cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HISTAMINE AS THE CHEMICAL MEDIATOR FOR CUTANEOUS PAIN

Evidence from human beings and animals is presented to support the theory that histamine is the chemical mediator for cutaneous pain. Direct evidence was obtained by injection of histamine or perfusates from split thicknesses of skin (epidermis and a few fibrous strands of dermis), stimulated by varying methods and degrees in vitro, into the most superficial layers of the skin. Histamine initiated threshold pain responses at lower concentrations than other pain-producing substances, i.e., 10 -15 gm/ml to 10 -18 gm/ml dilution of the base. The perfusates contained histamine in direct relation to the intensity of the stimulus and when injected into the same subjects from which the skin was obtained evoked pain reactions corresponding th the concentration of histamine. Threshold stimuli yielded perfusates of histamine equivalents of 10 -10 gm/ml and 10 -7 gm/ml, whereas after burning, the histamine equivalent was between 10 -7 gm/ml and 10 -5 gm/ml. The reactions to these concentrations of histamine or their equivalents was usually a sharp, stinging or burning sensation. The presence of histamine was confirmed by the standard biological tests. Indirect evidence obtained by in vitro stimulation of split thicknesses of skin (as described above) in man, dogs, cats, and cornea of rabbits, demonstrated that histamine was released in amounts directly related to the intensity and type of stimulus. Acetylcholine, bradykinin, and 5-hydroxytryptamine were not detected in the stimulated in vitro epidermis preparations. The antihistamine thymoxyethyldiethylamine, when given parenterally or orally to dogs, monkeys, and 2 human subjects, produced a generalized local anesthesia. There was no detectable central action since the pain threshold of the saphenous nerve (dog) was not altered and the subjects were awake. Histamine satisfies the premises I have set forth for a chemical mediator for cutaneous pain.
Sliding-mode design for robust linear optimal control

Abstract In this paper we introduce a robust control design method for solving linear optimal control problems with fixed terminal time and fixed terminal constraints. We propose the use of a sliding mode, and introduce a new manifold design approach, since the existing approaches do not adequately address the above class of problems. The class of time-varying sliding-mode manifolds introduced is shown to result in control designs optimal with respect to quadratic cost defined over a finite time interval. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
The Interface of cosmology with string and M(illennium) theory

The purpose of this review is to discuss recent developments occurring at the interface of cosmology with string and M theory. We begin with a short review of 1980s string cosmology and the Brandenberger–Vafa mechanism for explaining space–time dimensionality. It is shown how this scenario has been modified to include the effects of p-brane gases in the early universe. We then introduce the Pre-Big-Bang scenario (PBB), Hořava–Witten heterotic M theory and the work of Lukas, Ovrut and Waldram, and end with a discussion of large extra dimensions, the Randall–Sundrum model and Brane World cosmologies.
Timelike Killing fields and relativistic statistical mechanics

For spacetimes with timelike Killing fields, we introduce a 'Fermi–Walker–Killing' coordinate system and use it to prove a Liouville theorem for an appropriate volume element of phase space for a statistical mechanical system of particles. We derive an exact relativistic formula for the Helmholtz free energy of an ideal gas and compare it, for a class of spacetimes, to its Newtonian analog, derived both independently and as the Newtonian limit of our formula. We also find the relativistic thermodynamic equation of state. Specific examples are given in Kerr spacetime.
Scans as primitive parallel operations

A study of the effects of adding two scan primitives as unit-time primitives to PRAM (parallel random access machine) models is presented. It is shown that the primitives improve the asymptotic running time of many algorithms by an O(log n) factor, greatly simplifying the description of many algorithms, and are significantly easier to implement than memory references. It is argued that the algorithm designer should feel free to use these operations as if they were as cheap as a memory reference. The author describes five algorithms that clearly illustrate how the scan primitives can be used in algorithm design: a radix-sort algorithm, a quicksort algorithm, a minimum-spanning-tree algorithm, a line-drawing algorithm, and a merging algorithm. These all run on an EREW (exclusive read, exclusive write) PRAM with the addition of two scan primitives and are either simpler or more efficient than their pure PRAM counterparts. The scan primitives have been implemented in microcode on the Connection Machine system, are available in PARIS (the parallel instruction set of the machine). >
Reinvestigation of Mucohalic Acids, Versatile and Useful Building Blocks for Highly Functionalized α,β-Unsaturated γ-Butyrolactones

Mucohalic acids (mucochloric acid (1, 3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxy-5H-furan-2-one) and mucobromic acid (2, 3,4-dibromo-5-hydroxy-5H-furan-2-one)) are inexpensive, commercially available starting materials with multiple functional groups. These compounds have been modified by way of reduction followed by Suzuki cross-coupling reactions involving arylboronic acids to afford highly functionalized α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactones in excellent yield. The synthetic utility of these building blocks was effectively demonstrated through preparation of the antiinflammatory drug Vioxx.
Irrelevant deformations and the holographic Callan-Symanzik equation

