cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of dyes: from single molecules to the artists’ canvas

This perspective presents recent surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) studies of dyes, with applications to the fields of single-molecule spectroscopy and art conservation. First we describe the development and outlook of single-molecule SERS (SMSERS). Rather than providing an exhaustive review of the literature, SMSERS experiments that we consider essential for its future development are emphasized. Shifting from single-molecule to ensemble-averaged experiments, we describe recent efforts toward SERS analysis of colorants in precious artworks. Our intention is to illustrate through these examples that the forward development of SERS is dependent upon both fundamental (e.g., SMSERS) and applied (e.g., on-the-specimen SERS of historical art objects) investigations and that the future of SERS is very bright indeed.
Peer Advising in a School of Business

ABSTRACT The concept of peer advising to supplement faculty efforts was initiated in 1981 by students in the School of Business at Ithaca College. In order to increase personalized assistance, a group of students was selected and trained in School of Business procedures, basic counseling, and college services. Peer advisers must meet a grade point average standard and submit an application with two faculty' recommendations. A team of peer advisers and a faculty adviser review the applications, and final applicants undergo interviews. A 2 -dat training program involves team building, basic counseling skills, college support services, the writing and reading center, .the educational opportuni+T program, and the counseling center. While continuing to provide drop-in advising services to students, peer advisers now have increased responsibilities, including newsletter writing and participating in interviews with prospective students and their parents. As part of evaluation of the peer advising service, data have been collected on the number of student requests for specific services. Common role play situations that are used for peer adviser training are identified. A list of questions for peer advising interviews and a rating form for the interviews are included. (SW)
A split‐and‐merge Bayesian variable selection approach for ultrahigh dimensional regression

Summary We propose a Bayesian variable selection approach for ultrahigh dimensional linear regression based on the strategy of split and merge. The approach proposed consists of two stages: split the ultrahigh dimensional data set into a number of lower dimensional subsets and select relevant variables from each of the subsets, and aggregate the variables selected from each subset and then select relevant variables from the aggregated data set. Since the approach proposed has an embarrassingly parallel structure, it can be easily implemented in a parallel architecture and applied to big data problems with millions or more of explanatory variables. Under mild conditions, we show that the approach proposed is consistent, i.e. the true explanatory variables can be correctly identified by the approach as the sample size becomes large. Extensive comparisons of the approach proposed have been made with penalized likelihood approaches, such as the lasso, elastic net, sure independence screening and iterative sure independence screening. The numerical results show that the approach proposed generally outperforms penalized likelihood approaches: the models selected by the approach tend to be more sparse and closer to the true model.
Free convection past a vertical plate

Diese kurze Mitteilung zeigt, dass fur den Fall naturlicher Konvektion eine Familie von exakten Losungen gefunden werden kann, welche die regierenden Gleichungen zur Darstellung bringen.
Characterization of smokeless gunpowder by means of diphenylamine stabilizer and its nitrated derivatives

Abstract Smokeless gunpowder frequently contains diphenylamine as a stabilizer. The diphenylamine acts as a nitrate scavenger and in turn is nitrated by complex processes. The various nitrated congeners of diphenylamine, which are numerous, may serve to characterize a sample of gunpowder because these derivatives reflect not only the production of the gunpowder, but also its storage' career and thermal history following manufacture. These derivatives of diphenylamine may be isolated and identified by means of thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography.
Cross spectra between temperature and pressure in a constant area duct downstream of a combustor

The feasibility of measuring pressure temperature cross spectra and coherence and temperature-temperature cross spectra and coherence at spatially separated points along with pressure and temperature auto-spectra in a combustion rig was investigated. The measurements were made near the inlet and exit of a 6.44 m long duct attached to a J-47 combustor. The fuel used was Jet A. The cross spectra and coherence measurements show the pressure and temperature fluctuations correlate best at low frequencies. At the inlet the phenomena controlling the phase relationship between pressure and temperature could not be identified. However, at the duct exit the phase angle of the pressure is related to the phase angle of the temperature by the convected flow time delay.
Rapid digital quantification of microfracture populations

Abstract Populations of microfractures are a structural fabric in many rocks deformed at upper crustal conditions. In some cases these fractures are visible in transmitted-light microscopy as fluid-inclusion planes or cement filled microfractures, but because SEM-based cathodoluminescence (CL) reveals more fractures and delineates their shapes, sizes, and crosscutting relations, it is a more effective structural tool. Yet at magnifications of 150–300×, at which many microfractures are visible, SEM-CL detectors image only small sample areas (0.5–0.1 mm 2 ) relative to fracture population patterns. The substantial effort required to image and measure centimeter-size areas at high-magnification has impeded quantitative study of microfractures. We present a method for efficient collection of mosaics of high-resolution CL imagery, a preparation method that allows samples to be any size while retaining continuous imagery of rock (no gaps), and software that facilitates fracture mapping and data reduction. Although the method introduced here was developed for CL imagery, it can be used with any other kind of images, including mosaics from petrographic microscopes. Compared with manual measurements, the new method increases several fold the number of microfractures imaged without a proportional increase in level of effort, increases the accuracy and repeatability of fracture measurements, and speeds quantification and display of fracture population attributes. We illustrate the method on microfracture arrays in dolostone from NE Mexico and sandstone from NW Scotland. We show that key aspects of microfracture population attributes are only fully manifest at scales larger than a single thin section.
Learning in Year-Old Female Autoimmune BXSB Mice

