cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agricultural demands for natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas in the USA

Abstract This study endeavors to determine whether farmers adjust their consumption of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas in response to changes in the unit price of energy. A demand model is specified and estimated. The conclusions suggest that the unit price of natural gas (liquefied petroleum gas) is a factor impacting the quantity of natural gas (liquefied petroleum gas) demanded by farmers, but there is no indication that other types of energy are substitutes for natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas. Additionally, the number of acres irrigated is an important factor driving the demand for natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. Finally, the estimated models of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas demand were structurally stable over the period 1971–1989.
Dietary sodium, psychic stress, and genetic predisposition to experimental hypertension.

Rats with a genetic susceptibility to hypertension were exposed for 26 weeks to the stress of a chronic food-shock conflict while being fed a diet containing 2% NaCl. The rats developed modest elevations in blood pressure. These elevations were greater than those previously observed in conflict-exposed rats fed a very-low-sodium diet and much greater than those observed in unstressed rats fed 2% NaCl ad libitum. However, the elevations in blood pressure were less severe than those usually exhibited by genetically similar rats fed a diet containing 4 or 8% NaCl without the superimposition of psychological stress. The results suggest that, although psychological stress can synergistically interact with sodium, its hypertensinogenic potency remains conjectural.
A Backjumping Search Algorithm for a Distributed Memory Multicomputer

Solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs) has been subject to intense study by earlier researchers because CSPs can be used to model a whole variety of practical real world problems. This work involves investigation of the performance of parallel backtracking algorithms for solving CSPs. Two classes of backtracking search algorithms are considered: i) chronological backtracking, and ii) dependency directed backtracking, called backjumping. Results show that the new parallel backjumping algorithm retains the efficiency that the sequential algorithm exhibits, while realizing twice the speedup of parallel backtracking for random constraint networks.
Treatment of pollen hay fever and asthma with aerosols of pollen extracts.

Abstract Twenty-one patients with fall hay fever, eight of whom also had asthma, were treated with aerosols of pollen extract. The inital concentration of pollen extract varied from 1 :40,000,000 to 1 :8,000. The final concentration varied from 1 :40,000 to 1 :200. A part of the treatment was carried out at home by fifteen patients using a hand-pumped nebulizer. Four patients received aerosol both pre- and coseasonally. Seventeen were given aerosol during the season only. In 1953, six patients received aerosol plus pollen injections before and/or during the season. In 1954, only two patients received injection therapy. In 1953, wheezing followed the aerosol in six cases, in four of these only when bronchitis was present. In 1954, six of the fourteen patients had nasal and four had bronchial reactions. All of these were mild and of short duration. Severe asthma was precipitated once by an aerosol which was too concentrated. Transient asthma was precipitated in two patients who had not recognized asthma previously. Aerosol therapy should be used with particular care in the presence of bronchitis. In 1953, relief was estimated at 90 per cent in four cases, 80+ per cent in two, 50 per cent in one, 25 per cent in two, and no relief in two. In 1954, eleven of fourteen cases reported relief estimated at 65 per cent or better. Relief began by the fourth day in all but one of the cases treated coseasonally by aerosol alone. In contrast to Herxheimer's experiences, coseasonal therapy seemed effective and simple, and no evidence of "induced hypersensitivity" was encountered.
Renal autotransplantation for managing a short upper ureter or after ex vivo complex renovascular reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE To report our contemporary experience with renal autotransplantation (AT), an established treatment for managing patients with a shortened ureter or renovascular disease, as despite its historical importance, AT remains an underused technique by urologists. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients undergoing AT between 1997 and 2002 for a short ureter after ureteric injury and for renovascular disease were assessed by creatinine level and blood pressure before and after surgery, and antihypertensive drug use and complications. RESULTS Eleven patients had AT for renovascular disease and four for ureteric injury. There was no statistical difference in creatinine levels or blood pressure before and after surgery in either group. Eight patients treated with AT for renovascular disease required less antihypertensive medication after surgery. Minor complications occurred in both groups and included a suture abscess, chronic wound pain, and transient acute tubular necrosis. One patient in the ureteric injury group required a transplant nephrectomy after renal vein thrombosis, and one in the renovascular group died from multi-organ system failure. CONCLUSION AT remains a treatment option for patients with a short ureter after ureteric injury and in those with renovascular disease. Patients had stable renal function and blood pressure after surgery. Most patients treated for renovascular disease required less medication after AT. The procedure is associated with both minor and major complications, which must be considered before surgery.
cme and change in practice: An alternative perspective

