cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new dynamic fluid-kinetic model for plasma transport within the plasmasphere

A new dynamic fluid-kinetic model is developed for investigating the plasma transport along a closed magnetic flux tube in the plasmasphere by coupling the field line interhemispheric plasma (FLIP) model with a generalized semikinetic (GSK) model. The coupling is achieved via an overlapped transition region (800 km–1100 km altitude) in each of the hemispheres. The flux tube is allowed to move both radially away from, toward, and azimuthally around the Earth. In addition to H+, ion species O+ and He+ are for the first time treated as simulation particles in a numerical model of the plasmasphere. The simulation particles are subjected to the field-aligned electric field, magnetic mirror force, gravity, centrifugal force, and interspecies and intraspecies Coulomb collisions. The plasmaspheric refilling processes as an application of the model are studied. The simulation results show that the behaviors of O+ ions are substantially different from those of H+ and He+ ions.
Serializing instructions in system-intensive workloads: Amdahl’s Law strikes again

Serializing instructions (SIs), such as writes to control registers, have many complex dependencies, and are difficult to execute out-of-order (OoO). To avoid unnecessary complexity, processors often serialize the pipeline to maintain sequential semantics for these instructions.
Innovative fracture-resistant construction material from C&D waste aggregate, fly ash and recycled plastics

A laboratory investigation was conducted to evaluate the fracture behaviour of an alternative pavement foundation material containing cement stabilised reclaimed crushed aggregate, Class C fly ash and waste-plastic strip (high density polyethylene or HDPE) reinforcement. The primary objective of using strip reinforcement was to improve the tensile strength, crack resistance and toughness characteristics of this alternative pavement foundation material, which is composed of more than 90% by weight of waste products. Laboratory characterisation included unconfined compression, flexural and specially instrumented splitting tension tests for mix-optimisation studies based on strength and toughness and cyclic flexural tests to evaluate the resistance of the selected mix against fatigue fracture. It was found that the innovative waste composite containing recycled HDPE strips could be used as a fracture-resistant material in civil engineering construction. Concurrently, this may help address the overwhelming solid waste disposal and management issues in the US and Caribbean regions.
Intermetallics as Zintl Phases: Yb2Ga4Ge6 and RE3Ga4Ge6 (RE=Yb, Eu): Structural Response of a [Ga4Ge6]4− Framework to Reduction by Two Electrons

Two new intermetallic compounds, Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) and Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), were obtained from reactions in molten Ga. A third compound, Eu(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), was produced by direct combination of the elements. The crystal structures of these compounds were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell with a=4.1698(7), b=23.254(4), c=10.7299(18) A in the polar space group Cmc2(1). The structure of RE(3)Ga(4)Ge(6) is monoclinic, space group C2/m, with cell parameters a=23.941(6), b=4.1928(11), c=10.918(3) A, beta=91.426(4) degrees for RE=Yb, and a=24.136(2), b=4.3118(4), c=11.017(1) A, beta=91.683(2) degrees for RE=Eu. The refinement [I>2 sigma(I)] converged to the final residuals R(1)/wR(2)=0.0229/0.0589, 0.0411/0.1114, and 0.0342/0.0786 for Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6), Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), and Eu(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), respectively. The structures of these two families of compounds can be described by a Zintl concept of bonding, in which the three-dimensional [Ga(4)Ge(6)](n-) framework serves as a host and electron sink for the electropositive RE atoms. The structural relation of RE(3)Ga(4)Ge(6) to of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) lies in a monoclinic distortion of the orthorhombic cell of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) and reduction of the [Ga(4)Ge(6)] network by two electrons per formula unit. The results of theoretical calculations of the electronic structure, electrical transport data, and thermochemical and magnetic measurements are also reported.
Future evolution of the intergalactic medium in a universe dominated by a cosmological constant

Abstract We simulate the evolution of the intergalactic medium (IGM) in a universe dominated by a cosmological constant. We find that within a few Hubble times from the present epoch, the baryons will have two primary phases: one phase composed of low-density, low-temperature, diffuse, ionized gas which cools rapidly with cosmic time due to adiabatic exponential expansion, and a second phase of high-density, high-temperature gas in virialized dark matter halos which cools much more slowly by atomic processes. The mass fraction of gas in halos converges to ∼40% at late times, about twice its calculated value at the present epoch. We find that in a few Hubble times, the large scale filaments in the present-day IGM will rarefy and fade away into the low-temperature IGM, and only islands of virialized gas will maintain their physical structure. We do not find evidence for fragmentation of the diffuse IGM at later times. More than 99% of the gas mass will maintain a steady ionization fraction above 80% within a few Hubble times. The diffuse IGM will get extremely cold and dilute but remain highly ionized, as its recombination time will dramatically exceed the age of the universe.
Analysis of EDF scheduling for Wireless Sensor-Actuator Networks

