cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The function of gastrocnemius as a knee flexor at selected knee and ankle angles

The gastrocnemius has been viewed as an important contributor at the knee joint as a joint flexor and stabilizer across all the knee and ankle joint angles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of knee and ankle joint angles on the knee flexor function of the gastrocnemius. Seventeen participants were tested on a Biodex dynamometer with the gastrocnemius muscle selectively stimulated at a standardized level of electrical current. The results indicated that both ankle and knee joint angle influence the knee joint flexion moment produced by the gastrocnemius. Further analysis revealed that the flexion moment was greatest with the knee joint straight (180 degrees ) across all ankle joint angles. The greatest reduction in knee flexion moment occurred between 180 and 165 degrees of knee angle. No significant difference was observed in the knee flexion moment between 165 degrees and 115 degrees knee flexion, and little knee flexion moment was observed at knee angles of 90 degrees and 75 degrees. The dramatic reduction of moment between 180 degrees and 165 degrees knee angle is possibly due to the change of moment arm while the little moment production during extreme flexion (90 degrees and 75 degrees ) may be due to the reduction of muscle length.
The fibonacci sequence: Relationship to the human hand***

Abstract Purpose: The motion path of the digits follows the path of an equiangular spiral in which a constant angle is formed by all radial vectors along the curve. This implies that the lengths of the metacarpals, proximal, middle, and distal phalanges approximate a Fibonacci sequence in which the ratio of any 2 consecutive numbers approaches the number 1.61803 (phi). This study tested the hypothesis that the metacarpal and phalangeal bone lengths follow the Fibonacci relationship. Methods: Standardized x-rays were taken of the hands of 100 healthy volunteers. The proximal phalanx length was subtracted from the sum of the lengths of the middle and distal phalanges and the metacarpal length was subtracted from the sum of the lengths of the middle and proximal phalanges. Confidence intervals for the quotients of the measured lengths of the adjacent bones of the hand also were used for statistical analysis. Results: Only 1 of 12 bone length ratios contained the ratio phi in the 95% confidence interval, that of the small finger metacarpal and proximal phalanx. The largest variability was seen in the small finger phalangeal relationships. Conclusion: The application of the Fibonacci sequence to the anatomy of the human hand, although previously accepted, is a relationship that is not supported mathematically. The difference between individual bone lengths as measured at the joint line and the center of rotation of the joints may explain our finding. (J Hand Surg 2003;28A:157–160. Copyright © 2003 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Design methods for continuum fusion detectors

Continuum fusion methods define a new design approach for multivariate detection algorithms, hyperspectral applications being only one example. However, the high dimensions in which such detectors operate can challenge human intuition. We show how certain low-dimensional representations can be used to understand the performance of many existing discrimination algorithms, with special emphasis on newer CF methods. We also give examples illustrating how the interplay between analytical and geometrical interpretations can be used to inform the process of designing special purpose detectors, such as for eliminating sensor artifacts.
Infantile onset Pompe disease: A report of physician narratives from an epidemiologic study

Purpose: To review the narratives that detailed the most important features of Infantile Onset Pompe disease (IOPD) from the physician's perspective, submitted as part of a large multicenter, multinational epidemiologic natural history study. Methods: Inclusion in the epidemiologic study required documentation of onset of symptoms in the first 12 months of age and GAA enzyme deficiency or GAA mutation(s). In all, 300 cases were screened; 168 cases from 33 study sites in 9 countries met all eligibility criteria. In addition, 125 narratives that summarized the most important clinical features of IOPD, reflecting the opinion of the participating physicians who had provided access to the records for the independent review, were analyzed and are reported separately. A total of 98 variables were analyzed. Results: Hypotonia was the most common presenting symptom, occurring in 75% of patients; muscle weakness was a presenting symptom in 59% of patients. The most frequent sign noted on physical examination was hypotonia (82%); respiratory distress, cardiomegaly, weakness, and cardiac failure were also frequent. Progression of disease was characterized by increased respiratory distress (72%), hypotonia (66%), and cardiac failure (58%). The most frequent supportive treatments were cardiac medications (52%) and oxygen supplementation (35%). Little psychosocial information was included. Conclusion: Physician narratives provide a unique perspective on the natural history of IOPD and are useful adjuncts to other data collection. Overall, there was concordance with the data obtained by the independent abstractors.
Permeabilization of platelets: an investigation of biochemical, ultrastructural and functional aspects

