cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Madness, Fear, and Control in Bangladesh: Clashing Bodies of Power/Knowledge

This article presents an understanding of how Bangladeshis cope with madness in relation to two assumptions: that systems of knowledge and of power are coterminous, and that actors in medical encounters draw on incompatible and unequal bodies of knowledge-power I first offer a perspective on psychiatry, emotion, and discourse in Bangladesh as a society increasingly caught up in globalizing modernity. Then I present two types of data to illumine tensions between various attempts to control the fears associated with schizophrenia. The first is a set of exchanges in the advice column of a new popular psychiatry magazine in Bangladesh that inculcate new perspectives on self Those who write to the editors signal their fears of what might, in the end, be impossible to control. Answers from the psychiatrists who edit the magazine reflect discourses circulating on the web, at international conferences, and at the institutions in the United Kingdom and the United States where one of them received his training. The second data set consists of video recordings of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia interacting with families and/or psychiatrists. In part because of knowledge-power asymmetries, attempts at controlling fears surrounding schizophrenia in these four cases fail to address the depths, tacitness, embodiment, and narrative embedding of anxieties experienced by all parties. I close with an argument about the implications for theories of culture and of medical pluralism that arise from cases in which the local Self is experienced from the perspective of powerful Others.
Acute intravenous cocaine causes transient depression followed by enhanced left ventricular function in conscious dogs.

BACKGROUNDPrior studies in experimental canine models have demonstrated that intravenous cocaine administration causes myocardial depression. The purpose of the present study was to establish the mechanisms of cocaine's actions on myocardial and left ventricular performance after single intravenous bolus doses in conscious, chronically instrumented dogs, in which the full autonomic influences of cocaine would be manifest.METHODS AND RESULTSIn the intact state, cocaine (1 mg/kg) caused a transient decrease in left ventricular dP/dt (baseline; 3,086 +/- 107 mm Hg/sec; 2.5 minutes, 2,649 +/- 114 mm Hg; p < 0.05) followed by a 25 +/- 4% increase in left ventricular dP/dt that peaked at 15 minutes (left ventricular dP/dt, 3,751 +/- 127 mm Hg/sec, p < 0.01) and remained elevated during the 30-minute period of observation. Both the initial depression and the sustained increase in left ventricular contractile response were dose related. The increase in left ventricular dP/dt persisted under circumstances in which...
Gamma Rays from Ga 65 Decay and Half-Life of the 54-kev Level of Zn 65

The energies and intensities of the gamma rays following the positron and electron capture decay of ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{65}$ have been determined by means of scintillation spectrometry techniques. At least twenty gamma rays de-excite proposed levels in ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ at the following energies (in kev): 53.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01, 115.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, 206\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, 773\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10(?), 863\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10, 1040\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15, 1310\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20, 1480\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20, 1970\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40, and \ensuremath{\sim}2300. A consistent cascade scheme for ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ is presented which incorporates all of the observed gamma transitions. The first excited state of ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ has been found to be isomeric with a half-life of 1.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 \ensuremath{\mu}sec.
The meaning of Darwin’s “abominable mystery”

Charles Darwin's "abominable mystery" has come to symbolize just about all aspects of the origin and early evolution of flowering plants. Yet, there has never been an analysis of precisely what Darwin thought was so abominably mysterious. Here I explicate Darwin's thoughts and frustrations with the fossil record of flowering plants as revealed in correspondence with Joseph Hooker, Gaston de Saporta, and Oswald Heer between 1875 and 1881. I also examine the essay by John Ball that prompted Darwin to write his "abominable mystery" letter to Hooker in July of 1879. Contrary to what is generally believed, Darwin's abominable mystery has little if anything to do with the fossil prehistory of angiosperms, identification of the closest relatives of flowering plants, questions of the homologies (and character transformations) of defining features of flowering plants, or the phylogeny of flowering plants themselves. Darwin's abominable mystery and his abiding interest in the radiation of angiosperms were never driven primarily by a need to understand the literal text of the evolutionary history of flowering plants. Rather, Darwin was deeply bothered by what he perceived to be an abrupt origin and highly accelerated rate of diversification of flowering plants in the mid-Cretaceous. This led Darwin to create speculative arguments for a long, gradual, and undiscovered pre-Cretaceous history of flowering plants on a lost island or continent. Darwin also took refuge in the possibility that a rapid diversification of flowering plants in the mid-Cretaceous might, if real, have a biological explanation involving coevolutionary interactions between pollinating insects and angiosperms. Nevertheless, although generations of plant biologists have seized upon Darwin's abominable mystery as a metaphor for their struggle to understand angiosperm history, the evidence strongly suggests that the abominable mystery is not about angiosperms per se. On the contrary, Darwin's abominable mystery is about his abhorrence that evolution could be both rapid and potentially even saltational. Throughout the last years of his life, it just so happens that flowering plants, among all groups of organisms, presented Darwin with the most extreme exception to his strongly held notion natura non facit saltum, nature does not make a leap.
Boundaries and Selves in the Making of 'Science'.