Industry is adopting Wireless Sensor-Actuator Net- works (WSANs) as the communication infrastructure for process control applications. To meet the stringent real-time performance requirements of control systems, there is a critical need for fast end-to-end delay analysis for real-time flows that can be used for online admission control. This paper presents a new end- to-end delay analysis for periodic flows whose transmissions are scheduled based on the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) policy. Our analysis comprises novel techniques to bound the communication delays caused by channel contention and transmission conflicts in a WSAN. Furthermore, we propose a technique to reduce the pessimism in admission control by iteratively tightening the delay bounds for flows with short deadlines. Experiments on a WSAN testbed and simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our analysis for online admission control of real-time flows.
Theoretical Proof and Empirical Confirmation of a Continuous Labeling Method Using Naturally 13C-Depleted Carbon Dioxide

Continuous isotope labeling and tracing is often needed to study the transformation, movement, and allocation of carbon in plant-soil systems. However, existing labeling methods have numerous limitations. The present study introduces a new continuous labeling method using naturally 13 C-depleted CO2. We theoretically proved that a stable level of 13 C-CO2 abundance in a labeling chamber can be maintained by controlling the rate of CO2-free air injection and the rate of ambient airflow with coupling of automatic control of CO2 concentration using a CO2 analyzer. The theoretical results were tested and confirmed in a 54 day experiment in a plant growth chamber. This new continuous labeling method avoids the use of radioactive 14 C or expensive 13 C-enriched CO2 required by existing methods and therefore eliminates issues of radiation safety or unaffordable isotope cost, as well as creating new opportunities for short- or long-term labeling experiments under a controlled environment.
Distinct Roles for SOS1 in the Convergent Evolution of Salt Tolerance in Eutrema salsugineum and Schrenkiella parvula

Eutrema salsugineum and Schrenkiella parvula are salt-tolerant relatives of the salt-sensitive species Arabidopsis thaliana. An important component of salt tolerance is the regulation of Na(+) ion homeostasis, which occurs in part through proteins encoded by the Cation/Proton Antiporter-1 (CPA1) gene family. We used a combination of evolutionary and functional analyses to examine the role of CPA1 genes in the salt tolerance of E. salsugineum and Sc. parvula, and found evidence that changes in CPA1-mediated Na(+) extrusion may contribute to the salt tolerance of both species. Specifically, we found that a member of the CPA1 family, the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter gene Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1), evolved under positive selection in E. salsugineum. In the absence of activation by the SOS2 kinase/SOS3 calcium-binding protein complex, SOS1 from E. salsugineum (EsSOS1) confers greater salt tolerance than SOS1 from Sc. parvula (SpSOS1) and Ar. thaliana (AtSOS1) when expressed in a salt-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A single amino acid change in the putative autoinhibitory domain is required but not sufficient for the enhanced salt tolerance conferred by EsSOS1. When activated by SOS2 and SOS3, both EsSOS1 and SpSOS1 confer greater salt tolerance than AtSOS1. Enhanced SOS1-mediated Na(+) extrusion therefore appears to contribute to the salt tolerance of both E. salsugineum and Sc. parvula, although through apparently different mechanisms.
Use of computerized insole sensor system to evaluate the efficacy of a modified ankle-foot orthosis for redistributing heel pressures.

Abstract Objective: Evaluation of orthosis purported to decrease pressure on the heel while walking. Design: The Multipodus System is an orthotic device, designed for this purpose, that can be worn with flat or rocker bottom boot. Ten subjects underwent four trials: first, an initial walk wearing their usual shoes, then using the orthosis on the left, with a flat bottom boot, then with a rocker bottom boot, and a final walk. Pressures exerted on the plantar surface of the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot were measured electronically and analyzed. Setting and Participants: Ten consecutive normal subjects were tested on a conventional tile floor in a gait laboratory. Results: Peak pressures in the initial walk averaged: heel, 9.6 ± 2.3psi; midfoot, 2.6 ± 1.7psi; and forefoot, 10.3 ± 2.6psi. Pressures on the foot were redistributed significantly when the orthosis was used. Heel pressure was reduced significantly compared to the ordinary shoes using both the flat bottom boot (5.0 ± 1.2psi, a decrease of 48% [ p = .0001]) and the rocker bottom boot (4.5 ± 1.5psi, a decrease of 53% [ p = .0001]). Pressure was increased at the midfoot with both the flat bottom boot (6.6 ± 3.2psi, an increase of 61% [ p = .0001]) and the rocker bottom boot (6.8 ± 2.9psi, an increase of 62% [ p = .0001]). Pressures at the forefoot decreased 19% (8.3psi) with the flat bottom boot and 32% (7.0psi; p = .0003) with the rocker bottom boot. Conclusions: Redistribution of pressure on the foot with orthosis is characterized by reduction at the hindfoot and forefoot and increase at the midfoot with both the flat and rocker bottom boots, thereby promoting healing of calcaneal and forefoot ulcers. The integrity of the midfoot, however, must not be compromised.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphomas: Current Status and Usefulness

