cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary hemodynamics and endothelin levels in pacing-induced heart failure: during rest and exercise.

Elevated plasma levels of endothelin (ET) have been reported to accompany the development of heart failure (HF), and therefore, this potent vasoconstrictive peptide has been postulated to contribute to the altered pulmonary hemodynamics that occur in this disease process. The overall goal of this study was to examine more carefully the relationship between ET levels in the pulmonary system and pulmonary hemodynamics in the normal and HF states, during both rest and exercise. This study used a porcine model of chronic rapid pacing that has been shown in previous studies to produce left ventricular dysfunction and neurohormonal system activation consistent with the syndrome of HF. Pigs (n = 10) were chronically instrumented to measure pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics, parenchymal flow, and ET content and to obtain blood samples from the pulmonary circuit in the conscious state. Measurements were performed in the normal control state and again following the development of pacing-induced HF (240 beats/min per 21 days), both at rest and during treadmill exercise (3 mph, 15° incline, 12 minutes). With HF, under ambient resting conditions, a threefold increase in pulmonary plasma ET occurred and was accompanied by a fivefold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. During treadmill exercise, pulmonary plasma ET and pulmonary vascular resistance remained elevated in the HF group when compared with the normal state and were associated with a sixfold decrease in pulmonary parenchymal flow. Pulmonary parenchymal ET content was increased with HF when compared with values for normal control subjects (8.5 ± 0.6 vs 5.6 ± 0.8 fmol ET/mg protein, P < .05). Thus, the findings of this study suggest that in this model of HF, increased ET within the pulmonary circuit contributed to abnormalities in resistive properties and parenchymal flow.
Evidence of a supraspinal opioid analgesic mechanism engaged by lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation

Abstract Brief trains of electrical stimulation were applied to the tails of rats to evaluate pain thresholds in the presence and absence of concurrent brain stimulation. Lateral hypothalamic (LH) stimulation, particularly in the dorsolateral medial forebrain bundle, elevated threshold for eliciting a post-stimulus vocalization response. Thresholds for eliciting a simple vocalization and motor response — both of which are organized at lower levels of the CNS than post-stimulus vocalization — were not significantly affected. This restricted form of analgesia was reduced by the opioid antagonist, naltrexone. Rewarding effects of stimulation in these LH sites, as evaluated in tests of self-stimulation threshold, were not affected by naltrexone. These results suggest that LH stimulation activates an opioid analgesic mechanism that is selectively active at a supraspinal level and diminishes the affective consequences of otherwise noxious stimuli.
P-411: The Analysis of the Electric-Field Distortion and Abnormal Light-Transmission Characteristics Due to Foreign Particles in IPS- and TN-LCDS

The distortion of electric field and abnormal light transmission characteristics due to foreign particles were studied in IPS and TN mode TFT LCD. The dielectric and ionic particles with varying sizes were considered for the simulation according to their electric characteristics. The simulation shows that the foreign particle introduced into a pixel changes the electric fields within a pixel and affects the light transmission characteristics of the pixel. In both TN and IPS mode TFT LCD, the presence of the ionic particle affects the light transmittance a great deal.
Effects of Suggestibility on Learning by Retarded and Nonretarded Students

Mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded students (age range: 10 to 16 yr.), classified by groups according to low suggestibility, were exposed to positive, negative, or neutral suggestions concerning their performance on a paired-associate learning task. A split-plot design assessed interactions between variables of subjects' category and suggestibility and treatment conditions, such as suggestion provided and trials. Analyses of variance showed retarded students improved more. The data also suggested somewhat improved performance by subjects given a positive suggestion. The suggestibility of many retarded students may be used by trainers to facilitate faster learning of simple tasks, especially if positive performance suggestions are employed.
Phase Lock Loop based Temperature Compensation for MEMS Oscillators

We present a new temperature compensation system for microresonator based frequency references. It consists of a phase lock loop whose inputs are derived from two microresonators with different temperature coefficients of frequency. The resonators are suspended within an encapsulated cavity and are heated to constant temperature by the phase lock loop controller, thereby achieving active temperature compensation. We show repeated real-time measurements of two prototypes which achieve frequency stability of better than ±1 ppm from -20 °C to + 80°C without calibration look-up tables and ±0.05 ppm with calibration.
Interpersonal Effects on Underachieversl,2

Thin study examined the effects of Interaction with “warm” teachers or “friendly” peer leaders on the scholastic achievement and conformance of underachievers. One experimental group of 28 seventh,...
Use and misuse of the allocation rate in models of population migration

