cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feluda: Provenance-Enabled Diagnosis of Elusive Network Failures in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor nodes are prone to failures due to their limited hardware capabilities, and software uncertainties stemming from erroneous logic or configuration. Such failures as well as wireless channel dynamics can degrade network performance, potentially creating network partitions. Existing troubleshooting tools either only diagnose a few problems or suffer from high overhead due to periodic transmission of control packets. In this paper, we propose Feluda, a system that exploits provenance, i.e., forwarding path of data packets, for automatic localization of problematic nodes and packets. Unlike existing methods, Feluda extracts necessary network performance metrics from packet headers and stores them into node flash storage, thereby reducing out-of-band packet transmissions. Once problematic nodes and corresponding packets are identified at the base station (BS), Feluda provides efficient querying mechanisms to retrieve packet headers of interest from specific nodes. Packet header analysis reveals the root cause of the problem. We implement Feluda using Java and ContikiOS on the BS and sensor nodes, respectively. Testbed experiments and COOJA simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of Feluda compared to the state-of the-art.
Otolaryngology practice patterns in pediatric tonsillectomy: The impact of the codeine boxed warning.

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine if otolaryngologists at a single children's hospital were adherent to the boxed warning for codeine use in post-tonsillectomy patients and the implications for practice patterns. Study Design Case series with chart review. Methods Charts from all patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy at a single children's hospital from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2015 were analyzed and stratified according to date (pre– or post–boxed warning) and practitioner type (academic otolaryngologists [AO] vs. nonacademic otolaryngologists [NAO]). Demographic data, surgical technique, method of removal, narcotic prescriptions (dosage and drug), and complications were recorded. Fisher exact test was used to determine the level of significance in prescription rates pre- and postwarning. SPSS version 22 was used for statistical analysis, with P < .05 indicating statistical significance. Results There were 2,749 children undergoing adenotonsillectomy during the study period, with 1,239 AOs and 1,510 NAOs. There was a distinct downward trend in codeine prescriptions before and after the warning, with the AO group reaching zero sooner than the NAO group. There was a 5% decrease in discharge narcotic prescriptions given postwarning (P < .001), but no significant difference in postoperative emergency department visits or pain-related complications when comparing the two time periods. Conclusions Codeine use for management of pediatric post-tonsillectomy pain was essentially zero after issuance of the boxed warning. Total narcotic use decreased significantly without increase in pain- or medication-related complications. Future research should focus on identifying markers of increased susceptibility to adverse medication events and determining the safest options for pain management. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2017
THE ESTUARY/CONTINENTAL SHELF AS AN INTERACTIVE SYSTEM

The estuary/pass/shelf complex is viewed as an interactive system whose internal dynamics are controlled, in large measure, by driving forces external to the system. Internal exchange reflects the force of water mass movement and mixing processes as they interact within the local context. Transport of chemical materials is related to these factors, but it also reflects the individual reactivities of each chemical species. Some information is now available concerning the estuary/shelf exchange of biologically important elements (N, P, Si, and C), and caloric exchange may be roughly calculated from the organic carbon data. The movement and behavior of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Hg) are also known in some instances. Large rivers represent a special case, since, lacking estuaries, they transport materials directly into the sea. The Mississippi River outflow is presented as an example.
Expressing gratitude via instant communication technology: A randomized controlled trial targeting college students’ mental health

Abstract The present study used a randomized controlled research design to test an adaptation of the gratitude letter-writing-and-visit intervention, using notes instead of letters and instant communication technology instead of personal visits, for the purposes of improving college students (N = 115) mental health. The gratitude-based intervention condition was tested in comparison to two active control conditions, one using instant communication technology to send notes to others regarding something they learned recently and another that privately journaled about something they learned recently. Participants in all conditions were instructed to engage in the exercise three times a day for two weeks. Results indicated that, compared to the active control conditions, the gratitude-based intervention had greater positive effects on optimism and school connectedness, but that it also had small iatrogenic effects on depression and gratitude. Furthermore, findings indicated that both active control conditions showed positive effects across several subjective wellbeing and psychological distress indicators. Implications for future research and practice for promoting college students’ mental health are discussed.
Development as recolonization: the political ecology of the Endosulphan disaster in Kasargod, India

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the Endosulphan pesticide disaster in Kasargod, Kerala, India. The paper argues that the pesticide disaster was the culmination of an agrarian modernization project implemented in the region by the state-owned Plantation Corporation of Kerala (PCK). An exploration of the political ecology of the disaster shows the recolonization of residents and nature by PCK through neocolonial forms of centralized and exclusionary spatial and resource control mechanisms. In this context, the paper questions the glorification of the “Kerala model” of development from the standpoints of environmental justice and resource rights, relying on the lived experiences of the people of Kasargod.
The Relationship Between Phonological Awareness and Music Aptitude

