cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On species and speciation with reference to the fishes

The nature of species and the processes in which they participate are subjects of continuing debate among evolutionary biologists. I begin by examining how ichthyologists treat species empirically. Such treatments provide a pattern of species and their relationships over time and space. I suggest that this empirical record points to a predominant mode of speciation: vicariant, Model I, allopatric speciation. I also suggest that species are real and that they are individuals. There is a single species concept, the evolutionary species concept (ESC), that best captures the way we think about ¢sh species. This concept is also well integrated with the manner in which species are treated in Phylogenetic Systematics and with the philosophical concept that species are particulars rather than universals.
Entropy on discrete abelian groups

Let G be a discrete group and • an automorphism of G. Then there is an automorphism t% the adjoint of a, on the dual group F defined by (~ar)(x) = z(~-lx), x ~ G, r E / ' , and the mapping cz ~ %~ is an isomorphism of Aut(G) onto Aut(F). (See [2; 26.9].) Denote by h(*a) the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy of ~o~ on F (with respect to Haar measure on / ' ) , or equivalently, the topological entropy of *oz on F. Since entropy is viewed as a measure of "expansiveness", it is plausible that the entropy h(t~) of to should be reflected in some way in the behavior of the adjoint, ~. I f for example we take G = Z • so that ~ ~ T ~, the n-dimensional torus, and a ~ Ant(G), then o~ is identified with an n X n matrix with integer coefficients whose determinant has absolute value one, and tc~ is just the inverse transpose of the matrix of ~. Now by the well-known formula of Kolmogorov.
Dynamic External Hashing with Guaranteed Single Access Retrieval

The goal of the research on hashing as an access method is to arrive at a simple file organization scheme which guarantees single access retrieval from secondary storage, and is dynamic (can gracefully accommodate varying file sizes). There has been much progress in recent years in this regard. The Signature Hashing scheme for external files, proposed by Gonnet and Larson, guarantees single access retrieval [GL88]. But the scheme is static and implementation is complicated [LK84]. In this paper a simple external hashing scheme which guarantees single access retrieval is proposed and performance investigated. The scheme is dynamic, and its cost is better than that of Signature Hashing. An overview of the current state of the art and open problems are mentioned.
Stratification of sudden death risk in patients receiving long-term amiodarone treatment for sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation

Abstract One hundred twenty-two patients treated chronically with amiodarone for sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation after failing conventional antiarrhythmic therapy were analyzed to determine which factors were predictive of sudden cardiac death during follow-up. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction in the study group was 0.32, and 87% of the patients had coronary artery disease with a prior myocardial infarction. During a median follow-up of 19.5 months, 30 patients died suddenly. The only variable that was predictive of sudden death was left ventricular ejection fraction. Twenty-nine of the 84 patients with ejection fractions
Geochemical and Structural Studies in Batholithic Rocks of Southern California: Part II, Sampling of the Rattlesnake Mountain Pluton for Chemical Composition, Variability, and Trend Analysis

New techniques of X-ray fluorescence spectrography have extended the lower atomic-number limit of determination to 0.01 weight per cent Na in silicates. As a result, chemical analyses of coarse-grained rocks can now be obtained more easily than modal analyses. This paper is a discussion of results obtained from nearly 1000 new rock analyses of samples from the Rattlesnake Mountain pluton, San Bernardino Mountains, California. The new method of obtaining chemical data from granitic rocks has necessitated reexamination of sampling methods and designs. Samples must be large enough to be rocks, not merely fragments of constituent minerals. A portable diamond drill is a practical means of decreasing bias and extending the population sampled. Trend-surface analysis of individual elements is a useful computational technique for establishing general patterns of distribution. Factor (vector) analysis makes it possible to study simultaneously the variation of many elements. A more conventional way of achieving this result is to recast chemical analyses as norms; nearly 800 such norms have been computed for this paper. High-speed computers and automatic plotting devices have proved essential for the processing and reduction of our chemical data. Hierarchical sampling enables one to analyze the variance and to measure its components on different scales, information which is essential to the justification of supposed chemical differences between rocks. Chemical mapping requires knowledge of the variance within localities, and more than one sample must be collected at each locality if this variance is to be measured. It is concluded that the analytical precision is more than adequate for this geochemical purpose; local variability in the rocks themselves is usually the limiting factor.
Model of solid gas reaction phenomena in the fluidized bed freeboard

A comprehensive model incorporating elutriation, entrainment and reaction is presented to describe the chemical reaction and hydrodynamics occurring in the freeboard of a fluidized bed. A comparison of experimental data on the amount of particles elutriated and the concentration profiles of SO2 and NOx obtained from the freeboard of fluidized bed coal combustion (FBC) by the Babcock & Wilcox Company with the calculation based on the proposed model to include the effect of interaction among the entrained particles is desirable. More experimental data with chemical reactions in the freeboard are needed to validate the model for applications to fluidized bed catalytic reactors.
Evaluating research on abortion and mental health.