A two-year study was undertaken by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) to assess the effects of its continuing medical education (CME) programs on physician practice behavior. The principal method of evaluation was a telephone interview conducted by fellow cardiologists. Participants were interviewed before and after the CME conferences; control groups were drawn from program cancellations and/or attendees at contiguous courses. Data abstracted from patient charts were also collected from a subsample of participants. Specific course-related behavior change reported ranged from 53–74% of the participants, and 7-29% of the controls. Results revealed that the CME courses contained relatively little information that was new to the audience; that numerous other influences on practice interacted with CME content; and that change attributable to CME was generally subtle and often delayed. Theoretical implications for perspectives on physician behavior change and CME programming are presented and discussed.
Interview: Combined-modality therapy in gastrointestinal cancers

Charles Richard Thomas Jr speaks to Theo Bond, Assistant Commissioning Editor: Charles Richard Thomas Jr is Professor and chair of the Department of Radiation Medicine and Professor of Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Medicine at the Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) in Portland (OR, USA). He is also an active member of the OHSU Knight Cancer Institute (OR, USA). Thomas has received triple-board certification in Radiation Oncology (American Board of Radiology), Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine (American Board of Internal Medicine). He is a member of the NCI Rectal Anal Cancer Task Force. He also has an interest in cancer disparities and was one of the editors for the special edition on cancer disparities published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2006. He is also active in protocol development either as chair or co-chair within the US co-operative group mechanism, with a focus on novel therapeutic and translational clinical research on gastrointestinal and thoracic malignanci...
A pressure vessel model for nerve compression.

Abstract This paper suggests that compression block in nerve can be better interpreted in terms of a pressure vessel model for nerve fiber distension that the more common models based upon tubes with more or less rigid walls. In this model resistance to compression is due to the elasticity of the cell membrane at locations where displaced intracellular fluid tends to distend it. Because the stresses in pressure vessels increase with the size of the vessel, the theory predicts that the percentage deformation should be larger in larger diameter fibers.
THE WAYS OF COPING INSTRUMENT: RELIABILITY AND TEMPORAL STABILITY FOR A SAMPLE OF EMPLOYEES

Convergent support is demonstrated for the use of seven empirically derived scales of the Ways of Coping instrument developed by Lazarus and his colleagues. While the instrument is widely used, until now the internal consistency of the coping measures and stability of the factor structure have yet to be shown for a sample of employed adults. While type of job and type of coping incident reported are not dependent, analysis indicates that work and nonwork groups differ across several coping dimensions. Research implications and directions are addressed.
The blood-aqueous barrier to tracer protein: a light and electron microscopic study of the primate ciliary process

Abstract Combined light and electron microscopic examination of the normal monkey ciliary process revealed that continuous belts of zonulae occludentes junctions are located in the lateral intercellular spaces of the nonpigmented epithelium near the apical surface. Following systemic peroxidase injection, this tracer protein is observed to penetrate the ciliary process blood vessel walls and perivascular stroma. The movement of the tracer is impaired partially in the pigmented epithelium by a series of interspersed zonular and macular junctions. The tracer is observed to enter the lateral intercellular spaces of the nonpigmented epithelium but its passage through the nonpigmented layer is prevented by the zonulae occludentes (“tight”) junctions which effectively seal off these interspaces to peroxidase. No evidence for the vesicular transport of peroxidase across the nonpigmented epithelium was found. It is suggested that these “tight” junctions represent the site of a blood-aqueous barrier to large molecules.
Fine-Scale Crossover Rate Heterogeneity in Drosophila pseudoobscura

Broad-scale differences in crossover rate across the genome have been characterized in most genomes studied. Fine-scale differences, however, have only been examined in a few taxa, such as Arabidopsis, yeast, humans, and mice. No prior studies have directly looked for fine-scale recombination rate heterogeneity in Drosophila. We produced 370 Drosophila pseudoobscura containing a crossover event within the 2-megabase (MB) region between the genes yellow and white. We then examined 19 intervals within this region and determined where the crossovers occurred. We found that recombination events occur nonrandomly on a small scale and that mild “hotspots“ of a few kilobases exist in Drosophila. Among the regions studied, recombination rates varied from 1.4 to 52 cM/MB. We also observed a trend toward high codon bias in regions of high recombination. Finally, we identified a significantly positive correlation between recombination rate and simple repeats, as well as the motif CACAC. These sequence features may contribute to broad-scale variation in crossover rate and, thus, shed light on features associated with crossover rate heterogeneity at a genome-wide scale.
Quality control of end results: identifying avoidable adverse events in dentistry

Avoidable adverse events in dental practice, identified in a survey of malpractice cases, are used in the construction of a quality assurance program. On the basis of causes of malpractice suits, avoidable adverse events in dental practice were identified and used in the construction of a quality assurance program. A new approach to quality control in dentistry is examined with emphasis on treatment outcomes. An expert panel of clinicians and lawyers studied cases of dental malpractice. A system that places increased responsibility for quality assurance on the individual dentist and dental society is proposed.
Dorsal respiratory group neurons in the medulla of cat: Spinal projections, responses to lung inflation and superior laryngeal nerve stimulation

