cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of Aerosol Direct Radiative Effect to the East Asian Summer Monsoon

Asian summer monsoon and atmospheric aerosol simultaneously influence the climate in the East Asian region. However, substantial uncertainties exist in the current understanding of the interactions between monsoon and aerosol and their combined effects. Previous studies have shown that aerosols influence the strength of monsoon and monsoon-related water cycles; however, monsoon strongly regulates the aerosol spatial distribution. This letter investigates the radiative flux response at the top of the atmosphere to the Asian summer monsoon by using observations made by the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. In comparison with the ten-year (2002-2011) mean climatology, the aerosol radiative effect is estimated over two eastern Asia regions for the months of July in 2002 and 2003, corresponding to a weak and a strong summer monsoon event, respectively. The dramatically different influences show the aerosol radiative forcing over land to be strongly responsive to Asian summer monsoon. Furthermore, the reanalysis-based estimate of the aerosol radiative effect is consistent with its observation-only counterpart.
Determinants of Sums.

(1990). Determinants of Sums. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 130-135.
2-Acetylpyridine N-oxide complexes of various lanthanide(III) ions

Abstract 2-Acetylpyridine N-oxide (L) complexes of the formula ML 6 (ClO 4 ) 3 · n H 2 O (M = La, Sm, Eu; n = 0 or 1), ML 5 (ClO 4 ) 3 · n H 2 O (M = Dy, Er; n = 0 or 4) and ML 4 (ClO 4 )·H 2 O (M = Gd) have been prepared and characterized. All complexes isolated are hygroscopic, 1:3 electrolytes and possess an intense golden yellow color. IR data indicates that some of the ligands in each complex bond to the metal ion via both the N-oxide and carbonyl oxygens while other ligands bond solely through the N-oxide function. The unique golden yellow color of the complexes originates from a ligand-metal charge transfer band involving the carbonyl group.
Uncertainty Reduction Approaches, Uncertainty Coping Approaches, and Process Performance in Financial Services

Developing a better understanding of the impact of uncertainty on process performance has been recognized as an important research opportunity in service design (Hill, et al., 2002). Within this general research stream, our study focuses on the question of what managers can do to most effectively address operational uncertainty and mitigate its negative effects. To begin to address this question, we report on an exploratory study using a sample of professionals in the financial-services industry who acted as informants on 108 financial-services processes. These professionals were sampled from a population of graduates of a university in the northeastern region of the United States who were employed in the financial-services industry. Based on these processes, we empirically examine the relationship between responses to operational uncertainty and process performance after controlling for customer mix, other uncertainty sources, and process type characteristics. Our findings suggest that process improvement—an uncertainty reduction approach related to the internal functioning of the process—as well as several uncertainty coping approaches are associated with better performing processes. However, uncertainty reduction approaches related to customer involvement with, and demands on, the process are not associated with better performing processes. We discuss the implications of our findings for determining what actions managers can take to reduce the negative performance effects of operational uncertainty and how managers can decide which of these actions to take. We conclude with a discussion of the limitations of our study.
Postmaterialism and Value Convergence Value Priorities of Japanese Compared with their Perceptions of American Values

This study focuses on two central issues regarding the postmaterial value transformation among Japanese youth: whether convergence with Western patterns is occurring and whether a crossover between collectivist and individualist values is taking place. To widen the perspective of the latter hypothesis, the research design compares Japanese projections of their own values with their perceptions of Americans. The Rokeach Value Survey is used in 1972 and 1976. While postmaterial expectations are generally fulfilled in both projections, neither convergence nor crossover fare well. Instead, certain belongingness values emerge as affirmations of both quality of life and egalitarian priorities; rather than leading to a special case, the Japanese evidence indicates there is a more dynamic relationship between cultural continutiy and postmaterial value change than has been previously recognized.
A ROLLING DIAPHRAGM HYDRAULIC MICRO-MANIPULATOR.

Abstract The construction is described of a versatile, light-weight, and highly accurate hydraulic micro-manipulator, for use in acute neurophysiological experimentation. The instrument incorporates a rolling-diaphragm leak seal, uses water as its transmission medium, and requires minimal servicing care. A smaller instrument of similar design for use with chronic preparations is also briefly described.
A continuum finite element approach for rock failure and rubble formation

A continuum finite element formulation that models the failure of a rock mass, the collapse of this rubble into a void space and the associated bulking of the rubble is presented. This formulation is incorporated into a finite element computer program that treats the large deformation nonlinear motion of axisymmetric and two-dimensional continua. A dynamic relaxation procedure is used for the solution algorithm. Example calculations are given that demonstrate the formulation.
Detection and enumeration of enteric viruses in cell culture

