cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman scattering and phase transitions of V 2 O 3

Raman scattering in single crystals of ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been studied in the range from \ensuremath{\sim}20 K to room temperature. Metal to insulator, crystallographic, and antiferromagnetic-ordering transitions take place concurrently at ${T}_{t}\ensuremath{\sim}150$ K. The observed spectra showed a drastic change at ${T}_{t}$. On either side of ${T}_{t}$, peaks were observed which had intensities rather insensitive to the variation of temperature. These peaks are identifiable as phonon excitations, and the peaks of the two temperature regions can be correlated on the basis of the structural transition of the crystal. One peak was observed in the low-temperature region, the intensity of which decreased strongly with increasing temperature, becoming unobservable at $T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{T}_{t}$. Clearly, this peak involved the excitation of magnons which resulted from the magnetic transition.
Anaphylactic shock from skin testing: Two cases—One fatal

Abstract 1.1. Two cases of anaphylactic shock from intracutaneous skin tests with food extracts are described. The food which caused the fatal reaction was not determined. The nonfatal reaction was thought to be due to mustard. 2.2. In both, anaphylactic shock occurred before there was time for the skin reactions to become strongly positive.
Specifying and Reasoning about Workflows with Path Constraints

One of the most common frameworks for specifying workflows is control flow graph [3,11,13,22]. Although a control flow graph can depict local execution dependencies of the tasks in a workflow, it is not capable of expressing global dependencies and is not helpful in reasoning about workflow properties. Recently, a path constraint theory has been developed for semistructured data [2,7,8,9,10]. It has proven useful for semantic specification and query optimization in the database context. To overcome the limitations of flow control graphs, this paper generalizes the path constraint theory to specify and analyze workflows. More specifically, it proposes a path constraint language and shows that both local and global dependencies, as well as sub-workflows, can be naturally expressed in the language. This allows one to reason about workflows in the traditional logic framework. The paper also establishes the decidability of several verification problems associated with workflows.
Salience of similarity awareness and attraction: A comparison of balance vs reinforcement predictions.

Reinforcement and balance theory are both viable explanatory contenders for attraction processes. Differential predictions were derived and tested. Ss rated their attraction toward five strangers who were .00, .25, .50, .75, or 1.00 similax in attitudes. Half of the Ss rated perceived similarity to the strangers prior to making the attraction ratings (similarity]then liking condition) and the other half rated attraction prior to similarity ratings (liking/then similarity condition). Balance theory would predict an interaction between order of rating conditions and proportion of similar attitudes in determining attraction. Results showed that the only significant effect was due to proportion of similar attitudes. Factor analyses of the rating data showed that attraction and similarity ratings loaded on different factors. This result indicates that perceived similarity does not necessarily mediate attraction. Trend analyses suggested that the reverse may hold to some extent; perception of attraction may partially determine perceived similarity. This result suggests that a restricted balance model may be viable. However, the preponderance of the evidence supported reinforcement theory.
Effect of dry oxidation on the energy gap and chemical composition of CVD graphene on nickel

The findings presented herein show that the electronic properties of CVD graphene on nickel can be altered from metallic to semiconducting by introducing oxygen adsorbates via UV/ozone or oxygen plasma treatment. These properties can be partially recovered by removing the oxygen adsorbates via vacuum annealing treatment. The effect of oxidation is studied by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As probed by STM/STS, an energy gap opening of 0.11–0.15 eV is obtainable as the oxygen/carbon atomic ratio reaches 13–16%. The corresponding XPS spectra show a significant monotonic increase in the concentration of oxygenated functional groups due to the oxidation treatments. This study demonstrates that the opening of energy gap in CVD graphene can be reasonably controlled by a combination of UV/ozone or oxygen plasma treatment and vacuum annealing treatment.
Improved technique for cross-sectional imaging of thin polymer films by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract An improved method for obtaining cross-sectional images of thin polymer films by transmission electron microscopy is described. Two examples are described in order to demonstrate the simplicity and flexibility of the technique. In the first example, the structure of a highly ordered block copolymer on a solid surface is examined. In the second example, the behaviour of colloidal gold particles at the interface between immiscible polymers is considered.
Effect of retinyl acetate on the assembly of the fibronectin extracellular matrix and the processing of the fibronectin receptor β subunit of confluent C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts

The mouse embryo fibroblast cell line, C3H/10T1/2, synthesized and deposited a large amount of fibronectin especially in the pericellular matrix. Confluent cultures of these cells cultured in the presence of 0.3 μg/ml of retinyl acetate released cell surface fibronectin and the extracellular matrix fibronectin fibrils were disorganized. The immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the number of the fibronectin receptor was decreased in the prolonged culturing of retinyl acetate-treated cells. Immunoprecipitation of 35S-methionine pulse-chase labeled cell extracts by antifibronectin receptor antibody indicated that about one-half of the pre-β subunit was processed and converted to the mature form in control cells, and only about one-fourth of the pre-β subunit was processed in the retinyl acetate-treated confluent cells. 1-deoxymannojirimycin (MNJ), which is an inhibitor of oligosaccharide processing, induced disorganization of the extracellular matrix fibronectin assembly similar to that observed with retinyl acetate. The results of this study suggest that a mechanism of action of retinyl acetate is inhibition of the glycosylation during processing of the fibronectin receptor, a step necessary for fibronectin binding and for assembly of the extracellular matrix. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integrating spatial and time sensitive data to monitor social patterns: A dynamic methodology for studying social issues

This research introduces a dynamic methodology that can be used to monitor social issues using spatial and time sensitive data. The methodology was used in a project funded to assess the Highway Watch® program administered by the American Trucking Associations, United States Department of Homeland Security. The application of the methodology is of interest to a much wider social science audience, and is the focus of this manuscript. The Highway Watch® program was established to be America's ‘eyes on the road’ in the wake of a post-9/11 society. The program was implemented to train trucking professionals to be on alert and report suspicious activity as a means of public safety. In an assessment of this program, our research team combined two unique datasets to measure the density and frequency of freight truck traffic in a sample of urban and interstate roadways to measure the coverage of potential ‘eyes on the road.’ Of interest to social scientists and spatial analysts is the use of social, spatial, and ...
Rapid and selective detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype-A and -B with a single immunochromatographic test strip

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are the most potent toxins known. Produced by Clostridium botulinum, BoNTs are classified into seven, antigenically distinct serotypes, designated A–G. The toxin acts to inhibit acetylcholine release, resulting in paralysis and death. Naturally occurring foodborne disease is most often the result of improper canning of foods, while wound botulism, associated with injection drug users, is on the rise. Because of its potency, BoNTs have also been identified as targets for use by bioterrorists. The ‘gold standard’ of detection of BoNTs is the mouse bioassay, an expensive and time consuming test that requires specialized equipment and trained personnel. There is a need for a rapid, sensitive diagnostic for BoNTs that could be used by minimally trained personnel in the event of a foodborne outbreak or a bioterrorist threat. Here, we describe the use of a single lateral flow device (LFD) that can detect and distinguish between BoNT/A and B, two of the four serotypes that are known to intoxicate humans and together represent > 80% of naturally occurring illness. The device could detect as little as 5 ng/mL of purified BoNT/A and 10 ng/mL of BoNT/B in 2% and 1% milk, respectively. In undiluted apple juice, 25 ng/mL of BoNT/A and 10 ng/mL of BoNT/B could be detected. No cross reactivity between BoNT/A and B antibodies was observed. The LFD described here is easy to use, requires no specialized training or equipment, and can identify and distinguish between BoNT/A and /B serotypes. These attributes make this rapid diagnostic device a potentially valuable tool in the fields of food safety and homeland security.
Scanning electron microscopy of fetal and neonatal lamb cardiac cells.

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to study the ultrastructural development of cardiac myocytes in fetal and postnatal sheep between 90 days gestational age and 36 days postnatal age. Development of the transverse tubular system is apparent as early as 90 days gestational age. Cells in the 90-day fetus reveal mitochondria to be elongated vermiform structures with numerous constrictions, and as the cells mature in later stages they become oval and assume their adult position in the perinuclear and interfibrillar regions, often retaining membranous connections with one another. Myofibrillar development is sparse at 90 days and is most apparent in the subsarcolemmal region. With time the lateral addition of fibrils results in central displacement of the older myofibrils, causing the sarcolemma to be drawn inward at its point of attachment at the Z-band to form the T-tubules. With progressive longitudinal addition of sarcomeres some of the T-tubules are pulled longitudinally when the sarcomeres are out of register resulting in the longitudinal component of the T-system. By the time of birth they resemble the adult configuration.
Developmental changes in seizure susceptibility during ethanol withdrawal

It is has recently been established that adolescence may represent a developmentally sensitive period with respect to the effects of ethanol, particularly within the NMDA neurotransmitter system. However, the same may also be true of the GABA system. There is evidence to suggest that the number of GABA receptors and their kinetics may change across development. The purpose of this study was to determine if GABA-mediated seizure susceptibility during ethanol withdrawal differed between adolescent and adult animals. Results indicate that adult animals pretreated with ethanol were more likely to achieve maximal tonic-clonic seizure activity and spent more time in stage 3 (or higher) seizure activity than all other groups. These data lend additional support to the contention that adolescent and adult animals differ in their susceptibility to the effects of ethanol and that this susceptibility is transmitter dependent.
High energy density nanocomposites based on surface-modified BaTiO(3) and a ferroelectric polymer.