BXSB/ MpJ-Yaa and NZB/BINJ mice have been used as animal models for both developmental learning disability and systemic autoimmune disease. Approximately 40-60% of these animals show ectopic clusters of neurons in Layer I of cortex similar to those found in postmortem analyses of human dyslexics, and all exhibit an autoimmune condition similar to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans. The expression of immune disease in the BXSB strain, unlike in humans, is more severe in males than females. Most previous studies have examined the behavioral sequelae of neocortical ectopias at a relatively young age, when the BXSB females (unlike the male BXSB and female and male NZBs) are not yet showing high titers of autoantibodies associated with their lupus-like form of autoimmune disease. This study examined the behavior of BXSB females at an age subsequent to autoimmune disease onset. When contrasted with younger animals, year-old BXSB females showed good learning behavior, with no differences in Lashley maze learning and remarkably good performance in a visual discrimination learning task. These results are consistent with other data which indicate that many types of learning behavior are apparently unperturbed by systemic autoimmune disease. Results also showed significant interactions between a measure of lateral paw preference and the presence or absence of ectopias in Lashley maze learning. Animals without ectopias that exhibited a right lateral paw preference showed the greatest number of errors on a number of test measures. These findings support previous results indicating that behavioral effects associated with ectopias may vary based upon the behavioral laterality of affected animals.
In vitro secretion of immunoreactive rat thyrocalcitonin.

Short-term incubation of thyroid glands from 8-day-old rats was employed to study secretion of rat thyrocalcitonin (TCT) in vitro. Thyroid glands were incubated in a chemically defined culture medium for up to 24 h, and TCT in medium and tissue was measured by radioimmunoassay. Test agents were added directly to the medium; most were tested at more than one dose, and all were tested at two different concentrations of medium calcium (one between 0 and 1 mM and one between 2 and 3 mM). The results showed that TCT release into medium increased progressively during the first 8 to 12 h of incubation, being related to the amount of tissue incubated per flask. Release of TCT was directly related to the medium calcium (Ca) concentration over the range Oto 3 mM; e.g., levels of TCT found in medium containing 2.5 mM Ca after incubation of thyroid glands for 8 h were 10-fold greater than those found in medium containing 0 or 1 mM Ca. Other than an increase in medium Ca, the only condition tested which increased TCT ...
Sequence of techniques

This paper analyzes the sequence of techniques in an explicitly dynamic version of the Dobb-Sen choice of techniques model. It is proven that when the modern (capital intensive) technique dominates in an optimal full employment steady state, traditional capital accumulation is characteristic of an optimal path in the labor surplus phase when: (1) traditional capital has the higher maximal growth rate and (2) the initial capital stock is ‘sufficiently poor’. The switch date from traditional to modern capital accumulation is shown to be a function of the maximal growth rate and steady shadow price of labor for each technique and the optimal phasing out of traditional capital is characterized. These results are placed in the context of the choice of techniques controversy between Dobb, Sen and Kalecki and its relevance to early Soviet economic development.
Condensed Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) Testing&#8212;A Pseudoexhaustive Test Technique

This paper presents a design technique for linear feedback shift registers that generate test patterns for pseudoexhaustive testing. This technique is applicable to any combinational network in which none of the outputs depends on all inputs. It does not rewire the original network inputs during in-circuit test pattern generation. Thus, the possibility of undetected faults on some inputs is eliminated.
Diffusion of Solvents and Cations in Porous Sol-Gel Glass

Diffusion coefficients for water, cyclohexane, toluene, chloroform, acetone and acetonitrile in porous sol-gel glass were determined using the diaphragm and radioactive tracer techniques. Polar solvents were found to diffuse faster than nonpolar solvent within porous sol-gel glass. The diffusion coefficients of Nd3+ and Er3+ inside porous sol-gel glass were determined from concentration profiles within monoliths impregnated by 1.6M rare earth salts dissolved in either acetone or water. To study the effects of ligands on the diffusion, four different erbium salts were used: nitrate, chloride, bromide, and perchloride. It was found that the diffusion rate increases with decreasing radius of rare earth coordination sphere.
Tracking color and pigment changes in anthocyanin products

Anthocyanin pigments readily degrade during processing and storage of foodstuffs, which can have a dramatic impact on color quality and may also affect nutritional properties. Total anthocyanin pigment content and indices for polymeric color and browning are easily measured with simple spectrophotometric methods. Once individual pigments are identified, their changes can be monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Modern color instrumentation has made measurement of CIEL*a*b* indices practical and easy. Indices of lightness (L*), chroma (C*), and hue angle (h°) are particularly useful for tracking color change.
Myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria in patients with myositis.

