cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF RESONANT INTERACTIONS IN THE DYNAMIC STABILITY OF ELASTIC SYSTEMS

A resonance phenomenon which can occur in elastic systems supporting wave motion is discussed. An analytical and numerical study of the dynamic stability of a cylindrical shell under axial compression illustrates the potential importance of this resonance phenomenon for imperfection-sensitive structures.
Adaptation to field displacement during head movement unrelated to the constancy of visual direction

Adaptation to vertical field displacements dependent on head turning about a vertical axis was demonstrated under two conditions, rapid training with 100 head movements and 1-h-long training with continuous head turning. The effect of rapid training was measured with the slant estimation method. Adaptation after the longer training was ascertained by comparing the uncertainty ranges for apparent target immobility before and after the adaptation period. Adaptation to field displacements in directions parallel to the plane of the head rotation obtained under corresponding conditions was also measured and found to be somewhat greater than adaptation to vertical field displacements. The result of work by Wallach and Frey that adaptation to field displacement in the direction with the head rotation is greater than to displacement against it was corroborated. While the previous result had, been obtained with rapid adaptation and with the slant estimation method, we confirmed it with 1-h training and by measuring the uncertainty ranges before and after the adaptation period.
Slow Light Modes in Non-Magnetic Negative Refractive Index Waveguides

We demonstrate the possibility of slow light in strongly anisotropic dielectric waveguides with negative transverse permittivity.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the cysteine ligands to the [4Fe-4S] cluster of Escherichia coli MutY.

The Escherichia coli DNA repair enzyme MutY plays an important role in the recognition and repair of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2‘-deoxyguanosine:2‘-deoxyadenosine (OG:A) mismatches in DNA [Michaels et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 7022−7025]. MutY prevents DNA mutations resulting from the misincorporation of A opposite OG by using N-glycosylase activity to remove the adenine base. An interesting feature of MutY is that it contains a [4Fe−4S]2+ cluster that has been shown to play an important role in substrate recognition [Porello, S. L., Cannon, M. J., David, S. S. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 6465−6475]. Herein, we have used site-directed mutagenesis to individually replace the cysteine ligands to the [4Fe−4S]2+ cluster of E. coli MutY with serine, histidine, and alanine. The extent to which the various mutations reduce the levels of protein overexpression suggests that coordination of the [4Fe−4S]2+ cluster provides stability to MutY in vivo. The ability of the mutated enzymes to bind to a substrate a...
Fatty Acid Profiles in Red Drum Muscle: Comparison between Wild and Cultured Fish

Abstract Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, a euryhaline fish species, is the target of considerable conservation effort by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. To aid the conservation effort, a study was conducted to determine if fatty acid profiles in muscles of subadult red drums (>30 cm total length and sexually immature) differ significantly between wild and cultured fish. This information may help regulatory enforcement by establishing fatty acid profiling as a forensic tool for conservation biologists and law enforcement officials who must distinguish cultured red drums from illegally marketed wild red drums. Red drums were sampled from summer 1990 to spring 1991 from four Texas coastal bay systems and from two commercial aquaculture ventures. Four fatty acids were identified as diagnostic. Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) was significantly lower in wild red drums than in cultured red drums. Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and adrenic acid (22:4n-6) were significantly higher in wild than in cultured fish. Docosap...
Electro-Optic-Probe system response: experiment and simulation

The frequency response of an extemal electro-optic probe has been determined, experimeritally and using finite-difference, time-domain simulations, to be extremely sensitve to both the elevation and permittivity of the probe. An analytical expression to correct for the system response of the probe has been tested. The use of low-permittivity EO polymers has also been proposed and demonstrated computationally.
Brightness function: Binocular versus monocular stimulation

A dozen observers matched numbers to the apparent brightness of a target viewed by one eye or by both eyes. Brightness grew as a power function of luminance, and the functions were practically identical for the two modes of viewing. Throughout its course, the obtained binocular function tended to fall about a decibel above the monocular function. This small degree of binocular summation, of the order of a jnd, mayor may not be significant.
The Effect of Expected Changes in Marital Status on Labor Supply Decisions of Women and Men

Abstract The Panel Study of Income Dynamics is uscd to estimale the effect of the expectation of future marital status change on labor supply decisions of men and women. The longitudinal data is uscd to estimate the probability of future marital status change conditional on current marital status. Labor supply is modeled as dependent on the individual's expectation of future marital status change. Individuals are assumed to assess the quality of thcir marriage if currently married or the quality of their relationship if currently divorced, and make labor supply decisions incorporating the expectation about future marital status change as a determinant. The empirical results suggest that labor supply decisions for both womcn and men depend on expectations of hture marital status changc.
Free Machining Steel: II—Tool-Life Characteristics of Leaded Steel

