cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Event-Based Simulation Framework to Examine the Response of Power Grid to the Charging Demand of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper describes the development of a discrete-event simulation framework that emulates the interactions between the power grid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and examines whether the capacity of the existing power system can meet the PHEV load demand. The probability distribution functions for the arrival time and energy demand of each vehicle are extracted from real-world statistical transportation data. The power grid's limited generation and transmission capacities are considered to be the major constraints. Therefore, vehicles may have to wait to receive any charge. The proposed simulation framework is justified and described in some detail in applying it to two real cases in the United States to determine certain regions' grid potential to support PHEVs. Both Level-1 and -2 charging are considered.
Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair: 5-mm Port Technique and Alternative Mesh Insertion Method

R S o h a i A H 2 c c a n s c 3 c d w aparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) is becoming he preferred technique for repair of ventral hernias at any institutions. LVHR is associated with low conersion rates to open operation, short hospital stays, low ecurrence rates, and is suitable for repair of complicated ernias. The standard approach to LVHR involves mesh nsertion through a 10to 12-mm or larger port site. tudies have shown that port sites 5 mm lead to ort-site hernias if the fascia is not sutured. The 10to 2-mm or larger port site created must be sutured closed o minimize chance of developing a port-site hernia. uturing the port site can be a source of persistent postperative pain. We describe our technique for LVHR using 5-mm orts only and an alternative method for mesh insertion. his technique eliminates the need for a large fascial efect and can decrease incidence of postoperative pain nd port-site hernias.
Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency Increases Atherosclerosis in the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor and Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency would accelerate atherosclerosis development in low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLr-/-) and apoE (apoE-/-) knockout mice. After 16 weeks of atherogenic diet (0.1% cholesterol, 10% calories from palm oil) consumption, LDLr-/- LCAT-/- double knockout mice, compared with LDLr-/- mice, had similar plasma concentrations of free (FC), esterified (EC), and apoB lipoprotein cholesterol, increased plasma concentrations of phospholipid and triglyceride, decreased HDL cholesterol, and 2-fold more aortic FC (142 +/- 28 versus 61 +/- 20 mg/g protein) and EC (102 +/- 27 versus 61+/- 27 mg/g). ApoE-/- LCAT-/- mice fed the atherogenic diet, compared with apoE-/- mice, had higher concentrations of plasma FC, EC, apoB lipoprotein cholesterol, and phospholipid, and significantly more aortic FC (149 +/- 62 versus 109 +/- 33 mg/g) and EC (101 +/- 23 versus 69 +/- 20 mg/g) than did the apoE-/- mice. LCAT deficiency resulted in a 12-fold increase in the ratio of saturated + monounsaturated to polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters in apoB lipoproteins in LDLr-/- mice and a 3-fold increase in the apoE-/- mice compared with their counterparts with active LCAT. We conclude that LCAT deficiency in LDLr-/- and apoE-/- mice fed an atherogenic diet resulted in increased aortic cholesterol deposition, likely due to a reduction in plasma HDL, an increased saturation of cholesteryl esters in apoB lipoproteins and, in the apoE-/- background, an increased plasma concentration of apoB lipoproteins.
Thermal and catalytic coprocessing of waste tires with coal

Thermal and catalytic coprocessing of waste tires and coal was performed using waste tires from two sources and coals of three different ranks. Bituminous coals yielded higher conversions than either subbituminous coal or lignite when coprocessed with waste tire. In this study waste tires from tire buffing processes were used. One of these materials provided by Rouse Rubber represented the typical composition of most automotive tires while the other material supplied by Uniroyal contained a substantial amount of mineral fillers because the material obtained from buffing the white lettering on the sidewall of the tire. Each of these waste tires when used as a solvent in coprocessing had different solvent qualities; the Rouse waste tire was typically a much better solvent for coal than Uniroyal waste tire. Catalytic coprocessing of waste tires with coal using slurry phase hydrogenation catalysts increased total and coal conversions compared to thermal reactions. Addition of carbon black to the coprocessing system had minimal effect on the conversion or product distributions, while the addition of the heat-treated residue from the liquefied waste tires resulted in enhanced conversion and hexane solubles production from coprocessing systems. The mineral-rich Uniroyal residue was more active than the carbon black-rich Rouse residue. Combining the residues with slurry phase hydrogenation catalysts enhanced their activity even further.
Kinetics of primary tumor regression with chemotherapy: Implications for the timing of surgery

Purpose: The kinetics of tumor regression during administration of chemotherapy has relevance to the timing of surgery. The aim of this study was characterization of the time course of primary tumor regression in initially unresectable rhabdomyosarcoma, hepatoblastoma, and neuroblastoma patients. We also estimated the total cell number in the primary tumor at diagnosis.
High Activity Carbide Supported Catalysts for Water Gas Shift

