cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE FORMATION OF STIMULUS EQUIVALENCES: FEAR-RELEVANT VERSUS FEAR-IRRELEVANT STIMULUS CLASSES

Investigation was given to the effects of two different types of stimuli on the formation of three-member (A→B→C) stimulus equivalence classes. In Condition 1, snake-related stimuli were tested; and in Condition 2 flower-related stimuli were examined. Stimuli in the two sets were matched in terms of the number of letters in each stimulus, letter placement, and word frequency. Fifty-one female subjects participated in a stimulus equivalence modified matching-to-sample training format adapted from Fields, Adams, Verhave, and Newman (1990). Using a crossover design that controlled for serial order effects, subjects received conditional discrimination training and emergent relations testing with both stimulus sets. Results revealed significant interaction between the formation of stimulus equivalence classes and stimulus sets. Stimulus set consistent test performances were achieved more slowly for stimuli composed of fear-relevant stimuli.
Silver(I)-Mediated Modification, Dimerization, and Polymerization of an Open-Cage Fullerene.

The reactions of the open-cage fullerene, MMK-9, with an open 12-membered ring on its surface and silver(I) salts have been examined. The structure of MMK-9 itself has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. MMK-9 reacts with silver trifluoroacetate in air to form the dimer, {MMK-9(OCH3)5Ag(AgO2CCF3)}2. Remarkably, five MeO groups have added to the surface of the open cage in a pattern that surrounds a pentagon immediately adjacent to the opening in the cage. Dioxygen has been implicated as the oxidant in this unusual addition of five groups to the open cage. Two silver ions connected to each other by a short argentophillic interaction reside at the core of the centrosymmetric dimer. The reaction of silver nitrate with MMK-9 yields the crystalline polymer, [{MMK-9(OCH3)5Ag(AgOCH3)}2·H2O]n. This polymer consists of dimeric {MMK-9(OCH3)5Ag}2 units that are connected into strands through silver ions, which are chelated by the amine functions of one open cage and bound in η2-fashion to a pair of ...
Renal Function Impairment and Outcomes of Reduced-Intensity Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Abstract Non-relapse mortality (NRM) after reduced-intensity allogeneic transplants is likely to be influenced by abnormalities in renal function. We hypothesized that moderate to mild renal function impairment increases NRM in this setting. Methods: We studied 141 patients diagnosed with AML (n=131) or high-risk MDS (n=10) who underwent allogeneic transplantation with Fludarabine (Flu)/Melphalan (Mel)-based regimens between August 1996, and May 2006 in our institution. Flu dose was 30–40mg/m2 for 4 days and Mel doses were100–180mg/m2. ATG was added for recipients of unrelated donor (UD) HSCT. GVHD prophylaxis was tacrolimus and mini-methotrexate for all but 2 patients. Donors were HLA-compatible siblings (n=69) and matched UD (n=72). Disease status at transplant was complete remission (n=56, 40%) or active disease (n=85, 60%). The influence of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured before transplant on outcomes was analyzed. GFR was calculated by both the Cockcroft Gault (CG) and the Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations, using the creatinine value obtained prior to starting chemotherapy. We considered GFR ≥ 90 as normal and GFR Results: Median age was 55 years (range, 21–74); 59% of the patients were male. Estimated GFR by CG was normal for 45 patients (32%), and decreased for 96 patients (68%). When estimated by MDRD, 65 patients (46%) had normal and 76 (54%) had reduced GFR. The majority of patients by both estimations had a GFR between 60 and 89 (n= 78 by CG and n= 66 by MDRD) with no difference in the evaluated outcomes between this group and the subgroup of patients with a GFR 0.05). There was no difference in overall and NRM at day 100 and 1 year post transplant in both groups by any GFR estimation method. There was a small trend towards lower RRM at day-100 for patients with GFR ≥ 90 when using CG, but this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: A mild to moderate decrease in GFR is not associated with an increase in non-relapse mortality. Transplant outcomes as a function of GFR at start of conditioning regimen Outcome N 100-Day Mortality HR p 1-year Mortality HR p Survival- GFR ≥ 90 45 11 (25%) 0.9 0.9 24 (53%) 1.2 0.5 Survival- GFR 96 24 (25%) 44 (46%) NRM* - GFR ≥ 90 45 9 (21%) 0.9 0.9 14 (31%) 0.98 0.9 NRM* - GFR 96 19 (20%) 31 (32%) RRM* - GFR ≥ 90 45 3 (7%) 0.5 0.3 6 (13%) 0.9 0.9 RRM* - GFR 96 12 (13%) 14 (15%) Abbreviations: NRM: non-relapse mortality; RRM: regimen-related mortality (excludes deaths due to GVHD); GFR: glomerular filtration rate (estimated by CG)
Investigation of Deviations Caused by Powder Compaction During 3D Printing