Twelve of 23 patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis demonstrated myoglobin in their serum or urine in concentrations of 0.005–3.280 mg/ml. This was detected by means of a specific immunologic assay. Myoglobin was more frequently noted in serum than urine. The frequency of appearance of myoglobin in these patients was not related to age or sex, but was more common among those with dermatomyositis (11 of 18) than polymyositis (1 of 5). Serum enzyme values (SGOT, CPK, LDH) were slightly higher in the group with myoglobinemia than in those without, but there was considerable overlap. Myoglobin was found in most patients with myositis before steroid therapy was begun (12 of 19), and its presence was associated with renal failure in two patients.
ABSORPTION OF FATTY ACIDS BY ISOLATED SEGMENTS OF TURTLE SMALL INTESTINE.

Abstract 1. 1. Absorption of fatty acids by the painted turtle Chrysemys picta was studied using in vitro intestinal sac preparations. 2. 2. Among thirteen fatty acids tested, lauric acid (C12 : 0) showed the highest percentage (72.3 per cent) of mucosal absorption. 3. 3. Degree of unsaturation appeared to influence absorption rates.
SOME EFFECTS OF THYROTROPIC HORMONE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF NORMAL, THYROIDECTOMIZED OR ADRENALECTOMIZED FEMALE RATS

ARELATIONSHIP BETWEEN the hyperthyroid state and the female reproductive system is fairly well established. Hyperthyroidism, produced by injection of thyroxin or feeding desiccated thyroid, may cause anestrus, pseudopregnancy, resorption or prolonged gestation in the rat (1, 2, 3). The effect of thyrotropic hormone on the reproductive system of the rat has not been extensively investigated because rats have been shown to be relatively unresponsive to this hormone. Sufficiently large dosage, however, will increase metabolism and produce other indications of hyperthyroidism (4). The guinea pig, on the other hand, is very sensitive to thyrotropic hormone, showing not only stimulation of the thyroid but also luteinisation of the ovaries (5, 6, 7). The following experiments were undertaken to determine: a) whether the ovaries of immature and mature rats would become luteinised after injections of thyrotropic hormone; and if so, whether the luteinization was due to a hyperthyroid condition or to gonadotropic su...
Fine structure and sporogonic development of a Vavraia sp. (Microsporida: Pleistophoridae) in the biting midge Culicoides edeni (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).

Abstract A microsporidium with ultrastructural characteristics of the genus Vavraia was found in the fat body of an adult specimen of Culicoides edeni (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected in northern Florida. The sporogonial stages developed within sporophorous vesicles, which contained variable numbers of oval spores at maturity. The wall of the sporophorous vesicle was composed of two electron-dense outer layers and an electron-lucent intermediate layer. Sporonts contained haplokaryotic nuclei and divided by rosette formation. Mature spores had anisofilar polar filaments and measured 3.8 ± 0.28 μm in length and 2.2 ± 0.16 μm in width in thick sections of resinembedded material. This is the first report of a Vavraia sp. from a species of Culicoides .
Cytomegalovirus Pneumonitis in Patients with AIDS: Findings in an Autopsy Series

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis is a common complication of AIDS. With the development of potentially effective drug therapy, the indications for treatment and best means of diagnosis have become issues of practical importance. We reviewed the clinical records and autopsy material from 54 patients dying with AIDS, 39 (72 percent) of whom had CMV infection documented postmortem by culture and the presence of inclusion bodies. Of the patients with CMV infection, disseminated disease was documented in 23 (59 percent) and pneumonitis in 31 (80 percent). Although the majority of patients with CMV pneumonitis had additional forms of pulmonary pathology, CMV was the only causative agent identified in two patients with severe pulmonary disease. Since CMV can cause severe lung damage and disseminated infection in patients with AIDS, specific treatment may be beneficial. Improved diagnostic technology is needed in this area.
Algebraic partial Boolean algebras