Relying on ideas from practice theory and critical autobiography, I use this article first to tell, and then to analyse, a story about trying to publish a book whose contents are in some ways marginal to what is normally considered science or science education. During the publishing process, what counts as science got tangled up with what counts as “credible” science, “marketable” literature, and academic competence. As a result, a book and a person (me) dedicated to expanding the boundaries of science also became contributors to those very same boundaries.
Gigahertz Microring Electro-Optical Modulator in Hybrid Silicon and Lithium Niobate

We present a gigahertz electro-optical modulator based on a hybrid silicon and lithium niobate microring resonator. Digital modulation with an extinction ratio greater than 3 dB is demonstrated up to 9 Gb/s.
Early Diagnosis and Intervention in Multiple Sclerosis

ABSTRACT This article provides guidelines for identifying and treating relapsing-remitting MS in the primary care setting and reviews recent additions to treatment options for disease management. Approaches for patient counseling and recommendations by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society are also discussed. (Int J MS Care. 2001; 3(3): 8–14)
Contralateral suppression of non-linear click-evoked otoacoustic emissions

Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions from nominal 80 dB pSP (peak sound pressure) 80-microseconds pulses presented at 50 pulses per second were collected from the right ears of eleven normal hearing subjects using an ILO88 Otodynamic Analyzer in the non-linear mode. Clicks, pure tones, and narrow bands of noise were then presented to their left ears through insert earphones. The 80-microseconds contralateral clicks ranged in intensity from 80 dB pSP in 5 dB steps down to 60 dB pSP but data on only 10 of the subjects were collected successfully. The pure tones and narrow bands of noise centered at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz were also presented through insert phones at 20, 40, 60 and 80 dB HL (Hearing Level) to all 11 subjects. The mean overall 'echo amplitude' without contralateral stimuli was 11 dB SPL and underwent more than 3 dB of overall suppression in response to the noises which were the most effective of the contralateral suppressors. When we analyzed the echo suppression to noise in 2-ms segments, we found consistent contralateral suppression of 3-4 dB concentrated in the time zones after 8 ms. Time shifts of more than 200 microseconds between the control and experimental traces were also observed in the same zones. The clicks were the next most effective suppressors, but showed their amplitude and time effects in somewhat earlier time zones. The tones were the least effective suppressors suggesting that efferent effects we measured in the human system are not strongly tonotopic. Because 'non-linear' mode high intensity clicks were deliberately selected as stimuli to evoke the TEOAE's, the emissions and their suppression can represent neither the 'true' TEOAE nor all of the efferent system's suppression abilities.
Jensen's bivariate gamma distribution: ratios of components

The exact distribution of the ratio X/(X+Y) is derived when X and Y follow the bivariate gamma distribution due to Jensen. Several particular cases are considered. An application of the results is provided to drought data from Nebraska.
Digoxin-lnduced positive exercise tests: Their clinical and prognostic significance

Abstract To evaluate the influence of digoxin on the results of exercise testing and the prognostic significance of digoxin-induced positive exercise tests, 98 healthy men, aged 22 to 70 years, were studied. All had normal initial exercise test results. All took digoxin, 0.25 mg daily, for 14 days, and then performed daily exercise tests until each had a negative test response. Five years after these initial tests, a medical history was obtained from 92 of the 98 subjects, and 76 subjects performed repeat exercise tests. Six subjects were lost to follow-up study. Twenty-five percent of subjects (22 of 98) had a digoxin-induced positive exercise test. There was a direct relation between age and the incidence of digoxin-positive tests. The incidence of digoxin-positive tests in men over age 60 years was 100 percent. By 30 seconds after exercise no subject had greater than 1.9 mm S-T depression. No test remained positive for more than 6 minutes after exercise was discontinued. No test was positive 12 days after digoxin was withdrawn. With logistic regression analysis, it was possible to estimate the probability that a subject would have a digoxin-induced positive test. No subject had had a cardiovascular event at follow-up study, but five subjects had a positive repeat exercise test. Four of these subjects had had a digoxin-positive test initially. It is concluded that (1) useful information can be obtained from exercise studies of patients who receive digoxin, (2) the probability that a positive exercise test is due to digoxin can be estimated, (3) to remove the exercise-induced electrocardiographic effect, the drug should be withdrawn for 12 days, and (4) digoxin may unmask subclinical coronary arterial stenosis.
Errors associated with single-scan determinations of regional cerebral blood flow by xenon enhanced CT