High-speed steel tool life results are presented and discussed for a leaded and nonleaded steel from the same heat. Variables investigated include cutting speed, feed, cutting fluid, and cold work.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Repetitive Behavior Disorders: Tic Disorders and Trichotillomania

The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for repetitive behavior disorders. Tic disorders (i.e., Tourette's syndrome, chronic tic disorders) and trichotillomania (i.e., chronic hair pulling) are the most often studied and (arguably) most debilitating of these conditions. Therefore, this article will focus on the efficacy of CBT for tic disorders and trichotillomania. After a brief introduction to these disorders, the author will provide an overview of CBT for children presenting with these concerns. In particular, this review will focus on a therapeutic technique that is at the core of most all CBT-based interventions, habit reversal training. Discussion of two recent empirical studies pointing to the immense potential of CBT for the treatment of childhood repetitive behavior disorders will follow. Finally, future areas of research will be discussed.
Computing strictly-second shortest paths

We investigate the problem of computing the strictly-second shortest path connecting a given pair of vertices in a directed graph. We show that this problem is intractable when the path is restricted to be simple. When cycles are allowed, we give an algorithm that solves it in asymptotically the same number of steps as it takes to compute the shortest path between the given vertex pair.
The remarkable success of adaptive cosine estimator in hyperspectral target detection

A challenging problem of major importance in hyperspectral imaging applications is the detection of subpixel targets of military and civilian interest. The background clutter surrounding the target, acts as an interference source that simultaneously distorts the target spectrum and reduces its strength. Two additional limiting factors are the spectral variability of the background clutter and the spectral variability of the target. Since a result in applied statistics is only as reliable as the assumptions from which it is derived, it is important to investigate whether the basic assumptions used for the derivation of matched filter and adaptive cosine estimator algorithms are a reasonable description of the physical situation. Careful examination of the linear signal model used to derive these algorithms and the replacement signal model, which is a more realistic model for subpixel targets, reveals a serious discrepancy between modeling assumptions and the physical world. Despite this discrepancy and additional mismatches between assumed and actual signal and clutter models, the adaptive cosine estimator shows an amazing effectiveness in practical target detection applications. The objective of this paper is an attempt to explain this unbelievable effectiveness using a combination of classical statistical detection theory, geometrical interpretations, and a novel realistic performance prediction model for the adaptive cosine estimator.
Emerging Viral Infections

Unique disorders appear episodically in human populations and cause life-threatening systemic or neurological disease. Historical examples of such disorders include von Economo encephalitis, a disorder of presumed viral etiology; acquired immune deficiency syndrome, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus; and severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by a member of the coronavirus family. This article describes the factors that contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases and focuses on selected recent examples of emerging viral infections that can affect the nervous system of infants, children, and adolescents.
Astrophysics: Era of the compact disk.

Some of the strangest galaxies in the Universe just got stranger. It seems that many galaxies in the early Universe not only packed a huge number of stars into a very small volume, but were also rotating rapidly.
Cyclic RGD Peptides With High Affinity for α5β1 Integrin Protect Genetically Fat Zucker Rat Livers From Cold Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Abstract We tested a hypothesis that interactions between fibronectin (FN), a key extracellular matrix component, and its integrin α5β1 receptor are important in the development of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of steatotic liver transplants. We examined the effect of a cyclic RGD peptide (cRGD), with high affinity for α5β1 integrin, in a well-established steatotic rat liver model of ex vivo cold ischemia followed by isotransplantation. In this model, cRGD peptides were administered through the portal vein of steatotic Zucker rat livers prior to and after cold ischemic storage. Lean Zucker recipients of fatty orthotopic liver transplants (OLTs) received an additional course of cRGD peptides 1 hour posttransplantation. cRGD peptide therapy significantly inhibited the recruitment of monocyte/macrophages, and repressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ. Moreover, it resulted in selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and MMP-9 expression. Importantly, cRGD peptide therapy improved the function and histologic preservation of steatotic liver grafts, extending their 14-day survival in lean recipients from 50% in untreated to 100% in cRGD-treated OLTs. Thus, cRGD peptide-mediated blockade of FN-α5β1 interaction protects against severe I/R injury otherwise experienced by steatotic OLTs.
A new species of Illicium subsection Parviflora (Illiciaceae) from the Massif de la Hotte, Haiti

Abstract Guerrero, A., W. S. Judd & A. B. Morris (Department of Botany, 220 Bartram Hall, P.O. Box 118526, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A.; wjudd@botany.ufl.edu). A new species of Illicium subsection Parviflora (Illiciaceae) from the Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. Brittonia 56: 346–352. 2004.— Illicium hottense, a new species, is here described from the floristically diverse Massif de la Hotte of southern Haiti. It is compared to related species, especially I. ekmanii, with which it has previously been confused. Illicium hottense and I. ekmanii are members of Illicium subsection Parviflora, a group that comprises four species, all endemic to peninsular Florida (I. parviflorum) or the Greater Antilles: Cuba (I. cubense) and Hispaniola (I. ekmanii, and I. hottense). The subsection is characterized by its distinctive laminar-carnose, ovoid stamens; all have trisyncolpate pollen. Illicium hottense is similar to I. ekmanii and I. parviflorum in having flowers with ten to thirteen carpels and s...
Early-Age Properties of Cement-Based Materials. II: Influence of Water-to-Cement Ratio

