cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marquage grammatical des syntagmes verbaux et nominaux chez un apprenant avancé

Cet article examine les domaines du verbe et du substantif en analysant la production morphologique de la flexion verbale et du determinant chez un apprenant avance anglophone qui a entame ses etudes du francais L2 a l’âge de 48 ans. Les analyses montrent qu’il n’y a guere de difference entre l’appropriation des traits grammaticaux qui relevent du domaine verbal et l’appropriation de ceux qui appartiennent au domaine nominal. Les donnees recueillies suggerent qu’un apprenant peut s’approprier des traits grammaticaux verbaux et nominaux de L2, meme s’ils sont differents de ceux de sa L1.
Conditioning and Independence

We have seen that the probability of a set A is its weighted proportion relative to the sample space Ω. When Ω is finite and all sample points have the same weight (therefore equally likely), then $$ P\left( A \right) = \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{{\left| \Omega \right|}} $$ as in Example 4 of §2.2. When Ω is countable and each point ω has the weight P(ω) = P({ω}) attached to it, then $$ P\left( A \right) = \frac{{\sum\limits_{\omega \in A} {P\left( \omega \right)} }}{{\sum\limits_{\omega \in \Omega } {P\left( \omega \right)} }} $$ (5.1.1) from (2.4.3), since the denominator above is equal to 1. In many questions we are interested in the proportional weight of one set A relative to another set S. More accurately stated, this means the proportional weight of the part of A in S, namely the intersection A ∩ S, or AS, relative to S. The formula analogous to (5.1.1) is then $$ \frac{{\sum\limits_{\omega \in AS} {P\left( \omega \right)} }}{{\sum\limits_{\omega \in S} {P\left( \omega \right)} }} $$ (5.1.2) Thus we are switching our attention from Ω to S as a new universe, and considering a new proportion or probability with respect to it. We introduce the notation $$ P\left( {A\left| S \right.} \right) = \frac{{P\left( {AS} \right)}}{{P\left( S \right)}} $$ (5.1.3) and call it the conditional probability of A relative to S. Other phrases such as “given S,” “knowing S,” or “under the hypothesis [of] S” may also be used to describe this relativity.
Integrated Learning with Physical Education and Music

Abstract Integrated learning is well established in education, primarily in the classroom subjects. This article describes settings and ways for extending integrated instruction to physical education and music. Benefits of these connections include reinforcing content and better meeting the needs of students whose intelligences include the bodily kinesthetic, musical, and interpersonal as well as the linguistic and logical-mathematical structure predominating in traditional instruction.
Isolation and genetic complementation of a sulfolipid-deficient mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Abstract All photosynthetic organisms are thought to contain the sulfolipid 6-sulfo-alpha-D-quinovosyl diacylglycerol. However, the pathway of sulfolipid biosynthesis has not been elucidated, and the functional or structural significance of this lipid is not known. Mutants of Rhodobacter sphaeroides deficient in sulfolipid accumulation were isolated by directly screening for altered sulfolipid content. The mutants had no apparent phenotype except for the sulfolipid deficiency. A gene, designated sqdA, which complemented one of the mutations was isolated and characterized. The putative sqdA gene product is a protein with a molecular mass of 33.6 kDa that has no sequence similarity to any enzyme of known function.
A swimming robot with an internal rotor as a nonholonomic system

Two models of seemingly different classes of under actuated bio-inspired robotic systems are studied in this paper. The first model is that of an aquatic robot that swims like a fish. The second is a modified version of Chaplygin's sleigh, a canonical nonholonomic system, that can move on the ground or a rigid surface. It is shown that a governing principle underlying the locomotion of both systems is the existence of a nonholonomic constraint. Having identified the common framework of non integrable constraints, an aquatic robot propelled by an internal rotor is presented.
The Physical Origins of Partial Differential Equations

