cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of mastitis on organic and conventional dairy farms

This paper compares management of mastitis on organic dairy farms with that on conventional dairy farms. National standards for organic production vary by country. In the United States, usage of antimicrobials to treat dairy cattle results in permanent loss of organic status of the animal, effectively limiting treatment choices for animals experiencing bacterial diseases. There are no products approved by the US Food and Drug Administration that can be used for treatment of mastitis on organic dairy farms, and usage of unapproved products is contrary to Food and Drug Administration guidelines. In general, organic dairy farms tend to be smaller, produce less, and more likely to be housed and milked in traditional barns as compared with conventionally managed herds. It is difficult to compare disease rates between herds managed conventionally or organically because perception and detection of disease is influenced by management system. To date, no studies have been published with the defined objective of comparing animal health on organic dairy herds with that on conventional dairy herds in the United States. European studies have not documented significant differences in animal health based on adoption of organic management. Few differences in bulk tank somatic cell counts have been identified between organic and conventional herds. Farmers that have adopted organic management consistently report fewer cases of clinical mastitis, but organic farmers do not use the same criteria to detect clinical mastitis. European dairy farmers that adopt organic management report use of a variety of conventional and alternative therapies for treatment and control of mastitis. In the United States, organic farmers treat clinical mastitis using a variety of alternative therapies including whey-based products, botanicals, vitamin supplements, and homeopathy. Organic farmers in the United States use a variety of alternative products to treat cows at dry-off. Virtually no data are available that support the clinical efficacy of any of the alternative veterinary products used for treatment or prevention of mastitis. Some associations between organic management and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-positive mastitis pathogens have been noted, but overall, few mastitis pathogens from both conventional and organic dairy herds demonstrate resistance to antibiotics commonly used for mastitis control.
Associative symmetry and recall latencies: A distinction between learning and performance

Abstract Two experiments are described in which Ss recalled single- or double-function paired associates forward and then backward, or vice versa. The results of both are consistent with the hypothesis that the speed with which a verbal item will be recalled in response to a given cue depends on the number of times it has been evoked by that cue and not simply on its general availability as a response.
Detecting Perceiver Expectancies: The Role of Perceiver Distraction in Spontaneously Triggering Identity Negotiation

To examine whether social interaction processes can trigger naturally-occurring identity negotiation, the current research manipulated perceiver distraction and valence of perceivers' expectations about targets. Nondistracted perceivers corrected their behaviors and impressions for the influence of their expectancies. Distracted perceivers corrected their overt information-gathering behaviors, but appeared to exhibit their biases in subtle ways. Targets detected distracted perceivers' negative expectancies, and showed signs of engaging in identity negotiation processes by behaving contrary to their perceivers' expectancies. The results suggest that distraction may facilitate the emergence of subtle expectancy-biased perceiver behaviors, and may trigger targets to intuitively engage in identity negotiation processes.
S-100 proteins in trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration in the rat hippocampus. An immunochemical and immunocytochemical study.

After acute trimethyltin (TMT) intoxication (21 d after a single ip injection at a dose of 8 mg/kg) the histological, immunohistochemical, and immunochemical investigation of adult rat hippocampus showed a distinct pattern of neuronal loss, and an increase in both glial fibrillary acidic protein- (GFAP) immunoreactive cells and GFAP concentration, as expected. S-100-immunoreactive cells also increased markedly, whereas the concentration of S-100 increased even more than that of GFAP. The data show that S-100 is an index of glial reaction to damage after TMT intoxication and suggest the potential usefulness of exploring the possibility that it may play a role in induced neurodegenerative processes.
Evaluating the Multivariate Beta Binomial Distribution for Estimating Magazine and Internet Exposure Frequency Distributions

This study introduces a newly developed media exposure model, called the Multivariate Beta Binomial Distribution (MBD) Model. The MBD Model is developed based on three probability theories—Hyett's ...
Classification of Analytical Methods

The ideal analytical method is one which has been thoroughly evaluated, collaboratively tested by a number of laboratories, and established by long usage. The development of such procedures is time consuming and expensive. However, a classification scheme which recognizes that methods may be used which have not been fully evaluated or collaboratively tested is useful. A scheme with five classes which has been applied to NIOSH analytical methods is presented. It recognizes that many analytical methods have been developed, that other agencies and organizations have examined the literature and published methods, and that unproved or suggested method may be the only information available.
HYPOTHYROIDISM IN CHILDHOOD. III. THE EFFECT OF WITHDRAWAL OF THYROID THERAPY UPON THE SFRUM CHOLESTEROL. RELATIONSHIP OF CHOLESTEROL, BASAL METABOLIC RATE, WEIGHT AND CLINICAL SYMPTOMS1

