cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Rights in the 20th Century: Weren't Gays and Lesbians Human?

Summary This article seeks to answer the question raised in its title. To that end, the evolution of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is discussed in the context of lesbian and gay rights, internationally and in the United States. The political and psychosocial dynamics of homophobic hatred are addressed, including the correlation of human rights abuses to heterosexism and the denigration of the feminine. The article discusses institutionalized gay oppression that serves to deny human rights, demonizing gay and lesbian people to such a degree that hate crimes become feasible. Finally, the importance of the globalization of non-governmental organizations on behalf of LGBT human rights advocacy is stressed.
Self-tuning speculation for maintaining the consistency of client-cached data

This paper presents a new protocol, self-tuning active data-aware cache consistency (SADCC), which employs parallel communication and self-tuning speculation to improve the performance of data-shipping database systems. Using parallel communication with simultaneous client-server and client-client communication, SADCC reduces the network latency for detecting data conflicts by 50%, while increasing message volume overhead by only about 4.8%. By being aware of the global states of cached data, clients self-tune between optimistic and pessimistic consistency control. The abort rate is reduced by statistically quantifying the speculation cost. We compare SADCC with the leading cache consistency algorithms, active data-aware cache consistency (ADCC) and asynchronous avoidance-based cache consistency (AACC), in a page server DBMS architecture with page-level consistency. The experiments show that, in a non-contention environment, both SADCC and ADCC display a slight reduction (an average of 2.3%) in performance compared to AACC with a high-speed network environment. With high contention, however, SADCC has an average of 14% higher throughput than AACC and 6% higher throughput than ADCC.
SU‐FF‐T‐38: A New Software Tool for Plan Analysis and Comparison

Purpose: To develop a simple software tool which allows quantitative analysis and comparison of multiple treatment plans using physical and biological parameters. Method and Materials: When comparing multiple IMRT and/or conventional radiotherapy plans, it is often difficult to choose the best plan by visual inspection of DVHs and associated statistics such as “hot spots” and “cold spots”. Comparison of multiple rival IMRT and 3D plans can become a cumbersome process, particularly if different planning systems are used for each. To overcome these problems, we developed a Java‐based software tool called MPACT (Multi‐parameter Plan Analysis and Comparison Tool) to evaluate treatment plans using physical and biological parameters. MPACT directly imports patient and DVH information from the treatment planning system(s) and calculates gEUD (generalized Equivalent Uniform Dose), HI (Homogeneity Index), and CI (Conformity Index). The user may import as many plans as desired and compare these parameters for all plans on one screen. Results: MPACT has been used to assess the clinical advantage of breast IMRT for the first 10 patients treated at our center. While DVH analysis did not often reveal significant differences or provide an easy means for quantitative comparison, MPACT revealed that IMRT provided an 8% increase in the average target gEUD, 3% and 1% decreases in lung and heart gEUD, respectively, and a 3% increase in the average HI and CI in comparison to conventional compensator plans. Conclusion: MPACT provides a convenient mechanism for plan comparison for any treatment site, and facilitates an objective, quantitative decision‐making process. It has proven to be a valuable tool for comparison of conventional and IMRTradiotherapy plans or multiple competing IMRT plans. The addition of TCP and NTCP calculation functionality is currently underway, and MPACT will ultimately serve as a platform for a plan optimization system using these calculated parameters.
Nuclear Electric Propulsion mission operations.

Mission operations are presented for comet rendezvous and outer planet exploration missions conducted by unmanned Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) system employing in-core thermionic reactors for electric power generation. The selected reference mission are Comet Halley rendezvous and a Jupiter orbiter at 5.9 planet radii, the orbit of the moon Io. Mission operations and options are defined from spacecraft assembly through mission completion. Pre-launch operations and related GSE requirements are identified. Shuttle launch and subsequent injection to earth escape by the Centaur d-1T are discussed, as well as power plant startup and heliocentric mission phases.
Salvation as a state of mind: The place of acquiescentia in spinoza's ethics

Analyse du concept d'acquiescientia chez Spinoza, qui etablit un lien entre la doctrine de la vertu et la conception du salut dans l'«Ethique» (parties IV et V). Examinant la definition du salut comme connaissance intuitive et comme etat affectif, fonde sur les notions de beatitude, amour intellectuel de Dieu et contentement de l'esprit (acquiescientia), l'A. etudie la tension entre l'interpretation seculiere et l'interpretation eternelle du salut chez Spinoza. Mesurant le role de l'acquienscientia in se ipso et de l'acquiescientia animi dans la theorie ethique du mouvement de l'esprit vers la plus haute vertu et la comprehension, l'A. conclut en montrant que l'affect determine une limite dans la conscience de soi du philosophe, mais non pas dans l'identite meme de l'esprit
Coexistence in a competition model