Many important ideas in mathematics are developed within the framework of physical science, and mathematical equations, especially partial differential equations, provides the language to formulate these ideas. In reverse, advances in mathematics provides the stimulus for new advancements in science. Over the years mathematicians and scientists extended these methodologies to include nearly all areas of science and technology, and a paradigm emerged called mathematical modeling. A mathematical model is an equation, or set of equations, whose solution describes the physical behavior of the related physical system. In this context we say, for example, that Maxwell’s equations form a model for electromagnetic phenomena. Like most mathematical models, Maxwell’s equations are based on physical observations. But the model is so accurate, we regard the model itself as describing an actual physical law. Other models, for example a model of how a disease spreads in a population, are more conceptual. Such models often explain observations, but only in a highly limited sense. In general, a mathematical model is a simplified description, or caricature, of reality expressed in mathematical terms. Mathematical modeling involves observation, selection of relevant physical variables, formulation of the equations, analysis of the equations and simulation, and, finally, validation of the model to ascertain whether indeed it is predictive. The subject of partial differential equations encompasses all types of models, from physical laws like Maxwell’s equations in electrodynamics, to conceptual laws that describe the spread of an plant invasive species on a savanna.
Ketogenesis prevents diet-induced fatty liver injury and hyperglycemia through coenzyme A recycling (LB769)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) spectrum disorders affect approximately one billion individuals worldwide. The mechanisms driving progressive steatohepatitis remain incompletely defined. Here we use a murine model of mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthase (HMGCS2)-deficiency (using anti-sense oligonucleotides) to demonstrate a critical role for ketogenesis in prevention of diet-induced steatohepatitis. Adult-onset loss of HMGCS2 caused mild hyperglycemia and increased hepatic gluconeogenesis from pyruvate in chow-fed mice. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding of ketogenesis insufficient mice caused extensive hepatocyte injury and inflammation, decreased glycemia, deranged hepatic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate concentrations, and impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis due to fatty acid-induced sequestration of coenzyme A (CoASH). CoASH precursor supplementation (pantothenic acid and cysteine) normalized TCA intermediates and gluconeogenesis in ketogenesis insufficient livers. These find...
X-ray Movies of Wiggling Crystals

When materials are illuminated with a laser, the atoms in the material move very slightly. In his Perspective, Bucksbaum explains how such motions can be characterized in detail with the use of ultrafast x-ray diffraction. The author highlights the report by Bargheer et al ., who have studied layered semiconductor structures called multiple quantum wells with this technique. The work sheds light on the mechanism of excitation and paves the way for studies of chemical and solid-state dynamics in many other materials.
Fabry-Perot Resonators Built With YBa2Cu3O7−δ Films on Si Substrates

Fabry-Perot resonators were built from two superconductive YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (YBCO) films separated by a spacer. Each film of 35-nm thickness was deposited on a Si substrate, about 204 μm thick. A slow-scan Michelson interferometer was employed to measure the transmittance of the resonator in the far-infrared frequency region from 10 to 90 cm -1 at temperatures between 10 and 300 K. Measurements showed that in the normal state the peak (or resonant) transmittance decreases as temperature is lowered, whereas in the superconducting state it can increase with decreasing temperature. The transmittance of the resonator was calculated using properties of individual reflectors obtained previously. When the effect of partial coherence is taken into consideration, the calculated transmittance is in good agreement with the experiments. Furthermore, the maximum possible resonant transmittance was predicted based on an optimization analysis in which the cavity length is varied. The effect of the YBCO film thickness on the transmittance peaks was also studied, showing that the resonant transmittance decreases but the finesse increases as the film thickness is increased. This study should help improve the future design of Fabry-Perot resonators based on HTSC thin films.
DETERMINATION OF VELOCITY VECTORS IN POROUS MEDIA WITH FLUORESCENT PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY (FPIV)

Fluorescent particle image velocimetry (FPIV) is used in conjunction with refractive-index-matching to measure flow velocities in the interstitial regions of a porous medium. Adaptations that allow the use of conventional PIV methodology in index-matched systems are discussed, and the results of flow field measurements in a porous test bed under saturated flow conditions are presented. Preliminary analysis of these data, in which the horizontal and vertical components of the interstitial velocity vectors were averaged over a specified region within the medium, are also presented and compared with the predictions obtained from the total volumetric flow rate. The macroscopically derived and FPIV measured values are found to be in close agreement. In general, our results demonstrate the utility of the FPIV technique to determine both the point velocity and the local volume-averaged velocity within porous media.
Homelessness in Rural Areas: Causes, Patterns, and Trends

Although homelessness in urban areas has been examined extensively, little attention has been given to the problem of homelessness in rural areas. This article reports the findings from a 1990 statewide study of rural homelessness funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. During the six-month data collection period, 919 homeless adults were interviewed; 247 were heading family units, and 480 children were in these families. More than two-thirds of these families were headed by single parents. Implications of the findings for providing short-term emergency assistance and longer-term policy-making are presented.
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Does Not Predict The Degree Of Sleep Disordered Breathing In ALS: An Autonomic Dysfunction Matrix (P4.089)

OBJECTIVE: To correlate excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) with degree of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as a measure of autonomic dysfunction. BACKGROUND: Fatigue is common but EDS is rarely reported in ALS even with SDB. As sympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in alertness, we hypothesized that in ALS degree of subjective EDS cannot predict degree of SDB because of autonomic dysfunction. DESIGN/METHODS: 23 ALS patients were studied. Sitting and supine FVC (Forced Vital Capacity), NIF (Negative Inspiratory Force), Daytime O2 saturation and EDS by Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were recorded. AHI (Apnea Hypopnea Index), RDI (Respiratory Disturbance Index) and ODI (Oxygen Desaturation Index) calculated by homebased sleep study. RESULTS: 23 patients with mean ESS of 7 were divided into two groups based on ESS scores: less sleepy group with ESS = 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U Test. Highest AHI of 54.1 was associated with ESS of only 3 while highest ESS of 23 was associated with AHI of 10.4. CONCLUSIONS: In ALS patients with SDB, degree of subjective daytime sleepiness is not related to degree of AHI/SDB. This can be secondary to dysfunction of central adrenergic alerting mechanisms. Lack of daytime hypersomnolence can be explained by autonomic dysfunction in ALS. Further studies to look at autonomic function testing should be considered in ALS patients Disclosure: Dr. Desai has received personal compensation for activities with Purdue Pharma and UCB Pharma as a speaker.
BTLA expression declines on B cells of the aged and is associated with low responsiveness to the trivalent influenza vaccine

