cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is Jewish (If Anything) about Isaiah Berlin’s Philosophy?

This paper has two central aims: First, to reappraise Isaiah Berlin’s political thought in a historically contextualized way, and in particular: to pay attention to a central conceptual tensions which animates it between, on the one hand, his famous definition of liberalism as resting on a negative concept of liberty and, on the other, his defense of cultural nationalism in general and Zionism in particular. Second, to see what do we gain and what do we lose by dubbing his philosophy Jewish. The discussion will proceed as follows: after describing the conceptual tension (Section 1), I will examine Berlin’s discussion of nationalism and explain why comparisons between him and Hans Kohn as well as communitarian interpretations of him are incomplete and have limited merit. I will continue with a brief discussion of Berlin’s Jewishness and Zionism (Section 3) and explain why I define this position “Diaspora Zionism”. The two concluding sections will discuss Berlin’s place within a larger Cold War liberal discourse (Section 5) and why I find it problematic to see his political writings as part of a Jewish political tradition (Section 6).
Optical flow on a flapping wing robot

Optical flow sensing techniques are promising for obstacle avoidance, distance regulation, and moving target tracking, particularly for small mobile robots with limited power and payload constraints. Most optical flow sensing experimental work has been done on mobile platforms which are relatively steady in rotation, unlike the pitching motion expected on flapping wing flyers. In order to assess the feasibility of using optical flow to control an indoor flapping flyer, an 7 gram commercially available ornithopter airframe was equipped with on-board camera and CPU module with mass of 2.5 grams and 2.6 gram battery. An experiment was conducted capturing optical flow information during flapping and gliding flight on the same platform. As expected, flapping introduced substantial systematic bias to the direction estimates to the point of flipping the true direction periodically. Nonetheless, since the optical flow results oscillated at the same frequency as the flapping wings, it is envisioned that one could disambiguate the jittering optic flow measurements by correlating these with real-time feedback from the motor current.
Social Task Networks: Personal and Collaborative Task Formulation and Management in Social Networking Sites

Personal tasks are managed with a variety of mechanisms from To-Do lists to calendars to emails. Task management remains challenging, since many tasks are interrelated, some may depend on other people’s tasks to be accomplished, and their priority and status changes over time. While many tasks could be automated by services and agents available on the Web, To-Do lists often capture tasks in textual form that combine non-automatable aspects. We have designed a new approach that combines techniques for task representations in hierarchical planning and for sharing in social networking sites. We broaden the notion of assistance so it is not just provided by computers but also by other people.
Abstract W P44: Predicting Omni-directional Lesion Growth in Acute Stroke using Multimodal Intensity Profiles

Introduction: Mechanisms of lesion growth in acute stroke remain poorly characterized. Favorable imaging signatures related to regional tissue status may be disclosed with diffusion-weighted (DWI) and perfusion-weighted (PWI) imaging. Certain values of individual parameters, such as prolonged and decreased CBF, are associated with poor tissue recovery, yet scant data are available regarding the directionality of lesion growth and how different perfusion imaging parameters may be combined to best characterize lesion growth. We developed a probabilistic model that exploits DWI and multi-parametric PWI to predict likelihood of lesion growth in every 3D direction. Hypothesis: We test the hypothesis that combined intensity profiles of PWI features predict the likelihood of lesion growth, in every direction. Methods: Retrospective analysis of DWI and PWI acquired within 24 hours of symptom onset with FLAIR sequences acquired four days later. DWI and PWI were co-registered and the lesions were manually delineate...
Ties That Bind

Professors Donaldson and Dunfee have created a new stage in the development of Integrative Social Contract Theory (ISCT). Their intention is to extend the application of social contracts to business. This review essay discusses the components of ISCT, observes how it works in practice, and assesses its role in guiding multinational firms as they conduct their business in the global economy.
The Self-Made Mom: Neoliberalism and Masochistic Motherhood in Home-Birth Videos on YouTube

ABSTRACTThis essay critically analyzes 22 of the most popular home-birth videos on YouTube (those with more than 1 million views). While these videos are purportedly designed to promote a positive alternative to the technocratic and medical model of maternity, they do so by framing home-birth stories as self-made, masochistic narratives: mythic journeys depicting hardworking individual actors enduring pain to transform self and circumstance. Examining how textual and paratextual elements of the videos narrativize the birthing process, I explore their role in cultivating a masochistic subjective posture that rationalizes self-governance and subordinates opportunities for feminist systemic critique in favor of celebration of individual autonomy. After detailing the functions of birth stories as self-made narratives that reinforce dominant discourses of masochistic motherhood in a neoliberalist context that conditions mothers to self-renounce, self-deny, and sacrifice in order to be “good” citizens, I offer ...
Political Representation in Metropolitan Areas

