cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of α-MSH and several vasoactive substances on vascular resistance in the feline mesenteric vascular bed☆

Abstract The effects of α-MSH and several other vasoactive substances on the mesenteric vascular bed were studied in the anesthetized cat under conditions of controlled blood flow. Intra-arterial injections of α-MSH in doses of 10, 30, and 100 μg resulted in significant dose-related decreases in mesenteric arterial perfusion pressure but little or no effect on systemic arterial pressure. The vasodilator response to α-MSH was brief in duration and resistance to flow was decreased 10, 18, and 26 percent at 10, 30, and 100 μg. These significant changes after α-MSH were of a much smaller magnitude than were observed after prostaglandins E 1 and E 2 , isoproterenol, bradykinin or glyceryl trinitrate and differed completely from the increased resistance after angiotensin II and norepinephrine.
Scoring Subjectivity and Item Performance on Measures Used to Assess Violence Risk: The PCL-R and HCR-20 as Exemplars

Although reliability is essential to validity, most research on violence risk assessment tools has paid little attention to strategies for improving rater agreement. The authors evaluated the degre...
Histologic dating of the endometrium: Accuracy, reproducibility, and practical value

Abstract: The continued use of the endometrial biopsy for the diagnosis of luteal phase defects (LPDs) and in the general evaluation of the infertile couple is based largely on tradition, the absence of a clearly superior diagnostic modality, the absence of studies that have either validated or repudiated its efficacy with certainty, its ability to assess the endometrial response irrespective of endogenous progesterone levels, its ability to monitor the endometrial response to hormonal therapy in fertility treatments, and, finally, its ability to exclude other intrinsic endometrial anomalies that may be detrimental to the implantation of the conceptus, such as chronic endometritis or neoplasia. However, the intra- and interobserver variability inherent in dating the product of the endometrial biopsy-the endometrium-has led to the current situation, in which, in approximately 20% of cases, variability attributed to the pathologist alone is determinant of whether a given biopsy in “in phase” or out of phase (ie, an assigned postovulatory date that is at least 2 days behind the chronologic date). Thus, studies that clearly delineate which histologic parameters serve as the greatest source of disagreement for pathologists provide a valuable framework for further refinement of the criteria for endometrial dating. Meanwhile, continued use of the criteria of Noyes et al for endometrial dating is recommended until more precise modalities for assessing the adequacy of endometrial maturation are available.
Heat Transfer Measurements and Predictions on a Power Generation Gas Turbine Blade

Detailed heat transfer measurements and predictions are given for a power generation turbine rotor with 129 deg of nominal turning and an axial chord of 137 mm. Data were obtained for a set of four exit Reynolds numbers comprised of the design point of 628,000, -20%, +20%, and +40%. Three ideal exit pressure ratios were examined including the design point of 1.378, -10%, and +10%. Inlet incidence angles of 0 deg and +/-2 deg were also examined. Measurements were made in a linear cascade with highly three-dimensional blade passage flows that resulted from the high flow turning and thick inlet boundary layers. Inlet turbulence was generated with a blown square bar grid. The purpose of the work is the extension of three-dimensional predictive modeling capability for airfoil external heat transfer to engine specific conditions including blade shape, Reynolds numbers, and Mach numbers. Data were obtained by a steady-state technique using a thin-foil heater wrapped around a low thermal conductivity blade. Surface temperatures were measured using calibrated liquid crystals. The results show the effects of strong secondary vortical flows, laminar-to-turbulent transition, and also show good detail in the stagnation region.
Using Repeated-Load Triaxial Tests to Evaluate Plastic Strain Potentials in Subgrade Soils

The design and the analysis of flexible pavement systems depend on soil layer characterization, traffic loads, and number of passes. The current AASHTO design method for flexible pavements uses resilient characteristics of subsoils to characterize and determine the structural support of each layer and to design the thickness of the layers. This moduli property, however, does not fully account for the plastic strain or rutting potentials of subsoils, as in the cases in which silt and mixed soils undergo high plastic deformations but possess high resilient properties. A study was initiated to establish a test procedure to use a repeated load triaxial device to measure plastic strain potentials of subgrade soils. Laboratory-compacted soil specimens were subjected to a repeated deviatoric load, determined as a percentage of static deviatoric load at failure under unconsolidated undrained conditions. The plastic strains were monitored during 10,000 repeated load cycles, and the accumulated plastic deformations were determined. The test procedure and test results conducted on two types of soils, a coarse sand and silty sand, are presented. Effects of soil type, compaction moisture content, dry unit weight, confining pressure, and deviatoric stresses on the plastic strains were addressed.
Water and energy link in the cities of the future – achieving net zero carbon and pollution emissions footprint