Abstract Context.—Immunophenotyping has become a routine practice in the diagnosis and classification of most cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and flow cytometry is often the method of choice in many laboratories. The role that flow cytometry plays, however, extends beyond just diagnosis and classification. Objective.—To review and evaluate the current roles of flow cytometry in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, to compare it with immunohistochemistry, and to discuss its potential future applications in the molecular diagnostic era. Data Sources.—The information contained herein is derived from peer-reviewed articles on the subject published in the English-language medical literature during the years 1980 to 2005 that were identified using PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi, 1980–2005) search, various books and other sources on flow cytometry, and the author's personal experience of more than 10 years with flow cytometric analysis of lymphomas and leukemia using Becton-Dickinson (San Jose, Calif) and...
Energy Restriction Results in a Mass-Adjusted Decrease in Energy Expenditure in Cats That Is Maintained after Weight Regain

Dietary energy restriction (ER) is used to treat obesity in cats but it is often unsuccessful. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ER results in a sustained decrease in mass-adjusted energy expenditure (EE) that may oppose weight loss and promote weight regain. EE and body composition were measured in 10 adult neutered cats at 3 time points: baseline (obese cats), during weight loss (40% ER), and following weight regain. The cats started with a body weight (BW) of 6.1 +/- 0.30 kg, body condition score (BCS) of 7.6 +/- 0.14 (on a 9-point scale), and fat body mass (FM) of 38 +/- 1.0% of BW. After weight loss, BW was 5.0 +/- 0.19 kg, BCS was 5.5 +/- 0.07 kg, and FM was 31 +/- 1.6% (P < 0.01). After weight regain, BW was 6.2 +/- 0.30 kg, BCS was 7.7 +/- 0.16, and FM was 42 +/- 1.8% (P < 0.01). Total EE decreased from 1258 +/- 33.7 kJ/d to 1025 +/- 39.6 kJ/d during weight loss (P < 0.001). After weight regain, EE was still lower than baseline (1103 +/- 41.5 kJ/d, P < 0.001). Energy intake (EI) at baseline (1337 +/- 50.6 kJ/d) was higher than EI after weight loss and regain (1217 +/- 61.2 kJ/d), resulting in no differences in energy balance (78 +/- 30.4 and 104 +/- 35.4 kJ/d, respectively, P = 0.581). These results support the hypothesis that ER results in a mass-adjusted decrease in EE in cats that is maintained after weight regain.
Radix-4 square rot without initial PLA

A systematic derivation of a radix-4 square-root algorithm using redundant residual and result is presented. Unlike other similar schemes it does not use a table lookup or PLA for the initial step, resulting in a simpler implementation without any time penalty. The scheme can be integrated with division and incorporates an on-the-fly conversion and rounding of the result, thus eliminating a carry-propagate step to obtain the final result. The result-digit selection uses 3 bits of the result and 7 bits of the estimate of the residual. >
Emended Restoration of Titanocrinus sumralli Guensburg and Sprinkle, 2003 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea)

Abstract We provide clarification of the nature of the junction between cup and arms in Titanocrinus sumralli Guensberg and Sprinkle 2003, accompanied by an emended reconstruction. This morphological feature of so basal a species informs further phylogenetic studies.
Examining the ground and first excited states of methyl peroxy radical with high-level coupled-cluster theory

Peroxy radicals (RO2) are intermediates in fuel combustion, where they engage in efficiency-limiting autoignition reactions. They also participate in atmospheric chemistry leading to the formation of unwanted tropospheric ozone. Advances in spectroscopic techniques have allowed for the possibility of employing the lowest () electronic transition of RO2 as a tool to selectively monitor these species, enabling accurate kinetic values to be obtained. Herein, high-level ab initio methods are employed to systematically refine spectroscopic predictions for the methyl peroxy radical (CH3O2), one of the most abundant peroxy radicals in the atmosphere. In particular, vibrationally corrected geometries and anharmonic vibrational frequencies for both the ground () and first excited () state are predicted using coupled-cluster theory with up to perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] and large atomic natural orbital basis sets. Equation-of-motion coupled-cluster theory is utilised to compute vertical transition properties; a ...
A low-carbon transport infrastructure in Taiwan based on the implementation of energy-saving measures

Abstract Transport is the lifeblood of a nation’s economy. Because fossil fuels are being gradually depleted and global warming phenomena are becoming more and more serious, the aim of this article is to study a low-carbon transport infrastructure based on existing energy efficiency indices and green transport policy formulated by Taiwanese Department of Transportation. First, via data collection and analysis, we observed that small passenger cars and large trucks are the largest energy users in the transport sector due to their high energy intensities and large transport volumes. Therefore, the energy-conserving potentials of these vehicles are the focus of this study. According to “Top-Down” methodology, the most effective and economical energy-saving strategies for Taiwan׳s transport sector are the significant adoption of rail transport and electrification mode. With a maximum energy-saving scenario, including the adoption of Best Available Technologies (BAT) and the comprehensive expansion of public transport infrastructure, the energy savings potential in the land transport sector of Taiwan is 2931 million liters of oil equivalent (MLOEs). This savings is equivalent to a greenhouse gas emissions reduction of approximately 5.91 Mt CO2e with a scale of 16.73% or crediting 2.40% reduction in national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Finally, we suggest that the green transport infrastructure of Taiwan should primarily include railway, mass rapid transit (MRT), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
Expression of telomerase in normal and malignant rat hepatic epithelia.

