiotics to livestock in an animal production farm. This study attempts to develop a protocol to determine four commonly used veterinary pharmaceuticals, amprolium, carbadox, monensin, and tylosin, in surface runoff from a livestock farm. A single-cartridge solid-phase extraction procedure was developed to simultaneously extract these veterinary antibiotics from surface water which were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 89 to 113%, and the limits of quantitation were 8, 25, 1, and 35 ng/L for amprolium, carbodox, monensin, and tylosin, respectively. In the surface runoff from a livestock farm, amprolium was most frequently detected with the concentration range of 10–288 ng/L. Monensin was frequently detected with concentrations up to 37 ng/L. Tylosin was detected in two out of eleven samples, and carbadox was not detected in the surface runoff. The results indicate that the developed analytical method can be utilized to determine multiple classes of veterinary antibiotics present in surface runoff originating from animal farms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Digital Person and the Future of Privacy

This chapter, based on Professor Solove’s book, The Digital Person: Technology and Privacy in the Information Age (NYU Press 2004), explores the social, political, and legal implications of the collection and use of personal information in computer databases. In the Information Age, our lives are documented in digital dossiers maintained by a multitude of businesses and government agencies. These dossiers are composed of bits of our personal information, which when assembled together begin to paint a portrait of our personalities. The dossiers are increasingly used to make decisions about our lives — whether we get a loan, a mortgage, a license, or a job; whether we are investigated or arrested; and whether we are permitted to fly on an airplane. In this chapter, Solove explores the implications of these developments and sets forth a new understanding of privacy, one that is appropriate for the challenges of the Information Age.