cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of variation of circuit parameters on the excitation of spectra by capacitor discharges

Abstract The spectra produced by low voltage capacitor discharges between iron electrodes have been observed for various values of capacitance, inductance, and resistance in the circuit. Relative intensities of Fe I and Fe II lines from oscillating, critically damped, and overdamped discharges were measured. No single variable was found on which the excitation was solely dependent. Although the inductance exerts the controlling influence on the excitation when the capacitance is small, the effect of resistance predominates when capacitance is large. There is a strong dependence of the excitation on the peak current, but this correlation is also dependent on the capacitance. The differential equations of the RLC circuit are solved for peak current, the time at which it occurs and its dependence on the resistance. These solutions show that the critically damped discharge has the shortest duration and that both the maximum value of current and the interval after which it occurs diminish as the resistance is increased. A graphical method of calculating the peak current is presented.
The American Educational Structure and the Reproduction of Social Class

While considerable attention has been drawn to “reproduction” theories of education, little empirical research has been conducted within this framework. This paper uses the reproduction perspective to examine how various mechanisms of the American educational structure contribute to the maintenance of the mental-manual division of labor within class structure. Using a national, longitudinal sample of high school seniors, we look at the reproduction effects of public versus private schooling, the composition of school communities and curriculum tracking. We find that reproduction results from the schooling experiences of a majority of students and that tracking is the most important mechanism in this process. However, nonreproduction is apparent as well which points to some issues that reproduction theories must address to provide viable explanations of the role of education in society.
Coping strategies and self-stigma among adolescents discharged from psychiatric hospitalization: A 6-month follow-up study

Background:The effects of mental illness stigma on adolescents receiving psychiatric treatment may largely be determined by their coping strategies. Yet, little is known about adolescents’ use of stigma-coping strategies, or how helpful these are for addressing stigma-related stress.Aims:This study explores how adolescents discharged from psychiatric hospitalization anticipate coping with a hypothetical social stigma event related to hospitalization. We examine how well anticipated coping strategies predict adolescents’ self-stigma ratings following 6 months. To evaluate the direction of causality, the reverse order of effects, the influence of self-stigma on coping strategies, is also assessed.Methods:A voluntary sample of 80 adolescents participated in two face-to-face interviews that assessed coping and self-stigma. Anticipated (baseline) and actual (follow-up) coping strategies were measured with a modified Response to Stress Questionnaire (primary and secondary control engagement coping, disengagemen...
Experiences with discovery metadata

The Department of Defense (DoD) Data Strategy, DoD 8320.2-G, 'Guidance for Implementing Net-Centric Data Sharing', defines a vision for data sharing where all data will be made visible, accessible and understandable as it is created. This vision caused a paradigm shift to 'post before processing' allowing authorised users and applications to discover data without waiting for the traditional 'process, exploit and disseminate' activities to complete. Discovery metadata is used to define the key concepts needed for targeted discovery activities. Discovery metadata enables users and applications to quickly identify the existence of needed data, gain access to data and understand the meaning of data. Discovery catalogues store and organise discovery metadata for use by discovery services and search engines used in the discovery process. This paper describes the Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS) experiences in the pursuit of discovery metadata.
Fat graft myringoplasty using umbilical fat

Abstract Background Myringoplasty is a common procedure performed by otolaryngologists, particularly in the pediatric population. Tympanic membrane (TM) perforations can be caused by a variety of factors including retained tympanostomy tubes, infection and trauma. First described in 1878, myringoplasty has evolved to include many different materials for repair. Current materials used for myringoplasties include fascia, perichondrium, gelfoam, fat and paper. Multiple studies have looked at the success rates for these different materials. Fat graft myringoplasties in particular offer the advantage of a high success rate commonly reported in the range between 80% and 90%. Fat graft is classically harvested from ear lobe or post-auricular subcutaneous tissue. Purpose In this study, we described the techniques and results of harvesting umbilical fat for the use in pediatric myringoplasty. Method Twenty-eight cases of umbilical fat-graft myringoplasty performed between June 2008 and January 2011 was retrospectively reviewed and studied for rate of successful TM closure. Results Average length of follow up was 8 months ranging from 3 months to 26 months. Overall rate for successful TM closure of 100% was achieved. Literature review was performed to compare our results with those of studies using auricular fat graft. Furthermore, a review of existing literature on various properties of fat graft was done to explain the potential advantages of using umbilical fat for myringoplasty. Conclusion Fat patch myringoplasty using umbilical fat is a safe and successful procedure for TM repair.
Hyper and hypodynamic models of sepsis in guinea pigs