This article discusses the link between water conservation, reclamation, reuse and energy use as related to the goal of achieving the net zero carbon emission footprint in future sustainable cities. It defines sustainable ecocities and outlines quantitatively steps towards the reduction of energy use due to water and used water flows, management and limits in linear and closed loop water/stormwater/wastewater management systems. The three phase water energy nexus diagram may have a minimum inflection point beyond which reduction of water demand may not result in a reduction of energy and carbon emissions. Hence, water conservation is the best alternative solution to water shortages and minimizing the carbon footprint. A marginal water/energy chart is developed and proposed to assist planners in developing future ecocities and retrofitting older communities to achieve sustainability.
Autonomous control of microgrids

Application of individual distributed generators can cause as many problems as it may solve. A better way to realize the emerging potential of distributed generation is to take a system approach which views generation and associated loads as a subsystem or a "microgrid". The sources can operate hi parallel to the grid or can operate in island, providing UPS services. The system will disconnect from the utility during large events (i.e. faults, voltage collapses), but may also intentionally disconnect when the quality of power from the grid falls below certain standards. Utilization of waste heat from the sources will increase total efficiency, making the project more financially attractive. Laboratory verification of the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) microgrid control concepts are included.
Multi-elemental scanning transmission X-ray microscopy–near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy assessment of organo–mineral associations in soils from reduced environments

Environmental context Organo–mineral associations represent a fundamental process for stabilising organic carbon in soils. In this study, we employed scanning transmission X-ray microscopy–near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (STXM-NEXAFS) spectroscopy at C, Al and Si K-edges as well as Ca and Fe L-edges to conduct submicrometre-level investigations of the associations of C with mineral components in soils from reduced environments. This study provides the first insights into organo–mineral associations in reduced environments and shows progress towards examining, at the submicrometre level, compositional chemistry and associative interactions between organic matter and soil mineral components. Abstract Organo–mineral associations represent a fundamental process for stabilising organic carbon (OC) in soils. However, direct investigation of organo–mineral associations has been hampered by a lack of methods that can simultaneously characterise organic matter (OM) and soil minerals, and most investigations have focussed only on well drained soils. In this study, we employed scanning transmission X-ray microscopy–near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (STXM-NEXAFS) spectroscopy at C, Al and Si K-edges as well as Ca and Fe L-edges to conduct submicrometre-level investigations of the associations of C with mineral components in soils from reduced environments. Soils were collected from a forest footslope that is periodically poorly drained as well as a waterlogged wetland. OM was coated on mineral particles as thin films. Part of the mineral surface did not show detectable OM coverage with OC loadings of ≥1.3mg C m–2 determined for the clay fractions from these soils. C was not preferentially associated with Fe oxides in the footslope soil. A generally good C–Ca association was found in the anoxic wetland soil, which is free of Fe oxides. It was demonstrated for the first time that OM composition varied spatially at the submicrometre scale in the reduced soils free of Fe oxides. The composition of OM in the organo–mineral interface in the anoxic environments was highly complex and composed of aromatic, phenolic, aliphatic, carboxyl, carboxylamide and O-alkyl C functional groups. There was no consistent pattern for the association of certain types of organics with specific mineral components in both soils. The anoxic conditions resulted in the reduction of Fe in the aluminosilicates. This study provides the first insights into organo–mineral associations in reduced environments.
Microstructural Aspects of Zeolite Formation in Alkali Activated Cements Containing High Levels of Fly Ash

Wasteforms made by reaction at elevated temperature of a highly alkaline simulated low-level nuclear waste solution, having high sodium ion concentration, with a cementitious blend high in fly ash have been studied. Significant formation of Na-P1 zeolite (gismondine framework) and of a sodalite occurred. The time evolution of the crystalline phases over the first 28 days is reported for both adiabatic and isothermal curing, and the role of these phases in microstructure development is discussed. The level of carbonate ions in solution was found to have a substantial effect on strength evolution and chemistry.
Are “the Poor” Part of the Working Class or in a Class by Themselves?

Drawing on the work of political economist Michael Zweig and sociologist Michele Lamont, as well as other sociological work on working-class life, this reflective essay argues for eliminating “the poor” as a social category but explains why that will be difficult due to both working-class and middle-class ways of construing classes in the United States.
Temperature variation of SAW power flow angle

The power flow angle of surface acoustic waves in quartz not on a crystalline axis of symmetry is shown to vary rapidly with temperature. Experimental results and theoretical calculations are presented demonstrating the dependence of the acoustic power flow angle on a doubly rotated cut of quartz.
Astringency of Foods May Not be Directly Related to Salivary Lubricity