Partial Boolean algebras, first studied by Kochen and Specker in the 1960s, provide the structure for Bell–Kochen–Specker theorems which deny the existence of non-contextual hidden variable theories. In this paper, we study partial Boolean algebras which are 'algebraic' in the sense that their elements have coordinates in an algebraic number field. Several of these algebras have been discussed recently in a debate on the validity of Bell–Kochen–Specker theorems in the context of finite precision measurements. The main result of this paper is that every algebraic finitely-generated partial Boolean algebra B(T) is finite when the underlying space is three-dimensional, answering a question of Kochen and showing that Conway and Kochen's infinite algebraic partial Boolean algebra has minimum dimension. This result contrasts the existence of an infinite (non-algebraic) B(T) generated by eight elements in an abstract orthomodular lattice of height 3. We then initiate a study of higher-dimensional algebraic partial Boolean algebras. First, we describe a restriction on the determinants of the elements of B(T) that are generated by a given set T. We then show that when the generating set T consists of the rays spanning the minimal vectors in a real irreducible root lattice, B(T) is infinite just if that root lattice has an A5 sublattice. Finally, we characterize the rays of B(T) when T consists of the rays spanning the minimal vectors of the root lattice E8.
Seismology U.S. National Report, 1967”1971 Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Explosion Seismology on Land and Sea

In the last U.S. National Report to the IUGG there were two sections on explosion studies: one [Steinhart, 1967] on explosion studies on the continents; the other [Shor, 1967a] on explosion studies at sea. In this report also the land and sea studies will be dealt with separately.
The Role of DOC-2/DAB2 Protein Phosphorylation in the Inhibition of AP-1 Activity AN UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF ITS TUMOR-SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION IN PROSTATE CANCER

DOC-2/DAB2, a novel phosphoprotein with signal-transducing capability, inhibits human prostatic cancer cells (Tseng, C.-P., Ely, B. D., Li, Y., Pong, R.-C., and Hsieh, J.-T. (1998) Endocrinology 139, 3542–3553). However, its mechanism of action is not understood completely. This study delineates the functional significance of DOC-2/DAB2 protein phosphorylation and demonstrates that in vivo activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induces DOC-2/DAB2 phosphorylation, including a serine residue at position 24. Mutation of Ser24 to Ala reduced DOC-2/DAB2 phosphorylation by PKC. Using a synthetic Ser24 peptide (APS24KKEKKKGSEKTD) or recombinant DOC-2/DAB2 as substrates, PKCβII, PKCγ, and PKCδ (but not casein kinase II) directly phosphorylated Ser24 in vitro. This indicates that DOC-2/DAB2 is a PKC-specific substrate. Since expression of wild-type DOC-2/DAB2, but not the S24A mutant, inhibited TPA-induced AP-1 activity in prostatic epithelial cells, phosphorylation of Ser24 appears to play a critical role in modulating TPA-induced AP-1 activity. Taken together, these data suggest that PKC-regulated phosphorylation of DOC-2/DAB2 protein may help its growth inhibitory function.
Causality tests of export-led growth: The case of Mexico

Although econometric studies have confirmed the relationship between exports and economic growth, some studies are inherently weak in that they are based on an a priori assumption that export growth causes economic growth. This is erroneous because causality should be tested and proven rather than simply assumed. This paper uses the Granger causality test which takes into consideration the time series properties of the data to examine the incidence of export-led development in Mexico. The authors conclude that Granger causality test confirms the relationship between export growth and GDP growth in the Mexican case as posited by development theory.
Role of the physician in the prehospital setting.

Despite the initial successes achieved in early emergency medical services (EMS) systems, many prehospital care services have developed without the intense involvement of physicians whose interest fueled the first experimental medical programs of prehospital care. Among a myriad of variables affecting EMS is the important element of intense, authoritative physician involvement in education, field supervision, and research. Recognizing this problem, many states now have legislated that EMS systems be closely supervised by medical directors. Political and financial constraints often have diluted medical influence and authority, and intense, direct field supervision is the exception rather than the rule. Successful EMS systems can demonstrate their influence on morbidity and mortality through appropriate data collection and quality assurance programs. Such programs appear to have in common the element of direct involvement of competent physicians in initial training, field supervision, and policy decisions. Until recently, full-time compensated physician involvement in EMS has been regarded as unnecessary or impractical. Certainly in large urban centers such full-time involvement is mandatory. While in smaller municipalities full-time commitments may be unnecessary, partial compensation for time dedicated to EMS pursuits should be part of the EMS budget. It has been the experience of major urban EMS systems that field participation by physicians has lent irrefutable credibility to the authority of medical directors. Beyond the obvious benefits of quality assurance and supervision, the in-field EMS physician provides the impetus and leadership for EMS research conducted at the street level. Because EMS is the practice of medicine through physician surrogates in a prehospital setting, it sets the stage and tone for subsequent patient care and outcome. As such, prehospital care has the potential benefits and dangers of any finely honed medical instrument.
Career Transitions of Student Veterans

As a result of the Post-9/11 G.I. Bill, colleges and universities across the United States are experiencing an increase in student veteran enrollment. There is limited information about student vet...
Thiol-reactive lanthanide chelates for phasing protein X-ray diffraction data