Abstract Powder bed based 3D printing technologies are of great interest for the production of prototypes and low quantity production lots because they allow the realization of highly customized and complex geometries. Moreover, significant benefits of 3D printing include an expedited manufacturing and a decreased number of necessary tools in the process chain. In contrast to traditional production methods, where material is subtracted or molded, thin layers of powder are successively added and solidified by locally applying binder based on a digital model. By continuously depositing material, the powder bed experiences an additional compaction through the increasing weight of the material on top. The consequences are dimensional deviations of the component in build-up direction and occasionally even avalanche-like collapses of material. The objective of this study is the investigation of these effects and their influencing factors. For this reason, occurring deviations and their underlying causes are examined. Test objects were manufactured and examined with the objective of identifying the main influencing factors by varying the length, position and surrounding conditions of the objects within the building chamber. Significant parameters were analyzed in greater detail in order to generate rules, regarding their effect on the occurrence and magnitude of the identified deviations. Finally, an approach for the compensation of these deviations prior to the production by a pre-deformation of the digital model was implemented.
Cladribine Activity in Adult Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis

Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (LCH) results from the accumulation of tissue histiocytes derived from the same progenitor cells as monocytes. Because cladribine is potently toxic to monocytes, we conducted a phase II trial of cladribine. Cladribine was administered to 13 LCH patients at 0.14 mg/kg per day by 2-hour intravenous infusion for 5 consecutive days, every 4 weeks for a maximum of six courses. Median age was 42 years (range, 19 to 72) and median pretreatment disease duration was 99 months (range, 6 to 252). One patient was untreated, one had received prior prednisone only, one prior radiation only, six prior radiation and chemotherapy, and four prior surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Seven patients had cutaneous involvement, six multifocal osseous, six pulmonary, two each with soft tissue and nodal involvement, and four had diabetes insipidus. Of 13 patients, 12 were evaluable for response and all for toxicity. After a median of three courses (range, 1 to 6), seven (58%) patients achieved complete responses (two pathologic and five clinical) and two (17%) patients achieved partial responses; overall response rate, 75%. Median response follow-up duration was 33 months (range, 1 to 65). Seven patients experienced grade 3 to 4 neutropenia. Only one patient had a documented infection, dermatomal herpes zoster. At a median follow-up of 42 months (range, 5 to 76), 12 patients remain alive and one patient has died. Thus, cladribine has major activity in adult LCH and warrants further investigation in both pediatric and adult LCH as a single agent and in combination with other drugs.
A model for the regulation of follicular dendritic cells predicts invariant reciprocal-time decay of post-vaccine antibody response.

A model for the regulation of follicular dendritic cells predicts invariant reciprocal-time decay of post-vaccine antibody response
Virtual Protein Purification: A Simple Exercise to Introduce pH as A Parameter That Effects Ion Exchange Chromatography.

This article describes a simple exercise using a free, easy-to-use, established online program. The exercise helps to reinforce protein purification concepts and introduces undergraduates to pH as a parameter that affects anion-exchange chromatography. The exercise was tested with biochemistry majors at California State University-Chico. Given the versatility of the program, this work is also a model for instructors that wish to develop their own exercise to help teach other protein purification techniques. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(1):91-97, 2018.
Correlation of hypogammaglobulinaemia with proteinuria, and the relationship between hypogammaglobulinaemia and infection in active lupus nephritis.

To evaluate hypogammaglobulinaemia and risk of serious infectious adverse events in active lupus nephritis.The Abatacept and Cyclophosphamide Combination Efficacy and Safety Study (ACCESS) compared abatacept with placebo in participants with lupus nephritis undergoing treatment with Euro-Lupus Nephritis low-dose cyclophosphamide. Serum IgG levels were assessed prior to initiation of treatment and throughout the trial. Hypogammaglobulinaemia was defined as IgG <450 mg/dL.Hypogammaglobulinaemia was observed in 16/102 (15.7%) participants prior to initiation of induction therapy for active lupus nephritis. Participants with nephrotic range proteinuria were more likely to have hypogammaglobulinaemia, and serum IgG levels were inversely correlated with urine protein to creatinine ratio (r=-0.42, p<0.0001). Following initiation of treatment for active lupus nephritis, additional participants developed hypogammaglobulinaemia by weeks 2-4. Serum IgG levels then increased, and all but one participant had serum IgG ≥450 mg/dL at 24 weeks. Hypogammaglobulinaemia was not associated with an increased risk of serious infectious adverse events.In active lupus nephritis in ACCESS, hypogammaglobulinaemia was common and inversely correlated with proteinuria. Serum IgG levels were lowest in the weeks immediately following initiation of induction therapy, and subsequently improved by 24 weeks. Hypogammaglobulinaemia was not associated with serious infectious adverse events.
Effect of fish gelatin-gum arabic interactions on structural and functional properties of concentrated emulsions