Possible errors in the determination of xenon concentrations in arterial blood, and uncertainties in CT tissue enhancements during inhalation of xenon-oxygen mixtures, are used to assess errors in the determination of regional cerebral blood flow by the in vivo autoradiographic (single-scan) technique. The results of this study indicate that errors associated with the determination of xenon concentrations in arterial blood decrease rapidly as the time of scanning after the initiation of xenon inhalation is increased. Analysis of errors caused by statistical uncertainties in image enhancement indicate that time of scanning is optimal between 1.5 and 2.5 min for determination of fast flow, while errors in single-flow determinations gradually decrease as the time of scanning increases.
Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat mammary tumor growth by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Abstract 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds inhibit diverse estrogen-induced responses in the rodent uterus and human breast cancer cells. The effects of a single non-toxic dose of TCDD (10 μg/kg) on the development of mammary tumors was investigated in female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with an oral dose of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) (20 mg). In rats which developed mammary tumors, subsequent treatment with corn oil (vehicle) resulted in a 3.9-fold increase in mammary tumor volume after 21 days. In contrast, a second group of rats with mammary tumors were treated with a non-toxic dose of TCDD (10 μg/kg) and after 21 days, the mean tumor volumes decreased from 89.7 ± 53 mm3 to 24.9 ± 28.5 mm3. Moreover, these results demonstrate the antitumorigenic activity of TCDD in female Sprague-Dawley rats.
Tensile creep of silicide composites

Abstract A study has been conducted on the creep behavior of a silicide composite consisting of 50 mol.% MoSi2 and WSi2 reinforced with SiC whiskers. Activation energies for creep in compression and tension were 312 kJ mol−1 and 557 kJ mol−1 respectively. Stress exponents for creep were 3.2 in tension and 2.3 in compression. These values lie within the range of values obtained by other investigators. The creep resistance of the composite is considerably better than that of current alloys used in heat engines. Most of this improvement comes from the addition of SiC whiskers to the base alloy. It is suggested that the addition of higher concentrations of whiskers or particles would result in additional improvement of the creep behavior of silicide composites.
Sensitivity of infants with and without Down syndrome to intrinsic dynamics.

Abstract We examined the way in which infants with and without Down syndrome (DS) adapted their intrinsic dynamics, that is, their spontaneous leg movements, to perturbations. Weights totaling 25%, 50%, and 100% of their estimated calf mass were attached to one leg as they sat in an infant seat and moved freely. Particularly at higher weightings, infants in both groups demonstrated bilateral sensitivity and adaptability by increasing activity levels of the unweighted leg relative to the weighted leg. Individual differences in sensitivity thresholds were observed for both groups, but more infants with than without DS demonstrated minimal overt adaptation to the perturbation. We argue that the capacity to respond differentially to the dynamics of movement contexts is necessary for acquiring functional motor skills.
The impact of group drumming on social-emotional behavior in low-income children.

Low-income youth experience social-emotional problems linked to chronic stress that are exacerbated by lack of access to care. Drumming is a non-verbal, universal activity that builds upon a collectivistic aspect of diverse cultures and does not bear the stigma of therapy. A pretest-post-test non-equivalent control group design was used to assess the effects of 12 weeks of school counselor-led drumming on social-emotional behavior in two fifth-grade intervention classrooms versus two standard education control classrooms. The weekly intervention integrated rhythmic and group counseling activities to build skills, such as emotion management, focus and listening. The Teacher's Report Form was used to assess each of 101 participants (n = 54 experimental, n = 47 control, 90% Latino, 53.5% female, mean age 10.5 years, range 10–12 years). There was 100% retention. ANOVA testing showed that intervention classrooms improved significantly compared to the control group in broad-band scales (total problems (P < .01), internalizing problems (P < .02)), narrow-band syndrome scales (withdrawn/depression (P < .02), attention problems (P < .01), inattention subscale (P < .001)), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-oriented scales (anxiety problems (P < .01), attention deficit/hyperactivity problems (P < .01), inattention subscale (P < .001), oppositional defiant problems (P < .03)), and other scales (post-traumatic stress problems (P < .01), sluggish cognitive tempo (P < .001)). Participation in group drumming led to significant improvements in multiple domains of social-emotional behavior. This sustainable intervention can foster positive youth development and increase student-counselor interaction. These findings underscore the potential value of the arts as a therapeutic tool.
Computational Modeling of Thrombotic Microparticle Deposition in Nonparallel Flow Regimes

Thrombotic microparticles (MPs) released from cells and platelets in response to various stimuli are present in elevated numbers in various disease states that increase the risk for thrombotic events. In order to understand how particles of this size may localize in nonparallel flow regimes and increase thrombotic risk, a computational analysis of flow and MP deposition was performed for 3 deg of stenosis at moderate Reynolds number (20<Re<80) and for recirculation zones at low Reynolds (1) number. The results indicate that MP deposition results primarily from impaction and not by diffusive flux.
Does estrogen replacement therapy reduce the risk of fatal breast cancer in postmenopausal women

