cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Every day is just kind of weighing my options." Perspectives of young adult cancer survivors dealing with the uncertainty of the COVID-19 global pandemic.

We explored adolescent and young adult cancer survivor (AYA) experiences with COVID-19 to understand the impact of living through a pandemic, unmet needs, and coping strategies. AYAs were recruited nationally, completed an online survey, and attended one of six online focus groups. We used qualitative content analysis to analyze focus group data. Thirty-nine AYAs completed the survey, and 24 also participated in the focus groups. In the survey, AYAs responded that COVID-19 increased anxiety about their health or their family’s health, feelings of isolation, and worries about job security. Overarching focus group themes included AYA behavioral responses to the pandemic similar to their peers, the added burden of cancer, and unexpected advantages of a cancer history. When discussing the added burden of cancer, subthemes included difficulties and delays in medical care, mental health stressors, and compounding uncertainty. Unexpected advantages of a cancer history included relying on coping strategies developed during active treatment and resiliency from practicing social distancing during treatment. AYAs have struggled in the early pandemic in ways similar to their peers but with compounding uncertainty regarding their unknown risk due to cancer history. Healthcare providers and systems can better support AYAs by providing additional psychosocial supports, developing strategies to triage good candidates for telehealth, and providing information about cancer survivor-specific risks for COVID-19. Our findings indicate a need for psychosocial supports that address managing anxiety and uncertainty. AYAs may be able to draw on their cancer experiences to navigate the COVID-19 pandemic.
Self-Esteem: The Capacity for Self-Esteem Regulation

A distinction is made in this chapter between primary self-esteem and reactive self-esteem. A person with a reactive self-esteem has a hypersensitive need to regard the self as exceptionally special and thus superior. A person with a primary self-esteem assumes a pre-reflective, nonjudgmental attitude of acceptance, regard, and valuation toward the self. Such an individual has attained a balance between being and becoming for she or he does not try to be more or less than who she or he truly is. Such a person is well positioned to regulate his or her self-esteem in the face of self-esteem threats. Primary self-esteem or primordial self-love guides the bodily self’s agentic balance-seeking among its lifeworld meaning possibilities and involvements.
Opioid-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations among patients with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders dually enrolled in the Department of Veterans Affairs and Medicare Part D.

Disclaimer In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. Purpose We examined the prevalence of, and factors associated with, serious opioid-related adverse drug events (ORADEs) that led to an emergency department (ED) visit or hospitalization among patients with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and disorders dually enrolled in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Medicare Part D. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we used linked national patient-level data (April 1, 2011, to December 31, 2014) from the VA and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to identify serious ORADEs among dually enrolled veterans with a chronic GI symptom or disorder. Outcome measures included serious ORADEs, defined as an ED visit attributed to an ORADE or a hospitalization where the principal or secondary reason for admission involved an opioid. We used multiple logistic regression models to determine factors independently associated with a serious ORADE. Results We identified 3,430 veterans who had a chronic GI symptom or disorder; were dually enrolled in the VA and Medicare Part D; and had a serious ORADE that led to an ED visit, hospitalization, or both. The period prevalence of having a serious ORADE was 2.4% overall and 4.4% among veterans with chronic opioid use (≥90 consecutive days). Veterans with serious ORADEs were more likely to be less than 40 years old, male, and white and to have chronic abdominal pain, functional GI disorders, chronic pancreatitis, or Crohn's disease. They were also more likely to have used opioids chronically and at higher daily doses. Conclusion There may be a considerable burden of serious ORADEs among patients with chronic GI symptoms and disorders. Future quality improvement efforts should target this vulnerable population.
Facility Validation: Theory, Practice, and Tools

Foreword Introduction THE REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR VALIDATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The Regulatory Requirements of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP's) The Relationship between Validation and the GMP's The Impact of Changing Regulations on the Scope and Extent of Validation The Future for the GMP's THE FUNDAMENTALS AND ESSENTIALS OF VALIDATION Validation Concepts, Definitions and Terminology The Philosophy and Key Principles of Validation Organizing and Planning for Validation The Essential Validation Disciplines THE PRACTICE OF FACILITY VALIDATION A Typical Life Cycle Approach for the Qualification and Validation of a Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Facility TWENTY TOOLS RECOMMENDED FOR FACILITY VALIDATION Common Problems associated with Facility Validation Good Validation Practices GOOD VALIDATION PRACTICES The Benefits of Following Good Validation Practices in Facility Validation Projects The Consequences of Not Following these Good Validation Practices CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Amateurs, Experts, and Regulatory Transformations in American History