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between phonological awareness and music aptitude. I administered the Intermediate Measures of Music Audiation (IMMA) to second-grade students in a rural school in Pennsylvania (N = 17). Speech-language specialists administered a hearing screening and The Phonological Awareness Test 2 (PAT-2) individually to participants and scored the measures. Findings indicated a moderate, positive relationship between PAT-2 standardized composite scores and IMMA raw Tonal subtest scores (r = .485). A linear regression indicated IMMA raw Tonal subtest scores predicted PAT-2 standardized composite scores. The relationship between music aptitude and phonological awareness has implications for students, music teachers, and professionals who may remediate literacy skills, such as reading specialists, speech-language pathologists, and music therapists.
An Ecology of the Future: Nietzsche and Ecological Restoration

This chapter investigates what a Nietzschean philosophy or ontology of nature could look like. Starting with Zarathustra’s idea that the Ubermensch has to be true to the earth, this chapter explores different notions of overcoming, according to Nietzsche’s texts. Following the notions of ressentiment and self-denial, we find that, for Nietzsche, it is our nature to act against our own nature. The Ubermensch is not necessarily a being that does not act against itself, but there are, the essay argues, different ways to act against ourselves. This idea is unpacked by exploring how we relate to our environment. While it is clear that we mostly destroy our environment, it is less clear what occurs in attempts to restore the natural world. How do we grasp our own position in fields such as restoration ecology? The essay points out a few problematic notions in this regard and argues for an ecology of the future, in which we do not emphasize the restoration of nature, but most of all overcome our own problematic relationship with the natural world we attempt to restore. A Nietzschean ecology of the future is open to new ecosystems. It does not give up on restoration, but it provides alternative ways of looking at the future. Most importantly, we must place ourselves in ecosystems, not as restorers of an autonomous system, but as being part of the system. This does not mean that we become merely managers; it means most of all that we position ourselves to learn from these ecosystems.
Immunobiology of Pediatric Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned and Implications for an Improved TB-Vaccine

Children, especially neonates and young infants, are uniquely vulnerable to tuberculosis (TB) and frequently present with primary progressive pulmonary or disseminated disease. There is an urgent need to understand the unique immunobiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) in young infants and to identify protective infant immune responses. The existing vaccine against TB, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guerin ( M. bovis BCG), provides a partial protection against TB disease and disseminated forms of TB in infants; however, it is unknown how this partial protection is mediated. To end pediatric TB morbidity and mortality, a fully efficacious next-generation TB-vaccine is needed. Here, we focus on our current understanding of TB immunobiology as it pertains to young infants, and we evaluate what BCG-vaccination, as well as recently trialed novel TB-vaccines, has taught us about the immunobiology of mycobacterial infection in this population.
Field evaluation of vegetation and noise barriers for mitigation of near-freeway air pollution under variable wind conditions

Abstract Traffic-related air pollutants are a significant public health concern, particularly near freeways. Previous studies have suggested either soundwall or vegetation barriers might reduce the near-freeway air pollution. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a combination of both soundwall and vegetation barrier for reducing ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter ≤ 100 nm) and PM2.5 (diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) concentrations. Concurrent data collection was carried out at both upwind and downwind fixed locations approximately 10–15 m away from the edge of two major freeways in California. This study observed that the reduction of UFP and PM2.5 was generally greater with the combination barrier than with either soundwall or vegetation alone. Since there were no non-barrier sites at the study locations, the reductions reported here are all in relative terms. The soundwall barrier was more effective for reducing PM2.5 (25–53%) than UFPs (0–5%), and was most effective (51–53% for PM2.5) when the wind speed ranged between 1 and 2 m/s. Under the same range of wind speed, the vegetation barrier had little effect (0–5%) on reducing PM2.5; but was effective at reducing UFP (up to 50%). For both types of roadside barrier, decreasing wind speed resulted in greater net reduction of UFPs (i.e., total number particle concentrations; inversely proportional). This trend was observed, however, only within specific particle size ranges (i.e., diameter
Providing Culturally Relevant Services for International Black African Collegians in the United States: A Guide for Student Affairs Professionals.

The experience of international Black African collegians (IBAC) in U.S. higher education has not been adequately investigated, particularly as it relates to understanding the diversity within Black and international student populations. In this manuscript, I offer seven culturally relevant suggestions for student affairs professionals, all of which build on my professional experiences working with IBAC in student affairs as well as my research with Nigerian collegians in U.S. higher education.
Process versus outcome thought focus and advertising.

