cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulent shear-layer mixing at high Reynolds numbers: effects of inflow conditions

We report on the results from a set of incompressible, shear-layer flow experiments, at high Reynolds number (Re_δ ≡ ρΔUδ_T(x)/μ ≃ 2×10^5), in which the inflow conditions of shear-layer formation were varied (δ_T is the temperature-rise thickness for chemically-reacting shear layers). Both inert and chemically-reacting flows were investigated, the latter employing the (H_2+NO)/F_2 chemical system in the kinetically-fast regime to measure molecular mixing. Inflow conditions were varied by perturbing each, or both, boundary layers on the splitter plate separating the two freestream flows, upstream of shear-layer formation. The results of the chemically-reacting ‘flip experiments’ reveal that seemingly small changes in inflow conditions can have a significant influence not only on the large-scale structure and shear-layer growth rate, as had been documented previously, but also on molecular mixing and chemical-product formation, far downstream of the inflow region.
Paradoxic Bronchospasm after Inhalation of Isoproterenol

Paradoxic bronchospasm induced by adrenergic aerosols, especially isoproterenol, is a well-known clinical entity. It normally occurs in patients who abuse the use of isoproterenol, but has also been reported in a small group of other patients. This study attempted to identify patients who exhibit paradoxic bronchospasm after administration of aerosolized isoproterenol. Forty-one stable, ambulant asthmatics, whose FEV 1.0 was 1.0 , MMEFR), blood pressure and ECG rhythm strips were recorded, and repeated at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after administration of isoproterenol. Twenty-nine of the asthmatic patients had the expected normal response (ΔFEV 1.0 , 15 min: + 579; 30 min: + 464; 60 min: + 372; 120 min: + 307 ml; + 44, + 36, + 23 and + 24 percent) (ΔMMEFR, 15 min: + 37; 60 min: + 29; 120 min: + 18L/Min; + 75, + 69, + 47 and + 37 percent). Twelve asthmatic patients (29 percent) had paradoxic bronchospasm (ΔFEV 1.0 , 15 min: — 38; 30 min: — 60; 60 min: — 175; 120 min: — 27 ml; — 1, —4, — 10 and — 4 percent) (ΔMMEFR — 15 min: — .5; 30 min: — 3; 60 min: — 9; 120 min: — 2L/min; + 4, — 3, — 6 and — 5 percent, P
The long-term impact of physical and emotional trauma: the station nightclub fire.

Background Survivors of physical and emotional trauma experience enduring occupational, psychological and quality of life impairments. Examining survivors from a large fire provides a unique opportunity to distinguish the impact of physical and emotional trauma on long-term outcomes. The objective is to detail the multi-dimensional long-term effects of a large fire on its survivor population and assess differences in outcomes between survivors with and without physical injury.
Rumen-protected lipid for lactating ewes and their nursing lambs

Abstract The effect of rumen-protected lipid (fatty acid calcium salts) on BW change, milk production and composition, selected blood chemistry values in lactating ewes and growth of nursing lambs was evaluated in two experiments. Ewes were fed 1.0 kg/d supplement plus hay ad libitum. Calcium soaps were included in the supplement to provide 0, 75, 150 and 300 g/d in Expt. 1, and 0 and 150 g/d in Expt. 2. There were 8 and 12 ewes nursing twin lambs per treatment in Expts. 1 and 2, respectively. Rumen-inert lipid had no effect on BW change of ewes or lambs in either of the two experiments. In a separate trial with 12 wether lambs (six per treatment), lipid (150 g/d) had no effect on apparent digestibility of OM or crude fiber, depressed fatty acid digestibility, and reduced hay intake by 18%. Milk yield of ewes was not affected by lipid supplementation. Percent milk fat was increased in Expt. 2, and milk protein was reduced in Expt. 1, Rumen-inert lipid increased plasma FFA and triglyceride concentrations (Expt. 1), had no effect on blood urea N, glucose (Expts. 1 and 2) or β-hydroxybutyric acid (Experiment 2). Under the conditions of these two experiments with lactating ewes, rumen-inert fat had no effect on milk production or BW change of ewes or nursing lambs.
A Structural Equations Model of Stress, Locus of Control, Social Support, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Propensity to Leave a Job

The main effects of (a) job stress on psychiatric symptoms and propensity to leave a job and of (b) psychiatric symptoms on propensity to leave a job and the (c) moderating effects of locus of control and social support on the relationships of job stress to psychiatric symptoms and propensity to leave a job were examined. Data collected with questionnaires completed by 526 members of the Chamber of Commerce in a southern state were analyzed using LISREL 7 (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1988). The results indicate that role overload and role insufficiency positively influenced psychiatric symptoms and that role insufficiency, role ambiguity, and role conflict positively influenced propensity to leave a job. Overall, the moderating effects of locus of control on the relationships of stress variables to psychiatric symptoms and propensity to leave a job were significant, but similar moderating effects for social support were not.
A new procedure for the measurement of the outflow facility in conscious rabbits

