cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The weighting of positive vs. negative valence and its impact on the formation of social relationships

Abstract Forming social relationships is an integral aspect of our lives and a topic fundamental to social psychology. Using a performance-based measure of individual differences in valence weighting, we demonstrate that the extent to which first-year college students weight positive versus negative valence when engaged in attitude generalization predicts how many peer relationships they develop during the subsequent two months (Study 1). Furthermore, we show that individuals strategically recruited for their high sensitivity to interpersonal rejection benefit from an intervention that recalibrates their valence-weighting tendencies from an overweighting of negative valence to a more balanced weighting of positive and negative valence (Study 2). Recalibration led to extended decreases in participants' rejection sensitivity and, most importantly, led them to develop more social relationships over a subsequent two-week period. These findings demonstrate that the weighting of positive versus negative valence is a fundamental process that influences complex social outcomes and that such valence weighting tendencies can be recalibrated so as to benefit individuals.
Dynamic Equivalencing and Direct Methods of Stability Analysis

Abstract Transient stability analysis of large-scale power systems using direct methods can yield unreliable results. This problem is examined in this paper and a new reliable algorithm is proposed to solve it. The new algorithm calls for decoupling the system dynamics and then studying independent stability problems in the different subspaces.
Demonstration of Myoglobin in Formalin-Fixed Renal Sections by Immunoperoxidase Technic

The use of an immunohistochemical technic offers a very sensitive method to detect myoglobin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Thus, the technic is suitable for retrospective studies. Myoglobin can be demonstrated at the brush border and apical cytoplasm of the tubular epithelium of proximal tubules. Granular substances and casts in the lumens also react positively with antimyoglobin. Our findings confirm the results of a previous animal study, showing that myoglobin is filtered through glomeruli and reabsorbed by the proximal tubules.
Knowledge Management Framework for Software Reuse.

In the world of software development, reuse is an important, yet highly underutilized concept. The prospects of saving time, efforts and costs are very high with software reuse. However, the practical issues and challenges imposed are difficult to manage in ways that help optimize the reuse process and reap the benefits. Many papers discussing "knowledge" are focusing on using tools to manage it only on a business prospective. Big companies like ATaT, Wal-Mart, and American Airlines implemented some form of a knowledgebase in past years, yet they are still working on it. They aim to build a complex systems, called Data Warehouse, to aggregate in one 'place' all possible pieces of data and information regarding their business. Apparently the ability to query such systems, gave them the possibility to improve their business, in terms of cost reduction, customers fidelity and appreciation and so on. With such methodology in mind, we are proposing to store the technical knowledge gathered from different software development projects in a specialized knowledgebase to give high tech and software development companies the same benefits. In this paper we propose a methodology to store, organize and manage knowledge to support reuse in a technical field. The framework proposed is a proof of concept to investigate the relevant techniques and possible methods to design such framework. The main issues and components are discussed, however, we have not implemented the full framework at this stage.
Antigens of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III/Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus

Antigens encoded by the gag and env genes of the human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) include a p55 gag polyprotein that yields p24 as the major virus core protein, and an env gene polyprotein, gp 160, that produces gp 120, the most immunogenic protein in humans, at the amino terminus. Although its use is limited to research laboratories due to the cost and specialized procedures involved, the analysis of sera by radioimmunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is the test providing the optimal balance of specificity and sensitivity. Because the gp 120 represents the external virus protein, it would be the most appropriate antigen for vaccine development. Also viruses serologically related to HTLV-III/LAV were detected recently in two species of Old World monkeys. Because about half the healthy African green monkeys appear to have been exposed to simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-III), a related agent of the species, a characterization of the STLV-III gp 120 and immune response of the host may provide additional information for vaccine development.
Enhanced Expression of the c-myc Protooncogene in High-Grade Human Prostate Cancers

We examined a series of 29 surgical specimens of benign and malignant human prostate tissue for the expression of both the cHa-ras and c-myc protooncogenes. Northern blots were prepared using polyadenylated mRNA extracted from nine prostatic adenocarcinomas, 19 benign hypertrophied prostates (BPH) and one normal prostate. When the Northern blots were hybridized to a probe for cHa-ras, only one specimen of BPH showed an appreciable amount of the 1.2-kb transcript homologous to cHa-ras. Upon reprobing these blots with c-myc, six cancers showed a considerable amount of a 2.4-kb transcript homologous to c-myc. Three other cancers and all the benign tissue showed little or no detectable 2.4-kb c-myc transcript. On retrospective analysis, the cancers with elevated c-myc transcripts were found to have a Gleason score of 5 and above (poorly differentiated tumors), while the cancers with little or no c-myc transcripts were all of Gleason score 4 and lower. Finally, we compared our ability to detect c-myc transcripts in mRNA extracted from a surgically derived prostate tumor with mRNA extracted from the same tumor subject to a sham electrocautery procedure, as would occur during transurethral resection. The electrocautery procedure decreased both the intensity and the integrity of the c-myc signal in mRNA from the tumor. Thus, our exclusive use of surgically derived prostate tumors may be the reason we are able to detect an elevation in the expression of c-myc mRNA in high-grade tumors.
On-Product eBeam Overlay topic/category AM: Advanced metrology

