cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online and offline contributions to motor learning change with practice, but are similar across development.

Children show motor learning deficits relative to adults across a diverse range of tasks. One mechanism that has been proposed to underlie these differences is the contribution of online and offline components to overall learning; however, these tasks have almost focused exclusively on sequence learning paradigms which are characterized by performance gains in the offline phase. Here, we examined the role of online and offline learning in a novel motor task which was characterized by warm-up decrement, i.e., a performance loss, during the offline phase. In particular, using a relatively extended practice period, we examined if differences between children and adults persist across relatively long practice periods, and if the contribution of online and offline learning is affected by age and by practice itself. Two groups of children, 8–10 years and 11–13 years old, and one group of young adults (N = 30, n = 10/group) learned a novel task that required control of upper body movements to control a cursor on a screen. Participants learned the task over 5 days and we measured movement time as the primary task performance variable. Consistent with prior results, we found that 8–10 year olds had longer movement times compared to both 11–13 year olds and adults. We also found distinct changes in online and offline learning with practice; the amount of online learning decreased with practice, whereas offline learning was relatively stable across practice. However, there was no detectable effect of age group on either online or offline learning. These results suggest that age-related differences in learning among children 8–10 years old are persistent even after extended practice but are not necessarily accounted for by differences in online and offline learning.
Automated quality control in nuclear medicine using the structured noise index

Purpose Daily flood-field uniformity evaluation serves as the central element of nuclear medicine (NM) quality control (QC) programs. Uniformity images are traditionally analyzed using pixel value-based metrics, that is, integral uniformity (IU), which often fail to capture subtle structure and patterns caused by changes in gamma camera performance, requiring visual inspections which are subjective and time demanding. The goal of this project was to implement an advanced QC metrology for NM to effectively identify nonuniformity issues, and report issues in a timely manner for efficient correction prior to clinical use. The project involved the implementation of the program over a 2-year period at a multisite major medical institution. Methods Using a previously developed quantitative uniformity analysis metric, the structured noise index (SNI) [Nelson et al. (2014), \textit{J Nucl Med.}, \textbf{55}:169-174], an automated QC process was developed to analyze, archive, and report on daily NM QC uniformity images. Clinical implementation of the newly developed program ran in parallel with the manufacturer's reported IU-based QC program. The effectiveness of the SNI program was evaluated over a 21-month period using sensitivity and coefficient of variation statistics. Results A total of 7365 uniformity QC images were analyzed. Lower level SNI alerts were generated in 12.5% of images and upper level alerts in 1.7%. Intervention due to image quality issues occurred on 26 instances; the SNI metric identified 24, while the IU metric identified eight. The SNI metric reported five upper level alerts where no clinical engineering intervention was deemed necessary. Conclusion An SNI-based QC program provides a robust quantification of the performance of gamma camera uniformity. It operates seamlessly across a fleet of multiple camera models and, additionally, provides effective workflow among the clinical staff. The reliability of this process could eliminate the need for visual inspection of each image, saving valuable time, while enabling quantitative analysis of inter- and intrasystem performance.
2.11 – Memory Search☆

Much has been learned about the dynamics of memory search in the last two decades, primarily through the lens of the free recall task. Here I review the major empirical findings obtained using this memory–search paradigm. I also discuss how these findings have been used to advance theories of memory search. Specific topics covered include serial position effects, recall dynamics and organizational processes, false recall, repetition and spacing effects, interresponse times, and individual differences.
Genetic and Pharmacological Inhibition of PAPP-A Protects Against Visceral Obesity in Mice

Pathogenicity of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been linked to the metabolic stress of enlarging mature adipocytes and a limited ability to recruit new adipocytes. One of the major distinguishing features of VAT preadipocytes is the high expression of the zinc metalloprotease, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), when compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). In this study we used 2 different approaches to investigate the effect of PAPP-A inhibition on different fat depots in mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. Conditional knockdown of PAPP-A gene expression in female adult mice resulted in significant decreases of 30% to 40% in adipocyte size in VAT (mesenteric and pericardial depots) compared to control mice. There was no effect on SAT (inguinal) or intra-abdominal perigonadal fat. Liver lipid was also significantly decreased without any effect on heart and skeletal muscle lipid. We found similar effects when using a pharmacological approach. Weekly injections of a specific immunoneutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb-PA 1/41) or isotype control were given to male and female wild-type mice on HFD for 15 weeks. Adipocyte size was significantly decreased (30%-50%) only in VAT with mAb-PA 1/41 treatment. In this model, cell number was significantly increased in mesenteric fat in mice treated with mAb-PA 1/41, suggesting hyperplasia along with reduced hypertrophy in this VAT depot. Gene expression data indicated a significant decrease in F4/80 (macrophage marker) and interleukin-6 (proinflammatory cytokine) and a significant increase in adiponectin (anti-inflammatory adipokine with beneficial metabolic effects) in mesenteric fat compared to inguinal fat in mice treated with mAb-PA 1/41. Furthermore, there was significantly decreased liver lipid content with mAb-PA 1/41 treatment. Thus, using 2 different models systems we provide proof of principle that PAPP-A inhibition is a potential therapeutic target to prevent visceral obesity and its metabolic sequelae, such as fatty liver.
Changes in depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment in older long-stay nursing home residents in the USA: a latent transition analysis