Recent social psychological research demonstrates that certain types of mental simulation are particularly useful for helping individuals reach the future they envision (e.g., Taylor, Pham, Rivkin, & Armor, 1998). More specifically, Taylor's (Pham, Taylor, 1999; Taylor et al., 1998) recent research indicates that the most successful simulations focus on the process of reaching a goal rather than on the outcomes or attainment of the goal. In this article, we extend consideration of process- versus outcome-focused thought to advertising. In studies manipulating the focus of participants’ thoughts while viewing a print advertisement, we find that process-focused thought results in significantly higher behavioral intentions than outcome-focused thought when advertisement arguments are strong. However, in the case of weak advertisement arguments, process-focused thought actually lowers behavioral intentions compared to thoughts focusing on the end result or outcome of product usage. Thus, in addition to increasing the persuasive power of strong advertising claims, process-focused thinking appears to make individuals better or more discerning consumers who do not form behavioral intentions when it is inappropriate to do so.
Detection of synthetic and real microcalcifications based on statistical analysis of original and highpass-filtered mammograms

Detection of clustered microcalcifications in digitized mammograms can be very useful for early detection of breast cancer. Clustered microcalcifications have a distinguished signature in both spatial and frequency domains. In the spatial domain, they appear as white spots which represent local maxima, while in the frequency domain microcalcifications represent local anomalies that can be captured within the high frequency subbands. In this work, we propose an algorithm for detection of clustered microcalcifications by utilizing these signatures, integrating the statistical parameters of both spatial and frequency domains. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method, and indicate that the exploitation of both domain signatures of the clustered microcalcifications yields significantly better detection results.
Other Applications of Graphs

This chapter focuses on the applications of graphs. A capacitated network—capacitated transportation network—is a quadruple 〈 A, Q, c, R + 〉, where 〈A, Q〉 is a digraph, R + is the set of nonnegative real numbers, and c: Q → R + is a function. The degree of a node is defined as the number of edges incident with it and subsets of nodes that have the same degree. If some nodes were still not matched, then new subsets would have to be generated. The order of a node is defined as the number of edges in the smallest circuit through this node. Subsets of nodes having the same order can be put in correspondence. If a node of G is already matched to a node of G*, then nodes that are the immediate neighbors of the identified nodes form corresponding subsets. In general, the algorithm terminates when every node in G has been paired off with a node in G * or when two corresponding subsets of nodes of G and G * are found to differ in the number of nodes they contain. If the former is the case, then graphs G and G * are isomorphic, but if it is the latter, then isomorphism is impossible. A further use of the citation digraph is in establishing the absolute importance of a document. Documents that are in little demand can be cleared from the open shelves to give readier access to those for which a strong demand exists. One measure of the importance of a document d k is the number of other documents that cite it directly or indirectly.
Visual Diagnosis: A 7-year-old Boy with Dyspnea and an Unusual Chest Radiograph.

1. Katherine B. Salciccioli, MD* 2. Athar M. Qureshi, MD*,† 3. Hugh D. Allen, MD*,† 1. *Department of Cardiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 2. †Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX A 7-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician with gradually worsening shortness of breath and exercise intolerance over months to years. He was admitted for right-sided pneumonia twice during childhood with seemingly complete recovery each time, but otherwise he has been generally healthy and developmentally appropriate. Current medications include albuterol inhalers taken as needed since early childhood for wheezing during viral illnesses. With the recent worsening of his symptoms, albuterol is again tried without any improvement in his symptoms. He does not have fever, cough, nasal congestion, chest pain, palpitations, vomiting, diarrhea, or weight changes. On physical examination, the patient has normal vital signs. He is small for his age but is following his growth curve appropriately with height in the 15th percentile and weight in the 11th percentile. He has normal findings on head and neck examination. His cardiac examination is notable for a fixed split S2 with no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. He has diminished breath sounds on the right with a soft, intermittent expiratory wheeze and a clear left lung. He has no abdominal organomegaly. Pulses are 2+ and symmetric in all extremities. In addition to his physical examination findings, a chest radiograph (Fig 1) is interpreted as showing dextrocardia, so the patient is referred to the cardiology clinic where echocardiography reveals the diagnosis. Figure 1. Chest radiograph interpreted as dextrocardia, prominent right-sided pulmonary vasculature, and hyperinflation of the left lung. In the cardiology clinic, echocardiography shows the heart located in the right chest, with the cardiac apex pointing leftward, partial anomalous venous return to the inferior vena cava (IVC) (Video 1), and mild right heart dilation (Video 2 …
Forced flow cooling of high field, REBCO-based, fusion magnets using supercritical hydrogen, helium, and neon