After decades of epidemiological research, the association of postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) with breast cancer remains controversial. Although numerous meta-analyses concur that the relative risk of developing breast cancer in women who have ever taken estrogen is increased by 25–30% after long-term use (\10 years) [1], a meta-analysis is only as accurate as its component studies. Very few of the earlier analyses supply mammographic screening data, and more frequent screening by hormone users might result in a spuriously high detection rate. Other authors have reviewed the epidemiologic literature and concluded that observational studies finding an increased risk of breast cancer associated with ERT might have been influenced by surveillance bias, independent risk factors for breast cancer among ERT users, and the small numbers of women in the long-term group [2,3]. Even assuming the worst-case scenario, a 30% increase in relative risk will only translate into a 3% increase in absolute risk, if one uses the value of 10% for the absolute risk of developing breast cancer between ages 50 and 80 [4]. Put another way, out of every 100 users of ERT, 13 will develop breast cancer between the ages of 50 and 80 years, but only three of those 13 cases will be related to their hormone use. Since only onefourth of breast cancer patients actually die of their disease, theoretically fewer than one woman in 100 will die of breast cancer related to the use of exogenous hormones. This is a small increase in risk when compared with the 30 women in that same group of 100 hormone users who will be spared an early death from coronary heart disease [5], not to mention the improved quality of life and possibly decreased risk of colon cancer [6] and Alzheimer’s disease [7] that may accompany postmenopausal hormone use. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that even that one theoretical death in 100 may not occur in actuality. As part of the American Cancer Society’s Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS II), a large prospective cohort of 422 373 post1 This editorial will refer only to estrogen replacement, since most of the data were collected before progestins became routinely used. Available evidence indicates that, in contrast to the effect on endometrial cancer, progestins are neutral regarding breast cancer risk [11,13].
Catalytic antibodies: Perusing combinatorial libraries

Combinatorial libraries are a promising alternative for isolating catalytic antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the transition-state analog of a given reaction. Large, diverse panels of antibodies with high affinity for the transition-state analog can be isolated using screening or selection approaches. Furthermore, we have estimated that nucleotide sequences that bear close similarity to the sequence for a known catalytic antibody occur in combination at frequencies sufficient for their detection in such libraries.
Molecular modelling of the shape selectivity for the Fischer-Tropsch reaction using a tri-functional catalyst

Abstract A simplified, first order model of diffusion and reaction in a carbon molecular sieve catalyst for the conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbons has been developed. The model identifies the key parameters in determining the expected product distributions from these new catalyst structures. Model results indicate that the carbon molecular sieve catalysts may be tailored to improve the yield of petroleum range products, and provide a useful basis for planning the design, synthesis and testing of these new materials.
Brains in vats and the internalist perspective

(1985). Brains in vats and the internalist perspective. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 205-212.
Competition between Hatchery-Reared and Wild Juvenile Chinook Salmon in Enclosures in the Sacramento River, California

Abstract We conducted two types of experiments in the upper Sacramento River, California, to test the effects of hatchery-reared juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha on the emigration, growth, and survival of their wild counterparts. In 3 years of displacement experiments, emigration rates from 8-m2 enclosures into downstream traps were similar between control enclosures that contained 40 wild fish and treatment enclosures to which 33 or 40 hatchery fish were also added. The mean number of wild fish in enclosures at the end of experiments differed by less than one fish between treatments and controls during all 3 years, indicating that hatchery fish prompted few wild fish to emigrate. In 2 years of competition experiments wherein fish could not emigrate, the enclosures contained wild fish (40 fish), wild fish plus hatchery fish (40 wild fish plus 33 or 40 hatchery fish), or wild fish at the same total density as the treatment with wild plus hatchery fish (73 or 80 wild fish). During 2001, surv...
Oxidation and nuclear localization of thioredoxin‐1 in sparse cell cultures

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were once viewed only as mediators of toxicity, but it is now recognized that they also contribute to redox signaling through oxidation of specific cysteine thiols on regulatory proteins. Cells in sparse cultures have increased ROS relative to confluent cultures, but it is not known whether protein redox states are affected under these conditions. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether culture conditions affect the redox state of thioredoxin-1 (Trx1), the protein responsible for reducing most oxidized proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The results showed that Trx1 was more oxidized in sparse HeLa cell cultures than in confluent cells. The glutathione pool was also more oxidized, demonstrating that both of the major cellular redox regulating systems were affected by culture density. In addition, the total amount of Trx1 protein was lower and the subcellular distribution of Trx1 was different in sparse cells. Trx1 in sparse cultures was predominantly nuclear whereas it was predominantly cytoplasmic in confluent cultures. This localization pattern was not unique to HeLa cells as it was also observed in A549, Cos-1 and HEK293 cells. These findings demonstrate that Trx1 is subject to changes in expression, redox state and subcellular localization with changing culture density, indicating that the redox environments of the cytoplasm and the nucleus are distinct and have different requirements under different culture conditions.
Payment mechanisms for social work in health care: Today and tomorrow

