cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CBP-based multichannel autofocus for near-field SAR imaging

Multichannel Autofocus (MCA) assumes that there exits a region of low return in the focused image and solves for the correction filter that minimizes the energy in the presumed low-return region. Provided that the lowreturn region is precisely known, the algorithm yields a superior restoration compared to other autofocus methods. Fourier-domain MCA (FMCA) is a generalization of this algorithm that works for practical ranges of look angles. However, both MCA and FMCA assume a planar wavefront, which makes them inapplicable to near-field imaging scenarios where there is a significant amount of wavefront curvature. We propose an autofocus algorithm that builds upon MCA, with a modification that takes into account wavefront curvature. In this setting, the demodulated data can no longer be interpreted as 2-D Fourier samples of the underlying image. Therefore, we make use of the linear relationship between the correction filter and the reconstructed image via Convolution Backprojection (CBP) along curves. Under the far-field assumption, our algorithm is equivalent to FMCA with a Jacobian-weighted 2-D periodic sinc-kernel interpolator when the presumed low-return regions are the same. However, our algorithm has the distinct advantage of being able to select the presumed low-return region within a continuous set of coordinates. We present simulation results showing that our algorithm outperforms other algorithms for the case with wavefront curvature.
Personality variables as predictors of budget system characteristics

Abstract Personality measures, perceptions of organizational climate, and attitudes toward the budgetary system were gathered from 97 operating executives with heavy budgetary responsibilities in 18 companies, along with data concerning the degree of rigidity or degree of participation in the budgetary system of each company. The personality traits of authoritarianism, need for independence, and flexibility were found to be correlated with the individual's perception of organizational climate and with certain attitudes toward the budgetary system. A discriminant analysis of these personality variables indicates that they have predictive ability concerning the rigidity or participativeness of the budgetary system but have no predictive ability concerning the individual's attitude toward the system.
GENETIC ALGORITHM APPROACH TO AIRCRAFT GATE REASSIGNMENT PROBLEM

The aircraft gate reassignment problem occurs when the departure of an incoming aircraft is delayed or a delay occurs in flight. If the delay is significant enough to delay the arrival of subsequent incoming aircraft at the assigned gate, the airline must revise the gate assignments to minimize extra delay times. This paper describes a genetic algorithm approach to solving the gate reassignment problem. By using a global search technique on quantified information, this genetic algorithm approach can efficiently find minimum extra delayed time solutions that are as effective or more effective than solutions generated by experienced gate managers.
Proteogenomic strategies for identification of aberrant cancer peptides using large‐scale next‐generation sequencing data

Cancer is driven by the acquisition of somatic DNA lesions. Distinguishing the early driver mutations from subsequent passenger mutations is key to molecular subtyping of cancers, understanding cancer progression, and the discovery of novel biomarkers. The advances of genomics technologies (whole-genome exome, and transcript sequencing, collectively referred to as NGS (next-generation sequencing)) have fueled recent studies on somatic mutation discovery. However, the vision is challenged by the complexity, redundancy, and errors in genomic data, and the difficulty of investigating the proteome translated portion of aberrant genes using only genomic approaches. Combination of proteomic and genomic technologies are increasingly being employed. Various strategies have been employed to allow the usage of large-scale NGS data for conventional MS/MS searches. This paper provides a discussion of applying different strategies relating to large database search, and FDR (false discovery rate) -based error control, and their implication to cancer proteogenomics. Moreover, it extends and develops the idea of a unified genomic variant database that can be searched by any MS sample. A total of 879 BAM files downloaded from TCGA repository were used to create a 4.34 GB unified FASTA database that contained 2787062 novel splice junctions, 38 464 deletions, 1 105 insertions, and 182 302 substitutions. Proteomic data from a single ovarian carcinoma sample (439 858 spectra) was searched against the database. By applying the most conservative FDR measure, we have identified 524 novel peptides and 65 578 known peptides at 1% FDR threshold. The novel peptides include interesting examples of doubly mutated peptides, frame-shifts, and nonsample-recruited mutations, which emphasize the strength of our approach.
Sodar detected top-down convection in a nocturnal cloud-topped boundary layer: A case study

Nocturnal convection, originating in a well-mixed marine cloud-topped boundary layer, advected onshore, was observed using a Doppler sodar on the Tyrrhenian coast in Italy. The horizontal and vertical dimensions of the downdrafts were evaluated. The oscillation frequency triggered by the downdrafts at the inversion layer, derived from the harmonic analysis of the sodar measured vertical velocity (w), is compared with the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, obtained from the rawinsonde temperature profile. A similarity function for the σ2w vertical profile was used to fit the sodar experimental data and to retrieve the depth of the mixing layer and the sensible heat flux at the top of the cloud layer. The results are in agreement with the convection layer depth observed in the sodar echoes facsimile record, and with the energy budget evaluated at the top of the cloud layer using the rawinsonde profiles.
Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of acquired aneurysms of the left atrial appendage.