The biochemical, ultrastructural and functional aspects of digitonin-permeabilized platelets were investigated. Human platelets were permeabilized by exposure to the steroid glycoside digitonin. A 60 μM concentration of this permeabilizer produced a very substantial release of cytosolic enzymes from the platelets. Release from subcellular granules was relatively low and did not inhibit the response of platelets to a series of agonists. Although digitonin-permeabilized platelets required higher threshold concentrations of the usual stimulants, both primary and secondary aggregation as well as the release of nucleotides and enzymes from their respective granules remained intact. Transmission electron micrographs revealed discontinuities in the plasma membrane of digitonin-treated platelets, but scanning electron microscopy showed no difference between control and permeabilized platelets. No substantial loss of structural or membrane proteins could be detected by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The pore size produced by digitonin treatment was sufficient to allow entry of 125 I-labeled IgG into the platelet cytosolic space.
Elasto-Plastic Analysis of Prismatic Folded Plates by the Finite Element Method

Folded plate structures are used for roofing large column-free areas for auditoriums, supermarkets, gymnasiums, hangars for aircraft, and other similar applications. The loads on these structures could cause stresses to go beyond the elastic range. Therefore, a thorough understanding of their elasto-plastic behavior is of utmost importance in designing these structures. An attempt is made to study the elasto-plastic behavior of prismatic metal folded plates by the finite element method using the commercial software, ANSYS. The method is first validated by analyzing typical plates and shells, and comparing them with available solutions in the literature. The elasto-plastic behavior of some prismatic folded plates is then studied, and their force-deflection responses and evolution of plastic zones are evaluated.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Notes on the magnetic and dynamic properties of the lowest excited triplet states of aromatic carbonyl molecules: Acetophenone and related molecules

Abstract Dynamic properties and zero field splittings (ZFS) of the lowest excited triplet states of acetophenone and benzaldehyde in 1,4-dibromobenzene host and 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde in durene host are reported. It is shown that the ZFS and dynamic properties are primarily determined by the local symmetry of the carbonyl groups.
Nonoperative management of primary colorectal cancer in patients with stage IV disease.

Background: Traditional teaching maintains that patients with primary colorectal adenocarcinoma require timely resection to prevent bleeding, perforation, or obstruction. The true benefits of primary tumor resection remain undocumented for patients presenting with metastatic disease, however. We postulated that resection of primary colorectal tumors could be avoided safely in a select population of asymptomatic colorectal cancer patients presenting with incurable stage IV disease. Methods: A retrospective review of the Vanderbilt University Hospital tumor registry was performed for the years 1985 to 1997. During this period, 955 patients presented for management of primary colorectal cancer. From this group, all patients with stage IV disease at the time of diagnosis were identified. Patients who initially underwent resection of their primary lesion were included in the resection group; those who underwent initial nonoperative primary tumor management were included in the nonresection group. Data were obtained regarding age, extent of disease, nonsurgical therapy, tumor-specific complications, and palliative surgical procedures. Surgery-free survival and overall survival were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. For patients with liver metastases, hepatic tumor burden was defined as either H1 ( 50%) disease. Results: Sixty-six patients were included in the resection group, and 23 patients with intact asymptomatic primary colorectal lesions were included in the nonresection group. Among patients with hepatic metastases, most of the patients in both groups had H1 disease. Ten patients in the resection group and 3 patients in the nonresection group presented with exclusively extrahepatic metastases. In the nonresection group, primary therapy included chemotherapy in 13 patients, external beam radiation therapy in 1 patient, and combination chemoradiation in 9 patients. The median survival in the nonresection group was 16.6 months. The 2-year actuarial survival was 18%, and the surgery-free survival was 91.3%. Only 2 of 23 patients (8.7%) managed without resection eventually developed obstruction at the primary tumor site requiring emergent diversion. There were no episodes of tumor-related hemorrhage or perforation. For the resection group, the operative morbidity was 30.3%, and the perioperative mortality rate was 4.6%. The median survival in the resection group was 14.5 months (P = 0.59, log-rank test vs. nonresection group). Conclusions: Selected patients with asymptomatic primary colorectal tumors who present with incurable metastatic disease may safely avoid resection of their primary lesions, with an anticipated low rate of hemorrhage, perforation, or obstruction before death from systemic disease. No survival advantage is gained by resection of an asymptomatic primary lesion in the setting of incurable stage IV colorectal cancer.
Matrix Elements of Symmetric Operators

In this note we discuss an extension of a familiar theorem concerning the matrix elements of vector and tensor operators between states of definite angular momentum to the case of other groups than the full rotation group and to the case of operators of other symmetries. It is found that there is an extension to this theorem but in some cases there are nontrivial complications. In addition, a method is given for reducing a reducible representation of a group which gives explicitly the matrix elements in the appropriate similarity transformation.
Brotherhoods Among Atelins: Kinship, Affiliation, and Competition

U.S.A.) (With 3 Figures) (Ace. 20-VII-1994) Summary This paper examines differences in male affiliative associations and dominance relationships in atelin primates. Despite the occurrence of male philopatry in all three genera, male social relations varied considerably. The strength of male affiliations was attributed to differences in between group competition for access to groups of females, while the type of male dominance relationships was attributed to differences in within group competition for access to individual females. Female grouping patterns and the socionomic sex ratio appeared to be more important than group size in predicting the strength of between group competition and male affiliations. Male dominance over females appeared to be more important than estrus synchrony in predicting the type of within group competition and the presence of hierarchical or egalitarian relationships among males.
Usability of Alternative Web Course Structures