THE WRITERS have reported in a previous paper (1) that the concentration of the serum cholesterol of hypothyroid children whom they studied before treatment varied from 145 mg.% to 660 mg.%, whereas in normal children it varied from 96 to 308 mg.%. These ranges overlap. A very high cholesterol concentration is suggestive of hypothyroidism in the absence of nephrosis, diabetes or liver disease. A low serum cholesterol before treat’ ment does not” necessarily exclude hypothyroidism. Bronstein (2) 1933, in a study of hypothyroid children, mentioned that when thyroid treatment was discontinued, the serum cholesterol rose and that the rise was of diagnostic value. In 1934, Dr. Robert Goodkind (3), while making psychiatric studies of the results of treatment in hypothyroid children, at the Harriet Lane Home, discontinued thyroid for thepurpose of establishing a diagnosis by observing a return of clinical symptoms. During periods of one to three months after omitting thyroid, he made observations on the basal me...
IMP 8 observations of a poleward plasma circulation: Evidence of entry into the plasma mantle?

Plasma data from IMP 8 are used to map the spatial structure of plasma flow in Earth's magnetosheath. Plasma and magnetic field data from instruments on ISEE-3 and WIND are used to normalize the IMP 8 magnetosheath data to upstream solar wind conditions. For the majority of the data, the magnitude and direction of plasma flow inside the magnetosheath agree well with gas-dynamic models. About 8% of the ISEE-3-normalized velocity vectors and 3% of the WIND-normalized velocity vectors exhibit a poleward circulation in the YZ plane. The observed circulation is consistent with predictions for flow within the plasma mantle. The occurrence frequency of these poleward flows increases further down the tail, consistent with predictions that the mantle width increases tailward. Densities are lower where this flow is observed, consistent with expectations for the plasma mantle, but temperatures are higher and the magnetic field magnitudes lower, the opposite of theoretical expectations.
Compact neutron generator driven with high-voltage piezoelectric transformer

Summary form only given. A lithium niobate piezoelectric transformer was used to generate neutrons using a deuterium-deuterium (D-D) nuclear reaction. Deuterium gas was flowed into a vacuum chamber at pressures between 10−4 and 10−3 Torr. The deuterium gas was ionized and electric fields generated by the transformer accelerated deuterons into a grounded, deuterium impregnated target. A suite of diagnostics, including a bremsstrahlung x-ray measurement, electrooptic probe, and helium-3 neutron detector were used to evaluate the generator voltage, electric fields, and neutron production rates.
Analysis of mammography reports using maximum variation sampling

A genetic algorithm (GA) was developed to implement a maximum variation sampling technique to derive a subset of data from a large dataset of unstructured mammography reports. It is well known that a genetic algorithm performs very well for large search spaces and is easily scalable to the size of the data set. In mammography, much effort has been expended to characterize findings in the radiology reports. Existing computer-assisted technologies for mammography are based on machine-learning algorithms that must learn against a training set with known pathologies in order to further refine the algorithms with higher validity of truth. In a large database of reports and corresponding images, automated tools are needed just to determine which data to include in the training set. This work presents preliminary results showing the use of a GA for finding abnormal reports without a training set. The underlying premise is that abnormal reports should consist of unusual or rare words, thereby making the reports very dissimilar in comparison to other reports. A genetic algorithm was developed to test this hypothesis, and preliminary results show that most abnormal reports in a test set are found and can be adequately differentiated.
Phytochemical Investigation of a Rubiaceae, Galium triflorum

The phytochemical investigation of a northwest herb, Galium triflorum, is presented including a study of the physical and chemical properties and methods of isolation of asperuloside, a glucoside common to many members of the Rubiaceae. The hypotensive effects of asperuloside and an aqueous extract of the plant were tested pharmacologically. The results obtained are presented.
Evaluation of Karhunen–Loève, Spectral, and Sampling Representations for Stochastic Processes

The Karhunen–Loeve, spectral, and sampling representations, referred to as the KL, SP, and SA representations, are defined and some features/limitations of KL-, SP-, and SA-based approximations commonly used in applications are stated. Three test applications are used to evaluate these approximate representations. The test applications include (1) models for non-Gaussian processes; (2) Monte Carlo algorithms for generating samples of Gaussian and non-Gaussian processes; and (3) approximate solutions for random vibration problems with deterministic and uncertain system parameters. Conditions are established for the convergence of the solutions of some random vibration problems corresponding to KL, SP, and SA approximate representations of the input to these problems. It is also shown that the KL and SP representations coincide for weakly stationary processes.
Combining web technology and mobile phones to enhance English literacy in underserved communities

