cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N-Glycoside neoglycotrimers from 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl azide

Abstract 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl azide is available on large scale from d -glucose by means of a three-step sequence involving acetylation, activation as the glycosyl bromide, and stereospecific displacement with azide anion. The azide functionality then serves as a convenient anchor upon which to introduce new functionality, usually with retention of the β-stereochemistry. Here we report the synthesis of an amide-linked N-glycosyl trimer, by employing a Staudinger–aza-Wittig process on the azide, as well as a hybrid N-glycosyl triazole–amide-linked trimer in which the sugars are separated by 1,2,3-triazole heterocycles. Both of these neoglycotrimers are isolated in good yield with high β-selectivity in each case.
Concept for high-charge-state ion induction accelerators

This work describes a particular concept for ion induction linac accelerators using high-charge-state ions produced by an intense, short pulse laser, and compares the costs of a modular drive system producing 6.5 MJ for a variety of ion masses and charge states using a simple but consistent cost model.
Emergence of longitudinal 7-branes and fuzzy S 4 in compactification scenarios of M(atrix) theory

In M(atrix) theory, there exist membranes and longitudinal 5-branes (L5-branes) as extended objects. Transverse components of these brane solutions are known to be described by fuzzy ${\mathbf{C}\mathbf{P}}^{k}$ ($k=1$, 2), where $k=1$ and $k=2$ correspond to spherical membranes and L5-branes of ${\mathbf{C}\mathbf{P}}^{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{1}$ world-volume geometry, respectively. In addition to these solutions, we here show the existence of L7-branes of ${\mathbf{C}\mathbf{P}}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{1}$ geometry, introducing extra potentials to the M(atrix) theory Lagrangian. As in the cases of $k=1$, 2, the L7-branes (corresponding to $k=3$) also break the supersymmetries of M(atrix) theory. The extra potentials are introduced such that the energy of a static L7-brane solution becomes finite in the large $N$ limit where $N$ represents the matrix dimension of fuzzy ${\mathbf{C}\mathbf{P}}^{3}$. As a consequence, fluctuations from the L7-branes are suppressed, which effectively describes compactification of M(atrix) theory down to 7 dimensions. We show that one of the extra potentials can be considered as a matrix-valued 7-form. The presence of the 7-form in turn supports a possibility of Freund-Rubin type compactification. This suggests that our modification of M(atrix) theory can also lead to a physically interesting matrix model in four dimensions. In hope of such a possibility, we further consider compactification of M(atrix) theory down to fuzzy ${S}^{4}$ which can be defined in terms of fuzzy ${\mathbf{C}\mathbf{P}}^{3}$. Along the way, we also find a new L5-brane solution to M(atrix) theory which has purely spherical geometry in the transverse directions.
Diagnosis and treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common problem and patients with PMS are encountered by obstetricians, gynecologists, family practitioners, internists (general physicians) and psychiatrists. Despite several decades of biological research, the etiology of the disorder is still elusive. The introduction of a psychiatric category called premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), describing women with severe emotional premenstrual symptoms, has advanced biological treatment research by identifying a more homogeneous patient population. This paper aims to review our current understanding of the clinical presentation, underlying psycho-biology, and essentials of treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Incidence of Prelay Squatting Behavior is not Related to Subsequent Egg Laying in Turkey Breeder Hens

Sexual receptivity of turkey hens as indicated by squatting (sexual crouch) was evaluated in three strains of breeder hens, Nicholas (N), Hybrid (H), and British United (B). The incidence of squatting was compared among strains through 84 d of photostimulation and related to egg production characteristics. Significant strain, time, and strain by time interaction effects occurred for the incidence of squatting. In all three strains, squatting started within the 1st wk of photostimulation, rapidly peaked (75.0, 65.6, and 43.0% for H, B, and N hens, respectively) at 14 d of photostimulation, then returned to lower, basal levels at or before attainment of 50% hen-day egg production. Squatting incidence was highly variable within and between strains but was generally lower in N hens than H and B hens, which showed similar squatting expression. The incidence of prelay squatting was not correlated to onset or rate of egg production. However, there was a negative correlation between squatting behavior and percentage floor eggs in H (P = .03) hens. It was concluded that squatting incidence varies within and between strains of hens and is not related to subsequent egg laying performance.
The Shadowed Island

Abstract The circulation of fluid in a basin containing several topographic barriers is considered. Meridional barriers situated east of another barrier “shadow” the western barrier with respect to Rossby wave propagation. The steady circulation responds by reducing the flow through the gaps in the western barrier. As a consequence, the nature of the recirculation zone described in Pedlosky et al. is strongly affected by the shadowing topography. Generally, the effect of the shadowing topography is to enhance and enlarge the zone of recirculation. It is shown that the effectiveness of the shadow depends on whether the eastern barrier is a peninsula or internal “island.” In the latter case, the effect of the barrier depends strongly on the relative meridional extents of the two topographic features. In all cases, the peninsula is by far the most effective shadowing barrier in reducing the flow around the western barrier. Both analytical and laboratory models of the circulation are described. In the former ...
Some Thoughts on the Early Labor Policy of the Waltham Watch Co.