The influence of water-to-cement mass ratio (w/c) on early-age properties of cementbased materials is investigated using a variety of experimental techniques. Properties that are critical to the early-age performance of these materials are tested, including heat release, semiadiabatic temperature, setting time, autogenous deformation, and strength development. Measurements of these properties using a single cement are presented for four different w/c, ranging from 0.325 to 0.425. Some of the measured properties are observed to vary widely within this range of w/c ratios. The heat release and setting time behaviors of cement pastes are contrasted. While early-age heat release is relatively independent of w/c, the measured setting times vary by several hours between the four w/c investigated in this study, indicating the fundamental differences between a physical process such as setting and heat release which is purely a quantification of chemical reaction. While decreasing w/c certainly increases compressive strength at equivalent ages, it also significantly increases autogenous shrinkage and may increase semi-adiabatic temperature rise, both of which can increase the propensity for early-age cracking in cement-based materials.
Opposing Effects of Native and Exotic Herbivores on Plant Invasions

Exotic species are widely assumed to thrive because they lack natural enemies in their new ranges. However, a meta-analysis of 63 manipulative field studies including more than 100 exotic plant species revealed that native herbivores suppressed exotic plants, whereas exotic herbivores facilitated both the abundance and species richness of exotic plants. Both outcomes suggest that plants are especially susceptible to novel, generalist herbivores that they have not been selected to resist. Thus, native herbivores provide biotic resistance to plant invasions, but the widespread replacement of native with exotic herbivores eliminates this ecosystem service, facilitates plant invasions, and triggers an invasional “meltdown.”
FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY IN STUDIES OF CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS

Fluorometric spectroscopy is a powerful tool for investigating the interaction between a carbohydrate ligand and binding proteins. The measurement is done in situ and thus circumventing the need for separation of bound ligand from the free ligand. The source of the fluorophore can be intrinsic, i.e., the tryptophan in the protein, or extrinsic (contained in the ligand). Techniques for assessing the affinity used are measurement on fluorescence intensity change, lifetime, polarization anisotropy, and energy transfer. The last technique can also be used to study conformational structures of glycopeptides. It is also useful in designing substrates for endo-type enzymes which allow continuous monitoring of the reaction.
A general axiomatic theory of intrinsically fuzzy mathematical morphologies

Intrinsic fuzzification of mathematical morphology is grounded on an axiomatic characterization of subset fuzzification. The result is an axiomatic formulation of fuzzy Minkowski algebra. Part of the Minkowski algebra results solely from the axioms themselves and part results from a specific postulated form of a subsethood indicator function. There exists an infinite number of fuzzy morphologies satisfying the axioms; in particular, there are uncountably many indicators satisfying the postulated form. This paper develops fuzzy Minkowski algebra, with special emphasis on fitting characterizations of fuzzy erosion and opening, examines key properties of the indicator function, and provides fuzzy extensions of the basic binary Matheron representations for openings and increasing, translation-invariant operators.
Protein expression based multimarker analysis of breast cancer samples

Tissue microarray (TMA) data are commonly used to validate the prognostic accuracy of tumor markers. For example, breast cancer TMA data have led to the identification of several promising prognostic markers of survival time. Several studies have shown that TMA data can also be used to cluster patients into clinically distinct groups. Here we use breast cancer TMA data to cluster patients into distinct prognostic groups. We apply weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to TMA data consisting of 26 putative tumor biomarkers measured on 82 breast cancer patients. Based on this analysis we identify three groups of patients with low (5.4%), moderate (22%) and high (50%) mortality rates, respectively. We then develop a simple threshold rule using a subset of three markers (p53, Na-KATPase-β1, and TGF β receptor II) that can approximately define these mortality groups. We compare the results of this correlation network analysis with results from a standard Cox regression analysis. We find that the rule-based grouping variable (referred to as WGCNA*) is an independent predictor of survival time. While WGCNA* is based on protein measurements (TMA data), it validated in two independent Affymetrix microarray gene expression data (which measure mRNA abundance). We find that the WGCNA patient groups differed by 35% from mortality groups defined by a more conventional stepwise Cox regression analysis approach. We show that correlation network methods, which are primarily used to analyze the relationships between gene products, are also useful for analyzing the relationships between patients and for defining distinct patient groups based on TMA data. We identify a rule based on three tumor markers for predicting breast cancer survival outcomes.
High-power, high-efficiency laser diodes at JDSU