Abstract The use of cell cultures remains the most reliable and functional tool for the detection of viable human enteric viruses in environmental samples. There is, however, a definite need for uniformity in cell culture practices. Among the serious concerns repeatedly addressed for virus monitoring have been negative results arising, not from the absence of virus, but from the lack of sensitivity due to significant variations in detection methodology. Over the past 5 years, many cell culture procedures applied to environmental virology have been upgraded, refined, or replaced; thus, the continued use of insensitive methodology may hinder reliable virus monitoring programs. This report provides a singular updated resource, encompassing those changes which have been shown to make a difference in the sensitivity of the cell culture virus detection system.
Essentials: Going online

The moment has arrived for you to go online! This article provides anoverview of online access and Internet services. Resources are suggested and hints are offered to get the novice started on the information highway. Enjoy your journey!
Visual discrimination between small objects and large textured backgrounds.

THE remarkable ability of certain higher order insect visual neurones to discriminate between movement of a small object or target and a large textured background has been clearly demonstrated by Palka1,2 and O'Shea and Fraser-Rowell3. In addition, movement of a large textured background such as a windmill pattern is inhibitory to detection of motion of a small target by this neurone, known as the descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD). The response of this identifiable neurone to motion of small objects is inhibited by rotation of the windmill pattern over a specific range of high spatial frequencies of the pattern, but is augmented by low spatial frequencies in the pattern. For this neurone we have quantitatively determined the spatial frequency at which the effect of the windmill pattern becomes inhibitory.
Some observations concerning mammlian indoxyl metabolism and its relationship to the formation of urinary indigo pigments

Abstract Rats fed a high-salt diet developed indicanuria with the formation of indigotin and indirubin in the urine. Thus, they resembled children with the blue diaper syndrome. Investigation of those factors controlling pigment formation in the urine suggests that the pigmented dimers arise in consequence of a series of biochemical events initiated by intestinal malabsorption of tryptophan. Primary malabsorption of tryptophan is seen in the blue-diaper syndrome, but it is also seen in other pediatric disorders not characterized by blue diapers. An explanation for this apparent paradox is suggested by the animal experiments.
Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutamate and Glycine in Refractory Affective Disorder

Background Glutamatergic dysregulation has been documented in schizophrenia but has received less systematic study in affective illness. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the excitatory amino acids glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor modulator, glycine (GLY) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in 32 patients with refractory affective disorder (16 female/16 male, 12 bipolar I, 12 bipolar II, and 8 unipolar) and in 14 age-matched controls. Results There was a significant reduction in CSF glutamate and glycine in patients versus controls. A diagnosis by sex interaction was present for CSF glycine with lower levels in female patients compared to female controls. Levels of the excitatory amino acids were highly inter-correlated in patients, but not in controls. In patients studied after 6 weeks of lamotrigine, there was a trend for CSF glutamate levels to increase. Conclusions These data suggest that in patients with refractory affective disorder, excitatory amino acids are dysregulated, as exemplified both by the decreased CSF glutamate and glycine and their high intercorrelation compared to controls. Further controlled study of glutamatergic dysregulation and its relationship to the pathophysiology of affective disorders and potential mechanism of action of mood stabilizers appears indicated.
Simulated distal interphalangeal joint fusion of the index and middle fingers in 0° and 20° of flexion: a comparison of grip strength and dexterity.

Purpose To evaluate dexterity and grip strength after simulated distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint fusion of the index and middle fingers in varying degrees of flexion. Methods Forty-six right-handed subjects performed grip and dexterity testing using the Grooved Pegboard Test in positions of index finger 20° flexion or full extension, middle finger 20° flexion or full extension, and unrestricted index and middle finger DIP joint motion (control). Simulated fusion was performed with the use of custom-molded thermoplastic orthoses. Results Index finger dexterity scores were improved when the DIP joint was splinted in 20° compared with full extension. There was no significant difference in the middle finger dexterity when comparing 20° flexion with full extension. In either position, dexterity scores were higher (lower performance) for the index finger than for the middle finger, showing a greater interference to dexterity with splinting the index finger DIP joint. Mean grip strength was unaffected by middle finger DIP joint position, whereas splinting of the index finger in full extension resulted in reduced grip strength. Conclusions Because positioning the middle finger DIP joint in either extension or 20° of flexion did not significantly affect grip strength or dexterity, other considerations such as appearance can be given priority. For the index finger, however, positioning the DIP joint in 20° of flexion may improve grip strength and dexterity over positioning it in neutral. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic I.
Linkage mapping of the cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) gene on human chromosome 21 using a DNA polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region

We used single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) to detect DNA polymorphisms in the 3′ untranslated (3′UT) region of the gene for cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). A polymorphism due to a T-to-C substitution at nucleotide 549 of the 3′UT region with heterozygosity of 46% has been identified. Genotypes for this polymorphism have been obtained in all of the informative CEPH families, and CBS has been placed in the linkage map of human chromosome 21.
Pet companionship and depression: Results from a United States Internet sample