Lanthanides can contribute a large anomalous component to X-ray scattering when present and ordered in a target crystal. This large anomalous signal is a useful source of phase information in X-ray crystallographic studies of biological macromolecules. Thiol-reactive lanthanide chelates were tested as a means of incorporation of lanthanides into protein crystals. Two compounds, each capable of being loaded with a lanthanide of choice, were synthesized: diethylenetriaminepentaacetic 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionyl hydrazide (DTPA-PDPH) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionyl hydrazide (DOTA-PDPH). A cysteine mutant of the 34 kDa phosphate-binding protein (PBP-A197C) from Escherichia coli was used as a test case. PBP-A197C was labeled with DTPA-PDPH loaded with dysprosium. Characteristics of DTPA-PDPH enabled spectroscopic monitoring of the labeling reaction. Complete labeling of PBP-A197C was confirmed by mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE analysis. Labeled PBP-A197C (PBP-A197C-DTPA-Dy) crystallized identically to unlabeled protein. X-ray diffraction data were collected from PBP-A197C-DTPA-Dy crystals in-house with a Cu Kalpha rotating-anode source and with a tuneable synchrotron source (ALS 5.0.2). Synchrotron data were collected at energies corresponding to the Dy L(III) edge f" peak and a high-energy remote. Each data set was treated as an independent SAD experiment. A large anomalous signal was present in the data collected in-house and at the synchrotron. The Dy site was easily located in anomalous difference Patterson maps calculated from each of the data sets. In each case, SAD phasing resulted in high-quality electron-density maps, as evidenced by the success of automated model building. The generality of the method was analyzed with several other test proteins. Labeling of some of these proteins with thiol-reactive lanthanide chelates was deleterious to protein solubility or crystallization. In two of the cases the lanthanide chelate was disordered in the crystals. These results suggest that this method may not be well suited for high-throughput crystallography. However, for difficult cases requiring a large anomalous signal, thiol-reactive lanthanide chelates may prove to be a valuable tool.
After objectivity: an empirical study of moral judgment

This paper develops an empirical argument that the rejection of moral objectivity leaves important features of moral judgment intact. In each of five reported experiments, a number of participants endorsed a nonobjectivist claim about a canonical moral violation. In four of these experiments, participants were also given a standard measure of moral judgment, the moral/conventional task. In all four studies, participants who respond as nonobjectivists about canonical moral violations still treat such violations in typical ways on the moral/conventional task. In particular, participants who give moral nonobjectivist responses still draw a clear distinction between canonical moral and conventional violations. Thus there is some reason to think that many of the central characteristics of moral judgment are preserved in the absence of a commitment to moral objectivity.
The Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism Moderates an Effect of Physical Activity on Working Memory Performance

Physical activity enhances cognitive performance, yet individual variability in its effectiveness limits its widespread therapeutic application. Genetic differences might be one source of this variation. For example, carriers of the methionine-specifying (Met) allele of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism have reduced secretion of BDNF and poorer memory, yet physical activity increases BDNF levels. To determine whether the BDNF polymorphism moderated an association of physical activity with cognitive functioning among 1,032 midlife volunteers (mean age = 44.59 years), we evaluated participants' performance on a battery of tests assessing memory, learning, and executive processes, and evaluated their physical activity with the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire. BDNF genotype interacted robustly with physical activity to affect working memory, but not other areas of cognitive functioning. In particular, greater levels of physical activity offset a deleterious effect of the Met allele on working memory performance. These findings suggest that physical activity can modulate domain-specific genetic (BDNF) effects on cognition.
An all-day test for the evaluation of a topical sunscreen.

In order to examine the relevance of high sun protection factors (SPF) to medically important sunburn protection under natural exposure conditions, an all-day testing procedure using twenty-four sun-sensitive subjects was designed. Three small test areas above each scapula were used to compare sunscreen lotions with SPFs of 17 and 6 to a vehicle-treated site. In addition, all of the sun-exposed glabrous skin areas were treated with the highest SPF lotion. One side of each subject's torso and face was also retreated during the exposure period. The subjects were exposed to approximately fifteen times the minimal erythemal dose of ultraviolet B (UVB) during the test, and all received essentially complete protection with the SPF 17 lotion. No difference was seen between one and two applications. On the small test sites, both the SPF 17 and SPF 6 lotions provided protection from sunburn; however, the SPF 17 lotion provided significantly better protection than the SPF 6 lotion. Importantly, tanning was produced without associated or preceding redness, and these tanned areas persisted for 2 weeks or more. It was concluded that under natural exposure conditions when the integrity of the sunscreen film has not been compromised, a single application of the highest SPF sunscreen can protect sun-sensitive subjects from sunburn during a day-long sun exposure and that this protection is better than that afforded by a sunscreen with a substantially lower SPF.
Treating Conduct Problems and Strengthening Social and Emotional Competence in Young Children: The Dina Dinosaur Treatment Program

