cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Teaching of Heuristic Problem-Solving Strategies in Elementary Calculus

Research in the area of computer simulation of human thought processes indicates that the solution of every problem involves the element of search in a space of many alternatives (Newell, Shaw, & Simon, 1958). For human problem solving, the space may conceivably include infinitely many alternatives; however, humans appear to exhibit more efficient performance than exhaustive scanning or purely random trial and error. Human problem solving is characterized by heuristic strategies. These higher-order processes (heuristics) guide the search, enabling the problem solver to select from a reduced set of alternatives and to order his solution process in a sequence of steps; they are tentative rules of thumb that are based on experience or plausible assumptions and that apply generally to problems (Pylyshyn, 1963). The writings of George Polya (1948, 1954, 1962, 1965) on mathematical problem solving contribute significantly to the philosophy of teaching and learning heuristic strategies. There is, however, a need for exploratory and experimental research on heuristic aspects of mathematical problem solving. The premise that mathematical learning can be enhanced by incorporating suitable heuristics into the learner's tactical repertoire needs to be tested. Teachers and researchers can learn more about the process that mediates between the presentation of a problem (stimulus) and the final result (response) by studying the individual's heuristic usage. This paper describes an exploratory study conducted to investigate heuristic usage and problem-solving performance and to analyze the influence of heuristic-oriented teaching on a group of first-year university calculus students. The object of the research reported here was to set a course for future investigation. The outcomes are conjectures based on data collected from clinical observation; they are not general conclusions. Unlike much of the related research on problem solving, this study used tasks that were unstructured mathematical word problems involving free choice of alternatives. At two distinct points in time, with an intervening instructional period, Ss were asked to solve a set of mathematical word problems while thinking aloud and under close observation by an interviewer. The resulting problem-solving protocols were tape recorded and
Abstract PL04-03: Selective inhibition of K-Ras G12C through allosteric control of GTP affinity and effector interactions.

Somatic mutations in the small GTPase K-Ras are the most common activating lesions found in human cancer, and are generally associated with poor response to standard therapies1-3. Efforts to directly target this oncogene have faced difficulties due to its picomolar affinity for GTP/GDP4 and the absence of known allosteric regulatory sites.Oncogenic mutations result in functional activation of Ras family proteins by impairing GTP hydrolysis5,6. With diminished regulation by GTPase activity, the nucleotide state of Ras becomes more dependent upon relative nucleotide affinity and concentration. This gives GTP an advantage over GDP7 and increases the proportion of active GTP-bound Ras. Here, we report the development of small molecules that irreversibly bind to a common oncogenic mutant, K-Ras G12C.These compounds rely on the mutant cysteine for binding and therefore do not affect the wild type protein (WT). Crystallographic studies reveal the formation of a new pocket that is not apparent in previous structures of Ras, beneath the effector binding switch-II region. Binding of these inhibitors to K-Ras G12C disrupts both switch-I and switch-II, subverting the native nucleotide preference to favor GDP over GTP and impairing binding to Raf. Our data provide structure-based validation of a novel allosteric regulatory site on Ras that is targetable in a mutant specific manner. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):PL04-03. Citation Format: Jonathan M. Ostrem, Ulf Peters, Martin L. Sos, James A. Wells, Kevan M. Shokat. Selective inhibition of K-Ras G12C through allosteric control of GTP affinity and effector interactions. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-03.
Synthesis of Mannose-(inositol-P)2-ceramide, the Major Sphingolipid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Requires the IPT1 (YDR072c) Gene

Knowledge of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes and proteins necessary for sphingolipid biosynthesis is far from complete. Such information should expedite studies of pathway regulation and sphingolipid functions. Using the Aur1 protein sequence, recently identified as necessary for synthesis of the sphingolipid inositol-P-ceramide (IPC), we show that a homolog (open reading frame YDR072c), termed Ipt1 (inositolphosphotransferase 1) is necessary for synthesis of mannose-(inositol-P)2-ceramide (M(IP)2C), the most abundant and complex sphingolipid in S. cerevisiae. This conclusion is based upon analysis of an ipt1-deletion strain, which fails to accumulate M(IP)2C and instead accumulates increased amounts of the precursor mannose-inositol-P-ceramide. The mutant also fails to incorporate radioactive precursors into M(IP)2C, and membranes prepared from it do not incorporate [3H-inositol]phosphatidylinositol into M(IP)2C, indicating a lack of M(IP)2C synthase activity (putatively phosphatidylinositol:mannose-inositol-P-ceramide phosphoinositol transferase). M(IP)2C synthase activity is inhibited in the micromolar range by aureobasidin A, but drug sensitivity is over 1000-fold lower than reported for IPC synthase activity. An ipt1-deletion mutant has no severe phenotypic effects but is slightly more resistant to growth inhibition by calcium ions. Identification of the IPT1 gene should be helpful in determining the function of the M(IP)2C sphingolipid and in determining the catalytic mechanism of IPC and M(IP)2C synthases.
Study of the effects of melt blending speed on the structure and properties of phosphate glass/polyamide 12 hybrid materials