We discuss the systematics of obtaining the Callan-Symanzik equation within the framework of the gauge/gravity dualities. We present a completely general formula which in particular takes into account the new holographic renormalization results of [1]. Non-trivial beta functions are obtained from new logarithmic terms in the radial expansion of the fields. The appearance of multi-trace counterterms is also discussed in detail and we show that mixing between single-and multi-trace operators leads to very specific non-linearities in the Callan-Symanzik equation. Additionally, we compute the conformal anomaly for a scalar three-point function in a CFT.
Optimal dynamic return management of fixed inventories

While the primary effort of all retailers is to generate that initial sales, return management is generally identified as a secondary issue that does not necessarily need the same level of planning and proactive strategies. In this article, we position return management as a process that is at the interface of both inventory and revenue management by explicitly incorporating the return policy of the retailer in consumer's valuation. We consider a retailer that sells a fixed amount of inventory over a finite horizon. We assume that return policy is a decision variable that can be changed dynamically at every period. While flexible return policies generate more demand, it also induces more returns. We characterize the optimal dynamic return policies based on two costs of return scenarios. We show a conditional monotonicity result and discuss how these return policies change with respect to inventory and time. We then propose a heuristic and prove that it is asymptotically optimal. We also study the joint dynamic pricing and dynamic return management problem in the same setting and propose two more heuristics whose performance is tested numerically and found to be close to optimal for higher inventory levels. We extend our model to multiple competing retailers and characterize the resulting equilibrium return policy and prices.
Quantum chaos and nuclear structure

Abstract The quantum level statistics were studied for the first time in nuclear spectra 60 years ago [I.I. Gurevich, JEPT 9 (1939) 1283]. Now, we know that atomic nuclei and complex atoms are good examples of mesoscopic quantum systems where the effects of quantum many-body chaos are clearly seen both in spectra and in the properties of complicated wave functions of stationary states. We present a short and subjective review of those ideas, applications to nuclear structure, and open problems.
Simplified atom trap by using direct microwave modulation of a diode laser.

We demonstrate direct microwave modulation of diode lasers operated with optical feedback from a diffraction grating. We obtain substantial fractions of the laser power (2–30%) in a single sideband at frequencies as high 6.8 GHz with 20 mW of microwave power and simple inefficient microwave coupling. Using a single diode as modulated at 6.6 GHz, we trapped 87Rb atoms in a vapor cell. With only 10 mW of microwave power we laser trapped 85% as many atoms as were obtained by using two lasers in the conventional manner.
Domestic politics and the international coordination of fiscal policies

Abstract This paper investigates the desirability of international fiscal policy coordination in the presence of a domestic political distortion. The domestic distortion results from the inability of the current policymaker to enter into a binding agreement with future policymakers about the composition of public spending. This distortion generates a bias towards budget deficits. International coordination can exacerbate the deficit bias, and thus reduce social welfare at home and abroad. The reason is that international coordination reduces the cost of running budget deficits, and thus enhances the adverse effects of the domestic political distortion.
Cloudshine: New Light on Dark Clouds

We present new deep near-infrared images of dark clouds in the Perseus molecular complex. These images show beautiful extended emission that we model as scattered ambient starlight and name "cloudshine." The brightness and color variation of cloudshine complicates the production of extinction maps, the best tracer of column density in clouds. However, since the profile of reflected light is essentially a function of mass distribution, cloudshine provides a new way to study the structure of dark clouds. Previous work has used optical scattered light to study the density profile of tenuous clouds; extending this technique into the infrared provides a high-resolution view into the interiors of very dense clouds, bypassing the complexities of using thermal dust emission, which is biased by grain temperature, or molecular tracers, which have complicated depletion patterns. As new wide-field infrared cameras are used to study star-forming regions at greater depth, cloudshine will be widely observed and should be seen as a new high-resolution tool, rather than an inconvenience.
Spectral theory of multiple intervals

We present a model for spectral theory of families of selfadjoint operators, and their corresponding unitary one-parameter groups (acting in Hilbert space.) The models allow for a scale of complexity, indexed by the natural numbers N. For each n 2 N, we get families of selfadjoint operators indexed by: (i) the unitary matrix group U(n), and by (ii) a prescribed set of n non- overlapping intervals. Take to be the complement in R of n fixed closed finite and disjoint intervals, and let L 2 () be the corresponding Hilbert space. Moreover, given B 2 U(n), then both the lengths of the respective intervals, and the gaps between them, show up as spectral parameters in our corresponding spectral resolutions within L 2 () . Our models have two advantages: One, they encompass realistic features from quantum theory, from acoustic wave equations and their obstacle scattering; as well as from harmonic analysis. Secondly, each choice of the parameters in our models, n 2 N, B 2 U(n), and interval configura- tion, allows for explicit computations, and even for closed-form formulas: Computation of spectral resolutions, of generalized eigenfunctions in L 2 () for the continuous part of spectrum, and for scattering coecients. Our models further allow us to identify embedded point-spectrum (in the continuum), corresponding, for example, to bound-states in scattering, to trapped states, and to barriers in quantum scattering. The possibilities for the discrete atomic part of spectrum includes both periodic and non-periodic distributions.
Non-perturbative parton mass for the gluon