Abstract: Astringency, a tactile sensation felt in the mouth after exposure to various foods, is poorly understood. Ourobjective was to investigate the mechanism of astringency by determining if it was related to a loss of saliva’s ability tolubricate mouth surfaces. We used 2 complementary approaches: (1) instrumentally determining if astringents decreasesalivary lubricity and (2) determining if human subjects could perceive these changes. Instrumentally measured friction ofsaliva–tannin mixtures was greater than that of saliva–water mixtures, but these differences were not detectable by humansubjects. Adding alum or acid to saliva did not increase friction measured either instrumentally or by human subjectsrubbing the mixture between their thumb and ﬁngers. Thus a loss of salivary lubricity is likely not a central mechanismof astringency. Keywords: astringency, friction, lubricity, saliva, tannin PracticalApplications: Ifastringency’smechanismcanbeelucidated,foodproducerswillgainknowledgethatwillenablethem to manufacture, alter, or treat the food in a way to retain its healthful attributes while minimizing the astringency.This knowledge will also beneﬁt sensory scientists interested in the intensity perceptions of the sensations and will allowthem to devise improved methods for the assessment of the attribute.
Seismic-reflection study of the Precambrian crust of central Minnesota

A COCORP (Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling) seismic-reflection survey across the boundary zone between the late Archean Superior Province granite-greenstone terrane and older Archean gneiss and granulite terrane of the Minnesota River Valley shows numerous north-to-northwest–dipping reflection events throughout the crust. A particularly prominent and continuous series of such events projects to the surface near the trace of a fault zone that had been previously identified as the boundary between these two terranes, within the Great Lakes tectonic zone. The moderate dips of these events (about 30°), their correlation with presumed faults near the surface, their continuity over tens of kilometres, and the persistence of these and other reflection zones throughout the crust suggest that these events correspond to fault zones, probably thrusts. They may have originated during late Archean collision between the Superior Province crust and older continental crust to the south. Reflections are sparser and more concordant in the gneiss and granulite terrane than in the Superior Province. There are several prominent reflection groups with gentle northerly dips in the middle and upper crust of the granulite and gneiss terrane. Their distribution appears to correlate with the sources of aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies that are part of a belt that extends west to central South Dakota and that apparently reveal the position of the postulated Archean suture. The axes of deposition and deformation of Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks are approximately parallel to and apparently coincide with the boundary between two Archean terranes farther east in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, but Proterozoic (Penokean) deformation has not been distinguished either in the study area or in the seismic sections. The Minnesota COCORP survey has demonstrated the capability of this seismic-reflection method to reveal important but previously unsuspected structures in complexly deformed Archean terranes. This has provided structural evidence that the separate subprovinces of the North American Archean crust might have been assembled by subduction-related collision.
FcR-Independent Effects of IgE and IgG Autoantibodies in Bullous Pemphigoid

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepidermal blistering disease characterized by IgE and IgG class autoantibodies specific for 180-kDa BP Ag 2 (BP180), a protein involved in cell-substrate attachment. Although some direct effects of BP IgG have been observed on keratinocytes, no study to date has examined direct effects of BP IgE. In this study, we use primary cultures of human keratinocytes to demonstrate Ag-specific binding and internalization of BP IgE. Moreover, when BP IgE and BP IgG were compared, both isotypes stimulated FcR- independent production of IL-6 and IL-8, cytokines critical for BP pathology, and elicited changes in culture confluence and viability. We then used a human skin organ culture model to test the direct effects of these Abs on the skin, whereas excluding the immune inflammatory processes that are triggered by these Abs. In these experiments, physiologic concentrations of BP IgE and BP IgG exerted similar effects on human skin by stimulating IL-6 and IL-8 production and decreasing the number of hemidesmosomes localized at the basement membrane zone. We propose that the Ab-mediated loss of hemidesmosomes could weaken attachment of basal keratinocytes to the basement membrane zone of affected skin, thereby contributing to blister formation. In this article, we identify a novel role for IgE class autoantibodies in BP mediated through an interaction with BP180 on the keratinocyte surface. In addition, we provide evidence for an FcR-independent mechanism for both IgE and IgG class autoantibodies that could contribute to BP pathogenesis.
Pregnancy Following a Spinal Cord Injury: Inpatient Management of a Paraplegic Patient