The effects of melt blending conditions on the rheology, crystallization kinetics, and tensile properties of phosphate glass/polyamide 12 hybrid systems were investigated for the first time, to understand their complex processing/structure/property relationships. Increasing amounts of phosphate glass (Pglass) caused an increase in hybrid viscosity. Hybrid viscosity was also affected by processing (melt-mixing) speed and small-amplitude oscillatory shear tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for a qualitative examination of the hybrid morphology. The addition of Pglass caused a decrease in hybrid crystallinity that was unaffected by processing (melt-mixing) speed. The two-parameter Avrami equation was applied successfully to the hybrid systems, and Pglass was found to nucleate the growth of polyamide 12 crystals. The nucleation effect was found to be dependent on concentration and processing history. The tensile properties of the hybrids were also studied, and the Halpin–Tsai equation was applied to the results to determine the maximum packing fraction of the Pglass. These results provide a basis for the prediction of hybrid mechanical properties for different Pglass concentrations and processing histories. Further, because of their facile processibility and desirable characteristics, such as the strong physicochemical interaction between the hybrid components and favorable viscoelasticity, these Pglass/polyamide 12 hybrids can be used as model systems for exploring feasibility of new routes for driving organic polymers and inorganic Pglass to self-assemble into useful organic/inorganic hybrid materials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Estimation of primary sequence homology from amino acid composition of evolutionary related proteins

Abstract The amino acid compositions of many of the known sequenced proteins were compared to determine if a relationship exists between the amino acid composition and the amount of sequence homology of these proteins. For this purpose, a function, the composition divergence, was defined. A computer program based on relatively simple assumptions has been successfully used to simulate the data distribution found in comparing composition divergence with the sequence dissimilarity. From this characterization of known proteins, it is possible to predict the sequence homology of unsequenced proteins, based on amino acid composition comparisons. The power and limitations of this technique are discussed.
Older adults and assistive devices: use, multiple-device use, and need.

Responses of older adults (> 65 years) from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey and Assistive Device Supplement are analyzed to determine if selected demographic and health variables are asso...
Theory of end-adsorbed polymer brushes in polymeric matrices

A detailed self‐consistent field theory is used to calculate the properties of end‐adsorbed polymer chains, or polymer ‘‘brushes,’’ in equilibrium with a blend of adsorbing B polymer and nonadsorbing A polymer. The brush properties depend on χab, Na/Nb and β, where χab is the Flory interaction parameter characterizing the thermodynamic interaction between the A and B polymers, Na and Nb are the respective degrees of polymerization of the A and B polymers and kBTβ is the net attractive interaction between the adsorbing chain end and the surface. For χab=0, β≫1 and Na/Nb≫1 an asymptotic limit is reached where the brush properties are completely specified by z*/Rbg, where z* is the integrated surface excess of the adsorbing polymer and Rbg is its unperturbed radius of gyration. In this strong adsorption, dry brush regime the volume fraction of adsorbing polymer at the surface increases rapidly from 0.0 to 0.96 as z*/Rbg increases from 0.0 to 1.6. For z*/Rbg>1.6 the surface volume fraction of the adsorbing po...
Recently published hypertension guidelines of the JNC 8 panelists, the American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension and other major organizations: introduction to a focus issue of the Journal of Clinical Hypertension.

This issue of The Journal of Clinical Hypertension focuses on recent hypertension guidelines and how they might affect the clinical practice of hypertension. The original stimulus for this special issue of the Journal was the anticipated arrival of the JNC 8 report about 2 years ago, but due to the longer-than-expected time to produce that document it appeared recently as one of 4 sets of guidelines on hypertension published within the past few months. Appropriately, most of the commentaries in this issue about JNC 8 and the other guidelines represent opinions by experts in the field who themselves have been contributors to hypertension guidelines, either in the United States or elsewhere.
Effects of Mapping Strategies on Reading Comprehension and Writing Performance.

Three studies were conducted to examine the extent to which mapping strategies used in conjunction with basal reader stories enhanced the comprehension and writing performance of fifth-grade students. In Experiment 1, significant differences on a reading comprehension measure were found in favor of a group receiving key concept mapping strategies when compared to a control group, but no differences were found in the overall quality of compositions produced (N =30). The key-concept mapping strategy was found to work particularly well for those types of reading selections that were factual/informative in nature. Experiment 2 expanded the previous study to 80 subjects drawn from eight classrooms. In this study, the stories mapped were restricted to factual/informative type selections. A detailed scoring guide was developed in an attempt to pick up any differences in writing produced by the students. Again, significant differences were found on the reading comprehension measure, but no differences were found ...
DOUBLE LENGTH ARTIFICIAL REGRESSIONS FOR TESTING SPATIAL DEPENDENCE

