cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors in Decisions of Underrepresented Minorities to Forego Science and Engineering Doctoral Study: A Pilot Study

The research described here comprised a pilot study that attempted to identify the factors in decisions of highly capable students from underrepresented minority groups to forego study for science or engineering doctorates. Underrepresented students are defined as Blacks, Hispanics, and Indians. While these groups will soon comprise 30% or more of the population, they receive only 5% of the S & E (Science and Engineering) doctorates. The research was completed under NSF (National Science Foundation) grant no. REC 9908861. The research built on a previous NSF study (RED-9355867) that identified the most effective colleges and universities in the country in the preparation of Black, Hispanic, and Indian science and engineering students for study toward the PhD degree. One of the major concerns raised during the site visits to the top 10 institutions serving these groups was the loss of capable students to other careers. The study obtained information from minority graduates about factors impacting persistence to graduate studies in science and engineering and solicited suggestions for attracting more people like themselves to S & E doctoral study. Twelve underrepresented minority S & E graduates who decided to forego doctoral study in favor of other pursuits. Themes emerging from these conversations regarding reluctance to pursue advanced study included the following: concern for ability to finance such study; weaknesses in advisement practices and systems; lack of full knowledge, early on, about the rewards of doctoral employment; and concern about opportunities for employment after graduation. Suggestions proffered for attracting more underrepresented minorities to S & E doctoral study included the following: early socialization of youngsters into the world of science and its practice; expanded funding for scholarships and fellowships; expanded outreach by colleges and universities; expanded efforts by churches and community groups and deeper commitments by colleges and universities.
Basis of static and dynamic electrocardiographic variations in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Anatomic and electrophysiologic observations in right and left ventricular preexcitation.

A squirrel monkey with naturally occurring Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was studied electrophysiologically and anatomically. Two sites of preexcitation were found, one in the right ventricle, the other in the left ventricle. Induced premature atrial beats revealed functional dissociation of preexcitation; at one point block occurred in one pathway and not in the other. The anatomic features were studied from 7μ serial sections. Each section contained a plane through the entire heart, allowing visualization of the interrelations between the normal atrioventricular (A-V) node, His-Purkinje system, A-V ring and valves and 2 accessory connections that corresponded in location to the 2 areas of preexcitation. Atrial and ventricular activation were studied in 7 subjects with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and various static forms of either right or left ventricular preexcitation. Whereas patients with right ventricular preexcitation demonstrated predominantly anomalous excitation and long QRS duration, those with left ventricular preexcitation demonstrated a greater component of normal depolarization and less QRS duration. This finding appeared to be related to variation in the distance and activation times between the atrial pacemaker and the location of the right or left accessory tracts. Other findings demonstrated that dynamic changes in QRS configuration, varying between more and less preexcitation, occurred as a result of changes in atrial activation and the relative input times to the normal and accessory A-V connections. The data indicate several probable mechanisms for the static and dynamic variability of the electrocardiogram that is characteristic of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
Measuring directional masking in a sound field using adaptive threshold procedures

The accuracy of three adaptive threshold procedures for measuring directional masking was assessed in two experiments. For each experiment, detection of a target signal, located at either 0$^{\circ}$, 90$^{\circ}$, 180$^{\circ}$ or 270$^{\circ}$ azimuth was measured in the presence of a masker located at 0$^{\circ}$, 90$^{\circ}$ or 180$^{\circ}$ azimuth. In Experiment 1, masked thresholds for ten normal hearing subjects were measured using the Bekesy Procedure and an Ascending Up-and-Down Procedure. In Experiment 2, masked thresholds for another group of ten normal hearing subjects were measured using the Bekesy Procedure and a Maximum Likelihood Procedure. Results confirmed the dependence of detection thresholds on the angular separation between the target and masker. In addition, threshold reliability depended on the location of the signal and the masker. No statistically significant differences were found in detection thresholds over repeated trials or between threshold procedures in Experiment 1 or 2.
A review of the evidence linking estrogens and cancer in animals

This Conference has involved a very highly qualified treatment of the biochemical, clinical, and epidemiological aspects of the estrogen-cancer problem. Accordingly, I have assumed that it is my assignment to cover the experimental biological facets of this problem. This I shall endeavor to do with a major emphasis on the historical development of our knowledge in this field. It is instructive to examine the very early experimental observations that initially raised the question of the role of steroid hormones in the etiology and pathogenesis of cancer in the recognized target organs. Almost at the very beginning of modern endocrinology, Allen and Doisy1 reported the cornification of the vaginal epithelium of the mouse following administration of ovarian extracts. They appreciated that this represented a remarkably active tissue proliferation requiring a degree of mitotic activity seldom seen in normal tissues. Thus, Allen et al.2 actually used colchicine to arrest the mitotic activity induced by estrogen in the vaginal mucosa and in the myometrium of the rat. They reported that a transverse section of the vagina at 37 hours after a single injection of estrogen contained as many as 1,585 mitoses. Equal mitotic activity was also reported for the estrogen-treated uterus.3 These observations provided the experimentalist with a potent growth-stimulating agent that profoundly affected the female genital tract, so commonly the site of cancer in women. These findings arose against a background of both experimental and clinical knowledge of the relationships of ovarian function to the pathogenesis of breast cancer, for Beatson4 had shown as early as 1898 that ovariectomy ameliorated the clinical course of breast cancer in women.
Failure analysis of a graphite/epoxy laminate subjected to bolt-bearing loads

Quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy laminates (T300/5208) were tested under bolt bearing loads to study failure modes, strengths, and failure energy. Specimens had a range of configurations to produce failures by the three nominal failure modes: tension, shearout, and bearing. Radiographs were made after damage onset and after ultimate load to examine the failure modes. Also, the laminate stresses near the bolt hole calculated for each test specimen configuration, and then used with a failure criterion to analyze the test data. Failures involving extensive bearing damage were found to dissipate significantly more energy than tension dominated failures. The specimen configuration influenced the failure modes and therefore also influenced the failure energy. In the width-to-diameter ratio range of 4 to 5, which is typical of structural joints, a transition from the tension mode to the bearing mode was shown to cause a large increase in failure energy. The failure modes associated with ultimate strength were usually different from those associated with the damage onset. Typical damage sequences involved bearing damage onset at the hole boundary followed by tension damage progressing from the hole boundary.
The Effect of Residual Elements on the Response of Selected Pressure-Vessel Steels and Weldments to Irradiation at 550°F

The effect of variable content of residual elements on the sensitivity of pressure-vessel steels to embrittlement from irradiation at 550°F was examined. Results indicate that phosphorus and copper can contribute significantly to the 550°F-irradiation embrittlement sensitivity of Type A302-B steel. The results also show that vanadium may have a slight adverse effect and that sulfur is neutral, although the latter serves to decrease the full shear energy absorption level of the steel. Nitrogen variations from ∼ 0.008 to 0.015% in aluminum-deoxidized steel have no significant effect, while the addition of aluminum to Ni-Cr-Mo steel with a given nitrogen content may slightly promote irradiation embrittlement. The program results demonstrate that apparent insensitivity to 55°F-irradiation embrittlement can be consistently achieved with laboratory heats of a nominal A302-B steel composition by maintaining the total residual element contents at a low level.Investigations of radiation-embrittlement sensitivity o...
Semiconducting and metallic organic polymers: Chemically doped polyacetylene, (CH)x

Polyacetylene, (CH)x is the simplest organic polymer.Through chemical doping, the electrical conductivity of films of (CH)x can be varied over twelve orders of magnitude with properties ranging from insulator (σ 103 ohm−1 cm−1).Both donors and acceptors can be used with these flexible, free-standing polycrystalline polymer films (thickness 10−5 cm to 0. 5 cm) to yield n-type or p-type material.In this review we summarize some of the more important chemical and physical properties of (CH)x and its doped derivatives.
Planning for Spontaneity: The Challenges of Disaster Communication Fieldwork

This methodological article explores the intersection of qualitative fieldwork methods in crisis communication and disaster management. While crisis communication is a popular topic of research in the public relations genre, there is relatively no methodological work to serve as a precedent for a participant-observation study of communication during an unfolding disaster event. Likewise, disaster management literature that is based in qualitative fieldwork methods has not examined the communication practices of a disaster response organization. This article explores the various challenges in conducting fieldwork in real-time disaster communication and describes how the researcher overcame those challenges to conduct a participant-observation study of the American Red Cross’ communication efforts during the 2009 Red River Valley floods in Fargo, North Dakota, United States.
Essay: Is 'Dependence Corruption' Distinct from a Political Equality Argument for Campaign Finance Laws? A Reply to Professor Lessig