Childbearing Poster Presentation Background Approximately 20,000 American women between the ages of 16 and 30 live with a spinal cord injury (SCI), and of those women 14% will become pregnant at least once during the course of their lifetimes. Though pregnancy can still ensue following an SCI, the risk for maternal and obstetric complications is profound, and these pregnancies are often deemed as high risk. Normal physiological changes of pregnancy can exacerbate neurological symptoms, further impede mobility and overall independence, and attribute to circulatory problems. Deep vein thrombosis, progressed muscle weakness and sensory impairment, urinary incontinence, bowel incontinence or constipation, bladder infections, autonomic dysreflexia are only a few of the maternal complications that can occur. Obstetric complications are included but are not limited to preterm labor usually resulting in early delivery and premature rupture of membranes, which pose potential health risks for the neonate. Proper management of such patients requires collaboration among various disciplines and most importantly education of the patient, family, and/or caregivers. Case A 28‐year‐old patient, G1PO, was admitted at 26‐week gestation for rule out preeclampsia. The patient presented with an increased severity and complexity of headaches with visual changes. Her blood pressures were elevated on admission. She had a history of an SCI at T9 and T10 following a motor vehicle accident resulting in spastic paraplegia. Preeclampsia was ruled out however, the patient remained hospitalized due to the complex nature of her condition and increased risk for falls. The patient had a spontaneous vaginal delivery at 32‐week gestation. Conclusion Management of this patient focused on prevention of further neurologic deterioration, optimization of mobility, emotional support, prolongation of pregnancy, and maintenance of maternal and fetal well‐being. This required a multidisciplinary team, including Perinatology, Neonatology, Neurology, Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Nutrition, Social Work, and Nursing. Interventions included daily rounds with the medical and nursing team to discuss the status of the mother and infant. Daily education of the nursing team occurred to address specific care needs related to the patient's diagnosis. Daily assessment and communication to anticipate the patient's needs were completed by the multidisciplinary team. In turn, the collaborative efforts set forth by all members of the healthcare team attributed to safe and effective patient care and a positive outcome.
Shapeable matrix-free Spectra® fiber-reinforced polymeric composites via high-temperature high-pressure sintering: Process-structure-property relationship

In an exploratory effort to find a new way to make high-performance composites used in ballistic protective applications, matrix-free Spectra® fiber-reinforced polymeric composites are produced via a novel processing method called high-temperature high-pressure sintering. Mechanical testing at ambient and elevated temperatures proves that the fibers can maintain their properties after processing. The characteristics and properties of the final products vary with different processing conditions. Their microstructure and morphology were investigated using SEM and WAXD. Their mechanical properties, including interlayer adhesion, rigidity, and ballistic performance, were measured and compared with those of the conventional composites. The sintering mechanism is proposed and verified. Spectra cloth is capable of being shaped to produce complex double curvatures by a thermoforming process, using a simple hemispherical mold. Success in different molding sequences and procedures shows the versatility in manufacturing. The theoretical background for the thermoformability is explained in terms of molecular interaction, microstructure, and morphology. Selective thermomechanical properties of the molded structures were measured. By combining the knowledge and information from the aforementioned studies, the process-structure-property relationship is established, which gives in-depth and better understanding of this unique high-temperature high-pressure sintering process for consolidating Spectra cloth. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2767–2789, 2005
The Evolution of Restraint: The Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons

The Tradition of Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons. By T. V. Paul, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009. 336 pp., $29.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-8047-6132-1). In the 64 years since the development of nuclear weapons, large and vibrant debates over the role of nuclear weapons in deterrence and war-fighting (for example, Brodie 1978; Gray 1979; Howard 1981; McNamara 1983) and the impact of nuclear proliferation (for example, Waltz 1990; Sagan 1994; Sagan and Waltz 2003) have dominated the academic discourse on nuclear weapons. Largely obscured by these debates is an empirical question: why has no one used nuclear weapons since the Nagasaki bombing? This is the puzzle T. V. Paul addresses with The Tradition of Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons . Using a series of case studies, Paul provides a convincing solution to this puzzle, and in the process provides interesting insights for the analysis of nuclear deterrence and proliferation. T. V. Paul focuses on the non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS), since the non-use of nuclear weapons against nuclear weapon states (NWS) can be adequately explained through deterrence (2009:1). Prior research on this issue has argued that the non-use of nuclear weapons is the result of a “nuclear taboo” (Tannenwald 1999, 2005, 2007), but as Paul notes the norm against nuclear use does not …
Creeping motion of a sphere through a Bingham plastic

A solid sphere falling through a Bingham plastic moves in a small envelope of fluid with shape that depends on the yield stress. A finite-element/Newton method is presented for solving the free-boundary problem composed of the velocity and pressure fields and the yield surfaces for creeping flow. Besides the outer surface, solid occurs as caps at the front and back of the sphere because of the stagnation points in the flow. The accuracy of solutions is ascertained by mesh refinement and by calculation of the integrals corresponding to the maximum and minimum variational principles for the problem. Large differences from the Newtonian values in the flow pattern around the sphere and in the drag coefficient are predicted, depending on the dimensionless value of the critical yield stress Yg below which the material acts as a solid. The computed flow fields differ appreciably from Stokes’ solution. The sphere will fall only when Yg is below 0.143 For yield stresses near this value, a plastic boundary layer forms next to the sphere. Boundary-layer scalings give the correct forms of the dependence of the drag coefficient and mass-transfer coefficient on yield stress for values near the critical one. The Stokes limit of zero yield stress is singular in the sense that for any small value of Yg there is a region of the flow away from the sphere where the plastic portion of the viscosity is at least as important as the Newtonian part. Calculations For the approach of the flow field to the Stokes result are in good agreement with the scalings derived from the matched asymptotic expansion valid in this limit.
Efficiency of Product R&D in Business Units: The Role of Strategic Context