The acute metabolic response following experimentally induced sepsis can generally be classified as either hypodynamic (“low flow”) or hyperdynamic (“high flow”). We have found that in conscious guinea pigs the bolus infusion of 1010 live Escherichia coli bacteria can elicit either response, depending on the route of administration of the bacteria. Intravenous infusion results in the hypodynamic condition of septic shock in which oxygen consumption (V∸O2) is reduced to approximately 60% of the control level, plasma glucose is elevated 4 hr after infusion with a reversal to extreme hypoglycemia 12 hr after infusion, and body temperature is reduced by approximately 5°C in 12 hr. In contrast, subcutaneous injection results in increased V∸O2 body temperature, and plasma glucose. In both models the concentration of cortisol, catecholamines and glucagon were elevated, but the responses were more pronounced in the hypodynamic model. In both cases, insulin concentration was decreased. These models of sepsis are useful because many aspects of response are comparable to man, they are simple to create, and they are consistent and reproducible.
Glucose transport in primary cultured neurons

UNLABELLED In this study, we have examined glucose uptake and its regulation by insulin in primary cultured neurons. Glucose transport was assessed by measuring the initial rate of uptake of 3H-2-deoxyglucose, a glucose analog that is transported and phosphorylated but not further metabolized. The uptake of 2-deoxyglucose was saturable; measurements of the intracellular concentration of 2-deoxyglucose and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate revealed that hexokinase activity rather than membrane transport is the rate-limiting step for glucose uptake. Insulin had no effect on 2-deoxyglucose uptake at low (0.2 mM) or high (20 mM) concentrations of substrate. The order of potency of other hexoses to competitively inhibit the accumulation of 2-deoxyglucose was D-glucose (0.2 mM) = D-mannose (0.2 mM) greater than 3-0-methylglucose (9 mM) greater than D-galactose (90 mM). Cytochalasin B was a potent inhibitor of 2-deoxyglucose uptake (IC50 = 500 nM) and phloretin was more potent than ploridzin in inhibiting uptake. The structure of glucose transporters was examined by photoaffinity labeling using 3H-cytochalasin B and by immunologic detection using antibodies raised against the human erythrocyte transporter. 3H-cytochalasin B labeled two proteins of 55 kDa and 43 kDa and the antibody recognized primarily a 43 kDa protein. The subcellular distribution of glucose transporters, estimated by measuring the number of specific cytochalasin B binding sites in subfractions of neuronal homogenates, showed 3.62 pmol/mg protein in the 11,000g pellet and 1.34 pmol/mg protein in the 200,000g pellet. IN CONCLUSION 1) Neuronal glucose transport is not acutely regulated by insulin. 2) The kinetics of 2-deoxyglucose uptake into neurons are determined largely by hexokinase activity rather than membrane transport. 3) The apparent molecular weight of neuronal glucose transporters is similar to transporters in other tissues. 4) The number of glucose transporters per milligram of protein is relatively low in neurons compared to other tissues.
Low Temperature Growth of ZnO Nanowires for Hybrid Chemical Sensors

Hybrid nanocomposites, such as ZnO nanowires embedded in conducting polymers, are very attractive for chemical sensing applications. Previous studies have shown that tuning ZnO nanowire concentration with respect to the polymer can be employed to tailor chemical sensitivity and selectivity. In this work, we investigate the effect of ZnO nanowire growth time on the electrical transport properties of sensors with and without the polymer matrix. Varying growth times may affect wire lengths, wire concentration, as well as wire interconnectivity. Using pure Zn as the source, ZnO nanowires are grown on a glass substrate by a low temperature thermal evaporation method. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) is employed as the polymeric matrix to form a hybrid structure. The response to ethanol vapor of sensors with different nanowire growth times is evaluated.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Geotechnical Requirements in the Design-Build Selection Process

Geotechnical uncertainty is always high before a comprehensive site investigation is completed. In many design-build (DB) projects, the contract is awarded with the geotechnical investigation included as part of the required design deliverables. To ensure the necessary geotechnical design and construction quality, the agency must include appropriate factors in the best-value (BV) selection process. This paper describes an investigation of specific design-builder selection decisions involved in the procurement phase of a DB project and the ways in which the geotechnical requirements are incorporated into the selection decision in state departments of transportation (DOTs). The results are presented from the study of four independent sources of information, which were obtained through a review of the literature on geotechnical requirements in procurement documents, a survey of 42 state DOTs, a content analysis of procurement documents from 26 states, and the findings from 11 structured interviews with desig...
Race, racism and health: disparities, mechanisms, and interventions

The goals of this special section are to examine the state-of-the-science regarding race/ethnicity and racism as they contribute to health disparities and to articulate a research agenda to guide future research. In the first paper, Myers presents an integrative theoretical framework for understanding how racism, poverty, and other major stressors relate to health through inter-related psychosocial and bio-behavioral pathways. Williams and Mohammed review the evidence concerning associations between racism and health, addressing the multiple levels at which racism can operate and commenting on important methodological issues. Klonoff provides a review and update of the literature concerning ethnicity-related disparities in healthcare, and addresses factors that may contribute to these disparities. Brondolo and colleagues consider racism from a stress and coping perspective, and review the literature concerning racial identity, anger coping, and social support as potential moderators of the racism-health association. Finally, Castro and colleagues describe an ecodevelopmental model that can serve as an integrative framework to examine multi-level social-cultural influences on health and health behavior. In aggregate, the special section papers address theoretical and methodological issues central to understanding the determinants of health disparities, with the aim of providing direction for future research critical to developing effective interventions to reduce these disparities.
Involvement of A2 adenosine receptors in spinal mechanisms of antinociception.