Abstract Rare Earth Barium Copper Oxide (REBCO) High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) tapes are being considered for the Toroidal Field (TF) magnets of a highly compact, high field fusion reactor operating at magnetic fields as high as 21 T and operating temperatures in the range of 10–30 K. Due to the increase in range of operating conditions made available through HTS tapes, a new set of cryogenic fluids are being considered for forced flow cooling. The present study investigates helium, hydrogen, and neon as a forced flow coolant for REBCO HTS tapes used in a highly compact, high-field reactor design. Four design criteria are considered, including current sharing temperature, fluid inlet temperature, cable pressure drop (dP), and operating pressure. From these simulations, neon is removed from consideration due to its high required pressure drop and low temperature margins with respect to the current sharing limit. Helium and hydrogen are then compared, with hydrogen producing the highest overall heat transfer rate at its optimum operating condition (1.5 MPa/15 K). A compromise across inlet temperature, dP, and operating pressure is found when helium has a minimum initial temperature of 10 K and an inlet pressure of 2.0 MPa. For the current design, helium is selected as a coolant due its acceptable cable pressure drop, required cooling load, and system complexity inherent to a forced-flow cryogenic system.
Treatment Gap in Primary Prevention Patients Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Previous studies assessing healthcare provider compliance to the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) cholesterol guidelines indicate a significant underuse of statin therapy at appropriate intensity. However, data are limited in primary prevention patients. Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines through a retrospective analysis of primary prevention patients presenting with first time acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We retrospectively calculated the 10-year predicted Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (10yASCVD) risk in 1,265 patients ages 40 to 75 who presented with ACS and no previous ASCVD. In patients without known ambulatory systolic blood pressure, a multivariable linear regression model was used to predict outpatient systolic blood pressure. Outcomes analyzed in each 10yASCVD category included statin status and statin intensity (high/medium/low) with further categorization by type of ACS event and date of left heart catheterization. In both primary analysis and sensitivity analysis (patients with predicted systolic blood pressure), statistical significance was shown with respect to overall statin status, ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, and date of left heart catheterization. In summary, retrospective calculation of 10yASCVD in patients with a first ACS event showed a significant number of ACS patients would have qualified for statin therapy per 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines before their event but had not been initiated on one.
Success of concrete and crab traps in facilitating Eastern oyster recruitment and reef development.

Background Abundance of the commercially and ecologically important Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, has declined across the US Eastern and Gulf coasts in recent decades, spurring substantial efforts to restore oyster reefs. These efforts are widely constrained by the availability, cost, and suitability of substrates to support oyster settlement and reef establishment. In particular, oyster shell is often the preferred substrate but is relatively scarce and increasingly expensive. Thus, there is a need for alternative oyster restoration materials that are cost-effective, abundant, and durable. Methods We tested the viability of two low-cost substrates-concrete and recycled blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) traps-in facilitating oyster recovery in a replicated 22-month field experiment at historically productive but now degraded intertidal oyster grounds on northwestern Florida's Nature Coast. Throughout the trial, we monitored areal oyster cover on each substrate; at the end of the trial, we measured the densities of oysters by size class (spat, juvenile, and market-size) and the biomass and volume of each reef. Results Oysters colonized the concrete structures more quickly than the crab traps, as evidenced by significantly higher oyster cover during the first year of the experiment. By the end of the experiment, the concrete structures hosted higher densities of spat and juveniles, while the density of market-size oysters was relatively low and similar between treatments. The open structure of the crab traps led to the development of larger-volume reefs, while oyster biomass per unit area was similar between treatments. In addition, substrates positioned at lower elevations (relative to mean sea level) supported higher oyster abundance, size, and biomass than those less frequently inundated at higher elevations. Discussion Together, these findings indicate that both concrete and crab traps are viable substrates for oyster reef restoration, especially when placed at lower intertidal elevations conducive to oyster settlement and reef development.
Sound waves in polarized fluids

The speed of sound is known to depend only on the properties of the medium through which it travels. In this paper, we show that polarizing a dielectric fluid reduces the speed of sound waves in it. We also show that the reduction depends on the magnitude of the field. The striction force causing the slowing of sound in dielectric fluids is also present in a polarized ferrofluid. However, it is far too feeble to cause an observable effect.The speed of sound is known to depend only on the properties of the medium through which it travels. In this paper, we show that polarizing a dielectric fluid reduces the speed of sound waves in it. We also show that the reduction depends on the magnitude of the field. The striction force causing the slowing of sound in dielectric fluids is also present in a polarized ferrofluid. However, it is far too feeble to cause an observable effect.
Characterization of Nicotine Salts in 23 Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids

Introduction Many electronic cigarette manufacturers have begun offering liquids containing "nicotine salts," which are formed when an acid is mixed in a solution with free-base nicotine. Type of salt could play a significant role in the abuse liability of electronic cigarette liquids. As a first step to understanding nicotine salts, this study sought to identify the types of acids present in 23 commercially available electronic cigarette liquids. Aims and methods Twenty-three electronic cigarette liquids advertised as containing nicotine salts were purchased for analysis. These liquids were tested for the presence of 11 different organic acids that were deemed likely to be used in a nicotine salt formulation. Liquids were analyzed using a combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, then compared to authentic acid standards for identification. Results Six of the 11 possible acids were identified in the liquids, from most to least common: lactic, benzoic, levulinic, salicyclic, malic, and tartaric acid. Acid(s) could not be identified in one of the liquids. Though most liquids contained only one type, three of the liquids contained multiple acids. Conclusions These data demonstrate that several types of salts/acids are currently being used in electronic cigarette liquids. The type and concentration of salt(s) used in these liquids may differentially alter sensations in the throat and upper airway, and overall pharmacology of the aerosols by altering liquid pH and from flavor and sensory characteristics of the acids themselves. Implications This study demonstrates that at least six different types of acids are being used to create the nicotine salts in electronic cigarette liquids, with the acids lactic, benzoic, and levulinic being the most frequently identified. Identification of these acids can serve as the foundation for future research to determine if type of nicotine salt alters pharmacological and toxicological effects of electronic cigarettes.
Continuous Time Rate Gyro Calibration and Monocular Camera Misalignment Estimation using a Nonlinear Observer

The motivation for this paper is the development of an efficient, real-time method of aligning a monocular camera frame and inertial measurement unit (IMU) on the same rigid body, with the additional benefit of gyro scale factor and bias estimation. This paper presents the adaptation and analysis of a continuous-time observer originally designed for spacecraft to inertial/visual fusion applications. While the orientation reference utilized in this paper is acquired from a camera it is not limited to this and any absolute orientation reference can be used instead for calibration. The goal of this research is to present a convenient solution for reducing the burden of sensor alignment, calibration, and periodic calibration verification.
Psychological mechanisms associated with food security status and BMI in adults: a mixed methods study.

Objective This study examined psychological constructs (delay discounting, grit, future time perspective and subjective social status) in relation to food security status and body weight. Design A simultaneous triangulation mixed methods design was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were collected in fifty-six adults. Independent variables included food security status (food secure or food insecure) and BMI category (normal weight or overweight/obese). Participants, matched on race (African American and White), were categorised into four food security status by BMI category groups. Psychological constructs were measured via validated questionnaires. Qualitative data were collected in a subsample of twelve participants via in-depth interviews. Setting This study was conducted in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Participants The sample was 66 % female and 48 % African American with a mean age of 32·3 (sd 9·2) years and BMI of 28·8 (sd 7·7) kg/m2. Results Quantitative results showed that food-insecure participants with overweight/obesity had greater delay discounting (-3·78 v. -6·16, P = 0·01; -3·78 v. -5·75, P = 0·02) and poorer grit (3·37 v. 3·99, P = 0·02; 3·37 v. 4·02, P = 0·02 ) than their food-secure counterparts and food-insecure participants with normal weight. Food-insecure participants with overweight/obesity also had a shorter time period for financial planning (0·72 v. 4·14, P = 0·02) than food-secure participants with normal weight. Qualitative data largely supported quantitative findings with participants discussing varied perceptions of psychological constructs. Conclusions This study found differences in delaying gratification, grit and financial planning between food security status and body weight groups.
Morse inequalities for orbifold Borel homology

Abstract Using a notion of Morse function on classifying spaces for finite groups, we define Morse numbers relating the critical point data of an orbifold Morse function to the homology of an associated Borel construction. In particular, we establish Morse inequalities relating our numbers to integral equivariant homology, generalizing the inequalities for manifold Morse functions due to E. Pitcher. To showcase the sharpness of these new inequalities, we will provide a complete classification of all closed, orientable, two-dimensional orbifolds for which equality may be achieved. For three-dimensional orbifolds with singular circles, we prove partial results in this direction, with an emphasis on singular knots in orbifold three-spheres.
BETHE-Hydro: An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Multi-dimensional Hydrodynamics Code for Astrophysical Simulations

In this paper, we describe a new hydrodynamics code for 1D and 2D astrophysical simulations, BETHE-hydro, that uses time-dependent, arbitrary, unstructured grids. The core of the hydrodynamics algorithm is an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) approach, in which the gradient and divergence operators are made compatible using the support-operator method. We present 1D and 2D gravity solvers that are finite differenced using the support-operator technique, and the resulting system of linear equations are solved using the tridiagonal method for 1D simulations and an iterative multigrid-preconditioned conjugate-gradient method for 2D simulations. Rotational terms are included for 2D calculations using cylindrical coordinates. We document an incompatibility between a subcell pressure algorithm to suppress hourglass motions and the subcell remapping algorithm and present a modified subcell pressure scheme that avoids this problem. Strengths of this code include a straightforward structure, enabling simple inclusion of additional physics packages, the ability to use a general equation of state, and most importantly, the ability to solve self-gravitating hydrodynamic flows on time-dependent, arbitrary grids. In what follows, we describe in detail the numerical techniques employed and, with a large suite of tests, demonstrate that BETHE-hydro finds accurate solutions with 2$^{nd}$-order convergence.
ISFET Digital Readout Circuit With An On-Chip MIPS Processor