Evaluating research on abortion and mental health Julia R. Steinberg⁎, Nancy Felipe Russo Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0744, USA Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Received 14 November 2008; revised 15 May 2009; accepted 2 June 2009
Effects of Prescribed Fires on Young Valley Oak Trees at a Research Restoration Site in the Central Valley of California

Woodland restoration sites planted with Quercus lobata (valley oak) often have serious invasions of nonnative annual grasses and thistles. Although prescribed fire can effectively control these exotics, restoration managers may be reluctant to use fire if it causes substantial mortality of recently planted saplings. We studied the effects of prescribed fires on the survival and subsequent growth of 5- and 6-year-old valley oak saplings at a research field near Davis, California. One set of blocks was burned in summer 2003 at a time that would control yellow star thistle, a second set of blocks was burned in spring 2004 at a time that would control annual grasses, and a third set was left unburned. Very few oaks died as a result of either fire (3‐4%). Although a large proportion was topkilled (66‐72%), virtually all these were coppiced and most saplings over 300 cm tall escaped top-kill. Tree height, fire temperature, and understory biomass were all predictive of the severity of sapling response to fire. Although the mean sapling height was initially reduced by the fires, the growth rates of burned saplings significantly exceeded the growth rates of unburned control trees for 2 years following the fires. By 2‐3 years after the fires, the mean height of spring- and summer-burned saplings was similar to that of the unburned control saplings. The presence of valley oak saplings does not appear to preclude the use of a single prescribed burn to control understory invasives, particularly if saplings are over 300 cm tall.
The biokinetics of ruthenium in the human body

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is updating its biokinetic and dosimetric models for workers and subsequently will revisit its models for members of the public. This paper summarises the biokinetic database for ruthenium and proposes a new biokinetic model for systemic ruthenium. In contrast to the ICRP's current model, the proposed model depicts recycling of ruthenium between tissues and blood and a non-uniform distribution of systemic ruthenium. The paper also points out inconsistencies between the ICRP's respiratory model for RuO(4) vapour and reported data, and inconsistencies between the ICRP's default gastrointestinal (GI) uptake value and data for some forms of ruthenium. Dosimetric implications of the proposed systemic model and the findings for inhaled RuO(4) vapour and GI uptake of ruthenium are examined.
An ad omnia approach to defining and achieving private data analysis

We briefly survey several privacy compromises in published datasets, some historical and some on paper. An inspection of these suggests that the problem lies with the nature of the privacy-motivated promises in question. These are typically syntactic, rather than semantic. They are also ad hoc, with insufficient argument that fulfilling these syntactic and ad hoc conditions yields anything like what most people would regard as privacy. We examine two comprehensive, or ad omnia, guarantees for privacy in statistical databases discussed in the literature, note that one is unachievable, and describe implementations of the other.
Brain transcriptome profiles in mouse model simulating features of post-traumatic stress disorder

Social-stress mouse model, based on the resident-intruder paradigm was used to simulate features of human post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The model involved exposure of an intruder (subject) mouse to a resident aggressor mouse followed by exposure to trauma reminders with rest periods. C57BL/6 mice exposed to SJL aggressor mice exhibited behaviors suggested as PTSD-in-mouse phenotypes: intermittent freezing, reduced locomotion, avoidance of the aggressor-associated cue and apparent startled jumping. Brain tissues (amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, septal region, corpus striatum and ventral striatum) from subject (aggressor exposed: Agg-E) and control C57BL/6 mice were collected at one, 10 and 42 days post aggressor exposure sessions. Transcripts in these brain regions were assayed using Agilent’s mouse genome-wide arrays. Pathways and biological processes associated with differentially regulated genes were mainly those thought to be involved in fear-related behavioral responses and neuronal signaling. Expression-based assessments of activation patterns showed increased activations of pathways related to anxiety disorders (hyperactivity and fear responses), impaired cognition, mood disorders, circadian rhythm disruption, and impaired territorial and aggressive behaviors. In amygdala, activations of these pathways were more pronounced at earlier time-points, with some attenuation after longer rest periods. In hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, activation patterns were observed at later time points. Signaling pathways associated with PTSD-comorbid conditions, such as diabetes, metabolic disorder, inflammation and cardiac infarction, were also significantly enriched. In contrast, signaling processes related to neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity were inhibited. Our data suggests activations of behavioral responses associated with anxiety disorders as well as inhibition of neuronal signaling pathways important for neurogenesis, cognition and extinction of fear memory. These pathways along with comorbid-related signaling pathways indicate the pervasive and multisystem effects of aggressor exposure in mice, potentially mirroring the pathologic conditions of PTSD patients.
A Same-Scale Comparison of Electromagnetic Launchers