Abstract Preliminary investigations suggest that spinal adenosine induces significant behavioral effects and may interact with descending antinociceptive systems stimulated by morphine administered intra cerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). In the present study, rank order potencies for antinociception induced by adenosine agonists administered intrathecally (i.t.) were determined. Interactions of adenosine agonists (i.t.) with morphine (i.c.v.)-induced antinociception were also examined. Dose-dependent antinociception, as measured in tail flick and hot plate assays, was observed in mice administered adnosine or adenosine agonists i.t. Rank order potencies were 5′-N 6 -ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) > N 6 -(R-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (R-PIA) > 2-chloroadenosine (CADO) > N 6 -(S-phenylisoprophyl)-adenosine (S-PIA) > adenosine. Rank order potencies were identical for adenosine agonists (i.t.) synergism with morphine (i.c.v.)-induced antinociception. Further, i.t. injections of NECA or nitrobenzylthionoisone (NBI), an adenosine reuptake inhibitor, were able to potentiate morphine (i.c.v.)-induced antinociception. Hind limb paralysis induced by high doses of adenosine agonists (i.t.) was dissociated from antinociceptive effects. Rank order potencies determined in our studies support involvement of A 2 adenosine receptors in spinal mechanisms of antinociception. In addition, these results confirm spinal adenosine interactions with antinociceptive systems stimulated by i.c.v. injections of morphine.
The bedside diagnosis of pericardial effusion.

Physical diagnosis has long since degenerated into a largely meaningless ritual to which some present-day clinicians render only reluctant and impatient lip service. As Garrison pointed out nearly thirty years ago, “the time-honored Hippocratic reliance on the natural powers of the mind and the five senses in diagnosis (without which the physician is nothing)” has been replaced to a disquieting extent by “an almost bewildering array of laboratory tests, instrumentation, specialism, and etiological theorizing . . . which tend to merge bedside medicine into the ancillary devices it utilizes, to enslave the mind of the physician by making him dependent upon artificial aids and, in extremis, to turn the patient himself into a laboratory animal. Between the two lies the Golden Mean, the oia media followed by all practitioners of sound sense, ripe judgment, and varied experience.” This report indicates how, by utilizing simple clinical observations, one of which was made two hundred years ago, and sound physiologic and physical principles, pericardial effusion may be readily diagnosed at the bedside.
Congenital epulis of the newborn: 10 new cases of a rare oral tumor

Congenital epulis of the newborn (CEN) is a rare benign lesion that exclusively occurs in the oral and maxillofacial regions of newborns. The clinicopathologic features of CEN were examined and reviewed from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology from 1970 to 2000. Ten cases were included. Patient lesions were all present at birth but were surgically excised between 2 days and 6 weeks (median, 5.5 days). Nine lesions were in females; 1 case did not designate patient sex. Locations included 6 on the maxilla, 2 on the mandible, 1 on the designated maxillary lip, and 1 unknown. The cases included a patient with 2 lesions: 1 on mandibular and 1 on maxillary alveolar ridges, respectively. All other lesions were solitary and polypoid. Microscopically, these were pedunculated and nodular, composed of sheets to grouped clusters of medium-sized, ovoid-to-polygonal cells with abundant granular cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, vascular-rich stroma, and attenuated overlying mucosa. Two cases also demonstrated spindled cells. The nuclei were vesicular and focally stippled, with distinct and slightly convoluted nuclear membranes; nucleoli were visible but not prominent. Mitotic activity was not observed. The vascular channels ranged from capillary-sized to venous, some staghorn-like with rare perivascular long-term inflammation. The venules exhibited a perivascular pericytic proliferation. Odontogenic epithelial rests were present in 2 cases. No cases demonstrated cytoplasmic hyaline globules. The lesional cells in all cases were negative for S-100 protein, CD68, CD34, CD31, keratins, desmin, calponin, and smooth muscle actin. Perivenular pericytes were positive for smooth muscle actin. Congenital epulis of the newborn is a rare oral entity with characteristic clinicopathologic features. It predominately affects girls, mainly on the maxillary alveolar ridge. It may be separated from "granular cell tumor" by location, patient age, absence of cytoplasmic hyaline globules, solid growth pattern, pericytic proliferation, attenuated overlying epithelium, and negativity for S-100 protein.
Review of clinical trial experience with icodextrin

