cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Ambient Ultrafine Aerosols by Single Particle Techniques During the SOAR 2005 Campaign

The significant and largely unregulated presence of ultrafine particles in the atmosphere is a growing environmental concern. Understanding the formation and sources of ambient ultrafine particles represents a major goal, but analyzing such small particles is a considerable analytical challenge. This study demonstrates how real-time measurements of particle size and chemistry, coupled with gas-phase measurements, can provide unique insight into the daily and seasonal variations of the sources and chemistry of ultrafine particles. Measurements of ambient ultrafine particles are compared from three different single particle techniques which provide high temporal resolution during the 2005 summer (August) and fall (November) seasons in Riverside, CA in conjunction with the Study of Organic Aerosols at Riverside (SOAR) field campaign. During both seasons, vehicle exhaust emissions strongly contributed to the ultrafine particle concentrations during the weekday morning rush hour periods. SMPS measurements duri...
Acetaminophen attenuates lipid peroxidation in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

Objective Hemolysis, occurring during cardiopulmonary bypass, is associated with lipid peroxidation and postoperative acute kidney injury. Acetaminophen inhibits lipid peroxidation catalyzed by hemeproteins and in an animal model attenuated rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury. This pilot study tests the hypothesis that acetaminophen attenuates lipid peroxidation in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Design Single-center prospective randomized double-blinded study. Setting University-affiliated pediatric hospital. Patients Thirty children undergoing elective surgical correction of a congenital heart defect. Interventions Patients were randomized to acetaminophen (OFIRMEV [acetaminophen] injection; Cadence Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA) or placebo every 6 hours for four doses starting before the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass. Measurement and main results Markers of hemolysis, lipid peroxidation (isofurans and F2-isoprostanes), and acute kidney injury were measured throughout the perioperative period. Cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with a significant increase in free hemoglobin (from a prebypass level of 9.8 ± 6.2 mg/dL to a peak of 201.5 ± 42.6 mg/dL postbypass). Plasma and urine isofuran and F2-isoprostane concentrations increased significantly during surgery. The magnitude of increase in plasma isofurans was greater than the magnitude in increase in plasma F2-isoprostanes. Acetaminophen attenuated the increase in plasma isofurans compared with placebo (p = 0.02 for effect of study drug). There was no significant effect of acetaminophen on plasma F2-isoprostanes or urinary makers of lipid peroxidation. Acetaminophen did not affect postoperative creatinine, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, or prevalence of acute kidney injury. Conclusion Cardiopulmonary bypass in children is associated with hemolysis and lipid peroxidation. Acetaminophen attenuated the increase in plasma isofuran concentrations. Future studies are needed to establish whether other therapies that attenuate or prevent the effects of free hemoglobin result in more effective inhibition of lipid peroxidation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.
Hedgehog is a signaling protein with a key role in patterning Drosophila imaginal discs

The segment polarity genes hedgehog and engrailed are expressed in identical posterior-compartment-specific patterns in both Drosophila embryos and imaginal discs. We show here that the hedgehog protein is secreted, and it can cross embryo parasegment borders and the anterior-posterior compartment border of imaginal discs to neighboring cells that express neither engrailed nor hedgehog. In these cells, it is localized in discrete punctate structures that are sequestered within the polarized epithelium. Analysis of animals that have expressed hedgehog ectopically, or of a mutant that expresses hedgehog abnormally in the anterior compartment of the wing disc, indicates that hedgehog is involved in regulating patched. In the embryo, hedgehog regulation of patched apparently facilitates patched and wingless expression. In the discs, hedgehog regulation of patched and other genes in the anterior compartment helps to establish the proximodistal axis. We propose that the cell-cell communication mediated by hedgehog links the special properties of compartment borders with specification of the proximodistal axis in imaginal development.
A re-evaluation of DNA repair during skeletal myogenesis in vitro

Abstract In previous studies on DNA repair during myogenesis, comparisons made of repair in post-replication myoblasts and in myotubes led to the conclusion that the capacity to repair damage in DNA decreased during myoblast differentiation. Using unscheduled DNA synthesis in response to UV-induced damage as an indicator of DNA repair in a myogenic line of rat skeletal muscle, it is demonstrated that nuclei in myotubes possess identical repair capacity as that in proliferating myoblasts. Furthermore, a brief increase in DNA repair capacity was observed to immediately follow the cessation of replicative DNA synthesis. This transient increase in repair capacity is consistent with the data of earlier reports and explains the previous but inappropriate conclusion that repair diminishes during myogenic differentiation. This transient increase in the capacity to repair DNA was not observed in a developmentally defective, non-differentiating line of similar myogenic origin.
Secondary relaxation processes in bisphenol-A polysulphone