Laser diodes and bars with high efficiency, power, and reliability are critical for a wide variety of applications including direct material processing and pumping high power and efficient fiber lasers and solid state lasers. We present progress towards the 80% power conversion efficiency goal of the DARPA Super High Efficiency Diode Sources (SHEDS) program. Currently using JDSU SHEDS technology, laser bars and stacks respectively achieve as high as 76% and 73% total power conversion efficiency at room temperature. Single-emitter laser diodes incorporating SHEDS technology achieve up to 19W peak CW power from a 100um wide aperture.
Simple transient extension chamber to permit full mass scans with electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The design for an in-line transient extension (TEx) chamber was developed to provide a simple means of lengthening an electrothermal vaporizer (ETV) signal for the purpose of obtaining a full mass scan from a single ETV firing with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection. The TEx chamber is simply a flask (e.g., 100-500 mL) with a mated joint allowing the ETV-generated aerosol to enter the chamber in a pulse and exit the chamber exponentially diluted. Characterization of the TEx chamber was completed with the use of the following metals: Ba, Be, Ce, Co, In, Mg, Pb, Th, and Tl. A decrease in peak area of 20 ± 4% was witnessed when the TEx chamber was put in-line between the ETV and the ICP-MS for all metals tested. Comparison of the peak areas obtained with and without the addition of 10 mu L of 100 ppm NaCl to the sample without the TEx chamber in-line resulted in increases from 8 to 40%, depending on the metal. Repetition of the experiment with the TEx chamber in line showed no appreciable difference in results. This outcome indicates that dilution in the TEx chamber does not influence the behavior (i.e., enhancement effect) of the carrier. Interrupting the carrier gas flow for up to 2 min after the TEx chamber was "loaded" with the aerosol caused decreases in peak area from 25 to 35%, depending on the length of time the sample was held in the chamber. This result is most likely due to settling/loss of the aerosol particles in the chamber. Addition of 10 mu L of 100 ppm NaCl to the sample showed a decrease in peak area of 30-43% when the sample was held for up to 2 min in the chamber, slightly higher than when no NaCl was present. A comparison of full mass scans taken with a concentric nebulizer and the ETV with an in-line TEx chamber using identical data collection rates and times showed that the TEx chamber can be used successfully as a method for both qualitative and quantitative identification of trace elements in an unknown solution. Detection limits for the nine metals tested with the TEx chamber in line are given.
511: Associations between markers of inflammatory activation and heart failure in children

of life at 1 year post-tx. Conclusions: All patients were alive at 1 year post-tx and reported good quality of life with improved physical parameters including participation in activities and attending school. However, a number of children, adolescents and parents report difficulties adjusting to life post-tx. Evaluation at 1 year enables identification of areas of psychological difficulty, which will allow interventions to be targeted to reduce morbidity and further enhance psychological well-being, and maximise quality of life.
ULTRAFILTRATION : II. "BOUND" WATER (HYDRATION) OF BIOLOGICAL COLLOIDS.

Assuming that "bound" water loses its solvent properties, it is shown by an ultrafiltration method that in solutions of gelatin, casein, starch, and glycogen, and in blood serum, only a very small fraction of the water can be associated with the colloids in this form.
GeneChip profiling of transcriptional responses to soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, colonization of soybean roots.

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is currently the most devastating pathogen of soybean. SCN penetrates the root and migrates toward the central vascular bundle where it establishes a complex multinucleated feeding structure that provides plant-derived nutrients to support the development and growth of the nematode. To identify host genes that play significant roles in SCN development in susceptible roots, RNA from SCNinoculated and non-inoculated root pieces were hybridized to the Affymetrix soybean genome GeneChips. RNA was collected at 8, 12, and 16 d postinoculation from root pieces that displayed multiple swollen female SCN and similar root pieces from noninoculated roots. Branch roots and root tips were trimmed from the root pieces to minimize the amount of RNA contributed by these organs. Of the 35 593 transcripts represented on the GeneChip, approximately 26 500 were expressed in the SCN-colonized root pieces. ANOVA followed by False Discovery Rate analysis indicated that the expression levels of 4616 transcripts changed significantly (Q-value 2-fold and 739 decreased >2-fold. Of the transcripts to which a function could be assigned, a large proportion was associated with cell wall structure. Other functional categories that included a large number of up-regulated transcripts were defence, metabolism, and histones, and a smaller group of transcripts associated with signal transduction and transcription.
Apparent role of phosphatidylcholine in the metabolism of petroselinic acid in developing umbelliferae endosperm