SUMMARY The usability of Web sites is coming to be a major concern for corporations and other organizations. Usability typically consists of five elements: learnability, efficiency, memorability, error rates, and satisfaction. Although the relative importance of these elements may differ between educational sites and commercial ones, usability is no less important for instructional Web sites. In this article we discuss what usability means for instructional Web sites and report on a small study comparing the usability of two different course structures. Some differences were found, which, if confirmed, could have implications for how we design instructional sites. Basic usability testing is recommended for all education and training sites, especially as part of formative evaluation.
Modification of Ninth-Order Weighted Essentially Nonoscillatory Scheme for Mixed Subsonic/Supersonic Flow

T HIS Note describes a modification to the high-order-accurate weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) scheme implementation byGross and Fasel [1,2]. Themotivation behind this effort was to have a high-order-accurate discretization for the convective fluxes that works equallywell for subsonic and supersonicflows. The schemes described in this Note are based on schemes by Jiang and Wu [3] and Balsara and Shu [4]. In [2], we discussed a procedure for constructing high-orderaccurate upwind schemes. We suggested reconstructing the flow variables at the left (L) and right side (R) of the i 1 2 interface using high-order-accurate WENO approximations [3,4] and to employ the Roe scheme [5],
DIFFEOMORPHISM CLASSIFICATION OF FINITE GROUP ACTIONS ON DISKS

In this paper we discuss the diffeomorphism classification of finite group actions on disks. We answer the question when an action on a space M can be extended to an action on a disk such that the action is free away from M. Let the singular set consist of the points with nontrivial isotropy group. We show (under some dimension assumptions) that disks with diffeomorphic neighborhoods of the singular set can be imbedded into each other. As a consequence we find a classification of group actions on disks in terms of the neighborhood of the singular set and an element in the Whitehead group of G.
Resonant electron capture by B-like ions at low energies

Dielectronic recombination cross sections and rates are estimated for ions of the B isoelectronic sequence, (C/sup 1+/, O/sup 3+/, Ar/sup 13+/, and Fe/sup 21+/), in which the 2s..-->..2p excitation is involved during the initial capture. A complete set of rates is then generated for all ions by extrapolation. The rates increase rapidly with nuclear core charge Z/sub c/, reaching a maximum at Z/sub c//similar to/10--12. A surprisingly smooth variation within the isonuclear sequence around the B-like ions is observed.
Simplified postoperative patient-controlled analgesia on a gynecologic oncology service

Twenty-nine women who underwent various abdominal operations for gynecologic malignancies self-administered postoperative analgesia by means of disposable Travenol Infusors with Patient Control Modules. Administration of morphine sulfate at a rate of 1 mg per injection and a maximum of 10 mg per hour via patient-controlled analgesia was judged satisfactory by all 29 patients. The mean dose rate administered ranged from 1.2 to 1.5 mg per hour per day during the first 3 days postoperatively. No respiratory depression occurred and excessive sedation was reported by only 2 patients after the first 24 hr postoperatively. If further surgeries were required, more than 90% of these patients would prefer patient-controlled analgesia to intramuscular injections.
Controlled CCVD Synthesis of Robust Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Films

The emerging interest toward applications of robust highly aligned carbon nanotube forests requires synthesis of such films in a controlled manner. In this paper, the growth mechanism and influence of growth parameters on the structural properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube films grown by catalytic chemical vapor deposition on SiO2 surfaces are investigated. The experimental studies are complemented with computational finite element simulations of temperature and flow fields in the reactor to have a better understanding on tailored synthesis. Film thickness, mass, density, purity, alignment, and nanotube size distribution data were assessed as a function of several growth parameters by electron microscopy and electron and X-ray diffraction techniques.
Utilizing cognitive therapy on the short-term psychiatric inpatient unit

Cognitive therapy as applied to the short-term psychiatric inpatient unit is explored. The authors provide an overview of the cognitive model and the utilization of cognitive-behavioral therapies for a variety of diagnostic categories. Adaptations of cognitive techniques to the inpatient unit are described and illustrated through case presentations.
Determination of the Convective Coefficient of Coolant by Comparing the Finite Element Model With the Experimental Results From Surface Grinding

It is known that coolants play an important role in the grinding operation by reducing the heat that is generated on the work piece. As large amount of specific energy is spent in removing very small amount of the work piece in the finishing operations like grinding, the convective property of coolant plays a significant role in providing the required cooling effect. In today’s world, people have been customizing the coolant used for industry purposes as well as in the area of research. Thus the coolant property becomes an unknown quantity and the convection coefficient of the coolant, which dictates the quantity of heat removed from the workpiece during grinding, determines the coolant’s effectiveness. In this paper the convection coefficient of the coolant was determined for a particular velocity by computing and tuning of finite element model against experimental results. The convective property depends on various parameters such as thermal conductivity, heat capacity among others but in this paper, its dependence on velocity of the coolant is stressed. It was determined from the experimental results of surface grinding operation on workpiece and then comparing them with the finite element model simulated in ANSYS. By varying the convection coefficient parameter, the finite element model was fitted to the experimental results thus resulting in the determination of convective coefficient property of the coolant.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Magnesium deficiency in chronic schizophrenia.