Accepting the establishment of a national health policy as iminent, this paper surveys the way social work services are organized and financed within the health care system. It also outlines what measures can be taken to ensure the inclusion and importance of the profession within this system, and what developments can be expected in the next ten years.
Workstation performance as a function of local memory in distributed environments

A case study effort to model distributed computer-aided engineering environments is presented. Typical environments will be hosted on graphics workstations communicating over a local-area-network and supported by one or more file-servers. The paper describes our initial attempts at quantifying performance of alternate architectures being proposed for these engineering environments. Specifically, we focus on predicting workstation performance as a function of local memory. The modeling approach includes Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets (GSPN), Multiclass (BCMP) Queueing Networks, and an experimental method of measuring program characteristics for input parameter estimation.
Optimized smoothing of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) time-variable gravity observations

[1] High-degree and high-order spherical harmonics of time-variable gravity fields observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity mission are dominated by noise. We develop two smoothing methods that suppress these high-degree and high-order errors with results superior to more commonly used Gaussian smoothing. These optimized smoothing methods considerably improve signal-to-noise levels of GRACE terrestrial water storage estimates relative to residual signal and noise over the oceans and show significantly better spatial resolution and lower leakage error. On the basis of analysis using an advanced land surface model, the equivalent spatial resolution from these optimized smoothing estimates is about 500 km, compared to the roughly 800–1000 km Gaussian smoothing that is required to suppress high-degree noise in the GRACE fields.
On the theory of grain growth in systems with anisotropic boundary mobility

Abstract We analyze grain growth kinetics in systems with anisotropic grain boundary mobility. In contrast to most previous studies of grain growth dynamics, we relax self-similarity assumptions that strongly constrain the dynamics and statistics during microstructural evolution in polycrystalline materials. We derive analytical expressions for the average growth rate within each topological class of n -sided grains as well as for the growth rate of the average grain area; we explain the results using underlying symmetries. Although anisotropic grain growth may in general be non-linear in time, we show, even in the absence of the self-similarity constraint, that the evolution kinetics obeys the von Neumann–Mullins relationship in the two limiting cases of textured and fully random microstructure with a time dependence solely determined by changes in the misorientation distribution. Our analytical results agree well with recent computer simulations using a generalized phase field approach.
Hydrogen peroxide production using chemically treated Pichia pastoris cells

Abstract A new method has been developed to prepare intact cell systems to produce hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) using methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris . The high alcohol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.13; AOXase) content in the living P. pastoris cells is always associated with high activity of catalase (about 200- to 400-fold higher than that of AOXase) to protect the cells from oxidative damage from H 2 O 2 . To obtain catalasefree intact cells, a combination of a cationic detergent, cetyldimethylbenzyl-ammonium chloride (Cation M2), to permeabilize the cell membrane and a ctalase inhibitor, sodium azide, was used to selectively release and inactivate the cellular catalase. This chemical treatment released more than 50% of the cellular protein including the inactivated catalase, thus increasing more than twofold the specific cellular AOXase activity. In addition, the cells were made more permeable to the reacting substrates. Using chemically treated P. pastoris YB4290 cells, 10 m m of H 2 O 2 was produced from 10 m m methanol (Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5) in 4 h at 15°C. In the presence of pure oxygen instead of air, 50–80 m m of H 2 O 2 was produced in 3 h at a maximum rate of 2.6 m g −1 (dry cell wt.) h −1 . The cells maintained half of the initial enzyme activity after five repeated-batch experiments at 15°C.
Association of bacteria with metacercarial cysts of Echinostoma caproni

Echinostoma caproni metacercarial cysts often need to be stored for several months to a year to meet laboratory requirements. This study examined the bacteria associated with encysted metacercariae stored at 4°C. Bacterial assemblages from the kidney-pericardial region of uninfected snails and assemblages from the site of metacercarial infection in Biomphalaria glabrata were determined. Four species of Gram-negative rods were isolated and identified from the stored cysts to species or genus as Pseudomonas sp., Alcaligenes sp., Enterobacter cloacae, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Gram-positive rods were also isolated and included small slender rods (alpha hemolytic), small coccobacilli (gamma hemolytic), and small rods that exhibited gamma hemolysis. Accumulation of these bacteria on the surface of encysted metacercariae probably contributed to a decreased cyst viability of E. caproni.
Phased Array System Design and Modeling

This paper describes a hardware architecture for a phase array system implemented at 2.425 GHz, discusses beam formation with mutual coupling effects, modulation formats, and provides a test bench for automated testing of the phase array system
AIDS and Adolescents Threat of Infection and Approaches for Prevention