This paper explores the role of amateurs and experts in the shift from common-law regulation to agency-centered regulation. It considers the hypothesis which holds that a new generation of social reformers rejected the notion that detecting, apprehending, and prosecuting individual offenders would solve many social problems. Individuals continued to defy laws, of course, but observers increasingly interpreted their behavior through the lens of social science and its promise that society could be re-engineered. To achieve such a sweeping goal, regulators could no longer be amateurs, playing at being the police, but would need to be professionals, armed with the most advanced scientific knowledge. Indeed, the new reform contingent held that members of the old professions (e.g., the police) needed more systematic instruction and administration, and it encouraged those who were entering newer occupations (e.g., social work) to develop standardized methods of supervision, data collection, and worker training. By professionalizing regulation, though, reformers may have marginalized the power and prestige of volunteers, who were increasingly viewed as secondary to the regulatory apparatus.
On the Contribution of the First Transmembrane Domain to Whole-Cell Current through an ATP-Gated Ionotropic P2X Receptor

Scanning cysteine mutagenesis was used to identify potential pore-forming residues in and around the first transmembrane domains of ionotropic P2X2 receptor subunits. Twenty-eight unique cysteine-substituted mutants (R28C-Y55C) were individually expressed in HEK293 cells by lipofection. Twenty-three of these were functional as assayed by application of ATP to transfected voltage-clamped cells. Individual mutants varied in their sensitivity to ATP; otherwise, currents through functional mutant receptors resembled those of the homomeric wild-type (WT) receptor. In five (H33C, R34C, I50C, K53C, and S54C) of 23 functional mutants, coapplication of 30 μmATP and 500 nm Ag+ irreversibly inhibited inward current evoked by subsequent applications of ATP alone. These inhibitions did not result in a lateral shift in the agonist concentration–response curve and are unlikely to involve a modification of the agonist binding site. Two (K53C and S54C) of the five residues modified by Ag+ applied in the presence of ATP when the channels were gating were also modified by 1 mm (2-aminoethyl)methanethiosulfonate applied in the absence of ATP when the channels were closed. These data suggest that domains near either end of the first transmembrane domain influence ion conduction through the pore of the P2X2receptor.
Glomerular capillary endothelial swelling in a pregnant chimpanzee

Abstract An example of glomerular capillary endothelial swelling in a primigravid chimpanzee is reported. This lesion is considered to be nearly pathognomonic for pre-eclampsia-eclampsia in humans, and its occurrence in a pregnant chimpanzee must therefore be given considerable weight despite the lack of confirmatory clinical data. Such a lesion has not been previously described in an animal.
DECREASING SELF‐INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR AND FADING SELF‐RESTRAINT IN A STUDENT WITH AUTISM AND TOURETTE SYNDROME

This clinical case study was conducted with a student diagnosed with autism and Tourette syndrome who displayed severe self-injurious behavior (SIB). Behavioral assessments and observations suggested that the student demonstrated less SIB during a self-restraint, where he wrapped his hands tightly in a large blanket. We used an ABAB design with fading to reduce the size of the blanket to keep rates of SIB low. In addition, we also used a fixed interval reinforcement schedule and extinction during the intervention/restraint phases. Results indicated that the student maintained near-zero rates of SIB for 6 months after use of the blanket was eliminated. Results and implications for practice and future research are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi{classical Limit for Random Walks

Let (G, ,u) be a discrete symmetric random walk on a compact Lie group G with step distribution / and let T, be the associated transition operator on L2(G). The irreducibles Vp of the left regular representation of G on L2(G) are finite dimensional invariant subspaces for T, and the spectrum of T, is the union of the sub-spectra a(T, 1vp) on the irreducibles, which consist of real eigenvalues {Apl, , Ap dim Vp }. Our main result is an asymptotic expansion for the spectral measures dim Vp m(). dim Vp j along rays of representations in a positive Weyl chamber t+, i.e. for sequences of representations kp, k C N with k -oo. As a corollary we obtain some estimates on the spectral radius of the random walk. We also analyse the fine structure of the spectrum for certain random walks on U(n) (for which TM is essentially a direct sum of Harper operators).
Very large vortex calculations in two dimensions

We describe an implementation of Anderson's Method of Local Corrections running on the Cray X-MP multiprocessor with 4 CPUs. We will show how the code was vectorized and parallelized, including dynamic load balancing. We present computational results from very large runs of up to 25702 vortices.
Incremental, instance-based learning of independent and graded concept descriptions

Supervised learning algorithms make several simplifying assumptions concerning the characteristics of the concept descriptions to be learned. For example, concepts are often assumed to (1) be defined with respect to the same set of relevant attributes, (2) be disjoint in instance space, and (3) have uniform instance distributions. While these assumptions constrain the learning task, they unfortunately limit an algorithm's applicability. We describe a supervised, incremental, instance-based learning algorithm (Bloom) that removes these assumptions. Bloom learns relative attribute relevancies independently for each concept, allows instances to be members of any subset of concepts, and represents graded concept descriptions.
The fibrinolytic enzyme system in pregnancy

Abstract The fibrinolytic enzyme system was evaluated from blood from antecubital veins, the inferior vena cava, and the ovarian veins in nonpregnant and pregnant women at term. The systemic fibrinolytic activity was decreased in pregnancy. No difference was found in plasminogen, plasmin, urokinase, and streptokinase inhibitor. In general, the activity was higher in ovarian veins than in the antecubital sample, both in pregnant and nonpregnant patients, which might be attributed to direct drainage from the activator-rich myometrium and Fallopian tubes.
A low-dose triphasic oral contraceptive * †