Unless federation and political representation are developed in metropolitan areas, compartmentalization of local government and fragmentation of public administration will continue. The unmistakable characteristics of American metropolitan areas make them easy to spot: dense populations, urban in nature; industrial and commercial resources; one or more central cities producing the mononucleated or polynucleated pattern; economic and social interconnections maintained by a daily inflow and outflow of traffic. The web of economic and social structure is, however, by no means equalled by political interconnections. The governmental services required by the people living in the area are either unresolved in their metropolitan aspects or are administered by authorities which are often autonomous and remote from coordinated control. Area-wide government to establish policy for the metropolitan population in its unanimity of need and interest is lacking. No political power is in existence to administer the metropolitan aspects of functions. Metropolitan government as such does not exist; it is a concept and possibly a tentative approach. So far, it is no more than that. Still less in esse is metropolitan self-government.
A generalized mesh optimization algorithm and its application in boundary formulated structures

A generalized approach to minimizing finite element mesh distortion for every kind of element is proposed. It is based on the comparison of the Jacobian matrices of "ideal" elements and real elements, followed by the minimization of their differences. Instead of analyzing every component in the Jacobian mauix, as proposed by Hwang and Hew1, this approach deals with the entire matrix and constructs the mesh objective function using a least squares formulation. Two square matrix functions are introduced for this purpose. The algorithm is then applied to boundary formulated structures. Basically, the boundary nodes and interior nodes are treated differently at the problem setup stage. They are later combined to form a constrained optimization scheme. The design variables are the interior nodal coordinates and the parametric values of boundary nodes along the boundary geometry. Verification studies as well as demonstration examples are illustrated to verify the algorithm. In the community of finite element analysis, mesh distortion has always been a concern in real applications. It often appears when the finite element model has highly irregular geometry, or in applications where the model geometry changes dramatically such as shape optimal design. A distorted mesh not only results in an erroneous answer, but can also produce a misleading and meaningless solution. One commonly used approach to overcome this problem is the so-called "Laplacian" smoothing technique, which moves the node to the centroid of surrounding polygon for two dimensional problems, or surrounding volumes for three dimensional structures. Experiences in using this technique, however, reveal that it is not always successful. Especially when there is a concave boundary geometry involved, it may move the interior nodes out of the problem domain and create an invalid mesh2. One simple example of this is the L-shape bracket shown below. The finite element mesh is created using an automatic mesh generator, and more elements are deliberately placed around the inside comer of the bracket in order to demonstrate the solution singularity. If the Laplacian smoothing is applied to this model, as most * Senior Research & Development Engineer, Associate Member ASME finite element mesh generators would do, the result would be a diverged, unbounded mesh. Or if the right angle is replaced by a fillet curve of radius 0.55", it still produces an invalid mesh with interior nodes outside the bracket, as shown in Fig. 1.
Comparing Volumetric Reconstruction Algorithms for Plenoptic-PIV

A new algorithm for reconstruction of 3D particle fields from plenoptic image data is presented. The algorithm is based on the well-known technique of computational refocusing with the addition of a post reconstruction filter to remove the out of focus particles. This new algorithm is compared to the MART algorithm in terms of reconstruction quality on synthetic particle fields as well as velocity data. Preliminary results indicate that the new algorithm performs the same or better than the MART algorithm while requiring orders of magnitude less computational time.
Fluorescence Reports Intact Quantum Dot Uptake into Roots and Translocation to Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Subsequent Ingestion by Insect Herbivores

We explored the impact of quantum dot (QD) coat characteristics on NP stability, uptake, and translocation in Arabidopsis thaliana, and subsequent transfer to primary consumers, Trichoplusia ni (T. ni). Arabidopsis was exposed to CdSe/CdZnS QDs with three different coatings: Poly(acrylic acid-ethylene glycol) (PAA-EG), polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene)–poly(ethylene glycol) (PMAO–PEG), which are anionic, cationic, and relatively neutral, respectively. PAA-EG-coated QDs were relatively stable and taken up from a hydroponic medium through both Arabidopsis leaf petioles and roots, without apparent aggregation, and showed generally uniform distribution in leaves. In contrast, PEI- and PMAO–PEG-coated QDs displayed destabilization in the hydroponic medium, and generated particulate fluorescence plant tissues, suggesting aggregation. PAA-EG QDs moved faster than PEI QDs through leaf petioles; however, 8-fold more cadmium accumulated in PEI QD-treated leaves than in those exposed...
A report of eight cases of CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy in diagnosis of pediatric pulmonary peripheral lesions and literature review