(1991). Magnesium Deficiency in Chronic Schizophrenia. International Journal of Neuroscience: Vol. 61, No. 1-2, pp. 87-90.
Objective Consumer Device Photo Quality Evaluation

We propose an approach to no-reference image quality evaluation that is consumer-centric and targets real consumer-type images with realistic distortions and realistic quality ranges. We show that the state-of-the-art approaches to no-reference image quality assessment do not perform as well on real consumer-type images, and propose an approach which is simple, efficient, easily interpretable, and achieves high prediction performance on a dataset of images with real non-simulated distortions.
AN UPDATE OF THE STATUS OF THE REVISED 3C CATALOG OF RADIO SOURCES; 22 NEW GALAXY REDSHIFTS.

An updated catalog is presented of the important optical data for the radio sources in the Revised Third Cambridge Catalog. Optical positions, redshifts, magnitudes, and identifications have been included as well as radio flux densities and spectral indices for the sample of 297 extragalactic 3CR sources. A bibliography of optical/radio data is also given. In addition to the literature compilation, new spectroscopic observations of 22 3CR galaxies with previously unpublished redshifts are presented.
High throughput single molecule detection for monitoring biochemical reactions

The design, performance and application of a novel optical system for high throughput single molecule detection (SMD) configured in a continuous flow format using microfluidics is reported. The system consisted of a microfabricated polymer-based multi-channel fluidic network situated within the optical path of a laser source (λex = 660 nm) with photon transduction accomplished using an electron-multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) operated in a frame transfer mode that allowed tracking single molecules as they passed through a large field-of-view (FoV) illumination zone. The microfluidic device consisted of 30 microchannels possessing dimensions of 30 µm (width) × 20 µm (depth) with a 25 µm pitch. Individual molecules were electrokinetically driven through the fluidic network and excited within the wide-field illumination area with the resulting fluorescence collected via an objective and imaged onto the EMCCD camera. The detection system demonstrated sufficient sensitivity to detect single DNA molecules labeled with a fluorescent tag (AlexaFluor 660) identified through their characteristic emission wavelength and the burst of photons produced during their transit through the excitation volume. In its present configuration and fluidic architecture, the sample processing throughput was ∼4.02 × 105 molecules s−1, but could be increased dramatically through the use of narrower channels and a smaller pitch. The system was further evaluated using a single molecule-based fluorescence quenching assay for measuring the population differences between duplexed and single-stranded DNA molecules as a function of temperature for determining the duplex melting temperature, Tm.
Efficacy of isotopic 13CO2 laser laparoscopic evaporation in the treatment of infertile patients with minimal and mild endometriosis: A life table cumulative pregnancy rates study

Abstract Study Objective. To assess the efficacy of 13 CO 2 laser laparoscopy in treating infertile women with minimal to mild endometriosis according the American Fertility Society classification in terms of pregnancy rates. Design. Prospective study. Setting. Medical school-affiliated hospital. Patients. One hundred seventy-six women whose infertility was associated with minimal or mild endometriosis diagnosed by laparoscopy. Interventions. The patients were treated with one of four methods: 49 underwent operative laparoscopy with newly developed 13 CO 2 laser vaporization and/or resection; 45 were treated by operative laparoscopy with simple monopolar electrocoagulation; 43 who had undergone only diagnostic laparoscopy did not receive any treatment; and 39 received danazol 800 mg/day for 3 months after diagnostic laparoscopy. Measurements and Main Results. Estimated cumulative pregnancy rates using life table analyses were indicators of treatment of success and compared among the treatments. A subgroup of 111 patients considered to have endometriosis as the only major infertility factor were also evaluated and compared among treatment options. Pregnancy rates in the CO 2 laser laparoscopy group were significantly higher than in the other three groups and in endometriosis-only subset. Conclusions. Advanced laparoscopic surgery with the CO 2 laser can be more efficient than other modalities in treating infertile women with minimal to mild endometriosis in terms of pregnancy rates. It appears that in experienced hands, laser laparoscopy has more favorable results than the other treatments.
The role of ribavirin in direct acting antiviral drug regimens for chronic hepatitis C

