cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of New, Modified BWR Equations of State to the Corresponding-States Prediction of Natural Gas Properties

The accurate description of mixtures includes both single-phase (bulk) properties and the location of phase equilibrium boundaries, e.g., properties that depend upon partial molar properties. In order to estimate these properties, many variants of corresponding-states theory have been developed, especially for nonpolar mixtures such as those found in natural gas systems, In this work we have developed two new, modified BWR equations of state for two natural gas components (n-pentane and n-heptane) and used these equations in a reformulated (Teja-like) Lee–Kesler model. The reformulated model has been tested on bulk-phase properties of hydrocarbon systems, in both the pure and the mixed states. Results have been obtained using the original Lee–Kesler model, the extended corresponding-states theory, and the multifluid corresponding-states principle using several combinations of reference fluids chosen from this and previous equation of state studies. Details of the new equations of state and theoretical comparisons are reported.
Western avocado leafroller,Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham), (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) : Discovery of populations utilizing different ratios of sex pheromone components.

The most effective lure for maleAmorbia cuneana (Walsingham) in Orange, Ventura, and Riverside counties of California was previously found to be a 1∶1 ratio of (E,E)-10,12- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates. In subsequent field tests in San Diego and Santa Barbara counties, this lure was ineffective. Analysis of sex pheromone glands (SPG) of femaleA. cuneana from these two counties showed theEE:EZ ratio to be about 1∶9 and synthetic lures of this composition were highly attractive in these areas. Analysis of the SPG of a number of females from both areas showed that there were three population types: two in the low ratio areas possessed 37 and 58%EZ, and the third in the high ratio areas possessed 89%EZ.
Mass thickness measurement of pure element films by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

A precise and rapid method of measuring the mass thickness of pure element films using the LAMA Program to generate calibration curves by the fundamental parameters method is described. Only thick (‘bulk’) pure element standards are required thereby eliminating the necessity of preparing thin film standards. The accuracy is comparable to routine interferometry. A table giving the intensity ratios of the thin film to the corresponding thick standard is given for eighteen common elements and a thickness range of 500–100 000 A, making it possible to apply the method without use of a computer.
Benchmarking the repeatability of a pneumatic cyclic neutron activation analysis facility using 16O(n,p)16N for nuclear forensics

Abstract A target was prepared for cyclic neutron activation analysis by heat sealing lithium-carbonate in polyethylene. The target was cyclically irradiated 50 times using a Thermo-Scientific accelerator based deuterium–tritium fusion neutron generator. During counting periods, gamma-rays emitted by 16 N were detected using three high-purity germanium detectors acquiring data in list-mode. Total counts acquired in each spectrum were compared between the three detectors to examine variability in geometric positioning of the target and variability of the generator intensity throughout the experiment. These two effects were determined to be the primary sources of variation in the measured counts. Variation in target positioning and generator intensity were found to increase the standard deviation by 34% and 33%, respectively. Transit times to the detector were found to be slower and more variable than transit to the generator but were well below the half second threshold needed to measure short-lived radionuclides with half-lives on the order of seconds. The standard deviation in irradiation time was found to be less than 1 milliseconds. The impact on statistical variability in the measured counts was negligible relative to the two primary sources of variation. Spectra acquired from each cycle were summed together. The sum of the peak areas from the 6.1 MeV gamma-ray and its corresponding single and double escape peaks were used to measure the half-life of 16 N. The result of 7.108(15) seconds derived from data suggests that the currently published value of 7.13(2) seconds has minimal systematic bias induced by background.
Automated histogram-based brain segmentation in T1-weighted three-dimensional magnetic resonance head images.

Current semiautomated magnetic resonance (MR)based brain segmentation and volume measurement methods are complex and not sufficiently accurate for certain applications. We have developed a simpler, more accurate automated algorithm for whole-brain segmentation and volume measurement in T-1-weighted, three-dimensional MR images. This histogram-based brain segmentation (HBRS) algorithm is based on histograms and simple morphological operations. The algorithm's three steps are foreground/ background thresholding, disconnection of brain from skull, and removal of residue fragments (sinus, cerebrospinal fluid, dura, and marrow). Brain volume was measured by counting the number of brain voxels. Accuracy was determined by applying HBRS to both simulated and real MR data. Comparing the brain volume rendered by HBRS with the volume on which the simulation is based, the average error was 1.38%. By applying HBRS to 20 normal MR data sets downloaded from the Internet Brain Segmentation Repository and comparing them with expert segmented data, the average Jaccard similarity was 0.963 and the kappa index was 0.981. The reproducibility of brain volume measurements was assessed by comparing data from two sessions (four total data sets) with human volunteers. Intrasession variability of brain volumes for sessions 1 and 2 was 0.55 +/- 0.56 and 0.74 +/- 0.56%, respectively; the mean difference between the two sessions was 0.60 +/- 0.46%. These results show that the HBRS algorithm is a simple, fast, and accurate method to determine brain volume with high reproducibility. This algorithm may be applied to various research and clinical investigations in which brain segmentation and volume measurement involving MRI data are needed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
Clinically Relevant Mutations that Cause Derepression of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrC-MtrD-MtrE Efflux Pump System Confer Different Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance and In Vivo Fitness

The MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux pump system confers resistance to macrolide antibiotics and antimicrobial substances of the host innate defence. Clinical isolates with increased resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin frequently harbour mutations in the mtrR structural gene, which encodes a repressor of the mtrCDE operon, or the mtrR promoter region. The MtrC-MtrD-MtrE system is important for gonococcal survival in the murine genital tract, and derepression of the mtrCDE operon via deletion of mtrR confers increased fitness in vivo. Here we compared isogenic strains with naturally occurring mtrR locus mutations for differences in mtrCDE expression and pump-related phenotypes. Mutations upstream of mtrC, including those within the MtrR binding region and a novel mutation that increases mtrC RNA stability conferred the highest levels of derepression as measured by mtrCDE transcription and resistance to antibiotics, progesterone and antimicrobial peptides. In contrast, mutations within the mtrR coding sequence conferred low to intermediate levels of derepression. In vivo, the mtr mutants were more fit than the wild-type strain, the degree to which paralleled in vitro resistance gradients. These studies establish a hierarchy of mtrR locus mutations with regard to regulation of pump efflux, and suggest selection for more derepressed mutants may occur during mixed infections.
Ability tilt on the SAT and ACT predicts specific abilities and college majors

Abstract This research examined the validity of ability tilt, measured as within-subject differences in math and verbal scores on the SAT and ACT. Tilt scores were correlated with academic abilities (math and verbal) and college majors (STEM and humanities), both drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Math tilt (math > verbal) correlated positively with math ability and negatively with verbal ability, whereas verbal tilt (verbal > math) showed the opposite pattern. In addition, math tilt was associated with STEM majors (e.g., science and math), whereas verbal tilt was associated with humanities majors (e.g., English and history). Both math and verbal tilt were unrelated to non-academic abilities (speed and shop) and g . The results support niche-picking and investment theories, in which investment in one area (math) means less investment in competing areas (verbal).
Darwin on island plants

Islands played a key role in Charles Darwin's observations and experiments on plant dispersal. By means of these experiments, he expunged the old idea that a given species could originate at multiple times and in multiple places. More importantly, by seeing the capabilities for dispersal of plant seeds, fruits and branches, he was able to develop ideas of how plants reach islands and thus he is one of the founders of plant biogeography. For facts regarding floristic distribution of plants, Darwin relied on other workers, most notably Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. Among his insights were the differences between oceanic and continental islands on a floristic basis, ideas on how age of island and distance from mainland areas influenced composition of island floras, the nature of endemism on islands and the role islands and archipelagos served as stepping stones in dispersal. Ingenious at proposing hypotheses, but always respectful of facts, Darwin sought explanations for plant adaptations on islands at a time when knowledge of island botany was little more than floristic in nature. These explanations are compared with selected recent works in island botany. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 161, 20–25.
Early-Age Response of Concrete Pavements to Temperature and Moisture Variations

In this paper, the early-age response of a Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP) to temperature and moisture variations at the time of paving and immediately following construction is discussed. A newly constructed JPCP on US-30 near Marshalltown, Iowa, USA was instrumented and monitored during the critical time immediately following construction to identify its early-age behavior with respect to pavement deformation due to temperature and moisture variations. The instrumentation consisted of Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDTs) at the slab corner, center, and edges, and thermocouples and humidity sensors installed within the slab depth. The slab deformation associated with temperature and moisture variations were quantified using field-measured vertical displacements and pavement surface profiles. The positive temperature gradients during setting times and the negative moisture difference after setting times caused permanent upward curling and warping in the instrumented pavement. The relative corner deflection of the slab to center or mid-edge calculated using the slab profile and LVDT measurements show similar trends.
Rapid estimation of first-order rupture characteristics for large earthquakes using surface waves : 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

[1] Broadband surface waves from large earthquakes can be rapidly processed to estimate seismic moment, faulting duration, and general slip distribution, supplying important information for hazard response efforts, including tsunami warnings. Deconvolution of surface-wave Green’s functions removes propagation effects, yielding azimuthally varying effective source time functions. Even a single faultperpendicular time function can provide robust first-order estimates of the temporal history of seismic radiation and associated slip distribution. Simplified two-dimensional finite-fault modeling using a few surface-wave time functions can reliably characterize the smooth component of the overall rupture process. These procedures are demonstrated using 13 Rayleigh wave observations for the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, yielding satisfactory agreement with models based on more complete seismic data sets. Depending on source and station locations, stable slip estimates can be obtained within 15– 60 minutes of the onset of a large earthquake. Citation: Ammon, C. J., A. A. Velasco, and T. Lay (2006), Rapid estimation of first-order rupture characteristics for large earthquakes using surface waves: 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14314, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL026303.
PHOSPHORESCENCE MAXIMA AND TRIPLET STATE LIFETIMES OF NAD + AND ε‐NAD+ IN TERNARY COMPLEXES WITH HORSE LIVER ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE

Abstract This paper describes the phosphorescence emission and decay times of NAD and its fluorescent etheno derivative, e-NALV+, in the pyrazole ternary complex with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). We show that the e-NAD+, triplet state, as well as the tryptophan triplet state, can be utilized to monitor the coenzyme-enzyme interaction. The decays of NAD+ and AMP are single exponential, and the lifetimes are the same within experimental error. The phosphorescence lifetimes, evaluated as single exponentials, are slightly shorter in e-NAD4 than they are in e-AMP. Whereas the decay of e-AMP was adequately fit by a single exponential with a time constant of very close to 0.5 s, it was necessary to fit the decay of e-NAD+ to a double exponential. Ternary complexes with NAD+ excited at 297 nm exhibit decay kinetics nearly identical to those of ADH by itself. On the other hand, when excitation of the e-NAD+ ternary complex is provided at 313 nm. where there is very little absorption by either tryptophan residue, the decay law of the ternary complex is similar to that of e-NAD+ in solution. Our results demonstrate that NAD+ and e-NAD+ quench tryptophan phosphorescence in ADH. Normalizing the phosphorescence intensity to the 0–0 vibronic band assigned to Trp-15 (blue-edge), we calculate a 21% decrease in the phosphorescence associated with Trp-314 at stoichiometric saturation of the coenzyme binding sites with NAD- in the ternary complex. When the active sites are saturated with eS-NAD+, the relative phosphorescence due to Trp-314 decreases by 63%. Since e-NAD+ can be selectively excited in ternary complexes with ADH, it is a more useful probe than NAD+ for investigating energy transfer in these complexes.
Management turnover and financial distress

Abstract This study investigates senior management turnover in financially distressed firms. In any given year, 52% of sampled firms experience turnover if they are either in default on their debt, bankrupt, or privately restructuring their debt to avoid bankruptcy. A significant number of changes are initiated by firms' bank lenders. Following their resignation from these firms, managers are not subsequently employed by another exchange-listed firm for at least three years. Results are consistent with managers experiencing large personal costs when their firms default.
Local Mn structures in III—V diluted magnetic semiconductor (In,Mn)As

We describe the local Mn structures obtained by the X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements for MBE-grown (In,Mn)As epilayers with high Mn compositions (Mn>0.1). Both homogeneous and inhomogeneous epilayers were investigated. For the inhomogeneous layers grown at T s =280 o C, the entire shell structures are similar to those of NiAs-type bulk MnAs. For the homogeneous layers grown at T s =210 o C, the first whell around Mn was found to consist of disordered structure of six As atoms. This shell is then surrounded by twelve In atoms from the host InAs
The benefits of specral LIDAR for FOPEN applications

Object detection and classification in foliage penetration (FOPEN) situations is difficult due to canopy obscuration. While Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems provide a way to penetrate through the canopy, the limited spatial samples on the ground greatly reduce the efficacy of detection and classification algorithms. Hyperspectral sensors provide the ability to perform subpixel detection, but due to their passive nature, very few photons from below the canopy reach the sensor. Ideally, a hyperspectral LIDAR system would provide the best of both worlds. The LIDAR system would provide penetration through the foliage while the spectral system would provide improved classification ability. Currently, such sensor systems are in their infancy, but advances are being made in technology that would allow for their widespread development. As a proof of concept, we develop a model to simulate the results and show the benefit they bring to FOPEN applications. We start with basic shapes and randomly remove points to create a situation similar to FOPEN. Different spectral and spatial combinations are evaluated to determine what gains in performance are possible by adding spectral information to LIDAR systems.
Clustered acetylcholine receptors have two levels of organization in Xenopus muscle cells

We studied the organization of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters by shearing cultured Xenopus muscle cells with a stream of buffer, and preparing rotary replicas of the exposed cytoplasmic surface of the sarcolemma. AChR clusters contained numerous particles that protruded from the sarcolemma and formed an irregular array composed of discrete aggregates. AChR were located within these particle aggregates, as shown by comparison of the replicas to labeling by fluorescent α-bungarotoxin, and by immunogold cytochemistry with antibodies specific for the receptor. The aggregates were cross-linked by a dense network of 7 nm filaments that replicated with the banded pattern characteristic of actin microfilaments. The organization of receptors into the small aggregates was independent of the organization of these aggregates into clusters, as alkaline extraction removed the microfilament network and disrupted the irregular array of particle aggregates, but did not disperse individual receptors from the aggregates. We conclude that two levels of interactions organize AChR clusters in Xenopus muscle cells: short-range interactions that assemble individual AChR into small aggregates, and long-range interactions, perhaps mediated by actin microfilaments, that anchor the aggregates into larger clusters. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A useful weed put to work: genetic analysis of disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plant resistance to disease caused by phytopathogenic organisms is often triggered by the ability of the plant to specifically recognize the invading pathogen. One of the most fascinating areas in plant biology research focusses on understanding the mechanisms governing this process. Several recent breakthroughs in this area have come from the genetic analyses of disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Ionic Raman Effect. II. The First-Order Ionic Raman Effect