Controlled clinical investigations of a three-phase, low-dose oral contraceptive combination of levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol were conducted at 17 sites in the United States and 60 sites in the United Kingdom. A day 1 start in cycle one with no backup contraception was used. A total of 3546 female volunteers participated in 35,036 cycles. Medication was missed in 2688 (7.7%) cycles. Nine pregnancies were reported for an uncorrected use-effectiveness rate of 0.33 per 100 woman-years. Cycle control was excellent, bleeding irregularities were minimal, and the incidence of side effects was very low. No clinically significant variations in blood pressure means or weight means were observed. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism studies were limited to 6 months and showed minimal alterations. Subject compliance with the preparation was excellent. It is concluded that this triphasic oral contraceptive with its varying ratios of levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol is an effective, predictable, and well-tolerated combination oral contraceptive.
Controlling lipid bioavailability using emulsion-based delivery systems.

Abstract: This chapter focuses on the development of emulsion-based delivery systems for controlling the bioavailability of lipophilic components, such as triacylglycerols, cholesterol, oil-soluble vitamins and nutraceuticals. The major physicochemical and physiological processes that occur in the mouth, stomach and small intestine that are relevant to understanding how lipid droplets behave in the human gastrointestinal tract are briefly reviewed. The concept of lipid bioavailability and how it is influenced by the molecular properties of food lipids is then discussed. Finally, a number of emulsion-based delivery systems that can potentially be used to control the bioavailability of lipids are presented, including conventional emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, multiple emulsions, multilayer emulsions, and filled hydrogel particles. The preparation, properties and potential applications of each of these systems is discussed.
Diffusion of Impaired Driving Laws Among US States

Objectives. We examined internal and external determinants of state’s adoption of impaired driving laws.Methods. Data included 7 state-level, evidence-based public health laws collected from 1980 to 2010. We used event history analyses to identify predictors of first-time law adoption and subsequent adoption between state pairs. The independent variables were internal state factors, including the political environment, legislative professionalism, government capacity, state resources, legislative history, and policy-specific risk factors. The external factors were neighboring states’ history of law adoption and changes in federal law.Results. We found a strong secular trend toward an increased number of laws over time. The proportion of younger drivers and the presence of a neighboring state with similar laws were the strongest predictors of first-time law adoption. The predictors of subsequent law adoption included neighbor state adoption and previous legislative action. Alcohol laws were negatively asso...
Problems with recall-based attachment style priming paradigms Exclusion criteria, sample bias, and reduced power

Attachment styles are often primed by having participants recall and describe a relationship that is prototypical of a given attachment style. Researchers may exclude participants who cannot recall such a relationship or who describe relationships that do not conform to the assigned prime. I suggest that excluding participants is untenable and may threaten a study’s validity. In the present research, I examine predictors of exclusion from an attachment-priming study. Priming insecure attachment resulted in greater odds of exclusion relative to a control condition. Female participants with greater sexual experience also had lesser odds of exclusion. These results suggest that attachment-priming procedures contribute to participant exclusion that compromise internal and external validity. Discussion focuses on directions for future attachment-priming research.
Phenotypic heterogeneity of the OKM1-positive lymphocyte population: Reactivity of OKM1 monoclonal antibody with a subset of the suppressor/cytotoxic T-cell population

Abstract Upon analysis on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, about 20% of E-rosette-positive cells from normal donors were found to stain with OKM1, a monoclonal antibody reacting primarily with cells of myelomonocytic origin. These OKM1(+) cells are not monocytes since they have small light scatter and are peroxidase negative. They also stain with OKT11 and antibody 9.6, two monoclonal antibodies against an antigen identical to or related to the E receptor. In two-color immunofluorescence experiments, the existence of an OKM1(+) OKT8(+) cell was demonstrated. This was also confirmed with additive staining experiments. This cell type constitutes ~10% of the E-rosette(+) cell population. OKM1 reacts with approximately 33% of OKT8(+) cells. Conversely, 48% of OKM1(+) E-rosette(+) cells are also OKT8(+). The same overlap was found between Leu 2a and OKM1 while no overlap between OKT4 and OKT8 staining cells, or between OKT4 and OKM1 staining cells was detected. The OKM1(+) lymphocyte population was isolated by removing OKT3(+) cells from nylon wool-nonadherent cells: 43 ± 13% of these cells also reacted with Ab 9.6 and 33 ± 10% with OKT8. At least three subpopulations of OKM1(+) lymphoid cells can therefore be identified: one without any T cell marker, one that is E-receptor positive, and one that has, in addition to the E receptor, a definite T-cell marker (OKT8). In addition, OKT8(+) cells can be separated into OKT8(+) OKT3(+) and OKT8(+) OKT3(−) populations. Only the OKT8(+) OKT3(+) population suppresses Ig synthesis in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures.
Androgen content of testis and adrenal of white leghorn cockerels.