This paper examines several contextual variables that are thought to affect the relationship between a firm's innovative inputs and outputs. Six-year patterns for a sample of mature industrial-prod...
Teaching and learning in the 21st century: the development of "future CS faculty"

Radical changes in teaching methods combined with the impact of the world wide web and the perceived need to make greater uses of the computer in education place the new faculty member at a considerable disadvantage. The TV generation of students find that it is no longer satisfying for a teacher to profess through stand-up lectures and expectations of self-initiated activities on the part of the learners. Additionally, a new topic needs to infiltrate the computer science curriculum, a topic that is not in the general repertoire of future faculty. This topic combines studies of ethical, social, and professional responsibilities with the other elements of the field. This paper proposes a curriculum for future faculty workshops to prepare new faculty to serve their departments.
Enhanced maximal nonsaturating effort adaptive control

An enhanced maximal nonsaturating effort adaptive control (EMNEAC) scheme for servo-control systems that have input saturation and deadbands is described. The proposed EMNEAC builds on two key online enhancement techniques: a knowledge-enhanced parameter identification (KEPI) algorithm and a maximal nonsaturating effort selection (MNES) algorithm. The KEPI algorithm uses a priori information about the characteristics of the physical system being controlled. It generates parameter estimates which lie within admissible ranges of physical values. The EMNEAC scheme incorporates an automatic self-selection of suitable closed-loop performance specifications for online self-tuning control design. It uses heuristic information derived from computed control input and designs a controller whose output level is kept with the admissible set of control. The result is that the EMNEAC scheme puts out maximal control effort for high tracking performance without saturating the control input of the system. It is more robust in terms of stability and achieves superior performance over other standard self-tuning control algorithms. >
Optimal segmentation of cell images

An optimal segmentation algorithm for light microscopic cell images is presented. The image segmentation is performed by thresholding a parametric image approximating the original image. Using the mean squared error between the original and the constructed image as the cost function, the segmentation problem is transformed into an optimisation process where parametric parameters are determined that minimise the defined cost function. The cost function is iteratively minimised using an unsupervised learning rule to adjust the parameters, and a parametric image is constructed at each iteration, based on the obtained parameters. The cell region is extracted by thresholding the final parametric image, where the threshold is one of the image parameters. Application results to real cervical images are provided to show the performance of the proposed segmentation approach. Experimental segmentation results are presented for the proposed optimal algorithm for synthetic cell images corrupted by variant levels of noise; these results are compared with the K-means clustering method and Bayes classifier in terms of classification errors.
Evidence for Four Hox Clusters in the Killifish Fundulus heteroclitus (Teleostei)

We analyzed the HOM/Hox cluster composition of the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus (Killifish) using a PCR survey. We found a total number of 30 unique homeobox sequences which could be assigned to specific cognate groups of the Hox clusters by sequence comparisons. One sequence was of the msh group. Ten homeobox fragments could be identified as orthologs with specific mammalian Hox genes of cluster A-D. The number of representatives in cognate groups 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 differed from those of human and mouse. For groups 1 and 9 we found four representatives, which provides the first evidence for possible four Hox clusters in a diploid teleost, a lower vertebrate. Furthermore, it demonstrates significant differences of the Fundulus clusters compared to those of mouse and humans. The implications of our data for the interpretation of the evolution of Hox clusters are discussed.
Exploring human image appeal similarity in website design

Trust is an important factor for improving e-commerce purchase intention. Nonetheless, the study of information technology (IT) artifact design and evaluation as a direct predictor to trust still remains at a preliminary stage. This research attempts to suggest and examine a model of cognitive and emotional trust in human image as one type of IT artifact. Referring to the similarity-attraction theory, we develop a research model. The model depicts that customer’s purchase intention is influenced by two dimensions of web interactivity, namely active control and reciprocal communication, which is mediated by a newly proposed construct, called perceived human image appeal similarity (PHIAS). This novel construct also helps to improve the formation of cognitive trust, emotional trust and eventually customer’s purchase intention. We plan to conduct an empirical study to test the hypotheses.
Conservative management of lumbar spinal stenosis: Identifying patients likely to do well without surgery

