cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved radar interpretations of water table depths and groundwater flow patterns with predictive equations

Recent interest in soils and hydrologic modeling has increased the need for information concerning the depth and movement of ground water. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used eight times over a two-year period to chart water table depths and ground-water flow patterns within a 32-ha forested site in northwestern Indiana, USA. Radar imagery was correlated with depths to the water table in 16 observation wells. The velocity of propagation ranged from 0.0508 m/ns to 0.1606 m/ns at these wells. Propagation velocities were generally slower during the spring and early summer months when depths to the water table were relatively shallow. Propagation velocities were faster through dunes than through the more poorly drained interdunes. Because of the spatiotemporal variability in propagation velocities and the known complexity of soil and landform patterns, a predictive equation based on water table depths and two-way travel times was developed for each GPR survey. In this setting, the use of a predictive equation based on multiple GPR measurements over a known reflector substantially improved the accuracy of radar depth interpretations over single or averaged measurements.
Quantitative Fidelity Criterion For Image Processing Applications

A psychometrically derived, mean square weighted error criterion is defined that mathematically quantifies the difference between an original gray scale image and some reconstructed version of it. The criterion is mathematically tractable in the same sense as the usual mean square error criterion, but it also, (1) accounts analytically for known differences in human spatial frequency contrast sensitivities over six decades of changing luminance, (2) relates to an alternative explanation of certain visual phenomena (such as brightness constancy and the Weber-Fechner law), (3) leads to a relationship between spatial frequency contrast thresholds in human vision and what rate distortion theory tells us about optimal coding for Gaussian channels, and (4) contributes to providing a means of assessing human performance at tasks that involve imagery. Results of an experiment to relate the new fidelity criterion to the prediction of human performance at a target recognition task are presented. Two signal-to-noise ratios and two luminance levels were tested, and a prediction of the effects of those changes was compared to the measured effects. Note that the mean square criterion predicts no change for changing luminance, but changes occur. The new fidelity criterion predicts the direction human performance took as changes were made, but people did worse than predicted.
Distribution of Nω-nitro-l-arginine following topical and intracerebroventricular administration in the rat

The distribution of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), in the rat brain following either topical or intracerebroventricular application was examined using 14C-labeled L-NA. Two hours after topical application, the concentration of L-NA 1 mm below the surface was approximately 20% of the concentration at the surface, and less than 3% at 2 mm below the cortical surface. L-NA infused into the lateral cerebral ventricle distributes only in regions in close proximity to the ventricle even 8 h after administration. Consequently, intracerebroventricular administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors may not be useful if global inhibition of nitric oxide synthase is desired.
The problem of lambda-particle binding in nuclear matter

Abstract Extensive variational calculations of the binding energy of a Λ particle to nuclear matter are performed in the framework of the Jastrow method, assuming velocity-independent two-body potentials. All cluster contributions of zeroth and first order in the cluster expansion of the expected Λ binding energy B Λ are evaluated. (The total zeroth-order contribution is the sum of all two-body terms; the total first-order contribution, the sum of all three-body terms plus special four-body terms.) Truncated versions of B Λ which include first-order contributions are maximized with respect to parameters in the nucleon-Λ correlation factor. The resulting cluster convergence appears very satisfactory in all cases. For the most refined spin-dependent effective central nucleon-Λ potentials (fitting the data on s-shell hypernuclei and Λ-p scattering) the theoretical lower limits obtained exceed empirically determined upper limits on the Λ binding energy by about a factor two.
Immunochemical and immunofluorescence studies of the glial fibrillary acidic protein in vertebrates

Abstract Phosphate buffer extracts (pH 8.0) of the brain and the spinal cord of various vertebrates, mammalian and submammalian, cross-reacted with antihuman glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein serum by Ouchterlony double diffusion. Mammalian brain extracts, as previously reported, gave an immunodiffusion pattern of complete identity with human GFA protein. In submammalian vertebrates (shark, goldfish, turtle and chicken) strong spurs were observed at the junction with human GFA protein, suggesting incomplete identity. GFA protein from mammalian and submammalian vertebrates had the same extraction properties, immunoelectrophoretic mobility and molecular weight as human GFA protein. By immunofluorescence with antihuman GFA protein, serum astrocytes were selectively stained in cryostat sections of the brain and the spinal cord in all vertebrates studied, mammalian and submammalian, with the exception of the lamprey. No immunofluorescence was observed in invertebrate ganglia. Some antomical observations on the astrocytic framework of various vertebrates, as observed with immunofluorescence, are reported.
The image object content architecture

Technical advances to image processing and the availability of the resulting technologies at reasonable cost have helped to promote the use of images in office, engineering, and scientific environments. As evidence of this use, a wide variety of applications and products designed for image processing have been introduced into the market in recent years. In order to encompass different applications and products in a single image processing system and to allow image data to be exchanged and interpreted consistently throughout the system, IBM has introduced the Image Object Content Architecture (IOCA). This paper discusses requirements for the architecture, concepts of the architecture, use of the architecture in the different data stream environments used by image processing systems, and the IOCA function sets that have been defined for interchange within Systems Application Architecture™ environments.
A method for evaluation of acidic sulfate and nitrate in precipitation