Abstract For a d-dimensional multi-state competition model we identify a critical dimension dc such that the coexistence of the states can occur with a positive probability if and only if d>dc. We will also give a description of the limiting distributions of the model.
Evaluating the psychotherapies

This article discusses some important issues pertaining to the evaluation of the psychotherapies and offers suggestions for future research. Among the topics covered are the difficulties encountered in evaluating the psychotherapies, the current climate of accountability, problems of clinical versus statistical significance, and the importance of evaluating the extent of change.
Lorna's Silence and Levinas's ethical alternative: form and viewer in the Dardenne Brothers

This paper explores the possibilities of Emmanuel Levinas's philosophical description of the ethical life for understanding the experience of viewing a film, and this with two related goals in mind. The first is to provide a sustained Levinasian reading of the Dardenne Brothers' Lorna's Silence as an alternative to political or traditionally ethical approaches. This is necessary because the sensuous quality of Lorna's moral conversion is best understood through a set of metaphors used by Levinas to describe his ‘pre-ontological’ ethical philosophy: metaphors of the caress, the feminine and maternity. A second goal is to account for how this film's formal qualities create an encounter between viewer and film that echoes Lorna's encounters in the fictional world. To this end, the paper squares Levinasian ethics with Andre Bazin's realism by trimming from Bazin's work the notion of a gathered, individual subjectivity and emphasizing themes of encounter and dislocation. Lorna's Silence gives a fresh illustrat...
Probing the nucleon's transversity distribution in polarized pp, pp, and πp collisions

Abstract We study the possibility of measuring the nucleon's transversity distribution h 1 ( x ) through transversely polarized hadron-hadron collisions. We present the double-spin asymmetries of the underlying parton subprocesses for Drell-Yan lepton-pair, direct-photon, heavy quark, and other particles production. Then we estimate the associated observable asymmetries using a simple model for the transversity distribution. We also discuss a twist-three π p scattering process whichi is sensitive to h 1 ( x ).
Righting language: a view from ecological psychology

Abstract Scientific models of language have tended to focus on forms deprived of their ecological context: Speaking and listening have been viewed as disembodied and unaddressed. An ecological approach works to return language to its rightful place, as a socially embedded, morally accountable set of activities that are fundamentally dialogical. Language is viewed as a distributed set of meaning-seeking activities that are primarily physical and pragmatic, the function of which is to realize values, including caring for others and self, and the places they inhabit. Psychologically, language is focused in dialogical arrays, which can function as distributed cognitive systems for perceiving, acting, and reasoning. This more distributed, embodied view of linguistic activity draws attention to its systematic, multi-scalar complexity; to its ability to tie its participants to a place, a history, and a way of life; to the frustration and responsibility entailed in speaking and listening; and to the possibility that it is a form of direct acting and perceiving that extends human capabilities by orders of magnitude.
Adiabatic Shear Modeling and Its Influence on Machining Simulations: BCJ vs. JC Model

The understanding of mechanical behavior in machining is critical to analyze and design a process. It is well known that work materials experience large strains, high strain rates, high temperatures, and complex loading histories. Adiabatic or quasi-adiabatic condition is an important feature of material deformations in machining ferrous alloys. The problem of how to accurately model the mechanical behavior including the adiabatic effect is essential to understand a machining process. Several constitutive equations such as the simple power law model, Johnson-Cook (JC) model, and other models have often been used to approximate flow stress in machining analysis and simulations. The JC and other empirical or semi-empirical models lack mechanisms in incorporating complex loading effects. The internal state variable plasticity Baumann-Chiesa-Johnson model (BCJ model) has been shown to incorporate loading histories as well as state variables. In this study, we have determined the material constants of AISI 52100 steel (62 HRc) for both the JC and BCJ models using the same baseline stress-strain data. The material constants were obtained by fitting the JC and BCJ models to these test data at different strains, strain rates, and temperatures using nonlinear least square methods. Both models are capable of modeling strain hardening and thermal softening phenomena. However, the BCJ model can also accommodate the adiabatic effect, while the JC model is basically isothermal. Orthogonal cutting tests and FEA simulations, based on the design-of-experiment method, were performed using the cutting tool with a 20° chamfer angle. The predicted saw-tooth chip morphology and dimensions using the BCJ model are consistent with the measured chips in the cutting tests, while the JC model yielded discontinuous chips. In addition, the BCJ model gave larger subsurface von Mises stress, plastic strain, and temperature compared with those by the JC model.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Collegiate Grading Practices and the Gender Pay Gap

Extending research findings by R. Sabot and J. Wakeman-Linn (1991), this article presents a theoretical analysis showing that relatively low grading quantitative fields and high grading verbal fields create a disincentive for college women to invest in quantitative study. Pressures on grading practices are modeled using higher education production functions.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Signaling in Macrophages