Lumbar spinal stenosis is a painful condition that often leads to irreversible neurologic damage and functional disability. Thus, early diagnosis and management are important. Conservative therapy, which is appropriate for many patients, minimizes invasive intervention and decreases the risks of morbidity. As more people live to older ages, the incidence of lumbar spinal stenosis will likely increase. If results of a thorough history and physical examination suggest the disorder, a course of appropriate physical therapy should be started promptly; more expensive tests and treatments are reserved for patients whose pain is refractory to early conservative intervention. However, if pain is severe, if the origin is not clear, or if neurologic deficits quickly become worse, immediate neuroradiologic studies should be considered, including timely EMG. Strong guidance by the primary care physician is of paramount importance because the therapeutic program is lengthy. Additional help from a physiatrist, neurologist, or orthopedic surgeon may be indicated as treatment progresses.
Hydrogen-bonded water in laumontite II: Experimental determination of site-specific thermodynamic properties of hydration of the W1 and W5 sites

Isothermal vapor sorption experiments under controlled partial pressures of H 2 O (between 0.1 and 30 mbar, at 23.4, 30.1, 49.5, 64.5, and 79.3 °C) and liquid water immersion calorimetry experiments at 25.() °C were conducted to determine standard molar thermodynamic properties of hydration of the W1 and W5 sites in laumontite that host hydrogen-bonded water. A Langmuir adsorption model was used in a thermodynamic analysis of the isothermal adsorption data for the W5 site together with a symmetrical regular solution model. Resulting values for the standard molar Gibbs energy and entropy of hydration of the W5 site relative to liquid water are -8430 ′ 113 J/mol and -16.7 ′ 2.1 J/(mol.K), respectively, and the Margules parameter, W G , is 1590 ′ 6.3 J/mol. The standard enthalpy of hydration of the W1 site was determined by liquid-water immersion calorimetry experiments on laumontite containing vacant W1 and fully occupied W5, W 2 , and W8 sites. Discontinuous hydration and dehydration of W1 at 23.4 ′ 0.7 °C and 24 ′ 1 mbar P H 2 O was used to constrain the molar Gibbs energy of hydration of this site. Resulting values for standard molar Gibbs energy of hydration and enthalpy of W1 relative to liquid water are - 380 ′ 170 and -8800 ′ 1150 J/ mol, respectively. Isothermal adsorption at 24.4 °C and isobaric thermogravimetric experiments indicate that during dehydration of W1, only 0.83 moles of water are released from the crystal structure and 0.17 moles are relocated to a disordered site that has energetic properties similar to the W8 site. Calculations using the thermodynamic data determined in this study indicate that the water content of laumontite in equilibrium with liquid water ranges from ∼4.5 H 2 O per 12 framework 0 atoms at room temperature and one bar pressure to ∼3 5 H 2 O at 250°C and at liquid-vapor saturation pressure for water.
Emergency Cardiovascular Hospitalization Risk Attributable to Cold Temperatures in Hong Kong

Background— Associations between ambient temperature and cardiovascular morbidity have been well studied worldwide; however, few studies determined the cardiovascular disease burden attributable to temperature. We aimed to assess the risk attributed to temperature based on the exposure–lag–response relationship between temperature and circulatory diseases. Methods and Results— We collected daily time series data of emergency hospital admissions, mean temperature, and air pollution concentrations from January 2005 to December 2012 in Hong Kong. The association with temperature was modeled using a distributed lag nonlinear model integrated in quasi-Poisson regression. The cumulated effects of cold/hot temperature were abstracted. Attributable risk measures because of below optimal temperature (OT) were calculated to summarize the disease burden, and further separated into contributions from moderate and extreme cold temperatures. We observed significant nonlinear and delayed cold effect but no apparent hot effect lasting for 3 weeks on emergency circulatory hospitalizations. Compared with the identified OT at 23.0°C, the cumulative relative risk during 0 to 21 lag days was 1.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.56–1.82) for extreme cold (first percentile) and 1.22 (95% confidence interval, 1.15–1.29) for moderate cold temperature (10th percentile). Cold temperatures were responsible for temperature-related circulatory emergency hospitalizations, with attributable fraction of 6.33% for moderate cold and 0.82% for extreme cold while inducing 33 030 and 4257 cases, respectively. Several specific causes of cardiovascular diseases showed higher vulnerability. Conclusions— Moderate cold weather was responsible for a considerable attributable risk for cardiovascular diseases. The temperature-related hospitalizations risk found in this study may provide evidence for guiding the public health policies and preventions for cardiovascular diseases.
Shannon Entropy Based Time-Dependent Deterministic Sampling for Efficient “On-the-Fly” Quantum Dynamics and Electronic Structure