Despite the importance of literacy to most aspects of life, underserved communities continue to suffer from low literacy rates; especially for globally prevalent languages such as English. This is particularly problematic since English literacy is an important skill for increased access to income generation and higher education opportunities in these communities. Teaching English in underserved communities can be challenging due to a variety of obstacles. In this paper we report on our work with a primary school in Tanzania, with migrant workers in Doha, and with a school for the deaf in the USA to address some of these challenges using web technology and mobile phones. We developed a web-accessible content authoring tool that teachers can use to create and modify English grammar exercises, and a simple game that students use on a mobile phone to practice the content uploaded from the authoring tool. Our solution is primarily intended to increase the motivation for practicing English grammar among students, and thereby enhance English literacy in underserved communities. Feedback from teachers and students in all of our field studies indicate this solution is affordable and has significant potential to enhance the English classroom and homework experience.
Floating Grains in the HDC Casting 7075 Aluminum Alloy Ingot

7075 aluminum alloy ingot with the diameters of 100 mm was produced by Horizontal Direct-Chill (HDC). The temperature in the melt was measured and the ingots were examined in detail with the aim to reveal the floating grains in the HDC ingot. Experimental results show that very large floating grains with coarse dendrite arm spacing (DAS) mainly concentrate in the half-moon area near bottom surface of the HDC casting ingot, under the function of gravity. The floating grains in the HDC casting process is much bigger than that founded in Vertical Direct-Chill (VDC) casting process.
A behavioural ecological approach to a proposed middle Holocene occupational gap

Relative to other periods, there are very few recorded sites of middle Holocene age in Mendoza Province, Argentina. This analysis weighs the preliminary results of a regional study in Mendoza against three possible explanations for the small number of middle Holocene sites: poor visibility, reduced population density and behavioural adaptation. While changes in visibility and population density cannot be dismissed, evidence suggests that the scarcity of mid-Holocene sites in Mendoza reflects changed patterns of land and resource use triggered by climate change. Archaeological data from the region fit the predictions of Charnov's marginal value theorem and a cost-benefit model of lithic procurement, and suggest that hunter-gatherer groups curtailed their mobility during the middle Holocene, producing a more cryptic archaeological record.
Precursors to College Student Burnout: Developing a Typology of Understanding

Burnout plays a fundamental role in students' lives. Although research has examined important themes and topics associated with the learning process (e.g., teacher behaviors), additional research is needed that explores how students influence their own learning. This study presents the results of a survey examining the precipitators of student burnout. More than 350 students were surveyed to access students' perceptions of what constitutes burnout as well as the extent to which burnout exists in their lives. A constant comparison method was employed to analyze students' comments, and five categories of antecedent conditions emerged: assignment overload, outside influences, lack of personal motivation, mental and physical health, and instructor attitude and behavior). Interpretations of findings in this study are discussed.
The effect of postweld heat treatment on gas tungsten arc welded gamma titanium aluminide

Abstract Postweld heat treated (postweld heat treatment, PWHT) structures of gamma titanium aluminides were analyzed by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. It was found that PWHT promotes the formation of the γ phase. This microstructural change resulted in the reduction of the fusion zone microhardness mainly due to the reduction of the hard, brittle α2 phase.
Synthesis and oxygen stoichiometry of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 + x

Abstract Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 + x (2212) was synthesized from freeze-dried precursors. The oxygen content of 2212 was determined as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure and the variation of Tc with oxygen content was determined. It was found that 2212 without excess oxygen (x = 0) is superconducting. This points to the role of the (Bi-O)∞ layers as a source for holes in 2212. It was also found that samples of 2212 with the same oxygen content had different Tc's depending on the thermal history. This difference in Tc is thought to arise from oxygen occupying different sites in the lattice while maintaining the same total oxygen content.
Convective heat transfer in a convergent- divergent nozzle

Convective heat transfer investigated for turbulent boundary layer flow through cooled convergent-divergent nozzle
Local discriminative learning for pattern recognition

Abstract Local discriminative learning methods approximate a target function (a posteriori class probability function) directly by partitioning the feature space into a set of local regions, and appropriately modeling a simple input–output relationship (function) in each one. This paper presents a new method for judiciously partitioning the input feature space in order to accurately represent the target function. The method accomplishes this by approximating not only the target function itself but also its derivatives. As such, the method partitions the input feature space along those dimensions for which the class probability function changes most rapidly, thus minimizing bias. The efficacy of the method is validated using a variety of simulated and real-world data.
Optimization of Coronary Blood Flow During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

In order to improve coronary blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it is necessary to increase the aortic-right atrial pressure gradient. In the closed cardiovascular system, this gradient should be primarily determined by the level of cardiac output. Alternating simultaneous compression and decompression of the thorax and abdomen should result in improved cardiac output and coronary blood flow over present methods. Based on computer simulation results, this previously untried method was found to improve coronary flow three times the level predicted for standard CPR. Other recently proposed CPR strategies were also evaluated but resulted in significantly lower coronary perfusion levels. In all cases, coronary blood flow varied directly with cardiac output. The use of simultaneous compression and decompression appears to be a promising CPR procedure which warrants further consideration.
Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR pneumonia.

Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TW AR is a newly recognized third species of Chlamydia. It is an important cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and other acute respiratory infections. It is a human pathogen transmitted by the respiratory route. Successful antibiotic treatment with tetracycline or erythromycin requires high dosage and a prolonged course. PNEUMONIA RATES About one in a hundred persons in the United States suffers from pneu­ monia annually. From 1963 to 1975 we monitored the incidence ofpneu­ monia in the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, a prepaid coop­ erative medical plan with an average enrollment of 125,000 persons over that time. The incidence of pneumonia for all ages and all causes varied from 7 to 17 (average 12) per 1,000 per year. About 45% of the 15,000 persons with pneumonia were studied for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infec­ tion, by isolation of the organism and/or serology. Overall 15% had M. pneumoniae infection, or a rate of 1.8 per 1,000 per year (1). Recently, we have retrospectively studied paired serum from 2,000 of the pneumonia patients, stratified by year, age, and sex. We found evidence of acute TWAR infection in 8%, an incidence rate of 1.0 per 1,000 per year. We believe the 8% is an underestimate because many convalescent sera were obtained at a shorter interval than is ideal to show TW AR infection.
Implications of Common Core State Standards on the Social Studies

Abstract Social studies teachers have often been on the outside looking in during much of the era billed as the standards-based educational reform (SBER), but with the adoption and implementation of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), social studies teachers seem to have been invited back inside. Yet, how will the standards impact social studies teachers' instructional practices? The article attempts to address those issues, while also briefly describing the history of the SBER, and the state of social studies education.
Integration of Noninvasive DNA Testing for Aneuploidy into Prenatal Care: What Has Happened Since the Rubber Met the Road?

Background: Over the past 2 years, noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT), which uses massively parallel sequencing to align and count DNA fragments floating in the plasma of pregnant women, has become integrated into prenatal care. Professional societies currently recommend offering NIPT as an advanced screen to pregnant women at high risk for fetal aneuploidy, reserving invasive diagnostic procedures for those at the very highest risk. Content: In this review, we summarize the available information on autosomal and sex chromosome aneuploidy detection. Clinical performance in CLIA-certified, College of American Pathology–accredited laboratories appears to be equivalent to prior clinical validation studies, with high sensitivities and specificities and very high negative predictive values. The main impact on clinical care has been a reduction in invasive procedures. Test accuracy is affected by the fetal fraction, the percentage of fetal DNA in the total amount of circulating cell-free DNA. Fetal fraction is in turn affected by maternal body mass index, gestational age, type of aneuploidy, singleton vs multiples, and mosaicism. Three studies comparing NIPT to serum or combined screening for autosomal aneuploidy all show that NIPT has significantly lower false-positive rates (approximately 0.1%), even in all-risk populations. A significant number of the discordant positive cases have underlying biological reasons, including confined placental mosaicism, maternal mosaicism, cotwin demise, or maternal malignancy. Summary: NIPT performs well as an advanced screen for whole chromosome aneuploidy. Economic considerations will likely dictate whether its use can be expanded to all risk populations and whether it can be applied routinely for the detection of subchromosome abnormalities.
Contrasting breathing retraining and helium-oxygen during pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: a randomized clinical trial.

Summary Background Breathing-retraining and helium–oxygen (heliox) have been used to improve exercise tolerance in COPD. We hypothesized that, in patients with COPD, exercise duration after exercise-training plus breathing-retraining and oxygen would be longer than after exercise-training plus heliox or after exercise-training plus oxygen alone. We also explored the short-term maintenance of gains in exercise duration after using each technique. Methods Of 192 COPD patients recruited, 103 were randomly assigned to exercise-training plus heliox ( n = 33), exercise-training plus breathing-retraining and oxygen ( n = 35) and exercise-training and oxygen ( n = 35). FiO 2 was 0.30 during testing and training in all groups. Patients exercised on a treadmill thrice-weekly for eight weeks. Before, at completion of training, and six-weeks later, patients underwent constant-load treadmill testing. Results At completion of training, improvements in exercise duration in the heliox and breathing-retraining groups were not significantly different. Compared to the exercise-training plus oxygen group, exercise duration improved more in the breathing-retraining group ( P = 0.008) but not in the heliox group ( P = 0.142). Hyperinflation was reduced with breathing-retraining plus oxygen compared to the other two groups. Six-weeks later, improvements in exercise duration were still greater with breathing-retraining than with exercise-training ( P = 0.015). In contrast, improvements in exercise duration with heliox did not differ from those in the other two groups. Conclusions In moderate-to-severe COPD, exercise-training combined with either heliox or with breathing-retraining yielded not significantly different improvements in exercise duration – with only the latter being superior to exercise-training. Six-weeks after training, these improvements were still greater after exercise-training plus breathing-retraining than after exercise-training. Trial registry ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00123422.
Genetics of alcoholism.