Abstract Dynamic mechanical spectra of bisphenol-A polysulphone in torsional deformation have been obtained as a function of frequency and thermal history. Results indicate a major low-temperature γ peak at 166 K and a broad, low-intensity β peak near 352 K at 10 rad s −1 for quenched samples. Activation energies have been estimated to be 10.7 and 67.3 kcal mol −1 , respectively. Annealing eliminates the β peak and intensifies the shoulder of the γ peak. Geometry-optimized CNDO/2 (complete neglect of differential overlap) molecular-orbital calculations for the diphenyl ether and isopropylidene units of polysulphone and use of molecular-mechanical calculations for diphenylsulphone indicate intramolecular conformational energies in the range from 5 to 10.6 kcal mol −1 . Comparison of these calculated energy barriers to torsional motions with experimentally determined activation energies from dynamic mechanical measurements suggests that phenyl and methyl group rotations in the isopropylidene unit, possibly phenyl ring rotation in the diphenyl sulphone unit, and phenyl group rotations in the diphenyl ether unit may all contribute to the γ transition. The higher-energy β transition is most probably due to intra- or interchain cooperative motions involving motions of several groups along the chain.
New analysis tool for tow target trajectory predictions

A LTHOUGH tow targets have been flown for many years, until recently no method existed to predict analytically the target's trajectory separation characteristics. Conventional store separation techniques could riot be applied because the cable tension face, which dominates the trajectory, was not accounted for. Two new programs, termed the Tow Target Trajectory Prediction (3TP) codes, have now been developed. One, 3TP1» was developed for trajectories where cable tension time history data are available. The other, 3TP2, which was developed for trajectories where no a priori cable tension data exist, calculates the target's separation characteristics by constraining the total acceleration to a fixed value. Both codes have been validated by comparing predicted target trajectories with flight and wind tunnel test results.
Transpersonal social work with couples: A compatibility‐intimacy model

Summary A model of transpersonal couple work is described, which builds upon Wilber's (1986) seminal theory of transpersonal development and Berne's (1961) Transactional Analysis Theory. A practical plan of assessment and intervention is forwarded. Essentially, the worker first assesses the primary level of consciousness of both partners and then develops a strategy to help both partners move more fluidly into their other two available (but currently underdeveloped) consciousness states.
Symmetric paths and evolution to equilibrium in the discounted prisoners' dilemma

Abstract We consider an alternating best response process for strategies in two-player, discounted repeated games. Properties of this process in general games are studied and a sharp convergence result is proved for a class of strategies in the discounted prisoners' dilemma.
Characterization of de novo microdeletions involving 17q11.2q12 identified through chromosomal comparative genomic hybridization

High-resolution array-comparative genome hybridization (CGH) is a powerful tool for detection of submicroscopic chromosome deletions and duplications. We describe two patients with mild mental retardation (MR) and de novo microdeletions of 17q11.2q12. Although the deletions did not involve the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene, they overlap with long-range deletions of the NF1 region which have been encountered in a small group of NF1 patients with more severe MR. Given the overlap of the deletions in our two patients with the large-sized NF1 microdeletions but not with the more frequent and smaller NF1 deletions, we hypothesize that more than one gene in the 17q11.2q12 region may be involved in MR. We discuss candidate genes for MR within this interval that was precisely defined through array-CGH analysis.
Genetics of post-traumatic stress disorder: review and recommendations for genome-wide association studies.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, disabling anxiety disorder that constitutes a major health care burden. Despite evidence supporting a genetic predisposition to PTSD, the precise genetic loci remain unclear. Herein we review the current state and limitations of genetic research on PTSD. Although recent years have seen an exponential increase in the number of studies examining the influence of candidate genes on PTSD diagnosis and symptomatology, most studies have been characterized by relatively low rates of PTSD, with apparent inconsistencies in gene associations linked to marked differences in methodology. We further discuss how current advances in the genetics field can be applied to studies of PTSD, emphasizing the need to adapt a genome-wide approach that facilitates discovery rather than hypothesis testing. Genome-wide association studies offer the best opportunity to identify novel “true” risk variants for the disorder that in turn has the potential to inform our understanding of PTSD etiology.
Association of different prediction methods for determination of the efficiency and selectivity on neuron-based sensors

A technique has been developed to determine the efficiency and the selectivity of a single neuron-based sensor in identifying the nature of the chemical agents in an unknown sample. This has been achieved by exploiting the unique electrical identifiers, also known as "signature patterns", generated by the neuronal cell membrane. These were generated based on the variations to the extracellular electrical activity, due to the effect of a broad range of chemical agents. We demonstrate the prediction capability of the sensor in identifying the nature of an unknown test sample from a combination of three chemical agents, namely, ethanol, pyrethroid, and hydrogen peroxide. This was achieved through a two-step process. The first step was experimentally achieved by in situ recording of the changes to the extracellular electrical activity from the sensing sites or the array of microelectrodes that form the platform for patterning neurons. Simultaneous optical characterization of the cell array during the sensing process was performed to identify the associated physiological changes. The second step was mathematical and was based on developing a library of signature patterns for a set of concentrations of the various combinations of the three chemical agents. Two variants of the nearest neighbor algorithm scheme - (a) partial distance search method, and (b) search tree method, were implemented for the accurate detection of all the components with varying concentrations in the test samples of unknown nature. This technique exhibits reliability in identification up to parts-per-billion (ppb) sensitivity. The capability of standardization of this technique for potential commercial applications is also discussed.
Iv. “post-1985 internal migration: Spatial patterns and issues”