A theory previously developed for the Raman scattering of infrared light by the modulation of the ionic contribution to the polarizability of a crystal by the displacements of the atoms from their equilibrium positions has been applied to the calculation of the scattering efficiency of a pure crystal having a first-order electric dipole moment and cubic anharmonicity in the potential energy. The requirements on crystal symmetry for a nonvanishing scattering efficiency are developed, and it is shown that only noncentrosymmetric crystals can exhibit the effect. The symmetries of the ionic Raman tensor are presented for the 21 crystal classes lacking a center of inversion. A numerical estimate of the scattering efficiency is given for the case of gallium arsenide.
Coherent dynamics of N-level atoms and molecules. IV. Two- and three-level behavior

The authors demonstrate special cases for which the resonantly excited $N$-level atom displays particularly simple periodic behavior involving only two levels. The cases, which occur when first and last transitions are weak, have analytic solutions. A striking difference is noted between even-$N$ and odd-$N$, related to the resonance structure of the dressed ($N\ensuremath{-}2$)-level atom.
Influence of method of application of paclobutrazol on soil residues and growth retardation in a 'Starkrimson-Delicious' apple orchard.

A 3-year field study was conducted to determine the influence of mode of application of the gibberellin-inhibitor paclobutrazol (PP333), [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4 triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol], on PP333 soil residue levels and vegetative growth retardation of 10-year-old ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ (Malus Domestica Borkh.) spur-type apple trees. Treatments were applied in March, 1986 and consisted of foliar or soil sprays (200 ppm, 7 × applications at petal fall (+) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks) or a single soil drench (8.2 g A.I./tree) applied to the collar at petal fall. Foliar sprays were applied with and without a plastic ground cover to evaluate the influence of foliar runoff on the degree of soil absorption and its subsequent effect on vegetative growth. PP333 was extracted over a 3 year period (1986–88) from 400 cm2 soil patches located at the drip line of each tree, with the exception of soil drenches which were sampled near the collar. PP333 soil extracts were purified and quantitatively analyzed by HPLC. PP333 soil residue levels following foliar sprays were comparable to the soil spray treatment for each year and decreased at a rate of 50% per year from 1986–1988. Foliar sprays retarded terminal growth in the year of application, whereas the soil spray did not inhibit growth until the following year. PP333 residue levels were highest in the soil drench where growth retardation was evident in 1987 and 1988. The greatest carry-over effect occurred in the soil treatments, especially the soil drench application which resulted in the highest soil residue rates throughout the 3 year period.
Tagging DNA mismatches by selective 2′-amine acylation

Abstract Background: Widespread characterization of genetic variation and disease at the gene-sequence level has inaugurated a new era in human biology. Techniques for the molecular analysis of these variations and their linkage with measurable phenotypes will profoundly affect diverse fields of biological chemistry and biology. Results: A chemical tagging method has been developed to detect point mutations and other defects in nucleic acid sequences. The method employs oligodeoxynucleotide probes in which one 2′-ribose position (−H) is substituted with an amine (−NH 2 ) group. 2′-Amine-substituted nucleotides are specifically acylated by succinimidyl esters to form a 2′-amide product. The mutation detection method exploits our observation that 2′-amine groups at the site of a mismatch are acylated more rapidly than amine substitutions at base-paired nucleotides. 2′-Amine acylation is governed primarily by local, rather than global, differences in nucleotide dynamics, such that site-specific tagging of DNA mismatches does not require discriminatory hybridization conditions to be determined. Conclusions: 2′-Amine mismatch tagging offers an approach for chemically interrogating the base-paired state of individual nucleotides in a hybridized duplex and for quantifying nucleicacid hybridization with single-base specificity.
Induced aggregation operators

We introduce the induced ordered weighted averaging (IOWA) operator. In these operators the argument ordering process is guided by a variable called the order inducing value. A procedure for learning the weights from data is described. We suggest a number of applications of these induced OWA aggregation operators. First we show its possibilities in modeling nearest-neighbor rules. Next it is applied to the aggregation of complex objects such as matrices. It is also used to establish a new class of information fusion models called "best yesterday models". Finally, we extend the idea of order induced aggregation to the Choquet aggregation resulting in what we call the induced Choquet ordered averaging (I-COA) operator.
Dexamethasone suppresses in vivo levels of bone collagen synthesis in neonatal mice

The objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of glucocorticoids on in vivo levels of bone collagen synthesis in neonatal mice. Mice were injected with vehicle or dexamethasone at the start of the experiment. At 22 h, mice were given a 10 microCi injection of [3H]proline. At 24 h, the mice were sacrificed and the incorporation of [3H]proline into collagenase-digestible CDP labeling) and noncollagen (NCP labeling) protein in calvariae were determined by digestion with bacterial collagenase. Calvarial RNA was analyzed for COL 1A1 and osteocalcin mRNA levels by Northern blotting. After 24 h, vehicle-treated mice showed a 9.8 +/- 1.0% weight gain while dexamethasone-treated mice (1 mg/kg) had a 7.4 +/- 0.8% weight loss. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) decreased CDP and NCP labeling in calvariae by 51 +/- 4% and 17 +/- 4%, respectively (13 experiments). The inhibitory effect on protein labeling was selective for collagen since dexamethasone decreased the percent collagen synthesis from 25.4 +/- 1.6% to 16.6 +/- 1.0% (13 experiments). Dexamethasone at 3 mg/kg also decreased CDP labeling and the percent collagen synthesis in calvariae. There was a 30% reduction in COL1A1 mRNA levels and a 67% decrease in osteocalcin mRNA levels. To determine the reversibility of the inhibition of collagen synthesis, mice were given a single injection of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) and then injected with [3H]proline 2 h prior to sacrifice at 24, 48, or 72 h. The reduction in CDP labeling observed at 24 h was fully reversed by 48-72 h. Moreover, by 72 h, the-rate of weight gain by dexamethasone-treated mice was similar to vehicle-treated controls. These data show that administration of dexamethasone to neonatal mice leads to a selective decrease in bone collagen synthesis within 24 h that is accompanied by down-regulation of osteocalcin and COL1A1 mRNA levels. This model will be useful in determining mechanisms by which high dose glucocorticoids inhibit bone formation in vivo.
Computers: From Eniac to Univac: As inventors, Eckert and Mauchly were clear successes, but as entrepreneurs they had some difficult times

Considers the work of the inventors Eckert and Manchly after the second world war and the various problems that they faced, first in the development of Eriac, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer and then in the development of the more advanced Univac.
Cancellation of Space-Based Interference in Radio Telescopes

A concept is presented that was developed at the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, for suppression of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals in the 305 m dish radio receiver path prior to back-end processing. The subsystem requires no auxiliary antenna and is intended for easy integration with virtually any radio telescope system. The design focuses on the GPS L3 signal at 1381.05 MHz which, during periodic tests, interferes with observations of objects in an important range of redshifts. The signal dynamically change modulation modes and our scheme has demonstrated, through simulations using actual telescope data, the ability to acquire and track the signal as well as detect mode changes in order to to apply cancellation or blanking, as appropriate. A follow-up is planned to develop a prototype to deploy and evaluate at NAIC.
Recoverability of uzawa utility functionals under asset price lognormality

Abstract Uzawa functionals are characterized by their utility and variable time preference components. Sufficient conditions for their recoverability, given the investors consumption function and asset demands, are presented in the context of a continuous time portfolio model with infinite horizon.
Mastery, Burden, and Areas of Concern Among Family Caregivers of Mentally Ill Persons

In an era of limited resources for mental health care, family interventions need to target areas where they are responsive to families' expressed needs. Although family burden has been documented, less is known about the areas of concern that families feel they need direct assistance with, to be effective caregivers. Telephone interviews were conducted with 30 family members of mentally ill relatives. Burden, sense of mastery, and contexts of caregiving were assessed. Open-ended questions elicited further understandings of caregiving concerns. The most frequently identified burden was "worry about the future." The greatest concern was "dealing with sadness and grief." Recommendations for assessing family concerns are presented.
Derivation of the Universal Scaling Equation of the Hydrodynamic Scaling Model via Renormalization Group Analysis

The Altenberger−Dahler positive-function renormalization group (PFRG) method is shown to yield the universal scaling equation Ds = Do exp(−αcν) of the hydrodynamic scaling model for polymer self-diffusion. Here Do is the bare polymer self-diffusion coefficient at some low concentration, c is the (potentially high) polymer concentration, and ν and α are a scaling coefficient and scaling prefactor, respectively. To integrate the Lie equations of motion of the PFRG and obtain the universal scaling equation, the Kirkwood−Risemann model for polymer hydrodynamics is extended analytically to determine leading terms of the chain−chain and (for the first time) chain−chain−chain translation−translation hydrodynamic interaction tensors , , , , and , as well as many of their translational−rotational and rotational−rotational analogues.
The Isolation Effect in Children's Short Term Memory