A same-scale comparison of conventional railguns, augmented railguns, and helical launchers is presented and discussed. While the ideal launcher is always 100% efficient, practical launchers have an efficiency which is a function of the projectile velocity and a new parameter called the characteristic velocity. The characteristic velocity is the velocity needed for 50% maximum efficiency. The motivation for a same-scale comparison is an accounting for the velocity-dependent efficiency effect. The same scale concept states that launcher comparisons should be done on an equal bore diameter, launcher length, projectile mass, and velocity basis. Other parameters developed by the authors and included in the analysis, are the launcher constant and the mode constant that account for the launcher geometry and the mode of operation, respectively. The analysis uses experimental data collected by the authors with conventional railgun, augmented railgun, and helical gun launchers.
Damage Resistance Characteristics of Thick-Core Honeycomb Composite Panels

The quasi-static indentation and impact response of very thick sandwich panels, developed as candidate materials for the crown panel of the next generation large commercial transport, is described. A preliminary characterization of the damage resistance of eight different corefacesheet configurations is performed, and the effect of facesheet thickness, core density and core material is investigated. Drop weight impact, quasi-static indentation, and quasi-static core-crushing characteristics of the different core panel configurations have been studied. Damage is evaluated using conventional methods including cross-sectioning and visual inspection, and dent depth is measured by means of an automated high-precision depth gage. The indentation profile is monitored by means of the digital image correlation technique during the quasi-static tests to gain insight in the response of these complex structures. Excellent agreement has been found between the quasi-static and impact test on the basis of the recorded contact force profiles.
High occurrence of functional new chimeric genes in survey of rice chromosome 3 short arm genome sequences.

In an effort to identify newly evolved genes in rice, we searched the genomes of Asian-cultivated rice Oryza sativa ssp. japonica and its wild progenitors, looking for lineage-specific genes. Using genome pairwise comparison of approximately 20-Mb DNA sequences from the chromosome 3 short arm (Chr3s) in six rice species, O. sativa, O. nivara, O. rufipogon, O. glaberrima, O. barthii, and O. punctata, combined with synonymous substitution rate tests and other evidence, we were able to identify potential recently duplicated genes, which evolved within the last 1 Myr. We identified 28 functional O. sativa genes, which likely originated after O. sativa diverged from O. glaberrima. These genes account for around 1% (28/3,176) of all annotated genes on O. sativa’s Chr3s. Among the 28 new genes, two recently duplicated segments contained eight genes. Fourteen of the 28 new genes consist of chimeric gene structure derived from one or multiple parental genes and flanking targeting sequences. Although the majority of these 28 new genes were formed by single or segmental DNA-based gene duplication and recombination, we found two genes that were likely originated partially through exon shuffling. Sequence divergence tests between new genes and their putative progenitors indicated that new genes were most likely evolving under natural selection. We showed all 28 new genes appeared to be functional, as suggested by Ka/Ks analysis and the presence of RNA-seq, cDNA, expressed sequence tag, massively parallel signature sequencing, and/or small RNA data. The high rate of new gene origination and of chimeric gene formation in rice may demonstrate rice’s broad diversification, domestication, its environmental adaptation, and the role of new genes in rice speciation
An analysis of electron-proton scattering

The measurements of electron-proton differential scattering cross-sections have been fitted successfully using a dispersiontheoretic form. One fit uses the p, ω and η resonances, and small hard cores. 71 experimental points give a ξ2 value of 178. A second fit uses the ρ and to resonances, an also a «soft core» at about 11(0 MeV, and a small hard core. The 71 experimental points give a ξ2 value of 209.
Recent Literature on Lichens—198*