One observation is relatively certain: Alcoholism runs in families. Medical experts seem to agree on this point more than any other. Any given alcoholic has a 50% chance of having at least one family member with alcoholism. A family that has at least one alcoholic is likely to have others, that is, 90% chance of having two or more family members with alcoholism. Furthermore, alcoholics with a family history of alcoholism tend to have a more severe course with greater adverse consequences from alcoholism. Alcoholic parents have alcoholic children about 4 to 5 times more often than do parents who are not alcoholics.1, 2, 3
Allostery and cooperativity revisited.

Although phenomenlogical models that account for cooperativity in allosteric systems date back to the early and mid-60's (e.g., the KNF and MWC models), there is resurgent interest in the topic due to the recent experimental and computational studies that attempted to reveal, at an atomistic level, how allostery actually works. In this review, using systems for which atomistic simulations have been carried out in our groups as examples, we describe the current understanding of allostery, how the mechanisms go beyond the classical MWC/Pauling-KNF descriptions, and point out that the “new view” of allostery, emphasizing “population shifts,” is, in fact, an “old view.” The presentation offers not only an up-to-date description of allostery from a theoretical/computational perspective, but also helps to resolve several outstanding issues concerning allostery.
Transplantation of virally transduced cells into the dermis of immunocompetent and immunodeficient (SCID) mice to determine gene expression profile and differential donor cell survival.

Cell therapy and bioengineering hold great promise as therapeutic approaches using cells and cell-derived factors to treat various pathologic or trauma-induced states. One possible application is the transplantation of cells into wounded tissue to help regulate tissue repair. Cells engineered for optimal wound healing may help to minimize scarring following surgery or to enhance the rate of healing of chronic wounds. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of a viral insert, the LacZ-bearing, first generation adenovirus AdRGD, on the survival of dermally transplanted murine skin allogenic fibroblasts. The LacZ insert facilitated quantitation of both cell survival and gene expression and was used here to measure viable cell number. In addition to bearing the LacZ marker, the AdRGD vector is capable of carrying therapeutic gene inserts, so this study tested the feasibility of gene therapy for wound healing. Murine skeletal muscle PP6 (i.e., Pre-Plate 6) myogenic stem cells served as an alternate donor cell type. Cells were labeled with the LacZ-bearing AdRGD adenovirus vector and injected (50,000 cells/site) into the dorsal skin of adult normal, immunocompetent mice as well as in immunodeficient SCID mice. Skin biopsies were taken on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7 post-transplant, and assayed for LacZ expression. Soon after transplant (day 1), cell numbers underwent a transient decrease, but by day 2 post-transplant they were present in appreciable numbers. Between days 2-7 post-transplant, both allogenic fibroblasts and PP6 myogenic stem cells maintained survivability in similar numbers. Further, survival of transplanted cell types was similar in both normal, immunocompetent as well as SCID mice during this time period. There were no signs of acute inflammation or rejection in any of the samples. This study shows that AdRGD-transduced cells are not immunogenic in the mouse skin model and the cells show similar survival for the first 7 days post-transplantation independent of the cell type or immunocompetence of the host.
Kinetic decoupling of WIMPs: analytic expressions

We present a general expression for the values of the average kinetic energy and of the temperature of kinetic decoupling of a WIMP, valid for any cosmological model. We show an example of the usage of our solution when the Hubble rate has a power-law dependence on temperature, and we show results for the specific cases of kination cosmology and lowtemperature reheating cosmology.
Imaging of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplant by Bioluminescence and PET

Dynamic measurements of infused stem cells generally require animal euthanasia for single-time-point determinations of engraftment. In this study, we used a triple-fusion reporter system for multimodal imaging to monitor human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) transplants. Methods: hMSCs were transduced withatriple-fusionreporter,fluc-mrfp-ttk(encodingfireflyluciferase, monomeric red fluorescent protein, and truncated herpes simplex virus type 1 sr39 thymidine kinase) by use of a lentiviral vector. Transduced cells were assayed in vitro forthe expression ofeachfunctionalcomponentofthetriple-fusion reporter.Transduced and control hMSCs were compared for their potential to differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat. hMSCs expressing the reporter were then loaded into porous, fibronectin-coated ceramic cubes and subcutaneously implanted into NOD-SCID mice along with cubes that were loaded with wild-type hMSCs and empty cubes. Mice were imaged repeatedly over 3 mo by bioluminescence imaging (BLI), and selected animals underwent CT and PET imaging. Results: Osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic potential assays revealed retained differentiation potentials between transduced and wild-type hMSCs. Signals from the cubes loaded with reporter-transduced hMSCs were visible by BLI over 3 mo. There was no signal from the empty or wild-type hMSC‐loaded control cubes. PET data provided confirmation of the quantitative estimation of the number of cells atonespot(cube).Cubeswereremovedfromsomeanimals,and histologic evaluations showed bone formation in cubes loaded with either reporter-transduced or wild-type hMSCs, whereas empty controls were negative for bone formation. Conclusion: The triple-fusion reporter approach resulted in a reliable method of labeling stem cells for investigation in small-animal models by use of both BLI and small-animal PET imaging. It has the potential for translation into future human studies with clinical PET.
Traumatic cardiac arrests - the action or the provider, what makes the difference?