The semiconductor industry is facing constant overlay challenge posed by tighter overlay error budget and the increase of multi-patterning layers in 14nm node and beyond. While the allowed total measurement uncertainty (TMU) for Overlay metrology is already extremely low due to the ever tightening overlay budget, discrepancies between optical overlay results and electrical test data raise the inaccuracy concerns which are largely induced by the imperfections and asymmetry of the overlay marks located in scribe line. The process impact in the representative overlay targets is also a poor representation of real indie device, which further exaggerate the inaccuracies. Current optical overlay tools have specification for sensitivity to On-Product Overlay (OPO), which is a representation of measurement accuracy but the lack of reference to validate said measurement outcome calls for an indirect method to confirm real overlay. Improvement in overlay control is crucial to accelerate yield learning in high-volume manufacturing (HVM) fabs. In this work, inline eBeam-based Overlay metrology via Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is developed as reference metrology for inline optical overlay to characterize in-die, across-device, on-product overlay behavior at multi-patterning post-etch steps in order to address challenges present in OPO. This method incorporates high resolution imaging, physical measurement, and a Center of Gravity (Cog) algorithm to archive sub-nm precision while indirectly obtaining true overlay. Random Located eBeam Overlay (RLEO) scheme is designed to ensure process compatibility, by selecting small sets of 2D structures spread across the field. These small regions of interest are then measured with much higher resolution under eBeam rather than visible light, currently utilized by the state of the art overlay tools. Another On-product Overlay qualification strategy is demonstrated and by combining the advantages of eBeam and Optical Overlay to balance the precision, accuracy, and productivity, thus improving on-product optical overlay performance. Methods described above, when applied to optical overlay marks, can also assist in singling out the best performing overlay targets (i.e. blossom (BLO), diffraction based overlay (DBO), advanced imaging metrology (AIM), or scatterometry overly (SCOL)) and measurement conditions for a given layer via optical vs eBeam overlay correlation (R2). Future work will investigate advanced applications of RLEO method to address challenges presented by four components of the overlay budget calculation; mask, scanner, process, and inline optical overlay, also offers techniques to isolate and control these hidden overlay factors unearthed by eBeam Overlay (EBO).
Innovative scalable design based care area methodology for defect monitoring in production

The use of design-based care areas on inspection tools [1, 2] to characterize defects has been well established in recent years. However, the implementation has generally been limited to specific engineering use cases, due to the complexity involved with care area creation and inspection recipe setup. Furthermore, creating, organizing, optimizing and auditing all these care areas per inspection step and per device can be time-consuming. In this work we demonstrate a novel methodology for the implementation of NanoPoint™ care areas across all inspection steps in semiconductor process flow, using a technology-specific set of care area generation rules, rather than rules targeted to particular defect of interest (DOI). This approach enables optimal recipe sensitivity across the entirety of a chip, by segmenting care area coverage into high-sensitivity, intermediate-sensitivity and low-sensitivity regions based on pattern density. Furthermore, this methodology is scalable in nature which means that the care area generation rules are defined only once per technology node, and thus, can enable automated care area generation for any chip design within a technology node, with no user input required. Inspection recipes created with this type of care area demonstrate consistent sensitivity for cross-product defectivity analysis in a high volume manufacturing (HVM) wafer fab.
Margins of Labor Market Adjustment to Trade

Abstract We use both longitudinal administrative data and cross-sectional household survey data to study the margins of labor market adjustment following Brazil's early 1990s trade liberalization. We document how workers and regional labor markets adjust to trade-induced changes in local labor demand, examining various adjustment margins, including earnings and wage changes; interregional migration; shifts between tradable and nontradable employment; and shifts between formal employment, informal employment, and non-employment. Our results provide insight into the regional labor market effects of trade, and have important implications for policies that address informal employment and that assist trade-displaced workers.
Global Warming: Preventing Irreversibility