A new procedure for measuring the outflow facility in conscious rabbits is described. The Langham pneumatic tonometer is applied horizontally against the eye; the intraocular pressure (IOP) is recorded before, during and immediately following 2 min of a pre-determined increased ocular pressure that is maintained at a fixed value by digital pressure applied through the eyelids. An increased volume of aqueous humor outflow resulting from the IOP increase is evaluated from the initial and final IOP values and the pressure volume relation for eyes of living rabbits. Close agreement in values of the outflow facilities in pairs of eyes of individual rabbits and excellent reproducibility of the procedure were found in repeated measurements made over a 24-hr period. The mean values of the IOP and the total outflow facility in 60 eyes of 30 rabbits were 20·5±0·2 mmHg and 0·17±0·01 μl min −1 mmHg −1 respectively. Thirty minutes after an intravenous injection of acetazolamide, the IOP had decreased in both eyes of individual rabbits. This was associated with a decrease in the outflow facility and with a decrease of more than 50% in the rate of aqueous humor formation. One hour after the unilateral application of epinephrine the IOP had decreased in the treated eyes while the outflow facility remained unchanged.
Cytology from Pancreatic Cysts Has Marginal Utility in Surgical Decision-Making

Background Preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms is problematic. We evaluated our experience with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to determine the utility of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in surgical decision-making.
Studies on tissue arginase and ureogenesis in fresh-water teleosts

Abstract 1. 1. Arginase activity was assayed in liver tissue homogenates of nineteen species of fresh-water teleosts. Liver arginase activity ranged from 0.58 units/mg of protein in the northern redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) to 42.66 units/mg of protein in the tullibee (Coregonis artedi). 2. 2. Arginase levels were highest in liver tissue followed by kidney and heart tissue. Activity was also assayed in spleen, gills, ovaries, testes, muscle and brain tissue in representative species. 3. 3. Findings suggest diet may play an important role in the level of liver arginase activity and that degradation of dietary arginine may contribute substantially to urea production in teleosts.
Advanced health assessment in nurse practitioner programs.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the content, teaching methodologies, depth, and placement of advanced health assessment courses within nurse practitioner programs. Survey research was conducted with 140 schools of nursing listed in the Public Health Service/National Health Service Corp Nurse Practitioner Faculty Network in the United States. The majority of the schools reported that health assessment was taught as a course over an entire semester or quarter in their respective programs. A statistically significant difference was found between private and public institutions in that public institutions used computer assisted instruction (CAI) more often than their private counterparts. Qualitative data revealed that many nursing faculty believe a graduate-level health assessment course should incorporate the concept of differential diagnosis and focus on abnormal findings. Faculty described a wide range of student preparedness and indicated a need to incorporate more CAI and independent learning strategies. A number of faculty mentioned scarce resources and limited time to develop and test new strategies including use of the Internet. Findings reveal commonalties of content, course placement, credit allocation, and teaching strategies, as well as the challenges of diverse student preparation and limited resources. J Prof Nurs 17:218-225, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Factors influencing leachability in a pelletized cement waste form

Burnable wastes containing <10 nCi radioisotope/ g waste are burned in Mound's experimental cyclone incinerator. Radioactive ash and sludge (byproduct from the incinerator scrubbing system) are then immobilized in a pelletized waste/cement matrix. Leachability testing of PUO2 “spiked” pellets has been in progress for 18 months. These pellets contain approximately 0.2–0.3 wt.% plutonium-238 oxide and the waste/cement ratios used are 65%/35% and 50%/50% for ash/cement and sludge/cement pellets, respectively. Factors studied during leach tests are temperature, leachant composition, and test procedure. It was found that temperature (22 °C vs. 70 °C) had little effect (<1 order of magnitude) on the leach rate of sludge/cement pellets in saturated brine solution. However, the effect of leachant composition was much more pronounced. The average leach rate of ash/ cement pellets at 22 °C after four months leaching was approximately four magnitudes greater in deionized water than in saturated brine solution. Test procedures (ANS 16.1 vs TRU) produced almost identical results when used for ash/cement pellets at ambient temperature in deionized water. In general, the leach rates for both types of pellets using various temperatures, leachants, and procedures were small [< I × 10−5 (fraction leached) g/ em2/day].
Olanzapine in the Treatment of Refractory Migraine and Chronic Daily Headache

Background.—Olanzapine, a thienobenzodiazepine, is a new “atypical” antipsychotic drug. Olanzapine's pharmacologic properties suggest it would be effective for headaches, and its propensity for inducing acute extrapyramidal reactions or tardive dyskinesia is relatively low. We thus decided to assess the value of olanzapine in the treatment of chronic refractory headache. Methods.—We reviewed the records of 50 patients with refractory headache who were treated with olanzapine for at least 3 months. All previously had failed treatment with at least four preventative medications. The daily dose of olanzapine varied from 2.5 to 35 mg; most patients (n = 19) received 5 mg or 10 mg (n = 17) a day. Results.—Treatment resulted in a statistically significant decrease in headache days relative to baseline, from 27.5 ± 4.9 before treatment to 21.1±10.7 after treatment (P < .001, Student t test). The difference in headache severity (0 to 10 scale) before treatment (8.7±1.6) and after treatment (2.2 ± 2.1) was also statistically significant (P < .001). Conclusion.—Olanzapine may be effective for patients with refractory headache, including those who have failed a number of other prophylactic agents. Olanzapine should receive particular consideration for patients with refractory headache who have mania, bipolar disorder, or psychotic depression or whose headaches previously responded to other neuroleptic medications.
A novel method to reduce prolonged warm ischemia injury in amputated limbs