Considerable attention has continued to be paid in the last few years to the problem of embryonic secretion of sex hormones, among others by Burns, Jost, Moore, and Raynaud in mammals and by Wolff in birds. A second problem, not necessarily directly related to the first, the time of the first secretion of sex hormones in postembryonic life, has also received the interest of several investigators. In poultry, the studies of Breneman (1941, 1950), Ludwig and Boas (1950), and Breneman and Mason (1951) indicate that androgen secretion in White Leghorn cockerels begins about the 10th day after hatching, if not earlier. This conclusion is based upon comb growth observations and is supported by comb growth curves for the Light Brown Leghorn published by Taber (1949, 1951), who states (1949, p. 251) that “It is generally agreed that the chick testis begins secreting androgen during the first few weeks of age…” In the Rhode Island Red cockerel, comb growth is considerably slower than in the White Leghorn (Breneman...
An Innovative Multiple-Object Image Retrieval Framework Using Hierarchical Region Tree

Inaccurate image segmentation often has a negative impact on object-based image retrieval. Researchers have attempted to alleviate this problem by using hierarchical image representation. However, these attempts suffer from the inefficiency in building the hierarchical image representation and the high computational complexity in matching two hierarchically represented images. This paper presents an innovative multiple-object retrieval framework named Multiple-Object Image Retrieval (MOIR) on the basis of hierarchical image representation. This framework concurrently performs image segmentation and hierarchical tree construction, producing a hierarchical region tree to represent the image. In addition, an efficient hierarchical region tree matching algorithm is designed for multiple-object retrieval with a reasonably low time complexity. The experimental results demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Ernst Cassirer and Contemporary Philosophy of Science

A central problem facing contemporary philosophy of science derives from the publication, and later reception, of Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). In particular, Kuhn a...
INTERFACIAL DEBONDING IN LAMINATED TITANIUM MATRIX COMPOSITES

Abstract The results of an experimental program in which multiaxial loads were applied to [0 4 ] and [±45] s silicon carbide/titanium (SiC/Ti) tubes are reviewed showing that stress coupling, matrix viscoplasticity (including room temperature creep) and fiber/matrix interfacial damage all contribute to nonlinear response and permanent strains in titanium matrix composites (TMC). A micromechanical model that explicitly considers the aforementioned phenomena is presented herein. The model assumes a periodic microstructure and uses finite elements to analyze a representative volume element. The composite is assumed to be in a state of generalized plane strain making it possible to discretize only a generic transverse plane while still being able to apply three-dimensional loading through appropriate boundary conditions. The response of laminated composites is predicted by incorporating the micromechanical results into nonlinear lamination theory. Predictions are presented to show the influence of the model parameters on the effective composite response of unidirectional [0 4 ] and angle-ply [±45] s TMC laminates.
Age-at-death estimation in an Italian historical sample: a test of the Suchey-Brooks and transition analysis methods.

A growing body of research is demon- strating increased accuracy in aging from a relatively new method, transition analysis. Although transition analysis was developed for paleodemographic research, a majority of subsequent studies have been in the forensic arena, with very little work in bioarchaeological contexts. Using the Suchey-Brooks pubic symphysis phases, scored on a target sample of historic Italians from the island of Sardinia, we compare accuracy of aging between transi- tion analysis combined with a Bayesian approach and the standard Suchey-Brooks age ranges. Because of the diffi- culty in identifying a reasonable informative prior for bio- archaeological samples, we also compared results of both an informative prior and a uniform prior for age estima- tion. Published ages-of-transition for the Terry Collection and Balkan genocide victims were used in conjunction with parameters generated from Gompertz hazard models derived from the priors. The ages-of-transi- tion and hazard parameters were utilized to calculate the highest posterior density regions, otherwise known as ''coverages'' or age ranges, for each Suchey-Brooks phase. Each prior, along with the parameters, were input into cu- mulative binomial tests. The results indicate that the Bayesian approach outperformed the Suchey-Brooks tech- nique alone. The Terry Collection surpassed the Balkans as a reasonable sample from which to derive transition analysis parameters. This discrepancy between popula- tions is due to different within phase age-at-death distributions that reflect differences in aging between the populations. These results indicate bioarchaeologists should strive to apply a Bayesian analysis when aging historic and archaeological populations by employing an informative prior. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:259-265, 2012. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temperature‐dependent feature sensitivity analysis for combustion modeling