When the UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) meets again in Bonn for the COP23 (the Conference of the Parties 23) in the fall with Fiji as host, the focus should be upon the GOAL II in the COP21 (the Conference of the Parties 21) Treaty: decarbonisation with 30-40 per cent of 2005 levels until 2030. Several countries now meet the GOAL I of halting the rise in CO 2 emissions. And the rest should be asked and helped to do so. But the GOAL II is a very big challenge. It can only be fulfilled with massive investments in solar panel parks.
Heterogeneous Beliefs and School Choice Mechanisms

This paper studies how welfare outcomes in centralized school choice depend on the assignment mechanism when participants are not fully informed. Using a survey of school choice participants in a strategic setting, we show that beliefs about admissions chances differ from rational expectations values and predict choice behavior. To quantify the welfare costs of belief errors, we estimate a model of school choice that incorporates subjective beliefs. We evaluate the equilibrium effects of switching to a strategy-proof deferred acceptance algorithm, and of improving households' belief accuracy. We find that a switch to truthful reporting in the DA mechanism offers welfare improvements over the baseline given the belief errors we observe in the data, but that an analyst who assumed families had accurate beliefs would have reached the opposite conclusion.
High order methods for the integration of the Bateman equations and other problems of the form of y ′ = F(y,t)y

Abstract This paper introduces two families of A-stable algorithms for the integration of y ′ = F ( y , t ) y : the extended predictor–corrector (EPC) and the exponential–linear (EL) methods. The structure of the algorithm families are described, and the method of derivation of the coefficients presented. The new algorithms are then tested on a simple deterministic problem and a Monte Carlo isotopic evolution problem. The EPC family is shown to be only second order for systems of ODEs. However, the EPC-RK45 algorithm had the highest accuracy on the Monte Carlo test, requiring at least a factor of 2 fewer function evaluations to achieve a given accuracy than a second order predictor–corrector method (center extrapolation / center midpoint method) with regards to Gd-157 concentration. Members of the EL family can be derived to at least fourth order. The EL3 and the EL4 algorithms presented are shown to be third and fourth order respectively on the systems of ODE test. In the Monte Carlo test, these methods did not overtake the accuracy of EPC methods before statistical uncertainty dominated the error. The statistical properties of the algorithms were also analyzed during the Monte Carlo problem. The new methods are shown to yield smaller standard deviations on final quantities as compared to the reference predictor–corrector method, by up to a factor of 1.4.
Audit Partner Tenure and Internal Control Reporting Quality: U.S. Evidence from the Not-For-Profit Sector

This study examines the effects of audit partner tenure and audit partner changes on internal control reporting quality for large U.S. not-for-profit (NFP) organizations. Regulators contend that audit partners lose their objectivity over successive audits, reducing audit quality. A large body of research has examined this issue, primarily in non-U.S. jurisdictions, with mixed results. We examine the associations between audit partner tenure and audit partner changes and the incidence of reported internal control deficiencies (ICDs), the quality of internal control reports (following PCAOB audit quality indicators), and the severity of reported ICDs. We find negative associations between audit partner tenure and the incidence of reported ICDs, the quality of internal control reports, and the severity of reported ICDs. Together, these findings indicate that internal control reporting quality deteriorates with audit partner tenure. However, we find no association between audit partner changes and internal control reporting, which is consistent with partners lacking client specific knowledge in their first year with a client. Finally, we find no association between either audit partner tenure or changes and the likelihood of remediation. Our findings contribute large-sample U.S. evidence on the association between audit partner tenure and internal control reporting quality and provide useful information to government regulators, NFP boards charged with the oversight of the external auditor and internal controls, and NFP stakeholders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
CEO Compensation after Harvester Director Departure

I examine the effects of board member departures on CEO compensation using a sample of high-growth IPO firms. Agency theory predicts that a reduction in board monitoring by harvester directors (VCs...
Modeling Adversaries in a Logic for Security Protocol Analysis

Logics for security protocol analysis require the formalization of an adversary model that specifies the capabilities of adversaries. A common model is the Dolev-Yao model, which considers only adversaries that can compose and replay messages, and decipher them with known keys. The Dolev-Yao model is a useful abstraction, but it suffers from some drawbacks: it cannot handle the adversary knowing protocol-specific information, and it cannot handle probabilistic notions, such as the adversary attempting to guess the keys. We show how we can analyze security protocols under different adversary models by using a logic with a notion of algorithmic knowledge. Roughly speaking, adversaries are assumed to use algorithms to compute their knowledge; adversary capabilities are captured by suitable restrictions on the algorithms used. We show how we can model the standard Dolev-Yao adversary in this setting, and how we can capture more general capabilities including protocol-specific knowledge and guesses.
Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis of Single-Gene Disorders by Use of Droplet Digital PCR

