cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking Blame for Other People's Misconduct.

Taking blame for another person's misconduct may occur at relatively high rates for less serious crimes. The authors examined individual differences and situational factors related to this phenomenon by surveying college students (n = 213) and men enrolled in substance abuse treatment programs (n = 42). Among college students, conscientiousness and delinquency predicted their likelihood of being in a situation in which it was possible to take the blame for another person's misconduct. Situational factors, including the relationship with the perpetrator, the seriousness of the offense, feelings of responsibility for the offense, and differential consequences between the offender and the blame taker, were associated with college students’ decisions to take the blame. Among substance abuse treatment participants, individuals who took the blame for another person's misconduct were more extraverted, reported feeling more loyalty toward the true perpetrator, and indicated more incentives to take the blame than individuals who did not take the blame. Links between theories of helping behavior and situational factors that predict blame taking are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges in conducting a pediatric longitudinal prevention study: Lessons from the ACE-inhibitor after anthracycline trial

Abstract The ACE-inhibitor After Anthracyclines (AAA) trial was the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled prevention study aimed at reducing the rate of a chemotherapy associated late side effects in pediatric oncology survivors. A prevention study in this population faced major obstacles to the successful completion of the trial. This report discusses the challenges investigators faced when specific aspects of the trial threatened its completion, including aspects of study design; methods of recruitment of patients; methods to determine pediatric dosing; techniques to increase drug compliance and retention of patients; study conduct; use of information systems to track results; analytic techniques; and investigator relationships with NIH institutes as well as the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB). The lessons learned from the AAA trial experience may aid in the improved structuring of future prevention trials utilizing a randomized, double-blind methodology in a population of survivors of pediatric cancer.
Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Kidney Disease

With the rise in the incidence of childhood obesity, it is increasingly ­evident that the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased proportionately and has its origins in early life. This chapter will discuss the central role of the kidney in the mediation of elements of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) including glucose disposal, hyperinsulinemia, uric acid excretion, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). There is evidence that an adverse fetal environment with accelerated postnatal growth may contribute to a low nephron “endowment” and predispose to MetS and CKD in later life. The focus will be on the primary end points of hypertension, proteinuria, hyperuricemia, urolithiasis, and CKD. We will provide recommended treatment strategies and discuss necessary future research projects related to the MetS and CKD in children and adolescents.
F‐actin distribution in root primary tissues of several seed plant species

Premise of the study Primary vascular tissues of angiosperm and gymnosperm roots have significant anatomical differences. In gymnosperms, lack of protophloem sieve elements indicates a lengthy parenchymatous pathway for nutrient transport to the root apical meristem (RAM). Because F-actin is an essential component of transport in parenchyma cells, the distribution of F-actin was determined and compared among roots of several angiosperm and gymnosperm species. Methods Roots were chemically fixed and sectioned by hand to enable rapid production of many sections for labeling F-actin with phalloidin. Key results In angiosperm and gymnosperm root tips, relative intensity of F-actin labeling was highest in primary vascular tissues. Parenchyma cells in and around protophloem tended to have more F-actin while cells in cortical and protoxylem tissues tended to have less. In gymnosperms, phloem parenchyma was intensely labeled for several millimeters distal to the root apical meristem (RAM), and the F-actin is mostly composed of bundles that lie parallel to the root longitudinal axis. This orientation differed from the multidirectional arrangement of F-actin filaments in cortical cells. In angiosperms, intense F-actin labeling of pericycle and phloem parenchyma cells occurred around the first mature sieve elements. Conclusions F-actin is concentrated in the vascular cylinder, commonly in primary phloem parenchyma. In gymnosperms, the absence of sieve elements suggests that cytoplasmic streaming has a role in some aspect of phloem transport or unloading. In angiosperms, the region of intense F-actin labeling in the phloem parenchyma is limited to the extreme terminal portion of primary phloem where unloading of the earliest mature sieve elements occurs.
Rabies und andere Viruserkrankungen des Nervensystems

Rabies ist eine akute Infektionskrankheit des Zentralnervensystems, die stets todlich verlauft. Das Virus wird auf den Menschen im allgemeinen durch den Bis eines tollwutigen Tieres ubertragen.
Abstract 220: Understanding Nonattendance in Cardiac Transitional Care