Icodextrin-based dialysis solutions have been introduced toneal dialysis (CAPD). A total of 209 patients in theto address an unmet clinical need in peritoneal dialysis, United Kingdom were enrolled and were treated for upnamely the difﬁculties inherent in ultraﬁltration manage- to six months. The objectives of the study were to evalu-ment during the long dwell [1–4]. These solutions take ate the efﬁcacy of 7.5% icodextrin compared with lowadvantage of the physiologic principle of colloid osmosis (1.5%) or high (4.25%) dextrose solutions when the dwelland the high reﬂection coefﬁcient of the glucose poly- time was 8 or 12 hours overnight. Approximately 40%mers allows for ultraﬁltration to proceed with dialysis of patients in the dextrose group used 4.25% dextrosesolutions iso-osmotic to plasma. While the efﬁcacy and bags overnight prior to the study and the other patientssafety of icodextrin have been described in multiple pub- used 1.5% dextrose bags overnight prior to the study.lications (abstracts; Douma et al,
Direct Sum Decompositions Over Two-Dimensional Local Domains

Given a ring R and a class &#x1d49e; of R-modules, one can ask whether or not every element of &#x1d49e; decomposes uniquely as a direct sum of indecomposable elements of &#x1d49e;. If not, one can further ask if it is possible for an element of &#x1d49e; to decompose both as the direct sum of s indecomposable elements of &#x1d49e; and as the direct sum of t indecomposable elements of &#x1d49e; where s ≠ t. In this article, we investigate these questions when R is a two-dimensional analytically normal domain and &#x1d49e; is the class of finitely generated torsion-free R-modules.
Adams-Stokes syndrome due to sinoatrial block.

Abstract A case of a 29 year old female patient with sinoatrial block, first degree A-V heart block and Adams-Stokes seizures since the age of 11 is reported. The mechanism of the syncopal attacks was established by continuous radioelectrocardiographic monitoring as episodes of sinoatrial heart block or arrest, or both. There was no evidence of inflammatory, degenerative or congenital heart disease, and the patient had never received drugs assocated with the production of Adams-Stokes seizures. From the etiologic standpoint exaggerated vagal effects undoubtedly played a role; the existence of a congenital abnormality of the conduction system must, however, be taken into consideration. Treatment with artificial pacemaker stimulation proved effective and prevented further Adams-Stokes attacks.
Crystallization of a-Si thin film using an ultra thin n + poly-Si seed layer for solar cell applications

New results on the crystallization of the a-Si thin film using the low thermal budget pulsed rapid thermal annealing process and the SiO 2 sacrificial layer are reported. The intrinsic a-Si thin film was transformed into the poly-Si thin film with a 30 nm thick n+ poly-Si seed layer. Process parameters, such as the number of the pulsed rapid thermal annealing cycles, affected the grain structure of the n+ film on the glass/Mo/Ni surface. Material properties, such as the crystal size and the volume fraction of the crystalline phase, of the intrinsic poly-Si thin films were influenced by the grain structure of the n+ seed layer. The multi-step pulsed rapid thermal annealing process can reduce the Ni residue in the crystallized Si film. Therefore, in addition to the thermal budget, the material property of the seed layer is critical to the final poly-Si properties. The poly-Si film's structure and impurity content are important to the solar cell performance.
Effects of Polymer Modification on Properties and Microstructure of Model Asphalt Systems

Physical properties and microstructures of computational model asphalts were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations in an all-atom framework. A new model asphalt is proposed that is targeted toward core asphalt AAA-1 of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) based on elemental composition and speciation. Individual compounds were chosen from the literature to represent asphaltene, polar aromatic, naphthene aromatic, and saturate, with interactions ranked using Hansen solubility parameters. The density and thermal expansion coefficient agreed better with experimental data than had predictions using earlier model asphalts. In addition, one polystyrene molecule with 50 repeat units was added into a ternary model asphalt from earlier work and the new six-component AAA-1 model system to analyze polymer modification effects. The expansion coefficient, isothermal compressibility, and their temperature dependence decreased with one polymer chain present, while density increased. Self-diffusion c...
A prospective trial of postoperative vaginal radium/cesium for grade 1–2 less than 50% myometrial invasion and pelvic radiation therapy for grade 3 or deep myometrial ivasion in surgical stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma

A prospective trial was performed to evaluate the recurrence rate and 5-year disease-free survival rate in patients with surgical Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma. Patients with Stage I, Grade 1 or 2 disease, less than 50% myometrial invasion, and no evidence of disease outside the corpus of the uterus were treated by hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and postoperative vaginal radium/cesium (Group 1). Patients with surgical Stage I, Grade 3 disease or deep myometrial invasion, and histologically negative paraaortic lymph nodes were treated with postoperative pelvic radiation therapy (5000-5040 cGY) (Group 2). Patients with malignant peritoneal cytologic findings also received progesterone therapy. Of the 92 Group 1 patients, there have been no recurrences and the 5-year estimated disease-free survival rate was 99%. Of the 41 Group 2 patients, there have been four (9.7%) recurrences but only one (2.4%) within the treated field (pelvis), and the 5-year estimated disease-free survival rate was 88%. Of the 133 patients, the 5-year estimated disease-free survival rate was 96%, and only one patient (0.7%) had a local pelvic recurrence. Of the 16 patients with malignant peritoneal cytologic findings who were treated with progesterone therapy, none has had a recurrence.
All Shook Up: Fluctuations, Maxwell’s Demon and the Thermodynamics of Computation