A simple method is presented and used to estimate the portions of SO inf4 sup2− and NO inf− sup3 that contribute to the strong acidity in weekly precipitation samples collected at three NADP sites in the eastern United States. The method assumes that, in general, the difference between SO inf4 sup2− and NH inf+ sup4 represents acidic sulfate and the difference between NO inf− sup3 and soil-derived materials (the sum of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+) represents acidic nitrate. Acidic sulfate and nitrate are considered to be the predominant source of H+ (determined from laboratory pH) in the weekly precipitation samples. Most of the acidity for all three sites was attributed to acidic sulfate. The highest fraction of acidic SO inf4 sup2− to H+ wet deposition values was for the east-central Tennessee site (0.95) and the northeastern Illinois site (0.90), and the lowest fraction occurred at the central Pennsylvania site (0.75). The Tennessee site had the greatest acidic fraction of sulfate (0.84) and the Pennsylvania site had the greatest acidic fraction of nitrate (0.59).
A Spectrographic Study of Ultra-Violet Fluorescence Excited by X-rays

Fluorescent spectra excited by x-rays.---(1) Ultra-violet. In order to photograph the spectrum, the specimen being studied was placed in front of the slit of a Fuess single-prism quartz spectrograph and was exposed to x-rays from a Coolidge tube with the target about 12 cm off. With the tube operating at.002 amp. and 50 kv and a slit width of.15 mm, exposures up to 15 hours were made. Over one hundred substances were tested. Fourteen double salts of uranium, 23 oxides, 50 other compounds and also anthracene, chrysoidine, eosin and fluorescine gave no ultra-violet fluorescence, though some show brilliant bands in the visible; but positive results were obtained with the chlorides of $\mathrm{Cd}$, $\mathrm{Cs}$, $\mathrm{Li}$, $K$, $\mathrm{Na}$, and $\mathrm{Rb}$, and also with $\mathrm{KBr}$, $\mathrm{KI}$, $\mathrm{Ba}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$, $\mathrm{Ra}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{WO}}_{4}$. NaCl gave a strong band with maximum at 2470A and CsCl gave a band extending from 5720 to 2340A with three maxima. Several willemite screens, some x-ray intensifying screens and one fluoroscopic screen also showed ultraviolet fluorescence. The intensity of fluorescent response decreased for successive exposures. (2) Visible fluorescence. One or more bands in the visible were emitted by all the salts showing ultra-violet fluorescence, except barium and radium sulfates, and also by ZnO, CdI, ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ and HgCl and, of course, by the uranyl salts.Changes of color of chlorides due to x-rays.---RbCl was observed to turn dark blue, NaCl buff, KCl and LiCl pink, and CsCl blue. The original white color was restored by exposure to sunlight, but did not return in the dark. This change may be due to a reduction to the metal and Cl, which is then occluded. The salts had been carefully purified.Photo-electric photometer for measuring distribution of density in a spectrogram is described. A Kunz cell was used.
Transport of Acyclovir Ester Prodrugs Through Rabbit Cornea and SIRC‐Rabbit Corneal Epithelial Cell Line

The purpose of this study is to assess the permeability of acyclovir (ACV) prodrugs through the rabbit corneal cell line (SIRC) as well as the cornea, and characterize the SIRC cell line for transport and metabolism studies of ester prodrugs. Prodrug derivatization of an acycloguanosine antiviral agent, acyclovir, was employed to improve its permeability across the cornea. New Zealand albino rabbits were used as an animal model for corneal studies. The SIRC cell line grown on polyester membranes was used for transport of these prodrugs. SIRC cells grown on the membrane support for 10 days developed four to six layers of epithelial cells, and this is comparable to the normal rabbit corneal epithelial layer. Transport experiments were conducted across the rabbit cornea and confluent SIRC cells using side-by-side diffusion-cell apparatus. Enzymatic hydrolysis of these compounds was evaluated in SIRC cell lysates. Appropriate reversed phase HPLC method(s) were employed for quantitation of both the prodrug and ACV simultaneously. Corneal permeabilities of some of these prodrugs (Malonyl ACV and Acetyl ACV) were higher relative to ACV. The SIRC cell line permeability values of all the prodrugs were higher compared to that of the intact cornea. The total amount of ACV-prodrugs transported, i.e., unhydrolyzed prodrugs and regenerated ACV, across the SIRC cell line was more relative to ACV. Hydrolytic studies in the SIRC cell line homogenate demonstrated the bioreversion potential of the prodrugs and the presence of enzymes, particularly the cholinesterase in the SIRC cell line. It may be concluded that the SIRC cell line is leakier compared to the cornea. Keeping in mind the limitations, the SIRC cell line after further characterization may be used for transport and metabolism studies of ester prodrugs.
Effects of Rathke's pouch mesenchymal cells on growth hormone and prolactin release from pituitary clonal cells.