INTRODUCTION: In the US it is estimated that more than 1.2 million partial or complete limb amputations per year cannot be saved because of excessive ischemia time. The purpose of this study was to determine whether perfusion with a novel fusogenic lipid vesicle (FLV) that delivers magnesium adenosine triphosphate (Mg-ATP) directly into cells could maintain amputated limbs viable after prolonged warm ischemia.
Fiber architecture of the left ventricular wall: An asymptotic analysis

The goal of this paper is to derive the fiber architecture of the left ventricle from first principles. The principles used are (i) mechanical equilibrium, (ii) a stress tensor that is the sum of a hydrostatic pressure and a fiber stress, (iii) the assumption that fiber tubes have constant cross-sectional area along their length, (iv) axial symmetry, and (v) the approximation that the thickness of the ventricular wall is small in comparison with the other wall dimensions. From these hypotheses, it is deduced that the cardiac muscle fibers are approximate geodesics on a nested family of toroidal surfaces centered on a degenerate torus in the equatorial plane of the heart. (Exact geodesics are ruled out by the theory.) Formulae are derived for the fiber surfaces and the fiber-angle distribution through the wall, and a differential equation is derived for the shape of the middle surface of the left ventricle. The results are in substantial agreement with experimental observations.
Effect of Operating Conditions on Tribological Response of Al–Al Sliding Electrical Interface

Aluminum is widely used in electrical contacts due to its electrical properties and inexpensiveness when compared to copper. In this study, we investigate the influence of operating conditions like contact load (pressure), sliding speed, current, and surface roughness on the electrical and tribological behavior of the interface. The tests are conducted on a linear, pin-on-flat tribo-simulator specially designed to investigate electrical contacts under high contact pressures and high current densities. Control parameters include sliding speed, load, current, and surface roughness. The response of the interface is evaluated in the light of coefficient of friction, contact resistance, contact voltage, mass loss of pins, and interfacial temperature rise. As compared to sliding speed, load, and roughness, current is found to have the greatest influence on the various measured parameters. Under certain test conditions, the interface operates in a “voltage saturation” regime, wherein increase in current do not result in any increase in contact voltage. Within the voltage saturation regime the coefficient of friction tends to be lower, a result that is attributed to the higher temperatures associated with the higher voltage (and resulting material softening). Higher interfacial temperatures also appear to be responsible for the higher wear rates observed at higher current levels as well as lower coefficients of friction for smoother surfaces in the presence of current.
Semantic holism vs. semantic atomism

Abstract Jerry Fodor and Ernest Lepore have argued that semantic holism is incompatible with the in-principle possibility of languages that consist of a single meaningful expression. Should the traditional Quinean/Davidsonian holist be worried by this apparently weird possibility? In this paper, I offer some reasons for why he should be. My argument focuses upon Davidson’s account of how a hypothetical interpreter might come to understand an unfamiliar human language. Davidson’s discussion of the methodology of so-called “radical interpretation” appears to rule out the possibility of semantically atomic languages upon purely a priori grounds. But this appearance turns out to be deceiving.
Policy Update: Why the EU biodiesel import tariff on US ‘splash and dash’ exports will make no difference

The US blender’s tax credit for biodiesel of US$1.00 per gallon was paid for any gallon blended with oil-based diesel regardless of source (domestic or imported) or amount (a typical blend is a ‘sp...
207Pb-1H two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy: a useful new tool for probing lead(II) coordination chemistry.

Despite the fact that lead poisoning is the most common disease of environmental origin in the US, the spectroscopic properties of aqueous Pb(II) coordination compounds have not been extensively investigated. Spectroscopic techniques that can be used to probe the fundamental coordination chemistry of Pb(II) will aid in both the development of water-soluble ligands that bind lead both tightly and selectively and the characterization of potential biological targets. Here, the authors report the preparation and characterization of a series of Pb(II) complexes of amido derivatives of EDTA. The {sup 207}Pb chemical shift observed in these complexes (2441, 2189, and 1764 ppm for [Pb(EDTA)]{sup 2{minus}}, Pb(EDTA-N{sub 2}), and [Pb(EDTA-N{sub 4})]{sup 2+}, respectively) provides an extremely sensitive measure of the local environment and the charge on each complex. These shifts help to map out the lead chemical shift range that can be expected for biologically relevant sites. In addition, the authors report the first two-dimensional {sup 207}Pb-{sup 1}H heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation (HMQC) nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and demonstrate that this experiment can provide useful information about the lead coordination environment in aqueous Pb(II) complexes. Because this technique allows {sup 207}Pb-{sup 1}H couplings through three bonds to be identified readily, {sup 207}Pb-{sup 1}H NMRmore » spectroscopy should prove useful for the investigation of Pb(II) in more complex systems (e.g., biological and environmental samples).« less
Photomultiplier window materials under electron irradiation - Fluorescence and phosphorescence