This paper derives two simple artificial Double Length Regressions (DLR) to test for spatial dependence. The first DLR tests for spatial lag dependence while the second DLR tests for spatial error dependence. Both artificial regressions utilize only least squares residuals of the restricted model and are therefore easy to compute. These tests are illustrated using two simple examples. In addition, Monte Carlo experiments are performed to study the small sample performance of these tests. As expected, these DLR tests have similar performance to their corresponding LM counterparts.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF AN APPROACH FOR EVALUATING MULTIATTRIBUTE ALTERNATIVES

In this paper the results of an extensive simulation study are reported to provide empirical evidence on the Evaluation and Bound approach. Some rules for implementing the procedure interactively on a computer are also examined and compared experimentally. The results suggest that the Evaluation and Bound procedure, in conjunction with an appropriate strategy of implementing it, would reduce considerably the information requirement of the decision maker in the choice of a preferred multiattribute alternative.
Concomitant ectatic posterior communicating artery and tentorial meningioma as a source of oculomotor palsy: case report.

Objective and importance Although non-aneurysmal vascular compression of the oculomotor nerve is rare, it should be considered in the evaluation of unilateral oculomotor palsy. Clinical presentation A 36-year-old non-diabetic man presented with two months of intermittent retro-orbital headache and third nerve paresis caused by compression of the oculomotor nerve between an ectatic, atherosclerotic posterior communicating artery (PComA) and a small tentorial meningioma. At operation, the subarachnoid portion of the nerve, prevented from migrating posteriorly and laterally by the meningioma, was grooved by the apex of the artery's loop. Intervention Microvascular decompression (MVD) of the artery loop from the nerve and resection of the meningioma were performed. Postoperatively, the patient's retro-orbital headache and oculomotor paresis, with the exception of mild anisocoria, resolved. Tumor infiltrating the posterior tentorium and lateral cavernous sinus was treated by Cyberknife radiosurgery five months later. One year after surgery, the patient had improvement in his headaches, full extra-ocular movements, and minimal residual anisocoria. Conclusion Only one other report describes MVD of the third nerve from PComA compression. A review is presented of MVD carried out for similar cases of non-aneurysmal vascular compression of the oculomotor nerve. By analogy from cases in which an aneurysm is the compressing vascular structure, prompt surgical treatment is advocated. Complete evaluation of an isolated third nerve palsy should include MRI sequences designed to detect vascular compression of cranial nerves.
Intraoperative endoscopic test resulting in no postoperative leaks from the gastric pouch and gastrojejunal anastomosis in 366 laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses.

Background: Postoperative leak from the gastric pouch and the anastomosis are leading causes of morbidity and mortality after gastric bypass. Many modalities have been emerging to prevent this complication. 326 consecutive laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses (LRYGBP) were analyzed in a two-surgeon practice and found no incidence of leaks from the gastric pouch (GP) and the gastrojejunal anastomosis (GJA) with intraoperative endoscopic testing. Methods: 328 consecutive RYGBP performed in antecolic fashion from March 2003 to January 2004 were analyzed. 326 (99%) were performed laparoscopically. After creating a 15 to 25 cc gastric pouch, integrity of the GP and GJA was tested for leak under saline submersion with endoscopic insufflation and placement of a bowel clamp on the intestinal limb distal to the GJA. Suture repair of apparent leak was performed if needed. Results: Of 326 consecutive LRYGBP utilizing the endoscopic leak test, there was no incidence of leak from the GP or GJA. There was one leak from the jejuno-jejunosotmy which was repaired laparoscopically on postoperative day #1. There was no incidence of leaks in the 2 open RYGBPs. Conclusions: Many "leak prophylaxis" measures have been emerging to prevent this potentially devastating complication. However, checking the GP and GJA with a simple endoscopic test can minimize the incidence of leaks after LRYGBP.
Testing for Selection on Synonymous Sites in Plant Mitochondrial DNA: The Role of Codon Bias and RNA Editing

Since plant mitochondrial genomes exhibit some of the slowest known synonymous substitution rates, it is generally believed that they experience exceptionally low mutation rates. However, the use of synonymous substitution rates to infer mutation rates depends on the implicit assumption that synonymous sites are evolving neutrally (or nearly so). To assess the validity of this assumption in plant mitochondrial genomes, we examined coding sequence for footprints of selection acting at synonymous sites. We found that synonymous sites exhibit an AT rich and pyrimidine skewed nucleotide composition compared to both non-synonymous sites and non-coding regions. We also found some evidence for selection associated with both biased codon usage and conservation of regulatory sequences involved in mRNA processing, although some of these findings are subject to alternative non-adaptive interpretations. Regardless, the inferred strength of selection appears too weak to account for the variation in substitution rates between the mitochondrial genomes of plants and other multicellular eukaryotes. Therefore, these results are consistent with the interpretation that plant mitochondrial genomes experience a substantially lower mutation rate rather than increased functional constraints acting on synonymous sites. Nevertheless, there are important nucleotide composition patterns (particularly the differences between synonymous sites and non-coding DNA) that remain largely unexplained.
Planning multiple observations for object recognition