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has reached epidemic proportions in many countries. In the United States the infection is currently most common among homosexual males and intravenous (IV) drug users in urban areas. However, heterosexuals are also at risk of AIDS infection, as is illustrated by the heterosexual-infection patterns present in areas outside the United States. The adolescent population of the United States is currently behaviorally and biologically at risk of AIDS contagion, and, although current infection rates among adolescents are low, the infection could mushroom in the future. Therefore, now is the time to vigorously implement AIDS-prevention strategies among the adolescent population. Some possible strategies involve public education and the modification of risk behaviors, anonymous blood-testing services, development of social support systems, and the implementation of empowerment strategies.
ECT in bipolar and unipolar depression: differences in speed of response

Objectives: There is sparse evidence for differences in response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) between patients with bipolar or unipolar major depression, with virtually no information on speed of response. We contrasted a large sample of bipolar (BP) and unipolar (UP) depressed patients in likelihood and rapidity of clinical improvement with ECT. Methods: Over three double-blind treatment protocols, 228 patients met Research Diagnostic Criteria for UP (n=162) or BP depression (n=66). Other than lorazepam PRN (3 mg/day), patients were withdrawn from psychotropics prior to the ECT course and until after post-ECT assessments. Patients were randomized to ECT conditions that differed in electrode placement and stimulus intensity. Symptomatic change was evaluated at least twice weekly by a blinded evaluation team, which also determined treatment length. Results: Patients with BP and UP depression did not differ in rates of response or remission following the ECT course, or in response to unilateral or bilateral ECT. Degree of improvement in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores following completion of ECT was also comparable. However, BP patients received significantly fewer ECT treatments than UP patients, and this effect was especially marked among bipolar ECT responders. Both BP I and BP II patients showed especially rapid response to ECT. Conclusions: The BP/UP distinction had no predictive value in determining ECT outcome. In contrast, there was a large effect for BP patients to show more rapid clinical improvement and require fewer treatments than unipolar patients. The reasons for this difference are unknown, but could reflect a more rapid build up of anticonvulsant effects in BP patients.
Music Therapy in Pediatrics

The soothing effects of music have been well described over the centuries and across cultures. In more recent times, studies have shown the beneficial effects of music in alleviating symptoms in a wide variety of clinical and psychologic conditions. Music therapy has been primarily used as an intervention to control emotional states, in pain management, cognitive processing, and stress management. Stress is associated with increased production of the stress hormone cortisol, which is known to suppress immune responses. Several studies in the past few decades have demonstrated a positive effect of music therapy on reducing stress or increasing immune responses, or both. Music therapy should therefore be considered as a valuable addition to standard pharmacologic therapeutic modalities in enhancing the immune response and lowering stress levels in such conditions. This article reviews the role of music as a therapeutic modality and the future for music therapy, particularly in pediatrics.
Diversity of Denitrifiers and Their Enzymes

Carbon cycling massively involves all living things as either fixers or liberators, and light continually and specifically drives replenishement reactions. In contrast, the gain and loss events in the cycling of nitrogen are restricted to those procaryotes that fix elemental nitrogen, those that nitrify autotrophically, and those that liberate elemental nitrogen. Despite the gains of continual fixation, losses of nutrient nitrogen from sediments and soils are also unrelenting (Hauck, 1981). Removal of inorganic nitrogen is attributable indirectly to nitrification and directly to denitrification. Nitrate is generated by the one and reduced to elemental nitrogen by the other.
On the formulation of closest-point projection algorithms in elastoplasticity. Part II: globally convergent schemes

This paper presents the formulation of numerical algorithms for the solution of the closest-point projection equations that appear in typical implementations of return mapping algorithms in elastoplasticity. The main motivation behind this work is to avoid the poor global convergence properties of a straight application of a Newton scheme in the solution of these equations, the so-called Newton-CPPM. The mathematical structure behind the closest-point projection equations identified in Part I of this work delineates clearly different strategies for the successful solution of these equations. In particular, primal and dual closest-point projection algorithms are proposed, in non-augmented and augmented Lagrangian versions for the imposition of the consistency condition. The primal algorithms involve a direct solution of the original closest-point projection equations, whereas the dual schemes involve a two-level structure by which the original system of equations is staggered, with the imposition of the consistency condition driving alone the iterative process. Newton schemes in combination with appropriate line search strategies are considered, resulting in the desired asymptotically quadratic local rate of convergence and the sought global convergence character of the iterative schemes. These properties, together with the computational performance of the different schemes, are evaluated through representative numerical examples involving different models of finite-strain plasticity. In particular, the avoidance of the large regions of no convergence in the trial state observed in the standard Newton-CPPM is clearly illustrated.
Selective coexpression of VEGF receptor 2 in EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma cells prevents cellular senescence and contributes to their aggressive nature