Traumatic cardiac arrest resuscitation is considered a heroic and futile endeavor. However, newer articles have more promising statistics and divide between prehospital ground and helicopter transport. Here we discuss why there might be a difference in the survivability of this subset of trauma patients.
Design parameters for zone plate antennas

The design parameters of the circular Fresnel zone plate are the diameter, focal length, frequency, degree of phase correction, and dielectric material. An experimental design was carried out at 35 GHz for both a transmitting and a reflecting zone plate. It is shown that the rings on the lower half of the zone plate are almost circular, while the rings on the upper half of the zone plate are slightly elliptical with an eccentricity of about 1.20. As beta increases, the eccentricity decreases. The resulting zone plate, therefore, is not much different from a zone plate with an on-axis feed and circular rings. This explains the relatively good performance of such a zone plate when its feed is moved off-axis by as much as 20 degrees . If beta is larger than 20 degrees , then the elliptical design procedure should be implemented to obtain maximum intensity at the focal point. >
Deep-Injection and Closely Monitored Induced Seismicity at Paradox Valley, Colorado

The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation’s Paradox Valley Unit (pvu) extracts aquifer brine from nine shallow wells along the Dolores River, Paradox Valley, in southwestern Colorado and, after treating, high pressure injects the brine 4.3–4.8 km below the surface. pvu injects at rates between ∼800 and ∼1300 L/min. Since 1991, pvu has emplaced over 4 × 106 m3 of fluid and induced more than 4000 surface-recorded seismic events. The events are recorded on the local 15-station Paradox Valley Seismic Network. The induced seismicity at Paradox separates into two distinct source zones: a principle zone (>95% of the events) asymmetrically surrounding the injection well to a maximum radial distance of ∼3 km, and a secondary, ellipsoidal zone, ∼2.5 km long and centered ∼8 km northwest of the injection well. The expansion of these zones has stabilized since mid-1999, about three years after the onset of continuous injection. Within the principal zone, hypocenters align in distinct linear patterns, showing at-depth stratigraphy and the local Wray Mesa fracture and fault system. The primary faults of the Wray Mesa system are aseismic, striking subparallel to the inferred maximum principal stress direction, with one or more faults, probably, acting as fluid conduits to the secondary seismic zone. Individual seismic events, in both zones, do not discernibly correlate with short-term injection parameters; however, a 0.5 km2 region immediately northwest of the injection well responds to long-term, large-scale changes in injection rate and the surpassing of a threshold injection pressure. Focal mechanisms of the induced events are consistent with simple double-couple, strike-slip moments and subhorizontal extension to the northeast. In addition, the fault planes are consistent with principal stress directions determined from borehole breakouts. More than 99.9% of the pvu seismicity is below human detection (∼ M 2.5). However, approximately 15 events have been felt locally, with the largest being a magnitude M 4.3. Because of the M 4.3 and two earlier-felt M ∼3.5 events and injection economics, pvu changed injection strategies three times since 1996. These changes reduced seismicity from ∼1100 events/year to as low as ∼60 events/year.
Sentence comprehension limitations related to syntactic deficits in reading-disabled children

Twenty reading-disabled children, ages 7 through 10, were compared with 20 nondisabled readers of the same age range according to their ability to interpret complex sentences. Using a relatively new metric, subjects were classified according to Grammar Type and the extent to which they obeyed the c-command constraint on control in interpreting sentences containing embedded complements with missing subjects. The results demonstrated that the nondisabled readers performed at higher levels of grammatical development than did the reading-impaired subjects; there was no effect for age. Implications are made regarding the structural nature of the syntactic deficit in the reading-disabled population studied.
Fc-dependent polyclonal antibodies and antibodies to outer membrane proteins A and B, but not to lipopolysaccharide, protect SCID mice against fatal Rickettsia conorii infection.