Despite years of clinical use and extensive research efforts, the mechanism of action of ribavirin (RBV) is not well understood. Although it has only a mild, transient antiviral effect on HCV replication when administered as monotherapy, when combined with interferon, RBV improves sustained virological response (SVR) rates by approximately 25-30%. Proposed mechanisms of action for RBV against HCV include (1) a direct effect against the HCV RNA dependent RNA polymerase; (2) induction of misincorporation of nucleotides leading to lethal mutagenesis; (3) depletion of intracellular pools via inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; (4) alteration in the cytokine balance between a Th2 profile (anti-inflammatory) to a Th1 profile (pro-inflammatory); and (5) potentiating the effect of interferon via up-regulation of genes involved in interferon signalling. Given the lack of a clear understanding of RBV mechanism of action, it has been challenging to confidently position this drug with new direct antiviral agents (DAA). However, early clinical studies provide strong evidence for a benefit of RBV in combination with DAAs for both IFN containing and sparing regimens. The addition of RBV reduces viral breakthroughs and/or relapses, at least when drugs with low to moderate genetic barriers to resistance are paired together. This is particularly true in patients harbouring HCV subtype 1a. Ongoing studies are now addressing the utility of RBV in nucleoside containing DAA regimens, which offer both potent antiviral activity as well as a high genetic barrier to resistance. It is remarkable that the age-old question of the role of RBV in the future of HCV therapy remains as real today as it was two decades ago.
Fast neutron bombardment of a lithium-drifted germanium gamma-ray detector

Pulse height spectra from a lithium-drifted germanium gamma-ray detector bombarded with mono-energetic neutrons have been measured at neutron energies of 1.2, 2.2, 4.7 and 16.3 MeV. Gamma rays from inelastic neutron scattering in the counter and the counter cryostat have been identified. An E0 conversion electron line from the decay of the 691 keV first excited state in 72Ge is very prominent and at neutron energies of 4.7 and 16.3 MeV charged particle groups from neutron-induced reactions in the germanium appear. A brief discussion of the application of germanium gamma-ray detectors to the study of (n,n'γ) reactions is presented. The detector was irradiated with a total fast neutron flux of approximately 1011 neutrons/cm2 and showed no deterioration of resolution.
Ammonia/flyash interactions and their impact on flue gas treatment technologies

Abstract Ammonia/flyash interactions were investigated to assess their importance in flue gas treatment processes. Theoretical calculations are presented for the upper bound of ammonia uptake by flyash during selective catalytic reduction. Assuming diffusion-controlled uptake, significant ammonia loss to flyash is predicted; this is not supported by industrial experience. Thus, experiments were conducted to measure ammonia adsorption and reaction on flyash as a function of temperature. Based on the experimental results, ammonia/flyash interactions are not expected to interfere with either current or proposed low-temperature (110–160°C) operation. When adding ammonia as an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) conditioning agent, however, the extent of adsorption onto flyash will be very sensitive to operating conditions. This may explain the erratic performance of ammonia in ESP conditioning reported in the literature. Finally, the saturation capacity for ammonia adsorption onto flyash exceeds the maximum threshold established for flyash reuse as a cement additive and thus could limit this large-volume opportunity for mitigating flyash disposal.
Chatter in the Strip Rolling Process, Part 2: Dynamic Rolling Experiments

This paper presents the results of dynamic rolling experiments examining the variations in rolling force, back tension and roll gap in response to a sinusoidal dynamic component of various frequencies being superimposed on the roll gap or back tension. Comparisons between the experimental results and the corresponding simulation results are also presented to investigate the validity of the new dynamic model of the rolling process presented in Part I of this paper.
Acute Renal Failure, Oxalosis, and Vitamin C Supplementation: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

With the increased use of nonprescription vitamin supplementation, physicians involved in critical care must be aware of the potential complications of these medications. We report the case of a 31-year-old African-American man presenting to the emergency department with acute renal failure. He had previously been well and initially denied the use of any drugs except for vitamin C tablets obtained at a local health food store. This case report and review of the literature is utilized to illustrate the importance of historical data in patients presenting with acute renal failure to a critical care service.
The ups and downs of p53: understanding protein dynamics in single cells

Cells living in a complex environment must constantly detect, process and appropriately respond to changing signals. Therefore, all cellular information processing is dynamic in nature. As a consequence, understanding the process of signal transduction often requires detailed quantitative analysis of dynamic behaviours. Here, we focus on the oscillatory dynamics of the tumour suppressor protein p53 as a model for studying protein dynamics in single cells to better understand its regulation and function.
Equanimity and Intimacy: A Buddhist-Feminist Approach to the Elimination of Bias