Sensitivity analysis is one of the most widely used tools in kinetic modeling. Typically, it is performed by perturbing the A-factors of the individual reaction rate coefficients and monitoring the effect of these perturbations on the observables of interest. However, the sensitivity coefficients obtained in this manner do not contain direct information on possible temperature-dependent effects. Yet, in many combustion processes, especially in premixed flames, the system undergoes substantial temperature changes, and the relative importance of individual reaction rates may vary significantly within the flame. An extension of conventional sensitivity analysis developed in the present work provides the means of identifying the temperatures at which individual reaction rate coefficients are most important as a function of input parameters and specific experimental conditions. The obtained information is demonstrated to be of critical relevance in optimizing complex reaction schemes against multiple experimental targets. Applications of the presented approach are not limited to sensitivities with respect to reaction rate coefficients; the method can be used for any temperature-dependent property of interest (such as binary diffusion coefficients). This application is also demonstrated in this paper. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 282–295, 2005
New Approaches for Studying the Permeability of Fish Embryos: Toward Successful Cryopreservation

Abstract This paper describes some new approaches for understanding the permeability of teleost embryos. The dechorionated zebrafish ( Brachydanio rerio ) was used as a model for basic studies of water and cryoprotectant permeability. These embryos are composed of two compartments, a large yolk (surrounded by the yolk syncytial layer) and differentiating blastoderm cells. Cellular water was distributed unequally in each compartment. Measurements indicated that the total water in the embryo was 74%, while the total water in the yolk was 42%, and total water in the blastoderm was 82%. The internal isosmotic value for the zebrafish embryo is unknown. However, for one-compartment modeling studies of membrane permeability, the mean Lp (±SEM) values were 0.022 ± 0.002 to 0.049 ± 0.008 μm × min −1 atm −1 at 40 mOsm (assuming this was one possible internal isosmotic value for the entire embryo) and 0.040 ± 0.004 to 0.1 ± 0.017 μm × min −1 atm −1 at 300 mOsm (assuming this was another possible internal isosmotic value for the entire embryo). When three- and six-somite embryos were placed in 1.5 and 2.0 M cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide and propylene glycol), osmometric measurements of volume changes indicated no cryoprotectant permeation. However, similar measurements with methanol revealed a small volume decrease (ca. 8%) and recovery (ca. 5%) for six-somite embryos in a 2.0 M solution. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the spatial distribution of three cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene glycol, and methanol) demonstrated that only methanol permeated the entire embryo within 15 min. The other cryoprotectants exhibited little or no permeation into the yolk over 2.5 h. The results from MR spectroscopy and cryoprotectant microinjections into the yolk suggested that the yolk syncytial layer plays the critical limiting role for cryoprotectant permeation throughout the embryo.
Rh antigen immunoreactivity after histidine modification.

Abstract 125 I-anti-D IgG and unlabeled blood group allo-antisera in combination with 125 I-protein A were employed in assessing antibody binding to red cells (RBC) treated with histidine reagents. The acylating reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP), the alkylating reagent p -bromophenacyl bromide ( p BPB) and the photosensitizer dye Rose Bengal (RB) were used under conditions that usually result in the selective modification of histidine in isolated proteins. Progressive apparent inactivation of the D antigen in ghost membranes occurred with increasing DEP concns, which was not demonstrably reversible by hydroxylamine since this reagent itself inactivated the D antigen. Exposure of red cells to 5m M pBPB resulted in a 50% decrease in binding of 125 I-anti-D IgG. Photo-oxidation of RBC in the presence of Rose Bengal apparently inactivated all the major Rh antigens as detected either by labeled anti-D IgG binding, IgG agglutinating serological reagents, or the binding of 125 I-labeled protein A following the sensitization of cells with unlabeled antisera. Under conditions of RB treatment, where hemolysis was absent or minimal, 125 I anti-D IgG binding decreased to 38–49% of the level seen in controls. Rose Bengal treatment of Rtr RBC revealed varying inactivation of all the Rh antigens, i.e. D 15%, C89%, c73%, e 54% inactivated, whereas antibody binding activity of the Fy a and Fy b antigens present in the same cell was unaffected. Previous reports as well as the pH profile of anti-D binding have implicated the participation of histidine in Rh antigen expression. Our results are consistent with histidine involvement in Rh activity. Whether Rh antigens have essential histidine(s) involved directly in epitope structure, or instead depend on a critical histidine(s) at the lipid-protein interface that modulates antigen expression remains to be determined.
Effect of suloctidil [1(4-isopropylthiophenyl)-2-n-octylaminopropanol] on human platelets in vitro☆