BACKGROUND: Prenatal diagnosis in pregnancies at risk of single-gene disorders is currently performed using invasive methods such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. This is in contrast with screening for common aneuploidies, for which noninvasive methods with a single maternal blood sample have become standard clinical practice. METHODS: We developed a protocol for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of inherited single-gene disorders using droplet digital PCR from circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in maternal plasma. First, the amount of cfDNA and fetal fraction is determined using a panel of TaqMan assays targeting high-variability single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Second, the ratio of healthy and diseased alleles in maternal plasma is quantified using TaqMan assays targeting the mutations carried by the parents. Two validation approaches of the mutation assay are presented. RESULTS: We collected blood samples from 9 pregnancies at risk for different single-gene disorders, including common conditions and rare metabolic disorders. We measured cases at risk of hemophilia, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, cystic fibrosis, β-thalassemia, mevalonate kinase deficiency, acetylcholine receptor deficiency, and DFNB1 nonsyndromic hearing loss. We correctly differentiated affected and unaffected pregnancies (2 affected, 7 unaffected), confirmed by neonatal testing. We successfully measured an affected pregnancy as early as week 11 and with a fetal fraction as low as 3.7% (0.3). CONCLUSIONS: Our method detects single-nucleotide mutations of autosomal recessive diseases as early as the first trimester of pregnancy. This is of importance for metabolic disorders in which early diagnosis can affect management of the disease and reduce complications and anxiety related to invasive testing.
Proposition 13 and The California Fiscal Shell Game

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 2, Issue 2 Proposition 13 and the California Fiscal Shell Game Colin H. McCubbins, Stanford University Mathew D. McCubbins, University of Southern California Abstract We study the effects of California’s tax and expenditure limitations, especially Proposition 13. We ﬁnd that Proposition 13 was indeed effective at reducing both ad valorem property taxes per capita and total state and local taxes per capita, at least in the short run. We further argue that there have been unintended second- ary effects that have resulted in an increased tax burden, undermining the aims of Proposition 13. To circumvent the limits imposed by Proposition 13, the state has drastically increased nonguaranteed debt, has privatized the public ﬁsc, and has devolved the authority to lay and collect taxes and to spend the proceeds so gained. The devolution of authority has been among the swiftest growing aspects of government ﬁnance in California, to a far greater extent than in other states. Lastly, we argue that the new tax and spending authorities that have been created to circumvent Proposition 13 have led to a reduction in government transparency and accountability and pose an increasing threat to our democracy. Keywords: Proposition 13, initiative, tax, revenue, synthetic controls, comparative series, debt www.bepress.com/cjpp
Exploding Asthma and ADHD Caseloads: The Role of Medicaid Managed Care

In the U.S., nearly 11% of school-age children have been diagnosed with ADHD, and approximately 10% of children suffer from asthma. In the last decade, the number of children diagnosed with these conditions has inexplicably been on the rise. This increase has been concentrated in the Medicaid caseload nationwide. One of the most striking changes in Medicaid has been the transition from fee-for-service (FFS) reimbursement to Medicaid managed care (MMC), which had taken place in 80% of states by 2016. Using Medicaid claims from South Carolina, we show that this change contributed to the increase in asthma and ADHD caseloads. Empirically, we rely on variation in MMC enrollment due to a change in the "default" Medicaid plan from FFS to MMC, and on rich panel data that allow us to follow the same children before and after they were required to switch. We find that the transition from FFS to MMC explains about a third of the rise in the number of Medicaid children being treated for ADHD and asthma, along with increases in treatment for many other conditions. These are likely to be due to the incentives created by the risk adjustment and quality control systems in MMC.
Recent advances on the global regularity for irrotational water waves

We review recent progress on the long-time regularity of solutions of the Cauchy problem for the water waves equations, in two and three dimensions. We begin by introducing the free boundary Euler equations and discussing the local existence of solutions using the paradifferential approach. We then describe in a unified framework, using the Eulerian formulation, global existence results for three- and two-dimensional gravity waves, and our joint result (with Deng and Pausader) on global regularity for the gravity–capillary model in three dimensions. We conclude this review with a short discussion about the formation of singularities and give a few additional references to other interesting topics in the theory. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Nonlinear water waves’.
A Cancellable and Privacy-Preserving Facial Biometric Authentication Scheme