// Senthil Kannan 1,2 , Raj K. Kurupati 2 , Susan A. Doyle 3 , Gordon J. Freeman 4 , Kenneth E. Schmader 3 and Hildegund C.J. Ertl 2 1 Biomedical Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 2 The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA 3 GRECC, Durham VA Medical Center and Center for the Study of Aging and Human, Development and Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 4 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Correspondence to: Hildegund C.J. Ertl, email: // Keywords : BTLA, aging, HSV, immunosenescence, influenza Received : June 03, 2015 Accepted : June 11, 2015 Published : June 21, 2015 Abstract Virus-neutralizing antibody and B cell responses to influenza A viruses were measured in 35 aged and 28 middle-aged individuals following vaccination with the 2012 and 2013 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines. Antibody responses to the vaccine strains were lower in the aged. An analysis of B cell subsets by flow cytometry with stains for immunoregulators showed that B cells of multiple subsets from the aged as compared to younger human subjects showed differences in the expression of the co-inhibitor B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). Expression of BTLA inversely correlated with age and appears to be linked to shifting the nature of the response from IgM to IgG. High BTLA expression on mature B cells was linked to higher IgG responses to the H1N1 virus. Finally, high BTLA expression on isotype switched memory B cells was linked to better preservation of virus neutralizing antibody titers and improved recall responses to vaccination given the following year.
UV photolysis of van der waals molecular films

Abstract Adsorbed layers of the metal alkyls Al 2 (CH 3 ) 6 and Cd(CH 3 2 have been found to consist of a stable monolayer covered by up to ten or more volatile overlayers. The red wings of the UV continuum absorption have been studied. Both the UV spectra and the 257.2 nm photodissociation rate have been examined in these adsorbed molecular layers.
MiRNA Regulation through ligand occupancy of a nuclear hormone receptor

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression, but the factors that direct transcription of miRNAs are not well characterized. Activation versus repression of key developmental miRNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans is directly mediated by ligand occupancy of a nuclear hormone receptor that acts to couple nutrient availability to developmental programs.
Formation of Tryptophan Radicals in Irradiated Aqueous Solutions of Hexachloroplatinate(IV): A Flash Photolysis Study

The oxidation of tryptophan photosensitized by PtCl6(2-) has been investigated in aqueous solutions at different pH using nanosecond laser flash photolysis. Cationic and neutral radicals of tryptophan were detected at pH 2.8 and 8.5, respectively. The generation of the radical was attributed to oxidation by Cl2- that was formed from the homolytic bond cleavage in the excited state of PtCl6(2-). The bimolecular rate constant derived from the kinetics analysis, 2.8 +/- 0.2 x 10(9) M-1 s-1, is in good agreement with the value obtained in earlier pulse radiolysis studies. Both the cationic and neutral radicals decayed by second-order kinetics, consistent with the dimerization process.
Morphological Awareness and Children's Writing: Accuracy, Error, and Invention.

This study examined the relationship between children’s morphological awareness and their ability to produce accurate morphological derivations in writing. Fifth-grade US students (n = 175) completed two writing tasks that invited or required morphological manipulation of words. We examined both accuracy and error, specifically errors in spelling and errors of the sort we termed morphological inventions, which entailed inappropriate, novel pairings of stems and suffixes. Regressions were used to determine the relationship between morphological awareness, morphological accuracy, and spelling accuracy, as well as between morphological awareness and morphological inventions. Linear regressions revealed that morphological awareness uniquely predicted children’s generation of accurate morphological derivations, regardless of whether or not accurate spelling was required. A logistic regression indicated that morphological awareness was also uniquely predictive of morphological invention, with higher morphological awareness increasing the probability of morphological invention. These findings suggest that morphological knowledge may not only assist children with spelling during writing, but may also assist with word production via generative experimentation with morphological rules during sentence generation. Implications are discussed for the development of children’s morphological knowledge and relationships with writing.
Routine inguinal hernia repair in the pediatric population: is office follow-up necessary?