The fluorescence and phosphorescence of photomultiplier window materials under electron irradiation have been investigated using a Sr-90/Y-90 beta emitter as the electron source. Spectral emission curves of UV-grade, optical-grade, and electron-irradiated samples of MgF2 and LiF, and of CaF2, BaF2, sapphire, fused silica, and UV-transmitting glasses were obtained over the 200-650-nm spectral range. Fluorescence yields were determined on these materials utilizing photomultiplier tubes with cesium telluride, bialkali, and trialkali (S-20) photocathodes, respectively. Optical-grade MgF2 and LiF, as well as electron-irradiated UV-grade samples of these two materials, show enhanced fluorescence due to color-center formation and associated emission bands in the blue and red wavelength regions. Large variations in fluorescence intensities were found in UV-grade sapphire samples of different origins, particularly in the red end of the spectrum, presumably due to various amounts of chromium-ion content. Phosphorescence decay with time is best described by a sum of exponential terms, with time constants ranging from a few minutes to several days.
Improving recruitment and funding in psychiatry by teaching college undergraduates.

Objective To explore attitudes among leaders in psychiatric training about the usefulness of teaching college undergraduates about psychiatry and to assess benefits in recruitment and funding.
On the relation between polyconvexity and rank-one convexity in nonlinear elasticity

For elastic stored energy functions we examine some of the implications of polyconvexity and rank-one convexity, as well as the connection between the two conditions in the presence of certain additional restrictions.
Amide-Assisted Hydrolysis of beta-Carboxamido-Substituted Phosphinic Acid Esters.

Phosphinic acids are of interest due to their ability to inhibit metalloproteases. The hydrolysis of a phosphinic acid ester is typically one of the final steps in the synthesis of such inhibitors. We have found that the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a phosphinic acid ester containing a β-carboxamido group is facilitated by the presence of the amide. The promotion of the hydrolysis is dependent on the electron density of the amide suggesting the intermediacy of a cyclic imidate structure (C). The hydrolysis of phosphinic acid esters containing a β-carboxamido group is conveniently and quantitatively effected by treating the ester with 10:90 H2O:TFA.
Effects of amantadine and bromocriptine on startle and sensorimotor gating: parametric studies and cross-species comparisons

Abstract Background. We recently reported that prepulse inhibition (PPI) in humans was increased by the dopamine (DA) agonist/N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist amantadine (200 mg), but was not significantly altered by the DA agonist bromocriptine (1.25–2.5 mg). PPI-enhancing effects of DA agonists occur in rats under specific stimulus conditions, including short prepulse intervals (<30 ms). We characterized the effects of amantadine and bromocriptine on PPI across species, assessing: (1) dose–response effects on PPI in rats over 10- to 120-ms prepulse intervals; (2) drug effects on PPI in humans, using this same range of prepulse intervals; and (3) drug effects on measures related to PPI, including PPI of perceived stimulus intensity (PPIPSI), and startle habituation. Methods. Drug effects on PPI were assessed in male Sprague Dawley rats (n=90) and humans (n=49); startle habituation and PPIPSI were also studied in humans. Results. Amantadine and bromocriptine exhibited dose- and stimulus-dependent effects on PPI in rats, increasing PPI with short (10–20 ms) prepulse intervals, and decreasing PPI with long (60–120 ms) prepulse intervals. In humans, amantadine increased PPI with both short (20 ms) and long (120 ms) prepulse intervals. Bromocriptine had no significant effect on PPI in humans, but tended to increase PPI at short (20 ms) intervals. Amantadine eliminated PPIPSI. Conclusions. Amantadine modifies prepulse effects on startle in rats and humans, and disrupts prepulse effects on perceived stimulus intensity in humans; bromocriptine has clear effects on PPI in rats, but not in humans. The divergent effects of amantadine on sensorimotor and sensory effects of prepulses may reflect a divergence of brain circuitry regulating these processes.
Dentistry: A Growing Domain for Ergonomics

Dental health care delivery systems, by virtue of their nature as man-machine systems, fall under the domain of investigation of ergonomics. Research work in the ergonomics of dentistry in the United States and Europe is discussed. This paper summarizes the findings of on-going studies at the newly established College of Dentistry at the University of Florida. The method of approach followed in these studies is given. Actual recording and analysis of clinical operations indicate many problems that lend themselves to solutions based on principles of ergonomics, These problems encompass the areas of dental operatory design, equipment design and utilization and the environmental conditions of the dental operatory. A discussion of some of these problems and recommendations for their solutions are presented. The paper shows that ergonomics can have a large impact on the effectiveness of dental health care delivery systems. The author advocates the idea that the study of ergonomics should be included in the den...
Inhibition of a simple visual reaction time by a second stimulus: A failure to replicate