AHMADJIAN, V. 2002. Trebouxia: reflections on a perplexing and controversial lichen photobiont, pp. 375–383. 4 figs. In J. Seckbach (ed.), Symbiosis: Mechanisms and Model Systems. Cellular Origin and Life in Extreme Habitats 4. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London. AHTI, T. & P. DEPRIEST. 2005. (1657–1665) Proposals to conserve eight names and reject one species name in Cladoniaceae (Fungi). Taxon 54: 183–188. [Proposed for conservation: Baeomyces bacillaris Ach., Cenomyce coniocraea Florke, C. polydactyla Florke, C. stellaris Opiz, Cladonia macilenta Hoffm., C. ochrochlora Florke, C. rangiformis Hoffm., C. transcendens (Vainio) Vainio. Proposed for rejection: Lichen monocarpus Ach.] ANZAI, T. & H. HARADA. 2004. On prefectural red lists of lichens in Japan. Lichenology 3: 71–73. 1 tab. [In Japanese.] APTROOT, A. 2004. Redisposition of some, mostly pyrenocarpous, lichens described by Zahlbruckner from Taiwan. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 34: 31–38. 4 figs. [New: Fissurina micromma (Zahlbr.) comb. nov., Staurothele desquamescens (Zahlbr.) comb. nov.] APTROOT, A. 2004. [Review] C. Roux & E. Serusiaux. Le genre Strigula (Lichens) en Europe et en Macaronesie. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 90. 96 pp. J. Cramer, Berlin. 2004. Mycotaxon 90: 479–480. APTROOT, A. & L. B. SPARRIUS. 2003. New microlichens from Taiwan. Fungal Diversity 14: 1–50. 14 figs. [Reports 288 spp. new to Taiwan. New: Arthonia parantillarum Aptroot sp. nov. (Taiwan), Buellia obscurior (Stirton) comb. nov., Rimularia gyromuscosa Aptroot sp. nov. (Taiwan), Rinodina placynthielloides Aptroot sp. nov. (Taiwan), R. pluriloculata sp. nov. (China, Yunnan), R. punctosorediata sp. nov. (Taiwan), Vezdaea flava sp. nov. (Taiwan).] APTROOT, A., L. SPARRIUS & L. SPIER. 2004. Lichens in the Noordoostpolder (Netherlands, Prov. Flevoland). Aktuelle Lichenologische Mitteilungen, NF 13: 12–16. APTROOT, A., C. M. VAN HERK, L. B. SPARRIUS & J. L. SPIER. 2004. Checklist van de Nederlandse korstmossen en korstmossparasieten [Checklist of the lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Netherlands]. Buxbaumiella 69: 17–55. [Lists 871 spp., including 100 lichenicolous fungi and 14 related non-lichen fungi.] ARCHER, A. W. 2004. Pertusariaceae, pp. 116–172. In P. M. McCarthy & K. Mallett (eds.), Flora of Australia. Volume 56A, Lichens 4. ABRS/CSIRO Australia, Melbourne. [Treatment of the genus Pertusaria (119 spp.).]
How Much Is a Win Worth? An Application to Intercollegiate Athletics

Intercollegiate athletics in the United States have become a multibillion-dollar industry over the past several decades. In this study, we investigate the short- and long-term direct monetary effects of operating a winning athletics program for an academic institution of higher education. We construct a unique panel data set from multiple sources and utilize the latest dynamic panel data estimation methods to account for heterogeneity while also addressing endogeneity concerns. We find that success in men’s football and basketball has a significant impact on a school’s respective football and basketball revenues; however, the effect is different based on the type of school. We find that regular season wins in football account for most of the increase in revenue for established schools, whereas invitations to prestigious postseason bowl games play a big part for less-established schools. Furthermore, we find that student population and education quality dissipate the effect of athletic success on monetary ...
The Khojahs of South Asia: Defining a Space of their Own

This study explores the manner in which the Khojah (Ismaili) Muslim community of South Asia and Africa has defined, negotiated and compromised its identities in the face of changing political and theological contexts of the past two centuries. The community's story is narrated through examples of the ways in which the Khojah Ismaili tradition acculturated itself to the Indic milieu as well as through reflections on a more exclusively singular Islamic discourse that became necessary with the growing religious/communal polarization in colonial and postcolonial South Asia and Africa.
An Undergraduate Research Experience Studying Ras and Ras Mutants

Each January from 2010 to 2014, an undergraduate workshop on modeling biological systems was held at Lehman College of the City University of New York. The workshops were funded by a National Science Foundation (NSF) Expedition in Computing, “Computational Modeling and Analysis of Complex Systems (CMACS).” The primary goal was to encourage students, especially women and underrepresented minorities, to persist in a science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) career. A secondary goal was for the students to develop habits supporting collaborative, interdisciplinary work. To these ends, the workshop staff engaged the students in active learning, using discussions, teaming exercises, and research projects. The student research projects were small, carefully delimited parts of the NSF project’s investigation of how to use computational modeling and analysis to improve understanding of pancreatic cancer and atrial fibrillation. Post-workshop surveys show that the students who participated were enthusiastic about the workshops and about working in STEM fields; long-term follow-up of the students’ careers found that 55 of the 61 college graduates (90%) had STEM jobs. The goal of this paper is to provide enough information, in conjunction with the workshop Web page, for other researchers to organize similar workshops. With this in mind, it describes the pedagogy, lists the lecture and exercise materials, and details the student research projects for 2014.
Do depressive symptoms "blunt" effort? An analysis of cardiac engagement and withdrawal for an increasingly difficult task