Abstract Extracellular activity of 200 dorsal respiratory group (DRG) neurons of the ventrolateral nucleus of the tractus solitarius was recorded in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats. The effects on neural activity of electrically stimulating the contralateral cervical spinal cord, the superior laryngeal nerves (SLN) bilaterally, and inflating the lungs to various levels during the expiratory pause were tested. 1. (1) Of the 200 cells, 157 were inspiratory cells; 32 cells (termed P cells), fired synchronously with lung inflation but did not have inspiratory rhythm of central origin; and 11 were non-inspiratory respiratory cells. Eighty-eight of the inspiratory cells which were inhibited with inhibition of phrenic inspiratory discharge following lung inflation were classified as α-type. However, most also showed short duration activation (gasp reflex) at the onset of lung hyperinflation. Thirty-five inspiratory cells which were excited by lung inflation in addition to showing the gasp reflex were classified as β-type neurons. The discharge of these β-type cells adapted during lung inflation; their excitation threshold was higher and sensitivity lower than that of the Hering-Breuer expiratory facilitatory reflex. I conclude that they are not the interneurons responsible for that reflex, but could possibly receive excitatory inputs from pulmonary irritant receptors. 2. (2) Approximately 80% of both α- and β-type neurons had axonal projections to the cord. A spinal cord collision test error and relative error were calculated for 93 projecting DRG neurons. Only two neurons had a collison error of zero, the rest had positive values. I conclude that these results imply only spinal axonal projections. 3. (3) Fifty-seven (58%) of the inspiratory cells tested were evoked from the ipsilateral SLN, with a mean latency of 3.9 msec ± 0.3 S.E.. All cells that were evoked with short latency followed stimuli delivered at 100 Hz. No cell was evoked from the contralateral SLN. I suggest that some DRG neurons are part of a disynaptic neural circuit involving SLN afferents, ipsilateral DRG neurons, and contralateral phrenic motoneurons.
Chronic treatment with ethanol produces supersensitivity to oxotremorine.

Abstract 1. The effect of chronic treatment with ethanol (14% v:v in drinking water) on the physiological endpoint core temperature which is partially regulated by a muscarinic mechanism was measured in adult male rats (n = 8). 2. One and two weeks of treatment were associated with enhancement of the hypothermie response to oxotremorine, 0.25 mg/kg ip ((p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0001, respectively). 3. The sample remained supersensitive to this muscarinic agonist 48 and 96 hours after the discontinuation of treatment (p = 0.0014 and p = 0.013 respectively). 4. Repeated injections of oxotremorine, 0.25 mg/kg ip, every other day for 10 days did not produce carry-over effects in a control experiment. 5. The results suggest that ethanol renders muscarinic mechanisms supersensitive during chronic treatment and that Supersensitivity remains up to 96 hours following withdrawal.
Intake of antioxidant nutrients and risk of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the Women's Health Initiative

Incidence rates of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) increased substantially in the United States and worldwide during the latter part of the 20(th) century, but little is known about the etiology of this condition. Antioxidant nutrients may reduce the risk of NHL by quenching free radicals, which may contribute to carcinogenesis by damaging DNA and lipid membranes. We examined the association of intake of vitamin A and antioxidant nutrients with risk of NHL and its major subtypes in 1,104 cases of NHL identified among 154,363 postmenopausal women followed for an average of 11 yr in the Women's Health Initiative. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Of all nutrients examined, only total vitamin A intake (from diet and supplements combined) was inversely associated with risk of NHL overall (multivariate adjusted HR for highest vs. lowest quartile 0.83, 95% CI 0.69-0.99), whereas total vitamin C intake was inversely associated with risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (HR for highest vs. lowest quartile 0.69, 95% CI 0.49-0.98). Overall, this study provides some evidence of inverse associations of intake of total vitamin A and total vitamin C with the risk of NHL and diffuse lymphoma, respectively.
Noninvasive mechanical ventilation for post acute care.