I greatly appreciate Professor Lawrence Lessig’s interest in and passion about limiting the corrosive role of money in American politics. Lessig is an academic rock star, a great online and social media presence who draws large crowds for his multimedia presentations wherever he goes to talk about reforming our campaign finance system. He has done more to educate the general public about these issues than anyone else (aside from possibly Stephen Colbert), certainly more than those of us, like me, who have spent our entire careers writing about campaign finance issues.And yet I have unease about a central premise of Lessig’s argument: that “dependence corruption,” the government interest he advances to support the constitutionality of his proposed campaign finance reforms, is analytically distinct from an interest in promoting political equality. Lessig’s argument is crucial to the constitutionality of his program before the current Supreme Court, which has rejected political equality as a permissible interest to support campaign finance regulation. I recently discussed my concerns about his dependence corruption argument in a Harvard Law Review book review of Lessig’s new book, Republic, Lost, and Lessig has responded with a defense in a Harvard Law Review Online Reply and in his public presentations.My continuing concern is not primarily with Lessig’s prediction that a current majority of the Supreme Court could well accept the dependence corruption rationale to justify new restrictions, such as contribution limits to super PACs — although I do think he is wrong in that prediction and that in his role as campaign finance reform zealot he gives false hope to those who think the Court would soon effectively overturn Citizens United v. FEC using his analysis. Rather, Lessig’s dependence corruption argument encourages fuzzy thinking about the political equality rationale at a time when we need clear thinking about, and defenses of, political equality arguments. There could well be a time within the next decade when a more liberal Supreme Court majority may consider overturning recent precedent and allowing more regulation. By being more precise about what is at stake with such regulation, and the potential costs to free expression, supporters of reasonable campaign finance regulation will be better positioned to defend a new set of laws. In the end, the debate over dependence corruption helps elucidate the best and worst types of political equality arguments to advance to a future Supreme Court and American public.
Interactions of HIV-1 viral protein R with host cell proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the interactions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV‐1) viral protein R (Vpr) with host cell proteins. Active host–pathogen interactions take place during HIV‐1 infection of host cells. HIV‐infected cells respond to viral invasion with various antiviral strategies, such as innate, cellular, and humoral immune antiviral defense mechanisms, and the virus has developed tactics to suppress these host responses to infection. The final balance among these interactions determines the efﬁciency of the viral infection and subsequent disease progression. Some recent ﬁndings suggest that Vpr interacts with some of the host innate antiviral responses, such as heat stress responses, and plays an active role as a viral pathogenic factor; cellular heat stress response factors counteract such Vpr activities as nuclear import, the induction of cell cycle G2/M arrest, and the apoptosis of the host cells and also inhibit HIV replication. The chapter also discusses the other Vpr‐interacting proteins and their potential roles in HIV replication and strategies for the development of future antiviral therapies directed at suppressing Vpr activities.
Using dark fiber to displace diesel generators

Cloud providers and other data center operators are using geo-distributed data centers. But these data centers largely continue to employ the same designs as were appropriate for single data centers. These designs are wasteful because they do not take full advantage of geo-distribution. Geo-redundancy can reduce other redundancy at multiple intermediate layers in individual data centers and decrease costs. We discuss options for changing infrastructure design to realize such savings. Our proposal opens up an exciting and novel area of investigation into the design of software that can effectively leverage such platforms.
Proton conducting BaZr0.8Y0.2O3−x thin films by pulsed laser deposition technique

Abstract Here we report the synthesis of high-quality single-phase thin films of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3−x (BZY20) by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. BZY20 films were deposited on various substrates including single-crystal sapphire (0 0 0 1), LaAlO3 (0 0 1), LaAlO3/LaNiO3 (0 0 1), and polycrystalline Cu and Fe foils. Depositions were performed using a high-power pulsed KrF excimer laser (wavelength 248 nm, 25 ns pulse duration) under controlled oxygen ambience. Substrate temperature and laser energy density during the depositions were maintained in the range 500–600 °C and 2–3 J/cm2, respectively. The microstructural, electrical, and gas-sensing properties of BZY20 films were studied, with the goal of understanding growth characteristics and optimizing their sensory response. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) results showed that for BZY20 films grown on a sapphire (0 0 0 1) substrate, films tend to orient in the 〈1 1 1〉 and 〈2 1 1〉 directions, while for those grown on LaAlO3 (0 0 1) and LaAlO3/LaNiO3(0 0 1) substrates, films tend to orient preferably in the 〈2 1 1〉 direction. Possible atomic positions of the constituent atoms at the film/substrate interface were determined to understand the growth characteristics and to estimate the epitaxial strains at the film–substrate interface. Typical conductivity of BZY20 thin films grown on single-crystal substrates was ∼1×10−3 and ∼10×10−3 S/cm at 500 and 800 °C, respectively. BZY20 films grown on single-crystal substrates were found to be very sensitive to H2O vapor pressures with film resistance changing by >18% at temperatures of 400 °C when water vapor partial pressure changed from 2 to 50 kPa.
Food Intake of the Largemouth Bass

Abstract During 18 months of electrofishing a sample of 991 adult largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was taken from Crab Orchard Lake. The stomach contents were removed in the field with a gastroscope. Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) constituted the principal forage fish. Approximately 50% of the bass collected had empty stomachs. As the size of bass increased, the food intake as a percent of body weight decreased. Ninety percent of the bass stomachs contained one food item. When more than one food item was found, they were usually in the same stage of digestion. It is suggested that the high percent of empty stomachs was related to hunting success, or that the onset of the feeding stimulus in association with rate of digestion might result in a periodicity of feeding that involves a high percent of empty stomachs. A higher relative intake of food by small bass was postulated to be a result of the bass's typically consuming only one fish. Inasmuch as the forage fish were relatively uniform in size...
Bacteriophage M13 gene 2 protein: Increasing its yield in infected cells, and identification and localization