Abstract Concentrated emulsions containing both proteins and polysaccharides are the basis for many commercial products; however, the effects of protein–polysaccharide interactions on the functional properties of these complex systems are often poorly understood from a fundamental standpoint. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of fish gelatin (FG)-gum arabic (GA) complexation at different aqueous phase pH (3.6, 5.0, and 9.0) on concentrated emulsion structure–function relationships. Concentrated emulsions were prepared using FG-GA mixtures and characterized by rheometry and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). CSLM images showed that all samples were O/W emulsions; emulsions with lower pH showed smaller oil droplets, greater homogeneity in size distribution, and higher stability. This was attributed to an increased number of FG-GA complexes in the emulsification. Electrostatic attractive interactions and charge neutralization created biopolymer associations with increased emulsification capacity. Samples with FG-GA mixtures at lower pH showed higher elastic moduli under small deformation and exhibited greater deviation between apparent and complex viscosities under the Cox-Merz rule, indicating increased gel network extension and greater intermolecular connectivity between adsorbed layers of adjacent oil droplets. These results can be used to incorporate protein–polysaccharide complexes as a suitable emulsifier in materials comprising concentrated emulsions.
The Echo™ as a Speaker-Independent Speech Recognition Device to Support Children with Autism: an Exploratory Study

Everyday, consumer-level technologies such as mobile technologies may lend themselves to be repurposed for special needs of the populations. In this three-part study, we aimed to investigate whether the Amazon Echo™, a popular personal assistant general consumer product, can function as a speaker-independent device that permits the hands-free retrieval of visual supports for children with autism. Phase 1 investigated whether the Echo’s speaker-independent speech recognition system, linked to a proprietary Amazon “Skill,” could retrieve visual supports in order to facilitate direction following (e.g., “put the girl under the bowl”). The accuracy with which the Echo retrieved and delivered visual supports to the iPad was found to be low, suggesting that the Echo cannot function as a speaker-independent speech recognition system. Subsequently, we customized the vocabulary that was delivered to the Echo with the relevant vocabulary and repeated the protocol in phase 2. A significant increase in accuracy was noted. Finally, in phase 3, the experimenter asked the Echo to retrieve visual supports in the presence of a child with autism while monitoring correct implementation of directives based on successful retrieval by the Echo. Results will be discussed in terms of implications for future research.
To Begin With

This introduction shows how Dukore’s book, the first on the subject, analyzes the interaction of crimes, punishments, and Bernard Shaw’s comedies and non-dramatic works in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Crimes: committed professional criminals, nonprofessional criminals, businessmen, believers in a cause, the police, the government, prison officials. Punishments: decreed by judges, juries, colonial governors, commissars; and administered by the police, prison warders, prison doctors. Shaw: his views of crimes and punishments in dramatic and especially non-dramatic writings, in actions in real life. This book presents him in the context of his contemporaries and his world, permitting readers to view crimes and punishments in their context, history, and relevance to his ideas in and outside his plays, plus the relevance of his ideas to crimes and punishments.
Abstract 14623: ICAM-1 Mediates Hyperhomocysteinemia Accelerated Arteriolar Thrombosis and Endothelial -Platelets Interaction

Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an established risk factor for atherothrombogenic diseases. In this study we investigated the effect of HHcy on EC-platelets interaction and its role in thrombosis. Methods and Results: We used a novel mouse model of HHcy (plasma homocysteine, Hcy 80 μ M) in which a Zn 2+ inducible human cystathionine β -synthase ( C BS ) transgene was introduced to circumvent the neonatal lethality of Cbs deficiency ( Tg-hCBS Cbs −/− mice). Hcy-lowering therapy was performed by giving ZnSO 4 water to induce human CBS transgene expression in adult mice. Thrombus formation was examined by photo-dye induced cremaster microvasculature thrombosis using intra-vital microscope, which preserved the endothelium, and by FeCl 3 -induced carotid artery thrombosis, which denudated the endothelium. HHcy accelerated cremaster arteriolar thrombosis and decreased blood flow cessation time from 41.8 min in control mice to 30.5 min in Tg-hCBS Cbs −/− mice. Venular blood flow cessation time was slightly decreased from 5.6 to 5.0 min. Hcy-lowering therapy reduced Hcy level from 80 μ M to 2 μ M after 2 weeks of ZnSO 4 water and prolonged arteriolar blood cessation time from 30.5 to 37.8 min. Interestingly, FeCl 3 -induced carotid artery thrombosis did not change. Hcy did not potentiate aggregation and secretion of washed human platelets from healthy donor treated with Hcy (50, 100 μ M) and from Tg-hCBS Cbs −/− mice. However, ICAM-1 levels, but not VCAM-1, were increased in cremaster tissues from Tg-hCBS Cbs −/− mice by western blot. In cultured human umbilical vein ECs (HUVEC), Hcy (100 μ M, 24h) promoted human platelet adhesion by 200% in static adhesion assay. Using western blot, FACS and RT-PCR, we found that Hcy increased protein and mRNA levels of ICAM-1, but not that of VCAM-1, in HUVEC. ICAM-1 blocking antibody partially reversed Hcy-increased platelets adhesion to HUVEC. Finally, Hcy induced ICAM-1 expression and reduced DNA methylation on ICAM-1 promoter, which were mimicked by DNA methyltransferase inhibitor azacytidine, and histone deacetylase inhibitors sodium butyrate and trichostatin A. Conclusion: HHcy accelerates arteriolar thrombosis and increases EC-platelets interaction via ICAM-1 induction partially through promoter hypomethylation.
New insights into the differences between the dual node approach and the common node approach for coupling surface–subsurface flow