Author(s): Jones, Karra A; Gilder, Andrew S; Lam, Michael S; Du, Na; Banki, Michael A; Merati, Aran; Pizzo, Donald P; VandenBerg, Scott R; Gonias, Steven L | Abstract: BackgroundIn glioblastoma (GBM), the gene for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently amplified. EGFR mutations also are common, including a truncation mutation that yields a constitutively active variant called EGFR variant (v)III. EGFRvIII-positive GBM progresses rapidly; however, the reason for this is not clear because the activity of EGFRvIII is attenuated compared with EGF-ligated wild-type EGFR. We hypothesized that EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells selectively express other oncogenic receptors that support tumor progression.MethodsMining of The Cancer Genome Atlas prompted us to test whether GBM cells in culture, which express EGFRvIII, selectively express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)2. We also studied human GBM propagated as xenografts. We then applied multiple approaches to test the effects of VEGFR2 on GBM cell growth, apoptosis, and cellular senescence.ResultsIn human GBM, EGFR overexpression and EGFRvIII positivity were associated with increased VEGFR2 expression. In GBM cells in culture, EGFRvIII-initiated cell signaling increased expression of VEGFR2, which prevented cellular senescence and promoted cell cycle progression. The VEGFR-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor cediranib decreased tumor DNA synthesis, increased staining for senescence-associated β-galactosidase, reduced retinoblastoma phosphorylation, and increased p27(Kip1), all markers of cellular senescence. Similar results were obtained when VEGFR2 was silenced.ConclusionsVEGFR2 expression by GBM cells supports cell cycle progression and prevents cellular senescence. Coexpression of VEGFR2 by GBM cells in which EGFR signaling is activated may contribute to the aggressive nature of these cells.
Gene expression profiling reveals a regulatory role for RORα and RORγ in phase I and phase II metabolism

Retinoid-related orphan receptors alpha (RORα) and gamma (RORγ) are both expressed in liver; however, their physiological functions in this tissue have not yet been clearly defined. The RORα1 and R...
Cartilage debris increases the expression of chondrodestructive tumor necrosis factor-α by articular chondrocytes

Purpose: To determine if cartilage particles increased the expression of TNF-α by articular chondrocytes. Type of study: In vitro experiment. Methods: Articular chondrocytes were obtained from patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis (n = 3) and from patients undergoing below-knee amputation for peripheral vascular disease (n = 3). Chondrocytes were then incubated with and without cartilage particles at a concentration of 5 μg/10 5 cells for 24 hours. TNF-α levels were then determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Both normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes had low baseline expression of TNF-α under standard cell culture conditions. Expression was markedly increased in response to incubation with cartilage particles, and was statistically significant. Conclusions: Cartilage debris in the traumatized and osteoarthritic joint may increase the concentration of TNF-α in the joint, contributing to joint symptoms and cartilage destruction. Arthroscopic debridement and lavage may improve symptoms by washing these harmful components from the joint. Level of evidence: Level IV.
FALLACY OF NONLIFE SAVINGS FROM INVESTED DIFFERENCE

: Usually nonlife savings with term life produce better investment results compared to the cash value in whole life insurance. This paper addressed a potential problem of the former that its balance may decrease during the later years, if the rate of return is relatively low. To fully reveal this declining property to the investors, it is recommended that the investment performance of nonlife savings be disclosed over a 50–year period at 5 and 8 percent returns. Further discussions are delivered regarding similarities and differences between nonlife savings and the cash values under universal and variable life insurance.
Bryozoan-Hydroid Symbiosis and a New Ichnogenus, Caupokeras

Several genera of modern cheilostome bryozoans are hosts of epibiotic zancleid hydroids that have a diversity of host-guest relationships that in general are mutualistic, although a cost of the relationship may involve some degree of parasitism of the bryozoan by the hydroid. The modern host bryozoans typically grow skeletal tubes that enclose the stolon system of the epibiotic zancleids, producing preservable structures. Devonian fenestrate bryozoans secreted skeletal enclosures for modular systems of curved, distally expanding, distolaterally budding tubes generated by a soft-bodied colonial epibiont. Since the size and morphology of these tubes are similar to that of extant hydroids, they are inferred to represent a symbiotic relationship between host fenestrate bryozoans and the epibiotic hydroids and are here named Caupokeras calyptos n. igen. n. isp.
Medical schools and their applicants: an analysis.

Shortages of physicians have existed periodically throughout U.S. history. In response, medical school capacity has been increased, by either building new schools or expanding existing ones. Each strategy has encountered the obstacles of time, money, and applicants. If the United States chooses to increase its infrastructure for medical education again, these past experiences offer lessons that can be drawn upon. The most instructive ones are how long this process will take, how important public sponsorship and financing will be, and how much it will depend on antecedent dynamics within K–12 and baccalaureate education to assure an adequate flow of applicants, all of which makes the need to develop strategies for the future ever more pressing.
A large cost of female mate sampling in pronghorn.

