cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of inhomogeneous multicomponent Fermi gases

Two-component equal-mass Fermi gases, in which unlike atoms interact through a short-range two-body potential and like atoms do not interact, are stable even when the interspecies $s$-wave scattering length becomes infinitely large. Solving the many-body Schr\"odinger equation within a hyperspherical framework and by Monte Carlo techniques, this paper investigates how the properties of trapped two-component gases change if a third or fourth component are added. If all interspecies scattering lengths are equal and negative, our calculations suggest that both three- and four-component Fermi gases become unstable for a certain critical set of parameters. The relevant length scale associated with the collapse is set by the interspecies scattering length and we argue that the collapse is similar to the collapse of an attractive trapped Bose gas, a many-body phenomenon. Furthermore, we consider a three-component Fermi gas in which two interspecies scattering lengths are negative while the other interspecies scattering length is zero. In this case, the stability of the Fermi system is predicted to depend appreciably on the range of the underlying two-body potential. We find parameter combinations for which the system appears to become unstable for a finite negative scattering length and parameter combinations for which the system appears to be made up of weakly bound trimers that consist of one fermion of each species.
Binding of proflavine and ethidium bromide to two forms of T2 bacteriophage with different sedimentation coefficients

Abstract Equilibrium and kinetic studies of binding of proflavine and ethidium bromide to T2 phage indicate that (1) most of the intraphage DNA is accessible to proflavine; (2) the bulkier ethidium cation binds to a limited amount of DNA within the phage head; (3) intraphage DNA and free DNA in solutions of high ionic strength have similar equilibrium constants for binding to proflavine and ethidium; (4) on a time scale of minutes to hours, there is little difference in the permeabilities of the fast sedimenting (1000 S) and slow sedimenting (700S) forms of T2 phage as measured by proflavine binding.
Versatile Core-Sheath Biofibers using Coaxial Electrospinning

We have investigated coaxial electrospinning to produce core-sheath fibers for tissue engineering. We have successfully produced core-sheath structured fibers of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and gelatin using the coaxial electrospinning technique. The core-sheath scaffold exhibits better mechanical properties compared to gelatin scaffold. We have characterized the resulting core and core-sheath fiber diameters and the scaffold porosity, etc.
New impetus to astrometry

In 1964 a conference was held at Flagstaff, Arizona, in honour of Ejnar Hertzsprung. At this conference Martin Schwarzschild presented the inaugural address. The title was 'New Impetus to Astrometry'. I was so much impressed by everything what he, as an astrophysicist, had to say that I have always remembered his analysis of important astrometric problems with admiration. Nine years after the Flagstaff Conference, I find it appropriate to open this Symposium in referring to Schwarzschild's lecture and in presenting my views on recent developments and on progress which I expect in the future. Major achievements in astrometry during the past decade resulted mainly from the introduction and development of new instrumental techniques, the application of astrometric methods in new areas of astronomy, and from the vigorous and successful work in large international undertakings. An important part of the recent progress was unforeseen, namely, the progress made in the absolute measurement of positions of objects by means of radio techniques. Let us first consider the classical areas of astrometry. I will follow here Schwarzschild in first citing the determination of the local inertial frame of rest, which in practice, is given by a system of positions and proper motions of fundamental stars and the knowledge of accurate values of the so-called constants of precession, nutation and aberration. While in 1963 the Fourth Fundamental Catalogue {FK4} was completed on the basis of observations before about 1950, an enormous effort began with the aim of improving the system and the individual data of the FK4. The observations have been carried out with the transit circle, the vertical circle, and with Danjon's astrolabe. By means of improved techniques the errors of observations have been decreased by a factor of about two compared with the observations on which the FK4 was based, and it has become possible to push the magnitude limit of meridian circles to stars fainter than visual magnitude nine. Furthermore, considerable contributions have been made to the improvement of the system in the southern sky, which in the FK4 was based almost entirely on observations made at the Cape Observatory alone. The number of absolute and differential observations made since 1950 is already sufficiently large to justify an extensive analysis with the aim of an improvement of the FK4 and its extension from magnitude 7.5 to 9.0. Progress has also been made in determining precession. It has become clear that Newcomb's planetary precession requires a small correction due to recent improvements of the values of the planetary masses. The point has been reached where further correc-
The Lichenoid Tissue Reactions of the Oral Mucosa: Oral Lichen Planus and Other Lichenoid Lesions

Lichenoid changes in the oral mucosa can be encountered in a wide range of lesions and can have varied etiologies. Immune-mediated disorders, including lichen planus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, discoid lupus erythematosus, and graft-versus-host disease, can have clinical and histologic overlaps. Lichenoid reactions to dental materials, such as amalgam, or to many systemic drugs are also well documented. Dysplasia of the oral cavity at times can also express a lichenoid histology, which may mask the potentially cancerous component. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, an unusual clinical disease, mimics oral lichen planus clinically and requires careful correlation of the clinical and pathologic features.
Alterations in α-Adrenergic Receptors in Response to Myocardial Ischemia and their Role in Arrhythmogenesis