In this day, when insecure living and working conditions have come to be recognized as a great problem in social security, it is interesting to see how one industrial firm attacked that problem almost a century ago. The firm was the Waltham Watch Co., and the executive responsible for its labor management was Aaron Dennison. The watch company was one of three large manufacturing enterprises started by Dennison. The others were the Dennison Manufacturing Co., of Framingham, Massachusetts, and the Dennison Watch Case Co., of Birmingham, England.
Temporal/Locative WHs and Null-P Incorporation

This paper is an investigation on the categorial status of locative and temporal WHs. We argue, based on empirical data, for the null P hypothesis proposed by Huang (1982), and against the proposal of Murasugi and Saito (1992) that when and where are sentential arguments. We suggest that the problem raised in Murasugi and Saito (1992) for the null P analysis can be solved by the null P incorporation hypothesis. We further address the issues related to the applications of the P incorporation.
PARENTAL NEST DEFENSE ON VIDEOTAPE: MORE REALITY THAN “MYTH“

PREDATION IS RECOGNIZED as the primary source of nest mortality in most passerine species (e.g. Ricklefs 1969, Martin 1992a); thus, it is no surprise that parental nest defense has received considerable scientific attention (see below). By nest defense, we refer to any parental behavior that decreases the probability that a predator (or brood parasite) will harm the nest contents and that simultaneously entails some cost to the bird engaged in the behavior-either by increasing the bird's risk of injury or death (Montgomerie and Weatherhead 1988) or by at least increasing its expenditure of time and energy (Buitron 1983). Bradley and Marzluff (2003) used an innovative combination of approaches to investigate potential nest predation by three species of rodents; in the discussion section of that paper, they made the general assertion that "nest defense by parent birds seems to be more myth than reality." That statement is at odds with a vast scientific literature on the topic that spans several decades (e.g. Skutch 1955, reviews by Montgomerie and Weatherhead 1988, Martin 1992b, Sealy et al. 1998). A simplistic search for the phrase "nest defense" in one online database (Wildlife and Ecology Studies Worldwide) produced a list of >90 papers published on nest defense by birds for 1994-2004 alone. Fifty of those papers deal with nest defense by
Lost in Translation: Identifying Behavioral Health Disparities in Pediatric Primary Care

Although care within a medical home increases parental satisfaction with health care services and improves health care utilization, significant racial/ethnic and language disparities persist in health care settings. Integrated, team-based approaches can decrease health disparities. The current study examines medical records of 2,353 youth who received a behavioral health consultation in an urban, residency training pediatric primary care clinic. A three-phase, mixed-method approach was used to examine whether differences in clinician-identified presenting concerns and recommendations were present across English-, Spanish-, and Other-language-speaking families. Findings reveal disparities among language groups in presenting concerns and referral to behavioral health services. Factors in medical record documentation also differed across language groups and by provider type. Recommendations for further research, identification, and assessment of psychosocial concerns for families with limited English proficiency (LEP) and development of evidence-based approaches for families with LEP in primary care are discussed.
Adult-onset chronic divergence insufficiency esotropia: clinical features and response to surgery.

Purpose To analyze the clinical and demographic features and surgical outcomes of a series of patients with adult-onset chronic divergence insufficiency esotropia to investigate novel associations of this condition with race, sex, and surgical dose–response. Methods The medical records from a single practice were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients with adult-onset chronic divergence insufficiency esotropia who underwent strabismus surgery over a 12-year period. Demographic, clinical, surgical, and outcome data were analyzed to determine statistically significant findings with respect to race, sex, and surgical results. Results A total of 27 patients (all white; 23 females) were identified. The average age was 72 years. All patients underwent medial rectus recession bilaterally or unilaterally. The dose–response to surgery (1.6 Δ /mm) was significantly less than that predicted by standard surgical nomograms; however the individual dose–responses varied directly with preoperative angle. Conclusions Adult-onset chronic divergence insufficiency esotropia occurs predominantly in white women in our experience. Medial rectus recession is an effective surgical treatment when augmented recession amounts are employed. The findings that surgical dose–response was relatively low but increased with preoperative angle suggest a mixed mechanism of chronic lateral rectus weakness combined with reduced medial rectus elasticity.
On the interaction of polystyrene latices and poly(l-lysine)

Abstract The terms coagulation and flocculation are redefined in terms of the energetics of the process of aggregation. These definitions are used in an experimental design devised to test empirically the mechanism by which a polymer produces aggregation of a particle suspension. Tests of the feasibility of this method were made employing poly( l -lysine) and a polystyrene latex. The first paper describes the characterization of the polystyrene particles and of the poly( l -lysine) and the second considers the interaction of the polystyrene latices and poly( l -lysine).
The content and context of sexuality education: an exploratory study in one state.

