cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of T-Lymphocytes Cultured from Human Endomyocardial Biopsies

Myocarditis is often characterized by a lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in myocardial tissue. However, human myocarditis has neither a definitive etiologic agent nor a well-characterized pathogenesis [1]. Previous investigations of clinical myocarditis have centered around potential viral etiologies and the humoral immune aspects of the acute disease and its possible sequelae, namely dilated cardiomyopathy [2, 3, 4]. A few investigations have examined circulating T lymphocytes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy [5, 6] while others have applied immunohistochemical techniques to characterize the inflammatory infiltrates in endomyocardial biopsies of myocarditis [7, 8, 9].
Windsor in the Workplace: Examining an Employer's Right to Demand More of Gay Employees Who Request FMLA Leave

The best practice for employers covered by the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) is to verify that employees requesting FMLA leave are entitled to it. This prevents employees from “double-dipping” (i.e., taking non-FMLA leave that the employer mistakenly believes to be FMLA leave, then coming back and demanding FMLA leave, leaving the employer forced to grant the employee two stints of leave). However, in light of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Windsor, employers are caught between a rock and a hard place concerning verification of potentially FMLA-qualifying events involving employees’ same-sex spouses.Under the FMLA, employees are entitled to leave, among other reasons, if the employee’s “spouse” is suffering from a serious health condition or in the event of a qualifying exigency arising out of the fact that the employee’s “spouse” is a covered military member on covered active duty. Pre-Windsor, the term “spouse” in the FMLA was defined as either member of an opposite-sex marriage, as per Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act. After Windsor struck down Section 3, however, the definition of “spouse” in the FMLA deferred to the definition of “spouse” in the employee’s state of residence, as per the regulations implementing the FMLA.This definitional change affects what employers should verify when confronted with potentially FMLA-qualifying events involving employees’ same-sex spouses. In addition to verifying that the employee currently is married to the putative spouse and that the spouse is suffering from a serious health condition or that a qualifying exigency has occurred, employers should verify that the employee \resides in a state that recognizes his/her marriage. For employees in opposite-sex marriages, such proof is unnecessary because no state denies recognition of marriage because the parties are of opposite sexes. However, for employees in same-sex marriages, such proof is necessary because many states prohibit same-sex marriages.As a result, employers are left in the lurch. Verification of an employee’s right to take FMLA leave to care for a same-sex spouse requires employers to demand more of gay employees than would be demanded of straight employees, which appears to run afoul of state laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in the terms, privileges, and conditions of employment. Yet, if an employer does not verify FMLA eligibility, that employer risks double-dipping. This Essay examines employers’ post-Windsor predicament, explains why employers’ concerns of violating state anti-discrimination laws are unfounded (in theory), and recommends a solution that would allow employers to verify FMLA leave eligibility without the threat of litigation.
Mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) is required for neoplastic cell transformation

3473 Mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) is a nuclear kinase that acts downstream of both ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and is activated in response to stress or mitogenic extracellular stimuli. However, the physiological role of MSK1 in malignant transformation and cancer development is not clear . Here, we report that MSK1 is involved in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)- or epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cell transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells. H89, a potent inhibitor of MSK1, strongly suppressed TPA- or EGF-induced cell transformation. When cells overexpressing wildtype MSK1 were treated with TPA or EGF, colony formation increased markedly compared to untreated cells or cells that did not overexpress MSK1. In contrast, MSK1 C-terminal or N-terminal dead dominant negative mutants dramatically suppressed cell transformation. Introduction of small interfering (si) RNA-MSK1 into JB6 Cl41 cells resulted in suppressed TPA- or EGF-induced cell transformation. In addition, cell proliferation was inhibited in MSK1 knockdown cells compared to MSK1 wildtype cells. In wildtype MSK1-overexpressing cells, AP-1 activation increased after TPA or EGF stimulation, whereas AP-1 activation decreased in both MSK1 dominant-negative mutants and MSK1 knockdown cells. Moreover, TPA- or EGF-induced phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10 was increased in wildtype cells but the induced phosphorylation was abolished in MSK1 dominant-negative mutant or MSK1 knockdown cells. Histone H3 mutant (S10A) cells also inhibited EGF- or TPA-induced colony transformation. Thus, MSK1 is required for tumor promoter-induced cell transformation through its phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10 and AP-1 activation.
Readout Electronics of a Handheld Dual Particle Imager

We designed and realized the front-end readout circuit for a matrix of silicon photomultipliers (SiPM), to be used in handheld dual particle imagers. In this work, we optically coupled two 6-mm by 6-mm by 6-mm stilbene crystals to two separate pixels on the same SiPM matrix and studied the performance of the readout architecture in terms of energy resolution and timing. A Na-22 source was placed on the array between the two pixels and energy and time resolution were measured. We varied the resistance of the AC stage of the readout circuit for each pixel by placing resistors of various resistance values in parallel with the signal readout jack. The energy resolution of the system improved with increasing resistance values, as expected. The time resolution in the 200 to 400 keV energy band did not vary significantly as a function of resistance value.
Investigating Capnography Innovation for Better Patient Monitoring in the Resource Limited Surgical Setting