The dielectric permittivity and electric breakdown strength of nanocomposites comprising poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) and phosphonic acid surface-modified BaTiO3 nanoparticles have been investigated as a function of the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The mode of binding of pentafluorobenzylphosphonic acid on the BaTiO3 particles was investigated using infrared and 31P solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the phosphonic acid was found to form well ordered, tightly bound monolayers. The effective permittivity of nanocomposites with low volume fractions (<50%) was in good agreement with standard theoretical models, with a maximum relative permittivity of 35. However, for nanoparticle volume fractions of greater than 50%, the effective permittivity was observed to decrease with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction, and this was correlated with an increase in porosity of the spin-coated nanocomposite films. The dielectric breakdown strength was also found to decre...
Prevalence of diabetes/hyperglycemia and associated cardiovascular risk factors in blacks and whites: Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry.

Abstract Prevalence rates of diabetes, asymptomatic hyperglycemia, and cardiovascular risk factors were examined in an employed population of 28,895 whites and 2607 blacks, ages 25 to 64 years. Diabetes had been previously diagnosed in this population among approximately 3% of the males of both races and 2% of the females. Plasma glucose 1 hour after a 50 gm oral load was highest among white males (141 mg/dl), similar and at intermediary levois among black males (134 mg/dl) and white females (135 mg/dl), and lowest among black females (126 mg/dl). A divergent pattern of obesity was observed, however, with black females being by far the most overweight. Preliminary mortality data for males suggest that both blacks and whites with diabetes have sizably higher death rates than those without diabetes; a black-white differential is not apparent.
Multicomponent analysis of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression model using a pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue microarray

A multistep model for pancreatic adenocarcinoma has been proposed recently. In this model, well-defined, noninvasive ductal lesions are recognized as precursors of invasive cancer and have been classified under the nomenclature of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, or PanIN. Increasing evidence suggests that PanINs represent true neoplasms of the pancreatic ductal epithelium, accumulating histologic and genetic abnormalities in their progression toward invasive cancer. We have constructed a tissue microarray containing 55 PanIN lesions of all histologic grades in order to perform a multicomponent analysis of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression model. The protein products of 14 genes encompassing a variety of functional classes, such as tumor suppressor genes (p53, Smad4/Dpc4), oncogenes (beta-catenin), cell cycle antigens (p16, cyclin D1), proliferation antigens (Ki-67, topoisomerase II alpha), and epithelial apomucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5), as well as "novel" genes described as differentially up-regulated in invasive pancreas cancer by global microarray expression analysis (mesothelin, prostate stem cell antigen, fascin, and 14-3-3varsigma), were analyzed by immunohistochemistry on the PanIN tissue microarray. Comparison of the results from the current study with previously published data performed on routine histologic sections of PanINs demonstrates that tissue microarrays are a valid platform for molecular analysis not only of invasive cancers but of precursor lesions as well. In addition, this study demonstrates that molecular abnormalities in PanINs are not random but can usually be stratified into "early" changes (e.g., expression of MUC5 and prostate stem antigen, or loss of p16), "intermediate" changes (e.g., expression of cyclin D1), and "late" changes (e.g., expression of p53, proliferation antigens, MUC1, mesothelin, and 14-3-3varsigma, or loss of Smad4/Dpc4). Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of precursor lesions of invasive pancreatic adenocarcinomas using a high-throughput tissue microarray-based approach is a valuable adjunct to designing rational strategies for early detection of this lethal neoplasm.
Conus Medullaris Injury After Burst Fractures

Neurologic injury to the conus medullaris after burst fractures can result from compression of the spinal canal at the thoracolumbar junction. Injury severity can vary from subtle bowel and bladder findings to profound sensory and motor deficits. Although complete injuries have a poor prognosis, incomplete conus lesions have a good chance of improving one to two Frankel grades. In addition, bowel and bladder recovery is likely, especially if canal decompression is achieved early. Stabilization of the spine can be effected by anterior, posterior, or combined methods. Anterior decompressive maneuvers have demonstrated the most effectiveness in canal clearance.
Astrometric telescope of ten microarcsecond accuracy on the Space Station

The Astrometric Telescope Facility (ATF) will be operated in the NASA Space Station in the 1990s, furnishing long term, highly accurate relative astrometry of nearby stars in order to detect gravitational perturbations by companion stars with masses as small as that of Neptune. An accuracy of 10 microarcsec is required; this is 100 times better than ground observatory performance. In the Gatewood et al. (1980) astrometric technique used, the relative positions of star images in the telescope focal plane are indicated by the relative phases of the modulations of star brightnesses introduced by translating a Ronchi ruling across the focal plane at uniform speed. Space Station vibration damping, fine guiding accuracy, optical configuration, Ronchi ruling metric accuracy, and the choice of detectors, are discussed.
SABER observations of the OH Meinel airglow variability near the mesopause