In empirical work on population migration, researchers have utilized many different measures of migration. One measure that is used periodically is an “allocation rate”, most commonly defined as the number of persons moving from origini to destinationj during the time period divided by the total number of outmigrants from origini during the period. While an allocation rate is a valid and interesting measure, it has been misunderstood in several instances, leading to some empirical results that are difficult to interpret. In this paper, previous work on allocation rates is discussed and one study is replicated for the 1975 to 1980 period. It is demonstrated that inclusion of origin variables in such models is theoretically incorrect and results in substantial biases in empirical work. Inclusion of ratios of destination-to-origin variables is valid only with a very narrow interpretation.
A simple method for the preparation of antisera specific for murine immunoglubulin heavy chains

Abstract Rabbit antisera were prepared against mouse immunoglubulin μ and γ chains by immunizing rabbits with their own erythrocytes coated with murine anti-rabbit erythrocyte immuglubulin. In the preparation of these antisera, we exploited the observation that the primary immune response in C57BL/10ScSn (B10) mice is almost exclusively IgM, while hyperimmune antiserum of A/WySn (A) is mostly IgG. After appropriate absorption with thymocytes and rabbit erythrocytes (Rrbc) coated with B10 or A anti-Rrbc Ig, the sera were shown to be specific by immunoelectrophoresis, indirect immunofluorescent staining, and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. This technique is simple, requires almost no equipment, and a large quantity of specific antiserum can be prepared quite economically.
Iron oxide nanoparticle enhancement of radiation cytotoxicity

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been investigated as a promising means for inducing tumor cell-specific hyperthermia. Although the ability to generate and use nanoparticles that are biocompatible, tumor specific, and have the ability to produce adequate cytotoxic heat is very promising, significant preclinical and clinical development will be required for clinical efficacy. At this time it appears using IONP-induced hyperthermia as an adjunct to conventional cancer therapeutics, rather than as an independent treatment, will provide the initial IONP clinical treatment. Due to their high-Z characteristics, another option is to use intracellular IONPs to enhance radiation therapy without excitation with AMF (production of heat). To test this concept IONPs were added to cell culture media at a concentration of 0.2 mg Fe/mL and incubated with murine breast adenocarcinoma (MTG-B) cells for either 48 or 72 hours. Extracellular iron was then removed and all cells were irradiated at 4 Gy. Although samples incubated with IONPs for 48 hrs did not demonstrate enhanced post-irradiation cytotoxicity as compared to the non-IONP-containing cells, cells incubated with IONPs for 72 hours, which contained 40% more Fe than 48 hr incubated cells, showed a 25% decrease in clonogenic survival compared to their non-IONP-containing counterparts. These results suggest that a critical concentration of intracellular IONPs is necessary for enhancing radiation cytotoxicity.
The iron-catalyzed construction of 2-aminopyrimidines from alkynenitriles and cyanamides

Several cycloaddition catalysts and reagents were surveyed for their effectiveness toward cyclizing alkynenitriles with cyanamides. Catalytic amounts of FeI2, iPrPDAI and Zn were found to effectively catalyze the [2+2+2] cycloaddition of a variety of cyanamides and alkynenitriles to afford bicyclic 2-aminopyrimidines.
Cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor in an adult, with spinal cord metastasis after 18-year dormancy

A cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor in a 40-year-old man recurred as a metastasis to the spinal cord after an 18-year dormant period. The metastatic tumor showed features of neuronal differentiation. The clinical course and pathologic findings are discussed.
An analysis of the lead-angles necessary for tracking and pointing at distant targets

Abstract A rigorous analysis is made of the lead-ahead problem that arises when a moving observer must track and point at a moving target at long range. The effect of errors in the predict-ahead time and in the range upon lead-angles is studied. For general target and observer motions in three dimensions, sufficient conditions are exhibited under which the relative error in the lead-angles is, to good approximation, directly proportional to the relative error in range. It is further shown how lead-angle requirements impose a constraint upon the maximum allowable uncertainty in range. Finally, the analysis is applied to a numerical example.
Differential Affinity Cross-linking of Phosphorylase Kinase Conformers by the Geometric Isomers of Phenylenedimaleimide

Phosphorylase b kinase (PbK) from skeletal muscle is a highly regulated oligomer consisting of four copies of four distinct subunits (αβγ)δ4. The γ subunit is catalytic, and the remaining subunits are regulatory. To characterize effector-induced changes in the quaternary structure of the enzyme, we utilized the ortho-, meta, andpara-isomers of phenylenedimaleimide (PDM), which in addition to having different geometries, also vary 2.5-fold in their cross-linking spans. Even at concentrations equivalent to the αβγδ protomers of PbK, all three isomers caused specific, rapid, and extensive cross-linking of the holoenzyme to form primarily αβ dimers, plus smaller amounts of βγγ and αγγ trimers. The formation of these three conjugates was nearly totally inhibited by a 10-fold molar excess over PDM of N-(o- andp-tolyl)succinimide, which are chemically inert structural analogs of PDM. This inhibition suggests that PbK has binding sites for PDM and that PDM acts as an affinity cross-linker in binding to these sites prior to forming cross-linked conjugates. The largest effect on cross-linking in progressing from o- to p-PDM was on the αγγ trimer, which is preferentially formed by thep-isomer. Activation of the enzyme by either phosphorylation or the allosteric activators ADP and GDP resulted in large increases in the amount of αγγ formed, small increases in βγγ, and little change in αβ. When cross-linked in the presence of the reversibly activating nucleoside diphosphates, PbK remained activated after their removal, indicating that cross-linking had locked it in the active conformation. Our results provide direct evidence for perturbations in the interactions of the catalytic γ subunit with the regulatory α and β subunits upon activation of PbK.
Aerodynamic characteristics of missile configurations based on Soviet design concepts