Several lines of clinical and experimental evidence indicate that catecholamines contribute substantially to the development of lethal ventricular arrhythmias during early myocardial ischemia [1–3]. There are at least two major mechanisms which underly the release of catecholamines during ischemia, the most prominent of which is local release from sympathetic nerve endings directly in the absence of any sympathetic neural activation [4]. In addition, there is also evidence to suggest that release of catecholamines occurs through enhanced central sympathetic neural outflow [1,2]. This heterogeneous release of catecholamines within the ischemic heart would be expected to lead to marked heterogeneity in the associated electrophysiologic responses and thereby enhance the evolution of lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Definitive experimental evidence has indicated that both reentrant as well as nonreentrant mechanisms contribute to the development of arrhythmias during early myocardial ischemia [5,6]. Thus, approaches to evaluate the electrophysiologic mechanisms underlying the arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines should not only evaluate potential influences on electrophysiologic indices which would influence reentrant arrhythmias, but also indices which would contribute to nonreentrant or focal mechanisms. These would include normal and abnormal automaticity as well as triggered arrhythmias secondary to early or delayed afterdepolarizations.
Comparison of saccadic eye movements in humans and macaques to single-step and double-step target movements

Abstract Human and monkey saccade amplitude and latency, in response to 12–36° target steps, differed substantially despite nearly identical experimental conditions. On single-step trials, monkeys did not undershoot targets, and latencies were insensitive to stimulus and contextual factors. Human saccades did undershoot, their latency was longer, and both undershoot and latency were affected by stimulus variables and experimental context. On double-step trials, the second target step altered primary saccade amplitude when the step occurred as little as 40 msec prior to saccade onset for both humans and monkeys. However, humans and monkeys showed somewhat different amplitude transition functions, and monkeys showed little evidence of parallel programming.
Photon-echo nuclear double resonance and its application in ruby

A photon-echo nuclear double resonance (PENDOR) experiment which detects nuclear magnetic resonances by monitoring the stimulated photon-echo intensity after the application of an rf pulse is described and used to determine the Cr-Al hyperfine and electric-quadrupole interaction parameters associated with the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ion in the $^{2}E(\overline{E})$ optically excited state in ruby. Most of these parameters are found to be within a few percent of the values associated with ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ in the $^{4}A_{2}$ ground state. Resonances are also observed associated with the latter, state, and they are in agreement with previous spin-echo ENDOR work. High resolution is obtained by using a gated cw ruby laser which generates a rapid train of three-pulse stimulated-photon echoes with a long time interval between the second and third excitation pulses. The theoretical behavior of the PENDOR effect is discussed with emphasis on the ability to disentangle complicated multiple overlapping resonances by causing whole sets of resonances to disappear in a controlled way.
Reported Benefits of Participation in a Research Study

Racial and ethnic minorities are significantly underrepresented in clinical research trials. Several socio-cultural and systemic barriers, ranging from discrimination by the health care system, medical mistrust, to low physician referral rates and lack of knowledge of research studies have been identified as impacting participation. One hundred and fifteen participants were culturally matched and were interviewed followed by up to an additional four interviews over a 12 month period. Responses were analyzed to understand the perceived benefits to participating in a prospective, randomized, longitudinal clinical research trial about screening colonoscopy. Over two-thirds (64.4%) of participants reported "knowledge, awareness, and/or information about colonoscopy and general health" as being the greatest benefit they received. Desire to undergo the screening and the pride of completing the study was ranked second and third, respectively. Understanding the reasons that participants choose to participate in research studies will ultimately assist researchers close the gap in minority representation, allowing for greater generalizability of research findings.
Denny-Brown’s views on the pathophysiology of dystonia

We review Denny-Brown's hypotheses on the mechanisms underlying motor behavior and his views on how dysfunction in these mechanisms can result in dystonia. His formulations were based upon clinical observations of patients with diseases of the central nervous system and on monkeys with surgically-induced lesions of structures affected by diseases in his patients. Denny-Brown viewed dystonia as resulting from an imbalance of reflex responses to natural stimulation, both tonically and phasically. The evidence for this view came from demonstration of alterations of dystonic postures by natural vestibular, cutaneous, proprioceptive and visual stimuli. His formulations remain highly useful to clinicians faced with a bewildering variety of postural and movement disorders.
Bayesian Detection of Causal Rare Variants under Posterior Consistency