The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, one of four on board the TIMED satellite, observes the OH Meinel emission at 2.0 m that peaks near the mesopause. The emission results from reactions between members of the oxygen and hydrogen chemical families that can be significantly affected by mesopause dynamics. In this study we compare SABER measurements of OH Meinel emission rates and temperatures with predictions from a 3-dimensional chemical dynamical model. In general, the model is capable of reproducing both the observed diurnal and seasonal OH Meinel emission variability. The results indicate that the diurnal tide has a large effect on the overall magnitude and temporal variation of the emission in low latitudes. This tidal variability is so dominant that the seasonal cycle in the nighttime emission depends very strongly on the local time of the analysis. At higher latitudes, the emission has an annual cycle that is due mainly to transport of oxygen by the seasonally reversing mean circulation.
Harvesting large-scale weakly-tagged image databases from the web

To leverage large-scale weakly-tagged images for computer vision tasks (such as object detection and scene recognition), a novel cross-modal tag cleansing and junk image filtering algorithm is developed for cleansing the weakly-tagged images and their social tags (i.e., removing irrelevant images and finding the most relevant tags for each image) by integrating both the visual similarity contexts between the images and the semantic similarity contexts between their tags. Our algorithm can address the issues of spams, polysemes and synonyms more effectively and determine the relevance between the images and their social tags more precisely, thus it can allow us to create large amounts of training images with more reliable labels by harvesting from large-scale weakly-tagged images, which can further be used to achieve more effective classifier training for many computer vision tasks.
Ultrasound assessment of the motion patterns of human flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons with speckle tracking

The purposes of our study were to correlate ultrasonographically measured and joint angle estimated excursions of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons of the hand and to estimate the relative motion of FDS and FDP while gripping cylinders of standard diameter in normal human subjects. Thirty wrists from 15 human subjects were imaged with an ultrasound scanner. Speckle tracking was used to measure the excursion of the FDS and FDP tendons. The tendon excursions necessary to grip 3 differently sized acrylic tubes were measured and correlated with the corresponding finger joint angles. The FDP/FDS excursion ratio was calculated. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the FDS excursion and MP + PIP joint angle was 0.61. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the FDP + FDS excursion and the DIP + PIP + MP joint angle was 0.67. The FDP/FDS excursion ratio was smaller for larger excursions (gripping a smaller diameter tube) and larger for small excursions (gripping a larger diameter tube) (P<0.01). These data suggest that speckle tracking may be a useful method to discriminate the relative motion of flexor tendons, which in turn may be relevant in evaluating tendon function, for example after tendon injury.
On the measurement of cytokinetics by continuous labeling with bromodeoxyuridine with applications to chick wing buds

The cytokinetic properties, specifically the phase-transit times, TG1, TS, and TG2+M, of chick wing bud cells were estimated using data obtained from continuous labeling of stage 20 embryos with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd). The presence of BrdUrd was detected with monoclonal antibodies, and the amount of DNA in the cells was determined with propidium iodide. The fraction of cells in each cell cycle phase, the fraction of labeled cells, and the relative movement, a measure of the mean DNA content, of all labeled cells were evaluated using bivariate flow cytolnetry at successive times following introduction of the label. Equations are presented to describe the fraction of unlabeled cells in G2 + M; which gives a direct estimate of TG2 +M; the fraction of all labeled cells, whiA can then be used to estimate TG1; and, finally, the relative movement, which provides an estimate of TS. Thus, the data measured in these experiments together provide estimates of the progression through the cell cycle of limb mesoderm cells.
Getting Downstream without a Raft

The role of plasma-membrane microdomains in the organization of signaling proteins has been a controversial topic in T cell signaling. In this issue of Cell, Douglass and Vale (2005) use single-molecule fluorescence to suggest that protein-protein interactions, not detergent insolubility, regulate the assembly of signaling complexes in the plasma membrane.
Penetrating the Performance Predicament: Communication as a Mediator or Moderator of Organizational Culture’s Impact on Public Organizational Performance

The role of communication in public administration has been emphasized over time in public administration theory. Nonetheless, communication—with the exception of political communication—has been neglected in scholarship. Garnett’s performance predicament posits the difficulty of showing linkages between communication and performance. This paper explores the role that communication plays in achieving organizational performance through a review of research that bears on communication’s direct and indirect influences on performance. The primary thrust is communication’s indirect role in achieving performance by mediating or moderating the effects of organizational culture on performance, thereby adding another perspective on the culture–performance relationship. Adapting the typology of Zammuto and Krakower, two types of organizational culture—rule-oriented culture and mission-oriented culture—are examined to explore how the relationship between organizational culture and organizational performance is influenced by communication. The analysis supports the claim that communication acts as a meta-mechanism for shaping and imparting culture in mission-oriented organizational cultures, thereby influencing performance. In particular, task orientation, feedback, and upward communication have positive effects on perceived organizational performance in mission-oriented organizations but potentially negative effects on performance in rule-oriented cultures.
Enhanced renal outer medullary uptake of mercury associated with uninephrectomy: implication of a luminal mechanism.