The aerodynamic characteristics of several missile concepts are examined. The configurations, which are based on some typical Soviet design concepts, include fixed-wing missiles with either forward- or aft-tail controls, and wing-control missiles with fixed aft stabilizing surfaces. The conceptual missions include air-to-air, surface-to-air, air-to-surface, and surface-to-surface. Analytical and experimental results indicate that through the proper shaping and location of components, and through the exploitation of local flow fields, the concepts provide generally good stability characteristics, high control effectiveness, and low control hinge moments. In addition, in the case of some cruise-type missions, there are indications of the application of area ruling as a means of improving the aerodynamic efficiency. In general, a point-design philosophy is indicated whereby a particular configuration is developed for performing a particular mission.
Demand Growth, Profitability, and Entry

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate on the effect of demand growth on the competitive structure of an industry. We describe the effects of growth of market demand on concentration, barriers to entry, and the rate of return on capital. To illustrate these effects, we examine the behavior of an established firm in a fast growing industry, formulating an entry decision model of a potential firm. Our model lends support to the view that the increase in the growth rate of demand increases the dominant firm's profit rate, but decreases its market share.
Characteristics of reovirus-mediated chemoimmunotherapy of murine L1210 leukemia

We have previously demonstrated the ability of reovirus to function synergistically with chemotherapy in the treatment of murine EL-4 lymphoma. This study characterizes this treatment regimen in the therapy of L1210 leukemia. Animals with an estimated tumor burden of 10(7) cells were treated with 9 mg/kg 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Reovirus type 3, which had been quantitated either by particles or plaque-forming units (pfu), was administered 48 h after chemotherapy. Complete remission of tumor was observed in 80% of the animals which received either 10(11) particles or 10(9) pfu of reovirus. Cured animals were resistant to challenge with homologous tumor, but were susceptible to challenge with heterologous tumor. Reovirus undergoes limited replication at the tumor site, and virus-specific antibody appears only after disappearance of reovirus-infected cells and virus from the ascites fluid. Reovirus appears to function therapeutically by inducing a tumor-specific cytolytic immune response.
Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Complications of Stenting Coronary Arteries: Incidence, Management, and Prevention.

Stents are intravascular prostheses which provide endoluminal scaffolding, effectively reducing elastic recoil and sealing local dissections. Stents have become the treatment of choice for acute vessel closure following percutaneous coronary intervention. In addition, by providing a large, smooth lumen, stenting increases procedural success and decreases late restenosis compared with conventional balloon angioplasty. All stents evaluated clinically are constructed of non-corrosive metallic alloys which are inherently thrombogenic. The incidence of stent thrombosis ranges from 0.4-18%. While acute thrombosis is uncommon, subacute thrombosis may occur from 5 to 21 days (mean 7 days) after placement. Predictors of stent thrombosis include stenting for bailout indication, angiographically visible thrombus after implantation, stenting of smaller vessels, presence of residual dissection after stenting, poor distal runoff, incomplete stent expansion and stenting in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Stent thrombosis is associated with high incidence of Q-wave myocardial infarction (70–90%) and mortality (7–20%), and is best treated with emergency catheterization and balloon angioplasty. To prevent stent thrombosis, aggressive procedural and postprocedural pharmacological regimens employing antiplatelet agents (aspirin, dipyridamole and dextran) and anticoagulation (heparin followed by warfarin) have been used. While these regimens have reduced the incidence of stent thrombosis to <5%, they are associated with a high incidence of vascular and hemorrhagic complications, increased length of hospitalization and total cost. To decrease the incidence of stent thrombosis and obviate the need for anticoagulation, strategies such as intravascular ultrasound guided “optimal stenting” and addition of the antiplatelet agent ticlopidine, are being evaluated. In the future coating of stents with agents such as heparin, may further reduce the risk of thrombosis and the requirement for long-term anticoagulation.
The Effects of Superhighways in Urban Areas

This article reports on the effects of superhighways in established residential areas in 23 SMSAs in nine states. Using information from the United States Census for 1960 and 1970 and from state highway departments, comparisons are made between impacted and nonimpacted census tracts on 34 housing and population variables. Multiple regression is the analysis tool, permitting statistical control of tract location and housing density. Results indicate (1) that meaningful differences emerge between impacted and nonim pacted tracts, (2) that despite these differences, the highway impact variable accounts for little of the variance in the dependent variable, and (3) that substantive differences between impacted and nonimpacted tracts are small, even when statistically significant. This last finding implies that highways are of minor importance in explaining changes in census characteristics compared to general demographic trends and deliberate policies in metropolitan areas.
Basic science of closed head injuries and spinal cord injuries.