In recent years, biometric, or "who you are," authentication has grown rapidly in acceptance and use. Biometric authentication offers users the convenience of not having to carry a password, PIN, smartcard, etc. Instead, users will use their inherent biometric traits for authentication and, as a result, risk their biometric information being stolen. The security of users&#x2019; biometric information is of critical importance within a biometric authentication scheme as compromised data can reveal sensitive information: race, gender, illness, etc. A cancellable biometric scheme, the "BioCapsule" scheme, proposed by researchers from Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, aims to mask users&#x2019; biometric information and preserve users&#x2019; privacy. The BioCapsule scheme can be easily embedded into existing biometric authentication systems, and it has been shown to preserve user-privacy, be resistant to several types of attacks, and have minimal effects on biometric authentication system accuracy.In this research we present a facial authentication system which employs several cutting-edge techniques. We tested our proposed system on several face databases, both with and without the BioCapsule scheme being embedded into our system. By comparing our results, we quantify the effects the BioCapsule scheme, and its security benefits, have on the accuracy of our facial authentication system.
Playground or Church? Implications for Public Administration from Trinity Lutheran v. Comer

The roots of public administration are in the fields of management, political science, and the law. The law is underrepresented in the literature and is not as well understood by nonlawyer practitioners, yet it increasingly enables, constrains, and prescribes government action. In 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on a case involving whether a government grant awarded on secular criteria must be provided to a qualified church. This article contributes to the field's understanding of the interplay of law and administration by examining the constitutional issues in the case and their implications for public administration. By considering how this dispute was framed and the ways in which the court approached its resolution, public officials can better understand the issues in similar cases; anticipate potential disputes; and (re)design policies that will serve their communities, remain within constitutional limits, and reduce the likelihood of litigation.
On the Convergence Rate of Distributed Gradient Methods for Finite-Sum Optimization under Communication Delays

Motivated by applications in machine learning and statistics, we study distributed optimization problems over a network of processors, where the goal is to optimize a global objective composed of a sum of local functions. In these problems, due to the large scale of the data sets, the data and computation must be distributed over multiple processors resulting in the need for distributed algorithms. In this paper, we consider a popular distributed gradient-based consensus algorithm, which only requires local computation and communication. An important problem in this area is to analyze the convergence rate of such algorithms in the presence of communication delays that are inevitable in distributed systems. We prove the convergence of the gradient-based consensus algorithm in the presence of uniform, but possibly arbitrarily large, communication delays between the processors. Moreover, we obtain an upper bound on the rate of convergence of the algorithm as a function of the network size, topology, and the inter-processor communication delays.
Feminist, Sexual, and Queer Citizenship

This chapter analyzes the fields of feminist citizenship, sexual citizenship, and queer citizenship, canvassing and critically assessing these areas of research. The line dividing citizens and those excluded from its promise was long shaped by the public/private dichotomy, consigning women to the private, while reserving citizenship’s sphere of the public domain for men. Feminist theorists, in criticizing this dichotomy, have examined the relationships between citizenship, dependency, and reproduction. While those considered sexually deviant have suffered exclusions from citizenship, gay and lesbian subjects in some sites currently enjoy a role as model citizens. This shift has accompanied a transition in the role of the citizen from producer of work to consumer: the privatized, self-governing, and sexually free individual is today’s prototypical citizen. This new sexual citizen is contrasted with illiberal others, who are cast outside as unfit candidates for citizenship. Queer citizenship does not provide a more encompassing vision; citizenship is not available to be queered, given how it inevitably splits the world into those who belong and those left outside.
Do Human Capital Decisions Respond to the Returns to Education? Evidence from DACA

This paper studies human capital responses to the availability of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which provides temporary work authorization and deferral from deportation for undocumented, high-school-educated youth. We use a sample of young adults that migrated to the United States as children to implement a difference-in-difference design that compares noncitizen immigrants ("eligible") to citizen immigrants ("ineligible") over time. We find that DACA significantly increased high school attendance and high school graduation rates, reducing the citizen-noncitizen gap in graduation by 40 percent. We also find positive, though imprecise, impacts on college attendance.
Socially responsible supply chains in emerging markets: Some research opportunities

Abstract This article seeks to provide research opportunities in “socially responsible supply chains”. I first provide some background and context from the wider literature. Then I outline case studies in emerging countries where large companies engage the poor as producers and the poor as distributors. Next, I discuss different research topics arising from socially responsible supply chains.
Volumetric imaging of the developing prepubertal mouse uterine epithelium using light sheet microscopy