AbstractUsing Internet survey data from 2,291 respondents from the United States, we examined socio-demographic predictors of living with a cat or dog. Logistic regressions showed that, for men, being married, living with children, being Midwestern and non-urban increased odds of living with a pet. For women, being White, having a high income, living with children, and living in a rural setting increased odds for pet ownership. Multivariate analyses examining influences of gender, marital status, and pet ownership on depression (CES-D) scores, adjusting for potential confounders, revealed that unmarried women who live with a pet have the fewest depressive symptoms, and unmarried men who live with a pet have the most. These findings suggest that single women benefit from pet companionship, whereas single men may be burdened by it.
Performance of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) IX. Doing science with the MMT

The astronomical instruments currently in use at the MT are briefly described and highlights of some astronomical results obtained with them are summarized.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ribosomal RNA gene number and sequence divergence in the diploid-tetraploid species pair of North American hylid tree frogs.

Hyla chrysoscelis (2n = 24) and H. versicolor (2n = 48) are a diploid-tetraploid species pair of tree frogs. Hybridization saturation of isolated 125I-labeled ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) with filter-immobilized DNA shows that there are twice as many rRNA genes in the tetraploid as in the diploid. For the diploid, saturation occurs at 0.037%, from which it is calculated that there are about 618 copies of the (18 S + 28 S) rRNA genes per haploid genome. Analysis of the extent of hybridization and also the thermal stability of homologous and heterologous hybrids shows that considerably more base substitutions have occurred in the tetraploid rDNA genes than in the diploid since their divergence. This is interpreted to reflect either a relaxation of the gene regulatory “correction” mechanism hypothesized to be responsible for the maintenance of identical tandem rRNA genes in the tetraploid or a release of one gene set from the normal selective constraints.
Dimensions of psychological time and favorite TV personalities

This study investigated 286 television viewers' psychological time orientations for congruence to the psychological orientation portrayed by their favorite characters. Significant relationships were found for future and past oriented personality types and selection of favorite TV personalities. However, no significant relationship was found for "presents." Viewers preferences of TV characters according to choice of dimension orientation revealed demographic differences among each group.
The role of psychologists in the care of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans in primary care settings.

Although military personnel serving in Iraq and Afghanistan are at high risk of developing mental health problems, many report significant barriers to care and few seek help. Integrated primary care is a comprehensive model of health care that aims to improve access to care and provides a framework to assess and meet the complex psychiatric needs of newly returning veterans by embedding mental health specialists within primary care. We describe the role of psychologists in a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) integrated primary care clinic that serves veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. Psychologists based in primary care can assist veterans with reintegration to civilian life by providing rapid mental health assessment, normalizing readjustment concerns, planning for veterans’ safety, implementing brief interventions within primary care, facilitating transition to additional mental health care, and informing veterans of other available psychosocial services. A case example demonstrating the psychologist’s role highlights the benefits of an integrated care model. Implications of employing this model include reduction of symptoms and impairment by reducing stigma and barriers to seeking mental health care, increased motivation to engage in treatment, and implementation of early interventions. This model may also be beneficial in the civilian health care sector with groups that are at high risk for mental health problems, yet experience barriers to care, particularly stigma.
A Research Agenda for Brand-Building on the Internet with Banner Advertising

Abstract This paper proposes a research agenda to address the gaps in knowledge concerning the brand-building qualities of Internet banners. In order to more easily compare the branding power of Internet banners to other traditional media, the author recommends an agenda that standardizes web advertising performance metrics through the use of offline methodologies, establishes a nationally-recognized organization to audit and verify web performance data, increases the number of controlled experimental studies of on-line messages, relates the branding effects of Internet advertising to the traditional advertising hierarchy-of-effects model, and broadens the scope of Internet research to include forms of web advertising such as e-mail, viral marketing, and pop-up ads that may produce different effects than banners.
Field-evolved resistance to Bt cotton: bollworm in the U.S. and pink bollworm in India.