Summary Two short-term memory probe experiments involving the isolation effect (IE) were each done with two groups of children (5–6 and 9–11 years). Strong evidence was found for the IE. In simultaneously presented lists there was evidence for an overall list facilitation due to isolation, and younger children actually performed better on the isolate. The IE in children was described as a short-term perceptual process which is more active in younger than in older children.
Long-term Outcomes after the Surgical Removal of Advanced Subfoveal Neovascular Membranes in Age-related Macular Degeneration

Background: The poor results of laser photocoagulation in patients with age-related macular degeneration who have subfoveal neovascular membranes, as reported by the Macular Photocoagulation Study Group, have posed the question as to whether the surgical removal of the neovascular membranes by subfoveal surgery might provide superior functional results, possibly in subgroups of patients. Methods: The authors' first ten patients treated by subfoveal surgery were followed prospectively. Follow-up of a mean duration of 2 years is presented, with particular emphasis on visual and anatomic outcomes. Preoperative subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes and postoperative retinal pigment epithelial defects were measured using digitized planimetry. Results: Initial visual acuities were equal to or less than 20/400, with a mean duration of visual loss of 8 months. The mean choroidal neovascular membrane size was 7 disc areas. Eight of ten patients improved one to two lines of Snellen visual acuity postoperatively. One patient achieved visual acuity of 20/60 at 15 months before declining because of recurrent neovascularization. Surgically induced retinal pigment epithelial defects were invariable; the mean defect was 14 standard disc areas in size. Choriocapillaris atrophy and focal losses of deeper choroidal tissue also occurred. Surgical complications were frequent but responded to routine management. The authors observe a 2-year recurrence rate of 40%. Recurrences often are atypical, fibrous, and poorly vascularized. Conclusions: Although substantial visual improvements are common, long-term reading vision has not been achieved. Retinal pigment epithelial incorporation into late subfoveal membranes remains a major limiting factor. The role of early surgery and the role of surgery for patient subgroups need to be compared directly with the results of foveal laser treatment, using several visual outcomes.
Sex differences in open-field behavior in the rat: the inductive and activational role of gonadal hormones

Abstract Male rats are generally found to be significantly less active and to defecate more than female rats in the open-field test. In developmental studies, these differences were shown to emerge in the peripuberal period at 50–60 days of age. After gonadectomy in adult life, the sex difference in open-field activity was reduced in magnitude but did persist indicating that it was not solely dependent on the presence of gonadal secretions in either sex. In contrast, the sex difference in open-field defecation did not reach statistical significance after gonadectomy with ovariectomized females exhibiting increased defecation frequency. Estrogen-progesterone replacement stimulated activity and decreased defecation scores to pre-gonadectomy levels in females but lacked effect in males. Administration of testosterone propionate (TP) to female rats in neonatal life produced developmental changes in open-field behavior similar to those seen in the male. In addition, the response of TP treated females to gonadectomy and hormone replacement was similar to that found for the male. These results suggest that the presence of testosterone in neonatal life plays a role in the masculinisation of open-field behavior and that its effect is partly mediated by the presence of cyclic ovarian secretions in the adult female rat and their absence in the male and TP treated female.
End Organ Toxicities of Adverse Drug Reactions

Many commonly prescribed medications are capable of causing organ specific adverse effects that can involve every organ system of the body. This situation presents the clinician with a diagnostic problem, since the drug-induced illness often mimics the clinical - disease. Clinicians must be alert to the possibility that drugs can cause or exacerbate any disease. In order to assess effectively the possibility of an illness being a result of an adverse drug reaction, it is necessary to recognize the manifestations of that drug's adverse effects and indict the drug on the basis of its use and the subsequent development of illness. This article reviews the organ-specific toxicities of drugs known to affect the liver, kidney, blood and bone marrow, and ear.
Physicochemical and Nutritional Aspects of Cowpea Flour

Cowpea (Vigna ungiiculata) flour was prepared by soaking.the beans in 25°C tap water for 18 hr, drying in an air draft, milling to a coarse powder, removing the seed coat by an air jet, autoclaving the powder at 121°C for 10 min, redrying in an air draft and grinding to a fine flour. Ths flour was creamy-white, free-flowing, nonhy-groscopic and dispersed readily in water. The conversion of cowpeas to flour resulted in 10% loss of thiamin and riboflavin and 30% loss of niacin. Also the flour contained less K, P, and Mg but more Ca and Na than the raw cowpeas.
Diverse molecular provocation of programmed cell death

The experimental study and manipulation of programmed cell death has been greatly assisted by the identification of genetic and pharmacological tools that can either induce or block cell lethality. This review discusses new insights into the molecular sensing of perturbations induced by such tools, as well as the possible consequences of this detection in determining cell survival.
The relative price discipline of domestic versus foreign entry