Helson & Steger (1962) have reported that simple reaction time to a light stimulus was increased if a second light occurred as long as 180 ms. after the primary stimulus. The present experiment was unsuccessful in producing the phenomenon. Some defects in methodology in the Helson & Steger (1962) experiment were considered.
Frequency bandwidths in nondegenerate N-wave-mixing interactions and induced-grating geometries

Abstract We calculate frequency bandwidths for variable-frequency N -wave-mixing interactions and show that the most important parameter for bandwidth determinations is the angle between the two beams (most often one input and one output beam) whose frequencies are varying. Geometries in which the two variable-frequency beams copropagate attain the largest bandwidths, while counterpropagating variable-frequency beams produce the narrowest bandwidths. When more than two beams vary in frequency, additional angles are necessary to characterize the interaction; we calculate bandwidths for the planar case and discuss autocorrelators employing second harmonic generation. Finally, we briefly discuss the merits of a few broadband geometries.
Transcription factor Nrf2 regulates SHP and lipogenic gene expression in hepatic lipid metabolism

Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a pivotal role in cytoprotection against both endogenous and exogenous stresses. Here, we establish a novel molecular link between Nrf2, nuc...
A 1.1-V current-mode and piecewise-linear curvature-corrected bandgap reference

A low-voltage, micropower, curvature-corrected bandgap reference is presented that is capable of working down to input voltages of 1.1 V in a relatively inexpensive process, MOSIS 2 /spl mu/m technology. This is a vanilla N-well complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process technology with an added P-base layer. Second-order curvature correction for this reference is accomplished by a versatile piecewise-linear current-mode technique. The 0.595 V precision reference achieved a line regulation performance of 408 ppm/V for input voltages between 1.2 and 10 V. The circuit only used 14 /spl mu/A of quiescent current flow.
Integrated analysis of genome-wide copy number alterations and gene expression in microsatellite stable, CpG island methylator phenotype-negative colon cancer.

Microsatellite stable (MSS), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-negative colorectal tumors, the most prevalent molecular subtype of colorectal cancer, are associated with extensive copy number alteration (CNA) events and aneuploidy. We report on the identification of characteristic recurrent CNA (with frequency >25%) events and associated gene expression profiles for a total of 40 paired tumor and adjacent normal colon tissues using genome-wide microarrays. We observed recurrent CNAs, namely gains at 1q, 7p, 7q, 8p12-11, 8q, 12p13, 13q, 20p, 20q, Xp, and Xq and losses at 1p36, 1p31, 1p21, 4p15-12, 4q12-35, 5q21-22, 6q26, 8p, 14q, 15q11-12, 17p, 18p, 18q, 21q21-22, and 22q. Within these genomic regions we identified 356 genes with significant differential expression (P 70% of the tumor samples at 20q11-20q13 contained several cancer-related genes (AHCY, POFUT1, RPN2, TH1L, and PRPF6) that were upregulated and demonstrated a significant linear correlation (P 50% of the tumor samples and demonstrated a significant linear correlation for gene dosage and gene expression for two potential tumor suppressor genes, MTUS1 (8p22) and PPP2CB (8p12). The results from our integration analysis illustrate the complex relationship between genomic alterations and gene expression in colon cancer. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Fast Method for Scattering From a PEC Strip or PEC Semicircular Cylinder Loaded With Semicircular Dielectric Cylinders

A fast method for determining the fields scattered from a perfect electric conductor (PEC) strip or PEC semicircular cylinder loaded with semicircular dielectric cylinders illuminated by a TE/TM plane wave or an electric/magnetic line source is presented. The method is based on expanding the field on the circle containing the scatterer in terms of a Neumann series, which satisfies the continuity of the tangential electric field. The continuity of the tangential magnetic field is satisfied by using the orthogonality of Gegenbauer polynomials. Some numerical results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed solution.
Liquid chromatographic method for determination of water in soils and the optimization of anion separations by capillary zone electrophoresis

A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of water in soil or clay samples is presented. In a separate study, the optimization of electrophoretic separation of alkylated phenolate ions was optimized by varying the pH and acetonitrile concentration of the buffer solutions.
Agile application-aware adaptation for mobility

In this paper we show that application-aware adaptation, a collaborative partnership between the operating system and applications, offers the most general and effective approach to mobile information access. We describe the design of Odyssey, a prototype implementing this approach, and show how it supports concurrent execution of diverse mobile applications. We identify agility as a key attribute of adaptive systems, and describe how to quantify and measure it. We present the results of our evaluation of Odyssey, indicating performance improvements up to a factor of 5 on a benchmark of three applications concurrently using remote services over a network with highly variable bandwidth.
Studying Personal Relationships across the Lifespan.