Noninvasive mechanical ventilation refers to the delivery of mechanical ventilatory assistance without the need for an invasive airway. Numerous forms of noninvasive ventilation have been used over the past century, including negative-pressure ventilators, rocking beds, and pneumobelts. For reasons of enhanced convenience and effectiveness, however, noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) has become the predominant form of noninvasive ventilation worldwide. Both in the chronic setting to treat chronic respiratory failure caused by restrictive thoracic diseases and, more recently, in the acute setting to treat conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations and acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, NPPV has gained wide acceptance. Less attention has been paid to applications in the post acute setting, but noninvasive ventilation clearly has a role to play in this setting. The following article discusses the rationale for use of noninvasive ventilation, briefly reviews applications in the acute and chronic settings, discusses appropriate applications in the post acute setting, and describes techniques of application.
A comparison of computerized predetermined time systems

Abstract With the increased availability and use of personal computers by Industrial Engineers most of the widely used predetermined time systems are now beign offered with computerized versions to assist in analysis and documentation. The purpose of this paper is to compare three different systems, Methods Time Measurement (MTM), Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST), and Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Tiem Standards (MODAPTS).
Laminated plastic microfluidic components for biological and chemical systems

Laminated plastic microfluidic components are being developed for biological testing systems and chemical sensors. Applications include a DNA thermal cycler, DNA analytical systems, electrophoretic flow systems, dialysis systems, and metal sensors for ground water. This article describes fabrication processes developed for these plastic microfluidic components, and the fabrication of a chromium metal sensor and a microdialysis device. Most of the components have a stacked architecture. Using this architecture, the fluid flows, or is pumped through, as many as nine laminated functional levels. Functions include pumping, mixing, reaction, detection, reservoirs, separations, and electronics. Polyimide, poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), and polycarbonate materials with thicknesses between 25 and 125 μm are used to construct the components. This makes the components low cost, inert to many biological fluids and chemicals, and disposable. The components are fabricated by excimer laser micromachining the microcha...
Self-induced suppression of collective neutrino oscillations in a supernova

We investigate collective flavor oscillations of supernova neutrinos at late stages of the explosion. We first show that the frequently used single-angle (averaged coupling) approximation predicts oscillations close to, or perhaps even inside, the neutrinosphere, potentially invalidating the basic neutrino transport paradigm. Fortunately, we also find that the single-angle approximation breaks down in this regime; in the full multiangle calculation, the oscillations start safely outside the transport region. The new suppression effect is traced to the interplay between the dispersion in the neutrino-neutrino interactions and the vacuum oscillation term.
‘Agree with the king’: Henry VII, Edmund Dudley and the strange case of Thomas Sunnyff

Although Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley were executed in 1510 in part for their rabid prosecution of written bonds, their activities at the time were only quietly recognized as part of a royal policy encouraged by Henry VII (1485–1509). Yet there has been little investigation into how these ministers went about mulcting the populace, beyond the vituperative reports of the London chronicles. The case of Thomas Sunnyff, which has not been analyzed or placed in the context of such activity, is a rare example of how Empson, Dudley and their minions went about their business. Using City, local and national documentation, the article uncovers what happened, why and how it reflected royal policy.
Plin2 inhibits cellular glucose uptake through interactions with SNAP23, a SNARE complex protein.

Although a link between excess lipid storage and aberrant glucose metabolism has been recognized for many years, little is known what role lipid storage droplets and associated proteins such as Plin2 play in managing cellular glucose levels. To address this issue, the influence of Plin2 on glucose uptake was examined using 2-NBD-Glucose and [3H]-2-deoxyglucose to show that insulin-mediated glucose uptake was decreased 1.7- and 1.8-fold, respectively in L cell fibroblasts overexpressing Plin2. Conversely, suppression of Plin2 levels by RNAi-mediated knockdown increased 2-NBD-Glucose uptake several fold in transfected L cells and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. The effect of Plin2 expression on proteins involved in glucose uptake and transport was also examined. Expression of the SNARE protein SNAP23 was increased 1.6-fold while levels of syntaxin-5 were decreased 1.7-fold in Plin2 overexpression cells with no significant changes observed in lipid droplet associated proteins Plin1 or FSP27 or with the insulin receptor, GLUT1, or VAMP4. FRET experiments revealed a close proximity of Plin2 to SNAP23 on lipid droplets to within an intramolecular distance of 51 A. The extent of targeting of SNAP23 to lipid droplets was determined by co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation experiments to show increased partitioning of SNAP23 to lipid droplets when Plin2 was overexpressed. Taken together, these results suggest that Plin2 inhibits glucose uptake by interacting with, and regulating cellular targeting of SNAP23 to lipid droplets. In summary, the current study for the first time provides direct evidence for the role of Plin2 in mediating cellular glucose uptake.
Comparison of the electrophotographic properties of a family of hydrazone charge-transport molecules

A study has been made of a family of six substituted arninobenzaldehyde-hydrazories in which molecular properties are related to electrophotographic function. The transport molecules are characterized by optical absorption, oxidation potential and strength of charge transfer complexation with the polymer binder. The evaluation of electrophotographic function includes charge transport mobility, charge injection efficiency from the generation layer and residual voltage. I lole mohilities in these materials differ by several orders of magnitude. The mobility is not (simply) correlated with any molecular electronic property such as oxidation potential or absorption wavelength. The most relevant molecular parameter appears to be number of phenyl substituents on the amine and hydrazine nitrogen atoms. The polymer binder also afTects the mobility. A solid solution in of DElI in polyarylate, which is a weak electron acceptor and forms a weak charge transfer complex with the donor transport molecule, has a lower activation energy for transport than l)El I in polycarhonate which forms no such complex. The charge injection efficiency has been related, in the past, to the oxidation potential (E0) ol the transport molecule. It is shown here that E0 correlates better with the residual voltage, and a simple model is developed to explain the relationship.
The role of threading dislocations in the physical properties of GaN and its alloys