Research on depression and effort has suggested “depressive blunting”—lower cardiovascular reactivity in response to challenges and stressors. Many studies, however, find null effects or higher reactivity. The present research draws upon motivational intensity theory, a broad model of effort that predicts cases in which depressive symptoms should increase or decrease effort. Because depressive symptoms can influence task-difficulty appraisals—people see tasks as subjectively harder—people high in depressive symptoms should engage higher effort at objectively easier levels of difficulty but also quit sooner. A sample of adults completed a mental effort challenge with four levels of difficulty, from very easy to difficult-but-feasible. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the CESD and DASS; effort-related cardiac activity was assessed via markers of contractility (e.g., the cardiac pre-ejection period [PEP]) obtained with impedance cardiography. The findings supported the theory’s predictions. When the task was relatively easier, people high in depressive symptoms showed higher contractility (shorter PEP), consistent with greater effort. When the task was relatively harder, people high in depressive symptoms showed diminished contractility, consistent with quitting. The results suggest that past research has been observing a small part of a larger trajectory of trying and quitting, and they illustrate the value of a theoretically grounded analysis of depressive symptoms and effort-related cardiac activity.
Protein C deficiency in liver disease

Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent zymogen of a serine protease that is found in blood plasma. The active form, activated protein C, can inhibit blood coagulation and stimulate fibrinolysis. Protein C is synthesized in the liver as a single chain protein. Its synthesis requires several post-translational modifications including carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation of aspartic acid residues, and glycosylation. Plasma protein C levels are sensitive to liver function. Protein C levels fall more rapidly than other vitamin K-dependent proteins when synthesis is altered by the administration of oral anticoagulants. In addition, low protein C levels are highly indicative of abnormal liver function. In one case, homozygous protein C deficiency has been corrected by liver transplantation. In liver transplantation for end-stage liver failure, plasma protein C levels may be a good indicator of the success of the transplantation.
Observations and measurements of boric acid precipitation scenarios

Abstract During a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) in a Light Water Reactor (LWR), the safety injection system injects borated water into the core. The continuous vaporization of the water in the core can increase the concentration of boric acid in the core, to where the boric acid reaches the solubility limit and precipitates. This becomes more likely when the liquid water supply is obstructed due to, for example, debris accumulation. Questions have been raised regarding this and other ways in which boric acid precipitate in the core can affect the coolant flow. A testbed was designed and constructed for observing the behavior of borated water under the combined effects of the boiling and the boric acid precipitation (BAP) and for measuring boric acid concentration during different scenarios. The facility consisted of a transparent polycarbonate vertical pipe in which 41 heated rods were installed to enable the water to reach saturation temperature and to maintain a specified boil-off rate. The layout and geometry of the experimental apparatus were designed to emulate a simplified core of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). The test scenarios varied with respect to thermal power, injection location, and test section configuration. The observations and measurements conducted demonstrated that, even at concentrations above the solubility limit, no appreciable deposition of the solid precipitate was possible, especially in the regions at higher power density. Precipitate particles were observed to be relatively smaller than the channels’ size, and no impact on the coolant behavior was observed. The rate of increase of concentration of boric acid was possibly slowed down by the loss of boric acid in entrained liquid droplets through the exhaust. The results obtained provided a better understanding of the flow behavior in the core in presence of high concentrations of boric acid and may be of immediate use for utilities and the research community performing evaluations of the long-term core coolability.
Employee ownership and firm performance: a meta‐analysis

Employee ownership has been an area of significant practitioner and academic interest for the past four decades. Yet, empirical results on the relationship between employee ownership and firm performance remain mixed. To aggregate findings and provide potential direction for future theoretical development, we conducted a meta-analysis of 102 samples representing 56,984 firms. Employee ownership has a small, but positive and statistically significant relation to firm performance ( r¯ = 0.04). The effect is generally positive for studies with different sampling designs (samples assessing change in performance pre-employee–post-employee ownership adoption or samples on firms with employee ownership), different performance operationalisation (efficiency or growth) and firm type (publicly held or privately held). Suggesting benefits of employee ownership in a variety of contexts, we found no differences in effects on performance in publicly held versus privately held firms, stock or stock option-based ownership plans or differences in effects across different firm sizes (i.e. number of employees). We do find that the effect of employee ownership on performance has increased in studies over time and that studies with samples from outside the USA report stronger effects than those within. We also find little to no evidence of publication bias.
Mechanical Properties of Undoped and Doped Ultrananocrystalline Diamond. Elasticity, Strength, and Toughness.