Objective To evaluate the clinical value and safety of CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy in pediatric patients with pulmonary peripheral lesions.Methods 7 cases in respiratory department and 1 case in thoracic surgery were selected as research subjects,who were patients with pulmonary peripheral lesions. All of them were scanned by CT before puncture and intravenous combined anesthesia (propofol and ketamine) were implemented. The puncture point,angle and length were selected according to lesion location,size and posture. The body surface was irradiated by laser light of CT according to selected levels (cross-section location),marked with labels and scanned again. The operator selected the puncture point (vertical section location) up to the requirement,punctured with biopsy needle and obtained lesion tissues (2-3 strips) for pathological examination.Results Among 8 cases,3 were diagnosed malignant sarcomas,2 benign tumors,2 pulmonary tuberculosis and 1 pulmonary Abscess with pleural effusion. Hemoptysis,pneumothorax,or pulmonary hemorrhage was not seen.No complication or death was attributed to percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy. All cases were diagnosed clearly.Conclusions CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy has great value for diagnosis of pediatric pulmonary peripheral lesions.
Obstetric and Gynecologic Emergencies in Cancer Patients

Gynecologic emergencies in cancer patients can be significant, and knowledge of the approach to treatment of these emergencies is crucial to optimizing the patient’s oncologic and gynecologic care. This chapter outlines the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment of obstetric and gynecologic emergencies in cancer patients.
Uncertainty Evaluation of Wind Power Prediction Considering Impacts of Power Curve and Predicted Wind Speed

The wind speed from numerical weather prediction and power curve of wind power generation units,which affect wind power prediction uncertainty,are analyzed.In the aspects of time and wind speed level the quantitative evaluation uncertainty of predicted wind speed is performed and two kinds of synthetic uncertainty evaluation models are proposed.The theoretical power curve of wind turbine and the uncertainty of its power curve under actual operation as well as the impact of inherent characteristic of the power curve on uncertainty of power prediction are analyzed.On this basis,an industrialization model for uncertainty evaluation of power prediction is put forward.The reliability and accuracy of the proposed model in engineering application are verified by case study.
Commentary on: 'Age, not therapy intensity, determines outcomes of adults with acute myeloid leukemia'.

Commentary on: ‘Age, not therapy intensity, determines outcomes of adults with acute myeloid leukemia’
Intestinal IschemiaA Significant Early Postoperative Complication After Renal Transplantation

○ Context.-As rejection in renal transplantation has become better controlled, gastrointestinal complications have become increasingly important. Ischemic colitis and colonic perforation are the most common of these lesions, contributing to morbidity and mortality in the early postoperative period. Objective.-We undertook this study to identify factors contributing to the risk of intestinal ischemia in patients undergoing renal transplantation and to define circumstances that may affect that risk. Methods.-We studied 356 patients undergoing renal transplantation during a 40-month period. We reviewed medical records, surgical pathology reports, autopsy reports, and pathology slides. Results.-Eleven (3.1 %) of the patients developed ischemia of the small or large bowel or both within 20 days after transplantation, and 6 (54.5%) died as a result. Ten of these patients had received cadaveric kidneys and were older than 40 years. There was no sex predilection. The most common segment involved was the terminal ileum and ascending colon. We discuss possible reasons underlying these observations in this article. Conclusion.-The mechanism behind posttransplantation intestinal ischemia is multifactorial, but regardless of etiology, it is important to emphasize the risk of intestinal ischemia in patients who develop abdominal symptoms during the early posttransplantation period, particularly in patients older than 40 years who have received cadaveric kidneys.
Complications in Endovascular Neurosurgery: Critical Analysis and Classification.

Background Precisely defining complications, which are used to measure overall quality, is necessary for critical review of delivery of care and quality improvement in endovascular neurosurgery, which lacks common definitions for complications. Furthermore, in endovascular interventions, events that may be labeled complications may not always negatively affect outcome. Our objective is to provide precise definitions for quality evaluation within endovascular neurosurgery. Thus, we propose an endovascular-specific classification system of complications based on our own patient series. Methods This single-center review included all patients who had endovascular interventions from September 2013 to August 2015. Complication types were analyzed, and a descriptive analysis was undertaken to calculate the incidence of complications overall and in each category. Results Two hundred and seventy-five endovascular interventions were performed in 245 patients (65% female; mean age, 55 years). Forty complications occurred in 39 patients (15%), most commonly during treatment of intracranial aneurysms (24/40). Mechanical complications (eg, device deployment, catheter, or closure device failure) occurred in 8/40, technical complications (eg, failure to deploy flow diverter, unintended embolization, air emboli, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, dissection) in 11/40, judgment errors (eg, patient or equipment selection) in 9/40, and critical events (eg, groin hematoma, hemorrhagic or thromboembolic complications) in 12/40 patients. Only 12/40 complications (30%) resulted in new neurologic deficits, vessel injury requiring surgery, or blood transfusion. Conclusions We propose an endovascular-specific classification system of complications with 4 categories: mechanical, technical, judgment errors, and critical events. This system provides a framework for future studies and quality control in endovascular neurosurgery.
Marriage Equality Act and Changes to Health Insurance Coverage--Reply.