This issue represents a celebration of the study of personal relationships across the lifespan. Whether using a sociological framework to study how the variation of social structural opportunities and constraints across the life course shapes social relationships or a psychological one to examine how personal development and close relationships are intertwined, studying the personal relationships of people of various ages contributes to an understanding of how universally applicable our findings are, how experiences at one age are related to experiences at another age, and of course, how social structure and human development shape the structure and process of personal relationships and consequently their trajectory and the various dimensions of individual well-being.
Prolonged control of replication-competent dual- tropic human immunodeficiency virus-1 following cessation of highly active antiretroviral therapy

While initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during primary HIV-1 infection occasionally results in transient control of viral replication after treatment interruption, the vast majority of patients eventually experience a rebound in plasma viremia. Here we report a case of a patient who was started on HAART during symptomatic primary infection and who has subsequently maintained viral loads of < 50 copies/mL for more than nine years after the cessation of treatment. This patient had a high baseline viral load and has maintained a relatively high frequency of latently infected CD4+ T cells. In addition, he does not have any known protective HLA alleles. Thus it is unlikely that he was destined to become a natural elite controller or suppressor. The mechanism of control of viral replication is unclear; he is infected with a CCR5/CXCR4 dual-tropic virus that is fully replication-competent in vitro. In addition, his spouse, who transmitted the virus to him, developed AIDS. The patient's CD4+ T cells are fully susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and he has low titers of neutralizing antibodies to heterologous and autologous HIV-1 isolates. Furthermore, his CD8+ T cells do not have potent HIV suppressive activity. This report suggests that some patients may be capable of controlling pathogenic HIV-1 isolates for extended periods of time after the cessation of HAART through a mechanism that is distinct from the potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated suppression that has been reported in many elite suppressors.
Factors Associated With Acceptance of Psychological Aggression Against Women

Are emotionally aggressive conflicts perceived to be more unacceptable than conflicts involving verbal or baseline levels of psychological aggression? Participants (n = 189) read a hypothetical marital conflict that varied the husband's level of aggression. Results show that participants did not perceive the perpetrator's behavior in the emotional aggression condition to be any worse than the verbal aggression condition and, in most cases, no worse than the baseline condition. More traditional participants and participants who were perpetrators of psychological aggression had more positive perceptions of the perpetrator; just world beliefs and participant sex did not predict perceptions. This study suggests that people do not perceive emotional aggression to be nearly as harmful as it actually is.
ENERGETICS OF ALTRICIAL NESTLINGS IN COLD CLIMATES: INSIGHTS FROM THE MOUNTAIN WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW

Abstract We determined the energy budget of nestling Mountain White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) at a 2900-m-high subalpine site by combining growth data with measurements of field metabolic rate (doubly labeled water technique) and resting metabolic rate made on different-aged nestlings. Nestling sparrows grow rapidly (their logistic growth rate constant is 129% of the allometric prediction) and they fledge at 9 days of age weighing 20.6 g (75% of adult mass). Relatively rapid growth in a cool montane environment (mean daytime air temperature = 16.5 ± 1.4°C) is associated with high daily and total nestling energy requirements. During the 9 days between hatching and fledging, each nestling metabolized a total of 443 kJ of energy; a value 25% higher than expected for an open-nesting passerine bird. The relative cost of producing a fledgling White-crowned Sparrow (21.5 kJ per g body mass) exceeds that of the three other open-nesting passerine species that have been measured with doubly...
Catsper3 and Catsper4 Encode Two Cation Channel-Like Proteins Exclusively Expressed in the Testis

CATSPER1 and CATSPER2 are two cation channel-like proteins exclusively expressed in the testis and essential for normal sperm motility and male fertility. Using in silico subtraction and database mining, we identified expressed sequence tags encoding two previously uncharacterized cation channel-like proteins structurally homologous to CATSPER1 and CATSPER2. Similar to CATSPER1 and CATSPER2, these two proteins contain a single-ion transport domain comprised of six transmembrane spanning regions, in which the fourth transmembrane region resembles a voltage sensor and a poreforming region lies between transmembrane regions 5 and 6. The pore contains the consensus sequence T 3 D 3 W, which is indicative of a potential calcium-selective channel. The mRNAs for Catsper3 and Catsper4 were detected exclusively in the testis using multitissue Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses. The onsets of both genes coincide with the first appearance of spermatids during testicular development. In situ hybridization analyses revealed that Catsper3 and Catsper4 mRNAs displayed identical localization patterns and were confined to spermatids of steps 1–8. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry analyses demonstrated that these two proteins were expressed within the acrosome of late spermatids and spermatozoa. Our data suggest that CATSPER3 and CATSPER4 are two cationchannel proteins and have roles in acrosome reaction and male fertility.
Reduced levels of 5-α reductase 2 in adult prostate tissue and implications for BPH therapy.