The most successful exorcism of Maxwell’s demon is Smoluchowski’s 1912 observation that thermal fluctuations would likely disrupt the operation of any molecular-scale demonic machine. A later tradition sought to exorcise Maxwell’s demon by assessing the entropic cost of the demon’s processing of information. This later tradition fails since these same thermal fluctuations invalidate the molecular-scale manipulations upon which the thermodynamics of computation is based. A new argument concerning conservation of phase space volume shows that all Maxwell’s demons must fail.
Immunochemistry of Newly Found Substituents of Polysaccharides of Rhizobium Species

Acetyl and pyruvic acid groups were detected and estimated in the extracellular polysaccharides of Rhizobium trifolii and R. meliloti. Pyruvic acid was found also in the specific polysaccharide of pneumococcal type 27, and is believed to explain the cross-reactivity between antiserum to pneumococcal type 27 and these and other pyruvate-containing bacterial polysaccharides. Removal of pyruvate from a Rhizobium polysaccharide rendered it inactive with its homologous antiserum and with antiserum to pneumococcal type 27, but it then reacted with several antiserums to other pneumococcal types with which the intact material was unreactive.
Mutations in the Lon gene of E. coli K12 phenotypically suppress a mutation in the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase

Abstract We have isolated spontaneous temperature-resistant revertants of a temperature-sensitive mutation ( rpoD800 ) in the sigma subunit of E. coli K12 RNA polymerase. These revertants still contained the rpoD800 allele. They were mucoid, and sensitive to ultraviolet light and the radiomimetic agent nitrofurantoin, which are characteristics of lon mutants. One revertant, Tr 29 , was mapped to the lon region of the chromosome. Lon − rpoD800 double mutants were constructed, and were phenotypically indistinguishable from the spontaneous temperature-resistant revertant. It is the degradation-deficient property of lon mutants that is responsible for the suppression of the temperature-sensitive phenotype. We show that the rpoD800 sigma polypeptide is a substrate for the lon proteolytic system, and that mutations in lon decrease the rate of mutant sigma degradation. The rate of synthesis of mutant sigma was also affected in lon − strains. The net effect of lon − mutations was to increase the concentration of mutant sigma. We conclude that the temperature-sensitive phenotype results from insufficient concentration, rather than altered function, of the mutant protein.
Workshop: Novel transcript reconstruction from paired-end RNA-Seq reads using fragment length distribution

Recent advances in DNA sequencing have made it possible to sequence the whole transcriptome by massively parallel sequencing, commonly referred as RNA-Seq. RNA-Seq is quickly becoming the technology of choice for transcriptome research and analyses. RNA-Seq allows to reduce the sequencing cost and significantly increase data throughput, but it is computationally challenging to use such RNA-Seq data for reconstructing of full length transcripts and accurately estimate their abundances across all cell types. The common computational problems include: gene and isoform expression level estimation [1], find transcriptome quantification, transcriptome discovery and reconstruction. To solve these problems it is required to have scalable computational tools.
The growth of university libraries in Israel since 1948

(1980). The growth of university libraries in Israel since 1948. International Library Review: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 313-322.
TTI Wave-equation Migration

We describe a phase-shift plus interpolation (PSPI) method for wave-equation migration in TTI media. To apply the PSPI methodology for anisotropy, we generate reference operators based upon phase error criteria with respect to the symmetry axis direction, and exploit correlations between parameters. The method is demonstrated on an elastic synthetic dataset generated over a thrust-belt setting, as found in the Canadian Foothills.
Utilizing path diversity in optical packet switched interconnection networks

The concept of path adjustments is introduced as a mean of increasing the utilization of optical packet switched networks. Simulation results show substantial performance improvement under uniform and non-uniform traffic, and an experimental demonstration proves feasibility.
Growth of barium metaborate (BaB2O4) single crystal fibers by the laser-heated pedestal growth method

Abstract High optical quality single crystal fibers of β-BaB 2 O 4 (BBO), an important new nonlinear optical material, were grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) method. Because the β-phase is the low temperature phase, these fiber crystals were grown from solution to avoid the α-β solid-state phase transformation encountered when crystals are grown directly from the melt. In this study Na 2 O and B 2 O 3 were found to be the most useful solvents. The effects of solution composition and seed orientation on fiber growth rate and quality were investigated. Inclusions were observed in some fibers and the relationship between the formation of inclusions and supercooling at the growth interface is discussed.
A sequential analysis of parent-child interactions in anxious and nonanxious families.