Background: Bridging the Discharge Gap Effectively (BRIDGE) is a nurse practitioner based transitional care clinic shown to reduce readmissions in acute coronary syndrome patients. Unfortunately, more than 20% of patients referred do not attend. This study aims to determine reasons for nonattendance. Methods: Patients who did not attend their BRIDGE appointments between February and June 2014 were contacted by phone and surveyed about their reasons for nonattendance. Patient records were abstracted for discharge (D/C) and BRIDGE appointment details. Results: Of 171 patients referred, 60 (35.1%) did not attend their BRIDGE appointment; 45 (75.0%) participated in the study. Reasons for nonattendance were grouped into five categories (Table 1). The majority of patients reported their health status (n=15) as a reason for nonattendance or simply made a choice to not attend (n=16). Many patients (n=30, 66.7%) did not recall receiving information about BRIDGE at D/C. However, of those who did (n=10) nearly all (90.0%) understood the rationale for the appointment (Table 2). A high percentage of these patients were readmitted within 30 days (n=11, 24.4%) and patients who reported being too ill to travel were readmitted more frequently (4 of 7, 57.1%). These rates are in stark contrast to the 8.3% 30-day readmission rate for attenders. Conclusions: Patients had a variety of reasons for nonattendance, illustrating multiple opportunities to impact attendance rates. Focus should be placed on identifying and addressing patients who are too ill to travel as they represent a population at high risk for complications post-discharge. Further research, in a larger sample, is warranted to better understand these patients and their transitional needs. ![][1] ![][2] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/graphic-2.gif
Cohort of estrogen-induced microRNAs regulate adrenomedullin expression

Estrogen regulates the expression of many genes and has been correlated with differences in cardiac contraction; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Adrenomedullin (Adm = gene; AM = protein) is a multifunctional peptide with inotropic actions. Previous studies have demonstrated that estrogen enhances the expression of Adm, suggesting a relationship between AM and estrogen in cardiac contraction during physiological and pathological states. In this study, female mice in a mouse model of genetic Adm overexpression, abbreviated as Adm(hi/hi), were found to express 60 times more Adm in the heart than wild-type littermates, compared with the three-fold elevation of Adm previously reported in Adm(hi/hi) male hearts. Thus, this study sought to further investigate any functional consequences of increased cardiac Adm expression and begin exploring the mechanisms that regulate Adm expression in an estrogen-dependent fashion. This study revealed that heart function is enhanced in Adm(hi/hi) females, which along with Adm expression levels, was reversed following ovariectomization. Since the Adm(hi/hi) line was generated by the displacement of the 3' untranslated region (UTR), the native 3'UTR was examined for estrogen-induced microRNAs target sites to potentially explain the aberrant overexpression observed in Adm(hi/hi) female hearts. Using a bioinformatic approach, it was determined that the mouse Adm 3'UTR contains many target sites for previously characterized estrogen-induced microRNAs. This study also determined that the novel microRNA, miR-879, is another estrogen-induced microRNA that interacts with the 3'UTR of Adm to destabilize the mRNA. Together, these studies revealed that estrogen-induced microRNAs are important for balancing cardiac Adm expression in females.
Planning Target Volume D95 and Mean Dose Should Be Considered for Optimal Local Control for Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy.

Purpose To identify the optimal dose parameters predictive for local/lobar control after stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials This study encompassed a total of 1092 patients (1200 lesions) with NSCLC of clinical stage T1-T2 N0M0 who were treated with SABR of 50 Gy in 4 fractions or 70 Gy in 10 fractions, depending on tumor location/size, using computed tomography-based heterogeneity corrections and a convolution superposition calculation algorithm. Patients were monitored by chest CT or positron emission tomography/CT and/or biopsy after SABR. Factors predicting local/lobar recurrence (LR) were determined by competing risk multivariate analysis. Continuous variables were divided into 2 subgroups at cutoff values identified by receiver operating characteristic curves. Results At a median follow-up time of 31.7 months (interquartile range, 14.8-51.3 months), the 5-year time to local recurrence within the same lobe and overall survival rates were 93.8% and 44.8%, respectively. Total cumulative number of patients experiencing LR was 40 (3.7%), occurring at a median time of 14.4 months (range, 4.8-46 months). Using multivariate competing risk analysis, independent predictive factors for LR after SABR were minimum biologically effective dose (BED 10 ) to 95% of planning target volume (PTVD95 BED 10 ) ≤86 Gy (corresponding to PTV D95 physics dose of 42 Gy in 4 fractions or 55 Gy in 10 fractions) and gross tumor volume ≥8.3 cm 3 . The PTVmean BED 10 was highly correlated with PTVD95 BED 10. In univariate analysis, a cutoff of 130 Gy for PTVmean BED 10 (corresponding to PTVmean physics dose of 55 Gy in 4 fractions or 75 Gy in 10 fractions) was also significantly associated with LR. Conclusions In addition to gross tumor volume, higher radiation dose delivered to the PTV predicts for better local/lobar control. We recommend that both PTVD95 BED 10 >86 Gy and PTVmean BED 10 >130 Gy should be considered for SABR plan optimization.
Further Experiments on the Effects of Foveal Load on Peripheral Vision