In Reply Dr Long is concerned about the measurement of same-sex couples in the ACS. Sexual orientation is not directly ascertained in the ACS. Same-sex couples are identified when the primary respondent identifies a cohabiting person in the household of the same sex as a husband, wife or unmarried partner, missing single LGB adults, same-sex couples not cohabiting together, and same-sex couples choosing not to disclose their relationship, which may bias the results. The findings should not be generalized to all LGB adults or same-sex couples.
Palbociclib and tumor suppressor gene activation

To the Editor:Recently in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, Steger, Gnant, and Bartsch nicely reviewed the recent studies of palbociclib involving patients with breast cancer [1]. I believe it is ...
The Joiners: Active Voluntary Association Membership in Twenty African Countries

To what extent do sub-Saharan Africans actively participate in voluntary groups, and how does development aid influence this involvement? This paper presents a baseline assessment of membership predictors for secular and religious voluntary groups across 20 sub-Saharan African countries. Using Afrobarometer survey data, I adopt an asset-based resources approach in which development aid is seen to mobilize local resources and increase incentives to join voluntary groups. The theory is tested with multilevel, cross-national logistic regression models, including both individual-level and country-level variables to predict active membership. At the individual level, I find that membership in voluntary groups is most likely among those who are well educated, rural-dwelling, male, black, and middle aged—a reflection of social advantage. However, poorer Africans are also likely to join such groups, as are those with a strong religious affinity. At the national level, development aid is positively tied to voluntary group membership, but democratic and economic progresses have little to no consequence on this behavior.
Analysis of risk factors in the development of bronchopleural fistula after major anatomic lung resection: experience of a single centre.

BACKGROUND The bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a rare but potentially fatal complication of major thoracic surgery. The purpose of this work is to investigate the risk factors associated with the development of fistulas after lobectomy and pneumonectomy. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 835 patients who underwent major anatomic lung resection at our centre from January 2003 to December 2013. Of these, 49 underwent pneumonectomy (P group) and 786 lobectomy (L group). RESULTS A total of 18 patients (2.6%) developed a BPF in the postoperative period, of which there were 11 in the L group (1.3%) and seven in the P group (14.28%). The 30-day mortality was 0.05% (one patient after right pneumonectomy). In the L group, three patients developed a fistula after a left lobectomy and eight after a right one, of which four developed after bilobectomy. Univariate analysis showed that induction therapy, lower lobectomy, manual suture of the bronchus, 'not covered' bronchial stump, empyema, postoperative anaemia and pulmonary infections and mechanical ventilation >24 h are associated with the development of fistulas after lobectomy. Multivariate analysis confirmed that induction therapy, manual closure of the bronchus, postoperative pulmonary infections and anaemia are the main risk factors involved in our series. In the P group, four patients developed a fistula after a right pneumonectomy and three after a left one. Postoperative empyema and pulmonary infections, mechanical ventilation >24 h and female gender emerged as the main risk factors on univariate analysis, while on multivariate analysis, only the female gender presented a trend towards significance. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative pulmonary infections, empyema and mechanical ventilation >24 h are strongly associated with the development of BPFs after both pneumonectomy and lobectomy in our series.
Asian Intercultural Marriage Couples in the United States: A Study in Acculturation and Personality Traits

Asian-involved intercultural couples are increasing as society becomes more open and accepting of intercultural relationships. Although issues and conflicts exist due to cultural differences, accul...
An ethical exploration of standardized testing in nursing education.

• Nursing programs can turn to the deontological approach ensuring that they are doing their duty,
The structural basis for fatigue initiation in glassy polymers

Glassy polymers are often subjected to cyclic loading and consequent failure in energy-related applications. At high amplitudes of loading they fail by ductile deformation, while at intermediate amplitudes the failures are brittle. In the latter case a large fraction of the useful lifetime is spent in the incubation period. Our research is aimed at understanding this initiation process. Since much of the behavior including embrittlement observed in preliminary experiments are similar to those found in physical aging of glassy polymers, some of the techniques used for studying physical aging are also employed here; viz., DSC, stress relaxation, and positron annihilation lifetime studies (PAT). Glassy polycarbonate is used throughout. 4 figs.
On the road to the Olympics: a phenomenological approach of national identity in South Korean national short-track speed skaters

This study adopted a phenomenological approach to explore both sociocultural and socio-psychological factors of South Korean national athletes competing in the Olympics. In the given phenomenon, So...
Factors Associated with Assignment of Therapeutic Homework in a Large Public Children’s Mental Health System