Abstract In this paper, we review progress on understanding the role of threading dislocations (TDs) in the physical properties of GaN and its alloys. A growing body of work provides compelling evidence that TDs in the group-III nitrides behave as non-radiative recombination centers, have energy levels in the otherwise forbidden energy gap, act as charged scattering centers in doped materials, and provide a leakage current pathway. In comparison with conventional III–V semiconductors, the relatively small minority carrier diffusion length Ld (∼50 nm) in the III-nitrides, combined with favorable TD geometries, minimize dislocation-related degradation. The small value of Ld also allows for appreciable optical emission in materials with TD densities as high as 1010 cm−2.
Current-less photoreactivity catalyzed by functionalized AFM tips

A spatially confined photocatalytic oxidation of a thin film of synthetic textile azo dye (Procion Red MX-5B) using TiO2-functionalized AFM probes is described.
Design of Street Sump Inlet

Sump inlets are used to collect storm water on the streets or to release stored water in detention basins. The complication in sump inlet hydraulics arises in the transition from weir to orifice flow regimes. Conventionally, the capacity of a sump inlet has been assumed to be either weir or orifice flow, whichever is smaller for a given water depth. Although this practice might not result in a failure to the storm drain, it has led to randomly oversized or undersized inlets. This paper presents a laboratory investigation of the interception capacities of several different types of sump inlets, including bar and vane grates, and 3- and 5-ft curb opening inlets. The observed data revealed significant differences from the recommended HEC 22 design procedure. In this study, new formulas and procedures are developed with the coefficients calibrated by the laboratory data.
Light-Activatable Gold Nanoshells for Drug Delivery Applications

Gold nanoshells (AuNSs) are currently being investigated as nanocarriers for drug delivery systems and have both diagnostic and therapeutic applications, including photothermal ablation, hyperthermia, drug delivery, and diagnostic imaging, particularly in oncology. AuNSs are valuable for their localized surface plasmon resonance, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and facile functionalization. AuNSs used for drug delivery can be spatially and temporally triggered to release controlled quantities of drugs inside the target cells when illuminated with a near-infrared (NIR) laser. Recently, many research groups have demonstrated that these AuNS complexes are able to deliver antitumor drugs (e.g., doxorubicin, paclitaxel, small interfering RNA, and single-stranded DNA) into cancer cells, which enhances the efficacy of treatment. AuNSs can also be functionalized with active targeting ligands such as antibodies, aptamers, and peptides to increase the particles’ specific binding to the desired targets. This article reviews the current research on NIR light-activatable AuNSs used as nanocarriers for drug delivery systems and cancer theranostics.
Hopf bifurcation in the driven cavity

Incompressible two dimensional calculations are reported for the impulsively started lid driven cavity with aspect ratio two. The algorithm is based on the time dependent streamfunction equation, with a Crank-Nicolson differencing scheme for the diffusion terms, and with an Adams-Bashforth scheme for the convection terms. A multigrid method is used to solve the linear implicit equations at each time step. Periodic asymptotic solutions have been found for Re = 10000 and for Re = 5000. The Re = 5000 results are validated by grid refinement calculations. The solutions are shown to be precisely periodic, and care is taken to demonstrate that asymptotic states were reached. A discussion is included about the indicators that are used to show that an asymptotic state was reached, and to show that the asymptotic state is indeed periodic.
Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 as a Monoaminergic Modulator in Brain

Abstract Brain monoaminergic systems play critical roles in mood, cognition, emotion, reward, learning and attention, and aberrance in brain monoaminergic activity is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders/diseases. The present commentary focuses on trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and its potential regulatory roles in brain monoaminergic systems. TAAR1 was discovered in 2001 and has been established to be a G-protein-coupled receptor signaling through the cAMP pathway. This receptor is activated by a broad spectrum of agonists, although there are notable species differences in ligand efficacy and potency. TAAR1 is expressed and widely distributed in brain monoaminergic systems and co-localized with the dopamine transporter in a subset of dopaminergic neurons in rhesus monkey and mouse brain substantia nigra. TAAR1 activation by the common biogenic amines, the trace amine β-phenylethylamine and methamphetamine alters the monoamine transporter function in both mouse and rhesus monkey brain synaptosomes, suggesting a modulatory role for this receptor in the presynaptic regulation of monoaminergic activity. However, little is known about other functional roles of TAAR1 in the brain. With a purpose to promote further studies on this receptor, we herein discuss the recent findings that provide insights into the functional significance and biological relevance of this receptor as a modulator in brain monoaminergic systems.
Cell agglutination by a novel cell surface sialoglycopeptide inhibitor and the relationship between its protease and biological activities.