Abstract. The common node approach and the dual node approach are two widely applied approaches to coupling surface–subsurface flow. In this study both approaches are analyzed for cell-centered as well as vertex-centered finite difference schemes. It is shown that the dual node approach should be conceptualized and implemented as a one-sided first-order finite difference to approximate the vertical subsurface hydraulic gradient at the land surface. This results in a consistent dual node approach in which the coupling length is related to grid topology. In this coupling approach the coupling length is not to be interpreted as a nonphysical model parameter. Although this particular coupling approach is technically not new, the differences between this consistent dual node approach and the common node approach have not been studied in detail. In fact, this coupling scheme is often believed to be similar to the common node approach. In this study it is illustrated that in comparison to the common node approach, the head continuity at the surface–subsurface interface is formulated more correctly in the consistent dual node approach. Numerical experiments indicate that the consistent dual node approach is less sensitive to the vertical discretization when simulating excess infiltration. It is also found that the consistent dual node approach can be advantageous in terms of numerical efficiency.
Nicotine-enhanced Pavlovian conditioned approach is resistant to omission of expected outcome.

Abstract Conditioned stimuli contribute to the resilience of nicotine addiction in that nicotine-associated cues can influence smokers and promote relapse. These stimuli are thought to acquire incentive motivational properties through a Pavlovian mechanism, and this phenomenon can be measured in animals by observing conditioned approach to the conditioned stimulus (sign-tracking) or to the location of unconditioned stimulus delivery (goal-tracking). Goal-tracking is thought to be more flexible than sign-tracking in response to changes in expected outcome. Nicotine exposure can increase the expression of conditioned responses, and we hypothesized that animals exposed to nicotine would also exhibit less flexible conditioned responses after a change in the expected unconditioned stimulus. Adult male rats were exposed to nicotine (0.4mg/kg, s.c.) or saline before Pavlovian conditioned approach training sessions. After training, animals underwent test sessions that reduced (water substitution) or withheld (omission) the unconditioned stimulus (US, 20% sucrose). As expected, nicotine enhanced sign- and goal-tracking. Water substitution moderately and nonspecifically reduced both sign- and goal-tracking in all rats. In contrast, US omission only reduced goal-tracking, with robust effects in saline-exposed rats and smaller effects in nicotine-exposed rats. These data support the hypothesis that both sign-tracking and nicotine exposure confer behavioral inflexibility under US omission.
Integrating Culturally Competent Strategies into Health Care Practice

Providing culturally competent practice can potentially reduce disparities in racial and ethnic health outcomes. By integrating practices traditionally used by diverse populations, and after determining the safety of their integration with standard practice, improved health outcomes are possible because all parties have been involved with designing the plan of care. Cultural variations in beliefs and practices regarding health promotion and the prevention and treatment of illness are presented. To illustrate these cultural differences, three clinical practice topics are used as examples: maternity care, pain management, and traditional or complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Cross-cultural skills of cultural assessment and mutual decision-making are discussed to guide providers when engaging and negotiating with patients and their families who adhere to diverse explanatory models of health and illness. Examples of how health-care providers can adapt their care are included. One comprehensive cultural assessment tool is provided.
Vaccination against cytomegalovirus

Like varicella zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes disease after both primary and recurrent infections. The former is more serious, particularly in pregnant women, who may transmit the virus to their offspring, with a high risk of mental retardation and deafness. Various experimental vaccines are in development, ranging from live, attenuated HCMV, subunit envelope glycoprotein, poxvirus vectors with CMV genes inserted, and plasmid DANN.
Topical Fluorides: Mouth Rinses, Dentifrices, Pastes and Varnishes

Fluoride mouth rinsing is one of several topical fluoride techniques available which may be particularly suited to community dental health programmes. The results of early trials were disappointing (Bibby et al. 1946). It was not until a decade ago that renewed interest was shown by workers in Sweden. In one study (Torell and Siberg 1962), the use of monthly 0.2 per cent sodium or potassium fluoride rinses demonstrated substantial reductions in anterior approximal caries. Later it was found that the addition of manganese ions enhanced the effect of potassium fluoride (Gerdin and Torell 1969).
THE APPLICATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT MODULAR STRUCTURES TO HOUSING

ABSTRACT With conservation being a priority in our civilization's energy program, it is imperative to develop economically efficient means for the fabrication and erection of housing. To contribute to this goal, a building system made of lightweight elements is proposed. The system is made up of only three modules which can be put together by two unskilled persons.
Plant regeneration from protoplasts of embryogenic suspension cultures of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.).