In the present study, pretreatment with p-aminohippurate (PAH) and induction of stop-flow conditions (by ureteral ligation) were used as tools to determine whether the enhanced accumulation of injected inorganic mercury that occurs in the renal outer stripe of the outer medulla in rats following uninephrectomy and compensatory renal growth is due to a luminal and/or basolateral mechanism. The effects of these pretreatments on the disposition of mercury in the liver and blood were also evaluated as a secondary aim. Pretreatment of both uninephrectomized (NPX) and control rats with a 7.5 mmol/kg dose of PAH 5 min prior to the injection of a nontoxic 0.5 mumol/kg i.v. dose of mercuric chloride caused a significant decrease in the renal accumulation of mercury in both control and NPX rats during the initial 3 h after the injection of inorganic mercury. However, the concentration of mercury in the renal outer stripe of the outer medulla was significantly greater in the NPX rats than in the corresponding control rats. Induction of stop-flow conditions (by i.v. bolus injection of 2.0 mmol/kg mannitol followed 5 min later by ureteral ligation) approximately 75 min prior to the injection of inorganic mercury also resulted in decreased renal accumulation of mercury in both NPX and control rats. In contrast to the effects of PAH, induction of stop-flow conditions resulted in the concentration of mercury in the renal outer stripe of the outer medulla in the NPX rats being statistically equivalent to that in the corresponding control rats 3 h after the injection of mercury. Assuming that glomerular filtration rate was reduced to negligible levels in these animals, the fraction of mercury that was not taken up and accumulated in the outer stripe of both groups of rats represents the fraction of mercury that is taken up by a luminal mechanism. Thus, on the basis of the findings in this study, it appears that the increased accumulation of mercury that occurs in the renal outer stripe of the outer medulla in NPX rats is linked to a luminal mechanism, presumably localized in the epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule. Finally, when pretreatment with PAH and induction of stop-flow conditions were combined, there was additivity with respect to decreased renal accumulation of mercury. This additivity provides further support for the current hypothesis that there are both luminal and basolateral mechanisms involved in the renal uptake of inorganic mercury.
Numerical uncertainty in heat conduction calculations for a tube immersed in a fluidized bed

A numerical code has been evaluated with regard to numerical uncertainties involved in calculating heat flux through the wall of a horizontal tube in a bubbling bed of sand. The two-dimensional unsteady heat conduction equation is solved numerically with a non-linearly varying temperature boundary condition prescribed according to measurements. The finite difference method used is an implicit method with a second-order accurate discretization scheme both in temporal and spatial domains. Previous literature dealing with numerical calculations in heat conduction usually reports any detailed study about numerical errors. In the present analysis, a rigorous grid dependence test is applied, and it is shown that the results, in particular heat flux, are very sensitive to the grid size and distribution. Therefore, to achieve better grid convergence when heat flux is sought, the discretization error in the heat flux rather than in the temperature calculations should be considered. This should be done even in cases where temperature is the primary unknown, because it is usually the derivative of temperature which is of any physical importance. The errors are also strongly dependent on the number of iterations which need to be increased as the grid is refined. The present application showed that a non-uniform grid refinement throughout the calculation domain gives a more efficient (less expensive) solution than uniform grid refinement. Furthermore, for calculation of the temperature gradient at the wall, a parabolic profile assumption gives a faster grid convergence compared to a linear profile assumption. The present study shows that the previously published results concerning calculated heat transfer coefficients should be interpreted with caution, unless the authors have provided some measure of grid dependency of their results
Simulation of Flow Through Conical Diffusers With and Without Inlet Swirl Using CFD