The findings of studies correlating sexuality education courses with sexual behavior have generally been discouraging: One study found no consistent relationship between sexuality education and the beginning of sexual intercourse, although it found that such courses did increase the use of contraceptives.' Another found an extremely small positive association between sexuality education and sexual activity, but a stronger one between sexuality education and the use of contraceptives.2 Other researchers found no direct association between receiving AIDS education and having two or more partners or using condoms.3 The generally small effect demonstrated in these studies may stem in part from the fact that the content of many courses lacks elements that have been shown to have some positive effect on teenagers. The failure to provide programs with these positive elements may in turn reflect a variety of factors, one of them a lack of public support for sexuality education. Whether the level of community support is a factor in course content is difficult to determine, however, because, as one review has observed,4 few previous studies have explored either the content of sexuality education courses or the context in which curriculum decisions are made. The question of public support for sexuality education is important nonetheless, because if educators are discouraged from using productive but unpopular strategies to
Temperature and protein kinase C modulate myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in pressurized rat cerebral arteries.

The effects of pharmacological activation and inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and temperature on the relationship between cytoplasmic Ca2+ and lumen diameter were studied in pressurized (50 mmHg) rat posterior cerebral arteries permeabilized with alpha-toxin. Increasing Ca2+ concentrations (30 nM-10 microM, 22 degrees C) induced stable, concentration-dependent constrictions with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 112 nM. The maximal constriction was 80% of baseline diameter and 157% of that during depolarization of nonpermeabilized vessels with 124 mM KCl. Elevation of temperature to 37 degrees C increased the EC50 to 246 nM and enhanced the steepness of concentration-response curves. Exposure of permeabilized arteries to indolactam V, an activator of PKC, resulted in a significant myofilament Ca2+ sensitization (e.g., EC50 at 5 microM = 126 nM) without changing efficacy. The effects of calphostin C, a PKC inhibitor, on Ca2+ sensitivity were minimal; however, the amplitude of Ca2+-induced constrictions in both control and indolactam-treated arteries was suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus 1) temperature is an important variable in studies of arterial Ca2+ sensitivity, and 2) changes in PKC activity can significantly alter both myofilament sensitivity to and constrictor efficacy of cytosolic Ca2+.
Plant science: Hybrid vigour characterized

Crossing different plant varieties to improve yield and fertility is common practice. A dissection of the genomic architecture that underlies such hybrid vigour might help to inform future crop-improvement strategies. See Article p.629 The genetic basis of heterosis—the hybrid vigour in which hybrid plants show improved phenotypic qualities compared to those of both parents—has proved elusive despite the phenomenon having been known for more than a century and commonly used in plant breeding. Here Bin Han and colleagues generate, sequence and phenotype a collection of more than 10,000 lines from 17 representative elite hybrid rice crosses, which they classify into three major types representing different breeding systems. They map genomic loci associated with grain yield traits and analyse their heterotic effects and contributions to heterotic advantage. Although they do not identify heterosis loci shared across all varieties, for hybrids within the same group they identify a few loci from female parents that explain a large proportion of yield advantage of hybrids over their male parents. These insights into the genomic architecture of heterosis for grain yield in rice, along with further mapping to resolve candidate genes, will be useful for the development of new rice hybrids with desirable properties.
A CLINICAL STUDY OF UNUNITED FRACTURES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INORGANIC BONE-FORMING ELEMENTS IN THE BLOOD SERUM

1. In many cases of ununited fractures, there is as an underlying basis a constitutional disturbance responsible for the condition, demonstrable as a deficiency in the inorganic bone-forming elements of the blood. 2. This deficiency shows itself as either a low phosphorus or a low calcium, in most instances the former. In those patients presenting a low phosphorus there is usually an abundant callus, but no calcification; whereas those patients with low calcium usually show little or no callus. 3. No healing of the fracture takes place when the inorganic constituents, calcium and phosphorus, are so reduced that the product of these elements is less than thirty; little healing takes place between thirty and thirty-five; active healing results with a product between thirty-five and forty. 4. Patients with ununited fractures in whom there is a deficiency of one or the other of these elements will, when the deficiency is compensated, go on to healing.
The First Zinc Finger Domain of EVI1 Enhances Self-Renewal of Hematopoietic Progenitors.