Identification of causal rare variants that are associated with complex traits poses a central challenge on genome-wide association studies. However, most current research focuses only on testing the global association whether the rare variants in a given genomic region are collectively associated with the trait. Although some recent work, e.g., the Bayesian risk index method, have tried to address this problem, it is unclear whether the causal rare variants can be consistently identified by them in the small-n-large-P situation. We develop a new Bayesian method, the so-called Bayesian Rare Variant Detector (BRVD), to tackle this problem. The new method simultaneously addresses two issues: (i) (Global association test) Are there any of the variants associated with the disease, and (ii) (Causal variant detection) Which variants, if any, are driving the association. The BRVD ensures the causal rare variants to be consistently identified in the small-n-large-P situation by imposing some appropriate prior distributions on the model and model specific parameters. The numerical results indicate that the BRVD is more powerful for testing the global association than the existing methods, such as the combined multivariate and collapsing test, weighted sum statistic test, RARECOVER, sequence kernel association test, and Bayesian risk index, and also more powerful for identification of causal rare variants than the Bayesian risk index method. The BRVD has also been successfully applied to the Early-Onset Myocardial Infarction (EOMI) Exome Sequence Data. It identified a few causal rare variants that have been verified in the literature.
Solid-state NMR characterization and determination of the orientational order of a nematogen

Thermotropic liquid crystalline compounds are of considerable importance due to their potential applications as advanced functional materials. A mesogen consisting of a terminal dimethylamino group, which can act as a charge-transfer donor, is particularly valuable for its light emission and nonlinear optical properties. In this study, we report the solid-state NMR investigation of the nematic behavior of one such novel mesogen (4-(dodecyloxy)benzoic acid 4-[((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)imino)methyl]phenyl ester). Static and MAS experiments were performed on nematic and crystalline phases of the compound to measure 13 C chemical shift, 13 C- 1 H dipolar coupling, and 1 H chemical shift values. 2D chemical shift correlation of 1 H and 13 C nuclei confirmed the 13 C chemical shift values determined from 1D CPMAS experiments. The appearance of more peaks in both CPMAS and 13 C- 1 H HETCOR spectra of a crystalline solid suggests the heterogeneous orientations of phenyl rings of the mesogenic core. Variable-temperature experiments infer the motional averaging of these orientations before melting. The 1 H- 13 C dipolar coupling values, measured by 2D PITANSEMA experiments, were used to determine the orientational order of the mesogenic core at various temperatures. The influence of the linking unit and terminal substituents on the order parameter values of the mesogenic core is discussed.
An improved reaction sequence for electrophilic cyclization of methyl 6-(2-indolyl)-2-azabicyclooct-7-ene-6-carboxylates iboga alkaloid analogs

Abstract An improved reaction sequence for converting the Diels-Alder adducts of methyl α-(N- phenylsulfonylindol-2-yl)acrylate and 1-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydropyridines to analogs of the iboga alkaloids is described. The sequence features selective reduction of -N- methoxy-N-methylacetamide derivatives to the corresponding aldehydes followed by facile acid-catalyzed cyclization. (±)-20-Deethylcatharanthine and 15-oxygenated derivatives were prepared.
Zeeman effect and level identification of As i

The Zeeman effect of the neutral arsenic spectrum was observed photographically from 1937 to 11 244 A. Well-defined Zeeman patterns of 130 As i lines were recorded and yielded 61 Lande g values of which 9 were previously available. The light source was an electrodeless lamp of quartz containing metallic arsenic and helium carrier gas at 3–5 Torr; it was operated in a magnetic field of 24 025 or 10 000 G and excited by a standard microwave generator. Conditions that were favorable for the excitation of the first spectrum of arsenic were noted and characterized. The J and g values obtained from our Zeeman patterns confirmed most of the existing As i analysis but forced reclassification of several terms. There is acceptable agreement between the g values and those calculated from intermediate-coupling wave functions obtained by the least-squares fitting of energy levels for the single configuration approximation to 4s2 4p3 and 4s2 4p2 5s. Also, adequate fits of energy levels could be obtained in the single configuration approximation for each of the 4s2 4p2 5p and 4s2 4p2 6p configurations, but large discrepancies occurred in the g values. Such discrepancies were reduced considerably when configuration interaction was included in the calculations, providing positive evidence of configuration mixing that led to the reclassification of several energy levels and to the addition of some of the missing classifications.
Virtual clusters for parallel and distributed education

The reality of multicore machines as a standard and the prevalence of distributed cloud computing has signaled a need for parallel and distributed computing to become integrated into the computer science curriculum. At the same time, operating system virtualization has become a common technique with open standard tools available to any practitioners. Virtual machines (VMs) installed on available computer lab resources can be used to simulate high-performance cluster computing environments. This paper describes two such virtual clusters in use at small colleges, demonstrates their effectiveness for parallel computing education, and provides information about how to obtain the VMs for use in an educational lab setting. We have used these clusters to introduce parallelism into several courses in our undergraduate curriculum.
Performance of a rectilinear biphasic waveform in defibrillation of presenting and recurrent ventricular fibrillation: a prospective multicenter study.