Nanostructured carbides are refractory materials with high surface areas that could be used as alternatives to the oxide materials that are widely used as support materials for heterogeneous cataly...
Cloning of a β1 tubulin cDNA from an insect endocrine gland: Developmental and hormone-induced changes in mRNA expression

Abstract A rapid increase in ecdysteroid hormone synthesis results when the insect prothoracic gland is stimulated with prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), a brain neuropeptide hormone. PTTH also stimulates the specific synthesis of several proteins, one of which is a β tubulin. To further understand the possible roles of β tubulin in the prothoracic gland, β tubulin cDNA clones were isolated from a tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) gland cDNA library. Sequence analysis indicated that these clones were assignable to the β1 tubulin isoform. Gland β1 tubulin mRNA levels during the last larval instar and early pupal-adult development exhibited peaks that coincided with peaks in ecdysteroid synthesis. Manipulations of the glands hormonal milieu showed that β1 tubulin mRNA levels respond to 20 hydroxyecdysone and PTTH. The data also support our earlier proposal that the prothoracic gland β tubulin gene is ubiquitously expressed but exhibits tissue- and developmental-specific regulation of transcription and translation.
A genetic animal model of differential sensitivity to methamphetamine reinforcement

Sensitivity to reinforcement from methamphetamine (MA) likely influences risk for MA addiction, and genetic differences are one source of individual variation. Generation of two sets of selectively bred mouse lines for high and low MA drinking has shown that genetic factors influence MA intake, and pronounced differences in sensitivity to rewarding and aversive effects of MA play a significant role. Further validation of these lines as a unique genetic model relevant to MA addiction was obtained using operant methods to study MA reinforcement. High and low MA drinking line mice were used to test the hypotheses that: 1) oral and intracerebroventricular (ICV) MA serve as behavioral reinforcers, and 2) MA exhibits greater reinforcing efficacy in high than low MA drinking mice. Operant responses resulted in access to an MA or non-MA drinking tube or intracranial delivery of MA. Behavioral activation consequent to orally consumed MA was determined. MA available for consumption maintained higher levels of reinforced instrumental responding in high than low MA drinking line mice, and MA intake in the oral operant procedure was greater in high than low MA drinking line mice. Behavioral activation was associated with amount of MA consumed during operant sessions. High line mice delivered more MA via ICV infusion than did low line mice across a range of doses. Thus, genetic risk factors play a critical role in the reinforcing efficacy of MA and the oral self-administration procedure is suitable for delineating genetic contributions to MA reinforcement.
What Time Is It? The Use of Power in Four Different Types of Presidential Time

This article describes and tests four different theories about how time constrains and defines the use of presidential power. It describes power use in theories arguing for a gradual secular increase in presidential power over time, in theories arguing for cycles of presidential power in time, in theories contending that power use is determined most markedly by a president being an "early" or "modern" president, and theories which argue that power use is contingent upon the term and year within the term in which a president attempts to use power. It conducts some preliminary tests of each of these theories and suggests that early/modern theory and the cyclical theory conform to hypothesized predictions about power.
The use of dopamine in children

Dopamine was used as the primary catecholamine to treat circulatory shock, manifested by eithersystemic arterial hypotension or oliguria or both, in 24 children two days to 18 years (mean=39 months) of age. The dose of dopamine ranged from 0.3 to 25 (mean=9.3) μg/kg/minute. The primary problem in four of the 24 patients was infection; two of these patients survived. The other 20 patients had congenital heart disease; 18 developed shock following surgery. Seven of these 20 patients survived. With dopamine infusion the average systolic blood pressure increased from 69±4 (mean±SEM) to 81±4 mm Hg ( P P
RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS ON THE EQUATION OF STATE OF THE LIGHT ACTINIDES

The effect of the relativistic spin-orbit (SO) interaction on the bonding in the early actinides has been investigated by means of electronic-structure calculations. Specifically, the equation of state (EOS) for the face-centered cubic (fcc) model systems of these metals have been calculated from the first-principles density-functional theory (DFT). Traditionally, the SO interaction in electronic-structure methods is implemented as a perturbation to the Hamiltonian that is solved for basis functions that explicitly do not depend on SO coupling. Here this approximation is shown to compare well with the fully relativistic Dirac treatment. It is further shown that SO coupling has a gradually increasing effect on the EOS as one proceeds through the actinides and the effect is diminished as density increases.
Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere (HOPE VI): Who gets back in?