Abstract Platelets exposed to high concentrations of suloctidil [ 1(4 isopropylthiophenyl)-2-n-octylamino-propanol] in plasma or suspending fluid were sphered and swollen like a blown-up balloon, giving rise to the term “ballooned platelets.” All of the subcellular organelles were altered drastically except for the granules which were well preserved and often concentrated around the periphery at one side of the plasma membrane, especially in platelet-rich plasma. Platelets treated with chlorpromazine showed more severely damaged plasma membrane which seemed unable to retain the well preserved granules. The frequency of platelets showing these distinctive morphological changes increased with increasing concentrations of suloctidil and correlated with percentage loss of [51Cr]sodium chromate which is a cytoplasmic marker. Washed human blood platelets slowly lose their store of preabsorbed serotonin when incubated at 37° with suloctidil in a concentration between 0.06 and 6 μM. No simultaneous loss of other stored compounds (low affinity platelet factor 4 antigen or adenine nucleotides) was observed. At higher concentrations of suloctidil (20–60 μM in the absence of soluble proteins), a fast loss of cytoplasmic material was observed while the contents of the storage granules were partially retained. High suloctidil concentrations caused a drop in metabolic ATP, accumulation of IMP and loss of conversion to inosine and hypoxanthine. By addition of soluble protein to the incubation mixture or performance of the experiments in plasma medium, the necessary concentrations of suloctidil to obtain a similar effect had to be increased by a factor of 10. Suloctidil at a 6 μM concentration exerted a membrane-stabilizing effect on human erythrocytes while 20 μM caused increased and 60 μM complete hemolysis. The drug thus interferes with the stability of the plasma membrane in a biphasic way: it stabilizes at a low concentration and disrupts at a higher concentration so that it can be characterized as a surface-active agent and it causes a slow specific loss of biogenic amines from storage granules while increasing the retention of other stored compounds
ATP-Stimulated Degradation of Oxidatively Modified Superoxide Dismutase by Cathepsin D in Cardiac Tissue Extracts

Proteins modified by oxidants are rapidly degraded by intracellular proteases. Oxidatively modified superoxide dismutase (Ox-SOD) was degraded 2-8 times faster at both acidic and alkaline pH than the native protein in bovine cardiac tissue extracts. At acidic pH, Ox-SOD hydrolysis was stimulated by ATP and by non-hydrolyzable ATP analogs by up to 50%, but degradation was not stimulated by ATP at alkaline pH. The aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin completely inhibited the acid Ox-SOD hydrolyzing activity and its stimulation by ATP. This activity eluted from gel filtration with a molecular size of 34-48 kDa and contained the single chain and two mature forms of cathepsin D. Purified cathepsin D degraded Ox-SOD and ATP enhanced the affinity of cathepsin D for oxidatively modified proteins. Thus cardiac tissue proteins modified by oxidants may be substrates for the lysosomal protease cathepsin D.
Abnormal excitatory amino acid metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Recently, the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate was implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of chronic degenerative neurological diseases in humans and animals. This report describes abnormalities in excitatory amino acids in the central nervous system of 18 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The concentration of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate in the cerebrospinal fluid were increased significantly (p less than 0.01) by 100 to 200% in patients with ALS. Similarly, the concentrations of the excitatory neuropeptide N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamate and its metabolite, N-acetyl-aspartate, were elevated twofold to threefold in the cerebrospinal fluid from the patients. There was no relationship between amino acid concentrations and duration of disease, clinical impairment, or patient age. In the ventral horns of the cervical region of the spinal cord, the level of N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamate and N-acetyl-aspartate was decreased by 60% (p less than 0.05) and 40% (p less than 0.05), respectively, in 8 patients with ALS. Choline acetyltransferase activity was also diminished by 35% in the ventral horn consistent with motor neuron loss. We conclude that excitatory amino acid metabolism is altered in patients with ALS. Based on neurodegenerative disease models, these changes may play a role in motor neuron loss in ALS.
Sex differences in the vertebral column of gombe chimpanzees

Male and female chimpanzees from Gombe National Park, Tanzania (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) differ in live body weights but not in cranial capacity or fore-and hindlimb long bone lengths. Skeletal dimensions of the limbs and vertebral column indicate a mosaic of sex differences. Vertebral column measurements generally are greater in males. While linear measurements identify differences in the breadth and depth of the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae, areal assessments show significant differences in weight-bearing surfaces throughout the thoracic and lumbar segments. These can be interpreted in terms of distribution of weight and body composition (i.e. amount of musculature).
What did the Viking discoverers of America know of the North Atlantic Environment

In discovering and colonizing Iceland, Greenland and Atlantic Canada, Norse explorers displayed remarkable resilience to the harsh North Atlantic environment 500 years before Columbus reached the New World. Given such widespread exploration of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean and such close exposure to the environment, it is interesting to speculate about Norse knowledge of oceanography, meteorology and climate. Is it possible that they possessed a relatively advanced knowledge of their environment, albeit without any basic understanding? This article addresses this question. Leif Eriksson’s arrival in Newfoundland in AD1000 marked the culmination of Viking expansion west from Scandinavia that began two centuries before (Figure 1). The early eighth- and ninth-century voyages from the homeland fjords of south-west Norway left permanent Viking settlements in northern France and the British Isles. Settlers arrived in the Faeroe Islands around AD825 and reached Iceland by around AD870; the oldest archaeological remains there lie immediately above the tephra from the large AD871 volcanic eruption of the Vatnaoldur fissure in southern Iceland. These farmers established permanent settlements that survived to the modern era. Colonial occupation of south-west Greenland began in AD985 when Erik the Red Thorvaldsson led an expedition of 25 ships from Iceland to the vast new territory he had optimistically named himself. The total population of the two primary Greenland settlements peaked at a few thousand, but eventually disappeared in the fifteenth century and European knowledge of their
Attenuation of acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in mice by inhibition of Rho-kinase.