Most computer vision systems perform object recognition on the basis of the features extracted from a single image of the object. The problem with this approach is that it implicitly assumes that the available features are sufficient to determine the identity and pose of the object uniquely. If this assumption is not met, then the feature set is insufficient, and ambiguity results. Consequently, much research in computer vision has gone toward finding sets of features that are sufficient for specific tasks, with the result that each system has its own associated set of features. A single, general feature set would be desirable. However, research in automatic generation of object recognition programs has demonstrated that predetermined, fixed feature sets are often incapable of providing enough information to unambiguously determine either object identity or pose. One approach to overcoming the inadequacy of any feature set is to utilize multiple sensor observations obtained from different viewpoints, and combine them with knowledge of the 3-D structure of the object to perform unambiguous object recognition. This article presents initial results toward performing object recognition by using multiple observations to resolve ambiguities. Starting from the premise that sensor motions should be planned in advance, the difficulties involved in planning with ambiguous information are discussed. A representation for planning that combines geometric information with viewpoint uncertainty is presented. A sensor planner utilizing the representation was implemented, and the results of pose-determination experiments performed with the planner are discussed.
Differentiation and cathepsin D expression in human oral tumors.

Objectives/Hypothesis: This study aimed to ascertain whether cathepsin D expression could be related to the stage of differentiation of oral tumors. Study Design: Human oral biopsies of 10 squamous cell carcinomas and of the corresponding perilesional normal tissues were used. The tumors had all been clinically graded as advanced stage but nonmetastatic; five were classified histopathologically as poorly differentiated. Methods: The gene expression of cathepsin D and keratin K13 in the biopsies was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Ratios of tumor-to-control readings helped compensate for sample variability. Results: Keratin K13, as a suprabasal cell marker, tended to confirm the histological grading of the tumors (but was not otherwise useful in distinguishing tumors from normal tissue). Substantial overexpression of cathepsin D was found in the poorly differentiated tumors. Conclusions: Cathepsin D overexpression is considered a prognostic indicator of metastasis. In this sample, it was also associated with dedifferentiation. Cathepsin D might serve as a valuable gauge in clinical exploration of the connection between dedifferentiation and metastasis.
Electrophoretic separation of human lymphocytes by means of immunomicrospheres

Immuno-labeling of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with either polyglutaraldehyde or polyacrolein microspheres was shown by analytical electrophoresis to generate two electrokinetically distinct sub-populations of lymphocytes. By means of free-flow electrophoresis, the high mobility fraction was found to consist predominantly of T lymphocytes using an anti-T cell antibody, while the low mobility fraction consisted of lymphocytes labeled with immunomicrospheres, identifying these cells as B lymphocytes. The immunomicrosphere-induced reduction of B-cell mobility below that of the T cells thus allowed the enrichment and recovery of viable T cells in preparative quantities by free-flow electrophoresis.
Cause-Related Marketing (CRM): The Influence of Donation Proximity and Message-Framing Cues on the Less-Involved Consumer

Arguably, the majority of cause-related marketing (CRM) campaigns implemented since their inception over 20 years ago offer consumers who are highly involved with causes a strong reason to participate. Their involvement represents a significant motivating factor. However, a multitude of CRM campaigns competing for the limited number of socially conscious consumers and the emergence of new generations that are reportedly less socially conscious suggests that firms and their nonprofit partners should consider additional target-market opportunities. In two experiments, we assess the role of donation proximity and message framing on campaign attitudes and participation intentions of less-involved consumers. Findings reveal that local donations and positive message framing serve as effective message cues to produce favorable CRM outcomes among this market segment that strategists consider fertile ground. Additional findings and implications for creating and communicating CRM campaigns are discussed.
Effect of sulfur passivation of silicon (100) on Schottky barrier height : Surface states versus surface dipole

Supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. 0322762 and 0620319 and the Texas Advanced Technology Program under Grant No. 003656-0096.
ELECTRON IRRADIATION INDUCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF TITANIUM CHLORIDE ON GOLD AND ON MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE THIN FILMS. SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION BY AES, XPS, AND TPD

The electron irradiation induced TiCl4 deposition on a gold polycrystalline foil and on a Au (100) single crystal in ultra-high vacuum conditions is reported. Titanium chloride ultrathin films are prepared at 250−300 K by irradiation of the substrate with 1 keV electrons in a background pressure of TiCl4 of 1 × 10-8 to 5 × 10-7 Torr. The deposited films are characterized by AES, XPS, and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). We can grow titanium chloride films of the maximum thickness of about 25 A under our experimental conditions. The film consists of 3−4 layers of TiCl2 with 1 monolayer of TiCl4 chemisorbed on its surface. A comparison is made with the titanium chloride film grown on MgCl2 ultrathin films by electron irradiation induced TiCl4 deposition as previously reported. This film is very similar to the titanium chloride film deposited on Au and can be described as few layers of TiCl2 deposited on a defective MgCl2-x film. One monolayer of TiCl4 is chemisorbed on the TiCl2 surface.
The Montenegro, Yugoslavia, earthquake of April 15, 1979: source orientation and strength