Endometrial or uterine glands secrete substances essential for uterine receptivity to the embryo, implantation, conceptus survival, and growth. Adenogenesis is the process of gland formation within the stroma of the uterus. In the mouse, uterine gland formation initiates at postnatal day (P) 5. Uterine gland morphology is poorly understood because it is primarily based on two-dimensional (2D) histology. To more fully describe uterine gland morphogenesis, we generated three-dimensional (3D) models of postnatal uterine glands from P0 to P21, based on volumetric imaging using light sheet microscopy. At birth (P0), there were no glands. At P8, we found bud- and teardrop-shaped epithelial invaginations. By P11, the forming glands were elongated epithelial tubes. By P21, the elongated tubes had a sinuous morphology. These morphologies are homogeneously distributed along the anterior-posterior axis of the uterus. To facilitate uterine gland analyses, we propose a novel 3D staging system of uterine gland morphology during development in the prepubertal mouse. We define five uterine gland stages: Stage 1: bud; Stage 2: teardrop; Stage 3: elongated; Stage 4: sinuous; and Stage 5: primary branches. This staging system provides a standardized key to assess and quantify prepubertal uterine gland morphology that can be used for studies of uterine gland development and pathology. In addition, our studies suggest that gland formation initiation occurs during P8 and P11. However, between P11 and P21 gland formation initiation stops and all glands elongate and become sinuous. We also found that the mesometrial epithelium develops a unique morphology we term the uterine rail.
A comparative investigation of approximate attacks on logic encryptions

Logic encryption is an important hardware protection technique that adds extra keys to lock a given circuit. With recent discovery of the effective SAT-based attack, new enhancement methods such as SARLock and Anti-SAT have been proposed to thwart the SAT-based and similar exact attacks. Since these new techniques all have very low error rate, approximate attacks such as Double DIP and AppSAT have been proposed to find an almost correct key with low error rate. However, measuring the performance of an approximate attack is extremely challenging, since exact computation of the error rate is very expensive, while estimation based on random sampling has low confidence. In this paper, we develop a suite of scientific encryption benchmarks where a wide range of error rates are possible and the error rate can be found out by simple eyeballing. Then, we conduct a thorough comparative study on different approximate attacks, including AppSAT and Double DIP. The results show that approximate attacks are far away from closing the gap and more investigations are needed in this area.
Economic determinants of price informativeness about future earnings

Abstract This study investigates how the value-creation process affects the extent to which stock prices incorporate value-relevant information about future earnings. In contrast to previous studies focusing on the value-reporting process, this paper shows that strong product market power accelerates the incorporation of future earnings into current equity prices due to less uncertainty about future cash flows and that intensive long-term investment deters such incorporation because of greater uncertainty regarding future cash flows. The results suggest that firm fundamentals shaped by product market competition and long-term investment explain the price informativeness about future earnings beyond the impact of management’s reporting discretion.
Learning factor graphs in polynomial time & sample complexity

We study computational and sample complexity of parameter and structure learning in graphical models. Our main result shows that the class of factor graphs with bounded factor size and bounded connectivity can be learned in polynomial time and polynomial number of samples, assuming that the data is generated by a network in this class. This result covers both parameter estimation for a known network structure and structure learning. It implies as a corollary that we can learn factor graphs for both Bayesian networks and Markov networks of bounded degree, in polynomial time and sample complexity. Unlike maximum likelihood estimation, our method does not require inference in the underlying network, and so applies to networks where inference is intractable. We also show that the error of our learned model degrades gracefully when the generating distribution is not a member of the target class of networks.
Non-invasive optical imaging of tissue morphology and microcirculations in vivo

We discuss the use of OMAG to delineate the dynamic blood perfusion, down to capillary level resolution, within living tissues, including cerebral blood flow in rodent models, retinal vessel networks and subcutaneous skin microcirculation in humans.
From Bench to Classroom: Collaborating Within a Dual-Language Education Model

We describe research results and lessons learned from a laboratory/classroom collaboration with a school system offering both traditional English-only education and a dual-language track (Spanish/E...
Nonuniform coverage control on the line

This paper investigates control laws allowing mobile, autonomous agents to optimally position themselves on the line for distributed sensing in a nonuniform field. We show that a simple static control law, based only on local measurements of the field by each agent, drives the agents close to the optimal positions after the agents execute in parallel a number of sensing/movement/computation rounds that is essentially quadratic in the number of agents. Further, we exhibit a dynamic control law which, under slightly stronger assumptions on the capabilities and knowledge of each agent, drives the agents close to the optimal positions after the agents execute in parallel a number of sensing/communication/computation/movement rounds that is essentially linear in the number of agents. Crucially, both algorithms are fully distributed and robust to unpredictable loss and addition of agents.
Anxiety Associated With Increased Risk for Emergency Department Recidivism in Patients With Low-Risk Chest Pain.