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) was cloned over 2 decades ago and its identification in part led to the discovery of a super family of tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) and their receptors. TNFα signals through two transmembrane receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, and regulates a number of critical cell functions including cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. Macrophages are the major producers of TNFα and interestingly are also highly responsive to TNFα. Aberrant TNFα production and TNF receptor signaling have been associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, sepsis, diabetes, and obesity. TNFα has been shown to play a pivotal role in orchestrating the cytokine cascade in many inflammatory diseases and because of this role as a "master-regulator" of inflammatory cytokine production, it has been proposed as a therapeutic target for a number of diseases. Indeed anti-TNFα drugs are now licensed for treating certain inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review we discuss the discovery of TNFα and its actions especially in regulating macrophage biology. Given its importance in several human diseases, we also briefly discuss the role of anti-TNFα therapeutics in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Conservative and dissipative forces measured by self-oscillator atomic force microscopy at constant-drive amplitude

The fundamental-mode oscillation of an atomic force microscope cantilever, operated in the self-oscillator (SO) mode, is analyzed to interpret resonant frequency sf rd and oscillation amplitude sAd in terms of probesample conservative and dissipative forces. Measurements of f r and A versus probe-surface gap, for a H-terminated silicon probe and surface in air, have been carried out in the constant-excitation (CE), SO mode for a variety of SO phases. We provide the full z dependence of A and Df due to both conservative and dissipative forces, evidencing a minimum value of tip-sample closest approach distance expected from theory. The existence of such a minimum preserves tips from destructive interaction in CE mode.
Numerical simulation and fabrication of microscale, multilevel, tapered mold inserts using UV-Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung (LIGA) technology

Techniques for economic fabrication of high-aspect-ratio microscale structures (HARMS) are being investigated intensely. Microdevices employing metal-based HARMS are of particular interest for mechanical, electro-mechanical, and chemical applications. In many applications, HARMS with two or more heights are needed. Fabrication of these multi-level HARMS by compression molding requires two-level or multi-level mold inserts. In addition, tapered mold inserts would help achieving easy insert-part separation. This paper reports a process for fabricating two-level tapered mold inserts by combining UV-lithography of SU-8 resist, one-step metal electrodeposition, polish and level, followed by SU-8 resist removal. Without tilting and rotation during the lithography step, tapered plating molds are obtained by employing characteristics of UV-lithography and resist development. The SU-8 removal method used does not reduce the strength of the electrodeposited mold insert. Efficacy of our approach is demonstrated with a two-level mold insert prototype.
Photochemical polymerization of acrylamide aerosol particles

The kinetics of photochemically initiated polymerization of acrylamide and monomer-glycerol solution microdroplets has been explored by following the polymerization reaction by means of a fluorescent dye tracer, auramine-O. Polymerization rate constants have been estimated for the solutions by measuring the decrease in evaporation rate caused by polymerization, using a mathematical model of the simultaneous evaporation/polymerization process. Single charged droplets with initial diameters of order 50 μm were suspended in the paths of two laser beams by ac and dc electrical fields in a combination electrodynamic balance and light-scattering spectrometer. One laser beam was used to size the microsphere by elastic scattering measurements, and the second beam provided the excitation energy for fluorescence. Polymerization rate data and evaporation rate data and are presented for solid acrylamide microspheres and for solution microparticles for various system parameters.
Conformation of triphosphate and lysine-triphosphate-arginine complex

Abstract The semi-empirical all-valence electron CNDO/2 MO method has been used to calculate energy states of phosphate and triphosphate made analogous to ATP by adding a methyl group at one end and by making charge transfer complexes with arginine and lysine analogs. The calculations suggest that when ATP is attached to arginine and lysine residues, as is known to occur in actin, ATP is in a low energy state.
Teachers' Perceptions of the Impact of State-Mandated Standardized Testing: The Michigan Educational Assessment Program (MEAP) as a Case Study of Consequences

Abstract In the last decade, the debate over state-mandated standardized testing has become one of the most heated, political debates in education. Situated within that debate and drawing from it, this paper examines the relationship among teachers, teaching, and standardized testing, using the Michigan Educational Assessment Program (MEAP) as a case study of consequences. Based on a six-month study comprising interviews with five secondary social studies teachers in Michigan, this paper explores how standardized testing and the discourses surrounding it help construct teachers' educational imagination by defining the boundaries of the actual and the possible in social education. With the idea that the meaning of standardized testing and its implications for teachers are not pre-determined but, rather, are constructed through teachers' perceptions—thoughts, feelings, beliefs—of them as they interact with the test and its discourses, the study first identifies and explores the various discourses surroundin...
TCP Venoplus — A cross-layer approach to improve TCP performance in wired-cum-wireless networks using signal strength