Abstract Routine inguinal hernia repair in the pediatric population has a low complication rate. Very few complications are identified at follow-up, which brings into question the necessity of the traditional postoperative visit. A retrospective review of patients who had undergone a routine inguinal hernia repair in 1991 at our institution was done in order to determine our current follow-up practices and complication rate. To determine the perceived necessity for the follow-up visit, parents were given a short telephone questionnaire. Of 175 eligible patients, questionnaires were completed on 145. Of these 145 patients, 77 were seen in follow-up by the pediatric surgeon only, 43 by the family doctor only, 12 were seen by both, and 13 patients had no physician follow-up. The sole complication was a stitch abscess (complication rate 0.7%). Results of the questionnaire showed that 90% of parents felt the follow-up visit was "helpful," 80% felt it was "necessary," and 35% would have been satisfied with telephone follow-up. The main purpose of the postoperative visit appears to be parental reassurance. Careful preoperative and postoperative instruction and reassurance may be sufficient in a significant number of cases.
Changes in Perception of Pharmacists Related to Use of the Polygraph

A survey instrument was used to test the public's attitudes toward the "honesty and ethical standards" of pharmacists. In addition, an Adjective Check List (ACL) instrument was utilized, and demographic information collected. Seventy-three pharmacists composed group I and completed instruments without being told that pharmacists take yearly polygraph tests. Fortyeight patients composed group I1 ("polygraph group") and completed instruments after be~ng informed hat phirmaiists take yearly polygraph tests. Group IU contained 52 patients who completed the instrument without mention of the polygraph. descriptive differences were apparent between groups I1 and Dl on the "honesty and ethical standards" (HES) instrument. The polygraph group was more pessimistic in its ratings of 10 out of 12 professions rated on the HES instrument than was the non-polygraph group. However, when the FUNCAT function of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) was utilized to analyze these data, no statistically significant difference...
A role for distinct cell types in determining malignancy in human neuroblastoma cell lines and tumors.

Human neuroblastoma arises from the developing neural crest. Tumors are categorized clinically by their location, age at diagnosis, spread/metastasis, and degree of cellular maturation and heterogeneity. Our long-term studies have shown the presence in human neuroblastoma cell lines of three distinct cell types: I-type stem cells, N-type neuroblastic/neuroendocrine precursors, and S-type Schwannian/melanoblastic precursors. These distinct cell types can differentiate predictably along specific neural crest lineages in response to particular morphogens. As assessed by tumor formation in nude mice and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, I-type stem cells are significantly more malignant than either N- or S-type cells. Recent research shows that three similar cell types are also present in human neuroblastoma tumors. Using immunocytochemical, laser-capture microdissection, or short-term culture methods to identify cell types in tumors of different stages and/or different outcomes, these studies have shown that (1) all tumors contain neuroblasts in various differentiation states; (2) presumptive I-type stem cells are present in tumors of all stages; and (3) stromal cells may be tumor-derived, i.e. S-type cells, as well as of normal origin. More importantly, there is a higher incidence of I-type cells in tumors that progress, consistent with the high malignant potential of this cell type in vitro. A better understanding of the cause and consequences of cellular heterogeneity of human neuroblastoma tumors is an important prerequisite to the development of more effective therapies for this often fatal disease.
A Bäcklund Transformation for a Higher Order Korteweg-De Vries Equation

A Backlund transformation in bilinear forms is presented for a higher order Korteweg-de Vries equation, which is a natural extension of the Korteweg-de Vries equation written in a bilinear form. The Backlund transformation in ordinary forms and the inverse scattering scheme are given for this higher order equation. Also, the first eleven of the infinity of conservation quantities for this equation are derived from the Backlung transformation.
Medical students' confidence judgments using a factual database and personal memory: a comparison

In order to determine whether medical students can recognize when an information need has been fulfilled and when it has not, this study examined the quality of medical students' confidence estimates in answering short-answer questions dealing with bacteriology, based upon their personal knowledge alone and what they were able to retrieve from a factual database in microbiology. Twelve students, assessed over three occasions, remained in the final sample. The results indicate that students displayed a positive relationship between their expertise in answering the questions and the amount of overconfidence they indicated (the opposite of the hard easy effect) for the personal knowledge task using a partial credit format. For the database-assisted task using the partial credit format, students showed less overconfidence in their answers with greater expertise in using the database. For both the personal knowledge and database-assisted tasks using a binary format (all or nothing correct), the students displayed the opposite of the hard-easy effect. We conclude that the patterns of confidence estimates (in the form of Brier scores), and thus students' ability to recognize whether their information need has been fulfilled, differ with varying degrees of expertise in both the personal knowledge responses and the database-assisted responses for both the partial credit and binary formats. Taking into consideration the fact that when subjects, in this case future medical practitioners, are extremely overconfident, they stop looking for information long before they have found material that is relevant, the results have broad implications for medical practice and information seeking.
Screening Yield Monitor Data Improves Grain Yield Maps