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the elasticity, toughness, and strength of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (UNCD) and the validity of the Weibull statistical analysis. The fracture strength of UNCD thin films is obtained by testing submicron free-standing films by means of the membrane deflection experiment. The Weibull modulus, m, and the scale parameter, σ0, are obtained by analyzing the tensile data. The applicability of the Weibull statistics in prediction of the strength of doped and undoped UNCD thin films is examined. A particular emphasis is placed on assessing the role of volume vs. surface in the prediction of the material strength. The chapter begins with a description of the investigated materials and a short description of the testing methodologies, followed by the reporting of experimental results including fractographic observations. A statistical analysis of the reported data based on maximum likelihood estimation is used to identify Weibull parameters. The discussion of results and their implication in the design of micro-electromechanical systems MEMS/NEMS based on UNCD are also discussed in the chapter.
What Religion Affords Grassroots NGOs: Frames, Networks, Modes of Action

The international relief and development sector has swelled in the last two decades thanks to American grassroots NGOs: groups that rely on volunteer labor and individual contributions, often on budgets of less than $25,000 a year. Most of these organizations reject the label of “faith-based organization,” yet they find the symbolic and material resources of religion indispensable. Religion affords these NGOs three kinds of resources to meet their distinct organizational needs. First, it provides frames, or ways of thinking and speaking about relief and development work that imbue it with legitimacy. Next, religion offers networks that provide money, volunteers, and entree into aid-receiving communities. Finally, religion affords familiar modes of action that link the NGO, supporters, and local aid recipients. I support these claims with LDA topic modeling (a computerized method of text analysis), content analysis of websites, and in-depth interviews with 43 informants.
An initial assessment of SMAP soil moisture retrievals using high-resolution model simulations and in situ observations

Author(s): Pan, M; Cai, X; Chaney, NW; Entekhabi, D; Wood, EF | Abstract: At the end of its first year of operation, we compare soil moisture retrievals from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission to simulations from a land surface model with meteorological forcing downscaled from observations/reanalysis and in situ observations from sparse monitoring networks within continental United States (CONUS). The radar failure limits the duration of comparisons for the active and combined products (~3 months). Nevertheless, the passive product compares very well against in situ observations over CONUS. On average, SMAP compares to the in situ data even better than the land surface model and provides significant added value on top of the model and thus good potential for data assimilation. At large scale, SMAP is in good agreement with the model in most of CONUS with less-than-expected degradation over mountainous areas. Lower correlation between SMAP and the model is seen in the forested east CONUS and significantly lower over the Canadian boreal forests.
Public Health Message: More of the Message

Public health studies have identified some 50-70 million Americans chronically suffer from a sleep disorder that adversely affects their functioning [1]. Added to this listing, are the results from Department of Transportation identifying some 20% of car crash injuries in the general population result from sleep deprivation effects on attention. A comprehensive report by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies was published in 2006 that identified the impact of driver sleepiness, medical costs from doctor visits/hospital services/ prescription/OTC medicines [2]. The response was five-fold to this report: develop more technologies to detect sleepiness early, strengthen research, establish interdisciplinary sleep programs in Academic Health Centers, and establish a National Somnology of Sleep Medicine Research and Clinical Network. Some results of this lead to more finite identification of sleep insufficiency [1]. A 2014 Center for Disease Control report identified cognitive impairments in concentration (e.g., concentrating on two things, remembering things). Significant (35%) numbers of adults reported falling asleep unintentionally during the day. Sleep insufficiency was also found in that report to be mildly related to comorbidities of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. Additionally, the attrition in functioning due to low energy, fatigue and cognitive impairment from sleep insufficiency further complicates the problem.
Allosteric Modulation: An Alternate Approach Targeting the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor.

The cannabinoid CB1 receptor is a G protein coupled receptor and plays an important role in many biological processes and physiological functions. A variety of CB1 receptor agonists and antagonists, including endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids, have been discovered or developed over the past 20 years. In 2005, it was discovered that the CB1 receptor contains allosteric site(s) that can be recognized by small molecules or allosteric modulators. A number of CB1 receptor allosteric modulators, both positive and negative, have since been reported and importantly, they display pharmacological characteristics that are distinct from those of orthosteric agonists and antagonists. Given the psychoactive effects commonly associated with CB1 receptor agonists and antagonists/inverse agonists, allosteric modulation may offer an alternate approach to attain potential therapeutic benefits while avoiding inherent side effects of orthosteric ligands. This review details the complex pharmacological profiles of these allosteric modulators, their structure–activity relationships, and efforts in elucidating binding modes and mechanisms of actions of reported CB1 allosteric modulators. The ultimate development of CB1 receptor allosteric ligands could potentially lead to improved therapies for CB1-mediated neurological disorders.
Children’s Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Attending Summer Day Camps

Introduction National physical activity standards call for all children to accumulate 60 minutes/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The contribution of summer day camps toward meeting this benchmark is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to provide estimates of children's MVPA during summer day camps. Methods Children ( n =1,061, 78% enrollment; mean age, 7.8 years; 46% female; 65% African American; 48% normal weight) from 20 summer day camps wore ActiGraph GT3x+ accelerometers on the wrist during camp hours for up to 4 non-consecutive days over the summer of 2015 (July). Accumulated MVPA at the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile of the distribution was estimated using random-effects quantile regression. All models were estimated separately for boys and girls and controlled for wear time. Minutes of MVPA were dichotomized to ≥60 minutes/day of MVPA or Results Across the 20 summer day camps, boys ( n =569) and girls ( n =492) accumulated a median of 96 and 82 minutes/day of MVPA, respectively. The percentage of children meeting 60 minutes/day of MVPA was 80% (range, 41%−94%) for boys and 73% (range, 30%–97%) for girls. Conclusions Summer day camps are a setting where a large portion of boys and girls meet daily physical activity guidelines. Public health practitioners should focus efforts on making summer day camps accessible for children in the U.S.
Automated part management system capstone project