Therapeutic homework is a fundamental skill-building component of the majority of evidence-based therapies and is associated with better treatment outcomes. However, it is rarely utilized in public mental health settings. To determine barriers to homework use and identify predictors of clinicians’ assignment of homework, an online survey was administered to 267 clinicians in a large diverse public mental health system. Clinicians who were younger, licensed, whose supervisors asked about homework and whose clients completed their homework more frequently were predictors of greater homework utilization. The survey results are discussed and a novel idea to increase the use of homework is introduced.
HireBuild: an automatic approach to history-driven repair of build scripts

Advancements in software build tools such as Maven reduce build management effort, but developers still need specialized knowledge and long time to maintain build scripts and resolve build failures. More recent build tools such as Gradle give developers greater extent of customization flexibility, but can be even more difficult to maintain. According to the TravisTorrent dataset of open-source software continuous integration, 22% of code commits include changes in build script files to maintain build scripts or to resolve build failures. Automated program repair techniques have great potential to reduce cost of resolving software failures, but the existing techniques mostly focus on repairing source code so that they cannot directly help resolving software build failures. To address this limitation, we propose HireBuild: History-Driven Repair of Build Scripts, the first approach to automatic patch generation for build scripts, using fix patterns automatically generated from existing build script fixes and recommending fix patterns based on build log similarity. From TravisTorrent dataset, we extracted 175 build failures and their corresponding fixes which revise Gradle build scripts. Among these 175 build failures, we used the 135 earlier build fixes for automatic fix-pattern generation and the more recent 40 build failures (fixes) for evaluation of our approach. Our experiment shows that our approach can fix 11 of 24 reproducible build failures, or 45% of the reproducible build failures, within comparable time of manual fixes.
Species-area curves and estimates of total species richness in an old-field chronosequence

Average species-area curves were generated for vascular plants in 20 old-fields that were sampled in 1983, 1989, and 1994. These curves were fit with a saturating function to estimate total species richness for each old-field. Additional estimates of total species richness were generated by fitting the same saturating function to subsets of the species area curves and with a first-order jackknife procedure. Estimates of total species richness were strongly correlated with observed species richness. There was limited evidence suggesting that greater sampling was necessary to identify the same proportion of species in older, more species-rich old-fields.
Developmental Traumatology: Brain Development in Maltreated Children With and Without PTSD

This chapter summarizes a presentation by Dr. Michael D. De Bellis for The Pennsylvania State University’s 4th Annual Conference for the Network on Child Protection and Well-Being, entitled “New Frontiers in the Biology of Stress, Maltreatment, and Trauma: Opportunities for Translation, Resilience, and Reversibility.” This presentation summary provides a conceptual framework for understanding key neurobiological developmental effects in maltreated children, considering the potential cognitive impact of these effects and comparing the development of maltreated children who do and do not develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Developmental differences of this nature can shed light on opportunities for building resilience and intervening early and successfully towards the prevention of further negative developmental impact. Gender differences are also considered, particularly the disparate impact to certain cortical regions for young maltreated males compared to females. A major aim of the presentation and this chapter is to inspire and guide future directions of research on developmental traumatology and offer hope towards opportunities for diverting maltreated children from future poor life outcomes.
Estimation of Effect Thresholds for the Development of Water Quality Criteria

Biological and ecological effect thresholds can be used for determining safe levels of nontraditional Stressors. The U.S. EPA Framework for Developing Suspended and Bedded Sediments (SABS) Water Quality Criteria (WQC) [36] uses a risk assessment approach to estimate effect thresholds for unacceptable levels of SABS in water bodies. Sources of SABS include: 1. Erosion from agricultural, construction, forestry practices, and stream banks 2. Resuspension of deposited sediment 3. Direct discharge from municipal, industrial, and agricultural sources Excessive levels of SABS can destroy habitat for plants and animals, reduce the quality of drinking water, impair the quality and safety of recreational waters, increase the costs associated with irrigation and navigation, and decrease aesthetics. The SABS Framework is intended as a guide to the development of water quality criteria (WQC) and restoration targets. The SABS Framework uses an eco-epidemiological perspective to incorporate information from field observations with data from controlled laboratory experiments. The combined information is used to develop relationships that estimate the levels of SABS that will impair aquatic life or pollute sources intended for drinking water. The SABS Framework uses several statistical procedures to compare the estimated effects levels derived from field and laboratory data. Protective levels and restoration goals are recommended based on scientific precedent, logical argument, and statistical resolution. The risk estimates that result from using this approach are readily applicable for use in future emergency situations.
Multi-Source Multi-Class Fake News Detection