In wired-cum-wireless networks, one of the main design challenges for TCP is to accurately distinguish congestion losses from random losses caused due to channel noise and interference. TCP Veno has been widely deployed in wireless networks to address this challenge. TCP Veno has been demonstrated to show better performance than TCP Reno in wired-cum-wireless environments. However, TCP Veno does not take into consideration the effects of channel noise and interference on packet losses, which impacts the accuracy of TCP Veno's packet loss identification and thereby causes underutilization of bandwidth in lightly-loaded networks. In this paper, we propose TCP Venoplus which contains two refinements to improve the performance of TCP Veno in lightly-loaded networks. The first refinement incorporates a new variable, congestion loss window, into TCP Veno. This new variable will aid TCP Veno in proper utilization of bandwidth in presence of lightly-loaded traffic. The second refinement involves procuring power level of received packet from the MAC layer to aid in better detection of random losses. The simulation results demonstrate that, the two refinements in TCP Venoplus can significantly improve Veno's throughput with accurate packet loss identification and without compromising fairness.
Analysis of the effect of core affinity on high-throughput flows

Network throughput is scaling-up to higher data rates while end-system processors are scaling-out to multiple cores. In order to optimize high speed data transfer into multicore end-systems, techniques such as network adapter offloads and performance tuning have received a great deal of attention. Furthermore, several methods of multithreading the network receive process have been proposed. However, thus far attention has been focused on how to set the tuning parameters and which offloads to select for higher performance, and little has been done to understand why the settings do (or do not) work. In this paper we build on previous research to track down the source(s) of the end-system bottleneck for high-speed TCP flows. For the purposes of this paper, we consider protocol processing efficiency to be the amount of system resources used (such as CPU and cache) per unit of achieved throughout (in Gbps). The amount of various system resources consumed are measured using low-level system event counters. Affinitization, or core binding, is the decision about which processor cores on an end system are responsible for interrupt, network, and application processing. We conclude that affinitization has a significant impact on protocol processing efficiency, and that the performance bottleneck of the network receive process changes drastically with three distinct affinitization scenarios.
High-energy production of hadrons on nuclear targets and the nature of the pomeron

Abstract The nested eikonal model for multiple exchanges of pomeron ladders, which are assumed to have high average transverse momentum except near their ends, give a phenomenologically reasonable description of multiparticle production by energetic hadron beams on nuclear targets. Testable predictions are made of the large rapidity spectrum of final state particles. The consequences of this assumption about the nature of the pomeron for hadron-hadron scattering are also discussed and found to be encouraging.
Male viability determinations in Penaeus vannamei: evaluation of short-term storage of spermatophores up to 36 h and comparison of Ca-free saline and seawater as sperm homogenate media

Abstract Short term storage up to 36 h was evaluated for male gonad tissue of the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei , for use in sperm gross morphology evaluations. Additionally, seawater was compared with Ca-free saline solution as the medium for tissue storage and for sperm homogenization. A baseline sample of P. vannamei males (48.3 g±2.75 s.d., n =9) was taken with freshly ejaculated spermatophores and evaluated for sperm counts and percent morphologically abnormal sperm. Baseline values of mean sperm of 52.00×10 6 ±8.24 s.e. and mean abnormal sperm of 32.09%±9.93 were obtained. Thirty additional males were sacrificed and their carapace sections (without hepatopancreas and tail section) were placed into either seawater or a Ca-free saline solution in an incubator at 15°C for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h. There were no significant differences in either sperm counts or percent abnormal sperm observed at each time period ( ∝ =0.05) indicating that either seawater or Ca-free saline can be used as the homogenate medium and as the storage medium for gonadal tissue to be used in gross morphology determinations. In addition, samples taken at each time interval were compared with the baseline sample. There were no significant differences between the freshly ejaculated spermatophores and spermatophores stored up to 36 h at 15°C for either total sperm counts or percent abnormal determinations.
Effects of tribooxidation on sliding behavior of aluminum

The frictional behavior of aluminum was studied with a pin-on-disk wear test apparatus. Disks of aluminum were tested in sliding against 440C stainless steel pins. The effects of key experimental parameters such as test environment, sliding velocity and applied load on the frictional behavior and on microstructure evolution were explored. Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study surface changes, structure evolution and chemical changes during sliding. The role of oxygen was explored by conducting tests in different environments. The frictional behavior and wear morphology was significantly affected by the extent of oxidation. The role of temperature rise during sliding is also considered.
Ratiometric Single‐Nanoparticle Oxygen Sensors for Biological Imaging