The main objective of this research was to investigate the effects of foveal load on sensitivity in the peripheral visual field. The first experiment was presented at previous meeting of the Human Factors Society. Here, foveal load was manipulated by comparing the fixation of a cross vs. a simple first-order compensatory tracking task display. Peripheral sensitivity was determined simultaneously for light flashes presented at different eccentricities along the horizontal meridian. In general, the results showed no losses in peripheral sensitivity or a “tunnel vision” effect under the experimental conditions employed. Three more experiments have been carried out since that presentation. More complex tracking tasks have been employed in order to vary foveal load and the difficulty of the perimetry task has also been manipulated in one experiment by including lights on the vertical meridian. Whether or not a loss or a gain in peripheral sensitivity depends upon the complexity of the foveal task and to some e...
Cicero and the Spectacle of Power

On the second day of January 63 B.C. Cicero, with the full dignity of a consul, appeared in the Forum to address the Populus at a contio (assembly). This occasion, when he voiced his opposition to the agrarian legislation moved by the tribune Rullus and his colleagues, can be remembered because a text of the speech has survived as De lege agararia II. His words were apparently persuasive, since the bill was defeated in the subsequent voting of the tribal assembly. Eloquence was Cicero's greatest political asset and the De lege agraria II might be read as testimony to the power of words alone. Yet while it might be tempting for a literary critic to imagine that ‘when he stood before his audience, Cicero had at his disposal only words and the stylistic genius to construct from those words arguments that would shape men's opinions and move their hearts’, the words and genius, although powerful as political weapons, operated in conjunction with the physical presence and ideological pre-eminence that the consul brought to the Rostra. There Cicero engineered persuasiveness by presenting a congruence between his verbal argument and his dignity as speaker. Since knowledge of Rullus' legislation is wholly dependent upon Cicero's representation of it, Cicero's speech might best serve then to illustrate what this embodied rhetoric suggests about the relations between a political actor and those who heard and saw him.
Brand marketing, big data and social innovation as future research directions for engagement

The articles by Leckie, Nyadzayo, and Johnson (2016), Marbach (2016) and Dessart, Veloutsou, and Morgan-Thomas (2016) presented in this issue provide a suitable reflection of the current state of e...
New Imaging-based definition of Stroke Boosts Annual Incidence of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke in the United States by 80[percnt] (P1.091)

BACKGROUND: Recently, an AHA/ASA expert consensus panel introduced an updated definition of stroke for the 21 st century to include silent vascular brain injury (i.e. radiographic evidence of infarction without history of stroke-like symptoms), as well as symptomatic vascular brain injury (i.e. clinical stroke). Little is known about how this new tissue-based definition of stroke would quantitively alter annual estimates of stroke in the United States. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effect of the new imaging-based definition of stroke on the incidence of stroke in the US DESIGN/METHODS: We comprehensively searched PubMed and bibliographies of major articles using pre-specified terms. US population studies were included if they reported stroke incidence per 100,000-person-years and stroke events from 1994 to 2014. We conducted a second systematic review for the incidence of silent brain injury (SBI), and calculated the weighted-mean of SBI incidence rate. Sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Of 976 articles retrieved for stroke incidence, 10 studies met eligibility criteria, while among 835 articles obtained for SBI incidence, 5 met criteria. The updated imaging-based definition of stroke in the US was associated with a 19[percnt] increase in annual incidence of primary stroke from 178 (range 167-186) to 211 (range 200-220) cases per 100,000 person-years and a near doubling in recurrent ischemic stroke from 44 (range 36-56) to 78 (range 69-89) cases per 100,000 person-years (an absolute increase of 34 cases per 100,000 person-years, or 104,857 individuals, attributable to SBI). The rate at which individuals presenting with a first-time symptomatic stroke could hypothetically decrease by 15[percnt], from 211 (range 204-219) to 178 (range 167-186) cases per 100,000-person-years if SBI cases were identified and treated. CONCLUSIONS: Adopting a more expansive definition of stroke that incorporates presence of SBI would boost current estimates of the annual incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke in the US by approximately 80[percnt]. Disclosure: Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ovbiagele has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chui has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Archives of Neurology, Dr. Towfighi has nothing to disclose.
Modelling density segregation in flowing bidisperse granular materials

Preventing segregation in flowing granular mixtures is an ongoing challenge for industrial processes that involve the handling of bulk solids. A recent continuum-based modelling approach accurately predicts spatial concentration fields in a variety of flow geometries for mixtures varying in particle size. This approach captures the interplay between advection, diffusion and segregation using kinematic information obtained from experiments and/or discrete element method (DEM) simulations combined with an empirically determined relation for the segregation velocity. Here, we extend the model to include density-driven segregation, thereby validating the approach for the two important cases of practical interest. DEM simulations of density bidisperse flows of mono-sized particles in a quasi-two-dimensional-bounded heap were performed to determine the dependence of the density-driven segregation velocity on local shear rate and particle concentration. The model yields theoretical predictions of segregation patterns that quantitatively match the DEM simulations over a range of density ratios and flow rates. Matching experiments reproduce the segregation patterns and quantitative segregation profiles obtained in both the simulations and the model, thereby demonstrating that the modelling approach captures the essential physics of density-driven segregation in granular heap flow.
Stress Variations and Particle Movements during Penetration into Granular Materials