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes telomeric DNA repeats onto the ends of chromosomes. More than 85% of human cancers express telomerase activity and a large proportion of human hepatocellular carcinomas are positive. To study the role of telomerase expression in rat hepatocarcinogenesis, telomerase activity was assayed in various rat tissues and in two types of liver epithelial cells: hepatocytes and hepatic epithelial stem-like cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that telomerase activity in rats is tissue-specific and stable with animal aging. Liver and testis were found to be telomerase positive, spleen had low or no activity, and kidney was negative. Telomerase activity did not change significantly in 18 month-old rats compared to 2 month-old rats, but was moderately (twofold) increased during liver regeneration induced by a 2/3's partial hepatectomy. Telomerase activity was detected in isolated rat hepatocytes and low passage hepatic epithelial stem-like cells (WB-F344). Telomerase activity displayed significant variations in a propagable clone of WB-F344 cells. At low passage levels after establishment in vitro (passages 4 – 9) non-tumorigenic WB-F344 cells expressed telomerase activity. During further in vitro passaging these cells lost expression of telomerase. Expression of telomerase in the tumor-derived lines of WB-F344 cells but not in the selectively cycled, parental lineages of these cells suggests that there may be a role for telomerase in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Influence on Apparel Brand Position by Lifestyle

Apparel industry is developing to branding. But, most brands are positioned similarly. Customers are not known profoundly and demand of customers is not put to the first of branding strategies. So it results in the indistinctive style of brand and the low brand cognition, the poor share of market and severe competition. How to establish unique style of brand to attract target is very crucial. The suggestion that apparel brands are positioned by custome's lifestyle is brought forward.
Phosphorescent Decanuclear Bimetallic Pt6M4 (M = Zn, Fe) Tetrahedral Cages.

Coordination-driven self-assembly delivers discrete, nanoscopic architectures that may preserve or enhance the physicochemical properties of their parent building blocks. Herein, we report the syntheses, characterization, and photophysical properties of two tetrahedral cages, [ZnII4L6](PF6)8 (C1) and [FeII4L6](OTf)8 (C2), where L = PtII(PEt3)2(C≡C-bpy)2 (PEt3 = triethylphosphine; C≡C-bpy = 5-ethynyl-2,2′-bipyridine) and OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate. C1 and C2 were assembled in isolated yields of 72% and 81% by treating 2 equiv of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O or Fe(OTf)2 with 3 equiv of L, respectively. Both cages were fully characterized by NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The local D3 symmetry at each polypyridyl metal node raises the possibility of a number of isomeric cages; however, only the homochiral enantiomers (ΔΔΔΔ and ΛΛΛΛ) are formed based on 1H NMR and SCXRD. C1 exhibits phosphorescence centered at 545 nm with a quantum yield of 10% in N2-degass...
Satisfactions and stressors experienced by recently-hired frontline child welfare workers☆

• Recently-hired child welfare workers identified helping and making a difference as a satisfaction.
Failures in adaptive locomotion: trial-and-error exploration to determine adequate foot elevation over obstacles

Lifting the limb sufficiently to clear an obstacle seems like a straightforward task, yet trips are a common cause of falls across all ages. Examination of obstacle contacts in the lab revealed a progressive decrease in foot elevation with repeated exposures, ultimately resulting in failure (Heijnen et al. Exp Brain Res 23:219-231, 2012). The purpose of this study was to determine if the progressive decrease in foot elevation continued when knowledge of obstacle contact was removed. Twenty-one young adults (mean 20.0 ± 1.0 years; 8 males) crossed a 20 cm obstacle in a 12 m walkway for 150 trials. The obstacle was covertly lowered between the lead and trail limb crossing of the obstacle, which eliminated obstacle contact with the trail limb if the limb was too low. The average failure rate was 8%, substantially higher than the 1-2% observed for stationary, visible obstacles. Therefore, tactile information from obstacle contact was instrumental for guiding the trail limb; visual information and joint angle information were insufficient for most participants. Foot elevation change over successive trials varied across participants, and was categorized as (1) asymptotic decrease (N = 11, 52%), with foot elevation converging to obstacle height, (2) linear decrease (N = 7, 33%), and (3) stable (N = 3, 14%). The asymptotic and stable groups appeared to have reasonable knowledge of obstacle height; the linear group did not. The asymptotic behavior is consistent with participants exploring the region above the obstacle through trial-and-error to determine appropriate foot elevation.
Teaching economics to the masses: The effects of student help centers on academic outcomes