Background. Access to basic anesthetic monitoring in the developing world is lacking, which contributes to the 100 times greater anesthesia-related mortality in low- and middle-income countries. We...
The Science of Foods: Designing Our Edible Future

There are many challenges facing us related to the foods we eat. Some of these challenges are personal (What should me and my family eat?), others are universal (How should we feed the world?). There are problems associated with meeting our basic nutritional needs. Many people around the world are suffering from diseases related to malnutrition, resulting from insufficient vitamins, minerals, or calories in their diet. Others are suffering from chronic diseases such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, which are due to overconsumption of calories, fat, salt, or sugar. Moreover, the global population is continuing to grow and to become more affluent, meaning we will need to produce and distribute more food, while minimizing food waste and not damaging our environment. This chapter describes the work scientists are doing to address these problems and create healthier, safer, better tasting, and more sustainable foods. The different roles of food designers, producers, constructors, detectives and gastrologists in these efforts are highlighted.
Impact of Valve Size on Prosthesis-Patient Mismatch and Aortic Valve Gradient After Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement.

ObjectiveLimited data is available about the effect of implanted valve size on prosthesis–patient mismatch (PPM) incidence and aortic gradient (AG) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAV...
Jan Ehrenwald, M.D.: Patterns of Neurotic Interaction

Each generation has a language, a theory, and a certain fund of knowledge slowly acquired from experimental design or from confluent validity that stems from allied disciplines such as sociology or anthropology. Dr. Ehrenwald's article, then as it is now, addresses that elusive mysterious topic of the transmission of communication between human beings. His reflections are much on target; the paper highlights the subjective nature of perception determined by the role of anticipation and past experiences. He highlights the fact that nonverbal components of communication, mostly unconscious, influence social interaction and social responses. Currently, Rainer Krause in working in Germany (reporting at a Meeting of the International Association of Psychoanalysis) has submitted this phenomenon to an experimental situation: a dialogue takes place between two individuals who meet for twenty minutes to discuss politics. One is a non-patient and unbeknownst to him, the other person is a schizophrenic. The conversation is videotaped and the two subjects are interviewed after the session. The schizophrenic patient reports to have liked the interview although his affective facial expression measured by Ekman's affect scale' showed displeasure and disgust. The non-patient reports instead a sense of displeasure and aversion, although his facial expression indicated an amiable exchange. The nonverbal communication, of what is disowned by the schizophrenic patient and owned up to by the normal subject, could be put in Ehrenwald's terms as a type of neurotic pathological empathy. The current concept of projective identification offers a further elaboration of "the how" of this phenomenon; namely, a person projects on the other an intolerable affective experience, though nonverbally, in such a way that what is projected is taken up as if it were one's own, hence that other person's identification with the projected self or object representation. The subject, here the schizophrenic patient, in turn attempts to control the other, in this case by keeping him at a distance through his unwelcoming facial expression. The concept of projective identification has invaluable applications in a variety of countertransference phenomena.2-5 Ehrenwald's innovative reflection that empathy is a two-person phenomenon seems obvious today given the enormous surge of observational and experimental knowledge on the impact of the infant on his caregiver and their mutual building of representations. …
Minorities in Retreat: The Jews of the Maghreb (1979)

After a brief review of the history of Jews in North Africa, including Jews in Algeria, the chapter picks up the concern for minority group type discussed in the introductory chapter. Jews in both Tunisia and Morocco are religious minorities in non-secular states, and in the early and mid-1970s, they were similar in other ways as well. But they were also different in important respects, including size, complexity, organizational strength, and the ideology and priorities of the host country government. Even though both minority groups were small and vulnerable at the time of the research reported in this chapter, these differences reflected substantially greater weakness and vulnerability on the part of the Jewish community in Tunisia. Compared to the community of Jews in Morocco, the one in Tunisia was in a much greater state of demographic dislocation and institutional decay. Against this background, the chapter then investigates the explanatory significance of attributes with respect to which the two religious minorities differ, in effect holding minority group type constant while considering whether or not variation in demographic dislocation and institutional decay accounts for variance in areas of communal importance. Presenting findings from public opinion surveys, particular attention is given to the views about Arab-Islamic culture and about the host society held by Jews in Tunisia and Jews in Morocco and, within each community, by Jews in different demographic categories. The survey data show notable attitudinal differences both between the two Jewish communities and within each as a function of age and education. The chapter concludes with reflections on the future of the two North African Jewish communities.
Potential demand for voluntary female sterilization in the 1980s: the compelling need for a nonsurgical method