RhoA GTPase mediates a variety of cellular responses, including activation of the contractile apparatus, growth, and gene expression. Acute hypoxia activates RhoA and, in turn, its downstream effec...
Biodehalogenation: Rapid oxidative metabolism of mono‐ and polyhalomethanes by Methylosinus trichosporium OB‐3b

Resting cells of Methylosinus trichosporium OB-3b grown in the absence of copper salts rapidly oxidize mono- and polyhalomethanes. The order of reactivity of the series is CH3X > CH2X2 ≥ CHX3 (X = CI, Br). Based on halide ion release, the half-life for methyl bromide and methyl chloride is 9.4 min with a cell density of 0.1 g/ml. The dihalomethanes and bromo-form react at the same rate and half as rapidly as the methyl halides. Chloroform is converted to carbon dioxide at one-fourth the methyl halide rate (t1/2 = 38 min). No isotope effect was observed with either deuteromethylene chloride or deuterochloro-form (CD2Cl2, CDCl3). In all cases, the dehalogenation chemically follows an oxygen insertion into the CH bond, and the final product is carbon dioxide (HCO3−). All reactions are inhibited by acetylene, establishing methane monooxygenase as the responsible enzyme. Incubations with 13CHCl3, 13CH2Br2, and 13CH3Br and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of reaction mixtures showed the first hydrolytically stable products from CHCl3 (HCO3−) and CH2Br2 (CO), but neither formaldehyde nor formate could be detected as intermediates with methyl bromide by this method. The oxidative destruction of halo-methanes by this methylotroph is rapid and not very sensitive to structure.
Category Interference in Translation and Picture Naming: Evidence for Asymmetric Connections Between Bilingual Memory Representations

Abstract Three experiments are reported in which picture naming and bilingual translation were performed in the context of semantically categorized or randomized lists. In Experiments 1 and 3 picture naming and bilingual translation were slower in the categorized than randomized conditions. In Experiment 2 this category interference effect in picture naming was eliminated when picture naming alternated with word naming. Taken together, the results of the three experiments suggest that in both picture naming and bilingual translation a conceptual representation of the word or picture is used to retrieve a lexical entry in one of the speaker′s languages. When conceptual activity is sufficiently great to activate a multiple set of corresponding lexical representations, interference is produced in the process of retrieving a single best lexical candidate as the name or translation. The results of Experiment 3 showed further that category interference in bilingual translation occurred only when translation was performed from the first language to the second language, suggesting that the two directions of translation engage different interlanguage connections. A model to account for the asymmetric mappings of words to concepts in bilingual memory is described.
Probing Surfaces With The Atomic Force Microscope

The Atomic Force Microscope can resolve features on conducting or nonconducting surfaces down to the atomic level. The heights of features are recorded as a sharp tip scans over the surface in parallel scans. The interaction between the tip and the surface is the interaction potential between atoms. Individual carbon atoms separated by 0.146 nm have been resolved on graphite. Ordered structure on the "native" oxide of silicon has been observed. Rows of molecules that are separated by 0.5 nm have been resolved in an organic monolayer. The key to the operation of an AFM is the development of a system for sensing tracking forces that are small enough to avoid damaging the surface. The images in this report were obtained by sensing with electron tunneling the deflection 1 - 10 nm) of springs (k 0.1 - 100 N/m) fabricated from silicon oxide or fine wires.
After Einstein: Scientific genius is extinct.

Dean Keith Simonton fears that surprising originality in the natural sciences is a thing of the past, as vast teams finesse knowledge rather than create disciplines.
Book Review: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America: Techniques in Facial Plastic Surgery: Discussion and Debate, Part 2

Fred Fedok, Robert Kellman, eds. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America: Techniques in Facial Plastic Surgery: Discussion and Debate, Part 2. New York: Elsevier, 2013. ISBN-10: 1455738603 Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America , like most of the Clinics series, is typically a collection of reviews created by experts in the field, as selected by the series editors. The current issue, however, piqued my interest as its title suggested something a bit different: Techniques in Facial Plastic Surgery: Discussion and Debate, Part 2 . Looking through the text, I immediately noted that the format was atypical. Only 6 chapters are listed, but each includes contributions from several of my colleagues who are well published in the area to be discussed. As the preface states, the goal of this issue is not simply to provide a single-author review of a given subject area. Rather, the goal is to simulate “the most sought after and popular aspect of a live meeting—the panel discussion.” My impression is that the editors have succeeded in this regard. The main strength of this book is the concept of creating a “panel discussion” in text form. The chapter topics are chemical peels, rhinoplasty, revision rhinoplasty, lower blepharoplasty, midface lift, and distraction osteogenesis. As this is noted to be Part 2, presumably some of the other hot …
Local structure of composite Cr-containing diamond-like carbon thin films