Abstract. Some field populations of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in the southeastern U.S. have evolved resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab produced by transgenic cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Decreased susceptibility to Cry1Ac, the toxin in first-generation Bt cotton (Bollgard), was detected in laboratory diet bioassays and was associated with increased survival on Bollgard plant tissues and control problems in the field. Bollgard cotton is no longer registered in the U.S. and has been replaced primarily by Bt cotton that produces Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab (Bollgard II). Laboratory diet bioassay results showed that the percentage of field populations resistant to Cry2Ab increased from 0% in 2002 to 50% in 2005. In bioassays from 2003 to 2006, 14 field-derived strains of bollworm had <50% mortality at 150 µg Cry2Ab per milliliter of diet, the highest toxin concentration tested. As with the recently reported resistance of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunde...
Review essay: Reassessing anthropology's maverick: The archaeological fieldwork of Frank Hamilton Cushing

The Lost Itinerary of Frank Hamilton Cushing. Volume two of Frank Hamilton Cushing and the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition, 1886–1889. Curtis M. Hinsley and David R. Wilcox, eds. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002. xxxvi + 349 pp., illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. The Lost Florida Manuscript of Frank Hamilton Cushing. Phyllis E. Kolianos and Brent R. Weisman, eds. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. xiv + 281 pp., illustrations, appendixes, notes, bibliography, index. The Florida Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing. Phyllis E. Kolianos and Brent R. Weisman, eds. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. xv + 161 pp., notes, illustrations, bibliography, index. Anthropology has had many charismatic figures in its past whose work has bordered on genius and who have presaged contemporary anthropological theories, issues, the choice of research topics, methodologies, or ethical concerns. Although often marginalized in the history of anthropology, a few of these key individuals have captured our imagination and recent attention because long-lost diaries, field notes, and reports have come to light, often after years of diligent searching by dedicated scholars. This review article assesses the contributions of three recent books on one of American anthropology's most fascinating and enigmatic individuals: Frank Hamilton Cushing. These works focus on Cushing's groundbreaking regional research in the American Southeast (Florida) and the Southwest (Arizona) and tell us much about the foundational values of our discipline.
Chronic hyperprolactinemia depletes hypothalamic dopamine concentrations in male rats

Abstract The tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) system appears to tonically inhibit pituitary prolactin secretion while moderate elevations in serum prolactin levels, in turn, augment the turnover rate of dopamine (DA) without affecting the steady state concentrations of DA in the TIDA neurons (1–5). The present study demonstrates that chronic elevations in serum prolactin, to greater than 2,000 ng/ml, induced by the prolactin secreting MtTW15 tumor, decreased DA concentrations by 47% in the median eminence-arcuate nucleus (ME-ARC) region, by 43% in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and 14% in the preoptic area-anterior hypothalamic region (POA-AH) without influencing the norepinephrine levels in these regions. Thus, chronic stimulation of hypothalamic DA neurons by prolactin may lead to depletion of DA concentrations and this may be an important factor in the reduced DA levels observed in hyperprolactinemia of senescent rats or that produced by chronic estrogen treatment.
Trajectories of Early Binge Drinking: A Function of Family Cohesion and Peer Use

Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we tested latent growth models examining whether the number of friends using alcohol and family cohesion was linked with trajectories of binge drinking (N = 3,342) from adolescence (average age 15.06) into young adulthood (average age 27.93). Adolescents with higher family cohesion had lower rates of binge drinking in adolescence (b = -.07, p Language: en
Gender inequality among Japanese high school teachers: women teachers' resistance to gender bias in occupational culture

This study explores gender inequality in the occupational culture of Japanese high school teachers with special focus on women teachers' resistance to gender‐biased practices. It examines the effectiveness of official and informal teacher training programmes in raising awareness of gender issues. Through an ethnographic case study conducted in five high schools in Gifu and Aichi, Japan, this study explores (1) the characteristics of the teaching community, and (2) the role of formal and informal teacher education in the occupational socialisation of new teachers. Moreover, by applying critical feminist perspectives, the study highlights (3) gender inequality within the occupational culture and myriad forms of women teachers' resistance to gender‐biased practice. In drawing policy implications, the study examines (4) the effectiveness of teacher training programmes in raising teachers' awareness of gender issues.
Long-term oncological outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.

Purpose of review Widespread applicability of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy will only occur when oncologic outcomes are critically analyzed in the context of published open partial nephrectomy series. The most recent oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy are reviewed. Recent findings Oncologic outcomes at 5 years of follow-up have recently been published for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. The low margin positivity demonstrated by earlier series has translated into cancer-specific survival rates comparable to open partial nephrectomy. Local and distant recurrence rates are acceptably low, and in line with both contemporary and historical open partial nephrectomy pT1 controls. Summary Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is becoming a standard of care for selected small renal tumors at high volume centers. While the goal of minimizing morbidity is laudable, ultimately its effectiveness as a cancer operation is the most important criterion. At high volume centers, in expert hands this technically advanced procedure has been shown to duplicate the oncologic outcomes of open surgery. The indolent natural history of small renal masses mandates that we await 10-year data, as well as corroboration of these favorable results at multiple institutions.
Gender differences in sexual behaviors of AD patients and their relationship to spousal caregiver well-being