To longitudinally examine the latent statuses of depressive symptoms and their association with cognitive impairment in older U.S. nursing home (NH) residents. Using Minimum Data Set 3.0, newly-adm...
The Influence of High Permeability Distributed Photovoltaic Access on Power Grid

With the continuous decline in the cost of distributed photovoltaic systems, distributed photovoltaic systems have met the conditions for user-side parity to grid-connected. Its grid-connected capacity and installation penetration rate in some areas have also continued to rise, which has greatly affected the safe and stable operation of the distribution network and the main network. After the high penetration rate of distributed photovoltaic is connected, while increasing the line loss and reducing the economy, it also raises the voltage of the user's grid connection point, increases the neutral line current, and affects the user's power supply quality and power safety. Large-scale access has even changed the operation of the Power grid. This paper analyzes the impact of distributed photovoltaics on the grid from the aspects of voltage rise, line loss, etc., and analyzes the characteristics of distributed photovoltaic output, and finally gives some suggestions to solve the problems of distributed photovoltaics.
Anne O'Tate: Value-added PubMed search engine for analysis and text mining.

Over a decade ago, we introduced Anne O’Tate, a free, public web-based tool http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu/cgi-bin/arrowsmith_uic/AnneOTate.cgi to support user-driven summarization, drill-down and mining of search results from PubMed, the leading search engine for biomedical literature. A set of hotlinked buttons allows the user to sort and rank retrieved articles according to important words in titles and abstracts; topics; author names; affiliations; journal names; publication year; and clustered by topic. Any result can be further mined by choosing any other button, and small search results can be expanded to include related articles. It has been deployed continuously, serving a wide range of biomedical users and needs, and over time has also served as a platform to support the creation of new tools that address additional needs. Here we describe the current, greatly expanded implementation of Anne O’Tate, which has added additional buttons to provide new functionalities: We now allow users to sort and rank search results by important phrases contained in titles and abstracts; the number of authors listed on the article; and pairs of topics that co-occur significantly more than chance. We also display articles according to NLM-indexed publication types, as well as according to 50 different publication types and study designs as predicted by a novel machine learning-based model. Furthermore, users can import search results into two new tools: e) Mine the Gap!, which identifies pairs of topics that are under-represented within set of the search results, and f) Citation Cloud, which for any given article, allows users to visualize the set of articles that cite it; that are cited by it; that are co-cited with it; and that are bibliographically coupled to it. We invite the scientific community to explore how Anne O’Tate can assist in analyzing biomedical literature, in a variety of use cases.
Effect of atom substitutions on the magnetic properties in Ce2Fe17: Toward permanent magnet applications

Due to the rapidly developing technologies and huge market demand, there has been increasing interest internationally in exploring permanent magnet formulations in addition to the well-known Nd2Fe14B and SmCo5/Sm2Co17. Given Fe's low materials cost and generally high magnetization, Fe-rich rare earth binaries such as Ce2Fe17 comprise a rich “hunting ground” for such new materials. While this compound suffers from a low ordering point and is a helimagnet, these difficulties are easily remedied by the substitution of appropriate amounts of cobalt for Fe, with room-temperature saturation magnetization as high as 1.5 T. Here, we try to switch the all-important magnetic anisotropy from planar to uniaxial behavior in Ce2Fe17 via 18h- and 6c-type atom substitutions with Si, Ir, and numerous other atoms. The uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy is successfully achieved in the 6c-site-substituted Ce2Fe15Ir2 systems, along with large magnetization. We find that iridium substitution, in particular, induces a substantial uniaxial anisotropy of 11.25 MJ/m3, which is comparable to most of the current rare earth permanent magnets. Although the iridium substitution is costly, the finding of Ir-triggered uniaxial magnetic anisotropy indicates the potential of Ce–Fe-based alloys for permanent magnets.
AlSb as a material for high index contrast nanophotonics

High contrast materials, i.e., materials with a high refractive index and low optical loss, are of wide interest for nanophotonics and metasurface designs at optical and near infrared wavelengths. We explore aluminum antimonide (AlSb) as a high contrast nanophotonic material, using the design of high contrast gratings (HCGs) for low loss dielectric mirrors as an example. The high index of refraction and low absorption coefficient of AlSb in the visible wavelength range enable designs of HCGs that can be effectively optimized to form mirrors with 93.5% reflectivity at red visible wavelengths. We detail a co-sputtering synthesis method for AlSb films, and achieve our target high index of refraction of 3.5 for 635 nm light. We also find that the high sensitivity of AlSb oxidation requires specific handling procedures in developing deposition processes to yield a near zero absorption coefficient.
Can We Still Re-encapsulate Capitalism?