The 1980s witnessed a reversal of internal migration patterns in the Soviet Union as factors associated with ethnicity became one of the predominant influences on the character and volume of population mobility. This is one of the recent trends in Soviet migration highlighted in the presentation by Dr. Beth Mitchneck, a post-doctoral Fellow at the Harriman Institute. Dr. Mitchneck based her analysis on the censuses of 1959, 1970, 1979 and 1989, population registers and both Soviet and western estimates.
Cognitive outcomes from the Game-Design and Learning (GDL) after-school program

Abstract The Game-Design and Learning (GDL) initiative engages middle school students in the process of game-design in a variety of in-school, after-school, and summer camp settings. The goal of the GDL initiative is to leverage students' interests in games and design to foster their problem-solving and critical reasoning skills. The present study examines the effectiveness of an after-school version of the GDL program using a quasi-experimental design. Students enrolled in the GDL program were guided in the process of designing games aimed at solving problems. Compared to students in a control group who did not attend the program ( n = 24), the children who attended the GDL program ( n = 20) showed a significant increase in their problem-solving skills. The results provide empirical support for the hypothesis that participation in the GDL program leads to measurable cognitive changes in children's problem-solving skills. This study bears important implications for educators and theory.
Circulation changes in the Sheepscot River estuary, maine, following removal of a causeway

A causeway which had restricted tidal flow in a portion of the Sheepscot River estuary was removed late in 1974. Flowmeter data from moored plankton nets fished over full tidal cycles, and salinity observations made in conjunction with the net sets, were used to evaluate the effects of causeway removal on circulation in the estuary. Tidal flows in the main channel increased by almost 50%. This increase was accompanied by substantial decreases in salinity stratification and in the strength of the gravitational circulation.
Distortion of plant cell plate formation by the intracellular calcium antagonist tmb 8

Caulonema tip cells ofFunaria deposit new oblique cross walls of specific morphology and placement by a highly defined reorientation mechanism. In the presence of the purported intracellular Ca2+ antagonist 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8), these cross walls form in the proper place but exhibit a distorted morphology. Video microscopy indicates that the deformation takes place during the reorientation of the cell plate from a perpendicular to an oblique configuration. Electron micrographs of TMB-8 treated cells indicate a stabilization of phragmoplast microtubules and a greater amount of vesicles and membrane in the developing cell plate. TMB-8 treated cells also show intense chlortetracycline fluorescence from mitochondria, vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum as compared to untreated cells indicating that TMB-8 is blocking release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. It is concluded that this may cause distortation of cross walls as they form by delaying vesicle fusion, stabilizing microtubules, and increasing the amount of new wall material in the developing cell plate.
A Chandra Snapshot Survey of Infrared-bright LINERs: A Possible Link Between Star Formation, Active Galactic Nucleus Fueling, and Mass Accretion

We present results from a high-resolution X-ray imaging study of nearby LINERs observed by ACIS on board Chandra. This study complements and extends previous X-ray studies of LINERs, focusing on the underexplored population of nearby dust-enshrouded infrared-bright LINERs. The sample consists of 15 IR-bright LINERs (LFIR/LB > 3), with distances that range from 11 to 26 Mpc. Combining our sample with previous Chandra studies, we find that ~51% (28/55) of the LINERs display compact hard X-ray cores. The nuclear 2-10 keV luminosities of the galaxies in this expanded sample range from ~2 × 1038 to ~2 × 1044 ergs s-1. We find that the most extreme IR-faint LINERs are exclusively active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The fraction of LINERs containing AGNs appears to decrease with IR brightness and increase again at the highest values of LFIR/LB. We find that of the 24 LINERs showing compact nuclear hard X-ray cores in the expanded sample that were observed at Hα wavelengths, only eight actually show evidence of a broad line. Similarly, of the 14 LINERs showing compact nuclear hard X-ray cores with corresponding radio observations, only eight display a compact flat spectrum radio core. These findings emphasize the need for high-resolution X-ray imaging observations in the study of IR-bright LINERs. Finally, we find an intriguing trend in the Eddington ratio versus LFIR and LFIR/LB for the AGN-LINERs in the expanded sample that extends over 7 orders of magnitude in L/LEdd. This correlation may imply a link between black hole growth, as measured by the Eddington ratio, and the star formation rate, as measured by the far-IR luminosity and IR-brightness ratio. If the far-IR luminosity is an indicator of the molecular gas content in our sample of LINERs, our results may further indicate that the mass accretion rate scales with the host galaxy's fuel supply. We discuss the potential implications of our results in the framework of black hole growth and AGN fueling in low-luminosity AGNs.
Examining the heavy p-block with a pseudopotential-based composite method: Atomic and molecular applications of rp-ccCA