The authors estimate the potential world demand for voluntary sterilization on the basis of U.S. data which shows that 31.3% of U.S. married women of reproductive age are sterilized. If sterilization were equally available elsewhere they estimate that approximately 180 million procedures would be required during the 1980s or a five-fold increase over the number now being performed. Of presently available methods colpotomy culdoscopy the tantalum clip and hysteroscopy are not satisfactory. In the authors view minilaparotomy is the safest procedure especially when performed by less specialized junior physicians and in rural areas. The most promising new methods use chemicals instilled into the fallopian tubes. Quinacrine pellets inserted through an IUD inserter have an estimated lifetime failure rate of 3/100 women. The authors consider this a safe approach costing about 1/2 as much as surgical sterilization. The quinacrine method has the potential to meet estimated developing country needs and also to be widely used in developed countries. They urge priority for further research on this method.
Transactional Scripts in Contract Stacks

In conventional transactions, written contracts usually memorialize the terms of the commercial exchange. For deals in which some of the goods being transferred and the forum for the trade are digitized — as in the case of cryptocurrencies — parties may use computer code rather than a written contract to record their terms. Such pieces of code are sometimes called “smart contracts” because they perform many of the same functions as contracts but are expressed in a computing language. Coded exchanges embody a potentially revolutionary contracting innovation. But they are difficult to assimilate into traditional contracting terminology, conceptual framing, and doctrine. This Article begins by distilling the central legally and practically significant type of smart contracts — what we call “transactional scripts.” It then develops an account of how these scripts, which operate on public blockchains, are created, the economic barriers to their adoption, and how they produce errors of legal significance. This account, in turn, allows us to more rigorously and accessibly situate transactional scripts in existing legal doctrine. Commentators are enthusiastic about scripts in part because, the story goes, they are “self-executing” and require no third-party adjudicators. Yet we show that optimism to be unfounded by documenting how scripts, like ordinary contracts, can result in misunderstanding, frustrated intent, and failure. When code misdelivers, disappointed parties will seek legal recourse. We argue that jurists should situate scripts within other legally operative statements and disclosures, or contract stacks. Precision about the relationship between script and stack sustains a novel framework, rooted in old doctrines of interpretation, parol evidence and equity, that will help jurists compile answers to the private law problems that digitized exchange entails.
Restored Fire and Grazing Regimes Influence Nest Selection and Survival in Brewer's Blackbirds Euphagus cyanocephalus

Grassland fire suppression causes numerous ecological changes including increases in woody vegetation, reduced biodiversity, and population declines of grassland species. Elimination of vegetation structure created and maintained by fire is a major driver of these changes. In this study, we documented a seldom-described nesting preference in Brewer's Blackbirds Euphagus cyanocephalus through the discovery of 56 nests in recently burned (0 and 1 years-since-fire) mixed-grass prairie. After locating nests via systematic rope dragging, we monitored them to characterize fates and then measured vegetation characteristics at and near nests to determine how vegetation structure influences nest survival. Most Brewer's Blackbird nests were located in patches burned within 1.5 years of the nesting attempt, though such patches made up 21% of the landscape. Nests were located on the ground and consisted of fine grasses lined with animal hair. Site selection analysis showed that Brewer's Blackbirds were 38 and 34 times more likely to nest in 0 and 1 year-since-fire patches than unburned patches, respectively. Nest survival analysis indicated a daily survival rate of 0.96 (0.32 overall survival). Lower survival rates were associated with higher bare ground and litter cover at the microsite (5 m from nest) and nest site (at nest), respectively. These results demonstrate that Brewer's Blackbirds exploit fire-associated vegetation structure in tree-limited landscapes. This research suggests that restored grassland disturbance regimes extend broad benefits to non-obligate taxa, as well as reveals previously repressed fire-associated behaviors of wildlife.
‘Context, gestures, and smiles’: investigating linguistic and cultural attitudes in Rick Steves’s European phrasebooks

This paper investigates linguistic and cultural attitudes found in tourist phrasebooks written by US travel writer and television host Rick Steves. Through a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of St...
Organic Neutral Radical Emitters: Impact of Chemical Substitution and Electronic-State Hybridization on the Luminescence Properties.

Neutral donor–acceptor (D–A•) organic radicals have recently attracted a great deal of attention as promising luminescent materials due to their strong doublet emission. Here, we consider a series ...
Short Bowel Syndrome

Pediatric short bowel syndrome (SBS) is an increasingly encountered complex and devastating condition in which the remaining intestine is unable to absorb adequate amounts of fluid and nutrients leading to intestinal failure and need for long-term parenteral support (PS). The goal of SBS treatment is to ascertain normal growth and development while pursuing enteral autonomy (weaning off PS) with individualized treatment strategies. Children with SBS are at risk for multiple complications such as intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD), recurrent septic episodes, central line complications, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, metabolic bone disease, impaired renal function, failure to thrive and increased mortality.
Finding your unique path in science