One of the major problems encountered in the operation of hydraulic turbines (such as Francis turbines) is a rotating vortex rope which forms in the draft tube under part load conditions. Overall goal of the present research is to study the formation of this oscillating vortex rope using CFD and understand the fundamental mechanisms governing this flow phenomenon. A systematic step by step CFD approach is chosen starting from the simplest to the most complicated flow. The current CFD study reported here therefore aims at studying flows in conical diffusers with and without swirl as a simplified draft tube flow. Two test cases are considered, one is flow with inlet swirl and the other without swirl in a conical diffuser. CFD simulations were carried out using five different turbulence models, namely standard, realizable and RNG k-e (along with the enhanced wall treatment for near-wall region), SST k-ω and the Reynolds stress model (RSM). Wall pressure coefficient along the diffuser, streamwise and circumferential mean velocity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and Reynolds stress profiles are compared with the experimental data as well as CFD results from literature. It is shown that the moderate levels of swirl cause improvement in the pressure recovery in the diffuser as much as 15%. Also, the standard k-e and RSM models perform best in predicting turbulent swirling flow behavior. Profiles of the streamwise velocity obtained from these models are in relatively good agreement with the experimental data (with maximum deviation of 25%), while the predictions of the SST k-ω show as much as 60% difference. Also, there is only 8% difference between the level of Reynolds stress obtained from the standard k-e model and those from the experimental data. Overall, however, all turbulence models need to be improved in order to fully capture the details of the swirling flow in a diffuser and certainly the flow in a draft tube of a hydroturbine where vortex rope breakdown and/or boundary layer separation occurs.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Cerebral dysfunction and behavior disorders in adolescents.

Abnormal functioning of the central nervous system, associated with a variety of causes, functional and structural, and present before birth or in the first five years of life, may result in behavioral and perceptual distortions and in specific learning disabilities. By adolescence these distortions often have become further encrusted with all sorts of emotional difficulties. They appear as a composite of the underlying organically determined behavior pattern and the special defensive and adaptational mechanisms of the particular adolescent to the people and situations which surround him. Proper diagnosis and treatment call for a manifold approach, herein described.
Soluble factor(s) produced by adult bone marrow stroma inhibit in vitro proliferation and differentiation of fetal liver BFU-E by inducing apoptosis

Hematopoiesis occurs in different organs during fetal development. Several studies suggest that the growth of hematopoietic progenitors at one stage of ontogenic maturation may not be supported by a microenvironment from a different ontogenic stage. To determine if human fetal liver (FL) clonogenic progenitors can develop in an adult bone marrow (ABM) microenvironment, we compared growth of BFU-E and CFU-GM from 7-14-wk-old FL, 11-20-wk-old fetal bone marrow (FBM), umbilical cord blood (UCB), or ABM in clonogenic medium with or without ABM stroma. In contrast to BFU-E from FBM, UCB, or ABM, soluble factor(s) produced by ABM stroma severely suppressed growth of 98% of FL BFU-E by inducing apoptosis of cells beyond early erythroblast stage. The nature of the soluble factor remains unknown, although we have evidence that it is heat labile with molecular mass < 10 kD. Antibody neutralization studies indicate that TGF-beta1, IL-1, TNF-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, or IFN-gamma are not responsible. The observation that FL progenitors may not be capable of differentiating when transferred to an ABM microenvironment may have important implications for FL transplantation into postnatal recipients. Further, this demonstrates that ontogenic stage-specific interactions between hematopoietic progenitors and their microenvironment are important for the normal development of hematopoiesis.
A novel bioassay to evaluate the potential of Beauveria bassiana strain NI8 and the Insect growth regulator novaluron against Lygus lineolaris on a non-autoclaved solid artificial diet

A non-autoclaved solid diet was used to evaluate the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) strain NI8 and the insect growth regulator novaluron (Diamond® 0.83EC insecticide) for control of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae). The diet was composed of toasted wheat germ, ground lima bean meal, soy flour, yolk of chicken eggs, inhibitor, and agar. It was prepared in one step by blending the ingredients in boiling water. The diet was used to bioassay L. lineolaris from the second instar to the adult stage. Fourth and fifth instars and adults of L. lineolaris were more susceptible than second and third instars to infection by B. bassiana, whereas second, third, and fourth instars had higher mortality than fifth instars 10 days after exposure to novaluron. No effects on longevity were observed in adults treated with novaluron when compared with the control, but longevity was significantly different from that of adults exposed to B. bassiana. Adults of L. lineolaris were maintained for over a month without changing the diet. The nonautoclaved diet is semi-liquid before it cools, which facilitates the mechanics of diet packaging similar to food packaging or lepidopteran diet preparation. This solid artificial diet for Lygus bugs provides improved research capacity for studying the ecology and susceptibility of Lygus spp. to a number of different control agents, including beneficial organisms, insect pathogens, and insecticidal toxins being developed for transgenic technologies.
Neonatal Biomarkers of Brain Injury

Several biomarkers of neonatal brain injury have already been investigated, including proteins that indicate blood brain barrier integrity and neuroinflammation, as well as axonal, neuronal, and astroglial damage. This review will provide insight on potential biomarkers for the most common brain injury in newborns such as intraventricular hemorrhage, posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation, periventricular leukomalacia, and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The description of biomarkers includes source, specificity, and underlying physiologic mechanism of release. Some of the most promising biomarkers for intraventricular hemorrhage are S100β and Activin. Posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation biomarkers like transforming growth factor-β1, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 could be used to discriminate neonates who will require ventricular peritoneal shunt. Biomarkers of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy with good potential clinical applications include neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and S100β.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin blocks the physiological regulation of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in primary rat hepatocytes