Abstract Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere, or commonly known as HOPE VI, under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), has a mission to rebuild severely distressed public housing. In general the goals of HOPE VI projects are to improve severely distressed public housing and to improve the lives of its residents. While evidences around the country either lend support to these goals, or find anomalies, we find severe contradictions in a specific mid-south HOPE VI project. The question investigated is whether one particular HOPE VI project was efficacious in accomplishing these goals or was it deleterious to the residents and to what extent. The study began with straightforward comparisons of the original residents and the residents selected for resettlement in a HOPE VI reconstruction project. The investigation continued with a regression analysis of the factors that were significant in determining if a head of household was accepted for resettlement. The results of this analysis clearly demonstrate that there is a bias in the selection of those individuals accepted for resettlement.
Molecular Phylogenetics of Finches and Sparrows: Consequences of Character State Removal in CytochromebSequences☆

Abstract The complete mitochondrial cytochrome b genes of 53 genera of oscine passerine birds representing the major groups of finches and some allies were compared. Phylogenetic trees resulting from three levels of character partition removal (no data removed, transitions at third positions of codons removed, and all transitions removed [transversion parsimony]) were generally concordant, and all supported several basic statements regarding relationships of finches and finch-like birds, including: (1) larks (Alaudidae) show no close relationship to any finch group; (2) Peucedramus (olive warbler) is phylogenetically far removed from true wood warblers; (3) a clade consisting of fringillids, passerids, motacillids, and emberizids is supported, and this clade is characterized by evolution of a vestigial 10th wing primary; and (4) Hawaiian honeycreepers are derived from within the cardueline finches. Excluding transition substitutions at third positions of codons resulted in phylogenetic trees similar to, but with greater bootstrap nodal support than, trees derived using either all data (equally weighted) or transversion parsimony. Relative to the shortest trees obtained using all data, the topologies obtained after elimination of third-position transitions showed only slight increases in realized treelength and homoplasy. These increases were negligable compared to increases in overall nodal support; therefore, this partition removal scheme may enhance recovery of deep phylogenetic signal in protein-coding DNA datasets.
Optimal somatic growth and reproduction in a limited, constant environment: Organisms with determinate growth

A partial differential equation model of natural selection in a limited environment concerns a mass structured population whose residents must divide available energy between somatic growth and reproduction. This model gives rise to an optimal phenotype criterion that identifies the energy allocation pattern most favored by natural selection. This criterion in turn produces an equation for optimal adult body mass in terms of the original demographic rate functions. Its examination confirms the long accepted intuitively based claim of the theory of r- and K-selection that increased mortality favors earlier reproduction and hence smaller adult body size. This mechanistic analysis provides both justification, for this problem, of the intuitively based optimization procedures of classical life history theory and also further information that may help facilitate this theory's application to natural populations.
Health care reform in 2010: transforming the delivery system to improve quality of care

Purpose Although the American health care system is the most expensive in the world, it delivers inconsistent (and sometimes poor) quality of care. Recent health care legislation contains several delivery system reforms that will attempt to address these issues. We review these programs and discuss the implications for practicing urologists.
Radiation-Hardened JFET Devices and CMOS Circuits Fabricated in SOI Films

The effects of total-dose radiation have been investigated for the first complementary JFETs fabricated in zone-melting-recrystallized (ZMR) Si films on SiO2-coated Si substrates. With a -5 V bias applied to the Si substrate during irradiation and device operation, both n- and p-channel devices show low threshold-voltage shift, low leakage currents and small transconductance degradation for total doses up to 108 rad(Si). Fully functional CMOS 1K static RAMs and 1.2K gate arrays have been fabricated in both ZMR and oxygen-implanted (SIMOX) SOI films. The ZMR circuits are superior in speed performance to the SIMOX circuits because parasitics are smaller for the ZMR structure. Excellent transient-radiation hardness has been demonstrated for both ZMR and SIMOX SRAMs, which showed no logic upset for dose rates up to 7 × 1010 rad(Si)/s.
Postsession discussion in induced anxiety therapy and reduction of test anxiety.

To evaluate the therapeutic importance of the discussion component of the induced-anxiety technique, 32 college coeds scoting ≥ 15 on the test anxiety subtest of the Sarason Autobiographical Survey were given one of four treatments. Eight subjects were given 8 weekly traditional induced-anxiety sessions, 8 were given 8 induced-anxiety sessions without the discussion component, 8 were given 8 treatments including only the discussion component, and 8 served as nontreated controls. Subjects receiving the induced-anxiety treatments, either with or without the discussion, showed significant decreases in test anxiety.
Pressure of ferromagnetic HCP solid 3He during adiabatic demagnetization

Abstract The pressure of a ferromagnetic Ising model has been calculated using the Bethe approximation. The entropy of the spins was held constant in the calculation to mimic the adiabatic-demagnetization experiment of Lang et al. in HCP solid 3 He, while the magnetic field was varied. The field dependence of the pressure is in good qualitative agreement with the experiment, indicating that the overall behavior observed by the experiment largely arises from a generic property of ferromagnets rather than a detail of the spin interactions specific to solid 3 He.
Identification and management of inherited cancer susceptibility.