Abstract EVI1 was first identified as a preferential integration site of ecotropic retroviruses in the MDS1/EVI1 genomic locus leading to myeloid tumors in susceptible mice. Later studies showed that retroviral integration in the MDS1/EVI1 locus results in the emergence of a non-malignant dominant hematopoietic stem cell clone in non-susceptible mice strains, in non-human primates, and in patients, suggesting that a gene encoded by the locus could be deregulated by the retrovirus and affect the self-renewal potential of the cell. The locus encodes two genes. One of them, EVI1, has long been associated with myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. To understand whether EVI1 has a role in self-renewal control, we forcibly expressed EVI1 in the bone marrow progenitors of two mouse strains that differ in their proliferation and self-renewal potential. By comparing the response of the hematopoietic cells to EVI1, we show that EVI1 has a role in prolonging the self-renewal potential of the cells and that this ability of EVI1 is however limited and modulated by inherent strain-specific characteristics. To identify the region of EVI1 mediating this effect, we infected the bone marrow progenitors of the two murine strains with EVI1 wild type or with specific alternative EVI1 point mutants and compared the self-renewal potential of the cells. This approach allowed us to show that the first zinc finger domain of EVI1 is required to enhance the self-renewal of the hematopoietic progenitors. This function is mediated by two specific zinc finger motifs and their disruption by point mutations abolished this effect. These results suggest that the motifs interact with factors that regulate self-renewal. The cooperation between EVI1 and these unknown proteins in deregulation of self-renewal occurs inappropriately when EVI1 is deregulated, but based on EVI1 gene knock out studies it is likely that this function of EVI1 is required during embryonic development.
The Divide Between Philosophy and Enthusiasm: The Effect of the World Wars on British Attitudes Towards Continental Philosophies

In 1919 Cyril Joad, English philosopher and celebrated BBC broadcaster, predicted that “of all the parallel crises of its kind historically recorded, the intellectual volte face in the English estimate of German scholarship during WW1 will surely stand out as immeasurably the most startling”(Joad 1969: 238–239). In the decades preceding the First World War (WW1), England celebrated the intellectual achievements of German scholarship. German-inspired idealism dominated many University philosophy departments and promising students were expected to learn German and to study abroad in Germany. Then came the transformation to which Joad refers and the situation reverses: German philosophy is then considered ‘bad philosophy’ against the merits of the English tradition, which is tasked with saving philosophy from the German threat. Joad advised future scholars not to weigh these anti-German judgements as true or false, but to note that they were the “direct outcome of feelings engendered by the war” (Joad 1969: 238–239).
Comparison of Direct and Indirect Photolysis in Imazosulfuron Photodegradation

Imazosulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide used in rice cultivation, has been shown to undergo photodegradation in water, but neither the photochemical mechanism nor the role of indirect photolysis is known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the underlying processes that operate on imazosulfuron during aqueous photodegradation. Our data indicate that in the presence of oxygen, most photochemical degradation proceeds through a direct singlet-excited state pathway, whereas triplet-excited state imazosulfuron enhanced decay rates under low dissolved oxygen conditions. Oxidation by hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen were not significant. At dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations representative of rice field conditions, fulvic acid solutions exhibited faster degradation than rice field water containing both humic and fulvic acid fractions. Both enhancement, via reaction with triplet-state DOM, and inhibition, via competition for photons, of degradation was observed in DOM solutions.
A marginal structural modeling strategy investigating short and long-term exposure to neighborhood poverty on BMI among U.S. black and white adults

We apply a marginal structural modeling (MSM) strategy to investigate the relationship between neighborhood poverty and BMI level among U.S. black and white adults. This strategy appropriately adjusts for factors that may be simultaneously mediators and confounders (e.g., income, health behavior), strengthening causal inference and providing the total (direct and indirect) neighborhood effect estimate. Short and long-term neighborhood poverty were positively associated with being overweight for both black and white women. No link was found for either black or white men. Socioeconomic and behavioral factors do not appear to be strong mediators. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the direction of point estimates is robust to unobserved confounding, though 95% confidence intervals sometimes included the null, particularly for white women. Compared to previous cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, MSM results provide stronger evidence for a causal link between neighborhood poverty and body weight among women.
Predictors of School Garden Integration: Factors Critical to Gardening Success in New York City

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of integration of school gardens and identify factors that predict integration. 211 New York City schools completed a survey that collected demographic information and utilized the School Garden Integration Scale. A mean garden integration score was calculated, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine independent predictors of integration and assess relationships between individual integration characteristics and budget. The average integration score was 34.1 (of 57 points) and ranged from 8 to 53. Operating budget had significant influence on integration score, controlling for all other factors ( p < .0001). Partner organizations, evaluation/feedback, planning the physical space, and characteristics of the physical space were positively and significantly related to budget. The results of this study indicate that any garden can become well integrated, as budget is a modifiable factor. When adequate funding is secured, a well-integrated garden may be established with proper planning and sound implementation.
Opioids and the Otolaryngologist: An Ambulatory Assessment.