Anxiety contributes to the chest pain symptom complex in 30% to 40% of patients with low-risk chest pain seen in the emergency department (ED). The validated Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale (HADS-A) has been used as an anxiety screening tool in this population. The objective was to determine the prevalence of abnormal HADS-A scores in a cohort of low-risk chest pain patients and test the association of HADS-A score with subsequent healthcare utilization and symptom recurrence. In a single-center, prospective, observational cohort study of adult ED subjects with low-risk chest pain, the HADS-A was used to stratify participants into 2 groups: low anxiety (score
Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature

Despite renewed interest in studying the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological disorders, the enrollment of racially diverse participants and the unique presentation of psychopathology in this population has not been a focus of this potentially ground-breaking area of research. In 1993, the United States National Institutes of Health issued a mandate that funded research must include participants of color and proposals must include methods for achieving diverse samples. A methodological search of psychedelic studies from 1993 to 2017 was conducted to evaluate ethnoracial differences in inclusion and effective methods of recruiting peopple of color. Of the 18 studies that met full criteria (n = 282 participants), 82.3% of the participants were non-Hispanic White, 2.5% were African-American, 2.1% were of Latino origin, 1.8% were of Asian origin, 4.6% were of indigenous origin, 4.6% were of mixed race, 1.8% identified their race as “other,” and the ethnicity of 8.2% of participants was unknown. There were no significant differences in recruitment methodologies between those studies that had higher (> 20%) rates of inclusion. As minorities are greatly underrepresented in psychedelic medicine studies, reported treatment outcomes may not generalize to all ethnic and cultural groups. Inclusion of minorities in futures studies and improved recruitment strategies are necessary to better understand the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy in people of color and provide all with equal opportunities for involvement in this potentially promising treatment paradigm.
Competition, Mergers, and R&D Diversity

This paper describes a model of research and development (RD however, the incremental effects decline rapidly with the number of industry rivals. Mergers can have significant adverse effects if the merging firms have large profits that are at risk from an innovation. A merger can promote investment in R&D and increase expected consumer surplus if discoveries have sufficiently large information spillovers.
Deriving machine attention from human rationales

Attention-based models are successful when trained on large amounts of data. In this paper, we demonstrate that even in the low-resource scenario, attention can be learned effectively. To this end, we start with discrete human-annotated rationales and map them into continuous attention. Our central hypothesis is that this mapping is general across domains, and thus can be transferred from resource-rich domains to low-resource ones. Our model jointly learns a domain-invariant representation and induces the desired mapping between rationales and attention. Our empirical results validate this hypothesis and show that our approach delivers significant gains over state-of-the-art baselines, yielding over 15% average error reduction on benchmark datasets.
La justice belge face au génocide rwandais : la symbolique de la compétence universelle en question (Belgian Justice facing the Rwandan Genocide: the Symbolism of Universal Jurisdiction in Question)

En 2001 eut lieu a Bruxelles, en Belgique, un proces d’Assises au terme duquel quatre citoyens rwandais furent condamnes pour crimes de guerre commis dans le cadre du genocide qui s’est deroule au Rwanda en 1994. Instruit sur la base d’une loi de «competence universelle» de 1993 - loi qui sera revisee ulterieurement en 1999 puis en 2003 -, ce proces sera l’occasion de soulever divers enjeux ethiques et politiques lies au principe d’une justice deterritorialisee. Symbole d’une justice cosmopolite fondee sur la defense de valeurs universelles pour les uns, traduction d’un neocolonialisme masque derriere la promotion des droits de l’homme pour les autres, le proces de Bruxelles montrera toutes les ambiguites de la justice penale internationale. De meme, il sera l’occasion de souligner l’importance de la dimension symbolique de la justice penale. In 2001, in Brussels, Belgium, a trial of Assises was held, in which four Rwandan citizens were sentenced for war crimes committed during the genocide that took place in Rwanda in 1994. They were investigated on the basis of the law of universal jurisdiction of 1993 - a law that would be revised later in 1999 and then in 2003 - this trial was an opportunity to raise various ethical and political issues related to the principle of deterritorialized justice. A symbol of a cosmopolitan justice based on the defense of universal values for some, a translation of a masked neocolonialism behind the promotion of human rights for others, the Brussels trial showed all the ambiguities of international criminal justice. Similarly, it is an opportunity to highlight the importance of the symbolic dimension of criminal justice. En 2001, se celebro un juicio penal en Bruselas (Belgica), al termino del cual cuatro ciudadanos ruandeses fueron sentenciados por crimenes cometidos durante el genocidio de Ruanda de 1994. Se les investigo en base al principio de Jurisdiccion Universal de 1993 –ley que seria revisada despues, en 1999 y tambien en 2003. Ese proceso dara la oportunidad de reflexionar sobre varios temas eticos y politicos relacionados con el principio de justicia extraterritorial. Simbolo de justicia cosmopolita basada en la defensa de los valores universales, para algunos, traslacion del colonialismo enmascarado tras la defensa de los derechos humanos, para otros, el juicio de Bruselas expuso todas las ambiguedades de la justicia penal internacional, pero tambien permite destacar la importancia de la dimension simbolica de la justicia penal. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-0939
Real Versus Pseudo-International Systemic Risk: Some Lessons from History