Young preschool and early-school-age children with early onset conduct problems are at high risk for school dropout, substance abuse, violence, and delinquency in later years. Consequently, developing treatment strategies for reducing conduct problems when aggression is in its more malleable form prior to age 8, and thus interrupting its progression, is of considerable benefit to families and society. This article describes a treatment program—the Dina Dinosaur Social, Emotional and Problem Solving Child Training Program—that was designed specifically with developmentally appropriate teaching methods for young children (ages 4 to 8 years) and based on theory related to the types of social, emotional, and cognitive deficits or excesses exhibited by children with conduct problems.The program emphasizes training children in skills such as emotional literacy, empathy or perspective taking, friendship and communication skills, anger management, interpersonal problem solving, school rules, and how to be success...
A Comparison of Cooking Methods for Boneless Turkey Rolls and Bars

Abstract INTRODUCTION LARGE scale processing of ready-to-cook, whole turkeys into turkey rolls and other convenient forms is developing rapidly. Providing convenient foods is a way to increase per capita consumption of turkey and offers lower transportation costs, less storage space, shorter cooking time, and better portion control. Turkey rolls are available in most areas either raw frozen or pre-cooked. Turkey rolls also may be prepared from ready-to-cook, whole turkeys. For turkey rolls to be acceptable, they must be competitively priced and be satisfactory in organoleptic qualities. Palatability of roasted light meat turkey rolls was reported by Augustine et al. (1962) as similar to roasted whole turkeys. In a study of end point temperature and oven temperatures (250°, 300° and 350°F.) Marquess et al. (1963) found that cooking losses of light meat rolls dry roasted to either 176° or 185°F. increased with increasing end point temperature and oven temperature. Cooking time of…
Predicting Individual Radiation Sensitivity: Current and Evolving Technologies

In 2005, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health established a Radiation/Nuclear Program to develop radioprotectors, mitigators and therapeutic agents to facilitate an effective medical response against radiological and nuclear threats. This program also supports development of biomarker/biodosimetry techniques and devices for rapid triage and treatment of radiation exposed individuals after any radiological event. In support of this program, NIAID in collaboration with the Columbia University Medical Center organized a workshop entitled "Predicting Individual Radiation Sensitivity: Current and Evolving Technologies." The meeting was held at Columbia University in New York on March 17-18, 2008, and was attended by 86 participants from eight countries. The background to the Workshop relates to the need for mass biodosimetry and mitigation/therapy after a large-scale radiological event, both in regard to short-term sequelae and also in terms of long-term end points such as carcinogenesis and heart disease. While retrospective dose estimates provide information about average risks, it is known from studies of higher-dose radiotherapy that there is considerable person-to-person variability in response to a given radiation dose. Thus the goals of this Workshop were to assess the significance of interindividual radiation sensitivity in terms of the aftermath of a large-scale radiological event and to assess whether the approaches used at clinical doses can be translated to lower doses or whether different approaches will be needed. Session themes were:
The Columbia University Sub-micron Charged Particle Beam.

Abstract A lens system consisting of two electrostatic quadrupole triplets has been designed and constructed at the Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF) of Columbia University. The lens system has been used to focus 6 MeV 4 He ions to a beam spot in air with a diameter of 0.8 μm. The quadrupole electrodes can withstand voltages high enough to focus 4 He ions up to 10 MeV and protons up to 5 MeV. The quadrupole triplet design is novel in that alignment is made through precise construction and the relative strengths of the quadrupoles are accomplished by the lengths of the elements, so that the magnitudes of the voltages required for focusing are nearly identical. The insulating sections between electrodes have had ion implantation to improve the voltage stability of the lens. The lens design employs Russian symmetry for the quadrupole elements.
Cardiac protection during acute myocardial infarction: where do we stand in 2004?

Despite better outcomes with early coronary artery reperfusion for the treatment of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI), morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain significant, the incidence of congestive heart failure continues to increase, and there is a need to provide better cardioprotection (therapy that reduces the amount of necrosis that may be coupled with better clinical outcome) in the setting of AMI. Since the introduction of the concept of cardiac protection over a quarter of a century ago, various interventions have been investigated to reduce myocardial infarct size. Intravenous beta-blockers administered in the early hours of infarction were clearly shown to be of benefit. Intravenous adenosine appeared promising for anterior wall AMIs, as did cariporide in some studies. Glucose-insulin-potassium infusion was beneficial in certain subgroups of patients, particularly diabetics. A variety of other medications were studied with negative or marginal results. The best strategy to limit infarct size is early reperfusion with percutaneous coronary stenting or thrombolytic therapy. Stenting is superior and should be adopted whenever there is a qualified laboratory available. Available resources should focus on decreasing time from onset of symptoms to start of reperfusion and maintaining vessel patency. Future studies powered to better assess clinical outcome are needed for adjunctive therapy with adenosine, KATPchannel openers, Na+/H+exchange inhibitors, and hypothermia.
Structure and order in soft matter: symmetry transcending length scale