I always found it curious that in science, we value unique, creative thinkers, but we teach scientists to progress in a formulaic manner that rarely takes each person's individual strengths into account. Surprisingly, when we break the mold, we are often rewarded for it. This cycle of learning to survive using conventional wisdom but being rewarded for a unique path outside of it seems to be an unspoken key to success. I am honored to be awarded the 2020 Women in Cell Biology Junior Award for Excellence in Research and am thrilled to share some of the unconventional guiding principles that brought me to where I am in this rich scientific landscape. The game changers in the early phase of my career were informal mentors, open scientific communication, and persistence in pursuing difficult scientific questions.
JA:2021-26. Protecting and Promoting the Health of Young Agricultural Workers through Supervisor Training

Purpose: Young workers in agriculture (under 25-years-old) are at increased risk for occupational injuries. In addition to traditional workplace hazards, fatigue, substance use, and distracted beha...
Causal Factors for Engineering Design Defects and Their Impacts

AbstractAlthough research has identified factors affecting engineering design defects, these defects remain the primary cause of construction phase rework and poor project performance. The authors ...
On the interest-rate elasticity of the demand for international reserves: Some evidence from developing countries

Abstract Contrary to what is suggested by the theory, most empirical studies on the demand for international reserves have failed to find a significant (negative) coefficient for the opportunity cost of holding reserves. In this paper it is argued that the reason for this is that the opportunity cost of holding international reserves has been measured incorrectly. In the empirical analysis presented in this paper the spread between the interest rate at which countries can borrow from abroad and LIBOR is used as a proxy for the net opportunity cost for holding reserves. The results obtained using data for a group of developing countries for 1976–1980 show that when this net opportunity cost is used, the regression coefficient is significantly negative.
Two Views of International Trade in the Constitutional Order

In this year of ambitious new trade agreements, public attention has turned once again to the relationship between the U.S. constitutional order and global commerce. Though they may seem strictly contemporary phenomena, neither "globalization" nor the many debates about it are new. Indeed, they were present in a strikingly similar form in the founding era. One of the many ways in which the Founders' Constitution differs from current constitutional practice is in the arena of international trade. The changing conception of the constitutional status of international trade tracks the changing place of the American republic in the world of commerce. It also reveals the international dimension of what Fishkin and Forbath describe as "constitutional political economy," both in the founding era and today.
Standardized Transfer Process for a Neurointensive Care Unit and Assessment of Patient Bounceback

Patients who require readmission to an intensive care unit (ICU) after transfer to a lower level of care (“bounceback”) suffer from increased mortality and longer hospital stays. We aimed to create a multifaceted standardized transfer process for patients moving from the neurointensive care unit (neuro-ICU) to a lower level of care. We hypothesized that this process would lead to improvement in provider-rated safety and a decreased rate of bouncebacks to the neuro-ICU after transfer. The study took place at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from October 2018 to October 2020. A standardized five-step transfer process was created and implemented for transferring patients from the neuro-ICU to a lower level of care. Patient care providers completed a survey before and after implementation of the protocol to assess a variety of components related to safety concerns when transferring patients. The rate of bouncebacks pre and post intervention was calculated by using a two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and disposition at discharge was calculated by using Fisher’s exact test. Of the 1176 total patient transfers out of the neuro-ICU, 29 patients bounced back within 48 h. The average age of patients who bounced back was 63.3 years old, with a similar distribution among men and women. The most common reason for bounceback was respiratory distress, followed by cardiac arrhythmia, stroke, and sepsis. Implementation of the standardized process led to a decrease in provider-rated concern of overall safety (5 to 3, p = 0.008). There was improvement in transfer delays due to bed availability (3 to 4.5, p = 0.020), identification of high-risk patients (5 to 6, p = 0.021), patient assignment to the appropriate level of care (5 to 6, p = 0.019), and use of the electronic medical record handoff indicator (5 to 6, p = 0.003). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of patient bounceback rate after implementation of the process (2.4% vs. 2.5%, p = 1.00) or patient disposition at discharge (p = 0.553). Patients who bounceback to the neuro-ICU within 48 h had an increased length of hospital stay, had an increased length of ICU stay, and were more likely to be intubated for more than 96 h. Implementation of a standardized five-step transfer process from the neuro-ICU to a lower level of care resulted in improvement in multiple provider-rated safety outcomes and identification of high-risk patients but led to no difference in the patient bounceback rate or patient disposition at discharge.
Friction, Wear and Lubrication in Vacuum

A review of studies and observations on the friction, wear, and lubrication behavior of materials in a vacuum environment is presented. The factors that determine and influence friction and wear are discussed. They include topographical, physical, mechanical, and the chemical nature of the surface. The effects of bulk properties such as deformation characteristics, fracture behavior, and structure are included.
Investigating the impact of Cryogenic Carbon Capture on power plant performance