Summary2E6 clonal cells were cultured with (a) mesenchymal cells derived from Rathke's pouch and the surrounding tissue from fetal rats of 11–13 days gestation, (b) skin fibroblast cells derived from loose connective tissue under the skin of 1- to 5-day postnatal rats, (c) conditioned medium taken from a culture of these Rathke's mesenchymal cells and diluted to 10%, 20%, and 30% with growth medium, and (d) conditioned medium taken from a culture of skin fibroblast cells and diluted to 10%, 20%, and 30% with growth medium. Radioimmunoassay of the media from these cultures revealed an increase in both GH and PRL secretion in the cultures containing 2E6 cells and Rathke's mesenchymal cells and 2E6 cells grown in conditioned media from the Rathke's mesenchymal cells. However, the cultures of 2E6 and skin fibroblasts or its conditioned media showed no increase in hormonal secretion. Rathke's pouch and surrounding mesenchymal cells and its conditioned media stimulated cell proliferation in the 2E6 clonal cells...
Loss of adhesion at the tip of an interface crack

A model is constructed to analyze adhesive bond failure at the tip of an interface crack. The model is based on the assumption that there are zones of bounded cohesive tensile and shear stresses near a crack tip. Within the context of certain broad a-priori assumptions on the distributions of certain stress and displacement components in the cohesive zones, the requirement thatall stresses in the two materials remain bounded provides a method to compute the specific details for these zones. It is assumed that bond failure occurs when the extension of the bond fiber at the crack tip exceeds a critical value. For an interface crack in a uniform tension field computations for two alternate formulations suggest that this failure criterion is independent of the precise distribution of the cohesive stresses, but rather depends only upon their averaged values. Combined loading with a dominant tensile component has also been analyzed. If the critical extension of bond fibers and the maximum value of the cohesive tensile stress are known, the model provides the maximum allowable interface stresses for given crack dimension and material parameters.
Identification of potent, selective, CNS-targeted inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor

The optimization for selectivity and central receptor occupancy for a series of spirocyclic azetidine-piperidine inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor is described. Decreased mAChR muscarinic M2 binding was achieved by use of a chiral indane in place of a substituted benzylic group. Compounds with desirable balance of human in vitro clearance and ex vivo central receptor occupancy were discovered by incorporation of heterocycles. Specifically, heteroaryl rings with nitrogen(s) vicinal to the indane linkage provided the most attractive overall properties.
The utilization of native glioma antigens in the assessment of cellular and humoral immune responses in malignant glioma patients.

Cellular and humoral components of the immune response have been studied preoperatively, concurrently, and serially in patients with malignant glial neoplasms.
Cardiac rupture, a clinically predictable complication of acute myocardial infarction: Report of 70 cases with clinicopathologic correlation

Abstract Objectives . To test the hypothesis that certain clinical events may precede free wall myocardial rupture and allow its prediction, we conducted a retrospective and prospective study of 70 patients with rupture. Background . Rupture of the left ventricular free wall develops in approximately 10% of patients with fatal acute transmural myocardial infarction. Clinically, its occurrence has been considered precipitous and unexpected. Pathologically, however, rupture appears to be a stuttering, progressive process characterized in many instances by an infiltrating intramural hemorrhage and a thrombus within the tear of ≥1 day's duration. Methods . The clinical course and evolutionary electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in 70 consecutive patients with rupture and 100 comprison patients with acute myocardial infarction but without rupture were reviewed to ascertain whether certain clinical symptoms, signs and ECG alterations occur in patients prone to develop rupture, allowing its anticipation, In addition, a correlation was established between the site of infarction indicated by the ECG and the site of rupture determined at autopsy or surgery, Results . Patients with rupture had a significantly greater incidence of pericarditis, repetitive emesis and restlessness and agitation than did patients without rupture. More than 80% of patients with rupture had two or more symptoms compared with 3% of patients without rupture (p Conclusions . Rupture is often preceded by particular symptoms, signs—namely, one or more episodes of abrupt, transient hypotension and bradycardia and unexpected alterations of the T waves, especially directional changes of the latter. Patients displaying these symptoms, signs and ECG changes require a bedside echocardiogram and echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis if fluid is visualized. If the pericardiocentesis identifies the fluid as blood, immediate surgery is indicated.
Scattering of waves in one dimension

An unitary scattering matrix corresponding to equal current carrying waves is introduced for a general one-dimensional potential V(x) for which V(∞) ∞ V(- ∞). The matrix is used to derive the optical theorem.
Growth hormone increases somatostatin release and messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the rat hypothalmus