Molecular crystals, surfactant assemblies, and block copolymers are properly classified as “soft matter,” but these classes of materials are usually regarded as distinct owing to their different properties and applications. Furthermore, the length scales of translation order in typical molecular crystals are typically at least one order of magnitude smaller than in surfactant assemblies and block copolymers, which often organize as high symmetry hexagonal and cubic microstructures. Whereas the structures of molecular crystals are generally viewed to be governed by intermolecular forces at short length scales that impose local order, surfactant assemblies and block copolymers are locally disordered even though they form ordered microstructures at longer length scales. Though historically the crystal structures of most molecular crystals have been characterized for the purpose of understanding molecular structure, the recent emergence of crystal engineering as a solid-state discipline has shifted the focus toward the elucidation of the factors responsible for crystal packing and strategies for crystal design. This coincides with a growing interest in surfactants and block copolymers having materials properties that can be tuned precisely at the molecular level. As such, it seems opportune to begin examining the structural relationships that connect these classes of materials. The intent of this highlight is to provoke interest in such comparisons through examples of molecular crystals that exhibit features which mimic microstructures observed in surfactant assemblies and block copolymers. These compounds appear to be characterized by molecular components with some degree of amphiphilic character and supramolecular structural elements that (i) enforce topologies that are predestined to form certain high symmetry structures, (ii) introduce conformational softness that permits curvature at small length scales, (iii) form aggregates (i.e., through hydrogen bonding) which effectively increase the length scale so that curved surfaces required for high symmetry lattices can be formed with minimal energetic penalties. These examples suggest that the relationship between length scale, energy, curvature, and crystal symmetry bear further examination.
In vitro cytotoxicity of a remineralizing resin-based calcium phosphate cement

Summary Recently, a resin-based calcium phosphate cement (RCPC) has been reported as a remineralizing pulp-capping or lining cement. RCPC consists mainly of tetracalcium and dicalcium phosphates, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate and pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate monomers and photo- and chemical initiators. Objectives Here, the cytotoxic effects of RCPC were evaluated. The hypothesis was that RCPC induced only minor cytotoxic response in immortalized murine odontoblast and pulp cells, comparable to that produced by similar dimethacrylates due to unpolymerized dimethacrylate monomer present after curing. Methods Cytotoxicity was determined following the changes in cell succinate dehydrogenase activity after 24 h exposure to the cement components and after a 24 h recovery period. A fourfold range of concentrations was tested of the monomers, the eluate of cured RCPC leached in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, and crushed cured cement in dimethyl sulfoxide. Results The monomers themselves had cytotoxicities similar to those reported for other dimethacrylates, although they are significantly less toxic than Bis-GMA. Differential cell sensitivity was demonstrated, with the pulp cells having greater sensitivity to the unpolymerized monomer than the odontoblast-like cells. The leached components have cytotoxicity similar to that of the free monomers. The crushed material demonstrated no apparent cytotoxicity at the dilutions tested. Significance These data demonstrate that RCPC has an in vitro cytotoxicity that is comparable to other materials containing dimethacrylate monomers and suggest that the material may be suitable for use in dental restorations. The data also indicate that the pulp cells appear more sensitive to dimethacrylates than the odontoblasts.
Business History and Legal History

It may well be that the present will stand as a golden age in the historiography of American business and American law. Both fields have flourished – indeed, flowered – in recent years. Perhaps the best measure of this is the fact that the 1978 winners of the Bancroft Prize in American History were Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.'s The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business and Morton J. Horwitz's The Transformation of American Law 1780–1860 , each a notable work in its own right, each a summation of sorts of the recent evolution of its field of historical inquiry.
Eating Competence of Hispanic Parents Is Associated with Attitudes and Behaviors That May Mediate Fruit and Vegetable-Related Behaviors of 4th Grade Youth