A gauge invariant, non-local observable is constructed in pure gauge theory, which is identical to the gluon propagator in a particular gauge, permitting to define a non-perturbative parton mass for the gluon. This mass can be shown to be related to the 1P − 1S mass splitting of heavy quarkonia. Preliminary numerical results for 3d SU(2) yield mA = 0.37(6)g2, while from the bb spectrum one infers mA ≈ 420 MeV for QCD.
Replicator Equations and the Principle of Minimal Production of Information

Many complex systems in mathematical biology and other areas can be described by the replicator equation. We show that solutions of a wide class of replicator equations minimize the KL-divergence of the initial and current distributions under time-dependent constraints, which in their turn, can be computed explicitly at every instant due to the system dynamics. Therefore, the Kullback principle of minimum discrimination information, as well as the maximum entropy principle, for systems governed by the replicator equations can be derived from the system dynamics rather than postulated. Applications to the Malthusian inhomogeneous models, global demography, and the Eigen quasispecies equation are given.
Degeneracy loci of families of Dirac operators

Generalizing some results from R. Leung's thesis, we compute, in rational cohomology, the Poincare dual of the degeneracy locus of the family of Dirac operators parameterized by the moduli space of projectively anti-self-dual $\SO(3)$ connections. This is the first step in a program to derive a relation between the Donaldson and spin invariants.
BEHAVIOURAL–CARDIAC INTERACTIONS: THE PSYCHOSOMATIC HYPOTHESIS

ABSTRACT Implicit in the psychobiological conceptualization of the interaction between behavioural and cardiovascular processes is that the cardiovascular adjustments, observed as concomitants of behavioural events, were independent of the basic metabolic functions of the cardiovascular system This is what we mean by the psychosomatic hypothesis. This position has come under critical scrutiny over the past decade because of at least two experimental observations. One, in behavioural paradigms, such as the classical aversive conditioning, heart rate was observed to be primarily under vagal control. In humans, this is expressed as an increase in vagal tone and, hence, cardiac deceleration. This appears to violate our assumptions that sympathetic excitator effects should predominate under such circumstances. Two, these vagal influences were observed to be directly related to striate muscle activity. In this case, one can argue that the heart rate effects reflect nothing more than the changes one might expect under conditions where the cardiovascular system is integrated to meet metabolic demands, such as when one exercises, etc.
Near-Infrared Spectra of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies.

Near-infrared spectra with a resolution of lambdasDeltalambda approximately 1100 in the rest-wavelength range of 1.8-2.2 µm have been obtained for a complete sample of 33 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). Of the 33 objects observed, two show evidence of a central active galactic nucleus (AGN) through either a broad Paschen-alpha line or emission in the 1.963 µm fine structure of [Si vi]. In the median spectrum of the remaining 31 objects, the lines present are recombination lines of hydrogen and neutral helium, vibration-rotation lines of H2, and [Fe ii]. There is no indication of AGN activity in the median spectrum, either through broad atomic recombination lines or through high ionization lines. No trends in luminosity are apparent when subsets of the 31 non-AGN ULIRGs are binned by luminosity and median-combined. When secondary nuclei exist in ULIRGs, they typically have spectra very much like those seen in the primary nuclei.
Preparation of (R)-2-azidoesters from 2-((p-nitrobenzene)sulfonyl)oxy esters and their use as protected amino acid equivalents for the synthesis of di- and tripeptides containing d-amino acid constituents

Abstract (R)-2-Azidoesters and their derived (R)-2-azido acids are readily prepared from common amino acids by an inversion methodology that employs (S)-2-nosyloxyesters as key intermediates. The (R)-2- azidoesters can be used as protected amino acid equivalents in peptide synthesis. Basic hydrolysis frees the carboxyl group. Triphenylphosphine/water is used to free the amine group. By these reactions a variety of L- D and D-L dipeptides,L-D-L tripeptides,and depsipeptides can be prepared easily in good yields, and without detectable epimerization.
Surface modes and chiral symmetry (Wilson Fermions in a box)

Abstract We give a Hamiltonian discussion of surface states in an extra dimension asa basis for chiral fermions in lattice models. Such modes appear with the Wilson fermion action when the hopping parameter exceeds a critical value. The association of such states with the closing and reopening of a band gap was noted by Shockley in 1939.
Recent advances in aldolase-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis

This review is focused on advances over the last several years in the application of aldolases to organic synthesis. Several new technologies have been implemented to increase the scope and practicality of aldolases as tools for the synthetic chemist. These include directed evolution, discovery of new classes of aldolases in nature and the laboratory, and substrate and reaction engineering.
Do National Patent Laws Stimulate Domestic Innovation in a Global Patenting Environment? A Cross-Country Analysis of Pharmaceutical Patent Protection, 1978–2002