It has been previously reported that TCDD dose-dependently reduces the activity of PEPCK, the rate-limiting enzyme of hepatic gluconeogenesis. To further investigate the mechanism, whereby TCDD decreases PEPCK activity, we studied the effect of TCDD on PEPCK activity in primary rat hepatocytes (PRH). PRH were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats by collagenase perfusion and incubated on collagen-coated culture dishes in medium M199 containing 1 nM insulin. Cells were pretreated with dexamethasone (100 nM) 8 h before PEPCk induction was initiated by addition of glucagon (10 nM) and concurrent withdrawal of insulin. This hormonal treatment induced the enzymatic activity of PEPCK in control cells about 2-fold within 8 h. This PEPCK induction regimen was used to perform two sets of experiments. In the first set of experiments, rats were pretreated with TCDD (125 micrograms/kg p.o. in corn oil, 4 ml/kg) 4 days prior to isolation of PRH. This resulted in a complete block of the glucagon-dependent induction of PEPCK in PRH from TCDD-pretreated animals. In the second set of experiments, TCDD (100 nM) was added directly to the PRH either 24 or 48 h prior to the induction regimen. Incubation of PRH with TCDD 24 h prior to initiation of the induction regimen resulted in a slight decrease in the degree of PEPCK induction when compared to controls. However, treatment of PRH with TCDD 48 h prior to initiation of the induction regimen almost completely blocked PEPCK induction. It is, therefore, suggested that the effect of TCDD on liver PEPCK activity is due to a direct effect on liver cells and is not mediated by factors from outside the liver.
Wittgensteinian Fideism Again: A Reply to Hudson

W. D. Hudson's criticism of some points in my ‘Wittgensteinian Fideism’ are challenging and deserve comment. I remain, however, unconvinced that they require any modification in my assessment of Wittgensteinian Fideism. I shall try to justify this conviction.
Pallel parsing of tree languages for syntactic pattern recognition

Abstract Several software engineering techniques are proposed for the implementation of a more efficient Error-Correcting Tree Automata (ECTA). The production rules of a tree grammar are transformed into suitable internal codes by a lexical analyzer during the preprocessing phase, thus, several more efficient searching algorithms such as binary search, hashing techniques or table-lookup can then be used to improve the parsing efficiency. A parallel parsing algorithm of tree languages is then introduced. Comparisons of speed gain vs overhead of parallel algorithms are presented. Illustrative examples include the application of the proposed parallel algorithms to the interpretation of LANDSAT data and the discrimination of textures. Simulation results of the proposed parallel algorithm are presented.
Experimental Evidence for Reproductive Isolation between Astrophytum coahuilense (H. Möller) Kayser and A. Capricorne var. Senile (Fric) Okumura (Cactaceae)

Abstract: Astrophytum coahuilense and Astrophytum capricorne var. senile have partly sympatric distributions in southern Coahuila and adjacent Zacatecas, Mexico. The apparent absence of natural hybrids in areas of sympatry has been noted by several authors, leading to speculation concerning the mechanisms of reproductive isolation. Experimental crosses between the two species revealed prezygotic isolating mechanisms in some cases and postzygotic mechanisms in others. Several different results were obtained from the cross-pollinations: 1) fruit was not produced and the ovules in the ovary of the floral remnant showed no development; 2) fruit contained incompletely developed, mostly non-germinant seeds; 3) apparently normal seed was produced, but many of the hybrid seedlings manifested morphological anomalies and mortality was high (>97%) due to chlorophyll deficiency. A series of experimental crosses between A. coahuilense and several allopatric taxa of the A. capricorne group revealed only postzygotic iso...
Models of resource markets and the explanation of resource price behaviour

Abstract Much of the recent theoretical work in resource economics has been aimed at relaxing the stringent simplifying assumptions of the basic Hotelling model in an attempt to better explain observed resource price behaviour. This paper surveys the characteristics of exhaustible resource markets that are likely to be important for the development of successful positive models. In particular, we discuss exploration and its relationship to production and market price, the effects of various forms of uncertainty on price behaviour, and for some resources, the treatment of durability. Finally, we address the question of whether producer behaviour can properly be viewed as that of dynamic optimization. This paper should be seen as an attempt to stimulate discussion over research directions and priorities in resource economics.
The pricing of commodity contracts

Abstract The contract price on a forward contract stays fixed for the life of the contract, while a futures contract is rewritten every day. The value of a futures contract is zero at the start of each day. The expected change in the futures price satisfies a formula like the capital asset pricing model. If changes in the futures price are independent of the return on the market, the futures price is the expected spot price. The futures market is not unique in its ability to shift risk, since corporations can do that too. The futures market is unique in the guidance it provides for producers, distributors, and users of commodities. Using assumptions like those used in deriving the original option formula, we find formulas for the values of forward contracts and commodity options in terms of the futures price and other variables.
Options for intrauterine contraception.