Identification of inherited cancer-predisposing genes offers opportunities for cancer prevention. Inherited susceptibility genes have been identified, primarily through studies of unusual cancer ca...
EFFECT OF ENDOGENOUS ERYTHROPOIETIN ON REPLICATING HEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.

SummaryAutorepopulation studies using a radiobiological method provide evidence that endogenous hemopoietic stem cell proliferation in the shielded mouse occurs during the first 5 days after irradiation. Exposure to hypoxia, sufficient to produce elevated levels of endogenous erythropoietin, failed to induce erythroid differentiation during the early proliferative phase of marrow repopulation. The data support the concept that the replication of stem cells, per se, renders them refractory to the induction of erythroid differentiation by erythropoietin.
Equilibrium Adsorption of Phenol-, Tire-, and Coal-Derived Activated Carbons for Organic Vapors

Adsorption isotherms for alkane, aromatic, and ketone vapors were determined for activated carbon fiber cloth, tire-derived activated carbon and coal-derived activated carbon adsorbents. Physical and chemical properties of the vapors and adsorbents were used to interpret these results that were obtained from 20 to 50°C, with a more limited data set at 125 and 175°C and relative pressures between 0 and 0.99. Fitted isotherms using the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption models had mean total relative errors <5.6 and 9.2% for the microporous and mesoporous/macroporous adsorbents, respectively, at the temperature range from 20 to 50°C. The predictive direct quantitative structure activity relationship model had mean total relative errors <9.7 and 61% for the microporous and mesoporous/macroporous adsorbents, respectively, at the temperature range from 20 to 50°C without requiring experimental input.
Decorrelation MIMO Receiver for Block Fading Channels

In this paper, we propose a novel decorrelation receiver for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) block fading channels. The proposed design breaks the correlation between soft-decision-directed channel estimation (SCE) and data detection, and thus improves the performance of existing receivers that do not take such correlation into account. Computer simulations confirm that the decorrelation receiver yields excellent performance when applied to the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) MIMO detector and the soft minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) MIMO detector.
Role of cellular immunity in GERD-associated bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome

Abstract Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common following lung transplantation and has been associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Data from our center suggests that lung transplant recipients with GERD who undergo fundoplication have a lower incidence of BOS and prolonged survival. The current study investigates the role of cell-mediated immunity in GERD and BOS following lung transplantation. Methods: Whole blood from 19 lung transplant recipients was stimulated with phytohemagglutinin for 18 hours. CD4+ cells were isolated using magnetic beads and intracellular ATP (iATP) levels were measured as a surrogate for cell-mediated reactivity using a luminometer (ImmuKnow, Cylex, Inc). All patients underwent esophageal pH testing. Of those with pH-confirmed GERD (n = 12), 7 underwent fundoplication. Results: Mean iATP levels were higher for patients with GERD (n = 5) when compared to patients without GERD (n = 14 including those who had undergone fundoplication) (604.4 ± 278.2 vs. 440.1 ± 197.6, p=0.08). When sensitized patients (having anti-HLA antibodies detected by flow cytometry) were excluded from analysis, iATP levels were significantly higher for patients with BOS (n = 6) than for those without BOS (n = 6) (508.0 ± 221.0 vs. 332.5 ± 80.6, p=0.05). Non-sensitized patients with either GERD or BOS (n = 7) exhibited significantly higher iATP levels than those without GERD who were BOS-free (n = 5) (496.7 ± 203.9 vs. 313.2 ± 72.9, p=0.04). Conclusions: Lung transplant recipients with pH-confirmed GERD or BOS exhibit upregulated cell-mediated reactivity. This provides the first evidence of an alloimmune cellular mechanism for GERD-associated BOS and supports the hypothesis that GERD may augment alloimmune injury.
Quantum theory of particle motion in a rapidly oscillating field

We show that the motion of a particle of mass m in a high-frequency time-dependent potential V(x\ensuremath{\rightarrow})=v(x\ensuremath{\rightarrow})cos(\ensuremath{\Omega}t) is governed by a Schr\"odinger equation with time-independent effective potential ${V}_{\mathrm{eff}}$(x\ensuremath{\rightarrow})=\ensuremath{\nabla}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}v(x\ensuremath{\rightarrow})\ensuremath{\cdot}\ensuremath{\nabla}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}v(x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}) /4m${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{2}$. The validity of this approximation and an exact formal solution based on the Wigner function are discussed for the case in which v(x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}) is quadratic.
Soil Microbial Dynamics in Costa Rica: Seasonal and Biogeochemical Constraints