Abstract A bovine sialoglycopeptide, purified to homogeneity and capable of inhibiting cellular protein synthesis and proliferation, was shown to agglutinate a wide variety of nontransformed and transformed cells. The cell agglutination activity was shown to be independent of the biological inhibitory action and most likely related to a protease activity that could not be physically separated during purification of the sialoglycopeptide. Samples that were completely biologically inactivated retained full protease activity and their ability to agglutinate target cells. Balb/c 3T3 cells were not agglutinated by the sialoglypeptide and they elicited a protein that interfered with the agglutination reaction and even redispursed cells that already had been aggregated by the inhibitor.
Ealing Schwarzschild microscope using 50-60-nm illumination from a laser plasma EUV source

The construction of an extreme ultraviolet reflection imaging microscope at CREOL using an Ealing Schwarzschild objective and a laser-produced plasma source is summarized. Proposed operation of the present system in the 50 - 60 nm wavelength region is discussed.
Neutron scattering studies of the magnetic structure of cupric oxide

In light of the recent discovery of copper oxide high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors, we have reexamined the early neutron diffraction measurements on CuO by Brockhouse [B. N. Brockhouse, Phys. Rev. 94, A781 (1954)]. Our measurement confirmed the antiferromagnetic ordering in CuO below 225 K. The magnetic unit cell has a volume double that of the chemical unit cell. The ordered moment is 0.68${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per Cu, significantly smaller than 1${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ expected for a spin-only ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ ion. The diffuse scattering was also studied well above the N\'eel temperature, and was found to be mostly elastic, in clear contrast to that of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$.
Differential fates of invertase mutants in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum.

A number of proteins have been identified as substrates for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and we describe here a new model substrate with which to study this process. Two secretion-defective forms of yeast invertase that accumulated in the ER to greatly different levels were examined: Suc2-538p levels were low, while Suc2-533p was present in high amounts. Because Suc2-533p and Suc2-538p mRNA levels were comparable, we examined whether Suc2-538p was targeted for degradation. Both mutant polypeptide levels were unaffected in a yeast strain deficient in vacuolar protease activity and, additionally, we showed that Suc2-538p was stabilized in ERAD-deficient strains, demonstrating that Suc2-538p was a substrate for ERAD.
Myotonic dystrophy: clinical and molecular parallels between myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2.

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a dominantly inherited disorder with a peculiar pattern of multisystemic clinical features affecting skeletal muscle, the heart, the eye, and the endocrine system. Two genetic loci have been associated with the DM phenotype: DM1 on chromosome 19, and DM2 on chromosome 3. In 1992, the mutation responsible for DM1 was identified as a CTG expansion located in the 3′ untranslated region of the dystrophica myotonica-protein kinase gene (DMPK). How this untranslated CTG expansion causes DM1 has been a matter of controversy. The recent discovery that DM2 is caused by an untranslated CCTG expansion, along with other discoveries on DM1 pathogenesis, indicate that the clinical features common to both diseases are caused by a gain of function RNA mechanism in which the CUG and CCUG repeats alter cellular function, including alternative splicing of various genes.
“I Cried Because I Didn't Know if I Could Take Care of Him”: Toward a Taxonomy of Interactive and Critical Health Literacy as Portrayed by Caregivers of Children with Special Health Care Needs

Although the contributions of reading ability and numeracy skills in successful navigation of health-related systems are understood, the skills that comprise interactive and critical health literacy are not fully explicit. Using a phenomenological approach and the conceptual frame of health literacy as an asset, we conducted focus group interviews with 35 caregivers of children who had significant medical needs. Caregiver quotes were coded and categorized and then compared to the Revised Blooms Taxonomy. The purpose of the analysis was to better understand the interactive and critical health literacy skills caregivers use when coordinating their children's care. The findings support a dynamic constructivist perspective of health literacy such that caregiver skill changed relative to the children's health conditions. In addition, a taxonomic code of cognitive and communicative skills emerged from the data. This taxonomy may be useful in developing instrumentation to measure interactive and critical health literacy as well as in identifying a potential foci of interventions aimed at improving interactive and critical health literacy.
Auroral‐zone electron precipitation accompanying a sudden impulse in the geomagnetic field

Auroral zone electron precipitation occurring in strong transient magnetic disturbances observed by bremsstrahlung
The specificity of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in vitro: fresh normal murine tissues are resistant to LAK-mediated lysis