Cryogenic Carbon Capture (CCC) is a CO 2 mitigation process that can be integrated into existing baseline and load following fossil-fueled power plants. This process consumes less energy than conventional chemical absorption and includes energy storage capability. The CCC process has a fast response time to load changes to allow higher utilization of intermittent renewable power sources to be used at a grid-scale level in the power sector. The impact of the CCC process on the performance and operating profit of a single fossil-fueled power generation unit is studied in this paper. The proposed system (power production from wind, coal, and natural gas) meets the total electricity demand with 100% utilization of the available wind energy. The operational strategy for the hybrid energy-carbon capture system and the change in the performance of the hybrid system due to the seasonal changes are also examined in this paper. A sensitivity analysis is implemented to investigate the change in operating strategy of the hybrid system based on the relative fraction of wind energy adoption. The optimal wind energy adoption factor in the proposed system is obtained.
More Than Just Race: If We’re Going to Study Culture, Let’s Get It Right

In More Than Just Race, earlyand recent-vintage Wilson are on display. More Than Just Race shines where Wilson's work always shines in its enlighteni g and masterful synt esis of the research documenting persistent a d worsening structural conditions confronting and marginalizing poor innercity black Ame icans. As always, Wils bombards readers with his lucid, near-encyclopedic familiarity with classic and recent research, including a new and insightful cautionary note about the tendency of researchers (a d laypeople) to misapprehend patterns of psychological distress exhibited by poor inner-city blacks as reflective of culture. In recent-vintage style, Wilson more fully acknowledges and endeavors to decipher the source(s) of cultural patterns exhibited by poor inner-city blacks that hurt their life chances. Unfortunately, More Than Just Race falters where Wilson's recent works always falter in the failure to integrate critical cultural approaches, especially those that derive from feminist studies of masculinity and media, but also those t at take seriously the hostile institutional cultures that blacks living on the margins in inner cities confront daily. Wilson positions himself as a voice of reason and intellectual integrity, willing to stand against both progressives to the left (whom he claims do not acknowledge the failures of personal responsibility and morality of the black inner-city poor) and conservatives to the right (whom he claims do not acknowledge the greater influence of structural factors in creating and reproducing social and eco omic marginality). In More Than Just Race, Wilson offers an extended "spin" on the so-called liberal-conservative morass over structure a d culture, wasting an opportunity to ask why "structure" is always equated with external factors, while "culture" signifies, or serves as proxy for, internal causation and only internal causation. Is not culture multidirectio al? That is, do not i stitutions (and certain structures) enact, as well as reward and punish, culture(s) and do not lower-income black people inhabit and absorb broader cultural currents, even as they help construct, and occasionally resist, them? Wilso and I conceptualize the relationship between culture, poverty, and race differently. Consequently, we tend to emphasize different cultural influences and interpret responses to the same conditions, like the loss of middle-class blacks from poor in er-city neighborhoods, differently. But I do agree with Wilson that to u derstand how poor inner-city blacks make sense
OXIDATIVE ACTIVITY OF PSYCHROPHILIC AND MESOPHILIC BACTERIA ON SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Sultzer, Barnet M. (Michigan State University, East Lansing). Oxidative activity of psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria on saturated fatty acids. J. Bacteriol. 82:492–497. 1961.—Comparisons were made of the capacity of representative psychrophilic pseudomonads and of the mesophilic Serratia marcescens and Sarcina flava to oxidize sodium salts of fatty acids at temperatures ranging from 7.5 to 40 C. Conventional manometric techniques were employed to determine respiration of whole cells and of cell-free extracts of the bacteria. Reaction velocity constants were measured with whole cell preparations on octanoate at temperatures between 7.5 and 40 C. Temperature characteristic (μ) values, obtained by an Arrhenius plot of these reaction velocity constants, revealed a dissimilarity in response of the different types of organisms to the influence of decreasing temperature. The psychrophiles exhibited significantly lower μ values while oxidizing octanoate at much higher rates throughout the same temperature range. Changes in the slopes of the Arrhenius plots at various temperatures emphasized the differences in μ values between the psychrophiles and mesophiles. Extracts of these organisms were tested for their cofactor requirements and all were found to require adenosine triphosphate and coenzyme A to activate the octanoate oxidase system. Thus, in this experimental system, differences between these types of bacteria in their oxidative response to a saturated fatty acid cannot be explained by the initial activating mechanism involved. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the growth and physiological activity of psychrophiles at low temperatures.
Jointless Bridge Deck with Link Slabs: Design for Durability

Link slabs are used over the piers developing jointless decks while adjacent bridge spans remain simply supported. The Michigan Department of Transportation incorporates link slabs during deck replacements and deep resurfacing. Field performance assessment documented full-depth cracking of most of the link slabs. These cracks allow surface water infiltration, which leads to accelerated deterioration. This study was conducted to address link slab design and performance issues. The literature is inconsistent with the influence of design parameters on link slab performance. The objective was to document the link slab behavior of its design parameters, to propose a method to calculate the link slab moment and axial force, and to propose recommendations for updating current design details and construction procedures. Single-girder, two-span, finite element assemblage models under various types and levels of loads in conjunction with the link slab design parameters were used to evaluate the moments and axial fo...
Shaikhdoms of Eastern Arabia