Long-period teleseismic P, S and Rayleigh waves and geologic considerations indicate that the Montenegro earthquake involved thrust faulting on a plane striking nearly parallel to the Adriatic coast and dipping ca. 15° toward the Yugoslav mainland. There is some support from modeling of body waves recorded on long-period WWSSN instruments for a focal depth of 22 km, but the possibility of a multiple source and the difficulty of matching some of the detailed characteristics of the P- and S-wave forms reduce our confidence in the determination of the depth. Fortunately, the source orientation and moment of the event are not sensitive functions of the depth. The long-period (256 s) moment was 4.6 × 10^(19) Nm (4.6 × 10^(26) dyne-cm). The moment obtained by fitting the first cycle of P and S waves recorded on WWSSN long-period instruments is about four times smaller. This increase of moment with period is consistent with spectral estimates of the moment from SH waves recorded at SRO and ASRO stations.
Phase Transition in Europium Hexammine By Mössbauer Spectroscopy

Abstract The Mossbauer recoilless fraction in Eu(NH 3 ) 6 exhibits a pronounced anomaly at 69.5°K. The resonance intensity changes by approximately a factor of 2, with a hysteresis of 0.8°K, across the transition. The effective Debye temperature drops from 43°K below the transition temperature to 38°K above. Ammonia rotational lock-up is postulated.
Field-dependence and performance on a writing task.

Summary.-Timed writing samples were obtained from 50 female psychiatric inpatients. Patients were assigned on the basis of their scores on the rod-and-frame rest to extreme field-dependent and field-independent groups. Compared to field-independent persons, the field-dependent patients took significantly greater times to complete the writing task. In spite of the longer times, three independent raters found the field-dependent writing less legible, less well oriented on the page, less neat, and generally poorer in over-all quality than the field-independent writing. Findlngs are discussed in terms of possible dominanr (left) cerebral hemisphere involvement in field-dependence. Berent and Silverman (1973) have demonstrated a relationship between impairment of verbal functioning and field-dependence. Compared to fieldindependent and middle-range scorers on the rod-and-frame task, extreme fielddependent Ss in their study were significantly inferior in performance on a verbal paired-associate learning task. Given the relationship between language functions and the left cerebral hemisphere, one might wonder if the Berent-Silverman finding did not reflect dysfunction in this area of the brain. Two studies (Culver, Cohen, Silverman, & Shmavonian, 1964; Adevai, Silverman, & McGough, 1968) provide additional evidence for this "left-hemisphere hypothesis" of field-dependence. These studies have shown laterality orientation (ability to identify sidedness, right or left, of body parts) to be significantly related to field-dependence. Field-dependent persons performed more poorly on a task of laterality orientation than did field-independent persons. Such right-left disorientation has been shown to occur in association with other impaired behaviors (Gerstmann, 1957). These include agraphia (inability to express thoughts in writing), acalculia (inability to do simple arithmetical calculations), and finger agnosia (inability to name, point to, or present the individual fingers on command). All of these occurrences, including disorientation of laterality, have been linked to functions of the left cerebral hemisphere (Brown, 1972). A convincing demonstration of the relationship between field-dependence and lateralized cerebral dysfunction was made by Cohen, Berent, and Silverman (1973). This study compared the effects on rod-and-frame performance of a single electroconvulsive shock treatment (ECT) administered either to the right or left cerebral hemisphere of patients being so treated for depression. As the 'The investigation upon which this paper is based was supported by a grant from NSF Institutional Grant 4276. This support is gratefully acknowledged. =A special note of gratitude is due Dreama A. Scruggs, M.S. for her help in the execution of this project and Bertram D. Cohen, Ph.D. for his advice in the early phases of work in this area.
Number of information symbols in polynomial codes

Polynomial codes and their dual codes as introduced by Kasami, Lin, and Peterson have considerable algebraic and geometric structure. It has been shown that these codes contain many well-known classes of cyclic codes as subclasses, such as BCH codes, projective geometry codes (PG codes), Euclidean geometry codes (EG codes), and generalized Reed-Muller codes (GRM codes). In this paper, combinatorial expressions for the number of information symbols and parity-check symbols in polynomial codes are derived. The results are applied to two important subclasses of codes, the PG codes and EG codes.
Radiant heat exchange in a gas-filled enclosure: Allowance for nonuniformity of gas temperature