In this paper, the design of an integrated CMOS pH sensor with an on-chip 8-bit MIPS processor is presented. The front end pH sensor is based on a voltage-clamped ISFET design whose output is converted to bitstream data. The average of the bistream is proportional to the carrier frequency over a given time period. An on-chip MIPS processor is used for processing the aforementioned bitstream data and further calibration. Simulations of the integrated sensor show 206 µW for the analog front end and 36 mW for the 8-bit MIPS processor and uses a total area of 0.666 mm2, with dimensions of 697.2 µm × 955.2 µm. The front end ISFET to bitstream was fabricated in a standard 0.5 µm CMOS technology. The sensitivity of the front end transducer circuit is approximately 50 mV/pH with a 0.05 pH resolution. The overall sensitivity is 440 Hz/pH with a linear pH range of 1-10.
Study and Investigation of Transformer Turn-to-Turn winding faults using Park's vector

Large Power Transformers are the key elements in the power system network and an unexpected failure can cause widespread blackout with substantial loss of revenue and costs to repair and replace. The Transformer protection scheme and methodology has continuously evolved into sophisticated technology to detect and isolate the fault that impedes the normal operation. However, there are challenges involving internal faults that manifests as a smaller terminal current and are difficult to detect/discriminate. To overcome this problem, Park's vector for the differential current is performed and studied extensively using EMTP-ATP simulations. The cases for smaller winding faults for different system scenario is evaluated for Phase, Negative sequence and Park's approach. Further, with the assistance of in-built programmable logic, the approach was implemented in a relay and tested for various system conditions.
Characterizing Glycemic Control and Sleep in Adults with Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia Unawareness Initiating Hybrid Closed Loop Insulin Delivery.

Nocturnal hypoglycemia is life threatening for individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) due to loss of hypoglycemia symptom recognition (hypoglycemia unawareness) and impaired glucose counter regulation. These individuals also show disturbed sleep, which may result from glycemic dysregulation. Whether use of a hybrid closed loop (HCL) insulin delivery system with integrated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) designed for improving glycemic control, relates to better sleep across time in this population remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe long-term changes in glycemic control and objective sleep after initiating hybrid closed loop (HCL) insulin delivery in adults with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness. To accomplish this, six adults (median age = 58 y) participated in an 18-month ongoing trial assessing HCL effectiveness. Glycemic control and sleep were measured using continuous glucose monitoring and wrist accelerometers every 3 months. Paired sample t-tests and Cohen's d effect sizes modeled glycemic and sleep changes and the magnitude of these changes from baseline to 9 months. Reduced hypoglycemia (d = 0.47-0.79), reduced basal insulin requirements (d = 0.48), and a smaller glucose coefficient of variation (d = 0.47) occurred with medium-large effect sizes from baseline to 9 months. Hypoglycemia awareness improved from baseline to 6 months with medium-large effect sizes (Clarke score (d = 0.60), lability index (d = 0.50), HYPO score (d = 1.06)). Shorter sleep onset latency (d = 1.53; p < 0.01), shorter sleep duration (d = 0.79), fewer total activity counts (d = 1.32), shorter average awakening length (d = 0.46), and delays in sleep onset (d = 1.06) and sleep midpoint (d = 0.72) occurred with medium-large effect sizes from baseline to 9 months. HCL led to clinically significant reductions in hypoglycemia and improved hypoglycemia awareness. Sleep showed a delayed onset, reduced awakening length and onset latency, and maintenance of high sleep efficiency after initiating HCL. Our findings add to the limited evidence on the relationships between diabetes therapeutic technologies and sleep health. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03215914).
Mechanical Support for The Failing Single Ventricle at Pre-Fontan Stage: Current State of The Field and Future Directions

With the substantial growth of pediatric ventricular assist device (VAD) support, there has been an expansion of the target population towards more complex patients, including congenital heart disease (CHD) with single ventricle (SV) physiology. The outcomes of Stage I and Stage II SV-CHD patients on VAD support from the Pedimacs database are poor, with less than 50% survival on VAD by the 3-month mark in both. The primary objective of this article is to describe the current state of VAD support for the failing Stage I and II SV-CHD circulation, to provide insight into potential areas of outcome improvement. We reviewed the published literature in the form of database and registry reports as well as single-center studies to discuss the outcomes of Stage I and Stage II SV-CHD patients on VAD support. Registry-based studies suggest that VAD support for the failing Stage I and Stage II SV-CHD circulations is challenging. However, the more promising outcomes in several single-institutional reports for both Stage I and Stage II SV-VAD indicate that the grim picture from the databases does not reflect the best outcomes that are possible to be achieved, potentially at experienced centers with higher volumes. Areas of future study and potential improvement including timely initiation of VAD support in the cohort of patients expected to not be a candidate for standard SV palliations, pump selection and the benefits of continuous-flow devices, and the decision-making for setting up the optimum circulation for VAD support, be it Fontan completion if feasible or takedown to shunt physiology.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Is Required for Subventricular Zone Astrocyte Progenitor Proliferation and for Prokineticin-2 Production after a Closed Head Injury in Mice