This paper evaluates the effects of patent protection on phar- maceutical innovations for 26 countries that established pharmaceutical patent laws during 1978-2002. Controlling for country characteristics through matched sampling techniques to establish two proper comparison sets among 92 sampled countries and through country-pair fixed-effects regressions, this study yields robust results. National patent protection alone does not stimulate domestic innovation, as estimated by changes in citation-weighted U.S. patent awards, domestic R&D, and pharmaceutical industry exports. However, domestic innovation accelerates in countries with higher levels of economic development, educational attainment, and economic freedom. Additionally, there appears to be an optimal level of intellectual property rights regulation above which further enhancement reduces innovative activities.
Surgical repair of brachial plexus injury: a multinational survey of experienced peripheral nerve surgeons

Object. Brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) are often devastating events that lead to upper-extremity paralysis, rendering the limb a painful extraneous appendage. Fortunately, there are several nerve repair techniques that provide restoration of some function. Although there is general agreement in the medical community concerning which patients may benefit from surgical intervention, the actual repair technique for a given lesion is less clear. The authors sought to identify and better define areas of agreement and disagreement among experienced peripheral nerve surgeons as to the management of BPIs. Methods. The authors developed a detailed survey in two parts: one part addressing general issues related to BPI and the other presenting four clinical cases. The survey was mailed to 126 experienced peripheral nerve physicians and 49 (39%) participated in the study. The respondents represent 22 different countries and multiple surgical subspecialties. They performed a mean of 33 brachial plexus reconstructions annually. Areas of significant disagreement included the timing and indications for surgical intervention in birth-related palsy, treatment of neuroma-in-continuity, the best transfers to achieve elbow flexion and shoulder abduction, the use of intra- or extraplexal donors for motor neurotization, and the use of distal or proximal coaptation during nerve transfer. Conclusions. Experienced peripheral nerve surgeons disagree in important ways as to the management of BPI. The decisions made by the various treating physicians underscore the many areas of disagreement regarding the treatment of BPI, including the diagnostic approach to defining the injury, timing of and indications for surgical intervention in birth-related palsy, the treatment of neuroma-in-continuity, the choice of nerve transfers to achieve elbow flexion and shoulder abduction, the use of intra- or extraplexal donors for neurotization, and the use of distal or proximal coaptation during nerve transfer.
Financial Repression and Capital Mobility: Why Capital Flows and Covered Interest Rate Differentials Fail to Measure Capital Market Integration

Required reserves on banks’ deposit liabilities have been utilized by both industrial and developing countries to discourage and sterilize international capital flows. In this paper, we utilize an open economy macro model incorporating bank credit to evaluate this policy. The model suggests that high levels of reserve requirements are a perverse policy tool in that they amplify the effects of foreign monetary shocks, but changes in reserve requirements can insulate a repressed financial market from international financial shocks. The model also suggests that traditional measures of capital mobility such as interest parity conditions or the scale of gross private capital flows are of no value in assessing the openness of repressed financial systems.
Identification of a novel partial inhibitor of dopamine transporter among 4-substituted 2-phenylquinazolines

Abstract In an attempt to identify novel ligands for the dopamine transporter, a series of 4-substituted-2-phenylquinazolines were synthesized and evaluated. Among the compounds studied, 4-[(diphenylmethyl)amino]-2-phenylquinazoline (4g) was identified as a novel partial inhibitor of [125I]RTI-55 binding to the dopamine transporter and a partial inhibitor of [3H]dopamine uptake.
A Practical Log-Linear Aggregation Method with Examples: Heterogeneous Income Growth in the USA

A practical aggregation method for heterogeneous log-linear functions is presented. Inequality measures are employed in the construction of a simple but exact aggregate representation of an economy. Three macroeconomic applications are discussed: the aggregation of the Lucas supply function, the time-inconsistent behaviour of an egalitarian social planner facing heterogeneous discount rates, and the case of a simple heterogeneous growth model. In the latter application, aggregate CPS data is used to show that the slowdown that followed the first oil shock is worse than usually thought, and that the "new economy" growth resurgence is not as strong as it appears.
Ionothermal synthesis of tetranuclear borate clusters containing f- and p-block metals.

The reactions of simple oxides or halides of trivalent lanthanides and actinides or bismuth with boric acid in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride at 150 °C result in the formation and crystallization of a series of isomorphous tetranuclear borate clusters with the general formula M4B22O36(OH)6(H2O)13 (M = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Pu, and Bi). These clusters do not assemble with trivalent cations smaller than Gd3+, suggesting that the formation of the clusters is dictated by the size of the metal ion. The cations are found in cavities along the periphery of a cage assembled from the corner- and edge-sharing interactions of BO3 triangles and BO4 tetrahedra, yielding a complex chiral cluster. Both enantiomers cocrystallize. The metal ions are nonacoordinate, and their geometries are best described as distorted tridiminished icosahedra. This coordination environment is new for both Pu3+ and Bi3+. In addition to detailed structural information, UV/vis–NIR absorption and photoluminescence ...
Use of thiazoles in the halogen dance reaction: application to the total synthesis of WS75624 B.