A method is presented for predicting the effect of allowance for radiation exchange on the distribution of temperature and heat transfer within a furnace chamber. The system is divided into surface zones and gas zones, the number being dependent on the desired accuracy of the result. Direct-exchange factors are available for gas-gas, gas-surface, and surface-surface zone interchange. From these factors one can determine the net exchange factor for any zone pair, making due allowance for interaction with all other zones. The resultant factors are then fed into a set of energy balances, one on each zone, which by simultaneous solution permit a determination of the space distribution of gas and surface temperatures and the distribution of heat flux over the surfaces.
The Marijuana Check-Up

This chapter describes the Marijuana Check-Up (MCU), a low-cost and low-demand intervention designed to attract adult marijuana users who are experiencing some negative consequences but who are not necessarily committed to change. The Drinkers' Check-Up (DCU) provided a model for the MCU, but adapting it for marijuana users required considerations on how to promote or market it, the nature of the assessment data and its presentation in the personal feedback report (PFR), and therapeutic issues unique to marijuana. The chapter reviews these issues and describes the decisions made in constructing the initial version of the MCU. Therapists were trained to use motivational interviewing techniques as the PFR was reviewed with the client. Offering a MCU raises several clinical issues that are relatively specific to marijuana-focused interventions and a potential ethical dilemma related to "check-up" studies in general.
Dating of Archean basement in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana

Rb-Sr whole-rock and U-Pb zircon ages of granite and gneiss cores from three deep drill holes extend known occurrences of Archean rocks in the subsurface of northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana. Rb-Sr and K-Ar mineral ages are discordant and reflect early or middle Proterozoic disturbance. Highly altered rocks occur in a thin zone immediately below the sub-Cambrian unconformity. Samples from a few metres deeper in the basement are much fresher but show the effects of this alteration in filled fractures and thin adjacent alteration haloes. Whole-rock Rb-Sr systems have retained a fair degree of integrity in spite of increased susceptibility to modification because of the disturbed mineral systems. Interaction of the rocks with water a few metres below the sub-Cambrian unconformity probably occurred for only a relatively short time. Fractures filled rapidly with secondary minerals such as chlorite, anhydrite, and carbonate to maintain a relatively impermeable crystalline basement in which the silicates and their contained isotopic systems were preserved. Ages of cores from two wells extend the Archean basement to the NACP anomaly — a possible suture related to early Proterozoic tectonism. These and published ages limit a possible ensimatic mobile belt to a zone ∼300 km wide beneath the Williston basin. However, the possibility remains that Archean crust was continuous between the Wyoming age province and the Superior Province.
Load-Dependent Myocyte Dysfunction

The term “cardiomyopathy of overload” was coined by Arnold Katz in 1990.1 As he pointed out, it has been recognized since the time of Osler that in patients with chronic pressure or volume overload of the heart, a syndrome of progressive ventricular dysfunction can develop. Hypertrophy initially normalizes wall stress,2 but eventually ventricular dilation occurs, resulting in a secondary increase in wall stress because of ventricular remodeling and associated increase in the radius of curvature of the ventricle. This increase in wall stress is proposed to cause further deterioration of ventricular function by a progressive sequence of hypertrophy→decreased ventricular function→dilation→increased wall stress→hypertrophy→decreased ventricular function. This sequence of events may also account for the progressive nature of the ventricular enlargement and remodeling that can occur after loss of a significant component of functioning myocardium, or reduction in the number of myocytes as caused, for example, by myocardial infarction or myocarditis. Indeed, the well-recognized influence of depressed ventricular function and cardiac dilation on prognosis in patients with valvular disease, cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease may in part be due to this process. The potential causes of ventricular chamber dysfunction in patients with advanced hypertrophy were well summarized by Katz1 and include altered energetics, myocyte “drop out” caused by necrosis and/or apoptosis, alterations …
Changes in releasability of ACTH and beta-endorphin with chronic stress.

Abstract The activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis by stress is well-known. Using inescapable intermittent footshock as a stressor in rats, we have previously demonstrated a rise in circulating plasma Beta-endorphin/Beta-LPH which parallels the rise in plasma ACTH, the primary POMC derived peptides released by anterior lobe. In addition, the rise in ACTH is accompained by approximately a tenfold rise in plasma corticosteroids. Short term anterior lobe pituitary cultures from rats who have received inescapable intermittent footshock for 30 minutes show a blunted dose response curve to the ACTH releasing secretagogues arginine vasopressin (AVP) and ovine corticotropin releasing factor (oCRF). Similarly a blunted dose response curves to secretagogues can be seen by either the addition of dexamethasone (0.5 nM) to the culture medium or pretreatment of the rats with 1 mg dexamethasone intraperitoneally 90 minutes prior to decapitation. Thus, glucocorticoids may play a role in the blunted response to secretagogues seen in anterior lobe cultures from acutely stressed rats. We now report that chronically stressed rats exhibit increased releasability of ACTH and Beta-endorphin/Beta-LPH products by oCRF, suggesting an increase of the peptides in the releasable pool.
Optimal Development in Adolescence What is it and How Can it be Encouraged