American capitalism is undergoing another of its periodic crises in which under-regulated businesses engage in widespread wrongdoing and delegitimate the broader system, according to Amitai Etzioni. This response seeks to uncover some of the roots of the current corporate crime wave in the distinctive terroir of American shareholder capitalism. It suggests that new information technologies require rethinking the most efficacious way to rein in corporate misbehavior. This will turn out to be rather different from 20th century regulation.
New Approaches to Islamic Law and the Documentary Record before 1500

Marina Rustow notes how prevalent scholarly attention is to long-form texts of Islamic law—attention that she argues, comes at the expense of studying Islamic legal documents in a sufficient manner. Study of the documents is an indispensable enterprise if we are to fully understand “how law worked in practice.” In view of what we know to have been “heaps” of documents produced by Muslim judges and notaries, Rustow underscores how particularly noticeable a disjuncture there is between those documents and the long-form texts. Moreover, scholars often skip over and thus fail to avail themselves of the utility of documents in adding texture to social and legal history. She cautions social historians against “pseudo-knowledge,” that is, the temptation to overlook complex factors, usually embedded in legal documents, that render our otherwise tame scholarly perception of the past truer but more “unruly.” In the end, her invitation to join her in the study of documents and thereby improve the state of Islamic legal history is terse and timely: “Please go find yourself some documents.”
Durables, Non-Durables, and a Structural Test of Fungibility

In his 1999 summary of all things mental accounting (see Thaler [21]), Richard Thaler describes one of the primary components of mental accounting as the budgeting of specific utility-providing activities which can depend, but does not have to, on the resources used to fund those activities. The analysis presented in this paper focusses specifically on household expenditure of durable and non-durable goods and the liquidity sources used to fund these different expenditures. Specifically, we exploit a linked dataset of credit and debit card users to examine consumer purchasing patterns of durable and non-durable consumption commodities under both methods of payment. Our findings suggest that on average durable purchases are more sensitive to increases in available credit than non-durable purchases, and most consumers are more likely to increase total consumption due to increases in available credit than increases in available checking account balances. We empirically show that the standard neo-classical consumption/savings model, the equilibrium conditions of which implicitly assume that the household’s available resources (liquidity and investments) are perfectly fungible, fails to rationalize our data for the median/modal consumer in our sample. However, our results are rich because we also show that the behavioral distribution of consumers includes both households which treat liquidity as fungible and those that do not. Given the heterogeneity we find, future work should test whether these results would matter on aggregate.
From the Individual to Individualism: A Critique of the Helping Professions

Individualistic values characterize contemporary society and many popular approaches to mental health treatment. This paper critiques the individualistic values embedded in the helping professions that implicity contradict the teachings of Jesus Christ, the surest foundation for mental health interventions. Members of AMCAP are encouraged to search out and replace problematic values that contradict gospel teachings which have been integrated into contemporary mental health practice.
Hoptrees: Branching History Navigation for Hierarchies

Designing software for exploring hierarchical data sets is challenging because users can easily become lost in large hierarchies. We present a novel interface, the hoptree, to assist users with navigating large hierarchies. The hoptree preserves navigational history and context and allows one-click navigation to recently-visited locations. We describe the design of hoptrees and an implementation that we created for a tree exploration application. We discuss the potential for hoptrees to be used in a wide variety of hierarchy navigation scenarios. Through a controlled experiment, we compared the effectiveness of hoptrees to a breadcrumb navigation interface. Study participants overwhelmingly preferred the hoptree, with improved time-on-task with no difference in error rates.
Real-time embedded system support for the BTeV level 1 Muon Trigger

The Level 1 Muon Trigger subsystem for BTeV will be implemented using the same architectural building blocks as the BTeV Level 1 Pixel Trigger: pipelined field programmable gate arrays feeding a farm of dedicated processing elements. The muon trigger algorithm identifies candidate tracks, and is sensitive to the muon charge (sign); candidate dimuon events are identified by complementary charge track-pairs. To insure that the trigger is operating effectively, the trigger development team is actively collaborating in an independent multi-university research program for reliable, self-aware, fault adaptive behavior in real-time embedded systems (RTES). Key elements of the architecture, algorithm, performance, and engineered reliability are presented.
Shear strength of metal - SiO2 contacts

The strength of the bond between metals and SiO2 was studied by measuring the static coefficient of friction of metals contacting alpha-quartz in ultrahigh vacuum. It was found that copper with either chemisorbed oxygen, nitrogen, or sulphur exhibited higher contact strength on stoichiometric SiO2 than did clean copper. Since the surface density of states induced by these species on copper is similar, it appears that the strength of the interfacial bond can be related to the density of states on the metal surface.
Effects of mutations on the subcellular distribution and localization of the HIV-1 VPU.