Growth hormone (GH) suppresses its own secretion by stimulating somatostatin (SRIF) release. Thus, the possible regulation of GH-releasing factor (GRF) and SRIF release and SRIF messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) by GH was studied in the hypothalamus of male rats in vitro. The median eminences (ME's) were incubated in buffer containing 10(-7)-10(-11) M GH for 30 min. SRIF and GRF released into the medium were quantitated by RIA. The release of SRIF from ME fragments was significantly increased (P < 0.001) by 10(-9) M GH; however, 10(-9) M GH also inhibited (P < 0.01) GRF release from the ME. To determine the effect of GH on SRIF mRNA levels, periventricular nucleus (PeN) explants were cultured during 6 h in medium with 10(-7)-10(-11) M GH. Levels of SRIF mRNA (determined by an S1 nuclease protection assay) were significantly elevated in the presence of 10(-10)-10(-7) M GH. Likewise, 10(-9) M GH significantly stimulated SRIF release from PeN explants at 30 min and at 6 h. Surprisingly, 10(-9) M GH also significantly increased GRF release from the PeN explants at these times as well. This GRF was not responsible for the increased SRIF release or SRIF mRNA induced by GH since GRF antibody did not modify the GH-induced increases in SRIF release and mRNA levels. These results demonstrate a negative short-loop feedback of GH mediated at the ME by suppression of GRF and stimulation of SRIF release, whereas in the PeN GH increased both SRIF release and SRIF mRNA levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Best Two Independent Measurements Are Not the Two Best

Consider an item that belongs to one of two classes, ? = 0 or ? = 1, with equal probability. Suppose also that there are two measurement experiments E1 and E2 that can be performed, and suppose that the outcomes are independent (given ?). Let Ei? denote an independent performance of experiment Ei. Let Pe(E) denote the probability of error resulting from the performance of experiment E. Elashoff [1] gives an example of three experiments E1,E2,E3 such that Pe(E1) < Pe(E2) < Pe(E3), but Pe(E1,E3) < Pe(E1,E2). Toussaint [2] exhibits binary valued experiments satisfying Pe(E1) < Pe(E2) < Pe(E3), such that Pe(E2,E3) < Pe(E1,E3) < Pe(E1,E2). We shall give an example of binary valued experiments E1 and E2 such that Pe(E1) < Pe(E2), but Pe(E2,E2?) < Pe(E1,E2) < Pe(E1,E1?). Thus if one observation is allowed, E1 is the best experiment. If two observations are allowed, then two independent copies of the ``worst'' experiment E2 are preferred. This is true despite the conditional independence of the observations.
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system in children: an atypical series and review

Primary atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RhT) of the central nervous system is a recently described, highly malignant neoplasm in infants and young children. This tumor is an unusual combination of mixed cellular elements, similar but not typical of teratomas, and rhabdoid cells. This tumor is most common in the posterior fossa in children less than 2 years, and is radiologically similar to medulloblastoma. No pathognomonic imaging features are present. The two tumors can be separated on histologic, molecular, and cytogenetic grounds. Separation of these two tumor types is crucial because the prognosis for AT/RhT is grim even with current multimodality treatment. We present four consecutive cases of AT/RhT, three in locations other than the cerebellum, seen at our institution in a 14-month period, indicating that this tumor may be more common than previously thought.
Quantum effects in high-gain free-electron lasers

A many-particle fully quantized theory for a free-electron laser which is valid in the high-gain regime is presented. We examine quantum corrections for the high-gain single-pass free-electron laser. It is shown that quantum effects become significant when the photon energy becomes comparable to the gain bandwidth. The initiation of the free-electron laser process from quantum fluctuations in the position and momentum of the electrons is considered, and the parameter regime for enhanced start-up is identified. Photon statistics of the free-electron laser radiation are discussed, and the photon number statistics for the self-amplified spontaneous emission are calculated.
When We Became Rich

When I was in medical school during the early 1960s, there was no talk about health care costs, length of stay, or diagnosis-related groups. We lived in blissful ignorance of the entire issue of wh...
Protecting Patients with Passports: Medical Tourism and the Patient Protective-Argument

In this Article I examine “medical tourism” — the travel of patients who are residents of one country to another country for medical treatment — which is fast becoming a multi-billion dollar industry. To date, the primary U.S. medical tourists appear to have been uninsured or underinsured Americans seeking substantial cost savings by traveling to less developed countries for care. More recently, state governments, self-insured firms, Fortune 500 companies, and domestic insurers have begun attempts to get their insured populations to use medical tourism as well by requiring it or giving incentives for its use (what I call “insurer-prompted medical tourism”).There is, however, a dark side to the growth of this industry. In this Article I set out a taxonomy of concerns posed by medical tourism. Here, I focus on one particular set of problems: concerns about protecting U.S. patients who go abroad to receive treatment. The fear is both that these facilities provide poorer quality care as compared to their American counterparts and that elements of U.S. civil procedure when combined with the substantive medical malpractice law of the countries where treatment is sought will mean that medical tourists face a diminished likelihood and extent of recovery should medical injury result.After setting out these concerns, the main work of this Article is to examine how we should respond and what tools are available for intervention. While an analogy to the domestic prohibition on waiving medical-malpractice liability by contract might lead one to think U.S. governments ought to discourage medical tourism outright, I argue for a more permissive approach. Particularly for un- and underinsured medical tourists, whose counterfactual may be no access to certain non-emergency care at home, I argue that attempts to discourage medical tourism outright are normatively problematic and the practice can be distinguished from the ban on contractual waiver. While I argue for information-forcing interventions to assist this population in making decisions about medical tourism, I justify the rejection of attempts to restrict choice either directly or through what I call “channeling interventions.” Turning to the emerging phenomenon of insurer-prompted medical tourism, I describe the different shapes that these insurer initiatives can take. I then demonstrate how agency problems in both individual market and employer-sponsored health insurance in the U.S. make insurer-prompted medical tourism more of a concern. Nevertheless, I explain why outright prohibition through the use of state-level insurance mandates (as Texas has attempted) are an overreaction, and instead propose several layers of regulatory interventions, including more forms of “channeling” that can largely be accomplished by building upon the existing architecture of state health-insurance regulation. I also briefly discuss regulating through the expansion of insurer vicarious liability or altering civil-procedural doctrines.
Mastication Induced Retrobulbar Hemorrhage