It makes sense: Conjugated polymer nanoparticles doped with a platinum porphyrin dye exhibit bright phosphorescence that is highly sensitive to the concentration of molecular oxygen. The small size, extraordinary brightness, excellent sensitivity, and ratiometric emission, together with the demonstration of single-particle sensing and cellular uptake, indicate the potential of the nanoparticle sensors for quantitative mapping of local molecular oxygen concentration.
Multispectral image enhancement by spectral shifting

A multispectral enhancement method that preserves the natural color of the background pixels was previously proposed. In such method, the band for enhancement was identified from the N-band spectral residual-error of the objects of interest. The spectral residual-error is determined by taking the difference between the original spectrum of the pixel and its estimate using M<<N principal components in principal component analysis (PCA). However, for stained histopathology images where staining variations do exist even among tissue sections the band for enhancement could vary. In this work, we introduced a modification to the previously proposed multispectral enhancement method such that the band for enhancement could be specified independent of the spectral residualerror configurations. In the proposed modification the original spectral transmittance of the pixels at each band are shifted by the product between the spectral residual-error coefficient, which is the most dominant PC coefficient of the spectral error, of the pixel and the weighting factor assigned by the user to each band. Results of our experiments on H&E stained sections of liver tissue show that the proposed modification delivers more consistent enhancement results compared to the previously proposed methods, especially when the band for enhancement varies.
Contributions of Cognitive Theory to New Behavioral Treatments

Although clinical, social, and cognitive psychologists all use the concept of ‘cognition’, they often use it in different ways to refer to different phenomena We offer a heuristic framework for distinguishing among three general uses of the word cognition, and apply this framework to an evaluation of the experiential avoidance concept presented by Hayes and Gifford (this issue) While acknowledging the promise of such work, we raise concerns about its possible limitations We recommend that clinical applications of the cognition concept be grounded in the theories and methods of contemporary cognitive and neural sciences In support of our recommendation, we present three examples from experiments from our own research
Production of a Diffuse Flux of Soft X-Rays by Galactic Objects

In this article the spectrum and intensity of galactic sources of soft X-rays are estimated and several models of possible sources evaluated.
The backbone structure of the thermophilic Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis ribose binding protein is essentially identical to its mesophilic E. coli homolog.

Comparison of experimentally determined mesophilic and thermophilic homologous protein structures is an important tool for understanding the mechanisms that contribute to thermal stability. Of particular interest are pairs of homologous structures that are structurally very similar, but differ significantly in thermal stability. We report the X-ray crystal structure of a Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis ribose binding protein (tteRBP) determined to 1.9 A resolution. We find that tteRBP is significantly more stable ( app T m value ~102°C) than the mesophilic Escherichia coli ribose binding protein (ecRBP) ( app T m value ~56°C). The tteRBP has essentially the identical backbone conformation (0.41 A RMSD of 235/271 Cα positions and 0.65 A RMSD of 270/271 Cα positions) as ecRBP. Classification of the amino acid substitutions as a function of structure therefore allows the identification of amino acids which potentially contribute to the observed thermal stability of tteRBP in the absence of large structural heterogeneities. The near identity of backbone structures of this pair of proteins entails that the significant differences in their thermal stabilities are encoded exclusively by the identity of the amino acid side-chains. Furthermore, the degree of sequence divergence is strongly correlated with structure; with a high degree of conservation in the core progressing to increased diversity in the boundary and surface regions. Different factors that may possibly contribute to thermal stability appear to be differentially encoded in each of these regions of the protein. The tteRBP/ecRBP pair therefore offers an opportunity to dissect contributions to thermal stability by side-chains alone in the absence of large structural differences.
The Screening Accuracy of the Parent and Teacher-Reported Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS): Comparison with the 3Di and ADOS

The screening accuracy of the parent and teacher-reported Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) was compared with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) classification according to (1) the Developmental, Dimensional, and Diagnostic Interview (3Di), (2) the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), (3) both the 3Di and ADOS, in 186 children referred to six mental health centers. The parent report showed excellent correspondence to an ASD classification according to the 3Di and both the 3Di and ADOS. The teacher report added significantly to the screening accuracy over and above the parent report when compared with the ADOS classification. Findings support the screening utility of the parent-reported SRS among clinically referred children and indicate that different informants may provide unique information relevant for ASD assessment.
A system for the on-line determination of glucose concentration

An off-line glucose analyzer, Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) model 27 was modified and coupled to various peripheral components to produce a fast, fully automated system for the online determination of glucose concentration. The amount of time required to accomplish each measurement was in the order of two minutes. To demonstrate the utility of this system, various tests were performed. First, a stream containing known amounts of glucose was monitored on-line and the system was calibrated. The calibration curve was shown to be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Once the system was properly calibrated, it was used to monitor the glucose concentration in the effluent stream of two different enzyme reactor systems. The glucose concentrations were within experimental error of those obtained via standard off-line techniques.
Comparison study of elastic impression material