Traumatic injury to the central nervous system is frequently associated with athletics. Although traumatic brain injuries are far more common among athletes, spinal cord injuries comprise a devastating component of sports-related CNS injury. Trends with respect to head and spinal cord injuries vary by sport, but the pathological mechanisms by which central nervous system injury occurs are common throughout multiple types of athletic competition. This article is a broad-based review of primary injury mechanisms in traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. We detail a subset of secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, with attention to experimental therapeutic strategies targeting specific injury cascades. Each section concludes with a survey of experimental models currently employed in traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury research.
Lobular capillary hemangiomas: An epidemiologic report, with emphasis on cutaneous lesions

Abstract Background: Lobular capillary hemangiomas (pyogenic granulomas) occur on both mucosal and cutaneous surfaces. There are conflicting data regarding the increased prevalence of lobular capillary hemangiomas in female versus male subjects. Some studies have noted a female predominance of lobular capillary hemangiomas, but other studies do not reveal such a disparity. Because of an increased prevalence during pregnancy, oral tumors are also known as "granuloma gravidarum" or "pregnancy tumors." A hormonal influence for these mucosal lesions has been postulated. There are, however, no studies that address a possible relationship between hormones and cutaneous lesions. Objective: This study presents the epidemiology of lobular capillary hemangiomas, with an emphasis on cutaneous lesions. Methods: We reviewed 63,759 dermatopathology reports from a regional, private dermatopathology laboratory and found 325 cases of lobular capillary hemangiomas over a 1-year period. Results: In our study of lobular capillary hemangiomas, cutaneous lesions accounted for 86%, with mucosal lesions representing only 12% of cases. Seven cases were excluded (one was intravascular, two were subcutaneous, and in 4 the location was not specified). Overall, male patients outnumbered female patients. The peak incidence for cutaneous lobular capillary hemangiomas was found in the second decade of life. The most common cutaneous sites were the trunk, upper extremities, and head. Mucosal lesions were primarily seen on the lips, gingiva, and tongue, and these affected females more than males by a ratio of 2:1, most commonly in the fourth decade of life. Conclusion: Cutaneous lobular capillary hemangiomas were equally prevalent in male and female patients. This would refute a female hormonal influence in the induction of cutaneous lobular capillary hemangiomas. Our data may suggest a hormonal influence on mucosal lesions because mucosal lobular capillary hemangiomas were twice as common in female patients. However, the small number of lesions in our study precludes us from making such a conclusion. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:1012–6.)
The quantification of erlotinib (OSI-774) and OSI-420 in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract An accurate and precise method was developed using HPLC-MS/MS to quantify erlotinib (OSI-774) and its O-desmethyl metabolite, OSI-420, in plasma. The advantages of this method include the use of a small sample volume, liquid–liquid extraction with high extraction efficiency and short chromatographic run times. The analytes were extracted from 100 μL plasma volume using hexane:ethyl acetate after midazolam was added to the sample for internal standardization. The compounds were separated on a Phenomenex C-18 Luna analytical column with acetonitrile:5 mM ammonium acetate as the mobile phase. All compounds were monitored by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray positive ionization. The intra-day accuracy and precision (% coefficient of variation, % CV) estimates for erlotinib at 10 ng/mL were 90% and 9%, respectively. The intra-day accuracy and precision estimates for OSI-420 at 5 ng/mL were 80% and 4%, respectively. This method was used to quantify erlotinib and OSI-420 in plasma of patients ( n = 21) administered 150 mg erlotinib per day for non-small cell lung cancer.
Catalytic Methanol Decomposition Pathways on a Platinum Electrode

Through a combination of potential steps (chronoamperometry) and fast potential sweeps (cyclic voltammetry), temporal advancements involved in methanol decompositionindicated by the decomposition chargeswere referred to the extent of CO poisoning. In a broad potential range, especially at short times, there is an excess of charge above that needed for simple methanol dehydrogenation to surface CO. This indicates that there exist some efficient methanol decomposition pathways that lead to the formation of products other than CO, namely carbon dioxide, but also formic acid and/or formaldehyde. Because the formation of CO2 was not observed by others below the electrode potential of 0.35 V vs RHE (cf. infrared studies reported in J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 7542), we believe that, at low potentials, methanol dehydrogenation to formic acid and/or formaldehyde accounts for the excess oxidation charge. The formation of the dissolved products along with surface CO confirms the applicability of a dual-path mechani...
Prospects for Aberration Corrected Nanocrystallogrphy