An embryogenic suspension culture of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) consisting of small, embryogenic cell clusters was obtained from callus formed on basal sections of young leaves through a process of selective enrichment. These suspensions were used as a source of protoplasts. The isolated protoplasts divided at a frequency of 0.5–10% when plated in an agarose solidified culture medium. Conditioned medium, in which embryogenic Dactylis suspension cultures had been grown, was found to increase the rate of cell colony formation. Protoplast-derived colonies grew rapidly in a bead-type culture system of floating agarose slabs in liquid medium. New suspension cultures formed as the colonies grew out of the agarose. These cultures were embryogenic and formed green plantlets when plated on a solid medium lacking auxin. The plantlets were established in soil and grown to mature plants.
Microwave Processing of Foods

Abstract Thermal technologies have been employed in food processing for a long time. Application of heat aids in two ways: preserving foods and bringing out the desired texture, flavor, and color. A challenge for food manufacturers is the efficient use of the thermal technologies to attain these objectives without destroying the desirable sensory and nutritional qualities. Since 1949, microwave heating of food has existed. In the United States, almost all households possess a domestic microwave oven. This chapter offers product and process developers, 7researchers, and educators with a widespread foundation on microwave heating and processing. Microwave processing is all about complex connections between electromagnetics, dielectric properties, heat and mass transfer, moisture transfer, mechanics, rheology, food chemistry, microbiology, and packaging. The chapter aims to link the above mentioned disciplines and demystify the microwave heating of food.
Healthy Food Access in Low-Income High-Minority Communities: A Longitudinal Assessment—2009–2017

Disparities in healthy food access are well documented in cross-sectional studies in communities across the United States. However, longitudinal studies examining changes in food environments within various neighborhood contexts are scarce. In a sample of 142 census tracts in four low-income, high-minority cities in New Jersey, United States, we examined the availability of different types of food stores by census tract characteristics over time (2009–2017). Outlets were classified as supermarkets, small grocery stores, convenience stores, and pharmacies using multiple sources of data and a rigorous protocol. Census tracts were categorized by median household income and race/ethnicity of the population each year. Significant declines were observed in convenience store prevalence in lower- and medium-income and majority black tracts (p for trend: 0.004, 0.031, and 0.006 respectively), while a slight increase was observed in the prevalence of supermarkets in medium-income tracts (p for trend: 0.059). The decline in prevalence of convenience stores in lower-income and minority neighborhoods is likely attributable to declining incomes in these already poor communities. Compared to non-Hispanic neighborhoods, Hispanic communities had a higher prevalence of small groceries and convenience stores. This higher prevalence of smaller stores, coupled with shopping practices of Hispanic consumers, suggests that efforts to upgrade smaller stores in Hispanic communities may be more sustainable.
Brain Models in a Dish: Ethical Issues in Developing Brain Organoids.

Studies over the past several years have shown that the human pluripotent stem cell when placed in three-dimensional culture systems can undergo self-assembly and morphogenesis to develop into orga...
The differential role of the dorsal hippocampus in initiating and terminating timed responses: A lesion study using the switch-timing task.

Abstract This study investigated the role of the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) in the temporal entrainment of behavior, while addressing limitations of previous evidence from peak procedure experiments. Rats were first trained on a switch-timing task in which food was obtained from one of two concurrently available levers; one lever was effective after 8 s and the other after 16 s. After performance stabilized, rats underwent either bilateral NMDA lesions of the dHPC or sham lesions. After recovery, switch-timing training resumed. In a subsequent condition, the switch-timing task was modified such that food was available after either 8 or 32 s. Although dHPC lesions had subtle and complex effects on when rats stopped seeking for food at the 8-s lever (departures), it more systematically reduced the time when rats started seeking for food at the 16-s and 32-s lever (switches). No systematic effect of dHPC lesions were observed on the coefficient of quartile variation (normalized dispersion) of latencies to switch. Within the context of the pacemaker-accumulator framework of interval timing, these findings suggest that partially or wholly independent mechanisms control the initiation and termination of timed responses, and that the dHPC is primarily involved in encoding the time to start responding.
Broadband Femtosecond Dispersion Compensator for Fiber CPA Systems Using Controlled Optical Aberrations

We experimentally demonstrate a novel broadband dispersion compensator designed for ~50fs-150fs pulses that uses controlled optical aberrations to compensate third and fourth order dispersion accumulated in ~50m long fiber path of a fiber CPA system.
Using atmospheric inputs for Artificial Neural Networks to improve wind turbine power prediction