We report a patient with what appeared to be a pericardial cyst by transthoracic echocardiography but was, in effect, an aneurysm of the left atrial appendage -as documented by transesophageal echocardiography
Egoism, Reason, and the Social Contract

Bernard Gert’s distinctive interpretation of the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes in his recent book may be questioned in at least three areas: (1) Even if Hobbes is not a psychological egoist, he seems to be a desire egoist, which has the consequence, as he understands it, that a person acts at least for his own good in every action. (2) Although there are several senses of reason, it seems that Hobbes uses the idea that reason is calculation of means to ends; while such calculation sets intermediate goals, reason itself does not set ultimate ends. (3) Hobbes’s political theory is best understood as a form of social contract theory because subjects covenant among themselves to authorize the sovereign to protect them; authorization has the consequence that subjects give some of the their rights to the sovereign; but this gifting of rights is not the essence of the origin of the civil state.
High Pressure CO2 Compressor Testing for Tupi 1, Tupi 2, and Tupi 3

This paper describes the mechanical and aerodynamic testing of the high-pressure CO2 compressors for the Tupi I, Tupi II, and Tupi III projects. This includes the results of the API 617 mechanical test and a special magnetic bearing exciter test to demonstrate rotordynamic stability at design operating conditions, as well as the results of the ASME PTC-10 Type 2 inert gas performance test and the ASME PTC-10 Type 1 full load–full pressure test on a CO2–hydrocarbon gas mixture equivalent to the actual process gas. A brief description of the compressor design and manufacture is also presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Long Time Scale Dynamics of Molecules With Internal Rigid Fragments

Due to the large number of degrees of freedom which are present in protein systems it is still a major challenge to monitor the dynamics of molecules out to the long time scales on which functionally important conformational changes occur. We have developed a rigid body Newtonian dynamics method, in which local high frequency motion of the molecule are naturally frozen out by decomposing the molecule into linked rigid bodies, thus decreasing the number of degrees of freedom monitored in the system. The factor of ca. 10 increase in the time step which comes from the elimination of high frequency motion in rigid body Newtonian dynamics can be further extended by elimination of explicit water molecules using a Langevin dynamics prescription in which friction and random force terms are added to the potential function to mimic the effect of the solvent. As a first step in this direction we have implemented a Langevin prescription for normal modes vibrational analysis of molecules with internal rigid fragments which is developed by Durand et al. [Biopolymers, 34, 759 (1994)]. Two simple illustrative examples representing signal propagation in the membrane-bound gramicidin-A dimer with two different initial conditions are presented as numerical applications for i) rigid body Newtonian dynamics (anharmonic PES) and ii) Langevin dynamics with internal rigid fragments in the harmonic field, respectively.
Deadly splicing: Bax becomes Almighty.

Activation of Bax and Bak by BH3-only molecules triggers mitochondrial apoptosis. In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Fu et al. (2009) identify a constitutively active isoform of Bax, Baxβ, whose activity is tightly controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Regulation of CAD gene expression in mouse fibroblasts during the transition from the resting to the growing state

We have analyzed the steady-state levels of CAD mRNA and ATCase activity in BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts at quiescence and at various time points following the initiation of serum stimulation. Steady-state levels of CAD mRNA in 3T3 cells following 12 h of serum stimulation increased 10-fold over levels measured at quiescence. In contrast to the observed increase in steady-state levels of CAD mRNA, its rate of transcription increased only 3-fold, suggesting that the expression of CAD gene in these cells is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, to a major extent by the latter. These increases in CAD mRNA in serum-stimulated cells were followed by parallel increases in ATCase activity as well. When comparing DNA synthesis [( 3H]thymidine uptake) to the accumulation of CAD mRNA and ATCase activity, it was observed that this accumulation occurred during the mid- to late-G1 phase of the cell cycle. These results suggest that the expression of CAD gene is cell growth dependent and may be a prerequisite to DNA synthesis.
Modified Surface-active Monomers for Adhesive Bonding to Dentin

PMGDM, a PMDM-type adhesive monomer, was synthesized from pyromellitic dianhydride and glycerol dimethacrylate. Only the para isomer of PMDM, a solid, is used in dental adhesives. The adhesive monomer PMGDM is a liquid and consists of a mixture of para- and meta isomers. This study shows that PMGDM has several advantages over PMDM. For example, the adhesive can be applied at a greater thickness, and additives and/or additional initiators for improved curing can be incorporated. Use of the liquid monomer PMGDM also provided a convenient means of varying the thickness of the adhesive layer between dentin and composite. The adhesive bonds were tested in both shear and tensile modes. PMDM was used as the control. The reliability of the bonds, as judged from the Weibull modulus and Weibull characteristic strength, was improved by (1) use of more concentrated solutions of PMGDM adhesive, (2) use of an adhesive thickness of about 25 microns, and (3) modification of PMGDM with a diluent monomer which is expected to enhance the degree of cure and/or the dentin-wetting properties of the adhesive resin.
Improved radioimmunolocalization of human tumor xenografts following subcutaneous delivery of monoclonal antibodies