The soil microbial biomass is largely responsible for the transformation of organic matter and the associated mineralization of important nutrients that regulate plant productivity. While the controls on soil microbial biomass and activity in temperate ecosystems have been well investigated, there is a paucity of such information from tropical rain forest ecosystems. Hence, we used a natural soil gradient (nutrient-poor oxisols and nutrient-rich mollisols) to investigate seasonal changes in the size and activity of the soil microbial community in two primary tropical rain forest sites in southwestern Costa Rica. In a nutrient-poor oxisol, microbial biomass ranged from 952 μg/g in the dry season (February) to 1967 μg/g in the wet season (June). The greater microbial biomass estimates corresponded to greater rates of microbial activity in the oxisol forest; however, the active fraction of the soil microbial biomass remained consistently low, regardless of soil C availability. In addition, while there was very little seasonal variability in microbial C:N ratios, we found extreme variations in seasonal microbial C:P ratios, with the highest microbial C:P ratio occurring when microbial biomass C was at a maximum. Our results suggest the importance of P availability in regulating soil microbial processes and that decomposition during the wet season (of litter accumulated in the previous dry season) may play an important role in driving seasonal changes in microbial biomass and activity.
Examining the Evolution of the Regulatory Circuit Controlling Secondary Metabolism and Development in the Fungal Genus Aspergillus

Filamentous fungi produce diverse secondary metabolites (SMs) essential to their ecology and adaptation. Although each SM is typically produced by only a handful of species, global SM production is governed by widely conserved transcriptional regulators in conjunction with other cellular processes, such as development. We examined the interplay between the taxonomic narrowness of SM distribution and the broad conservation of global regulation of SM and development in Aspergillus, a diverse fungal genus whose members produce well-known SMs such as penicillin and gliotoxin. Evolutionary analysis of the 2,124 genes comprising the 262 SM pathways in four Aspergillus species showed that most SM pathways were species-specific, that the number of SM gene orthologs was significantly lower than that of orthologs in primary metabolism, and that the few conserved SM orthologs typically belonged to non-homologous SM pathways. RNA sequencing of two master transcriptional regulators of SM and development, veA and mtfA, showed that the effects of deletion of each gene, especially veA, on SM pathway regulation were similar in A. fumigatus and A. nidulans, even though the underlying genes and pathways regulated in each species differed. In contrast, examination of the role of these two regulators in development, where 94% of the underlying genes are conserved in both species showed that whereas the role of veA is conserved, mtfA regulates development in the homothallic A. nidulans but not in the heterothallic A. fumigatus. Thus, the regulation of these highly conserved developmental genes is divergent, whereas–despite minimal conservation of target genes and pathways–the global regulation of SM production is largely conserved. We suggest that the evolution of the transcriptional regulation of secondary metabolism in Aspergillus represents a novel type of regulatory circuit rewiring and hypothesize that it has been largely driven by the dramatic turnover of the target genes involved in the process.
Linearly scaling 3D fragment method for large-scale electronic structure calculations

We present a new linearly scaling three-dimensional fragment (LS3DF) method for large scale ab initio electronic structure calculations. LS3DF is based on a divide-and-conquer approach, which incorporates a novel patching scheme that effectively cancels out the artificial boundary effects due to the subdivision of the system. As a consequence, the LS3DF program yields essentially the same results as direct density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The fragments of the LS3DF algorithm can be calculated separately with different groups of processors. This leads to almost perfect parallelization on over one hundred thousand processors. After code optimization, we were able to achieve 60.3 Tflop/s, which is 23.4% of the theoretical peak speed on 30,720 Cray XT4 processor cores. In a separate run on a BlueGene/P system, we achieved 107.5 Tflop/s on 131,072 cores, or 24.2% of peak. Our 13,824-atom ZnTeO alloy calculation runs 400 times faster than a direct DFT calculation, even presuming that the direct DFT calculation can scale well up to 17,280 processor cores. These results demonstrate the applicability of the LS3DF method to material simulations, the advantage of using linearly scaling algorithms over conventional O(N3) methods, and the potential for petascale computation using the LS3DF method.
Critical role of the extracellular signal–regulated kinase–MAPK pathway in osteoblast differentiation and skeletal development

The extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway provides a major link between the cell surface and nucleus to control proliferation and differentiation. However, its in vivo role in skeletal development is unknown. A transgenic approach was used to establish a role for this pathway in bone. MAPK stimulation achieved by selective expression of constitutively active MAPK/ERK1 (MEK-SP) in osteoblasts accelerated in vitro differentiation of calvarial cells, as well as in vivo bone development, whereas dominant-negative MEK1 was inhibitory. The involvement of the RUNX2 transcription factor in this response was established in two ways: (a) RUNX2 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity were elevated in calvarial osteoblasts from TgMek-sp mice and reduced in cells from TgMek-dn mice, and (b) crossing TgMek-sp mice with Runx2+/− animals partially rescued the hypomorphic clavicles and undemineralized calvaria associated with Runx2 haploinsufficiency, whereas TgMek-dn ; Runx2+/− mice had a more severe skeletal phenotype. This work establishes an important in vivo function for the ERK–MAPK pathway in bone that involves stimulation of RUNX2 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity.
The New Age of Virus Discovery: Genomic Analysis of a Novel Human Betacoronavirus Isolated from a Fatal Case of Pneumonia