Abstract M13 gene 2 protein, implicated in the introduction of single-strand nicks into double-stranded closed circular (RFI) DNA molecules, was previously found in only very small quantities in infected cells. We now find that the gene 2 protein can be readily identified and its yield can be increased manyfold if infections are carried out at high temperature with either a gene 2 temperature-sensitive mutant or with wild type M13. Mechanisms are suggested by which the increased yield could result from subnormal function of the protein in these infections. Under conditions of high yield, the gene 2 protein is found largely in a rapidly sedimenting particulate fraction of unknown nature, where it constitutes as much as 36% of the leucine-labeled protein. The gene 2 protein can be readily solubilized from this particulate fraction with the ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) but no satisfactory solubilization method was found which keeps the protein in its native state. Attempts to demonstrate in vitro activity of the gene 2 protein, that is, nicking of M13 RFI DNA, were not successful. On the basis of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we estimate that the gene 2 polypeptide has a molecular weight of approximately 40,000. In the course of the experiments on gene 2 protein, it was observed that the gene 3, as well as the gene 8, virion protein molecules were found predominantly in the cell inner membrane, supporting the idea that virion assembly is carried out there. The gene 4, nonvirion, protein also proved to be in the inner membrane, as would be expected if this protein plays a role in virion assembly.
Automatic tracking and digitization of multiple radiopaque myocardial markers

An 80386 PC-based system was designed to track automatically multiple, miniature radiopaque markers implanted in the heart wall. This system eliminated the need for tedious, time-consuming manual digitization of marker coordinates. Use of a MATROX MVP-AT/NP image processing board incorporated advanced image processing and graphics features into the low-cost PC environment. Digital image enhancement and segmentation techniques (such as limiting analysis to predefined windows of interest, spatial band-pass and matched filtering, contrast stretching and clipping, linear adaptive prediction, intensity histogram analysis, adaptive binary thresholding, region growing, expanding region of analysis, and feature extraction) were incorporated into a user-friendly integrated marker processing software environment. Improved speed, accuracy, and reproducibility of the marker digitizing process were realized. These basic techniques have broad applications to other image processing needs in biomedical research.
Incontinence. Pediatric sacral neuromodulation for refractory incontinence.

New research confirms that sacral nerve stimulation is a feasible option for treating subjective symptoms of urinary and fecal incontinence in children. However, owing to a lack of correlation between objective and clinical response parameters, we require standardized means of assessing outcomes in this patient population.
Incorporating Research Design and Estimation Tools in the Finance Curriculum.

Abstract To test for the effectiveness of instruction in research design and estimation in business curricula, a classroom exercise was developed that required students to estimate sales revenue for a small business. The exercise was administered to (a) marketing research students and (b) intermediate corporate finance students. By using a revenue estimation tool called the Buying Power Index, the marketing research students estimated revenue significantly better than the intermediate corporate finance students did. The findings indicate that additional instruction in research design and estimation would significantly enhance the ability of finance graduates to make value-maximizing decisions.
Applied molecular evolution

The exciting results published by Scott & Smith (1990), Devlin et al. (1990), and Tuerk & Gold (1990) in Science; Cwirla et al., in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. (1990) ; and Ellington & Szostak in Nature, London (1990), are the next developments in a new era in biotechnology: applied molecular evolution. Cloning techniques developed over the past several years permit us to generate vast numbers of novel DNA, RNA, peptide, polypeptide, and protein sequences. The implications range from basic science--the distribution of structural, catalytic and ligand binding capacities in "sequence space" (Smith, 1970), to practic a l t h e generation of novel drugs, vaccines, catalysts, ligands, DNA regulatory elements, ribozymes, biosensors, and even self-reproducing biochemical systems. Practical use of these new opportunities relies on methodologies to select or screen among extremely large numbers of fully stochastic, or partially designed and partially stochastic sequences. One application of these technologies lies in the generation of peptides that mimic, stimulate, modulate, or antagonize the effects of some other epitope. The existence of second-rank antibodies which bind and are bound by first-rank antibodies has long suggested that such second-rank antibodies are internal images of external antigenic epitopes (Jerne, 1974, 1984; Sege & Peterson, 1983), and, thus, might be used as drugs or vaccines (Bluestones, 1981). The fact, that second-rank antibodies can serve as vaccines for bacterial pathogens whose protective antigen is a carbohydrate (Sacks et al., 1985), shows that proteins can mimic the shape of a chemically different family. In view of this, peptides which are candidates to mimic an arbitrary antigen can be uncovered by use of a shape complement of that antigen, such as a monoclonal antibody or receptor for the antigen, to screen for cross-reacting peptides in a large library of random peptide epitopes encoded in a library of fully or partially stochastic genes. Peptides so recovered are candidates to mimic or modulate the action of the initial antigen. If the initial antigen is a hormone, the peptides are candidate drugs. If the initial antigen is the protective epitope on a virus, the peptides are candidate vaccines. Recovery of such mimetic peptides does not even require that the antigen be known or present, only that its shape complement be available. Hence, antibodies from an infected patient could serve to gener~.te vaccines against an
Cardiovascular hemodynamic functions in complete heart block and the effect of isopropylnorepinephrine.