The total synthesis of the pyridine−thiazole-containing natural product WS75624 B (1) is described. This synthesis proceeds via the Stille coupling of appropriately functionalized pyridine and thiazole components, and this paper details our studies on the use of the halogen dance reaction to prepare the desired thiazole. Various halogen dance reactions on thizoles are described, including a novel one-pot multistep reaction in which 2-bromothiazole is treated with LDA in the presence of a silyl chloride at −78 °C and quenched with an electrophile to provide the highly functionalized thiazole derivatives 27.
Backscatter Lidar Observations of Lower Tropospheric Dynamics during Southern California Wildfires

Abstract Wavelike features suggesting gravity waves were revealed by lidar observations (from El Segundo, California) of smoke layers produced by large wildfires in the Southern California region during a Santa Ana event. Unique features of the observations were multiple thin layers that enabled precise determinations of wave frequency, amplitude, and vertical structure. The data revealed persistent wavelike oscillations that showed no phase variation with altitude, an amplitude of 20 m, and a period near 12 min. The observations were averaged over 1.5 min with a vertical resolution of 3 m and were obtained over a period of 5 h on 25 October and 8 h on 26 October 2007. Vertical profiles of temperature and winds from the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) of commercial aircraft departing Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) were selected for temporal and spatial coincidence with the lidar observations. In addition, satellite images of the smoke distribution over the Los Angel...
On the speedup required for combined input- and output-queued switching

Architectures based on a non-blocking fabric, such as a crosspoint switch, are attractive for use in high-speed LAN switches, IP routers, and ATM switches. When operating at the highest speed, memory bandwidth limitations dictate that queues be placed at the input of the switch. But it is well known that input-queueing can lead to low throughput, and does not allow the control of latency through the switch. This is in contrast to output-queueing which maximizes throughput and permits the accurate control of packet latency through scheduling. We ask the question: Can a switch with combined input and output queueing be designed to behave identically to an output-queued switch? In this paper, we prove that if the switch uses virtual output queueing and has an internal speedup of just four, it is possible for it to behave identically to an output-queued switch, regardless of the nature of the arriving traffic. Our proof is based on a novel scheduling algorithm, called Most Urgent Cell First. We find that with a speedup of four the most urgent cell first algorithm (or MUCFA) enables perfect emulation of a FIFO output-queued switch, i.e. one in which packets depart in the same order that they arrived. We extend this result to show that with a small modification, the MUCFA algorithm enables perfect emulation of a variety of output scheduling policies, including strict priorities and weighted fair-queueing. This result makes possible switches that perform as if they were output-queued, yet use memories that run more slowly.
Improving hash join performance through prefetching

Hash join algorithms suffer from extensive CPU cache stalls. This article shows that the standard hash join algorithm for disk-oriented databases (i.e. GRACE) spends over 80p of its user time stalled on CPU cache misses, and explores the use of CPU cache prefetching to improve its cache performance. Applying prefetching to hash joins is complicated by the data dependencies, multiple code paths, and inherent randomness of hashing. We present two techniques, group prefetching and software-pipelined prefetching, that overcome these complications. These schemes achieve 1.29--4.04X speedups for the join phase and 1.37--3.49X speedups for the partition phase over GRACE and simple prefetching approaches. Moreover, compared with previous cache-aware approaches (i.e. cache partitioning), the schemes are at least 36p faster on large relations and do not require exclusive use of the CPU cache to be effective. Finally, comparing the elapsed real times when disk I/Os are in the picture, our cache prefetching schemes achieve 1.12--1.84X speedups for the join phase and 1.06--1.60X speedups for the partition phase over the GRACE hash join algorithm.
Highly reactive organolithiums (from Freeman's reagent) and their additions to naphthalene oxazolines

Abstract Generation of organolithium reagents using lithio ditert-butyl biphenyl (Freeman's Reagent) leads to facile additions to the naphthalene oxazolines.
Singlet-Triplet Splitting of Positronium in Light-Front QED

We study the QED bound-state problem in a light-front hamiltonian approach. It is important to establish the equivalence (or not) of equal-time and light-front approaches in the well-understood arena of Quantum Electrodynamics. Along these lines, the singlet-triplet ground state spin splitting in positronium is calculated. The well-known result, \(\frac{7}{6}{\alpha ^2}\) Ryd, is obtained analytically, which establishes the equivalence between the equal-time and light-front approaches (at least to this order). The true equivalence of the two approaches can only be established after higher-order calculations. It was previously shown that this light-front result could be obtained analytically [1], but a simpler method is presented in this paper.
Measuring the Prevalence of Questionable Research Practices With Incentives for Truth Telling