Abstract Many institutions of higher education have some form of voluntary peer tutoring. There have been a number of efforts to examine the effects of such programs on student outcomes. Many of these fail to acknowledge the possibility of self-selection bias. Should such endogeneity exist, estimates regarding the extent to which help centers improve student performance will be biased. We examine the determinants of student participation in peer tutoring among students taking Principles of Economics, and we test for self-selection bias. Finally, we examine the factors that affect student performance in these classes over two semesters – approximately 1400 students. We find that students who live a greater distance from campus are less likely to participate; student ethnicity and gender also affect this choice. We also find that the number of visits to our help center is exogenous. Finally, we find that supplemental instruction significantly improves student performance.
Lack of insurance as a barrier to care in sepsis: A retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Nationally-representative data suggest an association between lack of insurance and in-hospital death from sepsis (Kumar et al., 2014). It remains to be determined whether this association is attributable to differences in baseline health, care-seeking behaviors, hospital care, or other factors. Purpose To determine whether organ dysfunction present on admission for community-onset sepsis mediates the association between lack of insurance and mortality in sepsis. Materials and methods Retrospective cohort study using public discharge data from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. Inpatients age 18–64 with community-onset sepsis at California hospitals in 2010 were identified by diagnosis codes. Results Controlling for demographics, comorbidities, infection source, and hospital characteristics, lack of insurance was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.26 (absolute risk difference 4.75%, p Conclusions The association between lack of insurance and organ dysfunction on admission in community-onset sepsis suggests that lack of insurance may impede timely care for patients with community-onset infections.
Product Reputation Manipulation: The Impact of Shill Reviews on Perceived Quality

Online reviews have become a popular method for consumers to express personal evaluations and buyers to use as a source of product quality information in purchasing decisions. However, integrity of review systems is threatened by evidence about the prevalence of shill reviews. To understand the impact of shill reviews, an experiment was conducted to collect shill reviews and measure the impact of shill reviews on perceived product quality. The results showed positive shill reviews significantly increased quality perceptions of consumers for thinly reviewed products. This finding provides strong evidence about the risks of shill reviews and emphasizes the need to develop effective detection and prevention methods.
The correspondence of two corners

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's Commencement Address at Harvard produced, on an unprecedented scale, a reaction that one might term heartfelt confusion. The immediate response of the record-breaking assemblage, most of whom remained through a persistent drizzle, must be judged enthusiastic they interrupted him with applause no fewer than twenty-five times, by one count. Those present, however, could not fail to notice that the interruptions came, literally and figuratively, from different parts of the crowd, now from the left, now from the right, now from the center. The applause itself seemed tentative. At the conclusion of his remarks, however, Solzhenitsyn was ac corded a warm standing ovation. The subsequent reaction in the public print was similarly massive and disjunctive. American conservative editors, apparently surprised to have such good copy about the 'Communist menace' from an 'intellectual' of world wide reputation, gave a vigorous play to two or three paragraphs. Liberals were perplexed: how could an author with the proven humanistic insight and intellectual force of Solzhenitsyn speak as he had of humanism, of the En lightenment, of the American withdrawal from Viet Nam and of the precious freedom of the media? One even heard from the left echoes of the right wing taunt, 'Love it or leave it'. It is not the purpose of the remarks that follow to elucidate or comment upon Solzhenitsyn's speech, or to deal specifically with the response it elic ited. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn speaks with a moral certitude that is unique among the great story-tellers of our time, and one could not, in a few pages, do justice either to his message or to the curiously diverse reception it has met. It does appear possible, however, to make some very general comments upon a more general phenomenon, one of which Solzhenitsyn is a major and, for all his individuality, not entirely atypical part, namely, the recent en counter of the American intellectual and the Russian ?migr? intelligent. For nearly a decade now, a growing tide of emigrations, deportations, and defections has been providing American intellectuals with an opportunity for which many of them longed during the long years of Cold War the chance
The Pharmacology of Inhalants and Volatile Solvents

The term “organic solvent” is derived from the basic chemical structure of hydrocarbons of the aliphatic, aromatic, and halogenated forms. Because many of these hydrocarbons are volatile, the route of administration is typically by inhalation as a volatile gas or aerosol through the nose or mouth. The volatile solvents and aerosols are subject to significant liability for abuse and addiction as well as toxicity.
Technology, Bayesian Policymaking, and Democratic Process

Contemporary assessments of technological risks are fundamentally anti-democratic in at least one sense. They typically employ decision rules that take little or no account of the hazard evaluations of laypersons most likely to be harmed by a risky technology. Instead, assessors usually assume that experts, rather than the people, have the right to define which risks are rationally acceptable.
Solar and Stellar Magnetic Activity

The Sun is a magnetic star, and almost all of the solar surface phenomena which attract the interest of Solar Physicists are influenced or even dominated by its magnetic fields. The list of such phenomena includes sunspots, pores, plages, the photospheric and chromospheric network, spicules, prominences, coronal loops, coronal rays and streamers, coronal holes, the solar wind, and many others. Solar magnetic variability gives rise to time-varying phenomena on scales from seconds to millennia, including flares, magneto- hydrodynamic waves, photospheric flux emergence, growth and decay of magnetic regions, the sunspot cycle, and long-term variations in cycle amplitude such as the Maunder Minimum. Even the solar luminosity appears to be controlled by the magnetic field.
Microbial community composition of a hydrocarbon reservoir 40 years after a CO2 enhanced oil recovery flood