ObjectivesTo recognize current opioid prescription patterns in otolaryngology and determine changes in rates of outpatient opioid prescribing over time.Study DesignCross-sectional analysis of natio...
Ulcerative colitis confined to the rectum and sigmoid flexure: report of 124 cases.

Ulcerative colitis confined to the rectum and sigmoid flexure was studied in 124 patients who had normal roentgenograms of the colon. Follow-up information on 120 patients was obtained; 63 were followed for periods longer than five years, the mean period being 6.2 years.
Structured Head and Neck CT Angiography Reporting Reduces Resident Revision Rates.

Purpose This resident-driven quality improvement project was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of structured reporting to reduce revision rates for afterhours reports dictated by residents. Methods The first part of the study assessed baseline revision rates for head and neck CT angiography (CTA) examinations dictated by residents during afterhours call. A structured report was subsequently created based on templates on the RSNA informatics reporting website and critical findings that should be assessed for on all CTA examinations. The template was made available to residents through the speech recognition software for all head and neck CTA examinations for a duration of 2 months. Report revision rates were then compared with and without use of the structured template. Results The structured template was found to reduce revision rates by approximately 50% with 10/41 unstructured reports revised and 2/17 structured reports revised. Conclusions We believe that structured reporting can help reduce reporting errors, particularly in term of typographical errors, train residents to evaluate complex examinations in a systematic fashion, and assist them in recalling critical findings on these examinations.
A detailed study on accuracy of uncooled thermal cameras by exploring the data collection workflow

Thermal cameras have been widely used in small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) recently. In order to analyze a particular object, they can translate thermal energy into visible images and temperatures. The thermal imaging has a great potential in agricultural applications. It can be used for estimating the soil water status, scheduling irrigation, estimating almond trees yields, estimating water stress, evaluating maturity of crops. Their ability to measure the temperature is great, though, there are still some concerns about uncooled thermal cameras. Unstable outdoor environmental factors can cause serious measurement drift during flight missions. Post-processing like mosaicking might further lead to measurement errors. To answer these two fundamental questions, it finished three experiments to research the best practice for thermal images collection. In this paper, the thermal camera models being used are ICI 9640 P-Series, which are commonly used in many study areas. Apogee MI-220 is used as the ground truth. In the first experiment, it tries to figure out how long the thermal camera needs to warm up to be at (or close to) thermal equilibrium in order to produce accurate data. Second, different view angles were set up for thermal camera to figure out if the view angle has any effect on a thermal camera. Third, it attempts to find out that, after the thermal images are processed by Agisoft PhotoScan, if the stitching has any effect on the temperature data.
Subgroups of M 24

We discuss some important subgroups of M 24, including the maximal subgroups. An important early paper on this matter is that of John Todd [To], who gives character tables for many important subgroups and lists all 759 octads! (though a few errors appeared on that list). The thesis of Chang Choi [Ch] claimed a classification of maximal subgroups of M 24, but missed the (then unknown) transitive and imprimitive PSL (2,7)-subgroup. The later paper of Robert Curtis [Cu] shows that there are nine classes of maximal subgroups.
Outlook on Theoretical, Research, and Application Efforts to Date

This chapter serves as a review of each of the three main parts of this book in terms of coverage of theoretical, research, and application topics concerning the study of families with adolescents. The review of theoretical material focuses on this book’s coverage of where we get our ideas about the families within which adolescents grow and develop. Special attention is given to both the generative and degenerative aspects of theories, as well as discussing the place of theoretical development in family-specific journals. The review of empirical material focuses on this book’s coverage of the actual data that we have, which informs us about the families of adolescents. Issues requiring additional attention that are identified in this chapter include the need to incorporate more qualitative-oriented efforts, as well as greater attention being given to methods that allow multiple family member perspectives to be adequately accounted for in the gathering of family-oriented data. The review of application material focuses on our knowledge base about how to prevent problems in families with adolescents or otherwise how to intervene with adolescents and their families when difficulties arise. The reader’s sensitivity to understanding how families can be viewed from quite different lenses when prevention and intervention efforts reflect activities are seen as something that are done “to” families in contrast to providing services “for families” and “with families.”
Know Thy Neighbors, and More!: Studying the Role of Context in Entity Recommendation

Knowledge Graphs capture the semantic relations between real-world entities and can thus, allow end-users to explore different aspects of an entity of interest by traversing through the edges in the graph. Most of the state-of-the-art methods in entity recommendation are limited in the sense that they allow users to search only in the immediate neighborhood of the entity of interest. This is majorly due to efficiency reasons as the search space increases exponentially as we move further away from the entity of interest in the graph. Often, users perform the search task in the context of an information need and we investigate the role this context can play in overcoming the scalability issue and improving knowledge graph exploration. Intuitively, only a small subset of entities in the graph are relevant to a users' interest. We show how can we efficiently select this sub-set by utilizing contextual clues and using graph-theoretic measures to further re-rank this set to offer highly relevant graph exploration capabilities to end-users.
Kinetics of intravenous theophylline

The pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in 6 normal, nonsmoking, adult male volunteers. A constant-rate intravenous infusion of 3.84 to 4.98 mg/kg of theophylline (as the ethylenediamine salt, aminophylline) was administered over 40 min. Serum theophylline concentrations were measured for 24 hr by means of a gas chromatographic method specific for theophylline. Within 30 min of an average intravenous dose of 4.4 mg/kg of theophylline, serum levels reached 10 microgram/ml. The highest serum level at the end of the infusion was 17 microgram/ml. The serum concentration-time data were fitted to a two-compartment open model and yielded a mean serum half-life (t1/2) of 11.02 hr, a value longer than those previously reported. Our results indicated that after the original loading dose of 4.4 mg/kg was infused for 40min, an immediate infusion rate of 1.40 mg/kg/hr (1.65 mg/kg/hr aminophylline) would be necessary to maintain a serum level of 10 microgram/ml.
1986: AIDS, Crack, and C. Everett Koop

In 1986, Ronald Reagan’s America confronted twin public health crises: AIDS and crack. There were striking similarities between the two, in that both developed quietly before public alarms were raised; both were identified with traditionally oppressed groups; both spread in a similar pattern; and both created fear in the American public. Where they differed, though, was in the reaction. After initial missteps, AIDS was approached through problem-solving doctors and researchers rather than quarantine. In contrast, crack was confronted with a heavy retributive hand. AIDS was transformed to a chronic, treatable illness. In contrast, crack not only continued to plague communities, but the use of mass incarceration created new problems.Four striking personalities shaped these differing outcomes. With AIDS, the chief strategist was the remarkable C. Everett Koop, and the public face was a young boy named Ryan White. For crack, a chief strategist was the vituperative William Bennett, and the public face was basketball player Len Bias. The latter pair drove the fight against crack towards disaster, while the former created a more humane world.This article argues that it is not too late to learn the lessons of 1986 and take a better approach towards narcotics, and that this approach might best be led by someone who understands the driving force behind drugs (the profit motive) the way that Koop understood the driving force behind AIDS (a virus). In our present era, that person may be someone who straddles business and politics, such as former presidential candidate Mitt Romney.
Dynamic Adaptation in Dialog Systems

A hallmark of human robust intelligence is the ability to flexibly and dynamically adapt behavior to the current situation. For dialog behavior, this entails adaptation to features of both the dialog partner (e.g., relationship, age, personality) and the dialog situation (e.g., task context, asynchronous interaction, limited modalities such as voice-only communication). We don't completely understand how humans do this, nor do we have the ability to produce such dynamically adaptable behavior in human computer dialog interaction. In this talk I will discuss our recent work on dynamic adaptation to the user, and present some experimental results showing that it is possible to automatically generate both verbal and nonverbal system behaviors that are perceived by the user as reliably expressing particular system personalities. I will describe two of my current projects at UCSC that are integrating these capabilities into mobile dialogue systems: SpyFeet, a role playing augmented reality game for encouraging girls to exercise, and Skipper, a dialogue system that gives pedestrians directions in both urban and campus environments.
On Musical Value: John Lewis, Structural Listening, and the Politics of Respectability

ABSTRACTIn this article, I reveal the ways in which musical value, as marked by methods and places of listening, is intricately connected to race. I focus on John Lewis in his role as pianist and artistic director of the Modern Jazz Quartet, an African American jazz group formed in 1952 with members Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (bass), and Kenny Clarke (drums) (replaced by Connie Kay in 1955). To understand Lewis’s approach toward listening and place with the quartet, I explore the concepts of structural listening and the politics of respectability. European modernists Arnold Schoenberg and Theodor Adorno privileged structural listening, a mode of listening highlighting concentration on structure and form, in the process of aligning musical and social value. The equation of musical and social value resulted in a privileging of whiteness in three aspects: (1) musical genre; (2) places of musical performance; and (3) modes of listening audiences engaged in. I argue that Lewis privileged musical va...
Challenges and Opportunities of Condition-based Predictive Maintenance: A Review