Abstract A robust machine learning methodology is used to generate a site-specific power-curve of a full-scale isolated wind turbine operating in an atmospheric boundary layer to drastically improve the power predictions, and, thus, the forecasting of the monthly energy production estimates. The study has important implication in measuring the financial feasibility of wind farms by improving the accuracy of monthly energy estimates. The significance of the study is that atmospheric stability and air-density are accounted in the power predictions of the wind turbine. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) machine learning approach is used to generate multi-parameter input models to estimate the power produced by the wind turbine. The ANN model in this study uses Feed Forward Back Propagation (FFBP) algorithm. The power- and wind-data is obtained from a 2.5 MW wind turbine that has a Meteorological tower located 900 m Southwest of the wind turbine in Kirkwood, Iowa, USA. The study investigates the role of atmospheric boundary-layer metrics – Wind Speed, Density (a measure of stratification), Richardson Number, turbulence intensity, and wind shear as input parameters into the ANN model. The study investigates the influence of FFBP ANN hyper-parameters on the power prediction accuracy. Comparison of the FFBP ANN model to other power curve correction techniques demonstrated an improvement in the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 40% when compared to the density correction (the next closest). The five-parameter 4-layer FFBP ANN has an average energy production error of 0.4% for the nine months while the IEC this error is −3.7% and for the air density correction the error is −1.9%, respectively. Finally, the study determines the performance of the FFBP ANN model for different atmospheric stability regimes (Unstable, Stable, Strongly Stable, Strongly Unstable and Neutral) classified using two criterions - Richardson number and Turbulence intensity. The largest MAE occurs during the strongly stable regime of the atmospheric boundary layer for both criteria.
Functional in vivo characterization of zebrafish sox10 enhancers in melanoma and neural crest

Abstract The re-emergence of a neural crest transcriptional program, including Sox10 upregulation, is a key step in melanoma initiation in humans and zebrafish. We hypothesize that epigenetic regulation of sox10 modulates melanoma initiation. ATAC-Seq analysis of zebrafish melanoma tumors identifies recurrently open chromatin domains near sox10. Reporter constructs for each putative sox10 enhancer were examined in zebrafish embryos for neural crest activity and in stable transgenic lines for melanoma activity. One element, peak5 (23 kilobases upstream of sox10), drives EGFP reporter expression in a subset of neural crest cells, Kolmer-Agduhr neurons, and early melanoma patches and tumors with high specificity. A ∼200 bp region, conserved across the Cyprinidae family (fish), is required for peak5 activity in neural crest and melanoma, and contains dimeric SoxE binding sites essential for neural crest activity. Our work identifies a novel melanoma transcriptional enhancer, expanding our knowledge of epigenetic regulation of neural crest identity in melanoma.
Hydroxide Based Integrated CO2 Capture from Air and Conversion to Methanol

The first example of an alkali hydroxide-based system for CO2 capture and conversion to methanol has been established. Bicarbonate and formate salts were hydrogenated to methanol with high yields in a solution of ethylene glycol. In an integrated one-pot system, CO2 was efficiently captured by an ethylene glycol solution of the base and subsequently hydrogenated to CH3OH at relatively mild temperatures (100-140 °C) using Ru-PNP catalysts. The produced methanol can be easily separated by distillation. Hydroxide base regeneration at low temperatures was observed for the first time. Finally, CO2 capture from ambient air and hydrogenation to CH3OH was demonstrated. We postulate that the high capture efficiency and stability of hydroxide bases make them superior to existing amine-based routes for direct air capture and conversion to methanol in a scalable process.
I Want To Learn But They Won’t Let Me: Exploring the Impact of School Discipline on Academic Achievement:

Using Critical Race Theory (CRT) as a guiding conceptual framework, this qualitative study examines black students’ and parents’ perceptions of school discipline and its impact on academic achievem...
Whose Child Is It, Anyway: The Demise of Parental Autonomy and Parental Authority

which respect for and recognition of parental authority and family au tonomy was well established and increasingly very much taken for granted.2 Indeed, the United States Supreme Court had established the fundamental principle as early as the first quarter of the century in Meyer v. Nebraska,3 explicitly recognizing the right "to marry, establish a home and bring up children" as a "liberty" guaranteed by the Four teenth Amendment, thus affording strong support to the prerogatives
Impact of a novel family-centered values clarification tool on adolescent sperm banking attempts at the time of a new cancer diagnosis

Over half of males experience fertility impairment after childhood cancer therapy, which often causes psychosocial distress. Yet, fertility preservation (FP) remains underutilized. The goals of this study were to determine the feasibility and impact of implementing a family-centered FP values clarification tool on sperm banking attempts among adolescent males newly diagnosed with cancer, and identify key determinants of banking attempts. A prospective pilot study was conducted among families of males (12–25 years old), prior to cancer therapy. Thirty-nine of 41 families agreed to participate (95%); 98 participants (32 adolescents, 37 mothers, 29 fathers) completed the Family-centered Adolescent Sperm banking values clarification Tool (FAST). Analyses assessed the impact of the FAST on banking attempts and examined associations between demographic/medical characteristics, FAST subscales (perceived threat, benefits, barriers), and banking attempts. Twenty-three (59%) adolescents attempted to bank, compared to 8 adolescents (33%) during baseline assessment (p=.04). Significant associations were identified between banking attempts and adolescents’ report of perceived threat (rpb=.45, p=.01) and benefits (rpb=.57, p=.01). Only mothers’ proxy reports of adolescent perceived threat (rpb=.42, p=.01) and benefits (rpb=.47, p=.003) were associated with banking attempts, while fathers’ self-reported perceived benefits (rpb=.43, p=.03), self-reported barriers (rpb=.49, p=.01), and proxy reports of adolescent perceived threat (rpb=.38, p=.04) and benefits (rpb=.59, p=.02) were associated with banking attempts. Adolescent sperm banking attempt rates significantly increased after implementation of a family-centered FP values clarification tool prior to cancer treatment. Findings underscore the importance of targeting both adolescents and their parents, particularly fathers, in FP efforts.
Use of Magnetic Circuits in Leakage Reactance Calculations