Injecting CO2 into depleted oil reservoirs to extract additional crude oil is a common enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) technique. However, little is known about how in situ microbial communities may be impacted by CO2 flooding, or if any permanent microbiological changes occur after flooding has ceased. Formation water was collected from an oil field that was flooded for CO2-EOR in the 1980s, including samples from areas affected by or outside of the flood region, to determine the impacts of CO2-EOR on reservoir microbial communities. Archaea, specifically methanogens, were more abundant than bacteria in all samples, while identified bacteria exhibited much greater diversity than the archaea. Microbial communities in CO2-impacted and non-impacted samples did not significantly differ (ANOSIM: Statistic R = -0.2597, significance = 0.769). However, several low abundance bacteria were found to be significantly associated with the CO2-affected group; very few of these species are known to metabolize CO2 or are associated with CO2-rich habitats. Although this study had limitations, on a broad scale, either the CO2 flood did not impact the microbial community composition of the target formation, or microbial communities in affected wells may have reverted back to pre-injection conditions over the ca. 40 years since the CO2-EOR.
Closed Vitreous Surgery for Complications of Intraocular Lens Implantation II. Techniques

As noted in I. Indications, many complications of intraocular lens implantation represent indications for subsequent closed vitreous surgery. The purpose of this report is to discuss methods in managing the indications listed in Table 1 of I. Indications.
Geothermal and solar energy amalgamated multigeneration system escorting diverse needs of a district

Geothermal wells and their integration with other renewable resources have been in use since long, but this study emphasises on; geothermal wells with lowered pressure heads which are potentially considered as 'low head wells'. Using a geothermal well with low temperature and pressure head alone is not suitable and economical. So, this paper explains a parabolic trough collector (PTC) with a meshed source of low temperature and pressure head geothermal water source for multi-generational purposes. The parameters that are variegated to change the output of the system are ambient temperature, solar irradiance, mass flow rate of the fluid, temperature gradient of the geothermal well. Since, the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of these geothermal wells comes out to be 24% and 19% respectively, overall energy and exergy efficiencies are 38.7% and 21.3% respectively. Hydrogen production rates are 0.00003800 kg/s which is a proof that these wells have positive potential usage.
Expansions for a fundamental solution of Laplace's equation on ℝ3 in 5-cyclidic harmonics

We derive eigenfunction expansions for a fundamental solution of Laplace's equation in three-dimensional Euclidean space in 5-cyclidic coordinates. There are three such expansions in terms of internal and external 5-cyclidic harmonics of first, second and third kind. The internal and external 5-cyclidic harmonics are expressed by solutions of a Fuchsian differential equation with five regular singular points.
Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the pancreas: Cytopathology review of a rare entity

Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the pancreas (PSRCCP) is an extremely rare diagnosis that has not been extensively studied in literature. Primary and metastatic neoplasms to the pancreas may exhibit cytomorphological similarities to signet ring cells, posing diagnostic challenges. In this article, we review PSRCCP and provide a study of several primary pancreatic neoplasms that may mimic the appearance of PSRCCP upon cytopathology evaluation, shedding light on the existence of this dilemma, and helping cytopathologists in navigating similar scenarios in their practice.
Heinz body phenomenon in erythrocytes; a review.

Certain morphologic changes in the erythrocytes, first described accurately by Heinz in 1890, have been noted by many investigators both in experimental animals and in man. These Heinz bodies, called by various names, appear to be newly formed particles originating either from the protoplasm or the membrane of the red blood cells in the course of irreversible injury by a toxic agent. The chemical nature of these particles is uncertain but they appear to consist largely of denatured proteins. They may occur in the blood in the absence of methemoglobin or sulfhemoglobin and without anemia, these phenomena being independent of each others. Removal of these bodies from the blood stream is frequently accomplished by their destruction in the spleen, often with resulting increase in size of this organ. From the staining characteristics of Heinz bodies it is usually possible to distinguish them from other similar particles and to measure them quantitatively. Little is known of the relationship of chemical constitution of toxic substances to Heinz body formation. The indications are that some inorganic substances are capable of inducing this action as well as many aromatic nitro and amino compounds. The presence in the blood stream of significant amounts of Heinz bodies is evidence of some injury to the erythrocytes. If this injury is severe it may lead to marked hemolysis and anemia. Clinical cases of Heinz body occurrence in man, due either to drugs or to industrial poisoning, are cited and the need for further work and especially for Heinz body evaluation in routine hematologic examinations is pointed out. A bibliography is included in this review of the literature covering the chief contributions to work on Heinz bodies.
Not) Just Another Shift in a Community Hospital.