Abstract Objectives We tested the hypothesis that shock success differs with initial and recurrent episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Methods From September 2008 to March 2010 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with VF as the initial rhythm at 9 study sites were defibrillated by paramedics using a rectilinear biphasic waveform. Shock success was defined as termination of VF within 5s post-shock. We used generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis to assess the association between shock type (initial versus refibrillation) and shock success. Results Ninety-four patients presented in VF. Mean age was 65.4 years, 78.7% were male, and 80.9% were bystander-witnessed. VF recurred in 75 (79.8%). There were 338 shocks delivered for initial ( n =90) or recurrent ( n =248) VF available for analysis. Initial shocks terminated VF in 79/90 (87.8%) and subsequent shocks in 209/248 (84.3%). GEE odds ratio (OR) for shock type was 1.37 (95% CI 0.68–2.74). After adjusting for potential confounders, the OR for shock type remained insignificant (1.33, 95% CI 0.60–2.53). We observed no significant difference in ROSC (54.7% versus 52.6%, absolute difference 2.1%, p =0.87) or neurologically intact survival to hospital discharge (21.9% versus 33.3%, absolute difference 11.4%, p =0.31) between those with and without VF recurrence. Conclusions Presenting VF was terminated with one shock in 87.8% of cases. We observed no significant difference in the frequency of shock success between initial versus recurrent VF. VF recurred in the majority of patients and did not adversely affect shock success, ROSC, or survival.
Chiropractic and the clinical art.

Abstract Chiropractic is the largest ‘unorthodox’ health profession in the U.S.A. It is licensed in all 50 states and its services are covered by governmental and private health insurance. Yet chiropractic remains, in the opinion of medical commentators, an unscientific healing cult. Chiropractic holds that much illness is caused, directly or indirectly, by derangements in homeostasis that result from subtle vertebral malalignments called ‘subluxations’. Only a minority of ‘straight’ chiropractors continue to provide spinal manipulation as their only modality, while the majority ‘mixers’ have embraced physical therapy, vitamin supplements and a wide variety of drugless treatments. Clinical trials suggest that spinal manipulation itself has short-term benefit in back pain, but the success of chiropractic is not fully explained by that effect. The clinical art, though, as manifested in the chiropractic-patient interaction contributes greatly to chiropractic healing. This process promotes patient acceptance and validation, fulfills expectations, provides explanations and engages the patient's commitment. The same process lies at the core of the ‘art of medicine’. Seeing the clinical art as it functions in chiropractic can help us to understand its independent power in medicine.
Ab initio computational study of selected C60H6 isomers

Abstract The relative energies of 18 isomers of C 60 H 6 have been determined through geometry-optimized ab initio calculations. HF/6-31G ∗ computations on the two lowest energy structures determined at the HF/3-21G level indicate that 1,2,4,11,15,30-C 60 H 6 ( 18 , with a C 60 Br 6 -like structure) lies only 0.4 kcal/mol higher in energy than 1,2,3,4,9,10-C 60 H 6 ( 4 ). This remarkably close energy spacing was unexpected because, unlike in 4 in which addition occurs exclusively to 6,6 ring fusions, H 2 addition in 18 occurs both 1,2 to a 6,6 ring fusion and 1,4 across 6-rings so as to place two double bonds into 6,5 ring fusions.
Adrenomedullin and endocrine control of immune cells during pregnancy.

The immunology of pregnancy is complex and incompletely understood. Aberrant immune activity in the decidua and in the placenta is believed to play a role in diseases of pregnancy, such as infertility, miscarriage, fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. Here, we briefly review the endocrine control of uterine natural killer cell populations and their functions by the peptide hormone adrenomedullin. Studies in genetic animal models have revealed the critical importance of adrenomedullin dosage at the maternal–fetal interface, with cells from both the maternal and fetal compartments contributing to essential aspects underlying appropriate uterine receptivity, implantation and vascular remodeling of spiral arteries. These basic insights into the crosstalk between the endocrine and immune systems within the maternal–fetal interface may ultimately translate to a better understanding of the functions and consequences of dysregulated adrenomedullin levels in clinically complicated pregnancies.
Thermal decomposition of methanol adsorbed on magnesia

Abstract The thermal desorption of methanol and its decompostion products from magnesium oxide powder was recorded over the temperature range 300–1123 K. The formation of formaldehyde was observed in small quantities above 438 K. Large quantities of CO and H 2 were evolved at 723–900 K, accompanied by smaller amounts of CH 4 . No ether formation was detected. Methanol desorption was observed below 773 K, with structure in the spectrum revealing at least two different phases of the desorption process. The variation of this structure with initial coverage serves to confirm and clarify previous models for methoxyl on MgO, based on infrared absorption studies. The ease of adsorption, desorption, and migration of methanol species on MgO are also studied, and these features are compared with the corresponding properties of the methanol/Al 2 O 3 system. The differences between them are correlated with the differences in proposed models for surface species in the two cases.
Personality and mental health of Hare Krishnas compared with psychiatric outpatients and ‘normals’