We have previously reported that murine splenocytes incubated in the lymphokine interleukin-2 acquire the ability to mediate the lysis of a variety of fresh tumor cells in short-term chromium-51 release assays. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells on fresh normal murine tissues. The susceptibility to lysis by LAK cells of single cell suspensions from a variety of murine tissues including lung, kidney, bone marrow, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, intestinal mucosa, liver, and fetus was studied. While kidney, intestinal mucosa, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were clearly not lysed, there was a very low level of lysis of lung, bone marrow, liver, and fetus in repeated experiments. Separation of the cell suspensions of lung and bone marrow demonstrated much higher lysis of the adherent cell population, corresponding to an increased number of macrophages in the target cell suspension. Macrophages represent a population of cells particularly sensitive to lysis by LAK cells. All of the normal tissues were highly lysable by LAK cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays in the presence of the appropriate anti-H-2 antibody. In a series of cold target inhibition studies, fresh normal murine kidney, lung, and bone marrow did not inhibit the lysis of the LAK-sensitive tumor target MCA-102, further demonstrating that fresh normal tissues share little if any of the determinant recognized by LAK cells on tumor targets. However, the MCA-105 and MCA-106 tumors, and the YAC cell line, all of which are sensitive to LAK cell lysis, did inhibit the lysis of MCA-102 tumor. These studies suggest that a common determinant is present on LAK-sensitive tissues that is absent or present in very low amounts on fresh normal tissues.
Dynamic Behavior of a Shear‐Formed Shaped‐Charge Liner

A high-resolution, multi-frame, image-converter camera developed for high speed photography is applied to study the dynamic behavior of shear-formed shaped-charge liners. Grid lines applied to the inner liner surface allow the precise quantification of liner collapse, early jet formation, and jet development for comparison with two-dimensional hydrocode simulations. The technique affords the first direct measurement of the angular velocity of jets formed from shear-formed shaped-charge liners.
Psychosocial antecedents of unwed motherhood among indigent adolescents.

Theoretically based hypotheses regarding psychosocial antecedents of unwed motherhood among indigent adolescents are tested. Data regarding psychosocial antecedents were obtained from a survey of a 50% sample of seventhgraders in a large urban school system. Hypotheses were tested by comparing three groups of subjects from among these respondents: (1) 82 female adolescents who received perinatal care at an adult development clinic for indigent adolescents (all gave birth out of wedlock at least one year following the baseline survey and prior to their eighteenth birthday); (2) 164 matched (by race, mother's education, and school) controls — two matches for each pre-unwed mother; and (3) 164 randomly selected controls — two controls for each preunwed mother. The results were consistent with the assertion that deviant behaviors related to and including unwed motherhood are alternative deviant responses to the subjectively recognized inability to defend against self-rejection in the course of membership group experiences in anticipation of self-enhancing consequences of the deviant behaviors. The positions in the social structure occupied by the pre-unwed mothers predispose the subjects to deviant responses by (1) increasing the probability of self-devaluing experiences and the subjective association of these experiences with the normative structure and (2) offering highly visible deviant alternatives that offer greater self-enhancing potential than the perceived low self-enhancing potential of the normative environment. The deviant patterns to which the subjects are predisposed are in fact adopted when prior social controls effictively exercised by parental and school authorities erode (as a result of the subject's identification of family and school as persistent sources of self-devaluing experiences). The specific modes of deviance adopted, including patterns associated with unwed motherhood outcomes, are apparently consistent with subculturally influenced values and adaptive/coping/defensive patterns. The total pattern of findings suggests that the same general theory of deviant behavior that has been applied to other modes of deviance is appropriate in understanding precursors of unwed motherhood among indigent adolescents.
Generating Differentially Targeted Amyloid-β Specific Intrabodies as a Passive Vaccination Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease

Amyloid-β (Aβ) has been identified as a key component in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Significant in vitro and human pathological data suggest that intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ peptides plays an early role in the neurodegenerative cascade. We hypothesized that targeting an antibody-based therapeutic to specifically abrogate intracellular Aβ accumulation could prevent or slow disease onset. Aβ42-specific intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) with and without an intracellular trafficking signal were engineered from a previously characterized single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody. The intrabodies, one with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting signal and one devoid of a targeting sequence, were assessed in cells harboring a doxycycline (Dox)-regulated mutant human amyloid precursor protein Swedish mutant (hAPPswe) transcription unit for their abilities to prevent Aβ peptide egress. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing the engineered intrabodies were administered to young adult 3xTg-AD mice, a model that develops amyloid and Tau pathologies, prior to the initial appearance of intraneuronal Aβ. Chronic expression of the ER-targeted intrabody (IB) led to partial clearance of Aβ42 deposits and interestingly, in reduced staining for a pathologic phospho-Tau epitope (Thr231). This approach may provide insights into the functional relevance of intraneuronal Aβ accumulation in early AD and potentially lead to the development of new therapeutics.
Investigation of the rate coefficient for O(3p) + NO2 → O2 + NO