Parent self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and behaviors toward cooking and fruits and vegetables mediate children's eating. Eating competence, an intra-individual approach to food-related attitudes and behaviors, is associated with healthful outcomes but has not been studied as a moderator of parent food-related behaviors that mediate healthful eating in 4th grade children. Parents (n = 339; 78% Hispanic, 89% female) of 4th graders who participated in an impact study of the Cooking with Kids curriculum in Santa Fe, NM schools eligible for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education completed the following surveys: Satter eating competence inventory for low-income (ecSI/LI) (16 items, Likert scale, possible score 0-48); modeling behaviors related to food preparation and fruits/vegetables (11 items, Likert scale, possible score 0-33); self-efficacy/outcome expectancies (SE/OE) (12 items, Likert scale, possible score 12-60); and availability of fruits/vegetables (20 items, possible score 0-20). Higher scores indicate more desired behaviors. The mean ecSI/LI score was 33.6 ± 8.5; 59% were eating competent, i.e., ecSI/LI ≥ 32. Eating-competent parents demonstrated more modeling (16.3 ± 5.0 vs. 14.0 ± 4.3; P < 0.001), greater SE/OE (53.7 ± 10.1 vs. 51.2 ± 8.5; P = 0.03), and greater in-home fruit/vegetable availability (12.7 ± 3.0 vs. 11.9 ± 3.2; P = 0.02). Two clusters of modeling behavior were defined: achievers and strivers. Modeling achievers (34.9 ± 6.9) were more eating competent (P < 0.001) than strivers (30.3 ± 8.9). Eating competence moderated parent food-related behaviors. Measuring eating competence may contribute to understanding parent behavior as a mediator in school-based nutrition interventions.
Three-dimensional template correlation: object recognition in 3D voxel data

Correlation is a standard technique for recognizing known patterns in two-dimensional grid (pixel) images. Its obvious importance has led to numerous hardware implementations and variations. Images captured directly onto 3D voxel grids are becoming more common, including those from confocal microscopy and medical imaging technologies. To our knowledge, no one has yet addressed correlation as a technique for recognizing 3D templates in such 3D voxel data. We find that this problem includes a number of issues: efficient three-axis rotation of a template with respect to 3D image, large volume of results from the correlation, and the possibility of a template matching an image multiple times. We briefly review techniques that have been used in 2D template matching, and examine analogies to a molecule interaction problem in computational chemistry, including its similarity to multispectral images. We report on a hardware accelerator for the 3D correlation problem, based on a commodity coprocessor board containing field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs). Because the convolution processor is built from reconfigurable logic, it can be adapted to non-linear scoring algorithms using complex data values at each voxel, and can be tailored to solve other problems such as anisotropic grid axes. We present initial performance results for the FPGA implementation, and note that accelerator performance is likely to grow roughly linearly with FPGA capacity, process improvements, and number of FPGAs.
Zigzag graphene nanoribbons: bandgap and midgap state modulation

We study zigzag graphene nanoribbons with periodic edge roughness and report significant band gap opening. Interestingly, such nanoribbons have a near-midgap state with a small band width. We extensively study the electronic structure and the electric-field modulation of the conduction/valence bands and the near-midgap state. We summarize the important electronic-structure features like the band gap, the band width and the effective mass. We show that by applying an external electric field in the width direction, the band width of the near-midgap state varies linearly due to the edge localization, whereas the band gap remains almost constant. Additionally, the effective mass of these states can switch polarity from negative (hole-like) to positive (carrier-like) at the Γ-point with the field modulation.
Making sense of worldwide EMC regulations

Two years ago, the author presented information on "The EMC directive: Routes to compliance". Last year, he talked about "The EMC directive: the new world of product family standards". This paper brings attention to emerging EMC regulations throughout the world. Particular attention is given to the differing administrative compliance processes for USA FCC EMC regulations, Australian C-Tick EMC Framework requirements, Russian COST requirements, Taiwan MOEA requirements, Korean MOC requirements and the European Union EMC Directive requirements. A proposal for the promotion of product regulatory compliance harmonized test standards and conformity processes is also discussed.
Ten MVA air-gap armature winding: thermal, structural and dielectric results

This paper describes the armature winding built as part of MIT's 10 MVA superconducting generator project. The winding has a helical winding form, is an air-gap winding having no iron teeth in the active region, employs a limited voltage gradient insulation scheme and is cooled by an insulating fluid. Structurally, the winding employs bonded joints between the conductors and structural tubes, which are of filament-wound fiber-reinforced plastic. Preliminary tests indicated that thermal performance of this winding was satisfactory. On the other hand, the winding suffered a catastrophic insulation failure after only a short time at high voltage. The resulting fault gave the structural system of the armature winding (and the rest of the machine) a good test. In this paper the authors review the major aspects of the design of the winding, describe the thermal tests and then tell of the insulation failure. They can, at best, speculate about the cause of that failure, but they can, on the basis of this experience, make recommendations for further development of machines of this type. >
A New Transform Related to Distance from a Boolean Function (Extended Abstract)

We introduce a new transform on Boolean functions generalizing the Walsh-Hadamard transform. For Boolean functions \(q\) and \(f\), the q-transform of f measures the proximity of \(f\) to the set of functions obtained from \(q\) by change of basis. This has implications for security against certain algebraic attacks. In this paper we derive the expected value and second moment (Parseval’s equation) of the \(q\)-transform, leading to a notion of \(q\)-bentness. We also develop a Poisson Summation Formula, which leads to a proof that the \(q\)-transform is invertible.