A new set of time-dependent deterministic sampling (TDDS) measures, based on local Shannon entropy, are presented to adaptively gauge the importance of various regions on a potential energy surface and to be employed in "on-the-fly" quantum dynamics. Shannon sampling and Shannon entropy are known constructs that have been used to analyze the information content in functions: for example, time-series data and discrete data sets such as amino acid sequences in a protein structure. Here the Shannon entropy, when combined with dynamical parameters such as the instantaneous potential, gradient and wavepacket density provides a reliable probe on active regions of a quantum mechanical potential surface. Numerical benchmarks indicate that the methods proposed are highly effective in locating regions of the potential that are both classically allowed as well as those that are classically forbidden, such as regions beyond the classical turning points which may be sampled during a quantum mechanical tunneling process. The approaches described here are utilized to improve computational efficiency in two different settings: (a) It is shown that the number of potential energy calculations required to be performed during on-the-fly quantum dynamics is fewer when the Shannon entropy based sampling functions are used. (b) Shannon entropy based TDDS functions are utilized to define a new family of grid-based electronic structure basis functions that reduce the computational complexity while maintaining accuracy. The role of both results for on-the-fly quantum/classical dynamics of electrons and nuclei is discussed.
Evolution and Justification

In tackling the issue of justification, philosophers have gone overboard in their efforts to discover fallacies in the reasoning of otherwise sensible people. And having fallen into deep water, those philosophers now find that they do not know how to swim. The cause of such philosophical distress can be located in what may have once appeared as a virtue: the separation be tween man and nature. Science may describe the world, and even us, but it cannot tell us what we ought to do; it may explain how a state of affairs originated and developed, but it cannot tell us whether that state of affairs is a good thing. In this paper I will argue against that separation; and in ad vocating a philosophy that treats man as part of nature, I will attempt to throw light on the issue of justification. The typical philosophical move towards the separation begins with in nocent plausibility. As a philosopher once said to me, "My mother taught me to judge people by their actions and not by their origins.'* This sounds so right that we draw a moral for the worth of our ideas about the world: the genetic fallacy. To that moral we add the dictum that to describe and to prescribe are distinct; and we can now hold, say, that the history and sociology of science are irrelevant to its justification. As Hempel put it, the philosopher should only be concerned with "certain logical and systematic aspects of science which form the basis of its soundness and rationality . . . in abstraction from, and indeed to the exclusion of, the psychological and historical facets of science as a social enterprise."1 This distinction is just as prevalent in ethics, where it also places sharp limits on the philosopher's at tempt to solve the problem of justification. Although the reach of the distinction extends even further, I will limit myself in this paper to two areas: the epistemology of science and the resolution of conflicts of values. As we shall see, these two areas are not independent of each other. Let me begin with the epistemology of science. I will first indicate how the main problem in this area arose from the failure of empiricism, and then I will argue that a naturalistic account can solve that problem. It will then be clear that naturalism yields a genuine epistemology. When the logical approach was challenged by historically minded thinkers, a typical response was that epistemology should be concerned with methodological norms. The philosopher's job was to determine what scien tists ought to do; and thus considerations about what scientists actually do
Language and Lexical Processing

This article introduces current research on language, from the lexical to the sentential to the discourse level. The article summarizes a substantial body of behavioral, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging evidence regarding the functional organization of language and its neuroanatomical base. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence indicate that language processing is supported by networks that recruit multiple brain regions; however, there is considerable modularity for different representations within these networks—for example, with evidence for independence of syntactic and semantic representations. However, at the processing level, different modules interact, with executive function and working memory abilities supporting language processing.
Genomic Basis of Pediatric Lymphomas

Lymphomas account for approximately 10% of childhood malignancies. Pediatric lymphomas are typically aggressive: lymphoblastic lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) are among the most common pediatric lymphoma subtypes. The genetic basis of these neoplasms is beginning to be understood. Lymphoblastic lymphomas arise through a variety of genetic pathways, dependent upon B- or T-progenitor origin. Aggressive B-cell lymphomas (BL and DLBCL) commonly arise secondary to errors that occur during physiologic B-cell development. BL is characterized by MYC translocation with an immunoglobulin locus enhancer. This lesion may also be present in DLBCL, particularly in children, but DLBCLs often have mutations of a variety of other genes, such as BCL6. DLBCL may be separated into germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and activated B-cell-like groups. Pediatric DLBCL are more commonly in the GCB category than are adult DLBCL. Adult DLBCL has a tendency toward increased genomic complexity compared with pediatric DLBCL. ALCL is a T-cell lymphoma that is typically characterized by ALK fusions, most commonly with NPM. Genomic profiling has identified areas of recurrent genetic gains and losses in ALCL. Understanding the underlying genetic basis of lymphoma provides hope for the development of more targeted therapies for this group of diseases. However, further investigation of the lymphoma genome is necessary, particularly in pediatric patients.
Effect of grooves on resistance/retention form of Class 2 approximal slot amalgam restorations