Yield monitor data contain systematic and random errors, which must be removed for creating accurate yield maps. A general procedure for assessing yield data cleaning methods was applied to a new postprocessing algorithm in which six common types of erroneous yield monitor values were removed: (1) combine header status up; (2) start-/end-pass delays; (3) grain flow, distance traveled, and grain moisture outliers; (4) values exceeding minimum and maximum biological yield limits; (5) local neighborhood outliers; and (6) short segments and co-located points. The algorithm was applied to four yield maps of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions. A total of 13 to 20% of the original yield monitor data was removed, with 72 to 85% of the removal occurring in the mandatory, primary screening process (Steps 1 and 2). Only 2.6 to 3.9% of the original yield monitor data were removed during secondary screening (Steps 3 through 6), but this additional screening lead to yield semivariograms with smaller nugget values and sills and a relative increase in map precision of 4.3 to 5.4% compared with conducting primary screening only. The local neighborhood outlier test (Step 5) removed a larger proportion of yield values in soybean (12.8 to 14.9% of all deleted values) than in maize (2.7 to 3.2%). The proposed algorithm is robust enough for implementation in commercial software but requires further testing in other crops and environments and with other brands of yield monitors.
Political correctness and multiculturalism: Who supports PC? Discussion and replies

We wish to thank Professor Harold Takooshian and Robert W. Rieber, special Editor and Editor-in-Chief, respectively, of Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless for the opportunity to respond to comments and criticisms of our paper. A word on procedures. Our replies will not fulfill their purpose if they are to meet every critical argument merely by posing a counter-argument. Because our responses will be more intelligible in the wider context of our general views on the problem under discussion, we have found it advisable to summarize our positions on particular issues with special regard to those aspects which do not appear to be clearly understood, ignored, or not well articulated. One way of getting hold of the debate is to analyze not its content but its form, not what is said so much as how it is said by whom and for whom. But this is a difficult task given the arsenal of enunciative strategies and discursive inflections that are so well-developed and so ready at hand. The debate about "PC" and multiculturalism is not a world with quiet corners and it is good to remind ourselves that the question whether any of the issues raised in our article can be said to have been even provisionally resolved is far from settled. We can only say that perhaps some illumination has been achieved not in the sense that problems will disappear, but in a change in the fashion in which the problems are posed--as in a guessing game where the players have not yet found the answers, but have narrowed the area in which they reside. Things will become clearer in our responses to specific criticisms and observations offered by the commentators.
Photocatalysis in Gold Nanocage Nanoreactors

The photodegradation of methyl orange was found to take place very efficiently using hollow Au nanocages which are known to have remaining Ag on their interior walls which can be oxidized to Ag2O. The degradation rate is found to be more efficient than photodegradation reaction using semiconductor nanomaterials, such as TiO2 and ZnO. The reaction rate is found to increase by increasing the degree of Ag oxidation on the interior wall of the nanocages prior to the reaction and is a function of the nanocavity size and the pore density of the nanocage walls. As the cage size varies, it is found that the photocatalytic rate increases and then decreases with a maximum rate at nanoparticle size of 75 nm with a medium pore density in the walls. All these results suggest that the catalysis is occurring inside the cavity, whose interior walls are covered with the Ag2O catalysts. Similar to the mechanism proposed in the degradation by the other semiconductors, we propose that the photodegradation mechanism involves ...
The initial renal ultrasound examination in children with urinary tract infection: The prevalence of dilated uropathy has decreased

Background. Pelvocalyceal dilatation (PCD) is often detected by sonography during the prenatal period. Prenatal detection of PCD should affect the prevalence of PCD in children with urinary tract infection (UTI).¶Purpose. To determine the prevalence of abnormal sonographic findings in a population of children undergoing first imaging evaluations after UTI and to determine if the prevalence has changed from an earlier study at the same institution.¶Materials and methods. The findings on consecutive first renal and bladder sonographic examinations in 844 children (745 girls, 99 boys) with UTI were retrospectively reviewed. Cystograms were performed in 743/844 (494 nuclear, 249 fluoroscopic). Only children with known congenital malformations or other significant disease were excluded.¶Results. Sonography was abnormal in 141/844 (16.7 %). PCD was noted in 27/844 (3.2 %), with mild PCD in 18/844 (2.1 %) and moderate or severe PCD in 9/844 (1.1 %). Hydroureter without PCD was noted in 6/844 (0.7 %). Parenchymal abnormalities were present in 42/844 (5.0 %) and bladder wall thickening in 43/844 (5.1 %). Vesicoureteral reflux was present in 186/743 (25.0 %). When compared to historical controls, PCD and hydroureter were significantly less prevalent than 1 decade earlier (P < 0.0001).¶Conclusion. The prevalence of PCD in children under first imaging evaluation for UTI declined significantly during the last decade. These data may be useful in the design of imaging strategies for children with UTI.
An anti-windup design for linear systems with input saturation