The localization of a radiolabeled murine monoclonal antibody reactive with choriocarcinomas to human choriocarcinoma xenografts following intravenous and subcutaneous injection was evaluated by gamma scanning and tissue sampling. Tumor xenografts were established in the popliteal node region of athymic nude mice after repeated innoculations of the hind foot pads with BEWO choriocarcinoma cells. In dual label specific antibody studies, tumor/non tumor uptake ratios following subcutaneous (resulting in considerable intralymphatic uptake) injection of 131I-5F9.3 were significantly higher than those achieved post simultaneous intravenous injection of 125I-5F9.3. Double label experiments with 131I-5F9.3 and a nonspecific antibody, 125I-UPC-10, following subcutaneous injection, demonstrated that the high localization to popliteal region tumors was largely due to antibody specificity. Gamma scans following subcutaneous antibody administration of specific antibody to tumor bearing animals showed tumors soon after subcutaneous injection, at times earlier than those typically seen following intravenous delivery. Similar subcutaneous injections showed little normal nodal uptake in BALB/c control animals on gamma scans. No correlation was seen between tumor localization by specific antibody between the intravenous and intralymphatic routes, implying a difference in the mechanisms of tumor uptake of antibody by these two routes. The subcutaneous approach to antibody delivery offers advantages over intravenous delivery in tumors of human origin, including higher tumor/non tumor ratios and earlier imaging times. This was true even though these tumors were many times larger than normal lymph nodes. This subcutaneous delivery advantage should be exploitable in imaging nodal metastases of human tumors.
Transcriptional networks in root cell fate specification

Cell fate in the Arabidopsis root is determined by positional information mediated by plant hormones and interpreted by transcriptional networks. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory networks that control cell fate within the root meristem, and in the interplay of these networks with phytohormones. Recent work describing the importance of chromatin organization in tissue patterning is also highlighted. A new, high resolution root expression map detailing the transciptome of nearly all cell types in the Arabidopsis root across developmental timepoints will provide a framework for understanding these networks.
Patterns of Development in the Furniture Industry of Thailand: Organization, Location and Trade

Scott A. J. Patterns of development in the furniture industry of Thailand: organization, location and trade, Regional Studies. A geographic description of the Thai furniture industry is offered. The locational structure and performance of the industry are then analysed on the basis of original questionnaire data. The investigation proceeds by means of linear discriminant analysis in which it is shown that manufacturers located in the Bangkok agglomeration are significantly more flexible in their operations and more likely to produce design-intensive outputs than those located elsewhere. The relations between exporting activities and intra-firm upgrading are assessed. Producers in the Bangkok agglomeration are especially susceptible to process and product upgrading. The institutional underpinnings of the Thai furniture industry's modest but definite success in contesting international markets are reviewed. Scott A. J. Modes de developpement de l'industrie de l'ameublement en Thailande: organisation, locali...
Paravalvular leak and other events in silzone-coated mechanical heart valves: a report from AVERT.

Abstract Background . The Artificial Valve Endocarditis Reduction Trial (AVERT) was designed to compare endocarditis rates in Silzone versus conventional valves. Recruitment ended January 21, 2000, because of higher rates of paravalvular leakage in patients receiving the Silzone prosthesis. The present analysis determined late event rates that might be used in the management of approximately 36,000 patients who have received the Silzone prosthesis. Methods . A total of 807 patients in 19 centers in North America and Europe were randomized. Mean age was 61 ± 11 years; 41% were women. Operations included aortic valve replacement in 59%, mitral valve replacement in 32%, and aortic and mitral valve replacements in 9%; 41% had concomitant operations (26% coronary artery bypass grafting). Results . Major paravalvular leakage (followed by repair, explant, or mortality) occurred in 18 of 403 patients receiving Silzone valves and 4 of 404 patients without Silzone valves (2-year event-free rates: 91.1% versus 98.9% conventional, p p = 0.0002). Rates of mortality and stroke were similar during follow-up. Conclusions . Continued follow-up of AVERT supports the conclusion that the Silzone prosthesis has increased risk of paravalvular leakage requiring reoperation. Overall survival is similar in the two groups.
Some properties and uses of Nu film starch

The effects of concentration, pasting temperature, p H, and electrolytes on the viscosity and clarity of Nu Film starch gel are reported. The suspending and emulsifying properties of cornstarch and Nu Film starch are compared using several drugs and oils. The results indicate that Nu Film starch is generally superior to cornstarch as a suspending and emulsifying agent.
Structural analysis of conical carbon nanofibers