Vpu is a small type 1 integral membrane phosphoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi compartments of infected or vpu-transfected cells. Although localized in the membrane of the ER, there is no obvious sequence element identified for its retention in the ER or its distribution in the Golgi apparatus. In the present study, we assess the role of the carboxyl-terminal tetrapeptide sequence, VDDL, and the consensus glycosylation signal sequence, NES, on the subcellular distribution and localization of the Vpu protein of HIV-1LAI (subtype B) in HeLa cells. We fused the wild-type Vpu gene and Vpu genes that carry either the VDDL deletion (Vpu) and/or a glycosylation site mutation, to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene, and monitored the subcellular distribution of the proteins in co-localization and fluorescence confocal microscopy studies. We found that both the EGFP-wtVpu and EGFP- Vpu proteins co-localized with an ER marker, while a species of the EGFP- Vpu protein also co-localized with a Golgi marker. However, alteration of the putative glycosylation signal in the EGFP- Vpu background resulted in the accumulation of Vpu in the Golgi. Our results suggest that the enhanced Golgi accumulation of Vpu proteins harboring both the VDDL deletion and a point mutation in NES sequence may have resulted from the removal of a restriction that would otherwise retain Vpu to the ER compartment of the cell. (Supported by RCMI Grant #5G12RR017581-05 from NCRR-NIH).
Slaves of the Machine: The Quickening of Computer Technology

From the Publisher: In Moths to the Flame, Gregory J. E. Rawlins took lay readers on a tour of the exciting and sometimes scary world to which computers are leading us. His second book is for those who are new to computers and want to know what is "under the hood." It shows what computers can do for us and to us. Each of the six chapters asks a simple question: What are computers? How do we build them? How do we talk to them? How do we program them? What can't they do? Could they think? Written in an accessible, anecdotal form, Slaves of the Machine successfully demystifies the computer. Rawlins presents the birth of the computer, charts its evolution, and envisions its development in terms of the state of the art as of 1997 and into the future.
Alterations of the respiratory system of Neurospora crassa by the mi-1 mutation.

The respiratory mechanism of the cytochrome-defective mi-1 mutant of Neurospora crassa was partially characterized and compared with that of the wild type. Both systems of electron transport were linked to oxidative phosphorylation and showed similar characteristics with respect to substrates and components. The system operating in the cytochrome-deficient mi-1 mutant showed no characteristic {alpha} absorption bands of cytochromes a or b and was very unstable in vitro. The possibility that this system may be an altered form of the normal cytochrome electron transport chain which occurs in the wild type is discussed.
Defect Structure of TiTa2O7 at Elevated Temperatures

The electrical conductivity of polycrystalline TiTa2O7 was measured at 1000° and 1050°C as a function of oxygen partial pressure from 10−1 to 10−21 MPa. In the apparent n-type region, the value of m in σn∝PO2−1/m was found to be ∼6 in the region >10−17 MPa and ∼4from 10−16 to 10−9 MPa. The conductivity appeared to be p-type for P02<10−5 MPa. The measured data are explained on the basis of the presence of small amounts of acceptor impurities in the undoped sample.
Implicit Orientation Toward Family and School Among Bilingual Latino College Students

The authors examined the associations that underlie the orientations of bilingual Latino college students toward family and school. Participants completed, in English or Spanish, 3 implicit association tests assessing their attitude toward family vs. school, identifications with these concepts, and self-esteem. Results revealed a more positive attitude toward, and stronger identification with, family than school. Identification with family was stronger among participants who completed the study in English, suggesting self-definition in terms of distinctions from the context. Last, the more participants valued family over school and identified with family rather than school, the higher was their self-esteem. These findings shed light on the subtle, yet crucial, mechanisms by which cultural knowledge is incorporated in the self-concept of bilingual Latino college students.
Nucleotide content of the nucleolus.

THE plasmosome type of nucleolus is the only commonly observed intranuclear structure which clearly is not chromatin, from which the nucleolus is easily distinguished by the fact that it gives a negative Feulgen nucleal reaction for desoxypentose nucleic acid. Although it is thus evident that the nucleolus probably does not contain the characteristic polynucleotide of chromosomes, the shape of the ultra-violet absorption curve shows that there is considerable nucleotide of some type in the nucleolus1. The basophilia of the nucleolus is attributed to this nucleotide. It can be inferred that at least a part of the nucleolar nucleotide is ribonucleic acid from the fact that ribonuclease reduces the capacity of the nucleolus to bind basic dyes2 ; but this conclusion is open to the objection that the nuclease used was probably contaminated with some protease activity3.
Phase Separation in Asymmetrical Fermion Superfluids