Abstract Personality and mental health of 132 males and 94 females of the U.S.A. Hare Krishna movement, often called a ‘cult’, were compared with those of a well-studied psychiatric outpatient population and normals using the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS). Subjects averaged 30 years old with 8.6 years average time in the movement, and were sampled from 8 U.S.A. sites. Psychiatric outpatients mental health and personality were generally significantly different from those of the Hare Krishnas. Outpatients exhibited multiple pathologic signs of reduced daily functioning, compulsive personality disorder, and general emotional maladjustment. Hare Krishnas, except for their hallmark personality characteristic, a strong compulsivity trait, scored within the normal psychological range. Reduced trust in society was exhibited in many members although the average trust was normal. This study attempts to distinguish Hare Krishnas from other non-traditional belief systems, or cults.
Psychiatric perspectives on psychotherapy

D URING MODERN TIMES, psychotherapy has held a central position within the practice of psychiatry. Recently, numerous questions have been raised regarding the efficacy and efficiency of the many psychotherapies. In order to clarify the continued importance of psychotherapy in psychiatric practice, this article presents a framework delineating the focus and goals of psychotherapy within four major task areas: medical, rehabilitative, educative-developmental and societal-legal. Within these areas, the physician-patient role relationship, and the perspectives that are adopted will be examined so that the many approaches to psychotherapy can be better understood. From the end of World War II until the mid 1960s psychotherapy generally was viewed as the most sophisticated tool in psychiatry’s technologic armamentarium. Within many psychiatric educational programs, proficiency in developing the skills required to become a competent psychotherapist was a central training goal. The 1960s witnessed a period of major social experimentation, some of whose programs had major impact upon psychiatry and psychotherapy. The passage of the Medicare, Medicaid and Community Mental Health Center Acts dramatically increased accessibility of services and changed the financing and structures of health care delivery. In psychiatric practice the consequences were enormous. In 1955, approximately 1.7 million episodes of care were provided with one-half of these services occurring in inpatient state and county mental hospitals. Less than one-quarter of the 1.7 million episodes in that year were provided in ambulatory mental health facilities. In 1975, almost 6.4 million episodes of care were provided in mental health facilities. The vast majority of these services were outpatient services. Community mental health centers accounted for 29% of services and organized outpatient psychiatric services accounted for 47% (about 20% of the total episodes were seen in private office practice). ’ During this period, insurance coverage for psychiatric illness and disorders was significantly increased, and ambulatory services were more adequately covered. In the early 1960s it was anticipated that the number of psychiatric patients presenting for service would massively exceed the capacity of psychiatrists to care for them, a prediction clearly borne out by history. Thus, the federal government began programs to dramatically increase the number and types of available nonmedical practitioners. The NIMH sponsored training for members
Detection of Radio Emission from Scorpio X-1

SOME twenty X-ray sources are now known, among them the well known objects M87 and the Crab nebula. Two X-ray sources (Sco X-1 and Cyg X-2) have been optically identified with previously unknown objects which have a stellar appearance and the characteristics of old novae1,2. Most X-ray sources remain unidentified, however. Most of them lie at low galactic latitudes, and it seems possible that many are objects similar to Sco X-1. These objects are not prominent at radio wavelengths and previous attempts to detect radio emission from Sco X-1, the strongest X-ray source, have yielded only upper limits to its flux density (refs. 3–5 and Hogg and Johnson quoted in ref. 6). The flux density of Sco X-1 has now been measured as 0.021 ± 0.007 flux units (1 flux unit = 10−26 W m−2 Hz−1) at a wavelength of 4.6 cm. This value is substantially below the previously determined upper limits.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Induces Airway Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Surfactant Protein Gene Expression in Human Fetal Lung In Vitro † 242

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Induces Airway Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Surfactant Protein Gene Expression in Human Fetal Lung In Vitro † 242
#105-S estimating residential exposure to drinking water arsenic in inner mongolia, china for epidemiologic studies