This study evaluated in vitro the effectiveness of resistance/retention grooves in box-only (approximal slot) class 2 preparations. Forty-eight sound, caries-free maxillary premolars were distributed equally into four groups of 12 teeth based on faciolingual dimensions. Teeth were mounted vertically, and class 2 mesio-occlusal slot preparations were cut in each tooth. Resistance/retention grooves were placed in three of the four groups with a #1/4 round bur to a depth of 0.3-0.5 mm. Teeth were restored with amalgam and positioned 13.5 degrees from vertical; an area was flattened on each amalgam marginal ridge, and the flattened areas were loaded to failure using an Instron with a rectangular flat-ended rod at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Mean load (SD) to failure of the group using "conventional" grooves extending in dentin from the gingival floor occlusally to near the occlusal DEJ was 196N (46N). For long grooves extending from the gingival floor to the occlusal surface, the mean failure load was 169N (58N). Slot restorations with short resistance/retention grooves or points (0.5-1.0 mm) just gingival to the occlusal DEJ had a mean failure load of 132N (44N). Slot restorations with no grooves had a mean failure load of 69N (46N). ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests were used for analysis. The no-groove group provided significantly less (P < 0.01) resistance than any group with grooves. Approximal slot restorations with "conventional" grooves were significantly more resistant (P < 0.01) than those with short grooves but were not significantly more resistant than those with long grooves.
Neurochemical Markers in Rett’s Syndrome

The levels of endogenous biogenic amines and neurotransmitter receptors in the brains of 5 patients with Rett’s syndrome and 6 normal controls were examined at The Johns Hopkins University, Kennedy Institute for Handicapped Children, The Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD and The National Institute of Mental Health, Washington, D.C.
Warpage behavior of SiP's built with different bumping solutions, substrate designs and encapsulant materials

System-in-Package (SiP) is becoming more and more important in integrating functionality while reducing final product form factors and cost. This is particularly true for mobile applications where continued effort to achieve ever thinning products is continuously pushing development of new materials, components and assembly technologies. Typically, SiP's with LGA pads need to be attached with solder to the next level. It is hence very important to make sure that SiP's do not have out-out-plane deformation, or warpage, out of specification during assembly. While coplanarity is typically used to refer to the room temperature behavior and warpage is more commonly used to refer to the deformation associated with the temperature changes. This presentation focuses on the warpage behavior of two SiP designs with the following characteristics: 1. One design uses a 6L substrate with a POR component spacing and the other uses a 4L coreless substrate with ETS as top layer for improved routing and tighter component spacing; 2. Assemblies involve two different bumping solutions: copper pillar and SnAg bumps; 3. Different flip chip bump pad finishes are implemented with these substrates that include SMD, NSMD as well as ETS finishes; 4. SOP is absent from these substrates for cost reduction and paste printing using u-stencil is explored 5. Four different MUF materials and one fluxing underfill (FU) material are used. Four different MUF's used include a POR material with nominal filler size (baseline), a material with smaller filler size (for assessing improved filling capability), a material with improved thermal performance (for better power management) and, finally, a material with improved volume shrinkage/warpage performance. FU material is a new type of materials that has both fluxing and joint protection functions. Overall assembly plan will be briefly described. Room temperature coplanarity results obtained with ICOS will then be presented. Finally, the in-situ warpage measurement results using TherMoire will be described in some detail that give us an in-depth appreciation of how each of these SiP modules behaves under temperature excursions. In particular, we shall discuss impacts of different materials, bumping solutions, substrate stack-ups on the resulting SiP warpage. We shall conclude the presentation by sharing some preliminary results from the accelerated stress testing of these SiP's using MSL3 pre-conditioning and AST condition C from −55 to 125 degrees.
A Systematic Approach to Uncovering Scale-independent Rate Formulations for Bioreduction of Hematite in Sediments at a Field Site

This presentation focuses on a systematic modeling approach in search of scale- independent rate formulations for biological reduction of hematite. Biological and chemical processes controlling Fe(III) reduction are very complex including direct bioreduction of ferric irons, microbial growth, secondary reactions of biogenic ferrous iron adsorptions, iron complexation, precipitation of ferrous minerals, and re-oxidation. A reaction network of five reactions was proposed to describe these processes under laboratory-controlled batch and column experiments which were conducted using sediments taken from a field site. The key reaction in the experiments is the direct bioreduction of hematite. Four possible rate formulations were proposed to describe this key reaction. Two kinds of simulations were conducted to verify the rate formulations and reaction parameters: the first one is batch modeling and the second one is column modeling. Simulation results indicated that while all rate formulations can adequately model batch experiments, only the formulation based on dual Monod kinetics with inhibition of ferrous iron and the effect of DMRB is “universal.” Furthermore, only this rate formulation can be upscaled to column experiments. Iterative modeling between batch and column experiments revealed that the equilibrium assumptions for surface hydration of hematite and adsorption of biogenic ferrous irons onto hematite may have to be revoked and substituted with kinetic rate formulations.