Abstract Conical carbon nanofibers are a relatively new type of carbon nanomaterial that has received considerable scientific and commercial interest due to its physical properties. However, its structure and growth mechanism have still not been determined conclusively. In this study the structure of these materials was investigated employing molecular models and structural analyses and compared with reported experimental observations, principally of cone apex angles. The results showed that stacked cone models could not explain the wide variety of apex angles observed for these nanofibers and related structures. Cone–helix models, originally proposed for other carbon conical structures, allow a variety of apex angle structures and were found to be applicable for nanofibers as well. An equation was developed that allows for prediction of cone–helix structures with good graphitic alignment. Such structures were also shown to be more compatible with the physical properties and growth mechanism of nanofibers than stacked cone structures. From these results a cone–helix structure, and a new cone–helical growth mechanism for the nanofibers based on heterogeneous nucleation on conical catalyst particles, are proposed.
Evidence of directional filtering of travelling ionospheric disturbances.

IT has recently been pointed out1 that the strong thermospheric winds would act as a directional filter. In a windy thermosphere an otherwise penetrating gravity wave may become reflected or asymptotically trapped near the lower thermosphere. Because both reflexion and trapping take place below the ionospheric F2 peak, such waves may not excite travelling ionospheric disturbances of sufficient magnitude to be observed. Therefore, as far as the observation of travelling disturbances is concerned, the thermospheric wind is acting like a directional filter, that is, only those waves propagating in the proper directional channel can reach ionospheric heights and excite travelling disturbances. In the northern hemisphere the thermospheric wind locus rotates in a clockwise direction2 and, consequently, the allowed channel of propagation must also rotate in the same direction. Although experimental verification is difficult because continuous observations are required, no contradiction has been reported1.
Nitrification and denitrification in a midwestern stream containing high nitrate: in situ assessment using tracers in dome-shaped incubation chambers

The extent to which in-stream processes alter or remove nutrient loads in agriculturally impacted streams is critically important to watershed function and the delivery of those loads to coastal waters. In this study, patch-scale rates of in-stream benthic processes were determined using large volume, open-bottom benthic incubation chambers in a nitrate-rich, first to third order stream draining an area dominated by tile-drained row-crop fields. The chambers were fitted with sampling/mixing ports, a volume compensation bladder, and porewater samplers. Incubations were conducted with added tracers (NaBr and either 15N[NO3 −], 15N[NO2 −], or 15N[NH4 +]) for 24–44 h intervals and reaction rates were determined from changes in concentrations and isotopic compositions of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and nitrogen gas. Overall, nitrate loss rates (220–3,560 μmol N m−2 h−1) greatly exceeded corresponding denitrification rates (34–212 μmol N m−2 h−1) and both of these rates were correlated with nitrate concentrations (90–1,330 μM), which could be readily manipulated with addition experiments. Chamber estimates closely matched whole-stream rates of denitrification and nitrate loss using 15N. Chamber incubations with acetylene indicated that coupled nitrification/denitrification was not a major source of N2 production at ambient nitrate concentrations (175 μM), but acetylene was not effective for assessing denitrification at higher nitrate concentrations (1,330 μM). Ammonium uptake rates greatly exceeded nitrification rates, which were relatively low even with added ammonium (3.5 μmol N m−2 h−1), though incubations with nitrite demonstrated that oxidation to nitrate exceeded reduction to nitrogen gas in the surface sediments by fivefold to tenfold. The chamber results confirmed earlier studies that denitrification was a substantial nitrate sink in this stream, but they also indicated that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) turnover rates greatly exceeded the rates of permanent nitrogen removal via denitrification.
Operating and Ambient Condition Influences on Aircraft Gas Turbine NOX Emissions

This paper deals with a simplified NOx emission model which analyzes the effects of humidity and primary zone flame temperature on the NO formation processes. Ambient temperature and humidity corrections are proposed. Methods of predicting stratospheric NOx emissions and of correcting reduced-pressure combustor rig data to full pressure conditions are also proposed. Emission levels and trends of future combustors designed to minimize N() are examined.
Somatosensory Evoked Potential Changes With a Selective Attention Task

Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) changes associated with selective attention were investigated. In 16 subjects, SEPs were recorded from five locations while they counted electrical stimuli to one of four randomly stimulated fingers. Sequential SEP events measured included peaks P30 (positivity at 30 msec). P45, N60, P100. N140. P190. N230, P400. Counting was associated with greater P45, P100. P190, N230, and P400 amplitudes; effects were not attributable to eye or tongue activity. Analyses designed to reveal changes associated with two conceptualized “channels” (finger class, hand) showed that the P45, P100, and P190 amplitude increases involved both channels. The P400 effect was limited to the target finger. Channel effects for N60 and N140 amplitudes resulted from decreases localized to the unattended element of one channel, suggesting “inhibition.” Latency effects involved mainly the hand channel; counted hand latencies were shorter for P30, P45, P100 and P190. The findings indicate modifications of both early and late electrocortical events with selective attention, and that changes can be of several kinds. They support the view that attention proceeds in more than one stage.
Multilayered supermolecular structures self-assembled from polyelectrolytes and cyclodextrin host–guest complexes

Supermolecular multilayers with high levels of compositional and structural complexities have been fabricated with an example that involves formation of stable host–guest complexes from bolaamphiphiles and cyclodextrins, followed by sequential build-up of multilayered films by these complexes in combination with anionic polystyrene sulfonate polymer chains.
PROPERTIES OF $sup 37$Cl LEVELS AND THE SYSTEM OF $sup 7$/$sub 2$$sup -$ ANALOG AND ANTIANALOG LEVELS IN A = 35 AND 37 NUCLEI.