In 8 patients with complete heart block, cardiac and hemodynamic functions were determined by methods based on cardiac catheterization. The data characterize the impairment in these functions in asymptomatic subjects and indicate, in addition, the further changes over the course of several years in the same subject, the deleterious effects associated with congestive heart failure, and the changes toward normal induced by isopropylnorepinephrine, a sympathomimetic amine known to stimulate the heart and increase ventricular rate in heart block.
Meeting Resistance: Autonomy, Development, and “Informed Permission” in Chiapas, Mexico

All anthropological research, including student projects, involves dilemmas concerning informed consent and the oversight of institutional review boards. In Chiapas, the leadership of an autonomous municipality has designed their own process of research approval. During the intensive schedule of teaching afield program and assisting students to develop field studies, the authors learned how those with whom they work in the field structure their approval process, through meetings and consensus. In this ethnographic narrative, the authors examine the details of this negotiation, linking it to the process of seeking autonomy through development in Chiapas, where informed permission and committed collaboration add symmetry to the research endeavor
In vivo effects of glycyl-glutamate and glycyl-sarcosine on gabapentin oral absorption in rat

Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vivo consequences of glycyl-glutamate coadministration on gabapentin oral absorption.
A barley lectin that binds free amino sugars I. Purification and characterization

Abstract A lectin was isolated from barley seed which bound the coat glycoprotein of barley stripe mosaic virus (Type strain) and precipitated the virus from solution. Purification of the barley lectin was achieved by fractionation with ammonium sulfate and successive column chromatography on DEAE cellulose and cellulose phosphate. The barley lectin was homogeneous as ascertained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and from immunochemical tests. No isolectins were detected. The lectin has a molecular weight of 31 000 daltons and is not a glycoprotein. Each virion can accomodate between 200 to 300 molecules of lectin. Barley lectin was shown to be specific for D -glucosamine, D -galactosamine and D -mannosamine with little distinction among the epimeric configurations at carbons 2 and 4. Free amino groups of D -glucosamine and D -galactosamine were detected on the coat glycoprotein of Type strain barley stripe mosaic virus and these sugars appear to serve as receptors for the barley lectin.
Calibration of Laboratory Models in Population Genetics

This paper explores the calibration of laboratory models in population genetics as an experimental strategy for justifying experimental results and claims based upon them following Franklin (1986, 1990) and Rudge (1996, 1998). The analysis provided undermines Coyne et al.'s (1997) critique of Wade and Goodnight's (1991) experimental study of Wright's (1931, 1932) Shifting Balance Theory. The essay concludes by further demonstrating how this analysis bears on Diamond's (1986) claims regarding the weakness of laboratory experiments as evidence, and further how the calibration strategy fits within Lloyd's (1987, 1988) account of the confirmation of ecological and evolutionary models.
Differences in patterns of maternal arrest and the parent, family, and child problems encountered in working with families

Abstract The information reported in this article is based on data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW), a study of a representative sample of children who were subjects of reports of maltreatment. Details of mothers' arrest histories were used to group together mothers who shared similar arrest history characteristics. Three subgroups were identified: (1) mothers with dated arrest histories, (2) mothers with protracted arrest histories, and (3) mothers who were first arrested at a relatively late age. Analyses examined between-group differences in the child, parent, and family problems present in these families. Findings suggest that differences in mothers' arrest histories are associated with meaningfully different service needs. More generally, however, families in which mothers have been arrested have a greater number of service needs making them among the more complex cases confronting child protective service agencies.
Reflections on thomism and client-centered psychotherapy.

To summarize, Rogers and Aquinas both stress the importance of existential experience and sense data. Although Rogers is more concerned with human freedom and “being” than are many modern “adjustment” psychotherapists, he is still circumscribed by his initial positivistic assumptions about the nature of man in his therapy. but these assumptions may be in the process of change.
Differential Expression of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) and Its Coactivators Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 and PPAR-Binding Protein PBP in the Brown Fat, Urinary Bladder, Colon, and Breast of the Mouse

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and PPAR-binding protein (PBP) interact with PPARγ and act as coactivators to enhance ligand-dependent transcription. We report here that PPARγ, SRC-1, and PBP are differentially expressed in the brown fat, transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder, colonic mucosa, and mammary epithelium of the adult mouse. PPARγ and PBP are expressed in the transitional epithelium of urinary bladder and in brown adipose tissue, but not SRC-1. In the colonic mucosa, PPARγ expression occurs throughout the villi, whereas the expression of both SRC-1 and PBP is confined mostly to the crypts. The expression of both SRC-1 and PBP is prominent in the breast epithelium of nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating mice, whereas PPARγ expression appeared prominent during lactation. During early embryonic development, PPARγ, SRC-1, and PBP are differentially expressed, with only limited cell types displaying overlapping expression. PPARγ and PBP expression overlapped in the brown fat and urogenital sinus at stage E15.5 of embryogenesis, whereas SRC-1 expression occurred mostly in neuroepithelium and cartilage between stages E9.5 and E13.5 of embryogenesis.
Micro Channel Vapor Chamber for high heat Spreading