Retrobulbar hemorrhage is a feared potentially sight threatening complication after orbital decompression surgery. We present a patient, 36 hours after surgery, while forcefully biting, suddenly developed a retrobulbar hemorrhage arising from the temporalis muscle causing an orbital compartment syndrome. Rapid intervention with canthotomy and cantholysis was associated with recovery of vision from absent light perception to 20/20. A mastication induced retrobulbar hemorrhage has not been previously described.
THE REAL KNOWLEDGE OF A FOREIGN COUNTRY

ART IT MAKES a very pleasant change in the course of study to turn from the more theoretical subjects, like education and administration, to something which appeals to the artistic sense of the students and ten or twelve hours may well be devoted to the study of art. This study of the art of the foreign country does not mean theoretical investigations into the principles of artistic reproduction, but is to give the students a knowledge and appreciation of a limited number of paintings, perhaps only two or three works of each of the most important artists. Emphasis should be laid on pictures which convey a strong impression of the life and landscape of the country to which they belong. Very likely students will need some training to learn how to look at pictures. There are quite a number of people who have never had any courses in art and to whom art is an entirely new revelation. Those students are in some ways much more satisfactory in class than those who have been taught in their courses in art to criticise, rather than to look at pictures. Of course, art criticism has no place in our work, however it is very interesting to hear the students give the reasons why they like one picture better than another. Describing pictures is an excellent practice in the correct use of the foreign idiom, and it is quite worth while to make the students give a regular little talk which they have to prepare carefully for the recitation. As the subject is before them and as they do not have to spend much time on collecting material they can concentrate their energy on the language and can describe in detail what they have before their eyes. Technical terms are not necessary, but it is well to begin with pictures which contain action, as it is much easier to describe action than to describe the mood of a landscape or the expression of a face. As in other subjects students need books of reference. Besides those already mentioned in the introduction it is very helpful to
The Human Cost of the SSC

The recent articles on the legacy of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) (“Physics tries to leave the tunnel,” C. Seife; “Lots of reasons, but few lessons,” J. Mervis, C. Seife; “Scientists are long gone, but bitter memories remain,” J. Mervis, News Focus, 3 Oct., pp. 36–[41][1])
Radiation From a Uniformly Moving Charge in an Anisotropic Plasma

The radiation from a point charge moving uniformly in a plasma is investigated when the charge is moving in the direction of an external magnetic field. In general there are two modes, for each of which all the components of the electric and magnetic field are present. The two parameters of interest in this problem are the ratio u/c/sub 0/ of the velocity of the charges to the free-space velocity of electromagnetic waves and the ratio R of the gyromagnetic frequency to the plasma frequency of the electrons. For two sets of values of these parameters the frequency and the angular spectrum of the emitted radiation are obtained. In certain cases, as many as three Cerenkov rays are found to propagate in the same direction; these multiple rays, however, correspond to different frequency components and to different modes of propagation. The motivation for this investigation is indicated briefly.
Interfacial Fluid Mechanics and Pressure Prediction in Chemical Mechanical Polishing

This paper reports on the measurement of fluid (water) pressure distribution at a soft (polyurethane) pad/steel interface. The distribution of the interfacial fluid pressure has been measured with a specially.-designed fixture over the typical range of normal loads and velocities used in the chemical mechanical polishing/planarization of silicon wafers. The results show that, for most cases, the leading two-thirds of the fixture exhibits a subambient pressure, and the trailing third a positive pressure. The average pressure is sub-ambient and may be of the order of 50∼100% of the normal load applied. An analytical model has been developed to predict the magnitude and distribution of the interfacial fluid pressure. The predictions of this model fit the experimental results reasonably well, especially for low sliding velocities.
Discrimination of dynamic change and constancy over time by pigeons