Studies were conducted to characterize the metabolism of the unusual fatty acid petroselinic acid (18:1cis[delta]6) in developing endosperm of the Umbelliferae species coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.). Analyses of fatty acid compositions of glycerolipids of these tissues revealed a dissimilar distribution of petroselinic acid in triacylglycerols (TAG) and the major polar lipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Petroselinic acid comprised 70 to 75 mol% of the fatty acids of TAG but only 9 to 20 mol% of the fatty acids of PC and PE. Although such data appeared to suggest that petroselinic acid is at least partially excluded from polar lipids, results of [1–14C]acetate radiolabeling experiments gave a much different picture of the metabolism of this fatty acid. In time-course labeling of carrot endosperm, [1–14C]acetate was rapidly incorporated into PC in high levels. Through 30 min, radiolabel was most concentrated in PC, and of this, 80 to 85% was in the form of petroselinic acid. One explanation for the large disparity in amounts of petroselinic acid in PC as determined by fatty acid mass analyses and 14C radiolabeling is that turnover of these lipids or the fatty acids of these lipids results in relatively low accumulation of petroselinic acid mass. Consistent with this, the kinetics of [1–14C]acetate time-course labeling of carrot endosperm and “pulse-chase” labeling of coriander endosperm suggested a possible flux of fatty acids from PC into TAG. In time-course experiments, radiolabel initially entered PC at the highest rates but accumulated in TAG at later time points. Similarly, in pulse-chase studies, losses in absolute amounts of radioactivity from PC were accompanied by significant increases of radiolabel in TAG. In addition, stereospecific analyses of unlabeled and [1–14C]acetate-labeled PC of coriander endosperm indicated that petroselinic acid can be readily incorporated into both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of this lipid. Because petroselinic acid is neither synthesized nor further modified on polar lipids, the apparent metabolism of this fatty acid through PC (and possibly through other polar lipids) may define a function of PC in TAG assembly apart from its involvement in fatty acid modification reactions.
Owl monkeys Aotus spp in the wild and in captivity

Owl monkeys Aotus spp have the potential to be a great model to accomplish a thorough integration of zoo and field research. Their most salient features are their nocturnal habits, monogamous social organization and paternal care, features that should make them of interest to the public. Following a brief historical perspective on our knowledge of owl monkey biology, I describe in detail, drawing from research with both captive and wild animals, those aspects that make owl monkeys unusual among primates and mammals. First, owl monkeys are the only anthropoids with nocturnal habits, and the study of their remarkable activity patterns has benefited enormously from an integrated approach that combined field research with research in semi-natural conditions and the laboratory. Second, up until recently, our understanding of social monogamy and the involvement of the ♂♂ in infant care, two defining characteristics of the genus, have been primarily informed by studies of captive individuals. In the future, a truly integrated laboratory–field approach that focuses on certain areas that cannot be examined in only one or the other setting (e.g. reproductive biology, communication, energetics) will offer unique opportunities for synergistic interactions between zoo and field research that will have both intellectual and practical benefits.
Mechanism for diminished tissue factor expression by endothelial cells cultured with heparin binding growth factor-1 and heparin

We have extended our earlier observation that growing primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with heparin binding growth factor 1 (HBGF-1) 20 micrograms/mL and heparin 12 U/mL inhibits expression of tissue factor (TF) activity on HUVC monolayers perturbed with thrombin. TF activity was measured as the ability of monolayers or cell lysates to support FVIIa-catalyzed activation peptide release from 3H-FX. TF antigen in HUVEC extracts was measured in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses a double-antibody sandwich technique with rabbit and goat antibodies to human TF. TF-mRNA was measured by Northern blot hybridization with a 32P-TF cDNA probe. Cells growth with HBGF-1/heparin had both decreased surface and total TF activity as compared with HUVEC from the same endothelial cell pool grown without HBGF-1/heparin. Means +/- SD for TF antigen for four primary cultures were 4.4 +/- 0.9 ng/10(6) cells without HBGF-1/heparin and 0.6 +/- 0.3 ng/10(6) cells with HBGF-1/heparin. TF mRNA 4 hours after incubation with thrombin of HUVEC grown without HBGF-1/heparin was about sevenfold higher than TF mRNA of HUVEC grown with HBGF- 1/heparin. These data establish that growing primary cultures of HUVEC with HBGF-1/heparin impairs their ability to synthesize TF apoprotein after perturbation. This may be part of a generalized response of endothelial cells to HBGF-1/heparin facilitating migration during angiogenesis.
Conviction Review Units: A National Perspective

Over the past 25 years, Americans have become increasingly aware of a vast array of mistakes in the administration of justice, including wrongful convictions, situations where innocent individuals have been convicted and incarcerated for crimes they did not commit. The most prevalent institutional response by prosecutors to address post-conviction fact-based claims of actual innocence is the Conviction Review Unit (CRU), sometimes called the Conviction Integrity Unit. Since the creation of the first CRU in the mid-2000s, more than 25 such units have been announced across the country; more than half of these have been created in the past 24 months. CRUs have grown up ad hoc, and independently defined its structure, scope, and operations, often in reaction to a limited number of specific cases with unique circumstances. Very few have written protocols, policies, or procedures, and few of those have been made public. Given this rapid increase in number and the lack of standardization or evaluation of policies, procedures, and impact of CRUs, a more detailed evaluation of the actual policies and practices of operating CRUs may be helpful to a variety of audiences. This paper provides an analysis of a national survey of CRUs to identify policies and practices established by CRUs across the country, to assist: (a) Current CRUs in understanding how their peers have approached common challenges; (b) Offices without CRUs in the creation of effective units; and (c) Communities with metrics to evaluate the units and their utility.
An Insight Into Student Perceptions of Cyberbullying