The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray decay properties of the ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, $T={\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}},\frac{5}{2}$ analog of the ground state of ${\mathrm{S}}^{37}$, observed previously at ${E}_{p}=1887$ keV in the ${\mathrm{S}}^{36}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$ reaction, have been reexamined. Transitions to previously unobserved levels in ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$ at ${E}_{x}=4.811 \mathrm{and} 5.574$ MeV were found in addition to the known strong $M1$ transition to the ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, $T={\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}},\frac{3}{2}$ antianalog state at ${E}_{x}=3.105$ MeV. Other weak transitions suggest the presence of levels at ${E}_{x}=3.911 \mathrm{and} 6.482$ MeV. The data are consistent with a hypothesis that the 4.811- and 5.574-MeV levels, and possibly the other two suggested levels, are members of the group of ${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $T=\frac{3}{2}$ configuration states expected from fragmentation of the antianalog state by spin and isospin recoupling of the ${{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}}^{4}$ nucleon group in $A=37$. Detailed analysis of the strengths of the analog $M1$ and Gamow-Teller $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decays to the 3.105-MeV level, and of the $M1\ensuremath{-}E2$ and $M2\ensuremath{-}E3$ mixing ratios, yields information on the wave function of the antianalog state and a prediction of the mean life of this level. A similar analysis of the ${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ parent, analog, and antianalog system in $A=35$ is performed and the results are presented. In both the $A=35 \mathrm{and} 37$ systems, recoupling in the ${{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}}^{n}$ nucleon group appears necessary to explain the data. Additional information on ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$ levels obtained from measurements at the analog resonance, and at the ${E}_{p}=1147$-keV resonance, include the more accurate value $Q=8384.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5$ keV for the ${\mathrm{S}}^{36}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$ reaction, the energies 1.723 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.002 and 3.1048 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.0005 MeV for the first and third excited states, and the mean life ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{m}={0.17}_{\ensuremath{-}0.05}^{+0.09} \mathrm{and} g~1.0$ psec for the 1.723- and 3.105-MeV levels, respectively. The results of angular-correlation measurements at the 1147-keV resonance are consistent with earlier assignments of $J=\frac{1}{2}$ for the 1.723-MeV level. The results are compared with recent shell-model calculations involving ${{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}}^{n}{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ and ${{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}}^{n}{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ configurations. The observed $M2$ transition rates are successfully explained using bare-nucleon $g$ factors when recoupling of the ${{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}}^{n}$ group is considered.
Protection against cisplatin nephrotoxicity by prochlorperazine

Prochlorperazine (Compazine; PCPZ) is often used to limit cisplatin (CDDP)-induced emesis. However, recent studies in mice have shown that PCPZ protects against renal injury produced by treatment with various nephrotoxicants (e.g., MethylCCNU, mercuric chloride). Because renal toxicity remains a serious limitation to the effective use of CDDP, we conducted the present study to determine whether PCPZ could also protect against CDDP-induced renal injury. PCPZ treatment was shown to ameliorate CDDP-induced renal lesions in both rats and mice at doses and treatment schedules that were comparable with those used for alleviating chemotherapy-induced emesis. A PCPZ dose of 10 mg/kg × 2 offered complete protection against CDDP-induced increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in mice, with significant protection occurring at a PCPZ dose as low as 5 mg/kg. Similarly, PCPZ ameliorated CDDP-induced increases in BUN, glucosouria, and enzymuria in F344 rats. PCPZ treatment did not affect the urinary excretion or renal tissue levels of total platinum or the plasma pharmacokinetics of free platinum. However, it did cause a marked reduction in the concentration of total plasma platinum (free platinum + protein-bound platinum). PCPZ was not found to affect the in vivo antitumor activity of CDDP against P388 leukemia. The present study suggests that PCPZ may be of therapeutic benefit when used with CDDP and provides a rational basis for the selection of antiemetic therapy.
Contributions from research on irradiated ferritic/martensitic steels to materials science and engineering