Abstract The concept of maintenance has advanced significantly over the last decades from a reactive service activity towards a pro-active one with more C-level attention. Among them, predictive maintenance has become a widely used term in industrial arena and academic research. This is being developed constantly by engineers and researchers based on monitoring historical data, modeling, simulation, and failure probabilities to predict fault and system deterioration over their useful life. Generally, the effective lifetime of machines depends on available and accessible data. However, certain unexpected situations may arise that are hard to predict, such as shock damage and unwanted degradation of the tool. Researchers are still working on understanding these problems and their effects on predictive maintenance. This paper presents an overview of condition-based predictive maintenance solutions that aim to avoid unexpected and unplanned failures during the manufacturing and operational process based on advanced data analytics. Furthermore, a brief illustration & discussion is presented on the challenges and opportunities of condition-based predictive maintenance and conclude a summary on future research.
Effects of Attentional and Motivational Priming on Athletic Performance

The effect of motivational and attentional primes on athletic performance was assessed. Thirty-four male, recreational basketball players shot 10 free throws after completing a word scrambled sentence task that primed either autonomous motivation, fluency, or nothing (control). Results revealed that neither prime significantly increased free throw scores more than the control, but fluency primed participants scored significantly more free throws than autonomous motivation primed participants. Results provide support that athletes should try to relax during high pressure situations that require precision. Focusing on the task at hand will hinder performance, while naturally going through the motions will enhance performance. Results also provided support that there is an optimal level of arousal for performing one’s best. Too low or too high of arousal actually hinders an athlete’s performance.
Introduction to the special series-behavioral medicine at 40: origins, achievements, and future directions.

The Journal of Behavioral Medicine emerged 40 years ago as a part of a concerted effort to promote a greater understanding of health and illness through the integrated lenses of behavioral and biomedical sciences. The aim of this special series is to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Journal of Behavioral Medicine through state-of-the-science reviews synthesizing the origins, evolution, current status, and future directions of key aspects of the field. In this introduction, we outline the impetus for this special series and highlight the key themes across the included papers.
Comments on “measurement and correlation studies of phase equilibria and thermophysical properties of 4-tert-butylbenzaldehyde”

Abstract Errors are found in the standard molar thermodynamic properties of vaporization calculated by Korsuru and coworkers based on the Clarke-Glew equation. The authors' vapor pressure - temperature data are reanalyzed, and a new set of thermodynamic properties are reported. Enthalpies of vaporization based on the Clarke-Glew equation are shown to be in good agreement with calculated values based on the Antoine equation coefficients.
Lattice-Packing by Spheres and Eutactic Forms

AbstractWe consider a semi-random walk on the space X of lattices in Euclidean n-space which attempts to maximize the sphere-packing density function Φ. A lattice (or its corresponding quadratic form) is called “sticky” if the set of directions in X emanating from it along which Φ is infinitesimally increasing has measure 0 in the set of all directions. Thus the random walk will tend to get “stuck” in the vicinity of a sticky lattice. We prove that a lattice is sticky if and only if the corresponding quadratic form is semi-eutactic. We prove our results in the more general setting of self-adjoint homogeneous cones. We also present results from our experiments with semi-random walks on X. These indicate some idea about the landscape of eutactic lattices in the space of all lattices.
Crack to pulse transition and magnitude statistics during earthquake cycles on a self-similar rough fault

Abstract Faults in nature demonstrate fluctuations from planarity at most length scales that are relevant for earthquake dynamics. These fluctuations may influence all stages of the seismic cycle; earthquake nucleation, propagation, arrest, and inter-seismic behavior. Here I show quasi-dynamic plane-strain simulations of earthquake cycles on a self-similar and finite 10 km long rough fault with amplitude-to-wavelength ratio α = 0.01 . The minimum roughness wavelength, λ m i n , and nucleation length scales are well resolved and much smaller than the fault length. Stress relaxation and fault loading is implemented using a variation of the backslip approach, which allows for efficient simulations of multiple cycles without stresses becoming unrealistically large. I explore varying λ m i n for the same stochastically generated realization of a rough fractal fault. Decreasing λ m i n causes the minimum and maximum earthquakes sizes to decrease. Thus the fault seismicity is characterized by smaller and more numerous earthquakes, on the other hand, increasing the λ m i n results in fewer and larger events. However, in all cases, the inferred b-value is constant and the same as for a reference no-roughness simulation ( α = 0 ). I identify a new mechanism for generating pulse-like ruptures. Seismic events are initially crack-like, but at a critical length scale, they continue to propagate as pulses, locking in an approximately fixed amount of slip. I investigate this transition using simple arguments and derive a characteristic pulse length, L c = λ m i n / ( 4 π 4 α 2 ) and slip distance, δ c based on roughness drag. I hypothesize that the ratio λ m i n / α 2 can be roughly estimated from kinematic rupture models. Furthermore, I suggest that when the fault size is much larger than L c , then most space-time characteristics of slip differ between a rough fault and a corresponding planar fault.
Natal-habitat experience mediates the relationship between insect and hostplant densities