BACKGROUND 5-α reductase 2 (5-AR 2) is a key enzyme that is responsible of proper development of prostate tissue. Inhibition of 5-AR 2 has proven to be efficacious for management of urinary symptoms secondary benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, some patients are resistant to the therapeutic effects of 5-AR 2 inhibitor. We wished to determine why some benign non-cancerous adult human prostates do not express 5-AR 2, and hypothesized that methylation of 5-AR 2 promoter region correlated with low expression of 5-AR 2 protein. METHODS The transition zone of 42 human prostate tissues after radical prostatectomy was used for evaluation. Initially, 21 paraffin embedded samples were used to assess immunoreactivity to 5-AR 2 antibody in non-cancerous BPH samples. In the next 21 samples, fresh frozen prostate transition zone samples without cancer were assessed for immunoreactivity and methylation of the 5-AR 2 promoter using methyl-specific PCR. RESULTS We show that 6/21 (29%) of benign human prostate samples did not express the 5-AR 2 protein. Moreover, the promoter region of 5-AR 2 contains a CpG island that is methylated in benign prostate epithelial cells in culture and also in 39% (7/18) human prostate tissues. We show a strong correlation between methylation of the 5-AR 2 promoter region and absence of 5-AR 2 protein expression (P = 0.0025, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS Methylation of 5-AR 2 promoter may account for low or absent expression of 5-AR 2 in some human adult prostate tissues. Prostate 71:1317–1324, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Contributions of the Hadley and Ferrel Circulations to the Energetics of the Atmosphere over the Past 32 Years

AbstractThe Hadley system provides an example of a thermally direct circulation; the Ferrel system in contrast provides an example of a thermally indirect circulation. In this study, the authors develop an approach to investigate the key thermodynamic properties of the Hadley and Ferrel systems, quantifying them using assimilated meteorological data covering the period January 1979–December 2010. This analysis offers a fresh perspective on the conversion of energy in the atmosphere from diabatic heating to the production of atmospheric kinetic energy. The results indicate that the thermodynamic efficiency of the Hadley system, considered as a heat engine, has been relatively constant over the 32-yr period covered by the analysis, averaging 2.6%. Over the same interval, the power generated by the Hadley regime has risen at an average rate of about 0.54 TW yr−1; this reflects an increase in energy input to the system consistent with the observed trend in the tropical sea surface temperatures. The Ferrel sys...
Clinical Outcomes of Computed Tomography–Based Volumetric Brachytherapy Planning for Cervical Cancer

Purpose/Objectives A report of clinical outcomes of a computed tomography (CT)-based image guided brachytherapy (IGBT) technique for treatment of cervical cancer. Methods and Materials Seventy-six women with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB to IVA cervical carcinoma diagnosed between 2007 and 2014 were treated with definitive external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with or without concurrent chemotherapy followed by high-dose-rate (HDR) IGBT. All patients underwent planning CT simulation at each implantation. A high-risk clinical target volume (HRCTV) encompassing any visible tumor and the entire cervix was contoured on the simulation CT. When available, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at implantation to assist with tumor delineation. The prescription dose was prescribed to the HRCTV. Results The median follow-up time was 17 months. Thirteen patients (17%) had an MRI done before brachytherapy, and 16 patients (21%) were treated without MRI guidance. The mean EBRT/IGBT sum 2-Gy equivalent dose (EQD2) delivered to the 90% volume of the HRCTV was 86.3 Gy. The mean maximum EQD2s delivered to 2 cm 3 of the rectum, sigmoid, and bladder were 67.5 Gy, 66.2 Gy, and 75.3 Gy, respectively. The 2-year cumulative incidences of local, locoregional, and distant failure were 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4%-14.8%), 15.1% (95% CI: 5.4%-29.4%), and 24.3% (95% CI: 12.1%-38.9%), respectively. The 2-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 75% (95% CI, 61%-91%) and 73% (95% CI, 60%-90%), respectively. Twenty-nine patients (38%) experienced grade ≥2 acute toxicity, with 5 cases of acute grade 3 toxicity and no grade ≥4 toxicities. One patient experienced grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicity. No other late grade ≥3 events were observed. Conclusions This is the largest report to date of CT/MRI-based IGBT for the treatment of cervical cancer. The results are promising, with excellent local control and acceptable toxicity. Further investigation is needed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of this treatment.
Synovial mononuclear phagocytes in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: quantitative and functional aspects.

Macrophages are normal constituents of synovial tissue, and in inflammatory synovitis the number of synovial macrophages increases. Synovial macrophages and their secretory products are important in initiating, propagating, and maintaining the synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study was to determine the absolute numbers of macrophages in synovia resected from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA) and to determine their abilities to produce and/or functionally express tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tissue factor (thromboplastin). Results demonstrate that synovial tissue from RA patients (as compared to that from OA patients) weighed more, contained more cells, more macrophages, and more multinucleated giant cells (macrophage polykaryons). Also, isolated cells from both OA and RA patients had tissue factor activity, and could produce TNF and IL-1 with in vitro culture, but these parameters were not different in cells from OA and RA patients. R...
Automatic organization for digital photographs with geographic coordinates