The IUD is a convenient and effective contraceptive option for many women. Currently, there are two different types of intrauterine contraception available to women in North America: the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and the copper T IUD. A greater understanding of the benefits and limitations of these two contraceptive options will assist women’s health care providers to better meet the family planning needs of their patients.
Plane-strain shear dislocations moving steadily in linear elastic diffusive solids

This paper derives the stress and pore pressure fields induced by a plane-strain shear (gliding edge) dislocation moving steadily at a constant speed V in a linear elastic, fluid-infiltrated (Biot) solid. Solutions are obtained for the limiting cases in which the plane containing the moving dislocation is permeable and impermeable to the diffusing species. Although the solutions for the permeable and impermeable planes are required to agree with each other and with the ordinary elastic solution in the limits of V=0 (corresponding to drained response) and V=∞ (corresponding to undrained response), the stress and pore pressure fields differ considerably for finite nonzero velocities
Meir b. Elijah of Norwich: persecution and poetry among medieval English Jews

Given the prominent role played by martyrological literature among the Jewish communities of northern France, and the close relationship between the two communities, the absence of martyrological writing from England is striking. Until now, scholars have largely assumed that the relatively small community of medieval English Jews was not culturally sophisticated enough to produce such literature on its own. This paper looks at a liturgical poem by Meir of Norwich, a thirteenth-century English Jewish poet whose poems survive in a variety of genres. The poem ‘Put a curse on my enemy’ describes the conditions of economic, communal and spiritual devastation that characterize thirteenth-century English Jewry. The poet shows considerable literary ability and moreover a keen understanding of the ‘modern’ poetic styles made fashionable by the Spanish Jewish poets of the preceding century. Meir's work suggests it is time to re-evaluate the cultural activity of medieval English Jewry, which, like its continental an...
Distinct coated vesicles labeled for p200 bud from trans-Golgi network membranes

Abstract Golgi-associated cytoplasmic proteins, such as the coatomer protein complex, are required for vesicle budding and trafficking. We have previously described a cytoplasmic phosphoprotein, p200, which binds dynamically and specifically to Golgi membranes. The p200 protein is dissociated from Golgi membranes in the presence of brefeldin A and it is induced to bind to Golgi membranes by activation of guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) with guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate or aluminum fluoride. To establish the role of p200 in vesicle budding, we localized membrane-bound p200 in intact cells and on isolated Golgi membranes. We show that p200 is preferentially associated with vesicles in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Activation of G proteins induced budding and accumulation of small, coated vesicles from Golgi membranes and p200 was localized on the cytoplasmic surface of some of these vesicles. Using immunogold labeling we further demonstrate that p200 and beta-COP are localized on different populations of Golgi-derived vesicles. These data establish that p200 is involved in the budding and coating of a class of Goli vesicles that are likely to be derived from the TGN. The data also show that there are distinct populations of non-clathrin-coated vesicles budded from Golgi membranes, and vesicles labeled for either beta-COP or p200 may represent transport vesicles for separate steps of protein transport.
Copper-Mediated Nitrogen Ligand Oxidation and Oxygenation

For the last several decades, bioinorganic chemists have synthesized novel mononuclear, binuclear, and more recently polynuclear ligand systems in an effort to mimic the coordination state of iron and copper in redox metalloproteins, especially those involved in the binding and activation of dioxygen. The favored utilization by nature of the histi-dine imidazole moiety for providing a neutral and relatively “soft” ligation of metal ions has resulted in the common use of sp2 nitrogen (in particular pyridine and related heterocycles as well as imines) in addition to sp3 amino nitrogen in the design of biomimetic ligands. Although sp2 imino nitrogen is relatively resistant to oxidation, sp3 amino nitrogen is, in general, subject to oxidation at the potentials generated in most instances of iron- and copper-02 interaction. Ligand dehydrogenation has been observed in some cases, usually as an unwanted side-reaction (eq 1),1 but such instances provide important information needed for the rational design of robust ligands as well as about the nature and mechanism of metal ion-mediated amine oxidation.
Peptide synthesis by prior thiol capture…III. Assessment of levels of racemization during two typical thiol capture coupling reactions

Abstract Racemization during peptide bond formation by the dibenzofuran-based thiol capture strategy has been assessed through synthesis of two model peptides, Z- L -Ala- L -Ile-Cys-OMe and Z- L -Ala- L -Phe-L-Cys-OMaq. The former case gave (0.20 + 0.27)% of the D -aI1e epimer and the latter, less than 0.1% of the L - D - L -epimer.