Fake news spreading through media outlets poses a real threat to the trustworthiness of information and detecting fake news has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Fake news is typically written intentionally to mislead readers, which determines that fake news detection merely based on news content is tremendously challenging. Meanwhile, fake news could contain true evidence to mock true news and presents different degrees of fakeness, which further exacerbates the detection difficulty. On the other hand, the spread of fake news produces various types of data from different perspectives. These multiple sources provide rich contextual information about fake news and offer unprecedented opportunities for advanced fake news detection. In this paper, we study fake news detection with different degrees of fakeness by integrating multiple sources. In particular, we introduce approaches to combine information from multiple sources and to discriminate between different degrees of fakeness, and propose a Multi-source Multi-class Fake news Detection framework MMFD, which combines automated feature extraction, multi-source fusion and automated degrees of fakeness detection into a coherent and interpretable model. Experimental results on the real-world data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and extensive experiments are further conducted to understand the working of the proposed framework.
Formal indices and iconicity in ASL

Iconic constraints play an important role in the semantics of sign language in general, and of sign language pronominals in particular (e.g. Cuxac 1999, Taub 2001, Liddell 2003, Lillo-Martin and Meier 2011). But the field is sharply divided among two camps: (a) specialists of formal linguistics (e.g. Neidle et al. 2000, Lillo-Martin 1991, Sandler and Lillo-Martin 2006) primarily attempt to integrate sign language pronominals to universal models of anaphora, giving iconic phenomena a peripheral position; (b) specialists who emphasize the centrality of iconicity (e.g. Taub 2001, Liddell 2003) do so within informal frameworks that are not considered as sufficiently explicit by the formalist side. We attempt to reconcile insights from the two camps within a formal semantics with iconicity (Schlenker 2011a). We analyze three kinds of iconic effects: (i) structural iconicity, in which relations of embedding among loci are directly reflected in their denotations; (ii) locus-external iconicity, in which the high position of a locus in signing space has a direct semantic reflex; and (iii) locus-internal iconicity, where different parts of a structured locus are targeted by different directional verbs, as was argued by Liddell. We suggest that these phenomena can be understood if the interpretive procedure can, at the level of variables, impose an 'iconic mapping' between loci and the objects they denote.
Measurement of Adenosine Concentration in Aqueous and Vitreous

PURPOSE. The release of adenosine by the ischemic retina may be an initial signal in the development of ischemic macular edema and neovascularization. The levels of adenosine have never been quantified in ocular fluids. In this study, a technique was developed for in vivo measurement of the concentration of adenosine in aqueous and vitreous. METHODS. Aqueous and vitreous samples were obtained from bovine eyes after death and from live porcine eyes with the subject under general anesthesia. Samples from live eyes were immediately incubated in the sampling syringe with pentoxifylline, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine, and dipyridamole to prevent synthesis or degradation of adenosine during the collection procedure, filtered, and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. All samples were then filtered and purified on phenylboronate agarose columns and incubated with chloroacetaldehyde to convert the adenosine present in the sample to the fluorescent derivative l,7V 6 -ethenoadenosine. The 1 ,7V 6 -ethenoadenosine was separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and then measured by fluorometry. RESULTS. Levels of adenosine as low as 0.5 pmole could be detected with this procedure, compared with 20 pmoles by UV detection. By using this technique to measure adenosine levels in the eyes of normal weanling domestic pigs, it was determined that the adenosine concentration in the aqueous was 321.3 ± 164.9 nM and in the vitreous was 210.8 ± 41.5 nM. CONCLUSIONS. The conversion of adenine-containing compounds to fluorescent 1,7V 6 -etheno derivatives offers analytical advantages of selectivity and sensitivity for the quantitative determination of these compounds, with the fluorometric detection providing substantially greater sensitivity than direct detection by UV absorption. The levels obtained in vivo from anesthetized but otherwise healthy pigs presumably reflected basal aqueous and vitreous adenosine levels under the described conditions. This method should be useful in investigating more directly the role of adenosine in models of retinal or ocular ischemia in vivo and in measuring adenosine levels in vitreous or aqueous samples from human patients. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:1942-1946)
Mechanisms of Cenozoic Tectonic Rotation, Pacific Northwest Convergent Margin, U.S.A.

Large clockwise rotations (15–80°) are characteristic of Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks along the convergent margin of the northwestern United States. Abundant paleomagnetic data from 62–12 m.y. old rocks in forearc, arc, and backarc regions show that rotation increases with age and with proximity to the coast. Paleomagnetic and structural studies both support dextral shear as a significant contributor to tectonic rotation in the Pacific Northwest, with an added contribution from Basin-Range extension. Paleomagnetism of individual Miocene (15-12 Ma) flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group show a well-defined, progressive increase in rotation across the forearc region toward the trench which is most readily explained by shear. This progressive increase in rotation toward the coast is also seen in Oligocene and Eocene rocks, although with steeper gradients, indicating that shear rotation has been important throughout Cenozoic time. The dextral shear may be accommodated by abundant, small-scale strike-slip faults which are acting as Riedel shears. Coast Range faults, usually with well-developed subhorizontal slickensides, occur throughout the stratigraphie section and are most abundant in the oldest rocks. Displacements are small to moderate (102–103 m), and both dextral and sinistral faults are common. Fault trends are variable, with N20°–45°W faults showing dextral slip and N60°W-S70°W faults showing sinistral slip. The driving force for dextral shear presumably results from coupling of the overlying plate with the subducting Farallon plate, which has been moving northeast throughout most of Cenozoic time. The increase in rotation from north to south along the coast probably represents the contribution of extension in the Basin- Range region to the rotations in Oregon.
Ebola Viral Outbreaks: A Ubuntuan Ethical Approach