Abstract: We measured the energy cost of mate sampling by female pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), a species for which there are no apparent direct benefits of mate choice and for which the sampling tactic most closely resembles best‐of‐n or comparative Bayes. We used Global Positioning System collars to record the position of individuals at 10‐min intervals during the 2 weeks preceding estrus in females that actively sampled and in females that did not sample. The difference in the 2‐week energy costs of these two classes of females was 8,200 (±2,300) kJ, or roughly one‐half of the energy cost of a single day. This value, expressed as the fraction of total yearly energy expenditure, is 59 times the value reported for a lekking bird. Our finding calls into question the common assumption in models of mate search that the cost of search is negligible as well as the common assumption that the cost of sampling must be small when there are only indirect benefits of female choice.
Passive Activity Losses of Trust and Estates: The Regulations (If I Were King)

The passive loss rules of section 469 apply to trusts and decedents' estates. How that is to come about, however, is a complete mystery because, in the 19 years since section 469's enactment in 1986, the government has offered not a shred of published guidance on the intersection of section 469 and subchapter J: no regulations, either final or proposed, no rulings, no notices, no announcements. Nothing. This article steps into the void. It sets forth comprehensive suggested regulations that would coordinate the interaction of the passive loss rules with the rules governing the income taxation of trusts and decedents' estates. It provides the reasoning behind, and detailed explanations of, all but the most self-evident provisions.
GENETIC VARIATION IN THE ENDANGERED SOUTHWESTERN WILLOW FLYCATCHER

Abstract The Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) is an endangered Neotropical migrant that breeds in isolated remnants of dense riparian habitat in the southwestern United States. We estimated genetic variation at 20 breeding sites of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (290 individuals) using 38 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Our results suggest that considerable genetic diversity exists within the subspecies and within local breeding sites. Statistical analyses of genetic variation revealed only slight, although significant, differentiation among breeding sites (Mantel's r = 0.0705, P < 0.0005; θ = 0.0816, 95% CI = 0.0608 to 0.1034; ΦST = 0.0458, P < 0.001). UPGMA cluster analysis of the AFLP markers indicates that extensive gene flow has occurred among breeding sites. No one site stood out as being genetically unique or isolated. Therefore, the small level of genetic structure that we detected may not be biologically significant. Ongoing field studies are consis...
The Clinical Performance of Historical and Conventional UHMWPE in Hip Replacements

Abstract Although UHMWPE has a clinical track record spanning over the past 50 years, the first decade of clinical implementation occurred at Wrightington under the exclusive direction of John Charnley. Following the PTFE debacle, Charnley withheld from publishing his experience with UHMWPE low-friction arthroplasties until the 1970s. Thus, in the 1960s, the proliferation of total joint replacements beyond Wrightington was strictly controlled by Charnley. However, copies of Charnley’s designs began to appear in the United States during the mid-1970s, and after the details of the operation became widely known, total hip replacement underwent a period of steady growth that lasted through the 1980s. Starting in the 1990s, joint arthroplasty entered a period of steady, exponential growth, which has been projected to last throughout the next two decades, barring unforeseen changes in the availability of funds, the emergence of new disruptive technologies, and/or the size of orthopedic surgeon workforce. The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) proclaimed the first decade of the twenty-first century (2002–2011) as “The United States Bone and Joint Decade.”
International Students in Supervision

Abstract This study examined the relationships among academic and supervision variables in 73 international counseling supervisees. The results showed that academic stress, course self-efficacy, and supervisees' perception of supervisors as trustworthy, attractive, and expert predicted the frequency of cultural issues being discussed in supervision and the supervisees' perceptions of the importance of such discussions. Implications for supervision and future research are addressed.
Abstract TP426: Candidate CSF Cytokine and Chemokine Biomarkers for Vasospasm and Poor Outcome in Human Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Introduction: Growing evidence suggest inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm (VSP) and secondary ischemic injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). While elevations o...
Causality Enforcement of High-Speed Interconnects via Periodic Continuations

Causality verification and enforcement is of great importance for performance evaluation of electrical interconnects. We present two techniques based on Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations, also called Hilbert transform relations, and construction of causal periodic continuations. The first method employes periodic polynomial continuations, while the second approach constructs Fourier continuations using a regularized singular value decomposition (SVD) method. Given a transfer function sampled on a bandlimited frequency interval, non-periodic in general, both approaches construct an accurate approximation on the given frequency interval by allowing the function to be periodic on an extended domain. This allows one to significantly reduce (for polynomial continuations) or even completely remove (for Fourier continuations) boundary artifacts that are due to the bandlimited nature of frequency responses. Using periodic continuations eliminates the necessity of approximating the transfer function behavior at ...