Composite Cr-containing hydrogenated amorphous diamond-like carbon (Cr-DLC) films were synthesized by a hybrid PVD/CVD plasma-assisted deposition process. In a recent study, it was found that Cr-DLC films with 1.5 at.%), Cr is present as nanoparticles (<10 nm) of a defected carbide structure forming a nanocomposite.
Automated metabolic profiling analysis of urinary steroids by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry data system

A computer system (MSSMET), using methylene unit retention indices for an off-line reverse library search analysis of selected ion chromatograms from gas-liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric data, has been applied for the qualitative and quantitative determination of daily variations in the excreted levels of urinary steroids of two individuals, using capillary column gas-liquid chromatography. Aliquots of 24 h urine collections and morning spot urine samples were examined. The daily excretion pattern of most of the major steroid metabolites was fairly consistent from day to day (i.e. 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstane-17-one, androsterone; 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17-one, etiocheolanolone; 3 alpha, 17 alpha, 21-trihydroxy-5 beta-pregnane-11,20-dione, THE; 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17 alpha, 21-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-pregnane-20-one, THF; 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17 alpha, 21-tetrahydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane-20-one; allo-THF; 3 alpha, 17 alpha, 20 alpha, 21-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-pregnane-11-one, cortolone; 3 alpha, 17 alpha, 20 beta, 21-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-pregnane-11-one, beta-cortolone; 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha, 11 beta,17 alpha,20 alpha,21-pentol, cortol; 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha, 11 beta, 17 alpha, 20 beta, 21-pentol, beta-cortol), while certain other steroid metabolites had a less consistent excretion pattern (3 beta-hydroxy-5-androstene-17-one, for example). Advantages and disadvantages of using capillary columns for the automated metabolic profile analysis of urinary steroids by reverse library search of selected mass chromatograms.
Differential regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in anterior and intermediate lobes of pituitary and in brain following adrenalectomy in rats

The effects of adrenalectomy on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors in anterior and intermediate lobes of rat pituitary and in forebrain were examined using in vitro autoradiography with the radioiodinated analogue of ovine CRF, Nle21, [125I]Tyr32-CRF. The concentration of CRF receptors in the anterior pituitary was significantly reduced at 4 days and remained decreased at 9 weeks after adrenalectomy. In contrast, adrenalectomy did not alter CRF receptors in the intermediate lobe or in a variety of forebrain regions. The adrenalectomy-induced change in CRF receptors in the anterior pituitary was completely reversed by glucocorticoid replacement with dexamethasone. These data indicate that endogenous CRF is capable of modulating its receptor density in the anterior pituitary and suggest that different sources of CRF or other factors may be important in regulating intermediate lobe hormone secretion and neuronal activity in brain.
Steady shear flow of non-Newtonian fluids

In recent years, considerable effort has been expended in attempting to gain an understanding of the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids in shear. MARKOVITZ [1] recently attempted to collect and organize experimental data and to compare it with predictions of existing theories. One difficulty is that conclusions which can be drawn from different types of experiments seem to disagree. Theoretical work on the steady flow of non-Newtonian fluids has brought to light a new phenomenon. According to the linear theory of viscous fluids, it is always possible for a fluid flowing through a cylindrical tube, to which it adheres, to undergo steady rectilinear motion, each particle moving with constant speed in a straight line parallel to the generators of the cylinder. Analyses made by ERICKSEN [2] and by GREEN • RIVLm [31 show that, for many ideal fluids described by the REINER [41 -RIVLIN [5] theory, this simple type of motion is possible only for very special shapes of tubes and that, in general, it is replaced by a flow consisting of such a rectilinear motion combined with a secondary flow in cross-sectional planes. Using the more general theory of fluids proposed by RIVLIN & ERICKSEN [61, LANGLOIS [7] has obtained solutions involving secondary flows in tubes and other types of "boundary geometries. As has been discussed by RIVLIN [8], similar secondary flows have been observed in the mean flow of fluids through non-circular tubes when the motion is turbulent. To our knowledge, it is not known whether secondary flows occur in the steady flow of any real fluid through tubes. Our analysis indicates that, if the conclusions which ROBERTS [9] drew from his experiments ai-e correct, the fluids which he observed should be capable of undergoing rectilinear motionthrough tubes of any shape. MARKOVITZ [11 draws self-consistent conclusions from other experimental data which contradict some of ROBERTS' conclusions. Calculations made in accordance with these conclusions suggest that secondary flows are to be expected in some shapes of tubes. We offer a partial proof that if secondary flows do not occur in elliptical tubes, they will not occur in tubes of any other shape.
The effects of order of questions on reported alcohol consumption

This research note draws upon the US National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience among youths aged 17-24 to report the effects of variation in the ordering of alcohol questions upon the prevalence of heavier drinking. A secondary analysis of the NLS indicated a substantial decrease in the prevalence of heavier drinking between 1984 and 1985 which is attributed to the order of presentation of two differently styled questions regarding heavier drinking. Language: en