Ebola viral outbreaks are a class of public health disasters that pose significant social burdens across countries and continents. An understanding of its nature, risk, as well as socio-cultural dynamics, locally and globally, can help bring the attendant ethical issues to the fore. Due to its geographical linkage with the African context and the relational issues that are central to the moral dilemmas and trans-national challenges generated during Ebola outbreaks, this chapter develops and applies an ethical approach based on the Ubuntu concept to engage these issues.
The Second New Deal and the Fourth Courtroom Wall: Law, Labor, and Liberty in The Cradle Will Rock

This essay explores Marc Blitzstein’s 1937 labor opera, The Cradle Will Rock, as an assault on legal legitimacy. Since its famous first production — a pared-down performance in which actors delivered their parts from the house, improvised when the WPA canceled the scheduled opening of the controversial project — critics have emphasized Cradle’s indebtedness to the German playwright Bertolt Brecht, to whom Blitzstein dedicated the work. Consistent with Brecht’s Verfremdungseffekt, Blitzstein distances the audience from Cradle’s characters, substituting rational understanding for unreflective empathy. Like Brecht, he employs this theatrical device to expose the cultural and economic underpinnings of familiar social practices, including capitalism. Imported to the US context, the Brechtian reimagining of theatrical conventions resonated with a corresponding attack on formal legal justice. At the height of the New Deal’s crisis of legal legitimacy, Cradle depicts a judicial system baldly beholden to wealth and property. The anti-union steel magnate at the show’s center bribes and manipulates journalists, professionals, and public officials to promote his concept of “liberty,” namely, freedom from organized labor. By amplifying the effects of economic interests on legal outcomes while undermining empathy with the characters who facilitate and legitimate repression, Cradle invites the audience to consider its own complicity in law’s injustice.
Absolute radiometric calibration of advanced remote sensing systems

The distinction between the uses of relative and absolute spectroradiometric calibration of remote sensing systems is discussed. The advantages of detector-based absolute calibration are described, and the categories of relative and absolute system calibrations are listed. The limitations and problems associated with three common methods used for the absolute calibration of remote sensing systems are addressed. Two methods are proposed for the in-flight absolute calibration of advanced multispectral linear array systems. One makes use of a sun-illuminated panel in front of the sensor, the radiance of which is monitored by a spectrally flat pyroelectric radiometer. The other uses a large, uniform, high-radiance reference ground surface. The ground and atmospheric measurements required as input to a radiative transfer program to predict the radiance level at the entrance pupil of the orbital sensor are discussed, and the ground instrumentation is described.
Methyl Coenzyme M Reductase

The biogenesis of methane is carried out by a group of strictly anaerobic archaea (formerly termed archaebacteria), referred to as methanogens, that obtain energy from one-or two-carbon substrates according to the following reactions [reviewed by Daniels et al. (1984), Ferry (1992), Jones et al. (1987), and Thauer (1990)]: (6-1) (6-2) (6-3) (6-4) (6-5) (6-6) Using distinct pathways, these substrates and other substrates are all converted to a common methylated intermediate that is subsequently converted to methane. Each pathway involves a series of novel coenzymes. The structures and functions of these singular compounds have been reviewed (DiMarco et al.,1990; Rouviere and Wolfe, 1988), and only an overview is presented here. Carbon dioxide is reduced to the formyl level with the participation of a furan-containing compound, termed methanofuran. The formyl group is transferred to a special pterin, named tetrahydromethanopterin, where it is converted to the methenyl derivative and sequentially reduced to the meth­ylene and methyl levels. Reduction of the methenyltetrahydromethanopterin requires an unusual 5-deazaflavin, denoted coenzyme F420 as the electron donor. The methyl group is subsequently transferred to 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (coenzyme M, HS-CoM) to form 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate (methyl coenzyme M, methyl-S-CoM), which is the direct precursor of methane. The ultimate source of electrons in each of these reactions is hydrogen, requiring the participation of nickel-containing hydrogenases (discussed in Chapter 4). Formate metabolism requires the action of formate dehydrogenase (containing an atypical molybdopterin cofactor) and a nickel-containing hydrogenase; the combined action of these enzymes results in the release of carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas.
Low emotion differentiation: An affective correlate of binge eating?