The detection of change over time is critical to the serial integration of reality. Three pigeons, in a same/different go/no-go discrimination, were rewarded for pecking at changing stimuli that oscillated back and forth in brightness over a specific range and not at constant, unchanging stimuli randomly selected from the same range. Experiment 1 tested their capacity to detect increasingly slower rates of change against a constant control. The results indicated that pigeons retrospectively integrate past experience over approximately 20-30 s. Experiment 2 tested combinations of brightness ranges and rates to examine the possible roles of perception and memory in this discrimination. Overall, the results indicate that pigeons can detect continuous changes in brightness over different temporal durations, and several lines of evidence suggest that a combination of perception and memory mechanisms are involved. Implications for the pigeons'experience of the recent past are considered.
Grave news about adolescents who engage in self-poisoning

In The Lancet Psychiatry, Yaron Finkelstein and colleagues bring us grim news. They report a longitudinal study in which, after a 7·2 year follow-up, the 20 471 adolescents who presented in an emergency department for a first episode of self-poisoning were more than 32 times more likely to die from suicide at 1 year and more than five times more likely to die an accidental death than the 1 023 487 controls. The median time to suicide was 3 years after the initial self-poisoning episode. Other risk factors for suicide were male sex, recurrent self-poisoning, hospital admission for the overdose, and psychiatric care within the previous year. Language: en
Near-infrared diffuse optical monitoring of cerebral blood flow and oxygenation for the prediction of vasovagal syncope.

Significant drops in arterial blood pressure and cerebral hemodynamics have been previously observed during vasovagal syncope (VVS). Continuous and simultaneous monitoring of these physiological variables during VVS is rare, but critical for determining which variable is the most sensitive parameter to predict VVS. The present study used a novel custom-designed diffuse correlation spectroscopy flow-oximeter and a finger plethysmograph to simultaneously monitor relative changes of cerebral blood flow (rCBF), cerebral oxygenation (i.e., oxygenated/deoxygenated/total hemoglobin concentration: r[HbO 2 ]/r[Hb]/rTHC ), and mean arterial pressure (rMAP) during 70 deg head-up tilt (HUT) in 14 healthy adults. Six subjects developed presyncope during HUT. Two-stage physiological responses during HUT were observed in the presyncopal group: slow and small changes in measured variables (i.e., Stage I), followed by rapid and dramatic decreases in rMAP, rCBF, r[HbO 2 ] , and rTHC (i.e., Stage II). Compared to other physiological variables, rCBF reached its breakpoint between the two stages earliest and had the largest decrease (76±8% ) during presyncope. Our results suggest that rCBF has the best sensitivity for the assessment of VVS. Most importantly, a threshold of ∼50% rCBF decline completely separated the subjects from those without presyncope, suggesting its potential for predicting VVS.
A unidimensional measure of Hong's psychological reactance scale.

SummaT.-Research using Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale has been fraught with methodological concerns. Researchers have been unable to find a stable, reliable, and replicable factor structure. Here, results suggested that Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale is a unidimensional one with an average alpha of .74 (SD= .46). This value was attained by first analyzing correlation matrices reproduced from three reports on Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale and then verifying this new factor structure with original data. Tests for internal consistency supported a l-factor solution. Tests for external consistency supported prior findings in relation to Psychological Reactance and offer evidence that the l-factor solution is externally valid. While the authors contend that a l-factor solution is appropriate, further testing is needed for external consistency and refinement of the measure. Psychological Reactance (Brehm, 1966; Brehm & Brehm, 198 1) assumes that, when an individual's freedom is threatened, the individual will be motivated to restore the perceived loss of freedom. One of the more widely used measures of Psychological Reactance is Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale. While the theory is useful in therapeutic and social psychological research, researchers using Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale have been unable to find a consistent, reliable, and replicable factor structure to measure the construct. Prior researchers have noted factor structures with a variety of factors and with a fluctuating collection of items on a given factor. However, given no a priori reason, to create a 2-, 3-, or 4-dimensional construct is methodologically unsound; it allows data to drive the theory, a questionable yet all too common procedure. Britt and Shepperd (1999) argued that as a result of the relevance of different psychometric concepts to individuals, measures of reliability and validity would show variability. Given individual differences, individuals are likely to respond differently to Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale questions. Reactance researchers may have mistakenly misinterpreted variability in their datasets to be an indication that this scale was multidimensional. Methodologically, there are a number of concerns involving Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale. The first self-report scale used to assess Psycho
A 2D Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Model Study of Air–Sea Interactions during a Cold Air Outbreak over the Gulf Stream

Abstract The two-dimensional, Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) has been coupled with the Princeton Ocean Model to study air–sea interaction processes during an extreme cold air outbreak over the Gulf Stream off the southeastern United States. Emphases have been placed on the development of the mesoscale front and local winds in the lower atmosphere due to differential fluxes over the land, the cold shelf water, and the warm Gulf Stream, and on how the mesoscale front and the local winds feed back to the ocean and modify the upper-ocean temperature and current fields. Model results show that a shallow mesoscale atmospheric front is generated over the Gulf Stream and progresses eastward with the prevailing airflow. Behind the front, the wind intensifies by as much as 75% and a northerly low-level wind maximum with speeds near 5 m s−1 appears. The low-level northerly winds remain relatively strong even after the front has progressed past the Gulf Stream. The total surface heat flux in the coupled e...
A COMPARISON OF PHOTORESPONSE AMONG TEN DIFFERENT KARENIA BREVIS (DINOPHYCEAE) ISOLATES1