The study of four elastic impression materials indicated that master castings could be more accurately seated on casts made from MOD impressions than from full crown impressions. A discrepancy between clinical acceptance and statistical identity was also demonstrated. The study indicated that by altering just one variable, the pour time, a wide range of results is obtained, some clinically acceptable and others clinically unacceptable.
Towards high-energy and durable lithium-ion batteries via atomic layer deposition: elegantly atomic-scale material design and surface modification

Targeted at fueling future transportation and sustaining smart grids, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are undergoing intensive investigation for improved durability and energy density. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), enabling uniform and conformal nanofilms, has recently made possible many new advances for superior LIBs. The progress was summarized by Liu and Sun in their latest review [1], offering many insightful views, covering the design of nanostructured battery components (i.e., electrodes and solid electrolytes), and nanoscale modification of electrode/electrolyte interfaces. This work well informs peers of interesting research conducted and it will also further help boost the applications of ALD in next-generation LIBs and other advanced battery technologies.
Rationale and design of the multinational observational study assessing insulin use: the MOSAIc study

Although consensus guidelines recommend insulin progression among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who fail to meet glycemic targets over time, many fewer patients are progressed than may benefit. We describe the rationale and design of the MOSAIc (Multinational Observational Study Assessing Insulin use) study, a multinational observational cohort study to identify patient-, physician, and health care environment-based factors associated with insulin progression for patients with T2DM in real-world practice. We will enroll 4,500 patients with T2DM taking initial insulin therapy for ≥3 months across 175 physician practice sites in 18 countries. Extensive demographic, clinical, and psychosocial data at the patient and physician level and practice site characteristics will be collected at baseline and regular intervals during a 24-month follow-up period. We will use a multivariable logistic regression model to identify predictors of insulin progression and highlight potential opportunities for health behavior intervention to improve insulin progression rates. Secondary outcomes include evaluating factors associated with glycemic control, hypoglycemia, and treatment adherence among patients who do and do not progress beyond their initial insulin therapy and exploring geographic heterogeneity in treatment. Practice site and patient recruitment began in 2011 and baseline data will be available in late 2012. The MOSAIC study’s longitudinal observational design as well as the breadth and depth of data will be used to explore and quantify predictors of insulin progression and to identify potential opportunities for health behavior intervention in order to improve T2DM treatment and clinical outcomes.
Nurse-Physician Collaboration and Outcomes for Patients

Excerpt To the editor: In the July issue (1), data on nurse-physician relationships were reported from a questionnaire and interview survey of nurses and physicians in a national sample of urban ho...
Reduction of physiological fluctuations in fMRI using digital filters

Data obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging are often limited by a low signal-to-noise ratio. The time-course data obtained from activated regions contain both system noise and physiological noise, primarily linked to the heart and respiratory rates, that are superimposed on task induced signals. Time averaging of a practical number of data sets is not very effective in improving the signal-to-noise ratio because neither system nor physiological noise is truly random. In this paper, a method is presented for filtering unwanted physiological fluctuations, including aliased signals that are formed as a result of long repetition time (TR) values. A pulse oximeter was used to obtain cardiac and respiratory information during the scanning period. Finite impulse response band-reject digital filters were designed to remove the physiological fluctuations. For comparison, cross-correlation analyses were performed at the same level of statistical significance on both filtered and unfiltered data. We demonstrate that this method can improve the detection of weak signals without increasing the probability of false positives.
Reproduction and Development of Trichomalopsis Species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a Parasite of Filth Flies

Abstract A Trichomalopsis sp. near americana was colonized from eastern Nebraska and was evaluated for its potential as a biological control agent against house flies. Maturation within the host puparium required 13 days at 30°C and 16 days at 25°C. Essentially no maturation occurred at 20°C, and 10 days at 20°C was sufficient to induce arrested development in the third instar in about 67% of the parasites. Trichomalopsis sp. is gregarious and prefers to oviposit repeatedly on single hosts even when other hosts are readily available. Females are capable of producing 10-12 eggs per day and a total of about 110 eggs when adequate hosts and a carbohydrate source are available. This species is not considered to have high potential as a biological control agent because of its preference to sting only 2-3 hosts per day, its relatively low fecundity, and its low incidence in nature.
Bile Acid Signal-induced Phosphorylation of Small Heterodimer Partner by Protein Kinase Cζ Is Critical for Epigenomic Regulation of Liver Metabolic Genes