The relativistic pseudopotential variant of the correlation consistent composite approach (rp-ccCA) has been extended to lower p-block-containing molecules. The lower p-block is defined here as elements indium through iodine (In-I) and thallium through astatine (Tl-At). The accuracy of rp-ccCA has previously been established in a study of energetic properties of molecules containing 4p elements and thermodynamic data of 4d-containing molecules. In the current study, the atomic ionization potentials (IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) of In-I and Tl-At, as well as dissociation energies and enthalpies of formation of lower p-block mono-hydrides, mono-oxides, and dimers were determined with rp-ccCA. The compiled data set is referred to as the LP80 data set. The mean absolute deviation of the IPs and the EAs from the experimental data were 2.50 and 3.06 kcal mol(-1), respectively. Additionally, the total atomization energy for lead clusters (Pb(n), n = 2-6) was determined. For the lead clusters, a decrease in the total atomization energy was observed with the inclusion of spin-orbit coupling. The spin-orbit coupling of the molecules was determined with multireference configuration interaction, while scalar relativistic effects were accounted for within the pseudopotentials. The results obtained by rp-ccCA for the lower p-block support the utilization of the method in future studies where accurate energetic, spectroscopic, and thermodynamic data are necessary.
Recent progress in applications of high energy ion beams to nuclear structure and atomic physics

Abstract We discuss some recent experiments at the Bevalac which demonstrate the usefulness of relativistic heavy ion beams for study of the nuclear structure of radioactive isotopes.
An improved version of the Cocke-Younger-Kasami algorithm

The Cocke-Younger-Kasami algorithm (CYK) always requires 0(n^3) time and 0(n^2) space to recognize a trial sentence @w = w"1w"2...w"n, given an e-free context-free grammar in Chomsky Normal form. The same inductive rule that underlies the CYK algorithm may be used to produce a variant that computes the same information but requires (1) a maximum of 0(n^3) time and 0(n^2) space, and (2) only 0(s(n)) space and time for an unambiguous grammar, where s(n) is the number of triples (A,i,j) for which a nonterminal symbol A derives w"iw"i"+"1...w"i"+"j"-"1. In this case, time and space consumed are at worst 0(n^2). It is shown in addition, for any grammar, that a parse may be obtained from the table left from the recognition algorithm in time 0(s(n)) whether or not the grammar is ambiguous. The same procedure for the CYK algorithm requires time 0(n^2). The performance of our variant is quite similar to that of the Earley algorithm except that the Earley algorithm substitutes for s(n), a function which is usually smaller. The model we use of a RAM is strictly identical to the model used in the CYK algorithm. CR categories: 4.20, 5.23, 5.25.
Insertion of E. coli photoreactivating enzyme into V79 hamster cells

Photoreactivating enzyme mediates the specific repair of UV light [220–300 nm, (UV)]-induced cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in DNA1. It binds to dimer-containing DNA, and on absorption of light in the wavelength range 300–500 nm monomerizes the dimer, restoring biological activity to DNA2. The specificity of the enzyme for pyrimidine dimers in DNA allows its use as an analytical tool. If UV-induced biological damage is photoreactivable, dimers are probably a major cause of that damage. Thus dimers have been implicated in producing death and mutation in prokaryotes and in simple eukaryotes3 . Although this photoreactivation test has great potential value in assessing the role of dimers in UV-induced damage in mammalian cells, its use in cultured mammalian cells has been limited by the dependence of photoreactivating enzyme levels on the cell species4, genotype5 and culture medium6,7. We have developed a method for insertion of Escherichia coli photoreactivating enzyme into mammalian cells, and show here that the inserted bacterial enzyme can mediate photoreactivation of pyrimidine dimers in V79 rodent cells.
Fast camera imaging of dust in the DIII-D tokamak

Abstract Naturally occurring and injected dust particles are observed in the DIII-D tokamak in the outer midplane scrape-off-layer (SOL) using a visible fast-framing camera, and the size of dust particles is estimated using the observed particle lifetime and theoretical ablation rate of a carbon sphere. Using this method, the lower limit of detected dust radius is ∼3 μm and particles with inferred radius as large as ∼1 mm are observed. Dust particle 2D velocities range from approximately 10 to 300 m/s with velocities inversely correlated with dust size. Pre-characterized 2–4 μm diameter diamond dust particles are introduced at the lower divertor in an ELMing H-mode discharge using the divertor materials evaluation system (DiMES), and these particles are found to be at the lower size limit of detection using the camera with resolution of ∼0.2 cm2 per pixel and exposure time of 330 μs.
Transcription and RNA editing in a soluble in vitro system from Physarum mitochondria