Granular materials such as sand are crushed and compacted locally when subjected to projectile penetration. It is necessary to obtain more diagnostic information during the experiment to develop a thorough understanding of the deformation mechanisms inside the target. In this study, we embedded piezoelectric film pressure gages at strategically distributed locations inside cylindrical sand targets. The gages are designed to measure only the pressure normal to the gage plane. The pressure gages are calibrated using a Kolsky bar before being embedded into the targets. The instrumented target is then subject to penetration by a cylindrical steel projectile with a semi-spherical nose. The distributed gages measure the pressure histories at the local gage positions. Flash X-rays installed around the target record the instant images of moving projectile and the gages inside the target. It was found that the penetration-induced pressure concentrates locally around the projectile.
The No-Nonsense Guide to Archives and Recordkeeping

The opportunity to review this book could not have come at a better time for this reviewer. Upon the resignation of the university's records and archives manager who was under the direct reporting lines to the reviewer, he found himself in the unfamiliar territory of managing these two areas directly and needed a “boot camp” type immersion in the basics. Librarians are often asked for advice on records retention and management. While we may be masters of organizing published materials and manuscripts such as student capstones, we do not usually have formal training in records management or archives management. This no-nonsense guide serves as a crash course in planning and managing the records that organizations of all types produce. Margaret Crockett is a professional records manager and archivist who consults in the field. The book was written for those without formal training who are working with records and archives. Crockett's discussion focuses on the technical aspects of records management in all formats (digital, print) from creation through the lifecycle to disposition and preservation in archives, and thus serves as a very useful introduction. The book is organized into five areas: concepts and theoretical underpinnings, current records, records management, archives management, and archives preservation. Other important aspects of the work of archives and records management are either discussed only briefly or are missing entirely, such as outreach, public service, advocacy, budgeting, and preservation. Although writing from a UK perspective, Crockett is careful to include examples and references from the United States and other countries, so her goal of reaching an international audience is met. Crockett includes useful checklists, samples, and examples. A very detailed index of almost twenty pages enables readers to easily locate the sections they need. A search of the American Library Association (ALA) Store revealed that this book is unique in the marketplace. The most comparable title found was written for an academic setting: Academic Archives: Managing the Next Generation of College and University Archives, Records, and Special Collections, by Aaron Purcell and published by Neal-Schuman in 2012. This book gives a concise introduction and overview of these subjects and will serve the needs of academic, governmental, and other corporate bodies and will be a useful addition to a librarian's bookshelf.
Performance of NICER Flight X-Ray Concentrator

Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR (NICER) is a NASA instrument to be onboard International Space Station, which is equipped with 56 pairs of an X-ray concentrator (XRC) and a silicon drift detector for high timing observations. The XRC is based on an epoxy replicated thin aluminum foil X-ray mirror, similar to those of Suzaku and ASTRO-H (Hitomi), but only a single stage parabolic grazing incidence optic. Each has a focal length of 1.085m and a diameter of 105 mm, with 24 confocally aligned parabolic shells. Grazing incident angles to individual shells range from 0.4 to 1.4 deg. The flight 56 XRCs have been completed and successfully delivered to the payload integration. All the XRC was characterized at the NASA/GSFC 100-m X-ray beamline using 1.5 keV X-rays (some of them are also at 4.5 keV). The XRC performance, effective area and point spread function, was measured by a CCD camera and a proportional counter. The average effective area is about 44 cm2 at 1.5 keV and about 18 cm2 at 4.5 keV, which is consistent with a micro-roughness of 0.5nm from individual shell reflectivity measurements. The XRC focuses about 91% of X-rays into a 2mm aperture at the focal plane, which is the NICER detector window size. Each XRC weighs only 325 g. These performance met the project requirement. In this paper, we will present summary of the flight XRC performance as well as co-alignment results of the 56 XRCs on the flight payload as it is important to estimate the total effective for astronomical observations.
A Public Health Approach to Our Food System