Although theoretical work has suggested that reciprocal behavior patterns between parent and child may be important in the development of childhood anxiety, most empirical work has failed to consider the bidirectional nature of interactions. The current study sought to address this limitation by utilizing a sequential approach to exploring parent–child interactions. Participants included 161 children (ages 3–12 years) and their parents. Parent and child dyads were classified into four categories: anxious parent–anxious child (n = 45), anxious parent–nonanxious child (n = 45), nonanxious parent–anxious child (n = 21), and nonanxious parent–nonanxious child (n = 50). Parent and child behaviors were coded from two 10-min interactions. Results indicated that anxious parents of children with anxiety disorders were more likely to respond with negative behaviors, which their child then mirrored. Nonanxious parents of nonanxious children responded with more warmth, which was then mirrored by their child. These re...
Scaling of hopping self-diffusion barriers on fcc(100) surfaces with bulk bond energies

Abstract To within ∼10%, the hopping-self-diffusion barrier calculated by means of the generalized gradient approximation for an unreconstructed fcc(100) metal surface equals one-sixth the bulk cohesive energy of the corresponding metal. This simple rule holds for Al, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag and Au, and serves as a standard by which to judge if a measured diffusion barrier is unusual.
In situ laser heating in a scanning transmission electron microscope

We have introduced a modest power (50 mW) laser beam into a high resolution scanning transmission electron microscope in order to heat samples to high temperatures and cool them rapidly enough to ‘‘freeze in’’ the effects of the high temperature. Sequential micrographs of the sample taken after 0.1‐s heating pulses show, for example, material migration, grain growth, and crystallization of amorphous silicon evaporated on to 50‐nm Si3N4 substrates.
Role of nano in catalysis: Palladium catalyzed hydrogen desorption from nanosized magnesium hydride

Abstract Chemical reactions involve competing pathways. Here, two pathways for H desorption from MgH 2 are identified by first-principles calculations: One involves H diffusion in bulk Mg, while the other involves H vacancy diffusion at the MgH 2 surface. The latter is sensitive to the size of the reactant MgH 2 and self-terminates in bulk material as dehydrogenation eventually eliminates exposed MgH 2 . However, this surface vacancy pathway can maximize the catalyst effect of Pd by decoupling the kinetics of H desorption from that of H diffusion. When the surface-to-bulk ratio is large as in the case of MgH 2 nanostructures, H desorption will take place primarily via the low-barrier surface vacancy pathway. Our picture attributes the experimentally observed size effect of MgH 2 on H desorption, beyond the quantum size regime, to a synergy between the nanosize of the reactant and the catalyst.
Materials science: Nanoparticle structures served up on a tray.

A neat approach that involves laying an array of nanoparticles on a graphene sheet supported on an iridium substrate has allowed accurate measurement of the nanoparticles' atomic structure.
Specificity of Receptor–G Protein Coupling: Protein Structure and Cellular Determinants

Abstract G protein-coupled receptors are involved in a tremendous range of signaling processes in the nervous system. The outlines of a molecular basis for specificity of receptor–G protein coupling has been established, but important details remain unclear. The second and third intracellular loops of most G protein-coupled receptors and the carboxyl terminus of the G protein α subunit have the most clearly established roles in specificity of coupling. The role of other regions of receptor and G protein, especially the Gβγ subunit, is an area needing more investigation. A discrepancy between specificity observed in vitro and in intact cells suggests a role for targeting and compartmentation of signaling components to account for the striking specificity observed in intact cells. The role of caveolin and PDZ domain-containing proteins will be of significant interest.
The Relationship of Scores on the Clep General Examinations To Grades

Scores or subtest scores on the five CLEP General Examinations plus SAT Verbal and Mathematics scores were compared with grades earned in related college courses. The examinees were 216 sophomores representing a random sample of 1132 sophomores who took the CLEP General Examinations. For each of eight subject-matter areas two grade measures were used: quality points earned and grade-point average. For both measures the appropriate CLEP test had the highest correlation among all the tests except for the Social Sciences and History subtests. Step-wise multiple regressions, using quality points as criteria and CLEP tests plus SAT tests as predictors, indicated that the SAT tests did not appreciably add to the grade variance measured by the CLEP tests.
Role of Slip Velocity in the Behavior of Stratified Multiphase Plumes

This paper presents direct measurements of multiphase plumes in stratification and correlates characteristic plume properties with the nondimensional slip velocity UN . UN is defined as the ratio of the bubble slip velocity us to a characteristic plume fluid rise velocity (BN)1∕4 ; B is the total kinematic buoyancy flux, and N is the buoyancy frequency. UN is derived by dimensional analysis and is compared to other nondimensional parameters for multiphase plumes in the literature. To investigate correlations of the nondimensional numbers with plume properties, laboratory experiments were conducted in linear stratification using dispersed phases of air, oil, and glass beads (creating an inverted plume). A new type of plume behavior is identified, called Type 1* , in which the horizontal motion in the first detrainment event disperses the relatively weak bubbles, creating a diffuse bubble plume that forms out of the intrusion. Measurements from these and previous experiments for type behavior, trap height, ...
The hot interstellar medium toward SN1987A