BACKGROUND Low emotion differentiation (the tendency to experience vague affective states rather than discrete emotions) is associated with psychopathology marked by emotion regulation deficits and impulsive/maladaptive behavior. However, research examining associations between emotion differentiation and dysregulated eating is nascent and has yet to incorporate measures of clinically significant binge eating. Different measures of emotion differentiation have also been used, impeding cross-study comparisons. We therefore examined associations between several emotion differentiation measures and binge eating-related phenotypes across a spectrum of severity. METHODS Women (N = 482) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) daily for 45 consecutive days. Three measures of negative/positive emotion differentiation (NED/PED) were created using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), average interitem correlation, and average daily variance between negative/positive emotion ratings on the PANAS. Associations between NED/PED measures and emotional eating (EE) and a history of binge eating episodes (BEs) were then examined, controlling for affect intensity and BMI. RESULTS Lower PED was associated with greater odds of BEs across the ICC and average interitem correlation measures, and more EE on the daily variance measure. Findings involving NED were less consistent; lower NED was associated with greater EE and greater odds of BEs using the daily variance measure only. CONCLUSION Low PED is associated with clinically significant binge eating, and some aspects of NED may also be relevant for binge eating-related phenotypes. Further research examining the constructs captured by different emotion differentiation measures and their relevance to binge eating is needed.
Potent immunomodulatory effects of an anti-CEA-IL-2 immunocytokine on tumor therapy and effects of stereotactic radiation

While anti-CEA antibodies have no direct effect on CEA-positive tumors, they can be used to direct potent anti-tumor effects as an antibody-IL-2 fusion protein (immunocytokine, ICK), and at the same time reduce the toxicity of IL-2 as a single agent. Using a fusion protein of humanized anti-CEA with human IL-2 (M5A-IL-2) in a transgenic murine model expressing human CEA, we show high tumor uptake of the ICK to CEA-positive tumors with additional lymph node targeting. ICK treated CEA-positive tumors exhibit significant tumor eradication. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes shows a high frequency of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells along with CD11b positive myeloid cells in ICK treated mice. The frequency of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ CD4+ T cells (Tregs) is significantly reduced vs anti-CEA antibody-treated controls, indicating that ICK did not preferentially stimulate migration or proliferation of Tregs to the tumor. Combination therapy with anti-PD-1 antibody did not improve tumor reduction over ICK therapy alone. Since stereotactic tumor irradiation (SRT), commonly used in cancer therapy has immunomodulatory effects, we tested combination SRT+ICK therapy in two tumor model systems. Use of fractionated vs single high dose SRT in combination with ICK resulted in greater tumor inhibition and immunity to tumor rechallenge. In particular, tumor microenvironment and myeloid cell composition appear to play a significant role in the response rate to ICK+SRT combination therapy.
Lower Extremity Revascularization for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia among Patients at the Extremes of Age.

Background Patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) at the extremes of age are thought to have distinct risk factor profiles and poor outcomes after lower extremity revascularization (LER). The aim of this study is to examine the relationships among age, risk factor profiles, and outcomes of LER in patients with CLTI in a large database focusing on the extreme age groups. Methods Patients undergoing LER for CLTI in the Vascular Quality Initiative suprainguinal bypass, infrainguinal bypass, and peripheral vascular intervention files were reviewed through 2019. Patients were stratified into 3 groups: premature peripheral artery disease (PAD) (≤50 years old), 51–84 years old, and elderly (≥85 years old). Trends in major amputation and mortality by age group were analyzed. Results There were 156,513 patients who underwent LER for CLTI. Of these, 9,063 (5.79%) patients had premature PAD, 131,694 (84.14%) patients were 51–84 years old, and 15,756 (10.07%) were elderly. Patients with premature PAD were more likely to have insulin-dependent diabetes, be dialysis-dependent, and be active smokers compared to patients 51–84 years old and the elderly. Elderly patients were more likely to undergo an endovascular procedure for tissue loss compared to younger groups. Perioperative and 1-year major amputation rates were highest among patients with premature PAD and decreased with increasing age (P Conclusions Patients at the extremes of age have significantly different outcomes after LER for CLTI. Although mortality increases with age, the risk of major amputation decreases. Patients with premature PAD constitute a group of patients with a high risk of perioperative and 1-year major amputation.
Beat the Odds: Successful Stories of “at-Risk” Latin@ Students in Georgia, a New Latin@ Magnet State

Framed through ecological and LatCrit theories, this article offers critical perspectives on the academic achievement of two Latin@ students. Findings suggested participants obtained critical suppo...