First paragraphs: Food systems are complex, with many components and many connections. We can view the food system through a variety of lenses: flow of product, flow of money, politics of regulations and policies, food security and social justice, impact on public health, impact on the environment, and more. Descriptions of what constitutes the food system vary across these different approaches. Thus a book titled Introduction to the U.S. Food System is sure to be an ambitious volume, and a thick volume. I was daunted by the idea of reading through such a text. Fortunately, it is a good read. This book is intended to be the text for an introductory course at the upper-division undergraduate or graduate level. I teach upper-division courses in biology, and the level of complexity would be just right for my students. Each of the 18 chapters provides an overview of one aspect of the food system and includes enough depth to anchor the discussion in concrete examples. The chapters are the right length for daily reading assignments for students or for good pacing for readers not taking a class. Each chapter includes a number of "Perspectives," sidebars that bring in additional information and viewpoints. The editor did a nice job of making sure each chapter was written at a similar level of detail and in a similar voice. That's an especially impressive task with more than 100 authors, including academic researchers, food justice advocates, health-care workers, and others working across the food system. The tone is informative and challenges the status quo without being vehement. Each chapter includes a list of learning objectives, definitions listed to the side throughout the text, a summary, and discussion questions, all of which should help students as they read and think through the information. The graphical layout is uncluttered and appealing. If (though I hope it's "when," not "if") I were to teach an introductory food systems class, I would use this book. I would also recommend it to anyone who wants to get up to speed on the various aspects of our food system....
Genotype x environment interactions in preweaning traits of purebred and reciprocal cross Angus and Brahman calves on common bermudagrass and endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures.

Preweaning data on 486 Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal cross calves (AB, BA) managed on common bermudagrass or endophyte-infected tall fescue were used to evaluate the interactions of forage type and sex of calf with direct effects, individual heterosis, and maternal effects. Calves were spring-born in 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991 to five sires of each breed. Male calves were castrated at birth, and calves were not creep-fed. Average values of heterosis for birth weight, 205-d weight, weaning hip height, and weaning weight:height ratio (WT/HT) were important (P < .01) and consistent across forage environment. Heterosis for birth weight was larger in bull calves than in heifer calves (P < .05), whereas heterosis for other preweaning traits were consistent across sex of calf. Average maternal effects for WT/HT (P < .10) were important and consistent across forage environment. Maternal effects for birth weight were larger with bull calves than with heifer calves (P < .01). Maternal effects for weaning hip height favored the Angus dam managed on bermudagrass (P < .05) but not managed on fescue. A similar but nonsignificant trend occurred in maternal effects for 205-d weight. Direct effects for birth weight were larger in bull calves than in heifer calves (P < .01). Direct effects for weaning height were larger in calves managed on bermudagrass than in calves managed on tall fescue (P < .07). A similar but nonsignificant trend was evident in direct effects for 205-d weight. Direct effects for WT/HT were relatively small and unimportant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nerve growth factor and oxidative stress in the nervous system.

Nerve growth factor is a target-derived neurotrophic factor acting on sympathetic and neural crest-derived sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and some populations of cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS; Levi-Montalcini and Hamburger, 1951; 1953; Levi-Montalcini, 1987; Hefti and Weiner, 1986; Thoenen and Barde, 1980). Nerve growth factor isolated from mouse submaxillary glands has a sedimentation coefficient of 7S which lacks biological activity (Varon et al.,1972; Stach and Shooter, 1980) and is made up of two alphas, one beta, and two gamma subunits (α2βγ2). The biologically active form is the β-subunit, a homodimer made up of two identical polypeptides. Each chain contains three intrachain disulfide bonds which are crucial for biological activity since the reduction of these bonds abolishes biological activity (Greene and Shooter, 1980; Perez-Polo et al., 1990; Fahnestock, 1991). There are significant homologies in the amino acid sequence of the α -and γ-subunits (Greene et al.,1969; Thomas et al., 1981; Evans and Richards, 1985). The γ-subunit of 7S NGF (γ-NGF) is an arginine- or lysine-specific trypsin-like serine proteinase in the kallikrein gene family (Thomas et al., 1981; Evans and Richards, 1985; Evans et al., 1987). The γ-NGF has been postulated to function during the processing of the β-NGF precursor and may participate in cellular migration or tissue remodeling. The γ-NGF can also cleave recombinant single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activators which might be involved in cellular migration by activating a proteinase cascade (Wolf et al.,1993).The α-subunit also belongs to the kallikrein gene family (Evans and Richards, 1985). Although α-NGF may protect β-NGF from proteolytic degradation or inhibit NGF biological activity via formation of the 7S complex, a definitive biological function for the α-subunit has not been established.
Round Table Summary : Genetic Engineering and DNA Repair

The last few years have seen the introduction and development of new and exciting methods for the cloning of specific genes. These approaches provide investigators with powerful new approaches for elucidating many aspects of gene structure and function. The availability of cloned genes aids in the identification of the gene products, provides greater amounts of the gene products for biochemical studies and can also provide important information about the control of expression of the cloned genes. At the present time, most of the work on cloned genes related to DNA repair has been done with E. coli, but we can anticipate that work in this area will soon include the cloning of DNA repair genes from many diverse sources including humans.
The Polyp-Cancer Sequence: Do All Colorectal Cancers Arise from Benign Adenomas?