The dissection of RNA editing mechanisms in PHYSARUM: mitochondria has been hindered by the absence of a soluble in vitro system. Based on our studies in isolated mitochondria, insertion of non-encoded nucleotides into PHYSARUM: mitochondrial RNAs is closely linked to transcription. Here we have fractionated mitochondrial lysates, enriching for run-on RNA synthesis, and find that editing activity co-fractionates with pre-formed transcription elongation complexes. The establishment of this soluble transcription-editing system allows access to the components of the editing machinery and permits manipulation of transcription and editing substrates. Thus, the availability of this system provides, for the first time, a means of investigating roles for cis-acting elements, trans-acting factors and nucleotide requirements for the insertion of non-encoded nucleotides into PHYSARUM: mitochondrial RNAs. This methodology should also be broadly applicable to the study of RNA processing and editing mechanisms in a wide range of mitochondrial systems.
Introducing a new method for assessing spatially explicit processes of landscape fragmentation

Abstract Landscape fragmentation is commonly defined as having five distinct phases (perforation, dissection, subdivision, shrinkage, and attrition). Previous studies focus on using landscape pattern metrics to interpret the phase of the landscape. A critical but underinvestigated aspect is that these five phases are also spatially explicit processes. This study proposes a new method to map and measure the different spatially explicit processes of landscape fragmentation. Unlike previous studies that are based on landscape pattern metrics, this current study measures landscape change directly. The new method is applied to Bao’an District in Shenzhen, China, to investigate forest land fragmentation under rapid urbanization. Landsat data were used to map the land use distributions from 1978 to 2009. Results show that different spatial processes occur simultaneously throughout the study area as well as in different study periods of forest fragmentation. Shrinkage was the dominant spatial process in the early period. In the later period, subdivision played a more important role, followed by attrition. Interestingly, urban land was not the leading land use that directly encroached on forest land, as many other studies have shown. Instead, forest land was first converted to orchard land, and orchard land was converted to urban land. The study contributes to Forman's general model of spatially explicit processes of landscape fragmentation and holds implications for urban planning policy and practice. The study concludes that the new method is effective in understanding and assessing forest land fragmentation, especially in the context of rapid urbanization.
Enhancing the earth system grid security infrastructure through single sign-on and autoprovisioning

In this paper, we discuss recent development and implementation efforts by the Earth System Grid (ESG) concerning its security infrastructure. ESG's requirements are to make user logon as easy as possible and to facilitate the integration of security services and Grid components for both developers and system administrators. To meet that goal, we leverage existing primary authentication mechanisms, deploy a "lightweight" but secure OpenID WebSSO, deploy a "lightweight" X.509-PKI, and use autoprovisioning to ease the burden of security configuration management. We are close to completing the associated development and deployment.
Emerging Pathogens: Challenges and Successes of Molecular Diagnostics

More than 50 emerging and reemerging pathogens have been identified during the last 40 years. Until 1992 when the Institute of Medicine issued a report that defined emerging infectious diseases, medicine had been complacent about such infectious diseases despite the alarm bells of infections with human immunodeficiency virus. Molecular tools have proven useful in discovering and characterizing emerging viruses and bacteria such as Sin Nombre virus (hantaviral pulmonary syndrome), hepatitis C virus, Bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis), and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis). The feasibility of applying molecular diagnostics to dangerous, fastidious, and uncultivated agents for which conventional tests do not yield timely diagnoses has achieved proof of concept for many agents, but widespread use of cost-effective, validated commercial assays has yet to occur. This review presents representative emerging viral respiratory infections, hemorrhagic fevers, and hepatitides, as well as bacterial and parasitic zoonotic, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary infections. Agent characteristics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methods are tabulated for another 22 emerging viruses and five emerging bacteria. The ongoing challenge to the field of molecular diagnostics is to apply contemporary knowledge to facilitate agent diagnosis as well as to further discoveries of novel pathogens.
Spectrophotometric determination of vanadium as vanadium(IV) pyridine thiocyanate

Abstract A spectrophotometric determination of vanadium as vanadium(IV) pyridine thiocyanate is described. The blue complex is formed in acidic aqueous solution and extracted into pyridine-chloroform. Absorbance is measured at 7.40 mμ. The range of best accuracy for 1-cm cells is from about 80 to 240 μg of vanadium per ml, and sensitivity is 0.4 μg of vanadium per cm2 at 7.40 mμ. The vanadium may be present initially as vanadium(IV) or vanadium(V), which is reduced to vanadium(IV) by the large excess of thiocyanate ion added. Several elements interfere in the determination ; a separation procedure involving mercury cathode electrolysis is suggested.
Counseling Lesbian and Gay College Students through the Lens of Cass's and Chickering's Developmental Models