In this paper we combine data on industry entry, imports, and producer price indexes for 46 4-digit SIC industries over the 1972 to 1987 period to determine the impact of entry on industry pricing. Domestic entry's restraining influence is weak and occurs only at high levels of concentration while import changes exhibit a procompetitive influence for lower levels of concentration that include nearly all industries in the sample. In addition, the threat of foreign entry plays a role in disciplining domestic pricing; the impact of nontariff barriers on price changes seems to increase with concentration levels.
Implications of different fiber measures for epidemiologic studies of man‐made vitreous fibers

Background Several researchers have proposed fiber size ranges representing hypotheses about the biological activity of fibers. Each of these indices has a biologically plausible rationale, yet they propose different fiber dimensions. Methods Four biologically based and one standard fiber analytic method index, the NIOSH 7400 method with B rules, were evaluated in air monitoring data collected in a variety of fiber glass (FG) manufacturing settings to determine their impact on an assessment of fiber exposure for an epidemiologic study of the risk of respiratory cancer among FG production workers. Results All indices varied considerably within and among the range of fiber size distributions sampled in the FG factories. Conclusions The asymptotic relative efficiencies (R 2 ) calculated among the five indices indicate a potentially important loss of power from the use of the standard method index, if one of the biologically based indices is more closely related to the disease outcome in an epidemiologic study.
A probabilistic graphical model for joint answer ranking in question answering

Graphical models have been applied to various information retrieval and natural language processing tasks in the recent literature. In this paper, we apply a probabilistic graphical model for answer ranking in question answering. This model estimates the joint probability of correctness of all answer candidates, from which the probability of correctness of an individual candidate can be inferred. The joint prediction model can estimate both the correctness of individual answers as well as their correlations, which enables a list of accurate and comprehensive answers. This model was compared with a logistic regression model which directly estimates the probability of correctness of each individual answer candidate. An extensive set of empirical results based on TREC questions demonstrates the effectiveness of the joint model for answer ranking. Furthermore, we combine the joint model with the logistic regression model to improve the efficiency and accuracy of answer ranking.
PHASE II STUDY OF INTRAVENOUS 6-THIOGUANINE IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED GASTRIC CARCINOMA

In a phase II study, 18 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma were treated with intravenous 6-thioguanine. A 30-minute infusion of 55 mg/m2 (starting dose) was administered once a day for 5 consecutive days, the courses being repeated every 5 weeks. A median of 2 courses (range, 1–4) was administered. Among the 18 patients, 17 having measurable cancer and optimum follow-up were fully assessable for response. None of the patients achieved a complete or partial response. One patient achieved a transient minor response (15 weeks) of the primary gastric carcinoma but the metastatic carcinoma was unchanged. One patient had no change in his measurable carcinoma, and the other 15 patients had progressive disease while receiving intravenous 6-thioguanine. Myelosuppression, although frequent, was mild to moderate at these doses and did not result in significant morbidity. Nonhematologic toxicities were also mild. Our data suggest that intravenous 6-thioguanine given at this schedule is ineffective in previously untreated patients with advanced gastric carcinoma.
Application of Python to AIMS Data to Analyze Intraoperative Hypotension through Pediatric Blood Pressure Curves

There is scant data regarding thresholds for intraoperative hypo tension (IOH) in children less than 1 year of age. We used anesthesia information management systems (AIMS) data to develop reference values for normal per operative blood pressures (BPs) and IOH in the infant population undergoing thoracic surgery. Manipulating large data sets such as AIMS vital sign data can be challenging, thus, we developed custom software in Python to organize the data, parse the files, perform the appropriate calculations, and output the information in graphical form. In general, the results show that BP values at each percentile gradually increase as the patient's age increases. We plan to develop a broader set of reference values for normal BPs under anesthesia and thresholds for IOH, irrespective of the type of surgery. These can be used to ascertain the relationship of IOH to morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period and beyond.
Diel cycles and measurement of metabolic rates in Drosophila

Abstract 1. 1. Increasing incubation time over which metabolism is measured can provide reasonable estimates of metabolic rates in species with diel cycles. 2. 2. The rates of metabolism of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulons were measured over consecutive 1-hr intervals to confirm the existence of diel variation. 3. 3. These hourly measurements were integrated over 4- to 9-hr intervals to simulate long incubation times. 4. 4. The estimates of metabolic rate obtained from the 4- to 9-hr intervals closely agreed with the average hourly measurements in both species. 5. 5. Consequently, experiments requiring long measurement intervals that may include periods of fluctuating metabolic rates can provide valid comparative estimates of energy expenditures.
Clinical outcomes with use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents in patients with the HeartMate II left ventricular assist device.