Astrogliosis is one of the hallmarks of brain injury, and after a mild injury activated astrocytes subserve neuroprotective and pro-regenerative functions. We previously found that the astroglial response to closed head injury (CHI) was blunted in mice that were haplodeficient in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF); therefore, the goal of these studies was to determine if the delayed astrogliosis was due to decreased recruitment of subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitors. CHI's were performed on post-natal day 20 on LIF heterozygous (Het) and wild-type (WT) mice. At 48 h post-CHI, astrocyte progenitor proliferation within the SVZ increased ∼250% in WT mice but was reduced by ∼200% in LIF Het mice compared with sham controls. Using neurospheres to model the SVZ, LIF increased the percentage of proliferating astrocyte progenitors by 2-fold compared with controls but had no effect on neural stem cell proliferation. To rule out the involvement of other cytokines, 105 cytokines were analyzed using a multi-plex array and with targeted validation on injured LIF Het versus WT neocortex. Of the cytokines analyzed, only prokineticin-2 (ProK2) required LIF signaling. Correspondingly, LIF-treated neurospheres expressed higher levels of ProK2, the ProK1 and ProK2 receptors (ProKR1 and ProKR2). Using in situ hybridization, ProK2 messenger RNA (mRNA) was most abundant in neocortical neurons and highly expressed within the SVZ. However, in contrast to LIF, ProK2 decreased astrocyte progenitor proliferation 2-fold. Altogether, these data demonstrate that LIF is necessary for astrocyte progenitor proliferation after injury and reveal a new role for LIF as an essential regulator of the neurotrophic factor ProK2.
Serological response with Heplisav-B® in prior Hepatitis B vaccine non-responders living with HIV.

Abstract Background As people living with HIV (PLWH) are at risk for contracting Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), they should be screened for HBV and vaccinated if not immune. Seroconversion rates in PLWH receiving traditional recombinant HBV vaccines (Engerix-B® and Recombivax-HB®) have historically been low with at most 70% achieving immunity. In 2017, a recombinant, adjuvanted HBV vaccine (Heplisav-B®) was approved for use in HIV-negative patients. Heplisav-B® has shown superior seroprotection in this population compared to Engerix-B® and Recombivax-HB®, as well as interim analysis showing higher seropositivity rates in patients undergoing dialysis. However, its efficacy in PLWH is currently unknown. This study evaluates the rate of seroconversion following Heplisav-B® administration in PLWH with previous HBV vaccination failure. Methods Retrospective, cross-sectional study at The Brooklyn Hospital Center’s HIV primary care clinic in Brooklyn, NY. HIV-positive adults who received at least two doses of Heplisav-B® and had previously failed to seroconvert after vaccination with Engerix-B® or Recombivax-HB® were included. The primary outcome is the percentage of PLWH who became seropositive following Heplisav-B®. Results A total of 67 patients met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-five (37.3%) PLWH had failed at least 2 courses of recombinant vaccines. Fifty-eight (86.6%) PLWH became seropositive (Anti-HBs > 10 mIU/mL) at least two months after completing Heplisav-B®. For the 9 (13.4%) patients that did not develop immunity, 3 (33%) had a detectable HIV RNA and 3 (33%) had a CD4 count Conclusions Heplisav-B® was highly effective in achieving immunity to HBV in PLWH who failed non-adjuvanted recombinant vaccines.
Mechanism of Poliovirus Eradication

Systematic international efforts to eradicate polio from the developing world began in the Americas in 1985, when the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) declared a target date of 1990 for the eradication of polio throughout the Americas. Surveillance for wild polioviruses has two arms: (i) acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case investigations and (ii) virologic studies of polioviruses obtained from clinical specimens. AFP surveillance by itself is neither highly specific nor highly sensitive for detecting individual wild poliovirus infections. Poliovirus eradication has achieved the elimination of individual lineages (equivalent to chains of transmission), different genotypes (groups of related lineages sharing >85% nucleotide sequence identity), and probably wild poliovirus type 2. Polio cases associated with these importations have revealed pockets of unimmunized children in the new host areas, prompting local immunization responses. However, by far the most effective response is to eliminate the source reservoirs. Various supplementary approaches are implemented to monitor ongoing laboratory performance. A serious challenge to the integrity of poliovirus surveillance data is the occurrence of poliovirus contamination of cultures. Recently, polio outbreaks associated with circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) have been recognized in three different parts of the world. The occurrence of iVDPVs and cVDPVs appears to be rare. Moreover, most chronic poliovirus excretors in developed countries spontaneously stop shedding or die of complications from their immunodeficiency. As an increasing number of highly developed countries have switched to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), the chances for the occurrence of new iVDPV infections have decreased.
Magnetic and transport properties of RCoIn5(R=Pr,Nd) and RCoGa5(R=Tb–Tm)