Abstract An anti-windup design problem is posed and it is shown that all “observer-based” anti-windup modifications solve this problem at least locally. Sufficient conditions for an observer-based anti-windup modification to solve the global version of this problem are presented. A novel observer-based anti-windup design is then proposed such that the anti-windup problem can be interpreted in terms of a reduced-order system. In particular, the proposed anti-windup design induces an invariant subspace for the dynamic behavior of the mismatch between the constrained and unconstrained closed-loops. The dynamics in this invariant subspace are identical to the behavior of the plant with input saturation starting at the origin, stabilized by linear state feedback and driven by the mismatch between the unconstrained input and this input passed through a saturation function. The second part of the paper shows how the original dynamic compensator can be modified, while retaining those dynamic features that produce a desirable closed-loop steady-state response, to ensure that the requisite invariant subspace exists and it is reasonably tuned for input saturation. Two case studies are carried out on systems that have been investigated in the literature.
ADVECTION OF MASS FRACTION IN FORCED, HOMOGENEOUS, COMPRESSIBLE TURBULENCE

In nearly isothermal, compressible turbulence of a nondense gas the mass fraction of an embedded passive scalar satisfies the same formal conservation equation as a passive scalar in incompressible turbulence. Direct numerical simulation of this system shows that the compressible turbulence modes are less efficient than the incompressible in transporting scalar spectral content from large to small scales. It is argued that the cause of this outcome is the reduced size of the integral length scale of the compressible velocity components vis a vis that of the incompressible velocity components, and this also explains the experimentally observed ineffectiveness of the dilatational velocity modes in determining scalar flux in homogeneous, compressible turbulence with a uniform mean scalar gradient.
Training and testing determinants of short-term associative suppression of phototaxic behavior in Hermissenda.

Hermissenda crassicornis shows both short- and long-term retention of conditioning following light-rotation pairings. Previous research has shown that prolonged training (50 trials per session, three consecutive daily sessions) produces a suppression of phototaxis lasting for days. This long-term retention reflects associative learning processes, with little or no contribution of nonassociative learning. In contrast, both associative learning and nonassociative behavioral modification contribute to short-term retention following a single session of five pairing trials. In this paper, we describe important associative and nonassociative determinants of short-term changes in phototaxis. In Experiment 1, animals received successive hourly tests for phototaxis in either a horizontal or a vertical orientation. Repeated testing resulted in decreased phototaxis which was especially pronounced for animals tested horizontally. Experiments 2–4 demonstrated that both repeated handling of animals and repeated periods of dark adaptation prior to each phototaxic test contributed to the development of phototaxic suppression with repeated testing. These nonassociative influences on phototaxis interacted with the gravitational orientation employed during behavioral testing, being most pronounced for testing in the horizontal orientation. An implication of these findings is that attempts to demonstrate short-term pairing-specific suppression will be most successful when nonassociative contributions are minimized (by testing animals vertically). Experiment 5 tested this prediction. We also tested the influence of training light intensity and the stimulus specificity of conditioned suppression. Animals received either five paired or five random presentations of light and rotation. Training light intensity was either moderate or bright. Following training, animals were tested for either suppression of phototaxis or suppression of negative geotaxis, using either a horizontal or a vertical testing orientation. Consistent with previous results, horizontally tested animals exhibited pronounced nonassociative suppression following training. The use of a bright training light also produced nonassociative suppression. However, when trained with a light of moderate intensity and tested vertically, Hermissenda showed associative suppression of phototaxis (significant paired—random difference) but not geotaxis (no paired—random difference). In a final experiment we observed that the longer the period of dark adaptation (prior to testing) the longer the phototaxic latency. We also showed that unless dark-adaptation periods during baseline and retention tests are equated, measurements of the time course of short-term associative suppression will be in error.
Making information overload work: the Dragon software system on a virtual reality responsive workbench

Gaining a detailed and thorough understanding of the modern battle space is vital to the success of any military operation. Military commanders have access to significant quantities of information which originates from disparate and occasionally conflicting sources and systems. Combining this information into a single, coherent view of the environment can be extremely difficult, error prone and time consuming. In this paper we describe the Naval Research Laboratory's Virtual Reality Responsive Workbench (VRRWB) and Dragon software system which together address the problem of battle space visualization. The VRRWB is a stereoscopic 3D interactive graphics system which allows multiple participants to interact in a shared virtual environment and physical space. A graphical representation of the battle space, including the terrain and military assets which lie on it, is displayed on a projection table. Using a six degree of freedom tracked joystick, the user navigates through the environment and interacts, via selection and querying, with the represented assets and the terrain. The system has been successfully deployed in the Hunter Warrior Advanced Warfighting Exercise and the Joint Countermine ACTD Demonstration One. In this paper we describe the system and its capabilities in detail, discuss its performance in these two operations, and describe the lessons which have been learned.
17O magic angle spinning NMR studies of Brønsted acid sites in zeolites HY and HZSM-5.