Extended abstract of a paper presented at the Pre-Meeting Congress: Materials Research in an Aberration-Free Environment, at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, July 31 and August 1, 2004.
Fusion and biochemical expression of membrane receptors in foreign living cells

Abstract Successful transplantation of cell surface molecules from the membranes of one cell type to recipient cells of a different type is described. Plasma membranes purified from donor cells were fluoresceinated and fused to recipient cells using poly(ethylene glycol) and the fate of the transplanted membrane components was followed by fluorescence microscopy. In approximately 100 min the ‘foreign’ membrane components were seen to cluster and internalise. During this time, judged by the criteria of hormonal stimulation and immune cytotoxic killing, the cell surface of the recipient cell mimicked the cell surface phenotype of the donor cell.
Genital Chlamydial Infections

A 19-year-old woman visits her primary care provider for counseling about contraception. She became sexually active one year earlier and has had a new sexual partner for the past three months. Her partner currently uses a condom intermittently. She reports no medical problems, and her physical examination is unremarkable. Is testing for Chlamydia trachomatis indicated?
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: Indirect fluorescent antibody studies of immunity in mice

Abstract Antibodies against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were demonstrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique in four pools of sera from mice 3 weeks after one or more exposures to this parasite. These antibodies combined with antigens in sections of N. brasiliensis and included IgG, IgM, and IgA classes of immunoglobulins. Antibodies of the first two classes produced intense fluorescence in many areas of the parasites, whereas IgA usually evoked only minimal reactions at most of these same sites. Results produced by all pools of antisera were similar, while pools of sera from nonparasitized mice were essentially negative. The principal site of fluorescence in sections treated with antisera was in the cellular cytoplasm and in the microvillar layer of the intestinal epithelium. The nuclei in these cells did not fluoresce. The cuticle, lateral canals, body wall musculature, and reproductive organs fluoresced to a lesser extent. In this group of structures, the most notable fluorescence occurred in the cytoplasm of developing ova, in shells of completed eggs, and in muscle cells of the vagina. Slight autofluorescence was observed in the cuticle, cytoplasm of cells of the lateral canals, substances in the lumina of the lateral canals, and in the extracellular substance of the excretory glands.
Natural genetic engineering in evolution

The results of molecular genetics have frequently been difficult to explain by conventional evolutionary theory. New findings about the genetic conservation of protein structure and function across very broad taxonomic boundaries, the mosaic structure of genomes and genetic loci, and the molecular mechanisms of genetic change all point to a view of evolution as involving the rearrangement of basic genetic motifs. A more detailed examination of how living cells restructure their genomes reveals a wide variety of sophisticated biochemical systems responsive to elaborate regulatory networks. In some cases, we know that cells are able to accomplish extensive genome reorganization within one or a few cell generations. The emergence of bacterial antibiotic resistance is a contemporary example of evolutionary change; molecular analysis of this phenomenon has shown that it occurs by the addition and rearrangement of resistance determinants and genetic mobility systems rather than by gradual modification of pre-existing cellular genomes. In addition, bacteria and other organisms have intricate repair systems to prevent genetic change by sporadic physicochemical damage or errors of the replication machinery. In their ensemble, these results show that living cells have (and use) the biochemical apparatus to evolve by a genetic engineering process. Future research will reveal how well the regulatory systems integrate genomic change into basic life processes during evolution.
Bone grafting: Role of histocompatibility in transplantation

The role of histocompatibility matching in bone allografting was studied in two canine bone graft models. In a cancellous ulnar segmental replacement model, frozen bone allografts exchanged between closely matched dogs were significantly better incorporated by radiographic and histologic criteria than were strongly incompatible grafts. Frozen allografts from disparate donors in recipients receiving immunosuppression appeared indistinguishable 6 months later from those in the untreated closely matched groups and from fresh autografts. Fresh vascularized orthotopically placed fibular bone grafts were evaluated by quantitative blood flow assessment, microangiography, and fluorochrome histomorphometry. Revascularized grafts exchanged between untreated closely matched dogs demonstrated preservation of blood flow and a pattern of repair that was delayed but not otherwise different than vascularized autografts. These results suggest that fresh vascularized grafts in the judiciously matched or immunosuppressed recipient offer attractive clinical possibilities.
Fatigue of 60/40 Solder