A new human betacoronavirus in lineage c, tentatively called HCoV-EMC, was isolated from a patient from the King- dom of Saudi Arabia who died from acute severe pneumonia and renal failure. The viral RNA has been detected in eight addi- tional cases. Sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of the viral genomic RNA showed that it is a novel virus not previously de- tected in any other species and that its closest relatives are two Asian bat coronaviruses. HCoV-EMC may represent a sporadic spillover to humans from an unknown animal reservoir. In a recent article, van Boheemen et al. demonstrated how state-of-the- art sequencing technology and bioinformatic analysis can quickly provide critical insight into the viral genome sequence, phy- logeny, replication strategy, and potential drug and vaccine targets and generate tools to evaluate the possible epidemic risk asso- ciated with this novel human virus.
Struggling with Development: The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines

Struggling with Development The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines. Lynn M. Kwiatkowski. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998. xii. 350 pp., tables, photographs, glossary, bibliography, index.
Does Choice in Model Selection Affect Maximum Likelihood Analysis

In order to have confidence in model-based phylogenetic analysis, the model of nucleotide substitution adopted must be selected in a statistically rigorous manner. Several model-selection methods are applicable to maximum likelihood (ML) analysis, including the hierarchical likelihood-ratio test (hLRT), Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian infor- mation criterion (BIC), and decision theory (DT), but their performance relative to empirical data has not been investigated thoroughly. In this study, we use 250 phylogenetic data sets obtained from TreeBASE to examine the effects that choice in model selection has on ML estimation of phylogeny, with an emphasis on optimal topology, bootstrap support, and hypothesis testing. We show that the use of different methods leads to the selection of two or more models for ∼80% of the data sets and that the AIC typically selects more complex models than alternative approaches. Although ML estima- tion with different best-fit models results in incongruent tree topologies ∼50% of the time, these differences are primarily attributable to alternative resolutions of poorly supported nodes. Furthermore, topologies and bootstrap values estimated with ML using alternative statistically supported models are more similar to each other than to topologies and bootstrap values estimated with ML under the Kimura two-parameter (K2P) model or maximum parsimony (MP). In addition, Swof- ford-Olsen-Waddell-Hillis (SOWH) tests indicate that ML trees estimated with alternative best-fit models are usually not significantly different from each other when evaluated with the same model. However, ML trees estimated with statistically supported models are often significantly suboptimal to ML trees made with the K2P model when both are evaluated with K2P, indicating that not all models perform in an equivalent manner. Nevertheless, the use of alternative statistically sup- ported models generally does not affect tests of monophyletic relationships under either the Shimodaira-Hasegawa (S-H) or SOWH methods. Our results suggest that although choice in model selection has a strong impact on optimal tree topology, it rarely affects evolutionary inferences drawn from the data because differences are mainly confined to poorly supported nodes. Moreover, since ML with alternative best-fit models tends to produce more similar estimates of phylogeny than ML under the K2P model or MP, the use of any statistically based model-selection method is vastly preferable to forgo- ing the model-selection process altogether. (Akaike information criterion; Bayesian information criterion; decision theory; hypothesis tests; likelihood-ratio test; maximum likelihood; model selection; nonparametric bootstrap.)
Simulation study of AAL type 2

Cellular network applications are growing drastically and this requires a fast and efficient transport method between the base station and the mobile switching center. One possible solution is to use ATM links. The low data rate and small-sized packets in the typical cellular applications imply that a significant amount of link bandwidth would be wasted if this small sized packet is carried by one ATM cell. For efficient operation for such cellular and low bit rate applications, a new type of ATM adaptation layer, AAL type 2, has been proposed. In this paper the principles of AAL type 2 are briefly described along with an introduction to other alternatives which have formed the basis for this new AAL. The result from the simulation to study the performance of the AAL type 2 is discussed from the packet delay and ATM cell use efficiency point of view. Due to the variable sizes of packets in this application, the fairness issue in serving variable sized packets is also discussed along with the effect of a fair queueing algorithm implemented at AAL type 2.
Neuroimaging Evidence of Motor Control and Pain Processing in the Human Midcingulate Cortex

Human neuroimaging and virus-tracing studies in monkey predict that motor control and pain processes should overlap in anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), but there is currently no direct evidence that this is the case. We used a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm to examine brain activity while subjects performed a motor control task, experienced a pain-eliciting stimulus on their hand, and performed the motor control task while also experiencing the pain-eliciting stimulus. Our experiment produced 3 novel results. First, group-level analyses showed that when separate trials of motor control and pain processing were performed, overlapping functional activity was found in the same regions of aMCC, supplementary motor area (SMA), anterior insula, and putamen. Secondly, increased activity was found in the aMCC and SMA when motor control and pain processing occurred simultaneously. Thirdly, individual-level analyses showed that 93% of subjects engaged the same region of aMCC during separate trials of motor control and pain processing irrespective of differences in the sulcal/gyral morphology of the cingulate cortex across individuals. These observations provide direct evidence in humans that the same region of aMCC is engaged for motor control and pain processing.
General queueing networks: Representation and stochastic monotonicity