Many laboratories have solely used the Wilson isolate to physiologically characterize the harmful algal bloom (HAB) dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (C. C. Davis) G. Hansen et Moestrup. However, analysis of one isolate may lead to misinterpretations when extrapolating measurements to field populations. In this study, pulse-amplitude-modulated chlorophyll fluorometer (PAM-FL) relative electron transport rate (ETR), Fv ⁄Fm, and chl were compared with traditional techniques, such as 14 C photosynthesis versus irradiance (P‐E) curves, DCMU [3-(3¢,4¢dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea] Fv ⁄Fm, and extracted chl. The DCMU and PAM-FL values of Fv ⁄Fm (r 2 = 0.51) and chl (r 2 = 0.58) were in good agreement. There was no correlation between 14 C and PAM-FL a, Pmax, and b parameters because PAM-FL ETR was only a relative measurement. The PAM-FL techniques were then used to investigate P‐ E curves, quantum yield of PSII (Fv ⁄Fm), and chl from 10 K. brevis isolates to determine whether one or all isolates would better represent the species. Comparisons were made with a radial photosynthetron, which allowed for controlled conditions of light and temperature. Isolate a, Pmax, and b varied between 0.097 and 0.204 lmol e ) AEm )2 AEs )1 AE(lmol quanta AEm )2 AEs )1 ) )1 , 80.41 and 241 lmol e ) AEm )2 AEs )1 , and 0.005 and 0.160 lmol e ) AE m )2 AEs )1 AE(lmol quanta AEm )2 AEs )1 ) )1 , respectively. Either carbon limitation and ⁄or bacterial negative feedback were implicated as the cause of the P‐E parameter variability. Furthermore, these results directly contradicted some literature suggestions that K. brevis is a low-lightadapted dinoflagellate. Results showed that K. brevis was more than capable of utilizing and surviving in light conditions that may be present on cloudless days off Florida. Keyindexwords: carbon;celldivisionrate;culture; dinoflagellate; Fv ⁄ Fm; Karenia brevis; P‐E curve; photoinhibition
Anthropology and Literature: Diverse Perspectives

Fernando Poyatos. ed. Literary Anthropology:. New Interdisciplinary Approach to People, Signs and Literature. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1988. xxiii. 353 pp. $24.95 (paper); $87.00 (cloth). Philip A. Dennis and Wendell Aycock eds. Literature and Anthropology. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 1989. ix. 227pp. $12.95 (paper); $24.95 (cloth). Jonathan Hall and Ackbar Abbas. eds. Literature and Anthropology. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1986. 294 pp. $15.82 (cloth). Litterature et anthropologie. L'Homme. Special issue, 1989. 236 pp. 180FF (paper). Litterature and anthropologie. Nouvelles du Sud. no. 4. Ivry: Editions Silex, 1986. 143 pp. 220FF (paper).
On-the-Fly Recovery of Job Input Data in Supercomputers

Storage system failure is a serious concern as we approach Petascale computing. Even at today's sub-Petascale levels, I/O failure is the leading cause of downtimes and job failures. We contribute a novel, on-the-fly recovery framework for job input data into supercomputer parallel file systems. The framework exploits key traits of the HPC I/O workload to reconstruct lost input data during job execution from remote, immutable copies. Each reconstructed data stripe is made immediately accessible in the client request order due to the delayed metadata update and fine-granular locking while unrelated access to the same file remains unaffected. We have implemented the recovery component within the Lustre parallel file system, thus building a novel application-transparent online recovery solution. Our solution is integrated into Lustre's two-level locking scheme using a two-phase blocking protocol. Combining parametric and simulation studies, our experiments demonstrate a significant improvement in HPC center service ability and user job turnaround time.
Flexible, fault-tolerant routing criteria for circuit-switched hypercubes

A set of routing criteria is proposed for circuit-switched hypercubes that exploit the flexibility provided by the hypercube. The routing criteria are provably deadlock-free and route messages along shortest paths. The number of shortest paths allowed by the routing criteria is more than one for most source-destination pairs. It is shown that the flexibility provided by the routing criteria can be used to limit the negative effects due to component-failures. The exact number of disrupted source-destination pairs are derived in the presence of a single faulty link or a single faulty node. It is shown that these numbers can be minimized using the relabeling techniques proposed. It is shown that the criteria, if used effectively, lead to a significant improvement in performance over the e-cube routing strategy for non-uniform traffic. >
Opportunities for Targeted Education: Critical Neuroradiologic Findings Missed or Misinterpreted by Residents and Fellows.