Ferritic and martensitic steels are finding increased application for structural components in several reactor systems. Low-alloy steels have long been used for pressure vessels in light water fission reactors. Martensitic stainless steels are finding increasing usage in liquid metal fast breeder reactors and are being considered for fusion reactor applications when such systems become commercially viable. Recent efforts have evaluated the applicability of oxide dispersion-strengthened ferritic steels. Experiments on the effect of irradiation on these steels provide several examples where contributions are being made to materials science and engineering. Examples are given demonstrating improvements in basic understanding, small specimen test procedure development, and alloy development.
Forty years of experience with subperiosteal implant dentures in 41 edentulous patients

Forty-one complete mandibular subperiosteal implant-supported and retained dentures were consecutively inserted between 1952 and 1971, and patients were monitored through 1992. After variables and methods of follow-up were described, the implants were divided into three categories: 14 (34%) nonfunctional implants, 9 (22%) functioning implants, and 18 (44%) functional implants prematurely terminated by death or cause unrelated to implant condition. Five percent of the implants failed by 5 years, 22% failed by 10 years, 34% failed by 20 years, and none failed after 20 years. Nine implants were still functioning 21 to 36 years after insertion, of which five were functioning for more than 30 years. The implants that were developed later were notably superior to earlier implants. The results of this review could be interpreted to suggest consideration of mandibular subperiosteal implants for selected patients, particularly those with resorbed mandibles.
Comparison of opioid and alpha‐2 adrenergic receptor binding in horse and dog brain using radioligand autoradiography

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that the distribution, density, and subtype of opioid and alpha (α)–2 adrenergic receptors within the central nervous system (CNS) are significantly different between horse and dog. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Three dogs (3 years of age) and three horses (2–5 years of age). Animals were opioid– and α–2 agonist–free at the time of euthanasia. Methods Brain tissue was obtained at 126 days post–surgery from dogs and 72 days post–surgery from horses. The brains were removed, sectioned coronally into 1–cm slabs, frozen in methylbutane, which was cooled by liquid nitrogen, and stored at −70 °C. Receptor autoradiography was performed using established techniques. [ 3 H]DAMGO, [ 3 H]U–69593, and [ 3 H]RX821002 were used for mu (μ)–opioid, kappa (κ)–opioid, and α–2 adrenergic–binding assays, respectively. Species differences were analyzed separately for each major brain region by repeated measures anova for subregions followed by Fisher's protected Latin square design (LSD). p Results There was higher binding of μ–opioid receptors in the frontal cortex, left somatosensory cortex, colliculus (mid–brain), and granule cell layer of the cerebellum of horses than that of dogs. There was higher binding to κ–opioid receptors in the frontal cortex of dogs compared to horses, whereas binding to κ–opioid receptors in the cerebellum was higher in horses. Binding to α–2 adrenergic receptors in the mid–brain was significantly higher in dogs than in horses. There was higher binding of α–2 adrenergic receptors in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral periaqueductal grey of dogs as compared to that of horses. Conclusion The results of this study show that the distribution of these receptors is different between horses and dogs. Further work is needed to understand the relevance of these differences to clinical responses to opioids and α–2 adrenergic agonists in these species.
Urbanization and Party Competition: A Note on Shifting Conceptualization and a Report of Further Data

Five studies purportedly assessing the hypothesis that urbanization is positively related to the competitiveness of party systems at the county level are briefly reviewed to demonstrate a shift in the conceptualization of party competition. It is argued that in the initial statement of the hypothesis, competitiveness was conceptualized as a structural characteristic of a party system, but that through attempts to refine measurement procedures an undetected conceptual shift to competitiveness as a characteristic of a political contest occurred. This conceptual shift renders invalid many of the inferences drawn in the more recent of these studies. Employing the conceptual definition of competitiveness as a characteristic of a political contest, data concerning the relationship between urbanization and party competition for four statewide and national offices for all counties in the United States for the decade 1946-56 are presented. The most general finding is that urbanization is of little utility in predicting the competitiveness of political contests at the county level. There is, however, considerable variation in this regard by office and historical voting block. * The election data utilized in this study were made available (in part) by the Inter-university Consortium for Political Research. The data were supplied in partially proofed form and the Consortium bears no responsibility for either the analyses or interpretations presented here. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.137 on Fri, 27 May 2016 06:21:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Urbanization and Party Competition / 545 Is urbanization positively related to party competition at the county level in the United States? Such a relationship was hypothesized by Eulau in 1957. The theoretical basis for the hypothesis is that urban ecological structures are characterized by a greater range of individual variations, a more pervasive segmentalization of human relationships making for memberships in widely divergent groups as well as for divided allegiances, a more complicated class structure and heightened social and physical mobility, a greater division of labor and more intense economic rivalry, a wider range of ideas and more secular attitudes (p. 127). These characteristics are, in turn, assumed to contribute to the development of competitive
Multinational Corporations and Child Labor

Using a sample of forty countries that exhibit a high incidence of child labor, this paper assesses the impact that Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have on the incidence of child labor. Our results show that higher levels of Foreign Direct Investment‐our proxy for the presence of MNCs‐have a beneficial impact on child labor rates, after controlling for other factors. This we hypothesize is achieved through a direct and an indirect channel. Using these channels MNCs pressure host country‐based subcontractors, governments, and labor markets in general. This in turn reduces the incidence of child labor.
Long-term declines and decadal patterns in population trends of songbirds in western North America, 1979-1999