We consider a queueing network with a set of multi-server nodes. The arrival, service and routing processes are characterized by arbitrary random sequences. Assume that these are independent of the state of the network. We develop a representation of this general model, relating certain stochastic processes of interest to the above random sequences through a system of equations. A recursive algorithm then generates the realizations of these processes. The main motivation of this study is to investigate some stochastic monotonicity results that have been previously established for Jackson networks. We show that those results also hold for the general network studied here.
Exposure to nanoscale particles and fibers during machining of hybrid advanced composites containing carbon nanotubes

This study investigated airborne exposures to nanoscale particles and fibers generated during dry and wet abrasive machining of two three-phase advanced composite systems containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), micron-diameter continuous fibers (carbon or alumina), and thermoset polymer matrices. Exposures were evaluated with a suite of complementary instruments, including real-time particle number concentration and size distribution (0.005–20 μm), electron microscopy, and integrated sampling for fibers and respirable particulate at the source and breathing zone of the operator. Wet cutting, the usual procedure for such composites, did not produce exposures significantly different than background whereas dry cutting, without any emissions controls, provided a worst-case exposure and this article focuses here. Overall particle release levels, peaks in the size distribution of the particles, and surface area of released particles (including size distribution) were not significantly different for composites with and without CNTs. The majority of released particle surface area originated from the respirable (1–10 μm) fraction, whereas the nano fraction contributed ~10% of the surface area. CNTs, either individual or in bundles, were not observed in extensive electron microscopy of collected samples. The mean number concentration of peaks for dry cutting was composite dependent and varied over an order of magnitude with highest values for thicker laminates at the source being >1 × 106 particles cm−3. Concentration of respirable fibers for dry cutting at the source ranged from 2 to 4 fibers cm−3 depending on the composite type. Further investigation is required and underway to determine the effects of various exposure determinants, such as specimen and tool geometry, on particle release and effectiveness of controls.
Polycapillary X-ray optics for microdiffraction

Polycapillary optics, i.e. shaped arrays consisting of hundreds of thousands of hollow glass capillary tubes, can be used to redirect, collimate or focus X-ray beams. X-rays emitted over a large angular range from conventional laboratory-based sources can be transformed into a beam with a small angular divergence or focused onto a small sample or sample area. Convergent beams of X-rays, with convergence angles as high as 15°, have been produced using polycapillary X-ray optics. Focused-spot sizes as small as 20 µm have been achieved, with flux densities two orders of magnitude larger than that produced by pinhole collimation. This results in a comparable decrease in data collection times because of the increase in direct-beam intensity and reciprocal-space coverage. In addition, the optics can be employed to reduce background and provide more convenient alignment geometries. The inverse dependence of the critical angle for total external reflection on photon energy results in suppression of high-energy photons. This effect can be employed to allow the use of higher tube potentials to increase the characteristic line emission and has also been employed to increase significantly the Kα/Kβ ratio in Cu radiation. Measurements of X-ray diffraction data and crystallographic analyses have been performed for systems ranging from elemental crystals to proteins. Data from a lysozyme protein `standard' with a slightly convergent beam, taken in 3 min per frame with 2° oscillation with a 2.8 kW source, refined to an intensity variance of 5% compared to a standard data set. High-quality data were also obtained with a 0.03 kW fixed-anode source and a 2° convergent lens in 5 min per frame.
Transport Coefficients of InAs Nanowires as a Function of Diameter

InAs nanowires (NWs) have been the subject of intensive research recently in both synthesis and transport studies due to their potential for future high-speed nanoelectronic devices. Back-, top-, and wrap-gate NW fieldeffect transistors (NWFETs) have been employed to study the low-field transport properties of InAs NWs at room temperature. Among these properties, the capacitive effects of interface states on FET characteristics and parameter extraction, and the field-dependent transport properties in InAs NWs have been explored by us recently in the topgate geometry. Using conductive atomic force microscopy, the effects of channel-length scaling and the transition from diffusive to ballistic carrier transport in InAs NWs has been identified. On the other hand, systematic experimental characterization and detailed analysis of the effects of channelwidth scaling and channel dimensionality on the transport properties in NWs are still lacking. Herein, we present a comprehensive method to extract the transport coefficients in NWs as functions of their diameter and vertical (gate) and lateral (drain) fields, thus enabling consistent comparison due to their field dependence. This extraction technique extends earlier studies on the variation of transport properties in NWs as functions of their diameter, which was attributed to either 1) only changes in carrier concentration (Si NWs) or 2) only changes in carrier mobility (GaN NWs). One-dimensional (1D) Schrodinger– Poisson self-consistent solutions for a material structure similar to that used in our experiments, but with different InAs thicknesses, was performed to validate our experimental observations and analysis. Metal–organic chemical vapor deposition was utilized to grow the InAs NWs on thermally grown SiO2/Si substrates with 40-nm-diameter Au nanoparticles on top, at a substrate
Subjective evaluation of multi-user rate allocation for streaming heterogeneous video contents over wireless networks