An emphasis on cellular immunity against Rickettsia has led to neglect of analysis of the role of antibody. The availability of an excellent mouse model of spotted fever rickettsiosis enabled investigation of a potential role of antibody in immunity to Rickettsia conorii. C3H severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice were passively transfused with monoclonal antibodies against rickettsial outer membrane protein A (OmpA), OmpB, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyclonal anti-R. conorii serum, Fab fragments of polyclonal antiserum, or no antibodies and then challenged 48 h later with 10 50% lethal doses (LD50) of R. conorii. All mice that received monoclonal antibodies against OmpA and two of four mice that received monoclonal antibodies against OmpB or polyclonal antisera were completely protected, but the recipients of anti-LPS antibodies or the Fab fragments were not protected. Polyclonal antibody treatment of C3H SCID mice that had been infected with 10 LD50 of R. conorii 4 or 5 days earlier prolonged the life of the infected mice from 10.4 to 22.5 days and resulted in decreased levels of infectious rickettsiae in the spleen and liver 24 and 48 h later. Treatment with protective antibodies resulted in the development of large aggregates of R. conorii antigens in splenic macrophages and intraphagolysosomal rickettsial death and digestion. The kinetics of development of antibodies to R. conorii determined by immunoblotting revealed antibodies to LPS on day 6 and antibodies to OmpA and OmpB on day 12, when recovery from the infection had already occurred. Antibodies to particular epitopes of OmpA and OmpB may protect against reinfection, but they may not play a key role in immunity against primary infection. Antibodies might be useful for treating infections with antibiotic-resistant organisms, and some B-cell epitopes should be included in a subunit vaccine.
Comparing Spin‐Selective Charge Transport through Donor–Bridge–Acceptor Molecules with Different Oligomeric Aromatic Bridges

Burning bridges: The exponential distance dependence (β value) of singlet and triplet charge recombination (CR) pathways is determined for three donor-bridge-acceptor (DBA) molecules. p-Phenylethynylene and fluorenone bridges have similar β values, which differ significantly from those of p-phenylene bridges, thus implying that β for both singlet and triplet CR is system-dependent, not bridge-specific.
A sensitivity study of the Kelvin wave and the Madden-Julian Oscillation in aquaplanet simulations by the Naval Research Laboratory Spectral Element Atmospheric Model

[1] The dynamical core of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Spectral Element Atmospheric Model (NSEAM) is coupled with full physics and used to investigate the organization and propagation of equatorial atmospheric waves under the aquaplanet conditions. The sensitivity of the model simulation to the amount of horizontal viscosity, distribution of the vertical levels, and selected details of the precipitation physics is examined and discussed mainly utilizing simulated convective precipitation with the aid of time-longitude plots and the spectral diagrams designed by Wheeler and Kiladis (1999). It is shown that the simulation of the Kelvin wave and Madden-Julian Oscillation depends strongly on the details of the vertical level distribution and the choice of parameters in the convective parameterization. Efforts are made to calibrate the new model to capture the essential interaction between the dynamics and physics of the atmosphere. The speed and spectrum of the eastward propagating Kelvin waves and the signature of the Madden-Julian Oscillation simulated by the new model reveal main features similar to those predicted by the simplified theory and found in limited observations. This study attempts to understand the significant variability found among the aquaplanet simulations by various global atmospheric models and highlights the uncertainties concerning convective processes and their coupling to large-scale wave motion in large-scale models of the atmosphere.
Flavor and Oxidative Stability of Peanut-Sesame-Soy Blends

Five spreads were formulated from roasted high-oleic acid peanuts and sesame paste (HOPS), normal-oleic acid peanuts and sesame paste (NOPS), high-oleic acid peanuts, sesame paste and soy (HOPSS), normal-oleic peanuts, sesame paste and soy (NOPSS), and normal-oleic acid peanuts only (NOP). Spreads were evaluated during 12 wk at 40 °C for sensory attributes: roast peanut, sesame, sweetness, bitterness, cardboardy, and painty. Roast peanut and sesame flavor generally decreased, and HOPSS and NOPSS had lower roasted peanut flavor. Cardboardy and painty increased in NOP, and HOPS had the lowest cardboardy and painty flavors. Peroxide values increased, with the highest value in NOP and lowest in HOPS. Sesame paste limited oxidation in products containing NOP and soy.
Does Segregation Create Winners and Losers? Residential Segregation and Inequality in Educational Attainment

This article examines the effects of residential segregation on the basis of poverty status and race for high school and college completion. Segregation effects are estimated by contrasting educational outcomes among persons raised in metropolitan areas with varying levels of segregation. This metropolitan-level approach provides two advantages in evaluating segregation effects over neighborhood effects studies: it incorporates effects of residential segregation outside of the affected individuals' neighborhoods of residence and it allows evaluation of gains and losses across groups from segregation. Data are drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the decennial censuses. Poor–nonpoor segregation is associated with lower rates of high school graduation among adolescents from poor backgrounds, but has no effect on rates of graduation for students from nonpoor backgrounds. Black–white segregation is associated with lower rates of high school graduation and college graduation for black students, but has no effect on graduation rates for white students. Use of proximity-adjusted segregation measures or instrumental variable estimation gives similar results. The results suggest that residential segregation harms the educational attainment of disadvantaged groups without increasing the educational attainment of advantaged groups.
The Development of Management Information Systems Programs in Schools of Business

Here at this NATO Advanced Study Institute on Information Science there are professionals representing a number of academic disciplines. All have information science as a common focus. However, the areas of application of computer-based information systems that are involved range rather widely; from medical information systems and document retrieval systems to management information systems.
A Defense Perspective of Treatment Programs for Juvenile Sex Offenders