Psychologists have traditionally focused on the problems experienced by what constitutes a minority of adolescents. In this article, attention has been directed to the optimal development of adolescents' potential across six domains: biological, cognitive, emotional, social, moral, and vocational. Criteria are proposed and consideration is given to the role that counseling psychologists can play in enhancing the development of individuals in the 12- to 18-year-old age group.
Evaluation of Simple and Looped Suture and New Material for Flexor Tendon Repair

Flexor tendon repair strength is proportional to the number of suture strands crossing the repair site but it is not clear if each strand needs to result from a separate pass through the tendon. We examined whether one throw of looped suture across a repair site equals two separate throws of suture and whether fewer passes with stronger material such as Fiberwire is equivalent to more passes with a comparatively weaker material such as Supramid. When evaluating the repairs for force required to generate a 2 mm gap and for gap formed at the instant prior to failure, looped suture cannot substitute for two separate passes of suture (Supramid Kessler looped vs. separate passes, 14 N vs. 35 N and 8.8 mm vs. 4.1 mm, respectively; Fiberwire Kessler looped vs. separate passes, 25 N vs. 43 N and 7.6 mm vs. 4.6 mm, respectively; all p<0.05). Two-stranded Fiberwire Kessler repair equalled four-stranded cruciate repair with Supramid for all tested parameters (force at 2 mm gap: 17 N vs. 22 N, respectively; force at ...
Diffusion in metallic thin films

Discussion relative aux techniques experimentales couplees avec des traitements analytiques permettant de caracteriser la diffusion dans les couches minces. Influence des defauts tels que lacunes, joints de grains, dislocations sur la cinetique de diffusion. Analyse de l'interaction des impuretes avec les defauts. Influence de cette interaction sur les vitesses de diffusion
Logic Data Modeling Tools

Logic data modeling is a set of procedures that examines an entity to ensure that its component attributes (data elements) should reside in that entity, rather than being stored in another or new entity. Therefore, LDM focuses solely on the stored data model. The LDM process is somewhat controversial and subject to various opinions; however, listed below are the common steps used by many professionals in the industry: 1. identify major entities 2. select primary and alternate keys 3. determine key business rules 4. apply normalization to 3rd normal form 5. combine user views 6. integrate with existing models (legacy interfaces) 7. determine domains and triggering operations 8. de-normalize carefully
Intra-articular osteotomy for malunited articular fractures of the distal end of the humerus

Background The precarious anatomy of the articular surface of the distal humerus, as well as its meager subchondral bony support and limited soft-tissue attachments, presents enormous challenges for the operative correction of post-traumatic intra-articular deformities. This study presents 8 patients who underwent articular osteotomy with a mean follow-up period of 10.6 years, with an emphasis on functional, patient-rated, and radiographic outcomes. Methods Eight patients (mean age, 39 years; range, 17-60 years) were followed up for a mean period of 10.6 years. The original fracture was a type C variant in 4 patients, a type B unicondylar fracture in 2, and a type B articular shearing fracture in 2. The initial injury was treated operatively in 5 patients and nonoperatively in 3. The osteotomy and reconstruction were performed on average 8 months after injury (range, 6-11 months). The mean preoperative elbow arc of motion was 37°. Two patients had ulnar nerve dysfunction. Results All the osteotomies healed after the index procedure without evidence of avascular necrosis. Two patients required a second procedure for stiffness. At follow-up, the mean arc of elbow motion improved to 104° (P = .001), with a mean flexion contracture of 26°. The mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score at follow-up was 13 (range, 1-37); the mean patient satisfaction rating on a Likert scale (from 0 to 10) was 9.1; and the mean Mayo Elbow Performance Index score was 83 points (range, 70-100 points). Grade II osteoarthritic changes were seen in 3 patients, grade I in 3, and grade 0 in 2. Conclusions In selected patients with a defined intra-articular malunion, the results of our experience support corrective osteotomy.
Change in psychosocial functioning and depressive symptoms during acute-phase cognitive therapy for depression.

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent, is recurrent, and impairs people's work, relationships and leisure. Acute-phase treatments improve psychosocial impairment associated with MDD, but how these improvements occur is unclear. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that reductions in depressive symptoms exceed, precede and predict improvements in psychosocial functioning. Method Patients with recurrent MDD (n=523; 68% women, 81% Caucasian, mean age 42 years) received acute-phase cognitive therapy (CT). We measured functioning and symptom severity with the Social Adjustment Scale - Self-Report (SAS-SR), Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (RIFT), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology - Self-Report (IDS-SR). We tested cross-lagged correlations between functioning and symptoms measured at baseline and the beginning, middle and end of acute-phase CT. Results Pre- to post-treatment improvement in psychosocial functioning and depressive symptoms was large and intercorrelated. Depressive symptoms improved more and sooner than did psychosocial functioning. However, among four assessments across the course of treatment, improvements in functioning more strongly predicted later improvement in symptoms than vice versa. Conclusions Improvements in psychosocial functioning and depressive symptoms correlate substantially during acute-phase CT, and improvements in functioning may play a role in subsequent symptom reduction during acute-phase CT.
Framing the question: detecting and filling spatial-temporal windows