Abstract We report on magnetic and transport properties of single crystals of the light rare earth containing series of compounds RCoIn 5 ( R = Pr , Nd ) and heavy rare earth containing series RCoGa 5 ( R = Tb – Tm ). All the compounds crystallize in the tetragonal HoCoGa 5 crystal structure and are very good metals with small defect scattering at low temperatures. NdCoIn 5 and members of the RCoGa 5 series with large de Gennes factors order antiferromagnetically.
Crowd-Workers: Aggregating Information Across Turkers to Help Them Find Higher Paying Work

The Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing platform currently fails to provide the most basic piece of information to enable workers to make informed decisions about which tasks to undertake: what is the expected hourly pay? Mechanical Turk advertises a reward amount per assignment, but does not give any indication of how long each assignment will take. We have developed a browser plugin that tracks the length of time it takes to complete a task, and a web service that aggregates the information across many workers. Our web service, crowd-workers.com, allows workers to discovery higher paying work by sorting tasks by estimated hourly rate.
Can/Should We Purge Evil Through Capital Punishment?

Matthew Kramer’s The Ethics of Capital Punishment: A Philosophical Investigation of Evil and its Consequences explores the morality of capital punishment and develops his own “purgative rationale” in support of the practice. I present my objections to Kramer’s purgative rationale and trace our disagreement to differences over the nature of evil, the autonomy of human character formation, and the concept of defilement.
Rethinking the Christian Studies Classroom: Reflections on the Dynamics of Teaching Religion in Southern Public Universities

An extended set of conversations conducted by three religious studies faculty teaching at large public universities in the Southern United States spurred these reflections on how their institutional locations inflected issues such as the cultural expectations students bring to the classroom, how these expectations interact with the evolving priorities of religious studies departments, and how these factors affect the balance among the various subfields of religious studies and theology that make up such departments.
Creating a Virtual World Mindset: A Guide for First Time Second Life Teachers

Education technology proponents argue that tech-savvy students want active learning opportunities that enable them to produce, as well as consume, content. Some educators have responded to this rhetoric by appropriating virtual worlds such as Second Life (SL) for teaching and learning. While SL rewards exploration and experimentation, the technology alone is not enough to create a student-centered learning environment. At present, there is little guidance for teaching in these digital spaces. Therefore, many educators who venture into this space rely heavily on teacher-centered approaches. This practical guide is for individuals who want to create effective SL teaching and learning experiences.
Bizarre translation defended: A reply to Kirk

Robert Krik so concisely and faithfully represents my recent translation manuals as well as my views on translational indeterminacy that I can safely omit a summary of them here and profitably move at once to the important issues that separate us. Nevertheless. there is one minor point in his account to which I must take exception. At several places Kirk makes it appear that I am the author of the view that hypotheses about native signs of assent and dissent are analytical hypotheses. While this attribution fits in nicely with Kirk's case against my translation manuals, it is false. For, as I stated in my original paper (and supplied several references), the author of the view, which I share, is Quine himself. I pointed out in my original paper, 'Indeterminacy, inscrutability, and ontological relativity', that Quine's celebrated trinity of empirical constraints on translation go by the boards once signs of assent and dissent are recognized for what they are, namely, analytical hypotheses. I claimed that although it violated all three constraints virtually everywhere, my dualistic L L manual d was every bit as empirically adequate as the homophonic L L manual h for the powerful language L described by Kirk. And I made similar claims for the contradictory manual c and my Cretan manual e. It is these claims that Kirk challenges. In lieu of Quine's three empirical constraints on translation Kirk boldly proposes a new, holistic one: Try the manual out on the natives; if it's a good one you'll be able to get on with them or even pass yourself off as one of them. This test certainly strikes me as sensible and any manual that failed it would command little interest. Kirk claims my manuals fail it. I disagree. Let me begin by distinguishing two ways of trying a manual out on natives. The first and seemingly less severe test amounts to querying the natives about
Motivation and creativity: Toward a synthesis of structural and energistic approaches to cognition

Cognitive scientists who model creative thinking on computers claim that the ability of their programs to replicate the discovery of scientific laws (e.g., Kepler’s third law from Brahe’s data) means that creative thinking in humans is nothing but problem solving of the kind computer heuristics use. This claim is shown to be a mystification based on a misunderstanding of creativity, on unrealistic replications of the initial conditions present at the inception of creative processes, and on a misleading identification of rationality with complex human thought processes. Some of the implications of such mystification for understanding thought processes in general are reviewed.