With a staggering percentage of rape and other sexual offenses facing juveniles in delinquency and criminal courts, counsel must be aware of the various treatment options currently available to best represent these clients following adjudication. This article reviews current literature and research on such programs and it raises concerns about limited funding and group dynamics of some treatment modalities. It also addresses the severe impact of sex offender registration laws on this population.
Deconstructing digital natives: young people, technology and the new literacies, by Michael Thomas

The term digital natives is commonly and popularly used. But what do we really mean by it? Deconstructing digital natives: Young people, technology, and the new literacies, edited by Michael Thomas...
Field Observations of Predation on the Large Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus ,

Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) was observed in 2 stands of common milkweeds, Asclepias syriaca L., every 3rd day from May to November of 1970 for a total of ca. 250 hr of observation. (The locations of the plots were 38°41′00″long. and 90°45′24″ lat (Plot 1) and 38°40′24″ long. and 90°45′35″ lat (Plot 2) on the University of Missouri Agricultural Experimental Farm, Weldon Springs, Mo.) Because the milkweeds and subsequently the large milkweed bugs feeding on these plants contain relatively large amounts of digitalislike compounds (Feir and Suen 1971), it is of interest to know what predators attack the large milkweed bug.
Reversal of the importance of steric and electronic effects in the base-promoted α-silylation of sulfides.

Lithiation of α–C-H groups in organic substrates by RLi or R2NLi followed by silylation with R′3SiCl generally provides analogous products regardless of the R′ group of R′3SiCl. A striking exception using 3,4-benzothiophane as substrate depending on whether R′ is methyl, phenyl, or isopropyl is demonstrated. With R′ = Me or Ph, the geminal α,α-bis-silylated products result whereas with i-Pr3SiCl the trans-α,α′-bis-silylated sulfide is formed. The latter pathway provides ready access to the C2-symmetric enantiomers of trans-2,5-bis(triisopropylsilyl)-3,4-benzothiophane.
Residential Segregation in North Carolina Metropolitan Areas and Municipalities

North Carolina’s population has increased dramatically and its composition changed substantially over the last several decades. North Carolina has gone from being a net exporter of people to being a large importer of domestic and international migrants. Much of the population increase has been in the state’s metropolitan areas. Using Census data from 1980-2010, the degree of segregation is traced and the pattern of residence described. North Carolina’s metropolitan areas and large municipalities exhibit a degree of racial segregation which is moderate by national standards and for whites and blacks decreasing in tandem with national trends. White-Hispanic segregation is increasing, however. Migrants from domestic sources and from international sources are moderately segregated from the born and bred.
GEOLOGY PREDICTION TECHNOLOGY IN RAILWAY TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION

This paper introduced the main content and six used technical methods of construction geology pre- diction.The analysis has discussed the geophysics method progress,narrated and commented the main a- chievement with emphasis which the tunnel geology prediction studies and obtains.By practice,the engineer- ing geology industry and the tunnel engineering industry realized successfully tunnel synthesis geology fore- cast technology should be take the geological method as a foundation,take the many kinds of geophysics ex- ploration method as a measure.
Citizenship, self-government, and development: the possibilities of the post-war moment

Looking backward from the 1960s, it is easy to see why the story of post-war politics is often told as if everything led to a single, inevitable outcome: national independence. It is more difficult to see what somebody in 1945 or 1947 – say, a young, politically-minded African returning from higher education abroad – aspired to and expected to attain. But what about a family who had just settled in a mining town after years of periodic separations, and who missed the familiar sociability of village life but perhaps not the constraints of their elders, and hoped that their children could obtain an education? Or a farmer, selling his cocoa in the booming world market, aware that colonial marketing boards were holding onto much of what his crops earned, and wondering if his children would continue to help with the harvest? Africans faced the constraints and the humiliations of a colonial state, but they were, above all, human beings trying to survive, form relationships, find opportunities, and make sense of the world. They cannot be reduced to stick figures in a drama with two actors, colonizer and colonized, or a story with one plot line – the struggle for the nation. What is striking about the years after the war was how much seemed possible.
Scattering and radiation singularities in epsilon-near-zero structures

We study the extreme and singular electromagnetic response of epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) structures. In particular, we show that ENZ-dielectric-ENZ multilayers can be designed to support: (a) singularities in their scattering spectrum, known as embedded eigenstates, which can be exploited for extreme light trapping in open systems, as well as for enhanced sensing; (b) peaks in their photonic density of states, or Van-Hove singularities, which determine strong enhancement of emission/radiation from small sources. Our findings shed light on the physics of these extreme electromagnetic effects, and represent an important step toward their application in various practical scenarios.
A Case of Nivolumab-Induced Myositis

Nivolumab (Opdivo) is a monoclonal antibody classified as an immune modulator. A case is presented of nivolumab-induced myositis, an unlisted side effect.