Shaikhdoms of Eastern Arabia. Peter Leinhardt. Ahmed Al-Shahi. ed. Oxford: Palgrave, 2001. 257 pp.
Spectral lifting in Banach algebras and interpolation in several variables

Let A be a unital Banach algebra and let J be a closed two-sided ideal of A. We prove that if any invertible element of A/J has an invertible lifting in A4, then the quotient homomorphism 1 : A -+ A4/J is a spectral interpolant. This result is used to obtain a noncommutative multivariable analogue of the spectral commutant lifting theorem of Bercovici, Foia?, and Tannenbaum. This yields spectral versions of Sarason, Nevanlinna-Pick, and Caratheodory type interpolation for Fn? 3B(1C), the WOT-closed algebra generated by the spatial tensor product of the noncommutative analytic Toeplitz algebra F,? and B(AC), the algebra of bounded operators on a finite dimensional Hilbert space KC. A spectral tangential commutant lifting theorem in several variables is considered and used to obtain a spectral tangential version of the Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation for F,n03B(KC). In particular, we obtain interpolation theorems for matrix-valued bounded analytic functions on the open unit ball of Cn, in which one bounds the spectral radius of the interpolant and not the norm.
A Prototype Physical Database for Passive Microwave Retrievals of Precipitation over the US Southern Great Plains

An accurate understanding of the instantaneous, dynamic land surface emissivity is necessary for a physically based, multi-channel passive microwave precipitation retrieval scheme over land. In an effort to assess the feasibility of the physical approach for land surfaces, a semi-empirical emissivity model is applied for calculation of the surface component in a test area of the US Southern Great Plains. A physical emissivity model, using land surface model data as input, is used to calculate emissivity at the 10GHz frequency, combining contributions from the underlying soil and vegetation layers, including the dielectric and roughness effects of each medium. An empirical technique is then applied, based upon a robust set of observed channel covariances, extending the emissivity calculations to all channels. For calculation of the hydrometeor contribution, reflectivity profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR) are utilized along with coincident brightness temperatures (Tbs) from the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), and cloud-resolving model profiles. Ice profiles are modified to be consistent with the higher frequency microwave Tbs. Resulting modeled top of the atmosphere Tbs show correlations to observations of 0.9, biases of 1K or less, root-mean-square errors on the order of 5K, and improved agreement over the use of climatological emissivity values. The synthesis of these models and data sets leads to the creation of a simple prototype Tb database that includes both dynamic surface and atmospheric information physically consistent with the land surface model, emissivity model, and atmospheric information.
Single-use MEMS sealing valve with integrated actuation for ultra low-leak vacuum applications

The design, modeling, fabrication and successful demonstration of a bulk-micromachined MEMS valve that enables high gas flow rates of hundreds of sccm in its initial open state and ultra low-leak, permanent sealing against gas flow once closed are demonstrated. When the valve is open, a high aspect ratio ring of solder surrounds its flow orifice without blocking the flow path. When the valve is thermally actuated by an integrated resistive heater, the solder melts and reflows, creating an irreversible seal over the flow orifice. The flow orifice is formed in a silicon 'island' that is supported on a thermally-insulating membrane to limit heat conduction to the surrounding silicon and to minimize the input power that is needed to close the valve. The valve's measured open flow rate is up to approximately 400 sccm. The flow orifice is observed to seal when about 0.3 W of power are input to the resistive heater. To within the measurement uncertainty, the measured leak rate during valve testing is comparable to the measured leak rate when flow is measured through a solid plate, indicating that the valve's leakage is less than the test system's parasitic leakage and outgassing. The minimum, average, and maximum values of difference between the valve leak rate and the system's parasitic leak rate are 0 sccm, 0.65 × 10–4 sccm, and 1.65 × 10–4 sccm respectively when a 1 atmosphere pressure difference is applied across the valve. The average value corresponds to an open-to-closed flow rate ratio of greater than 6 × 106. This compact sealing valve may be combined with low and high vacuum micropumps to enable MEMS vacuum systems with both initial rough evacuation and long-term high vacuum maintenance capabilities.
Extensively Conjugated Dianionic Tetrathiooxalate-Bridged Copper(II) Complexes for Synthetic Metals.