Motivated by recent developments on cold atom traps and high density QCD we consider fermionic systems composed of two particle species with different densities. We argue that a mixed phase composed of normal and superfluid components is the energetically favored ground state. We suggest how this phase separation can be used as a probe of fermion superfluidity in atomic traps.
Skin microvascular and metabolic response to pressure relief maneuvers in people with spinal cord injury

Clinician’s recommendations on wheelchair pressure reliefs in the context of the high prevalence of pressure ulcers that occur in people with spinal cord injury is not supported by strong experimental evidence. Some data indicates that altered tissue perfusion and oxygenation occurring under pressure loads, such as during sitting, induce various pathophysiologic changes that may lead to pressure ulcers. Pressure causes a cascade of responses, including initial tissue hypoxia, which leads to ischemia, vascular leakage, tissue acidification, compensatory angiogenesis, thrombosis, and hyperemia, all of which may lead to tissue damage. We have developed an advanced skin sensor that allows measurement of oxygenation in addition to perfusion, and can be safely used during sitting. The sensor consists of a set of fiber optics probes, spectroscopic and Laser Doppler techniques that are used to obtain parameters of interest. The overriding goal of this project is to develop the evidence base for clinical recommendations on pressure reliefs. In this paper we will illustrate the experimental apparatus as well as some preliminary results of a small clinical trial conducted at the National Rehabilitation Hospital.
Meprin metalloprotease expression and regulation in kidney, intestine, urinary tract infections and cancer.

Meprins are unique plasma membrane and secreted metalloproteinases that are highly regulated at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Meprin α and β subunits are abundantly expressed in kidney and intestinal epithelial cells, are secreted into the urinary tract and intestinal lumen, and are found in leukocytes and cancer cells under certain conditions. Their location and proteolytic activities indicate functions at the interface of the host and the external environment, and in trafficking of macrophages and metastases of cancer cells. These proteases can be detrimental when there is tissue damage or disruption, as in acute renal injury or intestinal inflammation, and there is evidence they are involved in movement of leukocytes and cancer cells to sites of infection or in metastasis, respectively.
An empirical relation for semiconductor strained-layer relaxation

Abstract A recent model by Dodson and Tsao describes structural relaxation of strained-layer structures via plastic flow over a wide range of conditions. Unfortunately, this model takes the form of a hereditary nonlinear integral equation, and a closed-form solution is not available. In this paper, and empirical expression is obtained which is useful for describing relaxation of specific systems. In the appropriate limits, the resulting expression agrees with the Matthews-Blakeslee equilibrium model and the People-Bean relation.
Prediction of the performance of solar heating systems utilizing annual storage

Abstract Integrated performance equations which incorporate effects of finite storage are derived for solar heating systems such as those using annual storage in which the well-mixed storage temperature rises or falls monotonically. These equations accurately predict in a single step the performance of ordinary systems over an entire day, and annual storage systems over an entire month. Over a year, monthly application of the integrated equations predicted annual performance within about two per cent relative to an hourly simulation.
Post-silicon bug diagnosis with inconsistent executions

The complexity of modern chips intensifies verification challenges, and an increasing share of this verification effort is shouldered by post-silicon validation. Focusing on the first silicon prototypes, post-silicon validation poses critical new challenges such as intermittent failures, where multiple executions of a same test do not yield a consistent outcome. These are often due to on-chip asynchronous events and electrical effects, leading to extremely time-consuming, if not unachievable, bug diagnosis and debugging processes. In this work, we propose a methodology called BPS (Bug Positioning System) to support the automatic diagnosis of these difficult bugs. During post-silicon validation, lightweight BPS hardware logs a compact encoding of observed signal activity over multiple executions of the same test: some passing, some failing. Leveraging a novel post-analysis algorithm, BPS uses the logged activity to diagnose the bug, identifying the approximate manifestation time and critical design signals. We found experimentally that BPS can localize most bugs down to the exact root signal and within about 1,000 clock cycles of their occurrence.
Effects of a Wake on Turbine Blade Heat Transfer in a Transonic Cascade