The cooling technology that is most widely used for computers is air-cooling, because this is a mature technology with the least operation and maintenance cost. In order to push the limit of the air-cooling capability, enhancement of heat transfer from the processor to cooling medium is needed. Recently, the processor has multi-cores such as dual-cores, quad-cores. So, the heat dissipation from the processor surface is not uniform. For effective cooling, it is required least temperature gradient between the heat source and radiating componets. The well-known devices for effective heat transfer or heat spreading with the lowest thermal resistance are heat pipes and vapor chambers, which are two-phase heat transfer devices with excellent heat spreading ad heat transfer characteristics. In this paper, various designs using vapor chamber for CPU (Central Processor Unit) are presented with advanced technology of micro channel wick structure instead of traditional sintered powder wick.
Uses and abuses of screening tests.

Summary Screening tests are ubiquitous in contemporary practice, yet the principles of screening are widely misunderstood. Screening is the testing of apparently well people to find those at increased risk of having a disease or disorder. Although an earlier diagnosis generally has intuitive appeal, earlier might not always be better, or worth the cost. Four terms describe the validity of a screening test: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of positive and negative results. For tests with continuous variables-eg, blood glucose-sensitivity and specificity are inversely related; where the cutoff for abnormal is placed should indicate the clinical effect of wrong results. The prevalence of disease in a population affects screening test performance: in low-prevalence settings, even very good tests have poor predictive value positives. Hence, knowledge of the approximate prevalence of disease is a prerequisite to interpreting screening test results. Tests are often done in sequence, as is true for syphilis and HIV-1 infection. Lead-time and length biases distort the apparent value of screening programmes; randomised controlled trials are the only way to avoid these biases. Screening can improve health; strong indirect evidence links cervical cytology programmes to declines in cervical cancer mortality. However, inappropriate application or interpretation of screening tests can rob people of their perceived health, initiate harmful diagnostic testing, and squander health-care resources.
Highlights of the American Society of Clinical Oncology annual meeting 2005. 13-17 May, 2005, Florida, USA.

The breast cancer presentations at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) were highlighted by the results of the adjuvant trastuzumab studies, reports from three clinical trials designed ...
Calcium activation of heart mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: rapid kinetics of mVO2, NADH, AND light scattering.

Abstract Parallel activation of heart mitochondria NADH and ATP production by Ca2+ has been shown to involve the Ca2+-sensitive dehydrogenases and the F0F1-ATPase. In the current study we hypothesize that the response time of Ca2+-activated ATP production is rapid enough to support step changes in myocardial workload (∼100 ms). To test this hypothesis, the rapid kinetics of Ca2+ activation ofmV˙ O2, [NADH], and light scattering were evaluated in isolated porcine heart mitochondria at 37 °C using a variety of optical techniques. The addition of Ca2+ was associated with an initial response time (IRT) ofmV˙ O2 that was dose-dependent with a minimum IRT of 0.27 ± 0.02 s (n = 41) at 535 nm Ca2+. The IRTs for NADH fluorescence and light scattering in response to Ca2+ additions were similar tomV˙ O2. The Ca2+ IRT formV˙ O2 was significantly shorter than 1.6 mm ADP (2.36 ± 0.47 s; p ≤ 0.001, n = 13), 2.2 mm Pi (2.32 ± 0.29, p ≤ 0.001, n = 13), or 10 mm creatine (15.6.±1.18 s, p ≤ 0.001, n = 18) under similar experimental conditions. Calcium effects were inhibited with 8 μm ruthenium red (2.4 ± 0.31 s;p ≤ 0.001, n = 16) and reversed with EGTA (1.6 ± 0.44; p ≤ 0.01, n= 6). Estimates of Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria using optical Ca2+ indicators trapped in the matrix revealed a sufficiently rapid uptake to cause the metabolic effects observed. These data are consistent with the notion that extramitochondrial Ca2+ can modify ATP production, via an increase in matrix Ca2+ content, rapidly enough to support cardiac work transitions in vivo.
Risk Analysis: Infections and inequalities in a globalizing era

Cassis Henry and Paul Farmer argue that the promise of increasing opportunity and inclusion in the ‘medical lifeboat’ remains unrealized for many. They examine the mechanisms by which social inequalities sculpt the contours of modern epidemics.
Crystal Structure of PG16 and Chimeric Dissection with Somatically Related PG9: Structure-Function Analysis of Two Quaternary-Specific Antibodies That Effectively Neutralize HIV-1