Cases of clear scientific misconduct have received significant media attention recently, but less flagrantly questionable research practices may be more prevalent and, ultimately, more damaging to the academic enterprise. Using an anonymous elicitation format supplemented by incentives for honest reporting, we surveyed over 2,000 psychologists about their involvement in questionable research practices. The impact of truth-telling incentives on self-admissions of questionable research practices was positive, and this impact was greater for practices that respondents judged to be less defensible. Combining three different estimation methods, we found that the percentage of respondents who have engaged in questionable practices was surprisingly high. This finding suggests that some questionable practices may constitute the prevailing research norm.
Purpose and Progress in the Theory of Strategy: Comments on Gavetti

This article comments on the behavioral theory of strategy advanced in Gavetti [Gavetti, G. 2012. Toward a behavioral theory of strategy. Organ. Sci.23(1) 267–285]. His proposal offers valuable insights into the cognitive aspects of strategy when leaders are trying for big wins. It provides less guidance for understanding the actual achievement of success, partly because it underestimates the role of serendipity and of contextual factors illuminated by prior strategy research.
ALL-PAY CONTESTS

This paper studies a class of games, " all-pay contests," which capture general asymmetries and sunk investments inherent in scenarios such as lobbying, competition for market power, labor-market tournaments, and R&D races. Players compete for one of several identical prizes by choosing a score. Conditional on winning or losing, it is weakly better to do so with a lower score. This formulation allows for differing production technologies, costs of capital, prior investments, attitudes toward risk, and conditional and unconditional investments, among others. I provide a closed-form formula for players' equilibrium payoffs and analyze player participation. A special case of contests is multiprize, complete-information all-pay auctions.
Linearly tapered slot antenna impedance characteristics

The linearly tapered slot antenna (LTSA) is a very useful antenna. Previous experimental studies emphasized the dependance of the beam width, directivity and gain on the flare length and angle of the LTSA. In addition Simons et al. (1992) demonstrated several novel techniques to feed an LTSA. Simons and Lee (1993) also studied the effect of a dielectric overlay on the LTSA beam width and gain. In all of the above investigations, the input impedance of the LTSA has been approximated to be the same as that of an equivalent biconical fin antenna. This approximation is valid only over a certain frequency band. The present paper demonstrates for the first time an accurate technique to determine the input impedance of an LTSA using a microwave wafer probe and a set of on-wafer thru-reflect-Line (TRL) slot line calibration standards. Experimental results are presented which show the variation of the input impedance as a function of the frequency with the semi-flare angle and flare length as parameters.
Coordination without command: Stretching the scope of spontaneous order

How far can we stretch the scope of spontaneous order? Gordon Tullock’s important work on the economics of non-human societies shows how these societies are able to coordinate without command despite features economists typically see as limiting the scope of spontaneous order. Using Tullock’s insights, I search for the “human ant nest”—spontaneous institutional arrangements that create human cooperation despite the presence of these obstacles. I find two significant examples of this, both in precolonial Africa. The first demonstrates the effectiveness of spontaneous order in the face of threats of violent theft. The second shows the effectiveness of spontaneous order in the face of social heterogeneity. These cases suggest a broader scope for spontaneous order than conventional wisdom permits.
Hopfield neural network for AR spectral estimator

An autoregressive (AR) spectrum estimator which uses the Hopfield neural network (HNN) is introduced. The HNN is designed to minimize the mean squared error between a subject signal and the assumed AR model of that signal. The output of the HNN consists of the AR coefficients, so that the spectrum of the signal can be directly obtained in terms of the AR coefficients and the sampling interval. A symmetric soft-limiter-type neuron was selected for the HNN. Simulation results are provided. >
Groups of oscillating intermediate growth

We construct an uncountable family of nitely generated groups of intermediate growth, with growth functions of new type. These functions can have large oscillations between lower and upper bounds, both of which come from a wide class of functions. In particular, we can have growth oscillating between e n and any prescribed function, growing as rapidly as desired. Our construction is built on top of any of the Grigorchuk groups of intermediate growth and is a variation on the limit of permutational wreath product.
A Robust, Efficient, and Highly Enantioselective Method for Synthesis of Homopropargyl Amines

Catalytic protocols that generate a-branched amines efficiently and enantioselectively facilitate the preparation of many important biologically active molecules.[1]Among such entities are homopropargyl amines, used in the total synthesis of a number of natural products.[2] Several investigations have adopted the chiral auxiliary strategy; the desired products are obtained in high diastereoselectivity as trimethylsilyl-substituted alkynes.[3] In contrast, the corresponding catalytic protocols are scarce. The first relevant report included three examples of reactions of allenyl stannanes with a glyoxylate-derived tosylimine,[4] affording homopropargyl sulfonamides in 34–96% yield and 55:45–93:7 enantiomeric ratio (e.r.).[5] A notable recent advance entails enantioselective additions of a readily available allenylboron to tosylimines catalyzed by a Ag-phosphine catalyst to furnish a wider range of products and higher enantioselectivity (87:13 to more than 98:2 e.r.). Nonetheless, reactions of substrates that do not bear an aryl substituent proved to be less efficient, those of enolizable alkyl-substituted tosylimines were not reported and, as with the aforementioned initial development, removal of the tosyl unit requires strong reducing conditions.[6-8]
Arcs on determinantal varieties