AN X-RAY image of the field surrounding the supernova SN1987A, derived from the Einstein Observatory Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) Survey, has allowed us to constrain the properties of the hot ionized medium along the line of sight to the supernova. If the absorption feature observed in the optical spectrum of the supernova at 6,379.7 A1,2 is identified with [Fe X] λ = 6,375 A, we find that an extraordinarily high iron abundance must be present, either in the hot interstellar medium of the LMC or in coronal gas between that galaxy and the Milky Way.
Techniques for measuring water-binding capacity in muscle foods—A review of methodology

Many methods are available for measuring the WHC (water-holding capacity) of muscle and muscle products. However, not all WHC methods are suitable for a given application and use of an inappropriate method may lead to erroneous conclusions. This paper will first briefly describe the mechanism which immobilizes water in muscle foods, then review the methods currently used for measuring WHC of muscle foods and indicate suitable applications for each method.
Interactions of Nuclear Actin-Related Proteins with SWI/SNF Chromatin-Remodeling Complexes

ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes (remodelers) modulate chromatin structure and thus play important roles in transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair. Nuclear actin and actin-related proteins (Arps) are subunits of several such complexes, where they are commonly found in pairs. However, the role of actin/Arps and the mechanism through which they bind the catalytic subunits of their host complexes are unknown. Here, we investigated how budding yeast Arp7 and Arp9 are incorporated into SWI/SNF-family chromatin-remodeling complexes. We present the first biochemical evidence that Arp7 and Arp9 must heterodimerize to bind ATP and interact with the catalytic subunits of the SWI/SNF and RSC complexes. In addition, we present ITC data, which define the remodeler region that interacts with Arp7/9, thus providing a mechanistic framework for understanding how actin/Arps are selectively loaded into their host remodelers.
Type A behavior and coronary atherosclerosis.

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate whether the pathogenesis of type A behavior may involve the premature development of coronary atherosclerosis. Background: Type A or coronary-prone behavior is considered a possible risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. Premature development of coronary atherosclerosis is suspected to play a role. Utilizing electron beam computed tomography, one can accurately determine the degree of coronary artery calcification, which is reflective of coronary atherosclerosis. Methods: We performed a study of 35 men who had no clinical evidence of coronary heart disease. Twenty exhibited severe type A behavior and 15 exhibited type B behavior. All subjects were given an Electron Beam Computed Tomography scan of their coronary arteries and a treadmill electrocardiogram. Results: Eight of the 20 (40%) type A subjects were found to have coronary calcification compared to none of the type B subjects ( P =0.005). The correlation coefficient between type A score and coronary calcium score was 0.39 ( P =0.09). Conclusions: The pathophysiology by which type A behavior increases the risk for coronary heart disease may involve the premature development of coronary atherosclerosis.
Observation and characterization of cavity Rydberg polaritons

We demonstrate hybridization of optical cavity photons with atomic Rydberg excitations using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The resulting dark state Rydberg polaritons exhibit a compressed frequency spectrum and enhanced lifetime indicating strong light-matter mixing. We study the coherence properties of cavity Rydberg polaritons and identify the generalized EIT linewidth for optical cavities. Strong collective coupling suppresses polariton losses due to inhomogeneous broadening, which we demonstrate by using different Rydberg levels with a range of polarizabilities. Our results point the way towards using cavity Rydberg polaritons as a platform for creating photonic quantum materials.
Effective Decision Support for Workforce Deployment Service Systems

An IT services businesses must continually manage the assignment and movement of practitioners to or between projects balancing multiple objectives (1) to minimize their idle bench, while aiming (2) to increase revenue from new project opportunities. The key to simultaneously achieving these objectives is a well managed Service System for Workforce Deployment with distributed decision making. In this paper, we discuss the decision support needs for this Service System, and present a decision support tool that computes an 'optimal' assignment of practitioners to projects,and improves the effectiveness and efficiency of this assignment process. The tool comprises of a matching module that matches practitioners to project openings, an optimization module that produces globally optimal recommendations, and a user interface for displaying the recommendations. We describe the decision support tool, our experiences with developing and deploying it in an IT services company, and our efforts to promote a common shared perspective among decision-makers enabling multiple decision makers to independently arrive at near-optimal decisions using the tool recommendations.
A Multiplex Immunoassay Using the Guthrie Specimen to Detect T-Cell Deficiencies Including Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

BACKGROUND: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) fulfills many of the requirements for addition to a newborn screening panel. Two newborn screening SCID pilot studies are now underway using the T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay, a molecular technique. Here we describe an immunoassay with CD3 as a marker for T cells and CD45 as a marker for total leukocytes that can be used with the Guthrie specimen. METHODS: The multiplexing capabilities of the Luminex platform were used. Antibody pairs were used to capture and detect CD3 and CD45 from a single 3-mm punch of the Guthrie specimen. The assay for each biomarker was developed separately in identical buffers and then combined to create a multiplex assay. RESULTS: Using calibrators made from known amounts of leukocytes, a detection limit of 0.25 × 106 cells/mL for CD3 and 0.125 × 106 cells/mL for CD45 was obtained. Affinity tests showed no cross-reactivity between the antibodies to CD3 and CD45. The multiplex assay was validated against 8 coded specimens of known clinical status and linked to results from the TREC assay that had identified them. All were correctly identified by the CD345 assay. CONCLUSIONS: The performance parameters of the CD345 assay met the performance characteristics generally accepted for immunoassays. Our assay classifications of positive specimens concur with previous TREC results. This CD345 assay warrants evaluation as a viable alternative or complement to the TREC assay as a primary screening tool for detecting T-cell immunodeficiencies, including SCID, in Guthrie specimens.
Visual Reasoning about Social Networks Using Centrality Sensitivity