At some point, every college freshman asks “Am I okay?” or “Am I normal?” This question becomes more complicated when students who are lesbian or gay seek counseling. The universal issues that most college students encounter are compounded by struggles with developing a positive sexual identity while coping with prejudice. This article uses the seminal developmental theories of Chickering and Cass as the basis for exploration of and recommended interventions for some of the unique issues that lesbian and gay students face during their college experiences. The authors explore the impact of campus climate and community and provide suggestions for helping lesbian and gay students transition to and thrive in the college milieu.
Protective Effect of Nrf2 and Catalase in Maternal Diabetes-Induced Perinatal Hypertension and Kidney Disease

A small but significant amount of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) is generated in the course of metabolism by mitochondria and numerous cellular oxygenases, oxidases, and peroxidases. Under normal conditions, ROMs produced in the course of metabolism and signal transduction processes are contained by the antioxidant system, which consists of numerous endogenous enzymes, substrates, and scavenger molecules as well dietary antioxidants. Individual components of the antioxidant system serve specific functions and work in concert to protect against tissue injury. Nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates constitutive expression and coordinated induction of numerous genes encoding antioxidant and phase-2 detoxifying enzymes and related proteins, such as superoxide dismutases (SODs), catalase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1, glutamate cysteine ligase, glutathione S -transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and thioredoxin (1). Nrf2 is kept as an inactive complex in the cytoplasm by a repressor molecule, Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1). Oxidative or covalent modification of thiols in the cysteine residues of Keap1 by ROM or phosphorylation of threonine or serine residues of Nrf2 by upstream kinases results in the release and migration of Nrf2 to the nucleus where it binds to the antioxidant response elements in the promoter regions of the target genes (2,3) to promote transcription. Regulation of cellular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory machinery by Nrf2 is critical in defense against oxidative stress. In fact, Nrf2 disruption in mice attenuates or abrogates the induction of genes encoding antioxidant molecules in response to oxidative stress. In addition, ablation of the Nrf2 gene causes a lupus-like autoimmune nephritis, intensifies cyclosporine-induced tubulointerstial fibrosis, and exacerbates diabetes-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and nephropathy in experimental animals (4–6). The primary ROM generated in the cell is superoxide anion [O2·−], which is the byproduct of the single electron …
Rapid-Deployment Text-to-Speech in the DIPLOMAT System

The DIPLOMAT project at Carnegie Mellon University instantiates a program of rapid-deployment speech-to-speech machine translation; we have developed techniques for quickly producing text-to-speech (TTS) systems for new target languages to support this work. While the resulting systems are not immediately of comparable quality to commercial systems on unrestricted tasks in well-developed languages, they are more than adequate for limited-domain scenarios and rapid prototyping -- they generalize to unseen data with some degradation, while quality in-domain can be quite good. Voices and engines for synthesizing new target languages may be developed in a period as short as two weeks after text corpus collection. We have successfully used these techniques to build a TTS module for English, Croatian, Spanish, Haitian Creole and Korean. 1. The DIPLOMAT Project The DIPLOMAT project is an experiment in rapid-deployment, wearable, bi-directional speech translation systems. An implementation of the complete synthesis system should be available at an acceptable level of quality within a few weeks after initial recording corpus design, with continual, graceful improvement to a good level of quality over a period of months. For a small domain, the concatenative synthesis method used here can be quite adequate; however, the current synthesis solution, called "phonebox", is a rapid prototyping tool rather than a substitute for a full-fledged speech synthesis system in the target language. The synthesizer receives text-only input through a socket or pipe, and can easily be replaced by an arbitrary synthesis engine and a small wrapper. We must often trade off the quality synthesis in the short term in favor of development time, memory limitations, and runtime efficiency, in order to provide basic communication technologies in contexts where communication barriers are significant, and to do so on commonly available hardware. So far, DIPLOMAT has worked with English, Croatian, Haitian Creole, Spanish and Korean.
Intermittent claudication: magnitude of the problem, patient evaluation, and therapeutic strategies.

Intermittent claudication (IC), the symptom of exercise-induced muscle ischemia of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), afflicts and limits the activities of a significant number of patients. Incidence and prevalence of IC depends on the population studied and the diagnostic instruments used. In large studies, prevalence has ranged from 3% to 10%, with a sharp increase in those aged ≥70 years. Over the next 20 years, the total number of patients affected is expected to increase significantly due to anticipated demographic changes. Analysis of the natural history of IC demonstrates that the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality far exceeds that of severe limb ischemia or limb loss. In fact, only 2% to 4% of all patients with IC will require a major amputation in their lifetime. However, life expectancy is approximately 10 years less than that of an age-matched cohort. By now, PAD is well recognized as a marker of systemic atherosclerosis. The cornerstone of patient evaluation is a history and physical examination, including a detailed atherosclerotic risk-factor assessment. In the differential diagnosis of IC, clinicians should consider etiologies such as arthritis, spinal stenosis, radiculopathy, venous claudication, or inflammatory processes. In >80% of all patients, it is possible to locate the responsible arterial segment by combining the location and severity of pain with a pulse examination. Noninvasive diagnostic studies help determine the level of disease, may unmask a hemodynamically significant stenosis, and are useful in follow-up. Arteriography is reserved for patients in whom the decision for revascularization has been made. Knowing the anatomic detail of a lesion allows the clinician to determine whether and what type of intervention is feasible. Standard therapy for all patients should be directed at both peripheral and systemic atherosclerosis, beginning with risk-factor modification in the form of smoking cessation, optimal diabetes control, and lipid normalization. The benefits of supervised exercise rehabilitation include significantly increased walking distance and enhanced quality of life. Platelet inhibition has been shown to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death and should be prescribed for all but those in whom it is medically contraindicated. Symptom-specific pharmacotherapy with a broad range of medications has yielded disappointing results in the past. However, recent studies have demonstrated that patients receiving the novel agent cilostazol experienced increases in walking distance and improvements in quality of life.
Patterns of oxygen production and consumption in intensively managed marine shrimp ponds