We study arc spaces and jet schemes of generic determinantal varieties. Using the natural group action, we decompose the arc spaces into orbits, and analyze their structure. This allows us to compute the number of irreducible components of jet schemes, log canonical thresholds, and topological zeta functions.
A Controllable Interaction Between Two-Level Systems Inside a Josephson Junction

Two-level system fluctuators (TLS's) in the tunnel barrier of a Josephson junction have recently been demonstrated to cause novel energy splittings in spectroscopic measurements of superconducting phase qubits. With their strong coupling to the Josephson junction and relatively long decoherence times, TLS's can be considered as potential qubits and demonstrate coherent quantum effects. Here, we study the effective interaction between the TLS qubits that is mediated by a Josephson junction resonator driven by an external microwave source. This effective interaction can enable controlled quantum logic gates between the TLS's. Our study can be extended to other superconducting resonators coupling with TLS's.
Supramolecular Stacking of Doxorubicin on Carbon Nanotubes for In Vivo Cancer Therapy

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a member of the anthracycline class of chemotherapeutic agents that are used for the treatment of many common human cancers, including aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.[1,2] However, DOX is highly toxic in humans and can result in severe suppression of hematopoiesis, gastrointestinal toxicity,[3] and cardiac toxicity.[4] To date, several approaches, including delivery using liposomes (DOXIL),[5] have been developed to reduce the toxicity and enhance the clinical utility of this highly active antineoplastic agent.
CHARM 2010: EXPERIMENT SUMMARY AND FUTURE CHARM FACILITIES

The CHARM 2010 meeting had over 30 presentations of experimental results, plus additional future facilities talks just before this summary talk. Since there is not enough time even to summarize all that has been shown from experiments and to recognize all the memorable plots and results, this summary will give a few personal observations, an overview at a fairly high level of abstraction.
Efficient adaptive integration of functions with sharp gradients and cusps in n-dimensional parallelepipeds

SUMMARY In this paper, we study the efficient numerical integration of functions with sharp gradients and cusps. An adaptive integration algorithm is presented that systematically improves the accuracy of the integration of a set of functions. The algorithm is based on a divide and conquer strategy and is independent of the location of the sharp gradient or cusp. The error analysis reveals that for a C0 function (derivative discontinuity at a point), a rate of convergence of n + 1 is obtained in Rn. Two applications of the adaptive integration scheme are studied. First, we use the adaptive quadratures for the integration of the regularized Heaviside function—a strongly localized function that is used for modeling sharp gradients. Then the adaptive quadratures are employed in the enriched finite element solution of the all-electron Coulomb problem in crystalline diamond. The source term and enrichment functions of this problem have sharp gradients and cusps at the nuclei. We show that the optimal rate of convergence is obtained with only a marginal increase in the number of integration points with respect to the pure finite element solution with the same number of elements. The adaptive integration scheme is simple, robust, and directly applicable to any generalized finite element method employing enrichments with sharp local variations or cusps in n-dimensional parallelepiped elements. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The generation and cycloaddition of 2-azaallyl anions and azomethine ylides from a common precursor. A novel synthesis of indolizidines and other heterocycles

Abstract Nonstabilized azomethine ylides may be generated by the intra- or intermolecular N-alkylation of 2-(azaallyl)stannanes or 2-(azaallyl)silanes. The cycloaddition of these ylides with electron poor or electron rich dipolarophiles provides indolizidines or simple monocyclic pyrrolidines (e.g., 5 → 8 → 9 → 10). The same 2-(azaallyl)stannanes may be subjected to tin-lithium exchange to afford 2-azaallyl anions, which may also enter into cycloadditions (e.g., 11 → 12 or 13). An in situ method for the generation and cycloaddition of azomethine ylides from an ω-halocarbonyl compound, an α-stannyl amine, and a dipolarophile is also described (Table 2).
Development of X-band klystron technology at SLAC

The SLAC design for a 1-TeV collider (NLC) requires klystrons with a performance which is well beyond the state-of-the-art for microwave tubes in the United States or abroad. The electrical specifications for klystrons are not fully established, but approximately as follows: Frequency: 11.4 GHz Peak Power: 75 MW Pulse Length: 1.5 /spl mu/s Repetition Rate: 180 Hz Gain: 50 dB Efficiency: (including beam focusing) 50% SLAC is in the seventh year of a program to develop these klystrons. The choice of X-band as the operating frequency, along with the sheer size of the NLC, have resulted in some new, most demanding standards for the klystrons which may power this future machine. These are related to the overall efficiency required, to the high RF gradients that must be supported at the output circuit without vacuum breakdown, and to the manufacturing cost of the 5,000-10,000 klystrons needed for the collider.
Capillary–gravity wave transport over spatially random drift