Abstract We analyzed population trends from a constant-effort mist-netting study conducted in central coastal California during the autumns of 1979–1999. Of 31 taxa captured in sufficient numbers, 16 underwent statistically significant declines and none increased. Twice as many species declined from 1989–1999 as compared to 1979–1989. Overall, our results were similar to those of regional Breeding Bird Surveys determined for the same species during the same period. In an attempt to identify possible causes for trends, we grouped species by various life-history categories including nest height, nest type, likelihood of cowbird parasitism, wintering location, winter food preference, and tolerance for human presence on the breeding grounds. All groups underwent significant declines, although high nesters, common cowbird hosts, and Neotropical migrants declined faster than their respective counterparts. While life-history attributes explained differences in trends between groups, there was significant heterog...
Pulmonary response and intrapulmonary lipids in rats exposed to bismuth orthovanadate dust by inhalation.

Rats were exposed to 0, 1.2, or 0.11 mg/liter of uncoated bismuth orthovanadate (BOV), 1.3 or 0.15 mg/liter of silica-coated BOV, or 1.9 mg/liter of silica-coated TiO 2 for 2 weeks. Rats were killed 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postexposure (PE). After the rats were exposed for 2 weeks their pulmonary response to silica-coated TiO 2 was characterized by dust-laden macrophage (dust cell) response with hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes. The lung reaction to uncoated BOV or silica-coated BOV was both similar to that of silica-coated TiO 2 and dose-related. After the rats were exposed for 3 months, foamy macrophage infiltration in silica-coated TiO 2 was evident. Alveolar proteinosis, foamy macrophages with cholesterol clefts, and hyperplastic type II pneumocytes were observed in rats exposed to uncoated BOV or silica-coated BOV. By 6 months PE, the lung exposed to silica-coated TiO 2 was restored to essentially normal architecture with removal of most dust cells. In the silica-coated BOV or uncoated BOV exposure groups, alveolar proteinosis and cholesterol granulomas became obvious with degenerative foamy macropohages. After 1 year PE, the lungs exposed to silica-coated TiO 2 were almost normal with only a few dust cell aggregates remaining. The pulmonary lesions of silica-coated or uncoated BOV were reduced but alveolar proteinosis and cholesterol granulomas still persisted. Electron microscopy revealed massive accumulation of intraalveolar phospholipid material with hyperplastic type II pneumocytes showing overloaded myelin figures after 2 weeks exposure. The increase in phospholipid at 1 month PE and sterol content at 3 months PE in the lungs correlated with the accumulation of intraalveolar myelin figures and lamellar structure, foamy macrophage infiltration, and occurrence of cholesterol clefts.
TEACH YOUR CHILDREN WELL: A REVIEW OF CHANCE'S THE TEACHER'S CRAFT: THE TEN ESSENTIAL SKILLS OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING

Paul Chance's most recent book is The Teacher's Craft: The Ten Essential Skills of Effective Teaching (2008b). Written primarily for teachers of Grades K through 12, the book is organized into 10 lessons that are designed to focus on separable aspects of an effective teaching repertoire. Overall, Chance's book is well written and should appeal to teachers of all levels. Although it could be strengthened by the inclusion of more research and exclusion of weak research or suggestions not currently supported by research, it is certainly a welcome addition to the how-to-teach books that currently flood the market.
The no-reflow phenomenon after canine renal preservation with medium 199

Abstract Twenty-four-hr renal preservation at hypothermic temperatures with pulsatile flow using either Medium 199 or a cryoprecipitate of plasma maintained a patent microcirculation prior to reestablishing blood flow. However, failed reflow of blood, the no-reflow phenomenon, occurred in kidneys preserved with Medium 199 within 4 hr after reimplantation into the host animal, as determined by the intra-arterial injection of carbon. The site of vascular obstruction in the renal microcirculation was documented to be within the glomerulus or in the preglomerular afferent arteriole. Renal preservation using a cryoprecipitate of plasma maintained a patent intrarenal vasculature after restoration of blood flow providing normal or near normal function.
Dual-phase self-biased magnetoelectric energy harvester

We report a magnetoelectric energy harvester structure that can simultaneously scavenge magnetic and vibration energy in the absence of DC magnetic field. The structure consisted of a piezoelectric macro-fiber composite bonded to a Ni cantilever. Large magnetoelectric coefficient ∼50 V/cm Oe and power density ∼4.5 mW/cm3 (1 g acceleration) were observed at the resonance frequency. An additive effect was realized when the harvester operated under dual-phase mode. The increase in voltage output at the first three resonance frequencies under dual-phase mode was found to be 2.4%, 35.5%, and 360.7%. These results present significant advancement toward high energy density multimode energy harvesting system.
Some effects of heating and drying on the properties of nuclear emulsions