Objectives: Little is known about gender differences in sexuality among community-dwelling heterosexual couples in which one partner has Alzheimer's disease (AD). Few studies have examined gender differences in specific sexual behaviors or their associations with caregiver well-being. This study evaluated the impact of gender differences on intimacy and sexual satisfaction in marital relationships in which one partner has AD. Method: Baseline measures were collected from 162 AD patients and their partners enrolled in a multi-site study between 2001 and 2009 to evaluate gender differences in measures of intimacy, caregiver well-being, and patient sexual behaviors. Results: While over 70% of all patients initiated physically intimate activities (i.e., kissing, hugging, and intercourse), most did not initiate intercourse specifically. Female caregivers reported higher levels of stress and depressive symptoms than male caregivers (p < 0.01). Satisfaction with intimacy was significantly associated with fewer s...
Four New Species of Chronogaster Cobb, 1913 (Nemata: Plectidae) With a Key To Species of the Genus

Four new species of Chronogaster Cobb, 1913 are described. These include C. chilensis n. sp. distinguished by its hook-like, ventrally, irregularly bent terminus and prominent circular amphid; C. elegans n. sp. distinguished by its long cephalic setae (18-24 μm), large size (L = 1.37-1.96 mm), and terminus with terminal spine plus several spines on ventral side (dorsal side smooth); C. floridensis n. sp. distinguished by its long tail (c = 4.4-7.4) with slender digitate finely rounded terminus and absence of vacuolated lateral glandular bodies: and C. aspinata n. sp. distinguished by cephalic setae 4-6 μm, postbulbar projection 21-32 μm and finely conoid terminus devoid of spines. Further description is also given of C. longicollis (Daday, 1899) Andrassy, 1958. Simplification of terminology of cuticular structures of the tail of Chronogaster is proposed and a key to species of the genus is included.
Investigating the impact of cyber attacks on power system reliability

As power grids rely more on the open communication technologies and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, they are becoming more vulnerable to malicious cyber attacks. The reliability of the power system can be impacted by the SCADA system due to a diverse set of probable cyber attacks on it. This paper deals with the impact of cyber attacks on power system reliability. A forced outage rate (FOR) model is proposed considering the impacts of cyber attacks on the reliability characteristic of generators and transmission lines. Different occurrences of the cyber attacks targeting the SCADA system lead to different effects on the FOR values. The loss of load probabilities (LOLP) curves in two reliability test systems are simulated based on 10 different types of attacks in the SCADA system. The simulation results illustrate that the reliability of the power system decreases as the effects of cyber attacks on SCADA become severe.
A survey of acute and chronic heroin dependence in ten inbred mouse strains : Evidence of genetic correlation with morphine dependence

Abstract Heroin and morphine exposure can cause physical dependence, with symptoms manifesting during their withdrawal. Inter-individual differences in symptom frequency during morphine withdrawal are a common finding that, in rodents, is demonstrably attributable to genotype. However, it is not known whether inter-individual differences characterize heroin withdrawal, and whether such variation can be similarly influenced by genotype. Therefore, we injected mice of ten inbred strains with acute and chronic heroin doses and compared their jumping frequencies, a common index of withdrawal magnitude, during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. The data revealed significant strain frequency differences (range after acute and chronic heroin injection: 0–104 and 0–142 jumps, respectively) and substantial heritability ( h 2 = 0.94 to 0.96), indicating that genetic variance is associated with heroin withdrawal. The rank order of strain sensitivity for acute and chronic heroin withdrawal jumping, and for the current heroin and previous morphine strain data, were significantly correlated ( r = 0.75–0.94), indicating their genetic and, ultimately, physiological commonality. These data suggest that the genetic liability to heroin dependence remains constant across a period of heroin intake, and that heroin and morphine dependence may benefit from common treatment strategies.
Synthesis, Structure, and Spectroscopy of Silaallyl− and Silapentadienyl−Iridium−Phosphine Complexes

Silaallyl− and silapentadienyl−iridium−phosphine complexes have been synthesized via the reaction of “(Me)Ir(PMe3)3” with vinyl- and butadienyldimethylsilanes. Upon heating, these complexes lose methane and undergo a variety of reactions, including C−H bond activation to produce a five-membered iridasilacycle, CC bond coordination to generate an η1,η2-silapentadienyl ligand, and decomposition.
Experimental Staphylococcus Infection in the Hamster Cheek Pouch: the Process of Localization.