The stator and rotor currents are primarily a function of the leakage reactances of the machine. In particular, key performance characteristics such as breakdown torque, starting torque, and inrush current are nearly independent of magnetizing inductance but depend critically upon the leakage inductances. In addition, the key electromagnetic time constants are dependent almost solely upon the leakage inductances of the machine. Five principle components of leakage flux can be identified for induction machines. These are slot leakage flux; end‐winding leakage flux; harmonic or belt leakage flux; zigzag leakage flux; and skew leakage flux. The leakage flux distribution in a practical machine is clearly a three‐dimensional problem. The flux which is forced across a slot is driven by the current which flows in the slot itself. By Ampere's law, the MMF supplied by the current in the slot is consumed by an MMF drop in the iron plus the drop in air across the slot.
Introducing Language Typology

1. What is language typology? 2. The worlds of words 3. Assembling words 4. Dissembling words 5. The sounds of languages 6. Language in flux 7. Explaining crosslinguistic preferences.
Dissolving the Boundaries: Postmodern Art and Art Therapy

This brief report discusses the relevance of postmodern art to contemporary art therapy practice. Postmodernism is defined by art that breaks or blurs the boundaries between product and process, individual and group creation, and artist and viewer. A discussion of contemporary artists who use a postmodern framework, including Anselm Kiefer, Jenny Holzer, Nakahashi Katsushige and others, is provided as an example for how postmodernism may be applied to art therapy. A postmodernist perspective informs a multifaceted therapeutic approach which negotiates the border between individual integrity and community values, blurs the distinction between home and studio, and validates all forms of image-creation with the overall purpose of healing and social empowerment.
A profile of fertilization in mammals

Fertilization is defined as the process of union of two gametes, eggs and sperm. When mammalian eggs and sperm come into contact in the female oviduct, a series of steps is set in motion that can lead to fertilization and ultimately to development of new individuals. The pathway begins with species-specific binding of sperm to eggs and ends a relatively short time later with fusion of a single sperm with each egg. Although this process has been investigated extensively, only recently have the molecular components of egg and sperm that participate in the mammalian fertilization pathway been identified. Some of these components may participate in gamete adhesion and exocytosis, whereas others may be involved in gamete fusion. Here we describe selected aspects of mammalian fertilization and address some of the latest experimental evidence that bears on this important area of research.
Structural constraints on partisan bias under the efficient gerrymander

Partisan bias occurs when the translation of the popular vote into legislative seats differs between competing parties. This paper contains a theoretical and empirical analysis of the consequences of an efficient gerrymander for the partisan bias of an electoral system. Under partisan apportionment, bias is shown to depend on some structural features of the electoral environment; namely, the size of the voting population and the number of single-member districts within a political jurisdiction. A statistical analysis reveals the predicted relationships in data on Congressional elections across states in the 1950–1984 period. This paper highlights the importance of some measurable features of the electoral environment for determining bias and provides an indirect test of partisan gerrymandering in congressional apportionment processes.
Caffeine and Conservation

Overproduction of coffee and low coffee prices have resulted in a global crisis affecting the people and biodiversity of many tropical countries. In Indonesia, expanding production of low-quality robusta coffee contributes to low prices and lowland deforestation, but is not improving the livelihood of local farmers. In this Policy Forum, the authors argue for new certification guidelines, better protected area enforcement, improved agricultural practices, and a reduction in area planted in coffee as critical for poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation.
Detecting and reacting to unplanned-for world states

The degree to which a planner succeeds and meets response deadlines depends on the correctness and completeness of its models which describe events and actions that change the world state. It is often unrealistic to expect perfect models, so a planner must detect and respond to states it had not planned to handle. In this paper, we characterize different classes of these "unhandled" states and describe planning algorithms to build tests for, and later respond to them. We have implemented these unhandled state detection and response algorithms in the Cooperative Intelligent Real-time Control Architecture (CIRCA), and present experiments from flight simulation that show how the new algorithm enables a fully-automated aircraft to react appropriately to certain classes of unhandled states, averting failure and giving the aircraft a new chance to achieve its goals.
The role of child and parent savings in promoting expectations for university education among middle school students in Ghana: A propensity score analysis

Abstract The volume of research on high educational expectations among young people is increasing. Yet, there are still research gaps in what we know about the key predictors of young people's educational expectations, especially in the Sub-Saharan African context. This study aims to complement existing research on asset effects by testing two related propositions about how child and parent savings relate independently to children's expectations for university education. We use propensity score analysis with data from a random sample of junior high school students in Ghana. Findings reveal that parent savings are positively associated with higher probability of children having higher educational expectation. We also find that parents' savings have stronger effect on children's educational expectations compared to children's savings. We discuss implications for early exposure of young people to savings opportunities and its potential to ensure educational progression and optimum psychological and economic benefits to students.
Glutamate-gated chloride channel with glutamate-transporter-like properties in cone photoreceptors of the tiger salamander