The effects of a wake generated by a stationary upstream strut on surface beat transfer to turbine blades were measured experimentally in a heated, transonic cascade tunnel. Five pitchwise locations of the upstream strut were tested, while maintaining a constant axial distance between the strut and the leading edge plane of the cascade. Time-resolved unsteady heat flux measurements were made with Heat Flux Microsensors (HFM) at three positions on the suction surface and one position on the pressure surface. In addition, hot-wire surveys were taken along the leading edge plane of the cascade to document the disturbance generated by the upstream strut. Results from the hot-wire surveys show that with the strut placed upstream and near the stagnation point of the turbine blade, the turbulence intensity in the wake was as high as 50%. This high level of turbulence intensity was due to the coupling of the strut wake with the potential flow around the blunt leading edge of the turbine blade. A strong influence on the heat transfer coefficient was seen from the relative pitchwise position of the strut with respect to the leading edge of the test blades. For the suction surface, the maximum increase in average heat transfer coefficient occurred when the upstream strut was placed near the stagnation point of the blade. The heat transfer coefficients were increased by 15, 20, and 10% for the gages located on 10, 22, and 50% chord positions of the suction surface, respectively, compared to the baseline case of no strut. For the pressure side, results show the maximum increase in heat transfer coefficient occurred when the upstream strut was placed along the pitchline near the middle of the blade passage. At 30% chord position on the pressure surface, the heat transfer coefficient was increased by 25 %. Attempts to correlate these increases in mean heat transfer with integral values of the measured unsteadiness of the flow or heat flux were not successful.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Acute effect of phenobarbital on escape behavior.

Abstract Rats were trained to run in a straight alley to escape shock. Subsequently, phenobarbital was administered and more trials given. Phenobarbital retards running at all doses tested in a curve that is positively accelerating as a function of dose on the first trial. The first trial is markedly slower than later trials with the greatest effect occurring at the higher dosages.
Pathway Interactions and Synaptic Plasticity in the Dendritic Tuft Regions of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Input comparison is thought to occur in many neuronal circuits, including the hippocampus, where functionally important interactions between the Schaffer collateral and perforant pathways have been hypothesized. We investigated this idea using multisite, whole-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging and found that properly timed, repetitive stimulation of both pathways results in the generation of large plateau potentials in distal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. These dendritic plateau potentials produce widespread Ca2+ influx, large after-depolarizations, burst firing output, and long-term potentiation of perforant path synapses. Plateau duration is directly related to the strength and temporal overlap of pathway activation and involves back-propagating action potentials and both NMDA receptors and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Thus, the occurrence of highly correlated SC and PP input to CA1 is signaled by a dramatic change in output mode and an increase in input efficacy, all induced by a large plateau potential in the distal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons.
Chronotropic incompetence in chronic heart failure

Abstract Background: The exercise limitation of patients with chronic heart failure may be due in part to an inability to increase heart rate as normal, a limitation sometimes referred to as chronotropic incompetence. This may be due to down regulation of beta receptors. Methods: Fifty-seven patients with chronic heart failure and 14 age-matched controls underwent symptom limited treadmill exercise tests with metabolic gas exchange measurements. Heart rate and blood pressure responses were also recorded. Results: Peak oxygen consumption was reduced in the heart failure patients (19.6 (S.D. ±7.6) vs. 35.0 (±9.9); P r = 0.47, P r = 0.59; P r = 0.56, P r = 0.29; P > 0.05). Peak systolic and diastolic blood pressures did not correlate with peak oxygen consumption. Sixteen patients had chronotropic incompetence. There was no significant difference between this group and those without chronotropic incompetence in the intensity of exercise performed, underlying diagnosis, drug therapy or prevalence of atrial fibrillation. There was a trend towards shorter exercise times in the incompetent group (430 (±251) vs. 545 (±216) s; P = 0.08) compared to the other patients. Conclusions: Chronotropic incompetence was seen in
An exploratory investigation of the potential relationship between student learning styles, course grade, cumulative grade point average and selected demographics in on‐line undergraduate business courses

Researchers have made significant progress in understanding human cognitive learning styles, which refer typically to a single capability or preference that possibly enhances learning in some situations and in others hinders learning. Sums up further research should be encouraged to identify the students to become more successful in online courses in the future.
Hydrochemical Facies in a Tertiary Basin in the Milligan Canyon Area, Southwest Montana

Equilibria studies of ground-water chemistry in a synclinal basin at Three Forks, Montana indicate that most waters in the Tertiary sediments and Madison Group carbonates are calcium-bicarbonate, or calcium-sulfate waters which are supersaturated with respect to calcite. Calcium concentrations range from 13 to 426 mg/l, bicarbonate concentrations range from 112 to 328 mg/l and sulfate concentration varies between 29 to 114 mg/l. Sodium concentration is between 10 and 312 mg/l, producing sodium-bicarbonate waters in some areas. Water-level data were used to construct a potentiometric map that shows flow direction to the east. The water evolution along the flow path is from calcium-bicarbonate in the recharge areas, to calcium-sulfate in the center of the area, and finally sodium-bicarbonate in the discharge area. This evolutionary sequence can be explained by calcite, dolomite and gypsum dissolution, ion exchange, sulfate reduction and dilution by recharging waters from the Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics.
Graduate school: the board game