Small amounts of staphylococcus suspensions were injected into the cheek pouches of hamsters. Within 5 hours, the organisms were recovered from all outlying areas of the pouches, and in the following hours the entire structures showed vasodilation, edema, petechiae, and accumulation of leukocytes in the venules. Leukocytosis also occurred at this time. Between 24 and 48 hours, well defined abscesses developed at the sites of injection, and there was a sharp decrease in the bacteria in all other areas. From the 3rd day onward, organisms were only occasionally recovered from tissue outside the abscesses. At this period of localization, the generalized edema and petechiae also subsided, as did the leukocytosis. Localization of infection was not due to a walling off process, since the bacteria were disseminated through the entire pouches in the 1st few hours, but these organisms diminished rapidly, while those at the original injection sites continued to grow and reproduce for several days. Localization of infection appeared to be due to the inability of the bacteria carried away from the site of injection to reproduce. This in turn may have been due to dilution, to lack of sufficient toxin to produce a necrotic substrate, or to greater accessibility of these organisms to phagocytes.
Common-Offset Depth Migrations And Traveltime Tomography

Many methods of depth migration velocity analysis emphasize Well-focused images. Others linearize and invert the effect of perturbed velocities on migrated images. We prefer to use developed methods of reflection traveltime tomography by converting picked migrated reflections into equivalent multi-offset traveltimes. Migration benefits prestack picking by simplifying reflections and diminishing noise. Depth migration does not add information to reflections, however. In fact, the bias of a poor velocity model should be removed. Conventional dynamic ray methods, or extrapolated traveltime tables suffice for the estimation of prestack traveltimes (geometric modeling). We need only find the midpoint hat reflects from a migrated point at the correct angle and offset. Constant-offset sections of a North Sea line were independently migrated in depth and viewed on a 3D interpretive workstation. One reflection at the base of chalk imaged at inconsistent depths over offset. This and ather reflections were picked over a range of offsets. Equivalent prestack traveltimes were modeled through the migration velocity model. The chosen method of traveltime tomography implicitly encouraged consistency in commonreflection points for raypaths at various offsets. The final estimated velocity model showed an increase in velocities near the base of the chalk, then a decrease in velocities below. Remigration of the data with the revised velocities greatly increased the visibility of the reflection at the base of the chalk.
Intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy for recurrent locally advanced rectal or rectosigmoid carcinoma.

A multimodality approach of moderate-dose to high-dose preoperative radiation therapy, surgical resection, and intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy (IORT) has been used for patients with locally recurrent rectal or rectosigmoid carcinoma. The 5-year actuarial local control and disease-free survival for 30 patients undergoing this treatment program were 26% and 19%, respectively. The most important factor predicting a favorable outcome was complete resection with negative pathologic resection margins. The determinant local control and disease-free survival for 13 patients undergoing complete resection were 62% and 54%, respectively, whereas for 17 patients undergoing partial resection these figures were 18% and 6%, respectively. There did not appear to be a difference in local control or survival based on the original surgical resection (abdominoperineal resection versus low anterior resection). However, the likelihood of obtaining a complete resection after preoperative radiation therapy was higher in patients who had previously undergone a low anterior resection than patients undergoing prior abdominoperineal resection. For the 30 patients undergoing external beam irradiation, resection, and IORT, the most significant toxicities were soft tissue or sacral injury and pelvic neuropathy. Efforts to further improve local control are directed toward the concurrent use of chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil with and without leucovorin) as radiation dosemore » modifiers during external beam irradiation and the use of additional postoperative radiation therapy.« less
Corridor wall linings— Effect on fire performance

During December 1964 and January 1965, research was conducted to determine the effects of three types of wall linings on fire performance within a partially ventilated corridor. Temperature and light transmission data were recorded, and gas samples were collected for immediate and later analysis. This information was supplemented by the recorded comments of observers, stationed in rooms adjacent to the corridor during the tests.
Elastic instabilities in a microfluidic cross-slot flow of wormlike micellar solutions

We present a series of experiments involving an elastic instability that occurs with the flow of wormlike micellar solutions in a microfluidic cross-slot device. We use four different concentrations of an aqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal); two highly viscoelastic and two weakly viscoelastic. Flow in the microfluidic cross-slot device is examined using birefringence and PIV measurements. With all of the solutions we observe the formation of a birefringent band along the outflow axis, the intensity of which increases with the flow rate. In the two highly viscoelastic solutions, as the flow rate increases, the instability results in flow transitioning from a stable symmetric flow to a stable asymmetric flow, to an unsteady asymmetric flow. With the weakly viscoelastic solutions the instability results in the flow transitioning directly from a stable symmetric flow to an unsteady flow. The critical Weissenberg numbers at which the transitions occur, increase with increasing elasticity number (defined as the ratio of the Weissenberg number to the Reynolds number). With the two highly viscoelastic solutions we also observe the formation of lip vortices along the walls of the inlet channels. For one of the highly viscoelastic solutions the symmetry-breaking occurs before the formation of the secondary flow, whereas in another solution the secondary flow develops prior to the symmetry-breaking. This indicates that these instabilities are complex phenomena, whose behavior is likely influenced by a combination of factors such as Weissenberg number, inertial effects, and rheological behavior of the micellar solutions.
Discriminating causes from consequences of persistent parrotfish corallivory