. Temporal trends were determined for primary production and respiration in marine shrimp ponds. Dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) and water temperature were monitored in four marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Boone and P. monodon Fabricius, ponds during the grow-out. Wind speed was also measured. Pond production and respiration were estimated based on DO curves. Trend analysis revealed a significant decline in pond net production during grow-out. Ponds were autotrophic at the start of grow-out but heterotrophic at the end. Pond respiration, adjusted for water temperature, increased during grow-out. Temporal trends in pond gross production appeared to be influenced by seasonal patterns in solar radiation intensity. Pond sediments and water column were the chief consumers of oxygen in the pond, accounting for 51% and 45%, respectively, of the total pond oxygen consumed. Despite showing a marked increase during grow-out, shrimp respiration rate was of relatively minor importance in the pond oxygen budget. Pond management strategies to maintain positive pond net production and to mitigate the impact of sediment respiration on pond DO were recommended.
Conditioned enhancement as a function of the percentage of CS-US pairings and CS duration

Eighteen rats were trained to barpress on a variable interval 90-sec schedule of sucrose-solution reinforcement. Ss were then divided into three groups (N = 6) and exposed to a classical conditioning contingency while barpressing, in which a 2-min light CS preceded the delivery of a food pellet US on either 100%, 66%, or 33% of the CS presentations. When the response rate during the CS was compared to response rate prior to the CS, it was found that the CS response rate was directly related to the percentage of US presentation. When the CS duration was changed to 8 sec, the highest CS response rates were associated with the partial pairing of CS and US.
Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation

Can men and women have equal levels of voice and authority in deliberation or does deliberation exacerbate gender inequality? Does increasing women's descriptive representation in deliberation increase their voice and authority? We answer these questions and move beyond the debate by hypothesizing that the group's gender composition interacts with its decision rule to exacerbate or erase the inequalities. We test this hypothesis and various alternatives, using experimental data with many groups and links between individuals’ attitudes and speech. We find a substantial gender gap in voice and authority, but as hypothesized, it disappears under unanimous rule and few women, or under majority rule and many women. Deliberative design can avoid inequality by fitting institutional procedure to the social context of the situation.
A note on the distribution of Gloss

The fishing mortality which results in stock collapse is difficult to ascertain. As a proxy, an estimate of the fishing mortality where the equilibrium spawning stock is zero has been defined previously as the replacement line which corresponds to the lowest observed spawning stock. A number of problems of estimation are raised in the calculation of the uncertainty associated with the slope of this line and these are discussed in this note.
Structure and function of the interacting domains of Spire and Fmn-family formins

Evidence for cooperation between actin nucleators is growing. The WH2-containing nucleator Spire and the formin Cappuccino interact directly, and both are essential for assembly of an actin mesh during Drosophila oogenesis. Their interaction requires the kinase noncatalytic C-lobe domain (KIND) domain of Spire and the C-terminal tail of the formin. Here we describe the crystal structure of the KIND domain of human Spir1 alone and in complex with the tail of Fmn2, a mammalian ortholog of Cappuccino. The KIND domain is structurally similar to the C-lobe of protein kinases. The Fmn2 tail is coordinated in an acidic cleft at the base of the domain that appears to have evolved via deletion of a helix from the canonical kinase fold. Our functional analysis of Cappuccino reveals an unexpected requirement for its tail in actin assembly. In addition, we find that the KIND/tail interaction blocks nucleation by Cappuccino and promotes its displacement from filament barbed ends providing insight into possible modes of cooperation between Spire and Cappuccino.
Physical Therapists Make Accurate and Appropriate Discharge Recommendations for Patients Who Are Acutely Ill