ABSTRACTCyberbullying is a major public concern due to its physical, emotional, and psychological impact affecting both victims and perpetrators. This study analyzed existing survey results from seventh- and eighth-grade students at a school in the midwestern United States to investigate possible similarities and differences in perceptions of cyberbullying between students who had been affected by bullying and those who had not. Seventy-two percent of the students indicated they had been affected by cyberbullying at least once and 54% had been affected more than once. Analysis of response patterns within groups of students identified similarities and differences in trends between affected and nonaffected students as well as across genders.
Adjuvants for the production of autoimmune thyroiditis in the rat.

SummaryUse of either incomplete Freund, alhydrogel, or pertussis vaccine as adjuvants together with rat thyroid extract (RATE) elicited neither antibodies nor thyroiditis when injected into Lewis rats. A complete Freund adjuvant emulsion with RATE gave inconsistent results. Multiple, spaced injections of such an emulsion elicited a severe thyroid reaction. Combination of pertussis vaccine with either incomplete Freund adjuvant or alhydrogel elicited moderate thyroiditis. The most marked thyroiditis was obtained using a combination of CFA and RATE emulsion and a separate injection of pertussis vaccine.The authors thank Mr. Steven Buck for his expert technical assistance. The pertussis vaccine was donated by Dr. H. B. Devlin of Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. The alhydrogel was donated by Dr. Niels Neergaard, Superfos Export Co., Copenhagen, Denmark.
Unusual Binary Operations for Defining Lines

(1969). Unusual Binary Operations for Defining Lines. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 58-59.
Migration-Based Seismic Trace Interpolation of Sparse Converted Phase Micro-Seismic Data

Multi-component elastic seismic data collected at large offsets have the potential to be used in micro seismic imaging and monitoring. However, types of receiver surface deployments used for micro-seismic monitoring are generally very sparse, and thus the data used for imaging from these receivers cause receiver-migration-operator artifacts that severely contaminate the shallow part of the image. In this study, we present a data-driven method that alleviates these imaging artifacts. The method is based on converted-phase elastic seismic migration and de-migration. We show that despite the spatial aliasing of the recorded data, we are able to suppress the receiver migration-operator artifacts and reconstruct the shallow part of the image. The merit of this approach is that it is elastic, fully data-driven (i.e, independent of source parameters), and does not suffer from migration operator source aliasing, when a small number of shots or micro-seismic events are used. We present a derivation of the method and test it with a synthetic model and a field data set from a geothermal reservoir with abundant natural and induced seismicity.
Domain specificity in adolescents' concepts of laws: associations among beliefs and behavior

Using detailed vignettes and scale measures, concepts of laws regulating domain-specific issues and engagement in delinquency were assessed among 340 9th through 12th graders (Mage = 16.64, SD = 1.37). Adolescents distinguished between laws that regulate moral, drug-related prudential, conventional, personal, and multifaceted issues in their criterion judgments and justifications. Youths' ratings of the importance of laws, obligation to obey laws, and deserved punishment for breaking different laws also followed domain-consistent patterns. Adolescents' engagement in moral, drug-related prudential, and multifaceted forms of delinquency was associated with less supportive judgments about laws within the same domain. FINDINGS contribute to civic development research by demonstrating domain specificity in adolescents' beliefs about laws and suggest that these beliefs are linked with engagement in similar types of delinquency.© 2016 The Authors. Journal of Research on Adolescence © 2016 Society for Research on Adolescence. Language: en
Study on Damage Characteristic and Protective Measures of OPGW Terminal Residual Ground Current

In the high voltage transmission lines,broken or burned up accidents of OPGW at both sustation terminals often occur,which threat the security of power communication. These OPGW damages are mostly caused by partial overheating due higher residual grounding currents. Several cases of broken or burned up accidents of OPGW are investigated,and the residual grounding currents at terminals are simulated and calculated by ATP-EMTP software. It is show that,for signal-circuit transmission line,if the two ground wires are both grounded at each tower,the residual grounding current is relatively lower;but if the CGW is grounded at a signal point and the OPGW is grounded at each tower,then the residual grounding current is higher and can be up to tens of Amperes in which some protective measures should be taken. For double-circuit transmission lines,the two ground wires are both grounded at each tower,the issue of residual grounding current at terminals is very prominent and protective measures should be taken. This paper gives the protective principle,i.e. disconnecting the OPGW terminal from the metal clamps. The detail protective measures how to solve the residual grounding current problem are presented to the OPGW at deflector and the remaining cable shelf.
Prediction of performance of progeny from test station boars