Investigation supports the hypothesis that colorectal neoplasms arise by a sequence of events known as neoplastic progression or tumor progression. Evidence shows that the majority, if not all, colorectal adenocarcinomas arise from benign precursor lesions composed of dysplastic epithelium. The dysplastic epithelium may form a polypoid mass, and is designated an adenoma, or may be present in mucosa without a macroscopically visible lesion, whereas it is sometimes called a flat adenoma. Precursor dysplastic lesions rarely progress to invasive adenocarcinoma and later metastasis. Studies supporting tumor progression hypothesis in colorectal neoplasia are derived from histopathologic, clinical, animal model, and molecular biologic spheres of investigation, each of which is reviewed.
Musicians’ use of harmonic cognitive strategies when playing by ear:

Past research has shown that musicians who are skilled at playing by ear use harmonically oriented integrated cognitive strategies, whereas beginning ear players tend to use more simplistic and fra...
Immobilized Molecular Wires on Carbon-Cloth ElectrodesFacilitate CO 2 Electrolysis

Conjugated molecular wires of rhenium bipyridine complexes were grown on flexible, lightweight, carbon-cloth electrodes through reductive diazonium electropolymerization. CO2 electrolysis studies r...
Electronic structure of organic superconductors κ-(ET) 2 Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Br, κ-(ET) 2 Cu(NCS) 2 , and β-(ET) 2 I 3 studied by photoelectron spectroscopy

Photoemission studies were carried out on three organic superconductors: \ensuremath{\kappa}-(ET${)}_{2}$Cu[N(CN${)}_{2}$]Br, \ensuremath{\kappa}-(ET${)}_{2}$Cu(NCS${)}_{2}$, and \ensuremath{\beta}-(ET${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$. In all three compounds, we observe a valence band that extends from the Fermi level to approximately 22 eV below, showing many distinguishable features. A metallic Fermi edge is not observed in any of the three compounds. The orbital characteristics of some spectral features are deduced through variations in the excitation photon energy and observations of the relative intensity variations. For \ensuremath{\kappa}-(ET${)}_{2}$Cu[N(CN${)}_{2}$]Br and \ensuremath{\beta}-(ET${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$, comparisons were made between the measured spectra and the densities of states calculated by use of first-principles self-consistent methods. Some core-level spectra are presented.
A model-based calibration approach for structural fault diagnosis using piezoelectric impedance measurements and a finite element model

The electromechanical coupling property of piezoelectric transducers gives rise to a promising class of structural fault diagnosis methods often referred to collectively as impedance-based approach...
Construction Scene Parsing (CSP): Structured Annotations of Image Segmentation for Construction Semantic Understanding

Images ubiquitously support visualization and documentation of as-built status of built infrastructure. Images captured on-site during construction contain rich semantic information, such as object categories, materials and topological relationships, which are useful for many applications, such as progress monitoring, crack detection, quality control, and safety management. Recent advancements in deep learning and convolutional neural network can effectively extract various types of semantic information from images, but they require annotated datasets for model training. Most existing scene parsing datasets contain annotated images captured at project closeout and there lacks a dataset that can be used for construction site scene understanding. In order to support construction scene understanding, we present the Construction Scene Parsing (CSP), an annotated image dataset that contains over 150 construction scenes with image segmentation labelled by experts. The CSP dataset have two primary contributions: 1) It provides a hierarchical semantic structure rather than a unitary label for each image to deal with incomplete and changing components presented on construction images; 2) It provides pixel-wise annotations for every scene and can support various types of scene understanding tasks, such as object recognition, semantic segmentation, instance segmentation and panoptic segmentation. The dataset can be accessed at https://github.com/yugitw/Construction-Scene-Parsing.
Impact of early rapid weight gain on odds for overweight at one year differs between breastfed and formula‐fed infants

BACKGROUND Early rapid weight gain (RWG) increases, whereas longer durations of breastfeeding decreases, odds for later obesity. OBJECTIVES To determine the independent and interactive effects of early weight gain and diet on infant weight status trajectories and odds for overweight at 1 year. METHODS We conducted secondary analysis on data from two longitudinal trials with repeated anthropometric measures. One trial consisted of predominantly or exclusively breastfed (BF, n = 97) infants, whereas the other consisted of exclusively formula-fed (FF, n = 113) infants. Weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) change from 0.5 to 4.5 months was used to categorize early weight gain as slow ( 0.67; RWG). Linear-mixed effects models were fit to examine the independent effects and interaction of early diet (BF, FF) and weight gain (SWG, NWG, RWG) groups on WLZ trajectories; logistic regression was used to assess odds for overweight at 1 year. RESULTS While similar percentages (41%) of BF and FF infants experienced RWG, we found a significant diet × early weight gain group interaction (P < .001) on weight status. At 1 year, the WLZ of FF infants with RWG (1.57 ± 0.99) was twice that of BF infants with RWG (0.83 ± 0.92). Using BF infants with NWG as the reference group, FF infants with RWG had increased odds [OR: 25.3 (95% CI: 3.21, 199.7)] for overweight at 1 year, whereas BF infants with RWG did not. CONCLUSIONS Early diet interacts with early weight gain and influences weight status trajectories and overweight risk at 1 year.
EFFICIENT SORTING BY COMPUTER: AN INTRODUCTION