We propose a new mechanism, which we term frames, for data-dependent windows. In contrast to traditional timestamp-based windows, frames represent just the boundary of a window and can be filled with data from secondary streams or historical data. Examples show how frames can be useful in network and sensor monitoring applications. We present frame definition and implementation in one dimension, discuss extension to multidimensional frames, and identify issues for further investigation.
Analysis, Design and Testing of an Earth Contact Cooling Tube for Fresh Air Conditioning

Based on a theoretical analysis of small-scale experiments, a 57 m earth contact cooling tube was designed, constructed, and tested to provide cooling for residential buildings and related applications. Warm outside air is drawn through the tube and its heat is absorbed through the tube walls into the surrounding soil. The cooled air then enters the building. Our study investigated cooling performances at different air velocities and soil saturation in test run durations up to 30 days. Experiment results demonstrated that this system could provide up to 1.5 tons of cooling at a flow rate of 1600 cubic meter/hour during hot summer days. This study concluded that earth-cooling tubes are a feasible air-conditioning option for cooling demands in the Midwest, U.S.A. This system requires very little energy. Thus its use is especially interesting in areas where energy generation or supply is problematic. This paper presents the earth contact tube system, structure details of the system, and experiments.
System lifetime optimization for heterogeneous sensor networks with a hub-spoke technology

As a specific area of sensor networks, wireless in-home sensor networks differ from general sensor networks in that the network has nodes with heterogeneous resources and dissimilar mobility attributes. For example, sensor with different radio coverage, energy capacity, and processing capabilities are deployed, and some of the sensors are mobile and others are fixed in position. The architecture and routing protocol for this type of heterogeneous sensor networks must be based on the resources and characteristics of their member nodes. In addition, the sole stress on energy efficiency for performance measurement is not sufficient. System lifetime is more important in this case. We propose a hub-spoke network topology that is adaptively formed according to the resources of its members. A protocol named resource oriented protocol (ROP) was developed to build the network topology. This protocol principally divides the network operation into two phases. In the topology formation phase, nodes report their available resource characteristics, based on which network architecture is optimally built. We stress that due to the existence of nodes with limitless resources, a top-down appointment process can build the architecture with minimum resource consumption of ordinary nodes. In the topology update phase, mobile sensors and isolated sensors are accepted into the network with an optimal balance of resources. To avoid overhead of periodic route updates, we use a reactive strategy to maintain route cache. Simulation results show that the hub-spoke topology built by ROP can achieve much longer system lifetime.
Clifford algebras and possible kinematics.

We review Bacry and Levy-Leblond's work on possible kinematics as applied to 2-dimensional spacetimes, as well as the nine types of 2-dimensional Cayley-Klein geo- metries, illustrating how the Cayley-Klein geometries give homogeneous spacetimes for all but one of the kinematical groups. We then construct a two-parameter family of Clifford algebras that give a unified framework for representing both the Lie algebras as well as the kinematical groups, showing that these groups are true rotation groups. In addition we give conformal models for these spacetimes.
How Well Are We Preparing Pediatricians to Manage Seizures and Epilepsy? A Single-Center Questionnaire-Based Pilot Study

Objective: To assess the knowledge of pediatric residents regarding principles of management of seizures and epilepsy. Methods: A 10-item multiple-choice questionnaire with single correct response each (scored as 1) was administered to pediatric residents at an academic hospital. Results: Out of 92 questionnaires, 73 were returned (79.3%). The mean score was 5 ± 1.9 (range = 1 to 9). Most correct responses (53/70, 75.5%) were received for the question on diagnosis of epilepsy. Questions on febrile seizures and on pharmacology of valproic acid received <50% correct responses among senior as well as junior residents, with no significant improvement in the correct response rate of senior residents. Conclusions: Deficiencies exist in pediatric residents’ knowledge of seizures and epilepsy, especially with respect to febrile seizures and pharmacology of antiepileptic medications. Improved mechanisms to promote understanding in these areas are needed during pediatric training.
Policing the Police: Surveillance and the Predilection for Leniency:

By raising the visibility of frontline police work, emerging technologies such as mobile audiovisual systems offer the potential to alter officers' discretionary behavior. In this study, 265 Canadi...
Charm and Charmonium Spectroscopy

The last few years have seen a revival of interest in charm spectroscopy with more than a dozen new states being reported and hundreds of new theoretical investigations being published. The advent of the B-factories [1,2], with their large, charm-rich data samples, has proven crucial to the discovery and investigation of new charm hadron states, but other experiments have confirmed and complemented the B-factory observations. Much interest has been generated by several new states that do not appear to be easily incorporated in the conventional picture of charm and charmonium mesons. Here, the focus is on the latest experimental results in charm spectroscopy and the determination of the nature of the recently discovered states.