OBJECTIVE. We reviewed neuroradiology cases in which a resident or fellow missed a significant finding, to identify potential areas of deficiency that could be strengthened through targeted education. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Included in the study were all neuroradiology reports from 2011 through 2013 that were marked with an electronic flag to indicate a significant modification between the preliminary and final versions. The reports were examined to determine whether a critical finding (CF) or a non-CF was missed, with the use of a hospital-approved list of 17 neuroradiology CFs. Results were analyzed for all trainees. RESULTS. A total of 978 modified reports were found among reports from 225,628 neuroradiology examinations. Of these modified reports, 891 (91.1%) contained an addendum that identified the discrepancy: 658 (73.8%) contained a CF,192 (21.7%) contained a non-CF, and 41 (4.6%) were changed from containing a CF to not containing a CF. A total of 725 missed CFs were found in the 658 modified rep...
Rapid (microwave) heating rate effects on texture, fat/water holding, and microstructure of cooked comminuted meat batters

Abstract Comminuted and gelled, fat-containing meat products such as frankfurters and luncheon meats are commercially processed by heating relatively slowly (for up to 2 h or more) to an endpoint of about 70 °C prior to cooling. This study compared such a slow, ramp heating regime (0.5 °C/min), terminated at 70 °C, to rapid, square-wave cooking (one step: rapid 100 °C/min heating to 70 °C endpoint, plus isothermal holding prior to cooling, or two-step: rapid heating to 50 °C, holding, then rapid heating to 70 °C plus holding prior to cooling) on meat batter gel properties (fracture and small strain rheology, microstructure, cook loss, and expressible water). The results indicated that a rapid cooking process, with its inherent advantages of reduced process time, lower equipment footprint, and more efficient use of energy, can produce a product nearly equivalent in textural properties and cook yield to one processed by traditional smokehouse cooking when the cook value of the processes is similar and an intermediate (near 50 °C) holding step is included (two-step rapid heating). One-step rapid heating negatively affected gel structural homogeneity and water/fat holding properties of fat-containing gels.
Accounting for the associations between child maltreatment and internalizing problems: the role of alexithymia

Internalizing difficulties are one of the most widely documented consequences of child maltreatment. However, there is a need for studies delineating the factors that account for this association. Despite research showing that alexithymia is associated with both child maltreatment and internalizing problems, the role of alexithymia in the link between child maltreatment and internalizing problems has not received much attention in the literature. The current study evaluated whether a history of child maltreatment was associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and loneliness in emerging adulthood, and whether alexithymia partially accounted for these associations. Participants included 339 emerging adults ranging between 18 and 25 years of age (M=19.00, SD=1.26, 51.3% male). Exposure to child maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect) was positively associated with depression, anxiety, and loneliness symptoms. Tests of indirect effects suggested that associations between emotional neglect and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and loneliness were partially explained by alexithymia. However, alexithymia did not account for any other associations between the remaining four maltreatment types and internalizing problems. Findings highlight the need for further evaluation of the factors that might account for associations between child maltreatment and internalizing difficulties. Future directions and implications for interventions are reviewed.
Optic Chiasm hemisection and the parsing of visual information in frogs

We made cuts of the frog optic chiasm and optic tract and studied subsequent visual behavior. After transecting either the posterior or anterior half of the optic chiasm, animals responded to visually presented prey in the entire ground level visual field. However, most animals were unresponsive to visually presented threat stimuli anywhere in the visual field. Animals with complete transection of the optic chiasm were unresponsive to both prey and threat stimuli. Animals with unilateral transection of the optic tract were unresponsive to prey and threat stimuli in the contralateral hemifield. After hemisection of the optic chiasm we used anterograde methods to label optic nerve fibers. Posterior hemisection resulted in labeled tissue in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral regions of the optic tectum. Anterior hemisection resulted in labeled tissue in the dorsolateral region of the tectum. These results imply that there is a retinotopic distribution of retinotectal fibers in the optic chiasm. However, using a retrograde method, we found that retinotectal fibers that project to a circumscribed region of the tectum are spread out over a considerable extent of the optic chiasm.
Effect of rhizospheric fungi of tomato cv. pusa ruby on the hatching of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

The present study revealed that standard concentration(s) of culture filtrate of tested rhizospheric fungi has exhibited nematoxic effect by inhibiting the hatching of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. The inhibitory effect of culture filtrate decreased with increase in the dilution and maximum hatching was found in S/1000 dilution but significantly less than that hatched in distilled water. Among the saprophytes, the minimum larvae were encountered by Aspergillus Candidus and A. nigerin all the dilutions of culture filtrate while among all the rhizospheric fungi, Verticillium albo-atrum showed maximum inhibitory effect on hatching.
Preservation Microfilming: The Challenges of Saving a Collection at Risk

This case study describes Amherst College Archives' experience with the Dwight W. Morrow Papers Preservation Microfilming Project. The authors consider the factors in the managerial decision to commit to a preservation-microfilming project; outline the project management and activities; describe the unanticipated challenges encountered and the solutions that were reached through creative problem solving; and analyze the outcome of the project. The study should be particularly useful for small and medium-size archives that have active programs and limited staff and resources and that are considering similar projects. Practical recommendations for similar projects are offered. An appendix to the article gives cumulative statistics documenting manuscript preservation-microfilming tasks.