In this paper, we study the sensitivity of centrality metrics as a key metric of social networks to support visual reasoning. As centrality represents the prestige or importance of a node in a network, its sensitivity represents the importance of the relationship between this and all other nodes in the network. We have derived an analytical solution that extracts the sensitivity as the derivative of centrality with respect to degree for two centrality metrics based on feedback and random walks. We show that these sensitivities are good indicators of the distribution of centrality in the network, and how changes are expected to be propagated if we introduce changes to the network. These metrics also help us simplify a complex network in a way that retains the main structural properties and that results in trustworthy, readable diagrams. Sensitivity is also a key concept for uncertainty analysis of social networks, and we show how our approach may help analysts gain insight on the robustness of key network metrics. Through a number of examples, we illustrate the need for measuring sensitivity, and the impact it has on the visualization of and interaction with social and other scale-free networks.
Initial Binding of Preproteins Involving the Toc159 Receptor Can Be Bypassed during Protein Import into Chloroplasts

Two integral outer envelope GTPases, Toc34 and Toc86, are proposed to regulate the recognition and translocation of nuclear-encoded preproteins during the early stages of protein import into chloroplasts. Defining the precise roles of Toc86 and Toc34 has been complicated by the inability to distinguish their GTPase activities. Furthermore, the assignment of Toc86 function is rendered equivocal by recent reports suggesting that the standard protocol for the isolation of chloroplasts results in significant proteolysis of Toc86 (B. Bolter, T. May, J. Soll [1998] FEBS Lett 441: 59-62; G. Schatz [1998] Nature 395: 439-440). We demonstrate that Toc86 corresponds to a native protein of 159 kD in pea (Pisum sativum), designated Toc159. We take advantage of the proteolytic sensitivity of Toc159 to selectively remove its 100-kD cytoplasmic GTPase domain and thereby distinguish its activities from other import components. Proteolysis eliminates detectable binding of preproteins at the chloroplast surface, which is consistent with the proposed role of Toc159 as a receptor component. Remarkably, preprotein translocation across the outer membrane can occur in the absence of the Toc159 cytoplasmic domain, suggesting that binding can be bypassed. Translocation remains sensitive to GTP analogs in the absence of the Toc159 GTP-binding domain, providing evidence that Toc34 plays a key role in the regulation of translocation by GTP.
Photorefractive and electroluminescent organics

Conjugated polymers and organic molecules combine transport and light-emitting properties that enable their use in electroluminescent devices for display applications. In this field, we have made the following advances: (i) fabricated and characterized ultra-bright electroluminescent devices using LiF-Al, and alloys of Al and LiF cathodes; (ii) studied the optical gain properties of the conjugated polymer BEH:PPV and the origin of the spectrally narrow emission observed in these polymers above threshold for stimulated emission; (iii) demonstrated several optically pumped laser structures using a conjugated polymer in devices where feedback was provided in different ways.
Hypoxic Preconditioning Alleviates Ethanol Neurotoxicity: The Involvement of Autophagy

Ethanol is a neuroteratogen and neurodegeneration is the most devastating consequence of developmental exposure to ethanol. A sublethal preconditioning has been proposed as a neuroprotective strategy against several central nervous system neurodegenerative diseases. We have recently demonstrated that autophagy is a protective response to alleviate ethanol toxicity. A modest hypoxic preconditioning (1 % oxygen) did not cause neurotoxicity but induced autophagy (Tzeng et al. Free Radic Biol Med 49: 839–846, 2010). We, therefore, hypothesize that the modest hypoxic preconditioning may offer a protection against ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. We showed here that the modest hypoxic preconditioning (1 % oxygen) for 8 h significantly alleviated ethanol-induced death of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Under the normoxia condition, cell viability in ethanol-exposed cultures (316 mg/dl for 48 h) was 49 ± 6 % of untreated controls; however, with hypoxic preconditioning, cell viability in the ethanol-exposed group increased to 78 ± 7 % of the controls (p < 0.05; n = 3). Bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of autophagosome and lysosome fusion, blocked hypoxic preconditioning-mediated protection. Similarly, inhibition of autophagic initiation by wortmannin also eliminated hypoxic preconditioning-mediated protection. In contrast, activation of autophagy by rapamycin further enhanced neuroprotection caused by hypoxic preconditioning. Taken together, the results confirm that autophagy is a protective response against ethanol neurotoxicity and the modest hypoxic preconditioning can offer neuroprotection by activating autophagic pathways.