For some animals, the habitat which they first experience can influence the type of habitat which they select later in life and, thus, potentially their population distribution and dynamics. However, for many insect herbivores, whose natal habitat may consist of a single hostplant, the consequences of natal hostplant experience remain untested in landscapes relevant to the adult, which may select not only among plants, but among plant patches. As a first step towards understanding how natal hostplant experience shapes patterns of insect feeding damage in landscapes relevant to adults, we conducted partially caged field experiments with diamondback moths that were reared on either mustard or collard plants and then allowed to choose among and within patches of plants that varied in plant density and composition. We predicted that natal hostplant experience would interact with patch size and composition to influence the number of diamondback moth offspring and feeding damage per plant. As predicted, when moths were reared on collards, we found more offspring on and damage to collard plants in four-collard patches than in two-collard patches (i.e., resource concentration), but no difference when moths were reared on mustards. Contrary to predictions, we found no difference in the number of offspring on or damage to mixed plant patches compared with two- or four-collard plant patches regardless of natal hostplant type. Our research suggests that prior hostplant experience has complex consequences for how insects and their feeding damage are distributed in patchy environments and highlights the need for future research in this area.
Rheumatic Disease-Related Symptoms During the Height of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BackgroundSystemic rheumatic diseases are characterized by diverse symptoms that are exacerbated by stressors.Questions/PurposesOur goal was to identify COVID-19-related stressors that patients ass...
A time-varying model of the dynamics of smoking lapse.

Objective The majority of smokers who make a quit attempt experience their first lapse within the first week of quitting, yet limited research to date has examined how the strength and direction of the relationship between smoking risk factors and lapse may change over longer periods of time. Time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) was used to address this gap. Method A diverse sample (N = 325) of adult smokers completed ecological momentary assessments of risk factors for lapse for 28 days after quitting. TVEM was used to examine the relationship between risk factors (abstinence self-efficacy, positive affect, positive coping expectancies, smoking expectancies, motivation, negative affect, stress, and urge) and lapse for 28 days postquit. Results Some associations were stable (e.g., negative affect, motivation), whereas others varied over time. Abstinence self-efficacy, positive affect, and positive coping expectancies were most strongly associated with lapse between Days 3 and 8 postquit. The association of urge with lapse was strongest between Days 4 and 10, as well as near the end of the quit attempt. Stress was also most strongly associated with lapse near the beginning and end of the postquit period and was the only predictor associated with lapse on quit date. The strength of the association between smoking expectancies and lapse increased over time. Conclusion There may be periods during a quit attempt when certain risk factors are more strongly related to lapse. This work has relevance for tailoring interventions designed to deliver intervention components in particular contexts or times of need. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
In Vivo Activity of WCK 4282 (High-Dose Cefepime/Tazobactam) against Serine-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Neutropenic Murine Lung Infection Model.

WCK 4282 (cefepime 2 g-tazobactam 2 g) maximizes systemic exposure of tazobactam and restores cefepime activity against various extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and cephalosporinase-producing strains in vitro We describe clinical WCK 4282 exposure efficacies against various serine β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in a murine pneumonia model. Clinical cefepime-resistant isolates (17 Enterobacterales and 2 P. aeruginosa) were utilized. Isolates expressed ESBLs, cephalosporinases, and/or serine carbapenemases (KPC and OXA-48-like). WCK 4282 MICs were 4 to 32 μg/ml. For in vivo experiments, lungs of neutropenic mice were inoculated using standard inoculum (107 log10 CFU/ml). Serine carbapenemase-producing isolates were also assessed using a low inoculum (1:5 dilution). Treatment mice received a human-simulated regimen (HSR) of cefepime, meropenem (control for serine carbapenemase expression with low inoculum experiments), or WCK 4282 human-simulated regimens. Efficacy was assessed as change in log10 CFU/lungs at 24 h compared with 0-h controls. At standard inoculum, the mean 0-h bacterial burden was 6.65 ± 0.23 log10 CFU/lungs, and it increased at 24 h by 2.48 ± 0.60 log10 CFU/lungs among untreated controls. Initial bacterial burdens of lower inocula ranged from 5.81 ± 0.12 to 6.39 ± 0.13 log10 CFU/lungs. At standard and/or low inocula, cefepime and meropenem provided minimal activity. WCK 4282 produced a >1 log10 reduction against 9/9 ESBL-/cephalosporinase-producing strains. WCK 4282 provided variable activity among mice infected with standard or lower inocula of OXA-48-like-producers. WCK 4282 exposures provided 0.53 ± 1.07 log10 CFU/lungs growth against KPC producers at a standard inoculum versus bacteriostasis (-0.15 ± 0.54 change in log10 CFU/lungs) at a low inoculum. WCK 4282 produced potent in vivo activity against ESBL- and cephalosporinase-producing Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa isolates and potential activity against OXA-48-like-producing Enterobacterales isolates in a neutropenic pneumonia model.