In this article I criticize some traditional impartiality practices in Western philosophical ethics and argue in favor of Marilyn Friedman’s dialogical practice of eliminating bias. But, I argue, the dialogical approach depends on a more fundamental practice of equanimity. Drawing on the works of Tibetan Buddhist thinkers Patrul Rinpoche and Khenpo Ngawang Pelzang, I develop a Buddhist-feminist concept of equanimity and argue that, despite some differences with the Western impartiality practices, equanimity is an impartiality practice that is not only psychologically feasible but also central to loving relationships. I conclude by suggesting ways that feminist dialogical practices for eliminating bias and meditative practices are mutually supportive.
Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis in Hydralazine-Induced SLE

Renal disease, a major feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rarely occurs in drug-induced SLE. Immune complex glomerulonephritis has been demonstrated in a few cases of SLE following procainamide or anticonvulsant therapy but has not been documented in association with hydralazine-induced SLE despite the recognition of this syndrome 30 years ago. We report the clinical and renal pathologic findings in a patient with hydralazine-induced lupus nephritis and review the renal pathologic material in earlier reports of hydralazine-induced SLE.
Spectral Comparison of Red Giants in the Second-Parameter Globular Cluster Pair NGC 288 and NGC 362

Abundances for 13 giants in the blue horizontal branch cluster NGC 288 and 12 giants in the red horizontal branch cluster NGC 362 are presented. The overall metallicities are found to be [Fe/H] = -1.39 ± 0.01 and -1.33 ± 0.01 for NGC 288 and NGC 362, respectively. [α/Fe] ratios for the two clusters are found to be nearly identical, although NGC 362 is found to have a 0.1 dex smaller [Ca/Fe] abundance. Contrary to previous investigations, oxygen-poor giants are found in both clusters. Although Na-O, Al-O anticorrelations are found in both clusters, zero-point and slope differences in the anticorrelations are found. These differences are attributed to ab initio higher O, Na, and Al abundances in NGC 288. Although the "mixed" giants in NGC 362 have significantly lower [O/Fe] ratios than those found in NGC 288, the extent of mixing is nearly equal in the two clusters because of this ab initio abundance difference. No significant difference is found in the r-process element Eu between the two clusters; however, the average Ba abundance, an s-process element, is slightly higher in NGC 288 than in NGC 362. Mass-loss indicators Hα and Na core velocities show little difference from previous investigations of other globular clusters. Excessive mass loss and deep mixing induced surface He abundance differences are ruled out as sources of the difference in horizontal-branch morphology for these two clusters.
The Influence of Open-Mindedness and Knowledge on Attitudes Toward Teen Pregnancy Among Family and Consumer Sciences Teachers

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of knowledge about teenage pregnancy/parenting and open-mindedness on the attitudes offamily and consumer sciences (FCS) teachers toward teenage pregnancy/parenting. A simple random sample of 200 FCS teachers in Louisiana was selected from the population. Data were collected by mailed questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify a model that explained 26.4% of the variance in teachers' attitudes. Variables that contributed significantly to the model included open-mindedness! dogmatism, number of pregnant teens taught, number of in-service programs attended, age, whether teacher was married, and whether teacher was widowed. The hypotheses that teachers with higher knowledge scores and higher levels of open-mindedness would have more positive attitudes were supported. Conclusions serve to validate FCS programs. Recommendations for improvement of programs andforfuture research are identified.
Toxic effect of ammonia dissolved in sea water.

Abstract Ammonia in concentrations of 0·65–0·70 M in water led to reduced serum protein and bulbous skin lesions in the shark.
Solid-state disordering and melting of silica stishovite: the role of defects

Molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to investigate disordering of stishovite (a high-pressure polymorph of silica) and the role of defects including grain boundaries, vacancies and free surfaces. It is shown that pre-existent defects initiate or facilitate solid-state disordering and melting. As illustrated in the case of vacancies, melting precedes solid-state disordering for stishovite with low defect concentrations, while defect-rich stishovite may transform into high-density vitreous silica which then undergoes a (quasi-)continuous transition into melt. In sharp contrast, melting of ordinary glass at the same heating rate is sluggish yet evidently first order. Disordering on free surfaces is anisotropic, being more pronounced on (101), (011) and (111) than on (100), (010), (001) and (110) crystallographic planes.
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Library Network's (VALNET) Virtual Reference Service—Librarians On Call

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) libraries have a successful e-mail virtual reference service that can serve as a model for other groups of solo librarians. The Librarians On Call (LOC) program provides back-up reference coverage for the VA's many solo librarians and library technicians when their librarians are not available during regularly scheduled hours of operation. Usage data indicate the service is used by many types of health professionals to answer a variety of types of reference questions. This article examines the history and operations of the LOC program and discusses how it supports the VA's library network.
Universities and Climate Change Mitigation: Advancing Grassroots Climate Policy in the US