Measurements of the rate coefficient of the reaction (O3P) + NO2 O2 + NO have been made at 296°K and 240°K, using the technique of NO2* chemiluminescent decay. Values of 9.3 × 10−12 cm3 molec−1 sec−1 at 296°K and 10.5 × 10−12 cm3 molec−1 sec−1 at 240°K were obtained, in excellent agreement with the recent results of Davis, Herron, and Huie [1]. The earlier lower values may have resulted from loss of NO2 on surfaces.
In-Plane Mechanical Properties of an All-Oxide Ceramic Composite

The present article examines the in-plane tensile properties of a two-dimensional (2D) all-oxide ceramic composite. The distinguishing characteristics of the material include fine-scale porosity within the matrix and the absence of a fiber coating. The anisotropy in the elastic-plastic properties has been studied through tension tests in the axial (fiber) direction and at 45° to the fiber axes, both in the presence and the absence of holes or notches. The notch sensitivity in the axial direction is comparable to that of conventional dense-matrix, weak-interface composites, demonstrating the effectiveness of the porous matrix in enabling crack deflection and damage tolerance. Furthermore, the notch sensitivity is rationalized using models that account for the effects of inelastic straining on the local stress distributions around notches and holes, coupled with a scale-dependent failure criterion. In the off-axis orientation, the tensile strength is dictated by a plastic instability, analogous to necking in metals. Following instability, deformation continues within a diffuse localized band, with a length comparable to the specimen width. Similar deformation and fracture characteristics are obtained both with and without holes. The off-axis properties are discussed in terms of the comminution and rearrangement of matrix particles during straining.
Effect of Cooling Paths on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Vanadium Bearing Microalloyed Steel

Based on ultra fast cooling, effects of cooling paths on microstructure and mechanical properties of vanadium bearing microalloyed steel were investigated by the observation of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope and the testing of mechanical properties, moreover, the work-hardening exponent was determined based on stress-strain curves. The results show that using ultra fast cooling can effectively refine ferrite grain size and the ferrite grain size is decreased as the final temperature of ultra fast cooling is decreased. In addition, the microstructure and mechanical properties can be controlled by cooling paths. The ferrite-perlite microstructure with lower strength and higher n-value of approx. 0.2 and the ferrite-bainite microstructure with higher strength and lower n-value of approx. 0.16 can be gained at the higher and lower final temperature of ultra fast cooling, respectively. And the yield ratio are all lower than 0.85.
Helium transfer for the Space Station era

Abstract Six astrophysics missions under development or study and planned for the 1990s could benefit significantly from a helium space replenishment capability. NASA has recently initiated a programme to demonstrate the required technology and study the development of a liquid helium servicing kit for use on the Space Station and Space Shuttle. The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is a 4000 dm 3 superfluid helium cooled observatory with an initial lifetime of 2 years which is being used as a reference mission to aid in the design of the helium servicing equipment. System studies of the equipment have been conducted and the critical technologies have been identified. A schedule for the development of the servicing kit is described in relation to the development schedule for the potential users. The work on specific technologies is just beginning and flight demonstrations are planned for 1989 and 1990. This Paper represents a preliminary assessment of the state of the art and a roadmap for future work.
Natural Wealth of Tropical American Forests

The forest is a vast storehouse of wealth, not only in the form of wood, but also of a wide variety of other commercial materials of major or minor importance. W\e are apt to regard wood as the sole product of the tree and ignore other products or consider them secondary even though they play an important role in commerce. This is true of temperate forests and is particularly applicable to those of tropical regions. The bullet-tree (Manilkara bidentata [A. DC.] A. Chev.) of the Guianas and lower Amazon, for example, furnishes a timber suitable for heavy durable construction, while its bark yields a latex of still greater value as the source of balata utilized in the manufacture of transmission belts, golf-balls, and dentures. In British Guiana, balata extraction has been a foremost industry, for many years classed as the third most important of the country in volume of exports, with approximately 700,000 pounds shipped in 1959, mostly to England. Like Europe for centuries, the United States has been an importer of tropical forest products since Colonial days. Throughout the years, the consumption of these materials has been tremendous and continues undiminished. Despite the lack of a conservative, rational utilization, tropical forests continue to pour out a great tide of goods essential to the economy of certain nations. Their products may be laticiferous exudates, exemplified by rubber and allied elastomers; soluble gums and resins; essential and other oils; waxes; edible fruits; vegetable ivory; raw sources of fibers, pulp, lignin,