Data were obtained from 1,954 Duroc and 2,252 Yorkshire purebred and crossbred progeny sired by 34 Duroc and 32 Yorkshire boars, respectively. Boars were purchased from the North Carolina Swine Evaluation Station during August 1983 to December 1988. Boars were selected to represent high and low indexes at the test station. Progeny were raised and tested under conditions similar to commercial pig production at the Tidewater Research Station. For each breed of boar (Duroc and Yorkshire), breed type (purebred and crossbred), and sex (castrates and gilts) of progeny, regression coefficients of progeny traits on each sire trait were computed. Progeny traits were ADG, days to 104.3 kg BW (DAYS), backfat thickness (BF), and feed conversion ratio (FC). Sire traits were ADG, DAYS, BF, FC, and INDEX. Effects of boar test group and progeny test group were included in the models. Averaged over breed type and sex, a 25-unit (1 SD) increase in sire INDEX resulted in 14.5 g more ADG, 3.2 fewer DAYS, .57 mm more BF, and .017 lower FC in Durocs and 5.6 g more ADG, .01 more DAYS, .81 mm less BF, and .083 lower FC in Yorkshires. The low magnitude and variable signs of some regression coefficients suggested that predictions of progeny performance from performance of individual sires at the North Carolina Swine Evaluation Station were not very reliable. Differences between regressions for purebreds and crossbreds implied small correlations between the two breed types. Differences between Durocs and Yorkshires indicated that genetic parameters might not be the same for the two breeds.
A separation and protection scheme for on-chip memory blocks in FPGAs

State-of-the-art FPGAs are quickly evolving into a complete system-on-chip (SoC) platform with aggressive integration of high-performance hard processor cores, gigabytes of dedicated memory blocks, and many commonly used peripherals. As FPGAs increasingly find their way into many critical and sensitive applications, including speeding cryptographic algorithms, security concerns about themselves start mounting. Current countermeasures mostly target hardware trojans, cloning, side-channel attacks, and reverse engineering. Little attention has been devoted to securing dedicated on-chip memory blocks. Moreover, the dynamic reconfigurability nature of FPGAs makes static-only approaches less effective and less efficient. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a runtime protection scheme for FPGA on-chip memory blocks. To secure on-chip memory inside FPGAs, careful design choices must be taken because of their very low latency and simple flat memory model. A series of rules, called security policies are made. These policies are enforced by a reference monitor who mediates the communications between the intellectual properties (IP) or modules that requires the memory, and the memory itself. The memory security scheme is an implementation of a security kernel, enforced by a series of security policies, with a specific policy algorithm which tells four security monitors to control the memory accesses between IPs and the on-chip memory inside the FPGA used. The results on a Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA board show that the security monitors themselves are successful in preventing unauthorized accesses from IPs that are marked as “untrusted” while allowing full access from other IPs that are marked as “trusted”, without incurring on a serious area or latency penalty. Also, by preventing the access from “untrusted” IPs and marking connections as “not traversable”, the connections between the untrusted IPs and the memory that it has to share with “trusted” IPs are secured.
Funding of Graduate Medical Education in a Market-Based Healthcare System

The graduate medical education (GME) process in the United States is considered the most respected model for high-quality education of graduate physicians in the world. With substantial funding through government and private insurers and through structured educational accreditation standards, the American Board of Medical Specialists-certified physicians are recognized for their expertise in delivering high-quality medical care. However, under fiscal constraints and changing social expectations, questions are continually posed about the process of funding and whether the "physician outcomes" are sufficient to continue with the investment. This article reviews the history of postgraduate physician education, the multiple funding pathways, disruptions to a placid educational system and changing social expectations. The ultimate issues involve the core goals of GME and how much GME should shoulder responsibility for changing the healthcare system.
Gold, Debt and the Quest for Monetary Order: The Nazi Campaign to Integrate Europe in 1940

This article explores Nazi visions for a new monetary order in 1940 and compares these plans with European monetary integration after 1945. It shows how Nazi experts identified the same core monetary challenges facing Europe as Allied planners did during and after the Second World War, above all challenges stemming from the Great Depression and associated with the gold standard, international debts, capital scarcity and bilateral treaties. This comparison suggests a certain logic was inherent to reconstructing European monetary relations after the depression, insofar as few viable alternatives seemed open – either in 1940 or after 1945 – to some form of multilateral payment system that was divorced from gold, yet that still fixed Europe's currencies to one another. Ultimately, it argues that 1940 marks an important step in a longer process in which Europe moved away from territorial currencies toward a monetary union, and in doing so expanded the framework of fiat currency beyond national markets to encompass the continent.
Accuracy of EUS-FNA for distant regional lymph nodes in the initial staging of esophageal cancer (EC).