Abstract PURPOSE: In the Ba Men region of Inner Mongolia, China, a high prevalence of chronic arsenism has been reported in earlier studies. A survey of the water supply system was conducted between 1991-1998 to better characterize the arsenic (As) concentrations in the drinking water supply of local villages. METHODS: A total of 14,866 wells were analyzed for As content. Colorimetry based on silver diethyldithiocarbamate, an adaptation of the mercury bromide stain technique, and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to determine the As content of the water supply. Methods used to assign individual level exposure information based on aggregate exposure data, their advantages and disadvantages, will be discussed. RESULTS: As concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection to 1.2 mg/l. Elevated concentrations were related to well depth (maximum at the 15 to 25 meter (m) category), well type (most high concentrations associated with the small household pump wells) and the date the well was built (peaks from 1980–1990). Over 43,600 persons consumed water with As concentrations above 0.01 mg/l (14,500 above 0.05 mg/l, 480 above 0.5 mg/l). There were significant differences between different counties and villages within each county. CONCLUSION: The presented database of As in wells of the Ba Men region provides a useful tool for planning future water explorations when combined with geological information. It also helps in the design of upcoming epidemiological studies on the effects of arsenic in drinking water.
The volume of ions and ion-solvent pair correlation functions

In this paper we summarize some of our recent work on the apparent molal volumes of transition metal salts in water. The densities of NiCl2, Ni(ClO4)2, CoCl2, Co(ClO4)2, and Mn(ClO4)2 solutions have been measured from 15 to 140°C. Solutions of FeCl2, Fe(ClO4)2, CuCl2, Cu(ClO4)2, ZnCl2, and Zn(ClO4)2 were measured from 15 to 55°C. The apparent molal volumes at infinite dilution are reported and the effect of temperature is discussed. A new approach to the calculation of ionic volumes from salt volumes is presented. It is shown that the ionic volume is directly related to the direct ion-solvent correlation function. A large ligand field effect on transition metal volumes is noted.
Carbon nanotube based coils and helices: (Synthesis and applications in electronic, electromagnetic, and mechanical devices)

We report on the rational synthesis of coiled carbon nanotube (CNT) and nanowires morphologies, through chemical vapor deposition, made feasible through extensive thermodynamic analysis and modeling. Coil formation is scientifically interesting in that helices abound in nature, e.g., DNA, proteins, etc., and a connection is being made at the nanoscale between carbon based inorganic and organic forms. Such morphologies can be used in a wide variety of applications, e.g., nanoscale electrical inductors and mechanical springs. We have also shown that polymer composites constituted of such helical forms exhibit a greater electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency compared to composites constituted from the linear CNTs.
Use of infrared thermography for quantitative non-destructive evaluation in FRP strengthened bridge systems

The increasing use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as externally bonded reinforcement for strengthening of concrete structures has created a need for the development and implementation of rapid methods of field level non-destructive evaluation (NDE) both for quality assurance during installation of the material and also for long-term monitoring of in-field performance. These methods must provide inspectors with the ability not only to inspect FRP strengthened structures for defects, but also should provide the means to quantify the shape, size and severity of the defect for continued monitoring and comparison. Infrared (IR) thermography, which uses data from temperature differentials to detect and characterize defects and anomalies, presents a potentially efficient technique for non-contact, real-time inspection and quantitative data interpretation. In this research a three-girder two bay reinforced concrete bridge deck segment was loaded under field representative loading conditions and the girders and slabs were sequentially strengthened with FRP composites to study the effect of FRP strengthening at systems level. The two slabs were strengthened with two different composite systems, prefabricated strips and field impregnated fabric laminates. The appearance and progression of damage in the FRP systems and at the FRP–concrete interface with an increase in the level of loading was quantitatively monitored using IR thermography. Based on the thermal intensity, the damage could be classified into types such as interlaminar debonding inside the composite or composite–concrete interface debonding. Also based on the magnitude of the thermal intensity, the severity of the damage could be quantitatively monitored. The results were also correlated to the visual observations of crack patterns and failure mechanisms as well as to strain and displacement data measured during the test.
Radiation tolerance testing using software simulation

Radiation tolerance can be achieved by triplicating all the circuits and using majority voting, triple module redundancy (TMR), to remove faults caused by radiation. This approach, applied blindly, requires at least a 3x increase in hardware and power consumption. In this paper we introduce an automated low cost software platform for efficiently performing fault injection experiments targeting single event upsets in programmable devices. This platform allows designers to start analyzing and testing for SEU during the design phase. Faults are injected by modifying internal signals during simulation. In this approach we verify that software simulation is a valid tool to study critical points of a design that may impair system dependability.12
The race relations “Problematic” in American sociology: Revisiting Niemonen’s case study and critique