Design. This retrospective study included the discharge recommendations of 40 acute care physical therapists for 762 patients in a large academic medical center. The frequency of mismatch between the physical therapist’s recommendation and the patient’s actual discharge location and services was calculated. The mismatch variable had 3 levels: match, mismatch with services lacking, or mismatch with different services. Regression analysis was used to test whether mismatch status, patient age, length of admission, or discharge location predicted patient readmittance. Results. Overall, physical therapists’ discharge recommendations were implemented 83% of the time. Patients were 2.9 times more likely to be readmitted when the therapist’s discharge recommendation was not implemented and recommended follow-up services were lacking (mismatch with services lacking) compared with patients with a match. Limitations. This study was limited to one facility. Limited information about the patients was collected, and data on patient readmission to other facilities were not collected. Conclusions. This study supports the role of physical therapists in discharge planning in the acute care setting. Physical therapists demonstrated the ability to make accurate and appropriate discharge recommendations for patients who are acutely ill.
Multigroup Transport Theory with Anisotropic Scattering

The special case of a triangular transfer matrix relevant to multigroup transport theory with Yth order anisotropic scattering is discussed. The developed theory reduces the calculation of the reflected and transmitted angular fluxes to a sequence of one-group problems involving only angular fluxes at the boundaries. The theory is then extended to yield similar results at any location within a finite slab. The FN method is used to establish particularly accurate numerical results for a test problem.
Perioperative outcomes of robotic and open partial nephrectomy for moderately and highly complex renal lesions.

Purpose: We compared outcomes in patients undergoing robotic vs open partial nephrectomy stratified by moderately and highly complex tumor nephrometry scores.Materials and Methods: Patients treated with partial nephrectomy from 2007 to 2010 were grouped by tumor characteristics into low—nephrotomy score 4 to 6, moderate—7 to 9 and high—10 to 12 anatomical complexity cohorts. Lesions with low complexity were excluded from study. Demographic, surgical and pathological outcomes were compared between patients undergoing robotic vs open partial nephrectomy in the moderately and highly complex cohorts.Results: A total of 281 patients, of whom 63.3% were male, with a mean ± SD age of 58.1 ± 11.7 years and a mean followup of 21.3 ± 16.3 months underwent partial nephrectomy. Moderately complex lesions were noted in 81 robotic and 136 open partial nephrectomy cases with a mean tumor size of 3.8 ± 2.2 cm. Highly complex lesions were noted in 10 robotic and 54 open partial nephrectomy cases with a mean tumor size of ...
High-Frequency Asymptotics and One-Dimensional Stability of Zel’dovich–von Neumann–Döring Detonations in the Small-Heat Release and High-Overdrive Limits

We establish one-dimensional spectral, or “normal modes”, stability of Zel’dovich–von Neumann–Doring detonations in the small heat release limit and the related high overdrive limit with heat release and activation energy held fixed, verifying numerical observations made by Erpenbeck in the 1960s. The key technical points are a strategic rescaling of parameters converting the infinite overdrive limit to a finite, regular perturbation problem, and a careful high-frequency analysis depending uniformly on model parameters. The latter recovers and extends to arbitrary amplitudes the important result of high-frequency stability established by Erpenbeck by somewhat different techniques. Notably, the techniques used here yield quantitative estimates well suited for numerical stability investigation.
The endoplasmic reticulum stress response and diabetic kidney disease

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) folds and modifies proteins; however, during conditions of cellular stress, unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR, also referred to as the ER stress response, activates three distinct signaling cascades that are designed to globally reduce transcription and translation. The three major arms of the mammalian UPR include 1) protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), 2) inositol-requiring protein-1 (IRE1α), and 3) activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6) pathways. The PERK pathway rapidly attenuates protein translation, whereas the ATF6 and IRE1α cascades transcriptionally upregulate ER chaperone genes that promote proper folding and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) of proteins. This integrated response in turn allows the folding machinery of the ER to catch up with the backlog of unfolded proteins. The ER stress response plays a role in a number of pathophysiological processes, including pancreatic β-cell failure and apoptosis. The goals of the current review are to familiarize investigators with cellular and tissue activation of this response in the rodent and human diabetic kidney. Additionally, we will review therapeutic modulators of the ER stress response and discuss their efficacy in models of diabetic kidney disease. The ER stress response has both protective and deleterious features. A better understanding of the molecular pathways regulated during this process in a cell- and disease-specific manner could reveal novel therapeutic strategies in chronic renal diseases, including diabetic kidney disease.
Adding Motion Capability to the Spatial Channel Model

The current definition of the spatial channel model (SCM), presents all the components needed to represent the spatial behavior of the propagation channel for a given mobile. These components are used to generate the complex channel samples that evolve with time, but the position of the mobile remains constant, this is known as quasi motion simulation. As the SCM proposes an independent set of channel parameters (powers, delays, angles of departure, and angles of arrival) per mobile, the current model is spatially incoherent, that is, two spatial positions having a small Euclidean distance have widely different channel parameters. This paper proposes a method to introduce spatial coherence to SCM to make it suitable for full-motion simulations. At the same time, the model is well suited for the evaluation of multi-antenna schemes like space division multiple access (SDMA) where modeling of off-beam interference is important. Also, the introduction of spatial coherence does not affect the extension of SCM for wider bandwidths.