High-resolution 17O/1H double resonance NMR spectra were obtained for two zeolites, one with a low Si/Al ratio (zeolite HY) and one with a high Si/Al ratio (HZSM-5), to investigate their local stru...
Enhanced Adrenal Sensitivity to Exogenous Cosyntropin (ACTH α1-24) Stimulation in Major Depression: Relationship to Dexamethasone Suppression Test Results

ACTH alpha 1-24 (cosyntropin) (250 micrograms by intravenous bolus) was given to 38 medicated patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and to 34 normal control subjects. Patients with MDD had significantly higher plasma cortisol concentrations and significantly higher increases in plasma cortisol levels 60 minutes after cosyntropin infusion than did control subjects. Patients who were nonsuppressors in the dexamethasone suppression test had significantly higher 60-minute cortisol concentrations and cortisol increases than did normal subjects and patients with MDD who were suppressors. There were significant, strongly positive correlations between cortisol secretory responses to cosyntropin and postdexamethasone cortisol concentrations in patients with MDD. These findings confirm that adrenal sensitivity to corticotropin (ACTH) is enhanced in MDD and suggest that this endocrine abnormality may be related pathophysiologically to the resistance of cortisol secretion to dexamethasone suppression.
A note on the complementarity problem

We show by an example that, in a complementarity problem where the given map is continuous and monotone on the nonnegative orthant, the existence of a feasible solution is not sufficient to guarantee existence of a solution to the complementarity problem.
Surface immunoglobulins as targets for anti-immunoglobulin-dependent cell-mediated lysis of B cells.

Abstract Human K cells are able to lyse human lymphoblastoid B cells in the presence of specific anti-human immunoglobulin isotype antibodies. The human lymphoblastoid B-cell line DAUDI (surface μ- and κ-chains positive) was lysed in the presence of anti-μ and anti-κ antisera, or IgG fraction of these antisera, and B-cell-depleted human lymphocytes. Lysis was not induced by anti-isotypic antisera alone or human lymphocytes alone. Lysis was not induced by antisera directed at isotypes which were not expressed on the DAUDI cells. The human lymphoblastoid B-cell line RAJI, which does not express surface membrane isotypes, could not be lysed by the anti-isotype-dependent cell-mediated mechanism. Lysis of DAUDI cells by this mechanism was mediated by Fc γ receptor-bearing human non-B lymphocytes and required an intact Fc piece in the inducing anti-isotypic antibody. These observations are discussed as a possible role for K cells in the regulation of immune responses by interaction between anti-idiotypic antibodies and idiotype-bearing cells.
Chronological and Geographical Distribution of Orthopteroid Populations in an Abandoned Michigan Field

The chronological and geographical distributions of immature and adult orthopteroids were compared in a semi-isolated abandoned crop field in Michigan. Seven general plant associations within the 1.8-acre field were sampled by sweeping and pit-trapping, and the relative numbers of orthopteroids within each association were determined. Thirty species of orthopteroids were captured with the following distribution by families: Acrididae 16, Gryllidae 5, Conocephalidae 3, Phaneropteridae 1, Gryllacrididae 1, Tetrigidae 2, Manteidae 1, Phasmatidae, 1.
Perturbative renormalizability with an infinite number of relevant and marginal operators

Abstract We use renormalization group equations to derive conditions under which a finite number of running couplings and masses are required for perturbative renormalization, despite the appearance of an infinite number of relevant and marginal operators. These conditions are immediately relevant to the study of quantum chromodynamics in light-front field theory, where one needs to employ regulators that violate continuous symmetries such as Lorentz covariance and gauge invariance. Using simple one-loop examples, we use these conditions to show how the renormalization group itself leads naturally to O(N) symmetry in scalar theories, to massless fermions when explicit chiral invariance is broken by the regulator, and to massless gauge bosons when explicit gauge invariance is broken. We also show that these conditions may allow one to recover hidden symmetries such as φ → − φ symmetry when computing in the broken symmetry phase, which is relevant to light-front calculations without zero-modes.
Toward optimizing synthesis of nanostructured chiral polyaniline

Abstract We report here detailed investigation into optimizing the synthesis of chiral polyaniline nanofibers using an oligomer-assisted route. The effect of temperature, monomer concentration, nature of oligomer, and the rate of oxidant addition on the optical properties of the PANI nanofibers have been carefully determined. Our results indicate that the highest chirality is achieved under conditions that promote interaction of the chiral acid with the growing polymer chain. These chiral polyaniline nanofibers are thermally stable up to 90 °C and are found to be stable against repeated doping–dedoping cycles. The as-synthesized nanofibers are partially crystalline regardless of their chirality. This partial crystallinity may be responsible for their chemical and thermal stability.
Children's use of memory strategies: Relevance to voice output communication aid use