Using articles drawn from the years 1996-1999, this paper updates and expands Jack Niemonen’s 1997 TAS analysis of the articles dealing with race and ethnicity in the four core sociology journals. We found a greater rate of publication and several new substantive areas incorporating race and ethnicity, but many of the patterns Niemonen identified remain in place. These articles are highly quantitative, rely heavily on U.S. Census categories, tend to explain racial and ethnic phenomenon as by-products of broader social forces (such as class-based stratification), and subsume these analyses under the headings of alternative subfields. Niemonen used these findings to offer a powerful critique of the status of race and ethnicity in sociology, the under-development of the racial and ethnic relations “problematic,” and its marginalization within the discipline as a whole. To reassess these interpretations and conclusions, we examined the relationships between methodology and substance, and compared the main sample with a subset of more specialized articles focused on race and ethnicity. We found a close connection between quantitative methods and the use of Census definitions of race and ethnicity, but surprisingly few differences between the race and ethnic subset and the more inclusive main sample appeared. These findings allow us to offer support and some important qualifications to Niemonen’s original conclusions.
Edward Jackson in 1896: A Man and His Specialty at a Crossroads LIII Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture: Part I

Purpose To review the life of Dr. Edward Jackson and his contributions to American medicine and ophthalmology, using as a reference point 1896, the year of the founding of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Methods Review of published materials by and about Edward Jackson and other historical materials to evaluate Dr. Jackson's contributions to and the status of American ophthalmology during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Results Eighteen ninety-six was a seminal year for Dr. Jackson. He assumed a leadership role in American ophthalmology and medicine while overcoming personal tragedy and the difficult transition from being part of the Eastern establishment to becoming "a great champion of the West." Conclusion The issues and events of 1896, and their evolution and repercussions in subsequent decades, confirm that Edward Jackson was a major figure in shaping modern American ophthalmology.
Recent advances in the development and analytical applications of biosensing probes

Abstract The term “biosensor” has become a fashionable buzzword in recent analytical literature. While scientists have used the word to describe any number of innovative devices and instrumental systems, we believe that the two most widely accepted definitions are as follows:
Flux decomposition into coherent structures

This study examines the intermittency of the momentum flux near the surface and the relation of such intermittency to coherent structures. Toward this goal, variances and covariances are decomposed into coherent structures and less coherent activity. The sampled structures are identified using the Haar transform and then decomposed into eigenvectors of the lagged covariance matrix.
The problem of effective parameters of a mixture of two isotropic dielectrics distributed in space-time and the conservation law for wave impedance in one-dimensional wave propagation

The problem of effective parameters of a composite medium assembled from the original constituents distributed in space–time is formulated in covariant tensor form. I introduce the fourth rank tensor of material constants using Maxwel's system for a moving dielectric medium as a model example. For one–dimensional wave propagation, if a mixture is composed from two dielectrics with the same ratio ϵ/μ of permittivity ϵ to permeability μ, then the ratio E / M of an effective permittivity to an effective permeability of the mixture will preserve the value ϵ/μ. This statement may be rephrased as the conservation law for the relevant wave impedances √μ/ϵ this is similar to the law known for two–dimensional polycrystals in an analogous elliptic situation. The tensor concept developed for a dielectric medium is based on the idea of a relativistic invariance of Maxwel's system. The idea of relativistic invariance is fundamental for an adequate description of the effective parameters of any material assemblage in space–time regardless of its physical embodiment. Problems related to structural vibrations or acoustics could be completely understood on the basis of the relevant relativistic equations.
Colon cancer and the elderly: From screening to treatment in management of GI disease in the elderly

Colorectal cancer is one of the commonest tumours in the Westernized world affecting mainly the elderly. This neoplasm in older individuals occurs more often in the right colon and grows more rapidly than in the young, often shows a mucinous histology and mismatch repair gene changes. Effective screening permits discovery of colorectal cancer at an early highly treatable stage and allows for detection and removal of premalignant colorectal adenomas. Screening methods that focus on cancer detection use fecal assays for the presence of blood or altered DNA, those for detection of adenomas (and early cancer) use endoscopic or computerised radiologic techniques. Broad use of screening methods has lowered colorectal cancer development by about 50%. In addition, prevention of the earliest stage of colon carcinogenesis has been shown to be effective in small prospective studies and epidemiologic surveys but have not been employed in the general population. Since 1996 the chemotherapeutic armamentarium for metastatic colorectal cancer has grown beyond 5-fluorouracil to include an oral 5-fluorouracil prodrug, capecitabine as well as irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Three targeted monoclonal antibodies (Moabs), bevacizumab (an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor Moab) and cetuximab/panitumumab, both anti-epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, have also earned regulatory approval. Most stage IV patients are treated with all of these drugs over 2 or 3 sequential lines of palliative chemotherapy and attain median survivals approaching 24 months. Lastly, adjuvant oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil for high risk resected stage II and stage III colon cancer patient has led to substantial improvement in cure rates. With appropriate care of age associated comorbidities these treatment modalities are feasible and effective in the geriatric population.
Motions in relativistic spaces