Cori Bargmann suggests depicting graduate school in a movie (Current Biology5:695), but as an outgoing graduate student, I envision it as a new and exciting board game.‘The Ego Game’ starts with each player on 100 ego points. Anyone who gets to the finishing square (the ‘OK, we'll give you a PhD’ square) with five or more ego points intact is deemed a winner. Points are deducted along the way for lack of enthusiasm in the face of drudgery, grumbling about lack of future job opportunities in academia and expressing any desire to get reasonable health care out of a Student Health Service.The danger really lies in the ‘kick them while they are down’ squares. Landing on one of these, the student must draw a card to determine his or her fate: persevere with idea independent from supervisor — lose 20 points; have vain hope that project will work — lose 10 points (if inside 12 months, lose 30 points); believe amount of effort plus amount of intelligence translates to amount of success — lose 50 points.Landing on a ‘good scientist’ square gives you a ‘blind luck’ card. These cards give you the right to buy papers: a total of eight cards gives you a Cell, Science or Nature paper (and 50 ego points); four cards a Journal of Cell Biology paper; and two cards a PNAS paper (although if you pick up an ‘influential professor’ card the latter comes for free). Landing on the ‘voracious young professor’ square gets you four cards towards a paper, but minus 75 ego points. A ‘holiday or alternative interest’ square means that one paper card is taken away, but wins 30 ‘grip on reality’ points which can be used to advance towards the finish, 10 points per square. If you reach the end with fewer than two papers, you must have 60 ego points in reserve to buy a ‘bowing and scraping to faculty’ card.I haven't integrated the ‘genuine interest in science’ card yet — I'm not sure where it fits. Maybe it will make the next version of the game. I hope to have this one out by next Christmas.
Trade policy with asset markets: The role of financial structure for time consistency

The present study uses a two-country, two-good, stochastic general equilibrium trade model to analyze the implications of optimal trade policy under uncertainty in the presence of financial markets. Using such a framework, I demonstrate that the policy-active home government, acting to maximize domestic welfare, will always have incentive to revise the previously announced import tariff policy once an asset position is taken by the representative agent in each country engaged in trade. The resulting time-consistent solution will be sensitive to the composition of asset income. Since the fiancial contracts can be combined in an infinite number of ways to yield the same optimal level of asset income, there will exist multiple time-consistent solutions, one for each financial structure. Using a specific log utility function, I also show that for certain financial structures, precommitment solutions will be replicated by time-consistent solutions, a result which marks a significant departure from the standard deterministic framework.
Two-dimensional blade-vortex flow visualization investigation

On emploie une aile oscillante pour generer des filaments de tourbillon qui entre en interaction avec un modele de profil aerodynamique
Observations on the inhibition of rat liver monoamine oxidase by clorgyline.

Abstract Two forms of monoamine oxidase (MAO) denned as MAO A and B by others differ in their specificities to substrates and their sensitivities to the irreversible inhibitor clorgyline. From studies using the substrates 5-HT, tyramine and benzylamine, the presence of both MAO forms in rat liver mitochondria has been confirmed and some characteristics of their inhibition by varying concentrations of clorgyline investigated. Although both MAO forms showed time-dependent inhibition, this process occurred, in general, at a qualitatively slower rate for MAO B, despite the fact that this enzyme form requires higher concentrations of clorgyline than MAO A for inhibition of its activity. However, factors such as the concentration of enzyme, the concentration of clorgyline and the enzyme: drug ratio employed in the assay all influence the resultant time-course and the final degree of the inhibition observed. The possible importance of the lipid environment of the outer mitochondrial membrane in generating multiple MAO forms and in regulating the inhibition kinetics of these forms is discussed. The results indicate that the effects of pre-incubation time and the enzyme: drug ratio on inhibition of MAO by clorgyline should be fully recognized when using the drug to indicate multiple forms in animal tissues.
Atoms and the ‘Analogy of Nature’: Newton’s Third Rule of Philosophizing

As in the case of ancient atomism, the revival of atomistic doctrines in the seventeenth century gave rise to questions regarding the existence and properties of primordial entities. With their insistent emphasis on sensory experience as a foundation of physical knowledge, the English experimental empiricists were faced with various epistemological problems. The majority, such as Robert Hooke and Henry Power, believed that atoms could in principle be observed: hence their problem was not the nature of knowledge of the microscopic, but rather how our knowledge could be extended into that realm.1 Thinkess such as Henry More and Ralph Cudworth tended to the view that, even if we could observe atoms, it would not add to our knowledge of first principles.2 Newton, and to some extent Locke, were confronted with a more difficult problem. Simply stated it is this: are there justificatory principles by which to sanction inferences from what is observable to what in principle is unobservable? If the basis of natural knowledge is strictly confined to what is actually or possibly observable, how can any claims be established about the nature and existence of atoms? The following study will refer to these questions as the problem of transduction;3 moreover it will be concerned primarily to analyse Newton’s use of the phrase ‘the analogy of Nature’. In its best known context that phrase appears in the Rules of Philosophizing prefixed to the third Book of the Principia in 1713.
Multi-scale standardized spectral mixture models