Memory strategies are implicated in the use of voice output communication aids. They are necessary to facilitate the memorization and subsequent recall of information, including preprogrammed vocabulary (i.e., single words and longer texts) and codes that retrieve vocabulary programmed under several keys (e.g., in Minspeak™-based applications). The augmentative and alternative communication field could benefit from existing research that has examined the development of memory strategy use in young children. Memory strategies differ in terms of their functional properties, such as automaticity, reliance on symbolic mediators, and overall complexity. Developmental constraints are reflected in predictable performance errors. Adults can help children become insightful about when, how, and why to apply a memory strategy. This insight, called metamemory, can motivate a child to complete boring tasks (e.g., memorizing codes).
Measuring packet reordering

The Internet architecture provides an unsequenced datagram delivery service. Nevertheless, many higher-layer protocols, such as TCP, assume that packets are usually delivered in sequence, and consequently suffer significant degradation when packets are reordered in flight. While there have been several recent proposals to create protocols that adapt to reordering, evaluating their effectiveness requires understanding the dynamics of the reordering processes prevalent in the Internet. Unfortunately, Internet packet sequencing is a poorly characterized and understudied behavior. This failing can be largely attributed to the lack of accurate and universally applicable methods for measuring packet reordering. In this paper, we describe a new set of active measurement techniques that can reliably estimate one-way end-to-end reordering rates to and from arbitrary TCP-based servers. We validate these tools in a controlled setting and show how they can be used to measure the time-domain distribution of the reordering process along a given path.
Use of Selective Breeding in Alcohol Research

The use of selective breeding in alcohol research is relatively recent in spite of the extensive use of the technique in other areas of behavioural research and the long history of selective breeding in agriculture. Initial efforts were directed toward selective breeding for acute effects and preference. More recently, selective breeding for ethanol activation, hypothermia, severity of withdrawal, tolerance and stress response as well as new breeding programs for preference and acute effects are underway. Related breeding programs for benzodiazepine and opiate sensitivity are also being carried out. The technique affords the opportunity to dissect the mechanism of the action of ethanol at the molecular level and the genetic basis of various ethanol effects.
Rotation-invariant optical processing

The use of optical processors to realize certain two-dimensional linear filtering operations in polar coordinates is studied. When a filtering operation is rotation invariant, an angular cyclic convolution appears in the corresponding polar-superposition integral. Cyclic convolution is reviewed and compared with the standard linear convolution in both space and frequency domains. It is shown that the cyclic convolution of two periodic functions may be obtained from the linear convolution of a single period of one function with three periods of the other. Coherent optical methods for performing cyclic convolution are proposed and practical aspects discussed. Experimental results are presented for one optical realization.
Absorption, Excretion, and Metabolism of p32-Labeled Metepa by Screw-Worm and Stable Flies

The rate of absorption, excretion, and metabolism of P32labeled metepa by the screw-worm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), explain to a considerable extent the difference noted between the dosages required to sterilize these two species. On the basis of data obtained 6 hr after treatment, the screw-worm fly absorbed only half as much radiolabeled material in proportion to its size as the Stable fly. Excretion by the screw-worm fly was twice that of the stable fly, and metabolism by the stable fly was about twice as fast as for the screw-worm fly. The principal metabolite was phosphoric acid, and it occurred in greater quantity in the screw-worm fly than in the stable fly.
Host- and food-foraging of the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes : learning and physiological state effects

Abstract We conducted three laboratory experiments to determine the effects of learning and physiological state on the foraging behavior of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson). When given a choice between host- and food-associated odors in a wind tunnel, hungry females that had experienced these two odors showed a preference for the latter whereas the well-fed females preferred the former. Intermediately fed females with ovipositional experience preferred a host-associated odor, whereas females without such experience preferred a food-associated odor. In the wind tunnel, when host- and food-plants were present, hungry females foraged for foods more than for hosts whereas well-fed females foraged for hosts. Host-searching efficiency of females decreased as they became hungry in the wind tunnel containing host plants. We conclude that M. croceipes can learn host- and food-associated odors, and respond to these odors based on their physiological state, such as hunger and ovipositional experience. The present study suggests that hunger and the availability of food are important factors affecting foraging behavior by parasitoids in nature.
Dynamics of $I = {3 \over 2}$ nuclei in isotropic slow motion, anisotropic and partially ordered phases

NMR of quadrupolar nuclei, and, in particular 23Na in soft tissues has attracted renewed interest due to the importance that sodium plays in physiology. The quadrupolar coupling and relaxation dynamics, including the appearance of the dynamic frequency shift are treated in this article. The equations governing irreducible spherical tensor analysis are derived and discussed. Experiments are shown to demonstrate how parameters such as the correlation time, the instantaneous and the residual quadrupolar couplings can be extracted from the data. Such experiments and procedures are particularly useful in the analysis of 23Na NMR data from tissues or cell suspensions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 36A: 362–387, 2010