Plastic strain versus fatigue life data are presented for tests run at -- 50, 35, 125, and 150°C. It was found that these data could be correlated by the Coffin-Manson fatigue law, with an exponent of approximately 0.5 for the tests run at -35°C to 125°C. At 150°C the exponent was reduced to 0.37. These results were obtained for plastic strain limited tests. Different results are obtained when total strain limits are employed. This difference is discussed. The influence of cycling frequency and temperature changes are also discussed. A model is presented which describes the influence of plastic strain and cycling frequency. Corrections to the model predicted fatigue life, which account for temperature changes, cycling waveshape, and joint geometries, are also discussed.
Dendritic Cells and Dysregulated Immunity in the Elderly

Dendritic cells play a central role in generating immunity against foreign antigens and are also crucial in maintenance of tolerance in the periphery and in the mucosa. Chronic inflammation is the underlying cause of most diseases associated with old age. Increased susceptibility to infections particularly of the respiratory mucosa is another characteristic of advancing age. This chapter discusses how the age-associated modifications in dendritic cells functions can account for the above-mentioned aged signatures in particular for humans.
Hypoxia in Tumors: A Paradigm for the Approach to Biochemical and Physiologic Heterogeneity

While the inherent radiosensitivity of tumor cells is likely to affect treatment outcome, the biochemical and physiologic state of the cell may have a major impact. Tumors are likely to be highly heterogeneous for these dynamic properties. Hypoxic cells are radioresistant, requiring two to three times the radiation dose to kill them compared to the same cells in a eu-oxic state. Hypoxia can be of two types: 1) chronic hypoxia, which is diffusion limited, and 2) acute hypoxia, which is perfusion limited. The mechanism of and approaches toward these are different and can serve as a model for other biochemical and physiologic processes that may affect treatment outcome.
Contiguous Genomic DNA Sequence Comprising the 19-kD Zein Gene Family from Maize

A new approach has been undertaken to analyze the sequences and linear organization of the 19-kD zein genes in maize (Zea mays). A high-coverage, large-insert genomic library of the inbred line B73 based on bacterial artificial chromosomes was used to isolate a redundant set of clones containing members of the 19-kD zein gene family, which previously had been estimated to consist of 50 members. The redundant set of clones was used to create bins of overlapping clones that represented five distinct genomic regions. Representative clones containing the entire set of 19-kD zein genes were chosen from each region and sequenced. Seven bacterial artificial chromosome clones yielded 1,160 kb of genomic DNA. Three of them formed a contiguous sequence of 478 kb, the longest contiguous sequenced region of the maize genome. Altogether, these DNA sequences provide the linear organization of 25 19-kD zein genes, one-half the number previously estimated. It is suggested that the difference is because of haplotypes exhibiting different degrees of gene amplification in the zein multigene family. About one-half the genes present in B73 appear to be expressed. Because some active genes have only been duplicated recently, they are so conserved in their sequence that previous cDNA sequence analysis resulted in "unigenes" that were actually derived from different gene copies. This analysis also shows that the 22- and 19-kD zein gene families shared a common ancestor. Although both ancestral genes had the same incremental gene amplification, the 19-kD zein branch exhibited a greater degree of far-distance gene translocations than the 22-kD zein gene family.
Generation of polarization entanglement from a PPKTP parametric downconverter

We have generated polarization-entangled photon pairs from a type-II phase-matched periodically poled KTP parametric downconverter with collinear outputs. Bell's inequality was violated with a value of 2.57 /spl plusmn/ 0.03.
The emerging role of the fibroblast growth factor-23–klotho axis in renal regulation of phosphate homeostasis

Normal mineral ion homeostasis is tightly controlled by numerous endocrine factors that coordinately exert effects on intestine, kidney, and bone to maintain physiological balance. The importance of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23-klotho axis in regulating mineral ion homeostasis has been proposed from recent research observations. Experimental studies suggest that 1) FGF23 is an important in vivo regulator of phosphate homeostasis, 2) FGF23 acts as a counter regulatory hormone to modulate the renal 1alpha-hydroxylase and sodium-phosphate cotransporter activities, 3) there is a trend of interrelationship between FGF23 and parathyroid hormone activities, 4) most of the FGF23 functions are conducted through the activation of FGF receptors, and 5) such receptor activation needs klotho, as a cofactor to generate downstream signaling events. These observations clearly suggest the emerging roles of the FGF23-klotho axis in maintaining mineral ion homeostasis. In this brief article, we will summarize how the FGF23-klotho axis might coordinately regulate normal mineral ion homeostasis, and how their abnormal regulation could severely disrupt such homeostasis to induce disease pathology.
Exhaled breath volatile organic compound biomarkers in lung cancer

There has been an increased focus on the development of non-invasive biomarkers capable of accurately identifying lung cancer early in its course and characterizing the nature of the cancer. Exhaled breath is a non-traditional source of biomarkers. In the following sections I will outline recent developments in the evaluation and management of lung cancer that highlight the need for biomarker development, then summarize the evidence suggesting the potential of exhaled breath volatile organic compound biomarkers to meet this need. I will focus on advances that have taken place since 2008, when this topic was last addressed in the Journal of Breath Research.
Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on substrate utilization and body weight maintenance in humans.