Bile acids (BAs) are recently recognized key signaling molecules that control integrative metabolism and energy expenditure. BAs activate multiple signaling pathways, including those of nuclear receptors, primarily farnesoid X receptor (FXR), membrane BA receptors, and FXR-induced FGF19 to regulate the fed-state metabolism. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) has been implicated as a key mediator of these BA signaling pathways by recruitment of chromatin modifying proteins, but the key question of how SHP transduces BA signaling into repressive histone modifications at liver metabolic genes remains unknown. Here we show that protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) is activated by BA or FGF19 and phosphorylates SHP at Thr-55 and that Thr-55 phosphorylation is critical for the epigenomic coordinator functions of SHP. PKCζ is coimmunopreciptitated with SHP and both are recruited to SHP target genes after bile acid or FGF19 treatment. Activated phosphorylated PKCζ and phosphorylated SHP are predominantly located in the nucleus after FGF19 treatment. Phosphorylation at Thr-55 is required for subsequent methylation at Arg-57, a naturally occurring mutation site in metabolic syndrome patients. Thr-55 phosphorylation increases interaction of SHP with chromatin modifiers and their occupancy at selective BA-responsive genes. This molecular cascade leads to repressive modifications of histones at metabolic target genes, and consequently, decreased BA pools and hepatic triglyceride levels. Remarkably, mutation of Thr-55 attenuates these SHP-mediated epigenomic and metabolic effects. This study identifies PKCζ as a novel key upstream regulator of BA-regulated SHP function, revealing the role of Thr-55 phosphorylation in epigenomic regulation of liver metabolism.
The Growing Gap: The Origin of Theory & Research in Social Education

This study focuses on a seminal moment in the history of the College and University Faculty Assembly (CUFA)—the founding of its voice, Theory & Research in Social Education (TRSE). This historical ...
Interference enhanced Kerr spectroscopy for very thin absorbing films — Application to amorphous terbium iron

Abstract A new method of obtaining polar Kerr spectra from very thin absorbing films is used to study the thickness dependence of the Curie temperature, compensation temperature and critical behavior of the Fe-subnetwork of amorphous Tb-Fe alloy films. Significant deviations from bulk behavior begin to occur a thickness below about 20 nm.
Sampling in population-based cancer caregivers research

Awareness that cancer impacts not only the person with the disease but also the family has increased, yet existing data provide limited information, primarily because of reliance on small geographically restricted samples. The current study used population-based sampling to develop a formula to compute the probability of survivors completing a survivor survey and nominating their family caregivers. Eleven SEER/NPCR state cancer registries participated in the American Cancer Society Study of Cancer Survivors survey, providing information about the survivors, including their age, race/ethnicity, gender, type of cancer, and stage of cancer. A total of 19,294 cancer survivors met the inclusion criteria (≥18 years old and diagnosed with one of the 10 common cancers). Approximately 30% of survivors identified from state cancer registries completed the survivor survey, of whom 42% nominated a caregiver. Logistic regression analysis revealed that middle-aged, female, or non-black survivors and survivors diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer were more likely to complete the survey and nominate a caregiver, whereas survivors with bladder or lung cancer and survivors with advanced-stage cancer were less likely to complete the survey and nominate a caregiver. Using the formula based on the logistic regression analysis results, a number of certain groups of survivors to be recruited from state registry can be calculated in order to have a present number of caregivers to contact for participation into a caregiver study. This is practical and valuable information, which fosters research that uses state cancer registries and increases the generalizability of findings to multiple types of cancer and different stages of cancer.
Drugs, Arms, and Arrowheads Theft From Archaeological Sites and the Dangers of Fieldwork

This article presents findings from a recent worldwide study of archaeological site looting, which largely fuels the international trade in illicitly obtained antiquities. Focused on practicing archaeologists’ opinions about and personal experiences with site looting, the study surveyed 2,358 archaeologists excavating throughout the world in 118 countries. Key findings presented here include archaeologists’ reports of connections between archaeological site looting and the production of and trade in methamphetamine across the United States. American archaeologists report run-ins with “meth heads” on their sites with increasing frequency. Other archaeologists working throughout the world report violent encounters with looters on site, some of whom even report being shot at and assaulted by looters. Overall findings suggest that archaeological fieldwork has become an increasingly dangerous occupation around the world.
The effect of counteranion on the physicochemical and thermal properties of 4-methyl-1-propyl-1,2,4-triazolium ionic liquids

Abstract Temperature-dependent physicochemical properties such as viscosity, molar conductivity and density, as well as short- and long-term thermal stabilities, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis, are reported for a series of 4-methyl-1-propyl-1,2,4-triazolium ionic liquids where the counteranion was varied ([I], [NO 3 ], [OMs], [OTs], [BF 4 ], [OTf] and [NTf 2 ]). In general, use of the poorly coordinating anions [NTf 2 ] and [OTf] led to the lowest ionic liquid viscosities and highest molar conductivities. All of the 1,2,4-triazolium ionic liquids studied were classified as ‘good’ ionic liquids after Walden plot analysis; however use of the [OTs] anion led to the poorest overall ionic liquid performance, presumably due to the introduction of π–π interactions from the aromatic ring. Temperature-ramped TGA experiments revealed that strongly coordinating anions such as [I] and [NO 3 ] resulted in the lowest T onset values ( 2 ] and [OTf] led to T onset values in excess of 330 °C. Results from long-term, isothermal TGA analysis indicated the all of the ILs exhibited decomposition well below the observed T onset as reflected in their T 0.01/10 values.
A. P. O. rules in hierarchical and empirical bayes models