SUMMARY This paper is a tutorial description of three important methods for sorting with a computer: heapsort, replacement selection, and polyphase merging. The first is appropriate when the file to be sorted fits entirely into the memory of the computer, and the others, in combination, are used for very large files. The methods are given with step-by-step English language descriptions, and a full complement of examples is included. The paper is intended for readers who may have a little programming experience, but no familiarity with any particular computer or computer language is assumed. It is hoped that the reader of this paper will not only learn some important sorting methods, but also gain some appreciation of a few basic concepts from the vast literature on sorting.
Circadian rhythms in infectious diseases and symbiosis

Abstract Timing is everything. Many organisms across the tree of life have evolved timekeeping mechanisms that regulate numerous of their cellular functions to optimize timing by anticipating changes in the environment. The specific environmental changes that are sensed depends on the organism. For animals, plants, and free-living microbes, environmental cues include light/dark cycles, daily temperature fluctuations, among others. In contrast, for a microbe that is never free-living, its rhythmic environment is its host’s rhythmic biology. Here, we describe recent research on the interactions between hosts and microbes, from the perspective both of symbiosis as well as infections. In addition to describing the biology of the microbes, we focus specifically on how circadian clocks modulate these host-microbe interactions.
Metacognition and learning in spoken dialogue computer tutoring

We investigate whether four metacognitive metrics derived from student correctness and uncertainty values are predictive of student learning in a fully automated spoken dialogue computer tutoring corpus. We previously showed that these metrics predicted learning in a comparable wizarded corpus, where a human wizard performed the speech recognition and correctness and uncertainty annotation. Our results show that three of the four metacognitive metrics remain predictive of learning even in the presence of noise due to automatic speech recognition and automatic correctness and uncertainty annotation. We conclude that our results can be used to inform a future enhancement of our fully automated system to track and remediate student metacognition and thereby further improve learning.
Triggering of neuroendocrine refractoriness to short-day patterns of melatonin in Siberian hamsters.

Short day lengths induce gonadal regression within 6 weeks in Siberian hamsters, but this inhibitory effect eventually wanes and reproductive competence is regained after 4‐6 months in short days. These experiments were undertaken to determine whether continuous exposure to short days for several months is necessary to induce neuroendocrine refractoriness, or if a few weeks of short days are sufficient to trigger processes that culminate in refractoriness several months later. Adult male Siberian hamsters transferred from their natal long-day photoperiod of 15L (15 h light/day) to a short-day photoperiod of 10L were pinealectomized (PINx) after 0, 6, 12, 21 or 40 weeks of exposure to 10L. Intact hamsters kept in 10L manifested gonadal regression by week 6 and completed gonadal recrudescence by week 40, at which time they too were PINx. Beginning at week 40 all hamsters were infused s.c. with melatonin for 10 h/day for 6 consecutive weeks. This treatment induces gonadal regression in photosensitive hamsters. At the end of melatonin treatment, maximal gonadal regression was recorded for hamsters PINx at week 0 and those PINx after 40 weeks in long days. Hamsters PINx after 40 week of short day treatment were completely unresponsive to melatonin whereas those PINx after 6 and 12 weeks had intermediate responses. The percentage of hamsters whose reproductive apparatus was refractory to melatonin at week 40 increased with increasing duration of exposure to short days prior to PINx. Refractoriness was induced by relatively few weeks of short days in some hamsters, whereas others required much more extensive exposure. Induction of refractoriness is triggered by a fraction of the short days that hamsters experience in nature but may not be manifested until many weeks later when it coincides with gonadal recrudescence. In nature all hamsters are exposed to short days for at least 25 weeks, ensuring refractoriness in most individuals.
Glutamate Cysteine Ligase (GCL) Transgenic and Gene‐Targeted Mice for Controlling Glutathione Synthesis

The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) has important antioxidant properties, scavenges free radicals, and serves as a cofactor for glutathione S-transferase conjugation of many xenobiotics. GSH is synthesized in two steps. The first and, often, rate-limiting step is the formation of γ-glutamylcysteine, which is catalyzed by the inducible heterodimeric enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). The two subunits of GCL are the catalytic subunit (GCLC) and the modifier subunit (GCLM). In this unit, the generation and basic characterization methodologies of transgenic mouse models that have been developed to (1) conditionally over express both GCL subunits; (2) lack GCLM (Gclm null); and (3) create a hybrid between Gclm conditional over-expressing mice on a Gclm null genetic background are discussed. These models can be used to explore the fundamental role of GCLC and GCLM in GSH synthesis, as well as the toxicological role of GSH and its synthesis in xenobiotic metabolism and response to oxidative stress. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 39:6.16.1-6.16.20. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: glutathione; glutamate cysteine ligase; oxidative stress; transgenic mouse; genetic model
The Power of the Pyramid