Background/purpose Dietary fat content is a primary factor associated with the increase in global obesity rates. There is a delay in achieving fat balance following exposure to a high-fat (HF) diet (≥ 40 % of total energy from fat) and fat balance is closely linked to energy balance. Exercise has been shown to improve this rate of adaptation to a HF diet. Recently, however, the role of dietary fatty acid composition on energy and macronutrient balance has come into question.
Cost sharing with network coding in two-way relay networks

We consider a scenario in which two sources exchange stochastically varying traffic with the aid of a bidirectional relay that may perform network coding over the incoming packets. Each relay use incurs a unit cost, e.g., transmission energy. This cost is shared between the sources when packets from both are transmitted via network coding; if traffic from a single source is sent, the cost is passed on to only that source. We study transmission policies which trade-off the average cost with the average packet delay. First, we analyze the cost-delay trade-off for a centralized control scheme using Lyapunov stability arguments. We then consider a distributed control scheme, where each source selfishly optimizes its own cost-delay trade-off by playing a non-cooperative game. We determine the Nash equilibrium and show that it performs worse than the centralized algorithm. However, appropriate pricing at the relay achieves the centralized performance. These algorithms require full information of queue backlogs. Next, we relax this assumption and any source makes the transmission decision depending on whether the other sources queue backlog exceeds a threshold, or not. This needs only one bit information exchange and leads to asymptotically optimal cost, as the delay grows. Finally, we consider cost sharing with only local queue information at each source. The results illustrate new cost-delay trade-offs based on different levels of cooperation and queue information availability.
Role of gamma interferon in natural clearance of Bordetella pertussis infection

Using a mouse model of Bordetella pertussis infection, we have analyzed the role of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in bacterial clearance from the respiratory tract. Adult BALB/c mice began to clear a respiratory infection within 3 weeks postinfection, with complete resolution of infection 6 to 8 weeks postinfection. In contrast, neither adult SCID mice (which lack mature B and T lymphocytes) nor adult nude mice (which lack mature T lymphocytes) controlled B. pertussis infection, and both strains died within 3 to 5 weeks postinfection. Short-term T-cell lines generated from the draining lymph nodes of the lungs of infected BALB/c mice were found to be CD4+ and produced IFN-gamma but no detectable interleukin-4. Analyses of IFN-gamma mRNA induction in the lungs of mice following B. pertussis infection showed that in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, IFN-gamma mRNA levels increased sharply by 1 week postinfection and then subsequently declined. Further exploration of a potential role for IFN-gamma demonstrated that infection of adult BALB/c mice depleted of IFN-gamma in vivo with anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibodies resulted in greater numbers of bacteria recovered from the lungs than in infected, control BALB/c mice, although IFN-gamma-depleted mice could subsequently clear the infection. Infection of mice which have a disrupted IFN-gamma gene resulted in bacterial clearance with a time course similar to those seen with IFN-gamma-depleted mice. These results indicate that IFN-gamma plays a role in controlling B. pertussis infection.
Lean manufacturing improvements supercharging direct observation with ethnography

This paper outlines how to drive innovative, practical solutions to advance semiconductor manufacturing by extending the value and impact of direct observation through integration with ethnographic practices.
TNF-α inhibits flow and insulin signaling leading to NO production in aortic endothelial cells

Endothelial cells release nitric oxide (NO) acutely in response to increased “flow” or fluid shear stress (FSS), and the increase in NO production is correlated with enhanced phosphorylation and ac...
Growth of Biaxially Textured CeO2/YSZ/CeO2 and SrTiO3 Buffer Layers on Textured Ni Substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Biaxially textured CeO2/YSZ/CeO2 and SrTiO3 buffer layers have been grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on rolling assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS) made of Ni. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the ω scan, scan of these buffer layers were comparable to the Ni substrates indicating good epitaxial growth on RABiTS. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements showed that these buffer layers were smooth and crack-free. CeO2/YSZ/CeO2/Ni and SrTiO3/Ni buffer layers prepared by this technique can be used as templates for the growth of high-Tc superconductors coated conductors. Unlike CeO2 seed layers, which could be easily epitaxially grown on RABiTS Ni substrates in forming gas, cube-on-cube epitaxial growth of SrTiO3 on RABiTS Ni substrates can be achieved only in a narrow window of deposition temperatures and forming gas pressure.
Political Repression and Economic Doctrines The Case of Argentina