A definition of rigidity for rectilinear motion in Minkowski space was first proposed by Born [I]. Herglotz [2] and Noether [3] independently formulated a condition of rigidity for general rigid motion in Minkowski space. Salzman and Taub [4] examined the concept of rigidity in curved spaces. More recently rigid motion has been investigated by Rayner [5], Pirani and Williams [6] and Boyer [7]. The rigidity condition used is that the distance between every neighboring pair of particles, measured orthogonal to the world line of either of them, remains constant along the world lines. Pirani and Williams [6] constructed integrability conditions for the equations of rigid motion in a gravitational field and gave a new proof for the Herglotz-Noether theorem that in the absence of a gravitational field every rotating rigid motion is isometric. Boyer [7] has obtained sufficient, but not necessary, conditions for the validity of the Herglotz-Noether theorem in curved manifolds. Irrotational motions in Relativistic Spaces have been investigated by Edelen [8]. Here such motions are classified as either strongly irrotational or Fermi irrotational. Necessary and sufficient conditions that a space allow such motions are found. Yano [9] used the Lie derivative as a tool for the investigation of isometric, conformal, and homothetic motions in a Riemannian Space. Here these motions are studied further, in Relativistic spaces, and their relation to rigid motion investigated.
Normal variation of P300 in children: age, memory span, and head size.

Abstract The P300 (P3) event-related brain potential was elicited in a group of 50 children and young adults (4–20 years). A simple auditory task was employed in which subjects indicated with a finger movement when a randomly occuring target tone (high pitch) was presented in a series of standard (low pitch) tones. The probability of the target tone was varied across conditions at 10%, 30%, or 50% to assess possible developmental changes in P300 amplitude. Memory capacity was assessed with forward and reverse digit spans. Circumference of the head also was measured. P300 latency decreased with age, and P300 amplitude tended to become larger with age. Polynomial regression analyses revealed significant quadratic trends in these relationships, with changes leveling off for older subjects. Digit span and head circumference also were related curvilinearly to P300 values. Multiple regression analysis indicated that changes in age and memory span both predicted significant changes in P300 latency and amplitude. Target stimulus probability generally affected all subjects in a similar fashion, although the strength of the correlational relationships tended to decline with increases in probability. Developmental changes for the N1, P2, and N2 components from the standard stimuli also were obtained. The results are discussed in terms of previous P3 findings for children and their implications for future studies.
The role of the hippocampus in solving the Morris water maze

We suggest that the hippocampus plays two roles that allow rodents to solve the hidden-platform water maze: self-localization and route replay. When an animal explores an environment such as the water maze, the combination of place fields and correlational (Hebbian) long-term potentiation produces a weight matrix in the CA3 recurrent collaterals such that cells with overlapping place fields are more strongly interconnected than cells with nonoverlapping fields. When combined with global inhibition, this forms an attractor with coherent representations of position as stable states. When biased by local view information, this allows the animal to determine its position relative to the goal when it returns to the environment. We call this self-localization. When an animal traces specific routes within an environment, the weights in the CA3 recurrent collaterals become asymmetric. We show that this stores these routes in the recurrent collaterals. When primed with noise in the absence of sensory input, a coherent representation of position still forms in the CA3 population, but then that representation drifts, retracing a route. We show that these two mechanisms can coexist and form a basis for memory consolidation, explaining the anterograde and limited retrograde amnesia seen following hippocampal lesions.
Relating photocurrent, photovoltage, and charge carrier density to the recombination rate in organic photovoltaic cells

The power output of an organic photovoltaic cell (OPV) depends on the relationship between device voltage and charge carrier recombination rate. Suppressing recombination until higher voltages allows for increased photocurrent leading to a concomitant increase in power generated. Despite the important role played by recombination in OPVs, its dependence on voltage remains understudied. This is mainly because most techniques used to measure recombination rates are only applicable under open-circuit conditions. In order to address recombination away from open-circuit, a modified charge extraction technique is used to empirically determine the relationship between charge carrier density and device voltage. This relationship, in conjunction with the device photocurrent density-voltage characteristic, is sufficient to connect the recombination rate at open-circuit to any operating voltage.
Sleep Disturbances and Autism

Disordered sleep affects daytime health and behavioral functioning in various neurologic conditions. Individuals who have autism may be at even higher risk for sleep disorders given the overlap of autism with sleep. In turn, behaviors inherent to autism may be exacerbated by sleepiness and interfere with the individual's ability to function optimally, thereby affecting quality of life. This article reviews our current understanding of the neurobiology of autism, emphasizing sleep-related aspects of this disorder. Sleep disorders in autism, including prevalence, etiology, evaluation, and treatment, are characterized. The impact of sleep disorders on daytime behavior and on quality of life in individuals affected with autism and their families also is discussed.
Use of the Munsell System to Compute Color Differences in Composite Resins

Color changes resulting from immersion of four composite resins in hot distilled water, coffee and tea were measured by a tristimulus colorimeter. Changes are shown as CIE ΔE values and converted to Munsell ΔH, ΔV and ΔC values.