Abstract Some effects of heating and drying Ilford types G and K emulsions prior to exposure and processing are reported. It was found that some gain in sensitivity was obtained, but that an increase in “fog” background offset any advantage. For each emulsion type there is a critical temperature above which the growth of fog background soon makes the emulsion useless. Attempts to remove this fog by eradication showed that track images are removed more easily than the fog, so that the usefulness of emulsions which have been heated too much cannot be regained. No changes in the sensitivity of emulsions to near-minimum ionizing particles was observed between −20 and 50°C.
Subsynoptic-Scale Structure in a Major Synoptic-Scale Cyclone

Abstract An analysis of a major cyclone over the eastern United States in late February 1984 revealed the presence of several embedded well-defined mesoscale structures, including a low-level jet, a long-lived snowband and a strong upper-level front. Understanding the importance of these mesoscale features to the evolution of the synoptic-scale cyclone is the basis for this paper. Evidence is presented that a period of weakening after initial surface cyclogenesis was the result of decoupling of the upper-level trough from the surface cyclone, as a consequence of the development of peripheral mesoscale precipitation systems. Redevelopment on the western side of the Appalachians occurred where orographic subsidence was amplified by a strong mesoscale low-level jet. Further intensification then took place when a strong upper-level frontal zone approached the surface cyclone. An incidental finding is that one of the mesoscale precipitation systems was a snowband, driven by strong synoptic-scale frontogenetica...
Comparative deposition of inhaled aerosols in experimental animals and humans: A review

The biological effects of inhaled aerosols are often related to their site(s) of deposition within the respiratory tract. However, deposition patterns may differ between humans and those experimental animals commonly used in inhalation toxicology studies, making cross-species risk extrapolations difficult. This paper reviews the factors that control deposition and synthesizes much of the available data on comparative regional deposition.
Femur-fibula-fillet of leg chimeric free flap for sacral-pelvic reconstruction.

We describe the first case of a femur free flap in which we utilized the femur to restore pelvic ring continuity following a combined external hemipelvectomy-sacrectomy for cancer. We feel that the femur flap can be an important reconstructive tool for load-bearing bony reconstruction of the pelvis and spine when lower extremity amputation is required. We also utilized a fibula flap to stabilize the spine and a fillet of leg flap to provide soft tissue coverage as part of a chimeric femur-fibula-fillet of leg free flap from the same limb, allowing us to reconstruct a large, complex defect with "spare parts" from the discarded lower extremity, thereby totally eliminating any donor site morbidity.
Controlled fracture in a finite geometry body as a stone shaping tool

Abstract A stone cutting technique capable of manufacturing curved shell sections from rectangular stone slabs has been recently proposed. Initially the rectangular slap of stone is prestressed by means of metal stamp pads which are rubber lined to prevent damage to the stone. Knife edges are then applied to the prestressed system at some fixed distance from the pads. As the load on the knives reaches a critical value, the stone fractures underneath the knife edges. The resulting crack propagation is curved and symmetric. Experiments with a limited number of different stones have shown that the initial angle of crack propagation is practically independent of the type of stone being cut. The purpose of this paper is to perform a preliminary analysis of this fracture process and to quantify such values as the initial angle of crack propagation and the critical knife-to-stamp load ratios producing fracture. Assuming the stone to be homogeneous, isotropic, linearly elastic and brittle, a two-dimensional plane model with an appropriate fracture condition is employed. The analysis shows that the conditions under which fracture occurs are material dependent in a small region about the knife location, but are independent of material properties outside this region. Further, the initial angles of crack propagation predicted by the analytical model are found to be in very good agreement with the experimental data.
Quasiparticle Hamiltonian for liquid He 3

A quasiparticle Hamiltonian for liquid He 3 is derived from matrix elements computed in the correlated representation using realistic He-He interactions. We outline here a prescription for systematically evaluating the irreducible self-energy parts and vertex parts of Green's functions defined in this representation. These quantities lead directly to a determination of ground state and Fermi liquid properties. Earlier work using the same matrix elements has led to numerical results in good quantitative agreement with experiment. The present reformulation serves to clarify its contents and indicate directions for improvement.
Adherence of Retirement Mutual Fund Providers to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)’s Advertising Guidance: Provision and Readability of Advertising Disclosure

This research provides an initial investigation of whether US retirement mutual fund providers complied with the Investment Company Advertising Rules (2003) adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). A content analysis was used to examine advertising disclosures presented in 953 retirement mutual fund magazine advertisements from 2004 to 2010 based on SEC’s advertising guidance. The results suggest that during the given period, retirement mutual fund providers generally presented mandatory and triggered advertising disclosures, but paid less attention to the readability of advertising disclosures. Implications for regulators, consumer groups, and financial services marketers are discussed in light of financial literacy and consumer welfare.