Recent studies linking political repression to free-market economic policy have failed to explain fully the relationship. To uncover important theoretical linkages, this article will examine the principles behind policy and argue that increases in governments' use of force are principally a function of: (1) shifts in economic stabilization doctrines from structuralist to orthodox, which are prompted by severe economic crises, and (2) strengthened alliances between ruling elites and international financial institutions partial to orthodox deflationary strategies. Multiple regression analysis on time-series data from Argentina over a 23-year period provides a strong statistical confirmation for these suppositions, even when holding constant for particular regime types. A historical narrative has been provided to buttress these results by establishing the precise timing and sequence of events that precipitated the use of coercion by state leaders.
Intrauterine contraception in nulliparous women: a prospective survey

Background Intrauterine contraception is a first-line option for young women, yet relatively few prospective studies have been performed in nulliparous women using currently available devices, and many providers are still reluctant to provide this option. Methods Between January 2012 and June 2014, 109 nulliparous women, aged 18–30 years, who had an intrauterine device (IUD) placed at a student health clinic [88 levonorgestrel-intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) users and 21 Cu T 380A (IUD) users] were surveyed at 1, 6, 12 and 18 months after insertion. Results Overall satisfaction was high; at follow-up survey 83% of 100 women (mean use 13.4 months) were ‘happy’ or ‘very happy’ with their IUD, and there were no differences in satisfaction between the two IUD types. Some 75% of participants stated that the insertion procedure went ‘very well’, despite 78% rating insertion pain as moderate to severe, and 46% experiencing vasovagal symptoms. The 12-month continuation rate was 89%, with discontinuations for expulsion (3%), side effects (6%), lack of anticipated benefit (1%) and pregnancy (1%). Users of the Cu T 380A were more likely to have heavy menses (74% vs 2%; p p =0.0002) compared with LNG-IUS users. There were no uterine perforations or diagnoses of pelvic inflammatory disease. The rate of failed insertions during the study period was 6.2%. Conclusions Despite significant symptoms with insertion, intrauterine contraception is safe, effective and ultimately well tolerated in nulliparous women and should be provided to this population in both university and community health settings.
Scalable performance visualization for data-parallel programs

Developing robust techniques for visualizing the performance behavior of parallel programs that can scale in problem size and/or number of processors remains a challenge. We present several performance visualization techniques based on the context of data-parallel programming and execution that demonstrate good visual scalability properties. These techniques are a result of utilizing the structural and distribution semantics of data-parallel programs as well as sophisticated three-dimensional graphics. A categorization and examples of scalable performance visualizations are given for programs, written in Dataparallel C and pC++. >
Plasma Estrogen Levels Are Associated With Severity of Injury and Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Background:Biochemical mediators alter cerebral perfusion and have been implicated in delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and poor outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Estrogens (estrone [E1] and estradiol [E2]) are mediators with neuroprotective properties that could play a role in DCI. This study explored associations between plasma estrogen levels and outcomes following aSAH.Methods:Plasma samples from 1–4, 4–6, and 7–10 days after hemorrhage from 99 adult aSAH patients were analyzed for estrogen levels using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. DCI was operationalized as radiographic/ultrasonic evidence of impaired cerebral blood flow accompanied by neurological deterioration. Outcomes were assessed using the Modified Rankin Scale at 3 and 12 months after hemorrhage. Statistical analysis included correlation, regression, and group-based trajectory.Results:Higher E1 and E2 levels were associated with higher Hunt and Hess grade (E1, p = .01; E2, p = .03), the presence of DCI ...
Preliminary experimental study of SMA knitted actuation architectures

Nature builds an immense set of materials exhibiting a wide range of behaviors using only a small number of basic compounds. The range of materials comes about through architecture, giving functional structure to the basic materials. Analogously, a new genre of actuators can be derived from existing smart materials through architecture. This paper presents a preliminary experimental study of knitted actuation architectures that yield high strains (up to 73%) with moderate forces (tens of Newtons or more) from basic contracting smart material fibers. By different combinations of the two primary knit loops – purl and knit – a variety of behaviors can be achieved including contraction, rolling, spirals, accordions, arching, and any combination of these across the fabric. This paper catalogs several basic knit stitches and their actuated form: garter, stockinette, seed, rib and I-cord. These knitted architectures provide performance tailorability (force, strain, stiffness, and motion) by manipulation of key design parameters such as the material properties of the wire, the geometric parameters (wire diameter, loop size, and gauge), and architectural parameters (stitch type and orientation). This is demonstrated via a quasi-static force-deflection experimental study with several shape memory alloy garter prototypes with varying geometric parameters. While the basic architecture of a knit is simple, it affords a vast array of architectural combinations and control of geometrical and material parameters that generate a myriad of gross motion capabilities beyond that of current day actuation strategies.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
PROSPECTS FOR SKEPTICAL FOUNDATIONALISM

: Properly understood, foundationalism as a meta-epistemic theory is consistent with skepticism. This article outlines five possible points of overlap between the two views, and shows that arguments against foundationalism posited on its inability to refute skepticism are improperly framed.