Abstract Linear spectral mixture models can be standardized by using endmembers that span the global mixing space. By combining the benefits of location-specific mixture models with standardized spectral indices, standardized mixture models offer consistency, simplicity, inclusivity and applicability. We construct a globally representative mixing space using a spectrally diverse collection of 100 Landsat E TM + (Thematic Mapper & Enhanced Thematic Mapper +) subscenes. Global composites of 100,000,000 Landsat spectra, constructed from both exoatmospheric reflectance and atmospherically corrected surface reflectance, represent the spectral diversity of a wide range of terrestrial environments. Principal Component (PC) Analysis of the global composite shows that 99% of the spectral variance can be represented in a 3-dimensional mixing space of the low order PCs. Within this 3D space 98% of spectra are contained within a tetrahedral hull bounded by a continuous plane of substrates, and well-defined apexes corresponding to vegetation and dark endmembers. Suites of individual substrate, vegetation and dark endmember spectra are used to derive mean endmembers and to quantify the effects of endmember variability on fractions estimated from a standardized Substrate, Vegetation, and Dark (SVD) linear mixture model. Maximum endmember variability introduces less than 0.05 difference in S, V, and D fractions for most SVD models constructed from individual pixel endmember spectra giving less than 0.05 model misfit for more than 97% of pixels in the global composite. The mean SVD endmembers define a standard global mixture model for Landsat spectra. These SVD endmembers can be used to model mixed reflectance spectra from other sensors with similar spectral responses to Landsat E TM +. Comparisons of endmember fractions estimated from coincident acquisitions of Landsat TM and ETM + and WorldView-2 imagery show strong linear scaling for vegetation and dark fractions. Substrate fractions do not scale as linearly for the urban validation sites because the Landsat substrate endmember does not accurately represent the impervious surfaces imaged by WorldView-2. Comparisons of Landsat and WorldView-2 unmixed with the same Visible-Near Infrared (VNIR) endmembers derived from the global Landsat endmembers are also strongly correlated but with reduced bias. This linear scaling suggests that the Landsat global endmembers may provide a basis for standardized mixture models for WorldView-2 and other broadband sensors with spectral response similar to Landsat TM and ETM +. Comparisons of vegetation fractions with vegetation indices for the global composite show strong linear correspondence for Tasseled Cap Greenness and Enhanced Vegetation Index, with some degree of saturation at high fractions for the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index and a wide range of responses for the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index.
Hydrodynamic characterization of Corpus Christi Bay through modeling and observation

Christi Bay is a relatively flat, shallow, wind-driven system with an average depth of 3–4 m and a mean tidal range of 0.3 m. It is completely mixed most of the time, and as a result, depth-averaged models have, historically, been applied for hydrodynamic characterization supporting regulatory decisions on Texas coastal management. The bay is highly stratified during transitory periods of the summer with low wind conditions. This has important implications on sediment transport, nutrient cycling, and water quality-related issues, including hypoxia which is a key water quality concern for the bay. Detailed hydrodynamic characterization of the bay during the summer months included analysis of simulation results of 2-D hydrodynamic model and high-frequency (HF) in situ observations. The HF radar system resolved surface currents, whereas an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measured current at different depths of the water column. The developed model successfully captured water surface elevation variation at the mouth of the bay (i.e., onshore boundary of the Gulf of Mexico) and at times within the bay. However, large discrepancies exist between model-computed depth-averaged water currents and observed surface currents. These discrepancies suggested the presence of a vertical gradient in the current structure which was further substantiated by the observed bi-directional current movement within the water column. In addition, observed vertical density gradients proved that the water column was stratified. Under this condition, the bottom layer became hypoxic due to inadequate mixing with the aerated surface water. Understanding the disparities between observations and model predictions provides critical insights about hydrodynamics and physical processes controlling water quality.
Training Pediatric House Staff in Evidence-Based Ethics: An Exploratory Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an educational intervention in evidence-based ethics (emphasizing clinical knowledge, epidemiologic skills, and recognition of ethical issues) administered to house staff before rotating through our neonatal intensive care unit. STUDY DESIGN: A controlled trial of 64 pediatric house staff assigned to alternating control and intervention rotations. Questionnaires were administered at the end of the rotation. RESULTS: Some benefits of the intervention were observed. However, a large percentage of intervention and control house staff substantially overestimated (>1.25 correct value) predischarge mortality (23% vs. 55% of house staff; p<0.02), mortality or major morbidity (74% vs. 46% of house staff; p=0.04), and cerebral palsy rates (70% vs. 87%; p=0.12). Neither group cited many methodological criteria for evaluating follow-up studies (3.3 vs. 2.4 criteria; p=0.05) or ethical issues considered in treatment recommendations for extremely premature infants (3.1 vs. 2.8 issues; p=0.35). CONCLUSION: Improved house staff training in evidence-based ethics is needed.