Abstract While US climate change mitigation policy has stalled at the national level, local and regional actors are increasingly taking progressive steps to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Universities are poised to play a key role in this grassroots effort by targeting their own emissions and by working with other local actors to develop climate change mitigation programmes. Researchers at the Pennsylvania State University have collaborated with university administrators and personnel to inventory campus emissions and develop mitigation strategies. In addition, they have facilitated a stakeholder-driven climate change mitigation project in one Pennsylvania county and started an ongoing service-learning project aimed at reducing emissions in another county. These campus and community outreach initiatives demonstrate that university-based mitigation action may simultaneously achieve tangible local benefits and develop solutions to broader challenges facing local climate change mitigation efforts. Ou...
Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Interferon-α in Melanoma

The quality of the host immune response in patients with advanced melanoma is compromised with a bias towards Th2-type polarization and a tumor microenvironment that facilitates disease progression. Overcoming tumor-induced immune suppression through strategies that build upon the immunomodulatory qualities and clinical activity of interferon-α as demonstrated in the melanoma adjuvant setting is a major clinical need. The recent advances in the field of immune checkpoint modulation and the unprecedented clinical activity in advanced melanoma opens the door on novel combinations that may overcome tumor tolerogenic mechanisms that are known to suppress the potent anti-tumor impact of interferon (IFN)-α. Promising preliminary data suggest that such combinations may move the clinical management of advanced melanoma into the next level, beyond what is currently seen with immune checkpoint blockers alone.
Insurance as Cornerstone for Public-Private Sector Partnerships

Society faces large challenges as to how we will deal with the increasing losses from natural, technological, and environmental hazards. Residents in hazard-prone areas are reluctant to protect themselves before the event occurs. The insurance and reinsurance industry is concerned that it cannot provide protection against these catastrophic risks without exposing itself to the danger of insolvency or significant loss of surplus. This paper explores the importance of insurance coupled with other policy instruments, such as regulations and standards, and interested parties (e.g., banks and financial institutions) to encourage loss reduction measures and provide financial protection against these hazards. New advances in information technology and risk assessment coupled with the emergence of new financial instruments for covering large losses provide the ingredients for rethinking the way society deals with catastrophic risks. To encourage investment in cost-effective loss reduction measures there is a need...
An analysis of an adiabatic adsorption column: Part 1. Theoretical development

Abstract A theoretical analysis of multicomponent adsorption in adiabatic exchange columns is presented. The system considered here is one-dimensional with negligible effects of diffusion and in which local equilibrium (of a nonlinear nature) obtains between the phases in contact. The theory of simple waves and that of discontinuities play key roles in the analysis. Countercurrent operations give rise to a free boundary analogue and introduce the concept of boundary discontinuities. Dependence of the system behavior upon the flow rate ratio is discussed. A finite column operation usually reaches a steady state and it is shown that the number of steady states attainable in the contacting region by varying the flow rate ratio is equal to the number of solute species present plus two. Formulations and discussions are carried out for countercurrent contact but these are equally well applicable to fixed bed operations by letting the flow rate ratio vanish. Applications will be illustrated in the following parts.
Factors affecting permeability and pit aspiration in coniferous sapwood

The influence of drying methods on the permeability of red pine and eastern hemlock sapwood was investigated. Permeability was found to be reduced by normal drying procedures to only a small percentage of the green permeability. The reduction was more severe at higher drying temperatures; less severe but still very large at -18° C. Pit aspiration was shown to be responsible for the reduction. Replacing the sap with surfactant solutions and organic liquids and evaporating them revealed that pit aspiration occurred with surfactant solutions having surface tension values of less than 20 dynes/cm and did not occur with organic liquids having surface tension values as high as 44 dynes/cm. It is suggested that a critical factor in pit aspiration is the adhesion of the torus to the pit border, and the failure of the organic liquids to cause pit aspiration is due to their inability to promote adhesion between the torus and pit border.
Extracellular Glutamate Concentration in Hippocampal Slice

Synaptic glutamate transients resulting from vesicular exocytosis are superimposed on a low baseline concentration of glutamate in the extracellular space. Reported values of baseline glutamate concentrations range up to 4 microM. If glutamate were present tonically at low micromolar concentrations, many receptors, especially the high-affinity NMDA receptors (NMDARs), would be activated or desensitized, altering neuronal excitability. Using NMDARs expressed by CA1 pyramidal cells in acute hippocampal slices to monitor extracellular glutamate, we find that its baseline concentration is much lower, near 25 nM. In addition, superfusion of low micromolar concentrations of glutamate had no effect on neurons, indicating that glutamate transport prevents access to receptors within the slice. However, equipotent concentrations of NMDA, a nontransported agonist, depolarized neurons dramatically. We suggest that ambient concentrations of glutamate in vivo are also in the nanomolar range and are too low to cause significant receptor activation.
Filter Paper Disc Modification of the Oxford Cup Penicillin Determination.