In sequential analysis, Bayes stopping rules are often difficult to determine explicitly. Bickel and Yahav (1967, Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, VI, pp 401 413) provided an attractive large sample approximation to sequential Bayes rules which they called "asymptotically pointwise optimal" (A.P.O.) rules. The present paper proposes A.P.O. rules for certain hierarchical and empirical Bayes models. These rules are shown to be asymptotically "non deficient" in the sense of Woodroofe (1981, Zeitschrift fiir Wahrscheinlich keitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete, pp 331 341).
Women's Work, Cohort Change, and Health∗

Rapid changes in women's labor force participation, access to good jobs, and changing work-family pressures have altered the landscape of work and family life. We use logit negative binomial hurdle models to examine whether these countervailing trends have affected the physical health of women across four birth cohorts. Longitudinal data are used to compare successive cohorts of U.S. women when they are between the ages 44 and 50. While the health of women overall did not change across cohorts, we find an increase in health problems among employed women, explained by increases in the ability of women with physical limitations to become and remain employed. Health problems among housewives decline across cohorts, resulting in better health among housewives than among employed women in the most recent cohort. These findings provide further evidence of the importance of selection processes in understanding health effects of roles, and they highlight the need for greater attention to the health effects of unpaid work.
Special Issue on Megagauss Physics and Technology

The 24 papers in this special issue are intended as extended versions of papers presented at the 12th International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics, held on July 13-18, 2008, in Novosibirsk, Russia.
Murine Laminin B1 Gene Regulation during the Retinoic Acid- and Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP-induced Differentiation of Embryonic F9 Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells (∗)

Retinoic acid (RA) and cyclic AMP analogs cause the differentiation of F9 embryonic teratocarcinoma stem cells into parietal endoderm, an epithelial cell of the early mouse embryo. Laminin B1 is induced in this differentiation process, but is not transcriptionally activated until 24-48 h after RA addition and is not maximally induced until approximately 72 h. Cyclic AMP analogs enhance this transcriptional activation. Although several DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSS) were observed in the LAMB1 5 -flanking DNA, one of the sites, DHSS2, was detected only after 72 h of RA treatment. Transient transfections have demonstrated that the DHSS2 region functions as a "late-acting RA-inducible enhancer," and motifs in this enhancer contain the homeobox protein-binding site TTATTAACA. Greater binding is observed at these sites by electrophoretic mobility shift assay when cells are cultured with RA and cyclic AMP analogs versus RA alone, and no binding is seen in extracts from RA-treated F9 RAR gamma-/- cells which lack RAR gamma mRNA and protein. Laminin B1 mRNA is not induced by RA in the RAR gamma-/- cells (Boylan, J. F., Lohnes, D., Taneja, R., Chambon, P., and Gudas, L. J. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 9601-9605). Our data show that these DNA regulatory elements contribute to the transcriptional activation of the LAMB1 gene during the later stages of the differentiation process.
Role of epinephrine stimulation of CNS α1‐adrenoceptors in motor activity in mice

The role of brain epinephrine (EPI) in the regulation of motor activity and movement in mice was examined. Blockade of EPI synthesis with i.p. 2,3-dichloro-α-methylbenzylamine (DCMB) or LY134046 was found to produce marked behavioral inactivity which could be significantly reversed by intraventricular injection of EPI and by three other α1-adrenoceptor agonists, norepinephrine (NE), 6-fluoronorepinephrine (6FNE), and phenylephrine (PE), as well as by serotonin (5HT). EPI had the largest effect of these agonists and also was the only one that reversed nondrug-induced inactivity of mice in their home cages during the light phase. The effects of EPI were blocked by coinfusion of an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist (terazosin) but not of an α2-(atipamezole) or β1 (betaxolol)-blocker. The rank order of maximal behavioral responses to EPI, 6FNE, and PE in DCMB-treated mice was the same as the rank order of their maximal stimulation of hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol at cloned α1B-adrenoceptors in cell culture. On the basis of the above findings and of the central distributions of adrenergic neurons and α1-adrenoceptors, the existence of a central EPI-innervated α1-adrenergic receptor system is postulated which serves to coexcite or enhance signaling in several monoaminergic brain regions involved in movement and motor activity. Synapse 49:67–76, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.