Using a unique three-solvent biphasic method, we have prepared and characterized three new fully conjugated, chalcogen-rich, bridged copper(II) complexes for the preparation of molecular conductors and magnetic materials, having the general formula (Bu4N)2{tto[Cu(L)]2} (tto = C2S42- = tetrathiooxalato; L = mnt = C4N2S22- = 1,2-dicyanoethene-1,2-dithiolato for complex 2, dsit = C3Se2S32- = 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-diselenolato for complex 3, dmid = C3OS42- = 2-oxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolato for complex 4a). The single-crystal X-ray structures of 2 and 3 have been determined: 2, (Bu4N)2{tto[Cu(mnt)]2}, monoclinic, space group C2/m, a = 19.549(4) A, b = 13.519(3) A, c = 10.162(2) A, β = 90.33(1)°, Z = 2; 3, (Bu4N)2{tto[Cu(dsit)]2}, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 9.903(1) A, b = 15.589(1) A, c = 18.218(1) A, β = 90.40(1)°, Z = 2. Complex 2 displays perfect planarity, while 3 shows a slight tetrahedral distortion at the metal centers, resulting in a dihedral angle of 24.86(3)°. Cyclic voltammetry of (Bu...
Residual stress distribution in machining an annealed bearing bronze

Abstract The residual stress distribution in the surface region of workpieces of a bearing bronze that is machined under unlubricated, orthogonal conditions is determined using a deflection etching technique. The residual stress at the surface is low (compressive) and increases with an increase in depth beneath the machined surface to a maximum (tensile) then decreases continuously with a further increase in depth eventually becoming vanishingly small. The peak residual stress and depth of the stressed region increase with an increase in cutting speed, an increase in feed rate and an increase in tool rake angle but are independent of tool wear land length. The results of the investigation are interpreted qualitatively in terms of the type of chip produced and the variation of the thickness of the deformed surface region with cutting conditions.
Warth v. Seldin: “Foisting an Un-American Community Model on the People?”

Abstract While many basked in the euphoric rays emanating from the New Jersey state court Mt. Laurel decision, commentators and litigators in the land use field were tempering their sentiments with the knowledge of the U.S. Supereme Court's impending consideration of a primary federal land use challenge in Warth v. Seldin. The Court's 5-4 decision, affirming a federal appeals court'ss affirmance of the dismissal of an exclusionary zoning challenge by various individuals and groups, was predicated on the elusive concept of “standing.” If a sufficient case or controversy existed, according to the Court, or if the various classes of plaintiffs alleged a sufficiently personal stake in the outcome of challenge, their right to challenge Penfield's zoning could be established. In Warth the majority took a restrictive view and, on a one by one basis, denied standing to each of the plaintiffs.
Immersion condensation on scalable oil-infused nanostructures for high performance thermal management

Enhancing condensation heat transfer is important for broad applications ranging from power generation to thermal management. Significant efforts have focused on easy removal of the condensate, yet the other desired properties of low contact angles and high nucleation densities for high heat transfer performance have been typically neglected. In this work, we demonstrate immersion condensation on scalable oil-infused copper oxide nanostructures with heterogeneous coatings, where water droplets nucleate immersed within the oil. The combination of surface energy heterogeneity, reduced oil-water interfacial energy, and surface structuring enabled a drastically increased nucleation density while maintaining easy condensate removal. Accordingly, we demonstrated approximately a 100% increase in heat transfer coefficient compared to state-of-the-art dropwise condensation surfaces in the presence of non-condensable gases. Such surfaces promise wide application in a variety of heat transfer and resource conserving systems.
No more mother blaming: A feminist nursing perspective on the mother's role in father-daughter incest

Historically, nursing literature has been heavily laden with "mother blaming" messages, particularly for mothers of incest victims. The author was interested to discover the origin of this "mother blaming" ideology. Because nursing has frequently adopted the beliefs and practices of medicine, a review of selected literature on incest from psychiatry and psychiatric nursing was conducted in an effort to identify the epistemics and ontology of nursing knowledge pertaining to an underlying "mother blaming" philosophy. The potential negative implications these allegations of maternal culpability have on female clients will be explored. Finally, nurses will be encouraged to adopt a feminist nursing perspective in formulating and providing care to mothers of incest survivors.
Microsurgical correction of facial asymmetry in hemifaclal microsomia

Abstract Facial asymmetry in hemifacial microsomia presents reconstructive problems of bone and soft tissue. In most cases, this is managed by skeletal reconstruction followed by microvascular free tissue transfer for patients requiring soft tissue augmentation. We present here our experience using customized parascapular free flaps with extensions of dorsal thoracic fascia, which yields esthetically satisfying results.
Measurements of katabatic winds between Dome C and Dumont d'Urville

Dumont d'Urville on the Antarctic coast is an area well known for the presence of strong katabatic winds. Since the austral summer 1979/80 a US-French joint experiment has been investigating the katabatic wind in this region. In early 1980 three automatic weather stations (AWS) were installed along a trajectory from Dome Charlie to Dumont d'Urville. Measurements from these stations include air pressure, temperature, wind speed and direction at ground level only. To supplement these data with information regarding the vertical structure and the advective changes in the katabatic flow, two airborne missions were undertaken in November 1980 along a route from Dome Charlie (Dome C) to Dumont d'Urville.
Late Cretaceous Angiosperm Woods from the Crevasse Canyon and McRae Formations, South-Central New Mexico, USA: Part 1