We describe PhotoCompas, a system that utilizes the time and location information embedded in digital photographs to automatically organize a personal photo collection PhotoCompas produces browseable location and event hierarchies for the collection. These hierarchies are created using algorithms that interleave time and location to produce an organization that mimics the way people think about their photo collections. In addition, our algorithm annotates the generated hierarchy with geographical names. We tested our approach in case studies of three real--world collections and verified that the results are meaningful and useful for the collection owners.
Fast handwriting recognition for indexing historical documents

Handwriting recognition (HR) has been successfully used in several applications such as postal address interpretation [S. Srihari et al., (1997)], bank check reading [S. Impedovo et al., (1997)], and forms reading [S. Madhvanath et al., (1995)]. These applications are all characterized by small or fixed lexicons afforded by contextual knowledge. Machine recognition of handwriting in historical documents presents two primary challenges: (i) large lexicons (over 10000 words) leading to low recognition accuracy (less than 50%) and (ii) a need for high speed HR given the millions of handwritten manuscripts in digital library repositories and that the speed is usually inversely proportional to lexicon size. We address the issue of speed when dealing with large lexicons. We present several techniques to improve the processing speed for a gain of up to 7 times in matching time and describe a method whereby the large lexicon is divided into smaller sets and processed in parallel. With 4 processors 18 times speedup for the matching phase is achieved.
Monotonic versus Antimonotonic Exponentation

We investigate the relationship between the monotonic (→) and the antimonotonic exponentiation (➾) in a type system with subtyping. We present a model in which we can develop both exponentiations at the same time. In this model the monotonic and the antimonotonic exponentiation enjoy a duality, namely α➾β=∁(α→∁β) where ∁ is the type constructor complement. We give a sound and complete system of axioms for the type system with the type constructors →, ➾, ∪, ∩, ∁, ⊥, T.
Probing the extent of randomness in protein interaction networks.

Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks are commonly explored for the identification of distinctive biological traits, such as pathways, modules, and functional motifs. In this respect, understanding the underlying network structure is vital to assess the significance of any discovered features. We recently demonstrated that PPI networks show degree-weighted behavior, whereby the probability of interaction between two proteins is generally proportional to the product of their numbers of interacting partners or degrees. It was surmised that degree-weighted behavior is a characteristic of randomness. We expand upon these findings by developing a random, degree-weighted, network model and show that eight PPI networks determined from single high-throughput (HT) experiments have global and local properties that are consistent with this model. The apparent random connectivity in HT PPI networks is counter-intuitive with respect to their observed degree distributions; however, we resolve this discrepancy by introducing a non-network-based model for the evolution of protein degrees or ‘‘binding affinities.’’ This mechanism is based on duplication and random mutation, for which the degree distribution converges to a steady state that is identical to one obtained by averaging over the eight HT PPI networks. The results imply that the degrees and connectivities incorporated in HT PPI networks are characteristic of unbiased interactions between proteins that have varying individual binding affinities. These findings corroborate the observation that curated and high-confidence PPI networks are distinct from HT PPI networks and not consistent with a random connectivity. These results provide an avenue to discern indiscriminate organizations in biological networks and suggest caution in the analysis of curated and high-confidence networks.
Carbon budgeting in golf course soils of Central Ohio

As global climate change (GCC) becomes an increasing societal concern, scientists are assessing soils’ capacity to sequester atmospheric CO2 to off-set anthropogenic emissions. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine C sequestration potential in golf turfgrass systems in Central Ohio, USA, and to determine the effect of management practices on the net soil C sink capacity. Ohio farmland soils converted to golf course turfgrasses sequestered C at mean rates of 3.55 ± 0.08 Mg/ha/yr in fairways and 2.64 ± 0.06 Mg/ha/yr in rough areas. Soils in both fairway and rough areas sequestered C to 15 cm depth. However, hidden C costs of golf course development and management were also significant and major C emissions were attributed to diesel fuel combustion (6,557 kg Ce(Carbon Equivalents)/yr), unleaded fuel combustion (3,618 kg Ce/yr), N fertilizer use (1,498 kg Ce/yr), fungicide application (1,377 kg Ce/yr) and irrigation (626 kg Ce/yr), for an overall C emission of 14.15 Mg Ce per course per year (0.30 Mg C/ha/yr). Analysis of sequestration and emissions data showed that a newly constructed golf course has a technical C sequestration capacity of 2,224 Mg C over a 91.4 year period or the equivalent of 0.44 Mg C/ha/yr. However, the large C emissions generated by maintenance practices render courses from sinks to sources within 30 years. To maximize the potential environmental benefits of turfgrass systems while increasing the economic efficiency of each site, management practices with low C-intensity should be utilized.
Wirtschaftssoziologie und Gesellschaftstheorie

Wie Pierre Bourdieu einst bemerkte, muss jedes Verstandnis sowohl der Form, in der sich ein bestimmtes Feld darstellt, als auch der hinter seiner Dynamik liegenden Krafte und der Bedingungen, die seine Zukunft formen, mit einer Hinwendung auf die Geschichte dieses Felds beginnen – im Spezielleren muss man die Entstehungsbedingungen (die Genesis) des Feldes untersuchen (siehe etwa Bourdieu/ Wacquant 1992: 94ff.).