This paper considers the meaning of domestic and international systemic risk. It examines scenarios that have been adduced as creating systemic risk both within countries and among them. It distinguishes between the concepts of real and pseudo-systemic risk. We examine the history of episodes commonly viewed either as financial crises or as evidencing systemic risk to glean lessons for today. We also present some statistical evidence on possible recent systemic risk linkages between the stock markets of emerging countries. The paper concludes with a discussion of the lessons yielded by the record.
Employee lawsuits and capital structure

We examine the effect of litigation on corporate capital structure by using a unique, hand-collected dataset of 30,841 employee disputes (after initial court hearings) between 2000 and 2015. We find that employee lawsuits increase firms’ leverage ratios, and firms with frequent employee allegations maintain high leverage ratios. The positive relationship between employee allegations and leverage also exists when we use other workplace-related violations, inspections, and complaints. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of employee treatment in the workplace environment.
Reconfigurable shape-morphing dielectric elastomers using spatially varying electric fields

Exceptionally large strains can be produced in soft elastomers by the application of an electric field and the strains can be exploited for a variety of novel actuators, such as tunable lenses and tactile actuators. However, shape morphing with dielectric elastomers has not been possible since no generalizable method for changing their Gaussian curvature has been devised. Here it is shown that this fundamental limitation can be lifted by introducing internal, spatially varying electric fields through a layer-by-layer fabrication method incorporating shaped, carbon-nanotubes-based electrodes between thin elastomer sheets. To illustrate the potential of the method, voltage-tunable negative and positive Gaussian curvatures shapes are produced. Furthermore, by applying voltages to different sets of internal electrodes, the shapes can be re-configured. All the shape changes are reversible when the voltage is removed. Electric fields can produce strains in soft elastomers but a generalizable method for changing the Gaussian curvature has not been devised. Here the authors demonstrate voltage-tunable shape morphing using a spatially inhomogeneous electric field generated by electrodes incorporated between elastomer layers.
A Quest for Structure: Jointly Learning the Graph Structure and Semi-Supervised Classification

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is effectively used for numerous classification problems, thanks to its ability to make use of abundant unlabeled data. The main assumption of various SSL algorithms is that the nearby points on the data manifold are likely to share a label. Graph-based SSL constructs a graph from point-cloud data as an approximation to the underlying manifold, followed by label inference. It is no surprise that the quality of the constructed graph in capturing the essential structure of the data is critical to the accuracy of the subsequent inference step [6]. How should one construct a graph from the input point-cloud data for graph-based SSL? In this work we introduce a new, parallel graph learning framework (called PG-learn) for the graph construction step of SSL. Our solution has two main ingredients: (1) a gradient-based optimization of the edge weights (more specifically, different kernel bandwidths in each dimension) based on a validation loss function, and (2) a parallel hyperparameter search algorithm with an adaptive resource allocation scheme. In essence, (1) allows us to search around a (random) initial hyperparameter configuration for a better one with lower validation loss. Since the search space of hyperparameters is huge for high-dimensional problems, (2) empowers our gradient-based search to go through as many different initial configurations as possible, where runs for relatively unpromising starting configurations are terminated early to allocate the time for others. As such, PG-learn is a carefully-designed hybrid of random and adaptive search. Through experiments on multi-class classification problems, we show that PG-learn significantly outperforms a variety of existing graph construction schemes in accuracy (per fixed time budget for hyperparameter tuning), and scales more effectively to high dimensional problems.
Measuring Hardware Impairments with Software-Defined Radios

This Innovative Practice Full Paper introduces a novel tool for educating electrical engineering students about hardware impairments in wireless communications. A radio frequency (RF) front end is an essential part of a wireless transmitter or receiver. It features analog processing components and data converters which are driven by today’s digital communication systems. Advancements in computing and software-defined radio (SDR) technology have enabled shaping waveforms in software and using experimental and easily accessible plug-and-play RF front ends for education, research and development. We use this same technology to teach nonlinear effects of RF front ends and their implications. It uses widely available RF instruments and components and SDR technology-well-established affordable hardware and free open source software-to teach students how to characterize the nonlinearity of RF receivers while providing hands-on experience with SDR tools. We present the hardware, software and procedures of our laboratory session that enable easy reproducibility in other classrooms. We discuss different forms of evaluating the suitability of the new class modules and conclude that it provides a valuable learning experience that bolsters the theory that is typically provided in lectures only.