4064 Background: Accurate clinical staging is essential for making immediate treatment decisions. The role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and fine needle aspiration (FNA) in altering treatment has been debated in patients diagnosed with cStage II or III EC. The purpose of this study was to assess the yield of EUS-FNA for paratracheal and subcarinal lymph nodes in distal ECs. Methods: We analyzed278 EC patients who had baseline EUS-FNA between 2010 and 2014. A subgroup of 85 patients with Seiwert’s type I or II EC had FNAs of the paratracheal or subcarinal nodes (far away from the primary EC) were carefully reviewed. The accuracy of EUS, PET, EUS+PET, and FNA were compared using FNA as the gold standard. A McNemar’s test was used to determine whether EUS+PET or FNA performed differently in identifying positive nodes. Results: In the subgroup of 85 patients, FNA was positive for malignancy in 27 (32%) leading to modifications of the radiation field in upper thorax. Moreover, EUS, PET, and EUS+PET had an acc...
What Are We Doing With Our Lives?: Nobody Cares About Our Concurrency Control Research

Most of the academic papers on concurrency control published in the last five years have assumed the following two design decisions: (1) applications execute transactions with serializable isolation and (2) applications execute most (if not all) of their transactions using stored procedures. But results from a recent survey of database administrators indicates that these assumptions are not realistic. This survey includes both legacy deployments where the cost of changing the application to use either serializable isolation or stored procedures is not feasible, as well as new "greenfield" projects that not encumbered by prior constraints. As such, the research produced by our community is not helping people with their real-world systems and thus is essentially irrelevant. I know this because I am guilty of writing these papers too. In this talk/denouncement, I will descend from my ivory tower and argue that we need to rethink our agenda for concurrency control research. Recent trends focus on asking the wrong questions and solving the wrong problems. I contend that the real issues that will have the most impact are not easily solved by more "clever" algorithms. Instead, in many cases, they can only be solved by hardware improvements and artificial intelligence.
Hypovolemic Shock and Massive Transfusion

Hypovolemic shock occurs when the volume within the circulatory system becomes depleted to the extent that tissue perfusion becomes inadequate. In asanguineous hypovolemic shock, effective management is based on: establishing adequate intravenous or intraosseous access, administering fluids to replete the losses and improve cardiac output, monitoring fluid responsiveness, and tracking endpoints of resuscitation. Further study is needed to clarify: which crystalloid (normal saline vs balanced solution) is superior in certain instances, whether there is a role for albumin in hypovolemic shock subtypes, and what is the ideal timing and agent of pressors when shock persists despite fluid administration.
Adaptive Control of Flexible Joint Robots

Abstract A flexibly jointed robot is one which has the actuators connected to the robot links through semi-rigid shafts. In this paper we outline a design of an adaptive controller for flexible joint robots (F JR) based on arm energy considerations. The control law we derive has two stages corresponding to two different adaptation laws. The first stage drives the actuator to a desired manifold, the second controller then seeks to drive the joints to the desired trajectory. Our control law does not require acceleration or jerk measurements of the actuator [16], [4], nor does it require numerical differentiation of the velocity signal, as was used in the control of rigid robots by Craig, Hsu, and Sastry, [12]. Inversion of the inertial matrices are also unnecessary in our control laws, which reduces computational loads. Issues of robustness of the parameters and convergence of the tracking errors are considered without any need for persistently exciting trajectory. Simulations are presented to verify the validity of the control scheme.
Identifying Knowledge Gaps in Clinicians Who Evaluate and Treat Vocal Performing Artists in College Health Settings.

Summary Objective The goal of this study was to identify knowledge gaps in clinicians who evaluate and treat performing artists for illnesses and injuries that affect vocal function in college health settings. Study Design This pilot study utilized a web-based cross-sectional survey design incorporating common clinical scenarios to test knowledge of evaluation and management strategies in the vocal performing artist. Methods A web-based survey was administered to a purposive sample of 28 clinicians to identify the approach utilized to evaluate and treat vocal performing artists in college health settings, and factors that might affect knowledge gaps and influence referral patterns to voice specialists. Results Twenty-eight clinicians were surveyed, with 36% of respondents incorrectly identifying appropriate vocal hygiene measures, 56% of respondents failing to identify symptoms of vocal fold hemorrhage, 84% failing to identify other indications for referral to a voice specialist, 96% of respondents acknowledging unfamiliarity with the Voice Handicap Index and the Singers Voice Handicap Index, and 68% acknowledging unfamiliarity with the Reflux Symptom Index. Conclusion The data elucidated specific knowledge gaps in college health providers who are responsible for evaluating and treating common illnesses that affect vocal function, and triaging and referring students experiencing symptoms of potential vocal emergencies. Future work is needed to improve the standard of care for this population.