We derive transport equations for the propagation of water wave action in the presence of subsurface random flows. Using the Wigner distribution W(x, k ,t )to represent the envelope of the wave amplitude at position x, time t contained in high frequency waves with wave vector k/e (where e is a small parameter compared to a characteristic distance of propagation), we describe surface wave transport over flows consisting of two length scales; one varying slowly on the wavelength scale, the other varying on a scale comparable to the wavelength. Both static underlying flows and time-varying underlying flows are considered. The spatially rapidly varying but weak surface flows augment the characteristic equations with scattering terms that are explicit functions of the correlations of the random surface currents. These scattering terms depend parametrically on the magnitudes and directions of the smoothly varying drift and are shown to give rise to a Doppler-coupled scattering mechanism. Conservation of wave action (CWA), typically derived for drift varying over long distances, is extended to systems with flow that varies on small length scales of order the surface wavelength. Our results provide a formal set of equations to analyze transport of surface wave action, intensity, energy, and wave scattering as a function of the smoothly varying drifts and the correlation functions of the random, highly oscillating surface flows. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The photoelectron spectroscopy of ZnCl2

The ionization energies (IEs) corresponding to the Cl ligand electrons and the Zn 3d electrons in ZnCl2, computed using large Gaussian basis sets and a high level of correlation treatment, are presented. The IEs for the Cl ligand electrons are in excellent agreement with those determined from photoelectron spectra. The IEs corresponding to the Zn 3d electrons agree with experiment relatively well in absolute magnitude, but differ in order. The vibrational frequencies of the ground state agree very well with experiment, and predictions are made for the corresponding frequencies in the positive ion.
QCD Spin Physics: Theoretical Overview

We give an overview of some of the current activities and results in QCD spin physics. We focus on the helicity structure of the nucleon, where we highlight the results of a recent first global analysis of the helicity parton distributions, and on single-transverse spin asymmetries.
Design optimization of an integrated liquid-cooled IGBT power module using CFD technique

This paper presents a novel approach to optimize pin array design of an integrated, liquid-cooled, insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power module. With the aid of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, the fluid field and heat transfer inside the module were analyzed, and several design options on pin arrays were examined. For IGBT die circuitry, the uniformity of temperature distribution among dies is as critical as the magnitude of the die temperature. A noticeable variation in temperature among dies can accelerate the thermal runaway and reduce the reliability of the devices. With geometrically-optimized-pin designs located both upstream and downstream of the channel, a total power dissipation of 1200 W was achieved. The maximum junction temperature was maintained at 100/spl deg/C and the maximum variation among dies was controlled within 1/spl deg/C. The results from this study indicated that the device junction temperatures were not only reduced in magnitude but were equalized as well. In addition, the maximum power dissipation of the module was enhanced. Comparison with other direct- (pool boiling) and indirect- (cold plate) liquid cooling techniques was also discussed.
A three-stage search for supermassive black-hole binaries in LISA data

Gravitational waves from the inspiral and coalescence of supermassive black-hole (SMBH) binaries with masses m1 ~ m2 ~ 10^6Modot are likely to be among the strongest sources for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). We describe a three-stage data-analysis pipeline designed to search for and measure the parameters of SMBH binaries in LISA data. The first stage uses a time–frequency track-search method to search for inspiral signals and provide a coarse estimate of the black-hole masses m1, m2 and the coalescence time of the binary tc. The second stage uses a sequence of matched-filter template banks, seeded by the first stage, to improve the measurement accuracy of the masses and coalescence time. Finally, a Markov chain Monte Carlo search is used to estimate all nine physical parameters of the binary (masses, coalescence time, distance, initial phase, sky position and orientation). Using results from the second stage substantially shortens the Markov chain burn-in time and allows us to determine the number of SMBH-binary signals in the data before starting parameter estimation. We demonstrate our analysis pipeline using simulated data from the first Mock LISA Data Challenge. We discuss our plan for improving this pipeline and the challenges that will be faced in real LISA data analysis.
Alimony Rights and Intrahousehold Allocation of Resources: Evidence from Brazil

Can family policy affect well-being of individuals without altering the resources available to their families? This article examines the extension of alimony rights and obligations to cohabiting couples in Brazil. For women in intact relationships, alimony rights upon dissolution should improve outside options, strengthening their negotiating positions, and increasing their influence over intrahousehold allocation of resources. Robust econometric evidence indicates that more decision power in the hands of women impacts hours worked by female adults and investments in the education of children. This suggests that family policy and models of family decision making should take intrahousehold heterogeneity of preferences into account.
Quantum steps in hysteresis loops

Abstract We numerically demonstrate that the response of a damped quantum particle in a bistable potential to a strong time-dependent force exhibits steps at some specific values of the force. They can be associated with avoided level crossings in the spectrum of the undamped and parametrically tilted, static system and are accompanied by a multiresonance structure of the relaxation rate.