As the only pediatrician in house at a community hospital, I never know what challenges I will encounter during my hospitalist shift. Recently, I was awakened in my call room at 4:00 am for the imminent delivery of a fetus of 19 weeks’ gestation with strong heart tones. A mother with a history of a previous fetal demise was again in preterm labor. Previous attempts to delay delivery failed, and she arrived 4 cm dilated. Delivery was imminent and the thriving fetus continued to have strong heart tones. Because of the emotional trauma from her previous experience, the mother did not want to see or hold her infant. There were no other family members in attendance. The mother wanted the infant immediately removed from her room. I was alerted about this impending newborn admission by the labor nurse. As a mother of 4 healthy children, my eyes welled up receiving this call. I was heartbroken for this mother and child. As this infant’s physician, I was not sure how I would handle this. Because the gestational age was certain, this would not be a viable infant. A discussion of resuscitation versus comfort care was not warranted. However, I was unsure what to expect. How long would this infant live? Would it be born alive? Is there a protocol for this? We …
Monetary and Nonmonetary Costs and Benefits of a Public Health Master's Degree in the 21st Century

As postsecondary tuition and debt levels continue to rise, the value proposition of higher education has been increasingly called into question by the popular media and the general public. Recent data from the National Center for Education Statistics now show early career earnings and debt, by program, for thousands of institutions across the United States. This comes at an inflection point for public health education-master's degrees have seen 20 years of growth, but forecasts now call for, at best, stagnation.Forces inside and outside the field of public health are shifting supply and demand for public health master's degrees. We discuss these forces and identify potential monetary and nonmonetary costs and benefits of these degrees.Overall, we found a net benefit in career outcomes associated with a public health master's degree, although it is clear that some other master's degrees likely offer greater lifetime earning potentials or lower lifetime debt associated with degree attainment. We outline the issues academic public health must engage in to successfully attract and train the next generation of public health graduates.
Observations in the Earth's Magnetotail Relating to Magnetic Merging (Invited paper)

For more than a decade there has been growing conviction that the burst of energy from a solar flare is first stored in magnetic fields and is then released rapidly by magnetic field annihilation (magnetic merging). There has also been recognition that magnetic merging may be responsible for the energy release manifested in auroral phenomena at the Earth. The most substantial evidence that magnetic merging does indeed occur in the Earth's magnetosphere and causes the auroral phenomena is provided by recent observations, in the magnetotail, of very rapid (∼500 km s−1) tailward, then earthward, flow of plasma during magnetospheric substorms. The observations, made with the Vela and IMP satellites, reveal also that the component of the tail magnetic field perpendicular to the tail neutral sheet changes polarity at the time of the reversal of plasma flow. These features are interpreted as indicative of passage of a magnetic neutral line, at which magnetic merging is proceeding, past the observing satellite. This paper describes an example of such observations made with IMP 6. It is anticipated that such systematic measurements of the plasma, energetic particles and magnetic field in the neighborhood of the passing neutral line on many such occasions will provide a general understanding of the magnetic merging process which can then be applied to studies of solar flares and other astrophysical phenomena.
Optimizing direct RT-LAMP to detect transmissible SARS-CoV-2 from primary patient samples

SARS-CoV-2 testing is crucial to controlling the spread of this virus, yet shortages of nucleic acid extraction supplies and other key reagents have hindered the response to COVID-19 in the US. Several groups have described loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for SARS-CoV-2, including testing directly from nasopharyngeal swabs and eliminating the need for reagents in short supply. Here we describe a fluorescence-based RT-LAMP test using direct nasopharyngeal swab samples and show consistent detection in clinically confirmed samples, albeit with approximately 100-fold lower sensitivity than qRT-PCR. We demonstrate that adding lysis buffer directly into the RT-LAMP reaction improves the sensitivity of some samples by approximately 10-fold. Overall, the limit of detection (LOD) of RT-LAMP using direct nasopharyngeal swab or saliva samples without RNA extraction is 1x105-1x106 copies/ml. This LOD is sufficient to detect samples from which infectious virus can be cultured. Therefore, samples that test positive in this assay contain levels of virus that are most likely to perpetuate transmission. Furthermore, purified RNA in this assay achieves a similar LOD to qRT-PCR and we provide a revised method to work directly with saliva as starting material. These results indicate that high-throughput RT-LAMP testing could augment qRT-PCR in SARS-CoV-2 screening programs, especially while the availability of qRT-PCR testing and RNA extraction reagents is constrained.
Spectral Analysis of Tympanic Membrane Pulse Signal: An Approach for Noninvasive Detection of Elevated Intracranial Pressure

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a major neurological issue that can occur in traumatic brain injury, cerebral edema, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, etc. The normal range of ICP is 5–15 mmHg for healthy adults [1]. Elevated ICP (>20 mmHg) can cause serious complications including seizures and death. The current gold standards for ICP measurement require a high level of expertise and are invasive, costly and associated with intracranial infection risks [2]. Therefore, noninvasive monitoring of ICP would be useful for improved patient diagnosis and management. Previous studies [3]-[4] have suggested potential utility of tympanic membrane pulsation (TMp) measurements for detection of elevated ICP. The current study reports consistent TMp waveform and spectral changes with elevated ICP.
“Sí, Se Puede Educar”: Impacts on the Classroom Environment from the Perspective of a US-Born, Latino Male, Religious Minority Faculty