Abstract Objectives This study evaluated clinical outcomes associated with erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) use in left ventricular assist devices (LVAD)–supported patients. Background Use of ESAs in patients with LVADs may minimize blood transfusions and decrease allosensitization. ESAs increase thrombotic events, which is concerning because LVADs are sensitive to pump thrombosis (PT). Methods We retrospectively reviewed 221 patients at our center who received a HeartMate II (Thoratec Corp., Pleasanton, California) LVAD between January 1, 2009 and June 6, 2013. Patients were divided into those who received ESAs during index admission (n = 121) and those who did not (n = 100). Suspected PT was defined as evidence of thrombus in the LVAD or severe hemolysis (lactate dehydrogenase >1,000 mg/dl or plasma-free hemoglobin >40 mg/dl). Outcomes were compared between cohorts using inverse probability-weighted analyses. Results During a mean follow-up of 14.2 ± 11.9 months, suspected PT occurred in 37 patients (ESA 23%, no ESA 12%; p =0.03). The ESA cohort received ESAs 13.9 ± 60.9 days after LVAD implantation. At 180 days, event-free rates for suspected PT were ESA 78.6% versus no ESA 94.5% (p Conclusions ESA use in LVAD patients is associated with higher rates of suspected PT.
A relativity principle in quantum mechanics

Takeuti has studied models of axiomatic set theory in which the “truth values” are elements of a complete Boolean algebra of projections on closed subspaces of a Hilbert space, and has found that the real numbers of such a model can be taken to be self-adjoint operators which can be resolved in terms of projections belonging to the Boolean algebra. It is suggested that this is the mathematical source of the replacement of real quantities by operators in quantizing a classical description, and that quantum theory involves a relativity principle with Takeuti's Boolean algebras serving as reference “frames.”
Synthesis of Fused Arylboronic Esters via Cobalt(0)-Mediated Cycloaddition of Alkynylboronates with α,ω-Diynes

Co2(CO)6-complexed alkynyl pinacolborane derivatives are readily transformed with functional group tolerance into fused arylboronates via the [2 + 2 + 2]cycloaddition to α,ω-diynes.
Simultaneous spectral albedo measurements near the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains (ARM SGP) central facility

[1] During the second Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE II), measurements were obtained during low-altitude passes of the Twin Otter aircraft directly over the central facility of the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. One set of measurements taken from this platform was the spectral irradiance pointing in the nadir and in the zenith with moderate spectral resolution from about 350 to 1670 nm using the NASA Ames solar spectral flux radiometer (SSFR). Routine measurements are made at the central facility (CF) of the ARM SGP site using two multifilter radiometer (MFR) heads with six narrowband filters covering portions of the spectrum between 415 and 940 nm. One measures upwelling spectral irradiance above an ungrazed pasture, and the other measures that above a wheat field. In addition, on one of the cloudy days during ARESE II (3 March 2000), measurements were made with a hand-held, commercial spectrometer above wheat, pasture, and dry corn stalks in and around the CF site between the wavelengths of 350 and 2340 nm. A needed input to radiation modeling at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface is the effective spectral surface albedo. In the calculation of downwelling radiation at the surface it is important to correctly specify surface albedo in overcast and clear conditions. This paper will examine the level of agreement among different spectral albedo measurements. The effect of the differences on calculated downwelling surface irradiance will be analyzed for thin and heavy overcast. Finally, the importance of spectral albedo versus a single-valued broadband albedo on modeled, clear-sky diffuse irradiance is demonstrated.
Trans-acting elements modulate expression of the human c-myc gene in Burkitt lymphoma cells.

Abstract We have used a competition assay to identify the targets of trans-acting elements that modulate the expression of the human c-myc gene (designated MYC in human gene nomenclature). For this purpose, a c-myc hybrid indicator gene was formed by joining the c-myc promoter region, first noncoding exon, and intron to the bacterial gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). The test assay consisted of cotransfecting the indicator gene with competing fragments of DNA derived from suspected control regions of the c-myc gene. Such experiments test the hypothesis that control regions are often targets for the binding of trans-acting regulatory factors that can be diverted to competing fragments of DNA. A negatively acting element will be diverted from the indicator gene, allowing the gene's enhanced expression, whereas a positively acting element will behave oppositely. Control indicator genes driven by non-myc promoters assess the specificity of the effect. Using this approach, we find three c-myc regions that are capable of enhancing the expression of the indicator gene in competition assays (i.e., putative sites of negative modulation). In addition, we find sequences near the c-myc promoters that suppress expression in competition assays (i.e., putative binding sites of positively acting factors). These results, with appropriate controls, suggest the existence of target sites near the c-myc gene that specifically modulate its expression both positively and negatively. Their locations fit well with regions damaged or lost in many Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma translocations.
Towards a Culturally Situated Reader Response Theory.

This article describes a theory of how culture enables literary interpretations of texts. We begin with a brief overview of the reader response field. From there, we introduce the theory and provide illustrative participant data examples. These data examples illustrate the four cultural positions middle grade students in our research assumed when responding to salient textual features embedded in African American children’s novels. Our theory suggests that because a range of cultural positions factors into students’ meaning making, we should mine texts more carefully for cultural milieu as well as find acceptance with a broader range of literary interpretations. We conclude by discussing implications for literary researchers and practitioners who study or use multicultural children’s literature.