Late Cretaceous angiosperm woods from the Western Interior of North America are poorly known relative to palynomorphs and leaf macrofossils. In this report we describe angiosperm woods from the Campanian Crevasse Canyon Formation and the Maastrichtian Jose Creek Member of the McRae Formation, in south-central New Mexico. New taxa include Baasia armendarisense (Celastraceae), Fulleroxylon armendarisense (Myrtaceae), and Pygmaeoxylon paucipora (magnoliid of uncertain affinities). Previously described taxa include Metcalfeoxylon (eudicots), Paraphyllanthoxylon (most likely Laurales), and Platanoxylon (Platanaceae). Tree habit is indicated for Metcalfeoxylon, which is known from in situ stumps with a maximum basal diameter of 0.75 m, and for Baasia and Paraphyllanthoxyon, which are known from axes at least 0.14 m in diameter. Baasia and Fulleroxylon represent the first North American fossil wood records of Celastraceae and Myrtaceae, respectively. Baasia also indicates that within Celastraceae, the pattern of...
Supplemental palmitoleic (C16:1 cis-9) acid reduces lipogenesis and desaturation in bovine adipocyte cultures.

Our objective was to determine if palmitoleic (C16:1 cis-9) acid supplementation to primary bovine adipocytes regulates lipogenic gene expression and rates of lipogenesis. Stromal vascular cells were isolated from subcutaneous and intermuscular fat, propagated, and frozen for use in this study. Cells were passaged 4 times, allowed to reach confluence, held for 2 d, and then differentiated with a standard hormone cocktail (d 0). At d 2, secondary differentiation media containing 1 of 4 concentrations of palmitoleic acid (0, 50, 150, or 300 μM) were added for 10 d. Cells were harvested on d 6 and 12 to assess fatty acid concentrations and gene expression. In addition, (13)C2 and (13)C18:0 stable isotopes were added on d 6 to measure lipogenesis and desaturase activity, respectively. Concentrations of C16:1 and total fatty acids increased (P 0.05) by harvest day. The ratio of C18:1 cis-9/C18:0 and fractional synthetic rate (FSR) of desaturation decreased (P < 0.05) in response to increasing palmitoleic acid supplementation. In addition, FSR of lipogenesis was reduced (P < 0.05) in palmitoleic acid-treated cells. Messenger RNA abundance as determined by real-time quantitative PCR for stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and elongase protein 6 (ELOVL6) genes were reduced (P < 0.05) by palmitoleic acid supplementation. Expression of a β-oxidation gene, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), was upregulated (P < 0.05) with palmitoleic acid supplementation in a dose-responsive manner. Supplementation of palmitoleic acid to bovine adipocytes results in increased incorporation of this fatty acid and its elongation products into the adipocyte, which downregulates SCD1, FASN, and ELOVL6 to decrease lipogenesis and upregulates CPT1A, potentially increasing β-oxidation. These results suggest that palmitoleic acid, an end product of desaturation, can act as a regulator of lipogenesis, desaturation, and β-oxidation in bovine adipocytes.
Relationships between vegetation indices and root zone soil moisture under maize and soybean canopies in the US Corn Belt: a comparative study using a close-range sensing approach

Understanding the relationships between root zone soil moisture and vegetation spectral signals will enhance our ability to manage water resources and monitor drought-related stress in vegetation. In this article, the relationships between vegetation indices VIs and in situ soil moisture under maize and soybean canopies were analysed using close-range reflectance data acquired at a rainfed cropland site in the US Corn Belt. Because of the deep rooting depths of maize plants, maize-based VIs exhibited significant correlations with soil moisture at a depth of 100 cm P P P P < 0.01. VIs applied to soybean resulted in statistically significant correlations with soil moisture at the shallower 10 and 25 cm depths, and the correlation coefficients declined with increasing depths. As opposed to maize, soybean held a shorter soil moisture memory as the correlations for all VIs versus soil moisture at 10 cm depth were strongest for the 5 day lag period. Wide dynamic range VI and normalized difference VI performed better in characterizing soil moisture at the 10 and 25 cm depths under soybean canopies when compared with enhanced VI and CIred-edge.
Cirrhosis of the liver: a study of thirty cases in adult Africans.

Abstract 1. 1) Thirty African adults with clinical cirrhosis of the liver were studied. 2. 2) Biopsy material of the liver was studied in 27 of these. In none were schistosomal lesions demonstrated, although the infection is endemic in Central Africa. 3. 3) Histological examination of the material showed no significant difference in the frequency of portal (Laennec's) cirrhosis and that of post-necrotic nodular scarring. 4. 4) Siderosis is of doubtful importance as a cause of cirrhosis. 5. 5) Excessive alcoholic consumption may be a more important factor in the production of cirrhosis than has hitherto been realized.