My social location is defined mainly in terms of being a US-born child of Latino immigrant parents, a religious minority in an ethno-religious Catholicism culture, and a Latino male faculty in the field of marriage and family therapy. The impact of my current social location on students and the classroom environment is explored from an eco-developmental and Latina/o critical race theory (LatCrit) framework. I will describe how my cultural-social location as a US-born religious minority and Latino male impacts the classroom environment, how students might respond to me, and what I feel needs to occur in academia to account for my cultural-social location.
CHAPTER 2 24 Hours of Le Mans and Le Mans Racing Series: 1993 to 2011

Racing continues to be the singular, preeminent source of powertrain development for automakers worldwide. Engineering teams rely on motorsports for the latest prototype testing and research. Endurance racing provides the harshest and most illuminating stage for system design validation of any motorsport competition. While advancements throughout the 20th Century brought about dramatic increases in engine power output, the latest developments from endurance racing may be more impactful for fuel efficiency improvements. Hybrid powertrains are a critical area of research for automakers and are being tested on the toughest of scales. Prototype Powertrain in Motorsport Endurance Racing brings together ten vital SAE technical papers and SAE Automotive Engineering magazine articles surrounding the advancements of hybrid powertrains in motorsports. The book also includes a history of endurance racing from the World Sports Car Championship through the 24 Hours of Le Mans to the World Endurance Championship written by the author. The goal is to provide the latest concepts being researched and tested on hybrid systems that will influence vehicles for years to come - appealing to engineers and enthusiasts alike.
Databases and Other Tools

This chapter explores the uses of databases from within R and from Python programs. Several interfaces with R (DBI, dbplyr, sqldf) are introduced and illustrated via examples. Likewise, interaction with Python programs using the DB-API is discussed.
A Broadband Class AB Power Amplifier with Second Harmonic Injection

This work presents a broadband class AB push-pull power amplifier with second harmonic injection, where the second harmonic is injected through the center tap of an even harmonic trap to improve the class AB push-pull efficiency over an octave of bandwidth. The PA is designed and simulated in a 65 nm CMOS technology, and exhibits greater than 22.7% PAE from 2 GHz to 6.7 GHz at an average saturated output power of 22 dBm over the entire band. At saturated output power, the maximum PAE improves by 2.5% compared to the conventional push-pull class AB. The PA's gain is 12 dB, with input return loss better than -10 dB from 2 to 6.7 GHz, resulting in a 108% fractional bandwidth.
Myeloid-specific deletion of ferroportin impairs macrophage bioenergetics but is disconnected from systemic insulin action in adult mice.

We used myeloid-specific knockout of ferroportin to determine whether macrophage iron enrichment alters systemic metabolism. We found that macrophages in several tissues showed mitochondrial defect...
The Theoretical Status of Judgmental Heuristics1)

Publisher Summary The recent marked shift in empirical research on judgment from testing normative models to investigating people's biases and heuristics has been extremely valuable in many respects. However, it also has certain shortcomings as would be expected with any major change in research focus. There are three interrelated problems: (1) an almost excessive concern with the three heuristics of representativeness, availability, anchoring, and adjustment, (2) a tendency toward treating the classification of heuristics as explanation, and (3) a lack of rigorous theory development. A lack of rigorous theory development is the most serious problem. This chapter reviews the literature to summarize some of the effects for which any complete theory must account and to indicate problems with some experiments that become apparent when considering theoretical explanations.
Prenatal Imaging of Craniosynostosis Syndromes

This article reviews the prenatal diagnosis of those syndromes in which craniosynostosis is a key feature. Although not an exhaustive list, the authors highlight conditions that may be encountered with some regularity, especially in a higher volume fetal imaging center. Rare conditions are also discussed. Normal sutural anatomy and development are first reviewed, followed by a discussion of specific syndromes, the salient imaging findings, and pathologic as well as postnatal correlations when possible.
The Kallikrein—Kinin System in Sepsis Syndrome

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the kallikrein (KLK)–kinin system in sepsis syndrome. Sepsis or sepsis syndrome is the the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) resulting from infection and when it is accompanied by hypotension that is unresponsive to fluid therapy, it is referred to as “septic shock.” It is the pathophysiological response to severe clinical insults, including infection, pancreatitis, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia, multiple trauma, and immune-mediated organ injury. The symptoms of SIRS include tachycardia, hypothermia, tachypnea, reduced organ perfusion. Some of the more important mediators in SIRS include tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), platelet-activating factor (PAF), interleukins 1, 6, and 8, and proteases. Collectively, these substances of pathogen or host origin can activate the plasma KLK–kinin system, coagulation, and the complement system. The plasma KLK–kinin system is a cascade of proteinases, which, when activated, generates the nonapeptide, bradykinin (BK) from high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK). There is also cross-activation of C1, hydrolysis of prourokinase to yield urokinase, and activation of Factor XI of the intrinsic blood-coagulation cascade. Neutrophil activation in vivo , assessed by increased complexes in plasma between human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and α 1 -proteinase inhibitor (α 1 -PI), occurs in sepsis and is associated with a poor prognosis. Thus, the KLK–kinin system may also contribute to human neutrophil elastase (HNE)-mediated tissue damage seen in sepsis syndrome.