At the present time biological assay methods are the sole means of determining penicillin potency. A number of such methods are in use in various laboratories;1 however, the Oxford cup method,2 with several modifications,3 has continued to be regarded as a procedure in which a commensurate accuracy and speed may be obtained with a minimum of labor. The following filter paper disc modification should reduce the labor and time involved in setting up this test, while the case with which extra replicates may be run should increase the test's accuracy.The principal modification lies in the use of a thick filter paper disc saturated with the penicillin sample, substituted for the sample-containing small cylinder used in the Oxford cup method. These discs may be conveniently set up on the seeded plates at a rate of about 6 per minute, a rate considerably more rapid than that in the original method. Another advantage of the discs is that the test plates may be manipulated freely to facilitate reading. Experience ...
Stress fractures in skeletally immature patients.

0Stress fractures are a common injury in an active population. As children become increasingly involved in organized sports, the recognition of stress fractures and differentiation from infections or neoplasms requires a knowledge of their most common sites, presentation, and clinical course. We retrospectively reviewed 34 stress fractures in 32 skeletally immature patients from June 1977 to May 1993. Age, fracture location, treatment, time to union or healing, associated conditions, complications, radiographs, and clinical outcome were recorded. Fifty percent of patients were involved in sports ; the most common complaint was pain with activity. The most common site was the tibia (47%) followed by the fibula (21%) and femur (12%). All had resolution of symptoms and returned to normal activity. All but two healed with either activity modification or cast immobilization. The radiographic findings included early periosteal callus formation that rapidly consolidated to new bone on serial studies. A careful history, physical examination, and radiographs can help diagnose most common stress fractures in the skeletally immature individual and can differentiate stress fractures from infection or neoplasm with appropriate conservative treatment.
Therapist's Spouse as Absent Co-Therapist

This column provides a forum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have developed or adapted and find successful in your work with couples and families. If it works well for you, it may be that others could adapt it for themselves or be stimulated to invent another technique. Submit your manuscripts of 6 to 10 double-spaced typed pages to Robert Sherman, 154-23A Riverside Drive, Beechhurst, NY 11357 or to the Editor, indicating the manuscript is for this column.
Internal and external landscapes: myths and communicating financial focus

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to expose the multiplicity of landscapes involved with making and communicating strategic financial decisions for libraries.Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a general review.Findings – Library leaders must always focus on at least two distinct landscapes by which all financial matters may be approached and communicated.Originality/value – This paper works to bring readers toward the assumption that all financial matters require a minimal two‐pronged approach toward landscapes that are commonly presented to be singular in nature.
Stationary Equilibrium Transition Rules for an Overlapping Generations Model with Uncertainty

Abstract An overlapping generations model incorporating random production shocks is studied. Households have finite life spans. Futures markets are incomplete. Agents have full information in one case, and receive only a limited signal in another. In both instances the existence of a time-autonomous transition rule is proved such that if all agents forecast using it, the economy's actual growth will bear the predictions out. The rule corresponds to a steady state for a non-stochastic model. With limited information, it is seen to depend on all past signals. Several approximation theorems which may facilitate future applications are presented.
A decision-theoretic approach to the evaluation of information retrieval systems

Evaluation research on information retrieval (IR) systems has thus far been narrowly focused and disjointed. This research attempts to narrow the gap by providing a comprehensive and integrated multiple criteria decision-theoretic approach for the evaluation of IR systems. The approach, which is based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), is illustrated in the context of a domain-specific IR system. The novelty of this approach lies in the focus on the user aspect and the application of decision-making theories in the IR field.
Mode of Action of a Structurally Novel Beta-Lactam

CP-35,587 {6-[d-2-amino-2-( p -hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-2,2-dimethyl-3- (5-tetrazolyl)-penam} is a member of a new family of β-lactam antibacterial agents. Because the biospectrum of CP-35,587 has features similar to both penicillins and cephalosporins, experiments were carried out to explore its mode of action. CP-35,587 did not inhibit peptidoglycan transpeptidase from Escherichia coli , but it did inhibit dd-carboxypeptidase. Similar results were obtained with cephalexin. When these antibiotics were compared for effects on growth and morphology of E. coli , it was observed that filaments formed after exposure to either antibacterial agent for 30 to 60 min. The filaments enlarged, and fragmentation occurred until very few viable cells remained after exposure to CP-35,587. After 180 min in the presence of cephalexin, the cells began to divide, and the filaments formed cross-walls reaching control values in 24 h. CP-35,587 and cephalexin had similar effects on the morphology of the Klebsiella cell: the cells became enlarged within 30 min; with increasing exposure, the filaments became longer, with evidence of cytoplasmic emptying and ghost cell formation. These ghostlike tubules eventually broke apart, leaving fragments. These data indicate differences in the mode of action of CP-35,587 from those of most other β-lactam antibiotics. Images
The past, present, and future of vegetative phase change.

Many things change during shoot development. Although the most obvious of these is the production of reproductive structures, the morphology and physiology of leaves and vegetative buds changes as well. Some traits change continuously (either increasing or decreasing), while others are expressed in