HIV-1 resists neutralization by most antibodies. Two somatically related human antibodies, PG9 and PG16, however, each neutralize 70 to 80% of circulating HIV-1 isolates. Here we present the structure of the antigen-binding fragment of PG16 in monoclinic and orthorhombic lattices at 2.4 and 4.0 A, respectively, and use a combination of structural analysis, paratope dissection, and neutralization assessment to determine the functional relevance of three unusual PG9/PG16 features: N-linked glycosylation, extensive affinity maturation, and a heavy chain-third complementarity-determining region (CDR H3) that is one of the longest observed in human antibodies. Glycosylation extended off the side of the light chain variable domain and was not required for neutralization. The CDR H3 formed an axe-shaped subdomain, which comprised 42% of the CDR surface, with the axe head looming ∼20 A above the other combining loops. Comprehensive sets of chimeric swaps between PG9 and PG16 of light chain, heavy chain, and CDR H3 were employed to decipher structure-function relationships. Chimeric swaps generally complemented functionally, with differences in PG9/PG16 neutralization related primarily to residue differences in CDR H3. Meanwhile, chimeric reversions to genomic V genes showed isolate-dependent effects, with affinity maturation playing a significant role in augmenting neutralization breadth (P = 0.036) and potency (P < 0.0001). The structural and functional details of extraordinary CDR H3 and extensive affinity maturation provide insights into the neutralization mechanism of and the elicitation pathway for broadly neutralizing antibodies like PG9 and PG16.
How can we translate good science into good perinatal care

: Scientific skepticism, known more formally as the discipline of epidemiology, can help overcome five obstacles that impede perinatal care: seduction by authority, the false idol of technology, letting sleeping dogmas lie, the pursuit of pedantry, and numerators in search of denominators. When the seduction by authority is strong, epidemiology shows us how to judge data on their own merit and not on the stature of their proponent. Epidemiology teaches us that we need not blindly worship technology; that technology can be our servant, not our master. Epidemiology compels us to rouse those slumbering dogmas and make them prove their merit. Despite the powerful lure of medical pedantry, epidemiology shows us the way out of this multiple-choice mentality. When we are still stinging from our last unpleasant case, epidemiology guides and sustains us through science, reason, and logic—rather than through clinical impression.
In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier to study bacterial meningitis

In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier involving culturing cerebral microvascular endothelial cells may provide information critical to understanding diseases of the central nervous system, such as bacterial meningitis, that would be difficult to obtain from clinical studies or from in vivo models. These models may also identify targets for therapeutic intervention.
Performance of a novel clinical score, the Pediatric Asthma Severity Score (PASS), in the evaluation of acute asthma

Objectives To evaluate the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a new clinical asthma score, the Pediatric Asthma Severity Score (PASS), in children aged 1 through 18 years in an acute clinical setting. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of children treated for acute asthma at two urban pediatric emergency departments (EDs). A total of 852 patients were enrolled at one site and 369 at the second site. Clinical findings were assessed at the start of the ED visit, after one hour of treatment, and at the time of disposition. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (for patients aged 6 years and older) and pulse oximetry were also measured. Results Composite scores including three, four, or five clinical findings were evaluated, and the three-item score (wheezing, prolonged expiration, and work of breathing) was selected as the PASS. Interobserver reliability for the PASS was good to excellent (kappa = 0.72 to 0.83). There was a significant correlation between PASS and PEFR (r = 0.27 to 0.37) and pulse oximetry (r = 0.29 to 0.41) at various time points. The PASS was able to discriminate between those patients who did and did not require hospitalization, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.82. Finally, the PASS was shown to be responsive, with a 48% relative increase in score from start to end of treatment and an overall effect size of 0.62, indicating a moderate to large effect. Conclusions This clinical score, the PASS, based on three clinical findings, is a reliable and valid measure of asthma severity in children and shows both discriminative and responsive properties. The PASS may be a useful tool to assess acute asthma severity for clinical and research purposes.
Regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces: the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein, Mga2p, a transcription activator of the OLE1 gene, regulates the stability of the OLE1 mRNA through exosome-mediated mechanisms.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae OLE1 gene encodes a membrane-bound Δ9 fatty-acid desaturase, whose expression is regulated through transcriptional and mRNA stability controls. In wild type cells grown on fatty acid-free medium, OLE1 mRNA has a half-life of 10 ± 1.5 min (basal stability) that becomes highly unstable when cells are exposed to unsaturated fatty acids (regulated stability). Activation of OLE1 transcription is dependent on N-terminal fragments of two membrane proteins, Mga2p and Spt23p, that are proteolytically released from the membrane by a ubiquitin-mediated mechanism. Surprisingly, disruption of the MGA2 gene also reduces the half-life of the OLE1 transcript and abolishes fatty acid regulated instability. Disruption of its cognate, SPT23, has no effect on the half-life of the mRNA. Mga2p appears to have two distinct functions with respect to the OLE1 mRNA stability: a stabilizing effect in cells grown in fatty acid-free medium and a destabilizing function in cells that are exposed to unsaturated fatty acids. These functions are independent of OLE1 transcription and can confer basal and regulated stability on OLE1 mRNAs that are produced under the control of the unrelated GAL1 promoter. Expression of soluble, N-terminal fragments of Mga2p stabilize the transcript but do not confer fatty acid-regulated instability on the mRNA suggesting that the stabilizing functions of Mga2p do not require membrane processing and that modifications to the protein introduced during proteolysis may play a role in the destabilizing effect. An analysis of mutants that are defective in mRNA degradation indicate that the Mga2p-requiring control mechanism that regulates the fatty acid-mediated instability of the OLE1 transcript acts by activating exosomal 3′ → 5′-exonuclease degradation activity.
Passivity Enforcement for Admittance Models of Distributed Networks Using an Inverse Eigenvalue Method