1. Using the patch-clamp technique, we investigated whether the glutamate-elicited current in mechanically isolated cone photoreceptors from the salamander retina is generated by a Cl- channel or a glutamate transporter. 2. The current reversed near the equilibrium potential for Cl-, was decreased by three Cl- channel blockers, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenyl-propylamino) benzoic acid, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate, and diphenylamine 2,2'-dicarboxylic acid, and was eliminated when gluconate was substituted for both internal and external Cl-, features consistent with the current being mediated by a Cl- channel. 3. The single-channel conductance of the Cl- channel was estimated by noise analysis of the glutamate-elicited current fluctuations to be 0.7 pS with an open time of 2 ms. 4. The magnitude of the current was dependent on both internal and external Na+ and K+, features consistent with the current being related to the activation of a glutamate transporter. Yet changes in their concentrations did not affect the reversal potential of the current. 5. Taken together with earlier reports on this current showing that it has a glutamate-transporter-like pharmacology, our results suggest that the glutamate-elicited current is carried by a Cl- channel but gated by a glutamate receptor whose pharmacology and ionic requirement resemble those previously described for glutamate transporters.
Finite-element modeling of coaxial cable feeds and vias in power-bus structures

This paper presents three different models that can be used to represent coaxial cable feeds or vias in printed circuit board power-bus structures. The probe model represents a coaxial feed or via as a current filament with unknown radius. The coaxial-cable model enforces an analytical field distribution at the cable opening or via clearance hole. The strip model employs the equivalent radius concept to represent cylindrical feeds and vias as rectangular strips. Although the strip model is functionally equivalent to two closely positioned probe models, it accurately represents the conductor radius and is more accurate in situations where the via or feed radius is important.
Principal-Agent Theory and Street Level Bureaucrats The Case of School Psychologists' Involvement in AIDS Policy

Principal-agent theory states that there is continual tension between bureaucrats and those who have legal authority over their behavior. One observation has been that principals often lose control over their agents. School psychologists can be viewed as agents, and administrators and the public as their principals. Data from a sample of New York state school psychologists are used to examine the extent to which school psychologists' participation in AIDS education programming within the schools is responsive to principals' desires. Results are interpreted in terms of principal-agent theory.
Exploring determinants of voting for the helpfulness of online user reviews: A text mining approach

The ''helpfulness'' feature of online user reviews helps consumers cope with information overloads and facilitates decision-making. However, many online user reviews lack sufficient helpfulness votes for other users to evaluate their true helpfulness level. This study empirically examines the impact of the various features, that is, basic, stylistic, and semantic characteristics of online user reviews on the number of helpfulness votes those reviews receive. Text mining techniques are employed to extract semantic characteristics from review texts. Our findings show that the semantic characteristics are more influential than other characteristics in affecting how many helpfulness votes reviews receive. Our findings also suggest that reviews with extreme opinions receive more helpfulness votes than those with mixed or neutral opinions. This paper sheds light on the understanding of online users' helpfulness voting behavior and the design of a better helpfulness voting mechanism for online user review systems.
Ionospheric Instability Observed in Low Earth Orbit Using Global Positioning System

The global positioning system (GPS) receiver used for navigation on the space shuttle exhibits range rate noise that appears to result from scintillation of the satellite signals by irregularities in ionospheric plasma. The noise events cluster in geographic regions previously identified as being susceptible to instability and disturbed ionospheric conditions. These mechanisms are reviewed in the context of the GPS observations. Range-rate data continuously monitored during the free-orbit phase of several space shuttle missions reveals global-scale distribution of ionospheric irregularities. Equatorial events cluster ±20 ◦ about the magnetic equator and polar events exhibit hemispheric asymmetry suggesting influence of an off-axis geomagnetic polar oval system. The diurnal, seasonal, and geographic distribution is compared to previous work concerning equatorial spread F, Appleton anomaly, and polar oval. The observations provide a succinct demonstration of the utility of space-based ionospheric monitoring using GPS. The susceptibility of GPS receivers to scintillation represents an unanticipated technical risk not factored into the selection of receivers for the U.S. space program.
Socioeconomic Accounting in Construction

The results of a survey, which reports the degree of involvement construction companies have in specific social activities and how construction companies quantify and report the results of these activities, are presented. Special consideration is paid to education, employment and training, civil rights and equal opportunity, urban renewal and development, pollution abatement, conservation and recreation, culture and the arts, medical care, and government. The responses from the survey showed that most companies were very involved in a few specific activities in the areas of civil rights, equal opportunity, and pollution abatement, but were only moderately involved in most other activities. Additionally, most construction companies did not quantify and report the results of their activities. To conclude, an overview of trends in the area is discussed and the relevance of socioeconomic accounting to project management is presented.