Multi-user rate allocation is essential for preventing multiple simultaneous video streaming sessions from congesting a time- shared wireless network. Although the problem fits naturally within an optimization framework, it remains unclear which objective function to optimize, especially for video streams with heterogeneous resolutions, frame rates and content complexity. To address this issue, we have conducted subjective tests and have collected viewers' opinion scores for various quality combinations of high-definition (HD) and standard-definition (SD) video snapshots. The test results yield a simple subjective quality model, useful for comparing performance of several rate allocation schemes. It is shown that the subjectively preferred allocation can be closely approximated by minimizing weighted or equal-weight sum of mean-squared-error (MSE) distortion of all streams. Significant performance gains can be achieved over media-unaware TCP-friendly allocation, up to 1.5 in MOS, when network resources are limited.
Wireless device identification with radiometric signatures

We design, implement, and evaluate a technique to identify the source network interface card (NIC) of an IEEE 802.11 frame through passive radio-frequency analysis. This technique, called PARADIS, leverages minute imperfections of transmitter hardware that are acquired at manufacture and are present even in otherwise identical NICs. These imperfections are transmitter-specific and manifest themselves as artifacts of the emitted signals. In PARADIS, we measure differentiating artifacts of individual wireless frames in the modulation domain, apply suitable machine-learning classification tools to achieve significantly higher degrees of NIC identification accuracy than prior best known schemes.We experimentally demonstrate effectiveness of PARADIS in differentiating between more than 130 identical 802.11 NICs with accuracy in excess of 99%. Our results also show that the accuracy of PARADIS is resilient against ambient noise and fluctuations of the wireless channel.Although our implementation deals exclusively with IEEE 802.11, the approach itself is general and will work with any digital modulation scheme.
Streaks of White Hair in Popular Culture: Not as Simple as Black and White.

between erythematotelangiectatic rosacea and telangiectatic photoaging [publishedonlineMarch 23, 2015]. JAMADermatol. 2015. doi:10.1001 /jamadermatol.2014.4728. 14. Jinks JL, Fulker DW. Comparison of the biometrical genetical, MAVA, and classical approaches to the analysis of human behavior. Psychol Bull. 1970;73(5):311-349. 15. Diggle PJ, Liang K-Y, Zeger SL. Analysis of Longitudinal Data.New York, NY: Clarendon Press; 1994:253. 16. D’Agostino RB Jr. Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Stat Med. 1998;17 (19):2265-2281. 17. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika. 1983;70:41-55. 18. Parsons LS. Performing a 1:N case-control match on propensity score. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual SAS Users Group International Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 2004:1-11. 19. Neale RE, Carriere P, MurphyMFG, Baade PD. Testicular cancer in twins: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(1):171-173. 20. Gosden RG, Treloar SA, Martin NG, et al. Prevalence of premature ovarian failure in monozygotic and dizygotic twins.Hum Reprod. 2007;22(2):610-615.
Production, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray structural studies of adeno-associated virus serotype 5.

Adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) is under development for gene-therapy applications for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. To elucidate the structural features of AAV5 that control its enhanced transduction of the apical surface of airway epithelia compared with other AAV serotypes, X-ray crystallographic studies of the viral capsid have been initiated. The production, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of empty AAV5 viral capsids are reported. The crystals diffract X-rays to beyond 3.2 A resolution using synchrotron radiation and belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 264.7, b = 447.9, c = 629.7 A. There is one complete T = 1 viral capsid per asymmetric unit. The orientation and position of the viral capsid in the asymmetric unit have been determined by rotation and translation functions, respectively, and the AAV5 structure determination is in progress.
Cutaneous Manifestation of Metastatic Infantile Choriocarcinoma

Infantile choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant rare germ cell tumor that arises from the placenta. Simultaneous intraplacental choriocarcinoma involving both mother and infant is extremely rare. Cutaneous metastasis in infantile choriocarcinoma is even rarer with only a few case reports available. Here we describe a case of a female neonate who presented to the ED with a rapidly growing and bleeding vascular lesion to her right cheek. She was eventually diagnosed by biopsy with metastatic choriocarcinoma. In addition to the cutaneous tumor, she also had metastatic disease in her lungs. Her mother was subsequently found to have choriocarcinoma with metastatic disease to the lungs as well.