To begin our capstone journey our class had been divided into groups or “design teams” to create and develop useful solutions for an existing problem or problems that our industry and society face. The spectrum of our project spans from the idea and research phases all the way to the final documentation and, in our case, production phases. As a group longing for a challenge we chose to not only come up with a project design/report but also create a prototype of our design. We have chosen as a group to come up with a product design solution for an Automated Parts Management System. By documenting everything with notes and a litany of data and research we have taken step by step actions to continuously make progress throughout the semester to reach goals we set. Our semester long journey has demanded a wide range of specialized skills in the Electrical field that we have accrued over our years here at UW-Stout to inevitably reach a successful finish to our project.
Social Skill Dimensions and Career Dynamics

All work is social, yet little is known about social skill dimensions or how social skill experiences accumulate across careers. Using occupational data (O*NET) on social tasks, the authors identif...
Multi-Level Domain-Decomposition Strategy for Solving the Eikonal Equation with the Fast-Sweeping Method

Distance field from a surface geometry is used in several scientific algorithms and applications from computer graphics, visualization, computational fluid dynamics and more. Distance field can be calculated efficiently by solving the eikonal equation at each grid point using the fast-sweeping method. There has been an increased interest to develop parallel algorithms for the fast-sweeping method to accelerate its computational turnaround time. Most parallel strategies have focused on shared-memory parallelism and do not readily extend to distributed-memory parallelism to handle large-scale problems. To address this issue, we propose a domain-decomposition strategy to enable distributed-memory parallelism for the fast-sweeping method on heterogeneous computing clusters with accelerators. In our strategy, we make use of the Cuthill-McKee ordering for both fine- and coarse-grain parallelism such that parallel computations proceed in direction of solution characteristics. We consider both CUDA and OpenACC implementations to compute the distance field from arbitrarily complex geometries and demonstrate parallel computations of large-scale problems that necessitate distributed-memory parallelism. We also discuss the implications of the proposed strategy for scalability of the fast-sweeping method.
Nuclease footprinting of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase/tRNA(Lys-3) complexes

Nuclease footprinting has been used to probe features of binary complexes of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) with both natural and synthetic preparations of its cognate replication primer, tRNA(Lys-3). In addition to heterodimeric RT (p66/p51), ribonucleoprotein complexes containing either the p66 or p51 subunit were analyzed. Footprinting experiments employed both structure- and sequence-specific nucleases. Our results indicate a similar mode of interaction for the three RT preparations tested, suggesting contact with each loop of the tRNA primer (D, anticodon, and T psi C), as well as minor perturbation of the anticodon stem. Although there is little evidence for extensive disruption of the 3'-acceptor stem. RNase A footprinting data with natural and synthetic tRNA suggests that potential base pairing between the T psi C and D loops is disrupted in the presence of RT.
t-Private Systems: Unified Private Memories and Computation

A t-private system consists of computing logic along with ROMs to store the persistent private keys. Ishai et al. [4] have developed a t-private logic schema with zero information loss against a probing adversary with up to t probes per cycle. Valamehr et al. [12] describe memory coding schemes to protect against a physical access adversary who observes transistor level fatigue through destructive slicing of the silicon chip. The two schemes cannot be combined to build a unified t-private system consisting of both memory and computing logic. For instance, Valamehr coding schemes do not have an associated computing logic schema. The keys after being read from ROM first have to be decoded and then re-encoded for t-private logic, opening them to probing attacks. In this paper, we propose a new unified computable t-private model to support both memory coding and logic coding. We develop the computing schema, logic preserving implementations of logic gates such as AND, OR and NOT, for the new computable t-private memories. Our computable t-private model takes fewer gates, less storage, fewer random bits than the existing schemes, and yet limits the adversary success probability. The memory is analyzed in the physical adversary framework of Valamehr, and computing logic is analyzed in the zero information loss framework of Ishai et al. [4].
Brain-Cloud: A Generalized and Flexible Registration Framework for Brain MR Images