Most transient circuit simulators are based on admittance representations of the constituent circuit elements. It is therefore natural to use admittance parameter descriptions of linear networks, preferably in the form of rational transfer functions that can be directly implemented in the analysis. A problem arises when the measured or calculated frequency-domain response of a linear distributed network must be derived from data that has inherent error, is of limited bandwidth, or is not in the appropriate rational form. A reduced-order rational model that is causal, stable, and passive must be developed. Previous methods of deriving rational functions for the admittance parameters of a network do guarantee stability and causality, but passivity of the model must be assured through subsequent post-processing. Enforcing passivity requires modification of the state-space parameters of the model with consequent introduction of errors. This paper reports on a procedure to simultaneously achieve passivity, accuracy, causality, and stability in the development of an admittance macromodel described using a matrix of rational functions. An iterative inverse eigenvalue algorithm enforces passivity, and is applied by conjoining sets of eigenvalue and admittance constraints. These constraints form a monolithic projection matrix, which simultaneously addresses both passivity and accuracy of the model.
L/sub 1/ and L/sub infinity / minimization via a variant of Karmarkar's algorithm

Simple iterative algorithms are presented for L/sub 1/ and L/sub infinity / minimization (regression) based on a variant of Karmarkar's linear programming algorithm. Although these algorithms are based on entirely different theoretical principles to the popular IRLS (iteratively reweighted least squares) algorithm, they have almost identical matrix operations. Also presented are the results of a Monte Carlo study comparing the numerical convergence properties of the Karmarkar algorithm for L/sub 1/ minimization to those of an IRLS and a simplex algorithm. The test problem involves L/sub 1/ estimation of AR (autoregressive) model parameters. The Karmarkar algorithm outperformed IRLS by achieving higher numerical accuracy in fewer iterations. Techniques for reducing the computational cost per iteration of the Karmarkar L/sub 1/ algorithm are discussed. >
Reduced myocardial neutrophil accumulation and infarct size following thromboxane synthetase inhibitor or receptor antagonist.

Since thromboxane A2 (TXA2) re lease may relate to the extension of myocardial injury following coro nary ligation, the authors examined the effects of pretreatment with a se lective TXA 2synthetase inhibitor U- 63,557A, or a TXA2receptor anta gonist SQ-29,548, on myocardial in farct size forty-eight hours following left coronary ligation in rats. Myocardial infarct size (as percent of left ventricle, LV) was decreased from 44±3% in saline-treated con trol animals to 34±4% (P < 0.05) in U-63,557A-treated animals and to 32±4% (P < 0.05) in SQ-29,548 treated animals (U-63,557A-treated vs SQ-29,548-treated, P=NS). LV creatine kinase (CK) was 5.08 ± 0.42 IU/mg protein in noninfarcted un treated rats and 1.79 ± 0.21 IU/mg protein in saline-treated infarcted rats. LV CK was 2.86 ± 0.40 IU/mg protein in U-63,557A-treated rats and 3.11 ± 0.51 IU/mg protein in SQ-29,548-treated infarcted rats (both P < 0.05 compared with saline- treated rats). The beneficial effects of U-63,557A and of SQ-29,548 were not accompani...
The role of shell strength in selective foraging by crayfish for gastropod prey

Summary 1. Four gastropods common in Wisconsin lakes, Amnicola limosa, Gyraulus parvus, Physella gyrina and Helisoma anceps, were exposed to predation by three crayfish congeners, Orconectes rusticus, O. propinquus and O. virilis in the laboratory to determine prey preference. 2. There were no differences in prey choice among the crayfish congeners, but there were clear differences in electivity for the different snail prey. 3. Crayfish had higher electivities for the thin-shelled, plano-spiral pulmonate Gyraulus parvus, despite its lower abundance in samples, than the thicker-shelled prosobranch Amnicola limosa. Electivity for another plano-spiral pulmonate, Helisoma anceps, was low, evidently because of its relatively thick shell and larger size. Amnicola limosa and the thin-shelled pulmonate Physella gyrina (present at roughly the same relative abundance as Gyraulus parvus) were neither selected nor avoided. 4. Crayfish electivity appears to be a function of the resistance of shells to chipping by crayfish mandibles. Although different species are preferred, this is similar to the previously described selection of thin-shelled species by sunfish.