A detailed understanding of the dual role of parrotfish as both key herbivores and potentially important corallivores is essential to the study of coral health and reef trophodynamics. Some Caribbean parrotfish regularly consume live coral, and discriminate both among coral species and among colonies within a particular species. While they prefer Montastraea spp. corals, which are dominant Caribbean reef builders, causes of selective and persistent grazing of certain colonies remain unknown. We manipulated coral exposure to parrotfish grazing through a long-term cage exclusion experiment in Belize, comparing initially grazed vs. intact (non-grazed) Montastraea spp. colonies. We measured nutrition-related characteristics (C:N ratio, %C, and %N) as well as defensive characteristics (nematocyst density and skeletal hardness) to determine if any of these variables accurately predicted parrotfish grazing. There were substantial reductions in coral nutritional quality (C:N) associated with parrotfish grazing, although these changes appear to be a consequence rather than a cause of parrotfish selectivity. Likewise, nematocyst densities were suppressed in grazed corals, also likely a result of chronic grazing stress. We found no intraspecific differences in skeletal hardness related to grazing. These results provide further demonstration of the physiological consequences of grazing, but the cause of preferential grazing by parrotfishes on certain Montastraea spp. colonies still requires further investigation.
Direct evidence of mast cell participation in acute acid-induced esophageal inflammation in mice

ABSTRACTObjectives:Mast cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of esophagitis resulting from gastroesophageal acid reflux, but their precise role has been difficult to define. We proposed to directly examine the contribution of mast cells to neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of acid-i
The formation of a Tatar historical consciousness: Şihabäddin märcani and the image of the golden horde

(1990). The formation of a Tatar historical consciousness: Sihabaddin marcani and the image of the golden horde. Central Asian Survey: Vol. 9, Idel‐Ural, pp. 39-49.
EVIDENCE FOR THE REPAIR OF OZONE-INDUCED MEMBRANE INJURY'

A B S T R A C T The increase in f4C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake by leaf discs 24 hr after fumigation was used as a measure of ozone injury to pinto bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris). This method showed that the primary leaves were most affected by ozone when plants were 10 to 12 days old, which coincided with the time of maximum leaf necrosis. However, 8-day-old plants, which had no visible leaf injury, still showed a higher uptake rate than controls, indicating that injury occurred at the cellular level. In these younger plants, uptake was shown to return to normal over a 5 day period. Moreover, the rate of this "repair" was retarded by cold or continuous darkness, enhanced by continuous light, and very markedly increased by glucose applied to the leaves. The timing of the glucose application was not critical, nor did H1O or mannitol have an effect. The results suggest that ozone injury at the cellular level can be repaired by energydependent processes so that necrosis of the leaf tissue does not occur. These experiments also show that conditions and treatments after ozone exposure can alter the degree of ozone injury.
Altered Cellular mRNA Levels in Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Fibroblasts: Viral Block to the Accumulation of Antiviral mRNAs

The effect of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection on cellular mRNA accumulation was analyzed by gene chip technology. During a 48-h time course after infection of human diploid fibroblasts, 1,425 cellular mRNAs were found to be up-regulated or down-regulated by threefold or greater in at least two consecutive time points. Several classes of genes were prominently affected, including interferon response genes, cell cycle regulators, apoptosis regulators, inflammatory pathway genes, and immune regulators. The number of mRNAs that were up-regulated or down-regulated were roughly equal over the complete time course. However, for the first 8 h after infection, the number of up-regulated mRNAs was significantly less than the number of down-regulated mRNAs. By analyzing the mRNA expression profile of cells infected in the presence of cycloheximide, it was found that a minimum of 25 mRNAs were modulated by HCMV in the absence of protein synthesis. These included mRNAs encoded by a small number of interferon-responsive genes, as well as beta interferon itself. Cellular mRNA levels in cytomegalovirus-infected cells were compared to the levels in cells infected with UV-inactivated virus. The inactivated virus caused the up-regulation of a much greater number of mRNAs, many of which encoded proteins with antiviral roles, such as interferon-responsive genes and proinflammatory cytokines. These data argue that one or more newly synthesized viral gene products block the induction of antiviral pathways that are triggered by HCMV binding and entry.
A time dependent Born-Oppenheimer approximation

We consider the dynamics of a quantum mechanical system which consists of some particles with large masses and some particles with small masses. As we increase the large masses to infinity we obtain the following results: The particles of smaller mass move adiabatically and determine an effective potential in which the heavier particles move semiclassically. Our methods can be applied to diatomic molecules with Coulomb forces.
Adolescents' motivation for sexual activity and pregnancy prevention.