Insects may be less likely to develop resistance when crops express proteins that have been modified to overcome resistance to other toxins.
Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, Triton X-100, and Lysozyme on the Morphology and Chemical Composition of Isolated Cell Walls of Escherichia coli

Extraction of a partially purified preparation of cell walls from Escherichia coli with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 removed all cytoplasmic membrane contamination but did not affect the normal morphology of the cell wall. This Triton-treated preparation, termed the "Triton-insoluble cell wall," contained all of the protein of the cell wall but only about half of the lipopolysaccharide and one-third of the phospholipid of the cell wall. This Triton-insoluble cell wall preparation was used as a starting material in an investigation of several further treatments. Reextraction of the Triton-insoluble cell wall with either Triton X-100 or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) caused no further solubilization of protein. However, when the Triton-insoluble cell wall was extracted with a combination of Triton X-100 and EDTA, about half of the protein and all of the remaining lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid were solubilized. The material which remained insoluble after this combined Triton and EDTA extraction still retained some of the morphological features of the intact cell wall. Treatment of the Triton-insoluble cell wall with lysozyme resulted in a destruction of the peptidoglycan layer as seen in the electron microscope and in a release of diaminopimelic acid from the cell wall but did not solubilize any cell wall protein. Extraction of this lysozyme-treated preparation with a combination of Triton X-100 and EDTA again solubilized about half of the cell wall protein but resulted in a drastic change in the morphology of the Triton-EDTA-insoluble material. After this treatment, the insoluble material formed lamellar structures. These results are interpreted in terms of the types of noncovalent bonds involved in maintaining the organized structure of the cell wall and suggest that the main forces involved are hydrophobic protein-protein interactions between the cell wall proteins and to a lesser degree a stabilization of protein-protein and protein-lipopolysaccharide interactions by divalent cations. A model for the structure of the E. coli cell wall is presented.
Weekly Change in Mindfulness and Perceived Stress in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program

Objective The purpose of the study was to examine weekly change in self-reported mindfulness and perceived stress in participants who completed an 8-week course in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Method Participants were 87 adults with problematic levels of stress related to chronic illness, chronic pain, and other life circumstances (mean age = 49 years, 67% female) participating in MBSR in an academic medical center. They completed weekly self-report assessments of mindfulness skills and perceived stress. It was hypothesized that significant improvement in mindfulness skills would precede significant change in stress. Results Mindfulness skills and perceived stress both changed significantly from pretreatment to posttreatment. Significant increases in mindfulness occurred by the second week of the program, whereas significant improvements in perceived stress did not occur until week 4. Extent of change in mindfulness skills during the first three weeks predicted change in perceived stress over the course of the intervention. Conclusions Evidence that changes in mindfulness precede changes in perceived stress in a standard MBSR course is consistent with previous studies suggesting that improvements in mindfulness skills may mediate the effects of mindfulness training on mental health outcomes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Clin. Psychol. 68:755-765, 2012
Success and residential affiliation as determinants of team cohesiveness.

Abstract The influence of success and residential affiliation on the postseason cohesiveness of college intramural basketball teams was determined. In addition, whether or not an initial difference existed in the cohesiveness among basketball teams organized from three different residential organizations was investigated. Over 1,200 male college students, members of 144 basketball teams, completed a pre- and post-season questionnaire which assessed nine different aspects of cohesiveness. Three residential organizations and three levels of success were the independent variables. The preseason cohesiveness levels were analyzed by univariate and a multivariate one-way analysis of variance. Covarying out the preseason differences between the teams, the postseason data were analyzed by both a univariate and multivariate two factor (3 × 3) analysis of covariance. Results indicated that fraternity teams were initially more cohesive than teams from either men's residence halls or men's independent associations. P...
Anaerobic bacteria in upper respiratory tract and head and neck infections in children: Microbiology and management

Anaerobes are the predominant components of oropharyngeal mucous membranes bacterial flora, and are therefore a common cause of bacterial infections of endogenous origin of upper respiratory tract and head and neck in children. This review summarizes the aerobic and anaerobic microbiology and antimicrobial therapy of acute and chronic upper respiratory tract infection and other head and neck infections. These infections include acute and chronic otitis media, mastoiditis and sinusitis, pharyngo-tonsillitis, peritonsillar, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses, suppurative thyroiditis, cervical lymphadenitis, parotitis, siliadenitis, and deep neck infections including Lemierre syndrome. The recovery from these infections depends on prompt and proper medical and when indicated also surgical management.