Image registration, which aligns a pair of fixed and moving images, is often tackled by the large shape and intensity variation between the images. As a remedy, we present a generalized registration framework that is capable to predict the initial deformation field between the fixed and moving images, even though their appearances are very different. For the prediction, we learn the prior knowledge on deformation from pre-observed images. Especially, our method is significantly differentiated from previous methods that are usually confined to a specific fixed image, to be flexible for handling arbitrary fixed and moving images. Specifically, our idea is to encapsulate many pre-observed images into a hierarchical infrastructure, termed as cloud, which is able to efficiently compute the deformation pathways between the pre-observed images. After anchoring the fixed and moving images to their respective port images (similar images in terms of intensity appearance) in the cloud, we predict the initial deformation between the fixed and moving images by the deformation pathway between the two port images. Thus, the remaining small deformation can be efficiently refined via most existing deformable registration methods. With the cloud, we have obtained promising registration results on both adult and infant brain images, demonstrating the advantage of the proposed registration framework in improving the registration performance.
OR16: CHARACTERIZATION THE MAJOR AND MINOR LIGAND COMPARTMENT OF HLA-E

Aim HLA-E is a non-classical class I HLA that binds and presents class I MHC leader sequences which serve as a ligand for NK receptors such as CD94/NKG2. Apart from this function HLA-E has been reported to bind HLA-A2 like peptides in the absence of TAP. In this study we aim to identify the endogenous ligands presented by HLA-E in the presence of class I with the full complement of chaperones. Methods Here we collect purified soluble HLA-E*01:03 from the U373 cell line. Using acid elution we isolate the peptide ligand pool and analyze them using 2-dimentional LCMS. MS spectra are collected using information-dependant acquisition on a Triple-TOF AB Sciex 5600. Fragment spectra are analyzed with PEAKS and Mascot using the decoy database method at a 1%FDR. Results As initially reported for HLA-E, leader peptides derived from classical HLA, are predominant peptide ligands. We also observed multiple length variants of the leader peptides as well post-translationally modified variants. In addition, greater than 1500 host derived non-leader ligands from 389 different proteins were presented by HLA-E, demonstrating a greater scope of peptide sampling than initially suspected for HLA-E. Within these minor ligands, we observed a bi-modal distribution in the length of the peptides. Consistent with previous reports, ligands 8–11 amino acids in length (N = 597) show a motif similar to HLA-A2. However ligands with >11 amino acids (N = 1035) demonstrate a different motif where the P2 is L,V,G, PΩ is D,K,R and PΩ-1 is L. Conclusion In summary, we show that even in the presence of HLA leader peptides, HLA-E binds a large diversity of peptide ligands with two distinct length preferences and motifs.
In Defense of What(ever) Free Relative Clauses They Dismiss: A Reply to Donati and Cecchetto (2011)

I argue that the version of phrase structure theory proposed by Donati and Cecchetto (2011) falls short of accounting for the attested patterns of free relative clauses not only in English but crosslinguistically in general. In particular, I show that free relative clauses can be introduced not only by wh-words like what or where, which is what Donati and Cecchetto predict, but also by wh-phrases like what books or whatever books and their equivalents in other languages, which Donati and Cecchetto explicitly predict not to be possible.
Profitable coal mining means being productive, safe, and environmentally responsible

Abstract Mining is a business, which means that coal mines must generate a profit or shut down. For decades, profitability has been primarily associated with productive activity, while compliance with safety and environmental regulations has generally been considered a nonproductive activity. The large decrease in the productivity of US coal miners following passage of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act in 1969 seemed to support this concept. Fortunately, one of the outcomes of this and other safety legislation has been the requirement to report production and safety statistics providing a wealth of data for analysis. The more these data are analyzed, the more these seem to suggest a different theory—that focusing on improving safety and taking care of the environment leads to improved miner productivity. To illustrate this, 2015 mine production and total injury rates reported by the top 25 coal producers in the United States were analyzed using ordinary least squares and logarithmic regression methods. Models created by this type of analysis indicate that an increase in productivity is correlated with a reduction in the total incident rate for these mines. Relationships between environmental responsibility and mine safety and/or productivity are not as easily measured, but their importance cannot be overstated given the high visibility of mining when it comes to environmental impacts. Without clearly distinguishing the productive purpose behind every mining venture, it is difficult to economically justify the investment required to reclaim disturbed mine lands. Mining companies must display a strong commitment to environmental sustainability if they are to be granted all necessary permits required to operate.
Clinical Treatment Directions for Infidelity: A Phenomenological Framework for Understanding

Clinical Treatment Directions for Infidelity considers the psychotherapeutic treatment of infidelity from a fresh perspective. Psychotherapy (both couples and individual) for infidelity is notoriously challenging, and clinicians tend to disagree on case conceptualizations and treatment objectives. This book approaches infidelity from a client-centered, phenomenological perspective, informed by qualitative research and social context. Essential for clinicians who work with cases of infidelity, it provides a framework and set of tools with which to approach these cases from a non-judgmental stance that helps clients glean meaning from these experiences and make conscious personal choices about how to move forward.