Approximately 12 million (48%) of our nation's adolescents are sexually active. One-fifth of 15-year-old girls and one-third of 15-year-old boys have already experienced intercourse. Adolescents' motives to be sexually active and to use contraceptives is explored from the sociological, developmental, and motivational perspectives. Societal norms for maidenhood and public policy regarding minors are examined for their proscriptions relative to premarital sexual activity. Empirical findings on factors associated with contracepting are discussed. Factors influencing nursing interventions and nursing's role in adolescent health care are also explored. Emphasis is placed on the need for nurses to facilitate communication between adolescents and their parents as well as to assist adolescents in making responsible decisions, thereby minimizing the consequences to sexual risk taking.
Tokenism and job satisfaction for policewomen

Women law enforcement officers from New Jersey and Pennsylvania participated in a self-administered anonymous survey. The objective of this study was to capture the respondent’s attitudes toward work and ascertain their levels of job satisfaction using Wharton and Barton’s (1991) job satisfaction scales. Their levels of job satisfaction were correlated with the proportion of women in their respective departments. Using Kanter’s (1977) concept of tokenism, it was found that those women who made up less than 15% of their department experienced less job satisfaction, greater levels of job-related depression, and lower self-esteem than those women working in departments where their numbers comprised greater than 15% of their departmental sworn personnel.
The Badger eXploration Loft at Desert RATS 2011

In recent years, the aim of both NASA as well as the nascent private space industry has become increasingly audacious. By any measure, it is becoming apparent that long duration manned missions to deep space are inevitable; as are the inherent complexities and risks associated with such large scale undertakings. With this in mind, it is critical that engineers and scientists work toward the goal of understanding the difficulties that lay ahead. Analog studies such as the Desert Research and Technology Studies (D-RATS) are one critical resource available for the investigation of the effectiveness of various mission architectures. This paper provides a brief outline of D-RATS and focuses on the role, abilities, and benefits of the integration of the Badger X-Loft with the Habitat Demonstration Unit mission during D-RATS 2011.
Charge transfer in high-T c superconducting superlattices

A previously developed model of charge transfer in Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$/Pr${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ (YBCO-PBCO) superlattices is described in detail, refinements of the approach are discussed, and extensions are made to barrier layers other than PBCO, e.g., ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{0.7}$${\mathrm{Y}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. An expression for the energy of a supercell as a function of the charges transferred from the barrier layers to the YBCO is set up and minimized subject to the constraint of charge neutrality of the supercell. The approximate distribution of the transferred charge between the chain and Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ plane regions within a given YBCO unit cell is found by invoking symmetry arguments and results from ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Pr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ alloys. The dependence of the superconducting transition temperature on the hole density in the Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ planes is taken from a spinpolaron theory of high-${T}_{c}$ superconductivity which gives a good fit to the experimentally measured ${T}_{c}(x)$ function in bulk YBCO and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. Satisfactory agreement with the measured ${T}_{c}$ values at the midpoint of the resistive transition region for a variety of YBCO superlattices is found. Experimental evidence in support of charge transfer as the main mechanism determining ${T}_{c}$ is cited. It is emphasized that pairing interactions between YBCO unit cells are not the origin of high-${T}_{c}$ superconductivity in these materials.
Measurement of nonlinear temporal phase shifts using spectral Foucault technique

Temporal phase shifts induced by cross-phase modulation are directly characterised with a spectral equivalent of the Foucault technique used to spatially resolve wavefronts. The temporal phase induced by a high power pulsed pump on a monochromatic probe is converted to a temporal intensity modulation via spectral filtering. A measurement of the modulated instantaneous power of the filtered signal allows direct determination of the time-resolved nonlinear phase shift. An experimental demonstration is performed on a highly nonlinear fibre.
The characterization of tubule-forming polymerizable phospholipids

Abstract We have been investigating the crystallization of the phospholipid amphiphile 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynol)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DC8,9PC), which forms both vesicles and hollow tubules as well as Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers and multilayers. This material has polymerizable diacetylene groups in equivalent positions on the hydrophobic tails. The direct crystallization from solution of this monomer into crystalline tubules has been investigated using a variety of different solvents and crystallization temperatures in an attempt to be able to predict and control the diameter and wall thickness of these tubules. A preliminary study was also conducted on the acetylene-terminated analog of DC8,9PC. This lipid has been shown to form precursor tubule structures.
Chinese Shadows: The Amazing World of Shadow Puppetry in Rural Northwest China

Chinese Shadows: The Amazing World of Shadow Puppetry in Rural Northwest China DVD, 58 minutes, with English and Dutch subtitles Film documentary by Frank Kouwenhoven and Antoinet Schimmelpenninck ...